title: Battle of the Coral Sea

paragraphs: The Battle of the Coral Sea was a battle fought during 4–8 May 1942. It was a major naval battle in the Pacific Ocean during World War II. The battle was between the Japanese Navy and Allied naval and air forces from the United States and Australia. The battle was the first battle between aircraft carriers. It was also the first naval battle in which the warships of neither side actually saw the warships of the other side. Instead, each side sent planes to attack the ships of the other side.

paragraphs: Japanese forces made a plan to invade and occupy Port Moresby in New Guinea and Tulagi in the Solomon Islands. When the U.S. discovered this plan, it sent two Navy aircraft carrier groups and a combined Australian–American cruiser force.

paragraphs: On 3–4 May, Japanese forces invaded and occupied Tulagi. The Japanese aircraft carriers entered the Coral Sea to try to destroy the Allied naval forces.

paragraphs: On 7 May, the carrier forces from the two sides sent planes to attack the ships of the other side. The first day, the U.S. sank the Japanese light carrier "Shōhō", while the Japanese sank a U.S. destroyer. The next day, the Japanese carrier "Shōkaku" was badly damaged, and the U.S. carriers "Lexington" and the "Yorktown" were damaged. Since both sides suffered heavy losses in aircraft and carriers, the two fleets stopped the battle.

paragraphs: The Japanese sank more ships than the U.S. However, the battle was considered a victory for the Allies because the Japanese forces were not able to capture the locations they were hoping to occupy. As well, the Japanese carriers "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" were not able to fight in the Battle of Midway, which helped the U.S. to win there. Japan's losses of carriers meant that they could not invade Port Moresby. Two months later, the Allies launched the Guadalcanal Campaign.

paragraphs: On 7 December 1941, using aircraft carriers, the Japanese attacked the U.S. Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. The attack destroyed most of the U.S. Pacific Fleet's battleships. It also started a state of war between the two nations. The Japanese wanted to destroy American navy ships, capture land with natural resources, and obtain military bases to defend their empire.

paragraphs: At the same time that they were attacking Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked Malaya. This caused the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand to join the United States as Allies in the war against Japan (Australia had joined World War 2 in 1939 when Germany invaded Poland). The goals of the Japanese battles in the war were to remove British and Americans from the Netherlands Indies and the Philippines.

paragraphs: In the first few months of 1942, Japanese forces attacked and captured the Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, the Netherlands East Indies, Wake Island, New Britain, the Gilbert Islands, and Guam. They also destroyed a lot of Allied land, naval, and air forces. Japan planned to use these lands to defend its empire.

paragraphs: Shortly after the war began, Japan's Naval General Staff wanted to invade Northern Australia. The goal was to prevent Australia from being used as a base to threaten Japan's defenses in the South Pacific.

paragraphs: The Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) said it did not have the forces or ships to invade Australia. Vice Admiral Shigeyoshi Inoue, commander of the IJN's 4th Fleet (also called the South Seas Force) had the idea of capturing Tulagi in the southeastern Solomon Islands and Port Moresby in New Guinea.

paragraphs: This would put northern Australia within range of Japanese land-based aircraft. Japan decided to capture New Caledonia, Fiji, and Samoa. This would make it hard for the United States to supply Australia.

paragraphs: In April 1942, the army and navy developed a plan called Operation "MO". The plan was to invade Port Moresby by 10 May. The plan also included capturing Tulagi on 2–3 May. This would give the navy a base for attacks against Allied territories and forces in the South Pacific.

paragraphs: When "MO" was done, the navy planned to do Operation "RY". This was a plan to capture Nauru and Ocean Island for their phosphate deposits on 15 May.

paragraphs: Further attacks against Fiji, Samoa and New Caledonia were planned. There was a damaging air attack by Allied aircraft on Japanese naval forces invading the Lae-Salamaua area in New Guinea in March. Inoue requested carriers to provide airplanes. Inoue was worried about Allied bombers at air bases in Townsville and Cooktown, Australia.

paragraphs: Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, commander of Japan's Combined Fleet, was planning an attack for June. He wanted to try to destroy the U.S. Navy's carriers. None were damaged in the Pearl Harbor attack.

paragraphs: Unknown to the Japanese, the U.S. Navy had decoded Japanese secret codes. By March 1942, the U.S. was able to figure out up to 15% of the IJN's code. By the end of April the Americans were reading up to 85% of the messages in code.

paragraphs: In March 1942, the U.S. first noticed the "MO" operation in messages. On 13 April, the British decoded an IJN message telling Inoue that the Fifth Carrier Division, consisting of the fleet carriers and , was being sent. The British sent the message to the Americans. They also said that Port Moresby would probably be attacked in the "MO" plan.

paragraphs: Admiral Chester Nimitz, the new commander of Allied forces in the Pacific, and his staff thought the Japanese were planning an attack in early May on Port Moresby. The Allies saw Port Moresby as an important base for attacking the Japanese. Nimitz's staff also thought that the Japanese might attack Allied bases in Samoa and at Suva.

paragraphs: Nimitz sent all four of the Pacific fleet's aircraft carriers to the Coral Sea. By 27 April, Japanese messages helped the allies to know most targets of the "MO" and "RY" plans.

paragraphs: On 29 April, Nimitz sent his four carriers and their supporting warships towards the Coral Sea. Task Force 17 consisted of the carrier , three cruisers and four destroyers. It was supported by two oilers and two destroyers.

paragraphs: Task Force 11 consisted of the carrier with two cruisers. TF 16 included the carriers and the USS Hornet, but they were too far away.

paragraphs: Nimitz put Fletcher in command of Allied naval forces in the South Pacific area until Halsey arrived Halsey was told to command all three task forces once TF 16 arrived in the Coral Sea area (Lundstrom, "Pearl Harbor to Midway", p. 167).

paragraphs: The Japanese thought that all but one of the U.S. Navy's carriers were in the central Pacific. The Japanese did not know the location of the other carrier, but they did not expect an American carrier response to "MO" until the attacks had begun.

paragraphs: During late April, the Japanese submarines and searched the area where landings were planned. The submarines explored Rossel Island and the Deboyne Group area and the route to Port Moresby. They did not see any Allied ships and returned to Rabaul on 23 and 24 April.

paragraphs: The Japanese Port Moresby Invasion Force, commanded by Rear Admiral Kōsō Abe, included 11 transport ships carrying about 5,000 soldiers from the IJA's South Seas Detachment plus 500 more troops.

paragraphs: This included one light cruiser and six destroyers under the command of Rear Admiral Sadamichi Kajioka. Abe's ships departed Rabaul for the trip to Port Moresby on 4 May and were joined by Kajioka's force the next day. The ships, planned to arrive at Port Moresby by 10 May.

paragraphs: The Allied forces at Port Moresby had 5,333 men, but only half of these were infantry and all had poor equipment and little training.

paragraphs: Leading the invasion of Tulagi was the Tulagi Invasion Force. It was commanded by Rear Admiral Kiyohide Shima. It consisted of two minelayers, two destroyers, six minesweepers, two subchasers, and a transport ship carrying about 400 troops. Supporting the Tulagi force was the light carrier , four heavy cruisers, and one destroyer, commanded by Rear Admiral Aritomo Gotō.

paragraphs: There was a separate force commanded by Rear Admiral Kuninori Marumo. It consisted of two light cruisers, the seaplane tender , and three gunboats. Inoue directed "MO" from the cruiser . He arrived on 4 May.

paragraphs: Gotō's force left Truk on 28 April and stayed near New Georgia Island. Marumo's support group left New Ireland to establish a seaplane base on 2 May to support the Tulagi attack. Shima's invasion force left Rabaul on 30 April.

paragraphs: The Carrier Strike Force with carriers "Zuikaku" and "Shōkaku", two heavy cruisers, and six destroyers left from Truk on 1 May. The strike force was commanded by Vice Admiral Takeo Takagi (flag on cruiser ). Rear Admiral Chūichi Hara, on "Zuikaku", commanded the carrier air forces.

paragraphs: The Carrier Strike Force was to enter the Coral Sea south of Guadalcanal. Once in the Coral Sea, the carriers were to provide airplanes for the invasion forces, destroy Allied airplanes at Port Moresby, and destroy any Allied naval forces in the Coral Sea.

paragraphs: Takagi's carriers were to deliver nine Zero fighter aircraft to Rabaul. Bad weather during two attempts to make the delivery made the aircraft to return to the carriers. One of the Zeros crashed in the ocean.

paragraphs: To find out if any Allied naval forces were coming, the Japanese sent submarines to wait southwest of Guadalcanal. Fletcher's forces got into the Coral Sea area before the submarines arrived and the Japanese did not see them. Another sub was sent to explore around Nouméa. It was attacked by "Yorktown" aircraft on 2 May.

paragraphs: On the morning of 1 May, Fletcher sent TF11 to refuel. TF 17 completed refueling the next day. Fletcher took TF 17 northwest towards the Louisiades and ordered TF 11 to meet TF 44 on 4 May. TF 44 was a joint Australia–U.S. warship force under MacArthur's command. It was led by Australian Rear Admiral John Crace. It was made up of the cruisers , , and .

paragraphs: Early on 3 May, Shima's force arrived off Tulagi and the naval troops began to occupy the island. Tulagi was undefended. The small guard of Australian commandos and a Royal Australian Air Force group left before Shima's arrival. The Japanese forces built a seaplane and communications base.

paragraphs: At 17:00 on 3 May, Fletcher was told that the Japanese Tulagi invasion force had been seen. TF 17 went towards Guadalcanal to launch air attacks against the Japanese forces at Tulagi.

paragraphs: On 4 May, from a position south of Guadalcanal (), 60 aircraft from TF 17 launched three attacks against Shima's forces off Tulagi. "Yorktown"s aircraft sank the destroyer "Kikuzuki" () and three of the minesweepers, damaged four other ships, and destroyed four seaplanes. The Americans lost one dive bomber and two fighters. Even though the Japanese forces were harmed by the carrier strikes, they kept building the seaplane base. They began flying from Tulagi by 6 May.

paragraphs: Takagi's Carrier Striking Force was north of Tulagi when it learned of Fletcher's strike on 4 May. Takagi sent planes to search for the American carriers, but the planes found nothing.

paragraphs: At 08:16 on 5 May, TF 17 met up with TF 11 and TF 44 south of Guadalcanal. At the same time, four F4F Wildcat fighter aircraft from "Yorktown" shot down a Kawanishi Type 97 aircraft from the Yokohama Air Group.

