title: First Battle of the Marne

paragraphs: The First Battle of the Marne was a battle in the First World War. It was fought between the German Empire on one side, and the French and British on the other. The battle ended with a tactical retreat of the German army. It was one of the first signs that the Schlieffen Plan had failed. The battle cost the lives of over one million French and British soldiers. It also cost the lives of over 750,000 soldiers on the German side. The battle was fought from 5 - 12 September 1914. The battle marked the end of the German advance into France. It marked the beginning of trench warfare that World War I became famous for.

paragraphs: The Schlieffen Plan called for an attack through Belgium. The Germans were to avoid the main French fortifications, on the German frontier. They invaded Belgium on August 3rd 1914. The Germans pushed through the Belgium army with little difficulty. After destroying the main fortifications in Liege and Namur, the German First Army and Second Army under the command of Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bülow, moved toward Paris. At the Battle of Mons the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) halted the German forces temporarily. They inflicted heavy casualties on the Germans. But the French army and the BEF finally retreated towards the River Marne where they waited for the Germans. With no real opposition the Germans moved as quickly as possible and prepared to face the French and British at the Marne River.

paragraphs: The Germans moved to within of Paris. The French government fled the capital for the safety of Bordeaux. The Germans were so close that they could fire their massive railway guns (massive cannons mounted on railroad cars) right into Paris.

paragraphs: During the battle there was not any way to move French troops fast enough to the front. But there was a solution. General Gallieni called for every taxi and driver to report for duty. Paris had about 10,000 taxis but because of the war only had about 7,000 drivers. Gallieni's plan was to move the troops by taxi, which at the time was a very new invention. The taxis moved through the night and day to carry soldiers. The drivers received 0.20 francs (₣) per kilometer. But by September 8, the taxis had only brought about 5,000 soldier from Paris. In a battle with over a million men, 5,000 could not make a great difference. Also, most of the soldiers that came by taxi were held in reserve.

paragraphs: The German Second Army led by Bülow decided to move south to destroy the French Fifth Army. General Von Kluck did not know about this so he continued to move up and engage the French. With this movement a large gap was created between the two German armies. The British and French counterattacked into the gap and by September 10 the Germans retreated. Paris was saved.

paragraphs: The Germans retreated forty miles from the Marne. Since their plan had failed they did not know what to do. They had not been trained in trench warfare but their only recourse was to dig in and wait for the allies. Eventually the trenches they dug reached 300 miles in length.


title: Ca$hville Records

paragraphs: Casville Records (often stylized as Ca$hville Records) is an independent record label based in Nashville, Tennessee. It was started by rapper Young Buck in 2006. It was originally called G-Unit South. However, since Buck and 50 Cent had engaged in a feud while Buck was signed to G-Unit Records, he was kicked out and had to change the label's name because he could no longer use the G-Unit logo to distribute his music. Its artists are gangsta rap or southern rap musicians. It has so far signed acts such as Outlaws and Lil Scrappie and is currently being distributed by RED distrubution.


title: G-Unit

paragraphs: G-Unit is a hip hop group from New York. It consists of rappers 50 Cent, Lloyd Banks and Tony Yayo. They are signed to 50 Cent's record label G-Unit Records. They have released several albums. The have also engaged in feuds with other musicans in the industry including Ja Rule, Game and Young Buck.


title: Božidar Boki Milošević

paragraphs: Božidar "Boki" Milošević (31 December 1931 – 15 April 2018), a renowned Serbian and Yugoslav clarinetist.

paragraphs: He was born in Prokuplje to father Krsta, a farmer (1892–1968), and mother Vidosava, a housewife (1896–1971). After completing primary school in 1947, self-taught, he began playing the clarinet. In 1950 he came to Belgrade, where he started studying the English language at the Faculty of Philology. At the same time, he worked at the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, which was then led by the famous Vlastimir Pavlović Carevac. Since that year, he has launched into a successful music career. The same 1950 he passed I preparatory class at the School of Music Josip Slavenski in Belgrade, under professor Franjo Partlić, and automatically entered the second grade. He became a member of the sextet Duško Radetić in Radio Belgrade from its founding in 1951.

paragraphs: In 1951 music editor of Radio Belgrade, Djordje Karaklajić, formed the Great National Orchestra RTB and was its principal conductor. He arranged the Yugoslav folk melodies in a serious way. The Orchestra was also conducted by Dušan Skovran, a rector of the Music Academy in Belgrade, and Djura Jakšić, a headmaster of the Music School "Slavenski" in Belgrade. Božidar Milošević regularly performed in this Orchestra.

paragraphs: From 1952 to 1956 he continued musical education in the High Music School Slavenski under the mentorship of professor Franjo Partlić. During the period of 1955–1958, he used to play in the String Orchestra RTB under the direction of Ilija Genić – Baćka.

paragraphs: After the death of Carevac in 1956, the violinist Rade Jašarević Rade Jašarević was appointed as the new head of the National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade. Božidar Boki Milošević was still playing in the Orchestra as a soloist on the clarinet.

paragraphs: From 1956 to 1960 he studied at the Music Academy in Belgrade with the first generation of clarinetists (Ernest Ačkun, Mihailo Živanović, Milenko Stefanovic and Božidar Milošević) in the class of the renowned professor Bruno Brun. Then, under the mentorship of professor Bruno Brun, entered postgraduate studies (1960–1963). From 1960 to 1966 he was engaged in teaching, working as a professor of clarinet at the Music School "Slavenski" which was a part of the Music Academy in Belgrade. In 1966 he moved to Belgrade Philharmonic Orchestra and became its member and soloist.

paragraphs: After the death of the violinist Rade Jašareviđ in a car accident, Bozidar Milošević had become 1976 the head of the famous National Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade and worked there until his retirement in 1980. He had been an instrumental soloist of the orchestra for 30 years.

paragraphs: Milošević died on 15 April 2018 in Belgrade at the age of 86.

paragraphs: As a soloist performer, he had tours and concerts all over the world. In the 1950s in Israel, London, Vienna, Berlin, across the United States, Colombia, Guatemala, Canada, Mexico and ... Touring the Soviet Union in 1971, he visited more than half of the Soviet Union. There he composed his first composition Vlaska storm.

paragraphs: With the sextet Duško Radetić, the Orchestra of Radio Television Belgrade, the Grand National Orchestra RTB and others, he made many lasting and valuable recordings of the Yugoslav national heritage.

paragraphs: As an instrumental soloist, he made countless shows in radio and television programs in many European countries as well as in the New York NBC television. Here, in the country, in addition to regular appearances, his two special TV shows in which he presented himself as a complete musician performing at a high level classical, jazz, evergreen, and folk music are still remembered.

paragraphs: He has made a lot of records and CDs, mostly for record label PGP RTB.

paragraphs: Both domestic and foreign music critics gave very high ratings and opinions about Milosevic's music-making.

paragraphs: By all means, with his genuine skilful work, great talent, originality of ideas and distinctive-original style of playing the clarinet, Božidar Milošević is a longtime active participant in the development of folk music and setting of its standards, criteria, and evaluation. He is a part of the Serbian and Yugoslav folk music and folklore, whose musical tradition he spread to all five continents making sure to preserve its originality and authenticity.

paragraphs: He is a role model and measure of value for many young generations of clarinetist. He has introduced a severe-educated way of playing the clarinet in folk music, not deviating from any element of academic level of playing the clarinet and his approach.

paragraphs: This brilliant, excellent and complete performer with the great work has made many valuable recordings of all genres (from Mozart's "Divertimento" and the "A major concert for the clarinet and orchestra", to "jazz concert of Artie Shaw", through melodies "eternally living", to melodious Vranje and his featuring compositions of southern Serbia...) for Radio Belgrade, Radio Novi Sad, Radio Titograd, Radio Sarajevo, Radio Skopje, Radio Zagreb and Radio Ljubljana.

paragraphs: Božidar Milošević is a multiple winner at numerous festivals in the country and abroad. There is almost no such music event, where the audience and the jury did not award him first prize:


title: Susanne Sundfør

paragraphs: Susanne Aartun Sundfør (born 19 March 1986 in Haugesund) is a Norwegian singer-songwriter. She has released five studio albums since 2007. She is currently making her sixth album. She has made songs with Röyksopp ("Ice Machine", "Running to the Sea"), Timbuktu ("Kapitulera"), Morten Myklebust ("Away"), Maps ("A.M.A."), Nils Petter Molvær ("Baboon Moon"), Real Ones ("Sister to All"), M83 ("Oblivion"), and Siri Nelsen and Susanna ("Death Hanging"). Odd Martin Skålnes sings on "Morocco" on "Susanne Sundfør". Sundfør produced Bow to Each Other's 2013 single "Darkness". Christian Wallumrød, Ådne Meisfjord, Øystein Moen, and Morten Qvenild composed "A Night At Salle Pleyel." She is a member of Hypertext. Her music contains elements of classical, jazz, and electronic music. She has been given two Norwegian Grammy Awards. Her first album "Susanne Sundfør" reached #3 in the Norwegian chart. "The Brothel" and "The Silicone Veil" reached number 1 in Norway. She released her first all instrumental album in 2011, "A Night At Salle Pleyel". Her fifth album, "The Silicone Veil," was released in 2012. Three singles were released from it in Norway: "White Foxes", "The Silicone Veil", and "Among Us". "White Foxes" was made for the movie "Verden Venter". It reached 19 in the Norwegian chart. In 2015 Sundfør's sixth album "Ten Love Songs" was released. She lives in Oslo. She did her first tour in the United States in 2013.


title: Branch Davidians

paragraphs: The Branch Davidians (also known as "The Branch") are a religious group that split in 1955 from the Davidian Seventh-day Adventists ("Davidians"), The movement is also known as "The Branch".

paragraphs: The Davidians divided (schism) from the Seventh-day Adventist Church ("Adventists") around 1930. Most of them had been removed from membership of the Seventh-day Adventist Church because of their beliefs.

paragraphs: The reform movement believed themselves to be living in a time when Bible prophecies of a final divine judgment (Christ's second coming). The name "Branch Davidian" is widely known for the Waco Siege of 1993 on their property near Waco, Texas. The 51-day siege, by the ATF, FBI, and Texas National Guard, resulted in the deaths of the Branch Davidians' leader David Koresh, 82 other Branch Davidian men, women, and children, and four ATF agents.


title: Ilene Graff

paragraphs: Ilene Susan Graff (born February 28, 1949) is an American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Marsha Owens in the sitcom "Mr. Belvedere". She acted in this role from 1985 until 1990.

