title: William Holden

paragraphs: William Holden (April 17, 1918 - November 12, 1981) was an American actor.

paragraphs: He was born in O'Fallon, Illinois and moved to South Pasadena, California when he was three. He was a star during the golden age of Hollywood. He began his career western movies including "Arizona" (1940), "Texas" (1941). In 1948 he starred with Glenn Ford, the Columbia Pictures western, "The Man from Colorado", directed by Henry Levin. Then another western, "Rachel and the Stranger" (1948), with Loretta Young and Robert Mitchum.

paragraphs: He won an Academy Award for "Stalag 17" (1953), where he played a prisoner in a German Nazi camp during World War II. He was also nominated twice more for "Sunset Boulevard" (1951) and "Network" (1977). Among his best works in film highlights "Submarine Command" (1951), "Sabrina" (1954), "The Bridge on the River Kwai" (1957). He starred with John Wayne in "The Horse Soldiers" (1957), and with Richard Widmark in "Alvarez Kelly" (1966). In 1969, he played an outlaw leader, in the Sam Peckinpah film, "The Wild Bunch". In the 1970s, Holden worked in "The Towering Inferno" (1974), and "When Time Ran Out" (1980). He played the role of Richard Thorn, the adoptive father of a child possessed by the devil, in the second film of "The Omen", "" (1978).


title: Go West

paragraphs: Go West is an English pop duo. They were formed in 1982 by lead singer and drummer Peter Cox (born 17 November 1955, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, England) and guitarist and singer Richard Drummie (born 20 March 1959, Twickenham, Middlesex, England). While they have had many successful singles in the United Kingdom, they are generally best known in the United States for their hits "King of Wishful Thinking" and "Faithful".

paragraphs: On 16 October 2009, Cox was announced as the new lead singer of Manfred Mann's Earth Band.


title: Living in a Box

paragraphs: Living in a Box were an English pop band in the 1980s. They are best known for their debut single "Living in a Box". It was produced by Richard James Burgess.


title: Girls, Girls, Girls

paragraphs: "Girls, Girls, Girls" is a single by the American heavy metal band Mötley Crüe. It is the first single from the album of the same name, released on May 11, 1987 and peaked on the Billboard Hot 100 at #12 and #20 on the Mainstream rock charts. American pop artist Lady GaGa wrote the song "Boys Boys Boys" as an homage to this song.

paragraphs: Mötley Crüe"s first video of "Girls, Girls, Girls" was banned from MTV due to nudity, it was shot at the Seventh Veil Strip Club in Los Angeles. There was trouble when finding a location because most strip clubs did not serve alcohol. The dancers were from mainly the Tropicana which was Vince Neil's favourite club and the Seventh Veil. The song and album were both written during a time when main songwriter Nikki Sixx, and co-writer Dominic Catanzarito were both addicted to heroin.


title: Jaguar Racing

paragraphs: Jaguar Racing was a Formula One team which raced from 2000 to 2004. It comes from Stewart Grand Prix. Ford bought the team in June 1999 and was to be renamed to Jaguar Racing to promote their Jaguar brand.

paragraphs: For their first season in 2000, the team hired former Stewart GP driver Johnny Herbert and the 1999 Championship runner-up (second place) Eddie Irvine. However, the team only finished in the points twice during the season. In 2001, Herbert was replaced by Luciano Burti, who was replaced four races in the season by Pedro de la Rosa. Although the team got double the amount of points finishes in 2001, including a podium (top three) in Monaco, this did not help the fact that the team did not have the same success as Stewart GP got in 1999.

paragraphs: In 2002 the team got worse, with three points finishes (but a podium in Italy), and a lot of financial (money) issues. Cutbacks were announced for the 2003 season, which included money savings, and a layoff (mass sackings of employees). In 2003, with a improved points system which allowed eight drivers to finish in the points, Jaguar Racing benefitted from this as they finished in the points eight times, with drivers Mark Webber, Antônio Pizzonia, and Justin Wilson replacing Pizzonia for the last five races. 2004 was to be the last season for Jaguar, keeping Webber, and hiring Christian Klien for the whole season. Five points finishes would follow, though financial difficulties would result in the team being bought out by Red Bull, then the team was renamed to Red Bull Racing.


title: Railway brake

paragraphs: Railway brakes are brakes which are used for the cars of railway trains. The brakes are used to enable deceleration, to control acceleration when going down slopes or hills and to keep the cars standing while they are parked. There are several types of brakes, including vacuum brakes and air brakes.


title: Sex and the City 2

paragraphs: Sex and the City 2 is an American romantic comedy movie released in 2010. It is the sequel to "Sex and the City". It is set in New York City and the United Arab Emirates. It stars Sarah Jessica Parker, Cynthia Nixon, Kim Cattrall and Kristin Davis with cameos by Miley Cyrus, Liza Minnelli and Penélope Cruz. The movie received negative reviews by movie critics, but grossed over $288 million at the box office and became the highest grossing romantic comedy of 2010.


title: Zarqa

paragraphs: Zarqa is a city in Jordan. It is about 25 km east of Amman. The city is the 3rd largest in Jordan. Hashemite University is a big university in Zarqa.


title: Trace element

paragraphs: A trace element is present in only a small amount. The amount depends on context.

paragraphs: In geology, its concentration is less than 1000 ppm or 0.1% of a rock's composition. The term is used mainly in igneous petrology.


title: Ernest Borgnine

paragraphs: Ernest Borgnine (born Ermes Effron Borgnino; January 24, 1917 – July 8, 2012) was an American actor, voice artist, and comedian.

paragraphs: Borgnine was born Ermes Effron Borgnino in Hamden, Connecticut on January 24, 1917 to Italian immigrant parents.

paragraphs: Borgnine's first movie work was in a small role in "China Corsair" (1951), followed by "The Whistle at Eaton Falls" (1951). Then in 1953 he would get a role in "From Here to Eternity" (1953). This movie had a very well known part with him and Frank Sinatra fighting. Borgnine won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his role in the movie Marty (1955), one of the best movies of his career.

paragraphs: His other movies included "The Stranger Wore a Gun" (1953), with Randolph Scott, "Demetrius and the Gladiators" (1954), with Victor Mature and Susan Hayward, "Vera Cruz" (1954), with Gary Cooper and Burt Lancaster, "Bad Day at Black Rock" (1955), with Spencer Tracy, "Run for Cover" (1955), with James Cagney, "Three Brave Men" (1956), with Ray Milland, "The Vikings" (1958), with Kirk Douglas and "The Badlanders" (1958), with Alan Ladd. He worked with Glenn Ford in "Jubal" (1956) and "Torpedo Run" (1958), and Bette Davis in "The Catered Affair" (1956). He played Lucius, in the biopic "Barrabas" (1961), with Anthony Quinn. He then starred in "McHale's Navy" (1964) and has a small role in "The Flight of the Phoenix" (1965). In 1967, he is co-starred in "The Dirty Dozen" (1967) as General Worden. Borgnine co-starred with William Holden in "The Wild Bunch" (1969), he played Dutch Engstrom.

paragraphs: Another of his best work was in "The Poseidon Adventure" (1972), with Gene Hackman. He played Mike Rogo, who helped rescue people from the ship.

paragraphs: His later works include "When Time Ran Out" (1980), "Escape from New York" (1981), "The Genesis Code" (2010) and "Night Club" (2011).

paragraphs: Borgnine has had a large amount of success on television. This includes his work on "McHale's Navy" and "Airwolf". He is also remembered for "Dirty Dozen: The Deadly Mission" (1987) and "The Dirty Dozen: The Fatal Mission" (1988). In these movies, he again played the part of General Sam Worden.

paragraphs: He was a special guest in the series "Laramie", "Wagon Train", "Get Smart", "Little House on the Prairie", "Hallmark Hall of Fame" and others.

paragraphs: Borgnine provided the voice of Mermaid Man (from 1999 to 2012) in "SpongeBob SquarePants". This is the second time Borgnine would work with Tim Conway (Barnacle Boy) in a television series.

paragraphs: In 2006, Borgnine was suffered kidney failure after he was taken to a medical center in Las Vegas.

paragraphs: On the morning of July 8, 2012, Borgnine died at a hospital in Los Angeles, California of kidney failure at the age of 95.


title: Dušan Švento

paragraphs: Dusan Svento (born 1 August 1985 in Ružomberok, Slovakia) is a Slovak football player now playing as a midfielder for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg in Austrias t-mobile Bundesliga and the Slovakia team.

paragraphs: Before he went to Salzburg he was playing for Slavia Praha in the Czech Gambrinus league (2005 - 2009). In the 2010/11 season he played even as left defender due to many injured defenders in the team.

paragraphs: His first match in the national team was on 15 August 2006 in a match against Malta. He scored his first goal for the team in his fourth match against Wales. The team qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa but due to injuries he was not nominated for the squad.


title: Indian music

paragraphs: There are lots of different varieties of Indian music. Most of the different types of music are similar to Western music types. Pop, classical, and folk are all included. India’s classical music has a history originating hundreds of years back and is still popular in India today, as religious inspiration or pure entertainment. Like Africa, India has many different ethnic groups, speaking their own languages, and having very distinct cultural traditions.

paragraphs: The tal, or tala, is a repeating rhythm pattern usually played by the tabla. It usually has between six and sixteen beats. The beats are grouped into small sections in the pattern. The first note in the pattern is called a ‘sam’. It shows the beginnings and ends of improvisation, so it is often emphasized.

paragraphs: The Raga is also a pattern, but it differs from Western scales or melodies. Ragas are sort of a mix of scales and melodies. They have particular ascending and descending patterns. Ragas are used to symbolize the time of day, season, mood or special occasion.

paragraphs: A drone is a note that’s either held or repeated throughout a piece of music. It’s usually the tonic note, the starting note. Nowadays, the drone is played by an electrical box, but traditionally, it is played using the tanpura, which is also known as the Tambura.

paragraphs: Improvisation is when the player does not have a prepared piece or an incomplete piece of music, and they make up notes as they play. Improvisation is recognized as a form of composition.

paragraphs: There are 4 types of structure in Indian Music, Alap, Jhor, Jhala and Gat/Bandish. Each of these has different roles in a piece of Indian music.

paragraphs: Alap is the name for the opening part of a piece of classical music from North India. It is a type of melodic improvisation that includes a Raga in it. Only the singer and the drone can be heard at this point.

paragraphs: Jhor is a more elaborate version of the Raga that is included in the Alap. It forms the beginning of the performance. This comes after Alap and before Jhala.

paragraphs: Jhala indicates the fast-paced ending of the Raga. It is often distinguished by the overcoming of the melodic component by the rhythm.

