title: Hurricane Florence (2006)

paragraphs: Hurricane Florence was the first Atlantic hurricane to produce hurricane force winds on Bermuda since Hurricane Fabian hit the island in September 2003. The seventh tropical storm and second hurricane of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season, Florence developed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on September 3 and followed the track of a Cape Verde-type hurricane. Because of unfavorable conditions, the system failed to organize at first, and as a result the storm grew to an unusually large size. After several days, Florence encountered an area of lesser wind shear and strengthened into a hurricane on September 10. It passed just west of Bermuda while recurving northeastward, and on September 13 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone.

paragraphs: Florence produced wind gusts of up to 115 mph (185 km/h) on Bermuda, which caused several power outages and minor damage. Florence then brought heavy rains across Newfoundland as an extratropical storm, destroying one house and causing minor damage to several others. There were no fatalities as a result of the hurricane.

paragraphs: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 29. It tracked slowly westward, and first showed signs of development two days later. On August 31, a second tropical wave exited the coast of Africa at a faster speed than its predecessor. The two waves interacted, and by September 2 combined to form a large area of disturbed weather across the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Convection increased within the system, and the large system developed a thick area of convection along with an organized low pressure area. By late on September 3, the system maintained a large closed circulation and enough convective organization to be named Tropical Depression Six while located about midway between the Lesser Antilles and Africa.

paragraphs: After becoming a tropical cyclone, the depression had many cloud swirls inside its common center. Banding features increased in satellite pictures, though southwesterly wind shear from an upper-level trough to its northeast and the lack of an organized circulation originally prevented strengthening. Dry air encountered the depression, and as such the depression developed very slowly; forecasters maintained considerable difficulty in determining a center of circulation. It continued its motion to the west-northwest while tracking around the southern periphery of a deep-layer subtropical ridge to its north. Though convection remained focused near the outer periphery of the system, the overall organized continued to steadily increase, and it is estimated the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Florence on September 5 while located about 1120 miles (1800 km) east-northeast of Anguilla.

paragraphs: After reaching tropical storm status, the maximum sustained winds existed for three days between 40 mph (65 km/h) and 50 mph (85 km/h). This is because of the large size of Florence; the wind field reached 460 miles (745 km) wide with a radius of maximum winds of about 110 miles (170 km). By September 6, an orgained form of cloud swirls became visible, with thin rainbands developing in the southeast and northwest quadrants. As a result, hurricane forecasters predicted Florence to quickly develop and reach major hurricane status. Though convection slowly moved closer to the center of the storm, forecasters could not detect an organized center of circulation late on September 13.

paragraphs: On September 7, convection developed over and to the west of the center for the first time in its duration. However, Florence failed to strengthen any further with a wind field more than 1035 miles (1670 km) in diameter. This made it diffficult to forecast the storm, since it tracked through an area of 84° F (29° C) water temperatures, light shear, and a large low-level cyclonic envelop with abundant convection. By early on September 8, the storm became a stretched out, shapeless cloud pattern not normal for a tropical cyclone. Later that day, as an anticyclone developed over Florence, the storm began to consolidate around a vorticity center on the western side of the large cyclonic envelope. It began to strengthen more steadily as the storm turned to the northwest. Early on September 10, an eye began developing inside a ring of round thick convection over the center, and shortly thereafter Florence reached hurricane status while located about 390 miles (630 km) south of Bermuda.

paragraphs: Hurricane Florence turned to the north and north-northeast through a break in the subtropical ridge. Though its eyewall was open on the north side, favorable conditions led forecasters to predict Florence passing near Bermuda as a strong Category 2 hurricane. The inner core of convection became ragged-looking on satellite pictures, and based on reports from Hurricane Hunters it is estimated the hurricane reached peak winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) late on September 10. Subsequent to further erosion of the eyewall, the hurricane weakened, and on September 11 passed about 60 miles (95 km) west of Bermuda with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). The overall cloud pattern became a little bit better organized, and Florence briefly re-strengthened before encountering increased upper-level winds and cooler waters.

paragraphs: Dry air wrapping around the southern half of the cyclone dissipated most of the deep convection by early on September 12. The cloud shield became asymmetrically displaced to the north of the center, and frontal-like features began to form. It continued to lose tropical characteristics, and on September 13 Florence turned into an extratropical cyclone about 485 miles (780 km) south-southwest of Cape Race, Newfoundland. At first, the storm was able to keep hurricane-force winds, as the extratropical remnant passed near Cape Race before turning to the east-northeast, and on September 14 the winds weakened to gale force. The storm executed a broad cyclonic half-loop to the southwest of Iceland over the subsequent days, and after turning to the west the extratropical remnants of Florence were absorbed to the east of Greenland by a developing extratropical cyclone to its south.

paragraphs: The government of Bermuda gave out a hurricane watch for the island on September 8, which was followed by a tropical storm warning on September 9. These were replaced by a hurricane warning on September 10, which were given out at the same time with the storm's strengthening to hurricane status. The government pursaded the potentially impacted citizens to take preparations for the storm, many of whom bought supplies at local hardware stores. Residents installed storm shutters, while boat owners moved their boats to safer locations. An emergency shelter was prepared on the island. Before Florence approached the storm, officials canceled bus and ferry service, and also closed all schools and government offices on the day of impact. The Bermuda International Airport was also closed.

paragraphs: Hurricane Florence produced strong swells and dangerous surf conditions for the northern Lesser Antilles, U.S. Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, and Bermuda. Later in its duration, the tight pressure gradient between Florence and a high-pressure system over southeastern Canada produced strong winds and rough waves along the East Coast of the United States. The hurricane also caused strong swells and rough ocean conditions, including rip currents, in the Bahamas and Atlantic Canada.

paragraphs: Passing a short distance west of Bermuda, Hurricane Florence produced strong winds on the island; sustained winds peaked at 82 mph (132 km/h) on St. David's Island at an elevation of 410 feet (48 m), while gusts reached 115 mph (185 km/h) at the Maritime Operations Centre in St. George's Parish at an elevation of 665 feet (78 m). The winds knocked down trees and power lines, leaving over 25,000 homes and businesses without electricity during the peak of the storm. The powerful winds damaged ten houses, including destroying the roofs of three, and blew out windows across the island. A few people were injured by flying glass, though none required hospital care. Rainfall on the island reached 1.32 inches (34 mm) at the Bermuda International Airport.

paragraphs: A possible tornado reported in Southampton Parish downed trees and caused light property damage. At the Bermuda Zoo and Aquarium, two flamingos died due to falling branches. During the peak of the storm, police officials advised citizens to remain indoors away from harm, though there were several reports of looting throughout the territory.

paragraphs: The storm caused over $200,000 (2006 USD) in damage on the island. Shortly after the storm passed through, BELCO began restoring power, and by six hours after the peak of the storm power had been restored to 7,000 homes and businesses. By the day after the storm, about 3,000 remained without electricity on the island. The passage of the storm damaged the causeway between St. David's Island and Hamilton Parish, temporarily limiting traffic to one lane in each direction.

paragraphs: As an extratropical storm over Newfoundland, Florence produced powerful winds peaking at 101 mph (163 km/h) and moderate amounts of rainfall of up to 2.6 inches (67 mm). Flooding and power outages were reported, although they were isolated. The hurricane caused flight interruptions at St. John's International Airport and also to the Trans Canada ferry between Newfoundland and Cape Breton Island in eastern Nova Scotia Strong winds destroyed a house in the small Newfoundland village of Francois. Residents in Francois agreed to rebuild the wrecked home while the family temporarily resided in a summer home of another family. The winds also caused damage to shingles and sides of homes, while the strong waves damaged roads and boats along the Burin Peninsula.


title: Travagliato

paragraphs: Travagliato is a city in north of Italy. Travagliato is in the province of Brescia, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Travagliato.


title: 2006 Nova Scotia tropical storm

paragraphs: The 2006 unnamed tropical storm was a short-lived tropical cyclone. It was the second tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed as an extratropical cyclone, a type of weather system, to the southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts. It then moved to the northwest over warm water temperatures. It turned into a tropical storm on July 17, when an area of thunderstorms formed near the center of the cyclone. The storm quickly reached peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). It moved into cooler waters and began to lose strength. On July 18, it died out, and what was left of the storm moved across Newfoundland. Because the storm was weak, no damage happened.

paragraphs: A cold front moved off the east coast of the United States late on July 13. While it was over the western Atlantic Ocean, it stopped moving. The front then died out, but it left behind two areas of low pressure. The southern one was about 200 miles (320 km) to the south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The northern weather system was about 290 miles (470 km) to the south-southeast of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The northern one became an extratropical cyclone, a type of weather system, on July 16. It moved to the northwest over warm water temperatures. These temperatures were 80–82º F (27–28º C). A large group of thunderstorm formed near the center of the storm. It turned into a tropical depression on July 17, when it was about 240 miles (390 km) to the southeast of Nantucket, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: The storm moved to the northwest northeastward, and it moved into an area that was good for strengthening. It quickly became a tropical storm. It continued to gain strength. Late on July 17, the storm reached its peak winds of 50 mph (85 km/h). At this time, it was about 245 miles (395 km) to the south of Halifax, Nova Scotia. The storm then moved into much cooler water temperatures, after it left the Gulf Stream. It quickly weakened as the convection quickly diminished, and it died out on July 18. What was left of the storm moved over Newfoundland before turning to the east-northeast.

paragraphs: The storm was said to be a gale storm when it was active. However, several months later, it was found that the storm did become a tropical cyclone. There were several reasons for this change.

paragraphs: When the storm came near Canada, a buoy recorded winds of 36 mph (56 km/h). It also recorded a wind gust of 44 mph (70 km/h). The storm lost a large amount of strength before it moved over Newfoundland. Because of this, there was no damage. The Atlantic Storm Prediction Centre sent out gale warnings for the storm.