paragraphs: Graff was born in Brooklyn, New York. Her parents were both involved in music. She began her professional career as a teenager when she performed as a singer and commercial actress. She was taught at Martin Van Buren High School in Queens Village. She graduated from Ithaca College in 1970.

paragraphs: She has acted on Broadway, including in the plays "Promises, Promises", "Grease", "Truckload", and "I Love My Wife". Her work in television includes "Barnaby Jones", "Laverne & Shirley", "Mork & Mindy", "Three's Company", "Lewis & Clark", and "St. Elsewhere".

paragraphs: Graff married songwriter Ben Lanzarone. Married since 1978, the couple has a daughter Nikka Graff Lanzarone. Ilene is the older sister of Tony Award-nominated actor Todd Graff. Her cousin is actress Randy Graff.


title: Isotopes of hydrogen

paragraphs: Hydrogen has three main isotopes; protium (H), deuterium (H) and tritium (H). These isotopes form naturally in nature. Protium and deuterium are stable. Tritium is radioactive and has a half-life of about 12 years. Scientists have created four other hydrogen isotopes (H to H), but these isotopes are very unstable and do not exist naturally.

paragraphs: The main isotopes of hydrogen are unique because they are the only isotopes that have a name. These names are still in use today. Deuterium and tritium sometimes get their own symbols, D and T. However, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry does not like these names very much, even though they are often used. There are other isotopes that had their own names when scientists studied radioactivity. But, their names are no longer used today.

paragraphs: Protium is the most common isotope of hydrogen. It makes up more than 99.98% of all the hydrogen in the universe. It is named "protium" because it's nucleus only has one proton. Protium has an atomic mass of 1.00782504(7) u. The symbol for protium is H.

paragraphs: The proton of protium has never decayed in an observation, so scientists believe that protium is a stable isotope. New theories of particle physics predict that a proton can decay, but this decay is very slow. The proton is said to have a half-life of 10 years. If proton decay is true, then all other nuclei that are said to be stable are actually only "observationally stable", i.e. they look like they are stable. Recent experiments have shown that if proton decay does occur, it would have a half-life of 6.6 × 10 years.

paragraphs: Deuterium, or H or sometimes D, is another stable isotope of hydrogen. The isotope has one proton and one neutron. It makes up about 0.0026 – 0.0184% of all atoms of hydrogen on Earth. Deuterium is less in hydrogen gas on Earth and is more in sea water (0.015% or 150 ppm). Deuterium is not radioactive, and it will not harm living things. Deuterium can also form water molecules. Water that has deuterium instead of protium is named heavy water.

paragraphs: Tritium (H) is the most stable radioisotope of hydrogen. That is, of all radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, tritium is the least radioactive. It has a proton and 2 neutrons in its nucleus. Tritium decays through beta minus decay and changes to helium-3. It has a half-life of 12.32 years.

paragraphs: Tritium is formed naturally by the interaction between the gases in the upper atmosphere and cosmic rays. It is also created during nuclear weapons tests. Tritium and deuterium is used in D-T nuclear fusion in stars to give out a lot of energy.


title: Crimea

paragraphs: Crimea, (Ukrainian: Крим) sometimes also called The Crimea, is a peninsula in the Black Sea. The peninsula separates the Black Sea from the Sea of Azov. Crimea has a surface of . About 2.4 million people live there.

paragraphs: The Ottoman Empire had the peninsula for a long time. In the 18th century the Russian Empire took control. The Crimean War was fought here.

paragraphs: Crimea was part of Russia until the Soviet Union gave it to Ukraine in 1954. Ukraine gave it a limited self-rule as an "autonomous republic". The seat of the government is Simferopol, which is also the biggest city. Other major cities are Sevastopol and Kerch.

paragraphs: In March, 2014, after a series of protests in Ukraine the previous month, Russian troops took control of Crimea. A referendum was held, in which over 95% of voters voted to join the Russian Federation. The Crimean parliament quickly proclaimed independence from Ukraine and on March 18, became the Republic of Crimea, a federal subject of Russia.

paragraphs: However, Ukraine and most other countries in the world continue to recognize that Crimea is part of Ukraine. On March 24, Russia was kicked out of the G8 (which became the G7), and on March 27, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 68/262, which says that the referendum was invalid and Crimea belongs to Ukraine. In later months, many countries including the United States and the European Union started economic sanctions to prevent Russians and their goods from entering their countries.


title: Redback spider

paragraphs: The redback spider is a venomous spider that lives in Australia. The female is larger than the male. The female's body is about 1 centimetre long and the male's body is about 3 millimetres long. The adult female spider is usually black and usually has a red stripe on its back. The female likes to live in warm sheltered places and makes a web to catch insects and other small creatures.

paragraphs: The spider's bite can be very painful and dangerous to people, because it can inject a venom through its fangs. An antivenom injection is available, which can help to restore the health of people who have become very ill after being bitten by the spider.


title: Pow-wow (folk magic)

paragraphs: A pow-wow is a ceremony practiced by the Pennsylvania Dutch. It is used to cure animals of sickness. It is mainly made up of Christian folk religion and early European beliefs.


title: Vastu shastra

paragraphs: Vaastu shastra is known as the "science of buildings". It was used to build Hindu buildings (architecture), mostly Hindu places of worship (temples).

paragraphs: People who believe in Vaastu shastra think that the universe is made of five things:

paragraphs: Vastu Shastra are a set of  Ancient Rules Given by Our Sages to Improve the Quality of Our Lives By Proper Use of the 5 Elements of Nature


title: Alice Liddell

paragraphs: Alice Pleasance Liddell (4 May 1852 – 16 November 1934) was a child friend of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson. She inspired his two books "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" (1865) and "Through the Looking-Glass" (1871). Dodgson wrote the two books using the pen name, Lewis Carroll.

paragraphs: Alice was born in Westminster, London, one of ten children of Henry Liddell and his wife Lorina. Her father was Dean of Christ Church college in Oxford. Dodgson was a mathematics don, a Fellow at the college. He was 24 years old when he met Alice on 25 April 1856. He was an expert photographer, and took a number of photographs of her.

paragraphs: Alice and her sisters Edith and Lorina took little trips with Dodgson. They had boating parties and other outdoor adventures. Dodgson told stories on these trips. He started the story of Alice in Wonderland during a boat trip on the Thames on 4 July 1862. In 1864, his trips with the girls were brought to an end by their mother. It is not known why.

paragraphs: Alice grew up a refined young woman. She married Reginald Hargreaves in Westminster Abbey in 1880. The couple lived in a country house in Hampshire. Alice was a very capable person. She managed many servants. She arranged balls and parties. She had three sons. Two were killed in World War I. Her husband never overcame this loss. He died in 1926.

paragraphs: Mrs. Hargreaves sold some of her "Alice" memorabilia through Sotheby's. This sale included the original "Alice" manuscript. It had been the gift of Dodgson. It was bought by an American. It was returned to the United Kingdom during World War II. It now is in the British Museum. Alice died in 1934 in Westerham, Kent. She was cremated and buried in the Hargreaves family plot in Hampshire.


title: Nazi mysticism

paragraphs: Nazi mysticism is a commonly held belief that Hitler and the Nazi Party practiced the occult. This idea has been part of popular culture since 1959.

paragraphs: There are many documentaries made about this belief.


title: Anthroposophy

paragraphs: Anthroposophy is a philosophy founded by Rudolf Steiner. The philosophy teaches that through inner development a person can better know the spiritual world.

paragraphs: "Anthropos" is a Greek word that means "human being". "Sophos" means "wise". Steiner believed every human being had the wisdom to understand the mysteries of existence. He left the German Theosophical Society in 1912 trading divine wisdom for human wisdom.

paragraphs: Anthroposophy does not have a rigid set of beliefs. It is said to be a philosophy of freedom. Each person connects to the world through an individual path.

paragraphs: The path to wisdom is based on research. The research leads to knowledge. This is similar to teachings of Thomas Aquinas. Anthroposophy is different in that it pursues knowledge of science, the arts and spirituality all together.

paragraphs: The philosophy also teaches respect of other humans. It encourages support of others in their interest and learning of the spiritual world. To support this, Steiner created The Anthroposophical Society in 1923. It is now called the General Anthroposophical Society. The society has groups and national societies in over 75 countries.


title: Venom

paragraphs: Venom is a kind of poison used by animals. It is made in an animal's body. It is injected into the body of another animal by a bite or sting. Animals that use venom include some kinds of insects, fish, reptiles, and even mammals.

paragraphs: Some animals use venom to kill another animal that they are going to eat. One animal that does that is the rattlesnake. Some animals use venom to protect themselves. Some animals that do that are bees and ants. Some animals use venom for both of these things.


title: Soliloquy

paragraphs: A soliloquy is a special kind of speech in a play. In a soliloquy, the character speaks to themselves. Other characters of the play are not aware of what is said. That way, the character can share certain thoughts or feelings with the audience.

paragraphs: There are many famous soliloquies in Shakespeare's plays such as the "To be or not to be" soliloquy in "Hamlet", the "Is this a dagger" and the "Tomorrow, and tomorrow, and tomorrow" soliloquies in "Macbeth", and the "Bottom's Dream" soliloquy in "A Midsummer Night's Dream". Plays changed towards realism in the 18th century. Soliloquies became less common in plays.


title: Somniloquy

paragraphs: Somniloquy is a sleep disorder. People with the condition often talk during their sleep.


title: Aurornis

paragraphs: Aurornis is a genus of dinobird from later Jurassic or the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now China. "Aurornis xui" may be the most basal ("primitive") bird species known to date. Aurornis was discovered in 2013. The animal may predate the famous "Archaeopteryx lithographica", the earliest bird, by about 10 million years.

paragraphs: "Aurornis" was described from a sedimentary rock fossil in 2013. The fossil was purchased from a local dealer who said it had been unearthed in Yaoluguo in western Liaoning, China. At first, analysis confirmed it came from the Tiaojishan Formation, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. The fossil features traces of downy feathers along the animal's tail, chest, and neck. It was only partly prepared at the time of purchase; the feathers were not showing, and the fossil bore no signs of forgery.

paragraphs: On 7th June 2013 Science (journal) said that Pascal Godefroit, the paleontologist who led the team that described "Aurornis", is uncertain if the fossil material came from Liaoning province's 160-million-year-old Tiaojishan Formation as claimed by the fossil dealer. It may be from the province's 125-million-year-old Yixian Formation, which is known to have produced several ancient bird fossils. The failure to secure rigorous provenance casts doubt on the claim that "Aurornis" is 160 million years old and predates "Archaeopteryx". Godefroit's team will try to confirm the specimen's age by mineralogical and botanical analysis on the shale slab.

paragraphs: "Aurornis" was roughly the size of a modern pheasant – in length from beak to tail tip. It had claws and a long tail. Its leg bones are similar to those of "Archaeopteryx", but overall its bone structure is more primitive. The absence of larger feathers suggests "A. xui" was unable to fly. If "Aurornis" lived roughly 160 million years ago, this is about ten million years before "Archaeopteryx", which often has been described as the first bird.

paragraphs: A phylogenetic analysis of "Aurornis" published in 2013 found that it belongs in the bird lineage, in a more basal position than "Archaeopteryx". The analysis was based on "almost 1,500 [anatomical] characteristics."

paragraphs: The classification of "A. xui" as a bird is somewhat contentious, however, due to the various differing definitions of the word "bird". Recent discoveries "[emphasize] how grey the dividing line is between birds and [non-avian] dinosaurs", says Paul Barrett of the Natural History Museum, in London. "There's such a gradation in features between them that it's very difficult to tell them apart ... ["Aurornis xui"] is certainly an older member of the bird lineage than "Archaeopteryx", and it's fair to call it a very primitive bird. But what you call a bird comes down to what you call a bird, and a lot of definitions depend on "Archaeopteryx"." Bird evolution specialist Lawrence Witmer called the new analysis compelling, but said it remains difficult to distinguish birds from birdlike dinosaurs: "All of these little feathered species running and flapping around ... were all very similar."

paragraphs: American paleontologist Luis Chiappe said that "A. xui"'s forelimb is too short to be a true bird. It "is very birdlike, but it is not yet a bird," he concluded.


title: Casting (metalworking)

paragraphs: In metalworking, casting is the act of pouring liquid metal in to a mold. When it hardens it is sometimes called a "cast" or "casting".

paragraphs: Casting processes have been used for thousands of years. It is widely used for making sculptures, jewellery, weapons and tools.


title: Canadair CL-13 Sabre

paragraphs: The Canadair CL-13 Sabre is a jet aircraft built in Canada. It is similar to the F-86 Sabre made by the USA. About 1800 of these planes were built from 1950 under a license from the United States. It was used in Canada and Germany.


title: Development Regions of Nepal

paragraphs: Nepal was divided into 5 Development Regions (), 14 Administrative Zones () and 75 Districts () before 20 September 2015. After 20 September 2015, Nepal is divided into 7 provinces and 77 districts.


title: Zones of Nepal

paragraphs: Nepal is divided into 14 administrative zones ("anchal") and 75 districts ("jillā"). The 14 administrative zones are grouped into five development regions.

paragraphs: In 1962, Nepal reorganized into 14 administrative zones but, around 1995, zones fell into disuse, so the already existing development regions effectively became the primary subdivisions.

paragraphs: The administrative zones, by development regions and from east to west, are the following:


title: Willie Degel

paragraphs: William Jack "Willie" Degel (born September 1, 1967) is an American entrepreneur who started and is the chief financial officer of the "Uncle Jack's Steakhouse" chain of restaurants in New York City. He is best known as the host of "Restaurant Stakeout" on Food Network. He was born in Queens, New York.

paragraphs: Degel opened his first restaurant, "Hollywood and Main", in June 1990 in Flushing, Queens. Six years later, he opened "Uncle Jack's Steakhouse", which has three locations in New York City. In March 2012, Degel began hosting "Restaurant Stakeout", where he goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having.


title: Restaurant Stakeout

paragraphs: Restaurant Stakeout is an American reality television program that airs on Food Network. It began on March 12, 2012. It follows New York City restaurant owner Willie Degel, who goes to different restaurants around the country with hidden cameras to take a look at problems with the service that the restaurants are having. The show has actors who go into the restaurants to be rude or difficult to the employees. The second season began on August 29, 2012. It is one of the first "reality" series to air on Food Network.


title: DVD-Audio

paragraphs: DVD-Audio is an audio format similar to the CD. It is commonly claimed to have higher audio quality than the CD. DVD-Audio has not become popular due to the cost and rarity of the players, and because the traditional CD is considered good enough. Tests have shown that the traditional CD already has the highest possible audio quality. This has been mathematically proven by the Nyquist-Shannon sampling theorem. DVD-Audio does, however, support surround sound, and many DVD-Audio releases are available with surround sound. The traditional CD theoretically supports surround sound too, but, with the exception of DTS and Dolby Surround-encoded CDs, no surround-capable CD player has ever been made, and no surround-formatted CD has ever been released.

paragraphs: DVD-audio supports multiple sample rates, including 44.1 (same as CD), 48 (same as DAT and DVD-Video), 88.2, 96, 176.4, and 192 kHz, with either 16, 20, or 24-bit encoding. Surround sound is supported up to the 96 kHz sample rate; higher sample rates can only be in mono or stereo. DVD-Audio also uses 56-bit encryption on the audio data (DVD-Video uses 40-bit CSS encryption and CD does not use encryption). The 56-bit encryption algorithm is a modified version of DES, and like DES it has been broken. DVD-Video content may be present on a DVD-Audio disc to enable compatibility with video-only players. Unlike Super Audio CD, there is no mechanism for compatibility with standard CD players.


title: Boris Christoff

paragraphs: Boris Christoff (18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian singer. He sang in the bass range. Critics thought him to be one of the great acting singers of the 20th century. He sang some 40 roles. His most famous role was Boris Godunov. He also received kudos for his Philip II in Verdi's "Don Carlo", and for his Mephistopheles in Gounod's "Faust". He sang several Wagnerian roles. These included Hagen in "Gotterdammerung" and King Mark in "Tristan und Isolde".

paragraphs: Christoff was born in Plovdiv, Bulgaria. He sang in the Gusla Choir. King Boris of Bulgaria gave him a private stipend to study in Rome. He studied with Riccardo Stracciari. He also studied in Salzburg, Austria. After World War II, Christoff lived in Rome. In 1950, he was hired to sing the title role in "Boris Godunov" at Covent Garden. This became the role he was known for. He sang in the United States. He never sang at the Metropolitan Opera. Problems with his visa made this impossible.


title: Italian Peninsula

paragraphs: The Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (, "Penisola appenninica") is a large peninsula of Southern Europe. It extends into the Mediterranean Sea, with the Ionian and Adriatic Seas on the east and the Tyrrhenian Sea on the west. It is located in between two larger peninsulas, the Iberian Peninsula and the Balkan Peninsula. Because of the peninsula's shape, it is nicknamed "Lo Stivale" ("The Boot"). Three smaller peninsulas contribute to this characteristic shape, namely Calabria (the "toe"), Salento (the "heel") and Gargano (the "spur").

paragraphs: The peninsula is about long, starting from the Po Valley in the north. The Apennine Mountains cover most of its length. It mainly has the Mediterranean climate, though in the mountainous parts the climate is much cooler.

paragraphs: Since the reign of Roman Emperor Augustus (end of 1st century BC), the northern border of the peninsula has been set on the Alps drainage basin. Geographically, however, its northern end runs from the Magra to the Rubicon rivers, north of the Apennines in Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. This definition does not include the Po Valley or the southern slopes of the Alps.

paragraphs: Nearly all of the peninsula is part of the Italian Republic, apart from San Marino and the Vatican City.


title: Battle of Reading (871)

paragraphs: The Battle of Reading was fought in 871 at Reading. It was one of a series of battles between invading vikings and the Anglo-Saxons of Wessex. The viking (also called Danish) army was led by Bagsecg and Halfdan Ragnarsson. This was a large combined army. The viking army was attempting to conquer Wessex. The Wessex army was led by king Athelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred. Both the battle and the campaign it was a part of are described in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. This account provides the earliest known written record of the existence of the town of Reading. The Vikings had established a camp at Reading. The camp had several natural defenses. It was protected by the Thames and Kennet rivers on two sides, and by a rampart on the western side. Three days after their arrival, a party of Danes rode out towards nearby Englefield. There they met a West Saxon force under the command of Ealdorman Athelwulf. In the Battle of Englefield many of the Danes were killed, and the rest driven back to Reading. Four days later, Athelwulf was joined by the main West Saxon army, led by King Athelred and his brother, Alfred. The entire Saxon force marched on Reading. In the battle that followed the Vikings defeated the Wessex army and it was driven back. Aethelwulf, the ealdorman, was killed in the fighting.


title: Auditory hallucination

paragraphs: An auditory hallucination is a type of hallucination in which a person thinks they hear sounds, but the sounds are not actually there. In medical terms, it is called a paracusia. A common form involves hearing one or more voices talking. This can be a sign of some psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia or mania. It is very important sign when deciding that a patient has one of these conditions.

paragraphs: People may hear voices without suffering from any specific mental illness. The causes are still being researched. The main cause of auditory hallucinations in psychotic patients is schizophrenia. The underlying problems in these cases may be genetic.

paragraphs: There are three main ways in which the hallucination may form: a person hearing a voice speak thoughts, a person hearing one or more voices arguing, or a person hearing a voice narrating their own actions. There can be other types of auditory hallucinations besides these three. These include hearing music playing inside the mind, usually songs that the person is familiar with. This is usually caused by damage to the brain, hearing loss or epileptic activity.

paragraphs: The main method of treating auditory hallucinations is antipsychotic medications that affect the body's dopamine metabolism. If the hallucinations are being caused by a mood disorder, then other medications (such as antidepressants or mood stabilizers) are often used together with the antipsychotics. These treatments may stop the hallucinations, but they are not a cure as they do not fix the cause of the problem. Some psychological therapies have been shown to help lower the intensity of the hallucinations and how often they occur.


title: Flat panel display

paragraphs: Flat panel display is the name for a number of devices which are either used as computer screens, as televisions, or to display information; for example at an airport. Most of them use Liquid Crystal display technology; which is newer than cathode ray tubes.

paragraphs: The most common display technologies are:


title: HMS Royal Oak

paragraphs: HMS "Royal Oak" was a British battleship. It was built in 1916 and fought in the Battle of Jutland the same year. On 14 October 1939, soon after the start of World War II, it was sunk in Scapa Flow in Orkney, Scotland by the German submarine "U-47". 835 people on the ship died when it sank, including the ship's admiral Sir Henry Blagrove. Many of the dead were boys younger than 16. The sinking affected people from both Germany and Britain: the commander of the German submarine, Günther Prien, was given a medal by Adolf Hitler, and the British quickly built sea walls to stop such a thing happening again.

