title: Child development

paragraphs: Child development refers to biological, psychological and emotional changes that happen in humans between birth and the end of adolescence, at which time the individual goes from dependence to independence. The development is strongly influenced by genetic, mental, physical and social factors that may happen during the progression. Children develop at different levels. In particular, children having autism spectrum troubles or Down syndrome may have different development than usual or substandard motor development. Ideas about how children develop psychologically have changed over time. There are several important theories on how children develop.

paragraphs: During this time children were seen as separate than adults. Children under 7 or 8 were different than other people and treated as children. Even teenagers were not fully grown. Religious writings sometimes talked about children as evil and needing to be pure. They also sometimes talked about them as good and angels.

paragraphs: At the time of the Reformation, children were thought to be born evil. Adults thought children needed to be taught to be a person. Children had to wear tight and uncomfortable clothes. Raising a child was thought to be one of the most important things. Adults wanted children to use reason in learning.

paragraphs: In the time of the Enlightenment, people started to think differently about children and development. People respected children more and treated them better. Two important people had ideas about children during the Enlightenment. They were John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

paragraphs: John Locke thought that children were born without any knowledge. He thought the mind is "tabula rasa", or blank slate. This means that the mind is like a blank piece of paper when someone is born. Children get knowledge in life and fill up the blank paper. Locke thought that the only way that children get knowledge is from doing different things in life and getting experience from those things. Locke’s ideas on how children get knowledge changed how people thought about children. His belief was that learning should be fun rather than a task. "Children [should be] free to be childish,” wrote Locke. Locke's ideas were opposed to church principles, strictly believing children should be reading fables and not religious texts. Children were seen in a better way and got more respect from adults. Locke wanted parents to spend more time with their children and help them learn. He thought that children’s development of knowledge needed parents to help children experience new things and teach about those things. Locke pushed nurture as the most important part of child development.

paragraphs: Jean Jacques Rousseau had a different idea than Locke on children. He thought that children are born knowing what is right and wrong. Rousseau did not think that children are “blank slates” as Locke did. He thought that children are “noble savages”. This is the idea that children are born good, but society can make them bad. Rousseau felt that adults should pay attention to children’s needs during their different stages of development.

paragraphs: Sigmund Freud was a neurologist an psychoanalyst who tried to help adults with their troubles. He talked with adults about when they were children and anything that happened during that time. Freud focused on the unconscious mind. This is the part of the mind that a person is not able to know about directly. Freud thought that the unconscious mind was important in how people think and feel. The way people think and feel can affect how they act. Freud’s ideas lead him to make his psychosexual theory. The psychosexual theory focuses on how a child’s wants are controlled in early years and the effect it has when the child becomes an adult.

paragraphs: Freud thought that each person’s personality is made of three parts. The parts are the id, ego, and super-ego. The three parts each have a purpose, but are almost never in agreement. The three parts not in agreement is what causes people to be unhappy and have problems.

paragraphs: When a baby is born, it only has basic needs. The baby needs to eat, sleep, and use the bathroom. These basic needs help the baby to live. These basic needs are what make up the id. The id only wants to take cause of these needs. The id wants the needs to be taken care of right away and not have to wait. Freud thought that young children are ruled by the id. The id does not know or care about right and wrong. It only wants to take care of its needs. This means that young children do not know about right and wrong. They only know what the id wants. Children will act on the wants of the id even when they should not. Children begin to learn that they cannot always get what they want when they want it. This causes the ego to form. The ego “is ruled by the reality principle”. This means that it knows what can really happen in the world. The ego knows if the id can get what it wants by looking at if the want can be filled. When the id’s needs cannot be taken care of, the ego controls the id and its wants. Children that have the ego formed can control their basic needs and their actions. When the ego is formed, children gain a sense of self by controlling their needs. The superego is formed by children working with their parents and others in society. The superego acts as a rule follower. It allows the child to know what is right and wrong by what society’s rules on right and wrong are. Guilt is the primary way that the superego tells children the rules of what is right and wrong.

paragraphs: Freud thought that children went through five psychosexual stages of development. In the stages children have to fix problems between needs and what society wants. Fixing these problems allows children to do well as adults. Problems that adults get have to do with the stage where they had trouble with. The five stages are : oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. The oral stage begins at birth and has to do with the baby’s suckling needs. The anal stage is the second and is from 1-3 year olds. It has to do with holding and letting go of urine and feces. The third stage, the phallic stage is from 3-6 year olds and has to do with the genital region. Freud thought that this stage is one of the most important stages to fix problems in. If a child does not fix the problems, he or she can develop either the Oedipus complex (for boys) or the Electra complex (for girls). These problems come from love either a boy’s love for his mother or a girl’s love for her father. To stop problems the boy or girl take up the values of their father (for boys) or mother (for girls). The fourth stage of the psychosexual stages is the latency stage and it occurs from 6-11 year olds. In this stage the superego grows the most and children get values from society. The last stage is the genital stage and lasts through adolescence. In this stage children start to like others and form heterosexual relationships.

paragraphs: Freud’s theory of child development is important because it was the first to point out the importance of parent-child relationships.

paragraphs: Erik Erikson was a follower of Freud’s ideas and started his own theory using Freud’s ideas. Erikson’s theory is called the psychosocial theory of child development. Erikson used Freud’s idea of the id, ego, and superego and his stages of development to build his own theory. Erikson thought that the ego was “of the utmost importance”. The ego was important because it lets children become an individual and add to society. Erikson added more stages to his theory than Freud did, and some of his stages are similar to Freud’s. Erikson ended up with eight stages in his theory. Every stage has a problem between two different feelings. A child's personality is shaped by how they fix each problem.

paragraphs: Erikson’s stages are important because they looked at society and culture and how they affect personality. Freud only focused on sexuality. Erkison's stages are also show how personality is shaped as children grow.

paragraphs: John Watson did not like the psychoanalytic theories of Freud and Erikson. Watson chose to look at behavior of people to understand how children develop. His ideas fall under the concept of behaviorism. Watson was “inspired by Pavlov’s studies of animal learning”. Pavlov’s studies focused on classical conditioning. Classical conditioning is when an animal or person learns to react to stimulus, a thing that will cause a reaction. Watson thought that children could be taught using this way. Watson decided to test his theory by doing an experiment using a nine-month old baby, Little Albert.

paragraphs: Watson started his experiment by testing if Albert was scared of anything. Watson wanted to see if Albert was scared of a white rat. Like most babies Albert was not scared of the white rat. Watson wanted to test if he could make Albert scared using classical conditioning. Watson discovered that Albert was scared of the sound of a hammer hitting a steel gong with a hammer. When Albert was eleven-months old,Watson went on with the experiment. Albert was given the white rat. A few seconds later, Watson made the hammer hit the gong. Albert cried when this happened. This was done seven times. After the seven times, Albert would cry when he saw the white rat. Little Albert also became scared of other things, called generalization. These things had a similarity to the white rat. They were a rabbit, a dog, a fur coat, a Santa Claus mask, and Watson's hair. Watson's experiment was important because he was able to teach Albert to be scared of something.

paragraphs: Watson showed that children can be taught through classical conditioning. After the experiment, Watson thought that children are affected by the environment.

paragraphs: Albert Bandura felt that children learn by watching others in society. After watching, children then copy what was done. His theory is called social learning theory. The copying that children perform is called modeling. The person that children copy is called the model. Bandura thought there are four conditions needed for modeling to happen.

paragraphs: Children are likely to model behavior if the model is of the same-sex. A girl child will copy a woman model better than a man. This is because the child wants to act like people she is like. Also, Children are more likely to model behavior if the behavior gets positive reactions from adults. When children are praised they will keep doing the behavior. They do this because they want to get more praise. A child will not always get praise for their behaviors. Instead they might get punishment. If a child gets punishment for a behavior they will not model it. A child can also chose to model behavior or not by watching what happens to the model. If the model gets punishment the child will not model the behavior. This is because the child does not want to get punishment. Bandura did an experiment to test his ideas. The experiment is known as the Bobo Doll Experiment.

paragraphs: Bandura took 36 boys and 36 girls for his experiment. The children were between 3 and 6 years old. He also used one man and one woman model. Bandura wanted to see if the children would model aggressive, or mean, behavior. Bandura broke the children into eight groups of 6 and one group of 24. The groups were made by breaking half of the children into an aggressive group and half into one that was not. The two groups were both broken in half again by boys and girls. Bandura then split the girls into two groups. One group had the woman model and the other had the man model. He did the same with the boys. The group of 24 had no model.

paragraphs: The children were put in a play room with the model. The children were told to sit on a chair and the model went to the other side of the room. The children that were in aggressive groups saw the model go up the a Bobo doll in the room and play with it. The model spent most of the time being aggressive to the doll. The children that were not in the aggressive group saw the model play with tinker toys and not pay attention to the Bobo doll. The model then left the room. The children were allowed to play with the toys in the room. Some of the toys let the children play and be aggressive. The children were watched how they played with the toys. Children who saw the aggressive model played aggressively with the toys. The children who had a model who was not aggressive played nicer. The children played nice because they did not watch the aggressive model to copy the behavior. Bandura's experiment showed that children can learn behavior from adults by watching the adult's behavior.

paragraphs: Jean Piaget started his theory on child development when he questioned the way children think. He thought that infants and children had different understandings than adults. Piaget focused on the cognitive development of children instead of adults. Cognitive development is studying how adults and children think and learn. Piaget’s work helped to develop new ways of education and programs of discovery learning. Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has three main parts:

paragraphs: Piaget thought children had and made schemas as they developed. Schemas are ways of making sense of experience. A schema is a picture of something in a child’s mind. The picture is normally of how different things happen in the world. The picture helps the child understand and behave in the world. An example of a schema would be a child’s schema for being in a classroom. The child’s picture would have things like students sitting in chairs at desks. A teacher is in the front of the class teaching. This schema helps the child know how to act and know what might happen in the classroom.

paragraphs: Piaget thought that the first schemas have to do with the child’s reaction to the world. Piaget thought that babies are born with some schemas without learning them. These schemas are sensorimotor actions. The schemas are very simple. Schemas get more complex as the child gets older. The child starts to think before acting. When the child does this, it uses mental representations, or pictures in the mind that are representative of different things. The mental representations can be changed in the mind into new ideas. Piaget thought that the two most powerful mental representations are images and concepts. Images are pictures in the mind of objects, people and spaces. Concepts put the images together in different groups. Schemas can be changed and made from putting together and changing images and concepts in the child’s mind.

