title: HammerFall

paragraphs: HammerFall is a heavy metal/power metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. The band was started in 1993 by the former guitarist of Ceremonial Oath, Oscar Dronjak.

paragraphs: HammerFall began when guitarist Oscar Dronjak quit Ceremonial Oath and invited Jesper Strömblad from In Flames to join him as a drummer on a new band he had been thinking about for a long time. Dronjak had already made the song "Steel Meets Steel", which was included on HammerFall's first album. They were later joined by guitarist Niklas Sundin, bassist Johann Larsson and vocalist Mikael Stanne. When Niklas Sundin and Johann Larsson left HammerFall the next year, Glenn Ljungström and Fredrik Larsson replaced them.

paragraphs: Both Dronjak and Strömblad were in other bands: Dronjak was in "Crystal Age", Strömblad was in In Flames. Because of this, HammerFall was not very active during this time. The only concert they played was a local music contest called "Rockslaget". The band had not written many songs yet, and usually only played covers of bands like Pretty Maids, Judas Priest and Alice Cooper.

paragraphs: In 1996, HammerFall was playing in "Rockslaget". They found out Mikael Stanne was not going to be able to perform with the band. Because of this, they started looking for a new singer. They got in contact with Joacim Cans, who agreed to play with them for the night. By the end of that day, Joacim had already been made an official member of the band.

paragraphs: To try to get a record deal, HammerFall recorded a live concert and sent it to the Dutch label, Vic Records. The band got an offer, and spent the rest of the year recording "Glory to the Brave". The album was released in the Netherlands first and did pretty well.

paragraphs: As HammerFall became more famous, some of the band members needed to leave because they were already in other bands. To fill the empty musical spots, Stefan Elmgren assumed the lead guitar and Patrik Räfling assumed the drums and Fredrik decided to remain in the band until a suitable replacement for him was found. In May of 1997, bassist Magnus Rosén joined the band. Stefan Elmgren played some of the guitars on the "Glory to the Brave" album (such as the acoustic guitars on "I Believe") and Patrik Räfling actually played the drums on all songs in place of Jesper, but only as a guest performers, not members of the band.

paragraphs: In early 1997, German label Nuclear Blast approached HammerFall with a contract for a European release of four albums. The deal was accepted and the band recorded two music videos "HammerFall" and "Glory to the Brave". After the release of a promotional single, "Glory to the Brave" was released in Europe.

paragraphs: They did their first tours in Europe with Gamma Ray, Jag Panzer, Lake of Tears and Raven.

paragraphs: Near the end of 2007, "Glory to the Brave" was released in Japan and the United States. They sold over 100,000 copies of the album.

paragraphs: In February 1998, they began recording "Legacy of Kings". This album was made by Joacim, Oscar, and Jesper. Jesper had already quit the band, but wanted to help with the album. The album was produced by Fredrik Nordström (from Dream Evil) and Oscar, with the help of Joacim. It took the band one and a half months to record the album.

paragraphs: Before releasing the album, they toured with Alice Cooper, Rammstein, Deep Purple, Dream Theater, Saxon and Stratovarius. On the tour, they played the Beach Boys album "Wild Honey" in its entirety.

paragraphs: Their first world tour was in October 1998. During the shows in Sweden, Joacim Cans caught a serious throat infection, and he could not sing. Magnus Rosén also caught the infection, and after him, all of HammerFall's support crew became sick. The band played for as long as possible and then were had to cancel some of their concerts.

paragraphs: After the tour, Anders Johansson, a friend of Magnus Rosén, joined as the new drummer.

paragraphs: After many concerts, the band went back to Sweden and began writing songs for their next album. It took eight weeks to record, and they named it "Renegade". A music video by director Roger Johansson was created for the Renegade, and it reached the top of the Swedish charts; then the album also reached the top of the charts.

paragraphs: The band's second world tour started in January 2001.

paragraphs: After the tour, HammerFall recorded their fourth album "Crimson Thunder".

paragraphs: While Joacim was at a rock club he had been frequenting for over a decade, he was attacked by an person who hit him in the head with a beer glass and ran away. Joacim had to be taken to a hospital, where he had plastic surgery and rested for a couple of days.

paragraphs: HammerFall toured after the release of the album. The tour was stopped when Oscar Dronjak had a motorcycle accident, breaking his left arm. HammerFall took a break because of this. Stefan decided to start flying airplanes, Magnus and Anders worked with other bands, and Joacim started on his own project. Joacim also had his first child.

paragraphs: Oscar worked with a team of doctors to get healthy again. After recovering, he toured with HammerFall again.

paragraphs: Their live album and DVD, "One Crimson Night", was released in February 2003. After this, they decided to take a break. Two years later, the band released "". A video for the song "Blood Bound" was made by director Roger Johansson.

paragraphs: On October 20, 2006, HammerFall released "Threshold".

paragraphs: On March 6, 2007, Magnus Rosén left the band. He said he didn't like being in HammerFall because the bass parts of the song were too easy to play, and wanted more of a challenge.

paragraphs: On April 2, 2008 Stefan Elmgren decided to leave HammerFall so he could become and airplane pilot. Pontus Norgren from The Poodles took over guitar in the band.

paragraphs: HammerFall's latest album, No Sacrifice, No Victory, was released February 23, 2009.


title: Joacim Cans

paragraphs: Joacim Cans (born 19 February 1970 in Mora, Sweden) is a Swedish singer. He is the lead singer of HammerFall, a Swedish power metal band.


title: Oscar Dronjak

paragraphs: Oscar Fredrick Dronjak (born January 20 1972) is the rhythm guitarist of the power metal band HammerFall. Prior to the success of HammerFall, he also played in the death metal bands Ceremonial Oath and Crystal Age.


title: Pontus Norgren

paragraphs: Pontus Norgren (b. 22 April 1968) is a Swedish guitarist. He is the current guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall and the former guitarist of The Poodles.


title: Fredrik Larsson

paragraphs: Fredrik Larsson is the bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.


title: Anders Johansson

paragraphs: Anders Johansson (born 25 May 1962 in Gothenburg) is a Swedish musician. He is the son of Jan Johansson, jazz pianist, and brother of keyboardist Jens Johansson. He is the current drummer for the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.


title: Johan Larsson

paragraphs: Johan Larsson (b. 8 December 1974) is a Swedish guitarist. He was the first bassist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. Johan was also the first bassist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall, but quit before the band recorded a studio album.


title: Niklas Sundin

paragraphs: Niklas Sundin, (born August 13 1974 in Sweden), is the guitarist of Dark Tranquillity and Laethora, and was guitarist for the band HammerFall.


title: Jesper Strömblad

paragraphs: Jesper Strömblad (born on November 28, 1972) is the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames. He also started the band HammerFall.


title: Mikael Stanne

paragraphs: Mikael Stanne (b. May 28, 1974) is a Swedish singer. He is the singer for the Swedish melodic death metal band, Dark Tranquillity. He was the first vocalist of HammerFall.


title: Glenn Ljungström

paragraphs: Glenn Ljungström was the guitarist of the Swedish melodic death metal band In Flames with Jesper Strömblad. He was a member of In Flames from 1993 until 1997, when he quit to find another job. Glenn was also a guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1995 until 1997.


title: Magnus Rosén

paragraphs: Klas Magnus Rosén is a Swedish musician, born 1963 in Gothenburg, and was the bassist of Swedish band HammerFall.

paragraphs: Magnus Rosén started to play the bass when he was 15 years old. When he had played bass for three years he went on his first tour with the band Kung Sune. After the tour he moved to Los Angeles. He became a member in the Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall in 1997.


title: Stefan Elmgren

paragraphs: Stefan Elmgren (born 1974) was the guitarist of the Swedish power metal band HammerFall from 1997 to 2008. Before becoming a member of HammerFall, he was the guitarist in the band Highlander.

paragraphs: He recently quit the band to put more energy into his career as a pilot.


title: Glory to the Brave

paragraphs: Glory to the Brave was the first album from the Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The cover art was painted by Andreas Marshall.


title: Legacy of Kings

paragraphs: Legacy of Kings is the second album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released September 28, 1998.


title: Renegade (HammerFall album)

paragraphs: Renegade is HammerFall's third album, the first with drummer Anders Johansson. It was released on October 9, 2000.

paragraphs: "Head Over Heels" was released as bonus track on digipack and Brazilian versions of "Renegade"


title: Crimson Thunder

paragraphs: Crimson Thunder was the fourth album from Swedish metal band HammerFall. It was released on October 28, 2002.


title: One Crimson Night

paragraphs: One Crimson Night is a two-disc live album and DVD by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. The album was recorded during a concert at Lisebergshallen, Sweden. The DVD with the live video was released on June 29, 2004.


title: Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken

paragraphs: Chapter V: Unbent, Unbowed, Unbroken is an album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released on March 4, 2005.


title: Threshold (album)

paragraphs: Threshold was Swedish power metal band HammerFall's fifth album.


title: Steel Meets Steel – Ten Years of Glory

paragraphs: Steel Meets Steel: Ten Years of Glory was a compilation album from Swedish power metal group HammerFall.


title: Masterpieces (album)

paragraphs: Masterpieces is the second complilation album by the Swedish power metal band HammerFall.


title: No Sacrifice, No Victory

paragraphs: No Sacrifice, No Victory is the seventh studio album by Swedish power metal band HammerFall. It was released February 20, 2009. This is the first album featuring the band's new lead guitarist Pontus Norgren.


title: Glory to the Brave (song)

paragraphs: "Glory to be Brave" is a song by Swedish power metal band HammerFall, released as a single on October 20, 1997.


title: Heeding the Call

paragraphs: "Heeding the Call" is a song by HammerFall, released as their second single on August 3, 1998.


title: Hearts on Fire (HammerFall song)

paragraphs: "Hearts on Fire" is a 2002 song by Swedish heavy metal band HammerFall. It was the only single released from their fourth album, "Crimson Thunder".


title: Paper clip

paragraphs: A paper clip (or sometimes paperclip) is a piece of plastic or metal that is used to hold pieces of paper together.

paragraphs: A paper clip is usually a thin wire in a shape that is wrapped in on itself. It is used to hold two or more pieces of paper together by pressure. Some other kinds of paper clips use two pieces.

paragraphs: The type of wire paper clip that is usually used was never patented. It was first made by The Gem Manufacturing Company sometime during the 1890s. The first time Gem was mentioned was in 1883, but historians do not think this is when they began making paper clips. The first advertisement for paper clips was in August 1894. The "Gem" name was trademarked in the United States in 1904. The trademark paperwork said that the paper clip had been sold since March 1892.

