title: Blind spot (vision)

paragraphs: A blind spot is a part of the visual field our brains get no information from. It is the place in the visual field that corresponds to the lack of light-detecting photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve passes through the optic disc of the retina. Since there are no cells to detect light on the optic disc, a part of the field of vision is not perceived. The brain fills in with surrounding detail with information from the other eye, so the blind spot is not normally perceived.

paragraphs: Although all vertebrates have this blind spot, cephalopod eyes, which are superficially similar, do not. In them, the optic nerve approaches the receptors from behind, so it does not create a break in the retina.

paragraphs: The first documented observation of the phenomenon was in the 1660s by Edme Mariotte in France. At the time it was generally thought that the point at which the optic nerve entered the eye should actually be the most sensitive portion of the retina; however, Mariotte's discovery disproved this theory.

paragraphs: As to why the blind spot is normally not seen, there are two theories. One, less favoured, is that it is simply ignored by the brain. The other is that they are 'filled in' by the brain with information from surrounding areas. Perception theorists have generally favoured this second hypothesis. The filling-in works with quite complex and unusual visual patterns, suggesting an active brain process works to mimic patterns surrounding the blind spot.

paragraphs: These natural blind spots are present only in the eyes of vertebrates. Cephalopods have their optic nerves attached to the back of the retina, so they are not a problem. The vertebrate eye is illogical because light must go through and past the nerve fibres before getting to the retina.

paragraphs: This comes about because vertebrate eyes are outgrowths from the brain; they grow outward from the embryological tissue which forms the brain.


title: Lo Barnechea

paragraphs: Lo Barnechea is a commune and city of Santiago Province. According to the Chilean census in 2002, Lo Barnechea has an area of and 74,749 people live there..


title: Incubus (1966 movie)

paragraphs: Incubus is an American horror movie. It is black and white. It was released in 1966 and a restored copy of the movie was released in 2001. Leslie Stevens directed the movie and William Shatner starred in it. The actors in the movie did not speak in English. They spoke in Esperanto. The movie was called "Inkubo" in Esperanto. "Incubus" was lost for many years, but an old copy was found in France. The movie was filmed in 18 days in California during 1965. "Incubus" did not become popular and was only distributed in France. Some people believe the movie is cursed because of all of the bad things that happened to the actors and crew. Several of them died by murder or suicide, or had other bad things happen to them, after making the movie.


title: Supramolecular chemistry

paragraphs: Supramolecular chemistry is area of chemistry that studies the relationship and linking molecules into bigger systems. It focuses on the chemical systems made up of a discrete number of assembled molecular subunits or components. The study of non-covalent interactions is crucial to understanding many biological processes from cell structure to vision that rely on these forces for structure and function. Biological systems are often the inspiration for supramolecular research.


title: Chondroitin sulfate

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate is a sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAG). It is a chain of alternating sugars (N-acetylgalactosamine and glucuronic acid). It is usually found attached to proteins as part of a proteoglycan. A chondroitin chain can have over 100 individual sugars, each of which can be sulfated in variable positions and quantities. Chondroitin sulfate is an important structural component of cartilage and provides much of its resistance to compression. Along with glucosamine, chondroitin sulfate has become a widely used dietary supplement for treatment of osteoarthritis. It is commonly extracted from shark cartilage.

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate was originally isolated well before chemists learned its structure. So, its name changed over time. Early researchers identified different types of the substance with letters.

paragraphs: "Chondroitin sulfate B" is an old name for dermatan sulfate, and it is no longer classified as a form of chondroitin sulfate.

paragraphs: "Chondroitin", without the "sulfate", has been used to describe a type with little or no sulfation. However, this distinction is not used by all.

paragraphs: The name "chondroitin sulfate" sounds like a salt with a sulfate counter-anion. This is not the case. The sulfate is attached to the sugar with a covalent bond. Since the molecule has multiple negative charges at physiological pH, a cation is present in salts of chondroitin sulfate. Commercial preparations of chondroitin sulfate typically are the sodium salt. Barnhill et al. have suggested that all such preparations of chondroitin sulfate be referred to as "sodium chondroitin" regardless of their sulfation status.

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate chains are unbranched polysaccharides of variable length containing two alternating monosaccharides: D-glucuronic acid (GlcA) and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc). Some GlcA residues are epimerized into L-iduronic acid (IdoA); the resulting disaccharide is then referred to as dermatan sulfate.

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate chains are linked to hydroxyl groups on serine residues of certain proteins. Exactly how proteins are selected for attachment of glycosaminoglycans is not understood. Glycosylated serines are often followed by a glycine and have neighboring acidic residues. But this does not always predict glycosylation.

paragraphs: Attachment of the GAG chain begins with four monosaccharides in a fixed pattern: Xyl - Gal - Gal - GlcA. Each sugar is attached by a specific enzyme, allowing for multiple levels of control over GAG synthesis. Xylose begins to be attached to proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum, while the rest of the sugars are attached in the Golgi apparatus.

paragraphs: Each monosaccharide may be left unsulfated, sulfated once, or sulfated twice. In the most common case, the hydroxyls of the 4 and 6 positions of the N-acetyl-galactosamine are sulfated, with some chains having the 2 position of glucuronic acid. Sulfation is mediated by specific sulfotransferases. Sulfation in these different positions gives specific biological activities to chondroitin GAG chains.

paragraphs: Chondroitin's functions depend largely on the properties of the overall proteoglycan of which it is a part. These functions can be broadly divided into structural and regulatory roles. Some proteoglycans have both structural and regulatory roles (see versican).

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate is a major component of extracellular matrix, and is important in maintaining the structural integrity of tissue. This function is typical of the large aggregating proteoglycans: aggrecan, versican, brevican, and neurocan, collectively termed the lecticans.

paragraphs: As part of aggrecan, chondroitin sulfate is a major component of cartilage. The tightly packed and highly charged sulfate groups of chondroitin sulfate generate electrostatic repulsion that provides much of the resistance of cartilage to compression. Loss of chondroitin sulfate from the cartilage is a major cause of osteoarthritis.

paragraphs: Chondroitin sulfate readily interacts with proteins in the extracellular matrix due to its negative charges. These interactions are important for regulating many cellular activities. The lecticans are a major part of the brain extracellular matrix, where the chondroitin sugar chains function to stabilize normal brain synapses as part of perineuronal nets. The levels of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are vastly increased after injury to the central nervous system where they act to prevent regeneration of damaged nerve endings. Although these functions are not as well characterized as those of heparan sulfate, new roles continue to be discovered for the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.

paragraphs: In cortical development, chondroitin sulfate is expressed by the Sub Plate and acts as a stop signal for neurons migrating from the Ventricular Zone. Neurons stopping here may then be programmed for further migration to specific layers in the cortical plate.

paragraphs: Chondroitin is in dietary supplements used as an alternative medicine to treat osteoarthritis and also approved and regulated as a symptomatic slow-acting drug for this disease (SYSADOA) in Europe and some other countries. It is commonly sold together with glucosamine. Chondroitin and glucosamine are also used in veterinary medicine.


title: Red Bull X2010

paragraphs: Red Bull X2010 is not a real car. It is a fictional car in the PlayStation 3 video game "Gran Turismo 5" that can go over 400 km/h, and over 6G's. It laps the Nürburgring in less than 4 minutes.. Adrian Newey designed it


title: Banbasa

paragraphs: Banbasa is the smallest town in Champawat district in Uttarakhand, India. The famous shri Purnagiri temple is only 35 km from here. It is near the Nepal border (Gaddachoki-Banbasa).


title: Velar consonant

paragraphs: A velar consonant is a consonant that is pronounced with the back part of the tongue against the soft palate, also known as the velum, which is the back part of the roof of the mouth. Velar consonants in English are , and . The consonant is the most common in all human languages.

paragraphs: These are the velar consonants in the IPA.


title: George Church

paragraphs: George Church (born August 28, 1954) is an American molecular geneticist. He was one of the people who set out to analyse the human genetic code, the sequence of genes in human DNA.

paragraphs: Church is Professor of Genetics at Harvard Medical School, Professor of Health Sciences and Technology at Harvard and MIT, and a core faculty member at the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University.

paragraphs: With Walter Gilbert he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984, and helped start the Human Genome Project in 1984 while he was a research scientist at newly formed Biogen Inc.

paragraphs: He invented ways of analysing huge amounts of chemical data, homologous recombination methods, and DNA array synthesizers. Automated sequencing & software in Genome Therapeutics Corp. gave the first commercial genome sequence, (the human pathogen, "Helicobacter pylori") in 1994.

paragraphs: Church started the Personal Genome Project (PGP) in 2005, and in 2007 he founded the U.S. personal genomics company Knome (with Jorge Conde and Sundar Subramaniam).

paragraphs: Church does research on synthetic (artificial) biology and is director of the U.S. Department of Energy Center on Bioenergy at Harvard & MIT, and Director of the National Institutes of Health Center of Excellence in Genomic Science at Harvard.

paragraphs: He has been advisor to 22 companies. He co-founded Codon Devices, a biotech startup dedicated to synthetic biology. It produces DNA sequences to order. He co-founded LS9, which is focused on biofuels or renewable petroleum technologies.

paragraphs: In 2009 he founded Pathogenica, with Yemi Adesokan, in order to pioneer commercial applications for pathogen sequencing technology.

paragraphs: In September 2010, Dr. Church was honored for his work in genetics with the Mass High Tech All-Star Award. He is a senior editor for "Molecular Systems Biology".

paragraphs: According to Forbes, Church suffers from narcolepsy.


title: Revolutions per minute

paragraphs: Revolutions per minute, sometimes called RPM, is a measure of angular frequency. It means the number of times something spins in one minute.

paragraphs: For example, if a wheel spins one time in one second, it is doing 60 RPM, because there is 60 seconds in one minute.


title: Walter Gilbert

paragraphs: Walter Gilbert (born March 21, 1932) is an American physicist, biochemist, molecular biology pioneer, and Nobel laureate. He helped develop DNA sequence analysis.

paragraphs: Gilbert was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on March 21, 1932. Gilbert attended Harvard University for undergraduate and graduate studies, earning a first degree in chemistry and physics in 1953 and a master's degree in physics in 1954.

paragraphs: Gilbert's doctoral work was done at the University of Cambridge, where he earned his PhD in mathematics under the mentorship of Nobel laureate Abdus Salam in 1957.