paragraphs: The Gat, or Bandish is a permanent composition set in a specific Raga. It is accompanied by the Tabla, a drone and melodic accompaniment by a sarangi , violin or harmonica.


title: Charles Darwin's books

paragraphs: Charles Darwin wrote about twenty books, including the most famous book in biology, the "Origin of Species". The books covered the natural history sciences, now called geology, palaeontology, zoology, botany, anthropology, psychology and evolutionary biology.

paragraphs: The "Origin of Species" is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.

paragraphs: "The Voyage of the Beagle" (1839) and "The Descent of Man" (1871) are also highly important.

paragraphs: Several of the other books were also ground-breaking.


title: Penelope Ann Miller

paragraphs: Penelope Ann Miller (born Penelope Andrea Miller, January 13, 1964) is an American stage and movie actress. She has acted in numerous movies and television programs.

paragraphs: She was born in Los Angeles, California on January 13, 1964. She has been married to Will Arnett from 1994 until they divorced in 1995. She is now married to James Huggins since 2000. With Miller she has two children.


title: Order of the Companions of Honour

paragraphs: The Order of the Companions of Honour is a British award given to citizens of the Commonwealth. It was founded by King George V in 1917, as a reward for outstanding achievements in the arts, literature, music, science, politics, industry or religion.

paragraphs: The order is limited to 65 "Companions of Honour". At first 45 members could be from the United Kingdom, 7 from Australia, 2 from New Zealand and 11 from other Commonwealth countries. Foreigners from outside the realm may be added as "honorary members". Membership of the order gives no title, or precedence, but recipients can put the post-nominal letters "CH" after their names.

paragraphs: The insignia of the Order consists of an oval medallion with an oak tree, a shield with the royal arms hanging from one branch, and on the left a mounted knight in armour. The badge's clear blue border bears the motto "IN ACTION FAITHFUL AND IN HONOUR CLEAR". Men wear the badge on a ribbon (red with golden border threads) around their necks, and women on a bow at the left shoulder.


title: Culture jamming

paragraphs: Culture jamming is a tactic by consumer social movements to either disrupt or subvert mainstream cultural institutions. It is also intended to expose dubious or substandard political thoughts on commercial culture. The tactics of culture jamming include refiguring fashion statements, product image and logos as means to challenge ideas about what is cool.

paragraphs: The term "culture jamming" was first used around 1984.


title: Subdomain

paragraphs: A subdomain is the portion shown before a domain name, separated by a dot (.)

paragraphs: For example, a domain might look like this

paragraphs: Whereas the subdomain of this domain might look like this, shown here in bold

paragraphs: Many sites use sub domains for applications such as email, calendars or different languages, including these examples. Subdomains again shown in bold


title: Tretinoin

paragraphs: Tretinoin is the acid form of vitamin A. It is also known as all trans retinoic acid, or ATRA. As a drug, it can be used used for the treatment of acne vulgaris and keratosis pilaris. The medicine goes under several brand names.


title: Thunder Bridge

paragraphs: Thunder Bridge is a hamlet near the villages of Stocksmoor and Kirkburton, in the Kirklees district, in the county of West Yorkshire, England. Thunder Bridge is also near the A629 road. The bridge is Grade 2 listed.


title: RuBisCO

paragraphs: Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase, better known as RuBisCO, is an enzyme that catalyzes the first major step of carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle. Carbon fixation is a process by which the atoms of atmospheric carbon dioxide are made available to organisms in the form of energy-rich molecules such as glucose. RuBisCO splits 6-C molecules into two equal parts.

paragraphs: RuBisCO is very important in biology and ecology because it catalyzes the primary chemical reaction by which inorganic carbon permanently enters the biosphere.

paragraphs: RuBisCO is also the most abundant protein in leaves and the most abundant protein on Earth. It accounts for 50% of soluble leaf protein (20-30% of total leaf nitrogen) and 30% of soluble leaf protein in plants (5-9% of total leaf nitrogen).

paragraphs: Given its important role in the biosphere, there are currently efforts to genetically engineer crop plants to contain more efficient RuBisCO.


title: Boyle's law

paragraphs: Boyle's law (also called Mariotte's law and the Boyle-Mariotte law) is a law about ideal gases.

paragraphs: In other words, the volume of a constant mass of ideal gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the pressure applied on it.

paragraphs: where "P" is the pressure of the gas, "V" is the volume of the gas, and "k" is a constant.

paragraphs: For a given mass of gas at a constant temperature, the product of the pressure and the volume is constant. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases in proportion, and vice versa. For example, when the pressure halves, the volume doubles.

paragraphs: Suppose you have a tank that contains a certain volume of gas at a certain pressure. When you decrease the volume of the tank, the same number of gas particles is now contained in a smaller space. Therefore, the number of collisions increases. Therefore, the pressure is greater.

paragraphs: Imagine you have a gas at a certain pressure (P) and volume (V). If you change the pressure to a new value (P), the volume changes to a new value (V). We can use Boyle's law to describe both sets of conditions:

paragraphs: The constant, k, is the same in both cases, so we can say the following:

paragraphs: Example: The pressure of a gas is 3 atm and the volume is 5 litres. If the pressure is reduced to 2 atm, what is the volume?

paragraphs: The law was found by Robert Boyle in 1662, and afterwards independently by Edme Mariotte in 1679.


title: Dik Trom

paragraphs: Dik Trom is the main character in a series of five children’s books written in the Dutch language. The author, C.Joh. Kieviet wrote the first book in 1891. It was called “Uit het leven van Dik Trom” (“From the life of Dik Trom”). The books became extremely popular and they continue to be very popular today, more than 100 years after they were written.

paragraphs: Dik Trom was a naughty boy who got up to lots of tricks with his friends. However, he is a very honest boy and he is very kind, so the readers like him.

paragraphs: Dik Trom lived in the village of Hoofddorp in the Harlemmermeer in the north of Holland. This is the village where the author grew up, so he was setting the stories in his own village, and based a lot of the characters on real people he had known.

paragraphs: Dik’s real name was “Dirk”. This is a common Dutch name. Dirk was very fat, even as a boy, so he soon became known as “Dik” (the Dutch word “dik” means “fat”). The word “trom” means “drum” so his name really means “Fat Drum”.

paragraphs: Dik’s parents love him very much, but they are no good at disciplining him. When he does something naughty his father just says: “‘t is toch een bijzonder kind - dat is-ie” (“he’s a really special child, that he is”).

paragraphs: Dik is always brave, he is never a coward. His friends want to go and annoy a little old lady, but Dik persuades them to go and annoy the village policeman, and he has a leading role in that adventure.

paragraphs: Another adventure tells how Dik said he could ride a donkey without falling off. The donkey belonged to the village merchant, and it was a stubborn beast that always tried to throw off its riders. Dik managed to stay on by sitting backwards on the donkey and holding on to its tail. This is how Dik is usually seen in pictures, and there is a statue of him in the village of Hoofddorp which shows him on the donkey.

paragraphs: Kieviet found it difficult at first to find a publisher for his book, because the main character was naughty. Once it had appeared in a second edition with some illustrations it became very popular, and Kieviet followed it with four other books about Dik, and one about Dik’s son. Eight films have been made about Dik Trom, the most recent in 2010.


title: Uranium-235

paragraphs: Uranium-235 is a radioactive isotope of uranium. Uranium-235 has 143 neutrons, 92 protons, and an isotope mass of 235.0439299. Uranium-235 has Pa, Np, and Pu as its parent isotopes. As it decays, it produces Th. Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years. Uranium-235 makes up about 0.72% of natural uranium. When it is separated from the other uranium isotopes, it is called enriched uranium.

paragraphs: Enriched uranium is best known for its use in the bombing of Hiroshima on August 6, 1945. The bomb called Little Boy used Uranium-235. Uranium-235 can be used for nuclear fission. This fission is about 504.81 barns for slow thermal neutrons and 1 barn for fast thermal neutrons. Uranium-235 was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster.


title: Eddie Gustafsson

paragraphs: Douglas Edward „Eddie“ Alexander Gustafsson McIntosh (born 31 January 1977 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) is a football player. He is currently playing for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as goalkeeper in the Austrian t-mobile league.

paragraphs: He started playing football in 1983 with IFK Stockholm. He played afterwards for IFK Stockholm, IFK Norrköping, Molde FK, Ham-Kam and Lyn Oslo. 2009 he signed for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. On April 18th, 2010 he was injured severely during the awaymatch versus LASK Linz and had to recover 317 days. On March 2nd, 2011 he came back in the away match versus Kapfenberg and is now again the Nr.1 goalkeeper of FC Red Bull Salzburg. In January 2011 he singed a new contract till 2014.


title: Broderick Crawford

paragraphs: Broderick Crawford (December 9, 1911 - April 26, 1986) was an American actor.

paragraphs: Born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S., his career began in "Woman Chases Man" (1937). He was in "Beau Geste" (1939), a classic starring Gary Cooper.

paragraphs: His glory would come in 1949 with the role of Willie Stark in "Decepción", directed by Robert Rossen. For that role he got an Academy Award and a Golden Globe in 1950.

paragraphs: In the 1950s he worked with Glenn Ford in "Convicted" (1950, directed by Henry Levin), "Human Desire" (1954, directed by Fritz Lang) and the western classic "The Fastest Gun Alive" (1956), where he played a gunslinger who wants to prove he is the fastest gun.

paragraphs: He starred in the famous Italian film directed by Federico Fellini, "Il bidone" (1955).

paragraphs: In 1966 he co-starred with Audie Murphy in "The Texican" (1966). In 1970 he starred in "Ransom Money", where he played a police inspector who led the rescue of a child who was kidnapped by a gang.

paragraphs: He narrated the film "The Candidate" (1972) and starred "Terror in the Wax Museum" (1973), a horror film starring Ray Milland and John Carradine. Towards the end of the 1970s, he had a great performance in the film "The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover" (1977), directed by Larry Cohen.

paragraphs: Crawford starred in "Highway Patrol" (1955-1959). He played Chief Dan Mathews, an experienced highway police chief.

paragraphs: Crawford also worked on films for television such as "The Challenge" (1970), "The Phantom of Hollywood" (1974), "Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby" (1976), and "Mayday at 40,000 Feet!" (1976).

paragraphs: Crawford was a special guest star in "Rawhide", "The Virginian", "The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.", "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.", "Cimarron Strip", "Banacek", "Vega$", "Fantasy Island", and others.


title: Peter Graves

paragraphs: Peter Graves (March 18, 1926 – March 14, 2010) was an American actor.