paragraphs: Every year, Navy divers put a flag on the ship's stern.


title: Districts of Nepal

paragraphs: The districts of Nepal ( - jillā) are the second level in the administrative subdivision of the country.

paragraphs: There are 77 districts that are grouped in 7 provinces. Within the districts are the municipalities and the rural municipalities.


title: Capital gain

paragraphs: A capital gain is money earned by selling property to people or investing in something in hope of getting money. An example would be money earned by selling stocks or goods to investors.


title: São Paulo Cathedral

paragraphs: São Paulo Cathedral is the main Catholic church in the archdiocese of São Paulo, Brazil. It was completed in 1967. It is an example of Gothic Revival architecture.


title: Sweet Genius

paragraphs: Sweet Genius is a reality-themed television cooking competition series that airs on Food Network. It is hosted by pastry chef Ron Ben-Israel. It started on September 9, 2011. It is similar to "Chopped" in that four confectionery and pastry chefs compete in three rounds on the show: "Frozen", "Baked", and "Chocolate". After each round, one chef is eliminated until one chef is left. The winning chef wins $10,000. In each round, there are two ingredients that the chefs must use along with an inspiration that they must base their dish on. The first ingredient that they must use and the inspiration are shown at the beginning of the round, while the second ingredient is shown in the middle of the round. Sometimes, there will be three ingredients. Each round has a limited amount of time that the chefs must make their dish in. There are 40 minutes for the first round, 50 minutes for the second round, and 60 minutes for the final round. After each round, Ben-Israel tastes and gives his thoughts on each chef's dish, and then eliminates one chef.


title: Saints Row (series)

paragraphs: Saints Row is a series of video games created by Volition game studios. It features mechanics similar to the "Grand Theft Auto" series. Starting from "Saints Row: The Third", Volition decided to experiment with dark humour and unrealistic gameplay, ranging from impossible air stunts to the inclusion of a dildo bat as a weapon. Afterwards, Volition decided to completely abandon realistic game physics and graphics.

paragraphs: "Saints Row IV" was released in 2013 and modified the gameplay, allowing the player to fly and use superpowers, rendering the use of motor vehicles impractical.

paragraphs: "Saints Row Gat out of Hell" was released in 2015 and was set in Hell with the use of superpowers again.


title: Pelagia noctiluca

paragraphs: Pelagia noctiluca is a jellyfish. In Latin, "Pelagia" means "of the sea", "nocti" stands for night and "luca" means light thus "Pelagia noctiluca" can be described as a marine organism with the ability to glow in the dark.

paragraphs: This species is commonly known as the mauve stinger. It occurs in warm and temperate waters of the world's oceans, including the Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea and Atlantic Ocean. It is also found in the Pacific Ocean, with sightings in warm waters off Hawaii, southern California and Mexico.

paragraphs: It is an offshore species, although sometimes it is washed near the coastlines and may be stranded in great numbers on beaches. The color varies. As well as pink or mauve, it is sometimes shades of golden yellow to tan.

paragraphs: In an unprecedented event on November 21, 2007, a swarm of jellyfish wiped out a 100,000-fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland, causing around £1 million worth of damage.

paragraphs: As its name implies "P. noctiluca" has the ability to bioluminesce, or produce light. Light is given off in the form of flashes when the medusa is stimulated by the turbulence of a ship’s motion or by waves. This flashing is short, and gradually fades.


title: Octene

paragraphs: Octene is a chemical compound. It has a formula of . Octene contains eight carbon atoms and sixteen hydrogen atoms in each molecule. These molecules are put together with a double bond that makes it an alkene.


C8H16


title: Cyclooctane

paragraphs: Cyclooctane is a cycloalkane. It has the molecular formula (CH). It is a simple colourless hydrocarbon.


title: Ryan Nugent-Hopkins

paragraphs: Ryan Nugent-Hopkins (born April 12, 1993 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: He was selected by the Edmonton Oilers with the 1st overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Alex Smith

paragraphs: Alexander Douglas "Alex" Smith (born May 7th, 1984) is an American football quarterback for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for University of Utah.

paragraphs: Smith was the first person taken in the 2005 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. He played for the 49ers between 2005 and 2013.


title: Pembrokeshire

paragraphs: Pembrokeshire is a county in Wales. Pembrokeshire County Council's headquarters are in the county town of Haverfordwest.

paragraphs: The county is home to Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.


title: Slug (rapper)

paragraphs: Sean Daley (born September 7, 1972) is an American rapper. He is better known by his stage names Slug or Sep Seven. He is best known for being the lead singer of the hip hop group Atmosphere.

paragraphs: Slug is from Minnesota. His stage name is a nickname that was given to him by his father. It was originally "Sluggo" by later shortened to "Slug".

paragraphs: Slug has been involved in several projects. He formed Atmosphere in 1989. He worked with several other rap musicians in the late 1990s to form The Dynospectrum. They released an album, "The Dynospectrum", in 1998. He formed another group, Deep Puddle Dynamics, in the same year. In 2000, Slug started Felt with Murs, another rap musician. They have released three albums.

paragraphs: In 2005, Slug started a record label with Murs, called Women Records.


title: Scott Sanders

paragraphs: Scott Gerald Sanders is a former Major League Baseball player. He played as a right-handed pitcher.

paragraphs: In 1993 Sanders began playing for the San Diego Padres. This was his first Major League team. He also played for the San Diego Padres, Seattle Mariners, Detroit Tigers, and Chicago Cubs.

paragraphs: Sanders also started one game for the Cleveland Indians in 2000. He pitched poorly. After a few innings, rain caused the game to be cancelled. All stats from the game were removed. Sanders did not play for the Indians after that game.

paragraphs: In 2001, Sanders pitched in Japan for the Nippon Ham Fighters.

paragraphs: In his career, Sanders was in 34 winning games and 45 losing games. He pitched 632 strikeouts and had a 4.86 ERA.


title: Provenance

paragraphs: Provenance, from the French "provenir", "to come from", refers to the history of ownership, or the position of a historical object.

paragraphs: The term was originally used in relation to works of art. It is now used in a wide range of fields, including archaeology, paleontology, archives, manuscripts, printed books, and science and computing. The main reason to trace the provenance of an object is to get evidence of its original production or discovery. This has a special value to help authenticate objects, to prove what they are. Provenance is essentially a matter of documentation.

paragraphs: In archaeology the term provenience is used in related but a subtly different sense to "provenance". Archaeological researchers use "provenience" to refer to the three-dimensional location or find spot of an artifact or feature within an archaeological site, whereas "provenance" covers an object's complete documented history. Ideally, in modern excavations, the provenience or find spot is recorded (even videoed) with great precision, but in older cases only the general site or approximate area may be known, especially when an artifact was found outside a professional excavation and its specific position not recorded. An object may have both a provenience (where it was found) and a provenance (where it has been since it was found). In some cases, especially where there is an inscription, the provenance may include a history that predates its burial in the ground, as well as its history after rediscovery.


title: Eastern Development Region, Nepal

paragraphs: Eastern Development Region (Nepali:पुर्वाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is at the eastern end of the country with headquarters at Dhankuta.

paragraphs: The Eastern Development Region has Sikkim and West Bengal (India) to the east, Bihar (India) to the south, the Central Development Region to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

paragraphs: It is the third largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of but the second in population with 5,811,555 (21.9% of total) people living there; its population density is 204.2 persons/km.

paragraphs: The region has three ecological zones: the high mountains, the hills and the Terai.

paragraphs: The highest mountain in the region, and in the world, is Mount Everest; it is in the Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone. The lowest point of Nepal, Kechana Kalan is also here, in the Jhapa district; it is near the Mechi river and close to the border with India.

paragraphs: The most important rivers in the Eastern Development Region are the Kosi (also spelled Kosi), tributary of the Ganges river; and the Mechi, tributary of the Mahananda River. Nepal's largest river system (the Kosi) and its highest waterfall (the Hyatrung in the Terhathum district) are found in this region. The Hyatrung waterfall () is high.

paragraphs: It is rich in biodiversity, with for example 28 species of "Rhododendron" (out of the 31 species available in Nepal) found in the Tinjure-Milke-Jaljale area.

paragraphs: The major cities of this region are Biratnagar, Dharan, Dhankuta, Itahari, Rajbiraj, Birtamod Urlabari and Damak. Other notable places are Namche Bazaar (the town near the base camp of Mt. Everest), Gaighat, Lahan, Ilam, etc.

paragraphs: The Eastern Development Region has 3 Zones, parallel to each other, with a total of 16 Districts, 893 Village Development Committees (VDCs), 1 Sub-metropolitan city, and 13 Municipalities; the zones and districts are:


title: Branle

paragraphs: The branle is an old French dance of the 16th century. Though French in origin, it spread to most of western Europe. Spelling varies greatly: "bransle", "brangle", "brawl", "brawle", "brall"(e), "braul"(e), or (Scot.) "brantle".

paragraphs: There are few descriptions of the dance steps. It is a sequence dance performed with partners in lines or circles. In John Marston's "The Malcontent" (1604), act 4, scene 2, the character Guerrino describes the steps of a dance called "Beanchaes brawl" (Bianca's branle): t'is but two singles on the left, two on the right, three doubles forward, a trauerse of six round: do this twice, three singles side, galliard tricke of twentie, curranto pace; a figure of eight, three singles broken downe, come vp, meete two doubles, fall backe, and then honour.

paragraphs: A more detailed and more accessible account is given of the Scots branle by the dance historian Melusine Wood.

paragraphs: The music for the dance was written in duple or triple meter, depedning on the type of branle. The four types are simple, duple, guy, and Burgandian, as described by Thoinot Arbeau in his "Orchesography".


title: Gavin Henson

paragraphs: Gavin Lloyd Henson (born 1 February 1982) is a Welsh rugby union player. He was born in Pencoed, South Wales. He plays for Bath Rugby. He has two children with singer Charlotte Church.


title: Marlon Jackson

paragraphs: Marlon Jackson (born March 12, 1957) is an American singer and musician. He was a member of the boy band The Jackson 5. In 1980 he appeared on his sister La Toya Jackson's first album. This was his first music outside of The Jackson 5. In 1987, he released a solo album, "Baby Tonight". Unlike his brothers, he did not continue to work in music after this apart from the 1989 single "2300 Jackson Street" with The Jacksons.

