title: Consonant

paragraphs: All the letters in the alphabet are either consonants or vowels. A consonant is a speech sound in which the air is at least partly blocked, and any letter which represents this. Consonants may come singly (by themselves) or in clusters (two or more together), but must be connected to a vowel to form a syllable.

paragraphs: Notice that the consonant (C) and vowel (V) notation does NOT match the letters of English spelling in a one-to-one relationship (e.g. 'th' is one sound), but rather individual sounds.

paragraphs: Consonants have friction when they are spoken, mostly using the position of the tongue against the lips, teeth and roof of the mouth. "b" and "p" are "plosives", using the lips to produce a tiny sharp sound. Phonetics texts give more details, with diagrams. Consonants may be voiced or unvoiced. The th in "the" is voiced, but in "breath" is not.


title: Vowel

paragraphs: A vowel is a particular kind of speech sound made by changing the shape of the upper vocal tract, or the area in the mouth above the tongue. In English it is important to know that there is a difference between a vowel sound and a [letter] in the [alphabet]. In English there are five vowel letters in the alphabet.

paragraphs: The sounds of English are written with letters in the English alphabet, as either vowels or consonants. All English words are written with vowel letters in them.

paragraphs: It is said that Y is "sometimes" a vowel, because the letter Y represents both vowel and consonant sounds. In the words "cry", "sky", "fly", "my" and "why", letter Y represents the vowel sound /aɪ/. In words like "myth" and "synchronize", Y represents the vowel sound /ɪ/. In words like "only", "quickly", and "folly", Y represents the vowel sound /i/.

paragraphs: It can also be a consonant sound called a "glide" as in the beginning of these words: "yellow", "yacht", "yam", "yesterday". Y is a consonant about 2.5% of the time, and a vowel about 97.5% of the time.

paragraphs: The letter W can sometimes be the second part of a vowel sound as in words like such as "cow", "bow", or "how". In these words the vowel has the sound of /aʊ/. The letter W can be used as a consonant sound at the beginning of in the words "when", "where", "wet". In some languages, like Welsh, the letter W represents the vowel sound /ʊ/, like "cwm" (a kind of valley).

paragraphs: In written English the six vowel letters are used to represent the 13-15 vowel sounds (depending on the variety) in English. This means there are many more vowel sounds than letters in the English alphabet, and the English spelling systems doesn't always help us figure out what the English sounds are. This can be confusing.

paragraphs: Simple vowels are called monophthongs. The letters, like /ɪ/, are the IPA letters for each vowel sound in English. (The IPA is the International Phonetic Alphabet). In the IPA, each symbol represents a different sound, so using the IPA is helpful in pronouncing words.

paragraphs: Common monophthongs in English (these are for General American English) include:

paragraphs: Diphthongs are a combination of two different vowel sounds, one vowel sounds turns into another sound as you say them. If you pronounce the words below slowly, you can hear the two vowel sounds of the diphthongs.

paragraphs: Like other languages, there are many dialects of English, and different dialects often use different vowel sounds. But the IPA symbols can tell us which vowel sound a dialects uses. For example, some American English speakers differentiate between the vowels in the words "cot" and "caught", while in other dialects these words are homophones. People who study the differences between the dialects of English often study the different way vowel sounds are pronounced.

paragraphs: The difference between the way English is spelled and the way the words are pronounced came about because all languages change, so spoken English changes, but the spelling system does not.

paragraphs: The study of speech sounds is called phonetics.


title: F.C. United of Manchester

paragraphs: FC United are an English football team. They are from Manchester and were formed in 2005 by fans when Malcolm Glazer bought Manchester United.

paragraphs: FC United of Manchester play their home matches at Broadhurst Park, Moston, Manchester. They play in the National League North. They have a First team, Reserve team, Under-18s team, and Women's team.


title: Metronome

paragraphs: A metronome is a small device that can be used by people who are practising instruments to help them to play in time. It is also something a composer can use to show the performer what speed to play.

paragraphs: A traditional metronome works by clockwork. It has a pendulum which makes a loud tick as it goes to and fro, like the pendulum of a grandfather clock. It has to be wound up after a few minutes of ticking. There is a weight on the pendulum which can be slid up or down and set to a particular speed. There are numbers on the metronome to which you can set it. These numbers mean the number of ticks per minutes. A speed of 60 will make it tick 60 times a minute (i.e. every second). The numbers usually go from 40 (slow) to 208 (very fast). Nowadays many people use electronic metronomes. These are very accurate, do not need to be wound and often have other helpful things like an A to tune to (see musical tuning). Some of them are hardly bigger than a credit card.

paragraphs: The metronome was invented by Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel in Amsterdam in 1812. A man called Johann Maelzel copied Winkel’s ideas and improved them. He made a small, portable metronome which was patented in 1816.

paragraphs: The metronome made it possible for a composer to show the performer what speed he wanted. If the composer writes at the top of his music: Crotchet (quarter note) = 76, for example, then the metronome can be set at 76 and it will tick at the right speed for that piece of music. Sometimes they write "MM76". The "MM" stands for "Maelzel's Metronome". Beethoven was the first composer to use metronome markings, but he often gave very fast speed indications, and some people wonder whether he made mistakes or whether his metronome worked properly.


title: Lübeck

paragraphs: Lübeck is a city in the North of Germany, in the state of Schleswig-Holstein.

paragraphs: It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: The city's full name is "Hansestadt Lübeck" (Hanseatic city of Lubeck) in memory of its history. It was an important part in the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period. As the "Free City of Lübeck", the city was a state of the Weimar Republic. Other Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.

paragraphs: The most famous citizen is the author Günter Grass. He won the Nobel Prize for literature.

paragraphs: Luebeck has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).


title: Weimar

paragraphs: Weimar is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.

paragraphs: It has about 60,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: Most famous citizens in the past were the German poets Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller.

paragraphs: The city is well known for the Weimar Republic, too. It was founded in Weimar in 1919.


title: Augsburg

paragraphs: Augsburg is a city in the South of Germany, in the state of Bavaria.

paragraphs: It has about 272,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: It was founded in the Roman age. In the time of Renaissance (after the Middle Ages) a family of bankers, the Fuggers, became very rich and powerful in Augsburg.

paragraphs: The Protestant Augsburg Confession was made in 1530.

paragraphs: In 1555, a peace agreement called The Peace of Augsburg between Catholics and Protestants was signed in Augsburg.

paragraphs: Augsburg has a humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Köppen climate classification).


title: Münster

paragraphs: Münster is the historical capital of Westphalia and belongs now to the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

paragraphs: It has about 270,000 inhabitants, an airport and a university.

paragraphs: Münster was very powerful in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

paragraphs: The Westphalian Peace was signed in Münster.


title: Nuremberg

paragraphs: Nuremberg () is a city in the German "state" of Bavaria, in Middle Franconia. It is on the river Pegnitz and the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal and is Franconia's largest city. It is about north of Munich, at 49.27° N 11.5° E. As of June 2017, there were 530,771 people.

paragraphs: From 1050 to 1571, the city became very important because it was on key trade routes. Many of the parliaments of the Holy Roman Empire (called the "Reichstage") met at Nuremberg Castle. The Diets of Nuremberg were an important part of the administrative structure of the empire. In 1219, Nuremberg became an Imperial Free City under Emperor Frederick II. This meant it was ruled by the Emperor, not one of the local lords or princes. It also meant that Nuremberg had a seat in the Imperial Parliament.

paragraphs: In 1298 there was a big "". Nearly 700 Jews were killed. The Jews lived near the river, and by getting rid of the Jews the northern and southern parts of the city could be linked together. This area is now the place of the City Market, Frauenkirche and Rathaus (City Hall).

paragraphs: In 1532, the Peace of Nuremberg, gave Lutherans important concessions. In 1632 during the Thirty Years' War, the Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein besieged King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in the Siege of Nuremberg. The city became less important after this war, and only recovered in the nineteenth century, when it grew as an industrial centre.

paragraphs: At the beginning of the nineteenth century Nuremberg was practically bankrupt. In 1806 the Holy Roman Empire was dissolved, and Nuremberg became part of the Kingdom of Bavaria, and Bavaria took over the city's debts. The first German railway, from Nuremberg to nearby Fürth, was opened in 1835.

paragraphs: Nuremberg was very important during the Nazi Germany period. The Nazi Party held huge Nazi Party conventions – the Nuremberg rallies in the city.

paragraphs: The rallies were held every year from 1927 to 1938 in Nuremberg. After Hitler's rise to power in 1933 the Nuremberg rallies became huge state propaganda events, and a centre of anti-Semitism and other Nazi ideas. At one rally, Hitler passed the anti-Semitic (anti Jewish) Nuremberg Laws which took German citizenship away from all Jews. A number of buildings were built for the rallies, some of which were not finished.

paragraphs: Today many examples of Nazi architecture can still be seen in the city. The city was also the home of the Nazi propagandist Julius Streicher, the publisher of "Der Stürmer".

paragraphs: During World War II, Nuremberg was the headquarters of "Wehrkreis" (military district) XIII, and an important site for military production, including airplanes, submarines, and tank engines. A subcamp of Flossenbürg concentration camp was here. A lot of the factories used slave labour.

paragraphs: The city was badly damaged in bombing World War II, especially between 1943 and 1945. On January 2, 1945, the medieval city centre was bombed by the Royal Air Force and the U.S. Air Force and about ninety percent of it was destroyed in only one hour, with 1800 residents killed and roughly 100,000 left homeless. In February 1945, more attacks followed. In total, about 6000 Nuremberg residents are estimated to have been killed in air raids. Despite this, the city was rebuilt after the war and was to some extent, restored to its pre-war appearance including the reconstruction of some of its medieval buildings.

paragraphs: Between 1945 and 1946, German officials involved in the Holocaust and other war crimes were taken in front of the International Military Tribunal in the Nuremberg Trials. The Soviet Union had wanted the trials to take place in Berlin, but Nuremberg was chosen as the site for the trials for specific reasons:

paragraphs: The same courtroom in Nuremberg was the venue of the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, organised by the United States as occupying power in the area.

