title: Personality

paragraphs: Personality is a term that describes traits a person shows consistently at different times and in different situations. If we understand a person's personality we may be able to predict their behavior in many situations. Predictability makes it possible to explain and understand behavior. A person's personality can often suggest their internal thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Intrapersonal functioning is a term used to describe the stable processes that underlie these thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Gordon Allport defined personality as a "dynamic organization inside a person, of psychophysical systems that create the person's characteristic patterns of behavior, thoughts and feelings."

paragraphs: Many theorists like Hippocrates had their own opinions on what affected the personality. Hippocrates believed that the body was composed of four humors (body fluids): yellow bile, black bile, blood, and phlegm. When one of these four bodily humors was abnormal, it affected the personality. Hippocrates associated each of the humors with different elements, and temperaments:

paragraphs: If any of the four humors were at abnormal levels, Hippocrates believed the person would display the temperaments or show signs of sickness.

paragraphs: When studying personality, one must consider all the different perspectives in the approach to understand how personality is created. Some of these perspectives include things like trait theory, the influence of motives, evolutionary theories, and the social learning approach. Each of these theories try and explain how the personality is created and what influences its development.

paragraphs: Trait theory suggests that there are both traits and types within people that create the personality. Types are discontinuous categories that have qualitative differences. Traits are stable qualities in people that have continuous dimensions and quantitative differences. Examples of traits are things like fairness, intelligence, confidence, and helpfulness. Individual differences are reflected in the amount that a trait is seen. Within trait theory, there are many different approaches to how traits operate and to what extent. A Nomothetic view of traits suggests that traits are universal and it is possible to compare traits among individuals. It also states that individuals reflect a unique combination of traits, implying that while everyone has the same basic traits, not all individuals have the same levels of each trait. An Ideographic view of traits suggests that traits are idiosyncratic, or not universal. This approach explains that comparisons are not possible among individuals because not all traits are shared. It states that traits may be different in importance for different groups of people.

paragraphs: Motives are another important factor to consider when studying the personality. Motives are forces that are influenced by an underlying need. A need is a manifestation of an internal biological or psychological state. Needs direct behavior and influence a person's state of being. When a need is not met, an individual will have a motive to fulfill that need. For example, every human being has a need for water. The motive would be thirst. The need for water influenced the motive to no longer be thirsty. A press is an external event that acts as a trigger for motives. Using the same example as before, a thirsty person may be triggered to drink water by seeing a cold cup of water, which serves as a press.

paragraphs: An incentive value is another important concept when looking at theories on motives. An incentive value is the degree to which a given behavior can satisfy a need. This accounts for the differences in individuals. What may be more satisfying to one person may not be the same thing to another person. Each individual has a different incentive value.

paragraphs: Another theory about personality is the inheritance or evolutionary theories. These theories suggest that personality is genetically-based. Evolutionists believe that the personality has adapted over time to ensure survival and reproduction.

paragraphs: Social learning theory suggests that the personality is shaped by our experiences with relationships, our environment, and the social world in general.

paragraphs: Through experimentation and research, psychologists have been able to identify five major personality traits. These are known as the 'Big Five':

paragraphs: Neuroticism refers to a person's emotionality. Someone high in neuroticism has low emotional control and lability. This may cause them to exhibit signs of nervousness, anxiety, and excitability. A neurotic person may also display hostility, depression, self-consciousness, impulsiveness, and vulnerability to stress.

paragraphs: Extroversion is also known as sociability. This means their social adaptability, assertiveness, and energy level. A person high in extraversion would be extremely warm, positive, and prone to excitement-seeking.

paragraphs: Openness is also known as the intellect factor. Openness is associated with culture and being open to ideas and experiences. A person high in openness would be labeled creative, knowledgeable, and imaginative.

paragraphs: Agreeableness is associated with conformity, friendliness, and likability. A person high in agreeableness would be considered friendly, kind, considerate, and good-natured.

paragraphs: Conscientiousness is also known as responsibility and having a strong will to achieve. A person high in conscientiousness would be considered cautious, planful, serious, and hardworking.

paragraphs: While studying the healthy components of the personality, psychologists began to expand knowledge on the abnormal aspects of the personality. In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, ten personality disorders were organized into three clusters: Cluster A, Cluster B, and Cluster C. Cluster A consists of the odd and eccentric disorders. These are paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal. Cluster B are the dramatic, emotional, and erratic personality disorders. These are antisocial, borderline, histrionic and narcissistic. Cluster C is characterized by personality disorders dealing with anxiety or fear. This cluster are avoidant, dependent, and obsessive-compulsive.

paragraphs: There are many approaches to understanding why and how personality disorders are created. The dimensional perspective suggests that personality disorders are just extreme manifestations of traits that are caused by deviating from cultural norms. It views personality disorders as interfering and disrupting a person's life, as well as the lives of others. The biological perspective explains that personality is genetically-determined, therefore, that our behavior is simply the product of a complex biological organism. It states that genetics and biology influence all the processes within a personality.

paragraphs: An article from 2011 describes the explanation of personality psychology that is intertwined with the five-factor model. The article begins discussing how personality psychology has many factors intertwined within. It discusses cognition within the brain and also discusses personality traits and links between the two topics. Personality psychology is further explained through conceptual and logical aspects. Then the article continues to explain the logical requirements for coherency within the personality.

paragraphs: In 2006, self-regulatory behavior was analyzed and compared with personality science and health behavior. It is understood from this, that an individuals personality is a link to an individuals self regulated behavior as long as an individuals health behavior. All of these are related to one another and contribute to personality. A persons health, and their behavior are a result of their personality science.

paragraphs: A survey was conducted in 2007 in order to better comprehend the reasons why students choose their major, and specifically looked within the major of psychology. The students were curious as to what it was that was influencing students to make the decision to have psychology as their major. The survey created was based of the Big Five Personality Inventory. The results found from the surveys that people who choose psychology as their major were not picking this field for a large salary or anything to have to do with the money. The results continued to express that psychology majors were dedicated to the major because of their personal past experiences. This leads to show how the Big Five contributes to major choices of individuals.

paragraphs: Adaptive personality was compared with the model of emotional intelligence by Meyer and Salovey. A few of the relationships expected did arise within the correlations resulting. The article emphasized the significance of emotional knowledge within emotional intelligence. This provides further information when it comes to counseling, and just how much emotional knowledge can be a bigger impact than previously expected within personality psychology.

paragraphs: Most traditional models of personality traits emphasize biology of the person to be very relevant to their personality traits, and even emphasize that this aspect of the person is unchangeable. But, within this article from 2008, the idea of sociogenomic biology is brought up for thought. This is introduced within the article and contradicts everything about biology and that biology is in fact changeable in certain circumstances. The article stresses that DNA can be changed through the environment in which one lives. This new thinking of biology is claimed to be the new modern way of looking at personality traits.

paragraphs: In 1977 there was a study done about sleep positions relating to personality traits. There were main points within the study that strongly urged that sleep positions reflected a person's personality. In contrast, a personality study conducted in the year 2012, suggested that the position a person sleeps in is related to specific traits of their personality. Their study consisted of 332 participants that were psychology majors. The results found did not match what was previously concluded. There were no strong points leading to prove that there was such a relation, and in fact, the results were found to be quite weak between the association.


title: Ming-Na Wen

paragraphs: Ming-Na Wen (born November 20, 1963) is a Chinese actress. She is known for doing the voice of Fa Mulan in the Disney film 1998 "Mulan" and "Mulan II". She played Jing-Mei Chen in "ER". Wen plays Agent Melinda May in "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D".

paragraphs: Wen was born in Hong Kong. Her name means "enlightenment". When she was a child she moved to the United States. In 1995 she married Eric Michael Zee. She lives with him in California.


Bay Bridge


title: August Alsina

paragraphs: August Anthony Alsina Jr. (born September 3, 1992) is an American hip-hop singer. He was born in New Orleans. He released his first mixtape in 2011. In August 2013 he was signed to Def Jam Recordings. His first EP "Downtown: Life Under the Gun" was released by Def Jam that month. It reached number 68 in the Billboard 200. His first album is going to be released in 2014.


title: Representational state transfer

paragraphs: Representational state transfer (REST) is a programming architectural implementation intended to increase the efficiency of communication in computing systems. It embodies the idea that the best way to share large amounts of data between multiple parties is to make that data available on-demand by sharing references to that data rather than a complete copy of the data itself. Systems which implement REST are called 'RESTful' systems.

paragraphs: An example of a non-RESTful real-world system would be the traditional home movie collection. In order to have access to any given movie, the library owner must obtain a physical copy of it. This results in substantial waste as more copies are in existence than are in use at any given moment. Also, the time required to add new titles to the library is generally non-trivial. Streaming video is the RESTful counterpart to the home library. Instead of having a complete copy of every movie stored in the home, the movie is referred to by its title only and the content of the movie is streamed on demand.

paragraphs: The World Wide Web is the largest example of a RESTful system today. Physical libraries are its non-RESTful equivalent. Instead of sending a physical electronic copy of every digital resource to each person or library, we assign each resource a URL identifier "http://example.com", then access the actual content via the Internet rather than retrieving a local copy from an optical disk or a hard drive.

paragraphs: REST architecture can be applied in other contexts. For example, consider two companies which want to share multiple gigabytes of information that constantly changes. Sending a complete copy of their databases to each other (even via the internet) on a regular basis is a wasteful and time-consuming process. This method of sharing information is similar to the library example previously given. Instead, the companies can share database IDs with each other, perhaps even assigning each item in the database its own URL. When one company wants to query the database for price of a particular item belonging to the other company, it can then retrieve the data for that specific inventory item.


title: Julie Christmas

paragraphs: Julie Christmas is an American musician. She was the lead singer of the rock band Made Out of Babies and the metal band Battle of Mice. Christmas released three albums with Made Out of Babies. They broke up in 2012. Christmas sung on "Generation of Ghosts" on Mouth of the Architect's 2008 album "Quietly". In 2010, Christmas released her first solo album "The Bad Wife" on CD and vinyl.


title: Bernie Kopell

paragraphs: Bernard Morton "Bernie" Kopell (born June 21, 1933 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Siegfried in "Get Smart" and as Dr. Adam Bricker ("Doc") in "The Love Boat" from 1977 to 1986.


title: Margery Mason

paragraphs: Margery E. Mason (27 September 1913 – 26 January 2014) was a British actress and director. She is known for her roles in "The Princess Bride" and in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire".


title: Ahmed Fouad Negm

paragraphs: Ahmed Fouad Negm (22 May 1929 – 3 December 2013) was an Egyptian vernacular poet. Negm is well known for his work with Egyptian composer Sheikh Imam, as well as his patriotic and revolutionary Egyptian Arabic poetry. Negm has been called "a bit of a folk hero in Egypt" or "el-Fagommi".

paragraphs: Negm was born in Sharqia, Egypt on 22 May 1929.

paragraphs: In 2007, Negm was chosen by the United Nations Poverty Action as Ambassador of the poor. Negm won the 2013 Prince Claus Award for ‘Unwavering Integrity’.

paragraphs: On 3 December 2013, Negm died at the age of 84 in Cairo, Egypt from a long-illness, aged 84.


title: Paul Aussaresses

paragraphs: Paul Aussaresses (7 November 1918 – 4 December 2013) was a French Army general. He fought during World War II, the First Indochina War and Algerian War. His actions during the Algerian War, and later defense of those actions, caused considerable controversy. He was perhaps best known for wearing an eye patch since he lost an eye during battle.

paragraphs: Aussaresses was badly criticized in 2000, when in an interview with the French newspaper "Le Monde", he defended the use of torture during the Algerian war. He repeated the defense in an interview with CBS's "60 Minutes", further arguing that torture ought to be used in the fight against Al-Qaeda.

paragraphs: Aussaresses died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes in La Vancelle, France, aged 95.


title: William Ramsay

paragraphs: Sir William Ramsay KCB FRS (William Ramsay, Jr.; 2 October 1852 – 23 July 1916) was a Scottish chemist. Ramsay discovered the noble gases. He also helped discover several elements that are on our periodic table today. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1904 "in recognition of his services in the discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" (along with Lord Rayleigh).

paragraphs: Ramsay was born in Glasgow on 2 October 1852. He was a nephew of the geologist Sir Andrew Ramsay. His father, William, Sr., was a civil engineer. His mother was Catherine Robertson. He studied at Glasgow Academy, at the University of Glasgow and at University of Tübingen in Germany.

paragraphs: Ramsay went back to Glasgow as an assistant at the Anderson College. He found a job as Professor of chemistry at the University College of Bristol in 1879.

paragraphs: On the evening of 19 April 1894 Ramsay was at a lecture given by Lord Rayleigh. Rayleigh had noticed a difference between the density of nitrogen made by chemical synthesis and nitrogen isolated from the air by removal of the other known components. He named the gas responsible for this difference "argon".

paragraphs: He was working with Morris Travers, when he discovered neon, krypton, and xenon. He also isolated helium. In 1910, he also created and characterized radon. In 1904, Ramsay received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

paragraphs: Ramsay discovered all six elements that are in the noble gas group on the periodic table.

paragraphs: Ramsay was married to Margaret Buchanan in 1881. They had one daughter, Catherine, and one son, William George. William George died when he was 40.

paragraphs: Ramsay lived in Hazlemere, Buckinghamshire until his death. He died in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire on 23 July 1916 from nasal cancer (nose cancer). He died at the age of 63. He was buried in Hazlemere Parish church.

paragraphs: The Sir William Ramsay School in Hazlemere is named after him.


title: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff

paragraphs: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Jr. (30 August 1852 – 1 March 1911) was a Dutch chemist. He was the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1901. van 't Hoff studied the active principles of chemical kinetics, chemical equilibrium, osmotic pressure, and stereochemistry.


title: Julius Lothar Meyer

paragraphs: Julius Lothar von Meyer (August 19, 1830 – April 11, 1895) was a German chemist. He worked with Dmitri Mendeleev and helped him draw up the first periodic table of chemical elements. He also worked with Robert Bunsen.


title: Battle of Aachen

paragraphs: The Battle of Aachen was a major battle of Second World War. It was fought by American and German forces in and around Aachen, Germany, between 2–21 October 1944. The city was part of the Siegfried Line, the main defence line on Germany's western border. The Allies had hoped to capture it quickly and move into the Ruhr area.

paragraphs: Most of Aachen's civilian population was moved out before the battle began. Much of the city was destroyed and both sides had heavy losses. It was one of the largest urban battles fought by U.S. forces in World War II.

paragraphs: It was the first city in Germany to be captured by the Allies. The battle ended with a German surrender, but their defense slowed down Allied plans to advance into Germany.

paragraphs: By September 1944 the Western Allies had reached Germany's western border. It was protected by the Siegfried Line. On 17 September, British, American, and Polish forces launched Operation Market Garden.

paragraphs: This was an attempt to get around the Siegfried Line by crossing the Lower Rhine River in the Netherlands. The failure of this plan, and a supply problem caused by the long distances, stopped the Allied movement toward Berlin.

paragraphs: German dead and wounded in France had been high. Field Marshal Walter Model said his 74 divisions had the strength of just 25. The Western Allies' supply problems gave the Germans time to rebuild their strength. In September, new troops were sent to the Siegfried Line. The total was 230,000 soldiers, including 100,000 new soldiers.

paragraphs: At the start of the month the Germans had had about 100 tanks in the West; by the end they had 500. As men and equipment were moved into the Siegfried Line they were able to establish a depth of .

paragraphs: The Allied force, under the command of General Dwight D. Eisenhower, wanted to capture the Ruhr. It was Germany's main industrial area.

paragraphs: General George S. Patton's Third Army was ordered to occupy the French region of Lorraine. General Courtney Hodges's First Army was ordered to attack near Aachen.

paragraphs: Hodges had at first hoped to go around the city. He thought it was only defended by a small group of troops which would surrender once they were cut off.

paragraphs: The beautiful, old city Aachen was not an important military target, as it did not do much war production. Its population of around 165,000 had not been bombed by the Allies.

paragraphs: It was an important symbol to the Nazi regime and the German people. It was the first German city threatened by an enemy during the Second World War. It was also the historic capital of Charlemagne, founder of the "First Reich". The city was very important to the Germans.

paragraphs: The city's defenders fought on home ground for the first time; one German officer said, "Suddenly we were no longer the Nazis, we were German soldiers."

paragraphs: Aachen was protected by the Siegfried Line, a system of pillboxes, forts, and bunkers protected by anti-tank obstacles and barbed wire. In several areas, German defenses were over deep. It was the strongest defence ever built.

paragraphs: Learning from their experiences on the Eastern Front, the Germans put their defences in the center of towns. They used narrow streets to make it hard for enemy armored vehicles to move around

paragraphs: Even though the troops defending Aachen and the Ruhr were of low quality, the fortifications protecting Aachen and the Ruhr were a major problem for the

paragraphs: American forces. Getting through Aachen was seen as important, because the land beyond Aachen was flat, and easy for the motorized Allied armies to travel on.

paragraphs: Fighting around Aachen began in the second week of September. The city was defended by the 116th Panzer Division, under the command of General Gerhard von Schwerin.

paragraphs: The closeness of Allied forces had caused the majority of the city's government officials to leave before the citizens were moved out. (For this, Hitler had all Nazi officials who had fled sent to the Eastern front as privates.) von Schwerin wanted to surrender the city to Allied forces. However, on 13 September, before he could surrender, he was ordered to launch a counterattack against American forces southwest of Aachen. He attacked with his panzergrenadier forces.

paragraphs: The German general's attempt to surrender the city made Adolf Hitler, ordered the general's arrest. He was replaced by General Gerhard Wilck. The United States' VII Corps continued to try to get past German defenses, despite the fighting on 12–13 September.

paragraphs: Between 14–16 September the US 1st Infantry Division advanced against strong defenses and attacks. Eventually, they had a circle around half the city.

paragraphs: This slow advance stopped in late September, due to the supply problem, and the sending of fuel and ammunition for Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands.

paragraphs: In October, Aachen's defense was assigned to General Friedrich Köchling's LXXXI Corps. These forces, along with the attached 506th Tank Battalion and 108th Tank Brigade, had 20,000 men and 11 tanks. Köchling was also promised a new 116th Panzer Division and the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division, with 24,000 troops.

paragraphs: The 183rd Volksgrenadier Division and 49th Infantry Division defended the northern approaches. The 12th Infantry Division was positioned to the south.

paragraphs: On 7 October, the 1st SS Panzer Division Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler Panzer Division were sent to defend Aachen.

paragraphs: Although new troops continued to arrive, the 12th Infantry Division had lost half its combat strength between 16–23 September, and the 49th and 275th Infantry Divisions had had to be given time to rest.

paragraphs: While German infantry divisions had a strength of 15,000–17,000 soldiers at the start of World War II, this had been reduced to a size of 12,500. By November 1944, the average strength of a division was 8,761 men.

paragraphs: To cope with the troop shortages, the Volksgrenadier divisions were created in 1944. Their average total strength was just over 10,000 men per division. Although about a quarter of these were experienced veterans, two-quarters were new soldiers and sick people while the rest were from the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine.

paragraphs: These divisions often received the newest small-arms, but they lacked artillery and motorization. The 183rd Volksgrenadier Division had not had time to train as a unit. The 246th Volksgrenadier Division was in a similar situation. Many of its troops had fewer than ten days of infantry training. All of these weaknesses of the troops were made up for by the strong fortifications surrounding Aachen.

paragraphs: The task of capturing Aachen was given to General Charles H. Corlett's XIX Corps' 30th Infantry Division and Joseph Collins' VII Corps' 1st Infantry Division.

paragraphs: General Leland Hobbs' 30th Infantry Division would be assisted by the 2nd Armored Division, which would try to go the 30th Division's hole in the Siegfried Line. Their sides were protected by the 29th Infantry Division.

paragraphs: In the south, 1st Infantry Division was supported by the 9th Infantry Division and the 3rd Armored Division. These divisions took in a large number of new men.

paragraphs: By 1 October over 70% of the men of General Clarence Huebner's 1st Infantry Division were new troops. The last two weeks of September were spent giving these men training in fighting and weapons training.

paragraphs: The plan called for both infantry divisions to avoid street fighting in Aachen. The plan was for the two divisions to encircle the city. Then a small force would capture it while most of the US forces moved east.

paragraphs: Although American units were usually able to get new troops quickly, the replacements rarely had enough training. Many junior officers were lacked tactical and leadership abilities. Some tank drivers had never even driven a car before. Some tank commanders had to teach their men how to load and fire their tank guns in the field before missions.

paragraphs: The US system meant that new troops reaching the front lines were not properly trained for combat. Sometimes half of a unit's replacements would become dead or wounded within the first few days of combat.

paragraphs: These losses required more troops to be brought into the fighting. A battalion of the US 28th Infantry Division was sent against Aachen to help the US 1st Infantry Division during 18–21 October.

paragraphs: These forces were supported by the Ninth Air Force, which knew where 75% of the pillboxes were. They planned an opening bombing using 360 bombers and 72 fighters. New aircraft would be used for a second attack, which included napalm.

paragraphs: With the Germans having few anti-aircraft guns and severely limited support from the Luftwaffe, Allied forces controlled the skies over Aachen.

paragraphs: For six days before the American attack allied artillery bombed German defenses around Aachen. Although bombing German LXXXI Corps to stop all movements of troops and supplies, it did not harm the pillboxes and strongpoints.

paragraphs: The opening air bombing on 2 October also did little damage to German defences. The 450 aircraft did not hit any German pillbox. Their targets had been hidden by thick smoke from the Allied artillery. After the aircraft finished their bombing, the artillery fired 18,696 shells.

paragraphs: The 30th Infantry Division moved forward on 2 October. They used artillery to destroy German pillboxes. It took thirty minutes to capture a pillbox. Heavy fighting had not been expected, and one group lost 87 troops in an hour; another lost 93 out of 120 soldiers to a German artillery strike.

paragraphs: The attackers were slowly able to cross the Wurm River. They attacked German pillboxes with flamethrowers and explosives. By the afternoon of 2 October, the 30th Infantry Division had got past German defenses and reached the town of Palenberg.

paragraphs: Here, US soldiers had to fight to get to each house. (Private Harold G. Kiner was awarded the Medal of Honor for throwing himself on a German grenade saving the lives of two soldiers).

paragraphs: Fighting in the town of Rimburg was terrible. American armour could not cross the Wurm River, and it could not support infantrymen who were attacking the Germans. The 30th Infantry Division destroyed 50 German pillboxes on the first day.

paragraphs: The division's advance was helped by the 29th Infantry Division's attacks. The Germans thought that the 29th Division's attacks were the main attack.

paragraphs: On the night of 2 October, the German 902nd Assault Gun Battalion was ordered to attack the 30th Infantry Division. Allied artillery made the German attack not start on time. The German attack failed.

paragraphs: American armor could help with the advance on 3 October. The US attacks were stopped by German attacks. Rimburg was captured on the second day. Fighting had also begun in the town of Übach. American tanks tried to attack the town. However, they could not move due to German artillery fire.

paragraphs: American artillery fire stopped the Germans from recapturing it. By the end of the day the 30th Infantry Division had around 300 dead and wounded.

paragraphs: German forces continued their attacks on Übach. This stopped American troops from advancing. On 4 October the Allies had only captured Hoverdor and Beggendorf. The Americans lost 1,800 soldiers in the past three days. On 5 October, the 119th Regiment of the 30th Infantry Division captured Merkstein-Herbach.

paragraphs: The next day the Germans attacked Übach, but the attack was not a success. The American had many more tanks. The Germans did not have extra troops. General Koechling did get a Tiger tank group to defend Aachen from the north.

paragraphs: The Germans attacked on 8 October with an infantry regiment, the 1st Assault Battalion, the 108th Panzer Brigade, and 40 armored vehicles. The left side of the attack cut off an American platoon. The Germans had many losses and the Americans were getting closer.

paragraphs: In the south, the 1st Infantry Division attacked on 8 October. They wanted to capture the town of Verlautenheide. A big artillery attack helped them to capture the town.

paragraphs: By 10 October, the 1st Infantry Division was in its planned position, where it could join with the 30th Infantry Division. The Germans attacked but they ended up with over 40 dead and 35 prisoners. Despite repeated German attacks, the 1st Infantry Division was able to capture the high land around the city.

paragraphs: On 10 October, the US threatened to bomb the city if it didn't surrender. The German commander refused to surrender. American artillery fired 5,000 shells and the city was bombed American aircraft.

paragraphs: American dead and wounded were increasing. This was caused by German attacks and the danger of attacking pillboxes. The Germans in the town of Bardenberg made pillboxes to defend themselves. American attackers pulled back and shelled the town with artillery.

paragraphs: On 12 October, the Germans attacked the American 30th Infantry Division. The Americans defended themselves with artillery fire and anti-tank defenses.

paragraphs: At the village of Birk, there was a fight between German tanks and a single American Sherman tank. Then the 2nd Armored Division arrived and the Germans were pushed out of the town.

paragraphs: The 30th Infantry Division had to defend itself over all the land they held. They were ordered to move south to join with the 1st Infantry Division. Two infantry battalions from the 29th were sent to join the 30th.

paragraphs: The same day (12 October), two German infantry regiments attempted to recapture. Both regiments were almost completely destroyed. Between 11–13 October Allied aircraft bombed Aachen.

paragraphs: On 15 October, the Germans again attacked the 1st Infantry Division. Although a number of heavy tanks managed to break through American lines, most of German forces were destroyed by artillery and airplanes.

paragraphs: On the next day, the Germans attacked with the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division. They had heavy losses and they had to stop the attack.

paragraphs: The 30th Infantry Division and parts of the 29th Infantry and 2nd Armored divisions moved southwards between 13–16 October. They could not get through German defenses and join up with allied forces to the south.

paragraphs: The Germans attacked with artillery. German tanks were hidden in houses. General Hobbs, commander of the 30th Infantry Division, tried to get around the German defenses. He attacked with two infantry battalions. The attack was a success. The 30th and 1st Infantry Divisions joined up on 16 October.

paragraphs: The fighting had caused American XIX Corps over 400 dead and 2,000 wounded, with 72% from the 30th Infantry Division. The Germans had 630 of their soldiers killed and 4,400 wounded; another 600 were killed in the 3rd Panzergrenadier Division's attack on the US 1st Infantry Division on 16 October.

paragraphs: The 1st Infantry Division had only a single regiment to capture the city. They attacked with machine guns and flamethrowers. Only by a few tanks and one howitzer were used in the attack.

paragraphs: The city was defended by 5,000 German troops, including navy, air force and city police. Most of these soldiers lacked experience and training. They were supported by a few tanks and assault guns. However, Aachen's defenders could use the narrow streets to defend the city.

paragraphs: The 26th Infantry's attack on 13 October was stopped by Germans firing from sewers and cellars. Sherman tanks could not move around in the narrow streets. The 26th Infantry Regiment used howitzers to destroy German fortifications. Sherman tanks were attacked by German anti-tank guns.

paragraphs: American tanks and other armored vehicles would shoot buildings to kill any defenders hiding inside. German infantry moved through sewers to attack Americans.

paragraphs: The Germans fought very hard. They attacked the Americans and used armor to stop American movement.

paragraphs: On 18 October, the 3rd Battalion of the 26th Infantry Regiment prepared to attack the Hotel Quellenhof. This was one of the last areas held by the Germans in the city. American tanks and other guns fired at the hotel. That night, 300 new soldiers of the 1st SS Battalion moved into the hotel. They stopped several attacks on the building.

paragraphs: A violent German attack managed to get past American infantry companies outside of the hotel. The Germans were then stopped by American mortar fire.

paragraphs: The Americans shelled German positions with guns. As well, a battalion of the 110th Infantry Regiment was used to fill gaps in the city. The new battalion was told on 19–20 October to attack the city.

paragraphs: On 21 October, soldiers of the 26th Infantry Regiment captured central Aachen. The Germans in the Hotel Quellenhof surrendered, ending the battle for the city.


title: Danilo Medina

paragraphs: Danilo Medina Sánchez (born November 10, 1951) is a Dominican politician. He is the current President of the Dominican Republic from 2012 to 2020.


title: Sophia Bush

paragraphs: Sophia Bush (born July 8, 1982) is an American television and movie actress. She has also directed. Movies in which she appeared include "John Tucker Must Die". Television programs in which she appeared include "Chicago Hope", "Chicago PD" and "One Tree Hill". Bush was born in Pasadena, California.


title: Hongkong Electric Company

paragraphs: Hongkong Electric Company (HKC; ) is an electricity generation company in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

paragraphs: The company was established on 1 December 1890 in British Hong Kong.


title: Joaquín Balaguer

paragraphs: Joaquín Antonio Balaguer Ricardo (September 1, 1906 – July 14, 2002) was the President of the Dominican Republic. He served three non-consecutive terms for that office. His first term was from 1960 to 1962, for his second term from 1966 to 1978, and again for his third and final term from 1986 to 1996. In 2000, Balaguer decided to seek an eighth term as president he lost the election.

paragraphs: On July 14, 2002, Balaguer died of heart failure at Santo Domingo's Abreu Clinic at the age of 95.


title: CLP Group

paragraphs: CLP Group (CLP; ) is an electricity company in Hong Kong. Their business are power generation, power transmission and electricity selling.

paragraphs: CLP Group was established in British Hong Kong in 1901 as China Light and Power Company Syndicate.


title: Juan Bosch

paragraphs: Juan Emilio Bosch Gaviño (30 June 1909 – 1 November 2001) was a politician, historian, short story writer, essayist, and educator. He was the first democratically elected President of the Dominican Republic in 38 years. He served as president from February through September of 1963. Before this, he had been the leader of the Dominican opposition in exile to the dictatorial regime of Rafael Trujillo for over 25 years.

paragraphs: In 1934, he married Isabel García and had two children with her: Leon and Carolina. During Trujillo's dictatorship, Bosch was jailed for his political ideas, being released after several months. In 1938, Bosch managed to leave the country, settling in Puerto Rico.

paragraphs: Juan Bosch died on November 1, 2001 after a long hospitalization period in Santo Domingo. He was suffering from Alzheimer's disease and was hospitalized for respiratory failure. As a former President, he received the corresponding honors at the National Palace, and was buried in his hometown of La Vega.


title: Companhia de Electricidade de Macau

paragraphs: Companhia de Electricidade de Macau (CEM; ; English: Macau Electricity Company) is an electricity company in Macau, China. Its main business is power generation, power transmission, power distribution and electricity selling in Macau.

paragraphs: CEM was established in 1972 in Portuguese Macau.


title: Felicity Jones

paragraphs: Felicity Rose Hadley Jones (born 17 October 1983) is a British television, stage and movie actress. She starred in movies including "Brideshead Revisited" (2008), "Cemetery Junction" (2009) and "Rogue One" (2016). Jones was born in Birmingham. Sources differ on her year of birth, with some saying 1983 and others saying 1984.


title: Blindfold

paragraphs: A blindfold is a piece of cloth tied over a person's eyes. Sometimes a blindfold is made of material other than cloth. Blindfolds make it impossible to see. They are used for many different reasons:

paragraphs: In art, Justice is sometimes made to look like a woman wearing a blindfold.


title: Everland

paragraphs: Everland is a theme park in Yongin, South Korea. It is about one hour's drive away from Seoul.

paragraphs: Everland is the largest theme park in South Korea. In 2012, it ranked 12th in the world by number of visitors. It had 6.6 million visitors according to "Travel + Leisure" magazine.

paragraphs: The park is 36 years old. It has many kinds of attractions, as well as a zoo called Safari World, and a water park named Caribbean Bay. Everland also has seasonal festivals throughout the year. Samsung Everland, a part of company of Samsung operates and manages the park and the surrounding area.

paragraphs: Caribbean Bay is South Korea's largest water park. It has outdoor and indoor parts, and only indoor parts, named 'Aquatic Center' opens throughout the year.

paragraphs: Home Bridge is a resort and cabin site near Everland. The wooden lodges are located 2,000 meters above sea level.

paragraphs: Everland Speedway is South Korea's first racing track. It holds many racing events or competitions as well as provides guests to drive racing car.


title: Chalet Girl

paragraphs: Chalet Girl is a 2011 British-German-Austrian romance-comedy movie. It is about introducing people, romance and various family matters. Felicity Jones plays Kim Matthews. Brooke Shields plays Caroline. Sophia Bush plays Chloe.

paragraphs: This movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It was released in the United States in October 2011.


title: Christian Benítez

paragraphs: Christian Rogelio Benítez Betancourt (May 1, 1986 – July 29, 2013), also known as Chucho, was an Ecuadorian footballer who played as a forward for El Jaish of the Qatar Stars League at the time of his death.

paragraphs: On July 29, 2013, Benítez entered a hospital in Doha, Qatar because of a "strong pain" in his abdomen. He later went into respiratory failure. He died from complications leading to cardiac arrest at the age of 27.


title: Feature movie

paragraphs: A feature movie or feature film is a movie (also called a film or motion picture) with a run time long enough to be the main or only movie to fill a program at a movie theatre. A program is the set of shows that people are given for one admission ticket. A feature movie is therefore a movie that runs for long enough to be the main or only show in a program. According to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, American Film Institute, and British Film Institute, a feature movie runs for at least 40 minutes. The Screen Actors Guild states that it is 80 minutes or longer.

paragraphs: The majority of feature movies are between 70 and 210 minutes long. "The Story of the Kelly Gang" was the first feature movie based on length, and was released in Australia in 1906. The first feature-length movie based on a book was "Les Misérables" which was released in 1909.

paragraphs: Feature movie for children are usually between 70 and 105 minutes. Other early feature movies include a version of "Oliver Twist" (1912), "Richard III" (1912) and "From the Manger to the Cross" (1912).


title: The Invisible Woman

paragraphs: The Invisible Woman is a 2013 romance-drama movie. The movie is about a secret mistress of Charles Dickens. Ralph Fiennes plays Dickens. Kristin Scott Thomas plays Catherine Ternan and Felicity Jones plays Nelly Ternan. This movie will be released beginning in early 2014 in the United Kingdom and United States.


title: Joana Raspall i Juanola

paragraphs: Joana Raspall i Juanola (1 July 1913 – 4 December 2013) was a Spanish writer and librarian. She was born in Barcelona on 1 July 1913. Juanola died on 4 December 2013 from natural causes, aged 100.


title: High-pass filter

paragraphs: A high-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal above a certain value (cutoff frequency). The frequency component below that certain value will be suppressed to almost zero.


title: Low-pass filter

paragraphs: A low-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal below a certain value (cutoff frequency). The frequency component above that certain value will be suppressed to almost zero.


title: Band-pass filter

paragraphs: A band-pass filter is an electronic filter that passes the frequency component of a signal within a certain range value, where it has its lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency. The frequency component outside that range of value will be suppressed to almost zero. In low frequency applications (up to 100 KHz), passive filters are generally constructed using simple R.C. networks while higher frequency filters (above 100 KHz) are usually made from R.L,C components.


title: Band-stop filter

paragraphs: A band-stop filter or band-reject filter is an electronic filter that blocks the frequency component of a signal within a certain range value, where it has its lower cutoff frequency and upper cutoff frequency. The frequency component outside that range of value will be passed on.


title: Steam drum

paragraphs: A steam drum is a part of a water-tube boiler. It is the place where water or steam gathers at the top of the boiler. It stores the steam produced in the water tube and it separates between steam and water mixture.


title: Water-tube boiler

paragraphs: A water-tube boiler is a type of boiler in which water circulates in tubes heated by fire from outside. The fire is produced by the fuel being burned inside the furnace for the boiler.


title: Coal burner

paragraphs: A coal burner is a device that burns fine coal which has been ground into smaller particles.


title: Superheater

paragraphs: A superheater is a device that changes saturated steam into dry steam. Dry steam is used in various industrial processes.


title: Heat exchanger

paragraphs: A heat exchanger is a device used to efficiently transfer heat from one fluid to another. The fluids may be separated to avoid direct contact or mixing.


title: Soot blower

paragraphs: A soot blower is a device used to remove soot that has accumulated on the furnace tube of a boiler during combustion. Steam or air can be used to blow the soot.


title: Marianne Muellerleile

paragraphs: Marianne Muellerleile (born November 26, 1948) is an American actress. She played Norma Bates (2000-2008) in the NBC soap opera "Passions". In "The Terminator" in 1984, she also played a woman with a name similar to Arnold Schwarzenegger's confidant and love interest. Muellerleile was born in St. Louis, Missouri.


title: State Grid Corporation of China

paragraphs: State Grid Corporation of China (SGCC; ) is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China which provides electricity to Northern China, Northeastern China, Eastern China, Central China and Northwestern China.


title: China Southern Power Grid

paragraphs: China Southern Power Grid () is a company owned by the government of the People's Republic of China. It provides electricity transmission and distribution to Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan and Yunnan provinces.


title: Excitation (magnetic)

paragraphs: Excitation is a process to create a magnetic field from electric current. This process is used in electric machines (generators or motors) whose rotor spins in a magnetic field. This magnetic field can come from a permanent magnet or field coils. In the case of electric machine with field coils, a current must flow to the coil to generate the magnetic field, so that the field coils can act as a "magnet", like in the case of electric machine with permanent magnet. The device in which excitation happens is called the exciter.


title: Switchgear

paragraphs: A switchgear is a combination of electrical switches, fuses or circuit breakers used to control, protect or isolate electrical equipment.


title: Jane Child

paragraphs: Jane Child (also Jane Richman; February 15, 1967) is a Canadian musician. She sang the song "Don't Wanna Fall in Love" which was #2 on "Billboard" Hot 100 in spring 1990. She also sang other hits. Child was born in Toronto, Ontario.


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title: Lukas Bärfuss

paragraphs: Lukas Bärfuss (born 30 December 1971 in Thun, Switzerland) is a Swiss writer. He writes in German. He has won many prizes in literature. These prizes include the Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis in 2005 for the play "Der Bus (Das Zeug einer Heiligen)", the Swiss Book Prize () in 2008 for "Hundert Tage," the Anna Seghers-Preis in 2008, the Hans Fallada Prize in 2010, the Solothurner Literaturpreis in 2014, the Nicolas Born Prize in 2015, the Johann-Peter-Hebel-Preis in 2016, and the most important German literature prize the Georg-Büchner-Preis in 2019.

paragraphs: Bärfuss writes critically about Switzerland in his novels and theatrical work. He also has written novels based on personal events and genocide in Rwanda.


title: Les Thioleyres

paragraphs: Les Thioleyres was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron.


title: Ecoteaux

paragraphs: Ecoteaux was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron.


title: Ishwari Prasad Gupta

paragraphs: Ishwari Prasad Gupta (5 February 1931 in Arrah – 12 December 2018 in Delhi) was an Indian politician. He was a Joint Secretary to the Government of India, Ministry of Home Affairs (India), Chief Secretary to the Government of Tripura and Lt. Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands.


title: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain

paragraphs: Syed Shahnawaz Hussain, was born in Supaul, Bihar in 1968, is a National Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party and a former Cabinet Minister.


title: Mascarene Islands

paragraphs: The Mascarene Islands, () or Mascarenes, is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar.

paragraphs: They include Mauritius, Réunion and Rodrigues. Their name comes from the Portuguese navigator Pedro Mascarenhas, who first visited them in April 1512.

paragraphs: The islands were formed by the volcanism of the Réunion hotspot beneath the Mascarene Plateau. They are a distinct ecoregion with a unique flora and fauna.

paragraphs: Extinct animals include the dodo (a flightless pigeon), and the Rodgrigues solitaire. The islands also had giant tortoises, and still has some endemic birds and reptiles.

paragraphs: Before the ships found the islands, the islands had no humans. Now they have many people, and the original ecology of the islands is being destroyed.

paragraphs: The Mascarene Islands are a French overseas department. Mauritius styles itself the Republic of Mauritius, and is self-governed.


title: Tatums, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Tatums is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Ravia, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Ravia is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Shattuck, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Shattuck is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Verdigris, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Verdigris is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Good as Hell

paragraphs: "Good as Hell" is a song recorded by American singer Lizzo, taken from her EP, "Coconut Oil". It was released on March 11, 2016, and was written by Lizzo with its producer, Ricky Reed. The song talks about moving on from a bad relationship and feeling good in one's own skin.

paragraphs: After "Truth Hurts" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 2019, "Good as Hell" became another sleeper hit, going to number three on the Hot 100, number one on the Pop Songs airplay chart, and number four on the rhythmic chart. It reached number 10 in Canada.

paragraphs: Lizzo released a remix of the song with singer Ariana Grande on October 25, 2019.


title: Rush Springs, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Rush Springs is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Mannsville, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Mannsville is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Oron-la-Ville

paragraphs: Oron-la-Ville was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron.


title: Les Tavernes

paragraphs: Les Tavernes was a municipality in Lavaux-Oron in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2012 the municipalities Bussigny-sur-Oron, Châtillens, Chesalles-sur-Oron, Ecoteaux, Oron-la-Ville, Oron-le-Châtel, Palézieux, Les Tavernes, Les Thioleyres and Vuibroye joined together to become the new municipality called Oron.


title: Forever (Chris Brown song)

paragraphs: "Forever" is a song by American R&B singer Chris Brown. It is taken from his second studio album, "Exclusive", on a special edition called "Exclusive: The Forever Edition". It was released as a single from the album on June 23, 2008, after "With You".

paragraphs: The song reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US and number one on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) radio chart.


paragraphs: The Association for Library Service to Children (ALSC) is one part of the American Library Association. It is the world's largest organization working on library service to children. The ALSC has more than 4,000 members.

paragraphs: ALSC announces the awards listed below every January at a Monday morning press conference during the American Library Association Midwinter Meeting.


title: Pramoedya Ananta Toer

paragraphs: Pramoedya Ananta Toer (6 February 1925 – 30 April 2006) was an Indonesian writer. He wrote novels, short stories, essays, and histories of Indonesia and its people. His writing includes much personal and national history. The Dutch Government put him in prison him from 1947 to 1949. Later, the Suharto government sent him to a prison island from 1965 to 1979.

paragraphs: Colonial and later authoritarian governments did not approve of Pramoedya's writings. They often censored his writing in Indonesia even though he was well known outside his home country. The Dutch imprisoned him from 1947 to 1949 during the War of Independence. During the coup when Suharto gained power, Pramoedya was involved in political fighting. Suharto put him in prison from 1969 to 1979 on the Maluku island called Buru. Suharto called Pramoedya a Communist. Suharto thought Pramoedya was still loyal to the Sukarno government even though Pramoedya had struggled with Sukarno.

paragraphs: He created his most famous work, the Buru Quartet, on the prison island. The prison did not allow him to have writing materials, so he told the story aloud to other prisoners. Then it was written down and smuggled out.

paragraphs: Pramoedya was against some policies of Indonesia's first President, Sukarno, and against the New Order regime of Suharto. Often, he did not make direct political criticisms. His writing was subtle. He was outspoken against colonialism, racism and corruption of the Indonesian Government. During the many years he suffered in prison and house arrest, human rights advocates fought for his freedom of expression.

paragraphs: Pramoedya was born on February 6, 1925, in Blora in central Java, then a part of the Dutch East Indies. He was the oldest son in his family. Pramoedya's father was a teacher. His father was also active in Boedi Oetomo (the first recognized indigenous national organization in Indonesia). Pramoedya's mother was a rice trader. His maternal grandfather had made the pilgrimage to Mecca. As it is written in his semi-autobiographical collection of short stories "Cerita Dari Blora", his name was originally Pramoedya Ananta Mastoer. But he felt that the family name Mastoer was too aristocratic. The Javanese prefix "Mas" means a man of the higher rank in a noble family. So, he removes "Mas" and kept Toer as his family name. Pramoedya went to the Radio Vocational School in Surabaya but had just graduated when Japan invaded Surabaya in 1942.

paragraphs: During World War II, Pramoedya supported the occupying forces of Imperial Japan at first. He believed the Japanese to be bad but better than the Dutch. He worked as a typist for a Japanese newspaper in Jakarta. However as the war went on, Indonesians opposed harsh treatment by the Japanese military and wartime rationing. The Nationalist forces loyal to Sukarno switched their support to the incoming Allies against Japan. Pramoedya did as well.

paragraphs: On August 17, 1945, after the news of Allied victory over Japan reached Indonesia, Sukarno proclaimed Indonesian independence. This started the Indonesian National Revolution against the British and Dutch. In this war, Pramoedya joined a paramilitary group in Karawang, Kranji (West Java). He was sent to Jakarta. In Jakarta, he wrote short stories and books, and propaganda for the Nationalist cause. The Dutch put him in Bukit Duri prison in Jakarta from 1947 until 1949, the year the Netherlands recognized Indonesian independence. While in prison, he wrote his first major novel "The Fugitive".

paragraphs: In the first years after Indonesia became independent, Pramoedya wrote stories about the problems of the new nation. He also wrote semi-autobiographical works based on his memoirs during World War II. Then he went to live in the Netherlands as part of a cultural exchange program. Later he went on several other cultural exchanges, including trips to the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China.

paragraphs: In Indonesia, Pramoedya built up a reputation as a critic of literature and society. He joined the left-wing writers' group Lekra and wrote in newspapers and literary journals. His writing style became more political. One example is his story "Korupsi" ("Corruption"). It is the story of a civil servant who falls into the trap of corruption. This caused problems for him woth the Sukarno government.

paragraphs: From the late 1950s, Pramoedya began teaching literary history at the "Universitas Res Publica". That university was politically left-wing. As he prepared lessons, he began to realise that ideas about Indonesian language and literature had been distorted by the Dutch colonial authorities. He searched for materials that had been ignored by colonial educational institutions and by Indonesians after independence.

paragraphs: Pramoedya had spent time in China, so he had good feelings towards Indonesian Chinese people. This was unusual in Indonesia after independence. The Indonesian government had made many laws restricting Indonesian Chinese people's freedom and ethnic Malay or Javanese people often discriminated against Indonesian Chinese. Pramoedya published a series of letters to an imaginary Chinese correspondent discussing the history of the Indonesian Chinese, called "Hoakiau di Indonesia" (History of the Overseas Chinese in Indonesia). He criticized the government for being too Java-centric and insensitive to the needs and desires of the other regions and peoples of Indonesia. As a result, he was arrested by the Indonesian military and jailed at Cipinang prison for nine months.

paragraphs: In an October 1965 coup the army took power after making a false claim that the assassination of several senior generals was organized by the Communist Party of Indonesia. This was the start of Suharto's New Order. This government was violently anti-communist. Pramoedya was head of People's Cultural Organisation, a literary group connected to the Indonesian Communist Party. So, the New Order regime called him a communist and enemy of the state. During the violent anti-Communist purge in 1965-66, Pramoedya was arrested, beaten, and imprisoned by Suharto's government. He was named a political prisoner. His books were banned and he was imprisoned without trial, first in Nusa Kambangan off the southern coast of Java, and then in the penal colony Buru in the eastern islands of the Indonesian archipelago.

paragraphs: He was banned from writing during his imprisonment on the island of Buru. But he created his best-known series of work , the Buru Quartet. It is a series of four historical fiction novels telling about the development of Indonesian nationalism. The books are partly based on his own experiences growing up. The English titles of the books are: "This Earth of Mankind", "Child of All Nations", "Footsteps", and "House of Glass". The main character of the series is named Minke. He is a minor Javanese royal. The character is similar to an Indonesian journalist named Tirto Adhi Surjo. He was active in the nationalist movement.

paragraphs: The quartet includes strong female characters of Indonesian and Chinese ethnicity. The books show how hard it was for these people to live under colonial rule. They experienced racist discrimination and attacks. They struggled for personal and national political independence. These books are typical of much of Pramoedya's writing. They tell personal stories and focus on individuals caught up in the movements of a nation's history.

paragraphs: Pramoedya had done research for the books before he was sent to the Buru prison camp. When he was arrested his library was burned and much of his collection and early writings were lost. On the prison colony island of Buru he was not permitted even to have a pencil. Pramoedya thought that he would ever be able to write the novels on paper. He told the stories of the novels to his fellow prisoners. Other prisoners listened to the stories then helped him. They did extra labor so that Pramoedya did not have to work as much. So finally he was able to write the novels down. The final books took their name, "Buru Quartet," from the prison where he created them. They have been collected and published in English. Maxwell Lane translated them. They are also in many other languages. By 2005, they had been published in 33 languages (BIWP). Many people outside of Indonesia though that these wre excellent books. They won many awards. But the Indonesian government banned publication in Indonesia. So one of Indonesia's most famous literary works was almost impossible to find the country's people whose history it addressed. Indonesians abroad scanned copies and shared them on the Internet with people inside the country.

paragraphs: Pramoedya's works on colonial Indonesia recognised the importance of Islam as a vehicle for popular opposition to the Dutch. His works are not about religion and do not have clear religious themes. He opposed people who used religion to control how people think. Sometimes he wrote negatively about the religiously pious.

paragraphs: Pramoedya was freed from prison in 1979. But, he was still under house arrest in Jakarta until 1992. During this time he released "The Girl From the Coast", another semi-fictional novel based on his grandmother's own experience (volumes 2 and 3 of this work were destroyed along with his library in 1965). He also wrote "Nyanyi Sunyi Seorang Bisu" (1995); "A Mute's Soliloquy", an autobiography based on the letters that he wrote for his daughter from imprisonment in Buru but were not allowed to be sent, and "Arus Balik" (1995).

paragraphs: He wrote many columns and short articles criticizing the Indonesian government. He wrote a book "Perawan Remaja dalam Cengkeraman Militer" ("Young Virgins in the Military's Grip"), a documentary written showcasing the plight of Javanese women who were forced to become comfort women during the Japanese occupation and were subsequently subject to oppression by their own Indonesian society. The Japanese military took these women Buru island. They were raped and sexually abused by the Japanese. Many stayed there instead of returning to Java. Other political prisoners on Buru with Pramoedya were able to meet some of these women. They told the women's stories to Pramoedya. He wrote them down in narrative form in the 1970s. This was the start of the book published in 2001.

paragraphs: Pramoedya was hospitalized on April 27, 2006 for complications from diabetes and heart disease. He was also a heavy smoker of Kretek (clove) cigarettes and had endured years of abuse while in detention. Pramoedya was praised for his writing and won many awards. Many thought he was best candidate for a Nobel Prize in Literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia.

paragraphs: Pramoedya's writings on Indonesia address the international and regional currents caused by political events in history and how these events flowed through his homeland and buffeted its people. Pramoedya also shares a personal history of hardship and detention for his efforts of self-expression and the political aspects of his writings, and struggled against the censorship of his work by the leaders of his own people.


title: Rudy Boesch

paragraphs: Rudolph Ernst Boesch (January 20, 1928 – November 1, 2019) was a United States Navy SEAL and television personality. He was a two-time competitor on the reality competition show "Survivor". He was born in Rochester, New York. Boesch hosted the television show "Combat Missions" in 2002.

paragraphs: Boesch died of Alzheimer's disease-related problems on November 1, 2019 at a retirement home in Virginia Beach, Virginia at the age of 91..


title: Sigvard Ericsson

paragraphs: John Sigvard "Sigge" Ericsson (17 July 1930 – 2 November 2019) was a Swedish speed skater. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Olympics and won a gold and a silver medal in 1956.


title: Leo Iorga

paragraphs: Leo Iorga (2 December 1964 – 2 November 2019) was a Romanian rock guitarist and singer. He was frontman of the band . Iorga was born in Arad, Romania.

paragraphs: Iorga died on 2 November 2019, after an eight year battle with cancer in Bucharest, aged 54.


title: Marie Laforêt

paragraphs: Marie Laforêt (5 October 1939 – 2 November 2019) was a French-Swiss singer and actress. As a singer, she was known for her single "Mon amour, mon ami". As an actress, she was known for her roles in "Male Hunt" and "Who Wants to Kill Sara?".

paragraphs: Laforêt died in Genolier, Switzerland on 2 November 2019 at the age of 80.


title: Walter Mercado

paragraphs: Walter Mercado Salinas (March 9, 1932 – November 2, 2019), also known by his stage name Shanti Ananda, was a Puerto Rican astrologer, actor, dancer, and writer. He was best known as a television personality for his shows as an astrologer. His astrology predictions shows aired for many years in Puerto Rico, Latin America and the United States.

paragraphs: Mercado died on November 2, 2019 from kidney failure at a hospital in San Juan, Puerto Rico at the age of 87.


title: James I. Robertson Jr.

paragraphs: Dr. James I. "Bud" Robertson Jr. (July 18, 1930 – November 2, 2019) was an American historian. He was a known scholar on the American Civil War. He was an Alumni Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Virginia Tech.

paragraphs: Robertson died on November 2, 2019 of cancer in Richmond, Virginia, aged 89.


title: Gert Boyle

paragraphs: Gertrude Boyle (née Lamfrom; March 6, 1924 – November 3, 2019) was a German-born American businesswoman. Her father started Columbia Sportswear, where she later became president. Ahe was the chairperson of the company, as well as a philanthropist and memoirist.

paragraphs: Boyle died on November 3, 2019 at her home in Portland, Oregon, at the age of 95.


title: West Linn, Oregon

paragraphs: West Linn is a city in Clackamas County, Oregon, United States. It is a rich suburb of Portland metropolitan area. It was named after U.S. Senator Lewis F. Linn. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 25,109.


title: Ian Cross

paragraphs: Ian Robert Cross (6 November 1925 – 2 November 2019) was a New Zealand novelist, journalist and administrator. His first novel, "The God Boy", was released in 1957. Later novels are "The Backward Sex" (1959), "After ANZAC Day" (1961) and "The Family Man" (1993).


title: Sorin Frunzăverde

paragraphs: Sorin Frunzăverde (26 April 1960 – 3 November 2019) was a Romanian politician. He was president of the Caraș-Severin County Council and Member of the European Parliament from 2007 through 2009. He was the Minister of National Defense in 2000 and again from 2006 through 2007.

paragraphs: Frunzăverde died on 3 November 2019 in Bucharest from kidney disease at the age of 59.


title: Taku Mayumura

paragraphs: Taku Mayumura ( "Mayumura Taku", 20 October 1934 – 3 November 2019) was a Japanese novelist, science fiction writer and haiku poet. He won the Seiun Award for Novel twice.

paragraphs: In 2004 his Shiseikan (, "Administrator", one story of the "Shiseikan series"), written in 1974, was translated into English. Mayumura was an honorary member of the SFWJ (Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of Japan). His representative works in this field were "Nazo no Tenkousei" and "Nerawareta Gakuen".

paragraphs: Mayumura died on 3 November 2019 from pneumonia in Abeno-ku, Osaka at the age of 85.


title: Dalia Itzik

paragraphs: Dalia Itzik ( "Dalya Itsik"; born 20 October 1952) is a former Israeli politician. She was a member of the Knesset for HaAvoda and Kadima. From May 2006 to March 2009 she was the first female speaker of the Knesset. She was interim President of Israel from January to July 2007 and was several times a minister.

paragraphs: Itzik was born in Jerusalem and studied literature and history at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and law in Herzliya.


title: Yvette Lundy

paragraphs: Yvette Lundy (22 April 1916 – 3 November 2019) was a member of the French Resistance during World War II. She was the inspiration for the character of "Mademoiselle Lise Lundi" in the 2009 movie "Korkoro". She was born at Oger, Marne.

paragraphs: In 1938 she began working as a teacher at Gionges. During May 1940, as the Battle of France began, she fled the area, but returned two months later. Lundy was arrested on 19 June 1944 in her classroom at Gionges and was interrogated by the Gestapo and was sent to jail. Lundy was freed from Schlieben by the Red Army on 20 April 1945.

paragraphs: Lundy's memoir, "Le Fil de l'araignée", co-written with Laurence Barbarot-Boisson, was published in 2012.

paragraphs: In April 2016, Lundy turned 100. She died on 3 November 2019 at the age of 103.


title: Kees Driehuis

paragraphs: Kees Driehuis (8 December 1951 – 29 October 2019) was a Dutch television presenter. He was born in Amsterdam. He was best known as the presenter for the television quiz show "Per Seconde Wijzer" for 29 years. In total he presented 794 episodes of the quiz show.

paragraphs: Driehuis died on 29 October 2019 in Amsterdam of bladder cancer at the age of 67.


title: Stuart Heydinger

paragraphs: Stuart Heydinger (5 May 1927 – 6 October 2019) was a British photojournalist and portrait photographer. He was chief photographer at "The Observer" from 1960 to 1966. Heydinger was born in Kingston upon Thames, London.

paragraphs: Heydinger died on 6 October 2019 at the age of 92.


title: Saratoga Springs, New York

paragraphs: Saratoga Springs is a city in Saratoga County, New York, United States. The population was 26,586 at the 2010 census.


title: Ballston Spa, New York

paragraphs: Ballston Spa is a village and the county seat of Saratoga County, New York, United States, located southwest of Saratoga Springs. The population of the village, named after Rev. Eliphalet Ball, a Congregationalist clergyman and an early settler, was 5,409 at the 2010 census.


title: Clackamas County, Oregon

paragraphs: Clackamas County is a county in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 United States Census, the population was 375,992. It is Oregon's third-most populous county. Its county seat is Oregon City.


title: Weymouth, Nova Scotia

paragraphs: Weymouth is a rural village located in Digby County, Nova Scotia on the Sissiboo River near its terminus on Baie Ste. Marie.


title: I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle

paragraphs: I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle is a 1990 low-budget comedy horror British movie.

paragraphs: It has a plot about a motorcycle possessed by an evil spirit.

paragraphs: It is set in a suburb of Birmingham, England. It is about a man named Noddy and his girlfriend Kim. They operate a motorcycle courier business. One day Noddy buys a classic motorbike, an 850cc Norton Commando. He restores the motorbike. The motorbike is possessed by the evil spirit of a man. The spirit was summoned by an occultist who was killed by a motorbike gang. The bike starts up by itself. It rides on its own and kills people. It targets members of the Hells Angels.

paragraphs: Michael Elphick plays Inspector Cleaver. Anthony Daniels plays an eccentric priest. The priest attempts to exorcise the bike's evil spirit.

paragraphs: During a satanic ritual, a motorbike gang kills an occultist with a crossbow. An evil spirit inhabits a damaged bike. Noddy is then seen purchasing the motorcycle from a dealer. It costs him £1100. He tells Kim he only paid £600. He takes it home to repair it. His friend, Buzzer, and girlfriend, Kim, help him. They repair the damage caused by the crossbow. They replace the fuel tank. Buzzer steals the petrol cap for "funsies". The bike kills Buzzer by cutting off his head.

paragraphs: The motorbike has become a bloodthirsty monster. Noddy goes to the scene of the crime. There he meets an inspector who smells like garlic. Later, Noddy has a bad dream that the inspector gives him Buzzer's head in a bag. He dreams that it talks to him. He then wakes up. Noddy and Kim go to the pub. They order a large vodka tonic and a pint of cider. Then ten of the bikers from the beginning come in and shoot the bar with the crossbow. One then offers to show Kim his "chopper" while she is playing pool. She declines, claiming not to have brought her magnifying glass. He then takes an axe and attacks the pool table. A bar wide brawl of 10 bikers starts. Kim manages to leave. She rides the bike to the back of the pub. Noddy jumps from the first floor on to the motorbike. He gets shot with a crossbow bolt.

paragraphs: They order a Chinese meal. When Kim orders garlic prawns, the bike goes mad. It drives off with her. It takes her under a bridge. It throws her off. It makes advances on her. It stops when it sees a crucifix around her neck. It drives off back to the pub. Chopper attempts to steal it. The bike stabs him through the leg with a large metal spike. It then launches him at some graffiti artists. It then proceeds to exact its revenge on the rest of the gang. It decapitates the majority. It leaves Roach with a bolt inserted into his posterior.

paragraphs: Noddy finds out Kim has been taken to hospital. She describes the bike's advances. She has a hollow look in her eyes. It is then seen that the inspector is looking at some heads. Noddy then goes to a priest. The priest also has a motorcycle. They travel to the garage where the bike is kept. The priest is sarcastic. He does not believe Noddy. Not wanting to be taken into the sunlight, the bike uses its brake lever to cut off the priest's fingers. Determining the bike is a vampire, the priest decides to do an exorcism. Believing the bike will come back for Kim, the priest gives her some garlic.

