title: Susan Bogert Warner

paragraphs: Susan Bogert Warner (July 11, 1819 – March 17, 1885) was a popular 19th-century American writer. She wrote 30 books under the name, "Elizabeth Wetherell".

paragraphs: She was born in New York City to upscale parents. She was privately educated. Her first book was the sentimental and moralistic "The Wide, Wide World" (1851). It is believed to be the first book by an American writer to sell one million copies.

paragraphs: Her novel "The Hills of the Shatemuc" (1856) sold 10,000 copies on the day of its publication. She wrote some children's books and Bible-themed books. She sometimes co-wrote with her sister, Anna. Anna wrote the popular children's hymn, "Jesus Loves Me This I Know".

paragraphs: Susan Warner died in Highland Falls, New York. She is buried in the West Point Cemetery.


title: Mercy Otis Warren

paragraphs: Mercy Otis Warren (1728–1814) was a poet and playwright. She wrote political plays about the problematic situations that led to the American Revolution. "The Adulator" and "The Group" were published on the eve of the Revolution. Her later works included "Poems, Dramatic and Miscellaneous" and "History of the American Revolution".


title: Sarah Kemble Knight

paragraphs: Sarah Kemble Knight (1666–1727) was a colonial American businessperson and writer. She was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She managed the family business after her father's death. She wrote "The Journal of Madame Knight" while travelling between Boston and NYC on business. The book is valued for its authentic peek at colonial life in 18th-century America.


title: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

paragraphs: Frances Ellen Watkins Harper (1825–1911) was an African American lecturer, suffragist, and writer. Her book of antislavery verse, "Poems on Miscellaneous Subjects" (1854), sold thousands of copies. Her "The Two Offers" (1859) was the first short story published by an African American.

paragraphs: She was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She married Fenton Harper in 1860. She headed the African American department of the Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. She had a hand in organizing the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs, and became the organization's vice president. She died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Ann Hennis Trotter Bailey

paragraphs: Ann Hennis Trotter Bailey (1742 – November 22, 1825) was a scout and a messenger during the American Revolutionary War. She is remembered for her 100-mile ride from Fort Clendenin to Fort Savannah in order to bring back much needed gun powder during an Indian attack.

paragraphs: Ann was born in Liverpool, England in 1742. She was poor and went to America when she was 19. In 1765, she married Richard Trotter. They moved to Staunton, Virginia. Richard was killed by Indians during the Battle of Point Pleasant on October 10, 1774. Ann swore to avenge his death.

paragraphs: She began wearing men’s clothing and learned to shoot a gun. She volunteered her services as a scout and messenger in the American Revolution. She sometimes met Indians during her trips to the frontier. They feared her because she was "mad". She was known as "Mad Ann".

paragraphs: She married John Bailey in 1785. He was a Ranger and frontiersman. In 1788, he began duty at Fort Clendenin. In 1791, Indians were planning to attack the Fort. The militia did not have enough gun powder to fight them. Ann volunteered to ride 100 miles to Fort Savannah for the needed gun powder. She returned a hero.

paragraphs: John Bailey died in 1802. Ann gave up her home. She lived in the wilderness for over 20 years. She travelled about visiting family and friends. She died on November 22, 1825. She was buried in Gallia County, Ohio. Her remains were moved to Point Pleasant at a later date.


title: Ethel Merman

paragraphs: Ethel Merman was an American actress and singer. She was known for her powerful voice and roles in musical theatre. She was the first to sing many famous Broadway songs. "There's No Business Like Show Business" became her theme song.

paragraphs: One of Merman's best remembered performances was as the stage mother in "". Merman was nominated for a Tony Award. She lost to her close friend Mary Martin in "The Sound of Music". Rosalind Russell was given the role in the movie. Merman said it was "The greatest professional disappointment of my life.".

paragraphs: Merman was married and divorced four times:

paragraphs: Merman had two children with Levitt: Ethel (born July 20, 1942), and Robert, Jr. (born August 11, 1945). Ethel Levitt died on August 23, 1967, of an accidental drug overdose. Merman's son was married to actress Barbara Colby. She was shot and killed for no known motive in Los Angeles in 1975.


title: Fernandel

paragraphs: Fernand Joseph Désiré Contandin was a French actor and singer. He is usually called Fernandel.

paragraphs: He was born on 8 May 1903 in Marseille, France. He acted in comedies for vaudeville and operettas. He was best known for his role in the "Don Camillo" series of motion pictures. His first Hollywood movie was "Around the World in Eighty Days".

paragraphs: Fernandel died 26 February 1971 from lung cancer. He is buried in the Cimetière de Passy, Paris, France.


title: East Rutherford, New Jersey

paragraphs: East Rutherford, New Jersey is a place in Bergen County, New Jersey. It is close to Manhattan. It has several major local sports teams based at MetLife Stadium and the Meadowlands Sports Complex.


title: Sake Dean Mohammed

paragraphs: Sake Dean Mahomed (, ; 1759 – 24 February 1851) was an Indian traveler, surgeon and entrepreneur. He introduced South Asian cuisine (and Indian) and shampoo baths to Europe, where he also offered therapeutic massage., in addition to that he was the first Indian writer to be published in English.

paragraphs: At the age of 11, Mahomed joined the East India Company Army and rose to the rank of captain. He fought in a number of campaigns until 1782 when he resigned from the army and two years later arrived in Britain. Staying in Ireland he wrote and published his book, The Travels of Dean Mahomet. He later moved to Portman Square where he became an assistant to Sir Basil Cochrane at his vapour bath.

paragraphs: This is where Mr Mahomed is said to have added an Indian treatment, champi (shampooing) or therapeutic massage, to Cochrane's bath which became very fashionable.

paragraphs: Sake Dean Mahomed also developed a fashionable massage.

paragraphs: In 1810 he opened the Hindoostane Coffee House which was located off of George Street, near Portman Square, Central London. The restaurant served Hookah with real Chilm tobacco and Indian-style dishes. The premises is now a building called Carlton House.

paragraphs: To many who are now part of the city's expansive curry house business, Mahomed was a pioneer.

paragraphs: Although forced to declare bankruptcy in 1812, he created a concept that was to become something of a phenomenon 100 years later, said Vivek Singh, chef at the Cinnamon Club, a Westminster restaurant serving New Indian cuisine.

paragraphs: Mr Mahomed's plan had been to serve "Indianised" British food which would appeal to the Indian aristocracy in London as well as British people who had returned from India, he said.

paragraphs: "The Indian aristocracy however would not come out to eat in the restaurant because they had chefs at home cooking more authentic food - it was just not a big enough draw to come out."

paragraphs: A few years later he opened special treatment baths on the seafront at East Cliff, Brighton.

paragraphs: He died in 1851 and was buried in St Nicholas' churchyard in Brighton


title: Johann David Wyss

paragraphs: Johann David Wyss (28 May 1743 – 11 January 1818) was a Swiss writer. He wrote ""Swiss Family Robinson" in 1812.


title: Dorothy McGuire

paragraphs: Dorothy McGuire (June 14, 1916 – September 13, 2001) was an American stage and movie actress. She appeared in plays on Broadway, including "Our Town" and then starring in a comedy, "Claudia". After being discovered to be a good actress on the stage, she had a more successful career in movies. She appeared in "A Summer Place", "Old Yeller", "A Tree Grows in Brooklyn" and "Swiss Family Robinson".


title: James MacArthur

paragraphs: James Gordon MacArthur (December 8, 1937 – October 28, 2010) was an American actor. He appeared in four Walt Disney movies including "Swiss Family Robinson" and "Kidnapped". He played Danny "Danno" Williams in the television series "Hawaii Five-O".


title: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?

paragraphs: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? is a 1962 black and white movie thriller-horror film starring Joan Crawford and Bette Davis. It is about two aged women who are sisters and ex-movie actresses. It was directed by Robert Aldrich.


title: HIM Damsyik

paragraphs: Hajji Incik Muhammad Damsyik (14 March 1929 – 3 February 2012), better known as HIM Damsyik, was an Indonesian dancer and actor.


title: Kidnapped (movie)

paragraphs: Kidnapped is a Walt Disney movie from 1960. It stars James MacArthur and Peter O'Toole. It is based on the book, "Kidnapped", by Robert Louis Stevenson.


title: The Light in the Forest

paragraphs: The Light in the Forest is a 1958 Walt Disney movie starring James MacArthur and Fess Parker; it is based on a 1953 book by Conrad Richter.


paragraphs: Davy Crockett, King of the Wild Frontier is a 1955 Walt Disney movie starring Fess Parker as Davy Crockett.


title: Now, Voyager

paragraphs: Now, Voyager is a movie from 1942. It stars Bette Davis, Paul Henreid, and Claude Rains. It was directed by Irving Rapper. The screenplay is based on the book of the same name from 1941 by Olive Higgins Prouty.


title: Dark Victory

paragraphs: Dark Victory is an American drama movie from 1939. It was directed by Edmund Goulding. It stars Bette Davis, George Brent, Humphrey Bogart, Geraldine Fitzgerald and Ronald Reagan. The screenplay was based on a play of the same title from 1934 by George Brewer and Bertram Bloch.


The Star


title: Of Human Bondage

paragraphs: Of Human Bondage is a 1934 movie starring Bette Davis and Leslie Howard. It is based on a book by W. Somerset Maugham.


title: Romeo and Juliet (1936 movie)

paragraphs: Romeo and Juliet is a 1936 American movie starring Leslie Howard, John Barrymore, Edna Mae Oliver, Basil Rathbone, and Norma Shearer. It was directed by George Cukor. It is based on a play by William Shakespeare.


title: Conrad Richter

paragraphs: Conrad Michael Richter (October 13, 1890 – October 30, 1968) was an American writer. He wrote "The Light in the Forest". The book was made into a Walt Disney movie. One of his novels won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1951.


title: Tony McCoy (actor)

paragraphs: Tony McCoy (July 5, 1924 - August 2, 2000) was an American actor. He played police Lt. Craig in Ed Wood's 1956 sci-fi horror movie "Bride of the Monster". This movie also starred Bela Lugosi, Tor Johnson, Paul Marco, and Loretta King.


title: Kuusamo

paragraphs: Kuusamo is a town in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is in the eastern part of Lapland. Kuusamo has an area of . As of January 2014, it had a population of almost 16,000 people. Neighbouring municipalities are Posio, Salla, Suomussalmi and Taivalkoski. Oulanka National Park is in the areas of Kuusamo and Salla.


title: Phil Bessler

paragraphs: Philip Rudolph Bessler (December 9, 1913 – February 13, 1995) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger that played a total of 31 games in the NHL.

paragraphs: Bessler played in the NHL with the Boston Bruins for 9 games, the Detroit Red Wings for 5 games and the Chicago Black Hawks for 17 games. He has also played with the Boston Cubs of the Canadian-American Hockey League for 2 seasons and the Pittsburgh Hornets, Cleveland Barons, and the Providence Reds of the International-American Hockey League. He played 3 seasons with Omaha Knights of the American Hockey Association and then retired from professional ice hockey.


title: Forssa

paragraphs: Forssa is a town in Finland. On 31 July 2013, there were 17,724 people living there.


title: Quidditch

paragraphs: Quidditch is a fictional sport in the Harry Potter books written by J. K. Rowling. Quidditch is a team game played by witches and wizards. It is played on flying brooms. There are seven players per team (three Chasers, two Beaters, a Keeper, and a Seeker). The game has many rules. Chasers shoot the Quaffle (the ball) into the other team's goal to score points. The Keeper tries to stop the Quaffle from getting through the goal. Players dodge Bludgers, balls that are charmed to hit players. Players called Beaters hit Bludgers away with bats. The game ends when the Seeker player catches a winged ball called the Snitch. The team of the Seeker who caught the Snitch gets 150 points. In 2005 a real sport called muggle quidditch was started at Middlebury College.


Mono


title: Connector

paragraphs: Connector is general name for an electric connector, an electromechanical device for connecting electrical conductors.


Bactrian


title: Tony McCoy

paragraphs: Anthony Peter McCoy OBE (born 4 May 1974), commonly known as A. P. McCoy or Tony McCoy, is a horse racing jockey from Northern Ireland. He lives and races in England.

paragraphs: McCoy won for the first time in 1992. He was 17 years of age at the time. McCoy has rode over 3,850 winning horses. This is many more than any other National Hunt jockey ever. McCoy has been Champion Jockey every year he has been professional. Even in his first season riding in Britain, McCoy won the Conditional Jump Jockeys Title with a record 74 winners for a conditional jockey. McCoy got his first Champion Jockey title in 1995/6. As of 2012/2013, he has won the title 18 times in a row. The old record was 7 consecutive titles by Peter Scudamore.

paragraphs: McCoy has won almost every big race there is. His most high profile winners include the Cheltenham Gold Cup, Champion Hurdle, Queen Mother Champion Chase, King George VI Chase and the 2010 Grand National, riding the horse "Don't Push It".

paragraphs: McCoy has raced in over 13,000 races. This is equal to 31,000 miles or 1.25 times around the Earth. He has had a many of falls since becoming a jump jockey. McCoy has injured many bones in his body. These include middle and lower vertebrae, both shoulder blades, ribs, an ankle, cheekbones, a wrist, a leg, collar bone, fingers and teeth.

paragraphs: McCoy was named BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2010. He was the first jockey to win the award.


title: Lockheed-Martin X-35

paragraphs: The Lockheed-Martin X-35 is a prototype aircraft designed and built in the United States. It was selected against the Boeing X-32 for the Joint Strike Fighter program. Three variants of X-35 were built. Series aircrafts are known like F-35 Lightning II.


title: The Rebel

paragraphs: The Rebel is a television series. It aired on ABC from 1959 to 1961. It starred Nick Adams as Johnny Yuma. The series was about an ex-Confederate soldier wandering through the post-Civil War West in search of peace.


title: Nick Adams

paragraphs: Nick Adams (July 10, 1931February 7, 1968) was an American actor. He starred in the television series "The Rebel" between 1959 and 1961.


title: Bedtime for Bonzo

paragraphs: Bedtime for Bonzo is a comedy movie starring Ronald Reagan. It is about a chimpanzee named Bonzo.


title: Hellcats of the Navy

paragraphs: Hellcats of the Navy is a movie starring Ronald Reagan and Nancy Davis, his future wife and First Lady.


title: Santa Fe Trail (movie)

paragraphs: Santa Fe Trail is a 1940 historical romantic movie about the capture of John Brown at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. A subplot involves a love triangle. The movie stars Ronald Reagan as Jeb Stuart, Errol Flynn as George Custer, Raymond Massey as John Brown, and Olivia de Havilland as 'Kit Carson' Holliday.

paragraphs: The Santa Fe trail was also a trail like the Oregon trail


title: The Fall of the Roman Empire

paragraphs: The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) is an historical movie starring Stephen Boyd, Christopher Plummer, and Sophia Loren. It is about ancient Roman history. It is sometimes considered the last of the big-budget peplum movies.


title: Judson Mills

paragraphs: Judson Mills (born May 10, 1969 in Washington, DC) is an American actor. He played 'Francis Gage' in the 1990s television series, "Walker, Texas Ranger".


title: ViSalus

paragraphs: ViSalus is a health and fitness products company that sells weight-management products, energy drinks, and nutritional supplements. The company is headquartered in Los Angeles, CA and Troy, MI and is majority-owned by Blyth, Inc. ViSalus' Chief Marketing Officer is Blake Mallen and Ryan Blair is the Chief Executive Officer.

paragraphs: In 2005, Blake Mallen, Ryan Blair, and Miamian Nick Sarnicola founded ViSalus. In 2008, Blyth, Inc. purchased a stake in the company and increased its ownership to almost seventy-five percent. In 2013, the company expanded to the United Kingdom, with an office in Guilford. Ros Simmons was appointed as Managing Director of ViSalus for the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: ViSalus is best known for its Vi 90-Day Challenge, a health challenge for customers. ViSalus also markets products including NEURO, Vi-Net, Vi-Net Mobile, and Vi-Shape Nutritional Shake Mix. The company sells its products in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. ViSalus uses direct marketing and employs 92,000 promoters. In 2012, the Miami Herald reported that Hulk Hogan and Alfonso Ribeiro endorsed ViSalus products.


title: Aloysius Gonzaga

paragraphs: Aloysius Gonzaga (1568-1591) died at 23 while in training to be a Jesuit. He cared for those suffering from an epidemic in Rome, hence his early death. He is a saint in the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Tuber

paragraphs: A tuber is the thickened part of an underground stem of a plant, such as the potato, with buds from which new plant shoots (stems and young leaves of a new plant) grow.

paragraphs: Most tubers are formed in the ground, but sometimes they can be formed above the ground, in the aerial stems; that is the case of the air potato ("Dioscorea bulbifera").

paragraphs: Tuber stems (or part of stems) are made bigger to store nutrients. Starch (formed by a lot of glucose molecules) is the most commonly stored food in the tubers, although other carbohydrates, such as inuline (formed by many fructose molecules), are stored in the tubers of certain kinds of plants, like the Jerusalem artichoke ("Helianthus tuberosus").

paragraphs: The purpose of tubers are saving food and reproduction. Under natural conditions, the parts of the stem that connect the tubers with the main stem die in the autumn or winter. The tubers are left in the ground and are able to produce shoots from their buds the following spring.

paragraphs: Potatoes are also artificially reproduced by tuber pieces, called "seed pieces". A tuber is cut into pieces, each with one or more "eyes" (an "eye" of potato is a group of buds covered by very small leaves). These pieces are planted and each produces a new plant from one of its "eyes".

paragraphs: A tuberous root or storage root, is a modified lateral root, made bigger to function as a storage organ; sometimes these roots are called "tubers" but they are roots, not modified stems like the true tubers. They are thus different in origin but similar in function and appearance to tubers. Examples of plants with important tuberous roots include the sweet potato, cassava, yam and dahlia.


title: Chinese Americans

paragraphs: Chinese American describes citizens of the United States who have come from China or whose family came from China. They are the largest group of Asian Americans. Famous Chinese Americans include Yo Yo Ma, Bruce Lee and George Li. As of 2010 there are nearly 4 million Chinese Americans, just over 1% of the total population of the U.S.


title: PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale

paragraphs: PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale is a crossover fighting video game for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Vita game consoles. It was developed by SuperBot Entertainment and published by Sony Computer Entertainment America. It was released in North America on November 20, 2012, in Europe on November 21, 2012, and in Japan on January 31, 2013.

paragraphs: The game plays similar to Nintendo's "Super Smash Bros." series. The point of the game is to beat the character(s) you are fighting by knocking them off of the stage. During a match, players can collect orbs that are in a stage. Collecting orbs builds up a power meter that is at the bottom of the screen. When a player is hit, their meter goes down. When the meter is full, the player can use one of three very powerful attacks that can be used to beat opponents and get points. Up to four players can battle with characters from Sony's video games, including "God of War", "Sly Cooper" and "PaRappa the Rapper".

paragraphs: There are many different items from Sony's different series that can be picked up and used by players. They can be used by players to do better in the match or hurt opponents.

paragraphs: There are 14 stages in the game. Each stage is based on a combination of two games. For example, the stage "Stowaways" is based on the games "Uncharted" and "Bioshock Infinite".


title: Lily of the valley

paragraphs: Lily of the valley is a flowering plant. It is found in the Northern Hemisphere in Asia and Europe. It is also in the southern Appalachian Mountains in the United States. The scientific name is Convallaria majalis.

paragraphs: Lily of the valley is a herbaceous perennial plant. The flower has a sweet scent and also national flower in Finland. The plant is highly poisonous. They bloom in late spring.


title: Sarah Bolger

paragraphs: Sarah Bolger (born 28 February 1991) is an Irish actress who stars primarily in movies. She played Christy in the movie "In America". She was also in "Stormbreaker". Her most famous role is Mary Tudor, daughter of Henry VIII in "The Tudors". She portrayed Princess Aurora in season two and three of Once Upon A Time. Sarah was born in Dublin, Ireland.


title: Streaplers

paragraphs: Streaplers is a dansband from the town of Mölndal in Sweden. It was established in 1959.


title: Chips (band)

paragraphs: Chips was a country and schlager group from Sweden. It was active from 1979 to 1983. When consisting of Elisabeth Andreassen and Kikki Danielsson, the group represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1982 with the song "Dag efter dag", finishing eighth.


title: Wizex

paragraphs: Wizex is a dansband from Sweden. It was established in 1973. With Kikki Danielsson as vocalist, the band participated att Melodifestivalen in 1978 with the song "Miss Decibel", finishing second behind the Björn Skifs song "Det blir alltid värre framåt natten".


title: Thorleifs

paragraphs: Thorleifs was a dansband from Sweden. It was active between 1962 and 2012.


title: Monarchy of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Monarchy of Pakistan was the form of government of the Dominion of Pakistan from 1947 to 1956. Under this system, Pakistan was an independent Commonwealth realm with a hereditary, constitutional monarch as the head of state. The monarch was the monarch of the United Kingdom, and was also shared with a number of other countries. The role of the monarch was defined under the Constitution. Most of the monarch's duties were carried out by the Governor-General of Pakistan.

paragraphs: The monarchy of Pakistan was created by the Indian Independence Act of 1947. This act, made by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, divided its British India into two new countries: India and Pakistan, each of which became an independent constitutional monarchy. Succession to the throne of Pakistan was, like that of the United Kingdom, governed by the Act of Settlement 1701.

paragraphs: Pakistan adopted a new constitution on 23 March 1956. This constitution abolished the monarchy, making Pakistan a republic in the Commonwealth of Nations. Pakistan left the Commonwealth in 1972, over the outright secession of East Pakistan province but rejoined in 1989.


title: Silvertip shark

paragraphs: The silvertip shark ("Carcharhinus albimarginatus"), is a large species of requiem shark, family Carcharhinidae, found in the Indian and Pacific Ocean. This shark has white tips on its fins. With an average length of 2-2.5 metres, the silvertip shark rarely reaches the length of 3 meters.

paragraphs: The silvertip shark is slender with a long and broadly rounded snout. The eyes are large and round. An interdorsal ridge is present on this species. The first dorsal fin is large with a pointed apex. It originates over or slightly in front of the free tips of the pectoral fins. The second dorsal fin originates over or just behind the origin of the anal fin. The pectoral fins are large and semifalcate with narrowly rounded or pointed tips. The caudal fin is asymmetrical in shape with a rather large upper lobe.

paragraphs: The top of the body is dark grey or grey-brown with a bronzy sheen, and the underside is white. A white band, which is not clearly visible, is on its flank.

paragraphs: The silvertip shark may be confused with the grey reef shark ("Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos"), but the grey reef shark has dark tips on the pectoral fins and trailing edge of the caudal fin. Also, the whitetip reef shark ("Triaenodon obesus") is similar in appearance to the silvertip shark. Although both shark species have white markings on the dorsal and caudal fins, the whitetip reef shark doesn't have these markings on the tips of the pectoral fins. The whitetip reef shark also has a more square-shaped snout.

paragraphs: The silvertip shark has 12-14 teeth on each jaw. The upper teeth are broad and strongly jagged.

paragraphs: Silvertip sharks are found over continental and island shelves and offshore banks. They prefer offshore islands, coral reefs and banks to depths of 800 m. They are common in tropical oceans.

paragraphs: They have been found in the western Indian Ocean: the Red Sea and of East Africa, including Madagascar, Seychelles, Aldabra Group, Mauritius and the Chagos Archipelago. In the western Pacific they are found off southern Japan to northern Australia and French Polynesia. In the eastern central Pacific they are found off southern Baja California, Mexico to Colombia, including the Cocos, Galápagos, and Revillagigedo Islands.

paragraphs: This shark is a great hunter and is very stealthy. They are usually found in shallow waters, making them one of the most commonly seen sharks. Its unpredictable behaviour and aggressive hunting tactics make it a higher threat to humans than most other sharks.

paragraphs: Prey of the silvertip shark include benthic and midwater fish such as wahoo, eagle rays, wrasses, and tunas as well as small sharks. This shark also feeds on octopuses and squid. The silvertip shark has been observed swimming along the edge of a group of other species of feeding sharks, taking food from them.

paragraphs: The silvertip shark is viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Courtship is a little different in these sharks and they are known to hold each other. Bites are normal, so much so that a female Silvertip shark has been found without a part of the dorsal fin after mating. Mating occurs in the summer. During the gestation period that could extend to a year, the embryos feed from the yolk and once the yolk is exhausted, the yolk-sac modifies itself into a placental connection through which the newborns feed from the mother.

paragraphs: The newborns are born in litters (normally 5 to 6 but can be from 1 to 11) and are anywhere between 63 to 81 centimeters or 25 to 32 inches long. The females are considered sexually mature once they grow to be about 2 meters long and in the case of males, it is 1.8 meters. The pups are known to swim with the mother shark in shallow waters before becoming independent.

paragraphs: Silvertip sharks are somewhat dangerous. According to the International Shark Attack File (ISAF), there have been four unprovoked attacks by this species on humans, with no deaths. Arguably, humans are much more dangerous to the shark. Silvertips are caught by commercial and artisan fisheries across their range using longlines, gillnets, and trawls, both intentionally and as bycatch. Their fins are highly valued for shark-fin soup and are sold on the export market, along with their skin and cartilage.

paragraphs: This species is vulnerable to overfishing (like almost all sharks) due to its slow reproductive rate. The IUCN has listed the silvertip shark as near threatened, and has noted that it may be approaching the criteria for vulnerable.

paragraphs: The silvertip shark is caught by fisheries in Indonesia, Myanmar and the Philippines. In the Philippines, it is in the top ten most caught species by number (0.73%), and weight (2.6%), with individuals ranging in size from 2.1-2.4 metres, and averaging 23 kg in weight.


title: Arvingarna

paragraphs: Arvingarna is a dansband from the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It was established in 1989. The band represented Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 1993 with the song "Eloise", finishing seventh.


title: Sten & Stanley

paragraphs: Sten & Stanley is a dansband from the town of Karlskoga in Sweden. It was established in 1962.


title: Flamingokvintetten

paragraphs: Flamingokvintetten is a dansband from the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It was established in 1960.


title: Open University

paragraphs: The Open University (OU) is a distance learning and research university founded by Royal Charter in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The university is funded by the British state, and by student fees and contract income. It has an open entry policy. This means that students' previous academic achievements are not taken into account for entry to most undergraduate courses. Most OU undergraduate students are based in the United Kingdom and study off-campus. Many of its courses (both undergraduate and postgraduate) can be studied off-campus anywhere in the world.

paragraphs: There are a number of full-time postgraduate research students based on the 48 hectare university campus where they use the OU facilities for research, as well as more than 1000 members of academic and research staff and over 2500 administrative, operational and support staff.

paragraphs: The OU was established in 1969 and the first students enrolled in January 1971. The University administration is based at Walton Hall, Milton Keynes in Buckinghamshire, but has regional centres in each of its thirteen regions around the United Kingdom. It also has offices and regional examination centres in most other European countries. The University awards undergraduate and postgraduate degrees, as well as non-degree qualifications such as diplomas and certificates, or continuing education units.

paragraphs: With more than 250,000 students enrolled, including around 32,000 aged under 25 and more than 50,000 overseas students, it is the largest academic institution in the United Kingdom (and one of the largest in Europe) by student number. It is one of the world's largest universities. Since it was founded, more than 1.5 million students have studied its courses.

paragraphs: The OU was rated top university in England and Wales for student satisfaction in 2005, 2006, second in 2007, and top in 2012. These were United Kingdom government national student satisfaction surveys. Out of 132 universities and colleges, the OU was ranked 43rd (second quartile) in the "Times Higher Education" Table of Excellence in 2008. It was rated highly in Design, Art History, English, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Computer Science, Development Studies, Social Policy and Social Work, and Sociology. It was ranked overall as a nationally top forty, and globally top five hundred university by the "Academic Ranking of World Universities" in 2011, as well as being ranked 247 for citations of its academics.

paragraphs: The Open University is also one of only three United Kingdom higher education institutions to gain accreditation in the United States of America by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education, an institutional accrediting agency, recognized by the United States Secretary of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation.

paragraphs: The Open University enrollments for undergraduate courses have dropped from a peak in 2009/10 of 209,705 to the latest published figure of 121,395 in 2016/17. According to The Guardian, this was caused mainly by the government. In 2012 it allowed fees for part-time degrees to rise to £6,750 per year, whilst severely limiting maintenance grants for students. Part-time courses at traditional universities in the U.K. have also suffered a drop in enrollment.


title: Poppy Montgomery

paragraphs: Poppy Montgomery (born 15 June 1972) is an Australian actress. She is best known for playing Samantha Spade on the television series "Without a Trace". She acts mostly on television but has done a small number of movies. She played Caroline Tate in "The Other Sister" in 1999. Montgomery was born in Sydney.


title: Vikingarna

paragraphs: Vikingarna was a dansband from Sweden. It was established in 1958, and disbanded in 2004.


title: Lasse Stefanz

paragraphs: Lasse Stefanz is a dansband from the town of Kristianstad in Sweden. It was established in 1967.


title: Point mutation

paragraphs: A point mutation is a "single base substitution". It is the smallest type of mutation possible.

paragraphs: A nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a DNA sequence that leads to an early stop codon. This appears as a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA. Most of the time, the protein that is translated from this mRNA does not work.


title: Peugeot P4

paragraphs: The Peugeot P4 is an automobile made by Peugeot. It is a 4WD vehicle used mainly by militaries. It was based on the Mercedes-Benz G-Class. It is used by the French Army. Some versions are used by French Gendarmerie, French Navy, and French Air Force troops. The P4 was first built for use in 1981.


title: Boeing VC-25

paragraphs: The Boeing VC-25 is a military variant of the 747-200B airliner. It is used by the United States Air Force for President of the United States and U.S. Federal Government transport. It is called "Air Force One", when President is on board. Only two examples were built.


title: SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon

paragraphs: The SOCATA TB-30 Epsilon is a military training light aircraft designed and built by SOCATA in Tarbes, France. With one engine and a crew of two, teacher and student, it looks like many other training aircraft. It is used by France, Portugal, Senegal, and Togo.


title: Embraer Emb-121 Xingu

paragraphs: The Embraer Emb-121 Xingu is a twin-engines light transport plane. It is both civilian and military aircraft. It's built by Embraer in Brazil. From 1982, it is used by the French Air Force and the French Navy as a training aircraft.


title: Nakajima Ki-43

paragraphs: The Nakajima Ki-43 was one of the major fighter aircrafts of the World War II in Japan. Called "Oscar" by the Allies it was used in all major Japaneses operations between 1942 and 1945. After the war it was used by China, France, Indonesia, and North Korea.


title: Fiat CR.42 Falco

paragraphs: The Fiat CR.42 Falco is a biplane fighter aircraft used by fascist air force in the World War II and before in the Spanish Civil War. Built by Fiat, it was used until 1943. Some of them were captured by Royal Air Force. "Falco" is the Italian word for "falcon".


title: Sven-Ingvars

paragraphs: Sven-Ingvars is a dansband from Slottsbron in Sweden. It was established in 1956. The band was popular back in the 1960s, before a 1991 performance at Hultsfredsfestivalen led to a revival throughout the 1990s.


title: HV71

paragraphs: HV71 is an ice hockey club that plays its home games in the Husqvarna Garden in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. The club was established on 24 May 1971. It was a result of two local clubs Husqvarna IF and Vätterstads IK joining forces on their ice hockey sections.

paragraphs: HV71 won the Swedish national championship in 1995, 2004, 2008, 2010 and 2017. They also lost the finals of 2009.


title: Luleå HF

paragraphs: Luleå HF is an ice hockey club in the town of Luleå in Sweden. The club was established on 2 May 1977.

paragraphs: Luleå HF won the Swedish national championship in 1996. It also lost the finals in 1993, 1997 and 2013.


title: Malmö Redhawks

paragraphs: Malmö Redhawks is an ice hockey club in Malmö, Sweden. The club started on 28 February 1972, out of the Malmö FF ice hockey section. The original name was Malmö IF. The name was changed in 1996.

paragraphs: The club won the Swedish national championship in 1992 and 1994. It also won the IIHF European Cup in 1992.


title: IF Björklöven

paragraphs: IF Björklöven is an ice hockey club in the town of Umeå in Sweden. The club was established on 15 May 1970 as IFK/SSK, Umeå when the clubs of IFK Umeå and Sandåkerns SK merged their ice hockey sections. The name was changed in 1971.

paragraphs: IF Björklöven won the Swedish national championship in 1987. They also lost the finals of 1982 and 1988.


title: Linköpings HC

paragraphs: Linköpings HC is an ice hockey club in the town of Linköping in Sweden. The club was established on out of the BK Kenty ice hockey section 4 August 1976.

paragraphs: Linköpings HC progressed to the Swedish top division for first time in 1999. The club made it to the Swedish national finals in 2007 and 2008. They lost both times.


title: Mora IK

paragraphs: Mora IK is an ice hockey club in the town of Mora in Sweden. The club was established in 1935. The club lost the Swedish national championship final of 1950 wih 2-7 to Djurgårdens IF.

paragraphs: The club played several seasons the old Swedish top division, Divison 1 between the mid-1940s and the mid-1970s. In 2004, Mora IK qualifyed for the Swedish top division, playing four straight seasons before being relegated in 2008.


title: Hockeyallsvenskan

paragraphs: Hockeyallsvenskan is the second division for ice hockey in Sweden, where the best teams qualify for Kvalserien, a qualifying competition for the Swedish Hockey League (formerly Elitserien).

paragraphs: Allsvenskan was established in 1983 as an Elitserien pre-qualifying competition, back then starting after Christmas consisting of the autumn season's most successful Divison 1 teams. From the 1999/2000 season, Allsvenskan became played throughout the entire regular seasons, consisting of a northern and a southern group. From the 2005/2006 season, both groups were merged into one.


title: Vasaloppet

paragraphs: Vasaloppet is an annual cross-country skiing competition in Sweden. It started off in 1922 and has been a part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around. Nowadays it is held the first Sunday in March each year.

paragraphs: The competition runs from Sälen to Mora. Women were banned from participating between 1924 and 1980, due to the length of the race (90 kilometers). In 1997, an official women's award was established.

paragraphs: The race is held to commemorate the historical events related to Gustav Vasa back in the early 1520's.


title: Malmö FF

paragraphs: Malmö FF is an association football club in the town of Malmö in Sweden. The club was established on 24 February 1910.

paragraphs: The club has won the Swedish national championship eighteen times: in 1944, 1949, 1950, 1951, 1953, 1965, 1967, 1970, 1971, 1974, 1975, 1977, 1986, 1988, 2004, 2010, 2013 and 2014. They have won the Swedish cup fourteen times (1944, 1946, 1947, 1951, 1953, 1967, 1973, 1974, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1984, 1986 and 1989), which makes them the most successful team in Sweden in history, in terms of the number of titles in these competitions.


title: Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland

paragraphs: Walter Stewart (1292–1327) a Scottish nobleman and knight, he was the 6th hereditary High Steward of Scotland. He was also the father of King Robert II of Scotland.

paragraphs: Walter was born in 1292. He was the son of James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland and Gilles (or "Egidia") de Burgh. Walter was one of the Scottish leaders at the Battle of Bannockburn. Just before the battle began Walter along with his cousin James Douglas, Lord of Douglas were knighted by King Robert the Brucealong with many others. Both he and James Douglas were both leaders of the left battalion in the battle. He took part of all the Wars of Scottish Independence between Robert the Bruce and Edward II of England.

paragraphs: The king sent Walter to bring home his wife Queen Elizabeth and daughter princess Marjory from Berwick. They had been held prisoner by the English for eight years. Walter then married the princess Marjory.

paragraphs: During the king's absence in Ireland the High Steward and Sir James Douglas managed government affairs and spent time defending the Scottish Borders. Upon the capture of Berwick-upon-Tweed from the English in 1318 he was placed in command of the town. On 24 July 1319 the town was attacked by King Edward II of England. Several of the siege engines were destroyed by the Scots' garrison and the Steward suddenly rushed in force from the town to drive off the enemy. In 1322, with Douglas and Thomas Randolph, he made an attempt to surprise the English King at Byland Abbey, near Malton, Yorkshire. Edward, however, escaped, pursued towards York by The Steward and 500 horsemen.

paragraphs: Walter, Steward of Scotland, made a charter to John St. Clair, his valet, of the lands of Maxton, Roxburghshire, circa 1320/1326, one of the witnesses being "Roberto de Lauwedir (Robert de Lauder) tunc justiciario Laudonie" (Justiciar of Lothian).

paragraphs: Walter married, in 1315, Marjorie, only daughter of Robert I of Scotland by his first wife Isabella of Mar. The Lordship of Largs, taken from John Balliol, was given to Walter by Robert the Bruce, who also gave him the Farme Castle lands in Rutherglen as well as other lands and the barony of Bathgate, Linlithgowshire. Walter and Marjorie had one son:

paragraphs: Walter later married Isabel de Graham, daughter of Sir John Graham of Abercorn and Mary of Strathearn. They had three children:


title: Modo Hockey

paragraphs: Modo Hockey is an ice hockey club in the town of Örnsköldsvik in Sweden. The club was established in 1921 as Alfredshems IK before becoming Modo AIK in 1963 and Modo HK (or Modo Hockey) in 1987.

paragraphs: Modo Hockey won the Swedish national championship in 1979 and 2007. They also played in the finals and lost in 1994, 1999 and the year 2000.


title: Sweden men's national ice hockey team

paragraphs: The Sweden men's national ice hockey team () represents the country of Sweden in men's ice hockey. The team started in 1920. It won the world championships in 1953, 1957, 1962, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1998, 2006, 2013, 2017 and 2018. They also became Olympic champions in 1994 and 2006.


title: Grace Lee Boggs

paragraphs: Grace Lee Boggs (June 27, 1915 – October 5, 2015) was an American author. She protested inequality against women and smaller racial groups.  She was known for her years of political work with C.L.R. James and Raya Dunayevskaya in the 1940s and 1950s.

paragraphs: Boggs was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Her parents were Chin Lee and Lin Yan Lee. She was raised in Queens, New York City. Boggs studied at Barnard College and at Bryn Mawr College.

paragraphs: She met her husband, James Boggs at a major newspaper, where she was given a job to check the newspaper for errors. James Boggs was an African American auto worker and writer.

paragraphs: Boggs and her husband focused on black rights. In 1970, they started "The National Organization for an American Revolution". The organization helped stop the population of Detroit, Michigan from leaving by supplying food and building connections between neighborhoods. They started food banks and helped start groups that stopped the turn off of power sources.

paragraphs: After her husband’s death in 1993, Boggs started her own programs.  In 2013, she started the James and Grace Lee Boggs School, which is a charter school for the kids of Detroit.

paragraphs: By 1998, she had written four books, along with a book about herself. In 2011, she wrote a fifth book, co-written by Scott Kurashige and published by the University of California Press.

paragraphs: Boggs died in Detroit, Michigan at the age of 100. Many people grieved the death of Grace Lee Boggs, including the United States president at the time, Barack Obama.


title: Örebro HK

paragraphs: Örebro HK is an ice hockey club in the town of Örebro in Sweden. The club was established in 1990 as HC Örebro 90, before changing name in 2005.

paragraphs: In 2013, Örebro HK qualifyed for the Swedish Hockey League.


title: Färjestads BK

paragraphs: Färjestads BK is an ice hockey club in the town of Karlstad in Sweden. The club was established on 10 November 1932 a bandy club. It adopting the game of ice hockey in 1956.


title: Rögle BK

paragraphs: Rögle BK is an ice hockey club in the town of Ängelholm in Sweden. The club was established in 1921 as a bandy club, even if no governing body was established until 18 December 1932. The club won the Scanian bandy district championship in 1948, before adopting the game of ice hockey in 1950.

paragraphs: In 1992, Rögle BK qualifyed for the Swedish top division for first time. They continued playing in the top division until 1996. Rögle qualifyed for the top division in 2008 and again in 2012 but after failing to requalify, the club will play in the second-tier Hockeyallsvenskan.

paragraphs: The most famous player ever played in Rögle is probably Kenny Jönsson.


title: Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi

paragraphs: Mohamed Siddiq El-Minshawi (, 1 January 1920 – 20 June 1969) was an Egyptian Qur'anic reciter. He was born in Suhaaj. He was the son of Siddiq El-Minshawi and the brother of Mahmoud El-Minshawi, who is also a famous reciter and a well known scholar of the Qur’an in Egypt, Cairo.

paragraphs: Muhammad Siddiq El-Minshawi has become a household name across the Muslim world. He traveled to many countries outside of his homeland, including Indonesia, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Palestine (Al-Aqsa Mosque), Saudi Arabia and Syria. He helped children with the Quran.

paragraphs: He was significantly influenced by his father, Muhammad Siddiq El-Minshawi, also a protégé of Mohamed Salamah, a famous reciter of the 20th century. He studied the rules of recitation under Ibrahim As-Su'oodi at a young age.


title: Nick Offerman

paragraphs: Nick Offerman (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor, writer, and carpenter. He is best known for his breakout role as Ron Swanson in the NBC sitcom "Parks and Recreation".

paragraphs: Offerman was born on June 26, 1970 in Minooka, Illinois. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Offerman studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He has been married to Megan Mullally since 2003.


title: Cook County, Illinois

paragraphs: Cook County is a county in the American state of Illinois. Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. Los Angeles County, California is the only county with a higher population than Cook County.

paragraphs: About 5,231,000 people live in Cook County. This is 40.6 percent of all the people who live in Illinois. Cook County's population is more than the population of 29 U.S. states. More people live in Cook County than in the seven smallest U.S. states combined. There is a tax on canned beverages in Cook County.


title: Marjorie Bennett

paragraphs: Marjorie Bennett (15 January 1896 – 14 June 1982) was an Australian actress. She was born in York, Western Australia, and died in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Her many movies include small parts in the Joan Crawford movies "Autumn Leaves" (waitress), "Female on the Beach" (Mrs. Murchison), and "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (Dehlia Flagg); a voice part in Disney's "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" (Duchess); and a speaking part in "Mary Poppins" (Miss Lark).

paragraphs: Her many television appearances include the recurring parts of Mrs. Neimeyer in "The Bob Cummings Show"; Birdie Brockway in the early years of "Lassie", Mrs. Downey in "CHiPs"; and Mrs. Kenny in "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis".


title: Autumn Leaves

paragraphs: Autumn Leaves is a 1956 movie starring Joan Crawford, Vera Miles, Lorne Greene, and Cliff Robertson. It was directed by Robert Aldrich. It is about a lonely woman who marries an attractive younger man. She is forced to confine him to a mental hospital for her own safety. Nat King Cole sings the movie's theme song.


title: 2010 Brooklyn/Queens tornadoes

paragraphs: The 2010 Brooklyn/Queens tornadoes were a severe weather event that happened in the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City. Two tornadoes touched down in Park Slope, Brooklyn and Flushing, Queens. It happened between 5:37 PM to 5:57 PM EDT on September 16, 2010. The tornadoes were the second to hit New York City that year, after a tornado that hit Queens on July 25. The stronger of the two tornadoes hit Flushing and was rated an EF1 with winds of up to 100 mph.

paragraphs: The thunderstorm hit New York City during the evening rush hour. It brought strong winds, heavy rain, and hail. The strong winds brought down over 30,000 trees and power lines. In addition to the tornadoes, a macroburst hit Middle Village and Forest Hills in Queens. The macroburst had heavy rain and strong winds of up to 125 mph.


title: Robert Aldrich

paragraphs: Robert "Bob" Aldrich (August 9, 1918 - December 5, 1983) was an American movie and television director, second unit director or assistant director, and producer. He was born Robert Burgess Aldrich in Cranston, Rhode Island. He died in Los Angeles, California, age 65.

paragraphs: Aldrich directed Joan Crawford and Bette Davis in "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?" (1962), Olivia de Havilland and Bette Davis in "Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte " (1964), Lee Marvin, Charles Bronson, and football star Jim Brown in "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), and Burt Reynolds and Eddie Albert in "The Longest Yard" (1974) and "Hustle (1975)". Television credits include (among others) five episodes of "Four Star Playhouse" and five episodes of "The Doctor" in the 1950s.


title: Shelby Lynne

paragraphs: Shelby Lynne (born Shelby Lynne Moorer; 22 October 1968) is an American country musician who has done lots of hit songs. She began singing around 1988, although it was 1999 that she released her debut studio album "I am Shelby Lynne". She received a Grammy Award for Best New Artist on that studio album. Lynne was born in Virginia, though was raised in Mobile, Alabama.


title: Lavinia Warren

paragraphs: Mercy Lavinia Warren Bump (October 31, 1841 - November 25, 1919) was an American entertainer. She was the wife of Charles S. Stratton (aka General Tom Thumb), the star attraction of P. T. Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

paragraphs: Warren was born in Middleborough, Massachusetts to James Bump and his wife. She stopped growing at age 10. In adulthood, Warren stood 32 inches tall, weighed 30 pounds, and was perfectly formed in every way.

paragraphs: She had seven siblings. Her sister "Minnie" was even smaller than she. Lavinia claimed descent from William the Conqueror and five Mayflower Pilgrims.

paragraphs: In her middle teens, Warren briefly taught school in Middleborough, then began appearing as an exhibit in a relative's "floating palace of curiosities" on the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.

paragraphs: American showman P. T. Barnum heard of Warren in 1862. He invited her and her parents to visit him in his Bridgeport, Connecticut home. They did so, and Barnum found Warren, "a most refined and intelligent young lady, well educated, and an accomplished, beautiful and perfectly developed woman in miniature."

paragraphs: He hired her for his American Museum in New York City. She lived quietly in the home of one of his daughters in New York while he made arrangements for her debut. He assembled "a very splendid wardrobe" for Warren and provided her with "costly jewelry". She made her debut and created a sensation with the public.

paragraphs: Unfortunately, she was exhibited with Commodore Nutt, another little person several years her junior. He fell in love with her. She however did not reciprocate his feelings, and considered him nothing more than a "nice little boy".

paragraphs: Barnum gave Warren a ring, which did not fit properly, so he told her that she might give the ring to Nutt while he provided her with another. She gave the ring to Nutt, and he regarded it as a love token. Warren was in great distress. She did not want to offend Nutt by repelling his attentions, but she did not want to encourage him either.

paragraphs: Barum offered her $1,000 a week to exhibit herself at his Museum. She accepted and was an instant hit. The press adored her. She rivaled Stratton in popularity, and earned $3,000 a day for the Museum.

paragraphs: Warren met Stratton in 1861. They were married in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City, on February 10, 1863. Two thousand attended their wedding, including the most celebrated persons of the day.

paragraphs: Their "round the world" honeymoon included meetings with the Lincolns in Washington, D.C., and Queen Victoria in London. Barnum manufactured a hoax of the couple becoming parents (fueled with photographs), but Warren was, in fact, unable to bear children.

paragraphs: The couple travelled widely. They returned to Barnum's employ in 1881. Thumb died in 1884, leaving his wife penniless and depressed. On April 6, 1885, Lavinia married Count Primo Magri, an Italian miniature person who had come to America seeking his fortune.

paragraphs: The couple toured, then exhibited themselves at Lilliputia (aka Midget City) on Coney Island. She met United States President William Howard Taft in 1911. She once boasted that she had met Lincoln and every president after him. Lavinia died in Middleborough in 1919.


title: Soccer mom

paragraphs: In America, a soccer mom is a middle-class woman in the suburbs who spends a lot of time taking her school-aged children to sports events and other activities. The soccer mom often drives a minivan, SUV or station wagon. Soccer moms are often completely involved and coach their children from the sidelines.The term "soccer mom" dates back to the early or mid 1980s. The term became more popular when newspapers began using it a lot in 1994 or 1995. It became very popular around 1996, when politicians were constantly using it during the presidential election of 1996, including then-President Bill Clinton.


title: General Tom Thumb

paragraphs: General Tom Thumb (4 January 1838 - 15 July 1883) was an American entertainer. He was a four year old child when P. T. Barnum introduced him to show biz. The boy (who was passed off as a young adult) created a sensation at Barnum's American Museum in New York City. He toured Europe, appeared before royals, and returned to America rich. Thumb married Lavinia Warren in 1863, and continued to tour. Show biz took its toll on his health however. He died of a stroke in 1883.

paragraphs: General Tom Thumb was born Charles Sherwood Stratton in Bridgeport, Connecticut, to Sherwood Edward Stratton, a carpenter, and Cynthia (Thompson) Stratton, an inn worker. He stopped growing at 18 months. He was 25 inches tall and weighed 16 pounds in 1842 when P. T. Barnum persuaded his parents to exhibit him at $3 a week. The boy was four years old when he left home for Barnum's American Museum in New York City.

paragraphs: Barnum molded the boy into an entertainer, and provided the child with an expensive and exquisitely tailored wardrobe. He was presented as General Tom Thumb and his age bumped up to eleven years in order to fool the public into thinking he was an adult.

paragraphs: He debuted on December 8, 1842. At first, he was shy about appearing in public, but he took to the stage and began imitating famous little people like Napoleon and Cupid. The General was a hit. Thirty thousand people attended his first week performances.

paragraphs: Barnum and Thumb toured Europe in 1844 with an appearance before Queen Victoria and Prince Albert at Buckingham Palace. Other European royals also fêted him. In America, Thumb remained the principal attraction at the American Museum for many years.

paragraphs: In 1847, Thumb returned to America very rich. Thumb bought a mansion in Bridgeport, and toured alone for a time. He teamed up with Barnum at times when the showman's bank account was running low.

paragraphs: In 1862, Thumb met Lavinia Warren, another of Barnum's oddities, and the miniature couple were married on February 10, 1863, in Grace Episcopal Church, New York City. The wedding was attended by 2,000 guests, many of them the A-list celebrities of the day.

paragraphs: The couple toured for many years, and made a large fortune. In 1881, Thumb and his wife were caught in a hotel fire that almost took their lives. They joined the Barnum & London Circus. Show biz took its toll on Thumb however. His health declined. On July 15, 1883, Thumb died following a stroke, age 45. He is buried in Bridgeport, Connecticut. More than 10,000 people attended his funeral.


title: Milo Đukanović

paragraphs: Milo Đukanović (; born 15 February 1962) is a Montenegrin politician. He has been the country's President since 2018. Đukanović has previously served as Prime Minister four times, from 1991 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, from 2008 to 2010 and from 2012 to 2016. He also served as President from 1998 to 2002. Đukanović is the leader of the Democratic Party of Socialists of Montenegro.


title: Extended family

paragraphs: Extended family means a family including aunts, uncles and cousins. It also means married people living under parents of their husbands or wives. Within an extended family are several "immediate families".

paragraphs: A family with more than two adults is called a complex family. This includes extended families or families where there are more than just one mother and one father.


title: Juvénal Habyarimana

paragraphs: Juvénal Habyarimana (8 March 1937 – 6 April 1994) was the second President of Rwanda. He was president for almost twenty years, from 1973 until 1994. During his government, he favoured his own ethnic group, the Hutus. He was nicknamed "Kinani", a Kinyarwanda word meaning "invincible". Habyarimana was a dictator. He was suspected to have cheated in all of his elections.

paragraphs: On 6 April 1994, he was killed when his airplane was shot down close to Kigali. It was also carrying the President of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira. His assassination caused tensions between Hutus and Tutsis to worsen, and helped start the Rwandan Genocide. Within 100 days, somewhere between 800,000 and 1 million Rwandans were massacred.


title: Emmett Kelly

paragraphs: Emmett Leo Kelly (December 9, 1898 - March 28, 1979) was an American circus performer. He created the clown, "Weary Willie".


title: Jumbo

paragraphs: Jumbo (about Christmas 1860 – September 15, 1885) was the first international animal superstar. He was the first African bush elephant to reach modern Europe alive. He was born in eastern Africa, and captured there by Arabian hunters in early 1862. He was sold first to a traveling zoo in Germany, then to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. He was traded to the London Zoological Gardens for a rhinoceros.

paragraphs: Jumbo lived in the London Zoo about 16 years. He was the biggest elephant in captivity. American circus showman P. T. Barnum simply had to have this huge elephant in his circus. He bought Jumbo in 1882. The elephant made his debut in the United States on Easter Sunday 1882 at Madison Square Garden in New York City. He toured with Barnum's circus for three years. In September 1885, he was killed in a railroad accident in Canada.

paragraphs: Jumbo attracted as much attention after his death as he did in life. His hide was stuffed and his bones preserved. His hide and skeleton were displayed first with Barnum's circus and then with museums. His hide was destroyed in a fire at Tufts University in 1975. His skeleton was displayed for many years in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. As time passed, children forgot about him. His skeleton was put away.

paragraphs: Jumbo's sale in 1882 created public anger in Britain. It drew the attention of people around the world. "Jumbomania", a fad for all things Jumbo, was born. The civilized world was flooded with Jumbo neckties, jewelry, and other souvenirs. People around the world were sad when he died. Jumbo's greatest legacy is his name. In the English language, it is now a word that means "very large".

paragraphs: It is impossible to know exactly where or when Jumbo was born. In February 1862, a British explorer met Jumbo in the desert camp of Arabian elephant hunters. This camp was on the border of eastern Sudan and Abyssinia (now, Eritrea). The hunters had been hired to capture wild animals for export to European zoos.

paragraphs: The explorer estimated that Jumbo was tall and weighed about . Based on his height and weight, Jumbo was about one year old. He was probably born at Christmas 1860.

paragraphs: Jumbo had a long, hot journey ahead of him. He walked several hundred miles with other wild animals to the Red Sea. At the port of Suakin, the little elephant was put aboard a steamship. In time, he arrived in Trieste, Italy. From Italy, he was taken by train to Dresden, Germany. He was then sold to a traveling zoo.

paragraphs: In late 1862, Jumbo was sold to the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Jumbo was probably brought to his new home in either late 1862 or early 1863. The French were disappointed with him; they thought he would be larger. Jumbo lived in the Rotunda for Large Herbivores with two Asian elephants, several camels and giraffes, and a hippopotamus.

paragraphs: In October 1863, two more baby African elephants and several camels were brought to the Rotunda. The little elephants were called Castor and Pollux. They played together and slept together. Children loved the new elephants. The two animals came to be called "the pets of young Paris". Jumbo did not want attention from people; he stayed in his stable. Five elephants now lived in the Rotunda of the Jardin.

paragraphs: In April 1865, the government found that the living conditions in the Jardin were very bad. Officials thought some of the elephants should be sent to zoos in other countries. The officials of the London Zoological Gardens in Regent's Park wanted an African elephant. They traded an Indian rhinoceros and a few other animals for Jumbo. He was brought to the London Zoo in June 1865. Jumbo was lucky. Castor and Pollux were killed during a war with Prussia in 1871. They were eaten by the French.

paragraphs: Jumbo was very ill when he arrived at the London Zoo. He had not been fed properly. His hide was covered with filth that had to be scraped and scrubbed off. The nails on his feet were overgrown, and the soles of his feet were covered with sores.

paragraphs: Abraham Bartlett, the Superintendent of the London Zoological Gardens, put the little elephant into the care of animal keeper Matthew "Scotty" Scott. Scotty had a talent for understanding and managing animals. Jumbo grew stronger and healthier under Scotty's care.

paragraphs: The little elephant was named Jumbo. There is no record of the origin of this name. He may have been named after Mumbo Jumbo, a west African tribal holy man. This is not certain though. Bartlett may have named the elephant Jumbo because he liked the sound of the word. He had once named a gorilla Mumbo. There is a very slim possibility that Jumbo may have been named in Paris.

paragraphs: Jumbo became a great attraction in the London Zoo. Queen Victoria and members of the Royal Family adored him. Children rode in the saddle ("howdah") on his back for a penny. The young Winston Churchill (and probably Queen Victoria's children Prince Leopold and Princess Beatrice) rode in Jumbo's "howdah".

paragraphs: By the time Jumbo was seven years old, he had a huge appetite. Every day he ate of hay, a barrel of potatoes, two bushels of oats, fifteen loaves of bread, and lots of onions. He also drank several pails of water. If Scotty thought Jumbo needed some medicine, the elephant was given a gallon or two of whiskey.

paragraphs: In 1880, Jumbo hit his iron cage doors with his tusks and broke both off near the jawbone. He was in pain. He stopped eating. He leaned against the walls for support. Bartlett and Scotty were forced to perform some crude surgery with a harpoon-like tool they had made. Bartlett was disappointed with the damage to Jumbo's tusks. He had been hoping that Jumbo would grow to be a "tusker" an elephant with huge tusks. After the surgery, Jumbo kept his tusks worn away by rubbing them against the walls of the Elephant House. They never grew more than a few inches long.

paragraphs: In 1882, Jumbo was tall at the shoulder. He weighed more than . His trunk was long. It could reach high into the trees. In the magazine "Harper's Weekly", Jumbo was said to be "as gentle with children as the best-trained poodle dog." The magazine said he gently took biscuits and lumps of sugar from zoo visitors.

paragraphs: When Jumbo was brought to the zoo in 1865, Bartlett had wanted to raise the elephant himself. He needed a keeper who would obey him. He chose Scotty because he was rather inexperienced. Bartlett would be disappointed. Scotty had his own opinion on how to raise Jumbo. The close relationship that grew between the keeper and the elephant was something Bartlett hated.

paragraphs: In 1882, Jumbo was the biggest elephant living in captivity. Bartlett thought it best to find a new home for Jumbo for two reasons. First, he thought Jumbo was about to enter "musth". This is a difficult time in a male elephant's life. Certain glands in the elephant's head become inflamed causing the animal to behave violently. The other reason Bartlett wanted to move Jumbo was the elephant's close relationship with Scotty. Bartlett thought Jumbo might go on a dangerous rampage if Scotty should die.

paragraphs: Jumbo had tantrums. He would try to damage the Elephant House at night. He may have been frightened and angry because Scotty went home every night. He was only calm during the day when Scotty was nearby or when he carried children around the zoo in his "howdah". Jumbo's behavior only made Bartlett more sure that he must find another home for the elephant. Years after Jumbo's death, zoologists studied casts of the elephant's teeth. They discovered that his molars were erupting abnormally and probably causing him pain. This was likely the reason for Jumbo's tantrums.

paragraphs: Bartlett and members of the London Zoological Society were happy when P. T. Barnum, a circus showman from the United States offered to buy Jumbo for $10,000. Barnum had once owned two museums in New York City. They had burned to the ground. He was now part-owner of the Barnum, Bailey, & Hutchinson Circus. Barnum knew the huge elephant would make him a fortune if he appeared with the circus.

paragraphs: Barnum's partner Hutchinson did not want to buy Jumbo. "What difference does it make if an elephant is seven feet high or eleven or twelve feet high? An elephant is an elephant!" he said. But Barnum wanted Jumbo more than he wanted any other elephant in the world because Jumbo was the "biggest" elephant in the world. Bartlett and the London Zoological Society took only two days to decide that Jumbo would be sold to Barnum.

paragraphs: When the British learned that their beloved Jumbo was going to be sold, they were outraged. Bartlett received many angry letters. Children begged Bartlett to keep Jumbo in London. Art critic John Ruskin wrote that the English were not "in the habit of selling their pets." An effort was made to stop the sale by going to court, but Barnum won. The British courts said he was the legal owner of Jumbo.

paragraphs: A large wheeled box was built to hold Jumbo during his journey to America. It was made of heavy pine boards bolted to a strong oak base, and made even stronger with iron straps. It measured long, wide, and high. It was large enough for Jumbo to stand in it, but it was not large enough for him to lie down or turn around. Although the ends of the box were open, they were made strong with iron bars. Jumbo could look out the open end and swing his trunk.

paragraphs: Plans were made to move Jumbo on February 18. Jumbo would not get into the box. A second attempt was made on February 19 with the same result. Jumbo laid down in the street. Crowds of people cheered for Jumbo. He stayed in the street for a week. Bill Newman, Barnum's agent in London, sent the showman a telegram. "Jumbo won't get up", it read. Barnum sent a telegram back reading, "Let him stay there as long as he wants. It's great publicity."

paragraphs: Bartlett thought Scotty was controlling Jumbo with a secret signal to keep him from getting into the box. He told Scotty

paragraphs: he would be fired if Jumbo did not get into the box. The next day, Scotty got Jumbo to enter the box. Barnum hired Scotty to take care of Jumbo even though he had many elephant keepers in the United States.

paragraphs: People around the world were interested in the sale of Jumbo. Souvenirs such as Jumbo neckties, fans, and hats were sold in England and America. Jumbo's picture was printed on thousands of advertisements. Some of these advertisements showed Jumbo in strange places like the opera house and a saloon in the Wild West.

paragraphs: Potholders, cigars, and a large sewing machine were all named after Jumbo. Soap, thread, and baking powder were sold using Jumbo's name. One advertisement from this time shows Jumbo in leather boots running across a desert. Another picture shows Jumbo feeding a baby elephant a laxative called Castoria.

paragraphs: Thousands of letters were sent to London Zoo officials. The writers of these letters wanted Jumbo to live at peace in England. A "Jumbo Retention Fund" was set up to keep Jumbo in the London Zoo. One lady sent her new sewing machine to the fund. A bride sent Jumbo a piece of her wedding cake. Thousands of children wrote to Barnum begging him to leave Jumbo in his London home. Barnum refused.

paragraphs: Jumbo lived sixteen years and nine months in the London Zoo. He was now about to start a new life in another land. His trip to America started on the cold morning of March 22, 1882. Jumbo was put into a harness early in the morning. He was led to the box. He did not want to get into it, but he did. It took two hours to chain the fighting elephant inside the box.

paragraphs: Six horses pulled the box from the yard at the Elephant House. It sank into the soft soil of a path. It took three hours to pull the box from the path. It sank into soft soil two more times on its way to the zoo gates. Four more horses were harnessed to the box. It passed through the main gate about 1:30 a.m. The five-mile trip to the London docks started.

paragraphs: The most level way to the Thames was chosen because the horses could not pull the box up any hills. Crowds were watching. Scotty rode on the front of the box. He comforted Jumbo and stroked his trunk. Jumbo was quiet through most of the journey. The box started down a steep hill near the old Clerkenwell House of Detention at the top of Farrington Road. Jumbo shook his head in alarm. The box was forced to move very slowly.

paragraphs: At St Katharine's Dock, east of the Tower of London, the box was lifted with a winch at 7 a.m. on March 23. It was put on the barge, "Clarence". Workers made the box secure. Jumbo was given a big breakfast. An old lady who had walked behind the box all the way from Regent's Park brought Jumbo some beer. She said good-bye through her tears.

paragraphs: Three hours later, the tide was favorable. The barge was towed into the river by tugboats bearing the Union Jack and the Stars and Stripes. Thousands of people had gathered in every empty space to say good-bye to Jumbo. The barge floated downstream to the Isle of Dogs.

paragraphs: Jumbo took alarm again when the barge passed Dundee Docks. He rammed the bars of his crate. The bars were loosened. The engines were cut. Scotty comforted the frightened elephant. The trip was resumed. At the Millwall Docks, the box was lifted by crane about 3:45 p.m. to the quayside. It was here that Jumbo would spend the night.

paragraphs: The box was weighed as it was lifted. It weighed twelve and a half tons. It was known that the wood and iron of the box weighed six and a half tons. Jumbo therefore weighed six tons. Scotty and Bartlett had always thought Jumbo weighed six tons. But this was the first time Jumbo had actually been weighed mechanically. On Friday March 24, it took only eight minutes to lower Jumbo and his box to the "Assyrian Monarch".

paragraphs: There were 600 passengers on the "Assyrian Monarch". They were mostly Russian Jews going to the United States. There were 90 crew members. Food was brought on the ship for Jumbo's 13–14 day voyage. There were 65 bales of hay, of ship's biscuits, 50 loaves of white bread, three sacks of oats, three sacks of bran, and two sacks of onions.

paragraphs: A lunch party was held on the ship for London Zoo officials, the Sheriff of London, businessmen, Barnum's agents, and others interested in the adventure. Barnum's agent Bill Newman was given the Zoological Society's Gold Medal for calmly and skillfully handling Jumbo. Scotty the man who had given Jumbo devoted care and love for 18 years was ignored. The ship left the next morning. Lady Angela Burdett-Coutts was Jumbo's great friend. She came from London to Gravesend with friends to feed the elephant his last English buns. When the visitors left, the ship put out to sea.

paragraphs: Scotty took off most of Jumbo's chains to make him comfortable. His head, body, and trunk were free. His feet were chained. The elephant leaned against the side of the box. He fell asleep for the first time in several days. Jumbo's box got plenty of fresh air. Passengers fed him bread and fruit. Barnum had news stories about Jumbo put in rubber bags then dropped into the sea. Weeks later, the first bag washed ashore in southern Ireland. A telegram was sent to London after passing the last point of British soil called the Lizard. It read, "Jumbo well; very quiet; unchained."

paragraphs: The "Assyrian Monarch" arrived in the New York harbor about midnight on Easter Sunday April 9, 1882 after almost two weeks on the sea. A telegram was sent to the "London Times" telling the British that Jumbo had arrived safely in America and was in good health. Jumbo's crate was lifted from the hold of the "Assyrian Monarch" to a small steamer called "Only Son". Jumbo was ferried across the Hudson River to the New York docks.

paragraphs: Barnum and his partners Bailey and Hutchinson went aboard the "Only Son" with several journalists to see Jumbo. The elephant had traveled well. He drank a bottle of whiskey. Barnum did not drink alcoholic beverages and protested. He looked at Scotty and said, "I do believe that elephant's growth has been stunted by the use of beer."

paragraphs: Some journalists were disappointed with Jumbo's height. They said he was just as big as the other elephants in Barnum's circus. Barnum told them there was a big difference between an elephant's actual height and his "museum" height. The journalists were satisfied with this explanation (whatever it meant). Barnum was thrilled with Jumbo. Everyone was talking about the animal, and this meant ticket sales.

paragraphs: Superintendent Hatfield of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children came aboard the "Only Son". He had heard reports of Jumbo's bad temper, and boarded the ship to be certain Jumbo was not a threat to the children of New York City. Barnum told him Jumbo was "perfectly lamb-like". Hatfield took a long look at Jumbo, then left the ship with the sense that Jumbo was indeed a gentle animal.

paragraphs: A crowd of hundreds had gathered on shore to welcome Jumbo. By late afternoon, the crowd had grown to 10,000 impatient, noisy onlookers. Jumbo became frightened. His crate swayed as it was lifted and lowered to a waiting barge. Three cheers were raised. By 7:00 pm, Jumbo was ashore. His crate had been put on a strong wagon.

paragraphs: The crowd wanted Jumbo to walk up Broadway to Madison Square Garden where the circus was playing. Bailey would not allow it, fearing the animal might attack the crowd. Eight horses and 500 men could not move the wagon. Another eight horses were brought in as well as Gypsy and Chief, two Asian elephants from the circus. The eight additional horses were not needed. They were led behind the wagon as it started to move. The elephants were used as needed to push the wagon out of ruts.

paragraphs: When the procession arrived at Madison Square Garden, Jumbo's crate was too tall for the building's entrance. He was left on the sidewalk for the night, his crate covered with tarpaulins. In the morning, blacksmiths removed the iron bars of the crate. Jumbo was free, but he would not leave the crate. Scotty stood aside to let Jumbo take his time. The elephant finally stepped out, and went into the building. Floorboards shattered under his weight. When he reached the race track, he knelt and rolled over. Scotty assured everyone Jumbo was not dead but only resting after his long trip. He finally rose and was taken to his stall, after another rest period. Once in his stall, a heavy chain fastened to a stake was wrapped around his leg. He yanked the stake from the ground and tossed it aside. Meanwhile, the largest crowd in circus history was waiting for the afternoon performance to start.

paragraphs: Barnum bought Jumbo for $10,000. Jumbo's entire costs actually amounted to $30,000. Barnum later wrote that Jumbo earned his costs in his first two weeks with the circus at Madison Square Garden. Jumbo did no tricks, but 20,000 customers per day saw him in the circus zoo and the parade at the start of the show. The London Zoo had sent Jumbo's "howdah" to America. The great elephant gave rides to circus customers.

paragraphs: On a trip to England in late May 1882, Barnum met a crowd of children on the street who were still angry that the elephant had been taken away. Barnum made plans the same month to raise an iron building on the Thames Embankment for his circus shows. People in the neighborhood did not like the idea. They said they would go to court to stop the plan. Barnum dropped the idea.

paragraphs: Barnum had another publicity plan. The Brooklyn Bridge was finished in 1883. This was a long-awaited and exciting event. Barnum offered the bridge company $5,000 to allow Jumbo to cross the bridge before the official opening. The company directors believed Barnum was using the bridge for circus publicity. They said "no" to his offer.

paragraphs: Jumbo travelled in luxury when he went on tour every year. He had his own railway boxcar. Barnum called it "Jumbo's Palace Car". It was a red and gold boxcar with huge double doors at the center for Jumbo to be able to go in and out easily. Scotty slept in a bunk in a little room near Jumbo's head. Jumbo would never let Scotty close the door to the little room. He loved his friend and wanted to be near him always.

paragraphs: Scotty and Jumbo always shared a bottle of beer before going to bed for the night. It was a little ritual Jumbo loved. One night Scotty drank the bottle of beer and fell asleep. Jumbo picked him up very carefully and set him down near the empty bottle. Scotty woke up and found the bottle. He "got the message". He never forgot to share a bottle of beer with Jumbo again.

paragraphs: In his four seasons as the top star of Barnum's circus, Jumbo never hurt anyone. Now and then though, he tested his strength by destroying parts of his winter Elephant House. Jumbo earned $1.5 million in his first year with the circus. It is likely 16 million adults and 4 million children saw him at the circus.

paragraphs: In his last years with the circus, Jumbo's health grew poor. He could not eat his food because his teeth were worn out. There was no treatment. Jumbo would sooner or later die of this trouble with his teeth. Barnum made plans to have Jumbo preserved after his death by a taxidermist. He arranged everything while Jumbo was still alive just in case the elephant died suddenly.

paragraphs: Jumbo was 24 when he was killed on September 15, 1885, in the rail yards at St. Thomas, Ontario, Canada. It was about 9:30 pm. The circus had just finished a performance. The elephants were being led along the main track in the rail yards to their boxcars. To their left was a steep bank; to their right was the circus train. An unscheduled freight train roared down upon them from the east. The engineer tried to stop the train, but failed.

paragraphs: Animal keepers got most of the elephants to safety down the bank. Jumbo and a dwarf elephant called Tom Thumb were the last act on the programme and the last to leave the Big Top. Tom Thumb was behind Jumbo. the little elephant was hit by the train and thrown into a ditch. His left leg was broken, but he lived. Jumbo ran down the track away from the oncoming train with Scotty beside him. The locomotive struck Jumbo from behind. He roared in pain as the train carried him down the track. He was wedged partly above and partly below a flatcar.

paragraphs: Jumbo's skull was fractured in several places. He had serious injuries inside his body. Blood poured from his mouth and trunk. Jumbo reached for and held Scotty's hand in his trunk. He died within minutes of the accident. The locomotive and the tender were thrown off the track. They were destroyed in the collision.

paragraphs: Neither Barnum or Bailey was on the scene of the accident. Hutchinson directed the clean up. One hundred men were needed to remove Jumbo's body from the tracks. Policemen were sent to the scene to drive away souvenir hunters. Scotty became hysterical when he discovered half of Jumbo's ear had been cut off by a collector.

paragraphs: Taxidermists from Rochester, New York, eventually arrived to take charge of the body. Jumbo's death was a serious loss for the circus. So much so that Barnum took the first steps in bankruptcy proceedings a few days after the tragedy.

paragraphs: Just before Jumbo's trip to America in 1882, Barnum had insured the elephant for $500,000. The policy expired once Jumbo stepped on American soil. The elephant was not insured at the time of his death. He had been brought into the United States as "breeding stock". No insurance company would cover livestock for accidents. Jumbo left no children in spite of the fact that he had an elephant "wife" in the London Zoo named Alice. He had completely ignored her during the 18 years he had called London home. Alice was given black and a widow's cap to wear after the death of her "husband".

paragraphs: Barnum sued the Canadian Grand Trunk Railway for $100,000. The case was heard in April 1887. The company claimed it was not liable for Jumbo's death. They said the circus workers were responsible for the death of the elephant. The circus workers had cut down part of a fence so they could lead the elephants across the track. If they had used the regular crossing further down the track, the company stated, railway workers would have warned them of the approaching train. The accident could have been avoided.

paragraphs: The railway also claimed Jumbo was worthless. The London Zoo had sold him, the railway stated, because he was a dangerous animal. They also pointed out that they were not liable for losses above $15,000 as stated in their contract with the circus. The circus argued the contract was illegal, and presented statements from Scotty and other professional animal people who had worked with Jumbo. These statements said Jumbo was not dangerous.

paragraphs: Barnum finally withdrew the lawsuit. He needed the good will of the Grand Trunk Railway if he wanted to move his circus around Canada. He settled out of court for $5,000. He was also granted the right to use the Grand Trunk rails for free in the coming year. This was worth $5,000 in itself. Barnum left court with $10,000.

paragraphs: Two weeks after Jumbo's death, a news reporter named C. F. Richtel of the Hartford, Connecticut, "Sunday Globe" suggested Barnum had killed the elephant "for advertising purposes". Richtel was an old enemy of Barnum's, and accused the showman of masterminding Jumbo's death because the elephant had tuberculosis. Barnum sued the newspaper for $50,000. He settled out of court. The editor of the "Globe" learned the truth about Jumbo's death when he interviewed Scotty and others who had been present at the elephant's end. The editor fired Richtel and published a meek apology to Barnum.

paragraphs: A theory put forth in 1960 alleged that Jumbo's flatulence had created a nasty problem for Barnum and the circus, so the showman decided to get rid of the elephant. Under cover of darkness and amid the clamor of the rail yard, Barnum was said to have had an animal keeper fire a single shot from a powerful pistol into Jumbo's eye. The elephant staggered some distance, trampled the dwarf elephant, collapsed, and died beneath a railway car. No projectiles were found during examinations of Jumbo after his death or later examinations of his skull. The theory has been proven false.

paragraphs: Barnum tried to get as much publicity as possible from Jumbo's death. He called a publisher three days after the accident. He wanted a children's book printed at Christmas about the event. He also told news reporters a lie about Jumbo saving both the dwarf elephant and Scotty, then turning to face the train alone and head-on.

paragraphs: Jumbo's remains were sent far and wide across America. His tusks were broken into many pieces in the accident. These pieces were sold as souvenirs. Cornell University bought Jumbo's heart. The great elephant's bones toured America for a few years with the circus. They weighed . Then they were sent to the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. His skeleton was put on display now and then. As time passed though, children forgot him. The skeleton was put away. It was never displayed after 1977.

paragraphs: Jumbo's hide was stuffed in Rochester, New York. Barnum told the taxidermists that he wanted Jumbo to look like a mountain. They pulled the hide as much as possible without tearing it. After all the hard work, Jumbo stood a foot taller in death than he had in life. The stuffed hide toured with the circus for a few years. It was then sent to the Barnum Museum of Natural History at Tufts University. It weighed . At Tufts, Jumbo became the school mascot. His picture was put on school-related items like hats and flags.

paragraphs: On April 14, 1975, Jumbo's hide and many other museum pieces which could never be replaced were destroyed in a fire at Tufts. Some of what was believed to be Jumbo's ashes was put in a Peter Pan Crunchy Peanut Butter jar. The jar was kept in the university's athletic department. School athletes rubbed it for good luck before games.

paragraphs: On the 100th anniversary of Jumbo's death in 1985, a monument by Winston Bronnum was built to the great elephant in St. Thomas. It stands on a bluff above the city. Not far away is a bright red caboose. It is a souvenir stand. There is also a museum at the site that displays a model of a small circus.

paragraphs: Jumbo's legacy was the joy he gave millions of people just by being himself. His name however may be his greatest legacy. Before the big elephant, the word 'Jumbo' was not known in the English language. The word has entered the language to mean anything that is huge. People will always remember Jumbo because of this word.

paragraphs: Jumbo's enormous size caused scientists to think he was a separate species of elephant. He was the largest elephant ever known. He was named the type specimen for this new species. At a later time, it was learned that Jumbo was not a separate species, but a variant of a known species. He became then a subspecies.

paragraphs: After Jumbo's death, it was important that he be dissected by scientists. It was important that his skeleton be carefully kept for future scientists to study. The dissection was started in St. Thomas, and completed in Rochester, New York. Jumbo's stomach was cut open. Coins, keys, rivets, screws, and a policeman's whistle fell out.

paragraphs: Just before the stuffed Jumbo and his skeleton were put on display, Barnum asked newspaper people and high-society ladies to come to a fancy hotel for a party. He made speeches, then served his guests a gelatin dish made from Jumbo's ground tusks.


title: Cessna 620

paragraphs: The Cessna 620 is a light transport aircraft prototype built in the United States in 1956. It's the only four-engine aircraft built by Cessna. It can carry between eight and ten passengers. Flights were stopped in 1957.


title: Money plant

paragraphs: Money plant is the trivial name of several plants:


title: Minnie Warren

paragraphs: Huldah Pierce Warren Bump (known as Minnie Warren; June 2, 1849–July 23, 1878) was an American entertainer. She was born in Middleborough, Massachusetts, and toured with her sister, entertainer Lavinia Warren, the wife of General Tom Thumb. Minnie died in childbirth in 1878. She was buried in Nemasket Hill Cemetery, Middleborough, Massachusetts.


title: Aralkum

paragraphs: Aralkum is the name of a new desert that has appeared in the area that was once occupied by the Aral Sea. It lies south an east of what remains of the Aral Sea.


title: Maternal bond

paragraphs: Maternal bond means the connections that often happen during pregnancy issues and childbirth, or between women and unrelated children, such as with adoptions. Maternal bonds are influenced by hundreds of emotional, mental and physical issues. Some new mothers do not bond instantly, however.


title: Carcharhinidae

paragraphs: Carcharhinidae, also known as the requiem sharks, is a family of sharks in the order Carcharhiniformes. There are currently 52 species of requiem sharks which are grouped into 12 genera. Some of the most familiar species in this family are the lemon shark, the blue shark, the tiger shark, the bull shark, and the whitetip reef shark.

paragraphs: Requiem sharks are found throughout temperate and tropical oceans with many species found worldwide. Some live in the open ocean (oceanic whitetip shark), while some live in freshwater rivers and lakes (Bull shark).

paragraphs: All species of requiem sharks have a head of normal shape, eyes with a nictitating (winking) membranes, caudal fins with the upper lobe being quite larger than the lower but not very long, 2 spineless dorsal fins, the first one usually much larger than the second in most of the Atlantic species, an anal fin, a caudal peduncle which doesn't have lateral keels, and sharp, bladelike teeth with a single cusp.

paragraphs: Almost all species of requiem sharks have a similar diet consisting of fish, octopus, marine mammals and seabirds. Since of their similar looks, it is usually hard to tell one species from another.

paragraphs: There are currently 12 genera of the family Carcharhinidae:


title: Springfield Model 1855

paragraphs: The Model 1855 Springfield was a rifled musket used in the mid-19th century. This is a type of musket that was used to fire long-range shots, before the enemy could get close enough. It was produced by the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts, United States.


title: Narcissistic parent

paragraphs: The term narcissistic parent refers to parents who are affected by narcissism. They are almost exclusively close to and possessive about their children. The parents are especially envious regarding their child growing to independence. In other words, narcissistic parents often feel senses of losses when their children grow to adulthood. The parents carry self-esteem problems and extreme needs regarding how others may look at or regard them. Children are often punished very strongly if narcissistic parents are not responded to in adequacy. The behavior of such parents is not flexible, and they have an inability to admit to their own fault or feel sympathy and empathy.


title: Leptospira

paragraphs: Leptospiras are long, thin motile spirochaetes. They may be free-living or parasitic. They survive well in fresh water, soil, and mud in tropical areas. They have been studied at the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).

paragraphs: Molecular taxonomic studies at CDC and elsewhere have identified 13 named and 4 unnamed species of pathogenic leptospires. Leptospirosis causes a wide range of symptoms, and some infected persons may have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of leptospirosis include high fever, severe headache, chills, muscle aches, and vomiting, and may include jaundice (yellow skin and eyes), red eyes, abdominal pain, diarrhea, or a rash.