title: William R. Cosentini

paragraphs: William Randolph Cosentini (June 12, 1911 - January 28, 1954) was an American mechanical engineer and businessman. He founded Cosentini Associates.

paragraphs: Cosentini was born in 1911 to Italian immigrant parents, Eugenio and Vincenza Cosentini. He had an older brother, John (born 1909) and a younger sister, Mary (born 1913).

paragraphs: Cosentini attended New York University. There he earned his M.A. degree in mechanical engineering. In 1944, he married Rose DeStefano. They had two children together. Rose died in 1947 at 36 years of age.

paragraphs: In 1951, he started W.R. Cosentini & Associates. The company later became known as Cosentini Associates. In the early days of the company, he worked on several notable projects. Those included installing the heating and air conditioning system in the Chrysler Building.

paragraphs: Cosentini died of appendicitis on January 28, 1954 at forty-two years of age.


title: Genevieve

paragraphs: Saint Genevieve is a saint in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition. She is the patron saint of Paris. Her feast day is kept on January the 3rd.

paragraphs: In 451 she led a "prayer marathon" in Paris that was said to divert Attila's Huns away from the city. In 464 Childeric I besieged the city and conquered it. She negotiated to collect food and convinced Childeric to release his prisoners.

paragraphs: Clovis I founded an abbey where Genevieve could minister. She was later buried there. The church witnessed numerous miracles at her tomb. Genevieve was canonised.


title: Arthur E. Chase

paragraphs: Arthur E. Chase (February 4, 1930 – January 5, 2015) was an American businessman and politician. He represented the Worcester District in the Massachusetts Senate from 1991–1995. He co-founded the Central Massachusetts Legislative Caucus. In 1991 he designed the Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science at WPI and in 1992 sponsored legislation to create it. He was the Republican nominee for Secretary of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in 1994, but lost in the general election to William F. Galvin.


title: Slobodan Martinović

paragraphs: Slobodan Martinovic (25 July 1945 – 10 January 2015) was a Serbian chess Grandmaster. He began in 1963, and played until his death in 2015.

paragraphs: Martinović played 269 master games that were tracked by FIDE. Of them, 83 (31%) he won, 157 (58%) were draws, and 29 (11%) he lost.


title: Jack Hayward

paragraphs: Sir Jack Arnold Hayward (14 June 1923 – 13 January 2015) was an English businessman, property developer, and philanthropist. He was the president of football club Wolverhampton Wanderers from 1990 until 2007.

paragraphs: Hayward was born in Wolverhampton. He married Jean Mary Forder in 1948 and had two sons, Rick and Jonathan, and a daughter Susan.

paragraphs: Hayward died on 13 January 2015 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States. He was 91.


title: Double Dare (1976 game show)

paragraphs: Double Dare is an American television game show. It was produced by Mark Goodson—Bill Todman Productions and ran from 1976 to 1977 on CBS. Alex Trebek was the host. Johnny Olson and later Gene Wood were the announcers.

paragraphs: Two contestants (players) would compete in a game of knowledge. One was a returning winner from a previous game, the other a new challenger. A contestant was given the chance to answer the question and win money. Or, they could challenge the other contestant to answer the question. If the second contestant answered the question correctly, he or she won the money. If answered incorrectly, the first contestant got double the money. Questions were answered from an isolation booth.


title: Zhang Wannian

paragraphs: Zhang Wannian (; August 1928 – January 14, 2015) was a Chinese general. He was born in Longkou, Shandong, China.

paragraphs: He was a deputy to CPC's 9th National Congress, and an alternative member of 12th and 13th CPC's central committee. He became an alternate member of the 12th and 13th and a member of the 14th and 15th CPC's Central Committees, and a Politburo member and Secretary of the Secretariat in 15th central committee.

paragraphs: He was promoted to lieutenant general in September 1988, and to general in June 1993. He retired in 2003.

paragraphs: Wannain died in Beijing, China, aged 86.


title: Robert White (ambassador)

paragraphs: Robert E. White (September 21, 1926 – January 13, 2015) was an American career diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador to Paraguay from 1977 until 1980 and to El Salvador from 1980 until 1981. He later became president of the Center for International Policy.

paragraphs: White was born in Melrose, Massachusetts. He served in the U.S. Navy from 1944 to 1946. He was married to Mary-Anne White and had five grown children.

paragraphs: White died on January 13, 2015 in Arlington, Virginia from prostate and bladder cancer, aged 88.


title: Birdman (movie)

paragraphs: Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) is a 2014 black comedy-drama movie directed, produced, and written by Alejandro González Iñárritu. It stars Michael Keaton, Zach Galifianakis, Edward Norton, Emma Stone, Amy Ryan, Andrea Riseborough, Lindsay Duncan, and Naomi Watts. It was released for a limited time on October 17, 2014. It received very positive reviews. It won the Academy Award for Best Picture.

paragraphs: The end scene was copied from the Indian movie- Akhon Dekhi.


title: Bob Boyd (basketball)

paragraphs: William Robert "Bob" Boyd (June 7, 1930 - January 14, 2015) was an American former collegiate man's basketball coach. He was head coach at Seattle University, the University of Southern California (USC) and Mississippi State University.

paragraphs: Boyd died of natural causes in Palm Desert, California, aged 84.


title: Johannes de Villiers Graaff

paragraphs: Johannes de Villiers Graaff (also known as Jan de Van Graaff or Jannie Graaff; 19 February 1928 – 6 January 2015) was a South African neoclassical welfare economist. He was a former chairman of Nedbank. Graaff was known for his work on optimal savings rates and contributions to the creation of the social welfare function.

paragraphs: Graaff graduated from the University of Cape Town and then went on to complete his PhD in economics at St John's College, Cambridge in 1950.

paragraphs: On 30 June 1951, he married Lillian Clare Thomson, daughter of Sir George Paget Thomson. They had six children.

paragraphs: He was the youngest son of Sir David Graaff, 1st Baronet. His eldest brother is Sir De Villiers Graaff, 2nd Baronet.

paragraphs: Graaff was one of South Africa's most active and accomplished mountaineers, pioneering mountain climbing routes in East Africa and the Himalayas.

paragraphs: He died on the 6 January 2015 in Kenilworth, Cape Town, aged 86.


title: Spire

paragraphs: A spire is a tapering conical or pyramidal structure on the top of a building, particularly a church tower. Etymologically, the word comes from the Old English word "spir", meaning a sprout, shoot, or stalk of grass.

paragraphs: Symbolically, spires have two effects. One is to show strength and power. A spire, with its spear point, gives the impression of strength. The other is to reach up toward the skies as a religious gesture. This is one reason for its association with religious buildings, and a similar reason has been given for the large pyramids in Egypt and early American civilisations. However, the tallest spires today are secular places of business or hotels, such as The Shard.

paragraphs: As an architectural ornament, spires are most often found on Christian churches.


title: Trevor Colbourn

paragraphs: Harold Trevor Colbourn (24 February 1927 – 13 January 2015) was an Australian professor and academic administrator. He was the second President of the University of Central Florida (formerly named Florida Technological University) from 1978 until 1989.

paragraphs: Colbourn was born in Armidale, New South Wales. He was an Episcopalian. He married Beryl Evans in 1949, and had two daughters.

paragraphs: Colbourn died on 13 January 2015 in Winter Park, Florida, United States, aged 87.


title: Regnal year

paragraphs: A regnal year is a year of the reign of a monarch. It is from the Latin "regnum" meaning kingdom or rule. Some of the oldest dating systems were in regnal years. A regnal year usually begins on the date of a monarch's accession to the throne. Year one is counted from day one to the end of the first year of a monarch's reign. Then a second year of rule, a third, and so on. They would not have a zero year of rule. It is displayed as an ordinal, not a cardinal number.

paragraphs: Every year of a monarch's reign falls within two calendar years, unless the reign began on the first day of the calendar year. When converting a regnal year in history to a calendar year, this can cause an error of one year. In England, from the 10th century until the late 13th century, the practice was to count the regnal year from the date of coronation. This was usually a later date than when a monarch was proclaimed king or queen. The current practice of dating from the date of accession began in the late 13th century when the heir was out of the country. Henry III of England died on 16 November 1272 which some sources date as the beginning of Edward I of England's rule. His reign actually began when he was proclaimed king at the New Temple on 20 November 1272. Here the date error between sources would be only four days.


title: Bettino Craxi

paragraphs: Benedetto "Bettino" Craxi (; 24 February 1934 – 19 January 2000) was an Italian politician. He was Prime Minister of Italy from 1983 to 1987.

paragraphs: Craxi was born in Milan on 24 February 1934. His father was a Sicilian lawyer.


title: Rame Peninsula

paragraphs: The Rame Peninsula is a peninsula in southeast Cornwall, England, in the United Kingdom. The peninsula is surrounded by the English Channel to the south. Plymouth Sound is to the east. The estuary of the River Lynher lies to the north. The largest settlement is Torpoint. It is on the eastern coast, facing Devonport in Plymouth, Devon.

paragraphs: The peninsula is named after Rame Head, to the south of the peninsula. The peninsula also includes the village and parish of Rame. The whole area of the peninsula is designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.

paragraphs: Other places on the peninsula include: Antony, Crafthole and Cremyll. Fourlanesend is the location of Fourlanesend School, the local primary school for the Rame Peninsula. Kingsand and Cawsand are protected by the headland. Much of the peninsula is owned by the Mount Edgcumbe estate which also includes Mount Edgcumbe Country Park.


title: Kestrel

paragraphs: The name kestrel is given to several different members of the falcon genus, "Falco". Kestrels hover about over open country, and swoop down on prey, usually small mammals, lizards or large insects. Other falcons are more adapted to active hunting on the wing. In addition, kestrels have much brown in their plumage.

paragraphs: Kestrels can fly in stationary air, even indoors in barns. While hovering they face towards any slight headwind. This leads to the common kestrel being called a "windhover" in some areas.

paragraphs: Unusually for falcons, plumage often differs between male and female, although as usual with monogamous raptors the female is slightly larger than the male. This allows a pair to eat slightly different prey on their home range. Kestrels are bold, and have adapted well to humans. They nest in buildings and hunt by main roads. Kestrels do not build their own nests, but use nests built by other birds.

paragraphs: Most kestrels form a distinct clade among the falcons, as suggested by comparison of mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence data and morphology. This clade diverged from other "Falco" around the Miocene to Pliocene about 7–3.5 million years ago (mya). The most basal "true" kestrels are three species from Africa and its surroundings.

