title: Wrangel Island

paragraphs: Wrangel Island () is a small island in the Arctic Ocean belonging to Russia. It lies between the Chukchi Sea and East Siberian Sea. Wrangel Island lies across the 180° meridian. The International Date Line is displaced eastwards at this latitude to avoid the island and the Chukchi Peninsula on the Russian mainland. It is roughly (about the size of the US state of Delaware). The closest land to Wrangel Island is tiny and rocky Herald Island located to the east. The distance to the closest point on the Siberian mainland is . Wrangel Island may have been the last place on earth where Woolly Mammoth survived. It is home to many arctic animals including polar bears. Since 1976 it has been a nature reserve.

paragraphs: Baron Ferdinand von Wrangel (1796–1870) was a German explorer and seaman in the service of the Russian Empire. He noticed birds flying north near the Kolyma river. From this he correctly deduced there was an island in the Arctic ocean. He searched for the island in the 1820s but never found it.

paragraphs: In 1881 an American steamship, the "Thomas L. Corwin", searching for a lost expedition found themselves off Wrangel island. They searched the island for survivors but found none. They raised an American flag on the and claimed it for the United States.. They named it "New Columbia", but the name never stuck. Nothing was done about the discovery for the next 30 years.

paragraphs: In 1913, Vilhjalmur Stefansson led a large expedition to discover a lost continent he believed was under the Arctic ice cap. They sailed from Victoria, British Columbia on June 17, 1913. Six weeks later their ship was caught in the ice. Stefansson and several companions left the expedition and returned to safety. When the ship was crushed, the crew set up camp on the ice. In March of 1914, Captain Bartlett led what was left of his crew 80 miles across the ice to Wrangel Island. Twelve survivors were picked up by a small whaling schooner in September of 1914.

paragraphs: In 1921, Stefansson claimed Wrangel island for Canada. An expedition from Canada to colonize the island failed. By 1926 Russia re-established their claim to the island by setting up a colony there. Eventually the colonists returned to the mainland leaving the island deserted.

paragraphs: In 1976 the Soviet Union declared the island a "zapovednika", a federally protected nature reserve. In English it is called the Wrangel Island Nature Reserve. It protects large colonies of snow geese, polar bears, and walrus that live here. Only official Russian government personnel and invited guests can visit the reserve.

paragraphs: Wrangel island was never covered by glaciers during the last ice ages and it was never covered by water when the ice retreated. The soil and plants on Wrangel have been undisturbed by time. The interior valleys are mainly ancient Pleistocene tundra. They boast over 400 unique plant species.

paragraphs: Even though it is a very harsh climate Wrangel island has a large and diverse wildlife population. It is the world's largest Polar Bear denning ground. There are about 400 female bears who raise their young here. It has the world's largest population of Pacific Walrus. The island has large populations of Snow Geese, Snowy Owls, seals, Arctic wolves, Arctic fox and lemmings. One thing the island seems to be missing is mosquitoes.

paragraphs: Wrangel island may have been the last place Woolly Mammoths ("Mammuthus primigenius") existed before becoming extinct. The island is littered with mammoth tusks. A population of mammoths existed here some 6,000 years after they went extinct on the mainland. They lasted until about 1650 BCE, when the Great Pyramids of Giza were already 1000 years old. Archaeological evidence on the island shows them to be a smaller variety, "Mammuth primigenius wrangelensis".


title: DNA methylation

paragraphs: DNA methylation is the main way gene activity is adjusted during life, especially during early development.

paragraphs: It is a process by which methyl groups are added to DNA. This suppresses gene transcription. Two of DNA's four nucleotides, cytosine and adenine, can be methylated. Since adenine methylation is restricted to prokaryotes, all eukaryote transcription is regulated by suppressing cytosine.

paragraphs: Suppressing genes is the basis of epigenetics, the study of changes in gene activity which are "not" caused by changes in the DNA sequence. It is the study of gene expression, the way genes bring about their phenotypic effects.

paragraphs: The changes in gene activity by methylation may last for the rest of the cell's life, and for many generations of cells through cell divisions. However, there is no change in the underlying DNA sequence of the organism. Instead, non-hereditary factors cause the organism's genes to behave (express themselves) differently.


title: Honey bee

paragraphs: A honey bee (or honeybee) is any bee that is a member of the genus Apis. They produce and store honey and make perennial, colonial nests from wax. They are in contrast with the stingless honey bee.

paragraphs: Honey bees are the only living members of the tribe Apini, all in the genus "Apis". There are only seven species of honey bee, with a total of 44 subspecies. Historically, from six to eleven species have been recognized.

paragraphs: Honey bees are only a small fraction of the roughly 20,000 known species of bees. Some other types of related bees produce and store honey, but only members of the genus "Apis" are true honey bees. The study of honey bees is known as 'melittology'.

paragraphs: The first "Apis" bees appear in the fossil record at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary (34 million years ago (mya)), in European deposits. This shows that the bees were present in Europe by that time. Few fossil deposits are known from South Asia, the suspected region of honey bee origin.

paragraphs: No "Apis" species existed in the New World during human times before the introduction of "A. mellifera" by Europeans. Only one fossil species is known, a single 14-million-year-old specimen from Nevada.

paragraphs: The close relatives of modern honey bees – bumblebees and stingless bees – are also social to some degree,


title: Negev tortoise

paragraphs: The Negev tortoise ("Testudo werneri") is a tortoise found mainly in the Negev desert in southern Israel. It was once present in the Sinai Peninsula. In Israel it is protected by law and there are conservation programs. It is currently considered a critically endangered species.

paragraphs: The Negev is one of the world's smallest tortoises. Unlike other tortoises it does not hibernate in winter. Instead, winter is the breeding season. In 2010 the IUCN recommended that Israel take additional steps to protect the Negev tortoise including creating a wildlife preserve.

paragraphs: There is some disagreement over whether the Negev tortoise is the same species as the Kleinmann's tortoise.


title: Diana Ross (1970 album)

paragraphs: Diana Ross (also re-released as Ain't No Mountain High Enough) is the self-titled debut solo album by American recording artist Diana Ross. It was released on June 19, 1970 by Motown Records. The album was released after Ross left R&B girl group The Supremes, a group Ross had been in since 1959.

paragraphs: The album was quite successful and critics felt that the album is one of Ross’ best albums she had released in her career.

paragraphs: "All tracks written and produced by Nickolas Ashford & Valerie Simpson, except for "These Things Will Keep Me Loving You", written by Johnny Bristol/Harvey Fuqua/Sylvia Moy and produced by Bristol."


title: Alanine

paragraphs: Alanine (abbreviated as Ala or A) is an α-amino acid. It has the chemical formula CHCH(NH)COOH.

paragraphs: The -isomer is one of the 20 amino acids encoded by the genetic code. Its codons are GCU, GCC, GCA, and GCG. It is classified as a non-polar amino acid.

paragraphs: -Alanine accounts for 7.8% of the primary structure in a sample of 1,150 proteins. Leucine is the only amino acid which is more common.

paragraphs: -Alanine occurs in bacterial cell walls and in some peptide antibiotics.


title: Nature reserve

paragraphs: A nature reserve (preserve or (national/nature) conserve) is a protected area. It protects wildlife, flora (plants) and fauna (animals). Reserves may also protect geological features or other special interests. A nature reserve is land that is kept for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research.

paragraphs: Nature reserves can be created by government institutions. They can also be created by private landowners, such as charities and research institutions, regardless of nationality. The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an organization that helps countries and others with conservation programs and management.


title: Wrangell Island

paragraphs: Wrangell Island is an island in the Alaska Panhandle of southeastern Alaska. It is long and 8–23 km (3–14 miles) wide. It has a land area of , making it the 29th largest island in the United States. Wrangell is separated from the mainland by the narrow Blake Channel.

paragraphs: Wrangell has been ruled by Russia, Great Britain and the United States. It was visited in 1799 by "The Dragon", a ship out of Boston, Massachusetts. They traded with the Stikine Tlingit peoples. It was occupied in 1834 by the Russians. It is named after Ferdinand Wrangel, a German explorer in Russian service. From 1867 to 1877 it was a U.S. military post. Later it was a stopping point for hunters, explorers and miners using the Stikine river route to the Yukon.

paragraphs: The island contains the city of Wrangell, Alaska. Wrangell Island is heavily forested and contains an abundance of wildlife. The only other community is Thoms Place. Wrangell Island's total population was 2,401 at the 2000 census. Fishing and mining are the main jobs. A sawmill closed in the 1990s. The island and surrounding areas contain many recreational areas. It is at the mouth of the Stikine River.


title: University of Chicago sit-ins

paragraphs: The University of Chicago sit-ins were a series of nonviolent protests at the University of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois in 1962. It was because of segregation at the university. It was led by future United States senator of Vermont Bernie Sanders.


title: Everything is Everything

paragraphs: Everything Is Everything is the second album by Diana Ross, released in 1970. After the huge success of her self-named album and the two singles released from it, Motown rushed the release of "Everything is Everything" album and therefore the album was released just a few months after it. Like Ross' previous album, the album had two singles released off of it, "I'm Still Waiting" and "Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedood'ndoobe, Doobedbood'ndoo".


title: Franco Interlenghi

paragraphs: Franco Interlenghi (29 October 1931 – 10 September 2015) was an Italian actor. He has worked with great directors such as Federico Fellini in "I Vitelloni", Michelangelo Antonioni in "I Vinti" and Luchino Visconti in his stage adaptation of "Death of a Salesman".

paragraphs: Interlenghi died on 10 September 2015 in Rome, aged 83.


title: Antonella Lualdi

paragraphs: Antonella Lualdi (born 6 July 1931) is an Italian actress and singer. She appeared in many Italian and French movies in the 1950s and 1960s, notably in Claude Autant-Lara's movie "Le rouge et le noir" in 1954, opposite Gérard Philipe.


title: Luchino Visconti

paragraphs: Luchino Visconti di Modrone, Count of Lonate Pozzolo (2 November 1906 – 17 March 1976), was an Italian theatre, opera and movie director, as well as a screenwriter. He was best known for his movies "The Leopard" (1963) and "Death in Venice" (1971).

paragraphs: Visconti died from a stroke in Rome, Italy, aged 69.


title: Carlo Lizzani

paragraphs: Carlo Lizzani (3 April 1922 – 5 October 2013) was an Italian movie director, screenwriter and critic. He was born in Rome. He was known for his movies "The Violent Four" (1968) and "Crazy Joe" (1974) or crime-comedy "Roma Bene" (1971).

