title: Czeklin

paragraphs: Czeklin is a former village in the administrativedistrict of Gmina Bobrowice. It was formerly a German village named "Schegeln". The village is within Krosno Odrzańskie County, Lubusz Voivodeship, in western Poland. It lies approximately west of Bobrowice, south-west of Krosno Odrzańskie, and west of Zielona Góra.


title: Piegłowo-Wieś

paragraphs: Piegłowo-Wieś is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Szydłowo. It is within Mława County, Masovian Voivodeship in east-central Poland.


title: Weyer, Germany

paragraphs: Weyer is a municipality in the district of Rhein-Lahn, in Rhineland-Palatinate, in western Germany.


title: Saint Pauls Mountain

paragraphs: Saint Pauls Mountain () is a mountain in Antarctica. It is high and has steep cliffs. It is 2 nautical miles (3.7 km) northeast of Round Mountain on the north side of Taylor Glacier. It is joined to Round Mountain by a high ridge. It was named by the "Discovery" expedition (1901-04).


title: Gabrielle

paragraphs: Gabrielle is a female name. The male form is Gabriel, from the Archangel in the Gospel of Luke.


title: Cities of Japan

paragraphs: Cities in Japan are one of the basic local entities of the nation.

paragraphs: Japan's smallest sub-national jurisdictions are sometimes grouped together. The term "shichoson" combines suffixes which recognize the municipalities, including

paragraphs: The small cities generally have populations of over 30,000.

paragraphs: There are three defined classes or categories of big cities.

paragraphs: Each of the largest cities does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

paragraphs: Japan's system of local governments date from 1947. Cities in Japan are local governments which are defined by the Local Autonomy Law.


title: Stephanie

paragraphs: Stephanie (which can be spelled in different ways) is a female given name. The masculine version is Stephen. Stephanie is a very popular female name. Many celebrities carry the name. For example, Stefani Germanotta goes by the stage name Lady Gaga. Another famous person with this name is Princess Stéphanie of Monaco.


title: Kwon Young-ghil

paragraphs: Kwon Young-ghil (, born November 5, 1941) is a South Korean politician, journalist, human rights activist, and workers' rights activist. He was a member of the 17th, 18th, and 19th South Korea National Assembly.

paragraphs: In 1997 he was defeated by the Democratic Labor Party candidate for South Korea's 15th presidential election. He was defeated again in 2002 at 16th presidential election, and in 2007 for the 17th presidential elections. Between 1996 and 1997 he was Chairman of Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU). In 2000 to 2009 he was leader of Democratic Labour Party ().


title: The Mentality of Apes

paragraphs: The Mentality of Apes by Wolfgang Köhler is a 1925 book. It is a landmark work in ethology, cognitive psychology and the study of the hominid apes. In it the author, a leading gestalt psychologist, showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by insight (intelligence). The importance of this work was to show there is no "absolute" dividing line between the human species and their nearest living relative, at least in this respect. It was also a marker in the struggle between behaviourism and cognitive psychology which continued for the following half century. Köhler's observations and experiments were done on chimpanzees in captivity. Not until Jane Goodall's work later in the century was the behaviour of chimpanzees in the wild studied in depth.

paragraphs: The book in English was preceded by important publications in German, which are listed in Henle, Mary 1971. "The selected papers of Wolfgang" Köhler. New York: Liveright, bibliography 438/9. The book publications are as follows:


title: Jessica

paragraphs: Jessica is a female given name. The name first appeared as the name of a character in the Shakespearean play "The Merchant of Venice". Common nicknames of the name include "Jess" and "Jessie".


title: Laurens Hammond

paragraphs: Laurens Hammond (11 January 1895 - 3 July 1973) was American inventor and he also made musical instruments. His most famous invention is the Hammond organ.


title: Eureka effect

paragraphs: The Eureka or Aha! effect refers to the moment of insight when a puzzling problem is suddenly solved. It is named after the Greek polymath Archimedes.

paragraphs: Archimedes was asked by the local king to detect whether a crown was pure gold, or if the goldsmith had added silver. During his trip to the public bath, he noticed how water got displaced when his body sank into the bath. The volume of water displaced equals the volume of the body immersed in the water. He suddenly realized that two objects which weighed the same in air might not weigh the same in water, because the less dense object would displace less water. This is known as Archimedes' principle.

paragraphs: Archimedes leaped out of a public bath, and ran home naked shouting "Eureka!" (I found it). This story is thought by some to be a myth, but Archimedes was indeed a most notable inventor. He would certainly have experienced the Aha! effect.

paragraphs: There is some research on the Aha! insight. Aha! moments cannot be predicted. Insight is a psychological term describes the process in problem solving when a previously unsolvable puzzle becomes suddenly clear and obvious. Often this transition from not understanding to sudden comprehension is accompanied by an exclamation of joy or satisfaction, an Aha! moment. A person using insight to solve a problem is able to give accurate, clear, all-or-nothing type responses, whereas individuals not using the insight process are more likely to produce partial, incomplete responses.

paragraphs: There seems to be a two phase process. In the first phase, the problem solver gets stuck. Even though they may have explored all the possibilities, they still cannot see the solution. The second phase occurs suddenly and unexpectedly. After a break in mental fixation or re-evaluating the problem, the answer is seen. Insight problems may be difficult to solve because of our mental fixation on the inappropriate aspects of the problem. People have a good memory for Aha! moments. Insight may occur after a break in mental fixation, allowing the solution to appear transparent and obvious.


title: David Sarnoff

paragraphs: David Sarnoff was a Russian-born American broadcasting pioneer. He was born 27 April 1891 and died 12 December 1971. He picked up the alert signal from the RMS Titanic on 14 April 1912. In 1916, he had the idea for radios. After a couple of years, the RCA sold radios with a value of 80 000 000 dollars.


title: Insight

paragraphs: Insight is the act of understanding the inner nature of things. It is a type of comprehension or learning. It can be used in several ways:

paragraphs: Higher intelligence (higher IQ) has also been found to be associated with better performance on insight problems. However, those of lower intelligence benefit more than those of higher intelligence from being provided with cues and hints for insight problems.


title: Lockheed Martin

paragraphs: Lockheed Martin Corporation is an American aerospace, defense, arms, security, and advanced technologies company with worldwide interests. It was formed by the merger of Lockheed Corporation with Martin Marietta in March 1995. It is headquartered in North Bethesda, Maryland, in the Washington, D.C., area. Lockheed Martin employs approximately 110,000 people worldwide as of January 2020.


title: C. Srinivasa Iyengar

paragraphs: C. Srinivasa Iyengar was an Indian politician. He was also a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an Indian National Congress candidate from Paramakudi constituency in 1962 election.


title: K. Ugrapandian

paragraphs: K. Ugrapandian (b. 1945) is an Indian politician. He is a former Member of the Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu. He was elected to the Tamil Nadu legislative assembly as an All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidate from Paramakudi constituency in 1977 election.


title: Ron Gourlay

paragraphs: Ron Gourlay is the Chief Executive of Chelsea Football Club. He took the position on 31 October 2009, Before he was Chief Operating Officer of the club.

paragraphs: Ron Gourlay has worked at Chelsea for 5 years. He previously worked for Manchester United and Umbro.

paragraphs: He was appointed the chief executive of Chelsea on 17 September 2009. He began there after Peter Kenyon's left the club on 31 October 2009.

paragraphs: He was quoted as saying: "It is a huge honour to be offered the chance to lead Chelsea". "We have a fantastic team both on and off the field and those teams can move us on to even greater success in the future. To be responsible for that is a fantastic challenge and I will be giving it my total commitment, drive and energy" after being named as the successor.


title: Balranald, New South Wales

paragraphs: Balranald is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is built on the banks of the Murrumbidgee River. In 2006 there were 1216 people living in the town and another 1500 live in the Shire of Balranald. The town is the centre of the Shire of Balranald, and is the largest town in the district. The main industry in the area is farming: grains, sheep, cattle and grapes. It is named after Balranald in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland.

paragraphs: Captain Charles Sturt was the first European explorer to visit the Balranald area. This was in January 1803 as he was going down the Murrumbidgee River in a boat. In 1836, the explorer Major Thomas Mitchell camped on the site of Balranald during his trip to explore the south of Australia. The first person to begin farming was Benjamin Boyd, a squatter, in 1842. George Hobler settled in what became the town area in 1845. The town itself began when the police set up a camp at a spot where the river was easy to cross in 1848. They were there to support the Commissioner for Crown Lands, George James McDonald, who named the area after the town in Scotland where he was born.

paragraphs: A shop and hotel opened in 1848 and the town became an official settlement in 1851. The first 35 blocks of land were sold by auction on 14 January 1845. In 1858 the first steamboat arrived and Balranald became an important inland port. The explorers Burke and Wills camped outside the hotel in 1860 on their journey north to the Gulf of Carpentaria.

paragraphs: Baranald is on the flood plains of the Murrumbidgee. These plains have many swampy areas which have redgum and blackbox forests. It is also a habitat for the Southern Bell Frog, or Growling Grass Frog, which is on the NSW list of endangered species.


title: United States fiscal cliff

paragraphs: The United States fiscal cliff was an economic situation in the United States in 2012. Several tax increases and spending cuts happened at about the same time, causing a sudden fall in the US budget deficit. A compromise was reached which delayed the economic impact.


title: Leaf spring

paragraphs: A Leaf spring is a spring type, usually it have been used in vehicles but nowadays current type is not so popular. Using leaf spring is one of the oldest ways to make suspension.


title: Camp Funston

paragraphs: Camp Funston was a U.S. Army training camp during World War I located on Fort Riley, southwest of Manhattan, Kansas. American soldiers were there in France in the spring of 1918. Camp Funston was the largest of the 16 camps. The camp was to help soldiers for the military. The money the camp got was $10 million. The camp was . There was space for the commander (officer) to rest. The ground was divided into 4 blocks each by . The camp could fit 2,000 people in it. There were 3 theaters, a large pool, a barbershop, restaurants, clothing stores, and an arcade (a place with lots of stores on one side). The west division of the camp was where the troops stayed from Kansas, Missouri, and Colorado.

paragraphs: One of the people in charge of the camp was Leonard Wood. He trained all of the troops. Each of the malls, stores, and restaurants paid money back to the camp to help the camp have money.

paragraphs: In March 1918, a sickness called the Spanish flu went to just about everyone in the camp.


title: U-boat

paragraphs: A U-boat is a military submarine used by Germany. German submarines were most active in the First Battle of the Atlantic in World War I and in World War II. Although they could be very effective as weapons against enemy warships, they were most effective in economic warfare (commerce raiding) and enforcing naval blockades against enemy shipping.

paragraphs: The name is an abbreviation of the German ("undersea boat"). In English, "U-boat" refers exclusively to the German vessels used during the World Wars. In German, however, the term "U-Boot" refers to any submarine, including modern and foreign ones.


title: Kampos, Karditsa

paragraphs: Kampos () is a former community in the Karditsa regional unit, Thessaly, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of Karditsa. Population 5,469 (2001). The seat of the community was in Stavros.


title: Mordellistena degressa

paragraphs: Mordellistena degressa is a species of beetle in the family "Mordellidae". It is in the "Mordellistena" genus. It was discovered in 1917.


title: Mordellistena

paragraphs: Mordellistena is a genus (type) of beetles in the family Mordellidae. It contains many species.

paragraphs: They are "tumbling flower beetles", so-called for the typical irregular movements they make when escaping predators.


title: Holism

paragraphs: Holism is the idea that natural systems (physical, biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) and their properties, should be viewed as wholes, not as collections of parts. This often includes the view that systems somehow function as wholes and that their functioning cannot be fully understood solely in terms of their component parts.

paragraphs: Reductionism is often viewed as the opposite of holism. Reductionism in science says that a complex system can be explained by "reduction" to its fundamental parts. For example, the processes of biology are reducible to chemistry and the laws of chemistry are explained by physics.

paragraphs: Social scientist and physician Nicholas A. Christakis explains that "for the last few centuries, the Cartesian project in science has been to break matter down into ever smaller bits, in the pursuit of understanding. And this works, to some extent...but putting things back together in order to understand them is harder, and typically comes later in the development of a scientist or in the development of science".


title: The Lone Ranger (TV series)

paragraphs: The Lone Ranger is a 30-minute American western television series. It stars Clayton Moore as The Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as The Lone Ranger's Indian pal Tonto. The series was one of the highest-rated series in television's early years and ABC's first true "hit". Its first run lasted from September 15, 1949 to June 8, 1957. Its first five seasons were broadcast in black and white. Its last season aired in color. There was a total of 221 episodes.

paragraphs: George Trendle and Fran Striker were producers. John Hart briefly took the role of The Lone Ranger while Moore was tied-up in a salary dispute with producers. Oil millionaire Jack Wrather bought the show in 1954. Wrather's other television

paragraphs: properties included the hit series "Lassie" and "Sgt. Preston of the Yukon". Two feature-length movies were produced after the show was canceled, "The Lone Ranger" (co-starring Wrather's wife Bonita Granville Wrather) and "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold".

paragraphs: Some episodes are available on video and DVD. The series is sometimes seen in reruns. The series was known for its use of classical music collected from many sources. Especially famous was the series's opening and closing music, a part of Gioachino Rossini's "William Tell Overture". Equally well known were the cries heard at the end of each episode of "Who was that masked man?" and The Lone Ranger's "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" Much merchandise was manufactured during the series run such as toys, games, costumes, guns and holsters, and comic books.


title: Pembroke College, Cambridge

paragraphs: Pembroke College is one of the colleges of the University of Cambridge, England. It was created in 1347 on Christmas Eve. This was when Edward III gave Marie de St Pol the right to build a new college. She was the wife of the Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1327. The name of the college comes from him. However, it used to be called "Hall of Valence Mary" and only in 1856 the name was changed to the current one.

paragraphs: Pembroke College has about 700 students. The buildings within the college are of very different age. The oldest ones are from the 14th century, including the Chapel. The Hall was built later in the 1850s, and many of the student's rooms after the 1950s. It is found on Trumpington Street, which is near King's Parade, the main street in Cambridge.

paragraphs: Some very important people have studied here, like John Sulston (he won the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) and Edmund Spenser (a poet).


title: William Dean Howells

paragraphs: William Dean Howells (March 1, 1837 – May 11, 1920) was an American author and literary critic. His works include the Christmas story "Christmas Every Day" and the novel "The Rise of Silas Lapham". He married Elinor Mead and had three children.

paragraphs: The following were written during his residence in England and in Italy, as was "The Rise of Silas Lapham" in 1885.

paragraphs: He returned to the United States in 1886. He wrote various types of works, including fiction, poetry, and farces, of which "The Sleeping Car, The Mouse-Trap, The Elevator"; "Christmas Every Day"; and "Out of the Question" are characteristic.


title: Doughboy

paragraphs: Doughboy was a nickname given to the 85,000 American soldiers who fought in France during World War I. Their leader was John J. Pershing.

paragraphs: The word "doughboy" was well known almost 100 years before World War I in Britain and America. Doughboy had a different meaning then. Soldiers in Spain, America, and Britain were all familiar with fried doughnuts called doughboys. Because of the occasional contact of the nation's armed force and transatlantic migration, it seems likely that this usage was known to the members of the U.S. Army by the early 19th century.

paragraphs: Though the first person to use the term is unclear, it was in use as early as the 1840s. One place that may have used "doughboy" first was during the Mexican–American War. Infantry forces, the army, were always covered with dust from marching through Mexico. This made the men look like uncooked dough. Another idea is the dusty infantry men looked like the mud bricks used in the area called adobes. Another idea is that doughboys were named this was because of their way of cooking field servings in the 1840s and 1850s when they baked doughy flour and rice mixtures in the ashes of a fire, but this does not explain why only army men had the doughboy name.


title: Colourful Radio

paragraphs: Colourful Radio is a commercial radio station in London. It broadcasts to Birmingham and Manchester on DAB Digital Radio. It also plays over the Internet. Colourful Radio's output is split between news, current affairs and music. The type of music the station plays is a combination of afrobeat, soul, rnb, reggae, and jazz-funk.

paragraphs: Colourful Radio was officially founded in 2002 by Kofi Kusitor. It went public in 2004 as the UK's first internet audio stream. It played various shows over the internet until it joined Sky satellite in 2006.

paragraphs: Colourful Radio began broadcasting on DAB on 2 March 2009. By then Mr Kusitor had appointed as Head of Station, Gordon Mac (formerly of KISS FM) and as Head of Programmes Henry Bonsu (former presenter of BBC London 94.9) to ran the station.


title: Cootie

paragraphs: Cootie is a roll-and-move-, 3-dimensional, table-top children's game for 2 to 4 players. At the roll of the die, the player selects a component of the cootie such as the head or the tongue. The winner is the first to complete his cootie. Schaper's plastic bug has become an icon. For some, it is a symbol for the baby boomer generation.

paragraphs: The game was invented in 1948 by William Schaper. It sold in the millions after being launched in 1949. There were many games called "Cootie" in the early years of the 20th century. Only Schaper's game had a free-standing cootie though. The game is now produced by Hasbro subsidiary Milton Bradley. In 2003, "Cootie" was named to the Toy Industry Association's "Century of Toys List".


title: Play-Doh

paragraphs: Play-Doh is a children's modeling compound made of flour, water, salt, boric acid, and mineral oil. It was first made in Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S., as a wallpaper cleaner in the 1930s. Children began using it as a modeling compound. It was changed and marketed to schools in the middle 1950s. Play-Doh was used at an educational convention in 1956. Important department stores opened retail accounts. Advertisements on many children's television shows in 1957 brought more sales. Play-Doh has much spinoff merchandise such as The Fun Factory. In 2003, the Toy Industry Association named Play-Doh in its "Century of Toys List".

paragraphs: The non-toxic, non-staining, reusable modeling compound that came to be known as "Play-Doh" was a stretchy, putty-like substance made by Noah McVicker of Cincinnati-based soap manufacturer Kutol Products. It was made at the request of Kroger Grocery, who wanted a product that could clean coal residue from wallpaper. Following World War II, with the change from coal-based home heating to natural gas and the resulting decrease in coal soot, and the introduction of washable vinyl-based wallpaper, the market for wallpaper cleaning putty decreased quite alot.

paragraphs: McVicker's nephew, Joe McVicker, joined Kutol to save the company from bankruptcy. Joe McVicker was the brother-in-law of nursery school teacher Kay Zufall, who had seen a newspaper article about making art projects with the wallpaper cleaning putty. Her students enjoyed it, and she persuaded Noah McVicker and Joe McVicker to manufacture it as a child’s toy. Zufall and her husband came up with the name Play-Doh; Joe McVicker and his uncle Noah had wanted to call it "Rainbow Modeling Compound".


title: Onslow, Nova Scotia

paragraphs: Onslow is a small Canadian rural community in central Colchester County, Nova Scotia. It is an unincorporated community. The community is located along the north bank of the Salmon River. It is on the opposite side of the river from the town of Truro. It is largely a farming area. It is situated in a region first settled by Europeans as Onslow Township (1761).

paragraphs: An important highway interchange is located in the community. It is where Highway 102 terminates at Highway 104.

paragraphs: Onslow is home to Central Colchester Junior High School. The school is operated by the Chignecto-Central Regional School Board. Onslow also contains a small corner store, a John Deere dealership and a volunteer fire department. The area is mostly farmland but people live here also and the community is expanding somewhat. In the fall and spring, migrating Canada Geese are attracted to the farmlands and corn fields. Onslow is geographically situated in an area with high winds. This makes it an excellent location for wind turbines. Some farmers in the area have chosen to erect wind turbines to power their farms.

paragraphs: Nova Scotia Power has a power distribution point in Onslow where it interconnects the Halifax Regional Municipality with Cape Breton, South Shore and New Brunswick Power Transmission System.


title: Sylvie Testud

paragraphs: Sylvie Testud (born January 17, 1971) is a French actress, writer and director. She started acting in films in 1991. She has since won two César Awards for her performances.

paragraphs: She grew up in the La Croix-Rousse quarter of Lyon, France. Her mother immigrated from Italy in the 1960s and married a Frenchman. He left the family when Sylvie was just two years old.

paragraphs: In 1985, when Testud was 14, she started taking acting classes in Lyon with the actor and director Christian Taponard. In 1989, she moved to Paris and studied for three years at the Conservatoire (CNSAD). In the early and mid 1990s, she began to have small roles in films. She acted in "L'Histoire du garcon qui voulait qu'on l'embrasse" (directed by Philippe Harel) and "Love, etc." (directed by Marion Vernoux). In 1997 she had an important role in Caroline Link's "Jenseits der Stille". This film was a great success in Germany. She had to learn German, sign language, and the clarinet for this film. In 1998, she played Béa in Thomas Vincent's "Karnaval". This was her first important role in a French film. In 2000, she performed in Chantal Akerman's "La Captive". In 2001 she won the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role in "Les Blessures assassines" (English title: "Murderous Maids").

