title: Eminem

paragraphs: Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972 in St. Joseph), better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He gained rapid popularity in 1999 with the release of the album "The Slim Shady LP", which won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album that year. His next work, "The Marshall Mathers LP", became the best-selling solo album in U.S. history. This made him known around the world, and helped publicize his record label, Shady Records, and his group, D12.

paragraphs: "The Marshall Mathers LP" and his fourth album, "The Eminem Show", also won the Grammy Awards, making him the first artist to win the Best Rap Album of the Year award three times in a row. In 2003, he won an Oscar for Best Original Song with "Lose Yourself," which was featured in his semi-biopic, "8 Mile". "Lose Yourself" would become the single that for the longest time occupied the top spot of the hip-hop charts. In 2004, rumors about the end of his career were announced after the release of "Encore", which were ended with the announcement of "Relapse", officially released on May 15, 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, Eminem was the best selling artist of the 2000s in the United States and is currently the 30th best selling artist of all time, according to the ranking of the RIAA, with estimated sales of 220 million records worldwide. In 2010, he released "Recovery", which featured the single "Love the Way You Lie," which was a huge commercial success. "Recovery" became the sixth album in-a-row by Eminem to start in the first position of the United States. At first, the album was at the top for five weeks in a row, returning later to two, and adding up to seven weeks in total.

paragraphs: Eminem was voted #79 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list. On a similar list, he was ranked 82nd by Rolling Stone magazine. Including work with D12, Eminem piles up 9 albums at the top of the Billboard Top 200, 7 solo (6 studio, 1 compilation) and 2 solo with D12. He has 13 singles in the top position worldwide. Such a success made Eminem be recognized by the "Billboard" as the Artist of the Decade (2000-2009). According to the same "Billboard", the rapper had two of the five best-selling albums between 2000 and 2009. Eminem has also sold more than 17 million downloads of his songs in the United States alone. In 2010, MTV ranked Eminem as the seventh-largest icon in pop music history. In 2009, Eminem was elected, in popular voting, the best rapper of all time by Vibe magazine, beating Tupac in the finals.

paragraphs: Also,His Step brother:Ricardo Alexander Salgado has preformed with Eminem on stage at a concert before

paragraphs: Marshall was born at Methodist Hospital in St. Joseph, Missouri, Marshall Bruce Mathers III was the only son of Deborah Nelson Mathers-Briggs and Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. His ancestry is diverse, including Scottish, Welsh, English, German, Swiss, Polish, and possibly Luxemburgish ancestors. His father abandoned his family when he was a year and a half old, and Marshall was raised only by his mother in poverty. At age twelve, he and his mother Deborah had moved several times and lived in several towns and cities in Missouri (including Saint Joseph, Savannah, and Kansas City) before settling in Warren, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit.

paragraphs: After getting a copy of the album "Licensed to Ill", from the Beastie Boys group as a teenager, Marshall became interested in hip-hop, making inexperienced raps at the age of 14, under the pseudonym "M&M". Shortly after that, he joined the Bassmint Productions group, which released an EP titled "Steppin' onto the Scene". After the release of the EP, Marshall left the group and changed his stage name to "Soul Intent" and released in 1995 their first single called "Fuckin' Backstabber" under the independent record label Mashin' Duck Records. Although a student at Lincoln High School in Warren, he often participated in freestyle battles at the non-functioning Osborn High School on the east side of Detroit. Although most of the hip-hop movement members in his state were descendants of African-Americans, Marshall ended up being well accepted by the public underground hip-hop. After repeating the ninth grade thrice for truancy and low grades, he dropped out of school at age 17. In 1991, his uncle, Ronnie Polkingharn, committed suicide. Mathers was very close to him and was devastated by this fact. He has a tattoo on his left arm that says"Ronnie RIP".

paragraphs: One of Mathers' early mentors as a rapper was the local rapper Champtown, who gave Mathers his first time in a studio. Mathers also starred in his first music in Champtown's "Do-Da-Dipity" from 1992. Mathers and Champtown later had a falling out. Mathers was first signed to FBT Productions in 1992, run by brothers Jeff and Mark Bass. Mathers also had a minimum wage job as a cook and dishwasher at the Gilbert's Lodge restaurant in St. Clair Shores for some time. In 1996, his debut album "Infinite", which was recorded at Bassmint, a recording studio owned by the Bass Brothers, was released on the independent company Web Entertainment. Eminem recalls "Obviously, I was young and influenced by other artists, and I remember several comments saying that I looked like Nas and AZ. "Infinite" served me to try to figure out what my rap style was, how my voice would sound on the mic and live. It was a growth phase. I felt ' infinite ' as a demo album that ended up being pressed to become studio." Subjects covered in "Infinite" included his problems in giving his newborn daughter, Hailie Jade Mathers, a decent upbringing while he had little money. Early in his career, Eminem formed a hip hop duo with another Detroit rapper, Royce da 5'9", called Bad Meets Evil. After the release of Infinite, Eminem's personal problems and abuse of drugs and alcohol were too much and he attempted suicide.

paragraphs: Jimmy Iovine, director of Interscope Records, asked for a demo from Eminem after he finished second in the 1997 Rap Olympics. Eminem had also won "Wake Up show's Freestyle Performer of The Year", which helped him to land a recording contract. Iovine played the demo for rap legend and producer Dr. Dre, the owner of Aftermath Entertainment. The two began recording songs for Eminem's upcoming album, "The Slim Shady LP" and Eminem had a cameo appearance on the album "Devil Without a Cause" by Kid Rock. Hip-Hop magazine "The Source" had Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" article in March 1998.

paragraphs: After signing for Aftermath Entertainment/Interscope Records in 1998, Eminem released his first major studio album, "The Slim Shady LP", which was based on productions by Dr. Dre, a year later in February 1999. "Billboard" praised the album as "light years ahead of the material he had written before". It went on to be one of the most popular albums of 1999, where it went and achieved three times platinum in the United States before the end of the year. The album's popularity also brought controversy around much of the albums lyrics. In "'97 Bonnie and Clyde" he describes a trip with his newborn daughter, Hailie, when he discards his wife's body, and in another song called "Guilty Conscience", it ends with persuading a man to kill his wife and his lover. "Guilty Conscience" marked the beginning of the friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The two would later collaborate on a lot of hit songs, including "Forgot About Dre" and "What's the Difference " from Dr. Dre's album "2001", "Bitch Please II" from "The Marshall Mathers LP", "Say What You Say" from "The Eminem Show", "Encore" from "Encore", "Old Time's Sake" and "Crack a Bottle" from "Relapse" and "I Need a Doctor" and "Die Hard" from Dr. Dre's "Detox". Dr. Dre would appear to have at least one guest appearance on all of Eminem's studio albums for the record label Aftermath. The album has now achieved 4x platinum in the US. With this release, Eminem was accused of imitating the style and word choice of underground rapper Cage.

paragraphs: "The Marshall Mathers LP" was released in May 2000. The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week, breaking both the record for the best-selling hip hop album, last held by Snoop Dogg's "Doggystyle", and the best-selling album in its first week in the U.S., last held by Britney Spears' "...Baby One More Time". The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a huge success, although it created a lot of controversy by insulting celebrities and making negative claims about them. Among other things, he claims that Christina Aguilera had oral sex with Fred Durst and Carson Daly. On the album's second single, "The Way I Am", he tells his fans about the pressure his record company puts on him to surpass the sale of "My Name Is". Although Eminem parodies rock musician Marilyn Manson in the song, the artists are openly friends. Manson starred in the music video for "The Way I Am" and he was also part of a remix of the song for a concert with Eminem. On the album's third and most successful single, "Stan", he samples Dido's song "Thank You". In the song, Eminem plays the personality of an psychopathic fan who ends up killing himself and his pregnant girlfriend, similar to the song "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" from "The Slim Shady LP". In the music video of "Stan", Eminem appears while writing with his left hand, which ended a fan debate about with which hand he is dominant. "Q Magazine" awarded Stan to be the third best selling rap song ever, while Top40-Charts.com placed the song to be the tenth best-selling rap song. The song has since been praised and the "Rolling Stone Magazine" ranked the song as #290 in their 500 Best Songs of All Time. In July 2000, Eminem became the first white person to come to the front page of "The Source Magazine". The album has received 10x platinum status from the RIAA.

paragraphs: Eminem appeared alongside Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards in Los Angeles in 2001. The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), an organization that thought Eminem's lyrics were homophobic, didn't like the openly gay John's decision to perform with Eminem. "Entertainment Weekly" put the appearance on the matter with the words "It was the hug heard around the world. Eminem, under accusations of homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a homo icon for a performance of Stan that would have been unforgettable in any context." On February 21, the day of the ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center, the site where the distribution took place. He also participated in the Up In The Smoke Tour with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube. He also participated in the Family Values Tour with the band Limp Bizkit.

paragraphs: Eminem's third-major album, "The Eminem Show", was released in the summer of 2002 and turned out to be another big hit for the rapper. The album peaked at the Billboard Hot 100, selling well over a million copies in its first week. The album's first single was the song "Without Me", in which Eminem made depressive comments about Limp Bizkit, Moby and Lynne Cheney, among others. Other singles from the album include "Cleanin' Out My Closet" and "Sing for the Moment". The album has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA. The album touches on topics such as his way to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter and his status in the hip-hop community. He also addresses his charge of assaulting a bouncer who kissed his wife in 2000. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt that even though anger was present on several of the album's tracks, the album was not as provocative as "The Marshall Mathers LP". However, L. Brent Bozell III, who previously criticized "The Marshall Mathers LP", for being too tasteless and incoherent, noted that "The Eminem Show" used extensive obscene language and therefore gave Eminem the nickname "Eminef", for the cleansing of the word "motherfucker", a word often used on the album. The album sold 10,600,000 copies, making it one of Eminem's two diamond-certified studio albums.

