title: Calculus of variations

paragraphs: The calculus of variations is a field of mathematical analysis. It usually deals with functions defined on the real numbers, and with finding minima and maxima of such functions. When finding a minimum or maximum, there are often additional conditions that need to be satisfied. In the 18th century, mathematicians such as Leonhard Euler and Joseph-Louis Lagrange made this kind of calculus popular.

paragraphs: Other people who influenced it include Adrien-Marie Legendre, Alfred Clebsch, Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi and Karl Weierstraß. Today, calculus of variations is used in different fields of science, such as geodesy, theoretical physics, classical mechanics and quantum mechanics.


title: Hattula

paragraphs: Hattula is a municipality in Finland. As of 31 October 2013, 9,704 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Hämeenlinna, Pälkäne and Valkeakoski.


title: Collective noun

paragraphs: A collective noun is a noun that describes a group of things.


title: Law of sines

paragraphs: The sine rule or law of sines, is a theorem in mathematics. It says that, if you have a triangle like the one in the picture, the equation below is true.

paragraphs: This is another version, which is also true.

paragraphs: D is equal to the diameter of the triangle's circumcircle.

paragraphs: The law of sines is used to find the remaining sides of a triangle when two angles and a side are known. This is known as triangulation. The law of sines can also be used when two sides and one of the angles not enclosed by the two sides are known. In some such cases, the formula gives two possible values for the enclosed angle. This is called an "ambiguous case".

paragraphs: The law of sines is one of two trigonometric equations which is used to find lengths and angles in scalene triangles. The other is the law of cosines.

paragraphs: The area formula_3 of any triangle can be written as one half of its base times its height (drawn from the vertex not on the base). Depending on which side one chooses to be the base, the area can be given by


title: Swell Radio

paragraphs: Swell Radio is a mobile radio streaming application. It learns what kind of radio stations the user likes based on listening to behaviour, community filtering and an algorithm. It was originally designed for use while going to and coming from work. The service focuses on delivering spoken-word audio content to users.

paragraphs: The app is available on iOS devices worldwide but content is customized to the United States and Canada. The application does not have any advertisements.

paragraphs: Concept.io, creator of Swell Radio, raised $5.4 million in Series A Funding led by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. The application originally launched the application on the iOS platform in Canada in early 2013 and officially launched in the United States on June 27, 2013.


title: Catbells

paragraphs: Catbells is a fell in the English Lake District in the county of Cumbria. It has a modest height of . It is one of the most popular fells in the area. It is on the western shore of Derwent Water within of the busy tourist town of Keswick. Its distinctive shape catches the attention of many visitors to the Lakes who like to climb to the top. There is a view of this mountain from Friars Crag on the opposite side of Derwent Water. The fell's unusual name may have come from a distortion of "Cat Bields" meaning shelter of the wildcat. But this is not certain. The fell's name is sometimes written as "Cat Bells".


title: Jean-Pierre Thiollet

paragraphs: Jean-Pierre Thiollet (born 9 December 1956 in Poitiers) is a French author and journalist.

paragraphs: In 2017, he creates the Cercle InterHallier, in tribute to Jean-Edern Hallier.

paragraphs: In October 2016, after dedicating a book about Jean-Edern Hallier to "the youth native from Euroland, zone F, victim of an old criminal political ruling class", he denounces in an interview "the French crime, committed by a political class, from the left as from the right" .

paragraphs: From 2009 to 2012, he worked as one of the "France-Soir" editors-in-chief.

paragraphs: In 2010, he was among the petition's signatures for Roman Polanski when the film director was temporarily arrested by Swiss police at the request of U.S authorities.

paragraphs: Since 2007, he has been a member of the World Grand Family of Lebanon (RJ Lebanon Club).

paragraphs: He was, with Alain Decaux, Frédéric Beigbeder and Richard Millet, one of the guest writers at the 2005 Beirut Book Fair (BIEL) for "Je m'appelle Byblos" (My Name Is Byblos).

paragraphs: In 1994, he was the author allowed to interview Gérard Mulliez, one of the wealthiest and powerful people in France, for the book "The Customer Driven Company — Moving from Talk to Action" (translated in French as "La Dynamique du client") by Richard C. Whiteley.

paragraphs: From 1988 to 1994, he was editor-in-chief for "Le Quotidien de Paris" (Daily Press Group).


title: Welfare economics

paragraphs: Welfare economics is a field of economics that looks at the problem of allocating resources. It uses techniques from microeconomics to assess general well-being. From this assessment, it tries to find an allocation of productive factors as to desirability and economic efficiency within an economy, often relative to competitive general equilibrium. It analyzes "social welfare" in terms of economic activities of the individuals that compose the theoretical society considered. Individuals and their economic activities are the basic units for aggregating to social welfare. The aggregation may focus on a group of people, a community, or a society. There is no "social welfare" apart from the "welfare" associated with its individual units.

paragraphs: Welfare economics typically takes individual preferences as given and tries to improve welfare in terms of Pareto efficiency. As an example, social state B is "better" than social state A, if at least one person prefers "B" and no one else opposes it. Another aspect of welfare treats income/goods distribution, including equality, as a further dimension of welfare.

paragraphs: Social welfare refers to the overall welfare of society. With sufficiently strong assumptions, it can be defined as the sum of the welfare of all the individuals in the society. Welfare may be measured either cardinally in terms of "utils" or dollars, or measured ordinarily in terms of Pareto efficiency. The cardinal method in "utils" is rarely used in pure theory today. Its main problem is that different kinds of "utility" cannot easily be summed up without losing the meaning of the measurement. In applied welfare economics money-value estimates are often used. One example of applied welfare economics is cost-benefit analysis. Money-value estimates are a useful form of measurement where income-distribution effects are factored into the analysis or seem unlikely to change the analysis.

paragraphs: The capabilities approach to welfare argues that freedom - what people are free to do or be - should be included in welfare assessments, and the approach has been particularly influential in development policy circles where the emphasis on multi-dimensionality and freedom has shaped the evolution of the Human Development Index.

paragraphs: Other classifying terms in welfare economics include externalities, equity, justice, inequality, and altruism.


title: American Motors

paragraphs: American Motors (AMC) was an American car company. It was formed in 1954 when Nash-Kelvinator Corporation and Hudson Motor Car Company became one company. It is famous for its Javelin and AMX muscle cars. AMC bought the Jeep car company in 1970. In 1987, Chrysler bought AMC for US $1.5 billion.


title: Jaffna District

paragraphs: Jaffna District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level of administrative division of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Jaffna.


title: Districts of Sri Lanka

paragraphs: In Sri Lanka, districts (, ) are the second-level administrative divisions. The first level are the provinces. Each province contains a number of districts. There are 25 districts in the country. They are organized into 9 provinces. Each district is administered under a District Secretary. Secretaries are appointed by the central government.

paragraphs: All population numbers are from the most recent census of Sri Lanka, in 2012. Population density has been calculated using the land area rather than the total area (total area would have included the area of rivers and lakes).


title: Kilinochchi District

paragraphs: Kilinochchi District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. These districts are the second level of administrative divisions in the country; the first level are the provinces. Kilinochchi District is part of the Northern Province. The capital of the district is the town of Kilinochchi.

paragraphs: Kilinochchi District is in the north of Sri Lanka in the Northern Province. It has an area of .


title: Nanjing University

paragraphs: Nanjing University is one of the oldest universities in China. It is in Nanjing. It started in 258 CE. In 1902, it became a new-type school when the Qing Dynasty ended. Nanjing University has two campuses. They are the Gulou campus, which is in the center of Nanjing City; and Xianlin, in the northeast of Nanjing.


title: Mannar District

paragraphs: Mannar District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mannar.

paragraphs: Mannar District is in the north west of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .


title: Vavuniya District

paragraphs: Vavuniya District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Vavuniya.

paragraphs: Vavuniya District is in the north of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .


title: Valkeakoski

paragraphs: Valkeakoski is a city in Finland. It is known for its paper industry. Nearby municipalities are Akaa, Hattula, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Lempäälä and Pälkäne.


title: Vavuniya

paragraphs: Vavuniya (, ) is a large town in the Northern Province of Sri Lanka. It is governed by an Urban Council. It is also the main town of Vavuniya District.


title: Mullaitivu District

paragraphs: Mullaitivu District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the town of Mullaitivu.

paragraphs: Mullaitivu District is in the north east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Northern Province. It has an area of .


title: Eastern Province, Sri Lanka

paragraphs: The Eastern Province ( '; ') is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. The capital of the province is Trincomalee.

paragraphs: Provinces are the first level administrative division of the country. Provinces in Sri Lanka were created in the 19th century. Provincial councils were created in 1987 by a change to the Constitution. Between 1988 and 2006 the Northern Province and the Eastern Province were temporarily put together to make the North Eastern Province.


title: Central Province, Sri Lanka

paragraphs: The Central Province ( ', ') is one of the nine provinces of Sri Lanka. It is located in the central mountainous area of the island. It is the sixth largest province by area. About 2.5 million people live here. The border of this province are North Central Province on the North, Uva Province on the East, North Western Province on the West and Sabaragamuwa Province on the South and West. The province's capital is Kandy.


title: North Central Province, Sri Lanka

paragraphs: North Central Province ( ', ') is a province of Sri Lanka. Its capital city is Anuradhapura. The province is not densely populated. It has a weak economy.

paragraphs: Anuradhapura is the only major city. It is governed by a Municipal Council. Other towns in the province are:


title: Sagittarius A*

paragraphs: Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*) is a bright astronomical radio source at the center of the Milky Way. It is in the direction of the constellations Sagittarius and Scorpius.

paragraphs: The radio source is part of a larger astronomical feature known as Sagittarius A. Sagittarius A* is thought to be a supermassive black hole, like those that are at the centers of most spiral and elliptical galaxies. Observations of the star S2 in orbit around Sagittarius A* were used to show the presence of the Milky Way's central supermassive black hole. This led to the conclusion that Sagittarius A* is the site of that black hole.


title: Pope Linus

paragraphs: Pope Linus was the second Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He was pope from 67 to 76 C.E.

paragraphs: Linus came from Volterra, Tuscany. He became a follower of Peter. Peter was pleased with Linus and introduced him to the teachings of Christianity. After a time He was conscrated by Peter as a Bishop. He formed a Christian community in Ruvo, Apulia. The location where the community of Linus met is now known as the Crypt of San Cleto. He was also sent to Besancon and brought many people to Christianity.

