title: Mariel Hemingway

paragraphs: Mariel Hemingway (b. November 22, 1961) is an American actress and writer. She starred in many television programs and in movies. She is the granddaughter of writer Ernest Hemingway.

paragraphs: Hemingway's first role was with her sister Margaux in the movie "Lipstick" (1976). The movie was not considered especially good, but Mariel received notice for her acting. She was nominated as "Best Newcomer" for the Golden Globes Award that year.

paragraphs: Hemingway's most famous role was in Woody Allen's "Manhattan". It was a romantic comedy in which she plays Tracy, a high school student and Allen's lover. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

paragraphs: In "Personal Best" (1982), she played a bisexual track and field athlete. The movie was noted for some explicit (by mainstream standards) lesbian love scenes. In connection with "Personal Best", she appeared in a pictorial in the April 1982 issue of "Playboy" and was also on the cover.

paragraphs: She starred as Dorothy Stratten in "Star 80" (1983), a movie about the "Playboy" model's life and murder. Reports circulated for years that Hemingway had had her breasts enlarged to play the role of Stratten. During a 2007 appearance on the late-night talk and variety show, "Fashionably Late with Stacy London", she said she had the surgery before "Star 80". Her breast implants were removed years later after they had ruptured.

paragraphs: Hemingway has played a lesbian or bisexual woman in several movies and television shows, including, "Personal Best", "The Sex Monster", "In Her Line of Fire", and episodes of the TV series "Roseanne" and "Crossing Jordan". Hemingway, however, is not gay. She has said she formed a "big connection with the gay-and-lesbian community" after "Personal Best" and enjoys taking roles in "cutting-edge" productions.

paragraphs: Hemingway has a perfume, "Mariel", by HO+.

paragraphs: She is the host of "Spiritual Cinema", a monthly television show dedicated to spiritual movies. She has begun hosting a series of yoga practice videos "Yoga Now", with guru Rodney Yee.

paragraphs: In December 2008, Hemingway said through her web site's blog that she had separated from her husband earlier in the year. Hemingway had been married since December 9, 1984 to Stephen Crisman. They had two daughters together: model Dree Hemingway (born 1987) and Langley Fox Hemingway (born 1989). As of early 2011, Hemingway is romantically involved with Bobby Williams.


title: Tiffany Darwish

paragraphs: Tiffany Renee Darwish (born October 2, 1971) much better known by her stage name Tiffany, is an American singer-songwriter. She has had many hit songs, including "I Think We're Alone Now". This 1987 song was a cover of the 1967 hit of the same name. She was born and raised in Norwalk, California.


title: Kanjanur

paragraphs: Kanjanur is a village in the Thiruvidaimarudur taluk of Thanjavur district, Tamil Nadu, India. It is on the northern bank of the Kaveri River about 18 kilometres north-east of Kumbakonam. It is one of the nine "Navagrahasthalas" of the Cauvery Delta. It is famous for its Agniswarar temple. This temple is dedicated to Shukra (Venus). The temple is one of the "Navagraha Temples" of the Cauvery Delta. To the north of Kanjanur, there are some low hillocks. These are 100 to 150 feet high. Magnesite have been discovered in these hills.


title: James Black

paragraphs: Sir James Whyte Black, OM, FRS, FRSE, FRCP (14 June 1924 – 22 March 2010) was a Scottish doctor and pharmacologist. Black started in the physiology department at the University of Glasgow. While there, he became interested in how adrenaline affected the human heart. He went to work for ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. While working for ICI, he created propranolol. Propranolol is a beta blocker, used to treat heart disease. Black also created cimetidine. It is a drug used to treat stomach ulcers. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for creating these drugs.

paragraphs: Black was born in Uddingston, Lanarkshire. He was the fourth of five sons of a Baptist family. His father was a mining engineer. He grew up in Fife. Black went to Beath High School, Cowdenbeath. At the age of 15, he won a scholarship to the University of St Andrews. At St Andrews, he studied medicine. He graduated in 1946.

paragraphs: After graduating he joined the Physiology department at University College as an Assistant Lecturer. He later took a lecturer position at the University of Malaya. Black had decided against a career as a medical practitioner as he objected to what he perceived as the insensitive treatment of patients at the time.

paragraphs: After graduation, Black took a teaching job in Singapore for three years. He moved to London in 1950. Later in 1950, he returned to Scotland. He joined the University of Glasgow (Veterinarian School). There that he became interesteed in how adrenaline affects the human heart. He was mainly interesting in how it affected people with angina. He found the effects of adrenaline did not help. He joined ICI Pharmaceuticals in 1958. He worked with the company until 1964. During this time, he created propranolol, which became the world's best-selling drug. While at ICI, Black developed a new way of doing research. Before this, drug molecules would be created and then tested to find in what ways the molecules could be used as medicine. Black chose to pick a medical use and then try to create the molecules for that medicine. The discovery of propranolol was said to be the greatest discovery in the treatment of heart disease since the discovery of digitalis.

paragraphs: At the same time, Black was trying to find a treatment for stomach ulcers. ICI did not wish to do this so Black stopped working for them in 1964. He joined Smith, Kline and French. He worked for them for nine years until 1973. While there, Black developed his second major drug, cimetidine. It was first sold under the brand name Tagamet in 1975. Tagamet soon outsold propranolol to become the world's largest-selling prescription drug.

paragraphs: Black became the department head of pharmacology at University College London in 1973. He created a new undergraduate course in medicinal chemistry. He had many problems trying to get money for research, so he quit. He went to work for Wellcome Research Laboratories in 1978. He worked there until 1984. Black then became Professor of Analytical Pharmacology at the Rayne Institute of King's College London medical school. He stayed there until 1992. He created the James Black Foundation in 1988 with money from Johnson and Johnson. He worked with 25 scientists in drugs research. This research included gastrin inhibitors which may stop some stomach cancers.

paragraphs: Black helped increase basic scientific and clinical knowledge in cardiology. His creation of propranolol is thought to be one of the most important contributions to clinical medicine and pharmacology of the 20th century. Propranolol has helped millions of people.

paragraphs: Black was made a Knight Bachelor on 10 February 1981 for services to medical research. He received the honour from Queen Elizabeth II at Buckingham Palace. On 26 May 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit by the Queen.

paragraphs: He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1976. That same year he was awarded the Lasker award. In 1979, he was awarded the Artois-Baillet Latour Health Prize. In 1982 Black was awarded the Wolf Prize in Medicine. He was awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Medicine with Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings for their work on drug development. In 1994 he received the Ellison-Cliffe Medal from the Royal Society of Medicine.


title: David Cassidy

paragraphs: David Bruce Cassidy (April 12, 1950 – November 21, 2017) was an American singer, actor, songwriter and guitarist. He had many hit songs between the 1970s and the 2000s. He played Keith Partridge in the television sitcom "The Partridge Family" in the 1970s. Cassidy was one of the contestants on Celebrity Apprentice 2011.

paragraphs: Cassidy was born in New York City. His parents were actor Jack Cassidy (1927-1976) and actress Evelyn Ward (1923-2012). He grew up in West Orange, New Jersey and Beverly Hills, California.

paragraphs: Cassidy announced on February 20, 2017, that he was suffering from dementia.

paragraphs: On November 18, 2017, it was announced that Cassidy has been hospitalized in Fort Lauderdale, Florida with multiple organ failure. He was in critical condition and was placed in a medically induced coma. Two days later, Cassidy was out of the coma and was waiting for a liver transplant. Cassidy died on November 21, 2017, aged 67.


title: Tropical Storm Lee (2011)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Lee was the 12th named storm of the 2011 Atlantic hurricane season. Lee was responsible for 21 deaths and property damage in total was in excess of $2 billion. The storm affected areas from Louisiana and Texas to Pennsylvania and New York.


title: Digital electronics

paragraphs: Digital Electronics is a type of electronics. These make use of "boolean logic" and "discrete signal electronics" for electronics, devices, and equipment.

paragraphs: Examples of such devices are computers, information appliances, digital cameras, digital televisions, flash memory, key USB memory, mobile phones, hard disks, and devices of computer memory. Digital signal processing works on analog signals after they have been converted to digital form.

paragraphs: Digital electronics is a branch of electronics concerning digital circuits which apply boolean logic which are represented by electronic logic gates. True and false are represented by different binary values with 0 volts for true and 5 volts for false. Digital circuits are less vulnerable to noise but consume a lot of energy. Digital circuits were invented in the twentieth century and is the foundation for digital communications and computers.


title: Dominique Dawes

paragraphs: Dominique Dawes (born November 20, 1976 in Silver Spring, Maryland) is a retired gymnastics performer. She won multiple medals. As a member of the US National Gymnastic Team, she won a gold medal at the 1996 Summer Olympics. She was a ten year member of US National Gymnastic Team.


title: Semi-trailer truck

paragraphs: A semi-trailer truck, also known as a semi, tractor-trailer, big rig, eighteen-wheeler, or (in the United Kingdom and Ireland) articulated lorry or artic is a vehicle that has a towing tractor and a semi-trailer that carries the freight. They use diesel fuel.

paragraphs: A semi-tractor has no body and does not carry any cargo on it. The front of a semi-trailer is put on it. Only the rear of the trailers have wheels, so the tractor pulls the trailer and carries the front part of the trailer's weight.

paragraphs: The tractor and driver cost as much as a truck, but the trailers don't cost very much. You can have more trailers than tractors and the tractors can change trailers easily. The tractor and driver do not have to wait to be loaded or unloaded, they can change trailers. They can also pull different kinds of trailers, any type that is needed at the time.

paragraphs: All countries have different laws for semi-trucks. The biggest difference between the EU, UK, and US is the length of the semi-truck. Most weigh about the same (US trucks weigh a little less than EU and UK trucks). Most are about the same width and height. In large countries truck s can be longer. They can have a larger cargo space. Longer semi-tractors drive better at faster speeds. Most US trucks are "convential" (bonneted in UK) with the engine under a hood in front of the cab. In the US shorter trucks weigh less. The weight has to be spread out over a long length. This is important on bridges. With long semi-trucks not as many trucks fit on the bridge and the weight of the axles are far apart. This length is important in the US.

paragraphs: In the UK and EU roads are smaller and turn more. Trucks have to be shorter. Most are cab-over-engine models (COE). The driver sits over the engine and the front of the cab is flat. Shorter trucks can weigh more. Trailers can have three axles under the load, and short semi-tractors with two axles. These have the same weight and number of axles as a long semi-truck. They take up less space and can turn better.

