title: The Grand Tour (TV series)

paragraphs: The Grand Tour is a British motor television series for Amazon Video. It is presented by Jeremy Clarkson, Richard Hammond and James May. It is produced by Andy Wilman. They agreed to make it after leaving the BBC. They also agreed to make 36 episodes over three years. One episode is released every week. The program can be watched in 200 countries. The first episode was the most popular first episode on Amazon ever.

paragraphs: Each episode has several parts made in a studio. This studio is normally a big tent that is moved around the world. The show has it's own test track. There is always a feature where Clarkson, Hammond and May discuss car related topics which is called "conversation street".

paragraphs: Season 1 started on 18 November 2016 and had 13 episodes. Season 2 was filmed a year later, but due to injuries to Richard Hammond, the release was delayed until 8 December 2017. In season 2 the tent stayed in the Cotswolds for all the episodes.


title: Doaa el-Adl

paragraphs: Doaa el-Adl (Arabic: دعاء العدل) is an Egyptian cartoonist. She was named one of the 100 most "al and influential women" in the 2016 BBC 100 Women initiative.

paragraphs: Doaa el-Adl draws cartoons about controversial subjects like child brides and female genital mutilation.

paragraphs: Doaa worked as a cartoonist for the Egyptian newspaper "Al-Dustour", the magazine "Rose al-Yūsuf", "Sabah El Kheir" magazine, and the magazines "Qatr El Nada", "Alaa-El Din", and "Bassem". Her cartoons now appear in the newspaper "Al Masry Al Youm" (Egypt Today).


title: Jair Bolsonaro

paragraphs: Jair Messias Bolsonaro (born March 21, 1955) is a Brazilian politician. He is the 38th and current President of Brazil since 2019. He was a member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1991 until he became president in 2019. He was also a member of the Social Liberal Party (PSL) until he formed his own party, Alliance for Brazil, in November 2019. He is known for his far-right and populist political views.

paragraphs: Bolsonaro was the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2018 Brazilian presidential election. He came in first place in the first round of the general election on 7 October 2018, with PT candidate Fernando Haddad coming in second place. The two candidates faced again on 28 October with Bolsonaro winning the election.

paragraphs: On September 6, 2018, Bolsonaro was stabbed multiple times while at a campaign rally in Juiz de Fora. Parts of Bolsonaro's liver, lung and intestine were damaged. He was hospitalized under "extremely stable" condition and released almost a month later on September 29.

paragraphs: Although a defender of democracy, Bolsonaro was a open supporter of the military regime in Brazil in 1964. During the impeachment voting session of former President Dilma Rousseff, in his speech, Bolsonaro honored Carlos Alberto Brilhante Ustra, a widely known military colonel in Brazil by have been a torturer of militants and protesters in the Brazilian military dictatorship period.

paragraphs: In a television interview in the 1990s for the popular magazine "Veja", he also made controversial declarations about the Pinochet's military dictatorship in Chile, praising the Chilean dictator and stating that "the regime should have acted more violently to restore the country.".

paragraphs: Bolsonaro is also notorious for his public speeches, which are perceived as being intolerant. He already spoke against minorities in certain occasions, particularly the LGBT (gay) community. In an interview for the documentary "Out There", made by British actor and comedian Stephen Fry, which deals with the rise of homophobia in the world, and aired on the BBC in 2013, the then congressman stated: "No father is proud to have a gay son... We, Brazilians, don't like homosexuals. Not to like isn't the same as to hate.", he added. In a comment about what he heard, Fry said: "Bolsonaro is the typical homophobic that I found around the world, with his mantra that gays want to dominate society, recruit children or abuse them. Even in a progressive country like Brazil, its lies create hysteria among the ignorant, from where violence can arise."

paragraphs: As president, Bolsonaro has downplayed the deadliness of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. He said that the virus is no more deadly than the common flu. On 7 July 2020, Bolsonaro revealed that he had tested positive for COVID-19.

paragraphs: An ardent anti-communist, Bolsonaro's positions are often viewed as conservative, populist, nationalist, and are commonly associated with far-right politics, he, however, denies those statements, saying he's aligned with traditional moderate right-wing ideals. He has described himself as being a pro-life, pro-gun and anti-establishment politician.

paragraphs: Bolsonaro is a strong opponent of left-wing policies, most notably same-sex marriage, secularism, drug legalization, abortion and environmental preservation. Regarding economic matters, he has advocated for liberal and free-market policies.


title: Independiente Medellín

paragraphs: Deportivo Independiente Medellín, also known as DIM, is a Colombian professional football, based in the city of Medellín, that currently plays in the Categoría Primera A. They play their home games at the Atanasio Girardot stadium. That is part of the Atanasio Girardot Sports Complex.

paragraphs: They has won the Categoría Primera A six times: in 1955, 1957, 2002-II, 2004-I, 2009-II and 2016-I. Their best performance internationally was in 2003, when the team got third place in Copa Libertadores.

paragraphs: The team was created on 14 November 1913 as "Medellín Football Club". The team played its first match against the amateur team "Sporting of Medellin", that thrashed them 11–0. After some years, they joined professional football and played the first season of the league. Their first match was a 4–0 loss against América de Cali.


title: Drum machine

paragraphs: Drum machine is an electronic musical instrument made to imitate the sound of percussion instruments. Drum machines are commonly used in electronic music genres, but also used in other genres.


title: 100 Women (BBC)

paragraphs: 100 Women is a BBC series started in 2013. It looks at the role of women in the twenty-first century. It organized events in London and Mexico.

paragraphs: After the women are named, the BBC has three weeks of information about women. Women from all over the world make comments on Twitter about the interviews and debates.

paragraphs: After the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, BBC Controller Liliane Landor, BBC editor Fiona Crack, and other journalists started a series about the issues and successes of women. Women told the BBC there was not enough information about issues women face. In March 2013, BBC received a "flood of feedback from female listeners" that asked for more information "from and about women."

paragraphs: The BBC started the series in 2013 because there were not enough women represented in the media. The BBC used a survey in 26 languages to choose women for the first program. There were programs for one month, then there was a conference on 25 October. Women from different countries talked about issues they shared. There were many subjects, like work, feminism, motherhood, and religion. The series looked at cultural and social problems women have in life.

paragraphs: After the first program, there were many other subjects, like education, health, equal pay, genital mutilation, domestic violence, and sexual abuse. The series tries to give women a place to talk about how to make the world better and stop sexism. Women on the list are from many countries and many professions. Some of the women are famous, and some are not well known.

paragraphs: The 2016 theme was Defiance. Part of the 100 Women festival was in Mexico City. The 2016 list was in alphabetical order.

paragraphs: The BBC News 100 Women list in 2015 was made up of many notable international names, as well as women who were unknown, but who represent issues women face. The women of 2015, included representatives from 51 countries and were not necessarily those who would traditionally have been seen as role models—a woman suffering from depression, a woman who advocates for equal access to bathroom facilities, a woman who encourages other women to avoid make-up, and a reindeer nomad.

paragraphs: The BBC News 100 Women list in 2014 continued the efforts of the first year's initiative.

paragraphs: The 2013 event was a month-long BBC series that took place in October. The series examined the role of women in the 21st century and culminated in an event held at BBC Broadcasting House in London, United Kingdom on 25 October 2013 involving a hundred women from around the world, all of whom came from different walks of life. The day featured debate and discussion on radio, television and online, in which the participants were asked to give their opinions about the issues facing women.

paragraphs: The event held on 25 October 2013 featured 100 women from all walks of life.


title: Riham El Hour

paragraphs: Riham El Hour (Arabic: ريهام الحر, born March 8, 1977), is a cartoonist from Morocco. She was first woman to join the Union of Moroccan Professional Caricaturists. She was named one of BBC's 100 women of 2016. She uses her cartoons to speak for women and against male guardianship laws.

paragraphs: Riham was born in Kenitra in Morocco. Her family is Palestinian. She received a bachelor's degree in Arabic language and literature from the Faculty of Arts in Kenitra.

paragraphs: In 2000 Riham won UNESCO's Palestine Prize in an international competition. In 2002, she participated in the national days of Moroccan caricature, as the first woman caricaturist of Morocco. In 2005 and 2006 she received a prize at caricatures exhibitions in Damascus, Syria. In 2007, she represented Morocco at the Santomera exhibition in Spain.

paragraphs: After she won the UNESCO competition, Riham met Larbi Sebbone, a well-known Moroccan caricaturist. Larbi encouraged her to draw more. Her first drawings were in "Al Alam", a Moroccan newspaper in the Arabic language, and in "Al Mintaka", a local Kenitra newspaper. Then she drew for the women's magazine "Citadines". In 2006 she worked in the national press. She worked with newspapers, magazines and women's magazines. By 2010 she was considered part of the "Syriacartoon family". In October 2011, she started work with the Arabic version of "Likolli Nissae". Finally she went to work for "Rissalat Al Ouma", a newspaper in Casablanca.


title: Swissair Flight 111

paragraphs: Swissair Flight 111 was a scheduled flight from New York to Geneva, Switzerland on September, 2 1998. The aircraft was a McDonnell Douglas MD-11. Onboard were 215 passengers and 14 crew members. The plane had a cockpit fire. It crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near Nova Scotia. All 229 people died. It was the second-worst accident ever in the Halifax, Nova Scotia area.


title: Unary function

paragraphs: A unary function is a function that takes just a single argument. In contrast, a function that takes more than one argument is called a polyadic function.

paragraphs: This description of a function's arguments is known as its arity.


title: Arity

paragraphs: In logic, mathematics, and computer science, the arity of a function is the number of arguments that the function takes.


title: Institut catholique d'arts et métiers

paragraphs: Institut catholique d'arts et métiers is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées (Southern France).

