title: Distribution (mathematics)

paragraphs: In mathematics, a distribution is a generalisation of a function. Distributions were introduced in the middle of the 20th century by Laurent Schwartz, who received a Fields Medal for his work on them. The Fields medal is comparable to a Nobel Prize in mathematics, which does not exist.

paragraphs: Distributions were introduced to model certain concepts from Physics. Physics has the concept of a "mass of points in space". The Dirac delta function can model an electromagnetic charge of a point in space. The Dirac delta function is zero everywhere, except at one point, where it is infinitely large. This needs to be the case, because the density function needs to be 1. There is no function that can meet this criterion, except if integraton is taken as a "function" in the mathematical sense.

paragraphs: Today, distributions are used in different fields of mathematics and physics, for example to model Partial differential equations or Fourier analyses, which are important for Quantum electrodynamics or signal processing.


title: Achterhooks

paragraphs: Achterhooks () is a dialect of Low Saxon, spoken in the Achterhoek, in the east of the Netherlands.


title: What I've Done

paragraphs: "What I've Done" is a song by the American rock band Linkin Park, and the first single from their third studio album, "Minutes to Midnight".


title: Naxos Island

paragraphs: Naxos is a Greek island. It is the largest of Cyclades group islands. Its total area is 430 sq.m.. It is in the center of the Aegean Sea. Naxos has a population of 18,188 people. The largest town on the island is Naxos City, which has a population of 6,533 people.

paragraphs: Naxos is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Greece. Every year, many tourists visit Naxos. Most of them are from western European countries. Naxos has many beautiful beaches. In Naxos there are ruins of medieval castles and ancient temples. The most famous sight is a part of an ancient temple which is in the entrance of Naxos port. Also the medieval castle of Naxos.

paragraphs: In mythology, Naxos was the place where the god Dionysus abducted the daughter of king Minos, Ariadne. Ariadne was on island with the ancient hero Theseus. In ancient times, Naxos was an Ionian colony. The island belonged to association of Delian League with Athens and other Ionian cities. In the year 503 B.C. Naxos was destroyed by a Persian fleet. Later, Naxos was a poor island without power. In the medieval era, Naxos was under the Byzantine rule and afterwards under the Venetian rule. In the sixteenth century it passed under the Ottoman rule. Naxos became a part of the Greek state in 1832.


title: Blantyre

paragraphs: Blantyre is the second largest city in Malawi. In 2008, 661,256 people lived there. It is the center of commerce and finance im Malawi. Blantyre is the capital of the Southern Region and of Blantyre District.


title: Walter Zenga

paragraphs: Walter Zenga (born 28 April 1960) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Luigi De Agostini

paragraphs: Luigi De Agostini (born 7 April, 1961) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Ciro Ferrara

paragraphs: Ciro Ferrara (born 11 February 1967) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Riccardo Ferri

paragraphs: Riccardo Ferri (born 20 August, 1963) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Pietro Vierchowod

paragraphs: Pietro Vierchowod (born 6 April, 1959) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Carlo Ancelotti

paragraphs: Carlo Ancelotti (born 10 June 1959) is a Italian football manager and former player. He has played for Italy national team. He was a successful manager at Milan, helping them win the UEFA Champions League and UEFA Super Cup twice. Milan also won the Coppa Italia, Serie A, Italian Supercup and FIFA Club World Cup under his management. He is now the manager of the Premier League club Everton.


title: Fernando De Napoli

paragraphs: Fernando De Napoli (born 15 March, 1964) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Stefano Tacconi

paragraphs: Stefano Tacconi (born 13 May, 1957) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Giannini

paragraphs: Giuseppe Giannini (born 20 August 1964) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giancarlo Marocchi

paragraphs: Giancarlo Marocchi (born 4 July, 1965) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Andrea Carnevale

paragraphs: Andrea Carnevale (born 12 January, 1961) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Roberto Mancini

paragraphs: Roberto Mancini (born 27 November 1964) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.


title: Salvatore Schillaci

paragraphs: Salvatore Schillaci (born 1 December 1964) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Aldo Serena

paragraphs: Aldo Serena (born 25 June, 1960) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Azeglio Vicini

paragraphs: Azeglio Vicini (; 20 March 1933 – 30 January 2018) was an Italian football coach and footballer. He also served as the President of the Technical Sector of the Italian Football Federation (FIGC).

paragraphs: He coached the Italy under-21 side. He later coached the Italian senior national side.


title: Giovanni Galli

paragraphs: Giovanni Galli (born 29 April 1958) is an Italian retired football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Antonio Cabrini

paragraphs: Antonio Cabrini (born 8 October 1957) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Fulvio Collovati

paragraphs: Fulvio Collovati (born 9 May, 1957) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Sebastiano Nela

paragraphs: Sebastiano Nela (born 13 March, 1961) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Gaetano Scirea

paragraphs: Gaetano Scirea (25 May 1953 – 3 September 1989) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.


title: Roberto Tricella

paragraphs: Roberto Tricella (born 18 March 1959) is a former Italian football player for the Italy national team.


title: Salvatore Bagni

paragraphs: Salvatore Bagni (born 25 September, 1956) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Baresi

paragraphs: Giuseppe Baresi (born 7 February, 1958) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Franco Tancredi

paragraphs: Franco Tancredi (born 10 January, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Antonio Di Gennaro

paragraphs: Antonio Di Gennaro (born 5 October, 1958) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Marco Tardelli

paragraphs: Marco Tardelli (born 24 September 1954) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Bruno Conti

paragraphs: Bruno Conti (born 13 March, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Alessandro Altobelli

paragraphs: Alessandro Altobelli (born 28 November, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Galderisi

paragraphs: Giuseppe Galderisi (born 22 March, 1963) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Enzo Bearzot

paragraphs: Enzo Bearzot (26 September 1927 - 21 December 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Amorgos

paragraphs: Amorgos is an island in the Aegean Sea. It is a part of Greece and a part of the Cyclades. Its area is 126,3 km. There is one municipality which has 1859 inhabitants. Its highest mountain Krikellos has 821 m.


title: Heraldry of León

paragraphs: The lion is the heraldic symbol of the Spanish city of León and its province. It was also the symbol of the Kingdom of León before the kingdom of Spain existed. It was used for the first time in the coins minted by King Alfonso VII (1126–1157). Before that, the symbol mainly used by the Leonese kings in documents and on their coins was the cross. Since Alfonso VII's reign, the cross became more and more often replaced by the lion.

paragraphs: The first written reference of the lion as a symbol of the King and, therefore, of the kingdom, is in the "Chronica Adefonsi Imperatoris". This was written during the reign of Alfonso VII. The lion is one of the oldest symbols used in heraldry in Europe that still exist. It is earlier than the castle, which was used by the neigbouring Kingdom of Castile.

paragraphs: The flag of León is red, with the coat of arms of in the middle.


title: Will County, Illinois

paragraphs: Will County is a county in the state of Illinois in the United States. As of 2000, about 502,000 people were living in Will County. According to the United States Census Bureau, Will County has an area of 849 square miles.

paragraphs: Will County is made up of these townships:


title: Jackson Township, Will County, Illinois

paragraphs: Jackson Township is a township found in Will County, Illinois. About 3,400 people were living in Jackson Township as of 2000.


title: Channahon Township, Will County, Illinois

paragraphs: Channahon Township is a township that is found in Will County in the state of Illinois in the United States. About 8,300 people were living in Channahon Township as of 2000.


title: Macro photography

paragraphs: Macro photography is a kind of photography. Macro photography is about photographing objects that are very close to the lens, the film or the sensor. Using the classic definition, in macro photography the image shown on the film plane (or sensor) is nearly as big as the object photographed. There are different ways to achieve this. The most common one is to use a specialised "macro" lens. Such lenses are good at focussing sharply on a small area approaching the size of the film frame. Most 35mm format macro lenses achieve at least 1:2, that is to say, the image on the film is half the size of the object being photographed. Many 35mm macro lenses are 1:1, meaning the image on the 135 film is the same size as the object being photographed. Another important difference is that lenses designed for macro are usually at their sharpest at macro focus distances and are not quite as sharp at other focus distances.

paragraphs: In recent years, the term "macro" has been used in marketing material to mean being able to focus on a subject close enough so that when a regular 6×4 inch (15×10 cm) print is made, the image is life-size or larger. With 35mm film this requires a magnification ratio of only approximately 1:4, which demands less of lens quality than 1:1. With digital cameras the actual image size is rarely stated, so that the magnification ratio is largely irrelevant; cameras instead advertise their closest focusing distance.

paragraphs: Typical subjects are still life, such as fruit, flowers, jewelry and small household objects. Macro photography often reveals details of the subject not visible with the naked eye.

paragraphs: There are two main problems with macro photography:


title: Zapata County, Texas

paragraphs: Zapata County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. It was founded in 1858. In 2005, 13,373 people lived there. Its county seat is Zapata.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,058 square miles (2,740 km²).


title: Zavala County, Texas

paragraphs: Zavala County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. It was founded in 1858. It was named for Lorenzo de Zavala, who was the first vice president of the Republic of Texas.

paragraphs: As of 2005, 11,796 people lived there. Its county seat is Crystal City. The county has a total area of .


title: Ziebach County, South Dakota

paragraphs: Ziebach County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of 2000, 2,519 people lived there. Its county seat is Dupree. Ziebach County was created in 1911.


title: Laconic Phrase

paragraphs: A laconic phrase says something with only words that are needed. Laconic refers to the very old people of Sparta, who talked this way. This is why people who say much with few words have laconic wit, or are using laconic phrases.


title: Gizmo

paragraphs: Gizmo is a placeholder name for any small technological item. Similar names are "gadget", "widget", "thingamajig", etc.


title: Claudio Gentile

paragraphs: Claudio Gentile (born 27 September 1953) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Dossena

paragraphs: Giuseppe Dossena (born 2 May, 1958) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.


