title: Argument from design

paragraphs: The argument from design is an argument for the existence of God or a creator. According to the argument, the appearance of design in nature is evidence for the existence of God. The argument is teleological, because it assumes a purpose. The word "teleological" comes from the Ancient Greek "telos", which means "end" or "purpose".

paragraphs: Teleology assumes there is purpose or direction in the works and processes of nature. Immanuel Kant called this argument the physico–theological proof.

paragraphs: Most of the classic forms of this argument are linked to monotheism. Simply talking about a "designer", gives the following, simple formulation.

paragraphs: A concise and whimsical teleological argument was offered by G. K. Chesterton in 1908: "So one elephant having a trunk was odd; but all elephants having trunks looked like a plot."

paragraphs: Socrates (c. 469-399 B.C.) He argued that the adaptation of human parts to one another, such as the eyelids protecting the eyeballs, could not have been due to chance and was a sign of wise planning in the universe.

paragraphs: Plato (c. 427–c. 347 B.C.) posited a "demiurge" of supreme wisdom and intelligence as the creator of the cosmos in his work "Timaeus". For him, the "demiurge" lacked the supernatural ability to create "ex nihilo" or out of nothing. The demiurge was able only to organize the "ananke" (αναγκη). The ananke was the only other co-existent element or presence in Plato's cosmogony. Plato's teleological perspective is also built upon the analysis of "a priori" order and structure in the world that he had already presented in "The Republic".

paragraphs: Aristotle (c. 384–322 B.C.) also developed the idea of a creator of the cosmos, often referred to as the "Prime Mover" in his work "Metaphysics". Aristotle's views have very strong aspects of a teleological argument, specifically that of a prime mover, who (so to speak) looks ahead in setting the cosmos into motion. Indeed, Aristotle argued that all nature reflects inherent purposiveness and direction.

paragraphs: Cicero (c. 106–c. 43 B.C.) also made one of the earliest known teleological arguments. In "de Natura Deorum (On the Nature of the Gods)" Cicero stated, "The divine power is to be found in a principle of reason that pervades the whole of nature". He was writing from the cultural background of the Roman religion. In Roman mythology the creator goddess, Gaia was borrowed from Greek mythology. The Romans called her Tellus or Terra.

paragraphs: Augustine of Hippo (A.D. 354–430) presented a classic teleological perspective in his work "City of God". He describes the "city of man" and essentially posits that God's plan is to replace the city of man with the city of God (at some as-yet-unknown point in the future). Whether this is to happen gradually or suddenly is not made clear in Augustine's work. He did not, however, make a formal argument for the existence of God; rather, God's existence is already presumed and Augustine is giving a proposed view of God's teleology. Augustine's perspective follows from and is built upon the "neo-Platonic" views of his era, which in turn have their original roots in Plato's cosmogony.

paragraphs: The idea is that one can infer the existence of intelligent design by looking at an object. The teleological argument says that because life is complex, it must have been designed. It is argued that this is non-sequitur logic. Life or objects are described as "orderly" or "ordered", which shows that an intelligent designer has ordered them. However, in real life, there are examples of systems that are non-random or ordered simply because it is following natural physical processes, for example diamonds or snowflakes.

paragraphs: The design claim is often challenged as an argument from ignorance, since it is often unexplained or unsupported, or explained by unscientific conjecture. Supporters of design assume that natural objects and man-made objects have similar properties, therefore both must be designed. However, different objects can have similar properties for different reasons, such as stars and light bulbs. Proponents must therefore demonstrate that "only" design can cause orderly systems or the argument is invalid.

paragraphs: A designed organism would, on the face of it, be in contradiction to evolutionary theory. Most biologists support the idea of evolution, by means of natural selection. They therefore reject the first premise, arguing that evolution is not only an alternative explanation for the complexity of life but a better explanation with more supporting evidence. Living organisms obey the same physical laws as inanimate objects. A range of chemical reactions could take place, forming other chemicals with complex properties and ways of interacting. Over very long periods of time self-replicating structures could arise and later form DNA. This has in fact been demonstrated artificially via the Avida program, which can construct complex programs without being given any design (similar programs have had similar results with building machines). Biologists therefore commonly view the design argument as an unimpressive argument for the existence of a god.

paragraphs: Another argument states that even if the argument from design proved the existence of a powerful intelligent designer, it would not prove that the designer is God. Voltaire observed in his "Traité de métaphysique":

paragraphs: ... from this sole argument I cannot conclude anything further than that it is probable that an intelligent and superior being has skillfully prepared and fashioned the matter. I cannot conclude from that alone that this being has made matter out of nothing and that he is infinite in every sense.

paragraphs: David Hume pointed out that the argument does not necessarily lead to the existence of one God. In his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, the character Philo argued (p. 108), amidst other counterarguments to the teleological argument, "why may not several deities combine in contriving and framing the world?"

paragraphs: Critics such as Richard Dawkins often argue that the teleological argument would in turn apply to the proposed designer, arguing any designer must be at least as complex and purposeful as the designed object (in Dawkins' words, "The Ultimate 747", a reference to Hoyle's analogy to a windstorm sweeping through a junkyard and constructing a 747). This, they say, would create the absurdity of an infinite series of designers.

paragraphs: Whilst the Universe can at first seem be purposeful and ordered, it has been asserted that upon closer inspection its true function becomes questionable. Some scientists such as Richard Dawkins, a high-profile advocate of atheism, reject the claim that the Universe serves any actual function, claiming that the Universe merely 'mimics' purpose. For example, predators appear perfectly 'designed' to catch their prey, whilst their prey seem equally well 'designed' to evade them. Likewise, apparent inconsistencies in the design of organisms have been brought to attention by critics of the teleological argument. Some use such arguments to point towards natural selection as a 'blind' biological designer, as opposed to God.

paragraphs: Proponents of teleology have argued against this objection on various grounds. For example, William A. Dembski says that such arguments are based upon presumptions about what a designer would or would not do, and so constitute a "theological rather than scientific claim." "Not knowing the designer," he continues, they "are in no position to say whether the designer proposed a faulty compromise among those [design] objectives." (Dembski 2004, pp. 58–9)

paragraphs: Additionally, the claim of an apparent inconsistency between the "design" of predators and prey ignores the balance of the ecosystem. Dembski counters, "In criticizing design, [critics] tend to place premium on functionalities of individual organisms and see design as optimal to the degree that those individual functionalities are maximized. But higher-order designs of entire ecosystems might require lower-order designs of individual organisms." (Dembski, 2004, p. 61)

paragraphs: George H. Smith, in his book "Atheism: The Case Against God", points out what he considers to be a fatal flaw in the argument from design

paragraphs: Consider the idea that nature itself is the product of design. How could this be demonstrated? Nature, as we have seen, provides the basis of comparison by which we distinguish between designed objects and natural objects. We are able to infer the presence of design only to the extent that the characteristics of an object differ from natural characteristics. Therefore, to claim that nature as a whole was designed is to destroy the basis by which we differentiate between artifacts and natural objects. Evidences of design are those characteristics "not" found in nature, so it is impossible to produce evidence of design "within" the context of nature itself. Only if we first step beyond nature, and establish the existence of a supernatural designer, can we conclude that nature is the result of conscious planning. (p. 268)


title: Fictional universe in Avatar

paragraphs: The 2009 American science fiction movie "Avatar", directed by James Cameron, is set on the fictional world of Pandora, which is a tropical Earth-like moon of the fictional planet Polyphemus, in the Alpha Centauri system.


title: Na'vi

paragraphs: The Na'vi are a fictional indigenous species that live on the fictional world of Pandora in the movie Avatar. They look like humans. They have two eyes, ears, arms, and legs. They also have a nose, a mouth, and expressions that are similar to humans. The Na'vi are different because they have blue skin, pointed ears, huge eyes, and tails. They are also taller than humans. They have a smaller body frame. At the beginning, the Na'vi were meant to be more alien in their looks. Director James Cameron said that in the first drawing of the main character, "Neytiri", she had fins, gills, and cat-like features. The species was changed to look more like humans. This was so audiences could relate (feel closer and empathise) to them better. Cameron said that "Avatar" was more "science fantasy" than true science fiction. He said that he would explain in the novel why the Na'vi look like humans.

paragraphs: According to "Entertainment Weekly", "The Na'vi can commune with animals on their planet by literally plugging their ponytails into the creatures' nerve systems. To become a warrior, a Na'vi must tame and ride a creature known as Ikran." The Na'vi also use this system to mate with a "life partner". They make a bond that cannot be broken in the Na'vi's lifetime.

paragraphs: The Na'vi language is a constructed language. It was made for the movie to be spoken by the actors when they played Na'vi characters. The Na'vi language was made by linguistics professor Paul Former of the University of Southern California. Frommer made the language so it could be spoken by human actors. It uses syntax and grammar from real languages. The professor made up over 1,000 words for the Na'vi language. He taught the actors who played Na'vi characters to speak it for the movie.


title: Renault F1

paragraphs: Renault F1 is a Formula One racing team. It was once owned by the Renault company. In December of 2010, Renault sold their remaining part of the Formula One team. Renault has a long history in F1. Ferenc Szisz won the first French Grand Prix at the wheel of a Renault. Since then Renault has competed in Formula One as an engine supplier and as a builder from the late 1970s to the present day, with many breaks. Renault introduced the turbo engine to Formula One when they debuted their first car, the Renault RS01 at Silverstone in 1977. Although the Renault team won races and competed for world titles, it was as a supplier of engines to the Benetton and Williams teams in the 1990s that Renault first tasted world championship success. Renault Engines powered drivers such as Nigel Mansall, Damon Hill, Jacque Villeneuve and Michael Schumacer to the Drivers World Championship.

paragraphs: Renault returned to the job of being a builder in 2001 by taking over the Benetton team, which was renamed Renault in 2002. Their first championship as a builder was achieved in 2005; the same year that they won their first drivers' championship with former test driver Fernando Alonso. They repeated their success in the following year.

paragraphs: The teams lowest point so far was in late 2009. at the end of the 2008 season the team saw a brief return to the podium spots, with Fernando Alonso winning 2 of the last 4 races. However, Nelson Piquet Jnr, Who had drove for Renualt throughout the 2008 season (but was sacked from the team) told the media that the team had made him cheat in order to help Alonso win.

paragraphs: At the 2008 Singapore Grand Prix (the first ever Grand Prix to be held at night) Nelson Piquet Jnr lost control of his car at the outside of Turn 17, sliding across the road and smashing into a wall, throwing lots of debris across the road, meaning the Safety Car had to be called out to lead the cars through the track slowly to protect the Marshalls cleaning the road. This closed the gaps between the cars, meaning they were now racing very close together. This allowed Fernando Alonso, who was in 15th place to pass the slower less experienced drivers around him. Alonso went on to win race.

paragraphs: After Renualt fired Piquet Jnr for his poor driving in 2009, He told the FIA (the organisation that run the Formula 1 World Championship) That Flavio Briatore, the Boss of the Renualt F1 Team (Who had been the boss for 20 years, and had cheated previously) had told him over the radio to crash the car deliberately, in order to bring the safety car out and give Alonso a better chance. Alonso was not aware of this at the time, or before to the crash.

paragraphs: Following a meeting of the FIA Super Council in Paris, Team Principle Flavio Briatore and Chief Engineer Pat Symmonds were found guilty. Both had to leave the team and Flavio was banned from Formula 1 for life (That band has now been lifted). In connection with the event, Renault F1's main Sponsor ING Insurance (as shown in the photo above) Also left the team

paragraphs: On 8 December, 2010, Renault announced that they had sold their remaining ownership shares in the team to Genii Capital, a private investment group. Those shares will be purchased by Lotus Cars, which is owned by Proton. Proton owns Lotus Cars. The team will be named Lotus Renault GP for 2011. They will continue to use Renault as the chassis name. The cars will use a black and gold livery (paint scheme). It will be similar to the historic "John Player Special" sponsorship that Lotus had in the 1970s and 1980s.

paragraphs: The team has raced as a French team since Renault took over Benetton in 2002. In January 2011, it was announced that they will race under a British licence in . This is the first time since that there has not been a French team in Formula One.


title: Coconut milk

paragraphs: Coconut milk is a sweet, milky white liquid for cooking. It comes from the meat of a mature coconut. The color and rich taste of the milk are because of the high oil content and sugars. It is different from coconut water (coconut juice), which is the natural liquid found inside a coconut. Coconut milk is used in many tropical recipes. There are two kinds of coconut milk: thick and thin.


title: Kricogonia

paragraphs: Kricogonia is a genus of butterflies. "Kricogonia" belongs in the family Pieridae. The species are found in North America, Central America, and South America.


title: The Othersiders

paragraphs: The Othersiders was an American, television series on Cartoon Network. It is about a group of five teenage friends who like the paranormal and explore haunted places to find any paranormal happenings. The series started on June 17, 2009, as part of the Cartoon Network programming block "CN Real". The second season of "The Othersiders" began October 7, which was said on the Twitter pages of Othersiders KC, Jackie, Zack, and Riley, and on "The Othersiders"'s official website. Instead of just seeing the episode on Wednesdays, the show will start being seen on different days of the week in a pattern starting with "Linda Vista Hospital". The final episodes will be played Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays during the month of October 2009 with the season finale, "Alcatraz", started October 30, 2009.


title: Elias Howe

paragraphs: Elias Howe (July 9, 1819 – October 3, 1867) was an American inventor. He invented the sewing machine. Elias Howe was the inventor of the first American-patented sewing machine.


title: Mojito

paragraphs: A mojito is a kind of cocktail. It is from Cuba originally. It is made of rum, sugar, lime juice, sparkling water and mint. It usually contains about 10 percent alcohol. The combination of sweetness, sour citrus and mint flavour is intended to complement the rum. It is popular drink in hot weather.

paragraphs: When making a mojito, lime juice is added to sugar and mint leaves. The mixture is then gently mashed together. The mint leaves should only be bruised to release the essential oils; they should not be torn apart. Then rum is added. The mixture is then stirred to dissolve the sugar. Finally, ice cubes and sparkling water are added in the top of the drink. Mint leaves and lime wedges are used to garnish the glass.

paragraphs: There are several stories about how the mojito was invented. One story says that it is similar to a 19th-century drink called "El Draque", after Francis Drake. This drink is said to have been given to the crew of Drake's ships when they came to Cuba in the 16th century. Many in the crew were suffering from dysentery and scurvy. They were told that the Native Americans had remedies for various tropical illnesses. They went ashore on Cuba and were given ingredients for a remedy: a kind of rum, lime, sugarcane syrup and mint. While this drink was not called a mojito at this time, it is the same combination of these ingredients.


title: Star Trek: Phase II

paragraphs: Star Trek: Phase II was a planned television series based on the characters of Gene Roddenberry's "", which had run from 1966 to 1969. It was set to air in early 1978 on a proposed Paramount Television Service (a precursor/forerunner to UPN). The series was to follow the adventures of the "Enterprise" crew on a second five-year mission, and be a continuation of the "Star Trek" franchise.


title: Pickled cucumber

paragraphs: A pickled cucumber, most often simply called a pickle in the United States and Canada, is a cucumber that has been processed in a brine or vinegar solution and left to ferment for a period of time. Pickling is also used for many other things, such as onions, cabbage, and herring. One common type of pickle is the dill pickle. It is commonly used as a topping on meat products such as hamburgers, but can also be eaten on its own.


title: Cape May Bird Observatory

paragraphs: The Cape May Bird Observatory was founded in 1975 in Cape May, New Jersey, United States. The purpose of the Cape May Bird Observatory is to do research, encourage conservation, and create educational and recreational birding activities. It has two separate centers: the Center for Research and Education in Cape May Court House in the central part of Cape May County, and the Northwood Center in Cape May Point. The current director is Pete Dunne, a well-known birding author.

paragraphs: Cape May is a great place for bird migration. Every spring and fall, thousands of migrating birds pass through the area. Birders from all over the world have come to Cape May to see the migrations.

paragraphs: The Cape May area is home to many birding authors, including Dunne, Kerlinger, Pat and Clay Sutton, Michael O'Brien, Richard Crossley and Kevin Karlson.

paragraphs: The most notable former Cape May birder is author David Allen Sibley. Sibley wrote the field guide "The Sibley Guide to Birds". He wrote it while he was living and birding in Cape May Point.


title: John Willock Noble

paragraphs: John Willock Noble (October 26, 1831 – March 22, 1912) was an American lawyer and brevet general in the Civil War. He was the Secretary of the Interior between 1889 and 1893.

paragraphs: Noble was born in Lancaster, Ohio and went to Miami University. In 1851, he graduated from Yale University with honors. After being in the Civil War, he became U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Missouri. He was the Secretary of the Interior during the entire time that Benjamin Harrison was President of the United States. He later practiced law in St. Louis and died there in 1912.


title: New Castle County, Delaware

paragraphs: New Castle County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the north part of the state. The county seat is Wilmington. New Castle County had 500,265 people in 2000.


title: Kent County, Delaware

paragraphs: Kent County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the middle part of the state. The county seat is Dover. Kent County had 126,697 people in 2000.


title: Sussex County, Delaware

paragraphs: Sussex County is a county in the state of Delaware in the United States. The county is in the south part of the state. The county seat is Georgetown. Sussex County had 156,638 people in 2000.


title: Edmontosaurus

paragraphs: Edmontosaurus was a large, plant-eating, duck-billed dinosaur from the latest Cretaceous stage. It had short arms, a long, pointed tail, three-toed, hoofed feet, and mitten-like hands. Its head was flat and sloping with a wide, toothless beak, cheek pouches, and hundreds of closely-packed cheek teeth that ground up its food. It is the same animal as "Anatotitan". There are two species, and the animal has been called by several other names in the past.

paragraphs: "Edmontosaurus" was named from a fossil found in the Horseshoe Canyon Formation, in Alberta, Canada. Many "Edmontosaurus" fossils have been found, in Alberta, and Alaska, Wyoming, Montana and New Jersey in the USA. Two mummified "Edmontosaurus" fossils were found in Wyoming.

paragraphs: The distribution of its fossils suggests that it preferred coasts and coastal plains. It could move on two legs and on four. Because it is known from several bone beds, "Edmontosaurus" is thought to have lived in groups. It may have been migratory.

paragraphs: Most of the back and tail was lined by bony tendons arranged in a lattice along the neural spines of the vertebrae. This made the back and part of the tail "ramrod" straight. The ossified tendons strengthened the vertebral column against gravitational stress. It was a large animal with a horizontal vertebral column otherwise supported mostly by the hind legs and hips.

paragraphs: As a hadrosaurid, "Edmontosaurus" was a large terrestrial herbivore. Its teeth were continually replaced and packed into dental batteries that contained hundreds of teeth, only a relative handful of which were in use at any time. It used its broad beak to cut loose food, perhaps by cropping, or by closing the jaws in a clamshell-like manner over twigs and branches and then stripping off the more nutritious leaves and shoots. "Edmontosaurus" and most other ornithischians probably had cheek-like structures, muscular or non-muscular. The function of the cheeks was to keep food in the mouth. The animal's feeding range would have been from ground level to about above.


title: Ornitholestes

paragraphs: Ornitholestes was a carnivorous dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period about 156145 million years ago. It was about 2 metres long (6.6 feet), half of which was its long tail. Only one specimen of it has ever been found.

paragraphs: It is one of a group of small, fast-running dinosaurs which are classified as early Coelurosaurs. It is known from a partial skeleton found near Medicine Bow, Wyoming, in 1900. It was described by paleontologist Henry F. Osborn in 1903.

paragraphs: "Ornitholestes" was a bipedal runner. Its small head suggests it ate small mammals, lizards, frogs, and hatchling dinosaurs. It could grasp prey with both hands. It is likely that all coelurosaurs had feathers.


title: Óscar Miñambres

paragraphs: Óscar Miñambres (born 1 January 1981) is a former Spanish football player.


title: Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes

paragraphs: Leandro Costa Miranda Moraes (born 18 July 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Vitória.


title: Kota Fukatsu

paragraphs: Kota Fukatsu (born 10 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Machida Zelvia.


