title: Dot Jones

paragraphs: Dot Jones (born on January 4, 1964 as Dorothy-Marie Jones) is an athlete and actress who has had multiple roles in television. She played Shannon Beiste in "Glee".

paragraphs: Dot was born in Turlock, California and moved to Hilmar, where she grew up. When she was in middle school, she became very tall very fast. This made her back hurt, so she started exercising by lifting weights to strengthen the muscles. By high school, she was very good at lifting weights and won contests. She was named the school's female athlete of the year. When she was 19, she tried arm wrestling, and was very good at it. She won the world championship 15 times.

paragraphs: After she graduated high school, Dot went to Modesto Junior College, and then California State University, where she kept playing sports. She got a scholarship for track, which paid for her classes. She played softball and the track sport shot put and set records in the sport. After college, Dot worked with troubled children at the Fresno County Juvenile Probation center while continuing her involvement with sports.

paragraphs: Dot, who had never thought of acting, was seen at a bodybuilding contest by Shirley Eson, who was on the TV show American Gladiators. Shirley said Dot should try out for the show "Knights and Warriors", which was like "American Gladiators". Dot got the part.

paragraphs: After "Knights and Warriors" ended, Dot acted in other shows, such as "Full House", "Roseanne", "Chicago Hope", "Lizzie McGuire", "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody", "iCarly" and "Desperate Housewives". Dot was well known for playing Coach Kelly on "Lizzie McGuire". Dot is friends with Ryan Murphy, a man who helped create the TV show "Glee". Dot is a fan of the show and asked if she could be in it. Ryan created the character Coach Beiste for her.


title: Scott Walker

paragraphs: Scott Kevin Walker (born November 2, 1967) is an American Republican politician. He was the 45th Governor of Wisconsin from 2011 to 2019. He was a two-term Governor, elected in 2010 and 2014, but losing in 2018 to Tony Evers.

paragraphs: Walker was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. His family moved to Plainfield, Iowa and later to Delavan, Wisconsin. He studied at Marquette University, but did not graduate.

paragraphs: Walker began his political career in the Wisconsin State Assembly, serving from 1993–2002. After the 2002 resignation of Tom Ament as Executive of Milwaukee County, Walker won the special election to fill the seat, which he held from 2002 to 2010.

paragraphs: Walker was elected governor of Wisconsin in 2010, defeating the Democratic nominee, Milwaukee Mayor Tom Barrett.

paragraphs: After being sworn into office in 2011, Walker introduced a budget repair plan which limited many collective bargaining powers for most public employees. The legislation led to significant protests at the Wisconsin State Capitol and an effort to recall Walker.

paragraphs: In June 2012, Walker faced Barrett in Wisconsin's only gubernatorial recall election. After emerging as the winner, Walker became the only governor in the U.S. to date to win a gubernatorial recall election.

paragraphs: He lost his third re-election bid to Tony Evers on November 7, 2018 by one percent.

paragraphs: Walker married Tonette Tarantino in 1993. Together, they have 2 children.

paragraphs: Walker has been seen by many as a potential candidate for the GOP's nomination in the 2016 presidential election. He formed a 527 organization in January of 2015. On June 18, 2015 Walker took a further step towards a presidential campaign when he established a "testing-the-waters" federal campaign committee.

paragraphs: Walker announced his presidential campaign on July 13, 2015 on his Twitter account. On September 21 2015, Walker suspended his campaign after low polling numbers.


title: Glee

paragraphs: Glee is an American musical comedy-drama television show. It started on May 19, 2009. It ended on March 20, 2015. Its sixth and last season started on January 9, 2015. The show is about a group of high school students and their teachers at the fictional William McKinley High School. The show is set in Lima, Ohio. Most of the students are in the school's glee club, called New Directions. The students and adults deal with relationships, sexuality and social issues. They often sing to help them understand these topics.

paragraphs: "Glee" has won and been nominated for many awards. In 2009, the series won five Satellite Awards: "Best Musical or Comedy TV Series", "Best Actor" and "Actress in a Musical or Comedy TV Series" for Morrison and Michele, "Best Supporting Actress" for Lynch and "Special Achievement for Outstanding Guest Star" for Kristin Chenoweth. In 2010, the show won a Golden Globe Award for "Best Television Series — Musical or Comedy". Morrison, Michele and Lynch also got acting nominations. The series was nominated for two Writers Guild of America Awards, with screenplays nominated in the "Comedy Series" and "New Series" categories. The "Glee" cast won the "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" award at the 16th Screen Actors Guild Awards. Paris Barclay and Ryan Murphy both got nominations for "Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series" at the Directors Guild of America Awards for their work on "Glee". In July 2010, "Glee" got 19 Emmy Award nominations, including "Outstanding Comedy Series", "Outstanding Lead Actor – Comedy Series" for Morrison and "Outstanding Lead Actress – Comedy Series" for Michele. It won 4, including "Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series" for Lynch and "Outstanding Guest Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series" for Neil Patrick Harris.

paragraphs: On January 16, 2011, the show won a Golden Globe for "Best Television Series - Musical or Comedy" and both Lynch and Colfer won Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actress and Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series, Miniseries, or TV Film.

paragraphs: Some songs are old, by singers like Madonna and Journey, and some are still on the radio by singers like Lady Gaga and Britney Spears. The show has won many awards and is shown in several countries because of its popularity.

paragraphs: Mash-ups are a very common thing in the show. The first mash-ups were Bon Jovi's "It's My Life" with Usher's "Confessions Part II" by the boys, and Beyonce's "Halo" with Katrina and the Waves' "Walking on Sunshine" by the girls. Those were both in the episode "Vitamin D".


title: Andrew Cuomo

paragraphs: Andrew Mark Cuomo (born December 6, 1957) is an American politician. He is the 56th and current Governor of New York.

paragraphs: He was 64th New York State Attorney General and the 11th United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development under Bill Clinton.

paragraphs: He was born in Queens. His father Mario Cuomo was also Governor of New York and Andrew worked for him.

paragraphs: He was reelected governor in 2014. In 2020, he became well known across the country over his leadership and handling over the COVID-19 pandemic in New York.


title: Pat Quinn (politician)

paragraphs: Patrick Joseph "Pat" Quinn III (born December 16, 1948), is an American politician. He was the Governor of Illinois from 2009 to 2015. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was Lieutenant Governor of Illinois from 2003 to 2009. He lost re-election in 2014 to Bruce Rauner.

paragraphs: Quinn was born on December 16, 1948 in Hinsdale, Illinois. He is of Irish descent. He studied at Georgetown University and at Northwestern University.

paragraphs: He became Governor on January 29, 2009 when Rod Blagojevich, the state's earlier Governor, was impeached and thrown out of office. He praised the Illinois General Assembly for Blagojevich's impeachment.

paragraphs: He was elected into office during the 2010 gubernatorial election. He defeated Republican Bill Brady.

paragraphs: As governor he faced severe short-term budget shortfalls and a long-term state debt, all in the context of the worst national economic slump since the Great Depression of the 1930s.

paragraphs: Quinn has pushed for spending cuts and tax increases, while trying to raise ethical standards, protect public-sector labor unions, and maintain environmental standards.

paragraphs: In November 2014, Quinn lost his re-election campaign to Republican Bruce Rauner.

paragraphs: On October 27, 2017, Quinn announced his candidacy for Attorney General of Illinois.

paragraphs: Quinn is divorced and has two sons, Patrick IV and David, born on April 12, 1983, and December 16, 1984, respectively. Quinn was briefly a practicing tax attorney before his career in public office.


title: Salt (2010 movie)

paragraphs: Salt is a 2010 action thriller spy movie that was produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Sunil Perkash and was directed by Phillip Noyce. The movie was released on July 23, 2010. The movie received mixed to positive reviews with a 61% on Rotten Tomatoes which is fresh and a 65% out of 100 from Metacritic. It is set in North Korea, New York City and Washington, D.C.


title: My One and Only (movie)

paragraphs: My One and Only is a 2009 comedy movie that was produced by Aaron Ryder, Ara Katz and Art Spigel and was directed by Richard Loncraine. The movie was released on August 21, 2009. The movie received many positive reviews with a 71% on the website Rotten Tomatoes and a 62% from another website, Metacritic.


title: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007

paragraphs: WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2007 is a wrestling video game that was published by THQ. The video game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation Portable and Xbox 360 systems. The video game was released on January 25, 2007 in Japan, November 14, 2006 in North America, November 10, 2006 in Europe and on November 16, 2006 in Australia for the PlayStation 2 & Xbox 360. and the game was released on February 22, 2007 in Japan, December 6, 2006 in North America and on December 15, 2006 in Europe for the PSP.

paragraphs: The video game received a 8.1 for both the PS2 and Xbox 360 and a 7.9 for the PSP from GameSpot.

paragraphs: It is part of the WWE SmackDown vs. Raw video game series.


title: NCAA Basketball 10

paragraphs: NCAA Basketball 10 is a college basketball video game that was published by EA Sports. The video game was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 systems. The video game was released on November 18, 2009. The athlete on the cover of the game is Blake Griffin when he played for the Oklahoma Sooners.

paragraphs: The video game received a 7.0 for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 from GameSpot and also received a 7.8 for both the Xbox 360 and the PS3 from IGN.

paragraphs: The game was the last installment in the NCAA Basketball video game series.


title: NCAA Basketball 09

paragraphs: NCAA Basketball 09 is a college basketball video game that was published by EA Sports. The video game was released for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 2 and Xbox 360 systems. The video game was released on November 17, 2008. The athlete on the cover of the game is Kevin Love who currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves.

paragraphs: The video game received a 7.0 for both the PS3 and Xbox 360 from GameSpot and also received a 7.1 for both the Xbox 360 and the PS3 and a 5.1 for the PS2 from IGN.

paragraphs: The game was the 13th installment in the NCAA Basketball video game series.


title: Australia Day

paragraphs: Australia Day is a public holiday held on 26 January every year in Australia. It is celebrated to remember the day that the First Fleet landed in Australia. On 26 January 1788 British people landed at Sydney Cove and began a British convict settlement.

paragraphs: Some people do not believe that Australia Day should be celebrated on this date. For example, some indigenous Australians call the date "Invasion Day" or "Survival Day" because it was the day that their native land was invaded.

paragraphs: On 13 May 1787, 11 ships were sent from Great Britain to Australia. The ships carried mostly prisoners to Australia where many were going to be living the rest of their lives. The ships were led by Captain Arthur Phillip, who was later promoted to an Admiral.


title: Laverne & Shirley

paragraphs: Laverne & Shirley was an American situation comedy which aired from January 1976 to May 1983 on ABC. Penny Marshall played Laverne; Cindy Williams played Shirley. The series was set between 1959 and 1967 and was made under Paramount Television.


title: Penny Marshall

paragraphs: Carole Penny Marshall (October 15, 1943 – December 17, 2018) was an American actress, producer and director. She starred as Laverne in the sitcom "Laverne & Shirley" from 1976 to 1983. Marshall directed many movies, including "Awakenings", "A League of Their Own", and "Big".

paragraphs: From 1971 to 1981, she was married to actor and director Rob Reiner. Her brother was director Garry Marshall. She was born in The Bronx, New York City.

paragraphs: Marshall died on December 17, 2018 in Los Angeles, California from heart failure complicated from diabetes and heart disease, aged 75.


title: Adventureland (movie)

paragraphs: Adventureland is a 2009 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is set in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in summer 1987. It was produced by Sidney Kimmel, Anne Carey and Ted Hope. It was written and directed by Greg Mottola. Adventureland was released on April 3, 2009 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 88% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 76 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Shakespeare in Love

paragraphs: Shakespeare in Love is a 1998 British-American romantic comedy-drama movie starring Gwyneth Paltrow, Ben Affleck and Judi Dench. It won 7 Academy Awards, including Best Picture of 1998. This movie is about the involvement of William Shakespeare in a serious love affair with Viola (played by Paltrow).


title: My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic

paragraphs: My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic is a Canadian-American cartoon that was shown on The Hub/Discovery Family. It was made by Lauren Faust, who also worked on other cartoon shows which are "The Powerpuff Girls" and "Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends". It was put on TV on October 10, 2010, and ended on October 12, 2019. The show's idea comes from the My Little Pony toys, which are made by the big toy company Hasbro.

paragraphs: Although the show was only going to be for young girls, "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic" has become popular on the Internet with many fans of the show being males aged 15 to 35. The My Little Pony fans from the Internet are from the cartoon and animation fans on the Internet board 4chan.

paragraphs: In October 2010, shortly after the show started, Web blog "Cartoon Brew" wrote a blog called "The End of the Creator-Driven Era in TV Animation", which had attacked the show for being supported by a big brand name, saying that "today networks clearly prefer established properties over original ideas, and dislike dealing with individual artists who have a clear creative vision". That means that the writer did not like that the people who put TV shows on TV would put shows on that had a brand name and told older boring stories instead of TV shows that had new or original stories. The people in "/co/", the place in 4chan for cartoons and animations, who hadn't seen the show yet, were interested by the alarmist words in the blog and began watching the show, and liked the show for the story, characters, and animation style. Their reaction soon spread to the general board, "/b/", of 4chan. The reaction from 4chan created many My Little Pony recurring jokes and memes on the site.

paragraphs: Fans of the shows call themselves a "brony", a combination of the words "bro" and "pony". At first it was only meant to be used by male fans but the word is now used to describe any older fan of the show without it describing only one gender. A parody of Katy Perry's "California Gurls" called Equestria Girls was used for an ad by The Hub for the show, which has lyrics that also say the word "brony". Its title was later made into which has human versions of the ponies in the show. Websites like "Equestria Daily" and "Ponychan" have been created to share stories, artwork, and news about the show. The websites get more than 100,000 visits a day. A video made by a high school student named Stephen who was using science to dissect some of the physical impossibilities on My Little Pony as part of a class presentation appeared on many news stations and also appeared on Tosh.0. During a phone interview on NPR's comedy radio show "Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!" in June 2011, past President Bill Clinton correctly answered three questions about the show which led one journalist to jokingly refer to him as a brony.

paragraphs: The creator and executive producer for the show, Lauren Faust, has shown that she likes the older fans of the show through her DeviantArt page. In the first episode, a pegasus pony in the background at one time had crossed eyes, which was a mistake by an animator. The boards on 4chan called the character "Derpy Hooves". Faust listened to the fans, having wanted the character to be named "Ditzy", but let the pony's name stay as Derpy, and the people working on the show have kept the Derpy character with the cross-eyed look, putting her in episodes as a silly background character.

paragraphs: To help people who were in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake, Faust sold some original drawings from the show along with a new picture of Derpy Hooves. The Derpy Hooves picture sold for more than $2000 on eBay.

paragraphs: At the end of Season 1, one of the show's animators said that Derpy would say some lines in Season 2. In the episode "The Last Roundup", which shows Applejack competing for the Equestria Rodeo, Derpy Hooves talked a few times. Rainbow Dash says Derpy's name and Derpy speaks with a young boy's voice. At first, people thought that her voice was done by Brian Drummond, but it was Tabitha St. Germain, who didn't know at first that Derpy was female. Parent groups complained that this was insensitive to people with disabilities, and Hasbro changed the episode by making the pony's voice more girly and making Rainbow Dash not say her name. Another pony character with neon colors in her hair, wearing sunglasses and using a DJ set in one episode, was given the stage name of "DJ P0N-3" in a poll with the other choices being "DJ Clip Clop", "Scratch", "Deadhor5" and "DJ Raverider". DJ P0N-3 was later in the Equestria Girls ad and has been a background character in some other episodes. Derpy and DJ-PON 3 eventually starred in the show's 100th episode, Slice of Life, which focused on the show's background characters as a tribute to the fans.

paragraphs: All episodes are 22 minutes long and the season comprises of 26 episodes, with the exception of the third season, which contains 13 episodes.

paragraphs: The first season and overall series has premiered on October 10, 2010 and last aired on May 15, 2011 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV. It's also the first season of the series to air on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.

paragraphs: The second season has premiered on September 12, 2011 and last aired on April 16, 2012 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.

paragraphs: The third season has premiered on November 5, 2012 and last aired on February 11, 2013 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV.

paragraphs: The fourth season has premiered on November 18, 2013 and last aired on May 5, 2014 on the Hub/Hub Network/Treehouse TV. It's also the last season of the series to air on the Hub/Hub Network.

paragraphs: The fifth season has premiered on March 30, 2015 and last aired on November 23, 2015 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV. It is also the first season of the series to air on Discovery Family. This includes the 100th episode overall in the series.

paragraphs: The sixth season has premiered on March 21, 2016 and last aired on October 17, 2016 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV.

paragraphs: The seventh season has premiered on April 10, 2017 and last aired on October 23, 2017 on Discovery Family/Treehouse TV. This is the first season in the series with the first two episodes that is not a 2-part premiere.

paragraphs: The eighth season has premiered on March 19, 2018 and last aired on October 13, 2018 on Discovery Family.

paragraphs: "Best Gift Ever" counted as an episode throughout the series from their confirmation, the 196th episode overall.

paragraphs: The ninth season was announced on February 17, 2018 at Hasbro's Entertainment Brand Preview Media Event at the New York Toy Fair. It premiered on April 6, 2019. This includes the 200th episode overall in the series. This is the final season in the series.


title: Ömer Aşık

paragraphs: Ömer Aşık (born July 4, 1986 in Bursa, Turkey) is a Turkish basketball player. He was drafted by the Portland Trail Blazers with the 36th pick in the 2nd round of the 2008 NBA Draft. However, he did not play a game with them and was traded to the Chicago Bulls. He also played with the Turkish national basketball team where he won the silver medal in the 2010 FIBA World Championship.

paragraphs: His nicknames are Aşik and Destroy, The Turkish Hammer, and The SuperBull from Istanbul, all given to him by Bulls color commentator Stacey King.


title: Hedo Türkoğlu

paragraphs: Hidayet "Hedo" Türkoğlu (born March 19, 1979 in Gaziosmanpaşa, İstanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish basketball player. He was drafted by the Sacramento Kings with the 16th pick in the 1st round of the 2000 NBA Draft. He has also played with the Sacramento Kings from 2000 to 2003, San Antonio Spurs from 2003 to 2004, Orlando Magic from 2004 to 2009, Toronto Raptors from 2009 to 2010, Phoenix Suns in 2010 and currently the Orlando Magic since 2010 when he was traded to the Magic in 2010 along with Jason Richardson and Earl Clark for Vince Carter, Marcin Gortat, Mickaël Piétrus, a 2011 first-round draft pick and $3 million.


title: Mehmet Okur

paragraphs: Mehmet Okur (born May 26, 1979 in Yalova, Turkey) is an Turkish basketball player. He was drafted by the Detroit Pistons with the 37th pick in the 2nd round of the 2001 NBA Draft. He currently plays for the Utah Jazz as a center and power forward. He has also played for the Detroit Pistons from 2002 to 2004 until he signed with the Jazz after the Pistons were unable to pay his salary due to salary cap limitations.


title: Hiroshima Prefecture

paragraphs: The area of Bingo Province and Aki Province were merged in Hiroshima Prefecture.

paragraphs: Hiroshima is a traditional center of the Chūgoku region and was the seat of the Mōri clan until the Battle of Sekigahara.

paragraphs: Hiroshima is home to two UNESCO World Heritage sites:

paragraphs: Hiroshima faces Shikoku across the Seto Inland Sea. Hiroshima Bay opens on the Inland Sea. The prefecture also includes many small islands.

paragraphs: Yamaguchi Prefecture is to the south and west of the prefecture Shimane Prefecture is to the northwest. East of Hiroshima is Okayama Prefecture.

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 4% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Itsukushima jinja" is the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Iwate Prefecture

paragraphs: The area of Iwate was part of Mutsu Province.

paragraphs: In 1869, Mutsu was split into five new provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki. The first three of these together known as the "Three Riku", or "Sanriku".

paragraphs: The new provinces were abolished in July 1871.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Mutsu Province were changed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: Iwate is the second largest prefecture after Hokkaido.

paragraphs: The prefecture is in the Tōhoku region of Honshū island. It has the island's easternmost point. The eastern coastline faces the Pacific Ocean. Iwate shares its northern border with Aomori Prefecture. The western border meets Akita Prefecture. Its southern border is shared with Miyagi Prefecture.

paragraphs: National parks cover about 5% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:

paragraphs: "Tsutsukowake jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the prefecture.

paragraphs: The Buddhist temples of Hiraizumi include Chūson-ji and Mōtsū-ji. Hiraizumi was added to the World Heritage List in June 2011.


title: Williams pear

paragraphs: The Williams' bon chretien pear, commonly called the Williams pear, or Bartlett pear in the U.S. and Canada, is the most commonly grown variety of pear in most countries outside Asia.

paragraphs: It is a summer pear, not as tolerant of cold as some varieties. It is often eaten raw, but holds its shape well when baked, and is a common choice for canned or other processed pear uses.

paragraphs: The Williams pear is thought to date from 1765 to 1770 from the yard of an Aldermaston, England, schoolmaster named Mr. Stair or Mr. Wheeler, giving rise to the now-obscure names Aldermaston pear and Stairs pear. A nurseryman named Williams later acquired the variety, and introducing it to the rest of England, which is why the pear became known as the Williams Pear. However, the pear's full name is Williams' Bon Chretien, or "Williams' good Christian."

paragraphs: In 1799 James Carter imported several Williams trees into the United States, and they were planted on the grounds of Thomas Brewer in Roxbury, Massachusetts. The Massachusetts estate was later acquired by Enoch Bartlett of Dorchester, Massachusetts. Unaware of their origin, Bartlett named the pears after himself and introduced the variety into the United States. It was not realized that Bartlett and Williams Pears were the same until 1828, when new trees arrived from Europe. By that time the Bartlett variety had become vastly popular in the United States, and they are still generally known as Bartlett pears in the U.S. and Canada, although there are about 150 other names worldwide.

paragraphs: Pear trees are typically in production for an average of 50 to 75 years, although some trees still produce fruit after 100 years.

paragraphs: Height: 15–20 ft with slightly less spread.

paragraphs: Flowers: White flowers grouped in a corymb.

paragraphs: Fruit & Seeds: Large, golden yellow skin, brownish red blush, classic shape with smooth, white flesh. Harvest from mid-August to mid-September. But depends on which side of the earths hemisphere the plant has been placed for harvest time.

paragraphs: Leaves: The leaves are simple, glossy green leaves that alternate on the twig. They grow up to 3" long, are thick with slight midrib curves folding the edges inwards. They have fine teeth on the margin.

paragraphs: In 1985, the pear represented 80% of U.S. pear production, and in 2004, it represented 50% of reported pear production, displaced primarily by the continuing growth of d'Anjou and Bosc pears, both winter pears more tolerant of cold than the Bartlett.

paragraphs: While more pears are sold fresh in the U.S. than processed, Bartlett pears are the primary choice for canned halves, puree, and most pear juice and nectar in the U.S., comprising about two thirds of Bartlett production. Bartletts are traditionally known as the canning pear due to their "definitive flavor and sweetness," making them well-suited for many forms of processing.

paragraphs: The Williams pear is used in making Poire Williams, a colourless brandy.


title: Maserati MC12

paragraphs: The Maserati MC12 was a sport car that was built by the Maserati company from 2004 to 2005. There were only 50 cars that were produced. The MC12 was closely based on the Enzo Ferrari. The MC12 was succeeded by the Maserati MC12 Corsa in 2006.


title: Enoch Bartlett

paragraphs: Enoch Bartlett (1779–1860) was a farmer from Dorchester, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: He bought Thomas Brewer's farm in Roxbury. This farm had a field of pear trees, which he named after himself, as he did not know the fruit already had a name.

paragraphs: In 1828 a new batch of pear trees arrived from England, and it was realised that the Bartlett pear was the same as the Williams pear, but by this time the name had stuck, and is still the commonest name for this type of pear in Canada and the United States.


title: Bitmap

paragraphs: The term Bitmap can have different meanings:


title: The Faint

paragraphs: The Faint are an American indie rock band from Omaha, Nebraska.

paragraphs: They have made 6 albums in their career.


title: Binary image

paragraphs: A Binary image is a kind of raster graphic image. Each pixel of the image can only one of two different values, usually black and white. For this reason, only one bit is needed per pixel. Most of the time, the value 0 is coded as white, and 1 is used for black.


title: United States Tennis Association

paragraphs: "United States Tennis Association"' (USTA) is the organization that controls tennis at the national level in the United States. It is a non-profit private organization formed in 1881 to standardize the rules of tennis. It is affiliated with the International Tennis Federation, which is the international governing body of tennis.

paragraphs: At present USTA has more than 700,000 members. Its aim is to promote and develop the game of tennis and to develop better infrastructure for tennis. The USTA runs the Billie Jean King National Tennis Center which hosts the U.S. Open, the last grand slam of the year.


title: Belizean Creole

paragraphs: Kriol is one of the languages spoken in Central America, mainly in Belize. It is not an official language but is spoken by about half a million people. Kriol is based on English and is similar to other Creole languages, like Miskito Coastal Creole, and Jamaican Patois.

paragraphs: Kriol is based mainly on English but is also influenced by other languages too, like the Native American language Misikito. It's also influenced by West African languages brought in by slaves, like Akan, Efik, Ewe, Fula, Ga, Hausa, Igbo, Kikongo and Wolof.

paragraphs: There are some theories about the way Creole languages form, but one of them is that it was because of contact with English landowners and their slaves, and Kriol was created to make sure they could communicate at least a little bit.

paragraphs: Today, Kriol is the first or second language of most of the people living in Belize, and a lot of them speak English as well.


title: Asgard

paragraphs: Asgard (Old Norse: "Ásgarðr" - “Enclosure of the Æsir; Court of the Ás”) is one of the Nine Realms in Norse mythology, home to the tribe of deities known as the Æsir. Asgard lies at the top of Yggdrasill’s highest branches, and the only thing connecting Asgard to Midgard is the mystical rainbow bridge Bifröst.

paragraphs: At the center of Asgard lies the bountiful field of Iðavöllr; there the Æsir meet to feast, make revelry, and discuss important issues. The male gods meet in a hall called Glaðsheimr, the goddesses in the hall Vingólf. *According to the poem "Grímnismál" (as found in the Poetic Edda), Glaðsheimr is the field in which Valhalla was located.

paragraphs: In the science fiction series Stargate SG-1 and its spinoff series, "Stargate Atlantis", "Asgard" is the name of a highly advanced, fictional race of beings who are extraterrestrial in origin.

paragraphs: Asgard appears frequently in Marvel Comics. Similar to the original mythological location, it is one of the Nine Realms, home to a race of beings known as the Asgardians, whom the Germanic peoples (in particular Norsemen) once worshipped as gods. It is often seen and referenced in both film, and television shows.


title: Midgard

paragraphs: Midgard is an old Germanic name for our world. Midgard means "middle enclosure". It is where the term "Middle Earth" comes from. The term is an English version of the Old Norse language.

paragraphs: Midgard is a realm in Norse mythology. It is the home of mortals. Midgard is surrounded by a world of water or ocean. The ocean is inhabited by the great sea serpent Jörmungandr. It is a world between Asgard, the land of the gods (Aesir) and Helheim (Hel), the land of the dead. Midgard was connected to Asgard by the Bifrost Bridge, which is guarded by the god Heimdall.

paragraphs: According to mythology, Midgard will be destroyed in Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world. Jörmungandr will arise from the ocean. He will poison the land and sea. The final battle will take place on the plain of Vigrond. Midgard and almost all life on it will be destroyed, with the earth sinking into the sea.


title: Alien (movie)

paragraphs: Alien is a 1979 British-American science fiction–horror movie directed by Ridley Scott. It is called a science fiction movie because the story takes place in outer space, and there are alien creatures. The movie's title refers to a highly aggressive (angry) and intelligent extraterrestrial (alien creature) that attacks and hurts the crew of the spaceship "Nostromo". The movie stars Sigourney Weaver as Ellen Ripley, Tom Skerritt as Captain Dallas, and Ian Holm as Ash.

paragraphs: The extraterrestrials in the movies are usually called Xenomorphs.

paragraphs: "Alien" was a box office success (it made a lot of money). It led to a successful Hollywood franchise of books, video games, merchandise, and three official sequels (follow-ups). Along with launching the career of actress Sigourney Weaver, the movie is credited as being the first action movie to have a strong female heroine.

paragraphs: There are three sequels to this movie: "Aliens" (1986), "Alien³" (1992), "" (1997), and a cross-overs: "Alien vs. Predator" (2004) and "Aliens vs. Predator: Requiem" (2007).

paragraphs: The famous tagline (slogan) for the movie was: "In space no one can hear you scream."


title: Isabella of Castile

paragraphs: Isabella of Castile (22 April 1451 – 26 November 1504) was a queen of Castile and León. She was the daughter of John II of Castile and his second wife Isabel of Portugal.

paragraphs: Her brother, Enrique IV, who was the king of Castile, wanted her to marry her off. She wanted to marry someone from Portugal to make a political ally. She secretly married Ferdinand II of Aragon in 1469, and had five children with him. The youngest was Catherine of Aragon, who married Henry VIII of England in 1509. Isabella was the grandmother of Carlos I of Spain (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor).

paragraphs: When Isabella’s brother died, she was supposed to be the new queen. Her brother Enriques’s daughter, Juana, wanted to become queen instead. After a war, Isabella became queen. At the same time, Isabella’s husband, Ferdinand, became king of Aragon. They united the lands of Castile and Aragon into present-day Spain. Isabella helped pay for four of Christopher Columbus’ trips to find the Americas. In their time, the Americas were called “The New World”. She signed a truce in 1492 that made Spain a Christian country. After she died, her daughter Joanna of Castile became queen.


title: Xinhai Revolution

paragraphs: The Xinhai Revolution was a revolution in China in 1911. It consisted of many revolts and rebellions. At the end of the Xinhai Revolution the last emperor, Puyi, abdicated. China changed from a monarchy to a republic.


title: Sonneberg

paragraphs: Sonneberg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The nearest large city is Coburg. The population of Sonneberg is about 20,000 people. The mayor of the city is Sibylle Abel.


title: Hildburghausen

paragraphs: Hildburghausen is a German town in the south of Thuringia. The next towns in size are Suhl and Coburg. Its population is ca. 13,000. Its mayor is Steffen Harzer.


title: Haßfurt

paragraphs: Haßfurt is a town in Bavaria, Germany, capital of the Haßberge district. It is on the river Main, 20 km east of Schweinfurt and 30 km northwest of Bamberg.

paragraphs: Its population is about 14000. Its mayor is Rudi Eck.


title: Eisfeld

paragraphs: Eisfeld is a German city in the south of Thuringia. The next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca 6,000. The current mayor is Kerstin Heintz.

paragraphs: The next important airports and train stations are in Coburg


title: Bad Colberg-Heldburg

paragraphs: Bad Colberg-Heldburg is a German city in the south of Thuringia. It is near the Franconian city of Coburg. The population is 2,260. The mayor is Anita Schwarz. Before 1993, there were eight different municipalities (villages, cities) that merged into the current city.


title: Schleusingen

paragraphs: Schleusingen is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 10 km north of Hildburghausen, and 12 km southeast of Suhl.

paragraphs: The population of Schleusingen is about 6,000. The mayor of the city is Klaus Brodführer.


title: Ummerstadt

paragraphs: Ummerstadt is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Hildburghausen and Coburg. With a population of 527, it's one of the smallest towns in Germany. The mayor of Ummerstadt is Christine Bardin.


title: Seßlach

paragraphs: Seßlach is a German city in the north of Franconia. The nearest large cities are Coburg and Ebern. The population of Seßlach is about 4,000. The mayor of the city is Hendrik Dressel. The movies "Luther" and "Der Räuber Hotzenplotz" were made there.


title: Ebern

paragraphs: Ebern is a German town in the north of Franconia. It is between Haßfurt and Coburg. It has about 8,000 people living in it. Its mayor is Robert Herrmann. Ebern is about 1,000 years old. It has an intact defense wall. Ebern was named after a boar ("Eber" in German).

paragraphs: The legend is that one day two hunters were chasing a wild boar. It was finally hit, but with two spears, one from each of the hunters. They could not decide who threw the spear that caused the boar to die. The boar finally broke down exactly at the border between Seßlach and Ebern, with its head in Ebern, and its body in Seßlach, so they divided it. That is why the town Ebern is named after the boar, and the town's flag carries the head of the boar.


title: Bad Staffelstein

paragraphs: Bad Staffelstein is a German city in Franconia. The next bigger cities are Lichtenfels, Coburg, and Bamberg. Its population is ca 10,500. Its mayor is Jürgen Kohman. See also Staffelstein.

paragraphs: Adam Ries (1492–1559), the famous German mathematician, was born in Bad Staffelstein, where his father owned a watermill and a vineyard.


title: Ludwigsstadt

paragraphs: Ludwigsstadt is a municipality in the district of Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald, north of Kronach, and south of Saalfeld. Its population is around 4,000 people. Its mayor is Gert Bayerlein.


title: Teuschnitz

paragraphs: Teuschnitz is a town in the district of Kronach, in Bavaria, Germany. It is in the Frankenwald (Franconian Forest), 19 km north of Kronach, and 15 km east of Sonneberg.

paragraphs: The population of Teuschnitz is about 3,000. The mayor of the city is Gabrielle Weber.


title: Wallenfels

paragraphs: Wallenfels is a town in the district of Kronach, in the Frankenwald ("Franconian Forest") of Bavaria, Germany. It is east of Kronach, and west of Hof.

paragraphs: Its population is about 3,000 and its mayor is Peter Hänel.

paragraphs: Wallenfels is twinned with Bingham, Nottinghamshire, England.


title: Steinach

paragraphs: Steinach is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Larger cities nearby are Coburg and Sonneberg. The population of Steinach is about 4,500 people. The mayor of the city is Ulrich Kurtz.


title: Lauscha

paragraphs: Lauscha is a German city in Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca 4,000. Its mayor is Norbert Zitzmann.

paragraphs: Lauscha is in the middle of the Thuringian forest, the green heart of Germany.


title: Neuhaus am Rennweg

paragraphs: Neuhaus am Rennweg is a German ski city in the south of Thuringia. Bigger cities close by are Sonneberg and Coburg. Its population is ca. 6,000. Its mayor is Marianne Reichelt.


title: Themar

paragraphs: Themar is a town in the district of Hildburghausen, in the south of Thuringia, Germany. It is situated on the river Werra, 11 km northwest of Hildburghausen, and 14 km southwest of Suhl.

paragraphs: It was first named in 796 as "Tagamari" and today Themar consists out of the districts Wachenbrunn and Tachbach, with a population of about 2,900 inhabitants. The town church is the St Bartholomew's Church.

paragraphs: The mayor of Themar since 2000 is Hubert Böse.

paragraphs: In the last 5 years Themar has invested in sustainable energy production systems. A small local heat network was installed with a cogeneration unit of 15 kW electric and 30 kW thermal energy. Also photovoltaics (6 kWp) and a heat pump (20 kW) which is using the water and thermal energy from the river Werra have been established. These renovations were completed in March 2019. In total Themar is saving carbon dioxide emissions of 14,200 kg per year.


title: Schalkau

paragraphs: Schalkau is a German town in the south of Thuringia. Schalkau is in the district of Sonneberg, in Thuringia, Germany. It is 13 km west of Sonneberg, and 15 km north of Coburg.

paragraphs: The population of Schalkau is about 3,500. The mayor of the city is Rheinhard Zehner.

paragraphs: The former municipality Bachfeld was merged into Schalkau on 31 December 2019.


title: Römhild

paragraphs: Römhild is a German city in the south of Thuringia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 2,000. Its mayor is Klaus-Jürgen Theilig. It is the county seat of the Gleichberge "verwaltungsgemeinschaft"


title: Mily Balakirev

paragraphs: Mily Alexanyevich Balakirev (born Nizhny-Novgorod 2 January 1837; died St Petersburg 29 May 1910) was a Russian composer. His music sounds very Russian, and he was a very important influence on other Russian composers such as Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, Alexander Borodin and César Cui. These five composers were known as the “Mighty Handful”. Balakirev mainly wrote music for orchestra, choir and piano and solo songs.


title: Hector Berlioz

paragraphs: Hector Berlioz (born La Côte-St-André, Isère, 11 December 1803; died Paris, 8 March 1869) was a French composer. He was one of the greatest composers of the 19th century. His music is typical of the Romantic period: full of passion and often based on ideas outside music. He was not particularly good at playing any instrument, but he was brilliant at writing for the orchestra. Some of his most famous works include several orchestral overtures, the "Symphonie Fantastique", the opera "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"), the requiem "Grande messe des morts" and the song cycle "Les nuits d'été" (Summer Nights). He was very original as a composer, and his music was not fully appreciated until many years after his death.

paragraphs: Berlioz was the eldest of six children. One brother and one sister lived to be adults, and Berlioz was always very fond of them both. His father was a doctor. The family lived in the country, north west of Grenoble.

paragraphs: Berlioz only went to school for a short time, when he was ten years old. The rest of his education he had from his father. He liked French and Latin literature and travel books about faraway countries. He learned to play the flute, the flageolet and the guitar. He read a book by Rameau about harmony. He never had a piano. He just imagined the sounds of chords in his head. He was only 12 when he fell in love with a girl called Estelle who was 18. He was teased about it a lot. He started to compose some music.

paragraphs: When he was 17 his father said that he wanted him to be a doctor. Berlioz wanted to study music, but his father made him go to Paris to study medicine. Berlioz was to stay in Paris for the rest of his life. He studied medicine for two years, but he hated it. One day, in an anatomy lesson, he had had enough and jumped out of the window. He started to study music. His father was furious and stopped sending him money. Berlioz was very poor and started writing musical criticism for newspapers. This is how he earned most of his money for the rest of his life. He was also borrowing money from friends.

paragraphs: Berlioz started going to the Opéra. He particularly liked the music of Gluck and went to the library to study Gluck’s scores. At the end of 1822 he found a good teacher. His name was Le Sueur. He made Berlioz stop publishing his music until he had learned to compose properly. In 1826 he was officially a student at the Conservatoire. He continued to study with Le Sueur and with Reicha. He tried four times to win the important music prize called Prix de Rome. The first time he wrote a piece called "La Mort d’Orphée" ("The Death of Orpheus"). The judges said it was unplayable, but Berlioz got an orchestra to play it. The second time he wrote a piece called "Herminie" which had a tune he used later as the main tune for his "Symphonie fantastique". The third time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Cléopâtre" which is a wonderful work but he still did not win the prize. The fourth time he wrote a cantata "La mort de Sardanapale", and he won the prize. Nearly all the music for this work is now lost.

paragraphs: Berlioz did not understand any English, but he went to a performance of Shakespeare’s "Hamlet" given by an English theatre company. The actress taking the part of Ophelia was called Harriet Smithson. Berlioz fell passionately in love with her, although he did not know her, and started following her about everywhere. In the end he married her. The marriage was not a success. Berlioz was really in love with Ophelia, the character from Shakespeare’s play. He found it hard to love Harriet in real life.

paragraphs: Shakespeare’s plays, however, were to be a great inspiration for Berlioz. He wrote many works which are inspired by Shakespeare, including "Roméo et Juliette", "Béatrice et Bénédict", "Roi Lear" and several others. He was also inspired at this time by Goethe’s Faust as well as by many other writers including E.T.A. Hoffmann, Scott and Byron. He also discovered the music of Beethoven which helped him to learn how to give shape to large compositions.

paragraphs: Berlioz started to be very busy putting on concerts of his music in Paris. He was quickly becoming known as a very original young composer. Winning the Prix de Rome gave him a steady income for a time, but he was supposed to go to Rome. Berlioz did not want to go to Rome. He said that he had plenty of work in Paris. The real reason why did not want to go was probably because he was in love with a 19- year-old girl called Camille Moke.

paragraphs: Berlioz spent 15 months in Rome. On his way there he visited his parents who seemed to have forgiven him for not studying medicine. They could now be proud because their son was so successful. In Italy Berlioz did not write much music. He did not like Italian music or Italian art, but he was inspired by the countryside, the sun, the sea, the people he met: sailors, peasants, sculptors, travellers. He did not like the city of Rome, although he did like Florence. He hated the Villa Medici, the house where he had to stay. When he travelled about he wrote some music. When he heard the news that Camille now loved another man he became so furious that he left Rome in order to return to Paris to kill them both. However, when he got as far as Nice he calmed down and changed his mind. He returned to Rome.

paragraphs: At the end of his time in Italy he returned to Paris, visiting his parents on the way. He started organizing concerts of his music. This is when he got to know Harriet Smithson. They had a strange courtship and he married her in 1833. The next year they had a son. The marriage was never easy. Their personalities were different, they were poor, and they did not speak one another’s language. In 1842 they separated and Harriet died in great poverty in 1854.

paragraphs: Although a few people thought that Berlioz was an original composer, many others thought his music was very strange. He hardly earned any money from composing. Most of the money he earned came from musical journalism, which is something he hated. When his works were performed, he usually conducted them himself. He wrote a work for viola and orchestra called "Harold en Italie". Paganini had asked him to write it for him to play, but when Paganini saw the music he did not like it because it was not “showy” enough for the viola. Some years later Paganini heard the work and decided he liked it, so he paid Berlioz 20.000 Francs. This was a lot of money, and it made it possible for Berlioz to spend time writing a big new work: "Roméo et Juliette". When this was first performed some critics thought that Berlioz did not understand Shakespeare probably. However, Richard Wagner, who was in the audience at the first performance, was very impressed. Berlioz tried to be successful as an opera composer, but people did not understand his original music. He wrote a "Grand symphonie funèbre et triomphale", originally written for a military band. "Les nuits d'été" is a very moving song-cycle.

paragraphs: During the 1840s and 1850s Berlioz spent much of his time travelling abroad. He went to Germany, Austria, Russia and England. He was becoming more famous abroad than at home in France, although he still continued to go back to Paris. The Germans loved his music and were impressed by his conducting. He rarely conducted anything except his own music. In 1846 he composed one of his finest works: "La Damnation de Faust" which was performed in the Opéra-Comique. The opera house was half empty. It was a great disappointment to him. Berlioz continued to tour to other countries where people appreciated him. He had great success in St Petersburg, in Berlin where he performed to the King of Prussia, and in London, where he never got paid for the concerts that Jullien conducted because Jullien had no money left. However, he had other successes in London and the English liked him very much.

paragraphs: In 1854 Harriet Smithson died and seven months later Berlioz married Marie Recio, a singer he had known for 12 years. Her Spanish mother came to live with them, and she looked after Berlioz very kindly in his last years when he was ill. Berlioz’ son Louis had become a captain in the navy and travelled all over the world. This was something Berlioz had always dreamt of doing since his childhood when he used to read travel books. Berlioz was terribly sad in 1867 when he heard that Louis had died in Havana of yellow fever.

paragraphs: Berlioz had always had a passion for the Latin poet Virgil. In 1856 he spent a long time writing a long opera in five acts called "Les Troyens" ("The Trojans"). He knew it would be almost impossible to find anyone who would put on a performance. It only became possible in 1863 after he had divided the work into two parts. After that it was 30 years before the opera was performed again. It contains some of his best music. The storm scene is especially famous and often performed separately as an orchestral piece.

paragraphs: As he got older he became obsessed with death. He had lost two wives, and his two sisters had also died. He started to walk in cemeteries. He wrote his "Memoires" (autobiography). It has been translated into many languages including English.

paragraphs: In 1863 he wrote to Estelle, the girl he had loved when he was a child. She was now a widow of 67 and he was 60. He visited her in Lyons and loved her again. He wrote regularly to her for the rest of his life, and stayed with her three times in Grenoble where she lived with her son. She gradually understood him better, and she gave him much happiness during his last years.

paragraphs: A final journey to St Petersburg was too much for Berlioz. He became ill. He went to Nice on the way home, where he twice collapsed while walking by the sea. He went back to Paris where he was cared for by his mother-in-law. He died on 11 March 1869 and was buried in the Cimitière Montmartre.

paragraphs: Berlioz is a clear example of a “prophet who is without honour in his own country”: not many people in France realized he was a great composer, but in other countries he was welcomed as one of the great composers and conductors of his day. Many of his works are difficult to describe. His "Symphonie fantastique" is not quite a symphony, his "Harold en Italie" is not quite a concerto. His "Requiem" is not a normal, religious requiem, "Roméo et Juliette" is a mixture of all sorts of things. He wrote five operas, which are all very different in style. His songs are tender and lovely, influenced by the French romance. His overtures are very popular at orchestral concerts. His music is very original and, although he wrote a book on orchestration, the sounds he composed were so personal that no one could imitate him. He was not good at playing any instrument, but could imagine all the sounds in his head. Many of his melodies stretch themselves over an unusual number of bars. A lot of his orchestral music is programme music: it is often inspired by books or wild stories in his imagination.


title: Vincenzo Bellini

paragraphs: Vincenzo Bellini (Catania, November 3 1801 - Puteaux, near Paris, September 23 1835) was an Italian composer and opera composer.

paragraphs: Bellini was well liked for his melodies. His first success was "Il pirata" in 1827. It was followed by "I Capuleti e Montecchi" in 1830. Then came his most famous operas "La sonnambula" (1831), "Norma" (1831) and his last "I puritani" (1835).

paragraphs: His second to last work "Beatrice di Tenda" (1833) was less successful.

paragraphs: Although his operas never left the repertoire, they became popular again in the 1950s due largely to soprano Maria Callas, followed by Joan Sutherland in the 1960s.


title: Charles-Valentin Alkan

paragraphs: Charles-Valentin Alkan (born Paris 30 November 1813 ; died Paris 29 March 1888) was a French-Jewish composer and pianist. His real name was Morhange. He was a virtuoso pianist who wrote a lot of piano music. Most of the pieces he wrote are extremely difficult to play. Franz Liszt, Busoni and other people of his day thought he was a great composer. Despite this, most people have only discovered in recent years how good his music is. His piano music is mostly tonal, but it changes key in unusual ways. The story was told by many people that he died when a bookcase collapsed on top of him, but that story is proved not to be true.

paragraphs: From the 1860s to 1873 he did not show in public very much, and composed some of his works.

paragraphs: Alkan was a close friend of Frédéric Chopin and Franz Liszt.


title: Kalki

paragraphs: Kalki is the final avatar or incarnation of the Hindu god Vishnu. Hindus believe that there are four stages of time. The stage of time we are in is called the Kali Yuga. In this stage of time, people are very bad. To make the world good, Kalki will come to Earth, and will destroy the bad things and kill the bad people. People will change then, and become good people. A new stage of time will begin, called the Satya Yuga or the first stage of life. He is deciding to only come when everybody on Earth is very cruel. Kalki will come after Buddha, his work is to punish people who not changed their behaviour even after Buddha taught the right way. Kalki will come within this millennium. He will take birth in India. According to Nostradamus prophecies Kalki is the Chyren who will be king of whole world.He establish rightness in earth after defeating the whole world. He will punish bad people without mercy. It is said that he will be ruthless to cruel people. Kalki will establish a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga, before becoming king of the world. It is said that Krishna told Arjuna on the battlefield that right after his death, there will be the beginning of the Kali Yuga. He says 5000 years after his death (6000 B.C.) will come a Golden Age within the Kali Yuga. After the Kali Yuga Golden Age which will last approximately 10,000 years, he will establish the real Satya Yuga by defeating Kali (Demon) who is also known as the prince of evil in vedic scriptures.


title: Thomas Arne

paragraphs: Thomas Arne (born in London, baptized 28 May 1710; died London 5 March 1778) was an English composer and violinist. He was the most famous musician in the theatre in England in the 18th century. He wrote music for lots of plays. He had a great gift for writing beautiful tunes. Songs such as "Where the Bee Sucks" are still very popular. His best known tune is "Rule Britannia" which is sung every year at the Last Night of the Proms.


title: Johann Nepomuk Hummel

paragraphs: Johann Nepomuk Hummel (born Pressburg November 14 1778; died Weimar October 17 1837) was an Austrian composer and pianist. He was a child prodigy. Mozart thought he was so talented that he taught him free of charge. Hummel became one of the greatest pianists and composers in Europe. He always wrote in a Classical style, he never became an early Romantic like Beethoven.

paragraphs: He also wrote a concerto for trumpet, which is fairly famous.


title: Alphabetical order

paragraphs: Alphabetical order is a way to sort (organize) a list. It helps a reader to find a name or a title in the list. It is done by following the standard (usual) order of letters in an alphabet. Some lists in alphabetical order were used during the early Roman Empire. It became commonplace after the Renaissance.

paragraphs: Sorting things in English is done using the Roman alphabet. Different languages have different rules for sorting.

paragraphs: A list of items like Eric," Lydia", Andrea", and Bob" is organized by their first letter. "A" comes before "B", and "B" comes before "E", and "E" comes before "L" in the alphabet. When alphabetical order is used:

paragraphs: If many words have the same first letter, they are sorted by their second letters.

paragraphs: After that, the third and fourth letters are used until the whole list is sorted.

paragraphs: The words a, an and the are ignored. Sometimes they are written at the end, after a comma. Spaces and hyphens ( - ) are ignored, too.

paragraphs: A formula can be used to systematically ignore a, an and the. For Microsoft Excel, it would be:

paragraphs: Names are usually ordered by Family name, not given name.

paragraphs: Names are often written with the last names first.

paragraphs: Numbers can be sorted in two ways. Sometimes, they are listed in order from smallest to largest. This is the normal way to sort numbers.

paragraphs: Other times, they can be sorted as if they were normal, spelled-out words. This way is often used for numbers in titles.


title: Bad Rodach

paragraphs: Bad Rodach is a German town in the north of Franconia. Next bigger cities are Hildburghausen and Coburg. Its population is ca. 7,000. Its mayor is Gerold Strobel.


title: M.I.A.

paragraphs: Mathangi "Maya" Arulpragasam (born 17 July 1977 in Hounslow, London) is an acclaimed artist, movie graduate and musician. She is the daughter of a Tamil revolutionary. She is best known by her stage name M.I.A. Her music style contains elements of grime, alternative, hip-hop, dance, and electronic music.

paragraphs: M.I.A. graduated from Central St. Martin's College of Art and Design with a degree in fine art, film and video. She has been noted for her idiosyncratic style in her music, her sense of fashion, and other artistic output.

paragraphs: In 2000, she did the cover artwork for the album "The Menace," by Elastica and directed the music video for their single "Mad Dog God Dam." She filmed a North American tour of the band. In 2002, she published a book of art inspired by the Tamil rebellion and her childhood in Sri Lanka. She met the musician Peaches who introduced M.I.A. to the Roland MC 505. M.I.A. wrote and recorded several songs on a demo using a 505, including the song "Galang."

paragraphs: "Galang" was initially released in 2003 on the white-label Showbiz Recordings. It became popular with DJs and garnered acclaim.

paragraphs: M.I.A. signed to XL Recordings in 2004. The song "Sunshowers" and "Galang" were re-released. Through 2004, file-sharing of the two singles and leaked promos of "Arular" on the internet increased anticipation for her debut album "Arular".

paragraphs: One of the first artists to break on the internet, M.I.A. ended 2004 making "Piracy Funds Terrorism," a mash-up mixtape of "Arular" tracks produced by herself and DJ Diplo.

paragraphs: in 2005, M.I.A. released her debut album, "Arular", which is named for her father. It sold over 100,000 copies. The most popular song off the album was "Galang" which appeared in a Honda advertisement. On the album, there is a hidden track called "M.I.A.". The listener hears nothing for a minute or two, then a new track starts playing.

paragraphs: "Kala" is M.I.A.'s second album. Track listing as follows:


title: Key (music)

paragraphs: Most music is in a particular key. This means that one of the 12 notes (C, D flat, D, etc.) sounds like the “home note”. When the piece finishes it normally comes to rest on this home note (also called: the “tonic”). The piece will be built on the notes of the scale that starts on that note. There are two kinds of key (like there are two kinds of scale): major and minor. Sometimes the key of a piece is in its title: "Minuet in C", "Sonata in F sharp major". If the title does not say “major” or “minor” it is normally taken to be major.


title: Otaku

paragraphs: Otaku is a Japanese slang word, deriving from the honorific "おたく" (otaku), meaning "your house", that has come to mean someone who obsessively exerts time, money, and energy into a hobby. Otaku have a deep, complex knowledge around a particular subject or area of study, and is oftentimes (esp. in the West) used to refer to avid consumers of anime and manga. The term can be compared with Hikikomori"."

paragraphs: In Japan, "otaku" has generally regarded as an offensive word, due to the negative cultural perception of withdrawal from society. However, the otaku philosophy of living has gained traction among Japanese youth and adolescents, likely as a reaction to the established culture of intense work and academic studies. Under 30’s have developed a neo-otaku identity with more positive associations of being a geek or . In the West, the word usually describes an anime or manga "fanatic" and is not typically perceived as derogatory.


title: Circle of fifths

paragraphs: In music theory the Circle of fifths shows how the different keys are related to one another. It is usually shown as a circle with the names of keys around it. If you take any key in the circle, its fifth is the one to its right. It can be easily understood together with a piano keyboard.

paragraphs: On a piano there are white and black notes (confusingly these are also called “keys”). The white notes are named by the letters A to G of the alphabet. After G comes another A and so on. The black notes go in threes and twos. This makes it easy to see the pattern of white notes. Where there are two black notes together, for example, the white note between them is D. The black notes do not have names of their own. They are named after the white notes next to them. The black note just above (i.e. to the right) of a G is a G sharp. The black note just below (i.e. to the left) of the G is G flat. This means that each black note has two possible names (e.g. G flat or F sharp).

paragraphs: Playing each note in turn, whether a white or a black note, will give a chromatic scale (e.g. C, C sharp, D, E flat, E, F, F sharp, G, A flat, A, B flat, B, C). Each step is called a “semitone” or “half tone”. A “tone” or “whole tone” therefore is a jump of two semitones (C to D, or C sharp to E flat, or E to F sharp).

paragraphs: By playing on white notes from C to the next C we get a major scale. Some of the steps are tones and some are semitones. The semitones come between E and F and between B and C, i.e. between the 3rd and 4th and between the 7th and 8th note of the scale. All major scales have this pattern (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone).

paragraphs: Each time we went to a sharper key we took the note which was the 5th note of the previous scale (G, with one sharp, was the 5th note of C major. D, with two sharps, was the 5th note of G, etc.).

paragraphs: In a diagram this can be shown as a circle which is called the “Circle of Fifths”. As we get sharper and sharper we go clockwise round the circle.

paragraphs: The flats work in exactly the opposite way. Instead of going up to the fifth note (e.g. C,D,E,F,G) we can go down a fifth (C,B,A,G,F). F is the scale which has one flat. As we get flatter and flatter we go counter-clockwise round the circle until all seven notes are flattened.

paragraphs: It can be seen that three of the scales each have two possible names: B major (with 5 sharps) can also be thought of as C flat major (with seven flats), F sharp major (with 6 sharps) can also be thought of as G flat major (with 6 flats), and C sharp major (with 7 sharps) can also be thought of as D flat major (with 5 flats).

paragraphs: Relative minors (the minor scale with the same key signature) can also be worked out by going round three steps of the circle (C major is the relative major of A minor, i.e. it shares the same key signature: nothing). On a keyboard the relative minor can be worked out by going down three semitones (from C go down to B, Bflat, A).


title: Haddock

paragraphs: Haddock is a fish that lives in the Atlantic ocean. It only lives in the sea. Haddocks are important fish for the fishing industry. The fish can be easily recognised by a black line on the white side of the fish. Pollock is a fish with reversed coloring, white line on a black background.


title: Kristallnacht

paragraphs: Kristallnacht (also called Reichskristallnacht, Reichspogromnacht, ) was a two-day pogrom that happened against Jews in Nazi Germany and parts of Austria. It was between 9 and 10 November 1938. About 30,000 Jews were moved to concentration camps, and over 1,500 synagogues were pillaged and partly destroyed. Also, almost all Jewish cemeteries in Germany and Austria were destroyed. This marked the change from discriminating against Jews to actively persecuting and deporting them.

paragraphs: Herschel Grynszpan (sometimes also spelled "Grünspan"), a 17-year-old Jew living in Paris, learned that his whole family had been made to go back to Zsbaszyn in Poland, even though the younger children had been born in Germany. He got a gun, and with this he fired shots at Ernst Eduard vom Rath, who was a secretary of the German embassy in Paris. This was on 7 November. Vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November.

paragraphs: The motive of Grynszpan is unclear. In a judicial hearing in 1942, he said it was revenge. He meant to shoot the ambassador, but hit the secretary instead.

paragraphs: The NSDAP used this event as an excuse to seize Jewish property. There had been a similar event in February 1936 but there were almost no consequences. Then, a Jewish student, David Frankfurter, had fired shots at the NSDAP secretary Wilhelm Gustloff. At that time, the NSDAP could not act because of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.


title: Pogrom

paragraphs: Pogrom (from Russian:"погром" (pogrom); from "громить" IPA: - to wreak havoc, to demolish violently) is a form of riot attacking people and property. The target of the attack is a group of people because of their ethnic identity or religion, usually Jews. In a pogrom, the local authorities such as the police do not arrest the rioters and do not come to the aid of the victims.

paragraphs: In a pogrom, the target people's homes, businesses, and places of worship are destroyed. People of the target group are physically attacked and some are murdered.


title: 970s

paragraphs: Below are some of the major things that happened in the years from 970 to 979.


title: Sertoli cell

paragraphs: A Sertoli cell is a cell found in the testes. Its main function is to help the developing sperm cells through the stages of spermatogenesis - the process of turning stem cells into sperm. It was also called the "mother cell." The cell also helps in the creation of stem cells.

paragraphs: Sertoli cells get their name from Enrico Sertoli, an Italian physiologist. He discovered them while studying medicine in the University of Pavia, Italy. He published a description of this cell in 1865. As of 2006, two textbooks have been published that are almost entirely about the Sertoli cell .


title: PBS

paragraphs: The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is a non-profit public broadcasting television service with 349 member TV stations in the United States. While the term broadcast covers radio, PBS only covers TV; for radio the United States has National Public Radio.


title: UPN

paragraphs: UPN (which originally stood for the United Paramount Network) was a television network in over 200 places in the United States. UPN was owned by CBS Corporation, which also owns the larger CBS network. UPN shut down on September 15, 2006, and was replaced with The CW, a joint venture between CBS Corporation and the Warner Bros. division of Time Warner, which owned The WB before that network was also shut down in 2006 and merged with UPN to create The CW.


title: Television network

paragraphs: A television network is a network to provide television programming to many television stations. It is almost always a large company. Until the mid-1980s, television programming in most countries of the world was mainly done by a small number of broadcast networks. Many early television networks (for example, the BBC, NBC or CBS) began as radio networks.

paragraphs: A television network may broadcast many television channels. For example, BBC is a television network. It broadcasts its programs on many different channels including BBC One, BBC Two, BBC Parliament and CBBC. Each channel will often have a group of programs that are similar in some way. For example, CBBC broadcasts children programs


title: English Football League

paragraphs: The English Football League (which was the Football League) is a football league in England and Wales. It was created in 1888 and was the top league in England until 1992 when the English Premier League was made. It is now a league for tiers 2-4 of English football.


title: Tokyo Tower

paragraphs: Tokyo Tower is a tower in Shiba Park, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan.

paragraphs: Tokyo Tower is 333 m (1093 ft) tall. It the world's highest self-supporting steel tower and the tallest structure in Tokyo.

paragraphs: The highest number of visitors was about 5.2 million a year (1959), about 710 thousand a month (1959.8), about 40 thousand a day (1960.3.30).

paragraphs: The cost for lighting is about 24 thousand yen to 25 thousand yen a day.

paragraphs: It seems to be two-tone of red and white, but actually the colors are international orange and white. The color cannot be changed to other colors because the color is decided by the law.

paragraphs: In 2009,the Tokyo Tower was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.


title: Vuelta Ciclista a España

paragraphs: The ' (also ', or simply Vuelta) is a long-distance bicycle race. The first race was in 1935. The Tour de France and Giro d'Italia were both very successful, and both run by newspaper companies. A newspaper called "" in Spain decided to start a similar race in Spain. It is now one of the three "Grand Tours" of Europe and, after the and the , is the third most important road cycling stage race in the world.

paragraphs: The leader of the race wears the red jersey. This is the same as the yellow jersey in the Tour de France. The leader of the combination classification wears a white jersey. The leader of the mountain climbers' competition wears a white jersey with blue polka-dots. The leader of the sprinters' competition wears a green jersey.

paragraphs: The race was run in the spring until 1995. Since 1995 it has been run in September.


title: Seminiferous tubule

paragraphs: Seminiferous tubules are long thread-like tubes found in each of the testicles where sperm is produced. The inner lining of the tubule contains Sertoli cells.


title: Seminal vesicle

paragraphs: The seminal vesicles are a pair of tube-like glands. They are found behind the bladder of males. They make about 70% of the content of semen (also called seminal fluid).

paragraphs: Both vesicles are about 5 cm in length, but they are curled up. Each gland makes a ball shape on the wall of each vas deferens. There is a tube linking the seminal glands which opens into the vas deferens and prostate gland.

paragraphs: From inside to out, the layers making the vesicles are:

paragraphs: The seminal vesicles make most of semen, but during ejaculation, most of the ejaculate has sperm rather than semen in it. The use of seminal fluid is not known, since sperm do not move or survive well in semen. Some think that it acts as a fluid to stop sperm from another male impregnating the female so that the children of only one male can survive.

paragraphs: Seminal fluid has proteins, enzymes, fructose, mucus, vitamin C and flavins. The fructose gives sperm energy and 'food'.


title: Glans penis

paragraphs: The glans penis (or just "glans") is the sensitive tip of the penis. It is also called the "head" of the penis. Slang names include "helmet" and "bell end". Usually, the glans is covered by the foreskin, except in men who have been circumcised.

paragraphs: The glans can become irritated or infected which occurs in a small number of males. It is more common in males who have poor hygene or are uncircumcised.

paragraphs: The opening of the urethra is at the tip of the glans. In children who have been circumcised and wear diapers, the opening of the penis has no protection. This can cause the urethra to get very narrow in a small amount of boys which can need surgery to reopen later.

paragraphs: The skin on the glans penis is very sensitive, and washing it too much with soap can cause dermatitis.

paragraphs: The glans penis is a cap around the corpus spongiosum. It is attached to the Corpus cavernosum penis and at the tip of the opening.


title: Second person

paragraphs: Second person can refer to the following:


title: Optical fiber

paragraphs: An optical fiber is a thin fiber of glass or plastic that can carry light from one end to the other. The study of optical fibers is called fiber optics, which is part of applied science and engineering.

paragraphs: Optical fibers are mainly used in telecommunications, but they are also used for lighting, sensors, toys, and special cameras for seeing inside small spaces. They are sometimes used in medicine to see inside people, like down their throat.

paragraphs: Guiding light by internal reflection, the principle that makes fiber optics possible, was first demonstrated by Daniel Colladon and Jacques Babinet in Paris in the early 1840s. John Tyndall, a physicist, included a demonstration of it in his public lectures in London, 12 years later.

paragraphs: The principle was first used for internal medical examinations by Heinrich Lamm in the 1930s. Modern optical fibers, where the glass fiber is coated with a transparent cladding to offer a more suitable refractive index, appeared later in the decade.

paragraphs: In 1965 Charles K. Kao and George A. Hockham of the British company Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) were the first to show that the loss of intensity in optical fibers could be reduced, making fibers a practical communication medium. They proposed that the defects in fibers available at the time was caused by impurities which could be removed. They pointed out the right material to use for such fibers, such as silica glass which has high purity. This discovery earned Kao the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2009.

paragraphs: An optical fiber is a long, thin strand of clear material. Its shape is usually similar to a cylinder. In the center, it has a "core". Around the core is a layer called the "cladding". The core and cladding are made of different kinds of glass or plastic, so that light travels slower in the core than it does in the cladding. If the light in the core hits the edge of the cladding at a shallow angle, it bounces off. Light can travel inside the core and bounce off of the cladding. No light escapes until it comes to the end of the fiber, unless the fiber is bent sharply or stretched.

paragraphs: If the cladding of the fiber is scratched, it may break. A plastic coating called the "buffer" covers the cladding to protect it. Often, the buffered fiber is put inside an even tougher layer, called the "jacket". This makes it easy to use the fiber without breaking it.

paragraphs: The main use of optical fiber is in communication (telecommunication). Fiber-optic communication transmits information from one place to another by sending pulses of light through an optical fiber. The light forms an electromagnetic carrier wave that is modulated to carry information. First developed in the 1970s, fiber-optic communication systems have revolutionized the telecommunications industry and have helped with the advent of the Information Age.

paragraphs: Early systems had short range but later ones used fibers that are more transparent. Since the light does not leak out of the fiber, the light can go a long distance before the signal gets too weak. This is used to send telephone and internet signals within and between cities. Because of its advantages over electrical transmission, optical fibers have largely replaced copper wire communications in core networks in the developed world.

paragraphs: Most optical communication systems have electrical connections. An electric signal controls a transmitter. The transmitter converts the electric signal to a light signal and sends it through the fiber to the receiver. The receiver converts the light signal back to an electric signal.

paragraphs: Fiber is sometimes used for shorter links too, such as to carry the sound signals between a compact disc player and a stereo receiver. The fibers used for these short links are often made of plastic which is less transparent. TOSLINK is the most common type of optical plug for stereos.

paragraphs: Optical fibers can be used as sensors. Special fibers are used for this, that change how they pass light through when there is a change around the fiber. Sensors like this can be used to detect changes in temperature, pressure, and other things. These sensors are useful because they are small and do not need any electricity at the place where the sensing happens.

paragraphs: These fibers are also used to carry light for humans to see. This is sometimes used for decoration, like fiber-optic Christmas trees. Sometimes it is used for lighting, when it is convenient to have the light bulb someplace other than where the light needs to be. This is sometimes used in signs and art for special effects.

paragraphs: A bundle of fibers can be used to make a device called an endoscope or a fiberscope. This is a long thin probe that can be put into a small hole, that will send an image of what is inside through the fiber to a camera. Endoscopes are used by doctors to see inside the human body, and are sometimes used by engineers to see inside tight spaces in machines.

paragraphs: Optical fibers (with special chemicals added) can be used as optical amplifiers. This allows an optical signal to travel further between endpoints, and without converting the optical signal to electrical and back, reducing the overall cost of the components. These optical amplifiers can also be used to create Lasers. These are called fiber lasers. They can be very powerful, because the long thin fiber is easy to keep cool, and makes a good quality light beam.


title: 360s

paragraphs: Below is a list of events that happened in the years from 360 to 369.


title: Population pyramid

paragraphs: A population pyramid is a graph. It has two back-to-back bars. These bars show the population in groups of ages, with woman in one side and man in the other side.

paragraphs: The pyramids show the age distribution of the place, which can help in understanding and predicting the development of a country.

paragraphs: There are three types of population pyramids:

paragraphs: In this type of graph, a wide base means a very high birth rate and a narrow base means a low birth rate.


And


title: Quarry

paragraphs: A quarry is a type of open pit mine that is used to get rocks and minerals from the ground. Quarries are often used to cut stone from the ground in large pieces or blocks. These are called dimension stones. They are used for building things. Some quarries fill with water to make small lakes when they are no longer being used for mining.

paragraphs: The largest granite quarry in the world is run by Rock of Ages Corporation in Vermont, USA..


title: Central Powers

paragraphs: The Central Powers were a group of nations fighting against the Allied Powers during World War I.

paragraphs: The members included Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria and their territories. In 1918 the breakaway republics of Azerbaijan, Finland and Lithuania also supported them. The Central Powers lost the war. The Allied Forces included Great Britain, Canada, Newfoundland, Russia, France, later the United States of America, Greece, Portugal, Brazil, Georgia, Armenia, Australia, Japan and Italy.


title: Soxhlet extractor

paragraphs: A Soxhlet extractor is a kind of laboratory equipment. It is made of glass. Franz von Soxhlet invented it in 1879. It has a flask, an extraction chamber, and a condenser. It can be used for solid-liquid extractions.

paragraphs: In this discontinuous extraction process, the extraction solvent inside the boiling flask is evaporated and re-condensed in the distillation column above. It then falls down onto the solid material requiring extraction. The chamber containing the solid material is connected to the boiling flask below by a syphoning mechanism seen in the Pythagorean cup, which allows the chamber to fill to a point, at which it will empty its contents and start to fill again and the extracted compounds will accumulate in the boiling flask below.

paragraphs: Chemists use it to remove a material from a solid. It is useful when removing materials that do not dissolve well in any solvent. Chemists use a solvent such as ether or alcohol in the extractor. The Soxhlet extractor applies the solvent repeatedly to the solid until enough of the material dissolves.


title: Dream

paragraphs: Dreams are what a person sees and hears in their mind when they are sleeping. They are often similar to real life in some ways, but can also be very strange. Dreams can seem so real while they happen that the person might think that they are awake when actually they are asleep.

paragraphs: Sometimes a person realizes during a dream that they are dreaming, but keeps having the dream. This is called a lucid dream. This happens very little for most people, but for some people it happens often. During lucid dreaming the person will feel like they are controlling the dream, and will usually dream that they are doing fun things that they can't do in the real world.

paragraphs: Most people remember their dreams in some way or another, even if it is only a small part, but children are very likely to remember most of their dream clearly. It is often easier for people to remember dreams if they write down what happened in the dream just after they wake up. Because of this, many people have dream diaries where they describe each dream they have.

paragraphs: Nightmares are dreams which scare or shock people. Nightmares are usually based around that person's everyday fears, like spiders or dark places, but even a dream that's not about those things can feel unpleasant. Nightmares are caused by many different things: being uncomfortable or in pain while sleeping, sickness, stress, or even eating right before sleeping.

paragraphs: There are many different theories about why people dream and what their dreams mean. Every person has different dreams. Some psychologists believe that dreams reflect what is happening in the unconscious mind (the part of the mind that works by itself). Others think that people, places, and objects in dreams are symbols for other things in the dreamer's real life. Throughout history people have tried to make sense of dreams to learn things from them, and have often used them for divination or fortune-telling. Today there are still many books and websites devoted to making sense of dreams.

paragraphs: Generally speaking, ancient civilisations thought dreams were messages from the gods (see the works of Homer) or alternatively some kind of prophecy. However, they knew that often dreams misled the dreamer, and invented various explanations for this. Aristotle started off with ideas like this, but later became more skeptical, and denied the divine origin of dreams.

paragraphs: In his "Interpretation of Dreams", Sigmund Freud connected them to his ideas on psychotherapy. Dreams, in Freud's view, are forms of "wish fulfillment". They are attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, a "censor" in the preconscious will not allow it to pass unaltered into the conscious. Freud describes three main types of dreams: 1. Direct prophecies received in the dream; 2. The foretelling of a future event; 3. The symbolic dream, which requires interpretation.

paragraphs: Some authors, such as Hans Eysenck, have argued that the dreams Freud cites do not really support his theories. Eysenck argues that Freud's examples actually disprove his dream theory.

paragraphs: Since Freud, the emphasis has been on the biology of dreaming.

paragraphs: The discovery of REM (rapid eye movement) and non-REM sleep has been important. Researchers have done many studies on this. Subjects have been woken up in both stages and asked what they were thinking about. It is clear that the reports from non-REM stages were different from REM stages. In particular, dreams occur mostly when the brain is in the REM state. There is also some relationship between dreaming and daydreams. Both seem to occur in a cycle of 90110 minutes.

paragraphs: Apparently, "there is no evidence that a more useful understanding of personality can be gained from them than can be divined from the realities of waking behaviour".

paragraphs: If sleep is prevented, people suffer and get worse at every kind of waking activity. From this it is clear that one important function of sleep is to maintain normal brain activity during awake time. Somehow, during sleep the brain gets restored to its normal functioning. Sleep is, so far as is known, universal amongst vertebrates. That also argues for its great importance. However, it is not known whether dreaming supports this repair function of sleep, or whether it is something which just happens.


title: Frenulum

paragraphs: A frenulum (or frenum) is a small fold of tissue that prevents an organ in the body from moving too far.

paragraphs: "Frenulum" as a term in zoology is dealt with under wing coupling.

paragraphs: There are several frenula in the body, including several in the mouth, some in the digestive tract, and some connected to the external genitalia.

paragraphs: Frenula of the mouth are found under the tongue and inside the upper and lower lip. These can easily be torn by blows to the face or mouth. A torn frenulum is sometimes a warning sign of physical abuse.

paragraphs: In the female, genital frenula can be found in the clitoris and where the labia minora meet at the back.

paragraphs: The word frenulum on its own is often used for the "frenulum preputii penis". This is an elastic band of tissue under the glans penis that connects to the prepuce, or foreskin to the vernal mucosa. It help contract the prepuce over the glans. It may be removed during circumcision.

paragraphs: It is possible for the frenulum of the penis to tear during sexual activity. This does not cause a great deal of pain but can cause an alarming amount of blood loss. This is not a medical emergency. The frenulum will heal by itself after the bleeding has stopped.


title: Ejaculatory duct

paragraphs: Ejaculatory ducts are part of the human male anatomy. They cause the reflex action of ejaculation. Each male has two of them. During ejaculation, semen moves through the ducts and leaves the body through the penis.


title: Corpus cavernosum penis

paragraphs: The corpus cavernosum penis (or corpus cavernosum urethrae) is one of two sponge-like sections of tissue in the male penis. They contain most of the blood during an erection. The term literally means "cave-like body"

paragraphs: The corpus cavernosum are placed along the length of the penis. They are found along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis. The spongy tissue fills with blood. The blood comes from arteries down the length of the penis. The blood fills the corpora cavernosa. This causes it to swell. When swollen, it holds 90% of the blood involved in an erection. This increases both the length and circumference of the penis.

paragraphs: Blood can leave only through a system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding tissue constricts these veins. This preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result.


title: Torchwood

paragraphs: Torchwood is a British science fiction television programme. It is about a secret organisation protecting the Earth from aliens. It has been shown on TV channels in Britain including BBC One, BBC Two, and BBC Three. It can be viewed on Netflix and is sometimes shown on American TV channels including Starz . The show is a spin off of the British television series "Doctor Who". It follows the Cardiff, Wales section of a secret group called the Torchwood Institute. The Torchwood Institute examines things that aliens cause to happen on Earth. They also collect alien equipment to use.

paragraphs: The series is set in Cardiff, Glamorgan, Wales. Series 1 takes place after "Doctor Who" Series 2. Series 2 takes place in between Doctor Who Series 3 and Series 4. Because the shows are science fiction and some characters live forever, it is hard to track down the exact times in which "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood" overlap.

paragraphs: "Torchwood" stars John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, the leader of the Cardiff Torchwood Institute. Barrowman also played Harkness in Series 1, Series 3 and Series 4 of the current "Doctor Who" (2005). Eve Myles plays Gwen Cooper, a policewoman who joins the group. Gareth David-Lloyd stars as Ianto Jones, a person who helps out and is a love interest of Jack. Jack Harkness, Ianto Jones, and Gwen Cooper are the central cast members. Also, Naoko Mori plays scientist Toshiko Sato. Burn Gorman plays Doctor Owen Harper.

paragraphs: Because the show is set in and around Cardiff, many of the local attractions like the Millennium Centre and Cardiff Bay are shown in the series. Country settings around Glamorgan are also used many times in the series.

paragraphs: The programme is aimed at adults and older teenagers.

paragraphs: The third series is a five episode long story named "Children of Earth". "Children of Earth "has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness, Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper, and Gareth David-Lloyd as Ianto Jones.

paragraphs: The fourth series is a ten episode story named "Miracle Day. Miracle Day" has returning cast members John Barrowman as Captain Jack Harkness and Eve Myles as Gwen Cooper.


title: Bulbourethral gland

paragraphs: A bulbourethral gland (or Cowper's gland) is one of two small glands found in the reproductive system of human males. They are like Bartholin's glands.

paragraphs: Bulbourethral glands are found near the urethra at the base of the penis, between the two layers of the fascia. The bulbourethral glands are about the size of a pea. They appear to slowly get smaller as a person gets older.

paragraphs: They are made of several lobules held together by a fibres.

paragraphs: During sexual arousal each gland makes a clear liquid known as pre-ejaculate or "pre-cum". This fluid helps to lubricate the urethra for sperm to pass through. It also helps clean out any urine or dirt.


title: 380s

paragraphs: Below are some of the important events that happened between 380 and 389.


title: Rugby

paragraphs: The sport of rugby football, which may be played in many different forms or ways:


title: Fermion

paragraphs: A fermion is a category of elementary particles. They are very small and very light. Fermions can be thought of as the building blocks of matter because atoms are made up of fermions. Paul Dirac named them fermions in honor of a famous scientist called Enrico Fermi.

paragraphs: An electron (a charged particle) is a fermion, but a photon (the particle of electromagnetic radiation) is not. The spin numbers of fermions are 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, etc. Because their spin is not a whole number, they follow the Pauli exclusion principle: no two fermions can share a quantum state (which includes position in space), if they have the same quantum numbers, such as spin. In other words, fermions can collide with each other. This behavior is not in the other class of elementary particles called bosons: you can have many bosons, for example photons, in the same place at the same time. The motion of fermions follows the Fermi-Dirac statistics.

paragraphs: Most well known fermions have spin of 1/2. An example of a type of fermion with a spin of 1/2 is the electron. The electron belongs to a group of fermions called leptons.

paragraphs: Fundamental fermions (fermions that are not made up of anything else) are either quarks or leptons. There are 6 different types of quarks (called "flavours") and 6 different types of leptons. These are their names:

paragraphs: Each of these fermions also has an anti-particle associated with it, so there are a total of 24 different fundamental fermions. The anti-particle is similar to the original particle, but with opposite electrical charge. The "up", "charm", and "top" quarks have electrical charge of +2/3. Their anti-particles have charge -2/3 (anti-up, anti-charm, anti-top). The other three quarks (down, strange and bottom) have charge -1/3, and their anti-particles have charge +1/3. The electron, muon, and tau leptons all have charge of -1, and their anti-particles (anti-electron or "positron", anti-muon, anti-tau) have charge +1. All the neutrinos and anti-neutrinos have charge 0. The main difference between quarks or leptons with the same charge is their mass.

paragraphs: The supersymmetric counterpart of any fermion is called a "sfermion."


title: Boson

paragraphs: A boson is a particle which carries a force. It has a whole number spin ("spin" is a property of subatomic particles). Bosons carry energy.

paragraphs: A photon is an example of a boson as it has a spin of 1 and carries electromagnetism. Mesons are also bosons as they carry nuclear force.

paragraphs: Bosons are different from fermions, which are particles that make up matter, because bosons obey Bose-Einstein statistics. (This means that you can put two of them in the same place at the same time; the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply.)

paragraphs: Gauge bosons carry fundamental forces. There are three known gauge bosons, which are elementary particles. For example, the photon carries the electromagnetic force. The three types of gauge bosons are: photons for electromagnetism, gluons (eight kinds) for strong force, and W and Z bosons (three kinds) for weak force. Other theoretical gauge bosons are predicted, such as gravitons for gravity. The Higgs boson is another fundamental particle of a type called a scalar boson.

paragraphs: Paul Dirac named this class of particles "bosons" in honour of a famous scientist called Satyendra Nath Bose.


title: Jürgen Klinsmann

paragraphs: Jürgen Klinsmann (born 30 July 1964 in Göppingen) is a German football player who started in Stuttgart, a club in Germany, when he was seventeen. In 1990 he won the FIFA World Cup with the Germany national team. Later, he also played for Internazionale Milano, Monaco, Tottenham Hotspur and Bayern Munich. In 2004 he became the coach of Germany national team, that was third in the World Cup of 2006.Taking his place in the German team is Joachim Löw. Since August 2011 Klinsmann is coaching the American soccer national team.

paragraphs: Before Jürgen Klinsmann became a professional soccer player, he worked as a baker-associated in the baker's shop of his father in Stuttgart-Botnang. In the youth he played by Geislingen. The first station of his professional career was Stuttgarter Kickers. His career as player ended in 1998 after the World cup in France, as Germany was separated versus Croatia from the tournament. He played for the U-21 and the U-16 team of Germany, after that he played ten years for the A-Team. 1988 by the Summer Olympics in Seoul he had won the bronze medal. Jürgen Klinsmann has played 221 Bundesliga games and shot 110 goals there. In the national team of Germany he played 108 games and 47 goals. He shot by the World cups 1990, 1994 and 1998 altogether eleven goal and is after Gerd Müller the German player with the most Worldcup-goals.In August 2004 he became the national coach of Germany.At the World Cup 2006 in Germany he won the bronze medal.After that he resigned.From the 1st June 2008 he coached Bayern Munich until he was dismissed on the 27th April 2009.


title: Quintana Roo

paragraphs: Quintana Roo is a Mexican state in the South. Its capital is Chetumal, the name "Quintana Roo " is from a military general. The most money comes from tourism, for example


title: Pilosa

paragraphs: Pilosa is an order of mammals in the superorder "Xenarthra".

paragraphs: To this order belong the sloths, suborder "Folivora" and the anteaters, suborder "Vermilingua".


title: Dead Kennedys

paragraphs: Dead Kennedys were a hardcore punk band from San Francisco. The band was led by Jello Biafra. Other original members were Klaus Fluoride, D.H. Peligro, and East Bay Ray. The band played songs with strong political messages. During the 1980s, they had many fans in the punk rock music scene.

paragraphs: The Dead Kennedys formed in June 1978. In 1980, one of their songs called "California Über Alles" became popular in the punk music scene. In 1980, they recorded and released a song called "Holiday in Cambodia". That same year, they made their first album, "Fresh Fruit for Rotting Vegetables". In the early 1980s, the band toured all over the United States, Europe, and Australia.

paragraphs: In July of 1987, the band broke up. After they broke up, they were charged with the crime of obscenity. A person saw the band's album "Frankenchrist" and complained to the Attorney General for the State of California and to Los Angeles prosecutors. The album included a picture that showed nine penises. In August 1987, the criminal trial ended but the jury could not make a decision. The album was banned from many record stores in the United States.