title: Deep Note

paragraphs: Deep Note is a crescendo used for THX trailers. It was created by James A. Moorer in 1983, who was now an employee of the Lucasfilm Computer Division. The sound is used on trailers for THX-certified movie theatres and video releases. It was first used in the THX trailer shown before the 1983 premiere of "".

paragraphs: The U.S. trademark registration for the sound contains this description of it:

paragraphs: The Deep Note had originally been from a soft to a loud pitch. Over the years it has been remixed digitally which made the Deep Note with a more abridged sound. Beginning in 1988 the Deep Note became louder and abridged. In 1993 the Deep Note was cut short to save time for Laserdisc (1995 for VHS). Most recently, however, the Deep Note has been cut short to the single note (where both sounds stay in one pitch). This is in favor of other sound effects in certain THX logos.

paragraphs: The sound is perceived as louder than it actually is; sound designer Gary Rydstrom explains that, "from a technical standpoint, 'Deep Note' just feels loud because it has a spectrum of frequencies that grows from small to large."

paragraphs: James A. Moorer has been quoted as saying, "I like to say that the THX sound is the most widely-recognized piece of computer-generated music in the world. This may or may not be true, but it sounds cool!"

paragraphs: Prior to the creation of Deep Note, several other works made use of similar techniques of frequency spread.

paragraphs: In their book "Analog Days", Trevor Pinch and Frank Trocco point to the track "Spaced", from the 1970 Beaver & Krause album "In a Wild Sanctuary" as the source for Deep Note. They quote synthesizer builder Tom Oberheim as saying the original analog form is much richer than the "digital perfection" used in movie theatres.

paragraphs: The perceived loudness of the Deep Note is frequently depicted as having actual destructive effects:


title: Queanbeyan River

paragraphs: Queanbeyan River, a perennial stream in New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Molonglo catchment. The catchment is in the Murray-Darling Basin. The river is in the Monaro and Capital Country regions of New South Wales. The river is in length. The river catchment is . The Queanbeyan River and the Cotter River meet the potable water supply needs of the Canberra and Queanbeyan region. The two regions' water quality is protected under federal legislation.

paragraphs: It is said the Aboriginal Ngarigo people used a word that sounded like "queanbeyan" to name the river. The word meant "clearwater".


title: In Through the Out Door

paragraphs: In Through the Out Door is the eighth studio album by English heavy metal band Led Zeppelin through Atlantic Records.


title: Coda (album)

paragraphs: Coda is the first compilation album by English heavy metal band Led Zeppelin. The album was released on 1982.


title: Boorowa River

paragraphs: The Boorowa River is in New South Wales, Australia. It is a perennial stream.

paragraphs: The river is part of the Lachlan catchment. The catchment is in the Murray-Darling basin. The river rises about north of Yass. It flows north. The river has two minor tributaries. It reaches its confluence with the Lachlan River about south–east of Cowra. The river drops over its course of .

paragraphs: The river flows through the town of Boorowa. The river is named after the town. Boorowa is an Aboriginal Wiradjuri word for kangaroo.


title: Derwent River

paragraphs: The Derwent is a river in Tasmania, Australia. It was named after the River Derwent, Cumbria, by British Commodore John Hayes who explored it in 1793. The name is Brythonic Celtic for "valley thick with oaks".

paragraphs: John Hays placed the name "Derwent River" only in the upper part of the river. Matthew Flinders placed the name on all of the river.

paragraphs: The banks of the Derwent were once covered by forests and occupied by Aborigines. European settlers farmed the area and during the 20th century many dams were built on its tributaries.


title: Concha Piquer

paragraphs: María de la Concepción Piquer López, also known as Concha Piquer (13 December, 1906 in Valencia, Valencian Community - 12 December, 1990 in Madrid) was a Spanish singer and actress.

paragraphs: She was one of the most successful couplist female singers.

paragraphs: Most of her singles were composed by the songwriters Salvador Valverde and Quintero, León and Quiroga. "Ojos verdes" ("Green eyes") was her most known single because of its controversial lyrics.

paragraphs: In September 1922, Piquer debuted in New York City on Manuel Penella's opera "The Wild Cat". She was living in tge United States, acting in Broadway theaters and movies.

paragraphs: Several years later, Piquer back to Spain. She stayed there the rest of her life. One year later the Civil War began and her songs were it [partially] censored by the Francoist politics.

paragraphs: In 1958, during a concert in Isla Cristina, Andalusia, she lost her pitch for a moment while singing. She continued with her performance. Five years later, she retired.


title: Charlotte Rampling

paragraphs: Charlotte Rampling (born 5 February 1946) is an English actress. She has appeared in English language, French and Italian cinema. She was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 2001 and received France's Legion of Honour in 2002.

paragraphs: Rampling's film career began in 1965. Her films include "Georgy Girl" (1966), Visconti's "The Damned" (1969), "The Night Porter" (1974), "Farewell My Lovely" (1975), Woody Allen's "Stardust Memories" (1980), Sidney Lumet's "The Verdict" (1982), "Angel Heart" (1987), "The Duchess" (2008) and Fred Schepisi's "The Eye of the Storm" (2011). She has been nominated four times for a Cesar Award, for "On ne meurt que 2 fois" (1985), "Sous le sable" (2000), "Swimming Pool" (2003) and "Lemming" (2005) and received an Honorary Cesar in 2001. On television, she starred in the 2012 BBC miniseries "Restless", for which she received an Emmy Award nomination.

paragraphs: Bisset was born in Sturmer, Essex, England. Her birth name is Tessa Charlotte Rampling. She is the daughter of Isabelle Anne and Godfrey Rampling, a olympic gold medalist. She had one sister, Sarah, who committed suicide in 1966 at the age of 23.


title: Jamison Reeves

paragraphs: Jamison Reeves is an actor, producer, cinematographer, director and writer. He is most known for his appearances in television commercials.


title: Kira Kazantsev

paragraphs: Kira Kazantsev (b. July 20, 1991) is an American beauty pageant winner. She was crowned Miss America on September 14, 2014. Before that, she was Miss New York 2014. She works against domestic violence and abuse. "She’s trilingual! Kazantsev — a daughter of Russian immigrants — speaks Russian and Spanish in addition to English."

paragraphs: Kazantsev was born in San Francisco, California.


title: Connie Dion

paragraphs: Joseph Conrad Etienne Dion (August 11, 1918 – November 7, 2014) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 38 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Detroit Red Wings.

paragraphs: Dion would play 38 games with the Detroit Red Wings over parts of 2 seasons. After he left the NHL, Dion spent most of his career in the American Hockey League (AHL). In the AHL, he would play 39 games for the Indianapolis Capitals, 303 games over 6 seasons with the Buffalo Bisons, and 8 games with the St. Louis Flyers. During the 1949-50 season, Dion was able to win the Harry (Hap) Holmes Memorial Award for recording the lowest goals against average. Dion also played in the United States Hockey League (USHL). He played 7 games for the Houston Huskies and 4 games for the Louisville Blades. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 1952.

paragraphs: After he was hospitalized for 2 weeks, Dion died on November 7, 2014.


title: Music from Another Dimension!

paragraphs: Music from Another Dimension! is the 14th studio album by American hard rock band Aerosmith. The album was released on November 6, 2012. It was the group's first studio album of new material in 11 years. There are 15 songs on the album, although some special editions contained extra bonus songs.


title: Interlaced video

paragraphs: Interlaced video is a method to display an image progressively. Images are drawn line by line, and interlacing means that the odd lines are drawn first, and the even lines are "filled in" later. This effectively doubles the resolution of the image. The two parts of the image are called "fields", and are transmitted one after the other.

paragraphs: Telefunken invented the method in the 1920s. Today it is widely used for displaying images and video.


title: Progressive scan

paragraphs: Progressive scan is the name for a technology for displaying images, where all the lines of the image are drawn in sequence. For television and video, this is opposed to interlaced video where the image is split in two halves, which are drawn in sequence.


title: Xenon hexafluoride

paragraphs: Xenon hexafluoride is a chemical compound of fluorine with xenon. It is one of three known such compounds; the others are xenon pentafluoride and xenon difluoride. It is a colorless solid, at room temperature.


title: British Columbia Highway 1

paragraphs: British Columbia Highway 1 is part of the British Columbia section of the Trans-Canada Highway. It is 1,039 kilometers (646 miles) long across the southern part of British Columbia, including the part covered by ferries.

paragraphs: The highway starts near the provincial border with Alberta near Kicking Horse Pass, passign through the town of Field. Between the towns of Monte Creek and Cache Creek, the highway shares the same roadway with Highway 5 and Highway 97 for much of the distance. At West Vancouver on the Pacific coast of British Columbia, Highway 1 ends on the mainland at the Horseshoe Bay ferry terminal. The highway then resumes on Vancouver Island at the B.C. Ferry terminal near Departure Bay. The highway runs southward near the eastern coast of the island until it ends in the city of Victoria.


title: Cherry Jones

paragraphs: Cherry Jones (born November 21, 1956) is an American actress. She has won two Tony Awards, three Drama Desk Awards, plus an Emmy Award. She played Pamela Duncan in the movie "Erin Brockovich". She also played Mimi in "The Lady in Question".


title: Hunter River (Western Australia)

paragraphs: The Hunter River is in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The headwaters of the river rise below Donkins Hill. The river flows in a south-westerly direction. It empties into Prince Frederick Harbour. Then the river flows to the York Sound and the Indian Ocean.

paragraphs: The river was named by the explorer Philip Parker King in 1820. He was on the "Mermaid" while making charts in the area. The river was named after the surgeon on the "Mermaid", James Hunter.

paragraphs: The river has two waterfalls. They are the Hunter Falls and the Donkin Falls. Both falls drop . A large rock formation is at the mouth of the river. The area is popular with tourism companies. Wilderness cruises operate in the area.


title: Josh Gorges

paragraphs: Joshua Daniel Gorges (born August 14, 1984) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman that played for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternate captain. He has also played for the San Jose Sharks and the Montreal Canadiens.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Gorges played 4 seasons with the Kelowna Rockets of the Western Hockey League (WHL). During his time with the Rockets, he captained the team and helped them win the Memorial Cup in 2004. Gorges was awarded the George Parsons Trophy for being the most sportsmanlike player in the Memorial Cup tournament. Gorges also captained the WHL in the Canada-Russia challenge in November 2003.

paragraphs: He went undrafted but signed a contract with the San Jose Sharks as a free agent on September 20, 2002. On October 7, 2005, Gorges made his NHL debut with Sharks in a 6–3 loss to the Chicago Blackhawks. He played 2 seasons with the Sharks. On January 4, 2007, Gorges scored his first NHL goal against Dominik Hašek of the Detroit Red Wings in a 9–4 win.

paragraphs: On February 25, 2007, the Sharks traded Gorges along with their 1st round choice (Max Pacioretty) in 2007 NHL Entry Draft in exchange for Craig Rivet and Montreal's 5th round choice (Julien Demers) in 2008 NHL Entry Draft. On July 9, 2008, he signed a three-year, $3.3 million contract with the Canadiens.

paragraphs: On February 10, 2010, during a game against the Washington Capitals, Gorges was involved in an in-ice incident where he was hit on the left side of the head by a slap shot from Mike Green while attempting to block a shot. He was motionless on the ice for several minutes, with his head bleeding. He would be helped to the bench by doctors.

paragraphs: On February 19, 2011, He had successful reconstruction surgery on his injured right knee and he had to miss the remainder of the 2010–11 season. On July 22, 2011, during the off-season, Gorges signed a one-year, $2.5 million contract with the Montreal Canadiens. On January 1, 2012, he re-signed with the Canadiens with a six-year, $3.9 million contract.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2014, the Canadiens traded Gorges to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for a 2nd round draft pick in 2016, after Gorges refused to waive his no-trade clause to be traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs. After 13 seasons in the NHL, he officially retired from playing on January 14, 2019.


title: Naat

paragraphs: Naat is poetry that speaks well of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Some famous scholars in the early days of Islam wrote Naat. People who recite Naat are known as Naat-Khawan or Sanaa Khawan. The practice is popular in South Asia in India and Pakistan. Naat is often recited in Punjabi, Sindhi, or the Urdu language.


title: Annealing

paragraphs: Annealing is the name for a number of processes that change the properties of a piece of work using heat. In general the piece is heated to a certain temperature, and modelled while it cools off. Specifically, annealing can refer to:


title: Naat Khawan

paragraphs: A Naat Khawan or Sanaa Khawan is a person who recites the Naat. Naat is poetry that speaks well of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Ones' complement

paragraphs: The One's complement is an operation that can be done to binary numbers. It is obtained by swapping all the bits in the number, that is, replacing "1" with "0", or "0" with "1". In many systems, this is used to represent the inverse of a number. One of the big problems that occur when using One's complement is that the number zero has two representations, either all 0's or all 1's. Using 4 digits both "0000" and "1111" represent zero. This problem can be solved by using Two's complement.


title: Club Sporting Cristal

paragraphs: Club Sporting Cristal is a Peruvian football team based in the Rímac district, department of Lima, Peru. It was started December 13th, 1955. Sporting Cristal plays in the Peruvian First Division. It has won 16 league titles.


title: Mr. Deeds

paragraphs: The Animal is a 2002 American comedy movie. It was directed by Steven Brill and was produced by Sid Ganis and Jack Giarraputo. "Mr. Deeds" was released on June 28, 2002. The movie is a remake of the 1936 Frank Capra movie "Mr. Deeds Goes to Town".

paragraphs: The movie received negative reviews from critics and holds a 22% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. "Mr. Deeds" was nominated for three Razzie Awards. The movie was nominated for Worst Remake or Sequel, Adam Sandler was nominated for Worst Actor and Winona Ryder was nominated for Worst Actress.


title: West Vancouver

paragraphs: West Vancouver is a district municipality in the province of British Columbia, Canada. It is part of Metro Vancouver, which is the governing body of the Greater Vancouver Regional District. West Vancouver is northwest of the city of Vancouver, with English Bay to the south and Howe Sound to the northwest.

paragraphs: West Vancouver had a population of 46,694 people according to the 2011 census. Some events of the 2010 Winter Olympics were held at the Cypress Provincial Park, which is mostly within the municipal bounderies. The Horseshoe Bay Ferry Terminal, which ferries British Columbia Highway 1 to Vancouver Island, is also located in West Vancouver.

paragraphs: West Vancouver was founded in 1912, when it separated from the District of North Vancouver, which is just to its east. Along with the City of North Vancouver, these three municipalities are often called the "North Shore".


title: Earthenware

paragraphs: Earthenware is pottery which is porous (meaning water gets through tiny holes slowly). It was fired at a temperature which did not melt it into a glass-like vitreous form. So it is porous. Many types of pottery have been made from it. Until the 18th century it was the commonest type of pottery outside China.

paragraphs: Earthenware is a type of clay that when fired to make pottery is soft and can be scratched with a knife. It is opaque and has an grainy edge when broken. It is generally easier to shape on the potter's wheel than porcelain. Due to its porosity earthenware must be glazed in order to be watertight. Terracotta is earthenware.

paragraphs: Earthenware articles may be thick and heavy or as thin as bone china and porcelain. They are not translucent and are more easily chipped. They are less strong than stoneware.


title: Taylor Kitsch

paragraphs: Taylor Kitsch (born April 8, 1981) is a Canadian actor and model.

paragraphs: He is known for his roles as Tim Riggins in the television series, "Friday Night Lights", Gambit in "", Lieutenant Alex Hopper in "Battleship", John Carter in "John Carter", Chon in "Savages", Dr. Lewis in "The Grand Seduction", Michael Murphy in "Lone Survivor", and Bruce Niles in "The Normal Heart".

paragraphs: He was born in Kelowna, British Columbia. His mother was a member of the BC liquor board, and his father worked in construction. Before becoming an actor, Kitsch played junior ice hockey for the Langley Hornets in the British Columbia Hockey League (BCHL), before his ice hockey career was ended because of a knee injury.


title: Working dog

paragraphs: A working dog is a dog that was bred or that was trained to perform specific tasks, which usually help a human. Common tasks include herding cattle, but also performing search and rescue operations, hunting, or being employed as guard dogs.


title: Arnaud Gauthier

paragraphs: Arnaud Gauthier is a music composer and movie producer. Gauthier has worked as a music producer for the Showtime series "The Borgias". He has also composed music for two albums in 2008 and 2009. Gauthier's latest movie is called Hacker's Game. The movie completed production in May 2014. It is going to be put out in 2015.


title: Lakehurst, New Jersey

paragraphs: Lakehurst is a borough in Ocean County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, 2,654 people lived there.

paragraphs: Lakehurst was incorporated as a borough on April 7, 1921. It was made from parts of Manchester Township.

paragraphs: Lakehurst has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.

paragraphs: The town has a lake, Lake Horicon. The lake was created in 1942 by the Works Progress Administration. It was made by building Horicon Dam on two branches of the Toms River.

paragraphs: Lakehurst first became known as a winter resort around the turn of the 20th century. In 1911, the rope factory in the town burned down. After that, a volunteer fire department was created.

paragraphs: On May 6, 1937, the German zeppelin "Hindenburg" was arriving from Frankfurt am Main. It caught fire at the Lakehurst Naval Air Station and burned up.

paragraphs: Lakehurst is at the western end of New Jersey Route 37. New Jersey Route 70 is the main highway through the borough. County Route 547 connects from the north.

paragraphs: Lakehurst is on the former Central Railroad of New Jersey Southern Division Main Line. The Barnegat Branch used to go from Lakehurst through Toms River and Beachwood down to Barnegat.

paragraphs: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Lakehurst include:


title: Silence

paragraphs: Silence means no sound that can be heard. It can also mean no communication.

paragraphs: A moment of silence is a common way to remember tragedies.

paragraphs: The right to silence is a legal protection for people being interrogated by police in some countries.


title: Brazil during World War Two

paragraphs: Brazil was one of the Allies of World War II. It was also the only Ally from South America to provide troops. The country made significant contributions to the war effort. They sent an expeditionary force to fight alongside the allies in the Italian Campaign. The Brazilian Navy and Air Force helped the Allies in the Atlantic from 1942 until the end of the war in 1945.

paragraphs: At the beginning of World War II Brazil was neutral. They traded with both the Allied and Axis Forces. But after 1939 the war made trade with Europe difficult. They turned to the United States as a trading partner. The Americans pressured Brazil to join the Allies. This led to the Joint Brazil-U.S Defense Commission, which was designed to counter Axis influence in South America. At the beginning of 1942 Brazil permitted the US to set up air bases on its soil. This was in exchange for the United States to encourage the formation of an iron industry in Brazil. Brazil also broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, Japan, and Italy.

paragraphs: As a result of Brazil´s decision, from the end of January to July 1942, German navy U-boats sank 13 Brazilian merchant ships, causing severe damage to Brazilian shipping. In total, 21 German and two Italian submarines caused the sinking of 36 Brazilian merchant ships causing 1,691 drownings and 1,079 other casualties. The sinkings were the main reason that led the Brazilian government to declare war against the Axis. Finally, Vargas declared war on both Germany and Italy on August 22 1942. It is known that 9 U-Boats were sunk off the Brazilian Coast over the course of the war.

paragraphs: The Brazilian Expeditionary Force or BEF () was a force of about 25,344 men. They were organized as a division of the US Fifth Army. They were delayed in getting started by difficulties in getting organized. Some in Brazil thought the government was not that anxious to send troops into battle. A popular saying at the time was that it was more likely for "snakes to smoke" () than to get the BEF going. It is the same as the saying "When pigs fly", meaning it will probably never happen. When the BEF did enter the war, they proudly wore their arm patch showing a cobra with a pipe in its mouth. They called themselves the "Smoking Cobras".

paragraphs: They were organized as a standard American division. They wore American uniforms with Brazilian rank and unit markings. The BEF was divided into three battalions of 5,000 men each. They were the 1st, 6th and 11th regimental combat teams. Their record in Italy was impressive. At the Battle of Collecchio the BEF defeated the German 148th Division and the Italian Monte Rosa, San Marco and Italia divisions. They captured 14,700 troops and 800 officers (including 2 Generals). During the eight months of battle in Italy, the BEF captured a total of 20,573 Axis soldiers. They lost only 450 troops and 13 officers died while fighting on the front.

paragraphs: The Brazilian Navy and Air Force played a large role in the Battle of the Atlantic. They started in mid-1942 and operated until the end of the war in 1945. They performed anti-submarine and patrol operations in the South Atlantic. They had American ships through the Lend-Lease program. They acquired several submarine-chasers, 8 destroyer escorts and 3 Fleet destroyers. The larger destroyers were built in Rio de Janeiro to US designs. Their Air Force received a number of modern plane types. These included Curtiss P-36 Hawks, Curtiss P-40 Warhawks and North American B-25 Mitchells. For patrol aircraft they received Lockheed Hudsons, Lockheed Venturas and long range Consolidated PBY Catalina Flying boats.

paragraphs: The effect was almost immediate. Between July and December 1943 alone, the Brazilian Air Force and Navy destroyed six German submarines. Of the 7,000 Brazilian sailors who fought, about 500 were killed in action. During the war the Navy protected 3,164 merchant ships. Only three were sunk while under their protection. Air Force pilots flew a total of 2,550 sorties. They flew only 5% of the missions in theatre. But they destroyed 85% of the ammunition dumps, 36% of the fuel depots and 28% of the bridges while they were active.


title: Zoni

paragraphs: Zoni is a Japanese soup containing rice cakes. It is eaten on New Year's Day. Tofu, potato, chicken, Kamaboko (boiled fish paste) and other ingredients are used for making it. This soup is made from Kombu (sea tangle), Katsuo (bonito) or Niboshi (dried small sardines). There are two kinds of rice cake, round and square. The recipe depends on homes and regions.

paragraphs: Zoni has been eaten since about 1300. People eat it praying to God for a happy year. The word "Zoni" comes from an old Japanese tradition.


title: Osaka Castle

paragraphs: Toyotomi Hideyoshi made people build Osaka castle in 1583 (天正11年). In 1620, Tokugawa Hidetada started to rebuild Osaka Castle and it finished in 1629. Osaka Castle had been destroyed by fire twice. First, The Summer Battle of Osaka (大阪夏の陣) in 1645. Second, during World War II.

paragraphs: In 1948, Osaka castle's restoration was started. Now Osaka Castle tower is symbol of Osaka town.


title: Momiji manju

paragraphs: Momiji manju is a type of steamed bun: a small cake stuffed with sweetened bean paste. It is shaped just after a Japanese maple leaf. It is a souvenir at Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima Island, Hiroshima. It was first made in the last part of the 19th century. The origin of its name is Momiji-dani, which is a famous place in Miyajima.

paragraphs: It is made from eggs, sugar, wheat, flour and honey. It has a bean jam filling wrapped in sponge cake. It is baked.

paragraphs: There are many types of filling, including koshian bean jam, tsubuan bean jam, white bean jam, green tea, chestnut, cheese, chocolate and cream. There are also different recipes like raw momiji and fried momiji.


title: Hagi city

paragraphs: Hagi is a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan. There are 50,089 people living there. Twin towns are Ulsan, Jeollanam-do Yeongam-gun in Korea, and Ühlingen-Birkendolf in Germany. Hagi holds a camellia festival from the middle of February to the end of March. It has a Hagi-ware festival in the beginning of March.

paragraphs: In the last days of the Tokugawa shogunate, Yoshida Shoin built the Shoka son school, where he taught many famous people. For example, Kido Takayoshi, Takasugi Shinsaku and Ito Hirobumi. They became the Meiji Restoration leaders.


title: Awa Dance Festival

paragraphs: The Awa Dance Festival is held in Tokushima, Japan. It held in the biggest street of the town from 12 to 15 August. It is part of the Obon festival. Both of men and women wear yukata, a Japanese traditional cloth. The man wear a Japanese towel. The women wear bamboo hat. They dance and walk with the musical accompaniment. Shamisens, flutes, gongs and drums are played around the city. Men and women dance differently. There are some groups called "ren". The groups have different styles of dance. There are some new groups called "niwaka ren". Beginning dancers can participate in Awa dance in niwaka-ren groups. The Awa dance has a unique song. The phrase is "Odoru ahou ni miru ahou onaji ahou nara odorana son son". It means that "The dancers are fools. The watchers are fools. Both are fools alike so, Why not dance?" In brief, dancers invite watchers.


title: Hiroshima University

paragraphs: Hiroshima University is a university in Higashihiroshima and Hiroshima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. It was founded on 31 May 1949. It has about 15,000 students.

paragraphs: Kagamiyama 1-3-2, Higashihiroshima-shi, Hiroshima Prefecture

paragraphs: 60 percent of engineering graduates enter graduate school.


title: Restless Heart (Whitesnake album)

paragraphs: Restless Heart is the ninth studio album by English heavy metal band Whitesnake. The album was released in March 1997. It was the group's first studio album of new material in 8 years. The album charted at number 34 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Umaibou

paragraphs: Umaibou is a popular snack in Japan. It is sold for 10 yen a piece. There are many different flavors. It is popular with children and young men. It is sold also in Taiwan and South Korea. Because it is popular, there are many goods that relate to it, like lip balm or bath salts.


title: Shinsengumi

paragraphs: Shinsengumi was a military police force in Japan in the Edo era. Shinsengumi was organized by Katamori Matsudaira. He was an Aizu feudal lord. They were gathered to defend Kyoto against political opponents. Shinsengumi became famous by the Ikedaya Incident. They became part of the army after the Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown by a new government in the Meiji Restoration. Isami Kondo who was the head was arrested and punished. Toshizo Hijikata who was the subleader fought to the last battlefield in the Meiji Restoration. He was killed in the battle. Hajime Saito who was third section commander became a police officer in the Meiji Restoration.


title: Monjayaki

paragraphs: Monjayaki is a popular Japanese food. It is made from flour mixed with water or Worcestershire sauce. Other ingredients are added such as cabbage. It is grilled. It is eaten in various regions. The main ingredients of Monja vary by region.

paragraphs: Monjayaki might have been first made in Tsukishima, Tokyo. At first, it was made from only soy sauce, flour, and water. Now other things are added, such as a cabbage and cuttle fish.


title: Sakurajima

paragraphs: The eruptions of this mountain have been recorded many times in history. Great Taisho(大正) eruption in 1914 connected this island to a peninsula. 58 people were killed and 112 people were injured. These days, we can see a lot of eruptions.

paragraphs: The information about which way the wind blows is important to know if ash is falling or not. So, Kagoshima weather forecast report it. People in Sakurajima take a drill to escape from the island. Japan Meteorological Agency watches this mountain all days. We can see the latest picture from these cameras at JMA's website.


title: Gagaku

paragraphs: Gagaku is classical Japanese court music. Gagaku was brought to Japan from China in the 8th century. The meaning of Gagaku is literally 'elegant music'. Most of the music that survives is classified as "Togaku" (music from the Tang Dynasty). They are performed as dance pieces and concert pieces. In modern Japan, "Gagaku" is performed at ceremonies like that of New Year or a wedding held at a Shinto shrine.

paragraphs: Gagaku instruments consists of wind instruments, string instruments and percussion instruments. There are three type of wind instruments. They are Sho, Hichiriki and Ryuteki. There are mainly two kinds of stringed instruments, Koto and Biwa. Also there are three kinds of percussion instruments, Dadaiko, Shoko and Kakko. The wind instruments usually carry the melody. The two huge drums called "dadaiko" are a colorful part of a Gagaku performance.

paragraphs: Gagaku music's most famous piece is called "Etenraku" (divine music). Gagaku music is intended to bring spiritual healing to the listeners. The dance is intended to bring a sense of elegance and harmony. Gagakku is still performed at the Emperor's court in Japan.


title: Battleship Yamato

paragraphs: The Yamato was a Japanese super battleship that served in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Along with its sister ship, the Musashi, they were the largest battleships ever built.

paragraphs: Yamato was built at Kure, Japan. She entered service on 16 December 1941. It was one of five planned super battleships although only two were built: Yamato and Musashi. The allies had no clue Japan had built these monsters until they were first spotted.

paragraphs: Yamato was huge and displaced 62, 315 tons. Yamato had nine 18-inch guns which were the largest in the world at the time. She was long. Yamato's armor was thick. Her guns were her most feared weapons. They fired shells that weighed 3,200 pounds each (the size of a compact car!). They had a range of . Yamato was designed to fight and destroy US battleships. But it never faced one in battle.

paragraphs: In the 1920s and 1930s the battleship was the ultimate power in naval warfare. But the Japanese, by their attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 proved aircraft carriers were now the most powerful weapon. This meant battleships were already out of date. When the war started, Yamato was the flagship of the Combined Fleet commander Isoroku Yamamoto. It spent much of 1942 defending Japanese shipping out of Truk. Torpedoed by a US submarine in 1943 it was under repair until 1944. Because attack from the air was now the main threat, Yamato was fitted with additional anti-aircraft guns. In June 1944 Yamato took part in the Battle of the Philippine Sea. In October Yamato was in the Battle of Leyte Gulf. During the battle she fired her guns at US escort carriers thinking they were full sized carriers. She was attacked by several US destroyers and received some damage. Returning to Japan in November she was again fitted with more anti-aircraft guns. By then Japan no longer had the resources to keep Yamato operating. In 1945, Yamato left for Okinawa as part of the suicidal Operation Ten-Go. It was an effort to attack US ships supporting the Battle of Okinawa. But, off the coast of Kagoshima, it was sunk by U.S. aircraft on 7 April.

paragraphs: After the war, the Yamato became a fascinating subject in Japan and elsewhere. In 1985 her wreckage was located under of water. It lies on the seabed broken into two sections. The name Yamato lives on in the anime series Space Battleship Yamato.


title: Born 2 B Blue

paragraphs: Born 2 B Blue is the fifteenth studio album by Steve Miller Band. The album was released in 1988. It was last studio album with label Capitol Records.


title: Pope Alexander II

paragraphs: Pope Alexander II (born Anselmo da Baggio; ??? − 21 April 1073) was pope of the Catholic Church from 30 September 1061 until 21 April 1073 when he died.

paragraphs: He was born Anselmo da Baggio in Milan to a noble family. In 1065, he wrote to Béranger, the Viscount of Narbonne, and to Guifred, the bishop of the city. He praised them for having prevented the massacre of the Jews in their district. He also reminded them that God does not approve of the shedding of blood. The same year, Alexander II warned Landulf VI of Benevento "that the conversion of Jews is not to be obtained by force." He also called for a crusade against the Moors in Spain in the same year.

paragraphs: He died on 21 April 1073 in Rome and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. He was succeeded by Pope Gregory VII.


