title: A. P. Hill

paragraphs: Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr. (1825–1865) was a career United States Army officer from Virginia who resigned and served as a Confederate States Army general and died near the end of the American Civil War. He had started his military career in 1847, graduating from the United States Military Academy at West Point, 15th out of a class of 38. While at the academy, he and his roommate George B. McClellan became close friends. He served during the last part of the Mexican-American War in Texas. He served during the Seminole War of 1849–50 in Florida. Hill is best known for commanding the "Light Division" under General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson.

paragraphs: The Hill family had come to Virginia two centuries before the Civil War. The earliest family members (then spelled "Hull") traced back to 12th century England. Henry and William Hill of Shropshire came to Virginia in 1630. They settled in Middlesex County, Virginia. Both brothers were tobacco farmers and both had large families. In 1740, Russel Hill, William's great-grandson, moved to Culpepper County, Virginia. His son, Henry Hill served in the American Revolutionary War under Colonel Henry "Light Horse Harry" Lee. His son, Thomas Hill, was a farmer, merchant, and politician. He married Fannie Russel Baptist. Together they had four sons followed by three daughters. Their fourth son was Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr.

paragraphs: On November 9, 1825, Ambrose Powell Hill, Jr., was born at Greenland, his father's plantation near Culpepper, Virginia. But all throughout his childhood, he was called Powell. He went to the local schools. Hill wanted to go into the military, and in 1842 he was admitted to West Point. But he did not graduate in 1846 with the rest of his class because he missed a year due to illness. Graduating in 1847, he was posted to the U.S. 1st Artillery. After serving in the Mexican-American War, he was sent to Texas, then Florida. Hill came down with Yellow fever, typhoid fever, and malaria. During the 1850s he was sick much of the time and was confined to his bed. When he recovered, he was assigned to the Coast Surveying Department (now the U.S. National Geodetic Survey).

paragraphs: When President Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated in March 1861, Hill was among the U.S. Army officers who resigned their commissions and joined the Confederacy. He was given command of the 13th Virginia Infantry with the rank of colonel. At the First Battle of Bull Run, his regiment was held in reserve. In February 1862 he was promoted to brigadier general. In the Peninsula Campaign, he fought against his former West Point roommate, Union General George McClellan. Proving himself as an aggressive leader, he was promoted again on May 26, 1862. This made him the Confederate Army's youngest major general. Hill called his division "the Light Division" even though it was one of the Confederate Army's larger divisions. This was probably because of how fast Hill could move his troops. He was known as a fearless general and was often seen in battle at the front lines.

paragraphs: Without any encouragement from Hill, he was being regularly written about by a former aide, John M. Daniel. Wounded, Daniel had left the army and was now the editor of the "Richmond Examiner", a three-cent newspaper popular with Confederate soldiers. Soon, Daniel was making Hill out to be Lee's top general to the exclusion of other generals. This did not sit well with Lieutenant General James Longstreet, as Hill's commanding officer. The final straw came in the July 2nd edition of "The Examiner". Daniel wrote that Hill had taken command of all of Longstreet's forces when Longstreet was absent from the battle for a period of time. Longstreet was angered at this and saw it as a lie. Longstreet decided to write his own article refuting Daniel's claims about Hill at the battle. In a rival newspaper, the "Richmond Whig", Longstreet directed Major Moxley Sorrel to submit a public response under Sorrel's own name. This started a very public feud between the two generals. Lee became aware of the feud but decided not to do anything about it.

paragraphs: When Hill refused to read any dispatches sent by Sorrel, Longstreet's aide, Longstreet became furious. He ordered Hills arrest. While under arrest, Hill's Light Division was commanded by generals J.R. Anderson, then Lawrence O'Bryan Branch. At this point Hill regarded this as questioning his honor. The two kept up hostile communications and a time and place was selected for a duel. At this point, Lee stepped in and made the two generals come to an agreement. Hill was restored to his command and was assigned to General Stonewall Jackson. As time passed, Hill and Longstreet became friendly again. Sorrel was later promoted to major general and found himself under the command of Hill.

paragraphs: At the Battle of Cedar Mountain in August 1862, Hill proved himself valuable to his new Corps commander. His Light Division played a key role in helping Jackson win a victory over the Union army. At the Second Battle of Bull Run, Hill's division nearly ran out of ammunition but stood their ground against every Federal attack.

paragraphs: At the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, Jackson ordered Hill's division to the front in preparation for a night attack. Meanwhile, Jackson was personally doing reconnaissance. As he returned he was fired on by his own men, mortally wounding the general. J.E.B. Stuart took over command and called off the night attack. Chancellorsville was a Confederate victory.

paragraphs: Hill was promoted to lieutenant general after Jackson's death and was now in command of Lee's Third Corps in the Army of the Potomac. Hill's corps was at the Battle of Gettysburg from July 1–3, 1863. He was criticised for making questionable decisions. On the first day, he engaged the Union before all of the Confederate army had arrived.

paragraphs: At the Battle of Bristoe Station on October 14, 1863, Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were slowly retreating north. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten, and one artillery battery was lost. After reinforcing his line, Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment. After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia. Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station. He told hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"

paragraphs: On May 5, 1864, at the place known as the Wilderness in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, Confederate and Union forces battled for two days. Hill's Corps battled two Union corps both days and were on the verge of falling back when Longstreet's Texas Brigade reinforced Hill and pushed the Federals back.

paragraphs: Hill was killed on April 2, 1865 at the Third Battle of Petersburg. He was just returning from sick leave and riding to the front to join his men when he was killed by a shot from an enemy soldier.


title: Römerswil

paragraphs: Römerswil is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Since 2005, Herlisberg part of the municipality.


title: Rothenburg, Lucerne

paragraphs: Rothenburg is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Schongau, Switzerland

paragraphs: Schongau is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Lucerne (district)

paragraphs: Lucerne is a former district of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. The capital was the city of Lucerne. On 1 January 2013 the district was divided into two districts, Lucerne-Stadt and Lucerne-Land.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Frank Blas

paragraphs: Frank Flores Blas, Sr. (March 20, 1941 – August 1, 2016) was a Guamanian politician, businessman and member of the Republican Party of Guam. Blas served as the Lieutenant Governor of Guam from 1987 until 1995 under Governor Joseph Franklin Ada.

paragraphs: Blas was born on March 20, 1941, in Agana, now known as Hagåtña, Guam. He attended Father Dueñas Memorial School in Guam, and St. Augustine High School in San Diego, California. He received an associate's degree from the College of Guam in 1962. Blas graduated from the University of Portland with a Bachelor of Business Administration in 1965.

paragraphs: Blas and his first wife, Lydia Blas (died 1970), had two children, including Frank Blas Jr., a politician. In 1971, Blas married his second wife, Tina and had three children.

paragraphs: Blas worked for the Mobil Petroleum Company of Guam from 1965 until 1969.

paragraphs: He was Director of the Department of Commerce of Guam from 1969 to 1972. Blas was elected to Legislature of Guam as a Senator from 1974 until 1984.

paragraphs: In 1982, with Republican Senator Kurt Moylan, Blas challenged the Republican Governor Paul McDonald Calvo in the primary election. Moylan and Blas were defeated in the primary vote. Governor Calvo lost to Democrat Ricardo Bordallo in the November 1982 general election.

paragraphs: On November 4, 1986, Joseph Franklin Ada, with Frank Blas, were elected Governor and Lieutenant Governor of Guam. Ada defeated the Governor Ricardo Bordallo by 2,581 votes (7.6%). Blas served as Lt. Governor under Ada for two terms from January 1987 until January 1995. Blas described his main role as a liaison between the Ada administration and members of the Legislature.

paragraphs: Ada could not seek re-election to a third term, so Blas joined with Simon Sanchez to stand for office. However, Blas and Sanchez lost the 1994 Republican primary election to Tommy Tanaka and Doris Brooks. Tanaka was defeated in the 1994 election by Democrat Carl Gutierrez and Madeleine Bordallo.

paragraphs: Blas left politics in January 1995. He owned Frank Blas & Associates, an insurance brokerage firm based in Barrigada, Guam. In 2003, Blas was appointed Chairman of the Antonio B. Won Pat Guam International Airport Authority, a government agency which operates the airport.

paragraphs: Frank Blas died on August 1, 2016, at the age of 75.


title: Dai Dower

paragraphs: David William "Dai" Dower MBE (20 June 1933 – 1 August 2016), was a British, Empire and European Flyweight boxing champion. He was one of the most successful Welsh boxers of all time. Dower also competed for Britain at the 1952 Summer Olympics.


title: Hurricane Hermine

paragraphs: Hurricane Hermine was a tropical cyclone in August and September 2016. It affected states from Florida to New England. The storm hit Florida on September 1, near the Big Bend region. Hermine had winds of 80 miles per hour at landfall. The storm also struck Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.

paragraphs: Hermine was expected to affect areas from Virginia to Massachusetts and Rhode Island.

paragraphs: At least two deaths were blamed on the storm.


title: Jonathan Borwein

paragraphs: Jonathan Borwein (born 20 May 1951 - died 2 August 2016) was a Scottish mathematician. An expert in experimental mathematics, he published 388 journal articles, as well being a regular contributor to The Conversation and The Huffington Post. He held a number of important positions including Governor at large of the Mathematical Association of America (2004–07), President of the Canadian Mathematical Society (2000–02), Chair of the Canadian National Science Library Advisory Board (2000–2003) and Chair of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Australian Mathematical Sciences Institute (AMSI). At the time of his death he held the position of Laureate Professor of Mathematics at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and was in Canada as a Distinguished Scholar in Residence at Western University in London, Ontario.


title: Wald, Bern

paragraphs: Wald is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004, Englisberg and Zimmerwald joined together to become the new municipality, Wald.


title: Walkringen

paragraphs: Walkringen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Walliswil bei Niederbipp

paragraphs: Walliswil bei Niederbipp is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Walliswil bei Wangen

paragraphs: Walliswil bei Wangen is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau of the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Jamkaran

paragraphs: Jamkaran (; also Romanized as Jamkarān, Jamgarān, Jam-i-Karān, and Jam‘karān) is a village in Iran. It is on the outskirts of the city of Qom.


title: Post hoc fallacy

paragraphs: The post hoc fallacy means "after this, therefore because of this". Its Latin name is Post hoc ergo propter hoc. It is a logical fallacy. When event B happens after event A, a person might think "event A must have caused event B".

paragraphs: It is a tempting error because sequence in time does sometimes suggest causality. When I press the light switch, the light comes on, and that is a cause and effect sequence. The difference is that it can be explained why the light comes on when the switch is pressed. On the other hand, no-one can explain why a rooster's crowing might affect the Sun.

paragraphs: The phrase is used by the character Sheldon Cooper in the third season of The Big Bang Theory. Sheldon mentions the logical fallacy in disputing his mother's claim that her prayer group did ensure his safety during his North Pole expedition.


title: Tarn Taran Sahib

paragraphs: Taran Taran Sahib is a city of Punjab (India). This city was founded by 4th Sikh Guru, Guru Ramdas Ji.


title: Gurmukhī alphabet

paragraphs: The Gurmukhī alphabet is used to write the Punjabi language. Gurmukhī is primarily used in Punjab, India. It is the official script in Punjab.

paragraphs: There are 35 native characters in Gurmukhi, In the 18th-19th century a new character family called Naveen Toli was added. This helps to pronounce and write Persian words with proper tone.

paragraphs: The word Gurmukhi literally means "from the mouth of Guru".


title: Gionee

paragraphs: Gionee (Gionee Communication Equipment Co. Ltd.) is a Chinese smartphone manufacturer based in Shenzhen, Guangdong. They make the world's slimmest phone called Gionee Elife S5.1. It is only 5.15mm thick. In August 2016, Gionee India introduced their plans to build a manufacturing plant in India.


title: Bözberg

paragraphs: Bözberg is a municipality of the district Brugg in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Gallenkirch, Linn, Oberbözberg and Unterbözberg merged into the new municipality of Bözberg.


title: Hans Schmidt

paragraphs: Hans B. Schmidt (1881 – February 18, 1916) was a German Roman Catholic priest. He was convicted of murder and he was the only priest to be executed in the United States.

paragraphs: Hans Schmidt was born in the Bavarian city of Aschaffenburg


title: Zhanna Nemtsova

paragraphs: Zhanna Nemtsova (born 24 March 2016) is a Russian journalist and activist. She is the daughter of Boris Nemtsov, a Russian opposition politician who was killed in 2015. In 2016, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: After Nemtsova's father was killed, Nemtsova moved to Germany. In Germany, she started the Boris Nemtsov Foundation to work for democratic values in Russia. In Germany Nemtsova worked for the German news service Deutsche Welle. She also wrote a book, "Waking up Russia" (in the original German, "Russland wachrütteln") about Russian politics. Nemtsova also wrote for The Guardian.


title: Fatimata M’baye

paragraphs: Fatimata M’baye (Arabic: فاطمتا أمباي ) is a Mauritanian lawyer and human rights activist. She started the Mauritanian Association for Human Rights. In 2016 she received an International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: M'baye studied law and economics at Nouakchott University from 1981 to 1985. She became the first woman lawyer in Mauritania.

paragraphs: M'baye takes the most difficult legal cases. She represented clients accused of apostasy. She also worked for a “committee of widows” whose husbands were murdered. M'baye helped write the 2007 anti-slavery law. She got convictions for child exploitation and slavery. She was in prison many times, and received many threats to her life.


title: Bernardo Rezende

paragraphs: Bernardo Rocha de Rezende known as Bernardinho (born August 25, 1959) is a Brazilian volleyball coach and former player. He is the current coach of both Brazil national volleyball team and the female volleyball team Rio de Janeiro Vôlei Clube. Rezende is the most successful coach in the history of volleyball, accumulating more than 30 major titles in twenty-year career directing the Brazilian male and female teams.


title: Los Andes Province, Chile

paragraphs: Los Andes Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V).

paragraphs: The city of Los Andes is the capital of the province.

paragraphs: The Los Andes province has an area of , the second largest province in the Valparaíso region after the Petorca province.

paragraphs: Los Andes is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the west and north by the San Felipe de Aconcagua province, on the east by Argentina and on the south by the Santiago Metropolitan region.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 91,683 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Los Andes, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 60,198 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Los Andes is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Los Andes serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Deaths in August 2016

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in August 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.


title: Arakkal Museum

paragraphs: The Arrakkal Museum is a museum dedicated to the Arakkal family, the only Muslim royal family in Kerala, South India. The museum is actually a section of the "Arakkalkettu"(Arakkal Royal Palace). The durbar hall section of the palace has been converted into a museum by the Government of Kerala. It was opened in July 2005 after a Rs. 9,000,000 renovation.

paragraphs: Although renovated by the government, the "Arakkalkettu" is still owned by the "Arakkal Royal Trust" and does not fall under the control of the country's archaeology department, the Archaeological Survey of India. The government had taken a keen interest in preserving the heritage of the Arakkal Family, which had played a prominent role in the history of Malabar. A nominal entry fee is charged by the "Arakkal Royal Trust" from visitors to the museum.

paragraphs: The Arakkal Museum is in Ayikkara, next to the Kannur City. It is 2-3 kilometres from Kannur town.


title: Mount Kyllini

paragraphs: Mount Kyllini or Mount Cyllene , sometimes Ζήρια, is a mountain on the Peloponnese peninsula in Greece. It is famous for its association with the god Hermes. Mount Kyllini rises to above sea level. This makes it the second highest point on the peninsula. It is located near the border between the historic regions of Arcadia and Achaea—in the northeast of Arcadia. It is located west of Corinth, northwest of Stymfalia, north of Tripoli, and south of Derveni.

paragraphs: Much of the mountain is desolate and rocky. The area below is largely forested. There is an observatory at , at 22.67 east longitude and 37.97 north latitude. Roads pass near the southern and western slopes, but there are not many on the mountain itself, as much of the mountain is part of a park.


title: Walperswil

paragraphs: Walperswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification – UEFA Group C

paragraphs: The 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification UEFA Group C was one of the nine UEFA groups for 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification. The group was made up of six teams: Germany, Czech Republic, Northern Ireland, Norway, Azerbaijan, and San Marino. Germany won the group and qualified for the world cup, while Northern Ireland finished 2nd and moved on to the second round.


title: Walterswil, Bern

paragraphs: Walterswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wangen an der Aare

paragraphs: Wangen an der Aare is a city in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wangenried

paragraphs: Wangenried is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wanzwil

paragraphs: Wanzwil was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.


title: Railroad company

paragraphs: A railroad company or railway company is an organization that operates a railroad track or trains. The company can either be private or public. Some railway companies operate both the trains and the track. In other cases, particularly in European Union (EU), ownership of track and train operation is run by separate companies. In the United States the railroad track system is owned by the railroad companies. In the 1800s, the federal government gave large land grants to the railroads.

paragraphs: Many countries have a national railway company that owns all track and operates all trains in the country. For example, the Russian Railways (the world's largest rail company by network size). Other countries have many different, sometimes competing, railway companies that operate each their own lines. This is true in the United States and Canada.

paragraphs: In Europe, the EU requires its members to split the railway companies into a number of different companies. Usually public owned companies own the track and other public companies (sometimes owned by regional governments) own the train cars. Franchising is then used to determine the right to operate the line for a limited time period. A number of private companies bid for the right to operate. Other companies offer track and train car maintenance.


title: Wattenwil

paragraphs: Wattenwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wengi

paragraphs: Wengi (Bernese German: "Wängi", []) is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wichtrach

paragraphs: Wichtrach is a municipality of the administrative district Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Niederwichtrach and Oberwichtrach merged into the municipality of Wichtrach.


title: Wiedlisbach

paragraphs: Wiedlisbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau of the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Anthocyanin

paragraphs: Anthocyanin is a chemical compound which makes the red colour in plants. For example, red cabbage has anthocyanins which make it red.

paragraphs: In flowers, bright-reds and purples attract pollinators. In fruits, the colourful skins also attract the attention of animals, which may eat the fruits and disperse the seeds.

paragraphs: In photosynthetic tissues (such as leaves and sometimes stems), anthocyanins have been shown to act as a "sunscreen". They protect cells from high-light damage by absorbing blue-green and ultraviolet light. Ionizing radiation can damage DNA.

paragraphs: There are some other suggestions. The red colour of leaves may camouflage leaves from herbivores blind to red wavelengths. The pigment may signal bad taste, since anthocyanin synthesis often comes with unpalatable phenolic compounds.

paragraphs: Making these pigments is done by a series of enzymes that are stuck on cell membranes.


title: Williamson County, Texas

paragraphs: Williamson County is a county in Central Texas. The county seat is Georgetown, Texas. The county population in July 2015 was 508,514. The county is named after Robert McAlpin Williamson, a veteran in the Battle of San Jacinto and a previous community leader.

paragraphs: Williamson County held humans for at least 11,200 years. In recent times, a prehistoric skeleton was found in Williamson County. The name of the skeleton is "Leanderthal Lady". The town of Leander is named after the skeleton. "Leanderthal Lady" was found after the Texas Department of Transportation found remnants while drilling core/dirt samples for a new highway.

paragraphs: Native Americans also lived in areas of Williamson County. The Tonkawa tribe lived in parts of the county. Other tribes lived in the area. These tribes included Kiowa, Yojuane, Tawakoni, and Mayeye Native Americans.

paragraphs: On September 1921, the remains of a hurricane moved over Williamson County. The rains fell over Thrall, Texas. The town received 39.7 inches of rain in 36 hours. The storm killed 87 near Taylor, Texas, and 93 in Williamson County. A total of 215 deaths were reported due to the rains.

paragraphs: On 27 May 1997, Williamson county had a tornado outbreak. The county had several tornadoes during the day. An EF-5 tornado "(rating determined on the Fujita Scale)" struck Jarrell, Texas, killing 27 persons. An EF-3 tornado also struck Cedar Park, with one indirect death.

paragraphs: The following is a list of communities in Williamson county. Some communities are part of other counties.


title: Susanna Griso

paragraphs: Susanna Griso Raventós (born 8 October 1969 in Barcelona, Catalonia) is a Spanish journalist and TV hostess.

paragraphs: She got a degree in journalism at Autonomous University of Barcelona and began to work in both radio stations, Ràdio Sant Cugat and Catalunya Ràdio.

paragraphs: In 1993 hosted TV3's magazines programmes: "Tres senyores i un senyor" and "Fora de joc", and after 1995: "Telenotícies".

paragraphs: Between 1997 and 1998 she hosted the Catalonian News of TVE. In that channel covered the information about the Princess Lady Diana of Wales's funeral and the Princess Cristina de Borbón and Iñaki Urdangarin's wedding.

paragraphs: In 1998 she was hired by Antena 3 to work at "Noticias 1" with the host Matías Prats until 2006. Since then, she hosts the morning program: "Espejo público".


title: Electric blanket

paragraphs: An electric blanket is a blanket with electric heating.

paragraphs: The first electric blanket was invented in 1912 by an American inventor named Samuel Irwin Russell.

paragraphs: Some modern "low voltage" electric blankets have thin carbon fiber wires and work on 12-24 volts.


title: Nguyen Van Thieu

paragraphs: Nguyen Van Thieu or "Nguyễn Văn Thiệu" was the leader of South Vietnam from 1965 to 1975. He was a general in the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. Thieu became head of a military junta, meaning the military controlled the government. He was then elected president.

paragraphs: Thieu quit being president on 21 April 1975. He then left the country. On 30 April 1975 the city of Saigon was taken by North Vietnam. This marked the end of the Vietnam War.

paragraphs: Thieu died in 2001. He was 78 years old. He died in Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. He had a stroke at his home in Foxborough. He had been put on a respirator. He was cremated and buried in Boston.


title: U Nu

paragraphs: U Nu was the first Prime Minister of Burma. He served from 4 January 1948 to 12 June 1956, again from 28 February 1957 to 28 October 1958, and finally from 4 April 1960 to 2 March 1962.

paragraphs: Burma gained independence from Britain on 4 January 1948. Nu became the first prime minister of the new country. He quit being prime minister in 1956. He again served as prime minister between Ba Swe and Ne Win.

paragraphs: Nu was one of the leaders of the Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League (AFPFL) from 1942 to 1963. The AFPFL had two groups of power. Nu's group won the 1960 election. He then became prime minister. On 2 March 1962 General Ne Win took control of the government. Nu was then kept in an army camp. Nu continued to claim he was the legal prime minister. In 1988 he tried to form his own government with Win Maung as president.

paragraphs: Nu wrote an autobiography called "Ta-Tei Sanei Tha" ("Naughty Saturday-born"). It was published in India by Irrawaddy Publishing (U Maw Thiri) in 1975. He wrote several other books including "The People Win Through" (1951), "Burma under the Japanese" (1954), "An Asian Speaks" (1955), and "Burma Looks Ahead" (1951).

paragraphs: U Nu was a popular spiritual leader of his country. During the 1960 election he promised to make Buddhism the official state religion. On 29 August 1961, Parliament passed a law making Buddhism the state religion. Ne Win removed the law in 1962.


title: Iodine test

paragraphs: The iodine test is a test that is able to detect starch using iodine as a chemical indicator. Example uses include brewing beer, and determining when apples are ripe amd can be harvested.

paragraphs: If starch is present, the iodine solution will turn dark blue/purple. If there is no starch, the iodine will stay brown.


paragraphs: The Mauritanian Association for Human Rights or "Association Mauritanienne des Droits de l'Homme" (AMDH) (Arabic: للجمعية الموريتانية لحقوق الإنسان ) is a Mauritanian NGO. The organization started in 1991. It works for human rights and watches for human rights violations. Fatimata M’baye is the co-founder and president.

paragraphs: AMDH worked with three main areas of human rights violations: mass killings of black Mauritanian soldiers, deportation of soldiers and members of the press to the desert, and repatriation (sending back refugees) of large groups of Mauritanians from Senegal.


title: Las Lomas, California

paragraphs: Las Lomas is a town in Monterey County, California. At the 2010 census, 3,034 people lived there.


title: Arrondissements of the Creuse department

paragraphs: There are 2 arrondissements in the Creuse department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Creuse department has had few changes:


title: Heart block

paragraphs: Heart block is a type of heart disease. The human heart uses electrical signals to make the heart beat. Electricity travels down pathways in the heart to make each part of the heart beat at the right time.

paragraphs: When a person has a heart block, there is a “block” in one of these electrical pathways. This blocks electricity from travelling normally through the heart. This makes the heart beat more slowly.

paragraphs: In the most serious cases, the heart’s electrical pathways are blocked so badly that electricity cannot travel through the heart. This means the heart’s electrical signals cannot control how the heart beats, or cannot make the heart beat at all.

paragraphs: Many people with heart block have no symptoms at all.

paragraphs: Other people only have symptoms every once in a while. Sometimes, their heart might skip a beat. This can make the person feel dizzy; faint; or have palpitations (feel their heart pounding).

paragraphs: In the most serious cases of heart block, a person's heart cannot control their heart beats. These cases can be treated with an artificial pacemaker. This is a medical device that is placed into the heart. It sends electrical signals to make the heart beat regularly.

paragraphs: Some people are born with heart block. This is called a congenital heart block.

paragraphs: More often, people get heart block later in life. Heart block can be caused by:

paragraphs: There are three main types of heart block.

paragraphs: This is the least serious type of heart block. It usually causes no symptoms.

paragraphs: In second-degree heart block, it takes longer and longer for the heart to send electrical signals from the middle of the heart to the ventricles, which pump blood to the body. Eventually, this leads to a skipped heart beat. This can cause dizziness and fainting.

paragraphs: This is the most serious type of heart block. It is also called a complete heart block. In this type of heart block, no electrical signals reach the heart's ventricles. This means that the electrical signals cannot make the heart pump blood to the body.

paragraphs: Some people with third-degree heart block may have very few symptoms and may not need treatment. However, some people with third-degree heart block have many different symptoms. Third-degree heart block can be a medical emergency. This type of heart block may be treated with a pacemaker.

paragraphs: Heart block can be diagnosed with an electrocardiogram (also called an ECG or an EKG). This is a painless test. During the test, pads are placed on a person's chest, arms, and legs. They record the heart's electrical activity.

paragraphs: A cardiologist can help diagnose heart block and order other tests if they are needed.


title: W (New York City Subway)

paragraphs: The W Broadway Local is a rapid transit service of the New York City Subway's B Division. Its route emblem, or "bullet", is colored sunflower yellow because it is used on the BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan. In addition to the Broadway Line, the W serves the BMT Astoria Line in Queens. This uses the 60th Street Tunnel to travel under the East River between Queens and Manhattan. It also ran in Brooklyn until 2004, serving the BMT Fourth Avenue and West End lines. The W is in service as of April 7, 2020. There was a six year delay due to Metropolitan Transportation Authority, or MTA, budget cuts on June 25, 2010.

paragraphs: The W runs on weekdays from 6:00 a.m to 11:30 p.m. This route includes the BMT Astoria Line in Queens and BMT Broadway Line in Manhattan to its southern terminal of Whitehall Street-South Ferry. Also there are three Queens bound morning rush hour trains. They will start from the Coney Island yard that will serve from 86th Street subway in Brooklyn via Sea Beach Line, through the Montague Street Tunnel to its terminal of Astoria-Ditmars Blvd. There will be three trains from Queens to 86th Street, Brooklyn in the evening rush hour on weekdays.


title: North Gyeongsang Province

paragraphs: North Gyeongsang Province () is a province in South Korea. Gyeongsang Province divided into North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang in 1896.

paragraphs: Daegu was the capital from 1896 to 1981, but Daegu left the province in 1981. The capital changed to Andong in 2016.

paragraphs: North Gyeongsang Province has 19% of South Korea's land.

paragraphs: Gyeongsang Province was Jinhan and Byeonhan's territory in ancient times. Later Jinhan became Gaya and Byeonhan became Silla. Since Silla conquered Gaya, all of Gyeongsang Province became Silla's. When Silla collapsed and Goryeo was founded, Dongnambuseosa was established in the Gyeongsang area and it ruled the province. From Goryeo King Hyeonjong's period, the province started to be called Gyeongsang Province. In the Joseon Dynasty, which was founded after Goryeo, Gyeongsang Province was divided into Left Gyeongsang and Right Gyeongsang. In 1895, Gyeongsang Province was replaced by 4 districts. Later, in 1896, the districts were abolished, and today's North Gyeongsang and South Gyeongsang were formed. In 1981 Daegu Metropolitan City separated from the province.

paragraphs: Currently, North Gyeongsang has 10 cities ("si") and 13 counties ("gun").


paragraphs: Postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS, also called postural tachycardia syndrome) is a medical problem. When a person has POTS, their heart beats faster than normal when they stand up. POTS may also cause many other symptoms.

paragraphs: Put together, the words "postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome" mean that when a person stands up, they get tachycardia, and they also have other symptoms.

paragraphs: When a healthy person stands up, their heart beats faster for a little while. It does this to push blood to the brain. Then the person's heart rate goes back to normal.

paragraphs: When a person with POTS stands up, their heart beats much faster than normal. POTS is diagnosed when a person's heart rate increases by at least 30 beats per minute within 10 minutes after they stand up. This is called "postural tachycardia".

paragraphs: People with POTS also have other symptoms of "orthostatic intolerance" (symptoms that get worse when a person is standing up, and get better when the person is lying down). These symptoms may include:

paragraphs: Symptoms may get worse if a person with POTS:

paragraphs: POTS can be caused by many different things. Many of these causes are not well understood.

paragraphs: Some of the known causes of POTS include:

paragraphs: There are many different treatments for the symptoms of POTS. Some of these treatments include:

paragraphs: No medications have been approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration to treat POTS. However, sometimes doctors treat POTS with medications that:

paragraphs: Most people with POTS are able to get better with treatment. About 6 out of every 10 people with POTS is able to recover within 5 years of being diagnosed with POTS. About 9 out of every 10 people with POTS have some improvement with a combination of physical treatments and medicines.

paragraphs: However, some people with POTS do not get better, and may even get worse over time.


title: Frederick County, Virginia

paragraphs: Frederick County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 78,305. Its county seat is Winchester. The county was formed in 1743 by the splitting of Orange County. It is Virginia's northernmost county.

paragraphs: Frederick County is included in the Winchester, VA-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area.

paragraphs: The area that would become Frederick County, Virginia was populated by various indigenous peoples for thousands of years before European colonization. The "Indian Road" refers to a historic trail made by local tribes.

paragraphs: Frederick County was established in 1743 from parts of Orange County, Virginia. At that time, "Old Frederick County" encompassed all or part of four counties in present-day Virginia — Shenandoah, Clarke, Warren, and Frederick. It also included five in present-day West Virginia — Hardy, Hampshire, Berkeley, Jefferson and Morgan. The Virginia Assembly named the new county for Frederick Louis, Prince of Wales. He was the oldest son of King George II of Great Britain.

paragraphs: As Commander-in-Chief of the new Colonial Virginia regiment in 1754, Colonel George Washington's headquarters were located in Winchester before and during the French and Indian War. He resigned from military service in 1758. He was appointed a general by the Continental Congress sixteen years later. Meanwhile, Washington represented Frederick County in his first elective office, having been elected to the House of Burgesses in 1758 and 1761. Daniel Morgan was another famous general during the American Revolutionary War, from (present day Clarke County).

paragraphs: Winchester changed hands between the Confederate and Union Armies on average once every three weeks during the war. Many battles were fought in Frederick County. Some of those battles include:

paragraphs: The first constitution of West Virginia provided for Frederick County to be added to the new state if approved by a local election. Unlike those of neighboring Berkeley and Jefferson counties, Frederick County residents voted to remain in Virginia.

paragraphs: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . Of this, is land and (0.5%) is water. This is the northernmost county in the Commonwealth of Virginia.

paragraphs: As of the census of 2000, there were 59,209 people, 22,097 households, and 16,727 families residing in the county. The population density was 143 people per square mile (55/km²). There were 23,319 housing units at an average density of 56/square mile (22/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 94.99% White, 2.62% Black or African American, 0.16% Native American, 0.66% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.56% from other races, and 1.01% from two or more races. 1.70% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

paragraphs: There were 22,097 households out of which 36.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them. Another 62.50% were married couples living together, 8.80% had a female householder with no husband present. The remaining 24.30% were non-families. In addition, 19.20% of all households were made up of individuals and 6.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.02.

paragraphs: In the county, the population was spread out with 26.40% under the age of 18, 7.00% from 18 to 24, 31.90% from 25 to 44, 24.10% from 45 to 64, and 10.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 100.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.70 males.

paragraphs: The median income for a household in the county was $46,941. The median income for a family was $52,281. Males had a median income of $35,705 versus $25,046 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,080. About 4.00% of families and 6.40% of the population were below the poverty line. This was including 7.30% of those under age 18 and 6.90% of those age 65 or over.


title: Orange County, Virginia

paragraphs: Orange County is a county in the central piedmont region of the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 33,481. Its county seat is Orange.

paragraphs: Orange County is home to "Montpelier", the estate of James Madison, the 4th President of the United States and "Father of the Constitution." The county celebrated its 275th anniversary in 2009.

paragraphs: The area was lived in for thousands of years by different cultures of Native Americans. At the time the Europeans came, the Ontponea, a sub-group of the Siouan-speaking Manahoac tribe, lived in this Piedmont area.

paragraphs: The first European settlement in what was to become Orange County was Germanna, formed when Governor Alexander Spotswood settled 12 immigrant families from Westphalia, Germany there in 1714. This was a total of 42 people. Orange County was created in August 1734 when the Virginia House of Burgesses adopted “An Act for Dividing Spotsylvania County.” Unlike other counties whose boundaries had ended at the Blue Ridge Mountains, Orange was bounded on the west “by the utmost limits of Virginia” which, at that time, stretched to the Mississippi River and the Great Lakes. The colony of Virginia claimed the land, but very little of it had yet been occupied by any English people. Orange County may have been at one time the largest county that ever existed. In 1738 most of the western area was split off into Augusta County. The large county was to encourage settlement further west to counter the French claim to the Ohio River Valley region.

paragraphs: While no battles of the American Revolutionary War were fought in Orange County, 100 men from the county were recruited to the Culpeper Minutemen. They fought in the Battle of Great Bridge, among other engagements.

paragraphs: The development of transportation, including several railroad routes, up through the mid-nineteenth century helped build a agricultural economy in Orange County. The final adjustment of the county’s boundaries occurred in 1838, when Greene County was created from the western portion of Orange. The Town of Orange was legally established in 1834 (officially becoming a town in 1872) and had already served as the county seat for nearly a century. The Town of Gordonsville officially became a town in 1870.

paragraphs: The county saw limited conflict during the Civil War. Most of the activity was centered around the towns of Orange and Gordonsville. The exceptions were the Battle of Mine Run and the Battle of the Wilderness in the eastern portion of the county. The Battle of the Wilderness was a significant turning point in the war. Following Virginia’s readmission to the Union in 1870, and with the loss of slave labor, the agricultural economy resumed with more emphasis on livestock and dairy farming. This was because these activities requiring less physical labor. The dominance of the railroad and the relative ease it offered in delivering goods to larger markets increased the livestock production in the county’s agricultural economy. Agriculture and manufacturing continued to expand into the twentieth century, with a peak of 1279 farms and 20 manufacturing companies located within the county as of 1929. A manufacturing survey produced during the Great Depression noted that Orange County’s economy remained relatively healthy due to its accessibility.

paragraphs: The significance of agriculture to Orange County’s history was great enough that the Commonwealth of Virginia set aside approximately in the western portion of the county as the Madison-Barbour Rural Historic District. The District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991 and is the largest such district in Virginia. It includes James Madison’s Montpelier and James Barbour’s Barboursville mansion (designed by Thomas Jefferson, now in ruins). It includes other sites listed on the National Register.

paragraphs: Orange County’s population went up and down following the Civil War up through the 1930s. From that point forward, the population continued to grow steadily, representing an almost 300% increase through the 2010 Census.

paragraphs: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of . Of that, is land and (0.7%) is water. The terrain is made up of rolling hills, generally increasing in altitude and as they continue westward toward the Blue Ridge Mountains. The highest point is Cowherd Mountain at 1,196 ft (345 m), approximately 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of Gordonsville.

paragraphs: Orange County lies within the watersheds of both the Rappahannock River and the York River Both of these drain into the Chesapeake Bay.

paragraphs: As of the census of 2010, there were 33,481 people, 12,895 households (14,616 total housing units), and 9,342 families residing in the county. The county experienced a population increase of 29%, or 7,600 people, since the 2000 census. This ties with Louisa County as the 11th fastest growing county in the state, and one of the fastest outside of Northern Virginia. The racial makeup of the county was 82.4% White, 12.7% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.4% from two or more races. 3.4% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

paragraphs: Out of the 12,895 households, 27.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.8% were married couples living together, 10.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.6% were non-families. Out of the total number of households, 32.6% housed someone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.55 and the average family size was 2.97.

paragraphs: The age distribution of the county's population was 22.9% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 10.7% from 25 to 44, 28.5% from 45 to 64, and 18.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.6 years. For every 100 females there were 96 males.

paragraphs: The median income for a household in the county in 2010 was $56,837, and the median income for a family was $65,195. The per capita income for the county was $26,820 and approximately 11.5% of the population was below the poverty line. Orange County had the 9th longest mean travel time to work (37 minutes) out of 132 Virginia localities polled. The median home value was $238,500.


title: Ne Win

paragraphs: Ne Win was a Burmese politician and military commander. He was President of Burma from 1962 to 1981. Before being President he was Prime Minister. Ne Win founded the Burma Socialist Programme Party in 1962.

paragraphs: On 2 March 1962 Ne Win took control of the government in Burma. He became head of state as Chairman of the Union Revolutionary Council and also Prime Minister. His new government ended the constitution. They also removed the Burma parliament. In 1964 he made the Burma Socialist Programme Party the only political party in Burma.

paragraphs: On 2 March 1974, Ne Win ended the Revolutionary Council and made the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma. He was elected President. Then he chose Brigadier General Sein Win as Prime Minister.


title: Wiggiswil

paragraphs: Wiggiswil is a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Hua Guofeng

paragraphs: Hua Guofeng (16 February 1921 – 20 August 2008) was a Chinese communist politician who serve as Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 7 October 1976 to 28 June 1981. He was chosen to lead by Mao Zedong.

paragraphs: Hua was born 16 February 1921 in Jiaocheng County, Shanxi, China. He was named Su Zhu. He died 20 August 2008 in Beijing, China.

paragraphs: On 6 October 1976, Hua ended the Cultural Revolution. He also had the Gang of Four arrested. In 1979 he visited leaders in Europe. He was the first Chinese leader to visit since 1949.


title: Sulz, Lucerne

paragraphs: Sulz is a former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.


title: Arrondissement of Aubusson

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Aubusson is an arrondissement of France, in the Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Aubusson.

paragraphs: When the Creuse department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Aubusson was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Aubusson is the smallest "arrondissement" of the department both in area, , and population (37,123 inhabitants).

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Aubusson is the most southern "arrondissement" of the Creuse department. It is bordered to the northeast by the Allier department, to the east by the Puy-de-Dôme department, to the south by the Corrèze department, to the west by the Haute-Vienne department and to the north by the "arrondissement" of Guéret.

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Aubusson, only three cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": (Ahun, Bourganeuf, Gouzon). The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Aubusson has 118 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" in the "arrondissement" with more inhabitants are:


title: Buchrain, Switzerland

paragraphs: Buchrain is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Dierikon

paragraphs: Dierikon is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Barra do Bugres

paragraphs: Barra do Bugres is a city in Brazil, with about 30,000 people. It is located in the state of Mato Grosso Do Sul. It is located at the confluence of the Paraguay River and the Bugres River. Local economy is focused on agriculture. The city is about from the state capital, Cuiabá.


title: Arrondissement of Guéret

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Guéret is an arrondissement of France, in the Creuse department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Guéret.

paragraphs: When the Creuse department was created on 1800, the "arrondissement" of Guéret was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Guéret is the largest "arrondissement" of the department both in area, , and population (83,458 inhabitants).

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Guéret is the most northern "arrondissement" of the Creuse department. It is bordered to the northeast by the Cher department, to the east by the Allier department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Aubusson, to the west by the Haute-Vienne department and to the north by the Indre department.

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Guéret, only three cantons do not have all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": Ahun, Bourganeuf and Gouzon. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Guéret has 140 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Yosemite Decimal System

paragraphs: The Yosemite Decimal System (YDS) is a system that is used to rate the difficulty of walks, hikes, and climbs. The system has three parts. It is used mostly by mountaineers in the United States and Canada.

paragraphs: The YDS system divides all hikes and climbs into five classes.

paragraphs: Classes 1-3 are used mainly in hiking and trail running.

paragraphs: If a trail is rated Class 4, a person will have to do some simple climbing to get up the trail. There is a lot of natural protection on the trail (like parts of a rock wall that are easy to step on or grab onto.) Often, people use ropes for safety on Class 4 climbs, because falls from Class 4 climbs could easily kill a person.

paragraphs: The Class 5 part of the system is used mostly in rock climbing. A person needs to use a rope for safety when they climb a Class 5 climb. The person may use a belayer or other protection hardware for safety. If a person falls from a Class 5 climb without being attached to a safety rope, they can be very badly hurt or killed.

paragraphs: In Class 6 climbs, people use equipment to help them climb. This is called "aid climbing." In aid climbing, people do not climb directly on the rock. Instead, they climb using equipment placed into or onto the rock. Class 6 is no longer widely used. Today aid climbing uses a separate scale from A0 through A5.

paragraphs: Starting in the 1950s, Class 5 climbs were broken down into a decimal system. As of 2016, this system rates climbs from 5.0 to 5.15c. 5.0 is the easiest type of Class 5 climb. A 5.15c is the most difficult climb any human could do without using special equipment to help them climb.

paragraphs: , only two climbs in the world were rated 5.15c. The first climb is called "Change". Adam Ondra first climbed this route in October 2012. The second 5.15c is "La Dura Dura". It was first climbed by Adam Ondra in February 2013, and was repeated by Chris Sharma in March 2013.

paragraphs: The Sierra Club originally created the Class system in the 1930s. At that time, the system was called "the Sierra Club grading system." The Sierra Club's goal was to classify hikes and climbs in the Sierra Nevada, based on how difficult those hikes and climbs were.

paragraphs: At first, the Sierra Club grading system compared certain hikes and climbs to others. For example, they might rate Climb #3 as harder than Climb #1, but easier than Climb #2. If a person had never done Climbs #1 or #2, this did not help them. To make the system easier to use, the Sierra Club changed its system. It started to rate hikes and climbs by numbers. This was easier for people to learn and use.

paragraphs: Once it started classifying climbs by numbers, the Sierra Club started dividing the classes into decimals. For example, the difficulty of a Class 4.5 route would be halfway between a Class 4 and a Class 5.

paragraphs: In the 1950s, members of the Rock Climbing Section of the Sierra Club's Angeles Chapter divided Class 5 into Classes 5.0 to 5.9. At that time, people thought a 5.9 was the hardest climb a person could do.

paragraphs: In the 1960s, as people got better at rock climbing, and as rock climbing equipment got better, Class 5.9 climbs became easier for some people to do. Classes of 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13 were added to classify harder climbs.

paragraphs: Later, people realized that a 5.11 climb is much harder than a 5.10. Because of this, many climbs were classified as 5.10s, and some were much harder than others. To fix this problem, the system divided 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, and 5.13 climbs even further. They did this by adding the letters "a," "b," "c," and "d" to each grade. Within each Grade, "a" is the easiest and "d" is the hardest. For example, a 5.10a is the easiest possible 5.10 climb. A 5.10d is the hardest possible 5.10 climb.

paragraphs: Climbs are classified based on the hardest single move on the rock climbing route. For example, if just one move on a rock climbing route is difficult enough to qualify as a 5.10d, the entire route is classified as a 5.10d.

paragraphs: The YDS grade system is optional (it does not have to be used). It gives climbers information about how long a climb usually takes.

paragraphs: The Grade is mostly used in mountaineering and big wall climbing. It is not often used when talking about short rock climbs.

paragraphs: The YDS system also includes an optional protection rating. This rating tells the climber how much protection is available on the climbing route for an experienced, skilled lead climber. (In lead climbing, there is no belayer on the ground. Instead, the lead climber goes first and hooks the safety rope into special equipment every few feet on the way up.)

paragraphs: When this rating system was created, the letter codes were the same as the American system for rating the content of movies:

paragraphs: The G and PG ratings are often left out, since they are typical of normal, everyday climbing. R and X ratings are normally used to warn lead climbers who do not realize how dangerous a climb is.

paragraphs: There is some controversy (argument) over the exact definition of the YDS Classes. Some rock climbing experts have suggested updated versions of these classifications.

paragraphs: The YDS classes are subjective. This means they are based on individual opinions, not facts. Traditionally, the first person to do a climb gives the climb its classification number. Other climbers might not agree with that person's classification of the climb. There is no official group of people who agree on which climbs get which classifications.

paragraphs: Climbs may be classified differently in indoor rock climbing gyms, and in different types of outdoor rock climbing. Climbs are also classified differently in different parts of the United States.

paragraphs: The Grade and Protection categories do not apply to every climb. Use of protection ratings vary greatly from area to area, and from guidebook to guidebook.

paragraphs: , there is no formula that climbers can use to plan climbs based on the average climbing speed, the climb's Grade, the distance of the climb, and how high up it goes.


title: Function (biology)

paragraphs: Function in biology is what a part of the body or cell does in relation to the whole. It is the reason some part or process occurred in a system which evolved by natural selection.

paragraphs: A similar definition is "the function of a component in an organism is the contribution it makes to that organism's fitness".

paragraphs: The term is used especially in physiology, in phrases like "the function of the kidneys is to excrete urea from the body" or "the function of the heart is to push blood around the body". It is incorrect to use the word 'purpose' instead of 'function', because the word 'purpose' implies forethought.


title: British princess

paragraphs: A British princess is a princess who has the title of a Princess of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. In Britain, the title "Princess" and the use of the style "Royal Highness" can only be used for these persons:

paragraphs: Queen Elizabeth II issued Letters Patent dated 21 August 1996 stating that any woman divorced from a Prince of the United Kingdom would no longer be entitled to the style "Royal Highness". This has so far applied to Diana, Princess of Wales, and Sarah, Duchess of York.


title: Amar Singh (cricketer)

paragraphs: Amar Singh was an Indian cricketer. His full name was Ladhabhai Nakum Amar Singh Lodha. He was a right arm fast bowler and an effective lower order batsman. Amar Singh was the first Indian to receive a test cap. He was born in Rajkot, Gujarat on 4 December 1910.

paragraphs: Amar Singh played for the Indian cricket team, Hindus cricket team and various teams in the first class cricket matches. He took 28 wickets and scored 292 runs in 7 Test cricket matches, playing for the Indian cricket team.

paragraphs: Amar Singh died due to typhoid on May 21 1940 in Jamnagar, Gujarat.


title: Pietro Martorana

paragraphs: Pietro Martorana (1705–1759), was an Italian painter. He was a member of a family of artists from Palermo. He was one of the main representatives of the classic late Baroque painting in Sicily.

paragraphs: Martorana painted frescos in Palermo in the churches of Santa Rosalia, St. Chiara and St. Carlo. With Olivio Sozzi. He decorated the palace of Michele Gravina Branciforte, prince of Butera in Palermo.


title: Siad Barre

paragraphs: Mohamed Siad Barre was the President of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969–91.

paragraphs: In 1969 President Abdirashid Ali Shermarke was assassinated. The military took power of the government. Major General Barre became the leader of the country. The new government used a form of socialism called scientific socialism. The country was renamed to the Somali Democratic Republic.

paragraphs: In 1991 Somalia had a civil war. Barre was removed as the leader. He tried to take back the city of Mogadishu but lost. He then went into exile. Barre died on 2 January 1995.


title: Roger Binny

paragraphs: Roger Binny is a former Indian cricket all rounder. He is best known for his impressive bowling performance in the 1983 Cricket World Cup in which India won the cup. Binny took the most wickets in the 1983 Cricket World Cup with 18 wickets.He was born in Bangalore, Karnataka on July 19, 1955. His full name is Roger Michael Humphrey Binny.

paragraphs: Binny's batting style is right arm batting. He bowling style is right arm fast bowling.

paragraphs: Binny's son Stuart Binny plays for an Indian cricket team. Roger Binny scored 830 runs in test cricket and 629 runs in One Day International matches. He took 47 wickets in test cricket and 77 wickets in One Day International matches.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

paragraphs: Mohammad Mosaddegh was an Iranian politician. He was elected Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 until 1953. He was also an author, administrator, lawyer, and parliamentarian.

paragraphs: On 19 August 1953 Mosaddegh was removed from office by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and Britain's MI6. This was called Operation Ajax in the West. In Iran it is called the 28 Mordad 1332 coup. The change in power was one reason for the Iranian Revolution in 1979.

paragraphs: Mosaddegh was named man of the year in 1951 by "Time" magazine. He remains one of the most popular people in Iranian history.


title: First Battle of Kernstown

paragraphs: The First Battle of Kernstown was fought on March 23, 1862, in Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War. Confederate General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson's Shenandoah Valley Campaign of 1862 was generally a success. However, the First Battle of Kernstown was one his few defeats.

paragraphs: At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond and ending the war. To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington. Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia. Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 to move against Richmond from the north. Banks left General James Shields with a force of about 9,000 in the Valley while he would move east to Manassas, Virginia, to be closer to Washington, D.C.

paragraphs: Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan. Jackson's cavalry commander, Colonel Turner Ashby, learned that part of the Union forces were leaving the valley and only a small force remained.

paragraphs: Jackson gave Ashby permission to attack while he moved the remainder of his forces up to join Ashby. Unfortunately, Ashley's information was bad. While the Confederates thought they were attacking only four regiments (totalling about 3,000 men), there were actually about three times that number of Union soldiers. The remaining Union troops remained out of sight during the skirmish. General Shields was wounded in the fighting and turned command of the Union division over to Colonel Nathan Kimball.

paragraphs: At about nine o'clock on the morning of March 23, Ashby's cavalry attacked. Kimball was not certain if this was another skirmish or the start of a battle. But just in case, he placed his forces in a strong defensive position on Pritchard Hill. He placed his artillery there as well. On seeing this, Jackson concentrated his artillery on Sandy Ridge, west of Prichard Hill. At about three-thirty, Jackson could see from Sandy Ridge that what he thought was a small Union force was actually much bigger. Jackson told one of his officers "We are in for it."

paragraphs: Kimball, believing he was up against a much larger Confederate force, decided to silence the Confederate guns on Sandy Ridge. His attack was met with strong resistance from the Confederates and the battle soon became a stalemate. Jackson kept sending in more Confederate troops, but he could not drive the Union line back. Kimball still had fresh reserves he could send into the battle. By six o'clock the Confederates were running low on ammunition and were nearly exhausted. When one of his brigades ran out of ammunition completely, they had to withdraw from the battle. The Union army attacked through the gap they left and Jackson's entire force had to quickly retreat.


title: Jan Sokol

paragraphs: Jan Sokol (born 18 April 1936) is a Czech philosopher, translator and politician. He is son of architect Jan Sokol. He was a member of parliament from 1990 to 1992. He was minister of education from January to July 1998. In 2003, he was candidate for President of the Czech Republic. He is a member of Charles University faculty.


title: Anastasio Somoza Debayle

paragraphs: Anastasio "Tachito" Somoza DeBayle was officially the 73rd and 76th President of Nicaragua. As the leader of Nicaragua's military he was really the leader of the country from 1967 to 1979.

paragraphs: Many people did not like Somoza as a leader. A group called the Sandinista National Liberation Front wanted to make Nicaragua a better country. They had support from inside and outside the country. In 1975 Somoza Debayle tried to stop the Sandinistas and anyone in Nicaragua who supported them. The Soviet Union and Cuba were giving the Sandinistas money to keep fighting the Somoza family. In 1979 the United States stopped supporting Somoza.

paragraphs: On 17 July 1979 Somoza quit the presidency. He fled to Miami but U.S. President Jimmy Carter would not allow him to enter the country. Somoza then went to Paraguay.

paragraphs: On 17 September 1980 the Sandinistas assassinated Somoza DeBayle.


title: Autism Speaks

paragraphs: Autism Speaks is an organization that works for a cure for autism. It was founded in February 2005 by Bob and Suzanne Wright. Their earlier groups were Cure Autism Now (founded in 1995) and the National Alliance for Autism Research (founded in 1994).

paragraphs: Autism Speaks is a controversial network. It views autism as a disease. This has caused controversy in the autistic community.


title: Aubusson, Creuse

paragraphs: Aubusson (Occitan auvergnat: "Le Buçon", formerly "Aubuçon") is a commune of the Creuse department in central France, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

paragraphs: In 1790, when the departments were created, Aubusson was named as district of the Creuse department and an "arrondissement" in 1800.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Aubusson is in the southern part of the department, at the confluence of the Creuse river and its tributary the Beauze river. The city is at the northeastern end of the Millevaches plateau.

paragraphs: It has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The city of Aubusson is at about from Bordeaux, at from Toulouse, at from Paris and at from Lyon.

paragraphs: The "communes" that are around Aubusson are Blessac, Alleyrat, Saint-Maixant, Saint-Amand, Saint-Alpinien , Saint-Pardoux-le-Neuf, Moutier-Rozeille, Saint-Quentin-la-Chabanne and Saint-Marc-à-Frongier.

paragraphs: Aubusson has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Aubusson are known, in French, as "Aubussonnais" (women: "Aubussonnaises").

paragraphs: The "commune" of Aubusson has a population, in 2014, of 3,591; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Aubusson forms the urban area of Aubusson with a population of 3,679 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Aubusson, formed by 9 "communes" with a population of 6,386 inhabitants and an area of .

paragraphs: Aubusson is the subprefecture of the Creuse department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Aubusson and the administrative centre () of the canton of Aubusson, with 9,437 inhabitants .

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Creuse Grand Sud" ().

paragraphs: Aubusson is well known for its tapestry and carpets, which have been famous throughout the world since the 14th century. Its origins were born with the arrival of weavers from Flanders, who moved to Aubusson around 1580. There is a famous collection of Aubusson tapestries at Vallon-Pont-d'Arc.


paragraphs: Institut des sciences et industries du vivant et de l'environnement (Agro ParisTech, Paris Institute of Technology for Life, Food and Environmental Sciences) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France).

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Agro ParisTech.

paragraphs: Research activities at Agro ParisTech relate to the following topics:


title: Tiger Electronics

paragraphs: Tiger Electronics is an American toy manufacturer which was founded in 1979. It makes entertainment products for children. Tiger is based in Vernon Hills, Illinois. In 1998, Tiger Electronics, Ltd., became a subsidiary of the toy manufacturer Hasbro. Tiger Electronics is probably best known for Furby toys, Giga Pets and the Game.com handheld game console.


title: First Battle of Winchester

paragraphs: The First Battle of Winchester was fought on May 25, 1862, in and around Frederick County and Winchester, Virginia during the American Civil War. The battle was a victory in Confederate Army Major General Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson's Campaign through the Shenandoah Valley. Jackson enveloped the right flank of the Union Army under Major General Nathaniel P. Banks. The Union forces retreated across the Potomac River into Maryland. Due to confusion among Confederate commanders, Jackson was unable to pursue Banks into Maryland.

paragraphs: At the beginning of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln wanted his generals to attack in force against the Confederacy. Major General George B. McClellan was massing his army for his Peninsula Campaign with the goal of capturing the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia and ending the war. To do this McClellan had to weaken his forces protecting Washington, D.C.. This left only two Union forces to protect Washington. Besides Banks in the Shenandoah Valley, General Irwin McDowell had forces in Northern Virginia. Banks was to clear the Shenandoah Valley of Confederate forces, then move up towards Washington so McDowell's force of 30,000 could move against Richmond from the north.

paragraphs: Confederate General Stonewall Jackson was given the task of keeping the Federal Army busy in the Valley so they could not join McClellan. Jackson was defeated at the First Battle of Kernstown on March 23, 1862. In spite of the loss, Jackson did gain a strategic victory. It kept Banks in the Valley and prevented McDowell from sending troops to McClellan's Peninsula Campaign.

paragraphs: On April 17, the weather cleared and Banks started moving south towards Harrisonburg. At about this time the strategic situation changed for the Confederacy. General Joseph E. Johnston had moved to the Peninsula taking 55,000 Confederate soldiers to defend against McClellan's 110,000 troops. Confederate general Richard S. Ewell's division was now between Johnson on the Peninsula and Jackson in the Valley and could support either as the need arose. So Jackson no longer needed to keep Union forces in the Valley from joining McClellan, he now wanted to force them out of the Shenandoah Valley completely.

paragraphs: On April 25, Banks' Union force occupied Harrisonburg. Jackson withdrew to Swift Run Gap (about 20 miles East of Harrisonburg). This put him in a position to outflank Banks if the Union forces moved any further south and allowed him to stay in contact with Ewell's Confederate division if he needed support. Meanwhile a Union brigade under Robert H. Milroy was at the village of McDowell, Virginia which threatened Jackson's supply depot at Staunton. Jackson left Ewell at Swift Run Gap to move against Milroy.

paragraphs: On May 8, Jackson's forces attacked Milroy's Union forces at McDowell. It was a Union tactical victory because the Union forces had fewer casualties than Jackson's forces. But it was a strategic victory for Jackson because the Union forces withdrew back across the Allegheny Mountains ending the threat. Jackson returned to the Shenandoah Valley and decided that his and Ewell's command would now deal with Banks. In turn, Banks anticipated Jackson's move and asked permission to leave Strasburg and move north, but it was denied. Earlier, on May 1, Lincoln had ordered one of Banks' divisions to join the Union forces at Fredericksburg under General McDowell. This weakened Banks's forces but he believed Jackson had left the Valley. On learning Milroy had been driven back at McDowell, Banks sent his 1st Maryland Infantry division to Front Royal, Virginia (about 12 miles to the east) to protect his left flank.

paragraphs: Jackson had intended to move against Banks at Strasburg. But when he learned there were Union infantry at Front Royal, he decided to attack there first. On May 23, at the Battle of Front Royal, Jackson's Confederates captured the town of Front Royal, along with most of the 900 Union soldiers who defended it. Realizing Jackson was now on his flank and he had no support at Front Royal, on May 24 Banks retreated to Winchester. Because of the good protection provided by his rearguard and poor communications between Jackson and Ewell, Banks was able to reach Winchester with minimal losses.

paragraphs: When Banks arrived at Winchester, he started organizing his defenses. On May 25, Jackson's first attack was thrown back. Ewell approached Winchester from the southwest with his division and attacked Camp Hill (now Overlook Park in the southeastern part of Winchester). At the same time Jackson's Louisiana Brigade outflanked, then overran the Union position on Bower's Hill (southwestern part of Winchester). With their flanks broken, the Union troops began a disorganized retreat through the city of Winchester. Even citizens of Winchester fired on the Union soldiers. Banks retreated across the Potomac River back into Maryland. This was the decisive victory for Jackson's Valley Campaign.

paragraphs: Jackson lost about 68 killed and 329 wounded. Banks Union casualties were approximately 62 killed, 243 wounded and over 1,700 captured or missing.

paragraphs: Jackson's infantry was too tired to keep up with the retreating Union soldiers. His cavalry, led by Colonel Turner Ashby, was completely useless. They had started looting the abandoned and damaged Union wagons for supplies and had broken off from fighting. Confederate General J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was attached to Ewell's forces. But they could not be found in time. Once they were located, Stuart refused Jackson's order and waited for the order to come through Ewell. Jackson won a victory at Winchester, but could not finish off his enemy.

paragraphs: The defeat of Banks caused great concern in Washington. President Lincoln ordered McDowell to send 20,000 men to help deal with the situation in the Shenandoah Valley. These were troops McClellan needed in his Peninsula Campaign. For the next few weeks, Jackson continued to defeat Union efforts at the Battles of Cross Keys and Port Republic in June 1862.


title: Akasaka Station

paragraphs: Akasaka Station (赤坂駅,あかさかえき) is a railway station of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Cordillera Department

paragraphs: The Cordillera department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Caacupé. Its code is PY-03.

paragraphs: The Cordillera department is in the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , the largest of the "Oriental" region, with a population of 282,981 for a population density of .

paragraphs: The main river in the department, and of Paraguay, is the Paraguay that makes the western border of the department.

paragraphs: The department is divided in 20 districts:


title: Zhao Ziyang

paragraphs: Zhao Ziyang was a high-ranking politician in China. He was the Premier of the People's Republic of China from 1980 to 1987, Vice Chairman of the Communist Party of China from 1981 to 1982 and General Secretary of the Communist Party of China from 1987 to 1989.

paragraphs: Zhao did not like Maoist policies. He received support from Deng Xiaoping after the Cultural Revolution. Zhao tried to stop corruption and to make general market economic changes. His views made him unpopular with important leaders including Premier Li Peng, former President Li Xiannian and Party elder Chen Yun. After the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 Zhao was not allowed to be a politician. He was placed under house arrest.


title: Nikolai Ryzhkov

paragraphs: Nikolai Ivanovich Ryzhkov (born 28 September 1929) is a former Soviet official. He became a Russian politician after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Ryzhkov was Boris Yeltsin's leading opponent in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) 1991 presidential election.

paragraphs: Ryzhkov was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labour twice, the Order of the October Revolution in 1971, the Order of Lenin twice, and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland, 4th class. He was named a National Hero of Armenia.

paragraphs: In March 2014, after the Crimean crisis, Ryzhkov was sanctioned by both the European Union and United States.


title: Marga Marga Province

paragraphs: Marga Marga Province () is one of eight provinces of the central Chilean region of Valparaíso (V). The city of Quilpué is the capital of the province.

paragraphs: The province of Marga Marga was created in 2010 with 2 communes of the Valparaíso province, Quilpué and Villa Alemana, and 2 communes of the province of Quillota, Limache and Olmué.

paragraphs: The Marga Marga province has an area of , the sixth largest province in the Valparaíso region; only the Quillota and Isla de Pascua provinces are smaller.

paragraphs: Marga Marga is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered on the north by the Quillota province, on the east and south by Santiago Metropolitan region, and to the west by the Valparaíso province.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 277,525 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Quilpué, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 128,578 inhabitants. Other cities are Villa Alemana (95,623), Limache (39,219) and Olmué (14,105).

paragraphs: As a province, Marga Marga is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Quilpué serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Missal

paragraphs: In the western-rite Church, the term Missal is used for a text that describes the different types of Mass there are, as well as how to celebrate a given type Mass. Pope Pius V published the first missal for the Roman Catholic Church 1570.


title: Wilderswil

paragraphs: Wilderswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: American Civil War casualties

paragraphs: American Civil War casualties are those soldiers, both Union and Confederate, who died, were wounded, went missing or were captured. The American Civil War was the nation's bloodiest war. The violence in battles such as Shiloh, Antietam, Stones River and Gettysburg shocked everyone in the country, both North and South. It also shocked international observers. Of those who died, by far the leading cause of death was disease. The exact number of dead will never be known with any certainty. All Civil War casualty numbers are estimates, no matter what the source. For over a hundred years the total number of dead has been accepted by most historians as 618,222, generally rounded off to 620,000. Newer estimates have put the number at about 750,000 or about 20% higher than previously approximated.

paragraphs: In 1860, no one expected any armed conflict would come from the Southern states secession from the Union. Or, if it did, it would be brief and mostly for show purposes. Southerners did not believe the North would mobilize an army against them. The U.S. Senator from South Carolina made the statement he would drink all the blood shed over the South declaring their independence from the Union. Then, as it became apparent that it would become a military confrontation, both sides believed it would not last very long. In 1861, when the Union Army entered the First Battle of Bull Run, they thought a quick victory would bring an end to the war. After the Union loss at Bull Run, the Confederates thought the Union would simply give up the idea re-uniting the North and South. Both were wrong.

paragraphs: During the 1850s there were a number of improvements in weapons, especially rifles. During the Civil War, both armies were equipped with rifles that could shoot farther, could reload faster and were much more accurate than the muskets used in the Mexican–American War. Yet the same military tactics were being used as the earlier war; close formations of men firing in volleys. The new rifles combined with obsolete tactics were responsible for up to 90% of all deaths in battle.

paragraphs: Death was only one of several ways a soldier could be listed as a casualty. During the Civil War a casualty was any soldier who could not perform his duties. This could be for any reason including being sick, wounded, captured, missing or killed. A single soldier could be listed as a casualty several times during the war.

paragraphs: The mid-nineteenth century attitudes towards death and dying for a noble cause were considerably different than modern thinking. Men saw going to war as a chance for glory and honor. They thought that giving one's life for their country or cause was the highest calling. But dying of disease was considered a horrible way to die and most feared it more than dying in battle. War was presented to soldiers as a way to die "for God and country". It represented both Christian and nationalist reasons for going to war. As most were Christians, they were far better prepared to die than to kill. American society in general, and soldiers in particular, believed in the "ars moriendi" (the art of dying) or the "good death." These attitudes left soldiers to believe that a good death was glorious and at the same time a last act of redemption. Also, by dying well a person showed others how to die well.

paragraphs: Another factor which contributed to the high death tolls was the status of medical care at the beginning of the Civil War. In 1861, medical knowledge, diagnostic procedures, equipment, and treatment protocols were very crude by modern standards. Because doctors were often unaware of what caused the diseases they were encountering, and because medical hygiene practices were poor compared with those practiced today, physicians often could do very little to treat their patients; in many cases, they even hastened soldiers' deaths by failing to wash their hands and instruments before moving from one patient to the next - simple protocols which did not begin to take hold until later in the war through the pioneering military medical management efforts of William A. Hammond and Jonathan Letterman. As a result, at times, a physician's treatment of wounds, infections and diseases did more harm than good.

paragraphs: In addition, camp hygiene was extremely poor. Inadequate sanitation facilities, and the lack of shelter, clothing, shoes and food, as well as contaminated water contributed to high death rates in the camps. Diarrhea and dysentery became the leading causes of death with casualty figures showing that roughly twice as many soldiers died from disease as from the most frequent type of battle injury - the gunshot wound (shown in Latin terminology on military medical records as "Vulnus Sclopet").

paragraphs: Other ailments which affected Civil War soldiers included:

paragraphs: Soldiers who were captured by the enemy and held as prisoners of war (POWs) were, in a significant number of instances, housed in such miserable conditions that they faced a higher likelihood of contracting and succumbing to one of the medical conditions shown above; starvation also became a problem in POW camps as more soldiers were captured in battle and food shortages widened.

paragraphs: Even healthcare practitioners were not immune; nurses were particularly at risk of catching diseases from the soldiers they tended.

paragraphs: As many as half of the men killed in battle were not identified when they were buried. The records kept by each company were designed to keep track of how many men were in each unit, not to keep track of each soldier. Confederate military records are much fewer than Union records. When Richmond fell in 1865, records were destroyed, shipped south or left behind. Some of the records were kept by the Union Army and sent to the War Department in Washington, D.C.. The Adjutant General started a bureau for the “collection, safekeeping, and publication of Rebel Archives” in July of 1865. In 1903, the Secretary of War made an appeal to Southern Governors to lend the War Department any Confederate Army records in their possession so they could be copied.

paragraphs: Since about 1900, historians have quoted the numbers produced by Thomas L. Livermore of 618,222 Confederate and Union deaths during the war. Livermore's number was based on incomplete battle reports. It also made a crude guess as to how many died from disease and other causes. His book was titled "Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America, 1861-65."

paragraphs: Before Livermore, another Civil War veteran, William F. Fox, compiled his estimate the hard way. He went over every muster list, battlefield record and pension record he could find. In 1889 he wrote "Regimental Losses in the American Civil War, 1861-1865". Fox came up with the round number of 94,000 dead. In addition to the number, Fox contributed information on the average Union soldier. For example, that he averaged 5 feet 8 ¼ inches tall and weighed 143 ½ pounds.

paragraphs: Interestingly, before Fox or Livermore, the superintendent of the1870 United States Census, Francis A. Walker, had estimated the number of male deaths to be “not less than 850,000.” But this was not as widely accepted as the lower numbers. Probably the main reason was that the census itself that year was suspected of being wrong. Walker's estimate was based on calculating a typical growth in population which had been consistent during the nineteenth century, minus the number of males who were missing from the census.

paragraphs: Many historians are beginning to accept that the earlier death estimates were probably far too low. A demographic historian from New York's Binghamton University, J. David Hacker, has made a new calculation of Civil War deaths which is about 20% higher. The new estimate is 750,000 deaths and is based on digitized nineteenth century census data. The population of the United States in 1860 was just under 31.5 million. Approximately 2,000,000 men served in the Union forces while about 750,000 served in the Confederacy. About 75% of soldiers were born in America. Of the remaining 25% who were foreign born, many did not appear in any census records prior to the Civil War.

paragraphs: Amputation was by far the most common surgery in the Civil War. During the war it is estimated that about 60,000 surgeries were performed. Of these, nearly 75% were amputations. There were several reasons why amputation was the main procedure. Bullet wounds made by the slow moving Minié ball caused major damage. They often shattered bones beyond repair. Another reason was to prevent gangrene and other complications. Men often lay unattended for a day or more before being brought to a surgeon. Perhaps the most important reason was that medics had too many wounded men and very little time to reconstruct damaged body parts. Lastly, if a man was wounded in the head, stomach or chest, he rarely lived long enough to be taken to a field hospital.

paragraphs: Until the war, most American doctors had never seen wounds like these. Most only had experience in lancing boils or pulling teeth. Doctors knew very little about germs and bacteria. Bandages were used over and over again on different men without washing or disinfecting them first. By modern standards the operations were crude, even brutal. Soldiers called medics "butchers" and they feared amputations more than anything else. To avoid losing a limb and the painful operation, some soldiers and officers went so far as to try to treat their wounds themselves.

paragraphs: Where the wound was located on a limb affected the soldier's ability to survive after the Surgery. The closer a wound was to the body the higher the mortality rate. For example, Confederate General John Bell Hood was wounded in the leg at the Battle of Chickamauga. His leg was amputated just over from his hip. This type of hip operation had an 83% mortality rate. Fortunately, Hood was among the 17% who survived. Arm wounds had a lower mortality rate of 24%. But Stonewall Jackson did not long survive the loss of his arm. The amputation process itself was done quickly. A cut was made around the arm or leg. Then the bone was sawed through. Nerves were pulled out as far as possible then cut off. The bloody stump was often left to heal by itself or a flap of skin was sewn over the stump. The surgeon had to move quickly to keep the patient from losing too much blood or going into shock. A leg amputation at the knee could be done in three minutes. In most cases anesthesia was used.

paragraphs: Men who survived an amputation needed to return to their work after the war. They needed a prosthesis to replace a missing arm or leg. In the case of North Carolina, it was the first of the former Confederate states to provide artificial legs to its veterans who needed them. In 1866, they passed a law providing artificial legs to their veterans. For those who could not use an artificial leg, the veteran amputee was given $70. North Carolina took care of 1,550 veterans who applied for help.


title: Tuncay Şanlı

paragraphs: Tuncay Şanlı (born 16 January 1982) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for Turkey national team.


title: Marko Podraščanin

paragraphs: Marko Podraščanin () (born 29 August 1987) is a Serbian volleyball player, a member of Serbia men's national volleyball team and Italian club Sir Safety Umbria Perugia. He has participated in two Olympic Games (Beijing 2008, London 2012), and is a bronze medalist of the World Championship 2010.


title: Andrea Sartoretti

paragraphs: Andrea Sartoretti (born June 19, 1971) is an Italian former volleyball player. He has won two silver medals and a bronze medal in three Olympic Games between 1996 and 2004.


title: Earvin N'Gapeth

paragraphs: Earvin N'Gapeth (born 12 February 1991) is a French volleyball player, a member of French national volleyball team and Italian club Modena. Ngapeth winner 2015 European Champion, a gold medalist of the 2015 World League, French Champion (2010), Italian Champion (2016).


title: North Chungcheong Province

paragraphs: North Chungcheong Province, or Chungcheongbuk-do ( ]), is a province in the centre of South Korea. It was formed in 1896 from the northeastern half of the former Chungcheong province. The provincial capital is Cheongju.


title: Port of Amsterdam

paragraphs: The Port of Amsterdam is a port located in the city of Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. Looking at the amount of cargo shipped, the port is the 4th most important in Europe. The port was created in the 13th century. It was one of the main ports of the Dutch East India Company, in the 17th century. Today, it is the second largest port in the Netherlands, after the port of Rotterdam. The North Sea Canal connects the port to the North Sea. The port of Amsterdam is mostly used for bulk cargo. In 2013, about 95 million tons of goods passed through one of the ports in Amsterdam. 79 millon tons of these were bulk cargo. About 60.000 people work in the port.


title: EasyEnglish

paragraphs: EasyEnglish is a subset of the English language used for making the Bible text easy to understand.

paragraphs: It is used to explain complex ideas in the Bible in a simple way. EasyEnglish is used to make to Bible readable by everyone who has a minimal knowledge of English. EasyEnglish comes in two levels. "Level A" has about 1200 words. "Level B" has about 2800 words. Its rules include using one topic per paragraph. It does not use passive verbs, split infinitives, ambiguous pronouns or idioms.

paragraphs: This vocabulary and its application rules are similar to those of VOA Special English, SPOTLIGHT Specialized English and Globish. All three based on a vocabulary list of some 1500 words and guide lines on simple writing. In some way, the rules are also comparable to the simple English Wikipedia and Wiktionary guidelines.

paragraphs: The EasyEnglish Bible is produced by MissionAssist. It uses British English. It is currently found on the YouVersion app and on its on EasyEnglish app, with portions published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.


title: Khalji dynasty

paragraphs: The Khalji dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic origin. It ruled large parts of South Asia between 1290 and 1320.


title: Larry Roberts (actor)

paragraphs: Lawrence Saltzman (September 28, 1926 – July 17, 1992), also known as Larry Roberts, was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for his role of playing the voice of Tramp in the 1955 Disney movie "Lady and the Tramp". He was also well known for his roles in the 1950s TV series "Lights, Camera, Action!".


title: Bulk cargo

paragraphs: Bulk cargo is a type of cargo that is carried in big amounts. Bulk cargo can be gases, liquids, coal, and wheat.


title: Sepoy

paragraphs: A sepoy was an Indian footsoldier (of whatever religion) in the East India Company army or the British Indian Army. The term comes from the Persian language "Sipahi".

paragraphs: In the modern Indian Army, Pakistan Army, Bangladesh Army and Nepalese Army, it is still used for the rank of private soldier.


title: Vicente Martín y Soler

paragraphs: Vicente Martín y Soler (2 May 1754 – 30 January 1806) was a composer from Spain. He wrote many operas and ballets.

paragraphs: He was born in Valencia, a city in Spain. He studied music in Bologna in Italy. His teacher in Bologna was Giovanni Battista Martini. His first opera was "Il tutore burlato". It was performed in Madrid in 1775. Then he went to Italy. He worked as a composer for the Teatro di San Carlo in Naples from 1777 to 1785. Then he moved to Vienna in Austria. His operas in Vienna had much success. In 1788 Catherine the Great, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her. In Russia he wrote more operas and ballets. They were performed in the Empress's theater in Saint Petersburg. Martín y Soler died in Saint Petersburg.

paragraphs: Martín y Soler's most important operas were:


title: Les Rodanes

paragraphs: Les Rodanes is a natural reserve in Valencian Community, Spain located into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Valencia province. The territory occupies an area of .

paragraphs: In 2002 was stated as nature reserve into the municipal boundary of Vilamarxant, Camp del Turia. It's located few kilometers at south of the River Turia. It has an area of 582,47 ha.

paragraphs: Its geology is formed by sandstones and argillites.

paragraphs: This place is the habitat of around 50 bird species as "Buteo buteo", "Falco tinnunculus", "Tyto alba", "Strigidae", "Athene noctua" and mammals as "Mustela nivalis", "Vulpini" and "Sus scrofa".

paragraphs: Generalitat Valenciana - Paraje Natural Municipal "Les Rodanes" (Valencian)