title: Kris Humphries

paragraphs: Kris Nathan Humphries (born February 6, 1985) is an American professional basketball player who played for the Utah Jazz, then with the Toronto Raptors, then with Dallas Mavericks, and now he playes for the Brooklyn Nets.

paragraphs: Humphries was born on February 6, 1985 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Humphries married Kim Kardashian in 2011, but filed for divorce a couple of months after their marriage. Their divorce was finalized on June 3, 2013. Kris Humphries and Kim Kardashian's marriage lasted for 72 days before they filed for divorce.


title: Kourtney Kardashian

paragraphs: Kourtney Mary Kardashian (born April 18, 1979) is an American businesswoman, socialite, model, actress and reality television personality who gained fame as a cast member of "Keeping Up with the Kardashians", "Kourtney and Kim Take New York", and "Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami". She is the oldest Kardashian sibling. She is the sister of Kim Kardashian and Khloé Kardashian. Her mother is Kris Jenner, her father was Robert Kardashian, and her former stepfather was Bruce Jenner (now Caitlyn Jenner).

paragraphs: Kardashian was born in Los Angeles, California on April 18, 1979, to parents Robert and Kris. She was in a relationship with Scott Disick from 2007 to July 2015. They had three children together: Mason, Penelope, and Reign.


title: Kris Jenner

paragraphs: Kristen Mary "Kris" Jenner (born November 5, 1955) is an American television personality, writer, socialite, television producer and businesswoman. She is known for being the mother of Kim Kardashian, Khloé Kardashian, and Kourtney Kardashian.

paragraphs: Jenner was born Kristen Mary Houghton on November 5, 1955 in San Diego, California. She was married to Robert Kardashian from 1978 until they divorced in 1990. She has been married to Caitlyn Jenner since 1991. She has four children with Robert and two with Jenner. The Jenners announced their separation in October 2013, though they had actually separated a year earlier.


title: David Prowse

paragraphs: David Prowse, MBE (born 1 July 1935) is an English former bodybuilder, weightlifter, and movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for playing the role of Darth Vader in four Star Wars movies.

paragraphs: Prowse was born in Bristol, England. He studied at Bristol Grammar School. He has been married to Norma Prowse since 1963. He said in 2009 that he has prostate cancer; it has since gone into remission. In November 2014, Prowse revealed that he has dementia.


title: Bill Gates Sr.

paragraphs: William Henry Gates, Sr. (born William Henry Gates II, November 30, 1925 – September 14, 2020) was an American attorney, philanthropist and author of the book "Showing Up for Life: Thoughts on the Gifts of a Lifetime". He was the father of Bill Gates.

paragraphs: Gates was born on November 30, 1925 in Bremerton, Washington. He studied at the University of Washington. He was married to Mary Maxwell until her death in 1994. Gates was to Mimi Gardner. With Maxwell he had three children.

paragraphs: Gates Sr. died on September 14, 2020 from Alzheimer's disease at his home near Puget Sound, Washington, aged 94.


title: Tanya Tucker

paragraphs: Tanya Tucker (born October 10, 1958) is a country music singer. Her career began when she was 13 in 1972. The song "Delta Dawn" was her first song. Many other hit songs followed in upcoming years. She was born near Texas.


title: Chain rule

paragraphs: In differential calculus, the chain rule is a way of finding the derivative of a function. It is used where the function is within another function. This is called a composite function.

paragraphs: More specifically, if formula_1 equals the composite function of the form:

paragraphs: where "g" is a function differentiable at "x" and "f" is a function differentiable at "g"("x"), then the derivative of formula_1, written as formula_4, exists, and is equal to

paragraphs: 1. Find the derivative of the outside function (all of it at once).

paragraphs: 2. Find the derivative of the inside function (the bit between the brackets).

paragraphs: 3. Multiply the answer from the first step by the answer from the second step. This is basically the last step in solving for the derivative of a function.

paragraphs: In this example, the cubed sign () is the outside function and formula_8 is the inside function. The derivative of the outside function would be formula_9, where "x" is replaced by the inside function. The derivative of the inside function would be 2"x", which is multiplied by formula_10 to get formula_11.


title: Gush Dan

paragraphs: Gush Dan (; ) is a metropolitan area in Israel that includes Tel Aviv and other nearby cities like Ramat Gan, Herzliya, Bat Yam, Ashdod, Rishon Letzion, Petah Tikva, Holon, Netanya, Bnei Brak. It is the largest metropolitan area in Israel.


title: Russet sparrow

paragraphs: The Russet Sparrow, also called the cinnamon sparrow or cinnamon tree sparrow, is a bird that is part of the sparrow family. It is a small bird with a thick beak, and is 14 to 15 centimetres long. Its feathers are mainly rufous (reddish-brown) above and grey below, and its sounds are made up of short chirps which it can sometimes join together to make a song. There are 3 subspecies of the Russet Sparrow, "rutilans" (the main species), "intensior", which, along with the main species, lives in parts of eastern Asia, and "cinnamomeus", which lives in the Himalayas and is commonly seen around terrace farms. The Russet Sparrow mainly eats seeds from herbs and grains, and it is the common sparrow of towns and cities that Eurasian Tree Sparrows and House Sparrows do not live in.


title: Myton-on-Swale

paragraphs: Myton-on-Swale is a village and civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England. It is about east of Boroughbridge and on the River Swale.


title: Luke Nelson

paragraphs: Luther Martin Nelson (December 4, 1893 – November 14, 1985) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. Nelson played for the New York Yankees in 1919. In nine games, he had a 3–0 record with a 2.96 ERA. He batted and threw right-handed.

paragraphs: Nelson was born in Cable, Illinois and died in Moline, Illinois.


title: Scafell Pike

paragraphs: Scafell Pike is the highest mountain in England. It is tall. It is located in Lake District National Park, in Cumbria.

paragraphs: It is sometimes confused with the near-by Scafell. The name "Pikes of Sca Fell" was first used to mean the peaks now known as Scafell Pike, Ill Crag and Broad Crag. The contraction "Scafell Pike" started as an error on an Ordnance Survey map.

paragraphs: The summit was given to the National Trust in 1919 by Lord Leconfield. He did this in memory of the men of the Lake District "who fell for God and King, for freedom, peace and right in the Great War".


title: No contest

paragraphs: No contest is a plea in which the defendant making the plea has chosen not to dispute the criminal charges against them, particularly in United States courts. No contest pleas usually carry results similar to pleading or being found guilty of certain crimes. No contest is called Nolo contendere in the Latin terminology. Some countries outside the U.S. do not allow people to plead no contest.


title: Tom Kane

paragraphs: Tom Kane (born Thomas Kane Roberts, April 15, 1962) is an American voice actor. He has worked in movies, television and video games. Kane is known for his many voice roles in "" and in "The Powerpuff Girls".

paragraphs: Kane was born in Overland Park, Kansas on April 15, 1962.


title: Paul Winfield

paragraphs: Paul Edward Winfield (May 22, 1939 – March 7, 2004) was an American television, movie, voice, and stage actor who is known for his roles in "The Terminator", "Sounder", "Presumed Innocent", "Damnation Alley", and in "White Dog". He has won an Emmy Award in 1995.

paragraphs: Winfield was born on May 22, 1939 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the Manual Arts High School,at Los Angeles City College, at University of Portland, at Stanford University, and at the University of California at Los Angeles. Winfield was openly gay. He was partners with Charles Gillan, Jr. from 1972 until his death in 2002. Winfield died on March 7, 2004 after having a heart attack, a complication from his diabetes in Los Angeles, California, aged 64.


title: Mark Slade

paragraphs: Mark Van Blarcom Slade (born May 1, 1939) is an American movie, television, stage, voice, radio actor, writer, and artist who is known for his role as Billy Blue Cannon in "The High Chaparral".

paragraphs: Slade was born on May 1, 1939 in Salem, Massachusetts. He was married to Melinda Riccilli since 1968.


title: Nicolas Roeg

paragraphs: Nicolas Jack Roeg (15 August 1928 – 23 November 2018) was an English movie director and cinematographer. He is best known for directing "Performance" (1970), "Walkabout" (1971), "Don't Look Now" (1973), "The Man Who Fell to Earth" (1976), "Bad Timing" (1980) and "The Witches" (1990).

paragraphs: Roeg was born on 15 August 1928 in London. Roeg was married to Susan Stephen from 1957 until they divorced in 1977. He was married to actress Theresa Russell from 1982 until they divorced. He was married to Harriet Harper from 2004 until his death in 2018.

paragraphs: Roeg died on 23 November 2018 in London at the age of 90.


title: Don King

paragraphs: Donald "Don" King (born August 20, 1931) is an American boxing promoter. He has promoted many famous boxers including Mike Tyson, George Foreman, Muhammad Ali, and Evander Holyfield.

paragraphs: King was born on August 20, 1931 in Cleveland, Ohio. He dropped out from Kent State University. King was married to Henrietta King from 1959 until her death in 2010. They had three children.


title: Dave Chappelle

paragraphs: David Khari Webber "Dave" Chappelle (born August 24, 1973) is an American comedian, screenwriter, television and movie producer, movie, voice, and television actor, and artists. He is known for his comedy works and for having his own show, "Chappelle's Show". He is also known for his role as Thurgood Jenkins in "Half Baked". In 2018, he starred as Noodles in the drama movie "A Star Is Born".

paragraphs: In 2016, he signed a $20 million-per-release comedy-special deal with Netflix and as of 2019, he has released five standup specials.

paragraphs: Chappelle received his first Emmy Award in 2017 for his guest appearance on "Saturday Night Live". In 2018, he received a Grammy Award for his Netflix specials "The Age of Spin & Deep in the Heart of Texas".

paragraphs: Chappelle was born on August 24, 1973 in Washington, D.C., but raised in Silver Spring, Maryland. He has been married to Elaine Erfe since 2001. They have 3 children.

paragraphs: In 2019, Chappelle was selected to receive the Mark Twain Prize for American Humor presented by the Kennedy Center as America's highest comedy honor.


title: Emile Hirsch

paragraphs: Emile Davenport Hirsch (born March 13, 1985) is an American television, voice and movie actor. He is known for his role as Speed Racer in "Speed Racer" and as Matthew Kiddman in "The Girl Next Door".

paragraphs: Hirsh was born on March 13, 1985 in Topanga, California. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. He studied at Alexander Hamilton High School.


title: Bryan Cranston

paragraphs: Bryan Lee Cranston (born March 7, 1956) is an American actor, voice actor, director, producer, and writer.

