title: Antiquarian

paragraphs: An antiquarian or antiquary (from the , meaning related to ancient times) is a student of antiquities or things of the past. More specifically, the term is used for those who study history with particular attention to ancient artifacts. This includes archaeological and historic sites, or historic archives and manuscripts. The essence of antiquarianism is a focus on the empirical evidence of the past. It may be better explained by the motto adopted by the 18th-century antiquary, Sir Richard Colt Hoare, "We speak from facts not theory".

paragraphs: In the 18th century a new form of humanism emerged. Learned men and those interested in history formed new antiquarian societies. They were not associated with universities. They were formed by gentlemen of means and leisure, They had a growing interest in ancient Greece. A fortunate few, mainly Englishmen and Frenchmen, could visit these sites. A lucky few could even afford books illustrating these antiquities. Many early antiquarians were self-taught. These gentlemen scholars prepared papers on their findings and debated these in the society meetings. At times they disagreed with the new academic approach to history. By the end of the 19th century, antiquarianism had been replaced by a number of more specialized academic disciplines. These included archaeology, art history, numismatics, sigillography, philology, literary studies and diplomatics. Today the term is often used in a pejorative sense. It is used to refer to a very narrow focus on historical trivia instead of the actual history.

paragraphs: An antiquarian may also be someone who collect or study antiques.


title: Shah Jalal

paragraphs: Hazrat Shah Jalal (, , full name: Shāh Jalāl ad-Dīn al-Mujarrad al-Turk al Naqshbandi) is a celebrated Sufi Muslim figure in Bengal. Jalal's name is associated with the Muslim movement into northeastern Bengal. Also he is associated with the spread of Islam in Bangladesh through Sufism. Jalal was originally a Turkestani. He arrived at Sylhet in 1303. This is according to a tablet inscription found in Amber Khana, Sylhet. Dhaka renamed Zia International Airport to Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport. Dhaka and Sylhet had named a University known as Hazrat Shahjalal University of Science and Technology. The Mazarin is located at Chittagong.


title: Typhoon Matmo (2014)

paragraphs: Typhoon Matmo (also Typhoon Henry) was a tropical cyclone. The storm struck Taiwan in July 2014. The storm also hit eastern China.

paragraphs: Damage totaled $567 million. Sixty-two people died from the typhoon.


title: Lucidio Sentimenti

paragraphs: Lucidio Sentimenti (also known as Sentimenti IV; 1 July 1920 – 28 November 2014) was an Italian football player from Bomporto in the Province of Modena. He played club football for several clubs including Juventus and Lazio. He also played for the Italian national football team nine different times.

paragraphs: Sentimenti died in Turin, Italy, aged 94.


title: Mark Strand

paragraphs: Mark Strand (April 11, 1934 – November 29, 2014) was a Canadian-American poet, essayist, and translator. He was appointed Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress in 1990. He was a professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University. Strand was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island.

paragraphs: Strand died on November 29, 2014, in Brooklyn, New York City from liposarcoma, aged 80.


title: Diane Middlebrook

paragraphs: Diane Helen Wood Middlebrook (April 16, 1939 – December 15, 2007) was an American biographer, poet, and teacher. She taught feminist studies for many years at Stanford University. She was best known for writing biographies of poets Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath (along with Plath's husband Ted Hughes), and jazz musician Billy Tipton. She was born in Pocatello, Idaho.

paragraphs: Middlebrook died in San Francisco, California from liposarcoma, aged 68.


title: Liposarcoma

paragraphs: Liposarcoma is a malignant tumor. It is found on fat cells in deep soft tissue, such as that inside the thigh or in the retroperitoneum. They are typically large bulky tumors. Liposarcomas, like all sarcomas, are rare.


title: Chris Meffert

paragraphs: John Christian "Chris" Meffert (August 11, 1943 – November 13, 2014) was an American lawyer and politician. He served as Mayor of Ocala, Florida from 1977 through 1980. He then served in the Florida House of Representatives from 1980 through 1988. Meffert was born in Ocala, Florida.

paragraphs: Meffert died in Salt Springs, Florida from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), aged 71.


title: Whoopee cushion

paragraphs: A whoopee cushion, also known as a razzberry Cushion, is a practical joke device, used in a form of flatulence humour. It produces a noise resembling a "raspberry" or human flatulence. It is made from two sheets of rubber that are glued together at the edges. There is a small opening with a flap at one end for air to enter and leave the cushion. It is used by first inflating with air, then place it under a chair cushion for an unsuspecting victim to sit on. It is intended to embarrass the person. The Roman Emperor Elagabalus was known to use an early version of a whoopee cushions at dinner parties. It is very similar to a pig-bladder used by court Jesters in the middle ages. It would produce the same results. The modern version was re-invented in the 1920s by the JEM Rubber Co. of Toronto, Canada. Employees were experimenting with scrap sheets of rubber to produce the gag item.


title: Common teal

paragraphs: The common teal ("Anas crecca") is a duck that lives in Europe and Asia. It is sometimes called the Eurasian teal. People often call it simply the teal: it is the only kind of teal in most places. Teal is also the name of a color between blue and green. The bird has this color round its eyes.

paragraphs: The teal mates where the weather is temperate, but in winter it flies south to avoid the cold. When it is not starting a family, the teal likes to be with other teals. It often lives in places where the ground is very wet and the wind is usually not strong. It does not go under the water to find its food. Instead, it stays on top of the water and eats seeds and bugs that live in the water.

paragraphs: Some scientists think that another kind of teal, the North American green-winged teal ("A. carolinensis"), is a kind of common teal


title: John T. Chisholm

paragraphs: John T. Chisholm (born 1963 in Milwaukee) is the district attorney of Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. He has held this office since 2007. Chisholm is known for his successful prosecution of corrupt politicians and police officers, serial killer Walter Ellis, crime boss and preacher Michael Lock, and many associates of Governor Scott Walker.


title: My Everything

paragraphs: My Everything is the second studio album by American singer and actress Ariana Grande. It was released on August 25, 2014. It first appeared at the top of the "Billboard" 200. It sold 169,000 copies in its first week.


title: Chinese Rail GKD1

paragraphs: The GKD1 (D1) is a kind of diesel locomotive used in China. It was built by Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works.


title: Chinese Rail SS3B

paragraphs: The SS3B () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Ziyang Locomotive Works in 2002 and is still produced as of 2009.

paragraphs: SS3B have been manufactured by several companies:


title: Dayananda Saraswati

paragraphs: Dayananda Saraswati (, "Maharshi Dayānand Sarasvatī") born (12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), at Tankara was an important Hindu religious leader of his time. He was the founder of the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement of the Vedic tradition. He was a scholar of Vedic lore and Sanskrit language. He was the first to give the call for "Swarajya" as "India for Indians" in 1876.

paragraphs: Maharshi Dayananda taught the doctrine of Karma (Karmasiddhanta in Hinduism) and Reincarnation (Punarjanma in Hinduism). He emphasized the Vedic ideals of "brahmacharya" (celibacy) and "Bhakti" (devotion to God). He promoted equal rights for women. This included the right to education and reading of Indian scriptures. He was against child marriage. He was also against idol worshipping and animal sacrifice. He spoke out against other religions, especially Islam and Christianity. He felt they were out to destroy the Hindu faith.


title: Snake case

paragraphs: Snake case (or snake_case) is the process of writing compound words so that the words are separated with an underscore symbol (_) instead of a space. The first letter is usually changed to lowercase. Some examples of Snake case would be "foo_bar" or "hello_world". It is commonly used in computer code. At least one study found that readers can recognize snake case faster than CamelCase.

paragraphs: If the first letter of each word is uppercase, this is known as Train-Case.


title: Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever

paragraphs: Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever is a television Christmas movie that stars the famous internet celebrity animal, Grumpy Cat. The movie was first shown on the Lifetime network on November 29, 2014.

paragraphs: It stars Megan Charpentier as a young girl who adopts Grumpy Cat. Then she finds out that she and the cat can really talk with one another.

paragraphs: The voice of Grumpy Cat is spoken by the actress Aubrey Plaza. She did not know about Grumpy Cat before working in the movie. To prepare, she learned all about Grumpy's behavior. The movie had already been made when Aubrey did the cat's voice part. Instead of using her script, she made up most of Grumpy's lines that ended up in the movie.

paragraphs: Grumpy Cat is a lonely cat living in a pet shop in a shopping mall. The pet shop is going to go out of business and be shut down. Grumpy is sad and upset because she is not getting picked to get a new home, while other animals are being adopted.

paragraphs: Chrystal is a lonely 12-year-old girl who comes into the pet store right before Christmas and falls in love with Grumpy Cat. Grumpy finds out that she can communicate by talking with this girl. Chrystal is also amazed to find out that Grumpy Cat can talk. At first, the two do not get along with one another. While visiting in the pet shop during the Christmas holidays, they slowly become friends.

paragraphs: Chrystal really likes Grumpy after they have an exciting adventure. A dog that costs a lot of money is about to be dognapped from the pet shop. Even though Grumpy does not like the dog, she stops the theft of the dog from happening.

paragraphs: Reviews for "Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever" have been both negative and postive. The "AV Club" and "Entertainment Weekly" both did not like the movie. "AV Club" said it was "the largest turd in Lifetime's crap crown of original programming." "The Guardian" and "St. Louis Post Dispatch" were a bit more positive in their reviews. The "St. Louis Post Dispatch" said that although the film was "terrible" they still enjoyed it overall.


title: Deaths in December 2014

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2014. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".


title: Freaks and Geeks

paragraphs: Freaks and Geeks is a 1999-2000 American comedy-drama television show on NBC. It is set at a high school in Detroit, Michigan in 1980. "Freaks and Geeks" has a cult following. The series appeared on Time magazine's 2007 "100 Greatest Shows of All Time" list. It also placed number 13 on the "Best 20 Shows of the Decade".


title: You're So Vain

paragraphs: "You're So Vain" is a 1972 pop ballad, written and performed by Carly Simon.

paragraphs: This song is about an arrogant (or unkind) man. Some people wondered who was so vain? She told later in the newspaper that the person’s name contains the letter E. This song is also well-known that Mick Jagger joined and sang backup on the record. Simon also played the piano in the record. It was released in November, 1972.

paragraphs: The song has been covered by many artists.


title: More, More, More

paragraphs: "More, More, More" is a pop single by Andrea True Connection. The song was sampled for Len's 1999 "Steal My Sunshine".

paragraphs: The song was covered by other artists, including Samantha Fox, Bananarama and Rachel Stevens.

paragraphs: This song hit #4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was released in February 1976.


title: Sisters (TV series)

paragraphs: Sisters was an American television drama series. The show was about four sisters in Winnetka, Illinois.

paragraphs: The show was first broadcast in May of 1991. It lasted until May 4, 1996.


