title: Karl Dönitz

paragraphs: Karl Dönitz ( ) (16 September 1891 – 24 December 1980) was a German naval leader. He commanded the German Navy ("Kriegsmarine") during the second half of World War II. Dönitz was also President of Germany for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. For his role in World War II, Dönitz was referred to as "der Löwe" (the Lion).

paragraphs: Dönitz was born in Berlin. He entered the Imperial German Navy ("Kaiserliche Marine") in 1911. During World War I, he served on surface ships. Later he was transferred to submarines (U-boats). He remained in the navy after the war and rose through the ranks of the German Navy of the Weimar Republic ("Reichsmarine") and the German Navy of the Third Reich ("Kriegsmarine"). He became a "Großadmiral". He served as Commander of Submarines ("Befehlshaber der Unterseeboote", "B.d.U."). Later, he became Commander-in-Chief of the German Navy ("Oberbefehlshaber der Kriegsmarine"). He got this position, even though he never joined the Nazi Party. Under his command, the U-boat fleet fought the Battle of the Atlantic. He also served as "Reichspräsident" for 23 days after Adolf Hitler's suicide. He ended the war as a prisoner-of-war of the British.

paragraphs: After the war Dönitz was charged and convicted of "crimes against peace" and "war crimes" at the Nuremberg Trials. He served ten years in prison. He ordered the unrestricted submarine warfare which was done by Germany in the North Atlantic. With this, he caused Germany to be in breach of the Second London Naval Treaty of 1936.

paragraphs: At his trial, evidence was shown that the Allies had acted similarly. For this reason, this breach of international law had no impact on his sentence. After his release from prison, Dönitz moved to Aumühle, a small village near Hamburg. During his later years, he wrote two autobiographies. In them, he covered different periods in his life. He died of a heart attack on Christmas Eve, 1980.


title: Helike (moon)

paragraphs: Helike or ', is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2003, and given the designation '.

paragraphs: Helike is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,540,000 km in 601.402 Earth days, at an inclination of 155° to the ecliptic (156° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1375.

paragraphs: It was named in March 2005 after Helike, one of the nymphs that nurtured Zeus (Jupiter) in his infancy on Crete.

paragraphs: Helike belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.


title: Turbulence

paragraphs: Turbulence or turbulent flow is violent, unsteady, chaotic movement of fluids like air and water. It is contrasted with laminar flow. Most motion of fluids in real life (outside laboratories) is turbulent.


title: Praxidike (moon)

paragraphs: Praxidike or ', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000, and given the designation '.

paragraphs: Praxidike orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 20,824,000 km in 613.904 days, at an inclination of 144° to the ecliptic (143° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.1840.

paragraphs: It was named in August 2003 after Praxidike, the Greek goddess of punishment.

paragraphs: Praxidike belongs to the Ananke group, believed to be the remnants of a break-up of a captured asteroid. With an estimated diameter of 7 km, Praxidike is the second biggest member of the group after Ananke itself (assumed albedo of 0.04)

paragraphs: The moon appears grey similar to C-type asteroids.


title: Great Dark Spot

paragraphs: The Great Dark Spot (also known as GDS-89) is a dark spot on Neptune similar in appearance to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. It was discovered in 1989 by NASA's "Voyager 2" probe. Although it appears similar to Jupiter's spot, which is an anticyclonic storm (this is like a hurricane), it is believed that the Great Dark Spot is an atmospheric hole similar to the hole in Earth's ozone layer.

paragraphs: However, the insides of Great Dark Spots are mostly cloud-free, and unlike Jupiter's spot, which has lasted for hundreds of years, their lifetimes appear to be much shorter, forming and disappearing once every few years or so. Based on pictures taken by Voyager and since then with the Hubble Space Telescope, Neptune appears to spend a little bit more than half its time with a Great Dark Spot.

paragraphs: The dark, elliptically-shaped spot (with initial dimensions of 13,000 × 6,600 km, or 8,100 × 4,100 mi) was about the same size as Earth, and was similar looking to Jupiter's Great Red Spot. Around the Great Dark Spot, winds were measured blowing up to 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles) an hour, the fastest in the Solar System. The Great Dark Spot is thought to be a hole in the methane cloud deck of Neptune. The spot was seen at different times with different sizes and shapes.

paragraphs: The Great Dark Spot generated large white clouds at or just below the tropopause layer similar to high-altitude cirrus clouds found on Earth. Unlike the clouds on Earth, however, which are made of mostly crystals of ice, Neptune's clouds are made up of crystals of frozen methane. And while Neptune's clouds usually form and then disappear within a period of a few hours, the clouds in the Great Dark Spot were still present after 36 hours, or two rotations of the planet.

paragraphs: Neptune's dark spots are thought to happen in the troposphere at lower heights (or altitudes) than the brighter upper cloud deck features. As they are stable features that can last for several months, they are thought to be vortex structures.

paragraphs: When pictures were going to be taken of the Great Dark Spot again in November 1994 by the Hubble Space Telescope, it had gone away completely, leaving astronomers to believe that it had either been covered up or that it had just disappeared. The persistence of companion clouds shows that some former dark spots may continue to exist as cyclones even though they are no longer able to be seen as a dark feature. Dark spots may disappear when they move too close to the equator or possibly through some other unknown way.

paragraphs: However, a new spot that looked very much like the old spot appeared in Neptune's northern hemisphere. This new spot, called the Northern Great Dark Spot (NGDS), has remained able to be seen for several years.


title: Supersonic

paragraphs: The term supersonic is used to describe a speed that is over the speed of sound (Mach 1). At a normal temperature like 70 degrees Fahrenheit (21.1 °C), the speed needed for something to be traveling at a faster than sound speed is about 344 m/s, 1,129 ft/s, 770 mph or 1,238 km/h. Speeds faster than 5 times the speed of sound are sometimes called hypersonic. Speeds where only some parts of the air around an object (like the propeller) reach supersonic speeds are called transonic (normally somewhere between Mach 0.8 and Mach 1.2).

paragraphs: Whips have operated supersonically for many centuries. Artillery became supersonic in the 19th century.

paragraphs: It can be very hard to reach supersonic speeds, because drag increases a lot near these speeds. This slows a plane, and for years made control difficult. These problems were called the "sound barrier". Jet engines and other developments solved the problems in the middle 20th century.


title: Small Dark Spot

paragraphs: The Small Dark Spot, sometimes also called Dark Spot 2 or The Wizard's Eye, was a southern cyclonic storm on the planet Neptune. It was the second strongest storm on the planet in 1989, when Voyager 2 flew by the planet. When first discovered, it was a dark cyclonic storm. As Voyager 2 approached the planet, a bright core of cloud activity developed. It disappeared in 1994.


title: Aitne (moon)

paragraphs: Aitne or ', is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard, "et al." in 2001, and given the designation '.

paragraphs: Aitne is about 3 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,285,000 km in 679.641 days, at an inclination of 166° to the ecliptic (164° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.393.

paragraphs: It was named in August 2003 after Aitna or Aitne, the divine personification of Mount Etna, whose sons by Zeus (Jupiter) are the Palici, the twin sicilian gods of geysers (other authors have them descend from Thalia and/or Hephaistos).

paragraphs: Aitne belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical irregular retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.


title: William Lassell

paragraphs: William Lassell (June 18 1799 – October 5 1880) was a British astronomer, born in Bolton, Lancashire, England. He died in Maidenhead in 1880.


title: Roche limit

paragraphs: The Roche limit (), sometimes referred to as the Roche radius, is the distance within which a celestial body, held together only by its own gravity, will disintegrate due to a second celestial body's tidal forces exceeding the first body's gravitational self-attraction. Inside the Roche limit, orbiting material will tend to disperse and form planetary rings, while outside the limit, material will tend to coalesce. The term is named after Édouard Roche, the French astronomer who first calculated this theoretical limit in 1848.


title: Synchronous orbit

paragraphs: A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet). Or in smaller words, the orbit above and the spinning planet below, go around once in the same amount of time. It orbits in the same direction of rotation as that body. So if you were on the orbiting body, you would always see the same side of the body being orbited. Or if you were on the body being orbited, the orbiting body would stay in the same part of the sky. Geostationary orbit is the most common kind.


title: François Arago

paragraphs: François Jean Dominique Arago (Catalan: Francesc Joan Dominic Aragó; February 26, 1786 – October 2, 1853) was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer and politician.


title: S/2003 J 2

paragraphs: It seems to belong to a group all of its own, with a distant and retrograde orbit.


title: Santiago Rodríguez Province

paragraphs: Santiago Rodríguez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northwestern part of the country. Its capital city is San Ignacio de Sabaneta.

paragraphs: "Santiago Rodríguez" was an officer of the Dominican army when the Dominican-Haitian War. He is one of the founder of the city of Sabaneta. He was an important military leader during the initial stages of the "Restoration War" (1863-1865).

paragraphs: The town of San Ignacio de Sabaneta was founded in 1844 and it was made a municipality of the Santiago province in 1854 and then of the Monte Cristi Province province in 1879. In 1948, it became a province.

paragraphs: Monción was a municipality of Montecristi since 1907. In 1996, Villa Los Almácigos became a municipality.

paragraphs: Santiago Rodríguez is in the region known as "Línea Noroeste" ("Northwestern Line"). The province has the Monte Cristi and Valverde provinces to the north, the Santiago province to the east, the San Juan and Elías Piña provinces to the south and the Dajabón province to the west.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Santiago Rodríguez province, and 27,559 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 30th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 1,015,397 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is San Ignacio de Sabaneta, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 15,648 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Santiago province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 22nd (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of the provincial capital, San Ignacio de Sabaneta, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The Cordillera Central ("Central mountain chain") is in the southern part of the province, and the Sierra Samba (or Sierra Zamba), a chain of low hills, runs across the northern half.

paragraphs: The main rivers are Guayubín and Mao, both tributaries of the Yaque del Norte river.

paragraphs: The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler in the mountains.

paragraphs: There are 3 municipalities and none municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: The only economic activity of importance is farming.


title: S/2003 J 5

paragraphs: It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.


title: Magnolia (tree)

paragraphs: Magnolia is a genus of 210 species. The Angiosperm taxonomical names "Magnoliophyta" (division) and "Magnoliopsida" (class) come from this genus. Charles Plumier gave a flowering tree from the island of Martinique the genus name "Magnolia", after French botanist Pier Magnol.

paragraphs: Many magnolias that have pretty flowers are used as street trees.


title: S/2003 J 4

paragraphs: It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.


title: Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19

paragraphs: The MiG-19 Farmer was a Soviet fighter aircraft made by Mikoyan. It first flew in 1953 and was introduced in 1955. It was meant to replace the older MiG-17 Fresco. During the Vietnam War, it was used a little by the North Vietnamese but not as much as the MiG-17 or MiG 21 Fishbed.

paragraphs: It had 3 30mm cannon, and could carry 4 bombsor rockets. It weighed 11,397 pounds (5,170 kilograms) empty and could weigh up to 19,621 pounds (8,900 kilograms) at the heaviest. It was powered by 2 Tumansky RD-9 jet engines, each had 7,165 pounds (3250 kilograms) of thrust with afterburner. It was 12 feet (3.6576 meters) high, had a wingspan of 29.5 feet (9 meters), and was 42 feet 11 in (13.1 meters) long. It could go 903 miles per hour (1,450 kilometers per hour), and was the first supersonic Soviet fighter.

paragraphs: Eventually, it was replaced by the newer MiG-21.


title: Camille Flammarion

paragraphs: Nicolas Camille Flammarion (February 26, 1842 – June 3, 1925) was a French astronomer and writer. He was usually credited as Camille Flammarion.


title: Herse (moon)

paragraphs: Herse is a moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers led by Brett J. Gladman, "et al." in 2003 and called until 2009.

paragraphs: Herse is about 2 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 22,134,000 km in 672.752 days, at an inclination of 162° to the ecliptic (161° to Jupiter's equator), with an orbital eccentricity of 0.2379.

paragraphs: It is the closest member of the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.


title: Johann Gottfried Galle

paragraphs: Johann Gottfried Galle (9 June 1812 in Radis, Saxony-Anhalt–10 July 1910 in Potsdam, Brandenburg) was a German astronomer at the Berlin Observatory who, with the help of student Heinrich Louis d'Arrest, was the first person to view the planet Neptune, and know what he was looking at. He used the calculations of Urbain Le Verrier to know where to look.


title: Voyager program

paragraphs: The Voyager program is a space exploration program of the United States' NASA agency. It consists of a pair of unmanned scientific probes, "Voyager 1" and "Voyager 2". They were launched in 1977 to take advantage of a favorable planetary alignment of the late 1970s. Although they were officially used to study just Jupiter and Saturn, the two probes were able to continue their mission into the outer solar system. They have since continued out and exited the solar system. These probes were built at JPL and were funded by NASA.

paragraphs: Both missions have gathered large amounts of data about the gas giants of the solar system, of which little was known before. In addition, the spacecraft paths have been used to place limits on the existence of Planet X, a planet believed by some people to be farther from the Sun than Pluto.

paragraphs: In 2013, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had left the solar system (Heliosphere) on 25 August 2012. It is the first man-made object to enter interstellar space. In 2018, NASA announced that Voyager 2 had reached the heliopause on 5 November of that year. Both of them are now in travelling in the interstellar space.


title: Neptune Trojan

paragraphs: A Neptune Trojan is an asteroid which is in the same orbit as the planet Neptune.

paragraphs: Their name comes from the Trojan asteroids which have the same orbital period as a planet. As of March 2007, there are six known Neptune Trojans. They lie in the elongated, curved region around the L Lagrangian point 60° ahead of Neptune. The six Neptune Trojans are , , , , and .

paragraphs: The discovery of in a high inclination (>25°) orbit is significant because it suggests a ‘thick’ cloud of Trojans. It is believed that large (radius ≈ 100 km) Neptune Trojans could greatly outnumber the Jupiter Trojans.

paragraphs: The New Horizons spacecraft passed through the L Neptune region in 2014. It was preparing to observe Pluto and did not observe any asteroids there.


title: Edward Guinan

paragraphs: Edward Guinan is currently a professor in Villanova University's Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics. He and two colleagues discovered Neptune's ring system.


title: Occultation

paragraphs: An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer. A planet, for example, can pass in front of a star. Some occultations are eclipses. The word is often used in astronomy. It can also be used in a non-astronomical sense to describe when an object in the foreground "occults" (covers up) objects in the background.


title: Flattening

paragraphs: The flattening, ellipticity, or oblateness of an oblate spheroid is the "squashing" of the spheroid's pole, down towards its equator.


title: Adaptive optics

paragraphs: Adaptive optics is a technology to improve the performance of optical systems by reducing the effects of rapidly changing optical distortion (or deformation). It is commonly used on astronomical telescopes to remove the effects of atmospheric distortion, or astronomical seeing.

paragraphs: Adaptive optical works by measuring the distortion and rapidly compensating for it either using deformable mirrors or material with variable refractive properties. While the technique was theoretically understood for some time, it was only advances in computer technology during the 1990s that finally made the technique practical.

paragraphs: Adaptive optics should not be confused with active optics, which works on a longer timescale to correct the primary mirror geometry itself. The simplest form of adaptive optics is tip-tilt correction, which corresponds to correction of the tilts of the wavefront in two dimensions (equal to correction of the position offsets for the image). This is performed using a rapidly moving tip-tilt mirror which makes small rotations around two of its axes.

paragraphs: A significant fraction of the aberration introduced by the atmosphere can be removed in this way. Tip-tilt mirrors are widely used in night time and solar telescopes, to correct the aberration introduced by Earth's atmosphere on the light path and improve image quality over what would be possible according to the atmospheric seeing.

paragraphs: Tip-tilt mirrors are effectively segmented adaptive optics mirrors having only one segment which can tip and tilt, rather than having an array of multiple segments which can tip and tilt independently.


title: Optical depth

paragraphs: Optical depth is a measure of transparency. It is defined as the fraction of radiation (or light) that is scattered or absorbed on a path. One way of visualizing optical depth is to think of a fog. The fog between a person and an object that is immediately in front of them has an optical depth of zero. As the object moves away, the optical depth increases until it reaches a large value and the object is no longer visible.


title: Opacity

paragraphs: Opacity or opaque means something that is difficult to see through or perceive. It can also mean:


title: Xena: Warrior Princess

paragraphs: Xena: Warrior Princess is an Emmy Award-winning American cult television series. It was first shown from September 15, 1995 until June 18, 2001. The series was created in 1995 by writer-producers Robert Tapert under his production tag, "Pacific Renaissance Pictures LTD". Later, there were co-executive producers. They were Sam Raimi and R. J. Stewart. The series is a spin-off from the TV series "" where Xena (Lucy Lawless) is a minor character. The series tells the story of Xena's quest to seek for her past sins as a ruthless warlord. She uses her fighting skills to help people. Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor) becomes Xena's greatest friend, her initial naïveté helps to balance Xena and helps her in seeing and fighting for the "greater good".

paragraphs: The series usually had between four and four million viewers on original airings. The series has positive reviews from many reviewers. It was ranked #10 on the list of "TV Guide"s Top 25 Cult TV Shows of All Time. It was nominated for Emmy awards.

paragraphs: "Xena"'s success has led to hundreds of tie-in products, including comics, and video games. The series has received attention in fandom (Uberfic), and has influenced the direction of other television series. The cult of the series (Fandom) remains active on the internet today.

paragraphs: The series is a spin-off of "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys". In fact, the saga began with three appearances Xena's special character in episodes of "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys", entitled "The Warrior Princess", "The Gauntlet" and "Unchained Heart". In the first episode, Xena is a killer, but in the third, she joins Hercules to defeat Darphus, who had taken her army. Aware that the character of Xena had been very successful among the public, producers of Hercules: The Legendary Journeys decided to make a series exclusively for it.

paragraphs: In "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys", Xena was played by New Zealand actress Lucy Lawless. The first actress considered to play the part was British actress Vanessa Angel, while actress Sunny Doench was thought to play the role of Gabrielle. However, neither could travel to New Zealand, the country where the series was shot entirely on location. Finally, Lucy Lawless was cast as Xena and Gabrielle was played by the American actress Renee O'Connor.

paragraphs: The American actor and writer Bruce Campbell played Autolycus, King of the alleged thieves, and appeared in eight episodes. After Lawless and O'Connor, Ted Raimi is the actor who plays Joxer, which has more appearances in the series: a total of 42. We continue to Kevin Tod Smith with 31 appearances, Hudson Leick and Karl Urban with 12 and Alexandra Tydings with 11. In the last episode, the eastern star Michelle Ang playing Akemi.

paragraphs: The theme music, composed by Joseph LoDuca, who also co-wrote the lyrics for the songs in "The Bitter Suite", was developed from the traditional Bulgarian folk song "Kaval Sviri", and was sung by "Le Mystere des Voix Bulgares". In the "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" episode, "Unchained Heart", in which Xena is introduced, the original "Kaval Sviri" is the music used to announce Xena racing into battle.

paragraphs: The opening of "Xena" had two models during the series, the first was used during the first five seasons, and the second model was used only in the last season. The opening is composed of scenes from the series itself, there is background music to "Opening Sequence", combined with the voice of an announcer speaking a text that remained immutable.

paragraphs: "Xena Warrior Princess" and "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" were filmed in New Zealand. Of course some places are confidential, but many scenes were recorded in places as spectacular in "Waitakere Ranges Regional Park", part of the Auckland Regional parks often credited at the end of the episodes. Most leases are on the west coast, and is approximately 30–40 miles from the centre of Auckland.

paragraphs: "Xena: Warrior Princess" is considered a simple television series of adventures whose key ingredients are the two protagonists in the series and their psychological development, attractive exterior in New Zealand and music composed by Joseph Loduca. Although the characters and stories in the series predate Christ, themes, emotions and relationships in the series are well connected with the world today. In addition, the series makes a particular interpretation of the ancient world. For example, represents the goddess of love and beauty, Aphrodite, as a girl silly and pampered.

paragraphs: One of the criticisms that more has been done to the series is the inverosimilitud the scenes of combat, as they give the characters impossible cartwheels, walk the walls and even move objects with the mind. Such scenes are inspired by action movies of Hong Kong.The series was also criticized for very often consciously mixing times, facts and historical characters. Thus, it is possible to see both the "Greek gods" as characters in biblical, Roman, Scandinavian and Eastern Arabs as well as facts so distant in time as the confrontation between David and Goliath, the birth of Jesus, or the battle of Maraton. Finally, another widespread weakness in the series are multiple inconsistencies in their arguments.

paragraphs: The first season of the series was addressed without many pretensions, as the producers did not want to gamble much. During this season abounded plots based on Greek myths and a focus on defining the personality of the two protagonists. In the second season were improved special effects, consolidation of the relationship between Xena and Gabrielle and increased the strength of the stories. As a negative note of the third season, preference was given to the functionality of certain episodes at the expense of stories and the essence of the characters. However, in the fourth season, the level of the series returned to the first two years in terms of quality. In this season there could be seen a transformation in the structure of the stories and treatment of the characters. It accentuated the spiritual dimension of the series and the Greek myths lost relevance in the hatch. The fifth season was a downturn in the quality of the series. This was contributed to by the pregnancy of main actress, Lucy Lawless, forcing producers to introduce a precipitous turn argumentative. The fifth season also means the start of the references to Christianity in the series. Finally, in the sixth season, the level of the series again back: improved special effects and stories, which were accompanied by excellent music by Joseph LoDuca.

paragraphs: "Xena: Warrior Princess" was influenced by many factors, as cultures and eras, one of the most widespread were the sources of action movies from Hong Kong, the jumps, breathing fire and the sounds of weapons in the battles were some of the things that mirrored movies. The scene of the lynching of Xena in "The Gauntlet" is almost identical to the movie "The Bride With White Hair". The fight on the stairs with Callisto on "Callisto" and the fight against Draco in head of villagers also has its roots in the genre, and the sequence "The Debt", which was almost completely influenced in the genus.

paragraphs: The show is a historical fantasy set in ancient Greece, although with a flexible time setting, and also features heavy Oriental, Egyptian and Medieval elements in various episodes. The series details the adventures of former Hercules villain Xena (Lucy Lawless), a reformed warlord on a quest to redeem her past sins. Xena is accompanied on her travels by Gabrielle (Renee O'Connor) a young woman who becomes her best friend and, eventually, most trusted ally.

paragraphs: The show freely borrows names and themes from various mythologies around the world, primarily the Greek, anachronistically adapting them to suit the demands of the storyline. Historical figures and events from a number of different historical eras and myths make numerous appearances, and the main characters are often credited with resolving important historical situations. These include an encounter with Homer, before he was famous, in which Gabrielle encourages his storytelling aspirations; the fall of Troy; and the capture of Caesar by pirates, with Xena cast as the pirate leader. This quirky mix of timelines and the amalgamation of historical and mythological elements fueled the rise of the show to cult status during the 1990s and early 2000s. It was one of the first shows to tap into its internet following, allowing for fans from all over the world to discuss and suggest things related to the show. The fandom continues to this day.

paragraphs: The show is a mixture of styles, ranging from high melodrama in one episode to slapstick comedy in another, from whimsical to all-out action and adventure in another. Although it is ostensibly set in ancient times, the themes of the show are essentially modern: taking responsibility for past misdeeds, the value of human life, personal liberty and sacrifice, and friendship. The flexible fantasy framework of the show accommodates a considerable range of styles, including an original musical episode, "The Bitter Suite". Although the show often addresses ethical dilemmas such as the morality of pacifism, the storylines rarely seek to provide unequivocal solutions.

paragraphs: There have been numerous "Xena" spin-offs into various media including movies, books, comics and video games.

paragraphs: In August 1997 "" a DTV animated movie was released, featuring the voices of a number of actors from both "Hercules: The Legendary Journeys" and "Xena: Warrior Princess". The movie plot involves Hercules' mother being kidnapped by Zeus and the release of the Titans. Xena and Gabrielle have supporting roles in the movie, and at one point Xena even bursts into song.

paragraphs: Since the end of the series rumors have circulated that a feature length movie was in the works. In 2003 Screenwriter Katherine Fugate was approached for the project, and was quoted saying that she expects the start of production to be three to five years away, which suggests a release sometime between 2006 and 2009. Actress Lucy Lawless has been quoted in several interviews as saying she would be interested in participating in a "Xena" movie as well.

paragraphs: Books have been released as tie-ins, including "Xena Warrior Princess: Complete Illustrated Companion". There have also been a number of novelizations by authors like Martin H. Greenberg.

paragraphs: A book was also released in 1998, "XENA: All I Need to Know I Learned From the Warrior Princess", allegedly written by Gabrielle, Bard of Poteidaia, and was "translated" by Josepha Sherman. It contains Gabrielle's viewpoint on many of the adventures she and Xena embarked on, and also includes eight pages of black-and-white photographs from the show. The book is basically Gabrielle talking about her view of the world on many different subjects. For example, in one of the chapters, "Anything can be a weapon- Anything!", she instructs the reader on fighting without traditional weapons, such as a sword or a staff, and in another, "Nobody likes a winer", she laments on the perils of alcohol.

paragraphs: It also launched "The Official Guide to the Xenaverse", by Robert Weisbrot, with photographs in color and black and white, a complete and detailed episode guide to the first two seasons, a look behind the scenes, the intriguing story of the origin of "Xena: Warrior Princess", biographies of cast and crew and trivias about the show.

paragraphs: There is also the fictional books, how "The Empty Throne", "The Huntress and The Sphinx", "The Thief Of Hermes", and "Prophecy of Darkness." A recent academic monograph on the series is Wim Tigges' "Her Courage Will Change the World": An Appraisal of Xena: Warrior Princess", which was self-published through "lulu.com".

paragraphs: There have been a number of comic adaptations. The earliest ones were released by Dark Horse Comics and written by Ian Edginton and John Wagner. More recently the license has moved to Dynamite Entertainment.

paragraphs: "Anchor Bay Entertainment" has released all 6 Seasons as well as the 10th Anniversary Collection of "Xena: Warrior Princess" on DVD in Region 1 for the first time. The series has also been released on DVD in Region 2 & Region 4. Only Region 1 DVDs contain special features, Regions 2/3/4 do not have any bonus material on them. The Region 2 releases of Season 1 contain the episodes out of order, creating a number of continuity problems when watching them in the order in which they are presented. The order on these DVDs is episode 1, then episodes 10 through 19, then episode 2, then episodes 21 through 24, and finally episodes 3 through 9. There are also several small changes, such as headbutts and claps over the ears.

paragraphs: "Xena: Warrior Princess" has been referred to as a pop cultural phenomenon and feminist icon. The television series, which employed pop culture references as a frequent humorous device, has itself become a frequent pop culture reference in video games, comics and television shows, and has been frequently parodied and spoofed.

paragraphs: "Xena: Warrior Princess" has been credited by many, including "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" creator Joss Whedon, with blazing the trail for a new generation of female action heroes such as Buffy, Max of "Dark Angel", Sydney Bristow of Alias, and the Bride in Quentin Tarantino's "Kill Bill".

paragraphs: Xena and Gabrielle's relationship has been cited as one of the reasons why the series has been so popular, coupled with the denials of her character's lesbianism from Lawless while the series was running. U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice has been nicknamed "Warrior Princess" by her staff.

paragraphs: The popularity of "Xena: Warrior Princess" has led to websites, online discussion forums, works of Xena fan fiction and several unofficial fan-made productions.

paragraphs: In 2005, the team that discovered the dwarf planet nicknamed it "Xena" in honor of the TV character. On October 1, 2005, the team announced that had a moon, which they had nicknamed "Gabrielle". The objects were officially named Eris and Dysnomia by the International Astronomical Union on September 13, 2006. Although the official names have legitimate roots in Greek mythology, Dysnomia is also Greek for "lawlessness", perpetuating the link with Lucy Lawless.

paragraphs: "Xena" has enjoyed a particular cult status in the lesbian community. Some of the lesbian fan base sees Xena and Gabrielle as a couple and has embraced them as role models and lesbian icons. A group called The Marching Xenas has participated in many gay and lesbian pride parades.

paragraphs: A subject of much interest and debate among viewers is the question of whether Xena and Gabrielle are lovers. The issue is left deliberately ambiguous by the show's writers. Jokes, innuendo, and other subtle evidence of a romantic relationship between Xena and Gabrielle is referred to as "lesbian subtext" or simply "subtext" by fans. The issue of the true nature of the Xena/Gabrielle relationship caused intense debates in the fandom, which turned especially impassioned due to spillover from real-life debates about same-sex sexuality and gay rights.

paragraphs: Some fans felt that the sexual nature of Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was cemented by an interview given by Lucy Lawless to "Lesbian News" magazine in 2003. Lawless stated that after the series finale, where Gabrielle revives Xena with a mouth-to-mouth water transfer filmed to look like a full kiss, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay... there was always a 'well, she might be or she might not be' but when there was that drip of water passing between their lips in the very final scene, that cemented it for me. Now it wasn't just that Xena was bisexual and kinda liked her gal pal and they kind of fooled around sometimes, it was 'Nope, they're married, man'." However, in the interviews and commentaries on the DVD sets released in 2003-2005, the actors, writers and producers continued to stress the ambiguity of the relationship, and Ares was also considered at least as a potential love interest for Xena.

paragraphs: The "Xena" fandom also popularized the term Altfic (from "alternative fiction") to refer to same-sex romantic fan fiction. Many fans felt the term slash fiction carried the connotation of being about male/male couples only and was not a good description for romantic fan fiction about Xena and Gabrielle.

paragraphs: In 2006, Lucy Lawless donated her personal Xena costume to the Museum of American History. In an interview the same year with "Smithsonian" magazine, she was asked the question "Was the Warrior Princess outfit comfortable?" and she responded:

paragraphs: Uberfic is a kind of alternative universe fan fiction in which characters or events are portrayed somewhat closely to original canon but usually in a different time period, many times featuring the ancestors, descendants or reincarnations of canon characters. The term originated in "Xena: Warrior Princess" fandom. This sort of story was used by the series itself, beginning with the second season episode "The Xena Scrolls".


title: English free settlers

paragraphs: English free settlers were people that chose to go to New Holland (now Australia). They were not forced to go there, as the convicts were. The English free settlers went to Australia between the late 18th century and the early 19th century. When the English free settlers got to Australia, they landed in the southern part of the continent. That was the only colony created by the free settlers.

paragraphs: The English free settlers went to Australia to be free. They wanted to make money as well. They also wanted to explore Australia families who wanted a better life with their children. Some people called the English Free settlers "pilgrims".

paragraphs: In the early years of the colony, very few settlers came to Australia. Free settlers had to fund their own transport and were usually quite wealthy. The few who made the journey to Australia did so mostly to make their fortune. They were often given large land grants and convicts to work for them.


title: Meter (poetry)

paragraphs: In poetry, meter (British English spelling: metre) means the rhythmic patterns in a verse.

paragraphs: The units of poetic meter, like rhyme, vary from language to language and between poetic traditions. They can involve arrangements of syllables into repeated patterns called "feet" within a line. English meter is founded on the patterns of stressed and unstressed syllables. In Latin and Greek verse, on the other hand, while the metrical units are similar, not syllable stresses but syllable lengths are the component parts of meter.


title: Verse

paragraphs: In poetry a verse is technically a single line in a poem. A poem is a "metrical composition".

paragraphs: However, in common use, a verse is a group of lines in a poem which make up a paragraph. It consists of several lines, either in print for reading, or in a song. In the poems and theatre of Ancient Greece these units were called strophes.


title: S/2003 J 9

paragraphs: It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.


title: Dynamic pressure

paragraphs: In fluid dynamics dynamic pressure depends on density and velocity of the fluid.

paragraphs: It is defined by the following equation (with q standing for "dynamic pressure" or ""velocity pressure""):

paragraphs: Dynamic pressure is closely related to the kinetic energy of a fluid particle, since both quantities are proportional to the particle's mass (through the density, in the case of dynamic pressure) and square of the velocity. Dynamic pressure is in fact one of the terms of Bernoulli's equation, which is essentially an equation of energy conservation for a fluid in motion.


title: Lichtenberg

paragraphs: Lichtenberg was a borough in Berlin. Since the boundary changes of 2001, it has been a district of the new borough of Lichtenberg-Hohenschönhausen.

paragraphs: From 1945 to German Reunification Lichtenberg was part of East Berlin.


title: Aaron Burr

paragraphs: Aaron Burr, Jr. (February 6, 1751, – September 14, 1836) was an American politician, Revolutionary War hero and the third Vice President of the United States (1801 – 1805). He was born in Newark, province of New Jersey.

paragraphs: Burr fought in the American Revolutionary War, reaching the rank of Colonel.

paragraphs: After the war, Burr was a leader of the Democratic-Republican Party and served in the New York State Assembly, as New York State Attorney General, and as a United States Senator before serving as Vice President.

paragraphs: Burr killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804, when Burr was still Vice President.

paragraphs: Burr conspired to form a new country in Mexico. He wanted to be present if and when Spain and Mexico went to war. Some people, including President Thomas Jefferson, who had picked a different Vice President for his second term, saw Burr's actions as treason. However, in 1807 Burr was found innocent of the charges. He was often thought of by his enemies as unreliable. Burr died in 1836.


title: Charlotte Lindström

paragraphs: Charlotte Karin Lindström (born August 9, 1984 in Sollentuna, Sweden) is a former waitress, promotion model, convicted criminal and former prisoner.

paragraphs: She was arrested on May 26, 2007, and had to spend three years in jail in Sydney, Australia. When she was arrested, people suspected she was trying to hire a hitman to kill two men who were about to testify against her boyfriend Steven Spaliviero in court.

paragraphs: Lindström arrived in Sydney in 2003 working as a part-time model as well as a waitress in the exclusive nightclub Hemmesphere in Sydney.

paragraphs: In Sydney Lindström met Steven Spaliviero and they soon started a relationship living in an apartment in Darling Harbour. Lindström later told the court that she soon realised that he was both a rich businessman and a drug dealer. In early 2007, investigators started to look into Spaliviero's business and soon found two witnesses who said they had information about the man's drug dealing business. At that time Spaliviero was already on bail from Melbourne in relation to another drug case. Spaliviero was arrested, refused bail and sent to Metropolitan Remand and Reception Centre ("MRRC") in Silverwater, New South Wales.

paragraphs: In MRRC Spaliviero allegedly met another inmate who offered him to get witnesses in Spaliviero's case killed. In relation to this Spaliviero phoned Lindström from MRRC telling her to meet a "solicitor" and give him money.

paragraphs: Lindström started acting upon instructions from Spaliviero. When Lindström finally met who she thought was a hitman, but who in reality was an undercover policeman, she was arrested. The policeman on the case stated that Lindström wanted to have two men in the "cemetery" (i.e. dead). The price was agreed as AUD 100,000 for each contract.

paragraphs: Upon her arrest on May 26 Lindström was remanded in custody. Later an application for bail was made where Steven Spaliviero's mother, Dolores Spaliviero, offered to put up AUD 2,000,000 surety to get Lindström out from custody. In addition, Lindström's friend and employer, Justin Hemmes promising that if Lindström was set free on bail, he would let her continue her work at the Hemmesphere nightclub until trial. The application for bail was denied due to flight risk and Lindström was remanded in custody.

paragraphs: On September 18, having had a deal made with the prosecutors, Lindström pled guilty to the charges. On December 21, she pled guilty again in another court in Sydney. Lindström appeared in a bullet-proof vest at her court hearings because of the alleged death threats against her life.

paragraphs: Lindström was initially sentenced to four years in jail being eligible for early parole on May 25 2009. Even though Lindström was given a hefty discount from her sentence because she had agreed to testify against Steven Spaliviero and two other men, the Crown appealed against the sentence as "manifestly inadequate". The criminal court of appeals heard the appeal on July 4 2008.

paragraphs: On 23 July 2008 her maximum sentence was increased from three years and 10 months to four years and nine months, making her eligible for parole in May, 2010.

paragraphs: On August 11 2008 Lindström started testifying against Spaliviero in his court case, among others reading a love letter to the court which she had written to him in February 2007 some months before her own arrest. Despite Lindström's extensive testimonies Spaliviero and two other defendants were found not guilty for the murder plot.

paragraphs: Lindström was released on parole from Long Bay jail in New South Wales on 25 May 2010 and deported the next day from Australia. Since her release from prison, Lindström has returned to her native home Sweden and is understood to have had ongoing threats against her life.

paragraphs: According to the Australian media, on 15 August 2010, Charlotte Lindström agreed to return to Australia to testify in the trial of her former boyfriend's associate. Due to an unspecified severe illness, she has not been allowed to travel to Australia. The upcoming trial has been postponed.

paragraphs: On 14 November 2010, Australian Channel 9 aired an exclusive interview of Charlotte Lindström named "Charlotte's web", in which she appeared with her face unobscured despite allegations that she is living under death threats.

paragraphs: On 6 September 2011, Channel 9 in Australia aired a documentary concentrating on Charlotte Lindström's murder plot. According to an article in the Sydney Morning Herald Charlotte Lindström "no longer has feelings for" Steven Spaliviero.


title: Bilten

paragraphs: Bilten was a municipality in the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden joined together to become the new municipality of Glarus Nord.


title: Braunwald

paragraphs: Braunwald is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Elm, Switzerland

paragraphs: Elm is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It is the municipality farthest south in the valley of the Sernf.

paragraphs: Russian General Alexander Suvarov and his troops stayed the night in Elm before crossing Panix Pass to Pigniu on their retreat into Austria.

paragraphs: On September 11, 1881, an avalanche caused by too much mining of slate killed 114 people and buried 83 structures in the municipality.


title: Engi

paragraphs: Engi is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Ennenda

paragraphs: Ennenda is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Filzbach

paragraphs: Filzbach is a former municipality in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Glarus (city)

paragraphs: Glarus (German: ) is the capital of the Canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Glarus lies on the Linth River at the foot of the Glärnisch foothills. The municipality has about 57,00 people.

paragraphs: The first mention of the town is from 1178.

paragraphs: It became the capital of the Linth valley in 1419. In the 1700s and 1800s, the valley began to be industrialized.

paragraphs: In 1864, the first European labor law to protect workers was introduced in Glarus, prohibiting requiring workers to work more than 12 hours a day.

paragraphs: Since 1 January 2011, the municipality Glarus incorporates the former municipalities of Ennenda, Netstal and Riedern.


title: Haslen

paragraphs: Haslen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On July 1, 2006, Haslen merged with the municipalities of Leuggelbach and Nidfurn. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Haslen, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Switzerland, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.


title: Linthal

paragraphs: Linthal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Linthal, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the municipality of Glarus Süd.


title: Luchsingen

paragraphs: Luchsingen is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach were merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.


title: Matt, Switzerland

paragraphs: Matt is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Agno

paragraphs: Agno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It is known for being the municipality where Lugano Airport is situated.


title: Airolo

paragraphs: Airolo is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Airolo is also a small ski-resort with 30km of ski slopes.


title: Alto Malcantone

paragraphs: Alto Malcantone is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It was formed on 13 March 2005 from the earlier municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio.


title: Balerna

paragraphs: Balerna is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Castel San Pietro

paragraphs: Castel San Pietro is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Chiasso

paragraphs: Chiasso is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Morbio Inferiore

paragraphs: Morbio Inferiore is a municipality of the canton of Ticino, Switzerland. It is in the hills above Chiasso. It is in the district of Mendrisio.


title: Caneggio

paragraphs: Caneggio is a former municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.


title: Cabbio

paragraphs: Cabbio was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia


title: Vacallo

paragraphs: Vacallo is a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The current population is almost 3,000 people. The coat of arms of Vacallo is a V with three bunches of grapes. Each bunch of grapes symbolises the three parishes or 'frazione' of the municipality.


title: Sagno

paragraphs: Sagno is a former municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.


title: Aarwangen (district)

paragraphs: Aarwangen is a district in the northeast corner of the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The district includes the following 25 municipalities and has an area of 154 km²:


title: Aarau (district)

paragraphs: The district of Aarau in the Swiss Canton of Aargau has the following municipalities:


title: Baden (district)

paragraphs: Baden is a district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital city is the town of Baden. The largest municipality is Wettingen. The district has 26 municipalities, an area of 153.07 km², and a population of 121,071.


title: Bremgarten (district)

paragraphs: Bremgarten is a Swiss district in the Canton of Aargau.

paragraphs: It has a total of 25 municipalities, listed below:


title: Brugg (district)

paragraphs: Brugg is a district in the Canton of Aargau, Switzerland, it is south of the Aare and the Aargauer Jura covers the district. The capital of the district is Brugg.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Kulm (district)

paragraphs: Kulm is an administrative district in the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. It is west of Lake Hallwil and covers parts of the Wyna and Suhre valleys. The principal town is Unterkulm; the largest municipality is Reinach. The district contains 17 municipalities, is 101.35 km² in area and has a total population of 36,700 people .


title: Laufenburg (district)

paragraphs: Laufenburg is a district of the canton of Aargau, Switzerland. The capital is the town of Laufenburg.


title: Chuck Norris

paragraphs: Carlos Ray "Chuck" Norris (born March 10, 1940) is an American martial artist and actor. He served in the United States Air Force. He became famous as a martial artist and started his own school, Chun Kuk Do. Norris was cast in a number of action movies, such as "Way of the Dragon". He was The Cannon Group's star in the 1980s. He played Cordell Walker in the action television series "Walker, Texas Ranger" from 1993 to 2001.

paragraphs: Norris is a politically conservative. He has written books on Christianity and supports Republican candidates and causes. In 2007 and 2008, he campaigned for former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee, who was running for the Republican nomination for President in 2008. In the 2012 election he endorsed former Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. Norris also writes a column for the conservative website "WorldNetDaily".


title: George Clinton (vice president)

paragraphs: George Clinton (July 26, 1739 – April 20, 1812) was an American soldier and politician. He was the first (and longest-serving) Governor of New York. He then was Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson and James Madison (1805–1812).

paragraphs: Clinton was born in the state of New York. Clinton fought with the British in the French and Indian War.

paragraphs: Clinton was a member of the Continental Congress and voted for the Declaration of Independence. He was a friend of George Washington and served with and supplied the Continental Army.

paragraphs: Clinton was a member of the Democratic-Republican Party. Clinton was vice president under two different presidents. He is one out of two vice presidents who did this; John C. Calhoun served under two presidents as well. Clinton was also a candidate for president in the 1808 election and did receive six electoral votes.

paragraphs: DeWitt Clinton, his nephew, also became governor of New York. George Clinton has no known relation of 42nd President Bill Clinton, who took his stepfather's surname as a child.


title: Ignatius of Antioch

paragraphs: Saint Ignatius of Antioch (also known as Theophorus) (ca. 35-107) was the third Bishop or Patriarch of Antioch and a student of the Apostle John. En route to his martyrdom in Rome, Ignatius wrote a series of letters, including one to Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, who had also known John. These letters are an example of the theology of the earliest Christians. Important topics addressed in these letters include ecclesiology, the sacraments, and the role of bishops.

paragraphs: Ignatius' feast day is observed on 17 October in Western Christianity and 20 December in Eastern Christianity.

paragraphs: Ignatius became Bishop of Antioch after Saint Peter and Evodius, who died around 67.

paragraphs: Besides the Latin name, Ignatius, he also called himself Theophorus ("God Bearer"), and tradition says he was one of the children Jesus took in His arms and blessed. Ignatius was most likely a disciple of the Apostle John.

paragraphs: Ignatius is generally considered to be one of the Apostolic Fathers (the earliest authoritative group of the Church Fathers) and a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, Lutheran Church, Eastern Orthodox Church and Anglican/Episcopal Church who celebrate his feast day on October 17, and the Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches, who celebrate his feast day on December 20. Ignatius based his authority on living his life in imitation of Christ.

paragraphs: Ignatius was arrested by the authorities and transported to Rome under trying conditions:

paragraphs: He died as a martyr in the arena. This was during the reign of Trajan. The Roman authorities hoped to make an example of him and thus discourage Christianity from spreading. Instead, he met with and encouraged Christians who flocked to meet him all along his route, and he wrote seven letters to the churches in the region and one to a fellow bishop.


title: S/2003 J 3

paragraphs: It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.


title: Stephen

paragraphs: Stephen or Steven (generally pronounced ) is an English masculine first name, comes the Latin form "Stephanus" and that from the Greek "Στέφανος" ("Stephanos"), which means "crown" or "wreath."

paragraphs: Other spellings are Stephan, Stefan, Stephaen, Stevie, and Stevon. Steve is the common short form and various diminutives such as Stevie are also found. Many family names come from Stephen: the most common are Stephens/Stevens and Stephenson/Stevenson (others include Stephen, Stephan, Stefan, Stevin, and Stever).


title: Lenzburg (district)

paragraphs: Lenzburg is a district of the Canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is the town of Lenzburg. The district contains a total of 20 municipalities:


title: Muri (district)

paragraphs: Muri is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Muri.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Diminutive

paragraphs: A diminutive is a formation of a word used to express smallness of the object or quality that is meant with the word the diminutive is formed from.

paragraphs: Diminutives are common in most dialects of English. Terms such as "undies" for underwear and "movie" for "moving picture" are frequently heard terms in English.


title: Rheinfelden (district)

paragraphs: Rheinfelden is a district of the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. The capital is Rheinfelden.


title: Zofingen (district)

paragraphs: Zofingen is a district in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It is in the southwest corner of the canton.


title: S/2003 J 16


title: Licinius

paragraphs: Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c. 250 - 325) was Roman emperor from 308 to 324.

paragraphs: Licinius went with his close friend the Emperor Galerius on the Persian expedition in 297. After the death of Flavius Valerius Severus, Galerius declared Licinius emperor honorific in the West in 308.

paragraphs: On the death of Galerius, in May 311, Licinius shared the entire empire with Maximinus Daia. The Hellespont and the Bosporus were the dividing line.

paragraphs: In 313 he married Flavia Julia Constantia, half-sister of Constantine, at Mediolanum (now Milan). Together with Constantine he issued the "Edict of Milan" that allowed Christianity to be professed in the empire.

paragraphs: On April 30, Licinius won against Maximinus at the Battle of Tzirallum. So he became master of the East, while his brother-in-law, Constantine, was master in the West.

paragraphs: In 314, a civil war began between Licinius and Constantine. Constantine won at Cibalae in Pannonia and again 2 years later in Thrace. Then followed a period during which they worked together. But in 324 Constantine attacked him again and Licinius had to give up. Because his wife, Constantine's sister, asked for his survival he was not killed immediately. In 325 Constantine accused him of starting a conspiracy with the barbarians and had him killed.


title: Zurzach (district)

paragraphs: Zurzach is a district in the Swiss Canton of Aargau with the capital of Zurzach.


title: Aarau

paragraphs: Aarau is the capital of the northern Swiss canton of Aargau. The city is also the capital of the district of Aarau. Most of the people in the municipality speak German. To the west of Aarau is the canton of Solothurn. It is the third-largest city in Aargau after Wettingen and Baden.

paragraphs: The old city of Aarau lies on a rocky cliff where the Aar river valley narrows at the southern foot of the Jura mountains. Newer parts of the city can be found farther south of the river valley.

paragraphs: The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north, Rohr and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west.

paragraphs: Aarau and the other municipalities have merged over the years. The only exceptions are Unterentfelden and Eppenberg-Wöschnau to the south, whose places are divided from Aarau by the large forests of Gönhard and Zelgli.

paragraphs: A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau. Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated. The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse. In 1976 divers in the Aar found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times.

paragraphs: Aarau was founded around 1240 A.D. by the counts of Kyburg. The first certain reference to the city dates to 1256. The town was ruled from the "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall.

paragraphs: In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out. Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg. He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283. In the 14th Century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defesive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch).

paragraphs: In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn. Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers. In the 16th Century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished.

paragraphs: In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese. A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and more dense construction methods. Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau.

paragraphs: Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry was established in Aarau. German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories. These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for education reform and the enlightened, revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau.

paragraphs: On December 27, 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau. Two weeks later a French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city. The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particarly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border. By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops.

paragraphs: On March 22, 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic. It is therefore the first capital of a unified Switzerland. Parliament met in the city hall. On September 20, the capital was moved to Lucerne.

paragraphs: In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in.

paragraphs: The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aar was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851. This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952. The city connected to the Swiss Central Railroad in 1856.

paragraphs: The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states. Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement. Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed. By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing. During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely.

paragraphs: In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors.

paragraphs: The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli. More newspapers developed in the city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau. Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees.

paragraphs: The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau have been extended through numerous new institutions. A Theater and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995-96. The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922. A former cloth warehouse was transformed into a small theater in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory.

paragraphs: The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city. It comes, along with the name of the River Aar (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from the German Au, meaning floodplain.

paragraphs: The historic old city forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stoecke). To the south lies the "suburb", that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall. One special characteristic of the city is its painted gables, for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables".

paragraphs: The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded. The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall. Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time.

paragraphs: The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and the upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century. The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city. It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known. City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515.

paragraphs: The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern. The jail has been housed in it since the Middle Ages. A Carillon was erected in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau.

paragraphs: The town church was built between 1471 and 1478. During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed. The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtskeitbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone; it includes a statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone, hence the name. It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic.

paragraphs: The people that give the most jobs in Aarau is the canton government; most of their offices can be found throughout the city.

paragraphs: One of the two head offices of the "Aargauer Zeitung", Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, can be found in Aarau.

paragraphs: Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau. However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991.

paragraphs: More than half of the workers in Aarau live in the city's suburbs, or on the outskirts of the city. Aarau gets some jams of cars and buses sometimes during rush hour (the time of day when everyone leaves work to get home).

paragraphs: Things made in Aarau are: bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, chemicals, shoes, and other products.


title: S/2003 J 10

paragraphs: It belongs to the Carme group, made up of non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at a distance ranging between 23,000,000 and 24,000,000 km and at an inclination of about 165°.


title: Aarburg

paragraphs: Aarburg is a municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Abtwil, Aargau

paragraphs: Abtwil is a municipality in Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Ammerswil

paragraphs: Ammerswil is a municipality of the district Lenzburg in canton of Aargau in Switzerland. It is located 3 km south-east of the town of Lenzburg.


title: Edict of Milan

paragraphs: The Edict of Milan was a letter signed by the Roman emperors Constantine and Licinius, that proclaimed religious toleration in the Roman Empire. The letter was issued in February, 313 AD and stopped the persecution of Christians.

paragraphs: With the Edict of Milan there began a period when Constantine granted favors to the Christian Church and its members. The exact words of the edict are no longer known.

paragraphs: The Edict of Milan was issued in 313 AD, in the names of the Roman Emperors Constantine I, who ruled the western parts of the Empire, and Licinius, who ruled the East. The two emperors were in Milan to celebrate the wedding of Constantine's sister with Licinius.

paragraphs: There had been already an edict of toleration issued by the emperor Galerius in 311. They were granted an indulgence, not favors.

paragraphs: "Wherefore, for this our indulgence, they ought to pray to their God for our safety, for that of the republic, and for their own, that the commonwealth may continue uninjured on every side, and that they may be able to live securely in their homes."

paragraphs: But by the Edict of Milan the meeting places and other properties which had been taken from the Christians were to be returned:

paragraphs: "...the same shall be restored to the Christians without payment or any claim of recompense and without any kind of fraud or deception..."


title: Aristau

paragraphs: Aristau is a municipality of the district Muri in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Arni, Aargau

paragraphs: Arni is a municipality of the district Bremgarten in the Swiss canton of Aargau.


title: Religious toleration

paragraphs: Religious toleration is people allowing other people to think or practice other religions and beliefs. In a country with a state religion, "toleration" means that the government allows other religions to be there. Many countries in past centuries allowed other religions but only in privacy. This has become rare. Others allow public religion but practice religious discrimination in other ways. It allow to follow and practice.


title: Attelwil

paragraphs: Attelwil is a former municipality of the district Zofingen in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipality of Attelwil merged into the municipality of Reitnau.


title: S/2003 J 19


title: Aigle (district)

paragraphs: Aigle is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Aubonne (district)

paragraphs: Aubonne was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Aubonne.

paragraphs: It contained the following municipalities:


title: Avenches (district)

paragraphs: Avenches was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Avenches. As of 2006 it is part of the Broye-Vully District.


title: Cossonay (district)

paragraphs: Cossonay was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Cossonay.


title: Échallens (district)

paragraphs: Echallens was a district of the Canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital was the town of Echallens. As of 2006 it is part of the Gros-de-Vaud District.


title: Grandson (district)

paragraphs: Grandson was a district of the Canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was the town of Grandson. As of 2006 it is part of the Jura-Nord vaudois District.

paragraphs: The district had the following municipalities:


title: Theodosius I

paragraphs: Flavius Theodosius (January 11, 347 – January 17, 395), also called Theodosius I and Theodosius the Great, was Roman Emperor from 379-395. He reunited the Eastern and Western Roman Empire, but was the last emperor of both parts of the empire. After his death, the two parts split permanently. He is also known for making Christianity the official state religion of the Roman Empire.

paragraphs: Where Theodosius was born is disputed. According to Hydatius and Zosimus, Theodosius was born in what is now Coca, Spain. However, Marcellinus Comes writes that he was from Italica, Hispania (now is Spain). His father was a military officer.

paragraphs: Theodosius died in Milan on January 17, 395.

paragraphs: Theodosius made the Nicene Creed the official belief system of the Roman Empire. Prior to that, many different creeds were believed. The Nicene Creed states that that Jesus, the Son, is equal to God the Father. Other people, such as Arius, said that Jesus was inferior to the Father. Theodosius affirmed the faith that the Council of Nicea agreed on.


title: Lausanne (district)

paragraphs: Lausanne is a district of the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. The capital is the city of Lausanne.


title: Ernest Shackleton

paragraphs: Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was a polar explorer.

paragraphs: Shackleton led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the "Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration". The Shackletons were originally from Yorkshire, but Shackleton was born in County Kildare, Ireland. Shackleton and his Anglo-Irish family moved to Sydenham in suburban London when he was ten.

paragraphs: His first experience of the polar regions was as third officer on Captain Robert Falcon Scott's Discovery Expedition, 1901–04, from which he was sent home early on health grounds. Determined to do better, he returned to Antarctica in 1907 as leader of the Nimrod Expedition. In January 1909, he and three companions made a southern march. They went to the farthest South latitude anyone had reached, at 88° 23' S, 97 geographical miles (112 statute miles, 180 km) from the South Pole. This was by far the closest to the pole in exploration history up to that time. For this achievement, Shackleton was knighted by Edward VII on his return home.

paragraphs: Shackleton first went to the Antarctic on Captain Robert Scott's 1901-1904 expedition but he was sent home as he was ill. In 1907, he went back to the Antarctic and in January 1909 was part of a group who walked further south than anyone had ever been before, travelling to within 190 kilometres of the South Pole.

paragraphs: In 1912 the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen became the leader of the first group to reach the South Pole. Shackleton decided on a new target, he wanted to walk across Antarctica from one side to the other crossing the South Pole in the middle.

paragraphs: Disaster struck when his ship, "Endurance", was trapped in the ice. They spent 281 days on board waiting for the ice to break again, but the boat was slowly crushed to pieces. Shackleton and his men dragged their lifeboats over many miles of snow and ice to reach sea. They set sail in the lifeboats and eventually reached Elephant Island. In April 1916, Shackleton and four others sailed hundreds of miles to South Georgia to get help at the whaling station there. This was a journey of 1300 kilometres and took 16 days. Unfortunately the boat he was in landed on the wrong side of the island and they had to climb over the mountainous middle section to reach the whaling station. A rescue party saved everyone from Elephant Island in August 1916.

paragraphs: In 1921, Shackleton returned to the Antarctic, intending to carry out a programme of scientific activities. Before the expedition could begin this work, Shackleton died of a heart attack on 5 January 1922 while his ship, "Quest", was moored in South Georgia. At his wife's request, he was buried there.


title: Lavaux (district)

paragraphs: Lavaux was a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital was Cully. As of 2006 it is part of the Lavaux-Oron District.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Morges (district)

paragraphs: Morges is a district of the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. The capital is the city of Morges. The population (as of December 2015) is 80,095.

paragraphs: The area of the district is 372.99 square kilometers (144.01 sq mi). Of this area, 205.69 km (79.42 sq mi) or 55.1% is used for agricultural purposes, while 126.4 km (48.8 sq mi) or 33.9% is forested.The remaining area, 38.25 km (14.77 sq mi) or 10.3% is settled (buildings or roads) and 2.66 km (1.03 sq mi) or 0.7% is unproductive land.


title: Anzonico

paragraphs: Anzonico is a former municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.


title: Aquila, Switzerland

paragraphs: Aquila is a former municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 22 October 2006 the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged into the new municipality of Blenio.


title: Aranno

paragraphs: Aranno is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in southern Switzerland.


title: Basadingen-Schlattingen

paragraphs: Basadingen-Schlattingen is a municipality of the district of Diessenhofen in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.


title: Berg, Thurgau

paragraphs: Berg is a municipality of the district of Weinfelden in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.


title: Berlingen, Switzerland

paragraphs: Berlingen is a municipality of the district of Steckborn in the canton of Thurgau in Switzerland.


title: S/2003 J 15

paragraphs: It is the farthest member of the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.


title: S/2003 J 18

paragraphs: It belongs to the Ananke group, retrograde non-spherical moons which orbit Jupiter between 19,300,000 and 22,700,000 km, at inclinations of about 150°.


title: Stanisław Wyspiański

paragraphs: Stanisław Mateusz Ignacy Wyspiański (January 15, 1869, Kraków – November 28, 1907, Kraków) was a Polish writer, painter, and architect.


title: Eustreptospondylus

paragraphs: Eustreptospondylus (meaning "well-reversed vertebrae") was a megalosaurid tetanuran theropod (a large, bipedal meat-eater) about 23-30 ft (7-9 m) long, weighing about 440-550 pounds (200 kg to 250 kg). This predator had a large head, long, sharp serrated teeth, short arms and a primitive hip structure. It lived during the mid-Jurassic period, about 165 million years ago. Incomplete fossils have been found in England. Eustreptospondylus was named by Richard Owen in 1841. The type species is "E. oxoniensis", which was named by C. A. Walker in 1964.


title: S/2003 J 23

paragraphs: It belongs to the Pasiphaë group, non-spherical retrograde moons orbiting Jupiter at distances ranging between 22,800,000 and 24,100,000 km, and with inclinations ranging between 144.5° and 158.3°.


title: Megaraptor

paragraphs: Megaraptor was a large 26 feet (8 m) long late Cretaceous dinosaur. It had two large sickle-like claws on each hand. It was a lightly built biped, with a large head and sharp, serrated teeth in powerful jaws.

paragraphs: The first fossil of "Megaraptor" to be discovered was one of its claws. As they strongly resembled the claws seen in Dromeosaurs, it was thought that Megaraptor was a large member of that family. Later, a complete hand was discovered, revealing the main claw was on its thumb.

paragraphs: It is now classified either as a allosauroid carnosaur, related to "Neovenator", or right over on the other side of the Theropoda as a tyrannosauroid coelurosaur.


title: 2004 UP10

paragraphs: (385571) Otrera (also ) is a Neptune Trojan discovered by Scott S. Sheppard and Chadwick A. Trujillo in 2004. Only five others are known: , , , and . They have the same orbital period as Neptune and orbit at the L Lagrangian point about 60 degrees ahead of Neptune.


title: Radiogenic

paragraphs: A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is made by radioactive decay.


title: Tropopause

paragraphs: The tropopause is a boundary region in Earth's atmosphere between the troposphere and the stratosphere. Here the air ceases to cool at -56.5°C (-70°F), and the air becomes almost completely dry.

paragraphs: Most commercial aircraft are flown in the Tropopause. To put it into even simpler words, the tropopause is the interferance between the troposphere and the stratosphere.


title: Gravity wave

paragraphs: In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two mediums (e.g. the atmosphere or ocean) which has the restoring force of gravity or buoyancy.


title: Accretion disk

paragraphs: An accretion disk (or disc) is an astronomical term. It describes a disc of material being drawn in by gravity to a centre of mass, such as a star or black hole. As the material comes in, it spins round the central body and radiates energy.

paragraphs: The central body is typically either a young star, a protostar, a white dwarf, a neutron star, or a black hole. As the material moves in, gravitational energy released in that process is transformed into heat and rotational movement.

paragraphs: The energy emitted at the disk surface is in form of electromagnetic radiation. The frequency range of that radiation depends on the central object. Accretion discs of young stars and protostars radiate in the infrared, those around neutron stars and black holes in the X-ray part of the spectrum.


title: Victoria Beckham

paragraphs: Victoria Caroline Beckham (born 17 April 1974) is an English singer, songwriter, fashion designer and business woman. She used to be a member of a pop group called the Spice Girls. She receives a great deal of media coverage due to being married to football player David Beckham. Her nickname is Posh Spice.

paragraphs: Victoria was born at Princess Alexandra Hospital in Harlow, Essex, She was eldest child of Antony Adams and Jacqueline Cannon.

paragraphs: She has married David Beckham in July 1999. The couple have three sons: Brooklyn Joseph (born March 1999), Romeo James (born September 2002), Cruz David (born February 2005); and a daughter, Harper Seven (born July 2011).

paragraphs: She had a short solo career after the Spice Girls in 2001, unlike her fellow members, she didn't have a solo No.1. After that, she created clothes and perfumes with her husband.

paragraphs: She reunited with the Spice Girls for a world tour in 2007.


title: Spice (album)

paragraphs: Spice was the first album by the Spice Girls. It was released in the United Kingdom in 1996, and in the United States in 1997. It was the most successful album by a girl group ever. It sold 23 million copies around the world.

paragraphs: There were five songs that were very successful from this album. The most successful was "Wannabe", which went to No. 1 on many music charts around the world.


title: Head tie

paragraphs: A head tie is a west and southern African women’s head scarf, specifically an elaborate ornamental head covering.


title: Dupatta

paragraphs: Dupatta (, ) is a long scarf that is essential to many South Asian women's suits. Some "dupatta suits" include the salwar kameez, the trouser suit, and the kurta. The dupatta is also worn over the Hindu outfit of lehenga or ghaghra- choli. The dupatta has long been a symbol of modesty in South Asian dress. It is traditionally worn across both shoulders. However, the dupatta can also be worn like a cape around the entire torso. The material for the dupatta varies according to the suit: cotton, georgette, silk, chiffon, and more. The other names for dupatta are chunri and chunni (sometimes shortened to 'unni' by many Gujaratis).

paragraphs: There are various modes of wearing the unsewn dupatta. When not draped over the head in the traditional style, it is usually worn with the middle portion of the dupatta resting on the chest like a garland with both ends thrown over each respective shoulder. When the dupatta resting is worn along with the salwar-kameez it is casually allowed to flow down the front and back.

paragraphs: The use of the dupatta has definitely undergone a metamorphosis over time. In current fashions, the dupatta is frequently draped over one shoulder, and even over just the arms. Another recent trend is the short dupatta often seen with kurtas and Indo-Western clothing. Essentially, the dupatta is often treated as an accessory in current urban fashion. Nevertheless, the dupatta remains an integral part of Indian clothing and Pakistani clothing. Its nowadays a blend of fashion with the tradionalism.


title: Charles XII of Sweden

paragraphs: Charles XII (Swedish: Karl XII) was the king of Sweden from 1697 to 1718. He was born on June 27, 1682.

paragraphs: During his time as a king, he tried to expand Sweden's empire. He took part in the Nordic War (1700-1721), in which his enemies were Denmark, Poland and Russia. England and the Netherlands supported him and his armies won over the Danes during a sea battle.He also beat Peter I Russian Tsar.

paragraphs: After these successes, he attacked Poland, where during this time Augustus II the Strong was the king. This war was closed by the peace of Altranstadt.

paragraphs: Charles attacked Russia again in 1707 with the Ukrainian leader, hetman Mazeppa. After more than a 1000 km walk in 1709, the Swedish king suffered a defeat from the Tsar. Charles had to flee to Turkey. He could only return to Sweden in 1714. He tried to compensate for the lost territories by a war against Norway. During the battle he was shot in the head and died in 1718. The wars of Charles XII made Sweden weaker.


title: Izanagi

paragraphs: He and his wife Izanami created many islands, deities, and forefathers of Japan. When Izanami died while giving birth to a child, Izanagi tried (but failed) to retrieve her from Yomi (the underworld). In the cleansing rite after his return, he created Amaterasu (the sun goddess) from his left eye, Tsukuyomi (the moon god) from his right eye, and Susanoo (tempest or storm god) from his nose.

paragraphs: When Izanagi looks at his wife in Yomi, he sees her monstrous and hellish state and she is ashamed and angry. She chases him in order to kill him. She fails, but promises to kill a thousand of his people every day. Izanagi says that he will create a thousand and five hundred every day.


title: S/2003 J 12

paragraphs: It is the closest of the farther non-spherical retrograde moons of Jupiter, and does not seem to belong to any group.


title: Kurt Weill

paragraphs: Kurt Julian Weill (2 March 1900 in Dessau - 3 April 1950 in New York City) was a German composer who later became an American. Although he was trained as a composer of classical music he wrote many songs in a popular, jazzy style. He is particularly remembered for the music he wrote for the plays of the German dramatist Bertolt Brecht, as well as for musicals he wrote when he lived in New York. He also wrote symphonies and chamber music, especially during his early career.

paragraphs: Kurt Weill grew up in a religious Jewish family. During his teens he started to get experience working in a theatre in Dessau, where he learned a lot from the theatre conductor Albert Bing. When he was 20 he went to study at the Berlin Musikhochschule where he studied with the composer Humperdinck. He did not like it there, and soon started a three-year period studying with the composer Busoni. Busoni was a good teacher for him and encouraged him to study counterpoint carefully in order to be a good composer. Then he introduced Weill to the music publishers Universal, who published all his music for the next ten years.

paragraphs: In 1924, Busoni died. Weill started to work with the playwright Georg Kaiser who wrote plays in an Expressionistic style. Together they wrote an opera "Der Protagonist" (1926) which made Weill famous. The next year he worked with Bertolt Brecht. Together they wrote five songs which soon developed in a "Songspiel" under the title "Mahagonny". Between 1927 and 1929, Brecht and Weill wrote a new piece, an opera called "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny" ("Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny"), in which five songs from the "Songspiel" were used again.

paragraphs: In 1924, he met the singer and actress Lotte Lenya. He married her in 1926, divorced her in 1933 and married her again in 1937.

paragraphs: In 1928, he wrote the music for a play by Brecht which was to become world-famous. It was called "Dreigroschenoper" ("The Threepenny Opera"). It was based on an opera called "The Beggar's Opera" which had been written in 1728 by John Gay. The "Threepenny Opera" includes a song which became Weill's most famous song, "Mack the Knife". Weill stopped working with Brecht in 1930 because they had political disagreements. Brecht was becoming more and more interested in Communism, but Weill did not want to be a “Communist composer”.

paragraphs: In Berlin, Weill taught composition to several young composers. He also gave many radio broadcasts. By 1929, he was well-known enough as a composer to make his living just from his compositions.

paragraphs: Weill had to flee from Nazi Germany in March 1933. As a famous and popular Jewish composer, he was a target of the Nazi authorities, who criticized and even interfered with performances of his later stage works, such as "Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny", "Die Bürgschaft" (1932), and "Der Silbersee" (1933). He went first to Paris, where he started a work with Jean Cocteau but it was not finished. He wrote one more work with Brecht: the ballet "The Seven Deadly Sins". In 1934, he completed his "Symphony No.2", his last purely orchestral work, conducted in Amsterdam and New York by Bruno Walter.

paragraphs: In 1935, Weill went to America with his wife Lotte Lenya. The rest of his life he spent writing for the American stage. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1943. He thought most of his compositions in Germany had been destroyed by the Nazis. He never spoke German again except when writing to his parents who had escaped to Israel.

paragraphs: Weill changed his musical style. He wrote in a popular way, working with writers such as Ira Gershwin. He wrote an opera "Street Scene" for which he won an award. He took part in political movements, encouraging America to join in the war.

paragraphs: Weill died of a heart illness in New York City in 1950.


title: Dia (moon)

paragraphs: Dia (S/2000 J 11) ls the second-outermost prograde non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by a team of astronomers from the University of Hawaii led by Scott S. Sheppard in 2000.

paragraphs: Dia is about 4 kilometres in diameter, and orbits Jupiter at an average distance of 12,555,000 km in 287 days, at an inclination of 28° (to Jupiter's equator), and with an orbital eccentricity of 0.248.

paragraphs: The moon is included in the Himalia group. After discovery it was lost for ten years because the orbit was poorly known. Recovery allowed much better precision.


title: Sinope (moon)

paragraphs: Sinope is a non-spherical moon of Jupiter. It was found by Seth Barnes Nicholson at Lick Observatory in 1914, and is named after Sinope of Greek mythology.

paragraphs: Sinope did not get its present name until 1975; before then, it was simply known as . It was sometimes called "Hades" between 1955 and 1975.

paragraphs: Sinope was the farthest known moon of Jupiter until the discovery of Megaclite in 2000. The farthest moon of Jupiter now known is .

paragraphs: Sinope orbits Jupiter on a high eccentricity and high inclination retrograde orbit. The orbital elements are as of January 2000. They are changing a lot due to Solar and planetary perturbations. It is often believed to belong to the Pasiphaë group. However, given its mean inclination and different colour, Sinope could be also an independent object, captured independently, unrelated to the collision and break-up at the origin of the group. The diagram illustrates Sinope's orbital elements in relation to other moons of the group.

paragraphs: Sinope has an estimated diameter of 38 km (assuming an albedo of 0.04) The moon is red unlike Pasiphae which is grey.

paragraphs: Its infrared spectrum is similar to D-type asteroids also different from Pasiphae. These dissimilarities of the physical parameters suggest a different origin from the core members of the group.


title: French press

paragraphs: A French press (also called press pot, coffee press, coffee plunger or cafetière) is a special machine used to make coffee. It is easy to operate. The coffee it can make is stronger than that produced by other means.

paragraphs: A French press has a round jug. This jug can be glass or clear plastic. The jug has a lid and a "plunger". The plunger fits in the jug very well. It usually has some kind of steel or plastic wire, that acts as a filter. Coffee is brewed by placing the coffee and water together, leaving to brew for a few minutes, then pushing the plunger down. This puts the coffee at the bottom of the jug.

paragraphs: The French press has different names around the world. In Australia, South Africa and Ireland it is known as a coffee "plunger" and coffee brewed in it is known as "plunger coffee". Its French name is "cafetière à piston". Sometimes it is also called a "melior" (from an old brand of makers of coffee pots of this type) or a "Bodum" (another brand). In the UK the device is known as a cafetière (the French word for "coffee pot").

paragraphs: Because the coffee grounds are in direct contact with the brewing water, coffee brewed with the French press gets more of the coffee's flavour and essential oils. These usually are trapped in a traditional drip brew machine's paper filters. French pressed coffee is often stronger and thicker than drip-brewed one. It also has more sediment. Because the grounds remain in the drink after brewing, French pressed coffee should be served quickly. Over time, the drink will develop a bitter taste. This is because the grounds still act on the water.

paragraphs: Coffee for use in a French press should be ground coarsely. The use of a burr mill grinder gives a better grind than the whirling blade variety. The ground coffee should be more coarse than that used for a drip brew coffee filter, and far coarser than that used for espresso. Anything other than a coarse grind will go through the press filter and into the coffee. A French press can also be used instead of a tea infuser to brew loose tea.

paragraphs: The French press is also more portable than other coffee makers. Special versions for travellers also exist. They are made of tough plastic instead of glass. They also have a sealed lid with a closable drinking hole. Some versions are marketed to hikers and backpackers. These people often do not want to carry a heavy metal percolator or a filter using drip brew.

paragraphs: Despite the name, the French press is not noticeably more popular in France than in other countries. In most French households, coffee is prepared by drip brewing, with an electric coffeemaker and paper filters. In bars and restaurants, an espresso machine is used.

paragraphs: Some studies have found that drinking large amounts of coffee made by the French press method increases LDL ("bad") cholesterol levels, while drinking filtered or drip coffee does not. The French press method allows certain Diterpenes, such as Cafestol and Kahweol, to remain in the coffee while other brewing methods either remove or limit these chemicals.