title: Tuskegee syphilis experiment

paragraphs: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (/tʌsˈkiːɡiː/) was a clinical study. The study was done between 1932 and 1972 by the United States Public Health Service. Its goal was to study how syphilis progressed (got worse) if it was not treated. The study's subjects (the people who were being studied) were poor African American sharecroppers. They were told that they were receiving free health care from the U.S. government.

paragraphs: This experiment is famous because none of the men being studied were told that they had syphilis. Even after the 1940s, when doctors realized that penicillin could cure syphilis, the men were not given this cure, or any other treatment. The men were not told that they were not getting real treatment, or that a cure was available. This study raised many important questions about medical ethics.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, when the study started, syphilis was a very serious health problem in the United States. In fact, syphilis had been a serious health problem throughout all of history. Syphilis gets worse over time. It can be very painful. If it is not treated, it causes brain damage and death. In the 1930s, there was no cure for syphilis. The treatments that were used did not work well and some were poisonous. Doctors did not understand syphilis. Because of this they did not have any way to help people with the disease.

paragraphs: There had been very few studies done on how syphilis affected people. One study was done in Norway in 1928, but it studied only white men. In the 1930s, people believed that syphilis affected people of different races in different ways. Doctors thought that African Americans' cardiovascular system was more affected by syphilis than the central nervous system. The Tuskegee study group decided to study how syphilis affected African Americans. They reasoned that they could not cure or treat people with syphilis anyway, and that they would learn things that would help doctors understand syphilis better.

paragraphs: The Public Health Service started working on the Tuskegee syphilis experiment in 1932 during the Great Depression. Tuskegee University, a college in Alabama that was open to African-American students, also helped with the study. They helped because they thought the study would improve public health for poor people in the area.

paragraphs: For the study, researchers signed up a total of 600 African American men from Macon County, Alabama. A total of 399 of these men had syphilis before the study began. The remaining 201 did not have syphilis. (In research, this healthy group is called a "control group"). Researchers wanted to compare the difference between people with and without syphilis. The men were given free health care, meals, and free burial insurance for being in the study.

paragraphs: The researchers' original goal was to study the effects of syphilis for just six months. At first, they studied the men in the experiment for six to eight months. They were then given the only treatments that were known at the time. These included arsphenamine (which is now used as a chemotherapy), ointments made of mercury and bismuth. These treatments were all very poisonous. Some treatments helped a little while others made things worse.

paragraphs: The Tuskegee study received money to treat the men in the study from the Rosenwald Fund. This was a major organization from Chicago whose purpose was philanthropy. Specifically, they supported improving black education and developing communities in the South.

paragraphs: In 1928, the Rosenwald Fund had worked with Public Health Services in a study of over 2,000 black workers in Mississippi's Delta Pine and Land Company. The study's goal was to see how common syphilis was in this group. The Rosenwald Fund helped provide treatment for 25% of the workers who had tested positive for syphilis. However, in 1929, the Stock Market Crash happened. The Great Depression also began. The Rosenwald Fund said they could no longer pay for medicine to treat the Tuskegee men.

paragraphs: After funding (money) for treatment was lost, the study was continued. The study's subjects were never told that they would never get treatment. In fact, the men were told they were being treated for "bad blood." "Bad blood" was a local word that people used to describe different diseases, including syphilis, anemia, and fatigue.

paragraphs: Researchers started using tricks and lying to the men in the study, without caring about medical ethics or the men's rights. For example, researchers wanted to do lumbar punctures ("spinal taps") on the men to measure the effects of syphilis. These spinal taps were dangerous and very painful. To make sure that the men would come get the spinal taps, the researchers sent all 400 subjects a letter titled "Last Chance for Special Free Treatment." This was a lie; the spinal taps were not treatment.

paragraphs: All of the study's participants also had to have an autopsy after death in order to receive funeral benefits (money given to their families to pay for a funeral).

paragraphs: After penicillin was discovered as a cure in the 1940s, researchers did not give penicillin to any study participants. They also did not tell any of the participants about penicillin. Many patients were lied to and given placebo treatments so that researchers could keep studying how syphilis affected the men. The researchers did this even though they knew that without treatment, the syphilis would eventually kill the men.

paragraphs: During World War II, 250 of the Tuskegee men registered for the draft. These men were given medical exams by the military, and were diagnosed as having syphilis. They were ordered to get treatment for syphilis before they could be taken into the military. But the Tuskegee study's researchers tried to keep these men from getting treatment. A Public Health Service worker was quoted at the time saying: "So far, we are keeping the known positive patients [the men with syphilis] from getting treatment."

paragraphs: By 1947, penicillin had become the normal treatment for syphilis. It was not just a treatment, but a cure. The United States government created several public health programs to help people get the cure. The government formed "rapid treatment centers" where people could go for penicillin. The governments goal was to eradicate syphilis (to make it not exist any more). But when these programs came to Macon County, study researchers kept the Tuskegee men from participating.

paragraphs: The study continued until 1972, when Peter Buxton, who also worked for the Public Health Service, gave information about the experiment to a reporter. This caused the study to end, on November 16, 1972. By that time, all of the Tuskegee men with syphilis had gotten no real treatment for 40 years.

paragraphs: By the end of the study in 1972, only 74 of the test subjects were alive. Of the original 399 men, 28 had died of syphilis. Another 100 were dead of related complications. A total of 40 of their wives had been infected and 19 of their children were born with congenital syphilis.


title: 2015–16 UEFA Champions League

paragraphs: The 2015-16 UEFA Champions League was the 61st season of Europe's premier club football tournament organised by UEFA. It is the 24th season since it was renamed from the European Champion Clubs' Cup to the UEFA Champions League.

paragraphs: The was played at the San Siro in Milan, Italy. Barcelona were the defending champions but Real Madrid won the tournament in penalties over Atlético Madrid.


title: Howard Davis, Jr.

paragraphs: Howard Edward Davis, Jr. (February 14, 1956 – December 30, 2015) was an American amateur and professional boxer. He was born in Glen Cove, New York, but raised in Long Island, New York.

paragraphs: After being inspired by a movie about Muhammad Ali, Davis began his amateur career in boxing. He won the 1976 Olympic gold medal one week after his mother died. He was also awarded the "Val Barker Trophy at the Olympics.

paragraphs: He became professional after the Olympics and went on to a professional record of 36–6–1 with 14 knockouts. He retired in 1996. After retirement he became a trainer. Eventually he worked as boxing director at American Top Team in Coconut Creek, Florida, where he trained both amateur and professional boxers and MMA fighters. He was also a motivational speaker and a musician.

paragraphs: Davis, Jr. died on December 30, 2015 from lung cancer in Plantation, Florida at the age of 59.


title: Ian Murdock

paragraphs: Ian Murdock (28April 1973 – 28December 2015) was a German-born American software engineer. He was known for being the founder of the Debian project and Progeny Linux Systems, a commercial Linux company. He was born in Konstanz, Germany.

paragraphs: Murdock died on 28 December 2015 from unknown causes in San Francisco, California at the age of 42. Details surrounding his death have not been released. The last tweets at his Twitter account described violent encounters with police. It was reported that he declared an intention to commit suicide over Twitter, but there is as of now no public record of such a tweet. It was reported that police officer found Murdock drunk and that he did not appear suicidal.


title: Lester Piggott

paragraphs: Lester Keith Piggott (born 5 November 1935) is a retired English professional jockey. With 4,493 career wins, including nine Epsom Derby victories, he is widely regarded as one of the greatest flat racing jockeys of all time.

paragraphs: He is known as "The Long Fellow". He was known for his competitive personality, keeping himself thirty pounds under his natural weight, and on occasion not sparing the whip on horses such as Nijinsky. Piggott regarded Sir Ivor as the easiest to ride of the great winners.


title: Murray Walker

paragraphs: Graeme Murray Walker (born 10 October 1923), known as Murray Walker, is a semi-retired English Formula One motorsport commentator and journalist. For most of his career he worked for the BBC, but when it lost the contract for Formula One coverage to ITV, he continued commentating after the change of broadcaster.

paragraphs: Walker was born Graeme Murray Walker in Hall Green, Birmingham, Warwickshire on 10 October 1923.


paragraphs: The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol (often called CIWA or CIWA-Ar (an updated version)), is a scale used to measure alcohol withdrawal symptoms. The scale lists ten common symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Based on how bad a person's symptoms are, each of these is assigned a number. All ten numbers are added up to make one final score. The highest possible score is 67. Higher scores are a sign of more severe alcohol withdrawal:

paragraphs: The CIWA is used not just to measure how bad withdrawal symptoms are, but also to guide decisions about what treatments to give, like when to give benzodiazepines.

paragraphs: The CIWA measures ten of the most common signs and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:

paragraphs: The CIWA scale is validated, which means it is proven to measure what it means to measure - alcohol withdrawal symptoms. It also has high inter-rater reliability. This means that if more than one medical professional used the CIWA on the same patient, they would get very similar results. Validation and inter-rater reliability are signs of good, accurate tests.

paragraphs: Studies have shown that when the CIWA scale is used to guide treatment:


title: Sandy Gall

paragraphs: Henderson Alexander "Sandy" Gall, CMG, CBE (born 1 October 1927), is a Scottish journalist, author, and former ITN news presenter. His career as a journalist has lasted more than 50 years.

paragraphs: Gall was born in Penang, Malaysia. He studied at the Aberdeen University.


title: Doug Ellis

paragraphs: Sir Herbert Douglas "Doug" Ellis, OBE (3 January 1924 – 11 October 2018), was an English entrepreneur. He was known as the former chairman of Aston Villa Football Club. Ellis was knighted in the 2012 New Year Honours for charitable services.

paragraphs: Ellis died on 11 October 2018 at the age of 94.


title: Prunella Scales

paragraphs: Prunella Scales (born Prunella Margaret Rumney Illingworth; 22 June 1932) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Basil Fawlty's wife Sybil in the BBC comedy "Fawlty Towers" and her BAFTA award-nominated role as Queen Elizabeth II in "A Question of Attribution" ("Screen One", BBC 1991) by Alan Bennett.

paragraphs: In March 2014, her husband Timothy West revealed to the "The Guardian" that Scales was living with Alzheimer's disease.


title: John Noakes

paragraphs: John Noakes (6 March 1934 – 28 May 2017) was a British television presenter and personality. He was best known for co-presenting the BBC children's magazine programme "Blue Peter" in the 1960s and 1970s. He remains the show's longest-serving presenter for a total of 12 years.