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ICAM.

paragraphs: Most of the 4500 graduate engineer students at ICAM live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports on a campus that is shared with 100,000 students from Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées.


title: Fore-and-aft rig

paragraphs: A fore-and-aft rig is a sailing rig that mainly has sails that are set along the line of the keel instead of perpendicular to it. Such sails are described as fore-and-aft rigged.

paragraphs: Two of the earliest fore-and-aft rigged sailing designs were the Chinese junk and the triangular lateen sails of the Egyptian Feluccas and dhows. The lateen sail was used by Greek ships as early as the 9th century. By the 11th century the fore-and-aft rig began to be used in the Italian city-states and the Mediterranean Sea. The generally gentle climate made its use practical. There seems to be no record of when it was first used in Northern Europe. The square rigged sails came first in the North. The Vikings used square rigged sails which became popular in Britain and Northern Europe. They certainly had seen its use in the course of trade and during the Crusades. The Renaissance changed this. Slowly the fore-and-aft rig came into common use on rivers and in estuaries in Britain, Northern France, and the Low Countries. The square rig remained standard for the harsher conditions of the open North Sea as well as for transatlantic sailing. The lateen sail was more maneuverable and faster, while the square rig was clumsy but seaworthy.


title: Sloop

paragraphs: A sloop is a sailboat usually with one mast and fore-and-aft rigged sails. It can also describe a square rigged sailing ship of two or more masts which is sometimes called a sloop of war. The French called them corvettes. Originally the definition of a sloop was vague. A 1750 book said sloops "are sailed and masted as men's fancies lead them, sometimes with one mast, with two, and with three." Modern recreational sloops are almost always one-masted sailing ships with fore-and-aft sails. Their simple layout makes them popular with amateur sailors. The sloop is a manageable sailboat layout up to a length of about .

paragraphs: The sloop design dates back to the early part of the 17th century. By the 20th century they became very popular. Their main advantages are their ease of handling and ability to sail upwind (into the wind).

paragraphs: An early 17th century design was the Bermuda sloop, so-named for the Bermuda trade with North America. It was designed to be fast and could sail in both directions. They needed to be fast to outrun French privateers. The hull was made from Bermuda cedar. The wood was light and resisted rot. They had from one to three masts.

paragraphs: Most modern sailboats are based on the Bermuda sloop design. The Bermuda rig replaced the earlier gaff rig which used a four-cornered sail (instead of a triangular sail) and a spar. A gaff rig design allows more sail on a mast. Another advantage is the gaff rig and other early designs can spill wind faster in a blow (heavy wind).

paragraphs: The sloop of war was the most numerous design in the Royal Navy by the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Yet very little has been written about them or their French counterpart, the Corvettes. Later, the United States used sloops of war. The Royal Navy used the class of "sloop" right up until the end of World War II. The sailing sloop, like its larger cousin the frigate, were fast and used in a variety of roles. They were not usually used in battle, but were more often used for support in reconnaissance and for carrying messages. They were probably the best of the Royal Navy sailing ships for maneuverability and could function in all but the roughest sea conditions.


title: East Croydon station

paragraphs: East Croydon station is a railway station and tram stop on the Croydon Tramlink. It is in fare zone 5.

paragraphs: Platform 1 serves fast London-bound trains to Victoria station and platforms 2 and 3 serves fast south-bound trains to Brighton, Eastbourne and Southampton Central railway station. Platform 4 serves fast trains towards London Bridge station. Platform 6 is used for fast trains towards Oxted, Uckfield and East Grinstead and for stopping services towards Tattenham Corner and Caterham. Platform 5 is for slow services that stop in many of places.

paragraphs: London buses traveling routes 64, 119, 194, 197, 198, 312, 367, 410, 433, 466, 689 and X26 all serve this station.


Bonus


title: Courage in Journalism Award

paragraphs: The Courage in Journalism Award is a prize by the International Women's Media Foundation (IWMF) for women journalists. It recognizes women who write from dangerous areas.

paragraphs: Since 1990, more than 100 women from 54 countries received the award. In 2014, the IWMF started a new award, the Anja Niedringhaus Courage in Photojournalism Award, named for the photojournalist killed in Afghanistan during the elections.

paragraphs: The 2016 award ceremonies were on October 22 in New York, and October 29 in Los Angeles.


title: Brig

paragraphs: A brig is a sailing ship with two square-rigged masts. During the Age of Sail, brigs were seen as fast and maneuverable. They were used as both naval warships and merchant vessels. Even after the sailing age ended they were used as training ships. The brig was one of the smaller two-masted sailing ships. They popular in the 18th and early 19th centuries. Brigs fell out of use with the arrival of the steam ship because they required a relatively large crew for their small size. They were also difficult to sail into the wind. They are not to be confused with a brigantine, which has different rigging (a brigantine has a gaff-rigged mainsail, while a brig has a square mainsail with an additional gaff-rigged spanker behind the mainsail). A brig is different from a three-masted ship because it only has two masts.

paragraphs: In sailing, a full-rigged brig is a vessel with two square rigged masts (called the fore and main). The main mast of a brig is the aft (rear) one. To improve maneuverability, the mainmast carries a small (gaff rigged) fore-and-aft sail.

paragraphs: Brig sails are named after the masts to which they are attached. Those attached to the main mast are called the mainsail; above that the main topsail and above that the main topgallant sail. Occasionally a very small sail, called the royal, is above that. Behind the mainsail there is a small fore-and-aft sail called the spanker or boom mainsail (it is similar to the main sail of a schooner). On the foremast is a similar sail, called the trysail. Attached to the respective yards of square-rigged ships are smaller spars. These can be extended, which lengthens the yard. This allows it to receive an additional sailing wing on each side. These are called studding sails. They are used with fair and light wind only. The wings are named after the sails to which they are fastened. For example, the main studding sails, main top studding sails, and the main top gallant studding sails, etc.

paragraphs: The brig’s foremast is smaller than the main mast. The fore mast holds a foresail, fore topsail, fore top gallant sail, and fore royal. Between the fore mast and the bowsprit are the fore staysail, jib, and flying jib. All the yards are manipulated by a complicated arrangement of cordage named the running rigging. This is opposed to the standing rigging which is fixed, and keeps mast and other objects rigid. Traditionally the running rigging was easily recognized. This was because, for flexibility, it was not coated with tar and therefore of a lighter color. The standing rigging was tarred for protection from weather and therefore darker or even black in color.

paragraphs: A brig is "generally built on a larger scale than a schooner. It could approach the size of a full-sized, three-masted ship." Brigs varried in length between 75 and 165 ft (23–50 m) with tonnages up to 480. Historically, most brigs were made of wood. However some later brigs were built with hulls and masts of steel or iron. Brigs with pine hulls were built in the 19th century. They was designed to last for about twenty years although many lasted longer.

paragraphs: Brigs were used as small warships carrying about 10 to 18 cannons. Due to their speed and maneuverability they were popular among pirates (though they were rare among American and Caribbean pirates). Their use stretches back before the 17th century. However one of the most famous periods for the brig was during the 19th century when they were involved in famous naval battles such as the Battle of Lake Erie. In the early 19th century the brig was a standard cargo ship. It was seen as "fast and well sailing", but required a large crew to handle its rigging. While brigs could not sail into the wind as easily as fore-and-aft–rigged vessels such as schooners a skilled brig captain could "manoeuvre it with ease and elegance; a brig could for instance turn around almost on the spot". A brig's square-rig also had the advantage over a fore-and-aft–rigged vessel when travelling in the open ocean. When fore-and aft rigged vessels sailed downwind for extended distances and where "the danger of a sudden jibe was the large schooner-captain's nightmare". This trait later led to the evolution of the barquentine. The need for large crews in relation to their smaller size led to the decline of the production of brigs. They were replaced in commercial traffic by gaff sail schooners (which needed smaller crews) and steam boats (which did not have the windward performance problems of square rigged ships).

paragraphs: The "Telos", built in Bangor, Maine in 1883, was reportedly the last brig to join the American merchant marine. It was "considered to be the finest vessel of her class ever constructed in Maine". She was wrecked on Aves Island, off Bonaire in the Caribbean, in 1900.


title: 1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision

paragraphs: The 1956 Grand Canyon was a mid-air collision that happened on Saturday, 30 June 1956 at 11:31 am Mountain Standard Time. A United Airlines plane running as United Airlines Flight 718 hit another airplane owned by Trans World Airlines "(TWA)", operating as Trans World Airlines Flight 2. The aircraft involved was a Douglas DC-7 and a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The crash happened over the Grand Canyon within the boundaries of Grand Canyon National Park. All 128 passengers and crew on board both flights died in the collision. The crash was the first commercial airline crash with over 100 deaths, and led to lots of changes in flight control in the United States. The crash site today is considered as a National Historic Landmark.

paragraphs: A total of two airplanes were involved in the collision. These planes were:

paragraphs: United Airlines Flight 718 - nicknamed "Mainliner Vancouver", the aircraft was a Douglas DC-7. The airplane had an aircraft registration of . The aircraft carried a total of 58 people "(53 passengers and 5 crew members)". The aircraft was flying under the orders of pilot Robert F. Shirley, co-pilot Robert W. Harms,and flight engineer Gerard Fiore.

paragraphs: Trans World Airlines Flight 2 - nicknamed "Star of the Seine", the aircraft was a Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation. The aircraft had an aircraft registration of . The aircraft carried 70 people "(64 passengers and 6 crew members)". The aircraft was flying under the orders of pilot Jack S. Gandy, co-pilot James H. Ritner, and flight engineer Forrest D. Breyfogle.

paragraphs: At about 11:31 AM MST, the track of both airplanes intersected over the canyon, and they hit each other.

paragraphs: A photograph of the TWA funeral by Life Magazine in 1956


title: Glyfada

paragraphs: Glyfada is a district in southern Athens and a famous coastal resort.

paragraphs: The area developed as a tourist destination through the 1970s and 1980s and has a large number of hotels, shops, restaurants and clubs. It is situated close to the old international airport.


title: Shelby County, Tennessee

paragraphs: Shelby County is a county in the U.S. state of Tennessee. The estimated population for 2016 was 970,221.


title: Cutter (boat)

paragraphs: A cutter is typically a small, but in some cases a medium-sized, watercraft designed for speed rather than for capacity. Traditionally a cutter is a smaller sailing ship with a single mast. It is fore-and-aft rigged, with two or more headsails and often has a bowsprit. The cutter's mast may be set farther back than on a sloop.

paragraphs: In modern usage, a cutter can be either a small- or medium-sized ship whose occupants exercise official authority. Examples are harbor pilots' cutters and cutters of the U.S. Coast Guard or UK Border Force.

paragraphs: Cutters can also be a small boat serving a larger one to ferry passengers or light cargo between larger ships and the shore. This type of cutter may be powered by oars, sails or a motor.


title: Plastic wrap

paragraphs: Plastic wrap (also cling wrap, food wrap, or clingfilm) is a thin plastic material. It is used for sealing food in containers. It keeps food fresh over a long period of time without spoiling. It is usually sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge.

paragraphs: Plastic wrap was first made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC). A common, cheaper alternative to PVC is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE doesn't stick to itself as well as PVC.

paragraphs: In the United States and Japan, Plastic wrap has sometimes been made of polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC). PVdC was the main ingredient in Saran Wrap, a popular brand of plastic wrap. Now, Saran Wrap is made with polyethylene.

