title: Gregory Blaxland

paragraphs: Gregory Blaxland (17 June 1778 – 1 January 1853) was a pioneer farmer and explorer in Australia.

paragraphs: Gregory Blaxland was born 17 June 1778 at Fordwich, Kent, England. He was the fourth son of John Blaxland, mayor from 1767 to 1774. His mother was Mary, daughter of Captain Parker, R.N. Gregory attended The King's School, Canterbury. In July 1799 he married Elizabeth, daughter of John Spurdon. They had five sons and two daughters.

paragraphs: The Blaxlands were friends of Sir Joseph Banks. Banks influenced Gregory and his older brother, John, to move from England. The government promised them land, convict servants and free passages. Gregory sailed in the William Pitt on 1 September 1805 with his wife, three children, two servants, an overseer, a few sheep, seed, bees, tools, groceries and clothing. When he reached Sydney he sold many of these goods for a good amount of money. He bought eighty head of cattle.

paragraphs: In 1813, he led the first known European trip across the Blue Mountains. He went along with William Lawson and William Charles Wentworth. Their trip opened up the inland of the continent.

paragraphs: Blaxland visited England and in February 1823 he published his "Journal Of A Tour Of Discovery Across The Blue Mountains". Later the same year Blaxland was awarded the silver medal of the Royal Society of Arts for some wine he had sent to London. Five years later he got the gold medal. In January 1827 Blaxland was elected by a public meeting with two others to ask Governor Darling for "Trial by jury" and "Taxation by Representation" for the colony.

paragraphs: Blaxland is noted as one of the first settlers to plant grapes for wine-making purposes.

paragraphs: He died by his own hand in 1 January 1853 in New South Wales. He is buried in All Saints Cemetery in Parramatta.

paragraphs: The township of Blaxland in the Blue Mountains is named after him. So is the Division of Blaxland.

paragraphs: In 1963 he was honoured, together with Lawson and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.

paragraphs: Romeo Smith has a boat on Home and away called the Blaxland.


title: Watchdog timer

paragraphs: A watchdog timer is a component of an electronic system that makes sure the system is operating properly. These components can either be done as a piece of hardware or as software. Depending on the intended use, they either signal that a system is not working properly, or they make a system work properly again. A watchdog timer may cause a system to reset itself to its initial state.


William Lawson


title: William Lawson (explorer)

paragraphs: William Lawson (2 June 1774 – 16 June 1850) was an explorer of New South Wales, Australia. He helped discover a passage inland through the Blue Mountains from Sydney.

paragraphs: Lawson was born in Finchley, Middlesex, England. He is the son of Scottish parents. Lawson came to Sydney as an ensign with the New South Wales Corps in November 1800. He was soon posted to Norfolk Island.

paragraphs: After 1808, Lawson was appointed aide-de-camp to George Johnston. He was given 500 acres (2 km²) at Prospect. He built a 40-room mansion there.

paragraphs: In 1813 Lawson, with Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth, led a trip west from Sydney to cross the Blue Mountains.

paragraphs: They left on 11 May 1813 with four servants, five dogs and four horses. The route they travelled is still the one used by travellers today. On 31 May 1813 they reached Mount Blaxland and could see the plains to the west.

paragraphs: Lawson was rewarded with a grant of 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land. He ended up one of the largest land-holders in Australia. He was made a magistrate and was appointed commandant at Newcastle.

paragraphs: In 1819 Governor Lachlan Macquarie made a new settlement, Bathurst. He made Lawson commander of the Bathurst settlement. Lawson had this job until 1823. From Bathurst, Lawson explored as far north as Mudgee.

paragraphs: After leaving the army, Lawson was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Council from 1843 to 1848. He died at Veteran Hall on 16 June 1850. The town of Lawson in the Blue Mountains is named for him.

paragraphs: In 1963 Lawson was honoured, together with Blaxland and Wentworth, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing.


title: William Wentworth

paragraphs: William Charles Wentworth (13 August 1790 – 20 March 1872) was an Australian poet, explorer, journalist and politician. He was one of the leading figures of early colonial New South Wales. He was the first native-born Australian to get a reputation overseas. He wanted self-government for the Australian colonies.

paragraphs: In 1796 Wentworth arrived in Sydney. It was then a poor prison settlement. The family lived at Parramatta. His father became a prosperous landowner. In 1802 he was sent to England. He went to a school in London. He returned to Sydney in 1810. He was appointed acting Provost-Marshall by Governor Lachlan Macquarie. He was given a land grant of on the Nepean River.

paragraphs: On 15 October 1810, at Hyde Park, Wentworth won the first official horse races on Australian soil.

paragraphs: In 1813 Wentworth, along with Gregory Blaxland and William Lawson, led the trip which found a route across the Blue Mountains. The town of Wentworth Falls in the Blue Mountains is named for him. As a reward he was given another .

paragraphs: Wentworth returned to England in 1816. There he was admitted to the bar, travelled in Europe, and studied at Cambridge University.

paragraphs: In 1819 Wentworth published the first book written by an Australian: "A Statistical, Historical, and Political Description of the Colony of New South Wales and Its Dependent Settlements in Van Diemen's Land, With a Particular Enumeration of the Advantages Which These Colonies Offer for Emigration and Their Superiority in Many Respects Over Those Possessed by the United States of America". He said there should be an elected assembly for New South Wales, trial by jury and settlement of Australia by free emigrants rather than convicts.

paragraphs: Wentworth successfully completed his legal studies by 1822 and was called to the bar. In 1823 he was admitted to Peterhouse, Cambridge. That year he also published an epic poem "Australasia", which contains lines now famous in Australia:

paragraphs: Wentworth returned to Sydney in 1824. He was joined by Robert Wardell. His father died in 1827 and William inherited his property. This made him one of the wealthiest men in the colony.

paragraphs: Wentworth became Vice-President of the Australian Patriotic Association and founded a newspaper, "The Australian". It was the colony's first privately owned paper.

paragraphs: He was elected to the Council in 1843 and soon became the leader of the conservative party. He was against the liberals led by Charles Cowper. In 1853 Wentworth chaired the committee to draft a new constitution for New South Wales. In 1856 Wentworth retired from the Council and settled in England.

paragraphs: He died in England, but at his request his body was returned to Sydney for burial.

paragraphs: The towns of Wentworth and Wentworth Falls, the federal Division of Wentworth, an electorate in Sydney's Eastern Suburbs, the Wentworth Falls waterfall, and Wentworth Avenue which runs through the suburb of Kingston in Canberra, were named after him.

paragraphs: In 1963 he was honoured, together with Blaxland and Lawson, on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post showing the Blue Mountains crossing, . Another stamp was issued again in 1974 on the anniversary of the first newspaper publication.

paragraphs: The Wentworth Building, where University of Sydney Union resides, was named after William Wentworth.


title: Battleship

paragraphs: A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of heavy caliber guns. Battleships are larger, better armed and armored than cruisers and destroyers. After the old wooden sailing ship of the line became obsolete around 1870, battleships were the new capital ships, the largest armed ships in a fleet. They were used to take command of the sea, and represented the apex of a nation's naval power.

paragraphs: The development of explosive artillery shells made the use of iron armor plate on warships necessary. In 1859 France launched "Gloire", the first ocean-going ironclad warship. She had the profile of a ship of the line, cut to one deck due to weight considerations. Although made of wood and reliant on sail for most journeys, "Gloire" was fitted with a propeller, and her wooden hull was protected by a layer of thick iron armor. "Gloire" prompted further innovation from the Royal Navy, anxious to prevent France from gaining a technological lead. Meanwhile, smaller ironclad warships became the main tool of the United States Navy in river combat in the American Civil War. In 1906 the new HMS Dreadnought made all older battleships obsolete.

paragraphs: Battleships also gave support gunnery (that is: shooting targets on coast or inland) for amphibious invasions. They often served as flagships. However, their main role was to limit the enemy's use of the seas for whatever purpose. The value of the battleship had been questioned, even during their heyday. During World Wars I and II, the activity of the German surface fleet was limited by the Royal Navy, which had more battleships. On the other hand, submarines and planes could be produced in quantity, and they became more important in naval warfare. There were few decisive fleet battles between battleships. They were vulnerable to the smaller, cheaper weapons: the torpedo, the naval mine, and later aircraft and the guided missile.

paragraphs: Against these the battleship's large guns and thick armor were not effective. Battleships were no longer made, and faded from use. The United States Navy used battleships until 2004, when the last ones were made into museums. Aircraft carriers and large submarines took their jobs.


title: Ray Guy

paragraphs: William Ray Guy (born December 22, 1949) is a retired American football punter for the Oakland/Los Angeles Raiders. Coming from the University of Southern Mississippi, he was the only pure punter ever to be selected in the first round of the NFL Draft when the Oakland Raiders selected him in 1973. He won three Super Bowls with the Oakland Raiders also.

paragraphs: On August 2, 2014, Guy was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame and became the second pure kicker (after Jan Stenerud) and the first pure punter to be inducted.


title: Punt

paragraphs: In some rules of football, a punt is a play in which a player drops the ball and kicks it before it touches the ground. A punt is in contrast to a drop kick, in which the ball touches the ground before being kicked.

paragraphs: In American and Canadian football, the ball is kicked downfield to the opposing team, usually on the final down, with the hope of giving the receiving team a field position that is more helpful to the kicking team when possession changes.


title: Drop kick

paragraphs: A drop kick is a type of kick in various rules of football. It involves a player dropping the ball and then kicking it when it bounces off the ground. It contrasts to a punt, wherein the player kicks the ball without letting it hit the ground first.


title: Single (baseball)

paragraphs: A single is when the batter safely reaches first base by hitting a fair ball and getting to first base before a fielder puts him out. As an exception, a batter-runner reaching first base safely is not credited with a single when an infielder attempts to put out another runner on the first play; this is one type of a fielder's choice. Also, a batter-runner reaching first base on a play due to a fielder's error trying to put him out at first base or another runner out (as a fielder's choice) is not credited with a single.


title: Fair ball

paragraphs: In baseball, a fair ball is a batted ball that gives the batter to attempt to reach first base. In order for a batted ball to be fair, it must be hit in such a way that it:


title: Error (baseball)

paragraphs: In baseball statistics, an error, abbreviated E and then the defensive positional designation, is the act, in the judgment of the official scorer, of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batter or baserunner to reach one or more additional bases, when such an advance would have been prevented given ordinary effort by the fielder.

paragraphs: An error does not count as a hit but still counts as an at bat for the batter unless, in the scorer's judgment, the batter would have reached first base safely but one or more of the additional base(s) reached was the result of the fielder's mistake. In that case, the play will be scored both as a hit (for the number of bases the fielders should have limited the batter to) "and" an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder's mistake, it is scored as a "hit on error," and treated the same as if a batter was put out, which would lower his batting average.

paragraphs: Similarly, a batter does not receive credit for an RBI when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have scored even if the fielder had not made a mistake. For example, if a batter hits a ball to the outfield for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still receive credit for the sacrifice fly and the run batted in.

paragraphs: If a play should have resulted in a fielder's choice with a runner being put out and the batter reaching base safely but the runner is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder's choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder.

paragraphs: Passed balls and wild pitches are separate statistical categories and are not scored as errors.


title: Official scorer

paragraphs: In the game of baseball, the official scorer is a person appointed by the league to record the events on the field, and to send the official scoring record of the game back to the league offices. In addition to recording the events on the field such as the outcome of each plate appearance and the circumstances of any baserunner's advance around the bases, the official scorer is also charged with making judgment calls that do not affect the progress or outcome of the game. Judgment calls are primarily made about errors, unearned runs, fielder's choice, the value of hits in certain situations, and wild pitches, all of which are included in the record compiled. This record is used to compile statistics for each player and team. A box score is a summary of the official scorer's game record.


title: Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo

paragraphs: Les Ballets Trockadero de Monte Carlo is an American ballet company of males who dance in drag. The company makes fun of romantic and classical ballet. Peter Anastos, Natch Taylor, and Antony Bassae co-founded the "Trocks" in 1974 in New York City. The company danced in small shows late at night in places on off-off Broadway. Their first show was on September 9, 1974. The artistic director in 2011 is Tory Dobrin. The public's attention was directed to the company when Arlene Croce reviewed the "Trocks" in "The New Yorker". The "Trocks" have danced in many large cities worldwide. In 2008 the company danced for Prince Charles at the Royal Variety Performance.


title: New South Wales Legislative Council

paragraphs: The New South Wales Legislative Council is the upper house of the parliament of New South Wales in Australia. The lower house is the Legislative Assembly. Both sit at Parliament House in the state capital, Sydney. The Council has 42 members. Each member serves an eight-year term. Half of the members are elected every four years.


title: Busby Berkeley

paragraphs: Busby Berkeley (29 November 1895 – 14 March 1976) was a Hollywood movie director and movie musical choreographer. He was famous for musical production numbers involving complex geometric patterns and armies of chorus girls and boys. His famous movies include several Mickey Rooney / Judy Garland "let's put on a show" musicals and the Great Depression musicals "42nd Street", "Footlight Parade", "Gold Diggers of 1933", and "Fashions of 1934".


title: Parliament of South Australia

paragraphs: The Parliament of South Australia is the legislature of the Australian state of South Australia. It has the Legislative Council and the House of Assembly. It follows a Westminster system of parliamentary government.

paragraphs: The Parliament is elected by all citizens who are 18 or older at the time of an election.

paragraphs: The House of Assembly (lower house) has 47 members. The Legislative Council (upper house) has 22 councillors (MLCs).


title: ANZAC Day

paragraphs: Anzac Day is a day that happens once a year in Australia and New Zealand. It is celebrated by both countries on 25th April every year. It was to commemorate (honour) the members of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC) who fought at Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire during World War I. Now though, it celebrates all "who served and died in all wars, conflicts, and peacekeeping operations" and "the contribution and suffering of all those who have served."

paragraphs: Anzac Day is also observed in the Cook Islands, Niue, Pitcairn, and Tonga. In the past, it was a national holiday in Papua New Guinea or Samoa.


title: Tom Roberts

paragraphs: Thomas William "Tom" Roberts (9 March 1856 – 14 September 1931) was an Anglo-Australian artist. He was an important member of the Heidelberg School.

paragraphs: Roberts parents were newspaper editors. The family moved to Australia in 1869. They lived in Collingwood. He worked as a photographer's assistant through the 1870s. He studied art at night under Louis Buvelot. He became friends with Frederick McCubbin. He returned to England for three years of full-time art study at the Royal Academy Schools from 1881 to 1884.

paragraphs: Through the 1880s and 1890s he worked in Victoria. He married 35 year old Elizabeth (Lillie) Williamson in 1896. They had a son, Caleb. Many of his most famous paintings come from this period.

paragraphs: He spent World War I in England helping at a hospital. In Australia, he built a house at Kallista, near Melbourne. This was a happy period in Roberts' life.

paragraphs: Elizabeth died in January 1928. Tom remarried, to Jean Boyes, in August 1928. He died in 1931 of cancer in Kallista near Melbourne. He is buried near near Longford, Tasmania.

paragraphs: Roberts painted a lot of fine oil landscapes and portraits. His most famous works, in his time, were two large works, "Shearing the Rams" and "The Big Picture". Roberts had a theme of showing country people working. Many examples of Roberts' work can be seen at the National Gallery of Australia. "The Big Picture" is at Parliament House, Canberra.


title: Snowy Mountains Scheme

paragraphs: The Snowy Mountains scheme is a hydroelectricity and irrigation system in south-east Australia. It has sixteen major dams; seven power stations; a pumping station; and 225 kilometres of tunnels, pipelines and aqueducts. It was built between 1949 and 1974. The Chief engineer was Sir William Hudson. It is the largest engineering project in Australia.


title: Australian cinema

paragraphs: Cinema of Australia means the system of production, distribution, and showing of movies in Australia. Making movies in Australia started in 1906. "The Story of the Kelly Gang" was the earliest feature movie ever made. Since then, many movies have been made in Australia. Many have got international praise. Many actors and moviemakers started their careers in Australian movies.

paragraphs: Commercially successful Australian movies have included Paul Hogan's "Crocodile Dundee", Baz Luhrmann's "Moulin Rouge!" and Chris Noonan's "Babe". Other award winning productions include "Picnic at Hanging Rock", "Gallipoli", "The Tracker", "Shine" and "Ten Canoes". Famous Australian trained actors include Errol Flynn, Peter Finch, Rod Taylor, Mel Gibson, Nicole Kidman, Hugh Jackman, Russell Crowe, Cate Blanchett and Heath Ledger.

paragraphs: The Australian movie history has been called 'boom and bust'. This is because at times there are very few movies made and other times many movies are made.


title: Holly Hunter

paragraphs: Holly Hunter (born 20 March 1958) is an American actress. She was born in Conyers, Georgia. Hunter starred in "The Piano" for which she won the Academy Award, BAFTA and Golden Globe Award.

paragraphs: Hunter was also nominated for Oscars for her roles in "Broadcast News", "The Firm", and "Thirteen". She has won two Emmy Awards.

paragraphs: Hunter has acted in many other movies. They include "Copycat", "Living Out Loud", "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "Home for the Holidays", "The Incredibles", "Thirteen", and "".

paragraphs: Hunter's most outstanding television series was for the drama series "Saving Grace (TV series)", for which she won the Grace Allen Award, and was nominated for seven other awards.


title: Music of Australia

paragraphs: The music of Australia is the music made in the area of, on the subject of, or by the people of modern Australia. This includes its earlier Indigenous and colonial societies. Indigenous Australian music is a part of a 40–60,000 year history which made the didgeridoo. Combinations of Indigenous and Western styles show Australian additions to world music. Some people who do this are Yothu Yindi, Christine Anu and Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu. During its early western history, Australia was made of many British colonies. Australian folk music and bush ballads such as Waltzing Matilda were influenced by Anglo-Celtic culture. Classical forms came from those of Europe. Current Australian music covers many trends. They are often similar to those of the US, the UK, and similar nations. There are oftem similarities in the Australian rock and Australian country music genres.

paragraphs: Notable Australian musicians include: the opera singers Dame Nellie Melba and Dame Joan Sutherland; country music stars Slim Dusty (Australia's biggest selling domestic artist) and John Williamson; solo artists John Farnham and Olivia Newton-John, folk-rocker Paul Kelly; Dance group The Avalanches; jazz guitarist Tommy Emmanuel; pioneer rocker Johnny O'Keefe, global folk-rock band The Seekers, global rock and pop bands Men At Work, The EasyBeats, Bee Gees, Air Supply, Crowded House, AC/DC, INXS, Little River Band, Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, Midnight Oil, Dragon, Silverchair, Youth Group, You Am I and Powderfinger; the "pop princess" Kylie Minogue, Pendulum, Pop Rock duo Savage Garden and alternative music stars the John Butler Trio and Xavier Rudd. Other popular artists and groups include The Choirboys, Chantoozies, Cheetah, Sharon O'Neill, Marc Williams, Peter Andre, Goanna, Australian Crawl, Rose Tattoo, Colleen Hewett, Keith Urban, The Angels, Ted Mullry Gang, Hush, The Mixtures, Helen Reddy, and Diana Trask.


title: Australian literature

paragraphs: Australian literature is the written or literary work made in the area or by the people of Australia and its preceding colonies. During its early western history, Australia was many British colonies. Therefore, its literary tradition is linked with English literature. Since 1788, the character of a new continent came into the literature. Themes included Aboriginality, "mateship", egalitarianism, democracy, migrant and national identity, distance from other Western nations and proximity to Asia, the complexities of urban living and the "beauty and the terror" of life in the Australian bush.

paragraphs: Notable Australian writers have included the novelists Marcus Clarke, Miles Franklin, Patrick White, Thomas Keneally, Morris West and Colleen McCullough, the bush poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Paterson, historians Manning Clark and Geoffrey Blainey, the playwright David Williamson and leading expatriate writers Barry Humphries, Robert Hughes, Clive James and Germaine Greer.


title: Maggie Grace

paragraphs: Maggie Grace (born Margaret Grace Denig; September 21, 1983) is an American actress, best known for her roles as Shannon Rutherford on the ABC television series "Lost" and Kim Mills in the "Taken" trilogy. She has also appeared on "The Twilight Saga" as "Irina". Originally from Worthington, Ohio, she went on to earn a Young Artist Award nomination in 2002 with her portrayal of 15-year-old murder victim Martha Moxley in the television movie "Murder in Greenwich". In 2004, Grace was cast as Shannon Rutherford in the television series "Lost", on which she was a main cast member for the first two seasons, winning a Screen Actors Guild Award shared with the ensemble cast. Leaving the series, Grace was keen to work more prominently in film, she appeared in "The Jane Austen Book Club" (both 2007), and opposite Liam Neeson as Kim Mills in "Taken" in 2008. She reprised the role in "Taken 2" (2012) and "Taken 3" (2015).

paragraphs: She played the lead role, Alice, in "Malice in Wonderland", a modern take on Lewis Carroll's novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland". Grace reprised the role of Shannon in two more episodes of "Lost", including the series finale. In 2013, she appears in the sixth season of "Californication". She portrays Faith, a groupie and a muse to the stars, who captures the eye of Hank Moody played by David Duchovny.


title: Serge Ibaka

paragraphs: Serge Ibaka (born 18 September 1989) is a NBA player born in Republic of the Congo and a naturalized citizen of Spain. Ibaka plays for the Toronto Raptors.. Before that he played for the Oklahoma City Thunder, where he made around $3,500,000 in salary. He plays at the forward position.


title: Peja Stojaković

paragraphs: Predrag Stojaković (, ; born 9 June 1977), known by his nickname Peja, is a Serbian retired professional basketball player. He played a career total of 13 years in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Sacramento Kings, Indiana Pacers, New Orleans Hornets, Toronto Raptors, and Dallas Mavericks. He has also played for the Red Star Belgrade of the YUBA Liga and with PAOK of the Greek Basket League (GBL).

paragraphs: He is a one-time NBA Champion, winning the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy with the Mavericks in 2011.

paragraphs: On 19 December 2011, Stojaković announced that he was retiring from playing professional basketball. He said that ongoing back and neck problems had affected his play later in his career.


title: Vanna White

paragraphs: Vanna White (born Vanna Marie Rosich; February 18, 1957) is an American actress from North Myrtle Beach, South Carolina. She co-hosts the television game show "Wheel of Fortune" with Pat Sajak. on 1982 Present Miss Susan Stufford in December 13 1982 NBC DayTime Rolf Bob Goen Chuck Woolrey or Other (1975 to 1991) Dream House 1983-1984 in 4/1/1997 Play Jeopardy (1984 Theme) in 1984-1997 on September 2 1991-September 7 1992 the September 10 1984 4 Hosted

paragraphs: White married restaurant owner George San Pietro in December 1990. They divorced in November 2002. White has two children, a son born in 1994 and a daughter born in 1997.


Peter Carey


title: Colleen McCullough

paragraphs: Colleen McCullough-Robinson, AO, (1 June 1937 – 29 January 2015) was an Australian author. She was famous world-wide.

paragraphs: McCullough was born in 1937. Her parents were James and Laurie McCullough. Her mother was a New Zealander of part-Māori descent. During her childhood, her family moved many times. She read a lot. She attended Holy Cross College.

paragraphs: McCullough earned a living as a teacher, librarian, and journalist. In her first year of medical studies at the University of Sydney she suffered dermatitis. She was told not to be a medical doctor. Instead, she switched to neuroscience and worked in Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney.

paragraphs: In 1963, McCullough moved to the United Kingdom for four years. At Great Ormond Street Hospital in London, she met the chairman of the neurology department at Yale University. He offered her a research associate job at Yale. McCullough spent ten years from April 1967 to 1976 researching and teaching in the Department of Neurology at the Yale Medical School in New Haven, Connecticut, United States. It was while at Yale that she wrote her first two books.

paragraphs: Because these books were successful, McCullough stopped being a doctor. In the late 1970s, she lived in London and Connecticut, USA. She finally picked Norfolk Island in the Pacific. There she met her husband, Ric Robinson (then 33 years old). They married on 13 April 1983 (she was 46 years old).

paragraphs: In 1984 a portrait of McCullough, painted by Wesley Walters, was a finalist in the Archibald Prize. The prize is for the "best portrait painting preferentially of some man or woman distinguished in Art, Letters, Science or Politics".

paragraphs: McCullough did a lot of historical research for the novels on ancient Rome. This led to her getting a Doctor of Letters degree by Macquarie University in 1993.

paragraphs: McCullough was a member of the New York Academy of Sciences. She was a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. She now lives in Sydney.

paragraphs: Some people did not like McCullough's 2008 novel "The Independence of Miss Mary Bennett". She changed some of the characters in Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice".

paragraphs: McCullough died on 29 January 2015 at the age of 77 on Norfolk Island from renal failure.


title: Patrick White

paragraphs: Patrick Victor Martindale White (28 May 1912 – 30 September 1990), was an Australian author. He is an important English-language novelist of the 20th century. From 1935 until his death, he published 12 novels, two short-story collections and eight plays.

paragraphs: White's fiction uses humour, ornate prose, shifting narrative vantage points and a stream of consciousness technique. In 1973, he got the Nobel Prize in Literature. He was the only Australian citizen with the prize until the South African-born J. M. Coetzee became an Australian citizen in 2006. His novel "The Vivisector" was close to winning the Lost Man Booker Prize in 2010.

paragraphs: White was made Australian of the Year for 1974.

paragraphs: Patrick White and Christina Stead are widely called the most important Australian novelists of the 20th century.


title: Slim Dusty

paragraphs: David Gordon "Slim Dusty " Kirkpatrick AO, MBE (13 June 1927—19 September 2003) was an Australian country music singer-songwriter and producer. He performed for nearly 70 years. Australian poets Henry Lawson and Banjo Patterson influenced his songs. Many of his songs were about Australian bush life or trucking. Dusty was the first Australian to have a number one hit song. The song was Pub With No Beer written by Gordon Parsons. He has 37 Golden Guitar and two ARIA awards. He is in the ARIA Hall of Fame and the Country Music Roll of Renown. At the time of his death at the age of 76, Dusty was working on his 106th album for EMI Records. In 2007 he sold more than seven million recordings in Australia.

paragraphs: Slim Dusty was Australia's most successful and prolific musical artist. He had more Gold and Platinum albums than any other Australian artist. Slim Dusty was also:


title: Indigenous Australian music

paragraphs: Australian indigenous music includes the music of Australian Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders. They are all called Indigenous Australians. It includes a variety of distinctive traditional music styles practiced by Indigenous Australian people. It also has a range of contemporary musical styles of and fusion with European traditions. Music has formed an strong part of the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples. This is true both in the far past and the present day. There are performance and musical instrumentation which are unique to particular regions or Indigenous Australian groups. There are some musical traditions which are common through much of the Australian continent, and even beyond. The culture of the Torres Strait Islanders is part of New Guinea.

paragraphs: In addition to these traditions, there has been an influence from the 18th century European colonisation. Likewise non-indigenous artists and performers have used and sampled indigenous Australian styles and instruments in their works. Contemporary musical styles such as rock and roll, country, rap and reggae have all featured a variety of notable Indigenous Australian performers.

paragraphs: A didgeridoo is a type of musical instrument. It is one of the oldest instruments to date. It has a long tube, without finger holes, through which the player blows. It is sometimes fitted with a mouthpiece of beeswax. Didgeridoos are usually made of eucalyptus, but new materials such as PVC piping can be used.

paragraphs: A clapstick is a type of musical instrument that is in the category of percussion. Unlike drumsticks, which are generally used to strike a drum, clapsticks are for striking one stick on another.

paragraphs: Bunggul is a style of music that came into being around the Mann River. It is known for its intense lyrics. They are often stories of epic journeys. They continue, or repeat, unaccompanied after the music has stopped.

paragraphs: A particular clan in Aboriginal culture may share songs. Songs are about clan or family history. They are often updated to take into account popular movies and music, controversies and social relationships.

paragraphs: Songlines are about Dreamtime. They have oral lore and storytelling in a series of song cycles. These songs often describe how the features of the land were made and named during the Dreamtime. By singing the songs in the right order, indigenous Australians could travel vast distances.

paragraphs: A mourning lament recorded in a number of places in central and northern Australia and among the Torres Strait Islanders.

paragraphs: The Krill Krill song cycle is new music from east Kimberley. A man named Rover Thomas discovered the ceremony in 1974. This was after a woman to whom he was spiritually related was killed. Thomas says he was visited by her spirit and she gave him the ceremony. In addition to the music, Thomas and others, including Hector Jandany and Queenie McKenzie, made a famous style of painting to go with the ceremony.

paragraphs: Kun-borrk was started around the Adelaide, Mann and Rose Rivers. It has a didgeridoo start and then percussion and vocals. The vocal often include words.

paragraphs: Wangga started near the South Alligator River. It has a very high note to start the song. This joined by rhythmic percussion. It is followed by a sudden shift to a low tone.

paragraphs: A number of Indigenous Australians have had mainstream success, such as Jimmy Little, Yothu Yindi, Troy Cassar-Daley and NoKTuRNL. Indigenous music has also had broad exposure through the world music movement. Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu had international success singing contemporary music in English and in the language of the Yolngu.

paragraphs: Torres Strait Islander musicians include Christine Anu and Seaman Dan.


title: Skippy the Bush Kangaroo

paragraphs: Skippy the Bush Kangaroo was an Australian television series for children. It was created by John McCallum. It was made from 1966–1968. The show tells the adventures of a young boy and his intelligent pet kangaroo. It happens in the (fictional) Waratah National Park in Duffys Forest, near Sydney, New South Wales.

paragraphs: Ninety-one 30-minute episodes were made over the three seasons of production. At the time of first screening, Australian television was still in black and white. The show was filmed in colour to get more international sales, especially in the United States and Canada. It aired there between 1969 and 1972. The Nine Network repeated the series several times after Australian television became colour in 1975.

paragraphs: The programme was played in Mexico, Cuba, Spain, Czechoslovakia, and Iran.


title: Tenpyō

paragraphs: , also romanized as Tempyō, was a after "Jinki" and before "Tenpyō-kanpō." This period started in August 729 and ended in April 749. The reigning emperor was .


title: Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique

paragraphs: The Groupement des écoles d'aéronautique (GEA France) (in English French aviation school network) includes three French engineering universities:

paragraphs: The GEA is member of the Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research.

paragraphs: The GEA universities have created the "Institut sino-européen d'ingénierie de l'aviation" of Tianjin in partnership with French aerospace companies. This is part of Franco-Chinese cooperation after an Airbus A320 assembly plant was built in Tianjin.

paragraphs: The university, opened in October 2007, trains Chinese students. They follow a course in aerospace engineering, taught in French. After a first year of learning the French language, they follow a master's degree course in aeronautical engineering.

paragraphs: Not linked with the engineering training, three "Mastères Spécialisés" are also taught in Tianjin:


title: In the Wake of the Bounty

paragraphs: In the Wake of the Bounty is an Australian movie directed by Charles Chauvel. It is the first movie of Errol Flynn. It is based on the 1932 novel "Mutiny on the Bounty" by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. The Australian movie was made two years before MGM's more famous "Mutiny on the Bounty".

paragraphs: The movie mixed re-enactments with documentary. It focused not so much on the mutiny itself as on what happened afterwards.


title: Kokoda Front Line!

paragraphs: Kokoda Front Line! was a full-length edition of the Australian newsreel. It was produced by the Australian News & Information Bureau and Cinesound Productions Limited in 1942. It was one of four winners of the 1942 Academy award for best documentary. It was the first Australian movie to win an Oscar. It was made by the Australian war photographer Damien Parer and directed by Ken G. Hall.


title: Ken G. Hall

paragraphs: Kenneth George Hall, (22 February 1901 – 8 February 1994), was an Australian Movie director. He is said to be one of the most important people in the history of the Australian cinema.

paragraphs: Hall began making movies in 1928. The first movie was "The Exploits of the Emden" about the Battle of Cocos. "Kokoda Front Line" in 1942 became the first Australian movie to win an Academy Award.

paragraphs: In 1956, Hall became general manager for Channel Nine in Sydney. He stayed there until 1966.

paragraphs: On 1 January 1972, Hall was awarded the Order of the British Empire for his services to the "Australian motion picture industry." He got the Raymond Longford Award for "Lifetime Achievement" in 1976.


title: Picnic at Hanging Rock

paragraphs: Picnic at Hanging Rock is a 1975 Australian drama movie. It was directed by Peter Weir. It stars Anne-Louise Lambert, Helen Morse, Rachel Roberts and Vivean Gray. The movie is from the book "Picnic at Hanging Rock", by author Joan Lindsay.

paragraphs: The film tells the story of the disappearance of several schoolgirls and their teacher. They disappear during a picnic to Hanging Rock, Victoria, on St. Valentine's Day in 1900. The movie shows the effect on the local community.

paragraphs: "Picnic at Hanging Rock" made $5,120,000 in ticket sales in Australia.


title: Gallipoli (1981 movie)

paragraphs: Gallipoli is a 1981 Australian movie. It is directed by Peter Weir and stars Mel Gibson and Mark Lee. It is about several young men from rural Western Australia who join the Australian Army during the First World War. They are sent to the peninsula of Gallipoli in the Ottoman Empire. They take part in the Gallipoli Campaign. Over time the young men lose their innocence about the purpose of war. The climax of the movie occurs on the Anzac battlefield at Gallipoli. It shows the futile attack at the Battle of the Nek on 7 August 1915.

paragraphs: "Gallipoli" is a faithful portrayal of life in Australia in the 1910s. It captures the ideals and character of the Australians who joined up to fight, as well as the conditions they endured on the battlefield. It does, however, change events for dramatic purposes. It has a number of significant historical inaccuracies.

paragraphs: The many running scenes in the movie are set to Jean Michel Jarre's "Oxygène".

paragraphs: "Gallipoli" was successful at the box office earning $11,740,000. Gallipoli was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Foreign Film.


title: The Man from Snowy River (1982 movie)

paragraphs: The Man from Snowy River is a 1982 Australian movie. It is based on the Banjo Paterson poem "The Man from Snowy River". The cast included Kirk Douglas, Jack Thompson, Tom Burlinson, Sigrid Thornton, Terence Donovan, and Chris Haywood.

paragraphs: Both Burlinson and Thornton were in the 1988 sequel, "The Man from Snowy River II".

paragraphs: "The Man from Snowy River" made $17,228,160 at the box office in Australia. This is the same as $50,132,946 in 2009 dollars.


title: Light therapy

paragraphs: Light therapy is a treatment where the patient is exposed to light. Depression, sleeping problems, and many skin disorders are treated with this therapy. The therapy consists of exposing the patient to a light source. The light source usually emits the full spectrum of light. Sometimes, this has to be done at a specific time of day.


title: Chestnut

paragraphs: Chestnut is the name for a kind of tree or the nut from the tree.


title: Crocodile Dundee

paragraphs: Crocodile Dundee (stylized as "Crocodile" Dundee in the United States) is a 1986 Australian-American romantic comedy adventure movie. It is set in the Australian Outback and in New York City. It stars Paul Hogan and Linda Kozlowski.

paragraphs: It is based on the true life of Rodney Ansell. The film had a budget of under $10 million. They meant to make a commercial Australian film that America would like. Many people in the world liked the movie. It made the second most money of all movies in the United States in 1986. It also was second in money made in the world in 1986.

paragraphs: There are two versions of the film: the Australian version, and the American / international version. The American version had much of the Australian slang replaced with more commonly understood words. It was also slightly shorter. There were two sequel movies: ""Crocodile" Dundee II" (1988) and "Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles" (2001).


title: Australia (2008 movie)

paragraphs: Australia is a 2008 Australian epic historical romantic drama movie. It was directed by Baz Luhrmann. It starred Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman. It made the second most money of any Australian movie. The first was "Crocodile Dundee". The movie is set between 1939 and 1942. Events in northern Australia included the bombing of Darwin during World War II. The movie was released in both Australia and the United States on 26 November 2008. It was released to the rest of the world in late December 2008 and January and February 2009.


paragraphs: The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory is a book published in 1984 by psychoanalyst and historian Jeffrey Masson. In the book, Masson criticizes Austrian neurologist (a person who treats the nervous system) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) for abandoning the seduction theory, which held that neurotic illness in adults and adolescents was a result of their being sexually abused before puberty. Freud said that his patients confabulated the molestations and then rejected this theory. Masson says that Freud's original view was the correct one.


title: ANZ Championship

paragraphs: The ANZ Championship is the most famous netball league in the world. The competition is held once a year between April and July. There are 69 matches played over 17 weeks. There are ten teams, five from Australia and five from New Zealand. ANZ Bank is the sponsor of the competition.

paragraphs: The ANZ Championship was started in 2008. It replaced the Commonwealth Bank Trophy in Australia and the National Bank Cup in New Zealand. Both of which were retired after 2007. The ANZ Championship saw netball become a semi-professional sport in both countries. There was more media coverage and higher player salaries. The current champions are the Queensland Firebirds, who defeated the Northern Mystics in the grand final of the 2011 season.


title: W-League

paragraphs: The USL W-League is a national women's soccer league. It is in the United States and Canada. It is alongside the Women's Premier Soccer League and below Women's Professional Soccer.

paragraphs: The W-League is seen as North America’s main way for women to develop in soccer. The W-League is also an open league. This gives college players the chance to play alongside established international players. The league is administered by the United Soccer Leagues system. The USL also oversees the men's USL Pro and USL Premier Development League.


title: W-League (Australia)

paragraphs: The W-League is the main women's semi-professional football (soccer) league in Australia. Started in 2008, it has eight teams. Seven of them are partners with seven of the Australian clubs in the A-League. The eighth team is based in Canberra. Because it is sponsored by the Westfield Group, the League is called the Westfield W-League.

paragraphs: The W-League started on 25 October 2008.

paragraphs: One game per week is broadcast live nationwide on ABC1.

paragraphs: The teams in the W-League have a salary cap of A$150,000 for the entire squad. By comparison, the salary cap for clubs in the men's competition, the A-League, is A2.35 million.

paragraphs: The league had eight teams. The Central Coast Mariners had to withdraw from the 2010–11 season. This was because they did not have enough money.


title: Women's National Basketball League

paragraphs: The Women's National Basketball League (WNBL) is the main women's professional basketball league in Australia. It currently has ten teams. The league was started in 1981. It is the women's counterpart to the National Basketball League (NBL). The regular season is played from October to March. The Grand Final is in either late February or early March.

paragraphs: Some WNBL teams have NBL counterparts. The Adelaide Lightning, West Coast Waves, and Sydney Flames are the only current teams to play sharing the market with an NBL team.


title: Guar

paragraphs: Guar is a crop which is mostly grown in Pakistan. This crop is planted in July or August and harvested at the end of November. Guar is widely used in oil exploring fields and also in the cosmetics industry. There are four major countries in the world which produce guar: Sudan, India, Pakistan, and the United States.

paragraphs: The price of this crop went up in 2012 when its price went to 37,000 Pakistan rupees per 100 kg.


title: Tone deafness

paragraphs: Tone deafness is the inability to hear that a musical instrument produces tones of different pitch. In music, relative pitch is used for different musical notes. Very often the condition results from damage in the brain. People with this problem do not seem to have a problem to hear or reproduce intonation in human speech.


title: Institut aéronautique et spatial

paragraphs: Institut aéronautique et spatial (IAS) is the French aeronautical industry's education coordinator. IAS was created in 1980. It is in Toulouse. IAS members are the major aeronautics & space companies such as EADS, Safran, Thales, Dassault Aviation, Airbus, Eurocopter, and others:

paragraphs: Its aim is to develop a network of international partners, using 3 main vectors:


title: Okhotigone

paragraphs: Okhotigone Eskov, 1993 is a genus of spiders belonging to the Linyphiidae family.


title: Ménage à trois

paragraphs: Ménage à trois is a French term used to describe a situation where three people are involved in a relationship and live together. Each of the three has a sexual relationship to the two others.


title: Elena Ionescu

paragraphs: Elena Ionescu (17 May 1988) is an Romanian singer who since 2006 has been the lead singer of pop band Mandinga replacing Elena Gheorghe. Mandinga won the Romanian national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2012 in Baku, Azerbaijan were Ionescu will sing the song Zaleilah.


title: Hypermobility

paragraphs: Hypermobility refers to when human joints stretch further than is usual. For example, some people can bend their thumbs back to their wrist, their toes backwards, put their leg behind their heads or any other ways of unusual performances. This condition can affect a particular joint or many joints throughout the human body. Hypermobility often results from one or more body issues: misaligned joints, abnormally shaped ends of one or more bones near a joint or other body issues. The same defect also results in weaker than normal bones, which may lead to osteoperosis or bone fracture. This condition is often described with the term "double jointed". Some people who are hypermobile carry no other health matters.


title: Tenpyō-kanpō

paragraphs: "Tenpyō-kanpō" lasted only four months during the last year of Shōmu's reign. The previous era ended and this new one started in 749.


title: Tenpyō-shōhō

paragraphs: "Tenpyō-shōhō" means "Heavenly Peace and Victorious Treasure".


title: John Cale

paragraphs: John Davies Cale, OBE (born 9 March 1942) is a Welsh musician, composer and record producer, known as a founding member of experimental rock band The Velvet Underground. He played on two of their albums "The Velvet Underground & Nico" (1967) and "White Light/White Heat" (1968). In 1970 he released first solo album "Vintage Violence". He also worked as record producer. During his career, he worked with such as John Cage, Hector Zazou, Nick Drake, Brian Eno, Patti Smith, The Stooges and Manic Street Preachers.


paragraphs: Federal Center of Technological Education Celso Suckow da Fonseca ("Centro Federal de Educação Tecnológica Celso Suckow da Fonseca", short Cefet-RJ) is a public university of the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Established in 1909, it is the second largest university in Rio de Janeiro as well as one the country's best universities.


title: Asturias Airport

paragraphs: Asturias Airport is an airport in Asturias. It is located in the municipality of Castrillón, and is near to Avilés. It is operated by Aena.


title: Charisma

paragraphs: Charisma is a term that means compelling attractiveness or charms which inspire devotion. This term also refers to special power or talent. The term charisma has many meanings.


title: Christine

paragraphs: Christine is a female given name. It comes from the word "Christ". This name means "follower of Christ". In 1968, it was the 14th most frequently-given name for girls in the United States.


title: Bayville, New York

paragraphs: Bayville is an incorporated village on the north shore of Nassau County on Long Island, in the state of New York. The 2010 census showed that 6,669 people lived there, down from 7,213 in 2009. Bayville was purchased from the Native Americans (the Matinecock tribe) by Daniel Whitehead in 1658.

paragraphs: In the 1800s, Bayville was mostly used for asparagus farming. Five or six men owned large sections of Bayville and made their living from farming asparagus. One of those men was Nicholas Godfrey, a native of Cape May township in New Jersey. At the height of his land ownership, Godfrey owned more than half of Bayville's land. Godfrey died in 1899. He is buried in the Bayville Cemetery. He was a Lieutenant for the Union Army during the Civil War. He was also an inventor and he was Bayville's first postmaster in 1877.

paragraphs: The village wasn't named "Bayville" until 1859. Before that, the village had two names. The western and middle parts were called "Oak Neck". The eastern part was called "Pine Island".

paragraphs: Bayville's total area is 1.5 square miles. 1.4 is made up of land and .1 is made up of water. Frank M. Flower & Sons, Inc. is Bayville's only commercial business. It has been there since 1887. Bayville got electricity in 1906. The Bayville Bridge that is there today is the fourth bridge. The first bridge there was built in 1898. Before that, people went between Bayville to Oyster Bay by water taxi.


title: Brenda

paragraphs: The name Brenda is a female given name in the English language. Its origin is uncertain, but it may be derived from a Scandinavian type of language, rather than Celtic like the masculine name Brendan. The name has been around for many centuries. Many famous people are named Brenda, including Brenda Blethyn, Brenda Song and Brenda Lee. There was also a woman in the golf series at Prince Edward Island who's name was Brenda from Northern Ireland.


Tyrol


title: Tyrol (state)

paragraphs: Tyrol is a federal state in western Austria. It has the Austrian part of the historic Princely County of Tyrol. The capital of Tyrol is Innsbruck.

paragraphs: The state is split into two parts– North Tyrol and smaller East Tyrol.

paragraphs: The state's territory is entirely in the Eastern Alps at the important Brenner Pass. The highest mountain in the state is the Großglockner.

paragraphs: The state is divided into eight districts and the city of Innsbruck. The districts and their centres (capitals) are:


title: Carinthia (state)

paragraphs: Carinthia is the southernmost State of Austrian. It is in the Eastern Alps. The main language is German.

paragraphs: Carinthia's main industries are tourism, electronics, engineering, forestry and agriculture. The companies Philips and Siemens have large operations there.

paragraphs: The state is divided into eight rural and two urban districts. There are 132 towns.


title: Styria

paragraphs: Styria is a state in the southeast of Austria. The capital city is Graz. It borders Slovenia. In 2016 there were about 1,232,000 people living in Styria.

paragraphs: The state has 12 districts and a statutory city.


title: Coat of arms of Austria

paragraphs: The current coat of arms of Austria has been in use by the Republic of Austria since 1919. Between 1934 and the 1938 Austria used a different coat of arms. It had a double-headed eagle. In 1945 the original coat of arms returned, with broken chains added to show Austria's freedom.

paragraphs: The symbols and emblems used in the Austrian arms are as follows:


title: Land der Berge, Land am Strome

paragraphs: Land der Berge, Land am Strome (Land of the mountains, land on the river) is the national anthem of Austria.

paragraphs: Some people have said that Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote the music used for the national anthem. Now people think Paul Wranitzky (1756–1808) wrote the music. Paula von Preradović wrote the lyrics. She is one of the few women to write lyrics for a national anthem.


title: Jello Biafra

paragraphs: Jello Biafra (born Eric Reed Boucher; June 17, 1958) is an American musician and spoken word artist. Biafra was the lead singer and songwriter for San Francisco punk rock band Dead Kennedys. He started the record label Alternative Tentacles with East Bay Ray in 1979.

paragraphs: Biafra is a member of the Green Party of the United States. He ran for President in 2000.


title: Rudolph Nureyev

paragraphs: Rudolf Khametovich Nureyev (17 March 1938 – 6 January 1993) was a Russian ballet dancer. He was one of the most celebrated dancers of the 20th century. In 1961 he defected to the West, despite KGB efforts to prevent him. For some years he partnered Dame Margot Fonteyn.

paragraphs: The "Dictionary of Dance" says "His repertoire was enormous, including all the classics and the modern standards". After his period with Fonteyn, Nureyev worked in several countries.

paragraphs: Nureyev was director, principal dancer and choreographer of "Nureyev and Friends" on Broadway (197475) and was artistic director of the Paris Opera House from 1983 to 1989. He promoted junior dancers, such as Sylvie Guillem, and commissioned new works. In the last years of his life he took up conducting.

paragraphs: Nureyev was gay. He and his partner, Erik Bruhn, died of AIDS.


title: Invented tradition

paragraphs: Invented traditions are those traditions of recent origin which may claim to be old but are usually recently invented (made up). For example:

paragraphs: There are rules to see which traditions are real or fake.


title: Burgenland Croatian

paragraphs: Burgenland Croatian is a regional language of the Chakavian dialect of the Croatian language. It is spoken in Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Burgenland Croatian is a minority language in the Austrian state of Burgenland. 19,412 people speak the language there in 2001. Many of the Burgenland Croatian speakers in Austria also live in Vienna and Graz.

paragraphs: Smaller Croatian minorities in western Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Czech Republic are often also called Burgenland Croats. They use the Burgenland Croatian written language. They are historically and culturally closely connected to the Austrian Croats.


title: Spoken language

paragraphs: Spoken language is language in its spontaneous form. It is different from written language. Many spoken languages have no written form. The term "spoken language" is sometimes used for "oral language". This is not quite right because sign language is also sometimes said to be 'spoken'.

paragraphs: Children get their first language from whichever language is spoken around them. Usually this comes from their mothers. Spoken language is much richer than written language. Spoken language can have different rules than written language.


title: Nancy Allen

paragraphs: Nancy Allen (born in June 24, 1950) is an American movie and television actress. She was born in Yonkers, New York. Her movies include "RoboCop" (1987) and "Carrie" (1976)


title: Josef Korbel

paragraphs: Josef Korbel (born 20 September 1909 as Josef Körbel – died 18 July 1977 in the United States) was a Czechoslovakian diplomat and U.S. professor.

paragraphs: Korbel is of Jewish descent and was born in Kyšperk (now Letohrad). His daughter is Madeleine Albright, former United States Secretary of State. His student was Condoleezza Rice, also former Secretary of State.


title: Heather O'Rourke

paragraphs: Heather O'Rourke (December 27, 1975 February 1, 1988) was an American movie actress. She acted in the movie "Poltergeist" (1982). She also worked in television.


title: Brenda Russell

paragraphs: Brenda Russell (born Brenda Gordon, April 8 1944) is an American R&B singer. She was born in Brooklyn, New York. She has had many hit songs on several musical charts. Her singing genres include R&B and pop.


title: Mastère en sciences

paragraphs: The Mastère en sciences (MSc) is a French degree in higher education accredited by the "Conférence des Grandes Écoles" and for owners of a Bachelor's degree or a first year of a Master's degree. Created in 2002, this degree certifies that the training is consistent with various quality criteria (selectivity, English language education, number of hours, length of program, research, etc..).

paragraphs: According to the rules, only the schools members of the "Conférence des Grandes Écoles" may issue the diploma.


title: Falstaff (opera)

paragraphs: Falstaff is an Italian opera in three acts by Giuseppe Verdi, on a libretto by Arrigo Boito, based on William Shakespeare's "The Merry Wives of Windsor". It was first performed in Milan, on February 9, 1893. Verdi's last opera and perhaps greatest masterpiece, composed when he was 80, and only his second comedy since his earlier attempt "Un giorno di regno" in 1840.

paragraphs: When Verdi composed "Falstaff" he was not writing it for a commission. He was just writing it for his own pleasure, without a performance in mind. When he had finished it he felt that it would be his last work and that his life’s work had finished. It was almost true. It was indeed his last opera and his last big work.

paragraphs: When composers turn plays into operas they usually have to make some changes in the drama to make it suitable to be sung. Verdi had already turned two other Shakespeare plays into opera: "Otello" and "Macbeth". When he composed these he worked with librettists to create something as close to Shakespeare’s plays as possible, but when writing "Falstaff" he took more freedom. The character of Falstaff is very close to the way he is shown in Shakespeare’s "Henry IV" plays, rather than the Falstaff of "The Merry Wives of Windsor".

paragraphs: This takes place in the Garter Inn (). Dr Caius, who is a rich man with servants, complains that Falstaff has beaten his servants and that Falstaff’s two friends Bardolfo and Pistola made him drunk and then stole his money. Falstaff laughs at him. He says he will never get drunk again unless he is in the company of good, religious people. Bardolfo and Pistola in the background sing “Amen” until Falstaff stops them, complaining that they sing out of tune.

paragraphs: Falstaff complains that his bill for the drinks is very high. He says that his two friends drink so much that he won’t have enough to eat and he’ll get thin and then he cannot be his proper self. He says he is in love with two ladies: Mrs Ford and Mrs Page. He has written love letters to them both. He asks his two friends to take the letters to them, but they refuse. Falstaff is cross and gets a page boy to take them instead. Then he chases his friends with a broom.

paragraphs: The next scene changes to the garden of Ford’s house. Four ladies are in the garden: Alice Ford and Meg Page and also Mistress Quickly and Anne Ford, the daughter of Mr and Mrs Ford. Verdi calls her “Nannetta”. The four of them look at the two letters that Alice and Meg have received and find they are exactly the same except for the address. They are amused and a bit annoyed, so they decide to tease Falstaff.

paragraphs: Mr Ford is walking with Dr Caius, Fenton and Falstaff’s two friends. Fenton is a young man who is in love with Nannetta, but Ford does not want him to marry his daughter. Bardolfo and Pistola have deserted Falstaff. They tell Ford that Falstaff is in love with his wife. He is cross, of course, and plans revenge. The music of the four ladies and the music of the five men is sometimes heard separately, and sometimes it is combined. Fenton and Nannetta stay behind to kiss and they sing a love duet. When the men and ladies come back they each sing their own music again. This is a famous ensemble: the way Verdi has combined the two songs is very clever.

paragraphs: Bardolfo and Pistola are back in the Garter Inn with Falstaff. They pretend they are very sorry to have deserted Falstaff. They tell him that there is an old woman outside who wants to speak to him. It is Mistress Quickly, who comes in and curtseys very low to Falstaff. She gives him the message that Alice would love to see him, but that Meg’s husband is guarding her and never leaves her by herself. He can see Alice when her husband is out between two and three o’ clock (). Falstaff is pleased and gives Mistress Quickly a tip (some money) as she leaves. He sings to himself “Alice is mine” (“”).

paragraphs: The next visitor Falstaff has is Ford. Falstaff does not know who he is. Ford says his name is Master Brook (Signor Fontana). He gives Falstaff a purse with silver and tells him that he is in love with Mistress Ford (Alice). He asks Falstaff to get her for him. Falstaff says he will be seeing her that very afternoon. Ford asks him whether he knows Alice’s husband (i.e. himself). Falstaff says he does and he describes to him what a terrible man Ford is. It is a very comic scene with a lot of very clever humour.

paragraphs: When Falstaff goes out to change his clothes Ford shows his anger. When Falstaff returns the two men go out arm in arm like friends, arguing about who shall go through the door first.

paragraphs: Back in Ford’s house the four women are getting ready to tease Falstaff. From the conversation we learn that Ford wants Nannette to marry Dr Caius who is a fussy old man. Nannette of course wants to marry young Fenton.

paragraphs: When Falstaff comes Alice is playing the lute. He sings to her accompaniment. When Quickly says that Ford is coming they hide Falstaff behind a screen. Ford and his men start to search another part of the house, and the women hide Falstaff inside a big laundry basket with dirty clothes. Ford comes back, he hears the sound of kissing and thinks it is his wife with Falstaff, but he finds it is Nannetta and Fenton. Ford goes out furiously, and the women quickly throw the laundry basket out of the window into the river Thames below. When Ford comes back his wife takes him to the window and he sees Falstaff, who is very wet, getting out of the river.

paragraphs: Falstaff is recovering in the Inn. He is very grumpy, although he starts to cheer up when wine is brought. Mistress Quickly comes in and says he can meet Alice, but Falstaff is not really in a mood for this. In the end Quickly manages to persuade him to meet Alice at Herne the Hunter’s Oak in Windsor forest. There is a legend about a black hunter who hanged himself from this tree, and so the spot is haunted by witches and sprites. Falstaff is told he must disguise himself as the black hunter.

paragraphs: The men and women sing an ensemble in which they describe the plot they have made to tease Falstaff. Ford also plots to announce that Caius will marry Nannette.

paragraphs: The last scene takes place at night under Herne’s Oak. The moon shines. Fenton sings an aria. Falstaff appears in his disguise, wearing a pair of antlers on his head and wrapped in a big cloak. Midnight strikes. For a moment he is alone with Alice, but then she leaves him by himself. Nannetta is disguised as the Queen of Fairies. She and her friends sing beautiful music. Falstaff has hidden his face in his cloak, but everyone goes to him and torments him. When people take off their masks Falstaff feels really stupid, although he tries to say that his wittiness helped the joke. Ford announces that Nannetta will marry Caius. Alice leads another couple to him and he announces that they too will marry. When they take off their masks he finds that Bardolfo was disguised as Nannetta, so he will marry Caius! The other couple were Fenton and Nannetta in disguise. Now it is Ford who looks stupid, and Falstaff takes the opportunity to tease him. They finish by singing “” (“Joking is man’s vocation. Wise is he who is jolly”). The music is a fugue, which is usually thought of as being a serious academic form, but the mood here is jolly.

paragraphs: An engravement was made in favour of Falstaff's existence; ("Where 'o where shall the holly be on the night of song, more for thee to ascend in me.")


title: François Hollande

paragraphs: François Gérard Georges Nicolas Hollande (born 12 August 1954) is a French politician. He was the President of France. This means he was also the Co-Prince of Andorra from 2012 to 2017. He was born in Rouen. He ran for the Socialist party. Before becoming president, he was a deputy for the Corrèze, and the mayor of Tulle. He studied law in Paris. He also studied at the École des hautes études commerciales de Paris and the Institut d'études politiques de Paris. He was among the best in his studies at the École nationale d'administration. He was elected President of France on 6 May 2012, defeating Nicolas Sarkozy. There were two rounds of voting. In the first, 28% of the people voted for him. In the second round, with only two candidates, 51% did.

paragraphs: He left office on 14 May 2017 being replaced by Emmanuel Macron.


paragraphs: The Bilan d'aptitude délivré par les grandes écoles (BADGE) is a French degree created in 2001 by the "Conférence des Grandes Écoles" and primarily intended for owners of a two-year degree after the end of secondary studies.

paragraphs: The BADGE program necessarily includes a number of common elements: at least 200 hours of instruction, including theoretical, practical work, team projects and possibly distance learning and a final validation test.

paragraphs: The program takes place over a period of 7 weeks to 24 months maximum, subject to alternating training / business where the period exceeds 6 months.


title: Andromeda XIX

paragraphs: Andromeda XIX is a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy, and is part of the Local Group, like the Milky Way Galaxy. Andromeda XIX is said to be "the most extended dwarf galaxy known in the Local Group", and has a half-light radius of 1.7 kiloparsec (kpc). It was found by the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope, and it is a dwarf galaxy.

paragraphs: The MegaPrime/MegaCam 1 deg2 (camera) on the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) had mapped the M31 stellar halo (one quarter) up to ~150 kpc. The observation, which had proved the uneveness of Andromeda's stellar halo, had shown that multiple other dwarf galaxies exist. They are: Andromeda XI, XII, XIII, XV, XVI, XVIII, XIX, and XX.


title: Brussels Airlines

paragraphs: Brussels Airlines is the main Belgian airline. It flies from Brussels Airport to destinations in Europe, Africa and North America.

paragraphs: Brussels Airlines was created as the result of the merger of SN Brussels Airlines and Virgin Express in March 2006. SN Brussels Airlines had been created from Sabena, the former Belgian flag carrier, that had ceased operations on 7 November 2001. SN Brussels Airlines started its operations only five months later. Virgin Express was a low-cost airline, owned by the Virgin Group. In 2004, SN Airholding took over Virgin Express, and in 2006 it was announced that both companies would merge and fly under the "Brussels Airlines" brand. In 2008, the Lufthansa group bought 45% of Brussels Airlines' shares, and Brussels Airlines joined the Star Alliance.

paragraphs: Brussels Airlines has the following aircraft in its fleet:


title: Castel Goffredo

paragraphs: Castel Goffredo is a city in north of Italy. Castel Goffredo is in the province of Mantua, Lombardy Region. About 12,000 people live in Castel Goffredo.


title: Polandball

paragraphs: Polandball, also known as countryball, is a user-generated internet meme. The meme began on the /int/ board of Krautchan.net in 2009. The meme takes the form of large number of online comics. In the comics, countries are drawn as balls. The balls interact in broken English and ridicule national stereotypes and international relations.

paragraphs: Polandball has its roots in an August 2009 'cyberwar' between Polish Internet users and the rest of the world on drawball.com. Drawball.com allows Internet users to draw whatever they want. It also allows people to draw over others drawings. On the Poilsh flag internet, an idea was raised to draw the flag of Poland on the ball. Thousands of Poles managed to take over the drawball. The painting consisted of white on top of red. In the middle, the word "POLSKA" was written. After co-ordination from 4chan, this was then covered over by a giant Nazi swastika.

paragraphs: Krautchan.net is a German-language imageboard. Its /int/ board is frequented by Russian-speaking netizens. The beginning of the Polandball meme is credited to "Falco". Falco is a British user on /int/. In September 2009 Falco created the meme using MS Paint. The meme was made in an apolitical way to troll "Wojak". Wojak is a Pole on the same board and contributes in broken English. Afterwards, Polandball cartoons were enthusiastically drawn by Russians.

paragraphs: A description of Polandball is found on the subreddit /r/Polandballball, which reads "Wiggly mouse-drawn comics where balls represent different countries. They poke fun at national stereotypes and the "international drama" of their diplomatic relations. Polandball combines history, geography, Engrish, and an inferiority complex. The comic series first became popular on a well known German image board /int/."

paragraphs: The premise of Polandball is it represents the history, relations with other countries, and stereotypes. It concentrates on Polish megalomania and national complexes. The meme gained in popularity after the plane crash in Smolensk which killed Polish President Lech Kaczyński. Interactions between countryballs are written in broken English and internet slang. This is similar to the Lolcat meme. Poland is purposely drawn as red on top of white. This is the opposite of the united nations flag. By the end of the cartoon, Poland weeps.

paragraphs: Some Polandball comics are based on the premise that Russia can fly into space. This premise also includes Poland cannot fly into space. One of the most popular Polandball cartoons begins with the premise that Earth is going to be struck by a giant meteor. All countries with space technology leave Earth and go into orbit around the planet. At the end of the cartoon, Poland is still on earth and is crying. In broken English, Poland says their famous catchphrase "Poland cannot into space". In this humorous way, Russians stop discussion with Poles on which country is superior. Another Polandball comic delves into historic-political satire. Poland is seen to be boring other countryballs. Poland proclaims "So when we crushed Russia and the turks [sic] were were the biggest country in the world... and..". This leads other countryballs to laugh at it. Poland, by now irritated, utters "kurwa". Poland holds up a sign saying "Internet serious business". This is an internet slogan used to deride others who treat subjects with disdain. Then, in Polandball convention, Poland finishes by crying.

paragraphs: In 2014, released a game about Pollandball for Android. In this game, Poland can into space and the player's goal as long as possible to keep Poland there. There is also the opportunity to play for other countryballs.

paragraphs: Polandball can also include comics on other countries. By convention these comics are usually still referred to as Polandball. They can also be called countryballs. According to Lurkmore.to, Bavaria has its own ball. Other balls have been created for U.S. states, Brazil, Catalonia and Siberia. Singapore and Bermuda are drawn as a triangle and called Tringapore and Bermudatriangle, respectively. Israel takes the form of a hypercube (in reference to Jewish physics). Kazakhstan takes the form of a brick. Britain is shown wearing a top hat and monocle. The United States is shown wearing sunglasses. Nepal, Ohio, and Tampa are shown as animals with teeth almost like a tiger.


title: Yugoslavs

paragraphs: Yugoslavs is a national name used by a small number of South Slavs across the countries of the former Yugoslavia. Some say this name is for all people of South Slav heritage, including those of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and the presently disputed region of Kosovo, Slovenia, and North Macedonia.


title: Rhetorical question

paragraphs: A rhetorical question is a figure of speech in the form of a question. It is a question that is asked in order to make a point: it does not need a reply.

paragraphs: The question is used as a rhetorical device or tool. The question is posed for the sake of persuasion, or to encourage the listener or reader to consider a message or viewpoint.

paragraphs: Rhetorical questions suggest a dialogue which does not really exist. The speaker both asks and answers the question himself. A rhetorical question is often a statement in the form of a question.

paragraphs: For example, in "Can't you do "anything" right?", the words are not intended to start an investigation or to invite any response at all. What the words actually mean could change according to circumstance. It could be a little joke between friends, or it could be an insulting criticism. Generally, it would be taken to mean "You can't seem to do anything right".

paragraphs: The role of context is always important if someone asks "What does that mean". Consider this question: "Do you think this treatment is just?". There is no way of knowing whether this is a genuine question or not, because we do not know what the circumstances are. This is true of many kinds of communication, that what they mean varies according to circumstance.

paragraphs: On the other hand, "Is it right for a murderer to be allowed out of prison after only ten years?" clearly asks for the reply "No!". This is because the questioner has "signalled" what answer is expected. A neutral way to describe the situation might be: "A convicted murderer spends at least ten years in jail".


title: President of Austria

paragraphs: The President of Austria is the federal head of state of Austria. Even though the constitution says the President has a lot of power, in practice the President is mostly a figurehead. The President of Austria is elected once in every six years. His or her offices are in the Leopoldine Wing of the Hofburg Imperial Palace, in Vienna.

paragraphs: Many former Presidents have had a lot of popularity while in office. No incumbent has ever lost a bid for re-election. Since 2017 the President has been Alexander Van der Bellen.


title: Chancellor of Austria

paragraphs: The Federal Chancellor is the head of government and chief executive of Austria. His or her deputy is the Vice-Chancellor. Before 1918, the office was the same as Minister-President of Austria. The Federal Chancellor is the de facto highest office in the state government.

paragraphs: The Chancellor is chosen by the President of Austria.


title: Jeffrey Masson

paragraphs: Jeffrey Masson (born 1941) is a psychotherapist and historian of psychotherapy who wrote a controversial book, "", about Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud. In the book, Masson accuses Freud of hiding evidence that some patients were sexually abused by their parents.

paragraphs: Masson was research director of the Sigmund Freud Archives in New York City. He was removed from the job after saying Freud was responsible for "the present-day sterility of psychoanalysis throughout the world."


title: Barbara Prammer

paragraphs: Barbara Prammer (11 January 1954 – 2 August 2014) was an Austrian politician. She was a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria.

paragraphs: She was President of the National Council of Austria serving from 30 October 2006 until her death in 2 August 2014. She was its Vice President from 2004 to 2006. Prammer was Federal Minister for Women Affairs and Consumer Protection from 1997 to 2000. She was elected to the National Council in 1999.

paragraphs: Prammer died of pancreatic cancer on 2 August 2014.


title: First Austrian Republic

paragraphs: The Republic of Austria is the period of Austrian history after the signing of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of September 1919. It went through the settlement after the end of World War I which put an end to the Republic of German-Austria. It continued up to World War II. Austria was a "de-facto" republic, but its official name was the Federal State of Austria.

paragraphs: This period was had a lot of conflict between the left and the right. The July Revolt of 1927 was an example. The Constitution of Austria was started in 1920 and changed in 1929. The Federal State (sometimes called the First Republic) came to an end with the "Anschluss" to Nazi Germany in 1938. Some people say the end came with the start of the Austro-fascist dictatorship in 1933/34 following the Austrian Civil War.


title: Euro sign

paragraphs: The euro sign (€) is the currency sign used for the euro. The euro is the official money of the Eurozone in the European Union (EU). The international three-letter code for the euro is EUR.


title: Telephone numbers in Austria

paragraphs: This article is about the use of telephone numbers in Austria.

paragraphs: There are no standard lengths for either area codes or subscribers' numbers in Austria. So some subscribers' numbers may be as short as three digits. Larger towns have shorter area codes allowing longer subscriber numbers in that area.


title: Austrian Sign Language

paragraphs: Austrian Sign Language (German: Österreichischer Gebärdensprache or ÖGS) is the sign language used by the Austrian deaf community. There are about 10,000 people who use it and it was legally recognized by the Austrian Parliament on September 1, 2005. Learning ÖGS is based on the german spoken language in Austria and shares a similar grammatical structure to German Sign Language.


title: Second Viennese School

paragraphs: The Second Viennese School is a group of composers. It was made of Arnold Schoenberg and his pupils and close associates in early 20th century Vienna. Schoenberg lived and taught there between 1903 and 1925. Their music was first like late-Romantic. Later it was a totally chromatic expressionism without firm tonal centre. Later still was Schoenberg's serial twelve-tone technique.

paragraphs: The main members of the school, besides Schoenberg, were Alban Berg and Anton Webern.


title: Korean Peninsula

paragraphs: The Korean Peninsula is a peninsula in East Asia and consists of the area of Korea.

paragraphs: It has an area of 220,847 km², and is governed by both North and South Korea.


title: Oskar Kokoschka

paragraphs: Oskar Kokoschka (1 March 1886 - 22 February 1980) was an Austrian artist, poet and playwright. He is best known for his intense expressionistic portraits and landscapes.

paragraphs: Kokoschka's first jobs were postcards and drawings for children. In his early career he did portraits of Viennese celebrities. He was in the Austrian army in World War I and was wounded. At the hospital, the doctors said he was mentally unstable. He traveled across Europe and painted the landscape.

paragraphs: Kokoschka had an affair with Alma Mahler. She stopped the relationship. He continued to love her his entire life. One of his greatest works "The Bride of the Wind" ("The Tempest"), is a tribute to her. His poem "Allos Markar" was about this relationship.

paragraphs: Deemed a degenerate by the Nazis, Kokoschka left Austria in 1934 for Prague. In 1938, when the Czechs were coming for Wehrmacht, he fled to the United Kingdom. He stayed there during the war.

paragraphs: Kokoschka became a British citizen in 1946. In 1978 he got back Austrian citizenship. He traveled to the United States in 1947. Then he moved to Switzerland. He lived there the rest of his life. He died in Montreux.

paragraphs: Kokoschka's literary works are as odd and interesting as his art. His memoir, "A Sea Ringed with Visions", is as wildly psychedelic as anything written by others under the influence of actual hallucinogens. His short play "Murderer, the Hope of Women" is often called the first Expressionist drama. His "Orpheus und Eurydike" (1918) became an opera by Ernst Krenek.


title: Inge Morath

paragraphs: Ingeborg Morath (May 27, 1923 – January 30, 2002) was an Austrian photographer. In 1953 she joined the Magnum Photos Agency. She became a full photographer with them in 1955. In 1955 she published her first collection of photographs, of a total of 30 monographs during her lifetime.

paragraphs: Ingeborg Morath was born in Graz, Austria. Her parents were scientists. They went to different laboratories and universities in Europe during her childhood. She first went to French-speaking schools. In the 1930s her family moved to Darmstadt, a German intellectual center. Then they moved to Berlin.

paragraphs: Morath's first encounter with "avant-garde" art was the Degenerate Art show by the Nazi party in 1937. It was supposed to make people not like modern art. "I found a number of these paintings exciting and fell in love with Franz Marc's "Blue Horse"", Morath later wrote.

paragraphs: Morath went to Berlin University. At university, Morath studied languages. She learned French, English, and Romanian. Later she added Spanish, Russian and Chinese. Toward the end of World War II, Morath worked for factory service in Tempelhof, alongside Ukrainian prisoners of war. During an attack on the factory by Russian bombers, she ran on foot to Austria. In later years, Morath would not photograph war.

paragraphs: After the Second World War, Morath worked as a translator and journalist. In 1948, she was hired by Warren Trabant. She worked for "Heute". Morath met photographer Ernst Haas in post-war Vienna. She brought his work to Trabant's attention. Working together for "Heute", Morath wrote articles to go along with Haas' pictures. In 1949, Morath and Haas were invited by Robert Capa to join the newly founded Magnum Photos in Paris.

paragraphs: Morath was briefly married to the British journalist Lionel Birch. She moved to London in 1951. That same year, she began to photograph during a visit to Venice. Morath asked for an apprenticeship with Simon Guttman. He was then an editor for "Picture Post" and running the picture-agency Report.

paragraphs: Morath divorced Birch and returned to Paris. Her first jobs were stories that did not interest "the big boys." She went to London on an early job to photograph the residents of Soho and Mayfair. Morath's portrait of Mrs. Eveleigh Nash, from that job, is among her best-known works. During the late 1950s Morath traveled widely. She covered stories in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the United States, and South America. She worked for such publications as "Holiday", "Paris Match", and "Vogue". In 1955 she published "Guerre à la Tristesse", photographs of Spain, with Robert Delpire. This was followed by "De la Perse à l'Iran", photographs of Iran, in 1958. Morath published more than thirty monographs during her lifetime.

paragraphs: Like many Magnum members, Morath worked as a still photographer on numerous motion picture sets. She met director John Huston while she was living in London. Huston's "Moulin Rouge" (1952) was one of Morath's earliest jobs. It was her first time working in a film studio.

paragraphs: Morath married the playwright Arthur Miller on February 17, 1962. They moved to the United States. Miller and Morath's first child, Rebecca, was born in September 1962. The couple's second child Daniel was born in 1966 with Down syndrome. He was institutionalized shortly after his birth. Today Rebecca Miller is a film director, actress, and writer.

paragraphs: Ingeborg Morath Miller died of cancer in New York City in 2002, at the age of 78.


title: Jean-Louis Vaudoyer

paragraphs: Jean-Louis Vaudoyer (10 September 1883 20 May 1963) was a French novelist, poet, essayist, and art historian. He was administrator general of the Comédie-Française (1941–1944). He was a member of the Académie française (1950–1963). He wrote the libretto for "Le Spectre de la rose", a ballet choreographed by Michel Fokine for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in 1911.


title: Léon Bakst

paragraphs: Léon Samoilovitch Bakst (10 May 1866 – 27 December 1924) was a Russian painter. He designed the sets and costumes for some of Diaghilev's Ballets Russes productions. These were "Cleopatra" (1909), "Scheherazade" (1910), "Carnaval" (1910), "Narcisse" (1911), "Le Spectre de la Rose" (1911), and "Daphnis et Chloé" (1912). Bakst died in 1924 in Paris. In late 2010, the Victoria and Albert Museum presented an exhibition of Bakst's costumes and prints.


title: Ballet shoe

paragraphs: Ballet shoes are lightweight shoes designed for and used in ballet dancing. They're usually made from soft leather or satin and have thin and flexible soles. Females are usually given pink colored shoes; males usually get black or white.

paragraphs: Pointe shoes are a special type of ballet shoe. They let dancers stand on their toes.


title: Cannibalism in animals

paragraphs: In zoology, cannibalism is where an animal eats its own species. It has been recorded for more than 1500 species. It is quite common with insects, spiders and scorpions. There, the male gets eaten by the female, after having sexual intercourse. Many types of frogs will also eat other frogs of the same species. Even, vetebrates like hedgehogs eat their offspring if stressed.


title: Curtsey

paragraphs: A curtsey (also spelled curtsy or courtesy) is a traditional gesture of greeting, in which a girl or woman lowers her body by bending her knees. It is the female equivalent of male bowing in European cultures. The word "curtsy" comes from "courtesy" which means "politeness".

paragraphs: According to Desmond Morris, the movements in the curtsey and the bow were similar until the 17th century. Only later did the difference between the female and the male gesture develop. The earlier, combined version is still performed by Restoration comedy actors.

paragraphs: When a curtsey is very formal, the girl/woman bends the knees outward (rather than straight ahead), often sweeping one foot behind her. She may also use her hands to hold her skirt out from her body. In Victorian times, when women wore floor-length, hooped skirts, they curtsied using the plié movement borrowed from second-position in classical ballet in which the knees are bent while the back is held straight. Both feet and knees point out so the body lowers straight down. In this way, the lady lowers herself evenly, not to one side.

paragraphs: Traditionally, women and girls curtsey to people who are of higher rank (more important) than they are, just as men and boys bow. Today this practice has become less common. In European cultures it is traditional for women to curtsey in front of members of the Royal family. This is sometimes called a "court curtsey" and is often very deep. Some female domestic workers curtsey for their employers.

paragraphs: Female dancers often curtsey at the end of a performance to show thanks or acknowledge applause from the audience. At the end of a ballet class, students will also curtsey or bow to the teacher and the pianist to thank them. According to Victorian dance etiquette, a woman curtseys before beginning a dance. Female Scottish highland dancers performing the national dances and the Irish jig also curtsey as well (at both the beginning and end for the national dances and at the end for the Irish Jig). Some female ballroom dancers will curtsey to their partners before beginning the Viennese Waltz. In some cultures females bow instead of curtseying.


title: Isaac Butt

paragraphs: Isaac Butt (1813–1879) was an Irish nationalist political leader and president of the Home Rule Confederation of Great Britain, which sought to achieve Home Rule for Ireland within the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.


title: Adam Yauch

paragraphs: Adam Nathaniel Yauch (August 5, 1964 - May 4, 2012) was an American rapper and movie director. He was a member of the Beastie Boys.

paragraphs: Yauch was born in Brooklyn, New York City. In 2009, he was diagnosed with salivary gland neoplasm. He died of the disease in New York City.


title: Zoosemiotics

paragraphs: Zoosemiotics is a branch of semiotics (and of biosemiotics) that studies sign processes and communication in animals.


title: Juri Lotman

paragraphs: Juri M. Lotman (28 February 1922 – 28 October 1993) was a semiotician and a professor in Russian literature, semiotics of and history of culture in the University of Tartu.

paragraphs: He established the semiotics school in Tartu, Estonia.


title: Świętochłowice

paragraphs: Świętochłowice is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 55,000 people and 13.31 km². The city is on the Rawa River.


title: Schnitzel

paragraphs: Schnitzel is a traditional German dish. It is made out of boneless meat thinned with a hammer, coated in bread crumbs and fried. It is a popular part of Austrian cuisine and German cuisine. In Austria, the dish called "Wiener Schnitzel" is traditionally served with a slice of lemon and either Potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter.

paragraphs: The traditional Wiener schnitzel is made of veal. It is now often made of pork. When made of pork, it is often called "Schnitzel Wiener Art" in Germany. In Austria, by law it has to be called "Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein" to show it is different it from the original. In Austria and Germany, the term "Wiener Schnitzel" is protected by law. Any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.

paragraphs: In Finland, watermelon is traditionally eaten with Schnitzel (pork Schnitzel is the most popular in the country). In New Zealand their beef Schnitzel meals are almost always eaten with a large serving of mashed potatoes and/or boiled vegetables.


title: Kaiserschmarrn

paragraphs: Kaiserschmarrn is a well-known Austrian dessert. It was popular in the former Austria–Hungary as well as in Bavaria. The Czech name is "trhanec" or "kajzršmorn". In Hungary it is called "császármorzsa" or simply "smarni".

paragraphs: Kaiserschmarrn is a light, caramelized pancake. It is made from a sweet batter using flour, eggs, sugar, salt, and milk, baked in butter. Kaiserschmarrn can be prepared in different ways. When making Kaiserschmarrn the egg-whites are usually separated from the yolk and beaten until stiff. Then the flour and the yolks are mixed with sugar, and the other ingredients are added. The pancake is split into pieces while frying, shredded after preparation. It is usually sprinkled with powdered sugar, then served hot with apple or plum sauce or various fruit compotes. Kaiserschmarrn is eaten like a dessert.

paragraphs: Traditionally Kaiserschmarrn is served with "Zwetschkenröster", a fruit compote made out of Plums.


title: Knödel

paragraphs: Knödel or Klöße are large round poached or boiled potato or bread dumplings, made without yeast. They are normal parts of Austrian, German, Hungarian and Czech cuisine. They come in many different forms. They can be made from flour, potatoes, old bread, semolina, etc. In most types, they are used as a side dish for meat. They can also be served as a dessert or in a soup.

paragraphs: In Hungary, they are called "gombóc"; in the Czech Republic, "knedlík"; in Luxembourg, "Kniddel(en)", "cnigle" in Bukovina; and, in Italy, "canederli". In some parts of the United States, "klub" is used to mean potato dumplings.

paragraphs: "Klöße" are large dumplings, steamed or boiled in hot water, made of dough from grated raw or mashed potatoes, eggs and flour. Similar semolina crack dumplings are made with semolina, egg and milk. They are called "Grießklößchen".

paragraphs: "Thüringer Klöße" are made from raw or boiled potatoes, or a mixture of both, and are often filled with croutons or ham. In Austria and Hungary they make large sweet dumplings or plum dumplings called Zwetschkenknödel. Gombotzen are made with flour & potato batter, by wrapping the potato dough around whole plums or apricots. They then are boiled and rolled in hot buttered caramelized bread crumbs. Topfenknödel are made with quark cheese (Topfen) and are traditionally topped with cinnamon sugar and served with apple sauce or with streusel.

paragraphs: "Königsberger Klopse" are not dumplings, they are made from ground meat and are related to "Frikadeller".


title: Tafelspitz

paragraphs: Tafelspitz is boiled beef in broth Viennese style.

paragraphs: Tafelspitz - boiled tri-tip - is a typical Austrian dish. The beef is simmered with root vegetables and spices in the broth. It is usually served with roasted slices of potato and a mix of minced apples and horseradish or sour cream mixed with horseradish.

paragraphs: Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, was a great lover of Tafelspitz. Tafelspitz is said to be the national dish of Austria.

paragraphs: Tafelspitz is the name of the meat cut which is used. It is usually from a young ox. The meat for Tafelspitz is well-aged pieces of beef, a cut of beef from the bottom sirloin primal cut. This cut is typically known in the United States as the tri-tip.

paragraphs: Austrian butchers gave almost every muscle of beef a separate name. The hind leg alone is parted into 16 cuts.


title: Schönbrunn Palace

paragraphs: Schönbrunn Palace is a former imperial 1,441-room Rococo summer residence in Vienna, Austria. It is one of the most important cultural monuments in the country. Since the 1960s it has been one of the major tourist attractions in Vienna. The palace and gardens show the tastes and interests of Habsburg monarchs.

paragraphs: In the year 1569, Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II purchased a large floodplain of the Wien river. It was between Meidling and Hietzing. The emperor had the area to be fenced and put game there such as pheasants, ducks, deer and boar. This was the court's recreational hunting ground. In a small separate part of the area, "exotic" birds such as turkeys and peafowl were kept. Fishponds were built, too.

paragraphs: The name "Schönbrunn" (meaning "beautiful spring") is from an artesian well from which water was consumed by the court.

paragraphs: During the next century, the area was used as a hunting and recreation ground. Eleonora Gonzaga, who loved hunting, spent much time there. She was given the area as her widow's residence after the death of her husband, Ferdinand II. From 1638 to 1643, she added a palace to the Katterburg mansion. In 1642 it was called "Schönbrunn" for the first time. The start of the Schönbrunn orangery seem to go back to Eleonora Gonzaga as well.

paragraphs: The sculpted garden space between the palace and the "Sun Fountain" is called the "Great Parterre". The French garden, a big part of the area, was planned by "Jean Trehet" in 1695. It has a maze.

paragraphs: Western parts were turned into English garden style in 1828–1852. At the outmost western edge, a botanical garden was made in 1828.

paragraphs: Lining the Great Parterre are 32 sculptures, which represent deities and virtues.

paragraphs: After the end of the monarchy in 1918, the new Austrian Republic became the owner of Schönbrunn Palace. They made it a museum.

paragraphs: Later it was used for important events such as the meeting between John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev in 1961.

paragraphs: UNESCO catalogued Schönbrunn Palace on the World Heritage List in 1996, together with its gardens, as a remarkable Baroque ensemble and example of synthesis of the arts.


title: Hoher Dachstein

paragraphs: Hoher Dachstein is an Austrian mountain. It is the second highest mountain in the Northern Limestone Alps. It is at the border of Upper Austria and Styria in central Austria. It is the highest point in each of those states. Parts of it are also in the state of Salzburg. Because of this it is sometimes called the "Drei-Länder-Berg" ("three-state mountain").

paragraphs: The Dachstein has a rich cave system. The Dachstein is famous for its fossils, including megalodonts.


title: Salzkammergut

paragraphs: The Salzkammergut is a resort area in Austria. It goes from City of Salzburg to the Dachstein mountain range. The main river of the region is the Traun. The name Salzkammergut means "Estate of the Salt Chamber". This is from the Imperial Salt Chamber, the group who ran the precious salt mines in the Habsburg empire.

paragraphs: With its many lakes and mountains, the Salzkammergut has many opportunities for water sports, bathing, hiking, cycling and golf.

paragraphs: Parts of the area around Hallstatt were listed as a World Heritage Site in 1997. The World Heritage Site includes the towns Hallstatt, Obertraun, Gosau and Bad Goisern.