paragraphs: Different countries drive on different sides of the road. This is named for the side the driver sits on. The UK is the main right-hand drive (RHD) country. Most countries that were British colonies are RHD. The EU and most other countries are LHD. Italy is LHD but they drive on the left side of the road. This is good in mountains. The driver is near the edge of the road. The US was British but is LHD. Canada (next to the US) is LHD. When you are building a truck LHD or RHD is not important. Australia builds US type Mack and International trucks with RHD.

paragraphs: Semi-trailers can be the same types as trucks. Because they don't cost as much as a truck they can also be special types. Shipping containers are large and heavy. In some countries special laws cover them. Skeleton frame trailers are built to carry them. Long semi-trailers are used for logs. In the UK and EU some logs are smaller. The trailers are 2 or 3 logs long. They have a crane to load them. In the US "lowboys" (the load is just above the road) carry large construction machines. Special trailers can be built for very big loads. Australia "road-trains" can pull 4 trailers.


title: Interstate 470 (Ohio – West Virginia)

paragraphs: Interstate 470 (I-470) is a long loop of Interstate 70. It goes around the city of Wheeling, West Virginia. The western end of the road is where it meets I-70 near Blaine, Ohio. Traveling southeast through Belmont County, the highway comes to the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Bridge which carries I-470 over the Ohio River. After crossing the river into Ohio County, West Virginia, the highway turns northeast. It runs towards the Wheeling neighborhood of Elm Grove. The road's eastern end is at I-70 near Wheeling Park.

paragraphs: On average, between 26,000 and 38,000 vehicles use the highway every day. During the rebuilding work on the Wheeling Tunnel, I-470 was one of two suggested detour routes to avoid the closed tunnel.


title: Video camera

paragraphs: A video camera is camera used to make electronic motion pictures. It captures moving images and synchronous sound. Early video cameras were all analog and most modern ones are digital. Analog video cameras produce signals that can be displayed with analog televisions. The signals can be shown at the time, or can be stored in an analog format on magnetic tape. Digital video cameras produce digital images.

paragraphs: Video cameras were invented early in the 20th century for television use, and by the end of the century, people could buy digital video cameras, which can almost immediately display the image. Video recorders that could record the image on magnetic tape were created in the middle 20th century.

paragraphs: At first, video cameras were large and expensive. Only professionals operated them. As the electronics industry advanced, and solid state circuits with transistors and microprocessors replaced vacuum tubes, video cameras became smaller and inexpensive. Now many mobile phones and other consumer electronic devices include video cameras. In addition, software is now widely available to edit or to compress the output from video cameras.

paragraphs: Modern video cameras have numerous designs and uses, not all of which resemble the early television cameras.

paragraphs: Special uses of video cameras include systems that capture images at the finish line to time races and sporting events. Some toll roads use video cameras to make pictures of the license plate of any car that fails to pay tolls. Computers then identify the drivers and mail enforcement letters to collect the missed tolls.


title: Pope Innocent VI

paragraphs: Pope Innocent VI (; c. 1282 – September 12, 1362), born Étienne Aubert, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 200th Pope from December 18, 1352 until his death in 1362.

paragraphs: He was the fifth of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

paragraphs: Étienne Aubert was born in the hamlet of Les Monts, which is today part of the commune of Beyssac in the Corrèze department of France. He was the son of Adhemar Aubert (1260-?), seigneur de Montel-De-Gelas in Limousin.

paragraphs: Aubert was made the Bishop of Noyon in 1338; and he became the Bishop of Clermont in 1340.

paragraphs: In 1342, he was raised to the position of cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Aubert was elected pope on December 18, 1352. He chose to be called Innocent VI.

paragraphs: Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: The tomb of Innocent VI is at the Carthusian monastery of Villeneuve-les-Avignon.


title: Broker

paragraphs: A broker is a middleman who brings others together to bargain, or bargains for them.

paragraphs: A broker is someone who helps arranges transactions between two parties.

paragraphs: The broker is sometimes a mediator between a buyer and a seller. The broker sometimes gets a commission when the deal is completed.

paragraphs: A broker who also acts as a seller or as a buyer becomes a principal party to the deal.

paragraphs: A broker is different than an agent: one who acts on behalf of a principal.


title: In the Heat of the Night (TV series)

paragraphs: In the Heat of the Night was an American television series that aired beginning March 1988 to May 1995 on the NBC and CBS networks. The show's themes dealt with racism, incest, corruption by government and abuse of drugs.


title: Stress analysis

paragraphs: Stress analysis is the study of stresses and strains in materials and structures as force is applied against them. It is a topic in engineering. Stress may cause deformation or fractures in materials. Stress analysis is about finding out how much stress causes deformation in a given material.

paragraphs: Stress analysis is an important task for civil, mechanical and aerospace engineers. They work on the design of structures of all sizes, such as bridges and dams, machines, and even plastic cutlery and staples. Stress analysis is also used in the maintenance of such structures, and to investigate the causes of structural failures.


title: University of Göttingen

paragraphs: The University of Göttingen (), known informally as Georgia Augusta, is a university in the city of Göttingen, Germany.

paragraphs: King George II of Great Britain and the Elector of Hanover founded the school in 1734. It opened for classes in 1737. The University of Göttingen soon grew in size and popularity. Göttingen is a historic university city, with a high student and faculty population.

paragraphs: The University of Göttingen is one of the highest-ranked universities in Germany. It is associated with 45 Nobel laureates.


title: Beloit, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Beloit is a city in southern Wisconsin near the Illinois border just north of Rockford, Illinois. The city has two colleges: Blackhawk Technical College and Beloit College.

paragraphs: Beloit is located on the north side of the border between Wisconsin and Illinois.


title: Outlaw (arcade game)

paragraphs: Outlaw is a shooting video game by Atari. It came out first for arcade automats in 1976. A version for the Atari 2600 came out 1979. The player uses a joystick or a gamepad to play the game. It has animated violence in it. The player has to shoot targets to win points. David Crane designed the game. Gunslinger is a game like Outlaw.


title: Rosetta (spacecraft)

paragraphs: Rosetta was an ESA space probe. It went on a mission to study the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. The Rosetta mission had two parts: the Rosetta space probe and the Philae lander. The spacecraft was launched on 2 March 2004 by an Ariane 5 rocket. On 12 November 2014 Philae landed but soon lost electrical power and radio contact. Rosetta continued to examine the comet from orbit until 30 September 2016 when it landed.


title: Kim Basinger

paragraphs: Kim Basinger (born 8 December 1953) is an American actress and model. She has been in many movies from the 1970s onwards. Basinger was born in Athens, Georgia. She is of English, Scottish, Swedish, Irish and Native American ancestry. Her roles include: "Never Say Never Again", "The Natural", "9 1/2 Weeks", "My Stepmother Is an Alien", "Batman", "L.A. Confidential", "8 Mile" and "Cellular".


title: Azerbaijani Armed Forces

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani Armed Forces () is the military of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: The armed forces have three branches: the Azerbaijani Land Force, the Azerbaijani Air Force, and the Azerbaijani Navy. Related forces which are not part of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces, include the paramilitary Azerbaijani National Guard, the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan, and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan (who patrol Azerbaijan’s borders with Georgia, Russia, Iran, Turkey and Armenia), which can be involved in state defense.

paragraphs: The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of Azerbaijan, currently Ilham Aliyev. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of politicalleadership. It is currently headed by Safar Abiyev. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of Staff, who is Colonel-General Najmaddin Sadigov.

paragraphs: Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan has been trying to further develop its armed forces into a professional, well trained, and mobile military. Based on 2007 statistics the country has about 66,940 troops, and a paramilitary force of 15,000 troops. There are 300,000 former service personnel who have had military service in the last fifteen years.

paragraphs: Azerbaijan had actually established the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and a Ministry of Defense on June 26, 1918 with the first independence of Azerbaijan, as the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic, after the collpase of the Russian Empire in 1918 until it was invaded and annexed by the Soviet Union in 1920 which came after the Russian Empire. The Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defense were established again in 1991 with the second and final independence of Azerbaijan, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the Azerbaijani Armed Forces were formed out of the former Soviet forces in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.


title: Azerbaijani Land Force

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani Land Force () is the army of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces which is the military of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Azerbaijan has been trying to further develop its armed forces into a professional, well trained, and mobile military. Based on 2007 statistics the country has about 56,840 ground force (land) troops, and a paramilitary force of 15,000 troops. There are 300,000 former service personnel who have had military service in the last fifteen years.

paragraphs: In wartime, the Army proper could call the support of the paramilitary Azerbaijani National Guard, the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan, and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan (who patrol Azerbaijan's borders with Georgia, Russia, Iran, Turkey and Armenia), which can be involved in state defense. The exact wartime command structure is unknown.

paragraphs: Azerbaijan has also sent soldiers to be trained in Turkey, Russia and Israel over the past years, and these countries also sell weapons to Azerbaijan, among many countries. Since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijan has made the army boost the defense of the country and possibly retake its separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh from neighboring enemy Armenia which invaded it, but is legally a part of Azerbaijan.


title: Azerbaijani Air Force

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force often called the Azerbaijani Air Force () is the air force and air defence force of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces.

paragraphs: The origin of the current organization goes back to June 26, 1918, when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic which became independent in 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, bought its first fighter aircraft. After the second independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the presence of former Soviet air bases in Azerbaijan helped the Air and Air Defence Force develop.

