title: London station group

paragraphs: The London station group is a group of 18 railway stations in central London. They are part of the National Rail network. Most are terminal stations, meaning that they are at the end of the railway line. The station group is shown on tickets as "London Terminals".


title: Lilly Pulitzer

paragraphs: Lillian Pulitzer Rousseau (Lillian Lee McKim; November 10, 1931 – April 7, 2013), better known as Lilly Pulitzer, was an American fashion designer and socialite. She is known for founding Lilly Pulitzer, Inc., which makes clothes with bright, colorful patterns. Because the brand has been very popular with rich people, Lilly has been called the "Queen of Prep".

paragraphs: Lillian Lee McKim, nicknamed Lilly, was born on November 10, 1931 in Roslyn, New York. Her father was Robert V. McKim and her mother was Lillian McKim (maiden name Bostwick). She was the middle child, with an older sister named Mary Maude and younger sister named Florence Fitch. Her mother, Lillian, was an heir to the Standard Oil fortune. Lillian divorced Robert and married Ogden Phipps in 1937.

paragraphs: Lilly went to the Chapin School in New York City, along with Bouvier sister Jacqueline. In 1949, she graduated from Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut. She attended the college-finishing school Finch College in New York City, but left after one semester to work as a midwife's assistant in West Virginia and later as a volunteer at the Veterans Hospital in The Bronx.

paragraphs: In 1950, she married Peter Pulitzer, the grandson of publisher Joseph Pulitzer. They moved to Palm Beach, where Lilly started her clothing company, Lilly Pulitzer, Inc. In 1969, Lilly and Peter were divorced. She married Enrique Rousseau soon after. She legally changed her name to Lillian Rousseau, but her clothing company kept the "Lilly Pulitzer" label. Lilly continued to live in Palm Beach. Enrique died from cancer in 1993.

paragraphs: Lilly has three children from her marriage to Peter: Peter, Minnie, and Liza. Peter lives in Bridgehampton, New York, with his wife, Elise, and five children: Fiona, Caleb, Stefan, Aaron, and Daniella. Liza currently lives in West Palm Beach, Florida, with her husband, Henry, and three children: Waverly, Hattie and Rayna. Liza is currently helping out in Florida with the Lilly Pulitzer Brand.

paragraphs: Pulitzer died on April 7, 2013 in her home in Palm Beach, California from natural causes, at age 81.

paragraphs: Lilly and Peter settled in Palm Beach, Florida, shortly after their marriage. Peter owned several Florida citrus groves, and with fruit from the groves Lilly opened a juice stand on Via Mizner, just off Worth Avenue in Palm Beach.

paragraphs: In the course of working at the juice stand, Lilly found that squeezing juice made a mess of her clothes. Seeking to hide the juice stains, she designed a sleeveless shift dress made of bright, colorful printed cotton. Lilly found that customers loved her dress, so she made more to sell at her juice stand. Eventually, she was selling more dresses than juice, and decided to focus on making and selling what had become known as her "Lillys".

paragraphs: In 1959, Lilly became president of her own company, Lilly Pulitzer, Inc. The company's main factory was located in Miami, Florida and the fabrics were produced by the Key West Hand Print Fabrics company in Key West.

paragraphs: From the 1960s to the early 1980s, Lilly's bright, colorful clothes were very popular, worn by rich people such as First Lady Jackie Kennedy, and members of the Rockefeller, Vanderbilt and Whitney families. However, by 1984, Lilly felt she was not having as much fun as she used to and retired, closing down her entire clothing business.

paragraphs: In 1993, the rights to the Lilly Pulitzer brand were bought by Sugartown Worldwide, Inc. They contacted Lilly with the hopes of bringing back the brand because, "they just loved Lilly, their mothers and sisters loved Lilly, and they wanted to bring the line back," according to Lilly herself. Lilly is not involved in the day to day running of the company, but she continues to do things like approve new designs, fabrics, and collections.

paragraphs: Today, the company has 75 Lilly Pulitzer Signature Stores (also known as Via Stores), several company-owned retail stores, sells to independently owned stores and is in major department stores such as Bloomingdales, Lord and Taylor, Nordstrom, and Neiman Marcus. On December 21, 2010, Sugartown Worldwide, Inc. was bought by Oxford Industries, Inc.

paragraphs: Along with women's clothing, the company also makes men's clothing, children's clothing, maternity clothes, shoes, jewelry, accessories, bedding (revived in 2010), and stationery. The company started a bridal collection in 2010.

paragraphs: Lilly Pulitzer has made special collections with sorority prints on them, among them Kappa Delta, Kappa Kappa Gamma, Delta Delta Delta, and Delta Zeta. She has held contests on her Facebook page to vote on which sororities will get their own prints.

paragraphs: Lisa Birnbach's humorous "guides", "The Official Preppy Handbook" and its sequel "True Prep: It’s a Whole New Old World", say Lilly Pulitzer clothing is a must-have item for "preppy" women.

paragraphs: The Museum of Lifestyle & Fashion History in Boynton Beach, Florida, ran an exhibit from August 2010 through May 2011 about the clothing and designs of Lilly Pulitzer. Museum director Lori Durante stated "Lilly Pulitzer fashion is relative to the American experience ... It is relevant to Palm Beach County, to Florida."


title: Space Shuttle Columbia disaster

paragraphs: The Space Shuttle Columbia disaster occurred when broke up when it was reentering the atmosphere on February 1, 2003. The cause of the disaster was that a piece of foam broke from the external fuel tank. This made a hole in the shuttle's wing. During its entry, hot gases entered the wing, causing it to break up. All of the people on board died when it broke up.

paragraphs: Parts of "Columbia" were found across the state of Texas. The cockpit window is now inside the Pavilion at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida.


title: Fraternities and sororities

paragraphs: Fraternities and sororities are social groups for college students, though sometimes high schools have them too. They exist mostly in the United States and Europe. The words "frater" and "soror" are Latin for "brother" and "sister" and used to show closeness between members. They also denote whether the group is for men or women. Sororities are only for women. Fraternities are only for men.

paragraphs: Fraternities and sororities often have groups at many different schools. Each fraternity or sorority is given two or three Greek letters to call themselves, for example, ΑΦ (Alpha Phi) or ΑΧΩ (Alpha Chi Omega). To tell the difference between groups at different schools, called chapters, each chapter is given another set of Greek letters. For example, a man in the Kappa Sigma fraternity who goes to the University of Louisiana at Lafayette is part of the fraternity's EX (Epsilon Chi) chapter. Chapters sometimes have houses on or near the campus of the college the members attend that members can live in.

paragraphs: Fraternities and sororities often participate in community service.

paragraphs: Fraternities and sororities are often exclusive, meaning people who want to join need to be invited to do so. This is done during a process called "rushing". During a rush, people who want to join a chapter will talk to current members. If the member think the person rushing is a good fit for the group, they will get an invitation, called a "bid", to join the chapter. If the person rushing accepts, they become a "pledge".

paragraphs: The pledging period is a time when the pledge is not yet a full member, and may leave or be refused membership at any time. Sometimes, members of the chapter will put the pledge through trials. Sometimes they are tests on the history of the fraternity they are trying to join, wearing a badge with the fraternity's letters on it at all times, or performing public service. Sometimes the trials are cruel, dangerous or humiliating. If the trials are cruel, it is called "hazing". Hazing is illegal in 44 states.

paragraphs: After the pledging period, the pledge becomes a full member of the chapter and fraternity or sorority.


title: Bernese mountain dog

paragraphs: The Bernese mountain dog is a breed of dog from Switzerland.

paragraphs: These dogs are "tricolour", which means their coat of fur is made up of three colors: black, white, and tan. They are gentle, loyal, and good with children. Bernese Mountain Dogs are very large dogs, weighing from 70 to 120 pounds (32 to 54 kilograms) as adults. They were first used to pull carts and worked as all-around farm dogs.


title: Fire ecology

paragraphs: Fire ecology is about the effects of fire on the ecosystems where it occurs. The results of fire are studied, and also what causes the fires.

paragraphs: In many ecosystems, fire helps keep the habitat healthy. Examples of such habitats are the North American prairie and chaparral ecosystems, and the South African savanna. In these ecosystems, fire helps renew the habitat. In theses places, many plants and trees have adapted and need fire to grow well, or for their seeds to germinate and start ecological succession.

paragraphs: If the fires are stopped, dry wood and dead plants accumulate. Bushes and trees that catch fire easily will start growing. When this area finally does catch fire, it will make the wildfire larger and more damaging, and be harder to control.

paragraphs: In the United States, campaigns have made people believe that wildfires are always bad for nature. This comes from the old belief that ecosystems grow towards a stable system, and disturbances like fires stop that, and destroy the harmony of nature. But we have since learned that in some areas, fire is needed to make the system work properly; fire also helps biodiversity of many habitats. The plants and animals in these habitats have adapted to protect themselves from fire, and sometimes must have fire to survive.

paragraphs: Still, fire can kill people or burn down buildings. Now, controlled burns are sometimes done to have fire where it is needed, but don't let it go where it can cause damage to people or their property.


title: Goldman Sachs

paragraphs: The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., or just Goldman Sachs is an investment banking and securities firm. They are involved with global investment banking, securities, investment management, and other financial services mainly with institutional clients. They are also known to be a primary dealer in the United States Treasury security market.

paragraphs: 2017-Four have Goldman Sachs USD 7.830.000.000 ("deutsch 7,83 Milliarden Dollar").


title: The Province

paragraphs: The Province is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The Province was founded in 1898. The paper was bought in 1923 by a Southam family. The newspaper runs daily and is the most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Vancouver Sun coming in second place. The newspaper also had a radio station named CFCB and it relinquished its licence in February of 1940 after the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation told it to.

paragraphs: The "The province" and "Vancouver Sun" are both owned by Postmedia Network Inc.


title: Vancouver Sun

paragraphs: The Vancouver Sun is a newspaper that serves the British Columbia province in Canada. The "Vancouver Sun" was founded in 1912. The newspaper runs daily and is the second most read newspaper in the province of British Columbia with The Province coming in first place. The newspaper has the largest newsroom in Vancouver although its staff of reporters has reduced in recent years. The Vancouver Sun is not a part of the Sun Media chain which has newspapers in Toronto, Ottawa, Winnipeg, Calgary and Edmonton.

