title: Matthew Lillard

paragraphs: 'Matthew Lyn Lillard (born January 24, 1970) is an American actor, voice actor, director, and producer. He is known for portraying Chip Sutphin in "Serial Mom" (1994), Emmanuel "Cereal Killer" Goldstein in "Hackers" (1995), Stevo in "SLC Punk!" (1998), Tim LaFlour in "Senseless" (1998), Billy Brubaker in "Summer Catch" (2001), Jerry Conlaine in "Without a Paddle" (2004), Dez Howard in "The Groomsmen" (2006), Joey in "Home Run Showdown" (2012), Jack Rusoe in "Return to Nim's Island" (2013) and Shaggy Rogers in both "Scooby-Doo" (2002) and "" (2004). In animation, he has been the current voice of Shaggy since veteran actor Casey Kasem retired from the role.

paragraphs: Lillard was born on January 24, 1970 in Lansing, Michigan. His father is of English, French-Canadian, German, Irish, Native American and Welsh descent and His mother is of Danish, English and Portuguese descent. He was raised Christian. He studied at Foothill High School and at American Academy of Dramatic Arts with fellow actor Paul Rudd. Lillard dated Neve Campbell from 1996 to 1998, the two remained friends. And Lillard married Heather Helm since 2000. They have three children.


title: Thomas Boni Yayi

paragraphs: Dr. Thomas Boni Yayi (born 1 July 1952) is a Beninese politician and banker. He served as the President of Benin from 6 April 2006 to 6 April 2016. He was re-elected to a second term in March 2011. From 29 January 2012 to 27 January 2013, he was the Chairperson of the African Union.

paragraphs: On 15 March 2007, Boni Yayi survived an assassination attempt. Several of the people travelling with the president were wounded in gunfire between the presidential guard and the would-be assassins.

paragraphs: On 23 October 2012, the BBC said that his doctor, niece, and former commerce minister had been arrested in a plot to poison the president. The niece changed his medicine to a "toxic substance" while he was on a state visit to Brussels.


title: Pascal Koupaki

paragraphs: Pascal Irénée Koupaki (born May 1949) is a Beninese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Benin from May 2011 to August 2013. He was Director of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister from 1996 to 1998.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Board of Directors for African Development Bank.


title: Silver-haired bat

paragraphs: The silver-haired bat ("Lasionycteris noctivagans") is a species of bat. It is the only member of the genus "Lasionycteris".

paragraphs: The bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. They are the most common bat in forested areas in the United States. Silver-haired bats are also called Silverwings.

paragraphs: Silver-haired bats are nearly black. They have silvery-tipped hairs on their back. It's a medium-sized, heavily furred bat. It weighs around 8-12 grams. Its total length is around 100 mm on average, its tail being 40 mm.

paragraphs: Silver-haired bat is found in Bermuda, Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is found from southeastern Alaska in summer to northeastern Mexico in winter. It lives in dry habitats at low elevations during seasonal migrations. They often roost in tree cavities or in bark crevices on tree trunks, especially during migration.

paragraphs: Silver-haired bats mainly eat insects with soft bodies, such as moths, but will also eat spiders and harvestmen. It will forage low, over both still and running water, and also in forest openings. Silver-haired bats are slow but can turn quickly. They can use echolocation to find prey that is a short distance away.

paragraphs: Shade is the name of the main character in the novel Silverwing by Kenneth Oppel. He is a young silver-haired bat runt.


title: Bush rat

paragraphs: The bush rat ("Rattus fuscipes") is a small Australian nocturnal animal. It is an omnivore. It is one of the most common species of rats.

paragraphs: The bush rat is found most in the coastal regions of southwestern Australia. It is mostly in the lowlands, but the bush rat can also be found in parts of the Australian Alps and on some offshore islands.

paragraphs: It is a pest species because it can destroy cane fields. It is also host to more parasites than any other Australian rodent.


title: Old Christian Cemetery Abbottabad

paragraphs: The Old Christian Cemetery, Abbottabad (also known as the OCC, or the "Gora Qabristan", White-people's cemetery), is a cemetery situated in Abbottabad, Pakistan. It dates from British Indian colonial times.

paragraphs: The cemetery was established in 1853 when James Abbott founded Abbottabad. It was later attached to St Luke's Church, Abbottabad when it was completed in 1864.


title: Supermarine Spitfire

paragraphs: The Supermarine Spitfire is a British single-seat fighter aircraft. It was used by the Royal Air Force and many other Allied countries throughout the Second World War. The Spitfire was designed by R. J. Mitchell as a short-range, high-performance interceptor aircraft. There were more Spitfires made than any other British aircraft and it was the only British fighter that was being made throughout the war.

paragraphs: The Spitfire's elliptical wing had a thin cross-section. This allowed a higher top speed than other fighters of the time, including the Hawker Hurricane. The elliptic shaped wing gives the aircraft a very low amount of induced drag. Speed was seen as essential to carry out the mission of home defence against enemy bombers. The original airframe was designed to be powered by a Rolls-Royce Merlin engine producing 1,030 hp (768 kW).

paragraphs: Because of its higher performance, Spitfire units had a higher victory-to-loss ratio than units flying Hurricanes.

paragraphs: A tribute to the people who built the spitfires can be found next to the site of the factory where they were made. It is in Castle Bromwich in Birmingham. It is a sculpture called "Sentinel".

paragraphs: Data from Spitfire: The History[184] and Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II[185]


title: Khokhar

paragraphs: The Khokhar or Khokar are an indigenous tribe of people of the Punjab region of Pakistan. They are considered to be of Rajput origins by some historians and as Jatt by others. It is certain that they were mostly Hindus during the 11th and 12th centuries AD and gradually converted to Islam. Today, almost all of them follow this religion.

paragraphs: The Khokhars mostly live in the Salt Range in the North and the Gujranwala District of Central Punjab. They are an agricultural tribe.


title: Baha-ud-din Naqshband

paragraphs: Hazrat Sheikh Baha-ud-din Naqshband Bukhari (1318–1389) was a Muslim Sufi saint and founder of the Naqshbandi Order.


title: Meshech

paragraphs: Meshech is a person mentioned in the Bible, described in Genesis 10 as the son of Japheth, son of Noah.

paragraphs: Meshech in the Bible can also mean the tribe that came from his children, or the country where they lived, for example in Psalm 120:5. Many Bible Atlases such as IVP and Zondervan state it was in Asia Minor, while others say the Caucasus.

paragraphs: For Gog, 'the chief ruler of the nations of Meshech and Tubal' (Book of Ezekiel 39:1) see Armageddon


title: Of Monsters and Men

paragraphs: Of Monsters and Men is an indie pop-rock group from Iceland. They have had many hit songs, including their 2011 single "Little Talks".


title: Mukti Bahini

paragraphs: Mukti Bahini () was a Bengali military force in East Pakistan. It fought against the Pakistan Army in the Bangladesh Liberation War. The war was fought in 1971, and the group was formed during the war. This organisation was also known as the Liberation Army of Bengal. Together with India it fought against the forces of West Pakistan. After the war, East Pakistan became independent from West Pakistan, and is known as Bangladesh today.


title: Linear A

paragraphs: Linear A is an ancient script used on Crete. No one has been able to translate this script yet. It was one of the writing systems used in Minoan Crete. Another script, about a century older, is called Cretan hieroglyphs. For some time, both methods of writing were used. Probably, each system was used for a special purpose.

paragraphs: Linear A was used from about the 17th century BC until the 15th century BC. Linear B is a script based on Linear A. It has been translated. Archaeologist Arthur Evans found both Linear A and B.

paragraphs: Linear A has about fifty signs that are similar to those in Linear B. About 80% of the signs in Linear A are unique. Using the knowledge from Linear B to read Linear A produces text which cannot be read. The language used has been called "Eteocretan". It does not seem to be related to any known language. Today, about 70 characters (probably representing syllables) are known. The meaning of about 100 ideographic characters is known. These are combined with the syllables. Also, there are a few numerals whose value is known.

paragraphs: Most texts seem to be lists. A few are probably short dedications, as they are found on libations. So far, no long texts have been found. Straight lines, such as those used for Linear A, are not very practical to use on clay tables. For this reasons, most writing was probably done on other things, such as papyrus or parchment. The problem with these materials is that they do not last as long as clay does. For this reason, most writing on papyrus and parchment has probably been lost.


title: Thetford Hoard

paragraphs: The Thetford Hoard, or Thetford Treasure, is a hoard of Romano-British metalwork found at Gallows Hill, near Thetford in Norfolk, in November 1979. It is now in the British Museum.

paragraphs: Dating from the mid- to late-4th century AD, this hoard is a collection of thirty-three silver spoons and three silver strainers, twenty-two gold finger rings, four gold bracelets, four necklace pendants, five gold chain necklaces and two pairs of necklace-clasps, a gold amulet designed as a pendant, an unmounted engraved gem, four beads (one emerald and three of glass), and a gold belt-buckle decorated with a dancing satyr. A small cylindrical lidded box made from shale also belonged to the hoard.

paragraphs: The find was made under unfortunate circumstances. The site had been recently cleared for building work, and the finder was using a metal-detector without the knowledge and permission of the owners of the site. The discovery was made late on a November day, in failing light. The finder recovered the material in great haste, probably overlooking some small items, because he knew he had no legal right to search in that area. He did not, as the law requires, report his discovery to the authorities. Instead, he unwisely attempted to sell the objects he had found to private buyers.

paragraphs: By the time archaeologists learned of the find several months later, the place had been built over, which made proper archaeological investigation impossible. It was not even possible to question the finder about the circumstances: by the time the material arrived at the British Museum for study, he was terminally ill, and he died about a month later, in July 1980.

paragraphs: There were persistent rumours that the treasure originally included coins, and probably the group as we see it now is incomplete. The full account of the circumstances of the discovery is told in the standard catalogue.


title: Linear B

paragraphs: Linear B is an ancient script, used to write Mycenaean Greek, as the oldest known form of Ancient Greek. This was proved by Michael Ventris in the early 1950s. Linear B came before the Greek alphabet by several centuries.

paragraphs: The script is based on Linear A, a script which cannot be read today. The oldest texts written in Linear B date from about 1450 BC. Linear B was found mainly in the palace archives at Knossos, Cydonia, Pylos, Thebes and Mycenae. The writing of Linear B language disappeared with the fall of the Mycenaean civilization.