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force has about 600 aircraft and 350 helicopters, and 7,900 personnel. There are Soviet-made MiG-21s, MiG-23s, Su-24s and Su-25s, as well as fourth generation MiG-29s bought from Ukraine in 2006 and Soviet-made Il-76s. Azerbaijan is holding talks with either China or Pakistan to buy JF-17 Thunder aircraft. The MiG-29 has been chosen as the standard aircraft for the Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force.


title: Azerbaijani Navy

paragraphs: The Azerbaijan Navy () is the navy of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces operating in the Caspian Sea.

paragraphs: The origin of the current organization goes back to June 26, 1918, when the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic which became independent in 1918, after the collapse of the Russian Empire, formed its first navy. After the second independence of Azerbaijan in 1991, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Azerbaijani Navy was formed out of the former Soviet Navy in the Azerbaijani SSR.

paragraphs: The navy has about 5,000 military personnel in sixteen units. These include the Caspian Sea fleet and a border coast guard. The fleet is made up of 1 Petya class frigate, 2 OSA-II-Class and 5 Stenka Class patrol boats, 2 Sonya Class and 5 Yevgenya Class minesweepers (for removing mines), 6 landing craft (ships that can land on the coast), 2 landing cutters (patrol boats that can land on the coast), 1 special purposes warship and 1 special purposes cutter.


title: Capital of Japan

paragraphs: The capital of Japan is Tokyo. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Tokyo.

paragraphs: Traditionally, the home of the Emperor was considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the Emperor lived in Kyoto. After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home was Tokyo.

paragraphs: In 1941, the Ministry of Education published the .

paragraphs: After World War II, the new Constitution of Japan transferred the state's sovereignty from the Emperor to the people. The people of Japan are represented by the Diet of Japan in Tokyo. Consensus considers the site of the Diet is the capital of Japan.

paragraphs: No law makes Tokyo as the Japanese capital. However, many laws have defined a which incorporates Tokyo.

paragraphs: Laws which identify this "capital area" include the and the .

paragraphs: This list of legendary capitals of Japan begins with the reign of Emperor Jimmu. The names of the Imperial palaces are in parentheses.

paragraphs: This list of capitals includes the Imperial palaces names in parentheses.


title: Jane (German band)

paragraphs: Jane was a German rock band. The band formed in October 1970 in Hanover. In 1973, their album "Here We Are" was very popular.


title: Armed Forces of the Russian Federation

paragraphs: The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation is the armed forces of Russia, created after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The Armed Forces is known to be one of the biggest in the world with about 1,200,000 troops active. Russia also makes its own weapons. The Armed Forces has 6 branches: Russian Air Force, Russian Ground Forces, Russian Navy, Strategic Missile Troops, Russian Space Troops and the Russian Airborne Troops. The Commander-In-Chief is the President of Russia.

paragraphs: When the Soviet Union broke up, Russia and the various other countries got parts of its large armed forces. The country's president, Boris Yeltsin, had to fix Russia and build up the military. So, Yeltsin appointed himself the Russian minister of defence. Eventually, CIS helped Russia get its defence into shape. Then in 1993, a doctrine was made to set up the official military.

paragraphs: As of 2008, 480,000 men joined the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The term is usually a year. Russians can join at the age of 18 to 27 years old. Like any other Armed Forces, the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation has ranks. The ranks are open to non-Russian citizens as well.


title: St. Cloud, Minnesota

paragraphs: St. Cloud is a city in central Minnesota. It is north of Minneapolis-St. Paul. St. Cloud State University is there. Most of St. Cloud is in Stearns County, but parts of it are in Benton and Sherburne Counties.


title: Shannon Miller

paragraphs: Shannon Miller (born March 10, 1977) is an American gymnast. She was born in Rolla, Missouri. She moved to Edmond, Oklahoma when she was six months old. She is the most decorated artistic gymnastics performer in the history of the United States. She was the 1993 and 1994 World All-Around Champion and 1996 Summer Olympics balance beam gold medalist. Shannon won a combined total of 16 World Champion and Olympic medals between 1991 and 1996. She was also the most successful United States athlete at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, receiving five medals overall.


title: Capital of Korea

paragraphs: The Capital of Korea has been in many locations during the history of the Korean peninsula. Today there are two Koreas, each with its own capital city:

paragraphs: Since the end of World War II, there have been two countries or divided Korea: If reunification were to take place someday, alternate prospects for the capital city, along with Seoul and Pyŏngyang,are Sejong City in South Korea and Kaesong in North Korea.

paragraphs: The Go-Joseon period lasted from 2333 BC to 108 BC.

paragraphs: The Three Kingdoms period lasted from 57 BC to AD 676

paragraphs: The Goryeo Dynasty lasted from 918 to 1392.

paragraphs: The Joseon Dynasty lasted from 1392 to 1910.

paragraphs: The Japanese colonial period lasted from 1910 to 1945.


title: Capital of Egypt

paragraphs: The Capital of Egypt is Cairo. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Cairo.

paragraphs: The capitals of Egypt in chronological order begin with Thinis (pre-2950 BC)


title: Jennifer Beals

paragraphs: Jennifer Beals was born December 19, 1963 around the Chicago metropolitan area. Her most notable acting role was playing Alexandra Owens for the 1983 film "Flashdance". She also starred in the Showtime television program "The L Word". She's been in more than 50 movies over the years.


title: Red Wing, Minnesota

paragraphs: Red Wing is a city in Minnesota on the Mississippi River. It is known for its farming and where the Swiss Mission for Native Americans took place.


title: Naniwa-kyō

paragraphs: , also called Naniwa no Tsu, was an ancient Imperial capital of Japan in the 7th and 8th centuries. It was located in present-day Osaka.

paragraphs: Naniwa was founded by Emperor Temmu in 683. After 745, the capital moved to Heijō-kyō.

paragraphs: In 1957, traces of ancient palaces were found. Other archaeological site was discovered in 2006.


title: Aggression

paragraphs: Aggression refers to behavior between members of the same species that is intended to cause humiliation, pain, or harm.

paragraphs: Ferguson and Beaver defined aggressive behavior as ""Behavior which is intended to increase the social dominance of the organism relative to the dominance position of other organisms"”

paragraphs: Aggression takes a variety of forms among humans and can be physical, mental, or verbal.

paragraphs: There are two types of aggression - hostile, affective aggression and instrumental, predatory, or goal-oriented aggression.

paragraphs: Reactive relational aggression (hostile, affective, retaliatory) is used in response to feeling attacked, threatened, or mad. Usually the person who exhibits this type of aggression feels provoked to do so. Instrumental relational aggression (predatory, goal-oriented) is used in order for an individual to get what they want.

paragraphs: Predatory or defensive behavior between members of different species is not normally considered as "aggression."

paragraphs: Like most, or even all behaviors, aggression can be examined in terms of its ability to help an animal reproduce and survive. Animals may use aggression to gain and secure territories, as well as other resources including food, water, and mating opportunities.

paragraphs: The most apparent type of aggression is that seen in the interaction between a predator and its prey. An animal defending itself against a predator becomes aggressive in order to survive and predator in order to secure food. Because aggression against a much larger enemy or group of enemies would be nearly certain to lead to the death of an animal, animals have developed a good sense of when they are outnumbered. This ability to gauge the strength of other animals gives animals a "fight or flight" response to predators; depending on how strong they gauge the predator to be, animals will either become aggressive or flee.

paragraphs: Although humans share aspects of aggression with non-human animals, they differ from most of them in the complexity of their aggression because of factors such as culture, morals, and social situations.


title: Kuni-kyō

paragraphs: , also called Kuni no miyako, was an ancient Imperial capital of Japan between 740 and 744. It was in present-day Kizugawa in Kyoto Prefecture.

paragraphs: The new capital of Emperor Shōmu was built by Tachibana no Moroe.

paragraphs: The palace ("Kuni no miya") was built in the former Yamashiro Province. in what became the town Kizu.

paragraphs: The city of Kuni-kyō was not completed. The court and capital moved to Naniwa-kyō (Osaka) after only four years.

paragraphs: Studies of the archaeological site suggest the location of the main buildings. The city was laid out in a grid. The area of palace is estimated to have been 500+ meters wide and 700+ meters long.


title: Nina Burger

paragraphs: Nina Burger (born 27 December 1987 in Tulln, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for the Austrian National football team and SV Neulengbach in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the highest level in Austrian Women´s soccer. She is a striker.

paragraphs: She started playing at the age of seven for the youth teams of FC Hausleiten. She started her club career with SV Langenrohr from Lower Austria. 2005 she went to SV Neulengbach. There she is still playing.


title: Focal length

paragraphs: Focal length tells how strongly a lens, a curved mirror or another optical device brings light together or spreads it out. If rays of light go straight into a lens and the focal length is positive, the focal length is the distance to the point behind the lens where the rays will be brought to a focus. If the focal length of the lens is negative, the focal length is the distance at which the light has spread to twice its original size. Light from a large distance produces an image at F (focal point). The distance from the centre of the lens to F is the focal length


title: Heijō-kyō

paragraphs: Heijō-kyō (, also known as Heizei-kyō) was twice the ancient Imperial capital of Japan from 710 to 784. It was where Nara is today.

paragraphs: In 710, Empress Gemmei moved the Imperial capital from Fujiwara-kyō which is about 18 km south.

paragraphs: The Heijō Palace and some of the Buddhist temples at Heijō-kyō are named together as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, including


title: First Spaceship on Venus

paragraphs: First Spaceship on Venus is a science fiction movie that came out in 1959. It is rated PG for parental guidance. It is 130 minutes long. It is directed by Kurt Maetzig.


title: Sribhargavaraghaviyam

paragraphs: Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam () (2002), meaning "Of Parashurama and Rama", is a Sanskrit epic poem (Mahākāvya) made by Jagadguru Rambhadracharya (1950–) in 2002. It is made of 2121 verses in 40 Sanskrit and Prakrit metres and is separated into 21 cantos ("Sarga"s) and each contains 101 verses. The epic is the story of the two Rama Avatars – Parashurama and Rama. This is found in the Ramayana and other Hindu books. "Bhārgava" is used for Parashurama, as he was born in the family of the religious teacher Maharishi Bhrigu, while "Rāghava" is used for to Rama as he was born in the royal family of king Raghu. The poet was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit in 2005, and many other awards for this work.

paragraphs: A copy of the epic with a Hindi commentary by the poet himself was published by the Jagadguru Rambhadracharya Handicapped University, Chitrakuta, Uttar Pradesh. The book was released by the then prime minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee on October 30, 2002.


title: Capital of France

paragraphs: The capital of France is Paris. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Paris.


title: Protein Data Bank

paragraphs: The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a collection of information about the three dimensional (3-D) structure of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids. Biologists and biochemists from around the world send in the data. Most data comes from X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy. Anyone can access the PDB for free online. The Worldwide Protein Data Bank, wwPDB, manages the PDB.

paragraphs: The PDB is useful for scientists studying structural biology and structural genomics. Many scientists have to send their information to the database. Major scientific journals and some funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health in the United States have rules telling scientists to send the data to the PDB. The PDB has the original or primary data. Hundreds of other databases reuse the data. These secondary databases organize the information in different ways. For example, both SCOP and CATH put structures into groups organized by type of structure and ideas about how they are related through evolution. Gene ontology puts the data into groups based on genes.


title: Dhok Padhal

paragraphs: Dhok Padhal () is a village in Jhelum District, Punjab, Pakistan.

paragraphs: The village is at 32° 58' 40" North, 73° 30' 40" East and has an altitude of 275 metres (905 ft) Falling Rain Genomics and has an area of about .It lies 10 km west of Dina, 5 km north of Rohtas and 30 km north east of Tilla Jogian.


title: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

paragraphs: The Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijani: "Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист РеспубликасыAzərbaycan Sovet Sosialist Respublikası"; Russian: Азербайджанская Советская Социалистическая Республика [АзССР] "Azerbaydzhanskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [AzSSR]"), also known as the Azerbaijan SSR for short, was one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union.

paragraphs: It was founded on April 28, 1920 as the Azerbaijan SSR. From March 12, 1922 to December 5, 1936, it was part of the Transcaucasian SFSR together with the Armenian SSR and the Georgian SSR. In December 1922, the Transcaucasian SFSR became part of the newly established Soviet Union. The Constitution of Azerbaijan SSR was approved by the 9th Extraordinary All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets on March 14, 1937. On November 19, 1990, the Azerbaijan SSR was renamed the "Republic of Azerbaijan" while still a part of the Soviet Union for another year before its collapse and the independence of Azerbaijan in 1991.


title: Plitvice Lakes

paragraphs: Plitvice Lakes is a World Heritage Site and National Park in Croatia.

paragraphs: Waters flowing over the limestone and chalk have deposited minerals, and created natural dams. The result is a series of beautiful lakes, caves and waterfalls. The forests in the park are home to bears, wolves and many rare birds.

paragraphs: Plitvice is the oldest national park in southeast Europe and the largest national park in Croatia. It was founded in 1949 and is in the mountainous karst area of central Croatia, at the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina.

paragraphs: In 1979, Plitvice Lakes was one of the first natural sites added to the UNESCO World Heritage register. Each year, more than 900,000 visitors are recorded.

paragraphs: The lakes are renowned for their distinctive colours, ranging from azure to green, grey or blue. The colours change constantly depending on the quantity of minerals or organisms in the water and the angle of sunlight.

paragraphs: The area includes forests, meadows and water plants; ecologically it ranges from Alpine to Mediterranean conditions. Of over 1,000 types of plant, 75 are endemic, found naturally only here, and 55 are species of orchids.

paragraphs: The park is home to a wide variety of animal and bird species. Rare fauna such as the European brown bear, wolf, eagle, owl, lynx, wild cat, capercaillie and many bats are there, with many more common species.

paragraphs: 157 species of birds have been recorded, 70 of which nest in the area. 12 amphibian species and lizards, snakes and turtles are there also.


title: Jaat

paragraphs: Jaat or Jat or Jutt or Jats (Hindi: जाट or जट्ट, Punjabi: ਜੱਟ)

paragraphs: The Jats are basically a Kshatriya, warrior caste community of northern India and Pakistan.

paragraphs: Jat are a large group of people, found mostly in Pakistan and India.

paragraphs: "Jat" is a label of a wide-ranging non-elite community, which had its origins in pastoralism in the lower Indus valley of Sindh.

paragraphs: Jatts inhabited throughout the Punjab region, Sindh and some other northwestern parts of Subcontinent.


title: Sapote

paragraphs: Sapote (from Nahuatl tzapotl) is a word for a soft, edible fruit. The word is part of the names of several plants from Mexico, Central America and northern parts of South America that have fruits.

paragraphs: Some but not all sapotes come from the family Sapotaceae:


title: Hansel and Gretel

paragraphs: "Hansel and Gretel" () is a fairy tale from Germany. The Brothers Grimm heard it from Dortchen Wild in Cassel and published it in their "Children's and Household Tales" in 1812. The Grimms revised the tale over the years. They gave the children names, changed the mother to a stepmother, and introduced Christian motifs. Their final version is dated 1857. The tale has been adapted to many media, most notably the opera "Hänsel und Gretel" (1893) by Engelbert Humperdinck. A stop-motion animated movie based on the opera was made in the 1950s.

paragraphs: Hansel and Gretel are a young brother and sister who learn their parents intend to abandon them in the forest. They find their way home by leaving a trail of pebbles. One day however, their parents succeed. The children wander the forest and come upon a house made of cake and candy. It belongs to an old woman who makes the children prisoners. She intends to eat them and prepares the oven. Gretel outwits her. She pushes the old woman into the oven and slams the door.


title: Hurricane Hattie

paragraphs: Hurricane Hattie was a very powerful and deadly Atlantic storm in the western Caribbean Sea in autumn 1961. The storm struck Belize and parts of nearby countries, killing more than 300. This hurricane, because of how strong it was, would have been a Category Five on the Saffir-Simpson scale. The name Hattie was later retired.


title: Singapore at the Olympics

paragraphs: Singapore has sent athletes to most Summer Olympic Games held since 1948. The country was created as a separate British Crown Colony from the Straits Settlements about three months before the start of the 1948 Summer Olympics. It sent a team to the Games until 1964.

paragraphs: At that time, Singapore was part of Malaysia. The team from Malaysia included people from Singapore. When Singapore became independent from Malaysia in 1965, the country began sending its own team again. It sent a team for every summer games after then, except in 1980. The country boycotted the 1980 games along with many other countries. No athletes from Singapore have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The country has won four Olympic medals. The first medal was won by Tan Howe Liang, who won a silver medal in lightweight weightlifting in 1960. In table tennis, Jing Jun Hong and Li Jiawei came close to winning medals in Sydney in 2000. They finished in fourth place. They also finished fourth in the 2004 Athens Olympics. Singapore sent many athletes to the 2008 Beijing Olympics. It was felt that this was their best chance of winning a medal since 1960. This proved to be true.

paragraphs: In the Beijing, Li, together with Feng Tianwei and Wang Yuegu, beat the South Korea Women's Table Tennis team in the semi-finals. Because of this, they made it to the final match and would win at least the silver medal. Singapore lost to host China in the gold medal final.


title: Philip Showalter Hench

paragraphs: Philip Showalter Hench (February 28, 1896 – March 30, 1965) was an American physician. Hench won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1950. He won the award along with his Mayo Clinic co-worker Edward Calvin Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein . They won it for finding the hormone cortisone and its use for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis."

paragraphs: Hench went to university at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. He was trained as a physician at the United States Army Medical Corps and the University of Pittsburgh. Hench began working at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He later became the head of the Department of Rheumatology.

paragraphs: He attended Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania. At Lafayette, he earned his Bachelor of Arts in 1916. After that, he served in the Medical Corps of the U.S. Army and the reserve corps to finish his medical training. He got a doctorate in medicine from the University of Pittsburgh in 1920. After getting his medical degree, Hench spent a year as an intern at St. Francis Hospital in Pittsburgh. Next, he became a Fellow of the Mayo Foundation.

paragraphs: In 1928 and 1929, Hench studied at Freiburg University and the von Müller Clinic in Munich.

paragraphs: Hench started his career at Mayo Clinic in 1923. He worked in the Department of Rheumatic Diseases. In 1926, he became the head of the department. While at Mayo Clinic, Hench worked mainly on arthritic diseases. This lead him to believe that steroids lessened the pain caused by the disease. During this time, biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall has found several steroids created by the adrenal gland cortex. After several years of work, Hench and Kendall decided to use one of these steroids on patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Testing of the hypothesis was delayed because the synthesis of Compound E was costly and time-consuming, and Hench served in the military during World War II. The tests were conducted successfully in 1948 and 1949. The steroid they used was named Compound E at the time. It later become known as cortisone.

paragraphs: Hench, Kendall and Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein won the 1950 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects." As of the 2010 prizes, Hench and Kendall are the only two Nobel winners who worked with Mayo Clinic.

paragraphs: During his career, Hench was one of the founding members of the American Rheumatism Association. He was its president in 1940 and 1941.

paragraphs: Hench has also gotten the Heberdeen Medal (1942), the Lasker Award (1949), the Passano Foundation Award (1950), and the Criss Award. Lafayette College, Washington and Jefferson College, Western Reserve University, the National University of Ireland and the University of Pittsburgh given Hench honorary doctorates.


title: DFC LUV Graz

paragraphs: The DFC (Damen Fußball Club) LUV Graz is a women´s football club from the Styrian capital Graz. The club plays in the ÖFB-Frauenliga, the highest level in Austrian women soccer.

paragraphs: The club started as women team of the football club LUV Graz which was founded in 1959. They played from 1978 on in the Damenliga Ost, which was then the highest class in Austrian women´s soccer. In 1982 the ÖFB started the Frauen Bundesliga, which is now the ÖFB-Frauenliga. LUV Graz played from the beginning in this league. 1979 the club won the Cup. 1984 till 1986 the club reached the Cup-final but was beaten all three times. In the 1986 season the club reached the second place in the Championship. After the 1988/89 season the club stopped playing in the top level league.

paragraphs: In 1998 the club was restarted as independent women soccer club. They started in the Landesliga Steiermark, which was then the second level of women soccer. 2001 they returned to the ÖFB-Frauenliga. Since then LUV Graz is part of the league. They reached mostly places in the middle of the table, but in 2007 they were runner-up in the league. The second team of the club is playing in the Styrian Landesliga (3rd level). The club has also an U19 team.

paragraphs: Mariella Rappold is member of the National football team. Kerstin Fernitz, Katrin Hornbacher and Simona Koren are playing in the U19 national team. Sophie Maierhofer is member of the U17-team.


title: Hurricane Ophelia (2005)

paragraphs: Hurricane Ophelia was a long-lived Atlantic hurricane. It was mostly remembered for its very erratic and slow track off the United States' East Coast in September 2005. This storm brushed eastern North Carolina on September 14 and 15, 2005, causing $70 million in damages. Minor damage was also reported in eastern New England and Atlantic Canada when Ophelia brushed them as a strong tropical storm.


title: Jo Dee Messina

paragraphs: Jo Dee Messina is an American country music artist. She was born in Massachusetts on August 25, 1970. She has had nine #1 songs on the United States Billboard Country Music Charts. She has been honored under the Country Music Association. In the past, she was nominated for two Grammy Awards. She was the first female country artist to score 3 multiple-week number one singles. Messina relocated to Nashville, Tennessee around age 19.


title: Winnipeg General Strike

paragraphs: Winnipeg General Strike happened during March of 1919 in Winnipeg. Although many Canadian companies had enjoyed large profits following World War I, contracts, wages and working conditions were bad. Some protesters rioted.


title: Shoeshine

paragraphs: Shoeshine is a drama movie made in 1947. It has some violence in it. It is 90 minutes long. It is an Italian movie directed by Vittorio De Sica. It was nominated for best picture by the National Board of Review.


title: Sejo of Joseon

paragraphs: Joseon Sejo (; September 29 1417 – September 8 1468) was the Korean Joseon Dynasty's seventh king (1455 – 1468). He was the second son of Sejong the Great.

paragraphs: In 1429 his peerage was Grand Prince Sooyang. When his father Sejong the Great died in 1450, his elder brother Munjong was crowned. Two years later Munjong died, and Munjong's son Danjong was crowned.

paragraphs: In 1455, he produced a coup d'état and became king of Joseon himself. Sejo's nephew Danjong was expelled after he was murdered in 1455.


title: Kaštanka

paragraphs: Kaštanka is a forest. It has one of the highest lying sets of chestnuts in central Europe. It is in a small town called Nasavrky. Nasavrky is in eastern Bohemia, Czech Republic. It is about 25 km south of county seat Pardubice.

paragraphs: Jan Adam von Auersperg came back from Italy with six seedlings of chestnut at the end of 18th century. He ordered that the seedlings were planted on the north side of Nasavrky hill. This happened between 1776 to 1778. The plants were the start of Kaštanka. In passing time, the set was expanded a lot. Kaštanka had over 110 trees in the turn of 19th and 20th century.

paragraphs: Kaštanka was made a nature monument on 1 December 1990. At that time, Kaštanka had over 138 trees. One of the first planted trees survives to this day. It was named "Knížák" in honor of prince Auersperg.

paragraphs: The chestnut became the sign of Nasavrky. It became the main motive in the emblem of the city Nasavrky, and the flag of Nasavrlky in 1996.

paragraphs: Kaštanka is natural monument which was declared as special protection area on 1st December 1990. The set of chestnuts is on a slight rise north ward. This area is in a built-up area about 100 meters from the city square. Kaštanka is at an altitude of 472 – 486. The area of set is 1,088 hectares large and all trees are chestnut trees expect a few that are on the edge.

paragraphs: Kaštanka was main theme of many artists like painters, sculptors and writers. Some writers wrote novels about Kaštanka. Two of the authors that did this were Marie Doležalová and Alois Stanislav Novák. Kaštanka gave Věra Vovsová, Jiří Poláček and Karel Pavlík the inspiration to make art. Vovsová said this about Kaštanka:


title: Patty Duke

paragraphs: Anna Marie "Patty" Duke (December 14, 1946 – March 29, 2016) was an American stage, television and movie actress. She was born in Manhattan, New York City. Duke was married to actor John Astin and had two children; Mackenzie Astin and Sean Astin.

paragraphs: In 1963, at age 16, Duke won the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for playing Helen Keller in "The Miracle Worker". At the time, she was the youngest person to win the award.

paragraphs: On March 29, 2016, Duke died of sepsis from a ruptured intestine in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho. She was 69 years old.


title: Prequel

paragraphs: Prequel is a term in drama and literature: it means the opposite of sequel. When a story is told in several stages, it is natural to tell it in order of time. For example, a series of books on the Second World War started with the 1930s, and ended up in 1946.

paragraphs: For various reasons, this does not always happen. In the movie series "Star Wars", the first movie was "" (1977). It was followed by three prequels, which were "" (1999); "" (2002) and "" (2005).

paragraphs: For correct use, the term 'prequel' is only applied when work is part of a series, and when the later publication refers to an earlier time. It is an old idea, but one which is often used today for drama on movie and television. The "Cypria", a work of Ancient Greek literature, is a prequel to Homer's "Iliad". A related idea is the back-story, which is the background story of a main story or character.


title: Talking past each other

paragraphs: The phrase describes a situation in which people communicate at cross purposes.

paragraphs: The idiom explains what happens when there is a mismatch. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

paragraphs: The idiom applies to disputes in which neither side addressed any of the issues raised by the other. In talking past each other, two different concepts which need not have been disputed are somehow confused or conflated.

paragraphs: In fictional dialogue, when characters talk past each other, the result is an exchange with flaws or defects.

paragraphs: The phrase is used in many contexts. For example,


title: Viveiro

paragraphs: Viveiro (sometimes called Vivero) is a town and municipality. It is in the province of Lugo. Lugo is in the northwestern part of Galicia, Spain. As of 2010, over 16,000 people live in Viveiro.

paragraphs: The calendar of Viveiro holds several festivals, both religious and not.

paragraphs: Viveiro has the oldest Carnival in Galicia. It is celebrated during the four days before Lent, from Saturday until Shrove Tuesday. It finishes on Tuesday with many floats travelling through the streets.

paragraphs: Viveiro celebrates the St. James' Day Battle on July 25 at the Port of Celeiro. It has marines moving through the estuary of Viveiro in a well organised and orderly way, similar to a march.


title: Blind men and an elephant

paragraphs: The Blind men and an elephant is an idiom.

paragraphs: The story of the blind men and an elephant comes from India. It is about a range of truths and mistakes. It is also about the need for communication and the need for respect for different perspectives.

paragraphs: The idiom shows the effects of observation and bias. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

paragraphs: A group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it is like. Each one feels a different part, but only one part. For example, one touches only the side and another touches only the tusk.

paragraphs: The blind men discover that they disagree when each describes what he has learned from touching the elephant.

paragraphs: A famous poem -- "The Blind Men and the Elephant" by John Godfrey Saxe (1816–1887).

paragraphs: They conclude that the elephant is like a wall, snake, spear, tree, fan or rope, depending upon where they touch. None of blind men's description is correct for the whole elephant.


title: Internal Troops of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: The Internal Troops of Azerbaijan () also known as Interior Troops or Interior Guard is the uniformed gendarmerie-like paramilitary force in Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: The Internal Troops are under the authority of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, who also control the police. The Internal Troops are the descended from the Soviet Union's Internal Troops. They are used to deal with internal emergencies such as natural disasters, restoring public order, internal armed conflicts and to protect important facilities. During wartime, the Internal Troops fall under the jurisdiction of the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

paragraphs: Its equipment includes Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine guns.

paragraphs: Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Azerbaijani National Guard and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.


title: Kaskaskia, Illinois

paragraphs: Kaskaskia is a village in Randolph County, Illinois, United States. In 2010 the population was only 14, making it the second-smallest incorporated community in Illinois. It was a major French colonial town of the Illinois Country. Its peak population was about 7,000 when it was a regional center. Kaskaskia became the capital of the Illinois Territory on February 3, 1809. In 1818, Illinois became the 21st U.S. state and Kaskaskia was its capital until 1819.

paragraphs: In April 1881, the Mississippi River moved its path to the east. This flooded most of the town. The river now passes east rather than west of the town. The state boundary line, however, remained in its original location. Kaskaskia is on a small part of Illinois west of the river. It can only be reached from Missouri.

paragraphs: The town was named after the Native American word for the Kaskaskia River. The site of Kaskaskia had been a Native American village for thousands of years. In 1703 French Jesuit missionaries started a mission. They wanted to change the Illini (Native American) people's religion to Catholicism. The first stone church was built in 1714. The French also had a fur trading post at the village. French settlers came to farm and mine lead on the Missouri side of the river. In 1718 Kaskaskia became the capital of Upper Louisiana and a fort, Fort de Chartres,was built.

paragraphs: From its beginning, Kaskaskia was a French/Indian settlement, with a few French men and many Illinois and other Native Americans. In 1707, the population was about 2,200. Most were Illinois, who lived somewhat apart from the Europeans. From the French, the Native Americans, and their mixed-race descendants at Kaskaskia came the voyageurs and coureurs des bois. They explored and hunted in the Missouri River country. The French wanted to trade with all the Prairie tribes, and with the Spanish colony in New Mexico. This idea horrified the Spanish. The explorer Claude Charles Du Tisne set up trade relations with the Plains Indians in 1719.

paragraphs: King Louis XV sent a bell to Kaskaskia in 1741 for its church. During French rule, Kaskaskia and the other farming settlements in the Illinois Country were important for supplying Lower Louisiana, especially New Orleans, with wheat and corn. Farmers sent tons of flour south over the years. These staple crops could not grow in Louisiana's climate.

paragraphs: In 1733, the French built Fort Kaskaskia. The British destroyed the fort in 1763 during the French and Indian War. After the war France gave up the territory east of the river. Many French-speaking people from Kaskaskia and other colonial towns moved west of the Mississippi to the Spanish-held, Upper Louisiana settlements of Ste. Genevieve, St. Louis, and other areas.

paragraphs: On July 4 1778, during the American Revolution, the city was captured by George Rogers Clark and his force of 200 men including Captain Leonard Helm. It was one of the western-most battles of the Revolution. The parish rang the church bell in celebration, which has since been called the "liberty bell". The bell is housed in a brick building near the Church of the Immaculate Conception. The brick church was built in 1843 in the squared-off French style.

paragraphs: As a center of the regional economy, Kaskaskia was the capital of Illinois Territory from 1809 until Illinois became a state in 1818. Zaskaskia continued as the state capital until 1819. Its peak population was about 7,000 before the capital moved in 1819 to Vandalia. Although introduction of steamboats on the Mississippi River helped the economies of river towns in the 19th century, their use also had devastating environmental effects. Loss of trees (Deforestation) along the river banks was caused by steamboat crews' cutting trees to feed the engine fires. River banks became unstable and collapsed into the water.

paragraphs: At first, the town had a good site where the Kaskaskia and Mississippi Rivers joined. But from St. Louis to the junction of the Ohio River, the Mississippi became wider and more shallow, with more severe flooding. Much of Kaskaskia and other French colonial towns have been lost through flooding and erosion. Following the Great Flood of 1844, Kaskaskia was rebuilt to the south. The original site became an island, surrounded by the Mississippi River. The flood of 1881 destroyed the original town, and the Mississippi shifted into the channel of the Kaskaskia River, passing east instead of west of the town. Parts of the town were rebuilt in the new area.

