title: Attrition warfare

paragraphs: A war of attrition is a military strategy in which one side tries to cause so many losses of soldiers and so much destruction of military equipment that it wears down the enemy forces until they collapse. The side with more resources (soldiers and military equipment) is the side that usually wins.

paragraphs: Military experts like Sun Tzu say attrition is not the best way to win a war. A famous quote by Sun Tzu is "the supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting". In a war of attrition both parties think they can win. One is always wrong and often, both are wrong. They can both end up with fewer resources than when they began. Ideally, wars are won using the least numbers of soldiers and weapons possible. Another form of attrition warfare is the search and destroy operations used by the United States during the Vietnam War. That same conflict proved that wars of attrition do not work when your enemy is willing to absorb higher losses and continue a war indefinitely.

paragraphs: Union General Ulysses S. Grant began a war of attrition with the Battle of the Wilderness. This was a change for the Army of the Potomac. No longer going after the Confederate capital at Richmond, Virginia, Grant was directly going after Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. It was the first battle of the Union army's Overland Campaign and ended with neither side victorious. The combined casualties totaled 28,000. Grant knew that although his losses were greater, any losses for the Confederacy would reduce their capacity to fight. The North had a much larger pool of resources to work with. So Grant concluded any Confederate losses were worth the sacrifice made by the Union army.

paragraphs: One of the best examples of a war of attrition is World War I on the Italian and Western Fronts. Both sides were drained until one side did not have enough men, horses, food and other military resources to continue. The term was often used to show a lack of imagination in simply throwing soldiers at their enemy. While this implies attrition warfare can be avoided, unfortunately it often cannot. Attrition is frequently a key approach to winning a war. An army will use maneuver and position to its advantage so that when the fight does occur the enemy suffers the greater loss of resources. But attrition may be necessary to create the space in which to maneuver and position forces. For this reason, the two approaches to fighting a war are closely linked and attrition is often the more important. The end of World War I is described in detail by Keegan. It is enough to say that Germany could not replace the men killed with equal numbers of new troops.


title: Natillas

paragraphs: Natillas is a type of food. Natillas refers to a variety of dishes in Spanish-speaking countries.

paragraphs: In Spain natillas is a custard dish. In Colombia the dish called natilla is often served at Christmas. It is like a flan or pudding. In Peru natillas are from Piura and they are elaborated from chancaca. Mexico uses the term for a thicker version of the dessert drink called "Atole leche". In Costa Rica it is a sour cream-like dairy product used as a condiment.


title: Rhyolite

paragraphs: Rhyolite is a very strong igneous, volcanic rock.

paragraphs: German geologist Ferdinand von Richthofen named the rock.


title: Viborg, South Dakota

paragraphs: Viborg is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 782 people lived there at the 2010 census. Viborg became a city in 1903.


title: Hurley, South Dakota

paragraphs: Hurley is a city in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 415 people lived there at the 2010 census. Hurley became a city in 1883.


title: The Counselor

paragraphs: The Counselor is a 2013 British-American crime drama thriller movie. It is about human nature, greed and death. Penélope Cruz plays Laura, Cameron Diaz plays Malkina and Rosie Perez plays Ruth. The movie got mixed reviews by the critics. It got back close to $47 million, $22 million past its budget. This movie, however, was considered a flop. It was released in October and November 2013.


title: Jah Wobble

paragraphs: Jah Wobble (born 11 August 1958) is an English bass guitarist, singer, and poet. He was Public Image Ltd's first bass player. He left after making two albums with the band in 1980. He has worked with many musicians since. In September 2010 a book Wobble wrote about his life, "Memoirs of a Geezer", was published.

paragraphs: Wobble has two daughters, Hayley Angel Wardle and Natalie Wardle, and two sons.


title: Andrea del Sarto

paragraphs: Andrea del Sarto (born 16 July 1486) was an Italian painter. He was considered an important artist during his lifetime.

paragraphs: Perhaps the best known painting by Andrea del Sarto is the "Madonna of the Harpies". The painting shows the Virgin Mary and child on a pedestal, with angels and two saints by her side.


title: Andrea Mantegna

paragraphs: Andrea Mantegna (born about 1431) was an Italian painter.

paragraphs: Mantegna's only known sculpture is a "Sant'Eufemia" in the Cathedral of Irsina, Basilicata. The rest of these are paintings:


title: Little Earthquakes

paragraphs: Little Earthquakes is the first solo album by Tori Amos. Five singles were released from it. The album got good reviews from music critics. It is the only Tori Amos album in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".

paragraphs: "Me and a Gun" was released as the first single from "Little Earthquakes". It is a song about when Amos was raped in Los Angeles when she was 21. "Silent All These Years" was released as the second single. It reached 21 in the UK Singles Chart. "China" was released as the third single from the album. The album's fourth single "Winter" was released March 9, 1992 in the United Kingdom. It reached 25 in the UK Singles Chart. "Crucify" was the album's last single. It reached 15 in the UK Singles Chart.


title: Shirley Ann Jackson

paragraphs: Shirley Ann Jackson (born August 5, 1946) is an American physicist. She is President of "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute". In 1973 she became the first African-American women to get a doctorate degree in nuclear physics. She was also the first to get this degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

paragraphs: She was named one of the 50 Most Important Women in Science by Discover magazine. In 2007 the National Science Board gave Jackson the Vannevar Bush Award for "a lifetime of achievements in scientific research, education and senior statesman-like contributions to public policy".


title: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2011)

paragraphs: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2011) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on December 18, 2011 at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the third TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs event held by the WWE.


title: From the Choirgirl Hotel

paragraphs: From the Choirgirl Hotel is the fourth album by Tori Amos. It was released May 5, 1998. It went straight to No.6 in the UK Albums Chart. The album's third single "Raspberry Swirl" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance in 1999. "Rolling Stone" rated the album four stars.


title: American Doll Posse

paragraphs: American Doll Posse is the ninth album by Tori Amos. It was released May 1, 2007. It was Amos' last album on Epic Records. "Rolling Stone" gave it 3 stars. The album has 23 songs.


title: Under the Pink

paragraphs: Under the Pink is the second solo album by singer-songwriter Tori Amos. It was released January 31, 1994. Four singles were released from it. The third single, "Cornflake Girl", reached number 4 on the UK Singles Chart. The album went straight to number 1 in the UK.

paragraphs: In Australia and New Zealand a special version of "Under the Pink" was released called "More Pink: The B-Sides". It had a second disc with the album's fourteen B-sides.


title: Abnormally Attracted to Sin

paragraphs: Abnormally Attracted to Sin is the tenth solo studio album by singer-songwriter Tori Amos. It was released May 19, 2009. Amos made the album in Cornwall.


title: Gold Dust (Tori Amos album)

paragraphs: Gold Dust is the thirteenth solo studio album by singer-songwriter Tori Amos. It was released on October 1, 2012 by Deutsche Grammophon and Mercury Classics. One single was released from it, "Flavor".


title: Tavi Gevinson

paragraphs: Tavi Gevinson (born April 21, 1996) is an American writer and blogger. In 2008 she started a blog called "Style Rookie". She posted pictures of herself wearing outfits and wrote about the latest fashion trends. The blog was successful. Due to its success Gevinson was asked to go to New York Fashion Week and Paris Fashion Week. In autumn 2011, Gevinson made a website called "Rookie". Rookie is an internet magazine for teenage girls.

paragraphs: Gevinson was born in Chicago to a Jewish family. Gevinson is going to go to a university in the East Coast. She is a feminist.

paragraphs: Gevinson acted for the first time in the 2008 short film "First Bass". In September 2009 she was on the cover of Pop magazine. That month she was interviewed by Pixie Geldof for Love magazine.

paragraphs: In January 2011 Gevinson interviewed Gwen Stefani for Teen Vogue. In September 2011 Gevinson started an internet magazine called Rookie. She is also its editor. In 5 days it had been viewed over 1 million times. Lady Gaga called her the "future of journalism". Gevinson was invited to TedxWomen in New York. She met Gloria Steinem there and gave her a short interview.

paragraphs: In January 2013 she was interviewed by CNN and Steven Colbert. A documentary about Kathleen Hanna called The Punk Singer was released in March 2013. Gevinson was interviewed in it. In May 2013 she interviewed Emma Watson. In June 2013 she interviewed Sofia Coppola and Greta Gerwig. In October 2013 "Enough Said", a movie she acted in, was released. In November 2013 Gevinson modelled for Cole Haan's Christmas advert. Gevinson's face was on the cover of the first internet-only issue of BULLETT Magazine in November 2013.


title: Tribal Hidage

paragraphs: The Tribal Hidage is generally considered to be a list dated to 7th or 8th century Anglo-Saxon England. It was a list of 35 tribes that made up the majority of the peoples living in southern England at that time. Each tribe or kingdom on the list had a rounded off number of hides (units of land measurement). Modern historians believe it was created by either Mercian or Northumbrian overlords to collect tribute from the other groups.

paragraphs: The Tribal Hidage is an important historical document. The oldest copies available were written in style of the 11th century. This is at a time when many of the names of the earlier regions had been forgotten. In some cases the list is the only evidence that a region or people of that name ever existed. There were probably older versions of the Tribal Hidage and may have dated back to when Penda of Mercia dominated Anglo-Saxon England (642–655).