paragraphs: Noakes was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire. He studied at the Rishworth School.

paragraphs: On 30 June 2015, Noakes was reported missing from his home in Andratx, Majorca. His wife issued the alert to local police, who confirmed that Noakes had a diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and had been living with the condition for some years. He was found the same day close to his home and taken to hospital, having fallen into some long grass "in the bottom of a storm drain".

paragraphs: Noakes died on 28 May 2017 at his home in Andratx, Majorca, Spain from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 83.


title: Farm Sanctuary

paragraphs: Farm Sanctuary is an animal protection organization founded in 1986 by Gene Baur and Lorri Houston. It is the leading shelter for farm animals in the United States. Farm Sanctuary not only provides shelter to injured or endangered farm animals but also supports animal rights. The organization has a history of fighting laws that help the factory farming industry. Farm Sanctuary currently owns and operates three animal shelters in these cities: Watkins Glen, New York, Los Angeles, California and Orland, California. Combined, these locations house over 1000 farm animals, including chickens, cows, sheep, goats, pigs, ducks, rabbits, and geese. Various books about Farm Sanctuary have been written by co-founder Gene Baur. These include "Farm Sanctuary: Changing Hearts and Minds About Animals and Food" and "Living the Farm Sanctuary Life: The Ultimate Guide to Eating Mindfully, Living Longer, and Feeling Better Every Day". Both of these books reached bestseller lists and have received national attention.


title: Marvin Panch

paragraphs: Marvin Panch (May 28, 1926 – December 31, 2015) was a American stock car racing driver. Panch won the 1961 Daytona 500. He also won seventeen NASCAR Grand National - now Sprint Cup Series - events during a 17-year career. He was born in Menomonie, Wisconsin.

paragraphs: Panch died of natural causes after he was found in his car in Port Orange, Florida at the age of 89.


title: Brian Johns (businessman)

paragraphs: Brian Francis Johns (6 May 1936 – 1 January 2016) was an Australian company director and journalist. He was the managing director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) from 1995 to 2000. Johns was born in Gordonvale, Queensland, Australia.

paragraphs: Johns died on 1 January 2016 in a hospital in Sydney, Australia after battling cancer at the age of 79.


title: Carolingian dynasty

paragraphs: The Carolingian dynasty was a Frankish noble family who ruled over a large part of western Europe from 751 to 987. They were a line of mayors, kings, and princes who succeeded the Merovingian dynasty. The most famous member of the family was Charlemagne. The dynasty was named after Charlemagne's grandfather, Charles Martel. He was a Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia and Neustria. The mayors of the palace were the real power behind the throne.

paragraphs: Charles Martel (meaning "the hammer") left his wealth and power to his two sons, Pepin III and Carloman. In 771 Carloman died leaving his half to Pepin who became Mayor of the Palace. When the last of the Merovingian kings, Childeric III, was deposed by the Pope in Rome, Pepin was made king of the Franks. Pope Stephen III traveled to France and placed the crown on his head. Pepin left the kingdom to his two sons, Charles and Carloman.

paragraphs: Charles and his brother shared the kingdom for some time. Carloman then traveled to Rome and became a monk. Charles became the sole king. He then earned his name "Charles the Great" (Charlemagne) by defeating the Lombards, the Saxons, and the Avars. In 800 Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III. The dynasty was passed down to his son, Louis the Pious and to his grandsons. By the time Louis inherited the kingdom the Carolingian Empire had already started to decline. By the end of the 9th century it came to an end. With the collapse of the empire the dynasty came to an end.


title: Pierre-Marie Rudelle

paragraphs: Pierre-Marie Rudelle (18 June 1932 – 28 December 2015) was a French trompe-l'œil painter. He painted First Lady of the United States Jacqueline Kennedy a pair of doors in her dressing room in the White House. He also worked for Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and Pamela Harriman. He was born in Paris.

paragraphs: Rudelle died on 28 December 2015 in Paris, aged 83.


title: Gabriel Tambon

paragraphs: Gabriel Tambon (23 March 1930 – 27 December 2015) was a French politician for the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He served as the Mayor of Le Castellet, Var from 1965 until his death. He was born in Castellet, Vaucluse.

paragraphs: Tambon died on 27 December 2015 at the age of 85.


title: Åge Nordkild

paragraphs: Åge Nordkild (19 September 1951 – 28 December 2015) was a Norwegian Sami politician. He was a member of the Norwegian Sami Association. He held many places in the Sami Parliament from 2001 to 2005 and 2009 to 2013. He was born in Narvik.

paragraphs: Nordkild died on 28 December 2015 at the age of 64.


title: Fred Tuttle

paragraphs: Frederick Herman "Fred" Tuttle (July 18, 1919 – October 4, 2003) was an American dairy farmer, actor and 1998 candidate for the U.S. Senate from the state of Vermont for the Republican Party. He was born in Tunbridge, Vermont. He appeared in movies such as "Nosey Parker" and "Man with a Plan".

paragraphs: Tuttle ran against senator Patrick Leahy in the Vermont senate elections. He lost in a landslide to Leahy. Tuttle was described by Senator Leahy as "the distilled essence of Vermonthood". He was thought by many to be an example of the "everyman".

paragraphs: Tuttle died of a heart attack in his farm in Tunbridge, Vermont at the age of 84.


title: Bob Richards

paragraphs: Robert Eugene "Bob" Richards (born February 20, 1926), nicknamed the "Vaulting Vicar" or the "Pole Vaulting Parson" in his competitive days, was an American athlete who was known for pole vaulting in the Olympics. He competed in the 1948 (where he won a bronze medal), 1952 (gold medal), and 1956 Summer Olympics (gold medal) as a pole vaulter, and as a decathlete in 1956.

paragraphs: Richards was born in Champaign, Illinois. He studied at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign.


title: Barbara Byrd-Bennett

paragraphs: Barbara Byrd–Bennett (born April 12, 1951) is an American educator.

paragraphs: Byrd–Bennett was the Chief Executive officer of the Chicago Public Schools district and the Cleveland Municipal School District. Byrd–Bennett served as CEO of the Cleveland Municipal School District from 1998 to 2006. From 2009 to 2011, she was the academic and accountability officer for the Detroit Public Schools system. She was hired as the Chicago Public Schools' chief education advisor in April 2012 and then named CEO by Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel six months later.

paragraphs: She resigned from CPS in 2015 amid a bribery investigation, which led to her pleading guilty to multiple charges. She could go to jail for 7 and a half years.


title: Forrest Claypool

paragraphs: Forrest Claypool (born 1958 in Vandalia, Illinois) is an American politician. He was the superintendent of the Chicago Public Schools system serving from the resignation of Barbara Byrd-Bennett in June 2015 until his own resignation in December 2017.

paragraphs: Before becoming superintendent, Claypool has held several positions in the governments of Chicago, Cook County, and the State of Illinois. He was the Democratic member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners, Chief of Staff to Chicago Mayor Rahm Emanuel, and President of the Chicago Transit Authority.

paragraphs: In 2007–2008, Claypool served as a key member of Barack Obama campaign's media team, in his capacity as a longtime partner of David Axelrod.


title: David Axelrod

paragraphs: David M. Axelrod (born February 22, 1955) is an American political operative and analyst. He is best known as the Chief Strategist for Barack Obama's presidential campaigns. After Obama's election, Axelrod was appointed as Senior Advisor to the President. Axelrod left the White House position in early 2011 and became the Senior Strategist for Obama's successful re-election campaign in 2012.

paragraphs: He now serves as the director of the non-partisan Institute of Politics at the University of Chicago and is a Senior Political Commentator for CNN. In April 2014 it emerged that Axelrod had been appointed senior strategic adviser to the British Labour Party to assist party leader Ed Miliband in the run-up to the 2015 general election.


title: Roslyn, New York

paragraphs: Roslyn ( ) is a village in Nassau County, New York, on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the village population was 2,770. Roslyn was once called Hempstead Harbor, but its name changed to Roslyn on September 7, 1844.


title: Erik De Vlaeminck

paragraphs: Erik De Vlaeminck (23 March 1945 – 4 December 2015) was a Belgian cyclist. He was a recording-winning cyclo-cross world-champion seven times (in 1966, 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973). He was born in Eeklo. He was the brother of Roger De Vlaeminck.

paragraphs: Later in life, De Vlaeminck had Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. He died in Eeklo on 4 December 2015, aged 70.


title: Carrier's constraint

paragraphs: Carrier's constraint is an observation about air-breathing vertebrates which flex their bodies sideways when moving. They find it very difficult to move and breathe at the same time. The sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.

paragraphs: It was named, by English paleontologist Richard Cowen, after David R. Carrier, who wrote his observations on the problem in 1987.

paragraphs: Many amphibia and reptiles can and do move very fast over short distances. They do it by moving without breathing, which builds up an "oxygen debt". Humans sometimes do this when running very quickly. 100-metre sprinters do not breathe during a race. They collapse and recover afterwards. Many reptiles and amphibians are ambush predators, which fits that kind of life quite well. There is no reptile or amphibian equivalent to dogs or deer, with their huge capacity for running long distances.

paragraphs: There are, however, some reptiles which get round the Carrier constraint. Snakes, for example have only one lung. And, of course, dinosaurs were bipedal to start with, and most groups stayed bipedal to the end. Lizards run in short bursts with brief pauses. Carrier was able to show that they breathed in the pauses.


title: 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

paragraphs: The 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Chevrolet 2015 for sponsorship reasons) was the 59th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. After winning twice in a row in the 2013 and 2014 seasons, Cruzeiro came in defending their title as the Brazilian football champions. Corinthians won the title.


title: Islamabad United

paragraphs: Islamabad United () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Islamabad and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Ali Naqvi and Amna Naqvi (Leonine Global Sports). Misbah-ul-Haq is the captain of Islamabad United, while the head coach is Dean Jones.


title: Karachi Kings

paragraphs: Karachi Kings (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Karachi and was founded in 2015. It is owned by the Salman Iqbal (ARY Group). Imad Wasim is the captain of Karachi Kings, while the head coach is Mickey Arthur.


title: Lahore Qalandars

paragraphs: Lahore Qalandars (Urdu/) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Lahore and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Fawad Rana (Qatar Lubricants Company Limited (QALCO)). Brendon McCullum is the captain of Lahore Qalandars, while the head coach is Aqib Javed.


title: Peshawar Zalmi

paragraphs: Peshawar Zalmi (; ) is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Peshawar and was founded in 2015. Zalmi in the name means Youth. It is owned by Javed Afridi (Haier Pakistan). Darren Sammy is the captain of Peshawar Zalmi, while the head coach is Mohammad Akram.


title: Quetta Gladiators

paragraphs: Quetta Gladiators () is one of the six teams which plays in the Pakistan Super League (PSL). The team represents the city of Quetta and was founded in 2015. It is owned by Nadeem Omar (Omar Associates). Sarfaraz Ahmed is the captain of Quetta Gladiators, while the head coach is Moin Khan.


title: Gisella Perl

paragraphs: Gisella Perl (December 10, 1907 – 1988) was a Jewish gynecologist who lived in Romania until 1944. In 1944, World War II was happening, and the Nazis illegally invaded a part of Romania through Hungary. The Nazis deported all of the Jewish people in the area and sent them to concentration camps.

paragraphs: Perl was born December 10, 1907, in the town of Sighetu Marmaţiei in Romania (called Transylvania at the time). At age 16, she graduated first in her high school class; she was the only woman and the only Jew in the class. She wanted to be a doctor, but at first her father would not let her. Later she told the "New York Times":

paragraphs: "[My father said] 'I do not want my daughter to lose her faith and break away from Judaism.' ... Several months later, she approached him again, this time with a prayer book he had given her, and said, 'I swear on this book that wherever life will take me, under whatever circumstances, I shall always remain a good, true Jew.' Maurice Perl relented, and she enrolled in medical school. Years later, on the day she was paid a fee by her first patient, she bought another prayer book and had engraved on it her father's name. ...

paragraphs: Her father carried that book into the crematorium in Auschwitz."

paragraphs: After the Nazis invaded Romania, Dr. Perl and her family were sent to Auschwitz concentration camp. There, Dr. Perl's husband, only son, parents, and extended family were all killed by the Nazis. Dr. Perl was allowed to live because she was a doctor. She was given the job of working as a doctor in the camp. Diseases (like all kinds of infections), injuries, malnutrition, and many other problems were very common among the inmates. This was because of horrible living conditions at the camps, where inmates were beaten, not given enough food, not given clean water or toilets, were forced to work very hard, and had to live so close together that diseases spread very quickly. Dr. Perl's job was to help these inmates, but she did not have even the most basic medical supplies, like antiseptic, soap, clean cloths for wounds, medicine, or even running water.

paragraphs: Dr. Perl is most famous for saving the lives of hundreds of women by aborting their pregnancies. This saved the women's lives because pregnant women were often beaten and killed, or used by Dr. Josef Mengele for vivisections (which means they were cut open without any anesthesia. In 1982, Dr. Perl recalled:

paragraphs: "The greatest crime in Auschwitz was to be pregnant. ... Dr. Mengele told me that it was my duty to report every pregnant woman to him... He said that they would go to another camp for better nutrition, even for milk. So women began to run directly to him, telling him, 'I am pregnant.' I learned that they were all taken to the research block to be used as guinea pigs [in medical experiments], and then two lives would be thrown into the crematorium. I decided that never again would there be a pregnant woman in Auschwitz."

paragraphs: In January 1945, Russian soldiers were getting close to Auschwitz. The Nazis sent everyone in Auschwitz to another concentration camp called Bergen-Belsen. In April 1945, British soldiers freed the camp. As the soldiers were moving in to free the camp, Dr. Perl was delivering a baby.

paragraphs: After leaving Bergen-Belsen, Dr. Perl found out that both her husband and son had died. She tried to kill herself with poison, and was sent to recover in a convent in France. She stayed there until 1947.

paragraphs: In March of 1947, Dr. Perl went to New York City and tried to become an American citizen. Instead of being treated as a victim of the Nazi concentration camps, she was treated as a suspect. She was interrogated and accused of helping the Nazi doctors at Auschwitz carry out human rights abuses. She was finally granted citizenship in 1951.

paragraphs: Dr. Perl began work as a gynecologist in New York's Mount Sinai Hospital, and delivered around 3,000 babies in New York alone. She became an expert in infertility treatment, helping couples who were having trouble getting pregnant.

paragraphs: In June 1948, Gisella Perl published her story, called "I was a Doctor in Auschwitz". In the book, she talks about the horrors she saw there as an inmate doctor. The book includes Perl's descriptions of Joseph Mengele's experiments; of how she tried to save as many inmates as possible; and how the Nazi doctors would order operations on young women's breasts without anesthetics, because the warden, Irma Grese, liked watching them suffer.

paragraphs: Dr. Perl was later reunited with her daughter, Gabriella Krauss Blattman, whom she managed to hide during the war. They both moved to live in Herzliya, Israel. Perl died in Israel in 1988. She was the sole author or coauthor of nine papers on vaginal infections published between 1955 and 1972.

paragraphs: In 2003, a film entitled "Out of the Ashes" was released. It was based upon the story of Dr. Perl's life, and starred Christine Lahti as Dr. Perl.


title: Dal Richards

paragraphs: Dallas Murray "Dal" Richards, CM, OBC (5 January 1918 - 31 December 2015) was a Canadian big band leader.

paragraphs: Richards led his band for many years in a weekly CBC Radio show broadcast nationally from the Panorama Roof Ballroom of the Hotel Vancouver. , Richards also hosts a weekly one-hour show on radio station CISL. Richards is commonly thought to be the lyricist of "Roar You Lions Roar", the fight song of the BC Lions football club set to the music of "I Love the Sunshine of Your Smile".


title: Mike Oxley

paragraphs: Michael Garver "Mike" Oxley (February 11, 1944 – January 1, 2016) was an American politician. He was a member of the Republican party. He served as a U.S. representative from the 4th congressional district of Ohio. He was born in Findlay, Ohio.

paragraphs: Oxley died of lung cancer in McLean, Virginia on January 1, 2016 at the age of 71.


title: Fazu Aliyeva

paragraphs: Fazu Aliyeva (December 5, 1932, Iasi – January 1, 2016, Makhachkala, Russia) Avar speaking-Soviet-born Russian poet, novelist and journalist. She has made a significant role to the development of Dagestani in Russian literature. She is also known for being a human rights activist.

paragraphs: She was awarded two Orders of the "Badge of Honor" and two Orders of Friendship of Peoples, the Order of St. Andrew the Apostle in 2002. She was awarded the Gold Medal of the Soviet Peace Fund and the Jubilee Medal of the World Peace Council, as well as honorary awards in several foreign countries.

paragraphs: Aliyeva was born in the Khunzakhsky District. She died in Makhachkala, Dagestan, Russia on January 1, 2016 from heart failure at the age of 83.


title: Joseph Brooks

paragraphs: Joseph Brooks, born Joseph Kaplan (March 11, 1938 – May 22, 2011), and also known as Joe Brooks or Joey Brooks, was an American composer, director, producer, and screenwriter. He was born in Manhattan, New York.

paragraphs: He was a known writer of advertising jingles and wrote the hit songs "My Ship Is Comin' In", "If Ever I See You Again", and "You Light Up My Life", he later composed the hit movie of the same name which he also wrote, directed, and produced. He won a Grammy Award, Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for it.

paragraphs: In his later years he became the subject of an investigation after being accused of a series of casting-couch rapes. He was indicted in 2009. On May 22, 2011, before he could be brought to trial, Brooks committed suicide in his Upper East Side, Manhattan home by placing a bag over his head with a hose from a helium tank connected to it. He was 73 years old. On May 23, 2011, the medical examiner ruled that Brooks had committed suicide, citing asphyxia by helium.


title: John Patrick (dramatist)

paragraphs: John Patrick (May 17, 1905 – November 7, 1995) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He won the Pulitzer Prize for his works in 1954. He was known for his works "The Curious Savage" (1950), "The World of Suzie Wong" (1960), and "The Teahouse of the August Moon" (1953). He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraphs: Patrick was found dead with a plastic bag over his head at his home in Delray Beach, Florida at the age of 90.


title: Horton Foote

paragraphs: Albert Horton Foote, Jr. (March 14, 1916 – March 4, 2009) was an American playwright and screenwriter. He was best known for his screenplays for the 1962 movei "To Kill a Mockingbird" and the 1983 movie "Tender Mercies". He was born in Wharton, Texas. He won two Academy Awards (1962, 1983), a Pulitzer Prize (1995) and an Emmy Award (1997).

paragraphs: Foote died of natural causes in Hartford, Connecticut at the age of 92.


title: When We Were Young (Adele song)

paragraphs: "When We Were Young" is a song by English singer-songwriter Adele from her third studio album, "25". The song is the fourth track on the album. It has reached the top fifteen on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song reached the top ten in the UK and Canada. It is the second single from "25", after "Hello".

paragraphs: The song is similar to "Hello" because it is influenced by soul music, except "When We Were Young" has a slower tempo. It discusses the theme of youth and remembering the times of one's youth.

paragraphs: Adele first performed the song live on "Adele at the BBC", which was recorded at The London Studios on 2 November 2015 and broadcast on BBC One on 20 November. She performed the song on "Saturday Night Live" on 22 November. Adele also performed the song on "Adele Live in New York City", which was recorded at a one-night-only show at Radio City Music Hall on 17 November and broadcast on NBC on 14 December. A version of the song was filmed live at The Church Studios, where much of "25" was recorded, and released via Vevo. Adele performed "When We Were Young" as the closing song on the 2016 Brit Awards in London. On Glastonbury Festival 2016 Adele performed this song the live for over 135,000 people.


title: Barbara Rush

paragraphs: Barbara Rush (born January 4, 1927) is an American stage, movie, and television actress. She is known for her roles in "It Came from Outer Space!", "Bigger Than Life", "When Worlds Collide", "The Young Philadelphians", and "Robin and the Seven Hoods". She also appeared on television shows such as "Peyton Place", "Batman", "All My Children", "7th Heaven" and "Knight Rider". She won a Golden Globe Award in 1954.


title: Tension pneumothorax

paragraphs: A tension pneumothorax is when air builds up inside the chest. So much air builds up that one or both lungs may collapse. This causes serious breathing problems. Also, the air in the chest pushes on the heart and other important parts of the body, and causes other serious problems. If it is not treated quickly, a tension pneumothorax will kill a person.

paragraphs: A tension pneumothorax usually happens because of an injury to the chest. For example, a knife or gunshot wound will cause a hole in a person's chest. Air then gets sucked in through that hole. The air starts to build up. It pushes on the lungs. If the knife or gun has also caused a hole in the person's lung, air will leak out of the lung. That air will also build up in the chest. When enough air is pushing on the lung, the lung will collapse.

paragraphs: A tension pneumothorax can also happen because of other kinds of chest injury, like from a car accident or a fall. When a person gets injured this way, there may not be any hole in his chest. But inside the body, the person may be bleeding badly. Instead of air, blood builds up in the chest. It pushes on the lung and makes it collapse. This is called a "hemothorax".

paragraphs: Once a person's lung collapses, they will have trouble breathing. As air or blood keeps building up in the chest, the person's symptoms will keep getting worse.

paragraphs: The air or blood in the chest will push against and squeeze the heart. This can cause serious problems. If the heart is squeezed too much, it cannot fill with blood very well. This means it does not have enough blood to pump to the rest of the body. Every part of the body needs blood to survive. If the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body, other parts of the body can start to die.

paragraphs: Pressure in the chest can also squeeze the vena cavae, the big veins that bring blood from the body back to the heart. If the vena cavae are squeezed too tightly, blood will not be able to get into the heart. This means the heart will not have enough blood to pump to the lungs or the rest of the body.

paragraphs: If a person bleeds enough into their chest, they can go into shock and die from blood loss.

paragraphs: If enough pressure builds up in the chest, the other lung can collapse, too. If both lungs have collapsed, there will be no way for the person to breathe.

paragraphs: A tension pneumothorax will cause some other symptoms. For example:

paragraphs: A tension pneumothorax always needs emergency medical treatment. If a person may have a tension pneumothorax (or has any bad injury to the chest), 911 or another emergency telephone number should be called right away. The emergency medical dispatcher will be able to explain how to help the person until an ambulance gets there.

paragraphs: Emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or paramedics may give these treatments for a tension pneumothorax:

paragraphs: At the hospital, a patient with a tension pneumothorax will be given a chest tube. This is a tube that is placed into the chest so that air or blood can get out and does not build up inside. If the person has bled a lot into their chest, they may also get blood transfusions.


title: Raoul Walsh

paragraphs: Raoul A. Walsh (March 11, 1887December 31, 1980) was an American film director and actor. He also founded the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He was known for playing the part of John Wilkes Booth in the movie "The Birth of a Nation" (1915). He also directed films like "The Big Trail" (1930) starring John Wayne, "High Sierra" (1941) starring Ida Lupino and Humphrey Bogart, and "White Heat" (1949) with James Cagney and Edmond O'Brien.

paragraphs: Walsh died on December 31,1980 and as buried in Ventura County, California.


title: Joanna Angel

paragraphs: Joanna Angel, born as "Joanna Mostov", (born December 25, 1980) is an American alternative pornographic and mainstream actress, director, writer of adult movies, and former stripper.

paragraphs: Angel was born in Brooklyn, New York to an Orthodox Jewish family. She was raised in River Edge, New Jersey, and studied at Rutgers University.

paragraphs: She became famous for creating an adult dating website called BurningAngel. Following the success of Burning Angel, Angel has been featured in numerous magazines and newspapers, including "The New York Times". She has appeared in over 150 adult movies and has directed over 50 adult movies.

paragraphs: Angel dated fellow porn star James Deen for six years. On December 2, 2015, Angel appeared on The Jason Ellis Show to give more details about her "violent and scary" six-year relationship with Deen.

paragraphs: Angel is a Democrat. In 2015, she endorsed Bernie Sanders for President of the United States in the upcoming 2016 U.S. presidential election.


title: Lasse Pöysti

paragraphs: Lasse Erik Pöysti (24 January 1927 – 5 April 2019) was a Finnish actor, director, theatre manager and writer. He has acted both in Finnish and Swedish language.

paragraphs: Pöysti began his career as a child actor. He wass known for his role in "Suomisen Perhe" (1941). He also appeared on stage mostly on Strindberg plays "Gustav III" () and "Erik XIV".

paragraphs: He played his last role at theatre stage in Helsinki City Theatre at the age of 85.

paragraphs: From 1952 to 1984, he was married to actress Birgitta Ulfsson.


title: Flag of New Zealand

paragraphs: The flag of New Zealand was adopted in 1907. It has the Union Flag of the United Kingdom in the upper left quarter, and the Southern Cross on a blue ground. it picks up the country's position as an island in a southern ocean, and its British heritage.

paragraphs: There was a referendum going on to find a replacement flag in 2015. New Zealanders voted to keep the original flag and not change it.


title: Tove Jansson

paragraphs: Tove Marika Jansson (; 9 August 1914 – 27 June 2001) was a Swedish-born Finnish novelist, painter, illustrator and comic strip author. For her contribution as a children's writer she received the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 1966.

paragraphs: Jansson is best known as the author of the "Moomin" books for children. The first such book, "The Moomins and the Great Flood", appeared in 1945, though it was the next two books, "Comet in Moominland" and "Finn Family Moomintroll", published in 1946 and 1948 respectively, that brought her fame.

paragraphs: Jansson died in Helsinki, Finland from natural causes at the age of 86.


title: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

paragraphs: Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS), previously known as multiple organ failure (MOF), Total organ failure(TOF) or multisystem organ failure (MSOF), is when the organ function is acutely ill and the patient is required medical intervention to achieve homeostasis. It usually involves two or more organ systems.

paragraphs: The use of "multiple organ failure" or "multisystem organ failure" should be avoided since that phrase was based upon physiological parameters to determine whether or not a particular organ was failing.

paragraphs: The condition usually results from infection, injury (accident, surgery), hypoperfusion and hypermetabolism. The primary cause triggers an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Sepsis is the most common cause in operative and non-operative patients. Sepsis may result in septic shock.

paragraphs: Four clinical phases have been suggested:


title: Crested serpent eagle

paragraphs: The crested serpent eagle ("Spilornis cheela") is a medium-sized bird of prey. It is found in forested habitats across tropical Asia. It is found in a wide range across the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and East Asia. There are a number of variations and some authorities prefer to treat several of its subspecies as completely separate species. In the past, several species including the Philippine serpent eagle ("S. holospila"), Andaman serpent eagle ("S. elgini") and South Nicobar serpent eagle ("S. klossi") were treated as subspecies of the Crested serpent eagle.

paragraphs: All members within the species complex have a large looking head with long feathers on the back of the head giving them a crested appearance. The face is bare and yellow joining up with the beak. Its powerful feet are unfeathered and heavily scaled. They fly over the forest canopy on broad wings and their tails have wide white and black bars. They call often with a loud, piercing and familiar three or two-note call.

paragraphs: This raptor sits motionless from a high perch watching for prey. When prey is found it drops almost straight down to pounce. They often feed on snakes, giving them their name and are placed along with the "Circaetus" snake-eagles in the subfamily "Circaetinae". In addition to snakes it catches reptiles as well as small mammals and birds. It will take a dead snake whenever it finds one. They are often seen soaring over their territory in pairs. In Japan they are usually found very close to forest edges and wet marshlands.

paragraphs: Crested serpent eagles are apex predators and at the top of their food chain. They are a good indicator of the health of the ecosystem they occupy. They control snake populations and also those of other small mammals and reptiles. They are a common sight in places such as India. The species is not globally threatened. On most lists they are of least concern.


title: Nimr al-Nimr

paragraphs: Nimr Baqr al-Nimr (; 1959 – 2 January 2016), better known as Sheikh Nimr, was a Saudi Shia Sheikh and human rights activist. He was a Sheikh from around 2008 until his death. He was one of the best known Shia clerics in Saudi Arabia. In July 2012, he was arrested by Saudi police and shot in the leg. He was put on trial for terrorism charges and sentenced to death in October 2014.

paragraphs: Al-Nimr was born in Al-Awamiyah, Qatif. He studied for about ten years in Tehran, Iran and also studied in Syria.

paragraphs: Al-Nimr was among the prisoners killed by beheading in a mass execution on 2 January 2016. He was 56.


title: Scale insect

paragraphs: The scale insects are small bugs of the order Hemiptera. They are the superfamily Coccoidea. There are about 8,000 described species of scale insects. They are ectoparasites of plants, like most bugs. They sit on the outside of plants, stick their mouthparts inside, and suck up the plant sap.

paragraphs: Adult female scales usually do not move: they are permanently attached to the plant they have parasitized. They secrete a waxy coating for defence. The coating makes them look like fish scales, hence their common name.

paragraphs: Males and females are quite different form each other. This is sexual dimorphism. Female scale insects keep their juvenile shape even when sexually mature (a condition known as neoteny). Adult males usually have wings (depending on their species) but never feed, and die within a day or two.

paragraphs: The details of their reproductive systems vary greatly between species. Three types of hermaphroditism are known, and at least seven forms of parthenogenesis.

paragraphs: Their young, known as crawlers, lose the use of their legs if they are female, and stay put for life. Only the males keep their legs and use them in seeking females for mating.

paragraphs: Many scale insects are serious crop pests. The waxy covering protects them from contact insecticides. However, scales may be controlled. Horticultural oils suffocate them, and systemic pesticides poison the sap of the host plants. Biological control agents such as tiny parasitoid wasps and Coccinellid beetles also work on them.

paragraphs: Insecticidal soap may also be used against scales.


title: Brihadeshwara Temple

paragraphs: Brihadeshwara Temple (Tamil:Peruvudaiyar Kovil) is a Hindu temple dedicated to Shiva, also called Rajarajesvaram temple or Peruvudaiyār Kōvil temple. It is located on the south side of Kaveri river in Thanjavur in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is also known as "Periya Kovil", "RajaRajeswara Temple" and "Rajarajeswaram". It is one of the largest temples in India. Peruvudaiyaar Kovil is an example of Tamil architecture from the Chola period. It was built by Tamil King Raja Raja Chola I and completed in 1010 AD. The temple turned 1000 years old in 2010. The temple is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the "Great Living Chola Temples", along with Brihadeeswarar Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram and Airavatesvara temple.

paragraphs: The temple has fortified walls that were probably added in the 16th century. The "vimanam" (temple tower) is high and is the tallest in the world. The "Kumbam" (the apex or the bulbous structure on the top) of the temple is carved out of a single rock and weighs around 80 tons. There is a big statue of Nandi (sacred bull), carved out of a single rock measuring about long and high at the entrance. The entire temple structure is made out of granite.

paragraphs: The nearest sources of which are about 60 km to the west of temple. The temple is one of the most visited tourist attractions in Tamil Nadu.the temple consists of nandi mandapa , a pillared potico and an assembly hall , all interconnected.

paragraphs: A study in Oriental architecture or history is certainly incomplete without a mention of the Tanjore Brihadeeshwara Temple or the Tanjore Periya Kovil (Big Temple).

paragraphs: This imposing structure was built by Raja Raja Cholan and his sister Kundavai, both ardent devotees of Lord Shiva. It was constructed by the King at the height of the Chola reign to signify his power and strength. Here are a few facts not known about this Chola temple of Thanjavur:

paragraphs: a) The original name of the deity was Rajarajeshwar. It was the Marathas who gave it the name Brihadeeshwara or the Great Ishwara.

paragraphs: b) The main temple is entirely built of granite. More than 130,000 tons of granite is said to have been used to build it.

paragraphs: c) A long associated myth with this temple temple is that the shadow of the main structure does not fall on the ground. However, this has been proven wrong by scientists.

paragraphs: d) The statue of Nandi at the entrance of the temple is carved out of a single stone.

paragraphs: e) The main Vimanam, which is at about 200 feet is often called Dakshin Meru or Southern Meru.

paragraphs: f) The inspiration to build the temple came to Raja Raja Cholan during his visit to Sri Lanka and is a result of a dream he had.

paragraphs: g) The temple has a portrait of Raja Raja Cholan paying obeisance to Lord Natarajar. This is undoubtedly, the first ever instance of a royal portrait.

paragraphs: h) Inscriptions in the temple point towards Kunjara Mallan Raja Raja Perunthachan as the chief architect of the temple. His successors survive to this day and practice the art of Vastu or Vastu Shastra.

paragraphs: i) Depictions of nartakis or dancers showing eighty one of hundred and eight karanas (synchronised movements of hands and feet) in Bharata Natyam are carved here. These karanas are a part of karanas mentioned in the Natya Shastra of Bharata Muni or Sage Bharata. There is also evidence that the temple was a platform for talented dancers to showcase their talent. These depictions are first of their kind.

paragraphs: j) The inscriptions also mention the different kinds of jewels used in the period. Each of these jewels are mentioned in detail. A total of twenty three different types of pearls, eleven varieties of diamonds and rubies are mentioned in these inscriptions.

paragraphs: What astounds historians is that there was not a single granite quarry in about 100 km radius of the temple. This means that transporting these stones would have been a herculean task. But Raja Raja Cholan insisted on the use of these stones. All of these features make this Chola temple of Tanjore, a magnum opus of the Chola reign.

paragraphs: Brihadeeswarar temple is one of the few temples that have Ashta-dikpaalakas (Guardians of the directions) idols. Chola frescoes adorn the wall of the temple and these frescoes depict Shiva in different poses. Brihadeeswarar temple is the first complete granite temple in the world. Around 60,000 tons of granite is said to be used to build the temple.

paragraphs: Brihadeeswarar temple, also known as the Tanjore big temple expounds the number of alphabets in Tamil by the distance and height it is designed.

paragraphs: Tamil is a language that has totally 247 tamil letters which are assorted as

paragraphs: Uyir-Mei Ezhuthu(Soul-Body Letters) - 216

paragraphs: The height of Gopuram is 216 feet = The number of letters in Uyir Mei Ezhuthu(216)

paragraphs: The height of Lord Shiva in the form of Lingam* inside the temple is 12 feet = The number of letters in Uyir Ezhuthu(12)

paragraphs: The height of Sivalinga peedam** is 18 feet = The number of letters in Mei Ezhuthu (18)

paragraphs: The distance between the Sivalingam and the Nandhi is 247 feet = The total number of Tamil letters present that includes Ayutha Ezhuthu(247)


title: EMLYON Business School

paragraphs: EMLYON Business School is a French business school. It was founded in Lyon, France in 1872. The school also has campuses in Saint-Étienne, France and in Shanghai, China. The newest campus opened in 2015 in Casablanca, Morocco. EMLYON is well-known for its entrepreneurnship academic degrees.

paragraphs: EMLYON is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management. The Financial Times ranked it #14 in Europe.


title: Aloha (movie)

paragraphs: Aloha is a 2015 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It was directed by Cameron Crowe and it was produced by Cameron Crowe and Scott Rudin. "Aloha" was released on May 29, 2015.

paragraphs: The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 20% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. "Aloha" was also a box office bomb and only made $26.3 million from its $37 million budget. "The Hollywood Reporter" estimated that the movies financial losses were close to $65 million by the time the movie ended its run in theatres.

paragraphs: The movie was criticized by Media Action Network for Asian-Americans for "whitewashing" the cast. Director Cameron Crowe said in a response: "I have heard your words and your disappointment, and I offer you a heart-felt apology to all who felt this was an odd or misguided casting choice. As far back as 2007, Captain Allison Ng was written to be a super-proud one quarter Hawaiian who was frustrated that, by all outward appearances, she looked nothing like one. A half-Chinese father was meant to show the surprising mix of cultures often prevalent in Hawaii. Extremely proud of her unlikely heritage, she feels personally compelled to over-explain every chance she gets. The character was based on a real-life, red-headed local who did just that." Emma Stone said that whitewashing was a problem in Hollywood and that she regretted being miscast.


title: Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan

paragraphs: Ardhendu Bhushan Bardhan (25 September 1924 – 2 January 2016) was an Indian communist politician. He was the general secretary of the Communist Party of India (CPI) from 1996 until 2012.

paragraphs: Bardhan was born in Barisal, Bengal Presidency, British India (now in Bangladesh). His wife died in 1986. They had two children.

paragraphs: Bardhan had a paralytic stroke in December 2015. He died on 2 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 91.


title: Thanat Khoman

paragraphs: Thanat Khoman (also Thanad; ; ; May 9, 1914 – March 3, 2016) was a Thai former diplomat and politician. He was Foreign Minister from 1959 to 1971, chairman of the Democrat Party from 1979 to 1982, and Deputy Prime Minister from 1980 to 1982.

paragraphs: He and foreign ministers of 4 other countries, were responsible for starting ASEAN.

paragraphs: Khoman died in Bangkok, Thailand of respiratory failure on March 3, 2016 at the age of 101.


title: Richard F. Gordon Jr.

paragraphs: Richard Francis "Dick" Gordon, Jr. (October 5, 1929 – November 6, 2017), (Capt, USN, Ret.), was an American former naval officer and aviator, chemist, test pilot, and NASA astronaut. He was one of only 24 people to have flown to the Moon, as the Command Module Pilot for the Apollo 12 mission. He was born in Seattle, Washington.

paragraphs: Gordon, Jr. died on November 6, 2017 at his home in San Marcos, California at the age of 88.


title: Alan Bean

paragraphs: Alan LaVern Bean (March 15, 1932 – May 26, 2018), (Capt, USN, Ret.), was an American former naval officer and aviator, aeronautical engineer, test pilot, and NASA astronaut.

paragraphs: He was the fourth person to walk on the Moon. He was selected to become an astronaut by NASA in 1963 as part of Astronaut Group 3. He made his first flight into space aboard Apollo 12, the second manned mission to land on the Moon, at the age of thirty-seven years in November 1969.

paragraphs: Bean died at a hospital in Houston, Texas on May 26, 2018 from a short-illness at the age of 86.


title: Lewis Millett

paragraphs: Lewis Lee Millett Sr. (December 15, 1920 – November 14, 2009) was an American military person. He was a United States Army officer who received the Medal of Honor during the Korean War for leading the last major American bayonet charge. Millett was born in Mechanic Falls, Maine. He later served in the Vietnam War as well. He retired from the Army in 1973.

paragraphs: Millett died in Loma Linda, California from congestive heart failure at the age of 88. He was buried with full military honors in Riverside National Cemetery in Riverside, California.


title: Gilbert Kaplan

paragraphs: Gilbert Edmund Kaplan (March 3, 1941 – January 1, 2016) was an American businessman, journalist and conductor. He was born in New York City, New York. He founded the magazine "Institutional Investor" in 1967. He was publisher of the magazine until 1990, and editor-in-chief for two more years, although he sold it in 1984.

paragraphs: Kaplan died of cancer on January 1, 2016 at the age of 74.


title: Gabrielle Anwar

paragraphs: Gabrielle Anwar (born 4 February 1970) is an English actress. She played Margaret Tudor on "The Tudors". She also played "The Tango Girl" in "Scent of a Woman". She later played Fiona in the television series "Burn Notice".

paragraphs: Anwar was born in Laleham, Surrey, England.


title: Ian Pieris

paragraphs: Ian Pieris (14 March 1933 – 1 January 2016) was a Sri Lankan first-class cricketer. He was born in Colombo, Sri Lanka. He was an important figure in Sri Lankan sports. He was a former president of Sri Lanka Cricket (1989, 1990-1991).

paragraphs: Pieris also had a long cricket career playing as a top-order batsman for St. Thomas' College and as a right-arm opening bowler for Singhalese Sports Club, Cambridge University and All-Ceylon. He retired from sports activities in 2003 due to health problems.

paragraphs: Pieris died at the age of 82 in Colombo, Sri Lanka from a long illness.


title: Frances Cress Welsing

paragraphs: Frances Cress Welsing (Frances Luella Cress; March 18, 1935 – January 2, 2016) was an American afrocentrist and psychiatrist. She was born in Chicago, Illinois. Welsing is known for her views on white supremacy. According to Welsing, White people are the result of genetic mutation and are the children of Africans. She is the author of the well-known "The Isis Papers" (1991).

paragraphs: Welsing suffered a stroke on January 1, 2016. She was placed under critical condition at a Washington, D.C.-area hospital. Welsing died a few hours later on the morning of January 2, 2016. She was 80 years old.


title: Steve Gohouri

paragraphs: Lohoré Steve Ulrich Gohouri (8 February 1981 – December 2015), better known as Steve Gohouri, was an Ivorian professional footballer. He played as a defender from 1998 until his death. He played for Paris Saint-Germain, Vaduz, BSC Young Boys, Borussia Mönchengladbach, Wigan Athletic, Maccabi Tel Aviv and Bologna.

paragraphs: Gohouri was born in Treichville, Abidjan.

paragraphs: Gohouri went missing in December 2015 in Germany. He was found dead on 31 December 2015 in the river Rhine. His death was announced on 2 January 2016. He was 34.


title: Trypophobia

paragraphs: Trypophobia is a fear of an irregular pattern of holes or bumps.

paragraphs: Some people feel the holes are "disgusting and gross." Others feel nauseated and itchy, have panic attacks, sweat or feel their heart pound. It may be that some brain responses associate the holes with danger.


title: Roland Alpha Juno

paragraphs: Roland Alpha Juno is a series of synthesizer keyboards. They were made by the Roland Corporation from 1985 to 1986. Two main models were released: the Alpha Juno 1 (JU-1) (1985–1986) and the Alpha Juno 2 (JU-2) (1985–1986).

paragraphs: The JU-2 added one octave of notes and a slot for cartridges.


title: Decathlon

paragraphs: A decathalon is a sporting event. It has ten track and field events. It consists of 4 runs, 3 jumps and 3 throws

paragraphs: The word "decathalon" comes from the Greek language. It has two parts; δέκα ("déka", meaning "ten") and ἄθλος ("áthlos", or ἄθλον, "áthlon", meaning "feat").


title: Naan

paragraphs: Naan bread is a type of bread made with flour. It is a flatbread that is baked in the oven. Naan bread often looks like a tear drop. It is often covered in herbs and spices to change the taste.

paragraphs: Naan bread is made from basic bread ingredients like wheat flour, yeast, salt, and butter or ghee. It also is made with yogurt and milk. The yogurt is what makes naan bread taste so much different than other kinds of bread.

paragraphs: Instructions for how to make naan bread are here.


title: Laundry

paragraphs: Laundry is the washing of clothing. Laundry is often done in a special room called a "laundry room". Some shared homes have shared laundry rooms. Businesses that wash clothes are called laundromats.

paragraphs: Laundry is done by washing with soap and water. The clothing is stirred roughly in the soapy water, and then moved to be rinsed in clean water. Washing can be done by hand or with a washing machine. The clothing is dried in a clothes dryer or on a clothesline. Sometimes after the clothes are dry, they are ironed or pressed.


title: Clothes dryer

paragraphs: A clothes dryer or “tumble dryer” is a machine that is used to remove water from clothing after it is washed. A dryer has a rotating cylinder called a "drum' that holds clothes and lets hot air in to evaporate the water. Then the heated air and water vapor exit through a vent. The drum spins so that the clothing stays apart making the hot air work better. Dryers can use electricity to both operate the machine and create heat to dry the clothes. Others use natural gas to create the heat.

paragraphs: Ventless clothes dryers work differently since they cannot vent the hot air. The two types of ventless dryers are condensation dryers and heat pump dryers. Condensation dryers heat the air the same as a regular dryer, but use a heat exchanger. The air is cooled and the water goes down a drain. A heat pump dryer works similarly but passes the air a heat pump. The water either goes down the drain or into a collection tank.


title: Storyboard

paragraphs: A storyboard is a way of planning animated films, movies, or television shows. A storyboard shows examples of what the artist wants to make before they are animated. It also lets artists organize their stories before they start to make the animation. Storyboarding, in the form it is known today, was developed at Walt Disney Productions. It was first used in the 1928 animated short film, "Plane Crazy"." The 1939 movie "Gone with the Wind" was the first to be completely storyboarded.


title: Margaret Tudor

paragraphs: Margaret Tudor (28 November 1489 – 18 October 1541) was the wife of James IV of Scotland. She was Queen Consort of Scotland from 1503 until James IV died in 1513. After that, she was regent for their son James V. Margaret and James IV were grandparents of Mary, Queen of Scots.

paragraphs: Margaret was born at Westminster Palace. She was the oldest surviving daughter of Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York.

paragraphs: In 1514, Margaret married Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus. Margaret and Douglas were grandparents of Lord Darnley, the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots. Margaret's great-grandson, King James VI of Scotland, became the king of England and Ireland after Elizabeth I of England died in 1603.


title: Byzantine calendar

paragraphs: The Byzantine calendar was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 CE to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 CE to 1453, when the empire fell, and by Russia from 988 CE to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January. Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 BCE to 31 August, 5508 BCE.

paragraphs: The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one. The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar. But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

paragraphs: The Roman calendar did not include dates for Old Testament prophets. The Byzantine calendar does.

paragraphs: Peter the great became tsar of Russia in 1682. At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence. The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar. By the early 1800s the Russian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar used by western Europe. So dating something between the two systems became a problem. Dating notations such as 1 March O.S. (meaning Old Style, Julian or Russian) were used. Another example is 16 May 1582 N.S. (New Style or Gregorian calendar). Other notations included both: 25 October/6 November 1917, trying to show how the same day appeared in different calendars.

paragraphs: On 1 January 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the Russian/Byzantine calendar was no longer used.


title: Loopback

paragraphs: The loopback address is a computing term that is a special IP address of a computer's ethernet network. It is used to allow software on a computer to send information to the same computer using the TCP/IP stack. The special IP address is known as 127.0.0.1 (IPv4) or 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 (::1, IPv6).


title: File allocation table

paragraphs: A file allocation table (FAT) is a way that computers look up stored data on a storage device. These include floppy disks, USB flash drives, SD cards and other high capacity storage devices.

paragraphs: A FAT is a list of clusters that show where a computer file is stored. These clusters are not necessarily right next to each other but can be scattered over the disk or storage medium. The FAT is always located in the first few clusters of a storage device.There are always two identical copies, one being a backup of the other.

paragraphs: The FAT file system is a legacy file system that is both simple and robust. It works well even in lightweight uses. But it cannot deliver the same speed, reliability and scalability as some modern file systems. It is, however, supported for compatibility reasons by nearly all currently developed operating systems for personal computers. It is also supported by many mobile devices and embedded systems. That makes it a well suited format for data exchange between computers and devices of almost any type and age from 1981 up to the present.

paragraphs: It was originally designed in 1977 for use on floppy disks. FAT was soon adapted and used almost universally on hard disks throughout the DOS and Windows 9x eras for two decades. As disk drives improved, the capabilities of the file system have been extended accordingly. This has resulted in three major file system variants: FAT12, FAT16 and FAT32. The FAT standard has also been expanded in other ways while generally preserving backward compatibility with existing software.

paragraphs: With the introduction of more powerful computers and operating systems FAT is no longer the default file system for use on Microsoft Windows computers.

paragraphs: FAT file systems are still commonly found on floppy disks, USB sticks, flash and other solid-state memory cards. DCF uses FAT as the standard file system for digital cameras. FAT is also utilized in the boot stage of EFI-compliant computers.


title: Cheque

paragraphs: A cheque (or "check") is a paper used to give money from one person or business to another person or business. To the person getting the cheque, it is a paper that allows them to go to a bank and get money. To the person writing the cheque, it is a promise to pay the bank that is giving the money to the person who turned the cheque in.

paragraphs: Cheques must be written to a person or business. A cheque that is not written to anyone can be very bad because if it is lost, anyone who finds it can get the money. A cheque that is written to a person but does not have the amount of money written is a blank cheque.

paragraphs: Cheques have been used since over a thousand years ago. However, they became popular in the 20th century for paying money without using cash.

paragraphs: When more people started to use cheques, more things were added to make them more secure and easy to track. They started to require the drawer's signature to be confirmed. The signature on a cheque is the main way to tell if a cheque is real. Cheques also started to need the amount written in words and numbers. This made it harder to make mistakes and harder to change the cheque after it was already written.

paragraphs: Issue dates have also been added to cheques. A cheque is invalid if a long time has passed since the issue date. A cheque with an issue date in the past is called an antedated cheque. A cheque with an issue date in the future is called a post-dated cheque. Usually, a person cannot get money from a post-dated cheque until after the issue date has passed.

paragraphs: Cheque numbers are also used often. Every cheque has a different cheque number. This is to make sure people can't get money twice from one cheque.


title: Michel Delpech

paragraphs: Jean-Michel Delpech (26 January 1946 – 2 January 2016), better known as Michel Delpech, was a French singer-songwriter and actor. He began his career in 1964. He released thirteen albums and over 50 singles. He appeared in the movie "The Beloved" (2011).

paragraphs: Delph was born in Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine. He was married to Chantal Simon until their divorce in 1976. He later married Geneviève Garnier-Fabre in 1985. He had three children.

paragraphs: Delph died from throat cancer on 2 January 2016 in Puteaux. He was 69.


title: Gisela Mota Ocampo

paragraphs: Gisela Raquel Mota Ocampo (13 March 1982 – 2 January 2016) was a Mexican politician. She was a member of the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). She was the mayor of Temixco from 1 January 2016 until her death the next day. She was born in Morelos, Temixco.

paragraphs: Mota Ocampo was shot dead at her home on 2 January 2016 in Pueblo Viejo, aged 33.


title: City of Bones

paragraphs: City of Bones is the first novel of Cassandra Clare. It was first published March 27, 2007 in United States by Simon & Schuester, who publishes her other works as well. This is the first book of her main series "The Mortal Instruments."

paragraphs: Cassandra Clare was a fanfiction author, publishing her Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings stories online. One day, in 2004, a friend of hers took her to a tattoo shop, where she saw those footprints in the ceiling, and after that, she started developing the story of race of warriors, called Shadowhunters, who were burdened with the job to protect humans from demons.

paragraphs: After some rejections, in 2007 Cassandra could get her book to be published by the name of City of Bones, by Simon & Schuester, in the US. Her books have been published and have been bestsellers throughout the years. In UK, her publisher is Walker Books.


title: Marcel Barbeau

paragraphs: Marcel Christian Barbeau (February 18, 1925 – January 2, 2016) was a Canadian artist. His best known works are "Fenêtre sur l'avenir" and "Fenêtre sur l'avenir", both in Montreal.

paragraphs: Barbeau was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied with Paul-Émile Borduas. In 1995, he was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. He was a member of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. He had two children. Barbeau died on January 2, 2016 at the age of 90.


title: Esperanto alphabet

paragraphs: The Esperanto alphabet is the alphabet which is used to write the Esperanto language. It has 28 (twenty-eight) letters.

paragraphs: The Esperanto alphabet is based on the Roman alphabet (which the English alphabet is also based on). Unlike the English alphabet, it does not have the letters "q", "w", "x" or "y", but it has 6 (six) letters that use a diacritic (a special mark above a letter): "ĉ", "ĝ", "ĥ", "ĵ", "ŝ" and "ŭ".

paragraphs: Because Esperanto uses letters with diacritics, there was (and sometimes still is) the need to write text in Esperanto even if the special letters are not available.

paragraphs: L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, proposed the so-called "h-system" ("h-sistemo" in Esperanto). Instead of diacritics, the letter "h" is added, with the only exception being "ŭ". For example, "ĝ" becomes "gh", "ĥ" becomes "hh" and "ŭ" becomes "u". Words which appear to have a diacritic but do not actually can be "broken" with a hyphen or an apostrophe. For example, "flughaveno" (airport) becomes "flug-haveno" or "flug'haveno".

paragraphs: Another system used to replace diacritics is the "x-system" ("x-sistemo" in Esperanto). The letter "x" is not used in the Esperanto alphabet, but it can be used to write diacritics. The x-system, unlike the h-system, does not treat ŭ differently from the other letters. For example, "ĝ" becomes "gx", "ĥ" becomes "hx" and "ŭ" becomes "ux". "flughaveno" remains the same, as there is no ambiguity.

paragraphs: Another system that can eliminate all diacritics is the "qwxy-system" ("qwxy-sistemo" in Esperanto). Diacritics are replaced by the 4 letters that are not used in the Esperanto alphabet but are present in the international keyboards, "q", "w", "x", "y". In this system, "ĥ" becomes "q", "ĵ" becomes "y", "ŝ" becomes "x", "ŭ" becomes "w", "ĉ" becomes "tx" and "ĝ" becomes "dy". Texts in this system require less characters than with the "x-system" or "h-system". It presents no ambiguity and among all systems, including the Esperanto original writing system, it is the one that requires the least amount of key strokes while typing, therefore being the fastest one.

paragraphs: The whole Esperanto alphabet is part of the Latin-3 and Unicode character sets, and it is included in WGL4.

paragraphs: The code points and HTML entities for the special Esperanto characters in Unicode are:

paragraphs: Some people say that use of the diacritics (the letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, ŝ, ŭ) makes the language less natural than it would be using only the basic letters of Latin alphabet. The letters ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ are not used in any other language in the world.

paragraphs: According to some people, the phonetic system of Esperanto is too similar to the Polish dialect of Białystok, home town of Zamenhof.

paragraphs: Several people consider using the Latin alphabet not to be neutral. In fact, many native languages on each continent (except for Antarctica) use the Latin alphabet to write: for example, German (Europe), Swahili (Africa), Vietnamese (Asia), Tahitian (Oceania), Cree (North America) and Apalaí (South America).


title: Bradycardia

paragraphs: Bradycardia (also called bradyarrhythmia) is a slow heart rate. In adults, bradycardia is defined as a heart rate that is under 60 beats per minute (bpm) while the person is resting. Bradycardia is a type of cardiac arrhythmia.

paragraphs: There are many types of bradycardia. Some are caused by problems with the heart. Bradycardia can also be caused by medicines, drugs, and many other things.

paragraphs: The symptoms of bradycardia depend on how slow the heart rate is and what kind of problem the heart is having. For most people, bradycardia is not a serious problem. But it can become a serious problem if it signals a major problem with the heart. Also, if bradycardia gets very bad, the heart will be unable to pump enough blood and oxygen to the body. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive. If bradycardia is bad enough, it can cause organ damage, brain damage, and death.


title: Matt Hobden

paragraphs: Matthew Edward "Matt" Hobden (27 March 1993 – 2 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-handed batsman and a right-arm fast-medium bowler. He played for Cardiff MCCU (2012–2013) and Sussex (2013–2016).

paragraphs: Hobden was born in Eastbourne, East Sussex. He was educated at Millfield School and Eastbourne College.

paragraphs: Hobden died after accidentally falling on 2 January 2016 in Forres, Scotland. He was 22.


title: Shigeji Kaneko

paragraphs: Shigeji Kaneko (, 13 August 1931 – 2 January 2016) was a Japanese featherweight boxer during the 1950s. He fought Gabriel "Flash" Elorde four times, winning them all. He was also a boxing promoter from the 1980s until the early 2000s. He was born in Tsubame, Niigata.

paragraphs: Shigeji died from progressive supranuclear palsy on 2 January 2016 in Tokyo. He was 84.


title: Precision (numbers)

paragraphs: In mathematics, precision describes the level of exactness in a number's digits, such as number 54.6 having precision 1 (one decimal digit). A number with end zeroes ("00") has a negative precision, such as 500 having precision -2, or 4,000 as precision -3. A whole number (not ending in "0") has precision 0.

paragraphs: The level of precision differs from the word "accuracy" of a number, which means the correctness or truth of a number as used to describe an item or count.


title: Acid2

paragraphs: The Acid2 test is a test of web browsers to see if they can show parts of the internet correctly. It uses CSS and HTML to put things in the right places. It uses the PNG format for the images it uses in the test. A company's web browser that works with the Acid2 test is able to show most of the internet correctly and is a modern web browser.


title: Folding@home

paragraphs: Folding@Home is a distributed computing project that helps doctors at Stanford University learn about and cure diseases. When parts of the human body do not work right, they make people sick. "Folding@Home" looks at the parts called proteins. When these proteins do not work right, they can make people sick with things like Alzheimer's, Mad Cow disease, and many types of cancer.

paragraphs: The project uses the idle processing resources of thousands of personal computers owned by volunteers who have installed the software on their systems. Instead of using an expensive supercomputer many user's computers can do the same work. The software was first available for the Sony PlayStation 3. It can also run in a Google Chrome window. It is now available for a wide variety of Android mobile devices.


title: Qualia

paragraphs: Qualia is a term philosophers use for bits of perception or subjective, conscious experience. It is in the field called the philosophy of psychology, or philosophy of mind.

paragraphs: Examples of qualia include the pain of a headache, the taste of wine, or the perceived redness of an evening sky. It is a separate bit of experience, different from thinking about propositions or stream of consciousness thought.

paragraphs: Daniel Dennett (b. 1942), American philosopher and cognitive scientist, says "qualia" is "an unfamiliar term for something that could not be more familiar to each of us: the ways things seem to us".


title: Stream of consciousness

paragraphs: Stream of consciousness refers to the flow of thoughts in the conscious mind. It was a term used by the American psychologist and philosopher William James in 1890. James said:

paragraphs: The idea (but not the term) had been noted before James, by the philosopher William Hamilton in his lectures of 1838/9. He described thought as "a series of acts all... connected".

paragraphs: A similar idea occurs in early Buddhist writings, and is sometimes called the mindstream.


title: Oscar Isaac

paragraphs: Oscar Isaac (born Óscar Isaac Hernández Estrada; March 9, 1979) is a Guatemalan American actor and musician. He is known for his lead film roles in the comedy-drama "Inside Llewyn Davis" (2013), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination, the crime drama "A Most Violent Year" (2014) and the science fiction thriller "Ex Machina" (2015). He had a role in the 2015 film "". He has also recorded music in Guatemala. He won a Golden Globe Award in 2016.


title: Jeannie Mai

paragraphs: Jeannie Camtu Mai (born January 4, 1979) is an American television personality. She is a known fashion expert for the television series "How Do I Look?". She has been a presenter for the Miss Universe pageant as well.


title: Alexandra Nilsson

paragraphs: Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson (born Alexandra Barbara Nilsson, 18 April 1991) is a Swedish blogger and television personality. She has two siblings, who are younger than her.

paragraphs: She started her blog in January 2007. In 2011, she had the most visited blog in Sweden with about 170,000 visitors. She also has a Youtube channel called Alexandra "Kissie" Nilsson. It has very many subscribers.

paragraphs: In late summer of 2010, Kissie tried to start a career in music by recording a song, called "Success". It was released a month later. However, the song didn't get very much attention, and most of her readers didn't buy the song. That caused the website that sold "Success" to shut down two weeks after it's publicity.

paragraphs: In autumn 2010, Kissie and her friend were traveling to a Swedish city called Västerås, where they were going to host DJ at a nightclub. She said on her blog that she would meet her readers at the train station, but when she got there, she was attacked by some readers who threw some eggs and flour at her.


title: Svetlana Alexievich

paragraphs: Svetlana Alexandrovna Alexievich(born 31 May 1948 in Ukraine) is a Belarusian investigative journalist and non-fiction writer who writes in the Russian language. She won a Nobel Prize in Literature in 2015.


title: Honda CR-V

paragraphs: The Honda CR-V is a compact SUV, manufactured since 1997 by Honda. It was loosely based on the Honda Civic. It debuted in Japan in 1996.

paragraphs: In 1997 the five-passenger compact utility vehicle was introduced in North America. At first it was available only as a four-wheel drive model. It was powered by a 126-horsepower 2.0-liter four-cylinder engine. Honda first began producing the CR-V in Sayama, Japan, and Swindon, UK, for worldwide markets. It added North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty, Ohio, in 2007; El Salto, Jalisco, Mexico, in late 2007; and Alliston, Ontario, Canada, in 2012.

paragraphs: The CR-V also is produced in Wuhan (Hubei province) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company. They are a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation. The CR-V is Honda's second smallest utility vehicle, slotting between the smaller HR-V and the larger Pilot. In 2015 the CR-V was named "Motor Trend" SUV of the year.


title: Piña colada

paragraphs: A piña colada is a special kind of mixed cocktail. It is usually made of rum, coconut cream, and pineapple juice. It is usually served either blended or shaken with ice. It may be garnished with either a pineapple wedge, a maraschino cherry, or both. Piña colada is the national drink of Puerto Rico.

paragraphs: There are many claims to be the first to invent the piña colada. Bartender Ramon “Monchito” Marrero is claimed to be the inventor over fifty years ago by the Puerto Rican government. But there are three places in Puerto Rico that claim to be the home of the Piña Colada. There was also a version made in Cuba as early as 1922.


title: Griot

paragraphs: A griot or Jeli is a West African historian, storyteller, musician, genealogist, spokesperson, diplomat, teacher, praise-singer and more. There is really no word in the English language that fully explains what a Griot does. Not every griot does all these things, but these are some examples of what their function is.

paragraphs: A griot was a public servant, an artist, and a royal counselor. His fate depended on the prosperity and survival of the king or queen he served. He preserved the oral history of his tribe or people. In the Caribbean and the Americas he was the link to their African culture and history. The griot was the only person that could keep their past history in Africa alive. Troubadour and poet, diplomat and diviner only begin to describe his functions. Each clan, village, and warrior-family had a griot. They kept track of all births, marriages, deaths, battles and other tribal histories. Griots were also said to have the ability to see one's future. They could memorize the history of every member of a clan or tribe going back for centuries.

paragraphs: The position of a griot was traditionally passed down from father to son. A griot was born into and trained by a griot family. For those not born into griot families, sometimes there was a master griot who taught the arts associated with the position. Today there are state-sponsored and private schools that teach griot arts. But they focus on the musical aspects and not the verbal skills.


title: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

paragraphs: The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is a department of ICANN. IANA is a nonprofit corporation that handles many Internet-related symbols and numbers.

paragraphs: IANA is in charge of allocating numbers like IP addresses used in Internet protocols. These protocols are published in Request for Comments (RFC) documents. IANA works with the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the RFC editorial team.

paragraphs: Assigning IP addresses and domain names needs more administration. IANA delegates these to smaller administrations because of the many layers involved.

paragraphs: IANA gives IP addresses in blocks to regional internet registries (RIRs). Each RIR assigns addresses for a different part of the world. All the RIRs formed the Number Resource Organization to coordinate with each other.

paragraphs: RIRs split their address pools into smaller chunks and give them to Internet service providers in their region. IANA assigns addresses with a /8 prefix for IPv4. It also assigns IPv6 addresses with /23 and /12 prefixes. These IPv6 addresses come from the 2000::/3 IPv6 address block. Because IPv4 addresses have run out, IANA does not assign them any more.

paragraphs: IANA also manages the top layer of the Domain name system (DNS). It works with many different server operators and policy makers from ICANN.

paragraphs: IANA also manages .int domains for international organizations, and .arpa for reverse DNS.

paragraphs: IANA is also involved in Internet Engineering Task Force protocols, like uniform resource identifier (URI) schemes. It also recommends character encodings to use on the Internet. IANA has to listen to the Internet Architecture Board when doing this.

paragraphs: IANA also has a database containing time zone differences and rules. Computers everywhere use the information in this database to keep time correctly.

paragraphs: IANA has been responsible for the database since October 16, 2011. The original FTP server holding the database was shutdown because of the Astrolabe, Inc. v. Olson et al. court decision.


title: Roommate

paragraphs: A roommate is a person who shares a room, apartment (British flat) or house with others. A housemate (mainly British) is someone who shares a house with others. For students living on a university campus, having at least one roommate is a traditional arrangement. Most college and university dormitories are designed for two roommates. There is a new trend among college students to request a room to themselves. Many colleges and universities are very willing to give what is called a 'super single' to one student who wants privacy.

paragraphs: The reason many get one or more roommates is to save money. As rents keep increasing, they are sometimes going up faster than wages in an area.


Bernocchi


title: Synthetic cannabis

paragraphs: Synthetic cannabis (synthetic marijuana) is a type of designer drug made from chemicals sprayed onto herbs. Synthetic cannabis is often called K2, Spice, or fake weed. "Synthetic" means "man-made"; "Cannabis" is the plant that marijuana is made from.

paragraphs: Synthetic cannabis is not really man-made marijuana. It has no marijuana, and no chemicals from the "Cannabis" plant, in it. Instead, it is sprayed with man-made chemicals called "cannabinoids." In the brain, they act like the chemicals in real marijuana (like THC). Because of this, they can make a person feel "high" the same way real marijuana can.

paragraphs: Medical research has shown that synthetic cannabis is much more dangerous than regular marijuana. For example, one research study found that people who used synthetic cannabis were 30 times more likely to get emergency medical treatment than people who used regular marijuana.

paragraphs: Synthetic cannabinoids can also cause much more serious symptoms and health problems than regular marijuana. These problems can include:

paragraphs: Research, and the experiences of people who try to stop taking synthetic cannabis, show that it causes addiction and withdrawal symptoms in some people.

paragraphs: Professor John W. Huffman, who first created many of the chemicals used in synthetic cannabis, has said: "People who use it are idiots. You don't know what it's going to do to you."

paragraphs: Synthetic cannabis has had a complicated legal history. Its makers have used many different strategies to keep their products from being illegal.

paragraphs: For example, synthetic cannabis is often sold in packages that call it "herbal incense." Most of the packages also have a warning label that says "Not for human consumption" (not for humans to put into their bodies). By doing these things, companies that make synthetic cannabis can say that they are not selling drugs, and it is not their fault if people ignore their warning label.

paragraphs: It has also been difficult for states and countries to make synthetic cannabis illegal because there are so many different cannabinoids. For example, in 2009, the United Kingdom made all the cannabinoids that existed illegal. However, scientists quickly created new versions of cannabinoids, which were not listed as illegal in the U.K.'s laws. Like many other countries, the United Kingdom has tried to ban every new cannabinoid as soon as it is created, but new ones are made all the time.

paragraphs: Most countries in Europe, and a few countries in Asia, have made some or all synthetic cannabinoids illegal.

paragraphs: Before 2010, the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) had made some of the cannabinoids used in synthetic marijuana illegal in the U.S. Other cannabinoids were not illegal. Some states passed laws on their own, to make synthetic cannabis illegal in their states. However, before 2010, not all cannabinoids were illegal in the United States.

paragraphs: On June 6, 2010, a teenager from Iowa named David Mitchell Rozga killed himself. His friends said they and Rozga had smoked synthetic cannabis about an hour before he shot himself. Rozga's suicide, and the idea that it might have been caused by synthetic cannabis, was reported in newspapers and media all over the world.

paragraphs: After Rozga's suicide, the DEA used "emergency powers" to make five cannabinoids often found in synthetic marijuana illegal. Also, after the suicide, United States Senator Chuck Grassley suggested a law called the "David Mitchell Rozga Act." This law would make using or selling synthetic cannabis illegal. The law was passed by the United States Congress in June 2011.

paragraphs: On July 10, 2012, President Barack Obama signed the Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012 into law. It made the most common chemicals used in synthetic marijuana illegal.


title: Ostwald process

paragraphs: The Ostwald process is a chemical process for making nitric acid (HNO3). The Ostwald process provides the main raw material for the most common type of fertilizer production. It is closely associated with the Haber process. It is named after Wilhelm Ostwald, who developed the process and patented it in 1902.

paragraphs: Ammonia is converted to nitric acid in two stages.

paragraphs: 1) It is oxidized in the presence of platinium as catalyst at about 900 degrees Celcius to form nitric oxide and water.

paragraphs: 2) Nitric oxide is oxidized again to form nitrogen dioxide and then it reacts with water to form dilute nitric acid whereas some portion of the nitrogen dioxide is reduce back to nitric oxide.


title: 2014 FIVB Volleyball World Championship

paragraphs: The 2014 Volleyball World Championship was held in Poland from 30 August to 21 September 2014. The tournament featured 24 teams to determine the world champions in men's volleyball. In addition to the host nation Poland, 23 teams qualified for the tournament by means of continental and regional competitions. The matches took place in seven venues across seven Polish cities, with the final being held at Spodek, Katowice.


title: Marion Maréchal-Le Pen

paragraphs: Marion Maréchal-Le Pen (born 10 December 1989) is a French politician. She is the granddaughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen and the niece of Marine Le Pen. She is a member of Front National and an MP for Vaucluse's 3rd constituency since 2012. Twenty-two years old at the time of her election, she became France's youngest MP in modern political history.


title: Cornway College

paragraphs: Cornway College (or simply Cornway) is a private, day and boarding school for boys and girls in Mount Hampden, Mashonaland West, Zimbabwe, Africa. It is from the Harare central business district. Cornway College was opened on January 23, 2006. It has a preparatory school ("Cornway Junior College") and a high school ("Cornway Senior College"). The language used to communicate within the school is English.

paragraphs: Cornway College was ranked as one of the top 10 high schools in Zimbabwe in 2014.

paragraphs: Students at the Junior College are taught the primary schools curriculum developed by Cambridge International Examinations or CIE (an exam board in the United Kingdom) and ZIMSEC (an exam board in Zimbabwe). The children learn the following subjects:

paragraphs: In Grade Seven, children write tests for the Cambridge Primary certificate by CIE (for English, Mathematics and Science subjects) and Grade Seven exams by ZIMSEC (for English, General Paper, Mathematics and Shona subjects).

paragraphs: Students in Form One and Form Two (Year 8 and Year 9) are taught several subjects according to the Zimbabwe Junior Certificate curriculum.

paragraphs: In Form Three and Form Four (Year 10 and Year 11), students are taught according to the curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Form Four, the students then write tests for the International General Certificate of Secondary Education (given by CIE) and the GCE Ordinary Level certificate (given by ZIMSEC).

paragraphs: In the Sixth Form (that is, Lower Six and Upper Six, or Year 12 and Year 13), students learn a minimum of three subjects according to the Advanced Level curriculum of CIE and ZIMSEC. In Lower Six, students can choose to write tests for the Cambridge International AS Level certificate (half the content of Advanced Level is tested, the certificate is given by CIE) then write tests again in Upper Six for the full Cambridge International A Level certificate. Another option is to write the Cambridge International A Level and or the ZIMSEC GCE Advanced Level tests in Upper Six.


title: Orizuru

paragraphs: An orizuru (折鶴 "ori-" "folded," "tsuru" "crane"), or paper crane, is a classically designed paper Japanese origami. Red paper cranes is a representation of the Japanese red-crowned crane which is special in Japanese culture. The orizuru is often is used restaurant table decoration. "Senbazuru" (千羽鶴), which means "thousand cranes," are one thousand paper cranes strung together.


title: Out of the Woods (song)

paragraphs: "Out of the Woods" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. It is the sixth single from her album, "1989". It was co-written and co-produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff from the American alternative band Fun. The two produced the song along with Swedish songwriter and producer Max Martin. The song is the fourth track on the album. It became her sixth top-20 hit in a row on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.

paragraphs: The music video for the song was released on December 31, 2015, live on "Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest" on ABC stations in the United States.


title: Stephen Stanton

paragraphs: Stephen W. Stanton (born August 22, 1961) is a German-born American voice actor, impressionist, visual effects artist and comedian. He has done many voice roles in television shows, movies and video games. He is best known for his work in "The 7D" and in the "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" franchise.


title: Point Break

paragraphs: Point Break is a 1991 American action crime thriller movie. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow and it was produced by Peter Abrams and Robert L. Levy. "Point Break" was released on July 12, 1991.

paragraphs: In the movie, gang of robbers called "Ex-Presidents" who wear face-masks of former Presidents of the United States: Ronald Reagan, Richard Nixon, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Jimmy Carter to hide their true identities.

paragraphs: The movie got mixed and positive reviews from critics. It has a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film three-and-a-half stars out of four. In his review, he wrote that "Bigelow is an interesting director for this material. She is interested in the ways her characters live dangerously for philosophical reasons. They aren't men of action, but men of thought who choose action as a way of expressing their beliefs."

paragraphs: A remake was released on December 25, 2015 and received negative reviews.