paragraphs: In 2003, she wrote the book "Il n'y a pas beaucoup d'etoiles ce soir" about her life as an actress.

paragraphs: One of her most important performances was in the film "Stupeur et tremblements" in 2003. She was awarded a César Award for Best Actress and a Prix Lumière award for best actress for her performance in this film. In 2007, she acted in "La Vie en Rose". This film won two Academy Awards.

paragraphs: She became "Chevalier" (Knight) of the Ordre national du Mérite in March 2009.

paragraphs: She has two children. Her son, Ruben, was born on 15 February 2005. Her daughter, Esther, was born in January, 2011.


title: Mugur Sundar

paragraphs: Mugur Sundar () is a popular dance choreographer in South Indian cinema. He has directed dance sequences for more than 1000 south-Indian films. Sundar was born in "Mugur", a village located in Mysore district, Karnataka. He has three sons, Prabhu Deva, Raju Sundaram and Nagendra Prasad, who are established dance masters. One of the judges in the famous Dance show AATA 4 which is telecasted in Zee Telugu, Telugu channel. Sundaram donned the role of a judge on Vijay TV's popular show Jodi No.1, Jodi No.1 Season Two where the participants are television artistes. His fellow judges were Silambarasan and Sangeetha.

paragraphs: In 2001 he directed his first Kannada film "Manasella Neene". It was a remake of Telugu film "Manasanthaa Nuvve". His son Nagendra Prasad played a lead role in the film.

paragraphs: Sundar played a guest role in a Kannada film "Thabbali". He also choreographed a song for the same film.


title: Douglas Jackman

paragraphs: Air Marshal Sir (Harold) Douglas Jackman KBE CB (26 October 1902 - 15 June 1991) was a senior Royal Air Force officer. He became Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief RAF Maintenance Command.

paragraphs: Jackman joined the Royal Air Force in 1926. He initially served as a Stores Officer. He served in World War II as an Administrative Staff Officer at Headquarters RAF Middle East. Then as Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Air Command. Next he became assistant Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Mediterranean Allied Air Forces and then Air Officer Administration at Headquarters Balkan Air Force.

paragraphs: After the War he was appointed Director of Movements and then Director of Organisation (Forecasting and Planning) at the Air Ministry. He went on to be Air Officer Commanding No. 40 Group in 1952. He became Director-General of Equipment at the Air Ministry in 1955. Then in 1958 he was appointed Air Officer Commanding RAF Maintenance Command. It was here he laid the foundation stone for a new Headquarters at Andover before retiring in 1961.

paragraphs: In retirement he became Chief Co-ordinator of the Anglo-American Community Relations Scheme in the UK.


title: Kurt Koffka

paragraphs: Kurt Koffka (18 March 1886 – 22 November 1941) was a German psychologist. He was one of the founders of Gestalt psychology.

paragraphs: Koffka was born and educated in Berlin and earned his PhD there in 1909 as a student of Carl Stumpf. Koffka also spent one year at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland where learnt English, a skill that later served him well. Koffka worked at the University of Frankfurt when Max Wertheimer arrived in 1910 and invited Koffka to take part as a subject in his research on the phi phenomenon.

paragraphs: Koffka left Frankfurt in 1912 to take a position at the University of Giessen, where he worked for over eleven years. Koffka then travelled to the United States, where he was a visiting professor at Cornell University from 1924 to 1925, and two years later at University of Wisconsin–Madison. Eventually, in 1927, he accepted a position at Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts, where he remained until his death in 1941.


title: 1918 Standard Time Act

paragraphs: The Standard Time Act is also known as the Calder Act. It was the first United States federal law implementing standard time and Daylight saving time in the United States. It authorized the Interstate Commerce Commission to define each time zone.

paragraphs: The section concerning daylight saving time was repealed by the act titled "An Act For the repeal of the daylight-saving law".


title: Cable TV Privacy Act

paragraphs: The Cable TV Privacy Act of 1984 became effective on December 29, 1984. It provides for the privacy of personal information. It prohibits cable TV providers from disclosing personally identifiable information. It also allows users to view and verify their information.


title: Lewis F. Powell Jr.

paragraphs: Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. (September 19, 1907 – August 25, 1998) was an American politician and judge. He was the Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

paragraphs: Powell was born on September 19, 1907 in Suffolk, Virginia. He was a Presbyterian. Powell studied at Washington and Lee University, at Washington and Lee University School of Law, and at Harvard Law School. He was married to Josephine Pierce Rucker and had three daughters and one son. Powell died on August 25, 1998 in Richmond, Virginia from pneumonia, aged 90.


title: East Pakistan Rifles

paragraphs: After the partition of the Indian sub-continent ‘Eastern Frontier Rifles’ was re-grouped and renamed East Pakistan Rifles. It was the primary border protection force of the then East Pakistan provincial region. A number of Metropolitan Armed Police of Calcutta and some 1,000 ex-soldiers of West Pakistan merged into this force. Officers from the army were transferred to command and reorganize EPR. In 1958, it was also assigned the anti-smuggling duties on top of its primary role as the border guards. In 1965 India Pakistan war this force fought valiantly and successfully in a number of skirmishes in Lathitila, Dohogram, Laksmipur, Assalong and Boroibari. Major Tofael was awarded the highest military award of erstwhile Pakistan, ‘Nishan-e-Haider’, for his action in the Laksmipur Operation. The strength of the force was 13,454 during March 1971.


title: Harry Blackmun

paragraphs: Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908 – March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994. Appointed by Republican President Richard Nixon, Blackmun ultimately became one of the most liberal justices on the Court. He is best known as the author of the Court's opinion in "Roe v. Wade", which prohibits many state and federal restrictions on abortion.

paragraphs: Blackmun was born on November 12, 1908 in Nashville, Illinois. He was a Methodist. Blackmun studied at Harvard College, at Harvard Law School. Blackmun was never married. He had no children. Blackmun died on March 4, 1999 in Arlington County, Virginia from natural causes, aged 90.


title: National Socialist Council of Nagaland

paragraphs: The Nationalist Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) is a nationalist paramilitary group. It operates mainly in Northeast India, and sometimes in Myanmar. Its members are Christian Naga people. The main aim of the organization is to establish a sovereign state, "Nagalim". This would cover all areas inhabited by the Naga people.

paragraphs: The NSCN has been declared as a terrorist organisation in India.


title: Havaily District

paragraphs: Havaily District () is part of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.


title: Hattian Bala District

paragraphs: Hattian District () is part of Azad Kashmir in Pakistan.


title: Anointing of the Sick

paragraphs: Anointing of the Sick is a sacrament (a sacred ceremony) in Roman Catholicism and other Christian denominations. It is given to people who are "in danger due to sickness or old age".

paragraphs: A person does not have to be dying to receive the Anointing of the Sick. It can be done for anyone with a medical problem which they could die from.

paragraphs: Anointing of the Sick is also called Unction. In the past, it was called Extreme Unction. ("Anointing" and "Unction" are both words for putting oil on a person. Oil is an important part of the ceremony.)

paragraphs: All four Gospels in the Bible say that Jesus healed many people. Catholics believe that even after his death, Jesus is still able to heal people through the power of the sacraments.

paragraphs: The main part of the Bible that talks about anointing of the sick is : "Are any among you sick? They should call for the elders of the Church and have them pray over them, anointing them with oil in the name of the Lord. And their prayer offered in faith will heal the sick, and the Lord will make them well. And if they have committed sins, these will be forgiven." , and also talk about the anointing of the sick.

paragraphs: The Anointing of the Sick sacrament is done by a priest. The priest brings oil, which he has blessed. Usually, the oil is olive oil or another pure plant oil. The priest rubs the blessed oil on the patient's forehead, and sometimes other parts of the body. While he does this, he says special prayers that are meant for the Anointing of the Sick sacrament.

paragraphs: Catholics believe the Anointing of the Sick sacrament can:

paragraphs: Several other Christian churches have similar rituals.

paragraphs: The Anointing of the Sick is one of the three sacraments that make up the last rites. In Catholicism, last rites are a set of sacraments that are given to people who are dying.


paragraphs: The People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak (PREPAK) is an armed insurgent group in Manipur demanding a separate and independent homeland. PREPAK was formed under the leadership of R. K. Tulachandra on October 9, 1977.


title: Stranded Pakistanis

paragraphs: Stranded Pakistanis, also known as Biharis, describes the people mainly of the Biharis ethnic group currently residing in Bangladesh who immigrated to East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) with the hopes of joining Pakistan but after the East Pakistan seceded and became Bangladesh were unable to re-immigrate (due to the large distances) in 1971 and continue to claim Pakistani citizenship.


title: Olga Yakovleva (basketball, born 1963)

paragraphs: Olga Yakovleva (born 15 December 1963) is a Russian former basketball player. She was born in Leningrad. She was part of the Soviet team which won a bronze medal in the 1988 Summer Olympics.


title: Michael Cassidy

paragraphs: Michael Cassidy (1837 – March 18, 1908) was a Union Navy sailor in the American Civil War. He received the U.S. military's highest decoration called the Medal of Honor. He got the medal for his actions at the Battle of Mobile Bay.

paragraphs: Cassidy was born in 1837 in Ireland. He immigrated to the United States and was living in New York when he joined the Navy. He served during the Civil War as a landsman on the . At the Battle of Mobile Bay on August 5, 1864, "Lackawanna" engaged the at close range. Cassidy distinguished himself as the sponger on a gun crew. For this action, he was presented the Medal of Honor four months later on December 31, 1864.

paragraphs: Cassidy's official Medal of Honor citation reads:

paragraphs: Served on board the U.S.S. "Lackawanna" during successful attacks against Fort Morgan, rebel gunboats and the ram "Tennessee", in Mobile Bay, 5 August 1864. Displaying great coolness and exemplary behavior as first sponger of a gun, Cassidy, by his coolness under fire, received the applause of his officers and the guncrew throughout the action which resulted in the capture of the prize ram "Tennessee" and in the destruction of batteries at Fort Morgan.

paragraphs: Cassidy died on March 18, 1908, at age 70 or 71. He was buried at Hampton National Cemetery in Hampton, Virginia.


title: Hampton National Cemetery

paragraphs: Hampton National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery in the city of Hampton, Virginia. It sits on . As of the end of 2005 it had 27,799 interments. There are two separate parts to this facility. The original cemetery is called the “Hampton Section” and is located on Cemetery Road in Hampton, VA. It is on the western side of I-64. The new section which is called the “Phoebus Addition” or the “Phoebus Section” and is on West County Street in Hampton, VA east of I-64. It is less than a mile from the original cemetery. Both sections of the Hampton National Cemetery are closed to new interments.

paragraphs: The first burials took place in the cemetery in 1862. They were primarily Union soldiers who died in service or at the hospital at Fort Monroe. It became a National Cemetery in 1866. While primarily for Union soldiers, it also has the interments of 272 Confederate soldiers in their own section.

paragraphs: Hampton National Cemetery has the interred remains of World War II prisoners of war. Fifty-five are German and 5 Italian. It also has the remains of 28 sailors from the . It was sunk by off Cape Hatteras in 1942.

paragraphs: Hampton National Cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on February 26, 1996.


title: Alison Lohman

paragraphs: Alison Marion Lohman (September 18, 1979 in Palm Springs, California) is an American movie and television actress. She has been in theatrical features, including "White Oleander" and the erotic 2005 biography "Where the Truth Lies" (the latter was given an NC-17 rating by MPAA; it was later released unrated). Lohman has also been in TV programs, including "7th Heaven".


title: Haapanen

paragraphs: Haapanen is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:


title: Hec Lalande

paragraphs: Hector Joseph Lalande (November 24, 1934 – August 18, 2010) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player that played 5 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Lalande played in the NHL with the Chicago Blackhawks for 4 seasons and with the Detroit Red Wings for 1 season. Even though he played in the NHL, he was most successful in the minor league with the Clinton Comets of the Eastern Hockey League. During his time with the Comets, he recorded two back-to-back 100 point seasons and won both the Atlantic City Boardwalk Trophy Winner and the James J. Walker Trophy Winner in the 1963–64 season. He also won the Calder Cup when he was playing with the Hershey Bears in the 1957–58 and 1958–59 AHL seasons.


title: Erkkilä

paragraphs: Erkkilä is a Finnish surname. Some people with this surname are:


title: Mike Hudson

paragraphs: Michael Hudson (born February 6, 1967 in Guelph, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player that played a total of 11 seasons in the NHL.

paragraphs: In the NHL, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Edmonton Oilers, New York Rangers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Toronto Maple Leafs, St. Louis Blues and Phoenix Coyotes. He also played in the DEL for 2 seasons; 1 season with Augsburger Panther and 1 season with Adler Mannheim.

paragraphs: He won the Stanley Cup with the Rangers in the 1993–94 NHL season.


title: Divisions of the Australian House of Representatives

paragraphs: The Australian House of Representatives is elected from 151 single-member areas called Divisions. They are also commonly known as electorates or seats.

paragraphs: The Divisions are divided among the states and territories of Australia as set out in the Australian Constitution and the "Electoral Act" It is based on population, with the following exceptions:

paragraphs: Within each state and territory, the boundaries of the divisions must be redrawn in a process known as "redistribution" at least once every seven years, or when the state's allocation of Divisions changes. Boundaries are drawn by Redistribution Committee. Population is based on the number of "enrolled voters" not the total number of residents.

paragraphs: Within a state or territory, the number of voters in each Division can not vary by more than 10% from the average across the state. The number of voters cannot vary by more than 3.5% from the average projected enrolment three-and-a-half years into the future.

paragraphs: The Divisions of the House of Representatives are unusual in the way they are named. Many of them are not named after geographical features or numbered, as in most other legislatures around the world. Most Divisions are named after important historical people, such as former politicians (often Prime Ministers), explorers, artists and engineers.

paragraphs: In some cases where a Division is named after a place, the connection to that place may have changed a lot. For example, the Division of Werriwa, was named after the Aboriginal word for Lake George near Canberra. However, Werriwa has not included Lake George for many years. The boundary of Werriwa is now 200km north of the lake.

paragraphs: The Australian Electoral Commission (AEC) is in charge of creating, abolishing, or redistributing the boundaries of the Divisions. Some of the guidelines the AEC use when naming new Divisions are listed below:

paragraphs: The maps below show the Division boundaries as they were for the election in 2010.

paragraphs: For the 2019 elections there were 47 Divisions:

paragraphs: For the 2019 election there were 38 Divisions in Victoria:

paragraphs: For the 2019 elections there were 30 Divisions:

paragraphs: For the 2019 election there were 16 Divisions:

paragraphs: For the 2019 elections there were 10 Divisions:

paragraphs: For the 2019 election there were five Divisions:

paragraphs: There are three Divisions in the Australian Capital Territory:

paragraphs: There are two Divisions in the Northern Territory:

paragraphs: These Australian Divisions no longer exist:


title: Kansallis-Osake-Pankki

paragraphs: Kansallis-Osake-Pankki was a merchant bank in Finland in 1889–1995. The bank's sign was blue squirrel.


title: Taco John's International

paragraphs: Taco John's International is a franchisor of small, Mexican restaurants. The chain is based in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Taco John's was started in 1969 by Harold Holmes and Jim Woodson. The chain has about 400 restaurants. It has not had much growth for many years.


title: Mytilus (genus)

paragraphs: Mytilus is a common genus of medium to large-sized marine mussels. They are bivalve molluscs of the family Mytilidae. Mussels are edible, and are used in various stews and soups. In life, they are attached to the substrate (rocks etc) by byssus threads.

paragraphs: Species within the genus "Mytilus" include:

paragraphs: "Mytilus" mussels are widely used as food. In California they were eaten by coastal Native American people for almost 12,000 years.


title: Mytilus coruscus

paragraphs: Mytilus coruscus is the scientific name for the Korean mussel. It is also called the hard-shelled mussel. It is a species of mussel and a marine bivalve mollusc. It is in the family Mytilidae. This species is heavily used as a food item via mariculture in Korea. and in China

paragraphs: This species lives along the coasts of the subtropical western Pacific Ocean. It is found in the Yellow Sea and the Sea of Japan. It can also be found as far north as the Peter the Great Gulf. This mussel generally inhabits the upper part of the sublittoral zone.


title: Embryophyte

paragraphs: Embryophytes are land plants. They are they things most people call plants, the bryophytes, ferns, gymnosperms and flowering plants. Another way of looking at it is to say they are the Viridiplantae minus the algae. They include the Bryophytes and the vascular plants.


title: Chanterelle

paragraphs: A chanterelle is a mushroom that is used in cooking. It is yellow. A chanterelle looks much like some other mushrooms. About 25% of its dry weight is protein.


title: Rubber band

paragraphs: A rubber band is a stretchable band. They can be different sizes, colours and shapes. Stephen Perry patented the rubber band in England in 1845. It is useful when is need to keep two or more items together. They are made out of latex.


title: Chinese scholar's rocks

paragraphs: Chinese scholars' rocks (供石 or gōngshí), also known as scholar stones or viewing stones, are small naturally shaped rocks which are traditionally valued by Chinese scholars.

paragraphs: Scholars rocks can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. Scholars rocks can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Chinese gardens.

paragraphs: Four important qualities for the rocks were recognized in the Tang dynasty. They are: thinness ("shou"), openness ("tou"), perforations ("lou"), and wrinkling ("zhou").

paragraphs: Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of "suseok" in Korea and "suiseki" in Japan.

paragraphs: The origin of the stone is a notable feature.

paragraphs: The evaluation of a scholar's rock identifies subtlety of color, shape, markings and surface. The qualities which are prized include

paragraphs: The stone may be displayed on a wooden base that has been carved specifically for the stone. The stones are a traditional subject of Chinese paintings.


title: Common kingfisher

paragraphs: The common kingfisher ("Alcedo atthis") is a small kingfisher. Like most kingfishers, it needs a perch to do its fishing. Usual is to see it on a tree branch overlooking a river.

paragraphs: There are seven subspecies in its wide distribution across Eurasia and North Africa. It is resident over much of its range, but migrates from areas where rivers freeze in winter.

paragraphs: This sparrow-sized bird has the typical short-tailed, large-headed kingfisher profile; it has blue upperparts, orange underparts and a long bill. It feeds mainly on fish caught by diving, and has special visual adaptions to see its prey underwater. The glossy white eggs are laid in a nest at the end of a burrow in a riverbank.


title: Wattieza

paragraphs: Their fossils were found in New York State.

paragraphs: They stood 8 m (34 ft) or more tall, and looked like the modern tree ferns.

paragraphs: They lived in the mid-Devonian, about 385 million years ago. They were cladoxylopsids, close relatives of modern ferns and horsetails.

paragraphs: The crown of "Wattieza", discovered in 2005, was united with its root and trunk, known since 1870. The fossilized grove of "Gilboa stumps" had been described as "Eospermatopteris", though the complete plant remained unknown.

paragraphs: "Wattieza" had fronds rather than leaves, and reproduced with spores.


title: Susan

paragraphs: The name Susan is a female given name, based around the name Susanna; the name was extremely popular in the United States during earlier parts of the 20th century. Famous people with the name include Susan Lucci and Susan Sarandon. Susan Collins is a United States Senator from Maine; she has been so since 1994.


title: Suiseki

paragraphs: "Suiseki" can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. "Suiseki" can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Japanese gardens.

paragraphs: Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of "suiseki" in Japan. The history of "suiseki" in Japan begins during the reign of Empress Suiko. The small objects were brought to Japan as gifts from the Chinese Imperial court.

paragraphs: The evaluation of "suiseki" recognizes color, shape, markings and surface. According to in ,

paragraphs: It is not a silly thing at all to enjoy a stone in a tray. I see the whole world in a tiny stone. Some objects in this world are huge, and others are small, and they come in all shapes, but they are not that different when you look at their essence.

paragraphs: Some types of "suiseki" suggest a mountain, a waterfall, an island, a thatched hut or an animal.


title: Prudential Tower

paragraphs: The Prudential Tower, also called the Prudential Building or The Pru, is a skyscraper in Boston, Massachusetts. The building is the 2nd-tallest building in Boston. It was designed by Charles Luckman and Associates for Prudential Insurance and was completed in 1964. It is tall and has 52 floors. With its radio mast, the tower is and is the tallest building in Boston. It has an observation deck, called the "Prudential Skywalk", on its 50th floor. It is currently the highest observation deck in New England that is open to the public. The building also has a restaurant on the 52nd floor, called "Top of the Hub."

paragraphs: Construction on the Prudential Tower began in 1960. When it was completed in 1964, it was the tallest building in the world outside of New York City.

paragraphs: Since the Prudential Tower was built, other tall buildings have been built in Boston. Today, it is not one of the fifty tallest buildings in the USA.

paragraphs: Boston Properties currently owns the Prudential Tower.

paragraphs: The main rooftop mast has two FM master antennas, and a television antenna. The roof also has a smaller tower with standby antennas. These antennas broadcast several Boston radio stations.


title: Suseok

paragraphs: Suseok (수석) is the Korean term for small naturally occurring or shaped rocks which are traditionally valued. They are similar to Chinese scholar's rocks.

paragraphs: "Suseok" can be any color. There are a wide variety of sizes. "Suseok" can weigh hundreds of pounds or less than one pound. The term also means stones which are placed in traditional Korean gardens.

paragraphs: Chinese scholar's rocks influenced the development of "suseok" in Korea.

paragraphs: The evaluation of "suseok" recognizes color, shape, markings and surface.


title: Division of Werriwa

paragraphs: The Division of Werriwa is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.

paragraphs: The name "Werriwa" is the local Aboriginal name for Lake George. The lake was in the division when the boundaries were drawn in 1900. The division was one of the original 75 divisions for Australia's first federal election in 1901. It covered a large rural area from the south west of Sydney to the northern part of what is now the ACT.

paragraphs: Over the years, the population around Sydney increased. The boundaries were redrawn and Werriwa became smaller in area. By 1913 Lake George was no longer included in the Dvision. Werriwa become a south-western Sydney suburban electorate over 150 km away from Lake George. It has kept the name of Werriwa, because it is an original Federation electorate. The Australian Electoral Commission tries to keep the names of original Federation electorates.

paragraphs: Werriwa now covers the suburbs of Austral, Bardia, Bow Bowing, Casula, Claymore, Denham Court, Edmondson Park, Eschol Park, Glenfield, Horningsea Park, Hoxton Park, Ingleburn, Leppington, Lurnea, Macquarie Fields, Minto, Minto Heights, Prestons, Raby, St Andrews and Varroville and parts of Liverpool, Leumeah and West Hoxton.

paragraphs: It is a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party (ALP), which has held it without a break since 1934.

paragraphs: Werriwa was the electorate (1952-78) of former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam. From 1994 to 2005 the Werriwa was held by one of Whitlam's former aides, Mark Latham. Latham was the leader of the ALP and Leader of the Opposition from 2003-2005.

paragraphs: In a by-election in March 2005, Labor's Chris Hayes was elected with over 55% of the vote. There were 16 other candidates but none got more than 8% of the vote.


title: Zadar

paragraphs: Zadar is a small city in Croatia with around 75000 people. It is a city because it has a cathedral, dedicated to Saint Anastasia.


title: Cyclic vomiting syndrome

paragraphs: Cyclic vomiting syndrome (US English) or cyclical vomiting syndrome (UK English), abbreviated CVS, is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting. CVS happens more often in children but it can occur at any age.

paragraphs: CVS is one of the "childhood periodic syndromes". This is a group of migraines syndromes that happen to children. Children who have one of these "childhood periodic syndromes" like cyclic vomiting, will when they get older, usually get one of the other types of migraine that affect adults


title: East Bengal Regiment

paragraphs: The East Bengal Regiment () in short "E Bengal" is an infantry regiment of Bangladeshi Army


title: People's Liberation Army of Manipur

paragraphs: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) was founded by N. Bisheshwar Singh on September 25, 1978. It is a separatist armed revolutionary group fighting for a separate independent socialist state of Manipur. It was the first organization from Manipur to have been trained by the China's People Liberation Army at Lhasa in the eighties. It was also trained by the NSCN in Myanmar during this time.


title: Naga National Council

paragraphs: The Naga National Council was a political organization of Naga people, active from the late 1940s to the early 1950s. Under the leadership of Angami Zapu Phizo in the 1940s, it unsuccessfully campaigned for the secession of the Naga territory from the Republic of India and creation for a sovereign Naga state.


title: Naga people

paragraphs: The term Naga people (Burmese: နာဂ, Hindi: नागा) refers to a conglomeration of several tribes inhabiting the North Eastern part of India and north-western Burma. The tribes have similar cultures and traditions, and form the majority ethnic group in the Indian states of Nagaland, Assam and the disputed territory of Southern Tibet.

paragraphs: Naga nationalism is an ideology that supports self-determination by the Naga people, and the furtherance of Naga culture.


title: Garo people

paragraphs: The Garos are a tribal people in Meghalaya, Republic of India and neighboring areas of Bangladesh, who call themselves A·chik Mande (literally "hill people," from "a·chik" "hill" + "mande" "people") or simply A·chik or Mande. They are the second-largest tribe in Meghalaya after the Khasi and comprise about a third of the local population. The Garos are one of the few remaining matrilineal societies in the world.


title: Khasi people

paragraphs: The Khasi are an indigenous or tribal people, the majority of whom live in the State of Meghalaya in North-east India, with small populations in neighbouring Assam, and in parts of Bangladesh. They call themselves Ki Hynñiew trep, which means "the seven huts" in the Khasi language. Their language Khasi is the northernmost Austro-Asiatic language.


title: Erin Burnett

paragraphs: Erin Isabelle Burnett (born July 2, 1976 in Mardela Springs, Maryland) is an American news anchor and journalist. She has also done reporting through NBC. Her current program is "Erin Burnett OutFront" on CNN.


title: Lev Vygotsky

paragraphs: Lev Vygotsky ( – 11 June 1934) was a Russian psychologist. He worked on child development, play and language. He also developed a holistic theory of human cultural and biosocial development.

paragraphs: Vygotsky's early death to tuberculosis left many manuscripts. Sorting them out has taken many years.

paragraphs: Perhaps Vygotsky's most important work was the inter-relationship of language development and thought. This establishes the connection between speech and the development of mental concepts and cognitive awareness. Vygotsky described inner speech as being qualitatively different from normal (external) speech. Although Vygotsky believed inner speech developed from external speech by a gradual process, with younger children only really able to "think out loud".

paragraphs: Language starts as a tool external to the child used for social interaction. The child guides its behavior by using a kind of self-talk or "thinking out loud". Initially, self-talk is very much a tool of social interaction and this tapers to negligible levels when the child is alone. Gradually, self-talk is used more as a tool for self-directed and self-regulating behavior. Because it gets internalized, self-talk is no longer present when the child starts school. Self-talk "develops along a rising not a declining, curve; it goes through an evolution, not an involution. In the end, it becomes inner speech".

paragraphs: Speaking has thus developed along two lines, the line of social communication and the line of inner speech, by which the child mediates and regulates their activity through their thoughts. This is not to say that thinking cannot take place without language, but rather it is mediated by language, and so develops to a much higher level of sophistication. Just as the birthday cake as a sign provides much deeper meaning than its physical properties allow, inner speech as a sign provides much deeper meaning than the lower psychological functions would otherwise allow.

paragraphs: Inner speech is not comparable in form to external speech. External speech is the process of turning thought into words. Inner speech is the opposite; it is the conversion of speech into inward thought. Inner speech, for example, contains predicates only. Subjects are superfluous. Words are also used much more economically. One word in inner speech would take many words to express it in external speech.


title: Karl Duncker

paragraphs: Karl Duncker (Leipzig, 2 February 1903 23 February 1940) was a German psychologist.

paragraphs: Until 1935 he was a student and assistant of the founders of Gestalt psychology in Berlin: Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka.

paragraphs: In 1935, exiled by the Nazis, he got an assistantship at Cambridge University with Frederic Bartlett. Later he emigrated to the USA where he was again an assistant of Köhler’s at Swarthmore College. He committed suicide in 1940 at 37 years of age. He had been suffering from depression for some time and had received professional treatment.

paragraphs: Duncker coined the term "functional fixedness" in visual perception and problem solving. This describes the difficulties arising from a part of a problem which normally has a fixed function. In the problem, the fixed function must be changed to reach the perception or solution.

paragraphs: In his "candle problem" the situation was defined by the objects: a box of candles, a box of thumb-tacks and a book of matches. The task was to fix the candles on the wall without any additional elements. The difficulty of this problem arises from the functional fixedness of the candle box. It is a container in the problem but must be used as a shelf in the solution.

paragraphs: Other examples of this type of problem are:


title: Dianthus armeria

paragraphs: Dianthus armeria is an annual or biennial flowering plant commonly known as Deptford pink or grass pink. It is in the family Caryophyllaceae.

paragraphs: It has small pink flowers that bloom from spring to summer followed by an explosive, inedible fruit. The blooms close up in the afternoon. The seeds are small and blackish or brownish.

paragraphs: It is a native plant in Europe, and widely grown as an ornamental plant in gardens. It has been introduced to New Zealand and much of North America.


title: Gorkha National Liberation Front

paragraphs: Gorkha National Liberation Front (GNLF) (Nepali: गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा) is a political party in the Darjeeling District of West Bengal, Republic of India. It was formed in 1980 by Subhash Ghisingh with the objective of demanding a Gorkhaland state within India.


title: Ted Demme

paragraphs: Edward Kern Demme (known as Ted Demme; October 26, 1963 - January 13, 2002) was an American movie director and producer. His career began in 1988. His movies included "The Ref" (1994), "Beautiful Girls" (1996), "Life" and "Blow". He died in Santa Monica, California due to a heart attack brought on by cocaine; the director was 38 when it happened.

paragraphs: He was married to Amanda Demme from 1994 until his death. The couple had two sons. He was the nephew of Jonathan Demme.


title: Tie-dye

paragraphs: Tie-dye is a colorful pattern used on clothing. It is made by tying a piece of clothing into a tight bundle, and then dyeing it with various colors. This became very popular in the 1960s and '70s. It was often made to represent signs like 'peace' and 'flower power'.

paragraphs: Tie dye is an expression of emotion and is a very colourful and expressive type of art.

paragraphs: Love Peace Music Woodstock 1969 @ Bethel NY / Yasgur’s Farm / Max Yasgur / Woodstock 1969-2019 50th Anniversary / Bethel Woods Center for the Arts, Bethel New York


title: Dhol

paragraphs: The dhol is a drum used during Punjabi wedding processions and parties.

paragraphs: In Western Punjab, the beats of dhol have been an element in the ceremonies of the great Sufi mystics and their followers. The patterns of dhol have been developed to catalyze the mind of the devotee as is seeking spiritual trance. Someone who plays the "Dhol" is known as Dholi ().

paragraphs: Traditionally the Punjabi dhol has been the domain of men.


title: Hairspray (1988 movie)

paragraphs: Hairspray is a 1988 American musical teen comedy movie. It was produced by John Waters, Robert Shaye and Rachel Talalay and was directed by Waters. In 2002 a Broadway musical of the same name was made. In 2007, the Broadway musical was turned into a movie. Set in 1962 in Baltimore, Maryland, it is about teenager Tracy Turnblad who pursues stardom as a dancer on a local television show and rallies against racial segregation.


title: Linderte

paragraphs: Linderte is a small village in the city of Ronnenberg in Lower Saxony, in Germany. It has about 500 inhabitants, as of 2008.


title: Ronnenberg

paragraphs: Ronnenberg is a town in the region Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. It has about 23,300 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The town Ronnenberg is divided into the districts Benthe, Empelde, Ronnenberg, Ihme-Roloven, Weetzen, Vörie and Linderte.


title: Alicia Witt

paragraphs: Alicia Roanne Witt (born August 21 1975) is an American singer, model and actor. She is best known for the movie "Citizen Ruth" (1996). She was born in Worcester, Massachusetts. Her television work includes "Ally McBeal" and "The Sopranos".


title: National parks of Austria

paragraphs: There are seven national parks in Austria.


title: National parks of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: This is a list of national parks in the Republic of Azerbaijan.


title: Mid-range speaker

paragraphs: A mid-range speaker is a type of loudspeaker. These are designed to reproduce sounds which are not very low, but mid-range speaker can also play hi frequency sounds, example frequency going up to 20kHz. Depending on the speakers structure there can be a tweeter that plays hi-frequencies. Typically it is then a 3-way speaker. If there is only a woofer and mid-range speaker, it would be 2-way speaker.


title: Marlo Thomas

paragraphs: Margaret Julia "Marlo" Thomas (born November 21, 1937, Detroit, Michigan) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role in the television series "That Girl" (1966-1971). She also represents the Marlo Thomas Foundation and is the elder daughter of the late comedian Danny Thomas.


title: Yellow Mama

paragraphs: Yellow Mama is the nickname given to Alabama's electric chair, which was used for executions from 1927–2002.

paragraphs: It was used at Kilby State Prison in Montgomery, Alabama. Yellow Mama was painted with highway-line paint from the State Highway Department lab. The chair was built by a British inmate in 1927 and was first used the same year.


title: Yukio Okutsu

paragraphs: Yukio Okutsu (November 3, 1921 – August 24, 2003) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

paragraphs: Okutsu was born in Koloa, Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents. He was a "Nisei", which means that he was a second generation Japanese-American.

paragraphs: Okutsu joined the US Army in March 1943.

paragraphs: Okutsu volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.For his actions in April 1945, Okutsu was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Okutsu's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

paragraphs: Okutsu's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in northern Italy in 1945. Without the help of others, he silenced three machine gun nests.

paragraphs: Technical Sergeant Yukio Okutsu distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 7 April 1945, on Mount Belvedere, Italy. While his platoon was halted by the crossfire of three machine guns, Technical Sergeant Okutsu boldly crawled to within 30 yards of the nearest enemy emplacement through heavy fire. He destroyed the position with two accurately placed hand grenades, killing three machine gunners. Crawling and dashing from cover to cover, he threw another grenade, silencing a second machine gun, wounding two enemy soldiers, and forcing two others to surrender. Seeing a third machine gun, which blocked his platoon's advance, he moved forward through heavy small arms fire and was stunned momentarily by rifle fire, which glanced off his helmet. Recovering, he bravely charged several enemy riflemen with his submachine gun, forcing them to withdraw from their positions. Then, rushing the machine gun nest, he captured the weapon and its entire crew of four. By these single-handed actions he enabled his platoon to resume its assault on a vital objective. The courageous performance of Technical Sergeant Okutsu against formidable odds was an inspiration to all. Technical Sergeant Okutsu's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.

paragraphs: Okutsu is the namesake of the Yukio Okutsu Veterans Home at Hilo. It is the first veterans home operated by the state government in Hawaii.


title: George McCall Courts

paragraphs: George McCall Courts (February 16, 1888 – August 1, 1932) was born in the District of Columbia. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1907. He received the Medal of Honor for actions at the United States occupation of Veracruz, 1914.

paragraphs: Rank and organization: Lieutenant, Junior Grade Organization: U.S. Navy Born:16 February 1888, Washington, D.C. Accredited to: District of Columbia Date of issue: 12/04/1915

paragraphs: For distinguished conduct in battle, engagements of Vera Cruz, 21 and 22 April 1914. Under fire, Lt.(j.g.) Courts was eminent and conspicuous in the performance of his duties. He had well qualified himself by thorough study during his years of duty in Mexico to deal with the conditions of this engagement, and his services were of great value. He twice volunteered and passed in an open boat through the zone of fire to convey important orders to the Chester, then under a severe fire.


title: Jimmy Savile

paragraphs: Sir Jimmy Savile (James Wilson Vincent Savile, 31 October 1926 29 October 2011) OBE, KCSG was an English DJ, television presenter, and comedian. A year after his death, he was accused of many counts of child sexual abuse and rape, which he committed from 1963 up to his death.

paragraphs: Savile was born in Leeds the youngest of seven children. His siblings were Mary, Marjory, Vincent, John, Joan and Cristina. His parents were Vincent Joseph Marie Savile and Agnes Monica Kelly. He died in Leeds of natural causes. He was a devout Roman Catholic. He presented "Jim'll Fix It" and "Top of the Pops". Savile was also a professional wrestler and cyclist when he was young and during World War II he was conscripted to work as a Bevin Boy in the coal mines.

paragraphs: Savile started being a DJ at Radio Luxembourg in 1958. He stopped working for them in 1967. In 1968 he joined BBC Radio 1. On New Year's Day 1964 he presented the first edition of the BBC music chart television programme Top of the Pops. In 1971 he was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire.

paragraphs: Savile was also an honorary life member of the British Gypsy Council and the first non-gypsy to be an honorary life member.

paragraphs: In 1990, he was made a Knight Bachelor for his charity work.

paragraphs: On the night of 29 October 2011, Savile was found dead in his home at the age of 84, just 2 days before his 85th birthday. Police said there were no suspicious circumstances to his death. A year later his crimes were revealed by victims. He had been in hospital with pneumonia, and his death was not suspicious.

paragraphs: Savile was known to own several cars including Bentley, Rolls-Royce and Mercedes-Benz.

paragraphs: Savile smoked expensive Cuban cigars and was a heavy smoker.

paragraphs: Savile was close friends with Edward Heath. Most of his sexual abuse was hebephilic or ephebophilic.

paragraphs: In 1963, a boy told police that Savile had raped him.

paragraphs: Since he died in 2011, 589 people have made complaints about Savile to the police. 31 said that they were raped by Savile. 16 said they were under 16 when Savile raped them. Police called Savile "Britain's worst paedophile". In March 2013 Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary reported that 214 of the complaints that had been made against Savile after his death would have been criminal offences.

paragraphs: It was also revealed that Savile also committed some child sex offences in his silver Rolls-Royce Corniche.

paragraphs: On 3 October 2012, a television programme called "Exposure: The Other Side of Jimmy Savile" was shown on ITV. In it several women said that Savile sexually abused them when they were teenagers. "Exposure Update: The Jimmy Savile Investigation", was shown on ITV on 21 November 2012.

paragraphs: An investigation codenamed Operation Yewtree was launched and several arrests were made. People arrested included Gary Glitter, Rolf Harris, Dave Lee Travis, William Roache, Wilfred De'ath, Max Clifford, Stuart Hall, Jimmy Tarbuck and Paul Gambaccini.

paragraphs: Savile was the subject of an episode of Louis Theroux's When Louis Met! where Theroux asked him if he is a paedophile in 2001 and Savile laughed off the question and told him that those were just claims.

paragraphs: In June 2014, MP Jeremy Hunt apologised to Savile's victims after it was revealed that Savile had also abused dead bodies while at Broadmoor Psychiatric Hospital and he was a regular visitor and evil stalker.


title: Personal Best

paragraphs: Personal Best is a 1982 American drama movie in which the story is focused on lesbian issues in the Summer Olympics of 1980, directed by Robert Towne. Starring in this are Mariel Hemingway and Patrice Donnelly; the earlier plays Chris Cahill in this movie. This motion picture was rated highly, although it did not do well in the box office.


title: Against All Odds

paragraphs: Against All Odds is a 1984 crime drama movie in which Rachel Ward and Jeff Bridges are among the cast. This movie is about a mix of infidelity, gangsters, crime and adultery. The movie was a remake of "Out of the Past", a romance-thriller from 1947.


title: Zechariah

paragraphs: Zechariah was the father of John the Baptist. He appears in the Gospel of Luke. He was struck dumb by an angel for failing to have faith. His voice was restored after John was born.


title: Pennsylvania Turnpike

paragraphs: The Pennsylvania Turnpike is a toll road (a road cars have to pay to drive on) operated by the Pennsylvania Turnpike Commission in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States. It costs more than $7 for a car to enter it from Ohio. The turnpike is a limited-access highway, which means cars must use ramps to get onto the highway. It runs across the state. The turnpike begins at the Ohio border in Lawrence County, where it goes into that state as the Ohio Turnpike. The designation ends at the New Jersey border at the Delaware River – Turnpike Toll Bridge over the Delaware River in Bucks County, where it goes into that state as the Pearl Harbor Memorial Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike. The roadway goes east-west path through the state, going through the Pittsburgh, Harrisburg, and Philadelphia areas. As it goes across the Appalachian Mountains in the middle of the state, the turnpike goes through four tunnels. It is part of the Interstate Highway System and is signed as part of Interstate 76 (I-76) between the Ohio border and Valley Forge, I-70 and I-76 between New Stanton and Breezewood, I-276 between Valley Forge and Bristol Township, and I-95 between Bristol Township and the New Jersey border. The road uses a ticket system of tolling, where cars get a ticket listing fares when they head onto the road and pay when they leave the road, between the Warrendale and Neshaminy Falls toll plazas. There is also an eastbound toll plaza at Gateway near the Ohio border and a westbound toll plaza at the Delaware River Bridge that uses cameras to take a picture of the car's license plate and send a bill in the mail. E-ZPass, a form of electronic toll collection, is also used at all toll plazas.

paragraphs: The Pennsylvania Turnpike was planned in the 1930s to make traveling by car better across the mountains of Pennsylvania. It went through seven tunnels that were created for the abandoned South Pennsylvania Railroad in the 1880s. The road opened on October 1, 1940 between Irwin and Carlisle as the first long-distance limited-access highway in the United States that led to the building of other limited-access toll roads and the Interstate Highway System. Following World War II, the turnpike was built east to Valley Forge in 1950 and west to the Ohio border in 1951. In 1954, the road was built east to the Delaware River. The mainline turnpike was done in 1956 when the Delaware River bridge was built. In the 1960s, another tube was bored at four of the two-lane tunnels while the other three tunnels were closed when a new road was built around them. This made all of the highway four lanes wide. Work continues to be done to make the road better, such as rebuilding the original section to today's standards, widening parts of the turnpike to six lanes, and adding new interchanges.


title: Free Trade Party

paragraphs: The Free Trade Party was an Australian political party from 1889 to 1909. It was officially known as the Australian Free Trade and Liberal Association. It was also called the Revenue Tariff Party in some states and renamed the Anti-Socialist Party in 1906. It wanted to remove tariffs (taxes on imports and exports) as well as other restrictions on trade. It argued that free trade would benefit everyone. However, many members also supported some tariffs to raise money for the government.

paragraphs: The party was based in New South Wales, where its leaders were Sir Henry Parkes and Sir George Reid. It was the main party in New South Wales politics before federation.

paragraphs: After the elections for the first Commonwealth Parliament, the Free Traders were the second largest group in the Australian House of Representatives, with 25 seats. Reid became the Parliament's first leader of the Opposition. He later became Prime Minister in 1904-05. The deputy leader of the Free Trade Party was Willima McMillan.Joseph Cook became deputy leader of the party when McMillan retired in 1903.

paragraphs: A separate Tasmanian Revenue Tariff Party took part in the 1903 federal election in Tasmania and won two seats. It joined with the Free Trade Party in federal parliament.

paragraphs: After the question of tariffs had largely been settled, Reid looked around for another cause for his party. He settled on opposition to socialism. He criticised both the Australian Labor Party and the Protectionist Party, led by Alfred Deakin. The Free Trade Party was renamed the Anti-Socialist Party (ASP) before the 1906 federal election. The Labor Party and the FTP/ASP continued to grow in electoral strength. Some Protectionists left the party to join Labor and the ASP.

paragraphs: Reid retired in 1908, and the party leadership passed to Joseph Cook. He agreed to merge with the Protectionists to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party in 1909.


title: Dubai International Airport

paragraphs: Dubai International Airport () is an international airport serving Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is a major airline hub in the Middle East, and is the main airport of Dubai. The airport is the main hub for Emirates. The airport consists of 3 terminals, named Terminal 1, 2, and 3. Emirates mainly uses Terminal 3.


title: Zero Dark Thirty

paragraphs: Zero Dark Thirty is a 2012 biopic war movie about the hunt for Osama bin Laden. It was directed by Kathryn Bigelow, and starring Jessica Chastain, Chris Pratt and James Gandolfini.


title: Wayne Hillman

paragraphs: Wayne James Hillman (November 13, 1938 – November 24, 1990) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 14 seasons in the NHL.

paragraphs: Hillman played in the NHL with the Chicago Black Hawks for 5 seasons, the New York Rangers for 4 seasons, the Minnesota North Stars for 1 season and the Philadelphia Flyers for 4 seasons. Hillman also played for the Cleveland Crusaders of the World Hockey Association for 2 seasons and retired after his time with the Crusaders wa done.

paragraphs: Even though Hillman only played 1 playoff game for the Black Hawks in the 1960-61 NHL season his name was still engraved on the Stanley Cup.

paragraphs: Hillman died of cancer on November 24, 1990.


title: Protectionist Party

paragraphs: The Protectionist Party was an Australian political party from 1889 until 1909. Its policies were based on protectionism. It argued that Australia needed protective tariffs to allow Australian industry to grow and provide employment. It had its greatest strength in Victoria and in the rural areas of New South Wales. Its most important leaders were Sir Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin, who were the first and second prime pinisters of Australia.

paragraphs: The Protectionist Party formed government Australia's first government with the support of the Labor Party. They agreed to put in place social reforms that were Labor policy. Labor's program, however, was often too radical for the Protectionists, and compromises had to be made. Several changes of minority governments occurred.

paragraphs: The Protectionist vote had dropped by the 1906 federal election. Labor formed its first government in 1904 and its second in 1908 under Andrew Fisher. Many people believed an anti-socialist group was needed to oppose the Labor Party. Deakin and Anti-Socialist Party leader Joseph Cook, began talks to join their parties together. The more liberal Protectionists, such as Isaac Isaacs and H. B. Higgins, opposed a merger. The Protection Party was split by this issue. Most members, including Deakin, joined with the Anti-Socialist Party to become the Commonwealth Liberal Party. This became known as "the Fusion,". The more liberal Protectionists supported Labor. The Fusion would form another minority government before Fisher and Labor achieved Australia's first federal majority government, and the first Senate majority, at the 1910 election.

paragraphs: In 2007, a new political party, the Australian Protectionist Party was set up.


title: Fallingwater

paragraphs: Fallingwater is the name of the summer house Frank Lloyd Wright designed in 1935 for the Kaufmann family. It is in the woods over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. It is a nationally listed national historic place, and some say it is the most famous private house in the world.

paragraphs: The house actually sits low in the valley over the stream, but looks dramatic from further downstream. It has large terraces, and some of them stick straight out and hang right over the waterfall or the stream. There are windows and glass doors, with only narrow steel supports between them, wrapping all the way around the living room. There are also windows going all the way from the floor to the ceiling in all three stories of the tower. Most of the house is made from stone.

paragraphs: There are strong horizontal and vertical lines in the design of the house. It resembles the horizontal and vertical lines in the rock formations and other natural features. The waterfall can be heard everywhere in the house. Wright wanted there to be a close connection between inside and outside, and for the house itself to be natural.

paragraphs: The large, cave-like living room has a big fireplace built on a large rock that comes up out of the floor. This was Edgar Kaufmann's favorite place to sit before the house was built. A stairway hangs down from the main floor to the stream. A glass hatchway lets people go down it from the living room.

paragraphs: Some of the furniture is built right into the house. Many shelves are attached directly into the wall, sticking out without any supports that can be seen, like the floors and terraces of the house itself.

paragraphs: There is a guest house on the hill behind the main house. It is connected by an "S" shaped, covered walk. There is a plunge pool beside the guest house.

paragraphs: In 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the Fallingwater house the "best all-time work of American architecture".


title: Laurie

paragraphs: Laurie is a given name for women. It is a version of Laura. "Laura" is more common than "Laurie". Sometimes, it can also be a surname. People named Laurie include Laurie Anderson, Laurie Bird, and Laurie Metcalf.


title: Commonwealth Liberal Party

paragraphs: The Commonwealth Liberal Party (CLP) was a political party in Australia from 1909 to 1917. It was also known as The Fusion, or the Deakinite Liberal Party. It is the earliest direct ancestor of the modern Liberal Party of Australia.

paragraphs: The party was formed after the Australian Labor Party formed its second government in 1908. Business leaders told Alfred Deakin, the leader of the Protectionist Party, and Joseph Cook, leader of the Anti-Socialist Party, to join forces to oppose the Labor Party. In 1909, the Protectionists and Anti-Socialists joined to form the CLP. Deakin was the new party's first leader, with Cook as deputy leader. Several of the more liberal Protectionists left and joined Labor.

paragraphs: The Protectionists and Anti-Socialists had a majority of seats in the House of Representatives. The new party used its numbers to force Prime Minister Andrew Fisher to resign. Deakin became Prime Minister for the third time. However, the CLP was defeated by Labor at its first election, less than a year later in 1910.

paragraphs: Cook took over from Deakin shortly before the 1913 election and won government by a single seat. One year later, Cook introduced a bill removing special treatment for union members. Cook knew the Labor Party had the numbers in Senate to defeat the bill. When the Senate rejected it twice, Cook had an excuse to call an early election for 5 September. This was the first double dissolution election in Australia. However CLP was soundly defeated, and Labor became the government.

paragraphs: In November 1916, the CLP made a deal with the Prime Minister Billy Hughes. Hughes had been forced to leave the ALP for supporting conscription in World War I. He set up a new party called the National Labor Party. In February 1917, the CLP and National Labor joined to form the Nationalist Party of Australia. Although the new party had more Liberals, Hughes became its leader with Cook as his deputy.

paragraphs: Today the Commonwealth Liberal Party is usually called the Deakinite Liberal Party so it will not be confused with the modern Liberal Party of Australia.


title: Australian Electoral Commission

paragraphs: The Australian Electoral Commission, or the AEC, is the Australian federal government agency in charge of federal elections and referendums. State and local government elections are run by the Electoral Commission in each state and territory.

paragraphs: The AEC also draws the boundaries for seats and makes regular changes to keep all seats roughly equal in population numbers. It organizes Commonwealth electoral roll which is a list of people who can vote in elections. The electoral roll is used by the state and territory Electoral Commissions to for their elections.

paragraphs: The AEC also plays a leading role in electoral education and industrial voting (votes on industrial action).

paragraphs: The AEC began in 1902, as a part of the Department of Home Affairs. In 1973, it became the Australian Electoral Office. In February 1984 it became the Australian Electoral Commission.

paragraphs: The AEC is run by a Chairman who is a Judge, or a retired Judge, of the Federal Court, the Electoral Commissioner and a non-judicial member who is usually the Australian Statistician). The Electoral Commissioner has the powers of a Secretary of a Department under the "Public Service Act 1999" and the "Financial Management and Accountability Act 1998". The Chairperson and the third, non-judicial member both hold their offices on a part-time basis.

paragraphs: The AEC has a National Office in Canberra and State Offices in Adelaide, Brisbane, Darwin, Hobart, Melbourne, Perth and Sydney.

paragraphs: Each federal electorate has a Divisional Returning Officer responsible for the House of Representatives elections within their division. Each State also has an Australian Electoral Officer responsible for the Senate elections.

paragraphs: The AEC's major duties are to run federal elections, by-elections and referendums. Election Rolls must always be up-to-date. The AEC must also follow up people who do not vote. After the election the AEC provides detailed election results. The AEC is answerable to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters of the Parliament of Australia. It reports to Parliament on how elections were carried out and the success of the elections in general.


title: National Labor Party

paragraphs: The National Labor Party was an Australian political party which only existed for three months. It was started by Prime Minister Billy Hughes in November 1916. Hughes had taken over as leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) and Prime Minister when Andrew Fisher resigned in 1915. Hughes formed the new party after he was forced out of the ALP a month after conscription was rejected by the people in the 1916 vote. Hughes still wanted conscription for World War I.

paragraphs: On 15 September 1916 the Labor Party in New South Wales forced Hughes from the Labor Party. On 14 November 1916, Hughes and 24 other Labor members walked out of a meeting of the Labor members of parliament. The remaining 43 members said they did not want Hughes to continue as their leader. Hughes and his followers formed a minority Government with support from the Commonwealth Liberal Party (CLP) led by Joseph Cook. They said the Australian Labor Party was no longer nationalist. They wanted a new party that would be both socially radical and nationalist.

paragraphs: The National Labor Party had to depend on support from the Commonwealth Liberal Party to govern. In 1917 the two groups joined to form a new party, the Nationalist Party of Australia, with Hughes as leader.

paragraphs: The National Labor Party was never a proper political party. It did not have any organisational structure. It did get support from some trade union officials and Labor Party branches, particularly in Western Australia and Tasmania.

paragraphs: The National Labor Party in Western Australia started off as two separate groups. One group was the Labor Solidarity Committee based in Perth. The other was National Labor based on the goldfields. The two joined in April-May 1917, led by former Premier John Scaddan. After he lost his seat in Parliament the party turned to Federal Senators Patrick Lynch, Hugh de Largie and George Pearce for leadership and guidance. Unlike the federal party, it did not join with the CLP and kept its own identity. It worked with the Nationalist Party as partners.

paragraphs: The party won six of 50 Assembly seats in the Western Australian state elections of 1917 and 1921. It also held three of 30 Council seats during this period. However, in 1924 elections they won only one seat in the Assembly and two in the Council. Later that year they were taken over by the Nationalists.


title: Fracking

paragraphs: Fracking, or hydraulic fracturing, is forcing fractures in a rock layer, by fluid that is put under pressure. Although it can happen naturally, it is now used as a method to force oil and natural gas from shale.

paragraphs: Some hydraulic fractures form naturally: certain dykes are examples. This lets gas and petroleum from source rocks get to reservoir rocks. The first use of hydraulic fracturing to extract substances from rock was in 1947.

paragraphs: The modern fracturing technique, called 'horizontal slickwater fracturing', was first used in 1998. It made the extraction of shale gas economically practical. The energy from the injection of a highly pressurized fluid creates new channels in the rock. This increases the extraction rates and recovery of hydrocarbons, which are used for fuel. In 2010 it was estimated that 60% of all new oil and gas wells worldwide were being hydraulically fractured. As of the year 2012, 2.5 million hydraulic fracturing actions have been done on oil and gas wells worldwide, more than one million of them in the United States.

paragraphs: The supporters of hydraulic fracturing point to the economic benefits from the vast amounts of previously out-of-reach hydrocarbons.

paragraphs: Opponents of fracking point to potentially harmful environmental effects. These include contamination of ground water, risks to air quality, the migration of gases and hydraulic fracturing chemicals to the surface, surface contamination from spills and flowback, and the health effects of these. For these reasons hydraulic fracturing has come under examination. Some countries are suspending or banning it.

paragraphs: In further developments, some of those countries, including most notably the United Kingdom, have recently lifted their bans. Now they have regulations instead of outright prohibition. It turns out that the UK has huge gas reserves if fracking is used.


title: Deana Carter

paragraphs: Deana Carter (born January 4, 1966) is an American country music singer. She began her career in 1994. In 1996, she had successful singles including "Strawberry Wine" and "How Do I Get There". Carter was born in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Gabriele d'Annunzio

paragraphs: Gabriele d'Annunzio (Pescara 12 March 1863 - Gardone Riviera 1 March 1938) was an Italian writer, poet, journalist and playwright. He was nicknamed "Il Vate" (The Poet) and "Il Profeta" (The Prophet) and he was associated with the Decadent movement.


title: Kathy Mattea

paragraphs: Kathleen "Kathy" Mattea (born June 21, 1959, West Virginia) is an American Celtic recording artist and country musician. She had multiple strong-charting singles. Some of them are "Eighteen Wheels and a Dozen Roses" and "Where've You Been". Her career began in 1983.


title: Hiroshi Miyamura

paragraphs: Hiroshi H. Miyamura (born October 6, 1925), also known as Hershey Miyamura, was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in the Korean War.

paragraphs: Miyamura was born in Gallup, New Mexico to Japanese immigrant parents. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

paragraphs: Miyamura joined the US Army in January 1945.

paragraphs: Miyamura volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

paragraphs: After the end of World War II, he became part of the U.S. Army Reserve. He was called to active duty in the Korean War. He was a prisoner of war for 28 months.

paragraphs: Miyamura's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in Korea in 1951. He fought in close quarters combat; and he stayed behind to provide covering fire while his unit withdrew.

paragraphs: The words of Miyamura's citation explain:

paragraphs: Cpl. Miyamura, a member of Company H, distinguished himself by conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty in action against the enemy. On the night of 24 April, Company H was occupying a defensive position when the enemy fanatically attacked threatening to overrun the position. Cpl. Miyamura, a machinegun squad leader, aware of the imminent danger to his men unhesitatingly jumped from his shelter wielding his bayonet in close hand-to-hand combat killing approximately 10 of the enemy. Returning to his position, he administered first aid to the wounded and directed their evacuation. As another savage assault hit the line, he manned his machinegun and delivered withering fire until his ammunition was expended. He ordered the squad to withdraw while he stayed behind to render the gun inoperative. He then bayoneted his way through infiltrated enemy soldiers to a second gun emplacement and assisted in its operation. When the intensity of the attack necessitated the withdrawal of the company Cpl. Miyamura ordered his men to fall back while he remained to cover their movement. He killed more than 50 of the enemy before his ammunition was depleted and he was severely wounded. He maintained his magnificent stand despite his painful wounds, continuing to repel the attack until his position was overrun. When last seen he was fighting ferociously against an overwhelming number of enemy soldiers. Cpl. Miyamura's indomitable heroism and consummate devotion to duty reflect the utmost glory on himself and uphold the illustrious traditions on the military service.

paragraphs: Miyamura is the namesake of an area in Gallup, New Mexico. The Hiroshi H. Miyamura High School is named after him.

paragraphs: An I-40 highway interchange is also named after him. It is also called the Miyamura Overpass.


title: Yorba Linda, California

paragraphs: Yorba Linda is a city in southern California, in the United States. It is approximately northeast of Downtown Santa Ana, and southeast of Downtown Los Angeles. As of the 2010 census, there are 64,234 people living in the city. In 2006 it was identified as the richest city in the United States by the U.S. Census Bureau that shows a median household income of $121,075 higher than any other.

paragraphs: Yorba Linda is known to have big residential properties. It is also known to have 30 horse trails which are in overall length.

paragraphs: Richard Nixon, President of the United States, from 1969 to 1974, and Vice President of the United States, from 1953 to 1961, was born there and is the most well known resident there, however his father moved there before it became a city.

paragraphs: This place was home to Native American tribes once.

paragraphs: In 1834, Jose Antonio Yorba's most successful son Bernardo Yorba (the city would be later be named after) was granted the Rancho Cañón de Santa Ana by Mexican governor José Figueroa.

paragraphs: On November 2, 1967, Yorba Linda was incorporated as a city.

paragraphs: In November 2008, the eastern part of the city was struck by a brush fire that destroyed 113 homes and damaged 50 other homes.

paragraphs: It is bordered by Anaheim on the south, Placentia on the west and southwest, Brea on the northwest, Chino Hills State Park on the north, and Corona on the east and bordered by the counties of San Bernardino and Riverside.

paragraphs: Yorba Linda is the sixth largest city in Orange County after Santa Ana, Irvine, Anaheim, Huntington Beach and Newport Beach.

paragraphs: The two nearest seismic faults are the Whittier Fault and the other is Chino Fault, both of which are part of the Elsinore Fault Zone.


title: Sanaa Lathan

paragraphs: Sanaa Lathan (born September 19, 1971 in New York City, New York) is an American movie and stage performer who has also done television acts, including "Family Matters" and "Moesha", the latter of which starred the singer Brandy.


title: Yoshihiko Noda

paragraphs: Yoshihiko Noda was Prime Minister of Japan from 2011 to 2012. He was leader of the Democratic Party of Japan (Minshuto). He was defeated by Shinzo Abe's party in an election in December 2012.

paragraphs: Noda was born in Funabashi, Chiba. His family was poor.


title: Holy Innocents' Day

paragraphs: Holy Innocents is on December 28. It remembers the killing of the male children of Bethlehem by Herod, as recorded in the Gospel of Matthew. It is not known exactly when the church began celebrating this event. The first mention of the day dates to the year 485.


title: The Twelve Days of Christmas

paragraphs: The Twelve Days of Christmas are the festive days which begin on Christmas Day (25 December). This is also known as Christmastide and Twelvetide. The Twelfth Night of Christmas is always on the evening of 5 January. The Twelfth Day can either be before or follow the Twelfth Night according to which Christian tradition is followed. Twelfth Night is followed by the Feast of the Epiphany on 6 January. In some traditions, the first day of Epiphany (6 January) and the twelfth day of Christmas are the same.

paragraphs: Over the centuries, differing churches and sects of Christianity have changed the actual traditions, time frame and their interpretations. St. Stephen's Day (or Boxing Day), for example, is 26 December in the Western Church and 27 December in the Eastern Church. 28 December is Childermas or the Feast of the Innocents. Currently, the twelve days and nights are celebrated in widely varying ways around the world. For example, some give gifts only on Christmas Day, some only on Twelfth Night, and some each of the twelve nights. The song "The Twelve Days of Christmas" is about this giving of gifts.


title: Natalia Cigliuti

paragraphs: Natalia Cigliuti (born September 6, 1978, New York City) is a television actress. She acted in many TV programs. The most popular of these include "All My Children" and "Pacific Palisades".