paragraphs: There are about 87 signs in Linear B that represent syllables. In addition, there are many ideographic signs: These represent objects or commodities. They do not represent sounds, and are never used as word signs in writing a sentence.

paragraphs: Linear B seems to have only been used for administration. In all the thousands of clay tablets, a relatively small number of different "hands" (or writers) have been detected: 45 in Pylos (west coast of the Peloponnese, in southern Greece) and 66 in Knossos (Crete). The script may have only been used by a guild of professional scribes. These scribes worked at the different palaces: when the palaces were destroyed, the script disappeared.


title: Bijbehara

paragraphs: Bijbehara () is a town in Anantnag District, Jammu and Kashmir, India.


title: Cretan hieroglyphs

paragraphs: Cretan heiroglyphs is a writing system, used in Crete from about the 20th to the 15th century BC. It is undeciphered, so it cannot be read today. For most of its history, it was used together with Linear A. Most symbols are pictograms, for some symbols, experts do not agree on what they represent. Most of the corpus consists of short inscriptions on seal stones, and clay tablets. The texts are usually very short, they are inscriptions on seals, and markers on clay tablets. There are three items that are noticeably different: A stone called Malia altar stone, the Phaistos Disc and the Arkalochori Axe. The exact relation of these items to the rest of the corpus is unknown.

paragraphs: In total, there are 137 symbols. 96 seem to be words, or part of words. 32 are probably Logograms. 9 seem to represent fractions. There are four numerals, standing for 1, 10, 100 and 1000. One symbol is used to separate words, like a hyphen, another looks like a cross, and probably stands for the beginning of the text. The writing is probably syllabic.


title: Clay tablet

paragraphs: Clay tablets were a medium used for writing. They were common in the Fertile Crescent, from about the 5th millennium BC. A clay tablet is a more or less flat surface made of clay. Using a stylus, symbols were pressed into the soft clay. It is possible to correct errors on the tablet. The tablet was then baked until dry and hard, either by leaving it out in the sun, or in a fire. Sun-baked tablets could be moistened and recycled. The ones that survived thousands of years were baked in fire.

paragraphs: They were used by the Sumerian civilisation in Mesopotamia.

paragraphs: Cuneiform was the first writing used on clay tablets. The system was used by several civilizations who spoke several different languages.


title: Lewis chessmen

paragraphs: The Lewis Chessmen, or Uig Chessmen, are 78 12th-century chess pieces, most of which are carved in walrus ivory. The hoard was discovered in 1831 on the Isle of Lewis in the Outer Hebrides, Scotland. They may be some of the few complete, surviving medieval chess sets. They are owned and exhibited by the British Museum in London, which has 67 of the original pieces, and the Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh, which has the remaining 11 pieces.

paragraphs: The pieces are figurative, like modern sets, and unlike the abstract Arabic pieces. The set has made the transition to European figures, which lasts to the present day. In particular, the arrival of a female figure is a departure from the Indo-Arabic game, and the figure of a bishop is also significant.

paragraphs: The chessmen were probably made in Norway, perhaps by craftsmen in Trondheim, in the 12th century, although some scholars have suggested other sources in the Nordic countries.

paragraphs: During that period the Outer Hebrides, and many other Scottish islands, were ruled by Norway.

paragraphs: There is a broken queen piece in a similar style from an excavation of the archbishop's palace, similar carving in Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim, the excavation in Trondheim of a kite-shaped shield similar to shields on some of the pieces and a king piece of similar design found on Hitra Island, near the mouth of Trondheim Fjord. Woolf has said that the armour worn by the chess figures includes "perfect" reproductions of armour worn at the time in Norway.

paragraphs: Another suggestion is that the chessmen originated in Iceland. It is not possible to decide between Norway and Iceland on the evidence available, and the date of the set is also somewhat uncertain.

paragraphs: Some historians believe that the Lewis chessmen were hidden (or lost) after some mishap occurred during their carriage from Norway to rich Norse towns on the east coast of Ireland, like Dublin. The large number of pieces and their lack of wear may suggest they were the stock of a trader or dealer in such pieces. Along with the chess pieces, there were 14 plain round tablemen for the game of tables and one belt buckle, all made of ivory, making a total of 93 artifacts.

paragraphs: After their discovery by Malcolm Macleod in 1831 they were sold on, and shown at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland. The chessmen were soon after split up, with 10 being purchased by a Kirkpatrick Sharpe and the rest (67 chessmen and 14 tablemen) were purchased on behalf of the British Museum in London.

paragraphs: Kirkpatrick Sharpe later found another bishop to take his collection up to eleven, all of which were later sold . Eventually they were bought by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, who donated them to the Royal Museum in Edinburgh. The eleven are now on display in the Museum of Scotland.

paragraphs: The pieces given to the British Museum still exist, and most can be found in Room 42 with the registration numbers M&ME 1831, 11–1.78–159. Some have been lent to Scottish museums and temporary exhibitions. A range of resin replicas are popular items in the Museum shops.

paragraphs: The chessmen were number 5 in the list of British archaeological finds selected by experts at the British Museum for the 2003 BBC Television documentary "Our Top Ten Treasures". They feature in the 2010 BBC Radio 4 series "A History of the World in 100 Objects" as number 61, in the "Status Symbols" section.

paragraphs: An exhibition entitled "The Lewis Chessmen: Unmasked" that included chesspieces from both the Museum of Scotland and the British Museum collections, along with other relevant objects, toured Scotland in 2010/11.

paragraphs: An exhibition entitled "The Game of Kings: medieval ivory chessmen from the Isle of Lewis" at The Cloisters in New York City included 34 of the chess pieces, all on loan from the British Museum. The exhibit ended April 22, 2012.


title: Hypostatic model of personality

paragraphs: The hypostatic model of personality is a way of viewing the many sides of a person's character. The model says that a person can behave and appear to others in many ways, depending on how that person is, but also on how someone looks at that person. It says that people are not one-sided, but are a little bit of everything. For example, today someone can be mean, and tomorrow he can be good. How someone appears also depends on things and people around him or her. For example, sometimes the most coward person may become the greatest hero, if he is called to save someone's life. All these "sides" of a person have to be known by scientists so they can change them for the better.


title: Bodo people

paragraphs: The Bodos (pronounced bo-ros) are an ethnic and linguistic community, early settlers of Assam in the northeast part of the Republic of India.


title: Liam Payne

paragraphs: Liam James Payne (born 29 August 1993) is an English singer and songwriter. He rose to fame as a member of the band One Direction. In 2016, Payne signed a recording deal with Capitol Records as a solo artist, and with Republic Records in the United States.


title: Born to Run (song)

paragraphs: "Born to Run" is a rock music song by Bruce Springsteen. The song is on Springsteen's 1975 album, "Born to Run". The song was recorded on August 1974. It became one of the biggest hits of his career. Rolling Stone ranked the song 21st on their list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: Hogtying

paragraphs: Hogtie is a way of tying all limbs together, to prevent an animal from escaping. It was originally used with pigs and cattle. In BDSM, hogtie refers to the practice of tying up the submissive, so that they cannot move. This is dangerous, because the tied person or animal will have problem breathing, so precautions need to be taken.


title: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe

paragraphs: Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (born as Maria Ludwig Michael Mies; March 27, 1886, Aachen – August 19, 1969, Chicago) was a German-American architect. He is commonly referred to, and was addressed, as Mies, his surname. Along with Le Corbusier, Alvar Aalto and Frank Lloyd Wright, he is widely regarded as one of the first masters of modern architecture.

paragraphs:
Barcelona Pavilion
Tugendhat House
Crown Hall
Farnsworth House
860–880 Lake Shore Drive
Seagram Building
New National Gallery
Toronto-Dominion Centre
Westmount Square


title: Stickney (crater)

paragraphs: Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos. Phobos is a satellite of Mars. It is at and is in diameter. It makes a large part of the moon's surface.

paragraphs: It is named after Chloe Angeline Stickney Hall, wife of Phobos's discoverer, Asaph Hall.


title: Gao (surname)

paragraphs: Gao is a Chinese family name that can be literally translated as "high" or "tall". There are about 16 million living people with this surname. Some places, such as Taiwan, usually romanize this family name into Kao. In Hong Kong, it is romanized to Ko. In Macau, it is romanized to Kou.


title: Venule

paragraphs: A venule is a very small blood vessel. It lets blood return from the capillary beds to the larger blood vessels called veins. Venules range from 8 to 100μm in diameter. They are formed when capillaries come together.


title: World IPv6 Day

paragraphs: World IPv6 day was an event on January 12, 2011. On World IPv6 day, many websites tested IPv6, the new version of the "Internet protocol". There was another event on June 6, 2012 called "World IPv6 Launch Day". On World IPv6 Launch Day, the Internet Society hoped that IPv6 would really be enabled and work on many websites.


title: Matsukata Kojiro

paragraphs: Matsukata was the son of Matsukata Masayoshi who was a Prime Minister of Japan during the Meiji Period.

paragraphs: Matsukata became president of Kawasaki Shipbuilding Company ("Kawasaki Shōzō") in 1896.

paragraphs: Masukata bought thousands of Western paintings and sculpture including Auguste Rodin's "The Thinker" and "Gates of Hell." The Rodin sculptures in the NMWA entrance plaza were made from the same original casting as at the Rodin Museum in France. In fact, Matsukata actually paid for the best Rodin castings in France today.

paragraphs: Some works collected by Matsukata are today in the French national collection of art.

paragraphs: Matsukata's art collection was first seen by the Japanese public in 1959.


title: Pyramid (game show)

paragraphs: Pyramid is a game show which was shown on television. Many different versions of the show have been made. The current show is on GSN. on 1973 Present Until 1989 on ABC Game Show Network CBS Call NBC on New 2012 or 2016 in Match Game Wheel of Fortune & Jeopardy Game Show Network GSN (1994 Present) in 2001

paragraphs: The first version of the game was called the "$10,000 Pyramid". It was hosted by Dick Clark. The game show offered the largest prize on television at the time.

paragraphs: The show ran for other versions. Some versions offered $25,000 as the prize. Others offered $100,000 as the prize.

paragraphs: In 2012, GSN premiered a new version called "The Pyramid". The show is based on the format of the old ones. This version premiered on September 3, 2012. It is hosted by Mike Richards. In this version, getting all 7 words right won the contestant $500, and the amount they would play for in the Winner's Circle went up by $5,000.

paragraphs: There are two halves of the game. The first and second halves are almost equal. In the first half, normal people team with famous people. One of the teams will try to describe a word to the other. There are seven words in each round. There are six total rounds in the first half. At the end of the half the team with the most points moves on. They go to the "Winner's Circle". In the Winner's Circle, one player will use short phrases to tell the other a category. There are six categories for the Winner's Circle. If the team guesses all six correct in one minute they win the prize money. For the second half the players switch famous people. The gameplay is the same in the second half.

paragraphs: There have been many bonuses offered on the show. Some of the bonus cards are:


title: Game Show Network

paragraphs: Game Show Network, or GSN, is a cable television network. It shows game show episodes. It airs in the United States. Some shows the network airs include "Pyramid", "Minute to Win It", "Family Feud", "Card Sharks", "Idiotest","Skin Wars" and others.

paragraphs: The company is jointly owned by DirecTV and Sony Pictures Television. The channel was launched on December 1, 1994. Like Wheel of Fortune Jeopardy Match Game Who Wants To Be A Millionaire (1999) Until 2002 in 2002 Syndicated Verison & More in March 15 2004 April 17 2006 April 22 2007 Present in March 15 2004-April 22 2007 in 2008 Present


title: Aleph one

paragraphs: Aleph one, written as formula_1, is an infinite cardinal number following aleph null (formula_2). It is the cardinality (size) of the set of numbers of possible arrangements for all countably infinite sets. Under continuum hypothesis, it is also the cardinality of the real numbers. Aleph one is followed by aleph two, formula_3.


title: Zayn Malik

paragraphs: Zain Javadd "Zayn" Malik ( (born 12 January 1993), who records as Zayn, is a British singer and songwriter. He was born and raised in Bradford.

paragraphs: Malik wanted to pursue a career in music from a young age leading him to audition as a solo artist for the British reality television music competition "The X Factor" in 2010. After being eliminated as a solo performer, Malik was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form the boy band that would become known as One Direction.

paragraphs: During his time in the group, they released the albums "Up All Night" (2011), "Take Me Home" (2012), "Midnight Memories" (2013), and "Four" (2014).

paragraphs: Malik split from the boy band in March 2015 and signed a solo recording contract with RCA Records.


title: Harry Styles

paragraphs: Harry Edward Styles (born 1 February 1994) is an English singer-songwriter, and actor. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Louis Tomlinson, Liam Payne, Niall Horan and Zayn Malik(2011-present).

paragraphs: Styles made his debut as a singer with his band White Eskimo, who performed locally in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. In 2010, Styles auditioned as a solo artist for the British television series "The X Factor". After being eliminated as a solo performer, Styles was brought back into the competition, along with four other contestants, to form One Direction. The group landed the title of being 3rd place through the season.

paragraphs: Styles and his One Direction colleagues have released the albums "Up All Night" (2011), "Take Me Home" (2012), "Midnight Memories" (2013), "Four" (2014), and "Made in the A.M." (2015). They have also performed on two worldwide tours, one featured on concert film "", and won several awards, including five Brit Awards and four MTV Video Music Awards.

paragraphs: In 2017, Styles had a movie role as a British soldier named "Alex" in Christopher Nolan's war movie "Dunkirk"

paragraphs: In 2018, Styles and his fellow executive producer, Ben Winston, will be creating a new television series called "Happy Together


title: Louis Tomlinson

paragraphs: Louis William Tomlinson (born Louis Troy Austin; 24 December 1991) is an English singer and songwriter. He is known as a member of the boy band One Direction, with Liam Payne, Niall Horan and Harry Styles

paragraphs: Tomlinson began his career as an actor appearing in ITV drama "Fat Friends" as an extra. He also went on to appear in another ITV drama movie "If I Had You" and the BBC drama "Waterloo Road". In 2010, he became a founding member of One Direction after auditioning as a solo artist on "The X Factor," and also one of the main songwriters of the group

paragraphs: Following the band's hiatus, Tomlinson released the singles "Just Hold On" and "Back to You". The latter will be included in his debut studio album, which will probably be released in 2019 by Epic Records.

paragraphs: In 2013, he was signed as a footballer by Doncaster Rovers of the Football League Championship on a non-contract basis. The same year he also formed his own record label, Triple Strings Ltd. He appeared on Debrett's 2017 list of the most influential people in the UK.


title: John Burgoyne

paragraphs: John Burgoyne (24 February 1722 – 4 August 1792) was a general in the British Army. In 1777, he led the British troops in the Battle Of Saratoga where he surrendered to American general Horatio Gates. This success led to France and Spain recognizing the United States and offering aid to the continental army. Historians consider this to be the turning point for the American Revolutionary War.


title: Honda Ridgeline

paragraphs: Honda Ridgeline is a mid sized pickup truck produced by Honda. The first model year for this truck was 2006; it has undergone several changes in design since being introduced. Unlike a traditional body-on-frame truck, the Ridgeline uses a closed box unibody frame similar to the one used on the Accord, Pilot and Odyssey. Despite good sales Honda pulled the truck in 2015. A second generation model was introduced in 2017.


title: G. D. Spradlin

paragraphs: Gervase Duan "G.D." Spradlin (August 31, 1920 – July 24, 2011) was an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor. He was known for his roles as Senator Pat Geary in "The Godfather II" and as the General in "Apocalypse Now".

paragraphs: Spradlin was born on August 31, 1920 in Pauls Valley, Oklahoma. He studied at the University of Oklahoma. Spradlin was married to Nell Spradlin from 1944 until her death in 2000. Then he was married to Frances Hendrickson from 2002 until his death in 2011. He had two children with Nell. Spradlin died on July 24, 2011 from natural causes in San Luis Obispo, California, aged 90.


title: Anna Faris

paragraphs: Anna Kay Faris (born November 29, 1976) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress, comedian and singer who is known for her roles in all four "Scary Movie"s, "Lost in Translation", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", "The House Bunny" and "Overboard".

paragraphs: Faris was born on November 29, 1976 in Baltimore, Maryland. She was raised in Edmonds, Washington. She studied at Edmonds-Woodway High School and at the University of Washington. She was married to Ben Indra from 2004 until they divorced in 2008. She was married to Chris Pratt from 2009 to 2018. She has a son, Jack Pratt by her second husband Chris Pratt. In 2017, Faris and Pratt legally separated.


title: Hollywood Records

paragraphs: Hollywood Records is an American record label. They focus on pop, rock, alternative and teen pop genres. It was founded in 1989. It is one of the major DMG labels.

paragraphs: Its current roster includes artists such as: Demi Lovato, Queen, Plain White T's, Jesse McCartney, Grace Potter and the Nocturnals, Breaking Benjamin, Jessica Sutta, Lucy Hale, Miley Cyrus, Selena Gomez & the Scene, Valora, Cherri Bomb, Stefano Langone, Bridgit Mendler, and Zendaya Coleman.


title: Hoplite

paragraphs: A hoplite was a citizen-soldier of the Ancient Greek city-states. A hoplite's main weapon was his spear. They fought close together in what was called a phalanx formation. In a phalanx, each man's shield protected himself and also gave some protection to the right arm of the man on his left.

paragraphs: The word ""hoplite"" comes from the type of the shield used by the soldiers. In later texts, the term "hoplite" is used to denote any armoured infantry, regardless of armament or ethnicity.

paragraphs: A hoplite was usually a free citizen who got his own armour and weapons. In most Greek city-states, citizens got basic military training, serving in the standing army for a time. They were expected to take part in any military campaign when they would be called for duty. The Lacedaemonian citizens (Sparta) were renowned for their lifelong combat training and almost mythical military prowess, while their greatest adversaries, the Athenians, were exempted from service only after the 60th year of their lives.

paragraphs: The phalanx, and hence the armour, was trained to work as a team. A phalanx tended to be 8 rows or more deep, each row with a leader, and an officer who kept order in the rear. The first lines would stab at their opponents, at the same time try to keep in position. The ranks behind them would support them with their spears and the mass of their shields gently pushing them, not to force them into the enemy but to keep them steady and in place. At certain points, a command would be given to take a certain number of steps forward.

paragraphs: In battle, a phalanx would tend to drift to the right (as hoplites sought to keep behind the shield of their neighbour). The weak spot on a phalanx was on the right, where the free arms were unprotected by shields. The most experienced hoplites were often placed on the right side of the phalanx, to counteract these problems.


title: Phalanx formation

paragraphs: The phalanx formation is an Ancient Greek term for a block-like infantry formation. The Greek hoplites (heavy infantry) were armed with spears, swords, or similar weapons. The mass of infantry marched forward as one entity against opponents. The system was used by city states, who often fought each other. Cavalry were rare, partly because horses were a scarce resource, and partly because the lack of space on valley floors in the Peloponnese left little room for cavalry manoeuvres. Later, the Macedonian phalanx was always supported by cavalry in the conquests of Alexander the Great.

paragraphs: Early battles with the phalanx usually resulted in similar formations pushing against each other until one broke. The potential of the phalanx to do more was shown at the Battle of Marathon (490 BC). Facing the huge army of Darius I, the Athenians thinned out their phalanx and lengthened their front to avoid being outflanked. However, even a reduced-depth phalanx proved unstoppable to the lightly armed Persian infantry. After routing the Persian wings, the hoplites on the Athenian wings wheeled inwards, destroying the elite troop at the Persian centre. This was a crushing victory for Athens. Throughout the Greco-Persian Wars the hoplite phalanx continued to defeat the Persian infantry (e.g. the battles of Thermopylae and Plataea).

paragraphs: Perhaps the best example of the phalanx's flexibility was the oblique advance made in the Battle of Leuctra. There, the Theban general Epaminondas thinned out the right flank and centre of his phalanx, and deepened his left flank to an unheard-of 50 men deep. This reversed the convention by which the right flank of the phalanx was strongest. The new arrangement allowed the Thebans to assault in strength the elite Spartan troops on the right flank of the opposing phalanx. Meanwhile, the centre and right flank of the Theban line were echeloned back, from the opposing phalanx, keeping the weakened parts of the formation from being engaged. Once the Spartan right had been routed by the Theban left, the remainder of the Spartan line also broke. Thus by heading with the powerful wing, Epaminondas was able to defeat an enemy previously thought invincible.

paragraphs: Philip II of Macedon spent several years in Thebes as a hostage, and paid attention to Epaminondas' innovations. When he got home he raised a revolutionary new infantry force, which was to change the face of the Greek world. Phillip's phalangites were the first force of professional soldiers in Ancient Greece (apart from Sparta). They were armed with much longer spears and were drilled more thoroughly in more complex tactics and manoeuvres. More importantly, though, Phillip's phalanx was part of a multi-faceted, combined force that included a variety of skirmishers and cavalry, most notably his famous Companion cavalry.

paragraphs: The Macedonian phalanx now was used to pin the centre of the enemy line, while cavalry and more mobile infantry struck at the foe's flanks. Its supremacy over the more static armies fielded by the Greek city-states was shown at the Battle of Chaeronea, where Philip II's army crushed the allied Theban and Athenian phalanxes.


title: Mush March

paragraphs: Harold "Mush" March (18 October 1908 - 9 January 2002) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 17 seasons in the NHL for the Chicago Black Hawks.

paragraphs: March was best known for scoring the game-winning second overtime goal in Game 4 of the 1934 Stanley Cup Finals to win the Stanley Cup for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was also the first recorded player to win the Stanley Cup on an overtime goal. March won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks again in 1938. He scored the very first goal in Maple Leaf Gardens on November 12, 1931 and also dropped the very same puck that he used to score the first goal during the ceremonial opening faceoff as part of the final game played at the Gardens. March was the last surviving member of Black Hawks 1934 Stanley Cup team.


title: Semantic resolution tree

paragraphs: A semantic resolution tree is a tree used for the definition of the semantics of a programming language.


title: Independence Day of Pakistan

paragraphs: Independence Day (; "Youm-e-Azadi"), observed annually on 14 August, is a National holiday in Pakistan, commemorating the day when Pakistan achieved independence and was declared a sovereign nation, following the end of the British Raj in 1947. Pakistan came into existence as a result of the Pakistan Movement; the Pakistan Movement aimed for creation of an independent Muslim state by partition of the north-western region of the Indian subcontinent and was led by All-India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah.


title: Oh-My-God particle

paragraphs: The Oh-My-God particle was a really tiny portion of matter or energy (undefined) moving incredibly fast. It was first spotted on the evening of 15 October 1991 over Dugway Proving Ground in Utah and shocked many astrophysicists. It has an estimated energy of (50 J)—in other words, a subatomic particle with kinetic energy equal to that of a baseball () traveling at about . That amount of energy is also 50 times the energy that a collision in the Large Hadron Collider would have.

paragraphs: The speed of the particle was almost the speed of light. If a year were to pass in a race between a ray of light and the particle the distance will be 0.00000046 millimetre or be behind 0.00000000000000015 seconds.

paragraphs: There have been at least 15 similar events recorded.


title: Doru Shahabad

paragraphs: Doru () is a town of Anantnag District of Jammu and Kashmir, India.


title: Krishnamurti

paragraphs: Jiddu Krishnamurti (11 May 1895 – 17 February 1986) was an Indian-born speaker on philosophical and spiritual subjects. His career had two clearly distinct stages. In the first, he was the pupil and eventually leader of the new religious movement known as Theosophy. In the second part he rejected Theosophy and every belief associated with it, saying: "I maintain that truth is a pathless land, and you cannot approach it by any path whatsoever, by any religion, by any sect".

paragraphs: Krishnamurti was born into a Brahmin family in what was then British India. In early adolescence, he had a chance encounter with prominent occultist and high-ranking theosophist Charles Webster Leadbeater in the grounds of the Theosophical Society headquarters at Adyar in Madras (now Chennai). He was subsequently raised by Annie Besant and Leadbeater, leaders of the Society at the time. They believed him to be a "vehicle" for an expected World Teacher. While he was young, Besant had control over his life, and won a court case for custody of Krishnamurti and his brother.

paragraphs: As a young man, Krishnamurti disavowed Theosophy and dissolved the worldwide organization (the Order of the Star in the East) established to support it. He resigned from the various trusts and other organizations which were affiliated with Order of the Star, and the Theosophical Society. He returned the monies and properties donated to the Order, among them a castle in the Netherlands and of land, to their donors.

paragraphs: From then on he claimed allegiance to no nationality, caste, religion, or philosophy. He spent the rest of his life travelling the world, speaking to large and small groups and individuals. He authored many books, among them "The First and Last Freedom", "The Only Revolution", and "Krishnamurti's Notebook". Many of his talks and discussions have been published.

paragraphs: Krishnamurti did not accept followers nor worshippers. He thought the relationship between disciple and guru encouraged dependency and exploitation. He accepted gifts and financial support freely offered to him by people inspired by his work, and continued with lecture tours and the publication of books and talk transcripts for more than half a century.

paragraphs: He constantly urged people to think independently, and he invited them to explore and discuss specific topics together with him. His subject matter included: psychological revolution, the nature of mind, meditation, inquiry, human relationships, and bringing about change in society. He stressed the need for a revolution in the psyche of every human being and emphasized that such revolution cannot be brought about by any external entity, be it religious, political, or social.

paragraphs: His supporters, working through non-profit foundations in India, Great Britain and the United States, oversee several independent schools based on his views on education. They continue to transcribe and distribute his thousands of talks, group and individual discussions, and writings by use of a variety of media formats and languages.


title: XYZ Affair

paragraphs: France was taking American ships in 1797. President John Adams wanted to avoid a war with France, so he sent officials to France to discuss the rights of neutral nations. However, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand, the French foreign minister, sent three secret agents who insisted that America give a loan to France and pay a bribe. President Adams refused the offer that France gave. When he told the public in 1798, he addressed the Frenchmen as X, Y, and Z, hence the name of this affair. People hated the XYZ Affair, saying, “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute!” America soon quickly declined France’s offer. John Adams decided to start preparing for war, but not declaring war so as to keep peace.


title: Craig Defoy

paragraphs: Craig Defoy (born 27 March 1947) is a Welsh professional golfer. Defoy played on the European Tour. He did not win but had three second-place finishes.


title: Deep Space Network

paragraphs: The Deep Space Network is NASA's group of large antennae at three sites around world. These communicate with satellites and probes in space. The antennae also listen to stars and other events in space.


title: Edwin M. Stanton

paragraphs: Edwin McMasters Stanton (December 19, 1814 – December 24, 1869) was an American lawyer and politician. He was the United States Secretary of War under Abraham Lincoln administration during most of the American Civil War. Stanton's effective management helped organize the massive military resources of the North and guide the Union to victory under the command by Ulysses S. Grant.

paragraphs: Stanton was born in Steubenville, Ohio, the eldest of four children to David and Lucy Norman Stanton. Throughout his childhood and adult life Stanton suffered from asthma. Stanton studied at Kenyon College. He was also from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: He was married to Mary Lamson from 1836 until her death in 1844. They had two children; Lucy Lamson and Edwin Lamson. Then he was married to Ellen Hutchinson. His brother David committed suicide. Stanton died on December 24, 1869 in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure, aged 55.


title: Samuel J. Tilden

paragraphs: Samuel Jones Tilden (February 9, 1814 – August 4, 1886) was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the United States from which he lost to Rutherford B. Hayes in one of the most contentious and violent American elections in the 19th century. Tilden was also Governor of New York from January 1, 1875 through December 31, 1876.

paragraphs: Tilden was born on February 9, 1814 in New Lebanon, New York. He studied at Yale University and at the University of New York. Tilden was never married and had no children. Tilden died on August 4, 1886 in Yonkers, New York from natural causes, aged 72.


title: Horatio Seymour

paragraphs: Horatio Seymour (May 31, 1810 – February 12, 1886) was an American politician and lawyer. He was the 18th Governor of New York from 1853 to 1854 and from 1863 to 1864. He was the Democratic Party nominee for president of the United States in the presidential election of 1868, but lost the election to Republican and former Union General of the Union Army Ulysses S. Grant.

paragraphs: Seymour was born in Pompey Hill, New York on May 31, 1810. He studied at Geneva College. He was married to Mary Bleecker. They had no children. Seymour died on February 12, 1886 from an illness, aged 75. His wife, Mary Bleecker died a month later also from an illness.


title: Stephen A. Douglas

paragraphs: Stephen Arnold Douglas (April 23, 1813 – June 3, 1861) was an American politician from Illinois. He was a U.S. Representative, a U.S. Senator, and the Democratic Party nominee for President in the 1860 election, losing to Republican Abraham Lincoln.

paragraphs: Douglas had previously defeated Lincoln in a Senate contest, noted for the famous Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858. He was nicknamed the "Little Giant" because though short in physical stature, he was a forceful and even dominant figure in politics.

paragraphs: Douglas was born on April 23, 1813 in Brandon, Vermont. He was raised in Jacksonville, Illinois. He was married to Martha Martin from 1847 until her death in 1853. They had three children. Then he was married to Adele Cutts from 1856 until his death in 1861. They had one child. Douglas died from pneumonia caused by Typhoid fever in Chicago, Illinois on June 3, 1861, aged 48.


title: Surtur (Marvel Comics)

paragraphs: Surtur is a fictional character that appears in comic books by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the giant Surtr from Norse mythology.


title: Phaistos disc

paragraphs: The Phaistos disc is a bronze age artifact. The disc is about in diameter and is made of clay. It is covered with many symbols. It is from the civilization of Minoa on the Greek island of Crete, possibly from the 2nd millennium BC.

paragraphs: The symbols cover both sides of the disc. They show everyday things. They were stamped onto the disc, pressed into the clay when it was still soft. They run in a spiral. This disc is the first known "printed" work in history; in the sense that there was a re-usable set of characters and drawings. It is the only artefact of its kind. Many questions have been asked about the disc, about its purpose, and if the signs shown actually represent writing.

paragraphs: In total, there are 242 tokens on the disc, taken from a set of 45 unique signs. There are arranged in 61 groups, separated by lines. Groups are between two and seven stamps long. Because the "text" is very short, and the disc is unique, it is likely that it will not be deciphered.


title: Chris Pratt

paragraphs: Christopher Michael Pratt (born June 21, 1979) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Harold Brighton "Bright" Abbott in the series "Everwood," Ché in "The O.C." (2003), and Andy Dwyer and "Parks and Recreation" (2009), a role which garnered him a Critics' Choice nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series in 2013. He also was the voice of Emmet in the 2014 animated film "The Lego Movie" and "" (2019).

paragraphs: In recent years, Pratt is known for his role as Owen in the "Jurassic Park" movie series beginning in the 2015 movie "Jurassic World" and continuing in "" (2018).

paragraphs: Pratt was born in Virginia, Minnesota on June 21, 1979. He was raised in Lake Stevens, Washington. He has been married to Anna Faris since 2009. Their son, Jack Pratt, was born August 25, 2012. In 2017, Pratt and Faris legally separated.


title: Rosario Couture

paragraphs: Rosario "Rosie, Lolo" Couture (July 24, 1905 – March 1, 1986) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 8 seasons in the NHL; 7 seasons for the Chicago Black Hawks and 1 season for the Montreal Canadiens.

paragraphs: Couture won the Stanley Cup with the Black Hawks in 1934. Couture along with Leroy Goldsworthy were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August of 1934.


title: Affordable Care Act

paragraphs: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was a bill in the United States. It was signed into law by President Barack Obama on March 23, 2010. It is also known as Obamacare.

paragraphs: There are many parts to the health care law.

paragraphs: There is now no limit on how long a person can get health care from a company. If an insurance company wants to make people pay more for their coverage, they have to give an explanation of their decision to the public. The amount that a person pays for health care, called an insurance premium, must now be used by the insurance companies only for health care. This money cannot be used for other things, like paying workers.

paragraphs: Health care that goes to preventing sickness is now free for many people. This is called preventive care. Health care plans now give people more choices for doctors. People can also get emergency health care at hospitals that are not covered by their health insurance.

paragraphs: Because of this law, children can use the health insurance of their parents until they are 26 years old. Children under 19 years old have to be given good health insurance by insurance companies, even if they are very sick before they purchase health insurance. This means that health insurance companies cannot limit coverage to only healthy children.

paragraphs: People who do not have health insurance will have to pay a tax until they get health insurance. This part of the act is called the individual mandate. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that the government has a right to give this tax under the United States Constitution. The amount that people will have to pay if they do not have health insurance will increase every year until 2016. Some people without health insurance will not have to pay this tax, such as poor people who cannot get insurance for free.

paragraphs: In 2015, companies that have more than 50 full-time workers will be responsible for giving these workers health insurance. Companies who have fewer than 50 workers will not have to do this. A full-time worker is a person who works for more than 30 hours a week at one job.

paragraphs: If you do not have health insurance, then you can purchase insurance on the Health Insurance Marketplace. You can also purchase insurance on the marketplace if the company that you work for gives you insurance and you are not happy with it. People can use the Health Insurance Marketplace to buy insurance on the website Healthcare.gov. If people want health insurance by January 1st, 2014, they have to register for the insurance on this market by December 15th, 2013. If they register after December 15th and they do not get health insurance by January 1st, then they will probably have to pay the tax from the individual mandate. There are ways to contact someone who works for the government if you have problems registering for health insurance on this market.

paragraphs: Each health insurance on this market has to pay for a person’s prescription medicine, emergency health care, maternity care, mental health care, rehabilitation, and many other things. Maternity care is given to pregnant women to take care of their children.

paragraphs: Medicaid is health insurance given to people with low income that is paid by the states and the federal government. Medicaid will be expanded so that more people can use it. States can choose if they want to expand Medicaid. If they choose to do this, then the federal government will pay for the majority of the cost of Medicaid.

paragraphs: People were worried that companies would not hire new workers or would make people work for less than 30 hours in one week so that they would not have to pay for health insurance. There have been some stories of companies doing this, but there are no statistics to support it.

paragraphs: There are 27 states that are not happy with the Medicaid expansion. The Supreme Court of the United States decided that these states do not have to expand Medicaid, even if the federal government wants them to.

paragraphs: In October 2013, the government stopped working for 16 days because Republicans refused to raise the debt ceiling unless President Obama agreed to repeal the Affordable Care Act. They led to the shutdown of the government. Over 800,000 people who work for the government were not paid during this time and the government had to pay them back after the shutdown ended.

paragraphs: In August of 2009, Sarah Palin, a person who used to be a candidate for vice president, said to the news that the Affordable Care Act would create death panels. She said that these death panels would be a group of people who would decide whether or not an older person was to receive health care or whether they should die. Many news companies and people who do research have shown that what she said is not true.

paragraphs: On May 4, 2017, the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) was passed narrowly by the United States House of Representatives with a vote of 217 to 213, sending the bill to the Senate for voting This is the second time the AHCA was voted in the House as the first version was not approved by the House in March 2017. President Donald Trump supported the passage of the AHCA and supports the idea of replacing and removing Obamacare.


title: National Assembly of Benin

paragraphs: The National Assembly is Benin's legislative body. It is unicameral, meaning there is only one legislative body.

paragraphs: In 2012 the National Assembly has 83 members. Members are directly elected through a system of party-list proportional representation. They serve five-year terms.


title: Robert Osborne

paragraphs: Robert Jolin Osborne Jr. (May 3, 1932 – March 6, 2017) was an American movie, stage, voice, television actor and movie historian who was known for hosting the Turner Classic Movies channel from the 1990s until his retirement in early 2016.

paragraphs: Osborne was born on May 3, 1932 in Colfax, Washington. He was raised in Whitman County, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. Osborne was gay. His life partner was David Staller from 1996 until his death in 2017.

paragraphs: Osborne died in New York City, New York on March 6, 2017 from complications of kidney failure, aged 84.


title: Angélique Kidjo

paragraphs: Angélique Kpasseloko Hinto Hounsinou Kandjo Manta Zogbin Kidjo, commonly known as Angélique Kidjo, is a Beninoise singer-songwriter and activist. She is noted for her diverse musical influences and creative music videos.

paragraphs: "Time Magazine" called her "Africa's premier diva". "The Guardian" listed her as one of their Top 100 Most Inspiring Women in the World. She was the first woman to be listed on "The 40 Most Powerful Celebrities In Africa" by "Forbes Magazine".


title: Dhobi Ghat

paragraphs: Dhobi Ghat or Dhoby Ghaut is a word used in various parts of South Asia. It means a place where the traditional "dhobi" caste of washermen and women go to wash clothes. The word usually means a place near a river or stream, in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, but a "Dhobi Ghat" doesn't necessarily have to be near a source of natural water.

paragraphs: The world's largest "Dhobi Ghat" is said to be in Mumbai, India. It figured in the famous "Dhobi Ghat" (2010).


title: Djimon Hounsou

paragraphs: Djimon Gaston Hounsou (born April 24, 1964) is a Beninese-American actor and model. As an actor, Hounsou has been nominated for two Academy Awards.

paragraphs: In 1987, he became a model and started a career in Paris. He moved to the United States in 1990.

paragraphs: In the Marvel Cinematic Universe he plays the role of Korath the Pursuer in "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014) and in "Captain Marvel" (2019). Also, in the DC Extended Universe, he played the role of the Fisherman King in "Aquaman" (2018), and the wizard Shazam in "Shazam!" (2019).


title: Wally Badarou

paragraphs: Wally Badarou (born Waliou Jacques Daniel Isheola Badarou, 22 March 1955, Paris, France) is a musician from Benin. Badarou played with the British band Level 42.

paragraphs: Badarou helped organise the Kora All Africa Music Awards in 1997. He co-wrote and produced "So Why", a charity album for the ICRC.


title: Gnonnas Pedro

paragraphs: Gnonnan Sossou Pierre Kouassivi, known by the stage name Gnonnas Pedro was a singer and musician from Lokossa, Benin. He is best known as the lead singer of Africando between 1995 and his death in 2004.

paragraphs: Gnonnas Pedro died August 12, 2004, age 61 of prostate cancer in a hospital of Cotonou, Benin.


title: Zam Zama

paragraphs: Zam Zama or Zam-zammah also often called the 'terror of Northern India' is an old cannon. It is made of brass and was made in Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1762, on the orders of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah Durrani. It was of great size back then, and had tremendous fire-power, and all armies opposing the Afghans were terrified of it in the region.

paragraphs: The cannon was later damaged in a military campaign and sank to the bottom of the Chenab River from where it was recovered and captured by the victorious Sikh "Khalsa" forces of Maharaja Ranjit Singh. After that, the Punjab region fell under Sikh rule, giving birth to the superstition that 'whoever holds Zam Zama holds the Punjab'.

paragraphs: The cannon was later taken to Delhi but brought back to Lahore in 1870 and installed outside the old Lahore Museum and then later on shifted outside the present museum building in the 1890s, opposite to the old campus of the University of the Punjab. It was later restored and cleaned up in the 1990s.

paragraphs: During the period of British India, Zam Zama achieved special fame when the writer Rudyard Kipling mentioned in the opening pages of "Kim (book)", published in 1901.


title: Lahore Museum

paragraphs: The Lahore Museum or Ajaib Ghar (Urdu: Wonder House) is a museum in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. It is the largest and best museum in the country.

paragraphs: The original old Lahore Museum was made during British Indian times in the 1860s, in what had been the old 'Punjab Exhibition Hall' and the famous gun Zam Zama was installed outside it in 1870. This old museum, along with the Punjab School of Arts (later the Mayo College of Arts) was looked after by John Lockwood Kipling (1837-1911) father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who mentioned the museum and Zam Zama in his "Kim (book)" (1901). In 1894, the museum's 'new' building was completed and it shifted there the same year, right opposite the old campus of the University of the Punjab, on the Mall.

paragraphs: At present, the Lahore Museum is set in its beautiful grounds and has one of the best collections of arts and artifacts in its galleries in South Asia. Especially notable are: (a) its ancient Gandhara Buddhist sculptures (b) its Tibetan and Hill States collection (c) its famed collection of miniature paintings from the Mughal Empire and the "Pahari" school and (d) its excellent collection of contemporary paintings by some of Pakistan's most prominent artists such as Ustad Allah Bux, A.R. Chughtai, Shakir Ali, Sadequain, Gulgee and others.


title: Don't Break the Oath

paragraphs: Don't Break the Oath is the second studio album by Mercyful Fate, a heavy metal band from Denmark. Some people who make music and people who talk about music think it is one of the best heavy metal albums ever.

paragraphs: In the 1980s, there were a lot of bands in Europe playing heavy metal. Many of them were playing music like bands from the United Kingdom, in a way that was called the New Wave of British Heavy Metal (or NWOBHM for short). There were a lot of hard rock bands, too, and there were a lot of things hard rock bands and NWOBHM bands both did. Mercyful Fate was one of the first few NWOBHM bands to be different from hard rock bands on purpose.

paragraphs: King Diamond, the singer and leader of Mercyful Fate, painted his face with upside-down crosses and wrote lyrics about Satan, Hell, and things like that. Hank Shermann, the band's guitarist, played very fast and with a lot of guitar solos to help make the band sound evil. Mercyful Fate had already started to do these things in 1983 with their last album, "Melissa".

paragraphs: Hank Shermann and Michael Denner wrote the songs in a way that fit well with King Diamond's singing. Like on "Melissa", King Diamond sang in a high-pitched way that was different from other heavy metal singers.

paragraphs: All of the ideas in all of the songs are evil. They talk about things like bringing back people from the dead, casting black magic, and witches and demons. Worshipping Satan is a special subject, and is talked about on almost every song.


title: Didier Demazière

paragraphs: Didier Demazière is a French sociologist specialized in the study of unemployment. He is senior researcher at French National Center for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS).


title: Legal clinic

paragraphs: A legal clinic or law clinic is a place where people get legal help. They are non-profit organizations. Clinics can be found in many countries.

paragraphs: When legal clinics were first started, they were a way for law students to get practical experience. Many legal clinics offer pro bono work.


title: A.R. Chughtai

paragraphs: A.R. Chughtai or in full Abdur Rahman Chughtai (1897-1975) was a Pakistani artist and painter. He was well known for his unique style of painting deeply influenced by the miniature paintings of the Mughal Empire.


title: Ustad Allah Bux

paragraphs: Ustad Allah Baksh (1895-1978; ) was a very well known early modern artist and painter of Pakistan. He is best known today for his depictions of rural life in the country and for subjects from Hindu and Persian mythology.Whenever Pakistan's folk culture and life will be talked about, the name of Ustad (ustad means a maestro) Allah Baksh will stand out prominently. He was the man who immortalized our rural life, and specially of the Punjab – the land where he was born in 1885 in the small town of Wazirabad, Punjab. His very near-to-life life-size paintings are full of colour, life and people that forces an onlooker to stop in his tracks and appreciate his masterly work of art. He died in October 1978. His grave can be found at Muslim Town graveyard, Lahore.

paragraphs: Ustad Allah Bakhsh was lucky to have found Master Abdullah, a great maestro of his own time and a master of miniature art. He started learning from his ustad at the age of five and by the age of fourteen he had become an artist of his own style. He also learnt the art of painting from Master Meeran Bakhsh Naqash, a known teacher and painter and was also the Vice Principal of the Mayo School of Arts, now the National College of Arts Lahore.

paragraphs: His art treasure has been preserved in the National art gallery is an exclusive corner attributed to one of the great master painters of Pakistan and Indo-Pak subcontinent. Besides, his studio where he used to spend most of his time has been converted into an academy "Allah Bux Academy" which is now serving as a learning ground for those who wants to excel in this great master's style.


title: Henna

paragraphs: Henna, also known as mehandi or mendhi is a flowering plant. It has been used since ancient times to dye skin, hair, fingernails, leather, cotton, wool and other fabrics. The name is also used for the dye or color preparation derived from the plant, and for the art of making temporary tattoos or designs from these dyes. These henna tattoos are often used in wedding ceremonies.

paragraphs: In addition, the name is also sometimes used, wrongly, for other chemical preparations and dyes that are in fact not made from this plant.

paragraphs: The English name "henna" comes from the Arabic (or colloquially , loosely pronounced /ħinna/). The natural dye is still mostly used in Arabia, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan.

paragraphs: Henna is used for many hair related problems.

paragraphs: Scalp Itchiness :- The anti-microbial and anti-fungal property of henna is the best to soothe the itchy scalp.

paragraphs: Relieves Oxidative Stress :- Oxidative stress is caused by an imbalance in the production of free radicals. It causes hair loss, hair damage, breakage, and premature greying of hair. Henna has antioxidant properties that help reduce oxidative stress.

paragraphs: Hair Growth :- Henna has properties that help repair hair cuticles, making hair strands thick and strong.


title: Dominican people (Dominican Republic)

paragraphs: Dominicans () are inhabitants or citizens of the Dominican Republic. The Dominican Republic is a multi-ethnic country in the Caribbean basin which is home to people of many different racial, ethnic, national and cultural backgrounds which has often become a great pride for many Dominicans.

paragraphs: It is estimated that some 894,000 enslaved Africans were brought to Dominican Republic between 1717 and 1870 (and more before 1717). The slaves came from various West African regions, but the majority came from primarily the Congo region (present-day Angola, Congo, Gabon, and Cameroon) and the gold coast/Guinean (present-day Ghana and Guinea).

paragraphs: In addition, many immigrants arrived from other places around the world. After the last smuggled slave ship that arrived in 1898, many Chinese people came to the island due to the Chinese Revolution, along with the Arabs of North Africa (Morocco or Algeria) and Indians. Immigration from Europe, most notably Spaniards, Italians and Germans occurred during the later parts of the nineteenth century into the beginning of the twentieth century, mostly settling in Santo Domingo and in rural areas in the Cibao valley alike. During World War II, the Dominican Republic became the only nation to take in Jewish refugees by orders from then president Rafael Leonidas Trujillo. Nearly 800 German and Austrian Jews settled in the town of Sosua, Puerto Plata.

paragraphs: Today, much of the contemporary Dominican population is largely Black and Mulatto. The Dominican Republic itself is 45% Mulatto, 40% Black, and 15% White. Studies have indicated that up to 15% of all Dominicans carry maternal Taino-Arawak lineage, figures which are higher in rural areas. Other studies often indicate that the average Dominican is 60% African , 35% European (Mostly Spanish) and 5% Taino-Arawak, but these figures also vary by region as the purest Blacks is lives mostly in the Coastal lowland regions of the country.


title: Bodo nationalism

paragraphs: Bodo nationalism is an ideology that supports self-determination for the Bodo people. The Bodo people are said to be persecuted and discriminated against by Muslim groups in the Indian state of Assam.


title: Somme River

paragraphs: The Somme is a river in the north of France, in the Hauts-de-France region, and gives its name to the department called Somme.

paragraphs: The name of the river is of Celtic origins, and refers to the tranquility of the river over much of its course. The river is known for the Battle of the Somme, which was an important battle of the First World War.

paragraphs: The Somme river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

paragraphs: The source of the Somme is in the Fonsomme "commune" (Aisne), at an altitude of about .

paragraphs: The Somme passes through the departments and cities of:

paragraphs: The Somme river flows through 49 "communes".

paragraphs: Finally, it flows into the English Channel near Saint-Valery-sur-Somme.

paragraphs: Different archeological finds have been discovered in its valley: The Acheulean culture is named after Saint-Acheul, a suburb of Amiens. Hand axes from the Palaeolithic period were found there, and gave this name to the respective period.


title: United National Liberation Front

paragraphs: The United National Liberation Front (UNLF) is an insurgent group in the state of Manipur in the North east of the Republic of India. The UNLF wants to make Manipur an independent Socialist state.


title: Ghost Dance

paragraphs: Ghost Dance was a new religious movement among Native Americans. It was active from about 1860 to about 1890. These people had been forced to change their ways of life, and had lost much of their culture and identity. The Ghost Dance promised them that if they performed the "Dance" and lived the right way, they could re-unite the living and the dead, they would again be given most of the things they had lost to the whites, and the people who had caused such misery would be driven away from their land. There were also real dance rituals that they did to represent their spiritual path.

paragraphs: There was a lot of activity twice: the first time around 1860, and the second time around 1890. Around 1860, a Native American (Paiute) called "Wodziwob" had a vision. He saw that the white people would be driven away, and the people would be reunited with their ancestors' spirits, called "ghosts". He was also told how to do the dance ritual. The movement spread rapidly. Each tribe added its own elements into the Ghost Dance. The first phase ended around 1872, because it did not have success, and Wodzivob said that he was possibly wrong.

paragraphs: The second wave started about twenty years later. A man called Wovoka who worked at an LDS Mormon ranch started it. He was influenced by the new faith, and by some of its ideas, such as sending apostles to spread the faith. This movement spread wider, and was again adapted to each tribe's culture. The Lakota also adopted the idea of a messiah. The Lakota lived on a reservation, and the local authorities saw this as threat, when they saw 25,000 natives dance. This led to the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, where many Natives were killed.

paragraphs: Wovoka wrote a letter in 1892 to the other tribes telling them that Jesus had just returned to earth that year, and that if they lived upright lives, they would be getting their lands and culture again some day, and the dead would live. He stayed out of public sight for the rest of his life after giving this message, and lived until the 1930s.


title: Suiko period

paragraphs: The Suiko period was an era of 25 years during the Asuka period of Japanese history. This period overlaps all but 7 years of Empress Suiko's reign (604-628) or it is used as a synonym for her reign (593-628).

paragraphs: The adoption of the sexegenary cycle calendar ("Jikkan Jūnishi") was a significant event in the reign of Empress Suiko. This pre-dates the system of which was started in 645.


title: Ballast tamper

paragraphs: A ballast tamper is a machine used to make railway tracks level. It is like the railway version of a road roller but instead of only squashing the high parts, it also lifts the track out of dips. Before tamping machines were made, tamping was done by lots of people with shovels. The machines make tamping quicker and the track is more level than if tamping is done by hand. Also, some new tracks and sleepers are too heavy to be lifted by hand, so a tamper has to be used.

paragraphs: New tampers can also move the track from side to side to make it smoother.


title: WFMU

paragraphs: WFMU is a listener-supported, radio station based in Jersey City, New Jersey, United States. It uses a freeform radio program format. This means each personality or disc jockey who goes on the air, gets to decide what music to play. WFMU is the longest-running freeform radio station in the U.S.

paragraphs: Official Homepage The official site of "WFMU".


title: Christiana Guinle

paragraphs: Christiana Guinle is a Brazilian producer and actress of stage, movies and television. She graduated from the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Jackie Earle Haley

paragraphs: Jack "Jackie" Earle Haley (born July 14, 1961) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "Little Children", "Nightmare on Elm Street", "Watchmen", "Human Target", "Dark Shadows", "Lincoln", "London Has Fallen" and "".

paragraphs: Haley was born on July 14, 1961 in Northridge, California. He was married three times, both ended in divorce. He was married to Amelia Cruz since 2004. He has a son, Christopher, and a daughter, Olivia.


title: River Phoenix

paragraphs: River Jude Phoenix (August 23, 1970 – October 31, 1993) was an American movie, television, stage, voice actor, musician, and activist who is known for his roles in "The Thing Called Love", "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade", "Dark Blood", "My Own Private Idaho", "I Love You To Death" and in "Stand by Me". His brother was actor Joaquin Phoenix.

paragraphs: Phoenix was born on August 23, 1970 in Madras, Oregon to Arlyn Sharon Dunetz and to John Lee Botton. He was the oldest of four. Phoenix never married and had no children. Phoenix died on October 31, 1993 in West Hollywood, California from a drug overdose and heart failure, aged 23.


title: Alan Cumming

paragraphs: Alan Cumming, OBE (born 27 January 1965) is a Scottish-American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "The Smurfs", "Spy Kids", "Son of the Mask", and in "X2". He won an Drama Desk Award and an Tony Award.

paragraphs: Cumming was born on 27 January 1965 in Aberfeldy, Perthshire, Scotland. He studied at Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama. Cumming is openly bisexual. He was married to Hilary Lyon from 1985 until they divorced in 1993. He had been in a civil partnership with Grant Shaffer since 2007. Cumming gained American citizenship in 2008; he has been a dual British-American citizen since then.


title: Tent pegging

paragraphs: Tent pegging (sometimes spelled 'tentpegging' or 'tent-pegging') is a cavalry or equestrian sport of ancient origin.

paragraphs: In the specific sport of tent pegging a mounted horseman, or at times a team of horsemen, rides at a gallop and uses a sword or a lance to pierce, pick up and carry away a small ground target (a symbolic tent peg) or a series of such small ground targets.

paragraphs: The origins of tent pegging are ambiguous and subject to some controversy. Some historians and other scholars believe it originated in Arabia, others believe that it might have evolved in Central Asia, while others still believe in its Indian origins. It is believed that people have practised the game of tent pegging since at least the 4th century BC, and over the ages Middle Eastern, Asian and later European empires popularized the game around the world.

paragraphs: The term "tent pegging", however, historically emerged from the attacks by Arabian Muslim cavaliers on enemy camps at dawn or late night, where they would gallop to their tents and pluck out the pegs of their tents, so that these would collapse on them, thus causing havoc and terror in the camp. Several old medieval Arab books give descriptions of such tactics.

paragraphs: Today, tent pegging is practised around the world, but is especially popular in Australia, Pakistan, India, Israel, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, South Africa, Canada and the United Kingdom. The Olympic Council of Asia included tent pegging as an official sport in 1982, and the International Federation for Equestrian Sports recognised it as an official equestrian discipline in 2004.

paragraphs: However, it is important to recognize the difference between tent pegging as an 'international sport' and the local, rural version of the sport played by the traditional tribal peoples such as the Bedu in the Middle East and Oman, the "Desi" horsemen of Pakistani and Indian Punjab and so on. The former is a milder sport, whereas the latter is a fiercer and more commanding contest.


title: Sadequain

paragraphs: Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi (1930-1987) also referred to as Sadequain Naqqash or simply Sadequain, was a famous Pakistani artist. He is best known for his skills as a calligrapher and a painter.


title: Leavenworth, Kansas

paragraphs: Leavenworth is a city in the state of Kansas in the United States. It is the county seat of Leavenworth County. It is also the biggest city in the county. Leavenworth is about northwest of Kansas City, Missouri. It is part of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. There were 35,251 people living in Leavenworth in 2010.

paragraphs: The city of Leavenworth was started in 1854. It was the first incoporated city in Kansas. The city is south of Forth Leavenworth. The fort is the oldest active Army post west of the Mississippi River. Fort Leavenworth was started in 1827 by Colonel Henry Leavenworth. At first, the fort was outside of the city. On April 12, 1977, the city took over the fort and it became part of the city.

paragraphs: There are many jails, prisons, and detention centers in Leavenworth. The most famous prison is the Leavenworth federal prison. The United States military also has a maximum security prison in Leavenworth. This prison is called the United States Disciplinary Barracks. The Kansas State Penitentiary and the state medium security prison are also close to the city.

paragraphs: One of the famous people who was in Leavenworth prison was Ricardo Flores Magon. Flores Magon was an anarchist from Mexico. (An "anarchist" is someone who thinks that there should be no government.) He was an important person during the Mexican Revolution (1910). He died in Leavenworth prison in 1922. Some people think that the guards killed him. Other people think he died of natural causes.

paragraphs: There are some vaults underneath the city. These are big rooms underground. The vaults were found very recently. Historians (people who study history) think that the vaults were used for slaves, fugitives (people hiding from the law), or commerce (buying and selling things.)

paragraphs: The University of Saint Mary is in Leavenworth. The University is run by the Sisters of Charity.

paragraphs: The coordinates for Leavenworth are (39.3111112, -94.9224637). The city is above sea level. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . It covers of land and of water.

paragraphs: Leavenworth is on the west bank (side) of the Missouri River. It is in the Dissected Till Plains region of the Central Lowlands of North America. Four tributaries of the Missouri River go through the city. These tributaries are Quarry Creek, Corral Creek, Three Mile Creek, and Five Mile Creek.

paragraphs: Leavenworth is in the northeastern part of Kansas. U.S. Route 73 and Kansas Highway 92 (K-92) intersect (cross) at the city. It is about northwest of Kansas City, Missouri. Omaha, Nebraska is to the northeast. Wichita, Kansas is to the southwest.

paragraphs: The north half of the city is Fort Leavenworth. Both Leavenworth city and Leavenworth County are a part of the Kansas City metropolitan area. To the south of Leavenworth is another city: Lansing, Kansas.

paragraphs: Leavenworth is in a part of North America where the climate (weather) changes from humid subtropical (Köppen "Cfa") to humid continental (Köppen "Dfa"). The summer is hot and humid. The winter is cold and dry. The average temperature for the whole year is .

paragraphs: The average low temperature in the winter is in January. The average high temperature is in July. Usually the temperature only gets hotter than on 43 days every year. The temperature gets hotter than about four days ever year. The low temperature goes below freezing () for 107 days every year. The first frost usually happens in October. The last frost usually happens by April.

paragraphs: Every year, there are about 89.7 days of precipitation. (Precipitation is any kind of water falling from the sky. Snow, hail, and rain are kinds of precipitation.) The city usually gets about of precipitation. It also gets about of snow every year. It usually snows for eight days every year.

paragraphs: The coldest month of the year is usually January. The hottest month is usually July. The most rain usually falls in June. The hottest temperature ever recorded was in 1954. The coldest temperature ever recorded was in 1989.

paragraphs: The 2010 United States Census found there were 35,251 people living in Leavenworth. They made up 12,256 households and 8,129 families. The population density was 1,466.2 people per square mile (566.1/km²). The people living in Leavenworth were 75.4% white, 15.1% African-American, 0.9% Native American, 1.8% Asian American, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 2.0% from other races, and 4.6% from more than one race.

paragraphs: From the middle to late 19th century (1850-1900), there were many Jewish people in Leavenworth. It was one of the biggest Jewish communities in all of Kansas. By 1870, there were many Orthodox congregations in Leavenworth.


title: Arkalochori Axe

paragraphs: The Arkalochori Axe is a bronze double axe, probably from the 17th century BC. The axe was found in a cave on Crete, in 1934. Other items were also found together with the axe. Possibly, there was an earthquake which rendered the cave inaccessible, at the end of the period SM I. The axe was probably used for a reliious ritual. The axe is inscribed with fifteen symbols. It has been suggested that these might be Linear A but Professor Glanville Price agrees with Louis Godart that "the characters on the axe are no more than a 'pseudo-inscription' engraved by an illiterate in uncomprehending imitation of authentic Linear A characters on other similar axes." The axe and the Phaistos Disc are conserved in the Iraklion Archaeological Museum.

paragraphs: The cave where the axe was found was used from about 2500 BC onwards. In 1912, 53 bronze swords, and 19 double axes were found there; one of the axes is made of silver. Such axes often appear on items which have been attributed to the Minoan or Mycenean culture. One example is the Hagia Triada sarcophagus, which has been dated to the 14th century BC.

paragraphs: When the cave was searched again in 1934, a bigger double axe, made of bronze was found. This axe is about 30 centimetres wide. It is special because it bears an inscription. The symbols on the axe are aligned in three columns. These characters have been compared to both Linear A and the stamps on the Phaistos disc. As of 2012, the writing is unreadable.

paragraphs: Together with this axe, hundreds of long swords, knives and double axes were found in the cave. Most of these were given as offerings, but some are usable. There are 25 small double axes made of gold and seven made of silver. Among the axes found, there are a golden axe, and one made of sivler; either axe is only about 5 cm wide. Both axes (ref "AR Zf 1" and "AR Zf 2") bear the same inscription of a word in Linear A:

paragraphs: This has been phonetically transcribed as "I-DA-MA-TE". This transcription resembles the name of the goddess Demeter. The four symbols in Linear A also resemble symbols on the bigger bronze axe. The findings indicate that there probably was a temple to a deity linked to military activity in the cave.

paragraphs: Of the fifteen signs, two appear to be unique. The suggestions for comparison with Linear A and Phaistos Disc glyphs are due to Torsten Timm (2004).

paragraphs: Reading right to left, top to bottom, the symbols are as follows.


title: National College of Arts

paragraphs: The National College of Arts in Lahore, Pakistan is usually referred to by its acronym NCA. It is the oldest fine arts training institute in the country and one of the oldest and best in all of Asia.

paragraphs: The NCA has a rich historical tradition dating back to the days of the British Raj. During the 1860s, it was established in Lahore, in the Punjab region, as the 'Punjab School of Arts' and was then renamed the 'Mayo School of Arts, Lahore', after Lord Mayo, a Viceroy of India. In the 1890s, it moved to its present location next to the Lahore Museum and became the 'Mayo College of Arts' and after Partition and Independence of Pakistan in 1947, it was formally designated as the 'National College of Arts'.

paragraphs: The old Mayo School and College had the unique distinction of having as its first principal and head, Mr John Lockwood Kipling, father of the writer Rudyard Kipling, who was also Curator of the Lahore Museum simultaneously.


title: John Lockwood Kipling

paragraphs: John Lockwood Kipling, C.I.E.[1] (6 July 1837 – 26 January 1911) was an English art teacher, illustrator, and museum curator, who spent most of his career in British India. He was the father of the famous writer Rudyard Kipling. Most of the original illustrations for Rudyard's renowned "Kim (book)" (1901) were made by John Lockwood.


