title: T'Pau

paragraphs: T'Pau are an English pop-rock band. They formed in Shrewsbury, England in 1986. Carol Decker is the lead singer for the band. They had a number of top 40 hits around the United Kingdom and United States. They were "Heart and Soul", "China in Your Hand" and "Valentine".

paragraphs: Their first hit was the 1987 pop-rock ballad "Heart and Soul". It was did badly at first in the UK charts. It became a hit on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100. It hit #4 after being shown in a Pepe Jeans advertisement. It repeated the upswing on the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: Their first album, "Bridge of Spies" (called TPau in the USA) hit #1 in the UK and went quadruple platinum.


title: Martika

paragraphs: Marta Merrero (born May 18, 1969), also known as Martika is an American singer and actress. She had an uncredited role in the movie "Annie". Later, she acted as Gloria on the television program "Kids Incorporated.

paragraphs: In 1988, Martika had a self-tited studio album. From the album was her United States #1 hit pop ballad, "Toy Soldiers", in 1989. It was certified Gold. The song also hit #5 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany and Australia.

paragraphs: Martika was born in Whittier, California under Cuban parents.


title: Sugar apple

paragraphs: The sugar apple (known as Annona squamosa) is a species of fruit in the Annonaceae family. It is a relative of the custard apple. It grows better in tropical lowland climates better than the custard apple or "Annona reticulata".


title: Annona

paragraphs: Annona is a genus of plants in the Annonaceae family. It contains species like the custard apple and sugar apple. It is the second-largest genus in its family after "Guatteria". It has about 166 species of shrubs and trees. Its name comes from from "anón", a Hispaniolan Taíno word for it.


title: Inaccessible Island

paragraphs: Inaccessible Island is an extinct volcano. It was last active six million years ago. Together with Gough Island, Inaccessible Island is a protected wildlife reserve, both make up the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Gough and Inaccessible Islands. Inaccessible Island is home to the endemic Inaccessible Island rail, the world's smallest extant flightless bird.

paragraphs: Inaccessible Island is part of the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha. It is part of the overseas territory of the United Kingdom known as Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. Tristan da Cunha itself is accessible only by sea via a seven-day sail from Cape Town, South Africa, by landing during the 60 days of the year that the harbor allows for access to the island.

paragraphs: The island is approximately to the southwest of the main island of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago. Mostly bare and inhospitable, the island has one small landing site named Port David on the northwesternmost point.

paragraphs: The island is in area. It is between South Atlantic Ocean south-west of Tristan da Cunha. Inaccessible Island is bordering with sheer sea cliffs, but one can landed on it through a few boulder beaches. Generations of sailors were wary of the difficult landings and inhospitable terrain. Inaccessible Island does not have any permanent inhabitants since 1873.


title: Small Maracanazo

paragraphs: The Small Maracanazo was an historical football match, played in 1971 between the Champion teams of Venezuela and Brazil in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: In 1971, the Deportivo Italia, Venezuela's Champion of the 1971 season (and the team of the Italians of Venezuela), defeated the Fluminense FC, Champion of Brazil, 1:0 (with a goal done by central defender Tenorio) at the Maracana stadium.

paragraphs: The Caracas daily 'El Universal' wrote that:

paragraphs: "... the night of 3 March 1971 will never be forgotten by the fans of Fluminense, who followed on radio and television the match against Deportivo Italia. More than 26,000 people went to the Maracana. The modest Venezuelan team, thrashed in their own field in the previous match, did what no none could do for over a year, not even the powerful Brazilian teams: defeat the Fluminense in their Maracana. That fateful night, Deportivo Italia achieved the victory more enjoyable in the Venezuelan national football history, winning in the largest stadium in the world the Champion of Brazil.."

paragraphs: When the Deportivo Italia went back to Venezuela, the players were welcomed by the Italian supporters of the team with one week of celebrations: the victory it is still considered the best achievement -in the football world history- by a Venezuela team.

paragraphs: The match was played in the worldwide famous Maracanã Stadium of Rio de Janeiro. Over 50000 supporters of the Fluminense saw (in the stadium and outside) their team defeated 1 - 0 by the modest team from Caracas. All the sport-media in Latinoamerica were shocked, because the Fluminense was trained by Lobo Zagalo who had just won the World football Cup in 1970. One of the owners of the Fluminense died of heart attack during the final minutes of the match.


title: Parliament of Egypt

paragraphs: The Parliament of Egypt, officially the House of Representatives ( ) is currently a unicameral legislature (though the approval of the 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum will create a second chamber, called the Senate).


title: Harvey D. Williams

paragraphs: Harvey Dean Williams Sr. (July 30, 1930 – August 7, 2020) was a United States Army major general. He was the first African-American post commander of Fort Myer.

paragraphs: He was the Deputy Inspector General of the U.S. Army in 1980. He was a commander in the Korean War and Vietnam War. He was born in Whiteville, North Carolina.

paragraphs: Williams died from Parkinson's disease on August 7, 2020 in Germantown, Maryland at the age of 90.


title: Germantown, Maryland

paragraphs: Germantown is an urbanized census-designated place in Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. With a population of 90,494 as of 2016 U.S. Census Bureau. Germantown is the third most populous place in Maryland, after the city of Baltimore, and the census-designated place of Columbia.


title: Columbia, Maryland

paragraphs: Columbia is a census-designated place in Howard County, Maryland, United States.


title: Hahoe Folk Village

paragraphs: Hahoe Folk Village is a village in South Korea. It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style. Hahoe Village hosts cultural events, including traditional mask dances. It is in the city of Andong, in North Gyeongsang Province. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: The people who built the town used Confucian philosophy and the clan system to decide where to put each building and road. The clan system was very important in Korea during the Joseon Dynasty. Some of the houses are made of wood and some are made of mud. Some of the houses have tile roofs and some have thatched roofs. Some of the buildings are made of traditional materials and some have been rebuilt with modern materials. There is a 600 year old zelkova tree in the village. People have named the tree "Samsindang," and there is a shrine next to it. Unlike many homes in South Korea, which face south, the houses in Hahoe Village face the tree. The Byeongsanseowon Confucian Academy is 4 km east of the village.

paragraphs: People still live in Hahoe Folk Village. Many of them are members of the Ryu clan who have lived there since the 1400s. There are about 127 households in Hahoe Folk Village. Some of them still have a "jongga" or head of the family and practice ancestor worship in the Confucian way.

paragraphs: Hahoe Folk Village is known for its traditional outdoor mask performances. Most traditional masks in Korea are made out of calabash and are used only once. Masks in Hahoe are made from wood, usually alder wood, and are reused many times.

paragraphs: Hahoe Folk Village also hosts Seonyu Julbul Nori. On the birthday of the spiritual leader Buddha, people ride down the Nakdong River in boats. People read poetry. There is also a display called line fire. This is a special way of lighting fireworks. Mulberry tree charcoal is put in long pouches that are tied every few centimeters on their length. The pouches are attached to a rope made of straw, one pouch every five meters. The rope is long enough to go between two trees. One end of one charcoal pouch is lit, and it takes a long time for all the charcoal to burn down the whole length of the rope.

paragraphs: The name "Hahoe" comes from "ha" for "river" and "hoe" for "turn around" in Korean. The village is built right where the Nakdong River turns around.

paragraphs: In 2020, the village added a traditional brushwood bridge near Hahoe Folk Village.

paragraphs: Queen Elizabeth II visited Hahoe Folk village in 2019.


title: Limes (Roman Empire)

paragraphs: "Limes" (plural "limites") is a modern term used for the Roman border defence in Germany. It marks the borders of the Roman Empire, though it was not used by the Romans for this purpose.

paragraphs: The term has been extended to refer to the frontier defences in other parts of the empire, such as in the east and in Africa. It is used by the World Heritage site bureaucracy to include the two walls in Britain, the Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall.

paragraphs: The Limes is often associated with Roman forts, but it could apply to any area near the walls where the Romans exercised loose control with military forces.


title: Little Gandhi

paragraphs: Little Gandhi is a 2016 Syrian Turkish documentary movie directed by Sam Kadi and based on the life of activist Ghiath Matar.


title: Tecate Municipality

paragraphs: Tecate is a municipality in the Mexican state of Baja California. Its municipal seat is located in the city of Tecate. According to the 2010 census, it had a population of 101,079.


title: Oscar Baylón Chacón

paragraphs: Oscar Baylón Chacón (1929 – August 10, 2020) was a Mexican politician. He was a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party. He was Governor of Baja California in 1989. He was also mayor of the Tecate Municipality between 1959 to 1962. Baylón Chacón was born in Chihuahua, Chihuahua.

paragraphs: Baylón Chacón died from stroke-related problems on August 10, 2020 in Tijuana at the age of 90.


title: Imre Farkas (canoeist)

paragraphs: Imre Farkas (23 June 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Hungarian sprint canoer. He competed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. He competed in two Summer Olympics. He won two bronze medals, earning one in 1956 and one in 1960.

paragraphs: Farkas died on 10 August 2020 at the age of 85.


title: Alfred Püls

paragraphs: Alfred Püls (12 August 1933 – 10 August 2020) was an Austrian ice hockey player. He competed in the men's tournaments at the 1956 Winter Olympics and the 1964 Winter Olympics. He was born in Innsbruck, Austria.

paragraphs: Püls died on 10 August 2020 at the age of 86.


title: Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre

paragraphs: Luis Abilio Sebastiani Aguirre (22 February 1935 – 10 August 2020) was a Peruvian Roman Catholic archbishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1962. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Tarma, Peru, from 1992 to 2001. He later was archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ayacucho, Peru, from 2001 to 2011.

paragraphs: Sebastiani Aguirre died on 10 August 2020, aged 85.


title: Russell A. Kirsch

paragraphs: Russell A. Kirsch (June 20, 1929August 11, 2020) was an American engineer and computer scientist. He worked at the National Bureau of Standards (now known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology). He was known as the inventor of the pixel. He also developed the first digital image scanner.

paragraphs: Kirsch died on August 11, 2020 at his home in Portland, Oregon from Alzheimer's disease-related problems, aged 91.


title: Protea cynaroides

paragraphs: Protea cynaroides (also known as king protea, giant protea, royal sugar bush, or honey pot) is a flower. It is the largest member of the Protea genus and is part of the fynbos. The plant mainly grows in South Africa, particularly from the Cederberg to Port Elizabeth. The king protea is the national flower of South Africa.