paragraphs: When Peter was put into prison, Linus became the next leader of the Church. He served at a very dangerous time during the reign of Nero. He converted to Christianity the daughter of a Roman official named Saturinus and was for that reason put into prison and beheaded. He was buried near Peter.

paragraphs: Linus is one of the three popes mentioned by name in the New Testament. He is recognized as a saint. His feast day is 23 September, the same day as his death.


title: North Western Province, Sri Lanka

paragraphs: North Western Province ( ', ') is a province of Sri Lanka. The districts of Kurunegala and Puttalam are in North Western Province. Its capital city is Kurunegala.

paragraphs: The only higher educational institute in the province is the Wayamba University of Sri Lanka.

paragraphs: North Western Province is divided into 2 districts:


title: Uva Province

paragraphs: Uva ( "Uva", "Uva") is a province of Sri Lanka. It was created in 1896. The capital city of the province is Badulla. There are about 1,259,880 people living in Uva Province. It is the second least populated province in the country.

paragraphs: Uva consists of two districts: Badulla and Moneragala. Eastern, Southern and Central provinces form the border of Uva.

paragraphs: Its major tourist attractions are Dunhinda Falls, Diyaluma Falls, Rawana Falls, the Yala National Park (lying partly in the Southern and Eastern Provinces) and Gal Oya National Park (lying partly in the Eastern Province). The Gal Oya hills and the Central mountains are the main highlands. The Mahaweli and Menik rivers and the huge Senanayake Samudraya and Maduru Oya Reservoirs are the major waterways.

paragraphs: Badulla is the only major city in the province. It is governed by a Municipal Council.


title: Trincomalee District

paragraphs: Trincomalee District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. The capital of the district is the city of Trincomalee.

paragraphs: Trincomalee District is in the east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. It has an area of .


title: Batticaloa District

paragraphs: Batticaloa District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. The capital of the district is the city of Batticaloa.

paragraphs: Ampara District was separated from the southern part of Batticaloa District in April 1961.

paragraphs: Batticaloa District is in the east of Sri Lanka. It is part of the Eastern Province. It has an area of .


title: Ampara District

paragraphs: Ampara District ( ""; ) is one of the 25 districts of Sri Lanka. Districts are the second-level administrative divisions of the country. Ampara District is part of the Eastern Province. The capital of the district is the town of Ampara.

paragraphs: The district was separated from the southern part of Batticaloa District in April 1961.

paragraphs: The Ampara District is in the southeast part of Sri Lanka in the Eastern Province. It has an area of .


title: Fell

paragraphs: A fell (from Old Norse "fell", "fjall", "mountain") is a high and barren landscape feature, such as a mountain range or moor-covered hills. The term is most often employed in Scandinavia, the Isle of Man, parts of northern England, and Scotland.

paragraphs: The English word "fell" comes from Old Norse "fell", "fjall" (both forms existed). It is from the same root word as the Icelandic "fjall"/"fell". Also the Swedish "fjäll", and Norwegian "fjell". These all refer to mountains rising above the alpine tree line.


title: Lamar Alexander

paragraphs: Andrew Lamar Alexander, Jr. (born July 3, 1940) is an American politician. He is the United States senator from Tennessee since 2003. He is a member of the Republican Party. Alexander last served as the conference chair of the Republican Party in the US Senate from 2007 to 2012.

paragraphs: He unsuccessfully ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1996 and 2000.

paragraphs: In December 2018, Alexander announced his retirement from the Senate by ruling out a re-election bid in the 2020 race.


title: Warren Christopher

paragraphs: Warren Minor Christopher (October 27, 1925 – March 18, 2011) was an American lawyer, diplomat and politician.

paragraphs: Christopher was born in Scranton, North Dakota on October 27, 1925. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Christopher studied at the University of Southern California and at Stanford Law School.

paragraphs: Christopher served as the 63rd Secretary of State under Bill Clinton's presidency. He also served as Deputy Attorney General in the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, and as Deputy Secretary of State in the Jimmy Carter administration.

paragraphs: At the time of his death, he was a Senior Partner at O'Melveny & Myers in the firm's Century City, California, office. He also served as a professor in the College Honors Program at the University of California, Los Angeles. At the behest of Al Gore, Christopher oversaw the Vice President's Florida recount effort in the aftermath of the disputed United States presidential election, 2000.

paragraphs: He married Joan Workman during the 1940s. They had two children. They soon filed for a divorce. Christopher soon remarried in 1956. They had two children. Their marriage would last until his death in 2011. Christopher lived in Los Angeles and in Century City, California.

paragraphs: Christopher died at his home in Los Angeles, California on March 18, 2011, from complications of kidney and bladder cancer. He was 85 years old.


title: Lawrence Eagleburger

paragraphs: Lawrence Sidney Eagleburger (August 1, 1930 – June 4, 2011) was an American statesman and diplomat.

paragraphs: Eagleburger was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on August 1, 1930. He was raised in Stevens Point, Wisconsin. Eagleburger studied at the University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point and at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.

paragraphs: Eagleburger served briefly as the Secretary of State under President George H. W. Bush. Previously, he had served in lesser capacities under Presidents Richard Nixon, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, and as Deputy Secretary of State under George H. W. Bush.

paragraphs: Eagleburger is the only career Foreign Service Officer to have served as Secretary of State.

paragraphs: Eagleburger married Marlene Ann Heinemann in 1966. They had three sons, Lawrence Scott, Lawrence Andrew, and Lawrence Jason. Their marriage would last until Eagleburger's death in 2011.

paragraphs: Eagleburger died of pneumonia at the University of Virginia Medical Center in Charlottesville, Virginia. He was 80 years old.


title: Alvey A. Adee

paragraphs: Alvey Augustus Adee (November 27, 1842 – July 4, 1924) was an American politicians and diplomat. He was a long-time official with the United States Department of State. He served as the acting Secretary of State in 1898 during the Spanish-American War.


title: Cyrus Vance

paragraphs: Cyrus Roberts Vance (March 27, 1917 – January 12, 2002) was an American lawyer and diplomat.

paragraphs: Vance was born on March 27, 1917 in Clarksburg, West Virginia. He was raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Vance studied at Kent School, Yale University, and at Yale Law School.

paragraphs: Vance served as United States Secretary of State under President Jimmy Carter from 1977 to 1980. Prior to that position he was the Secretary of the Army and the Deputy Secretary of Defense.

paragraphs: As Secretary of State, Vance approached foreign policy with an emphasis on negotiation over conflict and a special interest in arms reduction. In April 1980, Vance resigned in protest of Operation Eagle Claw, the secret mission to rescue American hostages in Iran. He was succeeded in the position by Edmund Muskie.

paragraphs: Vance married Grace Elsie Sloane in 1947. They had four daughters and a son. Vance lived in New York City during his final years. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 1995.

paragraphs: Vance died at the Mount Sinai Medical Center in New York City on January 12, 2002 after a long battle with pneumonia. His death was a complication from Alzheimer's disease. He was buried at the Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.


title: John McHugh

paragraphs: John Michael McHugh (born September 29, 1948) is an American politician and diplomat. He is the 21st United States Secretary of the Army. He was a former New York representative in the United States House of Representatives.

paragraphs: On June 2, 2009, President Barack Obama nominated him to the position of United States Secretary of the Army. The United States Senate confirmed McHugh in a voice vote on September 16, 2009. He was sworn in as the 21st Secretary of the Army at a Pentagon ceremony on September 21, 2009. He resigned on November 1, 2015.


title: Dave Strack

paragraphs: Dave Strack (c. 1923 – January 25, 2014) was an American basketball coach and player. He was the former university athletic director for the University of Arizona and head basketball coach of the University of Michigan. He is an inductee of the Indiana Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Strack died on January 25, 2014 in Ann Arbor, Michigan from natural causes, aged 90.


title: Norman Quijano

paragraphs: Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez (born November 2, 1946) is an Salvadoran politician. He was the mayor of San Salvador from May 2009 through August 2013. He was the President of the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador from May 2018 to November 2019.

paragraphs: Quijano was born Norman Noel Quijano Gonzalez on November 2, 1946 in Santa Ana, El Salvador.

paragraphs: In 2008 he was appointed as the candidate of the Nationalist Republican Alliance for mayor of San Salvador. He won the elections on January 18, 2009. He defeated the incumbent mayor Violeta Menjívar. He was inaugurated as mayor on May 1, 2009. He was reelected as mayor in 2012.

paragraphs: In August 20 2012, he was appointed as ARENA's presidential candidate for 2014 elections. On August 15, 2013, Quijano resigned his office as mayor, so that he can run for president. He was succeeded by Gloria Calderón de Oñate.


title: Happy (Pharrell Williams song)

paragraphs: "Happy" is a 2013 song performed by American singer and producer Pharrell Williams. It was released as a soundtrack for the animated movie "Despicable Me 2 word"

paragraphs: It was released for the album . It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song and is nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song. It was ranked at number one at the Ireland musical charts.

paragraphs: "Happy" was written and produced by Pharrell Williams. Williams is the lead vocalist throughout the song, while the backing vocals are performed by Rhea Dummett, Trevon Henderson, Shamika Hightower, Ashley L. Lee, Jasmine Murray and Terrence Rolle. The song was recorded at Circle House Studios in Miami, Florida in 2013 and later mixed at Music Box Studios in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraphs: "Happy" is 3 minutes and 53 seconds long and has a tempo of 160 beats per minute.

paragraphs: In October 2013, a month prior to its release, "Happy" reached the number-one spot on the Dutch Top 40 chart in the Netherlands, partially as a result of radio station 3FM airplay and online downloads, as well as featuring in a Transavia commercial.

paragraphs: "Happy" reached the top of the US Billboard Hot 100 for the week ending March 1, 2014. This became the fourth song featuring Pharrell Williams to top this chart, however it is the first song with Williams as the lead vocalist to do so. By March 2014, more than 3 million units of the song were sold in the United States.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, "Happy" debuted outside the Top 70 of the UK Singles Chart on 1 December 2013 and eventually reached the number-one position on 29 December. It was the third song featuring Pharrell Williams to chart at number one in 2013, making Williams the first artist to have three number-one singles in the United Kingdom since 2009.

paragraphs: In Australia, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the ARIA Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and spent 12 non-consecutive weeks at that position.

paragraphs: In New Zealand, "Happy" reached the number-one position on the NZ Top 40 Singles Chart on 6 January 2014 and has spent 15 non-consecutive weeks at that position. On 28 April 2014, its 15th week at the number-one position, it became the song with the most weeks at the number-one position in the chart's history.

paragraphs: Other countries in which "Happy" has reached the number-one position on a national singles chart include Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland and Venezuela.


title: Applause (Lady Gaga song)

paragraphs: "Applause" is a 2013 song performed by American singer Lady Gaga. It was released for her album "Artpop". It was released on August 12, 2013, a week ahead of its original release date, because it was leaked.

paragraphs: "Applause" is an electropop and Eurodance song. It is about being famous and applauded by fans.

paragraphs: "Applause" reached the top five in the United States, Canada, and the UK, while reaching the top ten in several other countries. It was certified triple-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America on May 29, 2015, for sales and streams equal to three million copies across the United States.


title: Varistor

paragraphs: A varistor, VDR, "(voltage dependent resistor)" is a type of resistor. It controls the current depending on the voltage.

paragraphs: In these devices resistance drops sharply at a certain threshold voltage. Once the voltage across the device reaches the threshold, there is a breakdown of the electrical structure in the vicinity of the grain boundaries, which results in its electrical resistance dropping from several megohms down to a few hundred ohms. The major advantage of these is that they can dissipate a lot of energy, and they self reset–after the voltage across the device drops below the threshold, its resistance returns to being high.

paragraphs: This makes them ideal for surge-protection applications. As there is control over the threshold voltage and energy tolerance, they find use in all sorts of applications. The best demonstration of their ability can be found in electrical substations, where they are employed to protect the infrastructure from lightning strikes. They have rapid response, are low maintenance, and do not appreciably degrade from use, making them virtually ideal devices for this application.

paragraphs: They can be used to protect electronics from voltages that could damage components.


title: Wheathampstead

paragraphs: Wheathampstead is a village and civil parish north of St Albans. It is part of the City and District of St Albans, in Hertfordshire. Its parliamentary constituency is Hitchin and Harpenden. The village is on the River Lea (or Lee), a tributary of the Thames.

paragraphs: The population of Wheathampstead at the time of the 2001 census was 6,058.

paragraphs: Settlements in this area were made about 50 BC by Belgic invaders. They moved up the rivers Thames and Lea from what is now Belgium. Evidence for them was found in Devil's Dyke, at the eastern side of Wheathampstead.

paragraphs: The Devil's Dyke earthworks are remains of an ancient settlement of the Catuvellauni. It is thought to have been the tribe's original capital. The capital was moved to Verlamion, later the Roman Verulamium. This became the modern St Albans.

paragraphs: The Devil's Dyke is reputedly where Julius Caesar defeated Cassivellaunus in 54 BC, although this claim is disputed. The Dyke may have been part of the same defensive rampart as nearby Beech Bottom Dyke. If correct, this would make the area one of the largest and most important British Iron Age settlements.

paragraphs: Later, the village is recorded in the Domesday Book under name "Watamestede". It appears that a church existed at Wheathampstead before the Norman Conquest, as Wheathampstead was given by Edward the Confessor to Westminster Abbey. The original structure was demolished in the reign of Henry III, and the oldest part of the present church dates to about 1280. The main doorways to the church (in the chancel section) and the windows are Early English pointed arches.


title: Dieter Borst

paragraphs: Dieter Borst, (born 12 May 1950) is a German painter and sculptor of 20th century art.

paragraphs: Borst was born on 12 May 1950 in Schramberg, Germany. As a painter, he specialized in informal painting. The basic element in his paintings is the line, which is carried through colored segments.

paragraphs: In 1969 he studied at the American School of Art in Munich. In 1972 he took a half year study trip to West Africa.

paragraphs: In 1973 he started painting. In 1997 he moved to Gran Canaria. In 2007 his atelier burned in an island fire on Gran Canaria. Hundreds of paintings of all phases of his working life were destroyed.

paragraphs: Borst's works were exhibited in New York, Fort Lauderdale / Miami, Cologne and Gran Canaria.


title: Tupou VI

paragraphs: Tupou VI (Tongan: ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho; born 12 July 1959) is the king of Tonga. He was chosen as the inheritor of the throne by his elder brother, Tupou V, in 2006. After Tupou V died in 2012, he inherited the throne and was given the name "Tupou VI".


title: Stuttgarter Zeitung

paragraphs: The Stuttgarter Zeitung is a German-language daily newspaper (except Sundays). It is edited in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It sells about 200,000 copies daily.


title: George S. Patton slapping incidents

paragraphs: The George S. Patton slapping incidents refer to two events that involved an American general, George S. Patton. These happened during the World War II Allied campaign in Sicily. General Patton slapped two soldiers he thought were cowards who were in hospitals for . The general lost his command. He was sent back to England and played no part in the D-Day landing in Normandy.

paragraphs: George Patton believed it was part of a general's work to visit his wounded soldiers in hospitals. He did this more than other generals, even though he personally found it hard to do. His usual visit included talking to the soldiers and telling them how much he appreciated their courage. His aides followed him, pinning medals on soldiers as they went. General Omar Bradley, who knew Patton well, said that when it came to his men Patton was in spite of his manner.

paragraphs: Growing up, Patton had serious doubts about himself. He came from a long line of military heroes and one of his greatest fears was that he might be a coward in battle. Through his own strength of will, he conquered his fear. He expected the same from all the men he commanded. Any display of fear reminded him of his own earlier problems with fear.

paragraphs: On 3 August 1943, Patton was visiting the 15th Evacuation Hospital. He found a soldier sitting on a supply box. The General asked him what he was there for. The soldier, Private Charles H. Kuhl, said "I guess I just can't take it." The general was immediately angry: he swore at the soldier and slapped him with his gloves. The soldier had malaria and dysentery.

paragraphs: A week later, at the 93rd Evacuation Hospital, the general came upon Private Paul G. Bennet lying on a bed. In reply to Patton's usual question of what was wrong with him, the soldier replied "it's my nerves." The general yelled "What did you say?" Bennet repeated himself. Then Patton angrily swore at the soldier, calling him a coward. He hit the soldier and told him he had to return to the front lines. He even reached for his pistol. Patton was still yelling when he left the hospital tent.

paragraphs: When Patton and his army entered Messina (16 August 1943), General Eisenhower wrote him, saying he had received word of the slapping incidents. Eisenhower told Patton there was no excuse for losing his temper in front of his soldiers. He said there was no excuse for brutality of the sick and injured. He ordered Patton to publicly apologize to their divisions and to the two men personally. Patton wrote Eisenhower a note of apology, then he proceeded to address his troops as he was ordered. On 30 August, he was giving his public apology for the third and last time to the 3rd Division: Patton was giving his short speech when his troops sensed he was about to apologize. They started chanting "No general, no, no; General, no, no." They cut him off from his apology and would not let him give it. Overcome with emotion Patton left the stage.

paragraphs: The incidents were considered handled by Eisenhower and Army Chief of Staff George Marshall and news reporters were told not to file any stories on the incidents. In November 1943, however, one American columnist, Drew Pearson, filed the story anyway, accusing the Army of a cover-up. The American people, however, still mostly were behind Patton. The Germans were amused at the story and at the Americans: they saw nothing wrong with a general slapping a soldier. But Patton was too valuable to dismiss, so in early January 1944, Eisenhower sent him back to England. There he was placed in command of the First United States Army Group. It was an army that did not exist and was only intended to fool the Germans. The Germans thought Patton would lead the invasion of Europe, whenever it came. For the next six months, Patton was on his good behavior. After the D-Day landings, he was given command of the US 3rd Army in Normandy.


title: Radioactive waste

paragraphs: Radioactive waste is a term used for certain substances that are radioactive and that are no longer useful. Most radioactive waste is a by-product of operating nuclear power plants. Certain treatments in hospitals use radioactive substances. Scientists doing certain kinds of research use radioactive substances. Nuclear weapons also produce radioactive waste. Low-level radioactive wastes are radioactive gases, solids, or liquids that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation. High-level radioactive wastes give off large amounts of ionizing radiation.

paragraphs: Radioactive waste is dangerous to the environment, and there are many regulations about transporting it, handling it, and processing it in such a way that the dangers are reduced. They can contaminate water and affect the living organisms. Storage of radioactive waste must be guaranteed for thousands of years, until it decays sufficiently to be safe to the environment and its inhabitants. Radioactive waste can be stored by deep geological burial or by dry cask storage. Dry Cask Storage is large cylinders of concrete and steel that are used to hold 10 or more metric tons of high-level radioactive waste. The U.S. currently has no long-term radioactive waste storage site. In 1987 Yucca Mountain, Nevada was a candidate for radioactive waste storage, but was shut down.


title: KV42

paragraphs: KV42 is a tomb in Egypt's Valley of the Kings.

paragraphs: The tomb was constructed for Hatshepsut-Meryetre, the wife of Thutmose III. She was not buried in the tomb. It was reused by Sennefer, a mayor of Thebes.


title: Emblem3

paragraphs: Emblem 3 is a band from Huntington Beach, California. Current members include Wesley and Keaton Stromberg, who are brothers, and Drew Chadwick, Wesley's best friend. Their style is mostly indie/pop, although it varies. Some songs have a beachy, Bahama feel. Their newer songs have more a pop vibe. Their debut album is titled "Nothing to Lose", with tracks including "Chloe", and "Sunset Boulevard". They competed on X-Factor, finishing in fourth place.


title: Shiprock

paragraphs: Shiprock is the remains of an extinct volcano in the U.S. state of New Mexico.

paragraphs: Shiprock is composed of fractured volcanic breccia and black dikes of igneous rock. It is the erosional remnant of the throat of a volcano. The exposed rock was probably formed 2,500–3000 feet (750–1,000 meters) below the Earth's surface, but exposed after millions of years of erosion.

paragraphs: Radiometric dating of the rock shows that the volcanic rocks solidified about 27 million years ago. Shiprock is in the northeastern part of the Navajo Volcanic Field. El Capitan in Monument Valley is another prominent volcanic neck in this field.


title: South African Navy

paragraphs: The South African Navy is the navy of the South African National Defence Force. The role of the South African Navy is to conduct naval operations in defence of the Republic of South Africa.