title: Prince Chichibu

paragraphs: Prince Chichibu (Chichibu-no-miya Yasuhito Shinnō) (25 June 1902 – 4 January 1953), also known as Prince Yasuhito, was the second son of Emperor Taishō and a younger brother of the Emperor Shōwa.

paragraphs: As a member of the Imperial House of Japan, he was the patron of various sporting, medical, and international exchange organizations. As an English-speaking prince he played a significant role in post-World War 2 Japan's reconstruction. However, he died tragically early due to Tuberculosis.

paragraphs: The Prince was married to the Princess Chichibu.


title: Princess Chichibu

paragraphs: Princess Chichibu (Yasuhito Shinnōhi Setsuko, née Setsuko Matsudaira) ( 9 September 1909 – 25 August 1995) was the wife of Prince Chichibu (Yasuhito) of Japan, the second son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. She was, therefore, a sister-in-law of Emperor Shōwa and an aunt of the present Emperor, Akihito.

paragraphs: After her husband's death from Tuberculosis in 1953, Princess Chichibu became president of the Japanese Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis, honorary president of the Britain-Japan Society, the Sweden-Japan Society, and an honorary vice president of the Japanese Red Cross. She also maintained close links with old friends active in similar social service ventures around the world.

paragraphs: She died in August 1995 of heart failure.


title: Guelma

paragraphs: Guelma () is the capital of Guelma Province and Guelma District. It is in northeastern Algeria, about from the Mediterranean coast.

paragraphs: The town of Guelma was created in 1836; and the modern city was established 1974.


title: Josef Fritzl

paragraphs: Josef Fritzl (born 13 April 1935) is an Austrian criminal. He held his daughter captive in a basement dungeon that he built under his house. Fritzl made his daughter write letters to him and her mother, saying she had joined a cult. During the 24 years that he had her imprisoned, Fritzl often raped his daughter, and she had seven children by him. One of the baby boys died and Fritzl burned his body. The police eventually found out about his crimes when one of the children became very sick and he took her to the hospital.

paragraphs: Fritzl was tried and convicted on several charges, and he was sentenced to life imprisonment in a facility for the mentally ill in March 2009. Fritzl could become eligible for release after fifteen years, but he is expected to be in prison until he dies. A forensic psychiatrist diagnosed him with a personality disorder and a sexual disorder.


title: Superiority bias

paragraphs: Superiority bias is when people think too much of themselves without good reason. They overrate their positive qualities and abilities, and underrate their negative qualities (relative to others). Other phrases for this are: illusory superiority, the above average effect, leniency error, sense of relative superiority, the "primus inter pares" effect, and the Lake Wobegon effect. This was named after Garrison Keillor's fictional town where "all the children are above average".

paragraphs: Illusory superiority has been found in education (such as class performance, exams and overall intelligence), at work (for example in job performance), and in social settings (for example in estimating one's popularity, or the extent to which one possesses desirable personality traits, such as honesty or confidence), as well as everyday abilities requiring particular skill.

paragraphs: One problem is the ambiguity of the word "average". It is logically possible for nearly all of the set to be above the mean if the distribution of abilities is highly skewed. For example, the mean number of human legs is slightly lower than two, because of a small number of people have only one or no legs. Hence experiments usually compare subjects to the median of the peer group, since by definition it is impossible for a majority to exceed the median.

paragraphs: A second problem is that people interpret a question in different ways, so maybe most are better than the rest of the group "each on their own understanding". This interpretation is confirmed by experiments which varied the amount of interpretive freedom subjects were given. As subjects evaluate themselves on a specific, well-defined attribute, illusory superiority remains.

paragraphs: In Kruger and Dunning's experiments participants were given specific tasks (such as solving problems in logic, analyzing grammar questions, and deciding whether or not jokes were funny). They were asked to evaluate their performance on these tasks relative to the rest of the group. This gave a direct comparison of their actual and perceived performance.

paragraphs: Results were divided into four groups depending on actual performance and it was found that all four groups evaluated their performance as above average, meaning that the lowest-scoring group (the bottom 25%) showed a very large illusory superiority bias. The researchers attributed this to the fact that the individuals who were worst at performing the tasks were also worst at recognizing skill in those tasks. This was supported by the fact that, given training, the worst subjects improved their estimate of their rank as well as getting better at the tasks.

paragraphs: In a survey of faculty at the University of Nebraska, 68% rated themselves in the top 25% for teaching ability. In a similar survey, 87% of MBA students at Stanford University rated their academic performance as above the median.

paragraphs: Findings of illusory superiority in research have also explained phenomena such as the large amount of stock market trading (as each trader thinks they are the best, and most likely to succeed), and the number of lawsuits that go to trial (because, due to illusory superiority, many lawyers have an inflated belief that they will win a case).

paragraphs: One of the first studies that found the effect of illusory superiority was carried out in 1976 by the College Board in the USA. A survey was attached to the SAT exams (taken by approximately one million students per year), asking the students to rate themselves relative to the median of the sample (rather than the average peer) on a number of vague positive characteristics. In ratings of leadership ability, 70% of the students put themselves above the median. In ability to get on well with others, 85% put themselves above the median, and 25% rated themselves in the top 1%.

paragraphs: Research also showed subjects rated friends higher than other peers.

paragraphs: In Zuckerman and Jost's study, participants were given detailed questionnaires about their friendships and asked to assess their own popularity. They showed that the participants generally had exaggerated perceptions of their own popularity, particularly in comparison to their own friends.

paragraphs: Researchers have also found the effects of illusory superiority in studies into relationship satisfaction. For example, one study found that participants thought their own relationships were better than others' relationships on average. They also thought that most people were happy with their relationships. This study found evidence that the higher the participants rated their own relationship happiness, the more superior they believed their relationship was.

paragraphs: In men, satisfaction was also related to the perception that one's own relationship was superior. Women's satisfaction was particularly related to the assumption that most others were happy with their relationship.

paragraphs: Illusory superiority effects have been found in a study of health behaviors. The study involved asking participants to estimate how often they, and their peers, carried out healthy and unhealthy behaviors. Participants reported that they carried out healthy behaviors more often than the average peer, and unhealthy behaviors less often, as would be expected given the effect of illusory superiority. These findings were for both past self-report of behaviors and expected future behaviors.

paragraphs: Svenson (1981) surveyed 161 students in Sweden and the United States, asking them to compare their driving safety and skill to the other people in the experiment. For driving skill, 93% of the US sample and 69% of the Swedish sample put themselves in the top 50% (above the median). For safety, 88% of the US group and 77% of the Swedish sample put themselves in the top 50%.

paragraphs: McCormick, Walkey and Green (1986) found similar results in their study, asking 178 participants to evaluate their position on eight different dimensions relating to driving skill (examples include the "dangerous-safe" dimension and the "considerate-inconsiderate" dimension). Only a small minority rated themselves as below average (the midpoint of the dimension scale) at any point, and when all eight dimensions were considered together it was found that almost 80% of participants had evaluated themselves as being above the average driver.

paragraphs: Subjects describe themselves in positive terms compared to other people, and this includes describing themselves as less susceptible to bias than other people. This effect is called the "bias blind spot".


title: OpenSolaris

paragraphs: OpenSolaris was an open source Unix operating system from Sun Microsystems. It was based based Sun's non-free Solaris operating system. The operating system was known for its ZFS file system. In 2010, Oracle Corporation bought Sun Microsystems and chose to stop making new versions of OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.


title: Tyne Daly

paragraphs: Ellen Tyne Daly (born February 21, 1946) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles as Detective Mary Beth Lacey in "Cagney & Lacey" and as Maxine Gray in "Judging Amy". She has won six Emmy Awards, an Tony Award, and an Drama Desk Award.

paragraphs: Daly was born on February 21, 1946 in Madison, Wisconsin. She studied at Brandeis University and at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy. She was married to Georg Stanford Brown from 1966 until they divorced in 1990. They had three children. Her brother is actor Tim Daly; her father was actor James Daly.


paragraphs: The Akhundov Azerbaijan State Academic Opera and Ballet Theatre (Azeri: "Axundov adına Azərbaycan Dövlət Akademik Opera və Balet Teatrı") is an opera house in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is used for opera performances and ballet performances. The building was built in 1911 and is in the Art Nouveau style. It is in the center of Baku. It was opened as an opera house in 1920, and in 1927 the opera house was named after the Azerbaijani writer Mirza Fatali Akhundov. The opera house has 600 seats. The opera house was renovated in 1985 but burned just after all the restoratory works were finished. In 1987, the opera house was renovated again, and after all the restoratory works were finished, the opera house finally reopened its doors.


title: Liz Smith (journalist)

paragraphs: Mary Elizabeth "Liz" Smith (February 2, 1923 – November 12, 2017) was an American gossip columnist. She was known as The Grand Dame of Dish. She was a journalist for the New York Daily Times.

paragraphs: Smith was born on February 2, 1923 in Fort Worth, Texas. She was raised in New York City. Smith studied at the University of Texas at Austin. She worked for five years at CBS Radio with Mike Wallace. She was married to George Edward until they divorced.

paragraphs: Smith died at her Manhattan apartment on November 12, 2017 of natural causes at the age of 94.


title: Ann Richards

paragraphs: Dorothy Ann Willis Richards (September 1, 1933 – September 13, 2006) was an American politician and the 45th Governor of Texas. She first obtained national attention as the state treasurer of Texas, when she delivered the keynote address at the 1988 Democratic National Convention. Richards served as the 45th Governor of Texas from 1991 to 1995 and was defeated for re-election in 1994 by George W. Bush. Ann Richards was the second woman governor of Texas.

paragraphs: Richards was born on September 1, 1933 in Lakeview, Texas. Richards was raised in Austin, Texas. She studied at Baylor University. Richards was married to David Richards from 1953 until they divorced in 1984. They have four children, including former President of Planned Parenthood Cecile Richards.

paragraphs: Richards died on September 13, 2006 just 12 days after her 73rd birthday from esophageal cancer in Austin, Texas, aged 73.


title: Susannah York

paragraphs: Susannah York (Susannah Yolande Fletcher, January 9, 1939 – January 15, 2011) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio, and television actress. She was known for her role as Alice in "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?". She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Alice. She was nominated for an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award.

paragraphs: York was born on 9 January 1939 in Chelsea, London, England. She studied at Marr College and at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts.

paragraphs: York was married to Michael Wells from 1960 until they divorced in 1976. They have two children. York died on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday in a hospital in Chelsea, London, England from multiple myeloma, aged 72.