paragraphs: The Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center, is a large federal building and foreign trade organization center located in Washington, D.C.. It was opened on May 8, 1998.

paragraphs: It is named after former United States President Ronald Reagan. It is the first federal building in Washington, D.C. designed for both governmental and private society reasons. It is the second largest government building in the Washington Metropolitan Area.

paragraphs: A piece of the Berlin Wall is in the building.


title: The Reagan Diaries

paragraphs: The Reagan Diaries is an edited version of diaries written by Ronald Reagan while he was President of the United States.

paragraphs: The book is edited by Douglas Brinkley. The unedited version of Reagan's diaries were published in 2009. Ronald Reagan was president for eight years. During his terms in office, Reagan wrote in his diary about conflicts with the Soviet Union, the Iran–Contra affair, the fall of the Berlin Wall, and his Alzheimer's diagnoses. The edited diaries reached #1 on the New York Times Bestseller List.

paragraphs: Reagan's original diary is on display at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library.


title: Forgotten Coast

paragraphs: Florida's Forgotten Coast is a registered trademark. The Apalachicola Bay Chamber of Commerce registered it in the early 1990s. The name refers to a mostly quiet, undeveloped (few buildings) part of coastline from Mexico Beach on the Gulf of Mexico to St. Marks on Apalachee Bay in the U.S. state of Florida. The nearest large city is Tallahassee. It is about 90 miles (145 km) northeast of Apalachicola. Panama City, home of Tyndall Air Force Base, is about 60 miles (95 km) to the northwest.

paragraphs: The Forgotten Coast includes these coastal communities (towns), listed west to east:

paragraphs: The area is famous for its oyster and shrimp production, marine wildlife, and fine white-sand beaches. Peninsulas and barrier islands along the coast include:


title: Johnny Vegas

paragraphs: Johnny Vegas (born Michael Joseph Pennington; 5 September 1970) is an English actor and comedian. He is best known for his role as Geoff Maltby (The Oracle) in "Benidorm". His style comedy include: his angry rants, surreal humour, portly figure, high husky voice and support of St Helens rugby league club.

paragraphs: Vegas was born in St Helens, Lancashire, England. He was married to Catherine "Kitty" Donnelly from 2002 until they divorced in 2008. He married Irish columnist Maia Dunphy in 2011 in Seville, Spain. He is a Christian, having returned to religion after having lapsed during adolescence. He lives in London.


title: Holocene calendar

paragraphs: The Holocene calendar, or Human era (HE), is a year numbering system that adds 10,000 years to the present "Anno Domini" (AD) or Common Era (CE) system. It puts the first year near the beginning of the Holocene epoch and the Neolithic revolution. People who like the HE system say that it makes for easier geological, archeological, dendrochronological and historical dating.

paragraphs: The current year of 2021 can be made into a Holocene year by adding the number "1" before it, making it 12021 . The HE idea was first thought of by the scientist Cesare Emiliani in 1993 (11993 ).

paragraphs: Reasons for wanting a new calendar include:

paragraphs: Instead, HE starts at 10001 . This is a rough approximation of the start of the current geologic epoch, the Holocene or Recent period. settlements, first cities and agriculture probably started in this period. All important dates in human history can then be listed using a simple increasing date scale with smaller dates always before larger dates.

paragraphs: Conversion to the Human Era from Julian or Gregorian AD years can be achieved by adding 10,000. BC years are converted by subtracting the BC year from 10,001.

paragraphs: A useful check is that the last single number of BC and HE equivalent pairs must add up to 1 or 11.


title: Michael Fassbender

paragraphs: Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is a German and Irish actor. He is best known for appearing in the movies "Inglourious Basterds" (2009), "" (2011), "Prometheus" (2012), "12 Years a Slave" (2013), and "" (2014).

paragraphs: Fassbender was born in Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, West Germany (now Germany). His mother, Adele, is Irish and his father, Josef, is German. When he was two years old, his parents moved to Killarney, County Kerry, in the Republic of Ireland. He lives in London, England. He is fluent in both English and German.


title: Jan Brewer

paragraphs: Janice Kay Brewer (Jan in short; born September 26, 1944) is an American politician. She served as Governor of Arizona from 2009 to 2015. She is the fourth woman in Arizona to hold the position of Governor. Brewer is a Republican.

paragraphs: Brewer was born Janice Drinkwine in Hollywood, California. She attended Glendale Community College.


title: Bangaru Laxman

paragraphs: Bangaru Laxman (17 March 1939 – 1 March 2014) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He was President of the party from 2000 to 2001.

paragraphs: Laxman was also the minister of state for railways in Government of India from 1999 to 2000. He was sentenced to four years in jail for a defense deal corruption case. He was a member of the BJP and the RSS.

paragraphs: Laxman died in Hyderabad, India from cardiac arrest, aged 74.


title: Tony Benn

paragraphs: Anthony Neil Wedgwood ‘Tony’ Benn, (3 April 1925 – 14 March 2014), formerly 2nd Viscount Stansgate, was a British Labour Party politician.

paragraphs: Benn was born in Marylebone, London, England. He was married to Caroline DeCamp (1926–2000) from 1949 until her death. Their four children are: Stephen, Hilary, Melissa and Joshua. He had been a vegetarian since 1970. He was also an agnostic.

paragraphs: Benn inherited the title of Viscount Stansgate from his father, William Wedgwood Benn, in 1960. He became the first peer to renounce his title. This made him able to become a Member of Parliament (MP) in 1963. He was a Cabinet Minister under Harold Wilson and James Callaghan. From 2001 to his death, he was President of the Stop the War Coalition.

paragraphs: Benn died after an illness on 14 March 2014 in London. He was 88 years old. He was outlived by his children.


title: Divergent (movie)

paragraphs: Divergent is a 2014 American science-fiction action movie directed by Neil Burger. It stars Kate Winslet, Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Ashley Judd. It is based on the book by Veronica Roth. The music was composed by Junkie XL and Hans Zimmer. It is set in the future in Chicago, Illinois. It was released on March 21, 2014.

paragraphs: The movie tells the story of a future in which only Chicago exists. The people are put into five groups: Abnegation are the people who help other people; Candor are the people who tell the truth; Erudite are the people with knowledge; Amity are the hard-working people, and Dauntless are the brave soldiers. When people are teenagers, they are tested and then they have to choose a group.

paragraphs: Beatrice Prior is a teen from an Abnegation family. During her test, she does not fit into any one group. This is called being Divergent. The society does not like people who are divergent, because they do not fit in. Beatrice chooses to join Dauntless and become a soldier. While she is being trained by the military instructor named Four, they learn about a plot by the Erudite group to kill all of the Abnegation people and take control of the city.


title: O Rei do Gado

paragraphs: O Rei do Gado is a Brazilian telenovela. It is produced by Rede Globo.


title: Kyyjärvi

paragraphs: Kyyjärvi is a municipality in Central Finland. About 1,430 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Karstula, Kivijärvi, Perho and Soini. There is also a lake called Kyyjärvi what is located in the Kyyjärvi municipality.


title: Perho

paragraphs: Perho is a municipality in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. About 2,930 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Alajärvi, Halsua, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Kyyjärvi, Lestijärvi, Veteli and Vimpeli.


title: Kinnula

paragraphs: Kinnula is a municipality in Central Finland. Almost 1,780 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kivijärvi, Lestijärvi, Perho, Pihtipudas, Reisjärvi and Viitasaari.


title: Piero Tosi

paragraphs: Piero Tosi (10 April 1927 – 10 August 2019) was an Italian costume designer. He was known for his works in "Senso", "Bellissima", "The Leopard", "Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", "Death in Venice", "The Night Porter", and "La Traviata".

paragraphs: He won the David di Donatello for Best Costumes twice. He also won the BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design twice, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Costume Design five times.

paragraphs: Tosi died in Rome on 10 August 2019, at the age of 92.


title: Hildegard Hamm-Brücher

paragraphs: Hildegard Hamm-Brücher (May 11, 1921 – December 7, 2016) was a German liberal politician. She was the federal state secretar from 1969 to 1972 and from 1977 to 1982. In 1993 she became the Free Democratic Party's candidate for the federal presidency elections to be held the following year.

paragraphs: Hamm-Brücher was born in Essen, Germany. She died in Berlin, Germany on December 7, 2016 from congestive heart failure, aged 95.


title: Jürgen Möllemann

paragraphs: Jürgen Wilhelm Möllemann (15 July 1945 – 5 June 2003) was a German politician of the Free Democratic Party.

paragraphs: He served as Minister of State at the Foreign Office (1982–1987), as Federal Minister of Education and Research (1987–1991), as Federal Minister of Economics (1991–1993).

paragraphs: He served as Vice Chancellor of Germany (1992–1993) in the government of Chancellor Helmut Kohl.

paragraphs: Möllemann was born in Augsburg, Germany.

paragraphs: He was accused of illegal arms deals and tax evasion. After his parliamentary immunity had been lifted, he (probably) committed suicide by not opening his reserve parachute after jumping off an airplane. He was aged 57.


title: Klaus Kinkel

paragraphs: Klaus Kinkel (17 December 1936 – 4 March 2019) was a German civil servant, lawyer, and politician. He was a member of the Free Democratic Party (FDP).

paragraphs: He served as Federal Minister of Justice (1991–1992), Foreign Minister (1992–1998) and Vice Chancellor of Germany (1993–1998) in the government of Helmut Kohl.

paragraphs: He was also chairman of the liberal Free Democratic Party from 1993 to 1995. He was President of the Federal Intelligence Service (1979–1982).

paragraphs: Kinkel was born in Metzingen, Baden-Württemberg. He died on 4 March 2019 in Sankt Augustin, North Rhine-Westphalia, aged 82.


title: Arduíno Colasanti

paragraphs: Arduíno Colasanti (15 February 1936 – 22 February 2014) was an Italian-Brazilian actor from Livorno, Tuscany. He appeared in over thirty movies between 1967 and 2010.

paragraphs: Colasanti died from respiratory failure on 22 February 2014 in Niterói, Brazil. He was 78 years old.


title: My Ruin

paragraphs: My Ruin is a metal band from Los Angeles. The members are Tairrie B and her husband Mick Murphy.

paragraphs: My Ruin was started by Tairrie B in February 1999. "Speak And Destroy" was released on 23rd August 1999. Kerrang! gave the album a good review. In 2000 the band's second album "A Prayer Under Pressure of Violent Anguish" was released. The band's third album was released on 23 October 2003.


title: Alain Resnais

paragraphs: Alain Resnais (; 3 June 1922 – 1 March 2014) was a French movie director, actor, editor and screenwriter. His career has lasted over more than six decades. He was born in Vannes, Morbihan. He was first married to Florence Malraux (daughter of the French statesman and writer André Malraux).