paragraphs: The vampire bike disables the bike Noddy and the priest are riding. They wait for a bus. It is a race against the sun to get to the vampire bike before nightfall. During the exorcism, the priest is hit in the head with a spanner. Noddy is blown around the room by a mysterious wind, knocking him into cupboards. The priest is then crucified with a crown of barbed wire. The priest sprinkles holy water. This makes the bike angry. It grows spikes and glows red.

paragraphs: Noddy runs off and steals a police motorcycle. He drags the policeman behind him. The policeman is almost run over by the vampire bike. The bike is chased by a police car. The priest attempts to explain it to the authorities. Kim is washed removing her garlic. The bike evades the police by driving vertically down a wall. It goes to the hospital to finish off Kim. It cuts the tea lady in two. Kim uses her crucifix to scare it away. The motorbike goes after Roach. Roach crashes and lands in a coffin. He is presumed dead.

paragraphs: The bike then goes for Noddy but gets its front wheel stuck in a bridge. Noddy throws it in a river. Thinking he is safe, Noddy has a victory smoke. The audience sees a red-light under the water. Noddy then sees it and screams. He runs around like a lunatic. He hides in a gym. The bike doesn't take long to find him. It starts attacking the patrons with its spikes. Noddy then bashes the bike. It pretends to die. Everyone feels safe, until it starts throwing people's limbs in the air. The inspector scares it with his smell. The bike manages to trap Noddy against a wall. Noddy turns on a sun bed. Everyone uses their crucifix and/or garlic breath to force it into the light and it melts. Kim asks how much Noddy really spent on the bike. The priest says they are usually reliable. Back in Noddy's workshop, he accidentally cuts his hand. The blood drips onto the bike's old fuel tank which springs open, leaving the audience expecting a sequel.


title: Mania (Fall Out Boy album)

paragraphs: Mania (stylized as M A N I A) is the seventh studio album by American rock band Fall Out Boy, released on January 19, 2018.


title: Make America Psycho Again

paragraphs: Make America Psycho Again is the first remix album by Fall Out Boy, released on October 30, 2015.


title: Ève Curie

paragraphs: Ève Denise Curie Labouisse (; December 6, 1904 – October 22, 2007) was a French and American writer, journalist and pianist. She was the younger daughter of Marie Skłodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie. Her sister was Irène Joliot-Curie and her brother-in-law Frédéric Joliot-Curie. Ève was the only member of her family who did not choose a career as a scientist and did not win a Nobel Prize. She worked as a journalist, and wrote her mother's biography "Madame Curie" and a book of war reportage, "Journey Among Warriors".


title: Shingō, Aomori

paragraphs: Shingō is in south-central Aomori Prefecture. It is east of Lake Towada. A lot of the village is mountainous. The elevation can be 1000 meters high near the border with Akita Prefecture. The village has a cold Humid continental climate characterized by cool short summers and long cold winters with very heavy snowfall (Köppen climate classification "Dfa"). The average annual temperature in Shingō is 8.7 °C (47 °F). The average yearly amount of rain is 1342 mm (53 in.). September is the wettest month. The hottest month is August; the average temperature is 22.2 °C (72 °F). The coldest month is January; the average temperature is -3.7 °C (25 °F).

paragraphs: Per Japanese census data, the population of Shingō has declined over the past 40 years.

paragraphs: The area around Shingō was controlled by the Nambu clan of Morioka Domain during the Edo period. During the post-Meiji restoration cadastral reform of April 1, 1889, Herai Village and neighboring Nozawa Village were formed. On July 29, 1955 the western portion of Nozawa Village merged into Herai, which was then renamed Shingō.

paragraphs: Shingō has two public elementary schools and two public middle schools operated by the village government. The village does not have a high school.

paragraphs: The economy of Shingō is mostly agriculture. Notable crops include edible chrysanthemum, Japanese yam and tobacco. Traditionally a horse breeding area, Shingō is also known for its cattle ranches.

paragraphs: Shingō village has what is said to be the last resting place of Jesus. It is called the "Tomb of Jesus" ("Kirisuto no haka"). It's also where Jesus' last descendants, the family of Sajiro Sawaguchi, lives. The Sawaguchi family says that Jesus Christ did not die on the cross at Golgotha. Instead, his brother, Isukiri, took his place on the cross. Jesus left, and he went through Siberia to Mutsu Province (in northern Japan). Once in Japan, he changed his name to Torai Tora Daitenku. He became a rice farmer, and he married a twenty-year old Japanese woman named Miyuko. He raised three daughters near what is now Shingō. While in Japan, he supposedly traveled around. He supposedly died at the age of 106. His body was exposed on a hilltop for four years. Jesus' bones were collected, bundled, and buried in the mound said to be the grave of Jesus Christ.

paragraphs: Another mound near the supposed grave of Jesus is said to have an ear of the brother of Jesus. It is also said to have some hair from Mary, the mother of Jesus. They were the only things from his family that Jesus could carry when he left Judaea. The claims started in 1933 after the people found supposed "ancient Hebrew documents about Jesus' life and death in Japan." They were supposedly the from Jesus. These documents are called the Takeuchi Documents. They are said to be very old documents that were passed down through the family of Takeuchi Kiyomaro. The documents were supposedly taken by the Japanese authorities, and the documents were taken to Tokyo, shortly before World War II. They have not been seen since.


title: Erta Ale

paragraphs: Erta Ale is a shield volcano in Ethiopia. The name means Smoking Mountain. It is one of the most active volcanoes in Africa.


title: Lake Towada

paragraphs: The lake is a popular place for tourists.

paragraphs: A World War II Tachikawa Ki-54 airplane of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force crashed into the lake in 1943. It was found at the bottom of Lake Towada on 13 August 2010. It was taken on September 5, 2012. and has been placed on display.

paragraphs: The lake's symbol, the Otome-no-Zo statue, is in the center of the lake. From there excursion boats arrive and depart. In Utarube, visitors can go canoeing or camping.


title: Lake Hibara

paragraphs: Hibara Lake is a mesotrophic lake. It was created because of the July 15, 1888 eruption of Mount Bandai. The debris avalanche created a natural dam that then filled with water. It sank . The ruins of Hibara Village are still at the bottom of the lake.


title: Lake Kuttara

paragraphs: A salamander species, , lives at the lake. Since 1909, Sockeye salmon have been sent to the lake.


title: IPhone 11 Pro

paragraphs: The iPhone 11 Pro and iPhone 11 Pro Max are smartphones sold by Apple Inc. They were released on September 20, 2019, as replacements to the iPhone X and X Max. The phones feature a third camera lens on the rear instead of two lenses. They are available in gold, silver, space gray, and a new midnight green shade. They ship with an 18-watt power adapter and a USB-C–to–Lightning cable for fast charging.


title: Irwin Fridovich

paragraphs: Irwin Fridovich (August 2, 1929 – November 2, 2019) was an American biochemist. He discovered the enzymatic activity of copper,zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD),—to protect organisms from the toxic effects of superoxide free radicals formed as a byproduct of normal oxygen metabolism.

paragraphs: He spent the rest of his career studying the biochemical mechanisms. Fridovich was also Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at Duke University.


Jacques Dupont


title: Jacques Dupont (cyclist)

paragraphs: Jacques Dupont (19 June 1928 – 4 November 2019) was a French racing cyclist. He was born in Lézat-sur-Lèze. He won a gold medal in the 1000m time trial at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London. He also won a bronze medal in the team road race, together with José Beyaert and Alain Moineau. He won Paris–Tours in 1951 and 1955.

paragraphs: Dupont died on 4 November 2019 in Lézat-sur-Lèze, at the age of 91.


title: Sadeque Hossain Khoka

paragraphs: Sadeque Hossain Khoka (12 May 1952 – 4 November 2019) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was the 2nd mayor of Dhaka City Corporation during 2002 to 2011. He was the vice chairman of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party and was President of undivided Dhaka city BNP. He was born in Dhaka.

paragraphs: Khoka died on 4 November 2019 in Manhattan of kidney cancer, aged 67.


title: Ahmet Altan

paragraphs: Ahmet Hüsrev Altan (born 2 March 1950) is a Turkish journalist and author. He was a night shift reporter to editor in chief in various newspapers. He worked for the newspapers "Hürriyet", "Milliyet" and "Radikal". In 2007 he became the founding editor-in-chief and lead columnist of "Taraf", a daily Turkish newspaper, and remained in the position until his resignation in December 2012.

paragraphs: In October 2019, Atlan revealed to "The New York Times" that he is receiving treatment for brain cancer.


title: Shani Wallis

paragraphs: Shani Wallis (born 14 April 1933) is an English-born American actress and singer. She is perhaps best known for her roles in the West End, and for the role of Nancy in the 1968 Oscar-winning movie musical "Oliver!".

paragraphs: Wallis is a patron of the theatre charity the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America.


title: Austin Pendleton

paragraphs: Austin Campbell Pendleton (born March 27, 1940) is an American actor, playwright, theatre director and instructor.

paragraphs: In 2009 Pendleton directed "Uncle Vanya", starring Maggie Gyllenhaal and Peter Sarsgaard, at the Classic Stage Company. He teaches acting at the HB Studio and directing at The New School, both in Greenwich Village.


title: Christmas with the Kranks

paragraphs: Christmas with the Kranks is a 2004 American Christmas comedy movie based on the 2001 novel "Skipping Christmas" by John Grisham. It was directed by Joe Roth and written and produced by Chris Columbus.

paragraphs: It stars Tim Allen and Jamie Lee Curtis as a couple in Chicago who decide to skip Christmas one year since their daughter is away, much to the disapproval of their neighbors. The movie also stars Julie Gonzalo, Tom Poston, Dan Aykroyd, M. Emmet Walsh, Austin Pendleton, Cheech Marin and Felicity Huffman.

paragraphs: The movie received negative reviews on Rotten Tomatoes with a 5% score.


title: Sajha Party

paragraphs: The Sajha Party () was a political party in Nepal. It was created by former Editor-in-chief of BBC Nepali Service Rabindra Mishra.


title: Ravi Shankar Prasad

paragraphs: Ravi Shankar Prasad is an Indian lawyer, politician and the current Union Minister holding the Ministry of Law and Justice, Communications and Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology portfolios in the Government of India. He is a leader of BJP.

paragraphs: In 2018 according to "The Economic Times" he features among the top twenty influential world leaders in digital technology and e-government.


title: Aryabhata

paragraphs: Aryabhata (476–550 CE) was an Indian mathematician and an astronomer. He discovered zero.


title: Chhipaharmai Gaupalika

paragraphs: Chhipaharmai Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 26,671.


title: Kalikamai Gaupalika

paragraphs: Kalikamai Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 21,131.


title: Thori Gaupalika

paragraphs: Thori Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District of Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 20,296.


title: Jira Bhawani Gaupalika

paragraphs: Jira Bhawani Gaupalika () is a rural municipality in Parsa District in Nepal. There are 5 wards. Its area is and population is 22,765.


title: 1977 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1977 Stanley Cup Finals was the championship series of the National Hockey League's (NHL) 1976–77 season, and the finish to the 1977 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was played between the Boston Bruins and the defending champion Montreal Canadiens. The Bruins were making their first appearance in the final series since their loss in the 1974 Final. The Canadiens would win the best-of-seven series four games to none, to win their second straight Stanley Cup championship, and 20th overall.

paragraphs: Montreal defeated the St. Louis Blues 4–0 and the New York Islanders 4–2 to advance to the final.

paragraphs: Boston defeated the Los Angeles Kings 4–2 and the Philadelphia Flyers 4–0 to make it to the final.

paragraphs: Jacques Lemaire scored three game-winning goals, including the Cup-winner in overtime. Guy Lafleur won the Conn Smythe Trophy for scoring 10 goals and 17 assists during the playoffs.


title: 2019 Cotabato earthquakes

paragraphs: In October 2019, an earthquakes struck the province of Cotabato on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, of which three earthquakes were above 6.0 in the magnitude scale with an intensity VIII.

paragraphs: The first was on October 16, a magnitude 6.3 earthquake, with an epicenter near Tulunan. At least 7 people were killed and 215 others were injured. The second earthquake was on October 29, a magnitude 6.6 event with an epicenter near Bual, to the northeast of the 16 October event. The third earthquake was on October 31, a magnitude 6.5 with epicenter near Tulunan. It is not considered to be an aftershock of the October 29 event. 22 people died and a further 424 were injured after these two events.


title: SetACL

paragraphs: SetACL is a freeware utility for manipulating security descriptors on Microsoft Windows. It used to be available under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). It changed to a freeware license in version 3.0.0.0.

paragraphs: This list of features is taken from the product's web page.

paragraphs: To set 'change' permissions on the directory 'C:\angela' for user 'brian' in domain 'dom1':

paragraphs: Remove write and change permission sets from Desktop, replace with 'read and execute' permissions:

paragraphs: An example of its use from AutoIt can be found here


title: Dean Prentice

paragraphs: Dean Sutherland Prentice (October 5, 1932 – November 2, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger.

paragraphs: Prentice played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for 22 seasons between 1952–53 and 1973–74. Over his NHL career, Prentice played for the New York Rangers, Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Pittsburgh Penguins, and Minnesota North Stars.

paragraphs: Prentice died on November 2, 2019 in Cambridge, Ontario at the age of 87.


title: Mount Alayta

paragraphs: Mount Alatya is a shield volcano in Ethiopia. It produced significant lava flows in the early 1900s. The last eruption was in 1915.


title: Neo Geo

paragraphs: The Neo Geo is an 16-bit arcade system and home console made by SNK. The home console uses arcade boards for cartridges, which read and play games. A mini-console variant, the Neo-Geo Mini, was released to poor reviews. Many of its games have been re-released on other platforms.


title: SNK

paragraphs: SNK is a well known developer of video games. They are famous for their King of Fighters series.


title: WorldCat Identities

paragraphs: WorldCat is a union catalog that lists the collections of 17,900 libraries in 123 countries and territories that participate in the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) global cooperative. It is operated by OCLC, Inc. The subscribing member libraries work together to maintain WorldCat's database. It is the world's largest bibliographic database. OCLC makes WorldCat itself available for free to libraries, but the catalog is also used for other subscription OCLC services (such as resource sharing and collection management). WorldCat is used by the general public and by librarians for cataloging and research.

paragraphs: OCLC was founded in 1967 under the leadership of Fred Kilgour. That same year, OCLC began to develop the union catalog technology that would later evolve into WorldCat; the first catalog records were added in 1971.

paragraphs: In 2003, OCLC began the "Open WorldCat" pilot program, making shorter records from a some of WorldCat available to partner web sites and booksellers. OCLC did this so that subscribing member libraries' collections would become more accessible.

paragraphs: In October 2005, the OCLC technical staff began a wiki project called WikiD. It let readers add comments and structured-field information to any WorldCat record. WikiD was later phased out, although WorldCat later incorporated user-generated content in other ways.

paragraphs: In 2006, it became possible for anyone to search WorldCat directly at its open website, It had been available on the web to subscribing libraries for more than ten years already. Options for more sophisticated searches of WorldCat have remained available through the FirstSearch interface.

paragraphs: In 2007, WorldCat Identities began showing pages for 20 million "identities." Identities are mostly authors and people who books are about.

paragraphs: In May 2019, WorldCat held over 450 million bibliographic records in 484 languages. Record over 2.8 billion physical and digital library items. The WorldCat persons dataset (mined from WorldCat) included over 100 million people.


title: Hydrogen cyanide

paragraphs: Hydrogen cyanide is a chemical compound. It is a cyanide. Like most other cyanides, it is very toxic. It is also called prussic acid.


title: Cottonwood Falls, Kansas

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls is the biggest city of Chase County, Kansas. It is also the county seat of Chase County. In 2010, 903 people lived there.

paragraphs: The first settlement in the Cottonwood Falls area was in 1854. An Indian trader named Seth Hayes created a cattle ranch on the Cottonwood River. In 1859, the area around the town was organized as Chase County. Cottonwood Falls was chosen to be the temporary county seat. Other early people came in Cottonwood and nearby land from 1856 to 1858.

paragraphs: The first post office in Cottonwood Falls was created in 1858. In 1873, the city's French Renaissance style Chase County courthouse was built. Around the same time, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway reached Cottonwood Falls area. Through the late 19th century and early 20th century the area around the city was mostly farms and cattle ranches.

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls is at (38.368159, -96.542918). It is in the Flint Hills of the Great Plains. The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Cottonwood Falls has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls is part of the Emporia Micropolitan Statistical Area.

paragraphs: The 2010 census says that there were 903 people, 342 households, and 205 families living in Cottonwood Falls.

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls is part of Unified School District 284.

paragraphs: K-177 highway goes north-south through the city.

paragraphs: Chase County Airport, FAA:9K0, is south-east of 8th St and Airport Rd.

paragraphs: Cottonwood Falls has five things on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP).


title: Council Grove, Kansas

paragraphs: Council Grove is a city in Morris County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Morris County. This city is fifty-five miles southwest of Topeka. It was named after an agreement between European Americans and the Osage Nation about allowing settlers' wagon trains to go through the area to go West. Pioneers came together at a grove of trees so that wagons could stay together for their trip west. In 2010, 2,182 people lived there.

paragraphs: Council Grove was one of the last stops on the Santa Fe Trail when going southwest. The first European-American settler was Seth M. Hays. He came to the area in 1847 to trade with the Kaw tribe. The Kaw had a reservation created in the area in 1846. Hays was a great grandson of Daniel Boone.

paragraphs: On February 26, 1855, a post office was created in Council Grove.

paragraphs: In 1858, the town was officially incorporated by the Kansas legislature. Hays also opened a restaurant in 1857, the Hays House, which is said to be the oldest restaurant west of the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: In 1943, the United States government brought prisoners to Lawrence. These prisoners were war prisoners from World War II. The prisoners were mostly German people and Italian people. The government brought them because farmers needed more people. They were forced to live in camps. These camps were like prisons. Fort Riley created 12 small camps, and one was in Council Grove.

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water.

paragraphs: Council Grove has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. The Köppen Climate Classification system says that Council Grove has a humid subtropical climate, abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

paragraphs: The 2010 census says that there were 2,182 people, 991 households, and 565 families living in Council Grove.

paragraphs: Council Grove is part of Unified School District 417.


title: Video game crash of 1977

paragraphs: The video game crash of 1977 (also known as 1977 video game crash or the forgotten video game crash) is one of the first times the video game industry "crashed". This event is mostly attributed to Pong-clone home video game consoles, and such. Many video game companies went broke in this crash because they had to make their game consoles cheaper due to the high number of concurrent products. It is followed by the video game crash of 1983.


title: Elkhart, Kansas

paragraphs: Elkhart is a city in Morton County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Morton County. The south part of the city is the Kansas-Oklahoma state border. Elkhart is from the Kansas-Colorado border. In 2010, 2,205 people lived there.

paragraphs: Elkhart was created in 1913. It was named after Elkhart, Indiana.

paragraphs: In 1961, the county seat was moved from Richfield to Elkhart.

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

paragraphs: Elkhart has a cool semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSk"). It has dry winters with big temperature differences, and it has hot summers, and it sometimes has a lot of precipitation from thunder showers or storms.

paragraphs: During winter, because western Kansas lies both on the edge of the subtropical anticyclones and in the rain shadow of westerly winds crossing the Rocky Mountains, the region is generally dry: no measurable precipitation fell in Elkhart between 25 December 1903 and 2 April 1904, while monthly precipitation above has never been recorded during January and is observed fewer than one year in ten during November, December or February. Temperatures can vary greatly during this season: strong chinook winds can drive temperatures above even in the depth of winter, with reached on average during six days between December and February, seven during November and eight during March. Nevertheless, cold outbreaks from Canada drive temperatures to or below on an average of 3.6 nights per winter. The coldest temperature recorded in Elkhart has been on January 19, 1984, while the hottest winter temperature has been on February 1, 1963.

paragraphs: In the summer, the climate is generally very hot. It sometime gets thunderstorms. Those storms provide most of the of precipitation expected during one year.The wettest calendar year has been 1941 with and the driest 1937 when only fell.

paragraphs: The 2010 census says that there were 2,205 people, 856 households, and 571 families living in Elkhart.

paragraphs: Elkhart is served by USD 218 Elkhart. The Elkhart High School mascot is the Wildcats.