title: Serhiy Skachenko

paragraphs: Serhiy Skachenko (born 18 November 1972) is a former Ukrainian football player. He has played for Ukraine national team.


title: Shota Suzuki

paragraphs: Shota Suzuki (born 3 July 1984) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Tatsuya Suzuki

paragraphs: Tatsuya Suzuki (born 1 August 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.


title: Kenta Shimizu

paragraphs: Kenta Shimizu (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.


title: Igor Cvitanović

paragraphs: Igor Cvitanović (born 1 November 1970) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.


title: Liverwort

paragraphs: The liverworts are a group of simple plants. Scientists believe that liverworts were the first bryophyte to evolve. They believe that mosses, hornworts, and more complex plants then evolved from liverworts. Scientists decided this from mitochondrial DNA.

paragraphs: Liverworts are usually placed in the bryophytes, a group of plants without tissue to conduct water. This group also includes with mosses and hornworts. Recent taxonomy gave them their own division called the Marchantiophyta. However, since the classification is not yet settled, we use the old terms.

paragraphs: Liverworts, as the picture shows, are small plants with flattened bodies, or with flattened stems bearing overlapping scales.

paragraphs: The name liverwort comes from the Middle Ages, when plants were selected as medicines according to the false belief that "similia similibus curentur" (similar heals similar). The liver-shaped seen in the liverwort "Marchantia" , for example , was boiled in wine as a medicine against liver problems. The name was then transferred to the whole group.

paragraphs: Liverworts have a gametophyte-dominant life cycle. This is a type of alternation of generations similar to that of mosses. Cells in a typical liverwort plant are haploid for most of its life cycle. Their stalked sporophytes (diploid) are very short-lived, withering away soon after releasing the spores.


title: Planck length

paragraphs: The Planck length () is a very small unit of length. It is calculated from three physical constants: the speed of light, the Planck constant, and the gravitational constant.

paragraphs: It is about or about 10 times the size of a proton. It is one of the Planck units, defined by Max Planck. It is an important length for quantum gravity because it may be the size of the smallest black holes.


title: Seed dispersal

paragraphs: Seed dispersal is the way seeds get away from the parent plant to a new place. "Dispersal" means to spread or scatter. The basic idea is as follows. Plants, obviously, cannot move after they have put down roots. It follows that it is an evolutionary advantage to get their seeds away from the parent plant. If the seeds take root nearby they will compete with each other and the parent plant. Also, a species is more likely to survive when its members are widely spread. This is because local disasters still leave plants in other places.

paragraphs: From the first land plants in the Silurian period for 300 million years to the Lower Cretaceous, virtually all transport of spores and seeds was done by mechanical means. In fact, for most types of plants both fertilisation and dispersal was done by wind. If not wind, then water was the medium. A great change took place with the appearance of flowering plants in the Cretaceous.

paragraphs: The story of flowers and insects is one of the best examples of co-evolution. The gut contents, wing structures, and mouthparts of fossilized beetles and flies suggest that they acted as early pollinators. The association between beetles and angiosperms during the Lower Cretaceous period led to parallel radiations of angiosperms and insects in the Upper Cretaceous. The evolution of in Upper Cretaceous flowers signals the beginning of the mutualism between hymenopterans and angiosperms.

paragraphs: What is true of fertilisation is also true of dispersal. Spores, the tiny products of lower plants, are almost always dispersed by wind. So are many seeds. Some seeds, and their later development, fruits, are obviously "adaptations" to a world full of animals. If they are dispersed by being eaten, it is advantageous for them to be nutritious and good to eat. So spores, seeds and fruits may get dispersed mechanicallly or by animals:

paragraphs: An important detail for a wind-dispersed seed is that it is very light. It must be able to float easily on wind or else it will drop straight to the ground. There are "parachutes" on top of some seeds, like milkweed and dandelion seeds. Some seeds are very small and light, almost like dust. Orchid seeds and poppy seeds are like that. Poppy seeds are inside a little capsule that has little openings around the top. On a windy day, the poppy fruit capsule will sway from side to side, shaking out the tiny seeds out the windows like a salt shaker.

paragraphs: Another kind of fruit that can be wind-dispersed is the maple tree fruit. The maple tree has little "schizocarps", which are two-sided winged fruits. They are also called "samaras." Their lightness and "wings" help them stay in the air until they have reached a new place with lots of soil. Elm and birch trees also have samaras.

paragraphs: Some fruits can fling (throw) their seeds away when they are ripe. This is a type of rapid plant movement, where the fruit is thrown from a little "machine".

paragraphs: Pea pods often use mechanical dispersal. When the seeds are ready, the pod dries up. When the pod dries, the inside of the pod dries faster than the outside. This makes the pod twist inside, suddenly splitting open violently, rolling into a little spiral. When this roll happens, it makes the seeds fly out of the pod in all directions.

paragraphs: "Impatiens" called "touch-me-nots" or "jewel weeds" is a large genus of flowering plants. When the seeds are ripe and ready, the dried fruit becomes a trigger. When an animal or human touches the plant, it bursts open and sprays the seeds everywhere. If the ground is wet, the seeds can germinate right where they land; they can also stick to the creature that made the capsule burst open. This can help them be carried off to a new place.

paragraphs: Violets and gorses use mechanical dispersal, too. When the seeds are ready, it opens with a loud "POP!" sound. Another fruit called the squirting cucumber uses mechanical dispersal, too. There are hundreds of other fruits that use mechanical dispersal.

paragraphs: These plants usually grow near the water. Once the seed falls into the water, it may be carried for a long distance before it finds a place to grow.

paragraphs: A good example is the water lily. Water lilies' beautiful flowers create a fruit that floats in the water for some time and then sinks to the bottom to take root on the floor of a pond. The seeds of the water lily can be dispersed and germinated in the water.

paragraphs: The palm tree, which grows near the water, also disperses its seeds by water. Powerful ocean currents that connect continents move the palm tree's seeds, called coconuts, to their new home.

paragraphs: The mangrove tree lives right in the water. Their seeds fall from the tree and grow roots as soon as they touch soil. If there is a lot of water, they can be carried far away.

paragraphs: Most nuts, like acorns, walnuts, and pecans are dispersed by "both" water and animals. The main way that they are dispersed by water is during flood times, or if their plants grow near a river or stream. Many nut trees grow near places that flood quite often. Though water is important for nut trees, it's not as important as it is for other plants, because many trees have roots that can grow a long way from the tree to find good soil and water.

paragraphs: There are several ways seeds get dispersed by animals. One example are the burrs that stick to your socks and pants when you walk through grassy fields. The parent plant makes the spiky little burrs from the flower. These burrs are either thrown off the plant and onto the ground, or they stay on the plant until a passing animal (or person) gets the burr in its fur, feathers, or socks. Then the burr is carried to a new place, where animals usually try to get it off themselves. Animals , scratch, or peck at the burrs to get them off. The burr is then dropped on the ground, away from the parent plant. Many grass seeds have surfaces which catch onto passing creatures. For instance spear grass has spiky tips that can get stuck in passing animals or blown by a strong wind to a new place.

paragraphs: Another way for animals to help in seed dispersal is for the animals to actually plant the seeds themselves. Animals like mice, squirrels, and jay birds collect fruits and nuts during the spring and summer, and they store them for the coming winter. Many times, they save up these fruits and nuts by burying them in the ground - often more than they need. When they come to take their fruits and nuts away, they leave a few buried. The ones that are left buried become plants.

paragraphs: Seeds are often dispersed in droppings (poo). Animals swallow fruit (including seeds): they digest the soft fruit, but the seeds come out in their droppings. In some rainforests, almost 90% of tree species are dispersed by animals. Animals like bats for instance, the short-tailed fruit bat in South America can scatter up to 60,000 seeds in one night.


Ventforet Kofu


title: Vissel Kobe

paragraphs: In 2012, Keijiro Ogawa made three goals in one game against Jubilo Iwata.


title: Ryoji Ujihara

paragraphs: Ryoji Ujihara (born 10 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.


title: Jorge Andrade

paragraphs: Jorge Andrade (born 9 April 1978) is a Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.


title: Lee Woon-jae

paragraphs: Lee Woon-Jae (born 26 April 1973) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

paragraphs: Lee has played in over 100 international matches.


Hiroaki Matsuyama


title: Yoshiaki Maruyama

paragraphs: Yoshiaki Maruyama (born 12 October 1974) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Chonburi.


title: Benoît Pedretti

paragraphs: Benoît Pedretti (born 12 November 1980) is a French football player. He plays for Auxerre.


title: Santiago Solari

paragraphs: Santiago Solari (born 7 October 1976) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Atlante.


title: Diego Milito

paragraphs: Diego Milito (born 12 June 1979) is an Argentine football player. He played for Internazionale Milano, Racing Club in Argentina, Genao in Italy and Argentina national team.

paragraphs: He began his club career in Argentina with Racing Club in 1999, and later moved to Italian side Genoa in 2003.


title: Kazuhiro Mori

paragraphs: Kazuhiro Mori (born 17 April 1981) is a former Japanese football player.


Katsuhiro Kusaki


title: Stephen Laybutt

paragraphs: Stephen Laybutt (born 3 September 1977) is a former Australian football player. He plays for Australia national team.


title: Robert da Silva Almeida

paragraphs: Robert da Silva Almeida (born 3 April 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Atlanta FC

paragraphs: Atlanta FC is an American football team based in Sandy Springs, Georgia, United States. Started in 2007, the team plays in National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), a national amateur league at the fourth tier of the American Soccer Pyramid, in the Southeast Division.

paragraphs: The team plays its home games at Hoskyn Stadium on the grounds of Riverwood High School, where they have played since 2008. The team's colors are orange, white, and sky blue.


title: Route availability

paragraphs: Route Availability (RA) is the system by which the permanent way and supporting works (bridges, embankments, etc.) of the National Rail network of Great Britain are graded. All routes are given an RA number between 1 and 10.

paragraphs: Rolling stock is also given an RA (again between 1 and 10) and the RA of a train is the highest RA of any of the supporting elements. The RA is mainly about the axle load of the vehicle, although axle spacing is also taken into thought. In practice it is the locomotive which decides where trains may operate, although many high capacity four axle wagons have high RAs when fully loaded. (When considering the operation of trains the loading gauge must also be considered.)


title: Blackberry pie

paragraphs: Blackberry pie is pie made of blackberry filling, most of the time in the form of either blackberry jam, blackberries themselves, or sometimes both. Blackberries must be stewed or soaked in water before baking to stop burning. Fresh frozen blackberries sweetened with brown sugar nestled under a double crust and served with ice cream is usually eaten in summer, and many people enjoy it as a summer favorite.

paragraphs: When Abraham Lincoln was made President of the United States in 1861, blackberry pie was served at the inauguration lunch.


title: Butterfly gardening

paragraphs: Butterfly gardening is a growing school of gardening, that is aimed at creating an environment that attracts butterflies, as well as some moths. Butterfly gardening is often done to invite those butterflies and moths to lay eggs as well. In addition to the planting of flowers that feed butterflies, other methods of attracting them are building "butterfly houses", with sand for puddling, water to drink, and food items, like rotten fruit.


title: Tachinidae

paragraphs: Tachinidae is a family of flies. There are over 8,200 species in this family. There are about 1,300 in North America. These flies are commonly known as tachina flies or tachinids.

paragraphs: They are found in almost all habitats all over the world. There are Neotropical, Nearctic, Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental, Australasian and Oceanic species.


title: Pork pie

paragraphs: Pork pies are a type of meat pie and are a common British food. They are made of chopped pork and pork jelly sealed in a hot water crust pastry, and are most of the time eaten cold. They are most of the time eaten at picnics, or in a lunch.


title: Cream pie

paragraphs: A cream pie is a type of pie filled with a rich custard or pudding that is made from milk, cream, flour, and eggs. It can come in many forms, like vanilla, lemon, lime, banana, coconut, and chocolate. A common feature of all cream pies is the whipped cream topping. The pudding-like filling is related to the French crème patissière which is a main ingredient of many French cakes and tarts.


title: Red-vented bulbul

paragraphs: The red-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus cafer) is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Pycnonotidae.

paragraphs: The bird is found in tropical southern Asia from India and Sri Lanka east to Burma and southwestern China. It has been introduced to many Pacific islands including Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, and Hawaii. It has also been introduced in parts of Dubai, the United Arab Emirates and New Zealand. It is included among the world's worst introduced species.


title: Ionian Sea

paragraphs: The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. It is bordered by southern Italy like Calabria, Sicily and the Salento peninsula to the west, and by southwestern Albania. Most of the islands are Greek, including Corfu, Zante, Kephalonia, Ithaka, and Lefkas to the east. The islands are most of the time referred to as the Ionian Islands. The sea is one of the most seismically active areas in the world.

paragraphs: There are ferry routes between Patras, Greece and Brindisi and Ancona, Italy, that cross the east and north of the Ionian Sea, and from Piraeus westward.


title: Red-whiskered bulbul

paragraphs: The red-whiskered bulbul ("Pycnonotus jocosus") is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Pycnonotidae. It is found mainly in tropical Asia. It has been introduced in many tropical areas of the world. It feeds on fruits, nectar and small insects. Their calls are a loud "kick-pettigrew" . They are very common in many hill forests and urban gardens. They have a red patch behind the eye, which juveniles lack. They are often found perching on top of trees and bushes. They now even thrive in cities in different parts of the world.


title: Little Rock Nine

paragraphs: The Little Rock Nine was a group of African-American students who were in the Little Rock Central High School, Arkansas in 1957, following the Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education II. This started the Little Rock Crisis, in which the students were stopped from entering the racially segregated school by Arkansas Governor Orval Faubus. They attended after President Eisenhower sent the United States Army to let them in. This is thought to be one of the most important events in the Civil Rights Movement.


title: Hornwort

paragraphs: Hornworts are a type of bryophytes. They are non-vascular plants which do not have tissue that moves water. The name "hornwort" come from the horn-like structure that grows on these plants. This structure is the sporophyte. The flattened, green part of a hornwort is the gametophyte.

paragraphs: Like all bryophytes, hornworts have alternation of generations. In this cycle, the plant has two forms: the haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte. The gametophyte is the green plant body that you most often see. The sporophyte is the "horn" that sheds spores.

paragraphs: Hornworts grow all over the world. They grow well where it is damp or humid. Some species grow in large numbers as tiny weeds in the soil of gardens and cultivated fields. Some tropical species may be found growing on tree bark.

paragraphs: The taxonomy of bryophytes is being debated. Some think the hornworts should be placed in a separate division, the Anthocerotophyta.


title: Pacific Grove, California

paragraphs: Pacific Grove is a coastal town in Monterey County, California, US. The total population was 15,522 in the 2000 census. Pacific Grove is located between Point Pinos and Monterey. Its elevation is 151 feet (46 m).

paragraphs: Pacific Grove is known for its Victorian homes, Asilomar State Beach, its artistic legacy and the annual migration of the Monarch butterflies. The city has more Victorian houses per person than anywhere else in United States. Some of them have been turned into bed and breakfast inns.

paragraphs: Point Pinos Lighthouse, the oldest continuously working lighthouse on the West Coast, is in Pacific Grove.


title: Black-headed grosbeak

paragraphs: The black-headed grosbeak ("Pheucticus melanocephalus") is a species of bird. It belongs in the family Cardinalidae. It is a medium-sized, seed-eating bird. It is 18–19 cm long. It weights 35-49 g.

paragraphs: The black-headed grosbeak is a migratory bird. It has nesting grounds from southwestern British Columbia, through the western half of the United States, into central Mexico. It occurs as an introduced species further south in Central America.


title: Airbus A310

paragraphs: The Airbus A310 is a jet airliner made by Airbus. It was announced in July 1978 and it was the second aircraft to be made by Airbus. The A310 is a shorter version of the Airbus A300, which was Airbus' first plane.

paragraphs: When the Airbus A300 was being designed, Airbus studied many different sizes of plane. The Airbus A300B was chosen, and it was one of the smaller designs. When the A300B prototypes were made, many airlines asked for a plane which could hold more passengers. Airbus then changed to the A300B2 version, which was the first type to be made. Airbus noticed that many airlines also wanted smaller planes. Some airlines did not have enough passengers to use the A300.

paragraphs: Airbus wanted to keep the cost of designing a smaller A300 as low as possible. Airbus decided that the plane would hold 220 passengers, which was what many airlines wanted.

paragraphs: Another problem was the rate of inflation. In the UK during 1979–1980, it was 35%. This would mean that the designing costs would be very high, and so would the price of the plane.

paragraphs: From late 1977, BAe began designing the wing for the A310 at Hatfield.

paragraphs: At the April 1978 Hanover Air Show, Airbus brought a model A310. Its wing area was , was a bit larger than what Airbus designed. If two classes were used in the plane, 195 passengers could travel in the aircraft. If the plane is all-economy, 245 passengers could fit inside.

paragraphs: On 15 March, Swissair bought the A310. It said that it would buy 10 and have 10 options, to replace its McDonnell Douglas DC-9 series. Lufthansa bought ten planes for $240 million. Air France and Iberia soon did the same. On 1 April 1979 Lufthansa increased its order to 25 orders and 25 options. Two days later, KLM bought 10 planes and had 10 options, which cost ₤238 million. Other airlines which bought the A310 during 1979 included Martinair, Sabena and Air Afrique.

paragraphs: At first, Airbus planned two versions of the A310: the A310-100 and the A310-200. The A310-100 could fly for with 200 passengers, and the -200 could carry the same number of passengers for longer.

paragraphs: Airlines kept buying the A310, and the A310-200 flew for the first time on 3 April 1982. Orders and options had been made for 181 aircraft, which was a much better start than the A300. Airbus realised that the −200 aircraft was much more popular than the -100 aircraft. In 1979, Airbus decided to stop making the A310-100.

paragraphs: No airlines bought the A310 during the late 1990s because Airbus had made the Airbus A330. Airbus stopped making the A300 and the A310 in July 2007. The freighter version of the A310 was replaced by the A330-200F.

paragraphs: The A310 was replaced by the A330-200. Between 1983 and 1998, 255 A310s were made.

paragraphs: The A300 and A310 helped Airbus compete with Boeing.

paragraphs: The A310 was a changed version of the A300; the aircraft was first called the A300B10. The main differences between the A300 and the A310 are:

paragraphs: The aircraft has a glass cockpit. The A300-600 has the same flight deck as the A310. The flight deck can hold up to two more seats.

paragraphs: Two versions of the A310 were made: the −200 and the −300. The first version which was designed was the −200.

paragraphs: The militaries of these countries use the A310.

paragraphs: When Airbus stopped making A310s, 255 had been ordered and delivered.

paragraphs: The A310 has had ten hull-loss accidents. 825 people have died in these accidents. A hull-loss accident is when a plane is damaged so much that it cannot be repaired, or if the plane is completely destroyed.

paragraphs: The A310 has also had ten hijackings. Five people have died in these.


title: Alitalia

paragraphs: Alitalia is the biggest airline in Italy.

paragraphs: The "first" Alitalia was founded on September 16, 1946. Its first flight was on May 5, 1947. In 1960, Alitalia started flying jet aircraft. In 1995, Alitalia tried to merge with KLM, but it failed. 1998 was the first profitable year for Alitalia. In 2001, Alitalia joined SkyTeam. The airline lost more than €3.7 billion since 1999 until 2008. On January 12, 2009, the "first" Alitalia shut down. The next day, on January 13, the "second" Alitalia began. In June 2014, Etihad Airways bought 49% of Alitalia. On January 1, 2015, a "third" Alitalia began. This one is 49% owned by Etihad and 51% owned by Italian shareholders.

paragraphs: Alitalia flies to 102 destinations in 41 countries. 28 of these cities are in Italy. Alitalia's main hub is at Rome Fiumicino Airport.


title: Chowder (TV series)

paragraphs: Chowder is an American animated television series that started on Cartoon Network on November 2, 2007. The show was created by C.H. Greenblatt, a former storyboard artist on "SpongeBob SquarePants" and "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy". The title character is a young child named Chowder. Chowder is a student to a chef named Mung Daal, who owns a baking company serving the fictional "Marzipan City". The show has animation with stop motion animation and puppetry.


paragraphs: The Secret of NIMH 2: Timmy to the Rescue is a 1998 American direct-to-video animated movie. It is the sequel to "The Secret of NIMH" produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Animation. It tells the story of a mouse named Timothy Brisby, the youngest son of Jonathan and Mrs. Brisby, who goes to Thorn Valley wanting to become a hero like his father.

paragraphs: The movie was made without the support of Don Bluth, the animator who created the original movie.

paragraphs: The movie begins with a prophecy from the first movie, telling how one of Jonathan's and Mrs. Brisby's sons would save Thorn Valley from the "secret of NIMH." Timothy is chosen to go but his older brother Martin believes he should have been chosen. Martin decides to prove his quality, and goes off to find his own adventure.

paragraphs: One day he comes across a female mouse named Jenny, whose parents were two of the lost six mice who tried to escape NIMH but were thought to have died.

paragraphs: The Thorn Valley council decides it would be too dangerous to save the six mice, so Jenny and Timmy go alone. They take a hot air balloon, but it is attacked by a hawk and it crashes in the forest.

paragraphs: Seeking help, they visit the Great Owl. They learn that a caterpillar named Cecil has teamed up with Jeremy, the crow from the first movie, to trick people into paying them money. Jeremy and Cecil take the two mice to NIMH where they find that two other mice, Justin and Brutus. They also learn that Dr. Valentine, the head scientist, has made Martin crazy. He planned to use the lab rats and a flock of ravens to take over Thorn Valley.

paragraphs: He asks Timmy to join him, but he refuses and is locked in a cage as Martin drags Jenny away. Timmy later frees Jenny. Together, they knock out Martin and Timmy tricks Martin's army of ravens and rats to fly in the wrong direction. Timmy and Jenny then leave to find the others only to be attacked by a band of bad cats and rats.

paragraphs: The building they are in catches fire during the fight. The survivors (Timmy, Jenny, and her parents) flee. Timmy goes back to save Martin. Before he leaves, Jenny tells him she loves him and he tells her the same. Timmy and Martin are able to escape through the lab's skylight, with some help from Jeremy. Jeremy takes the survivors to safety. The mice return to Thorn Valley, Martin returns to normal and Timmy is now a hero. A likeness of him is added to the statue of Jonathan and the people of Thorn Valley cheer.


title: The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack

paragraphs: The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack is an American animated television series made for Cartoon Network that started on June 7, 2008. The show was made by cartoonist Mark "Thurop" Van Orman, who has worked as a writer and storyboard artist on "Camp Lazlo" and "The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy". the main point of the marvelous misadventures of flapjack is the main characters (captain knuckles, flapjack & bubbie) trying to find the magical island of candied island. flapjack is an adventurous little boy taking after and learning from captain knuckles, knuckles plays the role of a lazy sailor who is addicted to maple syrup, and bubbie is a antropomorphic whale who is the foster mother of flapjack and protects him from dangerous recurring situations in the series of which he is naïve. The series premiered airs at 7:00 a.m. ET/PT time on June 7, 2008 on Cartoon Network in the United States.


title: Embraer E-Jets

paragraphs: The Embraer E-Jets are an aircraft made by Embraer in Brazil.

paragraphs: The smallest Embraer E-Jets with up to 76 seats.

paragraphs: The Embraer 190 have up to 106 passenger seats.

paragraphs: The longer version of Embraer 190 and the biggest E-Jet.


title: Lefkada

paragraphs: Lefkada is a Greek island. It is in the west of Greece in the Ionian Sea. It is the fourth largest island of the Ionian Sea after Kefalonia, Corfu and Zakynthos. Its total area is 303 square meters. Its population is 22,789 residents according to 2001 Greek census. The largest town of Lefkada is Lefkada (city). Its population is 10,875 people.

paragraphs: Lefkada is famous for its beautiful beaches. The island is surrounded by many beautiful beaches with azure-green color. The most impressive beaches are Porto Katsiki, Kathisma and Egremni. All of these beaches are in the west of the island. According to Guardian newspaper the Porto Katsiki beach is one of the most beautiful beaches in Europe.

paragraphs: Every year many tourists visit Lefkada. Tourists come from western European countries, most from Italy. The most village on the island is Nidri which is in the east of the island. Opposite Nidri there are many small green islets. Among them is the islet Scorpios which belonged to millionaire Aristotle Onassis.

paragraphs: The German archaeologist Wilhelm Dörpfeld, believed that Lefkada was the real country of Odysseus. In Classic period, Lefkada was a colony of Corinth. Later it passed under the Roman rule and Byzantine rule. In medieval era many conquerors passed from the island. In the thirteenth century Venice took the island from Byzantium. The Venetians remained in island for many years. The Turks conquered the island for a brief period but the Venetians took the island back and held it until 1797. Then the Napoleon's France took the island and after the island passed in England. In 1864, the English gave Lefkada to Greece, along with the other Ionian islands.


title: European honey bee

paragraphs: The European honey bee or western honey bee ("Apis mellifera") is the main species of honey bee. The genus "Apis" is Latin for "bee", and mellifera comes from Greek melli- meaning "honey" and ferre "to bear". So, the scientific name means "honey-bearing bee". In 1758 Carolus Linnaeus named the bees as "Apis mellifera". However, he later found out that bees do not bear honey, but they actually bear nectar. Because of this, he tried to change it to "Apis mellifica" ("honey-making bee") later.

paragraphs: Workers do a waggle dance in the beehive to tell the others where they have found nectar; Karl von Frisch discovered this.


title: Blue jay

paragraphs: The blue jay ("Cyanocitta cristata") is a passerine bird native to North America. It is adaptable, aggressive and omnivorous.

paragraphs: The blue jay measures 22–30 cm (9–12 inches) from bill to tail and weighs 70–100 grams (2.47–3.53 oz), with a wingspan of 34–43 cm (13–17 inches). There is a crown of feathers on the top of the head, which may be raised or lowered according to the bird's mood. When excited or aggressive, the crest may be fully raised. When scared, the crest comes outwards, brushlike. When the bird is feeding among other jays or resting, the crest is flattened to the head.

paragraphs: Its plumage is lavender-blue to mid-blue in the crest, back, wings, and tail, and its face is white. The underside is off-white and the neck has a thin stripe with black which extends to the sides of the head. The main wing and tail feathers are deep with black, sky-blue and white. The bill, legs, and eyes are all black. Males and females look nearly the same except that males are a little bit larger.

paragraphs: Blue jays have strong black bills used for cracking open nuts, and acorns and for eating corn, grains and seeds, although they also eat insects such as beetles, grasshoppers, and caterpillars.

paragraphs: Blue jays can make many different sounds, and single sounds may vary a bit. Blue jays can learn to mimic human speech. Blue jays can also copy the callings of local hawks so well that it is sometimes difficult to tell which it is. Their voice is normal of most jays in being varied, but the most commonly thought sound is the "alarm call", which is a loud, almost gull-like scream. There is also a high-pitched jayer-jayer call that increases in speed as the bird becomes more excited.This very call can be easily confused with the chick-a-dee's song because of the slow starting chick-ah-dee-ee. Blue Jays will use these calls to band together to mob predators such as hawks and drive them away from the jays' nests.

paragraphs: The blue jay is a slow flier ( 32–40 km/h (20-25 mi/h) when unprovoked) and an easy prey for hawks and owls, when it flies in open lands. It flies with its body and tail held level, with slow wing beats. It is sometimes assertive toward other birds and may chase birds from bird feeders or other food sources, although this happens much less often than it is blamed for. This can be good to other species as well, as it may chase predatory birds, such as hawks and owls which sometimes feed on jays, and will scream if it sees a predator within its territory. It has also been known to sound an "alarm call" when hawks or other dangers are near, and smaller birds often know this call and hide themselves away accordingly. It may also be aggressive towards humans who come close to its nest, and if an owl roosts near the nest during the daytime the blue jay mobs it until it takes a new roost.

paragraphs: Its food is found both on the ground and in trees and has almost all known types of plant and animal sources, like acorns and beech mast, weed seeds, grain, fruits and other berries, peanuts, bread, meat, small invertebrates of many types, scraps in town parks, bird-table food and rarely eggs and nestlings. Blue jays will sometimes catch food, though to what extent is different among individuals.

paragraphs: The mating season starts in mid-March and reaches into July. Any nice tree or large shrub may be used for nesting, though an evergreen is preferred. The nest is normally made at a height of 3 to 10 meters. This cup-shaped nest is made of twigs, small roots, bark strips, moss, other plant material, cloth, paper, and feathers, sometimes with mud added to the cup.

paragraphs: Blue jays mostly form monogamous pair bonds for life. Both sexes make the nest and take care of the young, though only the female broods them. The male feeds the female while she is brooding the eggs. There are normally 4–5 eggs laid and incubated over 16–18 days. The young leave the nest normally between 17–21 days after hatching.

paragraphs: Jays are some of the more smart birds. They will wait and watch for a person to put food down and as soon as the person walks away they will come down from their hiding place and take it. Along with crows, jays will also watch a person planting seed crops and afterwards dig up and eat the seeds. Jays are very territorial birds, and they will chase others from a feeder for an easier meal. The blue jay has a bad reputation as a raider of other birds' nests, taking eggs, chicks, and nests. However, this may not be as widespread as is normally thought.


title: Ken Masters

paragraphs: Ken Masters is a video game character in the "Street Fighter" franchise.


title: Bart the Genius

paragraphs: "Bart the Genius" is the second episode of the first season of "The Simpsons", which was first shown on the Fox network on January 14, 1990. It was the first episode written by Jon Vitti. It was also the first ever episode to use the signature title sequence, as well as the first normal episode. The episode has Bart Simpson's experiences of life as a smarty-pants after he cheats on an intelligence test. It is the first episode that uses Bart's catchphrase "Eat my shorts." As the second episode was made, right after the bad animation of "Some Enchanted Evening," the future of the series relied on how the animation turned out on this episode. The animation proved to be more acceptable and production continued.

paragraphs: The episode starts with the Simpson family playing Scrabble. Bart plays the word "kwyjibo", which is not a real word.


title: Terrier

paragraphs: A terrier is a dog of any one of many breeds of terrier types. They are named from the Latin word "terra" meaning earth. It refers to their love of digging after their prey (small burrowing mammals). Terriers are typically small, very active and fearless dogs. Terrier breeds vary greatly in size from just to over . They are usually categorized by size or function. There are five different groups with each group having several different breeds. Terriers do not usually tolerate other dogs well. They are descended from dogs bred to hunt and kill rodents. Terriers usually have 'wiry' (stiff hairs like wire) coats that need special care. Examples of terriers include Irish Terrier and the Cairn Terrier.


title: Viswanathan Anand

paragraphs: Viswanathan Anand, known as "Vishy", (born 11 December 1969) is a former World Chess

paragraphs: Champion. He comes from India. Vishy is the oldest player in modern times to become classical World Champion for the first time: he was 37 when he won in 2007.

paragraphs: When the world championship was split, Anand played in both versions. In the classical chess versions, sometimes called the "PCA cycle", Anand won matches against Oleg Romanishin and Michael Adams without a loss, then avenged his FIDE loss by defeating Gata Kamsky in the Candidates final. In 1995, he played the PCA World Chess Championship 1995 against Kasparov in New York City's World Trade Center. After an opening run of eight draws (a record for the opening of a world championship match), Anand won game nine with a powerful exchange sacrifice, but then lost four of the next five. He lost the match 10½–7½.

paragraphs: Anand held the FIDE World Chess Championship from 2000 to 2002 when the world title was split. This was a knock-out event of a different type from the classical matches. He became the undisputed World Champion in 2007 and defended his title against Vladimir Kramnik in 2008. With this win, he became the first player in chess history to have won the World Championship in three different formats: knockout, tournament, and match.

paragraphs: Anand retained the world title by beating Veselin Topalov 6½–5½ in May 2010. He kept the title again by defeating Boris Gelfand in 2012. This match was won in a four-game rapidplay tiebreaker, after the main match was tied at 6–6.

paragraphs: Anand is one of a small group of players to break the 2800 mark on the FIDE rating list, and in April 2007 at the age of 37, he became world number one for the first time. He was at the top of the world rankings five out of six times, from April 2007 to July 2008, holding the number one ranking for a total of 15 months. In October 2008, he dropped out of the world top three ranking for the first time since July 1996.

paragraphs: In 2007 he was awarded India's second highest civilian award, the Padma Vibhushan. He is also the first recipient of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award in 1991–92, India's highest sporting honour. Though retaining his Indian citizenship, Vishy has been living in Spain for the past decade.

paragraphs: Anand lost the title to Magnus Carlsen in 2013, and also lost the return match in 2014 by 4½ to 6½.


title: Rensselaer County, New York

paragraphs: Rensselaer County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. As of the 2000 census, 152,538 people lived there. It is named for Kiliaen van Rensselaer, the Dutch person who owned the land in the area. The county seat is Troy.

paragraphs: Rensselaer County is in the eastern part of New York. The county's eastern line runs along the New York-Vermont and New York-Massachusetts borders.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 665 square miles (1,723 km²). Out of this, 654 square miles (1,694 km²) is land and 11 square miles (30 km²) (1.72%) is water.

paragraphs: The highest point is Berlin Mountain, which is above sea level. The mountain is in the town of Berlin. The lowest point is sea level at the Hudson River. The Hoosic River, a tributary of the Hudson River, is in the north part of the county.

paragraphs: Before it was called a county, the American Indians lived in the area. They were called Mohicans. A man from the Netherlands, named Kiliaen van Rensselaer, who sold jewelry, bought the area from the Dutch West Indies Company in 1630. He founded a town and named it after himself, calling it Rensselaerswyck. It was a part of New Netherland.


title: Tractive effort

paragraphs: Tractive effort is a synonym of tractive force, used in railway engineering terminology when describing the pulling power of a locomotive.


title: Homer's Odyssey

paragraphs: "Homer's Odyssey" is the third full length episode of "The Simpsons", that was first shown on the Fox network on January 21, 1990. In this episode of the first season, Homer becomes a crusader for people's safety in Springfield, and is made a higher rank in his current job as "Nuclear Safety Inspector" for the entire power plant. It was written by Jay Kogen and Wallace Wolodarsky and was the first "Simpsons" script to be completed, although it was the third episode produced.


title: There's No Disgrace Like Home

paragraphs: "There's No Disgrace Like Home" is the fourth episode of the first season of "The Simpsons" . It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on January 28, 1990. In this episode, Homer becomes ashamed of his family after a bad company picnic and decides to enter them in therapy. The has a hard time trying to solve their problems and eventually gives up and gives their money back. It was an early episode, showing early designs for a few characters. The episode is made off of the comedy of Laurel and Hardy and features cultural references to films such as "Citizen Kane" and "Freaks" as well as the "Batman" television series. People noted that the characters acted differently from the way they would in later seasons.


title: Continental Airlines

paragraphs: Continental Airlines was an American airline based and headquartered in downtown Houston, Texas. It was founded in 1937. It was the fourth-largest airline in the US based on revenue passenger miles. Since 1998, Continental's marketing slogan had been "Work Hard, Fly Right". Continental Airlines announced on Monday, May 3, 2010, that they were merging with United Airlines. The merger was approved in September 2010, and the parent company changed its name to United Continental Holdings when United completed its acquisition of Continental. The combined airline takes the United Airlines name but uses Continental's globe and livery. There has been negative reaction to the new livery, many of whom were in favor of keeping the iconic "tulip" logo, designed by Saul Bass in 1973.

paragraphs: Continental operated flights to destinations throughout the U.S., Canada, Latin America, Europe, and the Asia-Pacific regions. Together with its subsidiaries it had more than 2,423 daily departures, serving 130 domestic and 132 international destinations and had 42,210 employees (as of December 2009). Principal operations were from its three hubs at Newark Liberty International Airport, George Bush Intercontinental Airport, and Cleveland Hopkins International Airport. Continental Micronesia, owned by Continental, operated routes around Micronesia from its hub at Antonio B. Won Pat International Airport in Guam, and connected the Micronesian region with destinations in East Asia, Southeast Asia, Honolulu and Cairns, Australia.


title: Wubi (software)

paragraphs: Wubi (Windows-based Ubuntu Installer) is an official, free software program that installs the Ubuntu operating system on computers that have the Windows operating system.

paragraphs: Wubi was born as an independent project and as such versions 7.04 and 7.10 were unofficial releases. Since 8.04 the code has been merged within Ubuntu and since 8.04 alpha 5, Wubi can also be found in the Ubuntu Live CD.

paragraphs: Wubi was made to help Windows users who are do not know Linux very well to try it out easily without losing data or other problems. Wubi can also remove Ubuntu from inside Windows.


title: Chasmosaurus

paragraphs: Chasmosaurus was a rhinoceros-like dinosaur, the order of bird-hipped, herbivorous dinosaurs. It was a member of the suborder Marginocephalia, and the family of large, horned, herding herbivores, the ceratopsians. "Chasmosaurus" was named by paleontologist Lawrence Lambe in 1914.

paragraphs: Chasmosaurus lived 65 to 100 million years ago and was 5 to 6 metres long with a weight of 3.6 tonnes -- about as much as 2 cars.

paragraphs: They lived in western North America from Alaska to Mexico.


title: Xu Xiao-Fei

paragraphs: Xu Xiao-Fei (born 7 March 1982) is a former Chinese football player.


title: Nivaldo Lourenço da Silva

paragraphs: Nivaldo Lourenço da Silva (born 28 September 1975) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Choi Jin-cheul

paragraphs: Choi Jin-Cheul (born 26 March 1971) is a former South Korean football player. He has played for Korea Republic national team.


title: Andrés D'Alessandro

paragraphs: Andrés D'Alessandro (born 15 April 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Internacional.


title: Albin Pelak

paragraphs: Albin Pelak (born 9 April 1981) is a Bosnia and Herzegovina football player. He plays for Olimpik Sarajevo.


title: Milan Rapaić

paragraphs: Milan Rapaić (born 16 August 1973) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Croatia national team.


title: Chumbinho

paragraphs: Chumbinho (born 21 September 1986) is a Brazilian football player.


Naoki Sakai


Atomu Tanaka


title: Toshihiro Matsushita

paragraphs: Toshihiro Matsushita (born 17 October 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokyo.


title: Mississippian

paragraphs: The Mississippian is the first geological epoch in the Carboniferous geological period. It began about 359 million years ago and ended 323.

paragraphs: The names Mississippian and Pennsylvanian are used in North America, because they match the strata there. Geologists from elsewhere mostly use just 'Carboniferous', or they use the official terms for stages, as defined by the International Commission for Stratigraphy.

paragraphs: During the Mississippian the sea level was high, and much of North America was covered by a shallow sea. The strata are mostly layers of marine limestones.


title: Pennsylvanian

paragraphs: The Pennsylvanian is the Upper Carboniferous epoch in the strata of North America. It comes after (above) the Mississippian, and before the Permian. The Pennsylvanian started about 323 million years ago (mya), and ended about 299 mya.

paragraphs: The "coal measures", which give the Carboniferous its name, are the remains of peat formed by dense tropical wetland forests. They were formed in the Pennsylvanian, from about 315–300 million years years ago.

paragraphs: These forests were on the equator, and the wetlands, which are always low-lying, stretched from North America in the west, through what is now Europe to China in the east, because these continents were all together at the time (Laurussia). The river plain which was the heart of the wetland stretched 5000km from eastern Canada to the Ukraine, and was 700km wide. This would make the Pennsylvanian basin larger than any wetlands on Earth today.

paragraphs: The characteristic vertebrates of the coal measures were amphibia, and the plants were mostly giant clubmosses such as "Lepidodendron".

paragraphs: The rainforest system collapsed about halfway through the Pennsylvanian, and was replaced by a cooler, drier climate. The wetland forests ended when the land level was raised by the pressure of the Gondwana continent against Laurussia, causing the zone of contact to be raised. The end of the Coal Measures marks the end of the Carboniferous period. China was too far away to be affected, and there the wetland forests continued for another 50 million years, into the early Permian.

paragraphs: As the climate became drier, egg-laying amniotes (Synapsids and Sauropsids) became more common than amphibia. These are the lines that would lead to reptiles and mammals. These egg-laying land vertebrates probably split from the early amniotes in the Mississippian.


title: Viceroy (butterfly)

paragraphs: The Viceroy ("Limenitis archippus") is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America.

paragraphs: The wings are orange. They have black veins and black wing edges. There is a black band across the hind wing (bottom wing). This band can sometimes be faint or missing if the butterfly lives in the southwestern United States. In Florida, the Viceroy is dark reddish brown instead of orange. The wingspan ranges from 6.6 to 7.6 cm (2.6 to 3 in).

paragraphs: The orange Viceroys mimic the Monarch ("Danaus plexippus"). The reddish brown Viceroys mimic the Queen ("Danaus gilippus") and the Soldier ("Danaus eresimus").

paragraphs: The caterpillar feeds on trees in the willow family Salicaceae, including willows ("Salix"), and poplars and cottonwoods ("Populus"). The caterpillars store the salicylic acid in their bodies, which makes them bitter, and upsets predators' stomachs. As further protection, the caterpillars, as well as their chrysalis stage, resemble bird droppings.

paragraphs: The Viceroy ("Limenitis archippus") is a North American butterfly with a range from the Northwest Territories along the eastern edges of the Cascade Range and Sierra Nevada mountains, southwards into central Mexico.

paragraphs: Its wings have an orange and black pattern, and over most of its range it is a Müllerian mimic with the Monarch butterfly ("Danaus plexippus"). What this means is that they are both bitter tasting, and they both use the same pattern of colours where they live in the same territory. Müllerian mimicry is a shared warning advertisement, in this case of foul taste.

paragraphs: Adults fly in the late morning and early afternoon.

paragraphs: The Viceroy can be found from June to July in northern Canada. It can be found from May to October in southern Canada and the northern United States. It is found all year in southern Florida. In the southwestern United States, it is seen from April to November.

paragraphs: This butterfly is found in a wide range of wet, open places such as water edges, wet meadows, and freshwater marshes.

paragraphs: The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid at the tip of the host plant leaf (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green or pale yellow. It turns gray later. The caterpillar feeds at night. It mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, black, and olive green. There are two greenish bumps on the thorax. There are also two spines near the head. The chrysalis also mimics a bird dropping. It is white, brown, and black. There is a large brownish bump on the abdomen. The caterpillar hibernates in a leaf shelter. It lays one set of eggs in northern Canada, and 2-3 more groups in southern Canada and the United States.


title: Trifolium pratense

paragraphs: Red Clover ("Trifolium pratense") is a species of plant. It is native to Europe, Africa, and Asia. It has been introduced to North America, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. It blooms from spring to early fall. It is found in fields, pastures, and near roadsides. Red Clover likes to grow in thick, dry soil.


title: William H. H. Miller

paragraphs: William Henry Harrison Miller (September 6, 1840–May 25, 1917) was an American lawyer and Attorney General of the United States.

paragraphs: Born in Augusta, New York, Miller from Hamilton College in 1861. He studied law in the office of Chief Justice Morrison Waite, and was admitted to the bar in Peru, Indiana in 1865. Miller practiced in that city for a short time, and was also the county school examiner. For many years, he was an advisor to General Benjamin Harrison. In 1889, President Harrison made Miller Attorney General. He was Attorney General until 1893.

paragraphs: Miller died in 1917 in Indianapolis, Indiana, and is in Crown Hill Cemetery in that city.


title: Bart the General

paragraphs: "Bart the General" is the fifth full length episode of the first season of "The Simpsons", which was first shown on the Fox network on February 4, 1990. In this episode, Bart deals with his troubles with the school bully, Nelson Muntz. Bart chooses to go to war with Nelson using the neighborhood kids as his own army. The episode was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by David Silverman.


title: Moaning Lisa

paragraphs: "Moaning Lisa" is the sixth episode of the first season of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on February 11, 1990. The episode was written by Al Jean and Mike Reiss, and was directed by Wes Archer. Ron Taylor guest stars in the episode as "Bleeding Gums Murphy". In this episode, Lisa deals with depression and she tries to it by playing her saxophone. It got good reviews from television judges.


title: Anthozoa

paragraphs: Anthozoa are a class in the phylum Cnidaria. It includes the sea anemones and the corals. It is a monophyletic clade, one of two in the Cnidaria. The other is the Medusozoa.

paragraphs: The class does not have a medusa larval stage in its development, unlike the rest of the phylum. Like all Cnidaria, their food-catching and defense are done by nematocysts, which are extremely effective stinging cells. Over 6,100 species have been described.


title: Cnida

paragraphs: The cnida is the basic term for the stinging apparatus of the phylum Cnidaria. The whole life-style of the phylum is based on this device, which enables the animals to catch their prey. The cnida appears in several forms: the most usual is the nematocyst.

paragraphs: Cnidae are organelle-like capsules with eversible tubules (they shoot the tubule outwards). They are the diagnostic feature of the phylum. All cnidarians possess cnidae; no loss of the feature is known.

paragraphs: There are three main types of cnidae: nematocysts, ptychocysts, and spirocysts, with many variations. Depending on the species, one or more types may be on the organism.

paragraphs: The cell which produces the cnida is variously called a "cnidocyte", "cnidoblast", or "nematocyte". It is highly specialised for just one function. Each nematocyte cell contains an organelle with a hollow, coiled, thread-like structure. The outside of the cell has a hair-like trigger. When the trigger is touched, the shaft of the cnidocyst fires like a harpoon. It penetrates the prey, and the hollow thread comes with it. This takes no more than a few microseconds. After penetration, the toxic content of the nematocyst is injected into the target. The rapid activity of the injected neurotoxins paralyzes the mobile prey, thus allowing the sessile cnidarian to devour it.

paragraphs: Certain types of sea slugs, such as the nudibranch aeolids, store nematocysts from digested jellyfish at the tips of their cerata (body projections). It is quite common for predators to store useful plastids from their victims.


title: Goldenrod

paragraphs: Goldenrods are any of the about 150 species of weedy herbs that make up the genus Solidago. Handling the goldenrod many times can make some people have allergies. Because of this, some florists change their jobs. Parts of goldenrods are eaten by humans. They are also eaten by many species of Lepidoptera.


title: The Call of the Simpsons

paragraphs: "The Call of the Simpsons" is the seventh episode of the first season of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on February 18, 1990. It was written by John Swartzwelder and directed by Wesley Archer. Albert Brooks made his first guest appearance on "The Simpsons" in this episode as the voice of Cowboy Bob. In this episode, Homer buys an RV and the Simpsons family set off for a vacation in the wild. By mistake driving it off the edge of a cliff, the family is trapped in the woods. As Homer and Bart try to find a way back to home, Homer gets himself covered in mud and is mistakenly taken for Bigfoot by a naturalist. The news about "Bigfoot" spread quickly and Bigfoot hunters start to close in on the woods to capture Homer.


title: Brunswick, New York

paragraphs: Brunswick is a town in Rensselaer County, New York, United States that was first settled in the early 1700s. During its history, it had been part of Albany County, Rensselaerswyck, and Troy, before its in 1807. It is bordered on the west by the city of Troy; on the north by Schaghticoke and Pittstown; on the east by Grafton; and on the south by Poestenkill and North Greenbush. The number of people living there was 11,664 at the 2000 . The story of the town's name is fought: some say it comes from the source of its first people who lived in Germany, Brunswick-Lüneburg, while others say that it honors the "Duke of Brunswick (George I).

paragraphs: The town was in the past agricultural, but began experiencing suburban sprawl in the later decades of the 20th century, which continues today. Historically, most of the developments have happened around the town's two major crowded roads: New York Route 7 and New York Route 2, known locally as Hoosick Road and Brunswick Road. Brunswick became a popular place to settle in upon the completion of the local highway system in the Capital District, mostly the fix of Route 7 into a four-lane highway in the 1980s.

paragraphs: The town has two listings on the National Register of Historic Places, both schoolhouses: Garfield School and the Little Red Schoolhouse. And, it is home to a well-known cemetery, Forest Park Cemetery, right now under the power of the town. It is known by urban legend as being one of the most haunted cemeteries in the United States. A very small part of the historic Oakwood Cemetery, added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, and burial place of Samuel Wilson, a possible namesake of Uncle Sam, remains within the northwestern part of the town.


title: Charles Foster (Ohio politician)

paragraphs: Charles William Foster, Jr. (April 12, 1828 – January 9, 1904) was a U.S. Republican politician from Ohio. Foster was the 35th Governor of Ohio, and later the Secretary of the Treasury under Benjamin Harrison.

paragraphs: Foster was born near Tiffin, Ohio, and was raised in Rome. This town would merge in 1854 with the town of Risdon to become Fostoria in honor of Foster's father. He was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1870, serving from 1871 to 1879. In 1878, he failed getting re-elected, but was elected to the post of Governor of Ohio one year later. He served two two-year terms between 1880 and 1884. In 1890, Foster tried returning to the House, but was unsuccessful. In 1891, Benjamin Harrison made him Secretary of the Treasury due to the death of William Windom. Foster served till 1893 in that position.


title: Jefferson

paragraphs: Jefferson often refers to Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States and the principal author of its Declaration of Independence.


title: Perry Como

paragraphs: Perry Como (May 18, 1912 – May 12, 2001) was an American singer. He was born to Italian parents in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He hosted a television show "The Perry Como Show" in the 1950s and 1960s. Como gave credit to Bing Crosby for his singing style. The Kennedy Center honored Como in 1987.


title: This Is Spinal Tap

paragraphs: This Is Spinal Tap is a 1984 comedy movie. This movie pretends to be a documentary. It pretends to tell the story of a rock band called "Spinal Tap." In the movie, the members of this band are David St. Hubbins, Derek Smalls and Nigel Tufnel. They are played by actors Michael McKean, Harry Shearer, and Christopher Guest.

paragraphs: Rob Reiner directed the movie and also acted in it. He pretended to be Marty DiBergi, director of the documentary.


title: Documentary

paragraphs: A documentary is a creative work of non-fiction. It documents (creates a record of) a true story. A documentary may be a video or audio recording, such as a movie or radio program.

paragraphs: The purpose of a documentary is to tell the story behind the news. News programs tell what has happened, documentaries explain why and how something happened. Compare, for example, the difference between the result of an election (news) with an analysis of how and why that election was won and lost. Or, between the result of a sporting event and a discussion of how and why the result happened.


title: Red-tailed hawk

paragraphs: The red-tailed hawk ("Buteo jamaicensis") is a buzzard. Sometimes it is called a chickenhawk, though it does not normally eat chickens. It is a bird of prey. It breeds throughout most of North America, from western Alaska and northern Canada and as far south as Panama and the West Indies. It weighs from to and its wingspan goes from to .

paragraphs: The red-tailed hawk is a carnivore and eats shrews and mice. They have keen eyesight to see even the smallest mouse scamper across a field. It can swoop down at least 80mph per hour. It will pick up its prey, dig its talons into its body and kill it and eat. It can swoop down so fast that it can pick up its prey in less than 5 seconds.

paragraphs: Because they are so common and easily trained, most hawks got for falconry in the United States are red-tails. Falconers may take only 'passage hawks' (which have left the nest, are on their own, but are less than a year old). This is so not to affect the breeding population. Adults, which may be breeding or rearing chicks, may not be taken for falconry purposes and it is illegal to do so.

paragraphs: Passage red-tailed hawks are also preferred by falconers because these younger birds have not yet developed adult behaviors, which would make training much more difficult.


title: Hurricane Emily (2005)

paragraphs: Hurricane Emily was a very strong hurricane that occurred in the month of July in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Emily is the only known category 5 hurricane in the month of July. Emily also broke the record for the strongest hurricane, just days after Hurricane Dennis had done so. Hurricane Emily was also one of four category 5 hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Emily affected many countries, this includes: the countries in the Windward Islands, Jamaica, Honduras, Cayman Islands, Mexico (twice), and Texas a state in the United States. The hurricane caused about $988 million in damage and killed 15 people. Even though all of this happened, the name "Emily" was not retired, so it was used again in 2011.

paragraphs: On July 10, Tropical Depression Six started. Late the next day the depression became a tropical storm, it got the name "Emily", making it "Tropical Storm Emily". The storm headed west toward the Windward Islands. Tropical Storm Emily slowly and then quickly got stronger. Emily became a hurricane, shortly before striking Grenada on July 14 with winds at 90 mph. After Emily left the island, it got stronger, which caused it to became a category 2, and a category 3 not long later. Over the next day, Hurricane Emily got stronger and weaker. On July 16, Hurricane Emily reached its highest strength, becoming a category 5 for a short moment and getting winds at 160 mph.

paragraphs: After this, Emily weakened just a little, keeping it at a strong category 4. Hurricane Emily made landfall in Cozumel and the Yucatan Peninsula on July 18, while still a category 4. The hurricane weakened a lot over the Yucatan Peninsula, going back into the Gulf of Mexico while barely a category 1. It slowly got stronger as it crossed the Gulf of Mexico. The hurricane did not really get any stronger until it was about half way to its next landfall. Hurricane Emily made its final landfall in Tamaulipas, Mexico as a category 3, on July 20. The hurricane died the next day over Mexico.

paragraphs: Hurricane Emily caused a lot of damage, nearly $1 billion worth, and about 15 people got killed. Most of this happened in Mexico, because it got struck twice by Emily. Damage in Mexico was near $632 million. While just over $178 million in damage happened in Texas.

paragraphs: Even though all of this happened, the name Emily did not get retired in the spring of 2006. So, the name Emily was used again in 2011. Emily is the fourth category 5 hurricane not to get its name retired.


title: John W. Foster

paragraphs: John Watson Foster (March 2, 1836 – November 15, 1917) was an American general, journalist and diplomat.

paragraphs: Born in Pike County, Indiana, and raised in Evansville, he was a lawyer. During the American Civil War, he was a general officer for the Union. The Civil war ended in 1865. Between 1865 and 1869, Foster worked as a journalist for the "Evansville Daily Journal". After that, he was the U.S. Minister to Mexico (1873-1880), Russia (1880-1881) and Spain (1883-1885). He was U.S. Secretary of State under President Benjamin Harrison from 1892-1893. In 1895, he helped the Qing Dynasty in drafting the Treaty of Shimonoseki of 1895. He worked for the Chinese as a legal consultant and commissioner.

paragraphs: His grandchildren included John Foster Dulles, who also became a U.S. Secretary of State, Allen Welsh Dulles, a Director of Central Intelligence, and Eleanor Lansing Dulles, economist and diplomat. He is also the great-grandfather of the Catholic theologian Cardinal Avery Dulles.


title: Sauropelta

paragraphs: Sauropelta was an armoured dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It looked a lot like its more advanced relative "Ankylosaurus", but didn't have the bony nodes at the end of its tail.

paragraphs: Anatomically, "Sauropelta" is one of the best-understood nodosaurids, with fossilized remains recovered in the U.S. states of Wyoming, Montana, and possibly Utah. It is also the earliest known genus of nodosaurid; most of its remains date to about 115 to 110 million years ago.

paragraphs: It was a medium-sized nodosaurid, measuring about 5 meters (16.5 ft) long. "Sauropelta" had a distinctively long tail which made up about half of its body length. Although its body was smaller than a modern black rhinoceros, "Sauropelta" was about the same mass, weighing in at about 1,500 kilograms (3,300 lb). The extra weight was largely due to its extensive armour, including the large spines projecting from its neck.

paragraphs: As in other ankylosaurs, thick triangular scutes projected above and behind the eyes, as well as below and behind the eyes. More typically for nodosaurids, leaf-shaped teeth lined both upper and lower jaws, used for cutting plant material. The front end of the skull is unknown, but there would have been a keratinous beak.


title: Ouranosaurus

paragraphs: Ouranosaurus was a sail-backed, plant-eating, iguanodontid dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period. It was about 24 feet (7 m) long and may have weighed about 4 tons.

paragraphs: Two almost complete "Ouranosaurus" fossils were found in the southern Sahara Desert, in northeast Niger, in 1966. "Spinosaurus", a large, sail-backed meat-eater, was one of its contemporaries in the hot, Cretaceous environment of north Africa. "Ouranosaurus" was named by the French paleontologist Phillippe Taquet in 1976.


title: Sun Jihai

paragraphs: Sun Jihai (born 30 September 1977) is a Chinese football player. He has played for China PR national team.


title: Johan Micoud

paragraphs: Johan Micoud (born 24 July 1973) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.


title: Péguy Luyindula

paragraphs: Péguy Luyindula (born 25 May 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Paris Saint-Germain and France national team.


title: Marlon de Souza Lopes

paragraphs: Marlon de Souza Lopes (born 5 September 1976) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Bruno Quadros

paragraphs: Bruno Everton Quadros (born 3 February 1977) is a Brazilian manager and former defender.


title: Erison Carlos dos Santos Silva

paragraphs: Erison Carlos dos Santos Silva (born 22 May 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Avaí.


title: Miodrag Anđelković

paragraphs: Miodrag Anđelković (born 7 December 1977) is a Serbian football player.


title: Takashi Kiyama

paragraphs: Takashi Kiyama (born 18 February 1972) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Shigeki Tsujimoto

paragraphs: Shigeki Tsujimoto (born 23 June 1979) is a Japanese football player.


title: Michael Rensing

paragraphs: Michael Rensing (born 14 May 1984) is a German football player. He is goalkeeper and plays for 1. FC Köln.


title: Mehmet Scholl

paragraphs: Mehmet Scholl (born 16 October 1970) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.


title: Rudolf Skácel

paragraphs: Rudolf Skácel (born 17 July 1979) is a Czech football player. He plays for Larissas and Czech Republic national team.


title: Martin Jørgensen

paragraphs: Martin Jørgensen (born 6 October 1975) is a Danish football player. He plays for Aarhus and Denmark national team.


title: Fernando Couto

paragraphs: Fernando Couto (born 2 August 1969) is a former Portuguese football player. He has played for Portugal national team.


title: Eurovision Song Contest

paragraphs: The Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.

paragraphs: Famous past winners include ABBA (representing their native Sweden in 1974), Céline Dion (though Canadian, she represented Switzerland) in 1988, Lordi (Finland, 2006), Loreen (Sweden, 2012).

paragraphs: One of Eurovision's most famous moments was in 1990 when Spain's entry suffered a technical fault at the start of the song but it was soon performed without any further problems.

paragraphs: The latest winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is Duncan Laurence of the Netherlands, achieving his country's fifth win of the contest (and first in 44 years) in Tel Aviv, Israel, in 2019, with his song "Arcade".

paragraphs: The country that had to wait the longest from its first participation to achieve a win was Portugal, which won with the song "Amar pelos dois" by Salvador Sobral in Kiev, Ukraine, in 2017.

paragraphs: The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time the contest was cancelled.


title: Malleability

paragraphs: Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility. Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.

paragraphs: Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking. Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.

paragraphs: Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.

paragraphs: Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.


title: Gay

paragraphs: Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex and often that person can be also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.

paragraphs: The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it's used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead.

paragraphs: Most people use "gay" only when talking about gay people's sexuality. Sometimes "gay" is used in an insulting way to mean that something is weak, stupid, or less important. For example, "That is so gay!" is used to say something looks or acts stupid. They may also use the word "queer" in the same way. This inappropriate way of using the word "gay" is also considered offensive.

paragraphs: Sometimes people also use this to mean something is very colorful. This is because of the original meaning of the word. Sometimes even gay people themselves use the word this way.


title: Potsdam

paragraphs: Potsdam is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017.

paragraphs: On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason.

paragraphs: Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.

paragraphs: The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.


title: Bremen

paragraphs: Bremen is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.

paragraphs: About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).

paragraphs: The city's official name today includes the name "Hansestadt" (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the hanseatic league. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.

paragraphs: Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.