paragraphs: At first, Resnais wanted to become a comedian actor, but he ended up making short films. Most of these films were produced in the late 1940s and early 1950s. Many are documentaries. The best known are probably Van Gogh (1949), Guernica (1950) and Night and Fog (1955). His longer films include "Hiroshima mon amour" (1959), "Last Year at Marienbad" (1961), and "Muriel" (1963). All of the films are important for the history of cinema.

paragraphs: Resnais was awarded multiple prizes for his work, including several César Awards.

paragraphs: Resnais died on 1 March 2014 in Paris. He was 91 years old. He was outlived by his second wife, actress Sabine Azéma.


title: Konnevesi

paragraphs: Konnevesi is a municipality in Central Finland. About 2,850 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Hankasalmi, Laukaa, Rautalampi, Vesanto and Äänekoski.

paragraphs: Konnevesi was established in 1922. The name comes from a lake called Lake Konnevesi.


title: Anne Cox Chambers

paragraphs: Anne Cox Chambers (December 1, 1919 – January 31, 2020) was an American media owner. She held the largest share of Cox Enterprises. The company is a mass media group that includes newspaper, television, radio and cable television. It is the third largest cable company in the United States.

paragraphs: In 1973 Chambers became the first woman bank director in Atlanta. From 1977 to 1981 she was the United States Ambassador to Belgium under President Jimmy Carter. From 1981 to 1991 Chambers was the director of The Coca-Cola Company.

paragraphs: She was the daughter of James M. Cox. He was a newspaper publisher and 1920 Democratic Presidential . Her overall was estimated by "Forbes" magazine at $12.4 million. This is based mostly on her equity in Cox Enterprises. Cox Chambers was born in Dayton, Ohio.

paragraphs: From 1977 through 1981, she was Ambassador to Belgium during the Jimmy Carter presidency.

paragraphs: Chambers died on January 31, 2020 in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 100.


title: Vesanto

paragraphs: Vesanto is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 2,300 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Keitele, Konnevesi, Rautalampi, Tervo, Viitasaari and Äänekoski. Vesanto was established in 1871.

paragraphs: The economy in Vesanto involves a lot of agriculture.

paragraphs: Harinkaa, Horonkylä, Järvenpää, Niinivesi, Sonkari and Tiitilänkylä.


title: Keitele

paragraphs: Keitele is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. In January 2014, 2,430 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Pielavesi, Pihtipudas, Tervo, Vesanto and Viitasaari.

paragraphs: The municipality was established in 1879, but camp sites been found from the 1300s.

paragraphs: Hamula, Koutajärvi, Kukertaja, Leppäselkä, Pahkamäki, Petäjäkylä, Sulkavanjärvi, Tossavanlahti, Viinikkala, Vuonamo, Äyräpää and Hemminki.


title: Car-free movement

paragraphs: The car-free movement is an informal network of individuals and organizations who would like to see cars used less in modern cities. It includes social activists, urban planners and others who would like to see alternative ways of moving people for environment or quality of life. They encourage walking, cycling or use of public transportation.


title: Kicksled

paragraphs: Kicksled is a vehicle that is used in winter time. The kicksled was invented in 1800s in Sweden.


title: Larry Sellers

paragraphs: Larry Sellers (born October 2, 1949) is an American actor. His best known role is "Cloud Dancing" in the television series "Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman".


title: Kinematics

paragraphs: Kinematics is the branch of classical mechanics which describes the motion of points, bodies (objects) and systems of bodies (groups of objects) without looking at the cause of this motion. The term was translated from French; A.M. Ampère used the term "cinématique". He constructed the term form the Greek , kinema (movement, motion), derived from , kinein (to move). The study of "kinematics" is often referred to as the "geometry of motion."

paragraphs: To describe motion, kinematics studies the paths of points, lines and other geometric objects in space, and some of their properties such as velocity and acceleration. Astrophysics uses kinematics to describe the motion of celestial bodies and systems. Mechanical engineering, robotics and biomechanics use it to describe the motion of systems composed of joined parts such as an engine, a robotic arm or the skeleton of the human body.

paragraphs: The study of kinematics can be abstracted into purely mathematical functions. It is possible to represent rotation with elements of the unit circle in the complex plane. Other planar algebras are used to represent the shear mapping of classical motion in absolute time and space and to represent the Lorentz transformations of relativistic space and time. Mathematicians have developed a science of kinematic geometry, which uses time as a parameter.

paragraphs: Certain geometric transformations which are called rigid transformations have been developed to describe the movement of components of a mechanical system. These transformations simplify the derivation of its equations of motion, and is central to dynamic analysis.

paragraphs: Kinematic analysis is the process of measuring the kinematic quantities used to describe motion. In engineering, kinematic analysis may be used to find the range of movement for a given mechanism, and, working in reverse, kinematic synthesis designs a mechanism for a desired range of motion. In addition, "kinematics" applies algebraic geometry to the study of the mechanical advantage of a mechanical system, or mechanism.


title: System of measurement

paragraphs: A system of measurement is a set of related measures that are used to give a numeric value to something. A "system of measurement" is also known as a "metric". There are many systems of measurement. Some systems of measurement describe physical systems. Other systems of measurement describe economic systems.

paragraphs: The term "system of measurement" is often used in engineering application to describe a set of operational devices that take measurements.

paragraphs: In metrology, the term "system of measurement" is often used as a synonym for system of units.

paragraphs: The international standard system is the International System of Units. Other systems in common use are the closely related United States customary units and British imperial units.

paragraphs: A system of measurement that describes economic systems is called an econometric system. An econometric system uses quantities such as Gross domestic product and money supply to model an economic system.


title: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman

paragraphs: Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman is an American television series, created between 1993 and 1998. There were 6 seasons of episodes made and 2 feature movies ("" in 1999 and "" in 2001).

paragraphs: The main character is a female doctor; Michaela Quinn from Boston. As a female she could not work there as a doctor and she decided to go to the Wild West town of Colorado Springs. At first people are suspicious there, too but she soon gains their trust.

paragraphs: She meets there Byron Sully with whom she befriends and falls in love eventually. She also adopts three young children whose mother dies unexpectedly.


title: Viitasaari

paragraphs: Viitasaari is a small city in Central Finland. The municipalities next to it are Kannonkoski, Keitele, Kinnula, Kivijärvi, Pihtipudas, Vesanto and Äänekoski. Most people speak Finnish

paragraphs: Viitasaari is known about lakes and rapids.


title: Kit (association football)

paragraphs: In association football kit means the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The terms "kit", "strip", and in North-American English "uniform" all mean the same thing.

paragraphs: The Laws of the Game define the minimum kit a player must use.


title: Ricin

paragraphs: Ricin is a poison. It is a highly toxic, naturally occurring protein. It is produced in the seeds of the castor oil plant "Ricinus communis".

paragraphs: A dose the size of a few grains of table salt can kill an adult human. The median lethal dose (LD) of ricin is around 22 micrograms per kilogram (1.78 mg for an average adult, around of a standard aspirin tablet/0.4 g gross) in humans if injected or inhaled. Oral exposure to ricin is far less toxic and a lethal dose can be up to 30–40 milligrams per kilogram.

paragraphs: Ricin prevents cells from assembling various amino acids into proteins, and death occurs after a few hours up to a day. Ricin has been used as a terrorist weapon, including the assassination of Georgi Markov in 1978, supposedly by the KGB.


title: Battle of Perryville

paragraphs: The Battle of Perryville was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on October 8, 1862. Neither side won the battle.


title: James Longstreet

paragraphs: James Longstreet was a Confederate general during the American Civil War. He was born in 1821 in South Carolina. He grew up in Georgia. Longstreet graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1842. He fought in the Army of Northern Virginia. Longstreet died in 1904.


title: English country dance

paragraphs: The English country dance is a very social type of folk dance. It started during the English Renaissance from the 15th through 17th centuries. This dance was popular until the 19th century in Europe, the United States and American colonies.

paragraphs: This dance came back in the early 20th century. It is done mostly in North America and around Britain.

paragraphs: There are many versions: clockwise, counter-clockwise, cross-over, double and the figure of 8.


title: Siege of Vicksburg

paragraphs: The Siege of Vicksburg was a major battle of the American Civil War. It took place in Mississippi from May 18 to July 4, 1863. Union general Ulysses S. Grant surrounded the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. The Confederate Army, commanded by John C. Pemberton, surrendered on July 4. Now the Union forces controlled the Mississippi River.


title: Crowsnest Pass

paragraphs: Crowsnest Pass is a mountain pass in the Canadian Rockies between Alberta and British Columbia. The Canadian Pacific Railway goes through the pass.


title: 2014 Formula One World Championship

paragraphs: The 2014 Formula One season is the 65th season of the Formula One World Championship. The motor racing championship is the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars.

paragraphs: The 2014 season started with the Aussie Grand Prix on 16 March 2014. The last race of the season is the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix on 23 November 2014. Eleven teams and twenty-two drivers are competing in nineteen Grands Prix.

paragraphs: The Formula 1 World Champion in Abu Dhabi was Lewis Hamilton. He finished 1st in the race.


title: Ryhor Baradulin

paragraphs: Ryhor Baradulin (; February 24, 1935 - March 2, 2014) was a Belarusian poet, essayist, editor, publisher and translator. Baradulin was the last Belarusian to be honored as a People's Poet (1992). His career began in 1953. He was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2006.

paragraphs: Baradulin was born in Verasowka, Belarus. He studied at the Belarusian State University in Minsk. Baradulin died on March 2, 2014 from heart failure. He was aged 79. He is survived by his wife Valentina Baradulin.


title: Xosé María Díaz Castro

paragraphs: Xosé María Díaz Castro (19 February 1914, Guitiriz – 2 October 1990, Lugo) was a Galician poet and translator.

paragraphs: Galician Literature Day is dedicated to him in 2014.

paragraphs: To Spanish: Verner von Heidenstam, Henrik Pontoppidan, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen, Rainer Maria Rilke, William Butler Yeats, T. S. Eliot, Walt Whitman, G. K. Chesterton, Frederick Forsyth, Friedrich Schiller, Arthur Rimbaud, Paul Valéry, Alphonse de Lamartine and Paul Claudel.

paragraphs: To English: Federico García Lorca and Rafael Alberti.


title: Molly Bobak

paragraphs: Molly Bobak, (Molly Lamb; February 25, 1919 – March 2, 2014) was a Canadian teacher, writer, printmaker and painter. During World War II, she was the first Canadian woman artist into be sent to a battlefield to see Canada's war effort.

