title: Condorcet method

paragraphs: A Condorcet method (; ) is one of many election methods that elects the candidate that is preferred by more voters than their opponent in every head-to-head election against each of the other candidates, whenever there is such a candidate. This candidate, known as the "pairwise champion" or "beats-all winner", is formally called the "Condorcet winner".

paragraphs: A Condorcet winner might not always exist in a particular election because the preference of a group of voters selecting from more than two options can possibly be cyclic — that is, it is possible (but very rare) that every candidate has an opponent that defeats them in a two-candidate contest. (This is similar to the game rock paper scissors, where each hand shape wins against only one opponent and loses to another). The possibility of such cyclic preferences in a group of voters is known as the Condorcet paradox. However, there always exists a smallest group of candidates that beats all candidates not in the group, known as the Smith set, which is guaranteed to only have the Condorcet winner in it when one exists; many Condorcet methods always elect a candidate who is in the Smith set when there is no Condorcet winner, and are thus said to be "Smith-efficient". The Condorcet winner is also usually but not necessarily the utilitarian winner (the one which maximizes social welfare).

paragraphs: Condorcet voting methods are named for the 18th-century French mathematician and philosopher Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas Caritat, the Marquis de Condorcet, who championed such voting systems. However, Ramon Llull devised the earliest known Condorcet method in 1299. It always elects the same candidate as Copeland's method in cases with no pairwise ties.

paragraphs: Condorcet methods usually use preferential (ranked) voting, though they can be done with separate rounds of runoff elections.

paragraphs: Most Condorcet methods have a single round of preferential voting, in which each voter ranks the candidates from most preferred (marked as number 1) to least preferred (marked with a higher number). A voter's ranking is often called their "order of preference." The votes can be tallied in many ways to find a winner. Some - the Condorcet methods - will elect the Condorcet winner if there is one. They can also elect a winner when there is no Condorcet winner, and different Condorcet-compliant methods may elect different winners in the case of a cycle.

paragraphs: The procedure given in Robert's Rules of Order for voting on motions and amendments is also a Condorcet method, even though the voters do not vote by ranking the candidates. There are multiple rounds of voting, and in each round the vote is between two of the alternatives. The loser (by majority rule) of a pairing is eliminated, and the winner of a pairing is paired in a later round against another alternative. Eventually only one alternative remains, and it is the winner. This is similar to a single-winner or round-robin tournament; the total number of pairings is one less than the number of alternatives. Since a Condorcet winner will win by majority rule in each of its pairings, it will never be eliminated by Robert's Rules. But this method cannot reveal a voting paradox in which there is no Condorcet winner and a majority prefer an early loser over the eventual winner (though it will always elect someone in the Smith set). A lot of the literature on social choice theory is about this method since it is widely used and is used by important organizations (legislatures, councils, committees, etc.). It is not practical for use in public elections, however, since its multiple rounds of voting would be very expensive for voters, for candidates, and for governments.

paragraphs: In a competition between candidates A and B where voters have ranked the candidates, if more voters mark their ballots that they prefer candidate A over candidate B than the number of voters who mark their ballots to the contrary, then Candidate B is not (supposed to be) elected.

paragraphs: However, because of the possibility of the Condorcet paradox, it is possible, but unlikely, that this can't be done. This is sometimes called a "Condorcet cycle" or just "cycle" and can be thought of as Candidate Rock beating Candidate Scissors, Candidate Scissors beating Candidate Paper, and Candidate Paper beating Candidate Rock. If there is no cycle (and no ties), all Condorcet methods elect the same candidate.

paragraphs: For most Condorcet methods, the pairwise counts are all that is necessary to figure out who won, who came in 2nd place, etc. and can be used to figure out if there is a Condorcet winner, and who it is.

paragraphs: A Condorcet method is a voting system that will always elect the Condorcet winner (if there is one); this is the candidate whom more voters prefer to each other candidate, when compared to them one at a time. This candidate can be found by checking if there is a candidate who beats all other candidates; this can be done by using Copeland's method and then checking if the Copeland winner has the highest possible Copeland score.

paragraphs: Note that there are ½"N"("N"−1) pairwise comparisons for "N" candidates. For 10 candidates, this means there are 0.5*10*9=45 comparisons, which can make elections with many candidates hard to count the votes for.

paragraphs: In some situations, an election has no Condorcet winner. This occurs as a result of a kind of tie known as a "majority rule cycle", described by Condorcet's paradox. Different Condorcet methods pick different winners in these situations. Some Condorcet methods involve the basic procedure described below, coupled with a Condorcet completion method, which is used to find a winner when there is no Condorcet winner. Other Condorcet methods involve an entirely different system of counting, but are classified as Condorcet methods because they will still elect the Condorcet winner if there is one.

paragraphs: It is important to note that not all single winner, ranked voting systems are Condorcet methods. For example, instant-runoff voting and the Borda count are not Condorcet methods.

paragraphs: In any Condorcet method that passes Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives, it can sometimes help to identify the Smith set from the head-to-head matchups, and eliminate all candidates not in the set before doing the procedure for that Condorcet method.

paragraphs: Condorcet methods use pairwise counting. For each possible pair of candidates, one pairwise count indicates how many voters prefer one of the paired candidates over the other candidate, and another pairwise count indicates how many voters have the opposite preference. The counts for all possible pairs of candidates show all the pairwise preferences of all the voters.

paragraphs: Pairwise counts are often displayed in a "pairwise comparison matrix" or "outranking matrix" such as those below. In these matrices, each row represents each candidate as a 'runner', while each column represents each candidate as an 'opponent'. The cells at the intersection of rows and columns each show the result of a particular pairwise comparison. Cells comparing a candidate to themselves are left blank.

paragraphs: Imagine there is an election between four candidates: A, B, C and D. The first matrix below records the preferences expressed on a single ballot paper, in which the voter's preferences are (B, C, A, D); that is, the voter ranked B first, C second, A third, and D fourth. In the matrix a '1' indicates that the runner is preferred on this voter's ballot over the 'opponent', while a '0' indicates that the runner is defeated. For example, in the following matrix, A beats D:

paragraphs: Using a matrix like the one above, one can find the overall results of an election. Each ballot can be transformed into this style of matrix, and then added to all other ballot matrices using matrix addition. The sum of all ballots in an election is called the sum matrix.

paragraphs: Suppose that in the imaginary election there are two other voters. Their preferences are (D, A, C, B) and (A, C, B, D). Added to the first voter, these ballots would give the following sum matrix:

paragraphs: When the sum matrix is found, the contest between each pair of candidates is considered. The number of votes for runner over opponent (runner,opponent) is compared with the number of votes for opponent over runner (opponent,runner) to find the Condorcet winner. In the sum matrix above, A is the Condorcet winner because A beats every other candidate. When there is no Condorcet winner, many Condorcet completion methods, such as Ranked Pairs and the Schulze method, use the information contained in the sum matrix to choose a winner.

paragraphs: Cells marked '—' in the matrices above have a numerical value of '0', but a dash is used since candidates are never preferred to themselves. The first matrix, that represents a single ballot, is inversely symmetric: (runner,opponent) is ¬(opponent,runner). Or (runner,opponent) + (opponent,runner) = 1. The sum matrix has this property: (runner,opponent) + (opponent,runner) = N for N voters, if all runners were fully ranked by each voter.

paragraphs: Imagine that Tennessee is having an election on the location of its capital. The population of Tennessee is concentrated around its four major cities, which are spread throughout the state. For this example, suppose that the entire electorate lives in these four cities and that everyone wants to live as near to the capital as possible.

paragraphs: The preferences of the voters would be divided like this:

paragraphs: To find the Condorcet winner every candidate must be matched against every other candidate in a series of one-on-one contests. In each pairing the winner is the candidate preferred by a majority of voters. The results for every possible pairing are as follows:

paragraphs: The results can also be shown in the form of a matrix:

paragraphs: As can be seen from both of the tables above, Nashville beats every other candidate. This means that Nashville is the Condorcet winner. So Nashville would win an election held under any Condorcet method.

paragraphs: While any Condorcet method will elect Nashville as the winner, first-past-the-post and instant-runoff voting would select Memphis and Knoxville respectively, using the same ballots. This would occur despite the fact that most people would have preferred Nashville to either of those options. Condorcet methods make these preferences obvious rather than ignoring or discarding them.

paragraphs: On the other hand, note that in this example Chattanooga also defeats Knoxville and Memphis when paired against those cities. If Memphis voters had preferred Chattanooga as a second choice rather than as a third choice, then Chattanooga would be the Condorcet winner even though finishing in last place in a first-past-the-post election.

paragraphs: An alternative way of thinking about this example if a Smith-efficient Condorcet method that passes ISDA is used to determine the winner is that 58% of the voters, a mutual majority, ranked Memphis last (making Memphis the majority loser and Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville above Memphis, ruling Memphis out. At that point, the voters who preferred Memphis as their 1st choice could only help to choose a winner among Nashville, Chattanooga, and Knoxville, and because they all preferred Nashville as their 1st choice among those three, Nashville would've had a 68% majority of 1st choices among the remaining candidates and won as the majority's 1st choice.

paragraphs: Some Condorcet methods first do a series of pairwise comparisons and then, if there is no Condorcet winner, use an entirely different, non-Condorcet method to determine a winner. The simplest such fall-back methods completely ignore the results of the pairwise comparisons. For example, the Black method chooses the Condorcet winner if it exists, but uses the Borda count instead if there is a cycle (the method is named for Duncan Black).

paragraphs: A more complex two-stage process is, when there is a cycle, to first eliminate all candidates not in some group which is found by looking at the pairwise comparisons, and then use a separate voting system to find the winner. Sets used for this purpose are defined so that they will always contain only the Condorcet winner if there is one, and will always, in any case, contain at least one candidate. Such sets include the

paragraphs: Some Condorcet methods use a single procedure that meets the Condorcet criteria and, without any extra procedure, also pick winners when there are cycles. In other words, these methods do not involve separate procedures for different situations. Typically these methods base their calculations on pairwise counts. These methods include:

paragraphs: Some Condorcet methods produce not just a single winner, but a ranking of all candidates from first to last place. A Condorcet ranking is a list of candidates with the property that the Condorcet winner (if one exists) comes first and the Condorcet loser (if one exists) comes last, and the same holds for the candidates ranked between them.