paragraphs: His mother was of German ancestry; his father of Norwegian.

paragraphs: In the early years of his career he starred in sci fi movies such as "Red Planet Mars" (1952), "Killers from Space" (1954), and some low-budget western movies, including "Fort Defiance" (1951) and "Fort Yuma" (1955). He played Morgan Earp, in "Wichita" (1955), with Joel McCrea and directed by Jacques Tourneur.

paragraphs: Peter Graves won the role of traitor prisoner Sgt. Price in the movie "Stalag 17" (1953), directed by Billy Wilder and starring William Holden. Another of his movies was "The Night of the Hunter" (1955), with Robert Mitchum.

paragraphs: Other movies include "Texas Across the River" (1966), with Dean Martin, "The Ballad of Josie" (1967), "The Five Man Army" (1969), where he leads a group of mercenaries in Mexico.

paragraphs: In 1980s he plays a crazy pilot, in the comedy movie "Airplane!" (1980) "and Airplane II: The Sequel" (1982).

paragraphs: His last movie was "Addams Family Values" (1993).

paragraphs: In 1967 Graves replaced Steven Hill in the CBS television series Mission: Impossible. He played the role Jim Phelps leader of a group of spies. He worked on the series from 1967 until 1973. He returned later to make "Mission: Impossible 1988".

paragraphs: He also had a relative success in the series "Fury" (1955-1960), "Whiplash" (1961), and "Court Martial" (1965-1966).

paragraphs: Her performances include specials such as "Hallmark Hall of Fame", "Fireside Theatre", "Celebrity Playhouse", "Matinee Theatre", "Cavalcade of America", "Disneylandia", "The Red Skelton Show".


title: Personal grooming

paragraphs: Personal grooming, also called titivating and preening, is the art of cleaning and grooming parts of the body.

paragraphs: Grooming in humans is usually done in the bathroom, for the hair. Things such as washing and cleaning the hair, combing it and taking out the tangles, and styling. It can also include shaving, done by a man to cut his beard short. However, sometimes the beard can be groomed as well, and washed and grown.

paragraphs: Animals usually clean their fur, feathers or other skin coverings. This is also a form of hygiene. Taking out other objects such as insects, leaves, dirt or twigs, are all forms of grooming. Among animals, birds spend a lot of time preening their feathers. They do this to remove ectoparasites, keep them in good condition, and waterproof them. Felidae cats are well known for their grooming, which they usually do by licking themselves. One of the reasons this is done is to remove all the scent on them so that they will not attract any predators. Cats groom so much that they often produce hairballs from the fur they accidentally swallow.

paragraphs: In humans, mutual grooming is done to become more close to each other emotionally.


title: Firework (song)

paragraphs: "Firework" is a 2010 song by Katy Perry from her second major-label album, "Teenage Dream". It was released on October 26, 2010. The song received a good review by music critics and claimed the top spot on "Billboard" Hot 100. The single hit top 5 on twenty charts worldwide. It reached the top three in most of the countries where it charted, including Australia and the UK. It topped charts in the US, Canada, and New Zealand. In the US, it was Perry's fourth number-one song altogether and the third in a streak of five number-ones. At the 2012 Grammy Awards, "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance.

paragraphs: The song was certified Diamond in the US for shipments of over 10 million copies in that country alone.

paragraphs: "Firework" was written by Perry, Mikkel S. Eriksen, Tor Erik Hermansen, Sandy Wilhelm, and Ester Dean while produced by Stargate and Sandy Vee at Soapbox Studios in Atlanta, Georgia. It was recorded at Roc the Mic Studios in New York City. It was mixed at The Bunker Studios by Vee. Audio engineering was done by Carlos Oyandel and Damien Lewis. All instruments were done by Stargate and Vee. Lead and background vocals were provided by Perry. Perry said that "Firework" is her favorite song on "Teenage Dream".

paragraphs: The video for the song features people in different situations that show their bravery. For example, there is a young child battling cancer, a woman who is at first shy of wearing a bathing suit, and a man who is unsure of his sexuality. Perry sings that they are all "fireworks" and are brave for fighting through their issues. The video has received over 1.077 billion views on YouTube as of January 2018.


title: Man's Place in Nature

paragraphs: Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature is an 1863 book by Thomas Henry Huxley, in which he gives evidence for the evolution of man and apes from a common ancestor.

paragraphs: It was the first book devoted to the topic of human evolution, and discussed much of the anatomical and other evidence. Backed by this evidence, the book said that evolution applied as fully to man as to all other life.

paragraphs: In the 18th century Linnaeus and others had classified man as a primate, but without drawing evolutionary conclusions.

paragraphs: It was Lamarck, the first to develop a coherent theory of evolution, who discussed human evolution in this context.

paragraphs: Robert Chambers in his anonymous "Vestiges" also clearly made the point.

paragraphs: The book came five years after Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace announced their theory of evolution by means of natural selection, and four years after the publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species". In the "Origin" Darwin had deliberately avoided tackling human evolution, except for a sentence: "Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history". Darwin's sequel came eight years later, with "The Descent of Man, and Selection in relation to Sex" (1871).

paragraphs: I. "On the natural history of the man-like Apes" p1–56. This contains a summary of what was known of the great apes at that time.

paragraphs: II. "On the relations of Man to the lower animals" p57–112. This chapter and its addendum contained most of the controversial material, and is still important today.

paragraphs: III. "On some fossil remains of Man" p119–159. A neanderthal skull-cap and other bones had been found, and various remains of early "Homo sapiens". Huxley compares these remains with existing human races.


title: Bruno Mars

paragraphs: Peter Gene Hernandez (born October 8, 1985), known by his stage name Bruno Mars, is an American singer-songwriter, record producer and dancer.

paragraphs: After an unsuccessful stint with Motown, Mars signed with Atlantic Records in 2002. He became recognized as a solo artist after lending his vocals and co-writing the hooks for the songs "Nothin' on You" by B.o.B, and "Billionaire" by Travie McCoy. He also helped write the hits "Right Round" by Flo Rida featuring Kesha, "Wavin' Flag" by K'naan, and "Fuck You" by Cee Lo Green, also known as "Forget You". In October 2010, he released his album, "Doo-Wops & Hooligans". The album reached number three on the "Billboard" 200 chart. He was nominated for seven Grammys at the 53rd Grammy Awards, winning Best Male Pop Vocal Performance for "Just the Way You Are". His singles "Just the Way You Are", "Nothin' on You", "Grenade", "Locked Out of Heaven", "When I Was Your Man", "The Lazy Song", "It Will Rain", "24K Magic", and "Finesse" have all reached the top five of the US "Billboard" Hot 100, with the first five reaching number one.

paragraphs: Mars has sold 10 million albums around the world.

paragraphs: In 2013, his song "Locked Out of Heaven" was nominated for a Grammy Award. He was featured on British producer Mark Ronson's song "Uptown Funk", which became the number-one song of 2015 in the United States. It spent 14 weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Uptown Funk" won a Grammy Award for Record of the Year.

paragraphs: Mars co-wrote the song "All I Ask" from English singer-songwriter Adele's 2015 album "25". In 2016, Mars released the single "24K Magic" (pronounced "twenty-four-karat magic") from his album, also called "24K Magic". It has reached the top five of the "Billboard" Hot 100. The second single from "24K Magic", "That's What I Like", became Mars' seventh number-one song on the Hot 100. A remix of the "24K Magic" song "Finesse", featuring rapper Cardi B, was released in January 2018 and reached the top five around the world.

paragraphs: Peter Gene Hernandez was born on October 8, 1985, in Honolulu, Hawaii. He was raised in the Waikiki neighborhood of Honolulu. He is the son of Peter Hernandez and Bernadette "Bernie" San Pedro Bayot (died June 1, 2013). His father is of half Puerto Rican and half Jewish (from Hungary and Ukraine) ancestry and is originally from Brooklyn, New York. Mars' mother immigrated to Hawaii from the Philippines as a child and was a Filipino.

paragraphs: At the age of six, in 1991, Mars appeared on "The Arsenio Hall Show" as an Elvis Presley impersonator. After performing many times in his hometown throughout his childhood, he decided to pursue a musical career and moved to Los Angeles after graduating from high school.

paragraphs: As a child, he was influenced by artists such as Elvis Presley and Michael Jackson and would often try to sing like these artists. Mars also incorporates reggae and Motown inspired sounds into his work. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" referred to Mars as "one of the most versatile and accessible singers in pop."

paragraphs: Mars has won 11 Grammys (10 solo and one as part of The Smeezingtons) from 24 nominations.


title: Space Shuttle Endeavour

paragraphs: Space Shuttle Endeavour (OV-105) is the fifth space shuttle run by NASA. It replaced the Space Shuttle Challenger. Endeavour was named after Captain James Cooks's ship, HMS Endeavour. It made 25 trips into space, travelling about 123,000,000 miles. It is now on display at the California Science Center.


title: Woodruff

paragraphs: Woodruff or Galium odoratum is a plant used for herbical medicine. It grows to 30-50 cm long.

paragraphs: Dried woodruff is used in pot-pourri and as a moth deterrent. It is also used in Germany, to flavour May wine, syrup for beer, brandy, sausages, jelly, jam, a soft drink (Tarhun), ice cream, and tea. In Germany it is also used to flavour Sherbet (powder). Mixed with German "corn schnapps" (alternative: vodka), it is a popular drink among people at parties. It is also called "Korn Brause" or "Korn ahoi". Also, Waldmeister flavoured jelly made from vodka is popular at parties too.


title: Sudo

paragraphs: The sudo command is a program for Unix-like operating systems like Linux distributions. It allows users to run programs as another user. The "su" portion is sometimes described as substitute user, super user, or switch user.

paragraphs: The sudo command gives the administrator the option of allowing certain users access to otherwise disallowed commands on a granular level. This power must be carefully administered as it could potentially allow users to make changes to files that could cause serious damage to other users' files as well as damaging the operating system itself.

paragraphs: The sudo command is used from the command line.

paragraphs: Imagine a system has three users: student, JOE, and BOB.

paragraphs: JOE wants to know what files are in BOB's home directory. As one would expect, unless given rights through other means, JOE will be denied:

paragraphs: If JOE is in the sudoer file, she can use the sudo command to run the ls command as if she were BOB:

paragraphs: If JOE is not in the sudoers file, she will be denied:

paragraphs: Another example, to delete a file (e.g. Example.php) normal users do not typically have permissions for, the user can type:

paragraphs: When the password is entered correctly (assuming proper entries in the sudoers file), the computer would then run the command.

paragraphs: Programs with a graphical user interface can also be run with sudo, but it may mess them up.

paragraphs: Various desktops for Unix-like systems usually have their own version of sudo for such programs.


title: Castling's Heath

paragraphs: Castling's Heath is a hamlet in the civil parish of Groton, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Castling's Hall, Castling's Heath Cottage and Manor Farmhouse. There is also Dove Barn in Castling's Heath for weddings.


title: Neuroblastoma

paragraphs: Neuroblastoma is a kind of cancer that usually occurs in children and infants. This kind of cancer mostly affects the Autonomic nervous system. The cancer creates tumors, but the cells or pieces of the tumors do not fully finish growing. There are about 650 cases per year in the United States. About half of these cases occur in children younger than two years old. The tumors can grow from any neural crest element of the sympathetic nervous system. Most of the time, it comes from one of the adrenal glands. It can also start growing in nerve tissues in the neck, chest, abdomen, or pelvis.

paragraphs: Neuroblastoma is one of the few malignant types of cancer that sometimes goes away on its own, for no obvious reason.

paragraphs: The illness can have many different forms. There are three risk categories (types): low, intermediate (medium), and high risk. Low-risk disease is most common in infants, who usually get better, though they may need to have surgery. High-risk disease is very difficult for doctors to make better.

paragraphs: Esthesioneuroblastoma, which is also called "olfactory neuroblastoma", comes from the olfactory epithelium and doctors are still not sure what type of cancer it is. It is not a cancer of the sympathetic nervous system, and is not the same thing as neuroblastoma.