paragraphs: Nuremberg city has 501,000 people. As of 2005, the urban area had 763,000 people (about 822,000 people as of 2008). Nuremberg metropolitan area has 1,205,000 people. Nuremberg is still associated with gingerbread ("Lebkuchen") products, sausages, and handmade toys. The first pocket watches, called "Nuremberg eggs", were made there in the sixteenth century. In the nineteenth century Nuremberg became the "industrial heart" of Bavaria with companies such as Siemens and MAN.

paragraphs: Things made in the area include electrical equipment, mechanical and optical products, motor vehicles, and printed materials.

paragraphs: Siemens is still the largest industrial employer in the Nuremberg region but a third of German market research agencies is also in the city.

paragraphs: The Nuremberg International Toy Fair is the largest of its kind in the world. The city also hosts several specialist hi-tech fairs every year, attracting experts from every corner of the glob

paragraphs: Nuremberg was an early center of humanism, science, printing, and mechanical invention.

paragraphs: The city contributed much to the science of astronomy. In 1471 Johannes Mueller of Königsberg (Bavaria), later called Regiomontanus, built an astronomical observatory in Nuremberg and published many important astronomical charts. In 1515, Albrecht Dürer, a native of Nuremberg, mapped the stars of the northern and southern hemispheres, producing the first printed star charts, which had been ordered by Johann Stabius. Around 1515 Dürer also published the "Stabiussche Weltkarte", the first perspective drawing of the terrestrial globe. Perhaps most famously, the main part of Nicolaus Copernicus' work was published in Nuremberg in 1543.

paragraphs: Printers and publishers have a long history in Nuremberg. Many of these publishers worked with well-known artists of the day to produce books that could also be considered works of art. In 1470 Anton Koberger opened Europe's first print shop in Nuremberg. In 1493, he published the "Nuremberg Chronicles", also known as the "World Chronicles" ("Schedelsche Weltchronik"), an illustrated history of the world from the creation to the present day. It was written in the local Franconian dialect by Hartmann Schedel and had illustrations by Michael Wohlgemuth, Wilhelm Pleydenwurff, and Albrecht Dürer. Others furthered geographical knowledge and travel by map making. Notable among these was navigator and geographer Martin Behaim, who made the first world globe.

paragraphs: Sculptors such as Veit Stoss and Peter Vischer are also associated with Nuremberg.

paragraphs: Composed of prosperous artisans, the guilds of the Meistersingers flourished here. Richard Wagner made their most famous member, Hans Sachs, the hero of his opera "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg". Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel was born here and was organist of Saint Sebald church.

paragraphs: Nuremberg is also famous for its Christmas market, which draws well over a million shoppers each year.

paragraphs: The southern part of the old town, known as Lorenzer Seite, is separated from the north by the river Pegnitz and surrounded by the city walls on the south.

paragraphs: Nuremberg was the first city in Germany to have a railway, and today Nuremberg Central Station is a stop for IC and ICE trains on the German long-distance railway network. Trains on the Nuremberg – Ingolstadt – Munich High-Speed line travel at up to 300-km/h. The line opened on May 28, 2006. It meant travel times to Munich were reduced to as little as one hour.

paragraphs: In Nuremberg there are subways, suburban trains, trams and buses.

paragraphs: Worldwide, Nuremberg is twinned with the following cities:


title: Military–industrial complex

paragraphs: The military–industrial complex refers to the relationship between the government, the military, and the businesses that make things for the military. For example, the businesses can give money to politicians in elections. Then, politicians give more money to the military. Then, the military buys things from the businesses. Each group gains something, so they try to keep doing the same thing.

paragraphs: The term was invented in the United States. However, most countries have politicians and soldiers and people who make weapons and other military supplies; thus they have a military-industrial complex.

paragraphs: When there is a military-industrial complex, problems can happen. The government can become corrupt. A business might want the country to be at war because they make more money during war than during times of peace.

paragraphs: President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower used the term in his farewell speech—the last speech he gave while he was the President. He said, "we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex." This was a warning. It means that people should be careful or the military-industrial complex will get too much power.

paragraphs: Today, the term is used a lot by people writing and talking about politics. Especially when the subject is militarism in the United States. It also appears in discussions about private military companies—businesses that commonly employ soldiers who have left the military.


title: Organization

paragraphs: Organization (British English: Organisation) is the idea of putting things together in a logical order. The verb is "to organize".

paragraphs: An organization is a group of people who work together. Organizations exist because people working together can achieve more than a person working alone.

paragraphs: To make sure people work together, organizations usually have leaders.


title: Heidelberg

paragraphs: Heidelberg is a city by the Neckar river in the south-west of Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: It has about 150,000 inhabitants and a well-known university. The old town and the castle of Heidelberg are well-known tourist attractions of Germany.

paragraphs: Heidelberg has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification).


title: Göttingen

paragraphs: Göttingen is a city in the centre of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It has a population of about 129,000 people and one of the first universities in Germany.


title: Trevor Hemmings

paragraphs: Trevor James Hemmings CVO (born 11 June 1935) is a British billionaire businessman. He lives in the Isle of Man.

paragraphs: He who owns several race horses and the holiday company Pontins. He also owns Littlewoods, Blackpool Tower and has a £150 million stake in Scottish and Newcastle.

paragraphs: One of his horses, ""Hedgehunter"", won the 2005 Grand National at Aintree.


title: Karlsruhe

paragraphs: Karlsruhe is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: As of 2016, Karlsruhe has about 308,000 people.

paragraphs: The city lies on the eastern shore of the Rhine River and has a technical university.

paragraphs: France is close by, on the other side of the Rhine River, a few km to the south.

paragraphs: Karlsruhe is the seat of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court of Germany).

paragraphs: The city was the capital of the former "Grand Duchy of Baden".


title: Wuppertal

paragraphs: Wuppertal is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

paragraphs: Wuppertal has about 360,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: A well-known tourist attraction is the Wuppertaler Schwebebahn, a tram hanging at a steel way 10 m over the river-ground.


title: Bielefeld

paragraphs: Bielefeld is a city in northwest Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

paragraphs: Bielefeld has about 327,000 people living there and a university.


title: Maastricht

paragraphs: Maastricht (Limburgish: "Mestreech") is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is the capital city of the province of Limburg.

paragraphs: Maastricht has an airport and a university (Maastricht University).

paragraphs: The first settlement in that region was founded in the Stone age about 25000 years ago, the first permanent settlement was founded by the Celts about 500 B.C. Maastricht got City Rights in 1204. Since 1815, after the Napoleonic Wars, Maastricht belongs to the Netherlands. The European Contract of 1992 was signed in Maastricht, the so-called Treaty of Maastricht.

paragraphs: The first settlement was about 25000 years ago. Real permanent settlements (and not just hunter gatherers) were founded at least as early as 5000 B.C. 4000 years after that, the Celts built a settlement in Maastricht. They presumably worshipped a "River God". A Roman city was built around 0 AD, making Maastricht the oldest city of the Netherlands (together with Nijmegen). In this time, Maastricht was called "Trajectum ad Mosam". This means "Road across the Maas". A Roman bridge in Maastricht connected the west with the east, making Maastricht a very strategic point. This bridge - located at Eksterstraat - collapsed in the 13th century, and was replaced by the famous St. Servaas bridge.

paragraphs: In the early middle-ages Maastricht was very important in the spreading of Christianity in the Netherlands. In the 4th century, the bishop St. Servaas was the first bishop in the Netherlands, and the Onze Lieve Vrouwekerk (which also is the oldest still standing building in the Netherlands) could be described as the root of Christianity in the Netherlands. Servaas' remains are still kept in Maastricht in a tomb.

paragraphs: Maastricht received its City Rights fairly early, in 1204. It was of strategic importance during the Eighty Years War and the Napoleonic Wars. Therefore, Maastricht has two forts; "Fort St. Pieter" and "Fort St. Jan". Maastricht also had city walls. Remains of those walls can still be seen today (notably the "Helpoort" is one the few still standing City Ports).

paragraphs: In the beginning of the 20th century, Maastricht was an industrial city, with many factory's. Jan Pieter Minckeleers - a scientist from Maastricht - was the first to discover Coal Gas, making the first city lights available. In 1940, Maastricht was conquered by the German forces. However, many paintings were hidden in the caves at Sint Pietersberg - a steep hill in the south-west of Maastricht. Even De Nachtwacht was hidden there. Maastricht was liberated on 14 September 1944. In 1992 Maastricht was the host-city for the 1992 European Treaty, where the EU was officially formed and a decision was made about the Euro.

paragraphs: Maastricht is located on both sites of the river Maas in the south-east of The Netherlands and the south-west of the province of Limburg. Maastricht lies in a valley, the Maasvalley, so hills surround the city. On the south-west of the city, the famous "St. Pietersberg" is located. On the western edge of the city, there is no space between the city and the Belgian border. On the east, is the "Savelsbos" (a forest). Neighbouring municipality's are Eijsden and Visé (B) in the south, Lanaken (B) and Riemst (B) in the west, Meerssen and Valkenburg in the north, and Margraten in the east.

paragraphs: The city can easily be reached. There is a highway (A2; E25) running from the south to the north (within the Netherlands, this highway runs from Eijsden to Amsterdam). Another highway also begins in Maastricht, the A79 (going to the east). Maastricht has two train stations ("Maastricht" and "Maastricht Randwyck"). Trains are going to Amsterdam, Heerlen, Roermond, and Brussels (B). Plans are made to re-establish the old train route to Lanaken (B). If this connections is to be made again, Maastricht will be accessible from all directions by train.

paragraphs: A few kilometres north of Maastricht, is the Maastricht Aachen Airport. That's the second airport of The Netherlands.

paragraphs: Maastricht is divided into many areas. The areas "Heer", "Amby", "St. Pieter", and "Wolder" used to be individual villages, but are now (for a few decades) part of Maastricht. According to the Dutch central bureaus of statistics ("Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek; CBS"), Maastricht can be divided into seven larger districts. These are:


title: Utrecht (city)

paragraphs: Utrecht is a city in the Netherlands. It has about 290,000 inhabitants and a university (Utrecht University). It is the fourth largest city in the country. One of the main sights is the Domkerk, a cathedral that was built between 1321 and 1382. In of a storm in 1674, part of the cathedral was destroyed. This part was never rebuilt, so now the tower is separate from the rest of the church.