paragraphs: About 2.5–2 mya, the main lineage of true kestrels emerged. This too seems to have evolved in Africa and subsequently spread across the Old World until they reached Australia some time during the Middle Pleistocene, less than one million years ago. This group contains several taxa found on Indian Ocean islands. A group of three mainly grey species from Africa and Madagascar are usually considered kestrels by their general shape and habits, but are probably distinct from the true kestrels discussed above.

paragraphs: There is only one kestrel in the Americas, with a wide range of habitats. It is "Falco sparverius". The male is more brightly coloured than usual for kestrels, with a reddish back and tail.


title: Cytochrome

paragraphs: Cytochromes are haemoproteins (or proteins containing haem groups). They make ATP by electron transport.

paragraphs: They are found either as single (monomeric) proteins (e.g., cytochrome c) or as part of bigger enzyme complexes which catalyze redox reactions.

paragraphs: The haem group does the redox reactions. These include all chemical reactions in which atoms have their oxidation state changed. In general, redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.

paragraphs: Cytochromes were described in 1884 as respiratory pigments. They include (haemoglobin, myoglobin, haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and chlorocruorin. In the 1920s, Keilin rediscovered these respiratory pigments. He called them the cytochromes, or “cellular pigments”, and classified them as haem proteins.

paragraphs: Several kinds of cytochrome exist and can be distinguished by spectroscopy. Three types of cytochrome are distinguished by their prosthetic groups.

paragraphs: In mitochondria and chloroplasts, these cytochromes are often combined in electron transport and related metabolic pathways.


title: Rosemary's Baby

paragraphs: Rosemary's Baby is a 1968 American horror movie. It is set in New York City. It is based on the novel of the same name. This movie is about a young housewife who has a baby. The baby turns out to be a child of the Devil. Mia Farrow plays Rosemary. Ruth Gordon plays Minnie.

paragraphs: The movie was well received by critics upon its release.


title: Enver Hoxha

paragraphs: Enver Halil Hoxha (; 16 October 190811 April 1985) was an Albanian politician who was the prime minister of Albania from 1944 until his death in 1985. His title was First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albania. He was a Communist many regard him as a dictator.

paragraphs: Hoxha was born in Gjirokastër, a city in southern Albania (then under the Ottoman Empire) that has been home to many prominent families. He was the son of Halil Hoxha, a Bektashi Tosk cloth merchant who traveled widely across Europe and the United States and Gjylihan (Gjylo) Hoxha. He was raised a member of a wealthy Muslim family of landowners and merchants. He went to the best schools in Albania in the 1920s. He was given one of the few scholarships to a foreign college. In 1931 he attended the University of Montpellier in France. He lost his scholarship in 1934 for poor performance and moved to Paris.

paragraphs: Near the end of World War II he became the Prime Minister of Albania.


title: Saw II

paragraphs: Saw II is a 2005 Canadian-American horror film. "Saw II" is a sequel to 2004's "Saw". It is the second installment in the seven-part "Saw" franchise. It was released October 28, 2005. The movie was directed and co-written by Darren Lynn Bousman. It was Co-written with series creator Leigh Whannell. Saw II stars Donnie Wahlberg, Franky G, Dina Meyer, Erik Knudsen, and Tobin Bell as Jigsaw. Rotten Tomatoes gave it an audience score of 59%.


title: Ervin Drake

paragraphs: Ervin Maurice Druckman (April 3, 1919 – January 15, 2015), better known as Ervin Drake, was an American songwriter. His works include such American Songbook standards as "I Believe" and "It Was a Very Good Year".

paragraphs: He wrote in many styles and his work has been recorded by musicians from all over the world in many styles. In 1983, he was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: On January 15, 2015, Drake died at his home in Great Neck, New York due to complications from bladder cancer. He was 95.


title: Joseph Wapner

paragraphs: Joseph Albert Wapner (November 15, 1919 – February 26, 2017) was an American judge and former television "judge." He is the first star of the ongoing reality courtroom series "The People's Court".

paragraphs: Wapner died on February 26, 2017 under hospice care in Los Angeles after suffering from respiratory failure, aged 97.


title: Jerry Sheindlin

paragraphs: Gerald "Jerry" Sheindlin (born November 19, 1933) is an American author and television personality. He was a short-lived judge on the television program "The People's Court" from 1999 to 2000.

paragraphs: Before that, he served on the New York State Supreme Court. He is the author of two books, "Genetic Fingerprinting: The Law and Science of DNA Evidence" and "Blood Trail".


title: Judy Sheindlin

paragraphs: Judith Susan Sheindlin (née Blum; October 21, 1942), better known as Judge Judy, is an American lawyer, judge, television personality, and author. Since 1996, Sheindlin has presided over her own successful Daytime Emmy Award winning reality courtroom series named after her, "Judge Judy".


title: Kim Fowley

paragraphs: Kim Vincent Fowley (July 21, 1939 – January 15, 2015) was an American record producer, singer and musician. He was best known for his role behind a string of novelty and cult pop rock singles in the 1960s, and for managing The Runaways in the 1970s. He was born in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Fowley died of bladder cancer in West Hollywood, California at the age of 75.


title: Evelyn Sanguinetti

paragraphs: Evelyn Pacino Sanguinetti (born November 12, 1970) is an American politician. On January 12, 2015, she became the 47th Lieutenant Governor of Illinois. Before being elected alongside Governor Bruce Rauner on November 4, 2014, she served on the Wheaton City Council. On April 22, 2019, Sanguinetti announced her candidacy for the 2020 election in Illinois's 6th congressional district, challenging first-term Democratic incumbent Sean Casten. She dropped out of the race in October 2019.


title: Ramsey theory

paragraphs: The Ramsey theory is named after the British mathematician and philosopher Frank Ramsey (19031930). It is a branch of mathematics that studies the conditions under which order must appear.

paragraphs: A typical result in Ramsey theory starts with some mathematical structure that

paragraphs: is then cut into pieces. How big must the original structure be, so that at least one of the pieces has a given interesting property? This idea can be defined as partition regularity.

paragraphs: For example, consider a complete graph of order "n"; that is, there are "n" vertices and each vertex is connected to every other vertex by an edge. A complete graph of order 3 is called a triangle. Now colour every edge red or blue. How large must "n" be in order to ensure that there is either a blue triangle or a red triangle? It turns out that the answer is 6.

paragraphs: Another way to express this result is as follows: at any party with at least six people, there are three people who are either (a) mutual acquaintances (each one knows the other two) or (b) mutual strangers (each one does not know either of the other two).

paragraphs: Ramsey theory is now a complete branch of mathematics.


title: Val Holten

paragraphs: Charles Valentine "Val" Holten (15 September 1927 – 15 January 2015) was an Australian cricketer. He played five first class cricket matches for Victoria between 1950 to 1951 and 1952 to 1953. He also played club cricket for the Victorian Premier Cricket teams Melbourne Cricket Club (1947–48) and Prahran Cricket Club (1948–49). He was a right hand batsman and right arm medium pace bowler.

paragraphs: Holten was born in Brighton, a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria.

paragraphs: Holten died on 15 January 2015 at the age of 87.


title: Captivity narrative

paragraphs: Captivity narratives are stories of people captured by enemies who are not civilized. Historians - people who study history - do not trust a lot of these stories. A lot of them are not written from a neutral point of view. Some historians that study Native American cultures are careful when they use these stories as sources.

paragraphs: Captivity narratives from North America were published through the 18th and 19th centuries. They are a part of English literature, and more stories were written in India and East Asia later on.

paragraphs: Colonists in New England were often captured by Canadians and their Indian allies. This was because New France and New England had competition at the time. (This happened to the Canadians as well). The number of captives taken from the fifteenth through the nineteenth centuries are unclear, however. Some think that about 1,641 New Englanders were taken hostage during King Phillip's War (1675). When the whites and Indians had conflicts in the mid-nineteenth century, hundreds of women and children were captured.


title: Escape reflex

paragraphs: Many animals have one or more special escape reflexes. These get the animal out of trouble quickly. They use special nervous structures to do this.

paragraphs: Escape reflexes have high survival value.


title: The Wild Baby

paragraphs: The Wild Baby () is a children's book series about a wild young infant boy named Ben. The books were written in Swedish by Barbro Lindgren and illustrated by Eva Eriksson. It was made into puppetry in 2010.


title: Max (book series)

paragraphs: Den Max is a children's book series. The books were written by Barbro Lindgren. Eva Eriksson illustrated the books.


title: Nélida Romero

paragraphs: Nélida Romero (17 January 1926 – 14 January 2015) was an Argentine actress. She starred in the movies "Madame Bovary" (1947), "Arroz con leche" (1950), and "The Honourable Tenant" (1951).

paragraphs: Romero was born in Lanús. She was married to the movie director Carlos Schlieper from 1944 to 1957.

paragraphs: Romero died on 14 January 2015 in Buenos Aires, aged 88.


title: Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi

paragraphs: Mordechai Shmuel Ashkenazi (; 1943 – 14 January 2015) was an Israeli Orthodox rabbi and writer. He was a member of the Chabad Hasidic movement. He was the chief rabbi of the Chabad community of Kfar Chabad, Israel from 1983 until his death. He was also an authority on Halakha (Jewish law) and Hasidic philosophy.

paragraphs: Ashkenazi was educated in Tel Aviv and Brooklyn, New York in the United States. He had nine sons, some of whom also became rabbis.

paragraphs: Ashkenazi died from a heart attack on 14 January 2015, aged 71.


title: Sonja Härdin

paragraphs: Sonja Härdin, born 1945, is a Swedish illustrator. She illustrated all Bert books in the old series However, the first Bert book was illustrated by Sören Olsson. She also illustrated the reversion edition of the first Bert book. She gave Bert and the other figures in the Bert Diaries their cahracteristic looks. From "Berts bekännelser" the style was changed. Darker images were added. She has also illustrated articles in Kamratposten. Also, she illustrated school coursebooks like "Nya Min matematik". Nya Min matematik is a series of mathematics books for Swedish elementary schools. She has also illustrated Trafik-Trolle.


title: Eva Eriksson

paragraphs: Eva Eriksson, born 1949 in Halmstad, Sweden is a Swedish illustrator and writer. She has illustrated several children's books Among her illustrations are books by writers like Barbro Lindgren and Viveca Lärn.

paragraphs: She educated herself at Konstfack in Stockholm. Between 2003-2012 she held seat number 1 of the Swedish Academy for Children's Books.


