title: Stamp Act

paragraphs: A stamp act is a law that puts a tax on the transfer of some documents. Those that pay the tax get an official stamp on their documents. Many products have been covered by stamp acts such as playing cards, patent medicines, cheques, mortgages, contracts and newspapers. The items often have to be physically stamped at approved government offices following payment of the duty, although other methods with annual payment of a fixed sum or purchase of adhesive stamps are more practical and common. Stamp acts have been made common in many countries, like Australia, China, Canada, Ireland, Malaysia, Israel, the United Kingdom and the United States.

paragraphs: The money raised by the tax, called stamp duty, was first used in the Netherlands in 1624 after a public competition to find a new form of tax. However, it has more been used in Great Britain and its colonies.

paragraphs: The Stamp Act passed by the British Parliament on March 22, 1765 was upsetting to some American colonists. Colonists had to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used - ship's papers, legal documents, licences, newspapers and even playing cards were taxed. It was one of the causes of the American Revolutionary War.


title: Gigantopithecus

paragraphs: Gigantopithecus was the largest primate that during from the Pleistocene Era (1.8 million to 10,000 years ago) when large mammals ruled the Earth. "Gigantopithecus" is known to have lived in what is now southern China and Indochina (mainland Southeast Asia). He would have risen 3 meters (10 feet) high if he choose to stand up on only his hind legs, and probably weighed about 544 kg (1200 lbs). In comparison, gorillas stand only 152 to 182 centimeters (5 to 6 feet) tall and weighs about 136 to 195 kg (300 to 430 lbs), and the heaviest recorded was 182 centimeters (6 feet) tall and weighed 267 kg (589 lbs).


title: Gary Oldman

paragraphs: Gary Oldman (born Gary Leonard Oldman; 21 March 1952) is a British actor and movie-maker. He is known for his starring role in the 1992 movie "Dracula" and as Prime Minister Winston Churchill in the 2017 movie "Darkest Hour".

paragraphs: His other roles include Sid Vicious in "Sid and Nancy", Sirius Black in the Harry Potter movies, George Smiley in "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", Jean-Baptiste Emmanuel Zorg in "The Fifth Element", Egor Korshunov in "Air Force One", Norman Stansfield in "", and as James Gordon in "The Dark Knight Trilogy".

paragraphs: In 2018, for his role as Churchill, Oldman was awarded a Golden Globe Award, a BAFTA Award, a Satellite Award, a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award.

paragraphs: Oldman was born in New Cross, London on 21 March 1952. He is the son of housewife Kathleen (née Cheriton; born 28 November 1919), and Leonard Bertram Oldman (21 May 1921 – October 1985), a former sailor who also worked as a welder. Oldman has stated that his father was an alcoholic who left the family when Oldman was seven years old. Oldman attended West Greenwich School in Deptford, leaving school at the age of 16 to work in a sports shop.

paragraphs: Oldman has earned renown for his classical acting style and diversity, being hailed by famous movie critics such as Roger Ebert and Peter Travers as one of cinema's great actors. Peer Colin Firth described him as "a very strong candidate for the world’s best living actor". An Academy Award nominee, Oldman has won two BAFTA Awards and a Saturn Award, as well as Emmy Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and Palme d'Or nominations.

paragraphs: Oldman's performances during his career have provided inspiration for younger actors who would go on to enjoy successful Hollywood careers: Tom Hardy has described Oldman as his "absolute complete and utter hero", and "hands down, the greatest actor that's ever lived"; Brad Pitt, Daniel Radcliffe, Benedict Cumberbatch and Ryan Gosling have also cited Oldman as their favourite actor. Other actors such as Christian Bale, Shia LaBeouf, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Johnny Depp, Chris Pine, Jason Isaacs and Michael Fassbender have praised Oldman as well.

paragraphs: Oldman married his first wife, Lesley Manville, in 1987 but left her in 1989 three months after their son, Alfie, was born. He met American actress Uma Thurman on the set of "State of Grace", and they were married in 1990, but the marriage ended two years later. Oldman then settled into a relationship with actress and model Isabella Rossellini. The couple were rumoured to be engaged in July 1994 but separated two years later. Oldman was married to Donya Fiorentino from 1997 to 2001 and they have two sons, Gulliver Flynn (b. 20 August 1997) and Charlie John (b. 11 February 1999).

paragraphs: On 31 December 2008, Oldman married English jazz singer Alexandra Edenborough in Santa Barbara, California in a private, formal ceremony. Oldman currently lives in Los Angeles with his family.


title: Ushanka

paragraphs: An ushanka () is a Russian fur cap with ear flaps that can be tied up to the crown of the cap, or tied at the chin to protect the ears from the cold. "Ushanka" means "ear-flaps hat", from "ushi"


title: Cutout animation

paragraphs: Cutout animation is a method for creating animations using flat characters, props and backgrounds cut from materials such as paper, card, stiff fabric or even photographs.


title: Construction paper

paragraphs: Construction paper or sugar paper is a type of coarse colored paper usually available in large sizes. The feeling of the paper is a little rough, and the surface is not finished. It is often used for art.


title: Range of motion

paragraphs: Range of motion or (ROM) is the measurement of the achievable distance between the flexed position and the extended position of a particular joint or muscle group.


title: Auburn hair

paragraphs: Auburn is a light brown or reddish-brown hair color. About two percent of people have auburn hair.


title: Leathermouth

paragraphs: Leathermouth (also spelled as LeATHERMØUTH) is an American hardcore punk band. The band was started in 2007 by My Chemical Romance's guitarist Frank Iero. On January 2009, the band released their first album, "XO".

paragraphs: Leathermouth started in 2007 by some friends of My Chemical Romance's rhythm guitarist Frank Iero. Iero heard a few demo songs from the band, and wanted to sign the band to his own independent label. He later joined the band after the first lead singer did not write any lyrics to the songs. As a member of Leathermouth, this is the first band where he writes the lyrics and does lead vocals. Iero uses the band as a way to express about the way he sees the world and also to let out his personal problems with depression and anxiety. Leathermouth played their first shows in the summer of 2008 alongside Warship for the Fall 2008 Reggie and the Full Effect "Farewell Tour". Iero hopes to tour with Leathermouth when he is not working with My Chemical Romance.

paragraphs: In October 2008, Leathermouth signed to Epitaph Records, rather than to Frank Iero's label as originally planned. Iero thought that it would be hard to advertise the album himself if it was released through his own label, with his current responsibilities to My Chemical Romance and the other bands signed to his label. Epitaph Records president, Brett Gurewitz, was impressed with the band's "intensity and songwriting of the music." Leathermouth released their first studio album, "XO" on January 27, 2009 through Epitaph. Even though the album did not become listed on the Billboard 200, it did reach #21 on the Top Heatseekers chart.


title: Alternative Press

paragraphs: Alternative Press (also abbreviated as AP) is an American music magazine based in Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Warship (band)

paragraphs: Warship is an American rock band that formed in 2008.


title: Brett Gurewitz

paragraphs: Brett W. Gurewitz (born May 12, 1962 in Los Angeles, California), nicknamed Mr. Brett, is an American guitarist. He is the guitarist and a songwriter of the punk rock band, Bad Religion. He is also the owner of the music label Epitaph Records. He left and returned to Bad Religion twice and is still with the band today.


title: XO (Leathermouth album)

paragraphs: XO (also spelled XØ) is the first album released by Leathermouth. The album was released through Epitaph Records on January 27, 2009.


title: Maniche

paragraphs: Maniche (born 11 November 1977) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Köln and Portugal national team.


title: Takekazu Suzuki

paragraphs: Takekazu Suzuki (born 8 April 1956) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kazuyuki Toda

paragraphs: Toda's play was been noted by the international press


title: Antônio Monteiro Dutra

paragraphs: Antônio Monteiro Dutra (born 11 August 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sport Recife.


Kota Yoshihara


Makoto Hasebe


title: Andy O'Brien

paragraphs: Andy O'Brien (born 29 June 1979) is an Irish football player. He plays for Bolton Wanderers.


title: Gary Doherty

paragraphs: Gary Doherty (born 31 January 1980) is an Irish football player. He plays for Norwich City.


title: Fußball-Bundesliga

paragraphs: The Fußball-Bundesliga (also named the Bundesliga, "German pronunciation:" [ˈbʊndəsˌliːɡa], "Federal League") is a football league which is top division in Germany. The league has 18 teams, and the teams can be relegated to 2. Fußball-Bundesliga. Most games are played on Saturdays and Sundays, with some games being played during the week.

paragraphs: Since 1963, FC Bayern Munich has almost completely dominated the league, winning 29 times. However, the league has seen other champions, such as Borussia Dortmund, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Hamburger SV, Werder Bremen, VfB Stuttgart, VfL Wolfsburg and so on. The Bundesliga is one of the top leagues, currently ranked 4th place in UEFA's UEFA coefficient. The league has a very high average attendance, the top association football league in the world.

paragraphs: The current champions are FC Bayern Munich.


title: VfB Stuttgart

paragraphs: VfB Stuttgart is the name of a football club in Germany. The club was founded in 1893 and won the German championship five times (1950, 1952, 1984, 1992, 2007).


title: VfL Bochum

paragraphs: The Verein für Leibesübungen Bochum 1848 (VfL Bochum) is a football and Sports club in Bochum, Germany.

paragraphs: Besides football, the VfL Bochum operates the following kinds of sport: Badminton, Basketball, Fencing, Ice hockey, athletics, Handball, Swimming, dance sport, Tennis, Table tennis and Volleyball.


title: Graham Stack

paragraphs: Graham Stack (born 26 September 1981) is an Irish football player. He plays for Hibernian.


title: Clinton Morrison

paragraphs: Clinton Morrison (born 14 May 1979) is an Irish former professional football player.


title: Kevin Kilbane

paragraphs: Kevin Kilbane (born 1 February 1977) is an Irish retired football player.


title: Colin Healy

paragraphs: Colin Healy (born 14 March 1980) is an Irish football player. He plays for Falkirk.


title: John O'Shea

paragraphs: John O'Shea (born 30 April 1981) is an Irish football player. He currently plays for Reading. He also played for the Republic of Ireland national team, before retiring from international football in 2018.


title: Steve Finnan

paragraphs: Steve Finnan (born 24 April 1976) is an Irish football player. He plays for Portsmouth.


title: Stephen Carr

paragraphs: Stephen Carr (born 29 August 1976) is an Irish football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.


Hisashi Kato


Hiroyuki Hayashi


title: Daniel Amokachi

paragraphs: Daniel Amokachi (born 30 December 1972) is a former Nigerian football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.


title: Bakerloo line

paragraphs: The Bakerloo line () is a line of the London Underground. It is coloured brown on the Tube map. It runs partly on the surface and partly at deep level, from Elephant & Castle in south-east to Wealdstone in north-west of London. The lines serves 25 stations of which 15 are underground. It has 25 stations; 15 of these are underground. The line is around long.

paragraphs: The line gets its name because it goes through the stations "Baker" Street and Water"loo". North of Queens Park, the line runs next to the West Coast Main Line.

paragraphs: "Note: For the former Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, see the Jubilee line article."

paragraphs: The extension to Camberwell was a plan to extend the Bakerloo Line. The project was to start at the late 1940s, but they cancelled it for an unknown reason. Then in the 21st century, they revised the extension plan and proposed it again. So far, nothing has been agreed. The 1940s version of the extension had two stations. One rumour of why they cancelled the project was because Camberwell was quite a bad location to do further extensions.

paragraphs: Between 1917 and 1982, Bakerloo line trains continued along the DC line past Harrow & Wealdstone to Watford Junction. These stations continue to be served by London Overground.

paragraphs: The Stanmore branch was originally constructed by the Metropolitan Railway (now the Metropolitan line) and was transferred to the Bakerloo line in 1939. It was transferred to the Jubilee line on 1 May 1979. It connected to the main line at Baker Street.

paragraphs: The TFL line diagram is available online


title: Baker Street

paragraphs: Baker Street is a street London. It is in a part of London which is called Marylebone, London. It forms part of a bigger road called the A41. It is known because of its connection to the fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. He lived at 221B Baker Street. This is not a real address. The street is named after a builder called William Baker.


title: Baker Street tube station

paragraphs: Baker Street station is a station on London Underground. It is in zone 1, which means it is near the center of London, where it is busy. It is the oldest station on London Underground, and the oldest underground station in the world. It opened in 1863. On the Bakerloo line it is between Regent's Park and Marylebone and on the Jubilee line it is between Bond Street and St. John's Wood. Entrances to the station are found on Baker Street and Marylebone road. Baker Street has ten platforms.


title: Lemuriformes

paragraphs: Lemuriformes are an infraorder of Primates. It combines the lemurs of Madagascar, with the galagos and lorises of Africa and Asia.

paragraphs: The lorises and lemurs are a monophyletic clade. However, a popular alternative taxonomy puts the lorises in their own infraorder, the Lorisiformes.

paragraphs: Lemuriform origins are unclear and debated. The main problem is a lack of clear transitional fossils.

paragraphs: Molecular clock estimates suggest that lemurs and the lorisoids diverged in Africa during the Paleocene, about 62 mya. Between 47 and 54 mya, lemurs got to Madagascar by rafting. In isolation, the lemurs diversified and filled the niches often filled by monkeys and apes today.

paragraphs: In Africa, the lorises and galagos diverged during the Eocene, about 40 mya. Unlike the lemurs in Madagascar, they have had to compete with monkeys and apes, as well as other mammals.

paragraphs: Because the skeletons of adapiforms share strong similarities with those of lemurs and lorises, researchers have often referred to them as "primitive" strepsirrhines, lemur ancestors, or a sister group to the living strepsirrhines. They are included in Strepsirrhini, and are considered basal members of the clade.

paragraphs: Although their status as true primates is not questioned, their relationship with other primates in Strepsirrhini is unclear. Sometimes they are put in their own infraorder; sometimes they are sometimes reduced to families in the Lemuriformes.


title: Harrow & Wealdstone station

paragraphs: Harrow & Wealdstone station is a station on the Bakerloo Line. The Bakerloo line is a line on London Underground. The station opened for underground trains 1917. It was closed for underground services 1982 but reopened in 1984. It is in travelcard zone 5, so it is near the edge of London. The next stop southbound on the Bakerloo Line is Kenton.

paragraphs: The station is served by London Overground, London Midland and Southern. On 8 October 1952, the station was the site of a big train crash where lots of people died.

paragraphs: Bus routes 140 (24 hour), 182, 186, 258, 340, H9, H10 and night bus route N18 serve various stops beside or near the station. All the buses that serve the station also serve Harrow on the Hill station but not all as direct services.


title: Lemon Drop Mangosteen

paragraphs: Lemon Drop Mangosteens are a kind of tropical fruit that can be found in the Andes. It is not known to anyone outside of South America and Southern Florida. The fruit looks like a dried-up lemon and is bright yellow in color. The inside of the fruit has a white pulp with a citrus taste. This taste has been compared to cotton candy that tastes like lemons.


title: Regiment

paragraphs: A regiment is a military unit, made up of a number of battalions, run by a Colonel. A modern regiment can also be similar to a brigade, in that both can be from a few hundred soldiers to 5,000 soldiers (from 3 to 7 battalions). The modern regiment's size changes in number, purpose, and role from country to country (and might not exist in some military forces) and sometimes even within the military of the same nations.


title: Command (military)

paragraphs: A command in military use has more than one meaning.

paragraphs: A command in military use is a group of units or a group of people under the control of one officer. The group is usually made to do a set type of job most often of a combat type.


title: German Cross

paragraphs: The German Cross () was begun by Adolf Hitler on 16 November 1941 as an award that was a higher level than the Iron Cross First Class but below the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. It was given in two classes: gold and silver (the color of the laurel wreath around the swastika), the gold was given out for bravery, the silver was given out for {excellent service.

paragraphs: This award was also available in cloth, which made for easier wear on the combat uniform.

paragraphs: The title of the award is taken from the fact that the swastika is a type of cross.


title: University of the City of Manila

paragraphs: Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM), or the University of the City of Manila, is a university in the city of Manila. It is funded by the government of the city and it does not have any tuition fees. It is in the district of Intramuros in Manila, the Philippines. It was established on June 19, 1965 and opened on July 17, 1967 to 556 scholars, all coming from the top ten percent of graduates of Manila's public high schools. and opened on July 17, 1967.

paragraphs: PLM holds the distinction of being the first in several ways— the first institution of higher learning in the country and perhaps in Asia to offer tuition-free tertiary education; the first university funded solely by a city government; and the first institution of higher learning in the country to have its official name in Filipino.

paragraphs: From its first enrollment record of 556 freshman scholars coming from the top ten percent of the graduating classes of Manila's twenty-nine public high schools, total semestral enrollment has grown to an average of 11,000. The lone college in its earliest beginning has sprung to 12 colleges, five graduate, two professional schools, and a score of research and specialized centers, including a teaching hospital, an enterpreneurial center, and an integrated learning center for toddlers. In addition, it maintains a comprehensive distance education and open university program for thousands of community health workers and public administrators in various regions nationwide with affiliations and recognition from various national and international organizations and institutions.

paragraphs: To date, there are 53 single-degree baccalaureate programs and 49 masters, doctoral, and graduate diploma offerings that lead to degrees in accountancy, economics, architecture, business administration, computer studies, education, engineering, law, mass communication, mathematics, medicine, nursing, physical education, physical therapy, psychology, sciences, social work, tourism, management, and public governance.

paragraphs: According to the Philippines' Commission on Higher Education (CHED), it is a model university for all public institutions across the country, one of the centers of excellence in the City of Manila, and the fifth among all universities nationwide based on the number of examinees passing the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) test.

paragraphs: As a university with its own charter, PLM enjoys certain level of autonomy. It is governed by the Board of Regents and administered by a President. The Board of Regents has the authority to grant diplomas, certificates and titles to students who have completed their academic programs and validate graduation of students. The six-member Board is composed of the President of the PLM, a representative of the PLM faculty, a distinguished alumnus, a respected educator, and one other respected professional, and the Superintendent of the Division of City Schools-Manila. Each member serves a six-year tenure of office. The President oversees the implementation of the university policies. Immediately under the President are the offices of four Vice-Presidents - Executive Vice President, Vice President for Academic Affairs, Vice President for Administration, and Vice President for Finance and Planning.

paragraphs: The University is organized into twelve undergraduate colleges, two professional schools, seven graduate schools, and an open university and distance learning program, which are all being supervised by the Executive Vice President. These academic units collectively provide 53 single-degree undergraduate and 49 masters, doctoral and graduate diploma programs.

paragraphs: The twelve undergraduate colleges are the College of Accountancy & Economics, College of Architecture & Urban Planning, College of Engineering & Technology, College of Human Development, College of Liberal Arts, College of Management & Entrepreneurship, College of Mass Communication, College of Nursing, College of Physical Education, Recreation & Sports, College of Physical Therapy, College of Science, and College of Tourism, Hotel & Travel Industry Management. The two professional schools are the College of Law and the College of Medicine. The seven graduate schools include Graduate School of Arts, Sciences & Education, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Graduate School of Engineering, Graduate School of Law, Graduate School of Management, Graduate School of Urban & Settlements Planning, and the President Ramon Magsaysay School of Public Governance. The university's open university and distance learning program is served through the Emeritus College, Open University, and the District Colleges.

paragraphs: PLM is the tenth largest university in Metro Manila with a total student enrollment of 13,711 (as of January 20, 2006). For the undergraduate class of 2011, PLM received 40,000 college applications, and accepted three percent of them.

paragraphs: PLM's endowment in 2008 was valued at PhP 500 million, excluding the funding allotted for its teaching hospital, Ospital ng Maynila Medical Center, of about PhP 250 million. The University spends about four to fives times the national average for education.

paragraphs: PLM utilizes a semester-based modular system for conducting courses, adopts features of the American system (credits), and employs the General Weighted Average (GWA) system and a 1.00 to 5.00 grading scale, with 1.00 being the highest possible grade for a particular undergraduate course.

paragraphs: The semestral calendar being used by PLM consists of two regular semesters of about 15 to 16 weeks each, and semestral breaks of about three to four weeks each. The university requires a minimum of twelve units to be considered a full-time student, with the maximum being twenty units.

paragraphs: The late President, Diosdado Macapagal, who himself visited the University, said that PLM is "a unique university because it is the first community-oriented and socially conscious university in the country." He added that, "it gives poor but deserving public high school graduates of the community the means to acquire higher education." Moreover, he recognized PLM's emerging status as "one of the top universities in the country." Her daughter, President, Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo cited PLM for having a "culture of excellence," and commended the university for what she had believed as its "impressive" accomplishments in various fields.

paragraphs: The country's leading newspaper, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, described PLM as a local university with a national character and reputation. US Ambassador Kristie Kenney, in her speech during the 40th Commencement Exercises at the PLM Grandstand, praised PLM for building a "culture of commitment to public service in its students, faculty and alumni." In an article in the Business Mirror, PLM was considered as the "highest symbol of Manila’s public educational system which radiates another form of power and influence." Websites such as Manila Board regarded that PLM is one of leading and prime public universities in the country today.

paragraphs: On August 13, 2008, Adel A. Tamano, in his column at the "Manila Times" wrote that PLM is "a unique learning institution" and is "essentially an "honors school" where only the students from lower income families with excellent scholastic records are admitted."

paragraphs: PLM is not a perfect institution, and the university had been criticized in the past for the 'reconsideration' cases, wherein some students who failed to meet the university’s standards for retention were readmitted because of the so-called 'backers'. In order to resolve this issue, the city government has insulated the University from political pressure so as not to compromise its status as one of the country's leading educational institutions.[1] [2]

paragraphs: The site of the PLM campus at Intramuros used to be occupied by the Colegio de Manila (also known as Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio), which was founded in 1590 by Fr. Antonio Sedeño, S.J. The Colegio de Manila formally opened in 1595, and was the first school in the Philippines.

paragraphs: Aside from Colegio de Manila, there were other structures that were built in the site. Iglesia de Santa Ana, the first stone church in the Philippines, was built in 1590 and opened in 1596. However, an earthquake destroyed it, and another church was built in honor of St. Ignatius of Loyola in 1626.

paragraphs: In 1601, the Colegio de San José was set up as an annex of Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio. Twenty years later, Pope Gregory XV, through the Archbishop of Manila, authorized the Colegio Seminario de San Ignacio to confer degrees in theology and arts and elevated it into a university. In 1623, Philip IV of Spain confirmed the authorization, making the school both a pontifical and a royal university, and the very first university in the Philippines and in Asia. In 1722, the Colegio de San José was granted "royal patronage".

paragraphs: In 1768, the Jesuits surrendered the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio to the Spanish authorities after their suppression and expulsion from Spain and its territories. Later, the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio was placed under secular administration and converted into a seminary and a liberal arts college. In 1773, Pope Clement XIV formally declared the dissolution of the Society of Jesus. In 1895, the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio merged with the Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of the University of Santo Tomas. The Colegio de San José is now the San José Major Seminary at the Ateneo de Manila University.

paragraphs: The buildings of what was the Universidad Maximo de San Ignacio were transformed into military headquarters called Cuartel del Rey, which eventually became known as Cuartel de España. José Rizal was placed on trial for sedition here on December 26, 1896.

paragraphs: During the American occupation, part of the barracks was razed, and a gymnasium was built on it. In early 1930s, one of first games of the NCAA was played in the 31st Infantry Quonset Gym. The buildings and the whole premises served as military headquarters for the 31st Infantry of the United States Army until 1941. During World War II, General Douglas McArthur held command post here, but the entire area was later destroyed by the ongoing military conflict.

paragraphs: In early 1960s, the site was rehabilitated by the city government and a building was constructed at General Luna Street to house the students of Manila High School. However, on April 24, 1965, the late President Diosdado Macapagal issued Proclamation 392-A, giving to the proposed city university the three-hectare lot being occupied by Manila High School. On February 26, 1967, the new complex along Victoria Street was inaugurated, and the students of Manila High School was transferred there. On July 17, 1967, the first group of PLM scholars began studying on the site where the modern educational system in the Philippines started.

paragraphs: The call to open a university run by the city government of Manila began during the term of Mayor Arsenio H. Lacson when Ordinance No. 4202 was approved by the City councilors on January 13, 1960. The said ordinance allotted a total of PhP 1,000,000 for the construction of the university. However, Mayor Lacson did not however live to see the realization of this project as he died suddenly of heart attack. Vice Mayor Antonio Villegas took over and continued Lacson's plan. He later issued Executive Order No. 7, s-1963 that created the committee that would draw up the plan of founding a university. But some difficulty prevented the university's formal creation. As a result, he sought the help of Congressman Justo R. Albert, representative of the City's fourth congressional district. Congressman Albert then sponsored House Bill No. 8349 at the Philippines' House of Representatives. The Senate version of the bill was authored by Senators Gil Puyat and Camilo Osias.

paragraphs: The two bills were eventually combined into one, and it was discussed during the Fourth Session of the Fifth Congress of the Philippines on January 25, 1965. The final bill was later passed by the joint Congress and signed by Senate President Ferdinand E. Marcos and House Speaker Cornelio T. Villareal with Mr. Regino S. Eustaquio, Secretary of the Senate, and Mr. Inocencio B. Pareja, Secretary of the House of Representatives.

paragraphs: On June 19, 1965, the final bill with the title - "An Act Authorizing the City of Manila to Establish and Operate the University of the City of Manila and for Other Purposes" - was signed into law by President Diosdado P. Macapacal in a signing ceremony at Malacañang Palace. The signing was witnessed by Atty. Primitivo de Leon, Mayor Villegas, Congressman Ramon Mitra Jr., and its main sponsor in the House of Representatives, Congressman Albert. The law was captioned as Republic Act No. 4196, which now serves as the University Charter.

paragraphs: With an enrollment of 556 students—both men and women—PLM opened for classes on July 17, 1967. All of them are housed under the University College, which offered liberal arts courses. After a year, a Graduate Institute for Teachers was founded, and it was followed by the Institute of Extramural Studies. At the turn of the decade, the school had expanded its offerings to include degree programs leading to specializations in communication, engineering, education, business administration, nursing.


title: Maple syrup

paragraphs: Maple syrup is a thick kind of syrup made from the sap of maple trees. It is made mostly of a type of sugar called sucrose, and is usually eaten together with waffles and pancakes. Sometimes, maple syrup is used to bake things such as pies, to make candy, or just as a syrup that adds sweetness to food. It is also sometimes used in making lemonade.

paragraphs: It was used by eastern North America and later by European settlers. Syrups are usually packed when they are hot. The Canadian province of Quebec is by far the largest producer of maple syrup. It produces about three-quarters of the worlds maple syrup. In cold climates, maple trees keep starch in their trunks and root before the winter, but when spring arrives, the starch is converted to sugar/sucrose that rises the sap.


title: Black Light Burns

paragraphs: Black Light Burns is an industrial rock band with Wes Borland (formerly of Limp Bizkit, Big Dumb Face, Eat the Day) as the front man. Their first album, "Cruel Melody", was released on June 5, 2007. The band released a covers album+DVD package in summer of 2008 titled "Cover Your Heart and the Anvil Pants Odyssey", and is currently working on its second album.


title: Pasteurella multocida

paragraphs: Pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative, non-motile coccobacillus that is penicillin-sensitive. "Pasteurella multocida" often exists as a commensal in the upper respiratory tracts of many livestock, poultry, and domestic pet species, especially cats and dogs.

paragraphs: "Pasteurella multocida" was first found in 1878 in fowl cholera-infected birds. However, it was not isolated until 1880 by Louis Pasteur, the man in whose honor "Pasteurella" is named.


title: Pantheon

paragraphs: The Pantheon (meaning "Temple of all the gods") is a building in Rome. It was originally built as a temple to the gods of Ancient Rome, and rebuilt about 126 AD during Hadrian's reign. Today, it is not known what gods were included.

paragraphs: The Pantheon is the best preserved of all Roman buildings. Since it was built, it has always been used. The design of the current building is sometimes credited to Trajan's architect Apollodorus of Damascus, but it may also been Emperor Hadrian's architects who designed it. Scholars now agree that it was not Hadrian himelf who built it. Since the 7th century, the Pantheon has been used as a Roman Catholic church. The Pantheon is the oldest standing domed structure in Rome. The height to the oculus and the diameter of the interior circle are the same, .

paragraphs: The Pantheon dome is the largest dome made mainly of unreinforced concrete. It does, however, contain other materials. According to the Jutland Archaeological Society investigations, the lower section of the dome is made of concrete with alternating layers of bricks and tuff; both have good affinity with the lime-pozzolan mortar which filled the voids.

paragraphs: The term "pantheon" is sometimes used for a building where well-known dead people are buried.


title: Rosarium Uetersen

paragraphs: The Rosarium Uetersen is a rose garden in the city of Uetersen, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.

paragraphs: The Rosarium is the oldest and largest rose garden in Northern Germany. Established in 1929 and originally designed by landscaping architect Berthold Thormählen, Mathias Tantau and Wilhelm Kordes, the rosarium covers at present over seven hectares more than 35,000 roses and 1020 various rose varieties in all gradations of color and aroma nuances presented.


title: Blind Carbon Copy

paragraphs: Blind Carbon Copy (Bcc) is a way to send emails, like a Carbon Copy (cc). One can use the "Bcc" field to send copies of the email to many recipients. However, unlike a Carbon Copy, only the sender and the Bcc recipient will know who gets the Blind Carbon Copies of the email. Other recipients will not see the Bcc recipient's email address in the mail.


Ryuzo Morioka


title: Hans van Breukelen

paragraphs: Hans van Breukelen (born 4 October 1956) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


Teruaki Kurobe


title: Kazuki Teshima

paragraphs: Kazuki Teshima (born 7 June 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kozo Kinomoto

paragraphs: Kozo Kinomoto (born 8 January 1949) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Furukawa Electric.


title: Sílvio José Canuto

paragraphs: Sílvio José Canuto (born 17 January 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Yokohama.


Nobuyuki Kojima


Yoshinori Abe


title: Carbon copy

paragraphs: Carbon Copy is produced when a sheet of carbon paper is placed between two sheets of writing paper. As a pen, pencil, or typerwriter element presses down to write on the first sheet, exactly the same writing appears on the second sheet. The same is true if the two sheets of paper and carbon paper are placed into a typerwriter to generate two copies of a document. People would type "cc" at the bottom of the paper to show where the carbon copy was sent. When people began using email, the carbon copy (cc) shows that the same email is sent to more than one person.


title: Kanagawa Prefecture

paragraphs: Kanagawa was created from lands of Sagami Province and Musashi Province.

paragraphs: In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry landed at Kanagawa.

paragraphs: In 1854, the Japanese-American Convention of Kanagawa opened Japanese ports to the United States.

paragraphs: In 1923, the center of the Great Kantō earthquake was deep beneath Izu Ōshima Island in Sagami Bay.

paragraphs: Kanagawa is in the southeastern corner of the Kantō Plain. The prefecture is between Tokyo on the north, the foothills of Mount Fuji on the northwest, and the Sagami Bay and Tokyo Bay on the south and east. The western border is shared with Yamanashi Prefecture and Shizuoka Prefecture.

paragraphs: There are nineteen cities in Kanagawa Prefecture:

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 23% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Samukawa jinja" and "Hikawa jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Catalan Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Catalan Wikipedia () is the Catalan-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in March 2001, and is the fourth-oldest edition of Wikipedia.

paragraphs: It is the 17th largest edition by article count.

paragraphs: As of May 2013, it had over 400,000 articles.

paragraphs: As of March 11, 2016, the number of the Catalan Wikipedia's articles reached 500,000.


title: Ardipithecus

paragraphs: Ardipithecus is a very early hominid genus, which lived during the late Neogene.

paragraphs: Two species are known: "A. kadabba", dated to about 5.6 million years ago (late Miocene), and "A. ramidus", which lived about 4.4 million years ago during the early Pliocene.

paragraphs: Because this genus shares several traits with the African great ape genera ("Pan" and "Gorilla"), some place it on the that branch rather than human branch.

paragraphs: Most consider it a proto-human because of a likeness in teeth with "Australopithecus". "Ardipithecus" had bipedalism and reduced canines, like the Australopithecines.


title: Australopithecus anamensis

paragraphs: Australopithecus anamensis is a species of "Australopithecus". The first fossilized specimen of the species, though not recognized as such at the time, was a single arm bone found in Pliocene strata in the Kanapoi region of East Lake Turkana by a Harvard University research team in 1965. The specimen was tentatively assigned at the time to "Australopithecus" and dated about four million years old. Little additional information was uncovered until 1987, when Canadian archaeologist Allan Morton (with Harvard University's Koobi Fora Field School) discovered fragments of a specimen sticking out of a partially eroded hillside east of Allia Bay, near Lake Turkana, Kenya.

paragraphs: Six years later the London-born Kenyan paleoanthropologist Meave Leakey and archaeologist Alan Walker excavated the Allia Bay site and uncovered several additional fragments of the hominid, including one complete lower jaw bone which closely resembles that of a common chimpanzee ("Pan troglodytes") but whose teeth are much more similar to those of a human. In 1995, Meave Leakey and her associates, taking note of differences between "Australopithecus afarensis" and the new finds, assigned them to a new species, "A. anamensis", deriving its name from the Turkana word anam, meaning "lake".


title: Australopithecus bahrelghazali

paragraphs: Australopithecus bahrelghazali is a fossil australopithecine which was discovered in 1993 by the paleontologist Michel Brunet. Brunet found the fossil in the Bahr el Ghazal valley near Koro Toro, in Chad, in Africa and named it Abel. Abel was dated using beryllium-based radiometric dating as living about 3.6 million years ago.


title: Albany County, New York

paragraphs: Albany County is a county in the U.S. state of New York.


title: Thurgood Marshall

paragraphs: Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908 – January 24, 1993) was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States. Thurgood Marshall, earlier named Thoroughgood Marshall (which he changed in the 2nd grade), was born in Baltimore, Maryland. Marshall served on the Court from 1967 to 1991. In 1946 he was awarded the Springarn Medal for all his achievements and hard work for the NAACP. Marshall had been one of the NAACP's top lawyers. He was one of the lawyers who argued "Brown v. Board of Education". He was also Solicitor General of the United States.

paragraphs: Thurgood Marshall attended Frederick Douglass High School in Baltimore, Maryland and was in the class with the brightest students. He graduated a year early in 1925 with a B-grade average, and was in the top three of his class. In 1929 He married Vivian Burey . He went on to attend Lincoln University and graduated in 1930. He applied to the University of Maryland Law School, but was denied admission because he was black. He later joined the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) and became an active member. In 1934, Marshall became director of the NAACP, Legal Defense and for an Educational Fund. He won his first major civil rights case in Maryland in 1935 with the help of Charles Houston. He won 29 of 32 Supreme Court cases. He went on to argue thirty-two cases before the Supreme Court in 1940. Marshall argued in the Smith v. Allwright which disputed the rights of black people from voting in 1944. He also fought in the Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka about racial segregation in public schools in 1948, which was one of the biggest cases of the century. In 1954 the Supreme Court ended racial segregation in public schools. This was a rule violation of the 14th Amendment. It made way for integration and was a major victory of the civil rights movement. He then went on to investigate U.S. Army courts-martial in 1950-1951, in Japan and Korea to help African American soldiers. In 1961 John F. Kennedy appointed him to the US Court of Appeals and he won 29 cases before attending the Supreme Court.<br>

paragraphs: Between the years 1908-1993, he fought for individual rights. A quote that he wrote himself  “A child born to a black mother in a state like Mississippi….. has the same rights as a white boy born to the wealthiest person the United States. It’s not true, but I challenge anyone to say it is not a goal worth working for..” Marshall believed that both blacks and whites should have equal rights but it was not happening in the United States. He thought it was right for both rich and poor children to have equal rights. This quote had to do with Thurgood Marshall’s life because he was not rich but his parents and teachers worked hard to help him become a lawyer. He had to memorize the constitution. As a lawyer, he fought to end segregation between blacks and whites.

paragraphs: Thurgood Marshall was against the death penalty because he didn't think that it was necessary. He argued that there is no reason for the people who did something wrong, to go through the death penalty. He says that they should have a less painful punishment by going to prison instead. In 1990, Marshall said a lot of things about the death penalty and why he didn't want it enforced.

paragraphs: Back in Thurgood Marshall's time, the time of segregation, some thought that if people were more open they would have seen the most important black male of the century. He joined the NAACP and argued in Brown v Board. To this day there is only one other black male in the Supreme Court justice. In his time in the Supreme Court he worked to end segregation and fought for the equal rights for all people. Even though he’s dead his legacy is still alive.


title: Emanuel Feuermann

paragraphs: Emanuel Feuermann (born Kolomyia, Austro-Hungarian Empire, 22 November 1902; died New York City, 25 May 1942) was a famous Austrian cellist who became a naturalized American. During his short career he was thought of as the world’s greatest cellist after Pablo Casals.

paragraphs: Feuermann's parents were amateur musicians. His father started to teach him the violin, but the young boy wanted to hold it between his legs like a cello, so his father bought him a small cello. In 1909 the family moved to Vienna so that he could learn the cello from the famous Friedrich Buxbaum, the cellist of the Rosé Quartet and principal cellist of the Vienna Philharmonic. Then he studied with Anton Walter at the Music Academy in Vienna. In February 1914, aged twelve, he played in his first concert, performing Joseph Haydn's Cello Concerto in D with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Felix Weingartner.

paragraphs: In 1917, Feuermann went to Leipzig where he studied with Julius Klengel. Klengel thought his young pupil was incredibly talented, but that he did not know much great cello music. Feuermann worked very hard. Klengel was a good teacher for him

paragraphs: In 1919 Friedrich Grützmacher died and Klengel recommended Feuermann should take his job at the Gürzenich Conservatory in Cologne. Although he was very young he got the job which had a very good salary, but he was not given the title of “professor”.

paragraphs: During the 1920s he gave many concerts all over the world. In 1929 he became professor at the Musikhochschule in Berlin.He played with famous people such as the violinists Carl Flesch, Szymon Goldberg, Joseph Wolfsthal and Jascha Heifetz, the composer and viola player Paul Hindemith and the pianist Artur Rubinstein.

paragraphs: On April 3, 1933, with the rise of Nazism, he lost his job at the Berlin Conservatory because he was Jewish. He moved to London. He toured Japan and the United States where he played the Haydn concerto with the New York Philharmonic conducted by Bruno Walter. Some music critics were not very impressed with his playing. However, a few days later he gave a recital. Nearly all the professional cellists in New York were there because they had heard that Feuermann was an exceptional player. The audience were extremely enthusiastic and even the music critics changed their minds.

paragraphs: In 1935 he married. He moved to Zürich with his wife, but happened to be in Vienna at the time of the Anschluss while his wife and young daughter were still in Zürich. Bronislaw Huberman helped Feuermann and his family escape to Israel in September 1938. At the end of the year they went to the United States and applied for American citizenship.

paragraphs: He taught at the Curtis Institute of Music and gave concerts and made recordings with other great musicians including Artur Schnabel, Bronislaw Huberman and, especially, with the pianist Franz Rupp.

paragraphs: Feuermann died in 1942 of an infection after a small operation for haemorrhoids.

paragraphs: Feuermann was one of the greatest cellists who ever lived. The cello was not often heard as a solo instrument in those days, but Feuermann and Pablo Casals made people change their minds. Feuermann did not actually practise very much on his own, but when he was making music with other people he worked very hard at all the detail. He loved teaching. He also loved fast cars. His family were very important indeed to him.

paragraphs: Many believe that Feuermann's interpretation of Antonín Dvořák's Cello Concerto and his performance of Johannes Brahms's Double Concerto with Jascha Heifetz are among the best ever.


title: Jonathan Nott

paragraphs: Jonathan Nott (born Solihull, England in 1963) is an English conductor. He was a choral scholar at the University of Cambridge, and also studied singing and flute in Manchester and conducting in London.

paragraphs: In 1988 he started his career as conductor. He became music director at the Lucerne Theatre, and principal conductor of the Lucerne Symphony Orchestra from 1997 to 2002. He made recordings of works by György Ligeti with the Berlin Philharmonic. Nott often conducts the Ensemble InterContemporain (EIC). Since 2000 he has been conductor of the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra.


title: Isabella of France

paragraphs: Isabella of France (1295 – 22 August 1358) was the Queen consort of England as the wife of Edward II of England. She was also Regent of England for her son Edward III of England when he was too young to rule. Until 1325 she was a traditional queen consort. After that time she had one of the worst reputations of any English queen.

paragraphs: She was the daughter of Philip IV of France and Joan I of Navarre. As the daughter of two monarchs she was destined to be a queen. While France and England had a common culture, political relations between them were tense. To ease this situation Pope Boniface VIII arranged two marriages. This double-alliance was between Edward I of England and Marguerite of France and also the infant Edward II marrying Isabel. In 1299 the marriage between Edward I and Marguerite took place. The marriage between Edward II and Isabella would wait until she was old enough. They were married in 1308 at Boulogne-sur-Mer in France.

paragraphs: At age 12 the young bride was already considered a great beauty. Since his father's death a year earlier, the 24 year old Edward II was now king. But he showed very little interest in Isabella. His first act as king was to recall the exiled Piers Gaveston. One chronicler wrote "He had home his greatest love."

paragraphs: Whatever their relationship was exactly, Edward II regarded Gaveston with great affection. From the beginning of his marriage to Isabella their relationship was not good. Edward had no romantic interest in Isabella. Isabella soon found her husband was not giving her any money. She wrote to her father telling him she was living in poverty. King Philip quickly wrote back demanding Edward provide for his wife and any children they might have. Edward stalled by giving excuses. Meanwhile Isabella discovered that Piers Gaveston had been given many of the jewels her father had given her as part of her dowry. Isabella was furious. Her uncles warned Edward they would not attend their coronation unless he got rid of Gaveston. But Edward's barons had already made the same threats. Edward promised he would take care of everything when the parliament met in March. When Gaveston was put in charge of the coronation, one thing after another went wrong. At the banquet table honoring the king and queen, Gaveston sat next to the king instead of Isabella. He even displayed his Coat of arms next to the king's instead of Isabella's. The barons and Isabella's kinsmen were angry over these insults to their new queen. But it wasn't until 1311 that the barons drew up a list of ordinances the king had to follow. The first was to get rid of Piers Gaveston. But before 1312 Gaveston came back to England. That same year Isabella was pregnant with their first child. To escape the barons, Edward and Gaveston fled north taking Isabella with them. They left her unprotected at York while Edward and Gaveston escaped on a ship. But the barons were not upset with Isabella. Gaveston was captured and murdered in the summer of 1312. This didn't end Isabella's troubles as Edward found a new favorite in Hugh le Despenser. In November their first child was born, the future Edward III of England. But Despenser hated Isabella more than Gaveston. By 1321 she was virtually a prisoner. By 1324 Edward had given all her lands to Despenser.

paragraphs: In 1325 Edward convinced Isabella to go to France. Her brother Charles IV of France was now king. Edward wanted her to negotiate for him over Gascony. This was Isabella's chance for freedom. She even convinced her husband to send their son Edward (III) to join her. Edward soon realized his mistake and demanded she and his son return. Isabella ignored his demands and remained in France. The anger she must have felt over the years of mistreatment in England finally gave her a chance to rebel against her husband. She had their son, the future king of England with her and Edward could do nothing. At this time she was joined by Roger Mortimer an English exile. Another who came to her aid was Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent, Edward II's half-brother. A number of Englishmen in France joined her cause. Many were upset with Edward II and the Despensers.

paragraphs: But Isabella was short of funds. She and her followers went north to Hainaut to find more support. In turn for their support, she negotiated a marriage for her son Edward to Philippa of Hainaut. She also gave up any claims she had to the French crown. She now had an army from Hainaut with many Englishmen backing her. While living in Hainaut, she and Roger Mortimer had become lovers.

paragraphs: In 1326 Isabella and her army landed at Suffolk. Neither Edward or the Despensers could mount an army against her. Edward II was captured and lost his throne. His son Edward III was made king in his place, with his mother as regent.

paragraphs: In 1321 when she was denied access to the Leeds Castle, she made her escort try to force their way in through the gate, and after they failed, she made 13 of her escort hang immediately. She had 4 children and at least 3 miscarriages. When she later died she was buried in her wedding dress.


title: Orrorin tugenensis

paragraphs: Orrorin is considered to be the second-oldest known hominin ancestor that is possibly related to modern humans. Only one species is known: Orrorin tugenensis. The name was given by the discoverers who found "Orrorin" fossils in the Tugen Hills of Kenya. The fossils were found were estimated to date between 6.1 and 5.8 million years ago, during the late Miocene.


title: Battle of France

paragraphs: In World War II, the Battle of France, also called the Fall of France, was the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, from 10 May 1940, and ended the Phoney War. The battle was made up of two parts. In the first, called "Fall Gelb" in German (called "Case Yellow" in English), German tank units pushed through the Ardennes, to circle the Allied units that moved into Belgium. Most of the British Expeditionary Force and many French soldiers escaped to England from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo.

paragraphs: In the second part of the battle, called "Fall Rot" in German ("Case Red" in English), from 5 June, German armed forces circled the Maginot Line to attack the rest of France. Italy started its own invasion of southeastern France on 10 June. The French government left Paris for Bordeaux, and the Germans took Paris on 14 June. After the French Second Army Group surrendered on 22 June, France gave up as a country on 25 June. For the Axis, the Battle of France was a big win.

paragraphs: France was split into a German-occupied part in the north and west, a small Italian-occupied part in the southeast, and a satellite state part in the south, called Vichy France. Southern France was taken over on 10 November 1942 and France was run by Germany until after the Allied return in 1944; the Low Countries were set free in 1944 and 1945.


title: Industry

paragraphs: In economics, different kinds of manufacturing and services are broken down into groups called industries. The word comes from a Latin word meaning "working diligently at a task". There are many different industries, like mining, farming and logging. The industrial revolution made new industries.

paragraphs: An industy produces goods or services which are of a common set of qualities and which are indistinguishable (called homogeneous, in economics). It uses standardised processes for production, mass production and divison of labor.

paragraphs: Slavery, which is forcing people to make goods and services, has happened since ancient times throughout the world as a way to have low-cost production. It usually produces goods for which profit depends on economies of scale. International law has declared slavery illegal.

paragraphs: The industrial revolution (from the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century) saw the development and popularization of using machines to make goods instead of using hands. The industrial revolution played a role in the abolition of slavery in Europe and in North America.


title: Christian (wrestler)

paragraphs: William Jason "Jay" Reso (born November 30, 1973) is a Canadian professional wrestler and actor. He is currently working for WWE as a co-host of "The Edge and Christian Show That Totally Reeks of Awesomeness" on the WWE Network. In WWE, Reso is a former World Heavyweight Champion, four-time Intercontinental Champion and nine-time World Tag Team Champion. He is also known for his time in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) as Christian Cage from 2005 to 2008, where he won the NWA World Heavyweight Championship twice during his time in TNA, and was the last official holder of that title under the TNA name. He is also a former 2 time ECW World Heavyweight Champion. Reso also does a weekly podcast that is released every Friday with Adam Copeland known as “"E&C’s Pod of Awesomeness”."


title: Geoffrey Blake

paragraphs: Geoffrey Noel Blake (born April 9, 1914) is an English athlete who won the 1934 British Empire Games.


title: Coevorden

paragraphs: Coevorden is a city in the north-east of the Netherlands, in the province of Drenthe. It has about 35,000 inhabitants (2016).


title: Emmen

paragraphs: Emmen is a town in the northeast of the Netherlands. Around 57,000 people live in Emmen (2013).


title: Pandora

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Pandora was the first mortal woman. According to Hesiod, each god helped create her by giving her unique gifts. Zeus ordered Hephaestus to mould her out of Earth. This was part of the punishment of mankind, because Prometheus had stolen the secret of fire. All the gods helped by giving her seductive gifts. Another name was found for her was Anesidora, she who sends gifts. This name was found inscribed against her figure on a white-ground "kylix" in the British Museum.

paragraphs: According to the myth, Pandora opened a jar ("pithos") and released all the evils of mankind. With the exception of plagues and diseases, Hesiod does not specify the evils in detail. When Pandora closed the jar again, only Hope was left inside. The word pithos has been translated the wrong way, which may have led to the idea of "Pandora's box". Pandora opened the jar because she was curious what was inside, and not because of malice.

paragraphs: The myth of Pandora is ancient, and there are several different Greek versions. It has been interpreted in different ways. In the literary versions, the myth is a kind of theodicy, it addresses the question why there is evil in the world. The oldest versiion is that of Hesiod, who wrote it in the 7th century BC. He shortly mentions it in his Theogony, in line 570, but does not name Pandora. In his Works and Days he gives the oldest known literary version of the story. There is an older story that tells that urns and jars can contain blessings and evils which is told in Homer's Illiad:

paragraphs: The immortals know no care, yet the lot they spin for man is full of sorrow; on the floor of Zeus' palace there stand two urns, the one filled with evil gifts, and the other with good ones. He for whom Zeus the lord of thunder mixes the gifts he sends, will meet now with good and now with evil fortune; but he to whom Zeus sends none but evil gifts will be pointed at by the finger of scorn, the hand of famine will pursue him to the ends of the world, and he will go up and down the face of the earth, respected neither by gods nor men.

paragraphs: The Pandora myth first appears in lines 560–612 of Hesiod's poem the "Theogony". This version does not give the woman a name. Prometheus has stolen the gift of fire, and has given it to the humans. Zeus is angry about this and decides to punish men, as a compensation for the gift. He commands Hephaestus to make the first woman from earth. This woman is described as a "beautiful evil" whose descendants would torment the race of men. After Hephaestus does so, Athena dressed her in a silvery gown, an embroidered veil, garlands and a crown of gold. This woman is unnamed in the "Theogony", but is probably Pandora. Hesiod rewrote her myth in "Works and Days". When she first appears before gods and mortals, "wonder seized them" as they looked upon her. But she was "sheer guile, not to be withstood by men." Hesiod elaborates (590–93):

paragraphs: From her is the race of women and female kind:

paragraphs: of her is the deadly race and tribe of women who

paragraphs: live amongst mortal men to their great trouble,

paragraphs: no helpmates in hateful poverty, but only in wealth.</poem>

paragraphs: Later, Hesiod tells that men who try to avoid the evil of women by avoiding marriage will fare no better (604–7):

paragraphs: He reaches deadly old age without anyone to tend his years,

paragraphs: and though he at least has no lack of livelihood while he lives,

paragraphs: yet, when he is dead, his kinsfolk divide his possessions amongst them.</poem>

paragraphs: At the end, Hesiod says that occasionally a man finds a good wife, but still (609) "evil contends with good."

paragraphs: The more famous version of the myth comes from another of Hesiod's works, called "Works and Days". There, the myth is contained in lines 60 to 105. Hesiod tells about Pandora's origin. He also makes the scope of the misery she inflicts on mankind bigger. As before, she is created by Hephaestus, but now more gods help completing her (lines 63-82): Athena taught her needlework and weaving (63–4); Aphrodite "shed grace upon her head and cruel longing and cares that weary the limbs" (65–6); Hermes gave her "a shameful mind and deceitful nature" (67–8); Hermes also gave her the power of speech, putting in her "lies and crafty words" (77–80) ; Athena then clothed her (72); next she, Persuasion and the Charites adorned her with necklaces and other finery (72–4); the Horae adorned her with a garland crown (75). Finally, Hermes gives this woman a name: Pandora – "All-gifted" – "because all the Olympians gave her a gift" (81). The story is written in such a way that Pandora's feminine and deceitful nature is a small problem for mankind, because she brings a "pithos". This word is usually translated as jar, sometimes as a "box". The box contains "burdensome toil and sickness that brings death to men" (91–2), diseases (102) and "a myriad other pains" (100).

paragraphs: Prometheus had warned his brother Epimetheus not to accept any gifts from Zeus. But Epimetheus did not listen; he accepted Pandora, who promptly scattered the contents of her jar. As a result, Hesiod tells us, "the earth and sea are full of evils" (101). One item, however, did not escape the jar (96–9), hope:

paragraphs: Only Hope was left within her unbreakable house,

paragraphs: she remained under the lip of the jar, and did not

paragraphs: fly away. Before [she could], Pandora replaced the

paragraphs: lid of the jar. This was the will of aegis-bearing

paragraphs: He does not tell the reader why hope remained in the jar.

paragraphs: Hesiod closes with this moral (105): "Thus it is not possible to escape the mind of Zeus."

paragraphs: Archaic and Classic Greek literature do not mention Pandora any more. Sophocles wrote a satyr play "Pandora, or The Hammerers", but very little is known of this play. Sappho may have made reference to Pandora in a surviving fragment.

paragraphs: Later, people filled in small details, or they added postscripts to Hesiod's story. Examples for this are Apollodorus and Hyginus: Each of them added a part to the story, that might have already been in Hesiod's version, even though it was not written down: Epimetheus married Pandora. They each add that they had a daughter, Pyrrha, who married Deucalion and survived the deluge with him. The problem of that version is that Hesiod's Catalogue of Women", fragment #2, had made a "Pandora" one of the "daughters" of Deucalion, and the mother of Graecus by Zeus.

paragraphs: In the 15th century, a monk named Annio da Viterbo said he had found a manuscript of a historian named Berossus. Berossus had lived in the 3rd century BC. According to the manuscript, "Pandora" was also named as a daughter-in-law of Noah. This attempt to join pagan and Christian texts was later recognised as a forgery, though.

paragraphs: The poet Theognis of Megara, who lived in the 6th year BC, had a different point of view:

paragraphs: Hope is the only good god remaining among mankind;

paragraphs: the others have left and gone to Olympus.

paragraphs: Trust, a mighty god has gone, Restraint has gone from men,

paragraphs: and the Graces, my friend, have abandoned the earth.

paragraphs: Men’s judicial oaths are no longer to be trusted, nor does anyone

paragraphs: revere the immortal gods; the race of pious men has perished and

paragraphs: men no longer recognize the rules of conduct or acts of piety.</poem>

paragraphs: Theogonis seems to be referring to a different version of the myth: In that version, the jar contained blessings rather than evils. This version seems to follow a tradition before Hesiod, which was preserved by 2nd century writer Babrius. According to Babrius, the gods sent a jar containing blessings to humans. A "foolish man" (not Pandora) opened the jar, and most of the blessings were lost forever. Only hope remained, "to promise each of us the good things that fled."

paragraphs: Attic red-figure painters seem to have had a tradition which was independent of the literary sources: Sometimes, they add to the literary version, sometimes they ignore it altogether.

paragraphs: There are many ways in which the figure of Pandora can be interpreted. Erwin Panofsky wrote a monography on the subject. According to M. L. West, the story of Pandora and the jar is older than Hesiod's versions. This also explains the confusion and problems of Hesiod's version and that it is inconclusive. According to West, Pandoora was married to Prometheus in these versions. West cites Hesiod's "Catalogue of Women", which preserved the older version. In one version of the story, the jar may have contained only good things for mankind. West also writes that it may have been that Epimetheus and Pandora and their roles were transposed in the pre-Hesiodic myths. This is called a "mythic inversion". He remarks that there is a curious correlation between Pandora being made out of earth in Hesiod's story, to what is in Apollodorus that Prometheus created man from water and earth. Hesiod's myth of Pandora's jar, then, could be an summary of many different early myths.

paragraphs: There are different questions that need to be discussed. The Greek original text speaks about "elpis". Usually, this word is translated into English as "Hope", but it could be translated differently. "Expectation" is another possible translation, which is more neutral. One can expect good things, as well as bad things. Hope has a positive connotation.

paragraphs: "Elpis" is everything that remains in the jar, when Pandora closed it again, so does the jar give "elpis" to mankind, or does it keep elpis away from it? -Another question to ask is wheter elpis remaining in the jar a good thing, or a bad one, for mankind?

paragraphs: The first question might confuse the non-specialist. But as with most ancient Greek words, "elpis" can be translated a number of ways. A number of scholars prefer the neutral translation of "expectation." But expectation of what? Classical authors use the word "elpis" to mean "expectation of bad," as well as "expectation of good." Statistical analysis demonstrates that the latter sense appears five times more than the former in all of ancient Greek literature. Others hold the minority view that "elpis" should be rendered, "expectation of evil" ("vel sim").

paragraphs: How one answers the first question largely depends on the answer to the second question: should we interpret the jar to function as a prison, or a pantry? The jar certainly serves as a prison for the evils that Pandora released – they only affect mankind once outside the jar. Some have argued that logic dictates, therefore, that the jar acts as a prison for "Elpis" as well, withholding it from men. If one takes "elpis" to mean expectant hope, then the myth's tone is pessimistic: All the evils in the world were scattered from Pandora's jar, while the one potentially mitigating force, Hope, remains locked securely inside.

paragraphs: This interpretation raises yet another question, complicating the debate: are we to take Hope in an absolute sense, or in a narrow sense where we understand Hope to mean hope only as it pertains to the evils released from the jar? If Hope is imprisoned in the jar, does this mean that human existence is utterly hopeless? This is the most pessimistic reading possible for the myth. A less pessimistic interpretation (still pessimistic, to be sure) understands the myth to say: countless evils fled Pandora's jar and plague human existence; the hope that we might be able to master these evils remains imprisoned inside the jar. Life is not hopeless, but each of us is hopelessly human.

paragraphs: It is also argued that hope was simply one of the evils in the jar, the false kind of hope, and was no good for mankind, since, later in the poem, Hesiod writes that hope is empty (498) and no good (500) and makes mankind lazy by taking away his industriousness, making him prone to evil.

paragraphs: In "Human, All Too Human", philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche argued that "Zeus did not want man to throw his life away, no matter how much the other evils might torment him, but rather to go on letting himself be tormented anew. To that end, he gives man hope. In truth, it is the most evil of evils because it prolongs man's torment."

paragraphs: An objection to the "hope is good/the jar is a prison" interpretation counters that, if the jar is full of evils, then what is expectant hope – a blessing – doing among them? This objection leads some to render "elpis" as the expectation of evil, which would make the myth's tone somewhat optimistic: although humankind is troubled by all the evils in the world, at least we are spared the continual expectation of evil, which would make life unbearable.

paragraphs: The optimistic reading of the myth is expressed by M. L. West. "Elpis" takes the more common meaning of expectant hope. And while the jar served as a prison for the evils that escaped, it thereafter serves as a residence for Hope. West explains, "It would be absurd to represent either the presence of ills by their confinement in a jar or the presence of hope by its escape from one." Hope is thus preserved as a benefit for humans.

paragraphs: An incorrect etymology of Pandora's name, "all-gifted", was provided in "Works and Days". Pandora means "all-giving", but not "all-gifted." Some paintings in vases, from the fifth century before Christ, indicate that the beliefs about the goddess Pandora lasted after the time of Hesiod. Another name of Pandora was found in a kylix (circa 460 BC), "Anesidora", that means "she who sends up gifts." This vase painting depicts Hephaestus and Athenae finishing the touches on the first woman, like in the "Theogony". The epithet "anesidora" is also used to name Gaia or Demeter.

paragraphs: Pandora/Anesidora possibly would have taken on aspects of Gaea and Demeter. Pandora would incarnate the fertility of the Earth and its capacity to bear grain and fruits for the benefit of the Humans. Over time this "all-giving" goddess somehow devolved into an "all-gifted" mortal woman. T. A. Sinclair, commenting on "Works and Days" argues that Hesiod shows no awareness of the mythology of such a divine "giver". A.H. Smith, however, notes that in Hesiod's account Athena and the Seasons brought wreaths of grass and spring flowers to Pandora, indicating that Hesiod was conscious of Pandora's original "all-giving" function. Jane Ellen Harrison sees in Hesiod's story "evidence of a shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in Greek culture. As the life-bringing goddess Pandora is eclipsed, the death-bringing human Pandora arises." Thus Harrison concludes "in the patriarchal mythology of Hesiod her great figure is strangely changed and diminished. She is no longer Earth-Born, but the creature, the handiwork of Olympian Zeus." (Harrison 1922:284) Robert Graves, quoting Harrison, asserts of the Hesiodic episode that "Pandora is not a genuine myth, but an anti-feminist fable, probably of his own invention." H.J.Rose wrote that the myth of Pandora is decidedly more illiberal than that of epic in that it makes Pandora the origin of all of Man's woes with her being the exemplification of the bad wife.

paragraphs: The Hesiodic myth did not, however, completely obliterate the memory of the all-giving goddess Pandora. A scholium to line 971 of Aristophanes' "The Birds" mentions a cult "to Pandora, the earth, because she bestows all things necessary for life".

paragraphs: In fifth-century Athens Pandora made a prominent appearance in what, at first, appears an unexpected context, in a marble relief or bronze appliqués as a frieze along the base of the "Athena Parthenos" the culminating experience on the Acropolis; there Jeffrey M. Hurwit has interpreted her presence as an "anti-Athena" reinforcing civic ideologies of patriarchy and the "highly gendered social and political realities of fifth-century Athens." Interpretation has never come easy: Pausanias (i.24.7) merely noted the subject and moved on. Jeffrey Hurwit has argued that Pandora represents an "anti-Athena", similarly a child of no mother, an embodiment of the need for the patriarchal rule that the virginal Athena, rising above her sex, defended.

paragraphs: The humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam translated Hesiod from Greek to Latin, in the 16th century. The Greek word "pithos" is used for a large jar, used for example for storing wine. It can also refer to a funerary jar. "Pyxis", on the other hand, is a box. Usually, it is said that Erasmus swapped the words when he translated, so Pandora's "jar" became Pandora's box. The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since.


title: Corpus callosum

paragraphs: The corpus callosum is part of the brain in humans and other eutherian mammals. It is the largest connective pathway in the brain. Its over 200 million nerve fibers connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

paragraphs: The corpus callosum relates to the lateralization of brain function. Because the two side of the brain communicate so intensively, they can afford to specialise in doing somewhat different things.

paragraphs: The corpus callosum is found only in placental mammals (the eutherians). It is absent in monotremes and marsupials, and other vertebrates such as birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

paragraphs: Other groups do have brain structures that allow for communication between the two hemispheres. The anterior commissure serves as the main cross-hemisphere communication in marsupials.

paragraphs: The fibrous bundle of the corpus callosum increases to such an extent in humans that it wedges apart the hippocampal structures.


title: Victor Cristaldo

paragraphs: Victor Cristaldo is a former Australian Football (soccer) player of the 1980s and 1990s. He played for the Melbourne Knights in Australia. He also played for the Paraguayan teams Sport Colombia and Presidente Hayes.


title: Paranthropus boisei

paragraphs: Paranthropus boisei was originally called Zinjanthropus boisei and then Australopithecus boisei until recently. It was an australopithecine, the largest of the "Paranthropus" species. It lived from about 2.6 until about 1.2 million years ago during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in Eastern Africa. It was 4' 6" tall for a male and 4' 1" for a female.


title: Paranthropus aethiopicus

paragraphs: Paranthropus aethiopicus is an extinct species of hominid. The fossil was discovered in 1985 in Lake Turkana, Kenya. KNM WT 17000 is known as the "Black Skull" due to the dark colouration of the bone, caused by high levels of manganese. It is one of the earliest examples of robust australopithecines from the Pliocene. The skull is dated to 2.5 million years ago, before the other forms of robust australopithecines.


title: Curry tree

paragraphs: The curry tree (also called Karivepallai, Karivembu, Karivepaku or Kadipatta) is a kind of tree. It is found mostly in hot climates, and is a native plant of India. The leaves of the curry tree are called curry leaves or Sweet Neem leaves.

paragraphs: Usually, curry trees grow to 4-6 metres tall, and their trunk grows to 40 centimetres in diameter. Small black, shiny berries that grow on the tree can be eaten, but their seeds are poisonous.

paragraphs: The scientific name of the curry tree, "Murraya koenegii", was chosen to celebrate the botanist Johann Koenig.


title: Native (ecology)

paragraphs: A species is called indigenous or native to a place when that species lives there because of the natural environment, not human change. A species is an indigen if it lives in the wild and has not had artificial selection by humans.

paragraphs: If a species is in a place because it was moved by humans, the species is not indigenous to that place. It is an introduced species.


title: Quicksand

paragraphs: Quicksand is a mixture of water and sand or silt. It has the characteristic of thixotropy: it looks solid, but when pressure is applied it liquifies (acts like a liquid). If animals or people stand on it, they sink into it. However, a person does not drown in quicksand. A human or animal does not sink entirely into quicksand due to the higher density of the fluid. It can be difficult to get out: that is the real problem. Quicksand may be escaped by slow movement of the legs in order to reduce viscosity of the fluid, and rotating the body so as to float on one's back (supine).

paragraphs: Water circulation underground can focus in an area with just the right mixture of fine sands and other materials such as clay. The water moves up and then down slowly in a convection-like manner throughout a column of sand, and the sand remains a generally solid mass. This lubricates the sand particles and makes them unable to support any significant weight, since they move around with very little friction. They behave more like a liquid when exposed to stress. Since the water does not usually go all the way up through the sand, the sand above does not appear to move at all, and can support leaves and other small debris. This makes it difficult to distinguish quicksand from the surrounding environment.

paragraphs: Quicksand is a non-Newtonian fluid: when undisturbed it often seems to be solid ("gel" form), but a small (less than 1%) change in the stress on the quicksand causes it to turn liquid ("sol" form). There is a sudden decrease in its viscosity. Under his weight, the person then sinks into the sol (liquidised sand).

paragraphs: Someone stepping in it starts to sink. Around the person dense regions of sand and sediment form and grip the person. The viscosity of the quicksand seems to increase suddenly. It is now a gel. In order to move within the quicksand, a person or object must apply sufficient pressure on the compacted sand to re-introduce enough water to liquify it. The forces required to do this are quite large: to remove a foot from quicksand at a speed of one centimeter per second would require the same amount of force as "that needed to lift a medium-sized car".

paragraphs: It was commonly believed that the behavior of quicksand was due solely to saturated or supersaturated suspensions of granules in water. Pressure from underground sources of water would separate and suspend the granular particles, reducing the friction between them. In 2005 it was been shown that the presence of salt is important. The stability of the colloidal quicksand is changed by the presence of salt. It increases the high viscosity regions of sediment responsible for quicksand's "trapping" power. Another finding was that a human cannot be drawn into a saltwater quicksand entirely.

paragraphs: Quicksand may be found inland (on riverbanks, near lakes, or in marshes), or near the coast.

paragraphs: One region notorious for its quicksands is Morecambe Bay, Yorkshire. As the bay is very broad and shallow, a person trapped by the quicksand would be exposed to the danger of the returning tide, which can come in rapidly.


title: Military organization

paragraphs: A military organization is a way of making up the armed forces of a state as a need to offer military capability as needed by a national defence policy. In some countries paramilitary forces are included in a nation's armed forces. Armed forces that are not a part of the military or paramilitary organizations, such as insurgent forces, often mimic military organizations, or use ad hoc structures.


title: SS-Verfügungstruppe

paragraphs: The SS-Verfügungstruppe (The Combat Support Force) (short: SS-VT) were combat divisions of the SS, trained to the same way as the normal German Armed Forces (Wehrmacht). They were the precursor of the later-developed Waffen-SS.

paragraphs: On 24 September 1934, a special SS military unit was made up by a group of a few other Nazi and paramilitary units like units known as SS Special Detachments (SS-Sonderkommandos) and the Guard known as the (SS-Stabswache) units. The new group was to be trained as combat ready infantry. The unit was called SS-Special Purpose Troops (SS-Verfügungstruppe) and was not the police or the Armed Forces but military trained men for the use by the Führer in war or peace. The SS-Verfügungstruppe (known as SS-VT) was told to the public on 16 March 1935. The SS-VT trained with Hitler’s body guards some of which later joined the SS-VT prior to the invasion of Russia in 1941

paragraphs: Some units of the SS-VT worked with the Wehrmacht during the take over of the Sudetenland, Austria, and Czechoslovakia, and took part in the invasion of Poland along with the campaign against the Allies in the West. From the regiments that made up the SS-VT came the Waffen-SS (or "Armed"-SS) Divisions that fought in all German theaters in World War II. Units making up the SS-VT were not known as the "Waffen-SS" until a speech by Adolf Hitler in July 1940.

paragraphs: In 1939 the whole SS was split into two groups: the Allgemeine-SS (the General SS) and the Waffen-SS (the Armed SS).

paragraphs: The Waffen-SS was made up of three smaller groups

paragraphs: In 1941 the commander of the SS, Heinrich Himmler, said that more Waffen-SS Verfügungstruppe units would be made from non-German foreign nationals. The goal was to get more soldiers from occupied nations. Some of these foreign units included volunteers from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Norway, and the Netherlands.

paragraphs: Countries like Spain, officially a neutral state, had by the end of the war given many volunteers to the Waffen SS (most of them with the SS Wallonien division) that took part in combat until the end of the European war in Berlin. This and many other volunteers of non-German background were believers in the German cause.


title: Detachment (military)

paragraphs: A detachment (from the French word "détachement") is a military unit. It can be broken off from a bigger unit for a set reason or (as often seen in United States Army usage) can be a permanent unit smaller than a battalion. The term is often used to refer to a unit that is sent to a different base from the parent unit.

paragraphs: A Cadet detachment usually consists of between 10 and 40 cadets. Several detachments make up a cadet company.


title: Battalion

paragraphs: A battalion is a military unit of around 500-1500 men often made up of from two to seven companies and often commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel. More than one battalions often make up a regiment or a brigade.

paragraphs: A battalion is often the smallest military unit able to do movement on their own without being part of a larger unit. The battalion is often part of a regiment, group or a brigade.

paragraphs: Important people in a battalion headquarters include:


title: 1984 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1984 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1984 and ended on November 30, 1984. Sometimes storms form outside these dates for example. An example of this is Hurricane Lili, which formed on December 12. Lili lasted until December 24.

paragraphs: This season was active, with 17 depression, 13 of them became a tropical storm, 5 of the tropical storms became hurricanes, and 1 of the hurricanes became a major hurricane. Most of the cyclones were weak. The only very damaging storm was Hurricane Diana. Diana was the major hurricane of the season, and the only storm to affect land as a hurricane.


title: Kenyanthropus platyops

paragraphs: Kenyanthropus platyops is an extinct hominid species discovered in Lake Turkana, Kenya in 1999. It was by Justus Erus, who was part of Meave Leakey's team.

paragraphs: The fossil 3.5 to 3.2 million year old. It has a broad flat face with a toe bone that suggests it probably walked upright. Teeth are intermediate between typical human and typical ape forms.

paragraphs: Leakey proposed that the fossil represents an entirely new hominine genus. Others classify it as a separate species of "Australopithecus", Australopithecus platyops, and still others interpret it as an individual of "Australopithecus afarensis".

paragraphs: If some palaeoanthropologists are correct, "Kenyanthropus" may not even represent a valid taxon. The specimen is so distorted by matrix-filled cracks that meaningful morphological characteristics are next to impossible to assess with confidence.


title: The Southern Vampire Mysteries

paragraphs: The Southern Vampire Mysteries is an adventure, mystery, and romance book series written by author Charlaine Harris. In the story scientists have invented a fake blood for vampires to drink, giving them a chance to live with humans peacefully. Sookie Stackhouse, the main character, meets a vampire in her hometown of "Bon Temps" (a made up place in Louisiana) and falls in love, however she must also solve the mysterious deaths in her town, using her ability to hear people's thoughts.

paragraphs: The book series was first published in 2001, and there are currently eight books all together. In 2007 a television show was created about the books called "True Blood", which is on HBO.


title: Combot

paragraphs: Combot is a character made for the "Tekken" series. Its first and only appearance was in ""Tekken 4"".

paragraphs: Combot is Mokujin's replacement in Tekken 4 (gameplay wise). Combot didn't mimic a different character every round like Mokujin, instead it changed fighting styles every match.

paragraphs: Combot is a humanoid robot (a robot that was made to act like humans). Lee entered it in the King of Iron Fist Tournament 4 and he used it so he could win. He entered the tournament himself, disguising himself as a man named Violet

paragraphs: Combot is not like any other humanoid robot. A powerful AI function lets it mimic any human motion it can see. With this ability, Combot can do any job from childcare, housekeeping, service industries, and even military duty.

paragraphs: This Combot is a unique version made for fighting. The making of Combot was very rushed so that it could be finished in time for The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4.

paragraphs: Lee Chaolan’s plan was to have Combot memorize different of fighting styles as it went through the tournament. Lee was trying to create the most powerful fighting robot in the world and win the Mishima Zaibatsu at the same time.

paragraphs: The development team did not have enough time to get rid of Combot's problems. As a result, a few bugs remained in its memory when the Tournament started. These bugs stop Combot from mimicking more than one person’s moves each time it starts up.


title: Lady of the Lake

paragraphs: The Lady of the Lake is a character of Arthurian legend. Different writers give her different names. Her roles include giving King Arthur his sword, Excalibur, taking Arthur to Camelot after the Battle of Camlann, raising Lancelot after the death of his father, and of enchanting Merlin. She is called Nimue, Viviane, Elaine, Niniane, Nyneve or Nimueh, amongst others.


title: Disk buffer

paragraphs: A disk buffer is a small amount of memory on a hard drive. Sometimes it is also called cache buffer, or disk cache, but these words should not be used, a disk buffer is not a cache. In early 2015, hard disks usually have between 16 and 128 megabytes of such memory.

paragraphs: When writing data to the disk, the data needs to be written to a certain position on the disk. This is done by a component called disk read/write head. This head needs to be moved to (or near) the correct track. After some settling time the read head begins to pick up bits. Usually, the first sectors to be read are not the ones that have been requested by the operating system. The disk's embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer, in case the operating system requests them later.

paragraphs: The disk is attached to the computer by what is called an I/O interface. This interface almost always works at a different speed than that of the hard disk platter. In such a case, the disk buffer is used to store the data that comes from the disk, before it sent to the computer, or to store the data that comes from the computer before it can be written to the disk.

paragraphs: Modern disks often have a feature called "command queuing" (This is called TCQ in SCSI disks, and NCQ in SATA disks). This means that many commands can be sent at the same time, and the hard disk will put them into the best order. To store the commands and re-order them, the hard disk needs the disk buffer


Takayuki Yamaguchi


Shinji Fujiyoshi


title: Samuel Eto'o

paragraphs: Samuel Eto'o (born 10 March 1981) is a Cameroonian football player. He has played for Internazionale Milano and Cameroon national team.


title: Mark Kinsella

paragraphs: Mark Kinsella (born 12 August 1972) is a former Irish football player. He has played for Republic of Ireland national team.


Takahiro Yamada


title: Shin Nakamura

paragraphs: Shin Nakamura (born 6 May 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


Eiji Gaya


Kazuo Echigo


title: Yusuke Mori

paragraphs: Yusuke Mori (born 24 July 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.


title: Shinya Mitsuoka

paragraphs: Shinya Mitsuoka (born 22 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Leonardo Araújo

paragraphs: Leonardo Araújo (born 5 September 1969) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Raí

paragraphs: Raí (born 15 May 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: José Oscar Bernardi

paragraphs: José Oscar Bernardi (born 20 June 1954) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Juninho Paulista

paragraphs: Juninho Paulista (born 22 February 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Mauro Silva

paragraphs: Mauro Silva (born 12 January 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Massimo Ambrosini

paragraphs: Massimo Ambrosini (born 29 May 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Milan.


title: Bebeto

paragraphs: Bebeto (born 16 February 1964) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Josep Guardiola

paragraphs: Josep Guardiola (born 18 January 1971), more commonly known as Pep Guardiola, is a Spanish football player turned manager. He has played for Spain national team. He is the current manager of Manchester City.


Masaharu Suzuki


title: Jin Sato

paragraphs: Jin Sato (born 27 September 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Pirna

paragraphs: Pirna is a "Große Kreisstadt" in the rural district of Sächsische Schweiz-Osterzgebirge in the Free State of Saxony, Germany.

paragraphs: Pirna is located at the beginning of the Elbtalkessel, where the Wesenitz and the Gottleuba flow in the Elbe. In the south of Pirna is the "Osterzgebirge". Pirna is named "Tor zur Sächsischen Schweiz" (door to the Sächsische Schweiz).

paragraphs: Direct in the north of Pirna is the capital of Saxony, Dresden. Nearby towns are Bad Gottleuba-Berggießhübel, Bahretal, Dohma, Dohna, Dürrröhrsdorf-Dittersbach, Heidenau, Lohmen, Stadt Wehlen and Struppen. All these towns are in the rural districts of Sächsische and Schweiz-Osterzgebirge.

paragraphs: The first relics of human settlers are from the last ice age. In the neolithic age, farmers lived in this region. In the 6th century the Sorbs settled in Pirna.

paragraphs: With the foundation of the "Mark Meißen" in the 10th century, it became possible to confirm when the Pirna area had been settled. The castle of Prina was built during the 12th century. Henry III, Margrave of Meissen established the rights of the town of Pirna officially. At this time, the river Elbe was important for trade. The town was first mentioned in writing in 1233. Wenceslaus II of Bohemia bought the town in 1293, so the town was Bohemian until 1405. In 1307, a convent, a complex where nuns lived, was founded in the district.

paragraphs: The table below lists the population change of Pirna since 1300. Since 1960 the population was counted on December 31 every year.


title: Wil

paragraphs: Wil is the capital of Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. The former municipality of Bronschhofen merged into Wil on 1 January 2013.


title: Uzwil

paragraphs: Uzwil is a municipality in Wil in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: London Calling

paragraphs: London Calling is the third studio album by the English punk rock band The Clash. It was released in 1979 (1980 in the U.S).

paragraphs: The album represented a significant change in The Clash's musical style, which now featured major elements of ska, funk, pop, soul, jazz, rockabilly and reggae far more prominently than in their previous two albums.


title: Gavotte

paragraphs: The gavotte was a folk dance, performed by the peasants in the Brittany region of France. Later it was popular in French and English courts in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was especially popular in the French courts of King Louis XIV.

paragraphs: The music for a gavotte has a four beat feel, with upbeats on beats three and four. To dance a gavotte the dancers must cross their feet twice in each step pattern, with each step followed by a hop. Singers often provided the accompaniment, though dancers might also be accompanied by an ensemble of such instruments as a violin, a drum, bagpipes or shawm, a forerunner of the modern oboe.

paragraphs: The gavotte later became a musical, rather than a dance piece. In the Baroque period gavottes were mainly found in binary form. When composers began writing suites, six short dance based pieces, the gavotte usually was played between the sarabande and the gigue. The best known examples of the gavotte are found in the suites and partitas written by J.S.Bach.


title: 2009 WWE Draft

paragraphs: The 2009 WWE Draft took place April 13, 2009 at the Phillips Arena in Atlanta, Georgia. It was the sixth yearly draft and the seventh overall.

paragraphs: The WWE draft is run by World Wrestling Entertainment. It is a way to add to their rosters after separating into two separate rosters (Raw and SmackDown!) in 2002. This is known as the WWE Brand Extension.

paragraphs: ECW was added as WWE's third brand in 2006. Under the brand extension, superstars are brand exclusive. This means they belong to and perform on brand. A brand uses its brand's show to perform. For example, SmackDown Superstars perform on SmackDown.

paragraphs: The draft was shown on an episode of Raw.


title: Zhang Ziyi

paragraphs: Zhang Ziyi (, born February 9, 1979) is a Chinese movie actress. She is best known for her work in award-winning movies such as "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000), "Hero" (2002), "House of Flying Daggers" (2004), "2046" (2004) and "Memoirs of a Geisha" (2005).


title: Quartz clock

paragraphs: A quartz clock is a clock that uses an electronic oscillator that is regulated by a quartz crystal to keep time. This crystal oscillator creates a signal with very precise frequency, so that quartz clocks are at least an order of magnitude more accurate than good mechanical clocks. Generally, some form of digital logic counts the cycles of this signal and provides a numeric time display, usually in units of hours, minutes, and seconds. Since the 1970s, they have become the most widely used timekeeping technology.


title: Ideal gas law

paragraphs: The ideal gas law is the equation of a possible ideal gas, first made by Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron in 1834.

paragraphs: The state or amount of an amount of gas is found by using its pressure, volume, and temperature in the equation:


title: Ideal gas

paragraphs: An ideal gas is a gas with particular characteristics.

paragraphs: Ideal gases are hypothetical which means that they do not exist in their true form.

paragraphs: The Ideal gas law that relates the volume, pressure, temperature and number of particles in an ideal gas is:


title: Daylight Records

paragraphs: Daylight Records is an American record label. It is part of the Sony Music Entertainment group. It was started by David Massey.