title: World Almanac

paragraphs: The World Almanac and Book of Facts is a reference book. It has information on tragedies, sports, weather and celebrities. The book was #1 on the "Washington Post" bestseller list in November 2011.

paragraphs: The book has been published every year since 1868, except between 1876 and 1885.

paragraphs: Rosie Perez reads the book in "White Men Can't Jump".


title: Gunnar Hultgren

paragraphs: Gunnar Hultgren (19 February 1902, Eskilstuna, Sweden – 13 February 1991, Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1958 and 1967.


title: Ruben Josefson

paragraphs: Ruben Josefson (25 August 1907, Svenljunga, Sweden – 19 March 1972, Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1967-1972.


title: Olof Sundby

paragraphs: Olof Sundby (6 December 1917, Karlskoga, Sweden – 6 December 1996 in Lund, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1972 and 1983.


title: Hans Olof Holmström

paragraphs: Hans Olof Holmström (15 October 1784, Ösmno Parish, Sweden – 27 August 1855 in Uppsala, Sweden) was a Swedish bishop. He was active within the Church of Sweden.. He was the Archbishop of Uppsala between 1852-1855.


title: Anja Pärson

paragraphs: Anja Sofia Tess Pärson (; born 25 April 1981) in Tärnaby, Sweden is a Swedish former alpine skier. She won several Olympic titles and World Championship titles. In 2003 and 2004, she also won the total Alpine Skiing World Cup. Totally, she won 42 World Cup events.


title: Magdalena Forsberg

paragraphs: Magdalena "Magda" Forsberg (born 25 July 1967 in Ullånger, Sweden as Magdalena Wallin) is a Swedish former cross country skier and biathlete. She won the overall Biathlon World Cup for six years straight between the seasons of 1996-1997 and 2001/2002. She also won several Biathlon World Championships titles. She also participated in the Cross-Country Skiing World Cup between the seasons of 1987/1988 and 1995/1996. Her best results at the Winter Olympics were in Albertville in 1992 where she finished seventh in the 4 × 5 km relay and 26th in the 15 km event.


title: Charlotte Kalla

paragraphs: Marina Charlotte Kalla (born 22 July 1987 in Tärendö, Sweden) is a Swedish cross-country skier. She has competed at the international level since the 2003-2004 season. She won a bronze medal at the women's 4 x 5 kilometre relay event during the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2009 in Liberec in the Czech Republic.

paragraphs: On 6 January 2008, she won the second edition of the Tour de Ski event.

paragraphs: On 6 May 2012, she signed for Piteå Elit for the 2012/2013 season.


title: Antje Jackelén

paragraphs: Antje Jackelén, born 4 June 1955 in Herdecke, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany, is the Protestant (Lutheran) archbishop of Uppsala in Sweden. She is primate "(prima inter pares)" of the Church of Sweden. On 15 October 2013, she was elected the 70th Archbishop of Uppsala. She was formally received through a service inside the Uppsala Cathedral on 15 June 2014. This made her the Church of Sweden's first archbishop to be born outside Sweden since the 12th century. She also became the denomination's first female archbishop.


title: Ingemar Stenmark

paragraphs: Jan Ingemar Stenmark (), born 18 March 1956 in Joesjö, Sweden is a Swedish former Alpine World Cup skier. He competed at international level between the early 1970s and the late 1980s. He won several titles during the World Championship titles, the Olympic Games and the World Cup.


title: Duke of Bedford

paragraphs: The title of Duke of Bedford is a British title has been created several times and is today held by the Russell family since 1694. The heir to the title is usually given the title of "Marquess of Tavistock". The family seat is Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire. The private mausoleum and chapel of the Russell Family and the Dukes of Bedford is at St. Michael’s Church in Chenies, Buckinghamshire. The family owns the Bedford Estate in central London. The duke is entitled to the style of address of "His/Your Grace".

paragraphs: The heir apparent is the present holder's only son Henry Robin Charles Russell, Marquess of Tavistock (b. 2005).


title: Gunde Svan

paragraphs: Gunde Svan, born 12 January 1962 in Dala-Järna, Sweden is a Swedish former cross-country skier and auto racing driver. As a cross-country skier he won several titles during the World Championship titles and the Olympic Games as well the World Cup.


title: Christine McVie

paragraphs: Christine McVie (born Christine Anne Perfect on 12 July 1943) is an English singer-songwriter and keyboardist. She is best known for being a member of rock band Fleetwood Mac. Eight songs written and sung by McVie are on the band's "Greatest Hits" album. They include "Don't Stop", "Little Lies", "Everywhere" and "You Make Loving Fun". She has also released three solo albums.

paragraphs: In 1998, as a member of Fleetwood Mac, McVie was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. She also received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. After retiring from the band, she worked on solo material. McVie appeared on stage with Fleetwood Mac at London's O Arena in September 2013. She rejoined the band in January 2014. Her first full shows since her return were during Fleetwood Mac's "On with the Show" tour in October 2014. In 2014, McVie received the British Academy's Ivor Novello Award for Lifetime Achievement.


title: We Were Gentlemen

paragraphs: We Were Gentlemen is an American metalcore band. It formed in 2005 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. They split in 2010.


title: Lorimar-Telepictures

paragraphs: Lorimar-Telepictures was an entertainment company established on April 21, 1986 with the merger of Lorimar and Telepictures. Its assets included television production and syndication (which operated under the Lorimar-Telepictures name), feature films, home video, and broadcasting.

paragraphs: The merger of Lorimar-Telepictures was announced on October 7, 1985 by Merv Adelson. On April 21, 1986, the merger was complete. Lee Rich, one of the founders of Lorimar sold his shares in 1986 and left the company. On January 11, 1989, Warner Communications acquired Lorimar-Telepictures after shaking off the hostile takeover of the company.

paragraphs: Note: All series listed here are now owned and distributed by Warner Bros. Television with a few exceptions.

paragraphs: In the mid-1980s, Lorimar-Telepictures went into the broadcasting business by acquiring six television stations, which were as follows:

paragraphs: The success of this broadcast division was non-existent resulting in the sale of each of these stations by 1991.


title: Qayyum Chowdhury

paragraphs: Qayyum Chowdhury (, March 9, 1932 – November 30, 2014) was a Bangladeshi painter. He was known for painting cover photos. He painted covers for over 26 years. His works can be seen all over Bangladesh.

paragraphs: On November 30, 2014, Chowdhury fell sick while delivering his speech on the fourth-day of Bengal Foundation organized classical music festival in Bangladesh Army Stadium. He was rushed to CMH, where on-duty doctor declared him dead. He was 82 years old.


title: Dwayne Alons

paragraphs: Dwayne Arlan Alons (October 30, 1946 – November 29, 2014) was an American politician. He was the Iowa State Representative from the 4th District. He was a member of the Republican party. Alons served in the Iowa House of Representatives since 1999. He was a Brigadier General in the Iowa Air National Guard and served as Chief of Staff at its headquarters.

paragraphs: Alons died of kidney cancer on November 29, 2014 in Sioux Center, Iowa, aged 68.


title: Joan Feynman

paragraphs: Joan Feynman (March 31, 1927 – July 22, 2020) was an American astrophysicist. Her work focused on solar wind particles and fields; sun-Earth relations; and magnetospheric physics. Feynman was the younger sister of physicist Richard Feynman who, since they were children, encouraged her interest in nature.

paragraphs: Feynman died on July 22, 2020 in Oxnard, California from heart failure at the age of 93.


title: El Chavo del Ocho

paragraphs: El Chavo del Ocho is a very popular Mexican sitcom. It was created and written by Roberto Gómez Bolaños. It stars Roberto Gómez Bolaños, María Antonieta de las Nieves, Carlos Villagrán, Florinda Meza, Ramón Valdés, Rubén Aguirre, Édgar Vivar, Raúl Padilla, Horacio Gómez Bolaños, and Angelines Fernández. It ran from 1971 through 1980 for 8 seasons.


title: El Chapulín Colorado

paragraphs: El Chapulín Colorado (English: The Red Grasshopper) is a Mexican television comedy series. It was created and written by Roberto Gómez Bolaños. It ran from 1972 to 1981.


title: Chespirito (TV series)

paragraphs: Chespirito, also known as Los Supergenios de la Mesa Cuadrada from 1968–1970 and Chespirito y la Mesa Cuadrada from 1970-1971, is a Mexican sketch comedy show. It aired in Mexico for two periods, 1968–1973 and 1980-1995. The program aired various sketches of characters created by Roberto Gómez Bolaños.


title: Florinda Meza

paragraphs: Florinda Meza García (born 8 February 1949) is a Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter. She is best known as Doña Florinda in "El Chavo del Ocho", La Chimoltrufia in "Chespirito", and other various roles in "El Chapulín Colorado".

paragraphs: Meza was married to Roberto Gómez Bolaños from 2004 until his death in 2014.


title: María Antonieta de las Nieves

paragraphs: María Antonieta Gómez Rodríguez (born 22 December 1949), more commonly known by her stage name María Antonieta de las Nieves, is a Mexican actress, comedienne, and singer. She is known for her role as La Chilindrina in the Mexican sitcom "El Chavo del Ocho".


title: Carlos Villagrán

paragraphs: Carlos Villagrán Eslava (born 12 January 1944) is a Mexican actor, comedian, and former journalist. He is best known for playing Quico in the Televisa sitcom "El Chavo del Ocho" and the Telerey sitcom "¡Ah qué Kiko!".


title: Ramón Valdés

paragraphs: Ramón Gómez Valdés de Castillo (September 2, 1923 – August 9, 1988), often credited as Ramón Valdéz, was a Mexican actor. He was best known for his role of Don Ramón in the popular sitcom "El Chavo del Ocho". He was born in Mexico City, Mexico.

paragraphs: Valdés died in Mexico City from stomach cancer, aged 64.


title: Rubén Aguirre

paragraphs: Rubén Aguirre Fuentes (; June 15, 1934 – June 17, 2016) was a Mexican actor. He was best remembered for his role as Professor Jirafales in the Televisa's television show "El Chavo del Ocho".

paragraphs: Aguirre died on June 17, 2016 at his home in Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. He died from complications of pneumonia, justt two days after his 82nd birthday. He suffered from diabetes which has been said to also been a factor to his death.


title: Édgar Vivar

paragraphs: Dr. Édgar Ángel Vivar Villanueva (born December 28, 1944) is a Mexican actor. He is best remembered as "Señor Barriga" and his son "Ñoño" from "El Chavo del Ocho", and as "El Botija" from "El Chapulín Colorado" and in "Chespirito".


title: Raúl Padilla

paragraphs: Raúl "Chato" Padilla Mendoza (June 17, 1917 – February 3, 1994) was a Mexican actor. He was known for his role as Jaimito el Cartero ("Jaimito, the Mailman") in "El Chavo del Ocho". His nickname "Chato" means "Pug" because he had a flat nose and it looked like a pug.

paragraphs: Padilla died in Mexico City, Mexico from a heart attack, aged 76.


title: Pecan pie

paragraphs: Pecan pies are sweet pies. They are made mostly with corn syrup and pecans. Some are made with brown sugar, molasses or honey.

paragraphs: Pecan pie is often served with Thanksgiving and Christmas meals.

paragraphs: Pecan pie is common in the Southern United States.


title: Horacio Gómez Bolaños

paragraphs: Horacio Gómez Bolaños (June 28, 1930 - November 21, 1999) was a Mexican actor. He was the brother of Roberto Gómez Bolaños. On the TV show "El Chavo del 8", he played the character Godinez.

paragraphs: Bolaños died on November 21, 1999 of a heart attack during the production of a tribute to Chespirito for Televisa, aged 69.


title: Angelines Fernández

paragraphs: María de los Ángeles "Angelines" Fernández Abad (30 July 1924 – 25 March 1994) was a Spanish-born Mexican actress. She was best remembered for playing Doña Clotilde "La Bruja del 71" in the Televisa sitcom "El Chavo del Ocho". She was born in Madrid, Spain.

paragraphs: Fernández died from throat cancer in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 69.


title: Gustavo Díaz Ordaz

paragraphs: Gustavo Díaz Ordaz Bolaños (; 12 March 1911 – 15 July 1979) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as the President of Mexico from 1964 to 1970. His distant cousin was comedian Roberto Gomez Bolaños.

paragraphs: Ordaz died in Mexico City, Mexico on 15 July 1979 from colorectal cancer, aged 68.


title: Jean-Jacques Perrey

paragraphs: Jean-Jacques Perrey (; January 20, 1929 – November 4, 2016) was a French electronic music producer. He was best known for writing electronic music. He worked with the duo Perrey and Kingsley. He was also known for producing the them ""The Elephant Never Forgets"".

paragraphs: Perrey died from complications of lung cancer in Switzerland, aged 87.


title: Go Seigen

paragraphs: Wu Qingyuan (; June 12, 1914 – November 30, 2014), also known as Go Seigen, was a Japanese Go player.

paragraphs: He was thought by many other Go players as one of the greatest Go players in its history. Seigen turned 100 in June 2014. Seigen was born in Fuzhou, Fujian, China.

paragraphs: Seigen died in Odawara, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan from natural causes, aged 100.


title: Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores

paragraphs: Brigadier General Óscar Humberto Mejía Victores (December 9, 1930 – February 1, 2016) was a Guatemalan politician. He was the 27th President of Guatemala from 8 August 1983 to 14 January 1986.

paragraphs: Victores died in Guatemala City from Parkinson's disease on February 1, 2016 at the age of 85.


title: Álvaro Arzú

paragraphs: Álvaro Enrique Arzú Yrigoyen (14 March 1946 – 27 April 2018) was a Guatemalan politician. He was the 32nd President of Guatemala from January 14, 1996 until January 14, 2000. He was elected Mayor of Guatemala City five times and served his fifth term from 2004 until his death in 2018.

paragraphs: On April 27, 2018, Arzú suffered a heart attack while playing golf with his son in Guatemala City. He died in the hospital later that day.


title: Óscar Berger

paragraphs: Óscar José Rafael Berger Perdomo (born 11 August 1946 in Guatemala City) is a Guatemalan politician. He served as President of Guatemala serving from 2004 through 2008.


title: Monosodium glutamate

paragraphs: Monosodium Glutamate (MSG), also known as sodium glutamate) is the sodium salt of glutamic acid. It is a chemical used to make foods taste better. This works because savory flavors are enhanced. That means the savory flavors are stronger. MSG is found in most foods. It is in higher concentrations in high protein foods such as meat, fish and dairy products. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has classed MSG as a food additive that is "generally recognized as safe". However, the FDA requires that it be listed on the label.


title: Sergio Corona

paragraphs: Sergio Corona Ortega (born October 7, 1928) is a Mexican television and movie actor and comedian. He has appeared in over 50 telenovelas. Corona is known for his roles as Don Tomas Leon in the Mexican telenovela "Come dice el dicho" and as Don Boni in "Plaza Sésamo" (Spanish version of "Sesame Street"). He also appeared as a bellboy in the 1989 James Bond movie "License to Kill".

paragraphs: Corona was born in Pachuca, Hidalgo, Mexico.


title: Aqueous solution

paragraphs: An aqueous solution is a solution where the solvent is water. In a chemical equation it is written by adding (aq) to the formula. A solution of ordinary table salt in water would be written as NaCl(aq). NaCl is the part that means table salt. The word "aqueous" means being dissolved in water. Water is a solvent. It is found all over the place. Water is a solvent in chemistry.


title: Luc De Vos

paragraphs: Luc De Vos (12 July 1962 – 29 November 2014) was a Belgian musician and writer. He was best known as the lead singer of the Alternative Dutch language rock group Gorki. He also voiced Fillmore in the Flemish version of the Disney movie Cars. He was born in Evergem, Belgium.

paragraphs: Vos died from acute multiple organ failure in Ghent, Belgium, aged 52.


title: 2014 India-Pakistan floods

paragraphs: In September 2014, the Kashmir region in South Asia witnessed heavy floods across a large part of its districts. This was caused by heavy rainfall. In Jammu & Kashmir in India, as well as Azad Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan and Punjab in Pakistan, were affected by these floods. 566 people died due to the floods in this area.


title: Mother (Gorky Novel)

paragraphs: Mother ("") is a novel written by Maxim Gorky in 1906. It is about an woman who began to take on extreme political beliefs. It was translated into many languages, many movies are also inspired by it.

paragraphs: The play "The Mother" by German playwright Bertolt Brecht is based on this novel.


title: Demaratus

paragraphs: Demaratus () was a co-king of Sparta from 515 until 491 BC. He succeeded his father Ariston as king. In 491 Demaratus and his co-king Cleomenes I became bitter rivals. Cleomenes plotted to have his kinsman Leotychides replace Demaratus as king. Cleomenes bribed the Oracle of Delphi to say that Demaratus was not actually the son of Ariston. Demaratus lost his kingship. But he still held a position as a magistrate in Sparta. After being ridiculed by the king over no longer being a king himself, Demaratus went into exile. He went to Darius I of Persia who gave him cities to rule over. Demaratus later went with king Xerxes I on his invasion of Greece in 480 BC. He warned Xerxes not to underestimate the Spartans before the Battle of Thermopylae.


title: These Boots Are Made for Walkin'

paragraphs: "These Boots Are Made For Walkin'“ is a song sung by Nancy Sinatra. It was released in early 1966.

paragraphs: The Mini Pop Kids sang it on their 2005 album, "Mini Pop Kids 2".

paragraphs: Gemmy made 2 items that sang this song: go-go boots and a female turtle.


title: Analog television

paragraphs: Analog television is broadcasting television programming using analog signals. Before digital television, all broadcasters used analog signals.

paragraphs: Analog television can be wireless or can be over a cable television network.

paragraphs: Many countries have changed from analog to digital television. Others are in the process of changing, and some have not started changing.


title: Simon Says

paragraphs: The game of Simon Says is a childrens game. It is played in many parts of the world.

paragraphs: One player is "Simon" and gives instructions to other players. Players should only follow instructions if "Simon" first says, "Simon says...". Players are eliminated if they follow any instruction that does not begin with "Simon says..." Examples would be instructions such as "Simon says touch your nose" or "Simon says jump on one foot". Players are eliminated until just one is left. The winner of the game is the player who has followed all the instructions correctly.


title: Digital television

paragraphs: Digital television is television broadcasting using digital signals. With digital television, more than one program can be sent at a time in the same channel bandwidth. It also provides a cleaner looking picture than analog.

paragraphs: Digital television has replaced analog television in many countries. These countries include Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Fred Catherwood

paragraphs: Sir Henry Frederick Ross Catherwood (31 January 1925 – 30 November 2014) was a British politician and writer.

paragraphs: Catherwood was born at Castledawson, County Londonderry, Northern Ireland. He was educated at Shrewsbury School and Clare College, Cambridge.

paragraphs: He was former Director General of the National Economic Development Council, and president of the Evangelical Alliance.

paragraphs: He was elected as a Conservative member of the European Parliament for Cambridgeshire and related areas from 1979 until his retirement in 1994. He was Vice President of the European Parliament 1989-1992.

paragraphs: He married Elizabeth, the daughter of Christian pastor and author Martyn Lloyd-Jones. Their son Christopher Catherwood is an author. Fred Catherwood died in Cambridge, England on 30 November 2014 at the age of 89.


title: Martin Litton

paragraphs: Martin Litton (February 13, 1917 – November 30, 2014) was an American environmental activist and editor. He was a Grand Canyon river runner. Litton was best known as a staunch opponent of the construction of Glen Canyon Dam and other dams on the Colorado River.

paragraphs: On November 30, 2014, Litton died at his home in Palo Alto, California, aged 97.


title: Jarbom Gamlin

paragraphs: Jarbom Gamlin (16 April 1961 – 30 November 2014) was an Indian politician. He was the leader of the Indian National Congress political party in Arunachal Pradesh. He was the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh serving from May 2011 through October 2011.

paragraphs: Gamlin died from liver thrombosis in Gurgaon, Assam, aged 53.


title: Sita Murt

paragraphs: Sita Murt (; 1946 – 1 December 2014) was a Catalan fashion designer and businesswoman. She was born in Barcelona, Spain. She was known for designing soft clothing and for producing the clothes in the movie "Vicky Christina Barcelona".

paragraphs: Murt died from cancer in Barcelona, Spain, aged 68.


title: Mary Beth Hughes

paragraphs: Mary Beth Hughes (November 13, 1919 – August 27, 1995) was an American stage, movie and television actress. She played Henry Fonda's former girlfriend in "The Ox-Bow Incident" (1943). She also played Sylvia in "The Great Profile".

paragraphs: She was born Mary Elizabeth Hughes in Alton, Illinois. Hughes' parents, George Joseph Hughes and Mary Frances Hughes, separated when she was an infant and divorced in 1923.

paragraphs: Hughes died, aged 75, on August 27, 1995 from natural causes in Los Angeles.


title: Stellinha Egg

paragraphs: Stella Maria Egg, baptismal name of Stellinha Egg (July 18, 1914 - June 17, 1991), was a Brazilian singer and composer.

paragraphs: She was married to maestro Lindolfo Gaya and musical partner of Luiz Gonzaga, Dorival Caymmi, Silvio Caldas, among others.

paragraphs: Stella Maria Egg was born in Curitiba on July 18, 1914. After her husband died in the 80s, she returned to Curitiba, leaving behind their concerts. She died in Curitiba on June 17, 1991, when she was 77 years old.


title: Adriana Caselotti

paragraphs: Adriana Caselotti (May 6, 1916 – January 18, 1997) was an American voice actress and a singer. She voiced Snow White in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" in 1937.

paragraphs: Caselotti was born in Bridgeport, Connecticut. She died in Los Angeles, California of respiratory failure from lung cancer.


title: Dorothy Morris

paragraphs: Dorothy Morris (February 23, 1922 – November 20, 2011) was an American actress. She played roles of "the girl next door". She played Sue in "Cry Havoc". She played Edith Bryant in "This Time for Keeps".

paragraphs: Morris was born in Los Angeles, California. She died at age eighty-nine in Palm Springs, California


title: Denise Darcel

paragraphs: Denise Darcel (born Denise Billecard; 8 September 1924 – 23 December 2011) was a French actress. She made movies in Hollywood. She played Gigi Mignon in "Dangerous When Wet". She played Countess Marie in the movie "Vera Cruz".

paragraphs: Darcel was born in Paris, France. She died at age 87 in Los Angeles, California from emergency surgery to repair a torn aneurysm.


title: Romford railway station

paragraphs: Romford railway station is a major interchange station in Romford, Havering in Greater London. The station is located on the Great Eastern Main Line. Services that call at the station are operated by Abellio Greater Anglia, London Overground and TfL Rail. Services that stop at Romford are the Liverpool Street-Shenfield 'metro' services (TfL Rail) and Romford-Upminster services (London Overground). There are also long distance Abellio Greater Anglia services that stop at Romford. Crossrail is due to call at Romford in 2018. It will replace the current Liverpool Street-Shenfield service.


title: Tay Bridge disaster

paragraphs: The Tay Bridge disaster was one of the great engineering disasters of the 19th century. It happened during a violent storm on 28 December 1879. The first Tay Rail Bridge collapsed while a train was passing over it from Wormit to Dundee, killing all aboard.

paragraphs: The Tay Bridge was designed by noted railway engineer Thomas Bouch, who received a knighthood when the bridge was completed. It was a lattice-grid design, combining cast and wrought iron. The design was well known, having been successfully used in the Crumlin Viaduct in South Wales in 1858.

paragraphs: An earlier cast iron design, the Dee bridge which collapsed in 1847, failed due to poor use of cast-iron girders. In 1867 Gustave Eiffel used a similar design to build several large viaducts in the Massif Central.

paragraphs: Plans to build a bridge across the River Tay date back to at least 1854. The "North British Railway (Tay Bridge) Act" received the Royal Assent on 15 July 1870 and the foundation stone was laid on 22 July 1871.

paragraphs: The original design was for lattice girders supported by brick piers resting on bedrock. Test drilling showed the rock was not far below the river. At either end of the bridge the single rail track ran on top of the bridge girder, most of which lay below the pier tops. However, in the middle section of the bridge (the “high girders”) the railway ran inside the bridge girder, which could then run above the pier tops. This made the bridge high enough to allow sailing ships to travel up the river to Perth.

paragraphs: However as the bridge extended out into the river, it became clear in December 1873, that the bedrock really lay much deeper. It was too deep to act as a foundation for the bridge piers. Bouch had to redesign the bridge. He reduced the number of piers and increased the span of the girders. The pier foundations were no longer taken down to bedrock; instead they were built by sinking brick-lined wrought-iron caissons onto the riverbed,

paragraphs: The company which had the contract for building the bridge went bankrupt while Bouch was redesigning the bridge. The new company did poor work. Almost every part of the bridge was substandard, including the iron and the ties and fixings. Lack of precision in the bolts and braces led to on-site fixes, described by one witness at the later inquiry as "about as slovenly a piece of work as ever I saw in my life".

paragraphs: The bridge was opened for passenger traffic on 1 June 1878. The next year, on June 20 1879, Queen Victoria crossed the bridge to return south from Balmoral. Bouch was presented to her before she did so, and on June 26th 1879 he was knighted by the Queen at Windsor Castle.

paragraphs: On the night of 28 December 1879 at 7.15pm, the bridge collapsed after its central spans gave way during high winter gales. A train with six carriages carrying 75 passengers and crew, crossing at the time of the collapse, fell into the icy waters of the Tay. All 75 were killed. The disaster stunned the whole country and sent shock waves through the Victorian engineering community.

paragraphs: At the time a gale of about force ten or eleven (Tropical Storm force winds: 55–72 mph/80–117 km/hr) had been blowing down the Tay estuary at right angles to the bridge. The engine itself was salvaged from the river and repaired for service on the railways.

paragraphs: The collapse of the bridge, opened only 19 months earlier and passed as safe by the Board of Trade, is still the most famous bridge disaster in the British Isles. The stumps of the original bridge piers can still be seen above the surface of the Tay even at high tide.

paragraphs: The inquiry said that ""the fall of the bridge was occasioned by the insufficiency of the cross-bracings and fastenings to sustain the force of the gale on the night of December 28th 1879 and that the bridge had been previously strained by other gales"."

paragraphs: However, this is not a finding that the bridge "as designed" would have failed. The engineer who carried out a detailed report on the bridge design said:

paragraphs: The section in the middle of the bridge, where the rail ran inside high girders, was likely to be top-heavy and very vulnerable to high winds. Neither Bouch nor the builders appeared to have regularly visited the on-site foundry where iron from the earlier half-built bridge was recycled. The cylindrical cast iron columns supporting the 13 longest spans of the bridge, each 245 ft (75 m) long, were of poor quality. Many had been cast horizontally, with the result that the walls were not of even thickness. There was some evidence that poor quality work was hidden from the (very inadequate) quality control inspections.

paragraphs: In particular, some of the lugs used as attachment points for the wrought iron bracing bars had been "burnt on" rather than cast with the columns. Even the normal lugs were very weak. They were tested for the Inquiry, and proved to break at only about rather than the expected load of . These lugs failed and weakened the entire middle of the bridge during the storm.

paragraphs: Put into simple words, the bridge failed because of defects in its manufacture. This meant it did not reach the standards of wind resistance planned by the designer.


title: Clacton-on-sea railway station

paragraphs: Clacton-on-Sea railway station is a railway station in England. It serves the town of Clacton-on-Sea in Essex. The station is near the town centre. It is in walking distance from the pier and sea. The station is on the Sunshine Coast Line. Services run to/from Colchester and Liverpool Street.


title: Yonne (river)

paragraphs: The Yonne is a river in the northern half of France. It flows mainly through the western part of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, giving its name to the Yonne department and to several "communes". It is the main left tributary of the Seine river.

paragraphs: The river was named during the Roman Empire as "Icauna", a Latin word that likely came from the Celtic name for the river.

paragraphs: The Yonne river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 91.70 cubic metres per second at Courlon-sur-Yonne.

paragraphs: The source of the Yonne is on the "Prénely" mountain on the southern end of the "Morvan" hills in the Glux-en-Glenne "commune", Nièvre department, at an altitude of about .

paragraphs: The Yonne flows, in general, from the southeast to the northwest and passes through the 115 "communes", most of them in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region; the main "communes" are:

paragraphs: Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the Seine river in the town of Montereau-Fault-Yonne, at of altitude.


title: Barbara Kent

paragraphs: Barbara Cloutman (later Barbara Kent; December 16, 1907 – October 13, 2011) was a Canadian-born and American-based actress of the 1920s and 1930s. She played Lotus in "Chinatown after Dark". She played Amelia in the movie "Vanity Fair" (1932).

paragraphs: Kent was born in Alberta, Canada. She died at 103 in Palm Desert, California.


title: Chiltern Hills

paragraphs: The Chiltern Hills are chalk hills in southern England. They go 70 mi (115 km) southwest to northeast through parts of Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire, and Bedfordshire. This makes a well-marked escarpment to the northwest and a gentle southeast slope to the River Thames.

paragraphs: Considerable areas are now under the National Trust and are popular tourist attractions. The greatest elevation is Coombe Hill (852 ft [260 m]) near Wendover. The dense beechwoods still cover the western portions. They were once the basis of the traditional furniture industry of High Wycombe. Several passes through the Chiltern Hills are used by roads and railways to London.


title: Horacio Cartes

paragraphs: Horacio Manuel Cartes Jara (born 5 July 1956) is an Paraguayan politician. He served as President of Paraguay from 2013 through 2018.

paragraphs: Cartes won the 2013 presidential election in Paraguay on 21 April 2013 and took office as President on 15 August 2013.

paragraphs: Horacio Cartes is the owner of ""Grupo Cartes"", a conglomerate of approximately two dozen of companies. He has also been president of the football club Club Libertad since 2001


title: Hammond organ

paragraphs: The Hammond organ is a keyboard instrument that looks like a piano. The most common Hammond organs create sound using metal wheels and electricity. It is an electric version of a pipe organ that was invented by Laurens Hammond and John M. Hanert. It was first built in 1935. Sliding "drawbars" adjust the type of sound that the organ makes. The Hammond organ is one of the most successful organs made because almost two million Hammond organs were sold.

paragraphs: The most common Hammond organ has two keyboards that are called manuals by organ players. They are smaller versions of piano keyboards that are stacked on top of each other. This allows the organist to play both at the same time. The keys on the manuals of a Hammond organ are lighter and easier to press than the keys on a piano. This makes it easier for organists to play notes faster.

paragraphs: The pedalboard on a Hammond organ looks like a very large piano keyboard. It's played with your feet and makes very low sounding notes, known as bass notes.

paragraphs: Both manuals and the pedalboard can be played at the same time, making it easy to make complex sounds with the organ.

paragraphs: The sounds that the manuals and pedalboard make are controlled by switches called drawbars. You can pull them out to make the sound louder, or push them in to make the sound softer. Each manual has nine drawbars that control different parts of the sound. The drawbars on the left side control lower sounds while the drawbars on the right side control higher sounds. The pedalboard has two drawbars, and they both control low sounds.

paragraphs: Hammond organs have a feature called "percussion" which allows you to add melodic clicks to the music you're playing. It's controlled by switches on the upper left side of the organ. Percussion adds harmonics to the melodies you're playing.

paragraphs: To further change the sound of the organ, a knob exists that adds vibrato or chorus to the music depending on how it's turned. Vibrato is a very small change in pitch that makes the notes sound like they're "wobbly". Chorus adds additional notes to the notes you're playing to make the sound more "full".

paragraphs: The Hammond organ was based off of an early instrument called the Telharmonium which made sounds the same way the Hammond organ did, with turning metal discs. Laurens Hammond, the inventor, had a clock making business where he created a clock motor that is useful for other things too. With his motor he made the Hammond Organ.

paragraphs: The most common Hammond organs are tonewheel organs, which means that they create sound based off of turning metal disks with bumps on the edges. An electric signal is sent over the bumps and the resulting signal is made louder by using an amplifier. Hammond's A, B, C, D, and RT series organs use tonewheels, and according to experts, they are preferred over any other model of Hammond.

paragraphs: Hammond manufactured tonewheel organs from 1935 to 1975.

paragraphs: After Hammond made tonewheel organs, he moved onto transistor organs, which didn't use tonewheels, but instead used computer circuitry to generate sound. Most Hammond organ players did not like the sound of the transistor organs, and they lost popularity quickly.

paragraphs: Hammond manufactured transistor organs from 1975 to 1985 when the Hammond Organ Company went out of business.

paragraphs: The tone generator in a Hammond organ is made up of many tonewheels spinning at the same speed. Electric signals and amplifiers make the sounds louder.

paragraphs: The most common speaker used with the Hammond organ is called a Leslie speaker. Made by Don Leslie, it copies the sound of a pipe organ by rotating the speakers inside the speaker cabinet. Leslie speakers were not made by Hammond, but most people liked them so much that they would buy them anyway.

paragraphs: An alternative to the Leslie Speaker is the Hammond Tone Cabinet, but that wasn't as popular.


title: Mario Abramovich

paragraphs: Mario Abramovich (31 October 1926 – 1 December 2014) was an Argentine violinist and composer of Jewish descent. He was a member of the group Sexteto Mayor since its founding in 1973, until his death in 2014. He was known for performing in the Argentine album "Bête Noire".

paragraphs: Abramovich died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 88.


title: Bobby Keys

paragraphs: Robert Henry "Bobby" Keys (December 18, 1943 – December 2, 2014) was an American saxophone player. He performed with other musicians as a member of several horn sections of the 1970s. He appears on albums by The Rolling Stones, Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Who, Harry Nilsson, Delaney Bramlett, George Harrison, Eric Clapton and Joe Cocker, amongst other notable musicians. Keys was a touring musician from 1956 until his death in 2014. Keys was born in Slaton, Texas.

paragraphs: Keys had cancer and liver failure. He died at his home in Franklin, Tennessee on December 2, 2014, aged 70.


title: Twist Bread

paragraphs: Twist bread is a type of bread rolled into a long sausage shape and twisted over a stick. It is then baked over an open fire.

paragraphs: The dough is just ordinary bread dough with yeast as a leavening agent.


title: CamelCase

paragraphs: CamelCase (camel case, camel caps or medial capitals) is the practice of writing compound words or phrases so that each next word or abbreviation begins with a capital letter. CamelCase usually starts with a capital. When used in a programming language, it usually starts with a lowercase letter. Common examples are PowerPoint or iPhone.

paragraphs: There are many variations of CamelCase. A few important ones are:

paragraphs: The first use of medial capitals was the notation for chemical formulae invented by the Swedish chemist Berzelius in 1813. He did this to replace the large amount of naming and symbol systems used by chemists at that time. He suggested to show each chemical element by a symbol of one or two letters, the first one being capitalized. The capitalization allowed formulae like 'NaCl' to be written without spaces and still be read without confusion. This system is still in use today.

paragraphs: Since the early 20th century, medial capitals have occasionally been used for corporate names and product trademarks, such as

paragraphs: Despite its unclear origins inside the computing world, the practice spread in the 1980s and 1990s, when the personal computer became popular and exposed hacker culture to the world. CamelCase then became popular for business names. By 1990, it was very common to see CamelCase used in this way:

paragraphs: During the late 1990s when the internet became far more popular and easily available, the lowercase prefixes "e" (for "electronic") and "i" (for "Internet", "information", "interactive", "intelligent", etc.) became quite common, and we began to see names like Apple's iMac and the eBox computer program.

paragraphs: The original name of the practice, used in media studies, grammars and the "Oxford English Dictionary", was "medial capitals". The fancier names such as "InterCaps", "CamelCase" and other variations are pretty recent and seem more common in computer-related communities.

paragraphs: The earliest known occurrence of the term "InterCaps" on Usenet is in an April 1990 post to the group alt.folklore.computers by Avi Rappoport, with "BiCapitalization" appearing slightly later in a 1991 post by Eric S. Raymond to the same group. The earliest use of the name "CamelCase" occurs in 1995, in a post by Newton Love. ""With the advent of programming languages having these sorts of constructs, the humpiness of the style made me call it HumpyCase at first, before I settled on CamelCase. I had been calling it CamelCase for years,"" said Love, ""The citation above was just the first time I had used the name on USENET.""

paragraphs: The use of medial caps for identifiers is recommended by many organizations and software projects. For some languages (such as Mesa, Pascal, Modula, Java and Microsoft's .NET) CamelCase is recommended by the language developers or by important manuals and has therefore become part of the language's "culture".

paragraphs: Style guidelines often distinguish between upper and lower CamelCase. They usually specify which one should be used for certain kinds of things: variables, record fields, methods, procedures, types, etc. This is sometimes supported by static analysis tools that check source code to make sure it is following these guidelines.

paragraphs: CamelCase is used in some wiki markup languages for terms that should be automatically linked to other wiki pages. This convention was originally used in Ward Cunningham's original wiki software, WikiWikiWeb, and can be activated in most other wikis. Some wiki engines such as TiddlyWiki, Trac and PMWiki use it in the default settings. They also usually provide an option or plugin to disable it. Wikipedia used to use CamelCase linking. However, they have switched to explicit link markup using square brackets and many other wiki sites have done the same. Some wikis that do not use CamelCase linking may still use the CamelCase as a naming convention, such as AboutUs.

paragraphs: The NIEM registry requires that XML data elements use upper CamelCase and XML attributes use lower CamelCase.

paragraphs: Most popular command-line interfaces and scripting languages usually can't handle file names that contain embedded spaces. Because of this, users of those systems often use to CamelCase (or underscores, hyphens and other "safe" characters) for compound file names like MyJobResume.pdf.

paragraphs: Microblogging and social networking sites that limit the number of characters in a message (most famously Twitter, where the 140-character limit can be quite restrictive in languages that rely on alphabets, including English) are usually outlets for medial capitals. Using CamelCase between words reduces the number of spaces, and thus the number of characters in a given message. This allows more content to fit into the limited space.

paragraphs: CamelCase has been used in languages other than English for several purposes. Some examples are:

paragraphs: CamelCase is sometimes used in the writing or translation of certain scripts as a way to tell the difference between ceratin letters or markings. An example is the rendering of Tibetan proper names like "rLobsang": the "r" here stands for a prefix glyph in the original script that functions as tone marker rather than a normal letter. Another example is "tsIurku", a Latin transcription of the Chechen term for the capping stone of the characteristic Medieval defensive towers of Chechenia and Ingushetia; the capital letter "I" here showing a phoneme different from the one transcribed as "i".

paragraphs: CamelCase may also be used when writing proper names in languages that add prefixes to words. In some of those languages, the custom is to leave the prefix in lower case and capitalize the root.

paragraphs: This convention is used in Irish orthography e.g., ("in Galway"), from ("Galway"); ("to Ireland"), from ("Ireland).

paragraphs: Similarly, when translating the Hebrew language, "haIvri" means "the Hebrew person" and "biYerushalayim" means "in Jerusalem".

paragraphs: This convention is also used by several Bantu languages (e.g., "kiSwahili" = "Swahili language", "isiZulu" = "Zulu language") and several indigenous languages of Mexico (e.g. Nahuatl, Totonacan, Mixe–Zoque and some Oto-Manguean languages).

paragraphs: Abbreviations of some academic qualifications are sometimes presented in CamelCase without punctuation, e.g. PhD or BSc.

paragraphs: In French, CamelCase acronyms such as OuLiPo (1960) were favored for a time as alternatives to initialisms.

paragraphs: CamelCase is often used to transliterate initialisms into alphabets where two letters may be required to represent a single character of the original alphabet, e.g., DShK from Cyrillic ДШК.

paragraphs: In Chinese pinyin, CamelCase is sometimes used for place names so that it is easier for readers to pick out the different parts of the word. For example, places like Beijing (北京) and Qinhuangdao (秦皇岛) and Daxing'anling (大兴安岭) can be written as "BeiJing," "QinHuangDao," and "DaXingAnLing," with the number of capital letters being the same as the number of Chinese characters for each word. Writing word compounds only by the initial letter of each character is also acceptable in some cases, so Beijing can be written as "BJ," Qinghuangdao as "QHD," and Daxing'anling as "DXAL".

paragraphs: In several languages, including English, pronouns and possessives may be capitalized to show respect. For example: when referring to the reader of a formal letter or to God. In some of those languages, the capitalization is retained even when those words occur within compound words or suffixed to a verb. For example, in Italian one would write ("offering to You respectful salutations") or ("adore Him").

paragraphs: In German nouns carry a grammatical gender—which, for roles or job titles, is felt usually as masculine. Since the feminist movement of the 1980s, some writers and publishers have been using the feminine title suffixes "-in" (singular) and "-innen" (plural) to help boost the inclusion of women; but written with a capital 'I', to indicate that males are not excluded. Example: ("co-workers, <nowiki>male or</nowiki> female") instead of ("co-workers", masculine grammatical gender) or ("female co-workers"). This use is analogous to the use of parentheses in English, for example in the phrase "congress(wo)man."

paragraphs: In German, the names to statutes are shortened using embedded capitals. An example would be: StGB (Strafgesetzbuch) for criminal code, PatG (Patentgesetz) for Patent Act or the very common GmbH (Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung) for Company with Limited Liability.


title: Ibrahim Lodi

paragraphs: Ibrahim Lodi (d. 21 April 1526) was the last sultan of Delhi. He was an ethnic Pashtun. He became sultan in 1517 after Sikandar Lodi died. Sikandar was his father and Ibrahim was soon challenged by his younger brother, Jalal Kahn. Ibrahim had military skills. But unlike his father he lacked tact.

paragraphs: He faced a number of rebellions. The Mewar ruler Rana Sangram Singh extended his empire right up to western Uttar Pradesh and threatened to attack Agra. There was rebellion in the East also. Ibrahim Lodi also displeased the nobility when he replaced old and senior commanders by younger ones who were loyal to him. He further alienated them by throwing some of the older noblemen in prison. His Afghan nobility eventually invited Babur to invade India. In 1526, the Mughal forces of Babur, the king of Kabulistan, defeated Ibrahim's much larger army in the 1st Battle of Panipat. Ibrahim was killed during the battle. It is estimated that Babur's forces numbered around 12,000 men. His army had between 20 to 24 pieces of field artillery. Ibrahim Lodi had around 30,000-40,000 men along with at least 100 war elephants. After Ibrahim Lodi was overthrown, the mughals invaded India.


title: St Nicholas Day

paragraphs: Saint Nicholas Day is the feast day of Saint Nicholas. It is on December 6 (December 19 in most Orthodox countries). It is a festival for children in many countries around Europe related to surviving legends of Saint Nicholas. The American Santa Claus, as well as the British Father Christmas, are based on these legends. "Santa Claus" is based in part from the Dutch "Sinterklaas".

paragraphs: Saint Nicholas in different countries travels with different people. He may travel with Angels, Krampus, and others.


title: Julio Velasco

paragraphs: Julio Velasco (born February 9, 1952 in La Plata, Argentina) is a professional volleyball coach from Argentina. He guided the Italian national men's team to several successes in the 1990s. After the 1996 Summer Olympics, where the Italians won silver, he switched to the Italian women's team (1996–1997). In 2011, Velasco was signed as the head coach of the Iran men's national team. He became coach of the Argentina men's national team before his contract expired with the Iranian national team on 1 March 2014. The President of Argentina asked him to take this job. The change was approved by the Iranian volleyball confederation.


title: Marina Oswald Porter

paragraphs: Marina Nikolayevna Oswald Porter (July 17, 1941) is the widow of Lee Harvey Oswald. According to the Warren Commission he was the sole assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy.

paragraphs: She was born in Severodvinsk (formerly named Molotovsk), Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia on 17 July 1941. She met Lee Harvey Oswald at a dance in March 1961 in Russia. They were married on April 30 1961. Their daughter, June Lee, was born on February 15, 1962. Later that year the Oswalds moved from Russia to the United States. In Dallas, Marina gave birth to a second daughter, Audrey Marina Rachel Oswald. After the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, Oswald was arrested. Two days later Oswald was shot and killed by nightclub owner Jack Ruby while still in police custody. Porter was under Secret Service protection until she finished giving testimony before the Warren Commission. She told the commission she believed husband was guilty of shooting President Kennedy on Nov. 22, 1963. In 1965, she married Kenneth Jess Porter. They had two sons. In 1989, Porter became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

paragraphs: Porter has said that she now believes that Lee Harvey Oswald was completely innocent regarding the assassination of Kennedy. In 1980 she was convinced by conspiracy buffs that the man in Harvey's grave was a Russian spy and not her husband. She still lives with her second husband but in private and is afraid to go out in public. She believes her phones are tapped by the Secret Service. Porter also believes the Secret Service want to kill her.


title: Alisohbat Sumbatzade

paragraphs: Alisohbat Sumbat oglu Sumbatzade (8 January 1907, Amirjan, Baku – 1992, Baku) was an Azerbaijani historian and orientalist (and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijani SSR from 1958).

paragraphs: Sumbatzade graduated from the Department of Oriental Studies of Azerbaijan State University in 1929. In 1963 he became director of the Institute of the Peoples of the Near and Middle East of the Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaijan SSR. Sumbatzade's main works are on the socioeconomic history of Azerbaijan in the 19th and 20th centuries.


title: Aydin Balayev

paragraphs: Aydin Balayev Huseynaga oglu (; born November 19, 1956) is an Azerbaijani historian, ethnologist and professor.

paragraphs: Balayev was born on November 19, 1956 in Baku, capital of Azerbaijan. In 1980, he graduated from the Department of History of the Azerbaijan State University and in 1982 he started working at the Archeology and Ethnography Institute of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences. In 1983-1985, Balayev was a researcher at the Ethnography Department of Moscow State University. From 1985 he continued his doctoral studies at the Ethnography Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Moscow, graduating with a PhD in History in 1988.

paragraphs: Balayev has additionally published many articles on the history of Azerbaijani independence movement in the 1980s-1990s, Karabakh conflict, in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Canada, Denmark and Russia. In total, Balayev has written72 books, 16 of which were published abroad, and 6 monographs.


title: Don Laws

paragraphs: Don Laws (May 30, 1929 – December 2, 2014) was an American figure skater and coach. Laws competed in single skating and ice dancing. With his ice dancing partner, Mary Firth, he won the U.S. junior title in 1948. Laws was born in Washington, D. C..

paragraphs: In men's singles, he won the 1950 U.S. junior title and placed seventh at the 1951 World Championships in Milan, Italy. He was coached by Osborne Colson.

paragraphs: Laws died of heart failure in Sandy Springs, Maryland, aged 85.


title: Jean Béliveau

paragraphs: Joseph Jean Arthur Béliveau, (August 31, 1931 – December 2, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played parts of 20 seasons with the National Hockey League's (NHL) Montreal Canadiens from 1950 to 1971. He was nicknamed "Le Gros Bill".

paragraphs: Béliveau ranks among the ten greatest NHL players. Béliveau first played professionally in the Quebec Major Hockey League (QMHL). He made his NHL debut with the Canadiens in 1950, but chose to remain in the QMHL full-time until 1953.

paragraphs: Béliveau was born in Trois-Rivières, Quebec, Canada.

paragraphs: By his second season in the NHL, Béliveau was among the top three scorers. He was the fourth player to score 500 goals and the second to score 1,000 points. Béliveau won two Hart Memorial Trophies (1956, 1964) and one Art Ross Memorial Trophy (1956), as well as the inaugural Conn Smythe Trophy (1965).

paragraphs: As a player, he won the Stanley Cup 10 times, and as an executive he was part of another seven championship teams, the most Stanley Cup victories by an individual to date. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1972.

paragraphs: Béliveau died on December 2, 2014 at the age of 83, in Longueuil, Quebec, Canada, a suburb of Montreal from unknown causes.


title: Luc Oursel

paragraphs: Luc Oursel, (7 September 1959 – 3 December 2014), was a French businessman. He was the former chairman of the board of the nuclear company Areva and member of its Executive Committee.

paragraphs: He resigned on October 20, 2014 for health reasons. Until June 2013, he was the President of the French Nuclear Energy Corporation.


title: Lynne Kosky

paragraphs: Lynne Janice Kosky (2 September 1958 – 4 December 2014) was a former Australian politician and senior minister in the Parliament of Victoria. She represented the electoral district of Altona in the Victorian Legislative Assembly for the Australian Labor Party from 1996 to 2010

paragraphs: Kosky died from breast cancer in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, aged 56.


title: Jacques Barrot

paragraphs: Jacques Barrot (February 3, 1937 – December 3, 2014) was a French politician. He served as European Commissioner for Justice between 2008 and 2010, after having spent four years serving as Commissioner for Transport (2004–2008) and Commissioner for Regional Policy for eight months (2004).

paragraphs: He was also a minister, and mayor of Yssingeaux.


title: Ian McLagan

paragraphs: Ian Patrick 'Mac' McLagan ; (12 May 1945 – 3 December 2014) was an English keyboard instrumentalist. He was best known as a member of the English Rock bands Small Faces and Faces. He also worked with The Rolling Stones and led his own band from the late 1970s.

paragraphs: McLagan died on 3 December 2014, reportedly due to a massive stroke, in Austin, Texas aged 69.


title: Herman Badillo

paragraphs: Herman Badillo (August 21, 1929 – December 3, 2014) was an American politician. He was a borough president, United States Representative and candidate for Mayor of New York City. He was the first Puerto Rican to have been elected to these posts and been a mayoral candidate in the continental United States.

paragraphs: Badillo died on December 3, 2014 of congestive heart failure in Manhattan, New York, aged 85.


title: Walter Reyno

paragraphs: Walter Reyno (13 February 1935 – 3 December 2014) was a Uruguayan actor and theater director. He was known for his roles in "25 Watts", "El ojo en la nuca", and in "El aura". Reyno was born in Montevideo, Uruguay.

paragraphs: Reyno died from respiratory failure in Montevideo, Uruguay, aged 79.


title: Ed Wynn

paragraphs: Ed Wynn (November 9, 1886 – June 19, 1966) was a popular American comedian and actor. He was known for his role as the Mad Hatter in the 1951 animated movie "Alice in Wonderland". His son, Keenan Wynn, was also an actor.

paragraphs: Wynn died of throat cancer in Beverly Hills, California, aged 79.


title: Red Skelton

paragraphs: Richard Bernard Eheart professionally known as "Red Skelton" (July 18, 1913 – September 17, 1997) was an American entertainer. He was best known for his national radio and television acts between 1937 and 1971 and as host of the television program "The Red Skelton Show".

paragraphs: Skelton died in Rancho Mirage, California from pneumonia, aged 84.


title: The Mechanic (1972 movie)

paragraphs: The Mechanic is a 1972 American thriller movie directed by Michael Winner. It stars Charles Bronson, Jan-Michael Vincent, Keenan Wynn, Frank de Kova, Celeste Yarnall and Jill Ireland. It was released to mostly positive reviews on November 17, 1972.


title: Keenan Wynn

paragraphs: Keenan Wynn (July 27, 1916 – October 14, 1986) was an American character actor. He was born in New York City, New York. He was known for his role in the 1972 thriller movie "The Mechanic".

paragraphs: Wynn died of pancreatic cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 70.


title: Frank de Kova

paragraphs: Frank de Kova (March 17, 1910 – October 15, 1981) was an Italian-American character actor. de Kova was born in New York City. He was known for his role as "The Man" in the 1972 thriller movie "The Mechanic".

paragraphs: de Kova died of heart failure at his home in Sepulveda, California, aged 71.


title: Realpolitik

paragraphs: Realpolitik is a system of politics or principles based on practical, rather than moral or ideological considerations. Realpolitik is the idea that the world is ruthless and you have to act realistically, even if it causes other things to happen that are bad, or decisions have to be made that upset your people.

paragraphs: Ludwig von Rochau was a 19th century writer and politician. He describes it as follows:

paragraphs: A good example of a realpolitik politician is Henry Kissinger, who helped U.S. Presidents in the 1960s and 1970s to expand the power of the United States and its allies.


title: Linda Christian

paragraphs: Linda Christian (November 13, 1923 – July 22, 2011) was a Mexican actress. She appeared in Mexican and Hollywood movies. She worked mostly in the 1940s and 1950s. She was the first Bond girl, appearing in the 1954 movie "Casino Royale".

paragraphs: Christian was born Blanca Rose Welter in Tampico, Mexico. She died in Palm Desert, California at age eighty-seven.


title: Regression toward the mean

paragraphs: Regression toward the mean simply means that, following an extreme random event, the next random event is likely to be less extreme. Regression toward the mean was first described by Francis Galton. He found that offspring of tall parents tended to be shorter. Also, offspring of shorter parents tended to be taller. Galton stated that processes that did not follow regression towards the mean would quickly go out of control.

paragraphs: In 1886, Galton published a paper called "Regression towards mediocrity in hereditary stature". In the paper, he observed that extreme characteristics (e.g., height) in parents are not passed on completely to their offspring. Rather, the characteristics in the offspring "regress" towards a "mediocre" point. Today, this point is called the mean. By measuring the heights of hundreds of people, he was able to quantify regression to the mean, and estimate the size of the effect. Galton wrote that, “the average regression of the offspring is a constant fraction of their respective mid-parental deviations”. This means that the difference between a child and its parents for some characteristic is proportional to its parents' deviation from typical people in the population. If its parents are each two inches taller than the averages for men and women, on average, the child will be shorter than its parents by some factor times two inches. Today, this factor has been calculated to be one minus the regression coefficient. For height, Galton estimated this coefficient to be about two thirds: the height of an individual will measure around a midpoint that is two thirds of the parents’ deviation from the population average.

paragraphs: Galton used the term regression to describe an observable fact in the inheritance of multi-factorial quantitative genetic traits: namely that the offspring of parents who lie at the tails of the distribution will tend to lie closer to the centre, the mean, of the distribution. He quantified this trend, and in doing so invented linear regression analysis. This is the starting point for much of modern statistical modelling. Since then, the term "regression" has taken on different meanings, and it may be used by modern statisticians to describe phenomena of sampling bias which have little to do with Galton's original observations in the field of genetics.

paragraphs: Galton's explanation for the regression phenomenon he observed is now known to be incorrect. He stated: “A child inherits partly from his parents, partly from his ancestors. Speaking generally, the further his genealogy goes back, the more numerous and varied will his ancestry become, until they cease to differ from any equally numerous sample taken at haphazard from the race at large.” This is incorrect, since a child receives its genetic makeup exclusively from its parents. There is no generation-skipping in genetic material: any genetic material from earlier ancestors than the parents must have passed through the parents. The phenomenon is better understood if we assume that the inherited trait (e.g., height) is controlled by a large number of recessive genes. Exceptionally tall individuals must be homozygous for increased height mutations on a large proportion of these loci. But the loci which carry these mutations are not necessarily shared between two tall individuals, and if these individuals mate, their offspring will be on average homozygous for "tall" mutations on fewer loci than either of their parents. In addition, height is not entirely genetically determined, but also subject to environmental influences during development, which make offspring of exceptional parents even more likely to be closer to the average than their parents.

paragraphs: In sharp contrast to this population genetic phenomenon of regression to the mean, which is best thought of as a combination of a binomially distributed process of inheritance (plus normally distributed environmental influences), the term "regression to the mean" is now often used to describe completely different phenomena in which an initial sampling bias may disappear as new, repeated, or larger samples display sample means that are closer to the true underlying population mean.


title: Promised Land (movie)

paragraphs: Promised Land is a 2012 drama movie. It was directed by Gus Van Sant. It stars Matt Damon, John Krasinski, Frances McDormand, Hal Holbrook and Rosemarie DeWitt. The screenplay is written by Damon and Krasinski based on a story by Dave Eggers. The movie is about two corporate salespeople. They visit a rural town trying to buy drilling rights from local residents. This movie had a limited release in the United States on December 28, 2012. It was released nationwide on January 4, 2013.


title: Comrade

paragraphs: Comrade is the name given to someone who belongs to the same social group, party or company. It literally means "friend", "colleague", but an also mean "ally". The term can refer to someone who has the same beliefs or values. That way, in Communism, people who belong to the Communist Party address each other as "comrade".

paragraphs: Terms like this avoid using titles, rank or any other sign that one person is better than, or different from, another.


title: Giulio Questi

paragraphs: Giulio Questi (18 March 1924 – 3 December 2014) was an Italian movie director and screenwriter. He was known for his roles in "La morte ha fatto l'uovo" and "Django Kill! (If You Live Shoot!)". Questi was born in Bergamo, Lombardy, Italy.


title: Sjefke Janssen

paragraphs: Sjefke Janssen (October 28, 1919 – December 3, 2014) was a Dutch professional road bicycle racer. He was known for his bronze medal in the Elite race of the 1947 UCI Road World Championships.

paragraphs: Janssen was a professional cyclist from 1946 through 1954. After retiring, he became a cycling team-manager and owned a bicycle shop in Elsloo.

paragraphs: He was born and died in Elsloo. At the time of his death, Janssen was the oldest living Dutch Tour de France racer.

paragraphs: He was the father of Dutch Olympic team dressage coach Sjef Janssen.


title: V. R. Krishna Iyer

paragraphs: Vaidyanathapura Rama Krishna Iyer (15 November 1914 – 4 December 2014), popularly known as V. R. Krishna Iyer, was an Indian judge in the Supreme Court of India. He was born at Vaidyanathapuram near Palakkad, in Malabar region of Kerala. He served in the Supreme Court from 1973 until his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Iyer died in Kochi, Kerala, India from renal and heart failure, aged 100.


title: Claudia Emerson

paragraphs: Claudia Emerson (January 13, 1957 – December 4, 2014) was an American poet. She won the 2006 Pulitzer Prize for her poetry collection "Late Wife". She was named the Poet Laureate of Virginia by Governor Tim Kaine in 2008. Emerson was born in Chatham, Virginia.

paragraphs: Emerson died in Richmond, Virginia from colon cancer, aged 57.


title: Gershon Kingsley

paragraphs: Gershon Kingsley (born Götz Gustav Ksinski; October 28, 1922 – December 10, 2019) was a German-American composer. His music genre included electronic music and the Moog synthesizer. He was the founder of the First Moog Quartet, as a partner in the electronic music duo Perrey and Kingsley, and writer of rock-inspired compositions for Jewish religious ceremonies.

paragraphs: Because of his Jewish background (his father was Jewish), he moved to Mandatory Palestine in 1938. After the war he moved to the United States.

paragraphs: Kingsley died on December 10, 2019 at the age of 97.


title: Death Wish (1974 movie)

paragraphs: Death Wish is a 1974 American crime-action movie directed by Michael Winner. It is based on the book "Death Wish". It stars Charles Bronson. It was released on July 24, 1974 to positive reviews. It is the first movie in the "Death Wish movie series". A remake was released in March 2018.


title: Death Wish II

paragraphs: Death Wish II is a 1982 American crime-action movie directed by Michael Winner. It stars Charles Bronson and Jill Ireland. It received mixed reviews. It was released on February 20, 1982.


title: Death Wish 3

paragraphs: Death Wish 3 is a 1985 American crime-action movie directed by Michael Winner. It stars Charles Bronson, Deborah Raffin, Ed Lauter, and Martin Balsam. It was released to mixed reviews on November 1, 1985.


title: Death Wish 4: The Crackdown

paragraphs: Death Wish 4: The Crackdown is a 1987 Americans crime-action movie directed by J. Lee Thompson. It stars Charles Bronson. It is the first "Death Wish" movie that wasn't directed by Michael Winner. It received mixed reviews on November 6, 1987.


title: Death Wish V: The Face of Death

paragraphs: Death Wish V: The Face of Death is a 1994 American crime-action movie directed by Allan A. Goldstein. It stars Charles Bronson. It was the last movie in the "Death Wish movie series". It was released to mixed reviews on January 14, 1994.


title: The Barry Sisters

paragraphs: Minnie (1923 – October 31, 1976) and Clara Bagelman (October 17, 1920 – November 22, 2014), also known as by the stage names Merna and Claire Barry, or The Barry Sisters, were popular American jazz entertainers. They worked from the 1940s to the 1970s.

paragraphs: Minnie and Clara were born in Bronx, New York. Merna Barry died from a brain tumor, age 54. Clara died at age 94.


title: Pleurisy

paragraphs: Pleurisy (also known as pleuritis) is an inflammation of the pleura, the lining surrounding the lungs. There are many possible causes of pleurisy but viral infections spreading from the lungs to pleural cavity are the most common. Pleurisy can cause sharp pain when breathing, also called pleuritic chest pain.


title: Rita Reys

paragraphs: Rita Reys (21 December 1924 – 28 July 2013) was a jazz singer from the Netherlands. In 1960, she was given the title "Europe's first lady of jazz". She sang jazz and bossa nova.

paragraphs: Reys was born in Rotterdam. She died in Breukelen at age eighty-eight.


title: Infinity (album)

paragraphs: Infinity is the fourth studio album by Journey. The album was released in 1978.


title: Evolution (album)

paragraphs: Evolution is the fifth studio album by Journey. The album was released on April 5, 1979.


title: Regina Resnik

paragraphs: Regina Resnik (August 30, 1922 – August 8, 2013) was an American mezzo-soprano opera singer. She sang on many stages in the United States. She was known for performing in "Il trovatore", "La Gioconda", and in "Aida".

paragraphs: She was born in The Bronx, New York. She died at age ninety.


title: Stiff Upper Lip (album)

paragraphs: Stiff Upper Lip is the fourteenth studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. The album was released on February 28, 2000. It was the group's first studio album of new material in 5 years.


title: Their Satanic Majesties Request

paragraphs: Their Satanic Majesties Request is the eighth American studio album and first Worldwide studio album by The Rolling Stones. The album was released on December 8, 1967.


title: David Steel

paragraphs: David Martin Scott Steel, Baron Steel of Aikwood (born 31 March 1938) is a British retired Liberal politician.

paragraphs: Steel served as the Leader of the Liberal Party from 1976 until its merger with the Social Democratic Party in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1965 to 1997 and as a Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP) from 1999 to 2003.


title: Mathieu Kérékou

paragraphs: Mathieu Kérékou, (2 September 1933 – 14 October 2015) was a Beninese politician. He was President of Benin from 1972 to 1991 and again from 1996 to 2006.

paragraphs: After seizing power in a military coup, he ruled the country for 17 years. He was defeated in the 1991 presidential election, but was returned to the presidency in the 1996 election and controversially re-elected in 2001.


title: Hull Fair

paragraphs: Hull Fair is one of Europe's largest traveling fairs. In 1993 the fair celebrated its 700th anniversary.

paragraphs: It comes to Hull, England for one week. The fair opens on the Friday closest to 11 October each year. During this time the fair is open every day except Sunday. Unlike small local fairs, Hull Fair attracts rides, attractions and travellers from a wide variety of different regions from around the country. the fair is opened by the Lord Mayor of Hull on the opening evening, normally at 5 pm. It first opened from 9 to 23 March 1278.

paragraphs: In 1752 when the calendar changed in Great Britain, 11 days were lost. Wednesday, 2 September 1752 was followed by Thursday, 14 September 1752. The people of Hull believed this took away their fair. Angry mobs shouted “Give us back our eleven days”. The outraged citizens were given their wish. Even since then, October 11th, or the Friday closest to it, became the fair's starting date.


title: Escape (album)

paragraphs: Escape is the seventh studio album by the American rock band Journey. The album was released on July 31, 1981. It was the group's fourth studio album with vocalist Steve Perry.


title: Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani

paragraphs: Emir Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Abdullah bin Jassim bin Muhammed Al Thani (17 September 1932 – 23 October 2016; Arabic خليفة بن حمد آل ثاني) was the Emir of Qatar from 27 February 1972 until he was deposed by his son Hamad bin Khalifa on 27 June 1995.

paragraphs: Khalifa died at the age of 84 on 23 October 2016 in Doha, Qatar after being hospitalized for a week.


title: Jackie Healy-Rae

paragraphs: Jackie Healy-Rae (9 March 1931 – 5 December 2014) was an Irish politician. He served as an Independent Teachta Dála (TD) for the Kerry South constituency from 1997 to 2011.

paragraphs: Healy-Rae was born in County Kerry, Irish Free State. He died on 5 December 2014 at Kerry General Hospital in Tralee, County Kerry after a long illness, aged 83.


title: Manuel De Sica

paragraphs: Manuel De Sica (24 February 1949 – 5 December 2014) was an Italian composer. He was born in Rome, Italy. In 1993, De Sica won the Nastro d'Argento for Best Score for Carlo Verdone's "Al lupo, al lupo". In 1996 he won the David di Donatello for Best Score for Carlo Lizzani's "Celluloide". In 2005 he was honored with the title of Commendatore of the Italian Republic.

paragraphs: Sica died of a heart attack in Rome on 5 December 2014, aged 65.


title: Queen Fabiola of Belgium

paragraphs: Queen Fabiola of Belgium (born "Doña" Fabiola de Mora y Aragón; 11 June 1928 – 5 December 2014) was the widow of King Baudouin. She was queen consort for 33 years, between her wedding in 1960 and her husband's death in 1993. The couple did not have children. When he died, the crown passed to her his younger brother, King Albert II.

paragraphs: On 5 December 2014, the Belgian Royal Palace announced Queen Fabiola had died that evening at Stuyvenbergh Castle in Laeken, Belgium, aged 86.


title: Republic of Molossia

paragraphs: Molossia, also known as the self-proclaimed Republic of Molossia, is a micronation, founded by Kevin Baugh and headquartered in his home near Dayton, Nevada. Baugh has also been the president since 3 September 1999.

paragraphs: Before holding this office Baugh was prime minister of Vuldstein, Edelstein, and Zaria from 1977 to 1999. He changed Molossia from a monarchy to a republic.

paragraphs: Molossia is made up of Baugh's house (known as the Government House), about in size, as well as of surrounding property, enclaved by Nevada. It formerly claimed a property in Pennsylvania as well. According to author John Ryan, Molossia is "a hobby that has been pushed to the nth degree." Originally established as a childhood project in 1977, Molossia subsequently evolved into a territorial entity in the late 1990s.

paragraphs: The name "Molossia" is derived from the Spanish word "morro" which means "small rocky hill". Baugh has stated that the ancient Greek tribe of Molossians is unrelated.


paragraphs: The Gay and Lesbian Kingdom of the Coral Sea Islands was a micronation created as a symbolic political protest by a group of gay rights activists based in southeast Queensland, Australia. Declared in 2004 in response to the Australian government's refusal to recognise same-sex marriages. It is near the islets on the Great Barrier Reef. It is an expression of queer nationalism.

paragraphs: As of 17 November 2017, the Kingdom was dissolved, per the decision made by the Australian people to legalize gay marriage.


title: Dick Wilson

paragraphs: Dick Wilson, born Riccardo Di Guglielmo (30 July 1916 – 19 November 2007), was a British-Canadian character actor. He was known for playing grocery store manager Mr. (George) Whipple in over 500 Charmin toilet paper television commercials (1965–1989, 1999-2000).

paragraphs: Wilson was raised in Hamilton, Ontario. He died in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California, aged 91.


title: Pedro Lascuráin

paragraphs: Pedro José Domingo de la Calzada Manuel María Lascuráin Paredes (8 May 1856 – 21 July 1952) was a Mexican politician.

paragraphs: He served as the 34th President of Mexico. He served as president for less than one hour on February 19, 1913. It is the shortest presidency in the history of the world. He had earlier served as Mexico's foreign minister for two terms and was the director of a small law school in Mexico City for sixteen years.

paragraphs: Lascuráin was born in Mexico City, Mexico.

paragraphs: Before becoming president, Lascuráin was mayor of Mexico City. On 19 February 1913, General Victoriano Huerta overthrew President Madero. Lascuráin was one of the people who convinced Madero to resign the presidency while he was being held prisoner in the National Palace. He claimed that his life was in danger if he refused.

paragraphs: Under the Constitution of Mexico, the vice-president, the attorney general, the foreign minister and then the interior minister stood next in line to the presidency. As well as Madero, Huerta had overthrown Vice-President José María Pino Suárez and Attorney General Adolfo Valles Baca.

paragraphs: Lascuráin, as foreign minister, assumed the presidency. Lascuráin was president for less than an hour; sources quote figures ranging from 15 to 56 minutes. To date, Lascuráin's presidency is the shortest in history, even briefer than that of Venezuelan politician Diosdado Cabello in 2002.

paragraphs: Lascuráin died in Mexico City from natural causes, aged 96 years old.


title: Alma Cogan

paragraphs: Alma Cogan (19 May 1932 – 26 October 1966) was an English singer of traditional pop in the 1950s and early 1960s. She was called "the girl with the giggle in her voice". One of her hit songs was "Sugartime". It was released in 1958 alongside The McGuire Sisters' version.

paragraphs: Cogan was born in the East End of London, England. She died after ovarian cancer at age thirty-four.


title: Typhoon Hagupit (2014)

paragraphs: Typhoon Hagupit (called Typhoon Ruby in the Philippines) was a strong tropical cyclone in the western Pacific Ocean. The storm headed towards the Philippines.

paragraphs: Storm warnings and notices were up for the Philippines because of this typhoon.

paragraphs: Hagupit became a tropical storm on December 1, 2014. It became a typhoon the next day.


title: .NET Framework

paragraphs: .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a product of Microsoft. It is a programming framework used by Software applications in order to run. It has two major parts: the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the .Net Framework Class Library. The CLR is an execution engine used to handle running programs. The class library provides a library of reusable code that applications can use. These are designed to greatly simplify the development of larger applications. .Net Framework supports Object-oriented programming (OOP). Everything in .Net is contained in an object. It also greatly simplifies Windows programming.

paragraphs: Often, a program will ask for a particular version of .Net Framework to be installed (see below). It is usually recommended to install the latest version your operating system (OS) will support. This is because of backward compatibility; the newer version will also support older versions.

paragraphs: Visual Studio is the major development tool for .net Framework. Visual Studio 2013 Community Edition is the first full-featured edition for personal development. It also has compilers for computer programming languages such as C++ and others.


title: Physical Address Extension

paragraphs: In computing, Physical Address Extension (PAE) is a processor feature to enable 32-bit IA-32 central processing units (CPUs) to access physical address space larger than 4 gigabytes by extending the paging schema . It allows up to 64 gigabytes of system memory to be addressed by a 32-bit processor.

paragraphs: PAE was first introduced with the Intel 32-bit processor Pentium Pro. Since then it has been a feature on all Intel processors except some Pentium M mobile processors. Athlon or K7 is the first processor from AMD supported PAE. Now all AMD processors support PAE. In addition to processor support, PAE requires the operating system (OS) to support it. Windows 2000 was the first OS to support PAE.


title: Nested Paging

paragraphs: In Computer Platform Virtulisatin, Nested Paging is used to unburden the Hypervisor from heavy work with Guest OS memory translation. Before, Hypervisor needs to employ a second page table keeping track of guest page table, and force the guest OS use it to access system physical memory. For doing this, Hypervisor needs to monitor the paging activities of guest OS and intercept it with necessarily inserting, deleting or modifying entries in this second page table. This consumes processor's time and system physical memory space. Nested Paging provides a Second Level Address Translation. With help of it, Hypervisor does not need to maintain that second page table with intercepting activities on guest paging. It simply maintains the nested page table for translating the guest physical address into the system physical address. After nested page table created, the paging hardware does the translation job automatically. Each guest physical access would incur nested paging, for a 48-bit address paging in 4KiB, a guest physical address translation would need 25 accesses of system physical memory. So larger TLB and page size would decrease the system physical memory accesses.


title: Jasper County (album)

paragraphs: Jasper County is the ninth studio album by Trisha Yearwood. The album was released on September 13, 2005. It was her first studio album in 4 years. The album was also the return of producer Garth Fundis who produced her "Greatest hits" album. It was ninth and final studio album of label MCA Nashville Records.


title: Land transport

paragraphs: Land transport or Land transportation is the movement of people, animals, and goods from one location to another on land. Today this is usually by rail or road transport.

paragraphs: Early civilizations utilized human power to move goods. The ancient Greeks preferred to travel and move goods by sea. But they did have a respectable road system to move heavy loads by cart. The Romans built all-weather roads throughout the Roman Empire. They were an improvement over Etruscan roads. They were to allow the rapid movement of troops and military supplies. It was also important for trade and the transport of goods. Roman roads were well drained, relatively smooth and straight wherever possible. The Romans built bridges to cross water and causeways to cross marshes. They were well built but needed constant maintenance.

paragraphs: By the 16th century roads were used by coaches (public transport) and heavy wagons. Wagon building became an important business. Special horses were bred to pull the heavy loads. For longer distances, teams of horses were changed several times as they became tired. Inns sprang up in countries like England to take care of travelers. But the heavy traffic of large wagons and coaches were making roads difficult to maintain.

paragraphs: In the 20th century motor cars and trucks became the main traffic of roads. A new kind of Controlled-access highway was invented for them.

paragraphs: The early 18th century saw the use of plateways, trams and horse drawn rail cars. In the 19th century the steam engine in locomotives moved entire trains of rail cars. Rail transport across countries and continents became relatively cheap.


title: Lisa Ajax

paragraphs: "Lisa" Kristina Ajax, born 13 August 1998 in Järfälla, Sweden, is a Swedish female singer. She participated at Idol 2014 contest. She won the entire contest. On 28 November 2014, she made it to the Idol finals inside the Stockholm Globe Arena. Her recording of the song "Love Run Free" has reached the 48th position at Itunes during its first week at chart.

paragraphs: On 5 December 2014, she won the Idol finals inside the Stockholm Globe Arena before runner up Mollie Lindén.

paragraphs: She also participated at Lilla Melodifestivalen 2012 with the song "Allt som jag har".


title: Intercalation (timekeeping)

paragraphs: Calendars are commonly based on the rotation of celestial bodies, such as the sun or the moon. These calendars periodically add a certain time unit, to make the calendar follow the rotation more closely, which is known as intercalation. As an example, the solar year is about 365,25 days long. The Gregorian calendar says that the year has 365 days, but that roughly every four years, an extra day is added.

paragraphs: Another example is the Jewish calendar, which is a lunisolar calendar. In addition to the 365,25 days of the solar year, there are the 29.5 days in a lunar month. This gives the problem that the year does not have twelve months, but about 12.4 months. The calendar solves this problem by adding an extra month in certain cases.


title: Numbers station

paragraphs: A Numbers station is a kind of shortwave radio station with unusual broadcasts: Very often, these broadcasts consist of numbers that are read by computer-generated voices. Several of these stations exist, numbers are read in different languages. Some stations have operated for a period of more than ten years, using the same frequency.

paragraphs: The purpose of the stations is unknown, also who operates them. One supposition is that governments use them to communicate with secret agents or spies. As receiving the messages is relatively simple, the agent only needs a world radio receiver.