paragraphs: He is best known for his roles as Hal in "Malcolm in the Middle" and as Walter White in "Breaking Bad". He has won an Emmy Award for his role in Breaking Bad and a Saturn Award and Tony Award.

paragraphs: Cranston appeared in movies as well. He appeared in "Saving Private Ryan", "Little Miss Sunshine", "Argo", "Godzilla", as Dalton Trumbo in "Trumbo", "Kung Fu Panda 3", "Why Him?", Zordon in "Power Rangers" and as Phillip Lacasse in "The Upside".

paragraphs: Cranston was born on March 7, 1956 in Canoga Park, California. Cranston studied at Canoga Park High School and at the Los Angeles City College. Cranston was married to Mickey Middleton from 1977 until they divorced in 1982. He married Robin Dearden in 1989. With Dearden, he has a daughter.


title: Guido Quaroni

paragraphs: Guido Quaroni (born November 9, 1967) is an Italian voice actor who is known for his voice role as Guido in "Cars" and in "Cars 2".


title: Franco Nero

paragraphs: Franco Nero (born Francesco Sparanero, 23 November 1941) is an Italian movie director, movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "Django", "Die Hard 2", "Letters to Juliet", "Camelot", "Keoma", "The Mercenary", and "Cars 2".

paragraphs: Nero was born on 23 November 1941 in San Prospero, Parma, Emilia-Romagna, Italy. He studied at Piccolo Teatro di Milano. Nero has been married to Vanessa Redgrave since 2005. Nero has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero, by Redgrave.


title: Dennis Miller

paragraphs: Dennis Miller (born November 3 1953) is an American comedian, political commentator, actor, writer and radio personality. He usually talks about politics. Miller was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.


title: Michael Redgrave

paragraphs: Sir Michael Scudamore Redgrave (20 March 1908 – 21 March 1985) was an English stage, voice, radio, television and movie actor, movie director, manager and writer who is known for his roles in "The Lady Vanishes", "Dead of Night", "The Browning Version", "The Dam Busters", "Secret Beyond the Door...", and in "Mourning Becomes Electra".

paragraphs: Redgrave was born on 20 March 1908 in Bristol, Gloucestershire. Redgrave was educated at the Magdalene College, at Cambridge, Clifton College, and at the University of Cambridge. Throughout his life, Redgrave was bisexual. He was married to Rachel Kempson from 1935 until his death in 1985. They had three children, Vanessa Redgrave, Corin Redgrave, and Lynn Redgrave. Redgrave died on 21 March 1985 in Denham, Buckinghamshire from Parkinson's disease, aged 77.


title: Corin Redgrave

paragraphs: Corin William Redgrave (16 July 1939 – 6 April 2010) was an English movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor and activist, who is known for his roles in "All Man for All Seasons", "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Oh! What a Lovely War", "The Forsyte Saga", and in "Persuasion".

paragraphs: Redgrave was born on 16 July 1939 in Marylebone, London, England. He studied at the Westminster School and at King's College, Cambridge. Redgrave was married to Deirdre Hamilton-Hill from 1962 until they divorced in 1975. Then he was married to Kika Markham from 1985 until his death in 2010. They had four children. Redgrave died on 6 April 2010 in Tooting, London, England from prostate cancer, aged 70.


title: Oscar II

paragraphs: Oscar II (21 January 1829 – 8 December 1907), baptised Oscar Fredrik, was King of Sweden from 1872 until his death and King of Norway from 1872 until 1905. The third son of King Oscar I of Sweden and Josephine of Leuchtenberg, he was a descendant of Gustav I of Sweden through his mother.

paragraphs: When he was born on January 21, 1829 in Stockholm, Oscar Fredrik was created Duke of Östergötland. He entered the navy at the age of eleven, and was appointed junior lieutenant in July 1845. Later he studied at Uppsala University, where he distinguished himself in mathematics. On 13 December 1848, he was made an honorary member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraphs: From 1859, when his father died, he was first in line to the Swedish throne after his oldest brother King Charles, who then had no male heirs (his son had died in infancy in 1854). His middle brother Gustaf had died in 1852.

paragraphs: He succeeded his brother Charles XV and IV on 18 September 1872, and was crowned as king of Norway in the Nidaros Cathedral in Trondheim on 18 July 1873. At the accession he adopted as his motto "Brödrafolkens väl" / "Broderfolkenes Vel" ("The Welfare of the Brother Peoples"). While the King and the Royal Court resided mostly in Sweden, Oscar made the effort of learning to be fluent in Norwegian and from the very beginning he realized the essential difficulties in the maintenance of the union between the two countries.

paragraphs: The political events which led up to the peaceful dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden in 1905 could hardly have been attained but for the tact and patience of the king himself. He was dethroned on 7 June 1905 by the Norwegian Parliament and renounced the Norwegian throne on 26 October.

paragraphs: On 6 June 1857 he married in Wiesbaden-Biebrich, Germany, Princess Sophia Wilhelmina, youngest daughter of Duke William of Nassau.

paragraphs: His health declined, indeed, to permit any prince of his house to become king of Norway, but better relations between the two countries were restored before his death in Stockholm on 8 December 1907 from unknown causes.


title: Rob Corddry

paragraphs: Robert William "Rob" Corddry (born February 4, 1971) is an American movie, television, voice actor, television director and producer, writer and comedian who is known for his roles in "Hot Tub Time Machine" and in "Childrens Hospital". He has won an Emmy Award in 2012 for "Children Hospital".

paragraphs: Corddry was born on February 4, 1971 in Weymouth, Massachusetts. He studied at Weymouth North High School and at University of Massachusetts Amherst.


title: Malayalam Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Malayalam Wikipedia () is the Malayalam language edition of Wikipedia, a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. It was launched on December 21, 2002. Now this project is the leading Wikipedia among other South East Asian language Wikipedias in quality. It has grown to be a wiki containing more than 31,000 articles .

paragraphs: The Malayalam language Wikipedia has been available in the wikipedia.org domain since 21 December 2002. A user had taken the initial tasks for it. After its creation he was the key person for the next 2 years. Almost all the early users of Malayalam Wikipedia were Malayalees (speakers of the Malayalam language). The growth of the Wikipedia during these times was very slow due to technical issues such as browser problems, font problems, and other problems.


title: Phil Silvers

paragraphs: Phil Silvers (Philip Silver, May 11, 1911 – November 1, 1985) was an American entertainer, comedian, movie, television, stage, radio, and voice actor who is known for his role as Sergeant Bilko in "The Phil Silvers Show". He has won two Tony Awards and an Emmy Award.

paragraphs: Silvers was born on May 11, 1911 in Brooklyn, New York. Silver was married to Jo-Carroll Dennison from 1945 until they divorced in 1950. Then he was married to Evelyn Patrick from 1956 until they divorced in 1966. Silvers had five children with Evelyn. Silvers died on November 1, 1985 in Century City, California from heart failure, aged 74.


title: Wade Williams

paragraphs: Wade Andrew Williams (born December 24, 1961) is an American movie, television, and voice actor who is best known for his role as Brad Bellick in "Prison Break".

paragraphs: Williams was born on December 24, 1961 in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He studied at Rutgers University and at the University of Tulsa.


title: Gary Collins

paragraphs: Gary Ennis Collins (April 30, 1938 – October 13, 2012) was an American movie, television, radio, stage, voice actor, and television host. He is known for his roles in "The Sixth Sense", "Angel in my Pocket", "The Wackiest Ship in the Army", "Born Free", "Hangar 18", and in "The Home Show". He is also known for being the host of Miss America from 1982 through 1990. He has won an Emmy Award for Best Television Host in 1983.

paragraphs: Collins guest-starred on dozens of television shows since the 1960s, including "Perry Mason", "The Virginian", "Hawaii Five-O", "The Six Million Dollar Man", "The Love Boat", "Charlie's Angels", "Friends", and "JAG".

paragraphs: Collins was born on April 30, 1938 in Venice, California. Collins was raised in Biloxi, Mississippi. He studied at Santa Monica City College. He was married to Susan Lechman from 1964 until they divorced in 1967. Then he was married to Mary Ann Mobley from 1967 until his death in 2012. Collins died on the morning of October 13, 2012 in Biloxi, Mississippi from natural causes, aged 74.


title: Tom Berenger

paragraphs: Tom Berenger (born Thomas Michael Moore; May 31, 1949) is an Emmy Award-winning American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "Hatfields & McCoys", "Platoon", "Major League", "Inception", and "The Big Chill". He has won an Emmy Award and an Golden Globe Award.

paragraphs: Berenger was born on May 31, 1949 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at the University of Missouri. Berenger was married to Barbara Wilson from 1976 until they divorced in 1984. Then he was married to Lisa Williams from 1986 until they divorced in 1997. Then he was married to Patricia Alvaran since 1998. He has six children.


title: Julio Alemán

paragraphs: Julio Méndez Alemán (November 29, 1933 – April 11, 2012) was a Mexican movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor.

paragraphs: Alemán was born in Morelia, Michoacán on November 29, 1933. He was married to Esperanza Martínez. They had six children.

paragraphs: Alemán died in Mexico City on April 11, 2012. He had been diagnosed with lung cancer. His remains were cremated and a memorial service was held on April 12, 2012, in Mexico City.


title: Gumbel distribution

paragraphs: The Gumbel distribution is a probability distribution of extreme values.

paragraphs: In probability theory and statistics, the Gumbel distribution is used to model the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.

paragraphs: Such a distribution might be used to represent the distribution of the maximum level of a river in a particular year if there was a list of maximum values for the past ten years. It is also useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur.

paragraphs: The Gumbel distribution is a continuous probability distribution. Gumbel distributions are a family of distributions of the same general form. These distributions differ in their "location" and "scale" parameters: the mean ("average") of the distribution defines its location, and the standard deviation ("variability") defines the scale.

paragraphs: One recognizes the Gumbel "probability density function" (PDF) and the Gumbel "cumulative distribution function" (CDF).

paragraphs: In the PDF, the probability P of a value V to occur between limits A and B, briefly written as P(A<VP(V \leq A) = CDF(A) </math>.

paragraphs: The mathematical expression of the CDF is:

paragraphs: where μ is the "mode" (the value where the probability density function reaches its peak), "e" is a mathematical constant, about 2.718, and β is a value related to the "standard deviation" (σ) :

paragraphs: where π is the Greek symbol for Pi whose value is close to 22/7 or 3.142, and the symbol formula_3 stands for the square root.

paragraphs: The "mode" μ can be found from the "median" M, being the value of A where CDF(A)=0.5, and β:

paragraphs: where formula_6 = "Euler constant" formula_7 0.5772.