paragraphs: Piaget thought that a child’s mind cnaes to better fit with the world through adaption. Children use adaptation by changing schemas to fit the world. Piaget thought that adaptation has two parts: assimilation and accommodation. In assimilation children use the schemes they have to understand the world. Children’s schemes do not always right. When a child has a schema that is not right, they have to change it. This is called accommodation. In accommodation new schemes are made or old ones are changed. The changes must take place so the child can better understand the world. Piaget thought there is a balance between assimilation and accommodation. He called the balance cognitive equilibrium. When a child’s schemes fit their understanding of the world then the child is in equilibrium. When the schemes do not fit the child is in disequilibrium. Piaget called the moving between equilibrium and disequilibrium equilibration.

paragraphs: Piaget broke his stages of cognitive development of children into four stages. The stages always go in the same order. The stages also happen to children everywhere. At each stage there are key details that happen in that stage.

paragraphs: The sensorimotor stage is the first stage of Piaget’s theory. In this stage, babies “think” with their eyes, ear, and hands. Children in this stage learn about the world through their senses. Piaget thought that children in this stage learn by doing the same acts over and over. These acts come from their sense experience. Piaget called this circular reaction. There are two main kinds of circular reaction: primary and secondary. One month olds use primary circular reaction. In primary circular reaction children do acts that have to do with their basic needs, like eating. Four to eight month olds use secondary circular reaction. Secondary circular reaction happens when children try to make events happen with their acts. Secondary circular reaction in children helps to control their own behavior. Eight to twelve month olds can control their behavior. In the sensorimotor stage, children gain object permanence. This happens between 8 and 12 months. Object permanence is knowing that a thing is still in existence even if the child cannot see it. Object permanence is seen in children eight to twelve months old. Object permanence can be seen in Piaget’s object hiding task. In the task a toy is hidden under a blanket. If the baby can find the toy than the baby has learned object permanence.

paragraphs: Preoperational StageThe preoperational stage has a large change in representative thought in the mind. In this stage children can use symbols to represent their knowledge. Children also learn language in the preoperational stage. Piaget did not think language was that important for cognitive development. He thought that children use words to explain the pictures of experience in their mind. In the preoperational stage, children have egocentricism. Egocentricism is when children cannot tell the difference between their view point and someone else’s. Piaget used the three mountains problem to show egocentricism. In the problem a doll is placed on one side of a group of mountains. A child is placed on a different side. The child is asked to tell what the doll sees. A child who has egocentricism tells what he or she sees and not what the doll sees.

paragraphs: This is for the simple wiki page on child development.

paragraphs: In the concrete operational stage children’s thought becomes more logical. Logical thought uses reason when thinking. Children are able to understand changes between things that are in front of them. They still have a hard time with things that they have to imagine. Children in the concrete operational stage can place items in different arrangements. They understand that things can be placed into more than one group at a time. Children in the concrete operational stage can also put things in order of qualities like length and weight. The understanding of conservation happens in the concrete operational stage. Children who understand conservation know that changing a things shape or container does not change how much is there. For example, in conservation of liquid children know that the amount of liquid does not change if it is put in a different glass.

paragraphs: In the formal operational stage, children are able to think about abstract ideas. The abstract ideas are ones that are within the child’s mind and not in front of them in the world. In this stage, children can come up with rules about how things can happen without needing concrete items. Piaget believed that there were two main parts of the formal operational stage: hypothetico-deductive reasoning and propositional thought. In hyothetico-deductive reasoning children are able to guess the outcome of a problem. They are able to do this by making guesses that can be tested in an experiment. By testing the guesses they learn if their guess was right and if not why it was not. In propositional thought children are able to understand if spoken statements are true. They are able to do so without needing to see an example of those statements.

paragraphs: Lev Vygotsky built his theory of child development on the importance of three things. Vygotsky thought that children’s development was formed from mainly social and cultural interactions. Interactions occur when two or more people talk and/or work together. Vygotsky thought that culture has a big affect on how cognitive growth develops. Vygotsky also focused on language. He felt language was very important for changing how a child thinks.

paragraphs: Vygotsky thought that child development during the first two years have to do with direct connection with the world. After the two years language changes the way a child thinks. Language is important because it is how adults pass on ideas to children. Vygotsky felt that growth of language leads to a huge change in how children think because they can communicate ideas with others. Children talk to both others and themselves. Vygotsky thought that children talking to themselves was very important for development. He thought that children talk to themselves to help guide their thoughts. He called talk directed at the self, private speech. Private speech is used when a job is hard, after an error is made, or when the child is unsure of what to do. Children that use private speech are more attentive and involved in the job they are doing. Also children who have trouble learning use private speech more. This is to help them understand what they are learning.

paragraphs: Vygotsky thought that important learning comes from working with adults or more skilled peers. These helpers can help the child to find out how to do different jobs. Vygotsky thought that there is a range of difficulty that a job needs to be in. If the job is in the rang than a child can learn best. Vygotsky called this range the zone of proximal development. The zone of proximal development has jobs that are to hard to do alone but are able to be done with help. The help would come from a helper.

paragraphs: When the helper works with the child social interactions occur. Vygotsky thought that there are two important parts of social interaction: intersubjectivity and scaffolding. Intersubjectivity happens when two people start with different understandings. The two people interact with each other. By interacting, the two people get to the same understanding. Scaffolding happens when a teacher is helping a child. The teacher will change how much they help based on the child’s work level. The teacher will help more if the child needs it. The teacher will also help less if the child does not need help. Over time, the teacher lets the child work alone. When the child works alone her or she puts the conversation into his or her private speech. The private peech is then used to help the child do the problem.


title: Priscilla Lane

paragraphs: Priscilla Lane (June 12, 1915 - April 4, 1995) was an American actress. She acted mostly in movies. She played a heroine in "The Roaring Twenties" (1939). She played a bride in the movie "Arsenic and Old Lace".


title: The Emotions

paragraphs: The Emotions is an all female American R&B group who are well known for their hit single "Best of My Love". This group is from Chicago. It was formed around 1968. It was very popular in the 1970s. Its music has been sampled by several musicians and recording artists.


title: Cheryl Lynn

paragraphs: Cheryl Lynn (11 March 1957) is an American R&B, disco and pop singer who was most popular in the late 1970s to early 1980s. She is famous for her popular single "Got to be Real". Cheryl Lynn was born in Los Angeles.


title: Z3

paragraphs: The Z3 was an electromechanical computer designed by Konrad Zuse. It was the world's first working programmable, fully automatic digital computer. The Z3 was built with 2000 relays, implementing a 22 bit word length that operated at a clock frequency of about 5–10 Hz. Program code and data were stored on punched film.

paragraphs: The Z3 was completed in Berlin in 1941. The German Aircraft Research Institute used it to perform statistical analyses of wing flutter. Zuse asked the German government for funding to replace the relays with fully electronic switches, but funding was denied during World War II since such development was deemed "not war-important". The original Z3 was destroyed in 1943 during an Allied bombardment of Berlin. A fully functioning replica was built in the 1960s by Zuse's company, Zuse KG, and is on permanent display in the Deutsches Museum. The Z3 was Turing-complete.

paragraphs: Because of this machine and its predecessors, Konrad Zuse is often regarded as the "inventor of the computer".


title: Barnum's American Museum

paragraphs: Barnum's American Museum was a museum in New York City at Broadway and Ann Street. It was a collection of natural history curios originally stored in City Hall at the end of the 18th century.

paragraphs: John Scudder acquired the collection and opened the museum about 1800. P. T. Barnum bought the museum about 1830 and replaced the tired displays with more exciting live fare such as General Tom Thumb, Commodore Nutt, and the "Siamese Twins", Chang and Eng.

paragraphs: In 1865, the building was destroyed in a fire. Barnum rebuilt at another location, but that building burned to the ground in 1868. The museum never reopened.


title: Amniocentesis

paragraphs: Amniocentesis is the name of a medical test that is often performed when screening babies. The test consist of taking a little Amniotic fluid, and testing this fluid. This fluid contains tissue of the embryo or fetus, and allows to determine the sex. It also allows to find certain birth defects.


title: Karyn Parsons

paragraphs: Karyn Parsons (born October 8, 1966) is an American actress. She performs in television and movies. She was in "Class Act" in 1992. She also had the role of Hilary Banks in "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". Parsons was born in Los Angeles.


title: Keds

paragraphs: Keds is an American brand of canvas shoe. It has rubber soles. It was established around 1916. The shoes became very popular from the 1960s to the 1980s. They waned in popularity in the 1990s. They became very popular again in the 2000s and 2010s. Keds usually manufactures sneakers. The shoes were worn by participants of Kids Incorporated and on other television shows.


title: Schlieffen Plan

paragraphs: The Schlieffen Plan was a strategic plan made by Count Alfred von Schlieffen, who worked for the German navy. It was made for the army of the German Empire in 1905. It was designed for a war between France on one side and the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Italy on the other. Germany and their allies would invade France through Belgium. With help from allies, Germany would have just enough men to beat France in a few months.

paragraphs: When Schlieffen retired in 1906, and the WW1 came up 9 years later, in August 1915, the German officers and tactic leaders dug up the plan that Schlieffen had made and thought that the plan would work like it would in Schlieffen's hypothetical war. However, the plan didn't work, because the plan was outdated and things had changed a lot within the decade.

paragraphs: Even though he did not have enough men to beat France, Moltke still attacked France through Belgium. He did this because he thought attacking was always better than defending. Moltke was sure that the Russo-Japanese War proved this because Japan always attacked, and Japan won.

paragraphs: Schlieffen believed that defending was usually better than attacking. Schlieffen said that a defender's men can ride trains to a place faster than an attacker's men can walk there. This meant that the defender would always have enough men to stop the attacker. Schlieffen also said that trenches, machine guns, and barbed wire would help the defender a lot. Schlieffen was right. In WWI, defense was always better until attackers used lots of artillery to help their infantry.