title: SummerSlam (2005)

paragraphs: SummerSlam (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 21, 2005 at MCI Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the eighteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main match for the "Raw" brand saw Hulk Hogan defeat Shawn Michaels. Hogan defeated Michaels by pinfall after he hit Michaels with the leg drop. The main match for the "SmackDown!" brand saw Batista defeat John "Bradshaw" Layfield in a No Holds Barred match to retain his World Heavyweight Championship. Batista won the match by pinfall after he performed two Batista Bombs, with the second one on the steel ring steps. Another main match for the "Raw" brand saw John Cena defeat Chris Jericho and retain his WWE Championship. Cena won the match by pinfall after he hit Jericho with the FU. The main match on the undercard saw Rey Mysterio defeat Eddie Guerrero in a ladder match for the custody of Mysterio's son Dominick. Mysterio won the match after he climbed a ladder and grabbed the briefcase that was hanging above the ring.


title: Swedish Academy for Children's Books

paragraphs: The Swedish Academy for Children's Books () is a nonprofit society. It was established on 26 May 1989 at the Skärholmen Library in Stockholm in Sweden. It is based on the Swedish Academy. Its ambitions is to promote children's and youth literature.

paragraphs: Since 1990, the society awards the "Eldsjälen Award".


title: University of Copenhagen

paragraphs: The University of Copenhagen was founded in 1479. It is the oldest university and research institution in Denmark. it is the second oldest institution for higher education in Scandinavia after Uppsala University (1477). The university has 23,473 undergraduate students, 17,398 postgraduate students, 2,968 doctoral students and more than 9,000 employees. It has four campuses located in and around Copenhagen. The headquarters are located in central Copenhagen. Most courses are taught in Danish. However, many courses are also offered in English. A few are taught in German. The university has several thousands of foreign students. About half come from Nordic countries.

paragraphs: The university is a member of the International Alliance of Research Universities (IARU). The Academic Ranking of World Universities, compiled by Shanghai Jiao Tong University, ranked the University of Copenhagen as the leading university in Scandinavia. It is ranked 39th best university in the world in 2014. It is ranked 45th in the 2014 QS World University Rankings.


title: Desert Island Discs

paragraphs: Desert Island Discs is a biographical and factual radio programme produced by Bob Symes. It is broadcast on BBC Radio 4 in the United Kingdom. It was first broadcast on the BBC Home Service on 29 January 1942.

paragraphs: Each week a person (called a "castaway") is asked to choose eight pieces of music, a book and a luxury item that they would take if they were to be cast away on a desert island (an island that is not lived on by humans). They discuss their lives and the reasons for their choices.

paragraphs: More than 3,000 episodes have been recorded. There aren't that many castaways, though, because a few castaways have appeared more than once. Some programmes had two people as the castaway.

paragraphs: The programme was created by Roy Plomley. After Plomley's death in 1985, the programme was presented by Michael Parkinson. From 1988 to 2006, it was presented by Sue Lawley. Since 2006, the show has been presented by Kirsty Young. She interviewed illustrator Quentin Blake on her first show, broadcast on 1 October 2006.

paragraphs: The light music composition by Eric Coates called "By the Sleepy Lagoon" is the signature tune of the programme.


title: Olympia Dukakis

paragraphs: Olympia Dukakis (born June 20, 1931) is an American actress. She acts in movies and television and on stage. In 1987, she received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award for her performance in the movie "Moonstruck". She also received an Emmy Award nomination for her performance as Anna Madrigal in the miniseries "Tales of the City".

paragraphs: Dukakis is the daughter of Greek immigrants. She was born in Lowell, Massachusetts on June 20, 1931. She is a cousin of 1988 presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. From 1962 until his death in 2018, she was married to actor Louis Zorich.


title: The Substitute (1996)

paragraphs: The Substitute is a 1996 action and crime-thriller movie. The movie is about high school gangs in an inner-city area. Ernie Hudson plays Principal Claude. Glenn Plummer plays Darrell Sherman.

paragraphs: The movie got mixed to negative review from critics.


title: Gerard 't Hooft

paragraphs: Gerardus "Gerard" 't Hooft (born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch physicist. He shared the 1999 Nobel Prize in Physics with his doctoral advisor Martinus J. G. Veltman.

paragraphs: Gerardus 't Hooft is well known for his theories about gauge theory, black holes, and quantum gravity.

paragraphs: He is married to Albertha Schik (Betteke) and has two daughters, Saskia and Ellen.

paragraphs: Gerard 't Hooft was born in Den Helder on July 5, 1946, but grew up in The Hague. He was the middle child of a family of three.

paragraphs: After Gerard 't Hooft passed his high school exams in 1964, he saved in the physics program at Utrecht University.In 1969, 't Hooft started on his PhD with Martinus Veltman as his advisor. In 1971 his first paper was published.


title: Johanna Thydell

paragraphs: Johanna Thydell, born 14 November 1980 in Nässjö, Sweden is a Swedish wrtier. Her 2003 book "In the Ceiling the Stars Are Shining" was given the August Prize.

paragraphs: She was born in Nässjö. She grew up in Värnamo. After secondary school she attended a writer's course. She then got contact with writer Magnus Utvik. He assisting her to become a writer. She was a 2004 Sommar host. She studied at the writer's line course at Fridhems Folk High School in Svalöv. She also studied culture-courses focusing at literature and film at the Stockholm University.


title: Max Lundgren

paragraphs: Max Lundgren, born 22 March 1937, dead 27 May 2005, was a Swedish children's books writer. His debut book, "Hunden som äntligen visslade", was released in 1962. He wrote totally circa 50 books. Some of his books also TV series. Among his more famous works are "Pojken med guldbyxorna" and the books about fictional Swedish soccer club "Åshöjdens BK".


title: Åshöjdens BK

paragraphs: Åshöjdens BK is a book series about a fictional soccer club in northwestern Scania in Sweden. The stories were created by Max Lundgren

paragraphs: The series consists of four novels. It depicts a soccer club which is promoted across a promotion and relegation-based Swedish league system. Finally, they lose the Allsvenskan qualifying game. In 1985, a TV series based on the book series was made.

paragraphs: Sometimes, sports journalists talk of the "real Åshöjdens BK". That occurs when a club, often in rural districts, quickly is promoted from the lower to higher divisions within some seasons. An example is Ljungskile SK. That club was promotion higher and higher during the early-mid 1990s.


title: 1888 Sundsvall Fire

paragraphs: The 1888 Sundsvall Fire () was a fire in the town of Sundsvall in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Umeå.


title: Yao Beina

paragraphs: Yao Beina (born 姚贝娜; 26 September 1981 – 16 January 2015) was a Chinese singer and actress. She was born in Wuhan, Hubei. She sang "Let It Go" for the Chinese version of "Frozen". She was known for her song "The Painted 2" and "Life in the River"

paragraphs: Beina died of breast cancer in Shenzhen, Guangdong, aged 33.


title: Ian Athfield

paragraphs: Sir Ian Charles Athfield (15 July 1940 – 16 January 2015) was a New Zealand architect. He was born in Christchurch. In 1963, he joined Structon Group Architects, and he became a partner in 1965. In 1968 he was a principal partner in setting up Athfield Architects with Ian Dickson and Graeme John Boucher (Manson).


title: Jean-Claude Baker

paragraphs: Jean-Claude Baker (born Jean-Claude Julien Léon Tronville, April 18, 1943 – January 15, 2015) was a French-American restaurateur. He was born in Dijon, France.

paragraphs: He met U.S.-born French entertainer Josephine Baker while he was working as a bellhop in Paris at the age of fourteen in 1958. He became the last of twelve children adopted into Baker's Rainbow Family. In 1994 he co-authored a biography of Josephine Baker, "Josephine: The Hungry Heart", described as a "shocking look into the star's seriously whitewashed past".

paragraphs: Baker was found dead at his home in East Hampton, New York on January 15, 2015, of an apparent suicide. He was 71.


title: Malese Jow

paragraphs: Malese Jow (born February 18, 1991) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She played Geena in the sitcom "Unfabulous". She played Julia in "Star-Crossed".


title: SummerSlam (2004)

paragraphs: SummerSlam (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 15, 2004 at Air Canada Centre in Toronto, Ontario. It was the seventeenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main match for the "Raw" brand saw Randy Orton defeat Chris Benoit to win the World Heavyweight Championship. Orton won the match by pinfall after he performed an RKO on Benoit. By winning the championship, Orton became the youngest World Heavyweight Champion in WWE history. The main match for the "SmackDown!" brand was a match between John "Bradshaw" Layfield and The Undertaker for the WWE Championship. JBL won the match by disqualification after The Undertaker hit him with the championship.


title: Robert Gover

paragraphs: Robert Gover (November 2, 1929 – January 12, 2015) was an American journalist. He became a best-selling novelist at age 30. He was known for his books "One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding" and "Time and Money".


title: James Naanman Daman

paragraphs: James Naanman Daman (April 10, 1956 – January 12, 2015) was a Nigerian Roman Catholic bishop. He was Ordained to the priesthood in 1982. Daman was named bishop of the Diocese of Jalingo, Nigeria, in 2000. He was named the first bishop of the Diocese of Shendam in 2007.

paragraphs: Daman died on January 12, 2015 at the age of 58 in Jalingo.


title: Frank Glazer

paragraphs: Frank Glazer (February 19, 1915 – January 13, 2015) was an American pianist, composer and professor of music. In 1939 Glazer performed with the Boston Symphony Orchestra under Sergei Koussevitzky. Glazer served in the US Army as an interpreter from 1943 to 1945 in Germany and France. In 1980 Glazer left Eastman and became artist in residence at Bates College in Maine. In the 1960s he recorded the complete piano music of Erik Satie for the Vox label.


title: Ted Harrison

paragraphs: Edward Hardy "Ted" Harrison, CM (August 28, 1926 – January 16, 2015) was an English Canadian artist. He was known for his paintings of the Yukon. Harrison died in his sleep at the age of 88 on January 16, 2015.


title: Missy Franklin

paragraphs: Melissa Jeanette Franklin (born May 10, 1995) is an American competition swimmer. At the 2012 Olympics in London, she won five medals, four of them were gold. At the 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, she won one gold medal.

paragraphs: Franklin also won medals at other sporting events.

paragraphs: Franklin was born in Pasadena, California.


title: Jerry Dempsey

paragraphs: Jerome Richard "Dick, Jerry" Dempsey (April 21, 1933 – January 14, 2015) was an American businessman, educator, and politician.

paragraphs: Dempsey was born in Henderson, Minnesota. Dempsey served in the United States Army from 1955 to 1957. He received his bachelor's degree from the University of St. Thomas. Dempsey was also in the banking business. From 1993 until 2006, Dempsey served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. He was a Republican. His brother Terry Dempsey also served in the Minnesota Legislature.

paragraphs: Dempsey died in Hastings, Minnesota where he had lived since 1960.


title: Rimma Markova

paragraphs: Rimma Vasilievna Markova (; 3 March 1925 – 15 January 2015) was a Russian movie actress. She began acting in 1951. She was named a People's Artist of Russia in 1994. Her younger brother Leonid Markov was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1985. She was best known her her roles in the movies "The Alive and the Dead" (1964), "The Pokrovsky Gate" (1982), "The Outskirts" (1998), "Night Watch" (2004), "Day Watch" (2006), "The Best Movie" (2008), and "Burnt by the Sun 2" (2010).

paragraphs: Markova died on 16 January 2015 in Moscow, aged 89.


title: Ethel Lang

paragraphs: Ethel Lang (née Lancaster; 27 May 1900 – 15 January 2015) was a British supercentenarian and, at the time of her death, the oldest living person in the United Kingdom (after the death of Grace Jones on 14 November 2013), the ninth oldest living person in the world and the second-oldest living person in Europe after Emma Morano.

paragraphs: Lang was born in Worsbrough, near Barnsley, to Charles and Sarah Lancaster. She left school at the age of 13 to work in a shirt factory. She married William Lang in 1922 and their daughter Margaret was born in 1923. Lang's mother lived to the age of 91, and her great-grandmother until 92.

paragraphs: Lang was the last living British person to have been born during the reign of Queen Victoria.


title: Joseph Mukasa Zuza

paragraphs: Joseph Mukasa Zuza (2 October 1945 – 15 January 2015) was a Malawian Roman Catholic bishop. He became a priest on 2 July 1986. He was appointed the bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Mzuzu on 3 March 1995.


title: Emma Morano

paragraphs: Emma Morano-Martinuzzi (29 November 1899 – 15 April 2017) was an Italian supercentenarian. At the age of 117, she was the oldest living person in the world from 13 May 2016 until her death on 15 April 2017. She was the 5th oldest person in history at her death. She is the oldest person from Italy or ever lived in Italy and the second oldest European person ever, after Jeanne Calment.

paragraphs: She was born on 29 November 1899 in Civiasco (Province of Vercelli) in the region of Piedmont to Giovanni Morano and Matilde Bresciani, the eldest of eight children, five daughters and three sons. In October 1926, she married Giovanni Martinuzzi (1901-1978) and in 1937 her only child was born; Unfortunately he died when he was only six months old. The marriage was not happy so in 1938 Morano decided to separate from her husband. On her 115th birthday, Morano was still living alone in her home.

paragraphs: Morano died of heart disease, at her home in Pallanza, Italy, on 15 April 2017, at the age of 117 years and 137 days.


title: Arrondissements of the Allier department

paragraphs: There are 3 arrondissements in the Allier department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: The arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: The arrondissements of the Allier department are:

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Allier department has had few changes:


title: Arrondissement of Montluçon

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Montluçon is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Allier "département". Its capital is the city of Montluçon, a subprefecture of the department.

paragraphs: On 4 March 1790, with the establishment of the department of Allier, Montluçon was one of the districts of the department. With the establishment of the "arrondissements" on 17 February 1800, Montluçon was one of the original "arrondissements".

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montluçon is bordered to the north by the Cher (Centre-Val de Loire region) department, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Moulins, to the southeast by the "arrondissement" of Vichy, to the south by the Puy-de-Dôme department and to the west by the Creuse (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region) department.

paragraphs: It is the westernmost of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of , the second largest in area of the department. It has 114,756 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Montluçon, there are 6 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Commentry, Huriel, Montluçon-1, Montluçon-2, Montluçon-3 and Montluçon-4 as can be seen in the following table:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montluçon has 89 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:


title: Arrondissement of Moulins

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Moulins is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Allier "département". Its capital, and of the department, is the city of Moulins.

paragraphs: On 4 March 1790, with the establishment of the department of Allier, Moulins was one of the districts of the department. With the establishment of the "arrondissements" on 17 February 1800, Moulins was one of the original "arrondissements".

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Moulins is bordered to the north by the Nièvre department (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region), to the east by the Saône-et-Loire department (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region), to the south by the "arrondissement" of Vichy, to the west by the "arrondissement" of Montluçon and to the northwest by the Cher department (Centre-Val de Loire region).

paragraphs: It is found in the northern part of the department, with an area of , the largest in area of the department. It has 106,039 inhabitants, the "arrondissement" of the Allier department with fewer people living there, and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Moulins, there are 3 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Moulins-1, Souvigny and Yzeure as can be seen in the following table:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Moulins has 109 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Arrondissement of Vichy

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Vichy is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Allier "département". Its capital is the city of Vichy, a prefecture of the department.

paragraphs: When the department of Allier was created on 4 March 1790, Vichy was not one of ist districts. With the establishment of the "arrondissements" on 17 February 1800, Vichy was part of the "arrondissements" of "Lapalisse".

paragraphs: On 24 August 1941, the capital of the "arrondissement" of "Lapalisse" was moved from the city of Lapalisse to the city of Vichy that was then the capital of the French State.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Vichy is in the southeast of the Allier department and is bordered to the west and north by the "arrondissement" of Moulins, to the east by the Saône-et-Loire department (Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region), to the southeast by the Loire department, to the south by the Puy-de-Dôme department and to the southwest by the "arrondissement" of Montluçon.

paragraphs: It has an area of , and 122,267 inhabitants, the "arrondissement" of Allier with more people living there, and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Vichy, there are 5 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Bellerive-sur-Allier, Cusset, Lapalisse, Vichy-1 and Vichy-2 as can be seen in the following table:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Vichy has 119 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Pamela Cundell

paragraphs: Pamela Isabel Cundell (born 15 January 1920 – 14 February 2015) was an English character actress. Her best-known role was as Mrs Fox in the long-running TV comedy "Dad's Army". She was born in Croydon, Surrey.


title: Reagan coalition

paragraphs: Reagan coalition is a phrase that describes a kind of politician in the United States. Reagan coalitionists are Republicans who believe in the same ideas that President of the United States Ronald Reagan had. They are often from very conservative states. The term began during the Reagan Era when Reagan won his major landslide election in 1980 and in 1984.


title: Byron Janis

paragraphs: Byron Janis (born March 24, 1928) is an American classical pianist. He made several recordings for RCA Victor and Mercury Records, and occupies two volumes of the Philips series "Great Pianists of the 20th Century".

paragraphs: His discography covers music inspired by Beethoven to David W. Guion and includes major piano concertos from Mozart to Rachmaninoff and Prokofiev.


title: Barbara Cook

paragraphs: Barbara Cook (October 25, 1927 – August 8, 2017) was an American singer and actress. She became known during the 1950s after starring in the original Broadway musicals "Plain and Fancy" (1955), "Candide" (1956) and "The Music Man" (1957) among others, winning a Tony Award for the last.

paragraphs: Cook died from respiratory failure on August 8, 2017 in New York City at the age of 89.


title: Dolores Gray

paragraphs: Dolores Gray (June 7, 1924 – June 26, 2002) was an American actress and singer. She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical twice, winning once for her role in "Carnival in Flanders".

paragraphs: Gray died of a heart attack in Manhattan, aged 78.


title: Mildred Miller

paragraphs: Mildred Miller (born December 16, 1924 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American classical mezzo-soprano. He had a major career performing in operas, concerts, and recitals during the mid twentieth century. She was known as a principal artist at the Metropolitan Opera from 1951 through 1974.

paragraphs: In 1978 she founded the Opera Theater of Pittsburgh, serving as the company's Artistic Director through 1999.


title: Jon Vickers

paragraphs: Jonathan Stewart Vickers, (October 29, 1926 – July 10, 2015), known professionally as Jon Vickers, was a Canadian heldentenor. In 1957 Vickers joined London’s Royal Opera House, Covent Garden company. In 1960 he joined the Metropolitan Opera. He became world famous for a wide range of German, French and Italian roles.


title: Philippe Entremont

paragraphs: Philippe Entremont (born 7 June 1934 in Reims) is a French classical pianist and conductor. His recordings as a pianist include concertos by Tchaikovsky, Rachmaninoff, Saint-Saëns and others.


title: Echo and the Bunnymen

paragraphs: Echo and the Bunnymen is an English alternative rock band formed in 1978.


title: Andrew Chan

paragraphs: Andrew Chan (12 January 1984 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen convicted and executed in Indonesia for drug smuggling.

paragraphs: Chan was born in Sydney, New South Wales on 12 January 1984. He was the son of Cantonese-speaking Chinese immigrants. He was convicted in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. In 2005, he was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were believed to have arranged the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Chan was sentenced to execution by firing squad. While in prison, Chan converted to Christianity.

paragraphs: On 16 January 2015, Chan and Sukumaran were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, the government said that this would take place at the end of the month.

paragraphs: On 11 February 2015 the government said that Chan and Sukumaran would be moved from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island where the execution would take place. On 24 February 2015 their lawyers challenged Indonesian President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency. This legal challenge failed. The prisoners were moved to Nusakambangan Island on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers went to the state administrative court in a last try to stop the executions; this was unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, the government ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. The pair, along with seven other death row inmates, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions on 25 April (ANZAC Day).

paragraphs: On 27 April 2015, Chan married his Indonesian fiancee Febyanti Herewila.

paragraphs: He was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015. On 2 May 2015, the bodies of Chan and Sukumaran arrived back in Sydney along with the Sukumaran family and Chan's widow Febyanti Herewila, while the rest of Chan's family arrived back a day earlier.


title: Myuran Sukumaran

paragraphs: Myuran Sukumaran (; 17 April 1981 – 29 April 2015) was an Australian citizen who was executed in Indonesia for drug trafficking as a member of the Bali Nine. He was born in London, England. His parents were Sri Lankan immigrants. He moved to Australia at a young age.

paragraphs: In 2005, Sukumaran was arrested at Ngurah Rai International Airport in Denpasar, Bali. Sukumaran and Andrew Chan were the apparent co-ringleaders of the heroin smuggling operation. After a criminal trial on 14 February 2006, Sukumaran was sentenced to execution by firing squad.

paragraphs: On 30 December 2014, Sukumaran's request for was rejected by the President of Indonesia, Joko Widodo. Sukumaran and Chan were in prison at Nusakambangan Island in isolation cells. On 16 January 2015, Sukumaran and Chan were ordered to be executed after nine years in jail. On 6 February 2015, it was stated that Chan and Sukumaran would be executed by the end of the month. On 11 February 2015, Indonesian authorities approved the move of Chan and Sukumaran from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island in preparation for execution. On 24 February 2015, a final appeal to save Chan and Sukumaran from execution, with their lawyers appeal bid to challenge President Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, failed. The move from Kerobokan prison to Nusakambangan Island was on 4 March. On 6 April 2015, Chan and Sukumaran's lawyers faced the state administrative court to challenge President Joko Widodo's refusal to grant clemency, in a final attempt to stop the executions. This was also unsuccessful. On 24 April 2015, prosecutors ordered the final preparations for the execution of Chan and Sukumaran, as well as eight others on death row. On 25 April (ANZAC Day), the pair, along with 7 other death row prisoners, were given a 72-hour notice of their executions.