paragraphs: Methods that satisfy this property include:

paragraphs: Though there won't always be a Condorcet winner or Condorcet loser, there is always a Smith set and "Smith loser set" (smallest group of candidates who lose to all candidates not in the set in head-to-head elections). Some voting methods produce rankings that sort all candidates in the Smith set above all others, and all candidates in the Smith loser set below all others, with this also applying to all candidates ranked between them. Because the Smith set and Smith loser set are equivalent to the Condorcet winner and Condorcet loser when they exist, methods that always produce Smith set rankings also always produce Condorcet rankings.

paragraphs: Many proponents of instant-runoff voting (IRV) are attracted by the belief that if their first choice does not win, their vote will be given to their second choice; if their second choice does not win, their vote will be given to their third choice, etc. This sounds perfect, but it is not true for every voter with IRV. If someone voted for a strong candidate, and their 2nd and 3rd choices are eliminated before their first choice is eliminated, IRV gives their vote to their 4th choice candidate, not their 2nd choice. Condorcet voting takes all rankings into account simultaneously, but this makes it fail the later-no-harm criterion and the later-no-help criterion. With IRV, indicating a second choice will never hurt your first choice. With Condorcet voting, it is possible that indicating a second choice will cause your first choice to lose.

paragraphs: Plurality voting is simple, and theoretically provides incentives for voters to compromise for centrist candidates rather than throw away their votes on candidates who can't win. Opponents to plurality voting point out that voters often vote for the lesser of evils because they heard on the news that those two are the only two with a chance of winning, not necessarily because those two are the two good compromise candidates. This gives the media significant election powers. Condorcet runs each candidate against the other head to head, so that voters elect the candidate who would win the most sincere runoffs, instead of the one they thought they had to vote for.

paragraphs: There are circumstances, as in the examples above, when both instant-runoff voting and the 'first-past-the-post' plurality system wouldn't elect the Condorcet winner. (In fact, FPTP can elect the Condorcet loser and IRV can elect the second-worst candidate, who would lose to every candidate except the Condorcet loser.) When there is a Condorcet winner that IRV doesn't elect, a majority would by definition prefer the Condorcet Winner to the IRV winner. Supporters of the Condorcet criterion see it as an important criterion when choosing a voting method. They see the Condorcet criterion as a natural extension of majority rule. Condorcet methods tend to encourage the selection of broadly supported candidates who appeal to the median voter. Here is an example that is designed to support IRV while making Condorcet look bad:

paragraphs: B is preferred by a 501–499 majority to A, and by a 502–498 majority to C. So, according to the Condorcet criterion, B should win, despite the fact that very few voters rank B in first place. By contrast, IRV elects C and plurality elects A. The goal of a ranked voting system is for voters to be able to vote sincerely and trust the system to protect their intent.

paragraphs: The importance of this scenario, of two parties with strong support, and the one with weak support being the Condorcet winner, may be less than one would expect, though, as it is common in plurality voting systems (see Duverger's law), but much less likely to occur in Condorcet or IRV elections, which unlike Plurality voting, punish candidates who are opposed by a significant block of voters.

paragraphs: Here is an example that is designed to support Condorcet while making IRV look bad:

paragraphs: B would win against either A or C by more than a 65–35 margin in a one-on-one election, but IRV eliminates B first, leaving a contest between the more "polar" candidates, A and C. Proponents of plurality voting state that their system is simpler than any other and more easily understood.

paragraphs: All three systems are susceptible to tactical voting, but the types of strategy used and how often there is value in voting strategically differ in each method.

paragraphs: Like all voting methods, Condorcet methods are vulnerable to compromising. That is, voters can help avoid the election of a less-preferred candidate by insincerely (strategically) raising the position of a more-preferred candidate on their ballot. However, Condorcet methods are only vulnerable to compromising when there is a majority rule cycle, or when one can be created.

paragraphs: All Condorcet methods are at least somewhat vulnerable to burying. That is, voters can sometimes help a more-preferred candidate by strategically lowering the ranking of a less-preferred candidate on their ballot.

paragraphs: Scholars of electoral systems often compare them using mathematically defined voting system criteria. The criteria which Condorcet methods satisfy vary from one Condorcet method to another. However, the Condorcet criterion implies the majority criterion, and thus is incompatible with independence of irrelevant alternatives (though it implies a weaker analagous form of the criterion: when there is a Condorcet winner, losing candidates can drop out of the election without changing the result), later-no-harm, the participation criterion, and the consistency criterion.

paragraphs: Condorcet methods are not known to be currently in use in government elections anywhere in the world, but a Condorcet method known as Nanson's method was used in city elections in the U.S. town of Marquette, Michigan in the 1920s, and today Condorcet methods are used by a number of private organizations. Organizations which currently use some variant of the Condorcet method are:


title: Smith set

paragraphs: In voting systems, the Smith set, named after John H. Smith, but also known as the top cycle, or as Generalized Top-Choice Assumption (GETCHA), is the smallest non-empty set of candidates in an election such that more voters prefer any candidate in the set over any candidate not in the set in head-to-head matchups. The Smith set is one way to determine who the best candidates in an election are. Voting systems that always elect a candidate from the Smith set pass the Smith criterion and are said to be "Smith-efficient".

paragraphs: A set of candidates where every candidate in the set pairwise beats every candidate not in the set is known as a dominating set.

paragraphs: The Smith set can be calculated with the Floyd–Warshall algorithm in time Θformula_1. It can also be calculated using a version of Kosaraju's algorithm or Tarjan's algorithm in time Θformula_2.

paragraphs: It can also be found by ordering the candidates by their number of pairwise victories minus pairwise defeats (a Copeland method ranking), and then looking for the smallest group of candidates, starting from the top, who pairwise beat all candidates not already in the group.

paragraphs: A pairwise loses to C, so it is certain that all candidates from A through C (A, B, and C) are in the Smith set. However, there is one matchup where a candidate who is known to be in the Smith set loses or ties someone who may or may not be in the Smith set: C loses to D; so D is confirmed to be in the Smith set. Another such matchup can now be seen: D ties with E. So E is added into the Smith set. Because all of A through E beat all candidates other than each other, the Smith set is A through E.


title: Tomás Carlovich

paragraphs: Tomás Felipe Carlovich (20 April 1949 – 8 May 2020) was an Argentine professional football player and coach. He was born in Rosario, Argentina. As a coach, he managed Central Córdoba. As a player, he played for Rosario Central, Central Córdoba and Independiente Rivadavia.

paragraphs: On 6 May 2020, Carlovich was beaten with a shovel by a robber in Rosario while riding his bike. He died two days later in a coma at a hospital from his injuries, aged 71.


title: Cécile Rol-Tanguy

paragraphs: Cécile Rol-Tanguy (10 April 1919 – 8 May 2020) was a French communist. She was a Resistance fighter during World War II. She was active in the liberation of Paris. She was secretariat and a liaison officer, in charge of operations and confidential communications. She was born in Royan, Saintonge.

paragraphs: In 2008, Rol-Tanguy became the Grand Officer of the Legion d’Honneur.

paragraphs: Rol-Tanguy died at her home in Monteaux, Loir-et-Cher on 8 May 2020, aged 101.


title: Pairwise comparison

paragraphs: Pairwise comparison is any process of comparing things in pairs to judge which of two things is preferred, or has a greater amount of some something, or whether or not the two things are identical. The method of pairwise comparison is used in the scientific study of preferences, attitudes, voting systems, social choice, public choice, requirements engineering and multiagent AI systems. In psychology literature, it is often referred to as paired comparison.

paragraphs: If someone shows what they like more between two options, this preference can be expressed as a pairwise comparison. If the two alternatives are "x" and "y", these three pairwise comparisons are possible:

paragraphs: The person prefers "x" over "y": ""x" > "y"" or ""xPy""

paragraphs: The person prefers "y" over "x": ""y" > "x"" or ""yPx""

paragraphs: The person has no preference between both alternatives: ""x" = "y"" or ""xIy""

paragraphs: It is generally assumed that pairwise comparisons are transitive. Most agree on what transitivity is, though there is debate about the transitivity of indifference. The rules of transitivity are as follows.

paragraphs: This is linked to (xPy or xIy) being a total preorder, P being the related strict weak order, and I being the related equivalence relation.

paragraphs: Some believe that indifference (lack of preference) is not transitive. Consider the following example. Suppose you like apples and you prefer apples that are larger. Now suppose there exists an apple A, an apple B, and an apple C that are the same except for the following. Suppose B is larger than A, but it is not possible to see this without an extremely sensitive measuring device. Also suppose C is larger than B, but this also can't be seen without a sensitive measuring device. However, the difference in sizes between apples A and C is large enough that you can see it. In psychophysical terms, the size difference between A and C is above the just noticeable difference ('jnd') while the size differences between A and B and B and C are below the jnd.

paragraphs: You are confronted with the three apples in pairs without a sensitive measuring device. Because of this, when shown only A and B, you have no preference between apple A and apple B; and you are indifferent between apple B and apple C when shown only B and C. However, when the pair A and C are shown, you prefer C over A.

paragraphs: If pairwise comparisons are transitive by the four rules shown above, then pairwise comparisons for a list of alternatives ("A", "A", "A", ..., "A", and "A") can take the form:

paragraphs: For example, if there are three alternatives "a", "b", and "c", then the 13 possible preference orders are:

paragraphs: If the number of alternatives is n, and indifference is not allowed, then the number of possible preference orders for any given "n"-value is "n"<nowiki>!</nowiki>. If indifference is allowed, then the number of possible preference orders is the number of total preorders. It can be expressed as a function of n:

paragraphs: where "S"("n", "k") is the Stirling number of the second kind.


title: Madeleine Riffaud

paragraphs: Madeleine Riffaud (born 23 August 1924) is a French poet, journalist, war correspondent and a member of the French Resistance. She was born in Arvillers, France. Riffaud was awarded the National Order of Merit.

paragraphs: She began operating for the French Forces of the Interior at the age of 18 under the codename "Rainer". On July 23, 1944, at age 19, she became known for the killing of a German officer, whom she shot dead. Shortly afterwards, she was captured by the Gestapo and was nearly executed.

paragraphs: After the war ended in 1945, she became a journalist for , a French newspaper.


title: Marie-José Chombart de Lauwe

paragraphs: Marie-José Chombart de Lauwe ("née" Wilborts; born 31 May 1923) is a French sociologist, activist and World War II resistance fighter. She was born in Paris. In 2008, she was honored with the Legion of Honour.

paragraphs: During World War II, she was arrested by the Gestapo to La Santé Prison. She was nearly executed.

paragraphs: In 1954, she began working for the National Centre for Scientific Research. In 1996, she became Chair of the Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation.


title: Irish Home Rule

paragraphs: Irish Home Rule was a proposed system of government in Ireland, in which Ireland would have its own government inside the United Kingdom. Until 1920, Ireland was ruled directly by the British government. British members of parliament tried to pass bills for Home Rule in 1896, 1893, and 1912, but they never got enough votes to pass. Irish Nationalists supported Home Rule, and Irish Unionists opposed it.

paragraphs: The 1886 bill was supported by the Liberal Party, but did not get enough votes in the House of Commons. The 1893 bill got enough votes to pass in the House of Commons, but not the House of Lords. William Gladstone was an important supporter of both. The 1912 bill also passed in the House of Commons, but not the House of Lords. In 1912, Unionists in Ulster signed a document called the Ulster Covenant, and made an army called the Ulster Volunteers, to fight against Home Rule.

paragraphs: Although many Nationalists wanted Home Rule, some thought it was not good enough. Most members of the party Sinn Féin wanted Ireland to be completely separate from Great Britain. Sinn Féin became the most powerful party in 1916 and made their own government in Dublin, the Dáil Éireann. Irish Nationalists fought in the Irish War of Independence against the British government from 1919-1921. In 1920, Britain passed a law that said there would be two parliaments, one for Northern Ireland, and one for Southern Ireland. This was a form of Home Rule. However, the Southern Ireland parliament never met. The war did not end until the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty, which created the Irish Free State. The Irish Free State still had the same king as Britain, but had a separate government.


title: Frinkcoin

paragraphs: "Frinkcoin" is the 13th episode of the 31st season of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on television in the United States on the Fox network on February 23, 2020. In the episode, Professor Frink makes a new cryptocurrency. The episode was watched by 1.84 million people when it was first shown on television.

paragraphs: The Simpson family are eating at a vegan restaurant, wanting Lisa to pick them for a project at school. She chooses Professor Frink because he wants to help the world with science. At Springfield University, Lisa interviews Professor Frink. Frink says he is making a new cryptocurrency called Frinkcoin.

paragraphs: Frinkcoin becomes well known, making Frink the richest man in Springfield. Mr. Burns is angry because he is no longer the richest man in Springfield. Frink feels lonely, so Marge says that he should go to Moe's Tavern. Frink gets every question correct in Moe's trivia questions, so they become friends with Frink. Frink shows his friends Springfield's best places. Smithers gets a team of people to create a cryptocurrency for Mr. Burns. The team creates an equation to make Frinkcoin worth nothing, but it will take thousands of years to calculate. Instead, Mr. Burns tells Frink that his friends only like him because he is rich.

paragraphs: Burns brings the equation to Springfield for a crowdsourcing solution. Frink finds out that his friends only like him because he is rich. Frink solves the equation himself, but only Lisa knows. Frink loses all of his money, but he is happy to be friends with Lisa and to go back to his university.

paragraphs: Dennis Perkins of "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a score of B and says that the episode "uses the cryptocurrency concept as an excuse for a largely successful exercise in side-character development." "Den of Geek" gave the episode a 4 out of 5 stars and says "'Frinkcoin' is a satisfying episode" and that Lisa and Frink's actions add up to a "solid half hour investment."


title: The Mephisto Waltz

paragraphs: The Mephisto Waltz is a 1971 American horror movie directed by Paul Wendkos and based on the novel of the same name by Fred Mustard Stewart. It stars Alan Alda, Jacqueline Bisset, Barbara Perkins, Bradford Dillman, Curd Jürgens and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Ace High

paragraphs: Ace High (, literally translated as "The Four of the Hail Mary") is a 1968 Italian western movie directed by Giuseppe Colizzi and starring Eli Wallach, Bud Spencer, Terence Hill, Brock Peters, Kevin McCarthy, Bruno Corazzari, Rick Boyd. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures and is the second part of the Italian western trilogy.


title: Postal Index Number

paragraphs: Postal Index Number is also called as Pincode. It is used in India For Post office Numbering or post office system. It is also used for couriering in India. It is used by

paragraphs: India Post and many courier Company. It is six digit long code to identify the city or area


title: Esme & Roy

paragraphs: Esme & Roy is an American/Canadian animated children's television show created by Dustin Ferrer and Amy Steinberg. The series is produced by Canada-based animation studio Nelvana and "Sesame Street" creator Sesame Workshop, in association with Corus Entertainment.

paragraphs: The show follows a little girl named Esme and her best friend, a monster named Roy, who take care of all kinds of creatures when their regular guardians need aid. "Esme & Roy" was broadcast simultaneously on HBO in the United States and Treehouse TV in Canada on August 18, 2018.

paragraphs: On May 6, 2019, it was announced that it was renewed for a second season. It was also announced Summer 2019 that season one would premiere on PBS Kids Family Night on August 30 or August 31, 2019 depending on the local station, with regular airtime on Saturday and Sunday mornings on the 24/7 PBS Kids Channel only thereafter. In September 2019, it was announced new episodes of the show would be moving from HBO to HBO Max starting with the second season. The second season will also begin airing at an unknown date on PBS Kids.


title: Aurangabad

paragraphs: Aurangabad is headquarter city of Aurangabad District. It is located in Bihar. It is famous for a cement plant and World Best Deo Surya Mandir.

paragraphs: Aurangabad is also known for Chittorgarh of Bihar. In this city there are two main languages are spoken by people Magahi and Hindi.


title: Davidson County

paragraphs: Davidson County is the name of two counties in the United States:


title: Arie Slob

paragraphs: Arie Slob (born November 16, 1961 in Nieuwerkerk aan den IJssel) is a Dutch politician of the ChristianUnion.

paragraphs: Slob studied history and went into politics, first on behalf of the Reformed Political Alliance, later on of its predecessor the ChristianUnion.

paragraphs: Slob was a councillor of Zwolle and a member of the House of Representatives. Since 2017 he has been minister of Education for children and teenagers.


title: Columbia County, Oregon

paragraphs: Columbia County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 49,351 people. The county seat is St. Helens. It was named after the Columbia River, which forms its eastern and northern borders.


title: Grant County, Oregon

paragraphs: Grant County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 7,445 people. The county seat is Canyon City.


title: Dallas, Oregon

paragraphs: Dallas is a city in Oregon in the United States. It is the county seat of Polk County.


title: Polk County, Oregon

paragraphs: Polk County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, 75,403 people lived there which makes it the smallest populous county in the Willamette Valley. The county seat is Dallas. It is in the Willamette Valley.


title: Paraza

paragraphs: Paraza is a commune of 622 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Le Thor

paragraphs: Le Thor is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.


title: La Tour-d'Aigues

paragraphs: La Tour-d'Aigues is a commune. It is found in the region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur in the Vaucluse department in the south of France.


title: Kangaroo (1952 movie)

paragraphs: Kangaroo is a 1952 American Australian western movie directed by Lewis Milestone and stars Maureen O'Hara, Peter Lawford, Finlay Currie, Richard Boone. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was remade as "The Jackals" in 1967.


title: My Sister Eileen

paragraphs: My Sister Eileen is a 1955 American musical comedy movie directed by Richard Quine and based on the autobiographical short stories by Ruth McKenney. It stars Janet Leigh, Jack Lemmon, Betty Garrett, Bob Fosse, Dick York, Adelle August and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.


title: Ritva Valkama

paragraphs: Ritva Valkama (real name Valkama-Palo, 13 November 1932 – 8 May 2020) was a Finnish actress. She was known for her comic roles. Harrell was known for her roles in "Häpy Endkö? Eli kuinka Uuno Turhapuro sai niin kauniin ja rikkaan vaimon", "Herr Puntila and His Servant Matti" and "Borrowing Matchsticks".

paragraphs: Valkama died on 8 May 2020 in Helsinki, aged 87.


title: Andre Harrell

paragraphs: Andre Harrell (September 26, 1960 – May 8, 2020) was an American record producer and hip hop musician. He was born in Harlem, New York. Harrell was the founder of the record label, Uptown Records. Harrell was president/CEO of Motown Records.

paragraphs: He was the first half of the hip hop duo Dr. Jeckyll & Mr. Hyde. Harrell was most known as the man that turned Diddy into a music mogul.

paragraphs: Harrell died on May 8, 2020 at his home in Hollywood, California of heart failure at the age of 59.


title: Wikitongues

paragraphs: Wikitongues is an American non-profit organization registered in New York. Its goal is to document all the languages in the world. It was founded by Frederico Andrade, Daniel Bogre Udell and Lindie Botes in 2014.

paragraphs: By May 2016, 329 videos in over 200 languages were recorded for Wikitongues. As of 2018, the amount of languages increased to 350 languages, or 5% of the languages in the world, with plans to increase the amount of languages to 1000 in the coming years.

paragraphs: Poly is an open-source software program designed to be used to share and learn languages. Wikitongues earned $52,716 USD combined from 429 backers on Kickstarter, which helped Poly be developed. Poly is currently under development.

paragraphs: All videos recorded for Wikitongues are released under a CC-by-NC 4.0 license. It was recently made possible to use a CC-by-SA 4.0 license instead.


title: Sachiko Honda

paragraphs: Sachiko Honda (本田幸子, December 30, 1930 - May 1st, 2020) is a female 8-dan Japanese professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in.

paragraphs: The Mukai sisters (Kozue, Chiaki, Kaori) are her pupils, and all of them are professional players. She also has two sisters: Kazuko Sugiuchi (Older sister, mentor of Tomoko Kato) and Teruko Kusunoki (Younger sister), both of them are professional players.


title: Majority criterion

paragraphs: The majority criterion is a single-winner voting system criterion, used to compare these systems. The criterion says that "if one candidate is liked more by a majority (more than 50%) of voters than all other candidates, then that candidate must win".

paragraphs: Some voting methods that pass this criterion include any Condorcet method, instant-runoff voting, Bucklin voting, and plurality voting.

paragraphs: Supporters of other voting systems say that the majority criterion is actually bad, since it can lead to a tyranny of the majority where a candidate is elected who is loved by a little over half of the population and hated by everyone else. Other systems may be better at electing consensus candidates who have broader support, which is argued to make them better representatives of the population as a whole. These are described as "utilitarian" or "consensus-seeking" rather than "majoritarian". Peter Emerson supports Borda count variants, and believes that majority rule is fundamentally flawed and leads to problems such as bitterness, division, and violence, citing Northern Ireland and Bosnia as examples. Note however that in a utilitarian system, when no broadly supported candidate exists, that a minority can beat a majority because their candidate had slightly more support; because of this, utilitarian methods may not always increase consensus.

paragraphs: The mutual majority criterion is a more broad form of the majority criterion which allows a majority to prefer multiple candidates over all of the other candidates, rather than only one; voting methods which pass the majority criterion but fail mutual majority can encourage all but one of the majority's preferred candidates to exit the election so that one of the majority-preferred candidates wins, creating a spoiler effect. The common choose-one First-past-the-post voting method is notable for this, because major political parties often attempt to prevent more than one of their candidates from running and splitting the vote, by using primary elections.

paragraphs: The majority criterion says that a candidate X should win if a majority of voters say "Yes" to the question 'Do you like X more than every other candidate?'.

paragraphs: The Condorcet criterion is stronger. It says that a candidate X should win if for every other candidate Y, more voters agree that they prefer X over Y than the number of voters who prefer Y to X.

paragraphs: Satisfaction of the Condorcet criterion implies that of the majority criterion, but not vice versa. With the Condorcet criterion there may be different majorities depending on who X and Y are, but the majority criterion only applies when there is a single majority which has X as their first choice, preferred over every other candidate.


title: Proportionality for Solid Coalitions

paragraphs: Proportionality for Solid Coalitions (PSC) is a voting system criterion for ranked voting systems. It is important for giving proportional representation for voters in multiple-winner ranked voting systems.

paragraphs: A group of voters formula_1 is a "solid coalition" for a group of candidates formula_2, if every voter in formula_1 ranks every candidate in formula_2 ahead of every candidate that is not in formula_2.

paragraphs: Let formula_6 be the number of voters, formula_7 be the number of seats to be filled and formula_8 be some positive number.

paragraphs: formula_7–PSC is based on the Hare quota formula_11. If formula_1 is a solid coalition for formula_2 and the number of voters in formula_1 is at least formula_8 Hare quotas, then at least formula_8 candidates from formula_2 must be elected (if formula_2 has less than formula_8 candidates at all, then all of them have to be elected). This criterion was created by Michael Dummett.

paragraphs: formula_20–PSC is defined like formula_7–PSC, but is based on the Hagenbach-Bischoff quota formula_23 instead of the Hare quota, and the number of voters in formula_1 must exceed formula_8 Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas. It is a more general form of the majority criterion because it allows for groups of supported candidates (solid coalitions) instead of just one candidate, and there may be more than one candidate that will be elected. Because some authors call the fraction formula_23 a Droop quota, formula_20–PSC is also known as the Droop proportionality criterion.

paragraphs: Droop proportionality means that a majority-size solid coalition will always be able to elect at least half of the seats. This is because a majority is always over n/2 voters, and that will contain half of the Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas (There are (k+1) Hagenbach-Bischoff quotas in an election, since (n/(k+1)) * (k+1) = n, so (k+1)/2, which is half of the quotas * n/(k+1), which is the quota, = n/2).


title: Tomoko Ogawa

paragraphs: Tomoko Ogawa (小川誠子, April 1st, 1951 - November 15th, 2019) is a female 7-dan professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in.


title: Borrowing Matchsticks

paragraphs: Borrowing Matchsticks (, ) is a 1980 Finnish Russian comedy movie directed by Leonid Gaidai based on the novel by Algot Untola. It stars Yevgeny Leonov, Ritva Valkama, Vyacheslav Nevinny, Georgy Vitsin, Rita Polster, and Sergey Filippov


title: Winchester '73 (1950 movie)

paragraphs: Winchester '73 is a 1950 American western movie directed by Anthony Mann and starring James Stewart, Shelley Winters, Dan Duryea, Stephen McNally, Rock Hudson, Millard Mitchell, Tony Curtis. It was distributed by Universal Pictures and was remade for television in 1967.


title: Two Flags West

paragraphs: Two Flags West is a 1950 American western movie directed by Robert Wise and starring Cornel Wilde, Joseph Cotten, Linda Darnell, Jeff Chandler, Dale Robertson. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Born to Kill (1947 movie)

paragraphs: Born to Kill is a 1947 American crime drama movie directed by Robert Wise and based on the 1943 novel "Deadlier than the Male" by James Gunn. It stars Lawrence Tierney, Walter Slezak, Claire Trevor, Isabel Jewell, Esther Howard and was distributed by RKO Radio Pictures.


title: Hangman's House

paragraphs: Hangman's House is a 1928 American romantic drama movie directed by John Ford and based on the novel by Brian Oswald Donn-Byrne. It stars Victor McLaglen, June Collyer, Larry Kent, Earle Fox, John Wayne and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Under My Skin (movie)

paragraphs: Under My Skin is a 1950 American sports drama movie directed by Jean Negulesco and based on the short story by "My Old Man" by Ernest Hemingway. It stars John Garfield, Micheline Presle, Noel Drayton, Luther Adler and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Never So Few

paragraphs: Never So Few is a 1959 American World War II action movie directed by John Sturges and based on the 1957 novel of the same name by Tom T. Chamales. It stars Frank Sinatra, Gina Lollobrigida, Peter Lawford, Steve McQueen, Charles Bronson, Brian Donlevy and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Cleansing of the Temple

paragraphs: The cleansing of the Temple narrative tells of Jesus making people who sold animals leave the temple in Jerusalem. These people provided animals used in the Jewish rituals of sacrifice. Jesus also drove out the money changers. The temple required that only special coins be used to buy the animals or donate to the temple. Sometimes they were corrupt and cheated people who came to worship. Jesus says they are turning the Temple into "a den of thieves".

paragraphs: The Synoptic Gospels tell of this happening near the end of Jesus' life. It was one of the reasons that the Jewish leaders opposed Jesus. The Gospel of John puts it near the beginning of the three year ministry of Jesus. This makes some Bible scholars think this happened two times and others think it refers to a single time.


title: Châtelaudren

paragraphs: Châtelaudren is a former commune. It is found in the region Bretagne in the Côtes-d'Armor department in the west of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Châtelaudren-Plouagat.


title: Labastide-en-Val

paragraphs: Labastide-en-Val is a commune of 92 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Labécède-Lauragais

paragraphs: Labécède-Lauragais is a commune of 412 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Vermilion, Ohio

paragraphs: Vermilion is a city in Ohio in the United States.

paragraphs: It has a population of 10, 437, and its population is slowly falling. It fell from 10, 927 in 2000 to 10, 594 in 2010. Its peak population was 11, 127, at the 1990 census. The 1990 census was also the last census in which Vermillion gained population.

paragraphs: People from Vermillion include reporter and Miss Teen USA Allie LaForce.

paragraphs: It is situated in North Ohio. It is just 17 miles from Sandunsky, abd a drive 35 miles east takes you to Cleveland.


title: Lacombe, Aude

paragraphs: Lacombe is a commune of 172 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lafage

paragraphs: Lafage is a commune of 89 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lairière

paragraphs: Lairière is a commune of 52 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lanet

paragraphs: Lanet is a commune of 50 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Laroque-de-Fa

paragraphs: Laroque-de-Fa is a commune of 151 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lasbordes

paragraphs: Lasbordes is a commune of 788 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lagrasse

paragraphs: Lagrasse is a commune of 545 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Sougraigne

paragraphs: Sougraigne is a commune of 112 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lastours

paragraphs: Lastours is a commune of 159 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Laurabuc

paragraphs: Laurabuc is a commune of 412 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Laurac

paragraphs: Laurac is a commune of 175 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Laure-Minervois

paragraphs: Laure-Minervois is a commune of 1,055 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lavalette, Aude

paragraphs: Lavalette is a commune of 1,499 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lespinassière

paragraphs: Lespinassière is a commune of 133 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Les Martys

paragraphs: Les Martys is a commune of 293 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Lézignan-Corbières

paragraphs: Lézignan-Corbières is a commune of 11,168 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Limousis

paragraphs: Limousis is a commune of 129 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Leucate

paragraphs: Leucate is a commune of 4,428 people (2017) that is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France. It lies between the Mediterranean Sea and the lagoon Étang de Leucate.


title: Loei Province

paragraphs: Loei (Thai: เลย, ), is one of the least populated provinces ("changwat") of Thailand. It is in upper northeastern Thailand, also called Isan. Neighboring provinces are (from east clockwise) Nong Khai, Udon Thani, Nongbua Lamphu, Khon Kaen, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok. In the north it borders Xaignabouli and Vientiane Province of Laos.

paragraphs: , the provincial governor is Chaiwat Chuenkosum. The province was given 225.6 million baht in the FY2019 Thailand budget.

paragraphs: Tradition says that Loei was created by people from Chiang Saen, the capital of Lan Na. Khun Pha Muang created the village of Dan-kwa, and Bang Klang Hao created Dan Sai. Drought and disease later made to the people move to the site of present-day Loei. In 1907 King Chulalongkorn (Rama V) created the Loei Province. The Loei Cultural Centre (ศูนย์วัฒนธรรมจังหวัดเลย) shows Loei's history, religions, and traditions.

paragraphs: The land has many mountains. The seat of provincial government, Loei, is in a fertile basin where mountains are all around it. The most famous mountains in the province are Phu Kradueng, Phu Luang, and Phu Ruea. The Loei River, which flows through the province, is a tributary of the Mekong, which creates part of the northern border of the province with neighboring Laos. Phu Thap Buek, the tallest mountain of the Phetchabun Range, is in the province.

paragraphs: The mountain Phu Kradueng is in Phu Kradueng National Park (อุทยานแห่งชาติภูกระดึง).

paragraphs: The western part of the province reaches the southern end of the Luang Prabang Range mountain area of the Thai highlands.

paragraphs: Agriculture is an important part of Loei's economy. Macadamia nuts, passion fruit, and Arabica coffee are grown in the highlands; bananas, sesame, and rubber are grown on the plains. Loei is a popular place for tourists who want to look at the environment. This is because of Loei's natural environment and amalgam of northern and northeastern cultures.

paragraphs: Wang Saphung District has a big open pit gold mine that employs many people. The area has been the place of a long-standing disagreement as well as fights between the people of Ban Na Nong Bong and its environs and Tungkum Limited, a subsidiary of Tongkah Harbour PCL. Tungkum's gold mining work has been accused of environmental destruction in the courts.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 14 districts ("amphoe"). The districts are further divided into 89 subdistricts ("tambons") and 839 villages ("mubans").

paragraphs: As of 26 November 2019 there are: one Loei Provincial Administration Organisation ("ongkan borihan suan changwat") and 29 municipal ("thesaban") areas in the province. Loei with Wang Saphung have town ("thesaban mueang") status. Further 27 subdistrict municipalities ("thesaban tambon"). The non-municipal areas are governed by 71 Subdistrict Administrative Organisations - SAO ("ongkan borihan suan tambon").

paragraphs: Route 201 comes from Chiang Khan in the north on the border with Laos. It goes through Loei, to Non Sa-at near Chum Phae. Route 203 leads west to the area of Phu Ruea, and then turns south to Lom Sak.

paragraphs: The seal of the province shows the stupa at Phra That Si Song Rak, which was built in 1560 by King Maha Chakrapat of the Ayutthaya Kingdom and King Chai Chetha of Lan Xang. It was built as a symbol of friendship between the two kingdoms. The provincial tree is the Khasi pine ("Pinus kesiya").

paragraphs: The slogan of the province is "city of the sea of mountains, coldest place in Siam, with beautiful flowers of three seasons."

paragraphs: Since 2003, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand has watched progress on human development for the provinces using the Human achievement index (HAI). The HAI is a list including all the eight key areas of human development. National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) has taken over this job since 2017.

paragraphs: Reports (data) from Thai government are "not copyrightable" (Public Domain), Copyright Act 2537 (1994), section 7.


title: Katyn massacre

paragraphs: The Katyn massacre is the name of a series of killings by the Soviet army during World War II. Members of the NKVD killed about 22,000 Polish prisoners of war. In a forest near Katyn, about from Smolensk, most of the prisoners killed were officers. The Katyn massacre happened in May 1940. Stalin ordered it on Beria's advice. Between 4,000 and 5,000 people were killed in Katyn. In 1990, the Soviet Union/Russia admitted it was responsible. In 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev officially apologised. The Katyn massacre is one in a series of similar massacres where up to 100,000 people were killed. Between 400 and 450 prisoners survived. People used their stories to change Soviet history books after the apology.

paragraphs: In the 1980s, Michail Gorbachev said that Beria and Vsevolod Merkulov were responsible. He said that the Katyn massacre was one of Stalin's atrocities. Beria was accused of treason. He was executed in 1953. He had worked with the British in the 1920s. Merkulov was also executed in 1953 for being close to Beria. Beria and Merkulov were never tried for what they did at Katyn.


title: Charco Press

paragraphs: Charco Press is an independent publisher based in United Kingdom. It primarily translates and publishes Latin American literature in English language. It was founded by Carolina Orloff and Samuel McDowell in 2016.


title: Bloomsbury Publishing

paragraphs: Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house for fiction and non-fiction books. It was previously traded as M.B.N.1 Limited and Bloomsbury Publishing Company Limited. Their head office is located in Bloomsbury. Additionally they have a office in New York City in US. Their Indian publishing office is located in New Delhi, and a sales office in Sydney. In addition they have another publishing office in the UK including at Oxford..


title: Holtzbrinck Publishing Group

paragraphs: Holtzbrinck Publishing Group (German: "Verlagsgruppe Georg von Holtzbrinck") is a private publishing company of Germany. Their office is located in Stuttgart, capital of Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: Holtzbrinck Publishing Group is one of the big five English-language publishing companies in the world. The other four publishing companies are Penguin Random House (Bertelsmann), Hachette (Lagardère), HarperCollins (News Corp), Simon & Schuster (National Amusements).

paragraphs: In the US, it trades through Macmillan Publishers name.


title: Lombards

paragraphs: The Lombards were a Germanic people who ruled most of the Italian Peninsula from 568 to 774. They themselves thought that they had originally come from southern Scandinavia. In ancient times they had worshiped nature, but later the worshiped Odin. They grew long beards in honor of Odin and became known as "Longobards" which means "long beards".

paragraphs: In about 560 A.D., Audoin, who was their leader and a warrior, was succeeded by his son Alboin, a young and energetic leader. He defeated some neighboring tribes and then, in the spring of 568, Alboin led the Lombard migration into Italy. According to the "History of the Lombards," "Then the Langobards, having left Pannonia, hastened to take possession of Italy with their wives and children and all their goods."

paragraphs: When they came to Italy, most of the Lombards still followed their old religion, but some were Arian Christians. Most of them later adopted Orthodox Christian views. In later years they fought with the Franks and later the Muslims. The Normans also fought with them between 1017 and 1078 A.D. As a result, Italy consisted of many small states until modern times.


title: Demi Lovato discography

paragraphs: American singer Demi Lovato has released six studio albums, thirty-three singles (eleven as a featured artist), and forty music videos.


title: La Louvière-Lauragais

paragraphs: La Louvière-Lauragais is a commune of 77 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Luc-sur-Orbieu

paragraphs: Luc-sur-Orbieu is a commune of 1,144 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mailhac

paragraphs: Mailhac is a commune of 567 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Maisons, Aude

paragraphs: Maisons is a commune of 46 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Malves-en-Minervois

paragraphs: Malves-en-Minervois is a commune of 854 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Marcorignan

paragraphs: Marcorignan is a commune of 1,300 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Marseillette

paragraphs: Marseillette is a commune of 712 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mas-Cabardès

paragraphs: Mas-Cabardès is a commune of 185 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montauriol, Aude

paragraphs: Montauriol is a commune of 88 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mas-des-Cours

paragraphs: Mas-des-Cours is a commune of 25 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Massac, Aude

paragraphs: Massac is a commune of 29 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mas-Saintes-Puelles

paragraphs: Mas-Saintes-Puelles is a commune of 922 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mayreville

paragraphs: Mayreville is a commune of 75 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mayronnes

paragraphs: Mayronnes is a commune of 35 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mézerville

paragraphs: Mézerville is a commune of 95 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Miraval-Cabardès

paragraphs: Miraval-Cabardès is a commune of 46 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mirepeisset

paragraphs: Mirepeisset is a commune of 769 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mireval-Lauragais

paragraphs: Mireval-Lauragais is a commune of 171 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Molandier

paragraphs: Molandier is a commune of 237 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montbrun-des-Corbières

paragraphs: Montbrun-des-Corbières is a commune of 309 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montgaillard, Aude

paragraphs: Montgaillard is a commune of 42 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montirat, Aude

paragraphs: Montirat is a commune of 74 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montjoi, Aude

paragraphs: Montjoi is a commune of 37 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montmaur, Aude

paragraphs: Montmaur is a commune of 307 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Monze, Aude

paragraphs: Monze is a commune of 227 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Montréal, Aude

paragraphs: Montréal is a commune of 1,896 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France. It is just west of Carcassonne.


title: Montolieu

paragraphs: Montolieu is a commune of 846 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Bridgeport, Nebraska

paragraphs: Bridgeport is a city in Nebraska in the United States. It is the county seat of Morrill County.


title: 95 (number)

paragraphs: Ninety-five is a number. It comes after ninety-four and before ninety-six, and is an odd number. It is divisible by 1, 5, 19, and 95.


title: Montredon-des-Corbières

paragraphs: Montredon-des-Corbières is a commune of 1,477 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Crook County, Oregon

paragraphs: Crook County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 20,978 people. The county seat is Prineville.


title: Emington, Illinois

paragraphs: Emington is a village in Illinois in the United States.


title: Flanagan, Illinois

paragraphs: Flanagan is a village in Illinois in the United States.


title: Odell, Illinois

paragraphs: Odell is a village in Illinois in the United States.


title: Young Sheldon

paragraphs: Young Sheldon is an American comedy television series on CBS created by Chuck Lorre and Steven Molaro. The series is a spin-off prequel to "The Big Bang Theory", and premiered as a special preview on September 25, 2017, and two days later, CBS picked up the series for a full season of 22 episodes. On November 2, 2017, new episodes began airing weekly.


title: Coos County, Oregon

paragraphs: Coos County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 63,043 people. The county seat is Coquille.


title: King's Field

paragraphs: King's Field is an action RPG made by FromSoftware. The game's design would influence how FromSoftware would make their later games, especially the "Souls" series, "Bloodborne", and "". Like From's later games, it is a high difficulty RPG where the player would have a slow attack speed. Due to this. the player will need to master the spacing and time of their attacks. However, what makes "King's Field" different from the later From games is that the game is played from a first-person point-of-view, whereas the later games would be from a third-person point-of-view.

paragraphs: Confusingly, the game called "King's Field" that came out in the United States was actually called "King's Field 2" in Japan.


title: Prince Frederick, Maryland

paragraphs: Prince Frederick is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is the county seat of Calvert County. As of the 2010 census, the CDP's population was 2,538.


title: Bloodborne

paragraphs: Bloodborne is an action RPG made by FromSoftware led by Hidetaka Miyazaki. It is very similar to FromSoftware's other games, the "Souls" series. The game has many similar features from the "Souls" series. Below are the similarities.

paragraphs: While the game has many similarities with the "Souls" series, there are also some big differences as well. Below are the differences.


title: Scarlet Pages

paragraphs: Scarlet Pages is a 1930 crime drama film directed by Ray Enright and based on the play of the same name. It stars Elsie Ferguson, Marian Nixon, John Halliday, Grant Withers, William B. Davidson and distributed by Warner Bros..


title: Wara Wara

paragraphs: Wara Wara is a 1930 Bolivian romantic drama movie directed by José María Velasco Maidana and stars Juanita Taillansier, Martha de Velasco, Arturo Borda, Guillermo Viscarra Fabre, Emmo Reyes. It was distributed by Urania Film.


title: Darrin Patrick

paragraphs: Darrin Patrick (December 4, 1970 – May 7, 2020) was an American author and teaching pastor. He was born in Marion, Illinois.

paragraphs: He taught at Seacoast Church in Charleston South Carolina. He was a pastor of The Journey, a megachurch in St. Louis, Missouri, which he founded in 2002. He was the chaplain to the St. Louis Cardinals and was the author of several books.

paragraphs: Patrick was the vice-president of the Acts 29 Network, an international church planting organization, and a council member of The Gospel Coalition.

paragraphs: Patrick shot himself on May 7, 2020 at the age of 49.


title: Kristina Lugn

paragraphs: Gunhild Bricken Kristina Lugn (; 14November 1948 – 9 May 2020) was a Swedish poet. She was a member of the Swedish Academy. She was born in Tierp, Sweden. She was known for her many works with Henning Mankell, such as the novel "Tjuvbadarna". She was a television presenter for the show Oförutsett which was broadcast on SVT in 1987. She presented the show along with Jörn Donner and Bert Karlsson.

paragraphs: Lugn was found dead at her home in Stockholm on 9 May 2020, aged 71.


title: Kjell Espmark

paragraphs: Kjell Erik Espmark (born 19 February 1930) is a Swedish writer and literary historian.

paragraphs: He is a member of the Swedish Academy and Professor of the History of Literature at Stockholm University. He was elected to the Swedish Academy on 5 March 1981. Espmark replaced the linguist Elias Wessén to Seat No.16. On 6 April 2018 Espmark announced that he would no longer participate in the work of the Academy, but returned to his seat in January 2019.


title: Kerstin Ekman

paragraphs: Kerstin Lillemor Ekman ("née" Hjorth; born 27 August 1933) is a Swedish novelist. She was born in Risinge, Finspång, Östergötland County. She is known for her 1993 mystery novel "Blackwater". Ekman was elected member of the Swedish Academy in 1978, but left the Academy in 1989.


title: Per Wästberg

paragraphs: Per Erik Wästberg (born 20 November 1933) is a Swedish writer. He became a member of the Swedish Academy in 1997. Wästberg was born in Stockholm. He was editor-in-chief of Sweden's largest daily newspaper, "Dagens Nyheter", from 1976 to 1982.

paragraphs: He was President of International PEN from 1979 until 1986 and member of the Nobel Prize for Literature committee. He was the founder of the Swedish section of Amnesty International (1963).


title: Allan Edwall

paragraphs: Johan Allan Edwall (25 August 1924 – 7 February 1997) was a Swedish actor, director, author, composer and singer. He appeared in some of Ingmar Bergman's movies such as "Fanny and Alexander" (1982). He was also known for starring in television movies based on the children's stories by Astrid Lindgren. He was also known for his role in "Emil and the Piglet". He was born in Rödön, Sweden.

paragraphs: Edwall died on 7 February 1997 in Stockholm of prostate cancer, aged 72.


title: Abraham Palatnik

paragraphs: Abraham Palatnik (February 2, 1928 – May 9, 2020) was a Brazilian artist and inventor. His worked were kinechromatic art. Palatnik was born in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte. He was seen as an important person of technological art. Some of his works were in the First Biennial of São Paulo in 1951.

paragraphs: He lived from 1932 to 1947 in Israel before settling in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Palatnik died from COVID-19 on May 9, 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 92.


title: Space Force (TV series)

paragraphs: Space Force is an American comedy web television series. It was created by Greg Daniels and Steve Carell. It stars Carell, John Malkovich, Ben Schwartz, Diana Silvers, Lisa Kudrow, Jane Lynch with Tawny Newsome and the late Fred Willard. The series premiered on Netflix on May 29, 2020.

paragraphs: "Space Force" is a workplace comedy series that centers on a group of people in charge of creating the sixth branch of the United States Armed Forces, the United States Space Force.


title: Condorcet loser criterion

paragraphs: In single-winner voting system theory, the Condorcet loser criterion (CLC) is used to compare different voting systems. Any voting system that passes the CLC will also pass the majority loser criterion.

paragraphs: A voting system that passes the Condorcet loser criterion will never allow a "Condorcet loser" to win. A Condorcet loser is a candidate who would lose a head-to-head competition against each other candidate. (Not all elections will have a Condorcet loser since it is possible for every candidate to lose against at least one other candidate head-to-head.)

paragraphs: Any voting method that passes the Smith criterion will also pass the Condorcet loser criterion, because the Condorcet loser doesn't pairwise beat anyone, and so could not be in the Smith set.

paragraphs: Voting methods that pass include: two-round system, instant-runoff voting (AV), contingent vote, borda count, Schulze method, ranked pairs, and Kemeny-Young method. Any voting method that ends in a runoff passes the criterion, because the Condorcet loser will lose in any head-to-head competition.

paragraphs: Voting methods that don't pass include: plurality voting, supplementary voting, Sri Lankan contingent voting, approval voting, range voting, Bucklin voting and minimax Condorcet.


title: Mutual majority criterion

paragraphs: The mutual majority criterion is a criterion used to compare voting systems. It is also known as the majority criterion for solid coalitions and the generalized majority criterion. The criterion says that if a majority of voters like a group of candidates more than all of the other candidates, then one of the candidates in the group must win. This is similar to but but more broad than the majority criterion, where the group of candidates can only have one candidate in it. The Droop proportionality criterion is a more broad form of the mutual majority criterion, which also applies to multi-winner elections.

paragraphs: The Schulze method, ranked pairs, instant-runoff voting, Nanson's method, and Bucklin voting pass this criterion. All Smith-efficient Condorcet methods pass the mutual majority criterion.

paragraphs: The plurality vote, approval voting, range voting, the Borda count, and minimax fail this criterion.

paragraphs: Voting methods which pass the majority criterion but fail mutual majority can have a spoiler effect, since if a minority-preferred candidate wins, and all of the candidates preferred by the majority, except for one, leave the election, then the remaining majority-preferred candidate will win instead.


title: Solid rocket booster

paragraphs: A solid rocket booster is a propulsion device that uses solid propellant as fuel.


title: 1987 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1987 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1986–87 season, and the culmination of the 1987 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the Edmonton Oilers and the Philadelphia Flyers. The Oilers won the series 4–3, for their third Stanley Cup victory. This would be the fifth of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta (the Oilers appeared in six, the Calgary Flames in two), and the fourth of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice (the Oilers won four times, the Montreal Canadiens once).


title: Rashida Hamid

paragraphs: Rashida Hamid also known as Rashida Khanom is a Bangladeshi public figure, 8th First Lady of Bangladesh and the wife of President Abdul Hamid. Rashida serving as the country's 8th Lady from 23 April 2013.

paragraphs: Rashida was born at Jafrabad, Karimganj. Her father name is Abdul Halim Khan. Rashida completed her graduation from Gurudayal Government College. In 1964 Rashida was married to Abdul Hamid. They have 3 son and 1 daughter together.

paragraphs: Rashida was heading a kindergarten school as the head teacher since Abdul Hamid became the speaker.


title: Djoko Santoso

paragraphs: General Djoko Santoso (; 8 September 1952 – 10 May 2020) was an Indonesian general. He was Chief of Staff of the Indonesian Army from 2005 to 2007. He was then appointed to the highest military office which is Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces. He had the job from 2007 until his retirement in 2010.

paragraphs: Santoso died on 10 May 2020 of surgery-related problems, aged 67.


title: Bhojpuri Language

paragraphs: Bhojpuri Language is a language which is spoken in northern-eastern India and Terai of Nepal. It is mainly spoken in western Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh.This language is written in Devanagari.


title: George Kauffman

paragraphs: George Bernard Kauffman (September 4, 1930 – May 2, 2020) was an American chemist and educator. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Kauffman was a Professor of Chemistry at California State University, Fresno. In 1978, Kauffman was honored with the Dexter Award from the American Chemical Society. He was a Guggenheim Fellow.

paragraphs: Kauffman died on May 2, 2020 at his home in Fresno, California at the age of 89.


title: 1984 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1984 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1983–84 season, and the culmination of the 1984 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the Edmonton Oilers and the defending champion New York Islanders. The upstart Oilers won the best-of-seven series, four games to one, to win their first Stanley Cup, becoming the third post-1967 expansion team and first former World Hockey Association team to win the Cup, and also the first team based west of Chicago to win the Cup since the WCHL's Victoria Cougars became the last non-NHL team to win it in .


title: Follow Thru

paragraphs: Follow Thru is a 1930 American romantic musical comedy movie. It was directed by Lloyd Corrigan. The movie is based on the 1929 musical of the same name. Actors include Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Nancy Carroll, Zelma O'Neal, Jack Haley, Eugene Pallette, and Thelma Todd. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures.


title: 1985 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1985 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1984–85 season, and the culmination of the 1985 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was contested between the defending champion Edmonton Oilers (in their third straight Finals appearance) and the Philadelphia Flyers. The Oilers would win the best-of-seven series, four games to one, to win their second Stanley Cup. It was also the sixth straight Finals contested between teams that joined the NHL in 1967 or later. , this is also the last time that a team, defending champion or runner-up, would appear in the Finals for the third straight season. This would be the third of eight consecutive Finals contested by a team from Alberta (the Oilers appeared in six, the Calgary Flames in and ), and the second of five consecutive Finals to end with the Cup presentation on Alberta ice (the Oilers won four of those times, the Montreal Canadiens once).


title: Love That Brute

paragraphs: Love That Brute is a 1950 American crime comedy movie. It was directed by Alexander Hall. It is a remake of the 1941 movie "Tall, Dark and Handsome". It stars Paul Douglas, Jean Peters, Cesar Romero, and Keenan Wynn. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Mother Didn't Tell Me

paragraphs: Mother Didn't Tell Me is a 1950 American comedy movie. It was directed by Claude Binyon. The movie is based on the 1949 book "The Doctor Wears Three Faces" by Mary Bard. Actors include Dorothy McGuire, William Lundigan, June Havoc, Gary Merrill, and Jessie Royce Landis. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: The Castle Tour

paragraphs: The Castle Tour is a 1986 Swedish television film directed by Claes Eriksson and Lars Gustavsson and the second film to star the members of Galenskaparna och After Shave.

paragraphs: Some tourists are shown around an old castle (Tjolöholm Castle) by a guide (Peter Rangmar), who speaks a homemade version of English that cannot be understood, not knowing the tourists are Swedish. For example, the guide calls the upper class "Bimbodocksockers". During the tour, the group comes upon various events, which the guide does not know is happening.


title: University of Tokyo Press

paragraphs: The is a university press affiliated with the University of Tokyo in Japan. It was founded in 1951, following the post-World War II reorganization of the university. They received the special prize from the Japan foundation in 1990.

paragraphs: The University of Tokyo Press has published many textbooks for various scientific areas. For example, they have textbooks for


title: 1990 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The Edmonton Oilers defeated the Boston Bruins in five games, capturing their fifth Stanley Cup Championship. Game five was played on May 24, 1990 at the Boston Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. This victory marked the first time the Oilers would win the Stanley Cup without Wayne Gretzky.

paragraphs: The victory also became the first time the Oilers would win the Stanley Cup on the road, away from Northlands Coliseum. Game one in Boston would eventually be settled in the third overtime period when Petr Klima scored at 15:13 for the Oilers.

paragraphs: The final score of game one was 3 to 2 for Edmonton. The Oilers Bill Ranford was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, honoring him as the most valuable player of the 1990 Stanley Cup Playoffs.


title: Montséret

paragraphs: Montséret is a commune of 594 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France. It is a small wine-producing village in the wine district of Corbières.


title: Moussan

paragraphs: Moussan is a commune of 1,940 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Moussoulens

paragraphs: Moussoulens is a commune of 1,018 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Mouthoumet

paragraphs: Mouthoumet is a commune of 107 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Moux

paragraphs: Moux is a commune of 701 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Névian

paragraphs: Névian is a commune of 1,301 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Ornaisons

paragraphs: Ornaisons is a commune of 1,181 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Orsans, Aude

paragraphs: Orsans is a commune of 104 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Ouveillan

paragraphs: Ouveillan is a commune of 2,463 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Padern

paragraphs: Padern is a commune of 132 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Palairac

paragraphs: Palairac is a commune of 30 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Palaja

paragraphs: Palaja is a commune of 2,357 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: La Palme, Aude

paragraphs: La Palme is a commune of 1,693 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Payra-sur-l'Hers

paragraphs: Payra-sur-l'Hers is a commune of 205 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department. This is in the south of France.


title: Paziols

paragraphs: Paziols is a commune of 528 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pécharic-et-le-Py

paragraphs: Pécharic-et-le-Py is a commune of 27 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pennautier

paragraphs: Pennautier is a commune of 2,554 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pépieux

paragraphs: Pépieux is a commune of 1,068 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pexiora

paragraphs: Pexiora is a commune of 1,226 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: The Affairs of Susan

paragraphs: The Affairs of Susan is a 1945 American romantic comedy movie. It was directed by William A. Seiter. Actors include Joan Fontaine, George Brent, Dennis O'Keefe, and Walter Abel. It was distributed by Paramount Pictures. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1946.


title: Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers

paragraphs: Peyrefitte-sur-l'Hers is a commune of 75 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: The Nevadan

paragraphs: The Nevadan is a 1950 American western movie. It was directed by Gordon Douglas. Actors include Randolph Scott, Dorothy Malone, Forrest Tucker, Frank Faylen, and George Macready. It was distributed by Columbia Pictures.


title: Kansas Raiders

paragraphs: Kansas Raiders is a 1950 American western movie. It was directed by Ray Enright. Actors include Audie Murphy, Tony Curtis, Brian Donlevy, Marguerite Chapman, Scott Brady, Richard Arlen, and Richard Egan. It was distributed by Universal Pictures. It is set during the American Civil Warr, and it is about Jesse James joining William Quantrill.


title: Straight Time

paragraphs: Straight Time is a 1978 American crime drama movie. It was directed by Ulu Grosbard. The movie is based on the book "No Beast So Fierce" by Edward Bunker (who also stars). Other actors include Dustin Hoffman, Theresa Russell, Harry Dean Stanton, M. Emmet Walsh, Kathy Bates, and Gary Busey. It was distributed by Warner Bros.


title: Peyrens

paragraphs: Peyrens is a commune of 496 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Peyriac-de-Mer

paragraphs: Peyriac-de-Mer is a commune of 1,113 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Paul Landowski

paragraphs: Paul Maximilien Landowski (1 June 1875 – 31 March 1961) was a French sculptor. Landowski was born in the 9th arrondissement of Paris and died in Boulogne-Billancourt.

paragraphs: He is famous for creating the "Christ the Redeemer" in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. He created it in 1931. He worked with Heitor da Silva Costa, who was an engineer, and Gheorghe Leonida, an architect.


title: Peyriac-Minervois

paragraphs: Peyriac-Minervois is a commune of 1,139 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pezens

paragraphs: Pezens is a commune of 1,525 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Plavilla

paragraphs: Plavilla is a commune of 110 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: La Pomarède

paragraphs: La Pomarède is a commune of 143 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Portel-des-Corbières

paragraphs: Portel-des-Corbières is a commune of 1,357 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Pouzols-Minervois

paragraphs: Pouzols-Minervois is a commune of 547 people (2017). It is in the region Occitanie in the Aude department in the south of France.


title: Curry County, Oregon

paragraphs: Curry County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 22,364 people. The county seat is Gold Beach.


title: Deschutes County, Oregon

paragraphs: Deschutes County is a county located in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 census, the county has a population of 157,733 people. The county seat is Bend.


title: Sabarkantha District

paragraphs: Sabarkantha is a medium populated district in North gujarat.


title: Steve Wilkos

paragraphs: Steven John Wilkos (; born March 9, 1964) is an American television personality, who has been hosting "The Steve Wilkos Show" since 2007.


title: Lassi

paragraphs: Lassi (Urdu:لسی) is a popular traditional dahi (yogurt)-based drink that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Lassi is a blend of yoghurt, water, spices and sometimes fruit. Namkeen (salty) lassi is similar to doogh, while sweet and mango lassis are like milkshakes.


title: If I Can't Have You (Shawn Mendes song)

paragraphs: "If I Can't Have You" is a song by Canadian singer Shawn Mendes. It was released as the lead single (sixth overall) from the deluxe edition of Mendes' self-titled third studio album through Island Records on May 3, 2019. The music video was released the same day. "If I Can't Have You" has reached number one in Hungary and China, as well as the top five in Australia, Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Malaysia, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovakia, and the United States.


title: Karl Schwarzschild

paragraphs: Karl Schwarzschild (9 October 1873 – 11 May 1916) was a German physicist and astronomer.

paragraphs: Best known for his solution to Einstein's equations of general relativity, which describes a the gravitational field outside a non-rotating black hole with no magnetic field.

paragraphs: The equation describes how a particle moves space near this black hole (using spherical coordinates).

paragraphs: dformula_2 and dformula_3 are the change in angle

paragraphs: formula_5 is the set radius limit of the heavy object

paragraphs: r is how close the travelling object is to the heavy object

paragraphs: This equation is also known as the Schwarzschild metric or Schwarzschild solution.


title: Silver(I,III) oxide

paragraphs: Silver(I,III) oxide is a chemical compound that results from the oxidation of silver. As the silver is charged, it can be used in batteries, for example silver-zinc batteries.


title: A Yank in the RAF

paragraphs: A Yank in the RAF is a 1941 American World War II adventure movie directed by Henry King and starring Tyrone Power, Betty Grable, John Sutton, Lester Matthews, Reginald Gardiner, Ralph Byrd, Frederick Worlock. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and was nominated for an Academy Award in 1941.


title: Ralph P. Locke

paragraphs: Ralph P. Locke (born 1949) is an American music researcher and professor emeritus of musicology at Eastman School of Music in New York. He one of the most well known classical music critics in the United States. He founded the "Eastman Studies in Music" series. He is a contributor to "The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians" and several other books, and has been editor of several journals. He is also "one of the most published musicologists on orientalism and music." Locke earned his bachelor's degree at Harvard University and his doctorate at the University of Chicago.


title: Week-End in Havana

paragraphs: Week-End in Havana (also known as A Week-End in Havana and That Week-End in Havana) is a 1941 American romantic musical comedy movie directed by Walter Lang. It stars Alice Faye, Carmen Miranda, John Payne, Cesar Romero. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and is the follow up to the 1940 movie "Down Argentine Way" and "That Night in Rio".


title: Marcus Paus

paragraphs: Marcus Nicolay Paus (born 14 October 1979) () is a Norwegian composer. He is known for his orientation toward tradition, tonality and melody. His work includes chamber music, choral works, solo works, concerts, orchestral works, operas, symphonies, and works for theatre, film and television.


title: Convicted (1950 movie)

paragraphs: Convicted is a 1950 American crime film noir drama directed by Henry Levin and is the third adaption film the 1929 play "The Criminal Code" by Martin Flavin. It stars Glenn Ford, Broderick Crawford, Millard Mitchell, Dorothy Malone, Carl Benton Reid, Ed Begley, Douglas Kennedy, Martha Stewart, Frank Faylen and was distributed by Columbia Pictures.


title: Hawaii Five-O

paragraphs: Hawaii Five-O is an American police procedural drama series. The show originally aired for 12 seasons from 1968 to 1980, and continues in reruns. It was the longest-running police drama in television.


title: Jack Horner (politician)

paragraphs: John Henry "Jack" Horner (July 20, 1927 – November 18, 2004) was a Canadian politician. He was a Member of Parliament (MP) in the House of Commons of Canada for the electoral areas of Acadia and Crowfoot. He was an MP from 1958 to 1979. Horner is famous for fighting very hard for ranchers and farmers.

paragraphs: When he was in politics, Horner was very well-known for being a right-wing politician. He strongly supported the Progressive Conservative Prime Minister from 1957 to 1963, John Diefenbaker. Many of his family were very important in Western Canadian politics. They were all part of a group called "Diefenbaker's cowboys". Horner tried to become the leader of the Progressive Conservative Party many times. After he lost to Joe Clark in trying to become the leader in 1976, he crossed the floor, or changed the political party he was part of. He went from the Progressive Conservative Party to the Liberal Party.

paragraphs: After he became a Liberal, Pierre Trudeau made him a cabinet minister. He became a Minister without portfolio, then the Minister of Industry, Trade, and Commerce. He lost his election in 1979. He later became a part of the board of directors of the Canadian National Railway.

paragraphs: Horner died in Calgary, Alberta at the age of 77.


title: Panic in the Streets (movie)

paragraphs: Panic in the Streets is a 1950 American crime thriller movie directed by Elia Kazan and stars Jack Palance, Richard Widmark, Paul Douglas, Barbara Bel Geddes, Zero Mostel, Tommy Rettig. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox and won an Academy Award in 1950.


title: Betty Wright

paragraphs: Bessie Regina Norris (December 21, 1953 – May 10, 2020), better known by her stage name Betty Wright, was an American soul and R&B singer-songwriter. She became famous in the 1970s with hits such as "Clean Up Woman" and "Tonight Is the Night". Wright was born in Miami, Florida.

paragraphs: Wright died on May 10, 2020 of endometrial cancer in Miami, aged 66.


title: Sérgio Sant'Anna

paragraphs: Sérgio Sant'Anna (October 30, 1941 – May 10, 2020) was a Brazilian writer. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. He wrote poems, plays, short stories, novellas and novels. His works have been translated to German and Italian.

paragraphs: Sant'Anna was known for his collection of poems titled "O Concerto de João Gilberto no Rio de Janeiro". He also wrote the 1981 play "Um Romance de Geração". His 2003 short novel " O vôo da madrugada" was translated to many languages.

paragraphs: Sant'Anna died on May 10, 2020 in Rio de Janeiro of COVID-19, aged 78.


title: Battleground (1949 movie)

paragraphs: Battleground is a 1949 American World War II action movie directed by William A. Wellman and stars Van Johnson, John Hodiak, Ricardo Montalbán, George Murphy, Marshall Thompson, James Whitmore, Douglas Fowley. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and was nominated for 6 Oscars and won 2 Academy Awards in 1950.


title: Ignacio de Loyola Brandão

paragraphs: Ignácio de Loyola Brandão (born 31 July 1936) is a Brazilian writer. He is best known as the author of the dystopian science-fiction novel "Zero". He was a critic of totalitarianism. In 2008, he was awarded the Prêmio Jabuti for his novel "O Menino que Vendia Palavras" (The Boy who Sold Words). He was born in Araraquara, São Paulo.


title: Elopement (movie)

paragraphs: Elopement is a 1951 American romantic comedy movie directed by Henry Koster and starring Clifton Webb, Anne Francis, Charles Bickford, William Lundigan. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Richard Sala

paragraphs: Richard Sala (1955 – May 2020) was an American horror cartoonist, illustrator, and comic book creator. He was born in Oakland, California. He was raised in West Chicago, Illinois.

paragraphs: Two of his books, "The Chuckling Whatsit" and "Mad Night" began as serials. "The Chuckling Whatsit" first appeared in the anthology "Zero Zero". Sala has also worked on projects with Lemony Snicket, Steve Niles and The Residents and illustrated "Doctor Sax and The Great World Snake"

paragraphs: In 2014, Sala began writing and drawing a webcomic entitled Super-Enigmatix. In 2016, Sala began a second webcomic, The Bloody Cardinal, also about a mystery-shrouded super-criminal.

paragraphs: On May 9, 2020, Sala's death was announced, aged 65.


title: Stanley Miller

paragraphs: Stanley Lloyd Miller (March 7, 1930 – May 20, 2007) was an American chemist. He was known for discovering the Miller–Urey experiment, which showed that complex organic molecules could be synthesised from inorganic precursors. He was seen as the "father of prebiotic chemistry".


title: Balloon boy hoax

paragraphs: The "Balloon Boy" hoax happened on October 15, 2009, when a homemade helium-filled gas balloon shaped to look like a silver flying saucer was released into the air above Fort Collins, Colorado, by Richard and Mayumi Heene. They then said that their six-year-old son Falcon was trapped inside it. Authorities confirmed the balloon reached during its 90-minute flight. Falcon was nicknamed "Balloon Boy" in the media.

paragraphs: National Guard helicopters and local police chased after the balloon. After flying for more than an hour and about , the balloon landed about northeast of Denver International Airport. When Falcon was not found inside and it was reported that an object had been seen falling from the balloon, a search was begun. Later that day, the boy was found hiding in the attic of his home, where he had apparently been the entire time.

paragraphs: Many people later believed the entire event was a hoax. After Wolf Blitzer asked why he was hiding, Falcon said to his father, "You guys said that, um, we did this for the show." On October 18, 2009, Larimer County sheriff Jim Alderden announced his statement that the event was a hoax and that the parents would likely face many felony charges.

paragraphs: On November 13, 2009, Richard Heene pleaded guilty. He was sentenced to 90 days in jail and ordered to pay $36,000, and Mayumi Heene was sentenced to 20 days of weekend jail.


title: Carmichael, California

paragraphs: Carmichael is a census-designated place (CDP) in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is a suburb in the Greater Sacramento metropolitan area. The population was 61,762 at the 2010 census.


title: Jan Aling

paragraphs: Jan Aling (24 June 1949 – 9 May 2020) was a Dutch road cyclist. Aling was born in Bunne (Drenthe).

paragraphs: He won several races including Omloop der Kempen, stages in the Milk race (now called Tour of Britain), stage in the Olympia's Tour and the Ronde van Overijssel. He became professional in 1974, and would be a professional until 1984. He rode twice in the Vuelta a España (1976 edition, and 1980 edition).

paragraphs: Aling died at a hospital in Eindhoven on 9 May 2020, three days after having had a cardiac arrest, aged 70.


title: Pedro Pablo León

paragraphs: Pedro Pablo León García (29 June 1943 – 9 May 2020) was a Peruvian footballer. He was born in Lima, Peru. From 1963 to 1973, he played for the national team. He also played for Alianza Lima, Barcelona, Deportivo Galicia, Deportivo Municipal and Juan Aurich. His career lasted from 1961 to 1976.

paragraphs: León died on 9 May 2020 in Lima of pneumonia caused by kidney failure, aged 76.


title: Jan Saxl

paragraphs: Jan Saxl (5 June 1948 – 2 May 2020) was a Czech-British mathematician. He was a professor at the University of Cambridge. He was known for his work in finite group theory. Saxl was born in Brno, in what was at the time Czechoslovakia. He worked at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and had a lecturer position at the University of Glasgow.

paragraphs: He was elected as a fellow of Gonville and Caius College in 1986, and he retired in 2015.

paragraphs: Saxl died on 2 May 2020 after a long-illness, aged 71.


title: Halls of Montezuma (1951 movie)

paragraphs: Halls of Montezuma is a 1951 American World War II action movie directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Richard Widmark, Richard Boone, Jack Palance, Karl Malden, Robert Wagner, Reginald Gardiner, Neville Brand, Jack Webb, Martin Milner. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Reiko Kobayashi

paragraphs: Reiko Kobayashi (1939-1996, 小林禮子, former name is Reiko Kitani, 木谷禮子) is a Japanese female 7-dan professional Go player at Nihon Ki-in.

paragraphs: Reiko Kobayashi has several professional players in her family.


title: The Feminine Touch (1941 movie)

paragraphs: The Feminine Touch is a 1941 American comedy movie directed by W.S. Van Dyke and starring Rosalind Russell, Don Ameche, Kay Francis, Donald Meek, Van Heflin. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: For You Alone

paragraphs: For You Alone is a 1945 British World War II romance movie directed by Geoffrey Faithfull and starring Lesley Brook, Dinah Sheridan, Jimmy Hanley. It was distributed by Buther's Film Service.