paragraphs: In a data series, the parameters "mode" (μ) and β can be estimated from the average, median and standard deviation. The calculation of the last three quantities is explained in the respective Wiki pages. Then, with the help of formulas given in the previous section, the factors μ and β can be calculated. In this way, the CDF of the Gumbel distribution belonging to the data can be determined and the probability of interesting data values can be found.

paragraphs: In hydrology, the Gumbel distribution is used to analyze such variables as monthly and annual maximum values of daily rainfall and river discharge volumes, and also to describe droughts.

paragraphs: The blue picture illustrates an example of fitting the Gumbel distribution to ranked maximum one-day October rainfalls showing also the 90% "confidence belt" based on the binomial distribution.


title: Chris Dodd

paragraphs: Christopher John "Chris" Dodd (born May 27, 1944) is an American lawyer, lobbyist, and Democratic Party politician. He was a United States Senator from Connecticut for thirty-years.

paragraphs: Dodd was born in Connecticut. He is a graduate of Georgetown Preparatory School in Bethesda, Maryland, and Providence College. His father, Thomas J. Dodd, was a United States Senator from Connecticut from 1959-1971. Chris Dodd served in the Peace Corps for two years before going to law school at the University of Louisville. While he was in law school, he was also a member of the United States Army Reserve.

paragraphs: Dodd won the election in 1974 to be the Representative from Connecticut's 2nd congressional district. He was reelected in 1976 and 1978. He was elected United States Senator in the elections of 1980. He was the longest-serving senator in Connecticut's history.

paragraphs: Dodd was the chairman of the Democratic National Committee from 1995 to 1997. He served as Chairman of the Senate Banking Committee until his retirement. In 2006, Dodd decided to run for the Democratic nomination for President of the United States. He left the race to become President after running behind several other competitors. In January 2010, Dodd said that he would not run for re-election in the 2010 elections. Dodd was replaced by Richard Blumenthal. On March 1, 2011, the Motion Picture Association of America said that Dodd will be in control of that organization.


title: Ronald Neame

paragraphs: Ronald Elwin Neame (23 April 1911 – 16 June 2010) was an English movie director and producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer who is known for his works in "The Poseidon Adventures", "Great Expectations", "Oliver Twist", "Brief Encounter", and "In Which We Serve".

paragraphs: Neame was born on 23 April 1911 in London, England. He studied at University College School and at Hurstpierpoint College. Neame was married to Beryl Heanly from 1933 until they divorced in 1992. Then he was married to Donna Friedberg from 1993 until his death. With Heanly he had a son, Christopher. Neame also had three grandchildren. Neame died on June 16, 2010 in Los Angeles, California from complications of an accidental fall, aged 99.


title: Tyrone Power

paragraphs: Tyrone Edmund Power, Jr. (May 5, 1914 – November 15, 1958) or Ty Power, was an American movie, television, radio and stage actor who appeared in dozens of movies from the 1930s to the 1950s, but is mostly known for his roles in "The Mark of Zorro", "Blood and Sand", "The Black Swan", "Prince of Foxes", "The Black Rose", and "Captain from Castile".

paragraphs: Power was born on May 5, 1914 in Cincinnati, Ohio. Power was married to Annebella from 1939 until they divorced in 1948. He was married to Linda Christian from 1949 until they divorced in 1956. He was married to Debbie Ann Minardos from 1958 until his death in 1958. He had two children with Christian, and one with Minardos. Power died on November 15, 1958 in Madrid, Spain from a heart attack, aged 44.


title: Anomalocaris

paragraphs: Anomalocaris ("abnormal shrimp") is an extinct genus of anomalocaridid, which are, in turn, thought to be closely related to the arthropods. The first fossils of "Anomalocaris" were discovered in the "Ogygopsis" shale by Joseph Frederick Whiteaves, with more examples found by Charles Doolittle Walcott in the famed Burgess Shale.


title: Michael Murphy

paragraphs: Michael George Murphy (born May 5, 1938) is an American movie, stage, voice and television actor who is known for his roles as Yale Pollack in "Manhattan" and as the Mayor in "Batman Returns". He has won an Gemini Award.

paragraphs: Murphy was born on May 5, 1938 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of California at Los Angeles. Murphy was married to Wendy Crewson from 1988 until they divorced in 2009. They had two children.


title: Wendy Crewson

paragraphs: Wendy Jane Crewson (born May 9, 1956) is a Canadian movie, television, voice, and stage actress who is known for her role in "The Santa Clause", "The Santa Clause 2", "", "Better Than Chocolate", "Air Force One" and "Room". She won an Gemini Award.

paragraphs: Crewson was born on May 9, 1956 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. She studied at Queen's University and at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art. Crewson was married to Michael Murphy from 1988 until they divorced in 2009. They had two children.

paragraphs: Crewson openly came out as a lesbian in 2014.


title: Jeffrey Jones

paragraphs: Jeffrey Duncan Jones (born September 28, 1946) is an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who is best known for his roles as Emperor Joseph II in Miloš Forman’s "Amadeus", Charles Deetz in "Beetlejuice", and Dean of Students Edward R. Rooney in the 1986 John Hughes movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off".

paragraphs: Jones was born on September 28, 1946 in Buffalo, New York. He studied at Lawrence University and at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. He has a son from a last relationship. In 2002 Jones was arrested; he was later convicted of a sex offense and will serve four years in jail and 250 hours of community service.


title: Terrence Howard

paragraphs: Terrence Howard (March 11 1969) is an American actor and singer who has starred in many movies. He did "Hustle & Flow" and "Crash" (2004). His acting career began around 1992. He was born in Chicago and raised in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Catherine O'Hara

paragraphs: Catherine Anne O'Hara, (born March 4, 1954) is a Canadian-American movie, television, stage, voice actress, writer and comedian. She is well known for her roles in "SCTV", and her roles in movies such as in "After Hours", "Beetlejuice", "Home Alone", and "The Nightmare Before Christmas". She has won an Emmy Award.

paragraphs: O'Hara is also known for her role as Moira Rose in the award-winning series "Schitt's Creek".

paragraphs: O'Hara was born on March 4, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. O'Hara studied at Burnhamthorpe Collegiate Institute. She has been married to Jo Welch since 1992. They have two children and currently reside in Los Angeles, California.


title: Christopher Guest

paragraphs: Christopher Haden-Guest, 5th Baron Haden-Guest (born February 5, 1948), usually simply known as Christopher Guest, is an English-American screenwriter, composer, musician, movie producer and director, movie, television, stage, and voice actor, and comedian. He is known for his work in "This Is Spinal Tap", "The Princess Bride", "Best in Show", "A Mighty Wind", and in "For Your Consideration". He has won an Emmy Award.

paragraphs: Guest was born on February 5, 1948 in New York City, New York. He studied at The High School of Music & Art and at New York University.

paragraphs: Guest married Jamie Lee Curtis in 1984. They have two adopted children.


title: Lipid bilayer

paragraphs: Lipid bilayers are important in biological cells. They are the basis of cell membranes, and they surround most cell organelles. Lipid bilayers form automatically from phospholipids by self-assembly.

paragraphs: The phospholipids have heads which mix with water and tails which reject water. So the tails come together in the centre of the double layer, and the heads on the outside are surrounded by water.

paragraphs: The lipid bilayers stop most water-soluble (hydrophilic) molecules passing through. They also stop most ions.

paragraphs: In cells, proteins are put in the bilayer by enzymes. The proteins decide which molecules come in and which go out of the cell. For example, cells control salt concentrations and pH by pumping ions across their membranes using proteins called ion pumps.


title: John Letford

paragraphs: John Letford MBE (born 29 August 1935) is a Scottish politician. He was the Lord Provost of Dundee from 2003 to 2012. The new Lord Provost is Bob Duncan.

paragraphs: On 24 March 2009, Letford resigned from the Labour Group on Dundee City Council. He became an independent councillor.


title: Alcester Grammar School

paragraphs: Alcester Grammar School is a grammar school in a town called Alcester, in the county of Warwickshire. It is a local authority school, which means it is not fee-paying. It is, however, selective. This means it is meant for pupils of above average intelligence.

paragraphs: The youngest children are 11. The oldest are 18. Children join when they are 11 or when they are 16. When they are 11 they take a test to get in. The test is called the Eleven plus. 16 year old children can join if they have good GCSE exam grades elsewhere.

paragraphs: Children at Alcester Grammar School take the GCSE exams. GCSEs are exams that all children who live in England take.

paragraphs: Alcester Grammar is a very successful, selective, rural, grammar school. It offers courses at National Curriculum and post 16 levels. The school has a large VI form and offers one of the widest ranges of both 'A' and 'AS' levels in the country.

paragraphs: The school sets out to provide a relaxed and constructive atmosphere, in which pupils are encouraged to develop their individual talents. Since it is school, boys and girls are jointly involved in most aspects of school life. We have no doubt that co-education is a fitting preparation for life.

paragraphs: Alcester Grammar School got an 'outstanding' rating in their OFSTED inspection.


title: Mycobacterium

paragraphs: Mycobacterium is a genus of bacteria, with about 100 species.The genus includes pathogens known to cause serious diseases in mammals, including tuberculosis ("Mycobacterium tuberculosis") and leprosy ("Mycobacterium leprae").

paragraphs: Mycobacteria can colonize their hosts without the hosts showing any adverse signs. Many people around the world have infections of "M. tuberculosis" without showing any signs of it.

paragraphs: Mycobacterial infections are difficult to treat. The organisms are tough due to their cell wall. In addition, they are naturally resistant to a number of antibiotics that disrupt cell-wall building, such as penicillin. With their unique cell wall, they can survive long exposure to acids, alkalis, detergents, oxidative bursts, lysis by complement, and many antibiotics.

paragraphs: Most mycobacteria are susceptible to the antibiotics clarithromycin and rifamycin, but antibiotic-resistant strains have emerged.

paragraphs: The Greek prefix "myco" means "fungus". When they are cultured on the surface of liquids, mycobacteria growth is similar to that of moulds, a kind of fungus.


title: Thutmose II

paragraphs: Thutmose II (sometimes "Thutmosis", or "Tuthmosis II", which means "Born of Thoth") was the fourth Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt. He built some small monuments and began two small military campaigns but did little else during his rule and was probably strongly influenced by his wife, Hatshepsut. He ruled from 1493 BC to 1479 BC. Thutmose II's body was found in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut with many other pharaohs. It can be viewed today in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo.

