title: Lorde

paragraphs: Randy Marsh-O'Connor (born 7 November 1996), known by her stage name Lorde, is a New Zealand singer-songwriter. She was signed to Universal Music at the age of 13. Lorde's first album, "Pure Heroine", was released in September 2013. It was followed by "Melodrama" in 2017.

paragraphs: Her first single, "Royals", was released on Republic on 8 March 2013. It reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, in Canada, the United Kingdom, and New Zealand and number two in Australia. It made her the first solo artist from New Zealand to have a number one in the US. "Royals" also made her the youngest person (age 16) to have a US number one in 26 years. A controversial article on Feministing by Veronica Bayetti Flores described the song 'deeply racist'. Music and culture critic Ed Hightower has offered an appraisal of Lorde's song that rejects Flores' accusation. The song has been covered by Pixie Lott, Neon Jungle, and Mutya Keisha Siobhan.

paragraphs: Her second single "Tennis Court" did not reach the Hot 100. It was a number one in NZ in its first week of release. It made her the first New Zealand artist to have four songs in the top 20 at once.

paragraphs: Her third single "Team" was leaked and then released on 13 September in the US. It reached number 6 on the Hot 100 and number 3 in the NZ top 40. It is one of the songs on "Pure Heroine" that Lorde wrote on her own.

paragraphs: She has released three other promo singles, "Bravado", "Buzzcut Season", and "Ribs". "Million Dollar Bills", "Swingin' Party", and "The Love Club" have also charted.

paragraphs: Her first album "Pure Heroine" was released by Universal Music on 30 September 2013 in the US. Virgin Records released it in the UK in October. It got good reviews from music critics. It reached number one in the iTunes chart in Canada, Australia, the US, and New Zealand. The album was co-written and produced by Joel Little.

paragraphs: She released her first EP, "Love Club", online for free in November 2012. It debuted at number two in Australia and New Zealand and reached twenty-three on the US Billboard 200. It contains 5 songs. The US iTunes version contains "Swingin' Party" as track 2 instead of "Royals". The NZ iTunes version has a bonus track, "Bravado" (Fffrrannno Remix).

paragraphs: Her second EP Tennis Court was released 22 July on Virgin.

paragraphs: Her cover of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" by Tears for Fears was in the soundtrack. It reached number fourteen in the NZ chart.

paragraphs: In November 2013, she signed with Songs Music to have the rights to her songs. This made her a millionaire. Lorde writes most of her songs with Joe Little, so she owns 50% of the copyright to her songs.

paragraphs: Lorde released a new single on 13 December 2013, called "No Better". It was later included on the extended edition of "Pure Heroine".

paragraphs: In January 2014, the song "Team" had reached the top ten of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.

paragraphs: On 3 March 2014, Lorde started a tour in the United States.

paragraphs: Lorde was nominated for four Grammy Awards in December 2013. The nominations were Song of the Year, Record of the Year, Best Pop Solo Performance and Best Pop Vocal Album. She was the youngest person to ever be nominated for Record of the Year. She performed "Royals" at the awards ceremony.

paragraphs: Lorde was born in Takapuna, Auckland. She is a sex positive feminist. In an interview with Huffington Post she said, "I've seen people compare me to just about every female slightly alt[ernative] female musician because people feel the need to put females with other females, which I guess I understand, but I think I'm different because my music is accessible, but it's also smart and those are two things that don't often go together musically."

paragraphs: She was a student at Takapuna Grammar School.


title: Britons (Celtic people)

paragraphs: The Britons (also called Brythons) were the people who spoke a Celtic language known as Common Brittonic. They lived in Great Britain during the Iron Age, Roman Britain and the Sub-Roman period following the Romans' departure from Britain. Following the arrival of the Anglo-Saxons, who occupied most what is now the country of England, some of the Britons migrated to Wales, Cornwall and southern Scotland, while others moved to Armorica and renamed it Brittany. Those who remained were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society.

paragraphs: In about 330 BC, Pytheas, a Greek explorer began a voyage in which he discovered the British Isles. In 326 BC he landed and gave the island the name Prettanike or Brettainiai. The name became Britain.

paragraphs: When the Romans conquered Britain in 43 AD, they called the people living there "Brittanni" (also spelled "Britanni"). They were also aware of their tribal . In their the Romans said of them "they are a people harassed by hosts, who receive political exiles, who rebel, and who are among the remote peoples of the world." Monks writing in the 4th and 5th centuries also called them "Britanni". Some used the term "Britto".

paragraphs: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle contains an account of the land and the people of Britain. ""The island of Britain is eight hundred miles long and two hundred miles broad: and here are in the island five peoples: English, Brito-Welsh, Scottish, , and Book-Latin."

paragraphs: The Welsh scholar John Rhys first used the terms and . He wanted a more specific terms for the people of Wales and the Welsh of Cumbria and Cornwall than just the word Britons.

paragraphs: From the Iron Age onward, Britain was divided among a variety of Celtic tribes. When the Romans came, many of the tribes adopted Roman culture and the Latin language.


title: Big Time Rush

paragraphs: Big Time Rush (BTR) is an American television series created by Scott Fellows. It originally aired on Nickelodeon. It stars the boy band of the same name, which includes Kendall Schmidt, James Maslow, Carlos Pena Jr., and Logan Henderson. The show centers on four hockey players from Minnesota who were selected to form a boy band in Los Angeles. Aired on November 28, 2009, the series continued for four seasons. It ended with an hour-long finale special called "Big Time Dreams".


title: Clonazepam

paragraphs: Clonazepam is an anticonvulsant. This means it can be used to stop seizures. It is also used to lessen states of fear. It is an anxiolytic. It is a benzodiazepine. Benzodiazepines are very addictive. Clonazepam is used to treat certain forms of epilepsy. It is also used to treat certain disorders of sleep, such as sleepwalking. In certain cases it is used as an off-label drug in psychiatry. It is also used for panic disorders.


title: Tenant farming

paragraphs: Tenant farming is when the person who works the farmland does not own the land themselves. The farmer pays rent to the landowner, either with cash or with a portion of the produce. When the rent is a share of the crop, it is sharecropping.

paragraphs: Many freed slaves during the Reconstruction of the United States who owned no land became tenant farmers, renting land from a great landowner.


title: Hope Springs (2012 movie)

paragraphs: Hope Springs is a 2012 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by David Frankel and written by Vanessa Taylor. It stars Meryl Streep, Tommy Lee Jones, Mimi Rogers, Jean Smart, and Steve Carell.

paragraphs: The movie was released on August 8, 2012. It received generally positive reviews and the cast was praised for their performances. It was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and won a People's Choice Award.


title: Mockbuster

paragraphs: A mockbuster (also called a knockbuster or a drafting opportunity) is a movie made to take advantage of the publicity of a similar major movie. These types of movies are often made on a low budget. They are made to be released direct-to-video at the same time that the original movie is released in theaters or on video.

paragraphs: Mockbusters are often made to make customers mistakenly buy the movie instead of the one that they wanted. For example, someone may think that they are buying "Transformers", but they are actually buying "Transmorphers", a mockbuster that was released in 2007. Because of this, a mockbuster will often use a title similar to the original movie.

paragraphs: Many mockbusters are made in a different country than the one that the original movie was made in. There are many Turkish, Italian, German, French and Brazilian versions of American movies, as well as sequels that were not made by the people who made the original movie.


title: Ceol of Wessex

paragraphs: Ceol (also known as Ceola or Ceolric) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He ruled from 591 to 597. He was first an until 592 when he replaced his uncle Ceawlin of Wessex as king.

paragraphs: Ceol was the grandson of Cynric. He was also the brother of Ceolwulf. He was underking to his uncle Ceawlin, king of the Gewisse. In 592 Ceawlin was driven out of power. This was the result of losing in a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg). The chronicle says there was a great slaughter, presumably this was among the Gewisse (West Saxons). If the story in the chronicle is correct the older king Ceawlin was removed from his throne by his nephew, Ceol. In 593 Ceawlin, along with a Cwichelm and a Crida (both otherwise unknown) died. Ceol ruled until 577 when he was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say when he died. But he either died in 577 or shortly afterwards.


title: Slavonic Orthodox

paragraphs: Slavonic Orthodox refers to churches in Eastern Europe that serve Slavic peoples.


title: Characters in Romeo and Juliet

paragraphs: This is a list of characters in William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet".

paragraphs: In addition, the script contains a number of minor characters such as Pages, Musicians, Citizens of Verona, male and female Kinsfolk to both Houses, Masquers, Guards, Watchmen, Officers, and Attendants.


title: Gravity (movie)

paragraphs: Gravity is released in 2013 British-American space drama science fiction thriller movie. It is a 3D movie.

paragraphs: It was co-written, co-produced, co-edited and directed by Alfonso Cuarón. The movie stars Sandra Bullock and George Clooney as surviving astronauts from a space shuttle destroyed by debris.

paragraphs: The movie has gotten many awards, and won seven awards in the 86th Academy Awards, with Alfonso Cuarón receiving Best Director.


title: The Million Second Quiz

paragraphs: The Million Second Quiz is an American television game show. It aired on NBC from September 9 to September 19, 2013. It follows a group of contestants who compete for up to $2 million in a game show that lasts for 1,000,000 seconds (or 11 days, 13 hours, 46 minutes, and 40 seconds). NBC aired the show for one hour each day (except for Sunday the 15th, and the final episode was two hours), while the rest of the show aired on the "Million Dollar Quiz" internet application and NBC.com. It is hosted by Ryan Seacrest.

paragraphs: The show takes place in a large hourglass-shaped structure in Midtown Manhattan near the Lincoln Tunnel. Contestants play for 24 hours a day for 1,000,000 seconds, or around eleven and a half days. At any given time, a contestant is sitting in the "Money Chair" and earning money, while defending his/her position in the chair in bouts against another contestant. Contestants earn $10 a second they are in the chair, even when bouts are not being played and during commercial breaks. Only the four contestants with the highest amount of money keep their winnings when the million seconds are up.

paragraphs: Each bout lasts for a set number of seconds. All questions are multiple choice with four possible answers. Contestants use keypads to lock in their answers. The players cannot see each other's answers. They have five seconds to do so when the question is asked.