paragraphs: A similar idea to the Schlieffen Plan was used by Hitler's generals Erich von Manstein and Heinz Guderian in World War II. In that war, Germany invaded France by attacking Belgium and The Netherlands. Because in the Schlieffen Plan Germany attacked mostly through northern Belgium, France thought Germany would do this again. France put most of her soldiers in north Belgium. But Germany invaded mostly through "South" Belgium. German troops marched to the sea and trapped half of the French Army in northern Belgium. Because the trapped French troops were starving and could not get any more food, they surrendered. France tried to continue fighting but was too weak to resist and surrendered.

paragraphs: the schlieffen plan was not successful by any means


title: Melissa Sue Anderson

paragraphs: Melissa Sue Anderson (born September 26, 1962) is an American actress. She performs in television series and movies. In "Little House on the Prairie", she played Mary Ingalls. In the cult classic horror movie "Happy Birthday to Me", she played Ginny. Anderson was born in Berkeley, California.


title: Mika Boorem

paragraphs: Mika Sue Boorem (born August 18, 1987) is an American actress. She acts in both movies and television. She was in "Carolina" (2003) and "Blue Crush" in 2002.


title: Danielle Brisebois

paragraphs: Danielle Brisebois (born 28 June 1969) is an American record producer, singer and actress who acted mostly in sitcoms.

paragraphs: Danielle was born in Brooklyn, New York.

paragraphs: She played Stephanie Mills in both "All in the Family" and "Archie Bunker's Place". She also collaborated on certain hit singles performed by Natasha Bedingfield.

paragraphs: She was nominated for an Academy Award, for the song "Lost Stars."


title: Dolores Costello

paragraphs: Dolores Costello (September 17, 1903 - March 1, 1979) was an American actress. She worked during the silent movie era. She was in movies such as "The Telephone" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream". She was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


title: Charlie Kunz

paragraphs: Charles "Charlie" Kunz (August 18, 1896 – March 16, 1958) was a British musician, who became well-known and liked during the British dance band era. He played in nightclubs where people would come to ballroom dance. He had a rhythmic, relaxed style and played popular music with his own way of expressing feeling and moods.

paragraphs: Kunz was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania in 1896. His father was a master baker who also played the French horn. Young Charlie began to play in front of an audience as an amateur when he was only six years old. When he was seven, he had become good enough to play as a professional pianist.

paragraphs: He came to England in 1922 with a small dance band that was led by the drummer, Ed Krick. Kunz liked London so well that he did not want to leave, so that band returned without him to Pennsylvania. In England, he soon became such a popular pianist that he gave up his own orchestra to just work at his piano playing. He played at ballroom and nightclub venues and also on the BBC radio. Two of Britain's most famous female vocalists were with his band in the 1930s; Vera Lynn and Welsh songstress Dorothy Squires. His best known singer was George Barclay, who was known as a crooner, a popular singing style at that time.

paragraphs: His first time playing as a soloist came in 1934 at the Holborn Empire. In that same year, he began to record the first of many solo records of "Charlie Kunz Medleys". His most famous song was "Clap Hands, Here Comes Charlie". Each time he performed, his closing theme was "Pink Elephants".

paragraphs: He was married three times. He had one child with his first wife, Amanda Dysher. She later died. In 1923, he married again to Eva Dorothy "Nin" Lloyd, who was a fashion model. They had two sons. They were married until 1939. His third wife was Pat Sparkes, whom he married in 1942. They were still married when he died.

paragraphs: He kept living in England until his death from a heart attack in 1958. He is buried in Streatham Vale Cemetery.


title: To Hell with the Devil

paragraphs: To Hell With The Devil is the third album by the Christian glam metal band Stryper. It was released in 1986. The album was listed in the book The 100 Greatest Albums in Christian Music by CCM Magazine. The album was nominated for Best Gospel Performance - Duo, Group, Choir Or Chorus at the Grammy Awards but lost to Mylon and Broken Heart's "Crack the Sky".


title: Erin Moran

paragraphs: Erin Moran (October 18, 1960 – April 22, 2017) was an American actress She worked mostly in television. She played Joanie Cunningham in the sitcom "Happy Days". Moran was born in Burbank, California.

paragraphs: Moran died on April 22, 2017 at her mother-in-law's trailer in New Salisbury, Indiana from complications of Squamous cell carcinoma (rare skin cancer) found in the throat at the age of 56.


title: Margaret O'Brien

paragraphs: Margaret O'Brien (born January 15, 1937) is an American movie, stage and television actress who began acting as a child. She became famous through the movie "Journey for Margaret" (1942). She also played a French girl in the movie version of "Jane Eyre" in 1944. O'Brien was born in San Diego, California.


title: Mackenzie Phillips

paragraphs: Mackenzie Phillips (November 10, 1959) is an American actress and musician who began acting when still a child. She starred as Carol Morrison in "American Graffiti" and Julie in the sitcom "One Day at a Time". Phillips was born in Alexandria, Virginia, though raised in California.


title: Laurentia

paragraphs: Laurentia is a large continental craton. It forms the ancient geological core of the North American continent.

paragraphs: Originally, it included the core of Greenland and the northwestern part of Scotland, known as the Hebridean Terrane. Laurentia is also called the North American Craton. It is a modern geological feature, and it is also a very ancient geological core made of igneous rock. It is nearly four billion years old.

paragraphs: At times in the past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents. It is an assembly of smaller tectonic plates which merged early in the Archaean era. As the plates moved together, a huge range of mountains formed. Much later, in the Proterozoic era, small plates and oceanic islands collided with and fused with the ever-growing Laurentia. Together they made the huge, stable craton we see today as the north and center of North America and the west of Greenland.

paragraphs: Over a billion years ago, the Grenville Orogeny in the Canadian Shield made jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains. Millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills.

paragraphs: The remaining, western, part of North America was added much later, after Pangaea split up, and the Americas moved west from Eurasia and Gondwana.

paragraphs: The craton is named after the Laurentian Mountains, a range to the north of the St. Lawrence River.

paragraphs: The cratonic rocks are metamorphic and igneous, while the overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales. These sedimentary rocks were deposited from 650 to 290 million years ago. In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface.

paragraphs: The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions (violet area of the image above). This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province and has been stretched up to 100% of its original width. The area has a history of major volcanic eruptions.


title: Scarlett Pomers

paragraphs: Scarlett Pomers (born November 28, 1988) is an American former child actress. She is also a singer and songwriter. She played Shanna Jensen in the movie "Erin Brockovich" and Naomi Wildman in "". She also played Kyra in the sitcom "Reba".

paragraphs: While acting for the show "Reba", Pomers had an eating disorder.

paragraphs: Pomers was born near Riverside, California.


title: Kim Richards

paragraphs: Kimberly "Kim" Richards (born on September 19, 1964) is an American actress. She acts mostly on television programs. She played Prudence Everett in "Nanny and the Professor". She played Olga in the series "Little House on the Prairie". Richards was born in Mineola, New York.


title: The Help (movie)

paragraphs: The Help is a 2011 American drama movie based on Kathryn Stockett's novel and directed by Tate Taylor. It stars Emma Stone, Viola Davis, Octavia Spencer, Bryce Dallas Howard and Jessica Chastain.

paragraphs: The young Skeeter (Emma Stone) returns to her hometown. She has finished her study at the University of Mississippi and now she wants to be a novelist. She begins to interview African-American women who are housemaids working for white people. She writes a book about the lives of the housemaids. First of all, the housemaids are against an interview. However, after an incident, many housemaids tell about their lives. Each shift begins with a whisper, but the voices get louder and many people have many things to tell.

paragraphs: "The Help" won an Oscar and a Golden Globe for Octavia Spencer in the category best actress in a supporting role. Viola Davis was nominated for an Oscar in the category best actress in a leading role.


title: House of Fieschi

paragraphs: The House of Fieschi were a noble merchant family from Genoa, Italy. The family was very influential in papal politics in medieval Italy. They held the fief of Lavagna under the Holy Roman Emperors. They had a close relationship with the Angevin kings of Sicily. Later they also established links with French kings. The Fieschi family produced two popes and 72 cardinals.


title: Mvezo

paragraphs: Mvezo is a small village in Umtata (now Mthatha). It is by the Mbashe River in the Eastern Cape of South Africa. The village is known as being the birthplace of former South African president Nelson Mandela. Mandela was born in Mvezo on July 18, 1918.


title: Mthatha

paragraphs: Mthatha (formerly Umtata), is the main town in Eastern Cape province of South Africa. The town has an airport, last known by the name K. D. Matanzima Airport. after former leader Kaiser Matanzima.

paragraphs: Former South African president Nelson Mandela was born in Mvezo (a village in Mthatha). On 2 March 2004 Umtata was officially renamed to its current name Mthatha. Walter Sisulu, Bantu Holomisa, Yamkela Mhlana and Buyisiwe Yonela Mhlana , as well as Ndima Mhlana were also born in Mthatha.


title: Invictus (movie)

paragraphs: Invictus is a 2009 biographical sports drama movie. It was directed by Clint Eastwood and stars Morgan Freeman and Matt Damon. Movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3½ stars out of 4.

paragraphs: The movie was about South African president Nelson Mandela during the 1995 Rugby World Cup. It was released on December 11, 2009. Freeman and Damon both received Academy Award nominations for their role in the movie.


title: House of Tusculum

paragraphs: The House of Tusculum were a powerful noble family of Latium, Italy. They were the Counts of Tusculum between the 10th and 12th centuries. Several popes and an antipope during the 11th century came from their family. The counts of Tusculum were influential figures in Roman politics and religion for more than a century.

paragraphs: This list is partially incomplete in the 10th century. The chronology and dates are often uncertain. They were only counts from about 1013. Before this, they were lords.

paragraphs: Those who were also counts are listed in boldface.

paragraphs: Two of the Tusculum clerics are today known as antipopes:


title: Nelson Mandela Park

paragraphs: The Nelson Mandela Park is a public park in Leicester, England. It is located just inside the city centre near Leicester Prison and the Leicester Tigers' Stadium. The park was named in honor of South African president Nelson Mandela.


title: House of Borgia

paragraphs: The Borgia family (also Borja, Borjia or Borges) were a noble family during the Renaissance in Italy. They were from Valencia, the name coming from the family fief of Borja, then in the kingdom of Aragon, in Spain.

