title: Maurice Duruflé

paragraphs: Maurice Duruflé (born Louviers, 11 January 1902; died Louveciennes, 16 June 1986) was a French composer and organist. He was very self-critical and destroyed any of his compositions that he thought were not really good. This is why we now only have a small number of his works. He wrote choral music and music for the organ. His most famous work is his "Requiem".

paragraphs: Duruflé was born in Louviers, Haute-Normandie. In 1912, he joined the choir of Rouen Cathedral where he studied piano and organ. When he was 17 he went to Paris and had private organ lessons with Charles Tournemire. He became Tournemire’s assistant at the Basilique Ste-Clotilde, Paris until 1927. In 1920 Duruflé went to study at the Conservatoire de Paris. His organ teacher was Eugène Gigout. When he graduated he got first prizes in organ, harmony, piano accompaniment, and composition.

paragraphs: In 1929 Duruflé became organist at St. Étienne-du-Mont in Paris, a job he kept for the rest of his life.

paragraphs: In 1939, he gave the first performance of Francis Poulenc's Organ Concerto. In 1943 he became professor of harmony at the Conservatoire de Paris, where he worked until 1970. In 1947, Duruflé wrote his famous "Requiem" op. 9, for soloists, choir, organ and orchestra. In the same year Marie-Madeleine Chevalier became his assistant organist at St-Étienne-du-Mont. They married in 1953 after Duruflé divorced his first wife. The couple often travelled together to give organ recitals together. They always spent many hours practising on the organs on which they had to perform, often practising a lot of the time without the sound so that their fingers were really used to the feel of the organ.

paragraphs: In 1975 Duruflé was badly hurt in a car accident and had to give up performing. His wife, who was not so badly hurt in the accident, was still able to play and continued to play the organ at St-Étienne-du-Mont.

paragraphs: Duruflé died in Louveciennes (near Paris) in 1986, aged 84.

paragraphs: Duruflé only left a few of his works for publication. His two important organ works are the "Suite, op. 5" which has a famous Toccata as last movement, and his "Prelude and Fugue sur le nom d'Alain". His "Requiem" remains a favourite work for choirs. Duruflé’s music uses Gregorian plainchant, modal harmonies and polyphonic writing. He was a great admirer of the music of Louis Vierne and Charles Tournemire and he made transcriptions of some of their improvisations.


title: Sala São Paulo

paragraphs: The Sala São Paulo is a concert hall in the Julio Prestes Cultural Center in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. It is a very large building. The Cultural Center used to be a railway station and it was rebuilt and changed into a cultural centre in 1999.

paragraphs: Sala São Paulo is big enough for an audience of 1.498 people. The orchestra that perform there is the Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo (Osesp).

paragraphs: The Brazilian government wanted to bring more culture to the centre of São Paulo. The rebuilding began in November 1997.

paragraphs: The original train station was called Julio Prestes Station. It was built between 1926 and 1938 so that trains could take coffee to the port of Santos. When motor car transport became more and more popular many stations connecting Brazilian towns closed down.

paragraphs: The station's large hall was the same shape as many 19th century concert halls, that is, it is shaped like a horse shoe.

paragraphs: Sala São Paulo has 22 balconies and a ceiling that is 24 meters high. There is a very large platform so that everyone in the audience can see well. There is an elevator to lift the piano on and off the stage and many other useful modern devices.


title: New Sweden

paragraphs: New Sweden (, ) was a Swedish colony in North America that existed from 1638 through 1655. It was in the modern day states of Delaware, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Its capital was Fort Christina, modern-day Wilmington.

paragraphs: New Sweden was captured by the Dutch in 1655, and incorporated into New Netherland.


title: Bobby Fischer

paragraphs: Robert James "Bobby" Fischer (March 9, 1943 – January 17, 2008) was an American-Icelandic chess Grandmaster and the eleventh World Chess Champion.

paragraphs: As a teenager, Fischer became well-known worldwide because of his skill at chess. He won the American championship of 1963/64, winning all eleven of his games.

paragraphs: Fischer was born in Michael Reese Hospital in Chicago, Illinois on March 9, 1943. His birth certificate said that that his father was Hans-Gerhardt Fischer, a German. His mother, Regina Wender Fischer, was a Polish-Jewish American citizen. Born in Switzerland, she grew up in St. Louis, Missouri, and later became a teacher, a nurse, and a doctor. The two married in 1933 in Moscow, USSR, where Regina was studying medicine at the First Moscow Medical Institute. They divorced in 1945 when Bobby was two years old, so he grew up with his mother and older sister. In 1948, the family moved to Mobile, Arizona, where Regina taught in an elementary school. The next year, they moved to Brooklyn, New York.

paragraphs: A 2002 article in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" said that Paul Nemenyi, a doctor, was Bobby's biological father, not Hans-Gerhardt. Regina and Nemenyi had had an affair in 1942, and he gave her money to help her raise her child every month, paying for Fischer's schooling until he died in 1952. Fischer later told the chess player Zita Rajcsanyi that Nemenyi sometimes came to his Brooklyn apartment and took him to places.

paragraphs: Fischer learned to play at the age of six. His sister Joan bought him a chess set. Bobby learned how to play from the instructions. Several years later, he began to play at the Manhattan Chess Club. He became well known around the world in 1956. He was 13 when he played a game against an American player named Donald Byrne. In the game, he sacrificed his queen and won. "Chess Review" called this game the "game of the century".

paragraphs: Fischer was 14 when he won the U.S. Championship for the first time. This would be the first of eight U.S. Championships he would win.

paragraphs: In 1972, he became the first and only American to win the World Chess Championship in the 20th century. In the 19th century, Paul Morphy was briefly the leading player. Wilhelm Steinitz was the first official world champion. He became an American citizen while he was champion. To win the title, Fischer beat Boris Spassky of the Soviet Union. The match was held in Reykjavík, Iceland. However, Fischer did not agree to a match to defend his title. He lost his title in 1975. The title of world champion was given to Anatoly Karpov.

paragraphs: Fischer did not play in any public matches or tournaments for nearly 20 years. In 1992, he defeated Spassky in a rematch in Yugoslavia. The United States Department of State had told him not to play there because of the events that happened after Yugoslavia began splitting into several new countries. Since he disobeyed this order, he could have been prosecuted if he returned to the U.S. In fact, he never returned there. Fischer's 1992 rematch against Spassky was the only time after becoming the world champion that Fischer played chess in public.

paragraphs: After his match, Fischer promoted a new type of chess called "Fischer Random Chess", where the pieces were randomly shuffled before the game so they would be on different squares to start every game.

paragraphs: In July 2004, Fischer was arrested at an airport in Japan with a bad passport. The United States wanted Japan to send him back to go to trial for playing chess in Yugoslavia in 1992. The government of Iceland eventually granted Fischer asylum, where he lived for the rest of his life.

paragraphs: Fischer died of renal failure on January 17, 2008. He was buried at a small ceremony near the town of Selfoss, Iceland.

paragraphs: Fischer was born to a Jewish parent, but he rejected the religion. He used many racist and unreasonable insults toward Judaism. Fischer denied the Holocaust. He read books such as "Mein Kampf" and "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion". As a young man, Fischer joined the Radio Church of God. He later left this evangelical Protestant church with outspoken comments. Fischer had a Catholic funeral. It is unclear whether he became a Roman Catholic before his death.

paragraphs: Fischer, like Morphy, chose to stop playing when he was still young. He had a lifelong history of disputes, conflicts and controversy. He believed he was the victim of conspiracies. Fischer showed symptoms of the mental illness paranoia, similar to Morphy. In "Bobby Fischer: The Wandering King", authors Hans Böhm and Kees Jongkind write that Fischer's radio broadcasts show that he was "out of his mind ... a victim of his own mental illness".

paragraphs: Fischer developed his own book to teaching chess. It uses a method called programmed learning.


title: Phosgene

paragraphs: Phosgene is the chemical compound with the formula COCl. This gas has no color. The gas was used as a weapon during World War I. It is responsible for most of the deaths related to poison gas during the war. Today, phosgene is used as a tool. It is used for organic synthesis. When there is a small amount in the air, the smell is similar to that of freshly cut hay or grass. Some soldiers during the First World War have stated that it smelled a little like May Blossom. When some compounds of chlorine burn or break down, small amounts of phosgene are given off.

paragraphs: Today, most phosgene is used to produce isocyanates. The most important isocanates in this context are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). Both are precursors to polyurethanes. Large amounts are also used to produce polycarbonates. Polycarbonate is produced from its reaction with bisphenol A. Polycarbonates are an important class of engineering thermoplastic. They can be found in lenses in eyeglasses.

paragraphs: Phosgene is a strong poison. Its smell may not be noticed. Signs of exposure may sometimes be detected slowly.

paragraphs: Phosgene can be seen at 0.4 parts per million. This amount is four times the safe amount. Its high ability to poison doesn't come from the hydrogen chloride released by a process. It comes from the action of the phosgene on the proteins in the pulmonary sac of the lungs. The sacs are where the oxygen goes into the body. Their damage makes it hard for the blood and air move oxygen and carbon. This will make breathing very hard. Badges are worn by those at risk of exposure.

paragraphs: Sodium bicarbonate may be used to make spills of phosgene harmless. Gas spills may be made harmless with a special liquid spray.


title: WrestleMania XIV

paragraphs: WrestleMania XIV was the fourteenth WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), which took place on March 29, 1998 at the Fleet Center in Boston, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: The night began with the secret guests in the tag team battle royal being revealed as the united Legion of Doom, with Sunny. Savio Vega was first eliminated, meaning his tag team partner, Miguel Perez, had to leave too. Kurrgan illegally entered the ring to get revenge on Sniper and Recon for The Jackyl, Barry Windham also illegally entered to eliminate Bradshaw, and so his partner, Chainz, had to leave too. The final four teams stayed in the match for a while until Skull was eliminated by Phineas. When The Godwinns (Phineas & Henry) were thrown out, they returned and attacked the Legion Of Doom with buckets before leaving. New Midnight Express tried to keep Animal out of the ring while double teaming Hawk but once he re-entered the Legion eliminated Bob and Bart at the same time, leaving them the last team standing.

paragraphs: The second bout was a Light Heavyweight Championship match, with Taka Michinoku defending his title against Águila; this would be the first and only time the championship was defended at WrestleMania, though the title that came after it, the WWE Cruiserweight Championship would be. After throwing Taka out the ring and baseball sliding into him, Águila hit an moonsault outside the ring, but was soon hit by a springboard crossbody after Taka reversed a suplex from the end of the ring. Águila almost won the match with a moonsault crossbody into a pin but stayed on the offensive with a frankensteiner. Taka tried to land the Michinoku Driver but as Aguila flipped out and attempted a hurricarana, Taka reversed it into a powerbomb. Taka would soon stop Águila from hitting him with a high flying dive with a dropkick before before being able to do a Michinoku Driver and get the win. After the match, they shook hands and celebrated together.

paragraphs: Triple H made his way to the ring with his theme song played by the DX Band. Before Owen Hart came to the ring, Commissioner Slaughter handcuffed himself to Chyna so that she would not get involved in the match, despite her saying that she didn't want to. The match began with Hart attacking Helmsley with his fists before sliding out of the ring, when Triple H tried to jump from the end of the ring he landed on the crowd barrier. After an powerbomb Hart tried to lock in the sharpshooter but Helmsley broke out of it and started some offensive attacks of his own, kicking Hart in the turnbuckle and delivering a suplex. Hart suffered a cut to the bridge of his nose from a boot to the face, after which Triple H began to only attack Hart's damaged ankle, dropping his knee onto it and stretching it. After not getting hit with another kick to the face and pulling Helmsley's crotch onto the ring post, and managed to take advantage, changing a powerbomb into the sharpshooter but Chyna, having to pull Sgt. Slaughter, pulled Triple H to the rope for the break. Chyna then threw white powder in Slaughter's face causing a worried Hart to check on him, as he turned round to face the ring, Chyna low-blowed him from outside allowing Triple H to win the match with the Pedigree. After she was freed from the handcuffs, Chyna shoved Slaughter into the crowd.

paragraphs: Marc Mero and Goldust began the match but Goldust soon tagged in Luna Vachon, requiring Sable to be tagged in too. However, Vachon simple ran around the outside of the ring with Sable chasing her and tagged her partner back in. Wanting to get her hands on Vachon, Sable double teamed Goldust with a boot to the face after an Irish whip from Mero but could not get Vachon to enter the ring. An near pinfall came from a running crossbody from Mero and following this the two ran into each other, causing both men to crawl and tag in the women. Sable straddled Vachon and punched her round the face before kicking her in the midsection and face in the turnbuckle and attacking Goldust, then running back to clothesline Vachon over the ropes. Vachon tagged Goldust in but before Sable would do the same, she struck him in the face, then letting Mero take over who had his TKO reversed into a DDT. Mero too would reverse the Curtain Call allowing him the chance to try a moonsault pin to a standing Goldust. After Vachon struck a running Mero with his knee, Mero went to punch her but ducked out of the way as Goldust ran to her rescue, causing him to inadvertently knock her off the apron. Mero then executed the TKO but Luna interrupted the pin count, jumping on Mero's back resulting in Sable tagging in as Mero wandered around the ring with Vachon on his back. Sable tried pinning Goldust but the referee was distracted and as he finally began to count, Sable leapt off Goldust so the interfering Vachon would inadvertently bodysplash Goldust. Sable then performed a powerbomb and Mero's TKO to win the bout.

paragraphs: The Intercontinental title fight began along the walkway with a brawl that saw Ken Shamrock whipped into the steel steps before coming inside the ring. Rocky Maivia then delivered his People's Elbow but could not secure a three-count. Shamrock then rolled out of the ring and grabbed steel steps and when the referee tried to take it off him, he threw the referee into the corner; The Rock quickly grabbed the steps and hit Shamrock with it as the referee recovered. Shamrock pushed out of the pin count and quickly gained the advantage, delivering a belly to belly slam off an Irish whip and then securing his ankle lock in the centre of the ring, making The Rock tap. The surrounding members of the Nation jumped into the ring but Shamrock quickly dispatched them all with suplexes, including the four hundred pound Henry, before reapplying the ankle lock to a bleeding Maivia. Faarooq then ran down from the back and jumped onto the apron, only to look on at The Rock with a smile, before walking away. Eventually a number of referees and officials appeared trying to subdue Shamrock, after being surrounded he suplexed a referee and then an official before calming down as The Rock was wheeled away on a gurney. Howard Finkel then announced Shamrock had been disqualified for not breaking his ankle hold causing Shamrock to chase Rock and fight him on the Chris Warren band stage.

paragraphs: The Tag Team Championship match began with Billy Gunn facing Chainsaw Charlie and Road Dogg exchanging blows with Cactus Jack. Trying a Cactus Elbow on Road Dogg, Cactus missed and slammed himself into the dumpster. The Outlaws then focused on Charlie, using a back toss to drop him into the dumpster and as he attempted to climb out they simultaneously slammed the lid shut on the hardcore legends' heads. With Cactus and Charlie both in the dumpster, the Outlaws shut the lid down on them but Cactus managed to get back up while the Outlaws were celebrating and pushed Road Dogg down to the ground with a mandible claw, pulling him into the dumpster. Both teams took time to recover and began to brawl with weapons in the ring, Cactus Jack pulling out a ladder and climbing it opposite Billy Gunn, only to be pushed off straight into the dumpster outside the ring by a falling Chainsaw Charlie. Road Dogg pulled his partner out and the two focused their efforts on Charlie, powerbombing him into the dumpster, however Cactus had managed to escape in the meantime. The fight found its way to the backstage area, with both Outlaws throwing Cactus into boxes and promotional toys but Jack replied with a chair shot to both of them and pulled Billy Gunn onto a wooden crate with a double-arm DDT. Charlie reappeared on a forklift and elevated the wooden crate as Jack dragged Road Dogg onto it too. Charlie then drove the forklift above a backstage dumpster and dropped both opponents inside as Cactus Jack closed the lid to win the World Tag Team Championship.

paragraphs: Before The Undertaker's match with Kane, baseball record-holder Pete Rose came to the ring as the special ring announcer. However, after insulting the home-town team and introducing Kane, the wrestler gave him a tombstone piledriver starting a tri-year tradition. The Undertaker was preceded by a league of torch-bearing druids to the tune of O Fortuna. The Undertaker cornered Kane and threw a fury of punches into him, ducking and reversing Kane's attempts until Kane hit him with a clothesline that he instantly sat up from. Kane then set Undertaker up in a tree of woe to begin his assault of punches and Irish whips and then suplexing Undertaker onto the ropes and delivering a flying club to the neck from the turnbuckle. As Undertaker began to fight back, Kane threw him into the ropes but his brother retaliated by jumping onto his back, which was met a face-first electric chair. Paul Bearer kept the referee distracted while Kane landed the steel steps onto Undertaker, and repeated the effort a second time while his opponent was lying onto the steps, crushing him between. As the referee tried to keep Kane in check, Bearer slapped Undertaker while walking past him. Kane caught his brother running and delivered a chokeslam but lifted his shoulders off the mat before the three count could be made, putting him into a sleeper hold that Undertaker eventually fought out of with a flurry of punches. Undertaker then dropped Kane on top of the ropes and punched him off the apron; he followed this with a over the top rope suicide dive that Kane managed to side-step, guiding him through the Spanish announce table. As Undertaker made it back into the ring, Kane hit him with a flying lariat. Undertaker was caught unawares by Kane, who lifted him into a tombstone piledriver position, but Kane managed to weigh himself backwards onto his own feet and deliver the tombstone himself. Undertaker kicked out and after landing his opponent with a clothesline, he chokeslammed Kane and then delivered a tombstone piledriver of his own; it would eventually take three tombstones with a guillotine leg drop and flying clothesline in between to stop Kane kicking out and sitting up but as soon as the match was over Bearer attacked Undertaker and ordered Kane attack him, which he did with a chair shot to the head and then a tombstone piledriver onto the chair. After Kane and Bearer left, Undertaker sat up and left the ring.

paragraphs: With Mike Tyson enforcing from ring side, the WWF Championship fight began with both superstars dancing around each other, engaging in a few light punches before Shawn Michaels escaped the ring and ran back in to take advantage of Steve Austin, but was met with a standing clothesline. Austin followed up by pulling down Michaels' trunks revealing his rear. Michaels tried to run at Austin but was flipped over the top rope into Triple H and Chyna. As Triple H threw Austin through the crowd barrier, the referee ordered him and Chyna to leave ringside but Austin followed and fought with them up to the entrance way. Michaels caught up with him and hit Austin with a cymbal from the bandstage, before Irish whipping him into the dumpster. As the match resumed in the ring, Austin met Michaels high-risk manoeuvre with a clothesline and then ran him into the turnbuckle and picking him up for an inverted atomic drop. Michaels attempt to pick up some momentum saw him picked up and dropped onto the ropes but Michaels managed to push Stone Cold away as he attempted a stunner. When he tried to escape the ring though, Austin shoved him forcing the champion to fall upon the announce table. After Stone Cold slowed the match down with a sleeper, Michaels tried to pull his knee into the ring post but was instead pulled into it himself. Austin then tried to rush at Michaels but was back tossed into the crowd and struck with the ring bell. Michaels used the momentum to take advantage inside the ring, delivering a snapmare and then a low kick to the grounded Austin but as he took time to offend the audience Stone Cold briefly picked up some speed throwing Michaels out of the ring but just as quickly lost ground as his opponent repeatedly worked on Austin's left knee, throwing it into the ring post and then kicking and dropping onto it back inside the ring. When Austin tried to recover outside of the ring, he was met with a baseball slide launching him over the announce table and was instantly thrown back into the ring by Tyson where he soon suffered a figure four leg lock that Michaels illegally elevated using the second and third ring rope. Austin's eventual counter was stopped by a rope break. Austin then tried to reverse a standing sleeper hold by throwing Michaels back into the turnbuckle but unwittingly trapped referee Mike Chioda who fell unconscious. With both men on the floor, HBK recovered with a kip-up and landed a high-flying elbow drop, getting in position to taunt for his finisher. As Austin eventually stood up, he ducked the super kick, attempting a stunner on Michaels as he turned round only to be thrown into the ropes and met again with a Sweet Chin Music which he grabbed, spinning Michaels round and finishing with a Stone Cold stunner. Tyson jumped into the ring to make a quick three count and the new champion celebrated by tossing the enforcer an Austin 3:16 T-shirt. When Shawn Michaels stood up, he confronted Tyson about his turn but was met with a punch that instantly floored him, and draped with Austin T-shirt.


