title: Coulanges-sur-Yonne

paragraphs: Coulanges-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Coulours

paragraphs: Coulours is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courgenay, Yonne

paragraphs: Courgenay is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courgis

paragraphs: Courgis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courlon-sur-Yonne

paragraphs: Courlon-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courson-les-Carrières

paragraphs: Courson-les-Carrières is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courtoin

paragraphs: Courtoin is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Courtois-sur-Yonne

paragraphs: Courtois-sur-Yonne is a commune in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Coutarnoux

paragraphs: Coutarnoux is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Crain, Yonne

paragraphs: Crain is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cravant, Yonne

paragraphs: Cravant is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cruzy-le-Châtel

paragraphs: Cruzy-le-Châtel is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cry, Yonne

paragraphs: Cry is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cudot

paragraphs: Cudot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cussy-les-Forges

paragraphs: Cussy-les-Forges is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Cuy, Yonne

paragraphs: Cuy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dannemoine

paragraphs: Dannemoine is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dicy

paragraphs: Dicy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Diges

paragraphs: Diges is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dissangis

paragraphs: Dissangis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dixmont, Yonne

paragraphs: Dixmont is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: NASCAR Hall of Fame

paragraphs: The NASCAR Hall of Fame showcases drivers who have given large contributions to the sport of NASCAR. It also shows people who have been great grew chiefs, car owners, and others who have made big positive changes to NASCAR. Construction on the Hall of Fame began on January 26, 2007, and it officially opened on May 11, 2010. The City of Charlotte built and owns the NASCAR Hall of Fame. The Hall is run by the Charlotte Regional Visitors Authority. Winston Kelley is the NASCAR Hall of Fame Executive Director. The first class of people who were inducted in the hall of fame were inducted the day after the 2010 NASCAR Sprint All-Star Race. Richard Petty and Dale Inman helped unviel the first display at the Hall of Fame, which was the Plymouth Belvedere that Petty drove to 27 race wins in 1967.

paragraphs: To be inducted into the Hall of Fame, somebody who used to drive in NASCAR had to have driven for at least 10 years. This person must also have been retired for at least three years.

paragraphs: People who did not drive in NASCAR, but were part of the sport in an important way must have also been active for at least ten years. Under special circumstances, somebody may be inducted into the Hall of Fame even if they were not active for 10 years.

paragraphs: A group of 21 people on a nominating committee chooses nominees from those we meet the requirements to be in the Hall of Fame. This group is made up of:

paragraphs: After a list of candidates is chosen, a total of 48 votes are cast by another group of people on a voting committee. The voting comittee is made up of the nominating committee and the following:

paragraphs: On October 14, 2009, the NASCAR Hall of Fame panel met at the Charlotte Convention Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, to choose the first group of people to go into the Hall of Fame. Five people were selected. These people were:

paragraphs: The Class of 2011 was announced on October 13, 2010, and was inducted on May 23, 2011.

paragraphs: The Class of 2012 was announced on June 14, 2011, and was inducted on January 20, 2012.

paragraphs: The Class of 2013 was announced on May 23, 2012 and was inducted on February 8, 2013.

paragraphs: The ticket prices are Adult $19.95, Senior (60+) $17.95, Military $17.95, and Children (5-12) $12.95. Open daily 10 a.m. - 6 p.m. (closed only Easter, Thanksgiving and Christmas)


title: Ruddigore

paragraphs: Ruddigore; or, The Witch's Curse is a two-act operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan. It was premiered by the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company on 22 January 1887 at the Savoy Theatre in London, England. It ran for 288 performances over 8 months. It is the tenth of the fourteen operettas written by Gilbert and Sullivan.

paragraphs: The baronets of Ruddigore are compelled to commit a crime every day under a witch's curse. Robin Oakapple is a baronet of Ruddigore who has fled the curse. He and his love, Rose Maybud, are about to marry when Robin's identity is exposed.

paragraphs: In Ruddigore Castle, Robin cannot commit himself to a life of crime. The portraits of his ancestors come to life to punish him. He outwits them and frees himself from the curse for all time. He is reunited with Rose.


title: Mia

paragraphs: The name Mia is a female name taken from the Slavic terminology "mila" (which represents "darling"). The name is strongly prevalent throughout Europe, the United States, England and Germany; in central Europe, "Mia" is a pet name version for "Maria", "Amelia" and "Emilia". There are many celebrities with the name, including Mia Hamm, Mia Rose and Mia Farrow.


title: La Ferté-Hauterive

paragraphs: La Ferté-Hauterive is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Fleuriel

paragraphs: Fleuriel is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Fourilles

paragraphs: Fourilles is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Franchesse

paragraphs: Franchesse is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Gannat

paragraphs: Gannat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Gannay-sur-Loire

paragraphs: Gannay-sur-Loire is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Garnat-sur-Engièvre

paragraphs: Garnat-sur-Engièvre is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Gennetines

paragraphs: Gennetines is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Gipcy

paragraphs: Gipcy is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Givarlais

paragraphs: Givarlais is a former commune in the Allier department in central France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Haut-Bocage.


title: Gouise

paragraphs: Gouise is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Guillermie

paragraphs: La Guillermie is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Hauterive, Allier

paragraphs: Hauterive is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Dollot

paragraphs: Dollot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Domats

paragraphs: Domats is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Domecy-sur-Cure

paragraphs: Domecy-sur-Cure is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Domecy-sur-le-Vault

paragraphs: Domecy-sur-le-Vault is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dracy

paragraphs: Dracy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Druyes-les-Belles-Fontaines

paragraphs: Druyes-les-Belles-Fontaines is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Dyé

paragraphs: Dyé is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Égleny

paragraphs: Égleny is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Égriselles-le-Bocage

paragraphs: Égriselles-le-Bocage is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Épineau-les-Voves

paragraphs: Épineau-les-Voves is a commune that is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Épineuil

paragraphs: Épineuil is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Escamps, Yonne

paragraphs: Escamps is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Escolives-Sainte-Camille

paragraphs: Escolives-Sainte-Camille is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Esnon

paragraphs: Esnon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Étais-la-Sauvin

paragraphs: Étais-la-Sauvin is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Étaule

paragraphs: Étaule is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Étigny

paragraphs: Étigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Étivey

paragraphs: Étivey is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Évry, Yonne

paragraphs: Évry is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: La Ferté-Loupière

paragraphs: La Ferté-Loupière is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Festigny, Yonne

paragraphs: Festigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Flacy

paragraphs: Flacy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fleury-la-Vallée

paragraphs: Fleury-la-Vallée is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fleys

paragraphs: Fleys is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Flogny-la-Chapelle

paragraphs: Flogny-la-Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Foissy-lès-Vézelay

paragraphs: Foissy-lès-Vézelay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Foissy-sur-Vanne

paragraphs: Foissy-sur-Vanne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontaine-la-Gaillarde

paragraphs: Fontaine-la-Gaillarde is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontaines, Yonne

paragraphs: Fontaines is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenailles, Yonne

paragraphs: Fontenailles is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenay-près-Chablis

paragraphs: Fontenay-près-Chablis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenay-près-Vézelay

paragraphs: Fontenay-près-Vézelay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenay-sous-Fouronnes

paragraphs: Fontenay-sous-Fouronnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenouilles

paragraphs: Fontenouilles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fontenoy, Yonne

paragraphs: Fontenoy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fouchères, Yonne

paragraphs: Fouchères is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fournaudin

paragraphs: Fournaudin is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fouronnes

paragraphs: Fouronnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fresnes, Yonne

paragraphs: Fresnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Fulvy

paragraphs: Fulvy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pimelles

paragraphs: Pimelles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Piffonds

paragraphs: Piffonds is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pierre-Perthuis

paragraphs: Pierre-Perthuis is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Perrigny-sur-Armançon

paragraphs: Perrigny-sur-Armançon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pontigny

paragraphs: Pontigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pont-sur-Vanne

paragraphs: Pont-sur-Vanne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pont-sur-Yonne

paragraphs: Pont-sur-Yonne is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: La Postolle

paragraphs: La Postolle is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Pourrain

paragraphs: Pourrain is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Précy-le-Sec

paragraphs: Précy-le-Sec is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Vincelles, Yonne

paragraphs: Vincelles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Villy, Yonne

paragraphs: Villy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Villon, Yonne

paragraphs: Villon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Villiers-Vineux

paragraphs: Villiers-Vineux is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Germigny, Yonne

paragraphs: Germigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Gigny, Yonne

paragraphs: Gigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Girolles, Yonne

paragraphs: Girolles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Gisy-les-Nobles

paragraphs: Gisy-les-Nobles is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Givry, Yonne

paragraphs: Givry is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Villiers-sur-Tholon

paragraphs: Villiers-sur-Tholon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Jeshorehwari Kali Temple

paragraphs: Jeshoreshwari Kali Temple () is a famous Hindu temple in Bangladesh, dedicated to the goddess Kali.


title: Shri Shail

paragraphs: Shri Shail () is a Hindu temple in Bangladesh. It is dedicated to Shakti. It is in Joinpur village, Dakshin Surma, near Gotatikar, 3 km north-east of Sylhet town.


title: Sugandha Shaktipeeth

paragraphs: Sugandha Shaktipeeth (), is a Hindu temple of the Goddess Sunanda, in Bangladesh. It is in the village of Shikarpur, 10 miles north of Barisal.


title: Karen

paragraphs: Karen is a female given name, and a Danish short version of "Katherine". It ranked in the top 10 during 1950s and 1960s, peaking at the #3 in 1965. There are multiple celebrities with the name. In addition, the name is currently being used for Atlantic tropical cyclones.

paragraphs: 'Karren' is also a surname. Notable people with the name include:


title: Pattan

paragraphs: Pattan () is a unit and a subdistrict of Baramulla District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.


title: Ganderbal

paragraphs: Ganderbal () is unit and a sub-district of Ganderbal District, Jammu and Kashmir State of India. It used to be part of Srinagar District.


title: Kangan

paragraphs: Kangan () is town and a sub-district of Ganderbal District, Jammu and Kashmir, India. It used to be part of Srinagar District.


title: Electoral college

paragraphs: An electoral college is a group of people who are chosen to elect a candidate to a particular office (job). The electors usually have one vote each. Often each elector represents a particular organization or entity. Many times, though, the electors are simply important people whose wisdom would ideally make a better choice than a larger group of people. The electoral college can ignore the wishes of a general membership.

paragraphs: A similar concept existed in the former Holy Roman Empire, in which the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by the rulers of various provinces of the Empire, or their representatives. These rulers were referred to as Electors. For instance, King George III of Great Britain was also Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg ("Hanover") and later became King of Hanover, though he never visited Hanover.


title: Katherine

paragraphs: Katherine is a female name that is very popular in multiple countries, and especially so in Christian countries. The name and its related variants have ranked on the 100 most popular girls names in the United States since around 1880. There are many celebrities with the name itself and its variants. Its variants "Kate", "Katrina" and "Karen" have been used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.


title: Khagrachari District

paragraphs: Khagrachari () is a district in southeastern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division and the Chittagong Hill Tracts. it has many tourist area, Such as sajek velly, Richang Jhorna, Alu Tila etc.


title: Cox's Bazar District

paragraphs: Cox's Bazar () is a district in the Chittagong Division of Bangladesh.


title: Hugo

paragraphs: The name Hugo is a male given name of Germanic origin "Hugo", which means "bright in mind and spirit". The English spelling for "Hugo" is "Hugh". The name can also be used for surnames. The popularity of "Hugo" is very high in Europe. A devastating hurricane with the name struck the Caribbean Islands and South Carolina in September 1989.


title: Gazipur District

paragraphs: Gazipur () is a district of central Bangladesh. It is part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Manikganj District

paragraphs: Manikganj () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Narsingdi District

paragraphs: Narsingdi (, ) is a district in central Bangladesh. It is 50 km north-east of Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. It is part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Munshiganj District

paragraphs: Munshiganj () is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica

paragraphs: The Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, or National Gallery of Ancient Art, is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, located on two sites: the Palazzo Barberini and the Palazzo Corsini. The Palazzo Barberini was designed for Pope Urban VIII, a member of the Barberini family, by Italian architect Carlo Maderno (1556–1629) on the old location of Villa Sforza. Its central salon ceiling was decorated by Pietro da Cortona with the visual panegyric of the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power to glorify the papal Barberini family. The Palazzo Corsini, formerly known as Palazzo Riario, is a 15th century palace that was rebuilt in the 18th century by architect Ferdinando Fuga for Cardinal Neri Maria Corsini. For a partial list of artworks, see Palazzo Corsini entry.

paragraphs: The gallery's collection includes works by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Giovanni Baglione, Hans Holbein, Perugino, Nicolas Poussin, Giulio Romano, Raphael, Carlo Saraceni Tiepolo, Tintoretto and Tiziano.


title: Guilford Native American Association

paragraphs: The Guilford Native American Association is a Native American community association in Guilford County, North Carolina. It is a North Carolina "State-recognized American Indian Organization",

paragraphs: Started in September 1975 by local parents as a non-profit education advocacy group, the association has grown to include child care, employment, and age-based community programs. It is the oldest American Indian urban association in North Carolina and one of the oldest organizations of its kind in the United States.

paragraphs: Its stated main goal is to "assist Indian people in achieving social and economic self-sufficiency". It serves over 5,000 Native Americans in Guilford and the surrounding counties. One of its major events since 1976 is an annual pow-wow and cultural festival.The association also operates the Guilford Native American Art Gallery in Greensboro, North Carolina.


title: Jadin Gould

paragraphs: Jadin Gould (born June 20, 1998 in Oklahoma, United States) is an American actress.


title: Prudery

paragraphs: Prudery is being very modest, especially about sex. A person with such an attitude is a prude. Synonyms and hyponyms for this term include celibacist, anti-sexualist, erotophobe, anti-sexualist and genophobe.


title: Adaptive replacement cache

paragraphs: Adaptive replacement cache (often abbreviates "ARC") is a page replacement algorithm which was developed by IBM. It has a better performance than the frequently used LRU cache algorithm.


title: Golden Triangle (UK universities)

paragraphs: The Golden Triangle is an unofficial name for a set of leading universities in the southern English cities of Oxford, Cambridge and London.

paragraphs: The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge ('Oxbridge') form two corners of the triangle. The third is London: Imperial College, University College London, King's College London and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). The last three are independent colleges of the University of London. The universities within the triangle (with the exception of the LSE) attract the highest research incomes of all British universities.

paragraphs: However, it has been argued that it should be replaced by a term like "Brilliant Diamond", to include the University of Manchester. The figures below suggest that both the universities of Manchester and Edinburgh belong in the same class. That might better reflect the geographical spectrum of the UK higher education.

paragraphs: Oxford, Cambridge and some of the London institutions collaborate in research. The Global Medical Excellence Cluster (GMEC) for biomedical research was formed by Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial College, University College London, King's College London and Queen Mary University of London.


title: Anna

paragraphs: The name Anna is a female given name with multiple variants. In Hebrew, it means "favor" or "grace". The variant "Anne" was originally French, although it has been in use in English for hundreds of years. The variant spelling "Ann" was originally English. There are countless famous people, queens and saints under this name and its variants. The Spanish variant "Ana" has been used for Atlantic tropical cyclones. There are also many composite variants of Anna, including "Annabelle" (which is French) and "Annabella" (which is Italian).


title: Sovereign's Orb

paragraphs: The Sovereign's Orb is a piece of coronation regalia. It was created for the coronation of Charles II in 1661 from the royal goldsmith Robert Viner. It is made of gold, sapphires, rubies, emeralds, amethyst, diamonds, pearls, and enamel. It has been used at all coronations and events after the one of Charles II.

paragraphs: In 1671, it was damaged in Colonel Thomas Blood's attempt to steal the regalia. The Orb shows Christian sovereignty over the earth. It was set with 12 large diamonds, 30 rubies, sapphires, and emeralds for the coronation of George I in 1714.

paragraphs: During the coronation ceremony, the Archbishop of Canterbury places the orb in the right hand of the Monarch. It is put back on the altar. The Monarch leaves the coronation wearing the Crown, carrying the Scepter, and holding the Orb.

paragraphs: William and Mary came to the throne in 1689 as King and Queen, each in their own right. An orb was made for Mary II. It is called Queen Mary's Orb. It was used once and never used again. Both orbs were placed on Queen Victoria's coffin at her funeral.

paragraphs: The orbs are hollow balls of gold. The Sovereign's Orb is 6.5" in diameter. It weighs 42oz 7dwt. Queen Mary's orb is smaller: it measures 5.75" in diameter. It weighs 34oz 6dwt. Queen Mary's orb was originally set with hired jewels. Today it is set with imitations for display purposes. The Sovereign's Orb is currently set with over 600 precious stones and pearls.


title: Haiku (operating system)

paragraphs: Haiku (initially OpenBeOS) is an open source operating system in development aimed at personal desktop computing and inspired by Be Inc.'s BeOS. It is designed to be fast and easy to use. Haiku is written in C++ and uses a kernel based on the NewOS kernel. Haiku is licensed under the MIT License.

paragraphs: Haiku uses the Be File System (BFS). Features of this filesystem include a 64-bit address space, journaling, and extensible attributes. Haiku's version of the BFS is optimized for speed and performance.

paragraphs: Michael Phipps started the Haiku project in 2001 as Palm, Inc. was purchasing Be, Inc.. In 2003, Phipps founded the non-profit Haiku, Inc. in order to support Haiku and its development.


title: Lucy

paragraphs: The name Lucy is a French and English female given name. It is feminine for the male name "Lucius" (which means "as of light"). There are several celebrities with this name. Fictional characters having the name include Lucy McClane from "Die Hard".

paragraphs: Lucy is a beautiful, happy, cheerful name.


title: Henrietta

paragraphs: Henrietta is a female given name. It comes from the male given name "Henry". Henrietta is the English form of the French name "Henriette". The short version of this name is "Harriet". In some English-speaking areas, Henrietta is not used as much as it used to be. "Harriet", however, is popular for certain countries. Both "Henrietta" and "Harriet" were most popular in the 1960s in United States. Henrietta itself ranked 446th in popularity in the 1990 census.


title: Sebastian Shaw

paragraphs: Sebastian Lewis Shaw (May 29, 1905 – December 23, 1994) was an English actor, director, novelist, playwright and poet. Shaw is known for his role in "", "The Spy in Black", "It Happened Here", "Men Are Not Gods", and in "A Midsummer Night's Dream".

paragraphs: Shaw was born on May 29, 1905 in Holt, Norfolk, England. He was raised in Holt. Shaw stuided at Slade School and at the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts. He was married to Margaret Delamere from 1929 until they divorced in 1956. They had daughter, Drusilla. Shaw died on December 23, 1994 in Brighton, East Sussex, England from natural causes, aged 89.


title: Ian Richardson

paragraphs: Ian William Richardson (7 April 1934 – 9 February 2007) was a Scottish actor who was well known for his role as Francis Urquhart in "House of Cards". He won a Drama Desk Award in 1976.

paragraphs: Richardson was born on 7 April 1934 in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was raised in Balgreen, Edinburgh. Richardson studied at Balgreen Primary School, at Tynecastle High School, at the George Heriot's School, and at the College of Dramatic Arts. He was married to Maroussia Frank from 1961 until his death in 2007. They had a son, Miles. Richardson died on 9 February 2007 in London, England from a heart attack, aged 72.


title: Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children

paragraphs: Lady Elizabeth Delmé and Her Children (1779) is an oil on canvas portrait by Joshua Reynolds. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. The sitters in the picture are Lady Elizabeth Delmé and her children John and Isabella Elizabeth. They sat for their portraits in April and June 1777. Reynolds was paid three hundred pounds for the work in 1780, and touched up and re-varnished the picture in 1789.

paragraphs: Reynolds believed in the what was called the "Grand Manner". The two years involved in completing the portrait would have aged the children. "But Reynolds worked from abstract principles of design rather than observation of nature," the National Gallery of Art writes, "One of his conceptions for Grand Manner likenesses was: "Each person should have the expression which men of his rank generally exhibit." Reynolds therefore suppressed psychological individuality to gain a grandeur appropriate for these aristocrats."

paragraphs: Reynolds alluded to the Madonnas of Raphael (such as the "Madonna of the Goldfinch") in the triangular configuration of the sitters. This was another attempt to evoke the Grand Manner. Rembrandt and Titian are hinted at in the browns of the background.

paragraphs: Cynthia Saltzman writes in "Old Masters, New Worlds" (2009) that "Lady Delmé has a long, elegant face, heavy-lidded eyes, and towering powdered hair. She wears a white dress and a cloak that covers her knees in a cascade of rose-colored satin that speaks both to her beauty and to the luxury at her command." Saltzman writes that "Lady Delmé" is one of the finest representatives of Reynolds's intent to raise portraiture to the level of history painting. English portraiture of the period "flattered the sitter", Saltzman explains, by depicting the sitter as a member of a powerful ruling class whose very existence made the world a better place.


title: Cookie (movie)

paragraphs: Cookie is a 1989 comedy movie released on August 23, 1989 by Warner Brothers.


title: Mrs. Winterbourne

paragraphs: Mrs. Winterbourne is a 1996 romantic comedy and drama starring Shirley MacLaine, Ricki Lake, and Brendan Fraser. It is kindly based on Cornell Woolrich's book "I Married a Dead Man", which has already been filmed in Hollywood as "No Man of Her Own" (1950) starring Barbara Stanwyck, and in Hindi as "Kati Patang" (1970). The movie was filmed on location in and around Toronto, Ontario including Eaton Hall in King City, Ontario.


title: St. Edward's Crown

paragraphs: St. Edward's Crown is a part of the coronation regalia. The crown was commissioned for the Coronation of Charles II on 23 April 1661 from the Crown Jeweller, Robert Viner. After the 1689 coronation of William III, its importance diminished. It was often carried in procession and set on the altar rather than placed on the Monarch's head. The Imperial State Crown was used instead for the actual crowning. It was not until George V's coronation in 1911 that the crown resumed its traditional place.

paragraphs: The present St Edward's Crown contains much of the crown made in 1661 for the coronation of King Charles II. The crown is made of gold. It weighs 71oz 14dwt. It was set with hired stones for the coronations and then reset with imitations for display purposes. In 1911 it was fitted with 444 semi-precious stones. The crown frame dates to 1661 but it is possible that it (or parts of it) were constructed from a pre-Restoration crown. Materials used include gold, silver, platinum, enamel, tourmalines, topazes, rubies, amethysts, sapphires, garnet, peridot, zircons, spinel, aquamarines, velvet, and ermine.

paragraphs: At a coronation, the Archbishop of Canterbury takes the crown from the altar and places it reverently upon the Monarch's head. "God save the King/Queen" is heard. The princes and princesses, the peers and peeresses put on their coronets and caps. The trumpets sound and a royal salute is fired at the Tower of London. After the crowning, the Monarch is enthroned and receives the homage of the clergy, princes, and peers.


title: Cry-Baby

paragraphs: Cry-Baby is a 1990 American romantic teen musical movie written and directed by John Waters. It stars Johnny Depp as 1950s teen rebel "Cry-Baby" Wade Walker, and also features a large ensemble cast that includes Amy Locane, Iggy Pop, Traci Lords, Ricki Lake, Kim McGuire, David Nelson, Susan Tyrrell, and Patty Hearst. The film did not achieve high audience numbers in its initial release, but has subsequently become a cult classic and spawned a Broadway musical of the same name which was nominated for four Tony Awards.

paragraphs: The movie is a parody of teen musicals (particularly "Grease") and centers on a group of delinquents that refer to themselves as "drapes" and their interaction with the rest of the town and its other subculture, the "squares", in 1954 Baltimore, Maryland. "Cry-Baby" Walker, a drape, and Allison, a square, create upheaval and turmoil in their little town of Baltimore by breaking the subculture taboos and falling in love. The film shows what the young couple have to overcome to be together and how their actions affect the rest of the town.

paragraphs: Part of the movie takes place at the now-closed Enchanted Forest amusement park in Ellicott City, Maryland. Others take place in the historic towns of Reisterstown, Jessup, Milford Mill and Sykesville, Maryland.

paragraphs: In 1954 Baltimore, Wade "Cry-Baby" Walker is the leader of a gang of "Drapes", which includes his teenage mom sister Pepper, facially disfigured Mona "Hatchet Face" Malnorowski, wild and free-spirited Wanda Woodward, and Milton Hackett, the nervous son of overzealous religious activists. His ability to shed a single tear drives all the girls wild. One day after school, he is approached by Allison Vernon-Williams, a pretty girl tired of being a "square", and the two fall in love. That same day, Cry-Baby approaches the "square" part of town to a talent show (""Sh-Boom"", ""A Teenage Prayer"") at the recreation center where Allison's grandmother hosts events, and introduces himself to her, who is skeptical of his motives. Cry-Baby invites Allison to a party at Turkey Point, a local hangout spot for the drapes.

paragraphs: Despite her grandmother's skepticism, Allison accompanies Cry-Baby to Turkey Point and sings with the drapes (""King Cry-Baby""). As Cry-Baby and Allison tell each other about their orphan lives (Cry-Baby's father was sent to the electric chair after being the "Alphabet Bomber" - a killer who bombed places in alphabetical order airport, barber shop etc.; Allison's parents always took separate flights to avoid orphaning her if they crashed, but one day both their planes went down), Allison's jealous square boyfriend, Baldwin, starts a riot. Cry-Baby is blamed for the fight and sent to a penitentiary, outraging all his friends and even Allison's grandmother, who is impressed by Cry-Baby's posture, manners, and musical talent.

paragraphs: As Lenora Frigid, a girl with a crush on Cry-Baby but constantly rejected by him, claims to be pregnant with his child, Allison feels betrayed and returns to Baldwin and the squares, though her grandmother advises her against rushing into a decision. Meanwhile, in the penitentiary, Cry-Baby gets a teardrop tattoo. He tells the tattoo artist, fellow drape Dupree (Robert Tyree): "I've been hurt all my life, but real tears wash away. This one's for Allison, and I want it to last forever!".

paragraphs: Eventually, Allison is persuaded by the newly established alliance between the Drapes and her grandmother to stand by Cry-Baby and join the campaign for his release (""Please, Mr. Jailer""). Cry-Baby is released but immediately insulted by Baldwin who, after revealing that his grandfather is the one who electrocuted Cry-Baby's father, challenges him to a chicken race. Cry-Baby wins, as Baldwin chickens out, and is reunited with Allison.

paragraphs: The movie ends with all watching the chicken race crying a single tear, all except for Allison and Cry-Baby, who has finally let go of the past, enabling him to cry from both eyes.


title: Methuselah

paragraphs: Methuselah was the son of Enoch and the father of Lamech in Genesis chapter 5. He is stated as having lived to the age of 969 (verse 27) and so his name in English is proverbial for great age.


title: Baby Cakes (movie)

paragraphs: Baby Cakes is a 1989 television movie starring Ricki Lake and Craig Sheffer. It was released on Valentine's Day in 1989 and is currently aired sporadically on Lifetime and Lifetime Movie Network.


title: Kashmir conflict

paragraphs: The Jammu and Kashmir conflict (, ) is a dispute over the territory of Kashmir. The dispute is between India, Pakistan and China. India claims all of the region that was once a princely state. It currently controls about 43% of the territory, including most of Jammu, the Kashmir Valley, Ladakh, and the Siachen Glacier. India's claims are disputed by Pakistan, which controls about 45% of Jammu and Kashmir, including Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan. Pakistan says there should be a referendum in Kashmir on whether the people want to join India or Pakistan, or become independent.

paragraphs: The conflict started during the Partition of India (1947–48). On October 20, 1947, tribesmen backed by Pakistan invaded Kashmir. The Maharaja of Jammu & Kashmir initially fought back but on 27 October appealed for assistance to the Governor-General Louis Mountbatten, who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India and that a plebiscite would be held afterwards, which was not. Once the papers of accession to India were signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to stop any further occupation, but they were not allowed to expel anyone from the state. India took the matter to the United Nations. The UN resolution asked Pakistan to vacate the areas it has occupied and asked India to assist the U.N. Plebiscite Commission to organize a plebiscite to determine the will of the people. Pakistan refused to vacate the occupied areas.

paragraphs: In 1947-8 India and Pakistan fought their first war over Jammu and Kashmir. Under United Nations' supervision, they agreed to a ceasefire along a line which left one-third of the state - comprising what Pakistan calls Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and the Northern Areas administered by Pakistan and two-thirds, Jammu, Ladakh and the Kashmir Valley, controlled by India. In 1972, under the terms of the Simla agreement, the ceasefire line was renamed the Line of Control.

paragraphs: Although India claims that the entire state is part of India, it has been prepared to accept the Line of Control as the international border, with some possible modifications. Both the US and the UK have also favoured turning the Line of Control into an internationally-recognised frontier.

paragraphs: But Pakistan has consistently refused to accept the Line of Control as the border since the predominantly Muslim Kashmir Valley would remain as part of India. Formalising the status quo also does not take account of the aspirations of those Kashmiris who have been fighting since 1989 for independence for the whole or part of the state.

paragraphs: Another reason behind the dispute over Kashmir is water. Many rivers start in Kashmir. Some of them are tributaries of the Indus River basin, such as the Jhelum and Chenab River. These flow into Pakistan and are used for irrigation there. Other rivers like the Ravi, Beas River and the Sutlej flow into northern India.

paragraphs: One of the origins of the conflict is that with the Boundary Award of 1947, many of the Pakistani irrigation systems can be controlled from India. Pakistan has been afraid that India could stop the flow of rivers that start in Indian-controlled Kashmir and flow into Pakistan. This would harm the agrarian economy of Pakistan. The Indus Waters Treaty signed in 1960 resolved most of these disputes over the sharing of water.

paragraphs: Kashmir has been a flashpoint between India and Pakistan for more than 60 years. Currently a boundary - the Line of Control - divides the region in two, with one part occupied by India and one militarily administrated by Pakistan. India would like to formalise this status quo and make it the accepted international boundary. But Pakistan and Kashmiri activists reject this plan because they both want greater control over the region.

paragraphs: As with other disputed territories, each government issues maps depicting their claims in Kashmir as part of their territory, regardless of actual control. It is illegal in India to exclude all or part of Kashmir in a map. It is also illegal in Pakistan not to include the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Non-participants often use the Line of Control and the Line of Actual Control as the depicted boundaries, as is done in the CIA World Factbook, and the region is often marked out in hashmarks, although the Indian government strictly opposes such practices. When Microsoft released a map in Windows 95 and MapPoint 2002, a controversy was raised because it did not show parts of Kashmir as part of India as per Indian claim. However, all the neutral companies claim to follow the UN's map and over 90% of all maps containing the territory of Kashmir show it as disputed territory.


title: The Mikado

paragraphs: The Mikado, or The Town of Titipu is a two-act operetta. The book and lyrics were written by W. S. Gilbert. The music was written by Arthur Sullivan. The operetta premiered 14 March 1885 at the Savoy Theatre, London, with the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company.

paragraphs: "The Mikado" is the ninth of the fourteen Gilbert and Sullivan operettas. It had 672 performances in its original run. This was the longest original run of any Gilbert and Sullivan operetta.

paragraphs: At the time of the operetta's creation, London was overwhelmed with all things Japanese: tea shops, kimonos, fans, etc. Gilbert reported that he got the idea for "The Mikado" when a Japanese sword fell from the wall of his study.

paragraphs: Nanki Poo is the son of the Mikado. He has disguised himself as a wandering minstrel to be near the village girl he loves Yum Yum. Their love is complicated by an old woman named Katisha who believes she will marry Nanki Poo. In the end, Nanki Poo and Yum Yum are united. Katisha settles for Koko, the town's executioner.


title: Roxanne

paragraphs: Roxanne is a female given name. The name is based on the Greek name "Roxane". "Roxane" comes from the Persian word "Roschana", which means "dawn of day". The name was ranked 389 in the 1990 U.S. Census. It fell out of the top 1000 girls names in the 21st century. The name has been popular in Australia and Canada, however. This name was used for a damaging hurricane in 1995. It was also the title of a single from music group The Police in the 1980s.


title: The Ballet of the Nuns

paragraphs: The Ballet of the Nuns is the first "ballet blanc" and the first romantic ballet. It is an episode in Act III of Giacomo Meyerbeer's grand opera, "Robert le Diable". It premiered in November 1831 at the Paris Opéra. The choreography (now lost) was created by either Filippo Taglioni or Jean Coralli.

paragraphs: The short ballet tells of deceased nuns rising from their tombs in a ruined cloister to seduce the knight, Robert le Diable. At the end of the ballet, the white-clad nuns return to their tombs. The ballet was created because officials at the Paris Opéra wanted to demonstrate the building's newly installed gas lighting. The lighting was capable of creating ghastly effects.

paragraphs: "The Ballet of the Nuns" starred Marie Taglioni as the Abbess Helena. Although opening night was marred with a few mishaps, Taglioni made her indelible mark on the ballet world in the role. She became known for her ethereal qualities and her moral purity, and is one of the most celebrated ballerinas in history.

paragraphs: The ballet opens with Bertram, Robert le Diable's father, entering the ruined cloister of Sainte-Rosalie. He summons the ghosts of nuns who have violated their vows. They rise from their graves. He orders them to seduce his son Robert into accepting a deadly talisman. The Abbess Helena orders the ghosts to waltz. In spite of their sacred vows, the nuns waltz. The dead nuns give themselves over to unholy thrills.

paragraphs: Robert enters. The nuns hide, but return to prevent his escape. Robert stands terrified before a saint's tomb. The Abbess lures him towards the talisman in the saint's hand. Robert seizes it. The nuns continue their dance,fluttering like white moths. Their graves open and they sink into the earth. Stone slabs slide into place, covering the dead. A choir of demons is heard.

paragraphs: Ballet of the 18th century was based on rational thought and classical art. The French Revolution however ushered in a period that brought romantic ballet to the stage. Trapdoors, gas lighting, and other elements that became associated with the romantic ballet had been used in the popular theaters on the Paris boulevards for some time. Such elements would gain official sanction and prestige at the Paris Opéra in the middle decades of the 19th century.

paragraphs: A ballet on a "Robert le Diable" theme was danced in Paris before Her Highness Mlle de Longueville in 1652. "The Ballet of the Nuns" however was something entirely new in concept to audiences on the ballet's opening night. Henri Duponchel, managing director of the Paris Opéra, was in charge of visual effects at the Opéra. He wanted to demonstrate the venue's recently installed gas lighting. Its reflectors produced a stronger, more keenly directed light than ever before. Working with him was Pierre Ciceri, chief scenery designer. Ciceri was inspired by either the Saint-Trophime cloister in Arles or the cloister of Monfort-l'Amaury for the ballet's moonlit setting.

paragraphs: The theme of the ballet is passion and death, and love beyond the grave. The scene is night rather than day, and Gothic Europe rather than the classical world of Greece and Rome. After almost 100 years of rational thought, audiences were clamoring for the mysterious, the supernatural, the vague, and the doomed. The story of the ballet is about a knight who slips into a cloister at midnight to steal a talisman from a dead saint's hand that will allow him to win a princess.

paragraphs: Hans Christian Andersen included the scene in one of his novels. Andersen writes of the scene, "By the hundred they rise from the graveyard and drift into the cloister. They seem not to touch the earth. Like vaporous images, they glide past one another ... Suddenly their shrouds fall to the ground. They stand in all their voluptuous nakedness, and there begins a bacchanal." The nuns were not completely naked, but Andersen did capture the essence of the scene.

paragraphs: Opening night was spoiled by a falling gaslight and a trapdoor that would not close properly. A piece of scenery fell, narrowly missing Taglioni. The curtain was brought down. The ballerina assured everyone she was unharmed. The curtain rose and the performance continued. It ended in a triumph for Meyerbeer, the Taglionis, and Dr. Louis Véron, the Opéra's new manager.

paragraphs: Dr. Véron had recently been awarded the Paris Opéra as a private enterprise. He had great faith in Taglioni. He raised her salary to an unprecedented 30,000 francs a year. Her father was named ballet master with a three year contract. Véron's boldness was rewarded when Taglioni fulfilled her promise and became a great star.

paragraphs: The audience took prurient delight in the scandalous "Nuns". A reviewer for the "Revue des Deux-Mondes" wrote:A crowd of mute shades glides though the arches. All these women cast off their nuns' costume, they shake off the cold powder of the grave; suddenly they throw themselves into the delights of their past life; they dance like bacchantes, they play like lords, they drink like sappers. What a pleasure to see these light women.

paragraphs: "Nuns" was the first "ballet blanc" and the first romantic ballet. The opera was performed 756 times between 1831 and 1893 at the Paris Opéra. French Impressionist Edgar Degas painted the ballet scene several times between 1871 and 1876.

paragraphs: Under her contract, Taglioni was to appear in "Nuns" about a dozen times. She left after six. It is possible that the erotic implications of the nuns' ballet did not set well with her. She may have been reluctant to appear in a ballet within an opera. A foot injury and the accidents that marred the first performance may have given the ballerina pause for thought. Bad press directed at her father may have caused Taglioni to withdraw. Taglioni was replaced by Louise Fitzjames, who danced the role 232 times.

paragraphs: The Danish choreographer August Bournonville saw Fitzjames's performance as the Abbess in Paris in 1841. He based his own choreography, which was used in Copenhagen between 1833 and 1863, on this. His choreography has been fully preserved. It represents the only record of the original.

paragraphs: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's future wife Fanny Appleton wrote, "The diabolical music and the dead rising from their tombs and the terrible darkness and the strange dance unite to form a stage effect almost unrivaled. The famous witches' (nuns) dance in the freezing moonlight in the ruined abbey, was as impressive as expected ... They drop in like flakes of snow and are certainly very charming witches with their jaunty Parisian figures and most refined pirouettes."

paragraphs: Critic and dance historian Andre Levinson writes, "The academic dance had been an agreeable exercise to watch. Now, [ballet] clarified matters of the soul. Ballet was a divertissement (an entertainment, a distraction). It became a mystery." Kisselgoff writes, "... the preoccupation with the supernatural that characterized so much of 19th-century ballet could be traced to the success of the "Ballet of the Nuns" in Meyerbeer's first production at the Paris Opéra".


title: Dietrich Bonhoeffer

paragraphs: Dietrich Bonhoeffer (4 February 1906 in Breslau – 9 April 1945 in Flossenbürg concentration camp) was an important Lutheran pastor from Germany who was killed by the Nazis during World War II. He is known partly for his belief that killing Adolf Hitler was a moral act. In his early life he believed that all Jews should turn into Christians, but supported them anyway. He disagreed with the general anti-semitism and so created a theological college. He wrote a book called "The Cost of Discipleship" about following Christianity.

paragraphs: Two days after Hitler became Chancellor, Bonhoeffer made a radio speech against him. Later, with Martin Niemöller and others, he started the anti-Nazi Confessing Church. Eventually he became part of the attempt by Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg to assassinate Hitler, but was arrested and executed, three weeks before Hitler killed himself. He was hanged days before the liberation of the POW camp where he was imprisoned.


title: Mia Sara

paragraphs: Mia Sara (born 19 June 1967, Brooklyn, New York) is an American actress. She appears mostly in movies. She was in "Timecop" (1994) and "Legend" (1985). She received a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.

paragraphs: She was born Mia Sarapochiello in Brooklyn Heights, New York, of Italian-American descent. She is the daughter of Diana, a stylist and photographer, and Jerome Sarapochiello, a photographer and artist.


title: Tiffany (given name)

paragraphs: Tiffany is a female given name. There are several different ways to spell it. The name is English for the Greek name "Theophania". "Tiffany" was formerly given to children who were born near Epiphany. There are several celebrities under the name, including singer Tiffany Darwish.


title: Geraldine

paragraphs: Geraldine is a female given name. It is a female version of the name "Gerald". The name means "ruler of spear". There are many famous people having the name, such as Geraldine Ferraro, Geri Halliwell and Geraldine James.


title: Imperial State Crown

paragraphs: The Imperial State Crown is one of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom and symbolises the sovereignty of the monarch. The crown has existed in several versions since the 15th century.

paragraphs: The modern version of the Imperial State Crown is of a design somewhat similar to that of St Edward's Crown, but shorter and encrusted with jewels: it includes a base of four crosses alternating with four fleurs-de-lis, above which are four half-arches surmounted by a cross. Inside is a purple velvet cap with an ermine border. The Imperial State Crown includes many precious gems, including 2,868 diamonds, 273 pearls, 17 sapphires, 11 emeralds, and 5 rubies.

paragraphs: The crown includes several famous jewels. The cross at the top is set with a stone known as St. Edward's Sapphire, a sapphire taken from the ring (or possibly coronet) of Edward the Confessor. The Black Prince's Ruby (actually a spinel) is set on the front cross pattée; the famous Cullinan II, or Lesser Star of Africa, is set on the front; and the back band contains the Stuart Sapphire. The crown also contains Queen Elizabeth’s Pearls.

paragraphs: When not in use, it is kept with the other Crown Jewels on display at the Jewel House in the Tower of London.


title: James (son of Alphaeus)

paragraphs: James (Son Of Alphaeus') was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. Levi is also called son of Alphaeus in the Gospel of Mark 2:14 so tradition has them as brothers but the New Testament does not state this, unlike the sons of Zebedee, Saint James and John.


title: Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: The collective term Crown Jewels denotes the regalia and vestments worn by the sovereign of the United Kingdom during the coronation ceremony and at other state functions. The term refers to the following objects: the crowns, sceptres (with either the cross or the dove), orbs, swords, rings, spurs, the royal robe or pall, and several other objects connected with the ceremony.

paragraphs: Many of these descend directly from the pre-Reformation period and have a religious and sacral connotation.

paragraphs: After the death of James I, Charles I came to the throne. His many conflicts with parliament, stemmed from his belief in the divine right of kings. The many religious conflicts in his reign triggered the English Civil War. After six years of war, Charles was defeated and executed by the parliamentarians. Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector of England and, less than a week after the king's execution, the monarchy was abolished. The newly created English Republic found itself in a desperate financial state after the war. To raise funds the 'Act for the sale of the personal estate of the King,Queen and Prince' was put forward. Trustees were appointed to value the jewels and sell them to the highest bidder. The most valuable of these objects was the Tudor State Crown, valued at £1,100 (£1,740,000 as of 2011); it was set with 28 diamonds, 19 sapphires, 37 rubies and 168 pearls.

paragraphs: The present collection of Crown Jewels contains various crowns, some of which are used by every Sovereign, others being made personally for Sovereigns or for the Queen's Consort. Typically the crown of a King has a slightly pointed arched top, while that of a Queen has a slightly bowed top.

paragraphs: The Koh-i-Noor diamond was given to the East India Company by the former rulers of Punjab in 1849. It became part of the British Crown Jewels when Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India in 1877. It also contains the Lahore Diamond (22.48 carats) from the Treasury of Lahore given to Queen Victoria by the East India Company in 1851. and a 17-carat (3.4 g) diamond given to Queen Victoria by the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1856. The crown is now on display along with the other British Crown Jewels in the Tower of London.


title: Bird feet

paragraphs: Bird feet are adapted to the life they lead, and the patterns are often use in avian classification. They are derived from the basic limb of ancestral tetrapods, the pentadactyl limb. Humans (and other primates) have the original five fingers and five toes. Birds have no more than four toes, inherited together with over a hundred anatomical features from theropod dinosaurs. These four toes are arranged into four main patterns.

paragraphs: The scales of birds are made of the same keratin as beaks, claws, and spurs. They are found on the toes and sometimes further up on the ankle. The scales and scutes of birds are thought to be homologous with those of reptiles, and feathers have developed from the scales of Archosaurs.


title: Nancy (given name)

paragraphs: The name Nancy is a female given name. It comes off "Hannah", meaning "grace". The name was originally a nickname for girls. However, from the 18th century onward, Nancy became a proper name. Many famous people have the name, including Nancy Pelosi and Nancy Kerrigan.


title: Narayanganj District

paragraphs: Narayanganj (, "") is a district in central Bangladesh. It is part of the Dhaka Division. The main city of the district is Narayanganj.


title: Addition reaction

paragraphs: In organic chemistry an addition reaction happens when two molecules come together to make a bigger one. This can only happen when one of the molecules already has a double or triple bond. These can be carbon-carbon bonds or even carbon-oxygen, carbon-nitrogen and others. One of the two molecules is called the nucleophile, and this is the one that gives the electrons to the other to make the new bond. The other molecule is called the electrophile, and this is the one that gets the electrons.

paragraphs: An addition reaction is the opposite of an elimination reaction. Common examples of addition reactions are the addition of water across a double bond and the nucleophilic attack on a carbonyl.


title: Heo Jong-suk

paragraphs: Heo Jong-suk (Korean:허정숙, hanja:許貞淑, 16 July, 1902 - 5 June, 1991) was a Korean politician, journalist and independence activist. One of her main topics of interest was feminism. Her courtesy name was Jongja(정자, 貞子) and her pen name was Sukayi(수가이, 秀嘉伊).


title: Electrophile

paragraphs: In chemistry, an electrophile is a molecule or an atom that is happy to take electrons from another one. Many electrophiles have a positive charge. They are also called Lewis acids. Some examples of electrophiles are molecules where the atoms have a big difference in electronegativity, like HCl or a carbonyl, or also oxidizing agents.

paragraphs: Electrophiles get attacked by a nucleophile, which is the opposite kind of molecule. This happens for example in addition reactions.


title: Feni District

paragraphs: Feni () is a small district in southeastern Bangladesh. It is part of the Chittagong Division.

paragraphs: Feni district was established on February 15,

paragraphs: 1984. It has six upazillas, 45 union parishads,

paragraphs: and approximately 570 villages. The upazillas are:


title: Noakhali District

paragraphs: Noakhali () is a district in south-eastern Bangladesh. It is in the Chittagong Division.


title: Lakshmipur District

paragraphs: Lakshmipur or Laxmipur District (, "Lakshmipur Jela" also "Lakshmipur Zila") with an area of 1455.96 km², is a district of Bangladesh. It is bordered by Chandpur District to the north, Bhola and Noakhali districts to the south, Noakhali District to the east, and Barisal and Bhola districts to the west.

paragraphs: The district of Lakshmipur consists 3539 mosques, 45 temples, 1 churches.


title: Shatkhira District

paragraphs: Shatkhira () is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is part of Khulna Division.


title: Bagerhat District

paragraphs: Bagerhat () is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.


title: Augustinians

paragraphs: The Augustinians were Roman Catholic monastic order. Martin Luther became an Augustinian monk at St. Augustine's Monastery in the German city of Erfurt in 1505. He later started the Reformation.


title: Erin

paragraphs: The name Erin is an Irish and English female name. It comes from the ancient name for Ireland. The name first became popular around the United States. Erin is one of the twenty most-often used female names in Wales. There are many famous people with this name. It is currently being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.


title: Berthe Morisot

paragraphs: Berthe Morisot (14 January 1841 - 2 March 1895) was an Impressionist painter. She was born in Bourges, France, and died in Paris.

paragraphs: In the 1860s, she studied with Camille Corot. She exhibited at the 1865 Salon. Morisot met artist Édouard Manet in 1868. Manet painted her portrait several times. The two had great influence on one another's work. In 1874, she married his brother, Eugène.

paragraphs: She exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874. Morisot worked in oils, pastels, and watercolor. Her pictures are light and delicate. They typically depict women and children in everyday domestic life.

paragraphs: Many critics ridiculed the Impressionists. Morisot was not spared. She was never commercially successful during her lifetime. During her lifetime however, she outsold prominent Impressionists Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley.


title: Henri Rousseau

paragraphs: Henri Rousseau (18441910) was a post-Impressionist painter. He was born at Laval, Mayenne. He worked a variety of jobs (saxophonist, toll collector) before beginning to paint at age 40. He was known as "Le Douanier" ("the customs officer").

paragraphs: From 1886 onwards, he exhibited at the "Salon des Indépendents". In 1905, he began exhibiting at the "Salon d'Automne".

paragraphs: François Mathey wrote: "Rousseau is considered to be the greatest master of naïve painting, for his art combines a spontaneous vision of reality with an imaginary universe of great plastic and poetical power, in which he allied audacity with innocence, monumental composition with minute detail".

paragraphs: Some critics ridiculed him for his style, but he came to be recognized as a self-taught genius. Rousseau's work had a great influence on many avant-garde artists.

paragraphs: He had an unhappy love affair in his last months. He died in Paris in 1910.

paragraphs: He painted a few pictures of the Rainforests, and his pictures were very busy.some of His paintings are very famous around the world.he died on september the 2..


title: Leslie Bibb

paragraphs: Leslie Bibb (born November 17, 1974 in Bismarck, North Dakota) is an American actress. She works primarily in movies, although sometimes in television programs. Her movies include "Skulls" and "Iron Man". Some sources say she was born in 1973. Others say 1974 or 1975.


title: Inferno (operating system)

paragraphs: Inferno is a distributed operating system made by Bells Labs and Vita Nuova Holdings based on ideas and technology from Plan 9 from Bell Labs. The three main principles behind Inferno's design are:

paragraphs: As a distributed operating system (i.e. an operating system working across and connecting multiple machines and devices together), Inferno is also designed to be able to operated on a variety of computer architectures. It can also be operated on top of other operating systems, such as Unix, Microsoft Windows, or Google's Android operating system. In order to make Inferno applications as portable to other computer architectures as the Inferno operating system, Inferno applications are written in a programing language called Limbo and run inside Inferno's Dis virtual machine.


title: Cynthia

paragraphs: Cynthia is a female given name that comes from Greek word "kynthia". There are several different versions for this name. One short version is "Cindy". There are many well known people under the name, including Cynthia McKinney and Cynthia Nixon. The short version, "Cindy", is being used for Atlantic Basin tropical cyclones.


title: Amber (given name)

paragraphs: The name Amber is a female given name. It comes from the word amber. This comes from the Arabic word "anbar". The name is a very popular name for English-speaking areas. It was the 165th most popular for the United States in 2008. The name ranked among the top 25 most popular girl's names between 1980 and 1997. It ranked among the top 100 most used female names in Canada, Western Europe and Australia. There are some celebrities with the name, including Amber Heard.


title: Jacqueline

paragraphs: Jacqueline is a female given name. It has many variants. One variant is "Jackie". This is the feminine version for male name "Jacques". "Jacques" is a French version of "Jacob". Jacqueline was first used in the United Kingdom during the 17th century. The name is very popular in France, the United States, Australia, Canada and western Europe. Many famous people have Jacqueline and its related variants for their name.


title: Sasha Vujačić

paragraphs: Sasha Vujačić (born March 8, 1984) is a Slovenian basketball player. He played for the Los Angeles Lakers for most of his career.


title: Maryborough, Queensland

paragraphs: Maryborough is a city in south east Queensland, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Mary River. It is on the Bruce Highway about north of Brisbane. In 2006 there were 25,705 people living in the city and the nearby area.

paragraphs: Maryborough was first settled in 1847 which makes it one the oldest towns in Queensland. The city was named after the Mary River. The river was named after Lady Mary FitzRoy, wife of the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Charles Augustus FitzRoy.


title: Gympie

paragraphs: Gympie is a town in Queensland, Australia. The city is built on the banks of the Mary River. It is about north of Brisbane. In 2011 there were 18,602 people living in Gympie. Gympie is named after the Aboriginal words "Gympie Gympie" or "Gimpi Gimpi", meaning the stinging tree. The town was first called Nashville, after James Nash who found gold there in 1867. In 1868 it became Gympie.


title: Marilyn vos Savant

paragraphs: Marilyn vos Savant (born August 11, 1946 in St. Louis) is an American magazine columnist, playwright and author. She became very famous in the "Guinness Book of World Records" category for the highest IQ. Since 1986, she has hosted "Parade" magazine's "Ask Marilyn" column. In the column she answers the questions from readers on a variety of subjects.


title: Murgon, Queensland

paragraphs: Murgon is a town in Queensland, Australia. It is about northwest of Brisbane. It is a farming area with beef cattle, dairy farms and vineyards. The town is named after an Aboriginal word for "water lily". In 2011 there were 2,496 people living in Murgon.


title: Movement for Rights and Freedoms

paragraphs: The Movement for Rights and Freedoms (MRF) (; ), is a political party in Bulgaria. Their ideologies are centrism and liberalism. The MRF is a member of the Liberal International and the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe. The MRF represents Turks in Bulgaria.

paragraphs: The MRF was founded on 4 January 1990. The founder chairman of the MRF was Ahmed Dogan. After him, his deputy Lyutvi Mestan is elected as the 2nd chairman of the MRF.


title: Warren Truss

paragraphs: Warren Truss (born 8 October 1948, Kingaroy, Queensland) is an Australian politician. He was elected as the member for Wide Bay in the Australian Parliament in 1990. He became the leader of the National Party in 2007. In the Howard government, Truss was Minister for Customs and Consumer Affairs and Minister for Community Services. In July 1999 Truss became of Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. In 2005 he became Minister for Transport and Regional Services. In September 2006 he became Minister for Trade.


title: Stan Musial

paragraphs: Stanley Frank "Stan" Musial (born Stanisław Franciszek Musiał; November 21, 1920 – January 19, 2013) or Stan the Man was an American professional baseball player who played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the St. Louis Cardinals (1941–1963). He is the National League's all-time leader in doubles, among many other records for doubles.

paragraphs: President Barack Obama presented Musial with Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest honor that can be given to a civilian, at the White House on February 15, 2011. Musial was a first-ballot inductee to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969. He began to play baseball in 1941 until his retirement in 1963.

paragraphs: Musial was born on November 21, 1920 in Donora, Pennsylvania. He had Czech and Polish parents. He studied at the University of Pittsburgh.

paragraphs: Musial was married to the former Lillian Labash from 1940 until her death in May 2012. They had four children. Musial died on January 19, 2013 in the St. Louis suburb of Ladue, Missouri from natural causes, aged 92. He died on the same day as Earl Weaver.


title: Earl Weaver

paragraphs: Earl Sidney Weaver (August 14, 1930 – January 19, 2013) was an American professional baseball player and manager. After playing in minor league baseball, he retired without playing in Major League Baseball (MLB). He became a minor league manager, and then managed in MLB for 17 years with the Baltimore Orioles (1968–1982; 1985–1986). He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1996.

paragraphs: Weaver was born on August 14, 1930 in St. Louis, Missouri. He was raised in Baltimore, Maryland. Weaver was married to Jane Johnston for fourteen years unti they divorced. Then he was married to Marianna Osgood from 1964 until his death in 2013. He had four children. Weaver died on January 19, 2013 while on a cruise ship in the Caribbean Sea from a heart attack, aged 82. He died on the same day as Stan Musial.


title: Screaming Trees

paragraphs: Screaming Trees were an American grunge band from Ellensburg, Washington.

paragraphs: The band was formed in 1985 by brothers Gary Lee Conner and Van Conner. The band formed because the members had an interest in the punk, garage, and classic rock genres in high school.

paragraphs: They released their debut album, "Clairvoyance", on January 1, 1986. The band gained fame from the early 1990s grunge movement along with bands like Alice in Chains, Nirvana, Stone Temple Pilots, Soundgarden and Pearl Jam. The band broke up in 2000.


title: Zizan Razak

paragraphs: Mohammad Razizan Abdul Razak (born 15 April 1984), better known as Zizan Razak, is a Malaysian comedian. He is also a television host, actor, and most recently a rapper and a singer. He has also been in several reality television shows. He was runner-up (second place) in the first season of Raja Lawak (King of Comedy), a competition for comedians. In it he was known as "Zizan Raja Lawak". He was also a participant in Maharaja Lawak (Emperor of Comedy), which was a second series of competitions for the finalists of each season of "Raja Lawak". In the show, he was paired (as a team) with Johan Raja Lawak. They were known as "Jozan". They came second in the series, and won RM 250 thousand. Zizan was also in the reality show Super Spontan, which he won and took the prize of RM 100,000 and a Toyota Camry.

paragraphs: Zizan was born in Dungun, Terengganu. He is the younger of two siblings.

paragraphs: In 2011, Zizan was rumoured to be dating with Juliana Evans after starring together in the movie Hantu Bonceng. They later acted together in Mael Lambong.

paragraphs: Zizan was asked to say sorry for something he said in the comedy Hantu Bonceng in September 2011. It was said to insult Islam. Dewan Pemuda PAS Malaysia condemned what they saw as a clear insult to Allah. They referred to Zizan saying "Ashaduanna Muhammadar...syaitan", which means "I bear witness that Muhammad is ... the devil". Ustaz Azhar Idrus, an Islamic leader in Terengganu, also asked Zizan to repent to Allah.


title: Last Exit to Brooklyn (movie)

paragraphs: Last Exit to Brooklyn is a 1989 English-language British-German drama movie, directed by Uli Edel, and based on the novel by Hubert Selby Jr.

paragraphs: In the 1950s in Brooklyn, a group of prostitutes, unionist activists and drag queens lead difficult lives, an existence of drugs, crime and violence in a working class Brooklyn neighborhood.


title: Cabin Boy

paragraphs: Cabin Boy is a 1994 fantasy comedy movie directed by Adam Resnick and co-produced by Tim Burton, which starred comedian Chris Elliott. Elliott co-wrote the movie with Resnick. Both men worked for "Late Night with David Letterman" in the 1980s, as well as co-creating the short-lived FOX sitcom "Get a Life" in the early 1990s.

paragraphs: The project was originally to be directed by Tim Burton, who had contacted Chris Elliott after seeing "Get a Life". Resnick took over after Burton was offered the movie "Ed Wood".


title: Skinner (movie)

paragraphs: Skinner is a 1993 independent movie, splatter and slasher motion picture starring Ted Raimi, Traci Lords, Ricki Lake and Richard Schiff.

paragraphs: Dennis Skinner is a likeable decent-looking lad, who is driven by a disturbing childhood; moonlights as a skid row slasher style, serial killer who tends to prey on hookers, in-between those co-workers of his who despise him as he does in return. Who "punishes" those (he finds offensive) in particular, by flaying his victims alive. On his trail is Heidi, a junkie prostitute, who survived one of his brutal attacks and now strives for revenge.


title: Martha

paragraphs: Martha is a female given name. It means "mistress" or "the lady". The name has been around through many centuries. Martha of Bethany is a very notable person who has the name. She is described in the Gospel of John and the Gospel of Luke. There are other people with this female name, including Martha Stewart, Martha McSally and Martha Coakley. The name was used for an Atlantic hurricane in 1969.


title: Charles Roven

paragraphs: Charles Roven (born August 2, 1949) is an American movie producer. He is known for his works with "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", "The Dark Knight Rises", and with "Man of Steel".

paragraphs: Roven was born on August 2, 1949. He was married to Dawn Steel from 1985 until her death in 1997. They had one daughter, Rebecca Steel Roven.


title: Danielle

paragraphs: Danielle is a female given name. It is feminine of the name "Daniel". "Daniel" is Hebrew for "God is my judge". Danielle is a strongly popular female name for certain countries. There are many variants for this name. Famous people by the name include Danielle Steel and Danielle Fishel. This name is currently being used on Atlantic tropical cyclones.


title: Carol Castro

paragraphs: Carolina Osório de Castro (born March 10, 1984) is a Brazilian actress.


title: Wally Pfister

paragraphs: Walter C. "Wally" Pfister (born July 8, 1961) is an Academy Award-winning American cinematographer and movie director who is known for his cinematography in "Batman Begins", "Memento", "Moneyball", "Insomnia", "The Dark Knight", "Inception", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". He began his directing career in the 2014 movie "Transcendence".

paragraphs: Pfister was born on July 8, 1961 in Chicago, Illinois. He was raised both in Chicago and in New York City, New York. Pfister was married to Anna Julien since 1992. They had three children.


title: Rajbari District

paragraphs: Rajbari (, "Rajbari Jela" or "Rajbari Zila") is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Gopalganj District

paragraphs: Gopalganj () is a district of Bangladesh. It is part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Madaripur District

paragraphs: Madaripur is a district in central Bangladesh. It is a part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Shariatpur District

paragraphs: Shariatpur (, or ) is a district of central Bangladesh. It is part of the Dhaka Division.


title: Kushtia District

paragraphs: Kushtia () is a district in the Khulna Division of west Bangladesh. It is next to the river Gorai.


title: Chuadanga District

paragraphs: Chuadanga (; "Chuađaņa") is a district in western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.


title: Meherpur District

paragraphs: Meherpur () is a small district in south-western Bangladesh. It is part of the Khulna Division.


title: Jhenaidah District

paragraphs: Jhenidah is a district in southwestern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.


title: Magura District

paragraphs: Magura () is a district in south-western part of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.


title: Narail District

paragraphs: Narail (, "") is a district in south-western Bangladesh. It is a part of the Khulna Division.


title: Chemical kinetics

paragraphs: Chemical kinetics, also called reaction kinetics, is studying how fast chemical reactions go. This includes studying how different conditions such as temperature, pressure or solvent used affect the speed of a reaction. Chemical kinetics can also be used to find out about reaction mechanisms and transition states.

paragraphs: The basic idea of chemical kinetics is called collision theory. This states that for a reaction to happen, the molecules must hit each other. Ways of increasing the speed of the reaction must therefore increase the number of hits. This can be done in many ways.

paragraphs: With experiments it is possible to calculate reaction rates from which you can get rate laws and rate constants. A rate law is a mathematical expression with which you can calculate the speed of a reaction given the concentration of the reagents.

paragraphs: There are many types of rate laws, but the most common are:

paragraphs: From this data, it is possible to think about the mechanism of the reaction. If it is second-order, for example, then it is likely that both molecules in the reaction are coming together during the rate-determining step. This is the most difficult step in the mechanism to go through, because it has the highest activation energy.


title: Rose McGowan

paragraphs: Rose Arianna McGowan (born September 5, 1973) is an American former actress, model, singer, and author. She is best known to television audiences for her role as Paige Matthews in The WB supernatural drama series "Charmed" (2001–2006), and also for her recurring role in ABC's long running fantasy series "Once Upon a Time" as young Cora Mills.

paragraphs: McGowan made her film debut in the comedy "Encino Man" (1992), wherein she played a small role. Her performance as Amy Blue in Gregg Araki's dark comedy "The Doom Generation" (1995) brought her wider attention, and she received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for her performance. McGowan appeared as Tatum Riley in the horror film "Scream" (1996) and starred alongside Ben Affleck in the coming-of-age feature "Going All the Way" (1997). She appeared in several Hollywood films, including "Devil in the Flesh" (1998), "Jawbreaker" (1999), "Ready to Rumble" (2000), "Monkeybone" (2001), and "The Black Dahlia" (2006). McGowan played Ann-Margret, alongside Jonathan Rhys Meyers as Elvis Presley, in the CBS miniseries "Elvis" (2005). She starred in "Planet Terror" (2007) and had a supporting role in "Death Proof" (2007), both part of the double-feature film directed by Robert Rodriguez and Quentin Tarantino, "Grindhouse". Next, she starred in the crime thriller film "Fifty Dead Men Walking" (2008).

paragraphs: In 1996, McGowan was the cover model for the Henry Mancini tribute album "Shots in the Dark", and she was the face of the American clothing company Bebe from 1998 to 1999. She has also appeared on numerous magazine covers, including "Seventeen", "Interview", "Maxim", "GQ", "Entertainment Weekly", and "Rolling Stone".

paragraphs: After the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse scandal broke and the #MeToo movement began, McGowan has been a supportive figure speaking out against harassment.

paragraphs: In March 2018, McGowan came out as non-binary. McGowan lives in Mayfair, London.


title: Rose (name)

paragraphs: Rose is a female given name based on the flower.

paragraphs: This feminine name comes from a late Latin word "rosa".

paragraphs: There are many variants. One of them is "Rosemary".

paragraphs: The name Rose is currently under List One of the Atlantic tropical cyclone names.


title: The 300 Spartans

paragraphs: The 300 Spartans is a 1962 Cinemascope movie depicting the Battle of Thermopylae. It was shot in the village of Perachora in the Peloponnese. It stars Richard Egan as the Spartan king Leonidas I, Ralph Richardson as Themistocles of Athens, and David Farrar as Persian king Xerxes. Diane Baker as Ellas and Barry Coe as Phylon provide the romantic element.

paragraphs: The movie is about a force of Greek warriors led by 300 Spartans which fights against an enormous Persian army. The Spartans will not flee or surrender, even if it means their deaths.

paragraphs: When it was released in 1962, critics saw the movie as a commentary on the Cold War. It was impossible to shoot at Thermopylae. The sea had receded about 3 miles farther away from the narrow pass. Some 5,000 members of the Royal Hellenic Army were loaned by the King of Greece to portray both the Spartans and the Persians.


title: Transition state

paragraphs: In a chemical reaction, the transition state is the point where there is a maximum value of energy. This energy is called the activation energy. When two or more molecules are mixed, they will hit each other. If they hit with enough energy to go through the transition state, they will react and form new molecules. At the transition state, new bonds are formed while the old ones are broken. In a graph or a drawing, the transition state is often marked with the double dagger ‡ symbol.

paragraphs: It is very difficult to study a transition state. This is because it is so high in energy that the molecules will stay in that form for a very short time, usually femtoseconds. It is important not to confuse transition states with intermediates. Intermediates are found at minimum points of energy, and they can live for a very long time. Like a transition state, however, an intermediate is between reagents and products of a reaction.

paragraphs: Studying transition states is very important to understand reaction mechanisms. There are theories and computer programs that can be used to calculate how the transition state looks like. This is a part of chemical kinetics.


title: Winged Victory of Samothrace

paragraphs: The Winged Victory of Samothrace (or Nike of Samothrace) is a Parian marble sculpture now in the Louvre, Paris, France. It is believed to have been made about 190 BC. It was discovered in 1863. It commemorates Nike, the Greek victory in a sea battle near Samothrace. It stands 2.44 m high. The work presents a pose where violent motion and sudden stillness meet. It is notable for its graceful balance and for the rendering of the figure's draped garments, depicted as if rippling in a strong sea breeze.


title: Activation energy

paragraphs: The activation energy of a chemical reaction is the minimum energy that is needed to make the reaction happen. It usually has the symbol E and it is measured in kilojoule per mole. It can be thought of as a barrier between the reagents and the products of a reaction. The activation energy is the difference in energy between the transition state and the starting reagents.

paragraphs: This equation is a way of calculating the activation energy. Its form is:

paragraphs: Here, "k" is the rate constant of the reaction (which can be measured using chemical kinetics), "A" is a frequency factor, "R" is the universal gas constant, "T" is the temperature. If we measure how fast the reaction goes at different temperatures, then we can make a graph and calculate the activation energy using this equation.

paragraphs: When using a catalyst the activation energy is made smaller. This means that the reaction can go faster at the same temperature. The catalyst does not change the energy of the reagents or the products. Also, the catalyst does not change in the reaction. Therefore, it can be used again and again and only a small amount of a catalyst is needed.


title: 300 (graphic novel)

paragraphs: 300 is a graphic novel written and drawn by Frank Miller and colored by Lynn Varley. It tells the story of the Spartans, the Persians, and the Battle of Thermopylae. The individual volumes were collected and reprinted in their entire by Dark Horse in 1999. "Publishers Weekly" wrote: "Form and content are ideally wedded: Miller's writing is stark, his drawings moody and dramatic, and intensified by Varley's grimly appropriate palette of earth and blood. The reader can see and feel the harshness of both the Grecian landscape and Sparta's battle-worshipping culture, as Miller presents the complex historical moment facing the 300." The novel was made into a movie.


title: Sacred Band of Thebes

paragraphs: The Sacred Band of Thebes was an elite fighting unit within the ancient Theban army of the 4th century BC. The earliest surviving record of the Sacred Band by name was made in 324 BC. The unit was comprised of 150 male lovers. It was believed these men would make better warriors. Plutarch (46–120 AD) is the source of the most substantial surviving account of the Sacred Band. In his "Life of Pelopidas" Plutarch wrote, "Since the lovers, ashamed to be base in sight of their beloved, and the beloved before their lovers, willingly rush into danger for the relief of one another." The band was reportedly organized by the Theban commander Gorgidas in 378 BC. Male couples were originally dispersed throughout the ranks of the army. It was later decided to create a separate squad. The squad played a crucial role in the Battle of Leuctra. It was completely destroyed by Philip II of Macedon in the Battle of Chaeronea in 338 BC.


title: Jerry Hopkins

paragraphs: Elisha Gerald "Jerry" Hopkins (November 9, 1935 – June 3, 2018) was an American journalist and author. He was best known for writing the first biographies of both Elvis Presley and Jim Morrison of The Doors, as well as serving for 20 years as a writer for "Rolling Stone" magazine. He also wrote several other biographies, wrote history and humor, and was a writer-producer for Mike Wallace, Steve Allen and Mort Sahl. He has published 36 books and an estimated one thousand magazine articles. The books have been translated into 16 languages and total sales exceed 6 million.

paragraphs: Hopkins was born on November 9, 1935 in Camden, New Jersey. He was raised in nearby Haddonfield, a town founded by Quakers. His parents operated a dry cleaning store.

paragraphs: He attended a Quaker school through 6th grade and public schools through 12th. He earned a BA in journalism from Washington & Lee University in Lexington, Virginia (1957). For a short time, he worked as a reporter for the "Twin City Sentinel" in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He was in the US Army for a short time. After that, he earned an MS in journalism from Columbia University in New York (1959).

paragraphs: After freelancing articles to the then-young "Village Voice" while at Columbia, he worked as a reporter for the "Times-Picayune" and as news editor of WWL Radio in New Orleans (1959-1961). He joined Mike Wallace as a writer-producer in New York for one year (1961-62) then moved to Los Angeles where he was a talent coordinator and writer-producer for Steve Allen (1962-1964). He also wrote and produced television programs for Mort Sahl, ABC-TV and Universal Studios (1964-1966; 1971). He wrote his first books during this period, an as-told-to autobiography of a health faddist, "Bare Feet and Good Things to Eat" (1965), and an astrological spoof, "You Were Born on a Rotten Day" (1969).

paragraphs: In the mid-1960s, he left television to open the first “headshop” in Los Angeles. He then became the Los Angeles correspondent for "Rolling Stone" (1967-1969). He wrote features and columns for alternative newspapers, MC’ed the first love-ins in Los Angeles, edited a collection of material from the underground press, "The Hippie Papers" (1968) and wrote a history of rock and roll, "The Rock Story" (1970).

paragraphs: Leaving "Rolling Stone" temporarily in 1969 to write "Elvis: A Biography" (1971), it was while then serving as the magazine’s London correspondent (1972) he began researching his Morrison biography, "No One Here Gets Out Alive". It was rejected by more than 30 publishers before publication in 1980, when it topped the "New York Times" bestseller chart and was credited by many with helping kick-start the Doors’ revival as well as inspiring a new publishing genre, the rock biography. A sequel to the Elvis biography, "Elvis: The Final Years" (1981) followed, along with biographies of Jimi Hendrix, David Bowie, Yoko Ono, and Raquel Welch, the latter of which was authorized but not published.

paragraphs: He moved to Honolulu, where he edited a monthly newsletter about Hawaiian music and dance and published several books taking Hawaiian culture as their subject, including "The Hula" (1981), a history; "How to Make Your Own Hawaiian Musical Instruments" (1988); "Elvis in Hawaii" (2002); and "Don Ho: My Life, My Music" (2007). He also was an editor at Pacific Business News in Honolulu and a speechwriter for Mayor Frank Fasi.

paragraphs: Moving to Thailand in 1993, he wrote for many travel, food and airline magazines. He worked with photographer Michael Freeman on "Strange Foods: An Epicurean Adventure Around the World" (1999), which was expanded and reissued as "Extreme Cuisine" with a foreword by Anthony Bourdain (2004). A collection of expatriate profiles, "Bangkok Babylon" (2005); a book of stories and essays, "Thailand Confidential" (2005); and "Asian Aphrodisiacs" (2006) followed. His 37th book, profiling Western novelists who helped forge the Asian myth, "Romancing the East", will be published in 2013.

paragraphs: Hopkins has been married four times, to Sara Cordell (1959-1963), Jane Hollingsworth (1968-1976), Rebecca Erickson Crockett (1980-1988) and has two grown children by his second wife, Erin Hendershot (b.1970) and Nick Hopkins (b. 1972), and six grandchildren. He and his wife, Lamyai (m. 2003), a citizen of Thailand, divide their time between a flat in Bangkok and a house and farm six hours away in rice country near the Cambodian border.

paragraphs: Hopkins died on June 3, 2018 in Bangkok of heart failure at the age of 82.


title: Themistocles

paragraphs: Themistocles (?524 BC-?460 BC) was an Ancient Greek Athenian politician and general. He fought against the Persians at the Battle of Marathon as a young man. He later persuaded Athens to build a navy which he commanded in the defeat of the Persians at the Battle of Salamis in 480 BC.

paragraphs: After the war he became unpopular and had to leave. He went to work for the Persian Empire.


title: Greek shield

paragraphs: The "Greek shield" of Ancient Greece was called a hoplon or aspis. It was from this word that hoplite (a Greek soldier) is derived.

paragraphs: A hoplon was a deeply-dished shield made of wood. Some shields had a thin sheet of bronze on the outer face. This was placed just around the rim. In some periods, the shield was decorated. At other times, it remained undecorated. These large shields were designed for a mass of hoplites to push forward into the opposing army, and it was their most essential equipment. The shield was carried in the left hand. It was used by Spartans as a weapon of attack.

paragraphs: Probably the most famous decoration is the Spartan. This was a capital lambda (Λ). From the late 5th century BC onward, Athenian hoplites usually used the Little Owl (Athena's sacred bird). The shields of Theban hoplites were sometimes decorated with a sphinx, or the club of Herakles.


title: Breadfruit

paragraphs: Breadfruit is the name for an evergreen tree in the mulberry family. Originally, the tree grew in Southeast Asia. It has been cultivated and is grown in the tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Central and South America and the Caribbean. The tree can reach a height of up to . The breadfruit is the fruit of this tree. The fruits contain a lot of starch - much like potatoes; they are ground to make flour, which can then be used for baking.

paragraphs: Ancestors of the Polynesians found the trees growing in the northwest New Guinea area around 3,500 years ago. They gave up the rice cultivation they had brought with them from Taiwan, and raised breadfruit instead. They took the trees with them wherever they went in the Pacific. The exceptions were Easter Island and New Zealand: both places were too cold to grow the trees. Their ancient eastern Indonesian cousins spread the plant west and north through insular and coastal Southeast Asia. In historical times, it has also been widely planted in tropical regions elsewhere.

paragraphs: The Mutiny on the Bounty was caused by breadfruit trees: In 1787, William Bligh was ordered to load a number of these trees on Tahiti and to ship them to the Caribbean; there they would serve as a cheap food for the slaves working on plantations. The main plantations at the time were those of sugarcane. This was the first attempt a government made to grow an economically important plant at a different location. The attempt failed, because the seamen did not understand why the drinking water supply was used to water the plants; they threw the plants overboard.

paragraphs: Bligh was able to ship the trees in a second voyage: Arriving in the Caribbean, he faced a different problem: The slaves there did not accept breadfruit as a replacement for cereals. Bligh won the Royal Society medal for his efforts, even though the introduction was not entirely successful. Although most slaves refused to eat the new food, breadfruit was accepted into the cuisine of Puerto Rico.


title: Hercules Room

paragraphs: The Hercules Room (sometimes Hercules Drawing Room or Hercules Salon; Fr: "salon d'Hercule") is a State Room in the Palace of Versailles. It occupies what was once the site of a chapel. Louis XIV wanted the Hercules Room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese. The architect Robert de Cotte began working on the room in 1710. Work was completed in 1736. The Room has been the scene of many glittering events in the history of Versailles.

paragraphs: The Hercules Room is a State Room in the Palace of Versailles, France. It is the last of the State Rooms constructed in the palace. The large room is on the ground floor (first floor) of the Palace. It measures 18m x 14m x 45m. A chapel once stood on the site. The Hercules Room connects the royal chapel and the North Wing of the palace with the Grand Apartment of the King. Architect Robert de Cotte started work on the room in 1710. The project was set aside in 1715 when Louis XIV died. Work resumed in 1724. Louis XV hired architect Jacques Gabriel, marble worker Claude-Félix Tarlé, and sculptors Jacques Verberckt and François-Antoine Vassé to complete the room. The room is in the style of the Hall of Mirrors.

paragraphs: Louis XIV wanted this room to be a showcase for a large painting by Paolo Veronese called "Meal at the House of Simon the Pharisee". This picture was painted for the refectory (dining hall) of the Servite Convent in Venice in 1570. In 1664, the Doge gave it to Louis XIV. He wanted the king to support him in a war with the Turks. Veronese's "Eliezer and Rebecca" hangs above the fireplace on the wall opposite "Simon".

paragraphs: "Simon" is a large painting. It measures 4.5 m x 9.7 m. The painting was once displayed in the Apollo Gallery of the Louvre. It was hung in the Hercules Room in 1730. It was removed in 1832. It was sent at that time back to the Louvre. In 1961 "Simon" was returned to the Hercules Room. In 1994 the painting was restored.

paragraphs: The room was completed in 1736 with a painted ceiling called "Apotheosis of Hercules". This was painted by François Lemoyne. The painting gave the room its name. The King was pleased with the ceiling. He appointed Lemoyne First Painter. Lemoyne however did not live long enough to enjoy the honor. He committed suicide shortly after the appointment.

paragraphs: The coving is decorated with representations of the Four Princely Virtues: Justice, Fortitude, Constancy, and Courage. These are separated by Cupids pointing to the Labors of Hercules. In the center of the ceiling, Hercules arrives in his chariot on Mount Olympus. Jupiter offers his daughter Hebe in marriage to the hero. Mars and Vulcan observe the fall of demons and vices. Apollo sits on the steps of the Temple of Memory.

paragraphs: "Apotheosis" is the largest ceiling painted on canvas in Europe480 square meters of surface area. It depicts some 140 figures representing the gods and goddesses of Olympus. They have gathered for the arrival of Hercules after his successful labors raised him to the rank of God. The piece was seen as a metaphorical allusion to the merits of the French King.


title: Robert de Cotte

paragraphs: Robert de Cotte (1656 – 15 July 1735) was a French architect-administrator. He introduced the Rococo style. He was a pupil of Jules Hardouin-Mansart. He later became his teacher's brother-in-law and his collaborator. De Cotte married Hardouin-Mansart's sister. After Hardouin-Mansart's death, de Cotte completed his unfinished projects. These included the royal chapel at Versailles and the Grand Trianon.


title: Paolo Veronese

paragraphs: Paolo Veronese (1528 – 19 April 1588) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance. He was a Venetian. He is remembered for paintings such as "The Wedding at Cana" and "The Feast in the House of Levi". He became known as "Veronese" from his birthplace in Verona. His best works are elaborate narratives. These are executed in a dramatic and colorful Mannerist style. They are full of majestic architectural settings and pageantry. His large paintings of biblical feasts are especially notable.


title: Hill Top

paragraphs: Hill Top is a 17th-century Lakeland farm once in the possession of children's author Beatrix Potter. She bought the farm house as a retreat from London in 1896 at a time when she was making a significant amount of money from her stories. She used the farm as a place to develop her stories. Many of these stories (such as "Jemima Puddleduck" and "Tom Kitten") were set on the farm. Farm furniture, the ponds, and other elements were used as props in her books.

paragraphs: Potter married William Heelis when she was 47. She moved across the road to Castle Cottage. She kept Hill Top though to house her collections of china, the "Two Bad Mice" doll house furniture, and other things. She continued to use the house as a retreat. She willed the houses and a large acreage to the National Trust in 1944. Hill Top is located near Sawrey in Cumbria. It is between Esthwaite Water and Windermere, 2 miles south-east of Hawksmoor.


title: The Yew Tree Ball

paragraphs: The Yew Tree Ball () was a masked ball. It was held in the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles on the night of 25-26 February 1745. Fifteen thousand people waited in the Hercules Room for the ball to begin. King Louis XV and several of his gentlemen courtiers attended dressed as topiary yew trees. The ball is notorious for being the venue in which the king made contact with Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson. He had first seen her while hunting at Senart. On 14 September 1745, Poisson was officially presented to the Court as the Marquise de Pompadour. She was the king’s official mistress until her death in 1764.


title: Flávia Alessandra

paragraphs: Flávia Alessandra Martins da Costa (born June 7, 1974 in Arraial do Cabo) is a Brazilian actress.