paragraphs: Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a minor wife, Mutnofret. He may married his fully royal half-sister, Hatshepsut, in order to secure his kingship. His armies stopped rebellions in Nubia and the Levant and defeated a group of nomadic Bedouins. But these campaigns were led by the king's Generals, and not by Thutmose II himself. This is often seen as evidence that Thutmose II was still a child at his when he became king. Thutmose II fathered Neferure with Hatshepsut, and a male heir, the famous Thutmose III, by a lesser wife named Iset before his death.

paragraphs: Some archaeologists believe that Hatshepsut was the real power behind the throne during Thutmose II’s rule. Domestic and foreign policies were similar and she claimed that her father wanted them to rule together. She is pictured in several scenes from a Karnak gateway dating to Thutmose II's reign, both together with her husband and alone. She later had herself crowned Pharaoh several years into the rule of her husband's young successor Thutmose III. "The queen's agents actually replaced the boy king's name in a few places with her own cartouches" on the gateway.

paragraphs: The ancient historian Manetho wrote that Thutmose II ruled for 13 years. This figure is highly disputed among scholars. Some modern historians believe he ruled for only three years.

paragraphs: Most pharaohs are remembered because of the number of monuments and buildings they created. However Hatsehput had his name removed replaced with her own. Thutmose III had Thutmose II's name added to all kinds of monuments. This makes it hard for people studying Thutmose II to know what he really created.

paragraphs: There are several surviving buildings built for the king at Semna, Kumma, and Elephantine. His biggest monument was a limestone gateway at Karnak that was once at the front of the Fourth Pylon's forecourt. But this monument was not completed in Thutmose II's reign but in the reign of his son Thutmose III. This suggests that Thutmose II did not rule for very long. The gateway was later pulled down and its building blocks used for the foundation of the Third Pylon by Amenhotep III.

paragraphs: When Thutmose II became king, there was a rebellion by the Kush. The Egyptians retreated into the fort built by Thutmose I. Thutmose II was too young for battle, but he sent an army into Nubia. The rebellion was easily crushed with the help of his father's military generals.

paragraphs: Thutmose also seems to have fought against the Shasu Bedouin in the Sinai. This was a minor raid, but the army went as far as Upper Retenu, or Syria. This quite possibly indicates that the raid against the Shasu was only fought on the way to Syria.

paragraphs: Thutmose II's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri cache, in 1881. He was in a tomb with other 18th and 19th kings including Ahmose I, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I, Thutmose III, Ramesses I, Seti I, Ramesses II, and Ramesses IX.

paragraphs: The mummy was unwrapped by Gaston Maspero on July 1, 1886. The face and shape of the head was very similar to the mummy of Thutmose I, his likely father. The body of Thutmose II been badly damaged by ancient tomb robbers. His left arm was broken off at the shoulder-joint, the forearm separated at the elbow joint, and his right arm chopped off below the elbow. His abdomen and much of his chest looked as if it had been hacked with an axe. His right leg had been cut from his body. All of these injuries had taken place after his death. The body also showed signs that Thutmose II did not have an easy life:


title: Mantoux test

paragraphs: The Mantoux test is a test developed to detect tuberculosis. In the year 1890, Robert Koch developed tuberculin, as a treatment for tuberculosis. The substance proved ineffective to treat the disease, today it is commonly used to detect it, though. Tuberculin is a substance based on the pathogen that causes tuberculosis. Charles Mantoux, a French physician, developed a test method, based on the work of Koch.

paragraphs: A positive test result simply says that the immune system came in contact with Mycobacteria - this does not necessarily mean that people with a positive test result have been infected with tuberculosis. Such a result, which shows as positive, even though the outcome should be negative is called "false positive".

paragraphs: The test shows the reaction of the immune system to tuberculin. This requires an intact immune system: People whose immune system is weakened, for example those with a HIV infection, may also show a "false negative": Their immune system may simply be too weak to react. Similarly, the use of certain substances, such as steroids may lead to false negatives.


title: Radiology

paragraphs: Radiology is a field of medicine that uses medical imaging methods to detect and treat diseases. Examples include ultrasound, X-rays, Computed tomography, Positron emission tomography and Magnetic resonance imaging.


title: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin

paragraphs: Bacillus Calmette–Guerin is a vaccine against tuberculosis. It is often abbreviated "BCG". The vaccine is based on a bovine strain of the bacterium. It was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in the 1930s. It looks like the vaccine can also be used to treat certain forms of bladder cancer.


title: Mobutu Sese Seko

paragraphs: Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga (born Joseph-Desiré Mobutu; 14 October 1930 – 7 September 1997) () was the President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The country was known as Zaire for much of his rule.

paragraphs: Mobutu is commonly known as Mobutu or Mobutu Sese Seko. While in office, he formed an authoritarian regime, amassed vast personal wealth, and attempted to purge the country of all colonial cultural influence. He was an anti-communist.

paragraphs: During the Congo Crisis, Mobutu led a coup against the nationalist government of Patrice Lumumba. He wanted to take control of the government of Congo-Léopoldville. He soon became the army chief of staff. In 1965 he led a second coup to be Prime Minister. Then in 1967 he established a presidential form of government headed by himself. As part of his program of “national authenticity,” Mobutu changed the Congo's name to Zaïre in 1971. He changed his own name to Mobutu Sese Seko in 1972. Mobutu established a one-party state and a cult of personality.

paragraphs: During his reign, Mobutu built a highly centralized state. He amassed a large personal fortune through economic exploitation and corruption. Because of this some people called his rule “kleptocracy.” The nation suffered from uncontrolled inflation, a large debt, and massive currency devaluations. By 1991 economic deterioration and unrest led him to agree to share power with opposition leaders. He used the army to stop this change. In May 1997 rebel forces, led by Laurent Kabila, removed him from the country.

paragraphs: Mobutu Sese Seko is notorious for the corruption, nepotism, and embezzlement of billions of dollars that took place during his reign. He also had extravagances such as Concorde-flown shopping trips to Paris. Mobutu presided over the country for some four decades, despite many reports of abuses and human-rights violations. As such, many have described him as the "archetypal African dictator".

paragraphs: Mobutu died in 1997 of prostate cancer in Morocco.


title: Mike Rowe

paragraphs: Michael Gregory "Mike" Rowe (born March 18, 1962) is an American actor, singer, television host, and narrator. He is best known for his voice-over work on commercials and as the host of the television program "Dirty Jobs". Rowe has acted on television, stage and movies as well as radio. He does a large amount of work as a narrator and has even been an opera singer.

paragraphs: Rowe was born on March 18, 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland. He studied at Overlea High School, at Essex Community College, and at Towson State University. He now lives in San Francisco, California.


title: Bryan Singer

paragraphs: Bryan Jay Singer (born September 17, 1965) is an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. Singer is known for his works in "The Usual Suspects", the "X-Men" movies and "Superman Returns". He has won an Saturn Award.

paragraphs: Singer was born on September 17, 1965 in New York City. He was adopted and raised in West Windsor Township, New Jersey. He studied at West Windsor-Plainsboro High School South, at School of Visual Arts, and at the USC School of Cinematic Arts in Los Angeles. Singer is openly gay.

paragraphs: On April 16, 2014, Singer was accused of sexually abusing a 17-year-old boy in a federal lawsuit filed in Hawaii. The accuser said Singer provided him with drugs and alcohol to encourage him to have sex on more than one occasion in 1999.


title: James Marsden

paragraphs: James Paul Marsden (born September 18, 1973) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, singer, and a former model. Marsden is known for his role as Scott Summers or Cyclops in the first three "X-Men" movies. He is also known for his roles in "Hop", "Superman Returns", "Hairspray", "Enchanted", "The Notebook", and in "27 Dresses".

paragraphs: Marsden was born on September 18, 1973 in Stillwater, Oklahoma. He studied at Hefner Middle School, at Putnam City North High School, and at Oklahoma State Univerity. Marsden was married to Lisa Linde from 2000 until they divorced in 2011. They had two children.


title: Brandon Routh

paragraphs: Brandon James Routh (born October 9, 1979) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actor and former fashion model who is known for his roles as Daniel Shaw in "Chuck" and as Superman in "Superman Returns". He won a Saturn Award in 2006.

paragraphs: Routh is also known for his roles in "Zack and Miri Make a Porno" and "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World".

paragraphs: In 2013, Routh voiced David "Hesh" Walker in the video game "". In 2014, he starred on "Arrow" as Ray Palmer/Atom which spun off into a guest role on "The Flash" and a starring role on "Legends of Tomorrow".

paragraphs: Routh was born on October 9, 1979 in Norwalk, Iowa. Routh studied at the University of Iowa for a year to be a writer. During this time, he modeled and acted in order to earn his tuition fee.

paragraphs: Routh has been married to Courtney Ford since 2007. They have a son, Leo James.


title: Dick Durbin

paragraphs: Richard Joseph "Dick" Durbin (born November 21, 1944) is the senior United States Senator from Illinois. He is also the Senate Minority Whip, the second highest position in the Democratic Party leadership in the Senate.

paragraphs: Durbin was born on November 21, 1944 in East St. Louis, Illinois. He graduated from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and Georgetown University Law Center. Durbin is married to Loretta Schaefer. They had three children. In 2008, their daughter died from heart problems.

paragraphs: Working in state legal counsel throughout the 1970s, he made an unsuccessful run for Lieutenant Governor of Illinois in 1978. He was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1982, representing the Springfield-based 20th congressional district.

paragraphs: In 1996 he won election to the U.S. Senate by an unexpected 15 points. He became the Senate Democratic Whip in 2005. From January 3, 2007 to January 3, 2015, he was the Senate Majority Whip because his party had the majority.

paragraphs: Durbin is the only the fifth United States senator from Illinois to serve the position of United States Senate Minority Whip.


title: Finger painting

paragraphs: Finger painting is a form of artwork done by using ones fingers to make a piece of art. The paint usually comes in pots. Finger painting is generally done by children.


title: Madison Bumgarner

paragraphs: Madison Bumgarner (b. August 1, 1989) nicknamed "MadBum" or "Big Country" is a Major League Baseball player for the San Francisco Giants. He was born in Hickory, North Carolina. He is a left handed pitcher.

paragraphs: Bumgarner was selected in the first round in the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft. He was named a starting pitcher on "Baseball America"'s 2010 All-Rookie Team.


title: Tedy Bruschi

paragraphs: Tedy Lacap Bruschi (born June 9, 1973) is a former NFL New England Patriots player. Bruschi won three Super Bowl rings and was a two-time All-Pro selection.

paragraphs: Bruschi joined ESPN as an analyst after leaving football.


title: Benjamin Kogo

paragraphs: Benjamin Kogo (born in 1945) is retired athlete from Kenya. His main sport is 3000 metre steeplechase running. He won a silver medal at the 1968 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: He won gold at the first All-Africa Games held in 1965 in Brazzaville.


title: Leslie Mann

paragraphs: Leslie J. Mann (born March 26, 1972) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in "Funny People", "ParaNorman", "This Is 40", "Knocked Up", and in "The Change-Up".

paragraphs: Mann was born on March 26, 1972 in San Francisco, California. She studied at Corona del Mar High School. She has been married to Judd Apatow since 1997. They have two children. She is the older sister of Anderson Mann


title: Polio vaccine

paragraphs: Polio vaccines are vaccines that prevent poliomyelitis (or polio). Two types of polio vaccines are used throughout the world.

paragraphs: The first type was developed by Jonas Salk and first tested in 1952. Announced to the world by Salk on April 12, 1955, it is an injection of inactivated (dead) poliovirus. The second type was an oral vaccine developed by Albert Sabin, using attenuated poliovirus. An attenuated virus is a much less harmful strain of the same virus. Human trials of Sabin's vaccine began in 1957 and it was licensed in 1962.

paragraphs: There is no long term carrier for poliovirus (carriers are people who carry the virus but have no symptoms of the disease), and polioviruses have no non-primate reservoir in nature. The virus cannot survive in the open environment for a long time. Therefore, interruption of person to person transmission of the virus by vaccination is the key step in removing polio entirely. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most countries in the world. Polio worldwide has dropped from about 350,000 cases in 1988 to 1,652 cases in 2007.


title: Nick Frost

paragraphs: Nicholas John "Nick" Frost (born 28 March 1972) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. He is best known for his roles "Spaced, as Ed in "Shaun of the Dead, Danny Butterman in "Hot Fuzz", Clive Gollings in "Paul", and as Ron in "Attack the Block". He is also well known for working with Simon Pegg.

paragraphs: Frost was born on 28 March 1972 in Dagenham, East London, England. He studied at Bell High School. He is married to Christina Frost.


title: Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

paragraphs: Cecilius Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (August 8, 1605 – November 30, 1675), was a member of the English nobility who started the colony of Maryland in the British colonies. He was the first Proprietary Governor of the Province of Maryland. Before that, he was the ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland (in what is today Canada). His father was George Calvert, 1st Baron Baltimore. George Calvert was chosen to be the proprietary governor of both Maryland and Newfoundland, but he died before he could take the position.

paragraphs: He was called "Cecil Calvert." Cecil was a Roman Catholic and the colony of Maryland was officially Catholic. He managed Maryland from his home in England. Maryland was known for its religious toleration. At the time, there was a lot of religious persecution in England. Many Catholics fled (ran away to) Maryland because their religion was accepted there. Calvert was governor of Maryland for forty-two years. He died in England on November 30, 1675, aged 70 years. The city of Baltimore is named for him.


title: Gabourey Sidibe

paragraphs: Gabourey "Gabby" Sidibe (born May 6, 1983) is an American movie and television actress who started her career in the 2009 movie "" as Claireece "Precious" Jones, for which she won many awards and was nominated for an Academy Award.

paragraphs: Sidibe was born on May 6, 1983 in Bedford–Stuyvesant, Brooklyn, New York City. She studied at Borough of Manhattan Community College, at City College of New York, and at Mercy College.


title: America Ferrera

paragraphs: America Georgine Ferrera (born April 18, 1984) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and television producer. She is best known for her role as Betty Suarez in "Ugly Betty". For her role as Betty Suarez, she won an Golden Globe Award, Emmy Award, and an Screen Actors Guild Award.

paragraphs: Ferrera was born on April 18, 1984 in Los Angeles, California. She studied at the University of Southern California. She is married to Ryan Piers Williams since 2011. Ferrera is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.


title: Bill Hader

paragraphs: Thomas William "Bill" Hader (born June 7, 1978 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American comedian, actor, voice actor, producer, director and writer.

paragraphs: He is best known for his roles in "Saturday Night Live", "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs", "Superbad", "Hot Rod", "Tropic Thunder", "Adventureland", "Paul", "Forgetting Sarah Marshall", "", "Inside Out", "", "The BFG" and as adult Richie Tozier in "It – Chapter Two".

paragraphs: He is married to Maggie Carey in 2006 and they had 3 children. Harder and Carey separated in 2017, Hader later filed for divorce several months later in December 2017. The divorce was finalized in 2018.


title: Jack Gilford

paragraphs: Jack Gilford (July 25, 1908 – June 4, 1990) was an American movie, television, stage actor, and comedian. He was known for his roles in "Cocoon", "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum Movie", "Caveman", "They Might Be Giants", and in "Catch-22".

paragraphs: Gilford was born on July 25, 1908 in New York City, New York. He was married to Madeline Lee from 1949 until his death in 1990. Gilford died on June 4, 1990 in New York City, New York from stomach cancer, aged 81.


title: Berry Gordy

paragraphs: Berry Gordy Jr. (born November 28, 1929) is an American entrepreneur and producer. He founded Motown Records. He is associated with musical acts, such as Smokey Robinson, Diana Ross, The Supremes and Stevie Wonder. His son Kennedy Gordon was signed to Motown. Gordy was born in Detroit.


title: Tchoukball

paragraphs: '"Tchoukball"' is an indoor team sport. It was created in the 1970's by Swiss biologist Hermann Brandt. Brandt believed that "The objective of all physical activities is not to make champions, but make a contribution to building a harmonious society". He wanted to create a team sport which did not involve the injuries which he saw as being a problem in other sports.

paragraphs: The sport is usually played on an indoor court that is by }. At each end, there is a 'frame' (a device similar to a trampoline off which the ball bounces). This frame measures . There is also a semicircular D-shaped area measuring in radius around the frame which players can not enter. The game is played with two teams of 12 players on each team. Of the twelve players on a team, seven may be on the court at any one time. Each team can score on both ends on the field. In order to score a point, the ball must be thrown by an attacking player, hit the frame and bounce outside the 'D' without being caught by the defending team. Physical contact is not allowed, and defenders may not try to stop the attacking team's passes. Players may take three steps with the ball and can hold the ball for at most three seconds. Teams may not pass the ball more than three times before shooting at the frame.

paragraphs: Tchoukball has become an international sport. It is played in Brazil, Canada, China, the Czech Republic, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Macau, Singapore, Switzerland, Taiwan, and the United States. It is governed by the Féderation Internationale de Tchoukball (FITB, founded in 1971). Taiwan hosted the 2004 World Championships and won both the women's and junior championships. The Swiss won the men's championship. The 2006, European Championships were held in Switzerland. Great Britain won both the Men's and Under-18's titles. Switzerland won the Ladies event.


title: David Spade

paragraphs: David Wayne Spade (born July 22, 1964) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, and television personality, known for his roles as Dennis Finch in "Just Shoot Me!", Marcus Higgins in "Grown Ups", and Russell Dunbar in "Rules of Engagement". He is also known as the voice of Kuzco in "The Emperor's New Groove" and "Kronk's New Groove".

paragraphs: Spade was born on July 22, 1964 in Birmingham, Michigan. Spade moved to Scottsdale, Arizona at age four. He studied at Arizona State University. Spade has a daughter named Harper. The mother is Jillian Grace, a Playboy Playmate.


title: Lee Dong-hae

paragraphs: Lee Dong-hae () (born 15 October 1986 ), commonly known as just Donghae (), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He is best known as a member of the K-pop boy band Super Junior and its subgroup, Super Junior-M and Super Junior-Donghae & Eunhyuk. He is also one of the first four Korean artists to appear on Chinese postage stamps.


title: Kristine Sutherland

paragraphs: Kristine Sutherland (born Kristine Young on April 17, 1955 in Boise, Idaho) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Buffy Summers' mother Joyce Summers on the television series "Buffy The Vampire Slayer".

paragraphs: Sutherland was born Kristine Young. She changed her name because she was often confused with another actress with a similar name. The last name "Sutherland" was after her cat, whom she named "Donald" after Donald Sutherland She attended high school in Lexington, Kentucky. After graduating, she studied at the University of Kentucky.

paragraphs: Kristine Sutherland is not related to Donald Sutherland or his son Kiefer Sutherland.

paragraphs: Sutherland's first movie role was as Mae Thompson in the 1989 movie "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids". In 1997, she tried out for the role of Joyce Summers on The WB Television Network's television series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Creator Joss Whedon later said that one of the reasons he chose Sutherland for the role was the fact that she had a warm demeanor, as well as what he felt she look similar to actress Sarah Michelle Gellar, who was to play her daughter in the series. She was on the series often for the first five seasons. After she left at the end of season five, she returned for three more guest appearances. In April 2008, she had a guest starring role on "New Amsterdam".

paragraphs: Sutherland is married to actor John Pankow. He is best known as "Ira" on "Mad About You". They have one daughter named Eleanore.


title: Mirage

paragraphs: A mirage is an image that is distorted by the atmosphere so that its form and location can look very different from the actual object. It is caused by the way light bends as it passes through layers of air of different temperatures.

paragraphs: The words "mirage" and "mirror" come from the same root word, which means "to look at."

paragraphs: Normally, light travels in a straight line, but it will change direction depending on what it passes through. This bending is called "refraction." Gases, such as air, become thinner as they get warmer. As a result, light tends to curve (or refract) towards the colder layer of air. This makes the image appear to come from a different direction than the original object.

paragraphs: There are two basic types of mirage, depending on which direction the temperature changes, inferior and superior.

paragraphs: An inferior mirage is arguably the most common type seen over land. In daytime, air near solid ground is typically warmer than the air above it. When light from the sky passes through it, a shimmering, fragmented image of the sky may appear to come from the ground, resembling water.

paragraphs: Sometimes a mirage can appear to come from higher up than the original object. When the colder air is lower (called an inversion layer), as it often is over large bodies of water or ice, the apparent direction of the mirage will be opposite that of an inferior mirage. For example, the distorted image of a ship or an island may appear on or above the surface, even if the original object is hidden below the horizon.

paragraphs: A "Fata Morgana" is a complex superior mirage whose appearance can change quickly and dramatically. Its name refers to Morgan le Fay, a mythical enchantress strongly associated with Arthurian legends. In times past, the disturbing images seen as part of the mirage were attributed to illusions created by magic.

paragraphs: A mirage-like effect can be achieved by allowing a soluble substance like sugar or salt to slowly dissolve in a deep container of water, so that there is more sugar in the water near the bottom than in the water above it. This can refract the image of an object seen through it in a similar manner as a superior mirage often seen over open water.


title: Titus Salt

paragraphs: Sir Titus Salt, first baronet (20 September 1803 – 29 December 1876), was born in Morley near Leeds. He was a manufacturer, politician and a phillanthropist in Bradford, West Yorkshire.

paragraphs: His father Daniel Salt was a dry salter and then he decided to become a farmer. His mother died when he was quite young. Titus Salt had 11 children.

paragraphs: After working as a woolen stapler for two years at a mill near Wakefield he became his fathers business partner-Daniel Salt and son. The company used Russian Donskio wool, which was widely used in the woollens trade, but not in worsted cloth. Titus visited the millers in Bradford.

paragraphs: After working for two years as a wool-stapler in Wakefield he became his father's partner in the business of Daniel Salt and Son. He set up as a spinner and manufacturer.

paragraphs: In 1836, Titus came upon some bales of Alpaca wool in a warehouse in Liverpool and, after taking some samples away to experiment, came back and bought the consignment. Though he was not the first in England to work with the fibre, he was the creator of the lustrous and subsequently fashionable cloth called 'alpaca'. (The discovery was described by Charles Dickens in slightly fictionalised form in "Household Words").

paragraphs: In 1833 he took over his father's business and within twenty years had expanded it to be the largest employer in Bradford. In 1848 Titus Salt became mayor of Bradford. Smoke and pollution came from mills and factory chimneys. Salt tried unsuccessfully to clean up the pollution using a device called the Rodda Smoke Burner.

paragraphs: Around 1850, he decided to build a mill large enough to consolidate his textile manufacture in one place, but he "did not like to be a party to increasing that already over-crowded borough". So he bought land three miles from the town in Shipley next to the River Aire, the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and the Midland Railway and began building in 1851. He opened it with a grand banquet on his 50th birthday, 20 September 1853, and set about building houses, bathhouses, an institute, hospital, almshouses and churches, that make up the model village of Saltaire. He built the Congregational Church which is now Saltaire United Reformed Church, at his own expense in 1858–59, and donated the land on which the Wesleyan Chapel was built.


title: Insei

paragraphs: , also known as "cloistered rule," is an ancient Japanese term which means a special form of Imperial government.

paragraphs: In the "Insei" system, the monarch abdicated or retired and a new emperor was named; however, the old emperor held on to significant power and influence in the court and in the nation. The emperors who withdrew from public life did not give up any of their many powers. In practice, the retired emperor only gave up the time-consuming burden of his ceremonial roles and formal duties.

paragraphs: There were emperors who abdicated before and after the Heian period; however, the term "Insei" is most often used to mean the kind of Imperial system put in place by Emperor Shirakawa in 1086. This system was very important in the years before the rise of the Kamakura shogunate in 1192.

paragraphs: The succession of power in the "Insei" system was complex.

paragraphs: The last retired emperor with an "Insei" title was Emperor Reigen in the Edo period.


title: Fingerspelling

paragraphs: Fingerspelling is making an alphabet with your hands. Many deaf people learn fingerspelling. They use it when they want to sign a word but there is no sign in the sign language, or when they don't understand what the sign means. Other people also use fingerspelling to talk in secret, to help remember something, or to talk without making sound (for example in a church).

paragraphs: Fingerspelling is a part of some sign languages. Writing systems are not the same everywhere, and fingerspelling is also different. Different countries have different ways of fingerspelling. Some alphabets use one hand, some use two hands.


title: Siege of Sidney Street

paragraphs: The Siege of Sidney Street, or the "Battle of Stepney", was a notorious gunfight in London's East End on 3 January 1911.

paragraphs: It happened after a jewellery robbery went bad two weeks before. Three policemen had been killed, and others wounded, and one of the gang was also killed. This event is known as the Houndsditch murders.

paragraphs: The gang were said to be international anarchists led by Peter Piatkow, a.k.a. "Peter the Painter". It is still not clear who their leader actually was.

paragraphs: The end took place at a house in Sidney Street, where word came that a gang of foreigners had moved in. In the fire that ended the siege, one fireman and two robbers died. The fates of other members of the gang, and its leader, are not known.

paragraphs: On 16 December 1910, a gang of Jewish immigrants attempted to break into the rear of a jeweller's shop at 119 Houndsditch. A nextdoor shopkeeper heard their hammering, and told the City of London Police (in whose area the shop was). Nine unarmed officers — three sergeants and six constables (two in plain clothes) — moved towards the jewellers.

paragraphs: Sergeants Bentley and Bryant knocked at the door of No. 11 Exchange Buildings, behind the jeweller's shop. The gang's leader, George Gardstein, opened the door, but when he did not answer their questions they assumed he did not understand English and told him to fetch someone who did. Gardstein left the door half-closed and disappeared.

paragraphs: The house had a single ground-floor room, into which the front door directly opened, with a staircase leading to the upper floors on the left, and a door to the open yard at the back on the right.

paragraphs: Growing impatient, the two sergeants entered the house to find the room apparently empty, before they became aware of a man standing in the darkness at the top of the stairs. After a short conversation, another man entered through the yard door, rapidly firing a pistol, while the man on the stairs also started shooting.

paragraphs: Both officers were hit, with Bentley collapsing across the doorstep, while Bryant managed to stagger outside. In the street, Constable Woodhams ran to help Bentley, but was himself wounded by one of the gang firing from the cover of the house, as was Sergeant Tucker, who died almost instantly.

paragraphs: The gang then attempted to break out of the cul-de-sac, Gardstein being grabbed by Constable Choate almost at the entrance. In the struggle Choate was wounded several times by Gardstein, before being shot five more times by other members of the gang, who also managed to hit Gardstein in the back. They then dragged Gardstein ¾ of a mile to 59 Grove Street, where he died the next day. Constable Choate and Sergeant Bentley died in separate hospitals the same day. An intense search followed, and a number of the gang or their associates were soon arrested.

paragraphs: On 2 January 1911, an informer told police that two or three members of the gang, possibly including Peter the Painter, were hiding at 100 Sidney Street, Stepney. The police were worried the suspects were about to flee, but expected heavy resistance to any attempt to capture them. On 3 January, two hundred police officers cordoned off the area and the siege began. At dawn the battle started.

paragraphs: The defenders, though heavily outnumbered, had better guns and stores of ammunition. The Tower of London was called for backup, and word got to the Home Secretary, Winston Churchill. Churchill arrived on the spot to see the situation at first hand, and to offer advice. Churchill authorised calling in a detachment of Scots Guards to assist the police.

paragraphs: Six hours into the battle, and just as the field artillery piece that Churchill had authorised arrived, a fire began in the building. When the fire brigade arrived, Churchill refused them access to the building. The police stood ready, guns aimed at the front door, waiting for the men inside to attempt their escape. The door never opened. Instead, the remains of two members of the gang, Fritz Svaars and William Sokolow (both were also known by numerous aliases), were later discovered inside the building.

paragraphs: No sign of Peter the Painter was found. Besides the three policemen, a London firefighter also died of his injuries.


title: Provence

paragraphs: Provence is a region in southern France. It lies. Historically, it is limited by the river Rhône to the west, and the border with Italy to the east. It makes up the biggest part of the modern administrative region Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. In the past, the capitals were Arles, Aix-en-Provence and Avignon. Today, the regional capital is Marseille. Other important cities (prefectures) are Digne-les-Bains, Gap, Nice and Toulon.


title: Battle of Camden

paragraphs: The Battle of Camden was a battle between the Kingdom of Great Britain and the United States. It happened during the American Revolutionary War. It was a major victory for the British.

paragraphs: The Battle took place north of Camden, South Carolina on August 16, 1780.


title: Emma (wrestler)

paragraphs: Tenille Dashwood (born 1 March 1989) is an Australian professional wrestler. She is also known by her ring name Tenille Tayla. She worked until 2017 for WWE as Emma. Since 2018 Dashwood works for Ring of Honor and several more promotions.

paragraphs: Dashwood was born in Boronia, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria. She lives in Orlando, Florida, United States.

paragraphs: On 30 June 2014, before Monday Night Raw aired, Dashwood was arrested in Hartford, in the U.S. state of Connecticut for sixth-degree larceny. Dashwood's lawyer said that she had forgotten to pay for an iPad case, when she was using the self-checkout machine at a Walmart. After she appeared at a community court on 1 July, she was ordered to do one day of community service and complete an online course. On 2 July 2014, Emma was released by WWE after she was arrested for sixth-degree larceny. She was reinstated by WWE two hours later.


title: Melinda Clarke

paragraphs: Melinda Clarke (b. April 24, 1969) is an American actress who is known for being on television. She has, however, starred in some movies. She is best known for playing Fiona in "Days of Our Lives". She also played Amanda in "Nikita". Clarke was born in California. Her father is actor John Clarke, who also starred in "Days of Our Lives".


title: Miyako, Iwate

paragraphs: The city is along the coast where the flows into the Pacific Ocean. It is connected to Morioka by an east-west train line and highway and the coastal highway also goes through the town. The city has a port but much of the shipping traffic is taken by larger cities along the coast.

paragraphs: On June 6, 2005, the old Miyako absorbed the town of Tarō and village of Niisato from Shimohei District to form the new city of Miyako, more than doubling the old city's size. As of 2008, the new city had an estimated population of 57,874 and a density of 83.1 persons per km². The total area is 696.82 km².

paragraphs: On January 1, 2010, the city absorbed another Shimohei District village, Kawai.

paragraphs: On March 11, 2011, the city was devastated by a tsunami caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake.

paragraphs: Only about 30–60 boats survived from the town's 960 ship fishing fleet. A study by the University of Tokyo's Earthquake Research Institute found that the waters had reached at least above sea level. This was almost as high the record of the 1896 Meiji-Sanriku earthquake tsunami.

paragraphs: Some of the most well known scenes of the 2011 Japanese tsunami, broadcast worldwide, were shot in Miyako. It shows a dark black wave cresting and overflowing a floodwall and tossing cars, followed by a fishing boat capsizing as it hit the floodwall and then crushed as it was forced under a bridge.


title: Smedestraat 33

paragraphs: Smedestraat 33 is a door in the city of Haarlem in the country of the Netherlands. It is a historic place in The Netherlands. It was built in late 17th century. In the past, the door was the entrance to two homes. Now it just opens to one.


title: Lyrick Studios

paragraphs: Lyrick Studios, Inc. () was an American video production and distribution company. It was founded in 1983 and based in Allen, Texas. The company was best known for its distribution of home videos, audio products and children's books and toys for the children's television series "Barney & Friends" and "Wishbone". The company closed down after it was bought by HiT Entertainment in 2001.


title: Malala Yousafzai

paragraphs: Malala Yousafzai (born July 12, 1997 ) is a Pakistani student and education activist. She is known for her activism for girls' and women's rights, especially for her campaign to allow girls to go to school. She was a victim of a gunshot attack in October 2012.

paragraphs: Yousafzai is the youngest person to have won the Nobel Peace Prize. She was awarded the prize in October 2014, when she was just 17 years old. She was nominated for the prize the year before that.

paragraphs: Malala was born in the town of Mingora in the Swat. In 2009, at age 11, many people got to know her through a blog of the BBC News' Urdu language service. The BBC published translated writings about her life living with Taliban rule.

paragraphs: On 9 October 2012, Yousafzai was shot in the head and neck in an assassination attempt by Atta Ullah Khan, a Taliban gunman. She was given emergency treatment in Pakistan and then moved to Great Britain for more medical treatment.

paragraphs: On 3 January 2013, Yousafzai was discharged from the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham to continue to recover at her family's temporary home in the West Midlands. She had two five-hour long operations on 2 February 2013. She had a titanium plate put over the hole in her skull and a cochlear implant so she could hear again.

paragraphs: In May 2012 David Trumble, an award-winning artist, made a cartoon of Yousafzai as a Disney princess as part of a drawing of other feminist icons that he had made into princesses that was in the Huffington Post.

paragraphs: On 12 July 2013, at age 16, she made a speech at the headquarters of the United Nations, stressing the right to education for all and for human rights and peace and non-violence against terrorism and intolerance citing the proverb: "the pen is mightier than the sword". That October she was invited to meet President Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, and their daughter Malia in the Oval Office.

paragraphs: She wrote a book about her life, "", which was published in October 2013. The book was banned in Pakistani private schools.

paragraphs: The Taliban have said that they still want to assassinate Yousafzai. She campaigned for girls rights and education. Many officials did not agree with her campaign.

paragraphs: Besides the Nobel Prize in 2014, Yousafzai has been honoured for her work many times. She was awarded prizes for her work.


title: Winfield Scott

paragraphs: Winfield Scott (June 13, 1786 – May 29, 1866) was a United States Army general, and unsuccessful presidential candidate of the Whig Party in 1852.

paragraphs: A national hero after the Mexican-American War, he served as military governor of Mexico City. Such was his stature that, in 1852, the United States Whig Party passed over its own incumbent President of the United States, Millard Fillmore, to nominate Scott in that year's United States presidential election. Scott lost to Democrat Franklin Pierce in the general election, but remained a popular national figure, receiving a brevet promotion in 1856 to the rank of lieutenant general, becoming the first American since George Washington to hold that rank.

paragraphs: Scott was born to William Scott and Anna Mason in Dinwiddie County, Virginia, near Petersburg, Virginia, on June 13, 1786. He briefly attended College of William and Mary, studied law in the office of a private attorney, and served as a Virginia militia cavalry corporal near Petersburg in 1807.

paragraphs: Scott was married to Lucy Baker from 1812 until her death in 1816. They had one son. Then he was married to Maria De Hart Mayo from 1817 until her death in 1862. They had six children.

paragraphs: He died in West Point, New York on May 29, 1866 from unknown causes, aged 79. He is buried in West Point Cemetery.

paragraphs: The saying "Great Scott" was named after his last name.


title: Vaporizer (cannabis)

paragraphs: A vaporizer or vapouriser is a device used to extract the active ingredients of plant material so that they can be breathed. It is often used for cannabis, tobacco, or other herbs such as chamomile.

paragraphs: Vaporization is an alternative to smoking. It doesn't make smoke or other cancer-causing by-products. It does that by heating the material so that the active compounds boil into a vapor. Nothing actually burns, so there is no smoke or taste of smoke. Vapor ideally contains almost no particulate matter or tar, and much less noxious gas such as carbon monoxide. The vapor can be collected in a jar or inflatable bag, or inhaled directly.

paragraphs: Vaporizers are sometimes used by chefs. They use them to heat herbs and spices to release flavors that are otherwise difficult to extract, or that might be spoiled by overheating during cooking. Chicago's Achatz uses the aroma-filled bags as place-mats, punctured when plates are placed in front of the customer.


title: Matthew C. Perry

paragraphs: Matthew Calbraith Perry (April 10, 1794 – March 4, 1858) was a Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, mostly known in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854. Perry was very concerned with the education of naval officers and helped develop a system that helped the United States Naval Academy. With the advent of the steam engine, he became a leading advocate of modernizing the U.S. Navy and came to be considered The Father of the Steam Navy.

paragraphs: Perry was born on April 10, 1794 in Newport, Rhode Island. Perry was never married. He had no children. Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, New York from unknown causes. He was buried at Island Cemetery in Newport, Rhode Island.


title: Bryan Brown

paragraphs: Bryan Neathway Brown, (born June 23, 1947) is an Australian movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "The Thorn Birds", "Beautiful Kate", "Cocktail", "Along Came Polly", "Australia" and "Peter Rabbit".

paragraphs: Brown was born on June 23, 1947 in Sydney, Australia. He has been married to Rachel Ward since 1983. They have three children.


title: Christoph Waltz

paragraphs: Christoph Waltz (born October 4, 1956) is an Austrian movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Hans Landa in "Inglourious Basterds", as Dr. King Schultz in "Django Unchained", as artist Walter Keane in "Big Eyes" and as James Bond villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld in "Spectre" and "No Time to Die". He starred as Dyson Ido in the 2018 science fiction movie "".

paragraphs: He also holds German citizenship. He won two BAFTA Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Awards and two Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He won the other Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in "Django Unchained".

paragraphs: Waltz was born on October 4, 1956 in Vienna, Austria. He has three children from an ex-wife and one with his second wife, Judith Holste.


title: Sikkim National Party

paragraphs: The Sikkim National Party, was a political party in Sikkim. Formed in 1950. National Party was in favour of the monarchy and advocated independence for Sikkim.


title: Sirimavo Bandaranaike

paragraphs: Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike (17 April 1916 – 10 October 2000) was a Sri Lankan politician. She served as prime minister three times and was the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party. She was the first female to be elected head of government in the world. Bandaranaike was the widow of a previous prime minister, Solomon Bandaranaike, who was murdered in 1959. Her policies were based in socialism and similar to her husband's. All three of their children later served in the Sri Lankan government.

paragraphs: She spent 40 years in political office. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.

paragraphs: Sirimavo Bandaranaike was born on 17 April 1916, as Sirimavo Ratwatte. Her family was part of the aristocracy. She was a Buddhist, but went to school at a convent in Colombo, Sri Lanka, where she was taught by Roman Catholic nuns. In 1940, she married Solomon Bandaranaike, who was a member of parliament at the time. He became prime minister in 1956 as the leader of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP). Sirimavo and Solomon had three children, Chandrika, Sunethra and Anura.

paragraphs: Sirimavo did not begin a career in politics until after her husband was shot dead on 26 September 1959. She was named successor to her husband's leadership of the party. She led that party to win elections in July 1960, promising to continue her husband's policies. Bandaranaike became Prime Minister on 21 July 1960. She was the first female prime minister in the world, and the first woman to be elected head of government.

paragraphs: Bandaranaike was a socialist. She continued her husband's policies of nationalising major sectors of the economy. She also brought all schools that were owned by the Roman Catholic Church under the government's control. The most famous of her early policies was the Sinhala Only Act, also started by her husband but never finished. This included a plan to wikt:repatriate, send Tamil residents to India (get them Indian citizenship and deport them). It also made Sinhala the state's only official language by removing English. This was seen as discriminatory and was the beginning of human rights protests and Tamil militancy.

paragraphs: The government's takeover of foreign businesses, particularly petroleum companies, upset Britain and the United States, who both ended aid to Sri Lanka. As a result, Bandaranaike made a closer relationship with China and the Soviet Union. In 1962, Christian officers of the military made an unsuccessful attempt at a coup d'état. Bandaranaike lost a vote of confidence in 1964, and her party was defeated in the resulting elections in 1965. Before she was replaced, Bandaranaike's government signed an agreement with India over the status of about one million Tamils: 600,000 were to be granted Indian citizenship and repatriated, and 375,000 were to be granted Sri Lankan citizenship.

paragraphs: Bandaranaike became prime minister again in the 1970 elections. military aid from India and Pakistan.

paragraphs: A new constitution was introduced in 1972. The monarchy was abolished, and the Commonwealth realm known as Ceylon was replaced by the modern republic of Sri Lanka. The President of Sri Lanka replaced Queen Elizabeth II as head of state.

paragraphs: During her second term, Bandaranaike became more and more intolerant of criticism. She forced critical media outlets to shut down. She also nationalised the country's largest newspaper, "Lake House". Bandaranaike was chosen chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement in 1976. Despite success in foreign affairs, she was losing popular support in Sri Lanka very quickly. Her government was accused of corruption while the economy was quickly declining. Elections were scheduled to be held in 1975, but Bandaranaike used a clause of the new constitution to delay them indefinitely. The elections took place in 1977, and her party was defeated severely. In 1980, Bandaranaike was charged with abusing her power for delaying the elections. She was forced out of her seat in parliament and banned from public office for seven years.

paragraphs: Bandaranaike stayed as leader of the SLFP despite losing every general election in the next ten years. Her party led a coalition (the People's Alliance) to win the general elections in 1994. Bandaranaike's daughter, Chandrika, became prime minister, and was then elected president the same year. Bandaranaike became prime minister again, but the constitution had changed since her last term. As prime minister she was now subordinate to her daughter, the President. She stayed in office until a few months before her death, but had little real power. She resigned on 10 August 2000. Exactly two months later she died, aged 84, of a heart attack.


title: Protein folding

paragraphs: Protein folding is the process by which a protein gets its functional shape or 'conformation'. It is mainly a self-organising process. Starting from a random coil, polypeptides fold into their characteristic working shape. The structure is held together by hydrogen bonds.

paragraphs: Without its correct three-dimensional structure a protein does not work. However, some parts of proteins may not fold: this is normal.

paragraphs: If proteins do not fold into their native shape, they are inactive and are usually toxic. Several diseases are believed to result from misfolded proteins. Many allergies are caused by the folding of the proteins, for the immune system does not produce antibodies for all possible protein structures.

paragraphs: Chaperonins are large proteins which help the folding of some proteins after synthesis. Chaperones in general were first discovered helping histones and DNA join up to form nucleosomes. Nucleosomes are the builing blocks for chromosomes. It is now clear that this is the way many cell organelles are built up.


title: Anfinsen's dogma

paragraphs: Anfinsen's dogma is a hypothesis in molecular biology suggested by Christian Anfinsen. The idea is that a protein folding into its native structure is done automatically by the protein's amino acid sequence. It is only true for some proteins. For other proteins, chaperones are needed.

paragraphs: Anfinsen shared the 1972 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for his work on the structure of the enzyme ribonuclease A. The dogma suggests that, in the conditions at which folding occurs, the native structure is a unique and stable state.

paragraphs: How the protein reaches this structure is the subject of the field of protein folding, which has a related dogma called Levinthal's paradox. The Levinthal paradox states that the number of possible conformations available to a given protein is astronomically large, such that even a small protein of 100 residues would require more time than the universe has existed to explore all possible conformations (10 seconds) and choose the appropriate one.

paragraphs: Prions are an exception to Anfinsen's dogma. Prions are stable conformations of proteins which differ from the native folding state. In Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease), native proteins re-fold into a different stable conformation, which causes fatal amyloid buildup. Other amyloid diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are also exceptions to Anfinsen's dogma.


title: Murder of Polly Klaas

paragraphs: Polly Klaas (January 3, 1981 - October 1, 1993) is an American murder victim. She was abducted from her California home by Richard Allen Davis (born 1954) during what had been a slumber party with two other girls. Davis later strangled her. He was convicted of her kidnapping and murder and was given a death sentence. He is on death row. Actress Winona Ryder offered two hundred thousand in reward for the return of Klaas; after Klaas was killed, Ryder dedicated a movie version of "Little Women" for her memory.


title: Vanessa Hessler

paragraphs: Vanessa Hessler (Rome, January 21, 1988) is an American-Italian model and actress.

paragraphs: She began modeling when she was 15. Hessler has appeared in many publications in Italy and Germany.

paragraphs: Hessler's father is American. He mother is Italian. She lived in Rome until she was 8, then moved to Washington DC. She lived in Rockville, MD as a teenager. In 2002 she returned to Italy. She speaks Italian, English and French. She lives in Rome and Washington

paragraphs: Hessler has been in commercials for Baby Star, Nara Camicie and Gilli.

paragraphs: Hessler planned to work in television. In early 2006, she wanted to replace Alessia Marcuzzi to host "Le Iene". She lost the job to Cristina Chiabotto.

paragraphs: Hessler has appeared in advertising for GUESS, Calvin Klein, Giorgio Armani, L'Oréal, and Ferrero SpA.

paragraphs: In March 2006, she made her debut as a television host at the Festival di Sanremo with Claudia Cedro, Francesca Lancini, and Marta Cecchetto.

paragraphs: Hessler was the face of the DSL brand "Alice" in Germany (a service of Telefónica Europe) until late October 2011. The company chose to end her contract. This was done because of her personal relationship to and public support for the Gaddafi family. The company said that she had "failed to distance herself from her comments on the conflict in Libya."


title: Flow chart

paragraphs: A flow chart, also known as a flowchart, is a type of diagram, made of boxes and arrows. It can be used to show:

paragraphs: The flow chart uses boxes, arrows and other elements:

paragraphs: The following table shows some of the most common shapes used in flowcharts. Generally, flowcharts are read from top to bottom and left to right. Reading flowcharts can also be called "flowing".

paragraphs: There are many different types of software that deal with making flowcharts. Some types of software allow users to design flowcharts that can be used to help them design a program easier. Other applications can also create programs based on the flowchart that the user designed. Some software that deal with making flowcharts include Microsoft Visio, yEd, and Inkscape.


title: Ahmet Kaya

paragraphs: Ahmet Kaya (October 28, 1957 – November 16, 2000) was a singer from Turkey. He was associated with the Kurdish people's independence struggle. His mother is Turkish and his father Kurdish.

paragraphs: In June 2012 the Turkish Association of Magazine Journalists awarded

paragraphs: In October 2013 Ahmet Kaya was given the Grand Presidential Prize in Culture and Arts.


title: John Clive

paragraphs: John Clive (6 January 1933 – 14 October 2012) was an English writer, actor and voice talent. He acted in movies as well as on television stage and radio. Clive had important parts in the movies "Yellow Submarine", "Carry on Board", "Carry on Dick", "The Gnomes of Dulwich", "Tiffany Jones", and "Clockwork Orange".

paragraphs: Clive was born on January 6, 1933 in North London, England. Clive died on October 14, 2012 from a short illness in his home in England, aged 79.


title: George Romney

paragraphs: George Wilcken Romney (July 8, 1907 – July 26, 1995) was a Mexican-born American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was chairman and president of American Motors Corporation from 1954 to 1962, the 43rd Governor of Michigan from 1963 to 1969, and the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development from 1969 to 1973.

paragraphs: He is the father of former Governor of Massachusetts and 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney and was the husband of former Michigan U.S. Senate candidate Lenore Romney. In 1968, he ran for president, but lost to Richard Nixon.

paragraphs: Romney was born to American parents living in Colonia Dublán, Galeana, Chihuahua, Mexico on July 8, 1907. The events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in several states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah, where they struggled during the Great Depression. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in England and Scotland, and attended several colleges in the U.S. but did not graduate from any. In 1939 he moved to Detroit, Michigan.

paragraphs: On July 2, 1931, he married Lenore Romney. They would later have four children, Lynn Romney, Jane Romney, Mitt Romney, and G. Scott Romney. His granddaughter from Scott Romney, Ronna Romney McDaniel, is the current chairwoman of the Republican National Committee.

paragraphs: Romney died on July 26, 1995 in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan from a heart attack, aged 88. He was buried at Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.


title: All Smiles Dental Centers

paragraphs: All Smiles Dental Centers is a company that manages dental offices in Texas. Its headquarters are in Farmers Branch, Texas. In September 2012 All Smiles had 20 clinics in Texas. The people who go to the clinics are mostly poor Hispanic children.

paragraphs: Dr. Richard Malouf started All Smiles in 2002. After the U.S. Supreme Court told the State of Texas that it did not give enough money to give dental care to poor children, five years before 2012 the State of Texas began spending $1.4 million more money on dental care for poor children. All Smiles began a braces program and began spending a lot of money, given by the Texas government, on braces for children. The Medicaid program only allowed braces if the braces helped a major problem like cleft lip and palate, or if it helps a problem caused by an illness, like Down's syndrome or muscular dystrophy. Malouf and his wife, Leanne, had a lot of rich things, like a mansion, two fancy cars, and two company jets.

paragraphs: In 2012 the State of Texas began trying to find out if All Smiles lied and took too much government money. The federal government accused All Smiles of cheating in the dental program, and so All Smiles promised to be honest in a contract written with the federal government. In July 2012 the company closed many braces offices and told patients that they could no longer go to All Smiles for braces.


title: Lenore Romney

paragraphs: Lenore LaFount Romney (born Lenore LaFount, November 9, 1908 - July 7, 1998) was an American politician and actress. She was the wife of businessman and politician George Romney and the First Lady of Michigan from 1963 to 1969.

paragraphs: She was the Republican Party nominee for the U.S. Senate elections in 1970 from Michigan. Her youngest son, Mitt Romney, is the former Governor of Massachusetts and the 2012 Republican presidential nominee.

paragraphs: Lenore LaFount was born in Logan, Utah, and raised in Salt Lake City. She went to Latter-day Saints High School. While there, she developed an interest in drama and met George Romney.

paragraphs: She attended the University of Utah and George Washington University, graduating from the latter in 1929. She studied acting at the American Laboratory Theatre in New York, then went to Hollywood where she became a bit player.

paragraphs: She acted in some movies with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Turning down a contract offer with them, she married George Romney in 1931. The couple had four children together. She was a stay-at-home mother, eventually living in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, while he became a success in business and politics. She ran for the United States senate, but lost the election.

paragraphs: Romney died on July 7, 1998 in Royal Oak, Michigan from a stroke, aged 89. She was buried next to her husband at the Fairview Cemetery in Brighton, Michigan.


title: Patricia Clarkson

paragraphs: Patricia Clarkson (December 29 1959) is an American actress. She has received an Emmy Award. She has appeared in many movies, including "The Green Mile", "The Untouchables" and "Far from Heaven". She was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.


title: Tokyo Imperial Palace

paragraphs: The Imperial Palace is in the Chiyoda area near to Tokyo Station.

paragraphs: The "kōkyo" is a large park-like space in central Tokyo.

paragraphs: The palace complex has several buildings. including the main palace (. There are also the private homes of the imperial family and the offices of the Imperial Household Agency.

paragraphs: Traditionally, the home of the emperor is called a palace. The location of the palace has been considered the capital city of Japan. Since 1868, the center of the government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home has been Tokyo. From 794 through 1868, the emperor lived in Kyoto.


title: Leaf-cutter ant

paragraphs: Leafcutter ant is the general name for any of 47 species of leaf-chewing ants of the two genera Atta and Acromyrmex.

paragraphs: These species of tropical, fungus-growing ants are all endemic to South and Central America, Mexico and parts of the southern United States. Leafcutter ants "cut and process fresh vegetation (leaves, flowers, and grasses) to serve as nutrition for their fungal cultivars".

paragraphs: The "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" ants have much in common anatomically; however, the two can be identified by their external differences. "Atta" ants have three pairs of spines and a smooth exoskeleton on the upper surface of the thorax, while "Acromyrmex" ants have four pairs and a rough exoskeleton.

paragraphs: Next to humans, leafcutter ants form the largest and most complex animal societies on Earth. In a few years, the central mound of their underground nests can grow to more than across, with smaller, radiating mounds extending out to a radius of , taking up and containing eight million individuals.

paragraphs: Winged females and males leave their respective nests "en masse" and engage in a nuptial flight known as the "revoada". Each female mates with multiple males to collect the 300 million sperm she needs to set up a colony.

paragraphs: Once on the ground, the female loses her wings and searches for a suitable underground lair in which to found her colony. The success rate of these young queens is very low, and only 2.5% will go on to establish a long-lived colony. To start her own fungus garden, the queen stores bits of the parental fungus garden mycelium in a pocket in her mouth.

paragraphs: In a mature leafcutter colony, ants are divided into castes, based mostly on size, that do different work. "Acromyrmex" and "Atta" show a high degree of biological polymorphism, with four castes in established colonies - minims, minors, mediae and majors. Majors are also known as soldiers. "Atta" ants are more polymorphic than "Acromyrmex", meaning there is comparatively less difference in size from the smallest to largest types of "Acromymex".

paragraphs: "Leaf-cutter ants are the major forest herbivores in Central America and consume more plant matter than all the vertebrate herbivores put together. Their subterranean nests can be vast and home to many millions of ants and they have a really neat defence system where minor workers ride shotgun on top of the leaf loads carried by the major workers and fend off the attacks of parasitic flies". George McGavin.