title: George Drennen Fischer

paragraphs: George Drennen Fischer was an American activist and spokesman for the National Education Association. He presented the Statement on complete comprehensive Preschool Education and Child Day Care Act of 1969 before the choose select Subcommittee on Education, February 27, 1970. He also published on the state of Native American education with Walter Mondale. His actions got him put placed on the master list of Nixon political opponents.


title: Security-Enhanced Linux

paragraphs: Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) is a Linux feature that gives a variety of security rules, including mandatory access controls. It does so by using Linux Security Modules (LSM) in the Linux kernel. It is not a Linux distribution, but rather a group of changes that can be used on Unix-like operating systems, such as Linux and BSD.


title: Amor asteroid

paragraphs: An amor asteroid is a group of asteroids found near Earth that were named after 1221 Amor. While some other kinds of asteroids cross over Mars's and Earth's orbits, nearly all of the amor asteroids do not. The best known amor asteroid is 433 Eros. It was circled around and landed upon by the NEAR Shoemaker. About 1,200 of all the asteroids in space are amor asteroids, with about 200 of them numbered, or given a number. Only 50 amor asteroids are named.

paragraphs: The following are a few of the most notable amor asteroids, in reverse order of discovery:


title: Iaşi County

paragraphs: Iaşi is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in Moldavia. The capital of Iaşi County is Iaşi.

paragraphs: About 825,000 people lived in Iaşi County as of the year 2007:

paragraphs: Iaşi County has 2 municipalities, 3 towns and 93 communes.


title: Ye (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Yeh (in Russian and Belarusian) or Eh (in Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbian, and Ukrainian) (Е, е) is the sixth letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [e] or [ɛ], except in Russian and Belarusian, where it is said as [yeh] at the beginning of the word and as a palatised (soft) [yeh] in other cases.

paragraphs: It came from the Greek epsilon and is the same as the Roman E.


title: Phosgene oxime

paragraphs: Phosgene oxime, also is also called dichloroformoxime or CX, is a chemical weapon, and a nettle agent that damages skin and other body parts. It was first made in the year 1929. When it is solid, it has no color. When it is liquid, it is yellow-brown. It has a strong, very bad odor. The way to write phosgene oxime is CClNOH.

paragraphs: This chemical has no real use, so accidental exposure is does not happen often. Exposure to CX is almost certainly the result of its use as a weapon.

paragraphs: Phosgene oxime is bad if breathed, eaten, or placed on the skin by the skin and in very little time, the signs of poisoning are seen. If breathed, it bothers the lungs and may eventually lead to fluid in the skin. The effects on the skin include hives, itching, and death of the skin. It also causes watering of the eyes and even can cause blindness.


title: Yo (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Yo (Ё, ё) is a letter of the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [jo] at the beginning of the word and like a palatised (soft) [ʲo] in other cases.


title: Pianoro

paragraphs: Pianoro is a town of the province of Bologna in Italy.


title: Zhe (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Zheh (Ж, ж) is the seventh (eighth in Russian) letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like Zh, or the S in treasure or vision.

paragraphs: It came from the Glagolitic letter "zhivete". In English, it is transliterated as "zh". In other slavic languages like Ž.


title: City limits

paragraphs: The city limits are boundaries that define where a city ends. The words town limits and village limits mean the same thing as city limits, but are used in towns and villages. The limits are usually marked with a sign.


title: European Capital of Culture

paragraphs: The European Capital of Culture is a city chosen by the European Union for a period of one calendar year. The city is given a chance to show its cultural life and cultural development. Most of the cities are very popular and are known internationally (by people around the world).

paragraphs: According to the official EU website. From 2014 to 2020, these are only the countries have been chosen, based on the rotation system.


Kazuyoshi Miura


title: Japan Soccer League

paragraphs: Japan Soccer League (JSL) used to be an amateur football league in Japan.


title: Pierre Littbarski

paragraphs: Pierre Littbarski (born April 16, 1960) is a former German football player. He has played for the German national team.


Masashi Nakayama


title: Patrick M'Boma

paragraphs: Patrick Mboma (born 15 November 1970) is a former Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.


title: Cerise

paragraphs: At right is displayed the color cerise. The "cerise" name comes from the French word meaning cherry. The word "cherry" itself comes from the Norman "cherise".

paragraphs: According to Maerz and Paul in their "Dictionary of Color", the first recorded use of "cerise" as a color name in English was in 1858. However, it was used at least as early as 1846 in a book of crochet patterns.

paragraphs: In the 1950s, a popular brand of colored pencils, Venus Paradise, had a colored pencil called "Hollywood cerise" . Before being renamed "Hollywood cerise" in the 1940s, the color had before that, since 1922, been known simply as "Hollywood".


title: J2 League

paragraphs: The list of clubs in the league has changed over time. In 2013, the J2 teams are:


title: Japan Football League

paragraphs: The also known as simply the JFL is the 4th tier of the Japanese association football league system, positioned beneath three divisions of the J.League, and is the top tier of amateur football in the country.

paragraphs: JFL has 18 amateur or semi-professional clubs which mirror the system of teams and athletes of the J-League. Promotion from JFL to the J-League is possible, but not automatic.

paragraphs: The JFL has 17 teams. In 2012, the teams are:

paragraphs: In 2012, Arte Takasaki was removed from the list of JFL teams.


title: Gamba Osaka

paragraphs: In 2008, Gamba Osaka won the Emperor's Cup and the AFC Champions League, and won 3rd place at the FIFA Club World Cup.

paragraphs: In 2010, Rafinha made three goals in one game for Gamba Osaka against Kawasaki Frontale.

paragraphs: In 2014, Gamba Osaka won all three major titles in Japan, including the J1 League, the J. League Cup, and the Emperor's Cup.


title: JEF United Ichihara Chiba

paragraphs: JEF United Ichihara Chiba has reserve team ; JEF Reserves.


title: Kashima Antlers

paragraphs: In 2010, Marquinhos (Marcos Gomes de Araujo) made three goals in one game against Omiya Ardija.


title: Júbilo Iwata

paragraphs: In 2009, Ryoichi Maeda made three goals in one game against Nagoya Grampus.

paragraphs: A match with Shimizu S-Pulse is called Shizuoka Derby.


title: Kashiwa Reysol

paragraphs: In 2012, Masakatsu Sawa made three goals in one game against Gamba Osaka.


title: Cerezo Osaka

paragraphs: Yanmar Diesel S.C. had reserve team ; Yanmar Club from 1976 to 1979.

paragraphs: In 2010, Adriano Ferreira Martins made four goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.

paragraphs: In 2011, Ryuji Bando scored three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima; and he also scored three time in a game against Shimizu S-Pulse.


Avispa Fukuoka


Kyoto Sanga F.C.


title: Sanfrecce Hiroshima

paragraphs: In 2006, Hisato Sato set a league record for the fastest goal in a match. In a game against Cerezo Osaka, he scored in just eight seconds after play began.


title: Shonan Bellmare

paragraphs: In 2010, Frode Johnsen made three goals in one game against Shimizu S-Pulse.


Hokkaido Consadole Sapporo


title: Yokohama Flügels

paragraphs: Yokohama Flügels is a former football club which has played in Japan.


title: F.C. Tokyo

paragraphs: In 2012, Kazuma Watanabe made three goals in one game against Sagan Tosu.

paragraphs: In 2009, Naohiro Ishikawa scored three times in one game against Omiya Ardija.


title: Kawasaki Frontale

paragraphs: In 2010, Juninho (Carlos Alberto Carvalho dos Anjos Junior) made three goals in one game against Shonan Bellmare; and Jumpei Kusukami scored three times in a game against Gamba Osaka.

paragraphs: In 2009, Renatinho (Renato Carlos Martins Júnior) kicked three goals in a game against JEF United Ichihara Chiba.


title: Tokyo Verdy

paragraphs: Yomiuri S.C. had reserve team ; Yomiuri S.C. Juniors from 1980 to 1992.


title: Urawa Red Diamonds

paragraphs: In 2007, the Urawa Reds were the first Japanese team to reach the finals of the Asian Champions League.

paragraphs: Its famous in Japan developing young good players.

paragraphs: In 2009, Edmilson (Edmilson Dos Santos Silva) made three goals in one game (hat-trick) against Jubilo Iwata.


title: Yokohama F. Marinos

paragraphs:
The club was founded in 1972.
The team has some notable achievements.


Oita Trinita


title: Albirex Niigata

paragraphs: In 2012, Masaaki Yanagishita was named coach.

paragraphs: In 2009, Pedro Bispo Moreira Júnior made three goals in one game against Sanfrecce Hiroshima.

paragraphs: In 2010, Marcio Richardez scored three times in one game against Vegalta Sendai.


title: Yokohama F.C.

paragraphs:
The club was founded in 1998.
In 2010, the team included


title: New Netherland

paragraphs: New Netherland (Dutch: "Nieuw-Nederland", Latin: "Nova Belgica" or "Novum Belgium") was a colony of the Dutch Empire from 1614 through 1664 and from 1673 through 1674. It was a base for the fur trade. The capital was New Amsterdam, modern-day New York City. The other important trading post in New Netherland was Fort Orange, now called Albany, New York. Most settlers lived in these towns or between them, along the Hudson River but some lived in distant parts of the colony.

paragraphs: New Netherland was between English colonies which the Kingdom of England wanted to connect together. During the Anglo-Dutch Wars England sent warships to conquer New Netherland. The Dutch colonists surrendered because they were afraid the English Royal Navy would destroy their town. The Dutch traded the colony to England for Surinam in South America and Run (island) in the East Indies, which they thought were worth more. The English divided their new colony to make the English colonies of New York and New Jersey. They also gave parts to Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland.


title: Workstation

paragraphs: A workstation is a computer used for scientific or technical calculations, or purposes. These computers are usually expensive, high-end computers. They are different from the ordinary computers used for text-processing. Very often they have operating systems that allow several users to work at the computer at the same time. Very often, workstations are connected to a computer network. Computer terminals may be used to access them. Currently, almost all workstations use a unix or unix-like operating system.