paragraphs: On December 8, 2003, The Media Research Center (MRC) said that the United States Secret Service admitted that it was "keeping an eye on Eminem" for his allegations and threats with the President of the United States. The lyrics in question are:

paragraphs: The song, "We as Americans" ended up on a bonus CD accompanying the "Encore" album.

paragraphs: "Encore" was released in 2004 and became another chart-topping leader, driven by the single "Just Lose It", which disrespects pop singer Michael Jackson. On October 12 of the same year, a week after the release of "Just Lose It", Jackson was invited to a radio show in Los Angeles where he expressed his displeasure with the music video, which parodies the trial for child abuse, plastic surgeries, and the incident in which Michael's hair caught fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial in 1984. Many of Jackson's supporters and friends commented on the video, including Stevie Wonder, who said that the video "is like kicking someone who is already on the ground" and "is idiocy", and Steve Harvey, who stated, "Eminem has lost his ghetto pass. We want the pass back". He also said he was not pleased with the way he chose to show the black community. The music video also makes fun of Pee-Wee Herman, MC Hammer and Madonna.

paragraphs: In contrast, the comedian "Weird Al" Yankovic made a protest to Eminem in the song "Couch Potato", in which he parodies the international success of "Lose Yourself" of the movie "8 Mile". Yankovic said: "Last year, Eminem forced me to stop the production of the parody video of "Lose Yourself" because he thought it would be detrimental to his image and his career. So the irony of the situation with Michael is not lost to me." Black Entertainment Television was the first channel to ask to stop displaying the video. However, MTV announced that it would continue to display "Just Lose It." President Raymond "Benzino" Scott of the "Source" magazine, wanted not only the video to be removed, but also the song from the album, and a public apology from Eminem to Jackson, which did not occur. In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought "Famous Music LLC" from Viacom. The acquisition thus gave them rights to the songs from Shakira, Beck and Eminem among others.

paragraphs: Despite the comic issue of the first single, "Encore" had along with him serious subject tracks, such as the song "Mosh". On October 25, 2004, a week before the United States presidential election, Eminem released the music video for "Mosh" on the internet. The song highlights a strong anti-Bush message, with parts like "Fuck Bush" and "This weapon of mass destruction that we call the president." The video shows Eminem gathering an army of people, including rapper Lloyd Banks, presented as victims of the Bush administration and were taken to the White House. However, at the moment the weapons break, it is revealed that people are there only to vote, and it ends with the words "Vote Tuesday November 2!" on the screen. After Bush was re-elected, Eminem modified the video, with demonstrators invading while the president was giving a lecture. In 2004 he also launched a satellite music channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM radio, which was described by his manager as "essentially a destination to get and hear things that other people aren't playing."

paragraphs: In 2005, many experts in the music business speculated that Eminem was thinking of ending his career after six years and albums with several certifications. Such speculation began in 2005, when a double album was about to be released under the name of "The Funeral". Subsequently, it was revealed that the album was a compilation of greatest hits, and was sold under the name "". The album was released by Aftermath Entertainment in December 2005, and sold almost 441,000 copies in the first week in the U.S. It was Eminem's fourth consecutive album to be number one on the Billboard Hot 100. He was certified as platinum twice by the RIAA.

paragraphs: In July 2005, the "Detroit Free Press" published that this would be the final stage of Eminem's career, and that he would be more interested in becoming a producer or executive of a record label. On the same day of the release of his compilation, Eminem denied that he would be retiring through the radio "Mojo in the Morning" of Detroit, but stated that he would give a break in his career:

paragraphs: In 2006, Eminem released a new compilation called "", to help the growth of the newly created Shady Records label. Eminem was the subject of the book "100 People Who Are Screwing Up America" by Bernard Goldberg, in which he was ranked in position 58. Goldberg quoted a column of Bob Herbert from "The New York Times", who said, "In the world of Eminem, all women are whores and he is eager to rape them and then murder them". Goldberg also cited the song "No One's Iller" from "The Slim Shady EP" as an example of misogyny. In the summer of 2005, Eminem announced a tour called Anger Management Tour, which would have the special participation of 50 Cent, G-Unit, Lil Jon, D12, Obie Trice and The Alchemist. In August, the European part of the tour was cancelled, as Eminem claimed that he had entered a drug rehab clinic for the treatment of a dependence on sleeping pills.

paragraphs: In September 2007, Eminem spoke at the Hot 97 radio station in New York City in an interview with 50 Cent, He said, "I'm always working. I'm always in the studio. It's good now, there's a strong energy on the label. For a while I don't want to go back toe studio to record... for personal matters. I'm getting out of my personal stuff and feeling better."

paragraphs: Eminem made an appearance in September 2008 at his radio station, the Shade 45, where he said: "Now I'm concentrating only on my tasks, creating new tracks and producing a lot of things. You know, the more I keep producing the more experience I get, because I get to know things better." It was at this time that Interscope Records finally confirmed the release of a new rapper album, which would be released in the spring of 2009. In December 2008 it was revealed that the album would be called "Relapse" and most of the tracks would be produced by Dr. Dre.

paragraphs: In a statement on March 5, 2009, Eminem stated that he would release two albums that year. The first single, "We Made You", was released in April. "Relapse", the first of the announced Records, was officially released on May 19, but did not achieve the sale success as in the previous four albums. However, Eminem still received positive reviews for his return to hip hop. On November 19, he announced the release of "" on December 21. It was a relaunch of "Relapse" with the addition of seven bonus tracks, including "Forever" and "Taking My Ball".

paragraphs: On April 14, 2010, Eminem said there was no "Relapse 2". Although his followers thought he was not releasing an album, he had changed its title to "Recovery." “I had originally planned for Relapse 2 to come out last year, but as I kept recording and working with new producers, the idea of a sequel to Relapse started to make less and less sense to me, and I wanted to make a completely new album. The music on Recovery came out very different from Relapse, and I think it deserves its own title."

paragraphs: "Recovery" was released on June 18, 2010. It sold 741,000 copies during its first week in the US, topping the "Billboard" 200 chart. The album also topped the charts in several other countries. "Recovery" remained atop the "Billboard" 200 chart for five weeks out of seven total.

paragraphs: Its first single, "Not Afraid", was released on April 29, and its music video was released on June 4. "Not Afraid" was followed by "Love the Way You Lie". "Recovery" was the best-selling album worldwide in 2010, with over 3.4 million copies sold.

paragraphs: On May 24, 2012, Eminem announced that he was working on his eighth studio album, scheduled for release the following year. Some magazines such as "XXL" and "Complex" placed this album among the most anticipated of 2013 despite no name or release date being given. During the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be named "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" (following "The Marshall Mathers LP") and was going to be released on November 5. The album was released with 16 tracks. On November 3, Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year. Eminem was the first artist to receive two digital diamond certifications for sales and streams of 10 million and above by the RIAA for "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie". At the 2015 Grammy Awards, he received Best Rap Album award for "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration (with Rihanna) for "The Monster".

paragraphs: In February 2017, Eminem appeared on "No Favors", a track from Big Sean's album "I Decided". In the song, Eminem calls President Donald Trump a "bitch", and also raps about raping Ann Coulter, who is a Trump supporter, with a "lamp post", a "bolt cutter", and many other objects.

paragraphs: Eminem has one biological daughter named Hailie Jade Scott Mathers. She was born on Christmas Day 1995 in Detroit, Michigan from ex-wife Kimberly Anne Scott. Eminem married his high school sweetheart in 1999 and they separated in 2001. In 2002, he told "Rolling Stone", "I would rather have a baby through my penis than get married again." He remarried Kim in January 2006 but divorced just three months later in April. He is the legal guardian of Alaina, the daughter of Kim's twin sister, and Whitney, Kim's daughter from another relationship.He has rapped about his daughters in many of his songs.

paragraphs: In July 2012, he became the first artist to reach 60 million likes on Facebook.

paragraphs: On June 3, 2000, Eminem was arrested during an altercation at a car-audio store in Royal Oak, Michigan. He pulled out an unloaded gun and pointed it at the ground. The next day, in Warren, Michigan, he was arrested again for assaulting John Guerra and hitting him with a gun when he saw him kissing his wife.He was charged with possession of a concealed weapon and assault.

paragraphs: On June 28, 2001, Eminem was sentenced to one year's probation and community service and was fined about $2,000 on weapon charges stemming from an argument with an employee of Psychopathic Records.

paragraphs: In December 2003, the U.S. Secret Service reported that it was "looking into" accusations that Eminem threatened U.S. President George W. Bush in "We As Americans" when he said these lyrics: "Fuck money, I don't rap for dead presidents. I'd rather see the president dead, it's never been said but I set precedents."

paragraphs: Eminem has spoken publicly about his addiction to prescription drugs, including Vicodin, Ambien, and Valium. He revealed that he was taking up to 60 Valium and 30 Vicodin pills every day, and that doctors told him he was two hours away from dying. He overdosed on Methadone in 2007. In 2001, he said he believed to have been suffering from Tourette's syndrome.


title: Bratwurst

paragraphs: Bratwurst is a kind of German food. It is a type of sausage. It is composed of pork or beef, and sometimes veal.

paragraphs: "Bratwurst" is German, from Old High German "brätwurst", from "brät" which is a derivative of the Old High German word "brato". "Brato" originally meant "hacked meat", "intestine"s. The other part of the word is "wurst" which means sausage.

paragraphs: Though originally Celtic in origin, the German "Bratwurst" comes from Franconia, specifically Weißenburg-Treuchtlingen.

paragraphs: There are many different kinds of these sausages. All are special in their own way:

paragraphs: A "Bratwurst meal" often is eaten with sauerkraut, mashed potatoes and roasted onions. Sometimes, it is also served with a potato sauce, or a potato salad.