paragraphs: The shrub has more than one stem and grows up to 2 m in diameter and also up to 2 m high. It blooms throughout the year.

paragraphs: The plant sprouts again after a fire. The seeds are dispersed by the wind and the plant is unisexual. The activities of birds are responsible for its pollination. The plant grows in sandstone soil at altitudes of 0 - 1 500 m.


title: Pavol Biroš

paragraphs: Pavol Biroš (1 April 1953 – 13 August 2020) was a Czechoslovak football player. He played as a defender. He was born in Prešov, Czechoslovakia.

paragraphs: During his club career he played for Slavia Prague and Tatran Prešov.

paragraphs: Biroš made a total of 212 appearances in the Czechoslovak First League, scoring once. He earned 9 caps for the Czechoslovakia national football team.

paragraphs: Biroš died on 13 August 2020 in Prešov from heart disease, aged 67.


title: Don Edmunds

paragraphs: Don Edmunds (September 23, 1930 – August 12, 2020) was an American racecar driver and car builder. He was born in Santa Ana, California. He had his first start at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in 1957. He won the 1957 Indianapolis 500 Rookie of the Year. He founded Autoresearch, Inc. in Anaheim, California.

paragraphs: Edmunds died on August 12, 2020 at the age of 89.


title: Ernie Phythian

paragraphs: Ernest Rixon Phythian (16 July 1942 – 3 August 2020) was an English professional footballer. He played as a striker. His career lasted between 1960 and 1968. Phythian made over 250 appearances in the Football League, scoring nearly 100 goals.

paragraphs: He later played for Wrexham and Hartlepools United before moving to South Africa to play with Southern Suburbs.

paragraphs: Phythian died on 3 August 2020, aged 78, in Johannesburg, South Africa.


title: Gian Carlo Vacchelli

paragraphs: Gian Carlo Vacchelli Corbetto (December 16, 1981 – August 12, 2020) was a Peruvian sports commentator and politician. He presented the sports program "El ángel del deporte" (2008–09). Between 2011 and 2016, Vacchelli was a Force 2011 member of the Congress of the Republic of Peru for the district of Lima. He lost his re-election bid in 2016.

paragraphs: Vacchelli had osteogenesis imperfecta and used a wheelchair. He died of cardiac arrest in Lima on August 12, 2020 at the age of 38.


title: Michel Dumont

paragraphs: Michel Dumont (29 January 1941 – 13 August 2020) was a Canadian actor. He was the artistic director for the Théâtre Jean-Duceppe in Montreal from 1991 to 2018. He was known for his movie roles in "Chocolate Eclair" (1979), "Without Her" (2005) and "Café de Flore" (2011).

paragraphs: Dumont died on 13 August 2020 of lung cancer in Montreal at the age of 79.


title: Essam el-Erian

paragraphs: Dr. Essam Mohamed Hussein el-Erian () (28 April 1954 – 13 August 2020) was an Egyptian physician and politician. He was the vice chairman of the Freedom And Justice party. Between 2011 to 2013, he was a member of the Parliament of Egypt.

paragraphs: After the 2013 Egyptian coup, prosecutors ordered his arrest on 10 July 2013. On 14 July 2013, Egypt's new prosecutor general Hisham Barakat ordered his assets to be frozen. El-Erian was arrested by the government on 30 October 2013.

paragraphs: El-Erian died of a heart attack while in prison in Cairo on 13 August 2020, aged 66.


title: Gulnazar Keldi

paragraphs: Gulnazar Keldi (; 20 September 1945 – 13 August 2020) was a Tajikistani poet. He was born in Dardar He was an editor of the publication "Adabiyet va sanat" ("Literature and Art"). Keldi wrote the lyrics of "Surudi Milli", the national anthem of Tajikistan.

paragraphs: Keldi died on 13 August 2020 in Dushanbe from COVID-19, aged 74.


title: Creswell Crags

paragraphs: Creswell Crags is a limestone gorge on the border between Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire, England. It is near the villages of Creswell and Whitwell.

paragraphs: The cliffs in the ravine have several caves. The caves were occupied during the last ice age, between around 43,000 and 10,000 years ago. They have the northernmost cave art in Europe. The evidence of occupation is found in the rich series of sediments that accumulated over many thousands of years. It is internationally unique in showing how prehistoric people lived at the extreme northernmost limits of their territory in the later Pleistocene Ice Age.

paragraphs: The caves have layers with flint tools from the Mousterian, and later cultures. They were seasonally occupied by nomadic groups of people during the Upper Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods. Evidence of Neolithic, Bronze Age, Roman and post-medieval activity has also been found there. There is evidence of Neanderthal occupation 50,000–60,000 years ago, a brief Gravettian occupation around 32,000 years ago and use of all the main caves during the Magdalenian around 14,000 years ago. The site is open to the public and has a visitor centre with a small museum of objects.

paragraphs: Creswell Crags has been designated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). It has also been put forward as a potential World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: In 2006–07, the B6042 road was re-routed from its path through the gorge, by approximately to the north, to minimise traffic impact on the site.


title: Quentin McCord

paragraphs: John Quentin McCord (June 26, 1978 – August 13, 2020) was an American professional football player. He was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL) and Canadian Football League (CFL).

paragraphs: He was drafted in the seventh round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. He played college football at Kentucky.

paragraphs: In his career, McCord also played with the Oakland Raiders, Winnipeg Blue Bombers, Edmonton Eskimos. He finished his career playing arena football with the Kentucky Horsemen. He was born in LaGrange, Georgia.

paragraphs: McCord died on August 13, 2020 at the age of 42.


title: Darío Vivas

paragraphs: Darío Ramón Vivas Velasco (12 June 1950 – 13 August 2020) was a Venezuelan politician. He was a member of the National Assembly between 2006 until 2020. He was the Head of Government of the Distrito Capital between January 2020 until his death.

paragraphs: Vivas died on 13 August 2020 from COVID-19 in Caracas, aged 70.


title: Gough Island

paragraphs: Gough Island (), historically known as Gonçalo Álvares, is a rugged volcanic island in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a dependency of Tristan da Cunha. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Gough and Inaccessible Islands.

paragraphs: It is about south-east of the Tristan da Cunha archipelago (which includes Nightingale Island and Inaccessible Island), , north-east from South Georgia Island, west from Cape Town. It is over from the nearest point of South America.

paragraphs: Nobody lives on Gough Island except for the workers of a weather station, which is usually six people. The South African National Antarctic Programme has maintained the island with British permission since 1956. It is one of the most remote places with a people always being there.

paragraphs: The island was first named "Ilha de Gonçalo Álvares" on Portuguese maps. It was named Gough Island after the British mariner Captain Charles Gough of the "Richmond", who first saw the island in 1732. Confusion of the unusual Portuguese saint name Gonçalo with Spanish Diego led to the wrong name Diego Alvarez Island in English-language sources from the 1800s to 1930s.

paragraphs: However, the most likely explanation is that it was simply a misreading of 'Is de Go Alvarez', the name by which the island is represented on some of the early charts, the 'de Go' mutating into 'Diego'.

paragraphs: The details of the discovery of Gough Island are unclear, but the most likely occasion is July 1505 by the Portuguese explorer Gonçalo Álvares. Maps during the next three centuries named the island after him. On some later maps, this was erroneously given as Diego Alvarez.

paragraphs: According to some historians, the British merchant Anthony de la Roché was the first to land on the island in the austral autumn of 1675.

paragraphs: Charles Gough rediscovered the island on 3 March 1732. He thought it was a new find. It had been named Gonçalo Álvares since 1505 after the captain of Vasco da Gama's flagship on his epic voyage to the east. It was under this name that it was marked with reasonable accuracy on the charts of the South Atlantic during the following 230 or so years.

paragraphs: Then, in 1732, Captain Gough of the British ship "Richmond" reported the discovery of a new island. He placed it 400 miles to the east of Gonçalo Álvares. Fifty years later, cartographers realised that the two islands were the same. Despite the priority of the Portuguese discovery, and the greater accuracy of the position given by them, "Gough's Island" was the name adopted.

paragraphs: In the early 19th century, sealers briefly inhabited the island. The earliest known example is a sealing gang from the U.S. ship "Rambler" (Captain Joseph Bowditch) which remained on the island in the 1804–1805 season. The sealing era lasted from 1804 to 1910 during which 34 sealing vessels are known to have visited the island, one of which was lost offshore.

paragraphs: The Scottish National Antarctic Expedition on the "Scotia" made the first visit to the island by a scientific party on 21 April 1904, when William Speirs Bruce and others collected specimens. The Shackleton–Rowett Expedition also stopped at the island in 1922.

paragraphs: Gough Island was formally claimed in 1938 for Britain, during a visit by HMS "Milford" of the Royal Navy. In 1995, the island was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. In 2004, the site was extended to include Inaccessible Island and renamed Gough and Inaccessible Islands.

paragraphs: Gough Island is the only place outside South America from which the solar eclipse of September 12, 2034, will be visible; the centre of the path of totality crosses over the island.

paragraphs: Gough Island is roughly rectangular with a length of and a width of . It has an area of and rises to heights of over above sea level. Topographic features include the highest peak, Edinburgh Peak, Hags Tooth, Mount Rowett, Sea Elephant Bay, Quest Bay, and Hawkins Bay.

paragraphs: It includes small satellite islands and rocks such as Southwest Island, Saddle Island (South), Tristiana Rock, Isolda Rock (West), Round Island, Cone Island, Lot's Wife, Church Rock (North), Penguin Island (Northeast), and The Admirals (East).

paragraphs: According to the Köppen system, Gough Island features an oceanic climate ("Cfb"). Gough Island's temperatures are between and during the day year-round, due to its isolated position far out in the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic is much cooler in the southern hemisphere than the northern, but frosts are still very rare. As a result, summers are not very hot. It features a similar climate to the Fiordland area of New Zealand, the west coast of Scotland, or the Alaskan Panhandle. Precipitation is high during the entire year, and sunshine hours are few. Snow falls in the interior, but is rare at sea level.

paragraphs: A weather station has been running on Gough Island since 1956. It is operated as part of the network of the South African Weather Service. Because cold fronts approach South Africa from the south-west, the Gough station is particularly important in forecasting winter weather. Initially it was housed in the station at The Glen, but moved in 1963 to the South lowlands of the island, more precisely . The new location improved the validity and reliability of the data acquired for use in modeling.

paragraphs: Each year a new overwintering team arrives by ship from Cape Town (beginning in 2012, the "S. A. Agulhas II") to staff the weather station and perform scientific research. The team for a particular year may be termed as "Gough" and an expedition number: for example, the 1956 team were "Gough 01", and the team for 2013 were "Gough 58". Each new team directly replaces the departing one, thereby maintaining a continual human presence on the island.

paragraphs: The team is supplied with enough food to last the whole year. People and cargo are landed either by helicopter, from a helideck-equipped supply ship, or by a fixed crane atop a cliff near the station (a place aptly called "Crane Point").

paragraphs: In 2014 a member of the research team choked to death on the island and his body was taken back to South Africa.


title: Keiko Fujimori

paragraphs: Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi (; ; born 25 May 1975) (also known by the pseudoyms Señora K (Mrs. K) and Ruth) is a Peruvian politician. She is the daughter of former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori.

paragraphs: After the divorce of her parents, she was First Lady from 1994 to 2000, becoming the youngest First Lady in the history of the Americas.

paragraphs: In 2006, she was elected to the Congress of Peru. Fujimori leads the right-wing party Fuerza Popular and was their presidential candidate in the 2011 election runoff and the 2016 election runoff, losing both times.

paragraphs: Fujimori was said to be involved in the Odebrecht scandal and was arrested in Peru on 10 October 2018.


title: Julian Bream

paragraphs: Julian Alexander Bream, CBE (15 July 1933 – 14 August 2020), was an English virtuoso classical guitarist and lutenist. He was one of the best known classical guitarists of the 20th century.

paragraphs: He worked for RCA Victor and EMI Classics many times. These recordings won him several awards, including four Grammy Awards, two for Best Chamber Music Performance and two for Best Classical Performance.

paragraphs: Bream died on 14 August 2020 at his home in Wiltshire, aged 87.


paragraphs: The Israel–United Arab Emirates peace agreement or the Abraham Accord was agreed to by Israel and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on August 13, 2020.

paragraphs: If an agreement is signed, the UAE will be the third Arab country, after Egypt in 1979 and Jordan in 1994, to formally normalize their relationship with Israel. It will be the first Persian Gulf country to do so.

paragraphs: Israel agreed to suspend plans for the annexation of the West Bank.


title: Gojek

paragraphs: PT Aplikasi Karya Anak Bangsa (most commonly known as Gojek) is a Jakarta based on-demand service platform. It also does digital payments. Gojek was started in Indonesia in 2009 as a call center. It connects consumers to courier delivery and two-wheeled ride-hailing services. Gojek launched its application in 2015 with only four services: GoRide, GoSend, GoShop, and GoFood. It raised over $1 billion 2019 and is now valued at US$10 billion. Gojek has turned into a Super App. It now provides more than 20 services.


title: Aachen Cathedral

paragraphs: Aachen Cathedral (German: "Aachener Dom") is a Roman Catholic church in Aachen, Germany. It is one of the oldest cathedrals in Europe. Emperor Charlemagne ordered for it to be built in 796. He was buried there when he died. The church was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978. It was one of the first World Heritage Sites listed.

paragraphs: The building uses several types of architecture. The choir is built in a Gothic style. The core of the building is a chapel built in a Carolingian-Romanesque style. There are small parts that also use an Ottonian style, including an area around the throne.


title: Replay value

paragraphs: Replay value (colloquially known as replayability) is a term used to figure out how fun it is to play a game after the player completed it already. Factors that may change the replay value are the game's additional characters, secrets or multiple endings.


title: St. George's, Bermuda

paragraphs: St. George's (formally known as the Town of St. George, or St. George's Town) is part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. First settlers were there since 1612. It is the first permanent English settlement on the islands of Bermuda. It is is usually described as the third successful British settlement in the Americas. It is the oldest British town in the New World where people continue to live up to this day.

paragraphs: In the Bermudian convention where the name of the place has the name of a person, it sets the person's name in the possessive form. The place is rarely treated as equivalent to the person.

paragraphs: Other examples include most of the parishes (which – other than St. George's Parish – all commemorate historical people). It includes churches such as Hamilton Parish (named for James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton), Devonshire Parish (named for William Cavendish, 1st Earl of Devonshire), and Paget Parish. While the city of Hamilton is commonly referred to as "Hamilton", The Town of St. George, St. George's Parish, St. George's Island, and St. George's Harbour (and any other names of the place usually containing a person's name in the possessive form). It always remains possessive when shortened, such as in the "St. George's Foundation".

paragraphs: By example, Bermudians will always say "St. George's and St. David's are the largest islands in St. George's Parish." It is never "St. George and St. David are the largest islands in St. George Parish". As many maps and other printed materials featuring Bermuda are produced abroad, it is extremely common to find maps, books and other material using the non-possessive forms. However, visitors to Bermuda should be aware that using the non-possessive forms when speaking to Bermudians is likely to cause as much offence as saying "Bermudan".

paragraphs: Originally called "New London", St. George's was first settled in 1612. This was three years after the first English settlers landed on St. George's Island on their way to Virginia. Led by Admiral Sir George Somers and Lieutenant-General Sir Thomas Gates, they had deliberately steered their ship, "Sea Venture," to a reef to escape a storm. The survivors built two new ships, the "Deliverance" and "Patience", and most continued their voyage to Jamestown, but the Virginia Company laid claim to the island.

paragraphs: By the Virginia Company's Third Charter in 1612, the boundaries of the new colony were extended to include Bermuda. The company sent a party of 60 new settlers to Bermuda to join the three men left behind by the "Sea Venture." After a brief period in nearby St. David's, the settlers started building at St. George's. By 1615, the shareholders of the Virginia Company created a second company, the Somers Isles Company. It managed Bermuda separately until the company was dissolved in 1686. The Virginia Company was later dissolved in 1624.

paragraphs: This small town was the capital of Bermuda until 1815. It was linked to the history of colonial America. Ten thousand Bermudians moved to Virginia and the American Southeast. This was before United States independence made them citizens of separate nations. Branches of wealthy Bermudian merchant families ruled the trade in the area's ports.

paragraphs: As Bermuda's population centre, St. George's was connected to the development in the North American colonies. During the American War of Independence, and as requested by George Washington, Bermudians assisted the American rebels in stealing much-needed gunpowder from a St. George's magazine. It supplied the forts protecting that were protecting the port.

paragraphs: In 1996, the town was twinned with Lyme Regis, Dorset, England. It was the birthplace of Admiral Sir George Somers. In 2000, the town, together with numerous surrounding fortifications, including the Castle Islands Fortifications, they were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Together, they are formally known as the "Historic Town of St George and Related Fortifications".

paragraphs: St. George's Colts and Hamilton Parish football clubs play their games at the Wellington Oval, which also serves as a cricket ground.

paragraphs: St. George's Preschool serves the area. St. George's Primary School is in the community.


title: PlayStation TV

paragraphs: The PlayStation TV was a version of the PlayStation Vita that connected to a television.


title: Gorham's Cave

paragraphs: Gorham's Cave is a sea-level cave in the British overseas territory of Gibraltar. Although it is not a sea cave, it is often mistaken for one. It is considered to be one of the last known habitations of the Neanderthals in Europe. The cave's name, Gorham's Cave complex, is a combination of four distinct caves that are part of the UNESCO World Heritage site. It is the only one in Gibraltar. The three other caves are Vanguard Cave, Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.

paragraphs: It is located at Governor's Beach on the southeastern face of the Rock of Gibraltar. People lived there about 55,000 years ago. It was approximately 5 kilometres from the shore, but, due to changes in sea level, it is now only a few metres from the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraphs: The cave is named after Captain A. Gorham. He discovered it in 1907 while opening a fissure at the rear of a sea cavern. Gorham wrote his name and the date of his discovery in lamp-black on the wall of the cave. It has his name ever since. After this initial discovery, it seems the cave was forgotten, at least at an official level. Gibraltarian historian and potholer George Palao recalls an inscription on the cave wall that read "J. J. Davies 1943".

paragraphs: Gorham's Cave is a sea cave which has formed in Jurassic limestone. Total length of this cave is approximately 100 m and at the entrance it is approximately 35 m high. Further inside the cave, it becomes narrower, and turns per approximately 90 degrees. From the entrance of cave opens a view on the Alboran Sea. It is possible that during further research the cave will become longer.

paragraphs: Gorham's Cave got its name Gorham's Cave complex. It is a grouping of four distinct caves of such importance that they are combined into a UNESCO heritage site. The three other caves are the nearby Vanguard Cave, the Hyaena Cave, and Bennett's Cave.

paragraphs: In November 2010, the Gorham's Cave complex was put forward to compete for a nomination as a UNESCO World Heritage site. Professor Clive Finlayson, director of the Gibraltar Museum, was responsible for coordinating the efforts to obtain this nomination. The first step was a proposal to the United Kingdom cultural authorities to get Gorham's Cave complex added to the UK's World Heritage tentative list. The list is changed every ten years. The process for a new list was ongoing at the date of the submission.

paragraphs: The ownership of land associated with Gorham's Cave was passed from the UK Ministry of Defence to the government of Gibraltar in 2011. The agreement swapped this MOD land and more than 300 MOD houses with the government of Gibraltar, who in exchange agreed to build 90 new houses on remaining MOD land.

paragraphs: In May 2012 Gorham's Cave complex was on the short list of two sites, along with the Forth Rail Bridge, that was forwarded for submission to UNESCO. The site was inscribed by UNESCO as a World Heritage site on 15 July 2016, and is Gibraltar's only World Heritage site.


title: Oro y plata

paragraphs: Oro y plata is the state motto of Montana. It means "Gold and silver" in Spanish.


title: Roman Theatre of Orange

paragraphs: The Roman Theatre of Orange (French: "Théâtre antique d'Orange") is a Roman theatre in Orange, Vaucluse, France. It was built early in the 1st century AD. The municipality of Orange owns the structure. The theatre is the home of the summer opera festival called the Chorégies d'Orange.

paragraphs: It is a very well preserved Roman theatres. It served the Roman colony of "Arausio" (more specifically, "Colonia Julia Firma Secundanorum Arausio": "the Julian colony of Arausio started by the soldiers of the second legion"). This colony was founded in 40 BC. The theatre played an important role in the life of the citizens. They spent a large part of their free time there.The Roman authorities saw it as a way to spread spreading Roman culture to the colonies. They also saw it as a way to make them forget about political activities.

paragraphs: Mime, pantomime, poetry readings and the "attelana" (a kind of farce, similar to the commedia dell'arte) were the most important forms of entertainment. It often lasted all day. The common people liked spectacular effects and beautiful stage sets became very important. The use of stage machinery also became important. The entertainment was open to everyone. It was free of charge.

paragraphs: The Western Roman Empire declined during the 4th century. Christianity had become the official religion. An official edict closed the theatre in AD 391. This is because at that time the Church was against what it saw as uncivilised performances. The Visigoths probably pillaged it in 412. Like most Roman buildings, a lot of its better stone was used again for other buildings. It was used as a defensive post in the early Middle Ages. By the 12th century, the Church started to use it for religious plays. During the 16th-century there were religious wars. The theatre became a place to hide for the townspeople. In 1981 UNESCO declared the theatre as a World Heritage Site. In modern days, it is used mostly for opera. It is also a tourist attraction.

paragraphs: The Romans made early Roman theatres mostly with wood. They were meant to be temporary structures. In 55 BC Pompey asked for a stone theatre in his home city of Rome. After this, important (and permanent) Roman theatres became more popular in the Empire. The Orange theatre was built under the rule of Augustus. It was one of the first of its kind in this area of France. The grand exterior (outside) facade is one of the most famous parts of the structure. It is 103 meters long and 37 meters high. At the beginning, there was a wooden roof across the theatre. This protected the people watching from bad weather. There is evidence on the walls that shows that, at some point, the roof burnt in a fire. There is not very much decoration on the theatre. However, the tall wall gives an imposing look to the whole building. The three main doors on the first level of the facade open directly onto the stage inside the theatre. The theatre can seat between 5,800 up to 7,300. Today, much of the seating is new. This is to make sure that tourists and people watching plays are safe.

paragraphs: The stage is 61 meters long. It is about one meter above the ground. To the back is the wall. Its height is the same as in Roman times. This wall is very important to the theatre. This is because it helps to make the sound louder for the large audience. The wall is also known as the scaenae frons. It is the only place with decoration in the entire theatre. It used to have marble mosaics of many different colours. It also had many columns, friezes and statues placed in niches. The central niche contains a statue of the emperor Augustus. This was likely a restoration of an original statue of Apollo, the god of music and the arts. The central door, below the central niche, is called the Royal Door, or "valva regia." Only by the most important actors used this door to enter and exit the stage. Above the door there was a frieze decorated with centaurs. It is not there anymore. It is now on display across the street in the Orange Museum. Only some parts of it are left. The stage now has a modern platform. This is to stop damage when actors use it for operas and other performances.

paragraphs: The reconstruction (building again) of the theatre started in 1825. People wanted to bring back the theatre to its original use: to host large, exciting performances. In 1869, the theatre was still being restored. It hosted “The Roman Festivals,” which brought over 10,000 guests. A very important part of the restoration was excavating the area around the theatre. This happened in the 1930s. This excavation and levelling of buildings around the theatre helped find many historical objects and artifacts. These helped make knowledge better about the history and uses of the structure. Today, all three levels of seating have been completely restored. This is the same for many staircases, large parts of the pavement, the stage, the orchestra, and parts of walls.

paragraphs: During the Middle Ages, around the 12th century, the Church used the theatre to host plays. Theatre companies also hosted plays. In the 16th century this tradition stopped once again when the town was sacked during The French Wars of Religion. Much of the population left.In the 19th century, the theatre went back to its original use. Today, the Orange theatre is considered the best preserved (kept) Roman theatre in all of Europe. Culturespaces manages it. This is an organisation that also manages other related cultural sites in the area, for example the Orange Museum and the Triumphal Arch. It also manages other sites in the South of France.

paragraphs: The theatre is a historical site, but also a venue for concerts and theatrical performances. The first major festival held in the theatre in 1869 after the restoration started was called “The Roman Festival”. This festival became a yearly festival called the Chorégies (see below). These decadent events brought in thousands of visitors from around the world. During the rest of the year, the Théâtre d'Orange is a major tourist attraction. Tourists can walk through the main theatre and rooms around it. They can also walk through the corridors.

paragraphs: During the 19th century, the theatre slowly started to look better again. Prosper Mérimée helped with this. At the time, he was the director of ""Monuments Historiques"." He led the restoration. The work began in 1825 and in 1869 the theatre became the home of a "Roman Festival" which celebrated the glory of Rome. It included a performance of Méhul's opera, "Joseph". In the second half of the 19th century, and early 20th century, all the major players of the French classical stage appeared in the Orange festivals. For example, Sarah Bernhardt played "Phèdre" there in 1903.

paragraphs: By the end of the century, the tiered seats were restored. In 1902 the festival had a new name, the "Chorégies". It was planned as a yearly summer festival. The name comes from the tax that wealthy Romans had to pay for theatre productions. Until 1969 the Chorégies consisted of plays and musical works, for example opera and symphonies. However, after that date, it became just an opera festival. Plays were done at Avignon.

paragraphs: In 1981 UNESCO made the theatre a World Heritage Site.


title: Chatham Dockyard

paragraphs: Chatham Dockyard was a Royal Navy Dockyard located on the River Medway in Kent. It was established in Chatham in the mid-16th century. The dockyard was then expanded into neighbouring Gillingham. Chatham Dockyards and its Defences are part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

paragraphs: It existed after the Reformation. It was at a time when relations with the Catholic countries of Europe had worsened, which increased the need for additional defences.

paragraphs: For 414 years, 500 ships were made available for the Royal Navy because of Chatham Royal Dockyard. It was at the forefront of shipbuilding, industrial and architectural technology. At its height, it employed over 10,000 skilled artisans. It covered .

paragraphs: Chatham Dockyard was closed in 1984. The Georgian dockyard is now managed as the Chatham Historic Dockyard. It is a visitor attraction by the Chatham Historic Dockyard Trust.


title: No War but the Class War

paragraphs: No War but the Class War is a slogan that is used by people who do not like capitalism. It means that people should not go fight in wars, which they believe support the rich and powerful, but fight the rich and powerful instead (in a special kind of war called "class struggle").

paragraphs: This slogan has been used in many arts and shows.

paragraphs: Some groups have used the name "No War but the Class War." These groups appeared in London around the time that the Gulf War and the Kosovo War were taking place.


title: The Man Who Cheated Himself

paragraphs: The Man Who Cheated Himself is a 1950 American crime movie directed by Felix E. Feist and starring Lee J. Cobb, Jane Wyatt, John Dall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: For Heaven's Sake (1950 movie)

paragraphs: For Heaven's Sake is a 1950 American romantic fantasy drama movie directed by George Seaton and was based on the 1949 play "May We Come In?" by Harry Segall. It stars Clifton Webb, Joan Bennett, Robert Cummings and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Skåpafors

paragraphs: Skåpafors is a locality in Bengtsfors Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 313 people lived there.


title: Sjötorp

paragraphs: Sjötorp is a locality in Mariestad Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 494 people lived there.


title: Bäckefors

paragraphs: Bäckefors is a locality in Bengtsfors Municipality in Västra Götaland County in Sweden. In 2010, 673 people lived there.


title: Rigny-le-Ferron

paragraphs: Rigny-le-Ferron is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Rilly-Sainte-Syre

paragraphs: Rilly-Sainte-Syre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: La Rivière-de-Corps

paragraphs: La Rivière-de-Corps is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Mercedes-Benz buses

paragraphs: Mercedes-Benz has been building buses since 1895 in Mannheim in Germany.


title: Itaquaquecetuba

paragraphs: Itaquaquecetuba is an Brazilian city in the state of São Paulo. Its population in 2018 was 366,519 and has an area of 82,622 km².


title: Dún Laoghaire

paragraphs: Dún Laoghaire is the county town of Dún Laoghaire–Rathdown (County Dublin) in Ireland.


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title: Yangdong Folk Village

paragraphs: Yangdong Folk Village is a village in South Korea's North Gyeongsang Province. It is inside the city of Gyeongju, which used to be the capital of Korea. It has buildings and other things that were built in the Joseon Dynasty or that have been rebuilt in the same style. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: Yangdong was built in the 1400s by two important clans, Yeogang Lee and Wolseong Son. Many of the people who live in Yangdong now are from these families. Many members of these families who do not live in Yangdong come back a few times a year for special occasions.

paragraphs: Yangdong Folk Village is a World Heritage Site as part of a pair with Hahoe Folk Village. Both places were built during the Joseon Dynasty and many of the buildings are still intact. Some of the buildings have been rebuilt with modern materials, though. Like Hahoe, Yangdong's layout shows influences from the Confucian way of thinking and the importance of the clan system in Korea at the time. There are timber houses with tiled roofs for high-ranking people and mud houses with thatched roofs that were originally for low-ranking people. The village is on the sides of hills. The buildings were built in specific places so their rooftops would match and complement the hillsides around them. The buildings belonging to nobler or richer people are higher up on the hills. One home once had 99 rooms.

paragraphs: There are two Confucian schools, Oksanseowon and Donggangseowon, near Yangdong Folk Village.

paragraphs: There are about 149 houses in Yangdong Folk Village and people still live in them. Yangdong Folk Village has modern, paved roads, some modern bridges, and a railway.

paragraphs: Before it was declared a World Heritage Site around 2010, few people visited Yangdong. After it was declared a World Heritage Site, many more came. People worried about whether the extra visitors would damage the site. Tourists, including schoolchildren on field trips, often visit Yangdong.

paragraphs: Famous people from Yangdong include the Joseon era philosopher Lee Eon-jeok (1491-1553), nicknamed "Hoejae." Hojae is called one of the "Five Great Sages of the East."


title: Louga Region

paragraphs: Louga is a region in the northwest of Senegal. The regional capital is Louga.

paragraphs: As of the 2013 census, 835,325 people lived there. It has an area of .


title: Soncoya

paragraphs: The term soncoya can mean any of two ":Annona" species:


title: Diourbel Region

paragraphs: Diourbel is a region in the central west of Senegal. The regional capital is Diourbel.

paragraphs: As of the 2013 census, 1,420,082 people lived there. It has an area of .


title: Dakar Region

paragraphs: Dakar is a region in the west of Senegal. The regional capital is Dakar, which is also the national capital.

paragraphs: As of the 2013 census, 2,956,023 people lived there. It has an area of .