paragraphs: Workstation computers often use a 64-bit server-class CPU such as the Intel Xeon or AMD Opteron, and some have more than one CPU. They may also have more memory than a normal desktop computer, and they often have 10000 or 15000 RPM hard drives or solid-state drives. Some workstations have devices that are not commonly used on normal desktop computers, such as ECC (error-corrected) memory, SCSI, fibre channel, and 10 gigabit Ethernet.

paragraphs: Some technologies that were once only found on workstations have now become common in normal PCs, such as multi-core processors, solid-state drives, hardware-accelerated graphics, 24-bit color, broadband Internet access, virtual memory, pre-emptive multitasking, and OpenCL.

paragraphs: Common uses for workstations include computer-aided design (CAD), 3D graphics and animation, video and audio production, weather modeling, and other simulations and scientific work.

paragraphs: Traditionally, workstations used a RISC processor, such as MIPS, PowerPC, or SPARC architecture CPUs. Modern workstations use x86_64 processors.


title: X.Org Foundation

paragraphs: The X.Org Foundation is a group responsible for making the X Window System. The group was created on 22 January 2004. The X.Org Foundation is a corporation based in Delaware. It has a non-profit status.

paragraphs: The X.Org Server is the most common implementation of X. It is used on Linux, UNIX, and Unix-like systems. It is the base technology underlying both GNOME and KDE desktops and the CDE desktop environment


title: Capillaritis

paragraphs: Capillaritis is where the capillaries are larger than should be. It is often talked about in the context of pulmonary capillaritis.


title: Plan 9 from Bell Labs

paragraphs: Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a free software distributed operating system. It was made for research purposes as the successor to UNIX by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs during the late 1980s. Plan 9 is currently used as a hobbyist's operating system, and in certain experimental fields, where the highly distributed nature of the operating system is valued. Plan 9 has novel features such as the 9P protocol for accessing local and remote resources as files, union mounts, an improved proc file system, and native unicode support throughout the system. In Plan 9, all system interfaces, including those required for networking and the user interface, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces. It also has a graphical user interface built in, called rio, in anticipation of the graphical world.

paragraphs: The name Plan 9 from Bell Labs is a reference to the Ed Wood 1959 cult science fiction movie Plan 9 from Outer Space. Also, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, is presumably a reference to Wood's film Glen or Glenda.

paragraphs: Plan 9 was originally developed for research purposes, as Bell Labs was looking for a replacement for the venerable UNIX. It underwent mass testing, as all the computers at Bell Labs had Plan 9 installed, in lieu of UNIX, which was commonplace previously. It explored several modifications to the pre-existing UNIX system, primarily the distributed nature of the system, and the graphical user-interface. In 1992, Bell Labs released a public version, for universities, and soon after, a version for the general public. The highly restrictive nature of the licence at the time, and the steep 500$ licencing fee resulted in it being ignored, in lieu of Linux.

paragraphs: When Lucent-Alcatel acquired Bell, in the 1990s, however, funding for the system was slashed, and in 2000, it was released into the world under a FOSSy licence. In February 2014, Alcatel-Lucent permitted the University of California, Berkeley to release Plan9 under the popular GNU General Public License.


title: Carnegie Hall

paragraphs: Carnegie Hall is a concert hall in New York. The money for building it was given by Andrew Carnegie, a very rich businessman from Scotland. Carnegie Hall was built in 1891. It is the most famous concert hall in the world.

paragraphs: Carnegie Hall has three separate concert halls: the Main Hall, the Recital Hall and the Chamber Music Hall.

paragraphs: Carnegie Hall's main auditorium is big enough to seat 2,840 people. There are five levels. The main hall was named after the violinist Isaac Stern in 1997. The Main Hall is very tall, and visitors to the top balcony must climb 105 steps.

paragraphs: For many years the world-famous New York Philharmonic Orchestra gave their concerts there. They moved out to a new concert hall in the Lincoln Center in 1962. Many of the greatest performers of classical music have performed in the hall. Concerts continue to be given there including, more recently, concerts of popular music.

paragraphs: Zankel Hall, which seats 599, is now named after Judy and Arthur Zankel. At first it was simply called Recital Hall, then in 1896 it was renamed Carnegie Lyceum. It was used by the American Academy of Dramatic Arts from 1898. In 1959 it was changed into a cinema. Since 1997 it has been a hall for recitals.

paragraphs: The Weill Recital Hall is a small concert hall seating just 268 people. Since 1986 it has been named after Sanford I. Weill, the chairman of Carnegie Hall's board, and his wife, Joan. At first it was called Chamber Music Hall, later Carnegie Chamber Music Hall).

paragraphs: The official opening night was on May 5, with an orchestral concert conducted by Walter Damrosch and the composer Tchaikovsky. Many famous works were given their world premiere (first ever performance) at the Carnegie Hall, including "Symphony No. 9, opus 95, "From the New World"" by Antonín Dvořák on December 16, 1893, the "Sinfonia Domestica" by Richard Strauss - March 21, 1904, conducted by the composer, "Concerto in F" by George Gershwin on December 3, 1925, with the composer playing the piano, and "Variations on a Theme of Corelli" by Sergei Rachmaninoff - November 7, 1931, with the composer playing the piano.

paragraphs: The world premiere of Disney's animated film "Fantasia 2000" took place at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999.


title: Musikverein

paragraphs: The Musikverein in Vienna, Austria is one of the most famous concert halls in the world. It was opened on 6 January 1870. The Musikverein is where the world famous Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra perform.

paragraphs: The concert hall was built by the "Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde" (Society of Friends of Music) who had been given the land by Emperor Franz Joseph. In 1907 a beautiful organ was put in the Konzerthaus by the Austrian firm of organ builders Rieger.

paragraphs: The main auditorium is called the Goldener Saal (The Golden Hall). There are seats for 1,744 people and standing room for another 300. Every year on 1 January the Vienna New Year's Concert is held here. Millions of people in countries all over the world watch this concert on New Year's Day.


title: Vienna New Year's Concert

paragraphs: The New Year Concert of the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a concert of classical music that takes place each year on the morning of 1 January in Vienna, Austria. The concert hall where they are held is called the Wiener Musikverein. The music traditionally consists of waltzes, marches and polkas by the Strauss family. The concert is shown on television to about one billion people in 44 countries.

paragraphs: The music always includes pieces from the Strauss family (Johann Strauss I, Johann Strauss II, Josef Strauss and Eduard Strauss). The music consists mainly of waltzes, polkas, mazurkas and marches. Sometimes other Austrian composers are included. In 2009, for the first time, music by Josef Haydn was played. It was the 4th movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 45, known as the "Farewell Symphony". It was performed because the year 2009 is the 200th anniversary of Haydn's death.

paragraphs: These concerts have been held in the "Großer Saal" (Large Hall) of the Wiener Musikverein since 1939. Since 1980 the flowers that decorate the concert hall are a gift each year from the city of Sanremo, Liguria, Italy. On television the viewers can also see ballet dancers who dance to the music. These dancers are often dancing in Schönbrunn Palace, Schloss Esterházy, the Vienna State Opera or in the Wiener Musikverein itself.

paragraphs: The concert always ends with three encores after the main programme. The first encore is a fast polka. The second encore is Johann Strauss II's "Blue Danube Waltz". The audience start to clap as soon as the music for this famous waltz starts. The last encore is the "Radetzky March". The audience like to clap along to the music.

paragraphs: The concert was first performed in 1939.


title: George Enescu

paragraphs: George Enescu (August 19, 1881, Liveni – May 4, 1955, Paris) was a Romanian composer. He was born in Liveni, Romania. He studied the violin at the Vienna Conservatory. He moved to Paris in 1895 to study composition at the Paris Conservatoire with Jules Massenet and then Gabriel Fauré. Other students at this time were Maurice Ravel and Charles Koechlin.

paragraphs: In 1927 he taught the violin to Yehudi Menuhin.


title: Cumans

paragraphs: The Cumans were a travelling people who lived in the area along the Black Sea near the Volga River.


paragraphs: The Osservatorio Astrometrico Santa Lucia Stroncone (Santa Lucia Stroncone Astronomical Observatory) is an observatory that studies stars in the sky. It is in the town of Stroncone, Italy. It has found lots of asteroids.


title: German South-West Africa

paragraphs: German South West Africa (, DSWA) was a German colony in Africa from 1884 through 1915. It is now Namibia. From 1891, the capital was Windhoek, the same city as the capital of today's Namibia. It covered an area of . This is over one and half times the size of German Empire at the time.


title: Ender's Game series

paragraphs: The Ender's Game series (sometimes called Enderverse) is a series of books written by Orson Scott Card. There are 2 major series of the Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series.

paragraphs: The Ender series includes the books "Ender's Game", "Speaker for the Dead", "Xenocide", and "Children of the Mind". "Ender's Game" used to be a short story, but the author expanded it to make the novel "Ender's Game".

paragraphs: The Shadow series (also called the "Bean Quartet") starts with "Ender's Shadow", followed by 4 other books about the lives of the people Ender left behind. "Ender's Shadow" occurs at the same time and place (Battle School) as "Ender's Game" does, but instead in the view of Bean rather than Ender. "Shadow of the Hegemon", "Shadow Puppets", and "Shadow of the Giant" are stories about world dominance on Earth after the Bugger War in which the children at Battle School and Ender's older brother, Peter Wiggin, are main characters. "Shadows in Flight", a sequel to "Shadow of the Giant", is planned to come out; however, it will start after "Children of the Mind", not "Shadow of the Giant", and will combine the two Ender's Game series: the Ender series and the Shadow series. "Shadows" "in" "Flight" has recently been renamed to "Shadows" "Alive".

paragraphs: There are 11 stories in the Ender's Game series. According to Orson Scott Card, the author, you do not have to read the books in any required order, except that Xenocide should be read right before Children of the Mind.

paragraphs: The books can be read in the order they were written/published in or by date times in the novels.


title: Pula

paragraphs: Pula () is the biggest city in Istria County, Croatia. It has a population of about 62,000 people as of the year 2006. It has a long tradition of winemaking, fishing, shipbuilding, and tourism. It's most famous attraction is the well-preserved Roman ampitheatre. Pula is also an administrative center of Istria since Roman times.


title: 1938–39 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1938–39 NHL season was the 22nd season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Seven teams each played 48 games. The Boston Bruins were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs four games to one in the final series.

paragraphs: The NHL created the icing rule on March 13, 1939.

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"


title: Berne, New York

paragraphs: Berne is a town in Albany County, New York, United States. About 2,800 people lived there as of the year 2000.


title: Brown University

paragraphs: Brown University is an American private research university in Providence, Rhode Island, United States and is a member of the Ivy League. It was founded in 1764 as the "College in the English Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations", early in the reign of King George III (1760–1820) and before American independence from the British Empire. Brown is the third oldest institution of higher education in New England and seventh oldest in the United States.

paragraphs: Brown is ranked as the 14th national university behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, Stanford, University of Chicago, Duke, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Caltech, Dartmouth, Johns Hopkins, and Northwestern. Brown was the first college in the country to accept students of any religion.

paragraphs: It is the second last ranked Ivy League University with Cornell being the last.


title: Rutgers University

paragraphs: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (also known as Rutgers University), is the largest institution for higher education in the state of New Jersey. It was originally chartered as "Queen's College" in 1766 and is the eighth-oldest college in the United States.

paragraphs: Rutgers was designated The State University of New Jersey by acts of the New Jersey Legislature in 1945 and 1956. The campuses of Rutgers are in New Brunswick, Piscataway, Newark and Camden. Rutgers is the largest university within New Jersey's state university system, and it was ranked 46th in the world academically in a 2006 survey conducted by the Institute of Higher Education at Shanghai Jiao Tong University. The university offers more than 100 distinct bachelor, 100 master, and 80 doctoral and professional degree programs across 175 academic departments, 29 degree-granting schools and colleges, 16 of which offer graduate programs of study.


title: Southern cassowary

paragraphs: The southern cassowary ("Casuarius casuarius"), also known as double-wattled cassowary or two-wattled cassowary, is a large flightless black bird with hard and stiff plumage, two dangling red wattles and a big bony lump on its head called a casque. It lives in tropical rainforest and feeds mostly on fallen fruit, red nape and two red wattles hanging down its throat.

paragraphs: The big female lays up to five enormous glossy green eggs on the ground. She then leaves the male bird to sit on them and raise the stripey chicks. The cassowary is a very rare bird in Australia but also lives in New Guinea.


paragraphs: The Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PASSHE) is the second largest provider of higher education in Pennsylvania after the Commonwealth system and a large public university system in the United States. It is the tenth-largest university system in the United States and 43rd largest in the world. The system is made up of 14 state-owned schools, all of which are NCAA Division II members.

paragraphs: The "Normal School Act of 1857" was passed on the last day of session on 20 May 1857. Its passage created 12 school districts. Afterward, the School Code of 1911 mandated that Pennsylvania purchase all the schools. The "normal" schools evolved from state normal schools, to state teacher's colleges, to state colleges. Act 188, which was signed into law on November 12, 1982 and came into effect on July 1, 1983, established the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education, and converted those state colleges into universities.

paragraphs: The system is made up of the following 14 universities in Pennsylvania:

paragraphs: PASSHE universities also operate four branch campuses. The Office of the Chancellor is situated in the capital city of Harrisburg at the Dixon University Center.


title: Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade

paragraphs: The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade is a parade that happens every Thanksgiving. It is held in New York City. It is presented by chain store business Macy's. It started in 1924. The parade often includes many balloons, floats, celebrities, songs and more. It ends with the arrival of Santa Claus, which marks the start of the Christmas and holiday season. The hosts of "The Today Show" also host this event by introducing new acts in the parade.


title: Indiana University of Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Indiana University of Pennsylvania (or IUP) is a public university in the borough of Indiana, Pennsylvania, USA, northeast of Pittsburgh. It is the largest university in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education (PaSSHE) and is the state's fifth largest university. It is governed by a local Council of Trustees and the Board of Governors of the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education. IUP has branch campuses at Punxsutawney, Northpointe, and Monroeville.


title: Rockville, Maryland

paragraphs: Rockville is the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. According to the 2007 census update, the city had a total population of 58,706, making it the third largest city in Maryland.


title: Of a Revolution

paragraphs: Of a Revolution, better known as O.A.R., is an American rock band consisting of Marc Roberge (vocals, guitar), Chris Culos (drums, percussion), Richard On (guitar, backing vocals), Benj Gershman (bass guitar), Jerry DePizzo (saxophone, guitar, backing vocals). The band has a lot of fans in college and many of the band's songs relate to the band members' lives at Ohio State University (Columbus) and growing up in Rockville, Maryland.


title: George Foreman Grill

paragraphs: The George Foreman Lean Mean Fat-Reducing Grilling Machine, commonly known as the George Foreman Grill, is an indoor, electrically-heated grill manufactured by Salton, Inc. George Foreman, a former champion boxer, is the main spokesperson for the grill. Since its introduction in 1994, over 80 million Foreman grills have been sold.

paragraphs: Foreman has made over 150 million dollars from the sales of his grills, an amount that is more than he earned as a boxer.

paragraphs: The company has created many different sizes and designs for the grill since it was first made. These include "The Champ" which was the first grill produced, a family size grill, and a "Super Large" grill that has 144 inches of grilling space. There is also a deep fryer and roaster.

paragraphs: A website made an April Fools' Day joke by claiming to sell a USB version of the grill called the "iGrill." The fake product was advertised as a grill that can be plugged into a computer and turned on by someone on the Internet.


title: Lava Records

paragraphs: Lava Records is an American record label that is owned by Warner Music Group.


title: Treacle

paragraphs: Treacle (Also known as Molasses in the United States (Molasses in the UK refers to treacle not made for humans to eat)) is a type of syrup. It is made when people are processing the plant sugarcane. It is used in cooking to make things sweeter. It is usually dark brown.

paragraphs: Doctors used the word "treacle" to describe a medicine with many ingredients, or medicines that would treat snakebites. Wells that were thought to have water that would cure people were called "treacle wells".


title: Bulgarians

paragraphs: Bulgarians are a South Slavic people from southeast Europe. There are around 7.3 million Bulgarian nationals. The Bulgarians speak the Bulgarian language and most of them live in Bulgaria. There is also a large diaspora of Bulgarians in Germany, Ukraine, Spain, UK and USA.

paragraphs: The Bulgarian language is a South Slavic language that is very similar to the Macedonian language. It is spoken by around 9 million people. There are some notable differences in the Bulgarian language that set it apart from other Slavic languages. For example, Bulgarian lost almost all of the noun cases. The language also developed a definite article.

paragraphs: The Bulgarian language is written with the Cyrillic script. The Cyrillic script was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire, and is now used in 12 other languages.

paragraphs: Bulgarian Orthodoxy has been the prominent religion in Bulgaria since 870 AD. There are also a small amount of Bulgarians who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.


title: Romanian leu

paragraphs: The leu is the money that is used in Romania. The smaller kind of money used is the "ban", or "bani"(plural). 100 bani make up a leu. Because Romania joined the European Union, they will start using the euro in 2014.


title: Mandatory access control

paragraphs: In computer security, a mandatory access control (MAC) means a type of access control by which the operating system changes the way a "subject" (e.g. a user or a program) can access or do some sort of action on an "object" (e.g. a file or folder). Subjects and objects each have a set of security rules. Whenever a subject tries to use an object, the operating system kernel looks at these security rules and decides whether the subject can use the object.


title: Access control

paragraphs: Access control is the ability to allow or deny the use of a certain object by a certain person or entity. Access control machine can be used in managing physical objects (such as a movie theater, to which only people with tickets are allowed in) or digital objects (for example, a private text document on a computer, which only certain users should be able to read).

paragraphs: Because every person’s fingerprint, iris, voice, retina, face, hand, vein and signature are unique, a biometric time clock provides a quick, accurate, and reliable way to record who is accessing an object or place. That is why many companies now employ biometrics (systems that identify people based on a body part).

paragraphs: In recent times, there are large number of biometric systems that are commercially available. Such biometric systems are based on unique characteristics of human being. The most common, reliable and successful system is the one based on fingerprints. Users are supposed to put their thumb/index finger (or any specified finger) in the finger reader. The system then compares the fingerprint that is read with the one in the central database for authentication.

paragraphs: Most biometric systems do not keep an image of the fingerprint but a template. A template is basically a number that is calculated based on various characteristics of the fingerprint. This is done so that persons may not sneak unauthorised images of fingerprints into the database. When a fingerprint is to be matched, its "template number" is computed and compared with that stored in the database. Most systems allow for dry, greasy, chaffed and minor cuts on the fingers. The other biometric systems are based on retina of the eye, palm, photograph or voice pattern recognition. The palm-based systems take the image of the palm from various angles and compare them.


title: Linux Security Modules

paragraphs: Linux Security Modules (LSM) is a framework that allows the Linux kernel to support a variety of computer security models while avoiding favoritism toward any single security implementation. The framework is licensed under the terms of the GNU General Public License and is standard part of the Linux kernel since Linux version 2.6.


title: Black swan

paragraphs: "For the movie, see Black Swan (movie)."

paragraphs: The black swan ("Cygnus atratus") is a large waterbird that mostly breeds in the southeast and southwest areas of Australia. It is different from other swans because it is mostly black, though its flight feathers are white.


title: Common Desktop Environment

paragraphs: The Common Desktop Environment (CDE) is a desktop environment for Unix. It is based on the Motif widget toolkit. HP uses CDE as the default desktop manager for OpenVMS which belongs to HP. This means it will be run without making any changes.


title: HMHS Britannic

paragraphs: The HMHS "Britannic" was a British passenger ship. The ship was also used as a war ship and a Royal Mail steamer. The "Britannic" was finished on 26 February 1914, for the White Star Line. It was a sister ship to the Olympic and the RMS Titanic. The building of the ship was held up when the Titanic sunk, and extra safety items were added to the Britannic.

paragraphs: The start of World War I meant the ship was not used for passenger work. It was set up as a hospital ship with 3,300 beds. She sailed to Mudros on the 23 December 1915, to pick up wounded soldiers from Gallipoli. She continued as a hospital ship until 1916 when it was turned back into a Royal Mail and passenger ship. Before this latest change was carried out, the ship was called back into war service and went back to Mudros.

paragraphs: On 21 November 1916 the "Britannic" hit a naval mine in the Kea Channel, off the Greek island of Kea. The mines had been put there by the German submarine U-73. A huge explosion tore a hole in the side of the ship which sunk one hour later. The ship which was carrying 1,125 people, and nearly all were saved. Two lifeboats were struck by the ship's propellers and 30 people were killed.

paragraphs: The German newspapers claimed that the ship had been sunk by a torpedo because it might have been carrying soldiers. The captain of the U-73 said this was not true, he had only been laying the naval mines.


title: Prva HNL

paragraphs: Prva HNL is a football league which is top division in Croatia.


title: A-League

paragraphs: The A-League is an association football (soccer) league which is the top division in Australia and New Zealand. It was established in 2004 as a replacement to the National Soccer League and started in August 2005. Unlike professional soccer leagues in most of the rest of the world, the A-League has what is called a "franchise" system—the same teams play in the league each year, unless a team drops out of the league on its own, or the league decides to add one or more new teams. This system is normal for pro sports leagues in Australia, as well as in the United States and Canada.

paragraphs: Since the beginning of the league in 2005, fourteen teams have competed in the league with Western United becoming the last club to join the league in the 2019–20 season. From those fourteen teams, six have taken the title while seven have taken the minor premiership. The current champion is Sydney F.C. who defeated Perth Glory in the final.

paragraphs: Before the A-League was founded, the top division of Australian soccer was the National Soccer League which ran between 1977 and 2004.

paragraphs: The A-League, like other professional leagues in Australia, crowns its champion at the end of a knockout playoff series involving top teams on the regular-season table. The final match is called the Grand Final, a term used in several other Australian sports. The team that finishes on top of the regular-season table is called the "Premiers". Media sometimes incorrectly call the Premiers the "minor premiers", a term used in other football codes in the country.


title: Eredivisie

paragraphs: Eredivisie is a football league which is top division in Netherlands. It was created in 1956. Before 1956, the teams competed in the Netherlands Football League Championship.

paragraphs: The most successful team has been AFC Ajax, with 33 titles.

paragraphs: At the end of the 2014/15 season, the Eredivisie was ranked the 10th best league in the Europe.


title: North American Soccer League

paragraphs: North American Soccer League (NASL) is a soccer league with teams from the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. The league was founded in 2009 and began play in 2011. It is the second level of the soccer pyramid in both the U.S. and Canada, behind Major League Soccer. Puerto Rico has its own soccer league, but it plays at a level below the NASL.

paragraphs: The New York Cosmos are the most successful club with 3 titles.

paragraphs: At that time the old (NASL) North American Soccer League from 1968-1984 was the top league in the American league pyramid.

paragraphs: The most successful team in the old NASL were the New York Cosmos with five titles.


title: Propositional logic

paragraphs: Propositional logic is a formal system in mathematics and logic. Other names for the system are "propositional calculus" and "sentential calculus". The system is made of a set of propositions. Each proposition has a truth value, being either true or false. Propositions can be represented by capital roman letters such as formula_1, formula_2 and formula_3, and joined together using logical connectives to make new propositions. Examples for logical connectives that are used often are logical and (formula_4), logical or (formula_5), logical if (formula_6), logical if and only if (formula_7) and logical not (formula_8).

paragraphs: Propositional logic only looks at the propositions and how they are connected, and does not decompose them. That way, the proposition "All cats are dogs and the earth is a disc" is made of two propositions, "All cats are dogs", and "The Earth is a disc". These are joined together with the logical connective AND.

paragraphs: There are other logic systems that build on propositional logic. One of these is predicate logic, which defines logical predicates, and looks at how they can be applied to arguments. Another system is called modal logic. It introduces two new junctors: "it is possible that" and "it is necessary that".

paragraphs: A simple logic statement is an implication (statement of the form "If P, then Q"). For example, "If it rains for an hour, then the ground will be wet". In this example, P ("if it rains for an hour") is the antecedent, and Q ("the ground will be wet") is the consequent. The consequent must necessarily follow if the antecedent is true. Therefore, an if-then statement is wholly false if the consequent does not actually follow the antecedent. An example of this would be, "If a dog ate a whole meal, then it would be starving." In this case if P were true, Q would be false and the whole statement is false. Here is a truth table for an if-then statement:

paragraphs: Note that there are two logic errors that people often make from this:

paragraphs: 1) "If Q, then P". In our example, this would mean "If the ground is wet, then it has been raining for an hour". However, the ground could be wet for other reasons, like if snow has melted or a water main has broken.

paragraphs: 2) "If not P, then not Q". In our example, this would mean "If it has not been raining for an hour, then the ground is not wet". However, the ground could still be wet for the reasons listed above.

paragraphs: The only correct inference that can be made is "If not Q, then not P". This means, in our example, "If the ground is not wet, then it has not been raining for an hour".

paragraphs: Another simple logic statement is "P or Q". For example, "Either I am in Hong Kong or I am in London."


title: Austrian Football Bundesliga

paragraphs: Austrian Bundesliga is a football league which is top division in Austria. The Bundesliga was founded in 1911 under the name" Erste Klasse". Till the season 1949/50 it was only played with teams from Vienna and Lower Austria. The official name is now tipp3-Bundesliga powered by T-Mobile (two sponsors of the league)

paragraphs: Football started in Austria around 1890. In 1924 a professional league started and the champion was called "Austrian Champion", although only teams of the metropolitan area of Vienna played here. It was the first professional league outside of the United Kingdom. An amateur league was founded in 1928. From 1938 till 1945 Austria was occupied by Nazi Germany and there was no Austrian league. After the Second World War an Austria-wide league was founded in 1948. The league had different numbers of members (10 to 18) and names (Nationalliga, Bundesliga...).

paragraphs: The player with the record of games is Robert Sara. He played 581 matches in the league. Top scorer is Robert Dienst He scored 323 goals in the league matches. The first champion outside Vienna was LASK Linz in 1964/65. The highest victory was an 18:0 of Vienna versus Ostbahn IX in the 1945/46 season.The match with the highest number of visitors was Austria Wien versus LASK with 75 000. The best average of visitors was 26 500 (Rapid Wien season 1948). Marc Ziegler, goalkeeper of FC Tirol, was 1085 minutes without goal. The longest serial victories is reached by Wiener Sportklub with 41 victories, in home matches. Vienna also reached 41 in a row.

paragraphs: Until the 1949–1950 season, only clubs from Vienna and Lower Austria played in the league.


title: BC Lions

paragraphs: The BC Lions are a Canadian Football League team from Vancouver, BC. The Lions play their games at BC Place Stadium. The Lions play in the CFL West Division. The Lions were started in 1954 and used to play at Empire Stadium in East Vancouver. They also played at the Empire Stadium site in 2010 and 2011, in a temporary stadium called Empire Field. This was necessary because BC Place was closed in those seasons for major renovations.

paragraphs: The Lions have won the Grey Cup six times, most recently at BC Place in 2011.


title: Transmission Control Protocol

paragraphs: The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is one of the main protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite. TCP is part of the popular "TCP/IP" combination used by the Internet. The Internet Protocol, or IP, makes sure data on the internet gets to the right place. Then TCP makes sure the data is put in the right order, and none of it is missing. TCP also helps to control traffic on the internet so it does not get overloaded. These protocols, which are kind of like languages that computers use, are designed so that any computer, and any program (such as a Web browser or e-mail client), can use them.

paragraphs: TCP makes it easier for computer programs to communicate with each other, typically over a computer network. When a program wants to send a lot of data, TCP is in charge of dividing the data, sending it through the network, and putting it back together correctly on a different computer. In the process, IP chooses which wires and "intersections" get used to send all the data pieces in the fastest way. It does this using packets.

paragraphs: If there are a lot of people using the network, it can get overloaded. Also sometimes weather, power outages, and other problems can make communication hard. Routers on the Internet use something called "load balancing" to try to fix some of these problems. But still, information can be delivered out of order, get lost, or even duplicated. TCP is designed to notice all of these problems and try to fix them. This can take a while, which is why the Internet sometimes seems slow. Once the TCP receiver has finally reassembled a perfect copy of the data originally transmitted, it passes that data to the computer program that asked for it. In this way, the program does not have to know about the network, and TCP does not have to know about the program's data.


title: Monologue

paragraphs: A monologue is a long, uninterrupted speech or poem by one person. The person may be speaking his or her thoughts aloud or directly addressing other persons, e.g. an audience, a character, reader, or inanimate object.

paragraphs: The term 'dramatic monologue' is used both for monologues in plays and for the poetic genre.

paragraphs: A rant (also called harangue or declamation) is a monologue that does not present a well-researched and calm argument; rather, it is typically an attack on an idea, a person, or an institution, and very often lacks proven claims.

paragraphs: Some rants are used not to attack something, but to defend an individual, idea or organization. Rants of this type generally occur after the subject has been attacked by another individual or group.

paragraphs: Rants are used often in situations requiring monologue. Comedians, such as Lewis Black, Adam Carolla, and Rick Mercer, use rants as a way to get their message or punch-line across to the listening audience.

paragraphs: A rant can be used to flame members of an email group or electronic mailing list that are failing to reach a consensus on an issue.


title: Ann Dunham

paragraphs: Stanley Ann Dunham (November 29, 1942 – November 7, 1995), the mother of Barack Obama, the 44th President of the United States, was an American anthropologist. She was later known as, Ann Dunham, Ann Obama, Ann Soetoro, Ann Sutoro (after her second divorce) and finally as Ann Dunham. Dunham spent her childhood in California, Oklahoma, Texas and Kansas. Dunham spent her teenage years in Mercer Island, Washington. Much of her adult life was spent in Hawaii.

paragraphs: Dunham was born in Ascension Via Christi Hospital St. Francis in Wichita, Kansas. She is the only child of Madelyn Lee Payne and Stanley Armour Dunham. She was mostly of English ancestry, with some German, Swiss, Scottish, Irish, and Welsh ancestry. Wild Bill Hickok is her sixth cousin, five times removed.

paragraphs: Ancestry.com announced on July 30, 2012, after using a combination of old documents and yDNA analysis, that Dunham's mother may have been descended from African John Punch, who was an indentured servant/slave in seventeenth-century colonial Virginia.

paragraphs: In 1995 in Hawaii, she died of uterine cancer which spread to her ovaries. Following a memorial service at the University of Hawaii, Obama and his sister spread their mother's ashes in the Pacific Ocean at Lanai Lookout on the south side of Oahu. Obama scattered the ashes of his grandmother (Madelyn Dunham) in the same spot on December 23, 2008, weeks after his election to the presidency.

paragraphs: Obama talked about Dunham's death in a 30-second campaign advertisement ("Mother") arguing for health care reform. The ad featured a photograph of Dunham holding a young Obama in her arms as Obama talks about her last days worrying about expensive medical bills. The topic also came up in a 2007 speech in Santa Barbara:

paragraphs: I remember my mother. She was 52 years old when she died of ovarian cancer, and you know what she was thinking about in the last months of her life? She wasn't thinking about getting well. She wasn't thinking about coming to terms with her own mortality. She had been diagnosed just as she was transitioning between jobs. And she wasn't sure whether insurance was going to cover the medical expenses because they might consider this a preexisting condition. I remember just being heartbroken, seeing her struggle through the paperwork and the medical bills and the insurance forms. So, I have seen what it's like when somebody you love is suffering because of a broken health care system. And it's wrong. It's not who we are as a people.


title: Canadian Albums Chart

paragraphs: The Canadian Albums Chart is the official album sales chart in Canada. It is compiled every Wednesday by U.S.-based music sales tracking company Nielsen Soundscan, and published every Thursday by "Jam!" Canoe, along with its sister charts the Canadian Singles Chart and the Canadian BDS Airplay Chart.

paragraphs: The chart has 200 positions, however, "Jam!" only publishes the top 100 for the public. Unlike the case with its CD single equivalent (the Canadian Singles Chart), album sales are not declining as rapidly in Canada as CD singles are, and the Canadian Albums Chart remains the most reliable source for the most popular albums in Canada.


title: Wendy's

paragraphs: Wendy's is an international chain of fast food restaurants founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969 in Columbus, Ohio.

paragraphs: Wendy's is an American international fast food restaurant chain founded by Dave Thomas on November 15, 1969, in Columbus, Ohio. The company moved its headquarters to Dublin, Ohio, on January 29, 2006.

paragraphs: Wendy's menu is mostly hamburgers, chicken sandwiches, French fries and beverages. For dessert, they serve Frostys, which are similar to Dairy Queen's "Blizzards".


title: Megamouth shark

paragraphs: The megamouth shark ("Megachasma pelagios") is a large, slow-swimming, timid shark that was only discovered in 1976. It grows to 5.5 metres long. The megamouth is found in the Indian, Atlantic, and Pacific Oceans.

paragraphs: The megamouth shark has a sturdy body, and a fat, round and long head. The snout is very short and wide. The gill slits are quite long but can not reach the dorsal surface of the head. The mouth is wide, with the corners extending behind the eyes. The first dorsal fin is located more closely to the pectoral fins than to the pelvic fin, and the second dorsal fin is less than half the size of the first dorsal fin. Both dorsal fins are low. The pectoral fins of the adults are shorter than the head in length.

paragraphs: The dorsal surface of the body, the pectoral and pelvic fins, the dorsal fins, the center of the anal fin, and the caudal fin are blackish-brown. The belly is white.

paragraphs: The shark has around fifty rows of very small teeth on each jaw, but only three rows are usable. Females seem to have fewer teeth rows than males. The upper and lower jaws have a symphyseal (where the two halves of the jaw meet) toothless space, but it is larger in the upper jaw. A difference between the upper and lower teeth was recognized on a female specimen: the first five upper teeth are smaller than the first five lower teeth.

paragraphs: The maximum length reported for the Megamouth shark is 5.5 metres (18 feet). Males mature when they are 4 metres (13 feet) long, and females mature when the are 5 metres (16 feet) long.it has another preadotor it is the megalodon

paragraphs: Although there has only been a total of 53 confirmed sightings of the Megamouth shark, this species is now known to be found in the Indian, Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. As with the two other known filter-feeding sharks, the basking shark and the whale shark, this species has a widespread distribution. However, the megamouth shark is less active, and a poorer swimmer than the basking shark and the whale shark. Its slow movement is probably because of its fleshy body, soft fins, and asymmetrical tail.

paragraphs: The only confirmed register of a Megamouth shark predator is an event of when sperm whales where seen attacking a Megamouth shark. This occurred in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia (30th August 1998) near midday, while some researchers were observing the whales. The base of the dorsal fin and the gills of the shark showed signs of the whales' attack.

paragraphs: Although there have only been a few sightings of the megamouth shark, it is believed that this species of shark likes to live in the open ocean. The sixth specimen found was tagged and followed for two days, allowing insight into its habitat preference and behaviour. It stayed at a depth of 15 metres during the night, then dove to 150 metres at dawn and returned to shallow waters at dusk. So the megamouth is presumed to be a vertical migrator on a 24 hour cycle, spending the daytime in deep waters and ascending to midwater depths at night. This vertical migration may be a response to the movements of the small animals on which it feeds. The krill that make up part of the megamouth's diet also migrate from deep waters to the surface.

paragraphs: The megamouth shark is one of the three giant filter-feeding sharks in the sea. The other two are the basking shark and the whale shark.

paragraphs: The exact details of the feeding behaviour of the megamouth shark is unknown, due to the few observations on a live, feeding specimen. The megamouth has a huge mouth that extends behind the eyes. Scientists believe that this shark swims slowly through groups of krill and other small prey with its mouth open, and sucks them in. Then it closes its mouth, and this action decreases the pharyngeal volume and makes it possible for the shark to get rid of any water through the gill openings.

paragraphs: All the specimens of the megamouth shark which have been studied have had krill in their stomach, indicating a filter-feeding habit. The stomach of the first megamouth captured had only one type of krill, "Thysanopoda pectinata". The second megamouth's stomach had krill, copepods, and the jellyfish, "Atolla vanhoeffeni".


title: Toothpaste

paragraphs: Toothpaste is a part liquid paste, applied to the bristles of a toothbrush in order to aid oneself with the act of toothbrushing.

paragraphs: This substance has several purposes, such as removing plaque from one's teeth, whitening one's teeth and freshening one's breath.

paragraphs: Several toothpaste brands specialize in caring for teeth sensitive to certain conditions (for example heat, cold) or flavours (such as sweetness). The majority of these products work by strengthening the tooth enamel, thus easing discomfort and providing the teeth with a protective outer layer.

paragraphs: Traditionally, toothpaste has a minty flavour, as this is said to allow a sense of freshness in the mouth. However, fruit and flavours have been popular in the past. Fruit toothpastes, however, are discouraged by dentists due to their acidic and tooth-eroding properties.

paragraphs: Swallowing big amounts of toothpaste can make humans very sick and is poisonous. Due to this, the FDA started making toothpaste companies to put a notice about swallowing from 1997 to present.


title: Karl Goldmark

paragraphs: Karl Goldmark (born Keszthely, Hungary, 18 May 1830; died Vienna 2 January 1915) was a Hungarian composer. His music was largely forgotten for a long time after his death, but is now starting to be played much more.

paragraphs: Goldmark came from a large Jewish family. He was one of 20 children. His father was a chazan to the Jewish congregation at Keszthely. He learned to play the violin and was sent to Vienna to study music. After the Revolution of 1848 the Conservatory had to close down and so he had to teach himself how to compose. He earned money by playing the violin in theatre orchestras and by teaching music. For a short time one of his pupils was Jean Sibelius.

paragraphs: Wagner's music was an influence on his compositional style. However, he could not form a proper friendship with Wagner because of Wagner's antisemitism.

paragraphs: Goldmark composed six operas, including "Die Königin von Saba" ("The Queen of Sheba"). It was very popular during his lifetime and continued to be performed by the Vienna State Opera until 1938. His Violin Concerto No. 1 was also very popular indeed, then it lay forgotten for many years. It is very Romantic and sounds very Hungarian.

paragraphs: Other works include a symphony called "Ländliche Hochzeit" (Rustic Wedding) and several other orchestral works, some chamber music and choral music.


title: Vulpecula

paragraphs: Vulpecula is a northern constellation (group of stars). People say that it looks like a fox. It is not very bright. None of the stars in Vulpecula are brighter than the 4th magnitude in Vulpecula. It is in the middle of the Summer Triangle, three stars that make the shape of a triangle in the sky.


title: Ferruccio Busoni

paragraphs: Ferruccio Busoni (1 April 1866 - 27 July 1924) was an Italian composer, pianist, teacher and conductor.

paragraphs: Ferruccio Busoni was born in Empoli in Tuscany in Italy. His parents were both musicians. His father played the clarinet and his mother played the piano. They were often touring when Ferruccio was young. He spent most of his childhood in Trieste.

paragraphs: Busoni was a child prodigy. He first played the piano in public at the age of seven. Two years later he played some of his own compositions in Vienna. The composer Franz Liszt heard him. He also met Liszt, Johannes Brahms and Anton Rubinstein.

paragraphs: For a short time he studied in Graz, then in Leipzig. He taught in several places including Helsinki, where he met Jean Sibelius as well as a young lady was to be his wife. In 1890 he won the Anton Rubinstein Competition with his Concert Piece for Piano and Orchestra. He taught in Moscow in 1890, and in the United States from 1891 to 1894 where he also toured as a virtuoso pianist.

paragraphs: In 1894 he went to Berlin where he stayed. He performed as a pianist and conductor and taught many gifted pianists.

paragraphs: He wrote a book called "Sketch of a New Aesthetic of Music". He did not agree with the strict rules that were used by most teachers for teaching composition. He thought that music was "born to be free". His thinking influenced his composition pupils who included Percy Grainger, Kurt Weill and Edgard Varèse.

paragraphs: During World War I, Busoni lived first in Bologna, where he was director of the conservatory, and later in Zürich. He refused to perform in any countries that were involved in the war. He returned to Berlin in 1920 where he gave master classes in composition.

paragraphs: Busoni died in Berlin from a kidney disease.

paragraphs: Busoni's music is based on the Romantic style, but it also starts to sound quite modern. He uses a lot of complicated counterpoint. Sometimes it is quite atonal. A lot of it is based on music of the past. He made many transcriptions, including piano transcriptions of several works by Johann Sebastian Bach.

paragraphs: Busoni was a virtuoso pianist, and his works for piano are difficult to perform. His "Piano Concerto" is extremely hard to play as well as being extremely long (about 70 minutes). The British pianist John Ogdon, who played it, called it "the longest and grandest piano concerto of all".

paragraphs: Some of his best known works include his suite for orchestra "Turandot" which he made into an opera, and his opera "Doktor Faust" which he had not finished when he died. It was finished by his student Philipp Jarnach, but in the 1980s Anthony Beaumont made a better version of it.

paragraphs: Busoni made a number of piano rolls, and a small number of these have been re-recorded onto CD. People who knew him disagree about whether these piano roll recordings show his playing at his best.


title: Organ system

paragraphs: In biology, an organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions. Each does a particular job in the body, and is made up of certain tissues.

paragraphs: These specific systems are widely studied in anatomy. They are present in many types of animals.


title: BBC Radio 4 Extra

paragraphs: BBC Radio 4 Extra is a British digital radio station. It plays comedy, drama, and children's programmes 24 hours a day. It was called BBC 7 when it started in 2002 and was later renamed BBC Radio 7 in 2008.

paragraphs: Not many people knew what Radio 7 was, so its name was completely changed in 2011 to make it sound closer to BBC Radio 4, which is run by the same person.

paragraphs: The shows on Radio 4 Extra are mostly old programmes which were once on BBC Radio 4, although they have made some new programmes. It can be heard on digital (DAB) digital radios and also on the Internet.


title: Chinese herbology

paragraphs: Chinese herbs do not grow in China only. If you find the right climate and soil type, you can grow many of those herbs overseas. For instance, American Ginseng is grown in Wisconsin State.

paragraphs: The raw herbs available in retail have the following natural features:

paragraphs: How do people take the raw herbs? Raw herbs are usually taken orally by extracting the essence out of them. The natural way being practiced since ancient time is to boil and brew the herbal package in water to get a dark brown solution called herb tea that never tastes good. One hour of brewing should be good enough. Then you drink one or two cups a day. Honey or sugar may be added to make it taste less bad. The herbal package can be conveniently modified by changing some ingredients to make it work for you. So an herbal package is really tailor-made for you only.

paragraphs: Raw herbs can be dried and grounded into a powder then compressed into a tablet which is better than buying your own tablets or having to buy gel capsules

paragraphs: Raw herbs can be made into capsules at home. All you need is a tailor-made package of raw herbs. Turn it into fine powder with a powerful grinder, and put the powder into empty gel capsules. When you swallow the capsules, your digestive system has to extract the essence out of the raw herb powder. Whereas if you drink the herb tea, the essence extraction is already done after brewing. The herbal solution will readily be absorbed by your body. Furthermore, the herb tea has a history spanning over two thousand years. How many years of history does the tablet or capsule have besides offering convenience?

paragraphs: bai zhu 白朮 rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae

paragraphs: yi zhi ren 益智仁 fructus Alpiniae Oxyphyllae

paragraphs: shu di huang 熟地黄 radix Rehmanniae Preparata

paragraphs: ting li zi 葶靂子 semen Lepidii seu Descurainiae

paragraphs: ju pi (chen pi) 陈皮 pericarpium Citri Reticulatae

paragraphs: qing pi 青皮 pericarpium Citri Reticulatae Viride

paragraphs: chen xiang 沉香 lignum Aquilariae Resinatum

paragraphs: ji nei jin 鸡内金 endothelium corneum Gigeriae galli

paragraphs: qin jiao 秦艽 radix Gentianae Macrophyllae

paragraphs: bai hua she 白花蛇 Agkistrodon seu Bungarus

paragraphs: (J) Warm, pungent, Release Exterior Wind Cold

paragraphs: bai zhi 白芷 rhizoma seu radix Notopterygli

paragraphs: da ji 大蓟 herba seu Radix Cirsii Japonici

paragraphs: yin chen hao 茵陈蒿 herba Artemisiae Scopariae

paragraphs: bi xie 萆薢 rhizoma Dioscoreae Septemlobae

paragraphs: shan dou gen 山豆根 radix Sophorae Tonkinensis

paragraphs: zi cao 紫草 radix arnebiae seu lithospermi

paragraphs: (Q) Purge Downwards, Cathartically Drain Downwards

paragraphs: gao liang jiang 高莨姜 rhizoma Alpiniae Officinarum

paragraphs: fu zi 地肤子 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata

paragraphs: cao wu tou 草乌头 radix Aconiti Kusnezoffiae

paragraphs: wu tou 乌头 radix Aconiti Lateralis Preparata

paragraphs: guan zhong 贯眾（贯仲） rhizoma Dryopteris Crassirhizomae

paragraphs: (U)Extinguish Internal Wind and Stop Tremors

paragraphs: zhen zhu mu 珍珠母 concha Margaritifera Usta

paragraphs: ling yang jiao 铃羊角 cornu Saigae Tataricae

paragraphs: (1)The terms used here reflect typical TCM usage (as translated literally from individual Chinese characters), and may not reflect their meanings in TCM, namely, meanings that are normative, figurative or metaphorical when read in context. The meanings of these terms are therefore different from that in common English usage. In particular, they are not to be used for purposes of self-diagnosis, much less for self-medication. For example, "Xia Huo" means "To reduce fire", but "fire" here does not refer to combustion involving oxygen. Even within TCM, there are various meanings of "fire", and it can refer to "real" or "false" fire. The 3 herbs mentioned above cannot be used to reduce "false fire", or fires of yin deficiency in the zhang organs.

paragraphs: (2) An example of the non-literal use of transliterated characters is "long gu" which literally means "dragon bones". This term cannot possible refer to Chinese dragons, since they do not exist. However, one can easily buy "long gu" from any TCM herbal shop. Another term that cannot be taken literally is "di long" which literally means "earth dragon".

paragraphs: (3) Although the above herbs are common in TCM prescriptions, they cannot be purchased if we refer only to their Latin names. One likely reason is that TCM pharmacists rarely, if ever, use the Latin names of the herbs. The Chinese names, or the transliterated names (pinyin) should be used instead. For example, if we ask for "flos Lonicerae" we will almost certainly get a blank look. However, if we ask for "Jin Yin Hua" or 金银花 we will connect immediately, even though the pharmacist may speak any of the large number of Chinese dialects (such as Cantonese, where the herb is known as "Kum Gen Fa", or Golden Silver Flower, in Hong Kong). Wherever possible, use the written form (金银花) to avoid miscommunication and/or mis-pronunciation, since there is no dialect form of the written language.

paragraphs: (4) There are a large number of synonyms of the herb names, in both Chinese, English and Latin. This makes it even more essential to use the written form of the Chinese names to ensure accuracy.

paragraphs: (5) Some herbs are prone to adulteration, substitution, or both. For example, Ling Zhi Cao (Cordyceps) can be substituted with an inactive form of the herb. If an extract is first made with water, the herb will be tasteless when dried and re-used/recycled. On the other hand, the genuine Ling Zhi tastes bitter, but few consumers would know the difference, especially if the herb is mixed in a prescription and boiled together with other herbs. The pharmacists themselves may not be aware, as some may trust their suppliers implicitly, and do not conduct regular testing.

paragraphs: (6) Animal-based "herbs" are prone to substitution or adulteration, including Xiong Dan (bear bile / gall bladder) which looks very much like Niu Dan (bovine bile /gall bladder) when the gall bladder is dried, although Niu Dan is far less bitter in taste. Some are simply unavailable because they are banned in many countries. These include tiger parts, such as Hu Gu (tiger bone) which is substituted by bobcat bone, and Chuan San Jia (scales of the pangolin) which has no animal-based substitute. Niu Huang (bovine gallstone) is unavailable in many Western countries and Singapore because of its potential impact on pregnant women, although Niu Huang Pills with about 2% of Niu Huang are available in many Asian countries.


title: King's Peak

paragraphs: King's Peak is a mountain that can be found on Vancouver Island in British Columbia, Canada. It is near the Gold River in Strathcona Provincial Park.


title: Mount Overill

paragraphs: Mount Overill is a volcanic mount in the southwestern part of British Columbia in Canada.


title: Béhasque-Lapiste

paragraphs: Béhasque-Lapiste is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.


title: Communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 547 communes of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in France, by letter:


title: Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

paragraphs: Aast, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwestern France.


title: Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

paragraphs: Abidos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Abitain

paragraphs: Abitain is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Abos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

paragraphs: Abos, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Abère

paragraphs: Abère is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "department" in southwestern France.


title: Accous

paragraphs: Accous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France. In 2014 it had a population of 463 people.


title: Agnos

paragraphs: Agnos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ahaxe-Alciette-Bascassan

paragraphs: Ahaxe-Alciette-Bascassan is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ahetze

paragraphs: Ahetze is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Aincille

paragraphs: Aincille is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ainharp

paragraphs: Ainharp is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ainhice-Mongelos

paragraphs: Ainhice-Mongelos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ainhoa, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

paragraphs: Ainhoa, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Aldudes

paragraphs: Aldudes is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Alos-Sibas-Abense

paragraphs: Alos-Sibas-Abense is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette

paragraphs: Alçay-Alçabéhéty-Sunharette is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Amendeuix-Oneix

paragraphs: Amendeuix-Oneix is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Amorots-Succos

paragraphs: Amorots-Succos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Ance

paragraphs: Ance is a former commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in southwestern France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Ance Féas.


title: Andoins

paragraphs: Andoins is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Andrein

paragraphs: Andrein is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Angaïs

paragraphs: Angaïs is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Anglet

paragraphs: Anglet is a commune in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department in the Basque Country.


title: Angous

paragraphs: Angous is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Anhaux

paragraphs: Anhaux () is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Anos

paragraphs: Anos is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in southwest France.


title: Anoye

paragraphs: Anoye is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Aramits

paragraphs: Aramits is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine, in southwestern France.

paragraphs: The people living in Aramits are called "Aramitsiens" or "Aramitsiennes".

paragraphs: At the 2009 Census, the commune had a population of 677.


title: Arancou

paragraphs: Arancou is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Araujuzon

paragraphs: Araujuzon is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Araux

paragraphs: Araux is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Arbonne

paragraphs: Arbonne is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Arbouet-Sussaute

paragraphs: Arbouet-Sussaute is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques

paragraphs: Arbus, Pyrénées-Atlantiques is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Arbérats-Sillègue

paragraphs: Arbérats-Sillègue is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Arcangues

paragraphs: Arcangues is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.


title: Aren

paragraphs: Aren is a commune of the Pyrénées-Atlantiques "département" in the southwestern part of France.