paragraphs: Lizzani committed suicide by jumping off the balcony of his house in Rome, aged 91.


title: James E. Proctor, Jr.

paragraphs: James Edward Proctor, Jr. (June 14, 1936 – September 10, 2015) was an American politician. He represented district 27A in the Maryland House of Delegates from May 1990 until his death.

paragraphs: Proctor was born in Washington, D.C. to an African American family. He lived in Accokeek, Maryland with his wife Elizabeth G. Proctor.

paragraphs: Proctor died from heart disease on September 10, 2015 in Washington, D.C., aged 79.


title: George R. Klare

paragraphs: George R. Klare (Minneapolis, 1922 – The Plains, Ohio, 2006) was a World War II veteran and a distinguished professor of psychology and dean at Ohio University.

paragraphs: Klare served as a navigator on a B-17 Flying Fortresss in the Eighth Air Force in England. On December 31, 1944, he was shot down over Germany. He spent the rest of World War II in German POW camps. He was liberated by advancing Soviet troops from Stalag Luft One on May 1, 1945. He was honorably discharged as a First Lieutenant in December, 1945, receiving the Air Medal, the Purple Heart, European area ribbons and the Prisoner of War medal.

paragraphs: Klare later recounted his experiences as a prisoner of war in a chapter entitled "Questions" in "Interrogations, Confessions, and Entrapment," published by Springer in 2004.

paragraphs: In 1978, he was named Distinguished Professor of Psychology. While at Ohio University, he served as chair of the Psychology Department from 1959 to 1963, as acting dean of the College of Arts and Sciences in 1965–66 and in 1984–85, and as Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1966 to 1971. He was also acting associate provost for graduate and research programs from 1986 until his retirement in 1987. in 1981, Klare was elected to the Reading Hall of Fame of the International Reading Association in 1997. He is listed in "Who's Who in America".

paragraphs: His major contribution was in the field of readability. From the beginning of the 20th century, the assessment of the grade level of texts for different grades of readers was a central concern of reading research. It was well known that without correctly graded texts, readers would not improve their reading skill. There were over 1,000 published studies on this topic. Klare's contribution to that effort came both in his critical reviews of the studies and his participation in original research.


title: Turritopsis dohrnii

paragraphs: Turritopsis dohrnii, the so-called immortal jellyfish, is a species of small jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters off Japan.

paragraphs: It is the only known case of an animal which can revert completely to a sexually immature, colonial stage after it has reached sexual maturity as an individual.

paragraphs: Like most other hydrozoans, "T. dohrnii" begin life as free-swimming tiny larvae known as a planula. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor.

paragraphs: Jellyfish, also known as medusae, bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form. Eventually they become sexually mature. All the polyps and jellyfish coming from a single planula are genetically identical clones.

paragraphs: "Turritopsis dohrnil" is a species of jellyfish that apparently does not die of natural causes, because it can revert to the juvenile stage from the adult stage. However, it is not actually immortal. Most "Turritopsis" are likely to be eaten by predators or die from disease in the adult stage.

paragraphs: Shin Kubota from Kyoto University, has managed to keep these jellyfish for a long time.

paragraphs: Kubota reported that during a two-year period, his colony rebirthed itself 11 times.


title: St. Croix River (Wisconsin–Minnesota)

paragraphs: The St. Croix River () is a tributary of the Mississippi River. It is about long. The St. Croix flows in the U.S. states of Wisconsin and Minnesota. The lower of the river forms the border between Wisconsin and Minnesota. The river is a National Scenic Riverway under the protection of the National Park Service. A hydroelectric plant at St. Croix Falls supplies electricity to the Minneapolis–St. Paul metropolitan area.

paragraphs: Father Louis Hennepin wrote in 1683, from information probably provided by Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut: "There is another River which falls ... into the Meschasipi ... We named it "The River of the Grave", or "Mausoleum", because the Savages buried there one of their Men ... who was bitten by a Rattlesnake." Father Hennepin called it in French "Rivière du Tombeaux".

paragraphs: There are several possible explanations for the origin of the present name. An early map dated to 1688 recorded a "Fort St. Croix" on the upper part of the river. Near the mouth of the river was a French Voyageur's grave marked with a cross. The most likely explanation was that it was named for a French trader named Sainte-Croix.

paragraphs: The name "Rivière de Sainte-Croix" was applied to the river sometime in 1688 or 1689.

paragraphs: On "Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin" (1830) by John Farmer, the St. Croix River is shown as the "Chippewa River". However, by 1843, Joseph Nicollet's "Hydrographical Basin of the Upper Mississippi River" reinforced the name provided by Franquelin's 1688 map.

paragraphs: The river valley and the surrounding area was originally occupied by the Ojibwe, Dakota and nine other American Indian tribes. The Indians mainly lived on wild rice, fish, and game. By the eighteenth century, the Ojibwe and Dakota were the two main tribes that inhabited the area. This lasted until around 1745, when the Dakota were driven from the St. Croix Valley as a result of the Battle of Kathio. It is worth noting that many Dakota and Ojibwe people still occupy this area to this day, as it is particularly considered a part of Dakota homeland.

paragraphs: The first Europeans to arrive in the area were Sieur du Lhut and his men in the fall and winter of 1679-1680. For the next eighty years the area was mainly under French influence. The fur trade grew throughout the first half of the eighteenth century. Beaver pelts were one of the main products. French trade in the upper valley was dominated by the Ojibwe. They were tied to Lake Superior traders. In the lower valley the Dakota assisted in trading with merchants based out of St. Louis. After the end of the French and Indian War in 1763, British traders entered the area. They grew in numbers and influence with the help of the powerful North West Company.

paragraphs: The 1837 Treaty of St. Peters with the Ojibwe gave the United States government a large tract of land in what today is north central Wisconsin and east central Minnesota. This opened the region to logging. The river was important to float the logs downstream to the sawmills that processed it. During the 1840s, important sawmills were located at St. Croix Falls and Marine on St. Croix. In the 1850s Stillwater became the primary lumber destination. During this time the population of Stillwater grew rapidly. New sawmills were opened, and the town saw an influx of capital, primarily from lumber companies based in St. Louis. In 1856 construction began on a boom site two miles north of Stillwater. It was used to hold and sort the logs floating downstream. The boom was in operation for over fifty years. The St. Croix Boom Site is now a wayside rest and National Historic Landmark along Minnesota State Highway 95.

paragraphs: There were vast white pine forests in the upper St. Croix river valley. They provided the forest products that built the towns along Lake St. Croix, Minneapolis and St. Paul. The St. Croix along with the forests in Red Cedar, Chippewa, and Rum valleys provided supplies for the building of Winona, Minnesota, Davenport, Iowa, Rock Island, Illinois, and St. Louis.

paragraphs: The lumber industry continued to grow throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century, with larger log drives in the spring caused dangers to navigation on the river above Stillwater. Logs were frequently caught in log jams at the narrow parts of the St. Croix River near St. Croix Falls. In 1883 the blockade was so severe it took almost two months before the flow of logs was re-established. At its peak in 1890, logging in the St. Croix River valley produced of lumber and logs. The lumber industry continued until the last major log drive in 1912 marked the end of the rich white pine forests of the area.

paragraphs: It was along the banks of the St. Croix, in the milltown of Stillwater, that the state of Minnesota was first proposed in 1848.

paragraphs: The St. Croix River starts in the northwestern corner of Wisconsin. It flows out of Upper St. Croix Lake in Douglas County. The lake is near Solon Springs, approximately south of Lake Superior. The St. Croix flows south into Gordon, then southwest. It is joined by the Namekagon River in northern Burnett County. A few miles downstream the St. Croix meets the boundary between Minnesota and Wisconsin. It marks that boundary for another until its confluence with the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: The St. Croix River was one of the original eight rivers to be protected by the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. The upper parts of the river for the first and the Namekagon River are protected as the "St. Croix National Scenic Riverway". The only interruption is a hydroelectric dam operated by the Northern States Power Company at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin. The lower , including both sides of the river along the Minnesota-Wisconsin border, were protected as part of the "Lower St. Croix National Scenic Riverway".


title: Barbara Palvin

paragraphs: Barbara Palvin (, born 8 October 1993) is a Hungarian model and actress.

paragraphs: She started her career in 2010 by walking the runway for a Prada fashion show. Miuccia Prada chose her to walk exclusively for her brand.

paragraphs: In 2012, she became a spokesmodel for L'Oréal and walked the Victoria's Secret fashion show.

paragraphs: In 2014, she portrayed Antimache in "Hercules".


title: Stillwater, Minnesota

paragraphs: Stillwater is a city in Washington County, Minnesota. It is on the St. Croix River directly across from the state of Wisconsin. The population was 18,225 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat. Stillwater is part of the Twin Cities Metro Area.

paragraphs: On July 29 and September 29, 1837, treaties were signed between the US government and the local Ojibwa and Dakota nations. They allowed settlement in the St. Croix River Valley. The town was founded by settlers drawn by the area's then-abundant lumber and river traffic. It is one of Minnesota's oldest towns, preceding Minneapolis by several years. Stillwater was officially incorporated as a city on March 4, 1854 (the same day as St. Paul). The city was named for the calm waters of the St. Croix River.

paragraphs: Stillwater is often called the birthplace of Minnesota. In 1848, a territorial convention that began the process of establishing Minnesota as a state was held in Stillwater. The convention selected three leading Minnesota cities as locations for three important public institutions. Minneapolis got the University of Minnesota, Saint Paul became the capital, and Stillwater was chosen as the site of the territory's first prison. The Minnesota Territorial Prison was opened in 1853.

paragraphs: Lumbering was the main industry in the St. Croix River Valley in the second half of the nineteenth century. For many years logs were sent down the St. Croix river, collected at the St. Croix Boom Site two miles upstream of Stillwater, and processed in Stillwater's many sawmills. Steamboats were used most widely from 1860 to 1890, and a few are still used for entertainment today.

paragraphs: Stillwater sent men of the 1st Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Company B and the 8th Minnesota Volunteer Infantry Regiment Company C to fight during the American Civil War.


title: Alan Purwin

paragraphs: Alan David Purwin (c. 1962 – September 11, 2015) was an American helicopter pilot, entrepreneur and philanthropist. He was known for being the aerial movie operator "Transformers", "Star Trek", and "Jurassic World". Purwin was born in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: On September 11, 2015, Purwin died as a passenger in a plane crash near Santa Fe de Antioquia, Colombia, during the shooting of the movie "Mena". He was 53 years old.


title: National Botanic Garden of Israel

paragraphs: National Botanic Garden of Israel (official name: The Botanical Garden for the Native Plants of Israel in memory of Montague Lamport, in ) is a botanic garden located in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden is dedicated to the plants of Israel.

paragraphs: The botanic garden was opened in 1931 by Otto Warburg and Alexander Eig. They were the founders of the botanic department of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. After Mount Scopus was isolated from Israel in 1948, they decided to create a new botanical garden in West Jerusalem, in Givat Ram. The new garden, Jerusalem Botanical Gardens, was opened in 1954.

paragraphs: The National Botanic Garden of Israel is also an archaeological park. It has many Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period. In the southern part of the garden there is a famous cave called the Tomb of Nicanor. The cave is also burial place of two Zionist activists: Leon Pinsker and Menachem Ussishkin.


title: Willi Fuggerer

paragraphs: Willi Fuggerer (11 September 1941 – September 2015) was a German track cyclist. He was born in Nuremberg. He competed at the 1964 Summer Olympics in the 2000 m tandem and 1000 m sprint and finished in third and fifth place, respectively.


title: Antoine Lahad

paragraphs: Antoine Lahad (1927 – 10 September 2015) was a Lebanese general and leader of the South Lebanon Army (SLA) from 1984 until 2000.

paragraphs: Lahad died in Paris on 10 September 2015 from a heart attack, aged 88.


title: Adrian Frutiger

paragraphs: Adrian Frutiger (May 24, 1928 – September 12, 2015) was a Swiss typeface designer. He was known for typing name of cities and towns on road signs. His most famous signs designs include Univers, Frutiger and Avenir. He was born in Unterseen, Switzerland.

paragraphs: Frutiger died in Bremgarten bei Bern, Switzerland, aged 87.


title: Hudson, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Hudson is a city in and the county seat of St. Croix County, Wisconsin, United States. As of the 2010 United States census, its population was 12,719. It is part of the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). Hudson is bordered on the north by the village of North Hudson and the Willow River. On the North and East is the township of Hudson. To the south is the township of Troy. It is bounded on the west by the St. Croix River.

paragraphs: Hudson was settled in the summer of 1840 by Louis Massey and his brother in-law, Peter Bouchea. William Steets arrived at about the same time. Later that same year, Joseph Sauperson (commonly known as Joe LaGrue) moved there. These four are considered Hudson's original inhabitants. Massey and Bouchea settled at the mouth of the Willow River, near the present-day First and St. Croix Streets. They had been part of the group who lived for some time along the river below Fort Snelling. This appears on some old maps as "Massey's Landing". The 1840s saw a few settlers arriving here — Captain John Page, the Nobles brothers, Dr. Philip Aldrich, Ammah Andrews, Moses Perrin, Colonel James Hughes, Daniel Anderson, and others.

paragraphs: Hudson was originally called "Willow River". It was later named "Buena Vista" by Judge Joel Foster, founder of River Falls. This was after he returned from the Mexican–American War where he fought in the Battle of Buena Vista. In 1852, Alfred D. Gray, Hudson's first mayor, petitioned to change the name of the city to "Hudson", because the bluffs along the St. Croix River reminded him of the Hudson River in his native New York.

paragraphs: A large number of settlers arrived in the 1850s and 1860s. Many of were the ancestors of today's residents. The lumber industry was the prime attraction of the area. Over time sawmills were started throughout the St. Croix Valley.

paragraphs: On August 30, 1917 a violent mob of 1,000 held a night rally in front of the armory. They were protesting the attempt by the pacifist People's Council of America to hold a conference in Hudson's prizefighting arena. The crowd then went after the four wiktorganizers in the lobby of their hotel and threatened to hang them. Only after the pleadings of county attorney N. O. Varnum were the four allowed to leave town.

paragraphs: U.S. Highway 12 once crossed the St. Croix River on a toll bridge between Wisconsin and Minnesota, which provided revenue for the town. With the construction of Interstate 94, the toll bridge was removed. The long causeway extending to the former bridge location is now open to the public as a pedestrian walkway.

paragraphs: Hudson has grown as a tourist destination in recent years. There are shops and restaurants on the St. Croix river in its historic downtown, along with hotels and other businesses that serve traffic on Interstate Highway 94.


title: River Falls, Wisconsin

paragraphs: River Falls is a city in Pierce and St. Croix counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. It is located mostly within the Town of River Falls in Pierce County. A small part lies within the Town of Kinnickinnic in St. Croix County. River Falls is the most populous city in Pierce county. The population was 15,000 at the 2010 census. It is divided by 11,851 living in Pierce County, and 3,149 in St. Croix County. It is part of the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. River Falls is the home of the University of Wisconsin–River Falls.


title: Doug Sahm

paragraphs: Douglas Wayne Sahm (November 6, 1941 – November 18, 1999), was an American musician. He was born in San Antonio, Texas. He was a child prodigy in country music. He later became best known in roots rock, tejano music, Americana and other genres.

paragraphs: He was the lead singer of a popular 1960s rock and roll band, the Sir Douglas Quintet. He later formed a Tex Mex band with Augie Meyers, Freddy Fender and Flaco Jimenez.

paragraphs: Sahm started his musical career singing and playing steel guitar, mandolin and violin. He first sang on the radio at age five. He recorded his first song, "A

paragraphs: Real American Joe", at age eleven. On December 19, 1952, when he was eleven, he played on stage with Hank Williams Sr. at the Skyline Club in Austin, Texas. It was Hank Williams's last time playing. He died on New Year's Day of 1953. He died of heart failure while on the road to his next show in Canton, Ohio.

paragraphs: When he was thirteen, Sahm was invited to join the Grand Ole Opry, but his mother wanted him to finish junior high school. When he was a teenager, he started sneaking into San Antonio rhythm and blues bars to play music.

paragraphs: In 1965, Sahm formed the band, Sir Douglas Quintet, with a childhood friend, Augie Meyers. A record producer picked the band's name so they would seem British. At the time, music from Britain was so popular in the United States, it had a name: "British invasion". The British name only helped a little. Sahm had a Texas accent and two band members were Hispanic. Some early photographs of the band tried to hide this from music fans.

paragraphs: The band had a Top Twenty US hit with "She's About a Mover". It also made the Top Twenty in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: Bob Dylan liked the group's sound and said: "Look, for me right now there are three groups: Butterfield Blues Band, The Byrds and the Sir Douglas Quintet."

paragraphs: The band broke up after an arrest for having marijuana, in Corpus Christi, Texas.

paragraphs: After the breakup, Sahm moved to San Francisco to begin a blues band. Later, he and Augie Meyers got back together as Sir Douglas Quintet, with new members. They recorded a successful album and single, both named "Mendocino".

paragraphs: In 1973, Jerry Wexler of Atlantic Records produced Sahm's first solo album, "Doug Sahm and Band". Bob Dylan, Dr. John and Flaco Jiménez also played on the album. Wexler said: "Then in October 1972, Dylan was in the studio with Doug Sahm... Dylan having been friendly with Sahm since the mid-sixties and having expressed enthusiasm for the Sir Douglas Quintet on more than one occasion".

paragraphs: Sahm also played on recordings by other artists during this time, including The Grateful Dead and Willie Nelson.

paragraphs: In 1989, Sahm started the Tex-Mex supergroup, the Texas Tornados, with Freddy Fender, Augie Meyers, and Flaco Jimenez. They recorded seven albums. These included two live ones, and a "Best of" collection. Their first album won a Grammy for Best Mexican-American Performance for their song "Soy de San Luis", in 1991.

paragraphs: Sahm played on the 1993 Uncle Tupelo album "Anodyne", on the song "Give Back the Key to my Heart". He also recorded a Grammy-winning solo album, "The Last Real Texas Blues Band", in 1994.

paragraphs: Sahm died of a myocardial infarction while asleep in a motel room in Taos, New Mexico, on November 18, 1999. He is buried in Sunset Memorial Park in San Antonio.

paragraphs: A posthumous album, "The Return of Wayne Douglas", was released in 2000. Sahm's son, Shawn, leads his own Tex Mex band. They were on the cover of Rolling Stone in 1968, as father and son. Doug Sahm's other son, Shandon Sahm, is the drummer for the Meat Puppets as of 2010.

paragraphs: Sahm has been named into in the South Texas Music Walk of Fame. In 2008, he was inducted into the Austin Music Memorial, in the first group.

paragraphs: He also was given the Americana Music Association (AMA)'s Presidents Award in 2002.

paragraphs: In 2008, Austin, Texas approved the naming of Doug Sahm Hill, in a park near Lady Bird Lake, to honor him.

paragraphs: In October 2012, Steve Earle played a tribute to Sahm at Hardly Strictly Bluegrass Festival in Golden Gate Park. His group played several of Sahm's Americana songs.

paragraphs: A documentary movie, "Sir Doug & the Genuine Texas Cosmic Groove", premiered at South by Southwest (SXSW) music festival. This was in Austin, Texas on March 19, 2015.


title: Yamaha DX7

paragraphs: Yamaha DX7 is a digital programmable musical synthesizer. It was first made and released in 1983. The Yamaha DX7 ROM-4A patch "Synthbrass" was heard in the Corey Hart song "Sunglasses at Night".

paragraphs: Yamaha TX7 is a keyboardless sound module and rack version of Yamaha DX7 and was made in 1985 and released in 1985-present.


title: Kinnickinnic River (St. Croix River)

paragraphs: The Kinnickinnic River, called the Kinni for short, is a river in northwestern Wisconsin in the United States. The Kinni is a cold water fishery supporting a population of native Brook Trout and naturally reproducing Brown Trout. The Kinnickinnic River is officially designated as a Class I trout stream by the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. This means it is a "high quality" trout water that has populations of wild trout. Also, these streams do not need stocking with hatchery trout.

paragraphs: The main recreational activity on the upper part of the Kinnickinnic River is trout fishing. Nearer to River Falls downtown, walking, hiking, running, mountain biking along the trails are popular activities. The City is also a Bird City and attracts a number of birders along the river. Kayaking along the lower parts of the river has become popular.


title: Mecca crane collapse

paragraphs: On 11 September 2015, a mobile crawler crane accidentally fell onto the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. At least 118 people were killed and another 394 were injured. The victims were mostly foreigners, among the injured and dead included citizens of Indonesia, Turkey, Iran, Egypt, Algeria, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Malaysia, Afghanistan, Morocco, Iraq, Nigeria and the United Kingdom.


title: William French Smith

paragraphs: William French Smith (August 26, 1917 – October 29, 1990) was an American lawyer. He was the 74th United States Attorney General serving from 1981 through 1985.


title: Dick Thornburgh

paragraphs: Richard Lewis "Dick" Thornburgh (born July 16, 1932) is an American lawyer and Republican politician. He served as the 41st Governor of Pennsylvania from 1979 to 1987, and then as the U.S. Attorney General from 1988 to 1991.

paragraphs: Thornburg resigned as Attorney General to run for the United States Senate in Pennsylvania in 1991, but lost to Democratic Harris Wofford.


title: James G. Watt

paragraphs: James Gaius Watt (born January 31, 1938) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as United States Secretary of the Interior from 1981 to 1983. He has been called "anti-environmentalist". He was one of Ronald Reagan's most controversial cabinet appointments.


title: Donald P. Hodel

paragraphs: Donald Paul Hodel (born May 23, 1935) is an American politician and businessman. He is the former United States Secretary of Energy and former Secretary of the Interior. He served in the Ronald Reagan cabinet. He is Chairman of the company FreeEats.com/ccAdvertising.


title: John Rusling Block

paragraphs: John Rusling Block (born February 15, 1935) is an American politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, during the President Reagan's administration from 1981 through 1986. He later became a lobbyist.


title: Richard Edmund Lyng

paragraphs: Richard Edmund Lyng (June 29, 1918 – February 1, 2003) was a American politician. As a Republican, he served as the United States Secretary of Agriculture between 1986 and 1989 under the Ronald Reagan administration.

paragraphs: Lyng died of complications from Parkinson's disease in Modesto, California, on February 1, 2003.


title: Malcolm Baldrige, Jr.

paragraphs: Howard Malcolm "Mac" Baldrige, Jr. (October 4, 1922 – July 25, 1987) was an American businessman. He served as the United States Secretary of Commerce from 1981 until his death in 1987.

paragraphs: Baldrige died from injuries he suffered from a rodeo competition in Walnut Creek, California, aged 64.


title: William Verity, Jr.

paragraphs: Calvin William Verity, Jr. (January 26, 1917 – January 3, 2007) was a American administrator and steel industrialist. He served as the Secretary of Commerce between 1987 and 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

paragraphs: He died on January 3, 2007, a complications of pneumonia, in Beaufort, South Carolina, at the age of 89.


title: Raymond J. Donovan

paragraphs: Raymond James "Ray" Donovan (born August 31, 1930) is an American businessman and former politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Reagan.


title: Ann McLaughlin Korologos

paragraphs: Ann McLaughlin Korologos (born Ann Lauenstein; November 16, 1941), formerly known as Ann Dore McLaughlin, is an American politician. He was the United States Secretary of Labor from 1987 to 1989.


title: Margaret Heckler

paragraphs: Margaret Mary Heckler (June 21, 1931 – August 6, 2018) was an American Republican politician from Massachusetts.

paragraphs: She served in the United States House of Representatives for eight terms, from 1967 until 1983 and was later the Secretary of Health and Human Services and Ambassador to Ireland under President Ronald Reagan. After her defeat in 1982, no woman would be elected to Congress from Massachusetts until Niki Tsongas in a special election in 2007.

paragraphs: Heckler died at a hospital in Arlington, Virginia from a heart attack on August 6, 2018 at the age of 87.


title: John S. Herrington

paragraphs: John Stewart Herrington (born May 31, 1939) is an American Republican politician. He served as the United States Secretary of Energy under Ronald Reagan during his second term.


title: Kenneth Duberstein

paragraphs: Kenneth M. Duberstein (born April 21, 1944) is a former American politician and lobbyist. He served as U.S. President Ronald Reagan's White House Chief of Staff from 1988 to 1989.


title: David Stockman

paragraphs: David Alan Stockman (born November 10, 1946) is a former businessman and American politician. He served as a Republican U.S. Representative from the state of Michigan (1977–1981) and as the Director of the Office of Management and Budget (1981–1985) under President Ronald Reagan.


title: James C. Miller III

paragraphs: James Clifford Miller III (born June 25, 1942, in Atlanta, Georgia) is a former U.S. government official and economist. He served as chairman of the Federal Trade Commission between 1981 and 1985 and as Budget Director for President Ronald Reagan between 1985 and 1988. He also ran for United States Senate in Virginia, losing the Republican nomination at the convention to Oliver North in 1994 and losing the nomination in the primary to John Warner in 1996.


title: Joseph Robert Wright, Jr.

paragraphs: Joseph Robert "Joe" Wright, Jr. (born 1938) is an American businessman and politician. He served as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1988 through 1989.


title: Clayton Keith Yeutter

paragraphs: Clayton Keith Yeutter, ONZM (December 10, 1930 – March 4, 2017) was an American politician. He served as United States Secretary of Agriculture under President George H. W. Bush from 1989 to 1991 before serving as Counselor to the President in 1992. He served as United States Trade Representative from 1985 to 1989 and as Chairman for the Republican National Committee from 1991 until 1992.

paragraphs: Yeutter died from colorectal cancer in Potomac, Maryland on March 4, 2017, aged 86.


title: William Ruckelshaus

paragraphs: William Doyle Ruckelshaus (July 24, 1932 – November 27, 2019) was an American attorney and government official. He worked during the Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan presidencies. He was known for resigning under the Nixon administration after he refused to carryout Nixon's orders to fire key investigators of the Watergate Scandal.

paragraphs: Ruckelshaus was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. He studied at Harvard University and at Princeton University.

paragraphs: He served as the first head of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, was subsequently acting Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and then Deputy Attorney General of the United States. During 1983 through 1985 he returned as EPA Administrator.

paragraphs: In 1968, he ran for the United States Senate in Indiana, but narrowly lost the election to Birch Bayh with 51.7% to 48.2%.

paragraphs: In November 2015, Ruckelshaus was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Barack Obama during a ceremony at the White House.

paragraphs: Ruckelshaus died at his home in Medina, Washington on November 27, 2019 at the age of 87.


title: Lee M. Thomas

paragraphs: Lee Muller Thomas (born June 13, 1944) was head of the United States Environmental Protection Agency from 1985 to 1989 under President Ronald Reagan. He succeeded William Ruckelshaus. He is a Republican.


title: Anne Gorsuch Burford

paragraphs: Anne Gorsuch Burford (April 21, 1942 – July 18, 2004), also known as Anne M. Gorsuch, was an American attorney and politician. Between 1981 and 1983, while known as Anne M. Gorsuch, she served under President Ronald Reagan as the first female Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). She was born in Casper, Wyoming.

paragraphs: Burford was married to David Gorsuch from 1964 until they divorced in 1982. They had two children, including Judge Neil Gorsuch, who is President Donald Trump's nominee to United States Supreme Court. In 1983, she married Robert Burford. He died in 1993. They had one child.

paragraphs: Burford died in Aurora, Colorado from cancer on July 18, 2004, aged 62.


title: Beryl Wayne Sprinkel

paragraphs: Beryl Wayne Sprinkel (November 20, 1923 – August 22, 2009) was a member of the Executive Office of the US President and chairman of the Council of Economic Advisors (CEA) between April 4, 1985 and January 21, 1989, during the Reagan administration.


title: Murray Weidenbaum

paragraphs: Murray Lew Weidenbaum (February 10, 1927 – March 20, 2014), was an American economist. He was the Edward Mallinckrodt Distinguished University Professor and Honorary Chairman of the Murray Weidenbaum Center on the Economy, Government, and Public Policy at Washington University in St. Louis.

paragraphs: He has served as Assistant Secretary of the Treasury for Economic Policy (19691971). He was chairman of President Ronald Reagan's first Council of Economic Advisors from 1981–1982.


title: Jarryd Hayne

paragraphs: Jarryd Lee Hayne (born 15 February 1988) is an Australian American football player and former rugby league player. He currently plays for the San Francisco 49ers in the National Football League (NFL). During his time playing rugby league, he played for the Parramatta Eels of the National Rugby League (NRL) from 2006 until 2014.

paragraphs: Hayne was born in Sydney, New South Wales. His father is Manoa Thompson, a Fijian rugby league player, and an Australian mother, Jodie. He has three siblings.


title: Martin Feldstein

paragraphs: Martin Stuart "Marty" Feldstein (November 25, 1939 – June 11, 2019) was an American economist. He was the George F. Baker Professor of Economics at Harvard University, and the president emeritus of the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).

paragraphs: He served as President and Chief Executive Officer of the NBER from 1978 through 2008. From 1982 to 1984, Feldstein served as chairman of the Council of Economic Advisers and as chief economic advisor to President Ronald Reagan (where his deficit hawk views clashed with Reagan administration economic policies).

paragraphs: He was a member of the Washington-based financial advisory body the Group of Thirty, becoming a member in 2003. Feldstein died on June 11, 2019 from cancer in Belmont, Massachusetts, aged 79.


title: Tabachnik National Garden

paragraphs: Tabachnik National Garden is a national park located on Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. The garden has some Jewish burial caves from the Second Temple period (between 530 BC and 70 AD). It also has two smaller cemeteries. There is a memorial wall for the students of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem who died in defending of the State of Israel.


title: Background radiation

paragraphs: Background radiation is the natural radiation we get by living on Earth. There are many naturally occurring radioactive isotopes which decay over time. They release radioactive particles or radiation into the surroundings. We call this "background radiation".

paragraphs: The biggest source of natural background radiation is radon in the air. This radioactive gas comes from the ground. Radon and its isotopes, parent radionuclides, and decay products make up most of the radiation we get.

paragraphs: Radioactive material is found throughout nature. It occurs naturally in soil, rocks, water, air, and vegetation, from which it is taken into the body. Humans also get radiation from radioactive materials outside the body and from cosmic radiation from space.

paragraphs: The worldwide average natural dose to humans is about 2.4 millisievert (mSv) per year. This is four times the worldwide average artificial radiation exposure, which in 2008 amounted to about 0.6 mSv per year. In addition there are X-rays and other forms of medical imaging. In Europe, average natural background exposure by country ranges from under 2 mSv annually in the United Kingdom to more than 7 mSv annually for some groups of people in Finland.


title: The Preacher's Wife

paragraphs: The Preacher's Wife is a 1996 American Christmas romantic comedy movie starring Denzel Washington, Whitney Houston, and Courtney B. Vance. It is a remake of the 1947 film "The Bishop's Wife".


title: Lake View Terrace, Los Angeles

paragraphs: Lake View Terrace is a suburb district in the northeastern part of the San Fernando Valley region of the City of Los Angeles, California. The area hosts a large equestrian community. It is one of the few remaining areas in the city that has private homes zoned for keeping horses.


title: Northern Zazaki

paragraphs: Northern Zazaki (in Zaza langauge known as: "Zazakiyê Zımey", "Kırmancki" or "Zonê Ma") is one of main dialects of the Zaza language. This dialect is spoken in eastern provinces of Republic of Turkey. This includes Tunceli (mainly), Erzincan, Sivas, Erzurum and some places in Gümüşhane. Northern Zazaki is spoken by more than 140,000 people in places where northern Zazas living.


title: Southern Zazaki

paragraphs: Southern Zazaki (in Zaza langauge known as: "Dımılki" or "Zazakiyê Veroci") is one of main dialects of the Zaza language. This dialect is spoken in southeastern provinces of Republic of Turkey such as Şanlıurfa (mainly in Siverek), Diyarbakır, Bitlis and Adıyaman. Southern Zazaki is spoken by more than 1,500,000 people in places where southern Zazas (known as Dimlis) living.


title: Michael Brandon

paragraphs: Michael Brandon (born Michael Feldman; April 20, 1945) is an American actor and voice actor who resides in London and Los Angeles.

paragraphs: Brandon was born Michael Feldman in Brooklyn, New York to Miriam (née Tumen) and Sol Feldman. At age nine, he and his family (brother Elliot and sister Debra Lynne) moved to Valley Stream, New York where he attended Memorial Junior High and then Valley Stream Central High School.

paragraphs: He married actress Lindsay Wagner in 1976. The marriage ended in a divorce in 1979 after 3 years of marriage. Since 1989, Brandon has been married to actress Glynis Barber, together they have a son named Alexander Max Brandon who was born in November of 1992.


title: Mercury Records

paragraphs: Mercury Records was a record label which produces music in the United States. Mercury Records is owned by Universal Music Group. In the United Kingdom, the label is known as Virgin EMI Records. Def Jam Recordings used to be a part of Mercury Records. But, Def Jam Recordings separated from the Mercury Records.

paragraphs: Mercury Record Corporation was founded in Chicago, Illinois, in 1945. Four people founded the label: Irving Green, Berle Adams, Ray Greenberg and Arthur Talmadge. All four founders used a variety of music, including jazz and blues, classical music, rock and roll, and country music.

paragraphs: Currently, Mercury Records has five record labels, Mercury Records, Mercury Records (UK), Mercury Records (Australia), Mercury Classics, and Mercury Nashville.

paragraphs: Many artists are represented on Mercury Records.


Frederick II


title: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraphs: Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250), was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous. However, his enemies, especially the popes, prevailed, and his dynasty collapsed soon after his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case of Professor Donald Detwiler, who wrote:

paragraphs: Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman Emperors of Antiquity, he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade.

paragraphs: He was frequently at war with the Papacy, hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the "Regno") to the south, and thus he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and since. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist.

paragraphs: Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, French, Greek and Arabic), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, from around 1220 to his death, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language. The school and its poetry were saluted by Dante and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.

paragraphs: He was also the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered "irrational".

paragraphs: After his death, his line quickly died out and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.


title: Norman Farberow

paragraphs: Norman L. Farberow (February 12, 1918 – September 10, 2015) was an American psychologist. He was one of the founding fathers of modern suicidology. He was among the three founders in 1958 of the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center, which became a base of research into the causes and prevention of suicide.

paragraphs: Farberow died at the age of 97 on September 10, 2015, World Suicide Prevention Day in Los Angeles, California.


title: Moses Malone

paragraphs: Moses Eugene Malone (March 23, 1955 – September 13, 2015) was an American basketball player who played in both the American Basketball Association (ABA) and the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1974 through 1995. He was a member of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Malone played for the Buffalo Braves (1976), the Houston Rockets (1976-1982), the Philadelphia 76ers (1982-1986; 1993-1994), the Washington Wizards (1986-1988), the Atlanta Hawks (1988-1991), the Milwaukee Bucks (1991-1993), and the San Antonio Spurs (1994-1995). He was a three-time NBA Most Valuable Player.

paragraphs: Malone died suddenly from heart disease in Norfolk, Virginia at the age of 60.


title: Hamadryas baboon

paragraphs: The hamadryas baboon ("Papio hamadryas") is a species of baboon from the Old World monkey family. It is the northernmost of all the baboons. It lives in the Horn of Africa and the southwestern tip of the Arabian Peninsula. These regions have fewer natural predators than central or southern Africa, where other baboons live.

paragraphs: The hamadryas baboon was a sacred animal in ancient Egypt.


title: Peter Ueberroth

paragraphs: Peter Victor Ueberroth (; born September 2, 1937) is an American executive. He served as the sixth Commissioner of Baseball from 1984 to 1989. He was the chairman of the United States Olympic Committee before being replaced by Larry Probst in October 2008.


title: Andrew Grove

paragraphs: Andrew Stephen "Andy" Grove (András István Gróf, 2 September 1936 – 21 March 2016), was a Hungarian-born American businessman, engineer, and author. He was a science pioneer in the semiconductor industry.

paragraphs: He escaped from Communist-controlled Hungary at the age of 20 and moved to the United States where he finished his education. He later became CEO of Intel Corporation and helped transform the company into the world's largest manufacturer of semiconductors. As a result of his work at Intel, along with his books and professional articles, Grove had a considerable influence on electronics manufacturing industries worldwide. Andrew Grove has been called the "guy who drove the growth phase" of .

paragraphs: Andrew Grove was born in Budapest (Hungary) in 1936 to a Jewish family. When he was eight, the Nazis and deported nearly 500,000 Jews to concentration camps. To avoid being arrested, Grove and his mother took on false identities and were sheltered by friends.

paragraphs: During the , when he was 20, Andrew emigrated to the United States. In 1960 he received a bachelor's degree in chemical technology from the City College, New York. . In 1963, Grove received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraphs: In 1968, Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore co-founded Intel, after they and Grove left Fairchild Semiconductor. Grove joined on the day of its incorporation, although it was not a founder according to the company. In 1979 he became Intel president, in 1987 its executive director, and in 1997 its executive director and chairman of the board of directors. In May 1998, Grove resigned as CEO, remaining chairman of the board.


title: David Ho (scientist)

paragraphs: David Da-i Ho (; born November 3, 1952) is a Taiwanese-American HIV/AIDS researcher. He was famous for understanding the treatment of HIV infection. He is the scientific director and chief executive officer of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center and the Irene Diamond Professor at Rockefeller University in New York City.


title: Peace makers

paragraphs: Peacemakers are people or a group of people involved in peacemaking. It is often in countries affected by war, violent conflict, and political instability. There can be different levels of peace makers. Presidents or Prime ministers trying to reach a deal, activists, and even authors. People who are involved in peacemaking can win the Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Ted Hartley

paragraphs: Theodore Ringwalt "Ted" Hartley (born November 6, 1924) is an American actor, producer, and businessman. He is the CEO of RKO Pictures.

paragraphs: He was married to heiress, actress and philanthropist Dina Merrill from 1989 until her death in 2017.


title: Joint-stock company

paragraphs: A joint-stock company is a business owned by people called shareholders. Each shareholder owns company stock in proportion to the number of their shares (certificates of ownership). Some shareholders may own a larger proportion of a company's share than others. Shareholders are able to transfer their shares to others without any effects on the continued existence of the company.

paragraphs: Incorporation, a legal process, gives a company a legal personality separate from shareholders, and limited liability. This means the shareholders are only liable for the company's debts to the value of the money they invested in the company. So, joint-stock companies are commonly known as corporations or limited companies.

paragraphs: Finding the earliest joint-stock company is a matter of definition. Around 1250 in France at Toulouse, 96 shares of the "Société des Moulins du Bazacle" (Bazacle Milling Company) were traded at a value that depended on the profitability of the Society's mills. This was probably the first company of its kind in history.

paragraphs: The much more famous, wealthy and powerful English (later British) East India Company was granted an English Royal Charter by Elizabeth I on 31 December 1600. The Royal Charter gave the newly created "Honourable East India Company" a 15-year monopoly on all trade in the East Indies. The Company transformed from a commercial trading venture to one which ruled India.

paragraphs: In 1602, the Dutch East India Company issued shares that were made tradable on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange. This invention helped joint-stock companies to attract capital from investors as they could now easily trade their shares. In 1612 it became the first 'corporation' in intercontinental trade with 'locked in' capital and limited liability.

paragraphs: The type of company most often referred to by the word "corporation" is a publicly traded corporation. In this type of company the shares are traded on a public stock exchange. For example, shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange or Nasdaq in the United States. This is where shares of stock of corporations are bought and sold by and to the general public. Most of the largest businesses in the world are publicly traded corporations. However, the majority of corporations are said to be closely held, privately held or close corporations. This means that no ready market exists for the trading of shares. Many such corporations are owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople or companies. They can also be as vast as the largest public corporations.

paragraphs: Closely held corporations have some advantages over publicly traded corporations. A small, closely held company can often make decisions much more rapidly than a publicly traded company, because there will generally be fewer voting shareholders or the shareholders would have common interests. A publicly traded company is also at the mercy of the market. It can have capital flow in and out based on what the company is doing and also what the competitors are doing. Publicly traded companies also have advantages over their closely held counterparts. Publicly traded companies often have more working capital. They can also delegate debt throughout all shareholders. This means shareholders of publicly traded company will each take a much smaller hit to their returns as opposed to those involved with a closely held corporation. Publicly traded companies though suffer from this exact advantage. A closely held corporation can often stand a hit to profit with little or no long-term effect. A publicly traded company though often comes under extreme scrutiny if profit and growth are not evident to stock holders. If profits go down stock holders may sell, further damaging the company. Often this blow is enough to make a small public company fail.


title: Neutral particle

paragraphs: In physics, a neutral particle is a particle with no electric charge.

paragraphs: Long-lived neutral particles do not decay for a very long time. Examples of such particles include photons, neutrons, and neutrinos.

paragraphs: Other neutral particles are very short-lived. They decay before they can be detected by a particle detector. They have been observed only indirectly, such as tracks of ionized particles in a particle accelerator. They include:


title: Mark Cuban

paragraphs: Mark Cuban (born July 31, 1958) is an American businessman, investor, movie producer, author, television personality and philanthropist. He is the owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks, Landmark Theatres, and Magnolia Pictures, and the chairman of the HDTV cable network AXS TV.

paragraphs: As of September 2015, Cuban has publicly expressed interest in running for president in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, citing that he "could beat both Trump and Clinton". He later decided not to run. On October 9, 2015, Cuban announced his intentions to run for Speaker of the House to replace John Boehner.


title: Corneliu Vadim Tudor

paragraphs: Corneliu Vadim Tudor (; 28 November 1949 – 14 September 2015) was a Romanian politician. He was the leader of the Greater Romania Party ("Partidul România Mare"), poet, writer, journalist and a Member of the European Parliament. He was a Romanian Senator from 1992 to 2008. He died of a heart attack.


title: Brazil at the 2012 Summer Paralympics

paragraphs: Brazil competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London, United Kingdom, from 29 August to 9 September 2012. Brazil will be the next host of the Summer Paralympics, holding the 2016 Games in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Brazil has qualified for the football 5-a-side tournament.

paragraphs: Brazil has qualified for the football 7-a-side tournament.


title: Adam Deadmarsh

paragraphs: Adam Richard Deadmarsh (born May 10, 1975) is a Canadian-American retired professional ice hockey right winger. Deadmarsh played parts of 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Quebec Nordiques, Colorado Avalanche, and Los Angeles Kings.

paragraphs: Deadmarsh played for Team USA during the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, the 1998 Winter Olympics, and the 2002 Winter Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1996 and a silver medal in 2002.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Deadmarsh played 4 seasons with the Portland Winter Hawks of the Western Hockey League (WHL). He was drafted with the 14th overall pick by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: He played 1 season with them and stayed with the franchise when they relocated to Denver, Colorado to become the Colorado Avalanche. During his time with the Avalanche, Deadmarsh won the Stanley Cup in 1996. His name was misspelled as "Deadmarch" when the names were being added to the Cup. It was the first time that a misspelling on the Stanley Cup had ever been corrected.

paragraphs: On February 21, 2001, the Avalanche traded Deadmarsh along with Aaron Miller in exchange for Jared Aulin, and Colorado's first round pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft (Dave Steckel) for Rob Blake and Steven Reinprecht. During round one of the 2001 Stanley Cup Playoffs, Deadmarsh scored an overtime goal which caused the Kings defeat the very favoured Detroit Red Wings. The Kings would lose against his old team, the Avalanche, in seven games. The Avalanche would end up winning their second Stanley Cup.

paragraphs: Deadmarsh would miss most of the 2002–03 NHL season because of a concussion and missed the whole 2003–04 NHL seasonbecause of another concussion. He also did not play the next season because of the 2004–05 NHL lockout. On September 22, 2005, he announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey. On March 20, 2006, Deadmarsh was honoured before a game between the Avalanche and Kings at Staples Center.


title: Éric Dazé

paragraphs: Éric Dazé (born July 2, 1975) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey left winger. Dazé played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL), all with the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Dazé played parts of 5 seasons in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL); 2 with the Hull Olympiques and 3 with the Beauport Harfangs. He was drafted with the 90th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: In 1995, he was a member of the gold medal winning team at the World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. After he scored 30 goals as a rookie, he was named to the NHL All-Rookie Team in 1996. In 2002, Dazé was chosen to play in his first NHL All-Star Game. He recorded 2 goals and 1 assist and was named the game's MVP. He became the first Blackhawk player to win the award since Bobby Hull did so in 1971.

paragraphs: Dazé suffered from severe back problems during his career and he only played 19 games in the 2003–04 NHL season. On March 20, 2010, He officially announced that he was retiring from professional ice hockey during the Comcast Sportsnet pregame show before the Blackhawks game.


title: Echo (Leona Lewis album)

paragraphs: Echo is the second studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released in November 2009 by Syco.

paragraphs: The music on "Echo" is a mixture of europop and R&B. It also has a Cover version of the Oasis song "Stop Crying Your Heart Out" Two singles were released from the album. One of them was the R&B ballad "Happy". The album also features a duet with American pop rock group OneRepublic called "Lost Then Found".

paragraphs: "Echo" met mixed to favourable reviews by critics.


title: Alpha Phi Alpha

paragraphs: Alpha Phi Alpha is the first Black, inter-collegiate Greek-lettered fraternity in the United States. It was founded on December 4, 1906 at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. It uses an icon from ancient Egypt, the Great Sphinx of Giza, as its symbol. Its aims are "manly deeds, scholarship, and love for all mankind." Its motto is "First of All, Servants of All, We Shall Transcend All." Its archives are preserved at the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center. Chapters were chartered at Howard University and Virginia Union University in 1907. The fraternity has over 290,000 members. Since 1940 it has been open to men of all races. Currently, there are more than 730 active chapters worldwide.


title: Grace Jones

paragraphs: Grace Beverly Jones (born 19 May 1948) is a Jamaican singer, songwriter, supermodel, record producer, and actress. She was born in Spanish Town, Jamaica. She was raised by her grandparents. She released her first album, "Portfolio", in 1977. Her music is a mixture of R&B, disco, reggae, electronica and funk. She is also known for her unusual album covers.

paragraphs: In 2015, Jones wrote an autobiography called "I'll Never Write My Memoirs". In the book, she wrote her opinion on Rihanna, Lady Gaga, Nicki Minaj, Madonna, Miley Cyrus and Beyoncé. She wrote that she felt that they were copying her style.


title: United States Botanic Garden

paragraphs: United States Botanic Garden is the national botanical garden of the United States. It is in Washington D.C., United States. It was established in 1920 by the United States Congress. The gardens are a feature of the National Mall directly across from the United States Capitol. They are funded by the non-profit organization the National Fund for the U.S. Botanic Garden.


title: Classical period (music)

paragraphs: The Classical music period is the time from about 1750 to 1820 when Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, and Schubert were the most famous living composers.

paragraphs: We often talk about “classical music” meaning European music which is not pop music or jazz or folk music. It is music which has been written by composers who have studied the art of composition. The article Classical music talks about classical music in this sense.

paragraphs: This article is about “Classical music” in the late 18th century and the early 19th century. The word “classical” is often used to refer to the arts of Ancient Greece and Rome. It has also come to mean any art form which has become very famous and is remembered for centuries afterwards. In music the Classical period comes between the Baroque and the period of Romanticism.

paragraphs: In some ways Classical music is often simpler than the music of the Baroque composers. There is often a tune with a simple accompaniment using broken chords called an “Alberti bass”. For classical composers the form of the piece was very important. Composers started their work with a tune (theme) and this tune would be developed in different ways: put in different keys, changed from a fast to a slow tune, changed from major to minor or from minor to major.

paragraphs: Some of the most famous composers of the Classical period in music are:


title: Bill Guerin

paragraphs: William Robert Guerin (born November 9, 1970) is an American retired professional ice hockey right winger. He works as the assistant general manager of the Pittsburgh Penguins. Guerin played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the New Jersey Devils, Edmonton Oilers, Boston Bruins, Dallas Stars, St. Louis Blues, San Jose Sharks, New York Islanders, and Pittsburgh Penguins.

paragraphs: Guerin played for Team USA during the 1996 World Cup of Hockey, 1998 Winter Olympics, 2002 Winter Olympics, 2004 World Cup of Hockey, and 2006 Winter Olympics. He won a gold medal in 1996 and a silver medal in 2002.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Guerin played 2 seasons of college hockey with the Boston College Eagles. He was drafted with the 5th overall pick by the New Jersey Devils in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft. He played parts of 7 seasons with the Devils and won the Stanley Cup with them in 1995.

paragraphs: On January 4, 1998, the Devils traded Guerin along with Valeri Zelepukin to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Jason Arnott and Bryan Muir. Guerin played 4 seasons with the Oilers.

paragraphs: On November 15, 2000, the Oilers traded him to the Boston Bruins in exchange for Anson Carter, Boston's 1st (Aleš Hemský) and 2nd (Doug Lynch) round choices in 2001 NHL Entry Draft. Guerin played 2 seasons with the Bruins and recorded 41 goals in his final season with them.

paragraphs: On July 3, 2002, Guerin signed a five-year; $45 million contract with the Dallas Stars when he became a free agent.

paragraphs: He did not play as well as expected during his time with the Stars. He only recorded 40 points during the 2005–06 NHL season and the Stars decided to buy-out his contract. Dallas had to pay Guerin two-thirds of the remaining salary from his contract which was spread out over twice as many years.

paragraphs: On July 3, 2006, he signed a one-year, $2 million contract with the St. Louis Blues. During his time with the Blues, Guerin played on a line with his former Oiler teammate Doug Weight. Guerin played 1 season with the Blues. He scored 61 goals and recorded 47 points. Guerin was chosen to play in the 2007 All-Star Game, which was hosted by the Dallas Stars. Even though he was criticized for his play in Dallas, Guerin was still given a standing ovation from the fans. He became the 214th NHL player to play in 1,000 games on February 2, 2007.

paragraphs: On February 27, 2007, the Blues traded Guerin to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Ville Nieminen, Jay Barriball and a conditional first-round pick. He played 16 regular season games with them.

paragraphs: On July 5, 2007, Guerin signed a two-year contract with the New York Islanders. On July 9, 2007, the Islanders named Guerin the captain of the team. This made Guerin the 11th captain in Islanders history. He played 2 seasons with the Islanders.

paragraphs: On March 4, 2009, the Islanders traded Guerin to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for a third-round pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. On June 12, 2009, Guerin won the Stanley Cup after the Penguins defeated the Detroit Red Wings 2–1 in Game 7 at Joe Louis Arena. On June 29, 2009, Guerin signed a one-year contract extension with the Penguins with a greatly reduced salary to play through the 2009–10 NHL season. He was not offered a contract for the 2010–11 NHL season.

paragraphs: On September 7, 2010, the Philadelphia Flyers invited Guerin to their training camp for a try out. They released him on October 4 before the start of the regular season.

paragraphs: On December 6, 2010, Guerin announced that he was retiring from playing professional ice hockey and that he was retiring as a Pittsburgh Penguin. On June 6, 2011, he was hired as the player development coach for the Penguins. On June 6, 2014, Penguins General Manager Jim Rutherford announced that Guerin was being promoted to the assistant general manager of the team.

paragraphs: Guerin was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame along with his former teammate Doug Weight in 2013.


title: John J. Farrell

paragraphs: John J. Farrell (1872 – July 22, 1946) was the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Minnesota in 1917 and president of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association. By 1921 he was the secretary of National Dairy Products. He was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate in the United States Senate elections of 1924 for senator from Minnesota. He was the Minnesota Democratic state chair in 1931.

paragraphs: Farrell was born in 1872 in Ohio to Daniel Farrell and Mary Guyton, both Irish immigrant parents. They migrated to Minnesota in 1886. He married in August of 1901 Mabel Sanborn of Faribault, Minnesota, a daughter of W. N. Sanborn.

paragraphs: By 1917, Farrell was the Dairy and Food Commissioner of Minnesota and president of the National Creamery Buttermakers' Association.

paragraphs: By 1921 Farrell was the secretary of National Dairy Products Committee. In 1924, he was the unsuccessful Democratic Candidate for U.S. Senator from Minnesota.

paragraphs: Farrell died on July 22, 1946 in South Harbor Township, Mille Lacs County, Minnesota.


title: Bernard Van de Kerckhove

paragraphs: Bernard Van de Kerckhove (8 July 1941 – 15 September 2015) was a Belgian professional road bicycle racer from 1962 to 1971. He was known for winning the 1964 Tour de France and 1965 Tour de France after which he wore the yellow jersey for two and three stages respectively.


title: Meir Pa'il

paragraphs: Meir Pa'il,  , (June 19, 1926 – September 15, 2015) was an Israeli colonel, politician and military historian. He served as a member of the Knesset from 1974 through 1980. He was born in Jerusalem.

paragraphs: Pa'il died from complications of Alzheimer's disease in Jerusalem, aged 89.


title: Mihai Volontir

paragraphs: Mihai Volontir (9 March 1934 – 15 September 2015) was a Moldovan actor. He was known for his role as Volentair in the comedy movie "In the Zone of Special Attention".


title: John Rodolph Slattery

paragraphs: Colonel John Rodolph Slattery (January 31, 1877 - September 24, 1932) was the general manager for the Interborough Rapid Transit Company in New York City.

paragraphs: Slattery was born in Athens, Ohio on January 31, 1877. His parents were John A. Slattery (1847-1895) and Lena DeSteiguer (1854-1925). He attended the United States Military Academy where he graduated fifth in his class for the year 1900. He was assigned to the Philippines to work on bridges and roads as an engineer officer. He was assigned to Honolulu in November 1904 as the Honolulu District's first District Engineer for lighthouses.

paragraphs: Slattery married Elizabeth Virginia Bradley (1879-1949) around 1915. He died on September 24, 1932 in Jackson Heights, New York City.


title: Pam Ferris

paragraphs: Pamela E. "Pam" Ferris (born 11 May 1948) is a British actress. She was born in Hanover to Welsh parents. She starred on television as Ma Larkin in "The Darling Buds of May", and as Laura Thyme in "Rosemary & Thyme".

paragraphs: On movies, she is known for her roles as Miss Trunchbull in "Matilda" and as Aunt Marge in "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban".


title: Michael X. Mockus

paragraphs: Michael X. Mockus (October 26, 1864 – October 23, 1939) was a Lithuanian-American Unitarian minister. Mockus is remembered for having been convicted in nationally publicized trials for having violated Connecticut and Maine state laws prohibiting blasphemy as a result of his public challenges of certain points of orthodox religious belief.

paragraphs: Mockus was born on October 26, 1864 in Lithuania. In 1916 he was charged with blasphemy in Waterbury, Connecticut. In 1917 he gave a series of lectures in Maine and was arrested and found guilty of blasphemy. The Supreme Judicial Court of Maine did not overturn his conviction.

paragraphs: In 1916, Mockus gave a lecture to the Lithuanian Freethought Association in Waterbury, Connecticut in the Lithuanian language. He was charged with blasphemy under the 1821 affirmation of the 1642 blasphemy law. He was the first person convicted under the law and was sentenced to 10 days imprisonment. He retained Theodore Schroeder of the Free Speech League as his attorney.

paragraphs: In 1917, Mockus gave a series of lectures in Maine on atheism. He made the following eight statements:

paragraphs: (1) "Mary (meaning the Virgin Mary) had a beau. When her beau called one evening (both being young) he seduced her. He brought her a flower and put her in a family way. No woman can give birth to a child without a man." (2) "The father of Christ was a young Jew and was no Angel Gabriel. Any girl who wants a child can call a Gabriel or some John." (3) "Religion, capitalism, and government are all damned humbugs, liars, and thieves. Those three classes combine into one organization. (4) "All religions are a deception of the people." (5) "A young man came to Mary during the night, and, coming near her with a flower in his hand, took her by the hand and said: 'Sh; sh.' Look how the priests teach you, the falsifiers, thieves. It is not possible that he could be of the Holy Ghost, there must be a man. A young Jew was the father of the Christ. No woman can have a child without a man; that never happened and never can happen." (6) "You see the Trinity (pointing to a picture of God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen), God the Father, Ghost, and Son, a young Jew, but that old man never was and never can be; if he was God from the Ghost, then where did that belly button come from which is sprouted like a button? Bear in mind that the black army is a trinity, clergy, capitalism, and government; they govern the world together." (7) "There is no truth in the Bible; it is only monkey business. Religion, capitalism, and government are a black army and only profiteer from the poor people. You see here (pointing to a picture of God, Jesus Christ, and the Holy Ghost, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen) scarecrows. Here is God the Father, Son, and Ghost, a whole Trinity, just as the priest, capitalists, and government. How can the Holy Ghost be God when she is afraid a cat will kill her? And do you believe in these scarecrows?" (8) "You see this fool (pointing to a picture of Jesus Christ upon the cross, with the private parts of his body covered with a cloth, which he had caused to be thrown upon a screen) and you believe in Him. The women were sorry for the holy thing and covered the holy thing, while the rest of the body was left uncovered."

paragraphs: Mockus was arrested under Maine's blasphemy law which reads: "Blasphemy may be committed either by using profanely insolent and reproachful language against God, or by contumeliously reproaching Him, His creation, government, final judgment of the world, Jesus Christ, the Holy Ghost, or the Holy Scriptures as contained in the canonical books of the Old and New Testament, or by exposing any of these enumerated Beings or Scriptures to contempt and ridicule, and it is not necessary for the state to prove the doing of all of them."

paragraphs: Mockus was found guilty by a jury trial in 1917 for his eight statements. His appeal went before the Supreme Judicial Court of Maine on March 25, 1921 as State v. Mockus and his conviction was upheld.


title: Cornelius, North Carolina

paragraphs: Cornelius is a lakeside town located along Lake Norman in northern Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, United States. The population was 24,866 at the 2010 census.


title: Anton Chigurh

paragraphs: Anton Chigurh is a fictional character from the 2005 novel "No Country for Old Men" by American writer Cormac McCarthy and the 2007 movie of the same name directed by the Coen brothers. He is a psychopathic professional hitman of unknown nationality. He serves as the main antagonist of "No Country for Old Men".

paragraphs: In the movie, Chigurh is played by Spanish actor Javier Bardem. For this role, Bardem won many awards, including an Academy Award, a Golden Globe and a BAFTA.

paragraphs: Empire.com ranked Chigurh #46 in their list of the 100 Greatest Movie Characters of All Time.


title: Gallstone

paragraphs: A gallstone, also called a shav-stone, is a (stone) formed inside the gallbladder. Gallstones may pass into other parts of the biliary tract. If the stones pass out of the gall bladder they may cause extreme pain, which requires surgery or other treatment.


title: Suvigya Sharma

paragraphs: Suvigya Sharma (b. July 28, 1983) is an award winning Indian artist and painter based in Mumbai, India. He is known for creating miniature paintings, Tanjore painting, Fresco work and lifelike portraits. He was awarded with "Bharat Gaurav Award" in 2012 for his contribution in filed of Arts.

paragraphs: His latest collection "An Art Collector's Paradise" featuring colonial stamp paper paintings embellished with 24 carat gold were inaugurated by actress Rani Mukherji in September, 2014.


title: Moscow Pavilion

paragraphs: Moscow Pavilion is a famous pavilion that was built for the Expo 67 world exhibition. It was moved to the All-Russia Exhibition Centre in Moscow a year later. The pavilion was called Pavilion 70 and later Moscow Pavilion.

paragraphs: Before the World Exhibition was held in Canada in 1967 the Soviet architects hoped that the World Exhibition would be held in Moscow and in the early 1960s offered to adapt the exhibit to the Soviet Union's to document the the history of the country for the the "50th anniversary of the October Revolution in with an emphasis on "progress and peace." Moscow's chief architect Mikhail Pusuchin proposed to create a spherical pavilion the size of: "Moscow State University Main Building" on an artificial lake. However, Nikita Khrushchev's forced resignation and financial problems due to heavy costs led to the Soviet Union's refusal to organize the exhibition. The Bureau of International Exhibitions finally decided to entrust the task to the City of Montreal in Canada on the anniversary of the founding of Montreal. In 1970 the building began to move to Moscow and construction took five years. In 1977, the Pavilion was inaugurated on the site of the Moscow Exhibition Center.


title: Pink Friday

paragraphs: Pink Friday is the first studio album by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. It was released on November 19, 2010, by Young Money, Cash Money and Universal Motown. The album was re-released as a deluxe CD and featured the hit single "Super Bass".

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Pink Friday".


title: Blue iguana

paragraphs: The blue iguana ("Cyclura lewisi"), also known as the Grand Cayman iguana, or Cayman Island blue iguana, is an endangered species of lizard endemic to the island of Grand Cayman.

paragraphs: The blue iguana is the largest native land animal on Grand Cayman. It has a length from nose-to-tail of . It is tan to gray in color with a bluish cast (more so in males and during breeding season). It is large and heavy-bodied with a dorsal crest of short spines running from the bottom of the neck to the end of the tail. It weighs as much as .

paragraphs: The blue iguana is one of the longest-living lizards: the record is 67 years.

paragraphs: The iguana prefers rocky, sunlit, open areas in dry forests or near the shore. The blue iguana's herbivorous diet is plants, fruits and flowers. Fossil records suggest there were many blue iguanas before European settlement; but less than 15 of them were left in the wild in 2003, which were predicted to disappear within a few years. Their decline is due to predators like feral pets (cats and dogs) and also the destruction of their natural habitat. Fruit farms have been turned into pasture for cattle grazing.

paragraphs: Since 2004, hundreds of bred and collected blue iguanas have been led into a reserve on Grand Cayman. In this way it is hoped to save the species. At least five non-profit organizations are working with the government of the Cayman Islands to ensure this. The conservancy program has released over 700 captive bred Grand Cayman blue iguanas since the 2004 all-time low of 12 remaining animals.


title: Alfred Cotton Bedford

paragraphs: Alfred Cotton Bedford (November 5, 1863 - September 21, 1925) was president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey starting on December 22, 1916.

paragraphs: Bedford was born on November 5, 1863 in Brooklyn, New York City. He married Edith Kinsman Clark on January 8, 1890. He was promoted from treasurer to president of the Standard Oil Company of New Jersey starting on December 22, 1916. He was made chairman of the board on November 15, 1917.

paragraphs: He was made a Commandant of the Legion in 1922. Bedford died on September 21, 1925 leaving an estate of $3,000,000. He was buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn.


title: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded

paragraphs: Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded is the second studio album by Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj; it was released on April 2, 2012, by Young Money, Cash Money and Universal Republic. The album was much more fun sounding and featured a hip hop sound to the first half. The second half was more pop heavy.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded".


title: Portfolio (Grace Jones album)

paragraphs: Portfolio is the debut studio album by Jamaican recording artist Grace Jones. It was released in September 1977 by Island Records. Before releasing "Portfolio" Jones had been a model The album's music is a mix of disco and R&B.


title: Glassheart

paragraphs: Glassheart is the third studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released on 12 October 2012 by Syco and RCA Records. The album is different from Lewis' previous pop and R&B sound. This album's music is electronic, dubstep and R&B.


title: Christmas, with Love

paragraphs: Christmas, with Love is a Christmas album and the fourth studio album by British recording artist Leona Lewis. It was released on 29 November 2013, by Syco and RCA Records. It was the last album that Lewis made with Syco and RCA. She left them to sign with Island Records and Def Jam Recordings in 2015.


title: Def Jam Recordings

paragraphs: Def Jam Recordings is an American record label that mainly produces hip hop and urban music. It is owned by Universal Music Group. In the UK, the label takes on the name "Def Jam UK" and is operated through Virgin EMI. In Japan, it is "Def Jam Japan" operating through Universal Sigma Music. The label distributes various record labels. One is Roc-A-Fella Records. Another is Kanye West's GOOD Music,

paragraphs: Def Jam was founded by Rick Rubin in his dormitory in Weinstein Hall at New York University. The label's first release was a single by his punk-rock group Hose.


title: 2015 Illapel earthquake

paragraphs: On 16 September 2015, an 8.3 M earthquake happened offshore Illapel, Chile. 12 deaths and 34+ injuries were reported. The cities of Coquimbo and Concón reported flooding from a tsunami. Six aftershocks were also reported.

paragraphs: Tsunami warnings were given to Ecuador, Peru, New Zealand, Fiji, Japan, the Solomon Islands, French Polynesia, and the U.S. states of Hawaii and California. The earthquake was felt in Argentina and Brazil.


title: Illapel

paragraphs: Illapel is a Chilean city; it is the capital of the Choapa province, Coquimbo region. It is in the most narrow point of the country along a parallel, .

paragraphs: The commune of Illapel has an area of . It is to the north of Santiago at and to the northeast of the seaport city of Los Vilos at .

paragraphs: The commune is bordered on the north by the Combarbalá and Monte Patria (a small part) communes, both of the Limarí province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Salamanca and Los Vilos communes, and on the west by the Canela commune.

paragraphs: The city of Illapel is along the "Illapel" river, a tributary of the "Choapa" river, that is long.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 30,355 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The city of Illapel has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 21,826 inhabitants.


title: Guy Béart

paragraphs: Guy Béhart-Hasson (16 July 1930 – 16 September 2015), better known as Guy Béart, was a French singer and songwriter. He released over 240 songs and 25 albums during his sixty-plus year career.

paragraphs: Béart was born in Cairo, Egypt to a Jewish family. He also grew up in Lebanon and later moved to Paris. His daughter is actress Emmanuelle Béart (born 1963).

paragraphs: Béart died from a heart attack on 16 September 2015 in Garches, aged 85.


title: Aaron Ekblad

paragraphs: Aaron Ekblad (born February 7, 1996) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: He has also played for the Team Canada junior team. He won a gold medal with them during the 2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He suffered a concussion in an exhibition game against the Czech Republic in December 2014.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Ekblad played 3 seasons with the Barrie Colts of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 1st overall pick by the Florida Panthers in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: On September 3, the Panthers signed Ekblad to a three-year, entry-level contract. Ekblad made the Panthers' opening night roster for the 2014–15 season. He made his NHL debut on October 9 in a game against the Tampa Bay Lightning. During the game, Ekblad scored his first career NHL point, an assist on a Jonathan Huberdeau goal in a 3–2 overtime loss. On November 1, he scored his first NHL goal against Steve Mason of the Philadelphia Flyers in a 2–1 Panthers win.

paragraphs: On December 6, Ekblad scored a career-high three points in a 3–2 win against the Buffalo Sabres. He was given the first star of the game. On January 23, 2015, he was chosen to play in the 2015 NHL All-Star Game to replace an injured Erik Johnson.

paragraphs: On June 24, 2015, Ekblad was announced as the Calder Memorial Trophy winner.


title: Kim Kielsen

paragraphs: Kim Kielsen (born 30 November 1966) is a Greenlandic politician. He is the Prime Minister of Greenland and the leader of the Siumut party since 2014.


title: Longyearbyen

paragraphs: Longyearbyen is the largest settlement and the administrative centre of Svalbard, Norway. As of 2013, the town had a population of 2,043.

paragraphs: Because Longyearbyen is quite far north, it has very long daylight hours during the summer, and very short daylight hours in the winter. It has midnight sun between 19 April and 25 August. Longyearbyen has polar night between 27 October and 15 February. It is milder than other places at the same latitude, due to warming from the sea. This means that surprisingly high temperatures can occur. For example, Longyearbyen reached almost into double figures Celsius on 30 January 1984. The warmest recorded temperature was as high as on 17 July 1977. The coldest temperature was a very cold on 4 March 1986. Longyearbyen is badly affected by global warming, due to its Arctic position. On 1 August 2015, a record August temperature of was recorded.


title: Broad-billed moa

paragraphs: The broad-billed moa or coastal moa ("Euryapteryx curtus") was a extinct moa from New Zealand. It lived in the North and the South Islands and on Stewart Island.

paragraphs: The coastal moa mainly lived in dry shrubland areas. It was widespread throughout most of the North Island. The dominant species lived in the center, the volcanic plateau and along the Wanganui-Taranaki Coast.

paragraphs: The birds were stout and short-legged. Males were about a meter tall. Females were slightly taller (1.3 meters). They varied in size, some being twice as big as others. They weighed about 20 kg. It is thought that they mainly ate fruit, leaves and large insects. Chicks ate insects.

paragraphs: It is thought that because coastal moas (among others) had a small olfactory chamber, they had great vocal abilities.


title: Bush moa

paragraphs: The bush moa or lesser moa is "Anomalopteryx didiformis". It is an extinct bird from New Zealand. It measured about 1 meter and 30 kg. Together with the giant moa it ranged over most of North Island and parts of north–western and southern South Island.


title: Rani Mukherji

paragraphs: Rani Mukerji (born 21 March 1978) is an Indian actress active in Bollywood. She has won 7 Filmfare awards.


title: Agrahari

paragraphs: Agrahari is an Indian surname, mainly found in North Indian states. Maharaja Agrasen is believed to be their ancestor. The mainly found in Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra and Gujarat of States of India. They are believed to be Vaishya, the third highest community as per Hindu Caste System.


title: Agrasena

paragraphs: Maharaja Agrasen (or Agrasena) was a legendary Indian king of Agroha in India. This was a city of traders from whom the cities of Agrawal and Agrahari descend. He started a kingdom of traders in North India named Agroha. He is known for his compassion in refusing to slaughter animals in "yajnas".

paragraphs: The Government of India issued a postage stamp in honour of Maharaja Agresen in 1976 on the occasion of his 410th birthday.


title: Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire

paragraphs: A trailer for the game was shown at Nintendo's 2014 E3 video. The trailer included new gameplay footage, as well as, the new playable character designs and new Mega Evolutions for Sceptile and Swampert that were not in "X and Y" like Blaziken was.

paragraphs: "Omega Ruby" and "Alpha Sapphire" were given positive review. IGN rated the game a 7.8 out of 10. Kallie Plagge of IGN sai that she liked the 3D reinvention of the Hoenn region and online functionality. She was critical of the HMs needed to play the game and the perceived imbalance that favored Water-type Pokémon (she played Alpha Sapphire). She said that "Too much water" was a negative. GameSpot rated the game 8 out of 10. Peter Brown of GameSpot said that he liked the 3D visuals and the super training mechanic but didn't think that the game did not fix general issues in the game formula.

paragraphs: As of June 30, 2015, "Omega Ruby" and "Alpha Sapphire" have sold 10.27 million copies worldwide.


title: Wesley Augustus Williams

paragraphs: Wesley Augustus Williams (August 26, 1897 - July 3, 1984) was the first African-American officer in the New York City Fire Department. He was promoted to lieutenant in 1927. He was the third African-American man to join the New York Fire Department. He was one of the founders of the Vulcan Society in 1940.

paragraphs: He was born on August 26, 1897 to James Henry Williams (1879-1948) and Lucy Metrash (1881-1932) in Manhattan, New York City.

paragraphs: He wanted to join the New York City Fire Department when he read about Samuel Jesse Battle joining the New York City police department. The first African-American to join the New York City Fire Department was William H. Nicholson, who joined in 1898. Williams had a very high score on his written test. He scored perfect on his physical examination. All firefighter candidates must have a character reference. His was written by former U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt. Even so he was put on the waiting list while others were hired ahead of him. Williams finally joined on January 10, 1919. He was assigned to Engine Company 55 in Manhattan, New York City. Williams was promoted to lieutenant in 1927.

paragraphs: He died on July 3, 1984 at the Physicians Hospital in Forest Hills, New York City, he was 86 years old.


title: David Willcocks

paragraphs: Sir David Valentine Willcocks CBE, MC (30 December 1919 – 17 September 2015) was a British choral conductor, organist, composer and music administrator. He was born in Newquay, Cornwall. He was particularly well-known for his works with the Choir of King's College, Cambridge. He directed from 1957 to 1974.


title: Milo Hamilton

paragraphs: Leland Milo Hamilton (September 2, 1927 – September 17, 2015) was an American sportscaster. He was best known for calling play-by-play for seven different Major League Baseball teams since 1953. He received the Ford Frick Award from the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1992. He was known for his works with the Atlanta Braves, Houston Rockets, Pittsburgh Pirates and the Chicago Cubs. He was born in Fairfield, Iowa.

paragraphs: Hamilton died in Houston, Texas from leukemia, aged 88.