paragraphs: Sukumaran was executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015 along with Chan as well as Nigerians Raheem Agbaje Salami, Okwuduli Oyatanze, Sylvester Obiekwe Nwolise, Ghanaian Martin Anderson, Brazilian Rodrigo Gularte and Indonesian Zainal Abidin.

paragraphs: Sukumaran's funeral was conducted at Dayspring Church, Castle Hill on 9 May 2015.


title: Triunfo del amor

paragraphs: Triunfo del amor (Triumph of Love) is a Mexican telenovela. It aired from October 25, 2010 to June 26, 2011. It is produced by Televisa.


title: 1888 Umeå fire

paragraphs: The 1888 Umeå Fire () was a fire in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The fire happened on 25 June 1888. The fire occurred during a storm. The storm allowed the fire to spread fast among the wooden houses in town. When the town was rebuilt, stone houses became more common than wooden houses. Birchtrees were planted between the streets. This was because birchtrees are thought to not catch fire so easy. This has led to Umeå becoming known as the "town of birchtrees" (). The same day a fire also occurred in the town of Sundsvall.


title: Union of Sweden and Norway

paragraphs: The Union of Sweden and Norway (; ), officially the United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, was a personal union. It consisted of the separate kingdoms of Sweden and Norway under the same monarch. It lasted from 1814 to 1905. In 1905 Sweden accepted Norway leaving the union. Both states kept their separate constitutions, laws, legislatures, administrations, state churches, armed forces, and currencies. However the kings mostly resided in Stockholm. Stockholm was also the town where foreign diplomatic representations were located.


title: World Conference of Life and Work

paragraphs: The World Conference of Life and Work () was an ecumenic conference. It was held on the initiative of Church of Sweden archbishop Nathan Söderblom in the town of Stockholm in Sweden in 1925. It was held to discuss social cooperation. Most major Christian denominations attended the meeting. Some exceptions were the Roman Catholic Church and the Pentecostal movement.


title: November Storm of 1995

paragraphs: The November Storm of 1995 () was a snowstorm. It originated from the North Sea in mid-November 1995. It begun on Thursday 16 November 1995. The storm culminated on Friday morning, 17 November 1995. The storm stroke towards. the southern and western parts of Sweden. Traffic was heavily affected.

paragraphs: Several November records for deep snow were broken. Measuring started in 1995.


title: Christmas Hurricane of 1902

paragraphs: The Christmas Hurricane of 1902 (, ) was a storm. It stroke against Denmark and Sweden on Christmas Day 1902.

paragraphs: In Sweden, it hit Scania, parts of southern Kronoberg County and the west coast of Sweden. Circa 50 fishermen were killed. On land, very few people were killed. Material damages, measured in millions of Swedish crowns (as of 1902), were reported. Among the destruction caused by the hurricane were the Varberg Open Air Bath and the Mölle Open Air Baths as well as the Ribergsborgs and the Sibbarp Open Air Baths in Malmö. The Örgryte Church tower spire fell off.


title: She's Funny That Way

paragraphs: She's Funny That Way (originally Squirrels to the Nuts) is a 2015 American comedy-drama movie. The movie is about a prostitute-turned-Broadway actress. Imogen Poots plays Isabella "Izzy" Beatty. Owen Wilson plays Arnold Albertson. Austin Pendleton plays Judge Pendergast. Jennifer Aniston plays Jane Claremont. It was screened at the Venice Film Festival, Aug. 29, 2014. In a deal valued at $4.5 million, it was picked up by U.S. distributor Clarius Entertainment. The date of release is spring 2015.


title: Stone of Scone

paragraphs: The Stone of Scone, also known as the Stone of Destiny, and the Coronation Stone, is a stone used in the coronation ceremonies of England and Scotland. It is an oblong shaped block of red sandstone. It was kept at the now-ruined Scone Abbey in Scone, near Perth, Scotland. Its size is about by by and weighs about . The Stone of Scone was last used in 1953 for the coronation of Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


title: SummerSlam (2002)

paragraphs: SummerSlam (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on August 25, 2002 at Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. It was the fifteenth SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main match for the "SmackDown!" brand saw Brock Lesnar defeat The Rock to win the WWE Undisputed Championship. Lesnar won the match by pinfall after he hit The Rock with the F-5. The main match for the "Raw" brand saw Shawn Michaels defeat Triple H in an Unsanctioned Street Fight. Michaels won the match by pinfall after he reversed Triple H's pedigree attempt into a jackknife roll-up. The main match which was featured from both brands was an interpromotional match between Rob Van Dam and Chris Benoit for the WWE Intercontinental Championship. RVD won the match by pinfall after he hit the Five-Star Frog Splash on Benoit. By winning, RVD was able to win the championship.


title: Streisand effect

paragraphs: The Streisand effect is the name for a phenomenon: When an attempt is made to remove a piece of information (because it is not meant for the specific audience), it gets much more publicity than intended, and becomes known more widely. The effect is named after Barbara Streisand; Streisand made an attempt to get a photo of her house removed from a collection of thousands of photos of Malibu, California in 2003.


title: Amoeboid movement

paragraphs: Amoeboid movement is the most common type of movement in eukaryotic cells.

paragraphs: It is a crawling type of movement got by pushing out cell cytoplasm in the form of pseudopodia ("false feet"). The cytoplasm slides and forms a pseudopodium in front to move the cell forward.

paragraphs: This type of movement is observed in amoebae, slime molds and some other protozoans such as "Naegleria gruberi", as well as some cells in humans such as white blood cells. Sarcomas, or cancers arising from connective tissue cells, are particularly good at amoeboid movement, thus leading to their high rate of metastasis.

paragraphs: The exact mechanism is still unknown. It involves actin-myosin molecules inside the cytoplasm.


title: Arcsecond

paragraphs: An arcsecond (second of arc), represented by the symbol formula_1, is a unit of angle used in mathematics and astronomy. An arcsecond is 1/60th of an arcminute (minute of arc), which in turn is 1/60th of a degree. Therefore, an arcsecond is equal to 1/3600th of a degree, meaning that there are 360 × 60 × 60 = 1,296,000 arcseconds in a full circle.


title: David Oppegaard

paragraphs: David Oppegaard (born in Lake Crystal, Minnesota) is an American novelist.

paragraphs: In 2008, Oppegaard wrote "The Suicide Collectors". It was his first novel. He was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best First Novel by the Horror Writers Association. One year later, he published his second work, "Woormwood, Nevada".

paragraphs: Oppegaard attended Saint Olaf College, Northfield and Hamline University, Saint Paul. Both are in Minnesota. He has a Bachelor of Arts degree from Saint Olaf. He has a Master of Fine Arts degree from Hamline.


title: Simple sentence

paragraphs: A simple sentence (sometimes called an independent clause) is a sentence that contains a subject and a predicate (a verb). It also must express a complete thought. This follows the rules of syntax in English grammar.

paragraphs: A simple sentence is not defined by how short it is. A simple sentences is often short and uncomplicated. But it is not limited by the number of words used to express the thought. For example:

paragraphs: A simple sentence or independent clause is one that has a meaning to a reader or listener. If the sentence does not complete the thought, it may be a dependent clause. A dependent clause is one that does not express a complete thought. By itself it is a sentence fragment. It may look like a simple sentence, but it will not make sense on its own.


title: Peripheral artery disease

paragraphs: Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is a disease of the blood vessels in the legs. It can cause leg pain with walking, or if it gets bad it can cause wounds on the skin of the feet and toes. Peripheral artery disease is a serious disease that can be fatal. Some people who get very sick from PAD may need surgery to improve blood flow in their legs and feet. If their feet get really sick they may need an amputation.

paragraphs: PA is also sometimes called peripheral artery occlusive disease (PAOD), peripheral obliterative arteriopathy, or peripheral vascular disease (PVD).


title: Ashanti

paragraphs: Ashanti, or Asante, are a nation and the largest subgroup of the Akan people. They live mostly in Ghana and Ivory Coast. They speak the Akan language and the Asante dialect, and are of Akan origin.

paragraphs: Before European colonization, the Ashanti people developed a large and influential empire in West Africa. The Ashanti later developed the powerful Ashanti Confederacy or 'Asanteman'. They were the dominant presence in the region. The Asantehene is the political and spiritual head of the Asantes.


title: Foreign Correspondent

paragraphs: Foreign Correspondent is a 1940 American spy movie. This movie is about a reporter who tries to expose enemy spies in Britain. Joel McCrea plays Johnny Jones. Laraine Day plays Carol.

paragraphs: This movie was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture. It did not win any.


title: Faten Hamama

paragraphs: Faten Hamama (, , 27 May 1931 – 17 January 2015) was an Egyptian producer and actress of movie and television. She was known for her roles in "Al-Tareeq al-Masdood", "Sira` Fi al-Wadi", "Ayyamna al-Holwa", "La Anam", and in "La Tutf'e al-Shams".

paragraphs: Hamama died 17 on January 2015 following a short illness, aged 83.


title: The Paradine Case

paragraphs: The Paradine Case is an American 1947 courtroom thriller drama movie. This is about a lawyer who falls in love with a woman being accused of murder. Gregory Peck plays a lawyer. Ann Todd plays Gay. Alida Valli plays the woman accused of murder. It was nominated for an Academy Award in 1948.

paragraphs: The movie received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Stuart Loory

paragraphs: Stuart Hugh Loory (May 22, 1932 – January 16, 2015) was an American journalist and educator. He was born in Wilson, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: In 1980, he joined the staff of Turner Broadcasting Systems' Cable News Network (as managing editor of the Washington bureau, 1980–82; Moscow bureau chief, 1983–86; senior correspondent, 1986; executive producer, 1987–90; editor-in-chief of "CNN World Report", 1990–91; vice-president of CNN, 1990–95; executive vice-president, Turner International Broadcasting, Russia, 1993–97).

paragraphs: Loory died of lung cancer in Brooklyn, New York on January 16, 2015, aged 82.


title: Ann Todd

paragraphs: Dorothy Anne Todd (24 January 1909 – 6 May 1993) was an English producer and actress. In the movie "Perfect Strangers", she played a nurse. She played Kay in "Ships with Wings".

paragraphs: Todd was born in Hartford, Cheshire, England. She died of a stroke in London at age eighty four.


title: Dial M for Murder

paragraphs: Dial M for Murder is an American 1954 crime drama movie. It was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The movie is about a plot to murder. Grace Kelly plays Margot. Ray Milland plays Tony.