paragraphs: It has been said that Herbert Spencer invented the paper clip.

paragraphs: It is proven that the paper clip was well known by 1899. A patent was given that year for a "machine to make wire paper clips" to William Middlebrook on April 27. The drawing in the patent shows a Gem paper clip. There are many different kinds of paper clips. Some have ends instead of round ones. Some have a bent end. This was done so that it is easier to put paper in. Some of them have wires with bumps that allow them to hold the paper better. Some paper clips are made to look good. They are sometimes in a triangle or a circle.

paragraphs: A Norwegian, Johan Vaaler (1866–1910), has sometimes been called the inventor of the paper clip. He was given patents in Germany and in the United States for a paper clip of a different design

paragraphs: After Vaaler died, some Norwegians made a myth that the paper clip was invented by a Norwegian genius. Dictionaries since the 1950s have said that Vaaler is the inventor of the paper clip. Dictionaries in other countries sometimes say this now too.

paragraphs: Vaaler was probably given a patent in other countries because patent laws in the 1800s were not as tough as they are today. Vaaler worked in a patent office, or place that deals with patents, and could have given himself a patent very easily.

paragraphs: The patents that Vaaler held have since expired. The Gem paper clip was used around the world, including in Norway. His device did not work as well as the Gem version. This was because it was hard to put pieces of paper in it, and it did not look as good when there was paper in it.

paragraphs: The person who started the Norwegian paper clip myth was a person who worked for Norway's patent office. He visited Germany in the 1920s to get patents for some Norwegian inventions. He came across Vaaler's patent, and did not realize that it was not the same as the Gem paper clip. In a pamphlet put out by the patent office in celebration of its first 50 years, he wrote about how Vaaler was the inventor of the paper clip. This was put into many Norwegian encyclopedias after World War II.

paragraphs: The war helped make the paper clip into a national symbol. Some Norwegian patriots wore them on the outside of their clothing as a symbol of resistance to the German occupiers and local Nazi rulers when they were not allowed to protest. Soon, the Nazi's made wearing them illegal.

paragraphs: The first Norwegian encyclopedia did mention it as a symbol of resistance, but did not call it a Norwegian invention. According to the encyclopedia, the idea started in France.

paragraphs: After the war, Norway believed the paper clip was a national symbol. Authors of books on the history of Norwegian technology used its status to make their stories bigger. The did not mention that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the Gem clip. In 1989, a big paper clip, almost 7 meters tall was put up in a college near Oslo in honor of Vaaler. The monument is a Gem paper clip, and not the one that was patented by Vaaler. In 1999, 100 years after the German patent was accepted, Norway celebrated by making a postage stamp that had a paper clip on it. However, it was once again the Gem paper clip in the stamp. In 2005, there was a Norwegian biography written about Johan Vaaler, 'The inventor of the paper clip.'

paragraphs: Paper clips are usually made out of wire. A paper clip can be useful when working with many things, like computers. The metal wire can be made straight with a little bit of work. Some things have buttons that cannot be reached by fingers if the people who make the device do not want users pressing them accidentally. Most CD-ROM drives have small buttons like this to eject the CD-ROM if there is not any power. A paper clip bent into a 'U' shape can be used to create a short circuit to start a computer if there is no power button.

paragraphs: Kyle MacDonald took one red paperclip and traded it for a house. He began with a red paper clip and posted it on craigslist, trading it for a pen. MacDonald kept trading things until he finally traded a movie role for a two-story house in Kipling, Saskatchewan.

paragraphs: Paper clips can be used to pick a lock. Usually, professional lock picking tools are used, because most paper clips are not strong enough for this use.


title: Pe (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Peh (П, п) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [p]. Its italic lowercase form is "п".

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter pi and stands for the Roman letter P.


title: Cryonics

paragraphs: Cryonics (from Greek "kryos", which means 'cold') is the process of a human (or animal) about after a doctor says they are dead. People do that in hope that, in the future when medicine becomes better, they can have life again, solve their health problems and have eternal life.

paragraphs: Cold people like this are not awake at all as they have no brain activity. The law also says they are dead. Their body and its brain are made more like glass than ice because ice would harm their cells more. To do this, their blood is replaced with chemicals called "cryoprotectants", which act like anti-freeze (stops to freeze).


title: Schwarzenberg, Saxony

paragraphs: Schwarzenberg is a town in the rural district of Erzgebirgskreis in Saxony, Germany. The town was built in the 12th century. It is located about 15 km southeast of Aue, and 35 km southwest of Chemnitz.


title: Communes of the Haute-Vienne department

paragraphs: There are 201 communes in the Haute-Vienne "département", in France.


title: Kipling, Saskatchewan

paragraphs: Kipling is a town in the southeastern part of Saskatchewan in Canada.

paragraphs: On 12 July 2006, Kyle MacDonald traded with the town of Kipling after he traded many times starting with one red paperclip.


title: Balsam Lake, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Balsam Lake is a village of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. It is the county seat of Polk County. About 950 people were living in Balsam Lake as of 2000.


title: Balsam Lake

paragraphs: Balsam Lake can be any of the following:


title: Balsam Lake (town), Wisconsin

paragraphs: Balsam Lake is a town of Polk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. the village of Balsam Lake is found inside of the town. Almost 1,400 people were living in the town of Balsam Lake as of 2000.


title: Friendship, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Friendship is a village of Adams County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. Nearly 700 people were living in Friendship as of 2000.


title: Friendship (town), Wisconsin

paragraphs: Friendship is a town of Fond du Lac County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. About 2,400 people were living in the town of Friendship as of 2000.


title: Iron Ridge, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Iron Ridge is a village of Dodge County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. Almost 1,000 people were living in Iron Ridge as of 2000.


title: Lime Ridge, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Lime Ridge is a village of Sauk County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. About 170 people were living in Lime Ridge as of 2000.


title: Bellevue, Washington

paragraphs: Bellevue is a city of King County in the state of Washington, in the United States. It is found across Lake Washington from Seattle. Bellevue is the headquarters of Microsoft.


Grapevine


title: San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca

paragraphs: San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca is the capital city of the Catamarca Province in Argentina.

paragraphs: It has about 171.923 inhabitants in the city area.


title: Ceremonial Oath

paragraphs: Ceremonial Oath was a Swedish death metal band who started making music in 1989 when they called themselves "Desecrator" and stopped in 1995.In their six years, they released two demos, one EP, and two full-length albums.


title: The Poodles

paragraphs: The Poodles is a glam metal/heavy metal band from Sweden.


title: Nuclear Blast

paragraphs: Nuclear Blast is a record label. It was founded in 1987 by Markus Staiger in Germany. At first, it released hardcore punk records. After a while, they started releasing albums by melodic death metal, grindcore, power metal and black metal bands. Their most successful artists include Blind Guardian, Soilwork, In Flames, Meshuggah, Therion, Dimmu Borgir, Nile, Death, HammerFall, Sonata Arctica, Epica, Wintersun, and Nightwish.


title: Nuclear explosion

paragraphs: A nuclear explosion is energy being released from a very fast nuclear reaction. It can be caused by nuclear fission, nuclear fusion, or both.

paragraphs: Atmospheric nuclear explosions are associated with "mushroom clouds", although mushroom clouds can occur as a result of large chemical explosions. It is also possible to have an air-burst nuclear explosion without these clouds. Nuclear explosions produce radiation and radioactive debris.

paragraphs: The nuclear weapon was first detonated in combat on 6 August 1945, when the United States dropped a uranium gun-type device on the Japanese city of Hiroshima. The second and last use of a nuclear weapon in combat occurred three days later when United States dropped a plutonium implosion-type device on the Japanese city of Nagasaki. These bombings resulted in the immediate deaths of around 120,000 people while more died over time due the nuclear radiation.

paragraphs: Power plant accidents such as those at Chernobyl and Fukushima were caused by steam and hydrogen explosions, not nuclear explosions. The fuel in a nuclear power plant is not enriched enough to create a nuclear explosion.


title: St. Mirren F.C.

paragraphs: Saint Mirren Football Club is a Scottish professional football club based in Paisley, Renfrewshire. St. Mirren play in the Scottish Premiership, having been promoted from the Championship in 2017-18. They are managed by Jim Goodwin.


title: Polygar Wars

paragraphs: Polygar War or Palayakarar Wars refers to the wars fought between the Polygars ("Palayakarrars") of former Madurai Kingdom in Tamil Nadu, India and the British colonial forces between March 1799 to May 1802. The British finally won after carrying out long and difficult protracted jungle campaigns against the Polygar armies and finally defeated them. Many lives were lost on both sides and the victory over Polygars made large part of territories of Tamil Nadu coming under British control enabling them to get a strong hold in India.

paragraphs: The war between the British and Kattabomman Nayak of Panchalankurichi Palayam in the then Tirunelveli region is often classified as the First Polygar war. In 1799, a brief meeting (over pending taxes) between Kattabomman and the British ended in a bloody encounter in which the British commander of the forces was slain by the former. A price was put on Kattabomman head prompting many Polygars to an open rebellion.

paragraphs: After a series of battles in the Panchalankurichi fort with additional reinforcements from Thiruchirapalli, Kattabomman was defeated but he escaped to the jungles in Pudukottai country. Here he was captured by Pudukottai Rajah (after an agreement with the British) and after a summary trial Kattabomman was hanged in front of the public in order to intimidate them, near Kayattar Fort, close to the town of Kovilpatti and in front of fellow Polygars too who had been summoned to witness the execution.

paragraphs: Subramania Pillai, a close associate of Kattabomman Nayak, was also publicly hanged and his head was fixed on a pike at Panchalankurichi for public view. Soundra Pandian Nayak, another rebel leader, was brutally done to death by having his head dashed against a village wall. Kattabomman’s brother Oomaidurai was imprisoned in Palayankottai prison while the fort was razed to ground and his wealth looted by the troops.

paragraphs: Despite the suppression of the First Polygar War in 1799, rebellion broke out again in 1800. The Second war was more stealthy and covert in nature. The leaders operated more cohesive and united with people from Kerala and Mysore taking part. Also it marked the joining of entire west Tamil Nadu, Malabar and south Mysore regions (which was under British domain after the death of Tipu Sultan).Dheeran Chinnamalai commanded a vast army,He settled down at Odanilai and constructed a fort there to continue his struggle against the British, whom he defeated in battles at Cauvery in 1801, Odanilai in 1802 and Arachalur in 1804. Later, Dheeran Chinnamalai left his fort to avoid cannon attack and engaged in guerrilla warfare while he was stationed at Karumalai in the Palani region.