paragraphs: Today, most kinds of Bratwurst are prepared by roasting them. Depending on the kind of Bratwurst, it may have been cooked beforehand. Sausages that use raw meat, and that are not roasted or cooked before they are eaten are usually not called Bratwurst.

paragraphs: The sausage is usually eaten with a hot or sweet German mustard or sliced and eaten as Currywurst. Sometimes, some hot French mustard is served as well. Bratwurst is almost always served with a hard German roll and usually accompanied by a beer. It is a popular snack in German-speaking countries, where it is sold at various fast food outlets and is often consumed while standing.

paragraphs: In the United States, bratwurst are usually eaten with bread (a hot dog bun or a hardroll, for example) and topped with mustard and/or many of the other condiments often eaten with hot dogs, including onions (grilled and/or raw), relish, sauerkraut, etc. The bratwurst is occasionally eaten with a pair of brat links nestled in a buttered hardroll with these same toppings, which is called a 'double brat'.

paragraphs: Within the US, bratwurst is strongly identified with Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and other areas in a band stretching from the north side of Chicago up through Minnesota and scattered pockets elsewhere in the Midwest.

paragraphs: They are especially popular in areas of the US where German-Americans settled in large numbers, like Sheboygan, Wisconsin, which is informally known as the "Bratwurst Capital of the World" because of the city and county's very strong German roots and connections to bratwurst. Johnsonville Foods, the nation's largest bratwurst maker, is based in the nearby unincorporated village of Johnsonville. The city also celebrates Sheboygan Bratwurst Days, a community festival held on the first Thursday-Saturday of August each year that celebrates the bratwurst. Other traditional Wisconsin brat manufacturers include Klement's Sausage Company and Usinger's, both of which are based in Milwaukee.

paragraphs: The city of Madison, Wisconsin, holds an annual festival billed as the World's Largest Brat Fest. The four-day charity event sees tens of thousands of brats sold by "celebrity" cashiers, usually local television, radio, and government personalities. Brat Fest's self-proclaimed world record is 189,432 brats consumed during the 2004 event.

paragraphs: Another town with German-American roots associated with bratwurst is Bucyrus, Ohio, which is known for its unique recipe incorporating fennel. It holds a bratwurst festival annually in mid-August attracting over 100,000 visitors annually.

paragraphs: Bratwurst(s) is/are often simply called "brat(s)".


title: Guatemala

paragraphs: Guatemala is a country in Central America.

paragraphs: It is known for its mixed culture, a product of both Mayan and Spanish cultures, from the colonial period. Guatemala is known for its ever-changing weather, a product of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23. Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination.

paragraphs: The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. The country suffers from extreme poverty, corruption, drug trafficking, and discrimination.

paragraphs: Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom.It is considered to be a third world country.

paragraphs: It is the country with the largest population in Central America. Its neighbors are the countries Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo people make up 42% of the population. Native Mayan people make up 39% of the total population, while 19% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people.

paragraphs: Most people believe that Guatemala City was the first choice for the capital city, but the capital was moved several times. This was caused by natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to what we know as Guatemala City.


title: Tenochtitlan

paragraphs: Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.

paragraphs: As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan. By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city. This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.

paragraphs: Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion. It was also a very big trading center. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day. People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over). The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.

paragraphs: The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple). At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms. In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: "Huitzilopochtli", the god of war and the sun, and "Tlaloc", the rain god. The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.

paragraphs: The Aztecs had created canals all across the city. By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have. The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.

paragraphs: The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.

paragraphs: In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan. Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it. The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.

paragraphs: Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.


Atsushi Uchiyama


Yutaka Ikeuchi


title: Artichoke

paragraphs: The Artichoke or Globe Artichoke ("Cynara scolymus") is a perennial plant of the Asteraceae family. They first came from Southern Europe around the Mediterranean.

paragraphs: The thick scales and bottom parts of the young flower heads can be eaten. They are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the young flower head is called a heart.

paragraphs: It grows to to tall, with arching, deeply lobed, silvery glaucous-green leaves 50–82 cm long. The flowers develop in a large head from an edible bud about 8–15 cm diameter with numerous triangular scales; the individual florets are purple. It is a soure of vitamins.


Yoshinori Ishigami


Osamu Taninaka


Hisashi Kaneko


title: Takaya Kawanabe

paragraphs: Takaya Kawanabe (born 22 December 1988) is a Japanese football player who is playing for Tanjong Pagar United FC in Singapore's S League after coming back from retirement.


title: Kunihiro Shibasaki

paragraphs: Kunihiro Shibasaki (born 1 April 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi.


title: Takuya Sonoda

paragraphs: Takuya Sonoda (born 23 November 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.


Kim Dong-Soo


title: Koji Asato

paragraphs: Koji Asato (born 14 October 1987) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Park Jong-Jin

paragraphs: Park Jong-Jin (born 24 June 1987) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Márcio Rodrigues Araújo

paragraphs: Márcio Rodrigues Araújo (born 11 June 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras.


title: Takahiro Oshima

paragraphs: Takahiro Oshima (born 14 April 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagano Parceilo.


title: Taishi Koyama

paragraphs: Taishi Koyama (born 29 April 1988) is a Japanese football player.


title: Kenji Suzuki

paragraphs: Kenji Suzuki (born 3 September 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.


title: Eltinho

paragraphs: Eltinho (born 7 July 1987) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internacional.


title: Anderson Santos Silva

paragraphs: Anderson Santos Silva (born 14 December 1981) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Kentaro Sato (footballer)

paragraphs: Kentaro Sato (born 14 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.


title: Adam Burish

paragraphs: Adam Burish (born January 6, 1983) is a American professional ice hockey right winger. He played for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and the Dallas Stars.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Burish played 1 season with the Green Bay Gamblers of the United States Hockey League (USHL) and 4 years of college hockey with the University of Wisconsin–Madison Badgers. During his time with the Badgers, Burish captained the team that defeated the Boston College Eagles 2-1 to win the NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Championship.

paragraphs: He was drafted 282nd overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. On May 16, 2006, the Blackhawks signed Burish to a two-year contract. After spending a seasons with the Blackhawks' AHL-affiliate team, the Norfolk Admirals, he was called up on October 1, 2007. Burish scored his first NHL goal in a 3-2 loss against the San Jose Sharks on January 22, 2008. On June 9, 2010, Burish won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks.

paragraphs: After Burish became a free agent, he signed a two-year deal, $1.15 million contract with the Dallas Stars. He spent 2 seasons with the Stars. After his contract with the Stars expired, Burish signed a four-year, $1.8 million contract with the San Jose Sharks and reunited with his University of Wisconsin teammate Joe Pavelski.


title: Jun Tanaka

paragraphs: Jun Tanaka (born 1 September 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.


title: Ryota Kobayashi

paragraphs: Ryota Kobayashi (born 22 June 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Thespa Kusatsu.


title: Kim Yeong-Gi

paragraphs: Kim Yeong-Gi (born 24 January 1985) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Takahiro Yamaguchi

paragraphs: Takahiro Yamaguchi (born 8 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.


title: Yuki Igari

paragraphs: Yuki Igari (born 7 April 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.


title: Aphaenogaster kimberleyensis

paragraphs: Aphaenogaster kimberleyensis is a species of ant in Australia. It has been found and described by Shattuck, S. O. in 2008. It's habitat is mainly forested areas, ranging from rainforests to woodlands. They build their nests using soil mounds that are more extensive than the mounds made by most ants.


title: Aphaenogaster

paragraphs: Aphaenogaster is a genus of myrmicine ants. Almost 200 species have been described. Also, 11 fossil species are known. They live worldwide except from South America and Southern Africa.

paragraphs: They are often confused with "Pheidole" or "Pheidologeton". These two have major and minor workers, while "Aphaenogaster" has only a single worker caste. "Pheidole" has a 3-segmented club on its antenna. But "Aphaenogaster" has four segments and a larger body size. "Pheidologeton" has a 11-segmented antenna, while the antenna in "Aphaenogaster" is 12-segmented.

paragraphs: They make very thick, easily seen nests with many big entrances in a small place. These entrances can have diameters of up to 4 cm and are up to 30 cm deep. This resulted in their common name funnel ants. These nests can be a bad problem for golfers or on pastures and unsealed airstrips, because the fragile ground easily breaks under pressure.

paragraphs: "Aphaenogaster" gets most of its food from tended aphids on the roots of plants. This explains that they are not commonly seen out of their tunnels. The funnel-shaped openings could play a role in trapping arthropods, which are also eaten.

paragraphs: Although these ants are not aggressive, they will bite when their nest is disturbed.


title: NGO Monitor

paragraphs: NGO Monitor (Non-governmental Organization Monitor) is a non-governmental organization based in Jerusalem. NGO Monitor produces and distributes statements and information about the international NGO community, all of which are carefully and fully checked out. This information is used by government policy makers, journalists, charity and philanthropic organizations and the general public.

paragraphs: NGO Monitor is an independent organization, started in 2001, but only registered in 2007.

paragraphs: NGO Monitor has an online directory of NGOs from around the world, which generally includes a description, a quote from the organization itself, who gives money to it, and relevant quotes from publications and officials.


title: Satoru Hayashi

paragraphs: Satoru Hayashi (born 13 July 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.


Shuichi Akai


title: Akihiro Sakata

paragraphs: Akihiro Sakata (born 16 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shonan Bellmare.


title: Kim Shin-Young

paragraphs: Kim Shin-Young (; born 16 June 1983) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Rui Komatsu

paragraphs: Rui Komatsu (born 29 August 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.


title: Kenta Tanno

paragraphs: Kenta Tanno (born 30 August 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.


title: Tatsuya Yamashita

paragraphs: Tatsuya Yamashita (born 7 November 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.


title: Kazuyuki Mugita

paragraphs: Kazuyuki Mugita (born 10 November 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tokushima Vortis.


title: Kohei Kawata

paragraphs: Kohei Kawata (born 13 October 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gamba Osaka.


title: Orust

paragraphs: Orust is an island close to Gothenburg, on the west coast of Sweden. With a land area of , it is the third biggest island in Sweden. Orust also is a municipality, Orust Municipality.


title: Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck

paragraphs: Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck (January 1, 1766 – October 28, 1849) was a German poet.

paragraphs: He was born in Lübeck as member of a merchant family with long tradition. He studied law in Jena and Göttingen 1786 bis 1790, then he changed to theology and in the end to medicine. In Jena he made friends with the writers Sophie Mereau and Johann Gottfried Herder. After some journeys through Germany he worked as civil servant for the Danish government till 1829.

paragraphs: His most famous poem is „Der Wanderer“. It was composed by Franz Schubert.


title: Cosimo Rosselli

paragraphs: Cosimo Rosselli (1439 – after 1506) was an Italian painter, active mainly in his birthplace of Florence.


title: Der Wanderer

paragraphs: Der Wanderer is the name of a Lied composed by Franz Schubert in October 1816 for voice and piano. The words are taken from a German poem by Georg Philipp Schmidt von Lübeck. The lied is set in the key of C-sharp minor with the tempo marking "sehr langsam" (very slow) and the time signature alla breve. The piece has a total of 72 measures. Schubert wrote another lied entitled "Der Wanderer;" it is numbered D.649.

paragraphs: The song begins with a recitative, describing the setting: mountains, a steaming valley, the roaring sea. The wanderer is strolling quietly, unhappily, and asks, sighing, the question: "where?"

paragraphs: The next section, consisting of 8 bars of a slow melody sung in pianissimo, describes the feelings of the wanderer: He feels that he is a stranger everywhere. This 8 bar section was later used by Schubert as theme for the second movement of the "Wanderer Fantasy".

paragraphs: Next the music shifts to the key of E major, the tempo increases and the time signature changes to 6/8. The wanderer asks: "where are you my beloved land?" This place the wanderer longs for is described as green with hope, "the land where my roses bloom, my friends stroll, my dead rise" and, finally, "the land which speaks my language, Oh land, where are you?" Towards the end of this section, the music gets quite animated and forms the climax of the song.

paragraphs: Finally, the music returns to the original minor key and slow tempo. After quoting the question "where?" from the opening, the song closes with a "ghostly breath" finally answering the question: "There where you are not, there is happiness." The song closes in the key of E major.


title: Erzincan

paragraphs: Erzincan is the capital of Erzincan Province in the eastern Anatolian region of Turkey. Nearby cities include Erzurum, Sivas, Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazığ, Malatya, Gumushane, Bayburt, and Giresun. The city is at 39° 45' 12" North and 39° 20' 28" East, with an altitude of 1185 meters. The population is 90,100 (2009 census). Its climate produces snowy winters and cool summers.


title: J.P. Manoux

paragraphs: Jean-Paul Christophe Manoux (born June 8, 1969) is an American actor. He is best known for his role in the Disney Channel series "Phil of the Future" as Curtis/Vice Principal. He is also famous for playing Kuzco in "The Emperor's New School". He also played the French robot mime in "EuroTrip".

paragraphs: Manoux was also a contestant on "Jeopardy!", "Family Feud" and "Wheel of Fortune".

paragraphs: He has authored and read two pieces for NPR's "All Things Considered". Back in 2000, he provided commentary on the Screen Actors Guild strike. He was a striking actor and refused to do work.


title: Life Before Life

paragraphs: Life Before Life is a book written by psychiatrist Jim B. Tucker. It presents an overview of more than 40 years of reincarnation research at the University of Virginia into children's reports of past life memories.

paragraphs: The book suggests that consciousness can be considered separately from the brain, which provides a basis for claims of reincarnation. "Life Before Life" has been translated into ten languages and the foreword to the book is written by Ian Stevenson.


title: Ian Stevenson

paragraphs: Ian Stevenson, M.D., was a Canadian professor of psychiatry. He worked at the University of Virginia, in the area of parapsychology.

paragraphs: Stevenson thought that the idea of reincarnation might help modern medicine better understand aspects of human behavior and development. He traveled a lot over a period of 40 years to investigate 3,000 childhood cases that suggested to him the possibility of past lives.

paragraphs: Stevenson saw reincarnation as the survival of the personality after death, although he never suggested a physical process by which a personality might survive death.

paragraphs: Stevenson's research was the subject of Jim B. Tucker's "Life Before Life" (2005).

paragraphs: Stevenson found that the best evidence supporting the belief in reincarnation comes from the cases of young children who, typically between the ages of 2 and 5, make statements about a previous life they claim to have had before being born. Their statements are often accompanied by behaviour that is unusual for their family but appropriate for the life that the child claims to remember. There is often a "forgetting of the imaged memories between the ages of 5 and 8; a high incidence of violent death claimed in the claimed previous life; and mention of the mode of death by the subject".

paragraphs: Some 35 per cent of the subjects have birthmarks or birth defects which often correspond to injuries or illness experienced by the deceased person who the subject remembers. Medical documents have confirmed this correspondence in more than forty cases.

paragraphs: Ian Stevenson authored or co-authored more than a dozen books. Stevenson died in 2007, and many of these books are mentioned in his obituaries in the "British Medical Journal", "New York Times", and the "Washington Post".


title: Jhelum

paragraphs: Jhelum (Urdu and ) is a city on the right bank of the Jhelum River, in the district of the same name in the north of Punjab province, Pakistan. Jhelum is known for providing a large number of soldiers to the British and later to the Pakistan armed forces due to which it is also known as city of soldiers or land of martyrs.

paragraphs: This area is sometimes called North Panjab, Upper Panjab, Greater Pothohar/Extended Pothwar (or occasionally North Panjnadi region), and nowdays more specifically and correctly known as Panjistan Region and when it is combined with Mirpuri, Poonchi (in Kashmir) and (Southern) Hindko localities (mostly Hazara) is also known as "Panjistani belt".

paragraphs: The Panjistani language (as originally certified by Mohammad Afzal UK 1987 and some others) was formerly called North Panjabi, Upper Panjabi, Pothwari, Mirpuri, Western Pahari, Northern Lahnda, etc. In Jhelum it is spoken with the local accent or dialect known as Jhelumi.

paragraphs: These political parties namely the Panjistan Freedom Party (PFP) Panjistan National Party (PNP) Panjistan Communist Party (PCP) Panjistan Republican Party (PRP) Panjistan Democratic Front (PDF) Panjistan Popular Front (PPF) Panjistan Socialist Party (PSP) Panjistan Unionist party (PUP) Panjistan National Unity Party (PNUP) Panjistan Democratic party (PDP) Panjistan workers party (PWP) Panjistan Social Democratic Party (PSDP) and these major socio-cultural groupings called Panjistani language movement (PLM) Panjistani language board (PLB) Panjistani Literary Forum (PLF) Panjistani language Society (PLS) and Just4Panjistani Commission (J4P) want the creation of North Panjab or Panjistan province and recently formed the Charter of Panjistan council (or CPC).


title: Parapsychology

paragraphs: Parapsychology is the study of psychic events. These phenomona involve the exchange of information between a person and their environment, without the use of the five senses. They include extrasensory perception (such as telepathy), influence of mind on matter (psychokinesis), anomalous experiences (such as past life experiences and near death experiences) and apparitions. Such things have been reported for a very long time.

paragraphs: In 2005, Nobel Laureate Brian Josephson said that many scientists are not yet swayed by the evidence for parapsychology and the paranormal. Josephson contends that some scientists feel uncomfortable about ideas such as telepathy and that their emotions sometimes get in the way when making evaluations.

paragraphs: Created by psychologist Michael Shermer. It states that the brain makes sense of the world by seeing patterns. Because of this the mind is constantly looking for new patterns to better understand the world. However, sometimes the mind finds patterns where none exist. This is called Paternicity or pareidolia. It is the tendency to find patterns, even when they aren’t really there. When this happens people often view the world through these false patterns.

paragraphs: Heuristics are ways of thinking that conserve mental effort that allow quick decisions about a large amount of information. One problem with heuristics is that they are often wrong.

paragraphs: Anchoring and Adjustment is a type of heuristic in which a person makes an educated guess about a question. Then, when that person learns new information they adjust their answer around their original guess. Psychologists Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman first discovered this type of heuristic. In one of their first studies on Anchoring and Adjustment they gave divided participants into two groups, gave them one of two problems and asked them to guess the answer.

paragraphs: 1 is the anchor in the first problem and 2 is the anchor in the second problem. The average guess of the group given the first problem (with 1 as the anchor) is much lower than the group given the second problem (with 2 as the anchor). The average guess of the first group was 512 and the average guess of the second group was 2,250. Even though these answers were very different both were very far from the true answer, which was 40,320.

paragraphs: The Availability Heuristic is used when a person answers a question based on how easily instances of an event come to mind. An example would be living in a neighborhood with a high crime rate and overestimating the amount of robberies that take place in the United States every year.


title: Handedness

paragraphs: Handedness is the preference for using either the left or the right side of the body for certain things. People are described as left-handed or right-handed when they prefer to write with their left or their right hand. They may prefer the use of certain hands for certain tasks.

paragraphs: Most people are right-handed. Many prefer to use their right eye, right foot and right ear if forced to make a choice between the two). The reasons for this are not fully understood.

paragraphs: Ambidexterity is when a person has approximately equal skill with both hands and/or both sides of the body. True ambidexterity is very rare.

paragraphs: Handedness is caused by the lateralisation of brain function. Lateralisation is not only found in humans: it is found in many kinds of animals.

paragraphs: Handedness seems to follow from the brain hemisphere division of labor. In most people the left side of the brain controls speaking, and the left cerebral hemisphere of the brain controls the right side of the body. In 90-92% of all humans, the left hemisphere is the language hemisphere. Therefore right-handedness predominates. This theory predicts that left-handed people have a reversed brain division of labor.