paragraphs: The current organisation of the South African Navy dates back to 1 April 1922, when the South African Naval Service (SANS) was created. (However, colonial naval volunteer units date back as far as 1861.) The South African Naval Service was later expanded and renamed to the South African Naval Forces (SANF). In 1951, the South African Naval Forces was renamed to the South African Navy and the ship title HMSAS (His Majesty's South African Ship) was changed to SAS (South African Ship) one year later.

paragraphs: The South African Navy has a strength of 6,104 active military personnel. The navy is divided into a Combat Fleet and a Support Fleet. The Combat Fleet is made up of five Valour-class frigates, three Heroine-class submarines, three Warrior-class patrol vessels, three T-class patrol vessels, three River-class mine countermeasures vessels, and twenty-one Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats. The Support Fleet is made up of one replenishment vessel, one Hecla-class survey vessel, and three tugboats. The navy also includes an infantry-trained special forces unit called the Maritime Reaction Squadron (MRS).


title: South African National Defence Force

paragraphs: The South African National Defence Force (SANDF) is the military of South Africa.

paragraphs: The SANDF is made up of four branches: the South African Army, the South African Navy, the South African Air Force, and the South African Military Health Service (formerly the South African Medical Service).

paragraphs: The Commander-in-Chief of the military is the President of South Africa, currently Jacob Zuma. The Ministry of Defence and Military Veterans, currently headed by Nosiviwe Mapisa-Nqakula, is in charge of political leadership. Military command is in the hands of the General Staff, headed by the Chief of the South African National Defence Force, who is General Solly Shoke.

paragraphs: The history of the SANDF can be traced back to 1912, with the establishment of the Union Defence Force (UDF). In 1957, the Union Defence Force was renamed to the South African Defence Force (SADF). The SADF fought a bloody guerrilla war against the South-West African People's Organisation (SWAPO) and the African National Congress in South-West Africa (now Namibia). SADF forces were also involved in the Angolan Civil War. In 1994, the South African Defence Force was combined with the ANC's Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK), the PAC's Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA), several Bantustan defence forces, and the self protection units of the Inkatha Freedom Party to form the South African National Defence Force.

paragraphs: Since 1994, South Africa has been trying to develop its military into a professional, well trained and mobile military. The SANDF currently plays a role in peacekeeping in the African continent, in countries such as the DRC and Burundi.


title: Mercedes-Benz Citaro

paragraphs: The Mercedes-Benz Citaro (or O530) is a single-decker low-floor bus for public transport.

paragraphs: It was made in 1997, and built in Germany, France and Spain.


title: Central Luzon

paragraphs: Central Luzon (Filipino: Gitnáng Luzon, designated as Region III (or Region 3), is central part of Luzon, The region has the largest plain in the country and produces most of the country's rice supply. Its provinces are Aurora, Bataan, Bulacan, Nueva Ecija, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Zambales.

paragraphs: Central Luzon Region is north of Manila, the nation's capital. To the north are Ilocos, Cordillera Administrative Region and Cagayan Valley. To the south are the National Capital Region, CALABARZON and Manila Bay. To the west is the South China Sea. To the east is the Philippine Sea.

paragraphs: There are fourteen cities which include: Balanga in Bataan; Malolos, Meycauayan and San Jose del Monte in Bulacan; Cabanatuan, Gapan, Muñoz, Palayan and San Jose in Nueva Ecija; Angeles, Mabalacat and San Fernando in Pampanga; Tarlac in Tarlac; and Olongapo in Zambales. Central Luzon produces the most rice in the whole country. Excess rice is delivered and imported to other provinces of the Philippines.

paragraphs: The City of San Fernando, in Pampanga, is the regional center.

paragraphs: Aurora was transferred from Region IV by Executive Order No. 103.

paragraphs: In 2000, 86.9% of the population of Central Luzon was Roman Catholic. Other religions include Iglesia Ni Cristo, Aglipayan, Evangelicals, United Methodist, Jehovah's Witnesses, Seventh-day Adventist and United Church of Christ in the Philippines. In addition there are smaller numbers of other religions.

paragraphs: Central Luzon has 7 provinces, 14 cities, 116 municipalities, and 3,102 barangays.

paragraphs: Central Luzon has fourteen cities. San Jose del Monte is the city with the most population. Meycauayan is the most densely populated city in the region. Tarlac City is the largest based on land area.


title: José Emilio Pacheco

paragraphs: José Emilio Pacheco Berny (June 30, 1939 – January 26, 2014) was a Mexican poet, essayist, historian, novelist and short story writer. He is thought as one of the major Mexican poets of the second half of the 20th century. The Berlin International Literature Festival has praised him as "one of the most significant contemporary Latin American poets".

paragraphs: Pacheco died from cardiac arrest in Mexico City, Mexico on January 26, 2014, aged 74.


title: Ellen Vogel

paragraphs: Ellen Marie Elze Anthing Vogel (January 26, 1922 – August 5, 2015) was a Dutch television, movie, and stage actress.

paragraphs: Vogel was born on January 26, 1922 in The Hague, Netherlands. She was raised in Amsterdam.

paragraphs: Vogel married Hans Jürgen Tobi in 1942. They divorced in 1949. She was in a relationship with Fons Rademakers from 1950 to 1955. Vogel then married James Münninghoff in 1976. Their marriage lasted until his death in 2012. Vogel had a son with Hans, Peter Paul.

paragraphs: Vogel died in Amsterdam at the age of 93.


title: Valley of the Kings

paragraphs: The Valley of the Kings ( ) is a valley in Egypt. From the 16th to 11th centuries BC, tombs were built there for the Pharaohs and powerful nobles.

paragraphs: The valley is on the west bank of the Nile across from Luxor. Some of the people buried there are:

paragraphs: The valley is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In 1979 it became a World Heritage Site, with the rest of the Theban Necropolis. Exploration, excavation and conservation continues in the valley, and a new tourist centre has recently been opened.

paragraphs: There is little year-round rain in this part of Egypt, but there are rare flash floods that hit the valley. These tons of debris into the open tombs.


title: Oberlin College

paragraphs: Oberlin College is a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio. It was the first college in the United States to accept African-American students as well as female students. It is also known for the Oberlin Conservatory of Music. Oberlin is a member of the Great Lakes Colleges Association and the Five Colleges of Ohio consortium.

paragraphs: Oberlin College and the town of Oberlin were started together in 1833. In 1837, the college began a program of ; admitting female students. In 1835, the college began a policy of education. The Board of Trustees voted to allow black students at a time when there was only one black person living in the county. The first black student was a former slave, James Bradley from Cincinnati. The first building was Tappan Hall, named for Arthur Tappan of New York City. It was both a dormitory and classroom. In 1903 Memorial Arch was constructed. It was to honor those from Oberlin college who were killed in the Boxer Rebellion in China.

paragraphs: In 1865, Oberlin started its music program. A music conservatory is on the college campus. Students benefit from over 500 performances yearly, most free of charge, with concerts and recitals almost daily. The Conservatory was one of the recipients of the 2009 National Medal of Arts.

paragraphs: The Allen Memorial Art Museum is on the college campus. It holds an art collection showing the history of Art that has 12,000 pieces. It also has a unique art rental program. At the beginning of every semester, students camp out in front of the north gate to get first pick of artwork by artists including Renoir, Dalí, and Picasso.


title: Chulipuram

paragraphs: Chulipuram is a village in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Its area is .


title: Saraiki language

paragraphs: The Saraiki language (Perso-Arabic: سرائیکی sometimes spelled Siraiki and Seraiki) is closely related to Punjabi. It is spoken by about 20 million Pakistanis, mostly in the southern part of Punjab Province and in adjacent parts of Sindh, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwas. Saraiki belongs to the Indo-Aryan branch of Indo-European.


title: Ypäjä

paragraphs: Ypäjä is a municipality in Kanta-Häme, Finland. About 2,485 people lived there in 2013. The municipalities next to it are Jokioinen, Somero, Loimaa and Humppila.

paragraphs: Ypäjä was established in 1876. It is famous for its horses.


title: Infamous: Second Son

paragraphs: Infamous: Second Son is a PlayStation 4 open world action-adventure game made by Sucker Punch Productions and Sony. It is the third game of the "Infamous" series.

paragraphs: A Seattle graffiti artist discovers he has superhuman powers. He protects the population from the enemy terrorist organization called the Department of Unified Protection. The game is based on the continuing storyline carried out through the previous ones, but does not require the player to have played it.


title: Killzone Shadow Fall

paragraphs: Killzone Shadow Fall is a first-person shooter video game. It is developed by Guerrilla Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It is the sixth game to be released for the "Killzone" series and the fourth game in the series for gaming consoles. The game was released on 15 November 2013 as a launch title for the PlayStation 4.


title: Knack

paragraphs: Knack is a platform video game. It is published by Sony Computer Entertainment and developed by Japan Studio working with game director Mark Cerny. The game was made for the PlayStation 4, and was released as a launch title for that video game console. It was officially announced by Cerny on February 20, 2013 during PlayStation Meeting 2013 in New York City. The game was released on November 15, 2013 in North America and November 29, 2013 in Europe. It was released in Japan on February 22, 2014. The game received generally low scores from most reviewers like IGN, but received an eight-out-of-ten from Destructiod.

paragraphs: Knack discovers that he has a skill ("knack") that allows him to incorporate ice, metal and other substances into his body, giving him new abilities. He then uses these powers to try to end the war between the humans and goblins.


title: Thief (video game)

paragraphs: Thief is a stealth video game. It was developed by Eidos Montreal. It was published by Square Enix. It is a remake of the "Thief" series. The game is the fourth game in its collection. It was released for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One consoles on February 25, 2014. The game was first announced in 2009 under the working title of "Thief 4", but was revealed again in March 2013 as just "Thief".


title: Pope Anacletus

paragraphs: Pope Anacletus, also sometimes referred to as Pope Cletus, was the third Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served from 76-88 C.E. He established a Christian community in Ruvo, Apulia, where he baptized Christian followers in secret.

paragraphs: After the death of the second Pope, Linus, Anacletus returned to Rome. He divided the area into what would today be called parishes or small groups. He established a small chapel near the burial sites of Peter and Linus which is the site of today's Basilica of St. Peter.

paragraphs: He was killed during the reign of the Emperor Domitian for being a Christian leader. He was also buried near Peter and Linus.


title: Daylight (video game)

paragraphs: Daylight is an upcoming survival horror video game for the PlayStation 4 and Microsoft Windows. It was developed by Zombie Studios. It is powered by Unreal Engine 4. It was released in North America on April 29, 2014. It was released in the PAL region on April 30, 2014. It was released in Japan on August 28, 2014.

paragraphs: The story is centered around a woman who regains consciousness in an abandoned hospital. She has no memory of how she got there. With her mobile phone as her only source of light, she must explore the haunted hospital and its criminal past in order to escape. The terrain outside the hospital is randomly generated, so that every time you play it is different.


title: John Berryman

paragraphs: John Berryman (1914–1972) was an important American poet in the second part of the 1900s. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma October 25, 1914. He was seen as one of the chief poets of confessional poetry.

paragraphs: When John Berryman was born in Oklahoma, his name was John Allyn Smith, Jr.. His father was a banker named John Allyn Smith. His mother was a schoolteacher named Martha. When he was ten years old his family moved to Tampa, Florida. In 1926, when he was twelve years old, his father shot and killed himself. This haunted the poet for the rest of his life.

paragraphs: After his father died, his mother married another banker named John. His last name was Berryman. The poet took his father's name, so he ended up with the same last name as his stepfather. They moved to New York City. John was sent to a private boarding school in Connecticut. He went on to graduate from Columbia College.

paragraphs: The book "Five Young American Poets" had some of his earliest poems alongside other poets like Randall Jarrell. The publisher of this book also published Berryman's first book, "Poems". His next book, "The Dispossessed", was more mature but received mostly bad reviews. When Jarrell reviewed Berryman's book, he wrote that Berryman's poems sounded too much like William Butler Yeats. Berryman later said, "I didn't want to be "like" Yeats; I wanted to "be" Yeats."

paragraphs: In 1947 John Berryman started seeing a married woman while he was married to his first wife. He wrote many sonnets about her, but they were not published until 1967.

paragraphs: In 1950 he wrote a biography of the writer Stephen Crane, who he admired. He also published a book of poems called "Homage to Mistress Bradstreet." This book also featured drawings by the artist Ben Shahn. It was his first book to get attention from people all across the United States of America.

paragraphs: Even though "Homage to Mistress Bradstreet" was successful, Berryman's biggest breakthrough came with "77 Dream Songs" in 1964. This book won the Pulitzer Prize in 1965. Berryman wrote a much longer sequel, "His Toy, HIs Dream, His Rest". This book was just as successful. He later combined the two into one book, "The Dream Songs".

paragraphs: On January 7, 1972, John Berryman killed himself by jumping off the Washington Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

paragraphs: Berryman wrote about shame, like mental illness and lust. He said that he was not writing about himself but about made-up people. Despite this remark, many critics believe Berryman did write about himself. John Berryman's best-known poems were called Dream Songs. He put out the 385 Dream Songs in two books: "77 Dream Songs" and "His Toy, His Dream, His Rest." Later he put them into one book: "The Dream Songs".


title: Destiny (video game)

paragraphs: Destiny is a first-person shooter video game. It uses an open world setting. It is developed by Bungie and published by Activision as part of a ten-year publishing deal. The game was released on the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, and Xbox One video game consoles on September 9, 2014. Bungie demonstrated live gameplay footage of "Destiny" at Sony's E3 conference in 2013.

paragraphs: The player plays a guardian. The traveller is dying and it is the guardian's job to save it by defeating its one enemy, the darkness. The guardian goes to Earth, Moon, Mars and Venus. The character completes quests for the vanguard committee to save the traveller. The darkness is made up of 4 enemies: The Hive, Cabal, Vex and The Fallen.


title: Don't Starve

paragraphs: Don't Starve is an action-adventure game. It uses features of a survival horror, set in an open world environment. It is developed and published by Klei Entertainment. The game was released on Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux through Steam on April 23, 2013. It was released on the PlayStation 4 on January 7, 2014.


title: Dragon Age: Inquisition

paragraphs: Dragon Age: Inquisition is an upcoming action video game. It is developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts. It is a sequel to "" and "Dragon Age II". It is the third major game in the "Dragon Age" series.


title: Driveclub

paragraphs: Driveclub is a racing video game published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was developed by "Evolution Studios" for the PlayStation 4. "Driveclub" was officially announced during the PlayStation 4 press conference on 20 February 2013. The game was released on 7 October 2014.


title: Mad Max (video game)

paragraphs: Mad Max is an upcoming video game. It is set in an open world environment after civilization has been destroyed. It is based on the "Mad Max" film series. It is published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and developed by Avalanche Studios.

paragraphs: The game was officially revealed at "E3" on June 10, 2013 during a Sony press conference. It is set to be released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One in 2015.


title: Pope Clement I

paragraphs: Pope Clement was the fourth Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). He served the early Catholic Church from 8897 C.E. He was born in Velletri, Latium and came from a very important family. He was the son of a Roman senator, Faustinus, and the cousin of Roman consul Tiberius Flavius Clemens.

paragraphs: He was recognized as a great historian and recorded many important events in his time such as the martyrdom of his predecessors and the settling of disputes among Christians. During a time of trouble within the Christian community, Clement wrote to the church in Corinth, asking them to end their dispute with their fellow Christians, which they did. This established the precedent of Popes being the final person to decide the rules within the Church. He either established, or continued the practice of recording the laws and customs of the Church.

paragraphs: Clement's persecution began with Emperor Trajan who sent him to do hard labor in a mine. He used that time to teach his fellow Christians and it was said that during that time he even taughted some pagans in Christianity. He is also credited with performing a miracle during that time. He is know as the "Pope of Convicts".

paragraphs: His martyrdom was described as being tied to an anchor and dragged out to sea.

paragraphs: His relics and the anchor were retrieved and preserved in a church that was submerged in the Black Sea. During part of the year, it can still be seen and entered into today.

paragraphs: This pope has been very highly regarded through the centuries and is still honored today by the Russian Orthodox Catholics in the Ukraine and by all Catholics in their ceremonial liturgy. He is considered a Saint of the church and his feast day is November 23.


Fantasia


Bourbon


title: Romance (love)

paragraphs: Romance is a feeling of excitement and mystery associated with love. In relationships, it involves a strong emotional attraction towards the other person. A romantic relationship focuses on feelings rather than sex. Romantic love is the opposite of platonic love.

paragraphs: Romance is often strongest at the beginning of relationships. It comes with uncertainty and anxiety that the love may not be returned.

paragraphs: An example of love is that of Carla, for Quinten, as she loves him most.

paragraphs: The modern concept of romantic love comes from the medieval ideals of chivalry, as set out in its chivalric romance literature. It was made popular in Western culture by the concept of courtly love. Knights were often said to have had intimate relationships with the noble ladies they served. These relationships were usually not physical. Since marriage was commonly just a formal arrangement without love, courtly love allowed women to be emotionally intimate with a man.

paragraphs: Romance is a major theme found in art, particularly literature and fiction. It is often found in fairy tales, women's fiction and the writings of people like William Shakespeare.


title: 2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season

paragraphs: The 2010–11 Chicago Blackhawks season was the team's 85th season in the National Hockey League (NHL). The team suffered from salary cap restrictions and lost several players due to it. They also had to recover from winning their first Stanley Cup in 40 years. The team was defeated in the first round of the Stanley Cup Playoffs by the Presidents' Trophy-winning Vancouver Canucks.


title: Alexander Varshavsky

paragraphs: Alexander Jacob Varshavsky (; born 8 November 1946) is a Russian-American biochemist, noted for his discovery of the N-end rule of ubiquitination. A native of Moscow, he is currently researching at Caltech.

paragraphs: In 2014 he was awarded the $3 million Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences for his work.


title: Hugo Stiglitz

paragraphs: Hugo Stiglitz (born August 28, 1940) is an Mexican actor who has appeared in over 100 movies.

paragraphs: He was known for his roles in "Tintorera" and "La Noche de los mil gatos". He is known in the United States for his roles in "Under the Volcano". Quentin Tarantino named a character "Hugo Stiglitz" (played by actor Til Schweiger) in the movie "Inglourious Basterds" in his honor.

paragraphs: In 2013, Stiglitz played Juan "Johnny" Bravo in Eugenio Derbez comedy movie "Instructions Not Included".

paragraphs: Stiglitz was born on August 27, 1940 in Mexico City, Mexico.


title: Guilt (emotion)

paragraphs: Guilt is a feeling that a person has when they realise or believe that they have done something wrong. This usually depends on that person's own conscience, their understanding of right and wrong. Guilt is usually related to remorse ("feeling sorry").

paragraphs: Guilt can sometimes cause anxiety. A person may react to their guilt in either a peaceful or violent way. A person might begin blaming the victim of their own actions.


title: Carmen Salinas

paragraphs: Carmen Salinas Lozano (born October 5, 1939) is an Mexican movie and television actress. She is thought to be one of the first actress' in Mexico. She has appeared in over 100 movies.

paragraphs: She is known for her roles in "María Mercedes", "Hombre en llamas", "La rose de Guadalupe", "La familia P. Luche", "Mujeres Asesinas 2", and in "Parodiando". Salinas is known for her movie role in "Abrázame muy fuerte".

paragraphs: Salinas was born on October 5, 1939 in Torreón, Coahuila, Mexico.


title: Through the Wormhole

paragraphs: Through the Wormhole is an American science documentary television series. It is narrated and hosted by Morgan Freeman. It has different episodes explaining about the wormhole, the universe, and mysteries about life. It's musical score is composed by Hans Zimmer. It's first episode was broadcasted on June 9, 2010.


title: Patricia Reyes Spíndola

paragraphs: Patricia Verónica Núñez Reyes Spíndola (born July 11, 1953) is a Mexican actress, television director and producer. She has appeared in over 150 movies since her career began in 1974. Her first movie role was in "La otra virginidad". She twice appeared in the Mexican crime series "Mujeres Asesinas". Spíndola appeared in the 2002 movie "Frida".

paragraphs: Spíndola was born on July 11, 1953 in Oaxaca, Mexico.


title: Edmond Classen

paragraphs: Edmond Alphons Antoine Marie Classen (May 16, 1938 – January 27, 2014) was an Dutch movie, stage, and television actor. Classen appeared on many movies and over 50 television shows since his career began in 1975. His first role was in "Amsterdam 700". His last role was in the 2012 movie "Black Out".

paragraphs: Classen was born on May 16, 1938 in Arnhem, Netherlands. His daughter, Kiki Classen, is also a Dutch actress. Classen died on January 27, 2014 in his home in Arnhem, Netherlands from heart failure, aged 75.


title: Pope Evaristus

paragraphs: Pope Evaristus is the fifth Pope of the Catholic Church, (the official title is Bishop of Rome). There is very little information about him. He served in Christianity during the years 97-105 C.E.

paragraphs: Author Charles A. Coulombe states that he was a Jew and came from a Jewish family from Antioch, Turkey.

paragraphs: Pope Evaristus is noted for further developing the parishes of the Catholic Church, a work started by Pope Anacletus. He is also credited with ordering that all Churches be consecrated (blessed) by special ceremonies. He created a method of choosing future bishops by the creation of a group which is now known as the College of Cardinals.

paragraphs: He was martyred during the reign of Emperor Hadrian. His feast day is celebrated on October 26.


Li Na


title: Li Na (tennis)

paragraphs: Li Na (born February 26, 1982) is a Chinese retired professional tennis player. As of January 2014, Li has won 9 WTA and 19 ITF singles titles.

paragraphs: On September 19, 2014, Li announced that she was retiring from tennis after she had missed the US Open Series because of a left knee injury.


title: Einstein's Cross

paragraphs: Einstein's Cross is an image of a quasar which is 8,000,000,000 light years (ly) or 2,500,000,000 parsecs (pc) away.

paragraphs: The quasar sits directly behind ZW 2237+030, Huchra's lens, the lensing galaxy. Four images of the same distant quasar appear around this foreground galaxy due to strong gravitational lensing.

paragraphs: According to its redshift, the quasar is about 8 billion light years from Earth, while the lensing galaxy is only 400 million light years away.

paragraphs: Amateur astronomers are able to see some of the cross using telescopes but it requires extremely dark skies and telescope mirrors with diameters of 18 inches or greater.


title: Asa Akira

paragraphs: Asa Akira (born January 3, 1986) is the stage name of an American pornographic actress and model. Akira has appeared in over 505 adult films as of May 2016.


title: San Fernando, Pampanga

paragraphs: San Fernando is city in the Philippine province of Pampanga. It is the capital of that province. It is north of Manila, east of Subic Bay in the Zambales province, and south of Clark Air Base in Angeles City.

paragraphs: The city is named after Fernando VI of Spain. Its patron saint is Saint Ferdinand III of Castile and León. It is known as the "Christmas Capital of the Philippines". The city holds the annual Giant Lantern Festival every December where large lanterns are displayed in competition.

paragraphs: The City of San Fernando has 35 barangays.


title: Jorge Obeid

paragraphs: Jorge Alberto Obeid (24 November 1947 – 28 January 2014) was an Argentine Justicialist Party (PJ) politician, currently an Argentine Chamber of Deputies and former governor of Santa Fe Province until 2007.

paragraphs: Obeid was born in Diamante, Entre Ríos on 24 November 1947. He died on 28 January 2014 of a pulmonary embolism.


title: Hans Georg Dehmelt

paragraphs: Hans Georg Dehmelt (9 September 1922 – 7 March 2017) was a German-born American physicist. He was awarded Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, for co-developing the ion trap technique with Wolfgang Paul. They shared one-half of the prize (the other half of the Prize in that year was awarded to Norman Foster Ramsey). Their technique was used for high precision measurement of the electron g-factor.

paragraphs: Dehmelt died on 7 March 2017 in the Seattle, Washington from natural causes, aged 94.


title: Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr.

paragraphs: Norman Foster Ramsey, Jr. (August 27, 1915 – November 4, 2011) was an American physicist. He was awarded the 1989 Nobel Prize in Physics with Hans Georg Dehmelt.

paragraphs: Ramsay was born on August 27, 1915 in Washington, D.C.. He studied at Columbia University and at the University of Cambridge.

paragraphs: He was a physics professor at Harvard University for most of his career, Ramsey also held several posts with such government and international agencies as NATO and the United States Atomic Energy Commission. Among his other accomplishments are helping to found the United States Department of Energy's Brookhaven National Laboratory and Fermilab.

paragraphs: Ramsay was a Democrat. Ramsay died on November 4, 2011 in Wayland, Massachusetts from natural causes, aged 96.


title: Leo Esaki

paragraphs: Reona Esaki (江崎 玲於奈 "Esaki Reona", born March 12, 1925), also known as Leo Esaki, is a Japanese physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson. He won the prize for his discovery of the phenomenon of electron tunneling.

paragraphs: He is known for his invention of the Esaki diode, which exploited that phenomenon. This research was done when he was with Tokyo Tsushin Kogyo (now known as Sony). He has also contributed in being a pioneer of the semiconductor superlattice while he was with IBM.

paragraphs: Esaki was born on March 12, 1925 in Osaka, Japan. He studied at the University of Tokyo.


title: HMS Beagle

paragraphs: HMS "Beagle" was a "Cherokee"-class ship of the Royal Navy. It was launched on 11 May 1820 from the Woolwich Dockyard on the River Thames. It is best known for a voyage that carried Charles Darwin.

paragraphs: On 22 May 1826, "Beagle" left to survey bodies of water in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego. One of the bodies of water found was named the Beagle Channel after the ship. During the voyage, Captain Pringle Stokes became depressed and shot himself. He died ten days later. Robert FitzRoy became the new captain. Beagle returned to England on 14 October 1830.

paragraphs: On 27 December 1831, the "Beagle" began her second voyage.

paragraphs: Captain FitzRoy did not want to have the stress and loneliness that led to the suicide of the first captain. He looked for someone to go on the voyage to keep him company. The person found was Charles Darwin.

paragraphs: On this voyage, the crew did surveys in South America. "Beagle" returned to Falmouth, Cornwall, England on 2 October 1836.

paragraphs: Darwin kept a diary of the things he saw and did on this voyage. He rewrote it as the book called "Journal and Remarks". The book was published in 1839 as the third volume of the official account of the expedition. It was very popular. It was reprinted many times with different titles. It eventually became known as "The Voyage of the Beagle".

paragraphs: In 1837, "Beagle" went to survey the coast of Australia. Commander John Clements Wickham was in charge. They started with the western coast between the Swan River (modern Perth, Australia) and the Fitzroy River. They then surveyed both shores of the Bass Strait. In May 1839 they sailed north to survey the shores of the Arafura Sea opposite Timor. This voyage ended in 1843.

paragraphs: Many places around the coast were named on this voyage. Many of the places were named for important people or members of the crew. Wickham named Port Darwin in honour of Charles Darwin. A settlement there became the town of Palmerston in 1869, and was renamed Darwin in 1911.

paragraphs: During this survey, the Beagle Gulf was named after the ship.


title: Footscray

paragraphs: Footscray is a suburb of Melbourne. It is 5 kilometres from Melbourne's centre. About 13,000 people live in Footscray.

paragraphs: Footscray is built largely on the traditional lands of the Kulin nation. Footscray has been home to the Aboriginal Woiwurrung and Boonwurrung tribes of the Kulin nation for over 40,000 years.

paragraphs: The suburbs around Footscray are Seddon, West Footscray, Braybrook, Flemington, Maidstone,Yarraville, Kingsville and West Melbourne.

paragraphs: Footscray is famous as a multicultural meeting point. Footscray's 1300 people come from 135 different countries. It is at the centre of cultural life in Melbourne's west and the centre for new arrivals to Melbourne's west since the 1950s. The shopping areas around Footscray Station represent the diversity of migration to Australia. There are many Vietnamese, Ethiopian, Filipino, Indian, Somali, Afghani, Chinese, Burmese, South Sudanese restaurants and businesses as well as many others. Try T. Cavallaro & Sons which have been making Melbourne's best cannoli in Footscray for more than 50 years.

paragraphs: Footscray is home to two fresh food markets. There is the Footscray Market that is opposite the Footscray Train

paragraphs: Station. This market is open from Tuesdays to Saturdays. Footscray Market has

paragraphs: many butchers and fishmongers as well as some fresh fruit and vegetables. Go to

paragraphs: Footscray Market near closing time for bargains! There is also the Little

paragraphs: Saigon Market on Byron Street which is open everyday. Little Saigon is a wet

paragraphs: market where you can get fruits and vegetables at the cheapest prices in

paragraphs: Melbourne. Its noisy, busy and you can always try everything before you buy.


title: Goebel Brewing Company

paragraphs: The Goebel Brewing Company was a brewing company in Detroit, Michigan. It was started by August Goebel. It later expanded to produce Goebel Private Stock 22 in Muskegon, Michigan and Oakland, California. From 1950 to 1959, it outsold all other beers in Michigan.

paragraphs: The company sponsored the Detroit Lions football team, the Detroit Tigers baseball team, and the Detroit Red Wings hockey team.

paragraphs: In 1961, their head brewmaster died. They hired a new brewmaster from Germany and sales fell. In 1964, they sold out to another Detroit brewery, The Stroh Brewing Company. After 150 years, the Goebel Brewing Company was out of business.

paragraphs: Stroh produced a cheap beer under the Goebel Beer name for a few years before selling out themselves.


title: Companion planting

paragraphs: In gardening and farming, companion planting is the planting of different crops next to each other. It is done to help the crops grow and to use the space available as much as possible.

paragraphs: Depending on the crops chosen, companion planting may encourage processes that help the plants, such as pollination. Some companion plants may help stop pests, such as caterpillars or fungi, from damaging the crop. Some of these, called "trap crops" attract pests away from the crop. Other plants may serve as shelter for the crops.

paragraphs: Many of the basic principles of companion planting were used thousands of years ago in Mesoamerica. From about 8,000 years ago, Native American peoples grew squash, maize and common beans together. The stalk of the corn were there for the beans to climb, and the beans fixed nitrogen, helping the maize.


title: Russo-Turkish War

paragraphs: Russo-Turkish War refers to one of these wars between the Russian and Ottoman Empires:


title: 2nd century BC

paragraphs: The 2nd century BC was a century that started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. It is considered part of the Classical period of history.

paragraphs: After having won the Second Punic War, the Roman Republic continued expanding by conquering neighbouring territories. It eventually made Greece part of its empire. It also took the coast of North Africa after destroying the city of Carthage at the end of the Third Punic War. In the east, the Seleucid Empire was forced to make concessions to Rome in order to avoid war. Rome came to dominate the Mediterranean Sea during this period. By the end of the century, its army changed from conscription to a voluntary professional force. These changes were known as the Marian Reforms.

paragraphs: In East Asia, China became very successful under the Han Dynasty. Its empire extended from Korea in the east to Vietnam in the South to the borders of what is today Kazakhstan in the west. The Han also try to get help in fighting the Xiongnu from the Yuezhi people in the west. It is also during this century that the first paper is made in China.


title: John Newman

paragraphs: John Newman (born 16 June 1990) is an English singer. He was the youngest English singer to enter world top charts in first position with "Love Me Again" and in the Top 40 awards with "Love Me Again" and "Cheating" in 2013. His first single, "Feel The Love", was released in 2012. He lives in London but he is from Settle (Yorkshire). He worked with Rudimental two times. In 2013 he presented his album "Tribute". The songs in this album are "Tribute", "Love Me Again", "Losing Sleep", "Easy", "Try", "Out Of My Head", "Cheating", "Running", "Gold Dust", "Goodnight Goodbye", and "All I Need Is You". The genres he sings are soul, pop and breakbeat. He has been nominated for two Brit Awards in 2013 and 2014.


title: Nuclease

paragraphs: A nuclease is an enzyme which cuts the bonds between the nucleotide subunits of nucleic acids. Well known nucleases are deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease.

paragraphs: Nucleases may have the prefix "endo" or "exo" added to the name. Endonucleases break nucleic acid chains somewhere in the middle of the molecule. Exonucleases remove nucleotides from the ends of DNA molecules.

paragraphs: A restriction endonuclease does a specific job. It scans the length of a DNA molecule. Once it finds a particular sequence, it binds to the DNA molecule and makes a cut in each of the two sugar-phosphate backbones.

paragraphs: Different endonucleases cut in different places, but one endonuclease will always cut a particular base sequence the same way, no matter what DNA molecule it is acting on. Once the cuts have been made, the DNA molecule breaks into fragments. In fact, more than 900 restriction enzymes, some sequence specific and some not, have been isolated from over 230 strains of bacteria since their discovery.

paragraphs: These enzymatic tools were important to scientists who were gathering the tools needed to "cut and paste" DNA molecules. They needed a tool to cut DNA at specific sites, rather than at random sites along the length of the molecule. This way they could cut DNA molecules in a predictable way.

paragraphs: This whole field of research started many years ago with the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment.


title: Aretino Records

paragraphs: Aretino was an American record label. It was in business from about 1907 to 1914. Aretino was started by Arthur J. O’Neill. He started many record and phonograph businesses in the Chicago area. O’Neill named this company in honor of Guido Aretino, an 11th-century Italian monk.

paragraphs: Aretino is an odd type of record because the hole in the center is very large compared to the normal size. It is the largest ever for a record that was made for people to use in their houses. Like many of O'Neill's other companies, Aretino was run as a premium scheme. A phonograph (record player) was offered for not much money. However, this record player could only play Aretino records because it came with a 3-inch spindle. O’Neill also offered adapters for Aretino discs. These allowed the discs to be played on record players that had normal spindles, or even on a Busy Bee machine (another O’Neill brand) which had two spindles instead of one.

paragraphs: Aretino did not make any of its own recordings: it borrowed masters from other companies. The first series of Aretino records had music on only one side of the disc. They were each given a catalog number beginning with the letter A. The music was recorded on them by Leeds & Catlin. Leeds and Catlin also made a group of records for Aretino with catalog numbers starting with the letter D. These records have a recording on both sides. They are very hard to find now. Leeds & Catlin was later shut down by court order for patent infringement. After that, Aretino records were made for a short time by two record companies named Hawthorne & Sheble and Zonophone. These companies kept making records which only had music on one side of the record. They also kept using catalog numbers beginning with "A".

paragraphs: It was not long after this that Columbia became the maker of these records. No other companies made records for Aretino after Columbia began to make them. These records have a catalog number that begins with the letter "D" and then numbers that are larger than 500. They have music on both sides. Of all Aretino records, these are the most common. Most records from this time period have a diameter of 10 inches. Columbia also made a group of records for Aretino that are 12 inches in diameter. These are very hard to find. They have catalog numbers with the letter "A" at the beginning. Aretino stopped making anything after the year 1914.

paragraphs: The music on the Aretino label was like most music from those years. Some artists on Aretino are Henry Burr, William F. Denny, Byron G. Harlan, Ada Jones, Billy Murray, Vess Ossman, Steve Porter, Cal Stewart, and Bert Williams.


title: Shotgun Sports

paragraphs: Shotgun Sports is a competitive shooting sport involving shotguns. Shotgun Sports include several different events, each with different rules. The general goal of a shotgun event is to break a clay target, but the targets are thrown in different manners depending on the game.

paragraphs: In sporting clays, a shooter will walk through a course generally consisting of ten stations. Each station will have two targets that are thrown as a true pair or as a report pair(one thrown on pull command and one thrown on gun fire). Sporting clay courses are generally scored out of a 100.

paragraphs: Trap is another clay target event. A game of trap is scored out of 25, and a full trap event generally consists of 4 trap games, or 100 targets. In this event, a team of 5 shooters lines up behind a trap house. Inside the trap house is a pivoting arm that throws a clay out at a random direction when 'pull' is called. To vary the difficulty of this game, shooters can stand farther back from the house.

paragraphs: In the skeet shooting event, a shooter moves around a field in a semi circle. Skeet, like Trap, is also a 25 target game, with skeet events generally consisting of four games. There are 8 stations on the field. On one end of a field is a high house, and on the other end of the field, there is a low house. On station 1, 2, 6, and 7 a high single, low single, and double are shot. On stations 3, 4, and 5 a high single and low single are shot. Station 8 is in between the high and low house. At this station, the shooter faces the high house, shoots a high single, then turns and faces the low house to shoot a low single. This totals 24 targets. The last target, to make 25, comes from what is referred to as the option. The option is a target that is shot after the first target that is missed. If the shooter misses the high bird on station 1, the high bird is shot again. If the shooter makes it all the way around the field without missing a bird, a second low single is shot on station 8, totaling a perfect 25.


title: Vince Carter

paragraphs: Vincent Lamar Carter (born January 26, 1977) is an American professional basketball player. He plays as a shooting guard or small forward for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He has also played for the Toronto Raptors, New Jersey Nets, Orlando Magic, Memphis Grizzlies, Phoenix Suns, and Dallas Mavericks.

paragraphs: After being drafted in 1998 as the fifth overall pick, Carter quickly emerged as a league star.

paragraphs: Carter is an eight-time NBA all-star. In 1999, he won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award. In 2000, he won the Slam Dunk Contest at the NBA All-star Weekend.

paragraphs: His talent for slam-dunks earned him nicknames such as "Vinsanity," "Air Canada," and "Half-Man, Half-Amazing.". Vince led his first team, the Toronto Raptors to their first three playoff appearances. Despite his notability as an exceptional basketball player, he has yet to win a championship.


title: Chr

paragraphs: In computing, chr is a type of file format commonly used for graphics (i.e. 3D Max Characters and Homebrew NES Dev Graphics) and character sets.

paragraphs: chr files are used to draw 8x8 tiles for homebrew NES development. To draw graphics for the NES such as backgrounds or sprites, they must be pieced together using 8x8 pixel tiles constrained to 4 colors.

paragraphs: The contents of a chr file can be summed up as multiple lines of bit strings. For example, take the first line of the chr file for the game Super Mario Bros.

paragraphs: When reading the file, it is interpreted as 2 equal length bit strings, such as

paragraphs: The position of these 2 bit strings represent a pixel in an 8x8 tile, going in row-column order. The color of the pixel can be found out using a simple formula:

paragraphs: The color is irrelevant because it is chosen through the code by the programmer with the attribute table, so it is the bit combination that is significant and there is no storage of color values


title: Organotroph

paragraphs: An organotroph is an organism that lives off organic compounds. It is a word used in microbiology to describe organisms based on how they get electrons for respiration (breathing). Some organotrophs are also heterotrophs. Organotrophs may or may not need oxygen in order to grow.


title: Lars Andreas Larssen

paragraphs: Lars Andreas Larssen (27 March 1935 – 29 January 2014) was a Norwegian stage, movie and television actor. His career began in 1957 when he starred in the movie "Nine Lives". In 1959, Larssen starred in a bigger role in the movie "The Master and His Servants".

paragraphs: Larssen was born on 27 March 1935 in Hadsel, Norway. He studied acting at the Folketeatret. Larssen was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2003 and was forced to retire due to his illness. He lived in Oslo during his last years with his wife Monna Tandberg. Larssen died on 29 January 2014 in Oslo from the disease, aged 78.


title: Bohuslav Sobotka

paragraphs: Bohuslav Sobotka (born October 23, 1971 in Telnice) is a Czech politician. He served as chairman of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD) since 2011. He was nominated to be the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic on 17 January 2014 by President Miloš Zeman. He was soon chosen as Prime Minister on 29 January 2014.


title: Juan Orlando Hernández

paragraphs: Juan Orlando Hernández Alvarado, often written as JOH, (born October 28, 1968) is a Honduran politician and businessman. He became the President of Honduras following his victory in the 2013 Honduran presidential election. He was inaugurated on January 27, 2014.


title: Ryan Malgarini

paragraphs: Ryan Timothy Malgarini (born June 12, 1992) is an American actor, and comedian. He is known for his role as Harry Coleman in "Freaky Friday".


title: Monty Hall

paragraphs: Monte Halparin, OC, OM (August 25, 1921 – September 30, 2017), known as Monty Hall, was a Canadian television producer, actor, singer, comedian, and sportscaster. He was best known as host of the television game show "Let's Make a Deal".

paragraphs: Hall was born Monte Halparin in Winnipeg, Manitoba on August 25, 1921. He studied at St. John's High School.

paragraphs: Since Hall was on "Let's Make a Deal," Hall's name is used in a probability puzzle known as the "Monty Hall problem", which examines the counter-intuitive effect of switching one's choice of doors, one of which hides a prize, if "Monty" reveals an unwanted item behind a door the player did not choose.

paragraphs: Monty married Marilyn Plottel in 1947. They had three children. Plottel died on June 5, 2017.

paragraphs: On September 30, 2017, Hall died from heart failure at his home in Beverly Hills, California at the age of 96.


title: Columbian mammoth

paragraphs: The Columbian mammoth ("Mammuthus columbi"), or Imperial mammoth, was a species of mammoth which lived late in the Pleistocene period. Its remains have been found in Canada, the United States, Nicaragua and Mexico.

paragraphs: The Columbian mammoth went extinct at the end of the ice ages about 11,000 years ago. It shared the fate of many other large mammals, whose extinction is attributed to hunting and climate change.


title: Phil Crane

paragraphs: Philip Miller "Phil" Crane (November 3, 1930 – November 8, 2014) was a former American politician. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1969 to 2005. He was representing the 8th District of Illinois in the northwestern suburbs of Chicago. At the time of his defeat in the 2004 election, Crane was the longest-serving Republican member of the House.

paragraphs: Crane was born in Chicago, Illinois on November 3, 1930. Crane died of lung cancer at the home of his daughter, Rebekah, in Jefferson, Maryland on November 8, 2014, aged 84.


title: Pat Buchanan

paragraphs: Patrick Joseph "Pat" Buchanan (; born November 2, 1938) is an American conservative political commentator, author, columnist, politician, and broadcaster.

paragraphs: Buchanan was a senior advisor to three Presidents of the United States. They were Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Ronald Reagan. Buchanan was an original host on CNN's "Crossfire". He ran for President for the Republican presidential nomination in 1992 and 1996. He ran on the Reform Party ticket in the 2000 presidential election.

paragraphs: Buchanan was born in Washington, D.C. on November 2, 1938.


title: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania

paragraphs: The Perelman School of Medicine (Penn Med), is the medical school of the University of Pennsylvania. It is an Ivy League school located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Opened in 1765, Penn Med is the first and oldest medical school in the United States. Today, the Perelman School of Medicine is a chief place of biological and medical research and education. It is one of the country's top medical schools. The school ranks among the highest recipients of the National Institutes of Health research awards.

paragraphs: John Morgan earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from the College of Philadelphia (now called the University of Pennsylvania. He then earned Doctor of Medicine (MD) from the University of Edinburgh Medical School in Scotland. In 1765, after five years training in Edinburgh and touring Europe, Dr. Morgan returned to Philadelphia. There he opened the United States' first medical school at the University of Pennsylvania. He planned for the school to be one of the best medical schools in the country and the world. Dr. Morgan copied many teaching methods from his medical school.

paragraphs: The School of Medicine's professors were known internationally. Some of these were: Benjamin Rush, Philip Syng Physick, Robert Hare, William pepper, and Joseph Leidy. In 1847, a convention of medical doctors started the American Medical Association. The first President was Nathaniel Chapman, a professor at the School.


title: Constant function

paragraphs: In mathematics, a constant function is a function whose output value is the same for every input value. For example, the function formula_1 is a constant function because the value of  formula_2  is 4 regardless of the input value formula_3 (see image).

paragraphs: Formally, a constant function "f"("x"):R→R has the form  formula_4. Usually we write formula_5  or just  formula_6.

paragraphs: Example: The function  formula_7  or just  formula_8  is the specific constant function where the output value is  formula_9. The domain is all real numbers ℝ. The codomain is just {4}. Namely, "y"(0)=4, "y"(−2.7)=4, "y"(π)=4... No matter what value of "x" is input, the output is "4".

paragraphs: In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function measures the rate of change of function (output) values with respect to change in input values. A constant function does not change, so its derivative is 0. This is often written:  formula_12 .

paragraphs: Example:  formula_13  is a constant function. The derivative of "y" is the identically zero function   formula_14  .

paragraphs: The converse (opposite) is also true. That is, if the derivative of a function is zero everywhere, then the function is a constant function.

paragraphs: Mathematically we write these two statements:

paragraphs: A function "f" : "A" → "B" is a constant function if "f"("a") = "f"("b") for every "a" and "b" in "A".

paragraphs: Real-world example: A store where every item is sold for 1 euro. The domain of this function is "items in the store". The codomain is "1 euro".

paragraphs: Example: Let "f" : "A" → "B" where "A"={X,Y,Z,W} and "B"={1,2,3} and "f"("a")=3 for every "a"∈"A". Then "f" is a constant function.

paragraphs: Example: "z"("x","y")=2 is the constant function from "A"=ℝ² to "B"=ℝ where every point ("x","y")∈ℝ² is mapped to the value "z"=2. The graph of this constant function is the horizontal plane (parallel to the "x"0"y" plane) in 3-dimensional space that passes through the point (0,0,2).

paragraphs: Example: The polar function "ρ"("φ")=2.5 is the constant function that maps every "angle" φ to the "radius" ρ=2.5. The graph of this function is the circle of radius 2.5 in the plane.

paragraphs: There are other properties of constant functions. See on English Wikipedia


title: Mixed-breed dog

paragraphs: A mixed-breed dog is a dog that is of more than one breed. For example, a Labradoodle is a dog with genes of both Labrador Retriever and poodle.

paragraphs: Other words for a mixed-breed dog are mongrel or mutt.


title: Inline skating

paragraphs: Inline skating is a kind of skating. It involves a person moving across land using shoes that have wheels on the bottom. It is similar to roller skating, except that the wheels are smaller and are in a single line. Inline skating is also called rollerblading, after the "Rollerblade" brand of skates. .

paragraphs: Inline skates usually have between 2 and 5 polyurethane wheels. These wheels are arranged in a single line. This allows for faster speeds than roller skates.


title: The Voyage of the Beagle

paragraphs: The Voyage of the Beagle is the usual title of the book written by Charles Darwin. He first published it in 1839 as his Journal and Remarks.

paragraphs: The title refers to the second survey expedition of the ship HMS "Beagle". The ship set sail from Plymouth Sound on 27 December 1831 under the command of Captain Robert FitzRoy R.N.

paragraphs: The expedition was originally planned to last two years, but it lasted almost five. The "Beagle" did not return until 2 October 1836. Darwin spent most of this time exploring on land (three years and three months on land; 18 months at sea). The ship dropped him off at various places and picked him up later.

paragraphs: The book is a vivid and exciting travel memoir as well as a detailed scientific field journal. It includes biology, geology, and anthropology. Darwin's observations were written at a time when Western Europeans were exploring and charting the whole world. Although Darwin revisited some areas during the expedition, for clarity the chapters of the book are ordered by places and locations rather than by date.

paragraphs: Darwin's notes made during the voyage include comments illustrating his thinking. Looking at the plants, animals, rocks and fossils, he ran across questions which he could not answer at the time. On his way back, ideas began in his mind which he developed later as his theory of evolution by natural selection. The second edition of 1845 includes some suggestion of this.

paragraphs: Later, he realised he had made a big mistake in not noting which islands some specimens from the Galapagos Islands were found on. He knew this was a mistake because he had sensed how islands were rather like the higher parts of mountains, which also have many unique species. The idea we now know as geographical speciation was beginning to form in his mind. Darwin opened his secret 'transmutation' notebook (Notebook 'B') in July 1837, less than a year after the "Beagle" returned to England.


title: Palm oil

paragraphs: Palm oil is a vegetable oil. Natural palm oil is red, but the red part is usually removed before the oil is used. It is made from the fruit of the African Oil Palm tree. Some comes from the American Oil Palm. Palm oil is used in many different products, like ice cream, toothpaste, chocolate, and candy. Most palm oil is made in West Africa and Southeast Asia on plantations.


title: Candy floss

paragraphs: Candy floss is sugar that is spun with air. It is also called cotton candy or fairy floss. It is spun in machines. When spun, a small amount of sugar creates a much larger serving of candy floss. This is because it is mostly air. It is usually served on a stick or in a bag. Food colouring is sometimes used to change the natural white colour. Flavour is also sometimes added. Candy floss is often sold at fairs or circuses.

paragraphs: Candy floss was first made in Europe in the 18th century. At that time, spun sugar was expensive. The average person could not afford it. Machines to spin the sugar were invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton. They introduced it at the World's Fair in 1904, under the name "Fairy Floss". It was very successful. They sold 68,655 boxes at 25 cents each box (equivalent to US$6 per box today). In UAE it sold in 5 AED.


title: Bed (geology)

paragraphs: In geology a bed is the smallest division of rock or deposit. It is a geologic formation or stratigraphic rock series marked by well-defined divisional planes (bedding planes) separating it from layers above and below.

paragraphs: A bed is the smallest lithostratigraphic unit. It ranges in thickness from a centimetre to several metres. It can be distinguished from beds above and below it by rock or mineral type and particle size. The term is usually applied to sedimentary strata, but may also be used for volcanic flows or ash layers.

paragraphs: In a quarry, bedding is a term used for a structure occurring in granite and similar rocks which allows them to split in well-defined planes horizontally or parallel to the land surface.

paragraphs: In geotechnical engineering a bedding plane often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behaviour (strength, deformation) of soil and rock masses. This is important in, for example, tunnel, foundation, or slope construction.


title: Poi spinning

paragraphs: Poi spinning is a type of performance art. It involves using a set of weights on strings. Many people use beanbags in long socks. These are called a set of poi. People spin the poi around their body drawing shapes in the air.

paragraphs: LED lights or fire is sometimes used to make the poi easier to see and more exciting to watch.


title: Savannah monitor

paragraphs: The savannah monitor (or Bosc's monitor) is a medium-sized monitor lizard from Africa. Its scientific name is "Varanus exanthematicus".

paragraphs: Its range extends throughout sub-Saharan Africa, from Senegal east to Sudan and south almost to the Congo River and Great Rift Valley. It is a ground-dwelling species which shelters in burrows, although it is sometimes found in bushes or low trees.

paragraphs: Information about the diet of Savannah monitors in the wild has been recorded in Senegal and Ghana. It feeds almost exclusively on arthropods and molluscs.


title: Primark

paragraphs: Primark is an Irish clothing retailer founded by Arthur Ryan. The company operates in Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland (38 stores branded as Penneys), Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Italy, and the United States. The company's headquarters are in Dublin. Primark is a subsidiary of British food processing company ABF. Primark first opened in June 1969 in Mary Street (Dublin). All of the company's merchandise is made specifically for the company. Primark has its own brand names. It sells clothing at the budget end of the market.


title: Toots and the Maytals

paragraphs: Toots and the Maytals, originally called The Maytals, are a Jamaican musical group. They are one of the best known ska and rock steady vocal groups. They were formed in the early 1960s when ska was popular. They had a reputation for having strong, well-blended voices. Front man Hibbert's soulful style led him to be compared to Otis Redding.


title: Maher El-Beheiry

paragraphs: Maher El-Beheiry () (born March 17, 1943) is an Egyptian judge, and the former Chairman of the Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt (SCC). He became Chairman on 1 July 2012.