title: Giampiero Marini

paragraphs: Giampiero Marini (born 25 February, 1951) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Ivano Bordon

paragraphs: Ivano Bordon (born 13 April, 1951) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Gabriele Oriali

paragraphs: Gabriele Oriali (born 25 November, 1952) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Franco Causio

paragraphs: Franco Causio (born 1 February, 1949) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Francesco Graziani

paragraphs: Francesco Graziani (born 16 December, 1952) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Franco Selvaggi

paragraphs: Franco Selvaggi (born 15 May, 1953) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Monira Rahman

paragraphs: Monira Rahman (*1966) is co-founder and vice-chairperson of Acid Survivors Foundation, a Bangladeshi organization that tries to prevent acid attacks and to help victims of these attacks. ASF was able reduce number of acid attacks in Bangladesh about 40% since 2003.

paragraphs: In 2005 Monira Rahman got the Human Rights Award of the German section of Amnesty International which was given to her on 19th of March 2006 in Berlin, Germany.


title: Aage Niels Bohr

paragraphs: Aage Niels Bohr (19 June 1922, Copenhagen - 8 September 2009, Copenhagen) was a Danish physicist and the fourth son of Margrethe Bohr and Niels Bohr. He won the Nobel Prize in 1975 for his works in physics: he discovered the connection of the collective motion and the single-motion particle in the atomic nucleus, and also for the development of the nuclear structure. He was a professor at University of Copenhagen.


title: Oestrogen

paragraphs: Oestrogen (or estrogen) is a group of female hormones. It includes oestrone (E1), oestradiol (E2), and oestriol (E3). Oestradiol is the most important oestrogen. Oestrogen is mainly secreted by the ovary, a small amount by the liver, adrenal cortex, and breast. In pregnancy, the placenta can also have a lot of secretion. Male testes also secrete a small amount. Ovary mainly secretes β-estradiol, other estrogens are less important.

paragraphs: Oestrogen helps women grow during puberty and is part of the menstrual cycle. During menopause, oestrogen levels go down. The male hormone that is similar is androgen.


title: Selkirkshire

paragraphs: Selkirkshire is a British county in Scotland. It is next to Berwickshire, Peeblesshire and Midlothian. The whole of Selkirkshire is in the Scottish Borders council area. The shire is named after the town of Selkirk.

paragraphs: Selkirkshire's county town is the Royal Burgh of Selkirk.

paragraphs: Selkirkshire County Council, like all the County Councils in Scotland, was made in 1890. The Council met in Selkirk. Selkirkshire County Council was ended in 1975.

paragraphs: In 1975 a new Borders Region was made. Selkirkshire was made part of a district called Etterick and Lauderdale. Etterick and Lauderdale District Council was ended in 1996.

paragraphs: Selkirkshire is now all in the Scottish Borders Council Area.


title: Hapax legomenon

paragraphs: A hapax legomenon is a word that is only occurs once in a corpus of text. The plural is either "hapax legomena", or "hapaxes". The word comes from Ancient Greek, and means" (something) only said once".

paragraphs: In this context, a word that occurs twice is called dis legomenon (), one that occurs three times tris legomenon () and one that occurs four times tetrakis legomenon ().

paragraphs: "Hapax legomena" are quite common, as predicted by Zipf's law, which states that the frequency of any word in a work (corpus) is inversely related to its rank in the frequency table. For large corpora, about 40% to 60% of the words (counting by type) are "hapax legomena", and another 10% to 15% are "dis legomena". In the Brown Corpus of American English, about half of the 50,000 words are "hapax legomena" within that corpus.

paragraphs: Note that "hapax legomenon" refers to a word's appearance in a body of text, and does not talk about its origin nor how often it is used in speech. For this reason, it is different from a nonce word, which may never be recorded, or which may find currency and may be widely recorded, or which may appear several times in the work which coins it, and so on.


title: Gulf of California

paragraphs: The Gulf of California (also called Sea of Cortez or Sea of Cortés; and nearby is known in the Spanish language as Mar de Cortés or Mar Bermejo or Golfo de California) is an area of water that is in between the Baja California Peninsula and Mexican mainland. It is surrounded by the states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, Sonora, and Sinaloa. The name "Gulf of California" is on most maps in English today. The name "Sea of Cortés" is the one preferred by local people. Francisco de Ulloa named it for Hernán Cortés, who sent him to explore the coast.

paragraphs: The Gulf was made 5.3 million years ago, changing the flow of the Colorado River. Other rivers which also flow into the Gulf of California are the Fuerte, Mayo, Sinaloa, Sonora, and the Yaqui. Its area is about 160,000 km² (62,000 square miles).

paragraphs: The Gulf of California was made as parts of the planets surface moved the Baja California Peninsula off of the North American Plate. As part of this process, the East Pacific Rise formed along the middle of the Gulf along the bottom of the sea. The Gulf would go as far as Indio, California if there wasn't a large river delta made by the Colorado River. This delta blocks the sea from flooding the Mexicali and Imperial Valleys. Volcanoes can be found along the East Pacific Rise. The island of Isla Tortuga is one example of the volcanoes found.

paragraphs: The Gulf of California has two large islands, the Isla Ángel de la Guarda and Tiburón Island. It also has several smaller ones, including Isla Espiritu Santo and Isla Partida which is joined to it by a small bit of land.


title: Jeff Lynne

paragraphs: Jeffrey ("Jeff") Lynne (born 30 December 1947, Birmingham, England) is a British musician (guitar, piano and bass guitar), songwriter and music producer. His longtime band was the Electric Light Orchestra (also known as ELO), but he worked with many other artists, including Duane Eddy, members of the Travelling Wilburys (Lynne himself was one also), and The Beatles.

paragraphs: Lynne first became known as a member of a band called The Idle Race. He taught himself about recording with a simple reel-to-reel tape recorder at home, using "sound on sound" to build up the sound of his own music. He later joined The Move, which then re-formed as Electric Light Orchestra. Lynne did not collaborate with ELO's members, as much as he directed how each member should play and sound. His work with ELO was often compared to music by The Beatles. Even John Lennon, the Beatles's founder, called ELO a "Son of Beatles" kind of band, before his death in 1980. Lynne also performed music for two movie soundtracks, "All This and World War II" and "Electric Dreams".

paragraphs: Electric Light Orchestra's fame lessened during the 1980s. Lynne began to produce other, sometimes older recording artists, some of whom had new hits after years without them. A friend introduced Lynne to George Harrison, another former Beatle, who planned a comeback album in the late 1980s. Their collaboration, "Cloud Nine", reawakened interest in Harrison and his music.

paragraphs: After the success of "Cloud Nine", Lynne and Harrison formed the Travelling Wilburys with Tom Petty, Bob Dylan and Roy Orbison. They became a popular group.

paragraphs: Early in the 1990s, the surviving Beatles completed a documentary series telling their own history. George Martin, their original producer, could not play as big a role as he had, because he had lost some of his hearing. Lynne was chosen to work with them. Yoko Ono handed over demos of five unfinished John Lennon songs, and two were chosen for the rest of the band to overdub (add parts to). Lynne used his studio knowhow to develop finished records from the raw demos, and the songs became hits, over twenty years since the Beatles issued a new recording.

paragraphs: Lynne moved to Los Angeles, California, and bought a house, which he turned into a large recording studio, with places to plug in equipment in nearly every room. He formed a new lineup of ELO in the early 2000s, recording a new album and beginning a tour, but interest was short-lived, and many shows were cancelled.

paragraphs: Lynne's music with ELO is popular again, through its use in television commercials. He continues to write and produce new music.


title: Mauro Bellugi

paragraphs: Mauro Bellugi (born 7 February, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Antonello Cuccureddu

paragraphs: Antonello Cuccureddu (born 4 October, 1949) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Aldo Maldera

paragraphs: Aldo Maldera (born 14 October, 1953 – 1 August, 2012) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Lionello Manfredonia

paragraphs: Lionello Manfredonia (born 27 November, 1956) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Romeo Benetti

paragraphs: Romeo Benetti (born 20 October 1945) is an Italian former football player. He played for the Italian national team.


title: Eraldo Pecci

paragraphs: Eraldo Pecci (born 12 April, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Paolo Conti

paragraphs: Paolo Conti (born 1 April, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Patrizio Sala

paragraphs: Patrizio Sala (born 16 June, 1955) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Renato Zaccarelli

paragraphs: Renato Zaccarelli (born 18 January, 1951) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Claudio Sala

paragraphs: Claudio Sala (born 8 September, 1947) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.


title: Paolo Pulici

paragraphs: Paolo Pulici (born 27 April, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Palestinian people

paragraphs: The Palestinian people or just Palestinians are the Arab people from the West Bank and the Gaza strip, which are also called the Palestinian Territories, or Palestine.

paragraphs: The people called "Palestinians" today are Arabs, but in the past, "Palestinians" could also be used as a name for Jewish people who lived in Palestine.

paragraphs: The Palestinian people, (, "ash-sha`b al-filasTīni") also referred to as Palestinians or Palestinian Arabs (, "al-filasTīnīyyūn"; , "al-`Arab al-filasTīnīyyūn"), are an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine. The total Palestinian population, including descendants, is estimated at approximately 10 million, roughly half continuing to live in the region of historic Palestine, an area encompassing Israel proper, the West Bank including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip and Jordan. In this combined area, as of 2009, they constitute a majority of 51% of all inhabitants, some of whom are internally displaced persons. The remainder, just over half of all Palestinians, comprise what is known as the Palestinian diaspora, most of whom are stateless Palestinian refugees lacking citizenship in any country. Of the diaspora, over two and a half million live in neighboring Jordan, one million is shared between Syria and Lebanon, a quarter million in Saudi Arabia, and Chile's half a million is the largest concentration outside the Arab world.

paragraphs: By religious affiliation, most Palestinians are Muslim, particularly of the Sunni branch of Islam, and there is a significant Palestinian Christian minority of various Christian denominations, as well as smaller religious communities. As the commonly applied term "Palestinian Arab" ethnonym implies, the current traditional vernacular of Palestinians, irrespective of religion, is the Palestinian dialect of Arabic. For those who are citizens of Israel, known also as Arab Israelis, many are now also bilingual in Modern Hebrew. Recent genetic research has demonstrated that ancient Levantines cluster predominantly with modern-day Palestinians and the Bedouins who live in the same region. Similarly, it shows that Palestinians as an ethnic group represent modern "descendants of a core population that lived in the area since prehistoric times," largely predating the Arabian Muslim conquest that resulted in their acculturation and established Arabic as the lingua franca, which eventually became the sole vernacular of the locals, most of whom would over time also convert to Islam from various prior faiths.