paragraphs: Every year, the National Hurricane Center checks to make sure they did not miss any storms during the past tropical storm season. They found this storm on December 15, 2006, when they were studying the 2006 season. If the storm was found when it was active, it would have been called "Tropical Storm Beryl". It is guessed that the storm became a tropical cyclone at 39.1º N. This was the farthest north that any Atlantic storm in July became a tropical cyclone. This broke the past record that was set by Tropical Storm Arthur in 2002.


title: Nantucket, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Nantucket is an island 30 miles (48.3 km) south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts, in the United States.


title: Cape Hatteras

paragraphs: Cape Hatteras is a cape on the coast of North Carolina. It is the point that protrudes the farthest to the southeast along the northeast-to-southwest line of the Atlantic coast of North America, making it a key point for navigation along the eastern seaboard. So many ships have been lost around it that the area is known as the "Graveyard of the Atlantic". The nearby shoals are known as Diamond Shoals.

paragraphs: The Cape Hatteras Lighthouse is a well known feature on Cape Hatteras. It was built in 1870 and it is the tallest brick lighthouse in the United States.


title: Tropical Storm Alberto (1988)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Alberto (also known as Hurricane Alberto) became a tropical storm farther north than any other Atlantic tropical cyclone. It was the first tropical storm of the 1988 Atlantic hurricane season. It started from a region of low pressure off of the coast of South Carolina on August 5.

paragraphs: It quickly moved northeast. It became a tropical storm on August 7. It was about 60 miles (95 km) east of the Massachusetts island of Nantucket.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Alberto continued to move quickly, and struck the western area of Nova Scotia late on August 7. It lost its status as a tropical storm the next day when it reached north of Newfoundland. Alberto produced light rain and wind across its path. No damage came from it.


title: Tropical Storm Beryl (2006)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Beryl was the third tropical storm of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Developing from a tropical disturbance on July 18, it tracked generally northward, and strengthened to attain peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) under generally favorable conditions. After turning to the northeast, Beryl weakened over cooler waters. On July 21 it struck the island of Nantucket, and shortly thereafter it became extratropical. The extratropical remnants continued northeastward through Nova Scotia, and on July 22 it merged with an approaching cold front.

paragraphs: Beryl produced rough seas along the northeast United States coastline. In Massachusetts, its impact was limited to light rainfall and gusty winds, with no reported damage. Beryl later produced moderate rainfall and gusty winds across Atlantic Canada, resulting in some localized power outages though little damage. No deaths were reported.

paragraphs: A cold front moved off the East Coast of the United States on July 16 and stalled off the coast of North Carolina. It slowly decayed into a surface low pressure trough, and developed into two disturbances; one was centered 290 miles (490 km) south-southeast of Cape Cod and another was located 200 miles (320 km) south of Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. The first low quickly organized into an unnamed tropical storm, and the other area stayed broad and disorganized. However, by July 18, the system became much better organized with improved banding features, and the area developed into Tropical Depression Two while located 220 miles (355 km) south-southeast of Cape Hatteras.

paragraphs: The depression moved slowly to the north-northwest through a break in the subtropical ridge, and as convective banding features became more visible the system strengthened into Tropical Storm Beryl. Throughout much of its duration, the storm tracked through an environment with light vertical wind shear and well-established upper-level outflow. Shortly after becoming a tropical storm, the low-level circulation of Beryl became exposed with limited deep convection, though deep convection re-developed the following morning. Outflow continued to improve, and with warm sea surface temperatures Beryl slowly strengthened further to reach peak winds of 60 mph (95 km/h) early on July 20 while located about 120 miles (190 km) east of Nags Head, North Carolina.

paragraphs: Beryl maintained peak winds for about 18 hours as it paralleled the Mid-Atlantic and New Jersey coasts, during which an eye-like feature developed in the center of the convection. Late on July 20, it began a slow weakening trend after passing over cooler waters. Steering winds ahead of an approaching mid-level trough caused Beryl to speed up northeastward, and early on July 21 the center of the storm crossed the island of Nantucket. The convection diminished as it moved through progressively colder waters, and shortly after 1200 UTC on July 21 Beryl became an extratropical cyclone a short distance east of Cape Cod. Hours later, it made landfall in southwestern Nova Scotia, and on July 22 the extratropical remnants of Beryl merged with an approaching cold front over Newfoundland.

paragraphs: Forecasters originally predicted Beryl to brush the Carolinas; as such, a tropical storm watch was issued for the eastern coast of North Carolina from Cape Lookout northward to Currituck Beach Lighthouse. When a more northeastward track became apparent, a tropical storm watch was issued about 33 hours before moving ashore from Woods Hole to Plymouth, Massachusetts, including Cape Cod, Nantucket, and Martha's Vineyard. About 22 hours before landfall, the National Hurricane Center replaced the watch with a tropical storm warning for the same area, and also issued a tropical storm watch from Woods Hole, Massachusetts westward to New Haven, Connecticut and for the eastern portion of Long Island from east of Fire Island to Port Jefferson. Expecting for the storm, the Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency was activated as a trial run for the hurricane season. Local Red Cross chapters were opened, as well, with two volunteer teams placed on standby to assist. Across southeastern Massachusetts, police departments maintained extra staff in preparation for any potential problems from the storm. Many fishermen secured their boats, while some business owners boarded up windows to prevent storm damage.

paragraphs: Several days prior to the passage of Beryl through Atlantic Canada, the Canadian Hurricane Centre issued gale warnings for the coastal waters off of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. In anticipation of heavy rainfall, the agency also issued heavy rainfall warnings for western Nova Scotia, including Halifax.

paragraphs: The storm caused high waves along the East Coast of the United States, with 19 foot seas (5.97 m) in the open ocean. Waves along the southern coast of Nantucket reached 10 feet in height as the storm approached the island, resulting in four people being rescued by lifeguards from rip currents.

paragraphs: High surf was also reported along the southern coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. Beryl also produced a storm surge of 0.9 feet on Nantucket. Winds across southeastern Massachusetts were fairly light, with no sustained tropical storm force winds and wind gusts peaking at 44 mph; unofficially gusts reached 51 mph.

paragraphs: Beryl dropped moderate precipitation just offshore, though the maximum precipitation total in the United States was only 0.97 inches (24.6 mm) on Nantucket. Rainfall along southeastern Massachusetts reached 0.33 inches at Chatham. The only reported damage were some downed telephone poles and fallen tree branches. Overall impact was minor; there were no reported power outages, deaths, injuries, or maritime emergencies in association with the storm.

paragraphs: The remnants of Beryl dropped moderate precipitation in Atlantic Canada, officially peaking at 2.8 inches (71 mm) in Scotts Bay, Nova Scotia with an unofficially higher total of 3.5 inches (88 mm); in some locations 1 inch of rain fell in an hour. Additionally, a station in Fredericton, New Brunswick reported 1.77 inches (45 mm) in 2 hours. The rainfall caused some flooding, with some overflown streams flooding some streets. Moderate winds were reported along its path, which peaked at 60 mph (96 km/h) in southern Nova Scotia. The winds downed some tree limbs and led to some power outages. Overall damage was minor.


title: 1991 Halloween Nor'easter

paragraphs: The 1991 Halloween Nor’easter, also known as the Perfect Storm, was an atypical nor’easter which was extratropical, absorbed one hurricane, and ultimately evolved into a small hurricane late in its life cycle. The unnamed hurricane of 1991 was the last tropical cyclone of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season, and its 4 hurricane. By November 2, Atlantic Canada experienced the effects of a landfalling tropical storm. Damage totaled $208 million (1991 USD) and deaths climbed to 12 people. Most of the damage occurred while the storm was extratropical. The hurricane was the second costliest storm of the season, behind only Hurricane Bob.


title: Nor'easter

paragraphs: A nor'easter (also northeaster) is a big storm along the East Coast of the United States. A Nor'easter is called that because the winds in a Nor'easter come from the northeast, especially in the coastal areas of the Northeastern United States and Atlantic Canada. More specifically, it is a low pressure area whose center of rotation is just off the East Coast and whose leading winds in the left forward quadrant rotate onto land from the northeast. The precipitation pattern is similar to other extratropical storms. Nor'easters also can cause coastal flooding, coastal erosion, hurricane force winds, and heavy snow.

paragraphs: Nor'easters are associated with warm fronts, cold fronts, or occluded fronts.

paragraphs: Nor'easters can occur at any time of the year but are mostly known for their presence in the winter.

paragraphs: Nor'easters can be devastating and damaging, especially in the winter months, when most damage and deaths are from the cold. Nor'easters bring very cold air down from the Arctic. Nor'easters thrive on the converging air masses; that is, the polar cold air mass and the warmer ocean water of the Gulf Stream. Nor'easters will usually develop between 30° N. and 35° N.


title: East Coast of the United States

paragraphs: The East Coast of the United States, is a part of the United States. It is also called the "Eastern Seaboard" or "Atlantic Seaboard". The East Coast refers, or talks about, the farthest east states of the US. These states touch the Atlantic Ocean all the way up to Canada. Sometimes people use it to mean only the Northeastern United States. Other times they mean the thirteen original states plus Maine, Washington, D.C. and Florida. The southern half of this region is in the Southern United States or Southeastern United States.


title: Nags Head, North Carolina

paragraphs: Nags Head is a town in Dare County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 2,700 at the 2000 census.


title: Cape Lookout (North Carolina)

paragraphs: Cape Lookout stands at 34°36'19"N, 76°32'10"W, and is part of Carteret County, 11 miles southeast of Beaufort, NC.


title: New Haven, Connecticut

paragraphs: New Haven is the second largest city in Connecticut, after Bridgeport, with a population of 129,779 at the 2010 United States Census. "New Haven" may also refer to the wider Greater New Haven area, which has nearly 600,000 inhabitants in the immediate area. It is in New Haven County, on New Haven Harbor, on the northern shore of Long Island Sound.

