title: Sydney Airport

paragraphs: Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport (also known as Kingsford-Smith Airport and Sydney Airport) is in the suburb of Mascot in Sydney, Australia. It is Sydney's main airport, and is the main hub for Qantas, and a secondary hub for Virgin Australia and Jetstar Airways. It is next to Botany Bay. The airport has three runways, the "east–west", "north–south" and "third" runways.

paragraphs: Sydney Airport is one of the oldest airports in the world still in use. It is the busiest airport in Australia, handling 36 million passengers in 2010 and 289,741 aircraft movements in 2009. It was the 28th busiest airport in the world in 2009. The airport is managed by Sydney Airport Corporation Limited (SACL). Flights from Sydney link with all parts of Australia. There are direct flights to 47 Australian cities and towns

paragraphs: Before the airport was built, it was a field for bullocks. Nigel Love, a former World War I pilot, wanted to start building aircraft. He needed to set up a factory and an aerodrome close to the city. He found some land owned by the Kensington Race Club. It had been used by a local abattoir, which was closing down, to graze sheep and cattle. The surface was perfectly flat and was covered with a pasture of buffalo grass. This grass which had been grazed so evenly by the sheep and cattle running on it that it was easy to make it suitable to land aircraft. In addition, it was clear for aircraft on all four sides. On the sides of the field were a racecourse, gardens, a river and Botany Bay.

paragraphs: Love set up Mascot as a private business, leasing from the Kensington Race club for three years. At first he had a small canvas structure but was later put up an imported Richards hangar. The first flight from Mascot was on 19 November 1919 when Love took movie cameraman Billy Marshall up in an Avro. The official opening flight took place on 9 January 1920, also performed by Love.

paragraphs: In 1921 the Australian government purchased in Mascot to set up a public airfield. In 1923, at the end of Love's three-year lease, the government took the land from the racing club. The first regular flights began in 1924.

paragraphs: In 1933, the first gravel runways were built. The course of Cooks River was moved away from the area in 1947–52 to provide more land for the airport and other small streams were filled. When Mascot was declared an aerodrome in 1920 it was known as Sydney Airport. In 1953 it was renamed Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport after Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneering Australian aviator. The first paved runway was 07–25 and the next one built was 16R, sticking out into Botany Bay, starting in 1959, to land large jets. 07-25 is used mainly by lighter aircraft, although large four engine jet aircraft still land on the runway from the east, when south-westerly winds are blowing in Sydney. 16R is presently the longest operational runway in Australia, with paved length and between the zebra thresholds.

paragraphs: By the 1960s a new international terminal was needed, and work started in late 1966. The new building was officially opened on 3 May 1970, by Queen Elizabeth II.

paragraphs: The first Boeing 747 "Jumbo Jet" to land at the airport, Pan American's "Clipper Flying Cloud" (N734PA), arrived on 4 October 1970. In the 1970s the north-south runway was made longer to become one of the longest runways in the southern hemisphere. The international terminal was made bigger in 1992 and has been modernized several times since then.

paragraphs: Having only two runways that crossed each other became a problem and various governments tried to increase with Sydney airport's capacity for many years. A decision was finally made to build a third runway. This was not popular with people who lived near the airport. The third runway was built parallel to the existing main "north–south" runway entirely on reclaimed land from Botany Bay). A proposed new airport on the outskirts of Sydney was not developed.

paragraphs: The "third runway" remained a problem because of increased aircraft movements, especially over many inner suburbs. The 1990s saw the setting up of the No Aircraft Noise Party, although it did not win any seats in Parliament. Changes for Sydney Airport's operation were introduced by the Howard government in 1996. These included:

paragraphs: In 2002, the Australian Government sold Sydney Airport to Southern Cross Airports Corporation Holdings Ltd. 82.93% of SACL is owned by MAp Airports International Limited, part of Macquarie Bank. Sydney Airport Intervest GmbH own 12.11% and Ontario Teachers' Australia Trust own 4.96%. SACL holds a 99-year lease on the airport which remains Crown land.

paragraphs: The international terminal has been made bigger several times. The next rebuilding will take place in stages over twenty years (2005–25). This will include a high-rise office block, a multi-level car park, and bigger international and domestic terminals. This rebuilding and other plans of Macquarie Bank for the airport are seen as controversial. They do not need the legal oversight of local councils, which usually act as the local planning authority for such developments.

paragraphs: As of April 2006, some of the proposed development has been scaled back.

paragraphs: Sydney Airport's International terminal underwent a $500 million rebuild that was completed in mid 2010. It included a new baggage system, an extra of space for shops and passenger waiting areas and other improvements.

paragraphs: In March 2010, the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission said that prices at Sydney airport were too high. The report said Sydney Airport recorded the highest average prices at $13.63 per passenger, compared to the lowest of $7.96 at Melbourne Airport. The price of short-term parking had almost doubled in the 2008–09 financial year, from $28 to $50 for four hours. The report also said the airport abused its monopoly power.

paragraphs: In December 2011, Sydney Airport said it would divide the airport into two airline based areas which would have international, domestic and regional services under the one roof by 2019. Terminal 2 and Terminal 3 would be used by Qantas, Jetstar and members of the oneworld airline alliance. Terminal 1 would be used by Virgin Australia and its international partners. Other international airlines would continue to operate from T1.

paragraphs: Sydney Airport has three passenger terminals. The International Terminal is separated from the other two by a runway. Passengers needing to catch another flight need to allow for longer transfer times. Sydney Airport requires minimum connection times:

paragraphs: The airport provides a bus service between the terminals at a cost of A$5.50.

paragraphs: Terminal 1 was opened on 3 May 1970, replacing the old Overseas Passenger Terminal. Terminal 1 has been greatly expanded since then. Today it is known as the International Terminal, in the airport's north western area. It has 30 gates (Concourse B with 8–37 and Concourse C with 50–63) served by aerobridges, as well as a number of remote bays. It has room for the Airbus A380, which fly routes to Singapore (Singapore Airlines), London via Singapore and Los Angeles (Qantas), Dubai and Auckland (Emirates). The terminal building has three levels, one each for arrivals, departures and airline offices. The departure level has 20 rows of check-in desks, each with 10 single desks making a total of 200 check-in desks. The terminal also has an observation deck on the roof. The terminal has six airline lounges: Two for Qantas, and one each for Air New Zealand, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines and Emirates. The terminal underwent a major $500 million redevelopment that was completed in 2010. The shopping area was made bigger, outbound customs operations were put into one place, and the floor space of the terminal increased to 254,000 square metres.

paragraphs: Terminal 2, in the airport's north-eastern section, was the former home of Ansett Australia's domestic operations. It has 15 parking bays with aerobridges and a number of non-contact bays. Today it serves Virgin Australia, Jetstar, Tiger Airways, Regional Express Airlines, Aeropelican Air Services and Qantaslink services operated by Eastern Australia Airlines. There are lounges for Qantas, Virgin Australia and Regional Express Airlines.

paragraphs: Terminal 3 is a domestic terminal, for Qantas and Qantaslink flights to Canberra. It was home for Trans Australia Airlines (later named Australian Airlines). Like Terminal 2 it is in the north-eastern section. The current terminal building is largely the result of extensions made during the late 1990s. There are 14 parking bays with aerobridges, including two with dual aerobridges. Terminal 3 has a large Qantas Club lounge, and a Business Class and Chairmans lounge. Terminal 3 also has a 'Heritage Collection', includes items from Qantas's 90 years of service, It also has a view of the airport and is used by plane-spotters. It is next to Gate 13.

paragraphs: Sydney Airport had a fourth passenger terminal, east of Terminal 2. This was formerly known as "Domestic Express" and was used by Regional Express Airlines, Virgin Blue (now known as Virgin Australia), and Impulse Airlines. It is now used by DHL Express and Tasman Cargo Airlines as an office building.

paragraphs: The Freight Terminal is north of Terminal 1. It is used for international freight operations, except for Tasman Cargo Airlines' trans-Tasman services.

paragraphs: These airlines used to fly to Sydney before:

paragraphs: In 1995 the Australian Government passed a law through parliament called "The Sydney Airport Curfew Act". This limits the operating hours of the airport. This was done in an effort to stop complaints about aircraft noise. The curfew stops aircraft from taking off or landing between the hours of 11 pm and 6 am. Some special flights are allowed between 11 pm to midnight and 5 am to 6 am, by Section 12 of the Act.

paragraphs: During bad weather, flights are often late and people on late flights are unable to travel on a given day. As of 2009, four airlines had been fined for landing during the closed times. The maximum fine is AU$550 000.

paragraphs: The airport can be reached from the city by the Airport Link underground rail line. The International railway station is under the International terminal, while the Domestic railway station is under the car park between the domestic terminals (Terminal 2 and Terminal 3). While the stations are part of the Cityrail network, they are privately owned and operated by Airport Link. Passengers have to pay a station fee or 'gate fee' of $11.80. This fee is added to the price of the train ticket.

paragraphs: The trains that go to the airport are regular suburban trains. Unlike special airport trains at other airports, they do not have special provisions for customers with luggage. They do not operate express to the airport and may have all seats occupied by commuters before the trains arrive at the airport.

paragraphs: Sydney Buses operates Route 400 from Burwood to Bondi Junction railway stations and stops at the International and Domestic terminals. It connects the eastern suburbs, Inner West and St George areas to the airport. Private shuttle buses also service the airport from the Sutherland Shire, Blue Mountains and Central Coast.

paragraphs: Sydney Airport has road connections in all directions. Southern Cross Drive (M1), a motorway, is the fastest link with the city centre. The only other motorway, the M5 South Western Motorway (including the M5 East Freeway) links the airport with the south-western suburbs of Sydney.

paragraphs: There is a ring road around the airport. General Holmes Drive has a tunnel under the main north-south runway and three taxiways as well as an aircraft viewing area. Inside the airport a part-ring road joins the Domestic Terminal with the control tower, the general aviation area, car-rental company storage yards, long-term car park, heliport, various retail operations and a hotel. A perimeter road runs inside the secured area for airport vehicles only.

paragraphs: The Airport runs several official car parks:

paragraphs: There are also many private parking companies around the airport who are cheaper than the official car parks. They have free shuttle buses to the airport.

paragraphs: The International Terminal is next to a wide pedestrian and bicycle path. It links Mascot and Sydney City in the north-east with Tempe (via a foot bridge over Alexandra Canal) and Botany Bay to the south-west. All terminals have bicycle racks and are also easily reached by foot from nearby areas.