paragraphs: Many societies have tried to force right-handedness onto left-handed children ("forced laterality"). The general experience is that such attempts are not entirely successful, and cause distress. Writing is a case in point. A right-handed script moves towards the right, and the righthanded writer's hand reveals what has just been written, which is good feedback. When a left-handed person writes a right-handed script, their hand obscures (hides) what has just been written. That interferes with the natural visual feedback to the writer. So the way our alphabet is written, moving to the right, is better for right-handed writers. On the other hand, with a keyboard, handedness does not matter. This is why the issue of handedness is not so important now as it once was.

paragraphs: However, there are many tools which are usually made for right-handed people, and it may be difficult and more expensive to buy left-handed versions.

paragraphs: Physical anthropologists have pointed out that the human ability to throw weapons such as rocks and spears is quite notable. Chimpanzees have handedness, but their ability to throw is much less good. For protection, catching prey and for making tools, handedness is critical.

paragraphs: Many other animals also have handedness. For example: elephants often have preferences for whether they swing their trunks to the left or the right. Honeybees have right antennas that are more sensitive to smells. Parrots can be left- or right-footed, and some don’t mind (they are ambidextrous). Animals as different as chickens and minnows like to look for food with one eye and look out for predators with the other. This seems to help them do two things at once.


title: Andromeda galaxy

paragraphs: The Andromeda galaxy is the nearest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way, our galaxy. Andromeda is sometimes called M31 or NGC 224 by astronomers. It is about 2.6 million light years away from us.

paragraphs: Andromeda is the largest galaxy of the Local Group, which consists of the Andromeda Galaxy, the Milky Way Galaxy, the Triangulum Galaxy, and about 30 other smaller galaxies. Although the largest, Andromeda may not be the most massive. Recent findings suggest that the Milky Way contains more dark matter and may be the most massive in the grouping.

paragraphs: The 2006 observations by the Spitzer Space Telescope revealed that M31 contains a trillion stars (10). This is more than the number of stars in our own galaxy, which is estimated to be c. 200-400 billion.

paragraphs: Andromeda is estimated to be 7.1 solar masses. In comparison, a 2009 study estimated that the Milky Way and Andromeda are about equal in mass, while a 2006 study put the mass of the Milky Way at ~80% of the mass of Andromeda.

paragraphs: At an apparent magnitude of 3.4, the Andromeda Galaxy is notable for being one of the brightest Messier objects, making it visible to the naked eye on moonless nights even when viewed from areas with moderate light pollution. Although it appears more than six times as wide as the full Moon when photographed through a larger telescope, only the brighter central region is visible to the naked eye. Being both large and bright, it is one of the farthest objects that can be seen without a telescope or binoculars.

paragraphs: The Andromeda Galaxy is approaching the Milky Way at about 100 to 140 kilometres per second (62 to 87 mi/s), so it is one of the few blue shifted galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy and the Milky Way are thus expected to collide in perhaps 4.5 billion years. The Milky Way–Andromeda collision is likely to make the galaxies merge, to form a giant elliptical galaxy. Such events are frequent among the galaxies in galaxy groups.

paragraphs: Orbiting M31 are at least 13 dwarf galaxies. the brightest and largest is M110, which can be seen with a basic telescope. The second-brightest and closest one to M31 is M32.

paragraphs: The Persian astronomer Al Sufi was the first man to record seeing the Andromeda Galaxy. He called the Galaxy 'a small cloud' in his book, the "Book of Fixed Stars", which was published in 964 AD. The first person to look at the galaxy with a telescope was Simon Marius in 1612. In 1764 Charles Messier put it into his catalogue of astronomical objects. He called it M31 and gave the credit for its discovery to Marius, as he did not know that Al Sufi had seen it hundreds of years previously.

paragraphs: In 1751 William Herschel estimated the distance to the Andromeda 'Nebula' as 'no more than 2000 times the distance to Sirius, or around 17,200 light years. The best modern estimate of Andromeda's distance is 2.54 million light years. In the 1920s astronomer Edwin Hubble proved that Andromeda was a galaxy, and not a gas cloud in the Milky Way as had been thought.


title: Moses Mabhida Stadium

paragraphs: Moses Mabhida Stadium is a sports stadium in Durban, South Africa. It was built in 2009.

paragraphs: The stadium hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games were played. FIFA calls this stadium "Durban Stadium".

paragraphs: All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).


title: Endive

paragraphs: Endive ("Chicorium endivia") is a leafy plant of the family Asteraceae. The plants are either annual, or they live for two years. Originally, these plants grew in the countries around the Mediteranean. There are many varieties, but they can be split into two groups

paragraphs: Since Antiquity, these plants have been used to make salads. Sometimes they are cooked, and prepared similar to spinach or chard.


title: Cape Town Stadium

paragraphs: Cape Town Stadium is a sports stadium in Cape Town, South Africa. It was first built in 1987. At that time, it was named the FNB Stadium.

paragraphs: The stadium will host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games will be played. FIFA calls this stadium "Green Point Stadium".


title: Mechanical bull

paragraphs: A mechanical bull, also known as a Rodeo Bull or Bucking Bronco is a machine that gives the rider sense of riding a bucking animal such as a rodeo bull or horse.

paragraphs: Its speed can be made faster or slower. Padded flooring is often used around the machine in order to prevent injury to those thrown off it.

paragraphs: A special motor lets the operator to safely control the ride and safety for the rider; this motor allows the operator to stop the ride before a rider is thrown off the machine. The trained operator at the speed control box controls the unit’s speed as well as spin direction. The equipment has the ability of starting rides very slowly and can be advanced to faster speeds if a rider is able to handle them. It can go slow and simply spin for beginners and run at a more advanced speed for experts or professionals.

paragraphs: Mechanical bulls have been around for decades as a training machine for rodeo riders, as they enable a rider to improve their rodeo performance and skills without the risk. Although mechanical bulls are still used for rodeo training, they are also used as an amusement ride, both as party entertainment and entertainment found in bars, restaurants, and clubs.

paragraphs: As a form of entertainment, the mechanical bull often includes a saddle (even though saddles are not used in real bull riding) and often a model of the head of a bull, complete with horns. One of the earliest uses as a form of entertainment was at Bertrand Island Amusement Park in New Jersey), where a mechanical bucking bronco ride was introduced in the 1930s, under the name of "Ride 'Em Cowboy!".

paragraphs: The commercial use of mechanical bulls gained popular appeal with the release of the 1980 movie "Urban Cowboy". In this movie John Travolta and Debra Winger showed the riding a mechanical bull. The mechanical bull used in this movie was the El Toro brand of mechanical bull. This brand of mechanical bull is still being made, but does not carry the same safety features that are available on more current models. Mechanical bulls can also be seen in the films "Stir Crazy", and "". In the movie "Barnyard", in the night barn, a "Mechanical Man" is seen (as the main characters are cows).

paragraphs: In the television show "Strangers with Candy", Jerri Blank's physical education class is uses mechanical bull riding.

paragraphs: A bucking bronco was originally a cowboy term for a horse that jumps about with stiff knees and an arched back.


title: Naoki Hashimoto

paragraphs: Naoki Hashimoto (born 8 June 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.


title: Kenichiro Uchida

paragraphs: Kenichiro Uchida (born 18 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Masato Chiba

paragraphs: Masato Chiba (born 16 August 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.


title: Hideki Kirita

paragraphs: Hideki Kirita (born 1 June 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.


title: Katsunobu Saga

paragraphs: Katsunobu Saga (born 16 September 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kazutaka Takano

paragraphs: Kazutaka Takano (born 8 November 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.


title: Takeshi Yamaguchi

paragraphs: Takeshi Yamaguchi (born 10 June 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kiyokazu Masuda

paragraphs: Kiyokazu Masuda (born 13 May 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Arte Takasaki.


title: Shingo Kinoshita

paragraphs: Shingo Kinoshita (born 25 September 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for MIO Biwako Kusatsu.


title: Keiichi Misawa

paragraphs: Keiichi Misawa (born 11 June 1988) is a Japanese football player.


Ryota Doi


title: Kohei Doi

paragraphs: Kohei Doi (born 24 December 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ehime (reserve team).


title: Tomohisa Nakata

paragraphs: Tomohisa Nakata (born 11 May 1987) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Keita Sogabe

paragraphs: Keita Sogabe (born 2 July 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Zweigen Kanazawa.


title: Masahiro Ito

paragraphs: Masahiro Ito (born 9 November 1988) is a former Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.


title: Sho Okubo

paragraphs: Sho Okubo (born 2 April 1988) is a former Japanese football player.


Eiji Sato


title: Koki Kotegawa

paragraphs: Koki Kotegawa (born 12 September 1989) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.


title: Mischa Maisky

paragraphs: Mischa Maisky (; born January 10, 1948 in Riga, Latvian SSR) is an Israeli and former Soviet cellist.

paragraphs: Maisky studied with Mstislav Rostropovich at the Moscow Conservatory in the Soviet Union. In 1966 he won 6th Prize at the Moscow International Tchaikovsky Competition. In 1970, he was imprisoned in a labor camp near Gorky for 18 months. When he was set free, he moved to Israel and became a citizen there. He also studied for a time with Gregor Piatigorsky in Los Angeles. He currently lives in Belgium.

paragraphs: In his performing and recording career, Maisky has worked with artists such as the pianists Martha Argerich, Radu Lupu, and Sergio Tiempo, the violinists Gidon Kremer and Janine Jansen, and the conductors Leonard Bernstein, Zubin Mehta, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Daniel Barenboim, and Giuseppe Sinopoli. He has played around the world and has made many recordings.


title: Hidenori Tabata

paragraphs: Hidenori Tabata (born 15 August 1970) is a former Japanese football player.