title: Heidi (movie)

paragraphs: Heidi is a 1937 musical-drama movie. It is about an orphan named Heidi sent to live with Klara, a spoiled girl. Shirley Temple plays the title character.

paragraphs: This movie was released on October 15, 1937.


title: Ipbuk-dong

paragraphs: Ipbuk-dong is a place in Suwon where many people live. Ipbuk-dong has some apartments named Seosuwon Xii, Prugio and Ungbi. Ipbuk elementary school has 314 children. Ipbuk-dong has some small academies that teach piano, art, and taekwondo.

paragraphs: Ipbuk-dong has some small restaurants that serve Chinese food and chicken. Ipbuk-dong has some small shops, dry cleaners, and hardware shops.


title: Relational model

paragraphs: The relational model for database management is a database model based on first-order predicate logic. Edgar F. Codd proposed it in 1969. In the relational model of a database, all data is represented in terms of tuples, grouped into relations. A database organized in terms of the relational model is called relational database.

paragraphs: The purpose of the relational model is to provide a declarative method for specifying data and queries: users directly state what information the database contains and what information they want from it. The structure in which the data is stored, and the task of responding to users' requests and retrieving the data is left to the database system, and is not visible to the user.

paragraphs: Most relational databases use the SQL data definition and query language; these systems implement what can be regarded as an engineering approximation to the relational model. A "table" in an SQL database schema corresponds to a predicate variable; the contents of a table to a relation; key constraints, other constraints, and SQL queries correspond to predicates. Today, many database systems are different from the original model. Codd fiercely argued against deviations that compromise the original principles.


title: John T. Dorrance

paragraphs: John Thompson Dorrance (1873 – 1930) was an American chemist. While working at the Campbell Soup Company he discovered a method to create condensed soup. Dorrance served as president of the Campbell Soup Company from 1914 to 1930.

paragraphs: Dorrance was born in Bristol, Pennsylvania November 11, 1873. His parents were John and Eleanor (Thompson) Dorrance. He earned a Bachelor of Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He received a PhD degree from the University of Göttingen in Germany in 1897. Dorrance then returned to the United States to work for his uncle at the Joseph Cambell Preserve Company. His uncle started him at $7.50 per week. Dr. Dorrance also had to provide his own equipment and supplies for his laboratory. While studdying in Europe, Dorrance became used to having soup with his meals. He wanted to perfect a method of canning soup and adding it their product line. In 1897 he invented condensed soup. By removing the water it reduced the weight of the can. A lighter can cost less to transport to stores. The company was able to sell their condensed soup for 10 cents a can. The product was a success for the company. His uncle raised his pay to $9.00 a week. Dorrance also designed the now classic red and white label for Campbells Soup.

paragraphs: In 1900 Dorrance became vice president of the Joseph Cambell Preserve Company. At the Exposition Universelle in Paris that year, Campbell's soups won a gold medal. The medal is still shown on the soup cans today. Dorrance found that workers had time on their hands watching the soup cook in the factory. To occupy their time Dorrance created a new product: canned pork and beans. In 1914 Dorrance became president of the company, now called the Campbell Soup Company. He died of a heart disease on September 22, 1930 in Camden, New Jersey.


title: Sonny Barger

paragraphs: Sonny Barger is a member of the Oakland Hells Angels. He was born in Modesto, California.


title: Steatoda

paragraphs: Steatoda is a spider genus. It includes more than 120 recognized species around the world. They are often dark spiders.

paragraphs: The spiders are often mistaken for widow spiders. They are often called false black widows. These spiders are less harmful to humans. They are shaped similar to widow spiders.


title: Scarus ghobban

paragraphs: Scarus ghobban is a member of the "Scaridae" family. "Scarus ghobban "is also known as the blue-barred parrotfish. Ancient writers described them as 'parrot fish'.

paragraphs: This species is blue-green to green in color. It often grows to about .

paragraphs: It may have a central stripe on the dorsal and anal fins that is pink in color. The underside of the body may be pinkish or yellowish. There may be blue markings around the area of the pectoral fin.

paragraphs: "Scarus ghobban" is found in waters around Africa, the Mediterranean and Red Seas. They are also found in the Galápagos Islands and the Eastern Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: "Scarus Ghobban" occurs in places with sandy bottoms. It also lives near reefs. Males usually live at depths of about , females live in deeper waters.


title: Vorontsov

paragraphs: The House of Vorontsov, also Woronzow, Woroncow (Russian: Воронцо́в) is the name of a celebrated Russian family which were later given the rank of Count of the Holy Roman Empire in 1744 and became "Serene Princes of the Russian Empire" in 1852. During the reign of Empress Elizabeth of Russia the family reached the height of their influence and wealth and Elizaveta Vorontsova was later a mistress of Emperor Peter III. The family also had a large palace in St Petersburg built to reflect their wealth and influence.


title: Climax community

paragraphs: In ecology, climax community is a term for a stable biological community of plants, animals and fungi.

paragraphs: After a process of ecological succession the vegetation in an area reaches a steady state. Its stability is not guaranteed: invasive species and climate change can cause changes. However, relatively, the system is stable.

paragraphs: This equilibrium was thought to occur because the climax community is composed of species best adapted to average conditions in that area. The term is sometimes also applied in soil development.

paragraphs: The idea of a single climatic climax, which is defined in relation to regional climate, originated with Frederic Clements in the early 1900s. The first analysis of succession as leading to something like a climax was written by Henry Cowles in 1899, but it was Clements who used the term "climax" to describe the idealized endpoint of succession.


title: Uranium mining

paragraphs: Uranium mining takes uranium ore from the ground for processing. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia are the top three producers and together account for 64% of world uranium production. Uranium from mining is mostly used as fuel for nuclear power plants. Health and environmental studies show that radiation exposure poses a risk for uranium miners. In 1990, Congress passed legislation to help those affected by mining. As of July 2014, the price of uranium concentrate remained near a five-year low, the uranium price having fallen more than 50% from the peak price in January 2011, and reflecting loss of demand following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Some plans for new mines and mine expansion have been deferred.

paragraphs: The worldwide production of uranium in 2012 amounted to 58,000 tonnes. Kazakhstan, Canada, and Australia are the top three producers and together account for 64% of world uranium production. Other important uranium producing countries are Niger, Namibia, Russia, Uzbekistan, the United States, China, and Malawi.

paragraphs: Uranium from mining is mostly used as fuel for nuclear power plants. Uranium ores are normally processed by grinding the ore materials to a uniform particle size and then treating the ore to extract the uranium by chemical leaching. The milling process commonly yields dry powder consisting of natural uranium, "yellowcake," which is sold on the uranium market as UO.

paragraphs: In 1950, the US Public Health service began a comprehensive study of uranium miners, leading to the first publication of a statistical correlation between cancer and uranium mining, released in 1962. The federal government eventually regulated the standard amount of radon in mines, setting the level at 0.3 WL on January 1, 1969.

paragraphs: Out of 50 present and former uranium milling sites in 12 states, 24 have been abandoned, and are the responsibility of the US Department of Energy. Accidental releases from uranium mills include the 1979 Church Rock uranium mill spill in New Mexico, called the largest accident of nuclear-related waste in US history, and the 1986 Sequoyah Corporation Fuels Release in Oklahoma.

paragraphs: In 1990, Congress passed the Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA), granting reparations for those affected by mining, with amendments passed in 2000 to address criticisms with the original act.

paragraphs: As of July 2014, the price of uranium concentrate remained near a five-year low, the uranium price having fallen more than 50% from the peak price in January 2011, and reflecting loss of Japanese demand following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Because of continued low prices, in February 2014 mining company Cameco put back plans to expand production from existing Canadian mines, although it continued work to open a new mine at Cigar Lake. Also in February 2014, Paladin energy suspended operations at its mine in Malawi, saying that the high-cost operation was losing money at current prices.


title: Kronk's New Groove

paragraphs: Kronk's New Groove (also known as The Emperor's New Groove 2: Kronk's New Groove) is a 2005 American direct-to-video animated musical comedy movie. It was directed by Elliot M. Bour and Saul Andrew Blinkoff and was produced by Prudence Fenton and John A. Smith. "Kronk's New Groove" was released on December 13, 2005. The movie is a spin-off and sequel to the 2000 animated movie, "The Emperor's New Groove".

paragraphs: The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was nominated for Best Home Entertainment Production, Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production and Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production at the 33rd Annie Awards.


title: Williamina Fleming

paragraphs: Williamina Paton Stevens Fleming (May 15, 1857 – May 21, 1911) was a Scottish astronomer. She helped develop a common organization system for stars. She also and kept track of thousands of stars and other astronomical items. Fleming discovered the Horsehead Nebula in 1888. Fleming died in Boston of pneumonia in 1911.


title: Fleming (crater)

paragraphs: Fleming is a large lunar crater on the Moon's far side. It was named after the astronomer Williamina Fleming (18571911).

paragraphs: Fleming cannot be seen from the Earth. It lies about a crater diameter to the east-northeast of Hertz and is northwest of Lobachevskiy. The low rim of this crater is heavily eroded. The floor of the crater is also marked by a number of small impacts.


title: In Mortal Hands

paragraphs: In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age is a 2009 book by Stephanie Cooke. The book says that nuclear energy failed to develop in the way its planners hoped, and explores the military and civilian sides of nuclear energy. In the book, Cooke says that we are not close to solving the nuclear waste problem, and that "the billions spent by government on nuclear over the past sixty years crowded out other energy options". The book suggests that there are practical reasons why nuclear reactors are unlikely to provide a solution to the global climate change problem.

paragraphs: Stephanie Cooke has written about the nuclear industry since the 1980s, and is a contributor to the "Bulletin of Atomic Scientists". There have been many media interviews about "In Mortal Hands".


title: Some Hearts

paragraphs: Some Hearts is the debut studio album by American country music singer Carrie Underwood. The album was released on November 15, 2005 through Arista Nashville. Some Hearts stayed on the Billboard Top 200 for over two years. It sold over 6 million copies. it was the best-selling album of 2005, 2006 and 2007 by a female country artist.


title: Calling All Stations

paragraphs: Calling All Stations is the fifteenth studio album by English progressive rock band Genesis. The album was released on September 2, 1997 through Atlantic Records. It was the group's first studio album of new material in six years. It reached No. 54 in the US during five weeks in the chart. "Calling All Stations" reached No. 2 in the UK.


title: Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power

paragraphs: Contesting the Future of Nuclear Power: A Critical Global Assessment of Atomic Energy is a 2011 book by Benjamin K. Sovacool, published by World Scientific. Sovacool’s book explores the global nuclear power industry, its fuel cycle, nuclear accidents, environmental impacts, social risks, and economics. There is a postscript on the Japanese 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster. Based on detailed analysis, Sovacool concludes "that a global nuclear renaissance would bring immense technical, economic, environmental, political, and social costs". He says that it is renewable energy technologies which will enhance energy security, and which have many other advantages.

paragraphs: Reviewer Mark Diesendorf says that one weakness of the book is the limited coverage of nuclear weapons proliferation. He says that governments of several countries (e.g., France, India, North Korea, Pakistan) have used nuclear power and/or research reactors to assist nuclear weapons development.


title: Carl Öst

paragraphs: Carl Öst, born 19 January 1908 in Alfta Parish, Sweden, dead 13 February 1988 in Ovanåker Parish, Sweden was a Swedish singer and musician. He played the violin and the guitar. He originally played folk music. He later switched to Christian music.


title: Penthouse

paragraphs: A Penthouse is typically an apartment on the highest floor of an apartment building. It usually takes up less than half of the entire (flat) roof of the building. Originally the word penthouse meant a small building with a sloped roof. The modern use of the word started in the 1920s in America. In the age of skyscrapers the "house" on the roof was called a penthouse. A penthouse can also be commercial space.

paragraphs: Office buildings have penthouse office suites. Another use for a penthouse is as a restaurant or Café. Their position on a top floor of a building allows for scenic views while dining. The Museum of Modern Art in New York City has a penthouse meeting area. A penthouse can also house a studio, such as a photographic studio.

paragraphs: Under some Building codes a penthouse cannot be more than one-third the size of the floor below it. There is no limit to the number of penthouses a building can have. The only limit is the amount of space they can take up (one-third rule). Also, some building codes do not allow mechanical or electrical equipment to count as a penthouse unless they are enclosed by a roof.


title: Alexei Devotchenko

paragraphs: Aleksey Valerievitch Devotchenko (Алексе́й Вале́рьевич Дево́тченко 14 October 1965 – 5 November 2014) was a Russian actor and activist. He was a member of the United Civil Front in St. Petersburg, the participant Dissenters. March 10, 2010 signed the appeal of the Russian opposition "Putin must go". Participated in other political actions liberal direction.

paragraphs: On 18 November 2011, in his blog in the "Live Journal" Devotchenko announced that refuses the title "Honored Artist of Russia" and the two State Prizes of Russia,were strongly against the policies of President Putin. On 5 November 2014, Alexei Devotchenko was found dead in his apartment in Moscow.


title: Rick Rosas

paragraphs: Rick ("Rick the Bass Player") Rosas (September 10, 1949 – November 6, 2014) was an American musician. He has played with Neil Young, Joe Walsh, Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young, Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Rivers, Ron Wood, Etta James, and the short-lived reunion of the Buffalo Springfield, among others. Rosas was born in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Rosas died on November 6, 2014 in Los Angeles, California from lung disease. He was 65.


title: Lady Marmalade

paragraphs: "Lady Marmalade" is a R&B single. It was first performed by Patti LaBelle and her group Labelle. The song is about a prostitute in New Orleans. The Labelle version was released on August 3, 1974.

paragraphs: The song hit #1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for one week.

paragraphs: The song has been covered by other musicians, including All Saints, Christina Aguilera and many more. A 2001 version from Christina Aguilera, Lil' Kim, Mya, and Pink was part of the movie "Moulin Rouge!".


title: Victor Kostetskiy

paragraphs: Victor Alexandrovich Kostetskiy (Ви́ктор Алекса́ндрович Косте́цкий 12 April 1941 – 6 November 2014) was a Russian and Soviet actor. Kosteskiy was born in Zhmerinka. He was known for his roles in "Wedding Krechinsky", "Truffaldino from Bergamo", and in "Treasure Island".

paragraphs: Kostetskiy died on November 6, 2014 at the age of 74 in Saint Petersburg, Russia.


title: Tommy Macpherson

paragraphs: Colonel Sir (Ronald) Thomas Stewart Macpherson CBE, MC and Two Bars, TD, DL (4 October 1920 – 6 November 2014) was a Scottish businessman. He was a decorated British Army officer during and after the Second World War. Macpherson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland.

paragraphs: Macpherson died on 6 November 2014 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 94.


title: Alok Nembang

paragraphs: Alok Nembang (1973 - 6 November 2014) was a Nepali movie director. He was also a well-known music video director in Nepal for several decades. He was known for his movie "Kohi Mero" (2010).

paragraphs: On November 6, 2014, Alok was found dead at his home in Kathmandu in an apparent suicide.


title: Juan Taverna

paragraphs: Juan Taverna (13 April 1948 – 7 November 2014) was an Argentine former footballer. From 1968 to 1971, he played for Estudiantes de La Plata. From 1973 to 1974, he played for Real Murcia. And for a few months in 1976, he played for Boca Juniors.


title: Piece of Me

paragraphs: "Piece of Me" is a 2007 pop single performed by Britney Spears. It is about a response to media scrutiny in Spears' life.

paragraphs: The song was from her fifth studio album "Blackout". It peaked at #18 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and reached #1 on certain other charts.

paragraphs: The song was released on November 27, 2007.


title: Ernie Vandeweghe

paragraphs: Ernest Maurice "Ernie" Vandeweghe Jr. (September 12, 1928 – November 8, 2014) was an American physician, a United States Air Force veteran and professional basketball player. He was best known for playing for the New York Knicks of the NBA. He and his wife Colleen Kay Hutchins (Miss America for 1952) are the parents of former NBA All-Star (and former New Jersey Nets coach) Kiki Vandeweghe and grandfather of tennis professional Coco Vandeweghe.

paragraphs: Vandeweghe died at the age of 86 on November 8, 2014 in Newport Beach, California.


title: Hugo Sánchez Portugal

paragraphs: Hugo Sánchez Portugal (June 15, 1984 – November 8, 2014) was a Mexican footballer and sports commentator with Televisa Deportes. He was the son of former player and manager of the Mexican national team, Hugo Sánchez.

paragraphs: On November 8, 2014, he was found dead in his Polanco apartment. The cause of death was later confirmed to be carbon monoxide poisoning.


title: Otto Ziege

paragraphs: Otto Ziege (14 June 1926 – 8 November 2014) was a German racing cyclist. He won the German National Road Race in 1949. He was born in Berlin, Germany.

paragraphs: Ziege died in Berlin, Germany at the age of 88.


title: Myles Munroe

paragraphs: Myles Munroe, (20 April 1954 - 9 November 2014) was a Bahamian Evangelical Christian evangelist and ordained Pentecostal minister. He founded and led the Bahamas Faith Ministries International (BFMI) and Myles Munroe International (MMI). Munroe also wrote many books about his faith.

paragraphs: Munroe died with his wife, daughter, and 6 others in a private plane crash on 9 November 2014, aged 60.


title: Joe Walsh (Irish politician)

paragraphs: Joseph "Joe" Walsh (1 May 1943 – 9 November 2014) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He was a Teachta Dála (TD) for Cork South–West. He was first elected as a TD at the 1977 general election.

paragraphs: He lost his seat in 1981 but regained it again in 1982 and served as a TD until retiring at the 2007 general election. He served as Minister for Agriculture and Food on two occasions (1992–1994 and 1997–2004).

paragraphs: Walsh died on 9 November 2014 in Wilton, Cork, Ireland, aged 71.


title: Circus (song)

paragraphs: "Circus" is a pop single from Britney Spears. It is about putting on shows and being an entertainer. The song was released from her album of the same name. It was released on December 2, 2008.

paragraphs: The song reached number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number one on American pop radio and is her second best-selling digital song in the United States, having sold over 3.2 million downloads as of July 2016. On a global scale, "Circus" was one of the top 10 best selling songs of 2009 with 5.5 million digital copies sold that year across the world, according to the IFPI.

paragraphs: "Circus" was written by Dr. Luke, Benny Blanco and Claude Kelly, while produced by Luke and Blanco. Background vocals were provided by Cathy Dennis, Kelly and Myah Marie. Main instrumentation was done by Luke and Blanco. The song was mixed by Serban Ghenea at MixStar Studios in Virginia. "Circus" was announced on October 31, 2008, as the second single from the album, and was officially serviced to American radio stations on December 2, 2008.

paragraphs: "Circus" is an up beat electropop and dance-pop song, with a stomp box beat and elements of pop rock. The song opens with the sound of a drum and builds until Spears starts singing,


title: M. V. Raghavan

paragraphs: Melathu Veettil Raghavan (born 5 May 1933 - 9 November 2014) was a veteran Communist leader and a former Minister in Kerala state of India. He is the General Secretary of Communist Marxist Party, an alliance partner in the United Democratic Front.

paragraphs: Raghavan died of Parkinson's disease, aged 81.


title: Wayne Goss

paragraphs: Wayne Keith Goss (26 February 1951 – 10 November 2014) was an Australian politician. He was the Premier of Queensland from 7 December 1989 until 19 February 1996. Prior to entering politics, Goss was a solicitor. After leaving politics, Goss served as Chairman of the Queensland Art Gallery and Chairman of Deloitte Australia.

paragraphs: Goss battled a series of brain tumors for 17 years, undergoing four operations to remove them. He died at his home on 10 November 2014 from a brain tumor, aged 63.


title: Steve Dodd

paragraphs: Steve Dodd (1 June 1928 – 10 November 2014) was an Australian actor and stockman. He was known for his roles in "Gallipoli", "The Coca-Cola Kid", "Quigley Down Under" and "The Matrix".

paragraphs: Dodd died in Basin View, New South Wales, Australia, aged 86.


title: Al Renfrew

paragraphs: Al Renfrew (c. 1924 – 10 November 2014) was a hockey player (left wing) at the University of Michigan in the late 1940s and a college hockey coach with Michigan Technological University (1951–1956), the University of North Dakota (1956–1957), and the University of Michigan (1957–1973).

paragraphs: Renfrew had a successful career as a player, coach and administrator at the University of Michigan, including NCAA championships as both a player and coach. He was inducted into the University of Michigan Athletic Hall of Honor in 1986.

paragraphs: Renfrew died on 10 November 2014 at the age of 90.


title: John Doar

paragraphs: John Michael Doar (December 3, 1921 – November 11, 2014) was an American lawyer and senior counsel with the law firm Doar Rieck Kaley & Mack in New York. He was known as being the Assistant Attorney General for Civil Rights from 1960 to 1967, during the civil rights years of the administrations of presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

paragraphs: Doar died in New York City, New York from congestive heart failure, aged 92.


title: Stroganov family

paragraphs: The House of Stroganov or Stroganoff also known as the "Stroganov family" were a Russian noble family that were very powerful and often involved in the politics of the time. They even financed some military campaigns which shows how rich they were. During the Great Northern War of 1700–1721, the Stroganovs gave sizable financial support to the government of Peter the Great. Because of this, Alexander Grigoriyevich, Nikolay Grigoriyevich, and Sergei Grigoriyevich were raised to the rank of baron in 1722 and later to that of Count. The head of the family was called Count Stroganov and his wife Countess Stroganova. Extremely wealthy after the Russian Revolution of 1917 the Stroganov family emigrated with the White movement and all family property in Russia was nationalized. Even though they had much political influence they were also merchants in their own right. They were great rivals of the Counts Vorontsov as well as the Counts Sheremetev.


title: Sheremetev

paragraphs: The House of Sherematev was a Russian noble family (). It was one of the richest and most influential noble families of Russia. The family held many high commanding positions in the Russian military, governorships and eventually the rank of Count of the Russian Empire. They had a large estate at Kuskovo built in the mid-18th century, several miles to the east of Moscow. They also had a large residence in St Petersburg. Due to his rank the head of the family was called Count Sheremetev and his wife Countess Sheremeteva.

paragraphs: The village of Sheremetevo, which in turn gave name to the Sheremetyevo International Airport, is named after the family.


title: Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais

paragraphs: State University of Minas Gerais ("Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais", short UEMG) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. Established in 1989, it is the second largest university in Minas Gerais as well as one the most prestigious universities in this state.


title: Don't Wanna Fall in Love

paragraphs: "Don't Wanna Fall in Love" (also titled "Don't Want to Fall in Love") is a 1990 pop and romantic dance song. It peaked at #2 across the "Billboard" in spring of 1990. A new jack swing remix for the song was released later that year. The single is by Jane Child. This is the only Top 40 charting single from Child. In the United Kingdom, however, it peaked at only #22 due to Child not wanting to appear on a popular British television show for fear of being classified a sellout.


title: Ma Ying-jeou

paragraphs: Ma Ying-jeou () is a Taiwanese politican. He was the President of the Republic of China from 20 May 2008 to 20 May 2016.

paragraphs: Ma Ying-jeou was born in Kwong Wah Hospital in Kowloon, British Hong Kong on 13 July 1950. He studied in National Taiwan University, New York University and Harvard University.


title: British Hong Kong

paragraphs: British Hong Kong () was a colony and British Dependent Territory of the United Kingdom. It was Hong Kong when it was controlled as part of the British Empire. The British governed Hong Kong from 1841 to 1997, except for a small amount of time when the Japanese took over Hong Kong during World War II. During the First Opium War in 1841, the British took over Hong Kong Island. The British took over the Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and the New Territories in 1898.

paragraphs: Hong Kong was given by the Qing Dynasty to the British Empire in 1841 under the Treaty of Nanking. Kowloon was added to the area of Hong Kong in 1860 under the Convention of Peking, and New Territories was added in 1898 under the Second Convention of Peking. In 1941–1945, Hong Kong was ruled by the Japanese Empire during World War II. In 1984, People's Republic of China and the United Kingdom agreed under Sino-British Joint Declaration on the Question of Hong Kong that Hong Kong was to be returned to China on 1 July 1997.

paragraphs: The Imperial Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, also known as “Hong Kong Fallen/The Fall of Hong Kong”, lasted from December 25, 1941 to August 15, 1945. The Hong Kong population called this event as the “Three years and eight months”.  On the same day when the Japanese troops attacked Pearl Harbor, the Japanese General Takashi Sakai lead his troops to attack Hong Kong from Bao’an Country. In December 25, 1941, the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong signed the surrender agreement to the Japanese in a hotel named “The Peninsula Hong Kong”. Nine days after the atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, on August 15, 1945, the Emperor of Japan surrendered, signifying the end of the Second World War. At the end of August, the British once again took the control of Hong Kong back from Japan, and set up a marshal government.

paragraphs: During the Qing Dynasty, the British wanted to make Victoria Harbour the biggest harbour in East Asia. The British also wanted to grow its sea trade in the Far East through Victoria Harbor. 20 years after the British took over  Hong Kong, in 1861, this harbour was named Victoria Harbour, after the Queen of England at the time. The British also expanded the city on Hong Kong Island (香港岛). Hong Kong's economy today is very strong and always growing. It all would not have been possible, however, without the shipping, banking, merchants, and industrial growth from the British being there. The British Navy had an especially large role in shipping and protection of goods. During that time, the British Navy was stronger than any other navy in the world, and was able to protect the trade interests of the British Empire. After World War II had started, many merchant and banking businesses moved to Hong Kong, at the same time as the Industrial growth really took off.

paragraphs: The Independent Commission Against Corruption(ICAC/廉政公署) was established in February 15, 1974. It Is a system that is self-standing, Independent and controlled only by the Chief Executive of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region and the Hong Kong Disciplined Services. Hong Kong Disciplined Services is a system include Hong Kong Police Force, Immigration Department, Customs and Excise Department, Fire Services Department, Correctional Services Department, Government Flying Service, Civil Aid Service and Auxiliary Medical Service. In the 1960’s through the 1970s, the population of Hong Kong had increased immensely alongside the sudden explosion of Hong Kong’s economy. The sudden growth unfortunately led to widespread corruption. When British Hong Kong faced this issue, their government had to focus on maintaining the order of society. Since its inception in 1974, ICAC had used a “three-pronged approach” to tackle corruption in each of the three branches of government. Three pronged approach” is a unique strategy to fight corruption on three front, which is Operation Department (Law enforcement), Corruption Prevention Department (Prevention), and Community Relation Department (Education).

paragraphs: During the 1960s through the 1970s, the corruption in Hong Kong was a really serious issue because the population in Hong Kong had increased really quickly. Resource allocation was a huge part of corruption in the 1960s. For example, the lower class workers that worked for the government were often taken advantage of because their advantage would allocate a portion of their pay for themselves. This meant that lower class workers always only ever saw a fragment of their actual paycheck.


title: Elizabeth Debicki

paragraphs: Elizabeth Debicki (August 1990) is an Australian actress. She played Jordan Baker in "The Great Gatsby". Her career began in 2010. The actress was born in Paris, France.


title: Bastille (band)

paragraphs: Bastille are an English Indie rock band. They started in London in 2010. In February 2013, they released a single called "Pompeii". It was number one in Scotland and Ireland. It reached number two in Italy and the UK. They released their first album, "Bad Blood", on 4 March 2013 in the United Kingdom. It went straight to number one in the UK Albums Chart. It was released in the US in September 2013. It reached number eleven in the United States' "Billboard" 200. It also reached the top ten in Ireland and Australia.

paragraphs: Bastille have four members. Daniel Campbell Smith is the main singer. At first he was the only member. He writes all of the band's songs. Chris "Woody" Wood was the main drummer, until former drummer David Kendrick (formerly of Sparks, Gleaming Spires, and Devo) joined in 2016. Will Farquarson plays bass, keyboards, and acoustic guitar. Kyle Jonathan Simmons plays keyboards, bass, and percussion. Charlie Barnes has been a touring member since 2015 and plays guitar and keyboards.


title: Nicholle Tom

paragraphs: Nicholle Tom (born 23 March, 1978) is an American television program and movie actress. She played Maggie Sheffield in the sitcom "The Nanny" (1993 to 1999) and Ryce Newton in the "Beethoven" movies and related TV show. Her sister, Heather Tom, also acts. Nicholle Tom was born in Hinsdale, Illinois.


title: Mark LoMonaco

paragraphs: Mark LoMonaco (born July 14, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he competes under the ring name, Bully Ray.

paragraphs: He is also known for working with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1999 under the ring name Buh Buh Ray Dudley and for World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment (WWF/E) under the name, Bubba Ray Dudley. He is known for being one-half of the tag team, Dudley Boyz (also known as Team 3D) along with Devon.


title: Tori Kelly

paragraphs: Victoria Loren "Tori" Kelly (born December 14, 1992) is an American singer and songwriter. She won America's Most Talented Kids in 2004. In 2010, she was on American Idol. She was not chosen as one of the final twenty-four contestants. On January 21, 2012, Kelly put a video on her YouTube channel of her singing "Thinkin Bout You" by Frank Ocean. A lot of people watched it. It now has over 17 million views. In May 2012, she released her first extended play "Handmade Songs". Her manager is Scooter Braun. On November 1, 2013, Kelly sang at Ed Sheeran's concert at New York's Madison Square Garden. In an interview with BBC, Kelly said that Sheeran is "a really close friend". They have written a song together.


title: Ella Eyre

paragraphs: Ella Eyre (born 1 April 1994) is a British singer-songwriter. She sang on Rudimental's single "Waiting All Night". It was number one in the UK Singles Chart in April 2013.

paragraphs: Eyre was raised in Ealing, London. She went to a private school called Millfield and the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology.

paragraphs: Eyre was signed to Warner/Chappell Music in July 2012.

paragraphs: Eyre sung on the fourth song on Naughty Boy's album "Hotel Cabana". The album was released in August 2013. The song, "Think About It", was then released as the album's fourth single on 17 November 2013. It reached number 78 in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: On 19 October 2013 Eyre performed at the Music of Black Origin Awards. "Waiting All Night" was nominated for Best Song.

paragraphs: On 31 October 2013 "BBC Radio 1Xtra" played Eyre's first solo single, "Deeper". She was also interviewed by DJ MistaJam. On 22 November Eyre released the video for the single.

paragraphs: On 4 November 2013, British rapper Tinie Tempah released his second album "Demonstration". Eyre sung on the first song on the album, "Someday (Place in the Sun)".

paragraphs: She was nominated for MTV Brand New 2014 on 28 November 2013. Other nominees were The Vamps, Eylar Fox, and Banks. In December MTV started letting the public vote for the winner. In February MTV will tell the public who got the most votes.

paragraphs: On 5 December 2013 BBC put her on their Sound of 2014 list. She was also nominated for the 2014 Brit Awards Critics' Choice award.

paragraphs: Her first EP "Deeper" was released on 15 December 2013 by Virgin/EMI.


title: Freud's psychoanalytic theories

paragraphs: Sigmund Freud (6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) is considered to be the founder of the psychodynamic approach to psychology. Psychodynamic therapy looks closely at the unconscious drives that motivate people to act in certain ways.

paragraphs: The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. The id, ego, and superego are three aspects of the mind, which Freud believes, makes up a person’s personality. “We are simply actors in the drama of our minds, pushed by desire, pulled by coincidence. Underneath the surface, our personalities represent the power struggle going on deep within us” (Cash, Psychology for Dummies).

paragraphs: Freud does not believe there is any supernatural force that affects the way we think or has pre-programmed us to behave in a certain way. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. Religion is an illusion and it derives its strength from the fact that it falls in with our instinctual desires." (Freud). Freud believes that people rely on religion to give explanations for anxieties and tension they do not want to consciously believe in. The basis of Christian theology states, “God created humanity in his image” (Genesis 1:27), but Freud argues that humanity created God in their image. This reverses the idea of any type of religion because he believes that religion is constructed by the mind. The role of the mind is something that Freud repeatedly talks about because he believes that the mind is responsible for both conscious and unconscious decisions based on drives and forces. The idea that religion causes people to behave in a moral way is incorrect according to Freud because he believes that no other force has the power to control the ways in which people act. Unconscious desires motivate people to act accordingly. Freud does a significant amount of research studying how people act and interact in a group setting. He believes that people act in different ways according to the demands and constraints of the group as a whole. In his book "Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego", Freud argues that the church and organized religion forms an “artificial group” which requires an external force to keep it together. In this type of group, everything is dependent on that external force and without it, the group would no longer exist. Groups are necessary, according to Freud, in order to decrease the narcissism in all people by creating libidinal ties with others by placing everyone at an equal level. The commonness among different people with different egos allows people to identify with one another. This relates to the idea of religion because Freud believes that people created religion in order to create these group ties that they unconsciously seek for.

paragraphs: According to Freud’s many theories of religion, the Oedipus complex is utilized in the understanding and mastery of religious beliefs. In Freud’s psychosexual stages, he mentions the Oedipus complex and the Electra complex and how they affect children and their relationships with their same-sex parental figure. According to Freud, there is an unconscious desire for one’s mother to be a virgin and for one’s father to be an all-powerful, almighty figure. Freud’s interest in Greek mythology and religion greatly influenced his psychological theories. The Oedipus complex is when a boy is jealous of his father. The boy strives to possess his mother and ultimately replace his father as a means of no longer having to fight for her undivided attention and affection. Along with seeking his mother’s love, boys also experience castration anxiety, which is the fear of losing their genitalia. Boys fear that their fathers will retaliate and castrate them as a result of desiring one’s mother. While the Oedipus complex presents itself in males, females experience a different form of incestuous rivalry known as the Electra complex. Girls become jealous of their mothers and begin to feel desire towards their fathers. Females also experience penis envy which is the parallel reaction to the male experience of castration anxiety. Females are jealous of their fathers’ penis and wish to have one as well. Girls then repress this feeling and instead long for a child of their own. This suppression leads to the girl identifying with her mother and acquiring feminine traits.

paragraphs: According to Freud, the id is the part of the unconscious that seeks pleasure. His idea of the id explains why people act out in certain ways, when it is not in line with the ego or superego. The id is the part of the mind which holds all of humans' most basic and primal instincts. It is the impulsive, unconscious part of the mind that is based on desire to seek immediate satisfaction. The id does not have a grasp on any form of reality or consequence. Freud explains that the pleasure principle is controlled by the id because it makes people engage in need-satisfying behavior without any accordance to what is right or wrong. Freud compares the id and the ego to a horse and a rider. The id is compared to the horse, which is directed and controlled by the ego (the rider). This example goes to show that although the id is supposed to be controlled by the ego, they often interact with one another according to the drives of the id.

paragraphs: Freud defines the id as: “The id, cut off from the external world, has a world of perception of its own. It detects with extraordinary acuteness certain changes in its interior, especially oscillations in the tension of its instinctual needs, and these changes become conscious as feelings in the pleasure-unpleasure series. It is hard to say, to be sure, by what means and with the help of what sensory terminal organs these perceptions come about. But it is an established fact that self-perceptions—coenesthetic feelings and feelings of pleasure-unpleasure—govern the passage of events in the id with despotic force. The id obeys the inexorable pleasure principle”.

paragraphs: In order for people to maintain a realistic sense here on earth, the ego is responsible for creating balance between pleasure and pain. It is impossible for all desires of the id to be met and the ego realizes this but continues to seek pleasure and satisfaction. Although the ego does not know the difference between right and wrong, it is aware that not all drives can be met at a given time. The reality principle is what the ego operates by in order to help satisfy the id’s demands as well as compromising according to reality. The ego is a person’s “self,” composed of unconscious desires. The ego takes into account ethical and cultural ideals in order to balance out the desires originating in the id. Although both the id and the ego are unconscious, the ego has close contact with the perceptual system. The ego has the function of self-preservation, which is why it has the ability to control the instinctual demands from the id.

paragraphs: “The ego is first and foremost a bodily ego; it is not merely a surface entity, but is itself the projection of a surface. If we wish to find an anatomical analogy for it we can best identify it with the ‘cortical homunculus’ of the anatomists, which stands on its head in the cortex, sticks up its heels, faces backwards and, as we know, has its speech-area on the left-hand side. The ego is ultimately derived from bodily sensations, chiefly from those springing from the surface of the body. It may thus be regarded as a mental projection of the surface of the body, besides, as we have seen above (Figure 3), representing the superficies of the mental apparatus.”

paragraphs: The superego, which develops around age four or five, incorporates the morals of society. Freud believes that the superego is what allows the mind to control its impulses that are looked down upon morally. The superego can be considered to be the conscience of the mind because it has the ability to distinguish between reality as well as what is right or wrong. Without the superego Freud believes people would act out with aggression and other immoral behaviors because the mind would have no way of understanding the difference between right and wrong. The superego is considered to be the “consciousness” of a person’s personality and can override the drives from the id. Freud separates the superego into two separate categories: the ideal self and the conscious. The conscious contains ideals and morals that exist within society that prevent people from acting out based on their internal desires. The ideal self contains images of how people ought to behave according to society's ideals.

paragraphs: Freud believed that the answers to what controlled daily actions resided in the unconscious mind, despite alternative views that all our behaviors were conscious. Notions of the unconsciousness, gaps in the consciousness, can be explained by other acts of which the consciousness affords no evidence. The unconscious mind positions itself in every aspect our life whether one is dormant or awake. It is more than just a habitat for our undesired memories, we are at loss to what truly exists here. Though unaware of the effect of the unconscious mind, it influences the actions we engage it. Human behavior should be understood by searching for analysis of mental processes in expressions of individual states. This explanation gives significance to verbal slips and dreams; they are caused by hidden reasons in the mind displayed in concealed forms.

paragraphs: Verbal slips of the unconscious mind are referred to as a Freudian slip. This is a term coined by Freud to explain a spoken mistake derived from the unconscious mind. Traumatizing information of thoughts and beliefs are blocked from the conscious mind, slips expose our true thoughts stored in the unconscious. Sexual instincts or drives have deeply invested roots in the unconscious mind. Instincts act by giving vitality and enthusiasm to the mind through meaning and purpose. The ranges of instincts are in great numbers; therefore, Freud expressed them in two categories. Eros is the self-preserving life instinct containing all erotic pleasures. In contrast, thanatos is the death instinct, full of self-destruction of sexual energy. The main part of human behavior and actions is tied back to sexual drives. Since birth the existent of sexual drives can be recognized as one of the most important incentives of life.

paragraphs: Freud’s theory of psychosexual development is represented amongst five stages. According to Freud, each stage occurs within a specific time frame of one’s life. If one becomes fixated in any of the five stages, he or she will develop personality traits that coincide with the a specific stage and its focus.

paragraphs: The first stage is the oral stage. An infant is in this stage from birth to eighteen months of age. The main focus in the oral stage is pleasure-seeking through the infant’s mouth. During this stage, the need for tasting and sucking becomes prominent in producing pleasure. Oral stimulation is crucial during this stage; if the infant’s needs are not met during this time frame, he or she will be fixated in the oral stage. Fixation in this stage can lead to adult habits such as thumb-sucking, smoking, over-eating, and nail-biting. Personality traits can also develop during adulthood that are linked to oral fixation; these traits can include optimism and independence or pessimism and hostility.

paragraphs: The second stage is the anal stage, which lasts from eighteen months to three years of age. During this stage, the infant’s pleasure seeking centers are located in the bowels and bladder. Parents stress toilet training and bowel control during this time period. Fixation in the anal stage can lead to anal-retention or anal-expulsion. Anal retentive characteristics include being overly neat, precise, and orderly, while being anal expulsive involves being disorganized, messy, and destructive.

paragraphs: The third stage in psychosexual development is the phallic stage. This stage begins at 3 years old and ends when the child reaches six years of age. The phallic stage focuses on the genitals as pleasure-seeking areas of the body. Boys in this stage experience the Oedipus complex, while girls experience the Electra complex. In both cases, the child develops incestuous feelings for the parent of the opposite sex. Children tend to develop characteristics of the same-sex parent during this stage. Fixation in the phallic stage has different personality traits depending on one’s gender. Males may take great pride in their masculinity and their sexuality, while women may become flirtatious and promiscuous. In both instances, these personality traits are a sign of low self-esteem and self-worth.

paragraphs: The fourth stage is the latency stage which begins at the age of six and continues until the age of eleven. During this stage there is no pleasure-seeking region of the body; instead all sexual feelings are repressed. Thus, children are able to develop social skills, and find comfort through peer and family interaction.

paragraphs: The final stage of psychosexual development is the genital stage. This stage begins at the age of eleven, lasts through puberty, and ends when one reaches adulthood at the age of eighteen. The onset of puberty reflects a strong interest from one person to another of the opposite sex. If one does not experience fixation in any of the psychosexual stages, once he or she has reached the genital stage he or she will grow into a well-balanced human being.

paragraphs: Freud proposed a set of defense mechanisms in one’s body. These set of defense mechanisms occur so one can hold a favorable or preferred view of themselves. For example, in a particular situation when an event occurs that violates one's preferred view of themselves, Freud states that it is necessary for the self to have some mechanism to defend itself against this unfavorable event; this is known as defense mechanisms. Freud’s work on defense mechanisms focuses on how the ego defends itself against internal events or impulses, which are regarded as unacceptable to one’s ego. These defense mechanisms are used to handle the conflict between the id, the ego, and the superego.

paragraphs: Freud noted that a major drive for people is the reduction of tension and the major cause of tension was anxiety. He identified three types of anxiety: reality anxiety, neurotic anxiety, and moral anxiety. Reality anxiety is the most basic form of anxiety and is based on the ego. It is typically based on the fear of real and possible events (for example, being bit by a dog or falling off of a roof). Neurotic anxiety comes from an unconscious fear that the basic impulses of the id will take control of the person, leading to eventual punishment from expressing the id's desires. Moral anxiety comes from the superego. It appears in the form of a fear of violating values or moral codes, and appears as feelings like guilt or shame.

paragraphs: When anxiety occurs, the mind's first response is to seek rational ways of escaping the situation by increasing problem-solving efforts, and a range of defense mechanisms may be triggered. These are ways that the ego develops to help deal with the id and the superego. Defense mechanisms often appear unconsciously and tend to distort or falsify reality. When the distortion of reality occurs, there is a change in perception which allows for a lessening in anxiety resulting in a reduction of tension one experiences. Sigmund Freud noted a number of ego defenses which were noted throughout his work. His daughter, Anna Freud, developed and elaborated on them. The defense mechanisms are as follows:

paragraphs: These defenses are not under our conscious control, and our unconscious will use one or more to protect one’s self from stressful situations. They are natural and normal. Without these, neurosis develops (such as anxiety states, phobias, obsessions, or hysteria).

paragraphs: Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish parents in a heavily Roman Catholic town. Freud desired to understand religion and spirituality and deals with the nature of religious beliefs in many of his books and essays. He regards God as an illusion, based on the infantile need for a powerful father figure. Freud believed that religion was an expression of underlying psychological neuroses and distress. In some of his writing, he suggests that religion is an attempt to control the Oedipal complex, as he goes on to discuss in his book "Totem and Taboo".

paragraphs: In 1913, Freud published the book "Totem and Taboo". This book was an attempt to reconstruct the birth and the process of development of religion as a social institution. He wanted to demonstrate how the study of psychoanalysis is important in the understanding of the growth of civilization. This book is about how the Oedipus complex and incest taboo came into being and why they are present in all human societies. The incest taboo rises because of a desire for incest. The purpose of the totemic animal is not for group unity, but to re-enforce the incest taboo. The totemic animal is not a symbol of God, but a symbol of the father and it is an important part of religious development. Totemism originates from the memory of an event in pre-history where the male group members eat the father figure due to a desire for the females. The guilt they feel for their actions and for the loss of a father figure leads them to prohibit incest in a new way. Totemism is a means of preventing incest and as a ritual reminder of murder of the father. This shows that sexual desire, since there are many social prohibitions on sexual relations, is channeled through certain ritual actions and all societies adopt these rituals so that sexuality develops in approved ways. This reveals unconscious desires and their repression. Freud believes that civilization makes people unhappy because it contradicts the desire for progress, freedom, happiness, and wealth. Civilization requires repression of drives and instincts - such as sexual, aggression, and death instincts - in order for civilization can work.

paragraphs: According to Freud, religion originated in pre-historic collective experiences that became repressed and ritualized as totems and taboos. He states that most, if not all religions, can be traced back to early human sacrifice - including Christianity, in which Christ on the cross is a symbolic representation of killing the father and eating the father figure. This is shown with ‘the body of Christ’, also known as Communion. In this work, Freud attributes the origin of religion to emotions such as hatred, fear, and jealousy. These emotions are directed towards the father figure in the clan from the sons who are denied sexual desires towards the females. Freud attributed totem religions to be a result of extreme emotion, rash action, and the result of guilt.

paragraphs: "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" is one of the most important books in psychology. It was written by Freud in 1901 and it laid the basis for the theory of psychoanalysis. The book contains twelve chapters on forgetting things such as names, childhood memories, mistakes, clumsiness, slips of the tongue, and determinism of the unconscious. Freud believed that there were reasons that people forget things like words, names, and memories. He also believed that mistakes in speech, now referred to as Freudian slips, were not accidents but instead the “dynamic unconscious” revealing something meaningful.

paragraphs: Freud suggests that our everyday psychopathology is a minor disturbance of mental life which may quickly pass away. Freud believed all of these acts to have an important significance; the most trivial slips of the tongue or pen may reveal people's secret feelings and fantasies. Pathology is brought into the everyday life which Freud points out through dreams, forgetfulness, and parapraxes. He uses these things to make his case for the existence of an unconscious that refuses to be explained or contained by consciousness. Freud explains how the forgetting of multiple events in our everyday life can be consequences of repression, suppression, denial, displacement, and identification. Defense mechanisms occur to protects one’s ego so in "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life", Freud states, “painful memories merge into motivated forgetting which special ease” (p. 154)

paragraphs: Freud wrote "Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality", sometimes titled "Three Contributions to the Theory of Sex", in 1905. It explores and analyzes his theory of sexuality and its presence throughout childhood. Freud’s book describes three main topics in reference to sexuality: sexual perversions, childhood sexuality, and puberty. His first essay in this series is called "The Sexual Aberrations". This essay focuses on the distinction between a sexual object and a sexual aim. A sexual object is the object that one desires, while the sexual aim is the acts that one desires to perform with the object.

paragraphs: Freud’s second essay was explained "Infantile Sexuality". During this essay he insists that children have sexual urges. The psychosexual stages are the steps a child must take in order to continue having sexual urges once adulthood is reached.

paragraphs: The third essay Freud wrote described "The Transformation of Puberty". In this essay he examines how children express their sexuality throughout puberty and how sexual identity is formed during this time frame.

paragraphs: Freud ultimately attempted to link unconscious sexual desires to conscious actions in each of his essays.

paragraphs: "The Interpretation of Dreams" is one Sigmund Freud’s greatest published works known to date because of the stage it set for his psychoanalytic work. During therapy sessions, Freud would ask his patients to talk about whatever would first come to their mind, usually their responses directly related to a dream. He then began to analyze their dreams, believing that this gave him access to their deepest thoughts. He also believed he could find links between his patients' current hysterical behaviors and past traumatic experiences. From here he began to formulate a book to allow others to understand dream interpretation, by using his current theory of the unconscious.

paragraphs: Freud believed that dreams were messages from the unconscious, masked as wishes controlled by internal stimuli. The unconscious mind plays the most imperative role in dream interpretation. In order to remain in a state of sleep, the unconscious mind has to detain negative thoughts and represent them in an edited form. Therefore, when one dreams, the unconscious makes an effort to deal with any conflict.

paragraphs: Freud categorized dreams into different levels in order to better understand the unconscious as the primary standard for dream interpretation. The first level of dreams is the manifest content, which is the dream one remembers after waking up. But Freud believed no attention should be given to this level, because the unconscious mind produced the dream into a different meaning from its original. Latent content is the second level of dreams, which is the real dream amongst your unconscious thoughts. This is where the true meaning of the dream lies and turned into another sense to protect ourselves. In order for our dreams to convert from latent content to manifest content, four steps are required: condensation, displacement, symbolism, and secondary revision. A special focus on symbolism was emphasized in interpretation. Freud believed that dreams are highly symbolic, with an underlying principle meaning. Most of the symbolic stages focuses on sexually connotation (for example, a tree branch could represent a part of the male genitals). He also believed all human behavior originated from our sexual drives and desires.


title: Jazz (wrestler)

paragraphs: Carlene Denise Moore-Begnaud (born August 27, 1973) is an American professional wrestler. She currently works for Women Superstars Uncensored under the ring name, Jazz.

paragraphs: She is best known for working with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) as well as World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment. During her time in WWF/E, she was a two-time WWF/E Women's Championship. She is married to Rodney Begnaud who also competed in World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name Rodney Mack.


title: Lungs (album)

paragraphs: Lungs is the first album by Florence and the Machine. It was released on 3 July 2009. The album went straight to number two in the UK Albums Chart. The album was nominated for the 2009 Mercury Prize. It won the MasterCard British Album award at the 2010 BRIT Awards. It has sold more than three million copies around the world.

paragraphs: Three singles were released from "Lungs" before it was released. The first single from the album, "Kiss with a Fist", was released on June 9 2008. The second single, "Dog Days Are Over" was released 1 December 2008. On 22 June 2009 "Rabbit Heart (Raise It Up)" was released. It entered the UK Singles Chart at number nine. "Drumming Song" was released on 13 September 2009. On 16 November 2009 "You've Got the Love" was released. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart. It was the album's fifth single. The last single released from the album was "Cosmic Love".


title: Boo (character)

paragraphs: Boos (japanese: テレサ "Teresa") is a fictional ghost that appears in the "Mario" and "Yoshi" series of video games. Boos first appeared in "Super Mario Bros. 3". Since then, they have become a common enemy in the "Mario" games. They sometimes appear as playable characters in the "Mario" spin-off games. In some games, such as "Paper Mario", they help Mario during his adventure. They are named after the sound that a person might make when they want to scare someone ("boo!").

paragraphs: Boos most often attack the player by sneaking up behind the player while the player's back is turned to them. When the player looks at them, they will hide their faces. They cannot be defeated without certain items or abilities. Boo are voiced by Sanae Susaki.


title: Priscilla Renea

paragraphs: Priscilla Renea (born September 14, 1988) is an American and soul musician. She released the single "Dollhouse" in August 2009. The song, however, failed to chart on Billboard Hot 100. It did, though, become a mild hit. Her debut album, "Jukebox", got positive reviews from critics. "Jukebox" did not sell much beyond 3,000 copies in the United States, nor beyond 5,000 copies worldwide.


title: Marvins Room

paragraphs: "Marvins Room" is a song by Drake. It is a dark and emotional song that tells a story of heartache, and a failed relationship. It is off his album "Take Care". The song was so successful many artists made their own versions of the song, including: Lil Wayne, Chris Brown, JoJo, Trey Songz.