paragraphs: He was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31, 1805.

paragraphs: The British finally won after a long expensive campaign that took more than a year. However, the superior British military who had recently defeated the powerful Tipu Sultan of Mysore quickly asserted itself. The British had better artillery compared to the Polygar troops who had country-made gunfire artillery, barring a few proper ones received from erstwhile Tipu Sultan's army. The war being regional in nature, the British forces could easily mobilize additional forces from other regions.

paragraphs: So savage and extensive was the death and destruction wrought by the English that the entire region was left in a state of terror.

paragraphs: Dheeran Chinnamalai was betrayed by his cook and captured by the British, who hanged him at Sankari Fort on July 31 or August 2, 1805. At last entire region of Tamil Nadu came under the control of Britishers after the end of Chinnamalai.

paragraphs: Tamil Nadu government constructed a "mani mandapam" (memorial) for Chinnamalai in Arachalur, Erode district at a cost of about 30 lakhs. Tamil Nadu government placed a statue of Chinnamalai in Chennai.[1]


title: Dheeran Chinnamalai

paragraphs: Dheeran Chinnamalai ( born as Theerthagiri Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar [Sarkkarai Mandraadiyaar Refers Payiran Kulam] or Theerthagiri Gounder on April 17, 1756) was a Kongu chieftain and Palayakkarar from Tamil Nadu who rose up in revolt against the British East India Company in the Kongu Nadu, Southern India. He was born in Melapalayam, near Erode in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu.

paragraphs: He was one of the main leaders in the Polygar Wars and commanded a vast army, notably during the Second Polygar War that took place in 1801–1802. A thousand-strong army under him took French Military training in modern warfare alongside Tipu's Mysore forces to fight against the British East India company. They helped Tipu Sultan in his war against the British and were instrumental in victories at Chitheswaram, Mazahavalli and Srirangapatna.


title: Rainbow lorikeet

paragraphs: The rainbow lorikeet ("Trichoglossus haematodus") is an Australasian parrot. This brightly colored parrot lives on the east coast of Australia, eastern Indonesia (Maluku and Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.

paragraphs: In Australia, it is common along the eastern seaboard, from Queensland to South Australia and Tasmania. Its habitat is rainforest, coastal bush and woodland areas.

paragraphs: It has a number of subspecies, in fact, some classifications list about 20 subspecies.

paragraphs: In some places (Western Australia, North Island of New Zealand) they have been artificially introduced, and are looked on as a pest species.

paragraphs: It is a large lorikeet, about tall. It is has green feathers on its back, wings and tail. It has bright red feathers on the chest, with orange and yellow feathers on the sides of its chest. It has deep blue feathers on its abdomen and head. It also has stripes of yellow among its green feathers. It has a bright red bill with grey legs and feet.

paragraphs: Rainbow lorikeets mostly eat fruit, pollen and nectar. They have a tongue adapted for their particular food. Nectar from eucalyptus is important in Australia, other important sources of nectar are "Pittosporum", "Grevillea", "Spathodea campanulata" (African tulip-tree), and "Metroxylon sagu" (sago palm). In Melanesia, coconuts are very important sources of food, and rainbow lorikeets are important pollinators of coconuts. They also eat the fruits of "Ficus", "Trema", "Mutingia", as well as papaya and mangoes already opened by fruit bats. They also eat crops such as apples, and will take maize and sorghum. They are also visit bird feeders placed in gardens.

paragraphs: In many places, including campsites and suburban gardens, wild lorikeets are so used to humans that they can be fed with the hand. Wild rainbow lorikeets can be hand-fed by visitors at Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary in Brisbane, Queensland, Currumbin Wildlife Sanctuary in Queensland, Australia.

paragraphs: Semi-tame lorikeets are common daily visitors in many backyards in Sydney. But, many people are ignorant of the food they need to eat, and feed them bread or bread coated with honey. This is not enough nutrients, vitamins and minerals that the rainbow lorikeet needs and can lead to health and feather formation problems in young lorikeets. Packet mixes with a nutritional mix good for feeding lorikeets are generally available from vets and pet stores.

paragraphs: Rainbow lorikeets are monogamous and pair for life, and the two sexes look almost identical. They are strongly territorial, and chase off other birds.

paragraphs: In southern Australia, breeding usually happens from late winter to early summer (August to January). In other places in Australia, breeding has been recorded in every month except March. It depends on changes in food availability and climate. Nesting sites can include hollows of tall trees such as eucalyptus, palm trunks, or overhanging rock. One population in the Admiralty Islands nests in holes in the ground on predator-free islets. Pairs sometimes nest in the same tree with other rainbow lorikeet pairs, or other types of bird. They lay between one and three eggs, which are incubated for around 25 days. Incubation is carried out by the female alone.

paragraphs: Overall, the rainbow lorikeet is widespread and often common. According to the annual Birdlife Australia census, it is the most commonly observed bird in Australia. It is considered to be a least concern species by BirdLife International.

paragraphs: The rainbow lorikeet was accidentally released into the southwest of Western Australia near the University of Western Australia in the 1960s and they have since been classified as a pest.

paragraphs: A feral population of rainbow lorikeets was established in New Zealand after a North Shore, Auckland, resident illegally released lots of rainbow lorikeets in the area in the 1990s, which started breeding in the wild. The Department of Conservation, was concerned that rainbow lorikeets would outcompete native honeyeaters. They could also be a possible threat to nearby islands like the Little Barrier Island. They began killing the feral population in 2000.

paragraphs: Many owners of fruit orchard think of them a pest, as they often fly in groups and take a lot of fresh fruit from trees. In urban areas, the birds create nuisance noise and poop on outdoor areas and vehicles.

paragraphs: In Western Australia, the rainbow lorikeet compete with native bird species. This includes domination of food sources and competition for scarce nesting hollows. Different types of birds such as the purple-crowned lorikeet, the Carnaby's black cockatoo, and the Australian ringneck are affected a lot.


title: Verdict

paragraphs: A verdict is a term in law. It is the formal finding of a fact by a jury of a court. In a criminal court, the accused may be found guilty or not guilty.

paragraphs: In Scotland, the acquittal is one of two types: "not guilty" and "not proven".


title: Gosport, Indiana

paragraphs: Gosport is a town of Wayne Township in Owen County, of the state Indiana in the United States. About 700 people were living in Gosport as of 2000.


title: Winona Ryder

paragraphs: Winona Laura Horowitz (born October 29, 1971), better known under her professional name Winona Ryder, is an American actress. She started her career in 1986. She first appeared in the movie "Lucas" in 1986. Her first big role came in 1988 with "Beetlejuice" as Lydia Deetz, a Gothic teenager.

paragraphs: Ryder had other big roles in "Edward Scissorhands" (1990), "Heathers" (1989), "Dracula" (1992) and "Girl, Interrupted" (1999). She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role in "The Age of Innocence" (1993), and for Academy Award for Best Actress for her role as "Jo" in "Little Women" in 1995. She did not win either of the awards. In 2000, Ryder received a star on the Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California.


title: World Poverty and Human Rights

paragraphs: World Poverty and Human Rights is a 2002 book by Thomas Pogge. In the book, Pogge says that the poorest 46 percent of people have 1.2 percent of global income, and 826 million of them do not have enough to eat. One-third of all human deaths are from poverty-related causes: 18 million annually, including 12 million children under five.

paragraphs: At the other end of the spectrum, the 15 percent of people in the developed countries have 80 percent of global income. Pogge says that shifting 1 or 2 percent of our share toward poverty eradication seems morally compelling. Yet most of the rich people believe that they have no such responsibility.


title: Psittacinae

paragraphs: The Psittacinae is a subfamily in the parrot family. It contains the true parrots, parakeets and macaws, but not the lories, lorikeets and cockatoos.


title: Edmund Husserl

paragraphs: Edmund Gustav Albrecht Husserl (; April 8, 1859, Prostějov, Moravia, Austrian Empire – April 26, 1938, Freiburg, Germany) was a Austrian-German philosopher and mathematician who is deemed the founder of phenomenology. He broke with the positivist orientation of the science and philosophy of his time, believing that experience is the source of all knowledge.

paragraphs: Husserl studied mathematics under Karl Weierstraß, completing a Ph.D. under Leo Königsberger, and studied philosophy under Franz Brentano and Carl Stumpf.

paragraphs: Then Husserl taught philosophy, as a "Privatdozent" at Halle from 1887, and as a professor:

paragraphs: Husserl was born into a Jewish family in a town that was then in the Austrian Empire (after 1918 a part of Czechoslovakia, and since 1993 a part of the Czech Republic). He became a member of the Lutheran Church in 1886.

paragraphs: He initially studied mathematics but then started attending lectures on psychology and philosophy. Husserl was so impressed by Brentano that he decided to dedicate his life to philosophy.

paragraphs: His major written work is "Philosophie der Arithmetik" (1891). In these first works he tries to combine mathematics, psychology and philosophy with a main goal to provide a sound foundation for mathematics. He analyzes the psychological process needed to obtain the concept of number and then tries to build up a systematical theory on this analysis. To achieve this he uses several methods and concepts taken from his teachers. From Weierstrass he derives the idea that we generate the concept of number by counting a certain collection of objects. From Brentano and Stumpf he takes over the distinction between "proper" and "improper" presenting.

paragraphs: In an example Husserl explains this in the following way: if you are standing in front of a house, you have a proper, direct presentation of that house, but if you are looking for it and ask for directions, then these directions (e.g. the house on the corner of this and that street) are an indirect, improper presentation. In other words, you can have a proper presentation of an object if it is actually present, and an improper (or symbolic as he also calls it) if you only can indicate that object through signs, symbols, etc.

paragraphs: Another important element that Husserl took over from Brentano is intentionality, the notion that the main characteristic of consciousness is that it is always intentional. While often simplistically summarised as "aboutness" or the relationship between mental acts and the external world, Brentano defined it as the main characteristic of "mental phenomena", by which they could be distinguished from "physical phenomena".

paragraphs: Some years after the publication of his main work, the "Logische Untersuchungen" ("Logical Investigations"; 1900-1901) Husserl made some key conceptual elaborations which led him to assert that in order to study the structure of consciousness, one would have to distinguish between the act of consciousness and the phenomena at which it is directed (the object-in-itself, transcendent to consciousness).

paragraphs: Knowledge of essences would only be possible by "bracketing" all assumptions about the existence of an external world. He called this procedure "epoché".

paragraphs: Husserl then started to concentrate on the ideal, essential structures of consciousness.

paragraphs: The metaphysical problem of establishing what kind of reality we perceive was of little interest to Husserl in spite of his being a transcendental idealist.

paragraphs: Husserl proposed that the world of objects and ways in which we direct ourselves toward and perceive those objects is normally conceived of in what he called the "natural standpoint", which is characterized by a belief that objects materially exist and exhibit properties that we see as emanating from them.

paragraphs: Husserl proposed a radical new phenomenological way of looking at objects by examining how we in our many ways of being intentionally directed toward them, actually " "constitute" " them (to be distinguished from materially " "creating objects or objects" ".

paragraphs: In a later period, Husserl began to wrestle with the complicated issues of intersubjectivity, specifically, how communication about an object can be assumed to refer to the same ideal entity ("Cartesian Meditations", Meditation V).

paragraphs: Husserl tries new methods of bringing his readers to understand the importance of phenomenology to scientific observation: specifically he refers to psychology) and what he means for "bracketing natural attitude".

paragraphs: "The Crisis of the European Sciences" is Husserl's unfinished work that deals most directly with these issues. In it, Husserl for the first time attempts a historical overview of the development of Western philosophy and science, emphasizing the challenges presented by their increasingly (one-sidedly) empirical and naturalistic orientation.

paragraphs: Husserl declares that mental and spiritual reality possess their own reality independent of any physical basis.


title: Er (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Er (Р, р) is the sixteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [r].

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter rho and stands for the Roman letter R.


title: Es (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Es (С, с) is the seventeenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [s].

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter sigma and stands for the Roman letter S.


title: Te (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Teh (Т, т) is the fifteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [t]. The lowercase's т italic looks like an "т".

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter tau and stands for the Roman letter T.


title: U (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Oo (У, у) is the eighteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [u].

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter upsilon and stands for the Roman letter U.


title: Lucas (movie)

paragraphs: Lucas is a 1986 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Seltzer, It was released on March 28, 1986. The movie was a geared toward a teen audience. This movie ranked number 16 on Entertainment Weekly's list of the 50 Best High School Movies.

paragraphs: The main character of the movie "Lucas" is a shy and quiet, fourteen year old nerd, who is in love with a girl. This leads to heartbreak when his older friend and the girl fall in love.


title: Orto botanico di Pisa

paragraphs: The Orto botanico di Pisa, also known as the Orto Botanico dell'Università di Pisa, is a botanical garden, and the University of Pisa takes care of it. The garden is at via Luca Ghini 5, Pisa, Italy. It is open weekday mornings and it does not cost money to see it.

paragraphs: The garden was started in 1544 under Cosimo I de' Medici as the first university botanical garden in Europe, and it was put under the care of the famous botanist Luca Ghini of Imola. In 1563 the garden was moved from its original place near a river (now the Medicean Arsenal) to one near the convent of Santa Marta. In 1591 the garden was again moved to a third place, where it still is. From these early times, the garden has contained a gallery of natural objects (now Pisa's Museo di Storia Naturale), a library (now part of the university library), and portraits of its directors throughout the centuries. It also includes one of the earliest iron-framed hothouses built in Italy.

paragraphs: Today there are different sections in the garden containing the botanical school, gardens, ponds, greenhouses, and various buildings. Major collections include herb gardens and arboreta, as well as the old botany institute, built 1591–1595, with a facade ornamented with sea-shells.


title: Seismology

paragraphs: Seismology is the study of what is under the surface of the Earth by measuring vibrations on the Earth's surface. A person who does this is called a seismologist.

paragraphs: It is part of the science of geophysics, which studies the physics of the processes that formed the Earth and other planets.

paragraphs: Seismology is done by seismologists and geophysicists using devices to pick up the vibrations called geophones, hydrophones or seismometers.

paragraphs: Seismology can either be passive, just listening to vibrations caused by earthquakes and volcanic activity, or active, using small explosive charges to send vibrations into the ground.

paragraphs: Seismic detectors come in two types, one which measures up and down vibrations, and one which measures side to side vibrations. Both types use and arrangement of a magnet and a coil of wire which will convert the vibrations into an electrical signal which can be stored in a computer for analysis. The earliest seismometer was developed by the Chinese.

paragraphs: Seismologists can find the location of earthquakes by plotting received vibrations on a map. They can also pick up underground nuclear tests, and this is what many of the seismic recording stations were set up for.

paragraphs: They can also examine the crust in a seismic survey to try and find information about layers of rock, locate oil or gas fields and to get information about the internal structure of volcanos.


title: Godparent

paragraphs: A godparent is an adult who sponsors a child during a formal religious ceremony or rite. Many religions have godparents or other adults who do something almost the same. These religions include Christianity & Judaism. Usually a godparent must be a member of the religion of the child. The role of a god parent is to also give the god child a gift, small or big, money, toys, etc. Mainly on Sundays.

paragraphs: Originally a godparent was someone who agreed to help raise the child and help them to become a good member of the religion. They may also have taken over as parent to the child if both its real parents died. Today, the role of godparent is not often a formal one, and has no real responsibility to the child. A female child of a godparent is a goddaughter. A male child of a godparent is a godson.


title: Nystagmus

paragraphs: Nystagmus, often called "dancing eyes", is an eye condition which causes uncontrolled, rapid, jerky, movement of the eyes, usually from side to side, but sometimes up and down or in a circular motion. Most people with nystagmus have poor vision. It causes problems in education, employment and many social situations. Nystagmus cannot be fixed by spectacles or contact lenses, although many people with nystagmus wear glasses or contact lenses to correct other eye problems.

paragraphs: There are two types of Nystagmus. The first is Infantile Nystagmus Syndrome (INS) which some people have at birth. The second type is known as acquired nystagmus which has a number of causes including:

paragraphs: There are currently no cures for nystagmus, but UK Nystagmus Network supports and encourages medical and other research into this complex condition. Research is ongoing with a number of universities leading the way.


title: Susanna (Book of Daniel)

paragraphs: The story of Susanna and the Elders is found in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel. Modern Jewish and Protestant Bibles do not have this story but Catholic and Orthodox ones have it. This story is found before Daniel 1:1 as a prologue in very old Greek texts. It is found as chapter 13 in the Vulgate and modern Catholic Bibles.

paragraphs: In the story, two bad judges secretly want to have sexual intercourse with Susanna, a beautiful and virtuous wife. One hot day, she takes a bath inside her walled garden but she does not know that the judges are hiding inside the garden. The judges tell her to have sex with them but she doesn't want to. When she refuses, they tell the people of the village that they saw her having sex with a man who was not her husband. This is called adultery, which was against the law at that time. The people of the village believe the judges and want to kill Susanna. A boy named Daniel does not believe the judges, so he asks one of the judges to go away and the other one to say what he saw. Daniel does this again with the other judge. The judges tell different stories, showing that they lied. The people get mad and kill the judges instead.


title: El Bierzo

paragraphs: El Bierzo is a shire in the province of León, Spain. The capital is the town of Ponferrada. Other major towns are Bembibre and Villafranca del Bierzo.


title: Lime kiln

paragraphs: A lime kiln is a kiln used to produce quicklime by the calcination of limestone (calcium carbonate). The chemical equation for this reaction is:

paragraphs: Limestone is poured into one side of the kiln, it is then heated up with hot air and quicklime [Calcium Oxide] comes out the other end.

paragraphs: Waste Gases come out of the top of the kiln.


title: Grant (money)

paragraphs: Grants are non-repayable money or products awarded by one party (grant makers) to a recipient. Many times, these are for a nonprofit organization, educational program, a business, or just to a person.

paragraphs: In order to receive a grant, either a proposal or an application is needed. Getting a grant involves following some rules and reporting back on how the money is being used


title: Say It Again (Natasha Bedingfield song)

paragraphs: Say It Again is a single by Natasha Bedingfield originally released in 2007, off the studio album "N.B.". The song also appears on the 3rd studio album by Bedingfield called "Pocketful of Sunshine".


title: Wild Horses

paragraphs: Wild Horses is a song by The Rolling Stones from their 1971 album "Sticky Fingers". It has been covered by many other artists. Alicia Keys' recording, for her album "Alicia Keys: Unplugged", featured the frontman of Maroon 5, Adam Levine.


title: Light Rail Transit Association

paragraphs: The Light Rail Transit Association (LRTA) is an association. Its purpose is to help and encourage research to keep and develop of light rail and tramway/streetcar systems. The LRTA publishes the monthly magazine "Tramways and Urban Transit" (formerly "Modern Tramway"). It is based in the United Kingdom but it has an international membership and remit.

paragraphs: The LRTA was formed in 1937. It was called Light Railway Transport League (LRTL) until 1979.

paragraphs: The opening of the Tyne and Wear Metro in 1980, followed by the Manchester Metrolink in 1991 and other new tram systems in Sheffield, , Croydon and Nottingham, are very much in line with the aims of the Association.


title: Lucifugum

paragraphs: Lucifugum is a black metal band from Ukraine.

paragraphs: Lucifugum is a popular black metal band from Ukraine. They and Nokturnal Mortum are two of the best-known exponents of the East European black metal scene. Lucifugum was formed in 1995 by poet/composer Khlyst and musicians Bal-a-Myth (guitar, bass) and Faunus (vocals). The band continues to perform, despite Faunus having left the band in 2001, and Bal-a-Myth having died in his sleep on October 5, 2002; the albums "Back to Chopped Down Roots" and "Sociopath: Philosophy Cynicism" were recorded in 2003 by numerous session musicians which, however, did not join the band. In 2004 Khlyst moved to the Ukrainian town Mykolayiv (Nikolaev) to continue the activity of Lucifugum and Propaganda together with local black metal musician Elena (aka Stabaath) (ex-Namtar, ex-Hesperus). "Vector33" is the first album with Stabaath (she recorded vocals, guitar, bass, and keyboards). All lyrics are written by Khlyst, and music is composed by Stabaath and Khlyst. Khlyst and Stabaath (real names Igor and Elena Naumchuk) are married. They are the owners of black metal label Propaganda.

paragraphs: The music of Lucifugum was different and changed during the years. The early period can be described as symphonic black metal (1996-2000), later it was black/thrash metal, sometimes with death metal touches (2001-2003), and after 2004 the music of the band has transformed into pure black metal style.

paragraphs: According to Propaganda web site (details to album “Sublimessiah”) Khlyst performs vocals since 2014. The critical problems with Stabaath’s throat have stopped her during the record of the vocal. So, there are just 3 tracks (1,3,5) with Stabaath’s vocals on “Sublimessiah”.