paragraphs: The first widespread use of "Palestinian" as an endonym to refer to the nationalist concept of a Palestinian people by the local Arabic-speaking population of Palestine began prior to the outbreak of World War I, and the first demand for national independence was issued by the Syrian-Palestinian Congress on 21 September 1921. After the creation of Israel, the exodus of 1948, and more so after the exodus of 1967, the term came to signify not only a place of origin, but the sense of a shared past and future in the form of a Palestinian nation-state. The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) represents the Palestinian people before the international community. The Palestinian National Authority, officially established as a result of the Oslo Accords, is an interim administrative body nominally responsible for governance in Palestinian population centres in the West Bank and Gaza Strip.


title: Theseus

paragraphs: Theseus was an ancient Greek hero who is the main character in many myths. His father was Aegeus, and his mother was Aethra. He is best known for the defeating the monsters and criminals (such as Procrustus who made travellers fit his special bed by stretching them or cutting off their feet) he met on his way to Athens, and killing the minotaur on the island of Crete. Later in life, he became king of Athens after his father, Aegeus.


title: New I/O

paragraphs: New I/O (Input/Output) or Non-blocking I/O, usually called NIO, is a collection of Java programming language Application programming interfaces that offer features for intensive I/O operations.


title: Alexey Rykov

paragraphs: Alexey Ivanovich Rykov (25 February 1881 - 15 March 1938) was a Russian revolutionary and Premier of the Soviet Union from 1924-30.

paragraphs: Rykov was born in 1881. He joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party in 1898. When the party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, Rykov became a Bolshevik. He was arrested several times.

paragraphs: Alexey Rykov returned from Siberia after the February Revolution of 1917. During the October Revolution of 1917 he was a member of the Military Revolutionary Committee in Moscow.

paragraphs: After the revolution, Rykov became a Minister of the Interior. On 3 April 1918, Rykov became Chairman of the Supreme Council of National Economy.

paragraphs: After Lenin's death on 21 January 1924, Rykov became head of the government of both the USSR and Russia. He supported Stalin in the Communist Party.

paragraphs: Rykov lost the post of head of the government after a conflict with Stalin in 1929. He was later arrested and executed in 1938.


title: Luciano Spinosi

paragraphs: Luciano Spinosi (born 9 May, 1950) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giacinto Facchetti

paragraphs: Giacinto Facchetti (18 July 1942 - 4 September 2006) was an Italian footballer. He played for Italy national team. He died in Milan in 2006 of pancreatic cancer.


title: Francesco Morini

paragraphs: Francesco Morini (born 12 August, 1944) is a retired Italian football player. He played for the Italian national team in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He earned 11 caps. He played for clubs like U.C. Sampdoria and Juventus F.C.


title: Tarcisio Burgnich

paragraphs: Tarcisio Burgnich (born 25 April, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Sandro Mazzola

paragraphs: Sandro Mazzola (born 8 November 1942) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giorgio Chinaglia

paragraphs: Giorgio Chinaglia (born 24 January 1947 - 1 April 2012) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team

paragraphs: Chinaglia moved to Cardiff, Wales in 1955. He died of a heart attack in Naples, Florida.


title: Luigi Riva

paragraphs: Luigi Riva (born 7 November, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Enrico Albertosi

paragraphs: Enrico Albertosi (born 2 November, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Sabadini

paragraphs: Giuseppe Sabadini (born 26 March, 1949) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Wilson

paragraphs: Giuseppe Wilson (born 27 October, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Antonio Juliano

paragraphs: Antonio Juliano (born 1 January 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Luciano Re Cecconi

paragraphs: Luciano Re Cecconi (born 1 December, 1948) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Pietro Anastasi

paragraphs: Pietro Anastasi (7 April 1948 – 17 January 2020) was a former Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.

paragraphs: Anastasi died in his hometown Catania on 17 January 2020, at the age of 71, after a long battle with cancer.


title: Roberto Boninsegna

paragraphs: Roberto Boninsegna (born 13 November, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Luciano Castellini

paragraphs: Luciano Castellini (born 12 December, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Ferruccio Valcareggi

paragraphs: Ferruccio Valcareggi (12 February, 1919 - 2 November 2005) was an Italian football player.


title: Frisia

paragraphs: Frisia is an area along the coast of the North Sea. Frisians live in this area. After Wijerd Jelckama and Pier Gerlofs Donia lost a rebellion against the Burgundians and the Saxons, Frisia lost its independence. Less than a century later, parts of Frisia were conquered by the Netherlands. Those are now known as the Dutch province of Friesland or Fryslân.

paragraphs: Languages spoken in Frisia are Frisian (Frysk, Frasch/Fresk/Freesk/Friisk, Saterland Frisian), Low German ((West Low German) East Frisian, Gronings), Dutch, German, Danish.


title: Ilmenau River

paragraphs: The Ilmenau is a river of Lower Saxony in Germany. It is a tributary of the Elbe. That means it flows into the Elbe.


title: Tulcea

paragraphs: Tulcea is a city of Dobrogea in Romania. As of 2002, nearly 92,000 people were living in Tulcea. It is the capital of Tulcea county.

paragraphs: The following towns are twinned with Tulcea:


title: Octet

paragraphs: An octet is a word used to describe the sequence of 8 things in a row.

paragraphs: In music, an octet is an ensemble consisting of eight instruments or voices, or a composition written for such an ensemble.

paragraphs: Octets are used in the technology field very often. For example, the eight binary digits in a byte has been called an octet. The term "octet" is used to avoid ambiguity, because some old computers had different numbers of bits per byte. It is mainly used with describing IP addresses. An IPv4 address consists of four octets (which can be written as their decimal values 255.255.255.255).

paragraphs: In France, French Canada and Romania, "octet" is used in common language instead of "byte" to talk about 8 bits, for example, a megabyte (MB) is called a megaoctet (Mo).


title: Red beans and rice

paragraphs: Red beans and rice is a dish popular in Louisiana. Red beans are made with red kidney beans, meat (like ham or sausage), and vegetables (like onions, bell pepper, celery or garlic). These things are cooked together slowly in a pot to make the red beans. The red beans are then poured onto cooked white rice. The rice can be steamed or boiled. Once the red beans and the rice are done, the red beans are served over the rice like a sauce. There is usually about an equal amount of red beans and rice, but some people like to have more red beans or more rice.

paragraphs: Red beans usually take several hundred minutes to make. Many people let the beans cook slowly all day. People in New Orleans used to make red beans when they did their laundry. They did this because they did not need to pay attention to the beans while they cooked. The beans could cook slowly while they did the laundry. People in New Orleans used to do laundry on Monday, so it is traditional in New Orleans to eat red beans and rice on Monday.

paragraphs: A lot of people think that all food from New Orleans is spicy, but red beans usually are not. Red beans are usually served with hot sauce so that people who want spicy red beans can make them spicy.


title: Colombo, Paraná

paragraphs: Colombo is the third largest city in Greater Curitiba, state of Paraná, found in the Southern Region of Brazil. It is located at 25º17'30" S, 49º13'27" W, at an altitude of about 1.027 metres above sea level, some 18 km from state capital, Curitiba.

paragraphs: It was founded on 5 February 1890. The city is the largest Italian colony in the state.


title: Milton Keynes Dons F.C.

paragraphs: Milton Keynes Dons F.C. are an English football club. They are also known as MK Dons.

paragraphs: They play their home games at a stadium called which is in Milton Keynes (about 45 miles or 75 km north of London). The club began again in 2004 from the remains of Wimbledon F.C., which had moved to Milton Keynes in 2002 and then went bankrupt.

paragraphs: The stadium now has a capacity of about 31,000 seats.

paragraphs: In the 2007/08 season, the Dons came top of Football League Two and won the Football League Trophy. They were promoted into Football League One.

paragraphs: In the 2008/09 season, the Dons came third in League One, but failed to win the play-off between the next best three teams and themselves and so did not go up to the Football League Championship. So they stayed in League One for the 2009/10 season, they only reached 12th.

paragraphs: On the last day of the 2014/15 season, they reached second in League One and so were promoted to the Championship for the 2015/16 season. Their stay in the Championship lasted just one season: they were relegated back to League One for the 2016/17 season.


title: Pinhais

paragraphs: Pinhais is a city and municipality of Greater Curitiba, in Paraná state, Southern Brazil. As of 2008 the city had 116,984 inhabitants, being the 12th most populous city in the state. In its territory lies the Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba.


title: Chlamydia trachomatis

paragraphs: Chlamydia trachomatis is a small bacterium, is one of three species in the genus "Chlamydia". It cannot grow outside a living cell. In this respect it resembles a virus, but it is actually a very sophisticated organism.


title: Baby hatch

paragraphs: A baby hatch (also called foundling wheel) is a system where parents can leave infants for adoption anonymously. Such systems were in use since the Middle Ages. Baby hatches are usually installed at hospitals. There, mothers or fathers can put their newborn baby into the hatch. The hatches are usually in hospitals or social centers or churches and consist of a door or flap in an outside wall which opens onto a soft bed, heated or at least insulated. Sensors in the bed alert carers when a baby has been put in it so that they can come and take care of the child. It will be cared for by hospital staff. If it is not claimed within a given time period, it will be given up for adoption. These hatches are popular in Germany and Pakistan.

paragraphs: One reason baby hatches are used is because some mothers can't take care of their babies.

paragraphs: Baby hatches started in medieval times. They started in 1198 in Italy. They became more popular after the 17th century. They became less popular during the 19th century.

paragraphs: Today only some countries have baby hatches. In others they are illegal.


title: Anonymous birth

paragraphs: Anonymous birth is a legal concept in certain countries. This allows women to give birth to their baby at the hospital anonymously, that is to say without giving their name. After giving birth, the mother leaves the hospital. The baby is put up for adoption after a certain time.


title: Medemblik

paragraphs: Medemblik is a city in the Netherlands. In 2007, Noorder-Koggenland and Wognum were added to Medemblik. In 2011, Andijk and Wervershoof became part of Medemblik.


title: Charles, Duke of Guelders

paragraphs: Charles of Egmond (9 November 1467 – June 30 1538) was the Duke of Guelders. He was an influential Dutch nobleman of the late 15th and early 16th century.


title: Maarten van Rossum

paragraphs: Maarten van Rossum (1478 - 1555) was a Dutch field marshal of the late 15th and early 16th century. He was an influential and powerful figure. He fought together with Pier Gerlofs Donia and Wijerd Jelckama, leaders of the Arumer Black Heap.


title: Warlord

paragraphs: A warlord is a ruler whose status is based solely on power of violence without any legitimacy (that is: right by law). A warlord is a military commander, usually a militant leader, rebel or militia, who has a private army. The Condottieri of Middle Ages Italy are well known examples. Many warlords lived in China and Mongolia. Warlordism is also known in Afghanistan and Somalia. While feudal lords may have private armies and wage private wars, they are not considered as warlords as their status is based on legitimacy.

paragraphs: Warlords appear when a state collapses. For example feudal lords took over in Europe when the Roman Empire fell. Warlordism is the inevitable consequence of anarchy. Many warlords are former officers, clan leaders, mafia bosses or gang leaders. A warlord may attempt to build a state at the area where he is in power, or he may simply plunder and rob his subjects.

paragraphs: A state which has collapsed into warlordism is in continuous civil war. Such countries have few industries except agriculture, mining and contraband, such as drugs and weapons.


title: Righteous Among the Nations

paragraphs: Righteous Among the Nations is an award given by Israel to people who risked their own lives to help Jewish people survive the Holocaust. It has been given to Oskar Schindler and Corrie ten Boom and many others for helping the innocent victims of the Holocaust. The Righteous Among the Nations Memorial Path is located in the Yad Vashem museum in Jerusalem.


title: Eurostar

paragraphs: Eurostar is a high-speed train service in Western Europe connecting London and Kent in the United Kingdom with Paris and Lille in France, and Brussels in Belgium. In addition, there are limited services from London to Disneyland Paris (Gare de Marne-la-Vallée - Chessy) and seasonal destinations in France. All Eurostar trains cross the English Channel through the Channel Tunnel.

paragraphs: The service is operated by 18-carriage Class 373 trains at up to 300 km/h (186 mph) on a network of high-speed lines. Since Eurostar began in 1994, new lines have been built in Belgium (HSL 1) and Southern England (High Speed 1) to the same standard as the LGV Nord line originally used in France, reducing journey times. The two-stage Channel Tunnel Rail Link project was completed on 14 November 2007, when the London terminus of Eurostar transferred from Waterloo International to St Pancras International station.


title: Fabrizio Poletti

paragraphs: Fabrizio Poletti (born 13 July 1943) is a former Italian football player. He played for the Italian national football team.


title: Pierluigi Cera

paragraphs: Pierluigi Cera (born 25 February, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Ugo Ferrante

paragraphs: Ugo Ferrante (born 18 July, 1945) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Comunardo Niccolai

paragraphs: Comunardo Niccolai (born 15 December, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.


title: Roberto Rosato

paragraphs: Roberto Rosato (18 August 1943 - 20 June 2010) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team. He played as a defender. The Italy national football team wore black armbands in their game against New Zealand at the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: Giorgio Puia

paragraphs: Giorgio Puia (born 8 March, 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Mario Bertini

paragraphs: Mario Bertini (born 7 January, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Angelo Domenghini

paragraphs: Angelo Domenghini (born 25 August, 1941) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giancarlo De Sisti

paragraphs: Giancarlo De Sisti (born 13 March, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Lido Vieri

paragraphs: Lido Vieri (born 16 July, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Sergio Gori

paragraphs: Sergio Gori (born 24 February, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giuseppe Furino

paragraphs: Giuseppe Furino (born 5 July, 1946) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Pierino Prati

paragraphs: Pierino Prati (13 December 1946 – 22 June 2020) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy's national team.

paragraphs: Prati died of cancer in Catania, Italy on 22 June 2020, aged 73.


title: Puppy Linux

paragraphs: Puppy Linux is an operating system for computers. It is based on GNU/Linux and it is completely free and is open source software. Puppy Linux is sometimes called a mini distribution because of its size (approximately 100MB) when compared to other GNU/Linux operating systems such as Ubuntu.

paragraphs: Puppy Linux, which was started by Barry Kauler in June 2003, runs well on low-end personal computers (some of which have less than 32MB RAM.) Currently (May 2009) the latest version of this Linux distribution is Puppy Linux 4.2 "Deep Thought."


title: Narwhal

paragraphs: The Narwhal ("Monodon monoceros") is a rarely seen Arctic whale. This social whale is known as the "unicorn of the sea" because the male has a very long tusk. Very little is known about this whale. Narwhal means "corpse whale" in Old Norse.

paragraphs: Large male narwhals can grow to a length of 15 feet, and weigh up to two tons. A female can give birth once every three years, after a pregnancy of 15 months. At birth, the baby narwhal is about five feet long and weighs about 180 pounds.

paragraphs: All narwhals have two teeth in their upper jaw and a tusk. After the first year of a male narwhal's life, its left tooth grows outward, spirally. There are some narwhals that are double-tusked, but they are not as common. This long, single or double tooth projects from its upper jaw and can grow to be 8.75 feet (2.7 meters) long. Tusks are usually twisted in a counterclockwise direction and are hollow inside. The tusk's function is uncertain, perhaps used as a formidable jousting weapon in courtship and dominance rivalry, in getting food, and/or for channeling and amplifying sonar pulses (which they emit). The tusk is not used in hunting. Long ago, narwhal sightings probably reinforced (or started) the unicorn legends. In fact, when people found the horn of a dead narwhal washed up on shore, they thought that they had found the horn of a unicorn.

paragraphs: Narwhal can dive deep into the sea to around 800 meters, but can also sometimes dive up to 1,500 meters. This makes them one of the deepest diving sea mammals.

paragraphs: Narwhals live in the icy waters of the Arctic seas. The Narwhal's thick skin, called blubber, keep them warm in the cold water. They do not go far away from ice. Narwhals live in groups of between 10 and 100. Narwhals are migrating animals who like to move from one place to live in another place for a while. In summer, groups of them move closer to land, where they can sometimes be seen in the estuaries, deep fjords, and bays of Greenland, Northern Canada and as far eastern Russia. In Winter they move back to the icy waters, where they breathe from small holes in the ice.

paragraphs: Narwhals can hunt under ice and like to eat Arctic fish such as the flatfish Greenland halibut, the polar and Arctic cod, shrimp and squid. They suck in their prey when they get close.

paragraphs: Narwhals are both hunted by polar bears and killer whales. The native Inuit people, sometimes called the Eskimos, are still allowed to hunt the Narwhals for their meat and for the tusks. The tusks are sold with or without carving. The annual value received from Narwhal hunts in Hudson Bay is $530,000, of which $370,000 is for meat, $150,000 for tusks, bones and teeth of males, and $10,000 for teeth and bones of females.


title: Vailala Madness

paragraphs: The Vailala Madness was a religious movement. It was active between 1919 and 1922. Many people think it was one of the first cargo cults, even though that term was first used in the 1940s. The Vailala Madness was active in the Papuan Gulf, which was a territory of Australia at the time, but now belongs to Papua New Guinea.

paragraphs: The Vailala Madness got its name from the behaviour of people who took part in it. This behaviour included glossolalia (or "speaking in tongues"), shaking, and signs of mental or emotional disturbances . In the indigenous language, people who were taking part in the Vailala Madness called it "iki haveve", or "belly-don't know," which was another way of saying "dizziness."

paragraphs: The people in the movement thought that a 'Ghost Steamer' would come. This ship would be piloted by dead people who were coming back. The dead people would bring with them cargo with tinned food and tools. In one version of the story, the dead people would bring guns to kick the white colonizers out, but not everybody agrees that this was what people in the Vailala Madness actually believed.


title: Agranulocytosis

paragraphs: Agranulocytosis is a medical condition where there are very few granulocytes (a kind of white blood cell) in the blood. It is a type of severe and dangerous leukopenia (a condition of very low number of white blood cells). If the agranulocytosis is because of a lack of neutrophils (called neutropenia), it is especially bad.

paragraphs: Agranulocytosis is a medical word made up of three parts:


title: Weilburg

paragraphs: Weilburg is an German town of the Limburg-Weilburg district in the west of Hesse.


title: Tegan and Sara

paragraphs: Tegan and Sara () is a Canadian indie rock duo, made up of twin sisters Tegan and Sara Quin. They are lesbians. They have released eight albums.

paragraphs: At first they called themselves PLUNK. They released their first album, "Under Feet Like Ours", in 1999 as Sara and Tegan. In 2000 they released "The Business of Art", their second album. They were nominated for four prizes at the 2014 Juno Awards. They are feminists.


title: Bradshaw Trail

paragraphs: The Bradshaw Trail, nicknamed the Gold Road at one time, is a historic trail which used to be a stagecoach route in Southern California.

paragraphs: This road used to connect San Bernardino, California to gold fields in La Paz, Arizona, known today as Ehrenberg. It was the first road connecting Riverside County to the Colorado River.

paragraphs: The part which remains today is a graded dirt road which crosses southeastern Riverside County and a part of Imperial County, beginning roughly 12 miles/19km east of North Shore and ending about 14 miles/23km southwest of Blythe for a total of 70 miles/113km.

paragraphs: The trail is named for trailblazer William David Bradshaw who first crossed the area in 1862. A former forty-niner, Bradshaw knew that the northern gold mines were rapidly emptying and that miners and other people leaving the area would need a more direct trail from the south across the desert to the new gold strike at La Paz. Without a direct trail, they would have to travel a great distance southeast to Yuma, then north up the river to La Paz. Bradshaw was a smart man; he knew there were lots of chances to make money in a gold boomtown.

paragraphs: Originally 180 miles/290km long, the western end of the trail began east of San Bernardino in the San Gorgonio Pass. Bradshaw and his party travelled southeast to the northern tip of the Salton Sink, turning due east to the foothills of the Orocopia Mountains and an existing stage stop called "Dos Palmas."

paragraphs: Leaving Dos Palmas, the men continued eastward between the Orocopia and Chocolate mountain ranges, briefly passing by the southern end of the Chuckwalla range and ending at the Palo Verde Valley. Once they crossed the Colorado River, the party rode upstream for about four miles to the gold fields. Despite the fact that the trail crossed mostly barren desert, there was lots of water to be found at water holes found at roughly thirty-mile/48km intervals.

paragraphs: Between 1862 and 1877, the Bradshaw Trail was the main route between Southern California and the La Paz gold fields.

paragraphs: The remaining part of the Bradshaw Trail mostly crosses public land. The extreme eastern end of the trail at Ripley does not. Use of a four wheel drive vehicle is recommended to travel across the trail. There are no services on the trail itself.

paragraphs: Another fact to consider is the Chocolate Mountain Aerial Gunnery Range which borders a part of the Bradshaw Trail to the south. This is a live bombing range and is clearly marked.


title: Wiley's Well

paragraphs: Wiley's Well is a remote, natural artesian well in the Colorado Desert of Southern California. It is also the name of the area around it.

paragraphs: It is named after Palo Verde storekeeper and postmaster A.P. Wiley. In 1907, Mr. Wiley dug deep into a shallow well dug in 1876 by a stagecoach company which used the nearby Bradshaw Trail. Wiley made the well larger since he hoped that he could attract business to his remote desert store. The well was taken care of by local ranchers and cattlemen for years afterward. However, the rapidly falling level of the water meant a drop of the water's depth to 60'/18m within a dozen years. Today, the well's original depth is only about 20'/6m at best after wet weather. The water in the well is not good for drinking.

paragraphs: In 1985, the Bureau of Land Management drilled a new well 965'/294m deep to support the new Wiley's Well Campground, one of only two developed campgrounds in the Mule Mountains Long-Term Visitor Area. The water is both hot at 90 °F/32 °C and full of minerals. The water is pumped into a cistern to help cool it to drinking temperature.

paragraphs: Wiley's Well is popular with rockhounds. They have been coming to Wiley's Well since the 1930s with the discovery of geode beds. Even though Wiley's Well has been very popular with rockhounds over the decades, the area remains rich with such minerals as chalcedony, citrine, quartz crystals, rhyolite and jasper. Though winters are mild, making the campground popular with visitors who visit every year from colder areas, summer can be extremely hot with recorded temperatures as high as 130 °F/54 °C.

paragraphs: Wiley's Well is easy to reach. It is off the Wiley's Well Road exit from Interstate 10, sixteen miles/26km west of Blythe. The entrance to the campground is nine miles/14km south of the highway.


title: Alphonse of Poitiers

paragraphs: Alphonse of Poitiers or Alfonso or Alphonse (11 November 1220 – 21 August 1271) was the Count of Poitou from 1225 and Count of Toulouse (as Alfonso II) from 1247.

paragraphs: Alphonse was a son of Louis VIII, King of France and Blanche of Castile. He was a younger brother of Louis IX of France and an older brother of Charles I of Sicily.

paragraphs: The Treaty of Paris stipulated that a brother of King Louis was to marry Joan of Toulouse, daughter of Raymond VII of Toulouse, and so in 1237 Alphonse married her.

paragraphs: Honest and moderate, protecting the middle classes against exactions of the nobles, he exercised a happy influence upon the south, in spite of his naturally despotic character and his continual and pressing need of money. He is noted for ordering the first recorded local expulsion of Jews, when he did so in Poitou in 1249.

paragraphs: Aside from the crusades, Alfonso stayed primarily in Paris, governing his estates by officials, inspectors who reviewed the officials work, and a constant stream of messages.

paragraphs: When Louis IX again engaged in a crusade (the Eighth Crusade), Alphonse again raised a large sum of money and accompanied his brother. This time, however, he did not return to France, dying while on his way back, probably at Savona in Italy, on 21 August 1271.


title: Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands

paragraphs: Willem-Alexander (Willem-Alexander Claus George Ferdinand; born 27 April 1967), is the King of the Netherlands. He is the eldest child of Princess Beatrix and Prince Claus. He has been the head of the House of Amsberg since the death of his father in 2002. He served in the Dutch military. He studied history at Leiden University. King Willem-Alexander is interested in international water management issues and sports. He married Máxima Zorreguieta Cerruti in 2002. They have three daughters: Princess Catharina-Amalia (born 2003), Princess Alexia (born 2005), and Princess Ariane (born 2007).

paragraphs: On 28 January 2013, the king's mother announced in a television broadcast that she would abdicate the throne. That made Willem-Alexander, King on 30 April 2013. He is the first king of the Netherlands since the death of his great-great-grandfather, William III, in 1890.

paragraphs: He was the first male heir apparent to the Dutch throne since Prince Alexander, son of King William III, who died in 1884. Prince Willem-Alexander had indicated that if he became king, he would take the name William IV, but it was announced on 28 January 2013 that his regnal name would be William-Alexander.


title: Karst Tates

paragraphs: Karst Tates (March 6, 1971 – May 1, 2009) was a Dutch man who tried to harm the Dutch Royal Family (including Willem Alexander and Beatrix). He tried to do this by making his car collide with the Royal Bus. This event happened in Apeldoorn, Netherlands on 30 April, 2009, the Dutch national holiday of Queen's Day ("Koninginnedag"). He did not succeed, but killed seven people who were watching the festivities and himself.

paragraphs: According to a policeman who claimed having talked to Tates, Tates said immediately after the crash that he had wanted to hit the members of the Royal Family that had just passed there in an open bus, because Willem-Alexander was a racist and a fascist in his view. After having been brought to hospital, Tates died from his wounds.


title: Light-dependent reaction

paragraphs: In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reaction uses light energy from the sun to split water which has been taken in by the organism. Water, when split, gives oxygen, hydrogen, and electrons. These electrons move through structures in chloroplasts and, by "chemiosmosis", make ATP.

paragraphs: The hydrogen is converted to NADPH, which is then used in the light-independent reactions. Oxygen gas diffuses out of the organism as a waste product. This all happens in the "grana thylakoid" of chloroplasts.

paragraphs: Colin Flannery first put forward the idea that photosynthesis needs light in 1779. He realised that sunlight falling on plants was needed. Joseph Priestley had noted the release of oxygen gas in 1772, but he did not see the link with light.

paragraphs: In 1931 Cornelius Van Niel proposed that photosynthesis is a case of a general mechanism where a photon of light is used to photodecompose a hydrogen donor, with the hydrogen being used to reduce .

paragraphs: In 1939 Robin Hill found that isolated chloroplasts would make oxygen but not fix , showing that the light and dark reactions occurred in different places. This led later to the discovery of photosystem 1 and 2.


title: Light-independent reaction

paragraphs: Light-independent reactions take place in plant chloroplasts. In this process, sugars are made from carbon dioxide.

paragraphs: The process, known as the Calvin cycle, uses products of the light-dependent reactions (ATP and NADPH) and various enzymes. Therefore, the light-independent reaction cannot happen without the light-dependent reaction.

paragraphs: Sugars made in the light-independent reactions are moved around the plant (translocation). This takes place in the grana region of the chloroplast. It is anaerobic (does not use oxygen).

paragraphs: The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:


title: Falafel

paragraphs: Falafel is a kind of vegetarian food. Falafel is made from chickpeas or fava beans. Spices are added to these. Falafel is either made into a ball, or a disc, which is then fried. The dish originally came from Egypt. Today, it is a popular form of fast food in the Middle East, where it is also served as a mezze.

paragraphs: The word is pronounced (fuh-lah-full); .

paragraphs: In Egyptian and Sudanese Arabic it is called "Ta'miyya".

paragraphs: The Arabic word "falafel" ("falāfil") may be the plural of () 'pepper'. More relevantly, it is an adjective for "fluffy"/"crunchy" things, as in (), a kind of cooked rice, and (), curly hair. Different spellings in English include "felafel" and "filafil".

paragraphs: Falafel is usually served in a pita-like bread called lafa, either inside the bread, which acts as a pocket, or wrapped in a flat bread. In many countries falafel is a popular street food or fast food. The falafel balls, whole or crushed, may be topped with salads, pickled vegetables and hot sauce, and drizzled with tahini-based sauces. Falafel balls may also be eaten alone as a snack or served as part of a mezze. During Ramadan, they are sometimes eaten as part of an iftar, the meal which breaks the daily fast after sunset.

paragraphs: Falafel was originally made with fava beans. When the dish was used more to the north, chickpeas were more common, so they were used instead. The chickpea was used as a food item in the Levant before 4000 BC.

paragraphs: According to Ynetnews, "A common theory suggests falafel was invented some 1000 years ago by the Egyptian Copts. They took it with them when they moved to the rest of the Middle East. Another theory dates the invention of falafel as far as the 6th century AD, or even earlier, placing it on the subcontinent of India, which is known until today for making various chickpea-based dishes".

paragraphs: Falafel is made from fava beans or chickpeas or a combination of the two. In Egypt, fava beans are used exclusively. Other variations may contain only chickpeas. This is the case of Palestinians, Yemenite Jews in Jerusalem as well as in Syria and Lebanon. In the Levant, Falafel is generally made only with chickpeas. Unlike many other bean patties, in falafel the beans are not cooked before they are used. Instead they are soaked, possibly skinned, then ground, a small quantity of onions, parsley, spices (including cumin), and bicarbonate of soda are added. It is then deep fried at a high temperature. Sesame seeds may be added to the balls before they are fried; this is particularly common when falafel is served as a dish on its own rather than as a sandwich filling.

paragraphs: Recent culinary trends have seen the chickpea falafel have more success than fava bean falafel. Chickpea falafels are served across the Middle East, and have been popularized by expatriates of those countries living abroad. However, fava-bean falafel continue to predominate in Egypt and Sudan and their respective expatriate communities, and Egyptians are fond of deriding chickpea falafel as inferior.

paragraphs: In Israel small 2 1/2 cm spherical balls are made, while in Egypt and among Palestinians larger patties are shaped with a tablespoon or a special scoop with a lever to release them into the hot oil.

paragraphs: The kind of bread used for falafel may be different. Outside the Middle East, pita bread is often used as a pocket and stuffed with the different ingredients; in Arab countries a round khubz bread, 'eish' in Egypt, is halved, and the two resulting round pieces are used to create a cigar-shaped wrap. There, hummus (chickpeas pureed with tahini) is rarely used as a condiment, the usual sauce is tahini (sesame seed paste) thinned with water and lemon. The most common salad ingredients are tomato and parsley. In Lebanon, parsley is mixed with chopped mint leaves. It is also common in Syria and Lebanon to add pickles; the two canonical ones are pickled turnip, colored pink with beetroot, and pickled cucumber. Recently, there has been a new "filled" falafel, its center usually consisting of ground meat or minced onions or a boiled egg. These fillings are wrapped by the uncooked falafel mixture, and then deep fried.

paragraphs: The salads or the pita itself may be seasoned with salt or sumac, which is very commonly used in Syria; alternatively, these may be sprinkled on top.


title: Meze

paragraphs: Meze or mezze (Arabic, مَزة, Greek "mezé" (μεζέ), Bulgarian мезé "mezé", Macedonian мéзе "méze", from Turkish "meze", all from Persian "maze" (مزه) 'taste, snack' < "mazīdan" 'to taste') is the name for a number of small dishes or appetizers served before a meal, often with a drink. They are common in the Eastern Mediterranean. Drinks include anise-flavored liqueurs, such as "arak", "ouzo", "raki" or different wines. These dishes are similar to the "tapas" of Spain or finger food.

paragraphs: In Levantine cuisines and in the Caucasus region (especially in Azerbaijan and Georgia), these dishes are served as a part of any large-scale meal. When not accompanied by alcohol, meze is known in the Arab world as "muqabbilat" (Arabic for "starters").


title: Finger food

paragraphs: Finger food is the name for a number of foods that are usually eaten with the hands, as opposed to using utensils, like forks, knives or chopsticks. In some cultures, food is almost always eaten with the hands; for example, Ethiopian cuisine is eaten by rolling various dishes up in "injera" bread.

paragraphs: Examples of finger food are small beef pies, sausage rolls, sausages on sticks, cheese and olives on sticks, chicken drumsticks or wings, spring rolls, small quiches, samosas, onion bhajis, potato wedges, vol au vents, and risotto balls. Other well-known foods that are generally eaten with the hands include pizza, hot dogs, fruit and bread.


title: Risotto

paragraphs: Risotto (plural: "risotti") is a typical Italian dish based on rice. Originally it comes from Piedmont, where rice is commonly grown. It is very important for the cuisine of Milan. Common ingredients of the base recipe are white wine, and onions.

paragraphs: Risotto is a class of Italian rice dishes cooked in broth to a creamy consistency. The broth may be meat-, fish-, or vegetable-based. Many types of risotto contain Parmesan cheese, butter, and onion. It is one of the most common ways of cooking rice in Italy.

paragraphs: Risotto is normally a "primo" (first course), served on its own before the main course, but "risotto alla milanese" is often served together with ossobuco alla milanese.

paragraphs: A high-starch (amylopectin), low-amylose round medium- or short-grain rice is usually used to make risotto. Such rices have the ability to absorb liquids and to release starch and so they are stickier than the long grain varieties.

paragraphs: The principal varieties used in Italy are Arborio, Baldo, Carnaroli, Maratelli, Padano, Roma, and Vialone Nano. Carnaroli, Maratelli and Vialone Nano are considered to be the best (and most expensive) varieties, with different users preferring one over the other. They have slightly different properties. For example, Carnaroli is less likely than Vialone Nano to get overcooked, but the latter, being smaller, cooks faster and absorbs condiments better. Other varieties like Roma, Baldo, Ribe and Originario may be used but will not have the creaminess of the traditional dish. These varieties are considered better for soups and other non-risotto rice dishes and for making sweet rice desserts. Rice designations of Superfino, Semifino and Fino refer to the size and shape (specifically the length and the narrowness) of the grains, and not the quality.

paragraphs: There are many different risotto recipes with different ingredients, but they are all based on rice of an appropriate variety cooked in a standard procedure.

paragraphs: The rice is first cooked briefly in a soffritto of onion and butter or olive oil to coat each grain in a film of fat, this is called "tostatura"; white or red wine is added and has to be absorbed by the grains. When it has evaporated, the heat is raised to medium high and very hot stock is gradually added in small amounts while stirring gently, almost constantly: stirring loosens the starch molecules from the outside of the rice grains into the surrounding liquid, creating a smooth creamy-textured liquid. At that point it is taken off the heat for the "mantecatura" when diced cold butter and finely grated Parmigiano-Reggiano cheese are vigorously stirred in to make the texture as creamy and smooth as possible. It may be removed from the heat a few minutes earlier, and left to cook with its residual heat. Seafood risotti generally do not include cheese.

paragraphs: Properly cooked risotto is rich and creamy but still with some resistance or bite: al dente, and with separate grains. The traditional texture is fairly fluid, or "all'onda" ("wavy, or flowing in waves"). It is served on flat dishes and it should easily spread out but not have excess watery liquid around the perimeter. It must be eaten at once as it continues to cook in its own heat and can become too dry with the grains too soft.

paragraphs: Risotto can be made using many kinds of vegetable, meat, fish, seafood and legumes, and different types of wine and cheese may be used. There is even, exceptionally, an Italian strawberry risotto.


title: Subscription

paragraphs: A subscription is a product or service which is paid for periodically, rather than all at once. Magazines and newspapers are often subscription products. Public utility services like internet connections or cable television are examples of subscription services. Subscriptions fees are usually charged for a consistent time period, typically in weeks, months, or years.


title: European wildcat

paragraphs: The wildcat is "Felis silvestris", a member of the small cat sub-family Felinae. It is native to Eurasia. It is so-called because it is almost impossible to tame. However, crossbreeding with domestic cats has occurred throughout almost the whole of the species' range.

paragraphs: The wildcat shows geographic variation. All subspecies are larger than house cats, with longer legs and more robust bodies. There are about 22 subspecies, or (according to some) only four, including the Chinese mountain cat, which was previously considered a species in its own right.

paragraphs: Our domestic cat originated from the subspecies known as the African wildcat.

paragraphs: The name 'wildcat' is sometimes used as a term for domestic cats which have gone wild in the sense of living rough, without owners.


title: Krebs cycle

paragraphs: The Krebs cycle (named after Hans Krebs) is a part of cellular respiration. Its other names are the citric acidity cycle, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle).

paragraphs: The "Krebs cycle" is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms in their energy conversion processes. It is important to many biochemical pathways. This suggests that it was one of the earliest parts of cellular metabolism to evolve.

paragraphs: The Krebs cycle comes after the link reaction and provides the hydrogen and electrons needed for the electron transport chain. It takes place inside mitochondria.

paragraphs: The diagram below shows how this part of respiration is an ever-repeating cycle which produces ATP and gives off CO. The ATP is a molecule which carries energy in chemical form to be used in other cell processes. To summarize:

paragraphs: Because two acetyl-CoA molecules are produced from each glucose molecule, "two cycles are required per glucose molecule". Therefore, at the end of two cycles, the products are: two ATP, six NADH, two FADH two QH (ubiquinol) and four CO.


title: Coenzyme A

paragraphs: Coenzyme A (CoA, CoASH, or HSCoA) is a coenzyme used in up to 4% of enzymatic reactions within all living cells. Notably, it is used in fatty acid synthesis, the Krebs cycle, and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA.


title: Acetyl

paragraphs: In organic chemistry, acetyl (ethanoyl), is a functional group, the acyl of acetic acid, with chemical formula -COCH.

paragraphs: The acetyl group contains a methyl group bonded to a carbonyl with a lone electron left over. This electron forms a chemical bond to the rest ("R") of the molecule.

paragraphs: The acetyl group is part of any organic compounds such as acetylcholine and acetyl-CoA.


title: Multiple birth

paragraphs: Multiple birth is when one woman gives birth to more than one child at the same time. Depending on the number of children born, it can be called twins (two), triplets (three), quadruplets (four), and so on. There have been cases known in which a woman gave birth to eight children at once. These have a higher risk of dying.

paragraphs: The chance of multiple birth grows when artificial insemination is used. It is therefore used in China to outsmart the one-child policy.


title: Skins (TV series)

paragraphs: Skins is a controversial and two time BAFTA-winning British teen drama about a group of English teenagers growing up in Bristol. Mainly ages 16–18, the characters go to a fictional school called Roundview College. The show was created by television writers Bryan Elsley and Jamie Brittain, and was first shown on E4 on 25 January 2007. There are seven seasons (61 episodes). There are also mini episodes of Skins that can only be watched online. It was also shown on Channel 4. On 12 March 2009 it was announced on the official "Skins" website that a fourth season of "Skins" has been planned. The last episode was 5 August 2013. An American adaptation was made. The remake made in the USA was shown on MTV in 2011. It was not very popular and was accused of child pornography and being a bad influence on teenagers, so a second season was not made. It had the same characters as UK Skins apart from Maxxie, who was replaced with a lesbian called Tea Marvelli.

paragraphs: These characters were in the first two seasons.

paragraphs: At the end of the second season of "Skins", it was announced that the old characters were being replaced with new ones. The only characters from the "original" season to come back are Effy Stonem (who is Tony's little sister), and Effy's best friend from season two, Pandora Moon.


title: Roberto Anzolin

paragraphs: Roberto Anzolin (18 April 1938 – 6 October 2017) was a Italian football player. He played for the Italy national team in 1966.


title: Paolo Barison

paragraphs: Paolo Barison (born 23 June, 1936) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giacomo Bulgarelli

paragraphs: Giacomo Bulgarelli (born 24 October, 1940) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Romano Fogli

paragraphs: Romano Fogli (born 21 January, 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Aristide Guarneri

paragraphs: Aristide Guarneri (born 7 March 1938) is an Italian football player turned manager. He played for the Italian national team.


title: Francesco Janich

paragraphs: Francesco Janich (27 March 1937 – 2 December 2019) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team from 1962 to 1966.

paragraphs: Janich died on 2 December 2019 in Rome at the age of 82.


title: Spartaco Landini

paragraphs: Spartaco Landini (born 31 January, 1944) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Gianfranco Leoncini

paragraphs: Gianfranco Leoncini (25 September 1939 – 5 April 2019) was an Italian footballer. During his club career, Leoncini played for Juventus, Atalanta and Mantova. He won three Serie A titles with Juventus. He also played twice for Italy. He was a part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad.


title: Giovanni Lodetti

paragraphs: Giovanni Lodetti (born 10 August, 1942) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Gigi Meroni

paragraphs: Gigi Meroni (born 24 February, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Ezio Pascutti

paragraphs: Ezio Pascutti (1 June, 1937 – 4 January 2017) was an Italian football manager and player. He has played for Italy's national team.

paragraphs: Pascutti died under hospice care in Bologna, Italy on 4 January 2017 from a "serious illness", aged 79.


title: Marino Perani

paragraphs: Marino Perani (27 October 1939 – 18 October 2017) was a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.

paragraphs: In 2014, Perani got married at the age of 75 with the Bolognese business woman Anna Ciano at the Palazzo D'Accursio.

paragraphs: Perani died at a hospital in Bologna, Italy on 18 October 2017 from stroke-related complications at the age of 77.


title: Pierluigi Pizzaballa

paragraphs: Pierluigi Pizzaballa (born 14 September, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Francesco Rizzo

paragraphs: Francesco Rizzo (born 30 May, 1943) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy's national team.


title: Sandro Salvadore

paragraphs: Sandro Salvadore (born 29 November, 1939) used to be an Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Edmondo Fabbri

paragraphs: Edmondo Fabbri (born 16 September, 1921) is a former Italian football player.


title: Lorenzo Buffon

paragraphs: Lorenzo Buffon (born 19 December, 1929) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Giacomo Losi

paragraphs: Giacomo Losi (born 10 September 1935) is a former Italian football player. He played for Italy's national football team.


title: Luigi Radice

paragraphs: Luigi Radice (15 January 1935 – 7 December 2018) was a former Italian football player. He played for Italy national team.

paragraphs: Radice died on 7 December 2018 in Turin from complications of Alzheimer's disease, aged 83.


title: Bruno Mora

paragraphs: Bruno Mora (born 29 March, 1937) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Humberto Maschio

paragraphs: Humberto Maschio (born 20 February, 1933) is a former Argentine-Italian football player. He has played for Argentina national team and Italy national team.


title: Giampaolo Menichelli

paragraphs: Giampaolo Menichelli (born 29 June, 1938) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Carlo Mattrel

paragraphs: Carlo Mattrel (born 14 April, 1937) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Angelo Sormani

paragraphs: Angelo Sormani (born 3 July, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Enzo Robotti

paragraphs: Enzo Robotti (born 13 June, 1935) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Mario David

paragraphs: Mario David (born 13 March, 1934) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Paride Tumburus

paragraphs: Paride Tumburus (8 March 1939 - 3 October 2015) was an Italian football player. He played for Italy national team. He was a member of the Italian team at the 1960 Summer Olympics and the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He died of a heart attack.


title: Giorgio Ferrini

paragraphs: Giovanni Ferrari (born 6 December, 1907) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Paolo Mazza

paragraphs: Paolo Mazza (born 21 July 1901 – 31 December 1981) is a former Italian football manager.


title: Giovanni Ferrari

paragraphs: Giorgio Ferrini (born 18 August, 1939) is a former Italian football player. He has played for the Italian national team.


title: Type I and type II errors

paragraphs: In statistics, type I and type II errors are errors that happen when a coincidence occurs while doing statistical inference, which leads to one making the wrong conclusion. One makes a Type I error when the original hypothesis is rejected, when it is actually true. Conversely, one makes a Type II error when the original hypothesis is accepted, when it is actually false. The probability of type I error is often written as formula_1, while the probability of type II error is written as formula_2.


title: Pita

paragraphs: Pita is a kind of flat bread. Sometimes it is called pitta or pide (Turkish), pitka (Bulgarian) and pronounced "pitta" in Greek). Pita is an often round, brown, wheat flatbread made with yeast.

paragraphs: Pita is traditionally made in the Middle East and around the Mediterranean. It is also used in the cuisines of these countries. It can also be found in North Africa and the Levant.

paragraphs: Possibly it was spread by the Ancient Greek city states colonies, or by the spread of the Islam through the region.

paragraphs: In Turkish cuisine, pide may refer to thicker breads made with yeast, for example shish kebab pide. It may also refer to foods using many thin layers of dough, usually with many different ingredients in between. That way, pies such as tyropita and spanakopita or sweet pies such as baclava are made.

paragraphs: The Indian flatbread form of roti is sometimes referred to as "Indian pita".


title: Easter Rising

paragraphs: The Easter Rising was a rebellion in Dublin, Ireland at Easter in 1916. It started on April 24, 1916 and ended on April 29, 1916. It was carried out by members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and members of the Irish Citizens Army. It was done to protest against British rule in Ireland.

paragraphs: At first, the Irish had planned to have a larger number of men attack the city. But a man called Sir Roger Casement was captured on the way back from Germany with guns and the Irish had very few guns. As a result, only about 1,250 men took part in the rising. Out of these about 300 went into the General Post Office (GPO) in Dublin led by Pádraig Pearse and James Connolly. Other groups took over different parts of the city, for example St. Stephen's Green, Shelbourne Hotel, Boland's Mills and Jacobs Factory. At first the British put up no resistance because of Easter public holiday, but soon more of them came into Dublin to fight the Irish.

paragraphs: The biggest fighting happened at Bolands Mills where Éamon de Valera had his men open fire on British soldiers called "Sherwood Foresters" while they landed in the city. The shootings here killed about 200 people and wounded several more. St. Stephen's Green was a big part of the fighting as well where the Irish lost a lot of men. After six days the Irish were exhausted and were being shot at by huge artillery pieces mounted onto a British ship called HMS Helga. The General Post Office was badly hit and soon the Irish surrendered. Sixteen of the Irish leaders were shot by firing squad after the Rising.

paragraphs: The British admitted that they lost 155 men to Irish gunfire and 200 were wounded. The Irish rebels lost at least 70 men and over 1,000 of them were wounded. At least 100 Irish citizens were killed in the crossfire as well. After the rising, Dublin was in very bad shape and several hundred people had been killed.

paragraphs: After the Easter Rising conflict, the leaders of the rebellion were given trials in British courts and were sentenced to death. Fourteen were executed by British soldiers at Kilmainham jail in Dublin. The prisoners eyes were covered with blindfolds and they were shot. Among them were the leaders, Patrick Pearse and James Connolly. Another leader, Thomas Kent was later shot in Cork, Ireland. Roger Casement was hanged in London, England.

paragraphs: At first the people in Dublin were confused and angry, because many had died and food supplies were cut off. But after the British shot the leaders, some of the Irish people began to follow and support them in sympathy for their cause. The Easter Rising was a major reason for the creation of the Irish Republic and the Irish War of Independence.


title: Kimora Lee Simmons

paragraphs: Kimora Lee Simmons (born May 4, 1975) is an American fashion model. She is the former president and Creative Director for Phat Fashions. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. Simmons is half Japanese and Half African American.


title: Phạm Duy

paragraphs: Phạm Duy (5 October 1921 - 27 January 2013, born Phạm Duy Cẩn) was a Vietnamese composer. He wrote more than 1,000 songs which he divided into different periods: Folk, Heart, Spiritual, Profane, and Children's Songs.

paragraphs: He, along with Van Cao and Trinh Cong Son, is often called one of the most important people in modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.

paragraphs: Duy died in Ho Chi Minh City from liver and heart disease at the age of 91.


title: Camp Zama

paragraphs: Camp Zama is a United States military base in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan.


title: Icosagon

paragraphs: An icosagon is a shape with 20 sides and 20 corners. It has interior angles of 162 and exterior angles of 198.

paragraphs: The "regular icosagon" has Schläfli symbol {20}, and can also be constructed as a truncated decagon, t{10}, or a twice-truncated pentagon, tt{5}.

paragraphs: The amount of space a regular icosagon takes up is

paragraphs: The Big Wheel on the popular US game show "The Price Is Right" has an icosagonal cross-section.

paragraphs: The Globe, the outdoor theater used by William Shakespeare's acting company, was discovered to have been built on an icosagonal foundation when a partial excavation was done in 1989.

paragraphs: As a golygonal path, the swastika is considered to be an irregular icosagon.

paragraphs: A regular square, pentagon, and icosagon can completely fill a plane vertex.

paragraphs: Coxeter states that every parallel-sided 2"m"-gon can be divided into m(m-1)/2 rhombs. For the icosagon, "m"=10, and it can be divided into 45: 5 squares and 4 sets of 10 rhombs. This decomposition is based on a Petrie polygon projection of a 10-cube, with 45 of 11520 faces. The list A006245 enumerates the number of solutions as 18,410,581,880, including up to 20-fold rotations and chiral forms in reflection.


title: Generic top-level domain

paragraphs: A generic top-level domain ("gTLD") is one category of internet domain with (TLDs) maintained by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) for use on the Internet.

paragraphs: Now, IANA differenting next groups of Inttop-level domain:


title: Travian

paragraphs: Travian is a browser game with a world full of thousands of players who all begin as the leaders of small villages.

paragraphs: The aim of the game is to use the right combination of tactics to make a small village become a mighty empire, and finally build a World Wonder to level 100, which will make you the winner that round.


title: Browser game

paragraphs: A browser game is a video game that is played on a web browser. It is different from other video and computer games in that it normally does not need any software to be installed on the user's computer, except for the web browser. There are games that rely solely on client-side technologies such as JavaScript or common plugins such as Java or Flash Player, whereas some employ server-side scripting. The latter case consists typically of (massive) multiplayer games, whereas the client-side games are typically single-player games. A game played in a browser is often called a browser-based game.


My bloody valentine


title: My Bloody Valentine

paragraphs: My Bloody Valentine are an Irish alternative rock band. The band started in Dublin in 1983 and are ended in 1997. In 2007, the band reunited. The band's members are singer and guitarist Kevin Shields, singer and guitarist Bilinda Butcher, bassist Debbie Googe and drummer Colm Ó Cíosóig.

paragraphs: My Bloody Valentine have released three studio albums. The band's first album, "Isn't Anything", was released in 1988 and was successful in the independent music scene in the United Kingdom. After touring for its release, the band recorded "Loveless" in nineteen different recording studios from 1989 to 1991. "Loveless" was a success among music critics and influenced lots of other bands. The band stopped performing live in 1993 and tried to record a third album but never finished it. The band broke up in 1997 and reunited in 2007, performing shows around the world. In 2012, Kevin Shields remastered all of the My Bloody Valentine's material on Creation Records and announced plans to release a third album. The album, "m b v", was released in 2013 and received very strong reviews from music critics. In December 2013 NME magazine put the album at number 29 in their list of 50 Best Albums Of 2013.

paragraphs: The band has changed their members and style of music a number of times. The band had a post-punk and gothic rock sound on their early releases and later used distortion, pitch bending, and digital reverb to create a new style of rock music called shoegazing.


title: President of Serbia

paragraphs: The President of Serbia is the head of state of the Republic of Serbia. Prior to the title of President, head of state which ruled Serbia was called a King. Presently serving as the head of state is President of Serbia, Aleksandar Vučić. President Tadic was elected for a second term with a 50.31% majority in the 2008 Serbian presidential election. Tomislav Nikolić was President after winning the 2012 election. Aleksandar Vučić is the current President since winning the 2017 election.


title: Animated cartoon

paragraphs: An animated cartoon is a short, hand-worked (or made with computers to look like something hand worked) movie for the cinema, television or computer screen. It tells some kind of story, even if it is a very short one.


title: Shanti Bahini

paragraphs: The Shanti Bahini (, "Peace Force") was the name of the military wing of the Parbatya Chattagram Jana Sanghati Samiti - the United People's Party of the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh.

paragraphs: It was formed in 1972 to preserve the rights of the tribal people in south-eastern Bangladesh, and fought for many years against the central government. It abandoned militancy following the peace treaty signed by the government and the Shamiti on December 2, 1997. Although some members opposed to the peace deal formed a dissident group.


title: Jagannath Azad

paragraphs: Jagannath Azad (1918-2004) () was a prominent Urdu-speaking Hindu academic who wrote the first national anthem of Pakistan. The Tarana-e-Pakistan.


title: Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri

paragraphs: Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez Jullundhri (14 January 1900 – 1982) was born in Jullundher, Punjab, India. After the partition of India in 1947 he moved to Lahore. He wrote the words for the national anthem of Pakistan. He also wrote the words for an anthem for Kashmir, as well as patriotic songs during the war against India in 1965.

paragraphs: He studied in a mosque and then in a local school to 7th grade. He then did a lot of things to further educate himself. The great Persian poet, Maulana Ghulam Qadir Bilgrami, gave him advice on writing poetry. Hafeez worked hard to earn a reputation as a poet. One of Hafeez's most famous poems is "Shahnam-e-Islam", which tells the history of Islam in verse. His poems, written in a blend of Hindi and Urdu, are about romance, religion, patriotism and life. It is known for its gentle rhythm.

paragraphs: Long before Hafeez Jullundhri's lyrics were adopted as the national anthem in 1950s, Pakistan had an anthem written by Jagannath Azad, son of Lahore-based poet Tilok Chand Mahroom. Azad was asked to write the anthem three days before the creation of Pakistan in 1947.


title: Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla

paragraphs: Ahmed Ghulamali Chagla (31 May 1902 - 5 February 1953) was the musician who wrote the score for the national anthem of Pakistan, ("Qaumi Tarana") in 1950. He was born in 1902 into a prominent Karachi family. His father, Ghulamali Chagla was the third elected president of the municipality of Karachi, serving from 1921 to 1922. Ahmad Chagla attended the Sindh Madrassat-ul-Islam in Karachi and took lessons in classical Indian music in 1910 and western musical composition in 1914.


title: Weedy sea dragon

paragraphs: The weedy sea dragon or common sea dragon, Phyllopteryx taeniolatus, is a marine fish related to the seahorse. It is the only member of the genus Phyllopteryx. It is found in water 3 to 50 m deep around the south coast of Australia, from Port Stephens, New South Wales to Geraldton, Western Australia. It also found in the waters around Tasmania. Weedy sea dragons are named for the weed-like growth on their bodies. This camouflage hides them as they move among the seaweed beds where they live. The weedy sea dragon is the aquatic emblem for the state of Victoria.

paragraphs: Weedy sea dragons can reach 45 cm in length. They feed on tiny crustaceans and other zooplankton, which they suck into the end of their long tube-like nose. They don't have a tail that can wrap around and hold on to things the way a seahorse can. They swim in shallow reefs and weed beds, and look like weeds drifting over bare sand.

paragraphs: Sea dragons, seahorses and pipe fish are the only species where the male carries the eggs. The male carries the fertilized eggs, joined under his tail. They stay there for about eight weeks until they . The young can look after themselves as soon as they are born. Breeding sea dragons in captivity is rare because scientists don't know what makes them breed in the wild. Keeping sea dragons in captivity is difficult as only about 60% will survive.

paragraphs: The Aquarium of the Pacific in Long Beach, California, Melbourne Aquarium in Australia, and the Tennessee Aquarium in Chattanooga, Tennessee, are the only places in the world to have bred weedy sea dragons, though others have been able to get them to lay eggs.

paragraphs: A relative of the weedy sea dragon is the leafy sea dragon "Phycodurus eques". In the November 2006, the "National Geographic" magazine, reported that marine biologist Greg Rouse is looking at the DNA of the two sea dragon species.


title: Guru Angad Dev

paragraphs: Guru Angad Dev is(, 1504 - Sept 7, 1539) was one of the ten gurus who founded Sikhism. He became a Guru because of the obedience he showed to his Guru (Guru Nanak,the first guru in sikh religion). Guru Angad Dev invented the present form of the Gurmukhi script.


title: Cosmic microwave background radiation

paragraphs: Cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB radiation) is radiation in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which comes from all directions in outer space. It is known to come from our earliest infant universe. Since the universe is very large, and the speed of light is constant, we know that when the CMB light arrives from the infant universe, it arrives as the oldest signal that we can detect.

paragraphs: During the Big Bang, a lot of high-energy radiation was created. Then, the universe became bigger and colder. Therefore, the high-energy photons lost most of their original energy. Now, as a result, that radiation is in the microwave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (the microwave part has quite low energy). The cosmic microwave background is the radiation that has been traveling without hitting anything ever since the time the universe became transparent, about 380,000 years after the Big Bang.

paragraphs: Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson first detected the CMB radiation. Scientists think that the existence of CMB radiation is important evidence, with red shift, that the Big Bang theory is true.

paragraphs: Later data is based on the Planck spacecraft operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was designed to observe differences in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at microwave and infra-red frequencies, with high sensitivity and small angular resolution. The spacecraft has finished its work, but researchers are still analyzing the data. The main interest is that there is:


title: Guru Ram Das

paragraphs: Guru Ram Das () was born on September 24 1534 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan and died 1 September, 1581, in Amritsar, Punjab, India. He became the fourth of the ten Sikh Gurus on March 26 1552. He urged Sikhs to not just sit in peace while meditating. He urged them to actively join in with other peoples fun while meditating.

paragraphs: Guru Ram Das nominated Guru Arjun Dev, his youngest son, as the next Guru of the Sikhs.

paragraphs: Guru Ram helped build Ramdaspur by digging a second sacred pool after being instructed to do so by Guru Amar Das. Pilgrims came from miles to hear Guru Ram preach or to help him dig the sacred pool. The sacred pool (Holy tank) was named Amristar - which means "great pool of nectar".


title: Guru Arjun Dev

paragraphs: Guru Arjan Dev (15 April 1563 – 30 May 1606) is a Sikh guru. He became a Guru on September 1st 1556. He became a Guru because of the amount he sacrificed for himself. He laid down the foundations for the Harmandir sahib, which means “The Golden Temple”. It was built in the middle of the second sacred [pool] in Ramdaspur that was the tallest building in the town. He thought that it should not be the tallest building in town so he ordered it to be it on the lowest ground in the pool. He helped a lot around and dug wells and laid more foundations.


title: Juan Pablo Sorín

paragraphs: Juan Pablo Sorín (born 5 May 1976) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Fabricio Coloccini

paragraphs: Fabricio Coloccini (born 22 January 1982) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Newcastle United and Argentina national team.


title: Esteban Cambiasso

paragraphs: Esteban Cambiasso (born 18 August 1980) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Leicester City and the Argentinian national team.


title: Gabriel Heinze

paragraphs: Gabriel Heinze (born 19 April 1978) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Olympique Marseille and Argentina national team.


title: Javier Mascherano

paragraphs: Javier Mascherano (born 8 June 1984) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Hebei China Fortune F.C. and the Argentina national team.


title: Leo Franco

paragraphs: Leo Franco (born 20 May 1977) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Lionel Scaloni

paragraphs: Lionel Scaloni (born 16 May 1978) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Rodrigo Palacio

paragraphs: Rodrigo Palacio (born 5 February 1982) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Gabriel Milito

paragraphs: Gabriel Milito (born 7 September 1980) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Leandro Cufré

paragraphs: Leandro Cufré (born 9 May 1978) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Maxi Rodríguez

paragraphs: Maxi Rodríguez (born 2 January 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Liverpool and Argentina national team.