paragraphs: The "Vancouver Sun" is owned by Postmedia.


title: Rustavi

paragraphs: Rustavi () is a city in Georgia. It was founded in the 4th century by Trdat of Iberia. In the 13th century, it became empty. Rustavi was rebuilt in the 20th century. Rustavi has the Rustavi Metallurgical Plant. As of 2014, the city had 125,103 people.


title: Gaur

paragraphs: The Gaur is a bovine species, similar to the bison. Bos gaurus (or Indian bison) is the largest living bovine. It is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.

paragraphs: The species is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 1986. Population trends are stable in well-protected areas, and are building up in a few areas which had been neglected.

paragraphs: The gaur is the tallest species of wild cattle.

paragraphs: The Malayan gaur is called "seladang", and the Burmese gaur is called "pyoung".

paragraphs: The domesticated form of the gaur "Bos frontalis" is called 'gayal' or 'mithun'.


title: Seed fern

paragraphs: The term seed ferns (Pteridospermatophyta) are several distinct groups of extinct seed plants (spermatophytes).

paragraphs: The oldest fossil evidence of plants of this type is from Upper Devonian strata, and they flourished particularly during the Carboniferous and Permian periods.

paragraphs: Pteridosperms declined during the Mesozoic Era and had mostly disappeared by the end of the Cretaceous, though some fossil pteridosperm-like plants seem to have survived into Eocene times in Tasmania.

paragraphs: The concept of the pteridosperms goes back to the late 19th century when palaeobotanists came to realise that many Carboniferous fossils resembling fern fronds had anatomical features like cycads.

paragraphs: British palaeobotanists made the critical discovery that some of these fronds were associated with seeds, and concluded that the fronds and seeds belonged to the same plants.

paragraphs: Initially it was still thought that they were intermediate between the ferns and cycads, and especially in the English-speaking world they were referred to as "seed ferns" or "pteridosperms". Today, most palaeobotanists regard them as being only distantly related to ferns and that these names are misleading, but the names have nevertheless stuck.

paragraphs: Later during the 20th century, the concept of pteridosperms was expanded to include various Mesozoic groups of seed plants with fern-like fronds. Some palaeobotanists also included seed plant groups with entire leaves such as "Glossopteris" and its relatives, which was clearly stretching the concept.

paragraphs: The seed ferns were by far the earliest seed plants, and must have included the ancestors of the later plants. They are spread across a range of clades and many palaeobotanists today would regard pteridosperms as little more than a paraphyletic 'grade-group'.

paragraphs: So, does the concept of pteridosperms have any value today? Many palaeobotanists still use the term in an informal sense for the seed plants that are not angiosperms, coniferoids (conifers or cordaites), ginkgophytes or cycadophytes (cycads or bennettites).

paragraphs: This is particularly useful for extinct seed plant groups, whose relationships are unknown. We can call them pteridosperms with no suggestion of being a clade. Also, for curators or collectors, the term 'pteridosperm' is a useful shorthand for describing fern-like fronds probably produced by seed plants, which are often found in Palaeozoic and Mesozoic fossil floras.


title: John Riggins

paragraphs: Robert John Riggins (born August 4, 1949 in Seneca, Kansas) is a retired American football running back who used to play for the New York Jets and Washington Redskins of the NFL. He was nicknamed "The Diesel". He won Super Bowl XVII with the Washington Redskins where he was also the MVP and is a member of the Redskins Ring of Fame. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1992.


title: Glossopteris

paragraphs: Glossopteris is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct seed ferns.

paragraphs: The Glossopteridales arose in the Southern Hemisphere around the beginning of the Permian (~300 milliom years ago). Their distribution across several continents led Eduard Suess to suggest the southern continents were once together in a single supercontinent – Gondwana.

paragraphs: These plants went on to become the dominant elements of the southern flora through the rest of the Permian but disappeared in almost all places at the end of the Permian (~250mya).

paragraphs: The only convincing Triassic records are very earliest Triassic leaves from Nidpur, India. Even these records are somewhat questionable owing to faulting and complex juxtapositioning of Permian and Triassic strata at Nidpur.

paragraphs: Although most modern palaeobotany textbooks cite the continuation of glossopterids into later parts of the Triassic and, in some cases into the Jurassic, these are mistakes based on misidentification of similar leaves such as those of "Gontriglossa", "Sagenopteris", or "Mexiglossa".

paragraphs: Glossopterids were, thus, one of the major casualties of the end-Permian mass-extinction event.


title: Gnetophyta

paragraphs: The Gnetophytes are a group of seed plants with three genera. Their evolutionary relationships are unclear, but it is now clear that they are related to each other.

paragraphs: By looking at the structure of these organisms (morphology) and the DNA (molecular taxonomy), scientists have found that "Gnetum" and "Welwitschia" are more closely related to each other than to "Ephedra".


Pulitzer


title: Andy & Lucas

paragraphs: Andy & Lucas are a Spanish flamenco band formed by Andrés Morales and Lucas González. They introduced their first CD in 2003.

paragraphs: Andrés was born on April 4, 1982 and Lucas González on September 28, 1982. They lived in Cádiz (La Laguna) and they went to the same school. On May 26, 2003 they edited their first album which had 13 songs. The single "Son de amores" became the summer song in Spain. They sold more than 500,000 copies around the world.

paragraphs: Their second album was called "Desde mi barrio" and it was edited on 2004. Their third album was "Ganas de vivir". It had 12 songs. Andy wrote seven of the songs, and Lucas wrote five.


title: Nature versus nurture

paragraphs: The nature versus nurture debate is about the causes of differences between people.

paragraphs: Like all living things, people have inherited innate qualities. There are also events or experiences which happen during life. 'Nature' describes the effect of a person's genes, whereas 'nurture' describes whatever happens during life.

paragraphs: In the language of population genetics, the heritability of a feature is the extent to which it is inherited genetically. That includes traits of behaviour and character. Though the public debate is all about humans, the principles apply to "any living thing", plants as well as animals.

paragraphs: The phrase 'nature versus nurture' was suggested by the Victorian polymath Francis Galton. He was influenced by Darwin's "On the Origin of Species". He investigated the influence of heredity and environment on social advancement.

paragraphs: It was always known that people inherited some features, but were modified during life. The terms had been contrasted, for example, by Shakespeare (in "The Tempest": 4.1). Even before Shakespeare, the English schoolmaster Richard Mulcaster wrote in 1582:

paragraphs: Galton did not oppose nature to nurture as two alternatives. The phrase 'nature vs nurture' has been rightly criticized for its over-simplification. Almost all writers have realised that both play a part in our make-up. One who, at first sight, seemed to think humans got their 'mind' from nurture (the "tabula rasa" or blank slate theory) was philosopher John Locke. He, however, was only concerned with how we acquire knowledge from sense data.

paragraphs: Both nature and nurture play interacting roles in development, and many modern psychologists and anthropologists consider the contrast naive. They see it as an outdated state of knowledge.

paragraphs: Identical twins are natural clones. Because they carry the same genes, they may be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. Studies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary greatly in how much they owe to heredity. For example:

paragraphs: The way the studies are done is like so:

paragraphs: Studies like this may be carried further, by comparing identical twins brought up together with identical twins brought up in different circumstances. That gives a handle on how much circumstances can alter the outcomes of genetically identical people.

paragraphs: The person who first did twin studies was Francis Galton, Darwin's half-cousin, who was a founder of statistics. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about mono and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.

paragraphs: This kind of research works well when the features can be measured simply. It works less well when the measurement is itself controversial. This was the case with I.Q. measurement, where the method of measurement was not well agreed between researchers.

paragraphs: Studies have found the heritability of IQ to be between 0.7 and 0.8 in adults and 0.45 in childhood in the United States. It may seem reasonable to expect that genetic influences on traits like IQ should become less important as one gains experiences with age. However, that the opposite occurs is well documented. Heritability measures in infancy are as low as 0.2, around 0.4 in middle childhood, and as high as 0.8 in adulthood. Everyday experience would suggest that as people grow older, they get to know themselves better. They choose, if they can, jobs and activities which make the most of their abilities. The effect of this would be to show a closer fit between their genetics and their environment.

paragraphs: A 1994 review in "Behavior Genetics" based on identical/fraternal twin studies found that heritability is as high as 0.80 in general cognitive ability but it also varies based on the trait, with 0.60 for verbal tests, 0.50 for spatial and speed-of-processing tests, and only 0.40 for memory tests.

paragraphs: In 2006, "The New York Times Magazine" said about three quarters for heritability (0.75) was found in most studies. A 2004 analysis of reports in "Current Directions in Psychological Science" gave an overall estimate of around 0.85 for 18-year-olds and older.

paragraphs: Aggression is a behavior where one harms another individual intentionally. Over the years, there has been an ongoing debate on the origin or causes of aggression among humans. Some theories argue that aggression is innate, while others contend it is a learned behavior.


title: Ramin Djawadi

paragraphs: Ramin Djawadi (born July 19, 1974) is a German-Iranian composer of orchestral music for movies and television. He was born in Duisburg, Germany to an Iranian father and German mother. Djawadi may be best known for his Grammy-nominated, guitar-driven score for "Iron Man" and for the TV series "Prison Break", "Game of Thrones" and "Person of Interest".

paragraphs: After graduating summa cum laude from Berklee College of Music in 1998, Djawadi got the attention of Hans Zimmer. Zimmer recruited him to Remote Control Productions. Djawadi moved to Los Angeles and worked as an assistant to Klaus Badelt. He wrote additional music on "The Time Machine", "Basic", "The Recruit" and the blockbuster "". He then worked with Zimmer on the score for "Thunderbirds", "Something's Gotta Give (movieething's Gotta Give" and "Batman Begins".

paragraphs: Djawadi then went out on his own with "", collaborating with The RZA for director David Goyer. This was the beginning of his relationship with Goyer for both movies and television. Djawadi wrote the score for Goyer's horror thriller "The Unborn", which was produced by Michael Bay. he also worked with Goyer on the television series "FlashForward". This earned him his second Emmy nomination. Djawadi also composed the Emmy-nominated theme music for "Prison Break" and the theme for the related show "Breakout Kings". Djawadi's score for the movie "Mr. Brooks" earned him a World Soundtrack Awards “Discovery of the Year” nomination. His other scores include "Deception", starring Hugh Jackman and Ewan McGregor, and Robert Towne's "Ask the Dust".

paragraphs: Djawadi scored the first Sony Animation project, "Open Season" as well as the sequel "Open Season 2". Other animation scores include "The Chubbchubbs Save Xmas". Djawadi's work in these movies got him noticed by the filmmakers of the Belgium-based NWave. They created one of the first animated movies in 3D, "Fly Me to the Moon". Djawadi finished Warner Brothers' "Clash of the Titans" in 2010. Djawadi also scored the soundtrack for the 2010 video game "Medal of Honor" and HBO's fantasy drama "Game of Thrones".

paragraphs: He is currently composing the music for the new J.J. Abrams TV series, "Person of Interest".

paragraphs: His usual orchestrators are Stephen Coleman and Tony Blondal


title: Feminazi

paragraphs: Feminazi is a word used to criticize the feminist movement or its members. The name was created by American talk-show hosts Bob Black and Rush Limbaugh. Black wrote an essay in 1983 called "Feminism as Fascism".


title: Jessica-Jane Clement

paragraphs: Jessica-Jane Clement (born 24 February 1985) is a British glamour model, actress and television presenter. She was born and raised in Sheffield, South Yorkshire. She is best known for her role in "The Real Hustle" on BBC Three. She was a contestant in the 2011 series of "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Charlotte Church

paragraphs: Charlotte Church (born Charlotte Maria Reed, 21 February 1986) is a Welsh singer-songwriter, actress and television presenter. She changed her surname when she was adopted by her stepfather. She sings classical music and pop music. She hosted a Channel 4 chat show titled "The Charlotte Church Show". She has two children by rugby player Gavin Henson.

paragraphs: By 2007, she had sold more than ten million records worldwide including over five million in the United States. In 2010 she was reported to be worth as much as £11m (though one 2003 report quoted her worth at £25m). Church released her first album in five years, titled "Back to Scratch", on 17 October 2010. Church has a mezzo-soprano vocal range.


title: Bako Sahakyan

paragraphs: Bako Sahakyan (, sometimes transcribed as "Bako Sahakian" or "Saakian", born August 30, 1960) is the fourth president of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He replaced Arkadi Ghukasyan, who held the presidential post for two five-year terms.

paragraphs: Sahakyan was born in Stepanakert, NKAO, Azerbaijan SSR in 1960. After serving in the Soviet army, he worked for nine years in a Stepanakert factory. In 1990, he joined the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army, of which he became a deputy commander. In 1999, he was named interior minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. He also led the Nagorno-Karabakh security service from 2001 to June 2007.

paragraphs: Bako Sahakyan is married and has two children.


title: Arkadi Ghukasyan

paragraphs: Arkadi Ghukasyan () was the third President of the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. He was elected as the President on September 8, 1997 and re-elected in 2002, until his term ended on July 19, 2007 and was succeeded by Bako Sahakyan.

paragraphs: Born in Stepanakert, in the Nagorno Karabakh Autonomous Republic of the Azerbaijan SSR on June 22, 1957, he graduated in 1979 from Yerevan State University with a degree in linguistics. He started his working career as a correspondent for "Soviet Karabagh" newspaper, becoming its Deputy Editor-in-Chief in 1981.

paragraphs: In 1991 Ghukasyan was elected to the first Parliament of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

paragraphs: Ghukasyan has been a member of Nagorno-Karabagk's Security Council since 1993. On July 23, 1993 he became the first Foreign Minister of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic.

paragraphs: He survived an assassination attempt in 2000.


title: Nina Dobrev

paragraphs: Nina Dobrev (born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria) is a Bulgarian-Canadian actress. She is best known for playing the role of Elena Gilbert and Katherine Pierce on the dramatic television series, "The Vampire Diaries".

paragraphs: Nina Dobrev was born on January 9, 1989 in Sofia, Bulgaria to Bulgarian parents. her father is a computer scientist, and her mother is an artist. Her family moved to Canada when she was two years old. She was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Was 20 years old when she started her first show


title: Pharmaceutical chemistry

paragraphs: Medicinal chemistry or pharmaceutical chemistry is a discipline of chemistry and pharmacology. Medicinal chemistry is interested in finding out about the chemical properties drugs have, and about the synthesis and production of drugs. In general, medicinal chemistry is seen as a specialization of organic chemistry.

paragraphs: Constantin Zwenger (1814-1885) was the person who founded the field of pharmaceutical chemistry.


title: Relativism

paragraphs: Relativism is the idea that points of view have no absolute truth or validity. They only have relative, subjective value according to viewpoint and circumstances.

paragraphs: Common statements that might be considered relativistic include:

paragraphs: The term often refers to "truth relativism", which is the doctrine that there are no absolute truths, i.e., that truth is always relative to some particular frame of reference, such as a language or a culture (cultural relativism).

paragraphs: As "moral relativism", moral principles apply only in a limited context. In context, principles and ethics do hold; out of context they do not.

paragraphs: There are similar ideas in nihilism, scepticism and amoralism.

paragraphs: People who agreed with the idea of relativism include Paul Feyerabend, Isaiah Berlin and Richard Rorty.

paragraphs: The Roman Catholic Church, especially under John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI, has identified relativism as one of the most significant problems for faith and morals today.

paragraphs: The Church and some philosophers define relativism as the denial of absolute truth. They say that without absolute truth, there can be no moral values. If there are no moral values, there might not be sin, and God may not exist. In their view, relativism constitutes a denial of the capacity of the human mind and reason to arrive at truth. Truth, according to Catholic theologians and philosophers (following Aristotle and Plato) consists of "adequatio rei et intellectus", the correspondence of the mind and reality. Another way of putting it states that the mind has the same form as reality. This means when the form of the computer in front of someone (the type, color, shape, capacity, etc.) is also the form that is in their mind, then what they know is true because their mind corresponds to objective reality.

paragraphs: The denial of an absolute reference, of an "axis mundi," denies God, who equates to Absolute Truth, according to these Christian philosophers. They link relativism to secularism, an obstruction of religion in human life.

paragraphs: Pope Leo XIII (1810–1903) was the first known Pope to use the word relativism in the encyclical Humanum Genus (1884). Leo XIII condemned Freemasonry and claimed that its philosophical and political system was largely based on relativism.


title: Federica De Bortoli

paragraphs: Federica De Bortoli (born November 9, 1976 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

paragraphs: De Bortoli provides the voice of the character Bella Swan in the Italian language version of the Twilight movie series.

paragraphs: She works at LaBibi.it, Dubbing Brothers, Sefit - CDC, and other dubbing studios in Italy.


title: Cheese analogue

paragraphs: Cheese analogues are substitutes of cheese that are made to imitate the taste and the look of real cheese. Such substitutes replace the dairy milk by other plant-based ingredients. The fat in the milk is replaced by other kinds of fat of animal or plant origin. Sometimes the proteins found in milk are also replaced by proteins from other sources. Cheese analogues are usually used because of health reasons, for example lactose intolerance. They are also used as a personal choice (e.g. veganism, or for religious reasons). In most cases, Cheese analogue is kosher.

paragraphs: Cheese analogue cost less to make than real cheese. By carefully choosing the ingredients in the analogue, other characteristics such as the melting temperature and the taste can be changed. Flavour enhancers can be added to make the product taste similar to Parmesan, feta or Camembert cheese, for example. Food coloring is used to match the color of a cheese product. Real cheese undergoes a ripening process, cheese analogues do not have this: Usually, vegetable oil is heated, and mixed with a premade powder and water. Flavour enhancers are added. After cooling, the product is ready for packaging.

paragraphs: In Europe, cheese analogue is used for gastronomy and in bakeries; In the United States, it is marketed as a replacement for real cheese. The arguments used cater to people who do not want to use real cheese for personal reasons, or that cannot use it for health reasons.


title: Perla Liberatori

paragraphs: Perla Liberatori (born November 10, 1981 in Rome) is an Italian voice actress. She voices characters in anime, cartoons and movies.

paragraphs: Liberatori is well known for providing the voice of both Stella and Chatta in the fantasy animated series "Winx Club".She also voices Celia Hills in the Italian language version Inazuma Eleven anime series.

paragraphs: She is married to voice actor Gianluca Crisafi. Liberatori is also well known for dubbing over many actresses.


title: Rikuzen Province

paragraphs: in 1868, Rikuaen was separated from Mutsu.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Rikuzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Danger

paragraphs: Danger (also risk or peril) is the possibility of something bad happening. A situation in which there is a risk of something bad happening, is called "dangerous", "risky" or "perilous".

paragraphs: People often take risks, or do things that might hurt them. An example of this is crossing the road without looking carefully. There is a risk that you might get hit by a car.

paragraphs: Anything that involves a risk of injury or to health can be described as dangerous. Smoking is dangerous to health. Being around some animals is dangerous because they might attack humans.

paragraphs: There are a few different ways that danger can be "quantified" - put into numbers.

paragraphs: probability measures how dangerous something is. It uses a math equation to find the risk that a certain event might happen. In epidemiology, risk is defined as the number of events that "did" happen, divided by the number of events that "could have" happened. For example, if the risk of babies dying after birth in a population is reported as 1/1000, it means that out of every 1000 babies born, 1 is likely to die.

paragraphs: Prevalence is the number of people in a population that have a certain disease.

paragraphs: Risk is the number of "new" cases of disease, divided by the number of people who "could" get the disease. For example, during an outbreak of the flu, risk would be the number of people who get the flu, divided by the number of people who were exposed to the flu virus.

paragraphs: A risk assessment is a list of things that could go wrong. In many Western countries, when teachers take children on an outing, they may have to fill in a risk assessment form which lists the possible dangers and says what they should do to stop bad things from happening (e.g. accidents or children getting lost).


title: Dangerous

paragraphs: Dangerous describes something that has danger. It can also mean:


title: Cadet

paragraphs: A cadet is someone who is training to become an officer in the military, often a person who is a junior trainee. The term comes from the term "cadet" for younger sons of a noble family.


title: Cognitive dissonance

paragraphs: Cognitive dissonance is a concept in social psychology. It is the discomfort felt by a person who holds conflicting ideas, beliefs or values at the same time. In this state, people may feel surprise, dread, guilt, anger, or embarrassment. Reacting to this unpleasant state, people have a motivational drive to reduce dissonance. Leon Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance was developed to predict and explain how people reacted to this situation.

