title: Party Rock

paragraphs: Party Rock is the debut studio album by American electro hop duo, LMFAO. The album was released on July 7, 2009. The album was nominated for Best Electronic/Dance Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards but lost to Lady Gaga's "The Fame". The EP version was released on iTunes on July 1, 2008.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #33 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at #31 on the UK Dance Chart.


title: I'm in Miami Bitch

paragraphs: "I'm in Miami Bitch'" (also known by the clean title "I'm in Miami Trick") is a 2008 Electro hop/alternative hip hop/dance song by American electro hop group, LMFAO. The song was the theme song for the television show Kourtney and Khloé Take Miami, The "New York" version was used for the television show Kourtney and Kim Take New York and the song was featured in a commercial on the show . The lyrics to the song is usually changed depending on which city LMFAO performs in (for example ""I'm in Chicago Bitch"").

paragraphs: The song reached #27 on the Australian Singles Chart, #27 on the U.S. "Billboard" Pop Songs, #37 on the Canadian Hot 100 and #51 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Eye bolt

paragraphs: An eye bolt is a screw with a loop on one end and threads on the other end. Eye bolts are commonly used to attach cables to objects, for instance attaching a string to the back of a painting to allow the painting to hang from a nail on a wall.


title: Strepsiptera

paragraphs: Strepsiptera is a order of insects, any of about 600 species of small insects that are notable for their bizarre form of parasitism. Strepsipterans are parasitic in planthoppers, leafhoppers, treehoppers, froghoppers, bees, and other insects.

paragraphs: Mature females are usually wingless and saclike, whereas the males have large, fanlike hindwings, short, clublike forewings, bulging eyes, and comblike antennae.


title: Snakefly

paragraphs: The Snakeflies (Raphidioptera) are a small order of Endopterygote insects. They are closely related to the Megaloptera and Neuroptera.

paragraphs: There are about 210 living species. They are easily recognized by their small head and long 'neck', which is actually the elongated prothorax.

paragraphs: The snakefly, about 15 mm (0.6 inch) long, has two pairs of similar, net-veined wings, long antennae, and chewing mouthparts. The female lays eggs with a long ovipositor.

paragraphs: The life cycle includes egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The active and carnivorous larvae live beneath loose tree bark. The snakefly is found on every continent except Australia and may be beneficial to humans because it destroys the larvae and pupae of other insects.


title: Lusk, Wyoming

paragraphs: Lusk is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Niobrara County where it is the county seat. The city has a population of about 1,447 people. The Wyoming Women's Center of the Wyoming Department of Corrections is in Lusk.


title: Howard Temin

paragraphs: Howard Martin Temin (December 10, 1934 – February 9, 1994) was an American geneticist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1975 with David Baltimore and Renato Dulbecco. He showed that certain tumor viruses carried the enzymatic ability to reverse the flow of information from RNA back to DNA using reverse transcriptase. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Hugo Meisl

paragraphs: Hugo Meisl (16 November 1881, Maleschau, Bohemia - 17 February 1937) was an Austrian football player, coach, referee and football official. He was coach of the so-called Wunderteam.

paragraphs: Meisl was born in the Bohemian part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was born to a Jewish family. At the age of 12, he went to Vienna and developed an interest in the new football sport in Austria. He became member of the Vienna Cricket and Football-Club in 1895 but did not play regularly, because he was often out of the country for schooling. He became a bank clerk in 1905 and started his career as football official.

paragraphs: Meisl got a job as an administrator with the Austrian Football Association when he was in his early 40s. He became General Secretary. As referee, he led 16 international matches under them matches at the 1912 Winter Olympics in Stockholm. Due to his command of eight languages, he became Austria's representative for FIFA.

paragraphs: Meisl had the longest career as team coach for Austria. He was in charge at 133 games. He was one of the most successful coaches of Austria's team. He was the coach of the so called Wunderteam (Wonderteam) which was the best one in Europe between 1931 and 1933. In 15 matches, Austria won 12 times.

paragraphs: As an official, Meisl was responsible for introducing professionalism in football. He also took active part in establishing the Mitropapokal, a forerunner of today's Champions League. He died at the age of 55 from a heart attack.

paragraphs: To honour him, a small street in Vienna is named after him.


title: Tyga

paragraphs: Micheal Ray Stevenson (born November 19, 1989 in Compton, California), known by his stage name, Tyga, is an American rapper, singer and songwriter. Tyga is signed to Young Money Entertainment, Cash Money Records and Universal Republic. He is of Vietnamese and Jamaican descent. He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2011 for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration with "Deuces" which also featured Chris Brown and Kevin McCall.


title: Generali Arena (Wien)

paragraphs: The Generali Arena (till 2010 Franz-Horr-Stadion) is a football stadium in Viennas Favoriten area. It is since 1973 the homeground of FK Austria Wien. It was built in 1925 as České srdce for the SK Slovan Wien, a team of the Czech minority in Vienna. The stadium has a capacity of 13 400 and was till 2010 named after the former president of the Vienna Football Association Franz Horr.

paragraphs: The stadium was built in 1925 for Slovan Wien, a football team of the Czech minority of Vienna. It was called České srdce which means "czech heart". It was then the new homeground after the promotion to the first league. It was opened with a tournament with Sparta Prag, 1.Vienna FC, Amateure and Slovan itself. The first official match was slovans first in the highest league versus Hertha .Slovan won 1:0. There was a plan to build an icerink, grounds for the training and a gymnastics space for the Czechs of Favoriten but this was impossible for financial reasons. In 1935 Sk Slovan Wien was dissolved and the stadium was onlz used for amateur football bz AC Slovan Wien.

paragraphs: During the Second World War the stadium was damaged. So the ground did not fit for AC Slovan Wien,which plazed in the A/legue,then the highest in Austrian football. 1949 the city renovated the stadium and it was used by clubs of the Vienna Football Association.Franz Horr, the chairman, made a contract with FK Austria Wien.They played from 1973 in the stadium. After the death of Franz Horr the stadium was named after him.

paragraphs: Not earlier than 1981 the stadium was renovated. Till then FK Austria played in other football stadiums in Vienna. 1982 a north stand was built,1987 the west stand,1999 the south stand and 2008 the east stand, which offers standing room only but is the home of the different fan clubs. 2000 the main office of the club came to the Horr stadium and a contract was signed with the owner who grants a 40 year long right to the club to use the stadium. Since 2010 the stadium is called Generali arena, after a sponsor from the insurance business.


title: Morwenstow

paragraphs: Morwenstow is a parish and hamlet in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hamlet is situated near the coast about six miles (10 km) north of Bude.

paragraphs: Morwenstow is the most northerly parish in Cornwall with the Atlantic Ocean to the west and Devon to the east. As well as the churchtown, other settlements in the parish include Shop, Woodford, Gooseham, Eastcott, Wooley and West Youlstone.

paragraphs: Morwenstow was the home of the eccentric vicar and poet Robert Stephen Hawker (1803–1875), who is credited with reviving the custom of Harvest Festivals. The church of St Morwenna and St John the Baptist is of the Norman period. The Vicarage was built for Hawker and has chimneys in the form of the towers of various churches associated with him. The nearby coast is hazardous to shipping and the corpses of drowned sailors were laid out in the churchyard and then buried. Hawker buried over forty who were washed up within the parish boundaries.


title: Kilkhampton

paragraphs: Kilkhampton is a village and parish in northeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is on the A39 road about four miles (6 km) north-northeast of Bude. The population of the parish was 1,193 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: The remains of a late Norman period castle known as Penstowe Castle are 500 metres west of the village. Further west, at Stowe, is the site of the grand mansion of John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, built in 1680 but demolished in 1739: some of the stonework was reused at Penstowe, also in the parish.


title: Polzeath

paragraphs: Polzeath (pronounced "pol'zeth") is a small seaside resort in the parish of St Minver in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about six miles (10 km) north of Wadebridge on the Atlantic coast.

paragraphs: Polzeath is known for its sandy beach and is popular with holiday-makers and surfers. Polzeath beach is described on the RNLI website as : "... a wide, flat beach with some shelter from winds, it sees good quality surf and is quite often extremely crowded".

paragraphs: The main street through the village runs along the seafront and then rises up steep hills at both ends of the seafront; towards the neighbouring village of Trebetherick to the southwest and towards New Polzeath to the northeast.


title: St Minver

paragraphs: St Minver () is the name of an ecclesiastical parish, a civil parish and a village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The civil parish of St Minver is nominally divided into St Minver Highlands (to the north and east) and St Minver Lowlands (to the west).

paragraphs: The combined parish is bounded on the south and west by the estuary of the River Camel, on the north by the Atlantic coast, and on the east by the parishes of St Endellion and St Kew. The population of the parish in the 2001 census was 2,474 (St Minver Highlands 1025; St Minver Lowlands 1449).

paragraphs: The main villages in the whole parish are the churchtown of St Minver, Rock, Trebetherick and Polzeath. St Minver village is 3 miles (5 kilometres) north of Wadebridge a few hundred yards west of the B3314 Wadebridge to Delabole road.

paragraphs: The parish church of St Menefreda is in the village of St Minver.

paragraphs: There are two other churches in the parish, both in St Minver Lowlands. St Enodoc's church is situated between Rock and Trebetherick at . It was built on dunes in the 15th century and gradually became buried by the shifting sands. It was restored in the 1860s and now stands in the middle of a golf course. John Betjeman, the former poet laureate is buried in the churchyard. St Michael's church stands on the south shore of Porthilly Cove, an inlet of the River Camel just south of Rock, at . This church was also restored in the 1860s.


title: St Kew

paragraphs: St Kew is a parish and village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The main settlements in the parish are the churchtown, St Kew, and nearby St Kew Highway on the A39 road. St Kew was a female Welsh saint who was the sister of St Docco who is thought to have founded a monastery here.

paragraphs: The 15th century parish church of St James has important stained glass windows, including one depicting the Passion of Christ, which were restored in 2005. St Kew Highway railway station was a station on the North Cornwall Railway opened on 1 June 1895 and closed on 3 October 1966.