paragraphs: The Borgias became influential in religion and politics in the 15th and 16th centuries. Two popes came from this family during this time: Alfons de Borja who ruled as Pope Callixtus III during 1455–1458 and Rodrigo Lanzol Borgia, as Pope Alexander VI, during 1492–1503.

paragraphs: During the reign of Alexander VI, the Borgias were suspected of many crimes, including adultery, simony, theft, rape, bribery, incest, and murder. They became enemies of the Medici, the Sforza, and the Dominican friar Savonarola, among others. Today they are remembered for their corrupt rule. The name has become a synonym for libertinism, nepotism and treachery.


title: Della Rovere

paragraphs: The Della Rovere family (; literally "of the oak tree") was a noble family of Urbino in central Italy. They originally came from Savona, Liguria. The family rose to nobility through nepotism and ambitious marriages. These marriages were arranged by two Della Rovere popes, Francesco della Rovere (Pope Sixtus IV, 1471–1484) and his nephew Giuliano (Pope Julius II, 1503–1513). Pope Sixtus IV is known for having built the Sistine Chapel, which is named for him. The Basilica San Pietro in Vincoli in Rome is the family church of the della Rovere. Vittoria della Rovere was a member of the family and was one of the last Grand Duchesses of Tuscany.


title: House of Orsini

paragraphs: The House of Orsini is an Italian noble family. It was one of the most influential princely families in Italy during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Three popes belonged to the Orsini family: Celestine III (1191–1198, born Gicinto Bobone), Nicholas III (1277–1280, born Giovanni Gaetani Orsini), and Benedict XIII (1724–1730, born Pietro Francesco Orsini). The Orsini family also produced 34 Cardinals of the Roman Church and many other important political and religious people.


title: Conti di Segni

paragraphs: The Conti di Segni ("de Comitibus Signie", also known as "Conti" or "De Comitibus" for short) were an important noble family of medieval and early modern Italy. They came from Segni, Lazio. Many members of the family served as military commanders or religious leaders, including many cardinals and four popes.

paragraphs: The family began with Trasimondo, the father of Lotario Conti, who became Pope Innocent III in 1198. He ruled until 1216. The second Conti pope was Ugolino (1227-1241), as Gregory IX. The third pope to come from the Conti family was Rinaldo, as Alexander IV (r. 1254-1261). Later, in the early modern period, Michelangelo Conti reigned as Pope Innocent XIII from 1721 to 1724.

paragraphs: Torquato Conti (1591–1636) served as a General-Field Marshal of the Holy Roman Empire during the Thirty Years' War. His cruelty earned him the nickname "The Devil".

paragraphs: The family eventually became divided into many branches. The two main branches were the counts of Segni and Valmontone, and the dukes of Poli and Guadagnolo.


title: Snickers

paragraphs: Snickers is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It is nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, coated in milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1930. It has had sales of over $2 Billion around the world.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, Isle of Man, and Ireland, Snickers was sold as Marathon until 1990.


title: Baby Daddy

paragraphs: Baby Daddy is an ABC Family situation comedy. It stars Jean-Luc Bilodeau (as Ben Wheeler), Tahj Mowry (as Tucker Dobbs), Derek Theler (as Danny Wheeler), Chelsea Kane (as Riley Perrin) and Melissa Peterman (as Bonnie Wheeler). The show was green-lighted on February 2, 2012. It began production on March 28, 2012. It began airing on ABC Family on June 20, 2012.

paragraphs: On August 17, 2012, the show was renewed for a second season. It started on May 29, 2013. On March 22, 2013, ABC Family announced that the show will continue on for its third season. "Baby Daddy" was renewed for a fourth season on March 17, 2014. It premiered on October 22, 2014, with the series' first Halloween episode "Strip or Treat".

paragraphs: The show follows Ben Wheeler, a single bartender in his twenties who lives in New York City. A one-night-stand, whom he had forgotten about, leaves her 3-month-old baby on his doorstep. He later finds out that the baby is his daughter, Emma. Ben raises Emma with the help of his brother, Danny, his two close friends, Riley and Tucker, and his mother, Bonnie.


title: Specific phobia

paragraphs: Specific phobias are a generic form of anxiety condition which consists of unreasonable or irrational fears of exposure to specific objects or certain situations. Affected people tend to avoid direct contact with such objects or situations, sometimes even the mentions of them. Exposure may result in panic attacks or severe anxiety. The usual onset age is childhood or adolescence, although the condition can start for young adults. Females are almost twice as likely to suffer from specific phobias as males. Examples for specific phobia include fears of thunderstorms and certain animals, particularly spiders or snakes.


title: Kathleen Wilhoite

paragraphs: Kathleen Wilhoite (born June 29, 1964) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in lots of movies and television programs. She played Liz Danes in the TV drama "Gilmore Girls". She also played Chloe in the medical drama "ER".


title: 3 Musketeers (chocolate bar)

paragraphs: 3 Musketeers is a chocolate bar made by Mars, Incorporated. It has whipped chocolate covered with milk chocolate. It was introduced in 1932. At first, it had chocolate, strawberry, and vanilla. The strawberry and vanilla were removed due to higher costs and World War II. 3 Musketeers is the fifth best selling chocolate bar in the United States.


title: Ryan Seacrest

paragraphs: Ryan John Seacrest (born December 24, 1974) is an American radio personality, television host, and producer. He is best known for being the host of the FOX television show "American Idol". He also hosts the morning radio show "On Air with Ryan Seacrest" on KIIS-FM in Los Angeles, California as well as the syndicated radio show "American Top 40".

paragraphs: Seacrest started hosting "American Idol" in 2002. In the show's first season, he hosted the show with comedian Brian Dunkleman. Dunkleman left the show after the first season, leaving Seacrest as the show's only host. "American Idol" went on to be a very successful show, making Seacrest a well-known television personality. "American Idol" is seen by 26 million people weekly.

paragraphs: On December 31, 2005, Seacrest became the executive producer and co-host of ABC's "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve". In 2009, the show was renamed "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest". He co-hosted the show with Dick Clark until Clark's death in 2012. For the 2013 show, he hosted the show with Jenny McCarthy and Fergie.

paragraphs: He has won Emmy Awards for hosting "American Idol". He also won an Emmy Award for producing the ABC show "Jamie Oliver's Food Revolution".


title: Randal Cremer

paragraphs: Sir William Randal Cremer was an English Member of Parliament. Cremer was born 18 March 1828. He was a pacifist.

paragraphs: Cremer won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1903. It was mostly for his work on the 1897 Anglo-American arbitration treaty. He was knighted in 1907.

paragraphs: Cremer died from pneumonia on 22 July 1908.


title: Institut de Droit International

paragraphs: The Institut de Droit International is an organization that formed on 8 September 1873. It was made to study and develop international law. In 1904 the Institute received the Nobel Peace Prize.

paragraphs: The institute was founded by Gustave Moynier and Gustave Rolin-Jaequemyns. They and nine other lawyers formed the IDI in Belgium.


title: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta

paragraphs: Ernesto Teodoro Moneta was an Italian journalist and soldier. He later became a pacifist and won the 1907 Nobel Peace Prize.

paragraphs: Moneto was born in Milan on September 20, 1833. He died February 10, 1918.


title: Tardive dyskinesia

paragraphs: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a serious neurological illness. It is a type of dyskinesia - a disorder that causes movements that happen over and over again, which a person cannot control. "Tardive" means these movements do not start right away, or they start slowly.

paragraphs: Tardive dyskinesia is usually caused by taking antipsychotic medicines in high doses, or for a long time. This happens more often with older antipsychotic medicines. Usually, tardive dyskinesia happens when these medicines are taken for many months or years. But some people get tardive dyskinesia after taking these medicines for only 6 weeks.

paragraphs: The medicines that are most likely to cause tardive dyskinesia are these older antipsychotic medicines:

paragraphs: Other medicines that are similar to these antipsychotics can also cause tardive dyskinesia. These medicines are used to treat gastrointestinal problems, like nausea, vomiting, and delayed gastric emptying (when the stomach does not empty as quickly as normal). If they are taken for a long time, they can cause tardive dyskinesia:

paragraphs: Newer antipsychotic medicines (also called "atypical antipsychotics") are less likely to cause tardive dyskinesia, but they still can.

paragraphs: Nobody knows why some people get tardive dyskinesia after taking antipsychotic medicines while others do not. But there are certain groups of people who are more likely to get tardive dyskinesia. The longer a person has been on antipsychotic medicines, the more likely they are to get TD.

paragraphs: Most people who get tardive dyskinesia are people who have schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or bipolar disorder, and have been on antipsychotic medicines for a long time. But some other people can get tardive dyskinesia too. Some people have a very high risk of getting tardive dyskinesia. They can get TD even after taking an antipsychotic medicine just once. People that have this very high risk include:

paragraphs: The symptoms of tardive dyskinesia are movements of the face, lips, tongue, torso, arms, and legs. The person with tardive dyskinesia cannot stop or control these movements. For example, people with tardive dyskinesia often cannot stop themselves from:

paragraphs: Often, people with tardive dyskinesia also have akathisia. This is a constant urge to move, or always being restless.

paragraphs: Doctors can try to prevent tardive dyskinesia by:

paragraphs: Diagnosing tardive dyskinesia early is very important. Sometimes, if the drug that is causing TD is stopped early enough, the tardive dyskinesia will go away. This is more likely to happen if the TD is diagnosed soon after its symptoms start.

paragraphs: Sometimes, even if the medication is stopped, the tardive dyskinesia never goes away.

paragraphs: If a person with TD still needs antipsychotic medicines, a medication called clozapine (Clozaril) is the best choice. It is a newer antipsychotic, it often works well for schizophrenia that is hard to treat, and it has less of a risk of causing or worsening TD.

paragraphs: The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any medicines to treat the symptoms of tardive dyskinesia. Some doctors use these medications:

paragraphs: Some small experiments have said that these medicines may be helpful for TD symptoms:


title: Lois Renault

paragraphs: Louis Renault was a French jurist and educator. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1907.

paragraphs: Renault was born at Autun on 21 May 1843. He was a professor at the University of Dijon. He then worked at the University of Paris until his death on 8 February 1918.


title: 1994 South African general election

paragraphs: The South African general election of 1994 was an election held in South Africa. The election was conducted under the direction of the Independent Electoral Commission (IEC). At the end of the general election, President Nelson Mandela became the first President of South Africa.

paragraphs: Millions of people were in lines over a three-day voting period. The total of people who's votes were counted were 19,726,579 and 193,081 were rejected as invalid. As required by the Interim Constitution, the ANC formed a Government of National Unity with the National Party and the Inkatha Freedom Party, the two other parties that won more than twenty seats in the National Assembly.

paragraphs: The date 27 April is now a public holidays in South Africa. It is known as Freedom Day.


title: The Equalizer

paragraphs: The Equalizer is a 2014 American action crime thriller movie. It is set in Boston, Massachusetts. It stars Denzel Washington and Melissa Leo. It is based on the The TV series of the same name. This movie is about retired intelligence officer Robert McCall (Washington). He becomes a vigilante on behalf of helpless people, though he gets heat from the Russian Mafia. The movie was released worldwide on September 26, 2014.


title: Rivonia Trial

paragraphs: The Rivonia Trial was a trial that took place in South Africa between 1963 and 1964. Ten leaders of the African National Congress were tried for 221 acts of sabotage designed to overthrow the apartheid system. This trial was held after the police raid on the MK base in Rivonia, where documents related to the 10 accused men were found. One of the men was the future President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela. After the trial, Mandela was taken to jail in Robben Island.

paragraphs: The chief prosecutor was Dr. Percy Yutar, deputy attorney-general of the Transvaal.

paragraphs: The presiding judge was Dr. Quartus de Wet, judge-president of the Transvaal.

paragraphs: Most of the Rivonia defendants were to be convicted, and in turn sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: María Conchita Alonso

paragraphs: María Conchita Alonso (June 29, 1957) is a Latin American actress who has performed in lots of movies and television programs. She acted in movies including "Vampire's Kiss", "The Running Man" and "Colors". Alonso was born in Cuba, and grew up in Caracas, Venezuela. She is an American citizen.

paragraphs: Alonso is very active politically and is a critic of Cuba's Fidel Castro and late Venezuelan president Hugo Chávez.


title: Monica Potter

paragraphs: Monica Potter (born June 30, 1971) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television programs. She played Alison Gordon in the 2004 movie "Saw", Tricia Poe in the thriller movie "Con Air" and Kristina Braverman in the television show "Parenthood". She also played Lori Colson in "Boston Legal". She was born in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Kate Walsh (actress)

paragraphs: Kate Walsh (born October 13, 1967) is an American actress who acts in both movies and television programs. She played Addison Montgomery in the show "Grey's Anatomy" and in "Private Practice". She played Nicki in "The Drew Carey Show". Walsh was born in San Jose, California.


title: Family Research Council

paragraphs: Family Research Council is an American conservative Christian group that started in 1981 and established in 1983 by James Dobson. In the late 1980s, the Family Research Council became part of Dobson's organization Focus on the Family. Although in 1992 the Family Research Council became a separate group again. They strongly oppose abortion, homosexuality and LGBT rights.


title: Nushki

paragraphs: Nushki is a town and a district in Balochistan, Pakistan. The population of Nushki is around 40000 people. The city is in the northwest of Balochistan near to the Afghanistan border.


title: Darwin–Wedgwood family

paragraphs: The Darwin–Wedgwood family is actually two inter-related English families, descended from the prominent 18th century doctor, Erasmus Darwin, and Josiah Wedgwood, founder of the pottery firm, Josiah Wedgwood and Sons, the most notable member of which was Charles Darwin. There were a number of first and second cousin marriages between the two families: Charles Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood.

paragraphs: The family contained at least ten Fellows of the Royal Society and several artists and poets (including the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams). The Wedgwoods were extremely important in British industry in the west Midlands. As Quakers, they were all anti-slavery, and so were the Darwins. The families were also closely related to the banking family of Francis Galton. Galton was one of Charles Darwin's cousins.


title: Flood control

paragraphs: Flood control is a term to refer to measures that protect settlements, people and property against flooding. Such measures include building dams, levees and weirs. People also move away from floodplains where flooding is frequent.

paragraphs: Although it may be impossible to prevent flooding, there are a number of methods you can carry out to stop the water coming into your home or working environment. Simply follow these steps:


title: Octavia Spencer

paragraphs: Octavia Leonare Spencer (born May 25, 1970) is an American actress. She has won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe.

paragraphs: Octavia Spencer was born in Montgomery, Alabama. She has six brothers and sisters. 1988, she went to the Jefferson Davis High School and in this school she did her high school graduation.


title: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee

paragraphs: The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) sets a "unique" and "meaningful" name for every known human gene. It asks experts their opinions. The HGNC gives a long name, and an abbreviation (referred to as a "symbol") to every gene. The HGNC is part of the Human Genome Organisation (HUGO).

paragraphs: Traditional gene names and abbreviations are often not specific for a single gene. Example: CAP (which means just "chromosome-associated protein") can refer to any of six different genes: (BRD4, CAP1, LNPEP, PTPLA, SERPINB6, and SORBS1).

paragraphs: Unlike traditional names like CAP, the HGNC short gene names, or gene symbols, are given to one gene only. This reduces confusion as to which gene is referred to.

paragraphs: The HGNC approach to naming genes and assigning "symbols" (gene name abbreviations)is:

paragraphs: The full description of HGNC's nomenclature guidelines can be found on their web site . HGNC advocates the appendices "_v1, _v2.." to distinguish between different splice variants and "_pr1, _pr2.." for promoter variants of a single gene.

paragraphs: HGNC also states that "gene nomenclature should "evolve with new technology" rather than be restrictive as sometimes occurs when historical and single gene nomenclature systems are applied".

paragraphs: The HGNC contacts authors who have published on the human gene in question by e-mail. They are asked their opinion on the proposed nomenclature. HGNC also works with other database curators, and experts for specific gene families or sets of genes.

paragraphs: Changing a standardised gene name after it has got established may cause confusion. The merit of such changes are therefore controversial. For this reason the HGNC changes a gene name only if agreement for that change can be got from most researchers working on that gene.


title: Weir

paragraphs: A weir is a barrier built across a river which changes the flow of the river. Depending on the design, some pose problems for fish, as the fish cannot get across the weir.


title: Promoter (genetics)

paragraphs: In genetics, a promoter is a section of DNA which starts the transcription of a gene.

paragraphs: Promoters are near the genes they transcribe. They are on the same strand of DNA and are 'upstream'.

paragraphs: Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.

paragraphs: For the transcription to take place, the enzyme that makes RNA, known as RNA polymerase, must attach to the DNA near a gene.

paragraphs: Promoters contain specific DNA sequences which give the RNA polymerase a place to bind. Other proteins also help this to happen. Some can also stop it from happening. The whole thing is called "the regulation of gene expression".

paragraphs: Promoters are important parts of the DNA. They work with other regulatory regions. Together, they adjust the level of transcription of a gene. So, genes get switched on when they are needed, and switched off when they are not. When they are on, they get adjusted up or down as needed.


title: Lizzy Caplan

paragraphs: Elizabeth Anne "Lizzy" Caplan (born 30 June 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has played many roles. She played Janis Ian in "Mean Girls", Marlena Diamond in "Cloverfield" and Gena in "Bachelorette". She also played Amy Burley in the show "True Blood". Since 2013 she has played Virginia E. Johnson in "Masters of Sex".

paragraphs: She was born in Los Angeles to a Jewish family.


title: Tax evasion

paragraphs: Tax evasion is the evasion of taxes by trusts, by persons or business. The term "tax evasion" usually refers to when taxpayers deliberately misrepresent the actual state of their affairs to tax authorities to reduce their tax liability.This includes dishonest tax reporting, such as declaring less income or profit than the amounts which were actually earned. Tax evasion is an activity connected with the informal economy.


title: Paintball

paragraphs: Paintball is a sport in which players try to eliminate opponents by shooting each other with balls of coloured dye. The players can compete either in teams or individually. The balls of dye (called "paintballs") are shot through a device called a paintball marker (or paintball gun). When the paintballs hit, they release the dye. When they hit a player, the dye marks that player as eliminated. The game is often played as an organised competitive sport, involving leagues, tournaments, and professional teams.

paragraphs: Paintball can be played indoors or outdoors, on fields specifically made for the game. The field is scattered with natural or artificial obstacles and terrain, which players use to hide behind. The objective can vary according to the type of game being played. Players may have to capture a flag held by the opposing team, defend or capture a particular point on the field, or simply eliminate all other players on the field until they are the only player or team remaining. Depending on the variant played, games can last from seconds to hours.

paragraphs: In many countries, paintball is regulated by specific laws. Players are usually required to wear protective gear (such as masks), and game rules are strictly enforced. Paintball is also used by military forces and law enforcement for training recruits.

paragraphs: The playing field is scattered with several obstacles. These are used to block the view of opponents and prevent them from firing accurately. They may be a shelter, fallen tree, barrels, or a cylindrical tube. In most modern speedball tournaments, inflatable vinyl objects of different shapes and sizes are used.


title: Sham marriage

paragraphs: A sham marriage is when people get married just for the sake of convenience or to deceive the public or society. Entering such marriages is a violation of the law in some countries. Usual reasons for sham marriages are to gain immigration rights for one of the spouses or to create defense against the suspicion of homosexuality.


title: Lavender marriage

paragraphs: The term lavender marriage relates to man-woman marriage which is for purposes of hiding homosexuality. This is called a "beard" in slang terminology. The term "lavender marriage" was started in the 1920s. Such marriages are called marriages of convenience. They are done to protect public reputations and preserve careers of some people.


title: Mail-order bride

paragraphs: Mail-order brides are women who list themselves in catalogs and are picked by males for marriage. The term "mail-order bride" dates back to the 19th century. These brides often come from one country and immigrate to another for marriage reasons.


title: Paula Prentiss

paragraphs: Paula Prentiss (born March 4, 1938) is an American movie and television series actress. She first became famous in the 1960s. She played Bobbie Markowe in the 1975 movie version of "The Stepford Wives". She played a maternity nurse in the 1996 movie "Mrs. Winterbourne".

paragraphs: Prentiss was born in San Antonio, Texas.


title: Alice Faye

paragraphs: Alice Faye (born 5 May 1915 – died 9 May 1998) was an American singer and actress. She was first in movies made by the 20th Century Fox, and then in other movies. She sang the Academy Award winning "You'll Never Know", a 1943 song. She also acted in the movie "Poor Little Rich Girl" in 1936 with Shirley Temple.

paragraphs: Faye was born in New York City. She died from stomach cancer at age eighty-three.


title: Cassette player

paragraphs: A cassette player (or cassette deck) is a machine can play audio cassettes.

paragraphs: Some cassette players also can record music or other sounds to cassette tapes. If a microphone is built in, there is no need for a separate microphone but in that case the quality of sound may not be so good. Most cassette decks were made in the late 20th century.


title: Lucrezia Borgia

paragraphs: Lucrezia Borgia (18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was the daughter of Pope Alexander VI, and his long-term mistress Vannozza dei Cattanei. Her brothers included Cesare Borgia, Giovanni Borgia, and Gioffre Borgia.

paragraphs: Lucrezia's family was typical of the ruthless Machiavellian politics and sexual corruption of the times. It was alleged to be characteristic of the Renaissance Papacy. Lucrezia was cast as a "femme fatale", a role seen in many artworks, novels, and films.

paragraphs: Very little is known for sure about Lucrezia. Whether she was involved in the political activities of her father and brothers is unclear. They certainly arranged several marriages for her to important and powerful men. Presumably, this helped their own political ambitions. Lucrezia was married to Giovanni Sforza (Lord of Pesaro), Alfonso of Aragon (Duke of Bisceglie), and Alfonso I d'Este (Duke of Ferrara). Tradition has it that Alfonso of Aragon was an illegitimate son of the King of Naples and that her brother Cesare may have had him murdered when his political value faded.

paragraphs: Lucrezia is described as having heavy blonde hair which fell past her knees, a beautiful complexion, hazel eyes which changed colour, a full, high bosom, and a natural grace which made her appear to "walk on air". These features were highly appreciated in Italy during that period. Another description said that "her mouth is rather large, the teeth brilliantly white, her neck is slender and fair, and the bust is admirably proportioned".

paragraphs: One painting, "Portrait of a Youth" by Dosso Dossi at the National Gallery of Victoria, was identified as a portrait of Lucrezia in November 2008. This painting may be the only surviving formal portrait of Lucrezia Borgia; however, doubts have been cast on that claim. Several other paintings, such as Veneto's fanciful portrait, have also been said to depict her but none has been accepted by scholars at present.

paragraphs: Several rumours have persisted throughout the years, especially about the extravagant parties thrown by the Borgia family. There were allegations of incest, poisoning, and murder on her part, but no historical basis for these rumours has ever been found. Most of the allegations were made by the rivals of the Borgias.


title: Helen Menken

paragraphs: Helen Menken (December 12, 1901 – March 27, 1966) was an American actress. She did some movies but was known mostly for stage plays. She began acting on Broadway around 1917. She was very active from the 1920s to the early 1940s. Her greatest stage successes were "Seventh Heaven" (1922-24), "The Old Maid" and "Mary of Scotland".

paragraphs: Menken was born in New York City. She died there when she suffered a heart attack at age sixty-four.


title: Judith Anderson

paragraphs: Dame Judith Anderson (10 February 1897 – 3 January 1992) was an Australian actress. She lived in the United States and performed on stage, television and movies. She received two Emmy Awards and a Tony Award for her acting. Her Hollywood movies included the Academy Award-nominated movie "Rebecca", "Laura" in 1944 and "The Diary of a Chambermaid" in 1946. Anderson was born in Adelaide, South Australia, although she later relocated to Santa Barbara, California. Anderson died of pneumonia at 94.


title: 2NE1

paragraphs: 2NE1 () was a K-pop of girl group from South Korea. They were formed in 2009 and split in 2016. They are best known for their nine number one hit songs on the Gaon Digital Chart. These included "Try to Follow Me", "Go Away", "Lonely", "I Am the Best", "Ugly", "I Love You", "Falling in Love", "Missing You", and "Come Back Home". Before their split, 2NE1 was one of the most successful girl groups in South Korea.

paragraphs: 2NE1's first single was "Lollipop" and came out in March 2009.

paragraphs: Their second single "I Don't Care" was released on 1 July 2009."I Don't Care" received great success, topping various Korean music shows and was also the most downloaded song of the year 2009. By the end of 2011 the song has sold 4,503.928 digital copies, becoming one of the most successful singles of all-time in Korea .

paragraphs: During 2011 and 2012, 2NE1 was active in Japan, and made some Japanese versions of their songs.

paragraphs: After their album, Crush in 2014, the group mysteriously became inactive for 2 years. Minzy left in March 2016, while the rest of the group broke up in November 2016.


title: Martha Raye

paragraphs: Martha Raye (August 27, 1916 – October 19, 1994) was an American comedian, singer and actress. She began acting in movies and then acted in television series. She had her own show, "The Martha Raye Show" during the mid 1950s. She also appeared as Carrie on CBS' sitcom "Alice".

paragraphs: Raye was born in Montana. She died from pneumonia at age 78 in Los Angeles.


title: Ida Lupino

paragraphs: Ida Lupino (February 4, 1918 – August 3, 1995) was an English-American author, director and actress. She appeared in almost sixty movies and directed seven others. She was also in television series, including "The Donna Reed Show" and "Gilligan's Island". She retired from acting at sixty. Ida died in Los Angeles when she suffered a stroke at age seventy-seven.


title: Elisabeth Moss

paragraphs: Elisabeth Moss (born 24 July 1982) is an American actress. She works in both movies and television. She played Zoey Bartlet in "The West Wing" and Peggy Olson in the series "Mad Men". Moss was born in Los Angeles.


title: Ruby Dee

paragraphs: Ruby Dee (née Wallace; October 27, 1922 – June 11, 2014) was an American actress, screenwriter and playwright. She acted in many television series and movies. She won many awards, including Grammy Awards and Emmy Awards. She starred in "Do the Right Thing", "Jungle Fever" and in "American Gangster". She also did many stage plays. She was married to activist and actor Ossie Davis.

paragraphs: Dee died on June 11, 2014, at her home in New Rochelle, New York, from natural causes at the age of 91.


title: Joan Leslie

paragraphs: Joan Leslie (January 26, 1925 – October 12, 2015) was an American actress. She acted in television and movies until 1991. Her first movie was "Camille" in 1936. Her other movies included "Nine Lives are Not Enough" and "Two Guys from Milwaukee". She retired from acting around 1991. She was born in Detroit, Michigan.

paragraphs: Leslie died at the age of 90 in Los Angeles, California on October 12, 2015.


title: Scripture

paragraphs: Scripture means "writing" in Latin. The word is mostly used to refer to the Bible or books that are considered sacred, like the Qur'an or Hindu scripture.


title: Marian Seldes

paragraphs: Marian Hall Seldes (August 23, 1928 – October 6, 2014) was an American actress. She was known for her roles in "Tom and Huck", "Home Alone 3", "The Haunting", "If These Walls Could Talk 2", and in "Mona Lisa Smile". She won a Tony Award in 1967.

paragraphs: Seldes was born on August 23, 1928 in New York City, New York. She is of Russian-Jewish descent. Seldes studied at the Neighborhood Playhouse.

paragraphs: Seldes was married to Julian Claman from 1953 until they divorced in 1961. Her marriage to Julian was abusive. Seldes left the marriage after her father noticed marks on Seldes's face. Then she was married to Garson Kanin from 1990 until his death in 1999. She had one daughter with Julian, Katherine.

paragraphs: Seldes died from dementia-related problems at her apartment in New York City, New York, aged 86.


title: Lindsey Graham

paragraphs: Lindsey Olin Graham (born July 9, 1955) is an American politician who serves as the senior United States Senator from South Carolina, serving in office since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party. He ran for President in 2016.

paragraphs: Graham was born on July 9, 1955 in Central, South Carolina. his parents were Millie and Florence James "F.J." Graham. He studied at the University of South Carolina.

paragraphs: In 2002, Graham ran for the U.S. Senate after eight-term Republican incumbent Strom Thurmond announced his retirement. Graham won the primary unopposed and defeated Democratic opponent Alex Sanders in the general election.

paragraphs: Graham was re-elected to a second term in 2008, defeating Bob Conley. He won a third term in 2014, defeating Democrat Brad Hutto and Independent Thomas Ravenel.

paragraphs: Graham is known in the Senate for his support for a strong national defense, his support of the military, and as an advocate of strong United States leadership in world affairs. He is also known for his willingness to be bipartisan and work with Democrats on issues like global warming, tax reform and immigration reform and his belief that judicial nominees should not be opposed solely on their philosophical positions. He is also a critic of the Tea Party movement.

paragraphs: During his political career, Graham never lost an election.

paragraphs: On May 18, 2015, Graham informally announced his candidacy for President of the United States; he made a formal announcement on June 1 in his hometown of Central, South Carolina. After low polling numbers, Graham withdrew from the race on December 21, 2015. He later announced his support for Jeb Bush for president.

paragraphs: Graham has never been married and has no children. He was close friends with the late Arizona senator John McCain.


title: Wagamama

paragraphs: Wagamama is an international restaurant chain serving East Asian food. The name means 'selfish' in Japanese. It was founded in 1992 by Alan Yau in Bloomsbury, central London. As of 2013 there are 133 restaurants worldwide, mostly in Europe.


title: Despicable Me

paragraphs: Despicable Me is a 2010 American family/animated/comedy/crime movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It stars Steve Carell, Will Arnett, Kristen Wiig, Russell Brand, Jason Segel, Julie Andrews, Ken Jeong, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 9, 2010. The movie received positive reviews. A sequel "Despicable Me 2" was released on July 3, 2013, while a another sequel "Despicable Me 3" was released on June 30, 2017. There is also a a spinoff movie all about the comic relief characters in the series.


title: Despicable Me 2

paragraphs: Despicable Me 2 is a 2013 American computer-animated action/comedy movie directed by Pierre Coffin. It is a sequel to the 2010 animated movie "Despicable Me". It stars Steve Carell, Russell Brand, Kristen Wiig, Benjamin Bratt, Ken Jeong, Steve Coogan, and Miranda Cosgrove. It was released on July 3, 2013. It received good reviews from critics. A spinoff/prequel movie, "Minions", focusing on the little yellow henchmen before they met Gru, was released on July 10, 2015. A sequel, "Despicable Me 3", was released on June 30, 2017.


title: Jean Marsh

paragraphs: Jean Marsh (b. London, 1 July 1934) is an English actress and screenwriter who appeared mostly on television.

paragraphs: Marsh co-created and starred in the television series "Upstairs, Downstairs" and created "The House of Elliot". She also starred in "Doctor Who", and appeared in many other series, and in films. She got an Emmy Award for the Outstanding Lead Actress for the role of the parlourmaid Rose Buck in "Upstairs, Downstairs".


title: Olivia Munn

paragraphs: Lisa Olivia Munn (born July 3, 1980) is an American comedian and actress. She acts in both movies and television programs. She was in the 2010 action movie "Iron Man 2". She also models with Nike and Pepsi. Olivia Munn was born in Oklahoma City.


title: Julianne Nicholson

paragraphs: Julianne Nicholson (born July 1, 1971) is an American actress. She works mostly on television programs. She played the Detective Megan Wheeler in "Law & Order: Criminal Intent". She played Esther Randolph in "Boardwalk Empire". She was born in Medford, Massachusetts.


title: Piers Morgan Live

paragraphs: Piers Morgan Live (previously known as Piers Morgan Tonight) is a television talk show on CNN. It is hosted by Piers Morgan. It started on January 17, 2011. It took over the timeslot that "Larry King Live" was in before Larry King retired. On the show, Morgan interviews guests such as politicians, celebrities, and members of the public. His first guest was Oprah Winfrey. The show was cancelled on February 23, 2014 and the final episode was aired on March 28, 2014.


title: Hilarie Burton

paragraphs: Hilarie Burton (born 1 July 1982) is an American actress. She works mostly on television. She played Lauren in "Grey's Anatomy". She played Sara Ellis in the television show "White Collar". She has also been in movies. Burton was born in Sterling, Virginia.


title: Evelyn King

paragraphs: Evelyn King (born July 1, 1960) is an American singer. She mostly performs disco and rhythm and blues. She had the hit singles "Love Come Down" and "Shame". King was born in the Bronx, New York. She was raised in Philadelphia.


title: The View

paragraphs: The View is an American television talk show that airs on ABC. It started in 1997. It features a panel of women who talk about current issues and news items such as tabloid headlines and celebrity news. As of 2017, the panel included moderator Whoopi Goldberg, Joy Behar, Paula Faris, Sara Haines, Jedediah Bila, and Sunny Hostin.


title: Restorationism

paragraphs: Restorationism, also called Christian primitivism is a movement that tries to restore to model itself after what is known or believed of the Early Church. Over the course of time, different groups have used the term, with different meanings:


title: Apocatastasis

paragraphs: Apocatastasis, which can be translated as "universal restoration" is a concept that can be found in Ancient Greece. The theological idea was that people did not fully agree with their creator, and moved away; this is called Apostasy. At the end of time, everything would be re-united with its creator, according to the idea. Different people have seen the process differently: Some say, that everything, even those that have "fallen", will be reunited; these people speak about "apokatastasis panton" or "restitutio omnium (quae locutus est)".

paragraphs: Ancient Greek philosophy used the term, before it was used by Christian scholars. That way, the Pythagoreans, Heraclitus, and the Stoics used the term. Neoplatonism, as well as Friedrich Nietzsche also used the term in this meaning. Most of these philiosophers believed, that this "restoration" was periodic, and not an event that occurred only once.

paragraphs: Clement of Alexandria, Origen and Gregory of Nyssa where the first Christian scholars who used the term: For them, this "restoration" would occur only once, and was not periodic.


title: Parasitoid wasp

paragraphs: By far the greater number of wasps (over 500,000 species in the superfamily Chalcidoidea alone) are a special type of parasite. They are parasitoids which lay their eggs in or on the bodies of other insect species (usually the larvae such as caterpillars).

paragraphs: Different species specialise in hosts from different insect orders, most often Lepidoptera, though some select beetles, flies, or bugs; the spider wasps (Pompilidae) exclusively attack spiders.

paragraphs: Almost every insect pest species has at least one wasp species that preys upon it or parasitizes it. This makes wasps critically important in the natural control of pest numbers (biocontrol). Parasitic wasps are increasingly used in agricultural pest control as they themselves do little or no damage to crops. Farmers buy these parasitic wasps for insect control in their fields.

paragraphs: With most species, the adult parasitic wasps themselves do not get any nutrients from their prey. Much like bees, butterflies, and moths, those which do feed as adults usually get all of their nutrition from nectar.

paragraphs: Parasitic wasps are extremely varied in their habits. Many lay their eggs in inert stages of their host (egg or pupa). If the prey is a caterpillar, they paralyze it by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. Then they insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the host externally. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae are mature, dying later when the parasitoids pupate, or when they emerge as adults. Basically, the hosts are eaten alive.

paragraphs: The Ichneumonoidea is a superfamily of wasp parasitoids. It has two main families:

paragraphs: Polydnaviruses are a unique group of insect viruses that have a mutualistic relationship with parasitic wasps.

paragraphs: The virus protects the parasitic larva inside the host by weakening the host’s immune system. It also alters the cells of the host in ways which help the parasite. The polydnavirus, like all viruses, need a host to replicate itself. This it does in the oviducts of the female wasp.

paragraphs: The relationship between these viruses and the wasp is obligatory: all individuals are ‘infected’ with the viruses; the virus has been added to the wasp’s genome.

paragraphs: The two main genera of polydnaviruses are the Ichnoviruses (IV) and the Bracoviruses (BV). The ichnoviruses occur in ichneumonid wasp species and bracoviruses in braconid wasps.

paragraphs: The victims of parasitoids do have defences they can use. Many try to hide from the wasps. The egg shells and cuticles of the prey are thickened to prevent the wasp from penetrating them. When the wasp arrives, prey may drop off the plant they are on, or twist and thrash to dislodge the female. Some regurgitate onto the wasp to tangle it up. The wriggling can sometimes help by causing the wasp to miss laying the egg on the host and instead place it nearby. Wriggling of pupae can cause the wasp to lose its grip on the smooth hard pupa or get trapped in the silk strands. Some caterpillars bite wasps that approach it. Some secrete poisonous compounds that kill or drive away the parasitoid. Ants that are in a symbiotic relationship with caterpillars, aphids or scale insects defend them from attack by wasps.

paragraphs: Even parasitoid wasps are vulnerable to hyperparasitoid wasps. Some parasitoid wasps change the behaviour of the infected host to build a silk web around the pupa of the wasps after they emerge from its body to protect them from hyperparasitoids.

paragraphs: In endoparasitoids, host immune cells can encapsulate the eggs and larvae of parasitoid wasps. In aphids, a secondary endosymbiont, "Buchnera aphidicola" carries a latent phage. This phage makes the aphid relatively immune to their parasitoid wasps by killing many of the eggs. However, wasps counter this by laying more eggs in aphids that have the endosymbiont so that at least one of them can hatch and parasitize the aphid.

paragraphs: Certain caterpillars eat plants that are toxic to both themselves and the parasite to cure themselves. "Drosophila melanogaster" larvae also "self-medicate" with ethanol to treat parasitism. "D. melanogaster" females lay their eggs in food containing toxic amounts of alcohol if they detect parasitoid wasps nearby. Despite the alcohol slowing the growth of the flies, it protects them from the wasps.

paragraphs: Parasitoidism evolved only once in the Hymenoptera, during the Permian. It lead to a single clade, the Apocrita. Almost all parasitoid wasps are descended from this clade.

paragraphs: The parasitic lifestyle has been lost several times, including among the ants, bees, and yellowjacket wasps. As a result, the order Hymenoptera has many families of parasitoids intermixed with non-parasitoid groups. The Hymenoptera, Apocrita, and Aculeata are all clades, and each has both parasitic and non-parasitic species. The parasitoid wasps do not form a clade on their own.

paragraphs: The parasitoid wasps include some very large groups. Some estimates suggest the Chalcidoidea has 500,000 species, the Ichneumonidae 100,000 species, and the Braconidae up to 50,000 species.

paragraphs: Host insects have evolved a range of defences against parasitoid wasps, including hiding, wriggling, and camouflage markings.

paragraphs: A big increase of species in the Hymenoptera occurred soon after the evolution of parasitoidy in the order. The parasitoidy may have been a main cause of it. The evolution of a 'wasp waist' (a constriction in the abdomen) helped the Apocrita because it increased manoeuverability of the ovipositor (the organ used to lay eggs).


title: Before Midnight

paragraphs: Before Midnight is a 2013 American romantic drama movie. Ethan Hawke stars as Jesse Wallace and Julie Delpy as Celine. This movie is set in Greece. "Before Midnight" has gotten strong praise from the movie critics. It was released during May and June of 2013 in the United States.

paragraphs: It was preceded by "Before Sunrise" and "Before Sunset".


title: Deborah Kara Unger

paragraphs: Deborah Kara Unger (born May 12) is a Canadian actress who has been mostly in independent movies. She acted as Catherine Ballard in the 1996 movie "Crash" and as Carol Lynn Johnson for the 2007 movie "88 Minutes". She was born in Vancouver, British Columbia. Some sources cite 1964 for her birth year, although other sources mention 1966.


title: Innocent Blood

paragraphs: Innocent Blood is a horror-crime movie released in autumn 1992. Its cast members are Angela Bassett as Attorney Sinclair, Linnea Quigley as Nurse and Robert Loggia as Salvatore Macelli. The movie is set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is about vampires and Mafia activities. This movie was released in September 1992. It got mixed reviews, though it took in almost $5 million in the box office.


title: Summer of Sam

paragraphs: Summer of Sam is a 1999 crime drama movie. It was directed by Spike Lee, who also co-wrote and co-produced it. The movie is about a series of murders done by David Berkowitz (nicknamed the Son of Sam) during the summer of 1977 in New York City. John Leguizamo, Mira Sorvino, Adrien Brody and Jennifer Esposito play fictional characters. The MPAA threatened "Summer of Sam" with an NC-17 due to a sex scene, which was then cut out. The movie was released in July 1999.


title: 84th Academy Awards

paragraphs: The 84th Academy Awards was on February 26, 2012. It was held in the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood. Billy Crystal was the morderator at this ceremony.

paragraphs: The Artist won five Oscars: Best Picture, Best Actor for Jean Dujardin and Best Director for Michael Hazanavicius. Other Winners were Hugo with five Oscars, The Iron Lady with two Oscars and Beginners, The Descendants, The Fantastic Flying Books of Mr. Morris Lessmore, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Help, Midnight in Paris, The Muppets, Rango, Saving Face, A Separation, The Shore and Undefeated with one.


title: Anthony LaPaglia

paragraphs: Anthony LaPaglia (born 31 January 1959) is an Australian movie and television actor. He has received Golden Globe Awards and Emmy Awards for acting. He acted as "Jack Malone" in the series "Without a Trace" and as "Detective Lou" in the movie "Summer of Sam".

paragraphs: He was born in Adelaide, although he later moved to the United States. His first part in a movie was "Cold Steel" in 1987. LaPaglia appeared on Broadway in 1997, in a production of "A View From the Bridge". He received a Tony Award his role as the play's main character.


title: Christina Hendricks

paragraphs: Christina Hendricks (born 3 May 1975) is an American actress. She acts in both television series and movies. She plays Joan Harris in the AMC series "Mad Men". She played Saffron in the series "Firefly". She played Kelly Kramer in the series "Beggars and Choosers". Christina was born in Knoxville, Tennessee. She has lived in Idaho.


title: Immortal Beloved

paragraphs: Immortal Beloved is a 1994 drama movie in which Gary Oldman and Isabella Rossellini star. The movie is about Ludwig van Beethoven. This movie was released in December 1994 in United States theaters. It received mixed reviews. It debuted strongly at the box office.


title: José Martínez Morote

paragraphs: José Martínez Morote (born February 5, 1984 in Albacete) is a Paralympic track and field athlete from Spain. He has an intellectual disability. He helps track and field athletes where he lives. He first played football, and then started track and field when he was 16 years old. He has competed at the 2007 World Games, the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand and the 2012 Summer Paralympics. Martínez had two scholarships to allow him to be a track and field athlete.

paragraphs: Martínez was born February 5, 1984 in Albacete, Spain, and has an intellectual disability. He lives in the city where he was born. He went to school in Cruz de Mayo. He helps track and field athletes where he lives.

paragraphs: In 2008, Martínez got an award from the Culture and Sport at the yearly award ceremony for the Federation of Employers of Albacete (FEDA).

paragraphs: Morote started doing track and field when he was 16 years old. Before track and field, he played football but began track and field because a teacher said his running speed would be better in track and field. He competed in races in Tunisia, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, France, Prague, Brazil and China. His coaches are Camilo and Maxi. He is a member of Club Paralímpico de la Región athletic club in Castilla-La Mancha. He has been given money from the 'Castilla-La Mancha Olímpica' program, which gets money from the Foundation for Culture and Sports of Castilla-La Mancha. He competed in his first Spanish national championships when he was 19 years old. He finished first in the 5,000 and 10,000 meter races.

paragraphs: In 2005, Martínez got money from Foundation for Culture and Sports of Castilla-La Mancha to do track and field. He competed at the 2006 Spanish national championships and came first in the 400 and 800 meters. He competed in the 2007 World Games, where he finished second in the 800 meters and third in 1,500 meters.

paragraphs: In 2008, Martínez competed in the Spanish National Athletics Championship where he finished first in the 800 and 1500 meters. That winter, he finished first at the Spanish national winter cross country championships. The following year at the Spanish National Athletics Championship, he competed in the 400, 800, 1,500, long jump and 4x100 meter events, where and came first in the 800 and 1500 meters. . He competed at the 2008 World Intellectual Disability Indoor Athletics Championships in Tallinn, Estonia in where he finished second in the 400 meter event and third in the 4x400 meter event. Competing at the 2008 European Championships, he finished first in the 400 meters. Competing in the 2009 Subida al Castillo de Chiva, he came in first in the one mile Paralympic class with a time of 4:45. He competed in the 2009 World Games in the Czech Republic. He competed in the 2009 Spanish national cross country championships, where he finished first. The next year, he finished third.

paragraphs: Martínez competed at the 2010 World Indoor Championships for people with intellectual disabilities. He competed in the 2011 Subida al Castillo de Chiva one mile race in the Paralympic class.

paragraphs: Martínez competed at the 2011 IPC World Athletics Championships in Christchurch, New Zealand and he finished fourth in the T20 1,500 meter race. He competed at the 2011 World Games, and finished second in 4x100 and competed in the 1,500 meters, and finished first in the 4x400 relay team race.

paragraphs: Martínez competed in 2012 INAS European Athletics Championship. In 2012, he had a scholarship from the Spanish-based Fundación Cultura y Deportes and the Spanish business Lafarge. In 2012, he competed in the World Intellectual Disability Indoor Athletics Championships and finished third in the in the 4 x 400 meter race. He finished sixth in the 1,500 meters.

paragraphs: Martínez competed in the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, England. He finished 8th in the T20 1,500 meter race.


title: Diophantine equation

paragraphs: A Diophantine equation is an equation that only takes integer coefficients, and that can be written as formula_1, where "f" is a polynomial. Diophantine analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, concerned with such equations. Typical questions include:

paragraphs: Very often such problems were unresolved for centuries. With time, mathematicians came to understand their depth (in some cases), rather than treat them as puzzles. The equation is named after Diophantus of Alexandria, a mathematician, who described them first. The restriction on integer coefficients makes sense, when one is concerned about finding Divisors, or in the case of modular arithmetic. In everyday life, many equations solve problems where only whole numbers make sense: A product is composed of many parts, but only whole pieces can be produced.

paragraphs: Some diophantine equations are very famous. These include the Pythagorean triple, Fermat's Last Theorem and Pell's equation. Hilbert's tenth problem was to find an algorithm to decide, whether a given Diophantine equation has an integer solution.


title: Eva Ngui Nchama

paragraphs: Eva Ngui Nchama (born on June 9, 1985 in Malabo, Equatorial Guinea) is a athlete from Spain. She has a disability: she cannot see and is a T12/B2 type athlete. She competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece in the women's 100 metres - T12 event. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China and finished third in the women's 100 metres - T12 event and thir in the women's 200 metres - T12 event. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and was the 14th runner to finish.

paragraphs: In 2012, she had a €18,000 athlete scholarship with a €3,000 reserve and a €2,500 coaching scholarship.


title: José María Pámpano Cillero

paragraphs: José María Pámpano Cillero (born December 10, 1978 in Badajoz) is a T36 athlete from Spain.

paragraphs: Pámpano competed in the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens and finished second in the 4x400m relay and finished second in the T36 1500 meter race. He competed in the 2008 Summer Paralympics in the 800 meter race but was not one of the first three racers to finish. He competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and finished sixth in the 800 meter race.


title: Bloody Sunday (1905)

paragraphs: Bloody Sunday took place in Russia in 1905. More than 3,000 people marched towards the Winter Palace to Tsar Nicholas II to show him a petition for reform. But he was not at home that day. When he heard about the petition, he became worried (his family had a history of being assassinated) and so the army shot their rifles into the crowd, leaving more than 100 dead and 300 wounded. This event caused the Russian Revolution.

paragraphs: Later Dmitri Shostakovich composed his 11th Symphony based on this event.


title: Warren Oates

paragraphs: Warren Mercer Oates (July 5, 1928 – April 3, 1982) was an American television program and movie actor. He acted mostly in movies. He was known for playing Lyle in the famous 1969 movie "The Wild Bunch", and John Dillinger in the movie "Dillinger". He was born in Kentucky, and later relocated to Los Angeles for acting reasons.

paragraphs: Oates died of a heart attack at age fifty-three. His final movie, "Blue Thunder", was shot in 1980 but not released until 1983, one year after his death.


title: Kamba people

paragraphs: The Kamba (Akamba in the plural) are a Bantu ethnic group.

paragraphs: They live in the semi-arid Eastern Province of Kenya, from Nairobi east to Tsavo and north up to Embu, Kenya. This land is called "Ukambani". They are one of the largest ethnic group in Kenya. They speak the Bantu Kikamba language as a mother tongue.

paragraphs: The Kamba mostly live in the Machakos District of Kenya. The total population of the Kamba is about 4 million. The Kamba are also called Kikamba, Kekamba, Masaku, Ukamba, Kitui and Mumoni.


title: Abdülaziz

paragraphs: Abdülaziz (Ottoman Turkish: عبد العزيز) ( February 1830 – 4 June 1876) was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and was 111st Caliph of Islam. He ascended the throne when he was 31 years old, reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876. He was the son of Sultan Mahmud II and became sultan after the death of his brother Abdülmecid I.

paragraphs: Abdülaziz was fond of wrestling, hunting and arm wrestling. He most worked about modernization of Ottoman Navy while his all period of sultanate. So credits which took from European countries spended for this aim. The latest model cannons and rifles provided in Abdülaziz reign for Ottoman Army that growing consistently.

paragraphs: Sultan Abdülaziz frequently organized trips to inland and out of country. He was first Sultan who visited Egypt after Yavuz Sultan Selim that conqueared Egypt.

paragraphs: As well as principalities Abdülaziz was first Sultan that visits Europe often. And often conctacted with other countries leaders.

paragraphs: In peroid of Abülaziz Ottomans pay atteintion to get along with West. Ottoman's westernization politics that come from Edict Of Gülhane continued.

paragraphs: New provinces announced country-wide and Istanbul University edited with copying France Education System. Sirkeci Station's foundation started Abdülaziz era.

paragraphs: This is the Abülaziz's a few innovation during the his 15 years reign.

paragraphs: In 1864 the westernizing Ottoman sultan Abdülaziz imported 90 mares and two stallions from Count Branicki"s studs in Bialocerkiew/Poland.

paragraphs: Only male descendants of Abdulaziz are considered representatives of the former Ottoman throne.


title: Cammie King

paragraphs: Eleanore Cammack "Cammie" King (5 August 1934 – 1 September 2010) was an American actress. Her acting career was short, but with notable movies. She played Bonnie Blue Butler in "Gone with the Wind" in 1939. She provided the voice for the fawn Faline in the Disney movie "Bambi" in 1942.

paragraphs: King was born in Los Angeles. She died from lung cancer at age 76.