Masayuki Mita


title: Shinya Hatta

paragraphs: Shinya Hatta (born 17 May 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ryukyu.


title: Edinaldo Batista dos Santos

paragraphs: Edinaldo Batista dos Santos (born 2 April 1987) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Kim Ki-Su

paragraphs: Kim Ki-Su (born 5 August 1982) is a North Korean association football player.


title: Jun Shimanuki

paragraphs: Jun Shimanuki (born 7 August 1988) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Mito hollyHock.


title: Celso Cardoso de Moraes

paragraphs: Celso Cardoso de Moraes (born 4 August 1979) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Wataru Yamazaki

paragraphs: Wataru Yamazaki (born 18 September 1980) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Mário Brandão da Silveira

paragraphs: Mario Brandao da Silveira (born 26 January 1987) Marlon, is a Brazilian football player.


title: Daiki Sato

paragraphs: Daiki Sato (born 7 September 1988) is a Japanese football player.


title: Jin Kanaoya

paragraphs: Jin Kanaoya (born 29 May 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Fukushima United.


title: Shota Iwata

paragraphs: Shota Iwata (born 17 June 1988) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Émile Mpenza

paragraphs: Émile Mpenza (born 4 July 1978) is a Belgian football player. He plays for Sion and Belgium national team.


title: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

paragraphs: Anatoliy Tymoshchuk (born 30 March 1979) is an Ukrainian football player. He plays for Bayern Munich and Ukraine national team.


title: IOS

paragraphs: iOS (previously named iPhone OS) is an operating system for mobile devices, made and sold by Apple Inc. It is the mobile operating system of the iPhone, the iPod Touch, the iPad, Apple TV and similar devices. iOS was originally called the iPhone OS but was renamed in 2010 to reflect the operating system’s evolving support for additional Apple devices.

paragraphs: iOS was released in 2007 simply known as running a version of OS X for the first generation iPhone. Apple said on January 9, 2007 at a conference that there will be a new product, the iPhone, and it would have a "revolutionary" operation system.

paragraphs: On March 6, 2008, Apple renamed OS X to iPhone OS following the release of the iPhone software development kit.

paragraphs: On July 11, 2008, along with the release of the iPhone 3G, Apple released iPhone OS 2.0, which introduced the App Store.

paragraphs: In June 2009, Apple released iPhone OS 3.0, which was released along with the iPhone 3GS. It was a minor upgrade to iPhone OS 2.0 except it could do a few new things. iPhone OS 3.0 was available for the first iPhone and iPod Touch, but not all features were supported on those devices. The last version to support the first iPhone and iPod Touch was 3.1.3. It was later available for the iPad when it was released (as of version 3.2).

paragraphs: In September 2009, Apple renamed "iPhone OS" to "iOS". The trademark "IOS" has been used by the tech company Cisco, so Apple licensed the trademark in order to avoid conflicts.

paragraphs: In mid-2010, Apple also released a significant update, iOS 4.0, which added the ability of multitasking, the option to have a wallpaper for the home screen and gives the user the ability to run several apps at the same time, while the number of apps are affected by the device's RAM. Not only that, but it also had a more polished design and was the first version of iOS to be available for the iPod Touch for free. Unfortunately, the iPhone 3G and iPod Touch (2nd generation) have limited features, meaning that they can't multitask or have a wallpaper for the home screen.

paragraphs: In October 2011, Apple released iOS 5, which introduced many new features such as the notifications pull-down bar, a free messaging service called iMessage, iCloud, and more. A voice assistant named Siri was also released to the iPhone 4S.

paragraphs: iOS 6 was released on September 19, 2012 with even more features. Siri was released to the iPad (3rd generation), iPod Touch (5th generation), and the iPhone 5. YouTube was removed and a YouTube app was added to the App Store. Google Maps was also removed and replaced with Apple Maps.

paragraphs: On September 18, 2013, iOS 7 was released with a new look and many features, and a new feature called "Control Center" where you can control basic settings, music, AirPlay, brightness, flashlight, and more.

paragraphs: On June 2, 2014, Apple announced iOS 8 at their annual Worldwide Developers Conference. It has several new features, such as a new app called Health, a feature called QuickType, which predicts which words you will type, and several other features. It was officially released to everyone on September 17, 2014.

paragraphs: iOS 11 was announced in mid-2017. It will support the iPhone 5S and newer, the iPad Air and newer, all iPad Pro models, the fourth-generation iPad mini, and the sixth-generation iPod touch. The update removes the labels from the main Phone, Messages, Mail, and Safari icons. The App Store and iTunes store logos are replaced with a simple "A" logo and star logo with a blue and purple background, respectively. The Control Center is also easier to use, with bigger buttons and custom controls for functions like Low Power Mode and Mobile Hotspot. On the Plus models of the iPhone 6, 6S, and 7, the Lock Screen can also be rotated. In the Control Center and on the Lock Screen, when a song is playing, only the song name and artist are shown instead of also showing the album name.

paragraphs: iOS 11 also allows users to "offload" apps, meaning that an app can be deleted while leaving behind the app's data. It also provides suggestions and functions for saving storage space, such as deleting old messages and files. Instead of the iCloud Drive app, there is a Files app that allows users to view their files in the iPhone itself and iCloud Drive.

paragraphs: The only way to get the software (apps) in iOS is the App Store. The App Store is an electronic market which gives you the ability to buy "apps" (applications), small user interface applications. By January 2013, Apple confirmed to have more than 800,000 applications in the App Store.


title: Ford Model A (1927–1931)

paragraphs: The Ford Model A was a car made by the Ford Motor Company. It had a four-cylinder engine. It replaced the Ford Model T, and was replaced by the Ford Model B and Ford Model 18. Though it was only made for five years, 4,849,340 Model As were made and sold.

paragraphs: The Ford Model A was made from 1928 through 1931. In 1932 Ford made the Model B which had a fuel pump attached to the motor.


title: Ellis Park Stadium

paragraphs: Ellis Park is a sports stadium in Johannesburg, South Africa. It is also known as Coca-Cola Park.

paragraphs: Ellis Park was first built in 1928 as a Rugby union stadium. It was demolished and rebuilt in 1982, still as a rugby staduim. It was named after JD Ellis, a Johannesburg city councilor. JD Ellis allowed the use of the land for a stadium. He allowed 13 acres to build the stadium.

paragraphs: In the first stadium 100 000 visitors saw the Rugbymatch South Africa versus England (1955). The stadium was used for different events. 1995 it was part of the Rugby-Union-Worldchampionship 1995 and 2009 it hosted the CONFED-Cup and 2010 the FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: In 2009, the stadium was improved. More seats were added. Stadium access was made eaiser for disabled fans. A new pitch and media room was added. The sound system (loudspeaker)was improved.

paragraphs: The stadium hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It was one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games were played.

paragraphs: All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).

paragraphs: The stadium is used by the soccerteams Gauteng Lions and Orlando Pirats. The stadium is also the homeground of two rugbyteams (Lions and Golden Lions).


title: Ferman Akgül

paragraphs: Ferman Akgül (born 25 December 1979 in Ankara) is a Turkish songwriter and the singer of the rock band "maNga". He writes both lyrics and music.

paragraphs: Ferman Akgül was born in Ankara and went to the Ankara Anatolian High School. He began playing classical guitar at the age of 9-10.


title: Bruce Greyson

paragraphs: Bruce Greyson, M.D. (born October 1946) is professor of psychiatry at the University of Virginia. He wrote "Irreducible Mind" (2007) and "The Handbook of Near-Death Experiences" (2009). Greyson also wrote the overview of near death experiences for the "Encyclopædia Britannica" and was the Editor-in-Chief of the "Journal of Near-Death Studies" from 1982 through 2007. Greyson has written many journal articles and has given media interviews.


title: Gail Kim

paragraphs: Gail Kim-Irvine (born February 20, 1977 in Toronto) is a Canadian professional wrestler of Korean Descent. She currently wrestles for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). During her career in TNA, she is a former one-time TNA Knockouts Tag Team Champion, three-time TNA Women's Knockout Championship, the 2007 Knockout of the Year and the 2013 Queen of TNA. Kim has also worked with World Wrestling Entertainment where she was a one-time WWE Women's Champion.

paragraphs: In 2012, she was named the number one female wrestler in the world by Pro Wrestling Illustrated.


title: Mission, British Columbia

paragraphs: Mission, British Columbia is a city in British Columbia. It is ranked 37th on the list of 100 largest metropolitan areas in Canada.

paragraphs: The population is 34,505 from the 2006 census.


title: Near death experience

paragraphs: A near death experience (NDE) is when someone almost dies and then he feels things like his life flashes before his eyes. Some have said they briefly saw heaven or hell. NDEs were made mostly famous by the making of Raymond Moody's "Life After Life" in 1975.


title: Duracell

paragraphs: Duracell is a brand of batteries made by Procter and Gamble. They were introduced in 1930. Duracell makes 9V, C, AA, AAA, and D batteries.


title: Loftus Versfeld Stadium

paragraphs: Loftus Versfeld Stadium - Tshwane/Pretoria

paragraphs: Loftus Versfeld Stadium is a sports stadium in Pretoria, South Africa.

paragraphs: The stadium co-hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup football matches. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup matches were played.


title: Periodontitis

paragraphs: Periodontitis is a set of diseases which usually attacks the tissues surrounding the teeth. Periodontitis in comparison with Gingivitis is a more severe inflammation, because not only it affects the tissues, but also, it affects the bottom of the teeth. If it is not treated at all, it may lead to a loss of teeth.

paragraphs: The word "periodontitis" comes from peri ("around"), odont ("tooth") and -itis ("redness").

paragraphs: Periodontitis doesn't just affect the gums and teeth, but reports have stated that it may increase risk of stroke. It is also related to memory problems for those over 60 years of age.