paragraphs: Marlon joined The Jackson 5 as a percussionist. He was later a singer for the group. He also played the conga and tambourine. In 1968 The Jackson 5 were signed to Motown Records. They released their first single "I Want You Back" in 1969. It reached number one in the United States. Their next three singles also went to number one. The band have sold 150 million records. In 1997 the band were given a star in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


title: Tishrei

paragraphs: Tishrei (), or "Tishri," is a month of the Hebrew calendar. In the Hebrew Bible, it is called "Ethanim" (), or simply "the seventh month". (The counting starts at Nisan, the spring month containing Passover.) The name Tishrei was brought back by the Jews from their Babylonian exile.

paragraphs: Tishrei always has 30 days. Tishrei has more holidays than any other month of the Hebrew calendar. These include:


title: Call of Duty: Ghosts

paragraphs: Call of Duty: Ghosts is Infinity Ward's 5th "Call of Duty" video game. It was first sold for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Wii U, and the Xbox 360 on November 5, 2013. It was released for the PlayStation 4 on November 15, 2013 and for the Xbox One on November 22, 2013.


title: Parícutin

paragraphs: Paricutin is a volcano in Mexico in the state of Michoacán. It is the youngest volcano in the western hemisphere, born in 1943. It is now 1,353 feet (424m) above the valley, and 9,186 feet (2,800m) above sea level.


title: Ice sheet

paragraphs: An ice sheet is a large mass of glacier ice that covers an area of more than . It may also be called a continental glacier. There are two ice sheets in the world at the moment: in Antarctica and Greenland.

paragraphs: Ice sheets are larger than ice shelves or alpine glaciers. Masses of ice covering less than 50,000 km are called ice caps. The ice in an ice cap usually comes from a series of glaciers that drain into it.

paragraphs: The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km and contains 30 million km of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the Earth's surface is held in this ice sheet. If all of it were to melt, it would cause sea levels to rise by 58 metres. The ice sheet first formed in the early Oligocene. It retreated and advanced many times until the Pliocene, when it came to occupy almost all of Antarctica.

paragraphs: The Greenland ice sheet covers about 82% of the surface of Greenland. Satellite images from NASA show that it is melting at a rate of about 239 cubic kilometres (57.3 cubic miles) each year. If all of it melted, it would cause sea levels to rise by 7.2 metres. The ice sheet did not develop at all until the late Pliocene, but apparently developed very quickly. This had the unusual effect of allowing fossils of plants that once grew on present-day Greenland to be much better preserved than with the slowly forming Antarctic ice sheet.


title: John Davis (sealer)

paragraphs: John Davis (born in 1784 in Surrey) was an American ship captain from New Haven, Connecticut. He is thought to have been the first to land on Antarctica. He is one of four explorers who share this claim. In February 1821 he may have landed a boat at Hughes Bay. The Davis Strait which separates Baffin Bay from the Labrador Sea was named by William Baffin in 1916. He probably named it after John Davis.

paragraphs: On March 20, 1820, Davis left New Haven, Connecticut for a trip to the Pacific Ocean. He had received news of the discovery of the South Shetland Islands while he was anchored at the Falkland Islands. Learning there were large numbers of seals there, he and another ship captain sailed their vessels to Greenwich Island. But it was too late in the season and other were there before them. So Davis took his ship, named "Cecilia", in search of seals further south. Finding many seals at Low Island he continued southwards. He probably came upon Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. His ship's log records he found "a large body of land." He sent a boat to shore to look for seals but found none. He also wrote "I think this southern land to be a continent". He also wrote in the log the latitude was 64°01'S (sixty-four degrees, one minute, south). Davis continued his journey back to Greenwich Island arriving there on 10 February, 1821. He wintered at the Falkland Islands and returned to seal hunting the following season. It remains impossible, however, to prove he was the first to reach Antarctica.


title: Superman suit

paragraphs: The Superman suit is the costume of the fictional comic-book character Superman, a superhero appearing in DC Comics.


title: Winti

paragraphs: Winti is the Afro-Surinamese traditional religion. It is about believing in a god called Anana Kedyaman Kedyanpon.


title: Sonkajärvi

paragraphs: Sonkajärvi is a municipality of Finland. It is in the province of Eastern Finland and is part of the Northern Savonia region. The municipality was founded in 1922. In August 2013, 4,596 people lived there.


title: Bob McDonnell

paragraphs: Robert Francis "Bob" McDonnell (born June 15, 1954) is an American politician. He was the 71st Governor of Virginia from 2010 to 2014. He was on the executive committee of the Republican Governors Association. He succeeded Rick Perry of Texas.

paragraphs: McDonnell was a lieutenant colonel in the United States Army. He served in the Virginia House of Delegates from 1993 to 2006. McDonnell was the Attorney General of Virginia from 2006 to 2009.

paragraphs: McDonnell was born on June 15, 1954 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He studied at Notre Dame University, at Boston University, and at Regent University. McDonnell is married to Maureen Gardner. They have five children.

paragraphs: On January 21, 2014, McDonnell and his wife, Maureen, were accused on federal corruption charges. They were convicted of most charges by a federal jury on September 4, 2014. McDonnell is the first Virginia governor to be indicted – and the first Virginia governor to be convicted of a felony. McDonnell was sentenced on January 6, 2015 to two years in prison, followed by two years of supervised release.


title: Governor of Virginia

paragraphs: The Governor of Virginia is the chief executive of the state of Virginia for a four-year term. Ralph Northam is the current governor since 2018. The governor lives in the Executive Mansion of Virginia.

paragraphs: The most recent election took place on November 7, 2017.

paragraphs: , there are nine former Governors of Virginia currently living, the oldest being A. Linwood Holton, Jr..


title: Jackie Jackson

paragraphs: Sigmund Esco "Jackie" Jackson (born May 4, 1951) is an American singer. He is the second child of Katherine and Joe Jackson. He was a member of The Jackson 5. The band has sold 150 million records around the world. They had four number one singles in the United States. The group released their first album "Diana Ross Presents The Jackson 5" in 1969. The group released nine more studio albums on Motown. In 1976 they left the label. They were signed to Epic Records. The Jackson 5's name changed to The Jacksons. They released six albums.

paragraphs: He released two solo albums, "Jackie Jackson "(1973) and "Be the One "(1989). He lives in Las Vegas. He runs two record companies, Jesco Records and Futurist Entertainment there.

paragraphs: He has two children with his first wife Enid Adren Spann. She divorced him after catching him cheating with Paula Abdul. . In 2001 Jackson married his second wife Victoria Triggs.


title: Tito Jackson

paragraphs: Toriano Adaryll "Tito" Jackson (born October 15, 1953) is an American singer and guitarist. He is the third child of Joe and Katherine Jackson. He is a member of the pop band The Jackson 5, who reformed in 2012. With The Jacksons he has had four US number one singles. He has three sons, Taryll, TJ, and Taj. They make up the pop band 3T. He recorded five songs for a solo album but it was never released. But in 2011 he released a single, "We Made It". He was in the 2009 TV series "" with his brothers Jermaine, Jackie, and Marlon.

paragraphs: Jackson's father Joe bought him a guitar when he was 8 years old. Joe made Tito and his brothers Jackie and Jermaine into a group called The Jackson Brothers. Later Marlon and Michael joined. The group's name was changed to The Jackson 5. They were signed to Steeltown Records. The label released the group's first single "Big Boy". They were signed to Motown Records in 1968. Their first single on the label, "I Want You Back", reached number one in the United States. The band went on to sell 150 million records.


title: Evapotranspiration

paragraphs: Evapotranspiration is the movement of water from the Earth's surface to the atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration.

paragraphs: Evaporation is the movement of water to the air from the ground or bodies of water (such as lakes). Transpiration is a process that happens in plants, in which water is lost through stomata in the leaves and becomes vapour in the air. Together, these form an important process in the water cycle.


title: Defend Your Castle

paragraphs: Defend Your Castle is a series of video games made by XGen Studios. In the games, players have to kill enemies heading towards the player's castle before it is destroyed. There are different ways that the player can do so, such as by picking up enemies or by attacking them with weapons. Weapons can be bought with points that the player gets in levels. Players can also use points to repair their castle or put walls around it.

paragraphs: The game was originally a Macromedia Flash-based browser game. Versions of the game were later released for the WiiWare service on Nintendo's Wii console and for iOS.


title: Central Development Region, Nepal

paragraphs: Central Development Region (Nepali:मध्यमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र - Madyamānchal Bikās Kshetra) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is in the east-central part of the country with headquarters at Hetauda.

paragraphs: The Central Development Region has the Eastern Development Region to the east, the India to the south, the Western Development Region to the west and the People's Republic of China to the north.

paragraphs: It is the fourth largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of but first in population with 9,656,985 people living there; its population density is the highest of all regions with 352.3 persons/km.

paragraphs: Part of this region is in the Kathmandu Valley with an area of ; it is long from east-west, and long from north to south.

paragraphs: The most important river in the Central Development Region is the Bagmati, tributary of the Kosi river. It flows through the Kathmandu Valley and is part of the Ganges watershed. The Bagmati is considered a holy river by Hindus and Buddhists.

paragraphs: Other rivers of this region are Kamala, Lakhandei and Bisnumati; these three small rivers are tributaries of the Bagmati.

paragraphs: The major cities of this region are Kathmandu, Patan, Bharatpur, Bhaktapur, Bhairawa, Lalitpur, Nagarkot and Janakpur. Other notable places are Khokana, Hetauda, Harisiddhi, Godavari, etc.

paragraphs: The region has 3 Zones with a total of 19 Districts:


title: The Narrative (band)

paragraphs: The Narrative is an American indie rock band formed in 2006 in Long Island, New York . At first there were 3 members, Suzie Zeldin, Jesse Gabriel and Charilie Seich. Now there are 2 members, Suzie Zeldin (vocals and keys) and Jesse Gabriel (vocal and guitar). They are related to Lydia and Dashboard Confessional. They have released one studio album: "The Narrative" and 4 EPs: "Just Say Yes", "Nothing Without You", "Kickstarter" and "B-Sides and Seasides".

paragraphs: The band was formed in 2006 in Long Island, after Suzie Zeldin answer the announce of Jesse Gabriel on Craigslist, looking for musicians. Jesse and Suzie studied at the same school in Bellmore, but never met.


title: Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

paragraphs: Castlereagh (born in Dublin; 1769–1822) was a British politician. He became a Viscount when his father was made Earl of Londonderry. He became British Foreign Secretary but killed himself.


title: Bambi Meets Godzilla

paragraphs: Bambi Meets Godzilla is a two-minute short cartoon created by Marv Newland in 1969. It features the characters Bambi and Godzilla. It is ranked as #38 in the book "The 50 Greatest Cartoons", written in 1994.

paragraphs: Two sequels were later made that were not created by Newland: "Son of Bambi Meets Godzilla" and "Bambi's Revenge".

paragraphs: In the opening credits, Bambi is seen grazing while "Call to the Dairy Cows" from Gioachino Rossini's opera "William Tell" (1829) plays in the background. After the credits, Bambi looks up to see Godzilla's foot coming down on him, crushing him (set to "A Day in the Life" by The Beatles). After this, the closing credits play over an image of Godzilla's foot.


title: Social drinking

paragraphs: Social drinking is the name for the consumption of alcoholic drinks in a social setting; people who are social drinkers do this with friends. Many cultures frown upon isolating people because they drink alcohol, and because they may have a problem with alcohol dependence. People meet to celebrate an occasion, which also permits them to drink alcohol without being frowned upon.


title: Western Development Region, Nepal

paragraphs: Western Development Region (Nepali:पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र - Pashchimānchal Bikās Kshetra) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is in the west-central part of the country with headquarters at Pokhara.

paragraphs: The Western Development Region has the Central Development Region to the east, the India to the south, the Mid-Western Development Region to the west and the People's Republic of China to the north.

paragraphs: It is the second largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of and the third in population with 4,926,765 people living there; its population density is of 167.6 persons/km.

paragraphs: Some of the highest mountains of the world are found in this region, in the Himalayas of the Dhawalagiri and Gandaki zones. Among them are Dhaulagiri (8,167 m), Manaslu (8,156 m) and Annapurna (8,091 m).

paragraphs: The most important river in the Western Development Region is the Gandaki, left tributary of the Ganges river.

paragraphs: Some cities of this region are Pokhara, Baglung, Butwall, Sandhikharka, Tansen, Tilaurakot, etc.

paragraphs: The region has 3 Zones with a total of 16 Districts:


title: Star Fox 2

paragraphs: Star Fox 2 is a cancelled video game that was going to be released for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). It was going to be the second game in the "Star Fox" series and the sequel to "Star Fox". It was going to be released in the summer of 1995. The game was cancelled because the Nintendo 64 was going to be released the following year.

paragraphs: The gameplay of "Star Fox" is very different from the first "Star Fox" game. Instead of going on a path with the same missions each time, the player moves freely on a map screen of the Lylat system. When the player's ships hit an enemy, the screen switches to an action screen with gameplay like the first "Star Fox" game. Once the player completes what they have to do, they are taken back to the map screen to go to another area.

paragraphs: The player's goal is to destroy all of the enemies on the map while defending Corneria (seen in the lower left corner of the map). The player has to stop Corneria's damage level from reaching 100% from enemy attacks.


title: Jimmy Waite

paragraphs: James Dean Waite (born April 15, 1969 in Sherbrooke, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 8th overall pick in the 1987 NHL draft by the Chicago Blackhawks. In 1989, he played for the Indianapolis Ice and they won the Turner Cup. He played in the NHL for 11 years with the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks and Phoenix Coyotes. He has also played in the DEL for the Essen Mosquitoes, Iserlohn Roosters, ERC Ingolstadt and Thomas Sabo Ice Tigers.


title: Mike Veisor

paragraphs: Michael David "Worm" Veisor, Sr. (born August 25, 1952 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 45th overall pick in the 1972 NHL draft by the Chicago Black Hawks. He played 62 games during his 6 six years with the Black Hawks and then played for the Hartford Whalers. He played 3 seasons with the Whalers and went on to play for the Winnipeg Jets. His time with the Jets was shorts and he only played 8 games with them. He then returned to the Whalers and played 4 games for them before retiring in 1984.

paragraphs: Veisor is Jewish. He said that he wanted to be the first Jewish goalie in NHL history but he was preceded by Ross Brooks.

paragraphs: His son, Michael David Veisor, Jr., was drafted in the 12th round of the 1991 NHL Entry Draft by the St. Louis Blues but he never played in the NHL.

paragraphs: He is currently the rink manager of Avon Old Farms School in Avon, Connecticut.


title: Star Fox Command

paragraphs: Star Fox Command is a video game for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the fifth game in the "Star Fox" series. It was developed by Q-Games and published by Nintendo EAD Group No. 2. It was released in Europe on July 19, 2006, in Japan on August 3, 2006, in North America on August 28, 2006, and in Australia on September 21, 2006. It is the first "Star Fox" game to be released on a handheld video game console. It is also the first "Star Fox" game to have online play with the Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection.

paragraphs: The game features two types of gameplay: a map mode, and a battle mode. In the map mode, the player takes control of several ships. The player can control up to four ships at a time. The player's goal is to stop enemy ships from reaching the "Great Fox". When the player meets an enemy or missile, the gameplay switches to the battle mode.

paragraphs: Battle mode has gameplay that is similar to past "Star Fox" games. The player can move freely around the level, like some bosses and levels in "Star Fox 64". The player has to destroy a base ship, defeat all of the enemies, or collect a number of cores. Once the player completes what they have to do, the game goes back to the map screen. As the player plays further in the game, they will be able to take different routes when they complete some levels. Each route has different planets that the player can visit depending on what route they choose.

paragraphs: Multiplayer can be played with up to six players in DS Download Play, and with up to three players in Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection play. The goal is to destroy the ships of the other players and collect stars that they leave behind. Players can collect stars from opponents that were not killed by the player. Nintendo Wi-Fi play ranks a player from Z to A, with Z being the lowest and A being the highest. Every time a player wins a match, they get an amount of percent. When the player reaches 100%, they move to the next letter.


title: Matt Underhill

paragraphs: Matthew Joseph Underhill (born September 16, 1979 in Campbell River, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: Before playing hockey professionally, Underhill played in college for Cornell University for 4 years. He was drafted with the 170th overall pick in the 1999 NHL draft by the Calgary Flames. Even though he was drafted by the Flames, he did not play a game for them. The only game the Underhill played in the NHL was during the 2003–04 NHL season for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He spent most of his playing career in the AHL and ECHL. He won the ECAC’s Ken Dryden Award in 2002. He played 18 games in the AHL for the Providence Bruins, Manchester Monarchs, Norfolk Admirals and St. John's Maple Leafs. In the ECHL, he played 4 seasons with the Pee Dee Pride, Florence Pride, Mississippi Sea Wolves and Alaska Aces. He retired in 2006 after his season with the Aces.

paragraphs: He was inducted into the Cornell Athletic Hall of Fame on November 3rd, 2012.


title: Jocelyn Thibault

paragraphs: Jocelyn Thibault (pronounced Tee-Bow) (born January 12, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Thibault played 2 seasons with both the Trois-Rivières Draveurs and Sherbrooke Faucons of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 10th overall pick in the 1993 NHL draft by the Quebec Nordiques. He played two seasons with the Nordiques and then one season with the Colorado Avalanche when the Nordiques moved to Colorado. In 1995, he was traded to the Montreal Canadiens with Martin Ručínský, and Andrei Kovalenko in exchange for Patrick Roy and Mike Keane. The trade was known as known in French as 'Le Trade' which was in reference to 1988's 'The Trade' of Wayne Gretzky. He played 4 seasons with the Canadiens and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks on November 16, 1998. He played with the Blackhawks for 5 seasons and then was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a fourth-round selection in 2006 draft on August 10, 2005. He injured his hip and lost twelve of thirteen starts. He was replaced as the starter by Marc-André Fleury in late November and was then put on waivers. The Buffalo Sabres signed Thibault as an unrestricted free agent on July 5, 2007 and he played as the backup to Ryan Miller for one season. He was not re-signed afted the season and retired from professional hockey in 2008.

paragraphs: He was the winning goaltender of the last game at the Montreal Forum, Maple Leaf Gardens and the Capital Centre.

paragraphs: He is married and has three daughters Noemie, Zoe and Annabel who all play hockey. Thibault and his family live in Sherbrooke, Quebec.

paragraphs: He helped bring an expansion team in the QMJHL to Sherbrooke. The Sherbrooke Phoenix started playing during the 2012–13 season.


title: Rob Tallas

paragraphs: Robert Wayne "Robbie" Tallas (born March 20, 1973 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, he played 2 seasons in the WHL with the Seattle Thunderbirds. He played a total of 99 games in the NHL with the Boston Bruins and Chicago Blackhawks. He retired from professional hockey in 2005.

paragraphs: In August 2009, he was hired as the goaltending consultant for the Florida Panthers. He came out of retirement for one game during the 2012-2013 NHL season as a back up goalie for the Florida Panthers.


title: Doug Stevenson

paragraphs: Douglas Leonard Stevenson (April 6, 1924 – November 9, 1975) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: Stevenson played eight games in the NHL; 4 games with the New York Rangers and 4 games with the Chicago Blackhawks. Stevenson played most of his hockey career in the Pacific Coast Hockey League with the Tacoma Rockets. He died on November 9, 1975 in Massachusetts.


title: Christian Soucy

paragraphs: Christian Soucy (born September 14, 1970 in Gatineau, Quebec) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender.

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, he played 2 years at the University of Vermont where he is ranked as the third all-time in save percentage (.908) and fifth all-time in goals against average (2.99). He only appeared in three minutes of one NHL game with the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1993–94 NHL season. During that time, he did not face a shot and in doing this he was rendered as the NHL's comparable version to Major League Baseball's legendary Moonlight Graham. He played most of his 10-year career in various minor leagues, which includes the International Hockey League, American Hockey League, East Coast Hockey League, and Central Hockey League as well as others.


title: Prayer in Christianity

paragraphs: Prayer in Christianity is seen by most Christians as a way of communicating with God. Prayer is seen as being therapeutic by many Christian leaders.

paragraphs: The Lord's Prayer, which Jesus taught his disciples, was important as an example in the early churches. The prayers in the Old Testament and New Testament have also influenced Christian thought.


title: Mid-Western Development Region, Nepal

paragraphs: Mid-Western Development Region (Nepali:मध्य पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र - Madhya Pashchimānchal Bikās Kshetra) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is in the west-central part of the country with headquarters at Birendranagar, Surkhet.

paragraphs: The Mid-Western Development Region has the Western Development Region to the east, Uttar Pradesh (India) to the south, the Far-Western Development Region to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

paragraphs: It is the largest Development Region of Nepal with an area of but the fourth in population with 3,546,682 people living there; its population density is the lowest of all the regions, with 83.7 persons/km.

paragraphs: The most important river in the Mid-Western Development Region is the Karnali or "Kauriala", known as Ghaghara in India. It is an important left tributary of the Ganges river. With a length, in Nepal, of is the largest river of the country.

paragraphs: Some of the tributaries of the Karnali are the West Rapti, Bheri and the Seti rivers.

paragraphs: The biggest lake of Nepal, Lake Rara, is in this region, in the Mugu district of the Karnali Zone.

paragraphs: Some cities of this region are Birendranagar, Chinchu, Babiyachour, Tribhuvannagar (Ghorahi), Nepalgunj,Tulsipur, etc.

paragraphs: The region has 3 Zones with a total of 15 Districts:


title: Bill Young

paragraphs: Charles William "Bill" Young (December 16, 1930 – October 18, 2013) was the U.S. Representative for , serving in Congress since 1971.

paragraphs: Young was born in Harmarville, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Pittsburgh, on December 16, 1930. Young dropped out of St. Petersburg High School to support his ill mother and was wounded in a hunting accident.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Republican Party, and was at the time of his death the longest-serving Republican member of Congress. He served as chairman of the House Committee on Appropriations from 1999 to 2005 and sat on the Committee until his death.

paragraphs: Young served as a member of the Florida Constitution Revision Commission from 1965 to 1967. He was also a Florida delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1968, 1972, 1976, and 1984.

paragraphs: In 1985, Young divorced his first wife, with whom he had three children, and married his current wife, Beverly. They have had two children together, Billy, and Patrick, and the couple raised Beverly's son, Robbie, from her first marriage.

paragraphs: On October 17, 2013, Young's family told the "Tampa Bay Times" that Young was continuing medical treatment at the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center but his "condition turned for the worse overnight and he is gravely ill. Earlier that day, several news sources erroneously reported that Young had died.

paragraphs: On October 18, 2013, Young died at Walter Reed in Bethesda, Maryland from multiple myeloma. He had been hospitalized for almost two weeks with back problems that resulted from injuries he sustained in a small plane crash in 1970. He was 82 and is survived by his wife and five children.


title: Tom Foley

paragraphs: Thomas Stephen "Tom" Foley (March 6, 1929 – October 18, 2013) was an American lawyer and politician from the state of Washington. He served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives under George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton.

paragraphs: Foley was born in Spokane, Washington. In 1946, he graduated from the Jesuit-run Gonzaga Preparatory School in Spokane.

paragraphs: He was the 57th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, serving from 1989 to 1995. He represented for 30 years as a Democratic member from 1965 to 1995.

paragraphs: Foley was the first Speaker of the House since 1862 to be defeated in a re-election campaign for Congress. He served as the United States Ambassador to Japan from 1997 to 2001 under Bill Clinton.

paragraphs: He is sometimes viewed as a political casualty of the term limits controversy of the early 1990s. President Bill Clinton attributed his defeat to his support for the Assault Weapons Ban of 1994.

paragraphs: Foley was married to Heather Strachan until his death in 2013.

paragraphs: In 1997, Foley was appointed as the 25th U.S. Ambassador to Japan by President Bill Clinton. He served as ambassador until 2001.

paragraphs: Foley was a Washington delegate to the 2000 Democratic National Convention.

paragraphs: On July 9, 2003, Washington Governor Gary Locke awarded the Washington Medal of Merit, the state's highest honor, to Foley.

paragraphs: He was North American Chairman of the Trilateral Commission.

paragraphs: Foley died at his home in Washington, D.C. on October 18, 2013, following months of hospice care from complications from a stroke, aged 84. Speaker John Boehner, and Nancy Pelosi, who also served as Speaker, issued statements honoring Foley.


title: Bruce McGill

paragraphs: Bruce Travis McGill (born July 11, 1950) is an American actor who has an extensive list of credits in film and television. He is perhaps best known for his role as Jack Dalton on the television series "MacGyver" and as Daniel Simpson "D-Day" Day in "National Lampoon's Animal House".

paragraphs: McGill was born on July 11, 1950 in San Antonio, Texas. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. McGill has been married to Gloria Lee.


title: Arianna Huffington

paragraphs: Arianna Huffington (née Stassinopoulos; born July 15, 1950) is a Greek-American author and syndicated columnist. She is best known for her news website "The Huffington Post". She was a one-time liberal democrat. She later became a popular conservative commentator in the mid-1990s, after which she adopted liberal political beliefs in the late 1990s. She is the former spouse of former Republican congressman Michael Huffington.

paragraphs: In 2003, she ran as an independent candidate for Governor in the California recall election.

paragraphs: Huffington was born Ariánna Stasinopoúlou in Athens, Greece on July 15, 1950. She studied economics at Girton College, Cambridge. Huffington was married to Michael Huffington from 1986 until they divorced in 1997. She became an American citizen in 1990.


paragraphs: The Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument is a World Heritage site. It is often called Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument. The site covers of ocean waters that includes ten islands and atolls. The size is larger than the country of Greece.

paragraphs: The area was made a national monument by U.S. President George W. Bush on June 15, 2006. It became a World Heritage site on July 30, 2010.

paragraphs: Papahānaumokuākea supports 7,000 species. One quarter of the species are endemic.


title: Catherine Palace

paragraphs: The Catherine Palace is a former Russian residence of the

paragraphs: Russian Imperial family. It is in the town of Pushkin, Saint Petersburg.

paragraphs: The Palace's town was called Tsarskoye Selo which means Tsar's village in English. In 1918 the Bolsheviks changed the name to Detskoye Selo. In 1937 the town was renamed to Pushkin to honor Alexander Pushkin.

paragraphs: Catherine I of Russia began the building of the palace in 1717. She hired the German architect Johann-Friedrich Braunstein to create the summer palace. In 1733, Empress Anna added to the palace. Then in 1752 Empress Elizabeth had the palace torn down. It was rebuilt in a Rococo style. More than 100 kilograms of gold were used. Many statues on the roof were covered in gold.

paragraphs: Catherine the Great thought the palace was old-fashioned. She employed Scottish architect Charles Cameron. He made one wing into the Neo-Palladian style. He also changed the personal apartments of the Empress.

paragraphs: After Catherine's death the imperial family began using Pavlovsk Palace and Alexander Palace. The palace was destroyed during World War II. Restoration began soon after the German forces left. Now the palace is mostly restored and is open for tours.


title: Ed Lauter

paragraphs: Edward Matthew "Ed" Lauter II (October 30, 1938 – October 16, 2013), known as Ed Lauter, was an American actor and stand-up comedian. He was known for his roles in "Family Plot", "Cujo", "Death Wish III", "Born on the Fourth of July", "", "The Number 23", and in "Trouble with the Curve".

paragraphs: Lauter was born on October 30, 1938 in Long Beach, New York. He studied at Long Island University. Lauter was married four times. His last marriage was to Marchell Doreen Williams from 2005 until his death in 2013. He had four children. Lauter died on October 16, 2013 in Los Angeles, California from mesothelioma, aged 74.


title: Hans Riegel

paragraphs: Johannes Peter "Hans" Riegel (10 March 1923 – 15 October 2013) was a German entrepreneur who owned and operated the confectioner Haribo since 1946.

paragraphs: Riegel was born on 10 March 1923 in Bonn, Germany. He was the oldest son of the company's founder Hans Riegel, Sr., who invented the gummy bear in 1922. He studied at the University of Bonn.

paragraphs: Riegel owned the Jakobsburg Hotel and Golf resort near Boppard in the Rhine Valley in Germany. Riegel died on 15 October 2013 from heart failure after a surgical procedure was made to remove a brain tumor in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. He was 90 years old.


title: Sea

paragraphs: A sea is a large body of saline water that may be connected with an ocean or may be a large saline lake that, like the Caspian Sea, lacks a natural outlet.

paragraphs: A characteristic of seawater is that it is salty. It is usual to measure salinity in parts per thousand and the open ocean has about solids per litre, a salinity of 35ppt. The Mediterranean Sea is a little higher at 37ppt and the Dead Sea has as much as dissolved solids per litre (300ppt). Although sodium chloride is the main salt present, making up about 85% of the solids in solution, there are also per litre of the chlorides of other metals such as potassium and magnesium and of sulphates, carbonates, bromides and other salts. A kilogram (2.2 lb) of salt can therefore be found in 28 litres or one cubic foot of typical ocean water. Despite differences in the levels of salinity in different seas, the relative composition of the dissolved salts is very stable throughout the world's oceans.

paragraphs: The circumstances which cause the salinity of a body of water to differ include evaporation from its surface, precipitation on its surface, the freezing or melting of sea ice, the inflow of fresh river water, wind and wave movement that increase evaporation and the mixing of bodies of water of different salinities. The Baltic Sea for example is in a cool climatic area with low evaporation, has many rivers flowing into it, and on-and-off refilling from the open ocean. The occasional inflow of water from the North Sea creates a cold, dense under layer that hardly mixes with the surface layers. The topmost layer may have a salinity of 10 to 15ppt, with even lower levels in the river. The Red Sea experiences high atmospheric temperatures causing high evaporation but little precipitation, few rivers flow into it and the Bab-el-Mandeb joining it to the Gulf of Aden is narrow. Its salinity is high and averages 40ppt.

paragraphs: The temperature of the sea is dependent on the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface. In the tropics, with the sun nearly overhead, the temperature of the surface layers can rise to over while near the poles the temperature in balance with the sea ice is about . Cold water is denser than warm water and tends to sink. Cold water is denser than warm water and tends to sink. There is a continuous circulation of water in the oceans. Warm surface currents cool as they move away from the tropics, the water becomes denser and sinks. The cold water moves back towards the equator as a deep sea current, driven by changes in the temperature and density of the water, eventually welling up again towards the surface. Deep sea water has a temperature between and in all parts of the globe.

paragraphs: The amount of oxygen found in seawater depends mostly on the plants growing in it. These are mainly algae, including phytoplankton, but also include some vascular plants such as seagrasses. In daylight the photosynthetic activity of these plants produces oxygen which dissolves in the seawater where it is used by marine animals. At night, photosynthesis stops, and the amount of dissolved oxygen declines. In the deep sea where not enough light penetrates for plants to grow, there is very little dissolved oxygen.

paragraphs: Seawater is a little alkaline and during historic times has had a pH of about 8.2. More recently, increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have resulted in more of it dissolving in the ocean forming carbonic acid and has raised this pH level to 8.1. The pH is expected to reach 7.7 by the year 2100, an increase of 320% in acidity in a century. One important element for the formation of skeletal material in marine animals is calcium but it is easily precipitated out in the form of calcium carbonate as the sea becomes more acid. This is likely to have profound effects on certain planktonic marine organisms because their ability to form shells will be reduced. These include snail-like molluscs known as pteropods, single-celled algae called coccolithophorids and foraminifera. All of these are important parts of the food chain and a reduction in their numbers will have significant results. In tropical areas, corals are likely to be very much affected by a lack of calcium with knock-on effects for other reef residents.

paragraphs: Wind blowing over the surface of a body of water forms waves. The friction between air and water caused by a gentle breeze on a pond causes ripples to form. A strong blow over the ocean causes larger waves as the moving air pushes against the raised ridges of water. The waves reach their greatest height when the rate at which they travel nearly matches the speed of the wind. The waves form at right angles to the direction from which the wind blows. In open water, if the wind continues to blow, as happens in the Roaring Forties in the southern hemisphere, long, organized masses of water called swell roll across the ocean. If the wind dies down, the wave formation is reduced but waves already formed continue to travel in their original direction until they meet land. Small waves form in small areas of water with islands and other landmasses but large waves form in open stretches of sea where the wind blows steadily and strongly. When waves meet other waves coming from different directions, interference between the two can produce broken, irregular seas.


title: Würstelstand

paragraphs: The Würstelstand ("sausage stand") is the Austrian type of the take-away. These stands are very common in Vienna. Usually, they sell different kinds of sausages. It is not unusual for the people in Vienna to grab a pair of sausages after a performance at a theatre or opera house. In addition, a Würstelstand traditionally also sells Leberkäse. As a side dish, different chile peppers, gherkins and other pickled vegetables are available.


title: Jan Steen

paragraphs: Jan Havickszoon Steen (born c. 1626 in Leiden, buried 3 February 1679, also in Leiden) was a Dutch painter. He is mostly known for his genre paintings today. He lived during the Dutch Golden Age period.


title: Respiratory failure

paragraphs: Respiratory failure is a medical condition which affects respiration. It means the alveoli in the lung are not getting enough oxygen. Because of this, gas exchange in the blood is reduced. Respiratory failure will lead to a person's death. For this reason, it is a medical emergency. Emergency treatment of respiratory failure is very similar to that of cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

paragraphs: Respiratory failure has been classified by its cause:

paragraphs: Also, respiratory failure can be classified by the speed at which it happens:


title: Battle of Vimy Ridge

paragraphs: The Battle of Vimy Ridge was a World War I battle fought in 1917 near Arras in northern France. From the fall of 1914 until 1917 the German army held this eight kilometre-long ridge. From there they could see the Allied for miles in all directions. Several times the Allies tried to take it from the Germans without success. On 9 April, 1917 they attacked again. Four divisions of the Canadian Corps attacked nineteen divisions of the German 6th Army defending the ridge. The Battle was won by the Canadians on Easter Monday, 1917. It was the first time that Canadians had attacked as a national unit. However it cost the Canadians 10,602 casualties.


title: Far-Western Development Region, Nepal

paragraphs: Far-Western Development Region (Nepali:सुदुर पश्चिमाञ्चल विकास क्षेत्र - Sudur Pashchimānchal Bikās Kshetra) is one of Nepal's five development regions. It is at the western end of the country with headquarters at Dipayal Silgadhi.

paragraphs: The Far-Western Development Region has the Mid-Western Development Region to the east, Uttar Pradesh (India) to the south, Uttarakhand (India) to the west and the Tibet Autonomous Region (People's Republic of China) to the north.

paragraphs: It is the smallest Development Region of Nepal with an area of and also with the lowest population with 2,552,517 people living there; its population density is the second lowest of all the regions, with 130.6 persons/km.

paragraphs: The highest mountain in the region is the Api Peak, with high; it is in the Darchula district. Other high mountain is Saipal, high, in the Bajhang district.

paragraphs: The most important rivers in the Far-Western Development Region are the Seti and the Mahakali ("Sharda" in India) rivers; both rivers are tributaries of the Karnali river.

paragraphs: The main city in the region is Mahendranagar, the eighth largest city of the country, at about from the border of India.

paragraphs: Other cities of this region are Dipayal Silgadhi, Dhangadhi, Baitadi (Khalanga, Baitadi), etc.

paragraphs: The region has 2 Zones with a total of 9 Districts:


title: Oarfish

paragraphs: An oarfish is a kind of very long, flat fish. "Oarfish" is another word for fish in the Regalecidae family. There are four species of oarfish in the world. The giant oarfish ("Regalecus glesne") is the longest bony fish alive in the world today. It can grow up to long.

paragraphs: Oarfish live in the pelagic zone. This means that they live in water that is not near the shore and not near the bottom of the ocean. They live in all temperate and tropical oceans. Oarfish are also very rare. They are usually only seen when a dead one washes onto the shore. When oarfish are sick or dying, they swim up near the surface of the water. This behavior means that oarfish are probably the "sea serpents" in legends.

paragraphs: There are two ideas about why these fish are called "oarfish." One idea is that their bodies look like oars because they are very long and flat. The other idea is that some people used to think that oarfish swam by moving their fins like the oars of a row boat. We now know that this "rowing" idea wrong. The family name "Regalecidae" comes from a word in , which means "royal".


title: Naked Cowboy

paragraphs: Robert John Burck (born December 23, 1970), better known as the Naked Cowboy, is an American street performer who performs in Times Square in New York City. He wears only cowboy boots, a hat, and underwear, playing a guitar over his underwear to look like he is nude. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio.

paragraphs: Burck began performing in 1997 in Venice Beach, Los Angeles. He became popular when a friend suggested that he dress only in his underwear to earn more money. He is currently best-known for performing in Times Square. Tour guides on passing buses point him out, and he gets a lot of attention from tourists who stop and take pictures with him.

paragraphs: Because of his popularity, Burck has appeared on television shows, in music videos, and other mass media. He tried out for "American Idol" in its first season, but did not move on to the next round. He also tried out for "Australian Idol" and "Star Search", with the same result.

paragraphs: On October 6, 2010, Burck announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2012 U.S. presidential election, representing the Tea Party movement.


title: Fable (video game)

paragraphs: Fable is a role-playing game made by Big Blue Box and Lionhead Studios for the Xbox, Windows and Mac OS X. The game was released on September 14, 2004 in North America and an extended version of the game called "Fable: The Lost Chapters", was released for Xbox and Microsoft Windows in September 2005.

paragraphs: Fable was originally called Project Ego in early development and took around four years to create, with a team of around 70 developers working on it. The theme music for Fable was composed by Danny Elfman. The game won over fifty awards and was the Xbox's fastest-selling game at that time.

paragraphs: In the game, the player controls the main character, The Hero of Oakvale. The player can interact with people and can battle foes. To further the game's plot, the player must complete missions known as quests and can also complete side quests.

paragraphs: The player can choose to either be good or evil. Completing good deeds will award the character good points and will produce a positive alignment and committing evil acts will add evil points and produce a negative alignment. The character's appearance will also change if the player makes the character's alignment strong enough. If the character has a strong enough positive alignment, a halo will appear above the character's head and if the character has a strong enough negative alignment, a red haze will rise from around his legs, he will draw flies, and will have glowing red eyes and horns.


title: Adagio for Strings

paragraphs: Adagio for Strings is a work by Samuel Barber. It is his most well known work. It was made for string orchestra from the second movement of his String Quartet, Op. 11. Barber finished the "Adagio for Strings" in 1936. It was the same year that he wrote the quartet. It was conducted by Leonard Bernstein.

paragraphs: It was performed for the first time in 1938, in a radio broadcast from a New York City studio. It was attended by an invited audience, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. Toscanini also took the piece on tour to Europe and South America.

paragraphs: Its reviews was generally positive, with Alexander J. Morin writing that "Adagio for Strings" is "full of pathos and cathartic passion" and that it "rarely leaves a dry eye." The music is the setting for Barber's 1967 choral arrangement of "Agnus Dei". "Adagio for Strings" can be heard in many TV shows and movies.

paragraphs: In 2004, listeners of the BBC's "Today" programme voted Adagio for Strings the “saddest classical” work ever.


title: Paleography

paragraphs: Paleography is the study of ancient handwriting. Using paleography, it is possible to understand communication between people.


title: Zombie walk

paragraphs: A zombie walk is a trek made by people costumed as zombies. These people may also act as starving zombies. They pretend to be looking for human brains to eat. Some people create characters for themselves such as zombie brides, clowns, or mad scientists.

paragraphs: These walks are community events. They are sometimes held near Halloween. There are day walks and night walks. People of all ages join the walk. Sometimes professional make up artists help walkers prepare their faces. Variants on the walk format include zombie pub crawls and zombie runs.

paragraphs: A walk might be held to raise money for a community concern such as local hunger. Sometimes walkers bring packaged and canned foods for the local food bank. Zombie Walks are held around the world. They may attract thousands of zombie walkers.

paragraphs: In October 2013, the annual New Jersey Zombie Walk had the largest crowd of zombies ever at 9,592. This crowd walked along the Asbury Park boardwalk. This Zombie Walk is in the Guiness World Record.


title: Integron

paragraphs: An integron is a type of transposon, a mobile genetic element. It is a two-part genetic system found in bacteria, and maybe more widely. It is the way antibiotic resistance is passed on so rapidly. It is found in plasmids and chromosomes. Although the first function discovered was antibiotic resistance, other bacterial functions (traits) can be transferred by integrons.

paragraphs: Transposons are the gene "capture and expression elements" which put the small mobile elements known as gene cassettes in place and make them work. Usually,

paragraphs: each cassette has only a single gene and a specific

paragraphs: recombination site. The cassettes carry the DNA coding (= 'a gene') for antibiotic resistance (for example). Typically, the DNA would code for an enzyme which cleaves (cuts) the antibiotic molecule up.

paragraphs: The first part of an integron is a gene which codes for an enzyme which captures cassettes. The second is a site on the genome where the cassettes are inserted, and a promoter which drives expression of cassette-associated genes. "Integron" describes such structures both when no cassettes are present and when there are integrated cassettes. Cassettes can be inserted at the site, they can be cut out, and they can undergo horizontal gene transfer.


title: Philip Short

paragraphs: Philip Short (born on 17 April 1945) is an English journalist. He studied at Queens' College, Cambridge. After his graduation, he spent from 1967 to 1973 as a freelance journalist, first in Malawi, then in Uganda. He then joined the BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) as a foreign correspondent. He is an author of many books, such as biographies of Mao Zedong, "Mao: A Life", and of Pol Pot, "Pol Pot: Anatomy of a Nightmare".