paragraphs: A message from Pearl Harbor told Fletcher that Japanese planned to land their troops at Port Moresby on 10 May and their carriers would be close to the invasion group. Fletcher planned to take his forces north towards the Louisiades.

paragraphs: Takagi's carrier force entered the Coral Sea in the early morning hours of 6 May.

paragraphs: On 6 May, Fletcher joined TF 11 and TF 44 into TF 17. He thought the Japanese carriers were still well to the north. American planes did not find the Japanese naval forces, because they were located beyond the planes' range.

paragraphs: At 10:00, a Kawanishi flying boat from Tulagi saw TF 17 and sent a message to its headquarters. Takagi received the report at 10:50. At that time, Takagi's force was about north of Fletcher. Takagi's ships were still refueling, so he was not yet ready to battle. Takagi sent his two carriers with two destroyers under Hara's command to head towards TF 17 at so that they could attack the next day.

paragraphs: American B-17 bombers based in Australia attacked the Port Moresby invasion forces, including Gotō's warships, several timeson 6 May without success. MacArthur's headquarters told Fletcher about the locations of the Japanese invasion forces. MacArthur's planes saw a carrier ("Shōhō") about northwest of TF17.

paragraphs: At 18:00, TF 17 completed fueling and Fletcher sent "Neosho" with a destroyer, , to wait further south. TF 17 then turned to head northwest towards Rossel Island. At 20:00 (), Hara met Takagi who completed refueling.

paragraphs: Late on 6 May or early on 7 May, "Kamikawa Maru" set up a seaplane base in the Deboyne Islands to help the invasion forces as they approached Port Moresby. The rest of Marumo's Cover Force waited near the D'Entrecasteaux Islands.

paragraphs: At 06:25 on 7 May, TF 17 was south of Rossel Island (). At this time, Fletcher sent Crace's cruiser and destroyer force out. When Crace's warships left, this reduced the anti-aircraft defenses for Fletcher's carriers. Fletcher wanted to make sure the Japanese invasion forces could not sneak through to Port Moresby while he was fighting with the Japanese carriers.

paragraphs: Fletcher thought Takagi's carrier force was north of his location. Fletcher told "Yorktown" to send 10 SBD dive bombers to search that area. Takagi launched 12 Type 97 carrier bombers at 06:00 to search for TF 17. Hara thought that Fletcher's ships were to the south. Gotō's cruisers and launched four Kawanishi E7K2 Type 94 floatplanes to search for the Americans. Each side got its carrier attack aircraft ready to launch once the enemy was located.

paragraphs: At 07:22 one of Takagi's carrier planes, from "Shōkaku" located American ships. At 07:45, the Japanese pilot located "one carrier, one cruiser, and three destroyers". Hara thought that he had found the American carriers. Hara launched all of his available aircraft. A total of 78 aircraft—18 Zero fighters, 36 Type 99 dive bombers, and 24 torpedo aircraft—began flying from "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" at 08:00.

paragraphs: At 08:20, one aircraft found Fletcher's carriers. Takagi and Hara continued with the attack on the ships to their south. They also turned their carriers towards the northwest to get closer to the Americans. Takagi and Hara thought that the U.S. carrier forces might be operating in two groups.

paragraphs: At 08:15, a "Yorktown" plane saw Gotō's force. He reported two carriers and four heavy cruisers" at , northwest of TF17. Fletcher thought he had found the Japanese main carrier force. He ordered all available carrier aircraft to attack. By 10:13, the American force of 93 aircraft – 18 F4F Wildcats, 53 SBD dive bombers, and 22 TBD Devastator torpedo bombers were flying. At 10:12, however, Fletcher received a report from three United States Army B-17s of an aircraft carrier, ten transports, and 16 warships.

paragraphs: Believing that this was the main Japanese carrier force, Fletcher directed the airplanes towards this target.

paragraphs: At 09:15, Takagi's force sighted "Neosho" and "Sims". Takagi now realized the American carriers were between him and the invasion forces. Takagi ordered his aircraft to attack "Neosho" and "Sims". At 11:15, the 36 dive bombers attacked the two American ships.

paragraphs: Four dive bombers attacked "Sims" and the rest attacked "Neosho". The destroyer was hit by three bombs, broke in half, and sank, killing all but 14 of her 192-man crew. "Neosho" was hit by seven bombs. Heavily damaged and without power, "Neosho" was sinking. "Neosho" told Fletcher by radio that she was under attack.

paragraphs: The American aircraft sighted "Shōhō" at 10:40 and attacked. The Japanese carrier was protected by six Zeros and two Type 96 'Claude' fighters flying combat air patrol (CAP). Gotō's cruisers surrounded the carrier.

paragraphs: Attacking first, "Lexington"s air group hit "Shōhō" with two bombs and five torpedoes, causing severe damage. At 11:00, "Yorktown"s air group attacked the burning carrier with 11 more bombs and two torpedoes. Torn apart, "Shōhō" sank at 11:35 (). Gotō sent his warships to the north, but sent the destroyer to rescue survivors. Only 203 of the carrier's 834-man crew were rescued. Three American aircraft were lost in the attack. All of "Shōhō"s aircraft were lost. At 12:10, a pilot told TF 17 that the attack was successful.

paragraphs: The American aircraft returned and landed on their carriers by 13:38. By 14:20, the aircraft ready to launch against the Port Moresby Invasion Force or Gotō's cruisers. Fletcher was worried that he did not know where the other Japanese fleet carriers were. Allied forces thought that up to four Japanese carriers might be nearby. Fletcher turned TF17 southwest.

paragraphs: When Inoue was told that "Shōhō" had been sunk, he ordered the invasion convoy to pull back to the north. He ordered Takagi to destroy the American carrier forces. As the invasion convoy pulled back, it was bombed by eight U.S. Army B-17s, but was not damaged. Gotō and Kajioka were told to place their ships south of Rossel Island for a night battle if the American ships got close enough.

paragraphs: At 12:40, a seaplane saw Crace's force. At 13:15, an aircraft from Rabaul saw Crace's force. Takagi turned his carriers west at 13:30 and told Inoue at 15:00 that the US carriers were too far away to attack them that day.

paragraphs: Inoue's men sent attack aircraft from Rabaul towards Crace. The first group included 12 torpedo-armed Type 1 bombers and the second group was 19 Mitsubishi Type 96 aircraft armed with bombs. Both groups found and attacked Crace's ships at 14:30. Crace's ships were undamaged and shot down four Type 1s. A short time later, three U.S. Army B-17s bombed Crace by accident, but caused no damage.

paragraphs: Crace radioed Fletcher that he could not complete his mission without airplanes. Crace moved southward. Crace's ships were low on fuel.

paragraphs: Takagi's staff thought that the Allied ships would be close enough to attack before nightfall. Takagi and Hara decided to attack with aircraft, even though they would have to return after dark.

paragraphs: To try to confirm the location of the American carriers, at 15:15 Hara eight torpedo bombers to look westward. The dive bombers returned from their attack on "Neosho" and landed. At 16:15 Hara launched 12 dive bombers and 15 torpedo planes with orders to try to find the American ships.

paragraphs: At 17:47, TF 17 detected the Japanese forces on radar heading in their direction. The Americans sent 11 CAP Wildcats to attack the Japanese planes. The Wildcats shot down seven torpedo bombers and one dive bomber, and heavily damaged another torpedo bomber. Three Wildcats were lost.

paragraphs: The Japanese leaders canceled the mission and returned to their carriers. The sun set at 18:30. Several of the Japanese dive bombers found the American carriers in the darkness and tried to land on them. Anti-aircraft fire from TF 17's destroyers sent them away. By 20:00, TF 17 and Takagi were about apart. Takagi turned on his ships' searchlights to help the 18 surviving aircraft get back.

paragraphs: At 15:18 and 17:18 "Neosho" radioed TF 17 that she was sinking. Fletcher knew his only nearby fuel supply was gone.

paragraphs: As nightfall ended aircraft flights for the day, Fletcher ordered TF 17 to head west. Crace also turned west. Inoue told Takagi to destroy the U.S. carriers the next day. He delayed the Port Moresby landings to 12 May. Takagi took his carriers north during the night to protect the invasion convoy. Gotō and Kajioka were unable to attack the Allied warships at night.

paragraphs: Both sides spent the night preparing their aircraft for the battle. In 1972, U.S. Vice Admiral H. S. Duckworth said Coral Sea was the most confused battle area in world history." Hara said he was so frustrated with the "poor luck" the Japanese had on 7 May that he felt like quitting the navy.

paragraphs: At 06:15 on 8 May, Hara launched seven torpedo bombers to search the area south from the Japanese carriers. Three Kawanishi Type 97s from Tulagi and four Type 1 bombers from Rabaul also helped in the search. At 07:00, the carrier force turned to the southwest and was joined by two of Gotō's cruisers, and . The invasion convoy, Gotō, and Kajioka moved east of Woodlark Island.

paragraphs: At 06:35, TF 17 launched 18 SBDs to search for Japanese ships. The skies over the American carriers were mostly clear.

paragraphs: At 08:20, a "Lexington" SBD spotted the Japanese carriers and told TF 17. Two minutes later, a "Shōkaku" plane saw TF 17 and told Hara. The two forces were about away from each other. Both sides got ready to launch their aircraft.

paragraphs: At 09:15, the Japanese carriers launched 18 fighters, 33 dive bombers, and 18 torpedo planes. The American carriers each launched a separate attack. "Yorktown"s group consisted of six fighters, 24 dive bombers, and nine torpedo planes. "Lexington"s group was made up of nine fighters, 15 dive bombers, and 12 torpedo planes. Both the American and Japanese carrier forces turned to head directly for each other.

paragraphs: "Yorktown"s dive bombers reached the Japanese carriers at 10:32. At this time, "Shōkaku" and "Zuikaku" were about apart, with "Zuikaku" hidden under clouds. The two carriers were protected by 16 CAP Zero fighters. The "Yorktown" dive bombers attacked at 10:57 on "Shōkaku" and hit the carrier with two bombs, causing heavy damage to the carrier's flight and hangar decks. The "Yorktown" torpedo planes missed with all of their torpedoes. Two U.S. dive bombers and two CAP Zeros were shot down during the attack.

paragraphs: "Lexington"s aircraft arrived and attacked at 11:30. Two dive bombers attacked "Shōkaku", hitting the carrier with one bomb, causing further damage. Two other dive bombers attacked "Zuikaku", missing with their bombs. The rest of "Lexington"s dive bombers were unable to find the Japanese carriers in the heavy clouds. "Lexington"s TBDs missed "Shōkaku" with all 11 of their torpedoes. The 13 CAP Zeros on patrol shot down three Wildcats.

paragraphs: With her flight deck heavily damaged and 223 of her crew killed or wounded, "Shōkaku" was unable to launch any more planes. At 12:10, "Shōkaku" and two destroyers pulled back to the northeast.

paragraphs: At 10:55, "Lexington"s radar detected the Japanese aircraft and sent nine Wildcats to attack the planes. Six of the Wildcats were too low, and they missed the Japanese aircraft as they passed by overhead. Because of the heavy losses in aircraft the night before, the Japanese could not do a full torpedo attack on both carriers. The Japanese sent 14 torpedo planes to attack "Lexington" and four to attack "Yorktown". A Wildcat shot down one and 8 "Yorktown" SBDs destroyed three. Four SBDs were shot down by Zeros escorting the torpedo planes.

paragraphs: The Japanese attack began at 11:13 as the carriers, stationed apart, fired with anti-aircraft guns. The four torpedo planes which attacked "Yorktown" all missed. The remaining torpedo planes hit "Lexington" with two Type 91 torpedoes. The first torpedo broke the aviation gasoline tanks. The second torpedo caused several of the boilers to stop working. Four of the Japanese torpedo planes were shot down by anti-aircraft fire.

paragraphs: The 33 Japanese dive bombers attacked after the torpedo attacks. The 19 "Shōkaku" dive bombers attacked "Lexington" while the remaining 14, attacked "Yorktown". Zeros protected the dive bombers from four "Lexington" CAP Wildcats. Takahashi's bombers damaged "Lexington" with two bomb hits, causing fires which were put out by 12:33. At 11:27, "Yorktown" was hit in the center of her flight deck by a single , semi-armor-piercing bomb which penetrated four decks before exploding, causing severe damage and killing or seriously wounding 66 men. Up to 12 near misses damaged "Yorktown"s hull below the waterline. Two of the dive bombers were shot down by a CAP Wildcat during the attack.

paragraphs: As the Japanese aircraft completed their attacks and began to fly back, they were attacked by US planes.

paragraphs: The planes, with many damaged aircraft, landed on their carriers between 12:50 and 14:30. "Yorktown" and "Lexington" were both able to land planes. Forty-six of the original 69 aircraft from the Japanese force returned. Three more Zeros, four dive bombers, and five torpedo planes were damaged beyond repair and were pushed into the ocean.

paragraphs: As TF 17 got its aircraft back, Fletcher thought about the situation. Fletcher knew both his carriers were hurt and that he had lost a lot of fighters. Fuel was also a problem due to the loss of "Neosho". At 14:22, Fitch told Fletcher that there were two undamaged Japanese carriers. Fletcher pulled TF17 out from the battle. Fletcher radioed MacArthur the position of the Japanese carriers and suggested that he attack them with bombers.

paragraphs: Around 14:30, Hara informed Takagi that only 24 Zeros, eight dive bombers, and four torpedo planes from the carriers were working. Takagi was worried about his ships' fuel levels; his cruisers were at 50% and some of his destroyers were as low as 20%. At 15:00 Takagi said he had sunk two American carriers – "Yorktown" and a "-class". Inoue called the invasion convoy to Rabaul, postponed "MO" to 3 July, and ordered his forces to gather northeast of the Solomons to begin the "RY" operation.

paragraphs: "Zuikaku" and her escorts turned towards Rabaul while "Shōkaku" headed for Japan.

paragraphs: Aboard "Lexington", an explosion killed 25 men and started a large fire. Around 14:42, another large explosion occurred, starting a second fire. A third explosion occurred at 15:25. "Lexington"s crew began abandoning ship at 17:07. After the carrier's survivors were rescued, including Fitch and the carrier's captain, Frederick C. Sherman, at 19:15 the destroyer fired five torpedoes into the burning ship, which sank in 2,400 fathoms at 19:52 ().

paragraphs: Two hundred and sixteen of the carrier's 2,951-man crew sunk with the ship, along with 36 aircraft. "Phelps" and the other warships left to rejoin "Yorktown", which departed at 16:01, and TF17 moved to the southwest. Later that evening, MacArthur informed Fletcher that eight of his B-17s had attacked the invasion convoy and that it was moving to the northwest.

paragraphs: That evening, Crace sent "Hobart", which was low on fuel, and the destroyer , which was having engine trouble, to Townsville. Crace remained on patrol in the Coral Sea in case the Japanese invasion force tried to go towards Port Moresby.

paragraphs: The battle was the first naval battle in history in which the ships never saw or fired directly at each other. Instead, aircraft were used to attack each other.

paragraphs: This was a carrier-versus-carrier battle. Neither commander had experience with this. The commanders had poor communications. This was hard, because the battle took place over a large area. The planes flew so fast that it meant there was not much time to make decisions.

paragraphs: The Japanese had problems because Inoue was too far away at Rabaul to direct his naval forces. Fletcher was on a carrier, so it was easier for him to direct his forces. The Japanese admirals did not share information quickly.

paragraphs: The experienced Japanese carrier aircrews did better than those of the U.S. The Japanese aircrews did more damage with the same number of aircraft. The Japanese attack on the American carriers on 8 May was better organized than the U.S. attack on the Japanese carriers.

paragraphs: The Japanese had much higher losses to their carrier aircrews. They lost ninety aircrew killed in the battle compared with thirty-five for the Americans. Japan's highly skilled carrier aircrews could not be replaced because the training programs could not produce enough new aircrew. There were not training programs to produce skilled pilots. Coral Sea was the start of Japan losing its experienced aircrews.

paragraphs: The Americans did learn from their mistakes in the battle. They made improvements to their carrier fighting approach. The Americans improved their anti-aircraft defences. Radar gave the Americans an advantage in this battle.

paragraphs: Following the loss of "Lexington", improved methods for carrying airplane fuel and better ways of dealing with damage were developed by the Americans. Coordination between the Allied land-based air forces and the U.S. Navy was poor during this battle.

paragraphs: Japanese and U.S. carriers would fight again in the battles of Midway, the Eastern Solomons, and the Santa Cruz Islands in 1942, and the Philippine Sea in 1944. Each of these battles had an impact on what would happen in the Pacific War.

paragraphs: Both sides claimed victory after the battle. In terms of ships lost, the Japanese won a victory by sinking an American fleet carrier, an oiler, and a destroyer – . The Americans sunk a light carrier, a destroyer, and several smaller warships – . "Lexington" was one quarter of U.S. carrier strength in the Pacific. The Japanese public was told it was a victory.

paragraphs: The Allies won because the sea invasion of Port Moresby was stopped. This meant that supply lines between the U.S. and Australia were protected. Although pulling "Yorktown" away from the Coral Sea was like giving the sea area to the Japanese, the Japanese stopped their invasion plans.

paragraphs: The battle was the first time that a Japanese invasion force was stopped. This improved the morale of the Allies. The Allies had been defeated by the Japanese during the first six months of the Pacific War.

paragraphs: Port Moresby was important to the Allies. The US Navy said that the damage it did to the Japanese was greater than what it really did.

paragraphs: The battle affected the planning of both sides. Without in New Guinea, the Allied advance would have been more difficult. For the Japanese, the battle was seen as a problem. The battle showed the Japanese that American were not that good in battle. The Japanese thought that future carrier attacks against the U.S. would be successful.

paragraphs: One of the most important effects of the Coral Sea battle was the loss of and .

paragraphs: Yamamoto wanted to use these carriers to battle American carriers at Midway ("Shōhō" was supposed to support the Japanese invasion ground forces). The Japanese thought that they sank two carriers in the Coral Sea, but this still left at least two more U.S. Navy carriers, "Enterprise" and "Hornet", which could fight at Midway.

paragraphs: American carriers had more planes than Japanese carriers. The US also had land-based aircraft at Midway. This meant that the Japanese did not have more planes at Midway. The Americans would have three carriers at Midway, because "Yorktown" could still sail, even with the damage from Coral Sea. The U.S. Navy was able to repair Yorktown at Pearl Harbor between 27 and 30 May so that she could fight in the battle.

paragraphs: At Midway, 's aircraft were important in sinking two Japanese carriers. "Yorktown" also took a lot of the Japanese air attacks at Midway which would have been directed at the other American carriers.

paragraphs: The Americans worked hard to get the maximum number of forces for Midway. The Japanese did not try to include "Zuikaku" in the operation. The Japanese did not try to put the "Shōkaku" aircrews with "Zuikaku"s air groups or provide "Zuikaku" with new aircraft. "Shōkaku" had a damaged flight deck which required three months of repair in Japan.

paragraphs: Historians H. P. Willmott, Jonathan Parshall, and Anthony Tully think Yamamoto made an error in deciding support the "MO". Since Yamamoto thought the big battle with the Americans would be at Midway, he should not have sent fleet carriers to less important battle like "MO". Japanese naval forces were weakened at both the Coral Sea and Midway battles, which allowed the Allies to defeat them.

paragraphs: Yamamoto did not notice another thing about the Coral Sea battle. The Americans put their carriers the right place and time to fight the Japanese. U.S. Navy carrier aircrews showed skill and tried to do major damage to the Japanese carrier forces. Japan lost four fleet carriers at Midway, which made Japan start to lose the Pacific War.

paragraphs: The Australians and U.S. forces in Australia were disappointed with the the Battle of the Coral Sea. They thought that the "MO" operation was going to lead to an invasion of the Australian mainland. In a meeting held in late May, the Australian Advisory War Council said the battle was disappointing since the Allies knew about the Japanese plans.

paragraphs: General MacArthur told Australian Prime Minister John Curtin that Japanese forces could attack anywhere if supported by the IJN.

paragraphs: Because of the losses in carriers at Midway, the Japanese were unable to invade Port Moresby from the sea. Japan tried to capture Port Moresby by land. Japan began its attack towards Port Moresby along the Kokoda Track on 21 July from Buna and Gona.

paragraphs: By then, the Allies sent more troops to New Guinea. The added forces slowed and stopped the Japanese advance towards Port Moresby in September 1942. They also stopped the Japanese from capturing an Allied base at Milne Bay.

paragraphs: The Allies tried their to use their victories at Coral Sea and Midway to try to win the war against Japan. The Allies chose Tulagi and Guadalcanal as their first attacks.

paragraphs: The failure of the Japanese to take Port Moresby, and their defeat at Midway, meant Tulagi was not protected by other Japanese bases. Tulagi was four hours flying time from Rabaul, the nearest large Japanese base.

paragraphs: On 7 August 1942, 11,000 U.S. Marines landed on Guadalcanal and 3,000 U.S. Marines landed on Tulagi and nearby islands. The Japanese troops on Tulagi and nearby islands killed in the Battle of Tulagi and Gavutu-Tanambogo. The U.S. Marines on Guadalcanal captured an airfield under construction by the Japanese.

paragraphs: This started the Guadalcanal and Solomon Islands Campaigns. These resulted in a number of battles between Allied and Japanese forces over the next year. Along with the New Guinea campaign, this destroyed Japanese defences, caused huge losses for the Japanese military—especially the Navy. This helped the Allies to win the war against Japan.

paragraphs: The delay in the advance of Japanese forces also allowed the United States Marine Corps to land on Funafuti on October 2, 1942. The US built airfields from which USAAF B-24 "Liberator" bombers could fly. The atolls of Tuvalu were places the Allies could use to get ready for the Battle of Tarawa and the Battle of Makin that started on 20 November 1943.


title: Extreme Noise Terror

paragraphs: Extreme Noise Terror (often abbreviated to ENT) are a British crust punk / grindcore band originally formed in Ipswich, England in 1985. The band are one of the earliest European grindcore bands. They also helped to create the crustgrind subgenre.

paragraphs: They are one of the first hardcore punk bands to use two vocalists. They also recorded a number of sessions for BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel. The band's songs have political lyrics, grinding guitars, and very fast tempos.

paragraphs: Extreme Noise Terror were formed in early 1985 in Ipswich, England, originally consisting of dual vocalists Dean Jones and Phil Vane, guitarist Pete Hurley, bassist Jerry Clay and drummer Darren Olley aka Pig Killer.


title: Foreign policy of the United States

paragraphs: The foreign policy of the United States is the way in which the United States acts towards other countries. U.S. foreign policy also involves setting out how U.S. organizations, corporations, and individual citizens should act towards foreign countries.

paragraphs: The United States has a lot of power in the world for several reasons. The U.S. has a $15 trillion economy and approximately a quarter of the global Gross Domestic Product. The U.S. also has a defense budget of $711 billion. This is about 43% of military spending in the world. The U.S. has a powerful military that it can send out to protect countries or locations that are considered important to U.S. foreign policy.

paragraphs: The U.S. Secretary of State is the same type of job as the job of foreign minister of other countries. The Secretary of State is responsible for diplomacy with other countries. Today, Mike Pompeo is the U.S.'s Secretary of State.

paragraphs: The President of the United States has the highest authority over foreign policy.

paragraphs: The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs aims to control nuclear technology and nuclear hardware; foster commercial relations with foreign nations; and safeguard American business abroad. The Committee also watches over international agreements about commodities, international education, and the protection of American citizens abroad.

paragraphs: U.S. foreign policy includes defining what actions and choices are in the best national interest. U.S. foreign policy also includes the strategies that are chosen to lead to policy goals. The goals of the foreign policy of the United States are to create a more secure, democratic, and prosperous world. The U.S. aims to achieve this goal for the benefit of the American people and the international community.

paragraphs: U.S. foreign policy and foreign aid have been the subject of much debate, praise and criticism both from within the U.S. and from other countries.


title: John Laurie

paragraphs: John Paton Laurie (25 March 1897 – 23 June 1980) was a Scottish actor who was known for his role as James Frazer in the British sitcom "Dad's Army".

paragraphs: Laurie was born on 25 March 1897 in Dumfries, Dumfriesshire, Scotland. He was married three times. He had one daughter. Laurie died on 23 June 1980 in his Chalfont St Peter, Buckinghamshire, England home from emphysema, aged 83 His ashes were scattered into the English Channel.


title: Codognè

paragraphs: Codognè is a town in Veneto. There are 5300 people living there. It is near Venice and the Dolomite Alps. The beaches of the Adriatic Sea are also nearby.


title: Arnold Ridley

paragraphs: William Arnold Ridley, OBE (7 January 1896 – 12 March 1984) was an English playwright and actor. He is known for his play "The Ghost Train" and for playing the elderly Private Charles Godfrey in the British sitcom "Dad's Army" (1968–77).

paragraphs: Ridley was born on 7 January 1896 in Bath, Somerset, England. He was married to Althea Parker from 1945 until his death in 1984. Ridley died on 12 March 1984 in Hillington, London, England from complications from a fall, aged 88.


title: Svalbard in fiction

paragraphs: Novelists, screenwriters and filmmakers have set their works in Svalbard, an archipelago in the Arctic which is the northernmost part of Norway. Fictional works about Svalbard often make reference to its Arctic climate, the isolation of the archipelago and the natural beauty of its vast glaciers, mountains and fjords.

paragraphs: "North of Danger", by Dale Hollerbach Fife, is a World War II story about a 12-year-old boy living in Svalbard who has to hide in a coal mine to avoid being captured by the Nazi invaders. The Commonwealth Club of California called "North of Danger" the best juvenile book of 1978. "Bear Island" is a 1971 thriller novel by Scottish author Alistair MacLean. It is about a movie crew who travels to Svalbard. When the group arrives in Svalbard, members of the crew start to get killed.

paragraphs: The Norwegian crime writer and glacier expert Monica Kristensen has written a novel set in Svalbard entitled "Operation Fritham". The novel tells the story of a group of World War II veterans who meet in Svalbard to remember Operation Fritham. This was a 1942 Norwegian military operation which aimed to capture the coal mines so that Nazi Germany could not use the coal. The elderly soldiers do not realize that one member of the group is an not really an old soldier. One person is a murderer who is pretending to be a veteran. The head of the Svalbard police force has to solve the mystery.

paragraphs: "Dark Matter", by Michelle Paver, is a ghost story set in 1937 in a lonely bay in Svalbard. A group of scientists go to Svalbard and prepare to spend the winter in an old mining camp. However, they discover that there is some scary person or creature hiding in the ice.

paragraphs: Svalbard is the home of the armored polar bears in Philip Pullman's "His Dark Materials" trilogy of books. This trilogy of fantasy novels form an epic that includes "Northern Lights" (1995, published as "The Golden Compass" in North America), "The Subtle Knife" (1997), and "The Amber Spyglass" (2000). It follows the story of two children, Lyra Belacqua and Will Parry. The three novels have won awards, including the 2001 Whitbread Book of the Year prize, won by "The Amber Spyglass". "Northern Lights" won the Carnegie Medal for children's fiction in the UK in 1995. The won third place in the BBC's Big Read poll in 2003. The story involves fantasy story parts such as witches and armoured polar bears.

paragraphs: "Neige Noir" ("Black Snow") is a 1974 novel by Canadian author Hubert Aquin about a newly married Montreal couple who travel to Svalbard. "The Svalbard Passage" by Thomas Kirkwood is a thriller set in the US, Norway and Svalbard during the Cold War.

paragraphs: "The Solitude Of Thomas Cave", by Georgina Harding, is a novel about a sailor who spends a whole winter in Svalbard. A review states that the "descriptions of scenery are outstanding".

paragraphs: Filmmaker Knut Erik Jensen made three short films about Svalbard: "Svalbard in the World" (1983), "Cold World" (1986) and "My World" (1987). This Svalbard trilogy has been called "an artistic peak" for him. The Norwegian film "Orion's Belt" (1985) ("Orions belte" was the original title) is set in Svalbard. The film, which was directed by Ola Solum, shows the white icebergs and mountain ranges. It was one of the two 1980s Norwegian films which "...found large audiences...internationally". The 1998 Belgian-Dutch-German movie "When the Light Comes" is set in Svalbard.


title: James Beck

paragraphs: Stanley James Carroll Beck (21 February 1929 – 6 August 1973) was an English actor. He is best remembered for his role as Private Joe Walker, the cockney spiv in the popular BBC sitcom "Dad's Army".

paragraphs: Beck was born on 21 February 1929 in Islington, London, England. He was married to Kay Beck until his death in 1973. Beck died on 6 August 1973 from pancreatitis in Roehampton, Wandsworth, London, England, aged 44.


title: Ian Lavender

paragraphs: Arthur Ian Lavender (born 16 February 1946), better known as Ian Lavender, is an English stage, movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Private Frank Pike in the BBC comedy series "Dad's Army". He is the last surviving cast member to have played one of the seven main characters within the platoon.

paragraphs: Lavender was born in Birmingham, England on 16 February 1946. He studied at the Bournville Boys Technical School and later Bournville Grammar-Technical School for Boys.

paragraphs: His first television appearance was as the lead in a Rediffusion play entitled "Half Hour Story: Flowers at my Feet" in 1968. In 1968, aged 22, Lavender was cast as Private Pike, the youngest member and 'stupid boy' of the platoon in the BBC sitcom "Dad's Army". He appeared in the entire run of the series, and in the spinoff movie released in 1971.

paragraphs: Lavender starred in the movie, "31 North 62 East" (released September 2009), an independent psychological thriller starring John Rhys-Davies, Marina Sirtis, Heather Peace and Craig Fairbrass. In August 2013 Lavender made his Edinburgh Fringe debut in a stage version of "The Shawshank Redemption".

paragraphs: Lavender was married to actress Sue Kerchiss from 1967 until they divorced in 1973. He married his second wife, the American Miki Hardy in 1993.

paragraphs: Lavender was diagnosed with bladder cancer in 1993. It was removed in an operation and he has recovered. He had a heart attack in 2004.


title: Survivor Series (2004)

paragraphs: Survivor Series (2004) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 14, 2004 at the Gund Arena in Cleveland, Ohio. It was the eighteenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.


title: Isaiah Wohlgemuth

paragraphs: Isaiah Wohlgemuth (September 15, 1915 - January 6, 2008) wrote a widely read book, "A Guide to Jewish Prayer". He was from Germany and came to the United States after World War II. He studied at a religious school in Berlin. He was ordained as a rabbi. His synagogue was destroyed. The building was burned on Kristallnacht. He was imprisoned in a concentration camp. As soon as the war was over, he came to the United States and lived in Boston. In Boston he went back to school. He studied for many years and received a doctorate (an advanced degree) in education. He taught students in Boston for more than 50 years. Because he was a rabbi and had a doctorate, he was called "Rabbi Dr. Wohlegemuth."

paragraphs: Rabbi Wohlgemuth, died January 6, 2008. He had Parkinson's disease.


title: HIStory: Past, Present and Future

paragraphs: HIStory: Past, Present and Future is the ninth studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1995. It is Jackson's first album on his record label MJJ Productions. The album has two discs. The first disc is a 'greatest hits' of fifteen popular singles Jackson had released from his previous albums. The second disc is fifteen new songs. Two of them are Jackson's versions of songs that have already been made by people. The album has sold 25 million copies around the world. It is the best selling album with more than one disc. On November 13 2001 the first disc was released again on its own as "Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I". It has sold 4 million copies.

paragraphs: Six singles were released around the world from the second disc. The first single "Scream" was a duet with Jackson's sister Janet Jackson. It reached number one in New Zealand, Italy, and Spain.

paragraphs: The second single "You Are Not Alone" was written and produced by R. Kelly. It was the first song ever to go straight to number one in the "Billboard" Hot 100.

paragraphs: The third single "Earth Song" did not reach the Billboard Hot 100. However, it is Jackson's best selling single in the United Kingdom. It was number one there for six weeks.

paragraphs: The sixth single was "Stranger in Moscow". It reached number one in Italy and Spain.

paragraphs: The fourth single, "This Time Around", had The Notorious B.I.G. rapping in it.

paragraphs: "They Don't Care About Us" was released on March 31, 1996. It was number one in Germany for three weeks.

paragraphs: "Stranger in Moscow" was the last single released from the album. It was the least successful single in the United States.

paragraphs: "Rolling Stone" gave the album four stars out of five. "The Seattle Times" gave the second disc of HIStory a bad review.

paragraphs: Jackson did the HIStory World Tour to promote the album. It was Jackson's last tour.


title: Forever, Michael

paragraphs: Forever, Michael is the fourth studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1975. It was his last album to be released by Motown Records. The album was produced by Edward Holland, Jr., Brian Holland, Hal Davis, Freddie Perren, and Sam Brown III.

paragraphs: Three singles were released from the album. The first single "We're Almost There" reached number two in Turkey and number four in Australia. "Just a Little Bit of You" was released as "Forever Michael"'s second single. It reached number 23 in the US "Billboard" 100. The third single "One Day in Your Life" reached number one in the United Kingdom, Ireland and the Netherlands.


title: Got to Be There

paragraphs: Got to Be There is the debut studio album by Michael Jackson. It was released in 1971. It has sold over 3.2 million copies around the world. Four singles were released from the album.


title: Invincible

paragraphs: Invincible is the tenth studio album by American singer-songwriter Michael Jackson. It was released in October 2001. It was the last studio album by Jackson to be released while Jackson was alive. It reached number one in eleven countries. Three singles were released from the album. The first single was "You Rock My World". "Cry" was released as the second single. It was written by R. Kelly. The Notorious B.I.G. rapped on the first song on the album, "Unbreakable". The album was unsuccessful compared to Jackson's previous albums. It sold thirteen million copies. "Rolling Stone" gave the album a rating of three out of five stars. "You Rock My World" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance - Male.


title: Earth Song

paragraphs: "Earth Song" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the third single from . In 1996 Jackson performed the song at the BRIT Awards. Jarvis Cocker ran onto the stage and gave Jackson the V sign. Cocker explained, "My actions were a form of protest at the way Michael Jackson sees himself as some kind of Christ-like figure with the power of healing..."

paragraphs: Jackson wrote the song in a hotel in Austria when he was on tour.

paragraphs: It was the last song ever performed by Jackson. The video was filmed in the Amazon Rainforest, Karlovac, Tanzania, and New York. "Earth Song" is Jackson's best-selling single in the UK.

paragraphs: The song was performed at the 2010 Grammy Awards by Jennifer Hudson, Carrie Underwood, Smokey Robinson, Celine Dion and Usher.


title: Heal the World

paragraphs: "Heal the World" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as a single from his album "Dangerous". The video does not have Jackson in it. In a 2001 Internet chat with fans, Jackson said "Heal the World" is the song he was most proud to have created. In the documentary Living With Michael Jackson, he said that he wrote the song in his "Giving Tree" at his Neverland Ranch. It reached No.1 in Spain.

paragraphs: Jackson performed the song at the Super Bowl XXVII half-time show.

paragraphs: In 1992 Jackson made Heal the World Foundation, named after the song.


title: Black or White

paragraphs: "Black or White" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the first single from Jackson's eighth album "Dangerous" on November 11, 1991. Slash plays guitar at the start. Michael wrote the song with Bill Bottrell. It reached number one in the United States.

paragraphs: In 1992, Weird Al Yankovic made a song called "Snack All Night". The song was never released, but he performed it at a concert.

paragraphs: The video was directed by John Landis. It is eleven minutes long. 500 million people watched it when it was shown for the first time in 27 different countries at once. This was the most people to ever watch a music video at once. The video starts with Macaulay Culkin. Tyra Banks is at the end of the short version of the video.


title: Happy (Michael Jackson song)

paragraphs: "Happy" is a song by Michael Jackson. It is the fourth song on his third album "Music & Me". It was released as a single in Australia in 1973. It was written by Michel Legrand and


title: Girlfriend (Wings song)

paragraphs: "Girlfriend" is a song written by Paul McCartney. It was originally recorded by his band Wings in 1978. Michael Jackson covered the song on his 1979 album "Off the Wall". It was released in the UK as the album's fifth single.


title: The Way You Make Me Feel

paragraphs: "The Way You Make Me Feel" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the third single from Jackson's seventh album "Bad". It was produced by Quincy Jones. Like the two singles before it, it reached number 1 in the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was also number 1 in Spain. He performed the song at the 1988 Grammy Awards. After Jackson died in 2009 the song entered the charts again.

paragraphs: In the video Jackson follows a girl called Tatiana Thumbtzen around and sings "The Way You Make Me Feel". La Toya Jackson appears as one of the girl's friends.


title: Man in the Mirror

paragraphs: "Man in the Mirror" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was written by Siedah Garrett

paragraphs: and Glen Ballard. It was released as the fourth single from Jackson's seventh album, "Bad". It was nominated for Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards. It reached number one in the "Billboard" Hot 100.

paragraphs: In 2009 Michael Jackson died and the song entered the charts again. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. This was much higher than when the song was first released in 1988.


title: Dirty Diana

paragraphs: "Dirty Diana" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the fifth single from "Bad" April 18, 1988. It is about groupies. Steve Stevens plays guitar in it.


title: Another Part of Me

paragraphs: "Another Part of Me" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was in Jackson's 1986 3-D film "Captain EO". It was released as the sixth single from Jackson's seventh album "Bad" on July 11, 1988. "Another Part of Me" was not going to be on "Bad". But after Jackson's manager Frank DiLeo danced along to the song, it was decided that the song would be featured on the album. The song reached number eleven in the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Smooth Criminal

paragraphs: "Smooth Criminal" is a song written by Michael Jackson. It is the theme song of Jackson's 1988 movie "Moonwalker". It reached number 1 in the Netherlands, Flanders, and Spain.

paragraphs: On April 10, 2006 it was released again as a single from the "Visionary: The Video Singles" box-set. It was number 1 in Spain again.

paragraphs: In 2001, Alien Ant Farm released a cover version of the song. It was their first single. It was a number-one hit.


title: Leave Me Alone

paragraphs: "Leave Me Alone" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the eighth single from Jackson's seventh album "Bad" in 1987. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart. In Ireland it reached number one. The video won a Grammy Award in 1990 for Best Short Form Music Video.


title: Liberian Girl

paragraphs: "Liberian Girl" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was the ninth single from "Bad". It was only released in Europe and Australia. It starts with the South African female singer Letta Mbulu saying "Nakupenda pia- nakutaka pia-mpenziwe", Swahili for "Love you too. I want you too, my love." Swahili is not actually spoken in Liberia. It reached number 1 in Ireland. The music video has lots of Jackson's celebrity friends in it. In 2009 the song came back into the charts in the UK, France, and Switzerland after Michael Jackson died. He initially wrote the song during the early 1980's "Thriller Era" as most Moonwalkers would say it.


title: Remember the Time

paragraphs: "Remember the Time" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the second single from his album "Dangerous" on January 14, 1992. It was written by Teddy Riley, Jackson, and Bernard Belle. When the single was released Jackson dedicated the song with love to Diana Ross. The music video is nine minutes long. John Singleton directed it. In 2006 the song was released again. It reached number 2 in the Spanish chart.


title: Who Is It (Michael Jackson song)

paragraphs: "Who Is It" is a song by Michael Jackson.

paragraphs: It was released as the fifth single from "Dangerous". Jackson wrote the song and he produced it with Bill Bottrell. He didn't perform the song in any of his tours.


title: Gone Too Soon

paragraphs: "Gone Too Soon" is a song made popular by Michael Jackson. It was written by Larry Gossman and Buzz Kohan.

paragraphs: In 1993, Jackson performed it at the celebration for Bill Clinton becoming the President of the United States.

paragraphs: In 1997, when Princess Diana died, Jackson let the song be put on an album called "Tribute". The album was a collection of songs made to remember her. The money made from the album was given to the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.

paragraphs: Usher performed the song at Jackson's memorial service in 2009.


title: Stranger in Moscow

paragraphs: "Stranger in Moscow" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the fifth single from "". Jackson wrote the song in September 1993 when he was in Moscow doing his Dangerous World Tour. The single reached number one in Italy.


title: They Don't Care About Us

paragraphs: "They Don't Care About Us" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the fourth single from "" on March 31, 1996. Two videos were made for the song. This was the first time Jackson made two videos for a single. The first video was filmed in two places in Brazil, Dona Marta and Salvador. It was number 1 in Germany for three weeks.

paragraphs: Jackson was going to perform the song in his This Is It concerts in 2009.

paragraphs: In 2009, Northern Kings published their own version of the song on their album "Rethroned".


title: Smile (Charlie Chaplin song)

paragraphs: "Smile" is a song with music composed by Charlie Chaplin. This music was the theme for the soundtrack of one of Chaplin's movies, "Modern Times" (1936). The music had no lyrics. It was originally written in D minor. John Turner and Geoffrey Parsons added lyrics and a title in 1954. The lyrics are based on lines and themes from the movie. The singer is telling the listener to smile and be optimistic. "Smile" has become a popular song since its original use in Chaplin's movie.

paragraphs: The song, with its lyrics, was originally sung by Nat King Cole

paragraphs: in Judy Garland sang a memorable version of "Smile" on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1963.

paragraphs: Michael Jackson recorded his own version of the song in March 1993 for his album "" in 1995. The song was used prominently in the teaser trailer of the 2019 film "Joker".