paragraphs: Research shows that plastic wrapping of food is often not wasteful, because the food lasts longer. A study showed that only 3% of wrapped food was wasted in the UK, but up to 50% of food was wasted in an African country, where it was sold unwrapped.


title: Bad Moms

paragraphs: Bad Moms is a 2016 American comedy movie. It was released in July 2016.

paragraphs: Amy Mitchell is a married woman with two children, Dylan and Jane. Amy feels overworked and over-committed. She works as a sales representative for a "hip" coffee company. She is active in her school's Parent-Teacher Association or PTA. The PTA is run by Gwendolyn James (Christina Applegate), Stacy (Jada Pinkett Smith) and Vicky.

paragraphs: "Bad Moms" took in over $179 million at the box office.

paragraphs: The movie's reviews were mixed. It scored a 60 on Metacritic's reviews. Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie a 60% rating.


title: Unterbäch

paragraphs: Unterbäch is a municipality in the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.


title: Wiler (Lötschen)

paragraphs: Wiler (Lötschen) is a municipality of the district of Raron in the canton of Valais in Switzerland.


title: Carshalton railway station

paragraphs: On 1st October 1868, Carshalton station opened. The two main trains that run in this station is Southern and Thameslink. This station is in fare zone 5.

paragraphs: There are two station in this station. Platform 1 is for trains towards Central London and Bedfordshire. This includes trains towards Victoria station, St Albans and Luton. Platform 2 is for southbound trains. This includes trains to Sutton (Surrey) and Epsom.

paragraphs: This list shows the frequency of trains on typical off-peak hours.

paragraphs: London buses routes 127, 157 and S3 operate at this station.

paragraphs: This table shows the departures from this station with the calling points and the time that is taken to get to the end of the line.


title: Beah Richards

paragraphs: Beah Richards (July 12, 1920 – September 14, 2000) was an American actress. She performed on stage, in movies and on television. During her career, she received two Primetime Emmy Awards for her performances on television.

paragraphs: Richards made many guest television appearances in shows, like "The Bill Cosby Show", "Designing Women" and "ER".

paragraphs: Richards was born in Vicksburg, Mississippi. Emphysema took her life in September 2000. She was age 80.


title: ER (TV series)

paragraphs: ER was an American medical drama series on NBC. The show aired from September 19, 1994 to April 2, 2009.

paragraphs: The show was about fictional County General Hospital in Chicago. It showed stories from the emergency room.

paragraphs: Novelist Michael Crichton was the creator of the show.

paragraphs: "ER" won 23 Primetime Emmy Awards. It won 116 awards overall, including the Peabody Award. It was nominated for 124 Emmys.


title: ZooParc de Beauval

paragraphs: The ZooParc de Beauval (or Beauval zoo) is a zoo in Saint-Aignan, Loir-et-Cher. It has nearly 3,000 animals, including two giant pandas, found nowhere else in France. It was created in 1980 by Françoise Delord. It is considered to be one of the largest zoos in Europe.


title: Jib

paragraphs: A jib is a triangular sail that sets ahead of the foremast of a sailing vessel. Its tack (lower leading edge) is attached to the bowsprit, to the bow, or to the deck between the bowsprit and the foremost mast. Jibs and spinnakers are the two main types of headsails on a modern boat.

paragraphs: Schooners typically have up to three jibs. The foremost one sets on the topmast forestay and is generally called the "jib topsail". A second jib on the main forestay is called "the jib". The innermost jib is called "the staysail". Actually, all three sails are both jibs and staysails, in a general sense. A large square-rigged ship typically has four jibs, but could have as many as six.

paragraphs: From forward (fore) to the back of the boat (aft), these sails are called:

paragraphs: The first two were rarely used except by clipper ships in light winds. A storm jib was a small jib of heavy canvas set to a stay to help to control the ship in bad weather.

paragraphs: Boats may be sailed using a jib alone. More commonly jib(s) make a minor direct contribution to moving the boat, compared to a mainsail. Generally, a jib's most important function is as an airfoil, increasing performance and overall stability of the mainsail.

paragraphs: On boats with only one jib, it is common for the clew of the jib to be further aft than the mast, meaning the jib and mainsail overlap. An overlapping jib is called a "genoa jib" or simply a genoa (see illustration). These are efficiently used when reaching more broadly than a close reach. Alternatively, a boat may carry smaller jibs, to compensate aerodynamics when the mainsail is reefed; these more rugged sails are called "storm jibs" or "spitfires".

paragraphs: On a boat with two staysails the inner sail is called the "staysail", and the outer (foremost) is called the jib. This combination of two staysails is called a "cutter rig" (or in North America a "yankee pair") and a boat with one mast rigged with two staysails and a mainsail is called a cutter.

paragraphs: On cruising yachts, and nearly all racing sailboats, the jib needs to be worked when tacking. On these yachts, there are two sheets (ropes) attached to the clew of the jib. As the yacht comes head to wind during a tack, the active sheet is released. At the same time the other sheet (the "lazy sheet") on the other side of the boat is pulled in. This sheet becomes the new "active sheet" until the next tack.


title: Brian (name)

paragraphs: Brian (sometimes spelled as Bryan) is a common name in the English language. The name came from Irish and Breton origins. The name is also a surname of Occitan origins.The exact meaning of Brian is not known. However, it is possible the name is from Old Celtic, meaning "high" or "noble".


title: LaMia Airlines Flight 2933

paragraphs: LaMia Airlines Flight 2933 was a flight operated by LaMia that crashed near the city of Medellín in Colombia. The airplane was carrying players from the Chapecoense football team. The airplane had an aircraft registration of . The airplane crashed on 28 November 2016, at around 22:00 local time. The crash killed 71 people. Seven people originally survived the crash. However, one of the survivors, a goalkeeper known as Danilo, died a few hours after the plane crashed. The three Chapecoense players that survived were Alan Ruschel, Jakson Follmann, and Neto.


title: Darryl Cherney

paragraphs: Darryl Cherney (born 1950s) is an American musician and environmental activist. He is a member of the Earth First! environmental movement. He was born in New York City, New York, but raised in Eureka, California. Cherney ran for congress in the 1988 Democratic primary, but lost.

paragraphs: On May 24, 1990, Cherney and his friend, fellow activist Judi Bari, were injured when a pipe bomb exploded in his car. Both were severely injured by the explosion. The case was investigated by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which accused Cherney of bombing themselves. He later sued the FBI and was later awarded $4.4 million dollars. Bari died from her injuries. In 2012, Cherney's documentary movie "Who Bombed Judi Bari?" was released.

paragraphs: Cherney announced in 2015 that he was running for President of the United States for the Green Party nomination in the 2016 United States presidential election. He is running against Jill Stein for the nomination.


title: Jill Stein 2016 presidential campaign

paragraphs: Jill Stein, a physician from Massachusetts, is seeking the nomination of the Green Party of the United States for President in 2016. In 2012, Stein was the Green Party's nominee and received 469,501 votes for President of the United States in the 2012 general election.

paragraphs: On February 6, 2015, Stein announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential campaign for the Green Party's presidential nomination in the 2016.

paragraphs: She officially declared she was running for president for a second time during an appearance on Democracy Now! on June 22, 2015.


title: Prohibition Party

paragraphs: The Prohibition Party (PRO) is a political party in the United States. The party is known for its historic opposition to the sale or consumption of alcoholic beverages.

paragraphs: It is the oldest existing third party in the United States. The party was an important part of the temperance movement. While never one of the leading parties in the United States, it was once an important force in the Third Party System during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This was also the case in mid century Europe. It declined dramatically after the repeal of Prohibition in 1933.

paragraphs: The party earned only 519 votes in the 2012 presidential election with Jack Fellure as the candidate. James Hedges was the candidate in the 2016 presidential election winning 5,617 votes.


title: Doping in sport

paragraphs: In sport, doping is the use of a drug that athletes or competitors are not allowed to use. Certain drugs, such as steroids, are not allowed (or banned) in professional sports. This is because they can help a competitor's performance, by making them stronger or faster. This gives them an unfair advantage over other competitors. The drugs may be legal, but competitors will not be allowed to use them. Many sports make competitors take a drug test to prove that they are not using any drugs.


title: Gloria La Riva

paragraphs: Gloria Estela La Riva (born August 13, 1954, in Albuquerque, New Mexico) is an American politician. She works with the Party for Socialism and Liberation and in California with the Peace and Freedom Party, and previously with the Workers World Party.

paragraphs: She was the PSL's 2008 presidential candidate, and was also vying for the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party in California, but lost the bid to Ralph Nader. La Riva ran as the PSL's presidential candidate in the 2016 race, with Eugene Puryear as her running mate.

paragraphs: She is running for President in the 2020 election with Leonard Peltier as her running mate.


title: Governor of New Mexico

paragraphs: The Governor of the State of New Mexico is the chief executive of the state of New Mexico. The governor is the head of the executive branch of New Mexico's state government and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. They also make annual State of the State addresses to the New Mexico State Legislature, submitting the budget, and ensuring that state laws are enforced.

paragraphs: The current governor is Michelle Lujan Grisham, a Democrat. Grisham won the November 2018 gubernatorial election and was sworn in as the 32nd Governor of the state of New Mexico on January 1, 2019.

paragraphs: , there were six former governors of New Mexico living, the oldest being Jerry Apodaca (1975–1979, born 1934). The most recent U.S. governor of New Mexico to die was David Cargo (1967–1971), who died on July 5, 2013. The most recently serving U.S. governor of New Mexico to die was Bruce King (1971–1975, 1979–1983, 1991–1995), who died on November 13, 2009.


title: Doping (semiconductor)

paragraphs: In electronics, doping is the process of adding certain chemical elements to a semiconductor in order to change its electric conductivity. These elements are tiny impurities. This is done to create diodes that make electricity go in one direction, or to make transistors and semiconductor switches.

paragraphs: When the element boron is added to silicon, the boron "dopant" is called an "acceptor" because it likes accepting electrons. When the element phosphorous is added to silicon, the phosphorous is called a "donor" because it does not like electrons.

paragraphs: There are two types of doping: (1) n-type(negative type) doping (2) p-type(positive type) doping

paragraphs: (1) n–type doping: In this, element with five valence electrons are added as impurity(pentavalent impurity or donor impurity) in the semiconductor. Semiconductor has four valence electrons, when it is doped with pentavalent impurity the four valence electron makes covalent bond and the remaining one is now free to move, this is how n-type doping increases conductivity of the semiconductor. Due to excess of electron (e) in the n-type semiconductor it generates an overall negative charge and thus the name n-type semiconductor.