paragraphs: Bobak was born Molly Lamb in Vancouver, British Columbia. She studied at Vancouver School of Art. Bobak died in Fredericton, New Brunswick from natural causes, aged 95.


title: Arrondissement of Auxerre

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Auxerre is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Yonne "département" in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Auxerre.

paragraphs: When the Yonne department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Auxerre was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Auxerre is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Sens, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Avallon, to the south by the Nièvre (Burgundy) department and to the west by the Loiret (Centre-Val de Loire) department.

paragraphs: It has an area of , the largest in area of the "arrondissements" of the department. It has 179,922 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Auxerre, there are six cantons where not all their "communes" are in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Auxerre has 171 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:


title: Igor Shafarevich

paragraphs: Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Russian mathematician. He contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. He also wrote books and articles which criticise socialism. He was an important dissident during the Soviet regime. He was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine.

paragraphs: Shafarevich died on 19 February 2017 in Moscow, at the age of 93.


title: Iran hostage crisis

paragraphs: The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States. Fifty-two American diplomats and citizens were held hostage for 444 days (November 4, 1979, to January 20, 1981).

paragraphs: It happened after a group of Iranian students supporting the Iranian Revolution took over the US Embassy in Tehran. President Jimmy Carter called the hostages "victims of terrorism and anarchy," adding that "the United States will not yield to blackmail."

paragraphs: The U.S. tried to free the hostages during the crisis, but failed when rescue officials were killed in a helicopter crash.

paragraphs: The hostages were released just as Ronald Reagan was being inaugurated as President.


title: M. Karunanidhi

paragraphs: Muthuvel Karunanidhi (born Dakshinamurthy; 3 June 1924 – 7 August 2018) was an Indian politician. He has served as the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu five different times. He is the head of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), a Dravidian political party in the state of Tamil Nadu. He has been the leader of the DMK since the death of its founder, C. N. Annadurai, in 1969.

paragraphs: Karunanidhi was born in Thirukuvalai, Tiruvarur, British India. He was an atheist. Karunanidhi died in Chennai at a hospital from multiple organ failure on 7 August 2018, aged 94.


title: Oath of office of the President of the United States

paragraphs: The oath of office of the President of the United States is an oath that the president as he takes office. The Chief Justice of the United States gives the oath to the President of the United States.

paragraphs: The oath is ordered by the United States Constitution (Article II, Section One, Clause 8), and is given before the President begins his term of office.

paragraphs: It is unknown how many presidents used a Bible or added the words "So help me God" at the end of the oath, or in their acceptance of the oath, as neither is required by law.


title: Pierre Cardin

paragraphs: Pierre Cardin (), (born Pietro Cardin; 2 July 1922) is an Italian-born French fashion designer. Cardin was known for his avant-garde style and his Space Age designs. Cardin was made UNESCO Goodwill Ambassador in 1991.


title: Pac (wrestler)

paragraphs: Benjamin Satterly (born 22 August 1986) is a English professional wrestler. He currently wrestles under the ring name "PAC”. He has also wrestled under the ring names Adrian Neville in the WWE's developmental territory, NXT and Pac in the Independent circuit. He is currently signed to AEW. He is a former one-time NXT Champion and a former two-time NXT Tag Team Champion with Oliver Grey and Corey Graves.

paragraphs: On the 16 January 2013 episode of "NXT", he made his WWE debut under the ring name Adrian Neville defeating Sakamoto.

paragraphs: On the 13 February episode of NXT (originally taped on 31 January), Neville along with Oliver Grey, won the finals of tournament to crown the first NXT Tag Team Champions by defeating the Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan). When Grey suffered a torn ACL (in storyline caused by the Wyatt Family), Neville decided to choose Bo Dallas as his new partner in April. On the 8 May episode of NXT (taped on 2 May), during the team's first defence, Neville and Dallas lost the championships to the Wyatt Family.

paragraphs: At NXT Arrival, Neville was able to win the NXT Championship when he defeated Bo Dallas in a ladder match. On December 11, at the event, Neville lost the championship to Sami Zayn.


title: Frozen

paragraphs: Frozen is a 2013 American computer-animated musical fantasy-comedy movie based on Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale "The Snow Queen". It is produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.

paragraphs: The movie is about a princess named Anna, and her sister Elsa who becomes queen. There is also a funny talking snowman called Olaf. In the popular movie, Elsa sings a song called "Let It Go," which became very popular and it is a 52nd movie. "Frozen" was released on November 27, 2013 and has the voices of Kristen Bell and Idina Menzel in speaking and singing roles.

paragraphs: "Frozen" got great reviews from movie critics. It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Animated Feature Film.

paragraphs: Anna and Elsa are two princess sisters who live in Arendelle. Elsa, now queen of Arendelle, has the power of working with snow and ice, but her power gets out of control and upsets the people of Arendelle. Not wanting to hurt anyone, Elsa runs away and makes her own palace for herself. Meanwhile, Anna sets off in the snow and ice to bring Elsa back and make things right with her. On the way, she meets Kristoff, a friendly iceman, and Olaf, a funny snowman made alive by Elsa and who dreams of seeing summer.

paragraphs: Hans wants to marry Anna, but he tells her he only wants to marry her to destroy Elsa and get her royal status. As Hans raises his sword over Elsa, Anna stops Hans and as a result turns to a frozen statue. Elsa weeps out of love for the frozen Anna, and this thaws Anna back to life. Seeing this, Olaf realizes that an act of true love is what thaws a frozen heart. With the power of love, Elsa stops the icy spell over Arendelle, and all of Arendelle live happily ever after, including Olaf, who is able to see summer with a snow flurry over his head to keep the summer heat from melting him.

paragraphs: Plans to make a movie based on "The Snow Queen" were started in the 1940's. The writers were not sure how its story could go and so the movie could not be made. Later, in 2011, the writers finally found a story to use for the movie and the production team began making the movie, naming it "Frozen". The plans said that "Frozen" would be hand-drawn, but the team later decided to use computer animation. It took only two years to make "Frozen", which was a very fast production time for a computer-animated movie.

paragraphs: "Frozen" is also probably one of the most difficult animated movies to make. The animation team had to travel to a snowy area in Wyoming so that they could study the behavior of snow and simulate that with a computer. They also used a program that could generate a lot of strands for Elsa's hair. An average human has about 100,000 strands of hair, while Elsa's hair was made of 400,000 strands.

paragraphs: This is a list of songs heard in the movie "Frozen". These can be found on the movie's soundtrack CD. The CD also contains the background music pieces used for "Frozen". Most of the songs were made by husband and wife Robert and Kristen Anderson-Lopez, while the movie's background music was made by Christophe Beck. The first song in the movie, "Frozen Heart," was made by South Sami composer Frode Fjellheim and is in a traditional Sami style called Vuelie.

paragraphs: The character Kristoff is meant to be Sami, a member of an indigenous group that lives in northern Europe. Some viewers complained that Kristoff was not a good way to show Sami because he is light-skinned and blond. Although, today, some Sami look like Kristoff, most have darker skin and hair. When making the 2019 sequel, "Frozen II", Disney signed a contract with Sami leaders and hired Sami experts to make sure the culture would be shown respectfully.

paragraphs: Frozen Fever is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It continues the events of "Frozen". It was released with the longer movie "Cinderella" on March 13, 2015. The movie is about Elsa who catches a cold and finds it hard to surprise Anna on her birthday. "Frozen Fever" runs for about 8 minutes. It has one new song sung by Elsa.

paragraphs: Olaf's Frozen Adventure is a short movie made by Walt Disney Animation Studios. It was released with the longer movie "Coco" on November 22, 2017. It was later shown on ABC on December 14. The short movie is about Olaf the snowman who is looking for the best holiday traditions for Anna. It runs for about 21 minutes. It has four new songs.

paragraphs: The full length sequel, "Frozen II", was released on November 22, 2019.


title: Nancy Charest

paragraphs: Nancy Charest (November 28, 1959 – March 1, 2014) was a Canadian politician. She represented the of Matane in the National Assembly of Quebec from 2003 to 2007 as a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. She was defeated by Pascal Bérubé of the Parti Québécois in the 2007 provincial election. She was born in Matane, Quebec.

paragraphs: Charest was found dead on March 1, 2014. Her body was found on a roadside in Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec. She was 54 years old.


title: Spike Jonze

paragraphs: Spike Jonze (; born Adam Spiegel; October 22, 1969) is an American director, producer, screenwriter and actor. His movies include "Being John Malkovich" (1999), "Adaptation" (2002), "Where the Wild Things Are" (2009), and "Her" (2013).

paragraphs: Jonze was born in Rockville, Maryland. He grew up in Bethesda, Maryland and Gulph Mills, Pennsylvania.


title: Paolo Sorrentino

paragraphs: Paolo Sorrentino (born 31 May 1970) is an Italian director and screenwriter. His movies include "One Man Up" (2001), "The Consequences of Love" (2004), "The Family Friend" (2006), "Il Divo" (2008), "This Must Be the Place" (2011) and "The Great Beauty" (2013).


title: Kerser

paragraphs: Scott Barrow (born 21 August 1987), better known by his stage name Emcee Kerser or just simply Kerser, is an Australian rapper. His best known song is "Kerser Is the Sickest". He was released a number of mixtapes and three albums since 2011. His second album "No Rest For the Sickest" reached #15 on the ARIA albums chart.

paragraphs: Barrow was born in Campbelltown, Sydney, New South Wales.


title: Erectile disfunction

paragraphs: Erectile dysfunction (ED, also called impotence) is when a man can't have or keep an erection of the penis during sexual intercourse.


title: Bruce Vilanch

paragraphs: Bruce Vilanch (born November 23, 1948) is an American comedian, songwriter and actor. He is best known for his four-years on "Hollywood Squares", as a celebrity participant and head writer for the show. He has won six Emmy Awards. From 2000 to 2014, he was the head writer for the Oscars. For ten years before this role, he was the Oscar program co-writer. He is also a featured writer for the Tonys, Grammys and Emmys.

paragraphs: Vilanch was born in New York City, New York. He grew up in Paterson, New Jersey. He was adopted when he was four days old. He was raised in a Jewish family. He studied at the Ohio State University (OSU). He is openly gay.


title: Prempeh I

paragraphs: Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 December 1870 – 12 May 1931) was the thirteenth king of the Asante state of the Kingdom of Ashanti. He ruled from March 26, 1888 until his death in 1931.


title: John Ficarra

paragraphs: John Ficarra is an American magazine editor and publisher. He has been the editor-in-chief of "MAD Magazine" since 1984, sharing the same position for most of that time with Nick Meglin. He has been one of the editorial staff of the magazine for more than 25 years.


title: Desmond Devlin

paragraphs: Desmond Devlin is an American comedy writer. His has worked for "MAD Magazine" for more than a . He ranks as one of the magazine's four most regular non-illustrating writers.


title: Jämijärvi

paragraphs: Jämijärvi is a municipality in Satakunta, Finland. It had about 2,000 people living there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Ikaalinen, Kankaanpää and Parkano. Most people speak Finish.


title: Sam Viviano

paragraphs: Sam Viviano (born March 13, 1953) is an American caricature artist and art director. He has been a lead artist for "MAD Magazine" since 1980.


title: James Warhola

paragraphs: James Warhola (born March 16, 1955) is an American artist. He has illustrated dozens of children's picture books since 1987.

paragraphs: Warhola was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He is the son of Paul Warhola, Andy Warhol's oldest brother.


title: Mort Drucker

paragraphs: Morris "Mort" Drucker (March 22, 1929 – April 9, 2020) was an American caricaturist and comics artist. He worked for "Mad" magazine for over 50 years. At "Mad", he became known for his satires on leading feature movies and television series.

paragraphs: Drucker was born in Brooklyn, New York City, to a Jewish family. Some sources list his birth date as March 22, 1929, and others as March 29. He died on April 9, 2020 in Woodbury, New York, at the age of 91.


title: China Airlines Flight 611

paragraphs: China Airlines Flight 611 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Taipei to Hong Kong, China. On May 25, 2002, the Boeing 747-209B airplane broke apart while flying over the Taiwan Straits and crashed into the water. It happened about 25 minutes after takeoff. The accident was caused by metal fatigue in the rear part of the plane. This was traced back to an incorrect repair that was done 22 years before the accident. All 225 people on board the plane were killed.

paragraphs: The Boeing 747-209B that flew China Airlines Flight 611 was registered as B-1866. This was changed to B-18255 on May 18, 1999. The plane was delivered to China Airlines on July 31, 1979. It was powered by 4 Pratt & Whitney JT9D engines. At time of crash it had flown for 64,394 hours, taking off and landing 21,180 times.

paragraphs: On February 7, 1980 the tail of the plane struck the runway while landing at Hong Kong airport. The plane was then ferried back to Taipei. A temporary repair was done on February 8, 1980, while a permanent repair was done from May 23 to 26, 1980. Later it was discovered the repair was not done to Boeing repair standards. It was also discovered that from 1997 a total of 29 corrosion inspections were not completed. When the repair patch was recovered from the crash site, there was evidence that deep scratches had been polished out, thinning the metal. Several fatigue cracks were found in the scratches. Crash estimate a crack of about 71 inches may have caused the plane to break up.

paragraphs: The captain was Yi Ching-Fung (In Traditional Chinese, 易清豐), who was 51 years old. He joined China Airlines in 1991 before becoming a captain in 1997. He had flown for 10148 hours. First Officer Hsieh Ya Shiung (In Traditional Chinese, 謝亞雄), who was 52 years old, joined China Airlines in 1990. He had flown for a total of 10173 hours.

paragraphs: As the Boeing 747-200B was an older type of airplane, a flight engineer is needed. The flight engineer on this flight is Sen Kuo Chao (In Traditional Chinese, 趙盛國). He joined China Airlines in 1977 and had a total flying time of 19117 hours.

paragraphs: All three pilots had more than 24 hours of rest before this flight.

paragraphs: On the flight to Hong Kong, there were 190 Taiwanese passengers. Of the rest 16, 9 were from People's Republic Of China and 5 were from Hong Kong. There were also 1 Singaporean and 1 Swiss.

paragraphs: On May 25, 2002, B-18255 was actually going to be sold to Orient Thai Airlines. This was the plane's last day of service with China Airlines. Takeoff was at 3.07 pm, and the plane was cleared to climb to 20,000 feet. At 3.16 pm the plane was again cleared to climb and maintain 35,000 feet. At about 3.30 pm, the plane was about to reach 35,000 feet when it suddenly disappeared from the radar systems of the air traffic controllers. Communications were also lost. No distress signals were sent out. However, two Cathay Pacific planes nearby received flight 611's emergency location-indicator signals.

paragraphs: Later, the investigators discovered that flight 611 broke apart in mid-air when as it was reaching 35,000 feet. All 225 people on the plane were killed. This was one of the worst disaster in aviation history involving explosive decompression. China Airlines has had nine fatal crashes between 1970 and 2002. This is the worst record in commercial aviation.

paragraphs: Shortly after the plane vanished, Taiwan launched one of the country's largest search-and-rescue operations. As the plane broke apart in mid-air, wreckage were spread over a large area and this makes it difficult to recover all the wreckage. When the search-and-rescue teams arrived, they realised they could not do anything-all 225 people onboard were dead.

paragraphs: When there was no more hope for survivors, the teams started to recover wreckage and human remains. These were sent to Penghu Islands. There, the wreckage were numbered and the human remains were sent for identification. In the end, out of 225 people on board, 175 bodies were recovered. 50 remain in the sea.

paragraphs: The investigation of the crash was by Aviation Safety Council (ASC) of Taiwan. During the investigation, it was found that the crash of China Airlines Flight 611 was similar with another crash, TWA flight 800. Investigators found out that both crashes had similar points such as:

paragraphs: However, unlike flight 800, investigators determined that flight 611 was not caused by a fuel tank explosion.

paragraphs: As the investigation continues, both recorders of the flight were recovered. However, investigators could not find any possible cause from the recorders as the flight data recorder showed that the plane was working properly before it broke up. The cockpit voice recorder also showed nothing unusual. The recorder started ten minutes before the flight. After a last sentence said by captain Yi Ching-Fung, "two thousand" at 3.26pm, the recorder captured nothing more spoken. Then, the sound of the plane breaking up was heard at about 3.29pm.

paragraphs: With nothing possible showing up, investigators decided to use a method that the investigators of TWA Flight 800 used. Using several pieces of wreckage, investigators were able to use a computer and find out which piece fell off first. This provided a major clue-the wreckage from the back of the plane fell first. So, investigators began looking for wreckage from the back of the plane.

paragraphs: Finally, investigators managed to find a piece of wreckage which was damaged in the tailstrike incident in 1980. A doubler plate was placed over the scratches that the tailstrike caused. The piece, item number 640, was sent to Taipei for further examination.

paragraphs: When investigators removed the doubler that was installed over Item 640, they found out that the scratches, caused by the tailstrike 22 years ago, were still there. This was not the proper way to repair the damage from the tailstrike. From this investigators found out what really happened 22 years ago.

paragraphs: According to the Boeing SRM (Structural Repair Manual), the scratches should be sanded down. But as the scratches caused by the tailstrike were too deep, the correct way to repair is to cut out the damaged section, then put a doubler plate that is 30% larger than the section that was cut out. However, in the repair of the accident plane, the workers did not follow the instructions. Instead they just placed a doubler plate over the damaged section, which was not 30% larger than the section that was supposed to be cut out. This weakened the structure behind the doubler. The workers then made one more mistake, by writing in the repair log that the repair was done correctly. So, anyone reading the log book would assume that the repair was done correctly and that the workers had cut out the damaged section and replaced it.

paragraphs: Over the years, the cracks under the doubler grew worse and worse. Every time the plane took off and landed the cracks increased in length, in the end reaching 2.3 metres. Then, on May 25, 2002, the cracks reached the breaking point. It grew in all directions and caused the whole tail to break away from the plane. The plane went into a steep dive and was torn apart.

paragraphs: Another possible reason why the mistake could not be found out is that the maintenance procedures of China Airlines. In 1988, the roof of Aloha Airlines Flight 243 peeled off when the plane was cruising, causing explosive decompression. The plane landed safely. After the accident, the FAA ordered that the airlines evaluate again all the previous repairs that was done on planes.

paragraphs: China Airlines began evaluating the repairs in 2001. The workers took photographs of 31 different doublers on different 747s, including the one on B-18255. Although there was a stain on the doubler, the workers chose to ignore it. The stain was actually caused by smoke as passengers were allowed to smoke until 1995. The smoke was forced out through the crack and nicotine stained the plane's skin. It was said in Mayday that if China Airlines went on to find out how the stain formed, they may find out the cracks and prevent the crash.

paragraphs: The workers then scheduled the next maintenance check, 7C, on November 2, 2002. The check would definitely have led the workers to find out the cracks. However, the plane crashed 5 months before the check.

paragraphs: China Airlines no longer uses 611 as its flight number.


title: What a Way to Go!

paragraphs: What a Way to Go! is a 1964 American romantic comedy musical movie. It was directed by J. Lee Thompson. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Paul Newman, Robert Mitchum, Dean Martin, Gene Kelly, Robert Cummings and Dick Van Dyke. This movie was intended for Marilyn Monroe, but she died before the movie began filming.


title: Raskam

paragraphs: A part of the river valley is known to the Kyrgyz people as Raskam, and the river itself is also called the Raskam River. The river is also known as the Zarafshan River. The area was once claimed by the ruler of Hunza.


title: Sarin

paragraphs: Sarin is a nerve gas, a deadly poison. It was designed as a chemical weapon for use in war by Nazi Germany.

paragraphs: It has been classified as a weapon of mass destruction in UN Resolution 687. Production and stockpiling of sarin was outlawed by the Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, and it is classified as a Schedule 1 substance according to the convention. That means that is a very dangerous chemical that has no use outside of chemical warfare.

paragraphs: Sarin can be lethal even at very low concentrations. Death comes in 1 to 10 minutes after breathing it in. It paralyses lung muscles. Antidotes, such as atropine, can save a person if given immediately.

paragraphs: People who get a non-lethal dose, but do not get immediate treatment, may suffer permanent neurological damage.

paragraphs: Like other nerve agents, sarin attacks the nervous system by stopping nerve endings in muscles from switching off. Death will usually occur as a result of asphyxia due to the inability to control the muscles involved in breathing function.

paragraphs: In vertebrates, acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter used at the neuromuscular junction, where signals are transmitted between neurons from the central nervous system to muscle fibres.

paragraphs: Normally, acetylcholine is released from the neuron to stimulate the muscle, after which it is degraded by acetylcholinesterase. This allows the muscle to relax. Inhibition of cholinesterase means the neurotransmitter continues to act on the muscle fibre. This stops breathing.

paragraphs: Sarin was discovered in 1938 in Wuppertal-Elberfeld in Germany by scientists at IG Farben attempting to create stronger pesticides. it is the most toxic of the four G-Series nerve agents made by Germany. The name "sarin" comes from letters in the scientists' names: Gerhard Schrader, Otto Ambros, Gerhard Ritter, and Hans-Jürgen von der Linde.

paragraphs: In mid-1939, the formula for the agent was passed to the chemical warfare section of the German Army Weapons Office, which ordered that it be brought into mass production for wartime use. It was not used in World War II.

paragraphs: Sarin is a liquid. It has no color and no smell. However, sarin that is not pure can look brown and smell like burnt rubber. It is miscible in water, which means that it can dissolve in water. Sarin melts at −56 °C and boils at 158 °C.

paragraphs: Sarin is very dangerous, whether someone touches it or breathes it in. The LD50 of sarin is 172 μg/kg. This means that a group of people were injected with 172μg of sarin per kilogram of body weight, 50% of the people in that group would die. This was determined when scientists injected mice with sarin. They then did calculations to determine the ratio of sarin per kilogram and get the LD50.

paragraphs: Pure sarin is estimated to be 26 times more deadly than cyanide.

paragraphs: Sarin is made by mixing different chemicals together. It is difficult and dangerous for the average person to make sarin or get many of the chemicals needed to make sarin.

paragraphs: 1) Methylphosphonyl difluoride with isopropyl alcohol. Hydrofluoric acid is made as a byproduct of the reaction:

paragraphs: 2) Methylphosphonyl difluoride and methylphosphonic dichloride. This is called the "Di-di" process. Hydrochloric acid is made as a byproduct:

paragraphs: Both methods leave a lot of acid behind. This is a problem because acid will corrode the containers used to store sarin in.

paragraphs: Sarin is hard to store because the bond between the phosphorus and the fluorine is easily broken. That's why it is stored as two separate chemicals that create sarin when they are mixed.

paragraphs: Sarin decomposes at a high pH. First, it breaks down to isopropyl methylphosphonic acid (IMPA). Then it breaks down to methylphosphonic acid (MPA). IMPA can be detected to find out if sarin was used somewhere because it is a chemical not found in nature.

paragraphs: In medicine, the acronym SLUDGE is used to remember some of the symptoms of sarin poisoning:

paragraphs: Other symptoms of sarin poisoning include:


title: How to Steal a Million

paragraphs: How to Steal a Million is a comedy movie of 1966. It is about a high-skilled art forger that fakes being an art collector. His daughter, Nicole, is concerned about his behavior, and more importantly that he might be caught. Audrey Hepburn plays Nicole.

paragraphs: This movie was released on July 13, 1966.


title: Jane Powell

paragraphs: Jane Powell (born Suzanne Lorraine Bruce on April 1, 1929) is an American actress. She played the title character in "A Date with Judy" in 1948. She also played Tess Morgan in "Three Daring Daughters" (also 1948).

paragraphs: Powell was born in Portland, Oregon. She was married to actor Dickie Moore from 1988 until his death in 2015.


title: Head writer

paragraphs: A head writer is a person who oversees a team of writers. This is usually on a television or radio series. The title is also common in the soap opera genre, as well. Head writers are common to comedy sketches, game shows and talk shows that feature and comedy skits. In most series this function is generally performed by an executive producer. It is the head writer's job to do the final editing.


title: Centimetre-gram-second system of units

paragraphs: The centimetre-gram-second system (abbreviated CGS or cgs) is a variant of the metric system. The derived units are on the centimeter as the unit of length, the gram as a unit of mass and the second as a unit of time. The system evolved in the nineteenth century when it was used to define both electrical and mechanical units.

paragraphs: The cgs units of energy and force are the "dyne" and the "erg".

paragraphs: The coherent cgs unit of pressure was the "barye" (symbol Ba). A "bayre" is one dyne per square centimeter.

paragraphs: Many non-coherent units of pressure were used in the cgs system. They include:

paragraphs: The dyne and the erg were used to define the units for electrical quantities. Two different forms of cgs units were developed. One form was developed for electrostatic units and another for electromagnetic units. Electrical engineering units were based on the MKS (metre-kilogram-second) system instead of the CGS system.

paragraphs: During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many other units were defined using cgs units. In 1960 the BIPM published the International System of Units (SI) which was based on the metre, the kilogram, the second and the ampere. SI has now replaced the CGS system of units in most applications.


title: Connected

paragraphs: "Connected" is an electronic pop song by Stereo MCs. This song was released in September 1992. It was #20 on "Billboard" Hot 100 and #18 on UK Top 75 Chart. The song appeared in several television programs and movies.

paragraphs: The song samples the disco classic song "Let Me (Let Me be Your Lover)" by Jimmy Bo Horne. The full length of the song is five minutes and 16 seconds.


title: AgustaWestland AW139

paragraphs: The AgustaWestland AW139 is a Italian and British helicopter. It's used both by militaries and civilians. It's a twin turboshaft helicopter. Similars helicopters are Eurocopter EC175 and Sikorsky S-70.


title: Citroën C15

paragraphs: The Citroën C15 is a light utility car. It was designed and built in France by Citroën. It was built between 1984 and 2005.


title: Grumman G.159 Gulfstream

paragraphs: The Grumman G.159 Gulfstream is a twin-turboprop aircraft. It was built between 1958 and 1966 at 200 examples. It was used by both civilians and militaries users. US Navy and US Coast Guard used it.


title: Jean Jaurès

paragraphs: Jean Jaurès, or Jean Léon Jaurès is a French politician. He was assassinate by a nationalist fanatic, Raoul Villain. Jaurès was a pacifist in Europe and was against any war. He was a socialist in France.


title: Douglas C-74 Globemaster

paragraphs: The Douglas C-74 Globemaster is a military transport aircraft. It was built in the United States. The maiden flight was in 1945. It was used by the United States Air Force between 1946 and 1956. It was a four-engine aircraft built in all-metal. Only fourteen were built. It was used for Korean War.


title: Airbus A400M Atlas

paragraphs: The Airbus A400M Atlas is a military cargo aircraft. It is built in Spain by Airbus Defence & Space, part of Airbus Group. The wings are made in the UK. The cockpit and landing gear are made in France. Germany provides the fuselage assembly. The Atlas is a four turboprops and high-wing aircraft. Orders have come from militaries of many countries like France, Germany, Spain, and the UK. The aircraft's first flight was on 11 December 2009. The French Air Force used it in the Mali war in 2013 and 2014.

paragraphs: On Monday May 11, 2015, An Airbus A400M crashed in Spain during final flight testing. Two pilots and two flight engineers were killed in the accident. Britain, Germany, Malaysia and Turkey all grounded their A440Ms. The six planes France has will only see limited use. Spain has stopped all testing of the planes until the cause of the crash is discovered.


title: Rasputina (band)

paragraphs: Rasputina is a cello rock band from New York. The members are Melora Creager, Daniel DeJesus, and Dawn Miceli. The band was started in 1992 by Creager.

paragraphs: Creager put an advertisement in The Village Voice asking for other cellists to start a rock band with her. Julia Kent, an editor of the newspaper, responded to the ad.

paragraphs: The band released its first album, "Thanks For the Ether", in 1996. In 1997 they released an extended play remixed by Marilyn Manson. In 1998 the band's second album "How We Quit the Forest" was released. In 2002 "Cabin Fever" was released.


title: Walk On By

paragraphs: "Walk On By" is a very melancholy song. It was composed by Burt Bacharach. It was first sung by Dionne Warwick. It was released in April 1964. It hit #1 on United States R&B charts.

paragraphs: Isaac Hayes, Melissa Manchester, Cyndi Lauper, and others covered the song. Manchester had her version during 1989.


title: Women and video games

paragraphs: The connection between women and video games has been getting lots of interest from schools, companies, and average groups of people. In past years female gamers had only made up a small part of the final amount of gamers. In 2012 the about of female gamers had increased to almost half the final amount of gamers. Efforts to include more female gamers has addressed the problems of male against female advertising, thinking of female gamers in a negative way, and the decrease of female video game creators. There has been some talk about making female-aimed games along with male-aimed games, or making sex-equal games should take their place.


title: Stan Rickaby

paragraphs: Stanley "Stan" Rickaby (12 March 1924 – 8 February 2014) was an English footballer. He played as a right back in West Bromwich Albion F.C.. Rickaby played one game for England, in 1953.

paragraphs: Rickaby was born in Stockton-on-Tees, County Durham. He died from natural causes at the age of 89.


title: Gordon Tullock

paragraphs: Gordon Tullock (February 13, 1922 – November 3, 2014) was an American economist and a Professor of Law and Economics at the George Mason University School of Law. He was best known for his work on public choice theory. The theory was about political science and political issues. He is one of the founding figures in his field.

paragraphs: Tullock was born in Rockford, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago. Tullock studied at the University of Chicago. He worked with fellow economist James M. Buchanan.

paragraphs: On November 3, 2014, Tullock died in Des Moines, Iowa. He was aged 92.


title: Format war

paragraphs: A format war is the competition between two or more different formats to become the industry standard. Standards are important in every industry and format wars are common. The winning standard usually gets the largest market share. The losing format often suffers dying sales until it is gone completely. Sometimes the winning format is technically the best, but usually the different formats have different advantages. Being first or being cheaper can also help one design win out over its rivals.


title: Finnish Maiden

paragraphs: Finnish Maiden is a personification of Finland. She is young woman who often has blonde hair, blue eyes and a folk costume.


title: Frost heaving

paragraphs: Frost heaving is the lifting of frozen soil, caused by water rising from below to the level in the soil where it freezes, accumulates as ice, and pushes the soil above it upwards.


Sammaljoki


title: Taivalkoski

paragraphs: Taivalkoski is a municipality in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. About 4,250 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Kuusamo, Posio, Pudasjärvi and Suomussalmi.


title: Blood–brain barrier

paragraphs: The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a highly selective permeability barrier. It controls what gets from the bloodstream into the brain, and what does not.

paragraphs: For example, things that the brain needs to survive (water, glucose, and amino acids) can get through the barrier. However, the barrier stops many harmful things, like bacteria and viruses, from getting into the brain. This helps protect the brain from getting an infection.

paragraphs: The blood-brain barrier is formed by capillary endothelial cells. It allows the passage of water, some gases, and lipid-soluble molecules by passive diffusion. It also allows the selective transport of molecules such as glucose and amino acids which are crucial to nerve function. On the other hand, the blood-brain barrier may prevent the entry of neurotoxins by means of an active transport mechanism.

paragraphs: A few small areas in the brain do not have a blood-brain barrier.

paragraphs: Paul Ehrlich, a German doctor, discovered the blood-brain barrier. He injected dye into mice's bloodstreams. The dye got to every organ except the brain. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting through to the brain. Then one of Ehrlich's students injected the dye right into the mice's brains. This time the brain turned blue, but no other organs did. The blood-brain barrier had stopped the dye from getting out of the brain into the bloodstream (which would have carried the dye to every other organ in the body).

paragraphs: The blood–brain barrier protects the brain from many common infections. Infections of the brain are rare. If they do happen, they are often serious and difficult to treat. Antibodies (which the body's immune system makes to fight infections) are too large to cross the blood–brain barrier. Also, many antibiotics cannot pass through the BBB to kill the infection in the brain.

paragraphs: One way to get medications into the brain is to inject them into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF helps protect the brain and spinal cord. However, it does not actually touch the brain. Instead, two of the layers that protect the brain and spinal cord hold the CSF. Because of this, even if medications are injected right into the CSF, they still do not get into the brain very well.

paragraphs: Some bacteria, viruses, and other things can get through the blood-brain barrier and damage the brain. For example:


title: Wu Tianming

paragraphs: Wu Tianming (5 December 1939 – 4 March 2014) was a Chinese movie director and producer. He was considered one of the leading "Fourth Generation" directors. He was born in Sanyuan County, Shaanxi Province.

paragraphs: Wu Tianming died from a heart attack on 4 March 2013. He was 74 years old.


title: Xu Chongde

paragraphs: Xu Chongde (15 January 1929 – 3 March 2014) was a Chinese legal expert, professor and political scientist. He was a member of the Communist Party of China in the People's Republic of China. He was born in Qingpu, Shanghai.

paragraphs: Xu Chongde died on 3 March 2014 in Beijing. He was 85 years old.


title: Eckart Höfling

paragraphs: Eckart Höfling (28 October 1936 – 1 March 2014) was a German Catholic priest. He was best known for working in the fight against poverty in Brazil. He was born in Langenprozelten, Lower Franconia.

paragraphs: Höfling died after a long illness on 1 March 2014 in Main-Spessart, Bavaria. He was 77 years old.


title: Michael Shea (writer)

paragraphs: Michael Shea (1946 – February 16, 2014) was an American writer. His genres included fantasy, horror, and science fiction. He has won "year's best" World Fantasy Awards for the novel "Nifft the Lean" and the novella "Growlimb". He was born in Culver City, California.

paragraphs: Michael Shea died unexpectedly on February 16, 2014. He was 67 years old. He was outlived by his wife and two children.


title: Sauvo

paragraphs: Sauvo is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 3,025 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Kaarina, Kemiönsaari, Parainen, Paimio and Salo.


title: Kemiönsaari

paragraphs: Kemiönsaari is a municipality in Southwest Finland. As of January 2014 about 7,000 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Salo, Raasepori, Hanko, Parainen and Sauvo.

paragraphs: Most people in Kemiönsaari speak Swedish.


title: Valtimo

paragraphs: Valtimo is a municipality in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 2,385 people lived there. Municipalities next to it are Nurmes, Rautavaara and Sotkamo.


title: Rautavaara

paragraphs: Rautavaara is a municipality in Northern Savonia, Finland. About 1,780 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Juankoski, Juuka, Kuopio, Lapinlahti, Nurmes, Sonkajärvi, Sotkamo and Valtimo.


title: Stag beetle

paragraphs: Stag beetles are a group of different species of beetle.

paragraphs: Male stag beetles use their jaws to wrestle each other. They fight over females and over food, such as tree sap or decaying fruits. Despite their often scary appearance they are not normally aggressive to humans.

paragraphs: Female stag beetles are usually smaller than the males.They also live in grasslands and gardens which means they are are hard to find.


title: Mark Freidkin

paragraphs: Mark Iehielvich Freidkin (; 14 April 1953 – 4 March 2014) was a Soviet and Russian poet, writer, translator, and singer. He wrote three books of prose. He was born in Leninobod (now Khujand, Tajikstan) and studied in Moscow. He was of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: Freidkin died after a long illness on 4 March 2014 in Moscow. He was 60.


title: System of units

paragraphs: A system of units is a collection of units of measurement. The quantities described by the units are related to each other by specific rules. These rules may not contradict each other. An example of a system like this is one needed for the problems of the economic system.

paragraphs: Some of the units are called "base units". These units can be defined by arbitrarily. Other units are called derived units. They are defined using the base units.

paragraphs: The most common systems of units today are the International System of Units (SI), the Imperial units and the United States customary units.

paragraphs: The base units of SI are the metre, the second, the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin, the candela and the mole. SI has many derived units which include the watt, newton and joule. SI is called a "coherent system of units" because the constant factor in the definition of it derived units is always 1.

paragraphs: The base units of the imperial system and the United States customary system are the pound avoirdupois, the yard and the second. Derived units found in the Imperial and Customary systems of units include horsepower and Pounds per square inch.

paragraphs: The relationship force, energy and power is an example of coherence. The equations are

paragraphs: In the cgs system of units, the equations become

paragraphs: In the MKS-gravitational system, the equations become


title: Marsha M. Linehan

paragraphs: Marsha M. Linehan (born May 5, 1943) is an American psychologist and writer. She made a new kind of psychotherapy called dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Linehan is a Professor of Psychology, Adjunct Professor of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington in Seattle.

paragraphs: Linehan was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia in March 1961 at The Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut. She was an inpatient there for 2 years and 2 months. She was given thorazine and lithium as treatment. She believes that she was misdiagnosed and that she actually had borderline personality disorder.

paragraphs: In 1971 Linehan was given her Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Loyola University Chicago.

paragraphs: After she left university, Linehan did an internship at The Suicide Prevention and Crisis Service in Buffalo, New York from 1971 to 1972. During that time Linehan was also an assistant professor at University at Buffalo, The State University of New York.

paragraphs: In 1973 Linehan went back to Loyola University to work as a professor for two years. In 1977 Linehan became an assistant professor in the Psychiatry and Behavior Sciences department of the University of Washington.


title: Vito LoGrasso

paragraphs: Vito Joseph LoGrasso (born June 18, 1964 in Brooklyn) is a American professional wrestler. He is known under the ring names Big Vito and just Vito. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). He also spent a short time in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

paragraphs: On September 2013, he opened a wrestling school in Clearwater, Florida.


title: Bikini Kill

paragraphs: Bikini Kill was an American punk rock band. The band was started in October 1990 in Olympia. The band's members were singer Kathleen Hanna, guitarist Billy Karren, bassist Kathi Wilcox, and drummer Tobi Vail.

paragraphs: The band was started in Olympia, Washington by Kathleen Hanna (vocals), Billy Karren (guitar), Kathi Wilcox (bass), and Tobi Vail (drums). They released a demo cassette tape in 1991. They were then signed to Kill Rock Stars. Their first extended play "Bikini Kill" was released on the label. In September 1993 the band's first album "Pussy Whipped" was released. The band's last album, "Reject All American" was released in 1996. In 1997 the band broke up. In 2012 "Bikini Kill" was released again. In 2014 "Yeah Yeah Yeah Yeah" was released again.


title: Division of Fisher

paragraphs: The Division of Fisher is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Andrew Fisher, three times Prime Minister of Australia. It covers the Sunshine Coast area north of Brisbane. It includes the towns of Caloundra, Mooloolaba, Beerwah, Maleny, Woodford and Kilcoy.

paragraphs: Sir Charles Adermann was Deputy Leader of the Country Party 1964–66.

paragraphs: Peter Slipper was elected as Speaker on 24 November 2011 and resigned from the Liberal National Party. He stayed in parliament as an independent member. He resigned as speaker on 9 October 2012. On 11 May 2013, he joined businessman Clive Palmer's new Palmer United Party, becoming its first member in federal parliament. However, only hours later his membership of the party was cancelled and Slipper returned to being an independent.


title: Division of Flynn

paragraphs: The Division of Flynn is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up for the 2007 federal election. The electorate covers the areas west from the port city of Gladstone, as far as the town of Emerald. It was named after John Flynn, founder of the Royal Flying Doctor Service.

paragraphs: In June 2006, the Australian Electoral Commission announced that the new division would be named Wright. This would honour Judith Wright for her life as a "poet and in the areas of arts, conservation and indigenous affairs in Queensland and Australia". Many people complained because the name could be linked to disgraced former Queensland ALP leader Keith Wright. Instead the AEC named the seat after John Flynn.


title: Zhou Youguang

paragraphs: Zhou Youguang (Chou Yu-kuang; ; born Zhou Yaoping ; 13 January 1906 – 14 January 2017) was a Chinese linguist and writer. He was sometimes called the "father of Hanyu Pinyin". Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Chinese in the People's Republic of China. He also wrote many books banned by the government of China.

paragraphs: Zhou was born in Changzhou, Jiangsu. In 1933, he married Zhang Yunhe. She died on 14 August 2002. They had two children together Zhou Xiaoping (1934–2015) and Zhou Xiaohe (1935–1941). He turned 100 in 2006. He became a supercentenarian (turning 110) in 2016.

paragraphs: Zhou died on 14 January 2017 at his home in Beijing, a day after his 111th birthday.


title: Emmanuel Kriaras

paragraphs: Emmanuel G. Kriaras (; 28 November 1906 – 22 August 2014) was a Greek lexicographer and philologist. He was Emeritus Professor of the School of Philosophy at the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. He was a student of Ioannis Psycharis. He practiced the ideology of demotic Greek and his work was mainly on all the language matters of Greek and Greece.

paragraphs: Kriaras died in Thessaloniki, Greece from a heart attack. He was 107 years old.


title: Messerschmitt Me 210

paragraphs: The Messerschmitt Me 210 is a military plane. It was a fighter aircraft, but was also use as a light bomber and reconnaissance aircraft. It flew for the first time in 1939. The plane turned out to be a very poor design. It was a dangerous plane to fly and had many accidents. It was used by Nazi Germany's air force ("Luftwaffe") during the World War II in the Mediterranean and in Russia. The Me 210 was replaced by the Messerschmitt Me 410 Hornisse (Hornet). It was almost the same plane but with more powerful engines.


title: William R. Pogue

paragraphs: William Reid Pogue (January 23, 1930 – March 4, 2014) was an American NASA astronaut, teacher, public speaker and writer. He is best known for being a crew member of Skylab 4. He was born in Okemah, Oklahoma.

paragraphs: Pogue died from natural causes in the morning of March 4, 2014 in his Florida home. He was 84 years old. He was outlived by his wife and three children.


title: Reggiane Re.2000 Falco

paragraphs: The Reggiane Re.2000 Falco is a fighter aircraft of the World War II. The plane was designed and built in Italy. It first flew in 1938. It was used by Italy, Hungary, and Sweden. The Cockpit was just for a pilot. It was the basis of Reggiane Re.2001 Falco II and Reggiane Re.2002 Ariete.


title: Aichi D3A

paragraphs: The Aichi D3A is a light bomber of the World War II. It was used by the Japanese navy. The plane was used in two famous battles: Pearl Harbor bombing and the Battle of Midway. It was nicknamed Val by the Allied forces. Some were used as kamikaze planes.


title: SPRAT

paragraphs: The SPRAT (for "Système de pose rapide de travures") is an assault bridge built on a military heavy truck. It is made in France and used by the French army. It's purpose is as a mobile bridge for military vehicles. It was used starting in 2011.


title: SEPECAT Jaguar

paragraphs: The SEPECAT Jaguar is a twin-turbojet military aircraft. It was designed and built as an attack aircraft, also used as a training aircraft. It was built by SEPECAT, an Anglo-French company. It first flew in 1968. "Armée de l'Air" and Royal Air Force were the main users. It was used in wars in Africa by French, and in Gulf War and Afghanistan War by British and French.

paragraphs: It's also built under licence in India as Jaguar International.

paragraphs: Apart "Armée de l'Air" and Royal Air Force the Jaguar was purchased by Ecuador, India, Nigeria and Oman.


title: SEPECAT

paragraphs: SEPECAT (for "Société Européenne de Production de l'avion École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique") is an Anglo-French company which makes just one aircraft: the Jaguar. SEPECAT is the alliance of two aircraft companies: British Aircraft Corporation in UK and Breguet in France.


title: Focke-Wulf Fw 189

paragraphs: The Focke-Wulf Fw 189 was a twin-engine military aircraft. It was flown during World War II by the "Luftwaffe" (the German air force), who used it mainly for reconnaissance. The plane was built in Germany by Focke-Wulf Aircraft Company. It had a crew of three people. The 189 was built of wood and metal. It was nicknamed "Uhu", or owl in English.


title: Douglas A-26 Invader

paragraphs: The Douglas A-26 Invader is a twin-engined attack aircraft. It was used by the United States Army Air Force. It was also used in France and UK. The 'Invader' was used in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War by the United States. The French used it in the Algeria War. After 1948 its role in the US was changed from an attack aircraft to a bomber aircraft. The letter 'A' (for attack) in its name was changed to a 'B' (for bomber). It became the B-26 Invader. This caused some confusion because the Air Force already had the Martin B-26 Marauder, which was a different aircraft. Some A-26 Invaders were used during the 1950s by the United States Forest Service to fight forest fires. In this role the plane was used to put out wildfires from the air by dropping first , then later water and other retardants.


title: Cessna 210

paragraphs: The Cessna 210 is a light aircraft. It was designed and built in the USA. It was first flown in 1957 and was sold all over the world. It can carry a pilot and four to five passengers.


title: The Path to 9/11

paragraphs: The Path to 9/11 is a melodramatic, event-based television movie. It is about the events between the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the few minutes just after the September 11 attacks. The movie was criticized for saying untrue things about events and some people and for not showing all sides of things.

paragraphs: The cast includes Patricia Heaton, Harvey Keitel and Donnie Wahlberg. Keitel was warned that some things in the movie were not true. When the TV network was trying to fix the issue, however, it was too late. There were arguments on what was true or untrue.

paragraphs: This movie aired in two parts in September 2006 on the ABC Network.


title: Vince Russo

paragraphs: Vincent James "Vince" Russo (born January 24, 1961) is a American creative writer and author. He is known for his work in professional wrestling. He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), World Wrestling Federation (WWF), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).

paragraphs: During his time writing for the WWF and WCW, he was known for contributing edgy storylines that included profanity, storylines involving sexual content, swerves or unexpected heel turns, as well as worked shoots in the storylines. Russo mentions on the back of his book "Rope Opera" that he has "been known as both the savior of Vince McMahon's WWF and the man who destroyed WCW."

paragraphs: He most recently worked with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. On February 14, 2012, TNA President Dixie Carter announced that TNA and Russo had parted ways during the week.

paragraphs: In October 2003, he became a Born Again Christian.


title: Jim Cornette

paragraphs: James Mark "Jim" Cornette (born September 17, 1961) is a American retired manager, commentator, promoter, and booker.

paragraphs: He is best known for his work in Jim Crockett Promotions, World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF). He was also the owner of Smoky Mountain Wrestling from 1991 to 1995. He has also appeared as an on-screen character in an authoritative role for Ring of Honor (ROH) as a the "Commissioner" and in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as the "Management Director" (as well as an off-screen road agent).

paragraphs: Cornette has expressed his hatred for Vince Russo and WWE Producer Kevin Dunn in interviews. He also mentioned in a "YouShoot" that he is an atheist.


title: Anaconda Plan

paragraphs: The Anaconda Plan was used during the American Civil War to "squeeze" the life out of the South. It was proposed by General Winfield Scott. The plan called for the blockade of the Southern ports. Then an advance down the Mississippi River was to cut the South in two. Like the coils of an anaconda snake suffocating its victim, the south would be squeezed until it returned to the Union. The plan was approved by President Lincoln. Northern Generals, newspapers and the public made fun of the plan. After a year of bloody fighting it was finally put into operation.


title: Allan Funk

paragraphs: Allan Eric Funk (born July 7, 1971) is an American professional wrestler. He currently competes in Lucha Libre USA where he competes under the ring name Chi Chi.

paragraphs: He is best known for his time in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) where he competed under the ring name Kwee Wee and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) under the name Bruce where he was one-half of The Rainbow Express, a stereotypical homosexual tag team with Lenny Lane.


title: Cyclostome

paragraphs: The cyclostomes (or cyclostomata) are the lamprey and hagfish. They are the only two living jawless fish, the Agnatha.

paragraphs: Recent molecular data from rRNA, and from mtDNA, show that these living agnathans are monophyletic. There are about 100 species. Hagfish are vertebrates but do not have vertebrae. It is believed that they lost their vertebrae during their lifestyle adaptations.

paragraphs: The name Cyclostomata means "round mouths". Their mouths cannot close due to the lack of a jaw, so they have to constantly cycle water through the mouth.


title: Chinese people

paragraphs: Chinese people are the various ethnic groups from China, including Taiwan.

paragraphs: The largest of these groups is the Han Chinese. This group is often called "Chinese" or "ethnic Chinese" in English. Large numbers of Han Chinese live in countries other than China. They may make up as much as 19% of the world's population.

paragraphs: Other ethnic groups in China include the Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, and Uyghurs, among many others. The People's Republic of China (PRC) officially recognises 56 ethnic groups. Taiwan (Republic of China, ROC) officially recognises 14 tribes of Taiwanese aborigines. The list of ethnic groups in China includes the major ethnic groups of China (PRC) and Taiwan.


title: Wonder (R.J. Palacio novel)

paragraphs: Wonder is a children's novel written by R.J. Palacio. "Wonder" was ranked #1 on The New York Times Best Seller list. It was also on the Texas Bluebonnet Award master list.

paragraphs: This novel is about a boy. This is not a normal boy because of the way he looks (Treacher Collins Syndrome) . He has two or three face surgeries per year. He is normally home-schooled but this year is a little different, he is going to middle school.

paragraphs: The book is in the point of view of different people around Auggie's ( the diagnosed one) life.


title: Alice in Videoland

paragraphs: Alice in Videoland is an electroclash band from Sweden. The band started in 2002. Toril Lindqvist is the singer.

paragraphs: In 2003 the band released their first album "Maiden Voyage" in Sweden. In 2005 they released their second album "Outrageous!". The band was signed by the American record label Storming The Base. In 2008 the band's third album "She's a Machine!" was released. "She's a Machine" was released as the album's first single. In 2010 the band's fourth album "A Million Thoughts and They're All About You" was released.


title: Molly Meldrum

paragraphs: Ian Alexander "Molly" Meldrum (born 29 January 1943) is an Australian music critic, journalist, record producer and entrepreneur. He is best known for presenting the popular music program "Countdown" (1974–87). His trademark accessory is his Stetson hat which is commonly mistaken for an Akubra.

paragraphs: Meldrum was born in Orbost, Victoria. He is openly gay. In December 2011, he fell from a ladder in his backyard. After being rushed to The Alfred Hospital, he was placed under intensive care in a sedated state and had surgery for his head injuries. As well as the head injuries, he also had a broken shoulder, broken ribs, a punctured lung and cracked vertebrae.


title: Space debris

paragraphs: Space debris is the collection of useless objects that are in orbit around Earth, for example broken satellites, empty rocket stages, pieces of metal, and many more. Because of how much space debris there is, collisions happen between space debris and sometimes even operational spacecraft, creating more debris.

paragraphs: Since the start of space programs and the launch of Sputnik 1, NORAD has an active list of all known space launches and objects that are in Earth orbit, including waste parts, for example booster rockets. This is the Space Object Catalog.


title: Kessler Syndrome

paragraphs: Kessler Syndrome (or an ablation cascade) is a thought-up situation made by the NASA scientist Donald J. Kessler in which the amount of space debris in orbit is large enough to cause space collisions to happen often. This would make space mostly unusable for years if it happened at an extreme level.

paragraphs: There is a satellite in orbit that is large and inactive, making it count as space debris, but it is in an orbit with a large amount of space debris. Two known objects get within 200m of it every year. This could cause a lot of space debris, inducing a domino effect with more collisions.

paragraphs: Satellite manufacturers must demonstrate that their satellite can safely destroy itself or boost itself into a higher or lower orbit, known as a graveyard orbit, to avoid keeping unused satellites in common orbits for other satellites.


title: Egon Bahr

paragraphs: Egon Karl-Heinz Bahr (18 March 1922 – 20 August 2015) was a German SPD politician.

paragraphs: During World War II Bahr was expelled from the Wehrmacht because he was partly of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: After the war he worked as a journalist and a diplomat before entering into politics.

paragraphs: Bahr was promoted by West German Chancellor Willy Brandt to serve as Secretary of the Prime Minister's Office from 1969 until 1972. Between 1972 and 1990 he was an MP in the Bundestag of the Federal Republic of Germany and from 1972 until 1976 was also a Minister of the Federal Government.


title: Robert Sumner

paragraphs: Robert L. Sumner (August 3, 1922 – December 5, 2016) was an American Christian author, Baptist pastor and evangelist. He was the editor of the fundamentalist newspaper "The Biblical Evangelist".

paragraphs: Sumner was born in Norwich, New York. He studied at Norwich High School and Baptist Bible College & Seminary.


title: Bijective function

paragraphs: In mathematics, a bijective function or bijection is a function "f" : "A" → "B" that is both an injection and a surjection. This is equivalent to the following statement: for every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is "exactly" one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b". Another name for bijection is 1-1 correspondence (read "one-to-one correspondence).

paragraphs: The term "bijection" and the related terms "surjection" and "injection" were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics.

paragraphs: where the element formula_5 is called the image of the element formula_6, and the element formula_6 the pre-image of the element formula_5.

paragraphs: The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:

paragraphs: Note: Surjection means minimum one pre-image. Injection means maximum one pre-image. So bijection means exactly one pre-image.

paragraphs: Cardinality is the "number" of elements in a set. The cardinality of "A"={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This can be written as #"A"=4.

paragraphs: By definition, two sets "A" and "B" have the same cardinality if there is a bijection between the sets. So #"A"=#"B" means there is a bijection from A to B.

paragraphs: Bijections and inverse functions are related to each other, in that a bijection is invertible, can be turned into its inverse function by reversing the arrows.

paragraphs: Let "f" : "A" → "B" be a bijection. The inverse function "g" : "B" → "A" is defined by if "f"("a")="b", then "g"("b")="a". (See also Inverse function.)

paragraphs: Note: The notation for the inverse function of "f" is confusing. Namely,

paragraphs: Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are numbers.)

paragraphs: Example: The linear function of a slanted line is a bijection. That is, "y"="ax"+"b" where "a"≠0 is a bijection.

paragraphs: Example: The polynomial function of third degree: "f"("x")="x" is a bijection. Image 2 and image 5 thin yellow curve. Its inverse is the cube root function "f"("x")= ∛"x" and it is also a bijection "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ. Image 5: thick green curve.

paragraphs: Example: The quadratic function "f"("x") = "x" is not a bijection (from ℝ→ℝ). Image 3. It is not a surjection. It is not an injection. However, we can restrict both its domain and codomain to the set of non-negative numbers (0,+∞) to get an (invertible) bijection (see examples below).

paragraphs: Example: Suppose our function "machine" is "f"("x")="x"².

paragraphs: Let "f"("x"):"A"→"B" where "A" and "B" are subsets of ℝ.

paragraphs: Example: The quadratic function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)

paragraphs: is a bijection. Image 6: thin yellow curve.

paragraphs: Example: The square root function defined on the restricted domain and codomain [0,+∞)

paragraphs: is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the quadratic function: "x". Image 6: thick green curve.

paragraphs: is a bijection. Image 4: thin yellow curve ("a"=10).

paragraphs: Example: The logarithmic function base "a" defined on the restricted domain (0,+∞) and the codomain ℝ

paragraphs: is the bijection defined as the inverse function of the exponential function: "a". Image 4: thick green curve ("a"=10).


title: Parainen

paragraphs: Parainen, "Pargas", is a city in Southwest Finland. About 15,500 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Brändö, Sottunga, Kökar, Kemiönsaari, Sauvo, Kaarina, Turku, Naantali and Kustavi.


title: Hans Erni

paragraphs: Hans Erni (21 February 1909 – 21 March 2015) was a Swiss painter, designer and sculptor. He was known for illustrating postage stamps, activism, lithographs for the Swiss Red Cross, and participation on the International Olympic Committee. The Hans Erni Museum, in the grounds of the Swiss Museum of Transport, contains a large collection of artwork.

paragraphs: Erni was born in Lucerne. He was the third of eight children. Ernie died in Lucerne on 21 March 2015 at the age of 106.


title: Sodankylä

paragraphs: Sodankylä is a municipality in Lapland. Almost 8,890 people lived there in January 2014. The municipalities next to it are Inari, Kemijärvi, Kittilä, Pelkosenniemi, Rovaniemi and Savukoski.

paragraphs: Some villages in Sodankylä are Kersilö, Kierinki, Lismanaapa, Luosto, Torvinen.


title: Evijärvi

paragraphs: Evijärvi is a municipality in Finland. In January 2014, 2,689 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Kauhava, Kruunupyy, Lappajärvi, Pedersöre and Veteli.


title: Historical linguistics

paragraphs: Historical linguistics is the study of language change. It has five main concerns:

paragraphs: Modern historical linguistics dates from the late 18th century. It grew out of the earlier discipline of philology, the study of ancient texts and documents dating back to antiquity.

paragraphs: At first, historical linguistics was comparative linguistics. The focus was on the well-known Indo-European languages, many of which had long written histories. Scholars also studied the Uralic languages, another language family for which less early written material exists.

paragraphs: Since then, there has been linguistic work in non-European languages, such as on the Austronesian languages and various families of Native American languages.

paragraphs: Comparative linguistics is now part of a discipline of historical linguistics. For Indo-European languages, comparative study is now a well-developed field. Most research is being carried out on their later development, such as the development of the modern standard varieties.

paragraphs: Some scholars have done studies attempting to establish super-families. They have, for example, linked Indo-European, Uralic, and other families into Nostratic. Such attempts have not been accepted widely. The information needed to establish relatedness becomes thinner the farther back. The time depth of linguistic methods is limited because of chance word resemblances and variations between language groups. Scholars can trace language changes back to around 10,000 years. The dating of the various proto-languages is also difficult; several methods are available for dating, but only approximate results are possible.


title: Nostratic

paragraphs: Nostratic is a hypothetical language family which includes many of the present-day language families of Eurasia. The idea is that Nostratic was spoken after the ice sheets melted but before people spread out throughout Europe and Asia.

paragraphs: Many of today's languages are descendants of Nostratic, so it is thought. These include the Indo-European, Uralic, Altaic and Kartvelian languages. The Afroasiatic languages, native to North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Near East, as well as the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent, are usually included as well.

paragraphs: The name "Nostratic" is derived from the Latin "nostrates", meaning "us" (in other words, fellow countrymen). The idea was expanded in the 1960s by Soviet linguists, called the "Moscovite school" by Bomhard. It has received renewed attention in English-speaking academia since the 1990s.

paragraphs: The hypothesis is controversial and has varying degrees of acceptance amongst linguists worldwide. Some linguists are unsure.

paragraphs: The hypothetical ancestral language of the Nostratic family is called Proto-Nostratic. It would have been spoken between 15,000 and 12,000 BC, in the Epipalaeolithic period, near the end of the last glacial period.


title: Seligman, Arizona

paragraphs: Seligman () is a census-designated place (CDP) in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. The population was 456 at the 2000 census.

paragraphs: Delgadillo's Snow Cap Drive-In is a popular tourist stop in the town.


title: Mediant (mathematics)

paragraphs: In mathematics, the mediant of two fractions

paragraphs: It is commonly referred to as the freshman sum, due to it being a common mistake when people learn about the addition of fractions. The operation is between two fractions, therefore the way these fractions are represented influence the mediant. For example, the mediant of 1/1 and 1/2 is 2/3, but the mediant of 2/2 and 1/2 is 3/4, even though the sum of both is 3/2.


title: Chamaerops

paragraphs: Chamaerops is a genus of flowering plants in the family Arecaceae (palm family). There is one species called Chamaerops humilis (European fan palm, Mediterranean dwarf palm or dwarf fan palm). It is the only palm species native to continental Europe. It is found in coastal areas of southern France, Morocco and Italy. It is a shrub-like clumping palm, with several stems growing from a single base. The stems grow slowly and often tightly together, eventually reaching 2–5 m tall.


title: Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota

paragraphs: The Eurocopter UH-72 Lakota is a Franco-German military helicopter design. It is built from the EC145 twin-turboshaft helicopter. It replaces the Bell UH-1 Iroquois in medical flights. The UH-72 can also replace Bell OH-58A & C in communication and observation duties. The helicopter is built in the United States by American Eurocopter, a branch of Eurocopter.

paragraphs: In the US Navy this helicopter is used by US Naval Test Pilot School in support filghts.


title: Eurocopter EC145

paragraphs: The Eurocopter EC145 is a civil and military twin-turboshaft helicopter. It is built in Germany. It is a modernized variant of the MBB/Kawasaki BK117. It is used for both transport and SAR. The UH-72 Lakota is a military variant for the US Army. The military variants are mainly known as Eurocopter EC645.


title: Theodore Miller Edison

paragraphs: Theodore Miller Edison (July 10, 1898 – November 24, 1992) was an American inventor and businessman. He was the fourth son of Thomas Edison.

paragraphs: Edison worked for his father's company, Thomas A. Edison, Inc., starting as a lab assistant. He later started his own company, Calibron Industries, Inc. After that, he built his own laboratory in West Orange, New Jersey. He earned over 80 patents in his career.


title: Alexis Hunter

paragraphs: Alexis Jan Atthill Hunter (4 November 1948 – 24 February 2014) was a contemporary New Zealand painter and photographer. She used feminist theory in her work and was a member of Stuckism.

paragraphs: Hunter was born in Epsom, Auckland. Her and her sister, Alyson, were twins. Her parents were from Australia. She married to Baxter Mitchell from 1986 until her death.

paragraphs: Hunter died from motor neurone disease on 24 February 2014 in London, England. She was 65.


title: Maurice Faure

paragraphs: Maurice Faure (2 January 1922 – 6 March 2014) was a French politician and diplomat. He was a member of the French Resistance and a minister in several French governments. He was born in Azerat, Dordogne.

paragraphs: Faure died on 6 March 2014 in Cahors, Lot. He was 92 years old.


title: Manlio Sgalambro

paragraphs: Manlio Sgalambro (9 December 1924 – 6 March 2014) was an Italian philosopher, poet and writer. He wrote poetry between the 1940s until his death. He was born in Lentini, Province of Syracuse.

paragraphs: Sgalambro died on 6 March 2014 in Catania. He was 89 years old.


title: Shamrock Summit

paragraphs: The Shamrock Summit was a summit meeting that took place in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada during March 1985. It was a meeting between Prime Minister of Canada Brian Mulroney and President of the United States Ronald Reagan.

paragraphs: It was nicknamed the "Shamrock Summit" because both leaders had an Irish background. The meeting is well known because both leaders began to sing the song "When Irish Eyes are Smiling".


title: Coleen Gray

paragraphs: Coleen Gray (October 23, 1922 – August 3, 2015) was an American movie, stage and television actress.

paragraphs: She was known for her roles in "Nightmare Alley", "Kiss of Death", "Red River", and in "The Killing". She began her acting career in 1944. Gray retired in 1988.

paragraphs: Gray was born in Staplehurst, Nebraska. She studied at Hamlin University.

paragraphs: Gray was married to Rodney Amateau from 1945 until they divorced in 1949. Then, she was married to William Bidlack from 1953 until his death in 1978. They had a son, Bruce Bidlack. She was last married to Fritz Zeiser from 1979 until his death in 2012.

paragraphs: Gray died in Los Angeles, California, aged 92.


title: Naantali

paragraphs: Naantali is a city in Finland. It had 19,000 living there in February 2014. The municipalities next to it are Parainen, Masku, Raisio, Taivassalo and Turku.