title: Quincy Jones

paragraphs: Quincy Delightt Jones Jr., (born March 14, 1933) is an American arranger, composer, conductor, record producer, and film music composer born in Chicago, Illinois. He is particularly recognized as the producer of the album "Thriller", by pop icon Michael Jackson, which has sold more than 110 million copies worldwide, more than any other album ever, and as the producer and conductor of the No.1 charity song “We Are the World”. He has been nominated for 79 Grammy Awards. He has won 27 Grammy Awards. This is more than any other artist who is alive. He has been nominated for 7 Academy Awards.

paragraphs: In 1990 Jones made his own company, Quincy Jones Entertainment, which produced The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air. He joined the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2013. He has seven children from five different mothers. His daughter Rashida Jones is an actress.

paragraphs: Jones played trumpet on Dizzy Gillespie's 1954 album "Afro". Quincy Jones' first album, "This Is How I Feel About Jazz", was released in 1957 on ABC Records. Jones met Michael Jackson when they worked on the 1978 movie "The Wiz". He produced Michael Jackson's 1979 album "Off the Wall". He produced Jackson's 1982 album "Thriller". The album won eight Grammy Awards in 1984. He produced the 1985 movie "The Color Purple". The last Jackson album he produced was "Bad". "Bad" was released in 1987. It sold 30 million copies. Jones sued Jackson's estate in 2013 for 10 million dollars. In 1994 Jones won the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award. In 2010 "Q Soul Bossa Nostra" was released. Many famous musicians sung on it, including Amy Winehouse.


title: Southern University of Chile

paragraphs: The Southern University of Chile () is a Chilean university. It is in Valdivia, with headquarters in Puerto Montt, Osorno and Coyhaique. It was founded and established on 1954.


title: Jinder Mahal

paragraphs: Yuvraj "Raj" Dhesi (born July 19, 1986 in Calgary, Alberta) is an Indian-Canadian professional wrestler. He is currently working with the WWE for the Smackdown brand under the ring name Jinder Mahal, where he is the current WWE Champion. He has also worked under the ring name Tiger Raj Singh. During his time there, Mahal was known for being part of the stable 3MB along with Heath Slater and Drew McIntyre.

paragraphs: On June 12, 2014, Mahal was released from his WWE contract. However, he returned in August of 2016 looking much stronger than when he left. At WrestleMania 33, he was the last person eliminated from the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royale which was won by Mojo Rawley. On the April 18, 2017 episode of SmackDown, he won a #1 contender's six-pack challenge for the WWE Championship and at Backlash, he won the title from Randy Orton. This made him the first wrestler with family from India to win the title.


title: Medeco

paragraphs: Medeco is a manufacturer of high-security locks. The name Medeco is short for Mechanical Development Company. The Medeco cylinder uses a rotating pin and sidebar design with angled cuts on the keys that rotate the pins, making it more difficult to pick than most other locks, however, it is possible to pick a Medeco lock. In 2006, it was discovered that a set of only four bump keys could open almost any Medeco lock at that time. Newer Medeco locks require a much larger set of bump keys. These keys are referred to as the "Four Keys to the Kingdom" among locksmiths. Medeco is owned by the ASSA ABLOY Group, which also owns Abloy and many other lock manufacturers.


title: Dhillon

paragraphs: Dhillon is a jatt clan. They originally came from the Jodhpur region of Rajasthan, and settled in the Punjab, but today mostly live in the southern region of Haryana (around Bhiwani, Jind, Jajjar, and Kaithl).


title: LaGuardia Airport

paragraphs: LaGuardia Airport () is an airport in the northern part of the New York City borough of Queens. The airport is on the edge of Flushing Bay and Bowery Bay. It borders the neighborhoods of Astoria, Jackson Heights and East Elmhurst.

paragraphs: La Guardia is popular because of its location near to Manhattan. Although the airport is small in size, Wide-Body Airliners once used it often. The McDonnell Douglas DC-10 and Lockheed L-1011 were designed for use at LaGuardia. From 2000 to 2005, Delta used the Boeing 767-ER with 285 seats. Today, there are usually no widebody flights. Delta Air Lines does use a Boeing 767-300 at times for one of its Atlanta flights. On July 11, 2012, the airport became a domestic hub for Delta Air Lines. It is also a focus city for American Airlines and American Eagle.

paragraphs: LaGuardia is the smallest of the New York metropolitan area's three main airports. The other two are John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK) in southern Queens and Newark Liberty International in Newark, New Jersey. LaGuardia is the closest of the three to Manhattan. These three airports are the largest airport system in the United States. They are the second most busy system of airports in the world by number of passengers. They are the first in the world in terms of total flight operations. In 2010, the airport had just under 24.0 million passenger. JFK had 46.5 million and Newark had 33.1 million. A total of about 104 million travelers used New York airports.

paragraphs: Most flights from LaGuardia go to locations inside the United States and Canada. Some flights also go to Aruba, the Bahamas, and Bermuda, which have United States Department of Homeland Security preclearance services. The airport has ICE/CPB facilities to deal with customs and immigration for international flights but they cannot deal with a large number of passengers at one time. LaGuardia is the busiest airport in the United States without any non-stop flights to and from Europe. Nonstop flights to or from LaGuardia are limited to only . This does not include flights on Saturdays and flights to Denver. Because of this most flights across the continent and international flights use JFK or Newark.

paragraphs: The airport was first named Glenn H. Curtiss Airport. It was named for Glenn Hammond Curtiss. It was later renamed North Beach Airport. New York City took control of the airport and named it New York Municipal Airport-LaGuardia Field. In 1953, it was named "LaGuardia Airport" for Fiorello La Guardia, the mayor of New York when the airport was built. The airport is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.


title: Bipasha Basu

paragraphs: Bipasha Basu (born 7 January 1979) is an Indian movie actress who appears in Hindi language movies. She has also worked in Telugu, Tamil and Bengali language movies. She was a successful model before appearing in movies.

paragraphs: Basu's first movie as an actress was "Ajnabee" (2001). Her first successful movie was "Raaz" (2002). She was chosen for Filmfare Best Actress Award for Raaz. She then appeared in commercial successes like "No Entry" (2005), "Phir Hera Pheri" (2006) and "Race" (2008). "Dhoom 2" (2007) is her biggest commercial success so far. Her work in "Apaharan" (2005), "Corporate" (2006) and "Bachna Ae Haseeno" (2008) was praised by movie critics. This led to her becaming a leading actress in the Hindi movie Industry.

paragraphs: Basu is also known for her dances like "Phoonk De" in "No Smoking" (2007) and "Beedi" in "Omkara" (2006). She has completed filming her first international movie, "Singularity". Basu married boyfriend of two years TV Actor Karan Singh Grover in a private Bengali ceremony on 30 April 2016.

paragraphs: Basu was born to a Bengali Hindu family in New Delhi. She lived in Pampoosh Enclave, Nehru Place and studied at Apeejay High School. She was 8 when her family moved to Kolkata. She continued studying in Kolkata at Bhavan's Gangabux Kanoria Vidyamandir.

paragraphs: Basu studied commerce at Bhawanipur Education Society College after 12th standard. She had planned to become a doctor before taking commerce. She did modelling shows in her college as a hobby. In 1996, she won the Godrej Cinthol Supermodel Contest and went to New York to became a successful model.

paragraphs: Vinod Khanna was one of the judges at the supermodel contest in which Basu participated. He wanted to introduce her with his son Akshaye Khanna in "Himalay Putra". Basu felt she was too young and refused the offer. Later, Anjala Zaveri agreed to the role. Another judge Jaya Bacchan wanted to introduce Basu with her son Abhishek Bacchan in "Akhari Mughal". However, "Akhari Mughal" was never made.

paragraphs: In 2001, Basu finally appeared in her first movie "Ajnabee" (2001). The movie was directed by Abbas-Mustan. It failed commercially and received negative reviews from critics.


title: Joe Paterno

paragraphs: Joseph Vincent "Joe" Paterno (; December 21, 1926 — January 22, 2012) was an American college football coach. He was the head coach of the Penn State Nittany Lions for 46 years from 1966 through 2011. Paterno's nickname was "JoePa".

paragraphs: Paterno was an Italian-American who was born and raised in Brooklyn. His team won 409 games with him as coach, so he had the record for the most wins by an NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) coach. He is the only FBS coach to reach 400 victories. He coached five undefeated teams that won major bowl games. In 2007, was entered the College Football Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Penn State trustees fired Paterno in the middle of the football season in November 2011. The university was concerned about Paterno's possible responsibility after long-time assistant coach Jerry Sandusky was arrested on child sexual abuse charges.

paragraphs: Paterno died of lung cancer on January 22, 2012.


title: Heo Gyun

paragraphs: Heo Gyun (Korean: 허균, Hanja: 許筠, 1569-1618) was a Korean writer, politician and poet during the Joseon Dynasty. His Chinese name was Danbo(단보, 端甫). Other names were Gyosan (교산, 蛟山), Seongso (성소, 惺所), Baikwolgeosa (백월거사, 白月居士).


title: Oki Airport

paragraphs: The airport is located in the town of Okinoshima. This is part of the Shimane Prefecture.

paragraphs: It is officially classified as a 3rd class airport.


title: Holly Valance

paragraphs: Holly Valance (born Holly Rachel Vukadinovic on 11 May 1983) is an Australian actress, singer and model. She is a dual citizen of Australia and the United Kingdom. She was born in Melbourne to an English immigrant mother and Serbian immigrant father. She began her career in 1999 as Felicity Scully on Australian soap opera "Neighbours". She began her singing career in 2002.

paragraphs: Valance was a contestant in the 2011 series of "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Bob Monkhouse

paragraphs: Robert Alan Monkhouse OBE (June 1, 1928 – December 29, 2003) was a British writer, actor, comedian and presenter. He was born in Beckenham, Kent. He wrote and presented on radio. He acted in films and wrote and acted on television. He was a game show host and stand-up comedian.

paragraphs: Monkhouse died of prostate cancer in Bedford.


title: Mount Baker

paragraphs: Mount Baker, also known as Koma Kulshan or Kulshan, is an active volcano in the Pacific Northwest. It is located in Washington in the United States.


title: Winter sport

paragraphs: Winter sports are sports played during winter. They often must be played on ice or snow. The International Olympic Comittee has the Winter Olympics, which are every four years. In the Winter Olympics, people try to win at winter sports for their country. Cold countries, for example Russia, Canada and Norway, are good at winter sports.


title: Bandy

paragraphs: Bandy is a sport like ice hockey but with a ball instead of a puck and on a larger field. It is played on ice. The rules are much like the rules for association football.

paragraphs: There are 11 players on each team. The game is 90 minutes long with 45 minutes in each half, like association football (soccer). The size of the bandy field is the same as in association football.

paragraphs: The rules are set by the Federation of International Bandy.

paragraphs: There are 32 countries in the Federation of International Bandy.

paragraphs: Bandy World Championship for men has been played recurringly since 1957.


title: Pentathlon

paragraphs: A pentathlon is a sports contest with five different events. The name comes from two Greek words. "Pente" means five and "athlon" means competition. The first pentathlon was in Ancient Greece and was part of the Ancient Olympic Games. The five events were long jump, javelin throw, and discus throw, followed by the "stadion" (a short foot race) and wrestling.

paragraphs: The modern pentathlon is a sports contest that includes five events. They are pistol shooting, fencing, 200 m freestyle swimming, show jumping, and a 3 km cross-country run. It was invented by Pierre de Coubertin.

paragraphs: The event was first held at the 1912 Olympic Games. It was won by Swedish athlete Gösta Lilliehöök. Since 1949 there is a yearly World Championship unless there is an Olympic Game.


title: Trace Adkins

paragraphs: Tracy Darrell "Trace" Adkins (born January 13, 1962) is an American country music musician and singer. Trace was born Springhill, Louisiana. He has had 3 number one hits on the "Billboard" country charts.

paragraphs: In January 2010, Adkins left his long-time record label, Capitol Nashville. He then signed with Show Dog-Universal Music.


title: Airline hub

paragraphs: An airline hub is an airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination.

paragraphs: The airport is part of a "hub and spoke model".

paragraphs: Some airlines may use only a single hub, while other airlines use multiple hubs.


title: Zeibekiko

paragraphs: Zeibekiko () is a Greek dance mainly for men.


title: Boris Godunov (opera)

paragraphs: Boris Godunov () is an opera by Modest Mussorgsky (1839–1881). It was the only opera that Mussorgsky finished. It is his most famous work and one of the most famous of all Russian operas. It was composed between 1868 and 1873.

paragraphs: The story of the opera is based on something that really happened in Russian history. The Russian people were ruled by a tsar (an emperor). The previous tsar Tsar Ivan IV was known as “Ivan the Terrible”. He was terribly cruel and the Russian people suffered badly under his rule. They were hungry, they were tortured and killed. When he died his son became Tsar, but he was mentally retarded (he had “learning difficulties”) so a group of powerful people including Boris Godunov had to rule for him. Ivan also had another son, but he disappeared. He was almost certainly murdered, and Boris Godunov, who wanted to become tsar himself, had probably ordered him to be murdered (for the sake of the opera, Mussorgsky assumes that he was indeed guilty of his murder). Then he persuaded the Russian people that they should choose him to be their tsar.

paragraphs: Some years later a young monk escapes from his monastery and pretends to be the murdered son of Ivan the Terrible. He gets a Polish army to help him to fight Boris Godunov. Boris Godunov feels terribly guilty about the murder. He suffers so much that he dies. The young monk arrives in Moscow and makes himself tsar (Tsar Dimitri II). The ordinary Russian people remain desperately poor. It is their fate to suffer, ruled by cruel tyrants.

paragraphs: The composer wrote the words (the libretto) himself. It was based on a play by Aleksandr Pushkin. Mussorgsky also read a famous book on the history of Russia: Nikolay Karamzin's "History of the Russian State" and used some of the historical material from this book.

paragraphs: Originally Mussorgsky composed the opera in 1869, but in those days it had to be approved by the censors before it was allowed to be performed. The opera was rejected by the censors. The main reason they gave was that there were no female characters in the opera. Mussorgsky made lots of changes, including adding a whole new act with Dimitry in love with a Polish princess. Another reason why the opera had been rejected was that composers and dramatists were not allowed to have the character of a tsar on stage. However, Tsar who then ruled said he did not mind, so the opera was first performed in 1874 in Saint Petersburg.

paragraphs: The opera "Boris Godunov" can either be performed in the first version of 1869, or in the second version of 1874. In actual fact performances of the opera have often been something of a mixture, as opera directors have often made cuts, or changes to the music or the order of scenes. The composers Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Dmitri Shostakovich have both made new editions of the opera in which they thought they could improve some of Mussorgsky’s harmony or orchestration. For many years it was these editions that were usually performed. Nowadays people realize more and more that Mussorgsky’s harmonies and orchestrations, which were very original for their time, were quite deliberate and very effective. Modern performances therefore often go back to what Mussorgsky originally wrote.

paragraphs: By the close of 1868, Mussorgsky had already started two operas, but never finished them These were "Salammbô" and "Marriage", which was influenced by Alexander Dargomyzhsky's opera "The Stone Guest". Mussorgsky was breaking away from the Romantic style that many composers used at the time. He had learned a lot by trying to write these operas and he used some of the musical ideas in "Boris Godunov".

paragraphs: Vladimir Nikolsky, a professor of Russian history, suggested to Mussorgsky the idea of writing an opera about Boris Godunov, based on Pushkin’s play. Mussorgsky worked very fast on the opera, finishing the vocal score (i.e. without the orchestration) in 9 months. During this time he was also working as a civil servant. When he state censor rejected the opera he worked another two years on it, adding a female role as required, and making other changes he felt necessary: adding three scenes, cutting one and changing another, adding songs for the Hostess, Fyodor and the Nurse. In 1873 three scenes were performed, and on 27 January 1874 the first performance of the whole opera took place. The conductor, Nápravník, was a good conductor, but he often made cuts in the operas he performed. He cut the whole of the Cell Scene because he thought the opera was too long. Nevertheless, it was a great success among many people, although some critics hated it. It was performed 21 times in Mussorgsky’s lifetime.

paragraphs: During the early 20th century the Russian bass singer Fyodor Shalyapin was a very singer who often sang the role of Boris.

paragraphs: The opera is divided into a prologue and 4 acts.

paragraphs: In the first scene of the prologue a large crowd has come to the courtyard of a monastery. Chelkalov comes and talks to the crowd. He tells them that Boris has not yet accepted the throne, but that they should pray that he will.

paragraphs: The second scene is the famous coronation scene. The crowd are kneeling in front of two cathedrals in the centre of Moscow. The church bells are ringing. The boyars cross the stage. Boris has agreed to be Tsar. Boris appears on stage, but he is rather gloomy. He tells the crowd to pray for guidance.

paragraphs: Scene i. This takes place five years later in a monastery. An old monk, Pimen is writing the history of Russia. He has nearly finished, and he has got to the year when the Tsar’s son seems to have been murdered. He is reading what he has written to a young monk, Grigory. Grigory then has a dream. In the dream he is standing on top of a high tower and looks down on the people who are laughing at him. He feels guilty and falls from the tower. Pimen tries to comfort him. He says that Boris murdered the Tsar’s son. Grigory learns that the Tsar’s son, if he had still been alive, would have been the same age as he is now. He decides to pretend to be the Tsar’s son and to claim the throne as his.

paragraphs: Scene ii takes place in an inn on the border of Russia with Lithuania. The hostess sings a silly song. Two monks, Varlaam and Missail, come in. Grigory is with them. He has run away from the monastery. The two wandering monks were showing him the way to the Lithuanian border. The two monks start to get drunk and sing. Grigory does not join in, his just sits there. Two guards (like policeman) appear. They are looking for Grigory because they know that the runaway monk is a going to be a threat to the Tsar. They have a description of the wanted man. They ask whether anyone can read (hardly anyone could read in those days, except monks). Dimitri says he can read, so he takes the piece of paper and starts to read the description of the wanted man. He is describing Varlaam. Varlaam realizes this and snatches the paper from him. He decides he can read after all. He starts to read a description of Dimitri. Dimitri escapes through the window.

paragraphs: The scene is the Tsar’s apartments in the Kremlin in Moscow. The Tsarevich Fyodor is reading, his sister sings sadly a song about a man she loved who died before they could get married. The Nurse tries to comfort her. Fyodor tries to cheer her up by singing a jolly clapping song. The Nurse joins in. Then Boris comes in. He tells him to concentrate on his lesson. One day he will rule the country and he will need to be wise. Boris sings of his terrible feelings of doubt and agony (because he is guilty of murder). A boyar enters and tells Boris that Shuisky wants to speak to him. He warns Boris that Shuisky is on the side of the Poles who are against him. When Shuisky enters he tells Boris that a pretender has come who claims to be the Tsar’s son who is thought to have been murdered. Boris asks Shuisky whether it really was the Tsar’s son who was killed and buried. Shuisky says that it definitely was, and that he had watched over the body for five days. Boris cannot bear to hear any more and tells Shuisky to leave. He then sinks back in a chair. A clock chimes and the figures on the clock move. Boris thinks they are aghost of the murdered child. He goes mad.

paragraphs: The scene takes place in the royal palace in Poland. Dimitri has gone to Poland to persuade the Polish army to support him in his fight against Boris. The Poles are glad to do this because they often fought Russia when they thought they could take a bit of their land. They want the Polish Princess Marina to marry Dimitri (they think, of course, that he really is the Tsar’s son Dimitri, they don’t know that he is really a young monk called Grigory). Princess Marina sings of her love for Dimitri. She has not met him yet, but she would like to be Tsarina (the wife of the Tsar) because that would bring her power. Rangoni tells Dimitri that the Princess is in love with him. A meeting is arranged in the garden. Princess Marina is horrible to him. She persuades him to act quickly to get an army together to march to Moscow and get the throne. They embrace. Rangoni is pleased, because it will be a triumph for his church.

paragraphs: Scene i takes place in the palace in the Kremlin. Shuisky tells the assembled noblemen that he saw Boris who seemed to be having a mad fit. He was shouting “Away! Away!” and waving his arms. Just at that moment Boris enters doing just that. He does not seem to notice any of the boyars who are standing there. Shuisky manages to persuade him to sit down on his throne. Shuisky then says that there is a holy man outside who has something to say to everyone. The man is let in. It is Pimen. He tells a strange story. It is about a shepherd who was blind. He had a dream in which he was told to go to the tomb where the murdered Tsar’s son Dimitri lies buried. He went there and prayed. Immediately he was able to see. Boris becomes terribly distressed at this story. He calls for light, he collapses in the arms of the boyars, and he sends for his son Fyodor. Boris asks to be left alone with him. He then says goodbye to his son and tells him to take good care of the Russian people. Monks behind the scene pray for the soul of Boris. Boris dies.

paragraphs: Scene ii takes place in the forest of Kromy. Dimitri has marched into Russia leading his troops. The Russian people are starving and law and order has broken down. A very simple man (the Simpleton) sings a simple song. A group of children tease him and steal his money (just one kopek). Varlaam and Missail sing in praise of Dimitri. They point out two men who are Jesuits, and the people get ready to hang them. Dimitri enters and frees the Jesuits. The people rejoice because Dimitri is to be their new tsar. He tells the people to follow him to Moscow. All exit and the Simpleton is left alone on stage. He sings a simple song which expresses the sadness of the poor, hungry Russian people.

paragraphs: There has been a lot of discussion about the order of the two scenes in Act IV: scene i which shows the death of Boris and scene ii which shows the Russian people in the forest. The order given above is what Mussorgsky wanted. For him, the most important thing about the opera was to express the tragedy of the Russian people who are always doomed to be ruled by cruel tyrants.

paragraphs: When Rimsky-Korsakov edited the opera after Mussorgsky’s death he put Boris’s death scene last. Finishing the opera with Boris’s death meant that the personal tragedy of Boris was the most important thing. Certainly, famous singers who sang the role of Boris, such as Chaliapin, liked the opera to finish with Boris’s death. Nowadays the opera is nearly always performed with the forest scene finishing the opera. This was Mussorgsky’s intention. It is about the tragedy of the people, and this is put into words by the Simpleton, who expresses the truth through his simple words.


title: Winnie the Pooh (2011 movie)

paragraphs: Winnie the Pooh is a 2011 American animated musical movie produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. It is the 52nd movie in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series. It is based on the A. A. Milne stories of the same name. In the movie, Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Rabbit, Piglet, Owl, Eeyore, Kanga, and Roo go on a journey to save Christopher Robin.


title: Lauryn Hill

paragraphs: Lauryn Noelle Hill (born May 26, 1975) is an American singer-songwriter, rapper, record producer, and actress. She began her career while still in highschool as a member of the Fugees. She rose to greater fame when she released her first solo album, "The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill". The album received critical acclaim, won many awards, including five Grammy Awards, and was commercially successful. After the release of her debut album, she took a four-year break. In 2002, Hill released "MTV Unplugged No. 2.0", an album with more personal content that was recorded live, mostly solo with an acoustic guitar. In recent years, she recorded songs for soundtracks and has performed on several music festivals. Hill has six children.


title: Nail gun

paragraphs: A nail gun is a power tool used for driving nails into wood or other construction materials. Driving a nail with a nail gun is usually much faster than driving it with a hammer.


title: Kawauchi, Fukushima

paragraphs: Kawauchi was evacuated because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. The village is 30 kilometers (19 miles) from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. People had to leave their homes because of radiation.

paragraphs: In 2012, the village government urged people to come back to their homes. In 2013, only 400 of the 2,000+ citizens of the village have decided to return.


title: Rik Mayall

paragraphs: Richard Michael "Rik" Mayall (7 March 1958 – 9 June 2014) was a British comedian and actor and writer of comedy. He starred in many sitcoms, including "The Young Ones", "Blackadder", "Filthy Rich and Catflap", "The New Statesman" and "Bottom". He also starred in the movies "Drop Dead Fred" (1991) and "Guest House Paradiso" (1999). He also won an Emmy Award in 1997 for "The Willows in Winter" (1995).

paragraphs: Mayall was born in Harlow, Essex. When he was three, he moved to Droitwich Spa, Worcestershire. He studied drama at the University of Manchester. He had a relationship with writer Lise Mayer in the early 1980s. He was married to Scottish make-up artist, Barbara Robbin from 1985 until his death. The couple had two daughters and a son together. His autobiography was published in 2005.

paragraphs: On 9 April 1998, Mayall was injured in a quad bike accident near his home in Devon. After waking up from a coma and having operations, he made a full recovery but was left with epilepsy.

paragraphs: Mayall died from a heart attack after a morning run on 9 June 2014 at his home in Barnes, London. He was 56.


title: Namie, Fukushima

paragraphs: Namie was damaged in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

paragraphs: In April 2011, the Japanese government made people leave here because of radiation from the Fukushima I nuclear accidents.

paragraphs: Before people left, stone from a quarry in Namie was sent to make concrete for about 60 buildings. The stone and the concrete is radioactive.

paragraphs: The people who used to live in Namie are called "nuclear refugees".


title: Nigel Lawson

paragraphs: Nigel Lawson, Baron Lawson of Blaby PC (born 11 March 1932) is a British Conservative politician. He was born in Hampstead, London, and is of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: He was educated at Westminster School and Christ Church, Oxford, where he got a degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics. He was a journalist during the 1960s. Lawson was a Member of Parliament from 1974-1992. He was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1983-1989. Lawson was made a life peer in 1992.

paragraphs: Lawson has six children. They are: Dominic (a journalist), Thomasina (who died of breast cancer), Nigella (a food writer), Horatia, Tom and Emily.


title: Andy Carroll

paragraphs: Andrew Thomas "Andy" Carroll (born 6 January 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays for Newcastle United and for the England national team as a striker.

paragraphs: Carroll started his professional career with Newcastle United in 2006. He spent a small time on loan with Preston North End. He scored his first league goal there. He became as a regular in the Newcastle first team by 2008. When Newcastle got relegated from the Premier League to the Championship in 2009, he scored 17 goals in 39 appearances. Newcastle finished first in the Championship in that season. They earned automatic promotion back to the Premier League as a result. Caroll played for Newcastle in the Premier League again. He played 19 times and scored 11 goals.

paragraphs: Carroll signed for Liverpool on the last day of the transfer window on 31 January 2011. The transfer fee was £35 million. It was the highest amount ever paid by one club to another for a British footballer at that time. Carroll was bought to replace Fernando Torres. Torres had moved from Liverpool to Chelsea on the same day for a fee of £50 million. He suffered an injury in December. Therefore, he could not debut for Liverpool until March 2011. He scored his first two goals for his new club in April 2011 in a 3–0 victory over Manchester City. In August 2012, Liverpool agreed a £2 million loan deal with West Ham. It was a season-long loan. West Ham permanently signed him in June 2013. They paid a fee of £15 million.

paragraphs: Carroll started his youth career in Newcastle United. He scored some goals for the reserve team. He made his first-team debut on 2 November 2006. He was 17 years and 300 days old then. This was in a 1–0 UEFA Cup win over Palermo. He came on as a late substitute for Nolberto Solano. In doing so, he became the youngest ever player to represent Newcastle in Europe.

paragraphs: He made his FA Cup debut on 17 January 2007. Here too, he appeared as substitute for the last ten minutes. Birmingham City beat Newcastle 5-1 in that match. On 25 February 2007, Carroll made his Premier League debut for Newcastle. He came on as a substitute in the 87th minute in the 1–0 defeat by Wigan Athletic. He had a shot on target in this match. A good save from Wigan goalkeeper John Filan prevented him from scoring his first Newcastle goal.

paragraphs: In 2007, he was the recipient of the "Wor Jackie Milburn Trophy". This is awarded every year to the rising star of North East England football.

paragraphs: On 29 July 2007, Carroll scored his first senior goal in a 2–0 win over Juventus. This was a friendly match. He scored the goal with his left foot. After the game, Italian goalkeeper Gianluigi Buffon praised Carroll. Buffon said Carroll had a great future.

paragraphs: On 14 August 2007, Carroll began a six-month loan with Preston North End. He made his debut for them in the League Cup against Morecambe on the same day. Carroll was sent off playing for Preston against Scunthorpe United on 18 September. He scored his first Championship goal, and his first English league goal, against Leicester City on 6 November.

paragraphs: Carroll made his first appearance for Newcastle in the 2008–09 season on 20 October. He came on as a substitute for Shola Ameobi at home to Manchester City. Carroll was in the starting team against West Ham United at home on 10 January 2009. He scored his first goal at home in this match. It was a header. The match ended as a 2-2 draw. He signed a new three-and-a-half-year contract on 12 March 2009. His contract at Newcastle now ended in 2012.

paragraphs: Newcastle got relegated that season. First team strikers, Michael Owen, Mark Viduka and Obafemi Martins left the club. Carroll joined Shola Ameobi in attack for Newcastle at the start of the new season. His first league goal in the Championship came on 16 September 2009 against Blackpool with a header. By 2010 Carroll was playing almost every game. He had a new strike partner, Peter Løvenkrands. These two players scored more than half of the club's goals in 2010. Carroll finished the season as Newcastle's top scorer. He had 19 goals in all competitions. 17 were in the league, 2 in cup games.

paragraphs: Carroll was given squad number 9 for the 2010–11 season. This number is important for Newcastle United supporters. Great strikers like Jackie Milburn, Malcolm Macdonald and Alan Shearer have worn this squad number for Newcastle. Carroll scored his first career hat-trick against Aston Villa in the their 6–0 win in the Premier League on 22 August 2010. Carroll came on as a substitute for Kevin Nolan against Manchester City. He captained the team for the first time in this match. In October 2010, Carroll signed a new five-year contract. His contract lasted till 2015. Carroll scored Newcastle's third goal in a 3–1 victory over Liverpool at St. James' Park on 11 December 2010. It was a shot from 25-yards out. The shot was a low drive.

paragraphs: On 31 January 2011, Liverpool bid £30 million for Carroll. This was rejected. Newcastle then accepted a bid of £35 million. Carroll passed a medical and signed a contract soon. The transfer was completed shortly before the 11.00pm deadline. Carroll said he had been forced to leave Newcastle. But the club said he had requested a transfer after they turned down Liverpool's £30 million bid. Liverpool confirmed that Carroll would wear the number 9 jersey. This was previously worn by Fernando Torres, who left Anfield for Chelsea on the same evening for £50 million. The transfer made Carroll the eighth overall most expensive footballer at the time. He was the most expensive British footballer of all time. He also became the second most expensive footballer playing for a British club, after Torres. Carroll had suffered an injury while with Newcastle United. Therefore, Liverpool announded Carroll would have to wait some time before his debut.

paragraphs: He finally made his Liverpool debut as a substitute in the 3–1 win against Manchester United on 6 March 2011. On 10 March, he appeared in his first European game for Liverpool. Liverpool lost the match 1-0 to Braga in the Europa League. Carroll came as a substitute after half-time. In the return leg a week later, he made his first Liverpool start. The game finished 0–0. Liverpool left the competition because they had lost 1-0 on aggregate. On 20 March, he made his first Premier League start for Liverpool against Sunderland. He did not score. Liverpool won the game 2-0. On 11 April, Carroll scored his first goals for Liverpool. This was in a 3–0 victory against Manchester City at Anfield. His first goal was from long-range. His second was a header. He played several more times that season. But, he did not score any more goals.

paragraphs: On 24 August 2011, he scored his first goal of the new season. He scored it 20-yards from the goal. The match was against Exeter City. He made the score 3–0 in the second round of the League Cup. On 1 October 2011, he scored his first goal of the 2011–12 Premier League during a 2–0 victory over Everton at Goodison Park. His third goal of the season was in a 2–0 win away at West Brom. He scored his first goal of 2012 in a 5–1 third-round FA Cup victory against Oldham Athletic. He assisted the Dirk Kuyt goal in the 88th minute against Manchester United in the fourth round of the FA Cup on 28 January. As a result, Liverpool won the game. He scored his fifth goal of the season in a 3–0 victory away at Wolves on 31 January. This was on his first anniversary of joining the club. Liverpool won 6–1 against Brighton & Hove Albion in the fifth-round of the FA Cup. Carroll scored one goal and assisted one goal by Luis Suárez On 26 February, he won his first trophy with Liverpool as they won the League Cup. They beat Cardiff in the Final. On 10 April, he scored a goal from a header against Blackburn during injury-time Liverpool won the match. This ended Liverpool's run of four games without a win. Four days later, he headed in another late goal which won Liverpool the match. This time it was in a 2–1 victory against Everton in the FA Cup semi-final at Wembley. Because of his goal, Liverpool qualified to the Final. This was his 50th match played for Liverpool. Carroll described his match-winning goal as "the best feeling ever". Team-mate Jamie Carragher said the goal was "worth £35 million in itself". He also that Carroll would "be remembered forever". Carroll also scored in the final, which Liverpool lost 2–1 to Chelsea.

paragraphs: On 30 August 2012, Carroll signed with West Ham. He was on a season-long loan. Liverpool wanted a clause in the deal which would make West Ham pay £17 million to bring him to the club permanently. But they had to remove it since West Ham did not agree. West Ham ultimately paid a £2 million loan arrangement fee. They also started paying all of Carroll's £80,000-a-week Liverpool wages.

paragraphs: Carroll made his debut on 1 September. He set-up (assisted) two goals in a 3–0 home win against Fulham. He scored his first goal on 25 November 2012. This was in a 3–1 away defeat against Tottenham Hotspur. Carroll was injured in November. He returned on 2 February 2013 againstSwansea City. He scored the only goal in that match. Carroll ended the loan spell with seven goals in 24 appearances.

paragraphs: On 21 May 2013, West Ham and Liverpool agreed a fee of around £15 million to make the loan move permanent Carroll agreed to the move and signed a six-year contract with West Ham on 19 June 2013. The fee was a club record.

paragraphs: Carroll started the 2013–14 season injured. He had a heel problem picked up in the final game of the last season. He made his first appearance of the season on 12 January 2014. He came on as a substitute in the 72nd minute of a 2–0 victory over Cardiff City. He assisted Mark Noble for West Ham's second goal.

paragraphs: On 1 February 2014, Carroll was sent off for being violent against Swansea City defender Chico Flores in West Ham's 2–0 win over the Welsh club. On 15 March, he scored his first Premier League goal of the season in a 3–1 defeat at Stoke City. On 31 March, he was named man of the match by Sky Sports for the way he played in a 2–1 win against Sunderland at the Stadium of Light. He scored one and assisted the other of West Ham's goals.

paragraphs: Carroll ended the 2013–14 Premier League season with only two goals from 18 appearances.

paragraphs: During a pre-season tour of New Zealand, Carroll sustained an ankle ligament injury. This meant he could not play in West Ham's first eleven Premier League matches. Carroll returned to the team on 8 November 2014. He came on as a substitute for Mark Noble in a 0–0 draw with Aston Villa.

paragraphs: Carroll was selected to start in the Hammers' next match. He played the full ninety minutes. West Ham lost the match 1-2 to Everton. On 7 December 2014, he scored his first two goals of the season. It was in a match against Swansea City. The Hammers won the match 3-1 at home. They were the first goals he scored at home since March 2013. On 20 December, Carroll scored the 50th league goal of his career. West Ham beat Leicester City 2-0.

paragraphs: On 11 September 2007, Carroll made his England under-19 debut against Belarus. He scored in the 4–0 victory. On 12 March 2009, Carroll was called up to the England U-20s for a match against Italy U-20s. He was withdrawn from the squad and replaced by Hal Robson-Kanu of Swindon Town.

paragraphs: Carroll received his first call up to the England U-21s on 5 August 2009. He made his debut on 11 August 2009 against Holland. He came on as a second-half substitute. His second match with the under-21 team was on 9 October 2009 against Macedonia U-21s. He scored two goals and assisted another. England won the match 6-3.

paragraphs: Because of Carroll's performances for Newcastle United, he was called up to the England squad for the friendly against France. This was on 17 November 2010. Carroll passed a late fitness test to start the match.

paragraphs: Carroll scored his first senior goal for England on 29 March 2011. He scored with a low drive from his left foot. The match was a friendly against Ghana which ended 1–1. On 15 May 2012, Carroll was selected in the squad for the 2012 European Championship. He scored the first goal for England against Sweden. The goal was from a header. England went on to win the match 3–2.

paragraphs: Carroll was often compared to Newcastle's record goalscorer Alan Shearer, Ivory Coast striker Didier Drogba and former Italy forward Christian Vieri because of similar style of play. He has been called a classic centre forward. This is because of his strength, powerful shot and header. Former Newcastle manager and Liverpool player Kevin Keegan stated "he is probably in the top three headers of a ball I have ever seen in football". After Newcastle's 2–0 victory at home to Blackpool in September 2010, in which Carroll scored the second goal and helped in creating the first, Blackpool manager Ian Holloway described Carroll as "the best striker in the Premier League".

paragraphs: Carroll was born in Gateshead. He attended Brighton Avenue Primary School and Joseph Swan School.

paragraphs: Carroll is also a model for retail clothing company H&M. He has fronted a campaign led by fashion designer Alexander Wang. In November 2014, Carroll became engaged to reality TV star, Billi Mucklow. The couple live in Essex. In December 2014, it was announced that they are expecting their first child.

paragraphs: Carroll has been involved in many off-the-pitch incidents in his career. On 14 September 2008, he was arrested by police in Newcastle. He later accepted a police caution. On 7 December 2009, he was arrested in the aftermath of a nightclub fight, again in Newcastle, accused of smashing glass in a man's face. He was charged with assault and in October 2010. He pleaded guilty to common assault and was fined £1,000. He was also ordered to pay £2,500 compensation.

paragraphs: Whilst on international duty with England U-19s, Carroll and teammates Scott Sinclair and Ryan Bertrand were sent home from the squad. They broke a curfew on 14 October 2007 during preparation for a match against Romania U-19s.

paragraphs: In March 2010, Carroll was allegedly involved in an dispute with teammate Steven Taylor during training. Taylor was left with a broken jaw. Carroll was said to have suffered a broken hand in the incident. Soon after this, he was photographed at a pop concert with bandages to both hands. Newcastle manager Chris Hughton, club representatives and both players declined to comment any further on the incident. No charges were pressed.

paragraphs: On 18 October 2010, Carroll was charged with assault. This was in an incident with his ex-girlfriend. Carroll said he did it in self-defense. Carroll was granted bail on the condition that he resided with then Newcastle captain Kevin Nolan until the case resumed in January. The charges were later dropped due to lack of evidence. Two days following his bail, Carroll's car was set on fire whilst parked on Nolan's driveway. Obscene words were also written garage door of Nolan's house.

paragraphs: Following England's 1–1 draw with Ghana on 29 March 2011, England manager Fabio Capello told Carroll to reduce his drinking habits. Liverpool manager Kenny Dalglish responded by saying "Well he's never bought me a drink. I've been with him at Boyzone concerts and he's still never bought me a drink!"

paragraphs: In an interview in April 2012, Carroll admitted that he had gained a reputation for drinking when Newcastle. He also said that since joining Liverpool in January 2011 he had "settled down" and changed his lifestyle.


title: Aeronautical teaching certificate

paragraphs: The Aeronautical teaching certificate (CAEA) (in French "Certificat d'aptitude à l'enseignement aéronautique") is the French national degree needed to teach aviation to high school and university students.

paragraphs: It was created in 1999. The exam to earn the degree is in five subjects. These subject cover all of aeronautics.


title: Commission des titres d'ingénieur

paragraphs: The Commission des titres d'ingénieur (CTI) (in English "engineering accreditation institution") is the French administration that deals with accreditation of Master's degree in the engineering school (engineering "Grandes écoles"). It was created in 1934.


title: Frank Borman

paragraphs: Frank Borman (born March 14, 1928), as an American astronaut, was the commander of Apollo 8. He received a Bachelor of Science at West Point and a Master of Science in Aeronautical Engineering at the California Institute of Technology. It was the first mission to fly around the Moon. The other member of Apollo 8 were Jim Lovell and Bill Anders.

paragraphs: After leaving NASA, he was the chief executive officer (CEO) of Eastern Air Lines from 1975 to 1986. Borman is a recipient of the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.


title: William Anders

paragraphs: William Alison Anders (born October 17, 1933 in Hong Kong) is a former United States Air Force officer, NASA astronaut, businessman, and engineer. He is was a member of the Apollo 8 space mission. Anders, Frank Borman and Jim Lovell were some of the astronauts the to leave the orbit of the Earth and go to the Moon.

paragraphs: The crew took the first pictures taken of the earth from the Moon.

paragraphs: The Anders crater on the Moon is named in his honor.

paragraphs: He has a wife named Valerie E. Hoard. He has six children, Alan, Glen, Gregory, Eric, Gayle and Daina.

paragraphs: He was a fighter pilot and an air defence commander. He received a bachelor of science degree and a master of science degree in Nuclear Engineering. He graduated from Naval Academy. In 1964, NASA selected him as an astronaut with important responsibilities.


title: Palazzo Pitti

paragraphs: Palazzo Pitti (in English sometimes called the Pitti Palace) is a palace in Florence, Italy. It is from the Renaissance period. The palace was bought by the Medici family in 1549. It became the main home of the ruling families of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany. It was the centre of government for the 300 years that Tuscany was a monarchy. Later the palace was used as a base by Napoleon. During the Risorgimento, for a short time it was the royal palace of the newly united Italy.

paragraphs: The palace and its contents were given to the Italian people by King Victor Emmanuel III in 1919. Its doors were opened to the public as one of Florence's largest art galleries. It is the largest museum complex in Florence. It is divided into several main galleries or museums: the Palatine Gallery, the Royal Apartments, the Gallery of Modern Art, the Silver Museum, the Porcelain Museum, the Costume Gallery and the Carriages Museum.

paragraphs: Behind the Pitti palace there is the Boboli's Garden. It is a historical park visited every year by about 800,000 tourists. The park is famous for the beauty of the flowers and for the very old sculptures.


title: B.B. King

paragraphs: B.B. King (born Riley B. King; September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015) was an American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter. "Rolling Stone" magazine said that King was the third "Greatest Guitarist of All Time" in 2003.

paragraphs: He was born in Indianola, Mississippi. His father left the family and his mother was too poor to raise him, and so he came to his grandmother, Elnora Farr, in Kilmichael, Mississippi. There he sang in the gospel choir at Elkhorn Baptist Church. At the age of 15 he bought his first guitar. His idols were T-Bone Walker, but also jazz musicians like Charlie Christian and Django Reinhrad. 1943 he left the town and worked as a tractor driver. He performed on Sonny Boy Williamson's radio program on KWEM in West Memphis, Arkansas and reached a local audience with his sound. For this reason he got appearances in the Sixteenth Avenue Grill in West Memphis and later, a ten-minute spot on the Memphis radio station WDIA. This became so popular that it was expanded and became the "Sepia Swing Club." During his work for the radio station he got his nickname "Beale Street Blues Boy" which was later shortened to B.B.

paragraphs: In 1949, King began recording songs for RPM Records from Los Angeles. King formed his own band; the B.B. King Review, under the leadership of Millard Lee and went on tours.

paragraphs: In winter 1949 he played at a dance hall in Twist, Arkansas. The hall was heated by burning barrels filled with kerosine. During his performance two men started a fight knocking over one of them and the hall was burning. Outside he learned that he had left his guitar and he ran inside to get it. Next day he found out that the fight was started over a woman named Lucille. Since that time he named the guitar "Lucille."

paragraphs: In the 1950´s B.B. King became one of the most important blues musicians. He toured regularly. In 1956 he gave 352 concerts. Among his hits were "3 O'Clock Blues", "You Know I Love You," "Woke Up This Morning," "Please Love Me," "When My Heart Beats like a Hammer," "Whole Lotta Love," "You Upset Me Baby," "Every Day I Have the Blues", "Sneakin' Around," "Ten Long Years," "Bad Luck," "Sweet Little Angel", "On My Word of Honor," and "Please Accept My Love."

paragraphs: In the 1960 King lost importance for black listeners but could reach the white music fans. A lot of white guitarist like Eric Clapton named him as influence. King played at rock concerts and venues of the hippie culture like the Fillmore West. He also reached #15 in the US-popcharts with his title "The Thrill Is Gone". From the 1980s onward he had continued his career, appearing on numerous television shows and performing 300 nights a year. The title "When Love Comes To Town", which he performed together with the rock band U2 introduced him to a younger audience.

paragraphs: B.B. King was married two times. The marriages ended because of the burden of more than 200 concerts a year. It is reported that he is father of 15 children. He has lived with Type II diabetes for over twenty years and is a high-profile spokesman in the fight against the disease.

paragraphs: King died at the age of 89 in Las Vegas, Nevada on May 14, 2015 from complications of Alzheimer's disease along with congestive heart failure and diabetic complications. On May 30, 2015, King's funeral was held at the Bell Grove Missionary Baptist Church in Indianola, Mississippi. He was buried at the museum.

paragraphs: B.B. King has made guest appearances in numerous popular television shows, including The Cosby Show, The Young and the Restless, General Hospital, The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Sesame Street, Married... with Children, Sanford and Son, and Touched by an Angel. He has also made a cameo in the movie Spies Like Us. In the movie Blues Brothers 2000 he was the leader of The Louisiana Gator Boys, a bluessupergroup, which battles against the Blues Brothers.

paragraphs: He is the owner of a chain of restaurants with concert venues in the United States. The first was opened on Beale Street in Memphis 1991.

paragraphs: King was given a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 1987. As of 2009, he has won 15 Grammy Awards, of which ten have been the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album :in 2009 (for One Kind Favor), 2005 (B. B. King & Friends: 80), 2003 (for A Christmas Celebration of Hope), 2001 (for Riding with the King), 2000 (for Blues on the Bayou), 1994 (for Blues Summit), 1992 (for Live at the Apollo), 1991 (for Live at San Quentin), 1986 (for My Guitar Sings the Blues) and 1984 (for Blues 'N' Jazz).

paragraphs: For a complete discographie visit MusicBrainz.


title: Atlas cedar

paragraphs: The Atlas cedar ("Cedrus atlantica") is a large coniferous tree of the cedrus genus and is native to the Atlas Mountains of North Africa. It is conical in shape when younger and is a more open shape when mature. It grows to 40m in height. The bark is silvery grey with deep cracks. The leaves of the Atlas cedar are 2.5 cm long, pointed, usually 4 sided and dark green to glaucous blue in colour. The female cones are 6–10 cm long, barrel-shaped, green when young, becoming brown as they mature.


title: Cedar of Lebanon

paragraphs: The Cedar of Lebanon is a large coniferous tree of the "cedrus" genus, it is native to the eastern Mediterranean Sea from Lebanon to Turkey. The tree grows to a maximum height of 40m and 10m wide, with a trunk of 2.5m covered in thick, scaly, black, grey-brown bark. When young it is conical in shape but as it matures it becomes flatter on top and more open in structure. The pointed, needle-shaped leaves are glaucous-blue to dark green in colour, 4 sided and about 2.5 cm long. The female cones are a dullish green when young, maturing to brown, 6–10 cm long and barrel-shaped.

paragraphs: The Cedar of Lebanon has great landscaping value and is widely planted in park and large gardens.


title: Erykah Badu

paragraphs: Erica Abi Wright (born February 26, 1971), better known by her stage name Erykah Badu (), is an American singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. She rose to fame in 1997 when she released her critically well liked first album, "Baduizm". For this album she received two Grammy Awards. Badu has won a total of four Grammy Awards out of nineteen nominations. Her songs include parts from R&B, hip hop and jazz. Badu is best known for her role in the rise of the neo soul sub-genre, and for her eccentric, creative musical stylings and sense of fashion. She is known as the "Queen of Neo-Soul".


title: Kara Tointon

paragraphs: Kara Louise Tointon (born 5 August 1983) is a British actress. She was born and raised in Essex. She is best known for her role from 2005-2009 as Dawn Swann in "EastEnders". She and Artem Chigvintsev won the 2010 series of "Strictly Come Dancing". Her younger sister Hannah is also an actress.


title: Army cadet force

paragraphs: The Army Cadet Force is a youth organisation in Great Britain, where members train in military skills.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1859, and had its official 150th birthday in 2010, marked by the Cadet 150 celebrations.

paragraphs: The ACF gives a lot of youth in the UK an ability to change their lives with the opportunieties it offers for the little money, they offer a lot of courses you can do on summer camps etc. for example the Summer Mountain Foundation Course (SMF) this is a CCAT course which is very cheap for the cadets to do and a challenge for them as well, a lot of these courses can be used in the civilian lives where they can be put down on their CV's.

paragraphs: in the army cadets you will progress through a rank structure which will improve the cadets team work and their thinking skills while they are under pressure.


title: Cantor set

paragraphs: The Cantor set is a subset of real numbers with certain properties that are interesting to mathematicians. These properties relate to topology, measurement, geometry, as well as set theory. Some of them are:

paragraphs: The set is named after Georg Cantor. Henry John Stephen Smith discovered it in 1875, and Cantor first described it in 1883.

paragraphs: The set is made by starting with a line segment and repeatedly removing the middle third. The Cantor set is the (infinite) set of points left over. The Cantor set is "more infinite" than the set of natural numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, etc.). This property is called uncountability. It is related to the Smith–Volterra–Cantor set and the Menger Sponge. The Cantor set is self-similar.


title: Kisarazu Air Field

paragraphs: The air field is north northwest of Kisarazu, Chiba Prefecture. Private charter jets also use the airport

paragraphs: JGSDF Kisarazu is home to the JGSDF 1st Helicopter Brigade. These forces are part of the Central Readiness Force.

paragraphs: The immediate JGSDF response to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami included helicopters from the 1st Helicopter Unit.

paragraphs: After the Fukushima nuclear disaster, helicopters from Kisarazu sprayed seawater from above the plant onto the damaged reactor.

paragraphs: Kisarazu Air Field was originally established in 1936 as a base for the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service in the Yokosuka Naval District.

paragraphs: After the end of World War II, the base was used by the United States Air Force (USAF) as "Kisarazu Air Base".

paragraphs: In 1955, the runway was expanded to multiple jet bomber operational length.

paragraphs: In 1956, control of the base was officially transferred to the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). Some USAF units remained.

paragraphs: By the 1960s, the US only used Kisarazu to repair United States Navy jets stationed on aircraft carriers in the Pacific. The US military units at this air field were withdrawn.

paragraphs: In 1968, the JASDF relocated to Iruma Air Base, and Kisarazu was transferred to JGSDF.


title: Lucretius

paragraphs: Titus Lucretius Carus (ca. 98 BC – ca. 55 BC) was a Roman poet and philosopher. He is known for "De rerum natura" (in English:"On the Nature of the Universe"). It is an epic philosophical work about the beliefs of Epicureanism.

paragraphs: There are not any details about his life. Saint Jerome tells of how he became insane because of a love potion and wrote his poetry in between fits of insanity. Modern scholarship thinks this was just used to explain how he behaved. The "De rerum natura" had a large affect on the Augustan poets, including Virgil and Horace. The work were lost for a time. It was later found in a monastery in Germany. This work played an important part both in the development of atomism and in the efforts of many people of the Enlightenment era to build a new Christian humanism.


title: Robert Wilson

paragraphs: Robert Woodrow Wilson (born 10 January 1936) is an American Nobel Prize-winning astronomer. He found part of the cosmic microwave background radiation in 1964. He was working at the Bell Telephone Laboratories in New Jersey on an antenna with Arno Penzias. This antenna picked up any background 'noise' they could not get rid of. Their findings were justified by others predictions. Fourteen years later, they won the 1978 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery.


title: Philip Jaisohn

paragraphs: Philip Jaisohn (7 January 1864 – 5 January 1951) was a Korean doctor, surgeon, journalist, politician and educator. His Korean name was Seo Jae-pil (). It was anglicized. His nicknames were Songjae (송재; 松齋), Ssanggyeong (쌍경; 雙慶) and his Chinese style name was Yun Kyung (윤경;允卿). His other name was Philip Jason, a penname was N. S. Osia.

paragraphs: Seo Jae-Pil (Jaisohn's original name) was born as the second son of a local magistrate, and was raised by one of his relatives in Seoul. When Seo Jae-Pil was a teenager, he already imbued modern political ideas in association with reformist leader Kim Okgyun.

paragraphs: He passed the civil service exam at the age of 18, one of the youngest persons to ever pass this exam, and became a junior officer in 1882. In the following year, he was sent to Japan where he studied both at the Keio Gijuku (the forerunner of the Keio University) and the Toyama Army Academy.

paragraphs: In 1884, Seo Jae-Pil, following Kim Okgyun, was involved in the Kapsin Coup, a radical attempt to overturn the old regime and establish equality among people. He was appointed the Vice-Minister of Defense. The coup was aborted in three days, as China intervened by sending military troops. Convicted of treason, Seo Jae-Pil lost his whole family and had to flee Korea to save his life.

paragraphs: In the United States, Seo Jae-Pil attended the Harry Hillman Academy (Wilkes-Barre, PA) thanks to the help of John Welles Hollenback. He began to use the name "Philip Jaisohn" at that time. In 1890, he became the first Korean-American to acquire United States citizenship. He studied medicine at George Washington University, and was the first Korean to receive an American medical degree in 1892.

paragraphs: In 1894, he married Muriel Armstrong, a niece of the former president of the United States, James Buchanan, and daughter to the U.S. Postmaster General, and had two daughters later—Stephanie and Muriel.

paragraphs: In 1894, Japan defeated China in the war which occurred in the Korean Peninsula, and Korean cabinet was filled with reformists. Along with these political changes, the treason of the Kapsin Coup were pardoned enabling Jaisohn's return (1895). In Korea, he endeavored to politically educate people. Most of all, Jaisohn published a newspaper, "The Independent" (독립신문), to transform Korean people into an informed citizenry. He for the first time started to print his newspaper entirely in Korean language!Asian to extend readership to lower classes and women. He promoted national independence as the principal political ideal and emphasized neutral diplomatic approaches to protect Korea from China, Russia and Japan. He also underscored the importance of public education, modernized industry and public hygienes. The Independence was particularly critical of misconducts of government officials, which brought wide reactions from the conservatives. Under the aegis of the Independence Club, Jaisohn organized the All People's Congress, an open public forum to debate over political issues. The Congress was hailed by young reformers and began to establish nationwide chapters. In 1898, conservatives accused Jaisohn and the Club of seeking to replace the monarchy with a republic, and the Korean government requested Jaisohn to return to the US. After his return, Korean government ordered the Club to disband and arrested 17 leaders including Rhee Syngman.

paragraphs: In the United States, Jaisohn conducted medical research at the University of Pennsylvania and later became a successful printer and stationer in Philadelphia. As he heard the news of the March First Movement (1919), a nationwide protest against ruthless Japanese rule in Korea, Jaisohn convened the First Korean Congress which was held in Philadelphia for three days. After the Congress, Jaisohn devoted his energies and private properties for the freedom of Korea. He organized the League of Friends of Korea in 26 cities with the help of Rev. Floyd Tomkins, and established the Korean Information Bureau and published a political journal Korea Review to inform the American public of Korean situations and to persuade the US government to support the freedom for Koreans.

paragraphs: Five years later (1924), Jaisohn went legally bankrupt due to his political engagement and had to resume medical profession to make a living. At age 62, he became a student again at the University of Pennsylvania to renew his medical knowledge. Since then, he published five research articles in the medical journals specialized in pathology. During World War II, he volunteered as a physical examination officer with the belief that the victory of the U.S. would bring freedom to Korea.

paragraphs: Jaisohn returned to Korea once again after Japan's defeat in the World War II. The U.S. Military Government which was in control of the southern part of Korea invited him to serve as the chief advisor. As the date of the first presidential election was confirmed by the United Nations, Jaisohn was petitioned to run for presidency by 3,000 people including young Kim Dae Jung, but he refused in the end. Jaisohn felt that political unity was needed for a new nation despite his uneasy relationship with the president elect Syngman Rhee. He decided to return to the United States in 1948 and died in 1951 during the Korean War.


title: Bruce Forsyth

paragraphs: Sir Bruce Joseph Forsyth-Johnson (22 February 1928 – 18 August 2017) was an English television personality, actor and dancer. He has presented "Sunday Night at the London Palladium", "Play Your Cards Right", "The Generation Game", "You Bet?" and "The Price Is Right". He presented "Strictly Come Dancing" from 2004 to 2013.

paragraphs: Forsyth was born in Edmonton, Middlesex. He was educated at The Latymer School.

paragraphs: In 2008 he was awarded the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. He received a Royal Television Society Lifetime Achievement Award on 17 March 2009. On 26 January 2011 he received the National Television Awards special recognition award.

paragraphs: From 1953 to 1973, Forsyth was married to Penny Calvert. They had three daughters: Debbie, Julie and Laura. According to his autobiography, he dated Miss World 1964 Ann Sidney during her reign. In a 2009 interview, Kathy Kirby said she was Forsyth's lover and that he proposed marriage. From 1973 to 1979, he was married to Anthea Redfern, who was the hostess on "The Generation Game". They had two daughters: Charlotte and Louisa. He fell in love with his fellow judge, Wilnelia Merced, at the 1980 Miss World competition. They married in 1983, and had one son together, Jonathan Joseph Forsyth Johnson (born 1987). By his six children, he had eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren.

paragraphs: On 18 August 2017, Forsyth died at his home in Surrey, England of complications of bronchopneumonia, aged 89.


title: London Heliport

paragraphs: London Heliport at Battersea, London is the capital's main and busiest heliport.

paragraphs: It is on the south bank of the River Thames, 3 nautical miles (3.5 miles or 5.6 km) southwest of Westminster Bridge and the Palace of Westminster. It is on a jetty between Wandsworth Bridge and Battersea Railway Bridge. The nearest railway station is Clapham Junction, and the nearest tube station is Fulham Broadway.

paragraphs: The heliport, once owned by Westland and then Harrods, is a very small site. It uses a concrete surface on a jetty as a helipad for take-off and landing. There is onshore parking for between three and four aircraft, usually just the smaller helicopters. The heliport has landing, parking and refuelling services between 08:00 and 21:00. Flights are permitted between 07:00 and 23:00.

paragraphs: In 2012 it was bought by the Reuben Brothers, for £35 million. In 2016, the heliport's official name became the NetJets London Heliport, after the private jet company signed a branding deal with the owners.

paragraphs: The nearest main line railway station is and the nearest London Underground station is .


title: Bioleaching

paragraphs: Bioleaching is getting metals from their ores by using living organisms. This is much cleaner than the traditional method using cyanide. Bioleaching is one of several methods used to recover copper, zinc, lead, arsenic, antimony, nickel, molybdenum, gold, silver, and cobalt.

paragraphs: Bioleaching uses certain types of bacteria to produce a solution called a "leachate". By leaving these bacteria with a low-grade metal ore, they can produce leachates which have a compound of that metal. Because this is in a solution it can be used in electrolysis to make the pure metal. This only produces small amounts each time, and is repeated to make it economically viable.


title: Francesco Guicciardini

paragraphs: Francesco Guicciardini (March 6, 1483 – May 22, 1540) was an Italian historian and statesman. He is considered one of the major political writers of the Italian Renaissance and the Father of Modern History. He was a friend and critic of Niccolò Machiavelli.

paragraphs: His family was illustrious and noble; after the usual education of a boy in grammar and elementary classical studies, his father, Piero, sent him to the universities of Ferrara and Padua, where he stayed until the year 1505. In 1512, he went to the court of the King of Aragon, Ferdinand the Catholic as ambassador.

paragraphs: In 1515 he became working for the Pope Leo X, who made him governor of Reggio Emilia in 1516 and of Modena in 1517.


title: Cyprus cedar

paragraphs: The Cyprus cedar ("Cedrus brevifolia") is a large coniferous member of the "cedrus" genus and is native to Cyprus where it grows in the Troödos Mountains. It is thought by some experts to be either a variety or a subspecies of the Cedar of Lebanon.

paragraphs: It grows to 25m in height and up to 12m in width. When young it has a conical shape but as it matures it becomes broader with a flattened top. It has bark that is silvery-grey, becoming thickened, with deep cracks as the tree ages. The needle-shaped leaves are grey-green to mid-green, but sometimes bluish-green and they are attached singly to long shoots and in dense cluster of 20-30 on short shoots. The cones are cylindrical, 7–10 cm long and green when young but maturing to a pale brown when they shed their scales and winged seeds.


title: Glaucous

paragraphs: Glaucous is a colour that is bluish-green or bluish-grey. In botany it refers to a pale bluish waxy or powdery layer on a surface such as a leaf or a fruit. In birds it refers to a pale bluish grey colour of the feathers, legs or some other part of the bird.

paragraphs: "Glaucous" appears in the name of some plants and birds. For example, - Glaucous Gull, "(Larus glaucescens)" or Glaucous Macaw, "(Anodorhynchus glaucus)". In botany there is the Glaucous Sedge, "(Carex flacca)" and the Glaucous Michelmas Daisy, "(Symphyotrichum laeve)".

paragraphs: Often grapes, plums and other fruit have a glaucous waxy or powdery layer on the surface of their skin. That layer protects the fruit from water. It can be easily rubbed off.


title: Cliff Richard

paragraphs: Sir Cliff Richard, OBE (born Harry Rodger Webb, 14 October 1940) is a British singer, musician and actor. He is the only male solo artist to have had number one singles in the 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. In November 2013, Richard released his latest album, "The Fabulous Rock 'n' Roll Songbook". This is his 100th album.

paragraphs: Richard was born in Lucknow, India. In 1948 he and his British parents moved from India to England, first moving to Carshalton, Surrey, then to Waltham Cross, followed by Cheshunt, both in Hertfordshire.

paragraphs: Richard began his music career in 1958 and is still performing. His name Richard comes from Little Richard. His backing group are The Shadows. He performed the United Kingdom entry at the Eurovision Song Contest in 1968 and in 1973.

paragraphs: In 1980 Richard was given an OBE. In 1995, he became a Knight. This means that he has a 'Sir' in front of his name. A person is given a Knighthood by The Queen.

paragraphs: Between 1960 and 1963 Richard presented "The Cliff Richard Show".

paragraphs: In 2008 a book that he wrote about his life so far, "My Life My Way" was published. It was also released as an audiobook.

paragraphs: Richard is a devout Christian. He has never married.

paragraphs: In August 2013, Richard's Berkshire home was searched by police over a claim of sexual assault on a boy aged under 16 in 1985. He was not arrested or charged.


title: Guido Cavalcanti

paragraphs: Guido Cavalcanti (1259 – August 1300) was an Italian poet from Florence. He was the best friend of Dante Alighieri as well as an influence on his thinking. Cavalcanti is one of the most important poet of Dolce stil novo, and he is widely regarded as the first major poet of Italian literature.

paragraphs: Cavalcanti was born into a noble Guelph family; his father was Cavalcante de Cavalcanti. In 1267 he got married to Bice, daughter of Farinata degli Uberti, leader of the Florentine Ghibellines. In 1284 he became a member of the general council, together with Brunetto Latini and Dino Compagni. On June 24 1300 he was exiled, so he went to Sarzana. On August 19 of the same year he could return in Florence, but he died after a few days, on August 29.

paragraphs: Guido Cavalcanti wrote sonnets and ballads. Only fifty two poems by the poet are known today. Hist best works are the canzone "Donna mi prega" ("A lady asks me"), the ballad "I' prego voi che di dolor parlate" ("I ask you that speak about suffering") and the sonnet "L’anima mia vilment’ è sbigotita" ("My soul is in distress").

paragraphs: Cavalcanti's poems were translated into English by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Ezra Pound and A.S. Kline.


title: Kadena Air Base

paragraphs: The military base is in the towns of Kadena and Chatan and the city of Okinawa in Okinawa Prefecture.

paragraphs: During the invasion of Okinawa in 1945, the airport was bombed by the US. The damage was repaired and it became a US air base.

paragraphs: The American air base on this Japanese island is controversial.


title: Suruga Province

paragraphs: Suruga had borders with Izu, Kai, Sagami, Shinano, and Tōtōmi provinces. The province had access to the Pacific Ocean at Suruga Bay.

paragraphs: Suruga was one of the original provinces of Japan. It was established in the Nara period as part of the Taihō Code reforms.

paragraphs: During the Kamakura period, Suruga was controlled by the Hōjō clan.

paragraphs: In the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road was the main route between the Imperial capital at Kyoto and the main city of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The road passed through Suruga.

paragraphs: Tokugawa Ieyasu lived in Sumpu Castle in Suruga when he retired from the role of Shōgun. He died at Sunpu.

paragraphs: During the Edo period, the chief shogunate official in Sumpu was the "Sunpu jōdai".

paragraphs: After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the last Tokugawa Shōgun, Tokugawa Yoshinobu retired to Suruga.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s. Being located near Mt. Fuji made Suruga a popular place to make maps during the Meiji period.

paragraphs: "Sengen jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Suruga.


title: The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey

paragraphs: The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey is a 2012 epic fantasy and adventure movie. It is the first part of the Hobbit trilogy.

paragraphs: The movie took in over $1 billion overall.

paragraphs: Bilbo Baggins gets a request from Gandalf to go on a journey. Later that night, a group of dwarves visited Bilbo's house.


title: The Hobbit (movie series)

paragraphs: The Hobbit is a three-part fantasy movie. These parts are "The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey" (2012), "The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug" (2013) and "The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies" (2014). The movies are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book "The Hobbit".


title: Variety (botany)

paragraphs: In botany, variety is a rank (like species or subspecies) or a taxon in that rank. Like a subspecies, a variety gets a three-part name (a trinomial); such a variety name will include the name of the species and the variety epithet. The term "variety" is often shortened to "var." Some examples of this use are:

paragraphs: A variety is a plant that is different in some way, and continues to be different, from the rest of the species but is not different enough for it to be classified as a new species or as a sub-species. This difference will usually be bigger than those of a form; a form will have one or more small differences, for example, different coloured flowers, lack of thorns, variegation or different coloured leaves. These variations come about by natural evolutionary process to which most plants are subject. However, a taxonomist can use his own judgement as to at what rank he wants to recognize a different plant. What one taxonomist will call a variety, another will call just a form, or will decide not to recognize as being distinct.

paragraphs: Different varieties of a species will be able to breed together if given the opportunity (just like subspecies, and forms, or for that matter many species).

paragraphs: A variety is not to be confused with a cultivar, which is something else entirely. The name of a cultivar can be recognized because it includes an epithet that is written with initial capital letters, in a different font and is set in single quote marks as shown in these examples:


title: Boris Godunov

paragraphs: Boris Fyodorovich Godunov (, c. 1551 – ) was a famous tsar (emperor) of Russia. He ruled as a regent from about 1585 to 1598 and then as tsar from 1598 to 1605. In many ways he was a good tsar, but he had not inherited the throne. He became more and more anxious that a pretender would come who would claim to be Dmitri, the son of the previous tsar, Ivan IV (Ivan the Terrible) and try to get the throne. Dmitri had actually been murdered. The story of Boris Godunov is told in Pushkin’s play "Boris Godunov" and in Mussorgsky’s opera "Boris Godunov", but the story told by Pushkin and Mussorgsky is probably not exactly how it really happened. Both Pushkin and Mussorgsky had read a book on Russian history written by the court historian Karamzin, written in 1803. Karamzin describes Godunov as a powerful tsar who was also a weak human being, but he changed some historical facts to fit in with this theory.

paragraphs: Boris came from a boyar family (i.e. they belonged to the nobility). His parents were dead and he was brought up at the court of the Tsar in Moscow. The Tsar who ruled was Ivan IV, known as Ivan the Terrible who really was a very cruel ruler. He ruled for more than 50 years. Boris was very close to the royal family. One of the Tsar’s sons, Fyodor, who was not very intelligent. He married Irina, the sister of Boris. The Tsar killed his eldest son. When the Tsar died he had a son Dmitry who was only two years old. Dmitri was not allowed to become tsar, because he was the son of Ivan’s 7th marriage, and the rules of the Russian Orthodox Church were that no one should be allowed to marry more than three times (of course, no one had dared to try to stop Ivan from all those marriages). So Fyodor became Tsar Fyodor I. He was not bright enough to rule himself. We would probably say that he was mentally disabled, or that he had “learning difficulties”. Boris therefore became regent: he ruled for him. Some boyars were against Boris, but Boris somehow managed to silence them. In some ways Boris did a good job. He made Russia a safer place, fighting back the Tatars in the south and making strong contacts with Europe. He built towns and fortresses, made sure that Western Siberia was firmly under Moscow’s control, and made the head of the Muscovite Church a patriarch. In 1598 Fyodor died and Irina should have become Tsarina, but she refused and went to live in a convent. The boyars voted for Boris to become Tsar.

paragraphs: At first everything went well, but in 1601-1603 the harvest was bad and many poor people starved. The people became angry with the Tsar, because he had made very strict rules which took away the rights of the serfs (most of the poor people were serfs). There were still several royal families in Russia. They started to plot against Boris because they saw him as a threat to themselves. Boris got lots of spies to watch these families. He accused the families of treason and sent some of them to Siberia or to monasteries in the north or Russia. One of these families were the Romanovs who were later to produce a long line of tsars.

paragraphs: While this crisis was happening a young man called Grigory Otrepev arrived. He was a pretender. He said that he was Dmitry, Ivan’s youngest son who had been murdered in 1591. At the time people had said that it was an accident, caused by the boy’s epilepsy. But some people thought that Boris had murdered him (or ordered him to be murdered) so that he himself could become Tsar. The pretender said that he had actually escaped from the people who were trying to murder him. The pretender got lots of people on his side, including Poles and Cossacks. He marched towards Moscow. Boris’s armies tried to stop them, but then Boris died suddenly. Dmitri (as he called himself) was able to march into Moscow and (falsely) claim the throne.

paragraphs: A period of chaos followed in Russia with many deaths and changes of rulers. This lasted until Micael Romanov was chosen as Tsar in 1613.

paragraphs: It is now thought that the Romanov family made up evidence to make things looks as if Boris Godunov had been guilty of the murder of Ivan’s son. Karamzin, who later wrote a history of Russia, made it look as if it were true that Boris had murdered him. When Pushkin wrote his play "Boris Godunov" he followed Karamzin’s version of the story and this is also the story as told in Mussorgsky’s opera "Boris Godunov".


title: Iced tea

paragraphs: Iced tea (also known as ice tea) is cold tea (drink) usually served in a glass with ice.

paragraphs: Sometimes, sugar is added to iced tea. This is sometimes called "sweet tea". Sometimes, fruit flavors like lemon, peach, or raspberry are added to the tea.

paragraphs: Many kinds of iced tea can be bought in bottles or cans.


title: Walt Whitman

paragraphs: Walter "Walt" Whitman (May 31, 1819 – March 26, 1892) was an American poet, essayist and journalist. He was an important American poet of the 19th century.

paragraphs: His most famous collection of poems is "Leaves of Grass", which was first published in 1855 with his own money. The work was an attempt at reaching out to the common person. Whitman kept adding to this book right up until he died of pneumonia, in 1892. It was controversial because readers thought it was obscene. It included some sexuality.

paragraphs: Whitman was either bisexual or homosexual. However, there is disagreement about whether Whitman had actual sexual experiences with men.

paragraphs: Whitman was deeply influenced by deism. He denied any one faith was more important than another, and embraced all religions equally.

paragraphs: Whitman first tried writing in many different popular genres. In 1850, he began writing "Leaves of Grass", a collection of poetry which he would continue working on until his death. Whitman wanted to write an epic that was clearly American, using free verse. At the end of June 1855, Whitman surprised his brothers with the first copies of "Leaves of Grass". His brother George "didn't think it worth reading".

paragraphs: Whitman paid for the publication of the first version of "Leaves of Grass" himself and had it printed at a local print shop. A total of 795 copies were printed. The first page was an image of Whitman, but he doesn't write his name until 500 lines into the body of the text. Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote a kind five-page letter to Whitman and praised the book to friends. The first edition of "Leaves of Grass" was very popular, but was some people didn't like the "obscene" or offensive parts of the poetry.

paragraphs: In the months after the first edition of "Leaves of Grass", people became more upset about the sexual themes. Because of this, the publisher almost did not release the second edition. In 1856, 20 new poems were added. Different versions of "Leaves of Grass" continued to be published throughout the rest of Whitman's life. Many famous writers like Amos Bronson Alcott and Henry David Thoreau liked the work enough to visit Whitman.


title: Boyar

paragraphs: A boyar was a member of the ruling nobility in medieval Russia and some other Slavic countries such as Bulgaria. The boyars held the most important jobs in the army. They met in a group called the duma and gave advice to the ruling prince or, in later times, the tsar. In the 13th and 14th centuries they were rich landowners who could advise the prince, but they were free to go and work for another prince if they wanted to.

paragraphs: In Moscow from the 15th to the 17th centuries they were a closely bonded aristocracy. There were about 200 boyar families. Their ancestors were former princes, or Moscow boyar families or foreign aristocrats. They were not nobility in the European sense. Many of them had bad manners and not many of them could read. They did not travel, and they were suspicious of anything foreign

paragraphs: In the 17th century they started to lose power. In the early 18th century Tsar Peter the Great abolished the title of boyar.


title: Pretender

paragraphs: A pretender is someone who says that he or she has the right to be ruler. The word is often used to describe someone who claims that they have the right to be king, queen, emperor etc. They claim that the ruler who is on the throne should not be there.

paragraphs: Sometimes people call such a person a "claimant". The person may be an imposter (someone who is pretending to be someone else). Often they are pretending to be a prince or other royal person who is missing or whom people think is dead. However, they may have a genuine right to the throne. The word "pretend" comes from the French word "prétendre" (from the Latin "praetendo" lit. "to stretch out before"). It means: to profess, to make a loud statement. In modern English the word "pretend" means "to claim falsely".


title: Native American mythology

paragraphs: Native American mythology is the body of traditional stories associated with Native American religion.