Navigator


title: Alfa Romeo 156

paragraphs: The Alfa Romeo 156 is a automobile produced by Alfa Romeo. It replaced the Alfa Romeo 155 in 1997, and were replaced by the Alfa Romeo 159 in 2005. It was the first car to feature hidden rear door handles, an idea which has since been copied by other brands.


title: Engelbert Humperdinck (composer)

paragraphs: Engelbert Humperdinck (1 September 1854 – 27 September 1921) was a German composer. Today, he is seen as part of the Romantic movement. Most people remember him for his opera, "Hänsel und Gretel" which was first performed in 1893.

paragraphs: British singer, Arnold George Dorsey (born 1936), uses the name "Engelbert Humperdinck" as his stage name. He wanted the name to make him seem more cultured and refined.


title: Solar power plant

paragraphs: A solar power plant is based on the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using "concentrated solar power" (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses, mirrors, and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect. The largest photovoltaic power plant in the world was the 354 MW installation located in the Mojave Desert, California. Other large CSP plants include the 250 MW Agua Caliente Solar Project in Arizona., the Solnova Solar Power Station (150 MW, 250 MW when finished), and the Andasol solar power station (150 MW), both in Spain.

paragraphs: Concentrated solar power plants first appeared in the 1980s. Solar power is increasingly used.


title: Steampunk

paragraphs: Steampunk is a style of fiction having to do with a semi-fictional world where old machinery from the Victorian 19th century is still being used. Technologies that were new or important to the Victorians, such as steam power, clockwork or electricity, are big themes in steampunk.

paragraphs: Important influences on steampunk are the Victorian "scientific romances", the first science fiction novels. Authors like Jules Verne and H.G. Wells are still very popular. Modern novels often cross-over with Goth and vampire themes.

paragraphs: The fictional style has become an active 'scene' where steampunks dress in costume and attend meetings or conventions. This costume is a large part of the scene. Many steampunks spend lots of time sewing their own outfits, or collecting accessories such as hats and goggles. The "Maker" movement involves many people who are both Makers and steampunks. They make Contraptions, fanciful devices as either art or a pretended function. Some of these contraptions are as large as cars, buses or even a steam-powered mobile house.

paragraphs: Sometimes this aspect is expanded to include cultural ideas of the 19th and early 20th century, such as small items like clothing and accessories, or large objects such as locomotives (trains) or machines that have not even been invented yet, like airplanes.

paragraphs: Sometimes steampunk is used in stories to give a rough, gritty feel. This is typical of American steampunk stories, where many stories are set around the Old West or the American Civil War.

paragraphs: British steampunk is a contrast to this. Instead it considers Victorian society as a more polite society and tries to re-create a world of politeness, etiquette and distinctions between classes.

paragraphs: Neither flavour of steampunk cares too much about historical accuracy. The purpose is to have fun, not to accurately re-enact a period of real history.

paragraphs: Steampunks are very fond of particular machines and these keep re-appearing as themes in fiction or in costume.

paragraphs: The word "steampunk" is made of the root words "steam" and "punk". This use of "punk" has nothing to do with the punk rock music of the mid-1970s.

paragraphs: A well-known science-fiction author William Gibson, wrote books in the early 1980s that created the "cyberpunk" style. Later he, and the writer Bruce Sterling, wrote one of the early steampunk novels "The Difference Engine". This book was popular and readers looked for a term to describe this new style. They chose "steampunk", from "steam" and "cyberpunk".

paragraphs: An alternate story is that the term was coined by writer K.W. Jeter in a letter to Faren Miller at "Locus" magazine.

paragraphs: There are several related styles that have grown from steampunk. These usually have names ending in "-punk". The best known is "Dieselpunk", which is set in the 1930s. Like the Steampunk fondness for Victorian steam machines, Dieselpunks like the Modernist style of the 1930s, with polished aluminium aircraft and petrol or diesel engines.

paragraphs: Another variety is set in the American frontier during the late 19th century. The American 1960s television series "Wild Wild West" is a good example of this.

paragraphs: Paranormal steampunk includes legendary creatures such as werewolves or vampires and mixes horror with steampunk.


title: Jersey (fabric)

paragraphs: Jersey is a type of fabric which is mainly used for clothing. Originally it was made of wool, but today other materials, such as cotton or synthetic fibers are also used. Since the Middle Ages, the island of Jersey exported a lot of knitted goods; the fabric used became well-known under the name.


title: Brown hair

paragraphs: Brown hair is the second most common hair color. It varies from light brown to black. People with brown or black hair are known as brunettes. Brown hair is common in Indo European and West Eurasian people. However, people with brown or black hair are found all across the world.


title: Joy Behar

paragraphs: Joy Behar is an American actress, comedian and writer. She co-hosts the television program "The View" on ABC. Behar has been in a number of movies and other television programs. She currently hosts "The Joy Behar Show". She was born October 7, 1942.


title: Jersey (clothing)

paragraphs: In sport a jersey is a shirt worn by a member of a team, often with the wearer's name and team number as well. Many Cycling jerseys of specific colour or pattern represent certain statuses in cycling, such as the "maillot jaune" (yellow jersey) of the leader of the Tour de France, or the rainbow jersey. The World Cycling Union also says a champion must wear the champions jersey in a race, not the team jersey. Cycling jerseys are usually made of special synthetic material to help sweat away from the skin. The main garment of an ice hockey uniform, which was traditionally called a sweater, is increasingly known as a hockey jersey. This garment, along with basketball jerseys which are usually sleeveless and baseball jerseys which are usually button up, have become fashion accessories.

paragraphs: In some sports, such as baseball, basketball, and American football, a player's jersey may be "retired". When a jersey is retired that player's jersey is placed usually where the team plays in honour of that player's accomplishment. The retiring of a jersey at one time included the retiring of the number on the player's jersey leaving it unavailable for future players, to further honour that player. However, as jerseys are usually double digit (00-99), that leaves only 100 possible numbers—if the rules of the sport allow it. For example, in U.S. college basketball, only 36 distinct numbers are possible, as rules prohibit the use of any digits greater than 5. As such the practice of retiring the number has dwindled, and in most cases only the specific jersey is retired and put on display.

paragraphs: It was common for Australian and South African year 12 students and year 13 students in New Zealand to receive personalised jerseys during their last year at school. These are commonly referred to as a year or leavers' jumpers. They are based on the design of a sport jersey (usually Australian Rules Football or Association Football), feature school colours, the year the students graduate, and a personalised nickname. They are usually worn over the normal school uniform.

paragraphs: In Australia there has been a recent trend with many students now preferring to get year 12 hoodies, jackets or baseball varsity style jackets instead of the traditional jerseys.

paragraphs: Jersey, in the Channel Islands, was famous for its knitting trade in medieval times, and because of that original fame, the name jersey is still applied to many forms of knitted fabric, round or flat. The traditional jersey, and traditional guernsey, are dyed a navy blue colour, using a dye that does not require stripping the wool of its natural oil, rendering these sweaters surprisingly water resistant. The wool used in guernseys is often passed through oil in order to render it doubly water-resistant.


title: Cameron Mitchell

paragraphs: Cameron Mitchell (November 4, 1918 - July 6, 1994), was an American actor.

paragraphs: Born in Pennsylvania, U.S.. His first role was in a short movie "The Last Installment: A Crime Does Not Pay Subject" (1945), That same year he was cast in "What Next, Corporal Hargrove?" by Richard Thorpe. Also had a role in the movie "They Were Expendable" (1945), John Wayne. In 1948 he landed the role of Lieutenant Ansel Goldberg, in the classic war movie "Command Decision", with Clark Gable.

paragraphs: The decade of 1950s was very good for Mitchell, working in many movies such as "Smuggler's Gold" (1951), the Sci Fi Movie "Flight to Mars" (1951).

paragraphs: In the early 1960s, Mitchell has great success in Europe he starring in movies: "Erik the Conqueror" (1961) - "Caesar the Conqueror" (1962) - "Attack of the Normans" (1962) - "The Black Duke" (1963) -"Last Gun" (1964), "Minnesota Clay" (1964), "In the Shadow of the Eagles" (1966) - "I coltelli del vendicatore" (1966), "Island of the Doomed" (1967).

paragraphs: In 1970 Mitchell starred in the cult movie "The Rebel Rousers", with Jack Nicholson, and directed by Martin B. Cohen. He plays a man who is harassed by a motorcycle gang from hell.

paragraphs: He also co-starred in the movies: "Hombre" (1967), a western with Paul Newman, "The Other Side of the Wind" (1972), directed by Orson Welles, "Buck and the Preacher" (1973), with Sidney Poitier, "The Midnight Man" (1974), starring and directed by Burt Lancaster, and "The Klansman" (1974), with Lee Marvin.

paragraphs: In the decade of the 1980s, Mitchell starred only in low-budget movie. Among his movies of the 80s are "The Silent Scream" (1980), "The Nightmare Never Ends" (1980), "The Guns and the Fury" (1981), "The Tomb" (1986), with John Carradine, and "The Offspring" (1987), with Vincent Price.

paragraphs: In 1967 he was hired to play the role of Buck Cannon in "The High Chaparral", with Leif Erickson as Big John Cannon. The series was a success and remained four seasons between 1967 and 1971.

paragraphs: He also worked in American television from its origins, in 1962, is the narrator of the TV series "The Beachcomber". He was also guest starred in TV series "Colt .45", "Wagon Train", "The Untouchables", "Bonanza", "Daniel Boone", "Cade's County", "Alias Smith and Jones", "Mission: Impossible", "Night Gallery", "Gunsmoke", "Police Story", "Magnum, P.I.", "Matt Houston", and others.


title: Freckle

paragraphs: Freckles are clusters of concentrated melanin that are most often visible with a fair skin complexion. Freckles are predominantly found on the face, although they may appear on any skin exposed to the sun, such as the lips, neck, arms, shoulders, back, chest and gluteus maximus.

paragraphs: They are an inherited trait, caused by variation in the MC1R gene that is involved in the determination of red hair, fair skin, and freckles. Freckle formation is triggered through exposure to sunlight.

paragraphs: Two types of melanin, the red pheomelanin and the black eumelanin, are present in human skin. Eumelanin protects against sunlight. People with red hair have mostly pheomelanin in their hair and skin and/or a reduced ability to produce eumelanin. This may explain why they fail to tan and are at risk from the ultraviolet radiation in sunlight.

paragraphs: About 2.5 billion people in the world have freckles. About 75 per cent of Filipino people have freckles.


title: Lemon verbena

paragraphs: Lemon verbena, or Aloysia citrodora is a type of flowering plant in the verbena family. Common names are "Lemon Verbena" and "Lemon Beebrush". Its tiny flowers bloom purple or white in late summer.

paragraphs: Lemon verbena leaves are used to add a lemony taste to fish and poultry dishes, vegetable marinades, salad dressings, jams, puddings, and beverages. It also is used to make herb tea.


title: Anacardiaceae

paragraphs: Anacardiaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales, with about 70 genera and 650 species of evergreen or deciduous trees, shrubs, and woody vines. Are plants including cashew, mango and pistachio. It is native to tropical and subtropical areas of the world, but a few species occur in temperate regions.


title: Charlotte's Web

paragraphs: Charlotte's Web is a children's novel by E. B. White. First published in 1952, it was illustrated by Garth Williams and won many awards.


title: Golpar

paragraphs: Heracleum persicum, known as Golpar or Persian Hogweed, is a flowering plant. It grows wild in mountains.

paragraphs: Golpar seeds are used as a spice in Persian cooking. These seedpods are slightly bitter. They are usually sold in powder and are often sold as "Angelica Seeds." The powder is sprinkled over beans and potatoes. Golpar is also used in soups and stews. It is often sprinkled over pomegranate seeds. Golpar is also mixed with vinegar into which lettuce leaves are dipped before eating.


title: Tsunami warning system

paragraphs: Tsunami warning system or TWS detects tsunamis and issues warnings to prevent loss of life and property. It consists of two equally important components: a "network of sensors" to detect tsunamis and a "communications infrastructure" to issue timely alarms to start evacuation before the big waves reach the land to let the people to rush to safety.

paragraphs: There are two distinct types of tsunami warning systems: "international" and "regional". Both of those systems depend on the fact that "tsunami waves" travel, approximately, 15-30 times slower than "seismic waves".


title: The Sceptical Chymist

paragraphs: The Sceptical Chymist is a cornerstone book in the history of chemistry.

paragraphs: It was written by Robert Boyle FRS (1627–1691). He was a 17th century natural philosopher, chemist, physicist, and inventor.

paragraphs: Boyle was an alchemist, but also the first modern chemist. He is famous for Boyle's law, which is about the relationship between the temperature and pressure of a gas.


title: Tsunami protection engineering

paragraphs: Tsunami protection engineering is intended to prevent or mitigate possible tsunami damage and save lives. The best method of protection seems to be the use of seawalls in front of ports and cities. Another effective method from a tsunami is proper planting trees. Some villages in India, for example, had minimal casualties in the 2004 tsunami because they had planted trees along the coastline.

paragraphs: Tsunami protection engineering should also foresee and prevent situations like one that happened at Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant when the main power went down, backup generators failed and cooling water could not get to the nuclear fuel. The overheating that followed led to explosions, fires and dangerous release of radiation.


title: Telly Savalas

paragraphs: Telly Savalas (January 21, 1924 – January 22, 1994) was an American actor. He is best known from playing the character Kojak in a television series and many television movies. He was born in Garden City, New York; his parents were Greek Americans.

paragraphs: Early in his career, he played different characters like the detective in "Cape Fear" (1962), with Gregory Peck and Robert Mitchum, and the role of Feto Gomez in "Birdman of Alcatraz" (1962), he would win the Academy Award as supporting actor.

paragraphs: One of his best roles in his career was that of Pontius Pilate, in "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965). For his role, he shaved his head.

paragraphs: Then co-star in war movies "Battle of the Bulge" (1965), "The Dirty Dozen" (1967), with Lee Marvin, Telly played the role of a religious fanatic convict, who is elected by Lee Marvin for a suicidal mission., and "Kelly's Heroes" (1970), with Clint Eastwood and directed by Brian G. Hutton.

paragraphs: He was then personified as the villain Ernst Stavro Blofeld, in the James Bond saga, "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969).

paragraphs: In the 1970s Savalas worked in Europe with some success in movies as "Città violenta" (1970), with Charles Bronson, "A Town Called Bastard" (1971), with Jack Palance, La banda J.S.: Cronaca criminale del Far West (1972), "Horror Express" (1972) with Christopher Lee and Peter Cushing, "Senza ragione" (1973). and the movie by Mario Bava, "Lisa e il diavolo" (1974).

paragraphs: In the late 70s and early 1980s, Savalas worked on movies including "Beyond the Poseidon Adventure" (1979), "Cannonball Run II" (1984).

paragraphs: In 1963 he was on an episode of The Twilight Zone.

paragraphs: In 1973 CBS hired him to play the role of a Lieutenant, member of the police detective in New York, in production for CBS television: "The Marcus-Nelson Murders". Has a success out of the ordinary and the producers decided to turn it into a television series.

paragraphs: He also starred in TV movie productions Mongo's "Back in Town" (1972), "She Cried Murder" (1973), "" (1980), "" (1987), "" (1988), "The Hollywood Detective" (1989).


title: Seth Rollins

paragraphs: Colby Lopez (born May 28, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. He wrestles for the WWE currently on the Raw brand. He competes under the ring name Seth Rollins. On March 29, 2015, he won the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Rollins is a former member of The Shield and while he was with them, he was a WWE Tag Team Champion with Roman Reigns. Before being called up to the main roster, Rollins wrestled for the WWE's developmental program "NXT" and was the first NXT Champion.

paragraphs: Rollins has also wrestled for Ring of Honor (ROH), where he is a former ROH World Champion and a former two-time ROH World Tag Team Champion with his Jimmy Jacobs. While on the independent circuit, he wrestled under the ring name Tyler Black. Aside from Ring of Honor, he has also competed in Scott County Wrestling, AAW: Professional Wrestling Redefined, Independent Wrestling Association Mid-South, the National Wrestling Alliance, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla, and Wrestling Society X.

paragraphs: Black is also a three-time world champion—the MCPW World Heavyweight Championship once, the FIP World Heavyweight Championship once, and the ROH World Championship once.


title: Network topology

paragraphs: Network topology is the layout of the connections (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network.

paragraphs: The names used - such as ring or star - are only rough descriptions. The computers on a home network can be arranged in a circle but it does not necessarily mean that it represents a ring network.

paragraphs: Which of these is chosen depends on what devices need to be connected, how reliable it has to be, and the cost associated with cabling.

paragraphs: The shape of the cabling layout used to link devices is called the physical topology of the network. This refers to how the cables are laid out to connect many computers to one network. The physical topology you choose for your network depends on:

paragraphs: The mapping of the nodes of the network and the physical connections between them – the layout of wiring, cables, the locations of nodes, and the interconnections between the nodes and the cabling or wiring system.

paragraphs: The simplest topology is a permanent link between two endpoints (the line in the illustration above). Switched point-to-point topologies are the basic model of conventional telephony. The value of a permanent point-to-point network is the value of guaranteed, or nearly so, communications between the two endpoints. The value of an on-demand point-to-point connection is proportional to the number of potential pairs of subscribers, and has been expressed as Metcalfe's Law.

paragraphs: In most practical networks that are based upon the partially connected mesh topology, all of the data that is transmitted between nodes in the network takes the shortest path between nodes. The network used a longer alternative path in the case of a failure or break in one of the links. This requires that the nodes of the network possess some type of logical 'routing' algorithm to determine the correct path to use at any particular time.

paragraphs: The type of network topology in which a central 'root' node (the top level of the hierarchy) is connected to one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the second level) with a point-to-point link between each of the second level nodes and the top level central 'root' node. Each of the second level nodes that are connected to the top level central 'root' node will also have one or more other nodes that are one level lower in the hierarchy (i.e., the third level) connected to it, also with a point-to-point link, the top level central 'root' node being the only node that has no other node above it in the hierarchy (The hierarchy of the tree is symmetrical.)

paragraphs: Each node in the network having a specific fixed number, of nodes connected to it at the next lower level in the hierarchy, the number, being referred to as the 'branching factor' of the hierarchical tree. This tree has individual peripheral nodes.

paragraphs: Logical topology describes the way in which a network transmits information from network/computer to another and not the way the network looks or how it is laid out. The logical layout also describes the different speeds of the cables being used from one network to another.

paragraphs: The logical topology, in contrast to the "physical", is the wignals act on the network media, or the way that the data passes through the network from one device to the next without regard to the physical interconnection of the devices. A network's logical topology is not necessarily the same as its physical topology. For example, twisted pair Ethernet is a logical bus topology in a physical star topology layout. While IBM's Token Ring is a logical ring topology, it is physically set up in a star topology.

paragraphs: The logical classification of network topologies generally follows the same classifications as those in the physical classifications of network topologies but describes the path that the "data" takes between nodes being used as opposed to the actual "physical" connections between nodes.

paragraphs: Except for star-based networks, the easiest way to add more computers into a network is by daisy-chaining, or connecting each computer in series to the next. If a message is intended for a computer partway down the line, each system bounces it along in sequence until it reaches the destination. A daisy-chained network can take two basic forms: linear and ring.

paragraphs: The star topology reduces the probability of a network failure by connecting all of the peripheral nodes (computers, etc.) to a central node. When the physical star topology is applied to a logical bus network such as Ethernet, this central node (traditionally a hub) rebroadcasts all transmissions received from any peripheral node to all peripheral nodes on the network, sometimes including the originating node. All peripheral nodes may thus communicate with all others by transmitting to, and receiving from, the central node only. The failure of a transmission line linking any peripheral node to the central node will result in the isolation of that peripheral node from all others, but the remaining peripheral nodes will be unaffected. However, the disadvantage is that the failure of the central node will cause the failure of all of the peripheral nodes also,

paragraphs: If the central node is "passive", the originating node must be able to tolerate the reception of an echo of its own transmission, delayed by the two-way round trip transmission time (i.e. to and from the central node) plus any delay generated in the central node. An "active" star network has an active central node that usually has the means to prevent echo-related problems.

paragraphs: A tree topology (a.k.a. hierarchical topology) can be viewed as a collection of star networks arranged in a hierarchy. This tree has individual peripheral nodes (e.g. leaves) which are required to transmit to and receive from one other node only and are not required to act as repeaters or regenerators. Unlike the star network, the functionality of the central node may be distributed.

paragraphs: As in the conventional star network, individual nodes may thus still be isolated from the network by a single-point failure of a transmission path to the node.

paragraphs: If a link connecting a leaf fails, that leaf is isolated; if a connection to a non-leaf node fails, an entire section of the network becomes isolated from the rest.

paragraphs: In order to alleviate the amount of network traffic that comes from broadcasting all signals to all nodes, more advanced central nodes were developed that are able to keep track of the identities of the nodes that are connected to the network. These network switches will "learn" the layout of the network by "listening" on each port during normal data transmission, examining the data packets and recording the address/identifier of each connected node and which port it's connected to in a lookup table held in memory. This lookup table then allows future transmissions to be forwarded to the intended destination only.

paragraphs: In a mesh topology (i.e., a partially connected mesh topology), there are at least two nodes with two or more paths between them to provide redundant paths to be used in case the link providing one of the paths fails. This decentralization is often used to advantage to compensate for the single-point-failure disadvantage that is present when using a single device as a central node (e.g., in star and tree networks). A special kind of mesh, limiting the number of hops between two nodes, is a hypercube. The number of arbitrary forks in mesh networks makes them more difficult to design and implement, but their decentralized nature makes them very useful. This is similar in some ways to a grid network, where a linear or ring topology is used to connect systems in multiple directions. A multi-dimensional ring has a toroidal topology, for instance.

paragraphs: A fully connected network, complete topology or full mesh topology is a network topology in which there is a direct link between all pairs of nodes. In a fully connected network with n nodes, there are n(n-1)/2 direct links. Networks designed with this topology are usually very expensive to set up, but provide a high degree of reliability due to the multiple paths for data that are provided by the large number of redundant links between nodes. This topology is mostly seen in military applications. However, it can also be seen in the file sharing protocol BitTorrent in which users connect to other users in the "swarm" by allowing each user sharing the file to connect to other users also involved. Often in actual usage of BitTorrent any given individual node is rarely connected to every single other node as in a true fully connected network but the protocol does allow for the possibility for any one node to connect to any other node when sharing files.

paragraphs: Hybrid networks use a combination of any two or more topologies in such a way that the resulting network does not exhibit one of the standard topologies (e.g., bus, star, ring, etc.). For example, a tree network connected to a tree network is still a tree network, but two star networks connected together exhibit a hybrid network topology. A hybrid topology is always produced when two different basic network topologies are connected. Two common examples for Hybrid network are: "star ring network" and "star bus network"

paragraphs: Tendaishe Sigauke, (2007: 46) Explaining networking terms


title: Prostatitis

paragraphs: Prostatitis is any form of inflammation of the prostate gland. Because women do not have a prostate gland, it is a condition only found in men, although women do have microscopic paraurethral Skene's glands connected to the distal third of the urethra in the prevaginal space that are homologous to the prostate, and may cause symptoms.

paragraphs: A prostatitis diagnosis is assigned at 8% of all urologist and 1% of all primary care physician visits in the USA.

paragraphs: The term prostatitis refers in its strictest sense to histological (microscopic) inflammation of the tissue of the prostate gland, although historically the term has loosely been used as a rubric to describe a set of quite different conditions. To try to remedy this, the NIH devised a new classification system in 1999.

paragraphs: According to the 1999 National Institute of Health (NIH) Classification, there are four categories of prostatitis:

paragraphs: Men with this disease often have chills, fever, pain in the lower back and genital area, urinary frequency and urgency often at night, burning or painful urination, body aches, and a demonstrable infection of the urinary tract, as evidenced by white blood cells and bacteria in the urine. There may be discharge from the penis.

paragraphs: Acute prostatitis is relatively easy to diagnose due to its symptoms that suggest infection. Common bacteria are "E. Coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter, Enterococcus, Serratia," and "Staphylococcus aureus." This can be a medical emergency in some patients and hospitalization with intravenous antibiotics may be required. A full blood count reveals increased white blood cells. Sepsis from prostatitis is very rare, but may occur in immunocompromised patients; high fever and malaise generally prompt blood cultures, which are often positive in sepsis.

paragraphs: Antibiotics are the first line of treatment in acute prostatitis (Cat. I). Antibiotics usually resolve acute prostatitis infections in a very short period of time. Appropriate antibiotics should be used, based on the microbe causing the infection. Some antibiotics have very poor penetration of the prostatic capsule, others, such as Ciprofloxacin, Co-trimoxazole and tetracyclines penetrate well. Severely ill patients may need hospitalization, while nontoxic patients can be treated at home with bed rest, analgesics, stool softeners, and hydration.

paragraphs: Full recovery without sequelae is usual.

paragraphs: Chronic bacterial prostatitis is a relatively rare condition (<5% of patients with prostate-related non-BPH LUTS) that usually presents with an intermittent UTI-type picture and that is defined as recurrent urinary tract infections in men originating from a chronic infection in the prostate. Dr. Weidner, Professor of Medicine, Department of Urology, University of Giessen, has stated: "In studies of 656 men, we seldom found chronic bacterial prostatitis. It is truly a rare disease. Most of those were E-coli." Symptoms may be completely absent until there is also bladder infection, and the most troublesome problem is usually recurrent cystitis.

paragraphs: In chronic bacterial prostatitis there are bacteria in the prostate but usually no symptoms. The prostate infection is diagnosed by culturing urine as well as prostate fluid (expressed prostatic secretions or EPS) which are obtained by the doctor doing a rectal exam and putting pressure on the prostate. If no fluid is recovered after this prostatic massage, a post massage urine should also contain any prostatic bacteria. Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy.

paragraphs: Treatment requires prolonged courses (4–8 weeks) of antibiotics that penetrate the prostate well (β-lactams and nitrofurantoin are ineffective). These include quinolones (ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin), sulfas (Bactrim, Septra) and macrolides (erythromycin, clarithromycin). Persistent infections may be helped in 80% of patients by the use of alpha blockers (tamsulosin (Flomax), alfuzosin), or long term low dose antibiotic therapy. Recurrent infections may be caused by inefficient urination (benign prostatic hypertrophy, neurogenic bladder), prostatic stones or a structural abnormality that acts as a reservoir for infection.

paragraphs: The addition of prostate massage to courses of antibiotics was previously proposed as being beneficial.

paragraphs: It is though not without some risk, and has not been shown in more recent trials to improve outcome compared to antibiotics alone.

paragraphs: Over time, the relapse rate is high, exceeding 50%.

paragraphs: In chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) there is pelvic pain of unknown cause, lasting longer than 6 months, as the key symptom. Symptoms may wax and wane. Pain can range from mild discomfort to debilitating. Pain may radiate to back and rectum, making sitting difficult. Dysuria, arthralgia, myalgia, unexplained fatigue, abdominal pain, constant burning pain in the penis, and frequency may all be present. Frequent urination and increased urgency may suggest interstitial cystitis (inflammation centred in bladder rather than prostate). Ejaculation may be painful, as the prostate contracts during emission of semen, although nerve- and muscle-mediated post-ejaculatory pain is more common, and a classic sign of CP/CPPS. Some patients report low libido, sexual dysfunction and erectile difficulties. Pain after ejaculation is a very specific complaint that distinguishes CP/CPPS from men with BPH or normal men.

paragraphs: Theories behind the disease include autoimmunity, for which there is scant evidence, neurogenic inflammation and myofascial pain syndrome. In the latter two categories, dysregulation of the local nervous system due to past traumatic experiences or an anxious disposition and chronic albeit unconscious pelvic tensing lead to inflammation that is mediated by substances released by nerve cells (such as substance P). The prostate (and other areas of the genitourinary tract: bladder, urethra, testicles) can become inflamed by the action of the chronically activated pelvic nerves on the mast cells at the end of the nerve pathways. Similar stress-induced genitourinary inflammation has been shown experimentally in other mammals.

paragraphs: Prostatitis researcher Dr Anthony Schaeffer commented in a 2003 editorial of The Journal of Urology that: "It is well recognized that even if pathogenic bacteria are present in the prostate, as in men with established chronic bacterial prostatitis, they do not cause chronic pelvic pain unless acute urinary tract infection develops. Taken together, these data suggest that bacteria do not have a significant role in the development of the chronic pelvic pain syndrome. The clinical observation that antimicrobial therapy reduces symptomatology in men with chronic pelvic pain syndrome is being tested in a double-blinded NIH controlled study. Since antimicrobials may have anti-inflammatory activity, it is possible that these drugs may benefit the patient by reducing inflammation rather than eradicating bacteria."

paragraphs: A year after making that statement, Dr Schaeffer and his colleagues published studies showing that antibiotics are essentially useless for CP/CPPS.

paragraphs: The bacterial infection theory that for so long had held sway in this field was again shown to be unimportant in another 2003 study from the University of Washington team led by Dr Lee and Professor Richard Berger. The study found that one third of both normal men and patients had equal counts of similar bacteria colonizing their prostates.

paragraphs: Since the publication of these studies, the focus has shifted from infection to neuromuscular and psychological etiologies for chronic prostatitis (CP/CPPS).

paragraphs: There are no definitive diagnostic tests for CP/CPPS. This is a poorly understood disorder, even though it accounts for 90%-95% of prostatitis diagnoses. It is found in men of any age, with the peak onset in the early 30s. CP/CPPS may be inflammatory (category IIIa) or non-inflammatory (category IIIb). In the inflammatory form, urine, semen, and other fluids from the prostate contain pus cells (dead white blood cells or WBCs), whereas in the non-inflammatory form no pus cells are present. Recent studies have questioned the distinction between categories IIIa and IIIb, since both categories show evidence of inflammation if pus cells are ignored and other more subtle signs of inflammation, like cytokines, are measured. In 2006, Chinese researchers found that men with categories IIIa and IIIb both had significantly and similarly raised levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFß1 and pro-inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ in their expressed prostatic secretions when compared with controls; therefore measurement of these cytokines could be used to diagnose category III prostatitis.

paragraphs: Normal men have slightly more bacteria in their semen than men with chronic prostatitis/pelvic myoneuropathy. The traditional Stamey 4-glass test is invalid for diagnosis of this disorder, and inflammation cannot be localized to any particular area of the lower GU tract.

paragraphs: Men with CP/CPPS are more likely than the general population to suffer from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS), and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated, although there is no malignancy.

paragraphs: Experimental tests that could be useful in the future include tests to measure semen and prostate fluid cytokine levels. Various studies have shown increases in markers for inflammation such as elevated levels of cytokines, myeloperoxidase, and chemokines.

paragraphs: For chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (Cat III), also known as pelvic myoneuropathy or CP/CPPS, which makes up the majority of men diagnosed with "prostatitis", a treatment called the Stanford Protocol, developed by Stanford University Professor of Urology Rodney Anderson and psychologist David Wise in 1996, has recently been published. This is a combination of medication (using tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines), psychological therapy (paradoxical relaxation, an advancement and adaptation, specifically for pelvic pain, of a type of progressive relaxation technique developed by Edmund Jacobson during the early 20th century), and physical therapy (trigger point release therapy on pelvic floor and abdominal muscles, and also yoga-type exercises with the aim of relaxing pelvic floor and abdominal muscles). While these studies are encouraging, definitive proof of efficacy would require a randomized, sham controlled, blinded study, which is not as easy to do with physical therapy as with drug therapy.

paragraphs: Cat. III prostatitis may have no initial trigger other than anxiety, often with an element of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or other anxiety-spectrum problem. This is theorized to leave the pelvic area in a sensitized condition resulting in a loop of muscle tension and heightened neurological feedback (neural wind-up). Current protocols largely focus on stretches to release overtensed muscles in the pelvic or anal area (commonly referred to as trigger points), physical therapy to the area, and progressive relaxation therapy to reduce causative stress. Biofeedback physical therapy to relearn how to control pelvic floor muscles may be useful.

paragraphs: Aerobic exercise can help those sufferers who are not also suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) or whose symptoms are not exacerbated by exercise.

paragraphs: Anecdotal evidence suggests that food allergies and intolerances may have a role in exacerbating CP/CPPS, perhaps through mast cell mediated mechanisms. Specifically patients with gluten intolerance or celiac disease report severe symptom flares after sustained gluten ingestion. Patients may therefore find an exclusion diet helpful in lessening symptoms by identifying problem foods. Studies are lacking in this area.

paragraphs: There is a substantial list of medications used to treat this disorder.

paragraphs: Alpha blockers (tamsulosin, alfuzosin) are moderately helpful for many men with CPPS; duration of therapy needs to be at least 3 months.

paragraphs: Quercetin has shown effective in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in chronic prostatitis using 500 mg twice a day for 4 weeks. Subsequent studies showed that quercetin, a mast cell inhibitor, reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the prostate.

paragraphs: Pollen extract (Cernilton)] has also been shown effective in randomized placebo controlled trials.

paragraphs: Commonly used therapies that have not been properly evaluated in clinical trials are dietary modification, gabapentin, and amitriptyline.

paragraphs: Therapies shown to be "ineffective" by randomized placebo/sham controlled trials: levaquin (antibiotics), alpha blockers for 6 weeks or less, transurethral needle ablation of the prostate (TUNA).

paragraphs: At least one study suggests that multi-modal therapy (aimed at different pathways such as inflammation and neuromuscular dysfunction simultaneously) is better long term than monotherapy.

paragraphs: In recent years the prognosis for CP/CPPS has improved greatly with the advent of multimodal treatment, phytotherapy and protocols aimed at quieting the pelvic nerves through myofascial trigger point release and anxiety control.

paragraphs: These patients have no history of genitourinary pain complaints, but leukocytosis or bacteria have been noted during evaluation for other conditions.

paragraphs: Diagnosis is through tests of semen, EPS or urine that reveal inflammation in the absence of symptoms.

paragraphs: No treatment required. It is standard practice for men with infertility and category IV prostatitis to be given a trial of antibiotics and/or anti-inflammatories however evidence for efficacy are weak. Since signs of asymptomatic prostatic inflammation may sometimes be associated with prostate cancer, this can be addressed by tests that assess the ratio of free-to-total PSA. The results of these tests were significantly different in prostate cancer and category IV prostatitis in one study.


title: The Descent of Man

paragraphs: The Descent of Man, and selection in relation to sex is a book by Charles Darwin, first published in 1871.

paragraphs: It was Darwin's second great book on evolutionary theory, with the first being his 1859 work, "On the Origin of Species".

paragraphs: Darwin had said almost nothing about human beings in the "Origin", except a single sentence:

paragraphs: ""Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history"".

paragraphs: In "The Descent of Man", Darwin applies evolutionary theory to human evolution, and also explains his theory of sexual selection. He thought the two topics were closely connected.

paragraphs: In the nearly 12 years between the "Origin" and the "Descent of Man", several writers had written works on the subject. Noteworthy were:

paragraphs: The starting point for sexual selection is the observation that males differ from females, not just in sexual apparatus, but in many other traits. This is true of many animals, and the question is why this happens. The answer given by Darwin, and followed by many other biologists, is that the selection on males is different from the selection on females.

paragraphs: Sexual selection is the theory proposed by Charles Darwin that states that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by intraspecific competition (competition between members of the same species).

paragraphs: Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex".

paragraphs: Biologists today distinguish between "male to male combat" or "intrasexual selection" (it is usually males that fight each other), "mate choice" or "intersexual selection" (usually female choice of male mates) and sexual conflict.

paragraphs: Secondary sex characteristics are features that distinguish the two sexes of a species, but are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are believed to be the product of sexual selection for traits which give an individual an advantage over its rivals in courtship and fighting.

paragraphs: Traits selected by male combat are called "weapons"; and traits selected by mate choice are called "ornaments".


title: Fearne Cotton

paragraphs: Fearne Cotton (born 3 September 1981) is an English television and radio presenter. She is known for presenting a number of popular TV programmes such as "Top of the Pops" and the "Red Nose Day" "telethon". Cotton joined BBC Radio 1 in September 2005. In 2007, she became the first regular female presenter of BBC Radio 1's "Chart Show". She now presents BBC Radio 1's weekday mid-morning programme. In 2008 Cotton moved to the United States to present "The Guinness Book of Records - Live". In 2015, Cotton returned to children’s television by voicing a Voice Trumpet in the 2015 reboot of Teletubbies.


title: Minecraft

paragraphs: Minecraft is a video game made by Markus "Notch" Persson. It was run by a company called Mojang, and was sold to Microsoft in 2014 for US$2.5 billion.

paragraphs: "Minecraft" is an open world survival game where the player can play in a world made of blocks. The player can walk around and break the blocks which make up the interactive landscape. The player can then put the blocks back together to make new constructions. The player uses equipment and tools to break blocks, such as a pickaxe.

paragraphs: The first version was released for PC players on May 17, 2009. After going through alpha and beta versions, the full version was released on November 18, 2011. A version for Android was released on October 7, 2011, and an iOS version was released on November 17, 2011.

paragraphs: The game was released on the Xbox 360 as an Xbox Live Arcade game on May 9, 2012. It was released for the PlayStation 3 on December 17, 2013, and for the PlayStation 4 on September 4, 2013. It was available for Xbox One the next day; and for the PlayStation Vita on October 14, 2014. On December 10, 2013, a Windows Phone version was released.

paragraphs: On April 29, 2019, It was announced the creator of "Minecraft" will not be included in the game’s 10th anniversary.

paragraphs: "Minecraft" was created as an experiment to test random generation for caves. "Minecraft" was inspired by "Infiniminer", another game created by Zachary Barth. The first version of "Minecraft" was released on May 17, 2009. The beta was released on December 20, 2010. The full game was released on November 18, 2011. At first, "Minecraft" was created only by Markus Persson. Other people started to work on it when Persson started an independent video game company called Mojang Specifications. The company was later renamed simply to Mojang. Later in 2011, a version of "Minecraft" named "Pocket Edition" was released for iOS and Android. In 2012, Persson gave HAXOB the job of being the main developer of "Minecraft". In 2012, "Minecraft" came out on the Xbox 360 as a download and was available for 1600 Microsoft Points ($19.99). In 2013, "Minecraft" came out as a disc for the Xbox 360 and PS3. Versions for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 were released in September 2014. A version for the PlayStation Vita was released in October 2014. The Wii U edition was released in December 2015. In 2017, versions for the Nintendo Switch and the Nintendo New 3DS were released.

paragraphs: In the game, there are three major game modes. In the "creative" mode, players can create and build with unlimited materials. Almost any structure that you create in Minecraft needs a circle as a base. Tombs, towers, chimneys, tunnels are all created with the help of circles. There are Minecraft circle chart, Minecraft circle guide to make a circle in Minecraft. In survival, the first goal is to survive the night. During the night, monsters come out to fight the player, but players can build a shelter to protect themselves from these monsters. Players can build simple shelters by mining wood logs from trees to survive the night and make weapons to fight back. There are other dimensions in-game called the nether and the end. Portals are required to enter both of these dimensions. The nether portal requires at least 3 obsidian blocks going vertically and 2 horizontally. The nether portal can be larges however it must be a rectangle. End portals are found in strongholds located underground. The best way to find a stronghold is to throw an eye of ender into the sky which will cause it to hover over to the direction of a stronghold. In the End dimension is the ender dragon, the final boss. Players can also create and kill another boss called the wither. Creepers, a popular symbol of the game, were created when Persson tried to change the pig model and accidentally made it taller, rather than longer.

paragraphs: In all modes (except spectator mode), players can build things such as houses, pixel art and towers. There is also a multiplayer mode, where players can play together over the Internet. This requires the player to enter a server IP address.

paragraphs: Multiplayer, as mentioned above, requires a server address. This is more commonly known as an IP address. Once a player has one of these, they can connect to the server and play with their friends. They can also connect to a server that is very popular and has people the player has never met before and go on any profile they would like.

paragraphs: The other way is to create a local area network (LAN) world, so people connected to the same internet connection can play together.

paragraphs: Consoles use local coop or online coop. 1-4 on local, 1-16 online. PvP is also an option.

paragraphs: "Minecraft Realms" is a special version of the original multiplayer. When buying a realm, players can buy their own server, hosted by Mojang. In "Minecraft Realms", there are several "mini-games", which are maps/games created by popular "Minecraft" users.

paragraphs: The term "mob" is short for mobster. Mobs are different kinds of monsters, animals, or "Non-Player-Characters (NPC)". The different types of mobs are:

paragraphs: The player can build a nether portal out of 10 blocks of obsidian in a 5x4 grid (not including corners or inside) and go into a different dimension, the nether. Portals can be upscaled to be bigger, as long as they are still square/rectangular. In the nether, they can fight fireball-shooting Ghasts, avoid or fight Zombie Pigmen, attack magma cubes, duel wither skeletons, search for brewing ingredients, dodge the fiery blaze, and try not to fall into the lava. The players can find nether fortresses where blazes and wither skeletons are common. It is mainly constructed of Netherrack and Nether Brick. Players can also find Quartz Ore and Ancient Debris. During MineCon Live, a new update for the Nether was announced.

paragraphs: The player must find an end portal that will teleport them to The End. The only way to find a portal is to find a stronghold, either by accident or by using Eyes of Ender, which can be crafted by players. If they can fend off Endermen and kill the Ender Dragon, they will be shown the credits screen, which also shows a backstory. They can still play after defeating the ender dragon. After players kill the Ender Dragon, it drops a black egg with purple spots that cannot be moved easily. However, it can be moved with a piston or by placing a torch two blocks underneath the egg and breaking the block between. Unlike the wither, the ender dragon can only be fought once. In the Console Edition, two of the ender dragon's health regenerators, known as ender crystals, are in iron bars. You will be able to respawn the dragon, and the main end island will have other islands surrounding endlessly.

paragraphs: "Minecraft" has a very large community with multiple fan forums and multiplayer servers. The "Minecraft" community is also one of the largest on YouTube with multiple online personalities creating parody songs, having it's own miniature culture, creative videos mimicking "Minecraft" counterparts such as mobs, building, PVP (player versus player combat) and other aspects of "Minecraft".

paragraphs: the first version of Minecraft is called RD(some numbers)

paragraphs: On May 17, 2009, "Minecraft: Java Edition" was released for Windows. It is the original edition of "Minecraft". The complete version (1.0) was released on November 18, 2011.

paragraphs: On October 7, 2011, "Minecraft: Pocket Edition" was released for Android. On November 17, 2011, "Pocket Edition" was released for iOS. On July 29, 2015, "Pocket Edition" 0.12.0 was released, which added support for Windows 10 (separate to the main Java version). On December 19, 2016, "Pocket Edition" was fully released. On September 20, 2017, the title "Pocket Edition" and this version of the game is now known as "Bedrock Edition".

paragraphs: On May 9, 2012, "Xbox 360 Edition" was released. On December 17, 2013, "PlayStation 3" edition was released. On September 4, 2014, "Minecraft: PlayStation 4 Edition" was released. On September 5, 2014, "Minecraft" Xbox One edition was released. In 2015, "Minecraft" for the Wii U was released. In December 2018, all console editions except for the "PlayStation 4 Edition" were discontinued. The PlayStation 4 edition would, however, be discontinued a year later.

paragraphs: On October 14, 2014, "Minecraft: PlayStation Vita Edition" was released. On May 11, 2017, "Minecraft" for New Nintendo 3DS was released. The PlayStation Vita edition was discontinued in December 2018. The new Nintendo 3DS Edition updates ended on January 15, 2019. Then, they made it for Nintendo Switch and finished the PS Vita and 3DS versions.


title: Marylebone station

paragraphs: Marylebone station, also known as London Marylebone, is a central London railway terminus and London Underground station. It is halfway between the mainline stations at Euston and Paddington, being about 1 mile (1.6 km) from each. It was opened on 15 March 1899 by the Great Central Railway.


title: Lucy Pinder

paragraphs: Lucy Katherine Pinder (born 20 December 1983) is an English glamour model. She is from Winchester, Hampshire.

paragraphs: From 2 January 2009, Pinder appeared in the sixth series of "Celebrity Big Brother" UK. She revealed that she is "a bit of a Tory bird" and that 'thick' people irritate her. She was the first housemate to be voted out, on 9 January (Day 8) with 57% of the public vote. Pinder declared her wish to leave the Big Brother house after being driven to distraction by the incessant rapping of another housemate.


title: Keeley Hazell

paragraphs: Keeley Rebecca M. Hazell (born 18 September 1986) is a British former Page 3 Girl and glamour model. She was born in Lewisham and grew up in Grove Park. She went to Ravensbourne School in Bromley. Her mother, Amber, is a dinner lady and her father, Roy, is a window fitter; they separated when she was thirteen.


title: Sexual conflict

paragraphs: Sexual conflict is a term in evolutionary biology. It occurs in a species when what benefits the females is different from what benefits the males.

paragraphs: The word 'benefit' here means 'what benefits the reproduction of the female's (or male's) genes. It is expressed as a "difference in biological fitness".

paragraphs: The conflict can lead to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. It has primarily been studied in animals, though it can in principle apply to any sexually reproducing organism, such as plants and fungi.

paragraphs: In sexual reproduction there is, from the point of view of evolution, a fundamental difference of interest between males and females. This difference of interest plays out differently in different species.

paragraphs: Their interest is to mate with a large number of completely faithful females, thus spreading their genes widely in the population.

paragraphs: Their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and varied offspring.

paragraphs: Some regard sexual conflict as a subset of sexual selection (which was traditionally regarded as mutualistic), while others suggest it is a separate evolutionary phenomenon.


title: Ali Mohsen Al-Ahmar

paragraphs: Ali Mohsen Al-Ahmar is the general of the Yemeni army and Yemeni President Ali Abdullah Saleh's half brother. He helped recruit Islamist radicals to fight in Afghanistan during the Soviet-Afghan War.

paragraphs: On March 21, 2011, Al-Ahmar defected and joined the anti-government Yemeni protesters, along with other top Yemeni army commanders.


title: Milan Dudić

paragraphs: Milan Dudić (born November, 1st 1979 in Kraljevo, former Yugoslavia, now Serbia) is a football player from Serbia. He is now playing for SK Sturm Graz as defender in the Austrian t-mobile Liga, the highest division in Austrian football.

paragraphs: He started playing football with amateur teams and began 1998 with FK Cukaricki as professional player. In 2002, he began playing with Red Star Belgrade. He won the Serbian championship two times with the club (2004, 2006) and the cup also (2004, 2006). In 2006, he played with the national team of Serbia and Montenegro at the FIFA World Cup in Germany. All together he played 13 matches for the national team. In 2006, he signed with F.C. Red Bull Salzburg. With Red Bull Salzburg he won the Austrian Championship three times. In 2011, his contract faded and he went to SK Sturm Graz.

paragraphs: Milan Dudic (Fangemeinschaft FC Red Bull Salzburg)


title: Chelonia

paragraphs: Chelonia is a name for the whole order of turtles, and for a particular turtles:


title: Brett DiBiase

paragraphs: Brett DiBiase (born March 16, 1988) is an American professional wrestler. He currently has a contract with World Wrestling Entertainment. He wrestles in their farm team in Florida Championship Wrestling, where he gains experience before going national. He was a FCW Florida Tag Team Championship.

paragraphs: DiBiase's stepgrandfather Michael DiBiase, his grandmother Helen Hild, and his father Ted DiBiase were professional wrestlers. His older half brother Mike DiBiase II and his older brother Ted DiBiase, Jr. are also professional wrestlers. On March 27, 2010, DiBiase and his brother Ted Jr. induct their father into the WWE Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: On June 9, 2009, DiBiase married his high school sweetheart Leah Nicole May.


title: Passover

paragraphs: Passover () is a religious holiday or festival noted by ceremonies each year, mostly by Jewish people. They celebrate it to remember when God used Moses to free the Israelites from slavery in Egypt, as told in the book of Exodus in the Bible. God told Moses to set aside this special week originally called "the feast of unleavened bread". During this time, the people eat special foods, do special rituals and sing songs. Passover is around the time of Easter (March/April) each year.

paragraphs: The "Second Passover" (Pesach Sheni) on the 14th of Iyar in the Hebrew Calendar is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a make-up day for people who were unable to offer the Passover sacrifice at the appropriate time.


title: Carbon fixation

paragraphs: Carbon fixation is a process by which gaseous carbon dioxide is converted into a solid compound. It occurs in autotrophs during the Calvin cycle and in some heterotrophs.


title: 2 Pallas

paragraphs: 2 Pallas is the second asteroid discovered in the solar system. It was discovered by Heinrich Wilhelm Matthäus Olbers on March 28, 1802. 2 Pallas is named after Pallas Athena, an alternate name for the goddess Athena.

paragraphs: 2 Pallas has a mass estimated to be 7% of the total mass of the asteroid belt. The asteroid is the third largest asteroid in terms of mass and the second largest in terms of diameter.


title: Paul Michael Glaser

paragraphs: Paul Michael Glaser (born March 25, 1943) is an American actor and director.

paragraphs: He began his career in the TV series "Love Is a Many Splendored Thing" (1967). In 1972 he had a role in the film starring Goldie Hawn, "Butterflies Are Free" (1972), and in the TV movies "Aces Up" (1974), with Raul Julia, and "Trapped Beneath the Sea" (1974), with Lee J. Cobb.

paragraphs: In 1976 he played Harry Houdini in the TV movie: "The Great Houdini". Followed starred in the movies "Phobia" (1980), as Dr. Peter Ross, "Wait Till Your Mother Gets Home!" TV (1983), and "Attack on Fear" TV (1984), he plays the role of a journalist who reports cases of corruption in a small town.

paragraphs: Glaser had a great director career as a film and television. He directed Arnold Schwarzenegger in "The Running Man" (1987). He also directed episodes of the series: "Starsky and Hutch", "Miami Vice", "Otherworld", "The Agency", "Mister Sterling", "Robbery Homicide Division", "Judging Amy", "Third Watch", and many more.

paragraphs: His best known role was that of Det. Dave Starsky in American TV series "Starsky and Hutch". The series is about two friends police, Dave Starsky and Ken Hutchinson; David Soul, to solve all kinds of cases. The series ran between 1975 and 1979. And they filmed 82 episodes. Glaser and Soul have a small role in the movie Starsky & Hutch (2004).

paragraphs: He was a guest star on the TV series: "Cannon" (1972), "The Streets of San Francisco" (1972), "The Waltons" (1973), "Kojak" (1974), "The Closer" (2008), "Criminal Minds" (2008), "Numb3rs" (2008), and "The Mentalist" (2009).