title: St. Catharines

paragraphs: St. Catharines is the biggest city in the Niagara Region of Canada. Nearly 132,000 people live in St. Catharines as of 2006.


title: Grassland

paragraphs: grassland is an area of land that mostly contains grasses. There are wild grasses, and there may be some trees. Several parts of the world have grasslands. Grasslands are found in Africa, North America, Central Asia, South America, and near the coasts of Australia. The largest grasslands are in East Africa. Grasslands with a few scattered trees are called savannas. Others are called prairies or steppes.

paragraphs: Little rain falls in a Grassland. Between 25 and 75 cm of rain falls each year, which makes the weather in these savannas hot and sunny in the summer and cool in the winter months.

paragraphs: Grassland vegetation can vary greatly in height. The chalk grassland of southern England is quite short, often with small, delicate flowers.

paragraphs: Grass is quite tall in North American "tall grass prairie", South American grasslands and African savannas. This provides a degree of cover for the smaller animals, and so it increases the number of species which can live there.

paragraphs: Woody plants, shrubs or trees, may occur on some grasslands. The root systems of perennial grasses and forbs form complex mats that hold the soil in place.

paragraphs: The tallgrass prairie is the native ecosystem of North America before it was replaced by modern crops. Retreating glaciersdropped moraine material about 10,000 years ago. Wind-dropped loess and organic matter accumulated. This made the soil. The prairie had the deepest level of topsoil recorded anywhere. Animals such as buffalo, elk, deer, and rabbits

paragraphs: A added nitrogen to the soil with their urine and feces. Prairie dogs dug tunnels that "aerated the soil and channeled water several feet below the surface".

paragraphs: For 5,000 to 8,000 years, more than of prairie grasslands were a major feature of the landscape.

paragraphs: Between 1800 and 1930, most of it was destroyed. Settlers transformed what they called "the Great American Desert" or "The Inland Sea" into farmland. They replaced the old grasses with new ones, mostly wheat and maize. They replaced the bison with cattle, another kind of bovine. About 40% of the world's maize for example grows in the United States, mostly on land that formerly grew grass. The grazing pattern of European cattle, the near-extermination of prairie dogs, and the plowing and cultivation of the land, did the damage. Plowing cut tallgrass root systems and interrupted reproduction. Drainage changed the soil's water content, and soil erosion lost soil.

paragraphs: Estimates differ of how much original tallgrass prairie survives. Perhaps less than 1% mostly in "scattered remnants found in pioneer cemeteries, restoration projects, along highways and railroad rights-of-way, and on steep bluffs high above rivers", to 4%.

paragraphs: There are few trees in the grassland because of the low rainfall. Thorny trees called acacias are one of a handful of trees that are able to grow here. Wildfires are common and destroy trees. The animals also prevent trees from growing as they eat the tender sprouts before they can develop into grown trees. Elephants are known to tear down grown-up trees and feed on their leaves, making trees even more scarce.

paragraphs: Grass can still grow because it survives the aridity and the trampling of the animals. This is why grasslands can feed vast numbers of animals. Animals include mice, rats that eat mostly seeds. Snakes, hawks and eagles eat mostly small animals. Big animals, mostly grazers, include zebras, ostriches, giraffes, rhinos, elephants, horses, and antelopes.


title: Oshawa

paragraphs: Oshawa is a city of Ontario in Canada. It can be found on the shores of Lake Ontario. Around 141,600 people were living in Oshawa as of 2006.


title: Worcester, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Worcester is a city of Worcester County in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. It is the county seat of Worcester County. About 175,900 people were living in Worcester as of 2006.

paragraphs: Worcester is 40 miles from Boston, Massachusetts and 40 miles from Springfield, Massachusetts—right in the middle.

paragraphs: In 1774, the first public reading of the United States Declaration of Independence in New England took place in Worcester.


title: Grimsby, Ontario

paragraphs: Grimsby (population 26 000) is a town on Lake Ontario in the Niagara Region, Ontario, Canada. Grimsby is a part of the Hamilton Census Metropolitan Area. Most of its population lives in the area surrounded Lake Ontario and the Niagara escarpment. The escarpment is home to a section of the Bruce Trail. There are many famous people from Grimsby, including NHL player Kevin Bieksa, and The Three Stooges director Del Lord. Grimsby is known as "the gateway between Hamilton and Niagara". In the early 1900's, Grimsby was known as an amusement park, with a roller coaster, a movie theater, and cabins on the lake. One of Grimsby's elementary schools, Grand Avenue Public School, used to be the fairgrounds for the amusement park.


title: Camellia sinensis

paragraphs: Camellia sinensis, the tea plant, is the species of plant whose leaves and leaf buds are used to make tea. It is in the genus "Camellia".

paragraphs: White tea, green tea, oolong, pu-erh tea and black tea all come from this species. They are processed differently, so they have different levels of oxidation. Kukicha (twig tea) is also harvested from "Camellia sinensis", but uses twigs and stems rather than leaves.


title: California Proposition 8

paragraphs: Proposition 8 is an initiative passed in California on November 4, 2008 that banned same-sex marriage. The measure passed by 52% to 48%. It changed California's Constitution by adding a section that says, "Only marriage between a man and a woman is valid or recognized in California." The law was in response to a judge's ruling that gay marriage was legal under the California state Constitution. The campaign to pass Proposition 8 was mostly paid for by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints.

paragraphs: Proposition 8 is controversial and is being debated in court. On August 4, 2010, Judge Vaughn Walker in the United States District Court made a ruling that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional and should be overturned. This would make same-sex marriage legal again in California, however, Judge Walker issued a stay of execution, so that those in favor of Proposition 8 could legal appeal.

paragraphs: The appeal of the case went to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. On February 7, 2012, the judges in this court agreed with Judge Walker that Proposition 8 was unconstitutional. However they also issued a stay of execution, so that their ruling could be appealed to the United States Supreme Court.

paragraphs: Those in favor of Proposition 8 appealed to the Supreme Court on July 30, 2012. On December 7, 2012, the Supreme Court agreed to judge the case. The Supreme Court will issue a final ruling on the case in 2013.

paragraphs: Depending on exactly how the Supreme Court rules, Proposition 8 could be overturned in California only, or all other laws against same-sex marriage in the United States could be overturned as well.


title: Digsby

paragraphs: Digsby was an instant messaging piece of software. It was for Microsoft Windows, with plans to support Mac and Linux. It supported Google Mail, Yahoo messenger, MSN Messenger, Facebook chat and others. Currently no longer operational.


title: Palacios del Sil

paragraphs: Palacios del Sil is a municipality in the province of León, Spain.

paragraphs: Several Leonese language writers were born there.


title: David Archuleta

paragraphs: David Archuleta is an American pop vocal artist. He was the runner-up of season 7 of "American Idol". Archuleta was the runner-up of "American Idol" 2008. He had the singles "Crush", "A Little Too Not Over You", "Angels", and "Touch My Hand". He released the album "David Archuleta" in November 2008.


title: Scott Raynor

paragraphs: Scott Raynor (May 23, 1978) is an American drummer. He was Blink-182's drummer from 1992 to 1998, when he was told to leave the band. Now Raynor is a drummer for the bands "Isinglass" and "One Track Mind".

paragraphs: When asked about being removed from Blink-182 in an interview, this is what Raynor said:


title: David Archuleta (album)

paragraphs: David Archuleta is the first album released by runner-up of Season 8 of American Idol, David Archuleta. The studio album includes the songs "Crush", and "A Little Too Not Over You".


title: Crush (David Archuleta song)

paragraphs: "Crush" is a #1 hit single by David Archuleta. The single came off the album "David Archuleta". "Crush" was released on August 2, 2008. The single was recorded during the final episodes of Season 8 of "American Idol".


title: A Little Too Not Over You

paragraphs: A Little Too Not Over You is a 2009 song. It was released in early January 2009 by David Archuleta. The hit single came off the album "David Archuleta". The song was on airplay since late-December. "A LIttle Too Not Over You" is the 4th track off the album by Archuleta.


title: Czechoslovak government-in-exile

paragraphs: The Czechoslovak government-in-exile (sometimes called officially as: provisional government of Czechoslovakia) was an informal name given to the Czechoslovak National Liberation Committee, first by British diplomatic recognition. The name was used by other World War II Allies as they followed the British in recognizing it. The Committee was originally created by the former Czechoslovak President, Edvard Beneš in Paris, France in October 1939. Unsuccessful negotiations with France for diplomatic status, as well as the impending Nazi occupation of France, forced the Committee to move to London in 1940. From there, it moved to Aston Abbots, Buckinghamshire in 1941, where it sought relative safety from the London Blitz.

paragraphs: It was the true government for Czechoslovakia throughout the Second World War. A specifically anti-Fascist government, it sought to reverse the Munich Agreement and the following German occupation of Czechoslovakia, and to return the Republic to its 1937 boundaries. Due to this it was considered, by those countries that recognized it, the legal continuation of the First Republic of Czechoslovakia.


title: Nellis Solar Power Plant

paragraphs: The Nellis Solar Power Plant was the largest solar power plant in North America when it was built in 2007. It is in Nellis Air Force Base in Clark County, Nevada.


title: Richard Keys

paragraphs: Richard Keys, (born 23 April 1957, Coventry, England) is an English broadcaster who is famous for presenting live football matches on Sky Sports since the early 1990s. He was a presenter on TV-am before joining Sky.


title: Energetics

paragraphs: Energetics is the scientific study of energy movement and storages under change. Energetics is a wide field of study. This study includes topics such as thermodynamics, chemistry and biochemistry. Scientists often debate where each topic begins and ends.


title: Train

paragraphs: A train is a set of cars on a railway. The vehicles that carry freight are called "cars" (in the United States) or "wagons" (in the United Kingdom). The ones that carry passengers are often called coaches or carriages. A place where a train stops to let people get on and off is called a Train station or railway station. Early trains used horse power and ran on wooden or iron tracks. These were used in the Middle Ages. The first steam trains were built in England in the early 19th century. Long before railways, "train" meant any group of vehicles or pack animals traveling in a line, as in wagon train or camel train.

paragraphs: Trains contain the prime mover (either locomotive or motor unit) and one or more cars. The locomotive or railway engine (usually the first car of the train) pulls the cars along the track. The last car you will see on a train is called the caboose. Some trains look like a special bus that can only drive on rails. Trains are used to carry people, as well as cargo, such as raw material,finished goods, and waste.

paragraphs: Freight trains have freight cars (US) or goods wagons (UK) to carry goods from one place to another. Some are boxcars (closed and roofed cars for cargo); others are special so they can carry special cargo. There are hopper cars for sand, coal, ore and other granulous (sand-like) materials, flatbed cars for vehicles and machinery, tank cars for liquids, container cars for containers and even bottle cars for molten iron. Almost anything which is not too large to fit under tunnels and bridges can be transported on special freight cars.

paragraphs: Passenger trains have passenger cars (US) or coaches (UK) made so people can ride them from one train station to another. There are few long-distance passenger trains in the United States, but more in Europe and Asia. Most passenger cars are single-deckers: there are also double-decker passenger cars, such as the Finnish Inter-City cars.

paragraphs: Passenger trains are usually a very comfortable way of traveling. Many trains have electrical outlets and Wi-Fi hotspots for computers, and a special restaurant car for dining and refreshments. There are also sleeping cars (passenger cars with beds) for long overnight voyages.

paragraphs: High-speed rail uses special, fast passenger trains on special tracks. A few very fast ones are maglev trains using magnets to hover slightly off the tracks to have less friction.

paragraphs: Most trains are pulled by locomotives. Before 1900, almost all were steam locomotives. As this kind of steam engine uses very much fuel for the work it does, steam began to give way to diesel locomotives and electric locomotives during the 1930s. Today, most locomotives are diesel-electric locomotives.

paragraphs: Sometimes a train has no separate locomotive, but the prime mover (diesel engine or electric motor) is located on the first car of the train itself, and the car has engineer's cabin. The car is called a "motor unit". Some trains have motors in many or all of the cars. This is called a diesel multiple unit or electric multiple unit. Usually, both ends of the train have engineer's cabins. These trains are especially popular in commuter traffic in large towns and cities. Electric trains get their power from a third rail or from overhead wires.


title: Wally Gator

paragraphs: Wally Gator is a cartoon made by Hanna-Barbera. It was first shown on television on September 3, 1962. The main character is an alligator named Wally. Wally lives in a zoo. He tends to run away from the zoo because he misses the swamp. However, Mr. Twiddle (the zookeeper) often captures Wally and brings him back to the zoo.


title: Elie Wiesel

paragraphs: Elie Wiesel (; born Eliezer Wiesel on September 30, 1928 – July 2, 2016) was a Romanian-American Jewish writer, teacher, political activist, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize and Holocaust survivor. His most well-known book is "Night" which is about his life in several concentration camps during the Holocaust. He was a humanitarian.

paragraphs: Wiesel won the 1986 Nobel Peace Prize. The Norwegian Nobel Committee praised his message "of peace, atonement and human dignity".

paragraphs: Wiesel died on July 2, 2016 at his home in Manhattan, aged 87.


title: Leaked in London

paragraphs: Leaked in London is a live EP that was recorded by Fall Out Boy in 2007. The EP was made in response to their fourth album, "Infinity on High", being leaked onto the internet three weeks before its actual release date. Those who bought "Infinity On High" could download "Leaked In London" from Fall Out Boy's website by using the CDPass software and inserting the "Infinity On High" CD into their computer.

paragraphs: All songs written by Fall Out Boy, except when noted.


title: Sullivan Bay, Victoria

paragraphs: Sullivan Bay is the site of the first official European settlement in Victoria, Australia. It is a very small bay near Sorrento, Victoria. It is close to the entrance of Port Phillip Bay, south of the city of Melbourne.

paragraphs: In 1802, Governor Philip Gidley King in Sydney had written to Lord Hobart, Minister in charge of the colonies, in London, saying that Britain should start a settlement at Port Phillip Bay. King thought it would be good area for fishing and sealing. He was also worried that the French might settle in the area and then would control Bass Strait. Lieutenant John Murray had explored Port Phillip Bay in 1802 and thought that the Sorrento area would be a good spot to start a settlement.

paragraphs: Lieutenant Governor David Collins was put in charge of starting the new settlement. He took 307 convicts, some with wives and children, 51 soldiers, 17 free settlers, some with wives and children, and a government staff of 12, and a clergyman, the Reverend Knopwood. The group of more than 400 people left England in April 1803, in the store ship “Ocean” and the convict ship “Calcutta.”

paragraphs: The two ships sailed to Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, Capetown in South Africa, and arrived at Port Phillip Bay on 6 October and 8 October 1803. Only 14 people died on the trip. Collins was unable to find a good place to land that had drinking water and good soil. On 13 October 1803, he landed at Sullivan’s Bay, which he named after the Under Secretary of the Colonial War Department.

paragraphs: The new settlers were able to get water by putting wooden barrels into the sand, and letting the water in the ground soak into them. It was salty and not nice to drink. The soil was very sandy and not suitable for farming. There were very few trees suitable for cutting up into building timber. The sandy ground meant that heavy items could not be carried in a wagon, which would be stuck in the sand, but had to be dragged instead. The small entrance to the bay made it difficult for sailing ships to get in or out safely. The tools brought from England, such a spades, hoes and axes, were very badly made and broke easily. Coscape. He had hoped to increase the food supply with fresh fish and kangaroos, but they were not able to catch any.

paragraphs: Male convicts were given a set of clothes in October 1803 which included:

paragraphs: Women were to be given 2/3 of that amount, children half the amount, and small children under 5 years, ¼ of the .

paragraphs: A convict printer, Robert Walsh printed the orders and instructions for the settlement on a small printing press. During the time of the settlement 43 such orders were printed.

paragraphs: Collins told the convicts not to go into the water to wash because of the danger from hungry sharks and stingrays. Some tried to escape by walking overland to Sydney. They soon gave up and went back to the settlement. Settler, John Skilton, died on 17 October 1803. On 25 November 1803, the first child, William James Hobart Thorne, was born to a soldier, Sergeant Thorne and his wife. One child of convict parents was John Pascoe Fawkner, who returned to start the settlement of Melbourne in 1835.

paragraphs: In November, Collins sent the “Ocean” to Sydney with a letter asking King to let him abandon the settlement, and move it to either Port Dalrymple or the Derwent River in Van Diemen's Land. The “Ocean” came back in December and Collins wasted no time in getting most of the convicts and settlers packed up. He gave an order that convicts had to work on Sundays to make sure the group was ready to leave as soon as possible. On 30 January 1804, the “Ocean” set sail for the Derwent River. Lieutenant William Sladden was left behind in charge of a small group. The “Ocean” returned and on 20 May 1804, the settlement was abandoned.

paragraphs: Three people were left behind after the settlement was abandoned, two were escaped convicts and one was a runaway soldier, William Buckley. When John Batman came to settle in Victoria 30 years later, he found Buckley living with an aboriginal tribe. The only sign of the settlement now is four graves at Sullivan Bay, and the remains of a water barrel in the Latrobe Library collection.


title: Pictorella Munia

paragraphs: The Pictorella Munia (Heteromunia pectoralis) is a species of bird in the family Estrildidae. They live in northern Australia, from the Fitzroy River in Western Australia, across the "Top End" of the Northern Territory, over to the Cape York Peninsula.


title: RPG-26

paragraphs: The RPG-26 "Aglen" is a disposable anti-tank rocket launcher that was made by the Soviet Union. Entered service in 1985. It can shoot to about 250 meters.


title: Fright Night (album)

paragraphs: Fright Night is the first album by the Finnish power metal band Stratovarius.


title: Auerbach (Vogtland)

paragraphs: Auerbach () is a town in the rural district Vogtlandkreis, in Saxony, Germany.


title: Borna, Leipzig

paragraphs: Borna () is a town in the rural district Leipzig, in Saxony, Germany. It is also the capital of this district. It is located about 25 km southeast of Leipzig.


title: Hartenstein, Saxony

paragraphs: Hartenstein is a town in the rural district Zwickau, in Saxony, Germany. It is located on the river Zwickauer Mulde, 14 km southeast of Zwickau. Hartenstein has about 5,000 Inhabitants.


title: Deaths in 2009

paragraphs: This is a list of people who died in 2009


title: Romanization of Bulgarian

paragraphs: The Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian is a system of transliteration of the Bulgarian alphabet created by Lyubomir Ivanov in the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in 1995, which is defined by the following table:

paragraphs: The system was originally developed to serve for the Romanization of Bulgarian geographical names in Antarctica. It was adopted by the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria on 2 March 2005. An early explanation of the Streamlined System was made in 1997 to the US and UK Antartcic place-naming authorities. They had noticed the difference from their 1952 BGN/PCGN romanization of Bulgarian. The new system became subject to comparative study at the Department of English and American Studies at Sofia University.

paragraphs: Subsequently, the system was chosen by the Bulgarian Government. It is the official transliteration system to be used in all identity documents, road signs, street names, official information systems, databases, local authorities’ websites etc. Eventually, the Streamlined System became part of Bulgarian law by way of the passed in 2009.

paragraphs: The Streamlined system was adopted also by UN in 2012, and for official US and UK use, by BGN and PCGN in 2013. Ivanov proposes using his Romanization approach in the case of Cyrillic alphabets of other Slavic languages, notably Russian.

paragraphs: The Streamlined System was designed with the aim of striking an optimal balance between the following partly overlapping and partly conflicting priorities:

paragraphs: It had been proposed to modify the Streamlined System so that Bulgarian letters Ъ and Ц were transliterated as "Ă" and "TZ" respectively. However, those proposals failed to gain wider acceptance, and were not adopted for official usage.

paragraphs: The system is not invertible, for А, Ж, Й, Ц, Ш, Щ, Ю, Я are transliterated in the same way as are Ъ, ЗХ, Ь, ТС, СХ, ШТ, ЙУ, ЙА respectively. An auxiliary, invertible variant of the system without the ИЯ-exception rule is proposed by L. Ivanov, D. Skordev and D. Dobrev to be used in those special cases when the exact retrieval of Bulgarian words from their Romanized forms is a priority, with Cyrillic letters and combinations of letters

paragraphs: Ъ, Ь, ЗХ, ЙА, ЙУ, СХ, ТС, ТШ, ТЩ, ШТ, ШЦ transliterated as "`A", "`Y", "Z|H", "Y|A", "Y|U", "S|H", "T|S", "T|SH", "T|SHT", "SH|T", "SH|TS" respectively. In order to ensure full invertibility of the system, including the case of the ИЯ-exception rule, one may transliterate word-final -ИА as "I|A" rather than "IA". The plain streamlined transliteration word form could be retrieved from its invertible variant by simply removing the additional symbols ` and |.

paragraphs: The Streamlined System is based on an English-oriented transliteration, taking advantage of the global "lingua franca" role of English. A similar shift towards English-oriented transliteration is observed in the case of other Cyrillic alphabets such as Russian and Ukrainian, and to some extent Macedonian.

paragraphs: The Streamlined System is similar to the old 1952 BGN/PCGN System for the Romanization of Bulgarian, which had been official in the USA and the United Kingdom until 2013. The latter however transliterates the Cyrillic letters Х, Ь and Ъ as "KH", "’" (apostrophe) and "Ŭ", while the former uses "H", "Y" and "A" instead.

paragraphs: Another similar system not adopted for official use in Bulgaria is that of A. Danchev, M. Holman, E. Dimova and M. Savova, which transliterates the Cyrillic letters У and Ъ by "OU" and "U" respectively, while the Streamlined System uses "U" and "A" for this purpose. Furthermore, the latter system transliterates the digraphs АЙ•ай, ЕЙ•ей, ОЙ•ой and УЙ•уй by AI•ai, EI•ei, OI•oi and OUI•oui instead of AY•ay, EY•ey, OY•oy and UY•uy respectively.


title: Natasha Richardson

paragraphs: Natasha Jane Richardson (11 May 1963 – 18 March 2009) was a Tony Award-winning English stage and movie actress.

paragraphs: Richardson was the daughter of actress Vanessa Redgrave and movie director and producer Tony Richardson. She was the granddaughter of Michael Redgrave and Rachel Kempson. In 1994, she married Liam Neeson. Together, they had two children, Micheal (born 1995) and Daniel (born 1996).

paragraphs: Early in her career she portrayed Mary Shelley and Patty Hearst in movies. She received critical acclaim and a Theatre World Award for her Broadway debut in the 1993 revival of "Anna Christie". She won the Tony Award for "Best Performance by a Leading Actress in a Musical", the Drama Desk Award for "Outstanding Actress in a Musical", and the Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance as Sally Bowles in the 1998 Broadway revival of "Cabaret".

paragraphs: Some of her best known movies included "Nell" (1994), "The Parent Trap" (1998 remake) and

paragraphs: Richardson died in a hospital in New York City on March 18, 2009. She did not recover from brain damage that happened in a skiing accident in Quebec, Canada. She was on vacation with her two sons.


title: Beetlejuice (movie)

paragraphs: Beetlejuice is a 1988 American fantasy-comedy-horror movie directed by Tim Burton. The movie stars Alec Baldwin, Geena Davis, Winona Ryder and Michael Keaton as Beetlejuice.

paragraphs: Barbara (Geena Davis) and Adam (Alec Baldwin) Maitland decide to spend their holiday decorating their New England country home. Driving back from a trip to town, they crash the car and are killed. The story carries on with the couple going home as ghosts but they at first do not know that they are dead.

paragraphs: The couple's house is then sold and in move the new owners from New York City. The Deetzes, who are Charles (Jeffrey Jones) and his wife Delia (Catherine O'Hara), her friend Otho (Glenn Shadix) and Charles' goth daughter Lydia (Winona Ryder) from his first marriage. The new couple then start to make changes to the house which upsets the ghosts. The Maitlands' then try to scare the new owners out of the house but they are not good at scaring people.

paragraphs: The ghosts can't be seen by anyone in the house other than by the daughter Lydia, with whom they become friends. They try to get a bad ghost to scare the new family out of the house and ask Beetlejuice to do it for them. But all he wants to do is marry Lydia so that he can come back to life.


title: Geena Davis

paragraphs: Virginia Elizabeth "Geena" Davis (born January 21, 1956) is an Academy Award-, Golden Globe-winning and Emmy-nominated American actress, film producer, writer, former fashion model. Davis is also a member of Mensa International.

paragraphs: From 1982 until 1983, Davis was married to Richard Emmolo.

paragraphs: From 1987 until 1990, she was married to Jeff Goldblum.

paragraphs: From 1993 until 1998, she was married to Renny Harlin.

paragraphs: On September 1, 2001, she married Reza Jarrahy. They have three children, daughter Alizeh Keshvar Davis Jarrahy (born on April 10, 2002) and twin sons Kian William Davis Jarrahy and Kaiis Steven Davis Jerrahy (born on May 6, 2004).


title: Lise Simms

paragraphs: Elisabeth Caroline Simms (born March 17, 1963 in southern Colorado), credited as Lise Simms, is an American actress, singer, and dancer.

paragraphs: Lise grew up in southern Colorado. Her parents are Bill and Jacque Simms and is the sixth of nine children. Her brother, Tom Simms, is a Spanish teacher at Centennial High School. Lise graduated from Centennial High School in 1981, and from Oklahoma State University in 1985.

paragraphs: Lise began her acting career at age 13. She started doing Broadway after graduating from high school and starred in numerous plays such as "Other People's Money", "Mame", "Can-Can", "Sweet Charity", and "Bye Bye Birdie" during the 1980s. She was also a member of the original Los Angeles, California cast of "Beauty and the Beast" and toured around the world with "A Chorus Line" in 1986.

paragraphs: Simms was the host of Style Network's "Area". She had a recurring role on "Sunset Beach", but is best known for her role as "Barbara Diffy", Phil's mom in the Disney Channel original series "Phil of the Future", where she also played "The Timekeeper" in the episode "It's a Wonder-Phil Life". She had a recurring role as "Connie Wayne" in the soap opera "The Young and the Restless", and made guest appearances on "Friends", "Providence", "MADtv", "3rd Rock from the Sun", "" and many others. She performed for President Ronald Reagan in 1988's "Great Performances at the White House" series, which aired on PBS.

paragraphs: Most recently, Simms can be seen as co-host and interior designer on Home & Garden Television's "Desperate Spaces". Simms works with co-host and designer Daniel Kucan to decorate a room of a home in just two days and with only $2,500. They choose 1 room from 3 deserving rooms in need. "Desperate Spaces" premiered January 1, 2008.

paragraphs: Simms had a guest spot on the February 3, 2009 episode of "90210" as Ty's mother, Louise Collins.

paragraphs: Simms has been in commercials for the game Jenga, the remedies Tums, Maalox, Advil, Bluefly, Post Cereal's Shredded Wheat, and Dairy Queen's "Moolate" shakes. At one time, she co-hosted an infomercial for Rug Doctor carpet cleaning products. Simms also hosted a infomercial for Franklin Wheel and won an Astrid Award. She had appeared in Disney Channel's "Express Yourself" segments with other Disney Channel stars.


title: Crawford County, Arkansas

paragraphs: Crawford County is a county found in the state of Arkansas. About 53,200 people were living in Crawford County as of 2000.

paragraphs: These are the cities and towns of Crawford County:


title: Medical abortion

paragraphs: A medical abortion is an abortion where drugs are used to induce the abortion. In the 1970s, such abortions became an option to end the pregnancy during its first trimester. The drugs most often used in 2009 are mifepristone and methotrexate, either alone or in combination with a prostaglandin.


title: Durand Line

paragraphs: The Durand Line is the international land border between Afghanistan and Pakistan in South-Central Asia. It was established after an 1897 memorandum of understanding (MoU) between Mortimer Durand of British India and Afghan Amir Abdur Rahman Khan. Referred to as a frontier line, it is named after Mortimer Durand, who was the Foreign Secretary of colonial British India at the time. Later, Abdur Rahman Khan's successor, Amir Habibullah Khan signed a new agreement with Britain which again confirmed the legality of the Durand Line. King Amanullah Khan also accepted Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and British India after signing the Anglo-Afghan treaty of 1919. Article 5 of this treaty, on the basis of which Afghanistan reclaimed its independence, says that Afghanistan accepted all previously agreed border arrangements with British India. Hence, Afghanistan as an independent country recognized Durand line as an international border.

paragraphs: The Durand Line cuts through the Afghan tribal areas, politically dividing ethnic Pashtuns and Baloch people who live on both sides. The line is internationally recognized by many countries as the western border of Pakistan, but Afghan governments after 1947 never recognized it.

paragraphs: Afghan Pashtun leaders claim Pakistani territories and say that the Durand Line is "an issue of historical importance for Afghanistan. The Afghan people, not the government, can take a final decision on it." However, non-Pashtuns Afghans have always recognized durand line as international border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. Similarly, Pakistani Pashtuns have also recognized Durand line as international border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. In 2017 President Hamid Karzai said Afghanistan "will never accept" the Durand Line.


title: Mazandarani language

paragraphs: Mazandarani (in Mazandarani: ) is a Iranian language. It is spoken in northern Iran. Areas that use it are: Mazandaran, west of Golestan, north of Tehran and Semnan and northeast of Qazvin. Between 3-4 million people speak it. Mazandarni is an older Iranian language.

paragraphs: Mazandarani language was written in the Pahlavi alphabet in the early centuries of Islam. The language uses the Arabic alphabet.

paragraphs: Mazandarni language has the oldest literature among local languages in Iran. Among books written in this language are:


title: La Nuestra Tierra

paragraphs: La Nuestra Tierra ("Our land") was a weekly newspaper edited by the IDEL (Leonese Studies Institute) between 2000 and 2004. Its content was mainly about Leonese territory and a 30% of it was written in Leonese language, from opinion articles to information in Leonese language.

paragraphs: This publication edited 162 numbers, and was supported by the European Union and the Leonese public administrations.


title: East Punjab

paragraphs: East Punjab was a region of India. It was separated from West Punjab, which became a part of Pakistan by the Radcliffe Line after India was divided in 1947. It existed between 1947-1966 and it comprised the present-day states of Himachal Pradesh, Haryana and Doab (India), itself re-named as Indian Punjab. It had an area of 150,037 km2 and today it would have had an combined population of 59,913,826 (2011 est).


title: Caraway

paragraphs: Caraway or Persian cumin ("Carum carvi") (Ar. كراويه) is a biennial plant with spicy-tasting seed in the family Apiaceae, native to Europe and western Asia.

paragraphs: Caraway was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.


title: Jonathan Ross

paragraphs: Jonathan Stephen Ross OBE (born 17 November 1960) is a British television and radio presenter.

paragraphs: Ross was born in St Pancras, London and raised in Leytonstone, London. His mother is Martha Ross. Paul Ross, Simon Ross and Miles Ross are his brothers.

paragraphs: Ross has worked a lot on the BBC. On the BBC One television channel, Ross presented "The Film Programme" from 1997 and his own talk show, "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" from 2001. He presented a radio show on BBC Radio 2 beginning in 1999. Ross decided to stop presenting all three shows and leave the BBC in 2010. He began presenting a new talk show, "The Jonathan Ross Show" on ITV1 on 3 September 2011.

paragraphs: Ross is known for his difficulty in pronouncing the letter "r", which sounds more like the sound of a "w" in his speech. Ross was first on television in 1970 in an advert for Kellogg's Rice Krispies.

paragraphs: Ross married Jane Goldman in 1988. The couple have two daughters and a son.


title: Ef (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Ef (Ф, ф) is the nineteenth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [f].


title: Kha

paragraphs: Kha (Х, х) is the twentieth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [kh].

paragraphs: It comes from the Greek letter chi and stands as the Roman letters H and X.


title: Tse (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Tseh (Ц, ц) is the twenty-first letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ts]. Its lowercase italic form is "ц".


title: Che (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Cheh (Ч, ч) is the twenty-second letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [tʃ]. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as "ch" in English and "tch" in French.


title: Sha

paragraphs: Sha (Ш, ш) is the twenty-third letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [ʃ]. Its lowercase italic form is "ш".

paragraphs: It comes from the Hebrew letter shin. It is transliterated into the Roman alphabet as "sh" in English, "sch" in German, "ch" in French, "ş" in Turkish, "sz" in Polish and "š" in most Slavic languages (Czech, Slovak, Serbian, Slovene, Croatian) using that alphabet.


title: Mikroglottika

paragraphs: Mikroglottika - An International Journal of Minority Languages Philologies, is a language scientific magazine about minority languages. The word "Mikroglottika" means "minority language studies".

paragraphs: It encourages studies about minority languages philology, as phonology, syntax, lexicon and related topics.

paragraphs: It is edited by Peter Lang in Germany. Teachers from Universities of several European countries also contribute.

paragraphs: Its Yearbook 2008 has content about these languages:


title: Unsafe abortion

paragraphs: An unsafe abortion is an abortion which is not done by a person which has the skills to do them (a licensed doctor), or in a place that does not meet at least basic standards of hygiene. Unsafe abortions can be very dangerous to the mother. Many women die or get a disease because they had an unsafe abortion. About 95 percent of unsafe abortions happen in developing countries.

paragraphs: Two very common ways that unsafe abortions are done are:

paragraphs: A back-alley abortion (Back-Yard Abortion in Australia) is the common slang term for an illegal abortion in the English-speaking world.

paragraphs: The method using the coat hanger, as described above, was known by many people. This method was not what was done normally, though. In fact, Mary Calderone, former medical director of Planned Parenthood, said, in a 1960 printing of the "American Journal of Public Health":

paragraphs: Herbal abortions (when done illegally) can also be described as back-alley abortions because they are not induced in a medical facility.

paragraphs: The argument of back-alley abortions was used to help make abortion legal in the United States. In 1973, the US Supreme Court decided that abortion should be legalized. It was treating a case called Roe v. Wade. Since then, it has become a central argument on the part of some prominent legal abortion advocates. Gerri Santoro died of blood loss after a back-alley abortion. Her photo was used extensively to illustrate the dangers of illegal abortions.

paragraphs: Bernard Nathanson performed many abortions but later was against them. He has said that many of the statistics that show that many women died from back-alley abortions in the US are false. He said that he and his colleagues made many such statistics to lead people to believe that legalizing abortion was a good thing to do.

paragraphs: Source: Unsafe Abortion: Mortality and Risk Estimates of Death data from WHO press, Geneva, 1997

paragraphs: 10,000 women a year die from unsafe abortions in Nigeria.


title: Araluen Zieria

paragraphs: The Araluen Zieria ("Zieria adenophora"), is a small shrub found in only one place, on a slope above the Araluen Creek, near Araluen, New South Wales, Australia. In 2001 there were only 56 known plants. The plants were first collected in 1888, and they were then thought to have become extinct. The Zieria was rediscovered in the late 1980s.

paragraphs: It is a small shrub, which is related to the boronia plants. It is about tall and 50 cm wide, though some plants have grown up to tall. It has a small white or pink flower with four petals, about long. The plant has flowers in spring, from August to October. It also has small green leaves which are trifoliate, as being in three parts like a clover leaf. The leaves have a strong smell.

paragraphs: The plants have only been found near the Araluen Creek. They are growing on a steep, rocky, hillside.

paragraphs: The plant has been listed as Endangered under the Australian Government's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. It is also listed by the New South Wales Government, Endangered (Schedule 1, Part 1) on the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995. It is endangered because there are so few of the plants and they are only found in one place. A bushfire could destroy all the plants. There is also a danger from wild goats in the area. The goats do not eat the Zieria, but they could walk on the new seedlings and crush them. The goats might eat all the other plants which could lead to erosion and the soil could be washed away. Weeds growing around the plants might also stop new Zierias from growing.

paragraphs: There is now a plan to protect the plant. These plans include:


title: Mifepristone

paragraphs: Mifepristone is a synthetic steroid that is used as a drug. It can be used to cause a medical abortion in the first two months of pregnancy. It can also be used as an emergency contraceptive. It is often known as RU-486, the name it had in early tests. It was discovered by Roussel Uclaf in France in 1980.


title: Methotrexate

paragraphs: Methotrexate is a drug. It is used to treat cancer and other autoimmune diseases. It can also be used to cause a medical abortion in the early stages of pregnancy.


title: Hysterotomy abortion

paragraphs: A hysterotomy abortion is a form of surgical abortion. In a hyterotomy abortion, the womb is opened, and the fetus is removed. This is similar to a Caesarean section, but requires a smaller cut.

paragraphs: This method has the greatest risk of complications out of all the abortion procedures. It is only used where other methods can or should not be done. It is used between the 12th and 24th week of pregnancy.


title: Duke of Devonshire

paragraphs: Duke of Devonshire is a title in the Peerage of England held by members of the aristocratic Cavendish family. This branch of the Cavendish family has been one of the richest and most influential aristocratic families in England since the 16th century, and have been rivalled in political influence perhaps only by the Earls of Derby and the Marquesses of Salisbury.


title: Secretary of State for Transport

paragraphs: The Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. The role has had a high turnover as new appointments are blamed for the failures of decades of their predecessors. The office used to be called the Minister of Transport, and has been merged with the Department for the Environment at various times.


title: Duke of Gloucester

paragraphs: Duke of Gloucester () is a British royal title (after Gloucester), often conferred on one of the sons of the reigning monarch. The first four creations were in the Peerage of England, the next in the Peerage of Great Britain, and the last in the Peerage of the United Kingdom; this current creation carries with it the subsidiary titles of Earl of Ulster and Baron Culloden.


title: Edinburgh Trams

paragraphs: The Edinburgh Trams project is a scheme to build a new tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland. Local public transport had been limited to buses since the closing of the city’s previous Edinburgh Corporation Tramways system on 16 November 1956.Edinburgh Trams is a tramway in Edinburgh, Scotland, operated by Edinburgh Trams Ltd. As of 2017 it is a 14-kilometre line between York Place in New Town and Edinburgh Airport, with 16 stops. Construction began in June 2008, and after encountering delays it opened on 31 May 2014.


title: BR Standard Class 8

paragraphs: The BR Standard Class 8 was a class of 4-6-2 "Pacific" steam locomotive made by Robert Riddles for use by British Railways. Only an example was made. It was named "Duke of Gloucester". It was made at Crewe Works in 1954. It is known as the "Duke". It was a replacement for the destroyed Princess Royal Class vehicle number 46202 "Princess Anne". It was involved in the Harrow and Wealdstone rail disaster of 1952.


title: Street furniture

paragraphs: Street furniture is the equipment on streets and roads mostly for the safety of people and their information. The term is most used in the UK, Canada and Australia.

paragraphs: It includes benches, bollards, post boxes, phone boxes, street lighting, traffic lights, traffic signs, bus stops, grit bins, tram stops, taxi stands, public lavatories, fountains and memorials, and waste receptacles.

paragraphs: An important consideration in the design of street furniture is how it affects road safety.


title: Henri Poincaré

paragraphs: Jules Henri Poincaré (29 April 1854 – 17 July 1912) was a French mathematician and scientist. He was described as a "monster of mathematics " when still a child. Many people think he was the last person to understand all branches of mathematics before the subject became too big for anyone to do this.

paragraphs: He came from a clever family, his father was a professor of medicine and his cousin, Raymond Poincaré became president of France. He was sick as a child and for many years he had to be taught at home by his mother.

paragraphs: He used his mathematical skills to look at some of the biggest problems in science in his day. He was the first person to describe in mathematical terms how three planets in orbit affect each others paths as they pass near by one another. This was called the Three Body Problem. He also tried to understand why the speed of light seems to be the fastest speed at which anything can travel in the universe. In some ways he beat the famous scientist Albert Einstein to solving this question, but Einstein gave a more complete answer. He gained fame for the discovery of the theory of relativity instead of Poincaré.

paragraphs: He created the Poincaré Conjecture, one of the most famous problems in mathematics which was only solved 100 years later. He began the branches of mathematics which are known today as chaos theory and topology.

paragraphs: He also wrote about science in a simple way that ordinary people could understand.


title: Michael Barrymore

paragraphs: Michael Barrymore (born 4 May 1952) is an English comedian and light entertainer. He presented shows including "Strike it Lucky" and "My Kind of Music". He married Cheryl Cocklin (1950-2005) in 1976. In 1995, he announced he was gay. She divorced him in 1997.

paragraphs: He was in trouble after Stuart Lubbock was found dead in his swimming pool in 2001. In 2015, the police admitted that Barrymore was wrongfully arrested. In August 2017, was said to have seeked £2.4million  as compensation, after the judge ruled that he was entitled to more than 'nominal damages' from Essex Police of wrongful arrest that 'destroyed his career'.

paragraphs: He used to have late night chats with Diana, Princess of Wales when he had trouble with alcoholism. In 2006, he was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother, in its fourth season. In 2008, he has returned to the theatre and was in a play as Spike Milligan. In 2010, he stated that he is bisexual and in a relationship with a woman.


title: Jagdgeschwader 1 (World War I)

paragraphs: The Jagdgeschwader 1 was a German flying command of the First World War.

paragraphs: The first commander of this group was Manfred von Richthofen. After his death in April 1918, Wilhelm Reinhard became the second commander. The third and last commander of this group was Hermann Göring.

paragraphs: This flying command is also called "The Red Baron".


title: Tripod

paragraphs: Tripod is a word generally used to refer to a three-legged object, usually one used as a platform of some sort, and comes from the Greek "tripous", meaning "three feet".