paragraphs: The movie performed very well at the box office.


title: Claire Bloom

paragraphs: Claire Bloom (born February 15, 1931) is an English stage and movie actress. She has been working for over 60 years. She has played leading roles in many movies. She played Terry in the movie "Limelight". She played Theodora in "The Haunting" (1963)


title: The Haunting (1963 movie)

paragraphs: The Haunting is a 1963 British horror movie. It is based on novel "The Haunting of Hill House" The movie is about a small group of people who come to a haunted house that comes to life. Julie Harris plays Eleanor. Claire Bloom plays Theodora. Richard Johnson plays Dr. Markway. It was released on 16 September 1963.

paragraphs: This movie was remade in 1999. Many critics did not like the remake.


title: Robert Wise

paragraphs: Robert Wise (September 10, 1914 – September 14, 2005) was an American movie director, editor and producer. He received Academy Awards for Best Director and Best Picture on both "West Side Story" (1961) and "The Sound of Music" (1965). He is also known for directing "The Day the Earth Stood Still".

paragraphs: Wise was born in Winchester, Indiana. He died in Los Angeles from heart failure four days after his 91st birthday.


title: Tom Kinslow

paragraphs: Thomas F. Kinslow (January 12, 1866 – February 22, 1901) was a professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1886 until 1898. He played the position catcher. He played for eight teams in his ten-season career. He played four of his eight seasons with the Brooklyn Bridegrooms. During his playing days, his height was listed at , his weight was . He batted and threw right-handed, and had blonde hair.

paragraphs: Thomas Kinslow was born on January 12, 1866 in Washington, D.C.. His father, Michael worked as a laborer and an ice dealer. His father later worked in the oyster business. He began playing baseball around the neighborhood on a team known as the "Quicks". Kinslow also played with a team called the Falcons.

paragraphs: Kinslow made his MLB debut with the Washington Nationals on June 4, 1886 as their starting catcher. He injured his finger in the third inning trying to catch a bad pitch thrown by Bob Barr, and had to leave the game. On June 15, he was again injured by a Barr pitch, and forced to leave the game with a dislocated finger. He played in three games for the Nationals in 1886, collecting two hits in eight at bats.

paragraphs: Kinslow played the next two seasons for the Tecumsehs, and had a batting average of .200 in 1888. In 1889, he improved is batting average to .343. In 1890, he signed with Ward's Wonders of Brooklyn. During the season, he had a batting average of .264, and caught 64 games. On June 28, he hit the first home run of his career in a game against Henry Gruber. Later, on July 11, he hit two home runs in the same game off of George Keefe.


title: West Side Story (1961 movie)

paragraphs: West Side Story is a 1961 American romantic crime drama musical. It is an adaptation of the 1957 Broadway musical play of the same name. Natalie Wood plays Maria. Rita Moreno plays Anita. Robert Wise directed the movie. It is based on the play Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.

paragraphs: This movie won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Sound and Best Director. It also won many other awards.


title: Robert Berner

paragraphs: Robert Arbuckle Berner (November 25, 1935 – January 10, 2015) was an American scientist and educator. He was known for his work to the modeling of the carbon cycle. He taught geology and geophysics from 1965 to 2007 at Yale University.

paragraphs: Berner was born in Erie, Pennsylvania. He married Elizabeth Marshall Kay in 1959 and had three children.

paragraphs: Berner died after a long illness on January 10, 2015 in New Haven, Connecticut. He was 79.


title: Inge Vermeulen

paragraphs: Inge Joanna Francisca Vermeulen (6 January 1985 – 10 January 2015) was a Brazilian-Dutch field hockey player. She played as a goalkeeper for three teams and two international teams: Brazil and the Netherlands.

paragraphs: Vermeulen was born in Americana, São Paulo and moved to the Netherlands at a young age.

paragraphs: Vermeulen committed suicide (killed herself) on 10 January 2015 in Utrecht. She was 30.


title: Natalino Pescarolo

paragraphs: Natalino Pescarolo (March 26, 1929 – January 4, 2015) was the Roman Catholic bishop.

paragraphs: He was ordained to the priesthood on June 29, 1952. Pescarolo was named auxiliary bishop of the Diocese of Cuneo in 1990. In 1992, he was appointed bishop of Fossano and in 1999, he was also appointed bishop of Cuneo. He retired in 2005.


title: Leif Rantala

paragraphs: Leif Rantala (December 26, 1947, Liljendal – January 8, 2015, Rovaniemi) was a Finnish-Swedish linguist. He was a specialist of Sami languages, cultures of history, especially of the Kola Peninsula.


title: Paul Morgan (rugby)

paragraphs: Paul Morgan (3 October 1974 – 12 January 2015) was a Welsh professional rugby union and rugby league footballer, rugby union coach, and cricketer. He was born in Pencoed. He played club level rugby union (RU) for Pencoed RFC (twice), London Welsh RFC (while at Brunel University), Whitland RFC, Aberavon RFC (twice), Llanharan RFC, Bridgend Ravens, Maesteg RFC, as a Centre, i.e. number 12 or 13.

paragraphs: He played at a representative level rugby league (RL) for Wales (Heritage #432), and at club level for Aberavon Fighting Irish, Bridgend Blue Bulls (twice), Celtic Crusaders, as a , or , i.e. number 2 or 5, or, 3 or 4, playing cricket for Pencoed Cricket Club (captain), and coaching club level rugby union (RU) for Neath Athletic RFC, and Aberavon Quins RFC.


title: Paul O'Grady (politician)

paragraphs: Paul Thomas Francis O'Grady (14 July 1960 – 18 January 2015) was an Australian politician. He was a Labor member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1988 to 1996. He was the first openly gay member of the New South Wales Parliament.

paragraphs: O'Grady came out in 1990. In 1996 he resigned because of bad health. Later that year, he said that he had AIDS. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2011. He died at Sacred Heart Hospice in Darlinghurst on 18 January 2015, aged 54.


title: Don Harron

paragraphs: Donald Hugh (Don) Harron, (September 19, 1924 – January 17, 2015) was a Canadian comedian, actor, television director, journalist, author, playwright and composer. Harron was known for his roles in "Charlie Farquharson" and in "Anne of Green Gables – The Musical". He hosted the radio program, "Morningside". Harron was born in Toronto, Ontario.

paragraphs: Harron died in Toronto from cancer, aged 90. She was married to actress Virginia Leith.


title: Indio, California

paragraphs: Indio is a city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Coachella Valley of Southern California's Colorado Desert region. The population was 76,036 at the 2010 United States Census.


title: Lee J. Cobb

paragraphs: Lee J. Cobb (December 8, 1911February 11, 1976) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles in "12 Angry Men", "On the Waterfront", and "The Exorcist". Cobb was born in The Bronx, New York. His daughter, Julie Cobb, was also an actress.

paragraphs: Cobb died in Woodland Hills, California from a heart attack, aged 64.


title: The Family (2013 movie)

paragraphs: The Family is a 2013 American-French criminal comedy movie. It is set in Normandy and was directed by Luc Besson. It stars Robert De Niro, Michelle Pfeiffer, Tommy Lee Jones, Vincent Pastore, Dianna Agron, and John D'Leo. It was released to mostly positive reviews on 13 September 2013 in the United States and 23 October 2013 in France.


title: Where the Red Fern Grows

paragraphs: Where the Red Fern Grows is a 1961 novel by American author Wilson Rawls. It is about the friendship between a boy and two Redbone Coonhound hunting dogs.

paragraphs: This story takes place on a farm near the Ozark mountain range. The narrator, Billy Coleman, saves a Redbone Coonhound from a dog fight. He helps it recover from its wounds. He sets it free. He remembers his past. He then tells the story of how he had owned two Redbone Coonhounds when he was a boy.

paragraphs: As a little boy, Billy had always wanted puppies since he was ten years old. His parents tell him they don't have enough money for puppies. He decides to earn the money himself. For two years, he works many different jobs. He saves $50. His grandfather helps him order two Redbone Coonhounds. The mail does not deliver the puppies, so Billy goes to get them. He walks to Tahlequah, Oklahoma. He sees how different the city life is from his country life at home. He buys gifts for his family there. He picks up his puppies. On the way back home, he sleeps in a cave on a mountain. He hears the roar of a mountain lion. The puppies answer the roar with their howls. They scare off the lion. The next morning, Billy and the dogs return home. On the way, he sees a sycamore tree with the names Dan and Ann on it. He decides to name the puppies Old Dan and Little Ann.

paragraphs: Billy trains his dogs to become hunting dogs. They often mess up. Billy does not give up and continues to encourage them. He soon makes a strong loving bond with his dogs. In the end, Billy's dogs grow ill and weak and later die. He buries them on his family's farm to remember them. Soon, Billy sees a red fern growing over his dogs' graves. He sees the red fern as a symbol of the love that kept him and his dogs together.


title: Euclidean space

paragraphs: Euclidean space is the space Euclidean geometry uses. In essence, it is described in Euclid's "Elements". The Euclidean plane (formula_1) and three-dimensional space (formula_2) are part of Euclidean space, which can be generalized to any dimension "n" (in which case one writes formula_3).

paragraphs: Euclidian space is sometimes called Cartesian space. A few other spaces and mathematical objects that are similar were added later. Euclid based his work "Elements" on certain axioms. Euclidean space can be described using such axioms.


title: Julian Schwinger

paragraphs: Julian Seymour Schwinger (February 12, 1918 – July 16, 1994) was an American theoretical physicist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physics.

paragraphs: Schwinger is well known for his theories about quantum electrodynamics.

paragraphs: Schwinger was born in New York City. His parents were Jewish from Poland.

paragraphs: Schwinger attended Townsend Harris High School and the City College of New York. He received a B.A. in 1936. He received a Ph.D. from Columbia University. He worked at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Sui iuris

paragraphs: Sui iuris is a Latin phrase that is used in law. Sometimes, the phrase is also spelled sui juris. It literally means "of its own right". It is used to say that the legal status of an institution or entity is not comparable to anything else, and there are special laws that say how this institution or entity should work. An example use is in Canon law: The Roman Catholic church say that certain churches are "sui iuris". That way the Eastern Catholic churches have their own government, and laws. Despite this, these churches still recognize the Pope of Rome as their spiritual leader.

paragraphs: "The Eastern Catholic Churches are not 'experimental' or 'provisional' communities; these are sui iuris Churches; One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic, with the firm canonical base of the "Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches" promulgated by Pope John Paul II."

paragraphs: In Roman law, the phrase is used for someone who was independent, and that could become pater familias.


title: Parity of zero

paragraphs: Parity of zero is the question whether the number zero is even or odd. General consensus is that the number is even. Even numbers are defined to be integer multiples of two. That way, the numbers two, four and six are even, because they are one times two, two times two, and three times two. With that explanation, zero is also even, because it is zero times two.

paragraphs: Another explanation is from number theory: The integers are arranged in such a way that even numbers are followed by odd ones, and odd ones by even ones. Zero is preceded by minus one, and followed by one. Both numbers are odd. So it must be even.

paragraphs: There is also a problem: The term "even" meaning "integer multiple of two" is a convention; people agreed on it. It is not a formal definition. Another case where people used a convention they agreed on was that of prime number: Before the 20th century, there were many inconsistent definitions of prime: Mathematicians such as Goldbach, Lambert, Legendre, Cayley, and Kronecker wrote that 1 was prime. The modern definition of "prime number" is "positive integer with exactly 2 factors", so 1 is not prime. This definition is rational: it naturally suits mathematical theorems that concern the primes. For example, the fundamental theorem of arithmetic is easier to state when 1 is not considered prime

paragraphs: It would be possible to redefine "even" in a way that no longer includes zero. However, in this case, the new definition would make it more difficult to state theorems concerning the even numbers. Already the effect can be seen in the algebraic rules governing even and odd numbers. The most relevant rules concern addition, subtraction, and multiplication:

paragraphs: Inserting appropriate values into the left sides of these rules, one can produce 0 on the right sides:

paragraphs: The above rules would therefore be incorrect if zero were not even. At best they would have to be modified. For example, one test study guide asserts that even numbers are characterized as integer multiples of two, but zero is "neither even nor odd". Accordingly, the guide's rules for even and odd numbers contain exceptions:

paragraphs: Making an exception for zero in the definition of evenness forces one to make such exceptions in the rules for even numbers. From another perspective, taking the rules obeyed by positive even numbers and requiring that they continue to hold for integers forces the usual definition and the evenness of zero.


title: H. Rider Haggard

paragraphs: Henry Rider Haggard (1856–1925) was an English writer. He is best known for his adventure novels. His novels were notable for their unusual invention and stories that kept people interested. His best novels were very popular in his lifetime. They made the genre of adventure fiction popular again. Haggard also wrote books about farming and emigration.

paragraphs: Haggard lived in South Africa for six years when he was a young man. Many of his novels were set in Africa, including "King Solomon's Mines" (1886), "Allan Quatermain" (1887) and "She" (1887).

paragraphs: In 1919, Haggard was knighted for his services to the British Empire. Haggard's autobiography, "The Days of My Life", was published in 1926 after he died. Morton Cohen's biography of Haggard was published in 1960.


title: White's illusion

paragraphs: White's illusion is a brightness illusion. Here, some stripes of a black and white grating are replaced by gray rectangles (see Fig). All gray bars usually have same color and opacity. The brightness of the gray pieces appear to shift toward the brightness of the top and bottom bordering stripes, that is, the gray bars with horizontal black regions on their top and bottom appear darker and those with white regions on their top and bottom appear lighter. But this does not match with what lateral inhibition predicts. This illusion is mostly described for grayscale. A similar illusion occurs for colored patches. This is known as Munker-White's illusion or Munker's illusion.

paragraphs: The amount of each bipolar cell response depends on the amount of the stimulation it receives from the receptor. Neighboring cells decrease this response. This is called lateral inhibition.

paragraphs: Lateral inhibition cannot explain White's illusion. In Figure 2.1 lateral inhibition sent by black cells A and C should make cell O lighter; in Figure 2.2 lateral inhibition sent by white cells A and C should make cell O darker.

paragraphs: Rules suggested to describe optical illusions such as simultaneous brightness contrast illusion, such as Wallach's ratio rule cannot explain White's illusion. These rules suggest that cell O in figure 2.1 receives less inhibition that cell O in figure 2.2. So, the cell O in figure 2.1 should be lighter than cell O in the other figure. However, the opposite case happens.

paragraphs: White and White (1985) concluded that at a higher spatial frequency the grating of White's illusion could be described by brightness assimilation. They also concluded that at lower spatial frequencies White's illusion is still present.

paragraphs: The belongingness theory has been given as an explanation of White's illusion. Belongingness means that we perceive things depending on its surroundings. According to belongingness theory, the lightness of rectangle A is influenced by the white bars that surround it. Similarly, the rectangle B on the right side is surrounded by the dark bars. So, the lightness of rectangle B is affected by the dark background. As a result, area A which rests on the white background appears darker than area B which rests on the dark background.

paragraphs: Not all scientists accept the belongingness theory. They say that when talking about the background, it is the same as lateral inhibition.


title: Lateral inhibition

paragraphs: In neurobiology, lateral inhibition is the ability of an excited neuron to reduce the activity of its neighbors. It stops action potentials from spreading in the lateral direction. It is called lateral inhibition as it stops (inhibits) neighboring neurons from firing. This creates a contrast in stimulation. This increases perception. For example, in vision, it helps in differentiating edges. It occurs primarily in visual processes. But it has also been seen in tactile, auditory, and even olfactory processing. Cells that use lateral inhibition are mainly present in cerebral cortex and thalamus. They make up lateral inhibitory networks (LINs). Artificial sensory systems have artificial lateral inhibition built in them. Examples are vision chips, hearing systems, and optical mice.


title: Raif Badawi

paragraphs: Raif Badawi (Arabic: رائف بدوي; born 13 January 1984) is a Saudi Arabian writer and activist. He started the website Free Saudi Liberals in 2008. He was arrested in 2012 because of the website. The website was then taken off the internet. Badawi was sentenced to 10 years in prison and 1000 lashes. Badawi has also been banned from any media work or foreign travel for 10 years after his release from prison. Badawi's first 50 lashes were given on January 9, 2015. After that, Badawi's lashes were postponed many times. In June 2015, a Saudi high court ruled that Badawi should be lashed but the lashing was postponed hours before it was going to happen.

paragraphs: Badawi's wife called Ensaf Haidar believes he is weak in body and suffering mentally. She fears this may be a slow death sentence.

paragraphs: Badawi's sister Samar Badawi is also an activist. Her husband Waleed Abul-Khair is Raif's lawyer. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison in July 2014. Samar is working to get both her brother and husband released from prison.


title: Sweden–Finland

paragraphs: Sweden–Finland (, ) is a historiographical term. It refers to the Kingdom of Sweden from the days of the Kalmar Union in the late 14th century up to the Napoleonic Wars in to the early 19th century. In 1809 it was split into two halves. The eastern half became the Grand Duchy of Finland in personal union with the Russian Empire. The western half remained as the Kingdom of Sweden.


title: Adventure fiction

paragraphs: Adventure fiction is a type of fiction in which an adventure forms the main storyline. The adventure is usually an exciting undertaking involving risk and physical danger. Author Malins describes adventure fiction as the story "of the hero—individual or group—overcoming obstacles and dangers and accomplishing some important and moral mission." The characters in an adventure fiction are highly sympathetic. They are also ones the reader can easily relate to. There has to be a conflict to overcome and a clever villain to stop.

paragraphs: A key part of many adventure fictions is the hero. In most stories the hero has to succeed. At the same time the hero may be the least interesting character in the story. The hero is often timid, submissive and easily pushed around. The hero may be a superhero, a spy, a detective or even an antihero. But the hero manages to meet the challenge. All great adventure heroes seem to find the ability to beat their enemies or win over hostile environments.

paragraphs: Sometimes the villain wins. In Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Cask of Amontillado", the villain is the narrator of the story. Sometimes the villain wins only to be confronted again in a sequel.

paragraphs: In many adventure fictions, the adventure takes place in foreign lands or exotic places. One of the earliest adventure fiction writers was Daniel Defoe. His stories of "Robinson Crusoe" and "Captain Singleton" helped set the standards for the adventure fiction genre. Another British author Sir Walter Scott built on the formula. He combined history with adventure fiction. His historical romance novels "Waverley", "Rob Roy" and "Ivanhoe" were classic adventures. They helped the reader understand the hero and gave him a code of chivalry. French author Alexandre Dumas wrote "The Three Musketeers", "The Count of Monte Cristo" and "Man in the Iron Mask". These were very popular in Europe and America. His stories had strong elements of revenge and forgiveness. James Fenimore Cooper in his adventure stories "The Pioneers", "The Last of the Mohicans" and "The Pathfinder" were set in exotic new world locations. But Cooper changed the aristocratic hero into one who was noble even though not born into the nobility.


title: Anthony Trollope

paragraphs: Anthony Trollope (1815-1882) was an English novelist who wrote 47 novels and a number of other books.

paragraphs: His mother Frances Trollope was also a writer. Trollope became an official of the Post Office and lived in Ireland from 1841 to 1859; he left his Post Office job in 1867.

paragraphs: Trollope is well known for his series of novels set in the imaginary county of Barsetshire. His first novel was published in 1847 and "The Warden", the first Barsetshire novel, in 1855. The rest of the series were published during the next 12 years: "The Barchester Chronicles" (1857), "Doctor Thorne" (1858), "Framley Parsonage" (1861), "The Small House at Allington" (1864), and "The Last Chronicle of Barset" (1867). Barsetshire is imagined as a county in southwest England. The county town is Barchester, which is the seat of the Bishop of Barchester.

paragraphs: Trollope also wrote a series of political novels featuring the Palliser family. These began in 1864 with "Can You Forgive Her?". The rest of the series is "Phineas Finn" (1869), "The Eustace Diamonds" (1873), "Phineas Redux" (1876), "The Prime Minister" (1876), and "The Duke's Children" (1880). Trollope was an industrious and disciplined writer who wrote short stories, travel books and biographies as well as novels.


title: Sterling silver

paragraphs: Sterling silver is an alloy of silver containing 92.5% by mass of silver and 7.5% by mass of other metals, usually copper. The sterling silver standard has a minimum of 925 in continental European terms.

paragraphs: Pure silver, for example 99.9% pure, is generally too soft for making objects for use. Therefore, the silver is usually alloyed with copper to give it strength while keeping the ductility and beauty of the precious metal. Other metals can replace the copper, to improve various properties of the basic sterling alloy such as increasing resistance to tarnish. These replacement metals include germanium, zinc and platinum, as well as a variety of other additives, including silicon and boron. Alloys such as argentium silver have appeared in recent decades. Argentium silver has some germanium added, and resists tarnishing well.

paragraphs: The first legal definition of sterling silver appeared in 1275. A statute of Edward I specified that 12 ounces of silver for coinage should contain 11 ounces  pennyweights of silver and  pennyweights of alloy, with 20 pennyweights to the Troy ounce.

paragraphs: Sterling silver standards are protected by hallmarks stamped on pieces by officials.


title: Christina of Sweden

paragraphs: Queen Christina of Sweden (; – 19 April 1689), was the queen of

paragraphs: Sweden from 1632 to 1654. She then resigned to become a Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: She also liked humanities and had invited philosophers such as René Descartes in Sweden.


title: Richard Benson (musician)

paragraphs: Richard Philip Henry John Benson, known as Richard Benson (born 10 March 1955, Woking, England) is an English–Italian guitarist.

paragraphs: Benson probably moved to Rome in 1965. In 1971 he joined the progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie. In 1972, he took part in the festival "Villa Pamphili".

paragraphs: From 1978 to 2013 he hosted TV shows relating to new musical releases of the time. The music was mostly hard rock and heavy metal, but also jazz, funk, blues, fusion and Italian rock.

paragraphs: In 1983, Benson released his first LP, "Animal Zoo". In 1984, he released the LP "Renegade". In 1987 he was included on the compilation album, "Metal Attack" (RCA Italy – Talent).

paragraphs: In 1992, Benson played himself in Carlo Verdone's movie "Maledetto il giorno che t'ho incontrato". In the second half of the 1990s he gave concerts in Rome. In 1999, he released his first CD, "Madre Tortura".

paragraphs: Benson has then appeared in Italian national broadcast television as a music critic (Rai 2), together with Max Giusti. His work in the show was comical instead of serious. He played a sort of parody of his own character. In June 2013, he created an online television channel, "RichardBensonTV". He hosts a show there about heavy metal music. RichardBensonTv closed after just over a year.

paragraphs: In 2015 he released his second CD, "L'inferno dei vivi".


title: Kjell Arnljot Wig

paragraphs: Kjell Arnljot Wig (31 December 1924 – 18 January 2015) was a Norwegian media personality. He was a journalist for "Morgenbladet" from 1948. He was later with the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation from 1963 to 1992. He hosted a series of television shows, including "Aktuell debatt", "Vindu mot verden", and "Åpen post". Some of his novels were "Det skjulte Norge" (1969), "Kongen ser tilbake" (1977), and "Eventyret om Blaafarveværket" (1995}.

paragraphs: Wig was born in Stjørdal. He was married and had children.

paragraphs: Wig died after an illness on 18 January 2015 at Bærum hospital. He was 90.


title: Bob Barr (1880s pitcher)

paragraphs: Robert McClelland Barr (December, 1856 - March 11, 1930) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He also made some appearances as an outfielder, first baseman, and third baseman.

paragraphs: Barr played for the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, Washington Nationals, Indianapolis Hoosiers, and Rochester Broncos. He also played for the Washington Nationals and New York Giants.


title: Suspicion (1941 movie)

paragraphs: Suspicion is a 1941 romantic thriller movie. It is based on the novel Before the Fact. The movie was directed by Alfred Hitchcock. Cary Grant plays Johnnie, a gambler. Joan Fontaine plays Lina. Dame May Whitty plays Martha.

paragraphs: This movie was nominated for Academy Awards for the Best Picture and the Best Original Score. Fontaine won the Best Actress award.


title: Pike Place Fish Market

paragraphs: The Pike Place Fish Market is an open air fish market located in Seattle, Washington at the corner of Pike Street and Pike Place. It is known for their tradition of fishmongers throwing fish that customers have purchased, before they are wrapped. After nearing bankruptcy in 1986, the fish market owner and employees decided to become "world famous", changing their way of doing business by introducing their flying fish, games, and customer performances. Four years later, they were featured repeatedly in the national media and television shows. The store is now a popular tourist destination in Seattle, attracting up to 10,000 daily visitors, and is often billed as world-famous.

paragraphs: The Pike Place Fish Market was purchased in 1965 by John Yokoyama. Yokoyama was a former employee of the fish market, who bought the store to make enough money to afford the car payments on his new Buick Riviera. At first, Pike Place Fish Market was unknown outside of the Seattle area. Yokoyama and his staff decided to change that in a meeting with a business coach in 1986. Prior to the meeting, the Pike Place Fish Market was near to bankruptcy. Consultant, Jim Bergquist, was helping them to conceive of ways to save the business. A fish market employee at the meeting suggested that they not only save the business, but make it "world famous". They had the idea of flying and throwing fish and having games with customers. They thought that staff were enjoying their work so that customers would as well. In an interview, Yokoyama stated, "We took a stand that we were going to become world famous. We just said it and it became so."

paragraphs: Four years later, in 1990, Ted Turner's Goodwill Games were held in Seattle. News crews at the Pike Place Market discovered the fish market and its performances with customers, and they filmed them. Soon afterwards, the fish market appeared on "Good Morning America". The business and its employees were being filmed by various movie crews, and being featured in many magazines. Now, during the summer tourist season, the fishmongers will perform now in front of as many as 10,000 visitors daily. The success of the business has been cited to its human resources and employee attitudes. The employees of the fish market will often speak to businesses, civic groups, and schools on ways to be successful. This has led to their being featured in motivational books.

paragraphs: A popular feature at the Pike Place Fish Market is a fish which sometimes is made to "snap" at customers. In 1991, CNN named the Pike Place Fish Market as one of the three most fun places to work in America.

paragraphs: The Pike Place Fish Market is best known for their habit of hurling customers' orders across the shopping area. A typical routine will involve a customer ordering a fish, with their fishmongers in orange rubber overalls and boots calling out the order, which is loudly shouted back by all the other staff, at which point the original fishmonger will throw the customer's fish behind the counter for wrapping. Initially, the shouted repeating of the ordered fish began as a prank on one employee, but was enjoyed by customers, so it became a tradition. While working, the staff continually yell to each other and chant in unison while they throw ordered fish. At times, the fish market staff will throw a foam fish into the crowd to scare bystanders, or select a customer from the crowds to participate in the fish toss. Above the areas in which they throw fish, the market hangs a sign that reads, "Caution: Low Flying Fish".

paragraphs: In 1998, the Pike Place Fish Market was the subject of a documentary movie and accompanying book, "FISH! Philosophy." The Pike Place Fish Market has also been the setting for several best-selling corporate training videos, the aforementioned "FISH!", and also "FISH!Sticks", which have been used by companies such as Enterprise Rent-A-Car, Sprint Nextel, Southwest Airlines, Sainsbury's, Saturn, and Scottish and Southern Energy, for employee training. The Pike Place Fish Market has been featured in a variety of television shows and commercials. These include a Spike Lee Levis jeans commercial; MTV's "The Real World"; NBC's "Frasier", and ABC's "Good Morning America". In movies, it has appeared in "Free Willy".


title: Gustav I of Sweden

paragraphs: Gustav I of Sweden, born 14 May 1496, dead 29 September 1560, was the King of Sweden from 1523 until his death in 1560. During his reign, Sweden broke relationship with the Kalmar Union and the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Marie Hermanson

paragraphs: Marie Hermanson, born 1956, is a Swedish writer and journalist.


title: Pietra dura

paragraphs: Pietra dura is a term for using cut and fitted, highly polished colored stones to create images.

paragraphs: The stonework is glued stone-by-stone to a base after being "sliced and cut in different shape sections; and then assembled together so precisely that the contact between each section was practically invisible". Stability was achieved by grooving the undersides of the stones so that they interlocked, rather like a jigsaw puzzle, with everything held in place by an encircling 'frame'. Many different colored stones, particularly marbles, were used, along with semiprecious, and even precious stones.

paragraphs: The technique first appeared in Rome in the 16th century. It reached its peak in Florence. Pietra dura items are generally crafted on green, white or black marble base stones. Typically the resulting panel is completely flat, but some examples have the image is in low relief.

paragraphs: There are a number of similar techniques which should not be called pietra dura. The English term "Florentine mosaic" is sometimes used for the work of Giovanni Montelatici (1864-1930). He was an Italian Florentine artist whose brilliant work has been distributed across the world by tourists and collectors.

paragraphs: Pietra dura is also different from mosaics because stones are mostly much larger and cut to a shape suiting their place in the image, not all of roughly equal size and shape as in mosaic. In pietra dura, the stones are not cemented together with grout, and works in pietra dura are often portable. Nor should it be confused with micromosaics, a form of mosaic using very small tesserae of the same size to create images for Byzantine icons, and later for furniture panels.


title: Pink cat

paragraphs: Cats can be many different breeds and fur coat colours. A pink cat is not a colour found in nature. But several pink cats have been reported about in the news media. Sometimes the cat colour has changed to pink with chemicals or dyes. There are also several fictional pink cats in popular culture.

paragraphs: In September 2005, a cat named Brumas roamed away from his owners in Launceston, Cornwall. When he came back after a short time, his fur was coloured pink. No one ever figured out the cause of the colour change. Brumas was taken to the RSPCA to be tested. He did not have any toxins.

paragraphs: In September 2010, a cat with dyed pink fur was found in Swindon, South West England. The RSPCA said the dyeing was a "sick prank". Even though they tried to wash the colour out of the cat's fur, it stayed pink. The cat did not have any signs of side-effects or harm. The event made worldwide news. Soon the owner told the truth. She said that the cat had been dyed pink using food colouring because she was a fan of the colour. She said the act "seemed like a good idea. I always wanted a pink animal - a bit like my hair". She said she read the instructions carefully and the food colouring could not be harmful because it was safe for humans to eat. The RSPCA decided not to arrest her for harming her animal.

paragraphs: In May 2011, four kittens were found in a concrete factory in Redruth, Cornwall. One kitten had pink fur. A cat rescue group named "Cats Protection", tried to wash out the colour with shampoo, but could not.

paragraphs: Pollution from a steel factory in Port Talbot, Wales, has turned cats both pink and grey.

paragraphs: Cats having pink patches are found in Bulgaria. The color is probably a genetic mutation and is very close to orange. They are usually pink-white bicolor; or pink-blue-white or pink-black-white calico cats.

paragraphs: The Pink Panther is a cartoon cat that was created by Friz Freleng. He is seen in the opening titles of the Peter Sellers movies with his own theme music. He also had his own cartoon show. Animation historian Jerry Beck has said the cartoon cat is "anti-authority – he's cool yet he's pink".

paragraphs: The character of the children's television series" Bagpuss" was a pink cat. The Bagpuss puppet was really supposed to be an orange marmalade colour. When the puppet was made, it was dyed pink by mistake.

paragraphs: Another children's television show, "Roobarb and Custard", had a pink cat named Custard. Roobarb, the dog, was yellow. This program was shown on BBC television in England. The characters acted similar to the animated cat and mouse, "Tom and Jerry."

paragraphs: In 2014, a Dutch artist, Florentijn Hofman, made a tall pink cat for an exhibition in Century Park, Shanghai.