title: Sami people of Norway

paragraphs: The Sami ethnic group in Norway, or Sami people in Norway, are part of an ethnic group that also lives in Sweden, Finland, and Russia.

paragraphs: In Norway, the core-area of the Sami, is in 4 municipalities in Finnmark county and 1 municipality in Troms county: Kautokeino, Karasjok, Porsanger, Tana og Nesseby and Kåfjord.

paragraphs: The core area is inside Norway's part of Sapmi (or Lapland). (Lapland is a part of 4 countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia.)

paragraphs: The Sami languages in Norway, are Northern Sami , Lule Sami language , and Southern Sami language .

paragraphs: "[P]eople who want to vote for", or want to be a member of "the Sami Parliament , they must register as Sami. The definitions of Sami" that started to be used by "Sami organizations, including the Nordic Sami Council, in the 1950s, became part of Norwegian law in 1987. A Sami is defined as a person who: 1) has Sami as his/her first language, or whose father or mother , or one of whose grandparents, has Sami as their first language, or 2) considers himself/herself a Sami and lives in entire accordance with the rules of the Sami society, and who is recognized by the representative Sami body as a Sami, or 3) has a father or mother who satisfies the above-mentioned conditions for being a Sami".

paragraphs: "Archeological research indicates that a culture identified as Sami arose in the Scandinavian peninsula between 1500 and 1000 B.C."

paragraphs: "[R]ecorded reference to the Sami", was made as early as 98 A.D. - by Tacitus

paragraphs: One account (or description) from 896 , was told to Alfred the Great, by Ohthere of Hålogaland - a Norwegian chieftain, that had some connection to the English king's court.

paragraphs: [Old] Norse literature, such as the Icelandic sagas tells about the Sami; "Olav Tryggvason's Saga says "that the king killed a big man who was "troll-wise" and "there followed him a great number of Finns whenever he had need of them". ("Finns" is a name that sometimes meant "Sami people".)

paragraphs: Regarding getting the Sami to change their religion to Christianity: In the 18th century Thomas von Westen, a pietist, led missionary work (among the Sami), that has been called a concerted (or special) effort. "About a century later, Niels Vibe Stockfleth worked among the Sami and translated [the Bible's] New Testament into" [one of the Sami languages].

paragraphs: At Dovrefjell when Harald Hardrada was king, there was profit from the keeping of herds of reindeer, and the business was at its highest

paragraphs: In regard to Sami (in Norway) that had reindeer herds; when these Sami moved their herds (every year), then they would interact with people who lived permanently on the coast; the interaction also included "verdde": a friendship of convenience; for example, Sami needed milk and fish after having been on a plateau (or highland) for some weeks; Sami might need repair of equipment; trade was done: People from the coast traded fish for meat from reindeer.

paragraphs: People living permanently on the coast in North Norway, were [largely] Sami; these Sami had permanent housing, and it became easier for these Sami to stop behaving like Sami; in some areas one was not allowed to own land, if one was Sami; some Sami changed names, to names that might sound more Norwegian (and family names such as Sæter, Strømeng, and Kalvemo became new family names).

paragraphs: Sami language [largely] disappeared among the Coastal Sami. Sami that did reindeer farming, and Coastal Sami slowly lost the close contact [between the two groups].

paragraphs: "There were organized attempts to eradicate [or make to disappear ] the Sami language and culture[,] as a step in assimilating the Sami into Norwegian society". Policies to "Norwegianize", Samis - were in place from the late 1840s,

paragraphs: "From the late 1840s to the 1950s, missionaries, agricultural experts and schoolteachers" tried "to "Norwegianize" the Sami"; the "first formal act of Parliament regarding the Norwegianization of the Sami people was made in 1848: 'The government is requested to investigate ... [find out if, and how far] there should be opportunity to bring the Norwegian Lapps, especially those living in coastal areas , instruction in the Norwegian language for the enlightenment of these people, and that the result of their findings be reported to the next Parliament'".

paragraphs: [Norway's] authorities [or government] made "a language directive (or rule) in 1880, which" was "made more forceful in 1898. It" said "that 'Teachers in those districts where the Lappish ... and Finnish ("kvænsk") languages are permitted for the sake of facilitating instruction in the public schools shall do their utmost to spread knowledge of the Norwegian language and seek to promote its use in the circles where they work'". Furthermore, the "government had a major objective for the school[s]: Not a single Sami word was to be heard on the school grounds" [or in school buildings].

paragraphs: "The authorities also" used "economic measures to carry out the work of Norwegianization, including the Land Act. A regulation [or part of the law] from 1902" says that "Sale [of land] may only be made to Norwegian citizens ... who can speak, read, and write the Norwegian language and use it on a day-to-day basis".

paragraphs: A report by the "Parliamentary School Commission, appointed in 1922" said, without being able to show [ evidence], "that that the Sami are less educable [or able to learn] than others"; the report also said that the Sami population is less gifted and the "Sami culture does not lend itself to development".

paragraphs: From around 1850, a government policy of "Fornorskning" [tried to remove Sami culture]. An article in Klassekampen said that the policy was very rough [to Sami persons]. Into the 1980s, the policy of "Fornorskning" lasted in some places.

paragraphs: [Possibly the first] Sami association (in Norway) was started during the New Year's weekend in 1911: "Buolbmag Same Særvve", in Polmak municipality.

paragraphs: Reindeer farming, which is a type of animal husbandry, is done by Sami, between the White Sea and [towards the West and the South, across Russia's Kola peninsula, Finland, Sweden and Norway, into Norway's] county of Hedmark.

paragraphs: In reindeer farming, "the Sami travel with their flocks [of reindeer] according to an established cycle"; the cycle makes sure "that the" [reindeer] can eat properly during the various [or different] seasons of the year. For example, the spring migration to summer pastures, which have a rich variety of grasses and herbs, takes place just before new calves are born in May. Summer is a time when the calves grow and the adult animals regain their strength following a long, hard winter".

paragraphs: Among the Sami people are nomads that do reindeer farming. They lived in their cold environment by domesticating the reindeer. The Lapps were able to get everything they needed from the deer. They ate mostly meat, milk, and cheese. Their clothing was made from reindeer skins and wool. Their tents were also made from raindeer skins. The wool clothes were beautifully decorated.

paragraphs: The Lapps protected the herds, moving with them as they migrated from summer to winter pastures. They used reindeer to pull sleds carrying their supplies. During the winter, the herds moved south of where the trees grew. The Lapps lived nearby in homes made of logs or sod.

paragraphs: Winter clothing was made from layers of reindeer skin. The inside layer would be worn with the fur facing in toward the person's skin. The second layer was worn with the fur facing out. Boots were also made of fur and lined with grass that had been gathered during the short summer. Every evening the grass would be taken out and dried by the fire, so it would be ready to use again the next day. This way, a Lapp could be warm and comfortable in even the coldest weather.

paragraphs: Today only a few of the Lapp people still follow the herds. Those few use modern tools on their ancient migration. They use snowmobiles to herd the reindeer and rifles to kill the wolves that chase them. Even helicopters and radios are used to locate and move the reindeer. Most of the Lapp people now live on small farms in one of the four nations of Lapland. They raise crops and animals, including a few reindeer, to meet their needs. The sale of reindeer meat is an important source of income for the Lapp people.

paragraphs: The Lapps were careful not to waste anything they got from the reindeer. Milk was taken from the reindeer to drink or make cheese. Meat was taken for food. The blood was frozen and then used for soup and pancakes. Knives and belt buckles were carved from the bones and antlers. The sinews (tendons) were used as sewing thread. Cleaned-out stomachs were used to carry milk or cheese. Every part of a dead reindeer was used.

paragraphs: Sami crafts are called "duodji" . The men make knives, drums and 'guksi' (burl cups) from wood, bone, and antlers. The women use leather and roots to make 'gakti' (clothing). Women also use birch and spruce to weave baskets.

paragraphs: Sami clothing is called 'gakti' and was originally made from reindeer leather, but now it is usually made from wool, cotton, or silk. Usually, there are different types of clothing for men and women.

paragraphs: Sami shamanism is the main religion of the Sami people. These beliefs are connected to the land, animalism, and the supernatural. There is some practice of bear worship. Sami shamanism is a polytheistic religion. It believes there are many gods. The Sami shaman are called the 'Noadi'. There are some 'wise men' and 'wise women' who try to heal people who are sick. They use rituals and herbal medicine. Some Sami people have changed their beliefs to Christianity. They join either the Russian Orthodox Church or the Lutheran.

paragraphs: Publications by Snorri Sturluson(1178-1241) say that a Sami woman, Snøfrid, married Harald Fairhair; furthermore, none of her children or grandchildren became kings; first when Harald Hardrada became a king, then her blood became part of the blood of the royal family.


title: Bajram Rexhepi

paragraphs: Bajram Rexhepi (3 June 1954 – 21 August 2017) was a Kosovar politician. He was the former Interior Minister of the Republic of Kosovo and was member of the Kosovo Assembly. He was also the first elected post-war Prime Minister of Kosovo. He was a member of the second largest political party in Kosovo, the Democratic Party of Kosovo (PDK).


title: Mohamed Refaat El-Saeed

paragraphs: Mohammed Refaat El-Saeed ( "Muhammad Rifaʻatu s-Saʻīd", 11 October 1932 – 17 August 2017) was an Egyptian politician, scholar and writer. He served as the general secretary of the National Progressive Unionist Party (Tagammu). El-Saeed held two doctorates in history, and was a part-time lecturer at the American University in Cairo. El-Saeed was a frequent contributor to "al-Ahali", the Tagammu party organ.

paragraphs: El-Saeed died on 17 August 2017 at the age of 84.


title: Abdur Razzak

paragraphs: Abdur Razzak (23 January 1942 – 21 August 2017) was a Bangladeshi actor and movie director. He was known as Nayak Raj, a title given by Ahmed Zaman Chowdhury, editor of "Chitrali". He was given the Independence Day Award in 2015 by the Government of Bangladesh. He received National Film Awards (Bangladesh) for Best Actor for five times and received Lifetime Achievement Awards in 2013.

paragraphs: His first big break in cinema came with his role in Zahir Raihan's "Behula" (1966). He went on to make more than 300 appearances in Bengali and Urdu movies. He also directed around sixteen movies.


title: Brian Aldiss

paragraphs: Brian Wilson Aldiss, OBE (; 18 August 1925 – 19 August 2017) was an English writer and anthologies editor. He was best known for science fiction novels and short stories. His byline reads either Brian W. Aldiss or simply Brian Aldiss, except for occasional pseudonyms during the mid-1960s.

paragraphs: Greatly influenced by science fiction pioneer H. G. Wells, Aldiss was a vice-president of the international H. G. Wells Society. He was (with Harry Harrison) co-president of the Birmingham Science Fiction Group.

paragraphs: Aldiss was named a Grand Master by the Science Fiction Writers of America in 2000, and inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2004. He received two Hugo Awards, one Nebula Award, and one John W. Campbell Memorial Award. He wrote the short story "Super-Toys Last All Summer Long" (1969), the basis for the Stanley Kubrick-developed Steven Spielberg movie "A.I. Artificial Intelligence". Aldiss was associated with the British New Wave of science fiction.

paragraphs: Aldiss died at his Oxford home one day after his 92nd birthday on 19 August 2017.


title: Helmut Piirimäe

paragraphs: Helmut Piirimäe (September 8, 1930 — 21 August 2017) was an Estonian historian. He was born Põltsamaa, Estonia. He was "professor emeritus" of University of Tartu, and an honorary doctor of University of Uppsala. Piirimäe researched Estonian history under the Swedish Empire in the 17th century, but also the Enlightenment in the 18th century, especially the French Revolution.

paragraphs: Piirimäe was married to art historian Krista Piirimäe. They had three sons and a daughter.

paragraphs: Piirimäe died on 21 August 2017 in Tartu, Estonia at the age of 86.


title: Paavo Lonkila

paragraphs: Paavo Olavi Lonkila ("Paavo Lång"; 11 January 1923 – 23 September 2017) was a Finnish cross-country skier. He was born in Kiuruvesi, Finland.

paragraphs: Lonkila won a gold medal in the 4×10 km relay at the 1952 Olympics and finished third in the individual 18 km race, 11 seconds behind his teammate Tapio Mäkelä. Earlier his 4×10 km relay team placed second at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, where he finished fifth over 18 km. He won the 18 km event at the 1951 Holmenkollen ski festival. Lonkila was a farmer by occupation.

paragraphs: Lonkila died on 23 September 2017 in Kiuruvesi, Finland at the age of 94.


title: Christopher G. Kennedy

paragraphs: Christopher George Kennedy (born July 4, 1963) is an American businessman. He is Chair of Joseph P. Kennedy Enterprises, Inc. He is a son of former U.S. Senator Robert F. Kennedy, a member of the Kennedy family. Kennedy served as Chair of the Board of Trustees for the University of Illinois from 2009 to 2015. Until April 2012, he was also president of Merchandise Mart Properties, a commercial property management firm based in Chicago.

paragraphs: He was a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.


title: J. B. Pritzker

paragraphs: Jay Robert "J. B." Pritzker (born January 19, 1965) is an American venture capitalist, entrepreneur, philanthropist, and private business owner based in Chicago. He is the 43rd and current Governor of Illinois since 2019.

paragraphs: Pritzker was managing partner and co-founder of the Pritzker Group, a private investment firm that operates middle-market service and industrial companies and invests in digital technology companies. He is a member of the Pritzker family, and has an estimated net worth of $3.4 billion. This makes Pritzker the richest officeholder in the country.

paragraphs: He ran as the Democratic Party candidate for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election against Governor Bruce Rauner. His running mate was state legislator Juliana Stratton. Pritzker beat Rauner in the election in a landslide victory of 52% to 39%.


title: 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election

paragraphs: The 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election took place on November 6, 2018, to elect the Governor of Illinois. The Democratic and Republican primary elections took place on March 20, 2018 and the Libertarian Party state convention was held on March 4th.

paragraphs: Incumbent Republican Governor Bruce Rauner ran for re-election to a second term against Democrat J. B. Pritzker and Libertarian Kash Jackson.

paragraphs: In March 2018, the primary results concluded with J. B. Pritzker winning the Democratic nomination with Rauner winning the Republican nomination. Meanwhile, Kash Jackson won the Libertarian Party nomination during a state convention in Bloomington, IL.

paragraphs: Pritzker defeated incumbent Rauner in the general election by a landslide.


title: Daniel Biss

paragraphs: Daniel Kálmán Biss (born August 27, 1977) is an American mathematician. He was a member of the Illinois Senate from the 9th district, serving from January 2013 to January 2019. The district includes Chicago's northern suburbs, including Evanston, Glencoe, Glenview, Golf, Morton Grove, Golf, Northbrook, Northfield, Skokie, Wilmette, and Winnetka.

paragraphs: Biss previously served in the Illinois House of Representatives from 2011 to 2013.


title: Scott Drury

paragraphs: Scott Drury (born 1972) is an American politician. He is the Illinois state representative for the 58th district and a Democratic candidate for governor. The 58th district includes all or parts of Bannockburn, Deerfield, Glencoe, Highwood, Highland Park, Lake Bluff Lake Forest, Lincolnshire, Northbrook and North Chicago.


title: Ameya Pawar

paragraphs: Ameya Pawar (born April 22, 1980) is an American politician. He is the alderman for the 47th Ward of the City of Chicago. He was first elected in the 2011 municipal elections, and was elected to a second term on February 24, 2015. Pawar's 2015 re-election was secured with over 82% of the vote, the largest margin in the election cycle.

paragraphs: Pawar is the first Indian American and Asian American in Chicago City Council history.

paragraphs: He is a candidate in the Democratic Party primary for Governor of Illinois in the 2018 election.


title: Kent Lee

paragraphs: Kent Liston Lee (July 28, 1923 – August 11, 2017) was a Vice Admiral of the United States Navy. The 36-year veteran of the Navy saw combat in World War II and commanded the aircraft carrier during the Vietnam War. He was best known for his work in driving the development and procurement of the F/A-18 Hornet.

paragraphs: Lee died in Charlottesville, Virginia on August 11, 2017 at the age of 94.


title: Perch Zeytuntsyan

paragraphs: Perch Zeytuntsyan (, July 18, 1938 – August 21, 2017) was an Egyptian-born Armenian playwright and screenwriter. He served as Minister of Culture of Armenia from 1990 to 1991.

paragraphs: In 1975, Zeytuntsyan became the executive secretary of the Writer’s Union of Armenia, a position he held until 1981. He went on to become the Minister of Culture in the first post-Soviet administration of the Republic of Armenia.


title: Vicente Iturat

paragraphs: Vicente Iturat Gil (22 August 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a Spanish cyclist. He won the Points classification in the 1957 Vuelta a España. He was born in Alcalà de Xivert, Spain.

paragraphs: Iturat died on 18 August 2017 in Vilanova i la Geltrú, Spain at the age of 88.


title: Chicago City Council

paragraphs: The Chicago City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Chicago in Illinois. It is made up of 50 aldermen elected from 50 wards to serve four-year terms.

paragraphs: The Chicago City Council is set into session regularly (usually monthly) to consider ordinances, orders, and resolutions whose subject matter includes traffic code changes, utilities, taxes, and many other issues. The presiding officer of the Chicago City Council is the Mayor of Chicago. The secretary is the City Clerk of Chicago. Both positions are popularly elected offices.

paragraphs: The Chicago City Council Chambers are located in Chicago City Hall. Also located in the building are the downtown offices of the individual aldermen and staff.


title: Susana Mendoza

paragraphs: Susana Mendoza (born May 13, 1972) is an American politician and the current Comptroller of Illinois. She formerly served as Chicago City Clerk and as a Illinois State Representative, representing the 1st District of Illinois – which included the Chicago communities of Brighton Park, Little Village, Gage Park and Back of the Yards.

paragraphs: She was first elected in 2001 and served into her sixth term, when she won the election for Chicago City Clerk in February 2011.

paragraphs: On November 2, 2018 a video leaked from Mendoza’s campaign showing her plans to run for Mayor of Chicago in 2019 even though she successfully ran for re-election as Comptroller in 2018. Eight days after winning her re-election on November 14, Mendoza launched her mayoral campaign. She lost in the first round of the election.


title: City Clerk of Chicago

paragraphs: The City Clerk of Chicago is in charge of record-keeping for the city of Chicago and its elections. When the Chicago City Council is in session, the City Clerk serves as council secretary. This position is a citywide elected office.

paragraphs: The City Clerk's office is responsible for maintaining official city government records, distributing approximately 1.3 million vehicle stickers and residential parking permits, and issuing city business licenses.

paragraphs: The current city clerk is Anna Valencia.


title: Toni Preckwinkle

paragraphs: Toni Preckwinkle (née Reed; March 17, 1947) is an American politician. She is the current Cook County Board President and a former alderman in the Chicago City Council representing Chicago's 4th ward in Cook County, Illinois, United States.

paragraphs: She was elected on November 2, 2010, as President of the Cook County Board, the Executive Branch of Cook County government. Preckwinkle first sought office in 1983 and was defeated twice before securing election in 1991 and being re-elected as alderman four times.

paragraphs: On September 20, 2018, Preckwinkle announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 election to replace Rahm Emanuel. She advanced to the runoff election on April 2. She was defeated by Lightfoot by nearly 50%.


title: Premier Guitar

paragraphs: Premier Guitar is a music magazine. A new issue is made every month. Articles in the magazine are usually about guitar players. The magazine has interviews, reviews, and information on how to play songs on guitar or bass guitar. The magazine started in 2007. .


title: Tove Alsterdal

paragraphs: Tove Kerstin Alsterdal, born on the 28th of December 1960 in Malmö, is a Swedish author, journalist and playwright.

paragraphs: In 2009 she made her debut with her first book in the thriller genre, ‘The Forgotten Dead‘, and has since been published in many countries worldwide.

paragraphs: She has also written manuscripts for movies and theatre, and been an editor for author Liza Marklund’s bestselling crime novels.

paragraphs: Alsterdal was born year 1960 in Malmö. Her father was the journalist and author Alvar Alsterdal (1926-1991) from Alster in Värmland, Sweden. Alsterdal’s mother Elsa Bolin (1928-2009) was from Tornedalen, the northernmost part of Sweden bordering Finland.

paragraphs: Alsterdal grew up in Umeå in northern Sweden and in Jakobsberg, a suburb in Stockholm that she has depicted in her novel, ‘"Let me take your han"d’. During her first years of her career after graduating from high school she worked as a psychiatric nurse at Beckomberga hospital, a mental institution that recurs in the novel ‘Do not turn around’.

paragraphs: In the years 1984-1985 Alsterdal studied journalism at Kalix Folkhögskola in the north of Sweden. There she met Liza Marklund with whom she would come to work closely with, author to author.

paragraphs: Alsterdal lived in the town Luleå in Norrbotten for many years as an adult, where she among other things worked as a journalist for radio and TV, and started off her career as a playwright. Nowadays she lives in Stockholm. She has three daughters with her previous husband Nikolaj Alsterdal (née Andersen), the oldest born in 1999 and twins born in 2002.

paragraphs: Tove Alsterdal worked as a freelance journalist when she started writing drama for the fringe theatre Teater Scratch in Luleå in the beginning of the 1990’s. Later she wrote manuscripts for county theatres, opera, radio, TV and movies.

paragraphs: In the spring of 2000, Alsterdal bought Alfred Nobel’s former laboratory in Vinterviken, Stockholm and ran her own cabaret theatre with her ex husband.

paragraphs: With the actress and director Helena Bergström she wrote the manuscript to the movie ‘Så Olika’ (English translation: ‘So Different’) that premiered towards the end of 2009.

paragraphs: Alsterdal made her debut as a novelist with the thriller ‘Women on the beach’. The idea of the novel was at first meant to be a movie manuscript but the possible producers found it would be too expensive as the story is set in seven countries. The story centres itself around people who drown when fleeing over the Mediterranean Sea and people who are taken advantage of as slave labour in Europe. The novel was praised by critics and has been published in nineteen languages.

paragraphs: The movie rights to ‘Women on the beach/The Forgotten Dead’ are sold to the British Filmwave AB who are developing a six part TV miniseries based on the story.

paragraphs: All of Alsterdal’s thrillers are standalone novels. She has been compared to the likes of Dennis Lehane and Dan Brown, and has been called “the John Le Carré of Sweden”.

paragraphs: In 2012 her second novel, ‘Grave of silence’, was published. It is set in Tornedalen, in the north of Sweden, and is about the Swedes who emigrated to the Soviet Union in the 1930’s. Alsterdals relative Nils Bucht was one of the people who disappeared under Stalin’s terror. The novel was nominated as the best crime novel of the year in Sweden, the Netherlands and France.

paragraphs: Alsterdals third novel, ‘Let me take your hand’, was awarded the prize for the best crime novel by the Swedish Crime Writer’s Academy in 2014. The novel is set in the Stockholm suburb that the author grew up in, Jakobsberg, and in Argentina where a Swedish woman disappears during the military dictatorship in the 1970’s. “An elaborate and linguistically nuanced weave of mystery and contemporary history” read the motivation for the award.

paragraphs: In ‘Do not turn around’, published in 2016, Alsterdal returns to the mental hospital where she worked when she was younger. The novel depicts the collision between the place’s dark past and the new residence idyll that is growing in the area. The only witness to a murder is a Romani beggar.

paragraphs: “Not many authors would succeed in tying together a normal townhouse life with a society in free fall, combine big politics with murder mysteries with a gripping depiction of feeling alone within one’s family. But Tove Alsterdal does just that”, wrote best selling author and critic Malin Persson Giolito in the magazine ‘Amelia’.

paragraphs: Tove Alsterdal has been author Liza Marklund’s editor since ‘Sprängaren’ (The Bomber, 1998). She met Marklund at the school of journalism in 1984. Marklund has also been the first reader of all of Alsterdal’s novels. Together, they have written the manuscript for the movie based on the New York Times No 1 bestselling novel ‘Postcard Killers’ by Liza Marklund and James Patterson. The movie is expected to go into production in 2017 (George Films), directed by Janusz Kaminski, a cinematographer and academy award winner for ‘Schindler’s List’ and ‘Saving private Ryan’.


title: Stanisław Tym

paragraphs: Stanisław Tym born 17 July 1937) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Tym has directed one movie "Ryś" in 2007. He is best known for his role Ryszard Ochódzki in cult polish movie "Teddy Bear" and two sequels: "Controlled Conversations" and "Ryś".


title: Mercedes-Benz O309

paragraphs: The Mercedes-Benz O 309 was the bus version of the Düsseldorfer Transporter, It was built by Mercedes-Benz from 1967 to 1986.


title: Willamette River

paragraphs: The Willamette River is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia.

paragraphs: Originally created by plate tectonics about 35 million years ago and subsequently altered by volcanism and erosion, the river's drainage basin was significantly modified by the Missoula Floods at the end of the most recent ice age. Humans began living in the watershed over 10,000 years ago. There were once many tribal villages along the lower river and in the area around its mouth on the Columbia. Indigenous peoples lived throughout the upper reaches of the basin as well.


title: Tony deBrum

paragraphs: Tony deBrum (February 26, 1945 – August 22, 2017) was a Marshallese politician and government minister. From 2012 and 2014, he was the Minister in Assistance to the President of Marshall Islands. He was an activist relating to climate change, and has been part of many conferences and demonstrations, including the People’s Climate March in New York City in September 2014.

paragraphs: In mid December 2015, he took part in the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference. He succeeded to form a new coalition between developed countries and developing countries called "High Ambition Coalition".

paragraphs: He was Foreign Minister of the Marshall Islands from 1979 till 1987, 2008 till 2009 and 2014 till 2016.

paragraphs: deBrum died at his home in Majuro, Marshall Islands on August 22, 2017 at the age of 72.


title: Litokwa Tomeing

paragraphs: Iroij Litokwa Tomeing (14 October 1939 – 12 October 2020) was a Marshallese politician. He was the President of the Marshall Islands from January 2008 until October 2009.

paragraphs: Tomeing died on 12 October 2020 in Springdale, Arkansas, two days before his 81st birthday.


title: Emlain Kabua

paragraphs: Emlain Kabua (born February 1928) is a Marshallese artist and political figure. She is the former First Lady of the Marshall Islands and the widow of former Marshallese President Amata Kabua. Kabua served as the first First Lady of the Marshall Islands from 1979 until 1996.

paragraphs: She is known for being the designer of the Flag of the Marshall Islands.


title: Flag of the Marshall Islands

paragraphs: The flag of the Marshall Islands, an island nation in the Pacific, was adopted upon the start of self-government, May 1, 1979. The flag was designed by Emlain Kabua, who was the first First Lady of the republic.

paragraphs: Rules about the flag are set forth in the Official Flag of the Marshall Islands Act 1979 (Public Law 1979-1).


title: Amata Kabua

paragraphs: Amata Kabua (November 17, 1928 – 20 December 1996) was a Marshallese politician. He was the first President of the Marshall Islands from 1979 to 1996.

paragraphs: Kabua died in office after a long illness, on December 20, 1996, in Honolulu, Hawaii, aged 68.


title: Margot Hielscher

paragraphs: Margot Hielscher (29 September 1919 – 20 August 2017) was a German singer and actress. She appeared in over fifty movies between and 1939 and 1994.

paragraphs: Hielscher was born in Berlin. In 1957, she was chosen to represent Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 1957 with the song "Telefon, Telefon" "(Telephone, Telephone)". The song finished fourth out of ten, with eight points.

paragraphs: Hielscher was chosen again to represent Germany at the Eurovision Song Contest 1958 with the song "Für Zwei Groschen Musik" "(Music For Two Pennies)". The song finished seventh out of ten, with 5 points.

paragraphs: In 1989, she starred in the TV series "Rivalen der Rennbahn".

paragraphs: Hielscher died in Munich on 20 August 2017, aged 97.


title: 1970 California gubernatorial election

paragraphs: The California gubernatorial election, 1970 was held on November 3, 1970. The incumbent, Republican Ronald Reagan, won re-election over Democrat and Speaker of the Assembly Jesse "Big Daddy" Unruh.

paragraphs: Reagan won 3,439,174 (52,83%) of the vote while Unruh won 2,938,607 (45.14%) of the vote.


title: Jesse M. Unruh

paragraphs: Jesse Marvin Unruh (September 30, 1922 – August 4, 1987), also known as Big Daddy Unruh, was an American Democratic politician. He was California State Treasurer. Unruh unsuccessfully ran for Governor of California against Ronald Reagan int the 1970 gubernatorial election. In 1973, Unruh ran unsuccessfully for Mayor of Los Angeles.

paragraphs: Unruh died of prostate cancer at his home in Marina Del Rey, California on August 4, 1987. He was 64 years old.


title: 1966 California gubernatorial election

paragraphs: The California gubernatorial election, 1966 was held on November 8, 1966. The election was a race between incumbent Governor Pat Brown, the Democratic candidate, and actor Ronald Reagan, the Republican candidate.

paragraphs: After his re-election victory over former Vice President Richard Nixon in 1962, Brown was strongly considered for Lyndon Johnson's 1964 ticket, a spot that eventually went to Hubert Humphrey. However, Brown's popularity began to sag amidst the civil disorders of the Watts riots and the early anti-Vietnam War demonstrations at U.C. Berkeley.

paragraphs: The Republicans seized upon Brown's sudden unpopularity by nominating a well known and charismatic political outsider – actor Ronald Reagan. With Richard Nixon working tirelessly behind the scenes and Reagan trumpeting his law and order campaign message, Reagan received almost 2/3 of the primary vote over George Christopher, the moderate Republican former mayor of San Francisco.

paragraphs: Reagan won the election in a landslide victory with 3,742,913 (57.55%) of the vote to Brown's 2,479,174 (42.27%).


title: Madhukar Hiralal Kania

paragraphs: Madhukar Hiralal Kania (M. H. Kania) (born 18 November 1927) is an Indian politician. He was the 23rd Chief Justice of India, serving from 13 December 1991 until his retirement on 17 November 1992. His uncle was Harilal J. Kania, the first Chief Justice of India. He was born in Bombay, India.

paragraphs: He began his legal career in 1964, and was appointed as a Judge of Bombay High Court in November-1971. In June 1986 he was appointed as Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court.

paragraphs: In May 1987, he was appointed as a Judge of the Supreme Court of India, and became the Chief Justice of India in December 1991.


title: Furna

paragraphs: Furna is a municipality of the district Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah

paragraphs: Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah (born 25 October 1929) is an Indian politician. He was the 25th Chief Justice of India. He served as Chief Justice from 1993 to 1994.

paragraphs: Post retirement, he has continued to work on anti-corruption and human rights issues, including support for the launch of the Initiatives of Change Centre for Governance in 2003.

paragraphs: He served as the Chairman of National Human Rights Commission from 1996-1998 and in 2000 he headed National Commission to review the working of the Constitution.


title: Dipak Misra

paragraphs: Justice Dipak Misra (born 3 October 1953) was the Judge of the Supreme Court and the Chief Justice of India. He took over as the 45th Chief Justice of India (CJI), succeeding the 44th CJI, Justice J. S. Khehar.

paragraphs: He was a judge of the Supreme Court of India and a former Chief Justice of the Patna and Delhi High Courts. He's the nephew of Justice Ranganath Misra, who was the 21st CJI during 1990-91.


title: Rishang Keishing

paragraphs: Rishang Keishing (25 October 1920 – 22 August 2017) was an Indian politician. He was a senior politician of the Indian National Congress party was a Member of the Parliament of India representing Manipur in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Indian Parliament. Keishing served as Chief Minister of Manipur from 1980 to 1988 and from 1994 to 1997. He was from Bungpa village, Ukhrul District, Manipur.

paragraphs: He was the oldest serving parliamentarian in the world, his term at Rajya Sabha, the Upper House of Indian Parliament ends 9 April 2014.

paragraphs: Keishing died on 22 August 2017, aged 96, in Imphal, Manipur of multiple organ failure.


title: Boris Spremo

paragraphs: Boris Spremo (Serbian Cyrillic: Борис Спремо; October 20, 1935 – August 21, 2017) was a Yugoslavian-born Canadian photojournalist.

paragraphs: Spremo found work with "The Globe and Mail", and finished his career with the "Toronto Star". The "Toronto Star" later called him "a legend in the business". Some of his photographs appeared in both Canadian and American magazines. He was known for his collages depicting life in Toronto.

paragraphs: Spremo died of complications of multiple myeloma in Toronto on August 21, 2017 at the age of 81.

paragraphs: Spremo won many regional and international awards for his work, including being the first Canadian ever to win a World Press Photo award. He was named a member of the Order of Canada in 1997.


title: Matthew Kia Yen-wen

paragraphs: Matthew Kia Yen-wen, (Chinese language: 賈彥文; January 17, 1925 – August 22, 2017) was a Chinese Bishop of Hualien and Chiayi, and served as Archbishop of Taipei. From 2015 until his death in 2017, he was the Archbishop Emeritus of Taipei. He was born in Yuenshi Hsien.

paragraphs: Kia was ordained on July 15, 1951 in Tainan, Taiwan. He was appointed the first Bishop of Chiayi on May 21, 1970 and installed on July 16, 1970. He was appointed Bishop of Hualien on December 14, 1974. He became the Archbishop of Taipei on November 18, 1978. He resigned on February 11, 1989.

paragraphs: Kia died on August 22, 2017 in Taipei, Taiwan at the age of 92.


title: Gordon M. Williams

paragraphs: Gordon Maclean Williams (20 June 1934 – 20 August 2017) was a Scottish author. He was born in Paisley, Renfrewshire. He wrote for television and was the author of more than 20 novels, including "From Scenes Like These" (1969), shortlisted for the Booker Prize in 1969, "Walk Don't Walk" (1972) and "Big Morning Blues" (1974). Other novels include "The Camp" (1966), "The Man Who Had Power Over Women" (1967) and "The Upper Pleasure Garden" (1970).

paragraphs: He was a ghostwriter for the autobiographies of association footballers Bobby Moore, Terry Venables and manager Tommy Docherty.

paragraphs: In 1971, his novel "The Siege of Trencher's Farm" was controversially filmed as "Straw Dogs".

paragraphs: Williams died on 20 August 2017 in Glasgow, Scotland at the age of 83.


Gordon Williams


title: Gordon Williams (footballer)

paragraphs: Gordon Williams (born 22 February 1929) is an English former footballer. He was born in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.

paragraphs: Williams played as a centre forward in the Football League for Sheffield United and Darlington. He made five league appearances for each club and scored once, for Darlington, on 4 November 1950 in a 3–2 home win against Scunthorpe United in the Third Division North.


title: Gordon E. Williams

paragraphs: Gordon E. Williams (born 1935) is a retired United States Air Force officer. He was a command pilot with more than 4,000 flying hours, he flew numerous Air Force and Navy aircraft. Upon his retirement on 1 August 1988, he was the director for plans and policy, J-5, Headquarters United States European Command, Stuttgart-Vaihingen, West Germany.

paragraphs: He was the commander of the 81st Tactical Fighter Wing, being stationed at RAF Bentwaters, England, in 1980 at the time of the Rendlesham Forest incident.


title: Thomas Meehan

paragraphs: Thomas Edward Meehan (August 14, 1929 – August 21, 2017) was an American writer. He was best known for "Annie", "The Producers", and "Hairspray". Meehan wrote books for musicals "Young Frankenstein" and "Cry-Baby". Meehan also co-wrote the book for "" and "".

paragraphs: Meehan won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1970, six Drama Desk Awards, and three Tony Awards.

paragraphs: Meehan was born in Ossining, New York, but grew up in Suffern, New York. He graduated from Hamilton College.

paragraphs: Meehan died on August 21, 2017 in Greenwich Village, New York City from cancer and surgical complications at the age of 88.


title: James Joseph Dresnok

paragraphs: James Joseph Dresnok (November 24, 1941 – November 2016) was an American defector to North Korea, one of six American soldiers to defect after the Korean War.

paragraphs: After defecting, Dresnok worked as an actor in propaganda movies, some directed by Kim Jong-il, and as an English teacher in Pyongyang. He was featured on the CBS magazine program "60 Minutes" on January 28, 2007, as the last United States defector alive in North Korea. He was also the subject of a documentary movie, "Crossing the Line" which was shown at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival.

paragraphs: In April 2017, a Western news organization that focuses on North Korea reported that Dresnok had died the previous year. On 21 August 2017, Dresnok's sons confirmed that he had died of a stroke in November 2016.


title: Wilhelm Killmayer

paragraphs: Wilhelm Killmayer (21 August 1927 – 20 August 2017) was a German composer of classical music, a conductor and an academic teacher of composition at the Hochschule für Musik und Theater München from 1973 to 1992.

paragraphs: He composed symphonies and song cycles on poems by Friedrich Hölderlin, Joseph von Eichendorff, Georg Trakl and Peter Härtling, among others.

paragraphs: Killmayers first composition was "Lorca-Romanzen" after Federico García Lorca, premiered at the Donaueschingen Festival. In 1954 he composed a Missa brevis, which was recorded and reviewed:Young (29) Munich-born Composer Wilhelm Killmayer's Missa Brevis ripples with exciting, shifting rhythms and rises skillfully to a colorful series of blasting choral climaxes occasionally more reminiscent of the bandstand than the choir.


title: Cautín Province

paragraphs: The Cautín Province () is one of two provinces of the Chilean region of Araucanía (IX). The provincial capital is the city of Temuco.

paragraphs: The Cautín province is in the southern half of the Araucanía region with an area of . The capital, Temuco, is in the central part of the province.

paragraphs: Cautín is bordered to the north by the Arauco and Malleco provinces, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Los Ríos region and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The climate in Temuco is a Mediterranean climate (Marine West Coast Climate), Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Temuco is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Temuco is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 667,920 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 449,147 persons ( of the total population).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Temuco, with 227,086 inhabitants. Other cities are Padre Las Casas (33,697 inhabitants) and Villarrica (27,408 inhabitants).

paragraphs: As a province, Cautín is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 21 communes ("comunas"). The city of Temuco serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Jim Whelan

paragraphs: Jim Whelan (November 8, 1948 – August 22, 2017) was an American Democratic Party politician. He served in the New Jersey State Senate where he represented the 2nd Legislative District, from January 8, 2008, until his death.

paragraphs: Whelan died at age 68 of a heart attack as complications from kidney surgery on August 22, 2017 in Atlantic City, New Jersey.


title: Greg Evers

paragraphs: Robert Gregory "Greg" Evers (June 16, 1955 – August 21, 2017) was a Republican American politician. He served as a member of the Florida Senate from 2010 to 2016, representing parts of Northwest Florida. Before to his election to the Senate, he served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, representing the 1st District from 2001 to 2010.

paragraphs: Evers was killed in a car crash on August 21, 2017, near his home in Baker, Florida, aged 62.


title: Dean Rusk

paragraphs: David Dean Rusk (February 9, 1909 – December 20, 1994) was an American politician. He served as the United States Secretary of State from 1961 to 1969 under presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. Rusk is the second-longest serving U.S. Secretary of State of all time, behind only Cordell Hull and tied with William H. Seward.

paragraphs: As Secretary of State he believed in the use of military action to combat communism. On March 24, 1961, Rusk released a brief statement saying his delegation was to travel to Bangkok and the SEATO nations' responsibility should be considered if peace settlements are not realized.

paragraphs: In 1964, Rusk said the US would not be pushed out of the Gulf of Tonkin and that the prevention of it becoming a "communist lake" would be assured by the continued presence of American forces there.

paragraphs: During his later years, Rusk showed his support of Richard Nixon and his handling of the Cold War.

paragraphs: Rusk died of heart failure in Athens, Georgia on December 20, 1994, at the age of 85.


title: Tom Pritchard

paragraphs: Thomas Leslie "Tom" Pritchard (10 March 1917 – 22 August 2017) was a New Zealand cricketer. He was born in Kaupokonui, Taranaki, New Zealand.

paragraphs: Pritchard played most of his first-class cricket in England. Pritchard was a genuinely fast right-arm bowler and a useful lower order right-handed batsman who played in several matches for Wellington before the Second World War. He said in 2013 that his 1939 memories of a game at the Basin Reserve and of playing for his country were still strong.

paragraphs: In March 2017 he became only the third New Zealand first-class cricketer, after John Wheatley and Syd Ward, to reach 100 years of age.

paragraphs: Pritchard died at the age of 100 on 22 August 2017 in Levin, New Zealand of pneumonia-related complications.


title: John Abercrombie (guitarist)

paragraphs: John Laird Abercrombie (December 16, 1944 – August 22, 2017) was an American jazz guitarist, composer and bandleader.

paragraphs: His work explored jazz fusion, post bop, free jazz and avant-garde jazz. Abercrombie studied at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts. He recorded his debut album, "Timeless" with Manfred Eicher's ECM label, and recorded principally with this label since then. Abercrombie played with Billy Cobham, Ralph Towner, Jack DeJohnette, Charles Lloyd, Michael Brecker and Randy Brecker. He was known for his spare, understated and eclectic style and his work with organ trios.

paragraphs: Abercrombie died of heart failure in Cortland, New York on 22 August 2017 at the age of 72.


title: Roberto Gottardi

paragraphs: Roberto Gottardi (30 January 1927 – 21 August 2017) was an Italian architect. He was known for designing buildings across Cuba in the aftermath of the Cuban Revolution. He designed the National Art Schools, which was commissioned by Fidel Castro.


title: Jerzy Leśniak

paragraphs: Jerzy Leśniak (August 14, 1957 – August 20, 2017) was a Polish journalist and historian. He was born in Nowy Sącz, Poland.

paragraphs: His best-known book, "Encyklopedia Sądecka" (published in 2000, co-authored with Augustyn Leśniak and Karol Leśniak), has been so far the most comprehensive source and compendium of the region's history, as well as personal biographies and rare illustrations. He was also an editor-in-chief of a weekly regional magazine "Echo" and a quarterly "Nowy Sącz". During the years 2003-2006 he was a spokesman of the president of the city of Nowy Sącz.

paragraphs: Leśniak died in Warsaw, Poland on August 20, 2017 of a heart attack at the age of 60.


title: Mirosława Litmanowicz

paragraphs: Mirosława Litmanowicz (Mirosława Kałęcka; 6 September 1928 – 18 August 2017) was a Polish chess player. She won the Polish Women's Chess Championship in 1968 and the FIDE Woman International Master in 1967. She was born in Warsaw.

paragraphs: Litmanowicz died on 18 August 2017 at the age of 89.


title: Joe Klein (baseball executive)

paragraphs: Joseph Anthony Klein III (August 22, 1942 — August 23, 2017) was an American professional baseball executive. He was born in Baltimore, Maryland.

paragraphs: Klein was the executive director of the Atlantic League of Professional Baseball, an independent circuit that operates in the Northeast United States. Klein was a farm director, scouting director, and general manager in Major League Baseball from 1976 through 1995.

paragraphs: Klein served as the baseball executive for the Texas Rangers, Cleveland Indians, and Detroit Tigers.

paragraphs: Klein died on August 23, 2017 at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from complications of heart surgery at the age of 75.


title: Lateef Raji

paragraphs: Lateef Oludare Raji (12 October 1962 – 14 August 2017) was a Nigerian politician. He was the former special adviser on Information and Strategy to former Lagos State Governor, Babatunde Raji Fashola. He was also a commissioner to former Lagos state Governor Bola Tinubu.

paragraphs: Raji was a serving member of the Lagos State Independent Electoral Commission committee (LASIEC) before his death.

paragraphs: Raji died of throat cancer at his home in Magodo, Nigeria on 14 August 2017 at the age of 54.


title: Joe Klein

paragraphs: Joe Klein (born September 7, 1946) is an American political columnist, writer, critic, historian and journalist. He works for "Time" magazine and is known for his novel "Primary Colors".

paragraphs: Klein is currently a member of the Council on Foreign Relations and is a former Guggenheim Fellow. He has also written articles and book reviews for "The New Republic", "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", "Life", and "Rolling Stone".

paragraphs: Klein was born in New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in New York City and in New Rochelle, New York. Klein studied at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1967, he married Janet Eklund. They divorced in 1975. They had 2 children. He is now married to Victoria Kaunitz. They have two children.


title: Jay Van Andel

paragraphs: Jay Van Andel (June 3, 1924 – December 7, 2004) was an American businessman and billionaire. He was best known as co-founder of the Amway Corporation, along with Richard DeVos. He was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

paragraphs: He also served as chairman of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce from 1979 to 1980 and later as a member of its Senior Council from 1980 to 1985.

paragraphs: He was also known for funding religious missions and conservative political causes, including the Republican Party.

paragraphs: Van Andel was a member of the Christian Reformed Church in North America. He died of Parkinson's disease in Ada Township, Michigan on December 7, 2004, at the age of 80.


title: Amway

paragraphs: Amway (short for "American Way"; ) is an American company specializing in the use of multi-level marketing to sell health, beauty, and home care products. Amway and its sister companies under Alticor reported sales of $9.5 billion in 2015.

paragraphs: It conducts business through a number of affiliated companies in more than a hundred countries and territories. Amway was ranked No. 29 among the largest privately held companies in the United States by "Forbes" in 2015 based on revenue, and No. 1 among multi-level marketing companies by "Direct Selling News" in 2016.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1959 by Jay Van Andel and Richard DeVos and is based in Ada Township, Michigan.


title: Malleco Province

paragraphs: The Malleco Province () is one of two provinces of the Chilean region of Araucanía (IX). The provincial capital is the city of Angol.

paragraphs: The Malleco province is in the northern half of the Araucanía region with an area of . The capital, Temuco, is in the northwestern part of the province.

paragraphs: Malleco is bordered to the north by the Bío Bío provinces, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Cautín province and to the west by the Arauco province.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Angol-Los Estanques, at an altitude of , is . The month with the most precipitation on average is July with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 201,615 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 139,261 persons ( of the total population).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Angol, with 43,801 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Malleco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 11 communes ("comunas"). The city of Angol serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Troisdorf

paragraphs: Troisdorf is a town in the Rhein-Sieg-Kreis (district) in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.

paragraphs: It is 22 km south of Cologne and 13 km northeast of Bonn.


title: Kirtland, Ohio

paragraphs: Kirtland is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 6,866 at the 2010 census. Kirtland was the headquarters of the Latter Day Saints movement from 1831–1838.


title: Cock Lane

paragraphs: Cock Lane is a small street in Smithfield, London which runs east to Giltspur Street and west to Snow Hill.

paragraphs: It was known as "Cokkes Lane" during the Middle Ages - when the lane was known for it's legal brothels. However, it is most well known for the ghost that is said to be around the area since 1762. It is also known for being where Christian preacher and writer John Bunyan died of a fever in 1688.

paragraphs: The junction between this lane and Giltspur Street marks an area known as Pye Corner which serves as a marker for the furthest reach of the Great Fire of London. A monument, the Golden Boy of Pye Corner, marks this location.


title: Mass-to-charge ratio

paragraphs: The mass-to-charge ratio is a physical quantity (it is an amount that can be measured). The SI unit is kg/C, which is kilograms divided by the coulomb. Sometimes the charge-to-mass ratio is used instead.

paragraphs: In a vacuum, all particles with the same mass-to-charge ratio move in the same path, when in the same strength of electric and magnetic fields.

paragraphs: It is important for things like mass spectrometry.


title: Alain Berbérian

paragraphs: Alain Berbérian (; July 2, 1953 – August 22, 2017) was a French movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Beirut, Lebanon. He was known for directing "La Cité de la peur", "Le Boulet", and "The Corsican File". He was also known writing the screenplay of "Paparazzi".

paragraphs: Berbérian died on August 22, 2017 at the age of 63.


title: Jason Clarke

paragraphs: Jason Clarke (born 17 July 1969) is an Australian actor.

paragraphs: Clarke is known for playing Tommy Caffee on the television series "Brotherhood". He has also appeared in many movies such as "Death Race" (2008), "Public Enemies" (2009), "Zero Dark Thirty" (2013), "White House Down" (2013), "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014), "Terminator Genisys" (2015), "Everest" (2015) and "Chappaquiddick" (2017).


title: Heinz Lieven

paragraphs: Heinz Lieven (born April 18, 1928) is a German actor. He was born in Hamburg, Germany. His career began in the 1950s. Lieven made his international movie debut in Aleksandar Petrovic's "Group Portrait with Lady" and played a former SS Officer named Aloise Lange in the 2011 movie "This Must Be the Place".


title: Rachna Khatau

paragraphs: Rachna Khatau (born 29 January 1981) is an British-American actress, singer and television host. She is known for her role as Sondra in the Freeform sitcom "Baby Daddy" appearing in the series from 2013 through 2017. As a singer, Rachna was previously signed to a record deal with a subsidiary label of Universal Records. She has hosted live shows and worked as a red carpet correspondent for "Extra".

paragraphs: Khatau was born in London, England. She was raised in Chicago, Illinois. She received a master's degree in journalism at the University of Southern California.


title: Ancient Greek philosophy

paragraphs: Ancient Greek philosophy started in the 6th century BC and continued during the Hellenistic period and Roman Empire. Philosophy was a way to think about the world. The term was invented in Greece. Back then it included the sciences, maths, politics, and ethics.

paragraphs: Greek philosophy is one of the foundations of Western culture. It has been referred to in Rome, Islamic philosophy, and the Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment.

paragraphs: Greek philosophy may have been somewhat influenced by the ancient Near East. Some of the most important philosophers are Socrates, Aristotle, and Plato. Alexander the Great even learned Greek philosophy before conquering the Persian empire.

paragraphs: Many philosophers thought mathematics was important to all knowledge, and Euclid was one of the founders of mathematical thought. He wrote a famous book on geometry called The Elements.

paragraphs: Many sophists were active, including Protagoras. They are known mostly from what Socrates said against them.

paragraphs: Pythagoras may have been a mystic or a rationalist. We do not know that much. He is known for the Pythagorean theorem.

paragraphs: Socrates may have been born in Athens in the 5th century BCE. He was very important. Athens was a center of learning. People went there to talk about ideas. However, it became a crime to philosophize. Some people were accused. But Socrates was the only one who was killed in 399 BCE (see Trial of Socrates). In his defense speech (presented by Plato), he says it's because others were jealous.

paragraphs: He is considered the founder of political philosophy.

paragraphs: Many of his conversations end without a conclusion. So he is known for the Socratic method.

paragraphs: Socrates taught that no one wants what is bad, and so if anyone does something bad, it must be unintentional out of ignorance; he concludes that all virtue is knowledge. He often talks about his own ignorance.

paragraphs: Aristotle influenced Plato's dialogues and Plato's student Aristotle. Their ideas influenced the Roman empire, the Islamic Golden Age, and the Renaissance.

paragraphs: Plato was from Athens. He came a generation after Socrates. He wrote thirty-six dialogues and thirteen letters to Socrates, though some may be fake.

paragraphs: Plato's dialogues have Socrates. Along with Xenophon, Plato is the primary source of information about Socrates' life. Socrates was known for irony and not often giving own opinions.

paragraphs: Plato wrote the "Republic", the "Laws", and the "Statesman". The Republic says there will not be justice in cities unless they are ruled by philosopher kings; those who enforcing the laws should treat their women, children, and property in common; and the individual should tell noble lies to promote the common good. The "Republic" says that such a city is likely impossible as it thinks philosophers would refuse to rule and the people would refuse to be ruled by philosophers.

paragraphs: Plato is known for his theory of forms. It says that there are non-physical abstract ideas that have the highest form and most real kind of reality.

paragraphs: Aristotle moved to Athens in 367 BC and began to study philosophy. He studied at Plato's Academy. He left Athens twenty years later to study botany and zoology. He became a teacher of Alexander the Great and returned to Athens ten years later to create his own school: the Lyceum. At least twenty-nine of his books have survived, known as the "corpus Aristotelicum." He wrote about logic, physics, optics, metaphysics, ethics, rhetoric, politics, poetry, botany, and zoology.

paragraphs: Aristotle disagreed with his teacher Plato. He criticizes the governments in Plato's "Republic" and "Laws", and refers to the theory of forms as "empty words and poetic metaphors." He cares more about empirical observation and practical concerns.

paragraphs: Aristotle was not that famous during the Hellenistic period, when Stoic logic was still popular. But later people popularized his work, which influenced Islamic, Jewish, and Christian philosophy. Avicenna referred to him simply as "the Master"; Maimonides, Alfarabi, Averroes, and Aquinas referred to him as "the Philosopher."

paragraphs: During the Hellenistic and Roman periods, many different schools of thought developed in the Hellenistic world and the Greco-Roman world. Greeks, Romans, Egyptians, Syrians and Arabs who contributed. Persian philosophy and Indian philosophy also had an influence.

paragraphs: The spread of Christianity followed by the spread of Islam further spread Hellenistic philosophy. It influenced the three Abrahamic traditions: Jewish philosophy, Christian philosophy, and early Islamic philosophy.

paragraphs: During the Middle Ages, Greek ideas were largely forgotten in Western Europe due to the Migration Period, which caused a decline in literacy. In the Byzantine Empire Greek ideas were kept and studied.

paragraphs: After the expansion of Islam, the Abbasid caliphs started translating Greek philosophy. Islamic philosophers such as Al-Kindi (Alkindus), Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Ibn Rushd (Averroes) reinterpreted these works. During the High Middle Ages Greek philosophy re-entered the West through translations from Arabic to Latin and also from the Byzantine Empire.

paragraphs: The re-introduction of these philosophies, plus new Arabic commentaries, had great influence on Medieval philosophers such as Thomas Aquinas.

paragraphs: Still Arab translators threw away books that disagreed with Islam. For example, Al-Mansur Ibn and Abi Aamir burned the Al-hakam II library in Córdoba in 976.


title: Amelyn Veloso

paragraphs: Amelyn Jean Veloso (April 25, 1974 – August 24, 2017) was a Filipina broadcast journalist of CNN Philippines. She was the anchor of morning show New Day, Morning Newsroom, and public service program Serbisyo All Access. She was born in Cebu City, Philippines.

paragraphs: She was a co-anchor of "Solar Daybreak" from 7 January 2013 until her death in 2017. until 2014.

paragraphs: On August 24, 2017, Veloso died due to complications from liver cancer in Manila at the age of 42.


title: Michał Żebrowski

paragraphs: Michał Jan Żebrowski (born 17 June 1972) is a Polish actor and dramatist. He owns the theater 6 Piętro.


title: Lorain, Ohio

paragraphs: Lorain is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The city is located in northeastern Ohio on Lake Erie. It is about 30 miles west of Cleveland. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 64,097, making it Ohio's tenth largest city, the third largest in Greater Cleveland, and the largest in Lorain County by population.


title: Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017

paragraphs: A total solar eclipse happened on August 21, 2017. It could be seen in the United States. A partial eclipse could be seen from northern Canada to northern South America, and in northwestern Europe, northwestern Africa, and the most eastern part of Asia.


title: East Lancs EL2000

paragraphs: The East Lancs EL2000 is single-decker bus body built by East Lancashire Coachbuilders from 1989 to 1996 .

paragraphs: It could be built on the Volvo B10M, Volvo B6, Dennis Falcon, Dennis Dart, Dennis Lance, Scania K93 and Scania N113 chassis

paragraphs: It's had various facelifts through the years


title: Jay Thomas

paragraphs: Jon Thomas Terrell (July 12, 1948 – August 24, 2017), professionally known as Jay Thomas, was an American actor, comedian, and radio talk show host.

paragraphs: His well known television work included his role as Remo DaVinci on "Mork & Mindy" (1979–81), the recurring role of Eddie LeBec on "Cheers" (1987–89), the lead character Jack Stein on "Love & War" (1992–95), and a repeat guest role as Jerry Gold on "Murphy Brown".

paragraphs: Thomas won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series in 1990 and 1991 for playing Gold.

paragraphs: In 1997, he starred in the television movie "Killing Mr. Griffin", based on the novel of the same name. In movie, he co-starred in "Mr Holland's Opus" and portrayed The Easter Bunny in "The Santa Clause 2" and "The Santa Clause 3". He was also an annual guest on "The Late Show with David Letterman" during the Christmas season.

paragraphs: Beginning in 2005, he hosted "The Jay Thomas Show" on SiriusXM Satellite Radio, and was on every Friday afternoon on Howard 101.

paragraphs: Thomas died in Santa Barbara, California of throat cancer on August 24, 2017 at the age of 69.


title: Petorca Province

paragraphs: The Petorca Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). Its capital is the city of La Ligua.

paragraphs: The Petorca province is the largest province in the Valparaíso region with an area of .

paragraphs: The Petorca province is the most northern of the provinces of the region and is on the coast along the Pacific Ocean. It is bordered to the north by the Coquimbo region, to the east by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, to the south by the Quillota province, and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 70,610 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is La Ligua, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 17,048 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Petorca is a second-level administrative division, consisting of six communes ("comunas"). The city of La Ligua serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Jack Rosenthal (journalist)

paragraphs: Jacob "Jack" Rosenthal (30 June 1935 – 23 August 2017) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning American journalist, editor and executive. He was born in Tel Aviv during Mandatory Palestine. He was best known for his work at "The New York Times". In 1982, he won the Pulitzer Prize for distinguished editorial writing on national politics and social policy.

paragraphs: Rosenthal was the president of "The New York Times" Company Foundation from 2000 to 2009. Thereafter, he was a senior fellow at The Atlantic Philanthropies from 2010 to 2014.

paragraphs: Rosenthal died on 23 August 2017 in Manhattan, New York of complications from pancreatic cancer at the age of 82.


title: Alan Boswell

paragraphs: Alan Henry Boswell (8 August 1943 – 24 August 2017) was an English football goalkeeper who made 479 league and cup appearances in a 12-year career in the English Football League. He was born in Walsall, England.

paragraphs: He began his career at Walsall in 1961, before moving on to Shrewsbury Town in 1963. He spent five years at the club, before winning a move to First Division club Wolverhampton Wanderers in 1968. The next year he moved on to Bolton Wanderers, before signing with Port Vale in July 1972. He left Vale Park in May 1974, and later turned out for Oswestry Town.

paragraphs: Boswell died on 24 August 2017 at the age of 74.


title: Alan Sayers

paragraphs: Alan John Sayers (6 December 1915 – 19 August 2017) was a New Zealand journalist, photographer and athlete. He was born Onehunga, New Zealand.

paragraphs: Sayers represented "The New Zealand Herald" prior to World War II. When the war was over he was invited to join the "Auckland Star" where he was the first reporter in New Zealand to receive a personal by-line. In 1953 he was an official journalist on the tour of Queen Elizabeth 11 to the Pacific Islands and New Zealand.

paragraphs: Sayers died in Auckland on 19 August 2017 at the age of 101.


title: Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing

paragraphs: Anne-Aymone Giscard d'Estaing, born Anne-Aymone Marie Josèphe Christiane Sauvage de Brantès on 10 April 1933 in Paris), is the wife of former President of France Valéry Giscard d'Estaing.


title: Bernadette Chirac

paragraphs: Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chirac (born Bernadette Thérèse Marie Chodron de Courcel; 18 May 1933) is a French politician and the widow of the former President Jacques Chirac.

paragraphs: Since 2001, Bernadette has been a leading member of the "Pièces Jaunes" (Yellow Coins), a charity that aids children in French hospitals by collecting small change. On 3 September 2007, she became the president of the "Fondation Claude-Pompidou" (Claude Pompidou Foundation), following the death of its founder, Claude Pompidou.

paragraphs: She also helped her husband's being elected in 1995 and is herself an elected official in Corrèze, the couple's home "département".


title: Brigitte Macron

paragraphs: Brigitte Marie-Claude Macron (; "née" Trogneux, , previously Auzière, ; born 13 April 1953) is the wife and former high school teacher of Emmanuel Macron, the President of the French Republic.

paragraphs: In 2015, to help support her husband in his political career, she ended her career as a teacher of literature at the elite lycée Saint-Louis de Gonzague in Paris.

paragraphs: Macron ran for the city council of Truchtersheim in Bas-Rhin in 1989, but lost. It would be the only time she would run for office.

paragraphs: In 2017, Brigitte Macron played an active role in her husband's presidential campaign; a top adviser was quoted as saying that "her presence is essential for him". Emmanuel Macron stated that upon his winning of the French presidency, his wife "will have the role that she always had with me, she will not be hidden".


title: Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx

paragraphs: Gladys Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx (12 January 1916 – 6 June 2018) was an English poet. She was the widow of Harold Wilson, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the mid- to late-1960s and mid-1970s. Her birth name was Gladys Mary Baldwin.

paragraphs: In 1970 her volume of poetry, "Selected Poems", was published and in 1976 Wilson was one of three judges of the Man Booker Prize, the other judges being Walter Allen and Francis King.

paragraphs: In 2013, aged 97, she attended the funeral of Margaret Thatcher.

paragraphs: In 2016, she became the first spouse of a British prime minister to turn 100.

paragraphs: Wilson died on 6 June 2018, of a stroke, in London aged 102. She is the longest-lived spouse of a British prime minister in history.


title: Clarissa Eden

paragraphs: Anne Clarissa Eden, Dowager Countess of Avon ("née" Spencer-Churchill; born 28 June 1920) is the widow of Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was British Prime Minister from 1955 to 1957.

paragraphs: She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter, and then becoming Countess of Avon in 1961 on her husband's elevation to the peerage. She is also the niece of the prime minister Winston Churchill.

paragraphs: Her memoir, sub-titled "From Churchill to Eden", was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden.


title: Double Dutchess

paragraphs: Double Dutchess is the second studio album, by American singer-songwriter Fergie. It was released on September 22, 2017. The album will be Fergie's first to be released on her own imprint Dutchess Music, a partnership with BMG Rights Management, and first since her debut album, "The Dutchess" (2006).

paragraphs: The album's fourth single, "You Already Know", featuring Nicki Minaj, was made available for purchase on August 25, 2017. It will be released onto Mainstream and Rhythmic radio on September 12, 2017.


title: ÷ (album)

paragraphs: ÷ (pronounced "divide") is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran. It was released on 3 March 2017 through Asylum Records and Atlantic Records. "Castle on the Hill" and "Shape of You" were released as the album's lead singles on 6 January 2017.

paragraphs: "÷" received generally positive reviews from music critics.


title: Neunkirchen, Saarland

paragraphs: Neunkirchen is a town-municipality in Saarland, Germany. It is the capital ("Kreisstadt") of Neunkirchen District.

paragraphs: Neunkirchen lies at an altitude of 252 m, on the Blies river, and about 20 km northeast of Saarbrücken.

paragraphs: It is the biggest settlement of Saarland after Saarbrücken.


title: Sør-Varanger

paragraphs: Sør-Varanger (Northern Sami: Máttá-Várjjat, "Kven": Etelä-Varenki, Finnish: Etelä-Varanki, Russian: Сёр-Вара́нгер) is a municipality in Finnmark county, Norway. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Kirkenes. Other settlements in the municipality include the villages of Bjørnevatn, Bugøynes, Elvenes, Grense Jakobselv, Hesseng, Jakobsnes, Neiden, and Sandnes. Located west of the Norway–Russia border, Sør-Varanger is the only Norwegian municipality that shares a land border with Russia, with the only legal border crossing at Storskog.

paragraphs: For some time until 1826, Sør-Varanger was a district that (at the same time) belonged to Russia and Norway; there was an Eastern Sami ("østsamisk") population; the population was under Russia's jurisdiction.

paragraphs: Norway's government had a fear that the county could be lost to Finland or Russia; Finland was under Russian domination (or rule) during 1809 - 1918. Part of the fear was that Finnish-speaking Kven people would help Finland/Russia, to take Northern areas, away from [the government of] Norway.

paragraphs: During the 19th century, the area was colonized by Sami people from Norway; people from Finland; and Norwegians.

paragraphs: The mining industry in Kirkenes, and at Bjørnevatn, was started in 1906; the majority of the county's population then, were Norwegian.

paragraphs: The people that were Finnish, mostly [lived] at three settlements: Bugøynes in the West, Pasvik in the East, and at Neiden (between Bugøynes and Pasvik); those who spoke Finnish, were in majority (in these 3 settlements).


title: Hurricane Harvey

paragraphs: Hurricane Harvey was a 2017 tropical cyclone, the 8th named storm, 3rd hurricane, and a 1st major hurricane of the hyperactive 2017 Atlantic hurricane season. Harvey was also a 3rd consecutive hurricane of the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season—after Franklin and Gert. The storm went through the Caribbean and Mexico. It threatened southern Texas, particularly the Corpus Christi and Victoria areas. The storm struck the state as a Category 4 hurricane on August 25.

paragraphs: The storm was the first major hurricane to make landfall in the United States since Hurricane Wilma in twelve years earlier.

paragraphs: The storm first developed on August 17, 2017, from a tropical wave to the east of the Lesser Antilles. It faded into an open tropical wave on August 19. But on August 24, Harvey redeveloped into a tropical storm, and then strengthened into a hurricane. On August 25, Harvey rapidly strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane with maximum sustained winds of at least 130 mph, and it made landfall in Texas as a low-end Category 4 hurricane. On August 26, Harvey stalled and rapidly weakened into a tropical storm in just a few hours after making landfall, resulting of dumping heavy rainfall and caused major and catastrophic flooding in parts of southeastern Texas especially the Houston metropolitan area.

paragraphs: Harvey was the strongest hurricane to hit Texas since Hurricane Carla in 1961.

paragraphs: Damage from Harvey was set around $125 billion. This and Hurricane Katrina in 2005 are both tied as the costliest tropical cyclones on record in the Atlantic and the United States history. Harvey is the wettest tropical cyclone on record in the United States, especially in Texas with rainfall accumulations of over 60 inches.

paragraphs: The storm killed just over 100 people in Texas alone.

paragraphs: The name "Harvey" was retired in April 2018 by the World Meteorological Organization and was replaced with "Harold" for the 2023 Atlantic hurricane season.


title: Year 2038 problem

paragraphs: The Year 2038 problem could affect computers that store time as the number of seconds since 1st January 1970 at 00:00 UTC, using a 32-bit number.

paragraphs: The biggest number you can store this way is 2,147,483,647 seconds after 1 January 1970. This means 19th January 2038 at 03:14:07 UTC. The problem begins one second after this time. The computer will add 1 to this 32-bit number, and the computer will set the value to "negative" 2,147,483,648 seconds. This means 13th December 1901 at 20:45:52 UTC. Depending on how the computer has been programmed, the computer could behave incorrectly or even stop running.

paragraphs: A solution to this problem is to store the time in a 64-bit value, which will work for billions of years. Many computers already store the time in a 64-bit number. Computers that store time in a 32-bit number will need to be reprogrammed before 2038.


title: Charlie Robertson (mayor)

paragraphs: Charles H. Robertson (April 12, 1934 – August 24, 2017) was an American Democratic politician. He was mayor of York, Pennsylvania from 1994 to January 2002. In May 2001, Robertson was charged for a murder during the York race riots in July 1969, but was acquitted in October 2002.

paragraphs: Robertson died of cancer on August 24, 2017 in York, Pennsylvania at the age of 83.


title: Kai Linnilä

paragraphs: Kai Linnilä (23 July 1942 – 24 August 2017) was a Finnish editor and writer. He was born in Oulu, Finland. He is the husband of the novelist Kaari Utrio. He takes responsibility for the importation and marketing of cigars and pipes in the Oy Amanita Ltd, the Utrios' family-owned company.

paragraphs: His best known works are "Isoäidin kermakakku" ("The Grandmother's Cream Cake"), "Oman äidin lihapullat" ("The Own Mother's Meat Balls"), "Punainen tupa ja erämaa. Rikkaan arjen allakka" ("The Red Cottage and the Wilds. The Almanac of Rich Everyday Life") (with Seppo Saraspää), "Wanhan ajan joulu" ("Christmas of the Old Time"), Olaus Magnus: "Suomalaiset pohjoisten kansojen historiassa" ("Finnish People in the History of Nordic Folks") (edited) and "Linnut" ("The Birds").


title: Engelbert Jarek

paragraphs: Engelbert Jarek (7 June 1935 – 23 August 2017) was a Polish footballer. He was born in Rokittnitz, Hindenburg O.S., German Empire . Jarek competed in the 1960 Summer Olympics. He was known for managing and playing for Odra Opole.


title: Eduardo Angeloz

paragraphs: Eduardo César Angeloz (October 18, 1931 – August 23, 2017) was an Argentine politician. He was a presidential candidate and Governor of Córdoba from December 11, 1983 to December 11, 1995. He was born in Río Tercero, Córdoba.

paragraphs: Angeloz died on August 23, 2017 in Cordoba, Argentina from complications of a fall at the age of 85.


title: Sergio Zaniboni

paragraphs: Sergio Zaniboni (4 August 1937 - 18 August 2017) was an Italian comics artist and writer. He was especially known as the artist of numerous stories for "Diabolik". He was born in Turin, Italy. His son Paolo Zaniboni is also a comic book artist.

paragraphs: From 1972 he also he collaborates with "Il Giornalino", for which he produced "Il Campione" (a series set in the boxing world, written by Alberto Ongaro) and the police series "Tenente Marlo", with stories by Claudio Nizzi.


title: Arnold Koller

paragraphs: Arnold Koller (born 29 August 1933) is a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1986-1999).

paragraphs: He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 10 December 1986. He was member of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland from the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden. He handed over office on 30 April 1999.

paragraphs: Koller was Chairman of the Board of the Forum of Federations from 2006 to 2010.

paragraphs: During his time in office he held the following departments:

paragraphs: He was President of the Confederation twice in 1990 and 1997.


title: Fürstenau, Switzerland

paragraphs: Fürstenau () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Grono, Switzerland

paragraphs: Grono is a municipality of the district Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden. On 1 January 2017 the former municipalities of Leggia and Verdabbio merged into the municipality of Grono.


title: Guémar

paragraphs: Guémar is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Keith Warren

paragraphs: Keith Warren was a 19-year-old black teenager who, on July 31, 1986, was found hanging from a tree in a wooded area in Silver Spring, Maryland. His death was ruled a suicide, though some fight to this day to reopen and solve the case.

paragraphs: Warren had recently graduated from John F. Kennedy High School and had applied to college recently before his death.

paragraphs: On July 31, 1986, Warren's body was found nearby his family's townhome, in a wooded area, hanging by the neck. The rope was elaborately tied, anchored around the base of large tree and extending to another sapling, which Warren was found hanging from, the sapling bent over from the weight. He was discovered by paramedics, but when the authorities arrived, they claimed there was nothing suspicious about the scene and ruled the death a suicide. There were no eyewitnesses and no suicide note, and police reported they found "no evidence of foul play."

paragraphs: Many argue that the intricacy of the rope ties were too complicated to perform by one person. To add to the confusion, it was also stated that police did not determine a perimeter or close off the scene, they never interviewed his acquaintances, and an autopsy was never performed. His body was sent directly to a funeral home for embalming, even before his mother, Mary Couey, was notified of that decision. Warren's mother and sister, Sherri, believed the death to be a lynching. They were able to review the files with Montgomery police detective Joe Mudano. He was also found in clothing and shoes that were not his own.

paragraphs: According to Keith's mother, shortly before his death, she heard from a friend of Keith's named Rodney Kendell that a group of suspicious people were looking for Keith. Several days after this, Kendell claimed he had another strange encounter, this time with a friend of Keith's named Mark Finley, who was also looking for Keith.

paragraphs: In 1992, ABC News ran a story covering the mystery, digging into whether the case was a suicide or a murder. This same year, Keith's mother received a manila envelope with crime-scene photographs and noticed that the clothing her son was wearing at the time of death did not fit him properly—it was not his own clothing, and he was not wearing his own shoes. The only items the police returned to her were Keith's jacket and brown boots, neither of which were in the photographs she received. At this time, she hired a private investigator. The investigator noticed that in the photographs, the jacket was covered in leaves and dirt, appearing as if Keith were dragged into the air rather than hanging himself.

paragraphs: In May 1994, the family requested to exhume the body and to have an autopsy report completed. Dr. Isidore Mihalakis performed the autopsy, finding high levels of Trichloroethane and Dichloroethane in Warren's blood, brain, liver, kidney, and muscles. Ultimately, Mihalakis stated that the cause of death could not be determined.

paragraphs: In November 2011, Sherri Warren, Keith's sister, contacted pathologist Mohammad Al-Bayati (who had more than twenty-five years experience in the field) to request that he review her brother's autopsy report, along with other evidence, and provide an opinion on her brother's death. Al-Bayati's conclusion claimed that the county medical examiner on the original case missed the cause of death because the required standard medical-legal investigative procedures were not followed. Al-Bayati claims Warren did not commit suicide, but was, in fact, murdered.


title: Independence, Ohio

paragraphs: Independence is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 7,133 at the 2010 Census.


title: Lawrence County, Ohio

paragraphs: Lawrence County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 62,450 people lived there. The county seat is Ironton.


title: Balmaseda

paragraphs: Balmaseda is a municipality in the province of Biscay in the autonomous community of the Basque Country in Spain.


title: Fairlawn, Ohio

paragraphs: Fairlawn is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States, and a suburb of Akron. The population was 7,437 at the 2010 census.


title: Lightning Rod (roller coaster)

paragraphs: Lightning Rod is a wooden roller coaster located at Dollywood near Pigeon Forge, Tennessee. It is manufactured by Rocky Mountain Construction.

paragraphs: Lightning Rod is the world's first and only launched wooden roller coaster.


title: SheiKra

paragraphs: SheiKra is a roller coaster located at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay in Tampa, Florida. It is a Dive Coaster which means riders experience a moment of free fall.

paragraphs: SheiKra was the first Dive Coaster. It is floorless and features a 90 degree drop.


title: Lin Jiamei

paragraphs: Lin Jiamei (; born 1924) is a Chinese civil servant. She is the widow of former Chinese president Li Xiannian. She was the First Lady of the People's Republic of China from 1983 to 1988.


title: Wang Yeping

paragraphs: Wang Yeping (, born February 12, 1928), is the wife of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Communist Party of China ("de facto" paramount leader) and President of the People's Republic of China ("de jure" head of state), and is a native of Yangzhou, Jiangsu.


title: Quillota Province

paragraphs: The Quillota Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). Its capital is the city of Quillota.

paragraphs: The Quillota province is the second smallest province in the Valparaíso region with an area of ; only the Isla de Pascua province is smaller.

paragraphs: The Quillota province is bordered to the north by the Petorca province, to the east by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province and the Santiago Metropolitan Region, and to the south and west by the Valparaíso province.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 175,917 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Quillota, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 62,231 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Quillota is a second-level administrative division, consisting of five communes ("comunas"). The city of Quillota serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.

paragraphs: The "comunas" Limache (number 14 in the map) and Olmué (number 16 in the map) were transferred to the Marga Marga province in 2010.


title: Barneveld, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Barneveld is a village in Iowa County, Wisconsin. There is a public library called Barneveld Public Library.

paragraphs: On June 8, 1984, the city was hit by a deadly F5 tornado. After tornadoes broke out across the Midwest, including tornadoes that killed four people in Missouri and Iowa, a tornado watch was issued at 11:00 p.m. CT, but most residents had went to sleep. A line of thunderstorms entered Wisconsin from Iowa/Illinois border shortly after midnight. A sharp bolt of lightning followed by a loud clap of thunder cut power to the city, awakening residents. Nine people died, and two hundred were injured.


title: Jeannie Rousseau

paragraphs: Jeannie Rousseau (Viscomtesse de Clarens) (April 1, 1919 – August 23, 2017) was an Allied intelligence agent in occupied France during World War II. She was a member of Georges Lamarque's "Druids" network. Rousseau was born in Saint-Brieuc, France.

paragraphs: Codenamed AMNIARIX, she evaded Gestapo agents while gathering crucial information on the Germans' emerging rocket weapons programs from behind enemy lines. Her intelligence reports, forwarded to London, led directly to the British raid on Peenemünde and to delays and disruptions in the V-1 and V-2 programs, saving many thousands of lives in the West.

paragraphs: Rousseau was captured twice and spent time in three concentration camps.

paragraphs: Rousseau died on 23 August 2017 in Montaigu, France, aged 98.


title: Sardinians

paragraphs: Sardinians (Sardinian: "Sardos" or "Sardus"; ) are the people native to the island of Sardinia, an autonomous region of Italy.

paragraphs: Sardinians are noted for the distinct Nuragic civilization in ancient times. They are also known for the indigenous language many still speak, Sardinian. Sardinian is quite separate from Italian and said to be one of the languages, if not the language, keeping most archaic features of ancient Latin. Sardinians have long been active to fight for the official recognition of autonomy in Italy and the protection of their cultural and environmental heritage.


title: Namborn

paragraphs: Namborn is a municipality in the district of Sankt Wendel in the state of Saarland, Germany.

paragraphs: Namborn is north of Sankt Wendel. It is southwest of Idar-Oberstein.


title: Sardinian language

paragraphs: Sardinian ("Sardu", "Limba" or "Lingua sarda") is a Romance language. It is native to the island of Sardinia, a Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy.

paragraphs: Sardinian is often seen as the closest language to Latin. It has had to fight for decades to get basic recognition by the Italian government.


title: Eure (river)

paragraphs: The Eure is a river in northwestern France. It is a left tributary of the Seine. The Eure and Eure-et-Loir departments are named after this river.

paragraphs: Its main tributaries are the Avre and the Iton.


title: Horst Sindermann

paragraphs: Horst Sindermann (September 5, 1915 in Dresden - April 20, 1990 in East Berlin) was a German communist politician.

paragraphs: Sindermann was a member of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) till 1946, and afterwards a member of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED).

paragraphs: During the war he was imprisoned in several concentration camps.

paragraphs: He was Prime Minister of East Germany from 1973 to 1976, and President of the Volkskammer from 1976 to 1989.


title: Abdul Kalam Vision India Party

paragraphs: Abdul Kalam Vision India Party is an Indian political party that was founded on 28 February 2016. The party was founded in the name of former president A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, by V. Ponraj, who was the scientific adviser to Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam. However, the family of A.P.J. Abdul Kalam expressed their upset over the party using the Kalam's name and portrait as their symbols.

paragraphs: Preparation to the declaration of this political party, a two-day convention was held by United Vision India 2020, inviting V. Ponraj to lead a political party. The convention was conducted on 26 February 2016 without the presence of V. Ponraj and in the presence of V. Ponraj on 27 February 2016.This convention was conducted before the house of V. Ponraj at Thonugal village. The party has been started to achieve the vision 2020 of People's President - Bharat Ratna Dr. A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.


title: Dravida Kazhagam

paragraphs: Dravida Kazhagam (or Dravidar Kazhagam, "Dravidian Organization") was one of the first Dravidian parties in India. The party was founded by E.V. Ramasamy, also called Thanthai Periyar. Its original goals were to eradicate the ills of the existing caste system including untouchability and to obtain a "Dravida Nadu" (Dravidian nation) from the Madras Presidency i.e., a separate nation from India for Dravidian people alone.

paragraphs: Dravidar Kazhagam gave birth to many other political parties including Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Dravidar Kazhagam is now headed by K.Veeramani.

paragraphs: The roots of the Dravidar Kazhagam lie in the Self-Respect Movement and Justice party, founded by Periyar E. V. Ramasamy. Periyar formed the Self-Respect Movement in 1925, breaking in the process from the Indian National Congress party, of which he had been a member until then. The Justice Party, formed in 1916, also claimed to promote similar interests. The two entities merged in 1938 under Periyar's leadership. The name was changed to Dravidar Kazhagam in 1944.

paragraphs: Its central theme was to remove the degraded status imposed on Dravidians, and to denote this, the party adopted a black flag with a red circle inside it, the black signifying their degradation and the red denoting the movement for upliftment.It opposed Brahminical social, political and ritual dominance, and aimed to form a separate country of Dravida Nadu, to include either all of South India or the predominantly Tamil-speaking regions.


title: Mika Brzezinski

paragraphs: Mika Emilie Leonia Brzezinski (; born May 2, 1967) is an American news presenter and author who currently co-hosts MSNBC's weekday morning broadcast show "Morning Joe". Her father was National Secuity Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski.

paragraphs: In early 2017, Brzezinski became engaged to her co-host Joe Scarborough. They were married in 2018.


title: Edward Rowny

paragraphs: Edward Leon Rowny (April 3, 1917 – December 17, 2017) was a United States Army Lieutenant General of Polish origin. He was a commanding officer in World War II and Korea, a military advisor to five U.S. presidents and a negotiator on the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START).

paragraphs: Rowny died in Washington, D.C. on December 17, 2017 of cardiomyopathy at the age of 100.


title: Adam Wójcik

paragraphs: Adam Wójcik (20 April 1970 – 26 August 2017) was a Polish professional basketball player. He was known as one of the all-time greats in Polish basketball. He was the all-time leading scorer of the Polish PLK with 10,087 points scored. He was born in Oława, Poland. He was known for playing for Prokom Sopot from 2004 through 2007.

paragraphs: Wójcik died of leukemia on 26 August 2017 in Wrocław, Poland at the age of 47.


title: Peter Weck

paragraphs: Peter Weck (born 12 August 1930) is an Austrian movie director and actor. He was born in Vienna, Austria.

paragraphs: Weck was known for his movie roles in "Herzensfeinde" (2001; he directed it) and "Die Rosenkönigin" (2007). From 1983 through 1986, he starred as the television role of Werner Schuman in the German sitcom "Ich heirate eine Familie". Weck was known for directing "Help, I Love Twins" (1969).

paragraphs: In 2004, he was awarded the Grand Decoration of Honour in Silver for Services to the Republic of Austria ("Grosses Silbernes Ehrenzeichen").


title: Grzegorz Miecugow

paragraphs: Grzegorz Miecugow (22 November 1955 – 26 August 2017) was a Polish television newscaster and journalist. He was born in Kraków, Poland. He was known for presenting the news programs "Wiadomości" and "Fakty TVN". He was also a frequent columnist for "Szkło Kontaktowe".

paragraphs: Miecugow died of cancer in Warsaw, Poland on 26 August 2017 at the age of 61.


title: Viola Harris

paragraphs: Viola Harris (July 5, 1926 – August 23, 2017) was an American actress. She was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was known for roles in television, theater and movies from the 1950s to the 2010s.

paragraphs: Harris has appeared in a number of movies including "The Other Guys", "Choke", "Deconstructing Harry" directed by Woody Allen and "Sex and the City 2".

paragraphs: In 2010, Harris starred in the short movie, "The Secret Friend", directed by Flavio Alves. Harris received positive reviews for her role in the movie.

paragraphs: Harris was married to actor Robert H. Harris until his death in 1981.

paragraphs: Harris died on August 23, 2017 at her home in New York City at age 91.


title: Grüsch

paragraphs: Grüsch is a municipality in the district Davos in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Fanas and Valzeina.


title: Athens County, Ohio

paragraphs: Athens County is a county of Ohio in the United States. In 2010, 64,757 people lived there. The county seat is Athens.


title: James Young Simpson

paragraphs: James Young Simpson (born June 7, 1811 in Scotland) was a qualified doctor by the age of 21 but changed to work as a clerk, due to his traumatic reaction to witnessing mastectomies during his medical training. He sat in several lecture courses as a student, but the anatomical lecture by a Doctor Knox made him choose the career path of midwifery and obstetrics. He became a qualified professor of midwifery at the age of 29, in 1840.

paragraphs: Due to his traumatizing observations of surgery as a student, he decided to experiment with anesthetics. He tried using ether and chloroform, but refused to use ether due to its bad odor. He discovered the anesthetic properties of chloroform, using it in obstetrics, to make childbirth easier and safer. He also invented a new design for the forceps, to make them safer to use. They are now known as "Simpsons' forceps". He was one of the earliest doctors to use midwifes in hospitals.

paragraphs: Chloroform was a good idea, as it put people to sleep, making surgical procedures safer, pain-free, and better for the individuals. It was recognized as an achievement when Queen Victoria herself received chloroform to give birth to her fourth child.


title: Libertarian National Committee

paragraphs: The Libertarian National Committee (L.N.C. or LNC) is a group of people who coordinate the activities of the U.S. Libertarian party in all fifty states. The L.N.C. headquarters is in the nation's capital, Washington, DC. It also has state Libertarian party headquarters in state capitals.

paragraphs: In 2018, Chairperson is Nicholas Sarwark of Arizona and the Vice Chair is Arvin Vohra.

paragraphs: The Libertarian National Committee is a separate entity from the "Libertarian National Congressional Committee", a Federal Elections Commission registered entity, now doing business as the "Libertarian National Campaign Committee."


title: Guevenatten

paragraphs: Guevenatten is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.


title: David Bergland

paragraphs: David Peter Bergland (June 4, 1935 – June 3, 2019) was an American politician. He was the United States Libertarian Party's nominee at the 1983 Libertarian National Convention for President of the United States in the 1984 presidential election.

paragraphs: Bergland died of prostate cancer on June 3, 2019, one day before his 84th birthday.


title: Nivigne et Suran

paragraphs: Nivigne et Suran is a commune in the Ain department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of east France. It started on January 1, 2017 and has the former communes of Chavannes-sur-Suran and Germagnat in it.