paragraphs: As the Mississippi continued to flow through its new bed, earth was deposited so that the village became physically attached to the west bank of the river, which is in the state of Missouri. Now a bayou, the old river bed, is regularly flooded. It has a bridge to carry traffic over it. In 1893, the people of the town moved and rebuilt the Church of the Immaculate Conception on Kaskaskia Island.

paragraphs: By 1950 only 112 people lived in Kaskaskia. By 1970 the population had fallen to 79, and it continued to fall to 33 in 1980. The town was flooded with nine feet of water by the Great Flood of 1993, which reached the roofs of the buildings. By 2000, with a only nine residents, Kaskaskia was almost a ghost town and the least populous incorporated community in the State of Illinois.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total land area of 0.2809 km² (0.1085 sq mi, or 69.41 acres), all land. However, the village is only a small part of Kaskaskia Precinct, which includes all of Randolph County's land west of the Mississippi. Kaskaskia Precinct has a land area of 24.037 square miles (62.255 km²) and a 2000 census population of 36 persons. In 1993 the Mississippi River almost completely flooded the island.


title: Windsor, Vermont

paragraphs: Windsor is a town in Windsor County, Vermont, United States. It is built on the banks of the Connecticut River. The population was 2,066 at the 2010 census. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in the town. It is known as the birthplace of Vermont. It was the first capital until 1805. Then Montpelier became the official capital.

paragraphs: The first settler in Windsor was Captain Steele Smith who arrived with his family in August 1764. The Constitution of Vermont was written and signed in 1777 at a tavern, now called Old Constitution House. This constitution declared that Vermont was an independent republic, and no longer part of the British Empire. By 1820, Windsor was the largest town in Vermont. It had factories making guns, machinery, tinware, furniture and harness. A dam built across Mill Brook in 1836 provided water power for these factories.


title: Avarua

paragraphs: Avarua is a town and district in the north of Rarotonga Island. The name means "Two Harbors" in Cook Islands Māori. It is the national capital of the Cook Islands.

paragraphs: The downtown area of Avarua is located at sea level. It is below the peaks of Rarotonga (altitude: ). The town has several supermarkets, two banks and several restaurants. It has other shops which sell black pearls and other handicrafts. The town has an open air market on Saturday. The market sells items including brightly coloured "pare'u" (wrap around dresses), flower garlands, fresh fish and tropical fruits. The town is served by Rarotonga International Airport (IATA Airport Code: RAR). In 2006 there were 5,445 people living in Avarua. They mainly make their living from tourism, trade, fishing and agriculture. There is one main road in Avarua. It is called Ara Maire Nui. It is also known as Marine Drive or Main Street. It turns into the island-circling ring road called Ara Tapu at both ends of town.


title: Psychopathy

paragraphs: Psychopathy is a personality disorder or antisocial personality disorder. Psychopaths are unemotional. They do not care about the emotions or rights of others. They show almost no empathy, and do not try to conform to social norms. They lack a conscience and do not feel guilt. A similar term is sociopathy.

paragraphs: Many psychopaths are charming and often manage to have superficial ties with other people. They use other people for their own benefit. Psychopaths often show other antisocial behaviour as well, including sadism, violence and deception. They are very selfish and discard people whom they have no further use for. They tend to have many children by many partners.

paragraphs: The definition of psychopathy has varied. Different definitions are used. They only partly overlap and sometimes seem contradictory.

paragraphs: There are efforts to use behaviour therapy to treat psychopaths; very often, this is done in prisons.

paragraphs: Some people are mislabeled as "psychopaths", but have no problems with social norms, but they are good at influencing people.


title: Map projection

paragraphs: A map projection is a way of showing the surface of a three-dimensional sphere on a flat surface. Such projections are necessary to create maps. The problem with projections is that they change the surface in some way; this is called distortion. Depending on the purpose of the map, some distortions may be less bad. This is why cartographers use different mathematical projections for different maps.

paragraphs: Carl Friedrich Gauss showed that is not possible to project the surface of a sphere to a plane, without distorting it. This theorem is known as Theorema egregium today.

paragraphs: To understand the projections, it is easier to imagine a light source, a globe, and another geometric object. The light source shines "a shadow" of each point of the globe onto the geometric object. At the end the surface of the geometric object is unrolled, this yields the map. It is possible to tell the projections apart by the type of helper object used.


title: Azerbaijani National Guard

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani National Guard () is a paramilitary force in Azerbaijan. The Internal Troops is under the authority of the Government of Azerbaijan and operates as a semi-independent entity. The Azerbaijani National Guard was definitely active in December 1996 but has been united into the Special State Protection Service. The guard was established on the December 25, 1991.

paragraphs: The Special State Protection Service (SSPS) of Azerbaijan is a military unit directly under the authority of the President of Azerbaijan. Its responsibilities include the protection of the President of Azerbaijan, the protection of the National Assembly of Azerbaijan (Parliament), the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Azerbaijan, the Constitutional Court, the Central Election Commission and other public bodies as well as the protection of important foreign leaders visiting Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: One of the most important tasks of the SPSS is the safety of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan petroleum and natural gas pipeline and the South Caucasus petroleum pipeline. NATO is supporting the service with several helicopters and military vehicles in order to protect the pipelines.

paragraphs: During wartime, the Azerbaijani National Guard operates together with the Azerbaijani Land Forces, and can be involved in local defense and security of the country, along with the army.

paragraphs: Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the State Border Service of Azerbaijan and its Coast Guard branch.


title: Woody Stephens

paragraphs: Woody Stephens (September 1, 1913 - August 22, 1998) was an American horse racing trainer that was put into the hall of fame in 1976.


title: Road Town

paragraphs: Road Town, on Tortola, is the capital of the British Virgin Islands. It is next to the horseshoe-shaped Road Harbour in the centre of the island's south coast. About 9,400 people lived there in 2004.

paragraphs: The name comes from sailing. "The roads" means a place less sheltered than a harbor but where ships stop. Its marina made Road Town a popular place in the Caribbean for chartering yachts. Cruise ships often dock here. Road Town also has tourism.

paragraphs: The Harbour is the dock for many of the ferries servicing the island. The ferry terminal is at the southwest end of Road Town. Ferries run during the day every day of the week. A 28 hectare (70 acre) development called Wickham's Cay, is on two areas of man-made land. The HM Prison on Main Street is the oldest building in Road Town. It was built in the 1840s. People disagree about where the borders of the town are.

paragraphs: The Emancipation Proclamation was read on 1 August 1834. This gave slaves their freedom, even though slavery had been officially abolished in 1807.

paragraphs: In 1853, a fire destroyed nearly every building in Road Town. Angry rioters spread the fire to protest an increase on the cattle tax. Rioters burned most of the plantations across the island.


title: State Border Service of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: The State Border Service of Azerbaijan Republic () also known as Border Guard of Azerbaijan is a governmental law enforcement paramilitary agency in charge of protecting the borders of Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: The State Border Service of Azerbaijan was established on July 31, 2002 by the order of the President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, by taking of the border troops from jurisdiction of the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan. The main function of the border guard is to guard the Azerbaijani borders against any illegal acts, and to prevent illegal weapons, drugs and human trafficking in the country.

paragraphs: Chief of State Border Service and Commander of Border Troops is General-Lieutenant Elchin Guliyev.

paragraphs: Other law enforcement bodies in Azerbaijan include the Internal Troops of Azerbaijan and the Azerbaijani National Guard.

paragraphs: The Azerbaijan Coast Guard is an Azeri law enforcement agency which is a part of the State Border Service. It has been getting U.S. Coast Guard help including the buying of a Point-class cutter.

paragraphs: The commander is Major General Ilham Mehdiyev.

paragraphs: The Coast Guard was established within the State Border Service by presidential order in 2005. The Coast Guard’s new base was built in Türkan district of Baku within the State Program on “Technical development of security of state borders of the Republic of Azerbaijan in 2006-2010”.

paragraphs: The Maritime Brigade/Coast Guard has one Point class cutter, S 14 (ex Point Brower, transferred 28 February 2003), one Osa class missile boat, S 008, which has had its SS-N-2B missiles removed, 3 Stenka class patrol boats, S 005, S 006, and S 007, all with sonar and torpedo tubes removed, 1 Zhuk class patrol craft, P 222, and two 48-foot Silver Ships small craft, S 11 and S 12. (Jane's Fighting Ships 2010)


title: Couvade

paragraphs: Couvade (French, from "couver", 'to hatch', from Latin "cubare" 'lie down) describes the imitation of a pregnancy. It is performed by a man. The anthropologist E. B. Tylor was the first person that made use of the name "couvade".

paragraphs: To do so, the father carries out the same restrictions as the mother. These usually start closer towards the end of the pregnancy. It often proceeds for various amounts of time after childbirth. Restrictions: certain food taboos, staying only in the village or at home, avoiding certain places, no consumption of alcohol, cigarettes or stimulants or handling with sharp instruments. In some cases, the man copies the woman’s behaviour and pains during childbirth.

paragraphs: The couvade is known throughout history, for example in the ancient Greece and the Roman Empire, in the Basque Country and in the south of France. These days, it still exists in various cultures around the world among indigenous people in India, Thailand, Indonesia, China, Africa, North America and South America.

paragraphs: These range from the spiritual and physical protection of the child, bonding of father with child as well as wife, the public recognition of fatherhood and support and relief of mother so she can maintain the household after the childbirth. The reasons for couvade are in some cultures linked to certain myths that give instructions and show what can go wrong if the parents do not follow them.

paragraphs: It is believed to have huge impacts on the child such as illness, disability, death and the transformation into other creatures.


title: Elizabeth City, North Carolina

paragraphs: Elizabeth City is a city in northeastern North Carolina close to the Virginia state line. The region is vulnerable to tropical cyclones because of its location. Elizabeth City is located in Pasquotank and Camden counties. Elizabeth City is the county seat and largest city of Pasquotank County.

paragraphs: Elizabeth City is the birth city of Nikita Pavlunenko.


title: Hark the Herald Angels Sing

paragraphs: "Hark! the Herald Angels Sing" is a song connected with the Christmas season which dates back to around 1739. This song has been altered numerous times during the decades. Many musicians have covered this song during the years, including though not limited to Amy Grant.


title: Asuka, Yamato

paragraphs: When Asuka was Japan's capital, new palaces were constructed for each new monarch. Sometimes Imperial palaces were abandoned because of fires or bad omens.

paragraphs: According to tradition, Asuka was the site of Chikatsu-Asuka-Yatsuri Palace during the reign of Emperor Kenzo

paragraphs: Imperial capitals in Asuka in 593-640 were:

paragraphs: In 640-642, the court briefly moved to Kōryō and the Kudara Palace ("Kudara-no-miya"); then the court returned to Asuka at the Itabuki Palace ("Itabuki no miya"), 643–645

paragraphs: In 645-654, the emperor and the government moved to an area within the current city limits of Osaka. This was the Naniwa-Nagara no Toyosaki Palace ("Naniwa-Nagara no Toyosaki-no-miya").

paragraphs: In Asuka, the Imperial capitals in 655-660 were:

paragraphs: In 660-661, the court removed to Asakura in Fukuoka Prefecture at the Asakura no Tachibana no Hironiwa Palace ("Asakure no Tachibana no Hironiwa-no-miya").

paragraphs: In 667-672, the emperor moved to the Ōmi Ōtsu Palace ("Ōmi Ōtsu-no-miya") in Ōmi-kyō which is today called Ōtsu in Shiga Prefecture.

paragraphs: In Asuka, the Imperial capitals in 672-694 were:

paragraphs: Asuka was abandoned when Empress Jitō moved the court and the capital to Fujiwara-kyō.


title: Corydon, Indiana

paragraphs: Corydon is a town in Harrison Township, Harrison County, Indiana, United States. It was founded in 1808. Corydon was the second capital of the Indiana Territory, from May 1, 1813, until December 11, 1816. When Indiana became a US state in 1816, Corydon became Indiana's first state capital. On January 10, 1825 the capital moved to Indianapolis. The town remains the county seat of Harrison County. It had a population of 3,122 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Corydon was part of the land captured for the United States by George Rogers Clark from the British during the American Revolution.

paragraphs: In the early 1800s, Edward Smith and his family settled on the site of today's county fairgrounds. William Henry Harrison, Governor of the Indiana Territory, often stopped to rest at their home while travelling to and from Vincennes. Harrison decided to build a town there and asked Edward Smith's daughter, Jenny, to name it. She chose the name "Corydon" from Harrison's favorite hymn, the Pastoral Elegy.

paragraphs: Harrison sold the town site to Harvey Heth in 1808, a government surveyor and large landowner. Heth donated the town square for public use, and sold individual lots to settlers and the government. In 1809, Corydon was joined by road to Doup's Ferry, 15 miles (24 km) to the south in Mauck's Port. This gave access to the Ohio River for trade. Corydon sent a mounted militia company company nicknamed the Yellow Jackets to support the US army in the War of 1812. They fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe.

paragraphs: Corydon, Madison and Jeffersonville all wanted to be the new capital of the territory, but Corydon was more central to the population of the newly reorganized Indiana Territory. Corydon became the second capital of the Indiana Territory on May 1, 1813, when it was moved there from Vincennes. When Indiana became the 19th US state on 11 December 1816, Corydon became the state capital of Indiana. The first state capitol building made using limestone from a nearby quarry, was built from 1814-1816. The Governor's Mansion and First State Office Building were built in 1817. The Grand Masonic Lodge, the first in the state, was built in 1819.

paragraphs: The state's first constitution was written in Corydon during June 1816. The 43 delegates, representing Indiana Territory's counties, met in the Harrison County Courthouse. Because of cramped conditions inside the courthouse and the summer heat, they often met outside under a giant elm tree next to Big Indian Creek. This tree is now known as the Constitution Elm, and its trunk is still preserved.

paragraphs: Dennis Pennington, the speaker of territorial legislature and others from Harrison County in the Indiana General Assembly did not want to move the capital from Corydon. They added a clause to the state constitution during the convention preventing the capital from leaving the town before 1825. But as the population of the state shifted continually northward, it was no longer convenient to have a state capital at the southern edge of the state. The capital was finally moved to Indianapolis on January 10, 1825.

paragraphs: Corydon was the site of the only Civil War battle fought in Indiana. On July 9, 1863, Confederate cavalry led by Brigadier General John Hunt Morgan, and citizens of Brandenburg, Kentucky, crossed the Ohio River into Indiana. This became known as "Morgan's Raid". Morgan's 2,500 men were opposed by 400 hastily assembled home guard at the Battle of Corydon. The Union troops were quickly defeated and the town surrendered. Corydon was sacked in retaliation for Union looting in Kentucky. The town's treasury of $690 was seized, and prisoners in the jail were released. Morgan demanded from $600 to $700 from each mill and shop owner; otherwise their buildings would be burned. Tradition says one Corydon miller overpaid by $200; Morgan promptly returned it to him.

paragraphs: The railroad reached Corydon in 1882. Corydon was connected by Southern Railways to the main line running across northern Harrison County at Crandall. The line remained open to passenger traffic until 1996. In 2008, the line was owned by Lucas Oil.

paragraphs: In 1929, the county built a new courthouse to replace the old state capitol building. The old statehouse was converted into an historical memorial.

paragraphs: The Old Capitol Building is now a state historic site and the downtown area became a National Historic District in 1973. The Governor's Headquarters, Constitution Elm, First State Office Building and Posey House are also part of the historic area. The O'Bannon Publishing Company prints the "Corydon Democrat"', a weekly newspaper. Indiana Governor Frank O'Bannon owned the publishing company and his wife still lives nearby.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 1.6 square miles (4.1 km²), all land.


title: 2011–12 Russian Premier League

paragraphs: The 2011–12 Russian Premier League was the 20th season of the Russian Premier League since the breakup of the Soviet Union. The season took place from 12 March 2011 to 22 May 2012. Zenit St. Petersburg won their third title, and successful defended their title.


title: George Thorogood

paragraphs: George Thorogood (born February 24, 1950) is an American blues rock singer/guitarist. He is from Wilmington, Delaware. Thorogood is famous for his cover versions of blues standards. He says Elmore James, Hound Dog Taylor and Chuck Berry are the people who influenced him musically. George Thorogood has released sixteen studio albums.

paragraphs: Thorogood was born on February 24, 1950 and was raised in Naamans Manor, a suburb of Wilmington. He was the middle one of five children. He graduated from Brandywine High School in 1968. He played semi-professional baseball. He turned to music after hearing a concert of John P. Hammond in 1970.

paragraphs: In 1976 he recorded his debut album: ""George Thorogood & The Destroyers"" with his band, The Destroyers. Sometimes the band is called "The Delaware Destroyers". In 1981 they got their first nationwide recognition. They played as support act for the Rolling Stones. In the 1980s they played a lot of concerts including the "50/50" tour of 1980, on which the band toured 50 US states in 50days. in 1982 released his best-known song, "Bad to the Bone", and an album of the same name. The song has been used frequently in television and film, including the sci-fi thriller Terminator 2: Judgment Day, the comedies Problem Child, and Problem Child 2, Stephen King's Christine, and many episodes of the television sitcom Married with Children. This track also was used during the intro to the movie Major Payne.


title: Matsudaira Sadanobu

paragraphs: Sadanobu was born in Edo on January 15, 1759, into the Tayasu branch of the Tokugawa clan. The Tayasu was one of the "gosankyō". The Tayasu were the oldest members of the Shogun's family who still had the name Tokugawa. The other members of the family had the Matsudaira surname.

paragraphs: His father was Tayasu Munetake and he was the grandson of the eighth shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune. The Tayasu house held different beliefs than the others living in Edo Castle. They lived a lifestyle that was more strict. The Tayasu following the example set by Yoshimune. In Munetake's words, the praise of manly spirit ("masuraoburi") as opposed to feminine spirit ("taoyameburi"). This set them apart from the rest of the family. Munetake thought he would rule after his father died. This did not happen. Yoshimune's eldest son, Ieshige became ruler. Because of this, Sadanobu was raised under the belief that he would be the next heir to the title of Shogun. His education growing up was very good. He was taught along Confucian lines. By the time Sadanobu was in his teens, he had already learned much of the teachings of Confucius. As he grew older, many expected more strongly for Sadanobu do well because many members of the Tayasu house began to die young. The family tried many ways to make Sadanobu as the next shogun. Their attempts were stopped by the political clique of Tanuma Okitsugu. Okitsugu was the chief rōjū at that time.

paragraphs: After the last failed try to get Sadanobu adopted by the shogun, Sadanobu was adopted by Matsudaira Sadakuni. Sadakuni was head of one of the Hisamatsu-Matsudaira houses. This was another part of the Tokugawa branch of the family. They ruled the Shirakawa Domain in southern (Mutsu Province.

paragraphs: Sandanobu took control of Shirakawa in 1783. As soon as he took control he had to deal with a very bad problem. The lands he controlled were said to be worth 110,000 "koku". 1 Koku was the amount of rice needed to feed one person for one year. The land should have been able to create enough rice to feed 110,000 people for a year. But 108,600 Koku was said to be "lost". Sadanobu worked constantly to fix the economic problem in Shirakawa. He work fixed the problems of the finances and economy of the lands. The changes he made, along with his political workings made him very famous. Because of this, he was named chief councilor of the Shogunate in the summer of 1787. He was also made regent to the 11th shogun Tokugawa Ienari early the next year.

paragraphs: Sadanobu was also known as a writer. He wrote using the pen name "Rakuō" (楽翁). Some of his notable texts include "Uge no Hitokoto", "Tōzen Manpitsu", "Kanko-dōri", "Kagetsutei Nikki", "Seigo", and "Ōmu no Kotoba", among others. After his death, it was learned that he had written a satirical text parodying daimyo life. It was named "Daimyō Katagi".


title: Frank B. Kellogg

paragraphs: Frank Billings Kellogg (December 22, 1856 – December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician and statesman. He served in the United States Senate and as United States Secretary of State. Kellogg was part of a group who wrote the Kellogg-Briand Pact also known as the World Peace Act. For this, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.


title: Peter C. Doherty

paragraphs: Peter C. Doherty (born October 15, 1940) is an Australian veterinary surgeon. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine along with Rolf M. Zinkernagel in 1996 for their work on the human immune systems.


title: Havlíčkův Brod

paragraphs: Havlíčkův Brod is a district town situated in the centre of the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the Sázava river. It has a population ofabout 24,000 people.

paragraphs: Settlement in Brod has been documented as far back as the 12th century. There was an easy passage across the Sázava river ("brod" means "ford" in English). In the 13th century, silver was found near the town. After that Smil of Lichtenburg invited German miners to settle the area. The town which was first called Brod and later Smilův Brod (Ford of Smil), was renamed to Německý Brod (German Ford). At the beginning of the 14th century, the stone city walls were built, but later during the Hussite Wars in 1422 the city was burned down by Jan Žižka. The town was resettled in 1429 by Czech people. In 1637 Německý Brod was promoted to royal city. After The Second World War, the city was renamed to Havlíčkův Brod (Ford of Havlíček), after Karel Havlíček Borovský, famous writer and journalist.

paragraphs: The Old Town Hall in the square was built in the Renaissance style. There is a skeleton under its clock. According to a story this skeleton belongs to the traitor Hnát.

paragraphs: Havlíček´s house is built in the New-Gothic style. It is connected with life of Karel Havlíček Borovský. In this house, Havlíček was arrested and taken to exile. Today Havlíček´s Museum is there.

paragraphs: The Church at the corner of the square is built in Baroque style. It is famous for one of the oldest bells in Bohemia.

paragraphs: On the square is Plague column and fountain with statue of Triton too.

paragraphs: Today the city has a medical hospital, mental hospital, brewery, sport area with hockey arena, gym and swimming pool.


title: Russian Space Forces

paragraphs: The Russian Space Forces was one of the 6 branches of the Russian Military that is responsible for space operations. The branch controls many space stations throughout Russia. The branch is also part of the Ministry of Defence. The main tasks are to inform officials about incoming missile attacks, anti-missile defense, and to create orbit space vehicles. The Russian Space Forces was replaced by the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces on 1 December 2011.

paragraphs: In 1967, the Troops of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence by the Soviet Union. The branch was then named Ministry of Defence Space Units in 1982. Then in 1991, the Soviet Union broke up. So the new Russian Military created the Russian Space Forces. The branch was abandoned in 1992, but brought back in 2001. General Vladimir Popovkin took the lead of the branch in 2004, after the previous leader, Colonel General Anatoly Perminov.


title: Contemporary art

paragraphs: Contemporary art means modern art done after Pop Art and Conceptual Art. Another term, which really means the same thing, is postmodern art. Yet another term, which goes wider than art, is Postmodernism.

paragraphs: This problem of labelling comes about because the word 'modern' in art was used for some art from the mid-Victorian period through the whole 20th century. It covers a wide range of styles and movements. So when art critics wanted to describe post-WWII art they had to use a different word. Thus, in art, 'contemporary' (which really means 'at the same time as') comes to mean 'modern', and modern comes to mean 'earlier'.


title: Russian Ground Forces

paragraphs: The Russian Ground Forces (Russian: Сухопутные войска Российской Федерации) are the land forces of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, formed after the break up of the Soviet Union. Since 1992, the Russian troops have withdrawn from many Soviet posts, but the branch has been engaged in the Chechnya Wars, peace keeping, and other operations in the post-Soviet states.

paragraphs: The President of Russia is the supreme commander-in-chief of the Russian Ground Forces. The headquarters is located in Moscow.

paragraphs: The branches of service is made up of the rifle troops, tank troops, artillery and rocket forces, troop air defense, special corp, etc. The rifle troops (Motorised Rifle Troops) are the main part of the Russian Ground Forces. The branch controls all the battle formations. The branch also has all the destructive weapons for defense against land and aerial forces. The tank troops are an important branch in the Russian Ground Forces that is responsible for the defense in important combat tasks.

paragraphs: The artillery and rocket forces is a branch that has the most firepower for the Russian Ground Forces. Air defense is currently a branch under control by the Russian Air Force, but by 2015, the branch will be under control again by the Russian Ground Forces. Lastly, the special corp is a branch that takes care of the engineering, radioelectronic warfare, chemical and biological protection, radiation, technical support, etc.

paragraphs: The Russian Ground Forces are known to have a very large amount of equipment. A lot of this equipment is believed to be from the Soviet Union. Other countries seemed to get more modern equipment, while Russia was left with old Soviet equipment. Russia wanted to get more updated pieces, but the economy was not on the country's side.

paragraphs: Most of the ranks are very similar the Soviet Army's ranks. Most of the names of the ranks came from current German, French, English, Dutch and even Polish ranks. Very few changes have been made since the Soviet Union's breakup.

paragraphs: The Russian Ground Forces is known to have high crime rates for a military. The United States Foreign Military Studies Office (FMSO) said that the Russian Ground Forces is "an institution increasingly defined by the high levels of military criminality and corruption embedded within it at every level," which is basically saying that the Russian Ground Forces has high levels of crime and corruption placed in every level. Some crimes would include the stealing of weapons, assisting drug smugglers, high corruption and even claims of contract killings.


title: Susa

paragraphs: Susa () was an ancient Iranian city. It was part of the Elamite, Persian and Parthian empires. It is located in the lower Zagros Mountains. It is about east of the Tigris River and is between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers. There is a modern Iranian town in the same place as Susa. It is called Shush.


paragraphs: The Army ranks and insignia of the Russian Federation are the ranks of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The ranks has changed very little since the breakup of the Soviet Union.


title: Timmins

paragraphs: Timmins is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Timmins was 43,165 in 2011. The mayor of Timmins is Tom Laughren. Timmins was founded in 1912 by Noah Timmins after there were gold discoveries in the Porcupine Camp, although South Porcupine and Schumacher were formed in 1911. Naoshima, Kagawa in Japan is a sister city to Timmins.


title: St. Charles, Missouri

paragraphs: St. Charles (; Spanish: "San Carlos") is a city in St. Charles County, Missouri. In 2010 there were 65,794 people living in the city. St. Charles is the second largest city, and the county seat of St. Charles County. It is northwest of St. Louis, Missouri on the Missouri River. It is the third oldest city west of the Mississippi. It began in 1765 as "Les Petites Côtes", "The Little Hills", named by Louis Blanchette, a French Canadian fur trader. The town was the starting point for the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804. The city served as the first Missouri capital from 1821 to 1826. The Saint Rose Philippine Duchesne shrine is in Saint Charles. It is also the home of the St. Louis National Weather Service Forecast Office, serving central, east-central and northeastern Missouri, as well as west-central and southwest Illinois.

paragraphs: Louis Blanchette was a French Canadian who went to the Americas for adventure. Blanchette settled in Saint Charles in 1769 under the authority of the Spanish governor of Upper Louisiana. He was the civil and military leader until his death in 1793. About 25 buildings were built. Although the settlement was under Spanish control, most settlers were French Canadians.

paragraphs: The first church, built in 1791, was dedicated to San Carlos Borromeo, and the town became known as "San Carlos del Misuri": "St. Charles of the Missouri". This church was destroyed by a tornado in 1916. The Spanish Lieutenant-Governor Carlos de Hault de Lassus appointed Daniel Boone commandant of the Femme Osage District, which he served until the United States government bought the area in the Louisiana Purchase in 1804. The name of the town, San Carlos, was anglicized (turned into English) to become St. Charles.

paragraphs: Missouri became a US state in 1821. The government decided to build a new state capital, the "City of Jefferson", in the center of the state on the Missouri River. A temporary capital was needed, and St. Charles beat eight other cities in a competition to be the temporary capitol. It offered free meeting space for the legislature in rooms above a hardware store. This building is preserved as the First Missouri State Capitol State Historic Site. It is open to tourists. The Missouri government met there until Jefferson City was ready in 1826.

paragraphs: St. Charles, Missouri is where the first claimed interstate project started in 1956. A highway sign making this claim is placed off of Interstate 70 going westbound to the right of the first capital exit.

paragraphs: The City of St. Charles school district has five elementary schools, two middle schools, two high schools, and the Lewis & Clark Tech Building.

paragraphs: Lindenwood Universitywas started in 1827 by Major George Sibley and his wife Mary as a women's school named Lindenwood School For Girls. The school is the is the second-oldest higher-education institution west of the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: St. Charles was also home St. Charles College (Missouri) (now closed).

paragraphs: A financial report in 2009 listed the main employers in the city as:

paragraphs: St. Charles was home to the first interstate highway project in the nation.

paragraphs: Major highways include Interstate 70, Interstate 64, Missouri 370, Missouri 94, and Missouri 364. The city is also served by the St. Charles Area Transit bus system.

paragraphs: Saint Charles is located at (38.788698, -90.511764). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.8 square miles (54.0 km²), of which, 20.4 square miles (52.7 km²) of it is land and 0.5 square miles (1.2 km²) of it (2.30%) is water.


title: Lawrence Ferlinghetti

paragraphs: Lawrence Ferlinghetti (born March 24, 1919) is an American poet, painter, liberal activist, and the co-founder of City Lights Bookstore. He is the author of poetry, translations, fiction, theatre, art criticism, and film narration.

paragraphs: Ferlinghetti’s poetry is based on lyric and narrative traditions. His themes are the beauty of nature, the tragicomic life of the common man, the situation of the individual in mass society, and the dream and betrayal of democracy.

paragraphs: Ferlinghetti began painting in Paris in 1948. In San Francisco he occupied a studio that he inherited from Hassel Smith. His first works show the influence the New York abstract expressionists. A more figurative style is apparent in his later works. Ferlinghetti’s paintings have been shown at various museums around the world.

paragraphs: "60 years of painting", the exhibition held in Italy in 2010, is a creative journey through the twentieth century, reflecting on the role of the artist nowadays.

paragraphs: He has received numerous awards, including the Premio Taormina in 1973, and since then has been awarded the Premio Camaiore, the Premio Flaiano, the Premio Cavour, among other honors in Italy.

paragraphs: Since 2009 he has been in the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA, the artistic literary movement founded in Turin, Italy, with the patronage of Aeronwy Thomas (Dylan Thomas's daughter).


title: Ugo Nespolo

paragraphs: Ugo Nespolo (born at Mosso, Biella on August 29, 1941) is an Italian artist. He is well known for his artistic work with other people in theater, literature and advertising. His career started in the 1960s. His work was influenced by Pop Art, conceptual art, Arte Povera and Fluxus. These are movements that he appreciated when he went to the United States. He has been to the United States many times. He spent much time in the States during the 1980s. Transgression and irony characterize Nespolo's artwork. Ugo Nespolo has been in the Honour Committee of IMMAGINE&POESIA since 2010.