paragraphs: Gilbert returned to Harvard in 1957 and promoted in 1968 to professor of biochemistry. In 1969, Gilbert was given Harvard's Ledlie Prize. In 1972, Gilbert was named American Cancer Society Professor of Molecular Biology.

paragraphs: He is a co-founder of the biotech start-up companies Biogen and Myriad Genetics. Gilbert is currently the chairman of the Harvard Society of Fellows.

paragraphs: Together with Allan Maxam, Gilbert developed a new DNA sequencing method in 1976. With George Church he developed the first direct genomic sequencing method in 1984.

paragraphs: Gilbert first proposed the existence of introns and exons and explained the evolution of introns in a seminal 1978 "News and Views" paper published in "Nature". In 1986, Gilbert used the phrase RNA world hypothesis for the origin of life. 'RNA World' was a concept first proposed by Carl Woese in 1967.

paragraphs: Gilbert was given the 1980 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, shared with Frederick Sanger and Paul Berg. Gilbert and Sanger were recognized for their pioneering work in devising methods for determining the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid.

paragraphs: Among many other awards, Gilbert was made a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1987.


title: Optic chiasma

paragraphs: The optic chiasma, or 'optic chiasm', is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.

paragraphs: The images on the nasal (inner) sides of each retina cross over to the opposite side of the brain via the optic nerve at the optic chiasm. The temporal (outer) images, on the other hand, stay on the same side. This allows the images from either side of the visual field to go to the appropriate side of the brain, combining the sides together.

paragraphs: Beyond the optic chiasm, with crossed and uncrossed fibers, optic nerves become optic tracts.

paragraphs: The crossing over of optic nerve fibres at the optic chiasma allows the visual cortex to receive the same hemispheric visual field from both eyes.

paragraphs: The optic chiasma is found in all vertebrates.


title: Chimaera (fish)

paragraphs: Chimaeras are cartilaginous fish in the order Chimaeriformes. They are sometimes known informally as 'ghost sharks'.

paragraphs: They may be the "oldest and most enigmatic groups of fishes alive today. Their closest living relatives are sharks, though in evolutionary terms they branched off from sharks nearly 400 million years ago and have remained isolated ever since.

paragraphs: At one time they were a "diverse and abundant" group, based on the fossil record. They are now confined mainly to deep water. There are 50 living species in six genera and three families. The evolution of these species has been problematic given the paucity of good fossils. DNA sequences have become the preferred approach to understanding speciation.

paragraphs: The order appears to have originated about 420 million years ago during the Silurian. The three living families appear to have diverged during the late Jurassic to early Cretaceous (170–120 million years ago.

paragraphs: They do not have shark-like skin or teeth. They have smooth scales on their bodies, and three pairs of grinding tooth plates. They have a poisonous spine on their backs between the head and the dorsal fin.

paragraphs: Otherwise, they are rather like other Chondrichthyes. They have skeletons are made of cartilage. They use claspers for internal fertilization of females. They lay eggs with leathery cases. They use electroreception to find their prey, which is also common in rays.


title: Mainframe computer

paragraphs: Mainframes (also called "big iron") are powerful computers used for large information processing jobs. They are mainly used by government institutions and large companies for tasks such as census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource planning, and financial transaction processing. Mainframe computers are specially used as servers on the World Wide Web (WWW). They are distinct from supercomputers.

paragraphs: The term originally referred to the large cabinets that housed the central processing unit and main memory of early computers. Later the term was used to distinguish very big computers from less powerful ones ("minicomputers" or "personal computers").


title: Heavy Petting Zoo

paragraphs: Heavy Petting Zoo is the sixth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "Heavy Petting Zoo" was released on January 31, 1996. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and NOFX. The title of the album is a combination of the words "heavy petting" and "petting zoo".


title: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes

paragraphs: So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes is the seventh studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes" was released on November 11, 1997. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album comes from the title of the fourth book of Douglas Adams's "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" series, "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish" and the common practice of punk rock fans when they throw shoes lost by crowd surfers on stage.


title: Pump Up the Valuum

paragraphs: Pump Up the Valuum is the eighth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "Pump Up the Valuum" was released on June 13, 2000. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The title of the album is purposely spelled wrong to avoid a lawsuit with Valium and is a play on words.


title: Youth

paragraphs: Youth is the opposite of elderly. When something is new, it can be called young. Sometimes "young" is only for living things, and things that are not alive are "new". The word youth is often used to describe young people from the beginning of the teen years to the beginning of adulthood.

paragraphs: Old can refer to someone or something's age.

paragraphs: Young can mean that something is current to date or well before its "best by" date.

paragraphs: Different things lose their youth or grow old at different rates. For example, some machines are only be considered young for roughly one year. There are laws about the age of majority when young teenagers are legally treated as adults. Even after that age, these youth may still be seen as immature. This is because complete mental and emotional development is not done until around age 21, and because many young people have not yet had adult life experiences.

paragraphs: For some people, youth is an obsession. They want to look young. Because of this, they use various products like face cream and plastic surgery, to stop or slow their looking older. The ""Fountain of Youth"" was a popular myth, and people thought that if you took water from the fountain, you would never be old. Now however, we know that this "was" a myth, and it was not magical at all.


title: Simplified molecular input line entry specification

paragraphs: The simplified molecular input line entry specification or SMILES is a line notation for the chemical structure of molecules. It uses a short series ASCII characters to represent structures. Most molecule editor computer programs can draw a two-dimensional diagram or a three-dimensional model of a molecule based on its SMILES code.

paragraphs: Arthur Weininger and David Weininger wrote the original SMILES specification in the late 1980s. It has since been modified and extended by others, including by Daylight Chemical Information Systems Inc. In 2007, the Blue Obelisk open-source chemistry community developed an open standard called "OpenSMILES".

paragraphs: In July 2006, the IUPAC introduced the InChI as a standard line notation for representing chemical structures. People think that it is easier for humans to understand SMILES than InChI. Some chemists argue that SMILES is better than InChI because many different software programs support it. SMILES also has theoretical (for example, graph theory) backing.

paragraphs: SMILES can be converted back to 2-dimensional representations using Structure Diagram Generation algorithms. This conversion can sometimes be ambiguous. Because SMILES just says which atoms are connected without any information about the angles between chemical bonds, computer programs use energy minimization to convert SMILES to 3-dimensional representations. There are many downloadable and web-based conversion utilities.

paragraphs: Here are some examples of the SMILES for molecules:


title: Insulin resistance

paragraphs: Insulin resistance is a serious condition in which insulin becomes less able to lower the level of glucose (sugar) in the blood. Usually, insulin helps sugar move out of the blood and into the body's cells. In the cells, the body can use sugar to make energy. If this does not happen correctly, too much sugar stays in the blood. This is called hyperglycemia. If the blood glucose level is above normal for a long time, this can lead to major health problems.

paragraphs: Insulin resistance often causes certain types of diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes or latent autoimmune diabetes of adults. A condition called 'metabolic syndrome' is strongly tied to insulin resistance.


title: Cheminformatics

paragraphs: Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the study of large amounts of chemical information. It is done mostly with the help of computers. These tools are used by pharmaceutical companies to discovery new drugs.

paragraphs: Cheminformatics uses computer science and information technology to help solve chemistry problems. Cheminformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software engineering, data mining, image processing, modeling and simulation, signal processing, discrete mathematics, control and system theory, circuit theory, and statistics, for generating new knowledge of chemistry.

paragraphs: The term chemoinformatics was defined by F.K. Brown in 1998:

paragraphs: Cheminformatics combines the scientific working fields of chemistry and computer science.

paragraphs: Cheminformatics can also be applied to data analysis for the paper, pulp and dye industries.

paragraphs: The primary application of cheminformatics is in the storage of information relating to compounds. The efficient search of such stored information includes topics that are dealt with in computer science as data mining and machine learning.

paragraphs: Computers represent chemical structures in specialized formats such as the XML-based Chemical Markup Language or SMILES. While some formats are suited for visual representations in 2 or 3 dimensions, others are more suited for studying physical interactions, modeling and docking studies.

paragraphs: Chemical data can pertain to real or virtual molecules. Virtual compounds may be used to explore chemical space and predict new

paragraphs: Virtual libraries of classes of compounds (drugs, natural products, diversity-oriented synthetic products) were recently generated using the FOG (fragment optimized growth) algorithm.

paragraphs: Instead og testing the actual chemicals, virtual screening involves

paragraphs: screening compounds by computer, to identify members likely to possess desired properties such as biological activity against a given target.

paragraphs: This is to predict the activity of compounds from their structures. These studies link cheminofrmatics to chemometrics. Chemical expert systems are also relevant. They represent parts of chemical knowledge in computers.


title: The War on Errorism

paragraphs: The War on Errorism is the ninth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "The War on Errorism" was released on May 6, 2003. The producers of the album were Ryan Greene and Fat Mike. The album pokes fun at former U.S. president George W. Bush and criticizes him and his policies.


title: Wolves in Wolves' Clothing

paragraphs: Wolves in Wolves' Clothing is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "Wolves in Wolves' Clothing" was released on April 18, 2006. The producers of the album were Bill Stevenson, Jason Livermore and Fat Mike. The first 1062 vinyl copies of "Wolves in Wolves' Clothing" were pressed yellow/green vinyl.


title: Coaster (album)

paragraphs: Coaster is the tenth studio album by American punk rock band, NOFX. "Coaster" was released on April 28, 2009. The producer of the album was Bill Stevenson. The album was released as Frisbee on vinyl.


title: 2Pacalypse Now

paragraphs: 2Pacalypse Now is the first studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. "2Pacalypse Now" was released on November 12, 1991. Many other rap artist have seen the album as a source of inspiration. The song "I Don't Give a Fuck" was featured in the 2004 video game, "".


title: Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z.

paragraphs: Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z. is the second studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. "Strictly 4 My N.I.G.G.A.Z." was released on February 16, 1993. The album is 2Pac's tenth biggest selling album with 1,366,000 units moved to date.


title: Alexander Oparin

paragraphs: Alexander Ivanovich Oparin (Uglich, Russia, – Moscow, 21 April 1980) was a Soviet biochemist.

paragraphs: He was notable for his ideas on the origin of life, and for writing an early book "The Origin of Life". One of his ideas was that oxygen would tend to destroy organic molecules essential for the evolution of early life. It was later found that the earth's atmosphere at first had almost no oxygen in it.