paragraphs: The trial for the mutiny of the slave ship "Amistad" took place in New Haven.


title: Martha's Vineyard

paragraphs: Martha's Vineyard (and the smaller Chappaquiddick Island nearby) is an island off the southern coast of Cape Cod, both forming a part of the Outer Lands region. It is often called just "the Vineyard". With a land area of 87.48 square miles (231.75 km²), Martha's Vineyard is the 57th largest island in the United States. It is located in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, in Dukes County, which also includes Cuttyhunk and the other Elizabeth Islands, as well as the island of Nomans Land.


title: Woods Hole, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Woods Hole is a census-designated place and village within the town of Falmouth in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, at the extreme southwest corner of Cape Cod, near Martha's Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands.


title: Carcinogen

paragraphs: Carcinogens are substances that cause cancer. Sometimes radiation or radionuclide are also considered carcinogens. A common example of a carcinogen is tobacco smoke. Carcinogens come from both natural and man-made substances.

paragraphs: Several radioactive substances are considered carcinogens. The carcinogens in them are caused by the radiation they release, such as gamma rays or alpha particles.

paragraphs: CERCLA says that all radionuclides are carcinogens. How much of a carcinogen a radiation is depends on the type of radiation, the type of exposure to it and its penetration. For example, alpha radiation has low penetration and is not a danger outside the body. Alpha radiation is a carcinogen when breathed in or eaten.

paragraphs: Thorotrast, previously used in x-rays, is a human carcinogen. Marie Curie, one of the pioneers of radioactivity, died of a cancer that was caused by the radiation she was exposed to during her experiments.

paragraphs: Not all types of electromagnetic radiation are carcinogenic. Radio waves, microwave radiation, infrared radiation, and visible light are examples of this. Higher-energy radiation, including ultraviolet radiation, usually "is" carcinogenic, if a person is exposed to it long enough.

paragraphs: Recent research has shown that when food is cooked at high temperatures, carcinogens may be formed in very small amounts. Pre-cooking meats in a microwave oven for 2-3 minutes before broiling shortens the time on the hot pan. This could help stop the carcinogens from being made. Certain kinds of foods, like potato chips and French fries, may have higher levels of carcinogens than others. The charred residue on barbecued meats is a carcinogen, too.

paragraphs: This does not mean eating cooked foods is dangerous. The gastrointestinal tract sheds its outer layer continuously to protect itself from carcinomas. Because of this, it has a good chance of shedding bad enzymes that could cause cancer.


title: Port Jefferson, New York

paragraphs: The Incorporated Village of Port Jefferson is in the town of Brookhaven in Suffolk County, New York. It is on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2000 census, the 7,837 people lived there. The small town is home to several unique restaurants and shops, and has a growing tourism industry.


title: Currituck Beach Lighthouse

paragraphs: The Currituck Beach Light is a lighthouse in Corolla, North Carolina, on the Outer Banks.


title: Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II

paragraphs: The A-10 Thunderbolt II (also called the Warthog) is an attack aircraft made by Fairchild Republic. It first flew in 1972 and was introduced in 1977. It is designed to drop bombs, fire rockets, missiles, and its 30 mm Gatling Gun at enemies on the ground (like tanks). It is named after the World War II P-47 Thunderbolt. It is not as fast as most military jets, but it is tough, heavily armored, and can turn well. The A-10 is also used as a CAS (close air support) aircraft, which involves flying slowly over a target area and destroying any targets in that area.

paragraphs: The A-10 is 53 feet, 4 inches (16.16 meters) long, 14 feet, 8 inches (4.42 meters) high, has a wingspan of 57 feet, 6 inches (17.42 meters), can go 420 miles per hour, and can weigh 51,000 pounds (22,950 kilograms) at heaviest. It is armed with a 30 mm GAU-8 Gatling gun, and can have a few tons of bombs or missiles. It can also carry radar-jamming pods so it cannot be seen on radar, and chaff, which can confuse missiles fired at the A-10.

paragraphs: While the A-10 has a lot of room on its wings to carry bombs and missiles, its main weapon is the gun, called the GAU-8 Avenger. It is a very long and heavy gun called a Gatling cannon, since it is a both an autocannon (fires large bullets very fast) and Gatling gun (has more than one barrel, which spin while being shot) The Avenger is so big that the A-10 had to be built around it, which created the joke that the A-10 does not have a gun attached like other warplanes, but it is the Avenger that has a plane attached. The A-10 is the only airplane to use the Avenger, other American planes instead use the smaller Vulcan, which is also a Gatling cannon but with a smaller bullet.

paragraphs: Because the Avenger fires such big bullets (artillery shells 3 cm wide, which also explode) at such a high rate of fire (up to 40 every second) many believe it can destroy any target very easily, even tanks with thick armour such as the M1 Abrams. This is wrong. The bullet can go through thin metal on a car or truck, but it cannot against the thick metal covering a tank. It can only destroy them because most tanks only have thin metal on their top to make them lighter. If an A-10 manages to shoot there, then it is bad for the tank, but if it shoots the front or side where the metal is thicker, then the tank will not be damaged.


title: Fire Island, New York

paragraphs: Fire Island is a barrier island, approximately 31 miles (49.5 km) long and varying between approximately 0.1 mile (0.16 km) to 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide, in Suffolk County on the southern side of Long Island in the U.S. state of New York, running approximately WSW to ENE. The land area is 48 km² (18.7 sq mi) and a permanent population of 310 persons was reported as of the 2000 census. (There are many thousands of seasonal residents.)


title: Plymouth, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Plymouth (historically known as Plimouth and Plimoth) is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest municipality in Massachusetts by area. The population was 51,701 at the 2000 census, with its estimated 2007 population being 57,901. Plymouth is one of two county seats of Plymouth County, the other being Brockton. It is named after Plymouth, Devon, United Kingdom, which is, in turn, named for the mouth of the river Plym. Plymouth was first settled by the Pilgrims in 1620. The first Thanksgiving was held there. It was the capitol of Plymouth Colony from 1620 until 1691, when it became part of Massachusetts. Plymouth was an important port in the 18th and 19th centuries.


title: Buix

paragraphs: Buix is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Buix, Courtemaîche and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.


title: Bure, Switzerland

paragraphs: Bure is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Charmoille, Switzerland

paragraphs: Charmoille was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Chevenez

paragraphs: Chevenez is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Chevenez, Damvant, Réclère and Roche-d'Or merged into the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie.


title: Coeuve

paragraphs: Coeuve is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Cornol

paragraphs: Cornol is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Courchavon

paragraphs: Courchavon is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Courchavon is also famous for its Swiss chocolate.


title: Courgenay

paragraphs: Courgenay is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: 2001: A Space Odyssey (movie)

paragraphs: 2001: A Space Odyssey is a 1968 science fiction movie. It was directed by Stanley Kubrick. It was written by Kubrick and Arthur C. Clarke. The movie deals with human evolution, technology, artificial intelligence, and extraterrestrial life. The science aspects in the movie seem very real. It had new special effects. It used images and sound to show meaning and did not use much talking. The music at the beginning is the start of a symphonic poem by Richard Strauss called "Also Sprach Zarathustra".

paragraphs: It received some good and some bad reviews when it was released. Now "2001: A Space Odyssey" is recognized by critics as one of the greatest movies ever made; a sample of critics in 2002 placed it among the top ten movies of all time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, and it was given an award for visual effects. In 1991, it was thought to be "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" (i.e. important for culture, history and aesthetics) by the United States Library of Congress and was chosen to be kept in their National Film Registry.


title: Xenogears

paragraphs: Xenogears is a 1999 roleplaying video game created by Squaresoft. The main character is named Fei and he does not like gears or fighting. The final boss that you must kill is god.


title: Metal Gear

paragraphs: Metal Gear is an action-adventure stealth video game franchise made by Konami.

paragraphs: The main character for the series is Solid Snake. He is a soldier who does sneaking (hiding) missions by himself, much like James Bond. He is a clone of a famous soldier named Big Boss. The games have a large amount of story about these two men and the things that happen to them. Many players say the games are like watching a James Bond movie or reading a book about spies.

paragraphs: The series is named after a type of robotic tanks for each games, whom Snake destroys each of them.

paragraphs: The latest game, Metal Gear Survive, was made for Playstation 4, Xbox One and PC.


title: Deus Ex

paragraphs: Deus Ex is a video game available on the personal computer. It is a first person shooter. The game is about a conspiracy in the future that involves the Illuminati and artificial intelligence.

paragraphs: The player plays as J.C. Denton, a cyborg who has to deal with problems like robots, men, and bombs. Denton has a brother and many employers. He has skills in the game that increase when goals are completed. For instance, if he needs to sneak up on men in the Army, the player might use a ventilation shaft and gain extra points, which can then be used like money to buy better aim with a pistol.

paragraphs: "Deus Ex" came out in 2000. It tried to say things about philosophy, knowledge, terrorism, and other things, much like "The Matrix". It is widely regarded as one of the best computer games and video games of all time.


title: Ulysses (novel)

paragraphs: Ulysses is a novel by James Joyce. The complete book was first published in 1922, although parts of it had appeared earlier. It was an early example of "stream of consciousness" writing. This attempts to give the written equivalent of the character's thought processes, either in a loose interior monologue (see below), or in connection to his or her actions. Stream-of-consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue.

paragraphs: The story takes place on 16 June 1904, and is about a man named Leopold Bloom, who walks around Dublin. The book also tells the story of Molly Bloom, his wife, and of Stephen Dedalus, a school teacher.

paragraphs: The book became famous for several reasons, but mainly because it is written in a new this style. The book is now thought to be important modernist literature. Many professors and teachers teach this book in universities and colleges.

paragraphs: Joyce first encountered Odysseus in Charles Lamb's "Adventures of Ulysses" - an adaptation of the "Odyssey" for children. This seemed to establish the Greek name in Joyce's mind. At school he wrote an essay on Ulysses as his 'favourite hero'. Joyce told Frank Budgen that he considered Ulysses the only all-round character in literature. He thought about calling "Dubliners" by the name "Ulysses in Dublin", but the idea grew from a story in "Dubliners" in 1906, to a 'short book' in 1907, to the vast novel which he began writing in 1914.


title: Gunpei Yokoi

paragraphs: , also romanized as Gumpei Yokoi, was a video game designer for Nintendo. He created the Game Boy and the produced the "Metroid" series of video games. He was also the mentor to Shigeru Miyamoto. Yokoi's last invention, the Virtual Boy, was not a success. He left Nintendo and started a company called Koto Laboratory. His main product idea at this company was the WonderSwan, which came out in 1999, two years after he died.


title: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man

paragraphs: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is a novel written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was first printed as a book in 1916. It tells the story of Stephen Dedalus, a young man who is trying to be a writer in Dublin. The story begins from his childhood and ends with him deciding to go to Paris and leave Dublin, his hometown, to become a writer.

paragraphs: The book is written in a new style of writing called stream of consciousness. Therefore, the beginning of the book is very simple while the later parts become less simple. It shows how, when a person grows up, the language he or she uses becomes more and more complex.


title: Finnegans Wake

paragraphs: Finnegans Wake is the last book written by the Irish writer James Joyce. It was published in 1939.

paragraphs: He started to work on this book in 1924 and published parts of it under the titles "A New Unnamed Work" and "Work in Progress". He did not complete until seventeen years later, in 1939. During this time he faced many hardships, such as having no money, eye problems and family problems.

paragraphs: "Finnegans Wake" is a very hard book to read, even for people who read a lot of literature, because Joyce uses several languages and creates new words that come from combinations of old and new English and other languages as well.

paragraphs: It can be understood as the story of Humphrey Chimpden Earwicker and his family. But it is an experiment more than a story.


title: Freerunning sleep

paragraphs: Freerunning sleep can be sleep which is not adjusted, "entrained", to the 24-hour cycle in nature. Sleep which is entrained to 24 hours but is not artificially regulated by alarm clocks etc. can also be called freerunning sleep.

paragraphs: Animals which are kept in a laboratory for research in "constant conditions", that is in constant light or constant dark, will "freerun". They live by their built-in circadian rhythms. Each day will be a little bit shorter or a little bit longer than 24 hours. It will be shorter if the animal's natural cycle is less than 24 hours long. The animals sleep and are active as usual, but their timing gets to be farther and farther off.

paragraphs: Scientists let the animals freerun and then do experiments to see what sort of signals are most effective at entraining them. They also experiment to see how long or short a cycle that animal can be entrained to. Some animals can be entrained to a 22-hour day, but they can not be entrained to a 20-hour day.

paragraphs: Light is the most effective signal. Some animals are quite easily entrained by the timing of meals. Exercise is a signal for some animals. Heat is not effective.

paragraphs: Sometimes people stay in a laboratory for a few days in very low light without any knowledge of the time. Such experiments show that adults, both older and younger, have a circadian cycle which is 24 hours and 11 minutes, on average.

paragraphs: Some people have a condition, a circadian rhythm sleep disorder, which makes them freerun all the time, even if they get out into daylight and eat regular meals. Many of these people are blind, but some of them can see. They have a long circadian cycle and they do not entrain. Scientists do not yet know why.

paragraphs: Some people believe they will be more healthy if they do not sleep on a regular schedule. They try to go to bed only when they are sleepy. They do not use alarm clocks. They call this freerunning, but since they are exposed to daylight and dark, it's not the same as freerunning as the scientists use the term.


title: Frederico Mompou

paragraphs: Federico (Frederic) Mompou (born Barcelona, 16 April 1893; died Barcelona 30 June, 1987) was a Spanish (Catalan) composer. He is best known for his short works for solo piano and his songs.

paragraphs: Mompou was born in Barcelona (Spain), and studied piano there at the Conservatorio del Liceo. In 1911 he went to Paris. He was studying to be a concert pianist, but he was very shy, and decided to become a composer.

paragraphs: Although he left Paris and returned to Barcelona when World War I broke out in 1914, he went to Paris again in 1921 and stayed there until 1941 when, once again he went back to Catalonia, because the German army were invading Paris in World War II. He continued to lecture about his music until he had a stroke. He died at the age of 94.

paragraphs: Mompou is best known as a miniaturist (someone who composes short pieces). His music often sounds as if is being improvised. When he wrote his "Scènes d'enfants" (1915-18) a French music critic, Émile Vuillermoz, said he would be the next great composer after Debussy. Although he did not become as famous as Debussy, his musical style shows the influence of French Impressionism and of Erik Satie. He liked using short, repeated note-patterns (ostinati), imitations of bells, and a kind of thoughtful, religious sound which is heard in his piece called "John of the Cross." His music often uses the rhythms and modes of Catalan folkmusic.


title: Right triangle

paragraphs: A right triangle, (also called a right-angled triangle), has one angle that is 90 degrees. The other two angles always add up to 90 degrees but can be different sizes.

paragraphs: The side opposite to the right angle is the hypotenuse; it is the longest side in the right triangle. The other two sides are the legs or catheti (singular: cathetus) of the triangle.

paragraphs: Missing sides or angles of a right triangle can be found using trigonometry, the Pythagorean theorem, and many other ways.

paragraphs: In any triangle all the angles add up to 180 degrees.


title: VIS Interactive

paragraphs: VIS Interactive is a video game company by WB Interactive. They are based in Dunfermline, Scotland.


title: Stream of consciousness writing

paragraphs: Stream of consciousness is a term used in literary criticism for a literary technique that reports the thought processes of a person.

paragraphs: If it is done in context with the surrounding world it is called interior or internal monologue. That means it is unspoken, and in some cases coould not be spoken. For example, in Mikhail Bulgakov's "Heart of a Dog" (1925) the first chapter is entirely based on the dog's unspoken thoughts on the world about him.

paragraphs: Stream-of-consciousness writing is typical for the modernist movement. The term was coined by William James in 1890 in his "Principles of Psychology". The use of the term in literature is attributed to May Sinclair.

paragraphs: Several famous works that employ stream of consciousness are:


title: Courtedoux

paragraphs: Courtedoux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy of the Canton of Jura, Switzerland.


title: Courtemaîche

paragraphs: Courtemaîche is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Courtemaîche, Buix and Montignez merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.


title: Damphreux

paragraphs: Damphreux is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Damvant

paragraphs: Damvant is a former municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Fahy

paragraphs: Fahy is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Benazir Bhutto

paragraphs: Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 - 27 December 2007) was a Pakistani politician.

paragraphs: Bhutto was the elder daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and Nusrat Bhutto (née Ispahani).

paragraphs: Bhutto was the first woman elected to lead a Muslim state. She was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan two times. She was sworn in for the first time in 1988 but removed from office 20 months later under orders of then-president Ghulam Ishaq Khan on a belief that she was corrupt. In 1993 Bhutto was re-elected but was again removed in 1996 on similar charges, this time by President Farooq Leghari.

paragraphs: On December 27, 2007, Benazir Bhutto was killed while getting into a vehicle to leave a political meeting for the Pakistan Peoples Party in Rawalpindi, Pakistan. An assassin shot her in the neck and chest before detonating an explosive vest. This killed about 30 people and wounded many others. She is called Shaheed-e-Jamhuriat (Martyr of Democracy) by her fans.


title: Sitar

paragraphs: The sitar ( or ; , Punjabi: ਸਿਤਾਰ, Urdu: ) is a plucked string instrument. It uses sympathetic strings along with a long hollow neck and a gourd resonating chamber to make a rich sound with complex harmonic resonance. It is used throughout India.


title: Oud

paragraphs: The oud is a pear-shaped, stringed instrument. It is similar to a modern western lute. It does not have frets. It is commonly used in Middle Eastern music and East African music.


title: Pickup (music)

paragraphs: A pickup is a device that captures mechanical vibrations (usually from stringed instruments like the electric guitar, electric

paragraphs: bass guitar or electric violin) and converts them to an electrical signal which can be amplified and recorded.

paragraphs: There are two main types of pickups. While piezo pickups are more common on acoustic guitars, and magnetic on electric ones, some guitars have both kinds.

paragraphs: Piezo pickups contain a crystal that produces an electrical signal when physically vibrated.

paragraphs: Magnetic pickups contain magnets with wire wrapped around them. When a metal string vibrates near the magnet an electrical signal is produced in the wire.


Pickup


title: Vihuela

paragraphs: Vihuela is a name given to two different guitar-like string instruments: one from 16th century Spain, usually with 12 paired strings, and the other, the Mexican vihuela, from 20th century Mexico with five strings and typically played in Mariachi bands.


title: Mischa Barton

paragraphs: Mischa Anne Marsden Barton (born 24 January, 1986) is an award-winning Anglo-American actress. She was born in Hammersmith, west London. She moved to New York City when she was six. She has British and American citizenship. She is best known for her role as Marissa Cooper in the American television series "The O.C."

paragraphs: According to TMZ she was arrested for DUI on December 27, 2007.


title: Range (music)

paragraphs: The range of a musical instrument is the distance from the lowest to the highest pitch it can play. For a singing voice, this is known as "vocal range".


title: Antonio Torres

paragraphs: Antonio De Torres Jurado (13 June 1817 – 19 November 1892) was a Spanish guitarist and guitar maker.

paragraphs: Torres Jurado is often respected among guitarists the same way Antonio Stradivari is respected among violinists. His work established the shape, design, and construction of the modern classical guitar.


title: George Beauchamp

paragraphs: George D. Beauchamp (1899 - 1941) was an inventor of musical instruments and co-founder of National Stringed Instrument Corporation and Rickenbacker.

paragraphs: Born in Texas, he played the violin and the lap steel guitar in Vaudeville before going into the business of then manufacturing of electric lap steel guitars, electric guitars, electric bass guitars, electric violins and combo instrument amplifiers. He is well known for his creation of the Frying pan electric guitar. He died in Los Angeles, California while deep-sea fishing.


title: Danelectro

paragraphs: Danelectro is a manufacturer of musical instruments and accessories, specializing in guitars, bass guitars, amplifiers and effects units. Danelectro was founded by Nathan Daniel in 1947. Jimi Hendrix is among the many well-known guitarists to have used Danelectro.


title: Book of Numbers

paragraphs: The book of Numbers in the Bible is the fourth book in the Old Testament. It is called a book of Moses because it contains the story of Moses and the Israelites when they wander throughout the wilderness before ending up at Israel (also known as Canaan or Palestine), where God promised they will settle (the promised land).

paragraphs: The book is called Numbers because at the start God ordered a counting of the people (a census) in the twelve tribes of Israel. After counting all the men who are over twenty and fit to fight, the Israelites began to travel in well-ordered divisions, with God in the middle of the Ark of the Covenant.

paragraphs: In Hebrew, the book is called Bmidbar (בַּמִּדְבָּר), which means 'in a desert.' This is because Moses and his friends wandered in a desert for 40 years. When the people found that Israel was filled with strong and powerful people of other races, they became scared and rebelled against God and Moses. Therefore, God punished them by making the Israelites travel forty years before they could settle in Israel, the promised land.

paragraphs: Moses and his friends are escaping Egypt. They travel through Sinai. Some people complain, insult God, insult Moses. God punishes them. They send 12 spies to see what the promised land, Israel is like. Two came back saying it is nice. Ten came back saying it is not nice and filled with "giants". So the Israelites do not go. God becomes angry and punishes them. They have to wander the desert for 40 years.

paragraphs: Some people complain about God, and God punishes them (e.g. by giving one leprosy, a nasty disease). The Levites help Moses make a prayer at the tabernacle.

paragraphs: Moses and the gang set for Moab, on the eastern border of Canaan (the promised land). The Israelites become thirsty and blame Moses for lack of water. God tells Moses to talk to a rock to bring out water. Moses hits the rock with his staff instead. For this wrong act, God tells Moses he can never enter the promised land. God punishes the people by preventing them from entering the promised land. They try to find another way. Aaron dies. The Israelites curse at God. They are then attacked by nasty fiery flying serpents. God tells Moses to make a brass serpent (the Nehushtan) and put it on a pole. Whoever looks at that brass serpent is cured of the bite of the serpents.

paragraphs: The Israelites arrive at Moab. Moses names Joshua the new leader. The land is divided between various tribes.


title: Allegra Versace

paragraphs: Allegra Versace (born in Milan on 30 June 1986) is the daughter of designer Donatella Versace and ex-fashion model Paul Beck.

paragraphs: Allegra, a 50% owner of the Versace fashion design business, is a sufferer from anorexia nervosa.


title: Rickenbacker

paragraphs: Rickenbacker International Corporation, also known as Rickenbacker () ), is an American company that makes electric guitars. The company invented the first electric guitar during the 1930s. The guitars are made at its headquarters in Santa Ana, California. Rickenbacker is the largest guitar company to make all of their guitars within the United States.


title: Donatella Versace

paragraphs: Donatella Versace (born 2 May 1955) is an Italian fashion designer and a current part-owner of the Versace fashion line. She is now their chief designer.

paragraphs: She was born in Reggio Calabria. She owns 20 percent of the entire stock market assets of Versace. Her brother, Santo Versace, owns 30 percent. Donatella's daughter Allegra Versace inherited 50% of the company stock. They inherited the company from Donatella's brother Gianni Versace after he was murdered.

paragraphs: A year and three days after Gianni's death in July 1998, Donatella Versace mounted her first couture show for the Versace Atelier at the Hôtel Ritz Paris. She built her runway over the hotel's swimming pool, using sheer glass. She now oversees the production of a dozen collections each year. Donatella is just as famous for her celebrity entourage and glittering parties. Regular guests include Sir Elton John, Elizabeth Hurley, Rakeem Young, Catherine Zeta-Jones and Kate Moss. Even Prince Charles attends Donatella's parties for the famous and elite in Europe.

paragraphs: Lady Gaga wrote the song "Donatella" from her 2013 album "Artpop" for Versace.


title: Ministry of Justice of Germany

paragraphs: The Federal Ministry of Justice is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany .

paragraphs: Germany has five "Classic Ministries", rather like the United Kingdom's "Great Offices of State".

paragraphs: The Reich Justice Office was created in 1875. It was a part of the Chancellor's department until 1 January 1877 when it became independent. The first Minister of Justice was appointed in 1919, when the Office of Justice became the "Reichsministerium der Justiz" of the Weimar Republic

paragraphs: The Federal Minister of Justice heads the Ministry. He has two senior assistants.

paragraphs: Germany is a federal country. The administration of the justice and criminal prosecution is mainly a matter for the federal states.

paragraphs: The federal ministry's main job is ensuring that federation and the states, and all laws, keep within the "Rule of Law".

paragraphs: The ministry oversees the writing of new laws, and the changing or the abolition of existing laws in these areas:

paragraphs: The ministry also oversees the laws about qualifying and working as a judge, prosecutor, lawyer or notary

paragraphs: The ministry has also been responsible for the legal problems after the reunification of Germany. This meant changing a lot of criminal and administrative law. Also professional rehabilitation was needed. Judges and lawyers were just some of the people who were used to working in the communist system, and now had to change.

paragraphs: Furthermore, the ministry checks that all laws and ordinances prepared by other ministries do not break the constitution.

paragraphs: The Ministry publishes the official newspaper the "Bundesgesetzblatt" the Federal Law Gazette und "Bundesanzeiger" the Federal Gazette. It also prepares the elections of Judges to the Bundesverfassungsgerichts and the highest level of federal courts.


title: Learning by teaching

paragraphs: In professional education, learning by teaching means a method that trains pupils and students to prepare and to teach lessons, or parts of lessons. This method is designed to teach them better understanding than any method where the teacher talks to the pupils and gives them work they have to prepare.

paragraphs: Learning by teaching should not be confused with presentations or lectures by students, because they have to do much more. They have to choose their own methods and didactic approaches in teaching classmates that subject. And it is something else than tutoring, because the teacher gives continuous support when they prepare teaching.


title: Jean-Pol Martin

paragraphs: Jean-Pol Martin (born 1943, Paris, France) was a professor for foreign language teaching in Germany. He established the teaching method learning by teaching, a method for students to learn by teaching their peers. This concept has developed into a common practice throughout Germany and has been experimented with in other countries.

paragraphs: Martin was born in 1943 in Paris and went to Germany in 1968. He studied German and French in order to become a teacher at a German grammar school, becoming a professor for foreign language teaching didactics at the Catholic University of Eichstätt-Ingolstadt (Bavaria) in 1980. In that year he had the idea to let the students teach their peers in French. That experience was successful, so he could establish the "Lernen durch Lehren" (LdL) (learning by teaching) method in Germany. He was the first scholar to do active research on that topic for 25 years, building a wide network with several thousand teachers and promoting it to a large scale. All teachers in Germany are trained in that method during their pedagogic studies.


title: Tutor

paragraphs: A tutor is a person who teaches or guides another person. Usually, the tutor is an older expert who teaches a younger learner. Early examples were Socrates, who taught philosophy by holding conversations with his students, and Aristotle, who was appointed the personal tutor of Alexander the Great when the latter was a youth.

paragraphs: The essence of a tutor's work is to adjust the teaching to the individual learner. The tutor has to take account of:

paragraphs: The idea is that a tutor teaches, or 'moulds' the student as a whole. However, there is an obvious difference between the tutor's need for topical knowledge and his or her need for 'people skills'. The system operated at the older colleges of Oxford University recognises this by appointing two tutors to a student: a subject-matter tutor and a moral tutor. The latter helps the student with problems of a personal nature.

paragraphs: Education by a tutor is often thought to be an ideal kind of education, because the tutor can adjust the learning to suit one student. However, the word is often misused. If students are taught in groups larger than three or four, then much that makes a tutorial special is lacking.

paragraphs: High achievers in fields like music, mathematics and chess may be tutored when classroom methods do not meet their needs.

paragraphs: There are parallels in other walks of life. Sports people have coaches, and the job of a coach is very similar to that of a tutor. A guru might be regarded as a kind of tutor. A mentor is a kind of tutor. Parents with children do much that a tutor does.

paragraphs: In British, Australian, New Zealand, and some Canadian universities, a tutor is often but not always a postgraduate student or a lecturer who conducts a seminar for undergraduate students. These seminars are often known as a tutorial. In the United States and the rest of Canada, a tutor is known as a teaching assistant.

paragraphs: In English and Irish secondary schools, form tutors are similar to American home room teachers. They are in charge of a group of students in a particular year group.

paragraphs: In the United States, peer tutors are students teaching other students of the same or similar age or grade level. When peer tutors are trained how to tutor correctly, peer tutoring is both cost effective and academically effective.


title: Great Offices of State

paragraphs: The Great Offices of State are the four most important cabinet jobs in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Only one person has ever held all four, James Callaghan, who was Prime Minister from 1976 to 1979.


title: Foreign Secretary

paragraphs: The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs (known as the Foreign Secretary) is the Minister in charge of the United Kingdom's Foreign and Commonwealth Office. In many countries this job is called Foreign minister.

paragraphs: Until the 1960s, the Foreign Secretary only handled relations with foreign countries and international organisations. There was a separate Commonwealth Secretary and a Colonial Secretary, but all three are now joined into one.

paragraphs: Dominic Raab has been Foreign Secretary since 24 July 2019.

paragraphs: The Foreign Secretary's is one of the four Great Offices of State.


title: Hermetschwil-Staffeln

paragraphs: Hermetschwil-Staffeln was a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2014 the former municipality of Hermetschwil-Staffeln merged into the municipality of Bremgarten.


title: Herznach

paragraphs: Herznach is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Hilfikon

paragraphs: Hilfikon is a former municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Since 2010, it is part of the municipality of Villmergen.


title: Claudine Monteil

paragraphs: Claudine Monteil (born 1949) is a French writer and women's rights specialist. She holds a PhD on Simone de Beauvoir's writings and life. She was inspired by the example of her mother, Dr Josiane Serre, a chemist and president of the École Normale Supérieure de Jeunes Filles (ex-Sèvres), the equivalent of one of the Seven Sisters. Her father is the mathematician Jean-Pierre Serre, Fields medal and Abel prize.

paragraphs: Dr Monteil is one of the founders of the women's rights movement in 1970. She is also a specialist on Simone de Beauvoir. While working on women's rights, she was a long close friend of Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre and Beauvoir's sister, the painter Hélène de Beauvoir.

paragraphs: Her writings on the Beauvoirs, Sartre and French feminism, have been translated into multiple languages:

paragraphs: Claudine Monteil has also written a biography on Charlie Chaplin with his wife Oona Chaplin.


title: Fontenais

paragraphs: Fontenais is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Bressaucourt merged into the municipality of Fontenais.


title: Fregiécourt

paragraphs: Fregiécourt was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Grandfontaine, Switzerland

paragraphs: Grandfontaine is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Hirschthal

paragraphs: Hirschthal is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Mortification

paragraphs: Mortification is a Christian extreme metal band from Australia. The band was formed in 1990.


title: Lugnez

paragraphs: Lugnez is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Holderbank, Aargau

paragraphs: Holderbank is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Miécourt

paragraphs: Miécourt was a municipality, in the new municipality of La Baroche and the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. The French language is the most people's first language in this town.


title: Steve Rowe

paragraphs: Steve Rowe (born January 1965 in Melbourne) is an Australian bassist. He is the founder of the Christian extreme metal band Mortification.


title: Montenol

paragraphs: Montenol is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Montenol, Epauvillers, Epiquerez, Montmelon, Ocourt, Saint-Ursanne and Seleute merged into the new municipality of Clos du Doubs


title: Holziken

paragraphs: Holziken is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Montignez

paragraphs: Montignez is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Montignez, Buix and Courtemaîche merged into the new municipality of Basse-Allaine.


title: Hornussen, Aargau

paragraphs: Hornussen is a municipality of the district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Hottwil

paragraphs: Hottwil was a municipality, in the new municipality of Mettauertal and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Montmelon

paragraphs: Montmelon is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is a part of the new municipality Clos du Doubs.

paragraphs: The municipality is made of several villages and of many spread out farms. The municipality has about 100 people living there, many of them are farmers.


title: Hunzenschwil

paragraphs: Hunzenschwil is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Extreme metal

paragraphs: Extreme metal describes a mixture of heavy metal music subgenres formed since the 1980s. Extreme metal is much harsher than other heavy metal. It is also underground, or less commercial.


title: Islisberg

paragraphs: Islisberg is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Ocourt

paragraphs: Ocourt was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Ittenthal

paragraphs: Ittenthal was a municipality, in the municipality of Kaisten and district of Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Jonen

paragraphs: Jonen is a municipality of the district of Bremgarten in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Kaiseraugst

paragraphs: Kaiseraugst is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Kaiserstuhl, Switzerland

paragraphs: Kaiserstuhl is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Kaisten, Switzerland

paragraphs: Kaisten is a municipality of the district Laufenburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1st January 2010 the former municipality of Ittenthal merged into the municipality of Kaisten.


title: Kallern

paragraphs: Kallern is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Killwangen

paragraphs: Killwangen is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The village is in the Limmat river valley between Baden and Zürich.


title: Limmat

paragraphs: The Limmat is a river in Switzerland that flows northwest until it joins into the river Aare north of the small town of Brügg.

paragraphs: Its name comes from Linth and Maag the main tributaries of the lake of Zürich.

paragraphs: The main tributaries of the Limmat river are the Sihl (in Zürich) and the Reppisch (in Dietikon).

paragraphs: This river is one of the main providers of hydroelectric power in Switzerland.


title: Kirchleerau

paragraphs: Kirchleerau is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Klingnau

paragraphs: Klingnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Koblenz, Switzerland

paragraphs: Koblenz (or Coblenz) is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Asshole

paragraphs: Asshole (or arsehole in British English) is slang for the anus and is also used as a word to hurt people's feelings. It's made up from the word "arse", which has been used for a long time as another name for the anus. This was first added to the word "hole" about 1500 in books, but may have been used in talking a long time before that. By the 1970s, Hustler magazine featured people they did not like as "Asshole of the month."

paragraphs: Asshole is mainly used as a bad word towards someone that the speaker does not like.

paragraphs: You could not say "asshole" on normal television in the US until the early 1990s, but it was sometimes in PG-13 and R rated films before this.

paragraphs: In 2000, during a Labor Day event, George W. Bush made an off-hand remark to his running mate, Dick Cheney, that "New York Times" reporter Adam Clymer was a "major league asshole."

paragraphs: Gene Simmons of rock band Kiss released a solo album called "Asshole" which also featured a song of the same name. Denis Leary also had a song called "Asshole" in 1993.

paragraphs: Words similar to "asshole" are "asshat", "assclown", "asstard", "asspat" and "asspit".


title: Religious debates over the Harry Potter series

paragraphs: Religious debates over the "Harry Potter" series of books by J. K. Rowling are usually because people say the books have occult or Satanic parts. These sayings come from some Protestant, Catholic, and Orthodox Christians. It also comes from Muslims who argue against the series.

paragraphs: A great number of people have replied to these claims. People who support the series say that the magic in "Harry Potter" is not really like occultism. They say it is more like fairy tales like "Cinderella" and "Snow White". They also suggest that it is more like the works of C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien. Both writers are known for writing fantasy novels with Christian values. Some argue that the "Harry Potter" novels try hard not to discuss religion at all.

paragraphs: In the United States, people tried to get the books banned in schools. Their argument was that witchcraft is a registered religion, so letting the books in schools went against the separation of church and state. This then went to court to decide whether it was against the freedom of religion.

paragraphs: However, sometimes religion has supported the "Harry Potter" series. "At least as much as they've been attacked from a theological point of view", says Rowling, "[the books] have been lauded (praised) and taken into pulpit, and most interesting and satisfying for me, it's been by several different faiths".


title: Dr Pepper

paragraphs: Dr Pepper is a soft drink (soda) similar to Coca Cola in its color. Each can of Dr Pepper contains 150 calories. It tastes like fizzy Benylin.

paragraphs: c. 2006: "Get Berried in Cream" USA (used for the new Berries and Cream flavor)


title: Pleujouse

paragraphs: Pleujouse is a former municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it is part of the new municipality of La Baroche


title: Porrentruy

paragraphs: Porrentruy (German: "Pruntrut") is a Swiss municipality and seat of the district of the same name found in the canton of Jura.


title: Réclère

paragraphs: Réclère was a municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Roche-d'Or

paragraphs: Roche-d'Or was a municipality, in the new municipality of Haute-Ajoie and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Rocourt

paragraphs: Rocourt is a former municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Rocourt merged into the municipality of Haute-Ajoie.


title: Kölliken

paragraphs: Kölliken is a municipality of the district of Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Künten

paragraphs: Künten is a municipality of the district of Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Küttigen

paragraphs: Küttigen is a municipality of the district of Aarau of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Saint-Ursanne

paragraphs: Saint Ursanne (population about 1,000) is a city and was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura, Switzerland which has kept its medieval style.

paragraphs: Its name refers to Saint Ursicinus, a 7th century monk who made a monastery there.


title: Laufenburg, Switzerland

paragraphs: Laufenburg is a municipality of the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is the capital city of the district with the same name.

paragraphs: Since 2010, Sulz is part of the municipality.


title: Leibstadt

paragraphs: Leibstadt is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Leimbach, Aargau

paragraphs: Leimbach is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Lengnau

paragraphs: Lengnau may be one of the following municipalities in Switzerland:


title: Leuggern

paragraphs: Leuggern is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Leutwil

paragraphs: Leutwil is a municipality in Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Lengnau, Aargau

paragraphs: Lengnau is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Linn, Switzerland

paragraphs: Linn was a municipality, in the new municipality of Bözberg and district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Lupfig

paragraphs: Lupfig is a municipality of the district of Brugg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Scherz merged into the municipality of Lupfig.


title: Magden

paragraphs: Magden is a municipality of the district of Rheinfelden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Mägenwil

paragraphs: Mägenwil is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Mandach

paragraphs: Mandach is a municipality in Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Meisterschwanden

paragraphs: Meisterschwanden is a municipality of the district of Lenzburg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Mellikon

paragraphs: Mellikon is a municipality of the district of Zurzach in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Mellingen

paragraphs: "For the town in Thuringia, see Mellingen, Germany."

paragraphs: Mellingen is a municipality in Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Altoids

paragraphs: Altoids are a brand of breath mints and candies that have been sold since the 1800s. There are many different flavors for each product.

paragraphs: Mints are sold in tin boxes, are round, and come in six flavors: Peppermint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Spearmint, and Arctic Strawberry

paragraphs: Sours are hard candies that are round. They come in six flavors: Tangerine, Citrus, Raspberry, Apple, Mango, and Passion Fruit.

paragraphs: Altoid gum is sugar-free, which means there is no sugar inside the gum. They come in six flavors: Peppermint, Spearmint, Cinnamon, Wintergreen, Cherry, and Apple.

paragraphs: Breath Strips came in two flavors: Cinnamon and Peppermint. Since 2007, the product was discontinued, which means that the company is not selling them anymore.


title: Menziken

paragraphs: Menziken is a municipality of the district of Kulm in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Merenschwand

paragraphs: Merenschwand is a municipality of the district of Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The municipality of Benzenschwil merged on 1 January 2012 into Merenschwand.


title: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus

paragraphs: The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus is an American band. Since the band formed in 2003 in Jacksonville, Florida, they have made four albums and five EPs.


title: Monción

paragraphs: Monción is a city and municipality of the Santiago Rodríguez province, in northwestern Dominican Republic. Its old name was "Guaraguanó", a Taíno name that sometimes is used.

paragraphs: The town was founded by people that came to look for gold in the Mao river and other rivers of the region. Later, some families came to live here to cut the many trees, mainly pines, that were around the town.

paragraphs: On 9 April 1884, it was created the "Puesto Cantonal de Guaraguanó" in the Monte Cristi province. "Puesto Cantonal" was similar to a municipality; in English, "County (Military) Post". On 23 March 1898, the name of "Guaraguanó" was changed to the present name, "Monción", in honor of "Benito Monción", one of the heroes of the Restoration War against Spain.

paragraphs: When the Santiago Rodríguez province was created in 1948, Monción was one of the municipalities of that new province.

paragraphs: The municipality had, in , a total population of 11,753: 6,069 men and 5,684 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: Monción is on the northern side of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range") and has a total area of , about of the total area of the province of Santiago Rodríguez. The city is an elevation of , and at to the southeast of Sabaneta, the capital of the province.

paragraphs: It does not have any municipal district (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality).

paragraphs: The municipality of Monción has the Valverde province to the north, the Santiago province to the west and south, and the municipality of Sabaneta to the west.

paragraphs: Monción has a tropical wet and dry/savanna climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of and the second is February with .

paragraphs: Monción is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The main economic activity of the municipality is farming. Monción is the centre of production of "casabe" (a kind of bread, of Taíno origin, made with the flour of manioc).


title: Guayacanes

paragraphs: Guayacanes is a village in the province of Ciego de Ávila, Cuba.


title: American Cooperative School of Tunis

paragraphs: The American Cooperative School of Tunis or ACST is a comprehensive non-profit private high school in Tunis, Tunisia. The school has more than 500 students in grades K-12,

paragraphs: The school is widely known for its International Baccalaureate Diploma Program which it has used since 2000. It is currently the only IB World School in Tunisia.

paragraphs: The American Cooperative School of Tunis was founded in 1959, originally as an American Grade School only teaching Grades K-8. A ninth grade was added in 1982 and a tenth grade in 1993. Eleventh and twelfth grade was added in 1995 and 1996 respectively with the first graduating class being the class of June 1997.


title: Ginny Weasley

paragraphs: Ginevra "Ginny" Molly Weasley is a fictional character of J.K. Rowling's famous series of fantasy novels, Harry Potter. She is one year younger than Harry Potter. She developed a crush on Harry when she first lays her eyes on him. Harry doesn't develop a crush on her until her fifth year. He later breaks up with her to keep her safe from Voldermort. She later marries Harry and they have three children; James Sirius, Albus Severus and Lily Luna Potter. Ginny is described as a freckled young girl with bright red hair and the youngest child of the Weasley family. She is the only daughter in seven children: Bill, Charlie, Percy, Fred, George, Ron, and Ginny. She is a Gryffindor. In the Harry Potter films she is played by Bonnie Wright.


title: Fucking Åmål

paragraphs: The movie was written and directed by Lukas Moodysson and was his first full-length movie. Alexandra Dahlström and Rebecka Liljeberg are "Elin" and "Agnes". "Fucking Åmål" won four Guldbagge Awards at the 1999 awards ceremony. The movie was not filmed in Åmål, the city that gives the name to the movie, but in Trollhättan, another small city in Sweden. The movie is really famous in lesbian environments around the world.

paragraphs: The movie tells the story of two girls, Agnes and Elin, who go to school in the small town of Åmål. Elin is outgoing and popular, but finds her life unsatisfying and dull. Agnes, by contrast, has no friends and is constantly depressed. Agnes has a crush on Elin, but cannot find any way to express it. Agnes's parents worry about their daughter and try to make her happy. They throw a birthday party for her, but Agnes is afraid no one will come. Her friend, a girl in a wheelchair, shows up and Agnes shouts at her in front of her parents, telling her they are only friends because no one wants to make friends with either of them. Elin arrives late at Agnes's house, mainly as an excuse to avoid going to a different party, where there will be a boy she wants to avoid. Elin's older sister, Jessica, who comes with her, dares her to kiss Agnes, who is rumoured to be a lesbian. Elin fulfils the dare, and then runs away. Elin soon discovers that she is attracted to Agnes but is afraid to admit it. She pretends to be in love with Johan Hult, the boy she avoided at the start. She loses her virginity to him, but later breaks up with him, telling him that she is in love with someone else, truly she understand that boys want just sex from the girls, so she try to see around herself, and she discovers the love for Agnes. Elin and Agnes eventually show each other's feelings at the end of the movie, where, after a climactic scene in a school bathroom, they decide to "out" their relationship to all students in the school.


title: Mateo Alemán

paragraphs: Mateo Alemán y de Enero (Seville, Spain, 1547 – 1615? in Mexico) was a Spanish writer.

paragraphs: He graduated at Seville University in 1564 and later studied at Salamanca and Alcalá. From 1571 to 1588 held a post in the treasury. He was descended from Jews who were made to converted to Catholicism after 1492. One of his forebears had been burned by the Inquisition for secretly continuing to practice Judaism. In 1599, he published the first part of "Guzmán de Alfarache". It was a well liked book which was printed in at least sixteen editions in five years.

paragraphs: In 1571 he married Catalina de Espinosa. It was not a happy marriage. He was constantly in money difficulties and was imprisoned for debt at Seville at the end of 1602.

paragraphs: In 1608, Alemán moved to America. It is said that he worked as a printer in Mexico. His "Ortografía castellana" (1609), published in Mexico, contains ideas for the reform of Spanish spelling. Nothing is known of Alemán after 1609, but it is sometimes believed that he was still living in 1617.


title: Rebecka Liljeberg

paragraphs: Rebecka Månstråle Liljeberg (born 13 May 1981) is a Swedish actress.

paragraphs: She was born in Turinge, about 40 km southwest of Stockholm, and moved around Sweden for much of her youth. Liljeberg's mother was relatively young when she was born, and her parents divorced when she was one year old. At the age of 9 (1991), Liljeberg began her acting career when she won a role in the series "Sunes jul". Between 1993 and 1997, she became played in amateur theatre, which she continued with until gaining a role in the movie "Närkontakt" later in 1997. The following year she won her breakthrough role in the Lukas Moodysson movie "Fucking Åmål". For the movie she stopped his study in high school to take up the role, which ultimately won her the 1999 Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Alexandra Dahlström. After her roles in "Fucking Åmål" and "Sherdil", Liljeberg began an adult education course in order to graduate from high school. While studying, she also played in "Bear's Kiss", and voiced a character in the Swedish version of IMAX movie "T-Rex: Back to the Cretaceous". In 2002, she completed the adult education course, and is now studying medicine at the Karolinska Institute to become a pediatrician.

paragraphs: Liljeberg is known to enjoy working with computers. She wrote for a Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet for some time. Liljeberg also contributed to UNESCO's "Utrymme" anthology of twenty works from young writers around the world. Liljeberg now lives in Stockholm with her boyfriend Alexander Skepp. They have two children: Harry Theodor, born in June 2002 and Vera, born on 1 January, 2005. Liljeberg expressed a desire to work with director Lukas Moodysson again.


title: Alexandra Dahlström

paragraphs: Alexandra Dahlström (born February 12, 1984) is a Swedish actress. She was born in Gävle, Sweden, and grew up in Stockholm. Her mother is Russian, and her father Swedish. She speaks Swedish, Russian, French, German, English, and Italian.

paragraphs: Dahlström gained international attention in 1998, after starring as "Elin" in the movie "Fucking Åmål". For this, she won the Guldbagge Award for Best Actress, together with Rebecka Liljeberg. After "Fucking Åmål" she receiving numerous offers to work in other movies, but she declined the offers, because she wanted to concentrate on finishing school. In 2002, Dahlström worked as assistant director and Russian translator,for Lukas Moodysson, with his movie "Lilya 4-ever". From the 5 March 2007 Alexandra will be participating in the Dutch soap opera Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden on RTL 4. She will play a Swedish exchanges student called Skylar Nilsson.

paragraphs: She lived alone in Stockholm after graduating high school. She continued to act in theatre. After a several-year break, Dahlström again starred in the movie "Fröken Sverige" (Miss Sweden) gaining nice comments. During the autumn of 2004 she was the DJ for the biggest late night talk show in Sweden, called 'Late Night with Luuk', which she had been originally interviewed on in May 1998 with Rebecka Liljeberg for her acting in "Fucking Åmål". After completing her studies, she now lives in Rome, Italy and is again pursuing a serious acting career.


title: Search engine optimization

paragraphs: Search engine optimization (SEO) is the process of making websites appear as a top result when someone searches for a specific term. The search term is called a Keyword. The results of the search are displayed in search engine's results pages (SERPS) such as those given by Google. A more common word used to describe search engine optimization is internet marketing or search engine marketing.

paragraphs: On-page SEO, or commonly termed as “on-site SEO,” refers to the practice of optimizing web pages and content for the users and search engines to boost ranking and generate website traffic. In other words, it refers to the elements and attributes inside of a website, such as content, HTML, system, CSS, and internal links.

paragraphs: On-page SEO is still a predominant strategy practiced by web owners and web development agencies because of its essence in ranking website through content and boost online visibility through keywords in which Google uses to index websites and rank accordingly. In fact, Google’s own “How Search Works” reported that, “The most basic signal that information is relevant is when a web page contains the same keyword as the search query. If those keywords appear on the page, or if they appear in the headings or body of the text, the information is more likely to be relevant.”

paragraphs: Off-page SEO refers to the elements and attributes outside of a website that increases online engagement and vital in attracting potential customers. It focuses mainly on link building strategy, social media integration, and local SEO.

paragraphs: Off-page is the complete opposite of on-page SEO, but it also has the same level of relevance - one cannot work without the other. It’s one of the best ways to provide a relevant result to the users and earn back links from another website to boost credibility. Since the focus of off-page SEO is the outside activities of a website, it’s expected that one’s ranking will increase as well as the page rank. It also utilizes the presence of social media platforms that can effectively increase engagement and exposure that is a great way to establish brand awareness and trustworthiness.

paragraphs: SEO has become an important part of marketing campaigns run by businesses to find customers online because 65% of the people who search for something don't look beyond the 5th result of the search engine's results page. Many companies use SEO companies to do the work for them because it takes too much time to do themselves.

paragraphs: Search engine companies like Google, Yahoo, Bing are careful to watch that spam does not affect their search engine results pages by adding filters such as Google's PageRank. These filters are known as algorithms.

paragraphs: Most people do not need to pay for search engine optimization services because usually a website is supposed to show up on the search engines over time anyway. But some online shopping websites may want to show up sooner, and so they pay for search engine optimization from companies that provide it.

paragraphs: When someone uses a method approved by search engines to rank their website, it is called a "white hat technique". If the method is not approved it is called a "black hat technique". Search engines may penalize the sites using black hat techniques by not showing them on search results.


title: Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of Germany

paragraphs: The Federal Ministry of Work and Social Affairs (BMAS) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany . It was part of the Federal Ministry of economy and work () between 2002 and 2005.

paragraphs: A part of the ministry is based in Berlin-Mitte. When the Bundestag and government moved to Berlin in 1999 the BMA moved into buildings in the Jägerstraße/ Wilhelmstraße. A large part of the ministry stayed in Bonn. Originally the building at Wilhelmstraße 49 was a stately home. After 1826 it was used by the Hohenzollern Prince Karl.

paragraphs: The building housed the press department of the Reichsregierung (National government) of the Weimar Republic between 1918 and 1933. Under the Third Reich it was the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda of Dr Joseph Goebbels.

paragraphs: After Wartime damage was repaired, the Central Council of the National Front moved in 1947. Later the Central Council of the German Democratic Republic occupied the building. The study of the first and only president of the DDR, Wilhelm Pieck, is there. It was restored between 1996 and 2000.

paragraphs: The BMAS was involved in promoting the new Code of Social Law II, sometimes called Hartz IV.

paragraphs: Bundesagentur für Arbeit federal Labour agency ("Jobcentres" as they are known in the UK);

paragraphs: Bundesanstalt für Arbeitsschutz und Arbeitsmedizin. Federal Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

paragraphs: The European Court of Justice found that Germany did not properly enforce the Working Hours Directive. This was a job BMAS should have done.


title: Ministry of Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth

paragraphs: The Federal Ministry of Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth () (BMFSFJ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. Although the headquarters are in Berlin, more people work in the Bonn office.

paragraphs: Different ministries, for example Labour and Social Affairs, can affect families, the elderly, women and youth. The BMFSFJ watches what these ministries do and provides specialised help.

paragraphs: "Federal Minister for Family Questions (1953 to 1957), Family and Youth Questions (1957-1963) or Family and Youth (1963 to 1969)"

paragraphs: "Federal Minister for Youth, Family and Health (1969 to 1986), Youth, Family, Women and Health (1986–1991)"

paragraphs: "Federal Minister for Women and Youth 1991 to 1994"

paragraphs: "Federal Minister for Family and Senior Citizens 1991 to 1994"

paragraphs: "Federal Minister for Family, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth since 1994"


title: Ark of the Covenant

paragraphs: The Ark of the Covenant (ארון הברית in Hebrew: "aron hab'rit") is described in the Bible as a holy container where the Ten Commandments and other holy Israelite objects are held. According to the Bible, Yahweh commanded the ark be built when Moses had a prophetic vision at Sinai (Exodus 25:9-10). Some people believe the Ark contained Aaron's Rod, a jar of Manna, and the first Torah Scroll written by Moses, based on their reading of Book of Exodus, Book of Numbers, and the Letter to the Hebrews. The first of the Books of Kings says that during the time of King Solomon, the Ark held only the Ten Commandments.

paragraphs: The Hebrew word "aron" is used in the Bible to designate any type of ark or chest, for any purpose (Genesis 50:26; 2 Kings 12:9, 10). The Ark of the Covenant is distinguished from all others by such titles as "Ark of God" (1 Samuel 3:3), "Ark of the Covenant" (Josh. 3:6; Hebrews 9:4), "Ark of the Testimony" (Ex. 25:22).

paragraphs: The Ark (aron kodesh in Hebrew meaning holy cupboard) is a raised cupboard found in Jewish Synagogues which contains the holy Torah scrolls. These are all written by hand and can take years to make. It is always on the wall of the Synagogue which faces towards Jerusalem.

paragraphs: When the Ark is opened and the Torah removed for reading everyone stands in respect of God. During some prayers and services the Ark doors an inner curtain (parochet) are kept open.

paragraphs: The Bible describes the Ark as made of acacia or shittah-tree wood. It was a cubit and a half broad and high, and two and a half cubits long (about 130 cm × 78 cm × 78 cm or 4.29 × 2.57 × 2.57 feet, for Egyptian royal cubit was most likely used). The Ark was covered all over with the purest gold.


title: Cubit

paragraphs: Cubit is the name for any one of many units of measure used by various ancient peoples and is among the first recorded units of length.

paragraphs: The cubit is based on measuring by comparing – especially rope and textiles, but also for timber and stone – to one's forearm length. The Egyptian hieroglyph for the unit shows this symbol. It was used through antiquity, the Middle Ages up to early modern times.

paragraphs: The distance between thumb and another finger to the elbow on an average person is about 24 digits or 6 palms or 1½ feet (45.72 cm or 18 inches). This so-called "natural cubit" of 1½ feet is used in the Roman system of measures and in different Greek systems.

paragraphs: Over time, units similar in type to the cubit have measured:

paragraphs: From late antiquity, the Roman "ulna", a four-feet-cubit (about 120 cm) is also known. This is the measure from a man's hip to the fingers of the outstretched opposite arm.

paragraphs: The English yard has a long legal history, but its origin is not known. The English ell is essentially a kind of great cubit of 15 palms, 114 cm, or 45 inches (3.75 ft).


title: Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of Germany

paragraphs: The Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) is a ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany. The ministry's headquarters are in what used to be the Bundeskanzleramt (the Federal Chancellor's Office building) in Bonn, with a second office in the Europahaus, in Berlin.

paragraphs: The BMZ was founded 1961, as the Ministry for Economic Cooperation. Lots of different ministries had a little to do with helping the economies of foreign countries. These jobs were all taken away and given to the new ministry. It became the "Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development" on 23 January 1993. The change was to show that Germany was not just interested in working with Less Developed Countries, but in helping those countries as well.

paragraphs: The BMZ main job is help to other countries to develop and become richer. It does this by giving money and other aid.

paragraphs: The BMZ also oversees giving money to international organisations and private charities which can help the BMZ's main job.

paragraphs: The money that Germany gives to the European Development Fund, the World Bank and regional development banks is paid by the BMZ.

paragraphs: The BMZ also makes sure that countries which get money are democratic and have a good human rights record.

paragraphs: Germany thinks that giving this help is so important that the BMZ is a member of the Federal Security Council, which helps to make sure that Germany is safe and at peace.


title: Haskovo

paragraphs: Haskovo is a town in southeastern Bulgaria. Around 96,000 people live there. It celebrated the 1,000th anniversary in 1985.

paragraphs: Archeologists (people who study stuff from long ago) say that people started to live in the Haskovo area about 7,000 years ago.

paragraphs: During the 9th century, a fortress was built, and soon after, a town was built around the fortress. The town was located on a big piece of land between the Klokotnitsa, Harmanliyska, and Maritsa rivers.

paragraphs: In 1395, the "Eski camii" (the Old Mosque) was built as one of the first in the Balkans.

paragraphs: In 1782, the town was known as Marsa (Arab name).

paragraphs: Most Bulgarians started living in Haskovo in the 19th century. The town was a trading center for merchants (people who sell stuff) from Edirne, Enos, and Istanbul. The area became known for producing cotton, silk fabrics, and carpets.


title: Athens, Alabama

paragraphs: Athens is a city in Limestone County, Alabama. It is also the county seat of that county.

paragraphs: In the year 2000, Athens had a population of about 21,000 people. Athens has an area of about 39 miles and sits at 798 feet above sea level.


title: Ell

paragraphs: The English unit of length ell is usually 45 inches. That means 1.143 m (for the international inch). It came from the length of the arm from the shoulder (or the elbow) to the wrist, although the exact length was never defined in English law.

paragraphs: Several different national forms existed, with different lengths: the Scottish ell (about 37 inches), the Flemish ell (about 27 inches) and the Polish ell (0.78 metres, about 31 inches).

paragraphs: This unit has mostly fallen out of use, as have others based on the human arm:

paragraphs: Sometimes "ell" is used as an other word for the cubit.

paragraphs: An ell-wand or ellwand was a rod of length one ell used for official measurement. Edward I of England ordered that every town should have one.


title: Unit of length

paragraphs: A unit of length is a way of measuring length or distance.

paragraphs: Common units of length in the International System of Units (SI) are:

paragraphs: But there are a lot of units that do not fit in the SI-System:

paragraphs: Common Imperial units and U.S. customary units of length include:

paragraphs: In addition, the following are used by mariners:

paragraphs: Surveyors in the United States continue to use:

paragraphs: In everyday conversation, and in informal literature, it is common to see lengths measured in units of objects of which everyone knows the approximate width. Common examples are: