title: Wilhelm Röntgen

paragraphs: Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (27 March 1845 10 February 1923) was a German physicist who discovered X-rays. In 1901, he was the first person to win the Nobel Prize in Physics.

paragraphs: Röntgen was born at Lennep in the Lower Rhine Province of Germany. His father was a manufacturer and dealer of cloth. His mother was of an old Lennep family which had settled in Amsterdam. Röntgen was three when his family moved to Apeldoorn in The Netherlands.

paragraphs: In Apeldoorn, he attended the Institute of Martinus Herman van Doorn, a boarding school. In 1862, he attended a technical school at Utrecht, but was expelled. He then entered the University of Utrecht in 1865 to study physics.

paragraphs: He entered the Polytechnic at Zurich as a student of mechanical engineering. He worked in the laboratory of Kundt. In 1869 he graduated Ph.D. at the University of Zurich. He became Kundt's assistant and went with him to Würzburg. Three years later, they went to Strasbourg.

paragraphs: Röntgen held positions in various European universities, but his fame rests with his discovery of (what he called) x-rays. He received many honours and awards, doctorates, and honorary doctorates. He was a modest man who enjoyed the outdoors and mountain climbing.

paragraphs: Röntgen was married to Anna Bertha Ludwig (m. 1872, d. 1919) and had one child, Josephine Bertha Ludwig. The child was adopted at age 6, in 1887. She was the daughter of Georges's brother.

paragraphs: Röntgen died on 10 February 1923 from carcinoma of the intestine in Munich, Germany, aged 77.


title: Henri Becquerel

paragraphs: Antoine Henri Becquerel (15 December 1852 – 25 August 1908) was a French physicist. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with Marie Curie and Pierre Curie for his discovery of radioactivity in 1896. This happened when a piece of pitchblende ruined some photographic film and he investigated. Other scientists had seen film similarly ruined but did not discover why.

paragraphs: The SI unit "becquerel" named after him. One becquerel (Bq) is equal to one radioactive decay process per second. He was the third person in his family to occupy the physics chair at the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle.


title: Philosophical skepticism

paragraphs: Philosophical skepticism (Greek "σκέψις" - "skepsis" meaning "enquiry") is a school of philosophical thought that began in Ancient Greece and a method that crosses many different cultures. Many skeptics examine the meaning systems of their times, and this can often result in a position of doubt. This skepticism can be either disbelief in philosophical solutions, agnosticism, or even rejecting the reality of the outside world. One kind of scientific skepticism talks about looking into claims that lack evidence that can be seen.

paragraphs: In Islamic philosophy, philosophical skepticism was started by Al-Ghazali, known in the West as "Algazel", as a part of the orthodox Ash'ari school of Islamic theology. It has been said that Rene Descartes' ideas in "Discourse on the Method" may have been influenced by Al-Ghazli.


title: King River (Victoria)

paragraphs: King River is a river in the north east of Victoria, Australia. It flows into the Ovens River and which then joins the Murray River at Echuca. The King River is used for kayaking with many level two and three rapids. In 2008 it was the site for the Victorian and Australian Downriver Championships. The King Valley is a beautiful, cool climate wine grape growing area.

paragraphs: The King Valley has been described as a little part of Italy, set in the hills of north east Victoria, south of Wangaratta. This area has a history which includes bushrangers, the Chinese and Italians. The Chinese came from the gold fields in the mid 1800s and worked as farmers growing vegetables and tobacco. The were also Chinese merchants, selling their goods as they moved around the valley in horse pulled wagons. Roads in the valley today carry the names of the more important families like Mahlooks, Honey and Fosangs.

paragraphs: The Italians came to the area in the 1940s and 50's and like the Chinese grew tobacco. They soon saw that it was a good place to grow wine grapes. The valley has become famous for its different wines, such as sangiovese, nebbiolo and barbera. The vineyards have Italian names like Pizzini, Dal Zotto, Corsini, Sartori, Ciccone and Politini. The King Valley has some of the highest altitude vineyards in Australia.

paragraphs: Whitfield and Moyhu are the major towns in the King Valley along the road from Wangaratta or Mansfield.


title: Placoderm

paragraphs: The Placoderms ("Placodermi": Greek = "plated skin") were a class of armoured prehistoric fish, which lived from the mid Silurian to the end of the Devonian period. Their head and thorax were covered by armoured plates; the rest of the body was scaled or naked, depending on the species. Placoderms were among the first jawed fish, the Gnathostomata. A 380 million year old fossil of one species is the oldest-known example of live birth.

paragraphs: The placoderms were hugely successful in the Devonian period, which is sometimes called the 'Age of Fish'. In the Upper Devonian, a series of extinction events devastated the marine fauna. As the placoderms were predators, this caused a swift decline in their numbers, and the class was entirely extinct by the end of the Devonian.

paragraphs: The main source of placoderm fossils is the Old Red Sandstone continent. This, in the Devonian, was a united North America and western Europe and the continental shelf areas around it. Fossils from these strata in Scotland were collected since the 18th century, and Louis Agassiz wrote the first survey of fossil fish. A century later, Eric Stensiö showed that placoderms were genuine jawed fish.

paragraphs: Remarkable fossils have more recently been found in the Gogo formation of northern Western Australia. This is a former Upper Devonian reef system, where well-preserved fossils of 25 species have been found. The relationship between the placoderm and other jawed fish is still not clear. Most placoderms were benthic predators, near the bottom of the water column. The largest types, such as "Dunkleosteus" and "Gorgonichthys" were 6 metre-long top predators in the middle and upper pelagic zones.


title: Ixia

paragraphs: Ixia is a genus of plants in the family Iridaceae.

paragraphs: All of these plants are herbs with corms. The plants grows in South Africa. In total, there are 40-60 species.

paragraphs: Common names for this kind of flower are "Corn lily" and "African Corn-Lily" and "Wand flower".

paragraphs: The leaves look like swords. The flowers look like stars.

paragraphs: Some species of Corn lilies are cultivated as garden plants and houseplants.


title: Teleost

paragraphs: Teleosts are the dominant fish of the present day. They arose in the Mesozoic era, and include 20,000 living species. The oldest teleost fossils date back to the late Triassic. They evolved from fish like bowfins in the clade Holostei. During the Mesozoic and Cainozoic they diversified. 96 percent of all known fish species are teleosts.

paragraphs: They are, in order of evolution, vertebrates, jawed fish (Gnathostomata), bony fish (Osteichthyes) and ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii).

paragraphs: Teleosts have a movable jaw and changes in the jaw muscles. These changes make it possible for them to protrude their jaws outwards from the mouth. This adaptation improves their ability to grab fast-moving prey.

paragraphs: The date of origin of the teleosts is a difficult problem. Two kinds of evidence are available. There is evidence from the fossil record, in which the first teleost comes from the late Triassic period.

paragraphs: This date is somewhat later than molecular divergence time estimates (molecular clock). A recent paper finds that fossil dates and molecular clock dates are similar to each other. These researchers atate:


title: Fresh water

paragraphs: Fresh water (also 'freshwater' or 'fresh-water') is water that does not have a lot of salt in it.

paragraphs: When people say 'fresh water', they usually mean water from the lakes, rivers, snow, and ice, which is not salty. It also can mean water that people can drink. The oceans and seas are made up of salt water, which people cannot drink. Most of the world's fresh water is in the ice sheet of Antarctica.

paragraphs: People cannot drink all fresh water, because it might be contaminated. It might have harmful bacteria in it, or poisonous because of chemicals it contains. Water from a tap has been tested and treated so that it is safe to drink. This applies to most countries, but in some place the water needs to be boiled first to kill the germs and drunk after it has cooled down.

paragraphs: Fresh water that people can drink safely is called 'potable water'. Desalination can turn salt water into drinkable water.


title: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City

paragraphs: Grand Theft Auto: Vice City is a video game developed by Rockstar north and published by Rockstar Games. It was released in 2002, for the PlayStation 2 and for personal computers. It is part of the "Grand Theft Auto" series of video games. It takes place in the middle of the 80's in a fictional place called Vice City. This fictional city is based on the real-life city called Miami which is in Florida state.

paragraphs: (In the Beginning) - Return Sonny's money by doing missions

paragraphs: 1.An Old Friend (Ken Rozenburg) - Meet Cortez at the party

paragraphs: 2.The Party (Ken Rozenburg) - Drop Mercedes at The Pole Position Club

paragraphs: 3.Back Alley Brawl (Ken Rozenburg) - Kill the chef and acquire his cellphone

paragraphs: 4.Jury Fury (Ken Rozenburg) - Blast the Juror's Car

paragraphs: 5.Riot (Ken Rozenburg) - Blast the worker's trucks

paragraphs: 6.Four Iron (Avery Carrington) - Kill worker's head

paragraphs: 7.Demolition Man (Avery Carrington) - Blast worker's building by an RC Helicopter

paragraphs: 8.Treacherous Swine (Juan Cortez) - Kill Gonsalez

paragraphs: 9.Mall Shootout (Juan Cortez) - Kill the French FBI and take the guidance chips

paragraphs: 10.Guardian Angels (Juan Cortez) - Prevent the busting of deal between Diaz and Cubans

paragraphs: 11.The Chase (Ricardo Diaz) - Chase the thief to his hideout

paragraphs: 12.Phnom Penh'86 (Ricardo Diaz) - Kill the thief and his companians to steal money

paragraphs: 13.The Fastest Boat (Ricardo Diaz) - Steal the fastest boat from the dockyard

paragraphs: 14.Supply and Demand (Ricardo Diaz) - Win a boatrace from Cubans and then kill everyone

paragraphs: 15.Sir! Yes Sir! (Juan Cortez) - Steal a Rhino from Army officials

paragraphs: 16.Death Row (Kent Paul) - Save Lance from being killed by Diaz's Goons

paragraphs: 17.Rubout (Ricardo Diaz) - Kill Diaz and acquire his property

paragraphs: 18.All Hands on Deck (Juan Cortez) - Save Cortez from French FBI Officials

paragraphs: 19.Two Bit Hit (Avery Carrington) - Start a fight between Cubans and Haitians

paragraphs: 20.Shakedown (Tommy Verrcetti) - Break the window panes of certain shops in North Point Mall

paragraphs: 21.Bar Brawl (Tommy Vercetti) - Kill the security guards in the Ocean Beach

paragraphs: 22.Cop Land (Tommy Vercetti) - Blast the Turkish Cafe Shop in the North Point Mall in a cop dress

paragraphs: 23.Stunt Boat Challenge (Cuban Gang) - Collect all the checkpoints by Cuban Boat

paragraphs: 24.Canon Fodder (Cuban Gang) - Kill the Haitians and acquire their weapons

paragraphs: 25.Naval Engagement (Cuban Gang) - Kill the Haitians near the boatyard

paragraphs: 26.Juju Scramble (Haitian Gang) - Steal money of Cubans

paragraphs: 27.Bombs Away (Haitian Gang) - Kill the Cubans in the beach by RC Planes

paragraphs: 28.Dirty Lickin's (Haitian Gang) - Win a fist fight against Cubans by cheating

paragraphs: 29.Trojan Voodoo (Cuban Gang) - Blast the factory of Haitians

paragraphs: 30.Love Juice (Love Fist Gang) - Take back our money and drugs from a dealer and give Mercedes a Love Fist

paragraphs: 31.Psycho Killer (Love Fist Gang) - Kill the Psycho Killer

paragraphs: 32.Alloy Wheels of Steel (Biker Gang) - Win an Angel bike race

paragraphs: 33.Messing with the Men (Biker Gang) - Prove our bad ass by filling the detonation

paragraphs: 34.Hog Tied (Biker Gang) - Steal Mitchel's Angel from Downtown Ammunition

paragraphs: 35.Publicity Tour (Love Fist Gang) - Stop the detonation from being filled and thus preventing blasting of Love Fist

paragraphs: 36.Checkpoint Charlie (The Boatyard) - Collect all the checkpoints around the Vice City

paragraphs: 37.Distribution (Cherry Popper's Ice-Creams) - Distribute Ice-Creams around the city

paragraphs: 38.Car Lists (Sunshine Autos) - Complete all four car lists

paragraphs: 39.Private Dance (The Pole Position Club) - Have a private dance in the back room and spend $350 on this

paragraphs: 40.No Escape? (Malibu Club) - Save Cam Jones from prison

paragraphs: 41.The Shootist (Malibu Club) - Break the Phil's record in Rifle Range

paragraphs: 42.The Driver (Malibu Club) - Beat the driver in car race

paragraphs: 44.Gun Runner (Phil's Place) - Get the desired weapons from the goons

paragraphs: 45.Boomshine Saigon (Phil's Place) - Save Phil from being died by taking him to hospital

paragraphs: 46.Road Kill (Payphone) - Kill the Pizza Man before he completes his delieveries

paragraphs: 47.Waste the Wife (Payphone) - Kill Mrs. Dawson and it should look like an accident

paragraphs: 48.Autocide (Payphone) - Kill all the out of towners

paragraphs: 49.Checkout at the Checkin (Payphone) - Kill the man at the airport

paragraphs: 50.Loose Ends (Payphone) - Rob Cherry Popper's Ice-Cream Factory

paragraphs: 51.VIP (Kafuman's Cabs) - Pick up the VIP from Starfish Island, preventing other taxis to drop him at the airport

paragraphs: 52.Friendly Rivalry (Kafuman's Cabs) - Blast all the rival taxis

paragraphs: 53.Cabmaggedon (Kafuman's Cabs) - Stay alive from the rival taxis and then blast the master cab

paragraphs: 54.Recruitment Drive (Film Studios) - Take Mercedes and Candy Suxx to meet Steve

paragraphs: 55.Dildo Dodo (Film Studios) - Distribute the flyers around the city

paragraphs: 56.Martha's Mug Shot (Film Studios) - Get the photos of Candy Suxx with Alex Shrub

paragraphs: 57.G-Spotlight (Film Studios) - Provide some action with PCJ 600 Unique Jumps

paragraphs: 58.Spilling the Beans (The Printworks) - Gather the information about counterfeit plates

paragraphs: 59.Hit the Courier (The Printworks) - Steal the counterfeit plates from the dockyard

paragraphs: 60.Cap the Collector (The Printworks) - Save the money from being stole by Mafia

paragraphs: (Keep Your Friends Close) - Kill Lance and Sonny and start a business with Ken Rozenburg

paragraphs: 2.Ocean Heights Apartment (Ocean Beach) - $7000

paragraphs: 3.1102 Washington Street (Washington Beach) - $3000

paragraphs: 4.Links View Apartment (Vice Point) - $6000

paragraphs: 1.The Boatyard (Vice Port) - $10000 (p.$2000)

paragraphs: 2.The Pole Position Club (Ocean Beach)- $30000 (p.$4000)

paragraphs: 4.Cherry Popper's Icecreams (Little Havana) - $20000 (p.$3000)

paragraphs: 5.Kafuman's Cabs (Little Haiti) - $40000 (p.$5000)

paragraphs: 6.Sunshine Autos (Little Havana) - $50000 (p.$9000)

paragraphs: 7.Film Studios (Prawn Island) - $60000 (p.$7000)

paragraphs: 8.The Printworks (Little Haiti) - $70000 (p.$8000)

paragraphs: 1.Tommy Vercetti's Mansion (Starfish Island) - Free (p.$5000)

paragraphs: 2.Phil's Place (Little Haiti) - Free (p. Weapons on Sale)

paragraphs: You can save your progress of game here when not on a mission (Except Phil's Place)


title: WrestleMania XXVII

paragraphs: WrestleMania XXVII was the twenty-seventh yearly WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It took place at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraphs: In September 2009, it was reported that the city of Atlanta was wanting to have WrestleMania XXVII at the Georgia Dome. A press conference was held on February 1, 2010 at the Georgia Dome to officially announced the event for Atlanta; this will be the first WrestleMania to be held in the state of Georgia. Along with WrestleMania XXVII, a group of events known as "WrestleMania Week" will be held in the week before the event including WrestleMania's yearly "WrestleMania Axxess" fan convention, the 2011 WWE Hall of Fame ceremony, the fourth yearly "WrestleMania Art" showing and auction, and a Celebrity Pro-Am Golf tournament. According to the president of the Atlanta Sports Council, Gary Stokan, "WrestleMania Axxess" is planned to be held at the Georgia World Congress Center, while the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony will take place either at the Fox Theatre or at Philips Arena.

paragraphs: Between 15 and 20 cities were thought of to host the event, with fewer than half of the people thought of invited to explain why they should hold the event at WWE's headquarters at Stamford, Connecticut. Atlanta's main rival to hosting the event was the city of Miami, Florida who wanted to host the event at Sun Life Stadium along with "WrestleMania Axxess" at the Convention Center and the WWE Hall of Fame ceremony at the American Airlines Arena. Miami was later given WrestleMania XXVIII.

paragraphs: During the pay-per-view, Justin Roberts announced a new Georgia Dome "entertainment" attendance record of 71,617. But a Billboard.com article claims a Backstreet Boys concert had 73,337 people in attendance. WWE says in their official press release that the Backstreet Boys concert only had 65,658 people in attendance. WWE's number was later confirmed by officials at the Georgia Dome.


title: Enthalpy

paragraphs: Enthalpy is a concept used in science and engineering when heat and work need to be calculated. The name comes from the Greek word "enthalpos" (ενθαλπος), meaning "to put heat into". The idea and the word was made up by the Dutch scientist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in 1909.

paragraphs: When a substance changes at constant pressure, enthalpy tells how much heat and work was added or removed from the substance.

paragraphs: Enthalpy is similar to energy, but not the same. When a substance grows or shrinks, energy is used up or released. Enthalpy accounts for this energy. Because of this, scientists often calculate the change in enthalpy, rather than the change in energy.

paragraphs: Consider a system containing a fixed amount of gas. Any heat energy entering the system will:

paragraphs: 1) Increase the Internal Energy of the gas

paragraphs: 2) Lead to some work being done to expand the system.

paragraphs: The work done is the product of pressures and volume. Enthalpy takes both these factors into account, therefore:

paragraphs: When a chemical reaction happens, a substance can become warmer or colder. As a result, heat will flow to things around it, or from things around it, until its temperature is the same again. If the pressure stays the same, this amount of heat tells how much the enthalpy changed.

paragraphs: For example, if gasoline is burned in the open air, heat is released by the gasoline. If we suppose 100 kilojoules of heat were released, then the enthalpy of the gasoline was reduced by 100-kilo joules. Therefore the change in enthalpy for this reaction was ∆"H" = –100 kJ.

paragraphs: If a chemical reaction gives off heat (warming its surroundings), then the enthalpy of the reaction is said to have decreased. The value of ∆"H" is negative. This kind of reaction, like the example above, is called exothermic.

paragraphs: If a chemical reaction absorbs heat (cooling its surroundings), then the reaction's enthalpy has increased. The value of ∆"H" is positive. This is called an endothermic reaction.


title: MRSA

paragraphs: MRSA is a strain of Methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus". This is a bacterium which causes infections in different parts of the body. It is tougher to treat than other strains of "Staphylococcus aureus" – or 'staph' – because it is resistant to some commonly used antibiotics. In fact, it is now resistant to all forms of penicillin and cephalosporin.

paragraphs: The symptoms of MRSA depend on where the infected is. Most often, it causes mild infections on the skin, causing pimples, boils or pus. However, it can also cause more serious skin infections or infect surgical wounds, the bloodstream, the lungs, or the urinary tract.

paragraphs: Though most MRSA infections are not serious, some can be life-threatening. Many public health experts are alarmed by the spread of tough strains of MRSA. Because it is hard to treat, MRSA is sometimes called a "super bug".

paragraphs: Garden-variety staph are common bacteria which may live on our bodies. Plenty of healthy people carry staph without being infected by it. In fact, 25-30% of us have staph bacteria in our noses.

paragraphs: But staph can be a problem if it manages to get into the body, often through a cut. Once there, it can cause an infection. Staph is one of the most common causes of skin infections. Usually, these are minor and don't need special treatment. Less often, staph can cause serious problems like infected wounds or pneumonia.

paragraphs: Staph can usually be treated with antibiotics. But over the decades, some strains of staph -- like MRSA -- have become resistant to antibiotics that once destroyed it. MRSA was first discovered in 1961. It's now resistant to methicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, oxacillin, and many other antibiotics.

paragraphs: While some antibiotics still work, MRSA is constantly adapting. Researchers developing new antibiotics are having a tough time keeping up.


title: Colony (biology)

paragraphs: A colony in biology refers to a life-style or habit where members of the same species live together.

paragraphs: Usually the members of a colony are genetically linked by common heredity. Sometimes, as in bryozoa, they are genetically identical clones, sometimes as in eusociality, they are members of an extended family. Sometimes, as with the Portuguese Man o' War, the members of the colony are joined together as one individual, which operates as a single unit.

paragraphs: Most of the colonies in the groups listed below build a common structure or nest. Sometimes they are linked only by their behaviour. The close integration of termites, ants, bees and wasps is called eusocial.

paragraphs: The term applies mostly to animals, though there are some protists and prokaryotes which live as colonies.


title: Samson

paragraphs: Samson is the third to last of the Judges of the ancient Children of Israel mentioned in the Tanakh (the Hebrew Bible) and the Talmud. He is described in the Book of Judges chapters 13 to 16.

paragraphs: The Book of Samson also appears in Josephus's "Antiquities of the Jews", written in the last ten years of the 1st Century AD, as well as in works slightly earlier.

paragraphs: Samson is known for being given great strength by God to use against those who do not like him and to do great things that regular people cannot do: killing a lion with his bare hands, defeating a whole army with only a donkey's jawbone to fight with, and making a temple fall down.

paragraphs: He is believed to have been buried in Tel Tzora in Israel above the Sorek valley. There stand two large gravestones of Samson and his father Manoah. Nearby stands Manoah’s altar (Judges 13:19-24). It is located between the cities of Zorah and Eshtaol.

paragraphs: Samson's father Manoah, and his wife had been trying to have a baby for many years when an angel showed up in front of their house. The angel told them that they were to have a son, who was to be a Nazarite. The child was to never cut his hair, drink wine, or touch a dead person. A while later, Samson was born, and he obeyed the Nazarite laws just as the angel said.

paragraphs: Samson saw a pretty Philistine woman while he walked through Timnah, a Philistine town. He went to ask permission from her father to marry her. The Philistines at the time were the enemies of the people in Israel, so Samson did not know how his father would react once he told him the news. While he was on his way home, a lion jumped on him. He killed the lion with his bare hands. After this, he told the Philistine woman that he wanted to be her husband. At their wedding, Samson gave the Philistine guests a riddle about the lion. However, his wife told them the answer because she was threatened by the men, and Samson realised he could not trust her. After the wedding, she was given to another man. Later, Samson's wife and father-in-law were burned to death.

paragraphs: After his first wife died, Samson found another good-looking Philistine woman. Her name was Delilah. Little did he know that she would betray him to the Philistines. She tried many times to get the secret behind his great strength. This made Samson very annoyed with her. After a long time, Samson told Delilah that he would become weak if his hair was cut.

paragraphs: After getting the secret to his strength, Delilah told the Philistine army about it. She sang him to sleep at her feet, and called a man to shave Samson's head. After getting his haircut, Samson was tied up while still asleep. He woke up and tried without success to break free from the ropes he was tied down with. The Philistines grabbed him, poked his eyes out with their swords and took him to Gaza, where he was put in prison.

paragraphs: While in prison, Samson worked on a treadmill, a machine used to grind grain. He did this work for a few months until his hair grew long again. Next, he was taken to a temple honoring the Philistine god Dagon to perform for the people worshipping Dagon. While on stage, Samson told a young boy nearby to move him in between two pillars. He pushed the pillars apart with his full strength. This caused the temple's roof to fall down on top of himself and his Philistine audience. Samson died, along with twelve thousand of his enemies, including their highest leaders. He defeated more Philistines with his death than during his life.

paragraphs: Samson, Shimshon (), Standard Šimšon Tiberian Šimšôn; meaning "of the sun" – perhaps proclaiming he was strong, or "[One who] Serves [God]" or Shamshoun or Sampson


title: Scale model

paragraphs: A scale model is a copy of an object that is bigger or smaller than the real size of the object. Very often the scale model is smaller than the real object and used as a guide to making the object in full size. Scale models are made or collected for many reasons. You can also use it with math.


title: Give It All

paragraphs: "Give It All" is a song by the punk band Rise Against. It was released as a single from the album, Siren Song of the Counter Culture, in 2004. It is a fast paced song with a slower, chant-along bridge, running at two minutes and fifty seconds. It got to number thirty-seven on the Billboard Hot Modern Rock Tracks chart.


title: Bavarian State Library

paragraphs: The Bavarian State Library ("Bayrische Staatsbibliothek", "BSB") in Munich is the state library of Bavaria. It is an important universal library. In mid 2012, there were about 9.3 million books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.

paragraphs: There are also about 90.000 manuscripts in the library. Among these are the Codex Aureus, an illustrated gospel book from the 10th century, one of the three surviving versions of the Nibelungenlied, and the Carmina Burana. It also contains about a third of the surviving early prints, known as Incunables. Among them is the Gutenberg Bible.

paragraphs: A law was introduced in 1639. This law says that two copies of each book published in Bavaria must be given to the state library for free.


title: Chris Hardwick

paragraphs: Christopher Ryan Hardwick is an actor/comedian. He is best known for performing with Mike Phirman in Hard 'n Phirm, hosting "Singled Out", "Wired Science", "Web Soup", and "The Nerdist Podcast", and the current voice of Otis in "Back at the Barnyard". He often shows up at G4TV studio as a guest on "Attack Of The Show". He also does the Nerdist podcast which is a podcast discussing daily life, comedy, pop culture, and includes interviews with other celebrities. In 2011 he began hosting a live half-hour talk show on the AMC network, "Talking Dead".

paragraphs: Hardwick gave up drinking alcohol in 2003. He dated singer Lisa Loeb in 2004. He was in a relationship with actress Janet Varney from 2004 until 2011. Hardwick is married to Lydia Hearst.


title: Nontheism

paragraphs: 'Nontheism' is a term that describes anyone who is not a theist. In other words, a nontheist is anyone who does not have a specific belief in a god or deity. It usually refers to anyone who does not have any religious belief. This is a lot like atheism, but the two terms are often used in different ways.

paragraphs: The term ""nontheism"" was first used by G. J. Holyoake in 1852. He used it because of the bad associations with the term atheism.

paragraphs: Today, about 2.3% of the world's population describes itself as atheist. About 11.9% is described as 'nontheist'. Between 64% and 65% of Japanese describe themselves as atheists, agnostics, or non-believers, and up to 48% in Russia. The percentage of such people in European Union member states ranges between 6% (Italy) and 85% (Sweden).


title: Inorganic

paragraphs: The word inorganic is used to emphasise that the subject is not organic in origin.


title: Re-Education (Through Labor)

paragraphs: "Re-Education (Through Labor)" is the first single from the American punk rock band Rise Against's fifth studio album, Appeal to Reason. The single was released digitally to digital stores and radio stations on August 25, 2008. A music video was released on the same day.

paragraphs: A limited physical version of the single was released on 7" vinyl and can be gotten only by pre-ordering "Appeal to Reason". This version also has a B-side titled "Minor Threat", which is a cover of the song by Minor Threat.


title: Appeal to Reason

paragraphs: Appeal to Reason is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band Rise Against. After touring in support of their last album, The Sufferer & the Witness, Rise Against began to record Appeal to Reason in January 2008 at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado. Recording and production were finished in June, and the album was released in North America on October 7, 2008. The album is the band's first release with current guitarist Zach Blair.

paragraphs: "Appeal to Reason" is Rise Against's highest charting album, getting to number three on the "Billboard" 200 chart and selling 64,700 copies in its first week of release. It got mostly good reviews from critics. The album produced three singles: "Re-Education (Through Labor)", "Audience of One", and "Savior".


title: Audience of One

paragraphs: "Audience of One" is a song by the American punk rock band Rise Against, written by the band's vocalist Tim McIlrath. It is the second single from their 2008 album Appeal to Reason. Getting to number four on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart, "Audience of One" is Rise Against's third-highest charting single, behind the last single from Appeal to Reason, "Re-Education (Through Labor)", which got to number three and the third single "Savior".

paragraphs: In mid-October 2008, the L.A. radio station KROQ began playing "Audience of One." Its video was told to be shot with director Brett Simon on December 9. On January 15, the video for "Audience of One" was first seen on MySpace. The single was released on CD and 7" vinyl on March 3, 2009 in the UK. The song is also used in "Guitar Hero World Tour".


title: Tim McIlrath

paragraphs: Tim McIlrath (born November 3, 1978) an American singer, songwriter and musician. He is the singer, rhythm guitarist, and main songwriter as well as co-founder with bassist Joe Principe for the punk rock band Rise Against. McIlrath is known to help animal rights and actively promotes PETA with his band. He follows the straight edge lifestyle, along with Rise Against bassist Joe Principe and guitarist Zach Blair.

paragraphs: Tim McIlrath was born November 3, 1979 in Chicago, Illinois. At a young age he read books such as 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, which would inspire his later work. As a child he went to "Our Lady of the Wayside," where he was made fun of for having one brown eye and one blue eye. This is known as heterochromia. As an early teenager, all of Tim's friends were into snowboarding, so Tim saved up money until he had $400 to buy a snowboard. But instead of buying a snowboard, he bought a Gibson SG.

paragraphs: In college, Tim majored in English and Sociology. In his junior year he met Joe Principe at a "Sick of it All" concert show. Joe asked Tim to sing over a few tracks that he and Mr. Precision had taped. That is when Rise Against was formed, and Tim left college.

paragraphs: On the reverse of McIlrath's white "Les Paul" guitar are the words "Out of Step". This is a reference to Minor Threat's album Out of Step. Tim is now married and he and his wife Erin have two daughters, Blythe and Scarlet. They live with him in Arlington Heights, Illinois.

paragraphs: Tim McIlrath began his musical career in his teenage years. Tim was very active in the Chicago local alternative rock/punk scene. His first band was the post hardcore band Baxter. They formed in 1995 along with future "The Lawrence Arms" drummer Neil Hennessy and future "Killing Tree" and "Holy Roman Empire" bassist Geoff Reu.

paragraphs: Their first release was a full length, self released, cassette, "Troy's Bucket", which was released in 1996. "Troy's Bucket" was met with good reviews from reviewers, and Baxter became a popular band in the Chicago underground scene.

paragraphs: In 1997 they released a 7" EP "Lost Voices" on Static Station Records. After some local touring, the band split up. Tim played bass and sang backup for "The Honor System". He sang on their demo and on some songs on their first album "Single File". He and drummer Neil Hennesy could also be found in a brief lineup of the grind band "Yellow Road Priest", whose members went on to form "Pelican". Following the band's breakup in 1997, Tim formed metalcore band "Arma Angelus", along with singer Pete Wentz, who was to become bassist in mainstream pop punk/emo band Fall Out Boy. McIlrath played bass with the band until 1999 when he quit to form "Transistor Revolt", which would soon become Rise Against.

paragraphs: In 1999 Tim formed the band that would become Rise Against with former "88 Fingers Louie" bassist, Joe Principe, guitarist Dan Precision (Mr. Precision), and drummer Toni Tintari under the name "Transistor Revolt". Drummer Brandon Barnes did not come into the picture until 2001 along with the band name Rise Against. They recorded their first album The Unraveling on Fat Wreck Chords in 2001.

paragraphs: In 2003 guitarist Mr. Precision left, and Todd Mohney filled in. Later that year they released their second album "Revolutions Per Minute" which was greeted with great success. They toured the United States a lot that year, though by the end of it, Todd left. In order to replace him, former "Reach the Sky" guitarist Chris Chasse joined in 2004 and they released their first album on Geffen records, "Siren Song of the Counter Culture".

paragraphs: With the release of the singles "Give it All", "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening", Rise Against became more popular with fans, but still kept their underground feeling. After more touring (like a European tour and spots on the Vans Warped tour), the band went back to the studio and recorded their fourth album "The Sufferer & the Witness", which had eight singles ("Ready to Fall, "Prayer of the Refugee", "The Good Left Undone", "Behind Closed Doors", "Drones", "Survive", "Injection", and "Under the Knife".)

paragraphs: They had ended their tour and were back in the studio in the process of making their next album, when Chris Chasse left the band to start a family life.

paragraphs: Rise Against recorded their latest album "Appeal to Reason" with the help of guitarist Zach Blair, who is now a member and has known the band for many years. "Appeal to Reason" was released on October 7, 2008. The band recorded it at The Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado with Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore, who helped make "Revolutions Per Minute" and "The Sufferer & the Witness".


title: Kris King

paragraphs: Kris King (born February 18, 1966 in Bracebridge, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Washington Capitals, New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Phoenix Coyotes and the Winnipeg Jets.


title: Joe Principe

paragraphs: Joe Principe (born November 14, 1974) is the bass guitarist, co-composer and co-founder of the punk rock band Rise Against. He is known for his complex bass patterns in their songs. He is also a strict vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with his band.

paragraphs: Joe started his musical career at age 15, learning to play by ear and influenced during his formative years by Bad Religion, Minor Threat, Bad Brains, the Descendents and other similar bands. Starting out in Chicago punk band 88 Fingers Louie. After 6 years of touring and releasing records with the band, Joe made Rise Against with singer/guitarist Tim McIlrath, former 88 Fingers Louie guitarist Mr. Precision, and drummer Brandon Barnes. In 2002, Mr. Precison left and was replaced by Todd Mohney, who was replaced by Chris Chasse in 2004, who was later replaced by guitarist Zach Blair in 2007. Rise Against released their first two records ("The Unraveling", and "Revolutions Per Minute") on Fat Wreck Chords, and their next two ("Siren Song of the Counter Culture", and "The Sufferer & the Witness") on Geffen.


title: Colonel

paragraphs: A colonel is a rank of officer in the military. It is usually the highest or second highest rank before general and Field Marshal, but many of the countries represents this post as the highest military officer like Gambia, Libya, Niger, Suriname etc. . A colonel is usually in charge of a regiment.

paragraphs: The word comes from the Latin word "columnella" which means column, but it was first used in Italy as the name for the officer in charge of a column. It came into English from French. It is usually said like the word "kernel".


title: Cy Thomas

paragraphs: Cyril James Thomas (August 5, 1926 – January 2, 2009) was a Welsh NHL ice hockey winger who played 2 seasons for the Chicago Blackhawks and Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: Denis Savard

paragraphs: Denis Joseph Savard (born February 4, 1961) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. Savard played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Montreal Canadiens, and the Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 3rd overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1980 NHL Entry Draft. He was known for his trademark move, the 'Savardian Spin-o-rama', a move where Savard whirled around with the puck in a full rotation which allowed him to beat defenders and goaltenders. The term was actually coined by Danny Gallivan, referencing the move performed by Serge Savard.

paragraphs: On June 29, 1990, the Chicago Blackhawks traded Savard to the Montreal Canadiens for star defenceman Chris Chelios and a second-round pick (Mike Pomichter). The trade was considered to be largely in the Blackhawks' favor as Chelios would produce some of his best seasons as a Blackhawk while Savard's career was on the decline. Savard won the Stanley Cup with the Canadiens in 1993.

paragraphs: In the Summer of 1993, he signed as a free agent with the Tampa Bay Lightning, where he played 1½ seasons. On April 6, 1995, he was traded back to the Blackhawks, for a 1996 sixth-round pick (Xavier Delisle). He retired from playing professional ice hockey on June 26, 1997. His jersey number #18 was retired by the Chicago Blackhawks on March 19, 1998 and he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame on November 13, 2000.

paragraphs: After he retired, he became the 36th head coach in Chicago Blackhawks history on November 27, 2006. He was fired in 2008.


title: Sami Helenius

paragraphs: Sami Helenius (born January 22, 1974 in Helsinki, Finland) was a professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the Pelicans of the SM-liiga and has played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks, Dallas Stars, Calgary Flames, Tampa Bay Lightning and the Colorado Avalanche. He was the team captain of the SM-liiga team Jokerit.


title: Jeff Hackett

paragraphs: Jeff Hackett (born June 1, 1968 in London, Ontario) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Blackhawks, New York Islanders, San Jose Sharks, Montreal Canadiens, Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL).


title: 5150: Home 4 tha Sick

paragraphs: 5150: Home 4 tha Sick is the first EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on December 28, 1992. The producers of the album were Naughty by Nature, Cold 187um and Bobby "Bobcat" Ervin. The EP was certified Gold on February 9, 1993 by the RIAA. The EP is now out of print and all the songs that were included the EP are on the remastered version of "Eazy-Duz-It". The only single released on the EP was "Only If You Want It".


title: Latin Kings

paragraphs: The Latin Kings is an organized Hispanic street gang based in Chicago and New York City.


title: Hitler Youth

paragraphs: The Hitler Youth was an organization in Nazi Germany for children from ages 10 to 18. The girls split off from the Hitler Youth when they were 14 to join The League of German Maidens. All German children between these ages whom Adolf Hitler considered to be "pure-blooded" Germans, were required to join, and parents who stopped their children from joining could be sent to prison for a long time. In order to get rid of any distractions or other groups that might keep children from being involved with the Hitler Youth, Hitler banned all other youth groups or clubs. The Hitler youth also prepared boys for the army and taught them how to use weapons.

paragraphs: The purpose of the Hitler Youth was to train children to accept values such as duty to the Nazi Party and to Hitler, and to teach them to be prepared even to give their lives for their country. Many children died because of the Hitler Youth.


title: Cookie cutter

paragraphs: A cookie cutter is a piece of equipment to cut dough from cookie dough to cut the dough into pieces to make cookies.

paragraphs: Many cookie cutters have a shape. Most of them are shaped like a square, star, or a triangle. Also, cookie cutters may come in a circle shape.

paragraphs: Cookie cutters can also be used to make foods other than cookies.They can be used to make small sandwiches, square crackers, and others.

paragraphs: Most cookie cutters are small. There are some that may be big. On November 8, 2019, it was announced Target had started selling big cookie cutters. Cookie cutters in bigger sizes can cut more things like cookie dough. Small cookie cutters are often 2 inches long. Medium-sized cookie cutters are often 3 inches long. Big-sized cookie cutters are often 4 inches long. Walmart also sells big cookie cutters. Smaller cookie cutters cost less, while bigger cookie cutters cost more.


title: Esa-Oke

paragraphs: Esa Oke is a town in the African country of Nigeria.


title: Beating heart cadaver

paragraphs: A beating heart cadaver is the body of a dead person that has been connected to a medical ventilator. This will keep the organs of the dead body, including the heart, functioning and alive for a few days. Such a body still functions physically, but the person it belonged to is dead by the law and medicine's definition because there is no longer any conscious brain function possible.

paragraphs: The procedure for caring for a beating heart cadaver is the same as caring for a normal patient. The body must be monitored at all times, and if necessary, "life saving" procedures must be taken. Since the brain does not work, the hormone levels and blood pressure must be controlled by doctors to keep the organs alive. Measures must be taken to prevent infection and maintain normal tissue oxygenation.

paragraphs: A beating heart cadaver is kept alive in order to keep its organs from decaying before they can be transplanted. Surgeons will remove the organs, one after the other, and give them to their patients. The entire recovery process is usually completed within four hours. This process was formerly known as an "Organ Harvest", but the name has since changed to the milder "Organ Recovery." Many organs can be used, and many lives can be saved by one body. The bodies are generally organ donors, who have agreed beforehand to donate their organs. Some donated organs are taken from non-heart-beating donors. Organs from brain deaths, however, have a better success rate, and currently most organ donation is from these deaths.

paragraphs: A beating heart cadaver is often disturbing and confusing. Because the heart is beating and the body is warm, people may have difficulty believing it is dead. Families often like to see the body once it has been removed from the machines and put to rest.


title: Free radical

paragraphs: A free radical is a molecule with an unpaired electron (Afzal & Armstrong, 2002). The molecule is reactive and seeks another electron to pair.

paragraphs: Free radicals are involved in the mechanisms of damage associated with disease development (Rice-Evans, 1999). Examples are hydrogen peroxide, hypochlorite, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide.

paragraphs: The need for antioxidants in our daily life is becoming more critical with increased exposure to free radicals (Percival, 1998). Pollution, cigarette smoke, drugs, illness and stress can increase our exposure.

paragraphs: Percival, M. (1998). “Antioxidants”. "Clinical Nutrition Insights" 1/96 Rev. 10/98. http://acudoc.com/Antioxidants.PDF


title: Attack on Pearl Harbor

paragraphs: The Attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise attack by Japan against the neutral United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on the morning of December 7, 1941. It led the United States into World War II. Japan was planning a war in Southeast Asia, against Britain and the Netherlands, as well as the U.S. in the Philippines. All these countries refused to sell petroleum and other war supplies that Japan needed for the Second Sino-Japanese War. Japan attacked so that the U.S. Pacific Fleet, which was a collection of ships that the United States could use in a war, would not enter that war.

paragraphs: The attack was made up of two aerial attack waves (the third canceled) totaling 353 aircraft, launched from six Japanese aircraft carriers. Their commander was Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. 2,390 people died in the attack.

paragraphs: All the eight American battleships in the harbor were sunk, along with several other ships. USS Arizona (BB-39) exploded; the other battleships were later refloated. The three American aircraft carriers (, , and ) were elsewhere. Hundreds of aircraft were destroyed and shore installations were slightly damaged. Japan declared war on the United States the same day.

paragraphs: The next day, United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt gave a speech to Congress. In his speech, President Roosevelt said that December 7 was "a date which will live in infamy". Most Americans listened to the speech on the radio. A few minutes after the speech ended, Congress voted to declare war on Japan. Only one member of Congress, Jeanette Rankin, voted "no". Three days later, Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States.

paragraphs: Rumors started blaming Italian, German, and Japanese Americans for knowing about the attacks ahead of time and even helping. Many American citizens became afraid of Italian, German and Japanese Americans because Germany and Italy were allied to Japan. As a result, 110,000 Japanese Americans 31,000 German Americans and 3,000 Italian Americans were sent to internment camps starting in 1942. The government made the father of a famous baseball player, Joe di Maggio, move from the West coast because he was an Italian immigrant. Some Italian, German and Japanese Americans were interned as late as 1944. The government apologized for doing this to the Japanese Americans in 1988. German Americans and Italian Americans have never received an apology.

paragraphs: After the war, Japanese leaders who ordered the attack were tried for a war crime.


title: Dracunculus

paragraphs: Dracunculus is a genus of plants in the family Araceae. They have a large purple spathe and spadix, and a foul smell.

paragraphs: There are only three species of "Dracunculus". "Dracunculus vulgaris" grows in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. "Dracunculus canariensis" grows in Canary Islands and Madeira.

paragraphs: All of these plants are herbs with tubers. The individual flowers flowers are tiny: they are gathered in an inflorescence.

paragraphs: Common names for this plant are "Snake Lily", "Dragon Arum", "Black Dragon", "Voodoo Lily", "Ragons", "Black Arum", "Dragonwort" and "Stink Lily".

paragraphs: "Dracunculus vulgaris" is cultivated as a garden plant.


title: Poughkeepsie Bridge

paragraphs: The Poughkeepsie Bridge (sometimes known as the Poughkeepsie Railroad Bridge or the Poughkeepsie-Highland Railroad Bridge) is a cantilever bridge over the Hudson River. It goes from Poughkeepsie, New York on the east side to Highland, New York on the west side. It was built for trains and was completed on January 1, 1889. It closed down on May 8, 1974 after a bad fire. It became part of the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. On October 3, 2009, the bridge was opened to the public as a pedestrian bridge and New York State Park. It is now known as the Walkway Over the Hudson. It cost $39 million to improve it.


title: Shehnai

paragraphs: A Shehnai is a South Asian music instrument which is normally played at marriages and other ceremonies, rites and rituals. The word itself is of Muslim/Turkish origin, combining 'Sheh' (or 'Shah') 'Royal' and '-Nai' or 'Ney', a type of Flute. A version of the "Shehnai", the "Surnai", is also played in the Northern and North-western areas of India and Pakistan, in particular at traditional Polo matches.

paragraphs: Also referred as Nadasvaram in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It is usually made of wood and it has to be blown like a flute to play it.

paragraphs: Ustaad Bismillah Khan is considered as the maestro of Shehnai.


title: Verne Troyer

paragraphs: Verne Jay Troyer (January 1, 1969 – April 21, 2018) was an American actor, director, stuntman, voice artist, and comedian. He was tall. He was best known for playing Mini-Me in the "Austin Powers" movies. Troyer also guest-hosted WWE Raw on November 30, 2009.

paragraphs: On April 21, 2018, Troyer died in Los Angeles, California while being hospitalized with alcoholism complications and a failed suicide attempt. His manner of death was ruled as suicide. His cause of death was alcohol poisoning.


title: Brandon Barnes

paragraphs: Brandon Barnes (born October 10, 1972) is an American musician and producer from Denver, Colorado. He is best known as the drummer and co-composer for the hardcore punk band, Rise Against. Brandon Barnes currently lives with his wife, son and daughter in Colorado.

paragraphs: Brandon studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskin, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon got the style of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years.

paragraphs: Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after the breakup of "Pinhead Circus" and was on the 2001 release and tour of The Unraveling. Since then, Brandon Barnes is continuing to play in Rise Against and has made drum tracks for all six of their albums.


title: Elizabeth Cady Stanton

paragraphs: Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women's rights movement along with Susan B. Anthony. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized women's rights and women's suffrage movements in the United States.

paragraphs: Stanton received a very good education. That was not common for women during that time. She married Henry Stanton, who fought against slavery. They had seven children. She became interested in women's rights when she was at a World's Anti-Slavery meeting in London. She and Lucretia Mott, another activist, were upset because women were not allowed to be a part of the meeting. Because of this, they created their own women's rights meeting.

paragraphs: The first meeting was in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York. Stanton wrote "The Declaration of Sentiments" which was about the need for changes. Some of the changes they wanted were allowing women to vote and making women be equal to men in society. The "Declaration" was signed by the women at the conference. Stanton continued to fight for women's rights by spreading petitions throughout New York. These petitions were meant to push the New York Congress into passing the New York Married Women's Property Act.

paragraphs: In 1851, Stanton met Susan B. Anthony, another famous activist. Stanton and Anthony worked together for a very long time. Together they wrote speeches, articles, and books. Stanton and Anthony were leaders of the women's rights movement for more than fifty years.

paragraphs: Stanton and Matilda Gage wrote the "Declaration or Rights". That was presented by Susan B. Anthony at the Philadelphia Centennial in 1876. Stanton traveled around the country and position as president of the National Woman Suffrage Association. During her travels she spoke about current social issues having to do with women's rights. Some of the issues were divorce laws and raising children.

paragraphs: In her later years, Stanton was still politically active, although she didn't travel as much. She wrote, with Anthony and Gage, books called the "History of Woman Suffrage" from 1881 to 1885. She also published the "Woman's Bible". She wrote a book about her life called "Eighty Years and More". Stanton died in 1902 in New York City, only eighteen years before women were allowed to vote.


title: Newgrounds

paragraphs: Newgrounds is an American website hosted in Glenside, Pennsylvania, United States. Created in 1995, the site has Adobe Flash animations and games, but also features a music and art portal. The site was started and is owned by Tom Fulp. Newgrounds is different from most other Flash websites by its automated submission and rating system. It was the first website in history to produce a fully automated user-made content system.


title: Helmut Fink

paragraphs: Helmut Fink (born 18 March 1901 – 27 April 2009) was the last living verified German World War I veteran. He was with the German Empire in the German Revolution 1918-1919.


title: Moscow Kremlin

paragraphs: The Moscow Kremlin is a fortress in the center of Moscow, where most of the government works. It is where the President of Russia lives. But Moscow Kremlin is usually simply called the Kremlin. It is on the left bank of the Moskva River and southwest of Red Square.

paragraphs: The Kremlin and Red Square are a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Jerry Brown

paragraphs: Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician. He was the 39th Governor of California from 2011 to 2019. He was also the 34th Governor of California from 1975 to 1983. In 2010, he was elected Governor of California. On November 4, 2014, he was re-elected governor. Brown is a member of the Democratic Party. He has also been California's Secretary of State, Attorney General of California, and was the mayor of Oakland for eight years. He ran for President of the United States in the Democratic primaries in 1976, 1980 and in 1992.

paragraphs: Brown was born in San Francisco, California. His father was Pat Brown who also served as Governor of California until losing re-election to Ronald Reagan. His mother was Bernice Layne Brown. He was raised in San Francisco. Brown studied at Yale University and at the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraphs: Brown began his political career as a member of the Los Angeles Community College District Board of Trustees 1969 – 1971. He later served as Secretary of State of California 1971 - 1975.

paragraphs: Elected Governor in 1974 at age 36, Brown was the youngest California governor in 111 years.

paragraphs: Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982. However, he was defeated by Republican Mayor Pete Wilson (who himself would later become governor), and many considered his political career to be over. After travelling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party (1989–1991), resigning to run for the Senate again in 1992.

paragraphs: Running against Meg Whitman in 2010, Brown became the 39th Governor in 2011; on October 7, 2013, he became the longest-serving governor in California history, surpassing Earl Warren. He was reelected in 2014 with sixty percent of the vote. As a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor (the youngest since 1863) and the oldest California governor in history.

paragraphs: On Nov 23, 2017 Brown pardoned 70 year old Craig Richard Coley after DNA tests showed he was not involved in the murders of his ex girlfriend and her son in 1978.

paragraphs: Brown had been thought likely to run for the Democratic nomination for President in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. He had expressed some interest in doing so, particularly if Hillary Clinton did not run. However, in an interview in 2014, Brown ruled out running. He did not rule out running for another term as Mayor of Oakland, saying that "I wouldn't mind being mayor of Oakland. But I don't know, when I'm 80 and a half, whether I'll have the same appetite. I'm very excited doing this job. [Still], I don't want to foreclose my options for four years from now."

paragraphs: In an interview by CNN during the second Republican Primary debate at the Ronald Reagan Presidential Library, Brown hinted at a possible presidential bid in 2016. He stated that "I'll jump in when the time is appropriate".

paragraphs: Brown married his girlfriend of fifteen years, Anne Gust in 2005.

paragraphs: In April 2011 Brown had surgery to remove a basal-cell carcinoma from the right side of his nose. In December 2012, media outlets reported that Brown was being treated for early stage (the precise stage and grade was not stated) localized prostate cancer with a very good health.


title: Comune

paragraphs: The (; plural: ) is a basic administrative division in Italy, roughly equivalent to a township or municipality.


title: Pavlova (food)

paragraphs: Pavlova is a meringue-based dessert named after the Russian ballet dancer Anna Pavlova. It is a cake with a crispy crust and soft, light inside.

paragraphs: People believe the dessert was made to celebrate one of the dancer's tours to Australia and New Zealand in the 1920s. The two countries have argued for a long time over where it was created.

paragraphs: The dessert is very popular in both countries and often eaten on special occasions. It is usually served with cream and fruit.

paragraphs: Research shows that the pavlova was first made in New Zealand. Keith Money wrote that a New Zealand chef in a hotel in Wellington, New Zealand, created the dish when Pavlova visited as part of her world tour in 1926.

paragraphs: Professor Helen Leach, who studies the history of food at the University of Otago in New Zealand, collected 667 pavlova recipes. Her book, "The Pavlova Story: A Slice of New Zealand’s Culinary History", says that the first Australian pavlova recipe was made in 1935, and the recipe in the rural magazine "NZ Dairy Exporter Annual" was made in 1929.

paragraphs: The Australian website "Australian Flavour" gives an even earlier date, 1926, when "Home Cookery for New Zealand" by E Futter had a recipe for “Meringue with Fruit Filling.” The recipe was almost the same as a pavlova.


title: Meringue

paragraphs: A meringue () is a type of dessert made from whipping egg whites and sugar. Some meringue recipes also ask for cream of tartar or cornstarch to hold it together. Meringues are often flavoured with vanilla and a small amount of almond or coconut extract. They are light, airy and sweet.

paragraphs: People do not agree whether meringue was invented in the Swiss town of Meiringen by an Italian chef named Gasparini. They are more sure that the name "meringue" was first seen in 1692, in a cookbook by François Massialot. The word "meringue" was first used in English in 1706 in an English translation of Massialot's book. There are two English recipe books that have a recipe for meringue, but it is called "white biskit bread" in the book of recipes started in 1604 by Lady Elinor Fettiplace, or called "pets" in the manuscript of collected recipes written by Lady Rachel Fane.

paragraphs: There are many types of meringue. The usual type is dry and crisp.

paragraphs: One type is the half-cooked type on queen of puddings, key lime pie, and lemon meringue pie. There are also uncooked meringues, and other types of meringues cooked in different ways.

paragraphs: Cooked meringue cannot be refrigerated or it will become soggy. They will keep for at least a week if stored in an airtight container.

paragraphs: Meringue is also used as a topping on other desserts, such as angel food cake, pavlova, and baked Alaska.


title: Faggot (slang)

paragraphs: Faggot (or fag) is a derogatory term for a homosexual human. It is usually used to refer to gay men, but may also be used for lesbian women. Many people, especially homosexuals, see it as hate speech. Typically, they prefer the term gay, or sometimes queer; queer having been reclamed by the LGBTQ+ community despite the term's pre-existing negative connotation.

paragraphs: Younger generations often use the term "fag" as an insult towards people that annoy them without actually linking the word to homosexuals.


title: Zach Blair

paragraphs: Zach Blair is the lead guitarist and co-composer for Chicago-based hardcore punk band Rise Against. Before joining Rise Against in early 2007, Blair was a member of hardcore punk group called Only Crime along with his brother, Doni Blair who currently plays with the Toadies. He has also been a 2nd touring guitarist for The Loved Ones and was the 2nd guitarist on the instrumental band "The Mag Seven's" album "The Future Is Ours, If You Can Count".

paragraphs: Blair is a vegetarian, an animal rights advocate and actively promotes PETA with the other members of Rise Against. Their newest release, "Appeal to Reason" is Rise Againsts' first album with Blair.


title: Warning colouration

paragraphs: Animals that are dangerous, or foul to eat, usually advertise the fact. This is called warning colouration or aposematism. It is the exact opposite of camouflage. Warning colours tend to be some combination of red, yellow, black and white.

paragraphs: Alfred Russel Wallace, a British naturalist, explained it this way, in 1889:

paragraphs: Wallace predicted that birds and other predators would reject conspicuous prey whilst accepting cryptic prey. Later reports confirmed this.

paragraphs: Animals with warning colours move slowly and expose themselves to sight. The sluggishness and exposure helps to advertise their defence. Along with the colour and behaviour often goes the foul smell of their chemical weapons. Noxious caterpillars often have thick, leathery cuticles which help them to resist young birds making a 'test'. When the bird takes a peck, disgusting fluid seeps out from special glands on its back. The caterpillar (or other larva) will often survive such an attack, and the young bird has learnt a lesson it will never forget. All in all, the predator is given good warning. Tests show that warning colours definitely do deter predators.

paragraphs: Some individual animals will die or receive damage while birds or mammals on the attack learn about the connection between colour and taste. However, if warning costs less than hiding, the animal benefits. And the advertising traits such as colours may serve other functions as well. The patterns may help mate identification within the species, for instance.

paragraphs: Warning colouration is the basis of two different kinds of mimicry: Müllerian mimicry and Batesian mimicry.

paragraphs: There are a number of predators which eat toxic animals. Cases which have been studied suggest there is some kind of cost to be borne for their relative immunity to the toxin.

paragraphs: The Rough-skinned newt is toxic, and displays its warning colour by showing its abdomen. Throughout much of the newt’s range, the common garter snake ("Thamnophis sirtalis") is resistant to the toxin. In several populations, these snakes successfully prey upon the newts. Toxin resistant garter snakes are the only known animals that can eat these newts and survive.

paragraphs: The snake’s resistance to the toxin has resulted in a selective pressure that favours newts which produce more potent levels of toxin. Increases in newt toxicity then apply a selective pressure favouring snakes with mutations conferring even greater resistance. The price paid by the snakes is that their digestion and body metabolism is slower than related species. Really resistant snakes have slower crawl speeds than snakes with little or no resistance.

paragraphs: This is an example of co-evolution. This cycle of a predator and prey co-evolving is sometimes called an evolutionary arms race. In this case it results in the newts producing levels of toxin far in excess of what is needed to kill any other conceivable predator.

paragraphs: Animals can, and do, show bright colours which have other functions. The most common functions are:

paragraphs: However, the bright colours used for these functions tend to be different from the standard warning patterns and colours.

paragraphs: The colouring of many species has unknown function. This is usually because their life habits have not been studied sufficiently, and because no field tests have been done. One example is the extraordinary moth "Utetheisa pulchella", the Crimson Speckled Moth. Its association with the plant "Dittrichia viscosa", which has a somewhat unpleasant smell, suggest the moth has warning colouration, but the matter is not settled. The related species "Utetheisa ornatrix", which feeds on other plants, is known to exude (squeeze out) alkaloids to put predators off.


title: Sawfly

paragraphs: A sawfly is an insect belonging to suborder Symphyta of the order Hymenoptera. The sawflies are a group of largely plant-eating (herbivorous) insects. The group is less specialised than the ants, bees and wasps.

paragraphs: Sawflies differ from most other Hymenoptera by their broad connection between the abdomen and the thorax, and by their caterpillar-like larvae. The common name comes from the saw-like appearance of the ovipositor, which the females use to cut into the plants where they lay their eggs. Large populations of certain sawfly species may cause economic damage to forests and cultivated plants.

paragraphs: As of 2013, the Symphyta are treated as nine superfamilies (one extinct) and 25 families. Most sawflies belong to the Tenthredinoidea superfamily, with about 7,000 species worldwide. Tenthredinoidea has six families, of which Tenthredinidae is by far the largest with some 5,500 species.

paragraphs: The Xyelidae is a small family of sawflies known from fewer than 50 living species in five genera, with an extensive fossil record. They are the oldest fossil Hymenoptera, dating back to the Triassic, some 200 million years ago.

paragraphs: Most species occur in the Northern hemisphere, especially in boreal regions, though there are a few neotropical species. Most are associated with conifers (esp. "Pinus" and "Abies"), where the larvae feed on pollen or within buds, though larvae of a few species feed on the leaves of deciduous trees.


title: Catarina Pereira

paragraphs: Catarina Pereira (born June 13, 1990) is a Portuguese singer and actress. She competed with her song, "Canta por mim" (Sing for me), for the chance to sing for Portugal at the Eurovision Song Contest 2010. She had the lead role in the Portuguese production of "High School Musical".


title: Captain Planet and the Planeteers

paragraphs: Captain Planet and the Planeteers is an American animated environmentalist television program, based on an idea by Ted Turner and produced by Andy Heyward, Robby London, Barbara Pyle and Nicholas Boxer. The series was developed and co-produced by Turner Program Services along with the partnership of DiC Entertainment and ran new episodes from September 10, 1990 until December 5, 1992. A second series, "The New Adventures of Captain Planet", ran for three seasons and was produced by Turner Broadcasting and then-corporate sibling Hanna-Barbera Productions. Both programs continue today in syndication.


title: Protectionism

paragraphs: Protectionism means that a country has laws or other rules that make it easier for their own products and brands to sell by making goods from foreign countries more expensive or harder to get.

paragraphs: The idea of protectionism is to stop imports (when people buy goods from other countries instead of from their own). Mercantilism is one kind of protectionism.

paragraphs: For example, if farmers from Argentina are selling wheat at a lower price than French farmers are, French people would buy more wheat from Argentine farmers than from French farmers, and French farmers would not get so much money.

paragraphs: The benefits to protectionism is that some people in a country would make more money because they would be able to sell things at higher prices, but on the other hand, other people would lose money because they wouldn't be able to buy the things from other countries that sell them cheaper.

paragraphs: Many protectionists (people who believe in protectionism) support big tariffs (taxes on a trade involving a foreign country) because the government can get a lot of money from the tariffs.

paragraphs: When a country raises a tariff on another country, usually the other country raises their tariffs on that country to get even. This is called a trade war.

paragraphs: Tariffs were popular in the United States during the 1800s, but when the United States made the Hawley-Smoot Tariff a law in 1930, it raised tariffs very high on Europe. In response, Europe raised its tariffs on the United States, which resulted in a trade war. Many economists and historians believe that the tariffs made the Great Depression worse.

paragraphs: Protectionism is no longer popular now. Instead, people support free trade (the opposite of protectionism where the government makes it easier for the country to trade with other countries).


title: Led Zeppelin (album)

paragraphs: Led Zeppelin is the first album from English rock band Led Zeppelin, released on 12 January 1969. The album was recorded in 1968 and is notable for being one of the most influential albums of all time, especially inspiring future heavy metal and hard rock bands. The album did not get good reviews by critics in 1969 but the album still sold many copies, today, the album is generally seen as a rock classic.

paragraphs: On the album, guitarist and producer Jimmy Page used many different techniques to get a unique sound. For example, he recorded the instruments from far away instead of putting the microphone right in front of the amplifier or drum set, this gives a different sound, like it sounds in the room when it was played.


title: Davy Crockett

paragraphs: David Crockett (August 17, 1786 – March 6, 1836) was an American frontiersman, soldier, politician, and folk hero. He is more often called Davy Crockett. He also has the nickname “King of the Wild Frontier”. He represented the state of Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1827 to 1831 and again from 1833 to 1835. He was part of the Texas Revolution. He was executed in the Battle of the Alamo at age 49.

paragraphs: Crockett was born in Tennessee. A replica of the cabin he was born in stands today in Davy Crockett Birthplace State Park in Tennessee.

paragraphs: The Crockett family's name comes from the name "Monsieur de la Croquetagne". Monsieur de la Croquetagne was a captain in the Royal Guard of French King Louis XIV. The family became Protestants and ran away from France in the 17th century. Crockett did not have an easy childhood. He traveled around a lot, and had a lot of adventures. He started hunting with his brothers before his ninth birthday. A little after he started going to school, he beat up a bully. He stopped going to school so that his teacher would not punish him. His teacher told his father that Crockett was not at school. He ran away from home so that his father would not beat him. He started moving around Tennessee, Virginia and other places. This was all according to a book Davy Crockett wrote about himself.

paragraphs: He came back home when he was 15. His family welcomed him back. He married Mary (Polly) Finley a day before his twentieth birthday. They had three children. However, Polly died at a young age. He married another woman named Elizabeth Patton in 1815. They had three children together.

paragraphs: Crockett served in the Tennessee Militia for a few years, then ran for Congress in 1824. He lost his election, but ran again in the next election. In 1827, he was elected to the United States House of Representatives. As a Congressman, he became angry about President Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, which forced Native Americans to leave their land. He lost his re-election in 1830. However, he ran again in 1832 and won.

paragraphs: In 1834, he wrote a book about himself called "A Narrative of the Life of David Crockett. Written by Himself". He lost his re-election to Congress that year.

paragraphs: Around December 1834, Crockett told some of his friends that he might move to Texas if Martin Van Buren became the next president of the United States. The next year, he talked to his friend Benjamin McCulloch about going to Texas, which belonged to Mexico at that time, with some people to fight in a Texas Revolution against Mexico. Van Buren was elected president, so he left Tennessee on Nov. 1, 1835 with three other men to go to Texas, saying, "You may all go to hell and I will go to Texas".

paragraphs: He arrived in Nacogdoches, Texas, in early January 1836. On January 14, 1836, Crockett and 65 other men signed an oath before Judge John Forbes to the Provisional Government of Texas for six months that said "I have taken the oath of government and have enrolled my name as a volunteer and will set out for the Rio Grande in a few days with the volunteers from the United States." Each man was promised about 4,600 acres (19 km²) of land.

paragraphs: He showed up at the Alamo on February 8. There were over 100 other men there. On February 23, a Mexican army, led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna, surrounded the Alamo, ready to take it over. After the Mexican army had been there for eight days, 32 other men showed up to help Crockett and the other men defending the Alamo.

paragraphs: On March 6. According to Susana Dickinson, before running to his post, Crockett stopped in the chapel to pray. When the Mexican soldiers made it over the walls of the Alamo they pushed the few remaining defenders back toward the church. The Battle of the Alamo lasted almost 90 minutes. All of the men defending the Alamo died, including Davy Crockett.

paragraphs: Even while he was still alive, many books and plays were written about Crockett's life, some of which stretched the truth. Since his death, he has become a popular figure in American folklore. In the 1950s, there was a television show about him, which had a song called "The Ballad of Davy Crockett" which was very popular. Many children wore "coonskin" hats to look like him.


title: Early Christianity

paragraphs: Early Christianity is known as the Christianity of around the three centuries (1st, 2nd, 3rd, early 4th) between the time of the Crucifixion of Jesus (c.26-36) and the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

paragraphs: Since the 19th century, historians have learned more about the early Christian community. Books written early in the time period, such as the Didache (in second-millennium copies) and the Gospel of Thomas (in two manuscripts dated as early as about 200 and 340) as well as parts from the Jewish-Christian Gospels have been found again in the last 200 years

paragraphs: At the beginning of Christian history, the church was in Jerusalem, in an "upper room" perhaps where the Cenacle is today, and leaders included James, Peter, and John. The major source for the Apostolic Age (c.30-c.100) is the Acts of the Apostles. Following the Great Commission, the missionary actions of the Apostles, including Paul of Tarsus who said the title of "Apostle to the Gentiles", spread Christianity to cities in the Hellenistic world, such as Alexandria and Antioch, and also to Rome and even beyond the Roman Empire. The term "Christian" was first applied to members of the church at Antioch according to . The New Testament includes letters written by Paul to churches, such as those in Thessalonica and Corinth, during the years 50-62, see also Seven Churches of Asia. Early Christians continued the Jewish practice of respect for the Jewish Scriptures, using the Septuagint translation of Hellenistic Judaism that was in general use among Greek-speakers, or the Targums in use among Aramaic-speakers, but added to it their own writings.


title: Hops

paragraphs: Hops are the flowers of the hop plant, which are in the humulus genus. Hops look like little cones, and are used to make beer. They give the beer a bitter flavor. They have been used to make beer for many centuries, and were used by the Romans in the Roman Empire.


title: Priscilla Ahn

paragraphs: Priscilla Ahn (born 1984) is an American singer-songwriter.

paragraphs: In 2008, Blue Note Reco.rds released her first full-length album, "A Good Day". Ahn went on a national tour that June. Ahn has toured with Willie Nelson, Amos Lee, Ray LaMontagne, Devotchka and Joshua Radin. Ahn's songs have been on television shows and movies. She has made appearances on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno, Dancing with the Stars and NPR.


title: White Australia policy

paragraphs: The White Australia Policy was the name given to laws that stopped non white immigrants from coming to live in Australia. These laws were put in place in 1901, and were repealed from the 1950s to 1970s

paragraphs: In 1901, 98% of people living in Australia were of European background, with "clean" skin, and with British laws and customs. The government wanted to keep Australia this way. This had an influence on the type of people living in Australia. In 2001, many Australians claimed to have fathers from Europe. About six percent were Asian, and about two percent were Aboriginals. In 2018, overall, about 76% of Australians were white, though about 95% of the countries leaders were white.

paragraphs: In the 1850s many Chinese people, mainly men, came to Australia to search for gold. This lead to anti-Chinese riots on the goldfields at Lambing Flat in New South Wales, and at the

paragraphs: Buckland River diggings in Victoria. The Victorian government tried to stop more Chinese from arriving, by charging a special tax of £10 for every Chinese person who came on a ship to Victoria. In 1861 New South Wales passed laws to stop Chinese people coming, and Queensland passed laws in 1877, and Western Australia in 1886. Later men from the Pacific Islands, called "kanakas", were brought to Australia to work on the sugarcane farms in Queensland. This also caused problems because they worked for much lower wages than other people. The new Federal government of Australia acted in 1901 to stop certain types of people coming to work or live in Australia.

paragraphs: The Immigration Restriction Act (1901) listed who could come to Australia and who would not be allowed into the country. The following types of people were not allowed:

paragraphs: This test was made to keep out anyone that the Australian government did not want to allow into Australia without being seen to be racist. Anyone who wanted to come to Australia had to be literate, that is be able to read and write. This would be proved with a dictation test. A person had to be able to write down something read to them in a European language by a government official. It did not have to be in a language that they understood. At first the test was to be given in English, but the government thought that American negroes and Japanese people would be able to pass the test. For example, to keep out people from Malta, they were given the test in Dutch. One person who spoke several languages was given the test in Gaelic. The test could also be given to people in the first year that they were living in Australia. In 1932, this was changed to the first five years, and it could be given many times. From 1902 to 1909, the test was given to 1359 people, and only 52 passed. After 1909, no person passed the test. Anyone who failed the test was forced to leave Australia. This law was used until 1958.

paragraphs: After World War II the Australian government wanted to attract migrants. The Ben Chifley Labor Government started the Snowy Mountains Scheme which needed a large population of labourers. Australians worried less about taking people from different cultures. Through the 1950s, many Southern and Eastern European refugees resettled in Australia, leaving a Europe still recovering from World War II or the Communist Eastern-Block behind. Liberal Prime Minister Robert Menzies' Government brought in the Colombo Plan which brought Asian students to Australian universities to help Asian development. In 1958, Menzies ended the "dictation test" and the Government said well qualified non-Europeans would be suitable. Other laws made it easier to bring non-Europeans to Australia. Prime Minister Harold Holt's "Migration Act, 1966" effectively ended the White Australian Policy so that migrants from different parts of the world could come to Australia, like refugees from the Vietnam War. Finally in 1973, the Gough Whitlam Labor Government made a law that Australian immigration officers should "totally disregard race" when considering migrants. But Whitlam took in less migrants in total, and the number of migrants from outside Europe did not increase until the Malcolm Fraser Liberal Government (1975-1983).


title: Swastika

paragraphs: The Swastika is a cross with its arms bent at right angles, in either left-facing or right-facing forms. It is a widely-used religious symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. In the 1920s, the Hakenkreuz became the symbol for the Nazi party in the Western world. It was used as the symbol of the Finnish Air Force until 1945. It bears a strong resemblance to Swastika and people often refer to Hakenkreuz as Swastika.

paragraphs: The Swastika is a sacred symbol in Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. It is also a sign of spiritual purity. The swastika was a letter in the ancient Sanskrit language. It meant luck or well being. It is also found on Byzantine buildings, Ancient Greek coinage and in Native American burial sites. During the 20th century Adolf Hitler adopted the symbol for the Nazi Party. From 1935 – 1945 it was used on the German flag. The symbol became stigmatized because of its association with Nazi war crimes.

paragraphs: Hakenkreuz, a derivative of Swastika, was a symbol used by the Nazi Party in Germany, and later by the Third Reich. Adolf Hitler chose it as the symbol of the German Workers Party after he joined. Before Hitler, members had already worn Hakenkreuz armbands. Hitler was responsible for its red, white and black coloring.


title: Hartford Whalers

paragraphs: The Hartford Whalers were a professional ice hockey team from Hartford, Connecticut. The Whalers played in the National Hockey League for 18 seasons. The team began playing in the NHL and were originally called the New England Whalers before being renamed the Hartford Whalers in 1979. The Whalers were relocated to Raleigh, North Carolina and were renamed the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997.


title: Winnipeg Jets

paragraphs: The Winnipeg Jets are an ice hockey team that plays in the NHL. The team plays in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada at Bell MTS Place. They were founded in 2011 when the Atlanta Thrashers were bought by Winnipeg-based company, True North Sports and Entertainment and were moved back to Winnipeg. The team announced the "Winnipeg Jets" as their name when they selected 7th in the first round of the 2011 NHL Entry Draft on June 25, 2011. Kevin Cheveldayoff was named its first General Manager on June 8, 2011 and Claude Noel was named the new head coach of the Jets on June 23, 2011.

paragraphs: The first Winnipeg Jets played in the NHL from 1972 to 1996. This team is now known as the Arizona Coyotes.


title: Saab 9-3

paragraphs: The Saab 9-3 is a car produced by Saab since 1998. It is the successor of the 900, and it is now in its Second generation.


title: Saab 9-5

paragraphs: The Saab 9-5 is a car produced by Saab since 1997. It is the successor of the 9000, and it is now in its Second generation.


title: Saab 9000

paragraphs: The Saab 9000 was a car produced by Saab from 1985 through 1998. It was successed by the 9-5.


title: Saab 900

paragraphs: The Saab 900 was a car produced by Saab from 1978 through 1998. It was succeeded by the 9-3.


title: Easter Bunny

paragraphs: The Easter Bunny (or Easter Hare) is a character depicted as an anthropomorphic rabbit. In old stories, the creature brings baskets filled with colored eggs, candy and toys to the homes of children on the night before Easter. The Easter Bunny will either put the baskets in a certain place or hide them somewhere in the house for the children to find when they wake up in the morning.

paragraphs: The Easter Bunny is similar to Christmas's Santa Claus, as they both bring gifts to good children on the night before the holidays they are related to.


title: Alberto Núñez Feijoo

paragraphs: Alberto Núñez Feijoo (born September 10, 1961) is the current president of Galicia. He is the leader of the Galician PP, the main conservative political party which defeated the socialists in the elections of 2009 and again in the elections of 2012. Feijoo is a strong admirer of Manuel Fraga, although he does not govern Galicia in the same manner.

paragraphs: Núñez Feijoo studied law in Santiago de Compostela. He is married to the journalist Carmen Gámir.


title: Lincoln Logs

paragraphs: Lincoln Logs is the name of a children's toy. They are small logs made for children to build with. They were invented in Chicago, Illinois by John Lloyd Wright, son of the architect Frank Lloyd Wright.

paragraphs: Lincoln Logs were added into the United States National Toy Hall of Fame in 1999.


title: Led Zeppelin II

paragraphs: Led Zeppelin II is the second album from the band Led Zeppelin. It was released on October 22, 1969, it was recorded in 1969 in many different studios. The album sounds a lot like the first album with a few hard rock songs and blues covers, but they also did some new things with the love song "Thank You" and the drum solo "Moby Dick". The most famous song from the album is "Whole Lotta Love", the riff is one of the most well known in the rock genre. Guitarist and producer Jimmy Page worked with engineer Eddie Kramer to create many unusual sounds, for example, on "Whole Lotta Love", they used a technique known as backward echoing.


title: Led Zeppelin III

paragraphs: Led Zeppelin III is the third album from the band Led Zeppelin, released on October 22, 1970. Many of the songs were written while Jimmy Page and Robert Plant visited a cottage in Wales, in a place called Bron-Yr-Aur. The musicians were inspired by the Welsh countryside, and because of this, many songs on the album are written in the style of folk and country. This upset many fans at the time who said that the band should focus on making more rock music, but there were still some rock songs on the album, such as "Immigrant Song" and "Celebration Day".


title: Avalon (song)

paragraphs: "Avalon" is a popular song. It was written by Al Jolson, Buddy DeSylva and Vincent Rose in 1920. It was first recorded by Jolson and used in the musicals "Sinbad" and "Bombo". Jolson's version became #2 on the American singles chart. It is possible that Rose wrote the song alone, and that Jolson's name was used in the credits because he was a popular artist and helped make the song popular. At first only Rose and Jolson were marked as the writers, and DeSylva's name was added later.

paragraphs: Many jazz artists have recorded the song, for example Cab Calloway (1934), Coleman Hawkins (1935) and Eddie Durham (1936). Benny Goodman played the song in his concert in Carnegie Hall in 1938. The song was also played in the films "The Jolson Story" (1946) and "The Benny Goodman Story" (1956).

paragraphs: The melody at the beginning of the song was taken from Giacomo Puccini's opera "Tosca", and Rose changed it only a little. Because of this, a court later decided that Jolson and Rose had to pay Puccini's publishers $25,000 and all later profits from the song.


title: Phoney War

paragraphs: The Phoney War was a name for the months after Poland was defeated in September 1939 and before France was invaded in May 1940, during World War II.

paragraphs: During this time, there were no big military operations in Europe. There was a British and French declaration of war on Germany, and military alliances between the Western Allies and Poland. The Royal Air Force dropped propaganda leaflets on Germany, and Canadian troops began to arrive in Britain. In the sea, German submarines destroyed many Allied ships, marking the beginning of Battle of the Atlantic.

paragraphs: In April 1940, Germany invaded Denmark and Norway. The two sides began to fight each other again. Britain and France needed a lot of weapons quickly, so they began to buy them from American weapon companies. The American government helped Britain and France by selling weapons at lower cost, and, later, lend-lease of military equipment and supplies.


title: Jason Bonham

paragraphs: Jason John Bonham (born 15 July 1966) is an English rock drummer who is noted for being the son of Led Zeppelin drummer John Bonham, as well for his own music. He has played with bands like Foreigner and UFO, and he has also played with the surviving members Led Zeppelin on several band reunions, such as the reunion in 2007 at the London 02 Arena. He has a close relationship with former Led Zeppelin guitarist Jimmy Page, and they have toured together in the 80's when Page released his solo album, Outrider. In 2010, Bonham will be working with his new band, Black Country.


title: Radiolaria

paragraphs: Radiolaria are amoeboid protists which produce mineral skeletons. The skeletons, usually of silica (SiO), have a central capsule. This divides the cell into inner and outer portions, called "endoplasm" and "ectoplasm".

paragraphs: Radiolaria are found as zooplankton throughout the ocean, and their skeletal remains cover large portions of the ocean floor as radiolarian ooze. Radiolaria have existed since the beginning of the Palaeozoic era. They take their name from the radial symmetry of most species. They are valuable markers or diagnostic fossils, because they have a rapid turn-over of species. This helps to identify strata, and to correlate strata at different sites.

paragraphs: Radiolaria are heterotrophs (eat other things), but also may include protist algae as endosymbionts.

paragraphs: The skeletons of radiolarians are generally organized around spicules, or spines, which extend from the main skeletal mass. Formed from the fusion of many of these spines is the outermost skeleton, the shell or "test". Connecting this shell to the many concentrically organized inner shells are bars or beams, which strengthen and support the structure.

paragraphs: The nuclei and most other organelles are in the endoplasm, while the ectoplasm is filled with frothy vacuoles and lipid droplets, keeping them buoyant. Often it also contains symbiotic algae which provide much of the cell's energy. Not much is known about the living amoebae because they cannot be cultured in the laboratory.


title: Led Zeppelin IV

paragraphs: Led Zeppelin IV is the fourth album from the rock band Led Zeppelin, the real title of the album is , but since it's impossible to say these symbols, it is normal just to say Led Zeppelin IV. Some people also say The fourth album, 'Zoso', Symbols or simply call it Untitled. It was released on November 8, 1971 and recorded at a big house called Headley Grange in 1971. The album is the band's most famous and most successful album, and also has their best known song, "Stairway to Heaven". For this album, the band used many different genres and recording techniques, they had rock and roll songs, acoustic songs and heavy blues songs. Many fans and critics think that "Stairway to Heaven" is one of the best songs of all time, if not the greatest, as well as the album itself. There are also many other notable songs on the album, "Rock and Roll" was played in almost every concert the band did after the release of the album, while songs such as "Black Dog and "Going to California" were played for most of the shows. All of the songs have become regulars on American rock radio.

paragraphs: For this album, the band chose to not have a normal name for their album, so that people would just listen to the music without caring about the title and get wrong expectations. Jimmy Page got the idea that each member of the band should choose their own symbol to represent them on the album title. Each band member have been closely associated with their symbol during and after the career of Led Zeppelin, and they have all used them after the release of the album. For example, John Bonham used to have the three rings on his bass drum and Jimmy Page has used the Zoso symbol on his amplifier as recent as the reunion concert in 2007 at the London 02 Arena.


title: Squeeze

paragraphs: Squeeze are a British rock/new wave band from London. They were active from 1974 to 1982 and 1985 to 1999. They reunited in 2007.


title: Houses of the Holy

paragraphs: Houses of the Holy is the fifth album from rock band Led Zeppelin, released on March 28 1973, but recorded in 1972. This album has many different music styles on it, like reggae, funk, acoustic songs and folk-like rock songs. Many fans and critics thought when the album was released, that it was not as good as the album they made two years earlier, Led Zeppelin IV, but today it is seen as one of their best albums. Songs like "The Song Remains the Same", "No Quarter", "Over the Hills and Far Away" and "The Rain Song" were performed for almost all tours after the release of the album. "The Song Remains the Same" is also the title of their 1976 movie, but recorded in 1973 and 1974.


title: Heat lamp

paragraphs: A heat lamp is a lamp (light) with the main purpose of making heat. This is commonly infrared light but white light incandescent lightbulbs are also used. Sometimes the glass of the light bulb is colored to cut out yellow and even higher frequency light (to let the infrared light through, which has most of the heat).

paragraphs: Humans can use these lamps to keep warm, to warm a part of the body that is injured and needs gentle heat, etc. These lamps are also frequently used to keep baby chickens, piglets or other baby animals warm.


title: Maltese lira

paragraphs: The Maltese lira was the type of money that was used in Malta before it was replaced by the euro in 2008.