title: You Are Not Alone

paragraphs: "You Are Not Alone" is a song sung by Michael Jackson. R. Kelly wrote it. The video was directed by Wayne Isham. Lisa Marie Presley, who was Jackson's wife at the time, is in the video. It is the first song to go straight to number 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was also number one in the United Kingdom, Wallonia, France, New Zealand, Spain and Switzerland.

paragraphs: Diana Ross sung a cover version of the song on her 1996 album "Voice of Love".

paragraphs: On November 15, 2009, the last twelve acts from the sixth series of the British talent show "The X Factor" released a cover of the song.


title: Is It Scary

paragraphs: "Is It Scary" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was written to be on the soundtrack to "Addams Family Values". It was released to radio stations and clubs on November 8, 1993.


title: Blood on the Dance Floor (song)

paragraphs: "Blood on the Dance Floor" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released as the first single from "". Jackson made the song for his 1991 album "Dangerous".


title: Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song)

paragraphs: "Hold My Hand" is a song by Michael Jackson featuring Akon. It was recorded in 2008. It was released posthumously in 2010, a year after Jackson's untimely death. It reached ten in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Hollywood Tonight

paragraphs: "Hollywood Tonight" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released on the album "Michael" after Jackson's death.


title: Behind the Mask (song)

paragraphs: "Behind the Mask" is a synthpop song by the band Yellow Magic Orchestra. It was written by the band's keyboardist, Ryuichi Sakamoto. It was first produced in 1978 for a Seiko advertisement. It was later released in 1979 on the band's album "Solid State Survivor". English lyrics were added by Chris Mosdell.

paragraphs: Michael Jackson sang his own version of it. It was released in 2010, a year after Jackson's death on the album "Michael". Jackson's version was released as a single in France.


title: Too Young (popular song)

paragraphs: "Too Young" is a popular song. The music was written by Sidney Lippman. The lyrics were written by Sylvia Dee. The song was published in 1951.

paragraphs: Many people have sung their own versions of it. One of the best-known versions of the song was recorded by Nat King Cole in 1951. It reached the number 1 position on the "Billboard" charts. A version by Donny Osmond in 1972 was also successful. It spent eight weeks on the record charts, with a peak position of #13. Michael Jackson also recorded a version of the song.


title: We Are the World

paragraphs: "We Are the World" is a song written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie. It was first performed by the band USA for Africa in 1985. It was produced by Quincy Jones. It was meant to raise funds and awareness for the poor in Africa. It sold over 20 million copies. 800,000 records were sent out when the single was released. They were all sold in three days. It won three Grammy Awards. At the 1985 MTV Video Music Awards it won Best Group Video and Viewer's Choice.

paragraphs: The video showed the song being recorded at A&M Recording Studios. It was sold as a video cassette.

paragraphs: The group Artists for Haiti released their own version of the song in 2010. It was titled "We Are the World 25 for Haiti". It was a charity song to help victims of the earthquake in Haiti.


title: Why (3T song)

paragraphs: "Why" is a song by 3T. Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds wrote the song. The single was produced by Michael Jackson. This song was well received in European and Asian charts.


title: Heaven Can Wait (Michael Jackson song)

paragraphs: "Heaven Can Wait" is a song by Michael Jackson. It was released October 30, 2001 on Jackson's album "Invincible". It is one of Jackson's slowest songs. Teddy Riley and Jackson wrote the song for the group BLACKstreet. Jackson asked Riley to give the song to him.


title: Fall Again

paragraphs: "Fall Again" is a song written and composed by Walter Afanasieff and Robin Thicke in 1999. They made it for Michael Jackson to perform. Jackson recorded a demo (draft) of the song in 1999 for his album "Invincible". He never finished it, however, and the song was never added to the album. It has since been performed by many other artists.


title: Don't Be Messin' 'Round

paragraphs: "Don't Be Messin' 'Round" is a song by Michael Jackson which did not make the cut for his "Bad" album. It was included in the track listing of "Bad 25".


title: Cee Lo's Magic Moment

paragraphs: Cee Lo's Magic Moment is the first Christmas studio album and overall fourth studio album by American singer Cee Lo Green on October 29, 2012 in the United Kingdom. It was released in the US on October 30 by Elektra Records. Green's versions of "Mary, Did You Know?" and "What Christmas Means to Me" were well-liked by the listeners. The album has sold many copies.

paragraphs: In the album, Green sings classic Christmas and seasonal songs in his own way. Rod Stewart, Christina Aguilera, Straight No Chaser, Trombone Shorty and The Muppets also sing with Green in the album. Stewart and The Muppets performed with Green the album's tracks at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas on October 10, 2012.

paragraphs: A music video was produced for "All I Need Is Love", which featured Cee-Lo, many of The Muppets and Craig Robinson.


title: Michael Jackson singles discography

paragraphs: This page lists singles released by Michael Jackson. It is a partial list only. It includes singles released physically (those that could be bought at a record shop) and other singles released on radio. It does not include re-issues.

paragraphs: The list shows how successful each single was on national record charts by listing the highest position each single reached on each chart. The national charts included are for the United States, Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Listed at the bottom are the record sales certifications for each single, which marks how many copies of each single were sold. The certifications are by RIAA, ARIA, Music Canada, IFPI Denmark, SNEP, BVMI, IFPI Norway, Recorded Music NZ, PROMUSICAE, IFPI Switzerland, and BPI.


Thriller


title: Penile cancer

paragraphs: Penile cancer is cancer of the penis. It is relatively rare in developed countries. In developing countries, however, it is much more common. It can be dangerous.


title: Carl Rogers

paragraphs: Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987), was a 20th-century humanistic (client-centered) psychologist. His 1969 collection of essays, "Freedom to Learn", was influential for a young generation in the late 1960s and through the 1970s. Rebellions against college teaching methods, the deschooling movement, flower power and the alternative society often referred to Roger's ideas in their various pamphlets. Rogers is regarded as the second most influential therapist (clinical psychologist) of the 20th century (behind Freud).

paragraphs: Rogers was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His parents were Walter Rogers and Julia Cushing. He was the fourth of six children. Rogers was educated in a strict, religious environment. He was first interested in studying agriculture at the University of Wisconsin-Madison with a focus on history and religion. His interest changed from agriculture to religion. He received a bachelor's degree in 1924. After that, he entered a liberal Protestant seminary in New York City. That went against the views of his conservative father. Rogers spent two years in seminary. He later transferred to Columbia University Teachers College, where he worked with John Dewey. Rogers received his master's degree in 1928. In 1931, he received a PhD in clinical psychology from Columbia University.

paragraphs: After receiving his PhD, Rogers worked at Ohio State University, the University of Chicago, and the University of Wisconsin. During that time, he developed what was later known as client-centered therapy. After his work at the University of Wisconsin, Rogers worked at the Western Behavioral Studies Institute in LaJolla, California. From there he and several other people formed the Center for Studies of the Person (CSP). He remained there until his death in 1987.

paragraphs: During the last ten years of his life, Rogers used his person-centered approach in a broader field of work. He used helping relationships in the resolution of inter-group and international conflict. He and his colleagues conducted many experiments in cross cultural communication and peacemaking in the Carl Rogers Peace Project. For this work, Rogers was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize. The work is not widely known, but it puts Rogers' contributions into a wider social and political context.


title: Survivor Series (2003)

paragraphs: Survivor Series (2003) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on November 16, 2003 at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. It was the seventeenth Survivor Series event held by the WWE.


title: Newark Liberty International Airport

paragraphs: Newark Liberty International Airport , first named Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an airport located in New Jersey. It is located between Newark and Elizabeth. It is around 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is owned by the city of Newark and run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. It was the first major airport in the United States. It is the busiest airport in the New York metropolitan area by number of flights.

paragraphs: The New York City metropolitan area's John F. Kennedy International Airport, LaGuardia Airport, and Newark Liberty International airports are the largest airport system in the United States. They are the second busiest system of airports in the world by number of passengers. They are the busiest in the world in terms of total flight operations. In 2012, the airport had just under 34 million million passengers. JFK had 49.3 million, and LaGuardia had 25.7 million.

paragraphs: On September 11, 2001, United Airlines Flight 93 left Newark on its way to San Francisco International Airport. Two hours later, it crashed into a field just outside of Shanksville, Pennsylvania, killing all crew members and passengers on the plane. The passengers had tried to take over the plane from a team of terrorists who took over it. Had it not crashed in Pennsylvania, it is believed that the plane would have crashed into the United States Capitol or the White House. In 2002, to honor the people who were killed on September 11, the airport's name was changed from "Newark International Airport" to "Newark Liberty International Airport".


title: Cinquillo

paragraphs: The cinquillo is a syncopated rhythm found in a number of Afro-Latin musical styles. It is present in the Cuban habanera and danzón, and in the Argentine tango. It is, with polyrhythms, a characteristic African influence on Latin music.


title: Home theater

paragraphs: A home theater or home theatre is a theater built in a home. Home theaters are designed to be like watching a movie at a movie theatre.


title: Wireless access point

paragraphs: In computer networks, a wireless access point is a device that allows people to connect Wi-Fi devices such as laptop computers on a wireless LAN, to a wired network. The access point is often connected to a wireless Router.

paragraphs: A wireless ad hoc network uses two or more devices without a wireless access point. Ad hoc networks are easier to set up because an access point is not needed. This makes it similar to Bluetooth.

paragraphs: It is suggested for each access point to only serve 15-25 client devices This depends on the number of devices in an area, the needed speed of data transfer, location and radio channels of the access point, obstacles and more. A repeater, which repeats the signal, can be used to reach farther places.

paragraphs: There are only a few radio channels for wireless networks. Nearby access points may use different channels to prevent them from obstructing each other.


title: Section.80

paragraphs: Section.80 is the first studio album by Kendrick Lamar. It was released on July 2011 through Top Dawg Entertainment. Its lyrics tell stories about two different women "Keisha" and "Tammy". It was supported by the promotional conscious hip hop song "HiiiPoWeR".

paragraphs: The album was a success, It caught the attention of Dr. Dre who discovered Kendrick Lamar and sighned him to Aftermath Records and Interscope Records.

paragraphs: The album Section.80 is a concept album which lyrics revolve around two different women: "Keisha" and "Tammy". Keisha is a fictional prostitute who seeks prostitution only to her demise. Tammy is women who had a boyfriend and leaves him after discovering she was unfaithful and kills him and also talks about another women going through the same thing, These two women then become lesbian and become afraid of all males. HiiiPoWeR is a protest song that was the only single realeased from Section.80, The music video was realeased with the begin showing a statment from Lamar, saying that he was ordered to write the album and claims Tupac Shakur was in his dream and gave him advise. The lyrics to the album deal with racism as well as many other topics. Lamar said in a interview that Section.80 is for people who are from the 1980s which is probably the reason why the album is called that.

paragraphs: The album cover shows ammuntion to a rifle with the bible covered with weed and a lighter. This sparked some controversy, saying it is disrespectful to the bible. Lamar responded lightly to this and apoligized.


title: Good Kid, M.A.A.D City

paragraphs: Good Kid, M.A.A.D. City (written as good kid, m.A.A.d city) is the second studio album by Kendrick Lamar. It was released on October 22, 2012 through Top Dawg Entertainment, Aftermath Records and Interscope Records. After the release of Lamar's mixtape "Overly Dedicated" (2010), Dr. Dre quickly sighned him to his record label Aftermath.

paragraphs: The lyrics are about Lamar's childhood, living in Compton. He experienced gang violence and the use of drugs, which left him stuck on that type of style. It was supported by several singles, including: "Bitch, Don't Kill My Vibe", "Swimming Pools (Drank)", "Money Trees", "Backseat Freestyle", "m.A.A.d. city", and "The Recipe". Other musicians featured on the album include Dr. Dre, Jay-Z, Schoolboy Q, MC E, Black Hippy, Jay Rock and Drake.


title: Suicide prevention

paragraphs: Suicide prevention is when local organizations, mental health doctors and nurses, and psychologists try to stop people from attempting suicide. One thing to do is stop people who are about to attempt suicide. Another way to stop people from attempting suicide is to treat the symptoms of depression, help people to cope during a time of crisis, reduce the issues that put people at risk of attempting suicide, and give people hope for a better future.

paragraphs: Suicide is not just a medical or mental health issue. Making sure people have friends and family to help them and taking away dangerous items can also stop people from attempting suicide.

paragraphs: In the U.S., there is a National Strategy for Suicide Prevention. It was created by the Department of Health and Human Services in 2001. Suicide prevention activities include messages aimed at people and messages for everyone in the community.

paragraphs: In 2001, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services created a National Strategy for Suicide Prevention. The document looks at how suicide can be stopped in the community. The strategy does not say how to help individual people. The document has the following goals:

paragraphs: To help stop people from attempting suicide, many methods have been used:

paragraphs: It has also been suggested that news media can help prevent suicide by linking suicide with negative results, such as pain for the pain felt by the family.

paragraphs: Many methods of stopping suicide exist. These include talking to the person, looking for risks, and making it harder for people to get dangerous items.

paragraphs: The World Health Organization says a good way to help people who are suicidal is to talk to them. The person can also be asked about depression, and if they plan to attempt suicide. Talking with people about suicide does not create suicidal thoughts. The doctor has to show concern and compassion. Doctors should try to reduce sadness and let the person know that people care. The WHO says not to not say everything will be all right. However, some people who have talked about suicide have attempted it. This means that doctors need to make sure the person is comfortable talking about his or her feelings.

paragraphs: The U.S. Surgeon General says there are ways to find out which people are at risk of suicide. This may be the best way to stop children and adolescents from attempting suicide.

paragraphs: There are tools like questionnaires to help doctors to know who is at risk. One example is the Beck Hopelessness Scale. These questionnaires are good for finding adolescents and young adults who might want to attempt suicide. Doctors should interview people who seem to be at risk. Questionnaires may not always tell doctors which person will attempt suicide Asking about suicide does not increase the risk.

paragraphs: In approximately 75 percent of suicides, the people had seen a doctor in the last year. About 45 to 66 percent of people saw a doctor the month they committed suicide. About 33 to 41 percent of those who committed suicide had used mental health services in the prior year. About 20 percent used mental health services in the month before they committed suicide. This shows that doctors need to get better at knowing which people will attempt suicide.

paragraphs: Making it hard for people to get dangerous things is an important part of suicide prevention. Making it hard for people to get dangerous items can lead to less suicides. Putting up fences at bridges and cliffs reduces suicides. Putting up signs or increasing patrols is not so helpful One example of making dangerous items less available is coal gas in the United Kingdom. Until the 1950s, the most common way of committing suicide in the UK was poisoning by inhaling coal gas. In 1958, natural gas was used instead. Natural gas is much less dangerous. So less people committed suicide.

paragraphs: In the United States,studies show that firearms increase suicide risk. Because guns are quick and more dangerous than other suicide method, they lead to more suicides.

paragraphs: Treatments to reduce the risk of suicide can include medical approaches, prescription medicine, and talk therapy.

paragraphs: About 10% of people with psychiatric problems may have a medical condition that the doctor does not know about which is causing their symptoms. About 50% may have a medical condition that the doctor does not know about which is making their symptoms worse. Illegal drugs and prescribed medications may also cause problems. Treating medical conditions may reduce the risk of suicidal ideas.

paragraphs: Recent research shows that lithium lowers the risk of suicide for people with bipolar disorder.

paragraphs: Talk therapy can reduce suicidal ideas such as Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Benefits include a reduction in self-harm behaviour and suicidal ideas. Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP) helps adolescents at high risk of suicide attempts.

paragraphs: The World Health Organization states that "worldwide, suicide is among the top five causes of mortality in the 15- to 19-year age group. In many countries it ranks first or second as a cause of death among both boys and girls in this age group". The organization says teens need help with difficult and stressful life situations." It also says that teachers need to prevent bullying and violence at schools.

paragraphs: Many non-profit organizations exist that try to prevent suicide. Examples include the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention in the United States, which provide crisis hotlines. In addition, some groups such as To Write Love on Her Arms use social media to reach more people.


title: Dialectical behavior therapy

paragraphs: Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a form of psychotherapy developed by Marsha M. Linehan, a psychology researcher at the University of Washington. Linehan originally developed DBT to help people with borderline personality disorder (BPD).

paragraphs: DBT uses cognitive-behavioral techniques to get patients to control their emotions and test what reality is. It also tests the patient's tolerance for distress, and tries to get them to accept their situation and be aware of their feelings.

paragraphs: Linehan's ideas about how to be aware of your feelings come from Buddhist meditation. DBT may be the first therapy that has been shown to be effective in treating BPD. It can also help patients with spectrum mood problems, including self-injury. DBT may help victims of sexual abuse and people addicted to drugs.


title: National Library of Greece

paragraphs: The National Library of Greece is the national library of Greece. It is located in Athens. It was created in 1832.


title: Obstetrics

paragraphs: Obstetrics is the medical speciality that deals with helping a woman during pregnancy and childbirth. It is part of gynaecology


title: Transgender Day of Remembrance

paragraphs: Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDoR) is an event that happens every year on November 20 around the world. It is about remembering transgender people who were killed by people who do not like transgender people (transphobes). It was started in 1998 by Gwendolyn Ann Smith, a transwoman. Smith made the event because a Afro-American transwoman called Rita Hester was murdered. It happens on the last day of Transgender Awareness Week.


title: National Library of Spain

paragraphs: The National Library of Spain () is in Madrid. It is Spain's largest library. It is also one of the world's largest libraries. It was started by King Philip V of Spain in 1712.


title: Jack T. Chick

paragraphs: Jack Thomas Chick (April 13, 1924 – October 23, 2016) was an American publisher, writer, and comic book artist. He mainly wrote evangelical Christian fundamentalist tracts and comic books. His comics have been described as hate literature by the "Los Angeles Magazine". He was born in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Chick's company, Chick Publications, claims to have sold over 750 million tracts, comics tracts and comic books, videos, books, and posters designed to spread Protestant evangelism from a fundamentalist Christian point of view. Many of his tracts are controversial. For example, some of the tracts accuse Roman Catholics, Freemasons, Muslims and many other groups of murder and conspiracies. Chick says his views are just not politically correct.

paragraphs: His views have been spread around the world, mostly through the tracts and now online. They have been translated into more than 100 languages. Chick is an Independent Baptist who follows a premillennial dispensationalist view of the end times. He is an firm believer in the King James Only movement, which says that every English translation of the Bible more recent than 1611 promotes heresy.

paragraphs: Chick tracts are used to spread Evangelicalism and evangelical Christian ideas. The most known of tracts is This Was Your Life!, which was made in 1964. They are known for spreading fundamentalist beliefs and even banned in some countries as hate literature. Some of his tracts are shown in the Smithsonian Institution.

paragraphs: Chick died on October 23, 2016 in Los Angeles from complications of diabetes, aged 92.


title: Hatfield, Herefordshire

paragraphs: Hatfield is a small village near Leominster in Herefordshire. In the village is a caravan site called Fair View caravan site. It has a small church called Hatfield St. Leonard, built . It is of Norman design. It is built of local sandstone. Other nearby and towns include Bockleton, Bromyard and Leominister. The city of Hereford is south of Hatfield. The Herefordshire Trail (walking trail) runs through the village.


title: Lindsey (kingdom)

paragraphs: The Kingdom of Lindsey was in approximately what is now Lincolnshire. At the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, it was a part of the territory of the Corieltauvi tribe. Lindsey appears in the 7th century list called the Tribal Hidage, where it is shown to be the same size as Essex and Sussex, all of which were set at 7,000 hides. It was a lesser Anglo-Saxon kingdom which was disputed over by Northumbria and Mercia. It ceased to exist as an independent kingdom during the reign of Offa of Mercia.

paragraphs: Lindsey was between the River Humber on the north and the Witham on the south. To the east lay the North Sea and the west border was the River Trent. The Roman canal called Foss Dyke connected the Witham with the Trent on the southwestern border. Also to the west was Hatfield Chase, a low lying area of marshes. This meant Lindsey was completely surrounded by water. This led to the popular belief that Lindsey was an Island.

paragraphs: The name Lindsey comes from the word "Lindissi" (also spelled "Lindesse" and "Lindesig"). Lindsey is a British name and not an Old English (or the Anglo-Saxon language) name. Lindsey was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom but it had a strong Celtic population. Lindsey seems to have been an independent kingdom with its own Celtic rulers for a time. It came under the control of Northumbria from –658. Then it was subject to Mercia from –. It returned to Northumbrian control again from –679. In 679 it was taken over by Mercia. Its kings were reduced in rank to Ealdormen.

paragraphs: The conversion to Christianity in Lindsey began by Paulinus. Bishop Wilfrid was appointed the bishop of Northumbria, which included Lindsey, in 665. After a delay, he was installed as bishop in 669. When he was expelled from Northumbria in 678, his diocese was divided up. Archbishop Theodore formed Lindsey into a separate diocese with its own bishop. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in the year 678 Eadhed was the first bishop of Lindsey. In the 9th century, the Danes (Vikings) colonized Lindsey. This marked the end of the diocese of Lindsey.

paragraphs: "Haethfieldlande" or Hatfield was another minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom listed in the Tribal Hidage. Very little is known about Hatfield and nothing of its kings. Unlike other petty kingdoms in this area of Britain, the name here is of Anglo-Saxon origin and not British. According to the Tribal Hidage, 'Hatfield-land' was merged with Lindsey into a single kingdom. Afterwards it became known simply as Hatfield Chase, an area on the west part of Lindsey, later part of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hatfield was the site of a synod held by Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury . It was a royal residence of several kings of Northumbria. Edwin of Northumbria was killed here at the Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633. Later, Hatfield became a part of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

paragraphs: The Anglian collection is a collection of royal genealogies and regnal lists. It was put together during the reign of Alhred of Northumbria (765-774). It records the kings of Deira and Bernicia (which became Northumberland), Mercia, Lindsey, Kent, East Anglia and Wessex. These genealogies all trace back to Woden. The most trustworthy name in the Lindsey genealogy is Caedbaed, according to most modern historians. The family of Aldfrið is also considered fairly certain. The other names are simply from the list with little or no additional information. The list of kings of Lindsey begins with:

paragraphs: None of dates are certain. With regard to Aldfrith, the witness list for an Anglo-Saxon charter includes an "Ealfrid rex". This dates to some time between 787 and 796.


title: Rick Ross

paragraphs: William Leonard Roberts II (born January 28, 1976), known professionally as Rick Ross, is an American rapper, record producer, entrepreneur and record executive.

paragraphs: After releasing his debut single, "Hustlin'" in 2006, Ross became the subject of a bidding war, receiving offers from Diddy's Bad Boy Entertainment and Irv Gotti's Murder Inc., before signing a multi million dollar deal with Jay Z's Def Jam Records. Ross released his debut album Port Of Miami through the label later that year, debuting at the top spot on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 album chart, with sales of 187,000 units during the first week. Ross released his second studio album, "Trilla" in 2008, once again debuting atop the "Billboard" 200.

paragraphs: In 2009, Ross founded the record label Maybach Music Group, on which he released his studio albums "Deeper Than Rap" (2009), "Teflon Don" (2010), "God Forgives, I Don't" (2012), "Mastermind", "Hood Billionaire" (2014), "Black Market" (2015), and "Rather You Than Me" (2017). Ross was also the first artist signed to Diddy's management company Ciroc Entertainment. In early 2012, MTV named Ross as the Hottest MC in the Game.


title: Social cognitive theory

paragraphs: Social cognitive theory emphasizes how cognitive, behavioral, personal, and environmental factors interact to determine motivation and behavior. Social cognitive theory was presented by Albert Bandura in response to his dissatisfaction with the principles of behaviorism and psychoanalysis. His research is primarily focused on self-efficacy, the beliefs regarding one's capabilities of completing tasks or goals successfully.

paragraphs: Albert Bandura (born December 4, 1925) is a psychologist who did work on social learning. He is credited for "social learning theory". This theory was renamed "social cognitive theory".

paragraphs: His theory defines human behavior as a three-way, dynamic, and reciprocal interaction of personal factors, behavior, and the environment. According to this theory, the behavior of an individual is determined by three factors with more emphasis on the cognitive processes that mediate learning. Response consequences of a behavior are used as expectations of behavioral outcomes. It is the ability to form these expectations that give humans the capacity to predict the outcomes of their behavior, before the behavior is performed. In addition, the social cognitive theory posits that most behavior is learned vicariously. Bandura's social cognitive theory suggests that humans can learn through observation without imitating the observed behavior. Bandura is also credited with the theoretical construct of self-efficacy and is responsible for the research in the influential 1961 Bobo doll experiment.

paragraphs: Social cognitive theory explains psychosocial functioning in terms of triadic reciprocal causation. In this causal model, behavior, personal factors and the environment operate as interacting determinants that influence each other bi-directionally. Bandura deemed that individuals can learn through observing others without the need for imitating such behavior. With vicarious learning capabilities, an individual could learn through observing others' behaviors and the rewards or consequences of those behaviors. The bi-directional influences of this causal model results in the remarkable intercultural and intracultural diversity evident in our planet. Social cognitive theory calls to mind that learning occurs when an individual takes the observed behavior and incorporates it into their own knowledge.

paragraphs: Social cognitive theory suggests people are neither driven by global traits nor automatically shaped and controlled by the environment. They serve as contributors to their own motivation, behavior, and development within a network of reciprocally interacting influences.

paragraphs: The social cognitive theory explains behavior in terms of a three-way interaction between the environment, personal factors, and behavior. It does not imply that one factor may be stronger than others. They do not all occur simultaneously. Bandura states that the interaction between the three factors will differ based on the individual, the particular behavior being examined, and the specific situation in which the behavior occurs.

paragraphs: The person-behavior interaction involves the bi-directional influences of one's thoughts, emotions, and biological properties and one's actions. A person's expectations, beliefs, self-perceptions, goals, and intentions give shape and direction to behavior. The behavior expressed will affect one's thoughts and emotions. The social cognitive theory accounts for biological personal factors, such as sex, ethnicity, temperament, and genetic predisposition and the influences they have on behavior.

paragraphs: In addition, a two-way interaction occurs between the environment and personal characteristics. Human expectations, beliefs, and cognitive competencies are developed and modified by social influences and physical structures within the environment. The social factors can express information and trigger emotional reactions through modeling, instruction, and social persuasion. Humans evoke different reactions from their social environment as a result of their physical characteristics, such as age, size, race, sex, physical attractiveness.

paragraphs: The final interplay takes place between behavior and the environment. Bandura argues that people are both products and producers of their environment. A person's behavior will determine the aspects of their environment to which they are exposed. The behavior is modified by that environment. An individual's behavior can affect the way in which they experience the environment through selective attention. Selective attention refers to the vast range of possibilities of how humans select whom they interact with and the activities they participate in. The environment partly determines which forms of one's behavior are developed and activated.

paragraphs: Observational or "social" learning is regulated by four component process, which results in a person translating a modeled event into a performance that is matched with the model. According to Bandura, a model can be either an actual person or symbolic, such as a book, a picture, or a set of instructions. The process consists of four variables: "attention", "retention", "behavior production", and "motivation". Each of these components has a function to engage either in the attainment of information about events or in the decision to put this information to use in guiding behavior.

paragraphs: Psychologists use the term "self-efficacy" to describe beliefs about one's ability to accomplish particular tasks. Individuals with higher self-efficacy are more confident in their abilities to accomplish a given task. It is often associated with greater decision making strategies, quick recovery from a setback, and a stronger sense of commitment to their interests and activities. According to Bandura, there are four major sources of self-efficacy:

paragraphs: Bandura explains that the most effective way of developing a strong sense of self-efficacy is through "mastery experiences". Successfully completing a task strengthens our sense of self-efficacy. However, failing to adequately complete a challenge can undermine and weaken self-efficacy. "Social modeling" is the act of witnessing other people successfully completing a task. The second influential way of creating and strengthening self-efficacy beliefs is through "vicarious experiences" provided by social models. Bandura suggests that watching people similar to oneself succeed with sustained effort raises the observers' beliefs that they also have the ability to master similar activities to succeed.

paragraphs: In addition, research shows that social comparison of one's own performance to the performance of others, especially peers or siblings, serve as a strong source of self-efficacy. Schools are also considered a strong source of self-efficacy. It is good to note that schools are based on the evaluation of students by comparing individual performance to the group's performance. However, this type of evaluation can result in severe problems in self-efficacy for those who lag behind or have trouble with academics.

paragraphs: Television reality shows can manipulate abstract portrayals of human nature, social relations, and the norms and the structure of society. Social cognitive theory states that humans can learn by observing how other people behave. In research about mass media, the social cognitive theory is referenced as a framework that might explain certain behaviors and influences from media effects. Bandura suggests that television influences the viewers' beliefs about reality. It is not because people watch too much television but rather the content of the televised show. To see the world as the televised messages portray it is to harbor some misconceptions. New behaviors and their potential consequences can be represented, observed and imitated because of the influences of television or the internet.

paragraphs: In one study, researchers argued that the positive correlation between television viewing and the initiation of youth smoking was a result of the rarity with which television portrays the negative consequences of smoking. In another study, researchers theorized that the positive relationship between exposure to women's magazine and women's drive for thinness is a function of the tendency for women's magazines to link thinness to positive consequences, thus engendering extrinsic motivation for dietary behavior. There are also studies that reference social cognitive theory to explain the possible effects of mass media regarding race and gender. Though these studies did not test social cognitive theory directly, but instead drew from its concepts to assume how it would explain the effect acknowledged in their study.

paragraphs: Social cognitive theory suggests goals influence people's cognitive and emotional reactions to performance outcomes because goals indicate the requirements for personal success. People have created guides and motivators for activities that lead to their desired outcome. Bandura found that goal systems gain motivating power through self-evaluative and self-efficacy mechanisms that are activated by cognitive comparison. It can improve an individual's cognitive well-being and accomplishments in several ways.

paragraphs: Goals have strong motivational effects. They provide an individual with a sense of direction and purpose. They also help to build an individual's self-efficacy. Successfully completing a goal increases an individual's self-beliefs in their capabilities. Bandura links this effect with the increase interest in what an individual is doing and the increase in self-satisfaction. Motivation through goals provide an ongoing source of self-efficacy, interest, and satisfaction. Those without these characteristics are often unmotivated and uncertain about their abilities.


title: Absolute threshold of hearing

paragraphs: The absolute threshold of hearing (ATH) is the minimum loudness of a pure tone that an average ear with normal hearing can hear with no other sound present. The absolute threshold relates to the sound that can just be heard by the organism. This is also known as the auditory threshold.

paragraphs: The threshold of hearing in humans is 20 µPa (micropascals) = 2×10 pascal (Pa). The tympanic membrane of the ear operates as a sound pressure sensor, as does a microphone

paragraphs: Measurement of the absolute hearing threshold provides some basic information about our auditory system. The tools used to collect such information are called psychophysical methods.

paragraphs: Because human hearing is more sensitive to some frequency bands than others, thresholds vary depending on the frequency of the stimulus tone.