paragraphs: (2) p-type doping: In this, element with three valence electron are added as impurity (trivalent impurity or acceptor impurity) in the semiconductor. The three electron in the semiconductor bonds with the three electrons of the dopant. The one electron could not make bond and thus the vacant space where electron should be there is created. This vacant space is know as holes. Electron from another atom jumps in these hole to fill it and a hole is created there, and then the same thing continues. Thus, by this way conductivity is  increased in p-type doping.

paragraphs: The impurities are added to the silicon through multiple processes, including "Spin Coating". A thin layer of phosphorus or boron, usually mixed with a liquid to help it spread out, is spun at high speeds on the silicon. The mixture spreads out the phosphorous or boron, and then is baked.

paragraphs: Another process involves a scaled down particle accelerator that smashes atoms of the chosen "dopant" into the silicon, which adds the impurity, called "Ion Implantation".


title: Marc Allan Feldman

paragraphs: Marc Allan Feldman (October 10, 1959 - June 22, 2016) was an American physician, political commentator, and activist. Feldman was also a practicing physician. He had been employed at the Cleveland Clinic since August 1998. He was also the owner of a small business called Openivo, Inc. Feldman had also served as the president of the Ophthalmic Anesthesia Society.

paragraphs: On January 13, 2015 Feldman announced that he was running for President of the United States in the 2016 election as a Libertarian. His main goal in running was to address how much money influences the political system. He had called his campaign "Votes Not For Sale" and wouldn't take any donations over $5. On May 26, 2016, Feldman participated in a political debate at the 2016 Libertarian National Convention, alongside Gary Johnson, Austin Petersen, John McAfee, and Darryl W. Perry. Feldman would place fifth on the second nominating ballot, losing to Gary Johnson.

paragraphs: On June 22, 2016, Dr. Feldman was found unresponsive at the America's Best Value Inn in Brook Park, Ohio. He was pronounced dead at the scene a short time later. The cause of death was atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.


title: Austin Petersen

paragraphs: Austin Wade Petersen (born February 19, 1981) is an American producer, writer, political activist, and commentator. He was the runner-up for the Libertarian Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016, finishing second place to former governor Gary Johnson with 21% of the vote.

paragraphs: As of 2016, Petersen is the owner and CEO of a photo and video consulting firm called Stonegait LLC and is the founder of "The Libertarian Republic" and "Liberty Viral", both libertarian news and commentary websites.

paragraphs: Petersen was born in Independence, Missouri, but raised on a farm in Peculiar, Missouri. He is the son of Donna and John D. Petersen. He studied at Missouri State University, where he graduated with a degree in musical theater.

paragraphs: Petersen was running for President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election for the presidential nomination for the Libertarian Party.

paragraphs: After Gary Johnson won the nomination for President of the United States of the Libertarian Party (United States), Petersen delivered a concession speech. During the speech, Petersen said, "You have my full support, my full respect, and my gun!" and proceeded to gift Johnson with a replica of George Washington's flintlock pistol. Petersen could not, however, endorse Johnson's preferred Vice Presidential candidate, former Massachusetts Governor, William Weld. He threw his support to ballot access lawyer Alicia Dearn. Afterwards, Gary Johnson threw away the pistol that Austin Petersen had given him.

paragraphs: Petersen has stated his intention to return home to spend time with his family, to relax, and to recover from the strenuous months of campaigning. He looks forward to supporting Gary Johnson's presidential campaign and working to further the ideals of the Libertarian Party (United States).

paragraphs: A few months after losing the Libertarian Nomination for President Petersen has done Facebook Live streams where he talks about current political issues and has stated he is interested in running for President in 2020.

paragraphs: On July 4, 2017, Petersen announced that he is running under the Republican Party in the 2018 Missouri Senate race against current Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill.


title: John McAfee

paragraphs: John David McAfee (born September 18, 1945) is an American computer programmer. He is the developer of the first commercial anti-virus program. This bore the McAfee brand-name for years, until it was bought by Intel and given the Intel name.

paragraphs: McAfee was born in an U.S. Army base stationed in the United Kingdom. He was raised in Virginia and Alabama.

paragraphs: His wealth peaked at $100 million, before his investments suffered in the global crisis of 2007. McAfee also has interests in smartphone apps, yoga and all-natural antibiotics.

paragraphs: On September 8, 2015, McAfee announced that he would seek the office of President of the United States in the 2016 presidential election as the candidate of a newly formed political party called the Cyber Party. On December 24, 2015 he re-announced his candidacy bid, saying that he would instead seek the Libertarian nomination for President.

paragraphs: On June 4, 2018, McAfee announced his plans to run for president as a Libertarian in the 2020 presidential election.


title: Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex

paragraphs: Lionel Cranfield, 3rd Earl of Middlesex (1625 – 26 October 1674) was an English peer, named Hon. Lionel Cranfield from 1640 until 1651.

paragraphs: Cranfield became next Earl of Middlesex, after his brother, in 1651. Around 1655, he married Rachel, daughter of the Earl of Westmorland and widow of Henry Bourchier, 5th Earl of Bath. In May 1660, he was one of the six people selected by the Convention Parliament to ask Charles II of England to come back. He became a Gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles II in 1673. He died the next year without children; his titles went to no one, and his property went to the son of his sister, Charles Sackville, 6th Earl of Dorset.


title: National Geographic (magazine)

paragraphs: The National Geographic, formerly The National Geographic Magazine, is the official magazine of the National Geographic Society. It has been published since the first issue in 1888. This was nine months after the Society itself was founded. It mostly contains articles about world culture, history and geography. Its famous trademark is the yellow rectangular border that goes around the cover of each issue.

paragraphs: The magazine is published monthly. Additional maps are also included with subscription copies. It is available in a traditional printed format. Special and online formats are also available.

paragraphs: As of 2015-2016 the magazine had a worldwide circulation of 6.8 million per month. Its U.S. circulation is around 3.5 per month.

paragraphs: In 2008 the magazine won three National Magazine Awards. This included an award for general excellence the second year in a row.

paragraphs: On 9 September 2015, the National Geographic Society announced a deal with the 20th Century Fox that would move the magazine to a new partnership, National Geographic Partners, controlled by 20th Century Fox.

paragraphs: The magazine has had various editors since it was founded.


title: Berge Furre

paragraphs: Berge Ragnar Furre (13 April 1937 – 11 January 2016) was a Norwegian historian, theologian and politician. He was a member of the Socialist People's Party (SF) and later Socialist Left Party (SV). He was the leader of the Socialist Left Party from 1976 until 1983. He was also known for work on 1900s Norwegian history. He was born in Sjernarøy, Finnøy.

paragraphs: Furre died after an illness on 11 January 2016, aged 78.


title: Ivan Bukavshin

paragraphs: Ivan Aleksandrovich Bukavshin (; 3 May 1995 – 12 January 2016) was a Russian chess Grandmaster. He won the Russian Cup in 2015. He became Grandmaster in 2011. He was U12 European champion in 2006, U14 European Youth Champion in 2008 and U16 European champion in 2010. He was born in Rostov-on-Don.

paragraphs: Bukavshin died in Tolyatti on 12 January 2016. He was originally thought to have suffered a stroke. Now it is reported that a massive overdose (or poisoning) of Drotaverine caused his death. It is possible that the reports are consistent, because the overdose might have caused the stroke.


title: Rescue 911

paragraphs: Rescue 911 was an American reality-based television series. The show premiered on CBS on April 18, 1989 and ended on August 27, 1996. The series was hosted by William Shatner. It carried reenactments. It also included footage of real emergencies.

paragraphs: It was never intended as a teaching tool. However some viewers used the knowledge they got watching the show. There were two specials: "100 Lives Saved" and "200 Lives Saved". They were dedicated to viewers who wrote CBS with their stories about watching "Rescue 911".

paragraphs: The show carried two episodes on Hurricane Hugo. It also had episodes on the 1986 New Year's Eve fire in Puerto Rico. It covered a June 1990 tornado and a 1987 Amtrak train wreck.

paragraphs: A reboot of "Rescue 911" was scheduled for late 2019.


title: Missionaries of Charity

paragraphs: Missionaries of Charity (MC) is a Roman Catholic Latin rite congregation started on 7 October in 1950. It was founded by Mother Teresa. It started in the slums of Kolkata (Calcutta, India) with Mother Teresa and 12 sisters. It now has a membership of nearly 5,000 sisters worldwide. Members of the religious order show they belong to this group using the order's initials, "M.C." A sister who belongs to MC must follow their vows of chastity, poverty and obedience. There is also a fourth vow, to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor." MC members all wear the same white and blue habit that Mother Teresa wore.

paragraphs: In 1948 Mother Teresa changed her Sisters of Loreto habit to a simple cotton white sari with one blue stripe. Blue is the color of the Virgin Mary. The sari covered an all white habit. She (and later, her sisters of charity) wore the habit for over ten years. But parents of several Bengali sisters pointed out that the sari with one blue stripe was also worn by poor women who swept the streets of Calcutta. Mother Teresa and her sisters officially adopted the three blue stripes in 1960.


title: Columba

paragraphs: Saint Columba (Irish "Colm Cille", "Columb of the Church"; 7 December, 521–9 June, 597) was an Irish priest and missionary. He left Ireland in 563 AD on his mission to bring Christianity to Dál Riata, now western Scotland. He built the famous monastery on the Island of Iona which became known as a "holy island'.

paragraphs: Columba was born on December 7, 521 A.D. in Gartan, County Donegal. His his father was Fedhlimidh, a great-grandson of Niall of the Nine Hostages, 4th century High King of Ireland. His mother was Eithne of the Uí Néill clan. She was a member of the royal family of Leinster. While still young he decided on a monastic life. He was educated in Ireland at schools in Moville, Glasnevin and Clonard Abbey. He founded the Irish monasteries at Derry and at Durrow, County Offaly.

paragraphs: In about 563 AD, Columba and his followers left Donegal by boat and traveled to the island of Iona off the west coast of Scotland. His mission to Scotland may have been more a case of penance for a battle he may have caused. He refused to return a copy of the Gospels he had copied without permission. He upset the king of Ireland by his refusal, which led to a battle won by his clan. Columba felt remorse over the deaths this caused. Once there he and his monks began the religious conversion of most of Scotland which at that time was pagan. Their fame and influence spread to most of Europe. It became a place of pilgrimage. It also became known as a holy island where 48 kings of Scotland, 4 kings of Ireland and 8 kings of Norway are buried. In 597 Comumba died on Iona. Books on his life began being written a century later. The best known of these was written by Adomnán sometime between 697 and 700. He was proclaimed a saint before the modern process of canonization.