title: Groningen

paragraphs: Groningen is a city in the north of the Netherlands. It has about 190,000 inhabitants and a university, called the University of Groningen.

paragraphs: Since 2019, Haren and Ten Boer are part of the municipality of Groningen.


title: Eindhoven

paragraphs: Eindhoven is a city in the south of the Netherlands. It is in the Noord-Brabant province. It has about 210,000 inhabitants and a well-known football team called P.S.V. Eindhoven.


title: Nijmegen

paragraphs: Nijmegen is a city in Gelderland in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants and a university, called Radboud University Nijmegen.


title: Leiden

paragraphs: Leiden is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands. It has about 120,000 inhabitants and a very old university (Leiden University).


title: Apeldoorn

paragraphs: Apeldoorn is a city in Gelderland in the Netherlands. It has about 160,000 inhabitants. The Het Loo Palace is in Apeldoorn. This was summer home of the Dutch Royal family.


title: Tilburg

paragraphs: Tilburg is a city in the south of the Netherlands. About 200,000 people live there.

paragraphs: Tilburg is famous for its Schrobbeler, an alcoholic drink.

paragraphs: Tilburg University is situated in Tilburg.


title: Zwolle, Overijssel

paragraphs: Zwolle (Overijssel) is a city in the east of the Netherlands. About 120,000 people live there.


title: Haiphong

paragraphs: Haiphong is a city in the north of Vietnam.

paragraphs: It has about 400,000 inhabitants and a marine harbor.

paragraphs: About 1,700,000 people live in the district of Haiphong.


title: Oldenburg (city)

paragraphs: Oldenburg is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony. It was formerly the capital of the old Grand Duchy of Oldenburg.

paragraphs: It has about 160,000 inhabitants and a university.


title: Braunschweig

paragraphs: Braunschweig (English: "Brunswick") is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Lower Saxony.

paragraphs: It was probably founded in the 9th century. It has about 245,000 inhabitants and a technical university.


title: Kos

paragraphs: Kos is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group in the Aegean Sea.

paragraphs: About 30,000 people live on Kos, 16,000 of them in the island capital Kos City in the west of the island.

paragraphs: There is an international airport near Antimachia in the middle of the island and a sea harbour in Kos City.

paragraphs: Kos Island's main industry is tourism. About 300,000 tourists take rooms on Kos every year and a lot of tourists take a one-day trip to Kos from neighboring islands or the Turkish coast. 17 km overseas lies Bodrum, Turkey.

paragraphs: People have lived on Kos since the 15th century BC, maybe longer.

paragraphs: Until the 4th century BC the capital of the island was in the west of it, near Kefalos. After an earthquake it moved to Kos City.

paragraphs: Later the Hellenics, then the Romans and the Byzantines got the island.

paragraphs: The Knights of St. John built great forts on Kos, in Kos City and near Antimachia.

paragraphs: From 1912 to 1943 the Dodecanese islands belonged to Italy, from 1943 to 1945 to the Germans, and from 1945 to 1946 the British ruled them. Since 1946 they belong to Greece.

paragraphs: The most important tourist attraction is the Askelepsion, an old temple for the Greek god Askelapsios. It was built between the 5th and the 1st century BC.


title: Crete

paragraphs: Crete is the largest of the Greek islands. It separates the Aegean Sea from the rest of the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraphs: Like the Fertile Crescent, Crete had rich soil, a warm climate, and plenty of water. With less time spent fighting to live, the Cretans began to make complicated things. From the wild crocus flowers which covered their island, the Cretans collected saffron used in yellow dye, in food, and in medicine. From the Egyptians, they received rich cloth and jewels. From the Hittites, they learned how to use iron. From the wealthy Lydians, they learned to use money. From Phoneicia, the Cretans received the alphabet which is used today.

paragraphs: In various later centuries the island was ruled in turn by ancient Greeks, Romans, Arabs, Venetians, Turks, and modern Greeks.

paragraphs: Cretans chose kings to rule over them for seven years each. The king was known as "Minos", and the people "Minoans". The capital of Crete was Knossos (nos' us). Beautiful friezes (decorating bands) were on the walls. The symbol of the double-ax was used, and is thought to represent the power of a king. The throne was only a seat with a high back, and the nobles had only benches to sit on. However, the benches were covered with red and white plaster. On the walls were painted fish, dolphins, and seaweed. The queen had her own private staircase so she could go upstairs without bothering the men. Several rooms in the palace had jars which were six feet tall, and were used to keep wheat, oil, dye and other things.

paragraphs: On Crete the Minoan Culture started 4700 years ago. The palace of Knossos is well-known and is a labyrinth. Visitors were lost in the labyrinth unless they used a string behind them to find their way back. In this place, it was said that a Minotaur, half bull and half man, lived. Every year seven young men and seven girls were sacrificed to the Minotaur. Many scholars think sacrifices to a bull were made because the Cretans thought the sound of an earthquake was an angry bull.

paragraphs: The Cretans also worshiped the Great Mother Cybele, or Snake Goddess. Often, her picture was carved in statues with gold decorations and with snakes curled around the arms. Snakes were thought to protect houses, so each home had a special room for snakes. Sometimes a little table with grooves cut into it was put in a comfortable place so snakes could sip some milk from a cup.

paragraphs: The Cretans loved games, food, athletics, music, and beautiful clothes. They were the first people to build stone theaters where many people were amused by parades and music. Girls could even help bullfighters. In bullfighting, the Minoans did not kill the bull, but the male fighter had to grab the horns of an attacking bull, throw himself on the back of the animal, and then land on the ground; the girl helped the bullfighter keep his balance.

paragraphs: Women wore long, full skirts with very tiny waists, complicated hairstyles, and lots of jewelry. The men wore small belts around their waists. They shaved with stones, rubbed their teeth with pumice stone, and had their body hair burnt by a barber.

paragraphs: The Cretans ate fish, birds, and beef. They had barley cooked in many ways and ate lots of cheese, nuts, and honey. They thought only uncivilized people drank cow's milk, so they drank goat's milk instead. The Cretans sang, played games, and guessed riddles. Even though they ate with their fingers, they had the food cut into tiny pieces before it was served.

paragraphs: The Cretans were peaceful people without fortifications to protect them from an attack. In about 1450 B.C., the Greek Mycenaeans captured Crete, after Knossos, Crete's capital, had been shaken by an earthquake.


title: Rhodes

paragraphs: Rhodes is a Greek island, belonging to the Dodecanese island group. In Greek it is called "Rhodos".

paragraphs: The largest cities are Rhodes City in the north and Lindos in the south-east.

paragraphs: About 120,000 people live on Rhodes. It has an international airport in Paradisi in the north, near to Rhodes (city).

paragraphs: First settlement were on Rhodes at the 16th century before Christ.

paragraphs: Rhodes was an important Fort for the Knights of St. John in their war against the Turkish invasion. In 1644 the Turkish occupied Rhodes.

paragraphs: 1912 Italy won the Dodecanese from Turkey, 1943 the German took them over, 1945 the British. Since 1946 the Islands belong to Greece.

paragraphs: Rhodes lives mostly on tourism industry now.

paragraphs: During antiquity, Rhodes was an ancient Greek state. Rhodes' people belonged to the Greek race of Dorians. In those days there were three important towns in the island - Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysos. Later, during the fourth century B.C., Rhodes city was founded. Between the third and first century B.C. Rhodes was a powerful state.

paragraphs: In the first century, Rhodes was conquered by the Romans. Later it came under Byzantine rule. In the Middle Ages, it was conquered by the Knights of St. John, who were crusaders. They built the big castles in the city of Rhodes. Later, it came under Turkish rule, Italian rule and in the year 1946 was united with Greece.


title: Tenerife

paragraphs: Tenerife is one of the seven Canary Islands. It is part of the province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, the capital of the province being on the island. The other province in the canary Islands is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. With 899.833 inhabitants, Tenerife is the most populated island of the Canary Islands and Spain.

paragraphs: The flag adopted by the island is that of a white St Andrew's cross on a navy blue background this is due to St Andrew being the patron saint of the island.

paragraphs: Geologically it grew up from a volcano, the Teide. This volcano has had many violent eruptions over its very long history, the most recent of those eruptions took place in 1909.

paragraphs: Island capital is Santa Cruz de Tenerife, other important cities are Puerto de la Cruz, La Orotava, Arona, Adeje and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, all in the north of the island. Also important town of Candelaria, where they worship the patron saint of the Canary Islands, the Virgin of Candelaria.

paragraphs: The island is currently dependent on the tourism industry for much of its income.

paragraphs: Tenerife has two international airports, one in the south near the centres of tourism in Playa de Las Americas, Costa Adeje and Los Cristianos, and one in the north near Santa Cruz, which is where the world's worst plane disaster happened on March 27, 1977. Two Boeing 747 planes collided on the runway and killed 583 people.

paragraphs: The biggest tourist attractions are the volcano Teide (top is more than 3,000 m above sea level) and the Loro Parque in Puerto de la Cruz.


title: Mallorca

paragraphs: Majorca (or Mallorca) is a Spanish island in the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the Balearic Islands. About 869,067 people (as of January 1, 2010) live on Mallorca, making it the second most populated island of Spain. Palma de Mallorca is the capital of Mallorca. Palma has a population of 375,000. Mallorca has one international airport and one university. The economy of the island depends on the tourism industry.

paragraphs: Other important cities in Mallorca are Calvià (43.499), Manacor (35.908), Llucmajor (29.891), Marratxí (28.237), Inca (26.504), Felanitx (16.566), Pollença (15.987), Alcúdia (15.897) and Sóller (12.521).


title: Huế

paragraphs: Huế is a city and a district in Central Vietnam. About 200,000 people live in the city of Huế. From 1802 to 1945 Huế was the capital city of Vietnam under the Nguyen Dynasty. Today people can visit the Imperial City, where the Nguyen emperors would live and rule, and the tombs of the Nguyen emperors. Huế has an Medicinical University and is the seat of an archebishop.

paragraphs: The city is famous for food that is unique to the city, especially the dish bun bo Hue.

paragraphs: It was also the place where the Battle of Huế was fought, which was one of the longest and deadliest battles in the Vietnam War.


title: Nha Trang

paragraphs: Nha Thrang (no diacritics) is a city with about 350,000 inhabitants in the middle south of Vietnam. Its name is spelled with no diacritics in the Vietnamese language. It lives on tourism and fishing industry.


title: Da Nang

paragraphs: Da Nang is the biggest city in central Vietnam and the fourth largest city in Vietnam. It has about 870,000 people (2010). It is a popular city for tourism because of its beaches. Nearby is Hoi An, a popular tourist town, and Hue, Vietnam's former capital. Its airport, Da Nang International Airport, used to also be used as as airbase to fight against North Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.


title: Rostock

paragraphs: Rostock is a city in the northeast of Germany. It is in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

paragraphs: It has over 200,000 people (204,260 in December 2011) and an old university (founded in 1419). The town is on the river Warnow. The mayor is Roland Methling. The city today carries the name "Hansestadt" (Hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been an important part of the Hanseatic League. The architecture of the city and the region is influenced by this historic period.

paragraphs: Rostock is on the Baltic Sea. It has an important harbor. A district of the city, Warnemünde, is famous for its long beaches. It has a humid continental climate ("Dfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).

paragraphs: The most important football club of Rostock is F.C. Hansa Rostock. It is in the German Bundesliga.

paragraphs: Other major Hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Lübeck, Wismar, Stralsund, Bremen, Greifswald and Demmin.


title: Ingolstadt

paragraphs: Ingolstadt is a city in the German state of Bavaria near Munich. It is on the Danube river and has about 127,000 inhabitants.

paragraphs: In 1472, Bavaria's first university was founded in Ingolstadt. The Bavarian "Reinheitsgebot", a regulation about the purity of beer, was started there in 1516. The car manufacturer Audi has its main base in Ingolstadt.

paragraphs: Ingolstadt is also the setting of Mary Shelley's famous novel "Frankenstein".


title: Jena

paragraphs: Jena is a city in the middle of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.

paragraphs: About 103,000 people live there. Jena has a university called Friedrich Schiller University.

paragraphs: Jena partly lies in the middle hall valley between from mixed woodlands covered shelly limestone and sandstone slopes (geological phenomena are among other things the devil holes and the student chute). On them numerous partially rare Orchideenarten occurs. From north to south Jena is wide, and from east to west . The following larger cities are close to Jena: Gera, approx. east, Erfurt, approx. west, Weimar, approx. west, Naumburg (Saale), approx. northeast, is (Saale), to approx. northeast, Leipzig, approx. northeast and Chemnitz, approx. east, Rudolstadt, approx. south.


title: Paderborn

paragraphs: Paderborn is a city in the middle west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. The name of the city derives from the river Pader and "born", an old German term for the source of a river. The river Pader originates in more than 200 springs near Paderborn Cathedral.

paragraphs: It has about 150,338 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: Paderborn has got a football club in the first mens league in Germany (SC Paderborn 07) and a basketball team in the 2nd German league (Paderborn Baskets).

paragraphs: Pope John Paul II visited Paderborn in 1996 and Pope Leo III visited Paderborn in 799.

paragraphs: Paderborn has got a very big cathedral. It was built by Charlemagne ("Karl der Große").


title: Darmstadt

paragraphs: Darmstadt is a city in Germany, in the state of Hesse. It has about 140,000 inhabitants and a university. The chemical element named darmstadtium is named after the city.


title: Kassel

paragraphs: Kassel is a city in Germany, in the state of Hessen.

paragraphs: It has about 195,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: Every 5 years there is an international arts exhibition "documenta" in Kassel. The best football team KSV Hessen Kassel plays in the Regionalliga, the fourth Division in Germany.


title: His Holiness

paragraphs: His Holiness "(short form "HH")" is the official title to address (name) a leader of a religion. Catholics refer to the Pope using this style, while Buddhists use this when talking about the Tibetan Lamaist leader, the Dalai Lama.


title: Cottbus

paragraphs: Cottbus is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Brandenburg.

paragraphs: Cottbus has about 105,000 inhabitants and is the second largest city after Potsdam in Brandenburg. It lies southeast of Berlin on the River Spree. There are two universities, the Brandenburgische Technische Universität (BTU) and the Hochschule Lausitz.


title: Mönchengladbach

paragraphs: Mönchengladbach is a city in the very west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia.

paragraphs: It is 35 km from Düsseldorf and 15 km from the Netherlands away.

paragraphs: It has about 260,000 inhabitants and a well-known soccer team, Borussia Mönchengladbach.


title: Regensburg

paragraphs: Regensburg (Czech "Řezno") is a city in the south of Germany, in the east of the state of Bavaria.

paragraphs: It has about 138,000 inhabitants and a university.

paragraphs: Konrad of Megenberg died in the city in 1374.


title: Mannheim

paragraphs: Mannheim is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the north-west of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: The city was built in the Rhine River valley where the Rhine and the Neckar Rivers meet. The city of Ludwigshafen is on the opposite bank of the Rhine. Mannheim and Ludwigshafen together with Heidelberg and other cities make a big area called "Rhine-Neckar-Area" or "Rhein-Neckar Triangle". Nearly 2.4 million people live in this area.

paragraphs: About 294,000 people live in the city. Mannheim is the biggest city in "Rhine-Neckar-Area". It has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).

paragraphs: Mannheim has universities. The city has a history of important transport inventions. The first automobile, tractor and draisine (or velocipede, as the earliest recognisable bicycles were called) were all made or presented for the first time in Mannheim.

paragraphs: During World War II almost all of the old city was destroyed. The houses were built again after the war. Year 2007 was the city's 400th birthday.

paragraphs: Mannheim is now an important city because of its business power and culture. It has very good transport connections, by road, rail and water.


title: Kaiserslautern

paragraphs: It has about 100,000 inhabitants, a university and a well-known soccer team.


title: Dordrecht

paragraphs: Dordrecht is a city in the Netherlands, in the province South Holland.

paragraphs: Dordrecht was founded in 1047 and got its City Rights in 1220. It was the first city in the west of the Netherlands to get City Rights.

paragraphs: In 1572 the Dutch Dukes under Willem van Oranien declared their independence from Spain in Dordrecht.

paragraphs: Dordrecht has about 120,000 inhabitants. It has a marine harbour, metal and food industry.


title: 's-Hertogenbosch

paragraphs: 's-Hertogenbosch () is a municipality in the Netherlands, and also the capital of the province of North Brabant. It is in the southern Netherlands, south of Amsterdam.

paragraphs: In 2015, Maasdonk became a part to 's-Hertogenbosch.


title: Razorlight

paragraphs: Razorlight are an Anglo-Swedish indie rock band. They formed in 2002.

paragraphs: Razorlight are best known for the songs "Golden Touch", "Somewhere Else" and "In the Morning".


title: Gran Canaria

paragraphs: Gran Canaria is one of the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: The capital and biggest city is Las Palmas de Gran Canaria in the north of the island. Economical centre (tourism) of the island is in the south. Gran Canaria is the second most populous island of the Canary Islands, after Tenerife.

paragraphs: Gran Canaria lives - like most of the Canary Islands - mainly on tourism, although Las Palmas does have one of the most important ports in the Atlantic.

paragraphs: The touristic centres Maspalomas and Playa del Ingles in the south are especially popular.

paragraphs: The climate varies very little through the year. Gran Canaria is very popular for its party tourism.

paragraphs: The international airport is farther north.

paragraphs: The administration of the Canary Islands is shared between Tenerife and Gran Canaria.


title: Bremerhaven

paragraphs: Bremerhaven is a city in the north of Germany, in the state of Bremen. It is where the rivers Weser and Geeste meet.

paragraphs: Bremerhaven has more than 115,000 people. It lives mostly on its marine industry. The city was founded in 1827.

paragraphs: A city called Geestemünde was founded in 1847 as a "rival" of Bremerhaven. Some villages around Bremerhaven are older.

paragraphs: Geestemünde and Lehe were joined together in 1927 to Wesermünde. Wesermünde and Bremerhaven were unified in 1939 to Wesermünde. After the Second World War the city was called Bremerhaven.

paragraphs: Bremerhaven was one of the important harbours of emigration in Europe. In 2005 a museum of emigration opened in Bremerhaven (the "Deutsches Auswanderhaus").

paragraphs: Bremerhaven has a railway station Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof that opened in 1914. It was in Geestemünde in 1862. It was the first railway station in the area.

paragraphs: Bremerhaven has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Köppen climate classification).


title: Jamie Oliver

paragraphs: Jamie Oliver MBE (James Trevor Oliver, born 27 May 1975) is a British celebrity chef, restaurateur, and media personality. He is known for his television shows, cookbooks and restaurants. He has highlighted the need for improved cooking in schools and hospitals.

paragraphs: Oliver was born in the village of Clavering in Essex, where he still lives. His parents run a bar/restaurant where he practised cooking as a youngster.

paragraphs: He was educated in Newport Free Grammar School. He graduated at the age of sixteen with two GCSE qualifications in geology and art. He went on to attend the Westminster Catering College, which is now known as the Westminster Kingsway College. From there he earned what is known as a City & Guilds NVQ (National Vocational Qualification) in home economics.

paragraphs: Oliver’s first job was a pastry chef at Antonio Carluccio’s Neal’s Yard Restaurant, where he prepared his first Italian cuisine therefore gaining good, helpful experience. He also developed a great relationship with his mentor Gennaro Contaldo. Later on in his career, he offered Contaldo an employment where he could help run Oliver’s thriving selection of High Street restaurants, Jamie’s Italian. Then Oliver became a sous chef of The River Café in Fulham.

paragraphs: In 2005, Oliver started his 'school dinners' campaign to improve the quality of food fed to pupils in schools. At the time it was a controversial shake-up for students and parents, Many of whom preferred food from fast food outlets ("junk food"). Some thought the students should have a healthy option available, but still be allowed to choose what they wanted to eat.

paragraphs: In a four-part documentary TV series Oliver ran the kitchen meals in Kidbrooke School, Greenwich, for a year. He was disgusted by the unhealthy food being served to schoolchildren, and the lack of healthy alternatives on offer. His campaign to improve the standard of Britain’s school meals eventually persuaded the British Government to spend £280m on school dinners.


title: Neuss

paragraphs: Neuss is a city in the west of Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. In the local dialect it is called "Nüss" or Neuß. Neuss has about 150,000 inhabitants. It is on the Rhine, opposite the big city of Düsseldorf.

paragraphs: Neuss was founded by the Romans about 2,000 years ago. The Romans called the town "Castra Novesia".


title: Oberhausen

paragraphs: Oberhausen is a city in Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr Area. Oberhausen has about 220,000 inhabitants. It was dominated by industry like most towns in the Ruhr Area. The city hosts the International Short Film Festival Oberhausen.


title: Giessen

paragraphs: Gießen or Giessen is a city in the German state of Hesse.

paragraphs: It is north of Frankfurt. Giessen has about

paragraphs: 73,000 inhabitants. The university of Giessen has about 20,000 students.

paragraphs: The German word "Giessen" means "to pour" in English, as "to pour a glass of water." The city is on the banks of the Lahn River, and it is surrounded by many lakes and streams.

paragraphs: Universities in Gießen are the "University of Gießen" and the "University of Applied Sciences Gießen-Friedberg"


title: Ludwigshafen

paragraphs: Ludwigshafen am Rhein (literally: "Ludwigshafen on the Rhine"), commonly referred to as "Ludwigshafen", is to Mannheim the second largest city of the Metropolregion Rhein-Neckar.

paragraphs: Ludwigshafen is independent of the local district government, but is administrative seat of the surrounding district.

paragraphs: Ludwigshafen lies on the westbank of the Rhine River.

paragraphs: As one of the five upper centers of the country Rhineland-Palatinate Ludwigshafen forms the core of the European Metropolregion Rhine Neckar triangle together with its neighbour city of Baden-Wuerttemberg Mannheim. Further nearer-lying large cities are Heidelberg (about 25 km southeast), Karlsruhe (about 50 km south) and Mainz (about 60 km north).

paragraphs: The number of people of the city of Ludwigshafen on the Rhine exceeded the 100,000 by the year 1925. Nowadays it has about 160,000 people, who lives mostly on the chemical industry.


title: Krefeld

paragraphs: Krefeld is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, near Düsseldorf.


title: Zwickau

paragraphs: Zwickau is a city in the German state of Saxony. It has under 100,000 inhabitants.


title: Anton Praetorius

paragraphs: Anton Praetorius (1560 in Lippstadt – 6 December 1613 near Heidelberg) was a German Calvinist pastor, theologian and writer.

paragraphs: Anton Praetorius was the son of Matthes Schulze. He later changed his name to "Praetorius".

paragraphs: Praetorius wrote a poem about the Heidelberg Wine Barrel in the Heidelberg Castle in city of Heidelberg in October 1595.

paragraphs: In 1596 he worked as a pastor in the church in Birstein near Frankfurt am Main in Hesse. There Praetorius worked for a prince and wrote church songs and books of religion in the year 1597.

paragraphs: Praetorius fought against torture and against the hunting of witches. Some women were accused of being witches. People thought that witches can do harm to others. So these women were arrested and put in prison.

paragraphs: In 1597 Anton Praetorius protested against the torture of women accused of witchcraft.

paragraphs: Praetorius was so shocked about the torture of the accused woman that he demanded a stop. His protest was successful.

paragraphs: In 1598 he wrote a book to protest against torture and the prosecution of witches. The book was published again in 1602, 1613 and in 1629. Praetorius described the terrible situation of the prisoners and protested against torture.

paragraphs: Praetorius was a Protestant minister. He believed that man can do either good or bad things. However, God chooses certain people to do certain things. Those things can be good or bad. According to Praetorius, witchcraft can only be a fall from the favour of God, and a pact with the devil. But, neither the devil nor sorcerers can do more than is in their nature (and predestination). God will punish those who are witches or sorcerers. This however, does not give human courts a right to put those to death, they believe are guilty of the crime of witchcraft. For Praetorius, witchcraft cannot exist, because it is beyond the faculties of either man or the devil. It is also against Nature.


title: Hagen

paragraphs: Hagen is a city in the Arnsberg Government Region in the Ruhr area in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany.


title: Hamm

paragraphs: Hamm is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region


title: Herne, North Rhine-Westphalia

paragraphs: Herne is a German city, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area. It is part of the Arnsberg Government Region


title: Mülheim

paragraphs: Mülheim an der Ruhr is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area.


title: Solingen

paragraphs: Solingen is a city in Germany, in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is near Düsseldorf and Wuppertal.


title: Europa (moon)

paragraphs: Europa is a large moon of the planet Jupiter. It is a little smaller than Earth's Moon and it is the sixth largest moon in the solar system.

paragraphs: Europa's diameter is about 3000 kilometers. It probably has an iron core, and an atmosphere that's mostly oxygen. The surface is icy and very smooth. There are not a lot of craters, but there are some cracks and lines. Because the surface is so young and smooth, scientists believe that there is a liquid ocean under the surface, a so-called subsurface (below the surface) ocean, and that it is kept warm by tidal heating. In other words, Jupiter's strong gravitational pull on Europa makes it warm.

paragraphs: The moon Europa was found by Simon Marius in December 1609. Galileo Galilei first saw the moon in January 1610 (he did not know Marius had found it). Simon Marius was the one who had the idea of the name 'Europa'.

paragraphs: The moon Europa is named after a princess from Greek mythology who became the first queen of Crete. However, people usually called Europa 'Jupiter II' until the middle of the 20th century.


title: Keane

paragraphs: Keane are an English rock band. They started in East Sussex. They are known for using pianos and their little use of guitars in their music. They listen to artists like The Beatles, U2 and Oasis.

paragraphs: Tim Rice-Oxley and Dom Scott composed the songs that the band played from 1997 to 2001. When Dom left in 2001, Tim composed all the future songs.

paragraphs: Pianist Tim Rice-Oxley and singer Tom Chaplin were friends since they were kids. Rice-Oxley's brother was born on the same day and hospital in 1979.

paragraphs: They studied at Vinehall School and later at Tonbridge School. There, they met the other member of the band, Richard Hughes.

paragraphs: Tim made the band in 1995 with his friend Dominic Scott. They named the band "The Lotus Eaters". They changed their name to "Cherry Keane" in 1997, when Chaplin entered the band. Cherry Keane was a woman who served tea at Tim and Tom's school. The name changed again to "Keane". In an interview on 2006, Rice-Oxley said that the band was called Coldplay, but he gave this name to a friend (Chris Martin, of Coldplay).

paragraphs: Keane began playing songs by other artists, but soon they wanted to play their own songs.

paragraphs: Their first live performance (gig) was in 1998, at the "Hope & Anchor" pub (bar) in England.

paragraphs: They made 2 CDs and sold at the pubs where they played. Scott left the band in 2001. Tim wrote "Everybody's Changing" for this.

paragraphs: In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda went to a Keane gig in and he offered to make the band's next and first commercial single (song), "Everybody's Changing".

paragraphs: After another single, in 2004, Island Records invited Keane to make a single with them. "Everybody's Changing" was made after "Somewhere Only We Know". An album was released in May and called "Hopes And Fears". The album was very successful and it was the second best-seller album of the year.

paragraphs: The album sold five million (5,000,000) copies. In 2006, they competed for a Grammy but they lost.

paragraphs: Keane began recording their second album, "Under the Iron Sea", in 2005, with producer Andy Green.

paragraphs: The first two singles from the album were "Atlantic" and "Is It Any Wonder?". Now, the album has sold one million (2,000,000) copies in the world.

paragraphs: Their third album is called "Perfect Symmetry" produced with Island Records. It was released 13 October 2008 to favourable reviews. According to international Island Records manager, Jon Turner, "the general international feel is of excitement and 'Spiralling' is a favourite track of the US company.". The album included the singles "Spiralling", "The Lovers Are Losing", "Perfect Symmetry" and "Better Than This".

paragraphs: The band's fourth album was released in May 2012 through Island Records. It went straight to No.1 in the UK Albums Chart. It included the singles "Silenced By The Night", "Disconnected", "Sovereign Light Cafe" and "Black Rain". The album cover is photographed in Bexhill-On-Sea in East Sussex, which is where the Sovereign Light Cafe is located and where the video for "Sovereign Light Cafe" was filmed.

paragraphs: The band's fifth album after a five year hiatus released on September 20th 2019. The band got together in 2018 and started to work on a new album after Rice-Oxley had been through a divorce and Chaplin had been through therapy for addiction. It included the singles "The Way I Feel", "Love Too Much" and "Stupid Things". It reached number 2 in the charts.


title: Tim Rice-Oxley

paragraphs: Timothy James Rice-Oxley (born 2 June 1976, in Oxford, England) is an English musician. He is the pianist of rock band Keane. He plays piano and bass. He also writes the songs for the band.

paragraphs: He took piano lessons which he hated. This because he had to play classic music and he thought it was boring. Later, he began playing the piano listening to The Beatles. In 2004, he won the Ivor Novello award for Best composer of the year.

paragraphs: In 1995, his friend Dominic Scott told him to make a band. The band was called "The Lotus Eaters". They asked Richard Hughes to play the drums. Tom Chaplin would play bass. Rice-Oxley and Chaplin had been friends since they were children. In 1997, Rice-Oxley asked Chaplin to sing. The band changed its name to "Keane". When Scott left the band in 2001, Rice-Oxley started playing piano again and recording bass separately. He still does that.


title: Tom Chaplin

paragraphs: Thomas "Tom" Oliver Chaplin (born 8 March 1979) is the singer of the rock band Keane. He comes from Battle, East Sussex.

paragraphs: He went to Tonbridge school with his friend Tim Rice-Oxley. There they met Richard Hughes and Dominic Scott. He was invited to join the band in 1997, when the name "The Lotus Eaters" was changed to "Cherry Keane".

paragraphs: When the band moved to London trying to get a record deal, Tom left his Art History studies at the Edinburgh University in 1999 to join the band. With Scott in the band as the lead guitarist, Tom played the acoustic guitar. After Scott left in 2001, he took the lead vocals, but also plays the keyboard on some songs. Since Scott left, the band has not used guitars, with their first album using only keyboards, drums and vocals.

paragraphs: Chaplin also took part in Band Aid 20's re-recording of Do They Know It's Christmas in November 2004.

paragraphs: Nowadays he has two solo albuns (2017's The Wave and Twelve Tales of Christmas), and made a tour around the world, specially in Britain and Europe. The first tour was about he launched The Wave. And, the second, with the album Twelve Tales of Christmas.

paragraphs: Tom rejoined Keane in 2018/2019 and in September 2019 they released their 5th Studio album, Cause and Effect, which toured Europe, USA and Latin America throughout 2019.

paragraphs: During such tour, Tom opened up during interviews about overcoming cocaine addiction and Tim Rice-Oxley family misfortunes that led the songwriter to compose the album songs and approaching Tom in the Christmas of 2018.

paragraphs: He has a child called Freya with his wife Nat; she is four years old.


title: Somewhere Only We Know

paragraphs: "Somewhere Only We Know" is a song by English band Keane. It is their third single. The song is played using a piano, drums and bass. The song was the first single from the album "Hopes and Fears". The single was very popular in the United Kingdom and world wide.

paragraphs: "Somewhere Only We Know" was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in 2001.

paragraphs: The song was first played on the guitar, just before Dominic Scott left the band. It was recorded as a demo the same year with piano instead of the guitar. Keane recorded the final version in 2003 at the Helioscentric Studios, East Sussex for the album.

paragraphs: Keane played this song at the historical concert Live 8 in London.

paragraphs: The drummer for Keane, Richard Hughes, said that the band had been asked if the song was about a place. He said that Rice-Oxley had said that to the members of the band it might be about a place or a feeling. He also said that the song can mean something to each person and each person can relate the song to their own memories. He felt that the song was more of a theme than being about any single place or time.

paragraphs: Look at the interview for this song, the place that only we know is when friends get High together.

paragraphs: "Somewhere Only We Know" has been released two times as a single. Each time it had a different b-side.

paragraphs: The lyrics of "Walnut Tree" talk about waiting for someone or something. Rice-Oxley has not talked about a real meaning to this. The song appeared on the "" soundtrack.

paragraphs: "Snowed Under" talks about a place called "Manser's Shaw". This is a place where the band used to spent their days. It was inspired by a poem

paragraphs: "Snowed Under" was the only b-side played live during 2004, 2005 and early 2006.

paragraphs: There are three music videos for this song:

paragraphs: Keane comes out of a studio and takes a taxi. Then they come across a forest where the "simple thing" aliens live. Each alien represents the spirit of a tree. The video was directed by Colin Hardy.

paragraphs: The video is the same without the "simple thing" aliens

paragraphs: This video was made in May 29 2004 in Hollywood, California. It was directed by The Saline Project.


title: Under the Iron Sea

paragraphs: Under the Iron Sea is the second album by rock band Keane. It was launched in June 2006.

paragraphs: There is a version with a bonus DVD. This includes videos and demo versions of songs.

paragraphs: The title of the album comes from the phrase "I lost my heart. I buried it too deep under the iron sea," of the eighth (8th) song, "Crystal Ball".

paragraphs: In its first week sold 222,297 copies. It was #1 in UK and #4 in US.

paragraphs: The album had sold 1,000,000 copies to date.

paragraphs: Note: Some editions combine "The Iron Sea" with "Put It Behind You," with a length of 6:33.


title: Everybody's Changing

paragraphs: "Everybody's Changing" is the first single by the rock band Keane. It was released two times. It was the first Keane CD to be sold in stores.

paragraphs: There are two different versions of the song. The song was first composed in 2001 by Tim Rice-Oxley. The first version was recorded at Keane's home. The second one at the Helioscentric Studios in East Sussex.

paragraphs: In December 2002, Simon Williams of Fierce Panda Records saw Keane in a pub. He wanted to record one of their songs for the radio. The song chosen was "Everybody's Changing". They made a CD single and released it on May 2003.

paragraphs: After Keane signed to Island Records, there was another single, "Somewhere Only We Know". However, they wanted to release "Everybody's Changing" again. This time it was released as an Island single. The record was released on May 2004

paragraphs: The CDs for each version had one or two other songs on them.

paragraphs: "To the End of the Earth" was composed in guitar. A demo version played on guitar was also recorded. It was composed by Tim Rice-Oxley in 2000. The song was re-recorded for the single.

paragraphs: "Fly to Me" has been thought to be Keane's most beautiful song. Official sheet music for the song is found in the Wise Publication's book of "Hopes and Fears".

paragraphs: "The Way You Want It" is a piano and voice song. It appeared on the Fierce Panda version. The song appears on the "Strangers DVD" as well.

paragraphs: There are two music videos for this song:


title: Dominic Scott

paragraphs: Dominic "Dom" Scott (15 May 1979) is an Irish guitarist. He is known for being the guitarist of the rock band Keane. In 1995 he asked his friend Tim Rice-Oxley to form a band. They named the band "The Lotus Eaters". They invited Richard Hughes to play the drums.

paragraphs: In 1997 Rice-Oxley asked Scott and Hughes to let Tom Chaplin join the band. Scott and Hughes firstly refused but then accepted.

paragraphs: He left in 2001, after the single "Wolf at the Door" because of musical differences with Rice-Oxley. His exit was friendly. Keane wrote a message on their official page on 14 November 2001 saying this:

paragraphs: Rice-Oxley also said in an interview in Mexico: "Dom is a great fan of U2 so maybe we'll met in New York" (Because Keane was the opening band for U2 in 2005).


title: Langeoog

paragraphs: Langeoog (Low German: Long Island) is a German Island in the North Sea.

paragraphs: Langeoog is about 10 kilometers long (from east to west), has a 14 kilometer long beach and covers an area of about 20 km². There are about 2000 people living on Langeoog.

paragraphs: Cars are not allowed to drive on Langeoog. People on the Island use bikes. The port and the village are linked with a small railway, the so-called "Inselbahn" (Island's Rail). The Railway is about 2.4 kilometers long.

paragraphs: The harbour of Langeoog is quite big. It was built in World War II by the German Navy. Today the harbour is used by ferries, that connect Langoog with the harbour of Bensersiel on the coast. The Langeoog harbour is also used by sailors, some fishermen and the German Society for Rescuing Ship-Wreckers.

paragraphs: There is also a little airfield on Langeoog.

paragraphs: The landmark of Langeoog is the Water-Tower, that was built in 1909 on top of a dune near the village.

paragraphs: Tourism is the main source of income for Langeoog's economy. There are several hotels. The youth hostel can be found several kilometers outside the village.


title: Shirt

paragraphs: A shirt is a kind of cloth which is made to cover your upper body. In North America, shirts can mean T-shirts, polo shirts, etc. In Britain, a shirt has a collar, sleeves with cuffs and split in half with buttons on one side. (North Americans would call this a "dress shirt", a specific type of "collared shirt"). Some shirts have sleeves, that cover your arms. T-shirts are a type of shirt that has shorter sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders. Shirts that do not have sleeves are called "sleeveless".

paragraphs: The basic measurements are from XXXL (extra large) to XXS (extra small) used during industrial productions.

paragraphs: More accurate measurements use the collar, which has indication from 37 cm (14 in) up to 50 cm.

paragraphs: Only shirts made by tailors (people who make clothes as a living) use many measurements for a shirt that fits the best.


title: T-shirt

paragraphs: A T-shirt or tee shirt is a kind of shirt which has short sleeves. These sleeves cover the shoulders and the top of the arm, but they do not cover the elbow or the forearm. T-shirts are usually made from cotton fabric or fabric which contains a mix of cotton and polyester. T-shirts are usually considered a casual type of clothing. Both men and women wear T-shirts in Western countries, such as the United States, Canada, England, and France. In some countries, such as Muslim countries, women do not wear T-shirts outside of the home.


title: Sleeve

paragraphs: A sleeve is a piece of material which covers an arm. It is usually a part of a shirt or other garment.


title: Taxi

paragraphs: A taxi (taxicab or cab in the United States) is a car, or other vehicle which is used for public transport. People use them to get to where they want to go. This means there are no stops in between where they get on and where they get off. Many big cities have taxis.

paragraphs: In most other types of public transport, such as a bus, tram, or train, the rider does not get to choose the locations where they want to get picked up or dropped off. These vehicles often take certain roads or follow a very specific route. Because of this, they usually do not stop exactly where people want to go.

paragraphs: Riding a taxi is a lot like having your own car, but you don't drive it. You only tell the taxi driver where you want to go and he or she will take you there. How much you pay for the ride, in most cases, depends on how far you are going from where you get on. It is common for the price for a taxi ride to be more expensive than other forms of transport.

paragraphs: The first taxi-type system started in Paris and London in the early 17th century. These were carts pulled by (carriages) and could be hired. The monarchies that ruled these cities controlled the rules. In the 19th century, Hansom cabs were mostly used because of their higher level of safety.

paragraphs: The 1891 invention by German Wilhelm Bruhn of the taximeter helped establish the modern taxi. The first modern meter-equipped taxicab was the Daimler Victoria, built by Gottlieb Daimler in 1897. The first motorized taxi company began operating in Stuttgart the same year.

paragraphs: The term "taximeter" is an adaptation of the French word 'taximètre', and the German word 'taxameter'. It means measuring a tax or fee.


title: Eastbourne

paragraphs: Eastbourne is a large town in East Sussex, on the south coast of England between Brighton and Hastings. It is in the county of Sussex. It is a place where people go on holiday and also where non-English speakers go to learn English. It is at the eastern end of the chalk hills called the South Downs, and next to the high cliff at Beachy Head. The town was built in the early 19th century for people to visit the seaside. A railway station was built in 1849.

paragraphs: Eastbourne lies next to chalk hills called the South Downs. The famous chalk cliffs Beachy Head is in the town. Eastbourne's architecture and buildings are mainly from the Victorian and Georgian periods. Eastbourne has recently built a marina called Sovereign Harbour which makes the town bigger.

paragraphs: Eastbourne's population was approximately 97,992 in 2009.

paragraphs: Most jobs in Eastbourne are in tourism or tourism-related services.

paragraphs: As of 7 May 2015, the MP for Eastbourne is Caroline Ansell. She is a member of the Conservatives.

paragraphs: Eastbourne Borough Council has 27 members (called councillors). Currently, there are 15 Conservative councillors, 11 Liberal Democrat councillors and one independent councillor. The leader of the council is Councillor Ian Lucas.

paragraphs: There have been people living in the Eastbourne area since 4000BC, but the town did not develop until around 1150AD. St. Mary's Church (now in Eastbourne's Old Town) was first built between 1160 and 1190. Eastbourne was strategically important during the Napoleonic Wars and had a Martello Tower built from 1804 to 1810. The tower is one of few Martello Towers that are still standing, and is now called the Wish Tower.

paragraphs: The town became much bigger after a railway station was built there in 1849. It joined Eastbourne to London, Brighton and the South Coast Railway. From 1858, William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Burlington (later 7th Duke of Cavendish) invested a lot of money into the town. The elegant areas of Meads, Devonshire Park and the Western Parades were developed as a result of his investment. Cavendish's influence is recognised by many place and business names in Eastbourne, for example: the Cavendish School, the Burlington Hotel, or the Devonshire Park Theatre.

paragraphs: Eastbourne Pier was first built in 1865. It is a famous symbol of Eastbourne and today houses amusement arcades, a nightclub and a public house. It also has a rare, working camera obscura.


title: Sunburn

paragraphs: A sunburn is a kind of burn that happens when skin is exposed to sunlight for too long. The ultraviolet part of sunlight breaks down natural chemicals in the skin. This makes the skin become red. A sunburn can be painful. Sunburns stay for days or weeks.

paragraphs: People with lighter skin have more sunburns than people with darker skin. This is because of a dark pigment called melanin that protects the skin. There is more of it in dark-skinned people than in light-skinned people. Eventually, if exposed to too much sunlight, skin cancer may develop.


title: Antwerp

paragraphs: Antwerpen is a city in Antwerp province in the north of Belgium. It is at 51° 12 North, 04° 24 East.

paragraphs: It is the capital of the province with the same name.

paragraphs: In 2007, 466,203 people lived there. The city is divided in 9 zones, called districts:


title: Trieste

paragraphs: Trieste is a city in the north-east of Italy in the region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

paragraphs: Trieste was a Roman city that in the Middle Ages was under the control of the Republic of Venice. Later was under austrian domination until the first years of the XX century, when Italian irredentism was very strong in Trieste.

paragraphs: The Austrians tried to erase the Italian roots of the population, even promoting the immigration of many Slovenes inside the city, but this created a strong support for the irredentism's ideal of "Union to Italy" from most of the Italian speaking inhabitants of Trieste.

paragraphs: Indeed, together with Trento, Trieste was the main focus of the Italian irredentist movement, which aimed for the annexation to Italy of all the lands they claimed were inhabited by an Italian speaking population. Many local Italians enrolled voluntarily in the Royal Italian Army during WWI (a notable example is the writer Scipio Slataper).

paragraphs: The population of Trieste, practically nearly all Italian, promoted this union of the city to Italy in 1918, and since the end of WWI the city has been the capital of the Italian region called "Venezia Giulia".

paragraphs: The population is 207.069 ab. (2004). It was nearly 300,000 after WWII because many Italian refugees flooded the city as a consequence of the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus.

paragraphs: These days, Trieste is important because of its shipbuilding industry, science parks, universities and "history on the border of western Europe". Trieste will be connected to the Italian "TAV railway" (High Speed) network: a 300 km/hour fast train route is going to connect Trieste with Venice in the next years.

paragraphs: During the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Trieste became a leading European city in economy, trade and commerce, and was the fourth largest and most important center in the Empire, after Vienna, Budapest and Prague. However the economy of Trieste fell into a small decline after the city's annexation to Italy following World War I, because was cut off from the "Mittleurope".

paragraphs: But Fascist Italy promoted a huge development of Trieste in the 1930s, with new manufacturing activities related even to naval and armament industries (like the famous "Cantieri Aeronautici Navali Triestini (CANT)"). Allied bombings during WWII destroyed the industrial section of the city (mainly the shipyards).

paragraphs: As a consequence Trieste was a mainly peripheral city during the Cold War. However, since the 1970s, Trieste has had a huge economic boom, thanks to a significant commercial shipping business to the container terminal, steel works and an oil terminal.

paragraphs: Trieste is also Italy's and Mediterranean's (and one of Europe's) greatest coffee ports, as the city supplies more than 40% of Italy's coffee. Coffee brands, such as Illy, were founded and are headquartered in the city. Currently, Trieste is one of Europe's most important ports and centres for trade and transport, with Trieste being part of the "Corridor 5" plan, to create a bigger transport connection between Western and Eastern European countries.


title: Offenbach am Main

paragraphs: Offenbach is a city in the German state of Hesse. It is on the river Main near Frankfurt am Main. The city has about 120,000 people. The "Deutscher Wetterdienst" (German weather service) is in Offenbach.

paragraphs: Until the early 1970s the economy of Offenbach was mainly the machine-building and leather industries. The city is the home of the German Association for Electrical, Electronic and Information Technologies until today.

paragraphs: Offenbach has the following twin cities:


title: Heilbronn

paragraphs: Heibronn () is a city in Germany in the state of Baden-Württemberg. With about 117,000 people, Heilbronn is the sixth largest town in Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: Heilbronn is also on the river Neckar and is known for the wine which was grown in their region and the Kätchen a famous sign.


title: Hildesheim

paragraphs: It has about 110,000 people living there.

paragraphs: Hildesheim is one of the oldest cities in North Germany. The city may have been founded when the bishop moved from Elze to the Innerste ford, where it was an important market on the Hellweg trade route. The settlement soon grew into a town which was granted market rights by King Otto III in 983. Originally the market was held on a street called Old Market ("Alter Markt"), which still exists today. The first market place was laid out around Saint Andrew's Church. As the city grew larger, a larger market place became more important. The current market place in Hildesheim was made at the start of the 13th century when the city had a population of about 5,000. When Hildesheim obtained city rights in 1249, it was one of the largest cities in Northern Germany. For four centuries the clergy ruled Hildesheim, before a city hall was built and the citizens gained some influence and independence. Construction of the present City Hall started in 1268, and in 1367 Hildesheim became a member of the Hanseatic League. A war between the citizens and their bishop cost dearly in 1519-1523 when they engaged in a feud. Hildesheim became Protestant in 1542, and only the cathedral and a few other buildings remained in Imperial (Roman Catholic) hands. Several villages around the city remained Roman Catholic as well. In 1813, after the Napoleonic Wars, the town became part of the Kingdom of Hanover, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia after the Austro-Prussian War in 1866 as a province.

paragraphs: The city was bombed in World War II, but the bombing had little importance in the course of the war. 28.5% of the houses were destroyed and 44.7% damaged. 26.8% of the houses had no damage. The center, which still had its medieval character until then, was almost levelled. As in many cities, priority was given to rapid building of badly needed housing, and concrete structures took the place of the destroyed buildings. Fortunately, most of the major churches, two of them now UNESCO World Heritage Sites, were rebuilt in the original style soon after the war. During the war, valuable world heritage materials had been hidden in the basement of the city wall. In 1978, the University of Hildesheim was founded. In the 1980s a reconstruction of the historic center began. Some of the new concrete buildings near the marketplace were torn down. Replicas of the original buildings were built in their place.


title: Pforzheim

paragraphs: Pforzheim is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.


title: Recklinghausen

paragraphs: Recklinghausen is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, belonging to the Ruhr area. It has about 120,000 inhabitants.


title: Wolfsburg

paragraphs: Wolfsburg is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.

paragraphs: It had about 124,000 inhabitants in 2016. The automobile company Volkswagen has its main office in Wolfsburg.


title: Bergisch Gladbach

paragraphs: It is near to Cologne and has about 110,016 inhabitants.


title: Erlangen

paragraphs: Erlangen is a German city in the state of Bavaria.

paragraphs: Erlangen is near to Nuremberg ("Nürnberg"). Both cities share the University Erlangen-Nürnberg.


title: Gera

paragraphs: Gera is a city in the east of Germany, in the state of Thuringia.

paragraphs: In the beginning, "Gera" was not the name of a village or city, but of a region or district. This district was mentioned in a document for the first time in the year 995. Four years later, in 999, the Holy Roman Emperor Otto III gave this district to his sister Adelheid, who was an abbess in Quedlinburg.

paragraphs: In the center of this area, the "provincia Gera", a town with the same name was established. Another document, which is from the year 1237, said for the first time that there was a town called Gera. In this town, the abbesses of Quedlinburg had some officials which were called the "Vögte" of Gera. These officials were the ancestors of the counts and princes of Reuß, which reigned in Gera for many years, until the year 1918.

paragraphs: In the early modern period, Gera was famous for making textiles. There were some fires in which a lot of the town was destroyed, for example in 1686 and in 1780. In 1806, Napoleon was in Gera before the Battle of Jena.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, Gera became an important city of industry. Before that, Gera was a quite small town, but in the year 1900, it had already about 45,000 inhabitants.

paragraphs: In 1920, Thuringia was founded as a state of the Weimar Republic. Gera was the biggest city of the state, because Erfurt was not yet a part of Thuringia. At the end of World War II, some parts of Gera were destroyed by bombs, for example the Osterstein Castle.

paragraphs: After World War II, Gera was in the Soviet Occupation Zone and then in the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From 1952 to 1990, it was the capital of the Gera District ("Bezirk Gera") of the GDR.

paragraphs: Since the German Reunification in 1990, Gera belongs to the Free State of Thuringia in the Federal Republic of Germany.

paragraphs: Since 1959, Gera has had more than 100,000 inhabitants. The highest number of inhabitants of Gera was 134,834 in the year 1988. Since the German Reunification, the number of inhabitants becomes smaller and smaller. Now there are fewer people who live in Gera than in Jena, so Gera is only the third-biggest city in Thuringia. On 31 December 2008, there were only 100,643 people living in Gera.

paragraphs: Gera has got twelve twin towns. Eleven of them are in Europe.


title: Remscheid

paragraphs: Remscheid is a city in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia.


title: Undernet

paragraphs: Undernet is an Internet Relay Chat network that was made in 1992. It has many channels, but there are few limits to what kind of channels can be made.


title: Advanced Micro Devices

paragraphs: Advanced Micro Devices (AMD in short) is a large American company from Sunnyvale, California that makes computer hardware. It makes many different computer parts, but it is most famous for its central processing units, (or CPUs). Another important product are motherboard chipsets. It started as a company that made products for Intel, another large hardware company. Today, AMD's current line of CPUs is known as Ryzen. Ryzen CPUs have between 2 and 32 cores and can achieve speeds above 4 Gigahertz (or GHz). In 2006 they bought the company, ATI Technologies.


title: Illinois Institute of Technology

paragraphs: The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) is a private university in Chicago, Illinois, United States. It is one of the best universities in the United States as U.S. News & World Report, a magazine, puts it at number 108. Most students of this university focus on science or technology as their major, or subject they study most. IIT was created in 1940 by the merger of the Armour Institute of Technology and Lewis Institute.

paragraphs: The campus, roughly bounded between 31st and 35th streets, Michigan Avenue and the Dan Ryan Expressway, was designed by modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, "one of the great figures of 20th-century architecture", who chaired the IIT School of Architecture from 1938 to 1958. Van der Rohe's master plan for the IIT campus was one of the most ambitious projects he ever conceived. The campus has twenty of his works. It is the greatest concentration of his buildings in the world. The layout of the campus departs radically from "traditional college quadrangles and limestone buildings". The materials are inspired by the factories and warehouses of Chicago's South Side and "embod[y] 20th century methods and materials: steel and concrete frames with curtain walls of brick and glass."

paragraphs: Alfred Caldwell designed the campus landscape. Caldwall was van der Rohe's close colleague at IIT and was called "the last representative of the Prairie School of landscape architects." Known as "the nature poet", Caldwell's plan reinforced van der Rohe's design with "landscaping planted in a free-flowing manner, which in its interaction with the pristine qualities of the architecture, introduce[d] a poetic aspect."

paragraphs: On the west side of Main Campus are three red brick buildings that were original to Armour Institute, built between 1891 and 1901. In 1938, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe began his 20-year tenure as director of IIT's School of Architecture (1938–1959). The university was on the verge of building a brand new campus, to be one of the nation's first federally funded urban renewal projects. Mies was given great freedom in the large project. The university grew fast enough during and after World War II to allow much of the new plan to be realized. From 1943 to 1957, several new Mies buildings rose across campus, including the S.R. Crown Hall, which houses the architecture school, and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 2001.

paragraphs: Though Mies had emphasized his wish to complete the campus he had begun, commissions from the late 50s onward were given to Skidmore, Owings, and Merrill (SOM), prompting Mies to never return to the campus that had changed architecture the world over. SOM architect Walter Netsch designed a few buildings, including the new library that Mies had wished to create, all of them similar to Mies's style. By the late 1960s, campus addition projects were given to SOM's Myron Goldsmith, who had worked with Mies during his education at IIT and thus was able to design several new buildings to harmonize well with the original campus. In 1976, the American Institute of Architects recognized the campus as one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States. The new campus center, designed by Rem Koolhaas, and a new state-of-the-art residence hall designed by Helmut Jahn, State Street Village, opened in 2003. These were the first new buildings built on the Main Campus in 32 years.

paragraphs: In 1976, American Institute of Architects named the IIT campus one of the 200 most significant works of architecture in the United States. The IIT Main Campus was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.


title: Hermann Minkowski

paragraphs: Hermann Minkowski (22 June 1864 in Kaunas – 12 January 1909 in Göttingen) was a German mathematician of Jewish descent. He was one of Albert Einstein's teachers.

paragraphs: Minkowski is perhaps best known for his work in relativity, in which he showed in 1907 that his former student Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity (1905), could be understood geometrically as a theory of four-dimensional space-time, since known as the "Minkowski spacetime".


title: Certificate of deposit

paragraphs: A certificate of deposit (CD) is a way to store money at a bank or credit union. A CD is written for a period of time: usually between three months and five years. The person who wanted the CD—the consumer—agrees to give the money to the bank for that period of time and may not take the money back until the time has expired. If the consumer takes the money back before the agreed amount of time, they will have to pay a penalty fee. Once your contract is over, you are given your money back plus the interest it earned. People open CDs instead of savings accounts because the interest is higher. A certificate of deposit (which is common only in the United States) is similar to a time deposit.


title: Cousins Subs

paragraphs: Cousins Subs is a "sub" shop that makes submarine sandwiches. It was created in the 1970s in Wisconsin.

paragraphs: They opened their first restaurant in Milwaukee, at 60th Street and Silver Spring Drive. It closed after several years of success. The oldest Cousins Subs is on the corner of Brady Street and Farwell Avenue in Milwaukee.


title: Robert Walpole

paragraphs: Sir Robert Walpole, 1st Earl of Orford was a British politician. He is regarded by many as the first de facto Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (then called Great Britain). The position of prime minister was not actually official at that time.

paragraphs: Walpole He was born in Houghton, Norfolk on 26 August 1676. He died on 18 March 1745. Historians think he became England's first Prime Minister in 1721. He was then Prime Minister for a longer time than anyone who came after him.

paragraphs: Although the exact dates of Walpole's dominance are not entirely clear, the period 1721–1742 is often used. He dominated the Walpole–Townshend ministry, as well as the subsequent Walpole ministry, and holds the record as the longest-serving British prime minister in history.

paragraphs: W.A. Speck wrote that Walpole's uninterrupted run of 20 years as Prime Minister "is rightly regarded as one of the major feats of British political history... Explanations are usually offered in terms of his expert handling of the political system after 1720, [and] his unique blending of the surviving powers of the crown with the increasing influence of the Commons".


title: Leeuwarden

paragraphs: Leeuwarden is a city in the north of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: It has about 110,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of a part of the Netherlands where a lot of people speak Frisian. The name of that province is Friesland. Leeuwarden is called "Ljouwert" in Frisian.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2014, Boarnsterhim is a part of the municipality of Leeuwarden. On 1 January 2018, it was enlarged by Leeuwarderadeel and parts of the former municipality of Littenseradiel.


title: Middelburg, Zeeland

paragraphs: Middelburg is a town and municipality on the (former) island of Walcheren, Province of Zeeland, the Netherlands.

paragraphs: About 48,000 people were living in the municipality in 2017.

paragraphs: About 40,000 people were living in the town in 2011.

paragraphs: Middelburg received city rights in 1217.


title: Haarlem

paragraphs: Haarlem is a city in the Netherlands and the capital of the province North Holland. It has about 145,000 inhabitants. It has a very old door called Smedestraat 33.


title: Lelystad

paragraphs: Lelystad is a town in the middle of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: It has about 71,000 inhabitants. It is also the capital of Flevoland, one of the provinces of the Netherlands.


title: Assen

paragraphs: Assen is a town in the north-east of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: It has about 65,000 inhabitants. It's the capital of Drenthe.


title: Breda

paragraphs: Breda is a city in the south of the Netherlands.


title: Enschede

paragraphs: Enschede is a city in the east of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: On May 13, 2000 there was a huge destruction by an accident in a factory for fireworks. Twenty-three people were killed, while almost a thousand people were injured. Thousands of people lost their homes.


title: Amersfoort

paragraphs: Amersfoort is a city in the middle of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: About 140,000 people live there. The city is between the hills of the "Heuvelrug" and the valley of the river Eem.


title: Zoetermeer

paragraphs: Zoetermeer is a city in South Holland in the Netherlands (it has no city rights).

paragraphs: About 125,000 people are living there in 2017.

paragraphs: It is between Utrecht and Den Haag. It is part of the Randstad.


title: Almere

paragraphs: Almere is a city in the Netherlands (no city rights).

paragraphs: It is in the province of Flevoland and nearby Amsterdam and has about 180,000 people.


title: Hilversum

paragraphs: Hilversum is a city in North Holland in the Netherlands (no city rights). It lies between Amsterdam and Utrecht. About 85,000 people live there.


title: Roermond

paragraphs: Roermond is a town in the province Limburg in the east of the Netherlands. It has about 45,000 people living in it.


title: Venlo

paragraphs: Venlo is a city in Limburg in the very east of the Netherlands. It has about 100,000 inhabitants and lives mainly on one-day-trip-tourism from neighbouring Germany and logistics. It used to be a city of the Hanseatic League.


title: Delft

paragraphs: Delft is a city in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is about halfway between Rotterdam and The Hague. It is famous for its Delft Blue pottery and the Delft University of Technology. It is the place where the royal family, the kings and queens, are buried. It has about 94,000 inhabitants.

paragraphs: Delft is a city with typical Dutch canals, churches and large canal houses. The largest church in Delft is the Nieuwe Kerk (New Church).


title: Deventer

paragraphs: Deventer is a city in the east of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: It has about 97,000 inhabitants. It was founded by Lebuinus around 768. He built a wooden church there.


title: Ede

paragraphs: Ede is a town in the Netherlands with 65,000 inhabitants, the communal district (gemeente) of Ede has 107,000 inhabitants.


title: Freud Museum

paragraphs: The Freud Museum, is at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, London. It was the home of Sigmund Freud and his family after they escaped the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938.

paragraphs: After the death of Anna Freud, the youngest daughter, in 1982, the home became a museum. The centrepiece of the museum is Freud's study, preserved just as it was during his lifetime.

paragraphs: There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another in Příbor, the Czech Republic, in the house where Freud was born.

paragraphs: The study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her father's death. The bookshelf behind Freud's desk contains some of his favourite authors: not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli and Anatole France. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically.

paragraphs: The room contains the original analytic couch brought from Berggasse 19. On this patients would recline comfortably while Freud, out of sight in the green tub chair, listened to their 'free association'. They were asked to say everything that came to mind without consciously sifting or selecting information. This method became a foundation upon which psychoanalysis was built.

paragraphs: The study is filled with antiquities from ancient Greece, Rome, Egypt and the Orient. There are some fine masks and carving from Africa. Freud visited many archaeological sites (though not Egypt) but most of the collection was got from dealers in Vienna.

paragraphs: He confessed that his passion for collecting was second in intensity only to his addiction to cigars. The importance of the collection cab be seen in Freud's use of archaeology as a metaphor for psychoanalysis. One example of this is Freud's explanation to a patient that conscious material 'wears away' while what is unconscious is relatively unchanging: "I illustrated my remarks by pointing to the antique objects about my room. They were, in fact, I said, only objects found in a tomb, and their burial had been their preservation".

paragraphs: The collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí.