title: West Ruislip tube station

paragraphs: West Ruislip is a station located on Ickenham Road between Ickenham and Ruislip in the London Borough of Hillingdon in Greater London formerly in Middlesex; it is served by both London Underground (LU) and National Rail trains on independent platforms. It is the western terminus of the LU Central line's West Ruislip branch, with Ruislip Gardens as the next Underground station towards central London. The Central line and Chiltern Railways platforms and ticket office hall are managed by LU. The closest station on the Metropolitan line and Piccadilly line is Ickenham which is 1.1 km from West Ruislip Station.

paragraphs: West Ruislip station is aligned approximately east-west with the main station buildings on the road overbridge across the lines at the western end of the station. The station has four platforms; two each for London Underground and National Rail services. The London Underground tracks are south of the National Rail ones and operate from an island platform whilst the National Rail platforms are outside of their tracks. The National Rail platforms are also served by a separate station building north of the tracks and adjacent to the car park. In a legacy of the original scheme to continue the extension to Denham, the Central line tracks continue for a short distance beyond the station before ending at buffers. The intended alignment of the unbuilt tracks can be seen from the width of the unused railway land south of the existing tracks.

paragraphs: The Central line's Ruislip depot is east of West Ruislip station, and has a connection via a shunting neck to the Network Rail westbound track west of the station to allow rolling stock and material deliveries. The depot also has a connection to the Uxbridge branch tracks of the Metropolitan and Piccadilly Lines which pass under the Central line east of West Ruislip; it is used only for empty stock movements and works train access. Two sidings west of the station to the north of the running lines provide layover facilities for works trains.

paragraphs: There are ticket barriers at the main entrance to the station; these control access to the Central line platforms from the public highway and from the pedestrian walkway linking the car park to the station. The Chiltern platforms can be reached from the car park walkway without tickets, as no ticket barriers are installed to control access


title: 2017 Latvian local elections

paragraphs: Local elections in Latvia were held on 3 June 2017. All 119 municipal councils of the country took part in the elections.

paragraphs: A number of deputies in the council depends on the amount of population in the territory: the bigger the population in the territory is, the more deputies work in the council. The number of deputies can be 9, 13, 15, 17 or 19. The only exclusion is the council of Riga, which is the capital of Latvia. Riga is by far bigger than any other city of Latvia, so its municipal council consists of 60 deputies.

paragraphs: Citizens of Latvia and other countries of the European Union who are over 18 years old have the right to vote in the local elections. In order to vote citizens of other EU countries have to register in the Population Register of Latvia at least 90 days before the election date. Voters take part in the local elections in the territory where they live or where they have real estate. Registration of voters is automatic. People are automatically registered for the local elections on a certain polling station according to the place where they live. However, no later than 18 days before the elections people can change their polling station to any other polling station in the territories where they live or have real estate.

paragraphs: On the election day polling stations work from 7 a.m. to 10 p.m. Three days prior to the election date early voting is possible: polling stations are usually opened for several hours during these days.

paragraphs: 599 lists of candidates were registered to participate in the local elections throughout the country. The number of candidates willing to become deputies was 8945. 465 lists were nominated by political parties individually, 31 lists by coalitions of political parties and 103 lists by unions of voters. 77.46% of all candidates were ethnic Latvians, 3.90% ethnic Russians, 0.48% ethnic Poles, 1.37% all others. 16.99% of candidates refused to state their ethnic identity.

paragraphs: 11.6% of all voters, which equals 167 thousand people, took part in the early voting from 31 May to 2 June. The total turnout of the local elections was 50.41% or 727839 people.

paragraphs: The following map shows the results of the local elections in different territories of Latvia. The colour, which each territory has, indicates the party, which received the majority of votes in this territory.

paragraphs: The results of local elections in two biggest Latvian cities (Riga and Daugavpils) are given below.

paragraphs: The coalition of Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and party "Proud to serve Riga" ruled Riga before the elections. The representative of "Harmony" Nils Ušakovs was the mayor of the city and the head of the city council. All other parties which took part in the elections agreed to work together to dismiss Ušakovs form the post of mayor.

paragraphs: According to the elections results the coalition of "Harmony" and party "Proud to serve Riga" lost several deputies in the council but received the majority of 32 places out of 60. On 22 June 2017 Nils Ušakovs was reelected as the head of the city council.

paragraphs: Before the elections, the representative of the Latgalian party Jānis Lāčplēsis was the mayor of the city and the head of the city council. He was elected to these posts unanimously (with no deputy voted against) in 2013 after local elections of that year.

paragraphs: According to the elections results the Latgalian party increased the number of its deputies in the council, however, did not receive the majority. At the same time, its rivals Social Democratic Party "Harmony" and "Our party" concluded a coalition agreement. On 26 June 2017 Andrejs Elksniņš from "Harmony" was elected as the mayor and the head of the city council while the leader of "Our party" Rihards Eigims became vice-mayor and the deputy head of the city council.

paragraphs: So the Social Democratic Party "Harmony" became the ruling force in municipal councils of two biggest cities in Latvia.


title: ME postcode area

paragraphs: The ME postcode area, also known as the Rochester postcode area, is a group of twenty postcode districts around Medway in Kent, England, the letters in the postcode are derived from. The area is divided into eleven post towns and extends into the districts of Tonbridge and Malling, Swale, Gravesham and Maidstone, as well as all of Medway.

paragraphs: The approximate coverage of the postcode districts:


title: Rudy Rotta

paragraphs: Rudy Rotta (14 October 1950 – 3 July 2017) was an Italian blues guitarist.

paragraphs: Rotta was born in Villadossola, Italy, but was raised in Lucerne, Switzerland where his family emigrated. He began his career in Switzerland at the age of 14, but eventually returned to Verona.

paragraphs: Over his career, he played with a number of well-known blues artists including Brian Auger, John Mayall, Robben Ford and Peter Green.

paragraphs: Rotta died on 3 July 2017 in Verona from pancreatic cancer, aged 66.


title: Gene Conley

paragraphs: Donald Eugene "Gene" Conley (November 10, 1930 – July 4, 2017) was a Major League Baseball pitcher and basketball player of the NBA. He was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma.

paragraphs: Conley played 11 seasons from 1952 to 1963 for four different teams. Conley also played forward in the 1952–53 NBA season and from 1958 to 1964 for two teams in the National Basketball Association.

paragraphs: He was best known for being one of only two people (the other being Otto Graham–1946 NBL and AAFC Championship, plus three more AAFC and three NFL championships) to win championships in two of the four major American sports, one with the Milwaukee Braves in the 1957 World Series and three Boston Celtics championships from 1959–61.

paragraphs: Conley died in Foxborough, Massachusetts on July 4, 2017 at the age of 86.


title: Joachim Meisner

paragraphs: Joachim Meisner (25 December 1933 – 5 July 2017) was a German Cardinal of the Catholic Church. He was born in Breslau, Germany (modern Wrocław, Poland).

paragraphs: Meisner was the immediate past Archbishop of Cologne, serving from 1989 until his resignation was accepted by Pope Francis in 2014. He previously served as Bishop of Berlin from 1980 to 1989, and was created a cardinal in 1983. He was widely considered to be Germany's leading conservative Roman Catholic figure.

paragraphs: Meisner died on 5 July 2017 while vacationing in Bad Füssing in Bavaria of cardiac arrest, aged 83.


title: Jens Christian Skou

paragraphs: Jens Christian Skou (; October 8, 1918 – May 28, 2018) was a Danish medical doctor and Nobel laureate. He was born in Lemvig, Denmark. In 1997, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker) for his discovery of Na,K-ATPase.

paragraphs: Skou died on 28 May 2018 in Aarhus, Denmark at the age of 99, five months short of his 100th birthday.


title: Strood railway station

paragraphs: Strood railway station is a railway station in Strood in Kent. The station is near the town centre. It is in walking distance from the high street and Rochester. The station is on the North Kent Line.


title: Rochester railway station

paragraphs: Rochester railway station is a railway station in Rochester in Kent. The station is in walking distance to/from the high street. The station is on the Chatham Main Line.


title: Chatham railway station

paragraphs: Chatham railway station is a railway station in Chatham in Kent. The station is roughly a 10-15 minute walk to/from the Pentagon Shopping Centre and the high street.


title: John Rodriguez

paragraphs: John R. Rodriguez (February 12, 1937 – July 5, 2017) was a Guyanaese-born Canadian politician. He was born in Georgetown, Guyana. He served as the mayor of Greater Sudbury, Ontario from 2006 to 2010, and previously represented the electoral district of Nickel Belt in the Canadian House of Commons from 1972 to 1980 and from 1984 to 1993 as a member of the New Democratic Party.

paragraphs: Rodriguez died on July 5, 2017 in Greater Sudbury, Ontario of heart failure at the age of 80.


title: Choi Eun-hee

paragraphs: Choi Eun-hee (November 20, 1926 – April 16, 2018) was a South Korean actress. She began her movie career in 1947 in the movie "A New Oath". For the next 20 years, she was one of the biggest stars in Korean movies and led the Shin Film company along with her husband, the director Shin Sang-ok. She was born in Gwangju, Gyeonggi.

paragraphs: According to the Internet Movie Database, from 1955 to 1985, Choi appeared in eighty-one movies. She received the award for best actress at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival in 1985, for her part in the movie "Sogum".

paragraphs: In 1978, Choi and Shin, whom she had recently divorced due to Shin having committed adultery, were kidnapped in Hong Kong to North Korea by order of Kim Jong-il. Kim's plan was to have Shin work as his propagandist and for Choi to be the star. Shortly after agreeing to the demands of Kim, they were remarried at his recommendation. The couple finally staged their escape in 1986 while on a trip to Vienna, fleeing to the United States embassy and requesting political asylum.

paragraphs: Choi died on April 16, 2018 in Seoul, South Korea of kidney failure at the age of 91.


title: 2019 Africa Cup of Nations

paragraphs: The 2019 Africa Cup of Nations (also called AFCON 2019 and CAN 2019) will be the 32nd edition of the Africa Cup of Nations tournament. The tournament will be hosted by Cameroon. But on January 9th, CAF changed the host. Egypt is the host of this tournament. It will be held from 7 to 30 June 2019.

paragraphs: Because they withdrew from the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification, Chad is banned from the tournament.

paragraphs: The following teams have qualified for the final tournament.

paragraphs: The following teams qualified for the tournament:


title: 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group J

paragraphs: Group J of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament is one of 12 groups to decide what team will qualify to play in the final tournament. The group includes four teams: Egypt, Niger, Swaziland and Tunisia.


title: 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group D

paragraphs: Group D of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament is one of 12 groups to decide what team will qualify to play in the final tournament. The group includes four teams: Algeria, Benin, Gambia and Togo.


title: 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification Group E

paragraphs: Group E of the 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification tournament is one of 12 groups to decide what team will qualify to play in the final tournament. The group includes four teams: Nigeria, South Africa, Libya, and Seychelles.


title: Manyogana

paragraphs: Man'yōgana is the oldest known sound-based writing system used for the Japanese language. When kanji, or Chinese characters used to write Japanese, first came to Japan in around the 4th century AD through the Korean Peninsula, it was only used to write the Chinese language. Even though Chinese was not native to the Japanese people, classical Chinese writings were nonetheless studied heavily by upper-class Japanese. Some time later, although the exact time is unknown, Chinese characters, which came be known as kanji in Japan, was being used to write the Japanese language for the first time in roughly the 6th century AD, although it had a heavy Chinese influence.

paragraphs: Figuring out how to write the Chinese character system to correctly fit the Japanese language was quite a difficult task, since there were such big differences between Chinese and Japanese. For example, Chinese has an SVO (subject-verb-object) word order (i.e. I eat sushi), while Japanese has an SOV word order (i.e. I sushi eat). Also, while Chinese morphemes, or the smallest meaningful part of a word, are usually monosyllabic, or having just one syllable, Japanese words often were polysyllabic, or having two or more syllables. Examples of this include 山, 魚, 中, 国, 人, 多, 速 and 見. In Mandarin Chinese, the most spoken Chinese dialect in the world, these morphemes are pronounced "shān, yú, zhōng," "guó, rén, duō, sù" and "kàn" in that order, all of which are just one syllable. In the native Japanese pronunciation, however, these morphemes are pronounced "yama, sakana, naka, kuni, hito, oo, haya" and "mi(ru)". What makes all this more complicated is that the last three kanji are almost never written by themselves in Japanese, if at all, since they are usually used in adjectives, verbs, and adverbs.

paragraphs: Writing characters by themselves is often okay in Chinese, since Chinese is an analytic language, or a language where grammar is structured by word order, but Japanese is highly inflectional, meaning that grammar is structured by word endings. For that reason, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs almost always have at least two morphemes, the first being the derivational morpheme, or the part of the word with the root meaning, and the second and others after it are called inflectional morphemes, or parts of the word added to show a word's grammar. For example, a word that uses the character 見 is 見る "mi(ru)," where the first morpheme, the kanji being 見 and its pronunciation being "mi," has the root meaning ""see"," the second syllable "ru" shows that the word is a verb, making it into the word ""to see"." The adjective 多い "oo(i)" is made up of the morpheme 多 "oo", meaning ""many"", and the morpheme い "i," showing that the word is an adjective. The last examples are the two words 速い "haya(i)" and 速く "haya(ku)." While the first morpheme in both words are the two syllables 速 "haya," meaning ""fast"," the い "i　"in 速い makes the word into an adjective while the く "ku" in 速く "hayaku" turns the word into an adverb, thus the word becomes ""quickly"".

paragraphs: Due to the many differences that existed between Chinese and Japanese, the Chinese character system had to be changed to fit spoken Japanese, if it were to be understood by native Japanese speakers. The first solution the Japanese came up with was to use Chinese characters for their pronunciation and not for the meaning of the word. These were called man'yōgana, which was named after the Man'yōshu, a collection of Japanese poems that wrote Japanese using the man'yōgana. While Chinese characters used for their meaning became known as kanji, the Chinese characters being used only for pronunciation became known as man'yōgana. Man'yōgana consisted of roughly 970 Chinese characters that could be used to represent roughly the roughly 90 different morae used in the Japanese language.

paragraphs: For example, while the character 山 means ""mountain"" in Japanese, the character itself was usually used only for Chinese loanwords, or words borrowed from the Chinese language, such as 富士山 "Fuji-san", meaning ""Mt. Fuji”，"火山"kazan," meaning ""volcano”，"and 山村 "sanson", meaning ""mountain village"." Words borrowed from the Chinese language would use on'yomi (in Japanese, the on'yomi for やま is "san", "zan, sen," or "zen"), or pronunciations borrowed from Chinese, instead of kun'yomi, or native Japanese pronunciations. During the early days of Japanese writing, native Japanese words were largely written using man'yōgana instead of kanji. For example, while the kanji for ""mountain"" is 山, and the kun'yomi for the word is "yama", the native Japanese word would be written as 耶麻, 八馬, 矢間, 也麻, etc. to distinguish it from being a Chinese loanword, or "kango".

paragraphs: While a modern Japanese sentence could be written like this: 私はすしを食べます "Watashi-wa sushi-o tabemasu" (meaning: I eat sushi), the same sentence written entirely in man'yōgana could be written as 和多氏巴寿司鳥他邊麻須, giving it a more Chinese look. Or, if someone wanted to keep all the kanji the same but replace all the modern kana, the sentence would look like this 私巴寿司鳥食邊麻須.

paragraphs: Although man'yōgana gave the Japanese a means to represent spoken Japanese on paper, sentences written in man'yōgana were quite difficult to read. Since Chinese characters were used for both representing the meaning of words and pronunciation, a lot of confusion could happen when a native Japanese speaker would read something written in both kanji and man'yōgana. The above examples in man'yōgana would be difficult for even a native Japanese speaker to read, especially for a modern Japanese person. On top of all that, writing everything down quickly was nearly impossible, since an entire Chinese character was needed to write down a simple Japanese syllable, some of which could have been written by up to 30 strokes of a pen.

paragraphs: In order to write faster, use fewer written characters, and read more easily, Japanese writers created simpler kana, or written characters to represent Japanese syllables. Buddhist monks created katakana by only using pieces of kanji so that they could write down spoken teachings more quickly. Upper-class women would use the kanji they knew and wrote cursive forms of these kanji. These became known as hiragana. While they were created separately, they later replaced man'yōgana as the main sound-based writing systems. While most sound-based writing today uses hiragana and katakana, man'yōgana is still used to write some modern Japanese words.

paragraphs: These examples are called ateji. Some examples include 寿司 sushi, 亜細亜 "Ajia" (Asia)、亜米利加 "Amerika" (America)、仏蘭西 "Furansu" (France)、阿弗利加 "Afurika" (Africa)、沢山 "takusan" and 珈琲 "kōhī" (coffee)。

paragraphs: Sometimes, like in the case of 仏蘭西, these are the old spellings of the names of places before the Japanese decided to represent all non-Chinese loanwords with katanana. Other times, the ateji is used since the Chinese characters are more well-known in different countries than the hiragana and the katana, an example being that the Chinese can recognize 寿司, since both characters also exist in Chinese, rather than すし, since neither character exists in Chinese. While the Chinese characters for "coffee" is 咖啡, the Japanese 珈琲 is close enough that Chinese could figure it out with a little guesswork.


title: Knut Hamsun

paragraphs: Knut Hamsun (1859-1952) was a Norwegian author and winner of the Nobel Prize in literature, in 1920.

paragraphs: An obituary he wrote for Adolf Hitler was published on 7 May 1945 in Aftenposten (a newspaper).

paragraphs: He married Marie Hamsun. Their children include Tore Hamsun.

paragraphs: In 1978, Gabriel Langfeldt released a book that listed the entire [written] statement of the court-appointed [medical] experts, from Hamsun's trial; spokesman for the Hamsun family - Leif Hamsun (a grandchild of Knut Hamsun) - said that after Langfeldt revealed my grandparents [privileged interviews with court-appointed experts], there is little that is private anymore.

paragraphs: Hamsun voluntarily went to psychoanalysis during 1926 to 1928; the psychoanalyst made notes.

paragraphs: Notes from the psychoanalysis of Hamsun, were published in 2017; the photocopied notes were from [Hamsun's appointments] with his psychoanalyst; photocopied notes were part of [a work of] art that was published in Vagant [a magazine].

paragraphs: Nobel Prize-winning writer Isaac Bashevis Singer translated some of his works.


title: Shanghainese food

paragraphs: Shanghainese food is the traditional food of Shanghai, China. It is a kind of Chinese food. Examples are xiaolongbao, spiced broad beans, and hairy crabs.

paragraphs: A xiaolongbao is a small kind of dumpling. It is made of a flour skin wrapped around a ball of pork, crabmeat, shrimp, or bok choy and other vegetables. It is steamed in a small basket called a "xiaolong", which gives the dumpling its name. The steam and meat together create some soup inside the dumpling. It was first made in Nanxiang in northwestern Shanghai, but the man who made it first later moved his shop to Yu Garden to get more business.

paragraphs: Wontons are a kind of dumpling with a meat center inside a thin skin that is made of flour, egg, water, and salt. The Shanghainese kinds come in two sizes, "small" and "big". The small wontons are wrapped loosely by hand and eaten for breakfast. The big wontons are wrapped carefully and eaten for lunch or dinner. Both kinds are often filled with minced pork and bok choy and served in chicken soup, but restaurants sometimes have as many as 50 different fillings. A well-known special kind is "Three-Freshness Soup" "sānxiān tāng"), made with pork, shrimp, and fish.

paragraphs: Hongshao pork is made of pork and a special sauce made of soy sauce, flour, and sugar.

paragraphs: Hongshao snakefish is cooked the same way, but usually with more spring onions.

paragraphs: "White cut chicken" (白斬雞, 白斩鸡, "báizhǎnjī") is chicken that is soaked in salt water, poached for about 30 minutes, chilled, and then cut into strips. People usually think of it as a Cantonese food but Shanghai has its own kind, eaten with a soy ginger sauce. It is usually eaten without the head, neck, or feet and locals prefer the dark meat in the thighs, legs, and back to the white meat in the breast, but all of them can be eaten at home or in restaurants.

paragraphs: The Shanghainese kind of white cut chicken prefers "triple yellow" chickens with yellow beaks, skin, and feet. It is closely tied to the Xiao Shaoxing Restaurant (小紹興, 小绍兴, "Xiǎoshàoxīng", "Little Shaoxing") on Yunnan Road near People's Square. Zhang Runniu was a 16-year-old boy who left his home in Shaoxing during the Second World War. He worked hard for a few years and then bought his own small shop in 1943. His kind of poached chicken became famous in the city: his restaurant remains open today and its favorite dish is copied in other restaurants and kitchens around the city. His yellow chickens are grown using a special set of food on farms in Pudong's Nanhui area. The dish can be so rare that blood still comes from the bones in the chicken after cooking and cooling. More people like the cool chicken during the hot summer, but many stayed away from it during the 2013 bird flu scare.

paragraphs: Shanghainese hairy crab "máoxiè") is a kind of mitten crab. It lives in rivers and lakes near Shanghai. The most famous place to get it is Yangcheng Lake near Suzhou. It is usually steamed and then cooked with huangjiu and soy sauce.

paragraphs: Youbao shrimp (, "yóubàoxiā") is a kind of fried shrimp. It uses a special sauce made of soy sauce, vinegar, scallions, salt, and black and red pepper. Its name comes from the loud popping noises that it makes when you cook it.

paragraphs: Spiced broad beans are made of beans flavored with aniseed and cinnamon. They are sweet. Nearly everyone knows them. It has a long history. A person named Zhang Acheng (張阿成) made this food sixty years ago.

paragraphs: Cold congee (糖粥) is a kind of congee (rice porridge) that is made of glutinous rice, red beans, and sugar. They are boiled together, then chilled to serve as a breakfast food.

paragraphs: Although people usually think of Shanghai as part of southern Chinese culture, Shanghainese tofu pudding follows the northern salty "tofu brains" ( "dòunǎo") and not the southern sweet "tofu flower" ( "dòuhuā") way of cooking it. It is made from an extra soft kind of tofu. In Shanghai, it is often eaten with soy sauce, shrimp, seaweed, or zhacai.

paragraphs: Doujiang is the older, watery kind of soy milk. It can be sweet, salty, or plain.

paragraphs: Some doujiang is always made when people make tofu, but Chinese people didn't start to like it until the 18th century. Raw doujiang has the same kinds of things in it that make people fart a lot when they eat too many beans. During the Qing, people found out that you could get rid of those things by cooking the doujiang for 90 minutes or so. After that, it became very popular. Some people sold it in the street, and others bought it fresh from tofu shops. By the Republic, Shanghai had 2 doujiang factories producing thousands of bottles a day.

paragraphs: Pear-syrup candy (梨膏糖, "lígāotáng") is a kind of candy made with pear syrup. Wei Zheng (魏征) is said to have first made it as a medicine for his mother's cough in the year 634 during the Tang Dynasty. Shanghainese pear-syrup candy began in three shops in the city's old walled city during the Qing Dynasty: Zhupinzhai (opened 1855), Yongshengtang (opened 1882), and Deshengtang (opened 1904). These shops joined together in 1956 to form the Shanghai Pear-Syrup Candy Food Factory (上海梨膏糖食品厂), which makes its candy at a factory in Pudong but still sells it from a store in the market around Shanghai's City God Temple. It remains a common souvenir for visitors to the city. Now, it is usually flavored with fruit or pinenuts, but it is also made with mint, ham, or rose. In traditional Chinese medicine, the candy is used for easing coughs and sore throats, reducing mucus, and increasing appetite.

paragraphs: Begonia cake "hǎitánggāo") is a Chinese pastry. It is made of dough filled with red bean paste and covered with preserved fruit pieces, sunflower and sesame seeds, and barley sugar. Stands in Qibao and at Yu Garden sometimes use lard or peanuts. It is baked in a mold shaped like the flower of the flowering crabapple tree. It is more popular with older Shanghainese than younger ones.

paragraphs: White Rabbit is a kind of soft milk candy first made in Shanghai. It is made from milk, sugar, and some chemicals that make it last longer. It was called "Mickey Mouse" candy when people first made it in 1943, but they changed it to "White Rabbit" later. It was cheap and became very popular. After China's melamine scandal, people in other countries stopped buying it until White Rabbit began to use milk from Australia and New Zealand instead of China.


title: Notes from the psychoanalysis of Knut Hamsun

paragraphs: During the psychoanalysis of Knut Hamsun, notes were made by his psychoanalyst, Johannes Irgens Strømme; sometimes the notes are referred to as the Strømme/Hamsun manuscript (Norwegian: Strømme/Hamsun-manuset).

paragraphs: Hamsun died in 1952 and copies of the notes were published in 2017; the publication is controversial (as of 2017).

paragraphs: The existence of the notes led to a race between a group related to [the community of persons who do] research [for a living,] and a group related to publishing.

paragraphs: Danish author Thorkild Hansen has said that the notes must certainly be viewed as [an] extremely important source.

paragraphs: Media sometimes refers to (as of May 2017,) the notes as "the classified notes".

paragraphs: The notes were written in one version of shorthand, called Gabelsberger.

paragraphs: In 1925, Hamsun had writer's block, and "he could not write a sentence". To go to consultations, at a specialist of psychoanalysis [was a voluntary decision by Hamsun]; he went to Johannes Irgens Strømme() - who had been a student of Oskar Pfister()

paragraphs: During a two year period, Hamsun made visits to Strømme; Hamsun would lie on a divan [or a couch-like sitting furniture] while being psychoanalyzed, and Strømme would sit (on a chair) behind Hamsun.

paragraphs: In 1926 the writer's block eased, and the year after he published the novel "Wayfarers";

paragraphs: He thanked the psychoanalyst "for the rest of Hamsun's life", for getting back his apetite for writing.

paragraphs: During the Legal purge in Norway after World War II()

paragraphs: , Hamsun was examined by a court-appointed psychiatrist - without Hamsun giving permission for the examinations;

paragraphs: [part of the diagnosis ] of Hamsun said that he had [a permanent reduction of sanity ] "varig svekkede sjelsevner";

paragraphs: to disprove and discredit the diagnosis, Hamsun wrote "On Overgrown Paths"() (published in 1949);

paragraphs: The notes by psychoanalyst Strømme, were [years later] "left to" a friend (of the psychoanalyst) - Ørnulf Myklestad; this friend was also the publisher of works by the psychoanalyst;

paragraphs: On a document dated 1958, Myklestad wrote that he would not do anything while Hamsun's widow was alive;

paragraphs: the notes were put in safe deposit box (at a bank);

paragraphs: Out of the safe deposit box, the notes came in the autumn of 1978;

paragraphs: The daughter of psychoanalyst Strømme had the shorthand notes, transferred to her.

paragraphs: The stenographied notes were [borrowed] by [publishing house] Gyldendal() for more than two months; Gyldendal returned the notes [together with a letter dated] 18 January 1979; "with the help of a stenographer employed by Norway's parliament", Gyldendal was able to interpret 30 pages of the shorthand notes, and Gyldendal transcribed those (in 1979); [in the letter, the female stenographer said that more] deciphering could be achieved - but it probably would take years and it would be expensive.

paragraphs: The interest in the notes regarding Hamsun, reached a climax [or top point] in 2001, when several groups [of people] wanted to use the notes.

paragraphs: A letter was sent - sometime before 2 April 2001 - from the national library, to the Ministry of Justice, regarding the library's [idea] to publicize the [notes regarding the] psychoanalysis ([that was] performed by Strømme); the notes were to be publicized together with comments from literary scientists and psychoanalysts; the project was to be led by Atle Kittang() - an expert (on research regarding Hamsun) and a professor of literature.

paragraphs: Media wrote about the letter; psychiatrist Sigmund Karterud() said (on 2 July) that psychiatrists [as a group] are shocked; However, the spokesman for the Hamsun family - Leif Hamsun (a grandchild of Knut Hamsun) - said that the project was not problematic.

paragraphs: At the same time, a major project was started by Gyldendal: Ingar Sletten Kolloen() was [expected] to write a significant biography about Hamsun;

paragraphs: a group of people were put together by Kolloen [to help him]: members of the group included literary scientists and experts of psychoanalysis; the group included psychiatrist Sigmund Karterud();

paragraphs: The national library cancelled plans to publish the psychoanalysis notes, media said on 23 September 2001; furthermore, Kolloen was granted access to the psychoanalysis notes, because of Gyldendal's plans for him to write a biography (about Hamsun);

paragraphs: Notes from Hamsun's psychoanalyst, were published in 2017; the photocopied notes were from [Hamsun's appointments] with his psychoanalyst; the published notes were part of [a work of] art that was published in Vagant()

paragraphs: The publication of the psychoanalyst's notes regarding Hamsun, is controversial (as of 2017).

paragraphs: In 2017 Morgenbladet() asked "Why at all, are the notes owned by the public".

paragraphs: The notes are deposited (as of 2017) at ["the national library" -] Nasjonalbiblioteket in Oslo, Norway;

paragraphs: they are part of a package, [that the national library calls] "manus 4°3565".

paragraphs: The "national library" (when it was called "Universitetsbiblioteket") received the notes, as a gift from the daughter of psychoanalyst Strømme.

paragraphs: In 1999 the daughter of psychoanalyst Strømme, permitted publication of the notes; previously she had put a clause in place that had prevented publication of the notes;

paragraphs: By 2003, no one seems to have discovered [and made use of the general availability of the notes].


title: Gillingham (Kent) railway station

paragraphs: Gillingham railway station is a railway station in Gillingham in Kent. The station is in walking distance of the high street. The station is on the Chatham Main Line.


title: Rainham (Kent) railway station

paragraphs: Rainham railway station is a railway station in Rainham in Kent. The station is in walking distance from the Rainham shopping centre. The station is on the Chatham Main Line.


Gillingham railway station


Rainham railway station


title: Durchhausen

paragraphs: Durchhausen is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the German state of Baden-Württemberg.


title: Brusio

paragraphs: Brusio is a municipality in the district of Bernina in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Viano, Cavaione, Campocologno, Campascio, Miralago and Zalende


title: Mr. Trash Wheel

paragraphs: Mr. Trash Wheel also known as the Inner Harbor Trash Wheel, is a trash interceptor. It removes trash from the Inner Harbor in Baltimore, Maryland. It is powered by water and solar power. It moves through the water and sorts trash into a conveyor belt that empties it into a dumpster on the vessel.

paragraphs: Mr. Trash Wheel removes garbage from the Inner Harbor. The garbage comes from the streets flowing into the water, particularly during storms. Usually the current from the Jones Falls river powers the wheel's movement. When the stream is slow it is powered by solar panels.


title: Buchs, St. Gallen

paragraphs: Buchs is a small city in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: B&Q

paragraphs: B&Q plc is a British DIY and home improvement retailing company in the United Kingdom. Its main offices are in Eastleigh, Hampshire, England. It is owned by Kingfisher plc.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1969 by Richard Block and David Quayle as Block & Quayle.

paragraphs: As of July 2017, B&Q has 300 shops in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Since 2015, B&Q have been closing a number of stores, and converting some to outlets of Screwfix. The company also has some outlets in Ireland. Stores in Taiwan and China were unsuccessful, and closed down in 2007 and 2015.


title: Buseno

paragraphs: Buseno is a municipality in the district Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.


title: Pierre Henry

paragraphs: Pierre Henry (9 December 1927 – 5 July 2017) was a French composer. He was considered a pioneer of the musique concrète genre of electronic music. He was born in Paris. Among Henry's works is the 1967 ballet "Messe pour le temps présent". In 1970 Henry collaborated with British rock band Spooky Tooth on the album "Ceremony".

paragraphs: Henry died at a hospital in Paris on 5 July 2017 at the age of 89.


title: Ybbs

paragraphs: The Ybbs is a river in Lower Austria. Its source is on the Zellerrain Pass near Mariazell.

paragraphs: Ybbs is also the common short form for the small town Ybbs an der Donau.


title: Oberthal, Saarland

paragraphs: Oberthal is a municipality in the district of Sankt Wendel in the state of Saarland, Germany. It is about 7 km northwest of Sankt Wendel, and 35 km north of Saarbrücken.

paragraphs: The Oberthal municipality exists of four settlements (people in brackets, as of 2012)


title: T. Berry Brazelton

paragraphs: Thomas Berry Brazelton (May 10, 1918 – March 13, 2018) was an American pediatrician, television host and author. He was the developer of the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS). Brazelton hosts the cable television program "What Every Baby Knows", and writes a syndicated newspaper column. Brazelton has written more than two hundred scholarly papers and twenty four books.

paragraphs: In 1994, Brazelton won the first Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lifestyle/Culinary Show Host.

paragraphs: Brazelton was born in Waco, Texas. He graduated in 1940 from Princeton and in 1943 from the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City. He died in Barnstable, Massachusetts on March 13, 2018 at the age of 99.


title: Zürich Airport

paragraphs: Zürich Airport (, ), is an international airport serving Zürich. It is the largest hub of Swiss International Air Lines. It is north of central Zürich, in the municipalities of Kloten, Oberglatt, Rümlang, Winkel and Opfikon, all of which are within the canton of Zurich. It was opened in 1948. It is also known as Kloten Airport.


title: Chalampé

paragraphs: Chalampé is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France. The town was founded by soldiers of Marshal Dubourg who in 1709 had beaten the Austrians under Count Claude Florimond de Mercy in the War of the Spanish Succession.


title: Athens, Ohio

paragraphs: Athens is a city in Ohio in the United States. It is the county seat of Athens County.


title: Cuxton

paragraphs: Cuxton is a village in Medway in South East England. It is on left side of the River Medway in the North Downs. It also has a railway station, Cuxton railway station.


title: Arrondissements of the Haute-Saône department

paragraphs: There are 2 arrondissements in the Haute-Saône department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Haute-Saône department has had few changes:


title: Adam Schiff

paragraphs: Adam Bennett Schiff (born June 22, 1960) is an American politician. He is the U.S. Representative for . He has served in Congress since 2001. He is a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: Schiff represented the 27th and 29th Districts between 2001 and 2013, which included the areas of Alhambra, Altadena, San Gabriel, Burbank, Glendale, South Pasadena, Temple City, Monterey Park, and Pasadena.

paragraphs: Schiff has become an influential voice for his party in the House of Representatives on foreign policy and national security issues.


title: Larry Lieber

paragraphs: Larry D. Lieber (; born October 26, 1931) is an American comic book artist and writer. He is the younger brother of Marvel Comics' writer, editor, and publisher Stan Lee.

paragraphs: Lieber is best known for scripting the first appearances of the Marvel characters Iron Man, Thor, and Ant-Man; for his long stint both writing and drawing the Marvel Western "Rawhide Kid"; and for illustrating the newspaper comic strip "The Amazing Spider-Man" for many years and continuing as of August 2016. From 1974 to 1975, he was editor of Atlas/Seaboard Comics.


title: Johnny Gosch

paragraphs: Johnny Gosch (born November 12, 1969) was a paperboy in West Des Moines, Iowa. He disappeared at age 12, while delivering newspapers. In the early hours of September 5, 1982, he disappeared on his route and was never seen since. Gosch is believed to be kidnapped. His mother got mail one morning in 1997 showing the photos of her kidnapped son and three other boys. Another paperboy disappeared where Johnny was kidnapped, named Eugene Martin, 13 years old.

paragraphs: His mother, Noreen Gosch, maintains that Johnny Gosch escaped from his captors and visited her in 1997, but now fears for his life and lives under an assumed identity. Gosch's father, John, divorced from Noreen since 1993, has publicly stated that he was not sure whether or not such a visit actually occurred. Authorities have not located Gosch or confirmed Noreen Gosch's account, and his fate continues to be the subject of speculation, conspiracy theories, and dispute.The case received publicity in 2006 when his mother claimed to have found photographs on her doorstep depicting Gosch in captivity. Some of the photos received were proven to be children from a case in Florida, but one boy in the photos was never identified. Noreen Gosch insists that boy is her son Johnny.


title: Willi Reschke

paragraphs: Willi Reschke (3 February 1922 – 5 July 2017) was a German Luftwaffe ace. He was the recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross during World War II.

paragraphs: Reschke was credited with 26 aerial victories in 70 missions. In 1999, Reschke recounted his wartime experiences in print, published in English in 2005 as ""Jagdgeschwader 301/302 'Wilde Sau': In Defense Of The Reich with the Bf 109, Fw 190 and Ta 152";" including writing about the late-war period he spent flying the exotic Focke-Wulf Ta 152 high-altitude fighter-interceptor designed by Kurt Tank.

paragraphs: Reschke died on 5 July 2017 in Berlin at the age of 95.


title: Minos Kyriakou

paragraphs: Minos Xenophon "Minas" Kyriakou (; 31 May 1942 – 2 July 2017) was a Greek media and shipping magnate and businessman. He was the president of the Greek Olympic Committee and was the President of the International Olympic Academy (IOA, 2004-2009). He was elected to the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) council in August 2003. He was born in Poros, Greece.

paragraphs: Kyriakou died of a heart attack on 2 July 2017 at a hospital in Athens, aged 75.


title: Joaquín Navarro-Valls

paragraphs: Joaquín Navarro-Valls, M.D. (16 November 1936 – 5 July 2017) was a Spanish journalist, physician and academic. He served as the Director of the Holy See Press Office from 1984 to 2006. He was born in Cartagena, Spain.

paragraphs: His role as the press liaison between the Vatican and the world press corps gave him perhaps the highest visibility of any one person in the Vatican during the long reign of Pope John Paul II, with the exception of the Pope himself. He resigned his post July 11, 2006 and was replaced by Father Federico Lombardi.

paragraphs: On January 20, 2007, he was named president of the board of advisers of the Biomedical University of Rome, an office he occupied until his death.

paragraphs: Navarro-Valls died in Rome, Italy on 5 July 2017 of pancreatic cancer, aged 80.


title: Joan B. Lee

paragraphs: Joan Boocock Lee (Joan Clayton Boocock; February 5, 1922 - July 6, 2017) was a English-born American hat model and actress. She was known for her 69-year marriage to comic book writer Stan Lee.

paragraphs: In the 1940s, Lee was a hat model in New York City when she met Stan Lee. In her later years, she became a voice actress and provided her voice in "Spider-Man" and "Fantastic Four" both in the 1990s.

paragraphs: Lee died on July 6, 2017 in Los Angeles from stroke-related complications after being hospitalized for a week. She was 95 years old.


title: This Is How We Do

paragraphs: "This is How We Do" is a dance-pop and electropop song from American singer and songwriter Katy Perry. It comes off her fourth studio album "Prism" (2013). The song was released on August 11, 2014. It was the fifth and final single from the album. The remix has the rapper Riff Raff rapping on it. She wrote the song with longtime collaborators Max Martin and Klas Åhlund, who produced it.

paragraphs: Commercially, the song hit the top ten in Canada and Israel. It also hit the top 30 in the United States, Sweden, Venezuela, Finland and Scotland. It was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for shipments of over one million copies in the US alone.

paragraphs: The song is about Perry's hangout routine with her friends. The video has Perry getting her nails painted and doing karaoke with her friends. Perry was accused of cultural appropriation for wearing black cornrows. The video has received over 600 million views on YouTube as of March 2018.


title: Junior Johnson

paragraphs: Robert Glenn Johnson, Jr. (June 28, 1931 – December 20, 2019), better known as Junior Johnson, was a NASCAR driver of the 1950s and 1960s. He won 50 NASCAR races in his career before retiring in 1966.

paragraphs: In the 1970s and 1980s, he became a NASCAR racing team owner; he sponsored such NASCAR champions as Cale Yarborough and Darrell Waltrip. He now produces a line of fried pork skins and country ham. He was credited as the first to use the drafting technique in stock car racing.

paragraphs: He was nicknamed "The Last American Hero" and his autobiography is of the same name. In May 2007, Johnson teamed with Piedmont Distillers of Madison, North Carolina, to introduce the company's second moonshine product, called "Midnight Moon Moonshine".

paragraphs: Johnson died at a hospice care facility in Charlotte, North Carolina on December 20, 2019, at age 88. He had Alzheimer's disease at the time of his death.


title: Bryan Avery

paragraphs: Bryan Robert Avery MBE RIBA (2 January 1944 – 4 July 2017) was an English architect. He was born in Berkshire, England. He was best known for designing the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA).

paragraphs: After his childhood years spent in Lymington in the New Forest, Hampshire, he studied architecture at Leicester College of Art (now the De Montfort University), followed by a MA in the History and Theory of Architecture at Essex University under Professors Joseph Rykwert and Dalibor Vesely.

paragraphs: Avery died in London at the age of 73 on 4 July 2017.


title: You Keep Me Hangin' On

paragraphs: "You Keep Me Hangin' On" is a soul-pop ballad from American Motown music group The Supremes. It was released in late 1966. The lyrics speak of a bad relationship the singer is trying to get out of. The song's signature guitar part comes from a Morse code-like radio sound effect.

paragraphs: The song reached #1 on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1966.

paragraphs: American music group Vanilla Fudge recorded a rock version of the song in 1967. It peaked at #6 on "Billboard" Hot 100. Their single version is almost three minutes long. The album version is seven minutes and twenty seconds long.

paragraphs: In 1986, British singer Kim Wilde had a version of the song. In June 1987, it hit #1 on "Billboard" Hot 100. The song also hit #1 in Australia and #2 in the United Kingdom.


title: Nochebuena

paragraphs: Nochebuena (literally "good night") is the Spanish word for Christmas Eve. In Spain, Latin America, and the Philippines, the evening consists of a traditional family dinner. Roasted pig is often the center of Nochebuena for feasts around the world.


title: Ancient Order of the Rosicrucians

paragraphs: Rosicrucianism, or the Rosicrucian religion, is a combination of many different religions. It has occult elements and other religious beliefs and practices. These include Hermeticism, Jewish mysticism, and Christian Gnosticism. Members possess what they believe is secret wisdom that was handed down to them from ancient times.


title: Alternative for Germany

paragraphs: Alternative for Germany (German: "Alternative für Deutschland", shortened "AfD") is a German right-wing political party.

paragraphs: In the 2017 federal election, the party won 94 seats after receiving 12.6% of the national vote.

paragraphs: In 2012, Alexander Gauland, Bernd Lucke and Konrad Adam formed the "Electoral Alternative 2013". It was critical of Germany's policy toward the eurozone crisis. Some candidates who were part of the "Electoral Alternative 2013" ran for election in Lower Saxony in alliance with the Free Voters. They then decided to form a party to compete in the 2013 federal election. The group wanted to abolish the euro, so the Free Voters refused to join forces.

paragraphs: The AfD's first supporters were economists, business leaders, journalists and former members of the Christian Democratic Union who were critical of the eurozone.

paragraphs: The AfD held their first convention on 14 April 2013. Members elected Bernd Lucke, Frauke Petry and Konrad Adam as speakers.

paragraphs: In the 2013 federal election, the party received 4.6% of the national vote with more than 2 million votes. The party did not win any seats.

paragraphs: Before the 2014 European Parliament election, the AfD held a conference on 25 January 2014 in Bavaria. They chose the slogan, "Mut zu Deutschland" ("Courage [to stand up] for Germany"). In February 2014, some AfD officials wanted to join an alliance with the hard eurosceptic party, UKIP. However, Bernd Lucke and other officials and election candidates wanted to instead join an alliance with the British Conservative Party. In the European elections, the AfD won 7 seats in the European Parliament, and joined the European Conservatives and Reformists.

paragraphs: On 4 July 2015, Frauke Petry was elected as the principal speaker of the party. She was a member of the national conservate faction within the party. Her election is seen as a shift of the party further to the right wing, as the party now began to focus on Islam and immigration. Lucke believed the party was turing into the "PEGIDA party." He left the party a few days later, citing the rise of xenophobia within the party. On 19 July 2015, Lucke formed the Alliance for Progress and Renewal (ALFA).

paragraphs: In February 2016, AfD announced an alliance with the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ). On 8 March 2016, the European Conservatives and Reformists decided they will begin to exclude the AfD from their groups due to their links to the far-right FPÖ.

paragraphs: In 2016, the party won seats in the Berlin, Baden-Württemberg, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Rhineland-Palatinate and Saxony-Anhalt Landtags.

paragraphs: At the AfD party conference held on 30 April to 1 May 2016, the party called for a ban on burkhas, minarets and the call to prayer, using the slogan "Islam is not a part of Germany".

paragraphs: Frauke Petry decided not to run as the party's main candidate in the 2017 federal election. This was a consequence of the internal power struggle within the party. The party chose Alexander Gauland, a strong conservative and former member of the CDU, to lead the party in the elections. Alice Weidel, who is seen as being more moderate, was elected as his running mate. The party's platform was mainly to close the borders to asylum seekers, end sanctions on Russia and leave the European Union if Germany's national sovereignty isn't restored. After the election, the party received 5.8 million votes, winning 94 seats in the Bundestag. This is the first time the party has held seats in the Bundestag.

paragraphs: A day after the successful 2017 federal election, Frauke Petry left the party. She did this as a response to extremist comments made by some members in the AfD. She would later join the Blue Party, which is another right-wing conservative party.

paragraphs: The AfD's ideology is described as populist, conservative and anti-immigration. The party is against same-sex marriage and has a platform of climate change denial. The party has also aligned itself with groups that are against modern feminism.

paragraphs: Alternative for Germany is eurosceptic and critical about the influx of foreigners in Germany.


title: Buttelstedt

paragraphs: Buttelstedt is a town in the Weimarer Land district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 11 km north of Weimar.


title: White Christmas (song)

paragraphs: "White Christmas" is a Christmas carol about an old-fashioned Christmas setting. It mixes sadness and comforts of home. The version sung by Bing Crosby is said to be the world's best-selling single.

paragraphs: The song has been covered and performed by artists including Jo Stafford, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald and Bette Midler. It has sold over 150 million copies.

paragraphs: The original version was released in 1942.

paragraphs: Irving Berlin's opening verse is often dropped in many recordings. However, the opening verse is included on Barbra Streisand, Darlene Love and The Carpenters' Christmas studio albums.


title: Ouest lausannois (district)

paragraphs: The Ouest lausannois District is a district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital of the district is Renens.


title: Homebase

paragraphs: Homebase is a British home improvement retailer and garden centre in the United Kingdom. Its main offices are in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England.

paragraphs: As of December 2016, Homebase has 255 shops in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: It was founded by the supermarket chain Sainsbury's and Belgian retailer GB-Inno-BM in 1979, as Sainsbury's Homebase.

paragraphs: In December 2000, Sainsbury's sold the Homebase chain.

paragraphs: In November 2002, Homebase was sold again, to GUS plc, where it became part of Argos Retail Group (later renamed as Home Retail Group).

paragraphs: In January 2016 it was announced that Australian retailer Wesfarmers would acquire Homebase. The transfer of ownership to Wesfarmers took place on 27 February 2016.


title: Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut (district)

paragraphs: The Riviera-Pays-d'Enhaut District is a district in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The seat of the district is the town of Vevey.


title: Hausen ob Verena

paragraphs: Hausen ob Verena is a municipality in Tuttlingen in Baden-Württemberg in Germany.


title: Leskovac

paragraphs: Leskovac (Serbian Cyrillic: Лесковац, ) is a city in southern Serbia.

paragraphs: It is the administrative center of the Jablanica District. According to the 2011 census, the city has population of 60,288. The administrative area has a population of 144,206.


title: Fontanella

paragraphs: Fontanella is a municipality in the district of Bludenz in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg.


title: Lustenau

paragraphs: Lustenau (Alemannic German: "Luschnou") is a market town in the Austrian state of Vorarlberg. It is found in the district of Dornbirn.


title: Balgheim

paragraphs: Balgheim is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Faoug

paragraphs: Faoug is a municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.


title: Calfreisen

paragraphs: Calfreisen is a former municipality of the district Plessur in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Calfreisen, Castiel, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.


title: Chavannes-sur-l'Étang

paragraphs: Chavannes-sur-l'Étang is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Toronto, Ohio

paragraphs: Toronto is a city in Ohio in the United States.


title: Tirano

paragraphs: Tirano is a city in northern Italy. It is in the province of Sondrio. It has 9,130 people.


title: Elm, Cambridgeshire

paragraphs: Elm is a village and civil parish in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom. The population including Coldham, Collett's Bridge, Friday Bridge and Ring's End was 3,962 at the 2011 Census.


title: Håkan Carlqvist

paragraphs: Håkan Carlqvist (15 January 1954 – 7 July 2017) was a Swedish professional motocross racer. He was born near Stockholm, Sweden.

paragraphs: Carlqvist won the F.I.M. 250cc Motocross World Championship in 1979 as a member of the Husqvarna factory racing team. In 1980, he switched to Yamaha to contest the 500cc motocross world championship. He finished 3rd in 1981 and 1982. In 1983, he battled against Honda teammates André Malherbe and Graham Noyce to claim the 500cc world championship, on a Yamaha. In 1984, an injury stopped Carlqvist from contesting the title again. He raced for Yamaha until end of 1986.

paragraphs: Carlqvist died in Stockholm on 7 July 2017 of a heart attack at the age of 63.


title: Pam McConnell

paragraphs: Pam McConnell (1946 – 7 July 2017) was a Canadian politician. She was elected to Toronto City Council in 1994 and most recently served as councillor for Ward 28 from 2000 until her death in 2017. She was born in England.

paragraphs: McConnell died on 7 July 2017 of respiratory failure at a hospital in Toronto at the age of 71.


title: Carol Lee Scott

paragraphs: Carol Lee Scott (20 December 1942 – 4 July 2017) was an English entertainer. She was best known for her role on British television in the 1980s and 1990s as "Grotbags". Throughout her career, Scott regularly performed on the international cabaret circuit, and prior to her TV work, she was a singer and released two albums.

paragraphs: Scott died of cancer in London on 4 July 2017 at the age of 74.


title: Heinz Schneiter

paragraphs: Heinz Schneiter (12 April 1935 – 6 July 2017) was a Swiss football player and manager. He was born in Thun.

paragraphs: Schneiter got 44 caps and 3 goals for Switzerland, playing all three games at the 1962 World Cup. He also played in Switzerland's 0–5 loss to West Germany at the 1966 World Cup. He scored against West Germany in the 1962 World Cup.

paragraphs: Schneiter coached FC Thun and BSC Young Boys.

paragraphs: Schneiter died on 6 July 2017 of coronary artery disease, at the age of 82.


title: Egil Monn-Iversen

paragraphs: Egil Monn-Iversen (14 April 1928 – 7 July 2017) was a Norwegian composer, pianist and businessman. He was born in Oslo. He was one of the most influential modern composers in Norway. He has had many important roles in Norwegian music, movie, opera, television, comedy and theater.

paragraphs: For some time he had so much influence in Norwegian culture that he got the nickname "The Godfather", even though he has always considered himself a down-to-earth musician.

paragraphs: Monn-Iversen owned a movie production company, a record label, and an agency for musical artists. He was the founder of the vocal group The Monn Keys. He was the CEO at the Chat Noir theatre and chairman at The Norwegian Opera and has since the 1960s worked in NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation) and Det norske teatret (The Norwegian Theatre). He has written scores to over 100 Norwegian movies and TV series.

paragraphs: Monn-Iversen was married to the Norwegian actor and singer Sølvi Wang until her death in 2011.

paragraphs: Monn-Iversen died on 7 July 2017 at the age of 89.


title: Crockett County, Texas

paragraphs: Crockett County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 3,719 people lived there. The county seat is Ozona.


title: Crosby County, Texas

paragraphs: Crosby County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 6,059 people lived there. The county seat is Crosbyton.


title: David Yewdall

paragraphs: David Lewis Yewdall (October 30, 1950 – July 4, 2017) was an American production sound mixer. He was born in Springfield, Missouri. He worked with Roger Corman on "Battle Beyond the Stars" and as the co-supervising sound editor on "Talvisota". He published a book about the profession in 2007, "Practical art of motion picture sound", which was called a "must-read for all students of film."

paragraphs: In 1996, he became a member of the board of NightPro Technologies Inc (NTI), a sound production company from Provo, Utah. He taught editing and sound at the University of North Carolina School of the Arts until June 2016.

paragraphs: His best known works are "The Thing", "The Fifth Element" and "Escape From New York".

paragraphs: Yewdall died on July 4, 2017 in Winston-Salem, North Carolina from pancreatic cancer, aged 66.


title: Dawson County, Texas

paragraphs: Dawson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 13,833 people lived there. The county seat is Lamesa.


title: Culberson County, Texas

paragraphs: Culberson County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 2,398 people lived there. The county seat is Van Horn.


title: Delta County, Texas

paragraphs: Delta County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 5,231 people lived there. The county seat is Cooper.


title: Dickens County, Texas

paragraphs: Dickens County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 2,444 people lived there. The county seat is Dickens.


title: Duval County, Texas

paragraphs: Duval County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 13,120 people lived there. The county seat is San Diego.


title: Ector County, Texas

paragraphs: Ector County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2010, 121,123 people lived there. The county seat is Odessa.


title: Bikini Bottom

paragraphs: Bikini Bottom is a town from SpongeBob SquarePants.


title: Lea DeLaria

paragraphs: Lea DeLaria (born May 23, 1958) is an American comedian, actress, and jazz musician. DeLaria was "the first openly gay comic to break the late-night talk-show barrier" with her 1993 appearance on "The Arsenio Hall Show". She is best known for her portrayal of inmate Big Boo on Netflix original series "Orange Is the New Black".

paragraphs: From 2015 through 2017, she was engaged to fashion editor Chelsea Fairless until they separated.


title: McDonnell Douglas

paragraphs: McDonnell Douglas was a major American aircraft manufacturing company. It was formed by the merger of McDonnell Aircraft and the Douglas Aircraft Company in 1967. In 1997 it merged with Boeing. The company designed and built a number of well-known commercial and military aircraft such as the DC-10 airliner and F-15 Eagle air-superiority fighter.

paragraphs: McDonnell Douglas was based at Lambert–St. Louis International Airport near St. Louis, Missouri. The McDonnell Douglas Technical Services Company (MDTSC), headquarters were in unincorporated St. Louis County, Missouri.


title: Arrondissement of Lure

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Lure is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Haute-Saône "département" in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Lure.

paragraphs: When the "arrondissements" of Haute-Saône were created in 1800, Lure was one of them in the Haute-Saône department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Lure is the most northern of the "arrondissements" of the Haute-Saône department; it is the smallest "arrondissement" with an area of , and the one with fewest people living in it with a population of 108,725 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Lure is bordered to the north by the Vosges department, to the east by the Territoire de Belfort department, to the south by the Doubs department and to the west by the "arrondissement" Vesoul.

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Lure, there are ten cantons and three of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Lure has 195 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:


title: Air Åland

paragraphs: Air Åland Ab is an airline from Åland. Air Åland doesn't fly the routes by itself, it uses other airlines. Swedish airline NextJet has been operating the flights

paragraphs: The company was based as an airlines in 14th of January 2005 and started flying 29th of October 2005 with Mariehamn-Helsinki-route. The company opened its 2nd route in 13th of March 2006. between Mariehamn and Stockholm (Arlanda). Air Åland ceased flying in 2012 because FlyBe started flying the Helsinki-Mariehamn-route.

paragraphs: Also the company operates charter flights. Air Åland's flights' host used to be UAB Nordic Solutions Air Services with four Saab 340-prop airliners (Registration: LY-DIG, LY-ISR, LY-KXE and LY-RIK). The operator changed its name to Avion Express because the owner changed. After that the flights were handled by a Swedish Avitrans Nordic. During the winter 2008 Air Åland expanded its career with the Wingo xprs company. Wingo xprs started a route Turku-Tampere-Oulu, which was operated by Air Åland until 19th of June 2008.

paragraphs: Nextjet starts flights from Mariehamn to Turku on the 2nd of April 2012, and it will be flown once everyday, except Sundays.


title: 2003 Russian Premier League

paragraphs: The 2003 Russian Premier League (Russian: Чемпионат России по футболу 2003, "Chempionat Rossii po futbolu 2003") was the 2nd Russian Premier League season, and the 12th top division football tournament. CSKA Moscow won their 1st title, and Dmitri Loskov was the top scorer with 14 goals.


title: Arrondissement of Vesoul

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Vesoul is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Haute-Saône "département" in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and prefecture of the department, is the city of Vesoul.

paragraphs: When the "arrondissements" of Haute-Saône were created in 1800, Vesoul was one of them in the Haute-Saône department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Vesoul is in the southern half of the department; it is the largest and with more people living in it of the "arrondissements" of the Haute-Saône department. It has an area of , with a population of 129,622 inhabitants and a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Vesoul is bordered to the north by the Vosges department, to the northeast by the "arrondissement" Lure, to the east by the Doubs department, to the south by the JuraDoubs department, to the southwest by the Côte-d'Or department and to the west by the Haute-Marne department.

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Vesoul, there are ten cantons and three of them do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Vesoul has 347 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Maisie Williams

paragraphs: Margaret Constance "Maisie" Williams (born 15 April 1997) is an English actress. She is notable for acting, and has won some awards.

paragraphs: She made her professional acting debut as Arya Stark of Winterfell in the HBO fantasy television series "Game of Thrones" in 2011, for which she won the EWwy Award for best supporting actress in a drama, the Portal Award for best supporting actress, and the Saturn Award for best performance by a younger actor. In 2016, she was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for outstanding supporting actress in a drama series.


title: Cuxton railway station

paragraphs: Cuxton railway station is a railway station in Cuxton in Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.


title: Spencer Johnson

paragraphs: Patrick Spencer Johnson (November 24, 1938 – July 3, 2017) was an American author. He was known for the ValueTales series of children's books and for his 1998 motivational book "Who Moved My Cheese?", which recurred on the "New York Times" Bestseller list, on the "Publishers Weekly" Hardcover nonfiction list.

paragraphs: Johnson was chairman of Spencer Johnson Partners until his death in 2017.

paragraphs: Johnson died in San Diego, California on July 3, 2017 of complications from pancreatic cancer, aged 78.


title: Adriana Sivieri

paragraphs: Adriana Sivieri (born 21 June 1918) is a retired Argentine-born Italian movie actress.

paragraphs: She also worked in radio and as a voice actor, dubbing foreign movies for release in Italy. She was known for her roles in "Vanity" (1947), "Bitter Rice" (1949) and in "At the Edge of the City" (1953).


title: Josephine Webb

paragraphs: Josephine Webb (born June 21, 1918) is an American electrical engineer. She was known as "switchgear". She designed an eighteen-inch, full newspaper size fax machine with superior resolution.

paragraphs: Webb co-founded Webb Consulting Company with her husband, also an electrical engineer. She is one of the first female electrical engineers, and considered a pioneer by the Society of Women Engineers. At Purdue University, she was one out of a total of five women engineers.


title: Niagara Falls, New York

paragraphs: Niagara Falls ( ) is a city in Niagara County, New York, United States.

paragraphs: As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 50,193, down from the 55,593 recorded in the 2000 census.

paragraphs: It is across the Niagara River, across from the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario, and named after the famed Niagara Falls which they share. The city is within the Buffalo–Niagara Falls Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the Western New York region.


title: Halling, Kent

paragraphs: Halling is a village on the North Downs in the northern part of Kent, England, It consists of Lower Halling, Upper Halling and North Halling, It also has a railway station, Halling railway station.


title: Halling railway station

paragraphs: Halling railway station is a railway station in Halling in Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.


title: Thailand TESOL

paragraphs: Thailand TESOL is an academic and professional association that helps teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). It is often called ThaiTESOL for short.

paragraphs: ThaiTESOL has a conference every year with papers, keynote speakers, workshops, and social events.

paragraphs: Thai TESOL has relationships with several other language teaching associations including KOTESOL and the Japan Association for Language Teaching.


paragraphs: Korea Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages is an academic and professional association that helps teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). It is often called KOTESOL for short.

paragraphs: KOTESOL started in 1992 when the Association of English Teachers in Korea (AETK) and the Korea Association of Teachers of English (KATE) joined.

paragraphs: KOTESOL members may join a smaller group called a Chapter. These are the Chapters of KOTESOL:

paragraphs: KOTESOL has a conference every year with papers, keynote speakers, workshops, and social events.

paragraphs: KOTESOL has relationships with several other language teaching associations:


paragraphs: The Philippine Association for Language Teaching is an academic and professional association that helps teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). It is often called PALT for short. Its offices are at the College of Education of the University of the Philippines in Quezon City.

paragraphs: PALT has a convention every year with papers, keynote speakers, workshops, and social events. Its first international convention was in 2001.

paragraphs: PALT has relationships with several other language teaching associations including:


title: Best of My Love (Eagles song)

paragraphs: "Best of My Love" is a soft rock song from the Eagles. The song was part of the studio album "On the Border". It was released in November 1974. It was the third single from the album. It was the Eagles' first #1 song on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100. It became so in March 1975.

paragraphs: The song also topped the easy listening chart for one week in February 1975. The "Billboard" Year End Charts ranked "Best of My Love" at #12 for 1975. It sold over a million copies.

paragraphs: The single edit was shortened by Asylum Records. The record company shortened the single, so that it would be more radio-friendly, without the Eagles' knowledge. This made them angry. Don Henley wanted the single pulled from stores. The full song is four minutes and thirty four seconds.

paragraphs: When the song was judged to have sold over a million copies, Eagles' manager, Irving Azoff, sent a gold record with a piece cut-out to Asylum Records.

paragraphs: The song was later remade by the country music group Brooks & Dunn in 1993.


paragraphs: The Association for the Teaching English as a Foreign Language in Indonesia is an academic and professional association that helps teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). It is often called TEFLIN for short.

paragraphs: TEFLIN started in 1972 as a meeting of a small group of teachers. In 1982, it became organized as a group of these nine universities:

paragraphs: TEFLIN has a conference every year with papers, keynote speakers, workshops, and social events. It held its first international conference in 2003.

paragraphs: TEFLIN has relationships with several other language teaching associations including:


title: Cambodian Civil War

paragraphs: The Cambodian Civil War was a five-year-old war that lasted from 1970 to 1975 and took place in Cambodia. The Khmer Republic was friendly with South Vietnam and the United States and they were fighting against the Khmer Rouge who were friendly with North Vietnam and the Vietcong. After the war ended in 1975 the Khmer Rouge won the war.


title: Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana

paragraphs: Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana is a university in Salatiga, Java, Indonesia. It is a private, Christian university.


title: Universitas Diponegoro

paragraphs: Universitas Diponegoro is a public university in Semarang, Java, Indonesia.


title: Tom Blom

paragraphs: Tom Blom (25 September 1946 – 3 July 2017) was a Dutch television and radio presenter. He was born in The Hague. His career began in 1975. Blom made his television debut as a announcer at "The Johnny Kraaijkamp Show". Later, he was a presenter of the record program "De Eerste de Beste". From 1983, Blom was a commentator and co-presenter at "Te land, ter zee en in de lucht".

paragraphs: Blom died on 3 July 2017 in The Hague of brain cancer at the age of 70.


title: Whang-od

paragraphs: Whang-od Oggay (born 17 February 1917) is a Filipina tattoo artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines.

paragraphs: She is thought as the last "mambabatok" (traditional Kalinga tattooist) from the Butbut people in Buscalan Kalinga and the oldest tattoo artist in the Philippines. She has been tattooing headhunters and women of the indigenous people of Butbut in Buscalan Kalinga for more than 80 years, but the Butbut warriors who used to earn tattoos through protecting villages or killing enemies no longer exist.

paragraphs: Instead, Whang-od now applies the traditional art form to tourists visiting Buscalan.


title: Columbus, Texas

paragraphs: Columbus is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Colorado County.


title: San Diego, Texas

paragraphs: San Diego is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Duval County.


title: Eduardo Saverin

paragraphs: Eduardo Luiz Saverin (; ; born March 19, 1982) is a Brazilian Internet entrepreneur and "angel" investor. Saverin is one of the co-founders of Facebook. , he owns 53 million Facebook shares (approximately 0.4% of all outstanding shares) and has a net worth of $10.3 billion, according to "Forbes". He has also invested in early-stage startups such as Qwiki and Jumio.

paragraphs: In what was seen by some as a move to avoid U.S. taxes, Saverin renounced (gave up) his U.S. citizenship in September 2011. According to Saverin, he renounced his citizenship because of his "interest in working and living in Singapore" where he has been since 2009. He avoided an estimated $700 million in capital gains taxes; this generated some media attention and controversy. Saverin denies that he left the U.S. to avoid paying taxes.


title: History of sushi

paragraphs: The history of sushi began when rice farming came to Japan over 2,000 years ago. The original type of sushi was developed in the Nara Prefecture as a way of preserving fish in fermented rice. During the Muromachi period, people would eat the rice "and" the fish. During the Edo period, vinegar, not fermented rice, was used. In more recent times, it has become a fast food associated with Japanese culture.

paragraphs: The origin of sushi goes back to Southeast Asia around the 4th century B.C.. At that time, it was called "narezushi". The fish was originally eaten alone, without rice. Later on, a style of namaranarezushi reached Japan. Namaranerezushi combined the fish with rice.

paragraphs: What is called sushi in modern times was created by Hanaya Yohei (1799–1858) at the End of the Edo period. Sushi invented by Hanaya was an early form of fast food that was not fermented. It was prepared quickly. It could be eaten with one's hands. This fish was originally known as Edomae zushi because it used freshly caught fish in Edo-Bay or Tokyo Bay. The fish used in modern sushi no longer usually comes from Tokyo Bay.

paragraphs: By the early 1900s, sushi was being served in the United States, after many Japanese people immigrated there. The first United States sushi shop opened up in 1906 in Little Tokyo in Los Angeles.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, a report of sushi being eaten in Britain happened when then Crown Prince Akihito (born 1933) visited Queen Elizabeth II in 1953.

paragraphs: Australia is a major source of rice used with sushi.


title: St Anton am Arlberg

paragraphs: Sankt Anton am Arlberg is a ski resort in the state of Tyrol, Austria. It was the host of the Alpine World Ski Championships in 2001.


title: Caselle Landi

paragraphs: Caselle Landi is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Lodi in the Italian region Lombardy. It is about southeast of Lodi. As of 2004 about 1,751 people lived there. It has an area of .

paragraphs: Caselle Landi borders the following municipalities: Cornovecchio, Meleti, Corno Giovine, Santo Stefano Lodigiano, Castelnuovo Bocca d'Adda, Piacenza and Caorso.


title: Jalandhar

paragraphs: Jalandhar is a city in the state of Punjab in India.


title: Cama, Switzerland

paragraphs: Cama is a municipality in the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Castaneda, Switzerland

paragraphs: Castaneda is a municipality of the district of Moesa in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Calverstown

paragraphs: Calverstown () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland.


title: Sacramento, Minas Gerais

paragraphs: Sacramento is a municipality in the west of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais.

paragraphs: Neighboring municipalities are: Perdizes (N), Araxá and Tapira (NE), São Roque de Minas and Delfinópolis (SE), Ibiraci (S), Pedregulho and Rifaina (SW), Conquista and Uberaba, and Nova Ponte and Santa Juliana (NW).


title: Cargèse

paragraphs: Cargèse (, ) is a village and commune. It is in the Corse-du-Sud department in south France.


title: Courtavon

paragraphs: Courtavon is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.


title: Mandate of Heaven

paragraphs: The Mandate of Heaven (天命) was a Chinese political and religious doctrine used to justify the rule of the emperor of China. According to this belief, heaven (天, "Tian") stands for the natural order and will of the universe. Heaven will give a mandate to a just ruler, the Son of Heaven. If a ruler was overthrown, this was interpreted as an indication that the ruler was unworthy, and had lost the mandate. It was also a common belief that natural disasters such as famine and flood were signs of heaven's displeasure with the ruler, so there would often be revolts after major disasters as citizens saw these as signs that the Mandate of Heaven had been withdrawn.

paragraphs: The Mandate of Heaven does not require a legitimate ruler to be of noble birth, and dynasties such as the Han and Ming dynasties were founded by men of common origins. The Mandate of Heaven had no time limitations, depending instead on the just and able performance of the rulers and their heirs. The concept is in some ways similar to the European concept of the divine right of kings; however, unlike the European concept, it does not confer an unconditional right to rule. The concept of Mandate of Heaven also included the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that Heaven had withdrawn its mandate from the ruler. Throughout Chinese history, times of poverty and natural disasters were often taken as signs that heaven considered the current ruler unjust and in need of replacement. The Mandate of Heaven was often invoked by philosophers and scholars in China as a way to curtail the abuse of power by the ruler.

paragraphs: The concept of the Mandate of Heaven was first used to support the rule of the kings of the Zhou dynasty (1046–256 BCE), and legitimize their overthrow of the earlier Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BCE). It was used throughout the history of China to support the rule of emperors, including non-Han ethnic monarchs such as the Qing dynasty. This concept was also used by monarchs in neighboring countries like Korea and Vietnam. A similar situation prevailed since the establishment of Ahom rule in the Kingdom of Assam of Southeast Asia.


title: Nelsan Ellis

paragraphs: Nelsan Ellis (November 30, 1977 – July 8, 2017) was an American actor and playwright. He was best known for his role as Lafayette Reynolds in the HBO series "True Blood" from 2008 to 2014. He also appeared in the movies "The Butler" (2013) and "Get on Up" (2014).

paragraphs: Ellis was born in Harvey, Illinois. He joined the United States Marines at the age of 17.

paragraphs: Ellis died of heart failure caused by alcohol withdrawal on July 8, 2017 in Brooklyn, New York. He was 39.


title: Content word

paragraphs: A content word is a word in a language that has meaning. The most common content words are nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Unlike function words, content words are usually open class, which means that there is no end to how many words a part of speech in a language can have. Since content words are usually more important in a sentence, they tend to be said with more stress in an English sentence.


title: Open class

paragraphs: An open class of words is a part of speech that can easily add new words. A closed class of words, on the other hand, cannot add new words easily. For example, since pronouns are a closed class, there are fairly few pronouns: I, me, my, mine, myself, you, you, your, yours, yourself, he, him, his, his, himself, she, her, her, hers, herself, it, it, its, its, itself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves, they, them, their, theirs, themselves. Since pronouns are used to replace whole noun phrases, there is no need to have many kinds of pronouns. Instead of saying "The Earl of Sandwich introduced the Earl of Sandwich's favorite food, the sandwich", one uses the pronoun "his" to replace "the Earl of Sandwich's" to make the sentence not repeat itself when it doesn't have to, thus the sentence becomes "The Earl of Sandwich introduced his favorite food, the sandwich". New nouns, on the other hand, can easily be made, and are constantly being added into the English language.


title: PSL sniper rifle

paragraphs: The PSL is a Romanian sniper rifle that is based on the Soviet RPK and the PSL looks similar to the Soviet SVD. The PSL was used by the Romanian army since 1974. The length of the PSL is 45.3 inches and the PSL uses a 7.62×54mmR or a 7.62×51mm NATO.


PSL


title: Quit India Movement

paragraphs: The "Quit India Movement" was a movement started by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1942 during the World War II asking for an end to British rule in India. The movement was started in a speech in Bombay where Mahatma Gandhi asked Indians to "Do or Die." The Congress launched a protest asking the British to withdraw from India, however the British imprisoned most of the Congress leadership within a day of the speech in a effort to suppress the movement. The British refused to grant independence until the war ended..


title: Mistinguett

paragraphs: Mistinguett (3 April 1875 – 5 January 1956) was a French actress and singer. Her real name was Jeanne Florentine Bourgeois. For many years she was the star of the Folies Bergère and other nightclubs in Paris. She was also in many silent movies.

paragraphs: Mistinguett was born in Enghien-les-Bains, a small town near Paris, Her parents, Antoine and Jeannette Bourgeois, made mattresses. When she was 12 years old she began to take violin lessons in Paris. One day on the train to Paris, she met a man who wrote songs for nightclubs and theatres in Paris. In 1893 he helped her to get a job at the Casino de Paris, a music hall and cabaret theatre. First she worked backstage. Then in 1895, she became a singer there. She chose the stage name "Mistinguett". In 1897, she performed at the El Dorado and then at the Folies Bergère and the Moulin Rouge. She had a big success at the Folies Bergère in 1911 when she danced with Maurice Chevalier. She and Chevalier were lovers for several years. Mistinguett became the most famous singer and actress in Paris and made a lot of money. She also appeared in many silent movies between 1908 and 1917.

paragraphs: She still performed in nightclubs when she was 72 years old. In 1954 she wrote her autobiography. Its title in English was "Mistinguette, Queen of the Paris Night". Mistinguett suffered a stroke on Christmas Eve 1955. She was staying at her brother's house in Bougival, a suburb of Paris. She died two weeks later. She never married, but she had one son, Léopoldo João de Lima e Silva. His father was a diplomat from Brazil. Her son was with her when she died.


title: SIR model

paragraphs: The SIR model is a simple mathematical model of epidemics. An epidemic is when the number of people infected with a disease is increasing in a population. S, I, and R stand for:

paragraphs: Below is a graph of a solved SIR model. The bottom (x) axis is time and the left (y) axis is population, or the number of people.

paragraphs: Blue represents the number of susceptible people. At the beginning of the epidemic, the number of susceptible (blue) people decreases as the number of infected (green) people increases. Gradually the number of recovered (red) people increases. In this particular model, after the epidemic is over, all of the people have been infected and recovered. This is not always the case; sometimes some susceptible people remain uninfected.

paragraphs: This model is also missing some parts, such as the creation of new susceptible people by being born, and the removal of susceptible, infected, and recovered people who die. More complicated models can include these parts.

paragraphs: In addition, this model does not work well for every disease. It works well where people recover from a disease and become immune, such as measles. Not all infectious diseases follow this pattern. For instance, people who are infected with HIV never recover and there is no vaccine, so there is no group of recovered people, only susceptible and infected people. There is also the case where people recover from a disease but do not become immune or lose their immunity over time. For instance, when people get the flu, they are generally only immune for a short time before they become susceptible again.

paragraphs: There are also different kinds of models when as disease is spread through the water, such as in the case of cholera, or by a vector like a mosquito, such as malaria.


title: Engadin

paragraphs: The Engadin or Engadine (, , , ; lit.: "Valley of the Inn people") is a long high Alpine valley in the eastern Swiss Alps. It is found in the canton of Graubünden. It is about 25,000 inhabitants. It follows the route of the Inn () from its headwaters at Maloja Pass in the southwest running roughly northeast until the Inn flows into Austria, one hundred kilometers downstream. The Inn subsequently flows at Passau into the Danube, as the only Swiss river to drain into the Black Sea.

paragraphs: The Engadine is connected by the Julier, Albula, Flüela Passes and the Vereina Tunnel to the northern part of Switzerland and the rest of the canton of Graubünden.

paragraphs: The highest mountains of the wider area of the Engadine is the Bernina Range in the southwestern part.


title: Asbach-Bäumenheim

paragraphs: Asbach-Bäumenheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is Martin Paninka of the SPD political party. During WW2 prisoners were kept in a concentration camp there, and were forced to work. A memorial remembers the prisoners who died. The village was named Asbach-Bäumenheim in 1958.


title: Auhausen

paragraphs: Auhausen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. Auhausen was the site of the 1608 meeting that formed the Protestant Union. This is also known as the "Union of Auhausen".The mayor is currently Wilhalm Dorner.


title: Tuttlingen (district)

paragraphs: Tuttlingen is a rural district () in the south of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Neighbor districts are: Rottweil, Zollernalbkreis, Sigmaringen, Constance and Schwarzwald-Baar. The capital is Tuttlingen.


title: Fridingen

paragraphs: Fridingen is a town of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany. The town is about 10 km east of Tuttlingen, and 23 km west of Sigmaringen. It is on the Danube river.


title: Bärenthal

paragraphs: Bärenthal is a small municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Castasegna

paragraphs: Castasegna was a municipality of the district Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It is part of the municipality of Bregaglia.


title: Castiel, Switzerland

paragraphs: Castiel is a former municipality in the district of Plessur in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Castiel, Calfreisen, Langwies, Lüen, Molinis, Peist and St. Peter-Pagig merged into the municipality of Arosa.


title: Aurora, Ohio

paragraphs: Aurora is a city in Portage County, Ohio, United States. There were 15,548 people living there at the 2010 census. It is part of the Akron Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Norwood, Missouri

paragraphs: Norwood is a city of Wright County, Missouri, United States. The population was 665 at the 2010 census.


title: Avon, Ohio

paragraphs: Avon is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. The population was 21,193 at the 2010 census.


title: Avon Lake, Ohio

paragraphs: Avon Lake is a city in Lorain County, Ohio, United States. It is near Lake Erie. 22,581 people lived there at the 2010 census. It is part of Greater Cleveland.


title: Barberton, Ohio

paragraphs: Barberton is a city in Summit County, Ohio, United States. 26,550 people lived there at the 2010 census. It is near Akron and is part of the Akron metropolitan area.


title: Martins Ferry, Ohio

paragraphs: Martins Ferry is a city in Belmont County, Ohio, United States, on the Ohio River. It is the largest city in Belmont County. 6,915 people lived there as of the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Martins Ferry is part of the Wheeling metropolitan area.


title: Coppet

paragraphs: Coppet is a municipality of the district of Nyon in the Swiss canton of Vaud.


title: Forel-sur-Lucens

paragraphs: Forel-sur-Lucens is a former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 January 2017, it is part of the municipality of Lucens.


title: Dannemarie, Haut-Rhin

paragraphs: Dannemarie is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Piotr Ligienza

paragraphs: Piotr Ligienza (born 31 May 1982) is a Polish actor. He was known for his roles in the series "Ranczo" and "Synowie". He has appeared in the play "Romulus Wielki" (directed by Krzysztof Zanussi).

paragraphs: Ligienza was born in Dzierżoniów, Poland.


title: Disruptive innovation

paragraphs: Disruptive innovation, sometimes called disruptive technology is the name for a technology or innovation that changes the market: It creates a new market. These new markets are small at first, which makes them uninteresting for established market players. If disruptive innovation is used, the market will grow at a high speed. Eventually, they will replace existing technology, though. An example of this is Flash memory. When it was introduced it was expensive, and capacities were small, compared to hard disks. On the other hand, flash memory is small, and uses little energy. It began to be used in mp3 players and usb flash drives. Eventually, it was used for Solid state disks, which started to replace hard drives.

paragraphs: Clayton M. Christensen first used the term in 1995: Christensen defines a disruptive innovation as a product or service designed for a new set of customers.

paragraphs: "Generally, disruptive innovations were technologically straightforward, consisting of off-the-shelf components put together in a product architecture that was often simpler than [previous] approaches. They offered less of what customers in established markets wanted and so could rarely be initially employed there. They offered a different package of attributes valued only in emerging markets remote from, and unimportant to, the mainstream."


title: Dessenheim

paragraphs: Dessenheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of east France.


title: Ataullah Behmanesh

paragraphs: Ataullah Behmanesh (Persian: ) (April 13, 1923 – July 2, 2017) was an Iranian wrestler and sports journalist. Behmanesh was one of the oldest and most prominent Iranian sports reporters, He conducted the first live sports report in Iran from Radio in 1958 to compete in Iranian and Iraqi national Sport of athletics competitions.

paragraphs: Behmanesh died of a stroke in Tehran on July 2, 2017 at the age of 94.


title: Joe Robinson (actor)

paragraphs: Joseph Robinson (31 May 1927 – 3 July 2017) was an English actor and stuntman. He was known for his roles in "A Kid for Two Farthings", "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner", and in "Thor and the Amazon Women".

paragraphs: Robinson died at the age of 90 on July 3, 2017, in Brighton, East Sussex of dementia-related complications.


title: Irina Ratushinskaya

paragraphs: Irina Borisovna Ratushinskaya (, 4 March 1954, Odessa – 5 July 2017, Moscow) was a Russian dissident, poet and writer.

paragraphs: On September 17, 1982, Ratushinskaya was arrested for anti-Soviet agitation. In April 1983, she was convicted of "agitation carried on for the purpose of subverting or weakening the Soviet regime", sentenced to seven years in a labor camp followed by five years of internal exile. She was released on October 9, 1986, on the eve of the summit in Reykjavík, Iceland between President Ronald Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev.

paragraphs: Ratushinskaya died on 5 July 2017 in Moscow of cancer at the age of 63.


title: Diego E. Hernández

paragraphs: Vice Admiral Diego E. Hernandez (March 25, 1934 – July 7, 2017) was a United States Navy officer. He was the first Hispanic to be named Vice Commander of North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD). He then underwent flight training and on August 1956, was designated a Naval Aviator.

paragraphs: Hernandez died on July 7, 2017 from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 83.


title: Diane Von Hoffman

paragraphs: Phyllis Burch (April 13, 1962 – July 6, 2017) was an American professional wrestler active from 1979 to 2013. Burch wrestled under the names Diane Von Hoffman, The Teutonic Terror, and Lady Beast. She wrestled in Memphis's United States Wrestling Association in the 1990s as Moondog Fifi, a member of The Moondogs stable. She also wrestled for the Ladies Professional Wrestling Association, Continental Wrestling Association, and Ladies Major League Wrestling.

paragraphs: Hoffman died on July 6, 2017, at the age of 55 after knee surgery.


title: Elsa Martinelli

paragraphs: Elsa Martinelli (Elisa Tia; 30 January 1935 – 8 July 2017) was an Italian actress and fashion model.

paragraphs: In 1956 she won the Silver Bear for Best Actress at the 6th Berlin International Film Festival for playing the title role in Mario Monicelli's "Donatella".

paragraphs: Martinelli appeared in "Four Girls in Town" (1957), "Manuela" (1957), "Prisoner of the Volga" (1959), "Hatari!" (1962), "The Pigeon That Took Rome" (1962), "The Trial" (1962), "The V.I.P.s" (1963), "Rampage" (1963), "Woman Times Seven" (1967), and "Candy" (1968).

paragraphs: Martinelli died in Rome on 8 July 2017 of lung cancer at the age of 82.


title: Ilya Glazunov

paragraphs: Ilya Glazunov (; 10 June 1930 – 9 July 2017) was a Russian artist from Saint Petersburg. He held the title of People's Artist of Russia. He served as a rector at the Russian Academy of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture in Moscow (Russian: Российская академия живописи, ваяния и зодчества).

paragraphs: Glazunov's paintings have mostly historic or religious themes. Famous works include "Russia the Eternal", "The 20th Century Mystery", "The Ruining of the Temple on Easter Night", and illustrations to the works of Fyodor Dostoyevsky.

paragraphs: Glazunov died on 9 July 2017 in Moscow at the age of 87.


title: Anton Nossik

paragraphs: Anton Borisovich Nossik (; July 4, 1966 – July 9, 2017) was a Jewish-Russian start-up manager, journalist, social activist and popular Russian blogger (10th place in RuNet according to Yandex).

paragraphs: Sometimes he is called one of the "fathers of the Russian Internet"or the first Russian-language blogger in the history. He was editor of the largest online news publications Vesti.ru, Lenta.ru, Gazeta.ru and NEWSru.com.

paragraphs: Nossik died from a heart attack at the night of 9 July 2017 near Moscow at the age of 51.


title: Paquita Rico

paragraphs: Francisca Rico Martínez (13 October 1929 – 9 July 2017), better known as Paquita Rico, was a Spanish actress and singer. She was born in Triana, Seville. She appeared in 30 movies between 1948 and 1983. She starred in the movie "Let's Make the Impossible!", which was entered into the 8th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraphs: Rico died at a hospital in Seville, Spain from pneumonia on 9 July 2017 at the age of 87.