title: Jimmy Fitzmorris

paragraphs: James Edward "Jimmy" Fitzmorris, Jr. (born November 15, 1921) is an American businessman and civic leader. He was the Democratic Lieutenant Governor of Louisiana from 1972 to 1980. He was the first full-time lieutenant governor in state history. He was the last lieutenant governor whose duties included presiding over the Louisiana State Senate.

paragraphs: In 1979, he ran third in the nonpartisan blanket primary for governor. In 1983, he was unsuccessful is his effort to regain the lieutenant governor's office.


title: David Margulies

paragraphs: David Joseph Margulies (February 19, 1937 – January 11, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as the Mayor of New York City in "Ghostbusters" and in "Ghostbusters II" and as Neil Mink in "The Sopranos".

paragraphs: Margulies died in Manhattan, New York from unknown causes at the age of 78.


title: Bernie Worrell

paragraphs: George Bernard "Bernie" Worrell, Jr. (April 19, 1944 – June 24, 2016) was an American keyboardist and composer. He was best known as a founding member of Parliament-Funkadelic and for his work with Talking Heads. He was a member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inducted in 1997 with fifteen other members of Parliament-Funkadelic.

paragraphs: Worrell was born in Long Branch, New Jersey. He was raised in Plainfield, New Jersey. Worrell studied at Juilliard School. He lives in Hampton, New Jersey.

paragraphs: In January 2016, Worrell was diagnosed with stage-4 lung cancer.

paragraphs: Worrell died of the disease on June 24, 2016 in Everson, Washington, aged 72.


title: Tom Latham

paragraphs: Thomas Paul "Tom" Latham (born July 14, 1948) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for serving from 2013 through 2015. He is a member of the Republican Party. On December 17, 2013, Latham announced he would not seek reelection next term, becoming the third member of the House to announce his retirement on the same day (along with Rep. Frank Wolf from Virginia and Utah Rep. Jim Matheson).


title: Piet Steenkamp

paragraphs: Petrus Antonius Josephus Maria "Piet" Steenkamp (8 March 1925 – 8 January 2016) was a Dutch politician and economist. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), which he co-founded. He was President of the Senate from 1983 to 1991. He was born in Uithoorn, North Holland.

paragraphs: Steenkamp died on 8 January 2016 in Eindhoven, North Brabant, aged 90.


title: Andrew Smith

paragraphs: Andrew Smith (September 9, 1990 – January 12, 2016) was an American basketball player. He was a center. He played college basketball for the Butler Bulldogs (Butler University) from 2009 to 2013. He played professionally for BC Neptūnas in Lithuania from 2013 to 2014. He was born in Washington, D.C. and grew up in Indianapolis, Indiana.

paragraphs: Smith died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma on January 12, 2016 in Indianapolis, at the age of 25.


title: Robert M. Cundick

paragraphs: Robert Milton Cundick, Sr. (1926 – January 7, 2016) was an American Latter-day Saint composer. He served for many years as an organist at the Salt Lake Tabernacle. At this role, he was a member of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. He also played organ solos on the weekly broadcast, "Music and the Spoken Word". He retired in 1991. After this, Cundick and his wife became Directors of Hosting at the BYU Jerusalem Center in Jerusalem, Israel. He was born in Salt Lake City, Utah.

paragraphs: Cundick died on January 7, 2016 at the age of 89.


title: Arthur S. Obermayer

paragraphs: Arthur S. Obermayer (July 17, 1931 – January 10, 2016) was an American entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was the founder and president of the Moleculon Research Corporation. He was a co-founder of Partners for Progressive Israel and the Obermayer German Jewish History Awards.

paragraphs: Obermayer was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He came from a German Jewish family. He was married to Judith Obermayer and had three children.

paragraphs: Obermayer died from cancer on January 10, 2016 in Dedham, Massachusetts, aged 84.


title: Yusuf Zuayyin

paragraphs: Yusuf Zuayyin (; 1931 – 10 January 2016) was a Syrian politician. He was a member of the Ba'ath Party. He served as Prime Minister from 1965 and, again, from 1966 to 1968. He was born in Al-Bukamal.

paragraphs: Zuayyin died after a long illness on 10 January 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden. He was 84.


title: J. F. R. Jacob

paragraphs: Jacob Farj Rafael Jacob (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2016) was an Indian Army Lieutenant General. He was best known for the role he played in India's victory in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Liberation of Bangladesh. Jacob, then a Major General, served as the Chief of Staff of the Indian Army's Eastern Command during the war. He also served in World War II and the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. He was the Governor of Goa and Punjab. He was also the administrator of Chandigarh between November 1999 and November 2003.

paragraphs: Jacob was born in Calcutta (now Kolkata), Bengal Presidency, British India. His family were Baghdadi Jews from Iraq.

paragraphs: Jacob died from pneumonia on 13 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 92.


title: Carotenoid

paragraphs: Carotenoids (or tetraterpenoids) are organic pigments. They are found in the chloroplasts and chromoplasts of plants, and also some bacteria and fungi.

paragraphs: The only animals known to produce carotenoids are aphids and mites, which got the genes from fungi.

paragraphs: There are over 600 known carotenoids. They are of two types, xanthophylls (which contain oxygen) and carotenes (which are purely hydrocarbons with no oxygen).

paragraphs: Carotenoids have two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in photosynthesis, and they protect chlorophyll from photodamage. Beta-carotene is the most common form in plants.

paragraphs: Some carotenoids have vitamin A activity (so they can convert to retinol). These and other carotenoids can also act as antioxidants. In the eye, certain other carotenoids (lutein, astaxanthin, and zeaxanthin) apparently act directly to absorb damaging blue and near-ultraviolet light. This protects the macula of the retina, the part of the eye with the sharpest vision.


title: Marjorie Pizer

paragraphs: Marjorie Pizer (3 April 1920 – 4 January 2016) was an Australian poet. She wrote over twenty poetry books between 1947 and 2014. She created publishing group The Pinchgut Press with her husband in 1947.

paragraphs: Pizer was born in Melbourne, Victoria. She studied literature at the University of Melbourne. She lived most of her life in Sydney, New South Wales. Her husband was Muir Holburn, who died in 1960. They had two children.

paragraphs: Pizer died after a short illness 4 January 2016 in Canberra. She was 95.


title: Leo Rucka

paragraphs: Leopold Victor "Leo" Rucka (August 18, 1931 – January 4, 2016) was an American professional football player. He played as a linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) in 1956. He was born in Wooster, Baytown, Texas.

paragraphs: Rucka died on January 4, 2016 in Crosby, Texas, aged 84.


title: János Radványi

paragraphs: János Radványi (4 August 1922 – 11 January 2016) was a Hungarian diplomat who became an American political scientist and academic professor. He served as Hungarian Ambassador to the United States between 1962 and 1967. He became an American citizen in 1978. He taught at Mississippi State University (MSU). He was born in Budapest.

paragraphs: Radványi died after a long illness on 11 January 2016, aged 93.


title: Cornelis Zitman

paragraphs: Cornelis Zitman (9 November 1926 – 10 January 2016) was a Dutch sculptor and draftsman. He was born in Leiden, Netherlands. He began teaching classes in design at Central University of Venezuela and continued drawing and painting. In 1958, he exhibited a collection of drawings and paintings at the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas. His works can be found in collections and museums of various countries, such as the National Art Gallery and the Museum of Contemporary Art of Caracas in Venezuela, and the Musée Maillol in Paris.

paragraphs: Zitman died on 10 January 2016 in Caracas at the age of 89.


title: Robert Black (serial killer)

paragraphs: Robert Black (21 April 1947 – 12 January 2016) was a Scottish serial killer convicted of the kidnapping and murder of four girls between the ages of 5 and 11, between 1981 and 1986 in the United Kingdom. He was convicted of sexually assaulting one of the girls, and of raping the other three. Black was also convicted of the kidnapping of a fifth girl, and the attempted kidnapping of a sixth. Black was born in Grangemouth, Stirlingshire.

paragraphs: Black was arrested on 14 July 1990, near Stow, Scotland. The following month, Black was convicted of abduction and was sentenced to life imprisonment. Black was attacked in his Wakefield prison cell in July 1995 after being ambushed by two inmates.

paragraphs: Black died on 12 January 2016 of natural causes in Maghaberry prison, Northern Ireland, aged 68.


title: Peter Gavin Hall

paragraphs: Peter Gavin Hall FAA FRS AO (20 November 1951 – 9 January 2016) was an Australian researcher in probability theory and mathematical statistics. The American Statistical Association described him as one of the most influential and prolific theoretical statisticians in the history of the field. Hall was an author in probability and statistics. Mathscinet lists him with more than 500 publications as of January 2008.

paragraphs: Hall died in Melbourne, Victoria from leukaemia at the age of 64.


title: Georg Nees

paragraphs: Georg Nees (23 June 1926 – 3 January 2016) was a German academic. He was a pioneer of computer art and generative graphics. He studied mathematics, physics and philosophy in Erlangen and Stuttgart and was scientific advisor at the SEMIOSIS, International Journal of semiotics and aesthetics. He was born in Nuremberg, Germany.

paragraphs: In 1977, he was appointed Honorary Professor of Applied computer science at the University of Erlangen Nees is one of the "3N" computer pioneers, an abbreviation that has become acknowledged for Frieder Nake, Georg Nees and A. Michael Noll, whose computer graphics were created with digital computers. He retired in 1985.

paragraphs: Nees died on 3 January 2016 in Nuremberg, Germany of heart failure at the age of 89.


title: Canadian Pacific Air Lines

paragraphs: Canadian Pacific Air Lines, also known as CP Air, was a Canadian airline. It existed from 1942 to 1987. In the 1940s, several small airlines were combined to form CP Air. Air Canada was owned by the government and CP Air could not fly the same routes that Air Canada flew. So in 1949, the airline started international flights to Australia, China, Fiji and The Netherlands. These were countries that Air Canada did not service. In 1961, it bought its first jet aircraft - a Douglas DC-8. By the 1960s CP Air flew to several cities across 5 continents—Asia, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. In the early 1980s CP Air was allowed to fly wherever it wanted. It rapidly increased the number of planes and opened several new routes. By 1987, the airline had a debt of $1 billion. In 1987 Air Canada was privatized by the National Transportation Act. The company Pacific Western Airlines then purchased Canadian Pacific Airlines. It was renamed Canadian Airlines. Canadian Airlines itself was combined with Air Canada in 2001.


title: Zaharije Trnavčević

paragraphs: Zaharije Trnavčević (; 2 January 1926 – 13 January 2016) was a Serbian journalist and politician. He was president of the political party Rich Serbia from 2011 until his death. He became a member of parliament in 2012. He was acting President of the National Assembly of Serbia from 31 May 2012 to 23 July 2012. He was born in Šabac.

paragraphs: Trnavčević died on 13 January 2016 in Belgrade, aged 90.


title: Giorgio Gomelsky

paragraphs: Giorgio Gomelsky (28 February 1934 – 13 January 2016) was a Georgian-British record producer, band manager, filmmaker and impresario. He owned the Crawdaddy Club in Richmond, London. He managed the rock bands The Rolling Stones and The Yardbirds. He also worked closely with Daevid Allen. In 1967, he started Marmalade Records (distributed by Polydor). He wrote songs under the name "Oscar Rasputin".

paragraphs: Gomelsky was born in Tiflis (now Tbilisi). His father was a doctor and his mother was from Monte Carlo. He grew up in many countries including Syria, Egypt, Italy and Switzerland. He moved to London, United Kingdom when he was a young adult in the 1950s. In the 1970s, he moved to New York City, United States.

paragraphs: Gomelsky died from cancer on 13 January 2016 in New York City. He was 81.


title: Leonid Zhabotinsky

paragraphs: Leonid Ivanovych Zhabotynsky (; 28 January 1938 – 14 January 2016) was a Soviet weightlifter. He set 19 world records in the super heavyweight class. He won gold medals at the 1964 and 1968 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: Zhabotinsky was born in a village in Uspenka, Sumy Oblast, Ukrainian SSR. He was born a Cossack family. He was married and had two sons. He became a Russian citizen after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Zhabotinsky died after a long illness on 14 January 2016 in Zaporizhia. He was 77.


title: Shaolin (humorist)

paragraphs: Francisco Jozenilton Veloso (8 May 1971 – 14 January 2016), better known by his stage name Shaolin, was a Brazilian cartoonist, caricaturist, humorist, comedian, actor and media presenter. His best known shows were "Domingão do Faustão", "A Praça É Nossa", "Show do Tom", and "Tudo è Possível".

paragraphs: Shaolin was born in Coremas, Paraíba. He was married to Laudiceia Veloso and had two children. In January 2011, he was badly injured in a car accident.

paragraphs: Shaolin died from a heart attack on 14 January 2016 in Campina Grande. He was 44.


title: Gender dysphoria

paragraphs: Gender dysphoria is a term used by psychologists and physicians. It describes people who strongly feel they are not the gender they were born with. It used to be called "gender identity disorder." But it is not a mental illness. It is a condition accompanied by stress, anxiety, and depression. To be diagnosed with gender dysphoria now, patients must exhibit strong cross-gender feelings that persist over time. It is not just a desire to change sex for some advantage they might think exists.

paragraphs: Gender dysphoria may cause many to become socially isolated. Boys especially may be ostracized which can lead to low self-esteem. It often leads to avoiding or dropping out of school. Feminine speech patterns and mannerisms are common in boys with gender dysphoria. Adolescents in particular are at risk of suicide.

paragraphs: The World Health Organization (WHO) has removed this condition from its list of disorders in 2019.


title: Sucre

paragraphs: Sucre is the capital city of Bolivia. It was also known as Charcas, La Plata, and Chuquisaca in the past. About 250,000 people lived there in 2006. Sucre lies at an altitude of and is the sixth largest city in Bolivia. The city is named after Antonio José de Sucre, an 18th century revolutionary leader.


title: Petty officer

paragraphs: A petty officer is a non-commissioned officer in the navies of many countries. In the United States Navy, it is a pay grade of E-4 to E-9. Petty officers who are E-7 to E-9 are called "Chief", "Senior Chief", or "Master Chief" Petty Officers. Petty officers are managers for sailors that work for them. They are managed by officers and do work that they are told to do. Petty officers are often told to manage seamen and lower ranked petty officers.

paragraphs: In the United States Navy, petty officers are promoted by taking a test and being evaluated every year. If they do good enough, they are promoted to the next rank.

paragraphs: The badge that a petty officer wears is used to show the rank of the person wearing it. In the United States, petty officers have been wearing a badge since 1841.


title: Aarhus City Hall

paragraphs: Aarhus City Hall is the city hall for Aarhus, Denmark. Aarhus City Hall was opened on 2 June 1941. The building's architects were Arne Jacobsen and Erik Møller. In 1937, meeting was held to build the city hall. Aarhus City Hall has unique architecture and was marked for preservation in 1994. In the first drawings for the building, the city hall didn't have a tower. The tower was added later.

paragraphs: The city hall has a total area of 19,380 square meters including the basement. The tower is 60 meters tall and the tower clock face has a diameter of 7 meters. The building is made of concrete plated with marble from Porsgrunn in Norway.


Multinational


title: Lamborghini Huracán

paragraphs: The Lamborghini Huracán is a sports car built by Lamborghini. It replaced the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has been produced from 2014 to present. The name "Huracán" comes from the Spanish language. It means Hurricane. Huracán was also the name of a brave fighting bull. And the Mayan god of wind, storm and fire.

paragraphs: The LP610-4 is the base model of the Huracán. It is a coupe with two doors and two seats. The name "LP610-4" means that the car has a longitudinal engine with 449 kW and all-wheel drive.

paragraphs: The "'LP620-2" is a rear-wheel drive version of the LP610-4 coupé. It is built especially for the Lamborghini Blancpain Super Trofeo Series, a race series for Lamborghini only.

paragraphs: The LP610-4 Spyder is a convertible version of the LP610-4 coupé. It was first shown at the 2015 International Motor Show Germany in Frankfurt. It has the same engine as the LP610-4 coupé.

paragraphs: The LP580-2 is also a coupé on the basis of the LP610-4, but instead has 427 kW and rear-wheel drive. This is to decrease the cost.

paragraphs: The Huracán has the same mid-engine V10 as the Lamborghini Gallardo. It has 449 kW. The displacement of the engine is 5,204 cm.

paragraphs: The top speed of the Huracán is 325 km/h. It can accelerate to 100 km/h in 2.5 seconds. The Huracán weighs 1,422 kg, which means it has a power-to-mass ratio of 0.32 kW per kg. The maximum torque is 560 N⋅m at 6,500 rpm. The CO emissions are 290g/km.


title: William Needles

paragraphs: George William Needles CM, LL.D, (January 2, 1919 – January 12, 2016) was an American-born Canadian actor and teacher. He was born in Yonkers, New York, and raised in Kitchener, Ontario.

paragraphs: Needles member of the acting company of the Stratford Shakespeare Festival since its inception in 1953, he has appeared in over one hundred roles with the company, among which are Albany in "King Lear" (1964 and 1972); the Duke of Venice in "The Merchant of Venice" (1996); the White King in "Alice Through the Looking Glass" (1996); the Lord Mayor in "Richard III" (1997); the Shepherd in "Oedipus Rex" (1997); Merriman in "The Importance of Being Earnest" (2000); Mortimer in ""(2002).

paragraphs: Needles died in Allison, Ontario from natural causes at the age of 97.


title: Twin Falls County, Idaho

paragraphs: Twin Falls County is a county in the U.S. state of Idaho. As of the 2010 Census, the county had a population of 77,230. The county seat and largest city is Twin Falls.


title: Butterfly effect

paragraphs: The butterfly effect is an idea that is more commonly used in chaos theory. A small change can make much bigger changes happen; one small incident can have a big impact on the future. The idea started from weather prediction. Now the term is used for many things; some are scientific, and some are not.

paragraphs: The term butterfly effect comes from an analogy where a butterfly flaps its wings in Tokyo and a tornado occurs in Tennessee. Weather is hard to forecast, because small changes like this can have a big impact on the weather.

paragraphs: This term can be used in areas other than weather. Here a small change can also have a large impact. For example, it’s one reason why many people believe time travel to be dangerous. If a small change was made to history, that could have a very bad impact later on. Author Ray Bradbury wrote the short story "A Sound of Thunder" with this idea—time travelers make a very small change in the past that makes a large change in the present.


title: Extermination camp

paragraphs: Extermination camps (death camps) were built by Nazi Germany during World War II. The goal of the death camps was to kill millions of people as quickly as possible. At the death camps, people were murdered mostly by being given poison gas in gas chambers. However, the Nazis also killed many people in other ways at the death camps. They killed some in mass executions (for example, by shooting many people at once). They killed others through "extermination through labor." This was by making prisoners do very hard forced labor without giving them the food, medical care, or other basic things they needed to survive. Many other people died at the death camps from starvation, illness, and freezing to death.

paragraphs: The Nazis sent many different kinds of people to the death camps. However, about 90% of the people killed in the death camps were Jewish. Nazi Germany wanted to 'exterminate' the Jewish people (they wanted to kill all of the Jews, so they would not exist any more). This plan was called the Final Solution. It is now called the Holocaust.

paragraphs: The fascist Ustaše government in the Independent State of Croatia also set up death camps during World War II. At death camps like Jasenovac, they murdered many Serbs, Jews, and other people. As many as 750,000 Serbs may have been killed at these death camps.

paragraphs: The Nazis believed that some groups of people were better than others. They thought that the Aryan race was the best of all. They believed that people who were not "Aryan" were "inferior". They also believed that non-Ayrans were the cause of Germany's problems. They thought that some groups of people did not even deserve to live. These groups included people with disabilities. The Nazis called these people "Lebensunwertes Leben" - "life unworthy of life."

paragraphs: In 1939, the Nazi "Schutzstaffel" (SS) started a program to kill everyone who was "unworthy of life." They called this secret program the Action T4 euthanasia program. As part of this program, they killed 70,000 people with disabilities, using carbon monoxide gas. This was the first time the Nazis had used poison gas to kill people.

paragraphs: Two years later, the Nazis built the first death camps. Using the things they learned by gassing people with disabilities, the Nazis had decided to start the Final Solution - killing all of the Jewish people, mostly by gassing them. Before the Nazis were ready to kill large numbers of people in gas chambers, the SS "Einsatzgruppen" started killing many people at a time by shooting them.

paragraphs: At the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis made it clear that they planned to kill all the Jews in Europe. Adolf Eichmann was put in charge of this program. After this, the Nazis built more death camps, with the goal of killing millions of Jewish people with poison gas.

paragraphs: The Nazis used death camps and concentration camps for different things. The goal of the death camps was genocide. Their purpose was to kill people who were sent to the camps on trains, thousands at a time. At death camps like Bełżec, Sobibór, and Treblinka, people were usually killed within a few hours after they got to the camps.

paragraphs: Concentration camps were different from death camps. Some of the more infamous concentration camps were Buchenwald, Bergen-Belsen, Dachau, and Ravensbrück. These were prison camps which the Nazis set up before World War II started. The Nazis sent people who they did not want in their society to these concentration camps. The Nazis forced millions of people to do forced labor in the concentration camps. Prisoners in concentration camps made up about 25% of the workers in Nazi Germany. Even though the concentration camps were not designed for mass murder, over 75% of the people sent to these camps died because of starvation, illness, exhaustion, executions, and physical abuse.

paragraphs: In the early years of World War II, the Jews were mostly sent to concentration camps. However, from 1942 onward, they were mostly deported to the death camps. They were told they were being "resettled" - sent to other places to live. The Nazis built many of the death camps in Poland, which the Nazis controlled. They did this because most of the people they wanted to kill lived in Poland. Poland had the most Jewish people in the parts of Europe that the Nazis controlled. Also, since these death camps were not in Germany, the Nazis could hide what they were doing from the German people.

paragraphs: The Nazis created two types of death camps. Some were "pure extermination camps." Their only purpose was to kill people. Others were a combination of concentration camps and death camps. At these camps, the Nazis would kill some people right away. They would force others to work as slaves until they died.

paragraphs: The first death camps were Treblinka, Bełżec, and Sobibór. They were built during Operation Reinhard (October 1941 – November 1943), whose goal was to kill all of Poland's Jews. Trains full of people were sent to these camps, and were murdered as soon as they got there. At first, the camp's guards used carbon monoxide to kill the prisoners. They then buried their bodies in mass graves. Later, when there were too many bodies to bury, they started burning the bodies. So they could kill people and get rid of their bodies more quickly, the Nazis built gas chambers and crematoria in Treblinka and Bełżec. At Bełżec, they also started using Zyklon-B poison gas to kill people.

paragraphs: On December 8, 1941, the Nazis opened another death camp called Chełmno. At first, they killed prisoners at Chelmno inside vans, using carbon monoxide exhaust fumes. Later, like at the other death camps, the Nazis built gas chambers so they could kill more people at a time. Almost all of the prisoners sent to Chelmno were killed right away. However, the Nazis forced a few strong men into work units called "Sonderkommando". These prisoners were forced to help take dead bodies out of the gas chambers and burn them.

paragraphs: The death camps were small (only several hundred meters long and wide). They also had very little housing or other buildings. Because of this, the Nazis were able to trick the prisoners when they arrived. The Nazis told them they would only be staying at the camp for a short time, before continuing to a work camp farther east. This kept the prisoners from panicking or fighting back.

paragraphs: After they decided to start the "Final Solution," the Nazis built gas chambers and crematoria inside some of the concentration camps that already existed, like Auschwitz and Majdanek.

paragraphs: When people arrived at these camps, they would go through a process called "selection." Nazi guards would choose which prisoners would be kept to work as slaves, and which would be sent right to the gas chambers to be killed. Usually, the Nazis sent elderly people, sick people, and very young children right to the gas chambers. Healthy people were often kept for slave labor, and were forced to work until they were too sick or starved to work as fast as the Nazis wanted. Then the Nazis would "select" them for the gas chambers.

paragraphs: With the support of Nazi Germany and fascist Italy, the Independent State of Croatia (ISC) was created on 10 April 1941. It was ruled by the fascist Ustaše government, which agreed with the Nazis' ideas about race and politics. The Ustaše agreed with the idea that all Jews and Roma people should be killed. They also agreed with the Nazis that socialists and communists were political enemies.

paragraphs: The Ustaše built death camps in the Independent State of Croatia and helped with the Nazis' "Final Solution" by killing many Jews and Roma. However, their main goal was to kill all of the Serbian people in the ISC. The Ustaše treated the Serbian people so cruelly that even the Germans were shocked.

paragraphs: The first Ustaše camp was Jadovno concentration camp. It held thousands of Serbs and Jews from May to August 1941. Prisoners were usually killed by being pushed into deep ravines near the camp.

paragraphs: The Jasenovac concentration camp replaced Jadovno. Jasenovac was a very large group of many camps. Many prisoners who arrived at Jasenovac were immediately scheduled to be killed. Strong men who could work, and were sentenced to less than three years in the camp, were allowed to live. However, all prisoners sentenced to three years or more were immediately scheduled for execution.

paragraphs: Some prisoners at Jasenovac were killed with poison gas or in mass shootings. However, the Ustaše guards killed many prisoners using their hands, or tools like knives and hammers.

paragraphs: In 1941, top Nazi official Heinrich Himmler went to see a group of "Einsatzgruppen" perform a mass shooting. The group's commanding officer told him that shooting so many people was psychologically harming the soldiers doing the shootings. Himmler decided the Nazis needed to find another way of killing people. After the war, the diary of Auschwitz's Commandant, Rudolf Höss, showed that many "Einsatzkommandos" – the killers – either went mad or killed themselves. He wrote that they did this because they were psychologically "unable to endure wading through blood any longer."

paragraphs: The Nazis had learned from their T-4 program that they could kill people using carbon monoxide. However, they thought sending carbon monoxide to the death camps would be too expensive.

paragraphs: In August 1941, Höss' deputy, Karl Fritzsch, tested out an idea. At Auschwitz, clothes infected with lice were treated with crystals of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide). The crystals' brand name was Zyklon-B. They were made to order by the IG Farben chemicals company. Once their container was opened, the Zyklon-B crystals in the air released a deadly cyanide gas. Fritzch thought this gas could be used to kill prisoners. To try out the effects, he locked some Soviet prisoners of war in the basement of a bunker and gassed them. They died.

paragraphs: Gassing with Zyklon-B became Auschwitz's way to exterminate people. It would also be used at Majdanek and other camps. Besides gassing, the camp guards continued to kill prisoners through mass shootings, starvation, torture, and abuse.

paragraphs: During the war, Nazi official Kurt Gerstein told a Swedish diplomat about life in a death camp. On 19 August 1942, Gerstein arrived at Bełżec extermination camp, which had carbon monoxide gas chamber. At the time 45 railroad cars, filled with 6,700 Jews, were being unloaded. Many of the Jews had died on the trip. The rest were marched naked to the gas chambers. There Gerstein said:

paragraphs: To keep people from panicking and fighting back, the Nazis told the prisoners they were going to shower and get deloused (get lice removed). Prisoner "Sonderkommando" were forced to help in and around the gas chambers. They encouraged the Jews to undress without a hint of what was about to happen. (If the "Sonderkommando" warned the prisoners, they too would be killed.) The gas chambers were designed to look like shower rooms (with fake water nozzles, and tile walls). The "Sonderkommando" talked to the victims about life in the camp to keep people from getting suspicious. They also helped the elderly and the very young to undress. The "Sonderkommando" also comforted older children who might cry "because of the strangeness of being undressed in this fashion".

paragraphs: Once the gas chamber was full of people and the door was sealed, Nazi guards dropped Zyklon B through special holes in the roof.

paragraphs: As part of their training, some high-ranked Nazi Party leaders and SS officers were sent to Auschwitz–Birkenau to watch the gassings. Höss reported that "all were deeply impressed by what they saw ... [but some] ... who had previously spoken most loudly, about the [need] for this extermination, fell silent once they had actually seen the 'final solution of the Jewish problem'."

paragraphs: After the gassings, the "Sonderkommando" removed the corpses from the gas chambers, then took gold teeth out of the bodies. At first, the victims were buried in mass graves. Later, victims' bodies were cremated. The ashes were either buried, scattered, or dumped in a nearby river.

paragraphs: In his memoir, Auschwitz Commandant Höss wrote that the "Sonderkommando" had to:

paragraphs: Hess wrote that he was impressed by how hard the "Sonderkommando" worked, even though they knew they would also be killed eventually.

paragraphs: Eventually, the Nazis were killing so many people at Auschwitz-Birkenau that they had three buildings with crematoria designed by specialists from Topf und Söhne. At Auschwitz, prisoners worked every hour of the day to destroy corpses. However, people were being gassed so quickly that not every body could be destroyed in the crematoria. Some corpses were also burned in an open air fire pit.<ref name="B/G-199"></ref>

paragraphs: At Sobibór, Treblinka, Bełżec, and Chełmno, the corpses were burned on pyres.

paragraphs: Historians estimate that the Nazis murdered over three million people in these camps:

paragraphs: When they realized they were going to lose World War II, the Nazis tried to destroy the death camps in order to hide the evidence of what they had done. They wanted to hide evidence that so many people had been killed. This meant they needed to destroy the camps, and also hide the corpses of their many victims. The Nazis forced prisoners to destroy the camps and their records, and to dig up mass graves.

paragraphs: Some extermination camps were liberated (taken over and freed) by Soviet soldiers before the Nazis could destroy evidence of their war crimes. For example, Majdanek was captured nearly intact before the Nazis were able to destroy very much. This happened because the Soviet Red Army got to the camp very quickly, which prevented the SS from destroying most of the camp.


title: South African cheetah

paragraphs: The South African Cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus jubatus"), also known as Namibian Cheetah, is the nominate subspecies of cheetah native to Southern Africa. It is the most abundant subspecies estimated at more than 6,000 individuals in the wild. Since 1990 and onwards, the population was estimated at approximately 2,500 individuals in Namibia, until 2015, the cheetah population has been increased to more than 3,500 in the country.

paragraphs: The South African Cheetah is the closest relative to the two other distinct subspecies, the Asiatic Cheetahs and the Northeast African Cheetah.


title: Rose Chibambo

paragraphs: Rose Lomathinda Chibambo (8 September 1928 – 12 January 2016) was a known British-born Malawi politician and activist. She was the Protectorate of Nyasaland in the years leading up to independence as the state of Malawi in 1964, and immediately after.

paragraphs: She was imprisoned in 1959, while pregnant with her 5th child, along with other Malawians whom the Federal government felt were a threat to British rule. After Malawi gained independence, Chibambo was the first woman minister in the new cabinet. She was forced into exile for thirty years, returning after the restoration of democracy.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2012, she was honored by being place on Malawi’s 200 Kwacha banknote.

paragraphs: Chibambo died from a heart attack at a hospital in Blantyre, Malawi at the age of 87.