paragraphs: He also studied the biochemistry of plants, and enzyme reactions in plant cells. He developed the foundations for industrial biochemistry in the USSR.

paragraphs: These were some of the main ideas in his first book:

paragraphs: 1. There is no fundamental difference between a living organism and lifeless matter. Life must have arisen as a natural evolution of matter.

paragraphs: 2. Methane is in the atmospheres of Jupiter and the other giant planets. Oparin thought the infant Earth had a strongly reducing atmosphere, containing methane, ammonia, hydrogen, and water vapor. In his opinion, these were the raw materials for the evolution of life.

paragraphs: 3. At first there were the simple solutions of organic substances. Their behaviour was governed by their atoms and by the arrangement of those atoms in molecules. Gradually, as the result of the growth and increased complexity of the molecules, structures with new properties developed. These newer properties were determined by the spatial and mutual arrangement of the molecules.

paragraphs: 4. In this process biological orderliness already exists. Competition, speed of cell growth, survival of the fittest, struggle for existence and, finally natural selection produced the characteristics of living things.

paragraphs: Oparin outlined a way in which basic organic chemicals might form into microscopic localized systems. These would be precursors of the cell from which primitive living things could develop. He cited work done with organic chemicals which, in solution, form droplets and layers. Oparin suggested that different types might have formed in the Earth's primordial ocean. They were subject to a selection process leading eventually to life.


title: Sy Oliver

paragraphs: Melvin "Sy" Oliver (17 December 1910 in Battle Creek, Michigan – 28 May 1988 in New York City) was a jazz arranger, trumpeter, composer, singer, and band leader. His mother was a piano teacher and his father was a multi-instrumentalist who made a name for himself demonstrating saxophones at a time that instrument was little used outside of marching bands.

paragraphs: Oliver left home at 17 to play with Zack Whyte and his Chocolate Beau Brummels and later with Alphonse Trent. He sang and played trumpet with these bands, becoming known for his "growling" horn playing.

paragraphs: Sy arranged and conducted many songs for Ella Fitzgerald from her years with Decca Records. As a composer, one of his most famous songs was "T'ain't What You Do (It's the Way That You Do It)" which he co-wrote with Trummy Young.

paragraphs: He joined Jimmie Lunceford's band in 1933 and contributed many hit arrangements to the band, including "My Blue Heaven" and "Ain't She Sweet". In 1939, he became one of the first African Americans with a prominent role in a white band when he joined Tommy Dorsey as an arranger, though he stopped playing trumpet at that time. (Fletcher Henderson joined the Benny Goodman orchestra as the arranger in the same year.) He led the transition of the Dorsey band from Dixieland to modern big band. His joining was instrumental in Buddy Rich's decision to join Dorsey. His arrangement of "On the Sunny Side of the Street" was a big hit for Dorsey, as were his own compositions "Yes Indeed" (a gospel-jazz tune that was later recorded by Ray Charles), "Opus One," "The Minor is Muggin'," "T.D.'s Boogie Woogie," and "Well, Git It."

paragraphs: After leaving Dorsey, Oliver continued working as a free-lance arranger. One of his more successful such efforts was the Frank Sinatra album "I Remember Tommy", a combined tribute to each man's former boss---and as music director for Decca Records.

paragraphs: In later years, up until 1980, he led his own jazz band, for which he took up the trumpet again.


title: Aristolochiaceae

paragraphs: The Aristolochiaceae, or Birthwort family, are a family of flowering plants with seven genera and about 400 species belonging to the order Piperales. The type genus is "Aristolochia" L.

paragraphs: They are mostly perennial, herbaceous plants, shrubs, woody vines or even lianas.

paragraphs: The membranous, cordate simple leaves are spread out, growing alternately along the stem on leaf stalks. The margins are commonly entire. There are no stipules.

paragraphs: The bizarre flowers are large to medium-sized, growing in the leaf axils. They are bilaterally or radially symmetrical.

paragraphs: The Aristolochiaceae are magnoliids, a basal group of angiosperms which are not part of the large categories of monocots or eudicots.

paragraphs: Some newer classification schemes place the family Aristolochiaceae in the order Piperales.

paragraphs: Many members of "Aristolochia" and some of "Asarum" contain the toxin aristolochic acid, which defence against predators, in this case herbivores. It is known to be carcinogenic in rats. "Aristolochia" itself is carcinogenic to humans.

paragraphs: Pipevine swallowtail butterflies lay their eggs on pipevine ("Aristolochia" species), and the larvae dine on the plant but are not affected by the toxin, which then offers the adult butterfly protection against predators.


title: Not Myself Tonight

paragraphs: "Not Myself Tonight" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album "Bionic". The song was written by Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones, Ester Dean, Jason Perry and Greg Curtis. It is a uptempo electropop song that using synthesizers and tribal drums. Its lyrics refer to adopting a different persona on the dancefloor. It was released on April 13, 2010 as the first single from Aguilera's "Bionic" album. "Not Myself Tonight" was a hit single in Asian area.


title: Context (language)

paragraphs: Context in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is said.

paragraphs: Something like: "You can take it whenever you need to" might refer to almost anything. However, if it is said by a doctor to a patient, then the context is clear, and the listener can guess it refers to some kind of medication. So the context is what goes with a text (written or spoken) which helps the reader (or listener) understand the communication.

paragraphs: However, to understand what is really going on, we may need to go beyond what is said or written. A simple phrase, such as "I hate you" can mean exactly the opposite. All kinds of clues are needed to understand what has been said. Along with verbal communication comes non-verbal communication.


title: 2011 Sindh floods

paragraphs: The 2011 Sindh floods started during mid-August 2011 because of a lot of rain in Sindh, Eastern Balochistan, and Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The floods caused a lot of damage. 270 people died, and 5.3 million people were affected. 1.2 million homes were flooded. The damage caused by the floods in the area is large. At least 1.7 million acres of land have been ruined because of the flooding. The flooding is the worst in Pakistan since the 2010 floods.

paragraphs: In the month of July, Pakistan had low monsoon rains, however in August and September the country received "above normal" monsoon rains. A strong weather pattern entered the areas of Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat in August and gained strength with the passage of time and caused heavy downpours. The four-week long continuous rains have created floods in Sindh that have never been seen before.


title: Being (album)

paragraphs: Being is a mini-album by singer Ella Koon. The album was made by well known music producers Eric Kwok (Chinese) and Yanagiman (Japanese).

paragraphs: Popular hits include: "Coral Island" (珊瑚島), "Incomplete Thoughts" (殘念), and "Silent Paper Kite" (響不了的紙鳶).


title: Take a Shine To...

paragraphs: Take a Shine To... is an album by Ella Koon, released in July 2011. It was released a year after her well-received 2010 mini-album "Being". Hit songs include Ella’s first self-composed song “Reluctant to Part (依依)”, which is produced by hitmaker Chiu Tsang Hei with lyrics penned by Siu Hak. The album also contains RICOH camera CM song “A Moment of Interaction (一刻感應)” and the latest plug “Let Him Go (由他去)”.


title: Jungle green

paragraphs: Jungle green is a color that is a rich tone of medium green.

paragraphs: The specific tone of the color "jungle green" called "jungle green" by Crayola was formulated by Crayola in 1990.

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "jungle green" as a color name in English was in 1926.


title: Rohypnol

paragraphs: Rohypnol is the common name for a drug called flunitrazepam. A slang term for it is roofies. The drug is sold legally, and it has many medical uses. It is a strong hypnotic (a drug that causes sleep); a sedative (causing relaxation and sleepiness); an anticonvulsant (fighting seizures); an anxiolytic (relieving anxiety); amnestic (causing forgetfulness); and skeletal muscle relaxant. Most often, it is used as a treatment for sleep disorders like insomnia. It is thought to be one of the most effective hypnotic medications.

paragraphs: Like other hypnotics, flunitrazepam should be used only on a short-term basis or in those with serious insomnia on an occasional basis.

paragraphs: Flunitrazepam is often called a date rape drug because it is very powerful, has strong effects, and can cause strong amnesia (causing a person to forget what happened after taking the drug).

paragraphs: Benzodiazepines were created in 1957 by Roche, a healthcare and pharmaceutical company. Roche started selling flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) in 1975. At first, hospitals used the drug when a patient needed a deep sleep. It was sold commercially in 1975 in Europe, and in the 1990s in the United States. The drug was given the brand name Rohypnol.

paragraphs: Rohypnol is usually taken by mouth. It has a long active period its effects can last 18 to 26 hours, and it can be found in urine and blood tests. This means that the day after taking the drug, a person may keep feeling tired and having trouble with thinking and balance. Even after a full day, driving a car may still be dangerous.

paragraphs: The drug is often involved in drug intoxication, including overdoses. Overdose of flunitrazepam may cause long-term sedation, poor balance, and poor speech. In serious overdoses, people may have breathing problems, coma, and possibly death. The overdose will be worse if flunitrazepam is taken with depressants, like alcohol or opiates. Flunitrazepam overdose can be treated with flumazenil.

paragraphs: Rohypnol has become widely known in the USA for its use as a date rape drug. It is used by high school and college students, rave party members, and heroin and cocaine users (who call a tablet of flunitrazepam a "roofie").

paragraphs: Some of the street names for Rohypnol are:


title: Sponge cake

paragraphs: Sponge cake is a cake made of flour (usually wheat flour), sugar, and eggs.

paragraphs: Some people thought that the sponge cake was one of the first non-yeasted cakes.

paragraphs: The Victoria sponge cake was named after Queen Victoria, who ate a slice of sponge cake with her afternoon tea. It is usually called simply "sponge cake". A traditional Victoria sponge cake has raspberry jam and whipped double cream or vanilla cream. If there is only jam, it is called 'jam sponge' and not a Victoria sponge. The jam and cream are between two sponge cakes; the top of the cake is not iced or decorated.

paragraphs: Other names for the Victoria sponge are Victoria Sandwich and Victorian Cake, although 'Victorian Cake' is not used often.

paragraphs: Although they are simple to make, bakers must be careful when it comes to cooking times and temperatures. Because of that, oven factories often use a Victoria sponge recipe to test their ovens.


title: Metabolic syndrome

paragraphs: Metabolic syndrome is a combination of several medical issues. They increase the risk for heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Twenty five percent of people of the United States have metabolic syndrome.

paragraphs: The term "metabolic syndrome" dates back to at least the late 1950s, but came into common usage in the late 1970s to describe various associations of risk factors with diabetes mellitus that had been noted as early as the 1920s.

paragraphs: Related health matters include but aren't limited to:


title: Me Against the World

paragraphs: Me Against the World is the third studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. "Me Against the World" was released on March 14, 1995. The album was released when 2Pac was imprisoned and it debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200. By having this happen, it made him the first artist to have an album debut at number one on Billboard 200 while serving time in prison. It was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 1996 Grammy Awards. The album's first single "Dear Mama" was nominated for Best Rap Solo Performance.


title: Palatal consonant

paragraphs: A palatal consonant is a consonant that is pronounced with the body (the middle part) of the tongue against the hard palate (which is the middle part of the roof of the mouth). There is only one palatal consonant in English which is , which is the sound for "y" in the English word "yes". The most common palatal consonant used in the world is .

paragraphs: These are the palatal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet:


title: Approximant consonant

paragraphs: An approximant consonant is a consonant that sounds in some ways like a vowel. For example, lateral approximants like the sound for "l" in the English word "like", the sound for "r" in the English word "right", and semivowels like the sound for "y" in "yes" and the sound for "w" in "wet" are all approximants. These sounds are pronounced by bringing two parts of the mouth, for example the tongue and the roof of the mouth, close to each other. However, it is not close enough to cause the air to be blocked, like in a fricative consonant. Also, the parts are not far apart enough to become a vowel.

paragraphs: Semivowels are a type of approximant consonant, which sound like vowels if you pronounced them alone. However, many languages use them as consonants. Here are the common semivowels in the International Phonetic Alphabet.

paragraphs: In lateral approximants, only the centre of the tongue touches the roof of the mouth. So, air can only flow through the sides of the tongue, like the sound "l" in "like".


title: All Eyez on Me

paragraphs: All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper, Tupac Shakur. "All Eyez on Me" was released on February 13, 1996. The album was certified 5× Platinum after just 2 months in April 1996 and 9× platinum in 1998. The album also featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles "How Do U Want It" and "California Love".


title: History of Kansas

paragraphs: The first people who lived in Kansas were Native Americans who were nomadic (people who don't live in one place for very long). They hunted American bison. In the 1500s, Spanish conquistadores came to explore the place. Later, French fur trappers came to the area. They traded with the Native Americans. The United States added most of Kansas in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In 1854, the Kansas-Nebraska Act opened the place for Americans to move there. A lot of fighting happened because the new residents had to decide if they wanted slavery. The new residents decided to make slavery illegal. The fighting helped start the American Civil War.

paragraphs: After the Civil War, Kansas had many frontier towns. The railroads were stops for cattle drives from Texas. Many black people moved from the south to Kansas. These people were called "exodusters". Farmers tried growing corn and raising pigs, but there was little rain, so they were not able to. They started growing wheat. They became very good at growing wheat, and they had enough to trade with Europe. Many angry farmers joined the Populist and Progressive movement in the 1890s, and they supported it until the 1940s. Since the 1940s, Kansas has been a very conservative state. Since 1945, the number of farmers has lowered, and manufacturing has become more popular.

paragraphs: In 12000 BCE, the first people came to Kansas. These people were paleolithic people who were related to Asians. Once they came, they never left. They saw mammoths, camels, ground sloths, and horses. They hunted these animals until they were extinct.

paragraphs: Because the big game they had been hunting died out, the people had started eating more plants and small animals. They foraged during the season across the plains. In order to get more food, they started being less nomadic. This means that they decided to stay in one place for a longer time. The groups did not stop hunting, but they also ate wild plants and small animals. Their tools became different. Their tools started being able to grind and chop. This means that seeds, fruits, and plants became a bigger part of their diet. They would grind seeds into rough flour. Around 3500BCE, the people started making ceramics. Pottery-making societies started.

paragraphs: For most of the Archaic period, people did not change the land in any big way. The groups outside the area, particularly in Mesoamerica, started major inventions. These inventions would include growing maize. Other groups in North America aslo started growing maize as well. Some archaic groups stopped being food gatherers (people who look for food). Instead, they started being food producers (people who grow food) around 3,000 years ago. They also had many of the cultural things that are seen with semi-sedentary agricultural life: storage containers, permanent housing, bigger settlements, and cemeteries or burial grounds. People in the northern part of Kansas lived in small buildings made out of dirt; they were shaped like a rectangle. People in the southern part of Kansas lived in houses with thatched grass all over them. There were more people being born, and they lived in villages. El Quartelejo was an Indian pueblo that was the farthest north. This settlement is the only pueblo in Kansas from which archaeologists have found anything.

paragraphs: Even though the groups started farming, they still did not do much to change their environment. Wild food was still an important part of their diet even after the invention of pottery and the creation of irrigation. Agriculture never made them stop hunting and foraging, even in the biggest Archaic societies.

paragraphs: In 1541, Francisco Vázquez de Coronado came to Kansas to explore. He turned around near Lindsborg, Kansas. He met some of the local Native Americans. He gave them horses. The Native Americans started changing their lifestyle because of the horses.

paragraphs: In the 1600s, the Kansa people and the Osage Nation came to Kansas. The Kansa people lived near the Kansas River, and the Osage Nation lived near the Arkansas River. The Pawnee people lived in western Kansas. The Pawnee lived in western Kansas because there were a lot of bison. The French commander at Fort Orleans, Étienne de Bourgmont, visited the Kansas River in 1724. He built a trading post there. This was near the main Kansa village at the mouth of the river. Around the same time, the Otoe tribe of the Sioux also lived in areas around the northeast corner of Kansas.

paragraphs: Other than short explorations, neither France nor Spain created any cities in Kansas. In 1763, Spain got all of the French land west of the Mississippi River. This was because France lost the Seven Years' War. Spain gave this land back to France in 1803.

paragraphs: In 1803, Kansas was added to the United States as land from the Louisiana Purchase. The Lewis and Clark Expedition started in St. Louis. In 1804, they came to Kansas in what is today Kansas City, Kansas. They met French fur trappers who knew the land well. In 1806, explorer Zebulon Pike came to Kansas. He called it the "Great American Desert" because it had no trees or plants. The U.S. government saw Kansas as a desert too, so they sent Native Americans to it. They believed it was not good land, so they didn't care if Native Americans were sent there.

paragraphs: From June 4, 1812 until August 10, 1821, the land was part of the Missouri Territory. Missouri became a state, so the land became unorganized. It had no people living in it except for Fort Leavenworth. The Fort was created in 1827 by Henry Leavenworth with the 3rd U.S Infantry from St. Louis, Missouri; it is the first permanent European settlement in Kansas. The fort was created as the westernmost outpost of the American military. It was created to protect trade along the Santa Fe Trail from Native Americans. The trade came from the East. It came either by land using the Boone's Lick Road, or by water using the Missouri River.

paragraphs: Part of the Santa Fe Trail went through Kansas. It was used by people who were on the Oregon Trail.

paragraphs: In the 1820s, the U.S. government gave the land to the Native Americans as Indian Territory. They did not let white people come to the territory. On June 3, 1825, the U.S. government took 20 million acres of land (81000 km²) from the Kansa people. The Kansa people had to stay on a small amount of land in northeastern Kansas. The U.S. government also made the Osage Nation live in a small amount of land in southeastern Kansas.

paragraphs: By a treaty on November 7, 1825, the Shawnee people were moved to Kansas. By a treaty on September 29, 1829, the Delaware people were moved to Kansas.

paragraphs: The Indian Removal Act made this faster. By a treaty on August 30, 1831, the Ottawa people were moved to a small part of Kansas. On October 24, 1832, the Kickapoo people were moved to Kansas. On October 29, 1832, the Piankeshaw and Wea people were moved to Kansas. To their east was the western border of Missouri, and to their west was the Kaskaskia and Peoria people. On September 21, 1833, the Otoe people were moved to Kansas.

paragraphs: By September 17, 1836, the Sac and Fox people moved to Kansas, north of the Kickapoo. By a treaty on February 11, 1837, the United States moved the Pottawatomi people to Kansas. They were moved to the Osage River, which is southwest of the Missouri River. The land was in the southwest part of what is now Miami County.

paragraphs: After a treaty in 1842, the Wyandot people were moved to an area between the Kansas River and the Missouri River. They shared the land with the Delaware people until 1843.

paragraphs: Even though there were plans made to settle Native Americans in Kansas, by 1850 white Americans were illegally squatting on their land. They really wanted the entire area to be opened for settlement. Several U.S. Army forts, including Fort Riley, were soon created deep in Indian Territory to guard travelers on the various Western trails.

paragraphs: Although the Cheyenne and Arapahoes tribes were still discussing with the United States for land in western Kansas (the current state of Colorado), they signed a treaty on September 17, 1851. Momentum was already building to settle the land.

paragraphs: Congress started the process of creating Kansas Territory in 1852. That year, petitions were given at the first session of the 32nd Congress to organize territory of the land west of Missouri and Iowa. Nothing happened at that time. However, during the next session, on December 13, 1852, a Representative from Missouri submitted to the House of Representatives a bill. This bill would organize the Territory of Platte: all the land west of Iowa and Missouri, and going west to the Rocky Mountains. The bill was given to the United States House Committee on Territories. It passed by the full U.S. House of Representatives on February 10, 1853. However, Southern Senators stopped the progress of the bill in the Senate. They did this to discuss how the bill would affect slavery and the Missouri Compromise. Arguments about the bill and other ideas would continue for a year. The Kansas–Nebraska Act was eventually created because of this. It became law on May 30, 1854, creating the Nebraska Territory and Kansas Territory.

paragraphs: By the summer of 1853, it was clear that eastern Kansas would soon be opened to American settlers. The Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs created new treaties that would give new reservations with yearly federal money for the Native Americans.

paragraphs: In the three months before the bill passed, treaties were written at Washington with the Delaware, Otoe, Kickapoo, Kaskaskia, Shawnee, Sac, Fox and other tribes, where the biggest part of eastern Kansas, which was within one or two hundred miles of the Missouri border, was suddenly opened to white settlement. The Kansa reservation had already been made smaller by treaty in 1846.) On March 15, 1854, Otoe and Missouri Indians gave all their lands west of the Mississippi, except a small strip on the Big Blue River, to the United States. On May 6 and May 10, 1854, the Shawnees gave away , keeping only for homes. Also on May 6, 1854, the Delaware gave all their lands to the United States, except a reservation defined in the treaty. On May 17, the Iowa gave away their lands, keeping only a small reservation. On May 18, 1854, the Kickapoo also gave away their lands, except in the western part of the Territory. In 1854 lands were also given by the Kaskaskia, Peoria, Piankeshaw and Wea and by the Sac and Fox.

paragraphs: The final step in making the Natives more American was taking land from tribes and giving it to Native households. This was so they could buy and sell as European Americans would. For example, in 1854, the Chippewa (Swan Creek and Black River bands) lived of land in Franklin County, but in 1859 the area was given to individual Chippewa families.

paragraphs: The Kansas-Nebraska Act passed on May 30, 1854, and it created the Kansas Territory. It went from the western border of Missouri to the Rocky Mountains. The southern border was the 37th parallel north, and the northern border was the 40th parallel north. Anything north of the 40th parallel was part of the Nebraska Territory. When Congress set the southern border of the Kansas Territory as the 37th parallel, they thought that the Osage southern border was also the 37th parallel. The Cherokees disagreed. They said that it was not the correct border. They said that the border of Kansas should be moved north to make room for the actual border of the Cherokee land. This became known as the Cherokee Strip controversy.

paragraphs: In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, it said that people living in the territories could vote on whether or not to have slavery. It undid the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which did not allow slavery in any new states created north of latitude 36°30'. This led to violence between people from the North and people from the South. They both tried to quickly move to Kansas to control it.

paragraphs: In a few days after the law passed, hundreds of people from Missouri moved to Kansas. These people wanted slavery. They created a group called the "Squatter's Claim Association" on June 10, 1854. They said that they were going to make Kansas a slave state.

paragraphs: The New England Emigrant Aid Company said they were going to make Kansas a free state. From 1854 to 1855, they sent many anti-slavery people (called "free-staters") to Kansas. They were important in creating Lawrence, Topeka, and Manhattan. Other anti-slavery people came from Ohio, Iowa, Illinois, and other states.

paragraphs: For a while, there was not much violence. This changed on March 30, 1855. The elections happened this day. Many pro-slavery people from Missouri came to Kansas to vote for pro-slavery people. Pro-slavery people won many elections that day. Pro-slavery people controlled the Kansas government.

paragraphs: From 1855 to 1858, there was a lot of fighting in Kansas. This was called "Bleeding Kansas," and it happened shortly before the American Civil War. Battles include the Wakarusa War, the Sacking of Lawrence, the Battle of Black Jack, the Battle of Osawatomie, and the Marais des Cygnes massacre.

paragraphs: On December 1, 1855, many pro-slavery people came to Lawrence. These pro-slavery people were led by Samuel J. Jones. These people had guns. They wanted to destroy Lawrence because it was anti-slavery. The people of Lawrence were ready to defend the city. Before any fighting happened, Territorial Governor Wilson Shannon made a treaty to stop the fighting.

paragraphs: On May 21, 1856, pro-slavery people came to Lawrence, and they attacked the city. They burned the Free-State Hotel to the ground, destroyed two printing presses, and robbed homes. Only one person died, but the city was destroyed.

paragraphs: The Pottawatomie massacre happened during the night of May 24 to the morning of May 25, 1856. In what seems to be a reaction to the Sacking of Lawrence, John Brown and a group of abolitionists killed five settlers. They believed these settlers were pro-slavery. This happened north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas. Brown later said that he did not take part in the killings during the Pottawatomie massacre, but that he did approve of them. He went into hiding after the killings. Two of his sons, John Jr. and Jason, were arrested. While they were arrested, they were allegedly treated poorly. This made John Jr. mentally hurt. On June 2, Brown led a successful attack on a group of Missourians. The Missourians were led by Captain Henry Pate. This happened in the Battle of Black Jack. Pate and his men had went into Kansas to capture Brown and others. That Fall, Brown went back into hiding and did other guerrilla warfare activities.

paragraphs: The anti-slavery and pro-slavery people tried to win by writing a constitution that would make the other side lose. Anti-slavery people would try to write a constitution that made slavery illegal, and pro-slavery people would try to write a constitution that would make slavery legal. Congress would decide which one to choose.

paragraphs: On November 11, 1855, free-staters wrote the Topeka Constitution. The constitution made slavery illegal. They voted for the constitution on December 15, 1855, and they sent it to Congress in March 1856. It passed the House of Representatives, but it failed in the Senate. This was because the Senate had many pro-slavery people in it.

paragraphs: On November 7, 1857, pro-slavery people wrote the Lecompton Constitution. The constitution allowed slavery, but there was a vote on it. Both pro-slavery and anti-slavery people tried to stop the votes and the constitution. Eventually, it was sent to Congress. It failed in Congress because they were not able to decide if the people actually liked it.

paragraphs: A very anti-slavery legislature wrote the Leavenworth Constitution on April 3, 1858. On May 18, 1858, the people of Kansas voted for it. This constitution made slavery illegal, and it also gave more rights to women. It failed in Congress. All of this happened while the Lecompton Constitution was being written.

paragraphs: On July 29, 1859, the Wyandotte Constitution was written. The people of Kansas voted for it on October 4, 1859. This constitution made slavery illegal, but it did not have the rights for women (unlike the Leavenworth Constitution). Kansas became a free state on January 29, 1861.

paragraphs: When the Wyandotte Constitution was being written, pro-slavery people knew they had lost. When the pro-slavery people realized this and when John Brown left the state, the violence in Kansas stopped in 1859.

paragraphs: Kansas became the 34th state on January 29, 1861.

paragraphs: There were many important events that happened in Kansas during the 1860s. Kansas was in the Civil War, there were cattle drives, early prohibition, and the start of the American Indian Wars in western Kansas.

paragraphs: The Wyandotte Constitution made Kansas a free state. The people of Kansas liked the Union. Kansas stayed in the Union. Pro-slavery people still attacked Kansas. Many of these pro-slavery people were from Missouri.

paragraphs: At the start of the Civil War, Kansas had no official army. They had no weapons or supplies. In 1859 and 1860, the military in Kansas were not used. They simply stopped.

paragraphs: There were 29 Confederate attacks on Kansas. The worst was Quantrill's Raid in Lawrence in 1863. It was a response to many "Jayhawker" attacks on Missouri.

paragraphs: After Union Brigadier General Thomas Ewing, Jr. ordered to put women in prison who had gave aid to Confederate guerrillas, the jail's roof fell. This killed five people. These deaths made the guerrillas in Missouri angry. On August 21, 1863, William Quantrill led Quantrill's Raid into Lawrence. He burned much of the city. They killed over 150 men and boys. Quantrill said the attack was okay to do because it would revenge for any bad things that the jayhawkers did to the Southerners.

paragraphs: The Battle of Baxter Springs (sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre) was a small battle in the War. It happened on October 6, 1863, near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas. The Battle of Mine Creek, also known as the Battle of the Osage, was a cavalry battle. It happened in Kansas during the war.

paragraphs: On October 25, 1864, the Battle of Marais des Cygnes happened in Linn County, Kansas. This Battle of Trading Post was between Major General Sterling Price and Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price was pushed out by Union forces. This was after he had run away from Kansas City due to a defeat.

paragraphs: Fort Larned (central Kansas) was built in 1859 as a base of military operations against hostile Native Americans of the Central Plains. It was also built to protect traffic along the Santa Fe Trail. After 1861, it became an agency for the administration of the Central Plains Indians by the Bureau of Indian Affairs under the terms of the Fort Wise Treaty of 1861.

paragraphs: In 1863, the Union Pacific Eastern Division (renamed the Kansas Pacific in 1869) was created by the United States Congress's Pacific Railway Act. It was created to create the southern part of the transcontinental railroad alongside the Union Pacific. Pacific Railway Act also created large land grants to the railroad along its mainline. The company started construction on its main line west from Kansas City in September 1863.

paragraphs: Many railroads were planned after the Civil War, but not all were actually built. The Panic of 1873 made it difficult to fund. Land speculators and local boosters identified many potential towns. Towns that were reached by the railroad had a chance, while the others became ghost towns. In Kansas, nearly 5000 towns were mapped out. However, by 1970 only 617 were actually used. In the mid-20th century, closeness to an interstate exchange determined whether town would survive or struggle.

paragraphs: After the Civil War, railroads did not go to Texas. Instead, they brought their cattle to Kansas. Once in Kansas, the cattle would be sent on a train going east on the Kansas Pacific Railway.

paragraphs: In 1871, Wild Bill Hickok became marshal of Abilene, Kansas. He fought John Wesley Hardin there. After Hickok disarmed him, he ran away. Hickok was also a deputy marshal at Fort Riley. He was also a marshal at Hays in the Wild West. In the 1880s at Greensburg, Kansas, a big well was built to get water for the Santa Fe and Rock Island railroads. It is deep and in diameter. This makes it one of the world's biggest hand-dug wells.

paragraphs: Coronado, Kansas was created in 1885. It was involved in one of the bloodiest county seat fights in the history of the American West. The shoot-out on February 27, 1887 left many people dead and wounded.

paragraphs: In 1879, many black people left southern states and came to Kansas. They came because there was cheap land and better treatment. These people were called exodusters. They created small towns in Kansas like Nicodemus, Kansas in 1877.

paragraphs: On February 19, 1881, Kansas became the first state to make alcohol illegal. This started with the temperance movement. After 1890, prohibition and progressivism came together. This created a reform movement. This movement led to four reformist governors being elected from 1905 to 1919. Those governors wanted extreme prohibitionist laws. Kansas did not make alcohol legal again until 1948. Kansas did not allow public bars to be legal until 1987. Kansas did not allow people to buy alcohol on Sundays until 2005. Many cities still do not allow that. 29 counties in Kansas are considered "dry."

paragraphs: Early residents found that Kansas was not the "Great American Desert". However, they found that the weather and environment of Kansas can be very difficult to live in. Tornadoes, blizzards, droughts, hail, floods, and grasshoppers made it difficult to grow crops. Many early residents lost a lot of money trying to be a farmer in Kansas. In the 1890s, many of these people joined the Populist movement, or they moved east. In the 20th century, new technology, crop insurance, and help from the federal government made farming easier. Many immigrants (many of which were German) came to Kansas in the 20th century. They came because they heard Kansas had good dirt, cheap land, and they could get 160 acres of land to keep for free (if they were American citizens).

paragraphs: Very few single men worked on a farm alone. Farmers understood the need for a hard-working wife and many children, to handle the many chores, including child-rearing, feeding and clothing the family, managing the housework, feeding the hired hands, and handling the paperwork and financial details (especially after the 1930s). In the late 19th century, farm women were important in keeping the family going by working outdoors. After a generation or so, women started leaving the fields. This changed their roles within the family. New technology such as sewing and washing machines made women play domestic roles. The scientific housekeeping movement was promoted across the land by the media and government extension agents. It was also promoted by county fairs which showed achievements in home cookery and canning, advice columns for women in the farm newspapers, and home economics courses in the schools.

paragraphs: There was an idea that farm life on the prairies was lonely, but rural people had a social life. They often had activities that combined work, food, and entertainment such as barn raisings, corn huskings, quilting bees, Grange meeting, church activities, and school functions. The women organized shared meals and potluck events. They also had visits between families.

paragraphs: In 1947, Lyle Yost created the Hesston Manufacturing Company. The company specialized in farm equipment. The type of equipment included self-propelled windrowers and the StakHand hay harvester. In 1974, Hesston Company commissioned its first belt buckles, which became popular on the rodeo circuit and with collectors. In 1991, the American-based equipment manufacturer, AGCO Corporation, bought Hesston Corporation. Farm equipment is still manufactured in the city.

paragraphs: In 1896 William Allen White, editor of the "Emporia Gazette", got national attention after criticizing William Jennings Bryan, the Democrats, and the Populists. He did that by writing an article called "What's the Matter With Kansas?" White criticized Populist leaders for letting Kansas go into economic stagnation. He also criticized them for not keeping Kansas up economically with nearby states. he said the reason was because their policies were anti-business, and that it scared away economic capital from the state. The Republicans sent out hundreds of thousands of copies of the article. They did this to support William McKinley during the 1896 United States presidential election. McKinley won the small towns and cities of the state. However, Bryan won the wheat farms and won the electoral vote, even though McKinley won the national vote.

paragraphs: Kansas was a big part of the progressive movement. It has a lot of support from the middle classes, editors such as William Allen White of the "Emporia Gazette", and the prohibitionists of the WCTU and the Methodist Church.

paragraphs: In 1915, the El Dorado Oil Field was the first oil field that was found using science/geologic mapping. It was around the city of El Dorado. It was part of the Mid-Continent oil province. By 1918, the El Dorado Oil Field was the largest single field producer in the United States. It was responsible for 12.8% of national oil production and 9% of the world production. Some said it was as "the oil field that won World War I".

paragraphs: Between 1922 and 1927, there were many legal battles with the KKK. This led to the KKK no longer being in Kansas.

paragraphs: The Dust Bowl was a lot of dust storms that happened from 1930 to 1941. This was caused by a drought. The price of wheat lowered a lot, which cause a lot of farmers to leave. Because this was during the Great Depression, many unemployed men from the cities came to Kansas to work on farms.

paragraphs: Kansas was part of New Deal programs like Civil Works Administration, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, the Civilian Conservation Corps, and the Works Progress Administration. These programs helped employ many Kansas men. The most important were New Deal farm programs. Those programs raised the price of wheat, and it allowed economic growth by 1936. Republican Governor Alf Landon also did emergency programs. It included a balanced budget goal. The Agricultural Adjustment Administration succeeded in raising wheat prices after 1933. This helped get rid of the biggest problems economically.

paragraphs: The most important things Kansas did to help the war effort was provide a lot of grain and send tens of thousands of men to fight. Farmers didn't like the price ceilings and quotas for wheat, and their workers moved to factories. Farmers asked Congress to not draft young farmers.

paragraphs: Wichita became an important place for making airplanes. They got tens of thousands of unemployed people from around the state to come work there.

paragraphs: The Women's Land Army of America (WLA) was a women's labor pool during World War II. It was organized by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. It did not get many women from cities to do farm work. However, it did train hundreds of farm wives on how to handle machines, safety, proper clothing, time-saving methods, and nutrition.

paragraphs: Kansas allowed segregation in public schools, and they were in Topeka and other cities. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court said in "Brown v. Board of Education" that segregation was not protected by the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: During the 1950s and 1960s, intercontinental ballistic missiles were kept in some Kansas buildings. They were stored to prepare for a possible attack. The buildings were closed in the 1980s.

paragraphs: On June 6, 1966, Topeka was hit by an F5 tornado. The "1966 Topeka tornado" started in southwest Topeka, moving northeast, hitting many buildings. The tornado caused $100 million in damage.

paragraphs: The Kansas Sports Hall of Fame tells the history of sports in Kansas.

paragraphs: The first college football game played in Kansas was the 1890 Kansas vs. Baker football game in Baldwin City. Baker won 22–9. The first night football game west of the Mississippi River was played in Wichita, Kansas. The game was the 1905 between Cooper College (now called Sterling College) and Fairmount College (now Wichita State University). Also in 1905, Fairmount also played an experimental game against the Washburn Ichabods. This game was used to test new rules designed to make football safer.

paragraphs: In 1911, the Kansas Jayhawks went to play against the Missouri Tigers for the first homecoming game ever. The first college football homecoming game ever on television was played in Manhattan. It was between the Kansas State Wildcats and the Nebraska Cornhuskers.

paragraphs: In the 1951 season, the Southwestern head coach Harold Hunt got national recognition for rejecting a touchdown in a game against Central Missouri. Hunt told the officials that his player had stepped out of bounds. This would undo long touchdown run. Not a single one of the referees seen this happen, but they agreed to undo the touchdown. They put the ball back to the point where Coach Hunt said Johnson had stepped out. A photo of the run later showed that Coach Hunt was correct.

paragraphs: On October 2, 1970, a plane crashed. The plane had about half of the football team for Wichita State. They were going to play a game against Utah State University. 31 people were killed. The game was canceled. The Utah State football team had a memorial service at the stadium where the game would have been played.

paragraphs: The history of professional sports in Kansas starts from the creation of the Minor League Baseball Topeka Capitals and Leavenworth Soldiers in 1886 in the Western League. The African-American Bud Fowler played on the Topeka team that season. This was one year before the "color line" happened in professional baseball.

paragraphs: The first night game in the history of professional baseball was played in Independence on April 28, 1930. It was between the Muscogee (Oklahoma) Indians and the Independence Producers. The Indians beat the Producers by 13 to 3 in a minor league game sanctioned by the Western League of the Western Baseball Association. 1,500 fans came to watch the game. The permanent lighting system was first used for an exhibition game on April 17, 1930. That game was between the Independence Producers and House of David semi-professional baseball team of Benton Harbor, Michigan. The Independence team won with a score of 9 to 1. 1,700 people watched.


title: Jerome Lane

paragraphs: Jerome Lane Sr. (born December 4, 1966) is an American retired professional basketball player. Lane was born in Akron, Ohio and played at Saint Vincent-Saint Mary High School. During his 1986-87 season at the University of Pittsburgh, he got the record in America for most rebounds per game for basketball players that were his height (6 feet and 6 inches). The following season, he led the Big East Conference in that statistic. On January 25, 1988, Lane broke a backboard with a slam dunk often called "The Dunk", prompting announcer Bill Raftery to exclaim, "Send it in, Jerome!" In the NBA, Lane had two of the worst free throw shooting performances in the history of the league, including shooting 0-8 on December 29, 1992. Lane played in other professional basketball leagues around the world and consistently led them in rebounding.

paragraphs: Lane's son, Jerome Lane Jr., plays in the NFL.


title: Run Like Hell

paragraphs: Run Like Hell is the 22nd track from the Pink Floyd album, The Wall. It was released as a single in 1980.

paragraphs: The Wall is a concept album depicting the story of Pink, an alienated rock star. At this point in the story, Pink is imagining himself as a fascist dictator during one of his shows. His behavior turns his crowd into a vicious mob, following his commands. The lyrics are threatening, and directed to the listener. The lyrics call the listener one with an ""empty smile"" and a ""hungry heart"", ""dirty feelings"" and a ""guilty past"".

paragraphs: The song was originally written by David Gilmour. The lyrics were written by Roger Waters. Waters provides all of the vocals on the studio version, but in live versions, Gilmour and Waters trade vocals each line.


title: In the Flesh?

paragraphs: In The Flesh? is the opening track of Pink Floyd's rock opera album, The Wall.

paragraphs: The Wall tells the story of Pink, and alienated rock star. This song introduces Pink. It resembles the opening of a rock concert. Pink sings about how despite how he looks (in the film he appears to be a fascist dictator), he is not exactly what he seems. He says, ""if ya wanna find out what's behind these cold eyes / you'll just have to claw your way through this disguise!"."


title: The Thin Ice

paragraphs: "The Thin Ice" is the second track from Pink Floyd's rock opera album, "The Wall".

paragraphs: "The Wall" tells the story of Pink, an alienated rock star. This is the beginning of the story. The previous track, "In the Flesh?", actually takes place later in the story. This is a flashback. Pink is born, as heard by the baby crying. His mother sings to him.


title: Pat Bowlen

paragraphs: Patrick Dennis Bowlen (February 18, 1944 – June 13, 2019) was an American sports executive. He was born in Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. He was the majority owner of the Denver Broncos of the National Football League (NFL). Bowlen and his family, including his two brothers John Bowlen and Bill Bowlen, and sister Marybeth Bowlen, bought the team from Edgar Kaiser in 1984. He served as the CEO of Denver Broncos from 1984 until July 2014, when he stepped down from the role due to Alzheimer's disease. He was also principal owner of Denver Outlaws and Colorado Crush.

paragraphs: Bowlen died of problems caused by Alzheimer's disease on June 13, 2019 in Denver, Colorado. He was 75.


title: Şeref Has

paragraphs: Şeref Has (27 September 1936 – 13 June 2019) was a Turkish footballer. He started his career playing as a forward and midfielder, and towards the end of his career he was a defender.

paragraphs: Has was born in Istanbul. He signed for Fenerbahçe from Beyoğlu S.K. in 1955. He played for Fenerbahçe between 1955 and 1969, scoring 168 goals in 605 appearances. He won many league titles and the Istanbul Football League twice during his time at Fenerbahçe. He played 37 times for Turkey between 1956 to 1967. He also captained his country 10 times.

paragraphs: Has died on 13 June 2019, at the age of 82.


title: Geoff Lees (footballer)

paragraphs: Geoffrey Lees (1 October 1933 – June 2019) was an English professional footballer. He played as a wing half. His father Joe Lees was also a footballer.

paragraphs: Lees was born in Rotherham. He played for Barnsley and Bradford City during the 1950s. During his time with Bradford City, he made three appearances in the Football League. After retiring as a player, Lees worked as a youth coach at Barnsley. He died in June 2019, at the age of 85.


title: Carl Bertelsen

paragraphs: Carl Andreas Clausen Bertelsen (15 November 1937 – 11 June 2019) was a Danish footballer. He played as a forward.

paragraphs: Bertelsen was born in Haderslev. During his club career, he played for Danish clubs Haderslev FK, Esbjerg fB and OB, and Scottish sides Greenock Morton, Dundee and Kilmarnock. He played 20 times for Denmark between 1962 and 1964, scoring nine goals. He played for his country at the 1964 European Nations' Cup, placing fourth at the end of the tournament.

paragraphs: Bertelsen died of Alzheimer's disease on 11 June 2019, at the age of 81.


title: Kyle Lowry

paragraphs: Kyle Lowry is a professional basketball player. He plays for the Toronto Raptors.


title: Northumbrian smallpipes

paragraphs: The Northumbrian smallpipes are a type of bagpipes from North East England. They are also known as the Northumbrian pipes.


title: Musical.ly

paragraphs: Musical.ly was a mobile app available for phones where users could make short videos with music and slow motion. The videos would be sped up by the app to be at a normal speed. This allowed for lip syncing to be popular on the app. It is now known as TikTok.


title: Missouri Territory

paragraphs: The Territory of Missouri was a territory of the United States from June 4, 1812 to August 10, 1821. In 1819, the Arkansas Territory was created from a portion of its southern area. In 1821, a southeastern part of the territory became part of the Union as the State of Missouri, and the rest became unorganized territory for several years.

paragraphs: St. Louis was the capital of the Missouri Territory.


title: Osage River

paragraphs: The Osage River is a tributary of the Missouri River in central Missouri in the United States. It is the 8th longest river in Missouri. It is named after the Osage Nation, a Native American tribe.


title: Great American Desert

paragraphs: The Great American Desert was a term used in 1800s to describe the western part of the Great Plains east of the Rocky Mountains in North America to about the 100th meridian.

paragraphs: The area is now usually called the High Plains. The first term is now sometimes used to call the arid region of North America, which includes parts of northwestern Mexico and the American southwest.


title: Elfriede Ott

paragraphs: Elfriede Ott (11 June 1925 – 12 June 2019) was an Austrian actress, singer, stage director and teacher. She was born in Vienna. Her career begam in 1944. She was known for her roles on the long running television series "Hallo – Hotel Sacher ... Portier!" and in the 2010 movie "The Unintentional Kidnapping of Mrs. Elfriede Ott".

paragraphs: From 1985 to 2004 she gave theatre lectures at the Music and Arts University of the City of Vienna.

paragraphs: Ott died one day after her 94th birthday in Vienna on 12 June 2019.


title: Shawnee, Kansas

paragraphs: Shawnee is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. In 2010, there were 62,209 people who lived there. It is the 7th largest city in Kansas.

paragraphs: In 2010, there were 62,209 people living in Shawnee.

paragraphs: According to the town's 2016 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the biggest employers in Shawnee are:


title: Area code 913

paragraphs: Area code 913 is an area code for northeastern Kansas. It covers the Kansas City area.


title: Liverpool John Lennon Airport

paragraphs: Liverpool John Lennon Airport is an international airport in Liverpool, England. It is located by the River Mersey. There are around 5 million passengers each year. It opened in 1930, making it the oldest commercial airport outside London. In 1966 a longer runway suitable for jet airplanes opened and in 1986 a new terminal building opened and the old terminal building eventually became a hotel currently the "Crowne Plaza Liverpool Airport Hotel". In 2001 Liverpool Airport was renamed Liverpool John Lennon Airport after John Lennon of The Beatles. In 2006 a railway station Liverpool South Parkway opened to carry passengers to and from the airport.


title: You Need to Calm Down

paragraphs: "You Need to Calm Down" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It was released on June 14, 2019, as the second single from her seventh studio album, "Lover". Swift wrote and produced the song with Joel Little.

paragraphs: The song contains lyrics about lessening bullying and homophobia.


title: Nick Nurse

paragraphs: Nick Nurse (born July 24, 1967) is an American basketball coach currently coaching the Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Leonid Kuchma

paragraphs: Leonid Danylovych Kuchma (; born 9 August 1938) is a Ukrainian politician. He was the second President of independent Ukraine from 19 July 1994 to 23 January 2005.

paragraphs: He won the 1994 presidential election against his rival, the incumbent Leonid Kravchuk. Kuchma won re-election for an additional five-year term in 1999.


title: Leonid Kravchuk

paragraphs: Leonid Makarovych Kravchuk (; born 10 January 1934) is a Ukrainian politician. He was the first President of Ukraine from 5 December 1991, until his resignation on 19 July 1994.

paragraphs: He is also a former Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada and People's Deputy of Ukraine serving in the Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united) faction.


title: Vitold Fokin

paragraphs: Vitold Pavlovych Fokin (; born 25 October 1932) is a Ukrainian politician. He was appointed first deputy Prime Minister of Ukraine in November 1991. After Vitaliy Masol was forced to resign Fokin was appointed Head of the Council of Ministers of Ukrainian SSR on 17 October 1990.


title: Lucile Randon

paragraphs: Lucile Randon (born 11 February 1904) is the verified oldest French person ever (if discounting possibly disputed 122-year-old Jeanne Calment) and, since 114-year-old Honorine Rondello's death on 19 October 2017, the oldest person currently living in France. She is also at age (since Italianwoman Maria-Giuseppa Robucci's death on 18 June 2019) the second oldest person living in the world (behind Japanesewoman Kane Tanaka) and the oldest person living in Europe.

paragraphs: Randon was born in Alès, on 11 February 1904. She worked as a "gouvernante" in many families, and became a religious sister at age 41. She worked in a hospital in Vichy for 31 years, then moved to a nursing home in Haute-Savoie for 30 years, and finally to Toulon in 2009.

paragraphs: Randon is known by her religious name S"œur Andrée". She is confined to a wheelchair.

paragraphs: Randon had three brothers, and a twin sister who died as an infant. On her birthday she said "115 years is enough, I hope the Good Lord takes me this year".


title: Fiscal conservatism

paragraphs: Fiscal conservatism is one of the main factors that mark the difference between conservatives and progressives. It is necessary to reduce public spending in order to achieve a balanced budget. In fact it seeks to curb state intervention in the economy, favoring instead privatization and deregulation. The objective of this economic tactic is to reduce taxation and programs or entities deemed useless, as well as reducing public debt and favoring investments in the country or area of belonging.


title: Tasmanian Devil (Looney Tunes)

paragraphs: Taz, or the Tasmanian Devil, is a cartoon character featured in the Looney Tunes series by Warner Brothers.


title: Johnny English Strikes Again

paragraphs: Johnny English Strikes Again is a 2018 action comedy movie directed by David Kerr. A sequel to "Johnny English Reborn" (2011), it is the third instalment of the Johnny English series. The movie stars Rowan Atkinson in the title role, alongside Ben Miller, Olga Kurylenko, Jake Lacy and Emma Thompson. The movie follows the titular MI7 agent who is called into action, when all undercover operatives are exposed in a cyber attack.


title: Max Headroom broadcast signal intrusion

paragraphs: The Max Headroom broadcast signal intrusion was a television signal hijacking that happened in Chicago, Illinois, United States, on the evening of November 22, 1987. It involved at least three unknown people. It is an example of what is known in the television business as broadcast signal intrusion.

paragraphs: Two Chicago television stations, WGN-TV and WTTW, had their broadcast signals hijacked by an unknown person wearing a Max Headroom mask and sunglasses. A homemade Max Headroom background rocked back and forth in the background. The incident happened two times within a course of three hours.

paragraphs: The first incident took place for 25 seconds during the sportscast on the 9:00 PM news on WGN-TV Channel 9, and the second, two hours later, after 11:00 PM on PBS related WTTW Channel 11 for about 90 seconds during a broadcast of an episode of the "Doctor Who" serial "Horror of Fang Rock".

paragraphs: The incident made national headlines and the people responsible have never been identified.


title: Ricardo Migliorisi

paragraphs: Ricardo Migliorisi, (January 6, 1948 – June 14, 2019) was a Paraguayan painter, costume designer, scenery designer and architect. Migliorisi won national and international awards. Migliorisi showed his work in many countries. He was born in Asunción, Paraguay.

paragraphs: His characters are considered none too realistic, and may represent popular Latin-American subjects, animals and classic mythology, opera, circus and cabaret characters, the television and socialite, all of them with crazy tendencies.

paragraphs: Migliorisi was hospitalized in May 2019 under intensive therapy. He died on June 14, 2019 at the age of 71.


title: Wilhelm Holzbauer

paragraphs: Wilhelm Holzbauer (3 September 1930 – 15 June 2019) was an Austrian architect. He was born in Vienna. He was known as a "pragmatic" modernist. He was a student of Clemens Holzmeister at the Vienna University of Technology between 1950–53. His best known works were the Linz Hauptbahnhof in Linz, Austria and the Gasometer, Vienna.

paragraphs: Between 1956–57 he studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology as a Fulbright Scholar. From 1977 to 1998 he was professor at the University of Applied Arts Vienna.

paragraphs: Holzbauer died on 15 June 2019 in Vienna at the age of 88.


title: John Dean

paragraphs: John Wesley Dean III (born October 14, 1938) is an American attorney, political aide, writer, critic and convicted felon. He was born in Akron, Ohio. Dean was White House Counsel for United States President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973. Dean is known for his role in the cover-up of the Watergate scandal and his testimony to Congress as a witness.

paragraphs: His guilty plea to a single felony in exchange for becoming a key witness led to a reduced sentence, which he served at Fort Holabird outside Baltimore, Maryland. After his plea, he was disbarred as an attorney. Afterwards, he became a critic of the Republican Party, Presidents George W. Bush and Donald Trump, and the Iraq War.


title: Stubbs, Kansas

paragraphs: Stubbs is an unincorporated community in Barber County, Kansas, United States. Stubbs is west of Kiowa. It is very close to Oklahoma.


title: Deerhead, Kansas

paragraphs: Deerhead is an unincorporated community in Barber County, Kansas, United States. Deerhead is southwest of Medicine Lodge.

paragraphs: A post office in Deerhead was built in 1885. It closed for a short time in 1894. It opened again in 1895, but closed forever in 1923.

paragraphs: This area has hot, humid summers and cool winters.


title: Pixley, Kansas

paragraphs: Pixley is an unincorporated community in Barber County, Kansas, United States. Pixley is southeast of Medicine Lodge.

paragraphs: Pixley had a post office from 1892 until 1897.


title: Classic car

paragraphs: A classic car is an older automobile, generally one that is at least 25 years old. Classic cars are often very valuable to collectors, and may sell for many times their original factory price, especially if they have been well-maintained and have low mileage. Iconic cars that are less than 25 years old and may become classics are referred to as future classics. Classic cars are often not recommended as a daily driver. Replacement parts may be hard to find, and most classic cars lack safety features found in modern cars such as airbags and crumple zones. Contrary to popular belief, classic cars are structurally weaker than modern cars and will not hold up as well in a crash.


title: Ides of March

paragraphs: The Ides of March (, Late Latin: ) was a day in the Roman calendar. It means 15 March in Julian calendar. Several religious observances marked it as a deadline for settling debts. In 44 BC, it was well known as the date of the assassination of Julius Caesar which made the Ides of March a turning point in Roman history.


title: Hyde amendment

paragraphs: The Hyde amendment is a law in the United States. It stops the use of federal funds for abortions in the country.


title: Kevin Killian

paragraphs: Kevin Killian (December 24, 1952 – June 15, 2019) was an American poet, author, editor and playwright. Killian, who was openly gay, wrote mostly LGBT literature. "My Vocabulary Did This to Me: The Collected Poetry of Jack Spicer", which he co-edited with Peter Gizzi, won the American Book Award for poetry in 2009. His collection of short gay erotic fiction, "Impossible Princess" (2009), won the 2010 Lambda Literary Award as the best gay erotic fiction. He was also co-founder of the poetry, stage, and performance group Poets Theater, based in San Francisco, California.

paragraphs: Killian was born in Long Island, New York. He died on June 15, 2019, at the age of 66.


title: Marta Harnecker

paragraphs: Marta Harnecker (1937 – 15 June 2019) was a Chilean sociologist, political scientist, journalist and activist. She published more than 80 books including "Conceptos Elementales del Materialismo Histórico" (1969), "Cuba: ¿dictadura o democracia?" (1975), "Pueblos en armas" (1983), "¿Qué es la sociedad?" (1986), "Indígenas, cristianos y estudiantes en la revolución" (1987), "América Latina: Izquierda y crisis actual" (1990) and "A World to Build" (2015). In 1973, after the fall of President Salvador Allende and the coup d'état led by Augusto Pinochet, she was forced into exile. She visited Cuba in 1960 and married noted Cuban revolutionary Manuel Piñeiro. She later married American-born economist Michael A. Lebowitz.

paragraphs: Harnecker was of Austrian ancestry. She died in Canada on 15 June 2019, at the age of 82.


title: 2015 Cricket World Cup

paragraphs: The 2015 Cricket World Cup was held in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Bernard M. Judge

paragraphs: Bernard Judge (January 6, 1940 – June 14, 2019) was an American journalist. He was in management positions at the City News Bureau of Chicago, the "Chicago Tribune", the "Chicago Sun-Times" and the "Chicago Daily Law Bulletin". He was born in South Side, Chicago. He was raised in Oak Park, Illinois. Judge left the Chicago Sun-Times to become the editor and vice president of the Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. Judge became the Law Bulletin's publisher in 2001.

paragraphs: Judge died from pancreatic cancer at his Chicago home on June 14, 2019, aged 79.


title: Erzsébet Gulyás-Köteles

paragraphs: Erzsébet Gulyás-Köteles (3 November 1924 – 16 June 2019) was a Hungarian gymnast. She was born in Budapest. She competed at the 1948, 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics. In total, she won five Olympic medals (one gold, three silver and one bronze).

paragraphs: Gulyás-Köteles died on 16 June 2019 in Budapest, at the age of 94.


title: Eagle Eye

paragraphs: Eagle Eye is a 2008 American espionage action thriller movie. It was directed by D. J. Caruso. It was written by John Glenn, Travis Adam Wright, Hillary Seitz and Dan McDermott. It stars Shia LaBeouf, Michelle Monaghan and Billy Bob Thornton. The movie is about two strangers who must go on the run together after receiving a mysterious phone call from an unknown woman who is using information and communications technology to track them.


title: Iceni

paragraphs: The Iceni were a Celtic tribe who lived in Great Britain, in the area of modern-day Norfolk and Suffolk. Emperor Claudius invaded Great Britain in the year 43 AD. After that, the Iceni became allies of Rome. At that time, Antedios was the ruler of the Iceni. There was little economic exchange between the Iceni and the Romans: The Iceni feared a loss of cultural identity. This meant, that the Romans saw the relationship with the Iceni as a bad one. The Roman governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, decided to disarm the tribes the Romans had bad relations with, in the year 47, and to build new Roman fortifications.

paragraphs: Prasutagus, an Icene, was given the title of vassal king. Boudicca, Prasutagus' wife, incited the Iceni, and a few allied tribed, into resisting the Romans. This resistance took place in the years 60 and 61, and was not successful.

paragraphs: At the end of the first century, the Iceni had their own capital, Venta Icenorum, located near the modern-day village of Caistor St Edmund.


title: Round-robin tournament

paragraphs: A round-robin tournament is a competition format. In it, each team or person meets all others in turn.


title: Bob Gibson

paragraphs: Robert Gibson (November 9, 1935 – October 2, 2020) was an American baseball player. He was a pitcher. He played 17 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1959 to 1975.

paragraphs: He was nicknamed "Gibby" and "Hoot" (after actor Hoot Gibson). Gibson totalled 251 wins, 3,117 strikeouts and a 2.91 earned run average (ERA) during his career. He was a nine-time All-Star and two-time World Series champion. Gibson's jersey number 45 was retired by the St. Louis Cardinals in 1975. In 1981, he was added to the Baseball Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Due to Gibson's remarkable 1968 season, considered by some the greatest pitching performance, MLB decided to lower the pitching mound.

paragraphs: Gibson was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He was the father of three children: two with his first wife, Charline, and one with his second wife, Wendy.

paragraphs: In July 2019, Gibson was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. He died on October 2, 2020 from the disease in Omaha, aged 84.


title: Simona Mafai De Pasquale

paragraphs: Simona Mafai De Pasquale (5 July 1928 – 16 June 2019) was an Italian politician. She was a member of the Communist Party (PCI). She was elected to the Senate of the Republic in 1976, serving until 1979. She was born in Rome and was the daughter of painters/sculptors Mario and Antonietta Raphael. Mafai De Pasquale was married to Pancrazio De Pasquale, future president of the Sicilian Regional Assembly, until his death in 1992.

paragraphs: Mafai De Pasquale died of a stroke on 16 June 2019 in Palermo. She was 90.


title: Break up with your girlfriend, i'm bored

paragraphs: "break up with your girlfriend, i'm bored" is a song by American entertainer Ariana Grande, from her fifth studio album, "thank u, next" (2019). The song entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number two, while "7 rings" was at #1 and "thank u, next" was at #3; this made Grande the first solo artist to occupy the top three of the Hot 100 in the same week (and the first act overall since The Beatles).

paragraphs: The song was written by Grande, Max Martin, Ilya, Savan Kotecha, Kandi Burruss, and Shekspere, while it was produced by Martin, Ilya, and Grande. It samples "It Makes Me Ill" by the American boy band *NSYNC.

paragraphs: Grande has performed the song during her Coachella Festival set in April 2019 (with *NSYNC) and on her Sweetener World Tour.


title: Hirohiko Araki

paragraphs: Hirohiko Araki is a manga artist from Sendai, a city in Japan. He is most famous for the "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" series. He also made "Baoh, the Visitor" and "Gorgeous Irene."


title: Omnitrans

paragraphs: Omnitrans is a public transit agency in Southern California. It provides bus service to the San Bernardino Valley area. In 1976, the transit agency was created by the Joint Powers Agreement (JPA), under the amended Government Code of the State of California.


title: Dilraba Dilmurat

paragraphs: Dilraba Dilmurat also known as Dilraba (simplified Chinese: 迪丽热巴·迪力木拉提; traditional Chinese: 迪麗热巴·迪力木拉提; pinyin: Dílìrèbā Dílìmùlātí; born June 3, 1992 in Urumqi, Xinjiang, China) is a Chinese actress.


title: Chris Carr

paragraphs: Chris Carr or Christopher Carr may refer to:


title: Dunkirk, Kansas

paragraphs: Dunkirk is an unincorporated community in Crawford County, Kansas, United States.

paragraphs: A post office was opened in Dunkirk in 1915, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1919. Dunkirk was originally a mining community with coal mines operated by the Wier Coal Company.


title: Yaggy, Kansas

paragraphs: Yaggy is an unincorporated community in Reno County, Kansas, United States. It is northwest of Hutchinson.

paragraphs: Yaggy had a short-lived post office "ca." 1901.


title: Duluth, Kansas

paragraphs: Duluth is an unincorporated community in Pottawatomie County, Kansas, in the United States.

paragraphs: A post office was opened in Duluth in 1912, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1986.


title: Swan River Colony

paragraphs: The Swan River Colony was a British colony on the Swan River in Western Australia, which wanted to build both the private investor Thomas Peel and the military James Stirling on the continent of Australia. The name was pars pro toto (a part for the whole) for Western Australia, because it was only in 1832 that the colony was officially renamed Western Australia, when James Stirling was later named the first governor. Nevertheless, the name Swan River Colony was still in use for many years.


title: Philipp Bobkov

paragraphs: Philipp Denisovich Bobkov (; 1 December 1925 – 17 June 2019) was a Russian KGB official. He worked as a director of the KGB political police department (Fifth Chief Directorate) that was responsible for stopping protests in the former Soviet Union. He was called the "KGB brain". Bobkov was born in Oleksandriia Raion, Ukrainian SSR.

paragraphs: On 17 June 2019, Bobkov died in Moscow, at the age of 93.