paragraphs: Cognitive dissonance theory says that people have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. According to Festinger, people engage in a process he termed "dissonance reduction". This can be got in one of three ways:

paragraphs: People in dissonance may change their feelings, thoughts or memories so they are less in conflict. However, often they do not, and instead set out to manipulate the social scene around them so that their embarrassment is less. For example, they may try to explain away the dissonance with a wider theory or they may intensify their efforts at persuasion and publicity so that others join them in their beliefs.

paragraphs: Festinger's book "When Prophecy Fails" is the story of how a cult leader reacted when her prophecy of doom failed.

paragraphs: Festinger and his associates read an interesting item in their local newspaper: "Prophecy from planet Clarion call to city: flee that flood". The prophecy came from Dorothy Martin (1900–1992), a Chicago housewife who experimented with automatic writing. She had previously been involved with L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics movement, and her cult incorporated ideas from what was to become Scientology.

paragraphs: The group of believers had taken steps which showed their commitment to the belief. They had left jobs, college, and spouses, and had given away money and possessions. They prepared for their departure on a flying saucer, which was to rescue the group of true believers. She claimed to have received a message from a fictional planet named Clarion. These messages revealed that the world would end in a great flood before dawn on December 21, 1954.

paragraphs: After the failure of the prediction, Dorothy Martin left Chicago after being threatened with arrest and involuntary commitment. She later founded the Association of Sananda and Sanat Kumara. Under the name 'Sister Thedra', she continued to practice channeling and to participate in contactee groups until her death in 1992. The Association is active to this day.

paragraphs: Festinger and his colleagues infiltrated Martin's group and reported the following sequence of events:

paragraphs: The experiences supported the idea that the group did have a bias to seek consonance between their expectations and reality. In fact, events had proved conclusively the falsehood of their ideas, but the group rearranged their explanations to give themselves the least psychological pain.


title: Lime (material)

paragraphs: Lime is a general term for various naturally occurring minerals and materials derived from them in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides of calcium predominate.

paragraphs: These materials are used in large quantities as building and engineering materials (including limestone products, concrete, and mortar), and as chemical feedstocks, among other uses. The rocks and minerals from which these materials are derived, primarily limestone and chalk, are composed primarily of calcium carbonate. "Burning" (calcination) converts them into the highly caustic material "quicklime" (calcium oxide), and, through the addition of water, into the less caustic, but still strongly alkaline "slaked lime" (calcium hydroxide).

paragraphs: In general writing when the term is used in an agricultural context it probably refers to Agricultural lime. Otherwise it most commonly means slaked lime, as the more dangerous form is usually described more specifically as quicklime or "burnt lime".


title: Permineralization

paragraphs: Permineralization is a process of fossilization in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.

paragraphs: Minerals in water fill the spaces inside organic tissue. The process gives a record of soft tissue as well as hard tissues. Fossils with permineralization are useful in studying internal structures, especially of plants.

paragraphs: Water from the ground, lakes, or oceans seeps into the pores of organic tissue and forms a crystal cast with deposited minerals. Crystals begin to form in the porous cell walls. This process continues on the inner surface of the walls until the central cavity of the cell, the lumen, is completely filled. The cell walls themselves remain intact surrounding the crystals. Permineralization is different from petrification in that the organic material is only filled with minerals and not completely replaced. Permineralization can occur in several ways:

paragraphs: Silicification is the most common type of permineralization.

paragraphs: Carbonate mineralization occurs as coal balls. Coal balls are fossilizations of plants and their tissues, usually made when there is seawater or acidic peat. This type of fossilization gives information about plant life in the Upper Carboniferous (325 to 280 million years ago).

paragraphs: Organisms are pyritized when they are in marine sediments saturated with iron sulfides.


title: MTR Corporation Limited

paragraphs: On 5 October 2000 the operator of the MTR network, MTR Corporation Limited, became Hong Kong's first privatised rail and metro company, which marked the start of the Hong Kong government's planned initiative to wind down its interests in various public utilities. Prior to its listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Mass Transit Railway Coporation was wholly owned by the Hong Kong Government. The offering involved the sale of around one billion shares, and the company now has the largest shareholder base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June, 2001, MTR Corporation Limited was transferred to Hang Seng Index.

paragraphs: MTR Corporation Limited has always been reliant on developing properties next to railway stations for its profits (although the rail lines are profitable themselves); many recently built stations are incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. Examples of this type of construction can be seen at Tsing Yi station, which is built next to the Maritime Square shopping centre, and directly underneath the Tierra Verde housing estate.

paragraphs: On April 11, 2006, MTR Corporation Limited signed a non-binding Memorandum of Understanding with the Hong Kong Government, the owner of Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC), to merge the operation of the two railway networks of Hong Kong. If eventually approved, MTR Corporation Limited will take over the operation of the KCR network and combine the fare system of the two networks.


title: Battle of Plassey

paragraphs: The Battle of Plassey was a major battle that took place on 23 June 1757 at Palashi, Bengal. It was an important British East India Company victory over the Nawab of Bengal and his French allies. It was part of the Third Carnatic War, and of the worldwide Seven Years' War in which France and its allies fought Britain and its allies. British victory let the British East India Company take control of the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent. In the next hundred years their area of control grew over the rest of India.

paragraphs: The battle took place at Plassey, Bengal on the river banks of the Bhagirathi-Hooghly River, a distributary of the Ganges. The fighting took place about north of Calcutta. This was near Murshidabad which was the capital of Bengal at the time. Plassey is the anglicised version of Palashi. The battle was between Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and the British East India Company.

paragraphs: The battle took place after the attack and plunder of Calcutta by Siraj-ud-daulah and the Black Hole of Calcutta tragedy.

paragraphs: The troubles between Siraj-ud-daulah and the British led to the Battle of Plassey. First, the British had strengthened the fortification around the Fort William without telling the Nawab. Secondly, they abused the trade privileges granted to them by the Mughal rulers, which caused heavy loss of customs duties for the government. Third, they gave shelter to some of his officers, for example Krishnadas, son of Rajballav, who fled Dhaka after misappropriating government funds. Hence, when the East India Company started further enhancement of military preparedness at Fort William in Calcutta, Siraj asked them to stop. The Company did not stop, so Siraj-ud Daulah retaliated and captured Kolkata (Shortly renamed as Alinagar) from the British in June 1756. The Nawab gathered his forces together and took Fort William.

paragraphs: The British sent more soldiers under Colonel Robert Clive and Admiral Charles Watson from Madras to Bengal. The British retook control of Calcutta. Clive then took control of the French fort of Chandernagar. The battle was fought during the Seven Years' War (1756–63). The French East India Company sent a small group to fight against the British. Siraj-ud-Daulah had more soldiers and chose to fight at Plassey. The British were worried about having fewer soldiers. They formed a conspiracy with Siraj-ud-Daulah's demoted army leader Mir Jafar as well as others such as Yar Lutuf Khan and Rai Durlabh. Mir Jafar, Rai Durlabh and Yar Lutuf Khan brought their soldiers near Plassey but did not actually join the battle. Siraj-ud-Daulah's army was beaten by about 3,000 soldiers of Col. Robert Clive, and Siraj-ud-daulah fled from the battlefield.

paragraphs: This is thought to be one of the most important battles for the control of the Indian subcontinent by the colonial powers. The British now had influence over the Nawab. They also got a lot of revenue from trade. The British used this revenue to increase their military power. They pushed the other European colonial powers such as the Dutch and the French out of South Asia. This was a sign of the expansion the British Empire in Asia.

paragraphs: As a reward for his treachery, Mir Jafar was made the Nawab of Bengal. Former Nawab Mutsheed Kiki Khan directed all landowners of Bangla, Bihar and odisa

paragraphs: a not to sell any plot of lands to British East India Company.


title: Txillardegi

paragraphs: José Luis Álvarez Enparantza (27 September 1929 – 14 January 2012) was a Basque linguist, politician and writer. When writing he used the pseudonym Txillardegi. He was born in Donostia, which is called "San Sebastian" in Spanish. Even though he did not learn the Basque language until he was 17, he came to be seen as one of the most influential figures in Basque nationalism and culture in the second half of the 20th century.

paragraphs: Together with some friends he started ETA in 1959, and became responsible for their social and cultural activities. He also was a founding member of Herri Batasuna, the Basque nationalist party. As a linguist, he helped shape the structure and orthography of Standard Basque.


title: Ken Russell

paragraphs: Henry Kenneth Alfred Russell (3 July 1927 – 27 November 2011) was a British director, screenwriter, producer and actor. He was born in Southampton, Hampshire. He directed "Women in Love" and "The Devils". He was a Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: Russell was a housemate in "Celebrity Big Brother 2007".


title: Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan

paragraphs: Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan (; also known by the troops under his command as Komandos (); May 22, 1939 in Tbilisi, Georgian SSR).

paragraphs: He was a military leader of the Armenian forces during the Nagorno-Karabakh War. He is best known as the commander of the operation to capture the town of Shushi in May 1992.

paragraphs: He has the rank of major general in the Armenian Army. He attended a military academy in Saint Petersburg and served in the Soviet Army.


title: Nigel Hawthorne

paragraphs: Sir Nigel Barnard Hawthorne CBE (5 April 1929 - 26 December 2001) was a British actor. He was born in Coventry, Warwickshire and raised in South Africa. He is best known for his role as Sir Humphrey Appleby in sitcom "Yes Minister" and its sequel "Yes, Prime Minister". He played the title role as George III in "The Madness of King George".

paragraphs: He was gay; his long-term partner, until his death, was screenwriter Trevor Bentham. Hawthorne had pancreatic cancer and died of a heart attack in Radwell, Hertfordshire.


title: Sillod

paragraphs: Sillod is a city in the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is in the district of Aurangabad. As of the 2001 Indian census, Sillod had a population of 43,859.


title: Eero Saarinen

paragraphs: Eero Saarinen (August 20, 1910 – September 1, 1961) was a Finnish American architect and industrial designer of the 20th century. He was known for varying his style according to the demands of the project: simple, sweeping, arching structural curves or machine-like rationalism.

paragraphs: Eero Saarinen shared the same birthday as his father, Eliel Saarinen. Saarinen emigrated to the United States of America in 1923 at the age of thirteen. He grew up in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, where his father was a teacher at the Cranbrook Academy of Art. He took courses in sculpture and furniture design there. He had a close relationship with fellow students Charles and Ray Eames. He became good friends with Florence Knoll (née Schust).

paragraphs: Beginning in September 1929, he studied sculpture at the Académie de la Grande Chaumière in Paris, France. He then studied at the Yale School of Architecture until 1934. Later, he toured Europe and North Africa for a year and returned for a year to his native Finland. He returned to Cranbrook to work for his father and teach at the academy. He became a naturalized citizen of the U.S. in 1940. Saarinen was recruited by his friend, who was also an architect, to join the military service in the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). Saarinen was assigned to draw illustrations for bomb disassembly manuals and to provide designs for the Situation Room in the White House. Saarinen worked full time for the OSS until 1944. After his father's death in 1950, Saarinen founded his own architect's office, "Eero Saarinen and Associates". Eero Saarinen died of a brain tumor in 1961 at the age of 51.

paragraphs: He married the sculptor Lilian Swann Saarinen. They divorced in 1954. He had two children from his first marriage, Eric and Susan. Saarinen then married Aline Bernstein Louchheim (March 25, 1914 – July 13, 1972), an art critic at "The New York Times". They had a son, Eames, named after his collaborator Charles Eames.

paragraphs: Saarinen first received critical recognition, while still working for his father, for a chair designed together with Charles Eames for the "Organic Design in Home Furnishings" competition in 1940, for which they received first prize. The "Tulip Chair", like all other Saarinen chairs, was taken into production by the Knoll furniture company, founded by Hans Knoll, who married Saarinen family friend Florence (Schust) Knoll.

paragraphs: During his long association with Knoll he designed many important pieces of furniture including the "Grasshopper" lounge chair and ottoman (1946), the "Womb" chair and ottoman (1948), the "Womb" settee (1950), side and arm chairs (1948–1950), and his most famous "Tulip" or "Pedestal" group (1956), which featured side and arm chairs, dining, coffee and side tables, as well as a stool. All of these designs were highly successful except for the "Grasshopper" lounge chair, which, although in production through 1965, was not a big success.

paragraphs: One of Saarinen's earliest works to receive international acclaim is the Crow Island School in Winnetka, Illinois (1940).

paragraphs: While Saarinen was still working for his father, he took first prize in the 1948 competition for the design of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, St. Louis. His arch not completed until the 1960s. The competition award was mistakenly sent to his father.

paragraphs: The first major work by Saarinen, in collaboration with his father, was the General Motors Technical Center in Warren, Michigan. It follows the rationalist design Miesian style: incorporating steel and glass, but with the added accent of panels in two shades of blue. The GM technical center was constructed in 1956, with Saarinen using models. These models allowed him to share his ideas with others, and gather input from other professionals. With the success of the scheme, Saarinen was then invited by other major American corporations to design their new headquarters: these included John Deere, IBM, and CBS. Despite their rationality, however, the interiors usually contained more dramatic sweeping staircases, as well as furniture designed by Saarinen, such as the Pedestal Series. In the 1950s he began to receive more commissions from American universities for campus designs and individual buildings; these include the Noyes dormitory at Vassar. Saarinen designed an ice rink, Ingalls Rink, and Ezra Stiles College at Yale University.

paragraphs: He served on the jury for the Sydney Opera House commission and was crucial in the selection of the design by Jørn Utzon.

paragraphs: Saarinen's architectural firm was called "Eero Saarinen and Associates". He was the principal partner from 1950 until his death in 1961. The firm was initially known as "Saarinen, Swansen and Associates", headed by Eliel Saarinen and Robert Swansen from the late 1930s until Eliel's death in 1950. The firm was located in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan until 1961 when the practice was moved to Hamden, Connecticut. Under Eero Saarinen, the firm carried out many of its most important works, including the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (Gateway Arch) in St. Louis, Missouri, the Miller House in Columbus, Indiana, the TWA Flight Center at John F. Kennedy International Airport that he worked on with Charles J. Parise, and the main terminal of Dulles International Airport near Washington, D.C.. Many of these projects use catenary curves in their structural designs. Saarinen designed one of the best-known thin-shell concrete structures in America, the Kresge Auditorium (MIT). Another thin-shell structure that he created is the Ingalls Rink (Yale University), which has suspension cables connected to a single concrete backbone and is nicknamed "the whale." He is known for the TWA Flight Center, which represents the culmination of his previous designs and demonstrates his expressionism and the technical marvel in concrete shells.

paragraphs: Eero worked with his father, mother and sister designing elements of the Cranbrook campus in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, including the Cranbrook School, Kingswood School, the Cranbrook Art Academy and the Cranbrook Science Institute. Eero's leaded glass designs are a prominent feature of these buildings throughout the campus.

paragraphs: Saarinen died while undergoing an operation for a brain tumor at the age of 51. His widow, Aline, died of the same disease. His partners, Kevin Roche and John Dinkeloo, completed his ten remaining projects, including the St. Louis Arch. Afterwards, the name of the firm was changed to "Kevin Roche, John Dinkeloo, and Associates", or Roche-Dinkeloo.

paragraphs: Eero Saarinen was elected a Fellow of the American Institute of Architects in 1952. He is also a winner of the AIA Gold Medal.

paragraphs: Saarinen is now considered one of the masters of American 20th Century architecture. There has been more interest in Saarinen's work in recent years, including a major exhibition and several books. This is partly due to the Roche and Dinkeloo office having donated their Saarinen archives to Yale University, but also because Saarinen's work seems to fit in with present-day concerns about pluralism of styles. He was criticized in his own time—most vociferously by critic Vincent Scully—for having no identifiable style; one explanation for this is that Saarinen adapted his modernist vision to each individual client and project, which were never exactly the same.

paragraphs: An exhibition of Saarinen's work, "Eero Saarinen: Realizing American Utopia", has been organized by the Finnish Cultural Institute in New York in collaboration with Yale School of Architecture and the Museum of Finnish Architecture. The exhibition will tour in Europe and the USA from 2006 to 2010. The exhibition is accompanied by the book "Eero Saarinen. Shaping the Future".


title: Mutsu Province (1868)

paragraphs: , also called was an old province of Japan in the area of Iwate Prefecture and Aomori Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was also known as or . The history of this province started in 1868 and ended in 1872.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Mutsu Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Mutsu Province

paragraphs: , also known as Michinoku,was an old province of Japan in the area of Fukushima, Miyagi, Iwate and Aomori Prefectures on the island of Honshū. It was also known as or .

paragraphs: The boundaries of Mutsu were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

paragraphs: "Tsutsukowake jinja" and "Shiogama jinja" were the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") of Mutsu.


title: Julius Erving

paragraphs: Julius Winfield Erving II (born February 22, 1950) is a retired American basketball player. He went to Roosevelt High school. He is best known by the nickname Dr. J. Other nicknames include The Doctor and J. W. Erving. Erving helped create the modern style of basketball. Jumping and playing above the rim of the basket became a more important part of the game.

paragraphs: Erving was the best known player in the American Basketball Association (ABA) when it joined with the NBA in 1976. He won three championships and four Most Valuable Player Awards. He scored the most points in the league three times. He did it while playing with the ABA's Virginia Squires and New York Nets and the NBA's Philadelphia 76ers.

paragraphs: He is the fifth-highest scorer in professional basketball history. He scored 30,026 points (NBA and ABA combined). He was the only player to have been voted Most Valuable Player in both the ABA and the NBA. Erving was named to the NBA's 50th Anniversary All-Time team. In 1993, he was added into the Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Many think that Erving is one of the best basketball players ever. He was well known for slam dunking from the free throw line. He was one of the best dunkers of all time. His best known dunk was the "slam" dunk. Since then, this move has become a regular term in basketball and is felt by most the be a basic part of the game. He is also credited with making the "cross-over" dribble and the "no look" pass a part of the game.


title: Secrets of the Furious Five

paragraphs: Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Furious Five is an Annie Award-winning American animated short. It was made by DreamWorks Animation. The movie is a semi-sequel (or spin-off) to the animated movie "Kung Fu Panda". It is a part of the original movie's deluxe DVD release. It was later broadcast on NBC on February 26, 2009. The short is now available as a separate DVD as of March 24, 2009. Also, ever since it was released, the short received positive reviews and won the Annie Award for best animated short.


title: Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters

paragraphs: Kung Fu Panda: Secrets of the Masters (also shortened to Secrets of the Masters) is a 2011 computer-animated short movie from DreamWorks Animation. It was released on December 13, 2011 with the "Kung Fu Panda 2" DVD and Blu-ray.

paragraphs: "Secrets of the Masters" won in 2012 an Annie Award for Best Animated Special Production.


title: Steve Coogan

paragraphs: Stephen John Coogan (born 14 October 1965) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television producer. He was born in Middleton, Lancashire and raised in Alkrington. He lives in East Sussex. He performs stand-up comedy, parody and satire. He has played roles in sitcoms and movies. His best known character is Alan Partridge.


title: Crow Island School

paragraphs: Crow Island School is an elementary school in Winnetka, Illinois. Several architects worked together to design the building. Eero Saarinen worked with the architectural firm of Perkins, Wheeler and Will. The building was finished in 1940. It is different from many other schools because of its design and its ideas about education. Now, kindergarten through fourth grade students go to this school.

paragraphs: The first jungle gym is here. It used to be at the Horace Mann School, but that school building was taken down in 1940. People who ran the school moved this special playground equipment to the Crow Island School then.

paragraphs: The building won the Twenty-five Year Award in 1971. The school was named a National Historic Landmark in 1990.


title: Rio Grande

paragraphs: The Río Grande, or Río Bravo (del Norte), is a river in the United States and Mexico. The name "Río Grande" means "great river" in Spanish. The source of the Río Grande is in the San Juan Mountains in Colorado. It flows through the U.S. states of Colorado and New Mexico, and Texas, and forms the border between Texas and the Mexican states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, and Tamaulipas. The Río Grande empties into the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Biasing

paragraphs: Biasing in electronics is using specific voltages and/or currents at points of an electronic circuit to set an appropriate operating point. The operating point of a device, also known as bias point, is the point that shows the direct current (DC), collector-emitter voltage (VCE), and the collector current (IC) with no input signal. The term is normally used with transistors.


title: Billy Bunter

paragraphs: William George Bunter (a.k.a. Billy Bunter, the "Fat Owl of the Remove"), is a fictional character created by Charles Hamilton using the pen name "Frank Richards". He featured originally in stories set at Greyfriars School in the boys weekly story paper "The Magnet" first published in 1908, and has since appeared in novels, on television, in stage plays, and in comic strips.


title: Doda (singer)

paragraphs: Dorota Rabczewska, nicknamed Doda or Doda Elektroda, (born February 15, 1984, in Ciechanów, Poland) is a famous Polish singer with one of the largest number of awards in Poland. She was first known as a member of the Polish rock band Virgin. After the group disbanded she continued with a solo career releasing an album in 2007 called "Diamond Bitch" and another album "The Seven Temptations" which was released in 2011. She was featured on CNN, as the tenth most famous Pole in history. In 2011 Polish magazine Viva! put her among ten most influential women in Poland.


title: Snowstar Records

paragraphs: Snowstar Records is an independent Dutch record label based in Utrecht. The label was founded in 2003 by Cedric Muyres. Snowstar is specialised in Indie, singer/songwriter and folk.

paragraphs: Since 2003 Snowstar Records is active in the alternative pop music scene. Initially as a punk rock label operating from Limburg, but the focus shifted to indie, singer/songwriter, folk and americana. Since 2008 the label is based in Utrecht. With the release of I Am Oak, On Claws in 2010 the label obtained a high brand awareness.

paragraphs: Stefan Breuer (band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) is involved in the production process (recording and mixing) by most of the releases from Snowstar Records, while Tammo kersbergen (also band member I Am Oak and Lost Bear) has provided much of the mastering.

paragraphs: In 2008 Snowstar Record celebrated their fiftieth anniversary with five new releases and a party in DB’s, Utrecht (the Netherlands).

paragraphs: Snowstar is also building on their releases abroad, by working together with foreign labels.

paragraphs: The album from The Secret Love Parade is released in Japan and the albums from I Am Oak in Belgium and Germany.


title: Akutan Zero

paragraphs: The Akutan Zero, also known as Koga's Zero and the Aleutian Zero, was a type 0 model 21 Mitsubishi A6M Zero Japanese fighter plane. This type of airplane was the Imperial Japanese Navy's most common fighter plane during World War 2. It crashed on Akutan Island, Alaska Territory, during June 1942. It was the first flyable Zero that the United States got during the war. The Americans fixed the plane and test pilots flew it to find out how it worked. American tacticians were able to find ways to defeat the Zero.

paragraphs: Tadayoshi Koga was the pilot. He was a 19-year-old flight petty officer first class. He launched from the Japanese aircraft carrier Ryūjō as part of a June 4 1942 raid on Dutch Harbor, Alaska. Small gun fire cut the oil line in the plane. Without oil, the plane crashed and killed the pilot. The plane did not break apart in the crash. The pilots of other Zero planes flying with Koga thought that he might be alive. Because of this, they did not try to destroy his plane. The Americans got the plane in July.

paragraphs: The Akutan Zero was very important to the American war effort. Some said it may have been "one of the greatest prizes of the Pacific war". Japanese historian Masatake Okumiya thought that losing the Akutan Zero to the Americans was similar to Japan losing the Battle of Midway. He said it made Japan lose the war sooner. On the other hand, John Lundstrom is among those who do not agree with "the contention that it took dissection of Koga's Zero to create tactics that beat the fabled airplane".

paragraphs: The Akutan Zero was destroyed in a training accident in 1945. Parts of the plane are kept in several museums in the United States.


title: Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act

paragraphs: The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act (37th United States Congress, Sess. 2., ch. 126, ) was a federal law. The act banned men having more than one wife at the same time (bigamy). It also limited the amount of property that a church and non-profit could own in any territory of the United States to $50,000. Justin Smith Morrill of Vermont sponsored it. President Abraham Lincoln signed it on July 8, 1862.

paragraphs: The act wanted to stop the Mormon practice of plural marriage and the property dominance of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Utah Territory. The measure had no funds allocated for enforcement. Lincoln chose not to enforce this law. Instead, Lincoln gave Brigham Young tacit permission to ignore the Morrill Act in exchange for not becoming involved with the Civil War. General Patrick Edward Connor, commanding officer of the federal forces garrisoned at Fort Douglas, Utah beginning in 1862 was explicitly instructed not to confront the Mormons over this or any other issue.

paragraphs: In 1878 the Supreme Court ruled in "Reynolds v. United States" that religious duty was not a suitable defense for breaking this law. Many Mormons went into hiding.The Morrill Anti-Bigamy Act was amended in 1882 by the Edmunds Act, and then again in 1887 by the Edmunds–Tucker Act. By 1904, the LDS church disavowed bigamy.


title: Ōmi Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Ōtsu.

paragraphs: Lake Biwa in Ōmi is Japan's largest lake.

paragraphs: In the Kamakura period, Hōjō Tokimasa was made daimyo of Ōmi in 1200 ("Shōji 2").

paragraphs: In the Sengoku Period, the northern part of the province was the fief of Ishida Mitsunari. After the Battle of Sekigahara, Ōmi was controlled by the Ii clan who built the castle and town of Hikone.

paragraphs: In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The road passed through Ōmi.

paragraphs: Eight of the 69 Stations of the Nakasendō were in Ōmi.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Ōmi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Takebe taisha" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Ōmi.

paragraphs: "Enryaku-ji" is one of the most important Buddhist centers. The monastery is on Mount Hiei ("Hieizan").


title: Iwashiro Province

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Iashiro Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Iwase Province

paragraphs: Iwase Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

paragraphs: The province was established in 718. The area of the province reverted to Mutsu some time between 722 and 724.


title: Grover

paragraphs: Grover is a Muppet character on the popular television show "Sesame Street". He calls himself lovable, cute and furry. He is a monster who rarely uses contractions when speaking or singing.

paragraphs: Grover was first performed by Frank Oz. He provided the character's voice regularly from his earliest appearances until 2001. Eric Jacobson began performing Grover in 1998. He has performed the character regularly since 2002, although Oz still performs him some times.


title: Mr. Johnson (Sesame Street)

paragraphs: Mr. Johnson is a character in "Sesame Street". He is Grover's regular customer at Charlie's Restaurant and other restaurants as well. He is a fat Anything Muppet who has become increasingly frustrated over the years with the service Grover provides (however, in the earlier skits, Mr. Johnson was calmer and Grover was the one who would get irritated, but as the years went by, the situation reversed). Mr. Johnson was mainly performed by Jerry Nelson, and is mostly seen as a customer at Charlie's Restaurant. Mr. Johnson is always called "Sir" politely by Grover.


title: Vernon Rudolph

paragraphs: Vernon Carver Rudolph (June 30, 1915, Marshall County, Kentucky - August 16, 1973) was the founder of Krispy Kreme Doughnuts, Inc.

paragraphs: Rudolph was the oldest of two boys who were born to Plumie and Rethie Rudolph. As he got older, he began to help in the general store that his father owned. When he graduated from high school, he went to Paducah, Kentucky with his uncle. In 1933, Rudolph's uncle bought a doughnut shop and recipe for yeast-raised donuts. He bought them from a French federal employee named Joe La-beau. This all happened during the middle of the great depression, so they moved to Nashville, Tennessee to see if they could get better business there and secure their financial future.


title: Haemocyanin

paragraphs: Haemocyanin (or hemocyanin) is a protein which transports oxygen in the bodies of some invertebrates. Their active centre has two copper atoms which reversibly bind a single oxygen molecule (O). Unlike the hemoglobin in red blood cells found in vertebrates, hemocyanins are not bound to blood cells. The molecules are carried in the haemolymph.

paragraphs: Hemocyanins are found only in the Mollusca and Arthropoda. However, the molecule is used only in a few insects. This is because insects evolved another system: the direct transfer of oxygen to tissues by a system of tubes called trachea. This delivers oxygen direct to the wing muscles and other organs.


title: Cirrina

paragraphs: Cirrina is one of the two suborders of octopus. Cirrina is also known as the finned, deep sea octopus. They have two fins on the head and a small internal shell. The paddle shaped fins help the Cirrina swim through the ocean.


title: Spermatophore

paragraphs: A spermatophore is a sperm packet used by invertebrates.


title: Hectocotylus

paragraphs: A hectocotylus is a modified arm used to by male cephalopods to put sperm on females.


title: Linear programming

paragraphs: Linear programming or Linear optimisation is a field of mathematics that deals with finding optimal values or solutions that can be described with linear equations and inequalities. Very often this involves finding the minimal or maximal values, given some conditions, or constraints. Linear programming is often used for problems where no exact solution is known, for example for planning traffic flows. Linear programming is one of the main methods used in Operations research. Linear optimization is a special case of Convex optimization. It forms the basis for several methods of solving problems of Integer programming. In many cases, the solutions of linear programs can be mapped to Polyhedra, which allows solving and modelling certain problems geometrically.

paragraphs: In the case of linear programming, the word "programming" should be seen as "planning"; George Dantzig coined the term in the 1940s, long before computers were used to solve such problems. Looking at the information theory complexity, linear programming problems are simple, and can be solved efficiently using algorithms such as the interior point method. In many cases, the Simplex algorithm developed by Dantzig has proven to be very fast, even though its complexity is exponential, in the worst case.

paragraphs: Leonid Kantorovich developed the first methods of linear programming in 1939.


title: Xtranormal

paragraphs: Xtranormal is a website that hosts text-to-speech based computer animated videoclips, featuring animated three-dimensional characters speaking in monotone computer voices. Users who log into the site may create videos by scripting the dialog and choosing from a menu of camera angles and predesigned characters and scenes. Xtranormal videos may also be created through an interface on the Youtube web site, and Xtranormal's animation software, called State, may be downloaded free and run offline.

paragraphs: Xtranormal launched in October, 2008, after four years of earlier software development. Although it was originally intended as a way for filmmakers to quickly produce storyboards, its emphasis shifted towards satires of workplace misbehavior after one of its videos, about a cellphone salesman, went viral.

paragraphs: In 2010, the short movie "Sleeping with Charlie Kaufman" by director J. Roland Kelly, animated entirely with Xtranormal, premiered at the Little Rock Film Festival and was shown at The Rome International Film Festival in Rome, Georgia. Xtranormal videos form a recurring feature on the late night Fox talk show Red Eye w/ Greg Gutfeld, and have been featured as part of a GEICO advertising campaign.On July 31, 2013, Xtranormal was shut down officially.


title: Holly G. Frankel

paragraphs: Holly G. Frankel (born July 13, 1979), also known as Holly Gauthier-Frankel, is a Canadian voice actress, singer, and Burlesque dancer.

paragraphs: She is the daughter of Ron Frankel and Mary Lou Gauthier. Frankel is best known being the voice of Fern in "Arthur", "Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat", Teri in later episodes of "What's with Andy?", Loulou in "Wimzie's House", and Flora in the Cinélume's English dub of Winx Club. She is also known for her alter-ego as burlesque performer Miss Sugarpuss.


title: Shimōsa Province

paragraphs: The province had borders with Kazusa Province to the south, Musashi and Kōzuke Provinces to the west, and Hitachi and Shimotsuke Provinces to the north.

paragraphs: Shimōsa was part of a larger territory known as . Fusa which was divided into Kazusa and Shimōsa during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku (645-654).

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Shimōsa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Katori jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Shimōsa.


title: Ricky Gervais

paragraphs: Ricky Dene Gervais (born 25 June 1961) is an English comedian, actor, director, presenter, singer and writer.

paragraphs: He became famous with his show "The Office".

paragraphs: Gervais was born and raised in Reading, Berkshire, England. He was half of 1980s New Wave duo Seona Dancing. He is known for television series including "The 11 O'Clock Show", "The Office", "Meet Ricky Gervais", "Extras", "An Idiot Abroad", "Life's Too Short" and "Derek". He wrote a children's book, "Flanimals". He has performed stand-up shows "Animals", "Politics", "Fame" and "Science". He has starred in movies: "Ghost Town", "The Invention of Lying" and "Cemetery Junction". He has won seven BAFTA awards and two Emmy awards.

paragraphs: Gervais hosted the Golden Globe Awards in 2010, 2011 and 2012.

paragraphs: He is an atheist. He lives between Hampstead, England, and New York City with his partner, producer and author Jane Fallon. Gervais has said that they aren't going to get married because "there's no point in us having an actual ceremony before the eyes of God because there is no God". They have also chosen not to have children.


title: Pino Presti

paragraphs: Pino Presti (pseudonym of Giuseppe Prestipino Giarritta, is an Italian bass player, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer, born 23 August 1943, in Milan. He is a 5th-dan black belt in Shotokan Karate.

paragraphs: Presti, son of an accomplished violinist, Arturo Prestipino Giarritta, has been studying music since the age of 6. He was seventeen years old when he first entered the music business. Presti started as a bass guitar player, than gradually began as an arranger, a composer, an orchestra conductor and a producer. Among his collaborations in different genres of music like jazz, pop, funk, soul, we can find great names such as Mina (the most famous Italian pop singer), Gerry Mulligan, Ástor Piazzolla (the bassline in the famous composition "Libertango" belongs to him), Quincy Jones, Wilson Pickett, Shirley Bassey, Maynard Ferguson, Franco Cerri, Stéphane Grappelli, Aldemaro Romero and many others. He is considered one of the most important Italian arrangers/conductors.

paragraphs: Presti has trained in Shotokan karate and Goshindo under master Hiroshi Shirai from 1967 to 1985. He has also trainded on several occasions under other famous Japanese masters such as Taiji Kase, Hidetaka Nishiyama, Keinosuke Enoeda, Takeshi Naito, Hideo Ochi. Presti holds a fifth degree black belt obtained n Rome, in 1987.


title: Gerry Mulligan

paragraphs: Gerald Joseph "Gerry" Mulligan (April 6, 1927 – January 20, 1996) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, composer and arranger. Though Mulligan is primarily known as one of the leading baritone saxophonists in jazz history – playing the instrument with a light and airy tone in the era of cool jazz – he was also a notable arranger, working with Claude Thornhill, Miles Davis, Stan Kenton, and others. Mulligan's pianoless quartet of the early 1950s with trumpeter Chet Baker is still regarded as one of the more important cool jazz groups. Mulligan was also a skilled pianist and played several other reed instruments. Mulligan reportedly had a relationship with actress Judy Holliday until she died in 1965, and with actress Sandy Dennis from 1965 until they broke up in 1976.


title: Cedar

paragraphs: Cedar (scientific name "Cedrus") is a genus of cone-bearing trees in the plant family "Pinaceae". They are native to the mountains of the western Himalaya and the Mediterranean region. They are found at heights of in the Himalaya and in the Mediterranean.

paragraphs: Cedars are trees up to (occasionally ) tall with spicy-scented wood, thick ridged or square-cracked bark, and broad, level branches. The shoots are of two kinds, long shoots, which form the framework of the branches, and short shoots, which carry most of the leaves. The leaves are evergreen and needle-like, 8–60 mm long, arranged in an open spiral on long shoots, and in dense spiral clusters of 15–45 together on short shoots; they vary from bright grass-green to dark green to strongly glaucous pale blue-green, depending on the thickness of the white wax layer which protects the leaves from drying out. The female seed cones are barrel-shaped, 6–12 cm long and 3–8 cm broad, green at first, then maturing grey-brown, and, as in Abies, disintegrate when mature to release the winged seeds. The seeds are 10–15 mm long, with a 20–30 mm wing; as in Abies, the seeds have 2–3 blisters, containing an unpleasant-tasting resin, thought to be a defence against squirrels eating them. Cones take one year to mature, with pollination in autumn and the seeds maturing the same time a year later. The male pollen cones are slender, egg-shaped, 3–8 cm long, produced in late summer and shedding pollen in autumn.

paragraphs: Cedar cones have a similar structure to fir cones and for many years in the past experts thought they were closely related but modern scientific investigation has shown that they belong to the same family but not closely related.

paragraphs: There are several types of cedars and experts cannot agree how they are related. Some scientists put them all in one group while others separate them into different groups.

paragraphs: These are the names of the different kinds of cedars:


title: Mina (singer)

paragraphs: Anna Maria Quaini, (née Mazzini; born 25 March 1940), known as Mina, is an Italian pop singer. She was a staple of Italian television variety shows. She was also a popular person in Italian pop music from the mid-1960s to mid-1970s. She was known for her three-octave vocal range, her soprano voice, and her image as an emancipated woman.


title: Maynard Ferguson

paragraphs: Maynard Ferguson (May 4, 1928 – August 23, 2006) was a Canadian jazz musician and bandleader. He was born in Verdun, Quebec. He came to prominence playing in Stan Kenton's orchestra, before forming his own band in 1957. He was noted for being able to play accurately in a remarkably high register, and for his bands, which served as stepping stones for up-and-coming talent. He died in Ventura, California.


title: Ibirapuera Park

paragraphs: Ibirapuera Park is a major urban park in São Paulo, Brazil. It has a large area for leisure, jogging and walking, as well as a convention center.


title: Marion Strecker

paragraphs: Marion Strecker (b. São Paulo, October 17, 1960) is a Brazilian journalist, photographer and businessperson. She is known as one of the pioneers of the Internet industry in South America. Since 2011 she has been living in San Francisco, California, and working as an Editor-at-Large for UOL]. UOL is the major content portal in Brazil. Since 2010, she has also been a columnist for Folha de S.Paulo, the largest newspaper in Brazil. She writes in the Market section about technology, innovation and behavior.

paragraphs: Strecker is one of the founders of UOL. She was the Content VP of the company from 1996 until 2011. UOL soon became a very large website. It reached about 70% of the online audience in Brazil with news, entertainment and services.

paragraphs: Before joining the team that founded UOL, Marion Strecker worked at Folha de S.Paulo from 1984 to 1996. She was a writer, an art critic, editor of the cultural section, planning coordinator, reporter, director of the archives and director of the Folha News Agency. Strecker was one of the authors of the “Folha Newsroom Manual”.

paragraphs: After coordinating the Digitization of the Newspaper Archives Project in the early 90s, Strecker led a team that created many high tech products. These included like audiotext services (1993), the newspaper’s full text yearly CD-ROMs (1994-96) and a system similar to a BBS. This system gave all the Folha de S.Paulo journalists and foreign correspondents access to the archives online, using telephone lines and microcomputers. Because of this work, Strecker was given the Folha Award on Journalism, Special Category, in 1995.

paragraphs: She also led the team which created the first website for Folha’s Media Group in Brazil. It was first used on 9 July 1995. Later that year, Strecker created the first content team for the launch of UOL in April 1996. UOL soon became the leader in the Brazilian internet market.

paragraphs: Since the 80s, she has written for several magazines and also spoken at many seminars and conferences in Brazil, United States and Europe. In the 90s she had a short career as a Professor of New Technologies for Communication at Casper Libero College of Journalism in São Paulo.

paragraphs: Early in her career as a journalist, Strecker was a writer and a co-editor with Lisette Lagnado of “Arte em São Paulo”. This is a magazine founded by the Brazilian painter Luiz Paulo Baravelli, about the visual arts.

paragraphs: Strecker holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Social Communication from PUC (Pontific Catholic University of São Paulo). Before working in journalism and online media, Strecker was a music teacher and a performer.

paragraphs: Strecker is married to the Brazilian journalist Mario Cesar Carvalho. They have two children, Theo and Helena.


title: Oscar Pettiford

paragraphs: Oscar Pettiford (September 30, 1922 – September 8, 1960) was an American jazz bassist, cellist and composer. He was known for his pioneering work in bebop.


title: Rick Jones (voice actor)

paragraphs: Richard "Rick" Jones is an British director, writer, content developer, voice actor, and comedian. He was the voice of Fu-Fu in "Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat".

paragraphs: Since 1982, he's worked with Fox, Disney, Universal, Hanna-Barbera, Alphanim, Cinar and Nelvana. Jones has been nominated for a Gemini Award twice in 1988 and 2003.

paragraphs: He also was known for being the voice of Slax in "X-DuckX", and Razmo in "Ratz".


title: No Motherland Without You

paragraphs: No Motherland Without You is a North Korean song. It is the signature song of Kim Jong-il. The song tells of the talent and virtues of Jong-il, and the attachment of the Korean people for him. The song's chorus is "We cannot exist without you, Comrade Kim Jong-il! The motherland cannot exist without you!" It is also thought to be the anthem of Songun politics because Jong-il started the Songun (military-first) policy of North Korean politics in 1995. It is often broadcast on the radio and from loudspeakers on the streets of Pyongyang.

paragraphs: The official lyrics use the phrase "김정일동지" ("Comrade Kim Jong-il") to refer to the son of Kim Il-sung. The current usage of the song refers to the North Korean leader as "김정일장군" ("General Kim Jong-il") because he was the Supreme Commander of the Korean People's Army since 1991. The lyrics used by the Korean Workers' Party are as follows:


title: Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness

paragraphs: Kung Fu Panda: Legends of Awesomeness (also known as Kung Fu Panda: The Series and sometimes shortened to Legends of Awesomeness) is an American computer-animated television series based on the "Kung Fu Panda" movies. The series was originally set to air on Nickelodeon in 2010, but it was pushed back to 2011 instead. A total of 52 episodes have been produced or ordered. Two special previews were aired on September 19 and October 21, and it premiered on November 7, 2011.

paragraphs: While Lucy Liu and James Hong come back for the show, others didn't and were replaced by new members (for example, Mick Wingert is the new voice of Master Po, taking over from Po's original voice actor Jack Black).


title: Amy Tan

paragraphs: Amy Tan (born February 19, 1952) is an American writer. Her works deal with mother-daughter relationships. Her most well-known work is "The Joy Luck Club". It has been translated into 35 languages. In 1993, a movie was made based on the book.

paragraphs: Tan has written several other novels. These include "The Kitchen God's Wife", "The Hundred Secret Senses", "The Bonesetter's Daughter" and "Saving Fish from Drowning". She also wrote a collection of non-fiction essays entitled "The Opposite of Fate: A Book of Musings." Her most recent novel "Saving Fish from Drowning" explores the problems dealt with by a group of people who disappear while on an art expedition in the jungles of Burma. Tan has also written two children's books: "The Moon Lady" (1992) and "Sagwa, the Chinese Siamese Cat" (1994). "Sagwa" was turned into an animated series which aired on PBS. She also appeared on PBS in a short spot encouraging children to write.


title: Barriga de Aluguel

paragraphs: Barriga de Aluguel is a Brazilian historical telenovela. It was first shown in 1990. The series starred Cláudia Abreu, Cássia Kiss and Victor Fasano.


title: Stop Online Piracy Act

paragraphs: The Stop Online Piracy Act or SOPA was a proposed American law to stop copyright infringement on the Internet.

paragraphs: The Internet community had major discussion over it in 2011 and 2012, but the bill was not passed. Some experts said the proposed changes to the internet would have worldwide effects.

paragraphs: Many critics said it would have bad unintended consequences.

paragraphs: Some people and businesses supported the new law. Others were alarmed. Supporters worried that current copyright laws are not effective in shutting down piracy websites. The opponents worried that it is a kind of censorship. It is hard to tell which side is correct because the language in the law is still being written.

paragraphs: The English Wikipedia masked most of its pages with a banner on January 18, 2012. They used JavaScript to do this, which means that people could avoid the banner by just disabling JavaScript in their browser. The Wikipedia blackout is intended to spotlight the value of open access to information on the Internet.

paragraphs: Other websites joined protests against SOPA. For example, Google put up a black censor board in front of its logo.

paragraphs: Many critics questioned the value and likely effects of the protests. Some people questioned the timing of the protests.


title: Fallout: New Vegas

paragraphs: Fallout: New Vegas is a role-playing video game. It was developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Bethesda Softworks. While "New Vegas" is not a direct sequel, it uses the same engine and style as "Fallout 3". Some of the employees at Obsidian also used to work at Interplay and Black Isle Studios who made "Fallout 1" and "Fallout 2". It is set in a post-apocalyptic Nevada.

paragraphs: The game was released on October 19, 2010 in North America, October 22, 2010 in Europe, and November 4, 2010 in Asia and October 21, 2010 Australia. It is available on the PC, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3.


title: Buffalo gourd

paragraphs: Buffalo gourd is a small plant in the "Cucurbitaceae" family, related to squash.


title: Loyalist (American Revolution)

paragraphs: Loyalists were people in the Thirteen Colonies who opposed the American Revolutionary War. They were also called Tories. They fought with the British against the Continental Army and Continental Congress that they felt was oppressing them. In many areas, Loyalists were treated very roughly by revolutionaries (who often called themselves "Patriots"). Tory lands and other properties were taken away, and sometimes they were put into jail or even killed. Some formed militias, fighting along with the British Army against the rebels.

paragraphs: After the war, many Loyalists sought asylum in Canada to escape the new United States and to stay loyal to King George and the British Empire.

paragraphs: Loyalists came from all walks of life. The majority were small farmers, artisans and shopkeepers. Not surprisingly, most British officials remained loyal to the Crown. Wealthy merchants tended to remain loyal, as did Anglican ministers, especially in Puritan New England. Loyalists also included some blacks (to whom the British promised freedom), Indians, indentured servants and some German immigrants, who supported the Crown mainly because George III was of German origin.

paragraphs: The number of Loyalists in each colony varied. Recent estimates suggest that half the population of New York was Loyalist; it had an aristocratic culture and was occupied throughout the Revolution by the British. In the Carolinas, back-country farmers were Loyalist, whereas the Tidewater planters tended to support the Revolution.

paragraphs: During the Revolution, most Loyalists suffered little from their views. However, a minority, about 19,000 Loyalists, armed and supplied by the British, fought in the conflict.

paragraphs: The Paris Peace Treaty required Congress to restore property confiscated from Loyalists. The heirs of William Penn in Pennsylvania, for example, and those of George Calvert in Maryland received generous settlements. In the Carolinas, where enmity between rebels and Loyalists was especially strong, few of the latter regained their property. In New York and the Carolinas, the confiscations from Loyalists resulted in something of a social revolution as large estates were parceled out to yeoman farmers.

paragraphs: About 100,000 Loyalists left the country, including William Franklin, the son of Benjamin, and John Singleton Copley, the greatest American painter of the period. Most settled in Canada. Brantford, Ontario for example was started by Iroquois refugees. Some eventually returned, although several state governments excluded the Loyalists from holding public office. Most of the Black Loyalists left, as they faced re-enslavement if they remained in the USA. In the decades after the Revolution, Americans preferred to forget about the Loyalists. Apart from Copley, the Loyalists became nonpersons in American history.


title: LaMarcus Aldridge

paragraphs: LaMarcus Aldridge (born July 19, 1985 ) is an American basketball player for the San Antonio Spurs of the NBA. He plays both the forward and center positions. He played college basketball at the University of Texas at Austin. He is known or his smooth turn-around jump shot, which is hard to block since he is so tall and long. He has been chosen as an all-star for the past three years. In 2014, he helped the Portland Trail Blazers win a playoff series for the first time in many years.


title: Collatz conjecture

paragraphs: The Collatz conjecture is a conjecture (an idea which many people think is likely) in mathematics. It is named after Lothar Collatz. He first proposed it in 1937. It is about what happens when something is done repeatedly (over and over) starting at some integer "n":

paragraphs: The conjecture states that if "n" is positive, "n" will always reach one.

paragraphs: The problem is computationally verified for all numbers below formula_2.


title: Folketing

paragraphs: The Folketing () is the national parliament of Denmark. The name means "People's thing" (a "thing" in this case is a governing assembly). It is the highest legislative body in the Kingdom of Denmark and decides most of the laws for Denmark, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Folketing meets in Christiansborg Palace, in the Danish capital, Copenhagen. 179 members sit in the Folketing (175 from Denmark, 2 from Greenland and 2 from the Faroe Islands) and are democratically elected.

paragraphs: Greenland and the Faroe Islands also have their own, less powerful, parliaments and are allowed to make some laws on their own.

paragraphs: The Folketing is where many political parties in Denmark meet to discuss important issues affecting Danish people, and to pass laws they agree on. The Folketing is also where the Government of Denmark is formed, when several parties who are in agreement decide to join together and form a coalition government (the parties forming a government must have over half of the total members of the Folketing; a majority). The voting system used in Denmark is proportional, meaning the distribution of seats reflects the distribution of votes. This means that many parties and different political views are represented, including some extreme views.

paragraphs: The leader of the Folketing is the "Speaker" who sits at the front. The members sit in front of the speaker in the shape of a semicircle.

paragraphs: From 1849 to 1953, the Folketing was one of the two houses in a parliament. It was known as the "Rigsdag". The other house was known as the "Landsting". The members of the Folketing included farmers, traders and merchants. The Landsting was made up of the rich members of society. It included the nobility. These members were chosen by the King to become members. In 1953 the Landsting was gotten rid of. This left the Folketing as the only house of parliament. The Rigsdag became the Folketing.

paragraphs: The most recent general election took place on 15 September 2011.

paragraphs: The centre-right coalition that was in power before the election, led by the "Liberal Party", lost to a centre-left coalition led by the "Social Democrats". The Social Liberal Party and the Socialist People's Party became part of the three-party government, which holds 89 seats in the Folketing.


title: Neutrophil

paragraphs: Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell, often called neutrophil granulocytes. They destroy bacteria (and other parasites like fungi) during an infection. They get to the site of an injury within minutes. They have tiny granules full of enzymes and peptides which chop up the bacteria after they have taken them in.

paragraphs: The process of taking in bacteria is called phagocytosis. The bacteria end up in a vacuole inside the neutrophil. The enzymes then get to work on destroying the bacteria. Neutrophils are an important part of the body's immune system. They are a kind of granulocyte, and have a short life-span of a couple of days.


title: Adrenoleukodystrophy

paragraphs: Adrenoleukodystrophy is a disease that is linked on the X chromosome. It is a result of fatty acid digestive enzymes not breaking up the fats. These fats build up in the brain. They damage the myelin that surrounds nerves. This can cause seizures and hyperactivity. It can also cause problems with speaking, listening and understanding verbal instructions.


title: Marussia Motors

paragraphs: Marussia Motors ( [ma´rusja]) is a Russian sports car manufacturer which started making cars in 2007. They were the first sports cars to be made in Russia. It has designed, developed and built the B1 and the B2 sport cars. The Marussia B1 was launched on the 16 December, 2008 in the new Manege hall in Moscow. The company's first showroom opened in Moscow on 10 September, 2010.

paragraphs: Marussia is led by former racing driver Nikolay Fomenko. In 2010, it bought the Virgin Racing Formula One team. This will be renamed the Marussia F1 Team for the 2012 Formula One racing season.