title: Heinrich Retschury

paragraphs: Heinrich Retschury (* 5 January 1887 in Vienna; † 11 June 1944) was an Austrian football player, referee, coach and official. He played for First Vienna FC and the Austrian team.

paragraphs: Heinrich Retschury played for First Vienna FC as defender. Together with Wilhelm Eipeldauer he formed the defence of the club. He also played in the Austrian national footballteam. His first match was a 4:0 win against Transleithanien (Hungarian part of the Austrian-Hungary Empire). He played another 5 times in the team . His last match was a 1:8 versus England on June,1st 1909. Later he was member of the Olympic squad for the Stockholm Olympic games in 1912, but he did not play.

paragraphs: After his football career he became an international successful referee. At the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris he was referee and led three matches(Semifinal:Uruguay-Netherlands 2:1;First Bronce medal match:Netherlands-Sweden 1:1;Second round match:Sweden-Belgium 8:1) He also led a lot of league- and cupmatches in Austria.

paragraphs: During the First World War he was caretaker of the football national team because the coach Hugo Meisl became soldier. (22 matches,8 won, 3 draws, 11 lost ). Also in the year 1937, after the death of Hugo Meisl, he became cartaker of the national team(5matches 2 won 1 draw 2 lost ) and reached the qualification for the 1938 FIFA World Cup where Austria did not play, because it was occupied by Germany.


title: Aaron Taylor-Johnson

paragraphs: Aaron Taylor-Johnson (born Aaron Perry Johnson, 13 June, 1990), known before marriage and previously credited as Aaron Johnson is an English-American actor. He is best known for the role as Dave Lizewski in "Kick-Ass" and John Lennon in "Nowhere Boy".


title: Neuroptera

paragraphs: Neuroptera is a order of net-winged insects, and includes the lacewings, mantidflies, antlions, and their relatives. The order contains some 6,010 species.

paragraphs: The adults of this order possess four membranous wings, with the forewings and hindwings about the same size, and with many veins. They have chewing mouthparts, and undergo complete metamorphosis. Most of the larvae and adults are predators.

paragraphs: The clade first appeared in the Permian period,


title: Mecoptera

paragraphs: Mecoptera (from the Greek: "meco-" = "long", "-ptera" = "wings") are an order of insects with about 550 species in nine families worldwide. Mecoptera are sometimes called scorpionflies after their largest family Panorpidae, in which the males have enlarged genitals that look similar to the stinger of a scorpion. The Bittacidae, or hangingflies, are a prominent family of elongate insects known for their elaborate mating rituals, in which females choose mates based on the quality of gift prey offered by various males.


title: William John Coffee

paragraphs: William John Coffee (1774–1846) was an English artist and sculptor who worked in porcelain, plaster, and terra cotta. He also worked in oil paint, although this was not the thing for which he became famous. His early career was as a modeller for Duesbury at the china factory on Nottingham Road in Derby, England. The later part of his life was spent in America.

paragraphs: In Derby, Coffee made busts of some of the local people and historic figures including a life size sculpture of Erasmus Darwin. This bust is a good example of Coffee's modelling skills and is now on show at Derby Museum. Coffee also produced a terra cotta copy of the Florentine Boar (1806) and a number of terra cotta statues of Greek figures showing medicine and healing for the garden of Joseph Strutt. The garden was given to the town as Derby Arboretum in 1840 complete with statues, but those of the Greek figures are now missing or lost. Coffee also made a terra cotta statue of Asclepius for William Strutt's Derbyshire Infirmary, opened 1810.

paragraphs: Coffee moved from England to New York City in 1816, where he became famous as a sculptor for American historical figures such as James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. He also made the mouldings for Jefferson's house and for the University of Virginia.


title: Harold Gresley

paragraphs: Harold Gresley (1892 - 1967) was an English artist. His father and grandfather were also artists. He painted mainly landscapes but also some portraits.

paragraphs: Gresley was born in Derbyshire and studied in Derby art school. He was the son of Frank Gresley and grandson of James Stephen Gresley who were both notable artists. He stopped his studies when World War I started. He fought in the Sherwood Foresters and was awarded a medal. After the war he continued his studies in Nottingham under Arthur Spooner, and became a teacher at Repton School. He lived at Chellaston, near Derby until he died in 1967.

paragraphs: Some of his work is shown in Derby Museum and Art Gallery after 77 of his paintings were donated by art collector Alfred E. Goodey.


title: Ksenia Khairova

paragraphs: Ksenia Leonidovna Khairova (, born Talyzina (); March 29, 1969) is a Soviet and Russian stage and movie actress.

paragraphs: Ksenia Leonidovna Talyzina was born in Moscow on March 29, 1969. Her parents divorced shortly after her birth.

paragraphs: She went school with in-depth study of languages.

paragraphs: In 1990 she graduated GITIS (Eugeny Lazarev's rate).

paragraphs: Her first role was a small part in the movie "Nikolai Vavilov".

paragraphs: She divorced Khairov. They have a daughter, Anastasia Talyzina (born in 1999).


title: Cape Verde at the Olympics

paragraphs: Cape Verde has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1996. No athletes from Cape Verde have been at any Winter Olympic Games. They have never won a medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Cape Verde is "Comité Olímpico Caboverdeano". It was started in 1989 and recognized in 1993.


paragraphs: Central African Republic at the Olympics is a history which includes 9 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1964, athletes of the Central African Republic have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Central African Republic is CAF.

paragraphs: The Central African Republic National Olympic Committee ("Comité National Olympique et Sportif Centrafricain") was formed in 1964. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1965.

paragraphs: The Central African Republic has been in every Summer Olympic Games held between the1984 Summer Olympics and the 2012 Summer Olympics. A team from the Central African Republic first competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: The country has not won an Olympic medal. No athletes from the Central African Republic have been at any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Chad at the Olympics

paragraphs: Chad at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 20+ athletes. Since 1964, athletes of Chad have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Chad is CHA. In 1964, it was CHD.

paragraphs: The Chad National Olympic Committee was formed in 1963. The "Comité Olympique et Sportif Tchadien". was recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1964.

paragraphs: A team from Chad has been at every Summer Olympic Games held between 1964 and 1972 and from 1984 to 2008.

paragraphs: Chad has not sent a team to any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Comoros at the Olympics

paragraphs: Comoros was first at the Olympic Games in 1996. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1996. The nation has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2010, no athlete from Comoros has won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Comoros was formed in 1979 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.


title: Republic of the Congo at the Olympics

paragraphs: Congo at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 60+ athletes. Since 1964, athletes of the Congo have taken part in the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Congo is CCGO.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for the Congo ("Comité National Olympique et Sportif Congolais") was formed in 1964 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

paragraphs: The Republic of the Congo, competing as Congo, was first at the Olympic Games in 1964. Competitors from the Congo missed the 1968 Summer Olympics and boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics along with most other African nations. Congo has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2012, no athlete from Congo has ever won an Olympic medal.


title: Democratic Republic of the Congo at the Olympics

paragraphs: The Democratic Republic of the Congo was first at the Olympic Games in 1968. The nation was named "Congo Kinshasa" then. The nation's next Olympic appearance was in 1984, when it was named Zaire. The nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. At the 2000 Games, the nation was named "Democratic Republic of the Congo".

paragraphs: As of 2011, no athlete from DR Congo has ever won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for DR Congo was formed in 1963 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1968.


title: Côte d'Ivoire at the Olympics

paragraphs: Côte d'Ivoire (CIV) has been to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964 except for 1980. No athletes from Côte d'Ivoire have been in any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Djibouti at the Olympics

paragraphs: Djibouti has been in 6 Summer Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee was formed in 1983. The International Olympic Committee recognized the country in 1984.

paragraphs: Hussein Ahmed Salah won a Bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics for the Men's Marathon.


title: Egloshayle

paragraphs: Egloshayle is a parish and village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is beside the River Camel immediately southeast of Wadebridge. The civil parish includes Washaway and Sladesbridge.

paragraphs: Egloshayle was a medieval river port, rivalling Padstow five miles downriver. Egloshayle is now a residential suburb of Wadebridge. The town of Wadebridge developed in the parishes of Egloshayle and St Breock. A Vicar of Egloshayle named Thomas Lovibond was responsible for the building of the first bridge across the River Camel to replace a dangerous ford which was begun in 1468 and completed in 1485.

paragraphs: The parish church, named after St Petroc, is built almost entirely in the Perpendicular style. It has a Norman font, a stone pulpit dating from the 15th century, and a peal of eight bells. The Anglican chapel at Washaway, dating from 1882, has a font which is one of the earliest in the county.

paragraphs: Pencarrow House, seat of the Molesworths (18th century), and Croan House (17th century) are fine examples of smaller country houses.

paragraphs: Kelly Rounds (or Castle Killibury) is an Iron Age fort on the border of the parish and has been associated with the legend of King Arthur.


title: River Camel

paragraphs: The River Camel is a river in Cornwall, UK. It rises on the edge of Bodmin Moor and together with its tributaries drains a considerable part of North Cornwall. The river issues into the Atlantic Ocean having covered a distance of approximately 30 miles. The river is tidal as far upstream as Egloshayle and is popular for sailing, birdwatching and fishing.

paragraphs: The River Camel rises on the edge of Bodmin Moor, an area which forms part of the granite spine of Cornwall. The river's course is then through upper and middle Devonian rocks, predominantly slates. The only active quarry in the River Camel catchment area is Delabole Quarry. There are some disused mines for a variety of metals in the area. The catchment area of the River Camel covers a total of 413 km² on the western side of Bodmin Moor, and is mainly Devonian slates and granite, with some shales and sandstones.


title: Huntsham

paragraphs: Huntsham is a village and civil parish in Mid Devon, Devon, England. Huntsham has a church called Church of All Saints. In 2001 there were 138 people living in Huntsham.


title: Great Torrington

paragraphs: Great Torrington is a town and civil parish in Torridge, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 5,279 people living in Great Torrington.


title: Ottery St Mary

paragraphs: Ottery St Mary is a town and civil parish in East Devon, Devon, England. At the 2001 census, the parish, which includes the villages of Metcombe, Fairmile, Alfington, Tipton St John, Wiggaton, and (until 2017) West Hill, had a population of 7,692.


title: Binary adder

paragraphs: Full adders are devices used to add binary numbers. They are used in computers. They take two binary numbers and put them together to get a sum. In its most basic form, it uses two XOR gates, two AND gates, and an OR gate. These gates figure out what the numbers being sent in mean and if the digit needs to be turned on or not.

paragraphs: When solving this example: 1001 + 1100 (9 + 12 in decimal form), it would need five single bits to give an answer. The first digits in each number would go to one adder, 1 and 0. It would calculate that 1 + 0 = 1, so that first digit would be 1. The second digits from each are 0 and 0, and 0 + 0 = 0, so the second digit is 0. the third digit from each are 1 and 0, and 1 + 0 = 1, so the third digit is 1. The fourth digit in each are 1 and 1, and 1 + 1 = 10, but because this is a 2 digit number, it holds the first digit (0) and send the second digit to the next adder. The next adder sees 1, and 1 = 1, so the fifth digit is 1. If we take the sum digits in order, they come out as 10101 (21), so 1001 + 1100 = 10101 (9 + 12 = 21).


title: Andrew Ference

paragraphs: Andrew James Stewart Ference (born March 17, 1979 in Edmonton, Alberta) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played for the Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Calgary Flames, and Boston Bruins.

paragraphs: Ference played hockey in the WHL for 5 seasons with the Portland Winter Hawks. He was drafted by the Pittsburgh Penguins with the 208th overall pick in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft. Ference also played for the Pittsburgh Penguins for 4 seasons, the Calgary Flames for 4 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 7 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, he won the Stanley Cup on June 15, 2011 when they defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.

paragraphs: On July 5, 2013, Horton signed a 4-year deal with the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Adam McQuaid

paragraphs: Adam McQuaid (born October 12, 1986 in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island) is an Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins. McQuaid played hockey in the OHL for 4 seasons with the Sudbury Wolves. He was drafted by the Columbus Blue Jackets with the 55th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft but never played a game with them and was traded to the Bruins for a fifth-round pick. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.


title: Patrice Bergeron

paragraphs: Patrice Bergeron-Cleary (born July 24, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL) and is the alternate captain. Bergeron played hockey in the QMJHL for 2 seasons with the Acadie-Bathurst Titan. He was drafted by the Boston Bruins with the 45th overall pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He won a gold medal in the 2010 Winter Olympics, 2010 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships and in the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.


title: Santiago, Nuevo León

paragraphs: Santiago is a municipality in the center of the Mexican state of Nuevo León. It is part of the Monterrey metropolitan area and it has an area of about . , there were 37,886 people living in there.


title: Administrative divisions of Mexico

paragraphs: The United Mexican States () is a federal republic formed by 32 federal entities () (31 states and 1 federal district).

paragraphs: According to the Constitution of 1917, the states of the federation are free and sovereign. Each state has their own congress and constitution, but the Federal District has only limited autonomy with a local Congress and government. The territory of the Federal District, commonly known as Mexico City, serves as the national capital.


title: Dennis Seidenberg

paragraphs: Dennis Seidenberg (born July 18, 1981 in Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany) is an NHL ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the Boston Bruins. He was drafted by the Philadelphia Flyers with the 172nd overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Seidenberg played hockey formerly with the Philadelphia Flyers for 3 seasons, the Phoenix Coyotes for 2 seasons, the Carolina Hurricanes for 3 seasons and the Florida Panthers for 1 season.


title: Chris Kelly

paragraphs: Chris Kelly (born November 11, 1980 in Toronto, Ontario) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey forward that currently plays for the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators with the 94th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Kelly played in the OHL for 4 seasons with the London Knights and 1 season with the Sudbury Wolves. He also played hockey formerly with the Ottawa Senators for 7 seasons and for one season with the Anahiem Ducks. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.


title: Megaloptera

paragraphs: Megaloptera is an order of insects. It contains the alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies. There are about 300 known species.


title: Michael Ryder

paragraphs: Michael Wayne Glen Ryder (born March 31, 1980 in Bonavista, Newfoundland and Labrador) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars, and Montreal Canadiens.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens with the 216th overall pick in the 1998 NHL Entry Draft. Ryder played in the QMJHL for 3 seasons with the Hull Olympiques and 2 seasons in the ECHL with the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks and Mississippi Sea Wolves. He also played hockey formerly with the Montreal Canadiens for 4 seasons. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.


title: Competitive eating

paragraphs: Competitive eating is a term for a sport where people play to see who can eat the most food in a given time. The sport is most commonly played in the United States and Japan. There are many different foods that can be eaten competitively. Common ones include hot dogs, hamburgers, hot wings, and pies.

paragraphs: The most famous competitive eating contest is Nathan's Hot Dog Eating Contest on Coney Island. It and other events are part of a tour known as Major League Eating. There are often competitive eating contests at American fairs and carnivals.


title: Arithmetic precision

paragraphs: The precision of a numeric value describes the number of digits that are used to show that value. In a scientific setting, this would be the "total" number of digits (sometimes called the "significant figures" or "significant digits") or, less commonly, the number of fractional digits or decimal places (the number of digits following the decimal point). This second definition is useful in financial and engineering applications where the count of digits in the fractional part has particular importance.

paragraphs: In both cases, the term "precision" can be used to describe the position at which an inexact result will be rounded. For example, in floating point arithmetic, a result is rounded to a given or fixed precision, which is the length of the resulting significand. In financial calculations, a number is often rounded to a given number of places (for example, to two places after the decimal separator for many world currencies).

paragraphs: As an example, the decimal quantity 12.345 can be expressed with various numbers of significant digits or decimal places. If insufficient precision is available then the number is rounded in some manner to fit the available precision. The following table shows the results for various total precisions and decimal places rounded to the nearest value using the round-to-even method.

paragraphs: Note that it is often not appropriate to display a figure with more digits than that which can be measured. For instance, if a device measures to the nearest gram and gives a reading of 12.345 kg, it would create "false precision" if the measurement were expressed "12.34500 kg" with 2 extra zeroes ("00") at the end.

paragraphs: The representation of a positive number "x" to a precision of "p" significant digits has a numerical value that is given by the formula

paragraphs: For a negative number, the numerical value is minus that of the absolute value.

paragraphs: The number 0, to any precision, can be taken to be 0.


title: Future Shop

paragraphs: Future Shop was a Canadian electronic retailer. It was headquartered in Burnaby, British Columbia. The largest Future Shop in Canada was in Edmonton, Alberta. It was purchased on November 4, 2001 for $580 million by Best Buy. It was founded in 1982 by Hassan Khosrowshahi, an Iranian entrepreneur who settled in Vancouver, British Columbia after leaving Iran.

paragraphs: On March 28, 2015, it was announced by Best Buy that they had decided to retire the Future Shop brand and close 66 locations. The former Future Shop locations were re-opened as Best Buy stores.


title: Shoppers Drug Mart

paragraphs: Shoppers Drug Mart Corporation (TSX: SC) is Canada's largest pharmacy chain. Shoppers Drug Mart is headquartered in the Toronto, Ontario. The chain is founded by Murray Koffler in 1962. The store is also called Pharmaprix in Quebec and Hawkesbury, Ontario.

paragraphs: The store usually has a organic foods section, at least five food aisles, a healthy living section, a cosmetics centre, a Carlton Cards aisle, an Easypix digital center/photolab, a full selection of over-the-counter drugs and health products and in some stores they have a full service Canada Post office.


title: Bianca (Percy Jackson)

paragraphs: Bianca di Angelo is a character in the fictional Percy Jackson and the Olympians book series, written by Rick Riordan. Bianca is a half-blood, meaning one parent was a god, and the other was a mortal. Her father is Hades, the god of the Underworld, and her mother is an italian mortal, named Maria Di Angelo. In "Percy Jackson and the Titan's Curse", she dies because she sacrifices herself after trying to rescue her friends. Her brother, Nico di Angelo, believes it was Percy Jackson's fault that his sister died, and plans to take revenge on Percy in the fourth book of the series, "Percy Jackson and the battle of the Labyrinth".


title: Document Records

paragraphs: Document Records (founded 1986 by Johnny Parth in Austria) is a now British record label. 2000 Parth sold the label to Gary Atkinson. Originally based in Vienna the label is now in Newton Stewart, Scotland.

paragraphs: The label publishes early American blues, bluegrass, gospel, spirituals jazz, and other rural American genres (this genres are also called "roots" music)and made between 1900 and 1945. The label is also owner of the rights for unrealesed Music made by the Edison Company between 1914 and 1929.


title: Rounding

paragraphs: The word "rounding" for a numerical value means replacing it by another value that is approximately equal but has a shorter, simpler, or more explicit form. For example, US$23.74 could be rounded to US$24, the fraction 312/937 could be rounded to 1/3, and the expression formula_1 could be rounded to 1.41.

paragraphs: Rounding is often done on purpose to obtain a value that is easier to write and handle than the original. It may also be done to indicate the accuracy of a computed number; for example, a quantity that was computed as 123,456, but is known to be accurate only to within a few hundred units, is better stated as "about 123,500".

paragraphs: On the other hand, rounding can introduce some "round-off error" as a result. Rounding is almost unavoidable in many computations, especially when dividing two numbers in integer or doing fixed-point arithmetic; when computing mathematical functions such as square roots, logarithms, and sines; or when using a floating point representation with a fixed number of significant digits. In a sequence of calculations, these rounding errors generally accumulate, and in certain "ill-conditioned" cases, they may make the result meaningless.

paragraphs: Accurate rounding of transcendental mathematical functions is difficult, because the number of extra digits that need to be calculated to resolve whether to round up or down cannot be known in advance. This problem is known as "the table-maker's dilemma" ("below").

paragraphs: Rounding has many similarities to the quantization that occurs when physical quantities must be encoded by numbers or digital signals.

paragraphs: The most common type of rounding is to round to an integer; or, more generally, to an integer multiple of some increment—such as rounding to whole tenths of seconds, hundredths of a dollar, to whole multiples of 1/2 or 1/8 inch, to whole dozens or thousands, etc..

paragraphs: In general, rounding a number "x" to a multiple of some specified increment "m" entails the following steps:

paragraphs: For example, rounding "x" = 2.1784 dollars to whole cents (that is, to a multiple of 0.01) entails computing "y" = "x"/"m" = 2.1784/0.01 = 217.84, then rounding "y" to the integer "q" = 218, and finally computing "z" = "q"×"m" = 218×0.01 = 2.18.

paragraphs: When rounding to a predetermined number of significant digits, the increment "m" depends on the magnitude of the number to be rounded (or of the rounded result).

paragraphs: The increment "m" is normally a finite fraction in whatever numeral system that is used to represent the numbers. For display to humans, that usually means the decimal numeral system (that is, "m" is an integer times a power of 10, like 1/1000 or 25/100). For intermediate values stored in digital computers, it often means the binary numeral system ("m" is an integer times a power of 2).

paragraphs: The abstract single-argument "round()" function that returns an integer from an arbitrary real value has at least a dozen distinct concrete definitions presented in the rounding to integer section. The abstract two-argument "round()" function is formally defined here, but in many cases it is used with the implicit value "m" = 1 for the increment and then reduces to the equivalent abstract single-argument function, with also the same dozen distinct concrete definitions.

paragraphs: The most basic form of rounding is to replace an arbitrary number by an integer. All the following rounding modes are concrete implementations of the abstract single-argument "round()" function presented and used in the previous sections.

paragraphs: There are many ways of rounding a number "y" to an integer "q". The most common ones are

paragraphs: The first four methods are called directed rounding, as the displacements from the original number "y" to the rounded value "q" are all directed towards or away from the same limiting value (0, +∞, or −∞).

paragraphs: If "y" is positive, round-down is the same as round-towards-zero, and round-up is the same as round-away-from-zero. If "y" is negative, round-down is the same as round-away-from-zero, and round-up is the same as round-towards-zero. In any case, if "y" is integer, "q" is just "y". The following table illustrates these rounding methods:

paragraphs: Where many calculations are done in sequence, the choice of rounding method can have a very significant effect on the result. A famous instance involved a new index set up by the Vancouver Stock Exchange in 1982. It was initially set at 1000.000, and after 22 months had fallen to about 520 — whereas stock prices had generally increased in the period. The problem was caused by the index being recalculated thousands of times daily, and always being rounded down to 3 decimal places, in such a way that the rounding errors accumulated. Recalculating with better rounding gave an index value of 1098.892 at the end of the same period.

paragraphs: Rounding a number "y" to the nearest integer requires some tie-breaking rule for those cases when "y" is exactly half-way between two integers — that is, when the fraction part of "y" is exactly 0.5.

paragraphs: The following tie-breaking rule, called round half up (or round half towards plus infinity), is widely used in many disciplines. That is, half-way values "y" are always rounded up.

paragraphs: For example, by this rule the value 23.5 gets rounded to 24, but −23.5 gets rounded to −23.

paragraphs: This is one of two rules generally taught in US elementary mathematics classes.

paragraphs: If it were not for the 0.5 fractions, the roundoff errors introduced by the round to nearest method would be quite symmetric: for every fraction that gets rounded up (such as 0.268), there is a complementary fraction (namely, 0.732) that gets rounded down, by the same amount. When rounding a large set of numbers with random fractional parts, these rounding errors would statistically compensate each other, and the expected (average) value of the rounded numbers would be equal to the expected value of the original numbers.

paragraphs: However, the "round half up" tie-breaking rule is not symmetric, as the fractions that are exactly 0.5 always get rounded up. This asymmetry introduces a positive bias in the roundoff errors. For example, if the fraction of "y" consists of three random decimal digits, then the expected value of "q" will be 0.0005 higher than the expected value of "y". For this reason, round-to-nearest with the "round half up" rule is also (ambiguously) known as asymmetric rounding.

paragraphs: One reason for rounding up at 0.5 is that only one digit need be examined. When seeing 17.50000..., for example, the first three figures, 17.5, determines that the figure would be rounded up to 18. If the opposite rule were used (round half down), then all the zero decimal places would need to be examined to determine if the value is exactly 17.5.

paragraphs: One may also use round half down (or round half towards minus infinity) as opposed to the more common "round half up" (the "round half up" method is a common convention, but is nothing more than a convention).

paragraphs: For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 23, and −23.5 gets rounded to −24.

paragraphs: The "round half down" tie-breaking rule is not symmetric, as the fractions that are exactly 0.5 always get rounded down. This asymmetry introduces a negative bias in the roundoff errors. For example, if the fraction of "y" consists of three random decimal digits, then the expected value of "q" will be 0.0005 lower than the expected value of "y". For this reason, round-to-nearest with the "round half down" rule is also (ambiguously) known as asymmetric rounding.

paragraphs: The other tie-breaking method commonly taught and used is the round half away from zero (or round half towards infinity), namely:

paragraphs: For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 24, and −23.5 gets rounded to −24.

paragraphs: This method treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. However, this rule will still introduce a positive bias for positive numbers, and a negative bias for the negative ones.

paragraphs: It is often used for currency conversions and price roundings (when the amount is first converted into the smallest significant subdivision of the currency, such as cents of a euro) as it is easy to explain by just considering the first fractional digit, independently of supplementary precision digits or sign of the amount (for strict equivalence between the paying and recipient of the amount).

paragraphs: One may also round half towards zero (or round half away from infinity) as opposed to the more common "round half away from zero" (the "round half away from zero" method is a common convention, but is nothing more than a convention).

paragraphs: For example, 23.5 gets rounded to 23, and −23.5 gets rounded to −23.

paragraphs: This method also treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. However, this rule will still introduce a negative bias for positive numbers, and a positive bias for the negative ones.

paragraphs: A tie-breaking rule that is even less biased is round half to even, namely

paragraphs: Thus, for example, +23.5 becomes +24, +22.5 becomes +22, −22.5 becomes −22, and −23.5 becomes −24.

paragraphs: This method also treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. In addition, for most reasonable distributions of "y" values, the expected (average) value of the rounded numbers is essentially the same as that of the original numbers, even if the latter are all positive (or all negative). However, this rule will still introduce a positive bias for even numbers (including zero), and a negative bias for the odd ones.

paragraphs: This variant of the round-to-nearest method is also called unbiased rounding (ambiguously, and a bit abusively), convergent rounding, statistician's rounding, Dutch rounding, Gaussian rounding, or bankers' rounding. This is widely used in bookkeeping.

paragraphs: This is the default rounding mode used in IEEE 754 computing functions and operators.

paragraphs: Another tie-breaking rule that is very similar to round half to even, namely

paragraphs: Thus, for example, +22.5 becomes +23, +21.5 becomes +21, −21.5 becomes −21, and −22.5 becomes −23.

paragraphs: This method also treats positive and negative values symmetrically, and therefore is free of overall bias if the original numbers are positive or negative with equal probability. In addition, for most reasonable distributions of "y" values, the expected (average) value of the rounded numbers is essentially the same as that of the original numbers, even if the latter are all positive (or all negative). However, this rule will still introduce a negative bias for even numbers (including zero), and a positive bias for the odd ones.

paragraphs: This variant is almost never used in most computations, except in situations where one wants to avoid rounding 0.5 or −0.5 to zero, or to avoid increasing the scale of numbers represented as floating point (with limited ranges for the scaling exponent), so that a non "infinite" number would round to infinite, or that a small "denormal" value would round to a normal non-zero value (these could occur with the "round half to even" mode). Effectively, this mode prefers preserving the existing scale of tie numbers, avoiding out of range results when possible.

paragraphs: Another unbiased tie-breaking method is stochastic rounding:

paragraphs: Like round-half-to-even, this rule is essentially free of overall bias; but it is also fair among even and odd "q" values. On the other hand, it introduces a random component into the result; performing the same computation twice on the same data may yield two different results. Also, it is open to unconscious bias if humans (rather than computers or devices of chance) are "randomly" deciding in which direction to round.

paragraphs: One method, more obscure than most, is round half alternatingly.

paragraphs: This suppresses the random component of the result, if occurrences of 0.5 fractional parts can be effectively numbered. But it can still introduce a positive or negative bias according to the direction of rounding assigned to the first occurrence, if the total number of occurrences is odd.

paragraphs: In some contexts, all the rounding methods above may be unsatisfactory. For example, suppose that "y" is an accurate measurement of an audio signal, which is being rounded to an integer "q" in order to reduce the storage or transmission costs. If "y" changes slowly with time, any of the rounding method above will result in "q" being completely constant for long intervals, separated by sudden jumps of ±1. When the "q" signal is played back, these steps will be heard as a very disagreeable noise, and any variations of the original signal between two integer values will be completely lost.

paragraphs: One way to avoid this problem is to round each value "y" upwards with probability equal to its fraction, and round it downwards with the complement of that probability. For example, the number 23.17 would be rounded up to 24 with probability 0.17, and down to 23 with probability 1 - 0.17 = 0.83. (This is equivalent to rounding down "y" + "s", where "s" is a random number uniformly distributed between 0 and 1.) With this special rounding, known as dithering, the sudden steps get replaced by a less objectionable noise, and even small variations in the original signal will be preserved to some extent. Like the stochastic approach to tie-breaking, dithering has no bias: if all fraction values are equally likely, rounding up by a certain amount is as likely as rounding down by that same amount; and the same is true for the sum of several rounded numbers. On the other hand, dithering introduces a random component in the result, much greater than that of stochastic tie-breaking.

paragraphs: More precisely, the roundoff error for each dithered number will be a uniformly distributed random variable with mean value of zero, but with a standard deviation formula_12, which is better than the 1/2 standard deviation with the simple predictive methods, but slightly higher than with the simpler stochastic method. However, the sum of "n" rounded numbers will be a random variable with expected error zero, but with standard deviation formula_13 (the total remaining noise) which diverges semi-quadratically and may become easily perceptible, even if the standard deviation of the roundoff error per sample will be formula_14 which slowly converges semi-quadratically to zero. So, this random distribution may still be too high for some applications that are rounding a lot of data.

paragraphs: This variant of the simple dithering method still rounds values with probability equal to its fraction. However, instead of using a random distribution for rounding isolated samples, the roundoff error occurring at each rounded sample is totalled for the next surrounding elements to sample or compute; this accumulated value is then added to the value of these next sampled or computed values to round, so that the modified values will take into account this difference using a predictive model (such as Floyd–Steinberg dithering).

paragraphs: The modified values are then rounded with any one of the above rounding methods, the best ones being with stochastic or dithering methods: in this last case, the sum of "n" rounded numbers will still be a random variable with expected error zero but with an excellent constant standard deviation of formula_15, instead of diverging semi-quadratically when dithering isolated samples; and the overall average roundoff error deviation per rounded sample will be formula_16 that will converge hyperbolically to zero, faster than with the semi-hyperbolic convergence when dithering isolated samples.

paragraphs: In practice, when rounding large sets of sampled data (such as audio, image and video rendering), the accumulation of roundoff errors is most frequently used with a simple predictive rounding of the modified values (such as rounding towards zero), because it will still preserve the hyperbolic convergence towards zero of the overall mean roundoff error bias and of its standard deviation. This enhancement is frequently used in image and audio processing (notably for accurate rescaling and antialiasing operations, where the simple probabilistic dithering of isolated values may still produce perceptible noise, sometimes even worse than the moiré effects occurring with simple non-probabilistic rounding methods applied to isolated samples).

paragraphs: The effective propagation of accumulated roundoff errors may depend on the discrete dimension of the sampled data to round: when sampling bidimensional images, including colored images (that add the discrete dimension of color planes), or tridimensional videos (that add a discrete time dimension), or on polyphonic audio data (using time and channel discrete dimensions), it may still be preferable to propagate this error into a preferred direction, or equally into several orthogonal dimensions, such as vertically vs. horizontally for bidimensional images, or into parallel color channels at the same position and/or timestamp, and depending on other properties of these orthogonal discrete dimensions (according to a perception model). In those cases, several roundoff error accumulators may be used (at least one for each discrete dimension), or a ("n"-1)-dimension vector (or matrix) of accumulators.

paragraphs: In some of these cases, the discrete dimensions of the data to sample and round may be treated non orthogonally: for example, when working with colored images, the trichromatic color planes data in each physical dimension (height, width and optionally time) could be remapped using a perceptive color model, so that the roundoff error accumulators will be designed to preserve lightness with a higher probability than hue or saturation, instead of propagating errors into each orthogonal color plane independently; and in stereophonic audio data the two rounded data channels (left and right) may be rounded together to preserve their mean value in priority to their effective difference that will absorb most of the remaining roundoff errors, in a balanced way around zero.

paragraphs: In some contexts it is desirable to round a given number "x" to a "neat" fraction — that is, the nearest fraction "z" = "m"/"n"

paragraphs: whose numerator "m" and denominator "n" do not exceed a given maximum. This problem is fairly distinct from that of rounding a value to a fixed number of decimal or binary digits, or to a multiple of a given unit "m". This problem is related to Farey sequences, the Stern-Brocot tree, and continued fractions.

paragraphs: This type of rounding, which is also named rounding to a logarithmic scale, is a variant of Rounding to a specified increment but with an increment that is modified depending on the scale and magnitude of the result. Concretely, the intent is to limit the number of significant digits, rounding the value so that non-significant digits will be dropped. This type of rounding occurs implicitly with numbers computed with floating-point values with limited precision (such as IEEE-754 "float" and "double" types), but it may be used more generally to round any real values with any positive number of significant digits and any strictly positive real base.

paragraphs: For example it can be used in engineering graphics for representing data with a logarithmic scale with variable steps (for example wave lengths, whose base is not necessarily an integer measure), or in statistical data to define classes of real values within intervals of exponentially growing widths (but the most common use is with integer bases such as 10 or 2).

paragraphs: This type of rounding is based on a logarithmic scale defined by a fixed non-zero real scaling factor "s" (in most frequent cases this factor is "s"=1) and a fixed positive base "b">1 (not necessarily an integer and most often different from the scaling factor), and a fixed integer number "n">0 of significant digits in that base (which will determine the value of the increment to use for rounding, along with the computed effective scale of the rounded number).

paragraphs: The primary argument number (as well as the resulting rounded number) is first represented in exponential notation "x" = "s"·"a"·"m"·"b", such that the sign "s" is either +1 or −1, the absolute mantissa "a" is restricted to the half-open positive interval [1/"b",1), and the exponent "c" is any (positive or negative) integer. In that representation, all significant digits are in the fractional part of the absolute mantissa whose integer part is always zero.

paragraphs: If the source number (or rounded number) is 0, the absolute mantisssa "a" is defined as 0, the exponent "c" is fixed to an arbitrary value (0 in most conventions, but some floating-point representations cannot use a null absolute mantissa but reserve a specific maximum negative value for the exponent "c" to represent the number 0 itself), and the sign "s" may be arbitrarily chosen between −1 or +1 (it is generally set to +1 for simple zero, or it is set to the same sign as the argument in the rounded value if the number representation allows to differentiate positive and negative zeroes, even if they finally represent the same numeric value 0).

paragraphs: A scaled exponential representation as "x" = "a"·"s"·"b" may also be used equivalently, with a signed mantissa "a" either equal to zero or within one of the two half-open intervals (−1,−1/"b"] and [+1/"b",+1), and this will be the case in the algorithm below.

paragraphs: The steps to compute this scaled rounding are generally similar to the following:

paragraphs: For the abstract "round()" function, this type of rounding can use any one of the "rounding to integer" modes described more completely in the next section, but it is most frequently the "round to nearest" mode (with tie-breaking rules also described more completely below).

paragraphs: Finished lumber, writing paper, capacitors, and many other products are usually sold in only a few standard sizes.

paragraphs: Many design procedures describe how to calculate an approximate value, and then "round" to some standard size using phrases such as "round down to nearest standard value", "round up to nearest standard value", or "round to nearest standard value".

paragraphs: When a set of preferred values is equally spaced on a logarithmic scale,

paragraphs: Choosing the closest preferred value to any given value can be seen as a kind of scaled rounding.

paragraphs: Such "rounded" values can be directly calculated.

paragraphs: In floating-point arithmetic, rounding aims to turn a given value "x" into a value "z" with a specified number of "significant" digits. In other words, "z" should be a multiple of a number "m" that depends on the magnitude of "z". The number "m" is a power of the base (usually 2 or 10) of the floating-point form.

paragraphs: Apart from this detail, all the variants of rounding discussed above apply to the rounding of floating-point numbers as well. The algorithm for such rounding is presented in the Scaled rounding section above, but with a constant scaling factor "s"=1, and an integer base "b">1.

paragraphs: For results where the rounded result would overflow the result for a directed rounding is either the appropriate signed infinity, or the highest representable positive finite number (or the lowest representable negative finite number if "x" is negative), depending on the direction of rounding. The result of an overflow for the usual case of "round to even" is always the appropriate infinity.

paragraphs: In addition, if the rounded result would underflow, i.e. if the exponent would exceed the lowest representable integer value, the effective result may be either zero (possibly signed if the representation can maintain a distinction of signs for zeroes), or the smallest representable positive finite number (or the highest representable negative finite number if "x" is negative), possibly a "denormal" positive or negative number (if the mantissa is storing all its significant digits, in which case the most significant digit may still be stored in a lower position by setting the highest stored digits to zero, and this stored mantissa does not drop the most significant digit, something that is possible when base "b"=2 because the most significant digit is always 1 in that base), depending on the direction of rounding. The result of an underflow for the usual case of "round to even" is always the appropriate zero.

paragraphs: Rounding a number twice in succession to different precisions, with the latter precision being coarser, is not guaranteed to give the same result as rounding once to the final precision except in the case of directed rounding. For instance rounding 9.46 to one decimal gives 9.5, and then 10 when rounding to integer using rounding half to even, but would give 9 when rounded to integer directly.

paragraphs: Some computer languages and the IEEE 754-2008 standard dictate that in straightforward calculations, the result should not be rounded twice. This has been a particular problem with Java as it is designed to be run identically on different machines, special programming tricks have had to be used to achieve this with x87 floating point.

paragraphs: The Java language was changed to allow different results where the difference does not matter and require a "strictfp" qualifier to be used when the results have to conform accurately.

paragraphs: It is possible to use rounded arithmetic to evaluate the exact value of a function with a discrete domain and range. For example, if we know that an integer "n" is a perfect square, we can compute its square root by converting "n" to a floating-point value "x", computing the approximate square root "y" of "x" with floating point, and then rounding "y" to the nearest integer "q". If "n" is not too big, the floating-point roundoff error in "y" will be less than 0.5, so the rounded value "q" will be the exact square root of "n". In most modern computers, this method may be much faster than computing the square root of "n" by an all-integer algorithm.

paragraphs: William Kahan coined the term "The Table-Maker's Dilemma" for the unknown cost of rounding transcendental functions:

paragraphs: The IEEE floating point standard guarantees that add, subtract, multiply, divide, square root, and floating point remainder will give the correctly rounded result of the infinite precision operation. However, no such guarantee is given for more complex functions and they are typically only accurate to within the last bit at best.

paragraphs: Using the Gelfond–Schneider theorem and Lindemann–Weierstrass theorem, many of the standard elementary functions can be proved to return transcendental results when given rational non-zero arguments; therefore it is always possible to correctly round such functions. However determining a limit for a given precision on how accurate results needs to be computed before a correctly rounded result can be guaranteed may demand a lot of computation time.

paragraphs: There are some packages around now that offer full accuracy. The MPFR package gives correctly rounded arbitrary precision results. IBM has written a package for fast and accurate IEEE elementary functions and in the future the standard libraries may offer such precision.

paragraphs: It is possible to devise well-defined computable numbers which it may never be possible to correctly round no matter how many digits are calculated. For instance, if Goldbach's conjecture is true but unprovable, then it is impossible to correctly round down 0.5 + 10 where n is the first even number greater than 4 which is not the sum of two primes, or 0.5 if there is no such number. This can however be approximated to any given precision even if the conjecture is unprovable.

paragraphs: The concept of rounding is very old, perhaps older even than the concept of division. Some ancient clay tablets found in Mesopotamia contain tables with rounded values of reciprocals and square roots in base 60.

paragraphs: Rounded approximations to π, the length of the year, and the length of the month are also ancient.

paragraphs: The "Round-to-even" method has served as the ASTM (E-29) standard since 1940. The origin of the terms "unbiased rounding" and "statistician's rounding" are fairly self-explanatory. In the 1906 4th edition of "Probability and Theory of Errors" Robert Simpson Woodward called this "the computer's rule" indicating that it was then in common use by human computers who calculated mathematical tables. Churchill Eisenhart's 1947 paper "Effects of Rounding or Grouping Data" (in "Selected Techniques of Statistical Analysis", McGrawHill, 1947, Eisenhart, Hastay, and Wallis, editors) indicated that the practice was already "well established" in data analysis.

paragraphs: The origin of the term "bankers' rounding" remains more obscure. If this rounding method was ever a standard in banking, the evidence has proved extremely difficult to find. To the contrary, section 2 of the European Commission report "The Introduction of the Euro and the Rounding of Currency Amounts" suggests that there had previously been no standard approach to rounding in banking; and it specifies that "half-way" amounts should be rounded up.

paragraphs: Until the 1980s, the rounding method used in floating-point computer arithmetic was usually fixed by the hardware, poorly documented, inconsistent, and different for each brand and model of computer. This situation changed after the IEEE 754 floating point standard was adopted by most computer manufacturers. The standard allows the user to choose among several rounding modes, and in each case, specifies precisely how the results should be rounded. These features made numerical computations more predictable and machine-independent, and made possible the efficient and consistent implementation of interval arithmetic.

paragraphs: Most programming languages provide functions or special syntax to round fractional numbers in various ways. The earliest numeric languages, such as FORTRAN and C, would provide only one method, usually truncation (towards zero). This default method could be implied in certain contexts, such as when assigning a fractional number to an integer variable, or using a fractional number as an index of an array. Other kinds of rounding had to be programmed explicitly; for example, rounding a positive number to the nearest integer could be implemented by adding 0.5 and truncating.

paragraphs: In the last decades, however, the syntax and/or the standard libraries of most languages have commonly provided at least the four basic rounding functions (up/ceiling, down/floor, to nearest, and towards zero). The tie-breaking method may vary depending the language and version, and/or may be selectable by the programmer. Several languages follow the lead of the IEEE-754 floating-point standard, and define these functions as taking a double precision float argument and returning the result of the same type, which then may be converted to an integer if necessary. Since the IEEE double precision format has 52 fraction bits, this approach may avoid spurious overflows in languages have 32-bit integers. Some languages, such as PHP, provide functions that round a value to a specified number of decimal digits, e.g. from 4321.5678 to 4321.57 or 4300. In addition, many languages provide a "printf" or similar string formatting function, which allows one to convert a fractional number to a string, rounded to a user-specified number of decimal places (the "precision"). On the other hand, truncation (round to zero) is still the default rounding method used by many languages, especially for the division of two integer values.

paragraphs: On the opposite, CSS and SVG do not define any specific maximum precision for numbers and measurements, that are treated and exposed in their Document Object Model and in their Interface-description-language interface as strings as if they had infinite precision, and do not discriminate between integers and floating point values; however, the implementations of these languages will typically convert these numbers into IEEE-754 double floating points before exposing the computed digits with a limited precision (notably within standard Javascript or ECMAScript interface bindings).

paragraphs: Some disciplines or institutions have issued standards or directives for rounding.

paragraphs: In a guideline issued in mid-1966, the U.S. Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology determined that weather data should be rounded to the nearest round number, with the "round half up" tie-breaking rule. For example, 1.5 rounded to integer should become 2, and −1.5 should become −1. Prior to that date, the tie-breaking rule was "round half away from zero".

paragraphs: Some meteorologists may write "-0" to indicate a temperature between 0.0 and -0.5 degrees (exclusive) that was rounded to integer. This notation is used when the negative sign is considered important, no matter how small is the magnitude; for example, when rounding temperatures in the Celsius scale, where below zero indicates freezing.

paragraphs: An introduction to different rounding algorithms that is accessible to a general audience but especially useful to those studying computer science and electronics.


title: Wheatland, Wyoming

paragraphs: Wheatland is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Platte County where it is the county seat. The city has about 3,548 people. Steamboat, the bucking horse on the license plate for the state of Wyoming and the logo for the athletics team of the University of Wyoming, was stabled in a barn in Wheatland.


title: Winchelsea

paragraphs: Winchelsea is a town on the A259 road in East Sussex, England.


title: Charing

paragraphs: Charing is a village and civil parish in Kent, England. In 2001 there were 2,694 people living in Charing.


title: Lenham

paragraphs: Lenham is a village and civil parish in Kent, England. In 2001 there were 3,301 people living in Lenham.


title: Hitoshi Matsumoto

paragraphs: Hitoshi Matsumoto (born September 8, 1963 in Amagasaki Hyōgo) is an Japanese comedian, actor, producer and director. Matsumoto is probably best known for being one-half of the comedy duo, Downtown where he is the "boke" also with member Masatoshi Hamada who is the tsukkomi. While apart of Downtown, Matsumoto and Hamada made two television shows, Downtown no Gaki no Tsukai ya Arahende!! and Hey! Hey! Hey! Music Champ. He directed, produced and starred in a movie called Big Man Japan. The movie was shown at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival in the Directors' Fortnight section. The movie was nominated in 2007 for "Best Film" at the Sitges - Catalonian International Film Festival and in 2008 for "Best Visual Effects" at the Asian Film Awards. He is married to his wife Ihara Rin and they have a daughter that was born on October 6, 2009.


title: Sturry

paragraphs: Sturry is a village and civil parish in Kent, England. In 2001 there were 6,257 people living in Sturry.


title: Dalston

paragraphs: Dalston is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 2,643 people living in Dalston.


title: Salcombe

paragraphs: Salcombe is a village and civil parish in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001, there were 1,893 people living in Salcombe.


title: Haslemere

paragraphs: Haslemere is a town and civil parish in Waverley, Surrey, England. In 2001 there were 15,612 people living in Haslemere.


title: Kočevski Rog massacre

paragraphs: Kočevski Rog massacre was a series of massacres in Slovenia in late May 1945. This was shortly after World War II. It happened near Kočevski Rog. Thousands of members of the Slovene Home Guard and their families were executed by special units of the Yugoslav Partisans. They were thrown into various pits and caves, which were then sealed with explosives. Several thousand (between 10,000 and 12,000, according to certain sources) war prisoners died in these executions. They had been repatriated by the British military authorities from Austria, where they had fled.

paragraphs: The Russian British author Nikolai Tolstoy wrote an account of the events in his book "The Minister and the Massacres". British author John Corsellis, who served in Austria with the British Army, has written a historic book of these events, called "Slovenia 1945: Memories of Death and Survival after World War II".

paragraphs: Boris Karapandzic writes that there were 12,000 Slovenian "home guards", 3,000 Serbian volunteer troops, 1,000 Montenegrin "chetniks", and 2,500 Croatian "home guards". Karapandzic's report is confirmed in a subsequent book by a group of scholars.


title: St Dennis, Cornwall

paragraphs: St Dennis is a parish and village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is on the B3279 road between Newquay and St Austell.

paragraphs: St Dennis had a population of 2,696 in the 2001 census. The village is famous for its church built on the site of an Iron Age hillfort. The area is full of tips and clay pits of china clay mining but St Dennis village itself is designated an 'island settlement' which prevents encroachment by the china clay industry. Much of the parish is up to 500 feet above sea level, and the countryside is moorland with small fields enclosed by 'Cornish hedges'.

paragraphs: The church is on top of a hill overlooking the village and has views to the sea at Newquay. It stands on the site of an Iron Age fort. The tower is the oldest part of the church, and the newer church has been repaired after being destroyed by fire in 1985. The village also has a strong history of Methodism and once had three Methodist chapels, two of these are still in use.


title: Illogan

paragraphs: Illogan (pronounced "i'lluggan") is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is two miles (3 km) northwest of Redruth and had a population of 5585 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: Originally a rural area supporting itself by farming and agriculture, Illogan shared in the general prosperity brought about by the 19th century mining boom, which was experienced by the whole Camborne-Redruth area.

paragraphs: The church is dedicated to Saint Illogan, of whom little is known. Illogan was the birthplace of engineer and inventor Richard Trevithick.


title: St Keverne

paragraphs: St Keverne is a parish and village on the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The population of the parish was 2107 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 started in St Keverne. The leader of the rebellion Michael An Gof was a blacksmith from St Keverne and is commemorated by a statue in the village.

paragraphs: The parish is a large one and includes some 10 miles of coast from Nare Point at the mouth of the Helford River to Kennack Sands, and the Manacles offshore. Settlements on the coast include Porthallow, Porthoustock and Coverack. Inland the parish includes the hamlets of Zoar, Laddenvean, Traboe, Trelan and Gwenter. The eastern part of Goonhilly Downs is also in the parish.

paragraphs: St Keverne was in the Middle Ages the site of an important monastery. The church is dedicated to St Akeveranus. The church is very large for a village church and in its present form is 15th century.


title: Cornish Rebellion of 1497

paragraphs: The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was a popular uprising by the people of Cornwall in the far southwest of Britain. Its primary cause was the people's response to the raising of war taxes by King Henry VII to pay for a campaign against Scotland. Tin miners were angered as the scale of the taxes overturned previous rights granted by Edward I of England to the Cornish Stannary Parliament which exempted Cornwall from all taxes of 10ths or 15ths of income.

paragraphs: In reaction to King Henry's tax levy, Michael Joseph (An Gof), a blacksmith from St Keverne and Thomas Flamank a lawyer from Bodmin, persuaded many of the people of Cornwall to revolt against the King. An army of 15,000 marched into Devon, attracting support in terms of provisions and recruits as they went. Apart from one isolated incident at Taunton their march was not accompanied by any violence or looting. From Taunton, they moved on to Wells, where they were joined by the seventh Baron Audley, an able soldier.

paragraphs: After issuing a declaration of grievances, the army left Wells and marched to Winchester via Bristol and Salisbury, remarkably unopposed as they progressed across the south of England. At this point, having come so far, there seems to have been some questioning of what exactly should be done. Flamank proposed that they should head for Kent, 'the classic soil of protests', the home of the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 and Jack Cade's rebellion, to rally the volatile men of Kent to their banner. Having failed to attract support in Kent part of the army abandoned the march and returned home while the rest turned towards Surrey.

paragraphs: Moving back west, by Tuesday 13 June 1497 the Cornish army arrived at Guildford. Although shocked by the scale of the revolt, Henry VII had not been idle. The army of 8000 men assembled for Scotland was recalled. The same day that the Cornish arrived at Guildford, Lord Daubeney and his army took up position upon Hounslow Heath and were cheered by the arrival of food and wine dispatched by the Lord Mayor of London.

paragraphs: The Crown decided to take the offensive and test the strength and resolve of the Cornish forces. Lord Daubeney sent out a force of 500 mounted spearmen and they clashed with the Cornish at 'Gill Down' outside Guildford on Wednesday 14 June 1497.

paragraphs: The Cornish army left Guildford and moved via Banstead and Chussex Plain to Blackheath where they pitched their final camp, looking down from the hill onto the Thames and City of London. Somehow An Gof held his army together, but faced with overwhelming odds, some Cornish deserted and by morning there remained only some 9-10,000 Cornish stalwarts left in arms.

paragraphs: The Battle of Deptford Bridge (also known as Battle of Blackheath) took place on 17 June 1497 on a site in present-day Deptford south-east London, near the River Ravensbourne and was the climax of the Cornish Rebellion. Henry VII had an army of some 25,000 men and the Cornish lacked the supporting cavalry and artillery arms essential to the professional forces of the time. After carefully spreading rumours that he would attack on the following Monday, Henry moved against the Cornish at dawn on Saturday (17 June 1497). The Royal forces were divided into three 'battles', two under Lords Oxford, Essex and Suffolk, to wheel round the right flank and rear of enemy whilst the third waited in reserve. When the Cornish were duly surrounded, Lord Daubeney and the third 'battle' were ordered into frontal attack.

paragraphs: At the bridge at Deptford Strand, the Cornish had placed a body of archers to block the passage of the river. Here Daubeney had a hot time of it before his spearmen eventually captured the crossing with some losses (a mere 8 men or as many as 300 depending on one's source). Through ill-advice or inexperience, the Cornish had neglected to provide support for the men at Deptford Strand bridge and the main array stood well back into the heath, near to the top of the hill. Lord Daubeney and his troops poured across in strength and engaged the enemy with great vigour. Daubeney himself was so carried away that he became isolated from his men and was captured. Astoundingly enough, the Cornish simply released him and he soon returned to the fray.

paragraphs: The two other Royal divisions attacked the Cornish precisely as planned and, as Bacon succinctly put it: being ill-armed and ill-led, and without horse or artillery, they were with no great difficulty cut in pieces and put to flight. Estimates of the Cornish dead range from 200 to 2000 and a general slaughter of the broken army was well under way when An Gof gave the order for surrender. He fled but only got as far as Greenwich before being captured. The less enterprising Lord Audley and Thomas Flamank were taken on the field of battle.

paragraphs: By 2pm, Henry VII had returned to the City in triumph, knighting deserving parties on the way, to accept the acclamation of the Mayor and attend a service of thanksgiving at St Paul's.

paragraphs: In due course, severe monetary penalties, extracted by Crown agents, pauperised sections of Cornwall for years to come. Prisoners were sold into slavery and estates were seized and handed to more loyal subjects. The remaining rebels that escaped went home ending the rebellion.

paragraphs: An Gof and Flamank were both executed at Tyburn, London on 27 June 1497. An Gof is recorded to have said before his execution that he should have ""a name perpetual and a fame permanent and immortal"". Thomas Flamank was quoted as saying ""Speak the truth and only then can you be free of your chains"". Audley, as a peer of the realm, was beheaded on the 28th June at Tower Hill, London.

paragraphs: In 1997 a statue depicting the Cornish leaders, "Michael An Gof" and Thomas Flamank was unveiled at An Gof's home village of St Keverne and a commemorative plaque was also unveiled on Blackheath Common.


title: Pont du Gard

paragraphs: The Pont du Gard is a Roman aqueduct in Southern France. It is in the Gard département, in the area of the commune of Vers-Pont-du-Gard. The name should mean "Bridge over the Gard" (the river Gardon).

paragraphs: The aquaeduct supplied the city of Nîmes with water. It has a length of nearly 50 kilometres. The bridge is 49 metres high and has bows on three levels. It was probably built in the 1st century. In 1985, the Pont du Gard was classified a World Heritage Site.


title: Hersal Thomas

paragraphs: Hersal Thomas (1910 in Houston – 3 July 1926 in Detroit, Michigan) was an American blues and boogie woogie pianist. He strongly influenced the development of piano blues and boogie woogie. Later pianists like Jimmy Yancey, Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named him as an important influence in their own career.

paragraphs: Thomas was born in Houston, Texas into a musical family. When young, he had talent for blues piano playing and composition. Besides Hersal, also his older brother George W. was a very good piano player. His sister Sippie Wallace and his niece Hociel Thomas sang.

paragraphs: He started playing piano in New Orleans. Later he went to Chicago, where his sister Sippie lived. In 1924, he started recording piano rolls and 1925 disk records. He worked solo but also as sideman for Hociel Thomas, Sippie Wallace, Lilian Miller and Sodarisa Miller. Shortly before his death he was on tour with Louis Armstrong and King Oliver. His sister Sippie Wallace recorded seven of his titles: "A Jealous Woman Like Me", "A Man for Every Day of the Week", "Dead Drunk Blues", "Have You Ever Been Down?", "I Feel Good", "Shorty George Blues" and "Trouble Everywhere I Roam". His most famous records are "Suitcase Blues" (8958-A Okeh 8227) and "The Five". Albert Ammons and Meade Lux Lewis named this records under the fundamental boogie records.

paragraphs: Thomas died of food poisoning while working at Penny's Pleasure Inn in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Shuttle

paragraphs: A shuttle is a tool designed to neatly and compactly store weft yarn while weaving. Shuttles are thrown or passed back and forth through the shed, between the yarn threads of the warp in order to weave in the weft.

paragraphs: The simplest shuttles, known as "stick shuttles", are made from a flat, narrow piece of wood with notches on the ends to hold the weft yarn. More complicated shuttles incorporate bobbins or pirns.

paragraphs: Shuttles are often made of wood from the Flowering Dogwood, because it is so hard, resists splintering, and can be polished to a very smooth finish.

paragraphs: Originally shuttles were passed back and forth by hand. However, "John Kay" invented a loom in 1733 that incorporated a "flying shuttle". This shuttle could be thrown through the warp, which allowed much wider cloth to be woven much more quickly and made the development of machine looms much simpler and easier to use.


title: Cranleigh

paragraphs: Cranleigh is a village and civil parish in Waverley, Surrey, England. In 2001 there were 11,241 people living in Cranleigh and many of them were British.


title: Wadhurst

paragraphs: Wadhurst is a town and civil parish in Wealden, East Sussex, South East England. As of June 2018, there were an estimate of 4,036 people living in Wadhurst. Out of which 1,872 were men and 2,164 were women.


title: Crowborough

paragraphs: Crowborough is a town in Wealden, East Sussex, England. In 2001 there were 19,939 people living in Crowborough. It is on the Weald and at the edge of Ashdown Forest.


title: Strete

paragraphs: Strete is a village and civil parish in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 520 people living in Strete.


title: Lingfield

paragraphs: Lingfield is a village and civil parish in Surrey, England. In 2001 there were 4,215 people living in Lingfield.


title: Mundesley

paragraphs: Mundesley is a village and civil parish in North Norfolk, Norfolk, England. In 2001 there were 2,695 people living in Mundesley.


title: Stutton, Suffolk

paragraphs: Stutton is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 786 people living in Stutton.


title: South Huish

paragraphs: South Huish is a village and civil parish in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 560 people living in South Huish.


title: North Huish

paragraphs: North Huish is a village and civil parish in South Hams, Devon, England. In 2001 there were 360 people living in North Huish.


title: Seckington

paragraphs: Seckington is a village in North Warwickshire, Warwickshire, England. Seckington has a church called Church of All Saints.


title: St Just in Penwith

paragraphs: St Just in Penwith (or St Just) is a town and parish in the far west of Cornwall, United Kingdom. The parish includes the town of St Just and the nearby settlements of Trewellard, Pendeen and Kelynack: it is bounded by the parishes of Morvah to the north-east, Sancreed and Madron to the east, St Buryan and Sennen to the south and by the sea in the west. The town of St Just is the most westerly town in mainland Britain and is about eight miles (12.7 km) west of Penzance along the A3071 road. St Just parish has a population of 4690. The parish church is a fine 15th century building.

paragraphs: St Just is one of the most ancient mining districts in Cornwall and remains of ancient pre-industrial and more modern mining activity have had a considerable impact on the nearby landscape. The area was during the 19th century one of the most important mining districts in Cornwall both for copper and tin. Mines within the area included Levant Mine, Botallack, and Geevor Tin Mine (which closed in 1990) It was announced in July 2006 that the St Just mining district and the rest of the historic mining areas of Cornwall had become the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape World Heritage Site.


title: River Fal

paragraphs: The River Fal flows through Cornwall, United Kingdom, rising on the Goss Moor (between St. Columb and St Austell) and reaching the English Channel at Falmouth. The River Fal separates the Roseland Peninsula from the rest of Cornwall. The Fal estuary is a classic ria, or drowned river valley, caused by rising sea levels. The main tributary of the Fal is the River Truro. The estuary of the River Fal is called Carrick Roads.

paragraphs: The origin and meaning of the name of the river are unknown. The earliest occurrences of the name are in documents of 969 and 1049 AD. Falmouth, a town which was known by another name until the 17th century, is named after the River Fal.

paragraphs: The catchment of the Fal is predominantly Devonian slates, shales and grits, with granite in the upper reaches. Land use is mainly agricultural with some woodland.

paragraphs: Tributaries of the River Fal include the River Truro, River Kennal, River Penryn and River Carnon. Several tidal creeks discharge into the River Fal including the Helford River, Mylor Creek, Pill Creek, Penpol Creek and Restronguet Creek.

paragraphs: The river is crossed by the historic and scenic King Harry Ferry, a vehicular chain ferry that links the villages of Feock and Philleigh.


title: St Merryn

paragraphs: St Merryn is a parish and village in north Cornwall, United Kingdom about three and a half miles south of Padstow and eleven miles north-east of Newquay. The Seven Bays of St Merryn, all with sandy surfing and holidaying beaches, are (from west to east) Porthcothan Bay, Treyarnon Bay, Constantine Bay, Booby's Bay, Mother Ivey's Bay, Harlyn Bay and Trevone Bay. As well as cliffs and beaches the Seven Bays area includes much farming land. The North Cornwall Coastal Path follows the clifftops and crosses all of the Seven Bays.


title: Laser tag

paragraphs: Laser tag, what is now considered a game, started out as a military training exercise. In the beginning laser guns and the laser targets worn on the soldiers bodies were not connected, this means that the soldiers were able to continue firing the gun even if they had been tagged. One other problem was that they could just reboot the packs, essentially getting their second life, which does not happen on the battlefield.

paragraphs: Laser tag does not actually use lasers for the actual tagging device, it utilizes infrared LEDs that are focused with mirrors.

paragraphs: Today's laser tag systems work on the following, where a sensor pack that is attached to the pack, your pack is wireless and reports back to a master computer that tabulates the amount of times that you were hit or hit someone else. When you pull the trigger, the infrared LED lights up, but the infrared can not be seen by humans. The packs sensors are actively looking for Infrared lights, if you are in range your pack will register the hit. the part of the laser tag beam that you can see is sometimes a laser or a very bright focused red LED.

paragraphs: In earlier versions of laser tag the packs sensed light, this was bad, because you needed to large area to play, you were usually in view of the sun, you often got false tags with the sun.


title: The King's Speech

paragraphs: The King's Speech is a 2010 British historical drama movie. It is set in the 1930s. It was directed by Tom Hooper and written by David Seidler.

paragraphs: Colin Firth plays King George VI who, to overcome his stammer, sees Lionel Logue. Logue is an Australian speech therapist played by Geoffrey Rush. The two men become friends as they work together. After his brother, Edward VIII, abdicates, the new king relies on Logue to help him make a radio broadcast at the beginning of World War II.


title: Les Montets

paragraphs: Les Montets is a municipality in the west part of the canton Fribourg. It is made of 4 towns: Montet, Frasses, Granges-de-vesin and Aumont.


title: Stewart, British Columbia

paragraphs: Stewart is a small Canadian town in British Columbia, Canada. The population of Stewart at the 2006 census was 496. The town originally had a population of around 10,000 people before to World War I, it then declined to about 700 people in 2000. As of 2005, its population had declined to less than 500 people. The town was named Stewart by Robert M. Stewart in 1905. Nearby is the town of Hyder in the United States state of Alaska.


title: Garnet Exelby

paragraphs: Garnet Exelby (born August 16, 1981 in Craik, Saskatchewan) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played for the Providence Bruins of the AHL.

paragraphs: He has also played in the WHL for 4 seasons; 3 for the Saskatoon Blades and 1 for the Regina Pats. He was drafted by the Atlanta Thrashers with the 217th pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Thrashers midway through the 2002-03 NHL season. He played 6 seasons with the Thrashers before being traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs along with Colin Stuart on July 1, 2009 for Pavel Kubina and the rights to Tim Stapleton. He became a free agent on July 1, 2010. He was signed by the Chicago Blackhawks on November 26, 2010 and he was assigned to their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2011, he was signed by the Detroit Red Wings and was assigned to their AHL affiliate, Grand Rapids Griffins. The Boston Bruins signed Exelby as a free agent to a one-year, two-way contract on July 11, 2012.

paragraphs: He was born in Craik, Saskatchewan but grew up in Ste. Anne, Manitoba.


title: Crush (drink)

paragraphs: Crush is a soft drink made by the Dr Pepper Snapple Group.

paragraphs: Crush was founded in 1911 with Clayton Howell and Neil Ward when they began working together on the project. After many attempts, Ward had made the process of mixing the ingredients to make the all-natural taste of Orange Crush. Howell had already made his own drink, Howell’s Orange Julep, as soft drinks usually were named after the maker and the drink name. In this case, Crush was released under the name Ward's Orange Crush. In fact, the company who made Orange Crush drink added orange pulp to the drink to make drinkers think that it was made from fresh squeezed oranges. However, pulp has not been in the drink for the past few decades.

paragraphs: In 1980, Crush was sold to Procter & Gamble. Then in 1989, Cadbury Schweppes bought Crush from Procter & Gamble. Cadbury then made their drink business and called it Dr Pepper Snapple Group.


title: Wintersleep

paragraphs: Wintersleep is a Canadian indie rock band from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Wintersleep has five members in the band; the current band members are Paul Murphy, Mike Bigelow, Loel Campbell, Tim D'eon and Jon Samuel. The band formed in 2001. They won a Juno Award for "New Group of the Year" in 2008.

paragraphs: So far as of 2011, Wintersleep has released 4 albums:


title: Jimmy Yancey

paragraphs: James Edwards "Jimmy" Yancey (February 20, 1898 - September 17, 1951) was an American pianist who was famous for his boogie woogie playing.

paragraphs: Yancey was born in Chicago in 1895 or 1898. His older brother Alonzo Yancey was also a pianist ; their father was a guitarist. Yancey started his career as a singer in traveling shows. He was a well known pianist by 1915, and influenced younger musicians, such as Meade Lux Lewis and Albert Ammons.

paragraphs: Most of his records were solo piano, but later in his career he also recorded with vocals by his wife, Estelle Yancey, under the name 'Jimmy and Mama Yancey'. They recorded the first album which was ever recorded by the famous label Atlantic Records.

paragraphs: Throughout his life, Yancey kept a job as groundskeeper for the Chicago White Sox.

paragraphs: Yancey died of a stroke in Chicago on September 17, 1951. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1986.


title: Mother Mother

paragraphs: Mother Mother is a Canadian indie rock band from Quadra Island, British Columbia. Mother Mother has five members in the band; the current band members are Ryan Guldemond, Molly Guldemond, Ali Siadat, Jeremy Page and Jasmin Parkin. The band formed in January 2005. They released their third album, "Eureka", on March 15th, 2011. They also released their 4th studio album, “ The Sticks” on September 8th of 2012.

paragraphs: So far as of 2011, Mother Mother has released 3 albums:


title: Belfort

paragraphs: Belfort is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Territoire de Belfort in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region.

paragraphs: The Lion of Belfort lies at the bottom of the citadel and is a symbol of the city's resistance during the Franco-Prussian War.


title: Auxerre

paragraphs: Auxerre is a French commune. It is in the northwest of the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region and is the prefecture of the Yonne department.

paragraphs: The city of Auxerre is in the centre of the Yonne department. The city is along the Yonne river, a tributary of the Seine river, that flows through the department from south to north.

paragraphs: It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: Auxere is surrounded by many "communes": Augy, Champs-sur-Yonne, Chevannes, Escolives-Sainte-Camille, Jussy, Monéteau, Perrigny, Quenne, Saint-Georges-sur-Baulche, Vallan, Venoy, Villefargeau and Villeneuve-Saint-Salves.

paragraphs: The city of Auxerre is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Auxerre is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Auxerre is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Auxerre is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is April with an average of .

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Auxerre are known, in French, as "Auxerrois" (women: "Auxerroises").

paragraphs: With a population of 34,843, Auxerre has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Auxerre forms, together with other 2 "communes", the urban area of Auxerre with a population of 42,188 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Auxerre, formed by 68 "communes", with a population of 92,209 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

paragraphs: Auxerre is the prefecture of the Yonne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Auxerre and the administrative centre () of four cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Auxerrois" ().


title: Communes of the Territoire de Belfort department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 102 communes of the Territoire de Belfort "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Yonne department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 454 communes of the Yonne "département" in France.


title: Breage

paragraphs: Breage is a parish and village in west Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village is three miles (5 km) west of Helston and has a population of 2,375. Other settlements in the parish include the villages of Ashton, Carleen, Godolphin Cross, and the coastal village of Praa Sands. Breage is named after Saint Breage or Breaca, a missionary from Ireland (to whom the 15th century church is dedicated).

paragraphs: The geological formation known as the Tregonning-Godolphin Granite underlies the parish and the area was formerly an important source of tin and copper ore. Other than Praa Sands, the villages in the parish were tin and copper mining villages. Most of today's working population are commuters, travelling to nearby towns or to RNAS Culdrose.

paragraphs: The church was built of granite in the 15th century: on the north wall are five medieval wall paintings. A Roman milestone of the 3rd century is preserved in the church and in the churchyard there is an unusual Hiberno-Saxon cross head.