title: Lawrence Phillips

paragraphs: Lawrence Lamond Phillips (May 12, 1975 – January 13, 2016) was a professional American football and Canadian football running back. He was a two-time college football national champion at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln for the Nebraska Cornhuskers. He was born in Little Rock, Arkansas. Many people consider the 1995 Nebraska Cornhuskers, on which Phillips played, to be the greatest college football team of all time.

paragraphs: Phillips played in the National Football League for the St. Louis Rams, Miami Dolphins, and San Francisco 49ers from 1996 through 1999, and for the Montreal Alouettes and Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League in 2002 and 2003.

paragraphs: He was arrested several times during the course of his life. In 2015, Phillips was charged with the murder of his former cellmate, Damion Soward.

paragraphs: Phillips died January 13, 2016, at Kern Valley State Prison in Delano, California from an apparent suicide attempt, where he was serving a seven-year term for felony assault with a deadly weapon, at the age of 40.


title: Brian Bedford

paragraphs: Brian Bedford (16 February 1935 – 13 January 2016) was an English actor. He has appeared on the stage and in movies, and is known for both acting in and directing Shakespeare. In movies, Bedford is known for his role as Clyde Tolson in the 1994 movie "Nixon". He won a Tony Award in 1971 and five Drama Desk Awards during hi career.

paragraphs: Bedford was born in Morley, West Riding of Yorkshire, England. He was openly gay. Bedford married actor Tim MacDonald in the 1980s. Bedford died on 13 January 2016 in Santa Barbara, California from cancer at the age of 80.


title: Paul G. Kirk

paragraphs: Paul Grattan Kirk, Jr. (born January 18, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as a United States Senator from Massachusetts from 2009 to 2010, having been appointed to fill the seat created by the death of Ted Kennedy.

paragraphs: From 1985 to 1989, he served as chairman of the Democratic National Committee (DNC). On January 14, 2016, Kirk announced his endorsement in Hanover, New Hampshire in support of the presidential campaign for Bernie Sanders.


title: Robert Reich

paragraphs: Robert Bernard Reich (; born June 24, 1946) is an American political economist, professor, author, and political commentator. He served in the administrations of Presidents Gerald Ford and Jimmy Carter and was the United States Secretary of Labor under President Bill Clinton from 1993 to 1997.

paragraphs: Reich is diagnosed with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, also known as Fairbanks disease, and stands at 4 feet 10.5 inches (1.486 m).

paragraphs: In January 2016, Reich announced his endorsement for Senator Bernie Sanders for President of the United States.


title: Franco Citti

paragraphs: Franco Citti (23 April 1935 – 14 January 2016) was an Italian actor. He acted in over fifty movies between the early 1960s and the late 1990s. He was best known to non-Italian audiences as Calò in "The Godfather" (1972) and "The Godfather Part III" (1990). He also appeared in the movies "Accattone" (1961) and "Oedipus Rex" (1967).

paragraphs: Citti was born in Fiumicino, Rome. His brother was the director and screenwriter Sergio Citti (1933–2005).

paragraphs: Citti died on 14 January 2016 in Rome, aged 80.


title: Ken Judge

paragraphs: Ken Judge (15 January 1958 – 15 January 2016) was an Australian rules footballer and coach. He played for East Fremantle, Hawthorn and the Brisbane Bears during the 1970s and 1980s. He also coached Hawthorn from 1996 to 1999 and the West Coast Eagles from 2000 to 2001.

paragraphs: Judge died from multiple myeloma on his 58th birthday (15 January 2016) in Perth, Western Australia.


title: Murphy, Idaho

paragraphs: Murphy is an unincorporated census-designated place in Owyhee County, Idaho, United States. It is the county seat of Owyhee County, It is one of the smallest county seats in the country. As of the 2010 census, its population was 97.

paragraphs: Murphy was formed around a railhead (end of the rail line) of the "Boise, Nampa and Owyhee Railroad" built in 1899. The town became the county seat in 1934. The railroad operated until 1947.

paragraphs: The town was named after Cornelius "Con" Murphy, a crew boss with the railroad.

paragraphs: Murphy is located at , at an elevation of above sea level; it is south of Nampa.

paragraphs: Murphy's airstrip is located northeast of the town. It does not have a control tower. Its paved runway is long.


title: Carolyn D. Wright

paragraphs: Carolyn D. "C. D." Wright (January 6, 1949 – January 12, 2016) was an American poet. He was born in Mountain Home, Arkansas. In 1977 the publishing company founded by Frank Stanford, Lost Roads, published Wright's first collection, "Room Rented by A Single Woman". In 1983 she moved to Providence, Rhode Island to teach writing at Brown University as the Israel J. Kapstein Professor of English. In 2013, Wright was elected a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets.

paragraphs: Wright died on January 12, 2016 from cancer in Barrington, Rhode Island at the age of 67.


title: Barrington, Rhode Island

paragraphs: Barrington (pronounced ) is a New England town in Bristol County, Rhode Island, United States. The population was 16,310 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: In July 2005, CNN/Money and "Money" magazine ranked Barrington sixth on its list of the 100 best places to live in the United States.


title: The Revenant (2015 movie)

paragraphs: The Revenant is a 2015 American semi-biographical western movie set in 1823 Montana and South Dakota.

paragraphs: It was directed by Alejandro G. Iñárritu. It was written by Mark L. Smith and Iñárritu. It is based in part on Michael Punke's "The Revenant: A Novel of Revenge". It stars Leonardo DiCaprio, Tom Hardy, Will Poulter, and Domhnall Gleeson.

paragraphs: "The Revenant" premiered at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 16, 2015 and had a limited release on December 25, 2015, followed by a wide release on January 8, 2016. It got really positive reviews. It won a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture-Drama.


title: Jay Roach

paragraphs: Matthew Jay Roach (born June 14, 1957) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He is best known for directing the "Austin Powers" movies and "Meet the Parents". He also directed the comedy movie "Dinner for Schmucks" (2010), the HBO political dramas "Recount" (2008) and "Game Change" (2012), and the political comedy "The Campaign" (2012). His twelfth movie, the biographical drama "Trumbo", was released on November 6, 2015 to positive reviews. He won two Emmy Awards (2008, 2012).


title: Richard Linklater

paragraphs: Richard Stuart Linklater (; born July 30, 1960) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He is known for his movies "Dazed and Confused" (1993), "Before Sunrise" (1995), "Before Sunset" (2004), "Before Midnight" (2013), "School of Rock" (2003), "Waking Life" (2001) and "A Scanner Darkly" (2006).

paragraphs: In 2002 he began filming "Boyhood" (2014), a passion project which took over twelve years to finish. The movie was premiered in 2014 to critical acclaim. Linklater won the Golden Globe, Critics' Choice Movie Awards and BAFTAs for Best Director and Best Picture. He also received his first nomination for the Academy Award for Best Director, along with nominations for Original Screenplay and Picture.


title: Tera Wray

paragraphs: Tera Lents (April 14, 1982 – January 13, 2016), better known by her stage name Tera Wray, was an American pornographic actress. She appeared in around 25 adult movies between 2007 and 2014.

paragraphs: Wray was born in Louisville, Kentucky. She was married to Wayne Static from 2008 until his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Wray died on January 13, 2016 in California, aged 33. Her death was reported as a suicide.


title: Ellen Meiksins Wood

paragraphs: Ellen Meiksins Wood (April 12, 1942 – January 13, 2016) was an American-Canadian Marxist historian and scholar. She was a publisher of the "Monthly Review" from 1997 to 2000, along with Harry Magdoff and Paul Sweezy. She wrote over ten books. Her books "The Retreat from Class" and "The Origin of Capitalism" won awards. She was a leading Marxist theorist.

paragraphs: Wood was born in New York City. Her parents were Latvian Jews. She was married to Neal Wood until his death in 2003. They had two children. She was later married to politician Ed Broadbent.

paragraphs: Wood died from cancer on January 13, 2016 in Ottawa, Ontario. She was 73.


title: Jade (American band)

paragraphs: Jade is an American hip hop-soul group. The group began in 1991. They split in 1997 and reformed in 2014. The group's members are Joi Marshall, Tonya Kelly and Myracle Holloway. The group is from Chicago.

paragraphs: The group had hit songs with "I Wanna Love You Down" and "Don't Walk Away" in 1992 and 1993. Their second album, "Mind, Body & Song", was released in 1994.


title: Dave Sime

paragraphs: David William "Dave" Sime (July 25, 1936 – January 12, 2016) was an American sprinter. He ranked as one of the fastest humans of all time. He held many sprint records during the late 1950s. He won a silver medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. He later became an ophthalmologist (type of eye doctor) and pioneer of intraocular lens transplants.

paragraphs: Sime was born in Paterson, New Jersey. He grew up in Fair Lawn, New Jersey. He was married and had three children.

paragraphs: Sime died from cancer on January 12, 2016 in Miami, Florida. He was 79.


title: ASASSN-15lh

paragraphs: ASASSN-15lh is a supernova detected on 14 June 2015. It is the most luminous supernova ever detected. At its brightest it was 50 times brighter than the whole Milky Way.

paragraphs: The supernova is some 3.8 billion light-years from Earth. It was found by the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN).


title: Francis Rossi

paragraphs: Francis Dominic Nicholas Michael Rossi (born 29 May 1949) is an English singer, songwriter and musician. He is best known as the co-founder, lead singer and lead guitarist of the rock band Status Quo.

paragraphs: Rossi was born in Forest Hill, London. He is of Italian and Northern Irish ancestry. He is teetotal.


title: Kalevi Lehtovirta

paragraphs: Kalevi Valdemar Lehtovirta (20 February 1928 – 10 January 2016) was a Finnish footballer. He played as a striker. He played for TuWe Turku, Pyrkivä Turku, Red Star, TPS, and the Finland national football team. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics. He was born in Turku.

paragraphs: Lehtovirta died on 10 January 2016 in Turku, aged 87.


title: Dime (United States coin)

paragraphs: The U.S. dime is a coin of the United States. It is worth ten cents. The denomination was authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792. The design of the dime has changed since the dime was introduced.


title: Baby Got Back

paragraphs: "Baby Got Back" is a 1992 hip hop song by Sir Mix-A-Lot. The song is about larger than normal buttocks. At the time of its release, some found the lyrics objectionable.

paragraphs: At the beginning of the song, two girls are talking. One says: "Oh my God, Becky. Look at her butt!"

paragraphs: The video of the song was banned by MTV for a short time.

paragraphs: The song was #1 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.

paragraphs: In late January 2013, a preview of the show "Glee" included a cover of "Baby Got Back". Jonathan Coulton claimed "Glee" copied his version of the song.