title: Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium

paragraphs: Nelson Mandela Bay Stadium is a sports stadium in Port Elizabeth, South Africa. It was named former South African president Nelson Mandela.

paragraphs: The stadium is one of ten stadiums where the 2010 FIFA World Cup was played.

paragraphs: All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).


title: Mbombela Stadium

paragraphs: Mbombela Stadium is a sports stadium in Nelspruit, South Africa.

paragraphs: The stadium will host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games will be played.


title: Suda

paragraphs: The Suda or Souda () is a massive 10th century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world. It is an encyclopedic dictionary, written in Greek, with 30,000 entries. The derivation is probably from the Byzantine Greek word "souda", meaning 'fortress' or 'stronghold'.

paragraphs: The "Suda" is somewhere between a grammatical dictionary and an encyclopedia in the modern sense. It explains the source, derivation, and meaning of words according to the philology of its period. There is nothing especially important about this aspect of the work. It is the articles on literary history that are valuable. These entries supply details and quotations from authors whose works are otherwise lost.

paragraphs: This lexicon represents a convenient work of reference for persons who played a part in political, ecclesiastical, and literary history in the East down to the tenth century. The chief source for this is the encyclopedia of Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus (912–959), and for Roman history the excerpts of John of Antioch (seventh century).

paragraphs: The work deals with biblical as well as pagan subjects, from which it is inferred that the writer was a Christian. A prefatory note gives a list of dictionaries from which the lexical portion was compiled, together with the names of their authors. The work is uncritical, and probably much added to, and the value of the articles is very unequal. Nevertheless, it contains much information on ancient history and life.

paragraphs: The "Souda" has a near-contemporaneous Islamic parallel, the "Kitab al-Fehrest" of Ibn al-Nadim.

paragraphs: The lexicon is arranged alphabetically with some slight deviations. The letters follow phonetically, in order of sound (of course in the pronunciation of the tenth century, which is similar to that of modern Greek). The system is not difficult to learn and remember, but in some modern editions the work is rearranged alphabetically.


title: Toshitaka Tsurumi

paragraphs: Toshitaka Tsurumi (born 22 December 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.


title: Yohei Hamasaki

paragraphs: Yohei Hamasaki (born 6 July 1987) is a Japanese football player.


title: Yosuke Kawamata

paragraphs: Yosuke Kawamata (born 14 December 1985) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kyaw Din

paragraphs: Kyaw Din (born June 1900) is a former Burmese football coach.


title: Hideto Inoue

paragraphs: Hideto Inoue (born 27 June 1982) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Joey Barton

paragraphs: Joseph Anthony "Joey" Barton (born 2 September 1982) is an English footballer.

paragraphs: Barton was born and raised in Hutyon, Merseyside. In 2011, his son was born.

paragraphs: Barton plays as a midfielder for Queens Park Rangers. He played for Manchester City from 2002-2007, where he received 39 bookings and three red cards. He scored an international goal at Goodison Park, Liverpool on 9 September 2003 whilst playing for the England Under-21 team against Portugal. He played for Newcastle United from 2007-2011. He played for Olympique de Marseille for the 2012-2013 season.

paragraphs: Barton has convictions for common assault, assault occasioning actual bodily harm and affray. He has served a prison sentence and a suspended sentence. He has also been charged with violent conduct three times by The Football Association for attacking other players. The court and FA proceedings and sentences, along with being sent off and banned from matches, has interrupted his professional career many times.


title: Alexandre Luiz Fernandes

paragraphs: Alexandre Luiz Fernandes (born 21 January 1986) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Gilberto Martínez

paragraphs: Gilberto Martínez (born 1 October 1979) is a Costa Rican football player. He plays for Brescia and Costa Rica national team.


title: Flag of Slovenia

paragraphs: The national flag of Slovenia has three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, with the Slovenian coat of arms on the upper left side of the flag centered in the white and blue bands. The coat of arms is a shield with the image of Mount Triglav, Slovenia's highest mountain, in white against a blue background; below it are two blue lines that stand for the Adriatic Sea and local rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an triangle which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, an important Slovenian family.


title: Yegor Titov

paragraphs: Yegor Titov (born 29 May 1976) is a Russian football player. He has played for Russia national team.


title: Abdul Kader Keïta

paragraphs: Abdul Kader Keïta (born 6 August 1981) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Côte d'Ivoire national team.


title: Cockatoo Island (New South Wales)

paragraphs: Cockatoo Island is the largest island in Sydney Harbour in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is at the junction of the Parramatta and Lane Cove rivers. Cockatoo Island has been a prison, industrial school, and reformatory (a prison for boys). It was also the site of one of Australia's biggest shipyards during the 20th century. The first of its two dry docks was built by convicts in 1857. The dockyards closed in 1992.

paragraphs: In March 2005 the island was opened to the public for the 'Cockatoo Island 2005 Festival' Cockatoo Island Festival. The island is now looked after by the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust which wants people to come and visit. The island's history will be a big attraction. The prison buildings were listed as a World Heritage Site in 2010, along with ten other convict sites around Australia. Large workshops, slipways, wharves, houses and other buildings show the island's ship building history.

paragraphs: Cockatoo Island has great views of Sydney Harbour. A campsite opened on the island in 2008. Campers can bring their own tents or hire a tent on the island. The island's views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge make it a popular spot for watching the New Year's Eve fireworks display. More than 2000 campers watched the fireworks in 2009. Two historic dockyard houses can be used as holiday houses.

paragraphs: Ferries going to Woolwich and Balmain, and the Parramatta RiverCat stop at Cockatoo Island. Day visitors can picnic, barbecue, visit the cafe, walk around the island or take an audio or guided tour. Cockatoo Island is open daily and there is no cost to visit.

paragraphs: Regular events and art shows are often held on the island. The island has held the contemporary art show, the Biennale of Sydney, in 2008. More than 80,000 visitors went to the show over 12 weeks. The 2010 Biennale will be also held on the island. Cockatoo Island also had the Sydney Festival's "All Tomorrow's Parties" music festival in January 2009. The two day festival included 24 bands over four stages across the island. The event was organized by Nick Cave, with an audience of over 11,000. The island also held the World's Funniest Island Comedy Festival on a weekend in October 2009. The 200 comedy acts were seen by more than 8,000 people. There are plans to repeat the comedy festival in 2010, and there are plans for future events.

paragraphs: The island is also used for private events both large and small. Part of the movie was filmed there in 2008.

paragraphs: Before the arrival of Europens, Cockatoo Island was used by the Aboriginal tribes who live in the Sydney area.

paragraphs: In 1839 it was chosen as the site of prison by the Governor of the colony of New South Wales, Sir George Gipps. Between 1839 and 1869 the island was used as a convict prison. The first prisoners came from Norfolk Island. They cut silos into the rock to store the colony's grain supply. By 1842, about 140 tonnes of grain were stored on the island.

paragraphs: One convict on Cockatoo Island was the Australian bushranger, Captain Thunderbolt. He escaped did the crimes which made him famous. His wife had swum across to the island with tools to help him escape. They both swam back to the mainland.

paragraphs: Stone was dug up on the island to build the prison as well as other buildings in Sydney, including the seawall for Circular Quay. Between 1847 and 1857, convicts were used to dig the Fitzroy Dock, Australia’s first dry dock, on the island.

paragraphs: In 2009, an archeological dig on the island found convict era punishment cells under the cookhouse. These cells show the conditions convicts lived under on the island.

paragraphs: In 1864 the island was split between the NSW Department of Prisons and the Public Works Department. The dockyard was made larger taking up most of foreshores. In 1869 the convicts were moved to Darlinghurst Gaol. In 1890 the Sutherland Dock, a dry dock large enough to take ships of 20,000 tonnes, was opened.

paragraphs: In 1913 Cockatoo Island become the Commonwealth Naval Dockyard. In 1933 it was leased to the Cockatoo Island Docks and Engineering Company Ltd. During World War II, Cockatoo Island's importance to the Allies increased after Singapore and its shipyards were captured by the Japanese. At least 20 ships were built during the war. The dockyard continued to build both naval and commercial vessels until it closed in 1992.

paragraphs: Important ships built or repaired at dockyard include:

paragraphs: The Light Destroyer (DDL) program was a large project to build ten ships similar to the Royal Navy's Type 21 or Amazon class frigate for Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s. Rising costs saw the original number revised down to five and then three vessels before being stopped altogether in 1972. It was planned that some of these ships would be built at Cockatoo Island Dockyard, but only the Williamstown Naval Dockyard built the ships before the project ended.

paragraphs: From March 25 to March 27, 2005, a music and arts festival was held on the island, using empty buildings and warehouses as exhibition rooms, concert halls and shopping/food venues. Local and international musical groups and artists performed, including:

paragraphs: More than 20,000 people went to the festival. There were more than 120 musical acts, as well as stand-up comedians, performance artists and more. A special ferry service ran day and night to take people to and from the island. The festival did not return to the island in this format and was reborn elsewhere as The Great Escape in 2006.

paragraphs: In 2001, control of Cockatoo Island was given to the Sydney Harbour Federation Trust as public, urban park. In 2003 the Harbour Trust completed a Comprehensive Plan for Cockatoo Island and its other sites around Sydney Harbour. The plan proposed making Cockatoo Island a landmark harbour attraction. People would visit the island for sea-based activities, its convict and its ship building history. It would have parklands and spaces for cultural events.

paragraphs: From 18 June to 7 September, Cockatoo Island was used for the Biennale of Sydney, Australia's Festival of Contemporary Art, with 35 artists using buildings and sites across the island to display contemporary art. Over 80,000 visitors attended. The Biennale is being staged on the island in 2010 between 12 May and 1 August.

paragraphs: The island was used in 2009 to shoot an episode from the TV program on the episode 66. The candidates had to make an orienteering race around the island.


title: Mikael Nilsson

paragraphs: Mikael Nilsson (born 24 June 1978) is a Swedish football player. He plays for Brøndby and Sweden national team.


title: Warren Buffett

paragraphs: Warren Buffett (born 30 August 1930) is an American investor who is known for his wealth. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska. He is a primary shareholder, chairman and CEO of the company Berkshire Hathaway. He is the third wealthiest person in the world.

paragraphs: On April 11, 2012, he was diagnosed with prostate cancer, for which he completed treatment in September 2012.


title: Christoph Spycher

paragraphs: Christoph Spycher (born 30 March 1978) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Young Boys and Switzerland national team.


title: Pentatomoidea

paragraphs: Pentatomoidea is a superfamily of bugs in the Heteroptera suborder. They are often called shield bugs or stink bugs. They are very common, with about 7000 species.

paragraphs: They share a common arrangement of sucking mouthparts. They have a kind of tough shield on their back. It is part of the thorax which goes back over the abdomen. They also have glands between the first and second pair of legs. These glands produce a foul-smelling liquid. The shield and foul liquid work to deter potential predators. Their young, called 'nymphs', also have stink glands.

paragraphs: There are 15 families in this group. One of them, the Pentatomidae are especially known as stink bugs. It is the largest family in Pentatomoidea, with about 900 genera and over 4700 species.


title: Port of Kaohsiung

paragraphs: The Port of Kaohsiung is the largest port in Taiwan. It is in the southern part of the country, in the city of Kaohsiung.


title: Martti Ahtisaari

paragraphs: Martti Oiva Kalevi Ahtisaari ( ) (born 23 June 1937) is a Finnish politician, former President of Finland (1994–2000), Nobel Peace Prize laureate and United Nations diplomat and mediator, noted for his international peace work.

paragraphs: Ahtisaari was a UN Special Envoy at the Kosovo status process negotiations. These negotiations were aimed at resolving a long-running dispute in Kosovo. Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia in 2008. In October 2008, Ahtisaari was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts". The Nobel statement said that Ahtisaari has played a prominent role in resolving many conflicts in Namibia, Indonesia, Kosovo and Iraq, among other areas.


title: Guatemala City

paragraphs: Guatemala City is the capital of Guatemala. It is the largest city in Central America. It has a population of 942,348 in the city itself and 2,945,080 including all the suburbs. It was founded in the year 1773 after strong earthquakes damaged the old capital, Antigua Guatemala.

paragraphs: The city has being the center of trade and comerce in Guatemala since it´s establisment. The main center of trade and comerce can be found on the Central Market and The Terminal, which recently suffered from a fire. Guatemala City is a center of culture showing this on the Museum for Children, La Sexta (an open pedestrian street) and The National Palace (where the government operated until the 50s).


title: National Park Service

paragraphs: The National Park Service (NPS) is part of the United States Department of the Interior. The National Park Service looks after many natural landscapes and historic and archaeological places and buildings. Millions of people from around the world visit the national parks. The National Park Service helps keep these parks in order.

paragraphs: Congress established the National Park service in 1916. The United States Secretary of the Interior a director to head the office in Washington, D.C.

paragraphs: There are more than 400 areas in the National Park System. Of these, 61 are national parks. The Service also keeps the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraphs: The National Park Service has two main jobs. One is to protect America’s national parks. The other is to help visitors enjoy them. Some people think these two jobs conflict with each other.

paragraphs: They say some of the problems of the parks are the result of too many people visiting them. For example, the many vehicles in national parks cause pollution and road damage. And the many visitors cause water and waste systems to have to work hard.

paragraphs: Some national parks cost money to enter. But they're generally affordable. And parks that charge entry fees must share the money with parks that do not. That means they cannot keep all the money for things like repairs and improvements.

paragraphs: For years, the Park Service has said it does not have enough money to operate at its best. Sometimes visitors protest about conditions in the parks. For example, they say some roads and places to sleep have not been repaired as needed. Critics of the system say many parks lack enough employees.

paragraphs: Money to support America's national parks comes from the federal government and visitors. It also comes from businesses and individuals through the National Park Foundation. Congress established this organization in 1967. The job of the foundation is to gather private support for America's national parks.

paragraphs: In the nation’s capital, for instance, the Target Corporation provided money to help restore the Washington Monument. Another example is Kodak. That company supports photo competitions at national parks. And there is much to photograph.

paragraphs: The National Park received additional funding in 2020. This means visitors get extra one day free visit to the parks every August.


title: Babysitter

paragraphs: A babysitter, or 'sitter', is a person paid to look after a family's child or children when the parents are away for a short time. Babysitters are often teenage females. Babysitters are different than nannies in that they only supervise, or look after, children for a short while instead of an extended length of time. Babysitters are popular in American and European countries, but now it is getting popular in Asian countries, like Japan and China.

paragraphs: Most of the time, babysitters are in middle school, high school or college. Their age can range from thirteen (13) and up. There are some adults who have in home childcare as well. The type of work for babysitting workers also varies from watching a sleeping child, changing diapers, playing games, preparing meals, to teaching the child to read or even driving (if the age is right), depending on the agreement between parents and babysitter.

paragraphs: In some countries there are organizations that produce training courses for babysitters, such as the American Red Cross, and they mainly focusing on child safety and first aid for infants and children. These classes or courses can be provided at local hospitals, libraries, and sometimes schools. These classes can teach the babysitter to keep both the child, or children, and the babysitter safe in different health and weather conditions. CPR is a common technique used to help someone breathe in an emergency. First aid is the practice of basic healthcare, like tending for a sprained ankle. You can be certified in either of these things. These are important things for a babysitter to learn in their everyday practice.


title: Noboru Nakayama

paragraphs: Noboru Nakayama (born 7 July 1987) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Cleberson Luis Marques

paragraphs: Cleberson Luis Marques (born 4 July 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for União São João.


title: Stephen Ireland

paragraphs: Stephen Ireland (born 22 August 1986) is an Irish football player. He plays for Manchester City.


title: Takashi Sasano

paragraphs: Takashi Sasano (born 12 February 1983) is a Japanese football player.


title: Yushi Ito

paragraphs: Yushi Ito (born 9 August 1984) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kenji Takahashi (born in 1985)

paragraphs: Kenji Takahashi (born 1 January 1985) is a Japanese football player.


title: Hiroyuki Nitao

paragraphs: Hiroyuki Nitao (born 27 November 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Ivan Saenko

paragraphs: Ivan Saenko (born 17 October 1983) is a Russian football player. He is currently unemployed.


title: Pedro Zaballa

paragraphs: Pedro Zaballa (29 July 1938 – 4 June 1997) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Cha Du-ri

paragraphs: Cha Du-Ri (born 25 July 1980) is a South Korean football player. He plays for Celtic and Korea Republic national team.


title: Kim Tae-young (footballer, born 1970)

paragraphs: Kim Tae-Young (born 8 November 1970) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.

paragraphs: Kim has played in over 100 international matches.


title: Stipe Pletikosa

paragraphs: Stipe Pletikosa (born 8 January 1979) is a Croatian football player. He plays for Spartak Moscow and Croatia national team.


title: Hyun Young-min

paragraphs: Hyun Young-Min (born 25 December 1979 ) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.


title: Lee Min-sung

paragraphs: Lee Min-Sung (, born 23 June 1973) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.


title: Choi Eun-sung

paragraphs: Choi Eun-Sung (born 5 April 1971) is a South Korean football player. He has played for Korea Republic national team.


title: Koffi Ndri Romaric

paragraphs: Koffi Ndri Romaric (born 4 June 1983) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He plays for Sevilla and Côte d'Ivoire national team.


title: Hasan Şaş

paragraphs: Hasan Şaş (born 1 August 1976) is a former Turkish football player. He has played for Turkey national team.


title: Okan Buruk

paragraphs: Okan Buruk (born 19 October 1973) is a Turkish football player. He plays for Istanbul and Turkey national team.


title: Out of body experience

paragraphs: An Out of Body Experience (or OBE) is a big feeling of not being where your body is. It hardly ever happens and does not last very long. It feels like you can see and hear and move to different places or even fly, but all the time your body is sleeping in bed. It feels very strange.

paragraphs: OBEs happen most when you are waking up or going to sleep. They can happen if you nearly die too. That kind of OBE is a Near Death Experience, or NDE. Some people get OBEs during too much marathon running or mountain climbing.

paragraphs: OBEs often work the same way. When they do, they are "classical" OBEs.

paragraphs: Some people say they have "phasing" OBEs too. They just stop noticing the world, remember the easy feeling and start seeing. There is no sleep paralysis so they can sometimes talk about it at the same time.

paragraphs: Most people can see two kinds of place when they have an OBE. Robert Monroe called them Locale I and Locale II, but some people call them the etheric plane and the astral plane.

paragraphs: Locale 1 places look like ordinary places in the world. You might see your bedroom or sleeping body in Locale I. Locale II places are more like dream worlds or heavens.

paragraphs: Some people think OBEs are just dreams, but other people say OBEs don't feel like that. Some people think that when you have an OBE, you're like a ghost and the things you see are real. People who think that sometimes call them 'astral projections'. Some scientists like Sam Parnia are doing tests with hidden pictures in hospitals, to see if ill people really can see them when they have NDEs.


title: American Arts Commemorative Series medallions

paragraphs: American Arts Gold Medallions were made by the U.S. Mint but are not coins.


title: Implication and inference

paragraphs: Implication and inference are two related words which are opposites.

paragraphs: To imply is to suggest something is true without actually saying it. Examples:

paragraphs: To infer is to see the implication in the sentence. When you realize the meaning of the second sentence, and protest "I have never beaten her", you have made an inference.

paragraphs: An implication is always verbal, but inferring is not always verbal. A non-verbal response might show the indirect message (implication) had been accurately interpreted (inferred) by the receiver. Example: "I hate you"! may contain unspoken implications, according to circumstance and tone of voice. Between two lovers it might mean: