title: Morquio syndrome

paragraphs: Morquio syndrome is a very rare inherited disease. It is called mucopolysaccharidosis because the body cannot break down mucopolysaccharides which make up mucous. It has very serious effects, but can be helped by a synthetic version of the enzyme which is not working.


title: My Life Would Suck Without You

paragraphs: "My Life Would Suck Without You" is a song from American singer Kelly Clarkson. It was the first single from her fourth studio album, "All I Ever Wanted". It was her second number-one hit in Canada and the United States and her first chart-topper in the UK. This song was released on January 31, 2009.

paragraphs: The song has the largest jump to number one in "Billboard" Hot 100 history. It was also the biggest leap on the chart ever until 2019, when Taylor Swift broke this record. "My Life Would Suck Without You" entered at #97 and moved to the top the following week.

paragraphs: In 2017, in a radio interview with Z100 in New York City, Clarkson discussed Dr. Luke (who was involved in a lawsuit with singer Kesha for reported assault). She claimed:

paragraphs: Clarkson also said that she usually asks for writing credits if she knows she created a fair-sized portion of a song. She says she lost "millions" of dollars in royalties by not being listed on the writing credits of the song.


title: Cyclops (character)

paragraphs: Scott Summers also known as Cyclops is a mutant and leader of the X-Men. He can shoot lasers from his eyes as his special power. He was in love with Jean Grey. He tried to save her while she was taken over by the Phoenix Force.


title: Because of You

paragraphs: "Because of You" is a pop rock single from singer Kelly Clarkson off her second studio album "Breakaway". It was first released in 2005. The single made Clarkson the only winner in "American Idol" history to have a fourth song from the same album in Top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2007 "Because of You" was reprised in a duet alongside the country music artist Reba McEntire; the reprised version produced the first appearance of Clarkson in the Billboard Hot Country charts, where the single hit Number 2.


title: Eureka, Missouri

paragraphs: Eureka is a city of St. Louis County, Missouri.


title: St. Louis County, Missouri

paragraphs: St. Louis County is a county in Missouri, United States. The county seat is Clayton. In 2010, 998,954 people lived there.

paragraphs: In betwixt the years of 2018 and 2020 four bewitching young enterprisers journeyed from their homes and made the great adventure to stride to the great unknown. They will live infamy.


title: Deaths in September 2015

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in September 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".


title: Julián Pastor

paragraphs: Julián Pastor Llaneza (18 October 1943 – 24 August 2015) was a Mexican movie director, actor, screenwriter, editor, and photographer. He was known for directing the movie "No One Writes to the Colonel". Pastor was born in Mexico City.

paragraphs: Pastor died in Mexico City at the age of 71.


title: Gurgen Dalibaltayan

paragraphs: Gurgen Dalibaltayan (; 5 June 1926 – 1 September 2015) was an Armenian military commander. He was the Chief of General Staff of Armenian Armed Forces during the Battle of Shusha on 8–9 May 1992. The battle took place during the Nagorno-Karabakh War.

paragraphs: Dalibaltayan was born in Bogdanovka, Javakheti, Georgian SSR (present-day Ninotsminda, Samtskhe-Javakheti, Georgia). He was married to Shushanik Dalibaltayan (née Khachatryan). They have two children, a daughter Varduhi (b. 1952) and a son Varazdat (b. 1954).

paragraphs: Dalibaltayan died on 1 September 2015 in Yerevan, aged 89.


title: Alan Menken

paragraphs: Alan Irwin Menken (born July 22, 1949) is an American musical theater, movie composer and pianist. He is best known for his scores for films produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. His scores for The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, and Pocahontas have each won him two Academy Awards. He also composed the scores for Little Shop of Horrors, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hercules, Mulan, Tarzan, Newsies, Home on the Range, Enchanted, Tangled, The Shaggy Dog, Swan Lake, and Mirror Mirror.


title: Playtime Is Over (mixtape)

paragraphs: Playtime Is Over is the debut mixtape by Trinidan-American rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on July 5, 2007 by Young Money Entertainment and Dirty Money Entertainment. The mixtape includes guest appearances from Hell Red, Red Café, Murda Mook, Ransom, Gravy, Lil Wayne, Angel De-mar, and Ru Spits. Before releasing the mixtape, Minaj released five songs with rap group the Hoodstars. She left the group to start up a solo career. She used to upload songs on her Myspace page. With that she met Fendi, CEO for Brooklyn label Dirty Money Entertainment. Through that she met Lil Wayne who saw her appearance on the DVD "The Come Up".


title: Sucka Free

paragraphs: Sucka Free is the second mixtape by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. The album was released on April 12, 2008 through Young Money Entertainment and Dirty Money Records. "Sucka Free" features guest appearances from fellow rappers Lil Wayne, Gucci Mane, Jadakiss, Lil' Kim; a person who Minaj would argue with later on in her career and Ransom.

paragraphs: Just after Minaj's previous mixtape, "Playtime Is Over", was released in 2007, Minaj released "Sucka Free" with label mate Lil Wayne after he saw her on the Queens-made DVD series called "The Come Up".<ref name="Billboard - Nicki/Wayne Tour"></ref> Lil' Wayne helped Minaj with making the mixtape.


title: Beam Me Up Scotty (mixtape)

paragraphs: Beam Me Up Scotty is the third mixtape by Trinidadian-American rapper artist Nicki Minaj; it was released on April 18, 2009 by Trapaholics Records. It features guest verses from rappers Bobby V, Brinx, Busta Rhymes, Drake, Gucci Mane, Gudda Gudda, Jae Millz, Lil Wayne, Red Café, Ricky Blaze, Rocko, Ron Browz, and Shanell.


title: M. M. Kalburgi

paragraphs: Malleshappa Madivalappa Kalburgi (; 28 November 1938 – 30 August 2015) was an Indian scholar of Vachana sahitya (Vachana literature) and academic. He was the vice-chancellor of Kannada University in Hampi. A noted epigraphist of Kannada, he was awarded the National Sahitya Akademi award in 2006 for "Marga 4", a collection of his research articles.

paragraphs: Kalburgi was shot dead in the morning of 30 August 2015 at his residence in Dharwad district of Karnataka by two unidentified men.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk7

paragraphs: The Volkswagen Golf Mk7 is the seventh generation of the compact car Volkswagen Golf. It succeeded the Mk6 in 2009.


title: Harry Hughes

paragraphs: Harry Roe Hughes (November 13, 1926 – March 13, 2019) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Hughes was the 57th Governor of Maryland from 1979 to 1987.

paragraphs: Hughes died at his home in Denton, Maryland from pneumonia-related problems on March 13, 2019 at the age of 92.


title: In My Mind

paragraphs: In My Mind is the first studio album by American recording artist and record producer Pharrell Williams. It was released on July 25, 2006. The album features the hit single "Can I Have It Like That" which features American singer Gwen Stefani. The album is mainly a hip hop album with R&B styles.

paragraphs: The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics.

paragraphs: All songs produced by Pharrell Williams.

paragraphs: The album was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 2007 Grammy Awards. It lost to "Release Therapy" by Ludacris.


title: Ciara: The Evolution

paragraphs: Ciara: The Evolution (simply known as The Evolution) is the second studio album by American recording artist Ciara, released on December 5, 2006, by LaFace Records. It was released two years after Ciara's debut "Goodies". The album features guest appearances from fellow R&B singer-songwriter R. Kelly who featured on the remix to the lead single "Promise", rappers Chamillionaire, 50 Cent and Lil' Jon.

paragraphs: "Ciara: The Evolution" received mixed reviews from music critics.


title: Basic Instinct (album)

paragraphs: Basic Instinct is the fourth studio album by American recording artist Ciara. It was released on December 10, 2010, by LaFace Records and Jive Records. Executively produced by A&R agent Mark Pitts, Ciara, Tricky Stewart and The-Dream, "Basic Instinct" returns Ciara to her urban roots with mid-tempo R&B, hip hop and dance songs.

paragraphs: "Basic Instinct" received, on average, positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 72.

paragraphs: Credits for "Basic Instinct" adapted from Allmusic.


title: Sustainable Development Goals

paragraphs: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are created by the United Nations and promoted as the Global Goals for Sustainable Development. They replaced the Millennium Development Goals that expired at the end of 2015. The SDGs run from 2015 to 2030. There are 17 goals and 169 specific targets for those goals.

paragraphs: In August of 2015 193 countries agreed to the following 17 goals:


title: Mylo Xyloto

paragraphs: Mylo Xyloto is the fifth studio album by Coldplay. The album was released on October 25, 2011. It was fifth and final studio album of label Capitol Records.


title: Antonio Nirta

paragraphs: Antonio Nirta (22 April 1919 – 1 September 2015) was an Italian criminal. He was the boss of the 'Ndrangheta, a Mafia-type organization in Calabria. He was born in San Luca, and, together with his brothers Giuseppe, Francesco and Sebastiano, ruled the comune.

paragraphs: Nirta died on 1 September 2015 in Benestare, Province of Reggio Calabria. He was 96.


title: Aleksandar Stipčević

paragraphs: Aleksandar Stipčević (10 October 1930 – 1 September 2015) was a Croatian archeologist, bibliographer, librarian and historian. He was best known for studying the Illyrians. He wrote several works on the Illyrians. He was a full professor at the University of Zagreb from 1987 until his retirement in 1997.

paragraphs: Stipčević was born in the village of Arbanasi near Zadar (then Zara, Kingdom of Italy). He was of Albanian ancestry.

paragraphs: Stipčević died on 1 September 2015 in Zagreb, aged 84.


title: Willy Stähle

paragraphs: Willy Juana Stähle (16 June 1954 – 27 August 2015) was a Dutch world water skiing champion. She won a gold for women's figure skiing and a silver medal for women's salom at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, Germany. She was the Dutch Sportswoman of the Year in 1971.

paragraphs: Stähle was born in Amsterdam. Her death was announced on 1 September 2015.


title: Japandroids

paragraphs: Japandroids is a Canadian rock band from Vancouver, British Columbia.

paragraphs: The band was formed in 2006 by Brian King and David Prowse. King and Prowse met each other in 2000 while they were attending the University of Victoria in Victoria. They started going to live shows together regularly in Victoria and Vancouver after they found out that they had a mutual interest in music. In 2003, Prowse moved to Vancouver and transferred to Simon Fraser University. After King graduated in 2005, he moved to Vancouver to form the band with Prowse. The band was influenced by The Sonics and they started writing music in 2006. The band got their name from a combination of two other band name ideas: Japanese Scream and Pleasure Droids.

paragraphs: The band self-released two EPs: "All Lies" in 2007 and "Lullaby Death Jams" in 2008. The EPs were only limited to 500 copies each but were re-released as a compilation titled "No Singles" in 2010.

paragraphs: Their first studio album titled "Post-Nothing" was released on April 28, 2009 through Unfamiliar Records and re-released on August 4, 2009 on Polyvinyl Record Co. In March 2009, the website Pitchfork Media named the song "Young Hearts Spark Fire" as a 'Best New Track'. This helped the band gain more recognition outside of Canada.

paragraphs: The band's second studio album "Celebration Rock" was released on June 5, 2012. The album's first single "The House That Heaven Built" was released on May 15, 2012.

paragraphs: The album received positive reviews. Ian Cohen of Pitchfork said, "Japandroids have gone from having almost none at all [lyrics] to packing their songs with an astonishing command of legend and literalism that all but dares you to feel "something"." Spin named Japandroids 2012's "Band of the Year" and rated the album a 9 out of 10., Rolling Stone rated it a 4 out of 5 and listed the album as #10 on their "The 10 Coolest Summer Albums of All Time" list.


title: Opus isodomum

paragraphs: Opus isodomum is an ancient technique of wall building. It uses perfectly cut, completely regular square stone blocks of equal height, and sometimes of the same length.

paragraphs: In classical antiquity this technique was perfected and widely used, especially for public buildings (temples, theaters, amphitheaters etc.). One of the most well-known examples is the Parthenon.

paragraphs: Vitruvius briefly described this technique in his De Architectura, 2nd book, 8th chapter as following: "A wall is called “isodomum“ when all the courses are of equal height".

paragraphs: Vitruvius further states that the stone blocks of opus isodomum are bound together by mortar, but more often they are not connected with mortar but with metal ties such as iron cramps, fixed in stone blocks with molten lead.

paragraphs: Completely regular isodomum is relatively rare, especially in the provinces. More frequent is isodomum made of stone blocks of the same height but not of the same length. In order to strengthen this type of wall, builders always take good care that the ends of stone blocks in alternating courses of the wall do not match.

paragraphs: Opus pseudoisodomum is a version of opus isodomum mentioned by Vitruvius, describing that it is a kind of stonemasonery in which "the rows of courses do not match but run unequally", referring to the height and length of the blocks, which are nevertheless still perfectly cut.

paragraphs: Vitruvius considered both types of wall construction as Greek, emphasizing that "both kinds are strong".


title: Vasto

paragraphs: Vasto (; Latin: Histonium, Istonium, and Histonios; formerly also, Guastaymonis, Il Vasto, and Il Vasto d'Ammone) is a town and "comune". It is on the Adriatic coast of the Province of Chieti in southern Abruzzo, Italy. The population is now just over 40,000.


title: VH1 Storytellers (Kanye West album)

paragraphs: VH1 Storytellers is the second live album by American hip hop artist Kanye West. It was released on January 5, 2010 by Roc-A-Fella Records. The album was recorded live in February 2009.


title: The Alesha Show

paragraphs: The Alesha Show is the second studio album from British recording artist Alesha Dixon, the album is her first album to be released in the United Kingdom. It was released on 24 November 2008 in the UK by Asylum Records. The album was billed in Dixon's full name of Alesha Dixon. The album is mainly a R&B album with soul and funk styles.

paragraphs: A deluxe edition of the album was released on 23 November 2009, entitled The Alesha Show – Encore. The first single from the "Encore" edition was "To Love Again". All the singles released from the album, including the "Encore" edition, reached the top 15 on the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: "Don't Ever Let Me Go" samples "Paper Aeroplane" by Angus and Julia Stone.


title: Victor Navasky

paragraphs: Victor Saul Navasky (born July 5, 1932) is an American journalist, editor, publisher, and author. He is a professor at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism. He was editor of "The Nation" from 1978 until 1995, and its publisher and editorial director 1995 to 2005.


title: Dave Foley

paragraphs: David Scott "Dave" Foley (born January 4, 1963) is a Canadian actor, stand-up comedian, director, producer and writer. He is best known for his work in "The Kids in the Hall", "NewsRadio" and "A Bug's Life".

paragraphs: Foley was born in Etobicoke, Ontario. His mother, Mary, was a homemaker. His father, Michael, was a pipefitter. His father is of Irish descent, and his mother is of English, Irish, Scottish and Welsh descent.


title: Dean Jones (actor)

paragraphs: Dean Carroll Jones (January 25, 1931 – September 1, 2015) was an American actor. He was born in Decatur, Alabama.

paragraphs: Jones was best known for his light-hearted leading roles in several Walt Disney movies between 1965 and 1977. He was known for his roles in "The Love Bug" and in "Beethoven".

paragraphs: Jones died from Parkinson's disease in Los Angeles, California, aged 84.


title: Cinderella Man

paragraphs: Cinderella Man is a 2005 American biographical drama movie. It was directed by Ron Howard and it was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, and Penny Marshall. "Cinderella Man" was released on June 3, 2005.

paragraphs: The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Due to a low opening, AMC Theatres advertised on June 24, 2005 that it would offer a refund to any ticket-buyer dissatisfied with the film to try and help boost ticket sales.


title: Michael Wenning

paragraphs: Michael Harold Wenning (July 5, 1935 – June 28, 2011) was an South African-born American Presbyterian minister. From 1969 to 1977, he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Durban, South Africa. He was known for performing President Reagan's state funeral.

paragraphs: Wenning was born in Cape Town, South Africa. He studied at Texas Christian University and at New York University.

paragraphs: From 1969 to 1977, he was pastor of a Presbyterian church in Durban, South Africa. In 1977 he returned to the United States where he worked for the next three decades as a pastor in various Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) congregations, including one in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Wenning died at his home in Mission Viejo, California from kidney failure caused by leukemia, aged 75.


title: Boomer Castleman

paragraphs: Owens Boomer Castleman (July 18, 1945 – September 1, 2015), better known by his stage name Boomer Castleman, was an American singer-songwriter and guitarist. He and Michael Martin Murphey teamed up to make the pop music group The Lewis & Clarke Expedition in the 1960s. His single Judy Mae peaked at #33 in the US charts. He also founded the independent country music record label BNA Records which he later sold to BMG Music. He invented the palm pedal.

paragraphs: Castleman was born in Los Angeles, California. He grew up in Farmers Branch and Dallas, Texas. He had two daughters.

paragraphs: Castleman died from cancer on September 1, 2015 in Nashville, Tennessee. He was 70.


title: Ken Cuccinelli

paragraphs: Kenneth Thomas "Ken" Cuccinelli II ( ; born July 30, 1968) is an American politician.

paragraphs: In June 2019, President Donald Trump appointed him to be acting Director of the Citizenship and Immigration Services office. He is a former Attorney General of Virginia. In November 2019, he became United States Deputy Secretary of Homeland Security.

paragraphs: He was the Republican candidate for Governor of Virginia in the 2013 Virginia gubernatorial election.

paragraphs: He was elected as Virginia's 46th Attorney General in the November 2009 general election. From 2002 until January 16, 2010 he was a Republican member of the Senate of Virginia, representing the 37th district in Fairfax County. He holds degrees in engineering, law and commercial policy, and co-founded a law firm.


title: George Ariyoshi

paragraphs: George Ryoichi Ariyoshi (有吉良一; born March 12, 1926) is an American politician. He served as the third Governor of Hawaii from 1974 to 1986. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He became governor when John A. Burns was stepped down.

paragraphs: Ariyoshi was born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Japanese immigrants. He studied at the University of Michigan. He served in the United States Army during World War II.

paragraphs: When he was elected, Ariyoshi became the first American of Asian descent to be elected governor of a state of the United States.

paragraphs: Ariyoshi's administration was marked by fiscal conservatism as the post-statehood economic boom came to an end. He guided the state through its first economic recession. He has gathered some criticism for having only people with Japanese surnames on his staff, many were relatives.

paragraphs: He also holds the record as the longest-serving state governor in Hawaii, a record likely to remain unbroken because of term limits enacted after his tenure. Ariyoshi is now considered an elder statesman of the Democratic Party of Hawaii.

paragraphs: Ariyoshi married Jean Miya Hayashi in 1955. They have a daughter, Lynn, born in 1957; and two sons, Ryozo, born in 1959, and Donn, 1961.


title: Charles Gyamfi

paragraphs: Charles Kumi Gyamfi (4 December 1929 – 2 September 2015) was a Ghanaian footballer and coach. He became the first African to play in Germany when he joined Fortuna Düsseldorf in 1960, and later became the first coach to lead the Ghana national football team to an Africa Cup of Nations victory. As coach of the Ghana national football team, he won the African Cup of Nations three times (1963, 1965 and 1982), making him the most successful coach in the competition's history.

paragraphs: Gyamfi died in Accra, Ghana at the age of 85.


Minister


title: Aleksander Mandziara

paragraphs: Aleksander Mandziara (16 August 1940 – 2 September 2015), also known as Alfons Mandziara, was a Polish football player and coach. He played for ŁTS Łabędy, Flocie Gdynia, Szombierki Bytom, NAC Breda, and GKS Tychy. He managed GKS Tychy, Pogoń Szczecin, Rot-Weiss Essen, BSC Young Boys, FC Biel/Bienne, LASK Linz, FC Stahl Linz, SV Darmstadt 98, and FC Bern. He was born in Gliwice.

paragraphs: Mandziara died on 2 September 2015, aged 75.


title: Mis-Teeq

paragraphs: Mis-Teeq were an English R&B and UK garage girl group. The members were lead singer Sabrina Washington, rapper Alesha Dixon and backing vocalist Su-Elise Nash. A fourth member, Zena McNally, performed on only one song, "Why" (the group's first song). She left soon after to start a solo career.

paragraphs: The group only released two studio albums, "Lickin' on Both Sides" and "Eye Candy". They released a self titled album in the United States in 2004. That album had songs from the group's first two albums. There was also a greatest hits album released in 2005. The group broke up in 2005 after their label went out of business. All of the group's singles reached the UK top 40.

paragraphs: Ever since the group broke up in 2005, there have been rumors about the group releasing more music. On 9 February 2011, it was reported that the group were in talks to do a comeback tour. This was denied by Dixon. Two years later, Dixon said that she would never rule out a reunion..


title: Jeremy Corbyn

paragraphs: Jeremy Bernard Corbyn (born 26 May 1949) is a British politician. He was the Leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition from 2015 to 2020. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Islington North since 1983. He was elected Leader of the Labour Party in 2015. Corbyn calls himself a democratic socialist.

paragraphs: Corbyn was born in Chippenham in Wiltshire. Before becoming a politician, he worked as a representative for many trade unions. He was elected to Haringey Council in 1974. He was later secretary of the Islington Constituency Labour Party (CLP). He entered the House of Commons as an MP.

paragraphs: Corbyn won many awards for his work as an international human rights activist. As an MP, he is known for his activism and for voting against the Labour whip when the party was in government under New Labour leaders Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. Corbyn works in support of the anti-austerity movement and stopping austerity cuts to public sector and welfare funding made since 2010.

paragraphs: During his career, he has worked to stop big businesses and very rich people avoiding tax. He has been an anti-war and anti-nuclear activist. Corbyn supports a foreign policy of military non-interventionism and a unilateral policy of nuclear disarmament. This means he wants all countries to stop building nuclear weapons. Corbyn is a member of the Socialist Campaign Group, the Palestine Solidarity Campaign, Amnesty International and the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). He was the national chair of the Stop the War Coalition from June 2011 until September 2015.

paragraphs: After Labour's defeat in the 2015 general election and the resignation of Ed Miliband, Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party on 6 June 2015. Although many people did not believe he would win, he won enough votes to become the lead candidate. He won many votes from trade unions who supported the Labour Party, as well as left wing activists. He was elected Leader of the Labour Party on 12 September 2015 after winning 59.5% of the votes in the first round of the ballot.

paragraphs: In June 2016, after the events of the "leave" vote in the EU referendum, Labour MPs passed a vote of no confidence in Corbyn. It passed by 172 votes to 40 following the resignation of around two-thirds of Corbyn's Shadow cabinet. He then faced a second leadership contest, against Angela Eagle and Owen Smith. However, in July 2016, Eagle dropped out of the race leaving Smith and Corbyn as the only candidates. On 24 September 2016, Corbyn won the leadership contest against Smith with an increased majority of 61.8%.

paragraphs: After the 2017 general election was announced, Corbyn said he was ready to offer a "real alternative" to the Conservative government. In the election, the Labour Party gained 32 seats, but the Conservatives remained the largest Party.

paragraphs: In 2019, Corbyn created a plan to prevent a no-deal Brexit, which involved creating a temporary caretaker government and then campaigning for a "public vote on the terms of leaving the European Union, including an option to Remain". He has publicly criticized antisemitism within the Labour Party, however many believe than Corbyn is responsible for some antisemitic attacks within the party. In the 2019 general election, Labour suffered its worst defeat since 1935, lowering its seats held to just over 200. Corbyn said that he would not lead Labour into the next election, causing a leadership contest, where Sir Keir Starmer won the contest and replaced Corbyn on 4 April 2020.

paragraphs: Corbyn was suspended from the Labour Party on 29 October 2020 after he said that he would not accept what the Equality and Human Rights Commission found about antisemitism party.

paragraphs: Corbyn was born in Chippenham, Wiltshire. He was raised in Kington St Michael in Wiltshire. The youngest of four sons, he is the brother of Piers Corbyn. His mother, Naomi Josling, was a math teacher. His father, David Benjamin Corbyn was an electrical engineer. His parents were peace activists. When Corbyn was seven, the family moved to Pave Lane in Shropshire, where his father bought Yew Tree Manor (renamed Yew Tree Guesthouse), turning it into a family home.

paragraphs: Corbyn studied at the Castle House Preparatory School near Newport, Shropshire. He then went to Adams' Grammar School. In school, Corbyn said that he received bad grades and his teacher told him that he was never going to make anything of himself. Corbyn worked as a reporter for a short time for local newspaper, the "Newport and Market Drayton Advertiser". He went to the University of North London for a year before dropping out without an educational degree.

paragraphs: At around the age of 19, Corbyn spent two years volunteering in Jamaica as a geography teacher.

paragraphs: Corbyn worked as an union official of the National Union of Tailors and Garment Workers. He became a member of a district health authority in the early years of the 1970s. In 1974, he was elected to Haringey Council, representing Harringay as councillor until 1983. Corbyn worked on Tony Benn's deputy leadership campaign in 1981.

paragraphs: Corbyn was chosen as the Labour Party candidate for his local seat in Islington North in 1982. Around this time, he became involved with "London Labour Briefing", where he was a contributor and member of the editorial board during the 1980s. It has been reported that he served as its general secretary for some time.

paragraphs: In 1983, he was elected Member of Parliament for Islington North. After winning, he joined the Socialist Campaign Group. He sat on the Parliamentary London Regional Select Committee from 1983 to 1987. He sat on the Social Security Select Committee from 1992 to 1997, the London Regional Select Committee for a second time from 2009 to 2010, and the Justice Select Committee from 2010 to 2015.

paragraphs: Corbyn has won re-elections as Member of Parliament for Islington North seven times. In the 2015 election, when he won 60.24% of the votes cast and a majority of 21,194. During his career, he voted against the whip 428 times while Labour was in power.

paragraphs: In 1990, Corbyn almost went to jail for not paying his taxes as protest to a new tax system in Scotland.

paragraphs: In October 2001, Corbyn was elected to the steering committee of the Stop the War Coalition, which was formed to oppose the Afghanistan War which started later that year. He helped organise the February anti-Iraq War protest which was claimed to be the largest such protest in British political history. In 2006, Corbyn was one of 12 Labour MPs to support Plaid Cymru and the Scottish National Party's call for a parliamentary inquiry into the Iraq War. He was elected chair of the coalition in succession to Andrew Murray in September 2011, but resigned in September 2015.

paragraphs: Corbyn has always opposed weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and is a long-time supporter of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND). He was criticised for inviting Gerry Adams and other members of Sinn Féin to the Palace of Westminster in 1984, weeks after the Brighton hotel bombing by the PIRA.

paragraphs: Corbyn was chair of the All-party parliamentary group (APPG) on the Chagos Islands, chair of the APPG on Mexico, Vice-Chair of the APPG on Latin America and vice-chair of the APPG on human rights. He has supported the rights for the Chagossians. He is known for his Venezuelan solidarity activism.

paragraphs: Following the Labour Party's defeat at the general election on 7 May 2015, Ed Miliband resigned as its party leader. His resignation caused the party to have a leadership election.

paragraphs: On 2 June, it was reported in media sources that Corbyn was thinking of applying to be a candidate. The next day, Corbyn announced to his local newspaper, "The Islington Tribune", that he would become a candidate in the election. Before he could become a candidate he had to secure at least 35 nominations from MPs. In the end he got 36. Some of the MPs who nominated him didn't think he would win and only nominated him to have a 'broader debate'.

paragraphs: Some, including former foreign secretary Margaret Becket, told journalists they regretted the decision. When he was accepted as a candidate Corbyn said: "This decision is in response to an overwhelming call by Labour Party members who want to see a broader range of candidates and a thorough debate about the future of the party. I am standing to give Labour Party members a voice in this debate". He would run against candidates Yvette Cooper, Andy Burnham and Liz Kendall.

paragraphs: Corbyn was elected party leader in a landslide victory on 12 September 2015 with 59.5% of first-preference votes in the first round of voting. It has been said that Corbyn would have won in the first round with 51% of votes. Corbyn's 40.5% majority was larger than that won by Tony Blair in 1994.

paragraphs: After being elected leader on 12 September 2015, Corbyn became Leader of the Official Opposition. On 14 September 2015, his seat in the Privy Council was announced. During his time as leader, Corbyn wanted to stop the "theatrical" nature of the House of Commons. His first months as leader was called as "a good start" and a "long overdue" change by "The Guardian". He made his first annual address as leader on 29 September 2015. As Leader of the Opposition, he was made a member of the Privy Council on 11 November 2015. The phrase, "Corbynmania", is used for the large amount of support given by his supporters.

paragraphs: On 16 June 2016, MP Jo Cox was assassinated after being stabbed multiple times by far-right supporter Thomas Mair. In the aftermath of the assassination, Corbyn described Cox as someone who was "dedicated to getting us to live up to our promises to support the developing world and strengthen human rights".

paragraphs: In June 2017, Corbyn made an appearance at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where he addressed the crowd. The crowd chanted "Oh, Jeremy Corbyn" and sang to the tune of "Seven Nation Army", a song by The White Stripes. Corbyn talked about the importance of young people going out and vote.

paragraphs: After members of ISIS carried out terrorist attacks in Paris in November 2015, Corbyn said that the only way to deal with the threat by ISIS would be to reach a political settlement and ending the Syrian Civil War. Corbyn voted against military power and airstrikes on ISIS.

paragraphs: In June 2016, Corbyn said he supported the United Kingdom staying in the European Union. After the United Kingdom voted on leaving the European Union, many Labour leaders wanted Corbyn to resign.

paragraphs: After the referendum, many members of Corbyn's Shadow cabinet resigned because they did not like Corbyn's leadership. Hilary Benn called Corbyn to tell him that he had "lost confidence" in his leadership. Corbyn later asked for his resignation from the Shadow Cabinet on 26 June. Heidi Alexander resigned from the Shadow Cabinet hours later, followed by Gloria de Piero, Ian Murray, Lilian Greenwood, Lucy Powell, Kerry McCarthy, Seema Malhotra, Vernon Coaker, Charlie Falconer, and Chris Bryant. Other Shadow Cabinet Ministers, including John McDonnell, Andy Burnham, Diane Abbott, Jon Trickett, Angela Smith, Emily Thornberry and Lord Bassam of Brighton have either supported Corbyn's leadership directly or have said that it was not a good time for a "rebellion". By mid-afternoon 27 June 2016, 23 of the 31 shadow cabinet members had resigned their roles as did seven parliamentary private secretaries.

paragraphs: On 28 June 2016, he lost the vote of confidence by Labour Party MPs by 172–40. He said with a statement that the motion had no "constitutional legitimacy" and that he intended to continue as the elected leader.

paragraphs: A YouGov poll of Labour party members found that about 50% expected to support Corbyn if a leadership ballot was called. London Mayor Sadiq Khan, who did not take a side in the dispute, said "When Labour splits, when we're divided, we lose elections". The division between Corbyn and the Labour parliamentary party continued.

paragraphs: On 11 July 2016, Angela Eagle announced her candidacy to run against Corbyn in the upcoming 2016 Labour Party leadership election. On 13 July former shadow minister Owen Smith also announced his leadership challenge. On the 19 July, Eagle quit the race after Smith got 90 nominations to her 70. Eagle said she resigned 'in the best interests of the party.' This was because having two anti Corbyn candidates in the race could split the vote and give him a better chance of winning.

paragraphs: On 24 September 2016, following the leadership contest, Corbyn was re-elected as the leader of the party again with an increased majority of 61.8%.

paragraphs: The Chilcot report of the Iraq Inquiry was issued on 6 July 2016. It criticised the former Labour PM Tony Blair for joining the United States in the war against Iraq. Corbyn was against the war in Iraq. In response, Corbyn apologised to the people of Iraq, families of British soldiers who died and to the British people.

paragraphs: After the election of Donald Trump in the 2016 United States presidential elections, Corbyn said that he believes that Trump is not solving problems, but dividing the United States. Corbyn also said he supports the idea for Trump to be banned from visiting the United Kingdom over his executive order on banning visitors from certain majority-Muslim countries from entering the United States.

paragraphs: In June 2019, Corbyn refused an invitation to attend a state banquet for Donald Trump, hosted by Queen Elizabeth II during the president's June visit to the United Kingdom. Corbyn then attended a London protest outside Trump and May's joint press conference and requested a meeting with Trump to talk about issues such as the "climate emergency, threats to peace and the refugee crisis". Trump rejected the request, saying that Corbyn was a "negative force".

paragraphs: In January 2017, Corbyn announced that he would support a three-line plan to force Labour MPs in support of triggering Article 50, which would start the removal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In response, many Labour members said they would vote against the bill. Tulip Siddiq, the shadow minister for early years, and Jo Stevens, the Shadow Welsh Secretary resigned in protest. On 1 February, forty seven Labour MPs went against Corbyn's plan on the second reading of the bill.

paragraphs: At the 2017 local elections in May, Labour under Corbyn lost almost 400 councillors and control of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire county council. The BBC's Projected National Vote Share was 38% for the Conservatives, 27% for Labour, 18% for the Liberal Democrats and 5% for UKIP, with others on around 12%.

paragraphs: Corbyn said he supported Prime Minister Theresa May's idea for an early general election while awaiting parliamentary approval. He said he would urge his party to support the government's move in the parliamentary vote announced for on 19 April. A majority of MPs is necessary for a general election to be called before 2020.

paragraphs: Many people supported Corbyn to become Prime Minister such as United States senator Bernie Sanders, who Corbyn supported when Sanders ran for President of the United States.

paragraphs: In the snap general election, Labour under Corbyn gained 32 seats and increased its share of the popular vote to 40%, though the Conservative Party remained in government.

paragraphs: After the 2017 election, a poll put Labour on 45% with the Conservatives on 39%, the first poll to show Labour ahead with Corbyn as leader. 4% more voters approve of Corbyn than disapprove. Corbyn announced that the party was being placed on "permanent campaign mode", hoping for another general election to be called as soon as fall 2017. He began a number of rallies in important seats, including Hastings and Rye, Southampton Itchen and Bournemouth West.

paragraphs: After Theresa May's Brexit proposal failed in the House of Commons on 15 January 2019, Corbyn filled a motion of no confidence towards the May ministry. The motion failed in a 325 to 306 vote.

paragraphs: In March 2019, Corbyn was assaulted by a Brexit supporter outside a mosque in Finsbury Park, north London. His attacker was sentenced to 28 days in jail. In March 2019, Corbyn said that he could vote leave in a second referendum, depending on the Brexit deal on offer.

paragraphs: At the end of Theresa May's time as Prime Minister, she had a small lead over Corbyn in the best Prime Minister polling question. However, following the appointment of Boris Johnson as Prime Minister in July 2019, he gained double-digit leads over Corbyn on this question, although he was seen to be "more in touch" with ordinary people than Johnson.

paragraphs: A year after most of his Shadow Cabinet resigned, Corbyn removed three Shadow Cabinet members and a fourth resigned. This was after they went against the Labour Party's orders to not vote on the motion aimed at keeping the United Kingdom in the European Union single market.

paragraphs: In March 2018, it was revealed that Labour Party members, including Corbyn, some of his office staff and MPs belonged to a secret Facebook group where antisemitic comments were freely made. He left the group after becoming Labour leader in 2015.

paragraphs: According to the "Huffington Post" he was enrolled by someone else in 2014 and had only made a small number of posts.

paragraphs: Later in March 2018, a spokesman for the Labour leader admitted Corbyn had posted a comment on Facebook in 2012 questioning the removal of an allegedly antisemitic mural in London. This became controversial with Corbyn releasing a statement that said: “I sincerely regret that I did not look more closely at the image I was commenting on, the contents of which are deeply disturbing and antisemitic,” he said. “The defence of free speech cannot be used as a justification for the promotion of antisemitism in any form. That is a view I’ve always held.”.

paragraphs: In February 2019, seven MPs resigned from the Labour Party to form an Independent group because of Corbyn's handling of Brexit and of allegations of antisemitism.

paragraphs: On 29 October 2019, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that the next general election would be held on 12 December 2019. The reason was so that Conservatives could win a majority in parliament to pass a Brexit bill. Labour were left with just over 200 seats, their worst result since 1935. However, the party's share of the vote was higher than in 2015 and 2010. Conservatives won seats in England and Wales that were traditionally Labour seats, in a move the British media called: "a realignment of UK politics".

paragraphs: After the Labour Party's had massive losses in the election, Corbyn stated that he plans to step down following a period of reflection causing a leadership contest. Corbyn said that he had "pride in the manifesto" that Labour put forward for the election and blamed the defeat on Brexit.

paragraphs: On 3 April 2020, in a final message to Labour Party members while leader of the party, Corbyn said, "I can assure you my voice will not be stilled. I’ll be out there campaigning for socialism, peace and justice, and I feel sure we’ll be doing that together." He also claimed that Labour in the last five years under his leadership had "changed the agenda on austerity and how the economy is run".

paragraphs: On 4 April 2020, Sir Keir Starmer replaced Corbyn as Opposition Leader and Labour Party Leader.

paragraphs: In an August 2020 Twitter poll, Corbyn was voted as the "best Prime Minister Britain never had" winning 57.7% of the vote.

paragraphs: After a report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, the Labour Party suspended Corbyn in October 2020. They did this because he said that he would not accept what the report had found.

paragraphs: In 1974, Corbyn married Jane Chapman. They divorced in 1979. In 1987, Corbyn married Chilean-born Claudia Bracchitta. They had three sons. They divorced in 1999. Corbyn said in June 2015 that he continues to "get on very well" with his former wife. In 2013, Corbyn married Laura Álvarez. He lives in Finsbury Park in London.

paragraphs: In an interview by "The Huffington Post" in December 2015, Corbyn did not want to say what his religion was, saying that it is a "private thing", while saying that he was not an atheist.

paragraphs: In January 2016 it was announced that a satirical musical based on Corbyn's life would be staged at the Waterloo East Theatre in London later in the year. BBC News suggested that "Corbyn the Musical: The Motorcycle Diaries" "may be the first stage show written about a leader of the opposition".

paragraphs: Corbyn has been against Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and supported a higher rate of income tax for the richest in society. He wants to stop tax evasion by adding £1 billion in HM Revenue and Customs.

paragraphs: Corbyn has said that the National Health Service (NHS) should be "completely publicly run and publicly accountable". He is a supporter of the NHS Reinstatement Bill 2015. Corbyn does not support the Private Finance Initiative.

paragraphs: Corbyn did not support sending British troops to retake the Falkland Islands. He called it a "nauseating waste of lives and money".

paragraphs: Corbyn has supported same-sex marriage and LGBT rights. Corbyn voted in favour of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013, that allowed same-sex marriage in England and Wales. He has been a longtime environmentalist and does not support hydraulic fracturing. Corbyn is a supporter of animal rights. He also supports re-nationalisation of the UK's train system, meaning they will be owned and run by the government and not by profit making businesses.


title: Ashley Madison

paragraphs: Ashley Madison is a Canada-based online dating service and social networking service. It used for people who are married or in a committed relationship. It promotes affairs. Its slogan is "Life is short. Have an affair." The website was launched in 2001.

paragraphs: The company received attention on July 15, 2015, after hackers stole all of its customer data—including emails, names, home addresses, sexual fantasies and credit card information—and threatened to post all the data online if Ashley Madison and fellow Avid Life Media site EstablishedMen.com were not permanently closed.


title: Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre

paragraphs: Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre (born January 6, 1936) is a Guatemalan politician. He was the acting President of Guatemala following the Congress of Guatemala's acceptance of the resignation of Otto Pérez Molina on September 3, 2015. He left office on January 14, 2016.


title: Simo Salminen

paragraphs: Simo Veli Atte Salminen (8 November 1932 – 2 September 2015) was a Finnish comic-actor. He was best known for his many performances in movies and television shows by Spede Pasanen. He was known for his roles in "Pähkähullu Suomi" and in "Koeputkiaikuinen ja Simon enkelit".


title: Ora (Rita Ora album)

paragraphs: Ora is the debut studio album by British recording artist Rita Ora, released on 27 August 2012 through Roc Nation.


title: Leon Gorman

paragraphs: Leon A. Gorman (December 20, 1934 – September 3, 2015) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the President (1967–2001) and Chairman (2001–2013) of the bard for the clothing company L.L.Bean. He had a reported net worth of $860 million, and, until his death, was the richest person in Maine. He was born in Nashua, New Hampshire.

paragraphs: Gorman died from cancer on September 3, 2015 in Yarmouth, Maine, aged 80.


title: Jean-Luc Préel

paragraphs: Jean-Luc Préel (30 October 1940 – 3 September 2015) was a French politician. He was a member of the National Assembly from 1988 until 2012. He represented the Vendée department, and was a member of the New Centre. He was born in Caen.

paragraphs: Préel died on 3 September 2015 in La Roche-sur-Yon, aged 74.


title: Graham Brazier

paragraphs: Graham Brazier (6 May 1952 – 4 September 2015) was a New Zealand musician and songwriter. He was best known as a member of Hello Sailor. He was also a member of The Pink Flamingos and The Legionnaires. He was born in Auckland

paragraphs: Brazier died from a heart attack on 4 September 2015 in Auckland, aged 63.


title: Ancient Egyptian royal titles

paragraphs: The Ancient Egyptian royal titles were a standard way of naming the pharaohs, the kings of Ancient Egypt. These names and titles showed the king's worldly and religious powers. The names could provide a sort of mission statement for the king. Names and titles sometimes changed during the reign.

paragraphs: By the Middle Kingdom the pharaohs used a set of five titles. The full set of titles, the titulary, using the five names, became the standard and were still in use as late as the Roman Empire.

paragraphs: The Horus name is the oldest form of the pharaoh's name. It began in the Predynastic Period. Many of the oldest-known Egyptian pharaohs were known only by this title.

paragraphs: The Horus name was usually written inside a serekh. This was a symbol of a palace façade. The name of the pharaoh was written in hieroglyphs inside the serekh. Usually there would be an image of the falcon God Horus on top or beside it.

paragraphs: One Egyptian ruler, the 2nd dynasty Seth-Peribsen, used an image of the god Seth instead of Horus. Perhaps this was showing there had been some kind of religious division within the country. He was succeeded by Khasekhemwy, who placed the symbols of both Set and Horus above his name. Later kings always had the image of Horus beside their name.

paragraphs: By the time of the New Kingdom the Horus name was often written without the enclosing serekh.

paragraphs: The Nebty name, meaning "two ladies", was linked with the goddesses of Upper and Lower Egypt:

paragraphs: The name is first definitively used by the First Dynasty pharaoh Semerkhet. It became an independent title by the Twelfth Dynasty.

paragraphs: The Nebty name was not usually framed by a cartouche or serekh. It always begins with the hieroglyphs of a vulture and cobra resting upon two baskets, the dual noun "nebty".

paragraphs: This was also known as the "Golden Horus Name". The pharaoh's name featured the image of a Horus falcon perched above or beside the hieroglyph for gold.

paragraphs: The meaning of this title has been disputed. It could show the triumph of Horus over his uncle Seth, the symbol for gold meaning that Horus was "superior to his foes". Gold also was linked with ideas of eternity, so name may show the pharaoh's eternal Horus name.

paragraphs: Like the Nebty name, this name was not framed by a cartouche or serekh.

paragraphs: The pharaoh's throne name, the first of the two names written inside a cartouche, with the title "nsw-bity" ("nesu-bity, nesw-bit, nswt-bjtj").

paragraphs: It means "S/He of the Sedge and Bee". This is often translated as "King of Upper and of Lower Egypt", as the sedge and bee were symbols for Upper and Lower Egypt.

paragraphs: The term "nsw-bity" may be from the Berber word for "strong man; ruler".(Schneider 1993)

paragraphs: The epithet "neb tawy", "Lord of the Two Lands", meaning the valley and delta regions of Egypt was also often used.

paragraphs: This was the name given to the pharaoh at birth. The name itself was preceded by the title "Son of Ra". This was written with the hieroglyph of a duck ("za"), a homonym for the word meaning "son" ("za"), next to an image of the sun, a hieroglyph god Ra. It was first introduced to the set of royal titles in the Fourth Dynasty and emphasizes the king's role as a representative of the solar god Ra. When the pharaoh was woman, the preceding title was interpreted as "daughter".

paragraphs: Modern historians usually use this name for the ancient kings of Egypt, adding ordinals (e.g. "II", "III") for different individuals with the same name.


title: Wilfred de Souza

paragraphs: Wilfred de Souza (23 April 1927 – 4 September 2015) was an Indian surgeon and politician. He served as the Chief Minister of Goa three times; 18 May 1993 until 2 April 1994, 8 April 1994 until 16 December 1994 and 30 July 1998 until 26 November 1998.

paragraphs: De Souza was born in Kampala, Uganda. He grew up in Goa. He was a Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: De Souza died after a short illness on 4 September 2015 in Panaji, aged 88.


title: Geoffrey Bolton

paragraphs: Geoffrey Curgenven Bolton (5 November 1931 – 4 September 2015) was an Australian historian, academic and writer. He was best known for his research and writings of Western Australian history. He wrote around thirteen books between 1958 and 2008. He also taught at universities such as the University of Western Australia (UWA), Murdoch University and Monash University. In 2005, he was named Western Australian of the Year.

paragraphs: Bolton was born in Perth, Western Australia. He was educated at the Oxford University and UWA. He was married to Carol Grattan and had two sons and five grandchildren.

paragraphs: Bolton died on 4 September 2015 in Perth, aged 83.


title: Giya Kancheli

paragraphs: Giya Kancheli (; August 10, 1935 – October 2, 2019) was an Georgian composer. After the fall of the Soviet Union he became famous as one of the composers who resisted pressure to conform to official Soviet styles of music. Kancheli has composed many soundtracks for movies such as "Mimino", "Kin-dza-dza!", "Passport", "Blue Mountains", "The Eccentrics", and "Extraordinary Exhibition".

paragraphs: Kancheli died at his home in Tbilisi on October 2, 2019 at the age of 84.


title: Lady Saw

paragraphs: Marion Hall (born 12 July 1972), better known as Lady Saw, is a Grammy Award-winning Jamaican reggae singer. Hall was born in Galina, Saint Mary, Jamaica on 12 July 1972 and began performing with local sound systems at the age of fifteen. She went on to work with the "Stereo One system" in Kingston. Her performances brought her to the attention of record producers. She recorded her first single for producer Piper, and "Love Me or Lef Me", produced by Olive Shaw received significant airplay. She had her first hit with "If Him Lef" and she topped the Jamaican record charts with "Good Man".


title: Chandra Bahadur Dangi

paragraphs: Chandra Bahadur Dangi (; 30 November 1939 – 3 September 2015) was a Nepalese farmer and craftsman. He was best known for being the shortest man in recorded history, measuring . Dangi was a primordial dwarf. He broke the record of Gul Mohammed (1957–1997), the shortest adult human whose height was . He was born in Kalimati, Salyan District.

paragraphs: Dangi died from pneumonia on 3 September 2015 in Pago Pago, American Samoa, aged 75.


title: Jet d'Eau

paragraphs: The Jet d'Eau (, "Water-Jet") is a large fountain in Geneva, Switzerland. The fountain is one of the city's most famous landmarks, and one of the largest fountains in the world. It is located at the point where Lake Geneva empties into the Rhône river.


title: Mr. Freeze (roller coaster)

paragraphs: Mr. Freeze: Reverse Blast (previously known as Mr. Freeze) is a steel launched shuttle roller coaster.


title: Unbreakable (Janet Jackson album)

paragraphs: Unbreakable is the eleventh studio album by Janet Jackson. It was released on October 2, 2015. As of September 2015, two R&B tinged singles had been released from the album. One was "No Sleeep" which features American rapper J-Cole. The other was the title track. This will be Jackson's first album with newly recorded material since 2008's "Discipline".


title: Rico Rodriguez (musician)

paragraphs: Rico Rodriguez MBE (born Emmanuel Rodriguez; 17 October 1934 – 4 September 2015), also known as simply Rico, as well as Reco or El Reco, was a Cuban ska and reggae trombonist. He was born in Havana and grew up in Kingston, Jamaica. He has recorded with many producers, including Karl Pitterson, Prince Buster, and Lloyd "Matador" Daley. He was known as one of the first and most distinguished Ska artists.


title: Zhang Zhen (general)

paragraphs: Zhang Zhen (; 5 October 1914 – 3 September 2015) was a general of the People's Liberation Army of China, and a former member of the Central Military Commission of the Communist Party of China. Zhang was born in Pingjiang County, Hunan Province.

paragraphs: His original name was Zhang Jiansheng(), also named as Zhang Zushou(), Zhang Zhongtian(). He joined the Chinese Communist Youth League in April 1930, and joined the Communist Party of China in July of the same year.


title: Chi Haotian

paragraphs: General Chi Haotian (; born 9 July 1929) is a Chinese general of the People's Liberation Army. In May-June, 1989, Chi played an important role in directing the military's enforcement of martial law in Beijing to suppress the Tiananmen Square Protests in the national capital.


title: Li Yuan-tsu

paragraphs: Li Yuan-tsu (; September 24, 1923 – March 8, 2017) was a Chinese politician. He served under Lee Teng-hui as the eighth Vice President of the Republic of China. Li is of Hakka ancestry. He was born in Pingjiang, Hunan.

paragraphs: Li died of kidney failure on March 8, 2017 in Toufen, Taiwan, aged 93.


title: Robert Davi

paragraphs: Robert John Davi (born June 26, 1953) is an American actor, singer, writer, and producer. Davi has performed in more than 130 movies. He has played the roles of main villain and drug lord Franz Sanchez in the 1989 James Bond film "Licence to Kill". He was FBI Special Agent Bailey Malone in the NBC television series "Profiler". He played a Vietnam veteran and FBI Special Agent Big Johnson in "Die Hard". Davi played the opera-singing heavy Jake Fratelli in "The Goonies", Hans Zarba in "Son of the Pink Panther" and Al Torres in "Showgirls".

paragraphs: Davi was trained as a singer. He launched his professional singing career in 2011. His first album, "Davi Sings Sinatra -- On The Road To Romance," hit #6 on the "Billboard" jazz charts. Praised for his voice, Davi ed as a headliner at The Venetian, in Las Vegas, Nevada, six months after the record was released.


title: Château de Chaumont

paragraphs: The Château de Chaumont (or Château de Chaumont-sur-Loire) is a castle in Chaumont-sur-Loire, Loir-et-Cher, France. The castle was founded in the 10th century by Odo I, Count of Blois. It is located on top of a hill overlooking the Loire River. It was built to protect the borders between Blois and Anjou.


title: Aadesh Shrivastava

paragraphs: Aadesh Shrivastava (4 September 1964 – 5 September 2015) was an Indian composer and singer. He worked on over 100 Hindi movies, including "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..." (2001), "Baghban" (2003) and "Raajneeti" (2010).

paragraphs: Shrivastava was born to a Hindu Kayastha family in Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. He was married to actress Vijeta Pandit from 1990 until his death. They had two sons.

paragraphs: Shrivastava died from cancer on 5 September 2015 in Mumbai, Maharashtra. He was 51.


title: David Fonseca (politician)

paragraphs: William Henry "David" Fonseca (1 May 1954 – 30 April 2015) was a Belizean politician and businessman. He served as the Mayor of Belize City from 1 March 1999 until 1 March 2006. He was a member of the People's United Party.

paragraphs: Fonseca died on 30 April 2015 in Belize City, aged 60. He committed suicide (killed himself) by shooting himself in the head.


title: Pavel Nakhimov

paragraphs: Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov () (born July 5, 1802 – died July 12, 1855) was a Russian admiral . He was one of the most famous admirals in Russian naval history.

paragraphs: In 1826, Nakhimov served on the crew of the 74-gun warship “Azov”, commanded by Mikhail Lazarev. One year after, on October 20 1827, he and the crew of Azov fought in the Battle of Navarino and with the help of the British and French naval forces, they defeated the Ottoman naval forces.

paragraphs: After that, Nakhimov was the commander of naval and land forces during the Siege of Sevastopol in the Crimean War. On November 30 1853, Nakhimov defeated the Ottoman troops in the Battle of Sinope.

paragraphs: On July 10 1855, while he was inspecting the forward-defense positions at Fort Malakoff, he was fatally wounded by a sniper. The medal, the Order of Nakhimov, a Soviet Navy Cruiser and the Nakhimov Naval Academy (Sevastopol) are named for him.


title: J. T. Walsh

paragraphs: James Thomas Patrick "J. T." Walsh (September 28, 1943 – February 27, 1998) was an American actor. He appeared in over 50 movies during his career. Walsh's best known roles were in the movies "Good Morning, Vietnam" (1987), "Misery" (1990), "Backdraft" (1991), "Hoffa" (1992), "A Few Good Men" (1992), "Miracle on 34th Street" (1994), "The Client" (1994), "Blue Chips" (1994), "Silent Fall" (1994), "Outbreak" (1995), "Nixon" (1995), "The Babysitter" (1995), "Sling Blade" (1996), "Breakdown" (1997), "Pleasantville" (1998), and "The Negotiator" (1998). He also appeared in an episode of "The X-Files".

paragraphs: Walsh was born in San Francisco, California. He was married to Susan West from 1972 until their divorce in 1982. They had one son, John.

paragraphs: Walsh died from a heart attack on February 27, 1998 in Lemon Grove, California, aged 54. Jack Nicholson dedicated his Academy Award for "As Good as It Gets" to Walsh's memory.


title: Brentor

paragraphs: Brentor is a small village about north of Tavistock within West Devon. The village is famous for it's church, "Church of St Michel de Rupe" (Saint Michael of the Rock). The church which dates back to the 13th century sits high upon a tor overlooking the village. It can be seen from miles around and is visited by many people each year. The rock it sits on is what is left of a volcano and is high. It was once used as a beacon tower to warn people of approaching enemy ships.


title: Sylvie Joly

paragraphs: Sylvie Joly (18 October 1934 – 4 September 2015) was a French actress and comedian. She was best known for her roles in the movies "Going Places" (1974) and "Get Out Your Handkerchiefs" (1978).

paragraphs: Joly was born in Paris. She had two daughters, Mathilde Vitry and Stéphane Joly. In October 2010, she revealed she had Parkinson's disease.

paragraphs: Joly died of a heart attack on 4 September 2015 in Paris. She was 80.


title: Wiki farm

paragraphs: A wiki farm is a site where you can create your own wiki. Getting web space is usually as easy as requesting an e-mail account. An account will generally allow a certain number of wiki sites and some are free. Most wiki farms let you create wikis that run Mediawiki software.


title: Il Guarany

paragraphs: Il Guarany is an Italian opera in four acts, music by Antônio Carlos Gomes and libretto by Antonio Scalvini and Carlo D'Ormeville, after José de Alencar's novel "O Guarani". It was first performed in Milan, on March 19, 1870. By far Gomes's most successful work and his only opera still regularly performed.


title: Helvellyn

paragraphs: Helvellyn is an English opera in four acts, music by George Alexander Macfarren and libretto by John Oxenford, after Salomon Mosenthal's play "Der Sonnwendhof". It was first performed in London, on November 3, 1864.


title: Alpine climate

paragraphs: Alpine climate is the average weather (climate) for the regions above the tree line. This is a mountain or highland climate.

paragraphs: No month has a mean temperature higher than .


title: Gliese 667 Cc

paragraphs: Gliese 667 Cc is an extrasolar planet 23.62 light years away. It orbits around the red dwarf star Gliese 667 C, one of the Gliese 667 triple star system. The system is in the constellation of Scorpius. It is the most Earth-like planet in 50 light years.

paragraphs: Gliese 667 Cc was first found by the European Southern Observatory. They used the wobble method (also known as radial velocity). They watched how the star "wobbled" as Gliese 667 Cc circled around its star. On 2 February 2012 researchers at the University of Göttingen and the Carnegie Institution for Science confirmed the planets existance.

paragraphs: Gliese 667 Cc circles its star every 28 days, and is 0.125 AU away from its star. It fits within the habitable zone. Its mass is 3.8 times that of the Earth. Its size is probably about 50% larger than Earth.

paragraphs: Because of Gliese 667 Cc's distance from its star, it is predicted to be tidally locked to its star. Just as Earth's Moon always shows the same face to the Earth, the length of Gliese 667 Cc's day would then match the length of its year. This means it would be permanently light on one half and permanently dark on the other half of its surface. Tidal locking also means the planet would have no axial tilt and that means the planet would not experience any seasons.


title: Poison (Rita Ora song)

paragraphs: "Poison" is a song by British singer Rita Ora. The song was released on 18 May 2015. It was the first single from her second studio album. The single peaked at number three in the United Kingdom. It is a dubstep and R&B song. It is her first solo song since 2014's "I Will Never Let You Down".


title: Alan Steel

paragraphs: Sergio Ciani (7 September 1935 – 5 September 2015), best known as Alan Steel, was an Italian bodybuilder and actor. He was known for his roles in "Samson", "The Rebel Gladiators", and "Hercules Against the Moon Men".

paragraphs: Ciani died in his sleep at his house in Ostia, Rome, aged 79.


title: Philistines

paragraphs: The Philistines (, , , or ; , "Plištim") were a people described in the Bible. During the Judges period they were one of the Israelite's most dangerous enemies. Biblical scholars have connected the Philistines to other biblical groups such as Caphtorim and the Cherethites and Pelethites. Both have been identified with Crete, and leading to the tradition of an Aegean origin.


title: Brianna Lea Pruett

paragraphs: Brianna Lea Pruett (January 18, 1983 – September 2, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter, musician, painter, poet and filmmaker. She was born in Sacramento, California.

paragraphs: Pruett died in Sacramento, California, aged 32.


title: Eric Stuart

paragraphs: Eric Stuart (born October 18, 1967) is an American voice actor, voice director, singer, songwriter and guitarist who worked for 4Kids Entertainment, NYAV Post, and Central Park Media. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Brock and James in the long-running TV series "Pokémon" from Seasons 1 to 8. He is also the lead singer of his rock band The Eric Stuart Band.


title: Billy Bletcher

paragraphs: William "Billy" Bletcher (September 24, 1894 – January 5, 1979) was an American actor, voice actor, and comedian. He is best known for providing the voice of Mickey Mouse's rival, Pete, for the Disney franchise in the 1930s to the 1950s.

paragraphs: Bletcher was born in Lancaster, Pennsylvania on 24 September 1894. At age 19 he was a vaudeville performer. He started his movie career in 1913 at the Vitagraph Studios in Brooklyn, New York. In 1917 he moved to California and became a comedian for Mack Sennett. He later starred in several Hal Roach two reelers.

paragraphs: During his acting career he starred in a number of comedies. Bletcher also acted in Westerns and action movies. He directed two feature movies in the 1920s. Bletcher was the voice of the Lone Ranger in the 1937 movie serial. He was a veteran voice actor from the Disney animated movies The Three Little Pigs (1933) and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937). Later he did voice-overs for television. His last movie appearance was in 1969.

paragraphs: Bletcher was married only once, to actress Arline Roberts. She was a vaudevillian and a Ziegfeld Girl. When they moved to California she worked as a "bathing beauty". She acted in silent comic two-reelers and feature movies but never gained the prominence her husband did. Their daughter's name was Barbara U'ren.


title: Christopher Awdry

paragraphs: Christopher Vere Awdry (born 2 July 1940) is an English author best known for his contributions to "The Railway Series" of books featuring Thomas the Tank Engine, which was started by his father, the Rev. W. Awdry. He has also produced children's books based on a number of other railways. He has also written non-fiction articles and books on heritage railways.


title: Ben Kuroki

paragraphs: Ben Kuroki (May 16, 1917 – September 1, 2015) was an American Air Force gunner. He was the first Nisei (son of Japanese immigrants) to serve in the Pacific Ocean theater of World War II. He served in a total of 58 combat missions during World War II. For his services to his country from 1941 until 1946, he was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and five Air Medals with oak leaf clusters.

paragraphs: Kuroki was born in Gothenburg, Nebraska and grew up in Hershey, Nebraska. His parents were Japanese immigrants, and was one of 10 children. Kuroki was married to Shige and had three daughters.

paragraphs: Kuroki died on September 1, 2015 in Camarillo, California, aged 98.


title: Adrian Cadbury

paragraphs: Sir George Adrian Hayhurst Cadbury (15 April 1929 – 3 September 2015) was a British businessman and rower. He was the Chairman of Cadbury and Cadbury Schweppes for 24 years. He was best known for heading the Committee on the Financial Aspects of Corporate Governance from 1991 to 1995. He also rowed in the Great Britain coxless four in the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki, Finland.

paragraphs: Cadbury was born in Birmingham. He was educated at Eton and King's College, Cambridge.

paragraphs: Cadbury died on 3 September 2015 in Birmingham, aged 86.


title: Python molurus

paragraphs: Python molurus is a large nonvenomous python species. It is found in many tropic and subtropic areas of South Asia and Southeast Asia.

paragraphs: It has various common names: Indian python, black-tailed python and Indian rock python. The species is limited to Southern Asia. It is generally lighter colored than the Burmese python. It can grow to .

paragraphs: The color pattern is whitish or yellowish with the blotched patterns varying from shades of tan to dark brown. This varies with the terrain and habitat. Specimens from the hill forests of Western Ghats and Assam are darker. Those from the Deccan Plateau and east coast of India are usually lighter.

paragraphs: The longest scientifically recorded specimen, which came from Pakistan, was in length and weighed .


title: Radioactive (Rita Ora song)

paragraphs: "Radioactive" is a song recorded by British recording artist Rita Ora. It was released as the fourth single from her debut studio album, "Ora". The single was released on 11 February 2013. The song was co-written by Sia Furler and Greg Kurstin (who also produced the song). It is a house and R&B song.


title: Lawrence Lessig 2016 presidential campaign

paragraphs: The 2016 presidential campaign of Lawrence Lessig was officially launched when Lessig, Harvard University professor from Massachusetts, announced his candidacy for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016 on September 6, 2015. The headquarters of the campaign is in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Lessig decided to form an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible bid for the Democratic Party's nomination for President of the United States in 2016. Almost two months into the campaign trail, poor polling numbers and not being qualified to enter the debates, Lessig dropped out on November 2, 2015.


title: Jimmy McMillan

paragraphs: James "Jimmy" McMillan III (born December 1, 1946) is an American political activist, perennial candidate, and Vietnam War veteran, as well as a former postal worker, stripper and private investigator in Brooklyn, New York City.

paragraphs: McMillan is best known as the founder of the Rent Is Too Damn High Party, a New York-based political party.

paragraphs: McMillan has run for office at least six times since 1993, most notably in the 2010 gubernatorial election. He declared in December 2010 that he would run in the 2012 U.S. presidential election as a Republican. He did not appear on the ballot in any state and suspended his campaign to return to the Rent Is Too Damn High Party and run for Mayor of New York City in the 2013 election. He attempted to run for Governor again in the 2014 election but he did not make the ballot.

paragraphs: McMillan announced his candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election, but withdrew from the campaign on December 9, 2015 and announced that he was retiring from politics.


William Bradley


title: Desert climate

paragraphs: Desert climate or Arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification: BWh "hot desert climate" and BWk "cold desert climate") is a type of climate where precipitation is generally less than a year. Low rainfall is a feature of deserts such as the Arabian, central Australia and the Sahara. It is a feature of continental interiors, the western sides of continents, and the leeward side of tall mountain ranges. Parts of the Arctic and Antarctic have arid climates even though they are cold.

paragraphs: A "true desert" is one where plant cover is very sparse and rainfall is rare or infrequent. Because desert air is dry there is little moisture to hold onto the heat of the day. Desert nights are usually very cold. This wide temperature variation can make a desert climate difficult to live in.

paragraphs: Some deserts get more than 250mm of rainfall yearly but are still arid areas. For example, the Kalahari Desert gets up to a year. It has great sand dunes like the Sahara, but they do not shift in the winds. They have plants that anchor the sand and help to keep their shape. Other areas can also have more than 250mm of precipitation but lose more water via evapotranspiration than falls as precipitation. Tuscon and Alice Springs are good examples of this. Tucson gets an average of of rainfall a year. Alice Springs receives about yearly. Some scientists do not consider these as true deserts.

paragraphs: There are three types of desert climates in the Köppen climate classification: a hot desert climate (BWh), a cold desert climate (BWk) and a mild desert climate (BWh/BWn). Hot deserts have very hot summers that have temperatures that can even reach 45 °C (113 °F). Temperatures can even be very warm during winter. Cold deserts can have hot summers as well, but the winters are usually very cold. They are usually at high altitudes and can be drier than hot deserts.

paragraphs: Desert plants and animals have adapted to living in desert climates. Some animals can get by on less water. Some plants are able to store water. Some animals, like snakes, lizards and scorpions use poisonous venoms to kill for food. This saves valuable energy: they do not need to chase, fight or catch their prey. Many animals are nocturnal. They sleep in cool caves or burrows during the day and hunt at night. Plants likewise have adapted to saving water. Some have waterproof coverings that prevent the plant or seeds from drying out. Some, like the giant Saguaro cactus, store water. They have adapted so well that they can live for more than 150 years and can average over 40 ft tall. Many types have thorns and protective spines that keep animals from getting at their stores of water.


title: Ralph Milne

paragraphs: Ralph Milne (13 May 1961 – 6 September 2015) was a Scottish footballer. He played for Dundee United, Charlton Athletic, Bristol City and Manchester United. He played as both an attacking midfielder or a winger.

paragraphs: Milne died in Dundee, Scotland from liver disease, aged 54.


title: Judy Carne

paragraphs: Judy Carne (April 27, 1939 - September 3, 2015) was an English actress. She was best remembered for the phrase "Sock it to me!" on "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In".

paragraphs: Carne died in her hometown of Northampton, England on September 3, 2015, after a battle with pneumonia, aged 76.


title: EBCDIC

paragraphs: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encoding. It is used mainly on IBM mainframe and IBM midrange computer operating systems. EBCDIC descended from the code used with punched cards. It was also related to the six bit binary-coded decimal code used with most of IBM's computer peripherals of the late 1950s and early 1960s. EBCDIC is also used on various non-IBM platforms. These include the Fujitsu-Siemens' BS2000/OSD, OS-IV, MSP, and MSP-EX, and Unisys VS/9 and MCP.


title: Calvin J. Spann

paragraphs: Calvin J. Spann (November 28, 1924 – September 6, 2015) was an original Tuskegee Airman and fighter pilot with the 100th Fighter Squadron of the 332nd Fighter Group.

paragraphs: Spann received his wings from the Tuskegee Flight School as a part of the graduating class of 44G. As a member of the United States Army Air Corps, he served in Europe during World War II, where Spann flew 26 combat missions before the end of the war in the European Theatre.


title: Martin Milner

paragraphs: Martin Sam Milner (December 28, 1931 – September 6, 2015) was an American movie, stage, radio and television actor. Milner was best known for his performances in two popular television series: "Route 66", which aired on CBS from 1960 to 1964, and "Adam-12", which aired on NBC from 1968 to 1975.

paragraphs: Milner died at his home in Carlsbad, California at the age of 83.


title: Romain Rolland

paragraphs: Romain Rolland (29 November 1866, Clamecy, Nièvre – 30 December 1944, Vézelay) was a French writer. He received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1915. He wrote dramas, novels, and essays.


title: Shahbazpur Union, Sarail

paragraphs: Shahbazpur () is a union parishad under Sarail Upazila of Brahmanbaria District in the Chittagong Division of eastern Bangladesh.


title: G. Gordon Liddy

paragraphs: George Gordon Battle Liddy (born November 30, 1930), better known as G. Gordon Liddy is a retired American lawyer and convicted felon. He was best known as the chief operative in the White House Plumbers from July–September 1971, during Richard Nixon's presidency. He was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping for his role in the Watergate scandal.


title: Candida Royalle

paragraphs: Candida Royalle (October 15, 1950 – September 7, 2015) was an American pornographic actress, director and producer. In 1984, Royalle founded "Femme Productions". Royalle was a member of American Association of Sex Educators, Counselors and Therapists. She was born in New York City.

paragraphs: Royalle died on September 7, 2015 of ovarian cancer in Mattituck, New York, aged 64.


title: UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying Group A

paragraphs: Group A of the UEFA Euro 2016 qualifying tournament is one of the nine groups to determine what team will be playing in the UEFA Euro 2016. Iceland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Netherlands, Latvia and Kazakhstan were the six teams that are in the group. It will be played from 9 September 2014 to 13 October 2015.


title: Ziynet Sali

paragraphs: Ziynet Sali (born on 29 April 1975 in Nicosia, Northern Cyprus) is a Turkish Cypriot singer who is mainly famous in Northern Cyprus and Turkey. Her 2010 single, "Rüya," reached #1 on the Turkish Music charts.

paragraphs: Ziynet was born in Cyprus on April 29, 1975 to Turkish Cypriot parents. Her father had been living in the United Kingdom since 1963 and had met her mother when he was on vacation to his native Northern Cyprus. They had three children, and Ziynet was the only daughter. Because of the Cyprus conflict, the family moved back to the United Kingdom. She currently has both a British and Cypriot citizenship. At the age of six, she moved back to Cyprus to finish her early education. In 1994, she moved to Istanbul to study music at Istanbul Technical University. She graduated this university in 1999.


title: Follow the Leader (Korn album)

paragraphs: Follow the Leader is the third studio album by the American alternative metal band Korn. The album was released on August 18, 1998. "Follow the Leader" sold 14 million copies, making it Korn's most successful album.


title: Fraggle Rock

paragraphs: Fraggle Rock is a British/American/Canadian children's live action puppet television series. It was created by Jim Henson. Fraggle Rock is about a society of Muppet creatures called Fraggles. It was shown from 1983–1987. Down at Fraggle Rock (Down in Fraggle Rock) is an opening and ending song. In 1993 versions of some episodes, at the end of some scenes of some episodes and some episodes, the 1993 Fraggle Rock "Stay tuned" screen/logo plastered/replaced the 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits and at the end of 1993 versions of some episodes, 1993 Fraggle Rock ending credits replace/plastered 1982–1987 Fraggle Rock ending credits. The intro was shortened on The Hub in 2010–2013, and Hub Network in 2013–2014 and Discovery Family since 2014. In the cartoonish/animated intro, the Roland D-50 patch "Piano-Fifty" was heard. In some versions of the theme, the Yamaha DX7 internal factory patch "Electric Bass 1" was heard in 1983–1987. It got cartoonish/animated in season 6 (1987).

paragraphs: "Fraggle Rock" was co-produced by British television company Television South (TVS), the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, U.S. pay television service Home Box Office and Henson Associates. Unlike "Sesame Street", it was intended from the start to be an international production. Henson described the "Fraggle Rock" series as "a high-energy, raucous musical romp. It's a lot of silliness. It's wonderful." While the program proved accessible to audiences of all ages, it used the fantasy creatures as examples to deal with serious issues. These included prejudice, spirituality, personal identity, the environment, and social conflict.

paragraphs: "Fraggle Rock" features many original songs.

paragraphs: The Fraggles call the human world "outer space" and humans "silly creatures from outer space."

paragraphs: Doozers are people smaller than Fraggles. Doozers have green skin and small eyes. They almost always wear hard hats. They spend most of their time building clear structures using cranes and other construction tools. The Fraggles like to eat these structures.

paragraphs: Gorgs are people much bigger than Fraggles. They call their house "the castle" and the rest of their land "the universe." The show never says whether they really are rulers or whether they are poor farmers who like to pretend they are rulers.


title: Roger Craig Smith

paragraphs: Roger Craig Smith (born August 11, 1975) is an American voice actor and former stand-up comedian who does voice roles for video games, television and movies. He is known as the current voice behind Chris Redfield in the "Resident Evil" series. He voices Ezio Auditore da Firenze in the "Assassin's Creed" games. He also voices Deidara in the anime "", and of the Sega video game character Sonic the Hedgehog, in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" video game franchise since 2010.


title: Human genetics

paragraphs: Human genetics is the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. It includes the study of human genetic disorders, the work on the human genome, and genetic counselling.

paragraphs: Genes are a common factor behnd most inherited traits. Study of human genetics may answer questions about human nature, and the genetics of human life. It helps us to understand the diseases we get, and helps the development of effective disease treatment.


title: Wadj-wer

paragraphs: Wadj-wer (meaning "Great Blue-Green") is an Egyptian god of fertility. "Wadj-wer" is sometimes shown as being part male and part female. He is seen as the personification of the Mediterranean Sea or some of the big lakes in the Nile Delta. He is often shown holding a ankh and a loaf. He is also shown to be pregnant, and he symbolizes the richness of the waters of the Nile delta.


title: Aida (musical)

paragraphs: Aida is a musical by Sir Elton John and Tim Rice, first opened in 1998. It was based on the Verdi opera of the same name It was nominated for Tony Awards.

paragraphs: The musical opens in a modern-day museum. In the Egyptian wing, a man and woman meet each other as a statue of a female Pharaoh, Amneris, awakens ("Every Story Is A Love Story") and transports them to Ancient Egypt. Ramades, who is leader of the Egyptian army, return from an expedition through the lands of the Nubians, the longtime enemies of Egypt ("Fortune Favors The Brave"). When the soldiers capture a group of women, he is instantly drawn to one of them, Aida, who tries freeing herself by fighting one of his soldiers. After Ramades forces Aida to wash his back, she refuses, telling him that although the Egyptians took everything from the Nubians, their spirit will never be taken ("The Past Is Another Land"). Ramades saves Aida's companions from working in the copper mines (and certain death) by sending them to work in the palace grounds instead. He also sends Aida as a handmaiden to Amneris, to whom he is betrothed.


title: Preschool

paragraphs: Preschool is an American term for early childhood education. It is education for very young children between the ages of three and six, before the start of compulsory education at elementary school/primary school. There are theories of child development which influence preschool activities, with the ideas of Jean Piaget that categorise this age group as a “preoperational” stage of development being the most influential.

paragraphs: In Europe the terms 'nursery' and 'kindergarten' are used to describe preschooling.

paragraphs: Early childhood education usually encourages children to learn by playing. But basic topics like counting or the alphabet may start to be taught.


title: Sanday, Orkney

paragraphs: Sanday is one of the inhabited islands of Orkney, Scotland. It covers an area of . It is the third largest of the Orkney Islands. The main centres of population are Lady Village and Kettletoft. Sanday can be reached by Orkney Ferries or plane from Kirkwall on the Orkney Mainland. Cultural activities revolve around the school.


title: Pieter van den Hoogenband

paragraphs: Pieter van den Hoogenband was born on 14 March, 1978. He is a former Dutch swimmer. He won three gold medals at the Olympics. He swam at the Olympics four times, from 1996 to 2008. He held the world record in the 100 meter and 200 meter freestyle. Van den Hoogenband is well known for his races in the 200 meter freestyle against Ian Thorpe from Australia.


title: Andrew Kohut

paragraphs: Andrew Kohut (September 2, 1942 – September 8, 2015) was an American pollster and nonpartisan news commentator about public affairs topics. Kohut was the founding director of the Pew Research Center and served as director of the Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project. He served as the center's president from 2004 to 2012.


title: Joost Zwagerman

paragraphs: Johannes Jacobus Willebrordus (Joost) Zwagerman (18 November 1963 – 8 September 2015) was a Dutch writer, poet, and essayist. Among his teachers was the novelist Oek de Jong. He was born in Alkmaar in the Netherlands.

paragraphs: Zwagerman committed suicide in Haarlem, Netherlands, aged 51.


title: The Late Show with Stephen Colbert

paragraphs: The Late Show with Stephen Colbert is an American late-night talk show hosted by Stephen Colbert on CBS. It is the second version of the "Late Show" franchise, following the retirement of original "Late Show" host David Letterman. Jonathan Batiste is the bandleader.

paragraphs: The show premiered on September 8, 2015. Colbert had previously hosted "The Colbert Report" on Comedy Central.


title: Jon Batiste

paragraphs: Jonathan "Jon" Batiste (born November 11, 1986) is an American singer, multi-instrumentalist, educator, and bandleader. Batiste is known for being the music director and bandleader for "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert".


title: Susan Allen (musician)

paragraphs: Susan Allen (May 10, 1951 – September 7, 2015) was an American harpist. She released around 16 albums between 1979 and 2014. She was born in Monrovia, California.

paragraphs: Allen died from brain cancer on September 7, 2015 in Seattle, Washington. She was 64.


title: Edward Upward

paragraphs: Edward Falaise Upward (9 September 1903 – 13 February 2009) was an English novelist and short story writer. At the time of his death, he was considered the UK's oldest living author.

paragraphs: He was born on 9 September 1903 in Romford, Essex, to Harold and Louisa Upward. His father was a doctor. Upward graduated from Corpus Christi College, Oxford in 1925 with a degree in English. He became a teacher which also allowed him time to write.

paragraphs: In 1931 he became interested in the Communist Party. He joined the party in 1934. He wrote for several Left-wing journals. These included "New Country", "The Left Review" and "New Writing". Upward's first novel was "Journey to the Border", published in 1938. At that time Upward was better known for a 1937 essay called "Sketch for a Marxist Interpretation of Literature". He wrote a trilogy called "The Spiral Ascent". The second part had trouble getting published. By the time the third part was published, it had to be underwritten by the Action Council. The council only agreed after pressure from Upward's friends. The three were titled "In the Thirties" (1962), "The Rotten Elements" (1969), and "No Home But the Struggle" (1977). The last two were almost completely ignored at the time.

paragraphs: He enjoyed a resurgence in his nineties with the publication of several of his short stories. These were "The Mortmere Stories" (co-written with Christopher Isherwood during their time at Cambridge in the 1920s), "An Unmentionable Man" (1994), "The Scenic Railway" (1997), "The Coming Day" (2000), and "A Renegade in Springtime" (2003), the last to celebrate his 100th birthday.

paragraphs: He died on 13 February 2009, aged 105, in Pontefract, West Yorkshire, England.


title: Revenge

paragraphs: Revenge is doing something to hurt another person because they believe that person hurt them. It is also called vengeance, payback, retribution or retaliation. It can also be doing something to get even for an insult, real or perceived. Vengeance is as old as people are. it is a natural urge that has been examined by psychologists, philosophers, legal scholars, poets, playwrights and others. Anthropologists have discovered chimpanzees will try to get revenge on thieves who steal their food.

paragraphs: In a 2004 issue of Science, Swiss researchers scanned the brains of several subjects who had been intentionally "wronged" in an experiment. They were then given a chance to get even with the person they thought wronged them. As they thought about how they could get revenge, their brain activity showed a rush of rush of activity in the caudate nucleus. This is the part of the brain that processes rewards. This gives some psychological confirmation to the saying "Revenge is sweet".

paragraphs: The ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius said: ""Before you embark on a journey of revenge, dig two graves." "Payback's a bitch!" is the more modern version. The person seeking revenge is often hurt as badly as his victim. Often, the one seeking revenge has to take on the very qualities he or she hated in the first place.

paragraphs: It becomes a case of "you hurt me, I'll hurt you back". Taking revenge on someone may cause them to retaliate and take revenge on you. This process keeps going back and forth until it becomes a blood feud involving families, tribes, even nations. On a world level, feuds have been going on for centuries. A desire for revenge comes from a shared human desire for justice. But revenge twists justice into what is needed at the moment.

paragraphs: Growing evidence shows abused children often inflict revenge on themselves and those around them. By not experiencing a healthy development they do not have a healthy sense of justice. By not having developed a healthy understanding of interpersonal relationships, it can lead to criminal behavior. Studies of Juvenile delinquents and inmates shows a strong connection between criminal behavior and a history of being abused as a child. As teens, many engage in revenge fantasies.

paragraphs: Sometimes revenge or acts of revenge are actually other feelings disguised as revenge.


title: Richard G. Hewlett

paragraphs: Richard Greening Hewlett (February 12, 1923 – September 1, 2015) was an American public historian. He was best known for his work as the first official Chief Historian of the United States Atomic Energy Commission (AEC).

paragraphs: Hewlett was born in Toledo, Ohio. He joined the United States Army Air Corps during World War II after the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941.

paragraphs: Hewlett died on September 1, 2015 at the age of 92.


title: Queen Rania of Jordan

paragraphs: Queen Rania of Jordan (; born Rania al-Yassin and sometimes called Rania al-Abdullah; born on 31 August 1970 in Kuwait City, Kuwait) is the Queen consort of Jordan. After she married Abdullah II of Jordan, she became known for her work in education, health, community empowerment and micro-finance. She also uses social media often (Facebook, Twitter and YouTube). She has two daughters and two sons. She has been given many awards by governments.

paragraphs: Rania al-Yassin was born in Kuwait to Palestinian parents. She went to the New English School in Jabriya, Kuwait. She got a degree in business administration at the American University in Cairo. Before graduating from the American University, she worked with Citibank and Apple, Inc..

paragraphs: Queen Rania of Jordan has launched and fought for many initiatives in education and learning.

paragraphs: In July 2005, in partnership with the Ministry of Education, the King and Queen created the Queen Rania Award for Excellence in Education. It is an annual award for teachers.

paragraphs: Queen Rania is the chairperson of Jordan's first children's museum. It was opened in May of 2007. It encourages lifelong learning for children and their families. In 2007, Queen Rania began a program to renovate 500 of Jordan's schools in a period of five years. Queen Rania is also chairperson of the Royal Health Awareness Society (RHAS)..

paragraphs: Queen Rania created the Jordan River Foundation in 1995. This foundation works to empower society, especially women and children, to improve the quality of life and make a better future for all Jordanians. She also created the Jordan River Children Program (JRCP). This program wants to place children’s well-being above politics and cultural taboos. After two children were killed in Jordan because of child abuse, Queen Rania called for an emergency meeting to discuss where the system was failing.

paragraphs: On 30 March 2008, Queen Rania launched her own YouTube channel. It was originally to invite viewers to give their opinions on the Middle East and talk about the stereotypes they may have of Arabs and Muslims.


title: Will Provine

paragraphs: William B. Provine (February 19, 1942 – September 1, 2015) was an American historian of science and of evolutionary biology and population genetics. He was best known for his several different positions held at Cornell University. Provine also appeared in Ben Stein's documentary movie "" (2008).

paragraphs: Provine was born in Nashville, Tennessee. He was married to Gail and had two sons.

paragraphs: Provine died from brain cancer on September 1, 2015 in Horseheads, New York. He was 73.


title: Dina bint Abdul-Hamid

paragraphs: Dina bint Abdul-Hamid (15 December 1929 – 21 August 2019) was the former Queen of Jordan. Her husband, the king, was Hussein of Jordan. They were married from 18 April 1955 to 24 June 1957. The marriage ended because the queen stated she did not love the king and they had political differences.

paragraphs: Dina was a graduate of Cambridge University. She lectured in English literature at Cairo University. Together they had one child, Princess Alia bint Hussein. She was the king's eldest child. She was born in Cairo, Egypt.

paragraphs: Dina died on 21 August 2019 in Amman, Jordan at the age of 89.


title: Tasmannia

paragraphs: Tasmannia is a genus of woody, evergreen flowering plants native to Australia, New Guinea, Celebes, Borneo and the Philippines. Most species have aromatic bark and leaves. Some are used to extract essential oils. Their peppery-flavored fruits and leaves (especially dried) are increasingly used as a condiment in Australia. They have a peppery flavour due to the presence of polygodial. The taste is a cross between chile and peppercorn.

paragraphs: In Australia, the genus ranges from Tasmania and eastern Victoria and New South Wales to southeastern Queensland. It is also found in the mountains of northeastern Queensland. There it grows in moist mountain forests and in wet areas in the drier forest and along watercourses to up to 1500 m (5000 ft).

paragraphs: 'Tasmanian pepper' or 'mountain pepper' (pictured) was the original pepperbush used by colonial Australians. It was grown in Cornwall in England, to become the 'Cornish pepperleaf' (associated with Cornish cuisine). It has large, peppery berries which are also high in antioxidants. But due to the presence of safrole, safrole-free strains of mountain pepper are selected for the spice trade.

paragraphs: 'Dorrigo pepper ("Tasmannia stipitata") was the original pepper bush present in Specialty foods] restaurants in the 1980s. It is also sold as a spice today. Dorrigo pepper is safrole free and has a strong peppery flavour.


title: Tacuinum sanitatis

paragraphs: The Tacuinum (sometimes Taccuinum) Sanitatis is a medieval handbook mainly on health. It is based on the "Taqwim al‑sihha" ("Maintenance of Health"), an eleventh-century Arab work an health by Ibn Butlan of Baghdad. The text exists in several variant Latin versions.

paragraphs: It describes in detail the beneficial and harmful properties of foods and plants. It explains the six essential elements for well-being:

paragraphs: "Tacuinum Sanitatis" says that illnesses result from imbalance of these elements.


title: Rapa Nui people

paragraphs: The Rapa Nui are the native Polynesian people of Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the Pacific Ocean. The easternmost Polynesian culture, the Rapa Nui people currently make up 60% of Easter Island's population. Some live in mainland Chile. They speak both the traditional Rapa Nui language and the primary language of the island, Spanish. At the 2002 census there were 3,304 island inhabitants. Almost all lived in the village of Hanga Roa on the sheltered west coast.

paragraphs: As of 2011, Rapa Nui's main source of income comes from tourism. Tourists come to see the giant sculptures called Moai. Some fruits are grown for local use. Rapa Nui activists have been fighting for their right of self-determination. They also want control of the island. Recent protests by the Rapa Nui on Easter Island against Chilean rule has led to clashes with the Chilean police.


title: Humorism

paragraphs: Humorism, or humoralism, was a system of medicine about the makeup and workings of the human body. It was a belief that too much or too little of any of four distinct body fluids in a person directly influenced their temperament and health. The humoralist system of medicine is highly individualistic. Each individual patient was made up of their own unique combination of humors.

paragraphs: It resembled an early holistic approach to medicine linking mental and physical processes. From Hippocrates onward, the humoral theory was adopted by Greek, Roman and Persian physicians. It became the most commonly held view of the human body among early physicians until the coming of modern medical research in the nineteenth century. It has not been used in medicine since then.