paragraphs: Historians are mixed when it comes to where the document came from originally. It may have been written by Paulinus for King Edwin of Northumbria. It may have been created for the use of Offa of Mercia. Others have not suggested a place or reign, but a particular period of time for when it was probably written—between 670-690. Historians are not certain what the exact reason was for creating the list. Most seem to agree it was probably a tribute list. There are signs that the list was updated over a period of time. So it may have had more than one purpose.

paragraphs: The text in the original documents is corrupt. Not every name can be clearly read. The names on the list are for tribal groups of peoples and not for districts or regions they lived in. Three different revisions have been identified by historian David Dumville. These are called A, Recension B, and Recension C.

paragraphs: The first part of the list had 20 names. At the end of the first group is a total number of hides of land given as 66, 100. The numbers of hides for each group add up to 66,100 so the number is correct. The second group of 15 names has a total under it listed at 242,700 hides. But this is incorrect. If you add up the hides for each of the names in this group it totals 244,100. These are almost certainly math errors.

paragraphs: Of the first or primary part of the list contained several recognized peoples:

paragraphs: This part of the list seems to have been added:


title: Ed

paragraphs: Ed, ed or ED can refer to several things:


title: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2012)

paragraphs: TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on December 16, 2012 at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn, New York. It was the fourth TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs event held by the WWE.


title: Quvenzhané Wallis

paragraphs: Quvenzhané Wallis (born August 28, 2003) is an American actress. Wallis' first movie was "Beasts of the Southern Wild". She got nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. This made her the youngest person ever to be nominated for the award. In January 2013, "Boneshaker", a short film, was released. Wallis plays Blessing in it. Wallis played Margaret Northup in the 2013 movie "12 Years a Slave". Wallis is going to play Annie in a remake of the musical "Annie". It is being filmed currently. It is going to be released in 2014. Wallis does the voice of Almitra in the animated movie "The Prophet". It will be released in 2014.


title: To Venus and Back

paragraphs: To Venus and Back is the fifth album by Tori Amos. It was released on 20 September 1999 in the United Kingdom and on September 21, 1999 in the United States. The album has two discs. The first disc is called "Venus: Orbiting". It has eleven new songs. The second disc is called " Venus Live: Still Orbiting". It is thirteen recordings of song performances Amos made in her Plugged '98 tour. The album was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album and Amos was nominated for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance for the song "Bliss" at the 2000 Grammy Awards. In 1999, Amos did a tour for the album, the "Five and a Half Weeks Tour".


title: Steve McQueen (director)

paragraphs: Steven Rodney "Steve" McQueen, CBE (born 9 October 1969) is a British movie director and artist. He has directed three feature films.

paragraphs: McQueen was born in London and is of Grenadian descent. He went to Drayton Manor High School. After doing A Level art at Hammersmith and West London College he went to Goldsmiths College, University of London. It was there that he made his first short films.

paragraphs: In 1993 his first major movie "Bear" was shown at the Royal College of Art in London. It is black and white and there is no sound in it. In 1999 McQueen won the Turner Prize. In 2008 "Hunger" was released. It was the first feature film directed and written by McQueen. McQueen is making a drama for HBO. He directed "Shame" (2011) "12 Years a Slave" (2013) and "Widows" (2018).

paragraphs: McQueen lives in Amsterdam with Bianca Stigter.


title: Adora Svitak

paragraphs: Adora Lily Svitak (born October 15, 1997) is an American child prodigy. When she was seven her first book, "Flying Fingers", was published around the world. Her second book, "Dancing Fingers", was published in April 2008. In January 2009 Channel 4 showed a documentary about gifted children called "The World's Cleverest Child and Me". Svitak was in it. On March 14, 2011 her first novel, "Yang in Disguise", was published. In February 2010 Svitak gave a talk for TED called "What Adults Can Learn From Kids".

paragraphs: Her mother, Joyce Can Zou Svitak, was born in China. She moved to the US in 1988. Her father, John Svitak, is a fourth generation Czech Republic migrant. He is a science and maths teacher.

paragraphs: Svitak is a feminist. She lives in Seattle. She goes to Redmond High School.


title: Louise Diane d'Orléans

paragraphs: Louise Diane d'Orléans (27 June 1716 – 26 September 1736) was the last child of Philippe d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans ("Regent of the Kingdom" from 1715 to 1723) and his wife, Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the youngest illegitimate daughter of King Louis XIV of France and his mistress, Madame de Montespan. The Princess of Conti by marriage, she died in childbirth at the age of twenty. Some sources refer to her as "Louis Diane". The princess used the name Louise.

paragraphs: Louise Diane d'Orléans was born in the Palais-Royal, the Paris residence of the House of Orléans, on 27 June 1716 as the youngest child of the Duke and Duchess of Orléans. Elizabeth Charlotte of the Palatinate was her fathers mother and was not impressed at the thought of having another granddaughter

paragraphs: Until her marriage, she was known as "Mademoiselle de Chartres ". known as "Mademoiselle de Chartres". She grew up with her younger sister Élisabeth with a convent education. Her sister would later become the Queen of Spain.

paragraphs: Louise grew up in an era when her father, known as "Philippe d'Orléans" or simply "le Régent" was the ruler of France, him being in charge of the affairs of state since the death of Louis XIV. The Palais-Royal was where the Régent held his court and lived openly with his mistress.

paragraphs: In her youth, she was said to have been a very sensitive child and would grow up to be one of the more beautiful of the Regent's daughters. Despite her being another girl, (1 of 7 overall), her birth was not really greeted with the joy that had met her brother, Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Orléans.

paragraphs: In December 1731, it was decided that she should marry her distant cousin Louis François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti. Her marriage was arranged by her mother Françoise Marie, "Dowager Duchess of Orléans" and her first cousin (and subsequent mother in law) Louise Élisabeth, "Dowager Princess of Conti".

paragraphs: She was baptised on 19 January 1732 by the Cardinal of Rohan and she married the Prince of Conti three days later, on 22 January. The marriage ceremony took place at the Palace of Versailles. Louise was then fifteen years old. At her wedding, her cousin Élisabeth Alexandrine de Bourbon held her train.

paragraphs: After the marriage, she became known at court as Her Serene Highness, the Princess of Conti. Her husband had succeeded to the Conti title in 1727 upon the death of his father, Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti. In 1734, Louise gave birth to a son, heir to the Conti name, and, in 1736, to a second child who died at birth.

paragraphs: Louise died in childbirth on 26 September 1736 outside Paris. She was buried at the Saint-André-des-Arcs church. Her only surviving son, Louis François Joseph, was the last Prince of Conti.


title: Mjölby

paragraphs: Mjölby is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Mjölby Municipality.


title: Ödeshög

paragraphs: Ödeshög is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Ödeshög Municipality.


title: Bollebygd

paragraphs: Bollebygd is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Bollebygd Municipality.


title: Kinna

paragraphs: Kinna is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Mark Municipality.


title: Nyasasaurus

paragraphs: Nyasasaurus ("Lake Nyasa lizard") is an extinct genus of Archosaur reptile from the Middle Triassic Manda Beds of Tanzania. It may be the earliest known dinosaur. The discovery was a handful of bones from two individuals, so its anatomy is only partly known. The bones were collected in the early 1930s, but have only recently been analysed.

paragraphs: Researchers said: ""Nyasasaurus" possesses a unique combination of dinosaur character states and an elevated growth rate similar to that of definitive early dinosaurs. It demonstrates that the initial dinosaur radiation occurred over a longer timescale than previously thought (possibly 15 million years earlier)".

paragraphs: The find was six vertebrae and a humerus from one specimen, and five vertebrae from another. The humerus has a muscle attachment which is characteristic of dinosaurs (a long 'deltopectoral crest'). Other features are consistent with its being a basal dinosaur.

paragraphs: Previously, the oldest record of dinosaurs was from Argentina and dated back to the Upper Triassic Carnian stage, about 231.4 million years ago (mya). "Nyasasaurus" comes from a deposit that dates back to the Middle Triassic Anisian stage, meaning that it predates other early dinosaurs by about 15 million years.


title: Degerfors

paragraphs: Degerfors is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Degerfors Municipality.


title: Österbymo

paragraphs: Österbymo is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Ydre Municipality.


title: Lerum

paragraphs: Lerum is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Lerum Municipality.


title: Kungsängen

paragraphs: Kungsängen is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Upplands-Bro Municipality.


title: Upplands Väsby

paragraphs: Upplands Väsby is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Upplands Väsby Municipality.


title: Årjäng

paragraphs: Årjäng is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Årjäng Municipality.


title: Avesta, Sweden

paragraphs: Avesta is an urban area in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Avesta Municipality.


title: Kumla

paragraphs: Kumla is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Kumla Municipality. Kumla is well-known for the Kumla Prison.


title: Hallsberg

paragraphs: Hallsberg is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Hallsberg Municipality. Hallsberg is well-known for its railroad junctions.


title: Laxå

paragraphs: Laxå is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Laxå Municipality.


title: Munkedal

paragraphs: Munkedal is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Munkedal Municipality.


title: Emmaboda

paragraphs: Emmaboda is an urban area in the county of Kalmar in Sweden. It is the seat of Emmaboda Municipality.


title: Nödinge-Nol

paragraphs: Nödinge-Nol is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Ale Municipality.


title: Osby

paragraphs: Osby is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Osby Municipality.


title: Älmhult

paragraphs: Älmhult is an urban area in the county of Kronoberg in Sweden. It is the seat of Älmhult Municipality.


title: Kil, Kil Municipality

paragraphs: Kil is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Kil Municipality.


title: Bengtsfors

paragraphs: Bengtsfors is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Bengtsfors Municipality.


title: Åkersberga

paragraphs: Åkersberga is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Östhammar Municipality.


title: Vaxholm

paragraphs: Vaxholm is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Vaxholm Municipality.


title: Skurup

paragraphs: Skurup is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Skurup Municipality.


title: Bromölla

paragraphs: Bromölla is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Bromölla Municipality.


title: Eksjö

paragraphs: Eksjö is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is the seat of Eksjö Municipality.


title: Gnosjö

paragraphs: Gnosjö is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is the seat of Gnosjö Municipality. In business management, Gnosjö is well-known for the Gnosjö Spirit ().


title: Vara

paragraphs: Vara is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Vara Municipality.


title: Nybro

paragraphs: Nybro is an urban area in the county of Kalmar in Sweden. It is the seat of Nybro Municipality.


title: Sigtuna

paragraphs: Sigtuna is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is in Sigtuna Municipality. Sigtuna is famous for the Sigtuna boarding school.


title: Märsta

paragraphs: Märsta is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Sigtuna Municipality.


title: Tumba

paragraphs: Tumba is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is within both Botkyrka Municipality and Salem Municipality.


title: Sjöbo

paragraphs: Sjöbo is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Sjöbo Municipality.


title: Fagersta

paragraphs: Fagersta is an urban area in the county of Västmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Fagersta Municipality.


title: Forshaga

paragraphs: Forshaga is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Forshaga Municipality.


title: Heby

paragraphs: Heby is an urban area in the county of Uppsala in Sweden. It is the seat of Heby Municipality.


title: Lysekil

paragraphs: Lysekil is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Lysekil Municipality.


title: Alingsås

paragraphs: Alingsås is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Alingsås Municipality.


title: Skoghall

paragraphs: Skoghall is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Hammarö Municipality.


title: Alafors

paragraphs: Alafors is a former urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is in the Ale Municipality.


title: Boxholm

paragraphs: Boxholm is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Boxholm Municipality.


title: Arlöv

paragraphs: Arlöv is a place in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Burlöv Municipality.


title: Båstad

paragraphs: Båstad is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Båstad Municipality. In July every year, the Swedish Open international tennis tournament is played here.


title: Charlottenberg

paragraphs: Charlottenberg is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Eda Municipality.


title: Ekerö

paragraphs: Ekerö is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Ekerö Municipality.


title: Eslöv

paragraphs: Eslöv is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Eslöv Municipality.


title: Nossebro

paragraphs: Nossebro is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Essunga Municipality.


title: Finspång

paragraphs: Finspång is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Finspång Municipality.


title: Färgelanda

paragraphs: Färgelanda is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Färgelanda Municipality.


title: Gnesta

paragraphs: Gnesta is an urban area in the county of Södermanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Gnesta Municipality. Parts of the urban area span into Södertälje Municipality within Stockholm County.


title: Grästorp

paragraphs: Grästorp is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Grästorp Municipality.


title: Gullspång

paragraphs: Gullspång is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Gullspång Municipality.


title: Mölnlycke

paragraphs: Mölnlycke is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Härryda Municipality. Parts of the urban area are located within Mölndal Municipality.


title: Götene

paragraphs: Götene is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Götene Municipality.


title: The Simpsons Skateboarding

paragraphs: The Simpsons: Skateboarding is a sports video game based on the animated television show "The Simpsons". It was released for the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game involves the different characters of the show taking part in a skateboarding contest across Springfield.


title: Töreboda

paragraphs: Töreboda is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Töreboda Municipality.


title: Markaryd

paragraphs: Markaryd is an urban area in the county of Kronoberg in Sweden. It is the seat of Markaryd Municipality.


title: Hagfors

paragraphs: Hagfors is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Hagfors Municipality.


title: Handen

paragraphs: Handen is an place in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Haninge Municipality.


title: Herrljunga

paragraphs: Herrljunga is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Herrljunga Municipality.


title: Hässleholm

paragraphs: Hässleholm is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Hässleholm Municipality.


title: Höganäs

paragraphs: Höganäs is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Höganäs Municipality.


title: Högsby

paragraphs: Högsby is an urban area in the county of Kalmar in Sweden. It is the seat of Högsby Municipality.


title: Jakobsberg

paragraphs: Jakobsberg is a place in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Järfälla Municipality.


title: Kisa

paragraphs: Kisa is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Kinda Municipality. In May 1999, a bank robbery was carried out here, famous for its connection to the Malexander Police Murders.


title: Knivsta

paragraphs: Knivsta is an urban area in the county of Uppsala in Sweden. It is the seat of Knivsta Municipality.


title: Kungsör

paragraphs: Kungsör is an urban area in the county of Västmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Kungsör Municipality.


title: Kävlinge

paragraphs: Kävlinge is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Kävlinge Municipality.


title: Fjugesta

paragraphs: Fjugesta is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Lekeberg Municipality.


title: Lessebo

paragraphs: Lessebo is an urban area in the county of Kronoberg in Sweden. It is the seat of Lessebo Municipality.


title: Ljungby

paragraphs: Ljungby is an urban area in the county of Kronoberg in Sweden. It is the seat of Ljungby Municipality. In 2015 there lived 15,785 people in Ljungby.

paragraphs: The first know persons to live in the area around Ljungby was Astrad and Götrad. Astrad and Götrad lived during the Viking Age in the 11th century. We know about them because Götrad made a runestone, The Replösa Stone, for his dead father Astrad.

paragraphs: The first stone church was built in during the 12th century. It was built with the creation of Ljungby parish.

paragraphs: In the 14th century an inn was built in Ljungby by order of the king. They built it because Ljungby lies were two big trade routes cross.

paragraphs: During the 17th and 18th century the inn was owned by a woman named Märta Ljungberg. Märta Ljungberg earned a lot of money from the inn. She used some of the money to buy twelve other farms. The town of Ljungby would later be built on these twelve farms.

paragraphs: In the beginning of the 19th century there was a need of a town in Sunnerbo hundred. There were two places that would fit a town. One was Berga and the other was Ljungby. Berga had got permission to form a town during the 13th century, but the town had never been formed. Ljungby was located more central in Sunnerbo hundred and had better road connections. In the end it was decided that the town should be built in Ljungby.

paragraphs: Sometime between 1828 and 1830 the area known as Ljungby was made into a "friköping". A "friköping" is a type of smaller town, but it does not have the same town privileges as a formal town. The new town Ljungby was founded on the ground donated by Märta Ljungberg.

paragraphs: In 1878 the first railroad was built in Ljungby. The railroad went from Vislanda, via Ljungby, to Bolmen. After some years it had been connected with other railroads and went to Karlshamn in east and to Halmstad in west. In 1899 the north-south railroad "Skåne–Smålands Railroad" opened.

paragraphs: During the 20th century Ljungby expanded with the help of workshops and wood industry. The biggest expansion was between 1940 and 1960.

paragraphs: In 1953, during the night between 4 July and 5 July, there was a big town fire in Ljungby. The fire had damaged twenty buildings. Thirty families became homeless and 96 persons lost their job.

paragraphs: In 1970 the "Karlshamn–Vislanda–Bolmens Railroad" was closed down. Less and less cargo was being transported by train and was instead replaced by lorries.

paragraphs: The last train in Ljungby passed in 1997 when the cargo route Helmershus-Ljungby ended. After the railroad was removed, much of the former tracks have been converted into bicycle paths.

paragraphs: The first college in Ljungby opened in 2002, Högskolecentrum Ljungby. It cooperates with the three nearby universities Linnaeus University, Jönköping University, and Halmstad University.

paragraphs: Ljungby have been the home of several cultural persons. Among others, the cinematographer Gunnar Fischer and the writers Folke Fridell, Lennart Williams, and Sölve Rydell. Ljungby does also have two museums, a library, a theater, and a cinema.

paragraphs: Ljungbergmuseet, or "The Ljungberg Museum" in English, is a museum with paintings in Ljungby. The museum do always show paintings and other art pieces by Sven Ljungberg and his wife Ann Margret Dahlquist-Ljungberg. They do also show other temporary exhibitions by other artists.

paragraphs: The museum was built in 1990 and was made bigger in 2002. The museum was designed by the architect Pontus Ljungberg. Pontus Ljungberg is the son of Sven Ljungberg and Ann Margret Dahlquist-Ljungberg.

paragraphs: In 2012 it was decided that the museum should become Kronoberg's official museum of visual art.

paragraphs: Sagomuseet , or "The Museum of Legends" in English, is a museum about folklore in Ljungby. The museum show old legends and fairytales that have been told around Ljungby and Kronoberg. The museum have also put up signs around Kronoberg that tell stories about the location.

paragraphs: Every year the museum have a storytelling festival, Berättarfestivalen. During "Berättarfestivalen" people gather to listen to storytellers from around the world.

paragraphs: In 2013 the owners of "The Museum of Legends", the "Storytelling Network Kronoberg," became an advisor to Swedish UNESCO about the intangible cultural heritage.

paragraphs: Ljungby kommunbibliotek , or "Ljungby library" in English, is visited by 500 to 800 people per day. The library also haves a café and a small art gallery. The library was built in 1982, but there have been other libraries in Ljungby since 1920.

paragraphs: Ljungby library is responsible for smaller libraries in Lagan, Ryssby, and Lidhult. Ljungby library do also have a mobile library, a bus filled with bookshelves. They use this bus to reach people who live in small places around Ljungby Municipality.


title: Lomma

paragraphs: Lomma is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Lomma Municipality.


title: Kopparberg

paragraphs: Kopparberg is an urban area in the county of Örebro in Sweden. It is the seat of Ljusnarsberg Municipality.


title: Orsa

paragraphs: Orsa is an urban area in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Orsa Municipality.


title: Ludvika

paragraphs: Ludvika is an urban area in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Ludvika Municipality.


title: Perstorp

paragraphs: Perstorp is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Perstorp Municipality.


title: Partille

paragraphs: Partille is a former urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Partille Municipality.


title: Salem, Sweden

paragraphs: Salem is a place in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Salem Municipality, and part of the Tumba urban area.


title: Simrishamn

paragraphs: Simrishamn is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Simrishamn Municipality.


title: Skinnskatteberg

paragraphs: Skinnskatteberg is an urban area in the county of Västmanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Skinnskatteberg Municipality.


title: Kungshamn

paragraphs: Kungshamn is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Sotenäs Municipality.


title: Svalöv

paragraphs: Svalöv is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Svalöv Municipality.


title: Svedala

paragraphs: Svedala is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Svedala Municipality.


title: Svenljunga

paragraphs: Svenljunga is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Svenljunga Municipality.


title: Bollmora

paragraphs: Bollmora is a former urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Tyresö Municipality.


title: Säffle

paragraphs: Säffle is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Säffle Municipality.


title: Sävsjö

paragraphs: Sävsjö is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is the seat of Sävsjö Municipality.


title: Säter

paragraphs: Säter is an urban area in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Säter Municipality.


title: Tibro

paragraphs: Tibro is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Tibro Municipality.


title: Tierp

paragraphs: Tierp is an urban area in the county of Uppsala in Sweden. It is the seat of Tierp Municipality.


title: Tingsryd

paragraphs: Tingsryd is an urban area in the county of Kronoberg in Sweden. It is the seat of Tingsryd Municipality.


title: Tomelilla

paragraphs: Tomelilla is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Tomelilla Municipality.


title: Torsby

paragraphs: Torsby is an urban area in the county of Värmland in Sweden. It is the seat of Torsby Municipality.


title: Torsås

paragraphs: Torsås is an urban area in the county of Kalmar in Sweden. It is the seat of Torsås Municipality.


title: Tranemo

paragraphs: Tranemo is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Tranemo Municipality.


title: Trosa

paragraphs: Trosa is an urban area in the county of Södermanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Trosa Municipality.


title: Täby

paragraphs: Täby is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Täby Municipality, but parts of it span into Danderyd Municipality and Sollentuna Municipality.


title: Valdemarsvik

paragraphs: Valdemarsvik is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Valdemarsvik Municipality.


title: Vallentuna

paragraphs: Vallentuna is an urban area in the county of Stockholm in Sweden. It is the seat of Vallentuna Municipality, but also spans into Täby Municipality.


title: Vansbro

paragraphs: Vansbro is an urban area in the county of Dalarna in Sweden. It is the seat of Vansbro Municipality.


title: Vellinge

paragraphs: Vellinge is an urban area in the county of Skåne in Sweden. It is the seat of Vellinge Municipality.


title: Vingåker

paragraphs: Vingåker is an urban area in the county of Södermanland in Sweden. It is the seat of Vingåker Municipality.


title: Vårgårda

paragraphs: Vårgårda is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Vårgårda Municipality.


title: Åtvidaberg

paragraphs: Åtvidaberg is an urban area in the county of Östergötland in Sweden. It is the seat of Åtvidaberg Municipality.


title: Öckerö

paragraphs: Öckerö is an urban area in the county of Västra Götaland in Sweden. It is the seat of Öckerö Municipality.


title: Östhammar

paragraphs: Östhammar is an urban area in the county of Uppsala in Sweden. It is the seat of Östhammar Municipality.


title: Breathe Carolina

paragraphs: Breathe Carolina is an American electronic rock group from Denver, Colorado. It formed in early 2006. Its members are lead vocalist David Schmitt, drummer Eric Armenta, keyboardist Luis Bonet, and guitarist Tommy Cooperman. The band is best known for their successful single "Blackout", released in June 2011. It peaked at number 17 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs chart. Since 2008, the band has released three full-length studio albums: "It's Classy, Not Classic", "Hello Fascination", and "Hell Is What You Make It".

paragraphs: The group has also been featured on many compilation albums, such as "Punk Goes Pop 2", "Warped Tour 2010", "Punk Goes Pop 3", "Tis the Season to be Fearless", and "Punk Goes Pop 5". Breathe Carolina's covers include "Down" by Jay Sean, "See You Again" by Miley Cyrus, and "Billie Jean" by Michael Jackson.

paragraphs: On July 6, 2013, the band released a mixtape titled "Bangers", featuring three songs.

paragraphs: The band is set to released their upcoming fourth studio album, "Savages", in early 2014. The single "Savages" was released on November 26, 2013.


title: It's Classy, Not Classic

paragraphs: It's Classy, Not Classic is the debut studio album by electronicore band Breathe Carolina. It was released on September 16, 2008 in the United States. It was released by Rise Records. The single "Diamonds" was released in February, 2009. The album charted at No. 186 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart.

paragraphs: The album has been compared to other artists such as Jeffree Star and Blood on the Dancefloor.


title: Hello Fascination

paragraphs: Hello Fascination is an album by electronicore band Breathe Carolina. It is their second full-length studio album. It was released on August 18, 2009 through Fearless Records in the United States and Canada.

paragraphs: The lead single "Welcome to Savannah" was released on July 7, 2009. The second single, "Hello Fascination", was released on February 2, 2010. It gained the group minor success. The third and final single, "I.D.G.A.F.", was released in July of 2010. The album charted at number 43 on the U.S. Billboard 200 albums chart. It also peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Dance/Electronic Albums chart.

paragraphs: The album was produced by Mike Green and Matthew Squire. They have also worked with Good Charlotte, All Time Low, 3OH!3, Boys Like Girls, and Panic! At the Disco.

paragraphs: The album was released on August 18, 2009. It peaked at number 43 on the Billboard 200. It spent about two weeks on the chart. It also appeared in the Rock, Alternative, Independent, and Dance/Electronic Album Charts.

paragraphs: A deluxe edition was released exclusively through iTunes on July 6, 2010. It includes five bonus songs, three remixes, and a music video. "Hello Fascination" and "The Dressing Room" can be downloaded for the iPhone application Tap Tap Revenge.


title: NXT Championship

paragraphs: The NXT Championship is a professional wrestling championship in the WWE. The title is a NXT-only championship.

paragraphs: The title was introduced by NXT Commissioner Dusty Rhodes. Rhodes said that there would be a "Gold Rush" tournament that would feature 4 developmental roster NXT Superstars and 4 main roster WWE Superstars and that they would compete to be crowned as the inaugural NXT Champion. Seth Rollins became the first champion after he defeated Jinder Mahal in the final round. At in November 2016, Samoa Joe became the first wrestler to win the championship twice.

paragraphs: Bo Dallas was the youngest champion, winning the title 2 days before his 23rd birthday. Samoa Joe was the oldest champion at 37 years old.

paragraphs: The current champion is Tommaso Ciampa who is in his first reign. He won the championship by beating Aleister Black on the July 18, 2018 episode of NXT.


title: David Sedaris

paragraphs: David Sedaris is an American comedian and writer. His first book, "Barrel Fever", was published 1994. Half of the book is short stories. The other half is essays Sedaris wrote about himself. In 1997, he published another collection of essays, "Naked". It won the Randy Shilts Award for Gay Non-Fiction in 1998. In 1999, "Me Talk Pretty One Day" was published. "Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim" was published 2004. Sedaris was recorded reading the book for the "Dress Your Family in Corduroy and Denim" audiobook. It was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Comedy Album.

paragraphs: In 1992 Sedaris read an essay that he wrote called "SantaLand Diaries" on NPR. People liked it. After this he read an essay for NPR each month. Little, Brown and Company agreed to publish his first two books.

paragraphs: Sedaris was born in Binghamton in New York. He grew up in Raleigh, North Carolina.


title: River Don, South Yorkshire

paragraphs: The River Don (also called the "Dun" in some sections) is a river in South Yorkshire, England. It begins in the Pennines and flows for eastwards, through the Don Valley. It originally joined with the Trent, but was re-engineered in the 1620s, and now joins the River Ouse at Goole in the East Riding of Yorkshire.

paragraphs: The Don can be divided into sections by the different types of structures built to restrict its passage. The upper section has dams built to provide a public water supply. The middle section contains many weirs, which were built to power water wheels. The lower section contains weirs and locks, designed to allow for river navigation.

paragraphs: The Don's major tributaries are the Loxley, the Rivelin, the Sheaf, the Rother and the Dearne. The Don gets its name from Dôn (or Danu), a Celtic mother goddess. The river gave its name to the Don River in Ontario, which runs through Toronto, Canada.


title: Artpop

paragraphs: Artpop (styled in all capital letters) is the third studio album by American recording artist Lady Gaga. It was released on November 6, 2013. The album was mainly produced by Gaga along with DJ White Shadow and Zedd, among other producers.

paragraphs: Two official singles have been released from the album. The first single "Applause" was released in August 2013 and has reached #4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100, while reaching number five in the United Kingdom. The second single, "Do What U Want," was released on October 21, 2013. Written with R. Kelly, it has peaked at #13 on the Hot 100. The song also reached the top ten in Canada and the UK. In 2019, Gaga had the song removed from online music services after the release of the documentary "Surviving R. Kelly." On January 1, 2014, Gaga released a remix of the song with singer Christina Aguilera"." "G.U.Y." was released as the album's third single and charted moderately.

paragraphs: Both singles reached the top ten of "Billboard"'s Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) radio chart, reaching #4 and #7, respectively.

paragraphs: The album debuted at #1 in many countries, particularly in the United States on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and the UK Albums Chart. "Artpop" sold 258,000 copies in its first week in America and became Gaga's second number-one album in the US, after "Born This Way".


title: Tony Sirico

paragraphs: Genaro Anthony "Tony" Sirico, Jr. (born July 29, 1942) is an American character actor. He is known for his role as the mobster Paulie "Walnuts" Gualtieri in the television series "The Sopranos". He also provided the voice of Vinny Griffin on the sitcom "Family Guy".


title: Chico Hamilton

paragraphs: Chico Hamilton (Foreststorn Hamilton, September 20, 1921 – November 25, 2013) was an American jazz drummer and bandleader.

paragraphs: Hamilton was born Foreststorn Hamilton in Los Angeles, California on September 20, 1921. His brother was actor Bernie Hamilton. Hamilton died on November 25, 2013 in Manhattan, New York from unknown causes, aged 92.


title: Bloody Sunday (1972)

paragraphs: Bloody Sunday ()—sometimes called the Bogside Massacre—happened on 30 January 1972, in the Bogside area of Derry, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. During this protest against internment, some protesters threw stones. 26 unarmed civil rights protesters and spectators were shot by British soldiers. Thirteen males, most of whom were in their teens and twenties, were killed. A fourteenth man died from his injuries four-and-a-half months later. Two protesters were also hit by army vehicles. Five of the wounded were shot in the back. The incident happened during a Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march. The soldiers involved were members of the First Battalion of the Parachute Regiment (1 Para).

paragraphs: Two investigations have been held by the British government. The Widgery Tribunal, held soon after the event, said that the soldiers and British authorities were almost reckless. Critics said the report made it seem like the British did nothing wrong. The Saville Inquiry was held in 1998 to investigate the events a second time. The inquiry took 12 years. The report was made public on 15 June 2010. The report said that some soldiers were wrong to have shot the protesters. The report found that all of the people shot were unarmed, and that the killings were "unjustified". When the Saville report was published, the British prime minister, David Cameron, said sorry to the victims.

paragraphs: The Provisional Irish Republican Army's (IRA) war against the partition of Ireland had begun in the two years before the incident. The incident helped the IRA to recruit new members. Bloody Sunday remains among the most important events in the Troubles of Northern Ireland. The reason it is seen as so important is because those who died were shot by the British Army rather than paramilitaries.


title: Silliness

paragraphs: Silliness is when a person acts like a fool, or shows a lack of good sense or judgment. In television, movies, and the circus, silliness such as exaggerated, funny behavior is used to make audiences laugh. Clowns and jesters act in a silly way to make people feel better.

paragraphs: In "The Art of Roughhousing", Anthony DeBenedet and Larry Cohen say that "wild play" between a child and a parent can cause "joy, love and a deeper connection". They say parents should be silly and pretend, for example, to fall over.

paragraphs: Michael Christianson from New York's Big Apple Circus teaches jesters, clowns and comedians how to help hospital patients feel better. A doctor named Patch Adams travels to places where there is crisis or suffering to help people feel better.

paragraphs: In the U.S. and Mexico, the practical joke group Improv Everywhere has created an "international celebration of silliness" by asking people to get on the New York and Mexico City subways without trousers on a specific day.


title: Maven (wrestler)

paragraphs: Maven Klint Huffman (born March 26, 1976) is a retired American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Federation/Entertainment under his real first name.

paragraphs: He was the co-winner of the first season of Tough Enough along with Nidia Guenard. During his time in the WWF/E, he had notable feuds with The Undertaker after eliminating after Maven eliminated Undertaker from the 2002 Royal Rumble and Evolution. He also won the WWF Hardcore Championship three times.

paragraphs: He currently works as a bouncer in New York City.


title: Saar Offensive

paragraphs: The Saar Offensive was a French ground offensive (attack) into Saarland during World War II. It was done from 7 to 16 September 1939. This area of Saarland was defended by the German 1st Army. The purpose of the attack was to help Poland, which was under attack at the time. The offensive was to have been done by 40 divisions, including one armored division, three mechanised divisions, 78 artillery regiments and 40 tank battalions. The offensive was stopped and the French forces eventually retreated when the Germans attacked them on 17 October.


title: Battle of Hatfield Chase

paragraphs: The Battle of Hatfield Chase was fought on 12 October 633 at Hatfield Chase near Doncaster in present-day Yorkshire. The pagan King Penda of Mercia and the Christian king of Gynedd, Cadwallon ap Cadfan joined forces to attack Northumbria.

paragraphs: King Edwin met them in the southern part of his kingdom. In the battle Edwin was killed and his army was defeated. Cadwallon destroyed as much of Northumbria as he could. This led to the end of Northumbrian dominance over southern England for a short time.

paragraphs: Edwin of Northumbria (ruled 616–633) was recognized as overlord over all of Britain. In his wars he conquered the kingdom of Elmet (western Yorkshire). He then drove out its king, Cerdic. This gave him access all the way to the Irish Sea. Elmet was one of the last kingdoms of the Britons.

paragraphs: Edwin next moved against Wales: he invaded the Welsh north and captured Anglesey. He drove Cadwallon to the far eastern part of the island and laid siege to him at Priestholme. This caused Cadwallon, a Christian king, to ally himself with Penda, the pagan king of Mercia. Cadwallon's motive was revenge on the powerful Northumbrian ruler who had invaded his kingdom. Penda resented Northumbria's being Christianized by Kent. He also wanted Edwin's power over the other kingdoms.

paragraphs: The site of the battle suggests Edwin and his forces may have had to fight on ground not suited for defence. He may have been trapped by the grassy wetlands to the north and the river Don to the east. The armies of Cadwallon and Penda came at him from the west. In the battle one of Edwin's sons, Osfrid, was killed before his father. Edwin was killed and his army scattered. Another son, Eadfrith, was taken prisoner by Penda. Edwin's queen escaped to Kent with two of her children, Osfrid's young son and Bishop Paulinus.

paragraphs: Cadwallon and Penda began slaughtering the people of Northumbria. This included men, women and children. Cadwallon, according to Bede, although Christian was more barbarous than any pagan. Northumbria fell apart and divided back into its two former kingdoms of Deira and Bernicia. Oswald reunited Deira and Bernicia back into Northumbria. As King he restored Northumbria to the power it had under Edwin.


title: Big John Studd

paragraphs: John Minton (February 19, 1948 – March 20, 1995) was an American professional wrestler and actor.

paragraphs: He is known for competing in the World Wrestling Federation from 1982 to 1986 and from 1988 to 1989. Minton was also an actor in both .

paragraphs: Minton died on March 20, 1995 from liver cancer and Hodgkin's disease. Lou Albano revealed in 2000 that Minton had also suffered from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.

paragraphs: Minton was inducted into the WCW Hall of Fame in 1995 and the WWE Hall of Fame by Big Show in 2004.

paragraphs: World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment


title: What About Your Friends

paragraphs: "What About Your Friends" is a song by TLC. It is the third single from their debut album, "Ooooooohhh... On the TLC Tip". It reached #7 on the Billboard Hot 100. This made it the group's third consecutive top-ten single.


title: The Favor

paragraphs: The Favor is a 1994 romantic-comedy movie. It is about friendship betrayals and heartbreak. "The Favor" was shot in 1990 although not released until late April-early May in 1994. Elizabeth McGovern and Brad Pitt are part of the cast. The reviews of the movie were not good.


title: Anne Anastasi

paragraphs: Anne Anastasi (December 19th 1908-May 4th 2001) is one of the founders of American Psychology and contributed to Psychometrics. She helped improve psychological testing. She wrote a textbook, Psychological Testing, which is still used today. She made psychological testing more reliable and personal. She also helped improve the number of women in going into psychology.

paragraphs: Anne Anatasi was born on December 19th 1908 in New York City. Anne's father was Anthony Anastasi and her mother was Theresa Gauiosi. When Anne was young her father died, which left her and her mother very distant from her father’s side of the family. Due to the death of her father, her family was in desperate need of money. Anne's mother took on many different jobs such as bookkeeping, opening up her own piano store, and working for an Italian newspaper to support the family. Since her mother was always busy working, Anne’s grandmother took care of her and taught her at home because she believed that public education was bad for her. Due to her home schooling, when she went to public school she had difficulties because the classes were overcrowded. Eventually, Anne would go to public school. The school Anne went to was PS 3 and Evander Childs High School Bronx, New York. Due to the difficulty of public school and family problems she was often in and out of school but eventually graduated and went to a private school called Rhodes Preparatory school. At the age of 15, in 1923, she was accepted into Barnard College.

paragraphs: Annie’s favorite subject was math. Once she entered Barnard College she fell in love with psychology and switched subjects because of a famous psychologist named Charles Spearman and her college Professor Harry Hollingworth. Anne would eventually become a professor at Barnard. During her stay at Barnard College, Anne completed her PH.D at Columbia University. Later on she would teach at Queens College and Fordham College in New York.

paragraphs: Anne made many contributions to psychology. She changed the way people thought about human action and emphasized that humans are unique people. She was more interested in individual differences among people than in descriptions of average people. Individual differences are the behaviors and ways of thinking that make one person different from another. On May 4th 2001 in New York, Anne died but her ideas and her scientific research continue to influence psychology.

paragraphs: In 1937 Anastasi wrote a book about the role of genes and environment and how it affects people. During this time, this issue caused many arguments. Anne believed that labeling psychological traits, like intelligence, was unreliable because of the current methods used to define and measure was wrong. This caused Anne to change the way people define psychological traits and how it was measured. Her main theory on the matter is that people should understand how genetic works first before defining psychological traits because they can be wrong.

paragraphs: Anne pointed out that there were two problems when talking about genetics. The first problem was how people thought that genes were only from your parents. She said genes are not just from the parents but from relatives and extended families. The second problem was people believed that certain gene affects the body and will make certain traits appear. She says that it may be true but not all the times. She talks about how the lack of traits can cause and effect developmental issues but genes are not always involved.

paragraphs: She also contributed to other factors in psychology like give children with disabilities better care, study different behavior, and the development of babies.

paragraphs: In 1957 Anne wrote a book called "Psychological Review" and said "heredity and environment are inseparable because there would be no one in an environment without heredity and there would be no place to see the effects of heredity without environment". Anne refined her theory on Heredity and Environment and wrote a paper to the American psychological association to talk about how genes and environment effect psychological testing and what future actions should be taken. She talks about how the past research on heredity and environment has been lacking because of faulty research.

paragraphs: Anne believed that the people doing the research are doing it the wrong way. During this time Anne believed that the way to view the research is “How” genes and environment effect behavior, instead of “Why” genes and environment effect behavior. Once Anne started her research, she believed that there is an indirect relationship between genes and behavior.

paragraphs: Anne believed that environmental factors affect the genetic and behavior of a human. Genetics is more of an indirect factor were it affects behavior indirectly. Behavior is more of a direct factor where it affects the environment directly.

paragraphs: The understanding of “How” hereditary and environment affected each other was looked at by seven different ways and that these should be studied and looked into.

paragraphs: In 1991, Annie was interested in Psychometrics which is the study of testing. She had published a journal article within the journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences called “The Gap Between Experimental and Psychometric Orientations”. She used this article to tell other psychologists and researchers that psychology testing is becoming more popular but because of its other psychology parts are not being advanced researchers need to concentrate on other parts as well.

paragraphs: Anne was worried that if other parts were not improved psychology testing will come to a stop in advancement and that the research will be lost. She talks about how psychometric tests have random things to consider, but to be able to do reliable experiments the researchers have to be specialized in certain areas and not the general issues.

paragraphs: Anne is considered to be a test expert. Her second book published, "Psychological Testing", is considered to be the guide for her field. She has published more than 150 books within her lifetime that remain a staple for the psychological community. Anne won many awards for her contributions to research. Anne was the president for the Eastern Psychological Association. Eventually she became the third woman to be President of the American Psychological Association (APA) and was on the board of directors for the APA and Psychonomic Society. Anne was honored with honorary doctrines from multiples colleges and universities, such as La Salle University, University of Windsor, Villanova University, Cedar Crest College, and Fordham. She was a member of the Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi honor societies.

paragraphs: Anne believed that intelligence tests served three purposes. The first purpose is to assess the availability of knowledge. The second purpose is to provide an indirect way of how a person has developed learning approaches, problem solving methods, and work habits. Lastly, the third purpose is to gain a prerequisite of intellectual skills.

paragraphs: Anne said one of the most important parts of intelligence tests is the counselor or the person giving the test. The person giving the test plays a big role in the proper and effective application of psychological testing. Since knowledge of both testing technology and psychological behavior are growing, the counselor has to be up to date with the new advances in testing. Two of the most important advances is being able to understand mathematical and technical knowledge about tests and understanding psychological behavior. A portion of the accuracy of the test relies on the counselor.

paragraphs: Anne did criticized intelligence testing in her article called "Indestructible Strawperson". She believed there is a developing range of disabilities which interacts with the results of the test. She talks about the main problem of intelligence test lies in the ability of communication and understanding that everyone is different and take test differently.

paragraphs: In order for these tests to be statistically evaluated the test itself must be done under strict standards. In order to accomplish this she set ethical restrictions that were eventually adopted by the APA. The misuse of these tests become valueless and could cause harm to the individual or group that is taking these tests.

paragraphs: Eventually, Anne Anastasi’s theories about Psychological Testing would be addressed by Robert Sternberg, Frank Yekovich, and Raymond Cattell. All of these researchers represented Anastasi’s work.

paragraphs: There have been many breakthroughs, improvements and setbacks made in research upon the conclusion of what contributes to a person’s intelligence test, whether it is genetics or environmental factors. The following researchers have shown evidence for their particular theories about intelligence testing.

paragraphs: There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to only genes. One way psychologists came to this conclusion by doing twin and adoption studies. Psychologists believe if identical twins have similar intelligence scores than fraternal twins we can assume that genes are correlated with intelligence. Bouchard and Mcgue (1981) looked at twins and how they were raised, whether it was in the same home or different homes. The study concluded that identical twins who were raised in separate homes had more similar intelligence test scores than fraternal twins raised in separate homes. Polmin, Fulker, Corely, and Defries (1997) found that adoptive children's intelligence scores are highly correlated with their biological parents suggesting that IQ is based on genetics instead of environment.

paragraphs: There are some researchers who believe intelligence testing results is due to environmental factors. One way researchers came to this conclusion is by conducting twin and adoption studies. In the same study conducted by Bouchard and Mcgue (1981), found that identical twins who were raised with their biological parents had better intelligence scores than those twins living with adoptive parents. Waldman, Weinberg, and Scarr (1994) studied adoptive children and found that those raised by their poor biological parents had lower intelligence scores than those raised by adoptive middle-class families.

paragraphs: Malnutrition during a pregnancy and the early years of a child's life limits the neurological development of a child. Ricciuti (1993) and Rose (1994) found that malnutrition which caused neurological effects has long term impact on a child's cognitive development and intelligence. Sigman and Whaley (1998) found that adverse effects of malnutrition have more damaging effects which affect attention, memory, abstract reasoning, and general school achievement.

paragraphs: Different types of toxic substances that are present during pregnancy or early post pregnancy environments can have damaging effects on a child's intelligence scores. A study completed by Michel (1989), Neisser (1996), Streussguth (1994), Vogel (1997), and Vorhess (1987) showed that alcohol, drugs, radiations, lead based paint dust affected the neurological development which contributed to the lower scores of children's intelligence scores.

paragraphs: Children who grow up in home environments that have poor financial resources and low levels of education are correlated with low intelligence scores. Bradely and Calwell (1984) did correlational studies which showed that a stimulating home environment is associated with higher intelligence scores. These researchers said that those children who had frequent interactions with their parents, had access to many learning and reading materials and were encouraged to grow new skills were better off.

paragraphs: The Flynn Effect is a recent trend found in how general intelligence scores of the population have increased over time. Flynn (1987,1999,2003) discovered that the recent changes in the industrialized world has increased peoples average psychological test performances.


title: Lesser Sunda Islands

paragraphs: The Lesser Sunda Islands (or Nusa Tenggara) are a group of islands in southern Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands. The islands belong to Indonesia and East Timor.

paragraphs: The Sunda Islands are part of a volcanic arc, the Sunda Arc. This arc is formed by subduction along the Java Trench in the Java Sea.

paragraphs: The Lesser Sundas are made up of many islands. Most of these islands are part of Indonesia. The islands that are part of Indonesia are governed as the provinces of Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, East Nusa Tenggara and southern part of Maluku.

paragraphs: The eastern half of Timor, is part of East Timor.

paragraphs: In the Lesser Sunda Islands there are two geologically different groups of islands. The northern group is volcanic. It is made up of Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores and Wetar. Some of the volcanoes, like Mount Rinjani on Lombok, are still active. However, there are some other volcanoes, such as Kelimutu on Flores, which are extinct. The northern group of islands started forming during the Pliocene, about 15 million years ago. They formed because of the collision between the Australian and the Asian tectonic plates.

paragraphs: The southern group of islands include Sumba, Timor and Babar. They are not volcanic and are probably part of the Australian plate.

paragraphs: Since colonial times in Indonesia, people have been studying the geographical history of the islands. However, we still do not fully understand how the islands were formed. Ideas of how the islands were formed changed in many ways during the last decades of the 20th century.

paragraphs: At the point where two tectonic plates collide, the Lesser Sunda Islands are some of the most geologically complex and active regions in the world. There are several volcanoes located on the Lesser Sunda Islands.

paragraphs: The Lesser Sunda Islands are different from the large islands of Java or Sumatra because it is made of many small islands. These small islands are sometimes divided by deep oceanic trenches. Because flora and fauna cannot move between the islands easily, there are many localised species like the Komodo dragon because of evolution. In "The Malay Archipelago", Alfred Wallace writes about the "Wallace Line" that passes between Bali and Lombok, along the deep waters of the Lombok Strait. In this imaginary line between Bali and Lombok, even when sea levels were lower, the sea stopped flora and fauna from moving between islands. The islands east of the Lombok Strait are part of Wallacea, and have wildlife of Asian and Australasian origin in this region. In the Lesser Sundas, there are many plants and animals that come from Asia, because Weber's Line, which separates the parts of Wallacea that have both Asian and Australasian species, is east of the Lesser Sundas. These islands have the driest climate in Indonesia.

paragraphs: Some of the islands east of the Wallace line, from Lombok and Sumbawa east to Flores and Alor, have original vegetation of dry forest and not the rain forest that covers most parts of Indonesia. These islands have been designated by the World Wildlife Fund as the Lesser Sundas deciduous forests ecoregion. The higher slopes of the islands contain forests of tall Podocarpus conifers and Engelhardias with an undergrowth of lianas, epiphytes, and orchids such as Corybas, Corymborkis, and Malaxis (Adder's Mouth). The islands' coastal plains used to be savanna grasses like the savanna with Borassus flabellifer palm trees on the coasts of Komodo, Rincah and Flores. While most of the vegetation on these islands is dry forest there are small areas of rainforest on these islands too, especially in lowland areas and riverbanks on Komodo. There is also a special area of dry thorny forest on the southeast coast of Lombok. Thorn trees used to be more common in coastal areas of the islands but have mostly been cleared.

paragraphs: Man unique species live on the Lesser Sundas. They include seventeen endemic birds (of the 273 birds found on the islands). The endemic mammals are the endangered Flores Shrew "(Suncus mertensi)", the vulnerable Komodo Rat "(Komodomys rintjanus)", and Lombok Flying Fox "(Pteropus lombocensis)", Sunda Long-eared Bat "(Nyctophilus heran)" while the carnivorous Komodo dragon, which is the world's largest lizard, is found on Komodo, Rincah, Gili Motang, and the coast of northwestern Flores.

paragraphs: More than half of the original vegetation of the islands are cleared. This is because people cleared the forest to grow food, like rice, for settlements or because there were forest fires. Only Sumbawa now contains a large area of intact natural forest, while Komodo, Rincah and Padar are now protected as Komodo National Park.

paragraphs: General observations about small islands that can be applied to Nusa Tenggara include:


title: Pixie Geldof

paragraphs: Little Pixie Geldof (born 17 September 1990) is a British model and singer-songwriter. She was born in London to Paula Yates. She is the youngest daughter of Bob Geldof and the second youngest of Yates' four daughters. When she was 17 she was on the cover of "Tatler" magazine. This was the first magazine cover she was on. She has a band called Violet. She is the singer and writes the songs. They released their first single in 2012.


title: Peaches Geldof

paragraphs: Peaches Honeyblossom Geldof (13 March 1989 – 7 April 2014) was a British journalist, television presenter and model.

paragraphs: She was Paula Yates' and Bob Geldof's second daughter. She was born in Westminster. She was raised in Chelsea and Faversham, Kent. She wrote for the UK version of "Elle Girl" until it stopped being made in October 2005. In September 2007, she modeled on a catwalk for the first time at London Fashion Week. Geldof presented a show on ITV2 called "OMG! with Peaches Geldof" in 2011.

paragraphs: On 5 August 2008, Geldof married Max Drummey in Las Vegas. She had met him one month before. On 7 February 2009, Geldof and Drummey said that they were going to divorce.

paragraphs: She married Thomas Cohen on 8 September 2012 at the church in Davington, Kent, where her parents married. They lived in North London before moving to Wrotham, Kent. On 21 April 2012, Geldof had her first son with Cohen, Astala Dylan Willow. On 24 April 2013, their second son, Phaedra Bloom Forever, was born.

paragraphs: Geldof was found dead on 7 April 2014 at her house in Wrotham, Kent. She was 25 years old. Her cause of death was an accidental heroin overdose.


title: Clipstone

paragraphs: Clipstone is a village near Mansfield, in the county of Nottinghamshire, England. It was built in the early 20th century as a model village for the workers of the nearby colliery.


title: Gillian Flynn

paragraphs: Gillian Flynn (born 1971) is an American writer. Her first novel, "Sharp Objects", was published in 2006. It is being made into a movie. In 2009 she was fired from her job as a writer for Entertainment Weekly. "Dark Places", Flynn's second novel, was published May 2009. It is a mystery novel. In June 2012, "Gone Girl" was published. It is about a serial killer in Missouri. In 2013, it was nominated for the 2014 Impac Dublin International Literary Award.

paragraphs: She was born in Kansas City, Missouri. She lives in Ukrainian Village, Chicago with her husband and two children.


title: Highgate School

paragraphs: Sir Roger Cholmeley's School at Highgate (commonly referred to as Highgate School) is a private school in Highgate in North London, England. It was started as a charity called the Free Grammar School in 1565 by Sir Roger Cholmeley. It is still a charity. It is a member of the Eton Group. Girls and boys aged 3–18 go there. People who were students at the school become a part of the Cholmeleian Society.


title: John Galbraith Graham

paragraphs: The Reverend John Galbraith Graham MBE (16 February 1921 – 26 November 2013) was a British crossword maker. He wrote his first crossword for "The Guardian" in July 1958. From 1970 until he died, he made crosswords for "The Guardian" under the name "Araucaria". Araucaria is a monkey puzzle tree. In 1984, he made a crossword magazine called "1 Across". He died of oesophagal cancer in 2013. Collections of his crosswords have been published. In 2005 he was made a MBE (Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire).

paragraphs: Graham went to King's College, Cambridge in 1939. In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force. His job was flying planes. In 1946 he went back to King's College. He studied theology there. Then he went to Ely Theological College. In 1948, the Church of England made him a priest.


title: Roger Squires

paragraphs: Roger Squires (born 22 February 1932) is a British crossword maker. He lives in Shropshire with his wife Anna. He has made more crosswords than anyone else in the world. He makes the Monday crossword for "The Telegraph". On 22 February 2012, it was Squires' 80th birthday. "The Guardian" and "Financial Times" held a party for him at "The Guardian"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s offices in London. "The Telegraph" held a lunch party for him in Birmingham. John Galbraith Graham wrote him a sonnet.

paragraphs: Squires has two sons. He is married to Anna Squires.


title: Neutral Milk Hotel

paragraphs: Neutral Milk Hotel is an American indie rock band. They started in 1989. They were formed by singer, songwriter, and guitarist Jeff Mangum. He was the only member at first. Then Robert Schneider joined the band for its first album, "On Avery Island". It was released on Merge Records. After "On Avery Island" was released, Julian Koster, Scott Spillane and Jeremy Barnes joined the band. They then released an album called "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea" in 1998. Pitchfork scored their second album 10/10 when it was released again in 2005. In 2009, Amazon.com's editors put "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea" at number two on their list of "The 100 Greatest Indie Rock Albums of All Time".

paragraphs: On December 11, 2011, the band released their first release since 1998. It was an EP called "Ferris Wheel on Fire".

paragraphs: In "Will Grayson, Will Grayson", a 2010 novel by John Green and David Levithan, Will Grayson 1 is a Neutral Milk Hotel fan.

paragraphs: "Oh Comely" magazine is a named after the song of the same name on "In the Aeroplane Over the Sea".


title: John Green

paragraphs: John Michael Green (born August 24, 1977) is an American writer. He writes young-adult fiction novels.

paragraphs: His first novel, "Looking For Alaska", was published by Dutton Children's Books in 2005.

paragraphs: It won the 2006 Michael L. Printz Award.

paragraphs: Green's second novel, "An Abundance of Katherines", was published in 2006.

paragraphs: On October 2 2008, "Let It Snow" was published. It was a book that Green wrote with Maureen Johnson and Lauren Myracle.

paragraphs: On October 16 2008 "Paper Towns" was published. In 2009 it was given the Edgar Award for best Young Adult novel.

paragraphs: Green wrote a book with another young adult novel writer called David Levithan, "Will Grayson, Will Grayson". It was published in 2010. It is about two boys who are both called Will Grayson. Half of the book is written from the perspective of Will Grayson 1. The other half is written by Will Grayson 2. Green wrote half of the book and Levithan wrote the other half.

paragraphs: "The Fault in Our Stars" was released in 2012. It is about a girl with cancer. It got very good reviews. "Time" magazine called it "damn near genius". "Booklist" called it his best novel yet. It won Teen Book of the Year at the 2013 Children's Choice Book Awards. A movie of it was released in June 2014.

paragraphs: Green's fans are called nerdfighters. He has a younger brother called Hank Green. The brothers have made video blogs (vlogs) on YouTube since 2007.

paragraphs: He lives with his wife in Indianapolis, Indiana. They have two children, Henry and Alice.


title: Auditorio de Tenerife

paragraphs: The Auditorio de Tenerife "Adán Martín", better known simply as Auditorio de Tenerife, is a performing arts centre in Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. It includes several performance venues. It was designed by architect Santiago Calatrava.

paragraphs: Building of the centre began in 1997. It was completed in 2003. The auditorium was opened on 26 September of that year. It was opened in the presence of Felipe de Borbón, Prince of Asturias. It was later visited by former U.S. President Bill Clinton. The design of the auditorium has become an architectural symbol of the city of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and the Canary Islands.


title: John C. Pemberton

paragraphs: John Clifford Pemberton (August 10, 1814 – July 13, 1881), was a career officer in the United States Army. He fought in the Seminole Wars and the Mexican–American War. He was commended (rewarded) for his performance in the Mexican–American War.

paragraphs: He also fought in the American Civil War. He commanded the Confederate army in the Siege of Vicksburg. He surrendered on July 4th, 1863.


title: Grypania

paragraphs: Grypania is an early, tube-shaped fossil from the Proterozoic eon. It is regarded by some as the first known eukaryote.

paragraphs: "Grypanias status as a eukaryote is not absolutely proven. It might have been a giant bacterium or bacterial colony. Its size (over one centimeter) and consistent form, suggest it is a eukaryotic alga. The oldest known "Grypania" fossils come from an iron mine near Negaunee, Michigan. The fossils were originally dated as 2100 million years ago, but later research showed the date as about 1874 million years ago. "Grypania" lasted into the Mesoproterozoic era.


title: Celtis

paragraphs: Celtis is a genus of about 60–70 species of deciduous trees. They are commonly called hackberries. They grow in temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, in southern Europe, southern and eastern Asia, south to central Africa, southern and central North America, and northern and central South America.


title: Combat stress reaction

paragraphs: Combat stress reaction is a medical problem that happens to some soldiers because of the trauma of war. In the past, it was called battle shock, war neurosis, or battle fatigue. It causes both mental and physical problems. It is similar to acute stress disorder, and can often become post-traumatic stress disorder.

paragraphs: Combat stress reaction does not affect everyone equally. Sometimes it causes soldiers to be very unhappy. Sometimes it causes soldiers severe disability.

paragraphs: The acute (early) stage of combat stress reaction is the best time to keep things from getting worse. Since World War I, soldiers in early stages of combat stress reaction have usually been treated on the front lines - close to where combat is happening.

paragraphs: Combat stress reaction can have many different symptoms. These symptoms can affect the soldier's body (physical symptoms), feelings (emotional symptoms), and behaviors (behavioral symptoms). Depending on how bad these symptoms are, combat stress reactions are labeled from mild (not too bad) to severe (very bad).

paragraphs: These symptoms may not cause safety problems, or keep the soldier from working. However, if the soldier does not get help, the symptoms can become severe.

paragraphs: Sigmund Freud studied the effects of "war neurosis." He believed that without too much stress, people can balance impulses (what they want to do) and prohibitions (what they know they should not do). However, he thought that traumatic stress can cause powerful impulses that a person can no longer control. In combat situations, he thought this could cause soldiers to run away, or to blindly attack. He believed that soldiers would try to stop these impulses, which would lead to emotional symptoms and even loss of physical abilities.

paragraphs: During World War I, combat stress reaction was called "shell shock." By early 1916 (just halfway through the war), the number of British soldiers with "shell shock" was huge. Few of these soldiers returned to battle. About 30-40% of shell-shocked soldiers sent to hospitals in France returned to battle. Only about 4-5% of soldiers sent to hospitals in the United Kingdom returned.

paragraphs: Because of this, new units were created. They were called "Not Yet Diagnosed, Nervous Centers." These centers did not use terms like "war neurosis" or "shell shock." They used a new treatment model called "PIE" to treat soldiers with combat stress reaction. "PIE" stood for "Proximity, Immediacy, and Expectancy":

paragraphs: The PIE treatment model was developed by Thomas W. Salmon. After "PIE" treatment was started, about 80% of soldiers treated at the "Not Yet Diagnosed, Nervous Centers" returned to combat. (However, some of these soldiers were not able to do a good job when they returned to combat.)

paragraphs: British forces did not use the PIE principles during World War II. Instead, they sent soldiers with combat stress reaction to psychiatric hospitals.

paragraphs: The United States military did not expect their soldiers to have combat stress reactions when they entered the war. They tested soldiers when they were enlisting (being signed up for military duty). They believed that this testing would show which people were 'psychologically weak,' and that these people would not be allowed to go to war. However, because combat stress reaction is not caused by weakness, this did not work, and many American soldiers had combat stress reactions.

paragraphs: To treat these soldiers, Captain Frederick Hanson began to use the PIE principles again. He said that 70% of the 494 patients he treated returned to duty after 48 hours of PIE treatment. General Omar Bradley decided to call combat stress reaction "exhaustion" and also decided to give "exhausted" soldiers seven days of rest.

paragraphs: The main goal of PIE was to return "exhausted" soldiers to combat, not to treat the trauma causing the disorder. Because of this, many of the soldiers who returned to duty - possibly as many as 70% - returned in non-combat positions.

paragraphs: During the Korean War, the United States started using the PIE principles within the first 8 weeks of the war. Reports show that 65-75% of soldiers with combat stress reactions returned to duty. However, only 44% were able to do their jobs at an average level or better.

paragraphs: At the start of the Vietnam War, the United States military had effective psychiatric services in place within 8 weeks of the start of the war. Treatments were based on the PIE principles. Special mobile psychiatric units - soldiers who could give PIE treatment in different places - were created.

paragraphs: During the war, not many cases of combat stress reaction were reported. Because of this, many people thought that combat stress reactions would no longer play a large part in warfare.

paragraphs: However, after soldiers returned home, many had problems with combat stress reaction. Alienation lead to substance abuse, which hid combat stress reactions that had never been treated. If the rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam veterans are correct, the PIE principles did not prevent an epidemic of psychiatric disorders.

paragraphs: The United States military went into this war expecting high numbers of psychological causalities. The treatment included traditional psychiatry, as well as attention to family issues. Because this war moved so fast, diagnosing soldiers with combat stress reaction was difficult.

paragraphs: Some commanders used combat stress reaction as an excuse to keep soldiers from returning or kick them out of the military. This eventually added to the stigma attached to mental health problems in the military.

paragraphs: Today, the United States Army uses the acronym BICEPS, which stands for brevity, immediacy, contact, expectancy, proximity, and simplicity:

paragraphs: Today's treatment also includes the "5 R's":

paragraphs: Today, soldiers are treated for their response to combat stress, not like they have emotional problems.


title: Hatfield Chase

paragraphs: Hatfield Chase is a low-lying area in South Yorkshire and North Lincolnshire, England. It was often flooded. Hatfield chase was a royal hunting ground until Charles I tried to have it drained. He hired a Dutch engineer to drain the water in 1626. The engineer's name was Cornelius Vermuyden. He also changed the courses of the rivers Don, Idle and Torne. This included making drainage channels. But the project was not completely successful. More work was done in the 1760s to see to the problem of winter flooding. Modern pumps now work to drain the area. The history of Hatfield chase goes back to the end of Roman Britain.

paragraphs: On the west Hatfield Chase is bordered by the M18 motorway. The River Ouse is its northern border. The River Idle is to the south, and the Isle of Axholme borders the area to the east. It covers an area of around , including two large peat bogs known as Thorne and Hatfield Moors. Hatfield chase is part of the once vast Humberhead Levels, a wetland which originally covered some .

paragraphs: Originally the region was called "Haethfieldlande" or Hatfield. It was another minor Anglo-Saxon kingdom listed in the Tribal Hidage. Very little is known about Hatfield and nothing of its kings. Unlike other petty kingdoms in this area of Britain, the name here is of Anglo-Saxon origin and not British. According to the Tribal Hidage, 'Hatfield-land' was merged with Lindsey into a single kingdom. Afterwards it became known simply as Hatfield Chase, an area on the west part of Lindsey, later part of Yorkshire and Lincolnshire. Hatfield was the site of a synod held by Theodore, the Archbishop of Canterbury . It was a royal residence of several kings of Northumbria. Edwin of Northumbria was killed here at the Battle of Hatfield Chase on 12 October 633. Later, Hatfield chase became a part of the East Riding of Yorkshire.

paragraphs: Before the drainage and lowering of the water levels Hatfield chase was home to large numbers of aquatic birds. The waters were full of fresh-water fish.