title: The Burlington Free Press

paragraphs: Burlington Free Press is a daily newspaper based in Burlington, Vermont, in the United States. With a circulation of about 20,166 daily and 27,830 on Sundays, it is the largest daily newspaper in Vermont.

paragraphs: The newspaper has been hit by waves of layoffs over the past several years and employs 272 full-time employees in its Burlington headquarters. International news is usually reprinted stories supplied by the Associated Press and Reuters news services.


title: The Boston Globe

paragraphs: The Boston Globe is an American daily newspaper based in Boston, Massachusetts. Founded in 1872 by Charles H. Taylor, it was privately held until 1973. The "Boston Globe" has been awarded 23 Pulitzer Prizes since 1966, and its chief print rival is the "Boston Herald". In 2002, they exposed the massive child abuse cover-up by the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Washington Examiner

paragraphs: The Washington Examiner is a political journalism publication based in Washington, D.C., is a weekly magazine. The local newspaper ceased publication on June 14, 2013, and its content began to focus exclusively on national politics, switching its print edition from a daily newspaper to a weekly magazine format.


title: Single-payer health care

paragraphs: Single-payer health care is a system in which the government, rather than private insurers, pays for all health care costs. Single-payer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations. The actual funding of a "single payer" system comes from all or a portion of the covered population. Although the fund holder is usually the state, some forms of single-payer use a mixed public-private system. This is practiced in Canada.


title: LA Law Library

paragraphs: The LA Law Library is the second largest public law library in the United States (behind the Law Library of Congress. It has just under 1 million books.

paragraphs: The library is now at 301 W 1st St in downtown Los Angeles.

paragraphs: it was started in 1891 by local attorneys.

paragraphs: for its first 60 years it was located on the courthouse on hill street. then they build the current building. it took from 1951-1953 to finish it.


title: Frank Tyson

paragraphs: Frank Holmes Tyson (6 June 1930 – 27 September 2015) was an English cricketer and journalist. In the 1950s, he played 17 Test matches, taking 76 wickets at an outstanding bowling average of 18.56. He was a fast bowler and was given the nickname "Typhoon Tyson" for his speed.

paragraphs: Tyson was born in Farnworth, Lancashire. In 1960, he moved to Australia and became a journalist. He was married to Ursula and had three children.

paragraphs: Tyson died on 27 September 2015 on the Gold Coast in Queensland. He was 85.


title: Siegfried Gottwald

paragraphs: Siegfried Johannes Gottwald (30 March 1943 – 20 September 2015) was a German mathematician, logician and historian of science. For his work to set theory, he became well known. He taught at the Leipzig University from 1972 to his retirement in 2008. He wrote seven published books between 1973 and 2001.

paragraphs: Gottwald was born in Limbach, Saxony. He studied mathematics at the Leipzig University from 1961 to 1966. He was married with three children.

paragraphs: Gottwald died on 20 September 2015 at the age of 72.


title: Ton van de Ven

paragraphs: Antonius Hendrikus Maria "Ton" van de Ven (1 January 1944 – 16 September 2015) was a Dutch industrial designer. He was best known for being the creative director at the Efteling theme park in Kaatsheuvel. He designed many things at the theme park between the mid-1970s and early 2000s, including ten rides.

paragraphs: Van de Ven was born in Eindhoven, North Brabant. He was married and had three children.

paragraphs: Van de Ven died from a cerebral hemorrhage on 16 September 2015 in Tilburg. He was 71.


title: Wilton Felder

paragraphs: Wilton Lewis Felder (August 31, 1940 – September 27, 2015) was an American jazz musician. He played the saxophone and bass. He is best known as a founding member of The Jazz Crusaders, later known as The Crusaders. He was born in Houston, Texas.

paragraphs: Felder died of multiple myeloma on September 27, 2015 in Whittier, California. He was 75.


title: Sleepless in Seattle

paragraphs: Sleepless in Seattle is a 1993 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Nora Ephron and it was produced by Gary Foster. "Sleepless in Seattle" was released on June 25, 1993.

paragraphs: The movie got positive reviews from critics. It has a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. "Sleepless in Seattle" was nominated for two Academy Awards at the 66th Academy Awards in the categories of Best Original Screenplay and Best Original Song but did not win in either. At the 51st Golden Globe Awards, the movie was nominated for Best Film - Musical or Comedy. Tom Hanks was nominated for Best Actor - Musical or Comedy and Meg Ryan was nominated for Best Actress - Musical or Comedy.


title: John Sergeant Cram

paragraphs: John Sergeant Cram, Sr. (1852-1936) was the Head of the New York Public Service Commission.

paragraphs: Cram was born in 1852 in New York to Henry A. Cram and Catherine Sergeant. He attended the St. Paul School in Concord, New Hampshire and then Harvard University. He was appointed as the head of the New York Public Service Commission by Charles Seymour Whitman from 1911 to 1916. In 1916 he was replaced by Travis H. Whitney. He married Edith Claire Bryce. He died in 1936. His widow died in 1960.


title: Movius Line

paragraphs: The Movius Line is a theoretical line drawn across northern India. It was proposed by the American archaeologist Hallam L. Movius in 1948 to show a technological difference between the early prehistoric tool technologies of the east and the west of the Old World.

paragraphs: Movius noticed that the palaeolithic stone tools from sites east of northern India never contained handaxes. They had less formal implements known as chopping tools. These were sometimes as extensively worked as the Acheulean tools from further west, but could not be described as true handaxes. Movius then drew a line on a map of India to show where the difference occurred, dividing the tools of Africa, Europe and Western and Southern Asia from those of Eastern and South-eastern Asia.

paragraphs: Fossil evidence also suggests a difference in the evolutionary development of the people who made the two different tool types across the Movius Line. The line is still in use as a distinction between the two traditions. The existence of the line, in terms of stone tool technology and human evolution, is still not explained.


Britt Allcroft


title: Gullane Entertainment

paragraphs: Gullane Entertainment (originally The Britt Allcroft Company) was a television production company in the United Kingdom. They produced programs for children, including "Thomas and Friends".


title: The Eleventh Commandment (Ronald Reagan)

paragraphs: The Eleventh Commandment was a phrase used by President of the United States Ronald Reagan during his 1966 campaign for Governor of California. The Commandment reads:

paragraphs: Reagan followed this "commandment" during the first five primaries during the 1976 Republican primary against incumbent Gerald Ford, all of which he lost.


title: Ignacio Zoco

paragraphs: Ignacio Zoco Esparza (31 July 1939 – 28 September 2015) was a Spanish footballer. He played as a defensive midfielder. He played 12 years of his professional career with Real Madrid, appearing in more than 400 official games and winning ten major titles.

paragraphs: Zoco played more than 20 times with Spain, representing the nation in one World Cup and one European Championship, winning the 1964 European Nations' Cup.

paragraphs: Zoco died in Madrid on 28 September 2015, after a long illness. He was 76 years old.


title: Pushback

paragraphs: In aviation, pushback is an airport procedure in which an aircraft is pushed backwards from an airport gate by external power. Pushbacks are carried out by special, vehicles called "pushback tractors" or "tugs".


title: Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield

paragraphs: Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield (IATA: DSA ICAO: EGCN) is an international airport. It is located at the old RAF Finningley station, in the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster in South Yorkshire, England.


title: Frank Martinus Arion

paragraphs: Frank Martinus Arion (born Frank Efraim Martinus; 17 December 1936 – 28 September 2015) was a Dutch Antillean author, poet, and linguist. He wrote over ten books in Dutch and Papiamento. His best known works were "Dubbelspel", "Afscheid van de koningin", "Nobele wilden", "De laatste vrijheid" and "De deserteurs". He also worked in Netherlands and Suriname. He was born in Curaçao.

paragraphs: Arion died on 28 September 2015 in Curaçao, aged 78.


title: Lincoln County, South Dakota

paragraphs: Lincoln County is a county in the U.S. state of South Dakota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 44,828. This makes it the third-most populated county in the state. Its county seat is Canton.

paragraphs: The first resident of the area was A. I. Linderman in 1866. He was the only resident until the summer of 1867. Lincoln county was incorporated on December 30, 1867. The county was named for Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States.


title: Kallen Pokkudan

paragraphs: Kallen Pokkudan (; 1937 – 27 September 2015), also known as Kandal Pokkudan, was an Indian environmental activist and writer. He was best known for helping to protect mangrove forests in Kerala from 1989 until his death. He also wrote several books even his basic literacy, including to autobiographies.

paragraphs: Pokkudan was born in Ezhom Moola, Idukkil Thara, Kannur. He had six children, three sons and three daughters.

paragraphs: Pokkudan died after an illness on 27 September 2015 in Cherukunnu, Kannur. He was 78.


title: Michael Burgess (singer)

paragraphs: Michael Burgess (July 22, 1945 – September 28, 2015) was an Canadian actor and singer (tenor). He was best known for his portrayal of Jean Valjean in the Toronto production of "Les Misérables". In 2013, he was made a Member of the Order of Ontario.

paragraphs: Burgess was born in Regina, Saskatchewan. He grew up in Toronto, Ontario. He studied at the University of Ottawa. He married fellow "Les Misérables" performer Susan Gilmour on October 8, 1994.

paragraphs: Burgess died from cancer on September 28, 2015 in Toronto, aged 70.


title: Kidron Valley necropolis

paragraphs: Kidron Valley necropolis (also called Silwan necropolis) is a row of ancient Jewish burial caves in the Kidron Valley. The valley is between the City of David and the north-west slope of the Mount of Olives. The ancient caves face towards the City of David to the west under the houses of the Arab neighborhood of Silwan in East Jerusalem. The row of ancient burial sites ends at the Tomb of Pharaoh's daughter monument. It is not a burial cave, but also the continuing of the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery from south beside the Arab neighborhoods.


title: Kendall Gill

paragraphs: Kendall Gill is a retired American basketball player. He is now a basketball television analyst.

paragraphs: Gill was chosen in the 1990 NBA Draft by the Charlotte Hornets. He played in the NBA for 15 years.


title: Stacey Augmon

paragraphs: Stacey Augmon is a retired American basketball player. Augmon had the nickname "Plastic Man" due to his athletic ability to "stretch".

paragraphs: Augmon played college basketball for four years at UNLV. He won the 1990 NCAA Championship with them. Augmon was the first three-time winner of the NABC Defensive Player of the Year, winning the award in 1989, 1990, and 1991. He is a class of 2002 member of the UNLV Athletic Hall of Fame along with teammates Greg Anthony and Larry Johnson.

paragraphs: Augmon was drafted by the Atlanta Hawks in 1991. He played for the Hawks, the Detroit Pistons, the Portland Trail Blazers, the Charlotte Hornets, the New Orleans Hornets, and the Orlando Magic. He holds a scoring average of 8.0 points per game throughout his career.


title: 20 Y.O.

paragraphs: 20 Y.O. is the ninth studio album by American singer-songwriter Janet Jackson. It was released on September 20, 2006 by Virgin Records. The title refers to the twenty years since her third studio album, "Control" (1986). It had its twentieth anniversary rerelease in 2006. It was also her last album to be released by Virgin Records. She signed a new contract with Def Jam Recordings.

paragraphs: "20 Y.O." received mixed reviews by music critics.


title: Spirit (Leona Lewis album)

paragraphs: Spirit is the debut studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released by Syco in November 2007 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was released everywhere else in early 2008.

paragraphs: "Spirit" received generally positive to mixed reviews.


title: 2008 Detroit Lions season

paragraphs: The 2008 Detroit Lions season was the 79th football season of the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL). It was their third year under head coach Rod Marinelli. In 2008, the Lions had one of the worst seasons of any major American pro sports team. They lost all 16 of their regular season games. They were the first NFL team to finish a season with no wins and 16 losses after their loss to the Green Bay Packers. They were the second team with no wins after the 1976 Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Matt Millen was fired during the bye week of the season and the rest of the staff were fired after the season was over.


title: Calvin Johnson

paragraphs: Calvin Johnson (born September 29, 1985) is a American football wide receiver played his for the Detroit Lions. His nickname is Megatron. He was drafted by the Lions in 2007.

paragraphs: He was also on the winless 2008 Lions roster. Even though the Lions went 0-16, Johnson finished as one of the strongest wide receivers statistically for the season, fifth in receiving yards (1,331) and 7th in receiving yards per game (83.2), and leading the league in receiving touchdowns (12).


title: Phetchaburi Province

paragraphs: Phetchaburi (, ) is one of the western provinces ("changwat") of Thailand.

paragraphs: Phetchaburi is in the northern part of the Malay Peninsula. The Gulf of Thailand is to the east. Most of the province is a flat plain. The Kaeng Krachan National Park is Thailand's largest national park, covering nearly half of the province. It covers 3000 km.

paragraphs: Phetchaburi is an old royal city, dating back to the Mon of the 8th century. Later Khmer settled in the city, as can be seen by the prangs of Wat Kamphaeng Laeng.

paragraphs: In 1860, King Rama IV built a palace near the city of Phetchaburi, commonly known as "Khao Wang", but its official name is Phra Nakhon Khiri. Next to the palace the king built a tower for his astronomical observations. On a hill near the palace is the royal temple Wat Phra Kaeo.

paragraphs: This tourist resort resort, with modern facilities, is on a beach considered to be one of the most popular beaches of Thailand.

paragraphs: Phra Nakhon Khiri Historical Park (อุทยานประวัติศาสตร์พระนครคีรี)

paragraphs: This park is a hilly area with an old palace and historical temples near the town. It has royal halls, temples and groups of buildings, constructed in Thai, Western neoclassic and Chinese architectural styles.

paragraphs: This temple was originally a Khmer place of worship. It was later turned into a Buddhist temple and a shrine hall was constructed. However, the outlook of the place has not much changed due to the existence of sandstone walls and four Khmer style pagodas.

paragraphs: Legend says that King Naresuan the Great and King Eka Thotsarot made several royal visits here and enjoyed its beauty. The villagers called it "Hat Chao Samran", which means "beach of royal leisure".

paragraphs: Phetchaburi is known for a vast variety of sweet food. The reputation comes from the use of Tanot (palm) sugar. Examples are Mo-kaeng, a sweet made from flour, sugar and eggs; A-lua and Sampanni, a sweet made from flour and sugar; Thong Yip, Thong Yot and Foi Thong, sweets made from baked egg-yolk; and Chao Tan Chueam (palm seed in thick syrup).

paragraphs: Phra Nakhon Khiri Fair (งานพระนครคีรี) , also known as Khao Wang, it is an important historical site. During the reign of King Rama IV, it served as the king's out-of-town palace.


title: Austenite

paragraphs: Austenite is iron but in a metallic form. It is one of the allotropes of iron, which means its physical form is different from iron but its chemical form is the same. It is named after Sir William Chandler Roberts-Austen (1843–1902).

paragraphs: Austenitization means to heat iron, iron-based metal, or steel to a high temperature. At that temperature, the crystal structure of the metal changes from ferrite to austenite, which can dissolve more carbon.

paragraphs: For some irons, iron-based metals, and steels, the presence of carbides may occur during this austenitization step. The term commonly used for this is two-phase austenitization.


title: Samara (fruit)

paragraphs: A samara is an achene, a type of dry winged botanical fruit. The shape of a samara enables the wind to carry the seed farther away than regular seeds from the parent tree:


title: British Petroleum

paragraphs: British Petroleum, now called "BP plc", is one of the world's seven biggest oil and gas companies. Its headquarters are in London. The company grew out of the old Anglo-Persian Oil Company, which was founded in 1908. It was privatised by the British government in stages between 1979 and 1987.


title: Alan Zweibel

paragraphs: Alan Zweibel (born May 20, 1950) is an American producer and writer. He was one of the original writers on "Saturday Night Live". He and Garry Shandling were the co-creators of Showtime's "It's Garry Shandling's Show". Zweibel was born to a Jewish family in Brooklyn and grew up in suburbs of Wantagh and Woodmere on Long Island. Zweibel graduated from George W. Hewlett High School and the University at Buffalo, The State University of New York. In 2006, Zweibel won the Thurber Prize for American Humor for his book "The Other Shulman".


title: Today (American TV program)

paragraphs: The Today Show is a morning talk/news show. It airs on National Broadcasting Company. As of 2016, the anchors were Savannah Guthrie. Natalie Morales reads the news and Al Roker forecasts the weather. Carson Daly contributes to the program on a regular basis as well.

paragraphs: During the week, the flagship hours of Today (7:00 a.m. - 9:00 a.m.) are co-anchored by Savannah Guthrie (2012–present) alongside co-hosts Al Roker (weather anchor; 1996–present), Carson Daly (social media anchor/Orange Room anchor; 2013–present), Jenna Bush Hager (correspondent; 2009–present), and Natalie Morales (West Coast anchor/correspondent; 2011–present).

paragraphs: The show also has a third and fourth hour. The third hour is hosted by Morales, Roker, Tamron Hall, and Willie Geist. The fourth hour is anchored by Kathie Lee Gifford.

paragraphs: Former anchors include Bryant Gumbell, Katie Couric, Meredith Vieira, and Ann Curry

paragraphs: Craig Melvin & Willie Geist anchored the final edition of Today with with Savannah Guthrie and Hoda Kotb on August 30, 2019. That day's broadcast ended with one of Kotb's favorite pieces of music instead of the traditional theme music.

paragraphs: Beginning on September 2, 2019, the broadcast was introduced simply as Today Show and it remained that way until January 2020.

paragraphs: On September 3, 2019, Kotb came on the Today Show via phone to announce she had adopted a baby girl again named Hope Catherine Kotb again

paragraphs: fruit smoothies, french toast, salsa and chips, french toast, grilled cheese sandwich, pudding, pizza/s'mores, fruit smoothie again/corn, quesadillas/grilled cheese sandwich again/strawberry shortcakes & salad

paragraphs: awesome job our dancers Slavik Is America’s Favorite dancer who made this season wearing masks, social distancing, washing hands, quarantining so special uh doctor. All of dancers of all stars of choreographers and judges, good night bye bye

paragraphs: Hi Michael,I hope you are doing well! I have missed seeing you. You and I are going to work together for ESY, I hope that is okay. ESY is a little different this year because of Coronavirus. ESY is going to be online this year. Here is an ESY schedule for you:

paragraphs: I am going to be sending out a teams invite to your email! I can’t wait to work with you. When we work together you will get a choice of what you want to work on and then after our work is done we can play hangman or listen to music


title: Apportionment

paragraphs: Apportionment or apportionment by population is a concept in United States law of allocating representatives or taxes among the US states. Apportionment is based on the United States Census taken every ten years. Seats in the United States House of Representatives are then apportioned among the states. Each state gets a number of seats based on its population (the minimum is one seat). Congress enacted new apportionment legislation following every census until the mid-20th century. of the United States Constitution requires that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. This was overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which removed the apportionment requirement from Congress imposing direct taxes.


title: David Muir

paragraphs: David Muir (born November 8, 1973) is the anchor of World News Tonight on ABC News. He formerly anchored the weekend version of the show until he replaced Diane Sawyer in 2014. He was born in Syracuse, New York.

paragraphs: He co-moderated a Republican and a Democratic debate for ABC News alongside of Martha Raddatz


title: Ikeja

paragraphs: Ikeja is a town and local government area of Lagos State, Nigeria. It serves as the capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is known for being a well-planned commercial settlement with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reservation areas.

paragraphs: Oral history has it that the word Ikeja was first coined from the Benin word "Ikehdia" ("English: military watch station).

paragraphs: It is also believed that the first colonial administrators in Lagos abbreviated Ikorodu and Epe Joint Administration to Ikeja for easy administration.


title: Saheed Osupa

paragraphs: Saheed Akorede Okunola (born 1969), popularly known as Saheed Osupa or King Saheed Osupa is a Nigerian musician, performer and film actor. His genre of music is majorly fuji.

paragraphs: Saheed Osupa was born in Ibadan, Oyo State but grew up in Lagos State where he completed his early education.

paragraphs: In 1983, Saheed Osupa chose music as his profession and went on to release his first record album titled "Fuji Fa Disco" which earned him fame. He has released over 25 record albums.


title: Perlin noise

paragraphs: Perlin noise was made by Ken Perlin in 1983. He made it because when computers created pictures that were supposed to look natural, they didn't look very good. Noise can be used to draw things that look natural, like clouds or smoke. It helps computer artists draw patterns that look more real.

paragraphs: In 1997, Perlin was awarded an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for discovering the algorithm:


title: Mireia Lalaguna

paragraphs: Mireia Lalaguna Royo (born 28 November 1992) is a Spanish model and actress. She is the winner of the Miss Spain 2015 and Miss World 2015 beauty competitions.


title: Heliobatis

paragraphs: Heliobatis is an extinct genus of stingray. At present the genus contains the single species Heliobatis radians.

paragraphs: The fossil is found in the early Eocene, Wasatchian stage, Fossil Lake deposits. Fossil Lake is part of the Green River Formation in southwest Wyoming.

paragraphs: "Heliobatis" is one of only two known rays to have been found in the Green River formation. The other species, "Asterotrygon maloneyi", was recognized and described in 2004.


title: Taxing and Spending Clause

paragraphs: The Taxing and Spending Clause contained in Article I, , Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, grants the federal government of the United States its power of taxation. It authorizes Congress to levy taxes for two purposes: to pay the debts of the United States and to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States. Contained in the Taxing and Spending Clause are two additional clauses: the General Welfare Clause and the Uniformity Clause.

paragraphs: The Articles of Confederation (1781–1789) did not grant the central government the power to levy taxes. Only the states had this power. Congress could get money only by asking the states for funds. They could also borrow money from foreign governments or sell off western lands. This was designed to keep a weak central government with the majority of the governing powers reserved for the independent states. Congress had no revenues to pay its debts or to enforce its laws and treaties. This was one of the issues taken up by the Constitutional Convention in 1787 and changed in the Constitution.

paragraphs: The power of Congress to levy taxes has an exception and two qualifications in the Constitution. Any goods exported from any state may not be taxed. Direct taxes must follow the rule of apportionment

paragraphs: The power granted to “provide . . . for the general welfare” is granted by the Constitution. In 1791 Thomas Jefferson wrote:

paragraphs: He was writing about the constitutionality of having a national bank. Here he was making the point that the clause was not an independent power granted to Congress, but was intended to qualify that taxing power. The Supreme Court has not since had any occasion to make a formal ruling on the point.

paragraphs: There was a different of opinion on the meaning of “the general welfare” between the two authors of this clause. Alexander Hamilton adopted a very plain view that the clause meant just what it said. The general welfare meant for every citizen's benefit. James Madison took a more limited view. He believed the clause gave Congress the power of taxation just to support itself and remain in power. Congress has followed Hamilton's view from the start. They have made increasing appropriations for spending for the general welfare often requiring matching funds from the states.

paragraphs: Indirect taxes are subject to the rule of uniformity. This states "all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States". At first, the Supreme court declared that a tax is uniform "if it "operates with the same force and effect in every place where the subject of it is found." In United States v. Ptasynski (1983), the Court concluded unanimously that any tax in which the subject is defined in non-geographic terms satisfies the Uniformity Clause. Secondly, where a subject is defined geographically, the tax needs to carefully look for any "actual geographic discrimination."


title: Steve Biko

paragraphs: Stephen Bantu Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African activist. He is famous for for his activism against apartheid in South Africa during the 1960s and 1970s. He created the Black Consciousness Movement.

paragraphs: Biko was born in Ginsberg Township (now called the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa). He started high school at Lovedale High School. However, he was kicked out of school because of his political ideas about South Africa. He finished high school at St. Francis College.

paragraphs: During the late 1960s, Biko was a medical student at the University of Natal. During this time, he helped create the South African Students' Organisation. The organization later changed into the Black Consciousness Movement, and elected Biko as its first president in 1968.

paragraphs: As a student, during the early 1970s, Biko fought against apartheid in many ways. Eventually, in 1972, he was kicked out of the University of Natal. In February 1973, the South African apartheid government banned Biko. This severely limited his freedom of speech.

paragraphs: Biko and the Black Consciousness Movement played key roles in organizing protests, led by South African high school students, that resulted in the Soweto Uprising.

paragraphs: On 18 August 1977, Biko was arrested. He died on 12 September 1977 due to injuries he got while in police custody.


title: Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co

paragraphs: Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Company, , was a Landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. In a 5–4 decision the Court ruled that the federal Income Tax Act of 1894 was unconstitutional. The Pollock decision was overturned by the passing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: of the United States Constitution required that direct taxes be apportioned among the states by population. Apportionment by population proved to be a nearly impossible, uneven and unfair requirement for collecting taxes since the states had different populations. An income tax is a direct tax. So the federal government relied on tariffs and other sources of revenue.

paragraphs: During the Civil War, in order to fund the war, the federal government passed an income tax law. In 1862, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000. The bill was declared unconstitutional in 1872 when it was repealed.

paragraphs: In 1894 Congress created a personal income tax as a part of theWilson–Gorman Tariff Act. President Grover Cleveland was unhappy with the bill but let it pass without his signature. All income over $4,000 was subject to a 2% tax. It was the first peacetime federal income tax in the United States. It was challenged right away on the grounds that the Constitution required direct taxes to be levied in proportion to each state's population (called apportionment). The US government has levied taxes before but these were indirect taxes (such as on whiskey, carriages and other goods).

paragraphs: The Gorman Tariff Act of 1894 called for a 2% tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. Shareholders of the Farmers' Loan & Trust Co., based out of New York, would pay the required tax. In addition they would provide a list of the names of shareholders to the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

paragraphs: A Shareholder, Charles Pollock, who lived in Massachusetts and owned ten shares of stock, sued the company. He did not want them to pay the tax. He lost his case in the lower courts and appealed to the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the case. The high court ruled in Pollick's favor declaring the tariff act (sections 27 to 37) unconstitutional.


title: It's Garry Shandling's Show

paragraphs: It's Garry Shandling's Show is an American sitcom. It is about the everyday life of Garry Shandling (portraying a fictionalized version of himself). It aired from 1986-1990.


title: 2013–14 La Liga - Results of first round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the first round of 2013–14 La Liga.


title: Milton Obote

paragraphs: Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan politician who led Uganda to independence in 1962 from British colonial rule.

paragraphs: Betweeen 1962 to 1966, Obote served as Prime Minister of Uganda. He also went on to serve twice as President of Uganda from 1966 to 1971 then from 1980 to 1985.

paragraphs: On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in an hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa, aged 79.


title: Jimmy MacDonald

paragraphs: John James "Jimmy" MacDonald (May 19, 1906 – February 1, 1991) was a British-born foley artist, animator, voice actor, musician, and the original head of the Disney sound effects department. He was also known for being the voice of Mickey Mouse from 1947 to 1977. After MacDonald's retirement in 1977, Wayne Allwine took over the role as Mickey from 1977 until his death in 2009.


title: Katherine Dunn

paragraphs: Katherine Karen Dunn (October 24, 1945 – May 11, 2016) was an American novelist, journalist, voice artist, radio personality, book reviewer and poet. She was born in Garden City, Kansas, but was raised in Portland, Oregon. She was best known for the novel "Geek Love" (1989).

paragraphs: Dunn died of lung cancer on May 11, 2016 in Portland, aged 70.


title: Ismail Kadare

paragraphs: Ismail Kadare (, also spelled "Kadaré"; born 28 January 1936) is an Albanian novelist and poet. He is known for writting short stories until the publication of his first novel, "The General of the Dead Army".

paragraphs: In 1996, he became a lifetime member of the Academy of Moral and Political Sciences of France. In 2005, he won the first Man Booker International Prize and in 2016, he was "Commandeur de la Légion d'Honneur" recipient.

paragraphs: Kadare has been said he might win the Nobel Prize in Literature. His works have been published in about 30 languages.


title: Mercedes-Benz O405

paragraphs: The Mercedes-Benz O405 is a bus that was produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1980 to 2000. It was the last VöV SL-II standard bus to be made.


title: Mike Agostini

paragraphs: Michael George Raymond "Mike" Agostini (23 January 1935 – 12 May 2016) was a Trinidadian track and field athlete. He was from Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago.

paragraphs: In 1954, he became the first athlete from that country to take a gold medal at the Commonwealth Games when he won the 100 yards final in Vancouver, Canada, on 31 July. He competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: Agostini died on 12 May 2016 in Sydney, Australia from pancreatic cancer, aged 81.


title: Susanne Blakeslee

paragraphs: Susanne Ann Blakeslee (born January 27, 1956) is an American actress, voice artist, and comedienne, best known for voicing Cruella de Vil and for Maleficent's voice in the Kingdom Hearts. She was born in Los Angeles, California.


title: Sammy Ellis

paragraphs: Samuel Joseph Ellis (February 11, 1941 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1962 – 1967), California Angels (1968), and Chicago White Sox (1969). He was born in Youngstown, Ohio. His career began in the early 1960s. He retired in 1970.

paragraphs: Ellis died of cancer at his home in Temple Terrace, Florida on May 13, 2016, aged 75.

paragraphs: or Baseball Almanac or Retrosheet or Venezuelan Professional Baseball League


title: Dick McAuliffe

paragraphs: Richard John "Dick" McAuliffe (November 29, 1939 – May 13, 2016) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a shortstop and second baseman for the Detroit Tigers from 1960 to 1973 and for the Boston Red Sox from 1974 to 1975. He was born in Hartford, Connecticut.

paragraphs: McAuliffe died on May 13, 2016 in Farmington, Connecticut after suffering a stroke and Alzheimer's disease, aged 76.


title: Seán Ardagh

paragraphs: Seán Ardagh (25 November 1947 – 17 May 2016) was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Dublin South-Central constituency from 1997 to 2011.

paragraphs: Ardagh died on 17 May 2016 after a long-illness in Dublin, aged 68.


title: Guy Clark

paragraphs: Guy Charles Clark (November 6, 1941 – May 17, 2016) was a Grammy Award winning American country and folk singer, musician, songwriter, recording artist, and performer. He has released more than twenty albums.

paragraphs: His songs have been recorded by other artists including Jerry Jeff Walker, Jimmy Buffett, Lyle Lovett, Ricky Skaggs, Steve Wariner, and Rodney Crowell.

paragraphs: Clark won the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Folk Album: "My Favorite Picture Of You".

paragraphs: Clark died in Nashville, Tennessee from lymphoma on May 17, 2016, aged 74.


title: Huguette Dreyfus

paragraphs: Huguette Dreyfus (30 November 1928 – 17 May 2016) was a French musician and educator. She was known for playing the harpsichord. She was born in Mulhouse, Alsace. Dreyfus taught at the Schola Cantorum, at the Sorbonne in Paris, and at the National Conservatory of Music and Dance of Lyon.

paragraphs: Dreyfus died on 17 May 2016 in Lyon, aged 87.


title: Michael Roberds

paragraphs: Michael Roberds (January 18, 1964 – May 15, 2016) was a Canadian actor. He starred on Fox Family's "The New Addams Family" as Uncle Fester. He also starred in "Da Vinci's City Hall" and "". He was also known for his movies roles in "Elf" and "Hot Tub Time Machine".

paragraphs: Roberds died from a suspected heart attack at a hospital in Langley, British Columbia on May 15, 2016, aged 52.


title: Yūko Mizutani

paragraphs: On May 17, 2016, Mizutani died as a result of breast cancer. She was 51 years old at the time of her death.


title: Marco Pannella

paragraphs: Marco Pannella (born Giacinto Pannella; 2 May 1930 – 19 May 2016) was an Italian politician and political and human rights activist.

paragraphs: He was the leader of the Radical Party. Between 1979 and 2009, he was a Member of the European Parliament, where he sat as a full member in the Committee on Legal Affairs, in the Committee on Budgetary Control and in the Delegation for relations with Israel.

paragraphs: He was also President of the Nonviolent Radical Party. He was a bisexual. He was an atheist.

paragraphs: Pannella died on 19 May 2016 of lung and liver cancer in Rome, aged 86.


title: Alexandru Lăpușan

paragraphs: Alexandru Lăpușan (1 February 1955 – 17 May 2016) was a Romanian politician. He served as Minister of Agriculture from 1992 through 1996. He was member of the Chamber of Deputies from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Țăndărei, Romania.


title: Alexandre Astruc

paragraphs: Alexandre Astruc (13 July 1923 – 19 May 2016) was a French movie critic and movie director. He was known for being part of the French New Wave. He was born in Paris.

paragraphs: Astruc was known for his movies "The Crimson Curtain", "La Putain respectueuse", "Les Mauvaises rencontres", "Amour de poche", "Une vie", and "La proie pour l'ombre".

paragraphs: In 1994, he was given the René Clair Award.

paragraphs: Astruc died in Paris on 19 May 2016, aged 92.


title: Fritz Stern

paragraphs: Fritz Richard Stern (February 2, 1926 – May 18, 2016) was a German-born American historian of German history, Jewish history, and historiography.

paragraphs: He was a University Professor Emeritus at New York's Columbia University. His work focused on the relationships between Germans and Jews in the 19th and 20th centuries and on the rise of National Socialism in Germany during the first half of the 20th century.

paragraphs: Stern died on May 18, 2016 in New York City, aged 90.


title: Lino Toffolo

paragraphs: Lino Toffolo (31 December 1934 – 17 May 2016) was an Italian actor, singer, author and television presenter. He was born in Murano, Italy. He was known for his roles in "Yuppi du", "Brancaleone at the Crusades", and "Million Dollar Eel".

paragraphs: Toffolo died in Murano, Italy on 17 May 2016, aged 81.


title: Luis H. Álvarez

paragraphs: Luis Héctor Álvarez Álvarez (October 25, 1919 – May 18, 2016) was a Mexican industrialist and politician. Álvarez was a member of the National Action Party. In 1958 he was a candidate for the Presidency of Mexico. He has also served as Mayor of Chihuahua. He served as President of the National Action Party from 1987 through 1993.


title: Giovanni Coppa

paragraphs: Giovanni Coppa (9 November 1925 – 16 May 2016) was an Italian Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He has served as a diplomat of the Holy See. He was elevated to cardinalate in 2007. He was born in Alba, Italy.


title: David Rendel

paragraphs: David Digby Rendel (15 April 1949 – 16 May 2016) was a British politician. He was a member of the Liberal Democrats. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Newbury from 1993 to 2005. He lost re-election in 2005 to Conservative candidate Richard Benyon. At the time he lost his seat, he was the Liberal Democrats' spokesman on Higher and Further Education.

paragraphs: In September 2014, Rendel was selected as Liberal Democrat candidate in the 2015 general election for the seat of Somerton and Frome in Somerset; however, he lost to the Conservative candidate, David Warburton.

paragraphs: Rendel died on 16 May 2016 in Berkshire, England from cancer, aged 67.


title: Jim McMillian

paragraphs: James M. "Jim" McMillian (March 11, 1948 – May 16, 2016) was an American professional basketball player. He was born in Raeford, North Carolina. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers from 1970 through 1973, the Buffalo Braves from 1973 through 1976, the New York Knicks from 1976 through 1978 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 1978 through 1979. At the end of his career, he moved to Italy and played for Sinudyne Bologna for two seasons from 1979 through 1981. He retired in 1981.

paragraphs: McMillian died on May 16, 2016 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina from heart failure, aged 68.


title: John Berry (musician)

paragraphs: John Berry, Jr. (August 29, 1963 – May 19, 2016) was an American punk-genre guitarist. He was born in New York. Berry was known for being an original member of the rap band Beastie Boys. He was known for creating the name of the band. He joined the band in 1981, but left in 1983. His most famous album recorded with the band was "Polly Wog Stew".

paragraphs: Berry died from complications of dementia in a hospital in Danvers, Massachusetts on May 19, 2016, aged 52.


title: François Maistre

paragraphs: François Maistre (14 May 1925 – 16 May 2016) was a French, television and theatre actor. He was born in Demigny, Saône-et-Loire, France. He appeared in nearly 100 movies between 1960 until his retirement in 2003. He was known for his roles in "Angélique, Marquise des Anges" and "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie".

paragraphs: Maistre died in France on 17 May 2016, aged 91.


title: President of Nigeria

paragraphs: The President of Nigeria is the head of state and head of the executive of Nigeria. The first President of Nigeria was Nnamdi Azikiwe. The current President is Muhammadu Buhari, since 29 May 2015.

paragraphs: The 1999 Constitution of Nigeria of Nigeria sets the requirement. A president must:


title: Free Walking Tour

paragraphs: Free Walking Tour – free of charge walking tour, where participants give tips tour guide for his work . Guide can take money or give it to his Free Walking Tour organization. Free Walking Tour typically has a schedule. Weather and number of coming participants doesn’t matter.

paragraphs: The movement appeared in 2004 in Berlin . According to the portal freetoursnetwork in 2016 free walking tour exists in 206 cities in 75 countries around the world.

paragraphs: The logotype Free Walking Tour has often picture of the legs or left traces.

paragraphs: The concept of Free Walking Tour in the tourism branch can be compared with a freeware on the IT-market. Free software can be an advertising of the commercial product or its manufacturer. The organizers of the Free Walking Tour often provide some business services such as a shuttle service, different entertainment, thematic, motorized and individual tours. Free Walking Tour guides can be compared with the street performers who entertain passers-by and offer for donations as well as compared to history professors who bring a city and it's stories to life. Because tour guides only work for gratuities, the quality of a free tour tends to be significantly and consistently better than traditional "pay first" tours, which can take advantage of unknowing travelers.


title: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures

paragraphs: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures is an American movie company owned by The Walt Disney Company.

paragraphs: The company began in 1953 as Buena Vista Distribution Company, to manage distribution, marketing and promotion for movies produced by the Walt Disney Studios. These include Walt Disney Pictures, Walt Disney Animation Studios, 20th Century Fox, Fox Searchlight Pictures, Pixar Animation Studios, Marvel Studios, Lucasfilm, Disneynature, and Touchstone Pictures.

paragraphs: The division changed to its current name in 2007. Since 1987, the company name had been Buena Vista Pictures Distribution.

paragraphs: Before 1953, Walt Disney's productions were distributed by Columbia Pictures, United Artists and RKO. However, an argument led to Walt and his older brother Roy O. Disney beginning the Buena Vista Film Distribution Company, Inc. (BVDC), to handle North American distribution of their own products.

paragraphs: For the "Toy Story" premiere, Disney rented the Hollywood Masonic Temple for "Totally Toy Story", as a multimedia funhouse and a promotional event for the movie. Because of its success as a venue, in July 1998, Buena Vista Pictures Distribution bought the Masonic Temple building.

paragraphs: In April 2006, Buena Vista International agreed to a distribution deal with MegaStar Joint Venture Company Limited. This was to help them bring their most popular movies to be shown in Vietnam.

paragraphs: In April 2007, Disney stopped using the Buena Vista nickname in its distribution branding.

paragraphs: In 2009, Disney began a partnership with DreamWorks Studios. They agreed to make an estimated 30 movies over a five-year period from DreamWorks and release them under the Touchstone Pictures name. The distribution deal will end in August 2016. DreamWorks and Disney decided to not renew their agreement in December 2015; with Universal Pictures replacing Disney as DreamWorks' distributor.

paragraphs: Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures has released the most movies that have earned more than $1-billion, (nine, in worldwide grosses), among major Hollywood studios, with eight of the twenty highest-grossing movies of all time being distributed by Disney.

paragraphs: In 2015, Disney achieved its largest yearly box-office gross worldwide and in North America.

paragraphs: In December 14, 2017, The Walt Disney Company has announced plan to buy 21st Century Fox for $52.4 billion as well as 20th Century Fox and other Fox Entertainment assets.


title: Lathe

paragraphs: A lathe is a type of machine used to shape things. Various kinds of work such as woodturning, metalworking, metal spinning, spin welding and glassworking use lathes. A lathe works by turning an object on an axis and applying a tool to shape it. Most lathes turn the workpiece on a horizontal axis; the potter's wheel uses a vertical axis. There are various types of lathe machine but horizontal lathes are used widely.

paragraphs: CNC (Computer numerical control) lathes can perform the same jobs more accurately than manual lathes. Lathes work by using accessories such as cutting tools and rests.

paragraphs: Examples of objects that can be made using a lathe are, candlestick holders, gun barrels, cue sticks and baseball bats.


title: Woodturning

paragraphs: Woodturning is a type of woodworking. It is used to create different types of wooden object using a lathe. Woodturning is different from other types of woodworking because the wood is spinning while on a lathe when it is being designed. There are many different types of objects that can be made from this process.


title: Metalspinning

paragraphs: Metal spinning is a process where a piece of sheet metal is rotated on a machine (often a lathe) to produce an object. The object usually has the qualities of being round, hollow and symmetrical. Metal spinning dates back thousands of years to Ancient Egypt. It is closely related to the potter's wheel.

paragraphs: The process begins with a flat piece of metal or a metal cylinder. It is cut to a specific size based on the size of the finished part. A form is used to create the internal shape of the spun metal part. The form is often made of aluminum or hardened steel. Metal spinning used to be used for creating prototypes and where only a few parts needed to be made. With the introduction of automatic lathes, metal spinning can be used to create a larger number of parts inexpensively.


title: Spin welding

paragraphs: Spin welding (also called "thermal welding") is a technique used to model thermoplastic materials. The material is remodelled by using enough friction to make it so the material will be heated so much that is able to change its shape or have something attached to it. This is done by using a lathe, drill press or milling machine.


title: Glassworking

paragraphs: Glassworking refers to techniques and styles that use glass. Some common forms of glassworking are:


title: Quispamsis

paragraphs: Quispamsis is a suburb is southern New Brunswick, Canada. It is located 20 kilometres northeast of Saint John. The population of Quispamsis was 18,245 people in 2016.


title: Essential fatty acid

paragraphs: Essential fatty acids, or EFAs, are fatty acids that humans and other animals must eat. The body needs them for good health but cannot make them.

paragraphs: Only two fatty acids are essential for humans. When the two EFAs were discovered in 1923, they were called "vitamin F", but in 1929, research on rats showed that the two EFAs are fats rather than vitamins.

paragraphs: Some other fatty acids are "conditionally essential", meaning that they may become essential under some circumstances.


title: Wilson–Gorman Tariff Act

paragraphs: The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894 (also called the Income Tax Act of 1894) was a bill passed by Congress that reduced the Tariffs on certain imports into the United States. The final version lowered duties slightly, but added a number of other provisions. One of these was a 2% federal income tax. Other items such as coal, lumber, and wool were added to the duty-free list, while sugar was removed from the duty-free list (where it had been included as a result of the McKinley Tariff of 1890). Debates over tariffs had been going on since America became a country. As the US became increasingly industrialized, the debates became more heated. The act was an effort by Democrats to help the country recover from the Panic of 1893, a serious economic depression. It tried to accomplish this by lowering tariffs and making up for the loss of revenues by a federal income tax. They believed if the US lowered tariffs other countries would also. They also believed they could push through a direct tax on personal income. The act failed to achieve any of its goals. A year later it was repealed by the Supreme Court decision "Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co" as being unconstitutional. Indirectly, the tariff was a contributing cause to the Spanish–American War.

paragraphs: In the last days of the Benjamin Harrison administration, a number of events hurt the economy. A major employer, the Reading Railroad, went into receivership. This led to an unfortunate chain of events. Hundreds of banks and businesses which depended on the Reading and other railroads were forced to close. The US stock market went down dramatically. Fearing things could get worse European investor pulled their funds out of the US. Even so, the depression spread to Europe. Meanwhile there was an agricultural depression in the south and western United States causing the economy to become much worse. When President Grover Cleveland took office, over 4 million people had already lost their jobs. But Cleveland believed he should do nothing—the situation would correct itself.

paragraphs: The Democrats in Congress had for a long time wanted to lower tariffs. The Wilson-Gorman tax act called for a 2% income tax on any "gains, profits and incomes" over $4,000 for a period of five years. The income tax was supposed to make up for revenue that would be lost by tariff reductions.

paragraphs: It was the first income tax since the Civil War. Unlike the wartime tax, there had been pressure in Congress for a direct tax on income. Between 1874 and 1893, nearly 70 income tax bills had been introduced by Democrats in Congress. Generating revenue was not the primary goal of a direct income tax. The main issue was fairness. The bulk of federal revenue was from tariffs that all Americans had to pay when they bought imported products. But giant businesses like railroads, steel manufacturers, sugar companies were making large profits that were not being taxed. Securities, bonds and savings were also not being taxed. So an income tax was a fair remedy for this situation.

paragraphs: Those who opposed an income tax, most living in the large eastern cities, called it "class legislation" (meaning targeting their class). Many thought it was a tax on the rich since 90% of Americans did not have to pay the tax. Others thought that a federal income tax would take money away from the state governments.

paragraphs: The Wilson-Gorman Tariff made the economy worse. It led to cheaper goods being imported from other countries that competed with American-made products. This hurt the profits of American businesses. At the same time, American companies did not find many overseas markets for their goods. The tariff act also hurt the Cuban economy. It led to increased anger by Cubans against Colonial Spain. This was a contributing factor leading up to the Spanish-American war in 1898.

paragraphs: But the income tax portion of Wilson-Gorman that was its undoing. There was strong resistance by wealthy citizens and high-earning companies that were targeted by the income tax. As the economy got worse the Los Angeles Times remarked, "The Democrats are in favor of an income tax for the reason that Democrats, as a rule, have no incomes to tax."

paragraphs: A year later the act was overturned by the 5–4 decision in Pollick. That decision, in turn, was later overturned by the passing of the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.


title: Balto-Slavic languages

paragraphs: The Balto-Slavic language group is made up of the Baltic and Slavic languages. They are part of a large family group because they share many similarities involving the linguistic traits of the two language families that can not be found in other languages. The Balto-Slavic languages are mainly spoken in areas of eastern, northern and southern parts of Europe. The Balto-Slavic languages are daughter languages of the now extinct Proto-Indo-European.

paragraphs: Some of Balto-Slavic languages spoken today:

paragraphs: For a complete list of Balto-Slavic languages go here.


title: Baltic languages

paragraphs: The Baltic languages are part of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Baltic languages are mostly spoken in the Baltics, around the Baltic sea.

paragraphs: There are three branches of Baltic languages. Two are extinct.


title: Daughter language

paragraphs: A daughter language is a language that descended from another language. This usually happens over a long period of time.


title: Old Prussian language

paragraphs: Old Prussian was a Baltic language spoken in what is now called the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia. It was spoken by the indigenous peoples of Prussia, the Old Prussians. It was spoken in the area where north-eastern Poland and the Kaliningrad Oblast of Russia are today. It was named Old Prussian in order to show that it is different to the people who lived in Prussia afterwards. It went extinct in the early 18th century. There has been an attempted revival, but with little progress.


title: Knaanic language

paragraphs: Knaanic (also called Canaanic, Leshon Knaan, Judaeo-Czech) is an extinct West Slavic Jewish language. It was spoken in the area known today as Poland, Czech Republic and Slovakia. It became extinct in the late middle ages.


title: The Larry Sanders Show

paragraphs: The Larry Sanders Show is an American sitcom. It is about Garry Shandling portraying a fictional host named Larry Sanders. It aired from 1992-1998.


title: Wheelock Whitney, Jr.

paragraphs: Wheelock "Whee" Whitney, Jr. (July 30, 1926 – May 20, 2016) was an American businessman, politician, educator, sports team executive and owner, philanthropist. Whitney was a successful investment banker from 1957 until 1972. When he left the industry, he taught at the Carlson School of Business.

paragraphs: Whitney was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He studied at Phillips Academy and Yale University.

paragraphs: Whitney was the 1964 Republican nominee for U.S. Senate from Minnesota. He lost to Eugene McCarthy, and the Republican nominee for governor of Minnesota in 1982, losing to Rudy Perpich.

paragraphs: He was the team executive for the Minnesota Twins. He was also a part-owner and president of the Minnesota Vikings football team for a number of years.

paragraphs: Whitney died under hospice care in Independence, Minnesota on May 20, 2016, aged 89.


title: Nick Lashaway

paragraphs: Nick Lashaway (March 24, 1988 – May 8, 2016) was an American actor. He was best known for his roles on "The X-Files", "Girls", and "The 40 Year Old Virgin". He appeared in "The Last Song". He played Brandon O'Neil in "My Soul to Take".

paragraphs: Lashaway died in a car crash on May 8, 2016 in Framingham, Massachusetts, aged 28.


title: Renzo Piano

paragraphs: Renzo Piano, OMRI, OMCA (; born 14 September 1937) is an Italian architect and engineer. He won the Pritzker Prize in 1998. He is known for designing London's tallest skyscraper The Shard and The New York Times Building in New York City. He was born in Genoa, Italy.

paragraphs: In 2006, Piano was selected by "TIME" as one of the 100 most influential people in the world. He was selected as the 10th most influential person in the "Arts and Entertainment" category of the 2006 Time 100.

paragraphs: In August 2013, he was appointed Senator for Life in the Italian Senate by President Giorgio Napolitano.


title: Ken Gorgal

paragraphs: Kenneth Robert Gorgal (February 13, 1929 – May 8, 2016) was an American football player. He was born in Peru, Illinois. He played in the National Football League for the Cleveland Browns, the Chicago Bears and the Green Bay Packers in the 1950s. He played college football at Purdue University.

paragraphs: After retiring from football, Gorgal went back to Chicago. He later held a seat on the Chicago Board of Trade, a major exchange.

paragraphs: Gorgal died on May 8, 2016 in Vero Beach, Florida at the age of 87.


title: Jim Ray Hart

paragraphs: James "Jim" Ray Hart (October 30, 1941 – May 19, 2016) was an American. He played for the National League's San Francisco Giants from 1963 to 1973 and the New York Yankees in 1973 and 1974. Hart batted and threw right-handed. He was born in Hookerton, North Carolina.

paragraphs: In a 12-season career, Hart posted a .278 batting average, with 170 home runs and 578 runs batted in (RBIs) in 1,125 Major League games played.

paragraphs: Hart died in Acampo, California on May 19, 2016 after a long-illness, aged 74.


title: Patricia M. Derian

paragraphs: Patricia Murphy "Patt" Derian (August 12, 1929 – May 20 2016) was an American civil rights and human rights activist. She was born in New York City, but was raised in Danville, Virginia. During the 1976 U.S. presidential election, Derian was deputy director of the Carter-Mondale campaign. Derian served as Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs from 1977 to 1981. She was known for being a critic of the Ronald Reagan presidency and his administration.

paragraphs: Derian died at her home in Chapel Hill, North Carolina from Alzheimer's disease on May 20, 2016, aged 86.


title: Robert Mandan

paragraphs: Robert Mandan (February 2, 1932 – April 29, 2018) was an American actor. He was best known for his role as Chester Tate on the satirical sitcom "Soap" from 1977 through 1981.

paragraphs: Mandan died on April 29, 2018 in Los Angeles, California of prostate cancer at the age of 86.


title: Wendy Davis (politician)

paragraphs: Wendy Russell Davis (born Wendy Jean Russell; May 16, 1963) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. She was born in West Warwick, Rhode Island, but was raised in Fort Worth, Texas.

paragraphs: Davis represented District 10 in the Texas Senate from 2009 to 2015. She previously served on the Fort Worth City Council.

paragraphs: Davis ran for the office of Governor of Texas in the 2014 election but lost to Greg Abbott with 59-38 percent.


title: Tammy Duckworth

paragraphs: Ladda Tammy Duckworth (born March 12, 1968) is an American politician. She is the United States senator from Illinois. She was a U.S. Representative for Illinois's 8th congressional district from 2013 to 2017.

paragraphs: A member of the Democratic Party, she is the first Asian American woman elected to Congress in Illinois, the first disabled woman to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, and the first member of Congress born in Thailand.

paragraphs: Duckworth ran for the United States senate seat against the current senator Mark Kirk in the 2016 Illinois senate elections. On November 8, 2016, she defeated Kirk in his bid for re-election to his U.S. Senate seat.

paragraphs: In April 2018, Duckworth gave birth to her daughter Maile, making her the first U.S. Senator to give birth while in office.

paragraphs: In July 2020, she became one of the finalists for Joe Biden's running mate in the 2020 election/


title: Tim Kaine

paragraphs: Timothy Michael "Tim" Kaine (born February 26, 1958) is an American politician. He is serving as the junior United States Senator from Virginia. A member of the Democratic Party, Kaine was first elected to the Senate in 2012.

paragraphs: Kaine declared his candidacy for Governor of Virginia in 2005 in a bid to replace Mark Warner (who was constitutionally unable from serving another term. Kaine won in an uncontested Democratic primary, and faced Republican Attorney General Jerry Kilgore in the general election. Kaine won with 51% of the vote, to Kilgore's 46%. Kaine served as governor from 2006 to 2010. After becoming governor, Kaine gave the Democratic response to the 2006 State of the Union Address. He later became the 51st Chairman of the Democratic National Committee, serving from 2009 to 2011.

paragraphs: In 2012, after incumbent Senator Jim Webb announced he would retire, Kaine declared his candidacy for the U.S. Senate. Kaine won in the Democratic primary and faced former Senator and Virginia Governor George Allen in the general election. In the November 2012 election, Kaine won with 53% of the vote to Allen's 47%.

paragraphs: On 11 June 2013, Kaine delivered a speech on the Senate floor in support of the bi-partisan "Gang of Eight" immigration bill. The speech was entirely in Spanish, marking the first time a Senator had ever made a speech on the Senate floor in a language other than English.

paragraphs: On July 22, 2016, he was picked to be Hillary Clinton's running mate for the 2016 presidential election. He lost the election to Donald Trump and Mike Pence on November 9, 2016.

paragraphs: Kaine was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota. He is the eldest of three sons. Kaine was born to Mary Kathleen (née Burns) and Albert Alexander Kaine, Jr.. Kaine's father is of Scottish and Irish ancestry, and his mother is of Irish descent. Kaine grew up in Kansas City, Missouri. He graduated from Rockhurst High School in Kansas City, Missouri.

paragraphs: Kaine received his B.A. in economics from the University of Missouri in 1979. Kaine was a Coro Foundation fellow in Kansas City in 1978. He then attended Harvard Law School. He took a break during law school to work with the Jesuit Volunteer Corps in Honduras. Kaine worked in Honduras for nine months from 1980 to 1981.

paragraphs: Kaine graduated from Harvard Law School with a law degree in 1983, and was admitted to the Virginia Bar in 1984.

paragraphs: Kaine practiced law in Richmond for 17 years, specializing in fair housing law and representing clients discriminated against on the basis of race or disability. Kaine was an adjunct professor for University of Richmond Law School for six years.

paragraphs: In May 1994, Kaine was elected to the city council of the independent city of Richmond, from the City's 2nd District. He served four terms on the council.

paragraphs: n July 1998, Kaine was elected mayor of Richmond, Virginia. He replaced Larry Chavis. He was chosen by a majority-black City Council, becoming the city's first white mayor in more than ten years.

paragraphs: Kaine voted against to tax increases, and supported a tax abatement program for renovated buildings, which was credited for a housing-renovation boom in the city. Richmond was named one of "the 10 best cities in America to do business" by "Forbes" magazine during Kaine's term.

paragraphs: During his tenure as mayor, Kaine drew criticism for spending $6,000 in public funds on buses to the Million Mom March, an anti-gun-violence rally in Washington, D.C.; after a backlash, Kaine raised the money privately and repaid the city.

paragraphs: Kaine ran for Lieutenant Governor of Virginia in 2001. In the Democratic primary election, Kaine ran against state Delegate Alan A. Diamonstein and state Delegate Jerrauld C. Jones. Kaine won, winning 39.7% and defeating Diamonstein, who received 31.4%, and Jones, who received 28.9%.

paragraphs: In the general election, Kaine won with 925,974 votes (50.35%), of the vote, narrowly edging out his Republican opponent, state Delegate Jay Katzen, who received 883,886 votes (48.06%).

paragraphs: In 2005, Kaine ran for governor of Virginia against Republican candidate Jerry W. Kilgore, a former state attorney general. Two polls released in September 2005 showed Kaine loosing Kilgore—by four percentage points in a "Washington Post" poll and by one percentage point in a Mason-Dixon/"Roanoke Times" poll. The final opinion polls of the race before the November election showed Kaine slightly edging ahead of Kilgore. Kaine won, winning 1,025,942 votes (51.7%) to Kilgore's 912,327 (46.0%).

paragraphs: Kaine was sworn in as governor at the colonial Capitol at Williamsburg, on January 14, 2006, the first governor since Thomas Jefferson to be inaugurated there. Kaine served as chairman of the Southern Governors' Association from 2008 to 2009.

paragraphs: As governor, Kaine successfully protected of Virginia land from development, fulfilling a promise that he made in 2005. As governor, Kaine established the Climate Change Commission, a bipartisan panel to study climate change issues. In October 2006, Kaine signed an executive order banning smoking in all government buildings and state-owned cars as of January 1, 2007. He signed legislation banning smoking in restaurants and bars. It made Virginia the first Southern state to do so.

paragraphs: Kaine was governor during the Virginia Tech shootings.

paragraphs: As governor, Kaine approved about $3.31 billion in general fund spending cuts. In 2008, Kaine backed a $22 million proposal in the Virginia General Assembly to make pre-kindergarten education more accessible to at-risk four-year-olds. He left office with high polling numbers in January 2010.

paragraphs: On January 31, 2006, Kaine gave the Democratic response to President George W. Bush's 2006 State of the Union address. In it, Kaine criticized the Bush administration's No Child Left Behind Act for "wreaking havoc on local school districts"; criticized congressional Republicans for cutting student loan programs; and condemned as "reckless" Bush's spending increases and tax cuts.

paragraphs: In January 2009, Kaine became the Chair of the Democratic National Committee. He took the position at the request of President Obama, During his tenure he oversaw a significant expansion of the party's grassroots focus through Organizing for America.

paragraphs: Kaine announced on April 5, 2011 that he would run for United States Senate in 2012, following Senator Jim Webb's decision not to seek re-election. Kaine filmed announcement videos in English and Spanish. Kaine was unopposed for the Democratic nomination. Kaine defeated former Senator and Governor George Allen in the general election.

paragraphs: Kaine was sworn in for a six-year term on January 3, 2013

paragraphs: On June 11, 2013, Kaine delivered a speech on the Senate floor in support of the bipartisan "Gang of Eight" immigration bill. The speech was entirely in Spanish, marking the first time a Senator had ever made a speech on the Senate floor in a language other than English.

paragraphs: As a member of the Senate Committee on Foreign Affairs, Kaine pushed for a new Congressional authorization of military force for the American operations against ISIL. Kaine supported the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action with Iran, though he also helped Republican Senator Bob Corker hold a vote on a resolution of disapproval on the deal. Kaine undertook several trips throughout the Middle East, meeting with the leaders of states such as Turkey and Israel.

paragraphs: While in the Senate, Kaine has continued to teach part-time at the University of Richmond.

paragraphs: Kaine endorsed Hillary Clinton's presidential bid in 2016, and campaigned actively for Clinton in seven states during the primaries.

paragraphs: On July 22, 2016, he was picked to be Clinton's running mate for the election. The "New York Times" had said that Clinton's husband, former President Bill Clinton, privately supported Kaine as his wife's vice-presidential selection. Kaine is the first Virginian to serve on a major party's national ticket since John Tyler ran on the Whig ticket in the 1840 election.

paragraphs: Kaine is a Roman Catholic. In 1984, he married his wife Anne Holton, who is the current Virginia Secretary of Education since 2014. Together, they have three children.


title: Boris Schnaiderman

paragraphs: Boris Solomonovitch Schnaiderman (Russian Борис Соломонович Шнайдерман; 17 May 1917 – 18 May 2016) was a Brazilian translator, writer and essayist. He was of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: He became a naturalized citizen of Brazil in 1941 and fought in World War II with the Brazilian Expeditionary Force.

paragraphs: In 2003 he received the Prize of Translation by the Academia Brasileira de Letras. He was the first person who translated to Portuguese classical Russian books directly from the Russian language.


title: Agostinho Neto

paragraphs: António Agostinho Neto (17 September 1922 – 10 September 1979) was an Angolan politician and poet. He was the first President of Angola, serving from 1975–1979 after he leading the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) in the war for independence that lasted from 1961–1974.

paragraphs: He died of inoperable cancer on 10 September 1979 in a hospital in Moscow, Russia, aged 56.


title: Miguel de la Quadra-Salcedo

paragraphs: Miguel de la Quadra-Salcedo y Gayarre (April 30, 1932 – May 20, 2016) was a Spanish journalist and Olympic athlete. He was born in Madrid. He was the director and founder of cultural program Aventura 92 (Adventures 92). He was mainly known by the Basque-Navarre people.

paragraphs: Quadra-Salcedo died in Madrid on May 20, 2016 at the age of 84.


title: Depression (economics)

paragraphs: A depression is a long period of time in which the economy of a country is not working well. It is usually marked by a large number of people being without jobs. A depression is a more severe kind of recession. A depression can last for several years. In addition to high unemployment, depressions hurt banks, trade and manufacturing. Prices fall, credit is harder to get and there is an increase in bankruptcies. A depression in one country can quickly spread to other countries.

paragraphs: The Great Depression (1929-39) was the longest lasting and deepest economic depression in the history of the modern industrial world. It started after the U.S. stock market crash in 1929. The prices on the Wall Street stock market fell from October 24 to October 29, 1929. It sent Wall Street into a panic. Millions of investors were financially ruined. By 1933 nearly half the banks in the United States had failed and between 13 and 15 million Americans were unemployed. The beginnings of World War II in Europe ended the depression. The Great Depression affected countries worldwide. Unlike previous depressions in which a few countries were hurt, the Great Depression was felt by nearly all industrialized countries. Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North and South America all suffered. Countries tried to protect their own economies by raising tariffs on goods they imported into their countries. This caused world trade to fall by some 30 percent. An estimated 30 million people were unemployed worldwide by 1932.

paragraphs: The Great Depression had far-reaching political consequences. As economies failed some people looked to military dictators to save their countries. For example, countries like Argentina and several in Central America had dictators. In Germany, Italy and Japan, Fascism took hold which directly led to World War II. In the Soviet Union the depression allowed Joseph Stalin to come to power. He exiled millions to labor camps and began a reign of terror called the Great Purge. As many as 20 million Soviets died in the 1930s alone. In the west, one response was Welfare Capitalism. This took hold in countries such as Canada, France and Great Britain.

paragraphs: As of 2013, some countries in Europe were suffering greater unemployment than they did during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Gross domestic product has been shrinking faster than some European nations can cut spending. Europe's financial crisis shows every sign of getting worse, not better. While called a recession by some government officials, economists are already calling it a depression. As European countries are locked into the Euro they cannot devalue their own currency to adjust their economies. This means they cannot lower the price of their exports to make them more attractive and so cannot achieve a balance of trade.


title: You Don't Own Me

paragraphs: "You Don't Own Me" is a popular song. This single was recorded by Lesley Gore when she was 17 years old. The song hit #2 on the "Billboard" Pop Singles Chart in the United States. It was #2 for three straight weeks during February 1964.

paragraphs: The song is about a woman telling her man he should never tell her what to do or what to say. The man should also not put her on display.

paragraphs: Other singers have covered the song, like Dusty Springfield, Joan Jett and Grace Sewell.


title: Frutigen

paragraphs: Frutigen is a municipality in Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.


title: Burgistein

paragraphs: Burgistein is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.


title: William Safire

paragraphs: William Lewis Safir (December 17, 1929 – September 27, 2009), better known as William Safire (), was an American author, columnist, journalist, and presidential speechwriter.

paragraphs: He was best known as a long-time political columnist for the "New York Times" and the author of "On Language" in the "New York Times Magazine", a column on popular etymology, new or unusual usages, and other language-related topics from its inception.

paragraphs: Safire died from pancreatic cancer at a hospice in Rockville, Maryland, on September 27, 2009, aged 79.


title: Sándor Tarics

paragraphs: Sándor Tarics (23 September 1913 – 21 May 2016) was a Hungarian water polo player. He won a gold medal in the 1936 Summer Olympics. He was born in Budapest.

paragraphs: He attended the 2012 London Olympics as the oldest living Olympic champion and turned 100 in September 2013.

paragraphs: Tarics died in San Francisco, California on 21 May 2016 at the age of 102.


title: Friedrich Schattleitner

paragraphs: Friedrich Schattleitner (28 September 1923 – 4 May 2016) was an Austrian sport shooter. He competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics, where he finished 35th among a field of 86 competitors in the 50 m rifle - prone position event. He was born in Kalwang.


title: Sylvia Kauders

paragraphs: Sylvia Kauders (December 1, 1921 – May 5, 2016) was an American movie, TV and theater actress. She was known for many small but known roles on Broadway and in movies.

paragraphs: She was known for her roles in "American Splendor", "Analyze That", "Predator 2", "City Hall", two Woody Allen movies: "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (1989) and "Manhattan Murder Mystery" (1993). She appeared in "Inside Llewyn Davis" (2013) by Joel and Ethan Coen.

paragraphs: Kauders died on May 5, 2016 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from a heart attack, aged 94.


title: Tonita Castro

paragraphs: Tonita Castro (1952/53 – May 8, 2016) was a Mexican-born American actress. She was born in Guadalajara, Mexico. She appeared on television shows such as "Little Britain USA", "The Sarah Silverman Program", "Kroll Show", "Life in Pieces", and "Dads". She also appeared on movies such as "Imagine That", "Funny People", "Our Family Wedding", "Bad Ass", "Seeking a Friend for the End of the World" and "The Book of Life".

paragraphs: Castro died on May 8, 2016 from stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 63.


title: Gaston Berghmans

paragraphs: Gaston Petrus Bernardina Berghmans (11 March 1926 – 21 May 2016) was a Flemish actor and comedian. From 1972 through 1993, he and Leo Martin formed a comic duo called Gaston and Leo. They also made four mvoies together: "The boat to Spain" (1982), "Thugs" (1984), "The Panic Sowers" (1986) and "Gaston en Leo in Hong Kong" (1988).


title: Marion Tournon-Branly

paragraphs: Marion Tournon-Branly (23 September 1924 – 15 May 2016) was a French architect. She was born in Paris. His father was architect Paul Tournon and mother was painter Élisabeth Branly. She studied at the École nationale supérieure des Beaux-Arts. She worked with her father and Auguste Perret.

paragraphs: She designed villas, elementary schools, buildings for the Fleury Abbey and the modern church of the Fontenelle Abbey.

paragraphs: Tournon-Branly died in Paris on 15 May 2016, aged 91.


title: Benjamin de Roo

paragraphs: Benjamin hielke de Roo (11 February 1940 – 17 May 2016) was an Dutch-born Australian gymnast. He was born in Enschede, the Netherlands. In 1957 his family immigrated to Australia. In 1960, he became Australian citizen. He competed for Australia at the 1960 and 1964 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: De Roo died at a hospital in Katoomba, New South Wales on 17 May 2016 from complications of a stroke, aged 76.


title: Ashure

paragraphs: Ashure () is a traditional Turkish pudding. Ashure is made from grains, dried fruits and nuts. There are no animal products (butter, milk, cheese, etc.) and ashure is vegan.

paragraphs: Specially, Turkish people make ashure during Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar. Ashure () means tenth in Arabic and the 10th day of every lunar year is the Day of Ashure.


title: Gritstone

paragraphs: Gritstone or grit is a hard, coarse-grained, siliceous sandstone. This term is especially applied to sandstones quarried for building material.

paragraphs: British gritstone was used for millstones to mill flour, to grind wood into pulp for paper and for grindstones to sharpen blades. "Grit" is often applied to sandstones with angular sand grains. It may commonly contain small pebbles or breccia.

paragraphs: Millstone Grit is an informal term for gritstones found in the Peak District and Pennines of northern England. These sediments were laid down in the late (upper) Paleozoic era, in the Carboniferous period, in deltaic conditions. The Millstone Grit Group is a formal stratigraphic term for this sequence of rocks.


title: Goofy and Wilbur

paragraphs: Goofy and Wilbur is an animated cartoon short. It was made by Walt Disney Productions. It was released by RKO Radio Pictures on March 17, 1939. It was the first cartoon with Goofy in a solo role without either Mickey Mouse or Donald Duck.

paragraphs: In this cartoon Goofy goes fishing with his pet grasshopper, Wilbur. They have nothing but bad luck. The smarter dog, Goofy, and his dumb insect friend catch fish in a fishing net using Wilbur as bait. This cartoon shows a lot of violence, because Wilbur is nearly, or perhaps actually, killed.

paragraphs: The cartoon is known for its 13 slapstick adventures during the eight minutes of action. It was released two years after "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" (1937) and a year before "Pinocchio" and "Fantasia" (both in 1940).

paragraphs: Goofy and his friend Wilbur, a tame grasshopper, team up for a fishing expedition. Goofy decides to use Wilber as bait, but he realizes too late that his friend might actually get eaten by a fish. Goofy has a boat he is rowing and a net, but no fishing rod. Wilbur, being a live bug, becomes the perfect choice for bait inside their fishing net, which will attract the fish as food.

paragraphs: Wilber's life depends on Goofy to save the little bug, who becomes the bait for a half-dozen fish. As Wilber gets tricked again and again, he is at last swallowed by a frog; then that frog gets eaten by a stork, all while Goofy desperately attempts a chasing rescue. In the end Wilbur hatches out of the stork egg, and to Goofy's relief, seems okay. It is not explained how Wilber ended up in the egg of the stork. One blog writer says: "I wonder if Goofy has had a psychotic break at the end of the cartoon, and the reappearance of Wilbur is simply a delusion."


title: Gate of Yemen

paragraphs: Gate of Yemen () is the main gate of the old city of Sana'a, the capital of Yemen. The gate is in a square in the northern wall of the old city. It was built in the 17th Century by the Turks.


title: Peak District

paragraphs: The Peak District is an upland area in England at the southern end of the Pennines. It is mostly in northern Derbyshire but also includes parts of Cheshire, Greater Manchester, Staffordshire and Yorkshire.

paragraphs: The area has two main parts. The northern 'Dark Peak' is where most of the moorland is found. Its geology is gritstone. The southern 'White Peak' is where most of the population lives: its geology is mainly limestone.

paragraphs: Much of the area is uplands above , with a high point on Kinder Scout of . Despite its name, the landscape generally lacks sharp peaks, but has rounded hills and gritstone escarpments (the "edges"). The area is surrounded by major conurbations, including Huddersfield, Manchester, Sheffield, Derby and Stoke-on-Trent.

paragraphs: The area is very difficult to travel across. The roads are few and narrow. This is due to the terrain, which is hilly, rough and uneven. Major motorways run east and west of the area.

paragraphs: The Peak District National Park became the first national park in the United Kingdom in 1951. It attracts many visitors every year.

paragraphs: The Peak District is formed almost exclusively from sedimentary rocks dating from the Carboniferous period. They comprise the Carboniferous limestone, the overlying gritstone and finally the coal measures at the margins of the area. There are outcrops of igneous rocks including lavas, tuffs and volcanic vent agglomerates. The Peak District is like a broad dome (see image below).

paragraphs: Earth movements after the Carboniferous period resulted in the up-doming of the area. This resulted in the dome-like shape. The shale and sandstone were worn away until limestone was exposed. At the end of this period, the Earth's crust sank here which led to the area being covered by sea, depositing a variety of new rocks.

paragraphs: Some time after its deposition, mineral veins were formed in the limestone. These veins and rakes have been mined for lead since Roman times.

paragraphs: The Peak District was covered by ice during at least one of the ice ages of the last 2 million years. Glacial meltwaters eroded a complex of sinuous channels along the margin of the Peak District during this period. Glacial meltwaters helped form many of the caves in the limestone area. Wild animal herds roamed the area, and their remains have been found in several of the local caves.

paragraphs: The different types of rock that lie beneath the soil strongly influence the landscape. They determine the vegetation and so the animals that will live in the area. Limestone has fissures (cracks) and is soluble in water, so rivers carve deep, narrow valleys. These rivers then often find a route underground, creating cave systems. Millstone Grit on the other hand is insoluble but porous, so it absorbs water. Water moves through the grits until it meets the less porous shales beneath, creating springs when it reaches the surface again. The shales are friable and easily attacked by frost. They form areas where landslides may occur, as on Mam Tor.


title: English National League

paragraphs: The National League is a league for Association football teams in England (though some teams come from Wales). It is the fifth highest division of Football in England. The league is made up of professional and non professional clubs.

paragraphs: The league was created in 1979 from the Northern Premier League and the Southern League. In 1987, teams began to be promoted to Football League Two, and since 2003, a second team was also promoted. The league was renamed from the Conference National to the National League in 2015. Vanarama also announced their sponsorship the same year, so the league became the Vanarama National League.

paragraphs: In 2004, two divisions were created below the main league, known as the National League North and National League South. In 2006, the league expanded from 22 to 24 teams.


title: Finsterhennen

paragraphs: Finsterhennen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.


title: Trub

paragraphs: Trub is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Internal Revenue Service

paragraphs: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the part of the Federal government of the United States responsible for collecting taxes and enforcing tax laws. The IRS decides how much tax is owed and collects the revenue on a regular basis. The IRS is the largest bureau in the United States Department of the Treasury. It is one of the world's most efficient tax collection agencies. The IRS processed over 224 million tax forms and collected over $2 trillion in revenue in 2004.

paragraphs: The IRS collects taxes in advance by withholding them through employers. Individuals who overpay through tax withholding are issued refunds after they file their income tax return. In 2006 the Seattle Times reported that up to 11.6 million refunds were not paid back because the IRS suspected fraud. According to the Seattle Times the affected taxpayers were not informed of the reason for not getting their refund. Many or most of the people who were not issued refunds were low-income individuals

paragraphs: Beginning in 1791, the federal government was supported by taxes on distilled beverages, tobacco, sugar, corporate bonds and slaves. These were indirect taxes, the only kind permitted by the United States Constitution. In 1812, the cost of the war added the first sales taxes on gold, jewelry, and silverware. In 1817, the government did away with all these taxes and relied on the funds from tariffs on imported goods.

paragraphs: During the American Civil War, funds were needed to finance the war. In 1861, Congress drafted a bill for a direct tax on personal and corporate income. This first income tax charged 3% on incomes over $800. The bill passed both houses of Congress but never went into effect. In 1862, however, Abraham Lincoln signed a bill that called for a 3% tax on incomes between $600 and $5,000, 7.5% on incomes between $5,000 and $10,000 and 10% on incomes over $10,000. There were debates in Congress over the constitutionality of the direct income tax, but no action was taken. It was allowed to expire in 1872 when it came up for renewal.

paragraphs: In 1862, Congress had authorized the office of Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Much as today, he had the power to assess, levy and collect taxes. He also had the right to enforce the tax laws by prosecution and seizing property and income. George S. Boutwell was the first commissioner of the Bureau of Internal Revenue.

paragraphs: In 1894, Congress passed the Wilson-Gorman Tariff. It reduced the Tariffs on certain imports into the United States. However, it made up for this by charging a 2% direct income tax. The Supreme Court, in "Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co" ruled the income tax unconstitutional a year later. The Court ruled that the Constitution did not allow an income tax without apportionment among the states.

paragraphs: On February 3, 1913, the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. Free of the critical apportionment issue, it allowed Congress to impose an income tax. The Bureau of the IRS was charged with collecting income taxes. Personal income tax was 1% on income above $3,000. Incomes over $5,000 were subject to an additional 6% tax. Income taxes were as high as 77% in 1918 to help finance World War I. In 1929 they dropped to a high of 24% but rose again during the Great Depression in 1929. During World War II withholding and quarterly taxes were introduced.

paragraphs: In 1953, the Bureau of Internal Revenue reorganized and changed its name to the Internal Revenue Service.

paragraphs: In 1998, the IRS Restructuring and Reform Act again reorganized and modernized the agency. Taxpayer rights were further expanded.

paragraphs: The current Commissioner of Internal Revenue is Charles P. Rettig.


title: Koh-i-Noor

paragraphs: The Koh-i-Noor (also spelled Koh-i-Nûr and Kooh-è Noor) is a large, colourless diamond that was found near Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, India, possibly in the 13th century. The name means Mountain of Light in the Persian language.

paragraphs: Before it was cut for jewellery, it weighed . It was was first owned by the Kakatiya dynasty. Ownership of the stone changed several times between various ruling groups in South Asia over the next few hundred years. The Koh-i-Noor ended up in the possession of Queen Victoria after the British conquest of the Punjab in 1849. It is now part of the British Crown Jewels, part of the Royal Collection held in trust by Queen Elizabeth II for her successors and the UK.

paragraphs: In 1852, Prince Albert, the husband of Queen Victoria, unhappy with its dull and irregular appearance, ordered it cut down from . It emerged 42 per cent lighter as a dazzling oval-cut brilliant weighing and measuring 3.6 cm x 3.2 cm x 1.3 cm.

paragraphs: Since arriving in the U.K., it has only ever been worn by female members of the family, starting with Queen Victoria. After Queen Victoria's death, the Koh-i-Noor was set in the crown of Queen Alexandra, the wife of Edward VII. It was used to crown her at their coronation in 1902. The diamond was transferred to Queen Mary's crown in 1911, and finally to the Queen Mother's crown in 1937. When The Queen Mother died in 2002, it was placed on top of her coffin for her state funeral.

paragraphs: Today, the diamond is set in the front of the crown, as part of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom. It is seen by millions of visitors to the Tower of London each year.


title: Leonorilda Ochoa

paragraphs: Leonorilda Ochoa Pagaza (30 October 1937 – 22 May 2016) was a Mexican actress and comedian. She was on movies, television, and theatre productions. She became popular as La Pecas in the sitcom "Los Beverly de Peralvillo" (1968-1973). She was born in Mexico City. She was in the movies "Capulina Speedy Gonzalez" (1970), "Los Beverly de Peralvillo" (1971) and "Que familia tan cotorra!" (1973). Her last telenovelas were "Rubí" (2004) and "Código postal" (2006-2007).

paragraphs: Ochoa died of Alzheimer's disease in Mexico City on 22 May 2016, aged 78.


title: Send My Love (To Your New Lover)

paragraphs: "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" is a song recorded by English singer-songwriter Adele. It was on her third studio album, "25". It was released on streaming services on May 16, 2016. It was released to radio in the U.S. on May 17, 2016. It was the album's third single, after "Hello" and "When We Were Young". Adele has said that she heard fellow singer-songwriter Taylor Swift's 2012 single "I Knew You Were Trouble" and asked who the writers of that song were. After learning that they were producers Max Martin and Shellback, Adele worked with them on "25".

paragraphs: A music video of the song premiered on May 22 at the 2016 Billboard Music Awards. It was uploaded to the singer's official Vevo account soon afterwards. The video shows the singer in front of a black backdrop.

paragraphs: The song reached number 8 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 1 on the Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) chart. It reached the top five in the UK and the top 10 in Canada. It ranked #26 on the Year-End "Billboard" Hot 100 of 2016.

paragraphs: "BBC News"' Mark Savage said this is a "nimble pop song" and wrote that it "shows a fresh, playful side to the star".

paragraphs: Rob Garratt of "The National (Abu Dhabi)" said the song is a "bouncy pop nugget" and it "falls into that classic pop tradition of transforming a turn-down into a lover's rebuke".

paragraphs: In a positive review, a writer for "The Hindu" wrote that the song is a "spritely song" and called it "an I'm-so-glad-you're-gone number".

paragraphs: "Los Angeles Times" Mikael Wood wrote that the song is "a welcome flash of sass".

paragraphs: Maeve McDermott and Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" included "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" in their list of 2015's 50 best songs. McDermott wrote "this song is among the most interesting of her career".

paragraphs: Michael Arceneaux, of "Complex" magazine, says that the track was the least sad song on "25". He also wrote, "It’s a little melancholy, but it comes with some shimmy-inducing production".

paragraphs: "Business Insider"s Tony Manfred says this song is different from Adele's earlier work. He writes that "she wades into the waters of contemporary pop music like never before".

paragraphs: Nick Messitte of "Forbes" gave the song a positive review, writing "It’s got the grace of damning individuals without sinking to their level; it boasts nostalgia—not the least of which for a sound popularized in 2013".

paragraphs: "Vanity Fair"'s Josh Duboff called "Send My Love (To Your New Lover)" "the poppiest song Adele has ever recorded". He named it his "pick for the breakout track on "25"".

paragraphs: A small clip of the video was released on Adele's Twitter page. She wears a flower-printed dress and sways while different scenes of her play on top of each other. The full music video was shown during the 2016 "Billboard" Music Awards on May 22, 2016. It also appeared on Adele's Vevo channel shortly after the show.


title: Flag of Chile

paragraphs: The national flag of Chile was adopted in 1817.

paragraphs: The flag shows two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center.

paragraphs: Protocol dictates that it can hang horizontally or vertically, but the star must always be located in the top-left corner.

paragraphs: Note: the Chilean flag is similar to the flag of the state of Texas.


title: Coat of arms of Chile

paragraphs: The Coat of Arms of Chile consist of a shield holding the national symbol of a star in a blue and red field. This shield is supported by a condor and huemul.

paragraphs: At the top of the shield are three feather plumes in the colors of the national flag. The center shield has the star found on the national flag on a blue and red background. The blue represents the sky, and the red represents the blood of martyrs, as well as the Andes. The condor and huemel are animals found in Chile. The crowns they wear are marine crowns, and represent the rich marine history of Chile.


title: Chilean peso

paragraphs: The peso is the money of Chile. It was divided into 100 "centavos". The number is written with a $ sign and then the number.

paragraphs: In 2011, 483.36 pesos were equal to one United States dollar. In 2014, 570.01 pesos are equal to one United States dollar.


title: Ayora

paragraphs: Ayora is a town in the Community of Valencia. It has 5,303 people. It is in the district of Valle de Ayora and the province of Valencia.

paragraphs: Ayora is in the inland and near Castilla-La Mancha. Sierra Palomera and Sierra del Mugrón are the mountains to the west. Muela de Cortes and Pico Caroig are the mountains to the east. The flat land to the south connects with Almansa. The river valley runs to the north. It connects with Confrentes.


title: Nick Menza

paragraphs: Nick Menza (July 23, 1964 – May 21, 2016) was a German-born American professional drummer and songwriter. He was best known for his work in Megadeth from 1989 to 1998 and in 2004. He recorded drums on four of Megadeth's albums: "Rust in Peace" (1990), "Countdown to Extinction" (1992), "Youthanasia" (1994) and "Cryptic Writings" (1997).

paragraphs: Menza died on May 21, 2016 from heart failure while performing with his band, OHM, in Los Angeles, California, aged 51.


title: Alexander Van der Bellen

paragraphs: Alexander Van der Bellen (born 18 January 1944) is an Austrian politician and economist. On 23 May 2016, he was elected the President-elect of Austria. However, after this, the court said the results had been wrong. He redid the election, and on 4 December 2016, he won even better. He was sworn into office on 26 January 2017 official becoming the president.

paragraphs: Van der Bellen was born in Vienna. His father was Russian and his mother was Estonian.

paragraphs: In 1962, he graduated from the Akademisches Gymnasium in Innsbruck. He studied economics at the University of Innsbruck. He received a doctorate in 1970.

paragraphs: Van der Bellen is a retired professor of economics at the University of Vienna. He is a member of the Austrian Green Party. He served as a member of the National Council from 1994 to 2012. He was the chairman of the parliamentary club and federal spokesperson of his party from 1997 to 2008.

paragraphs: He ran as a nominally independent candidate supported by the Green Party in the 2016 presidential election, and finished second in the first round before winning the second round against far-right candidate Norbert Hofer. A second election was ordered since the votes were too narrow. In December 2016, Van der Bellen won the election with more votes. He took office on 26 January 2017.

paragraphs: Van der Bellen supports green and social liberal policies, and is supportive of the European Union.