title: Fatick Region

paragraphs: Fatick is a region in the southwest of Senegal. The regional capital is Fatick.

paragraphs: As of the 2013 census, 684,652 people lived there. It has an area of .


title: Longdale, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Longdale is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Roosevelt, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Roosevelt is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Cabeza de negro

paragraphs: The cabeza de negro, sincuya, or soncoya (Annona purpurea) is a species of plant in the genus Annona. The name "cabeza de negro" is also applied to the similar species "Annona diversifolia". It is often used for fruit and medicine. It is deciduous, and has hairy leaves and large, scented flowers. It can grow up to 6 to 10 metres (20 to 33 ft). It can take 3 years for it to have fruit.


title: Vera, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Vera is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Meno, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Meno is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Marland, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Marland is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: American Guerrilla in the Philippines

paragraphs: American Guerrilla in the Philippines (released as I Shall Return in the UK) is a 1950 American war movie directed by Fritz Lang and is based on the 1945 book of the same name by Ira Wolfert. It stars Tyrone Power, Micheline Presle and was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Liberty, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Liberty is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Romilly-sur-Seine

paragraphs: Romilly-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Cantagalo, Minas Gerais

paragraphs: Cantagalo is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Minas Gerais.


title: Viva Zalata

paragraphs: Viva Zalata () is a 1976 Egyptian western comedy movie directed by Hassan Hafez and starring Fouad El Mohandes, Shwikar, Samir Ghanem, Tawfiq El Deken, and Hussien Fahmy.


title: Complex of Koguryo tombs

paragraphs: The complex of Koguryo tombs or Goguryeo tombs is a group of tombs, or places where human bodies are buried, in North Korea. The tombs were built during the Kingdom of Koguryo, which ruled parts of China and Korea from the 37 b.c.e. to the 7th century c.e. These tombs were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2004.

paragraphs: The tombs are made of stonework and earthwork and some of them have large, detailed paintings inside them. Historians have found about 10,000 tombs from the Koguryo kingdom in China and Korea. Only about 100 of them have paintings on the inside. 80 of these painted tombs are in what we today call the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, or North Korea. 63 tombs are part of the World Heritage Site, and 16 of these tombs have paintings. They were chosen because their paintings are so detailed and show daily life, because the way they were built shows good engineering, because modern people can use the tombs to tell what the people of the Kingdom of Koguryo thought about burying people, and because the burials in the Kingdom of Koguryo affected many later countries, including the modern Koreas and Japan.

paragraphs: The 63 tombs of the World Heritage Site are not all in the same place. They are spread out across the city of Pyongyang and nearby provinces. Historians think these tombs were made for kings and other royals and nobles.

paragraphs: Sometimes experts from North Korea and South Korea work together on the Koguryo tombs, but this depends on how well the two countries are getting along.

paragraphs: Thieves and other looters broke into some of the tombs, and only a few were completely untouched when scientists first saw them.

paragraphs: In 2018, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea began to allow more visitors from outside the country to see the tombs. This was part of a plan to improve the economy.

paragraphs: In May 2020, the National Museum of Korea in Seoul, South Korea, produced a digital exhibit called Immersive Digital Galleries. This exhibit included digital versions of some of the paintings from the Anak No. 3 tomb.


title: Alto Alegre, Roraima

paragraphs: Alto Alegre is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.


title: Amajari

paragraphs: Amajari is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.


title: Bonfim, Roraima

paragraphs: Bonfim is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.


title: Cantá

paragraphs: Cantá is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.


title: Caracaraí

paragraphs: Caracaraí is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Roraima.


title: Iguaba Grande

paragraphs: Iguaba Grande is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro.


title: Rio Claro, Rio de Janeiro

paragraphs: Rio Claro is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Rio de Janeiro.


title: Romana, Sardinia

paragraphs: Romana ("Rumàna") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Sassari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 543 people lived there. Its area is 21.6 km². It is 267 meters above sea level.


title: Assemini

paragraphs: Assemini ("Assèmini") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 26,818 people lived there. Its area is 118.17 km². It is 6 meters above sea level.


title: Capoterra

paragraphs: Capoterra ("Cabudèrra") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 23,592 people lived there. Its area is 68.49 km². It is 54 meters above sea level.


title: Decimomannu

paragraphs: Decimomannu ("Deximumànnu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 8,133 people lived there. Its area is 27.72 km². It is 10 meters above sea level.


title: Elmas

paragraphs: Elmas ("Su Màsu") is a town and "comune" (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Cagliari in Sardinia, Italy. As of 2016, 9,475 people lived there. Its area is 13.63 km². It is 7 meters above sea level.


title: Le Flore, Oklahoma

paragraphs: LeFlore is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Wainwright, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Wainwright is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Cladoxylopsida

paragraphs: The cladoxylopsids are a group of plants known only as fossils that may be ancestors of ferns and horsetails.

paragraphs: They had a central trunk, from the top of which several lateral branches were attached. Fossils of these plants start in the middle Devonian to early Carboniferous periods, mostly just as stems.

paragraphs: Cladoxylopsida contains two orders. The order Hyeniales is now included in Pseudosporochnales.

paragraphs: Intact fossils of the Middle Devonian cladoxylopsid "Wattieza" show it was a tree, the earliest known in the fossil record as of 2007. In 2019, experts discovered more fossils of Cladoxylopsida and "Archaeopteris" in a quarry in Cairo, New York.


title: Fulton, Mississippi

paragraphs: Fulton is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the county seat of Itawamba County.


title: Marks, Mississippi

paragraphs: Marks is a city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the county seat of Quitman County.


title: Martha, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Martha is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. According to 2010 census, there were 162 people living there.


title: Rocksprings, Texas

paragraphs: Rocksprings is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Pocasset, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Pocasset is a town in Oklahoma in the United States. According to 2010 US census, there are 156 people living there.


title: Everman, Texas

paragraphs: Everman is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the 2010 US census, there are 6,108 people living there.


title: The Mudlark

paragraphs: The Mudlark is a 1950 American British movie directed by Jean Negulesco and was based on the 1949 novel of the same name by Theodore Bonnet. It stars Alec Guinness, Irene Dunne, Andrew Ray, Beatrice Campbell, Finlay Currie, Anthony Steel and was distributed by 20th Century Fox. It was nominated an Academy Award in 1951.


title: Empress Wanrong

paragraphs: Empress Wanrong (Chinese: 婉容, 13 November 1906 – June 20, 1946), formally known as the Xuantong Empress, was from the Gobulo (郭布羅) clan. She was married to Puyi, the last Emperor of China. In 1932, she became the empress of Manchukuo in northeastern China. In January 1946, Wanrong along with her sister-in-law was captured by the Chinese Communist guerrillas. She died in prison in June 1946. Her remains were never found.


title: Murtaja Baseer

paragraphs: Murtaja Baseer (17 August 1932 – 15 August 2020) was a Bangladeshi painter. He was also a poet, short story writer, novelist, researcher, numismatist, and filmmaker.

paragraphs: He was awarded Ekushey Padak in 1980 by the Government of Bangladesh.

paragraphs: Baseer worked at University of Chittagong as an assistant professor and served until 1998.

paragraphs: Baseer has written several novels including "Ultramarine" (1954), "Kanch-er Pakhir Gaan" (1969), "Mitar Shangey Char Shandha" and "Amitakkhar". He was a regular contributor to literary journals like Dilruba, Samakal, and Saogat. His first published poem was "Parbe Na".

paragraphs: Baseer was active in leftist politics during the 1950s and was sent to prison during the Pakistan government.

paragraphs: In 1987, he received a fellowship from British Council to carry out research on folk and traditional art of Bangladesh.

paragraphs: Baseer died from COVID-19 in Dhaka on 15 August 2020, aged 87.


title: Pete Way

paragraphs: Peter Frederick Way (7 August 1951 – 14 August 2020) was an English bass player. He is best known as the bassist of rock band UFO. He played in the band from 1969 to 1982, briefly in 1988–1989 and once again from 1991 to 2008.

paragraphs: Way was also known as a founding member of Waysted and Fastway. He also notably played with Michael Schenker Group and Ozzy Osbourne.

paragraphs: Way died on 14 August 2020 at the age of 69. He died due to an injury caused by accident two months earlier. He was 69 years old.


title: Your Name Is Justine

paragraphs: Your Name Is Justine () is a 2005 Luxembourgian Polish thriller movie directed by Franco de Peña. It starred Anna Cieslak, Arno Frisch, Rafal Mackowiak, Dominique Pinon, Mathieu Carrière, David Scheller.


title: John Talbut

paragraphs: John Talbut (20 October 1940 – 14 August 2020) was an English football defender. He played for the England under-23 team whilst at the club.

paragraphs: In December 1966 Jimmy Hagan paid £30,000 to take Talbut to West Bromwich Albion. Talbut was a winner with the Baggies in the 1968 FA Cup Final but also featured on the losing side in the 1970 Football League Cup Final.

paragraphs: Talbut died on 14 August 2020 from dementia-related problems, aged 79.


title: Nesim Tahirović

paragraphs: Nesim Tahirović (23 October 1941 — 14 August 2020) was a Bosnian painter.

paragraphs: During a forty five-year career as an independent artist he had around sixty solo exhibitions and more than hundred group exhibitions. His paintings were exhibited in museums, galleries and sold to private collectors all over the world.

paragraphs: He was a member of "The Association of Applied Artists and Designers of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (ULUPUBiH) and "Association of Visual Artists of Bosnia and Herzegovina" (ULUBiH).

paragraphs: Tahirović died on 14 August 2020 in Tuzla, aged 78.


title: Shwikar

paragraphs: Shwikar Ibrahim () (04 May 1935 – 14 August 2020) was an Egyptian actress. She started her career in Alexandria in some tragedic roles. She was born in Alexandria. Her best known role was as Negma in the 1976 western movie "Viva Zalata".

paragraphs: Shwikar died on 14 August 2020 in Cairo, aged 81.


title: Herb Orvis

paragraphs: Herbert Vaughn Orvis (October 17, 1946 – August 14, 2020) was an American football defensive tackle. He played for the Detroit Lions and the Baltimore Colts in a ten-year career that lasted from 1972 to 1981 in the National Football League.

paragraphs: Orvis played college football at the University of Colorado. He was born in Petoskey, Michigan.

paragraphs: Orvis was drafted 16th overall in the first round of the 1972 NFL Draft by the Lions, playing for five years with that team. From 1978-81, he played for the Colts.

paragraphs: Orvis was chosen to be honored into the College Football Hall of Fame on January 8, 2015.

paragraphs: Orvis died on August 14, 2020 in Goodyear, Arizona at the age of 73.


title: Linda Manz

paragraphs: Linda Manz (August 20, 1961 – August 14, 2020) was an American actress. She was active from 1978 to 1997. She was best known for her roles in "Days of Heaven" (1978), "Out of the Blue" (1980), and "Gummo" (1997). Manz was born in New York City.

paragraphs: Manz died on August 14, 2020 from pneumonia caused by lung cancer in New York City at the age of 58.


title: Ernst Jean-Joseph

paragraphs: Ernst Jean-Joseph (11 June 1948 – 14 August 2020) was a Haitian football midfielder. He played for Haiti in the 1974 FIFA World Cup. He played for Violette A.C. and briefly for Chicago Sting.


title: Tom Forsyth

paragraphs: Thomas Forsyth (23 January 1949 – 14 August 2020) was a Scottish football player and coach. Forsyth played as a defender for Motherwell, Rangers and Scotland.

paragraphs: After his playing retirement, Forsyth was appointed manager of Dunfermline Athletic in 1982.

paragraphs: Forsyth was appointed McLean's assistant at Motherwell then Hearts, when McLean moved to these clubs in 1984 and 1994.

paragraphs: Forsyth died on 14 August 2020, aged 71.


title: Francesc Badia Batalla

paragraphs: Francesc Badia Batalla (10 January 1923 – 14 August 2020) was an Andorran politician and historian. He was the Episcopal Veguer of Andorra from 1972 until 1993. He also was a judge of the Tribunal of the Courts of Andorra over the same time. He was born in Montblanc, Tarragona, Spain.

paragraphs: Badia Batalla died on 14 August 2020, aged 97.


title: Dimasangcay Pundato

paragraphs: Dimasangcay Pundato (December 21, 1947 – August 13, 2020) a Muslim Filipino revolutionary leader and politician. He was born in Dansalan, Lanao.

paragraphs: For nine years, he was a member of the Office on Muslim Affairs (OMA) under the Office of the President during the administrations of the President Cory Aquino and President Fidel V. Ramos. He was Vice Chairman of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) and Chairman of the MNLF Reformist Group.

paragraphs: Pundato died at his home in Marawi on August 13, 2020, at the age of 72.


title: Chris Eccleshall

paragraphs: Christopher J. Eccleshall (26 May 1948 – 13 August 2020) was an English luthier, guitar designer and guitar dealer. He worked with Martin, Gibson and Guild guitars. He was also known for making Selmer-Maccaferri jazz guitars.

paragraphs: Eccleshall originally trained as a violin maker with W. E. Hill and Sons of Bond Street in London. He was also an engineer in the Fleet Air Arm.

paragraphs: Eccleshall died on 13 August 2020 in Dartington, Devon at the age of 72.


title: Mitch Hoopes

paragraphs: Mitchell Kent Hoopes (July 8, 1953 – August 11, 2020) was an American football punter in the National Football League for the Dallas Cowboys, San Diego Chargers, Houston Oilers, Detroit Lions and Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraphs: He also was a member of the Boston Breakers in the United States Football League. He played college football at the University of Arizona. He was born in Bisbee, Arizona.

paragraphs: Hoopes died on August 11, 2020, aged 67.


title: Tetsuya Watari

paragraphs: Watari died of pneumonia on August 10, 2020 in Tokyo, aged 78.


title: Konrad Steffen

paragraphs: Konrad "Koni" Steffen (2 January 1952 – 8 August 2020) was a Swiss glaciologist. He was known for his research into the impact of global warming on the Arctic. He was born in Zurich. Steffen was an associate professor of geography at the University of Colorado Boulder from 1991 to 1997.

paragraphs: He was the director of the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences at Boulder from 2005 to 2012.

paragraphs: He took office as the director of the Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research on July 1, 2012.

paragraphs: Steffen died, aged 68, on 8 August 2020 in an accident while on a field trip in Greenland. He fell into a crevasse near the Swiss Camp research station and drowned.


title: Crevasse

paragraphs: A crevasse is a deep crack, or fracture, found in an ice sheet or glacier. It is like a crevice that forms in rock. Crevasses form as a result of the movement caused by the shear stress between two semi-rigid pieces of ice.

paragraphs: Crevasses often have vertical or near-vertical walls, which can then melt and create seracs, arches, and other ice formations.


title: Surrender of Japan

paragraphs: The surrender of Imperial Japan was announced by Japanese Emperor Hirohito on August 15 and formally signed on September 2, 1945. This ended World War II.

paragraphs: By the end of July 1945, the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) was not able to carry major operations and an Allied invasion of Japan was near.

paragraphs: Together with the British Empire and China, the United States called for the unconditional surrender of the Japanese armed forces in the Potsdam Declaration on July 26, 1945.

paragraphs: A key factor in Japan's surrender were the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.


title: Baltimore Plot

paragraphs: The Baltimore Plot was a plan by pro-slavery owners in late February 1861 to assassinate President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln. The plan was to kill Lincoln while he was on his way to his inauguration.

paragraphs: Allan Pinkerton, founder of the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, played a key role by being in charge of Lincoln's security throughout the journey. Though scholars debate whether or not the threat was real, clearly Lincoln and his advisors believed that there was a threat and took actions to make sure he traveled safely through Baltimore, Maryland. This was where Lincoln's plotted assassination would have happened.

paragraphs: Lincoln arrived secretly in Washington, D.C. on February 23, 1861. A planned train route through Bellaire, Ohio, to Wheeling, Virginia (West Virginia had yet to break off from Virginia) and eastward, was redirected up through the Pittsburgh through Pennsylvania, into Maryland and eventually to Washington.

paragraphs: For the remainder of his presidency, Lincoln's many critics would call him a coward because he was in disguise while travelling secretly to Washington.


title: Allan Pinkerton

paragraphs: Allan J. Pinkerton (25 August 1819 – 1 July 1884) was a Scottish–American detective and spy. He was best known for creating the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He was known for protecting then-President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln during the Baltimore Plot (a plan to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland in 1862).


title: Kate Warne

paragraphs: Kate Warne (1833 – January 28, 1868) was an American law enforcement officer. She was known as the first female detective, in 1856, in the Pinkerton Detective Agency and the United States.

paragraphs: She played a key role in helping then President-elect of the United States Abraham Lincoln travel to Washington, D.C. safely during the alleged Baltimore Plot (the plot to kill Lincoln in Baltimore, Maryland) in 1862. She was born in Erin, New York.

paragraphs: Warne died of pneumonia in Chicago on January 28, 1868.


title: Erin, New York

paragraphs: Erin is a town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 1,962 at the 2010 census. The town was named by early settlers from Ireland.


title: Pinkerton (detective agency)

paragraphs: Pinkerton, founded as the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, is a private security guard and detective agency created in the United States by Scottish-American spy Allan Pinkerton in 1850. It is a part of Securitas AB.

paragraphs: Pinkerton became famous when he claimed to have stopped a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work.

paragraphs: The Pinkerton National Detective Agency hired women and minorities from its founding. Pinkerton was the largest private law enforcement organization in the world at the height of its power.


title: Ray tracing

paragraphs: Ray tracing is a computer algorithm for drawing very realistic 3D images.

paragraphs: With ray tracing, objects in the scene are described with geometrical shapes like spheres or planes. The computer then sends rays (straight lines) forward from where the camera is. The objects that get hit by these rays are the objects that the camera can see. The computer then draws these objects. This is similar to how our eyes see, but in the real world the rays (light) go the opposite way – from the world to our eyes.


title: Lenawee County, Michigan

paragraphs: Lenawee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. The county seat is Adrian. As of the 2010 census, 99,892 people lived here.


title: Luce County, Michigan

paragraphs: Luce County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 6,631 people live here. The county seat is Newberry.


title: Crinkle crankle wall

paragraphs: A crinkle crankle wall is a brick wall built in alternate convex and concave curves. It is sometimes described as a serpentine wall or a wavy wall. It is found most often in England, though the idea has been used elsewhere. The walls do look elegant, but the main object is practical. The format resists the usual pushes from the surrounding earth, and so needs fewer repairs than straight walls do.

paragraphs: Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) incorporated serpentine walls into the architecture of the University of Virginia, which he founded. On both sides of its rotunda and down the length of the lawn are ten pavilions. Each has its own walled garden separated by crinkle crankle walls.

paragraphs: Many crinkle crankle walls are found in East Anglia, England. There the marshes of The Fens were drained by Dutch engineers, starting in the mid-1600s. They apparently introduced the idea.  The county of Suffolk has at least 50 examples, twice as many as in the rest of the country. The term "crinkle crankle" is said to derive from a Suffolk dialect. The crinkle crankle wall running from the former manor house to All Saints' Church in the estate village of Easton is believed to be the longest existing example.

paragraphs: The idea, which is never seen in cities, is not that uncommon in south-eastern England. The ancient village of Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire has a crinckle-crankle wall near its church. It has needed far less maintenance than the straight walls in the vicinity.

paragraphs: In Lymington, Hampshire, there are at least two examples of crinkle crankle walls. The older of the two is thought to have been constructed at the time of the Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) by exiled Hanoverian soldiers living in a nearby house.


title: Mackinac County, Michigan

paragraphs: Mackinac County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 11,113 people live here. The county seat is St. Ignace.


title: Manistee County, Michigan

paragraphs: Manistee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 24,733 people live here. The county seat is Manistee.


title: Mason County, Michigan

paragraphs: Mason County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 28,705 people live here. The county seat is Ludington.


title: Crofting

paragraphs: Crofting is a form of land tenure. It also involves small-scale food production, particularly in the Scottish Highlands. Within the 19th century, townships, and individual crofts were established on the better land. Then a large area of poorer-quality hill ground was shared by all the crofters of the township for feeding their livestock.

paragraphs: Crofting is a traditional social system in Scotland defined by small-scale food production. It is a group of common working communities, or "townships". Individual crofts are typically established on of in-bye for better quality forage, arable and vegetable production. Each township manages poorer-quality hill ground as common grazing for cattle and sheep.

paragraphs: Despite its challenges, crofting is important to the Highlands. In 2014-15 there were 19,422 crofts, with 15,388 crofters. S

paragraphs: Tenants and owner-occupier crofters are required to comply with a range of duties specified in sections 5AA to 5C and 19C of the Crofters (Scotland) Act 1993. There is a requirement to be ordinarily resident within 32km of the croft. If the croft is the sole dwelling and the crofter's family are resident while the croft is away this would probably be accepted as ordinarily resident. Other situations involving other places of residence would need to be assessed individually. In addition to the duty of residence tenants and owner occupier crofters are required to ensure the croft is cultivated, maintained and not neglected or misused.


title: Mecosta County, Michigan

paragraphs: Mecosta County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 42,798 people live here. The county seat is Big Rapids.


title: Feldkirchen, Upper Bavaria

paragraphs: Feldkirchen is a municipality in the Munich Rural District in Upper Bavaria, Germany.


title: Butrint

paragraphs: Butrint (; from ) was an ancient Greek and later Roman city and bishopric in Epirus. The city is considered as one of the most important archaeological sites in Albania. With its vast cultural, historical and natural value with a considerable history, Butrint became part of UNESCO World Heritage site in 1992. It became a National Park in 2000.

paragraphs: Buthrotum was a city of the Epirote tribe of the Chaonians. It started declining in Late Antiquity. It later became abandoned during the Middle Ages after a major earthquake flooded most of the city.

paragraphs: It is now an archeological site in Vlorë County, Albania. It is about 14 kilometres south of Sarandë and close to the Greek border. It is located on a hill overlooking the Vivari Channel, and is part of the Butrint National Park.

paragraphs: The site of Butrint is accessible from Sarandë. Its road was first built in 1959 for a visit by the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. The road was improved during the summer of 2010.

paragraphs: The construction was somewhat of an environmental disaster. It one point, it threatened Butrint's World Heritage Site status. The ancient city is becoming a popular tourist destination. It attracts day-trippers from the nearby Greek holiday island of Corfu. Hydrofoils (30 minutes) and ferries (90 minutes) run daily between the New Port in Corfu Town and Saranda.

paragraphs: Many visitors from Corfu use chartered coach services to visit Butrint from Sarandë. A regular public bus service runs between Sarandë port and Butrint. Others arrive from the Qafe Bote border crossing with Greece near Konispol and cross the Vivari Channel by the cable ferry at Butrint.


title: Pont Saint-Bénézet

paragraphs: The Pont Saint-Bénézet (; Provençal: "Pònt de Sant Beneset") is a famous medieval bridge in the town of Avignon, in the south of France. It is also known as the Pont d'Avignon ().

paragraphs: A wooden bridge was built between 1177 and 1185. It went across the Rhône river between Villeneuve-lès-Avignon and Avignon. This early bridge was destroyed forty years later in 1226. This was during the Albigensian Crusade when Louis VIII of France attacked Avignon. In 1234 building started again for a new bridge with 22 stone arches. The stone bridge was about long and only wide. This width included the parapets at the sides. The bridge was abandoned in the mid-17th century. The arches collapsed (broke and fell into the water) each time the Rhône flooded. This made it very expensive to maintain (fix) the bridge.

paragraphs: Four arches and the gatehouse at the Avignon end of the bridge still exist. The Chapel of Saint Nicholas sits on the second pier of the bridge. It was built in the second half of 12th century. It has changed a lot since then. The western terminus, the Tour Philippe-le-Bel also still exists.

paragraphs: The bridge was the inspiration for the French song "Sur le pont d'Avignon." The bridge is an important landmark in the city. In 1995, the arches of the bridge, together with the Palais des Papes and Cathédrale Notre-Dame des Doms were classified as a World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: The bridge went across the Rhône between Avignon and Villeneuve-lès-Avignon. The first bridge was built between 1177 and 1185. It was destroyed during the siege of Avignon by Louis VIII of France in 1226. They started rebuilding the bridge again by 1234. Many historians think that the first bridge was made of wood or maybe a wooden structure supported on stone piers. When the bridge was built a second time, it was all made of stone. The stone bridge had 22 arches and 21 piers. Its length was . It did not run directly between the two gatehouses. It had a curved path. This was probably because of the position of the islands on the river at the time. Over the centuries the Rhône has moved across its floodplain. The position of the islands in the 13th century is not well documented. A 17th-century map shows that the southern end of the Île de la Barthelasse was upstream of the bridge. The bridge crossed small islands that were upstream of the Île de Piot. The space between the piers was between . The bridge was only in width with the parapets at the sides. The arches sometimes broke when the river flooded. They were sometimes replaced with temporary wooden structures, and after they were rebuilt in stone.

paragraphs: The bridge fell into a bad state during the 17th century. By 1644 the bridge was missing four arches. A flood in 1669 broke even more of the structure. After this, the other arches have collapsed one after the other, or they have been demolished. As of 2020, only four of the arches are left. The only other visible part of the bridge is some masonry from pier 11. This is attached to a private building on the Île de la Barthelasse. Remains of other piers are buried under a thick layer of sediment on the island or at the bottom of the Rhône. Piers 9 and 10 are both now on the Île de la Barthelasse. They were confirmed by cores drilled at the positions historians thought. They found masonry from the piers at a depth of below ground level. Just below the masonry, at a depth of around there were wooden fragments (small pieces). These were made of silver fir ("Abies alba"). Carbon-14 dating of this material gave dates of 1238–1301 AD for pier 9 and 1213–1280 AD for pier 10 (the range is for 2σ).

paragraphs: The arches are segmental rather than the semi-circular shape usually used in Roman bridges. Of the 4 arches that still exist, the largest span is . This is between the third and fourth piers. The piers have cutwaters. These are pointed both upstream and downstream. These mean there is less scour around the piers. This is one of the main problems for the stability of stone bridges. The piers were built with holes in the stone. This was to help lessen pressure from the flow of water when the river was in flood.

paragraphs: After the collapse of the Saint-Bénézet bridge, people crossed the Rhône at Avignon by ferry. This happened until the beginning of the 19th century. Between 1806 and 1818 a wooden bridge was built across the river. The new bridge was a few hundred metres south of the old bridge at the . A suspension bridge replaced the section across the Avignon branch of the Rhône in 1843. This was demolished in 1960 with the opening of the Edouard Daladier bridge. The section of the wooden bridge across the Villeneuve branch of the Rhône was not replaced until 1909. The replacement stone bridge, the Nouveau Pont, was damaged by bombing in 1944. It was repaired after the war but was replaced by the Pont du Royaume in 1972.

paragraphs: Saint Bénézet inspired the building of the bridge. He was a shepherd boy from the hamlet of Villard in the Ardèche. According to tradition, he heard the voice of Jesus Christ while he was looking after his sheep. Jesus asked him to build a bridge across the river. Although he was ridiculed at first, he "proved" his divine inspiration by miraculously lifting a very large block of stone. He won support for his project and formed a Bridge Brotherhood to help with building the bridge. After his death, he was interred on the bridge itself. This was in a small chapel standing on one of the bridge's surviving piers on the Avignon side.

paragraphs: The Saint Nicholas Chapel sits on a platform on the upstream side of the second pier (between the second and third arches). The bridge chapel has been restored and built again a few times. It now has two floors. Each floor has a nave and an apse. The upper floor is at the same level as the platform of the bridge. It makes the width of the walkway smaller. In this place, the walkway is only . There is a set of steps to get to the lower floor from the bridge.

paragraphs: The outside of the chapel shows marks of the rebuilding work. For example, there are blocked windows on the south-eastern wall. The nave is covered with stone roof tiles. These tiles rest on a series of corbels. The polygonal apse has a flat roof. It sits above the cutwater of the pier.

paragraphs: The lower chapel's apse is decorated with five arches. It is from the second half of the 12th century. At a later date, maybe as early as the 13th century, there was a floor supported by a ribbed quadripartite vault inserted into the structure. The simple rectangular upper chapel was consecrated in 1411. A side door was created in the lower chapel. This is because the stonework of the raised bridge blocked the original entrance. In 1513 a pentagonal apse with gothic columns was added to the upper chapel.

paragraphs: In 1670, after the bridge was abandoned, the relics of Saint Bénézet were transferred to the Hôpital du Pont (also called the Hôpital St Bénézet). This is within the city walls next to the gatehouse.

paragraphs: The bridge was also the site of devotion by the Rhône boatmen. This is because their patron saint was Saint Nicholas. They initially worshipped in the Saint Nicholas Chapel on the bridge itself (where Saint Bénézet's body was also interred). However, the bad condition of the bridge made it difficult to go there. In 1715 the confraternity of boatmen built a chapel on dry land on the Avignon side of the bridge. This was outside the ramparts next to the gatehouse. This chapel was destroyed by a major flood of the Rhône in 1856. A house for a caretaker was built on the ruins during the restoration work. This started around 1878. The residence was demolished after the restoration work on the bridge and gatehouse in the 1980s.

paragraphs: The bridge had great strategic importance. When it was built, it was the only fixed river crossing between Lyon and the Mediterranean Sea. It was also the only river crossing between the Comtat Venaissin (an enclave controlled by the Pope) and France controlled by the kings of France. As such, it was closely guarded on both sides of the river. The right bank was controlled by the French crown. The fortress of the Tour Philippe-le-Bel was close enough to see the bridge. This was built at the beginning of the 14th century. On the Avignon side, a large gatehouse was built in the 14th century. It was changed a lot in the 15th century. The walkway passed over the city wall and down a ramp (now destroyed). This led into the city.

paragraphs: Between 1265 and 1309 another stone bridge was built across the Rhône, . This was upstream from Avignon, at what is now Pont-Saint-Esprit. At the time, it was called Saint-Saturnin-du-Port. The Pont-Saint-Esprit bridge originally had 20 arches. It was long. Although it is now changed, the medieval bridge still exists as of 2020.

paragraphs: The Chapel of Saint Nicholas and the four remaining arches were listed as a "Monument historique" in 1840.

paragraphs: There has been a debate on whether there was a bridge before the Saint Bénézet bridge was built in the 12th century. Henri Revoil first said there may have been an older bridge. He said this at the French Archaeological Conference held in Avignon in 1882. His main argument was that the stonework at the base of the four surviving piers became visible. At very low water, stone blocks were visible. They were larger than those above. They had features that looked foreign to the existing bridge. The style of the masonry indicated to Revoil that there had been an earlier bridge dating from either the late Roman or Carolingian periods. In 1892 Louis Rochetin published an article. It said that the stone blocks at the base of the first pier and those on either side of the second pier supporting the chapel were the remains of springers that would have supported earlier Roman arches.

paragraphs: Denis-Marcel Marié self-published a book about the bridge in 1953. It looked at all the previous publications. In the last chapter it supported the hypothesis that there was an earlier bridge built by the Gallo-Romans around the end of the Roman occupation. He said that the bases of the piers that were still there belonged to this earlier bridge. He also said that the semi-circular arches used during the Roman period meant that the level of the roadway would have been higher than the top of the surviving chapel. Marié supposed that this early bridge had collapsed over the following seven centuries. He said that the 12th century Bénézet bridge had a decking supported on wooden piles linking the ruined Roman piers. The piles were needed because the gaps between the Roman stone piers would have been too large to span with wooden beams without the support in between. The height of the Bénézet bridge would have been at the level of the lower chapel.

paragraphs: Perrot "et al." published an article in 1971 about a Roman bridge too. The article talked about a survey in 1969 on the vestiges of the piers in the Villeneuve branch of the river the Compagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR) destroyed them. The article also had long quotes from an unpublished report by Mr Mathian, an engineer working for the CNR. This was about a survey carried out in 1965 on the four intact piers on the Avignon side of the river. This survey found a layer of wood, at least 20 cm in thickness. This was under the foundations of each of the four intact piers.

paragraphs: A sample of the wood was dated by the Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS). They used the radiocarbon technique. It was from between 290 and 530 AD, corresponding to the end of the Roman Empire. In the survey of the ruined piers in the Villeneuve channel, a pier (listed as number 14) was found to contain wooden beams inside the masonry. A sample of this wood was radiodated to 890 AD. During the dredging of the Villeneuve channel the remains of three large wooden piles were recovered. Two of these were still covered with iron tips.

paragraphs: The archaeologist Dominique Carru, accepted the radiocarbon date for the sample of wood. However, he argued in 1999 that it is very unlikely that an earlier bridge existed. It is not mentioned in the surviving texts from the high medieval period . Also, a bridge would have led to the development of a town on the right bank of the Rhône opposite Avignon, similar to those at other locations in the Rhône valley, such as Trinquetaille opposite Arles and Saint-Romain-en-Gal near Vienne. There is no evidence for an important early settlement near the terminus of the bridge. The main east-west route in the Roman period passed through Tarascon-Beaucaire, to the south. It avoided the river at Avignon which was wide and variable in position.

paragraphs: The bridge has became famous with the song "Sur le Pont d'Avignon" ("On the Bridge of Avignon"). An earlier song with the same title was popular in the 16th and 17th centuries. Ottaviano Petrucci published the melody in his "Harmonice Musices Odhecaton" of 1503-4. The 16th-century composer Pierre Certon used the melody in a mass with the title: "Sus le Pont d'Avignon". The modern version of the song dates from the mid-19th century. Adolphe Adam included it in the opéra comique "Le Sourd ou l'Auberge pleine." This was first played in Paris in 1853. The opera was an adaptation of the 1790 comedy by Desforges.


title: Belfries of Belgium and France

paragraphs: The Belfries of Belgium and France are a group of 56 historical buildings. They are part of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Europe. It shows a design change from feudal and religious influence in historic Flanders and its neighboring regions of the Duchy of Burgundy.

paragraphs: UNESCO included 32 towers of Belfries of Flanders and Wallonia in 1999. In 2005, the bell tower of Gembloux in the Walloon Region of Belgium and 23 others from the Nord-Pas-de-Calais and Picardy regions were added to the renamed list. Brussels Town Hall and its bell tower were not included since was already part of the Grand Place World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: Additional six church towers were also added since they served as watchtowers or alarm bell towers. These include Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp, St. Rumbolds Cathedral in Mechelen, St. Peter's Church, Leuven, St. Germanus Church in Tienen, the Basilica of Our Lady in Tongeren and St. Leonard's Church in Zoutleeuw.

paragraphs: Most of the buildings in the list are towers from bigger buildings. A few of them are restoration of towers previously connected to nearby bigger buildings.

paragraphs: The ID numbers match the order in the complete list ID from 943 to 943bis from UNESCO. You may find it in the Other Websites.


title: Missaukee County, Michigan

paragraphs: Missaukee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 14,849 people live here. The county seat is Lake City.


title: The Fireball

paragraphs: The Fireball is a 1950 American drama movie directed by Tay Garnett and starring Mickey Rooney, Pat O'Brien. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox.


title: Soldiers Three

paragraphs: Soldiers Three is a 1951 American historical adventure movie directed by Tay Garnett and starring Stewart Granger, Walter Pidgeon, David Niven. It was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastra

paragraphs: The Historic Centres of Berat and Gjirokastër () are cities of Berat and Gjirokastër in southern Albania. Together, they form the UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Albania. Gjirokastër was added to the list in 2005. Berat was later added in 2008. They are known as examples of a unique design common during the Ottoman period.

paragraphs: Berat is also known as the city of a thousand windows. It is one of the most special architectural sites in Albania. Similarities in Illyrians, Greeks, Romans, Byzantines and Ottomans influences are still evident. The designs are seen and well preserved in the city with castles and mansions, old churches and mosques and grand wall paintings, icons and murals. Throughout the centuries, Berat was the place where different religions and communities co-exist in peace.

paragraphs: Gjirokastër, also known as the city of stone. It stretches on the top side of the Drino River valley. It looks over the historic landscape with beautiful stone setting edbed by mountains at every side. Like most cities in Albania, Gjirokastër has architectural designs from many civilizations that conquered the area.


title: Estaing, Aveyron

paragraphs: Estaing is a commune of the Aveyron department in the southern part of France.


title: Roncenay

paragraphs: Roncenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Rosières-près-Troyes

paragraphs: Rosières-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Rosnay-l'Hôpital

paragraphs: Rosnay-l'Hôpital is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: La Rothière

paragraphs: La Rothière is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Rouilly-Sacey

paragraphs: Rouilly-Sacey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Skwierzyna

paragraphs: Skwierzyna () is a town in Lubusz Voivodeship in Poland. In 2019, 9,671 people lived there.


title: Burghul

paragraphs: Burghul () is a cereal food made from wheat. It is sometimes called bulgur. It is very popular in Middle Eastern, North African, Moroccan, and Tunisian cuisines. It is made for couscous.


title: Kennedale, Texas

paragraphs: Kennedale is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Lake Worth, Texas

paragraphs: Lake Worth is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. As of 2020, there are 4,921 people living there.


title: Newark, Texas

paragraphs: Newark is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Richland Hills, Texas

paragraphs: Richland Hills is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: River Oaks, Texas

paragraphs: River Oaks is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Sansom Park, Texas

paragraphs: Sansom Park is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Westworth Village, Texas

paragraphs: Westworth Village is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Lakeside, Tarrant County, Texas

paragraphs: Lakeside is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Briar, Texas

paragraphs: Briar is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Pantego, Texas

paragraphs: Pantego is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Pharr, Texas

paragraphs: Pharr is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Willow, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Willow is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Montcalm County, Michigan

paragraphs: Montcalm County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, 63,342 people live here. The county seat is Stanton.


title: Shuttle roller coaster

paragraphs: A shuttle roller coaster is any roller coaster that ultimately does not make a complete circuit, but rather reverses at some point throughout its course and traverse the same track backwards.


title: Warwick, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Warwick is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Phillips, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Phillips is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Trophy Club, Texas

paragraphs: Trophy Club is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Westlake, Texas

paragraphs: Westlake is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Westover Hills, Texas

paragraphs: Westover Hills is a town in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Rendon, Texas

paragraphs: Rendon is a census-designated place (CDP) in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Ames, Texas

paragraphs: Ames is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. According to the 2010 census, 1,003 people lived there.


title: Amherst, Texas

paragraphs: Amherst is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Sudan, Texas

paragraphs: Sudan is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: San Augustine, Texas

paragraphs: San Augustine is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: NGC 75

paragraphs: NGC 75 is a lenticular galaxy in the Pisces constellation. It was discovered by Lewis A. Swift in 1886.


title: NGC 4479

paragraphs: NGC 4479 is a barred lenticular galaxy located about 60 million light-years away. It is in the Coma Berenices constellation.


title: Myristica

paragraphs: Myristica is a genus of plants in the Myristicaceae family. It has 150+ species, mostly in Asia, Australia, and the western Pacific. The most well-known species is "Myristica fragrans", which produces nutmeg and mace.


title: Tian Shan

paragraphs: The Tian Shan is a large system of mountain ranges in Central Asia. The tallest mountain is Jengish Chokusu, at high. The eastern part of the ranges became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2013. The western part in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Kyrgyzstan became a World Heritage Site in 2016. The ranges are along the border with China and Kyrgyzstan, and stretches towards the west. The ancient North Silk Road used to go next to the mountain range for people to travel between East Asia and the Middle East. They would follow the mountain range when travelling through the Taklamakan Desert.


title: Brazil (1985 movie)

paragraphs: Brazil is a 1985 science fiction movie directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam, Charles McKeown, and Tom Stoppard. The movie stars Jonathan Pryce and features Robert De Niro, Kim Greist, Michael Palin, Katherine Helmond, Bob Hoskins, and Ian Holm.

paragraphs: It is about a man (Jonathan Pryce) in an imagined society where there is a lot of suffering and injustice.


title: Jeju language

paragraphs: The Jeju language (Jeju: 제주말, "Jeju-mal") is a Koreanic language spoken on the South Korean island of Jeju. It is related to Korean.

paragraphs: The Jeju language comes from Middle Korean, which is also the ancestor of the Korean language.

paragraphs: Jeju became a separate language from (mainland) Korean due to its isolation as an island and because in 1629, Jejuans were banned from leaving Jeju, causing more disconnection.

paragraphs: UNESCO lists Jeju as a "critically endangered" language, since most of its speakers are over the age of 70. Younger Jejuans speak Korean instead. As of 2010, the language is spoken by 5,000 - 10,000 people, which is less than 2% of Jeju Island's total population.

paragraphs: Many linguists think Jeju is its own language, mostly because mainland Koreans cannot understand it. Others think Jeju is a dialect of Korean, although a very different one. The local government calls Jeju as a separate language, and the idea of it being a language is becoming more accepted in both Korean and foreign academia. UNESCO listed Jeju as one of the world's languages in 2011.