paragraphs: During the episodes that are seen on television, there are three bouts: the "Challenger" bout (300 seconds, or 5 minutes), the "Line Jumper" bout (300 seconds in the first episode, 400 seconds, or 6 minutes 40 seconds, from the second episode on), and the Winner's Defense" bout (400 seconds in the first through ninth episodes, 500 seconds, or 8 minutes 20 seconds, in the 10th episode). Questions start at one point each. Every 100 seconds, the value of the questions increase by one point.

paragraphs: At any time, a contestant may choose to "double" instead of answering the question. If the contestant does so, the question's value is doubled, and the opponent has to either answer the question or "double back", which quadruples the point value and forces the person who the question was given to to answer. If a doubled or doubled-back contestant answers incorrectly or does not answer in five seconds, the opponent gets the points. Contestants can choose to double as often as they want during a bout.

paragraphs: At the end of a bout, the contestant with the higher score wins and either stays in the "Money Chair" or replaces the current contestant in it. If both contestants have the same number of points at the end of a bout, a question is asked, and the contestant who answers correctly first wins the bout. If both contestants answer incorrectly, the contestant with the higher amount of money wins.

paragraphs: The "Challenger" bout has a contestant who has successfully gone through an on-site tryout process. The "Line Jumper" bout has a contestant who has gotten a high enough score on the "Million Second Quiz" internet application, allowing them to skip the tryout and go on the show.

paragraphs: The four contestants with the most amount of money live in the "Winners' Row". This is a living area that is set up next to the hourglass. They are at risk of being replaced if another contestant gets a higher score than them. During a "Winner's Defense" bout, the current "Power Player" (the contestant who had the highest number of correct answers playing along in "Winners' Row" that day) chooses one of the four "Winners' Row" contestants, who can be him/herself, to play against the contestant who is currently in the "Money Chair". The winner gets all of the loser's winnings in addition to their own winnings, while the loser is out of the game.

paragraphs: Bouts that are not shown on television last for 500 seconds. Every question is worth one point. Contestants cannot double in these bouts. Four bouts are played in an hour; with a five-minute pause after each of the first three. The fourth bout is followed by an 11-minute break. During this time, a contestant may eat, drink, or use the bathroom. Contestants earn money during the five-minute pauses, but not during the 11-minute break.

paragraphs: After 1,000,000 seconds, the four contestants with the most amount of money keep all of the winnings they have earned. They face in a series of three bouts, which are as follows:

paragraphs: The winner of the third bout wins $2,000,000.


title: The Ice Storm

paragraphs: The Ice Storm is a 1997 American drama movie. The movie is about two families in New Canaan, Connecticut who are dealing with politics and serious social matters in November 1973. These two families do that using adultery, alcohol and sexual experimenting. Christina Ricci, Elijah Wood and Kevin Kline are in the cast. "The Ice Storm" received very positive reviews from the critics. Its performance at the box office, however was terrible: the movie only got back close to half its $18 million budget. This movie was released in the United States in autumn 1997.


title: Edith Nesbit

paragraphs: Edith Nesbit (1858–1924) was an English writer. She was known for her books for children. Some of her novels, such as "The Railway Children", have been made into films.


title: Artemisia (movie)

paragraphs: Artemisia is a 1997 French and Italian erotic and biographical movie. It is about Artemisia Gentileschi, a 17th-century Italian painter. She is as talented as her father, who is also a painter. At that time in Italy, women were not allowed to paint humans in the nude. But Artemisia is very much determined.

paragraphs: The movie got very positive reviews. The MPAA originally gave "Artemisia" an NC-17 rating. On appeal, the rating was changed to an R-rating.


title: C major

paragraphs: C major is a major scale based on C, which is made up of the pitches C,D,E,F,G,A,B. Its key signature has no flats or sharps (see below: Scales and keys).

paragraphs: Its relative minor is A minor, and its parallel minor is C minor. A scale in both C major and A minor can be played on a piano or other keyboard instrument using only the white keys.

paragraphs: Most of the time key signatures were cancelled whenever the new key signature had fewer sharps or flats than the old key signature, in modern popular music, this is only done when C major or A minor replace another key.


title: Geoffroi de Charny

paragraphs: Geoffroi de Charny ( 1300 – 19 September 1356) was the Lord of Lirey, a French knight and a writer. Sir Geoffroi was born of an important French family. Throughout his life he fought many battles for France. He fought in the Crusades and many times throughout the war with England. He was always loyal to his King, Jean II, King of France and died at the Battle of Poitiers protecting him. Throughout his lifetime he was well known and well respected by both the French and the English kings and nobles. At Poitiers he was chosen to carry the Oriflamme into battle. The Oriflamme was the Kings banner and this was a great honor given to a knight by the King. He was also one of the Knights chosen to fight close to and protect the King. De Charny was said to be a "true and perfect Knight".

paragraphs: Jean de Joinville was de Charny's grandfather's. He was a close friend of King Louis IX and author of his biography. In the same tradition, Sir Geoffroi wrote three books in his time. His most famous book was "A Knight's Own Book of Chivalry". In this book he shared his great skill and knowledge of combat. The second book written by de Charny is entitled, "Requests (or Questions) for jousting tournaments and war". It was written about 1352 to the Knights of the Order of the Star which Sir Geoffroi founded. This book was written in the form of questions. His third book was the book "Charny", describes the life of a knight and lists the qualities a good knight must possess.

paragraphs: Charny fought in Flanders and Tournay. He was taken prisoner but was ransomed because the King considered him so important. He fought in many major battles during the Hundred Years' War such as the battles of Calais, Crecy and Poitiers.

paragraphs: Sir John Chandos was a close friend and biographer of Edward, the Black Prince, the eldest son of King Edward III of England. Chandos was a famous knight himself. He was an educated man and wrote down the events of a great meeting of both sides before the Battle of Poitiers. He wrote that at that meeting Sir Geoffroi tried to avoid a great bloodshed by proposing a smaller battle where 100 knights on each side would do battle with each other and the outcome would decide the battle. Chandos writes that Charny was trying to find an honorable solution to avoid a great many more deaths. The Black Prince refused that offer. Charny’s predictions turned out to be true and indeed a great many nobles on both sides lost their life that day, including de Charny himself.

paragraphs: Charny died at the Battle of Poitiers while protecting the King.

paragraphs: Historical records seem to indicate that a shroud bearing an image of a crucified man (represented in the Pilgrim Badge shown here) existed in the small town of Lirey in France around the years 1353 to 1357 in the possession of Geoffroi de Charny. The cloth itself is controversial. Some believe it is a fake, while others believe the shroud to be the true burial cloth of Jesus Christ.


title: Mixtape

paragraphs: A mixtape (or mixed-tape) is any compilation of songs recorded onto a cassette tape or other storage medium. A mixtape usually shows the kind of music that the person who made it likes to listen to. It can range from a randomly selected list of favourite songs, to a conceptual mix of songs of the same genre or mood. Making mixtapes may be considered an art form.

paragraphs: Since the 1990s, the term "mixtape" can also describe releases used to promote one or more new musical artists, or as a pre-release by more established artists to promote upcoming albums.


title: Caius (jurist)

paragraphs: Caius or Gaius was a lawyer who lived in the 2nd century. Very little is known about his life, but he left a scholarly work on Roman law, called Institutiones. The Law of Citations, introduced in the year 426 made him one of the authorities of Roman law, together with Ulpian, Paulus, Papianus and Modestinus.

paragraphs: His works were written between AD 130 and 180.


title: Pascal's simplex

paragraphs: Pascal's simplex is a mathematical term. A simplex gives a generalisation of a triangle. Pascal's simplex gives the generalisation of Pascal's triangle.


title: Corey Locke

paragraphs: Corey Locke (born May 8, 1984) is a Canadian ice hockey player. He has played for the Montreal Canadiens, New York Rangers, and the Ottawa Senators. He also played for Turku (Finland). He was born in Toronto, Ontario.


title: Harrow (tool)

paragraphs: A harrow is a farm tool. It is an implement for breaking up and smoothing out the surface of the soil. In this way it is different from a plow, which cuts deeper into the soil. A plow also lifts up the soil and tips it over, but a harrow works mostly by cutting into the soil and breaking it up. Harrowing is often carried out on fields to follow the rough surface left by plowing.

paragraphs: The purpose of this harrowing is generally to break up clods (lumps of soil) and to provide a finer finish, a good tilth or soil structure that is good for planting seeds. It may also be used to remove weeds and to cover up seed after sowing.

paragraphs: Harrows differ from cultivators in that they disturb the whole surface of the soil, instead of disturbing only narrow trails that avoid crop rows (to kill weeds).

paragraphs: There are four general types of harrows: disc harrow, tine harrow, chain harrow and chain disk harrows. Harrows were originally pulled by draft animals, such as horses, mules, or oxen, or in some times and places by people. In modern practice they are almost always pulled by tractors, either from a drawbar or mounted on the three-point hitch.

paragraphs: Harrows may be of several types and weights, depending on their purpose. They almost always consist of a rigid frame that holds discs, teeth, linked chains, or other means of moving soil—but tine and chain harrows are often only supported by a bar at the front of the set.

paragraphs: Depending on the type of soil and the crop being planted, one or more types of harrows may be used to get the soil ready for planting. If the soil is very light so that it might easily be wind-blown, a roller can be used at the end to settle it.

paragraphs: A "drag" is a name for a heavy harrow, often a chain type.


title: Bell Labs

paragraphs: Bell Laboratories (or Bell Labs) is part of the French company Alcatel-Lucent which in turn is owned by Nokia. It is a research subsidiary of the company, and is based in Berkeley Heights, New Jersey, United States.

paragraphs: AT&T created Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1925. It works on creating new things. Bell Labs in the 20th century did much scientific research. Work done there has won seven Nobel Prizes.


title: Ceawlin of Wessex

paragraphs: Ceawlin (also spelled Ceaulin and Caelin) ( 593) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He ruled from 560 to 592. He was the second king to be overlord over all the English south of the River Humber.

paragraphs: Ceawlin was the son of Cynric. He is mentioned as fighting alongside his father against the Bretons at Branbury in 556. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Ceawlin became king of the West Saxons in 560. Bede states Ceawlin was the second king to rule the southern English as overlord. The informal term for a king that ruled over other kings was "". The term comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and means 'Britain ruler'. These overkings typically received from other Anglo-Saxon kings in the south.

paragraphs: In 577 Ceawlin, with his son Cuthwine, led the Gewisse against the Britons at 'Deorham' (Dyrham in Gloucestershire). They reportedly killed three kings, Coinmail, Condidan, and Farinmail. Ceawlin and Cuthwine captured Gloucester, Cirencester and Bath. West Saxons then colonized the lower Severn valley. The importance of this victory was that it gave the West Saxons access to the western sea. This also divided the Britons so they could no longer communicate by land. But it was territory later Wessex kings would not be able to hold. In 584 Ceawlin defeated the Britons at Fethanlea (Oxfordshire) but his ally Cutha was killed there.

paragraphs: About 592 Ceawlin fought a battle at Woddesbeorg (or Wodnesbeorg) also called Adam's Grave, east of Devizes in Wiltshire. There was a 'great slaughter' but nothing was said as to who he fought; Britons or Anglo-Saxons. But it was over this loss that Ceawlin was driven out of power. His nephew Ceol replaced him as king in 592. Ceawlin died in 593. At the end of his reign, the Gewisse or West Saxons held the lands of Berkshire, Wiltshire, Hampshire and much of Gloucestershire.


title: Meet the Press

paragraphs: Meet the Press is an American television news/interview show that airs on NBC. It began on November 6, 1947. It is the longest-running television show in American television history.

paragraphs: The show's format has a long one-on-one interview with a person who works in politics. There may also be a discussion with either members of Congress or political commentators.

paragraphs: "Meet the Press" began on radio in 1945 as "American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press". It was a show that was used to promote "The American Mercury", an American magazine that was issued from 1924 to 1981. The show moved to television with a shorter title of just "Meet the Press" on November 6, 1947.

paragraphs: Over the years, the show has had eleven hosts called "moderators". The first moderator was Martha Rountree. The current moderator is David Gregory, who has hosted the show since December 2008. Tim Russert is the show's longest-lasting moderator. He hosted from 1991 to his death on June 13, 2008.

paragraphs: This is a list of moderators who have hosted "Meet the Press".


title: MultiMediaCard

paragraphs: The MultiMediaCard (MMC) is a flash memory card standard. It was developed by SanDisk and Siemens AG for use in the consumer market. The card is about the size of a postage stamp: 24 mm × 32 mm × 1.4 mm.


title: Gaius

paragraphs: Gaius, sometimes spelled Caius, was a common given name in Latin. When written, it is often abbreviated C.; the abbreviation goes back to before the Roman alphabet distinguished between the letters C and G.


title: Willa Ford

paragraphs: Amanda Lee Modano (earlier last name: Williford, also called Willa Ford; born 22 January 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and television personality. She released her very first studio record, "Willa was Were", in July 2001. Ford hosted several reality television shows, posed for "Playboy" and competed on the show "Dancing with the Stars". The actress was born in Florida.


title: Erin Wasson

paragraphs: Erin Wasson (born January 20, 1982) is an American model, actress and designer. She has had roles in several movies. She was also on the covers of several fashion magazines, including "Vogue", "Esquire" and "Elle". She walked international runways for fashion designers.


title: Mademoiselle

paragraphs: Mademoiselle was an American fashion magazine which was mostly for women. It was first published in 1935 by Street and Smith. "Mademoiselle" became known for publishing short stories by authors including Tennessee Williams, Truman Capote and James Baldwin. In the 1960s, "Mademoiselle" became a clothing and fashion magazine. When the editors could not update the magazine to appeal to enough people, "Mademoiselle" stopped printing. The last issue was in November 2001. Some employees and features of the magazine were then transferred to the "Glamour" magazine.


title: Don't Worry, Be Happy

paragraphs: "Don't Worry, Be Happy" is a song from musician Bobby McFerrin. It was the first a cappella single to reach number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It stayed there for two weeks. The video to the song is shorter than the album version. The song was released in September 1988. It has become more popular since then.

paragraphs: The song lyrics came from Meher Baba, who usually said "Don't worry, be happy."


title: Crécy-en-Ponthieu

paragraphs: Crécy-en-Ponthieu is a commune in the Somme department in Picardie in northern France, located south of Calais. It gives its name to Crécy Forest, which starts about two kilometres to the south-west of the town and which is one of the largest forests in the north of France. A very small river, the Maye, runs through the town.

paragraphs: Crécy-en-Ponthieu is best known as the site of the Battle of Crécy in 1346, one of the earliest and most important battles of the Hundred Years' War.

paragraphs: Yet there are other significant historical links. One is the Chausee Brunehaut which passed within two miles of the town and is the Roman road from Paris and Amiens to Boulogne, and is still visible and walkable today.

paragraphs: And just to the north of the town, slightly to the west of where the Battle was fought, there was an airfield used in the Second World War.


title: Sahti

paragraphs: Sahti is a traditional beer from Finland. It has alcohol 7-9%. The writer Michael Jackson made sahti more well-known in other parts of the world.


title: What's New Pussycat?

paragraphs: What's New Pussycat? is a romantic comedy movie from 1965. The movie is about music, infidelity and romance taking place in France. The movie stars Woody Allen (who also produced), Peter O'Toole, Romy Schneider, Paula Prentiss, Ursula Andress and Peter Sellers. The release for this movie was June 1965.


title: I'll Do Anything

paragraphs: I'll Do Anything is a comedy-drama movie from 1994. This movie is about an actor who finds himself the sole caretaker for his six-year-old daughter. Anne Heche plays Claire. Tracey Ullman plays Beth. Nick Nolte plays Matt. The movie got very positive reviews from the critics. The box office intake, however, was poor. The release of "I'll Do Anything" was in February 1994.


title: Joely Fisher

paragraphs: Joely Fisher (born October 29, 1967) is an American actress. She played Nina on the ABC show "Desperate Housewives". She also played Susan in the 1994 holiday comedy movie "Mixed Nuts".


title: Lighting

paragraphs: Lighting or illumination is the use of light to achieve a certain effect. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight. Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents a major component of energy consumption in buildings. Lighting is a major factor in photography, movie making and television studios.


title: Mamie Gummer

paragraphs: Mary Willa "Mamie" Gummer (born August 3, 1983) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television programs.

paragraphs: Gummer was born in New York City, New York. She is the daughter of actress Meryl Streep and sculptor Don Gummer. She grew up in Salisbury, Connecticut. She also spent five years in Los Angeles, California with her older brother, Henry Wolfe Gummer, and younger sisters, actress Grace Gummer and Louisa.


title: Cynric of Wessex

paragraphs: Cynric ( 560) was the King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He reigned from about 534 to 560.

paragraphs: Cynric, according to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, was the son of Cerdic. Most of what is known about Cynric and his father Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. According to the , Cerdic and Cynric, both chiefs, arrived in 495. Cerdices ora is the name of the place they landed and fought the Britons there on the same day. In 519 they defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga they battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. The record for 534 states that Cerdic died this year, his son Cynric became king and ruled for 26 years. As king, Cynric was involved in two more major battles in and around Wiltshire. The first in 552 was at Searoburh. The second battle was at Beranburh (Barbury Castle) in 556. In this last battle Cynric's son Ceawlin was fighting alongside him. In 560 Cynric was succeeded by his son Ceawlin.


title: Kendrick Lamar

paragraphs: Kendrick Lamar Duckworth (born June 17, 1987) is an American rapper and songwriter. He is from Compton, California. He is best known for his albums "Overly Dedicated", "Section.80," "g.o.o.d kid, M.A.A.D. city," "To Pimp a Butterfly," and most recently "Damn (Kendrick Lamar album)," He has also released five mixtapes.

paragraphs: In October 2013 Lamar won five awards at the 2013 BET Awards. He performed "Money Trees" at the show.

paragraphs: He was the only guest rapper on Eminem's album "The Marshall Mathers LP 2", which was released November 5, 2013.

paragraphs: Lamar did eighteen concerts with Kanye West as part of West's October-December 2013 Yeezus Tour.

paragraphs: Lamar was nominated for seven Grammy Awards in 2013. He performed "m.A.A.d city" and a remix to "Radioactive" with Imagine Dragons at the awards ceremony.

paragraphs: In 2015, Kendrick Lamar released studio album To Pimp a Butterfly, which earned recognition as Best Rap Album at the Grammy Awards. The project also earned a nomination for Album of the Year. Single I (Kendrick Lamar Song) earned Grammy Awards for both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance in 2014. Two more songs from the album earned awards at the 2015 ceremony, with "Alright" winning both Best Rap Song and Best Rap Performance, and "These Walls" winning an award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration. "Alright" also received nominations for both Song of the Year and Best Music Video.

paragraphs: In 2017, Lamar released Damn (Kendrick Lamar Album), stylized as DAMN.. The project was nominated for seven Grammy Awards in 2017, winning five. The project earned the award for Best Rap Album, while also earning a nomination for Album of the Year. The single "HUMBLE." earned awards for Best Rap Performance, Best Rap Song, and Best Music Video, while also receiving a nomination for Record of the Year. Another track, "LOYALTY.", which features Rihanna, won the award for Best Rap/Sung Performance. In 2018, DAMN. earned the Pulitzer Prize award for Music, making him the first rap artist to earn the award.

paragraphs: In 2018, Lamar served as the primary curator of the soundtrack for the film Black Panther, releasing "". This release and its tracks earned seven Grammy Award nominations, including for Album of the Year, in 2018. The track "King's Dead" earned the award for Best Rap Performance.


title: The Chew

paragraphs: The Chew is an American television talk and cooking show. It airs on ABC. It started on September 26, 2011. It replaced the soap opera "All My Children". The show's name was inspired by talk show "The View". It focuses on food-related and lifestyle topics. It is hosted by Mario Batali, Michael Symon, Carla Hall, Clinton Kelly, and Daphne Oz.

paragraphs: On April 11, 2012, ABC announced that the show would air for a second season.


title: Cooking show

paragraphs: A cooking show (also called a cookery programme) is a television program where one or more hosts show people how to cook food dishes in a kitchen studio set. The show's host, often a celebrity chef, will make one or more food dishes in an episode. They will show the inspiration for the dish, how to make it, and the stages of cooking. These types of shows are often meant to be educational, although some shows are competitions that are meant to entertain the viewer.

paragraphs: The cable television network Food Network airs these types of shows.


title: Cerdic of Wessex

paragraphs: Cerdic ( 534) was the first Anglo Saxon King of the Gewisse, also called the King of Wessex. He was the of the kings of Wessex and the Anglo-Saxon kings of England beginning with Athelstan.

paragraphs: According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Cerdic, along with his son Cynric, came to Britain in 495. Their three ships landed at Cerdices ora fought the Britons there on the same day. Most of what is known about Cerdic comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. In 519 he and his son defeated Britons at Cerdices ford and took Wessex. In 527 at a place called Cerdices leaga Cerdic and Cynric battled with the Britons again. In 530 they conquered the Isle of Wight. The record for 534 states that Cerdic died this year. Cerdic was succeeded by his son Cynric.

paragraphs: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle gave Cenred a pedigree going back to the Saxon god Woden. But historian Kenneth Sisam

paragraphs: showed this was "borrowed" from the Kings of Bernicia and was not historic. But archaeological evidence shows that outside of Kent and Sussex, the main area of settlement was in the upper Thames Valley. This agrees with much of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle although dates are harder to verify.


title: Euler characteristic

paragraphs: In mathematics, the Euler characteristic of a shape is a number that describes a topological space, so that anything in the space will have the same number. It is calculated by taking the number of points in the shape, the number of lines in the shape, and the number of faces of the shape. One can find the Euler characteristic with this formula:

paragraphs: where "V" is the point count, "E" the line count, and "F" the face count. For most common shapes (convex polyhedron), the Euler characteristic is 2.

paragraphs: For spheres, the Euler characteristic is also 2.


title: Smith College

paragraphs: Smith College is a women's college in Northampton, Massachusetts, United States. It is a private, independent, liberal arts college. It is the largest member of the Seven Sisters group of colleges. In 2013, it was number 18 on U.S. News & World Report's list of Best Liberal Arts Colleges.

paragraphs: Smith is a member of the Five Colleges group. That means its students can go to classes at four other schools: Mount Holyoke College, Amherst College, Hampshire College, and the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

paragraphs: Smith College was started in 1871 using money left by Sophia Smith. She left money in her will to start a women's college after her death. In her will, she said:

paragraphs: When Smith College opened in 1875, it had 14 students and six faculty. By 1915–16, there were 1,724 students and 163 faculty.

paragraphs: The Smith campus covers . It has more than 1,200 varieties of trees and shrubs.

paragraphs: The United States Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, was a training ground for junior officers of the Women's Reserve of the U.S. Naval Reserve (WAVES). It was nicknamed "USS "Northampton"." On August 28, 1942, 120 women went to the school for training.

paragraphs: Smith has had 10 presidents and two acting presidents. (An acting president is someone who does the work of a president when there is no president or the president is not available to do the work.) Elizabeth Cutter Morrow was the first acting president of Smith College and the first female head of the college, but she did not use the title of president. For the 1975 centennial, the college had its first woman president, Jill Ker Conway. Since her term, all Smith presidents but one have been women.

paragraphs: On December 10, 2012, the Board of Trustees announced that Kathleen McCartney would be the president of Smith College starting on July 1, 2013. Her official inauguration was planned for October 2013.

paragraphs: Many Smith students have become notable. They include:


title: Oberon

paragraphs: Oberon (also spelled Auberon) is a king of the fairies in medieval and Renaissance literature. He is best known as a character in William Shakespeare's play "A Midsummer Night's Dream". In this play, he is married to Titania, the Queen of the Fairies. His servant is Puck. Puck plays tricks.

paragraphs: In the play, Oberon and Titania are arguing. Titania falls asleep. Oberon tells Puck to put a potion in her eyes. This potion will make her love the first thing she sees when she wakes. She sees a man with a donkey head. Oberon and Titania make up. All ends happily.


title: Howard the Duck

paragraphs: Howard the Duck is a character from Marvel Comics created in 1973. He is a duck from outer space. His story was made into a movie in 1986., howard the duck apears into guardians of galaxy, guardians of the galaxy vol 2 and avengers endgame


title: Horchata

paragraphs: Horchata is the name of several kinds of traditional drinks common in Central America. It is made of ground almonds, sesame seeds, rice, barley, or tigernuts "(chufas)". It has a light brown color and a sweet flavor. Usually you drink horchata cold.


title: Aescwine of Wessex

paragraphs: Aescwine was a King in Wessex from about 674 to 676. He was one of several in Wessex at the time.

paragraphs: Aescwine was the son of Cenfus, who also ruled Wessex as a subking. They both claimed descent from Cynric through his son Ceolwulf. After the death of Cenwalh the underkings took over Wessex and ruled it for about ten years. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Cenwalh was succeeded as ruler by his wife Seaxburh. She ruled for about one year trying to hold central control over Wessex. In 675, Aescwine defeated Wulfhere over territory north of the Thames. Aescwine reigned from about 674 to 676. He was succeeded by Centwine.


title: Notre Dame Stadium

paragraphs: Notre Dame Stadium is the home football stadium for the University of Notre Dame. The university's football team are the Fighting Irish. The stadium is located on the university's campus in Notre Dame, Indiana, just north of the city of South Bend. It was opened in 1930. The stadium can seat over 80,000 people.

paragraphs: The stadium opened in 1930. It replaced the old stadium Cartier Field. It cost more than US$750,000 to build. The head coach of the Fighting Irish, Knute Rockne, played an important role in the design of the stadium. The design was based on Michigan Stadium. The stadium originally held 54,000 people. It measured a half-mile (0.8 kilometres) in circumference and stood high. It was built by the Sollitt Construction Company of South Bend. They began building in April 1930, and took six months to build. The Irish played their first game in the new stadium on 4 October 1930. They beat the SMU Mustangs 20–14. The official dedication was on October 11 against Navy.

paragraphs: Over the years, the stadium's seating capacity was gradually increased to 59,075. This was mainly done by making most of the seats smaller. In 1997, 21,000 new seats were added to the stadium, bringing the seating capacity to the present 80,795. Permanent lights were also installed. The lights were paid for by NBC, which has held the exclusive television rights to all home games since 1991.

paragraphs: The playing surface was natural grass throughout the stadium's history until FieldTurf, an advanced artificial surface, was installed before the 2014 football season.

paragraphs: The stadium is known for its view of "Touchdown Jesus" (actually titled "The Word of Life"), a large mural of the resurrected Jesus. The mural is painted on the southern exterior wall of the Hesburgh Library. It is high and wide. It can be seen over the northern end zone of the stadium. The mural was designed by Millard Sheets and was constructed in 1964. It cost US$200,000. It is contains 81 types of stone from 16 countries, and is composed of hundreds of panels which incorporate 6,700 pieces of granite.

paragraphs: In 1997, fans protested the university's plans to add 20,000 seats to the stadium. These seats would have blocked the view of "Touchdown Jesus" from the field. The university then considered limiting seats in the end zone. For aesthetic reasons however, developers went with a larger bowl all the way around. As a result, the view of "Touchdown Jesus" was partially blocked.


title: Makenzie Vega

paragraphs: Makenzie Jade Vega (born 10 February 1994) is an American teen actress. She did the character Grace in the television program "The Good Wife" on CBS. She also played Vera on the show "ER". The actress was born in Los Angeles.


title: The Road to Wellville

paragraphs: The Road to Wellville is a 1994 comedy-drama movie. This movie is about the doctor and clean-living advocate John Harvey Kellogg and his unusual methods for maintaining health. Anthony Hopkins plays Doctor Kellogg. Lara Flynn Boyle plays Ida. Camryn Manheim plays Virginia. The movie was released October 28, 1994 in the United States. The reviews of "The Road to Wellville" were not good. The movie performed poorly in the box office.


title: Father of the Pride

paragraphs: Father of the Pride is an American animated television series. The series is based on Siegfried & Roy's performances.

paragraphs: The animation was produced by Imagi Animation Studios.

paragraphs: The family was conceived by Katzenberg when he visited Siegfried & Roy's Secret Garden in Las Vegas in 2002.

paragraphs: The show revolves around the adventures of a family of white lions, consisting of father Larry, the bumbling yet well-intentioned star of Siegfried & Roy's show; Kate, a pretty, stay-at-home mother who is a member of a special women's group; Sierra, their teenage daughter who is constantly annoyed by her family; Hunter, their awkward young son, who is a huge fan of "Lord of the Rings"; Sarmoti, Kate's father and Sierra and Hunter's grandfather who has an annoyance for Larry; and Snack, Larry's mischievous gopher friend.

paragraphs: Recurring characters appear alongside the lion family; these include Larry's friends Roger, Chutney, Vincent, and Nelson; Larry's rival Blake and his wife Victoria; Sarmoti's friends Bernie, Duke, Chaz, and the Snout Brothers; Hi Larious; Kate's friends Foo-Lin, Lily, and Brittany; two lesbian gophers Chimmi & Changa; and Sierra's boyfriend Justin.

paragraphs: The primary setting of "Father of the Pride" is Las Vegas, Nevada.

paragraphs: It took more than 200 animators 2 years to make "Father of the Pride". Computer animation was produced at Imagi Animation Studios in Hong Kong.

paragraphs: The series employed a small group of seasoned directors, which included Mark Risley, Bret Haaland, Steve Hickner, John Holmquist, John Stevenson, and Mark Baldo. Felix Ip served as creative director for Imagi. For the first season, DreamWorks created 30 principal sets, 500 special props, and about 100 characters. In fact, a typical episode unfolds across all 30 principal sets and features two or three unique locations as well. The lion habitat is inspired by the real Secret Garden in Las Vegas, where the actual Siegfried & Roy lions reside. In "Father of the Pride", the Secret Garden encompasses residences for the main characters and their families and public areas ranging from the community bar to a school classroom.

paragraphs: Since Larry and his family drive the story lines for most of the episodes, their residence is the most detailed, comprising separate, contiguous sets for the living room, the kitchen, and the children's bedrooms. Meanwhile, the assets are stored in individual files in order to be loaded into separate layers and assembled modularly.


title: Wine cellar

paragraphs: A wine cellar is a place to store wines, typically in bottles or barrels. When stored in a wine cellar, wine is protected from light. Temperature should be 6–20°C.


title: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve

paragraphs: Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which is situated on Bukit Timah Hill, is the largest of the remaining patches of primary forest in Singapore. Singapore’s original tropical primary rainforest ecosystem makes up half of the reserve. At the summit of the hill, there is a rock showing the height, latitude and longtitude.

paragraphs: BTNR is located just beside the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, separated by the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE). BTNR is the only remaining primary forest in Singapore. It covers a total area of 163 hectares and occupies just 0.2% of Singapore's land.

paragraphs: BTNR is easily accessible from Dairy Farm Nature Park, as well as the MacRitchie Reservoir in the neighbouring Central Catchment Nature Reserve. Dairy Farm Nature Reserve is connected to the Yellow Trail via the Dairy Farm Loop, while the MacRitchie Reservoir is connected to BTNR by the Kampong Trail.

paragraphs: In 1825, one of Singapore's first colonial administrators, John Crawfurd, climbed the hill. He said that the surrounding forest was so dense that sailing to Calcutta was almost as easy as reaching Bukit Timah. In 1843, the access road to the summit was built. 40 years later, BTNR became the first forest reserve in Singapore to be conserved. The reserve has been protected by law since 1939, when the reserve was threatened by nearby granite quarrying at Hindhede Quarry. Till the late 1980s, BTNR was still part of the CCNR. Then, the government decided to build the BKE through the CCNR, thus splitting the CCNR and forming the BTNR. In 1991, the newly formed NParks, which manage Singapore's parks, nature reserves, and roadside trees, conducted a visitor survey. After gathering all the feedback, they began to develop facilities to improve visitors' experience at the reserve. and at the same time, reduce the damage that visitors might cause to the reserve. Over time, trails started to penetrate parts of the forest which were richer in biodiversity, causing plant and animal numbers to decrease. The ground surface was also damaged and soil erosion occurred. As a result, those trails were closed, and the main trails were upgraded.

paragraphs: During the 2 decades that followed the separation of BTNR from CCNR, nature lovers complained about the separation of biodiversity in the BTNR and CCNR. They said that animals from each nature reserve could not cross over to the other reserve, and wanted a link to connect the two reserves, so as to allow animals to move about from one reserve to the other. In 2005, some nature lovers and government authorities agreed to build a bridge to link the two reserves. Work to build the Eco Link began on 30 July 2011 and was completed in the 3rd quarter of 2013. Trees to create a natural environment were planted on the bridge after it was completed.

paragraphs: Being home to more than 840 flowering plants and 500 species of animals, it contains 40% of Singapore's flora and fauna. A common tree there is the Seraya ("Shorea curtisii"), which dominates the forest canopy of BTNR. Rare plants such as the Mock Durian ("Neesia synandra") can also be found there. The Mock Durian, as its name mentions, produces fruit that look like durians, but they are inedible. Forest Praying Mantis and the Singapore Freshwater Crab are some of the rare animals found there. Pangolins, Horsfield's Flying Squirrel, Plaintain Squirrel, Malayan Colugo, also known as the Malayan Flying Lemur, as well as the Giant Forest Ant all live at BTNR. There are also many Long-tailed Macaques, which is the most common monkey in Singapore. Other than that, BTNR also has rich bird and insect life. Cicadas can be heard everywhere. Many species of birds and butterflies can also be spotted there. However, the birds, like the cicada, are more often heard than seen. Some of the birds spotted there are the Greater Racket-tailed Drongo, Asian Fairy Bluebird, Red-crowned Barbet and Emerald Dove. In March 2011, a Dot-Dash Sergeant ("Athyma kanwa"), which is a rare butterfly in Singapore, was spotted along the Red Trail. Some of the other butterflies spotted there include the Common Faun ("Faunis canens"), Common Caerulean ("Jamides celeno") etc. One species of monkey, the crab-eating macaque is common in the park.

paragraphs: BTNR consists of 4 trails, namely the Red Trail, Blue Trail, Green Trail and Yellow Trail. The starting point of all the trails is the same, and at 40m above sea level. There are poles lining the various trails, with the colours of the trail(s) pasted on them.

paragraphs: The Red Trail is the main trail that brings people from the foot of the hill to the summit. To get to the rest of the trails, one has to walk up a part of the Red Trail first. The Green and Yellow Trails are basically detours into the forest, as they will still lead back to the Red Trail when reaching the summit. The 1.2km-long Red Trail, which is made of tarmac, is the one of the two easiest trails to climb. A trip up to the summit takes about 30 minutes while a return trip takes about 25 minutes.

paragraphs: The Blue Trail is the shortest of all trails, and is the second of two easiest trails to climb. The 0.7km-long Blue Trail starts off on the Red Trail itself, before breaking away halfway to lead to the Hindhede Quarry, at a height of 140m. An ascending trip takes about 20 minutes while a trip back to the foot of the hill takes about 18 minutes.

paragraphs: The Green Trail is 1.1km long. An ascend takes 30 minutes while a descend takes 25 minutes.

paragraphs: The Yellow Trail is the toughest of all trails. It surrounds the Jungle Fall Valley. Hikers start by walking up the Red Trail, then walking into the forest. The Yellow Trail cuts into the Jungle Fall Path in the dense forest near the summit, at a height of 150m, and hikers have to descend and ascend many steps along the way. Generally, the trail descends sharply until reaching the Singapore Quarry, before ascending sharply again. When it reaches the Singapore Quarry, it is only 100-110m above sea level. After that, the trail ascends until it joins back the Red Trail. By then, it is almost reaching the summit already. The trail is 1.8km long, and a summit-bound hike takes about 1 hour 10 minutes to 2 hours, while a return trip takes at least 55 minutes or more.

paragraphs: Other than the 4 main trails, there are also other trails that are not part of the main trails. There are a few of this "paths".

paragraphs: BTNR is a popular place for many Singaporeans. Everyday, many people go there to jog, hike, or for a stroll. There is also a 6km long Mountain Biking Trail for mountain bikers to cycle. The mountain biking trail goes around the reserve, going along the green corridor where the old KTM trains used to pass by, then passing by the Singapore Quarry, followed by Dairy Farm Nature Park and the Bukit Timah Expressway (BKE), then near Rifle Range Road before back to the carpark where the trail starts.

paragraphs: BTNR is the second ASEAN Heritage Park in Singapore, after Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve. BTNR was granted this status on 18 October 2011.

paragraphs: By the 1990s, Singaporeans had started to get interested in nature. Visitor numbers have rose sharply since then, with 88,000 visitors in 1990, and 400,000 just 8 years later.


title: Theresa Caputo

paragraphs: Theresa Caputo (born c. 1965/1966 or 1966/1967) (sources do not agree) is an American actress. She is best known for portraying herself as someone who can talk to dead people on a television show. Many news organizations have called that claim fake.

paragraphs: Caputo was born and raised in Hicksville, Long Island, New York


title: Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle

paragraphs: Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle is a 1994 biographical and drama movie. This movie is about Dorothy Parker and related writers. The movie takes place in the 1920s. Jennifer Jason Leigh plays Dorothy Parker. Also acting in this movie is Martha Plimpton: she plays Jane Grant. The movie was an Official Selection in the 1994 Cannes Film Festival. The movie was given very positive reviews from many critics. The box office performance, however, was not good.


title: Afternoon Delight

paragraphs: Afternoon Delight is an American comedy-drama movie from 2013. The movie is about sexual awakenings during a sexless and loveless marriage. Juno Temple plays the stripper McKenna. The movie was first shown at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2013.


title: Cage (rapper)

paragraphs: Chris Palko (born 1973), better known by his stage name Cage or Cage Kennylz, is a rapper from New York. He is best known for his albums "For Your Box", "Movies For The Blind", "Hell's Winter" and "Depart From Me". Cage was born in Germany but raised in New York.


title: 2013–14 Hull City A.F.C. season

paragraphs: Hull City's 2013–14 season is their first season back in the Premier League after finishing second in the Npower Championship last season and gaining automatic promotion.


title: Rod Grams

paragraphs: Rodney Dwight "Rod" Grams (February 4, 1948 – October 8, 2013) was a politician from Minnesota and a radio personality. He served as a Republican in both the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. Grams first began as a TV News anchor, but quit his job in order to run for the senate.

paragraphs: Grams was born in Princeton, Minnesota and attended Brown Institute, 1966–8, Anoka-Ramsey Community College, 1970–2, and Carroll College, 1974–5.

paragraphs: After David Durenberger announced he would not seek reelection, Grams surprised many by announcing, just months into beginning his first term in the US House, that he would run for the US Senate. However, Grams faced opposition for the Republican party endorsement from State Senator Gen Olson, Bert McKasy (former chief of staff to David Durenberger), and Doug McFarland.

paragraphs: In the general election against Democratic Farm Labor candidate Ann Wynia and Independence Party candidate Dean Barkley, Grams won a close election to become Minnesota's next US Senator.

paragraphs: Grams ran for re-election in 2000 as the incumbent, losing to Mark Dayton. During the campaign, Grams' wife Christine Gunhus was revealed to have written anonymous disparaging emails about Grams' potential Democratic rival, Mike Ciresi, from her home computer. She received a fine and suspended sentence for violating political advertising regulations.

paragraphs: Grams was married to Christine Gunhus until his death in 2013. On September 4, 2013 it was announced that Grams had been battling cancer since 2012 and had entered hospice care.

paragraphs: Grams died of colon cancer on October 8, 2013 at his home in Crown, Minnesota.


title: Arrondissements of the Côte-d'Or department

paragraphs: There are 3 arrondissements in the Côte-d'Or department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Côte-d'Or department has had few changes:


title: Agilbert

paragraphs: Agilbert (flourished 650–) was Frankish by birth and educated in Ireland. He became the second Bishop to the West Saxons after Bishop Birinus. Following a disagreement with king Cenwalh of Wessex he returned to Gaul to eventually become the Bishop of Paris.

paragraphs: Agilbert studied in Ireland for several years. In 650 he came to Wessex as a . Cenwalh, the king, was impressed by his background he offered Agilbert the of Dorchester. This was the seat originally given to Bishop Birinus who founded a church at Dorchester on Thames. Birinus had died in 650 and Cenwalh was looking for a replacement. But after some time Cenwalh grew tired of not being able to understand the bishop, who apparently did not speak the Anglo-Saxon language. Cenwalh created a new diocese at Winchester in 660 and made Wine the first bishop. Agribert took offense at not being consulted and left his see.

paragraphs: Agilbert did not leave England immediately but visited Northumbria.

paragraphs: A controversy had occurred in the Northumbrian church over the date of Easter. The king Oswiu of Northumbria and his son Eahlfrith each backed a different church position. Why Agilbert came to Northumbria at this time or who sent him is not recorded. But kings Osiwu and Cenwalh were friends. They both supported the Roman position that Easter should be celebrated the same throughout the Christian world. A synod was called at Whitby to settle the issue. Bishop Agilbert was the senior there who supported the Roman position. As he did not speak the language well, he asked Wilfrid to speak for him. Their argument was why did only the remote parts of Britain celebrate Easter differently than the remainder of the Christian world? Osiwu made a decision to celebrate Easter with the rest of the Christian churches.

paragraphs: Agilbert wandered in Gaul (later France) for a time before accepting the position of Bishop of Paris. He held that position from for about 12 years. He consecrated Wilfrid as a bishop at Compiègne along with several others. Later Bishop Wine was expelled from Wessex by Cenwalh. This left Wessex without a bishop. Cenwalh sent appeals to Agilbert to return to Wessex. Agilbert turned Cenwalh down saying his current duties as bishop of Paris prevented his return. But he sent his nephew Leutherius in his place. Leutherius was welcomed in Wessex as the new bishop of Winchester. Agilbert died sometime after 679. He was buried at the monastery of Jouarre.


title: Nicholas Oresko

paragraphs: Nicholas Oresko (January 18, 1917 – October 4, 2013) was a United States Army veteran and a recipient of the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor, for his actions on 23 January 1945, during World War II.

paragraphs: Oresko was born on January 18, 1917, in Bayonne, New Jersey. Oresko later joined the Army from that city in March 1942.

paragraphs: Following the death of Barney F. Hajiro in January 2011, Oresko became the oldest living Medal of Honor recipient. Oresko lived in Cresskill, New Jersey. Bayonne School #14 was renamed in his honor in July 2010.

paragraphs: Oresko died while undergoing surgery for a broken femur on October 4, 2013 in Englewood, New Jersey. He was 96 years old.


title: Siegfried & Roy

paragraphs: Siegfried Tyron Fischbacher (born June 13, 1939) and Roy Horn (Uwe Ludwig Horn; October 3, 1944 – May 8, 2020) were German-American magicians and entertainers, best known for their acts with white lions and white tigers in Las Vegas, Nevada. They were born and raised in Germany, then moved to the United States and became U.S. citizens. From August 2004 to May 2005, Fischbacher and Horn were executive producers of "Father of the Pride".

paragraphs: Fischbacher and Horn were born and raised in Germany. They emigrated to the United States and became naturalized citizens.

paragraphs: Siegfried Fischbacher was born in Rosenheim on June 13, 1939, to Martin and Maria Fischbacher. His mother was a housewife, and his father was a professional painter who during World War II ended up as a prisoner of war in the Soviet Union. Fischbacher purchased a magic book as a child and began to practice illusions. He moved to Italy in 1956 and started work at a hotel.

paragraphs: Eventually, Fischbacher found work performing magic on the ship TS "Bremen" under the stage name Delmare. While performing aboard the ship he met Horn and asked him to assist him during a show. Fischbacher and Horn were fired from the TS "Bremen" for bringing a live cheetah onto the ship, but were scouted by a cruise line based in New York and began performing together as a duo.

paragraphs: Roy was born Uwe Ludwig Horn on October 3, 1944, in Nordenham, in the midst of bomb attacks, to Johanna Horn. His father died in World War II, and his mother married a construction worker after the war ended. She later began work in a factory. Horn had three brothers: Manfred, Alfred, and Werner. Horn became interested in animals at a very young age and cared for his childhood dog named Hexe (witch). Horn's mother's friend's husband Emil was the founder of the Bremen Zoo, which gave Horn access to exotic animals from the age of 10. Horn left school at age 13. He worked as a waiter on the cruise ship "Bremen", where he met Fischbacher and launched his performance career.

paragraphs: The owner of the Astoria Theatre in Bremen saw Fischbacher and Horn's act aboard a Caribbean cruise ship and recruited the duo to perform at her nightclub. This launched a career for the pair on the European nightclub circuit, and they began to perform with tigers. They were discovered performing in Paris by Tony Azzie, who asked them to come to Las Vegas in 1967. They spent some time in Puerto Rico and may have purchased property there.

paragraphs: In 1981, Ken Feld of Irvin & Kenneth Feld Productions started the "Beyond Belief" show with them at the New Frontier Hotel and Casino. A revamped version of the show was taken on a world tour in the third quarter of 1988.

paragraphs: During a period of their careers, Fischbacher and Horn were romantically involved, though they avoided discussion of their private lives.

paragraphs: During a show at the Mirage on Horn's birthday on October 3, 2003, a 7-year-old white tiger named Montecore attacked Horn. As part of the act, but veering off script, Horn held his microphone to Montecore's mouth and told him to say "hello" to the audience. Montecore responded by biting Horn's sleeve. Horn swatted the tiger and barked "release!". Suffering from dizziness, Horn tripped and fell onto his back, and Montecore moved to stand over him.

paragraphs: As standby trainers rushed in from offstage to assist, Montecore bit into Horn's neck and dragged him offstage. Trainers got the tiger to release Horn by spraying him with CO fire extinguisher canisters, the last resort available.

paragraphs: The attack severed Horn's spine, drained his blood, and severely injured other parts of his body, permanently impairing his motor and verbal abilities. He also had a stroke either before or after Montecore dragged him offstage.

paragraphs: While being taken to the hospital, Horn stated, "Montecore is a great cat. Make sure no harm comes to Montecore." He told "People Magazine" in September 2004 that Montecore saved his life by trying to drag him to safety after he had a stroke. The incident prompted the Mirage to close the show, which had 267 cast and crew members.

paragraphs: Trainer Chris Lawrence later refuted Fischbacher and Horn's explanations for why the tiger attacked Horn, alleging it was due to Horn's mishandling of Montecore. The duo dismissed Lawrence's claims, stating he "had problems with his life anyway." Lawrence later said he believed that the duo and the Mirage covered up the real reason for the attack in order to protect their image.

paragraphs: In August 2004, their act became the basis for "Father of the Pride". Right before its release, the series was almost cancelled until Fischbacher and Horn urged NBC to continue production after Horn's condition improved after the attack by Montecore in October 2003. By March 2006, Horn was talking and walking, with assistance from Fischbacher, and appeared on Pat O'Brien's television news program "The Insider" to discuss his daily rehabilitation.

paragraphs: In February 2009, the duo staged a final appearance with Montecore as a benefit for the Lou Ruvo Brain Institute (though Chris Lawrence had stated this performance involved a different tiger). Their performance was recorded for broadcast on ABC television's "20/20" program.

paragraphs: On April 23, 2010, Fischbacher and Horn retired from show business. "The last time we closed, we didn't have a lot of warning", said longtime manager Bernie Yuman. "This is farewell. This is the dot at the end of the sentence."

paragraphs: On March 19, 2014, Montecore died after a brief illness. He was 17 years old.

paragraphs: In June 2016, director Philipp Stölzl announced that Fischbacher and Horn would produce a biopic film documenting their lives.eb/20060306224702/http://insider.tv.yahoo.com/celeb/3732/|title=The INSIDER Online: Celeb Central: Roy Horn Walks|date=March 6, 2006|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=August 26, 2018}}</ref>

paragraphs: In June 2016, director Philipp Stölzl announced that Fischbacher and Horn would produce a biopic film documenting their lives. Following Horn's death in 2020, this most likely will not happen.

paragraphs: On April 28, 2020, Horn's publicist stated he "tested positive for the virus that causes COVID-19 and is currently responding well to treatment". However, his condition deteriorated and he died at the age of 75 on May 8, 2020 at Mountain View Hospital in Las Vegas. The duo's spokesman, Dave Kirvin, announced Horn's death and said it was due to complications from the disease. Fischbacher stated that "the world has lost one of the greats of magic, but I have lost my best friend".

paragraphs: Horn was cremated and Fischbacher started he will keep his ashes in an urn.


title: Janet Yellen

paragraphs: Janet Louise Yellen (born August 20, 1946) is an American economist and professor. She is Jewish, and was born in Brooklyn, New York City. Earlier, she was the President and Chief Executive Officer of the Federal Reserve System in the Clinton administration.

paragraphs: In October 2013, President Barack Obama nominated Yellen to be first female Chair of the Federal Reserve. She chaired the Federal Reserve from February 3, 2014, succeeding Ben Bernanke until February 5, 2018.

paragraphs: In November 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Federal Reserve Board of Governors member Jerome Powell to replace Yellen.


title: Thanks for Sharing

paragraphs: Thanks for Sharing is a comedy-drama movie that was released September 2013. The movie is about sexual addiction and the lives of people in New York City. Tim Robbins is Mike, Gwyneth Paltrow is Phoebe, Carol Kane is Roberta and singer Pink is Dede. The movie was given mixed review from critics. It was filmed and produced during 2012.


title: Fragile X syndrome

paragraphs: Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic syndrome that causes a range of intellectual disabilities as well as unusual physical and behavioural characteristics. It is one of the most common causes of autism and mental retardation among boys. Basically, these individuals lack an important gene product.

paragraphs: Fragile X syndrome occurs as a result of a mutation of the "FMR1" gene on the X chromosome. This causes an increase an increase in the number of CGG repeats in the 5' untranslated region of "FMR1".

paragraphs: In unaffected individuals, the "FMR1" gene contains 5–44 repeats of the CGG codon, most commonly 29 or 30 repeats. Between 45 and 54 repeats is considered a "grey zone". Between 55 and 200 repeats in length is described as a premutation allele. Individuals with fragile X syndrome have a full mutation of the "FMR1" allele, with over 200 repeats of the CGG codon.

paragraphs: In these individuals with a repeat expansion greater than 200, there is methylation of the CGG repeat expansion and "FMR1" promoter. This silences the "FMR1" gene, and its end-product is not made.


title: Maggie Siff

paragraphs: Maggie Siff (born June 21, 1974) is an American actress. She has acted in many television programs and movies. She played Teresa Stowe in the movie "Push". Siff was born in The Bronx, New York City.


title: Consumer protection

paragraphs: Consumer protection means protecting the rights of consumers. It also helps to protect fair trade competition and truthful information in a market economy. Various laws and organisations are designed to do this.

paragraphs: The laws are designed to stop companies using unfair practices to gain an advantage over their competitors. Examples of such practices are fraud and "false advertising", where a company advertises their product with false information.

paragraphs: Consumer protection laws are a form of regulation.


title: Lubricant

paragraphs: A lubricant is a substance used to reduce friction between moving surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as "lubricity" (slipperiness).

paragraphs: A good lubricant possesses the following characteristics:

paragraphs: The most often used lubricant is motor oil, which is used in engines of cars and motorcycles.

paragraphs: Sometimes, chemicals are added to normal oil to give it special properties. A lubricant, like motor oil, can also help in reducing heat. Simply put, cooling depends on surface area in contact. So, if something normally has a small surface area, you can put that thing into a bigger pot, and put oil in the pot. This way, oil comes in contact with small surface area of the small object, and transfers that heat to the big surface area of the big vessel. As a rule, liquids can transfer heat better than gases.

paragraphs: In manufacturing, sometimes oil is used to cool the item being made. This also helps in removing metal that was just chipped off. This chipped-off metal normally flows with the oil until it is filtered. Then the oil is reused. The filtered metal chips are normally scrapped.

paragraphs: Sometimes, lubricants are used for hydraulic machines. A hydraulic machine uses the fact that the hydraulic oil cannot be compressed, and performs a simple conversion – it works like a lever.

paragraphs: Oils can cause pollution, especially water pollution, if released into the open.


title: Depart From Me

paragraphs: Depart From Me is the third studio album by American rapper Cage. It was released by Definitive Jux on July 2009. The guitar strings are played by Sean Martin, who works with Cage. It was supported by the singles "I Never Knew You" and "I Found My Mind In Connecticut".


title: Picts

paragraphs: The Picts were ancient people from northern and eastern Scotland.

paragraphs: They are first mentioned in written records in AD 297, before the Roman conquest of Britain. The name 'pict' is from the Latin "pictus" meaning 'painted.' This may have been due to the on their bodies. It may also refer to a name they called themselves, that was recorded by the Romans. They spoke a Pictish language. It was related to the Brythonic languages spoken by the Britons living to the south. Picts were possibly the of the Caledonians and other tribes that were mentioned by Roman historians. The area of Scotland called gradually merged with the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata. This formed the kingdom of Alba, later known as Scotland. Alba then expanded, absorbing the British kingdom of Strathclyde and Bernician Lothian. By the 11th century the Pictish identity had become a part of the Scottish people.


title: Young Buck

paragraphs: David Brown (born March 15, 1981), better known as Young Buck or Buck for short, is an American rapper. He is from

paragraphs: Nashville, Tennessee. He is best known for his albums 'Buck The World' and 'Straight Outta Cashville'. Brown is the founder and president of his own record label Ca$hville Records.


title: Pennacook

paragraphs: The Pennacook (or Pawtucket) were a Native American people in North America. They lived along the Merrimack River in New Hampshire and Massachusetts. They spoke an Algonquian language.

paragraphs: When the English colonists arrived, the Pennacook fled north with the Abenaki, or west with other tribes. Those that went west were hunted down and killed by colonists. Those that fled northward eventually merged with other displaced tribes from New England.


title: Gordian I

paragraphs: Gordian I (; 159 – 12 April 238) was a Roman Emperor. He was only emperor for one month, alongside his son Gordian II in 238, the Year of the Six Emperors. He was involved in a rebellion against the Emperor Maximinus Thrax. His armies were defeated by those loyal to Maximinus. Gordian then killed himself.


title: Mutya Keisha Siobhan

paragraphs: Mutya Keisha Siobhan (MKS) is an English girl group. It formed in London in 2011. Its members are Siobhán Donaghy, Mutya Buena and Keisha Buchanan. They were the original members of Sugababes, but Siobhán left in 2001, Mutya left in 2005, and Keisha left in 2009. In 2013, they released their first single "Flatline". It was unsuccessful in the UK but reached 14 in the Irish chart. Their first album will be released by Polydor in 2014. They started a UK tour in November 2013.


title: Arrondissement of Beaune

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Beaune is an arrondissement of France, in the Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and subprefecture of the department, is the city of Beaune.

paragraphs: When the Côte-d'Or department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Beaune was part of that original department.

paragraphs: It is the southernmost and the smallest of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of , but it is the second in population, after the "arrondissement" of Dijon, with 97,107 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Beaune is bordered to the north by the "arrondissements" of Montbard and Dijon, to the east by the Jura department, to the south by the Saône-et-Loire department and to the northwest by the Nièvre department.

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Beaune, there is only one canton where not all its "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Nuits-Saint-Georges. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Beaune has 223 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː

paragraphs: The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:


title: Canadian literature

paragraphs: Canadian literature is literature written in Canada, or by Canadians. Notable writers include Charles Sangster, Saul Bellow, Margaret Atwood, Mordecai Richler, Michael Ondaatje and Alice Munro.

paragraphs: French Canadian literature is literature written by French Canadians.


title: Ray Bolger

paragraphs: Raymond Wallace Bolger (January 10, 1904 – January 15, 1987) was an American singer, dancer, and actor. He was born in Boston. His theatrical career started in vaudeville. He appeared in Broadway shows. He went to Hollywood. He appeared in several movies. He played the Scarecrow in the 1939 MGM movie "The Wizard of Oz". He married Gwen Rickard in 1929. Bolger died of bladder cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 83.


title: Jack Haley

paragraphs: Jack Haley (August 10, 1898 – June 6, 1979) was an American singer, actor, and dancer. He played the Tin Woodman in the 1939 MGM movie "The Wizard of Oz".

paragraphs: Haley was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Haley died of a heart attack at the UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.


title: Bert Lahr

paragraphs: Bert Lahr (born Irving Lahrheim, August 13, 1895 – December 4, 1967) was an American entertainer. He was born Irving Lahrheim in New York City. He started his career in vaudeville. He performed in Broadway musicals. He was in Cole Porter's musical "DuBarry was a Lady" in 1939. He was also in the movie "The Wizard of Oz" in 1939. He played the Cowardly Lion. Lahr was married twice. He had three children. He died of cancer, aged 72.


title: Billie Burke

paragraphs: Billie Burke (August 7, 1884 - May 14, 1970) was an American stage, movie, and television actress. She was born Mary William Ethelbert Appleton Burke in Washington, DC. Her father was the circus clown, Billie Burke. She married Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. on 11 April 1914. He died on 22 July 1932. They had one child, a daughter. Burke played Glinda, the Good Witch, in the 1939 MGM movie "The Wizard of Oz". She died of natural causes in Los Angeles, California.


title: Arrondissement of Dijon

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Dijon is an arrondissement of France, in the Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital, and the Prefecture of the department, is the city of Dijon.

paragraphs: Dijon was one the "arrondissement" of Côte-d'Or when the "arrondissements" were created on 17 February 1800.

paragraphs: It is in the northeast of the department and has an area of . It is the "arrondissement" of the Côte-d'Or department where more people lives, with 373,574 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Dijon is bordered to the north by the Haute-Marne department, to the northeast by the Haute-Saône department, to the southeast by the Jura department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Beaune and to the west by the "arrondissement" of Montbard.

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Dijon, there is only one canton where not all its "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Nuits-Saint-Georges. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Dijon has 228 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː


title: Arrondissement of Montbard

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Montbard is an arrondissement of France, in the Côte-d'Or department, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region. Its capital is the city of Montbard.

paragraphs: When the Côte-d'Or department was created on 17 February 1800, Montbard was not one of the original "arrondissements" of that department. The "arrondissement" of Montbard was made in 1926 with the merging of the arrondissements of Châtillon-sur-Seine and Semur-en-Auxois.

paragraphs: It is the largest in area of the "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of , but the one with the lowest population with 60,699 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montbard is bordered to the north by the Aube and Haute-Marne departments, to the east by the "arrondissement" of Dijon, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Beaune, to the southwest by the Nièvre department and to the west by the Yonne department.

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Dijon, there are only three cantons and they have all its "communes" are in the "arrondissement":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montbard has 253 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː


title: Owain Glyndŵr

paragraphs: Owain Glyndŵr, (also known as Owain Glyn Dŵr and Owen Glendower), (c. 1355 – c. 1415) was the last person born in Wales to be Prince of Wales. He was prince between 1401 and 1416. He started the Welsh Revolt against Henry IV of England's rule of Wales. In the late 19th century the Young Wales (Cymru Fydd) movement decided that he was the father of Welsh nationalism. Since then he has been seen as a hero by the Welsh. There is a university in Wales that is called Glyndŵr University after him.

paragraphs: Glyndŵr was born into an Anglo-Welsh family in about 1355. His family were reasonably rich and had large properties in the north east of Wales. He was educated in England, and later joined the English army. He took part in an attack on Scotland, and then later went back to Wales. After Richard II was overthrown by Henry IV there was a period of confusion, and Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn took the opportunity to take some of Glyndŵr's lands. Grey was a supporter of Henry IV, while Glyndŵr had supported Richard II.

paragraphs: Glyndŵr sought help from Henry IV to deal with his land being taken, but Henry refused to take action against his supporters. Glyndŵr also failed to supply soldiers to the king for another attack on Scotland. Grey called him a traitor. Glyndŵr decided to take action against Henry IV. He gave himself the title of Prince of Wales in September 1400, and began a series of attacks against Grey and towns along the borders with England. Henry IV sent his army to Wales to fight Glyndŵr and regain control, but it had the opposite effect. It became a widespread rebellion against England.

paragraphs: In April 1401 Glyndŵr's army captured Conwy Castle. The next year, at the Battle of Bryn Glas, also known as the Battle of Pillethl, Glyndŵr defeated the English army, and captured its leader, Edmund Mortimer. By 1404 a French army had landed, and together with the Welsh army they attacked Worcester.

paragraphs: By 1408 the English forces were able to defeat the Welsh, and support for the rebellion collapsed. Glyndŵr still kept up attacks and raids on the English, but this was more of a guerrilla campaign than a full scale revolt. The last mention of Glyndŵr is when the English offered terms if he surrendered in 1416. It is believed that he was already dead.

paragraphs: Owain married Margaret Hanmer (). Her father was Sir David Hanmer. Margaret had five sons and four daughters with Owain. These children were:

paragraphs: All of Owain's sons either died while fighting in war, taken prisoner and died as prisoners, or died with no children of their own. Owain also had children from other women who were not his wife. They were named: David, Gwenllian, Ieuan, and Myfanwy.

paragraphs: After Owain died, most people did not care if the English people ruled the country anymore. During the time of the Tudor's, men from Wales, called Welshmen, started to become more famous in English society.

paragraphs: Many people forgot about how important Owain was until the 1800's, when people started to celebrate his life. The "Young Wales" group made him the symbol of Welsh nationalism. Things that were owned by Owain were found in the National Library of France during this time period. They found his "Great Seal" and letters he had written to French people. A statue of him was made and put at Cardiff City Hall during World War I. Postcards were sold Owain on them. The postcards were sold to make money to help soldiers who were injured in war.

paragraphs: In 1808, the Royal Navy named a Fifth-rate frigate after Owain. It was called the HMS "Owen Glendower". The boat served in the Gunboat War. It helped take over island of Anholt. During the years 1822 and 1824, the boat was in the West Africa Squadron, where it chased slave ships. It captured two ships.

paragraphs: Nationally, Owain is as famous as King Arthur. Organizations use his name and drawings of him as their symbols to celebrate Wales as a country and Welsh culture. In the 1980s, a group of people called "Meibion Glyndŵr" burned down vacation homes owned by English people. They used Owain as their logo. In the year 2000, parties were held across Wales to celebrate the 600th anniversary of Owain's revolt. In 1974 and 2008, stamps were made with Owain on them. There is an award that is given every year for arts and writing called the Glyndŵr Award. The band Manic Street Preachers wrote a song about Owain in 2007 called "1404". There are many statues throughout Wales of Owain.

paragraphs: There is a building at the University of Cape Town, called Glendower Residence, that is named after Owain. It used to be a hotel, and is now where students live.


title: Marie Claire

paragraphs: Marie Claire is a major monthly magazine for women. It was first published in France, although it later expanded into other countries. The edition in the United States focuses mostly on women. "Marie Claire", however, also covers health, fashion and beauty topics. The magazine was started in 1937 by Jean Prouvost and Marcelle Auclair.


title: Tromsø

paragraphs: Tromsø is a city in Norway. It is in Tromsø municipality and Troms county. Most of the city is on a small island called Tromsøya.

paragraphs: Tromsø is the largest city in Northern Norway.

paragraphs: Ships, each with hundreds of tourists, came to Tromsø, already around 1850; the largest tourist attraction there, was the Sami camp in Tromsdalen.

paragraphs: Living polar bears were being sold in Tromsø, author Cora Sandel wrote in 1904.

paragraphs: The University of Tromsø was opened in Tromsø in 1972.


title: Principality of Capua

paragraphs: The Principality of Capua ( or "", ) was a state in the south of the Italian Peninsula. It existed from the 9th century to the 11th century. For most of its history, it was independent in practice, but officially under the suzerainty of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires.

paragraphs: Capua was originally a gastaldate within the Principality of Benevento, and then a county within the Principality of Salerno. The rulers of Capua were Lombards until 1058, when it was conquered by Normans.

paragraphs: Old Capua was an ancient Etruscan city. It was the one of the most important cities in southern Italy during the Roman Empire. When the Lombards invaded Italy in the second half of the 6th century, Capua was sacked. Later, it was made a part of the Duchy of Benevento, and ruled by a Lombard official with the title of "gastald". Little is known of this part of its history.

paragraphs: Capua first became a state of its own under Landulf I. In 839, the duke of Benevento, Sicard, was killed by Radelchis, who took the throne for himself. This caused a civil war that divided the country. Sicard's brother Siconulf declared Salerno independent and himself prince of Salerno. Landulf and his sons had also been allies to Sicard, so the gastald declared Capua independent too. In 841, Capua was sacked and completely destroyed by mercenaries hired by Radelchis. In early 849, Landulf's eldest son Lando I asked the Holy Roman Emperor to settle the dispute and end the war. The emperor divided Benevento and Salerno into two separate principalities. Capua was made a county of the Principality of Salerno. Since Old Capua had been destroyed, Lando I had a new city built around a nearby fort in 856. This new city was the Capua that still exists today.

paragraphs: Lando did not submit to Siconulf or Salerno for very long. Capua was invaded by Salerno and Naples in 859, but defeated them. Pando (ruled 861–862) declared Capua independent of Salerno in 862. On his death in the same year, a dispute arose over who should be the next count. Pando's son Pandenulf was deposed by his uncle Landulf II. Landulf was also the bishop of Capua, so he governed both politics and religion in the county. When he died in 879, a civil war started over the throne. The two claimants were Pandenulf, the previous count who had been deposed, and Lando III, another grandson of Landulf I. Salerno allied with Lando III and Benevento with Pandenulf. They both ruled in different parts of the county, and they both made their sons Bishop of Capua. Pandenulf successfully held the throne in Capua during the civil war, until Lando III captured the city in 882.

paragraphs: Lando III and his brother Landenulf I spent their reigns defending Capua against Naples. Their other brother, Atenulf, had joined with Naples against them. By early January 887, Atenulf established himself as the Prince of Capua. He then turned his attention to conquering Benevento.

paragraphs: In 899, Atenulf I defeated Radelchis II and conquered Benevento. He was proclaimed Prince of Benevento in January 900. He united the principalities of Capua and Benevento and declared them to be inseparable. He also introduced a diarchy-style system for the throne. Under this system, the sons and brothers of the prince would have equal status, and would rule alongside the prince. By doing this, Atenulf hoped to prevent future disputes over succession.

paragraphs: Atenulf made his son, Landulf III, co-prince. Together they made alliances with the local Greek states, such as Naples and Gaeta. After Atenulf died, Landulf mostly continued the policies of his father. He is best known for his involvement at the Battle of Garigliano, in which the Fatimid Saracens were defeated. He spent most of his reign after Garigliano trying to weaken the Byzantine authority in Apulia and the Campania. His son, Landulf IV, allied against Salerno. Like his father, he attacked Byzantine territories, but was defeated. Capua was forced to become a vassal of the Byzantine Empire, at least officially.

paragraphs: Under Landulf IV's sons, the union of Capua and Benevento broke down. Although they remained united by law, Pandulf ruled in Capua and Landulf V ruled in Benevento. However, all of the Lombard states in Italy were eventually unified under Pandulf, who was called "Ironhead". The Emperor Otto I gave the Duchy of Spoleto and Camerino to Pandulf in 967. When Landulf V died in 969, Pandulf seized Benevento from his nephew, Pandulf II. He then became Prince of Salerno in 978, when the reigning prince died without any children. Before Pandulf died, he split the country between his sons; Benevento–Capua was given to his eldest son, Landulf VI.

paragraphs: Soon, Benevento and Capua were divided by the Emperor Otto I. Landulf VI kept Capua, while Benevento was given back to his cousin, Landulf V's son Pandulf II. In the 990s, Capua experienced a period of instability. Landenulf II was murdered by his brother Laidulf, who took the throne for himself. When the Emperor Otto III found out, he had Laidulf removed. His replacement was then overthrown by the citizens of Capua. The old dynasty was reinstalled in 1000 under Landulf VII, the second son of Landulf V. He made his brother, Pandulf II of Benevento, regent for his son and heir. Pandulf reigned alongside his nephew as Pandulf III of Capua. Thus, Capua and Benevento were briefly united for the last time.

paragraphs: Capua regained some of its earlier power under Pandulf IV. He was deposed twice between his succession in 1016 and his death in 1050. He was originally an ally of the Byzantines and remained allied with them against all his neighbours until the end. He was constantly in dispute with the church, and with the coastal duchies of Naples, Gaeta and Amalfi. For all this, he was nicknamed the "Wolf of the Abruzzi". He wanted to give Capua a seaport. He deposed the dukes of Naples and Gaeta, and went to war against Guaimar IV, the Prince of Salerno. The Emperor Henry II had him removed and imprisoned, but he eventually won back his throne.

paragraphs: The city became less important under Pandulf's successors. It was eventually taken by the Norman allies of Guaimar IV.

paragraphs: The Norman count Richard of Aversa conquered Capua in 1058. He left the city itself in the control of Landulf VIII for another four years, until 12 May 1062. Richard became an ally of the Popes, but was later excommunicated. His son and successor, Jordan I, captured an area of Papal territory for the principality. He was also excommunicated. When Richard died, his family was very powerful, with strong influence over central Italy.

paragraphs: When Jordan I died in 1091, the Capua's power declined quickly. From 1091 to 1098, the city of Capua itself was controlled by Lando IV. Lando was a Lombard who was put on the throne by the citizens in opposition to the young Richard II. Richard II was only reinstalled with the help of his fellow Normans from Sicily and Apulia. Capua became dependent on Sicily. The princes continued to try and influence papal elections and act as papal protectors. When Jordan II died in 1127, the principality became a target for Roger II of Sicily, who had united Sicily, Apulia and Calabria. For 20 years from 1135 to 1155, Capua and Sicily were at war with each other until Capua was finally annexed into the Kingdom of Sicily.

paragraphs: Below are listed the rulers of Capua from 840 to 1172.

paragraphs: The gastalds (or counts) of Capua were originally vassals of the Dukes of Benevento. In the early 840s, Gastald Landulf I declared independence from Benevento after Salerno had done the same. That caused a civil war in Benevento, which lasted for more than 10 years. At the end of it, Capua was made a vassal of Salerno by the Holy Roman Emperor Louis II. However, this did not last, and by the end of the 9th century Capua was effectively independent.

paragraphs: In 899, the principalities of Benevento and Capua were united by Atenulf I. Until 982, all of the rulers below were Prince of both Capua and Benevento. Atenulf also developed a new system for the throne where fathers would rule with their sons or brothers.

paragraphs: In 982, the principalities were finally separated by Pandulf Ironhead and the Emperor Otto I.


title: Badulla District

paragraphs: Badulla is a district in the Uva Province of Sri Lanka. The entire land area of the Badulla district is 2,861 square kilometres. A total of 837,000 people live there. The district borders the districts of Monaragala and Rathnapura on the east and south, Ampara and Kandy districts on the north and Nuwara Eliya and Rathnapura on the west.

paragraphs: The economy of the district mostly depends on farming and livestock. Tea and vegetables are grown in the upper, hilly areas of the district. Paddy fields cover much of the lower parts.


paragraphs: Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) is international organisation made in 1997 in order to watch countries according to Chemical Weapons Convention. The main office of OPCW is in The Hague, Netherlands. On October 11, 2013, OPCW was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Actuator

paragraphs: An actuator is a type of motor that either pushes, pulls, or rotates.

paragraphs: Linear actuators are actuators that move in a straight line. They can be made to move by electricity, or by pushing water or air very hard. When water (or oil or another liquid) is used, it is called hydraulic, and when air is used, it is called pneumatic. Hydraulic systems are used for moving very heavy things, like in cranes, excavators, or bulldozers.