title: Futurism

paragraphs: Futurism was a modern art and social movement which originated in Italy in the early 20th century. It was largely an Italian phenomenon, though there were parallel movements in Russia, England and elsewhere. The Futurists practiced in every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre, movies, fashion, textiles, literature, music, architecture and even gastronomy.

paragraphs: The founder of Futurism and its most influential personality was the Italian writer Filippo Tommaso Marinetti. Marinetti launched the movement in his "Futurist Manifesto", which he published for the first time on 5 February 1909 in "La gazzetta dell'Emilia". This article was reprinted in the French daily newspaper "Le Figaro" on 20 February 1909. Marinetti was soon joined by the painters Umberto Boccioni, Carlo Carrà, Giacomo Balla, Gino Severini and the composer Luigi Russolo.

paragraphs: Marinetti expressed a passionate loathing of everything old, especially political and artistic tradition. "We want no part of it, the past", he wrote, "we the young and strong "Futurists!"" The Futurists admired speed, technology, youth and violence, the car, the airplane and the industrial city, all that represented the technological triumph of humanity over nature, and they were passionate nationalists. They repudiated the cult of the past and all imitation, praised originality, "however daring, however violent", bore proudly "the smear of madness", dismissed art critics as useless, rebelled against harmony and good taste, swept away all the themes and subjects of all previous art, and gloried in science.

paragraphs: Publishing manifestos was a feature of Futurism, and the Futurists (usually led or prompted by Marinetti) wrote them on many topics, including painting, architecture, religion, clothing and cooking.

paragraphs: The founding manifesto did not contain a positive artistic programme. The Futurists attempted to create it in their subsequent "Technical Manifesto of Futurist Painting". This committed them to a "universal dynamism", which was to be directly represented in painting.

paragraphs: In practice, much of their work was influenced by Cubism, and indeed their images "were" more dynamic than those of Picasso and Braque. The phrase 'plastic dynamism' has been used to describe their early work.

paragraphs: One of the greatest patrons and financier of Futurism in Milan was the business magnante Antonio Bernocchi, he was also the creator and producer of the first example of Italian industrial design, inspired by futurism, that became known as ""Luminator Bernocchi"".

paragraphs: Many Italian Futurists supported Fascism in the hope of modernizing the country. Italy was divided between the industrial north and the rural, archaic South. Like the Fascists, the Futurists were Italian nationalists, radicals, admirers of violence, and were opposed to parliamentary democracy. Marinetti was one of the first members of the National Fascist Party. He soon found the Fascists were not radical enough for him, but he supported Italian Fascism until his death in 1944.

paragraphs: The Futurists' association with Fascism after its triumph in 1922 brought them official acceptance in Italy and the ability to carry out important work, especially in architecture. After the Second World War, many Futurist artists had difficulty in their careers because of their association with a defeated and discredited regime.

paragraphs: The Futurists renewed themselves again and again until Marinetti's death.

paragraphs: Futurism influenced many other twentieth century art movements, including Art Deco, Vorticism, Constructivism, Surrealism and Dadaism. Futurism was, like science fiction, in part overtaken by 'the future'.

paragraphs: Nonetheless, the ideals of futurism remain as part of modern Western culture: the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology is expressed in much of modern cinema and culture. Ridley Scott used design ideas of Sant'Elia in "Blade Runner".

paragraphs: Echoes of Marinetti's thought, especially his "dreamt-of metallization of the human body", are still strongly prevalent in Japanese culture, and surface in manga/anime and the works of artists such as Shinya Tsukamoto, director of the ""Tetsuo"" (lit. "Ironman") films.

paragraphs: Futurism influenced the literary genre of cyberpunk. Artists who came to prominence in the first flush of the internet, such as Stelarc and Mariko Mori, produced work influenced by Futurist ideas. A revival of sorts of the Futurist movement began in 1988 with the creation of the Neo-Futurist style of theatre in Chicago, which uses Futurism's focus on speed and brevity to create a new form of immediate theatre. There are active Neo-Futurist troupes in Chicago, New York, and Montreal.


title: Nine Lessons and Carols

paragraphs: The Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols is a form of church service used at Christmas in the Anglican Church. There are nine lessons (readings) and between each reading there is a carol sung, either by the choir on its own or by the whole congregation. The story is told from the beginning of the Bible in which Adam disobeys God, to the coming of the baby Jesus.

paragraphs: The form of the service was started by Edward White Benson who was Bishop of Truro in Cornwall, for use on Christmas Eve (24 December) 1880. The service is now used by other churches all over the world, not just in Anglican churches, but also in some Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. In the UK, the service has become the standard form for schools' Christmas carol services.

paragraphs: The best-known Nine Lessons and Carols service is the one held in King's College, Cambridge every Christmas. The choir carols are sung by the famous Choir. This service has been broadcast by the BBC for more than half a century.

paragraphs: The first Festival of Nine Lessons and Carols at King's College, Cambridge, was held on Christmas Eve in 1918. The music at the first service was directed by Arthur Henry Mann, who was the organist from 1876 to 1929. The choir had 16 trebles which was the number that Henry VI said there must be when he founded the college. Until 1927 the men in the choir were choral scholars and lay clerks. Today, 14 undergraduates from the Choir of King's College, Cambridge, sing the men's parts.

paragraphs: The service was first broadcast by the British Broadcasting Corporation in 1928 and, except for 1930, has been broadcast every year since, even throughout World War II in spite of the stained glass having been removed from the Chapel and the lack of heating. The service is slightly different today: not all the readings are from the Bible. Most of the carols are sung by the choir. There are generally more than nine carols. The service starts with the famous carol "Once in Royal David's City". Verse one is always sung as an unaccompanied solo by one of the boys in the choir. The boy is not told that he is the one who has been chosen to sing the solo until just before the service begins.

paragraphs: Since 1982 the Director of Music has been Stephen Cleobury. Each year he commissions a composer to write a new carol for the Choir. The service ends with the carol "O Come all ye faithful". This is followed by the Organ Voluntary: "In Dulci Jubilo" (BWV 729) by Johann Sebastian Bach and then another Organ Piece (which is heard on the radio but not on television).


Bearing


title: Babbitt metal

paragraphs: Babbitt metal is a metal that has very little friction. It is used for bearings. It can be made from tin, copper, antimony, or lead. Normally it is a certain mixture of these metals. It is very soft. There are harder and softer parts in it, though. This creates small holes where grease can go in when the soft parts rub away. An item with bearings could be a fidget spinner or a bicycle wheel.


title: Zinc aluminium

paragraphs: Zinc aluminium, also called ZA, are alloys of zinc and aluminium. They make good bearings. They work similar to Babbitt metal. Different amounts of aluminium can be added to make different properties. The percentage of aluminium can be known by a number. ZA8 means there is 8% aluminium.


title: Nickel silver

paragraphs: Nickel silver, sometimes called German silver, is an alloy. It normally has copper, nickel, and zinc in it. Despite the name, it does not contain any real silver. It is common in utensils. It is also used in cymbals, keys, zippers, and musical instruments. Some coins use nickel silver. It is sometimes used to trick people into thinking it is silver. A German industrial chemist named E.A. Geitner discovered nickel silver in the early 19th century.


title: Pope Innocent III

paragraphs: Pope Innocent III (; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 177th Pope from 1198 until his death in 1216.

paragraphs: Lotario di Conti was born at Anagni in central Italy. His father was Count Trasimund of Segni who was a member of the Conti family.

paragraphs: During the short reigns of Pope Lucius III, Pope Urban III, Pope Gregory VIII, and Pope Clement III, he served in the church bureaucracy.

paragraphs: In 1190, Clement III raised him to the rank of Cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Segni was unanimously elected pope on January 8, 1198; and he took the name of Innocent III.

paragraphs: Pope Innocent was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Pope Innocent promoted the theory that the spiritual power of the church was greater than than any king or emperor. Innocent was the first pope to form a Papal state.

paragraphs: Innocent III was responsible for starting the Fourth Crusade, the Albigensian Crusade, and the Fifth Crusade.

paragraphs: In 1215, Innocent brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Fourth Lateran Council.


title: Debby Boone

paragraphs: Debby Boone (born Deborah Ann Boone on September 22, 1956) is a singer, songwriter, and children's book author. She is the daughter of singer Pat Boone. She has won three Grammy Awards; in 1977, 1980 and 1984.


title: Flops

paragraphs: FLOPS is an acronym for "Floating point Operations per Second". The FLOPS is a measure of a computer's performance, especially in the fields of calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations. It is like the older measure of instructions per second.


title: Satyr

paragraphs: A satyr is a creature from Greek mythology. They are usually depicted with the upper half of a human and the legs of a goat, and horns on their heads. Satyrs were usually companions of Dionysus and Pan. They are often shown in art chasing after nymphs and were associated with nature and fertility. Sometimes satyrs were figured as the leader of drunks and pageantry.


title: Sigur Rós discography

paragraphs: This page is about the music of the Icelandic band Sigur Rós.


title: White-tailed deer

paragraphs: The white-tailed deer is a type of deer that is found throughout most of North America, and only some in South America. The white-tailed deer were also brought over to Europe and New Zealand.

paragraphs: The white-tailed deer is normally between around 57 and 137 kilograms (125 to 301 pounds) in weight. Its body is between 160 and 220 centimeters (63 to 86 inches) long. It is mostly colored brown, but can also be greyish or reddish in winter and summer. Male white-tailed deer have large antlers. These fall off in the winter. The white-tailed deer mostly lives between two and three years long. Sometimes, though, they will live for more than ten years.

paragraphs: This type of deer is quite shy. When they are scared, they run very fast, and wave their tails. They mostly stay alone and in the same location throughout the year. During the autumn, the deer engage in mating.

paragraphs: They mostly eat vegetation like tree leaves or smaller plants. The deer feed mostly during the morning and evening.

paragraphs: Predators of the white-tailed deer include wolves, coyotes, bears and mountain lions, as well as humans.


title: Great northern bean

paragraphs: Great Northern beans are beans that are white colored. They are also light in flavor. They have a shape like a Lima bean except it is a little bit shorter than a Lima bean.


title: Frederick de Houtman

paragraphs: Frederick de Houtman (1571 – 21 October 1627) was a Dutch explorer. In 1619, on his way to Batavia, he sailed the western coast of Australia.


title: Jigsaw puzzle

paragraphs: A jigsaw puzzle is a puzzle with pieces in it. Most people think it is harder than normal puzzles. It is usually used as children's toy.

paragraphs: Jigsaw puzzles come in many variations, for example they can vary in number of pieces. Standard puzzles contain from 300 to 1000 pieces. The largest commercially sold puzzle had 32,256 pieces. Versions designed for children come in great variety of puzzle piece sizes. Some puzzles are made double-sided so they contain 2 different puzzles on each side.

paragraphs: There are also 3D jigsaw puzzles. Most of them are made of wood or styrofoam.

paragraphs: There are many jigsaw games available for computers and mobile devices too. Computers have the advantage of interactivity, for example some companies offer you to make custom puzzles based on your photo sent to them.

paragraphs: There is also the last type of a jigsaw puzzle, it is considered a 3D puzzle but made from a 2D pieces. After you assemble pieces in 2D, you bend and adjust the whole creation to make to 3D model.


title: Googie

paragraphs: Googie is the term given to a type of architecture and art in the United States in the 20th century. It is also called Doo Wop, Atomic age, or populuxe. It was very futuristic, echoing themes of the 1950s as a whole. Some of Googie architecture was based on what spaceships look like. It started in California soon after World War II and spread to the rest of the United States in the 1950s. Many of the buildings built in the Googie style were coffee shops, bowling alleys and motels.


title: Sharecropping

paragraphs: Sharecropping is a term for when one person farms another person's land, and then the two share what is produced. Sharecroppers are almost always poor, and are often in debt to landowners or other people. Sharecropping was very common in the Southern United States after the Civil War and the end of slavery. At that time, many African-Americans sharecropped on the land that they had once farmed as slaves. Sharecropping was part of the system of "Jim Crow", which kept blacks poor and not really citizens.

paragraphs: Sharecropping became more common in the Southern United States when slavery was abolished. During the 20th century it became rare there.


title: President of South Korea

paragraphs: The President of the Republic of Korea () is the head of state, leader of the executive of the South Korean government and the commander in chief of the South Korean Armed Forces

paragraphs: The president is directly elected by the people to a five-year term, with no possibility of re-election. While in office, the chief executive lives in Cheong Wa Dae (the "Blue House").

paragraphs: Moon Jae-in, former human rights lawyer and chief of staff to then-President Roh Moo-hyun, became President of South Korea on 10 May 2017.

paragraphs: If the National Assembly votes against a presidential decision, it will be declared void immediately.

paragraphs: As of , four former presidents are alive:

paragraphs: The longest-lived President was Yun Bo-seon, who died on July 18, 1990 (at the age of ).

paragraphs: The most recent President to die was Kim Young-sam, who died on November 22, 2015 (at the age of ).


title: Pierre Auguste Cot

paragraphs: Pierre Auguste Cot (17 February 1837 – July 1883) was a French painter. Today he is counted as being part of the Academic art movement. He is also known for his portraits. He studied painting in Toulouse and Paris. His teachers were Léon Cogniet, Alexandre Cabanel and William Bouguereau, amongst others. He won various prizes for his paintings, and in 1874, he is made Chevalier of the Legion of Honour. He died at the age of 46.


title: Normal force

paragraphs: Normal force is the force that the ground (or any surface) pushes back up with.

paragraphs: If there was no normal force, you'd be slowly seeping into the ground.

paragraphs: The normal force on a object is always perpendicular (at a right angle) to the surface the object is on.

paragraphs: On a flat surface, the normal force of an object is formula_1 (the object's weight, that is its mass multiplied by the force of gravity).

paragraphs: On an inclined plane, the normal force is reduced by the angle, and the normal force is formula_2.

paragraphs: Note that on a flat surface, formula_3 would be 0, and so formula_4 would be 1. Thus, the two equations are equal.


title: Zeebo

paragraphs: The Zeebo is a video games console. It was released by Zeebo Inc in 2009 in Brazil and Mexico. It was released in 2010 in India & Russia. It has wireless capabilities. Players can go online with the console.


title: Grade (education)

paragraphs: Grades are a teacher's evaluation of a student's performance. They are often letters (e.g. A, B, C, D, F,) or numbers (e.g. 1-10.), although in some countries they do not use either of these systems.

paragraphs: Letter grades are most commonly used in the United States and some others. The grades D or C are usually enough to pass.

paragraphs: Grades can also be on a number scale. Typically a midpoint score is a pass. Sometimes the numbers can go in descending order to indicate better performance.

paragraphs: A "Grade Point Average", or GPA, takes the grade(s) of a student and assigns point values to them. These points are added up and divided to calculate the GPA.

paragraphs: Simple grades can be found with this formula:

paragraphs: The grade is the answer to that formula turned into a percent.

paragraphs: This is the type of grading the United States uses the most:


title: Elaphrosaurus

paragraphs: Elaphrosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 150 million years ago. It was 15 feet long, and weighed 450 pounds.

paragraphs: "Elaphrosaurus" was a slender, fast, and agile predator that probably preyed on small ornithopods, such as "Dryosaurus".

paragraphs: The type specimen was found in the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. It was a nearly complete skeleton, but unfortunately, it lacked a skull. Since its body was similar to ornithomimids, it was originally thought to be the earliest ornithomimid. However, later studies showed that it is actually a ceratosaur. There is one named species, "Elaphrosaurus bambergi". Remains very similar to it have also been found in the Morrison Formation in the western United States. These may possibly belong to "Elaphrosaurus", indicating that this dinosaur had a wider range than previously thought.


title: United States Numbered Highways

paragraphs: The United States Numbered Highways is a national system of roads in the United States. These roads connect to places across the country. Some of the roads are freeways, which means cars must use ramps in order to get on or off the road, but others are surface roads. Many U.S. Highways, such as U.S. Route 66, have had their numbers removed because of the creation of the Interstate Highway System.

paragraphs: U.S. highways have a special way to figure out their numbers. The main U.S. Highways usually have numbers with 1 or 2 digits. An exception is U.S. Route 101, which is a 3-digit route that is treated like a 2-digit route with a first digit of "10". U.S. Highways that run east/west are even numbers (2, 4, 6, 8, or 0), and north/south U.S. Highways are odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, or 9). For east/west U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the east and the big numbers are in the west. For north/south U.S. Highways, the small numbers are in the north and the big numbers are in the south. The important east/west U.S. Highways usually have numbers ending in "0" and the important north/south U.S. Highways have numbers ending in "1". Many of the routes ending in "0" or "1" used to go across the country, but no longer do because of the Interstate Highway System.

paragraphs: U.S. Highways that have 3-digit numbers are spurs of a 1 or 2 digit highway. For example, U.S. Route 201 is a spur of U.S. Route 1.

paragraphs: U.S. Route 2 is considered a major U.S. Highway even though it does not end in "0". U.S. Route 163, U.S. Route 400, U.S. Route 412, and U.S. Route 425 have 3-digit numbers that do not act as a spur of a 1 or 2 digit route.


title: Indentured servant

paragraphs: An indentured servant was a worker in a contract with an employer for a certain length of time. Usually a laborer or craftsman would have to work three to seven years in exchange for the cost of transportation across the ocean, food, clothing, land, a place to live and other things they needed to live or work during their contract. This kind of contract was called "indenture." Indentures were quite common in Colonial America in the 17th and 18th centuries.

paragraphs: Many immigrants arrived in Colonial America as indentured servants. Their new master paid a ship's captain for the worker's trip across the Atlantic Ocean. Most were young men and women from England, Scotland and Germany under the age of 21. Their parents often made the arrangements. In the 17th and early 18th century, most people who came to America were indentured servants.

paragraphs: Indentured servants often had to do very hard labor on a farm or in a household. Often, they were no more than slaves for their indentures. During the 17th century, over half of indentured servants died before their indentures ended.

paragraphs: In the 17th century, when a person had served an indenture, they usually received a piece of land, usually 40 acres. However, by the 1690s, indentured servants were not getting land as much. This to led an attack on the Virginia government by Nathaniel Bacon and other indentured servants called Bacon's Rebellion. After Bacon's Rebellion, the number of indentured servants decreased, and the South turned to slaves for its labor.

paragraphs: This type of contract has been common throughout world history in different forms. Usually the worker became an indentured servant by choice.

paragraphs: Some people claim that practices in the United Arab Emirates are examples of modern-day indentured servitude. Many workers from India and Pakistan must pay agents in their own countries for jobs in the Emirates. The recruiting agents take the workers passports after they enter the country. The workers do not know when they will get their passports back. The indentured servants get basic food and housing and transportation to the work place.

paragraphs: The United Nations passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Article 4 of the Declaration says that indenture, or servitude, is illegal. However, only laws in each country can stop it. In America, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 expanded the definition of servitude.


title: National Organization for Women

paragraphs: The National Organization for Women (NOW) is the largest feminist organization in the United States. It was founded by Betty Friedan in 1966. About half a million people are members. It was one of the groups that wanted the Equal Rights Amendment and other ways to make women equal to men.

paragraphs: The following women have led the National Organization for Women;

paragraphs: The National Organization for Women has opposed tries to make men and women equal in the law. One of the biggest things they have opposed is shared parenting.


title: Cnemidophorus

paragraphs: Cnemidophorus is a genus of lizards which belong to the family of Teiidae, which are commonly referred to as whiptail lizards or racerunners. Over 30% of the "Cnemidophorus" genus are parthenogenic.


title: Toxicofera

paragraphs: Toxicofera (Greek or Latin for "those who carry toxins"), is a hypothetical clade of living Squamata (lizards and snakes). It includes about 4600 living species. This is all venomous reptile species, plus related non-venomous species.

paragraphs: The clade was identified when research showed that the evolution of venom was very ancient, and that it might have occurred only once.

paragraphs: The Toxicofera combines the following groups from traditional classification:


title: Balaur

paragraphs: Balaur is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Europe during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70 million years ago. It is unique because, unlike most other dromaeosaurs, it had two sickle claws on each foot, not just one.

paragraphs: It was discovered in 2010. "Balaur" lived on a large prehistoric island called Hateg Island. Seventy million years ago, sea levels were much higher than they are today. Europe was an archipelago of islands. Possibly because it was relatively isolated from other dinosaurs, "Balaur" developed unique features. "Balaur" was relatively small, with an overall length of about . This would be an example of island dwarfism.

paragraphs: There is one known species, "Balaur bondoc". "Balaur" was a velociraptorine. Studies have shown that it is most closely related to the famous Asian dromaeosaurid "Velociraptor".


title: Book of Optics

paragraphs: The Book of Optics is a book that was written by Ibn al Haytham (965–1040 CE), an Arabic scientist and polymath. It was a seven-volume treatise on optics, physics, mathematics, anatomy and psychology, from 1011 to 1021. It was originally written in Arabic and was later translated into Persian, Latin and Italian within the next several centuries. The book had an important influence on the development of optics and on science in general because it introduced the experimental scientific method. Ibn al-Haytham has been called the "father of modern optics". Ibn al-Haytham wrote more than 200 works on a wide range of subjects, of which at least 96 of his scientific works are known.


title: Letter (paper)

paragraphs: A letter is a message in writing that is sent to others, often by post (mail). The sender addresses it to the intended reader. For example:

paragraphs: Letter is more personal and official than phone conversation or an email.


title: Tobolsk

paragraphs: Tobolsk () is part of the Tyumen Oblast in Russia. It is near many rivers. It is one of the few towns in Russia that have stone fortresses, known as kremlins. According to the census in 2002, 92,880 people live inside it. Its economy depends mostly on its oil. In February 1917, Nicholas II abdicated the throne, and his family, including his youngest daughter Anastasia, were moved to Tobolsk.


title: Princess Helen of Serbia

paragraphs: Princess Helen of Serbia (4 November 1884 – 16 October 1962) was the daughter of King Peter I of Yugoslavia and his wife Princess Zorka of Montenegro. She was the older sister of George, Crown Prince of Serbia and Alexander I of Yugoslavia. Helen was also a niece of Anastasia of Montenegro, or Stana, wife of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia, and of Milica of Montenegro. They were the women who introduced Grigori Rasputin to Tsarina Alexandra. She was born as "Princess Jelena of Serbia". Her mother died when she was younger, so she was brought up mostly by her aunts. After she was married, she was known as "Elena Petrovna", "Jelena Petrovna", "Hélène Petrovna" or "Ellen Petrovna". Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna of Russia liked her very much. After the Imperial family died, she was questioned about Anastasia Nikolaevna. When she was put in prison for a short time at Perm in 1918, she said that a guard took a girl who called herself Anastasia Romanova to her cell and asked her if the girl was the Tsar's daughter. When she did not recognize the girl, the guard took her away.


title: Lithography

paragraphs: Lithography (from Greek "λίθος" - "lithos", 'stone' + "γράφω" - "graphο", 'to write') is a method for printing using a stone (lithographic limestone) or a metal (steel or aluminium) plate with a completely smooth surface.

paragraphs: Lithography was invented in 1796 by Bavarian author Alois Senefelder as a low-cost method of publishing theatrical works. Lithography can be used to print text or artwork onto paper or other suitable material.

paragraphs: Lithography originally used an image drawn in wax or other oily substance applied to a lithographic stone as the medium to transfer ink to the printed sheet. In modern times, the image is often made of polymer applied to a flexible aluminium plate.

paragraphs: The flat surface of the plate or stone is slightly roughened, or etched, and divided into hydrophilic (= water-loving) regions that accept a film of water and repel the greasy ink, and hydrophobic regions which repel water and accept ink. The image may be printed directly from the stone or plate (in which case it is reversed from the original image) or may be offset by transfer to a flexible sheet, usually rubber, for transfer to the printed article.

paragraphs: This process is different from gravure or intaglio printing where a plate is engraved, etched or stippled to make cavities to contain the printing ink, and in woodblock printing and letterpress where ink is applied to the raised surfaces of letters or images.

paragraphs: In the early days of lithography, a smooth piece of limestone was used (hence the name "lithography"—"lithos" (λιθος) is the ancient Greek word for stone). After the oil-based image was put on the surface, a solution of gum arabic in water was applied, the gum sticking only to the non-oily surface. During printing, water adhered to the gum arabic surfaces and avoided the oily parts, while the oily ink used for printing did the opposite.

paragraphs: Chromolithography (colour lithography) was invented by Engelmann and son, who were granted a patent in 1837. After that, it was a matter of time before it reached full commercial development.

paragraphs: By using more than one stone, different colours can be added to the same picture. Each colour needs a separate stone. The great posters of such artists as Alphonse Mucha and Toulouse-Lautrec are made like this. Complicated graphics may need twenty or more stones.


title: Eve's Plum

paragraphs: Eve's Plum was an American rock band. The band existed from 1991 to 1998.


title: Sulla

paragraphs: Lucius Cornelius Sulla (c. 138 BC – 78 BC), usually called Sulla, was a Roman general and statesman. He was a "praetor" (a commander of an army) in 97 BC, and held the office of Consul twice. He was the only man in history to have attacked and kept both Athens and Rome.

paragraphs: Sulla unconstitutionally marched his armies into Rome and defeated his enemy Gaius Marius in battle. After his second march on Rome, he revived the office of dictator. Sulla was made Dictator in 81 or 82 BC. He had the Senate draw up a list of those he considered "enemies of the state" and published the list in the Roman Forum. Plutarch states in his "Life of Sulla" (XXXI): "Sulla now began to make blood flow, and he filled the city with deaths without number or limit".

paragraphs: This was remembered when Caesar became Dictator.


title: Doric language (Scotland)

paragraphs: Doric is the language of the people of the northeast of Scotland.


title: Norm Maciver

paragraphs: Norman Steven Maciver (born September 8, 1964 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman who played in the National Hockey League as a member of the New York Rangers, Hartford Whalers, Edmonton Oilers, Ottawa Senators, Pittsburgh Penguins, and the Winnipeg Jets/Phoenix Coyotes franchise.

paragraphs: MacIver was never drafted by an NHL franchise and instead took the university route in order to reach the NHL. The defenceman played four seasons with the University of Minnesota Duluth and in 1985-86 was a finalist for the Hobey Baker Award, awarded to the NCAA's top player. While playing at the University of Minnesota, MacIver earned a communications degree and signed as a free agent with the NHL's New York Rangers upon graduation.

paragraphs: He played 500 regular season games in the NHL, scoring 55 goals and 230 assists for 285 points and collecting 350 penalty minutes. A career highlight came during the Ottawa Senators' debut season of 1992-93, when Maciver led the team in scoring with 17 goals and 46 assists for 63 points in 80 games. In the spring of 1996, he scored the final goal in Winnipeg Jets' history prior to the team's relocation to Phoenix in the sixth game of a first round playoff series against the Detroit Red Wings. After retirement he became an assistant coach for the American Hockey League's Springfield Falcons from 2000 to 2003, and then the NHL's Boston Bruins from 2003 to 2006.

paragraphs: Maciver is currently an amateur scout with the NHL's Chicago Blackhawks.


title: Shortening

paragraphs: Shortening is a semisolid fat used in baking. It makes foods crumbly. Shortening doesn't smoke as easily as butter or oil, and it is 100% fat. Butter is 80% fat. It works by stopping long gluten polymers from forming in the food. It does not need to be refrigerated. It also is cheaper than butter. It can make foods last longer.

paragraphs: Shortening is made from hydrogenated oils, which have trans fats in them. Trans fats can cause heart attacks. People making shortening try to take out the trans fats.


title: Semisolid

paragraphs: A semisolid is a substance that is in between a solid and a liquid. Another name for a semi-solid is a quasi-solid. Mayonnaise is an example of a semi-solid. Mayonnaise does not hold its shape like a solid but does not flow like a liquid. A substance like gel or cream is another example of a semi-solid. Normally semi-solids are covalent things. Covalent substances get softer and softer until they melt. Ionic substances melt at one temperature and do not get softer. Butter can be a semisolid when it is warm. Butter does not hold its shape but it does not flow like a liquid. Paint is also a semisolid.It is highly viscous [semi-solids]


title: Hydrogenation

paragraphs: Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen to organic compounds. It is done to alkenes.

paragraphs: Vegetable oils have alkenes in them. Alkenes are liquid and spoil easily. People making shortening add hydrogen to the alkene, turning it into an alkane. The alkanes are more solid and stable. A catalyst is used to react the hydrogen with the oil. This makes trans fats, though. Margarine is an example of a hydrogenated spread.

paragraphs: Other things can be hydrogenated, too. Hot nitrogen is reacted with hydrogen under high pressure with a catalyst, usually nickel to make ammonia gas.


title: Quiche

paragraphs: A quiche (Pronounced: "keesh") is a type of pie. It is savory. It normally has a pie crust. The filling is made of eggs. Meat and/or vegetables and cheese are sometimes also in the filling. Sometimes people use sliced broccli to decorate it."


title: Brigid

paragraphs: Brigid is the Irish goddess of fire. She is also called Bride, Bridey, Brighid, Brigit, Briggidda, Brigantia, and Breo-saighead. According to legend she was born at dawn, rising into the sky with fire streaming from her head. The daughter of an Irish god, Dagda, she later married an Irish king, Bres.


title: Bradyon

paragraphs: Bradyons, also known as tardyons or ittyons, are very small particles that travel below the speed of light, as opposed to hypothetical tachyons (which travel above the speed of light). All known subatomic particles which have mass are bradyons.


title: Higgs field

paragraphs: The Higgs field is a field of energy that is thought to exist in every region of the universe. The field is accompanied by a fundamental particle known as the Higgs boson, which is used by the field to continuously interact with other particles, such as the electron. Particles that interact with the field are "given" mass and, in a similar fashion to an object passing through a treacle (or molasses), will become slower as they pass through it. The result of a particle "gaining" mass from the field is the prevention of its ability to travel at the speed of light.

paragraphs: Mass itself is not generated by the Higgs field; the act of creating matter or energy from nothing would violate the laws of conservation. Mass is, however, gained by particles via their Higgs field interactions with the Higgs Boson. Higgs bosons contain the relative mass in the form of energy and once the field has endowed a formerly massless particle, the particle in question will slow down as it has now become "heavy".

paragraphs: If the Higgs field did not exist, particles would not have the mass required to attract one another, and would float around freely at light speed. Also, gravity would not exist because mass would not be there to attract other mass.

paragraphs: Giving mass to an object is referred to as the Higgs effect. This effect will transfer mass or energy to any particle that passes through it. Light that passes through it gains energy, not mass, because its wave form doesn't have mass, while its particle form constantly travels at light speed.

paragraphs: The Higgs effect was first theorized in 1968 by writers of the PRL symmetry breaking papers. In 1964, three teams wrote scientific papers which proposed related but different approaches to explain how mass could arise in local gauge theories.

paragraphs: In 2013 the Higgs boson, and implicitly the Higgs effect, were tentatively proven at the Large Hadron Collider (and the Higgs boson was discovered on July 4th, 2012). The effect was seen as finding a missing piece of the Standard Model.

paragraphs: According to gauge theory (the theory underlying the Standard Model), all force-carrying particles should be massless. However, the force-particles that mediate the weak force have mass. This is due to the Higgs effect, which breaks the SU(2) symmetry; (SU stands for special unitary, a type of matrix, and 2 refers to the size of the matrices involved).

paragraphs: A symmetry of a system is an operation done to a system, such as rotation or displacement, that leaves the system fundamentally unchanged. A symmetry also provides a rule for how something should always act unless acted on by an outside force. An example is a Rubik's Cube. If we take a Rubik's cube and scrambled it by making whatever moves we want, it is still possible to solve it. Since each move we make still leaves the Rubik's cube solvable, we can say that these moves are 'symmetries' of the Rubik's cube. Together, they form what we call the symmetry group of the Rubik's cube. Making any of these moves doesn't change the puzzle, always leaving it solvable. But, we can break this symmetry by doing something like taking the cube apart, and putting it back together in a completely wrong way. No matter what moves we try now, it is not possible to solve the cube. Breaking the cube apart and putting it back together in the wrong way is the 'outside force': Without this outside force, nothing we do to the cube makes it unsolvable. The symmetry of the Rubik's cube is that it stays solvable whatever moves we make, as long as we don't take apart the cube.

paragraphs: The way that the SU(2) symmetry is broken is known as "spontaneous symmetry breaking". Spontaneous means random or unexpected, Symmetries are the rules that are being changed, and Breaking refers to the fact that the symmetries are no longer the same. The result of spontaneously breaking the SU(2) symmetry can be a Higgs boson.

paragraphs: The Higgs effect occurs because nature "tends" towards the lowest energy state. The Higgs effect will happen because gauge bosons near a Higgs field will want to be in their lowest energy states, and this would break at least one symmetry.

paragraphs: To justify giving mass to a would-be massless particle, scientists were forced to do something out of the ordinary. They assumed that vacuums (empty space) actually "had" energy, and that way, if a particle that we think of as massless were to enter it, the energy from the vacuum would be transferred into that particle, giving it mass. A mathematician named Jeffrey Goldstone proved that if you violate a symmetry, (for example, a symmetry with a Rubik's cube would be if you state that the corners must always be rotated 0 or 3 times to be solvable (it works)), a reaction will occur. In the case of the Rubik's cube, the cube will become unsolvable if violated. In the case of the Higgs field, something named after Jeffrey Goldstone (and another scientist who worked with him named Yoichiro Nambu) is produced, a Nambu-Goldstone boson. This is an excited or energetic form of the vacuum, which can be graphed revealing that shown above. This was first explained by Peter Higgs.


title: Lance Hoyt

paragraphs: Lance Hoyt (born February 28, 1977 in Gause, Texas) is an American professional wrestler. Hoyt is currently signed to New Japan Pro Wrestling where he wrestles under the ring name, Lance Archer.

paragraphs: Hoyt is known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he worked from 2004-2009 under the ring name Dallas.

paragraphs: In 2010, he was part or Florida Championship Wrestling under the ring name Vance Archer. He also competed on theie ECW brand.

paragraphs: In 2011, he moved to Japan where he became part of New Japan Pro Wrestling.


title: Equal Rights Amendment

paragraphs: The Equal Rights Amendment is a proposed amendment to the United States Constitution in the 1970s and 1980s. It would give men and women full equality under the law. Alice Paul first wrote the ERA. In 1923, it was introduced in the Congress for the first time. It passed both houses of Congress in 1972 after the National Organization for Women protested outside the United States Senate. Some people opposed it because women were already becoming equal in most areas, and women did not want to be drafted into the Vietnam War. Though 35 states ratified it, the amendment did not pass (38 were needed). Most of the states that did not ratify it were in the Southern United States, which is the most conservative and religious part of the country.

paragraphs: Twenty-one states have a version of the ERA in their state constitutions. Sixteen of those states ratified the federal ERA. Five did not.

paragraphs: The ERA was introduced into Congress each year from 1923 to 1972. It has been reintroduced in every session of Congress since 1982. In 2011, it was introduced in the U.S. House of Representatives by 159 House cosponsors and several senators.

paragraphs: The following is the entire text of the Equal Rights Amendment:


title: Tianhe-I

paragraphs: Tianhe-I is a supercomputer made and operated in the People's Republic of China and has been active since October 29, 2009. Right now, it is the second fastest supercomputer in the world, replacing the Jaguar supercomputer. It has 98,304 GB of memory and has 2.507 petaflops at its peak. It uses a Linux operating system. It is being used for finding energy sources and doing simulations of aircraft right now.

paragraphs: It used to have 5,010 CPUs and 2,560 GPUs and was ranked the fifth-fastest supercomputer. After the upgrade, it now has 14,336 CPUs and 7,168 GPUs, making it the fastest.


title: Austrian State Treaty

paragraphs: The Austrian State Treaty was a treaty that made Austria a country. It was signed on May 15, 1955 at Vienna between the Allied powers from World War II and the Austrian government. It prohibited union with Germany. It also prohibited Nazi and fascist government. Austria also said that they would always be neutral in any wars.


title: Arabidopsis thaliana

paragraphs: Arabidopsis thaliana is a small flowering plant native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern Africa. It is widely used as a model organism in plant genetics. Arabidopsis is a member of the mustard ("Brassicaceae") family, which includes cultivated species such as cabbage and radish.

paragraphs: It was the first plant genome to be sequenced, completed in 2000 by the Arabidopsis Genome Initiative. The most up-to-date version of the "Arabidopsis thaliana" genome is maintained by The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR).

paragraphs: Much work has been done to find out what its 27,000 genes and 35,000 proteins do.

paragraphs: "Arabidopsis" is a popular tool for understanding the molecular biology of many plant traits, including flower development and light sensing.


title: Dracovenator

paragraphs: Dracovenator was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in southern Africa during the Lower Jurassic period. That was about 185 million years ago. It is closely related to "Dilophosaurus". It might have had a pair of crests like "Dilophosaurus".

paragraphs: Its name means "Dragon hunter". It was given this name because dinosaurs are similar to the dragons of mythology, and it was a carnivore, so it was probably a hunter.

paragraphs: "Dracovenator" was a large carnivore, about 23 feet long. It is the first large meat-eating dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of Africa to be discovered. "Dracovenator" was described and named in 2006, based on a hand claw, an upper jaw with teeth, back bones, hip bones, ribs, and foot bones. There is one named species, "Dracovenator regenti". "Dracovenator" was discovered in the upper Elliot Formation in South Africa.


title: Noise (music)

paragraphs: Noise music is a special type of music that uses noise as the main part of the song. Sometimes musicians make it so that they can find out what makes music what it is. They are exploring whether a sound can be music if it does not have melody or rhythm. Noise music was first made at the start of the 1910s. It is often called Sound Art, because it is a mixture of art and sound.


title: Amanita

paragraphs: The genus Amanita contains a species of basidiomycete mushrooms, including some of the most toxic known. It is found worldwide.

paragraphs: This genus is responsible for approximately 95% of the fatalities resulting from mushroom poisoning, with the death cap accounting for about 50% on its own. The most potent toxin present in these mushrooms is amanitin, of which at least eight versions are known.

paragraphs: Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the "fly agaric", is a psychoactive fungus. It is known as the fly agaric for its ability to kill houseflies when combined with milk. The reason for this is that flies are attracted to the milk because it is so sweet. When they drink the milk they feel the effects of the mushroom and begin to get intoxicated.

paragraphs: Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the "death cap", is a deadly poisonous fungus, one of many in the genus "Amanita". Widely distributed across Europe, "A. phalloides" forms ectomycorrhizas with various broadleaved trees. In some cases, death cap has been accidentally introduced to new regions with the cultivation of non-native species of oak, chestnut, and pine. The large fruiting bodies (mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps are generally greenish in color, with a white stipe (stem) and gills (underneath the cap).

paragraphs: One mushroom, if eaten, may destroy the liver and cause death. There is no antidote.

paragraphs: Their major toxic mechanism is the inhibition of RNA polymerase II, a vital enzyme in the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Without mRNA, essential protein synthesis, and hence cell metabolism, grind to a halt and the cell dies.

paragraphs: The liver is the principal organ affected, as it is the organ which is first encountered after absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, though other organs, especially the kidneys, are susceptible. The RNA polymerase of "Amanita phalloides" is insensitive to the effects of amatoxins, so the mushroom does not poison itself.


title: Gurjar

paragraphs: Gurjar or Gojri are an ethnic group of Jammu and Kashmir India and northern and central Pakistan. Alternative spellings are Gojari and Gujjari (not Gujrati).

paragraphs: They are also related to the Rajput tribe.

paragraphs: Gurjari language is close to Rajasthani and Marwari.

paragraphs: As per historical accounts parts of Rajasthan and Gujarat were known as "Gurjar-bhumi" or "Gurjaratra" prior to Mughal period in India Gurjar pratiharas acted as barrier to Arabs for around 300 centuries. However, in later times, circa the 14th century AD onwards, their hold reduced to small principalities.During 15th-16th century there were Gurjar kings in areas of Meerut and Dadri. After this time, they gradually fell into a decline. They became poor nomads and started living in jungles and forests.


title: Eugene Botkin

paragraphs: Dr. Yevgeny Sergeivich Botkin (27 March 1865 – 17 July 1918), also known as Dr. Eugene Botkin, was the court physician for Tsar Nicholas II and Tsarina Alexandra. While he was in exile with the family, he often helped treat Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia.

paragraphs: Botkin went into exile with the Romanovs after the Russian Revolution of 1917. He was murdered with the family at Ekaterinburg on 17 July 1918. Like them, he was canonized as a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia in 1981. His wife Olga and he divorced after she had an affair with the children's German teacher.

paragraphs: Shortly before he died, he wrote a letter in which he said that he "unhesitatingly orphaned my own children in order to carry out my physician's duty to the end, as Abraham did not hesitate at God's demand to sacrifice his only son."


title: Jack Dorsey

paragraphs: Jack Patrick Dorsey is an American software developer and business person, widely known as the creator of social networking service Twitter. He is also the founder and CEO of Square, a mobile payments company. In 2008, he was named as one of the top 35 innovators in the world under the age of 35.

paragraphs: Dorsey was born Jack Patrick Dorsey in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of Tim and Marcia (née Smith) Dorsey. He is of English, Irish, and Italian descent. His father worked for a company that developed mass spectrometers and his mother was a homemaker.

paragraphs: He was raised Catholic, and his uncle is a Catholic priest in Cincinnati. He attended the Catholic Bishop DuBourg High School. In his younger days, Dorsey worked occasionally as a fashion model.

paragraphs: By age fourteen, Dorsey had become interested in dispatch routing. Some of the open-source software he created in the area of dispatch logistics is still used by taxicab companies. Dorsey attended the University of Missouri–Rolla for two-plus years (1995–97) before transferring to New York University, but he dropped out in 1999, one semester short of graduating. He came up with the idea that he developed as Twitter while studying at NYU.

paragraphs: While working on dispatching as a programmer, Dorsey moved to California. In 2000, Dorsey started his company in Oakland to dispatch couriers, taxis, and emergency services from the Web. His other projects and ideas at this time included networks of medical devices and a "frictionless service market". In July 2000, building on dispatching and inspired in part by LiveJournal and by AOL Instant Messenger, he had the idea for a Web-based realtime status/short message communication service.

paragraphs: When he first saw implementations of instant messaging, Dorsey wondered whether the software's user status output could be shared easily among friends. He approached Odeo, which at the time happened to be interested in text messaging. Dorsey and Biz Stone decided that SMS text suited the status-message idea, and built a prototype of Twitter in about two weeks. The idea attracted many users at Odeo and investment from Evan Williams, a co-founder of that firm in 2005 who had left Google after selling Pyra Labs and Blogger.


title: Biz Stone

paragraphs: Biz Stone (born March 10, 1974) is an American software developer. He is also the author of two books. He is an advisor to many companies. He is Creative Director at Twitter.


title: Evan Williams (entrepreneur)

paragraphs: Evan Williams (born March 31, 1972) is an American business person. He is responsible for product strategy at Twitter.


title: Amy Irving

paragraphs: Amy Davis Irving (born September 10, 1953) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in the films "Crossing Delancey", "The Fury", "Carrie", and "Yentl". She is also known for acting in Broadway.

paragraphs: Irving was born in Palo Alto, California. She was the daughter of film and stage director Jules Irving (né Jules Israel) and actress Priscilla Pointer. Irving's brother is a writer and director David Irving, and her sister Katie Irving is a singer and teacher of deaf children. Irving is of Jewish from her father's side and has a little bit of Welsh and Cherokee ancestry on her mother's. She was raised in the Christian Science faith, which means that she believed that God made the earth.


title: Alphonse Mucha

paragraphs: Alphonse Mucha (24 July 1860 – 14 July 1939) was a Czech Art Nouveau painter and decorative artist, best known for his distinct style and his images of women. He produced many paintings, illustrations, advertisements, and designs.

paragraphs: Mucha moved to Paris in 1887, continued his studies, and worked at producing magazine and advertising illustrations.

paragraphs: Around Christmas 1894, Mucha happened to drop into a print shop where there was a sudden and unexpected need for a new advertising poster for a play starring Sarah Bernhardt, the most famous actress in Paris. Mucha volunteered to produce a lithographed poster within two weeks, and on 1 January 1895, the advertisement for the play "Gismonda" by Victorien Sardou appeared on the streets of the city. It was an overnight sensation and announced the new artistic style and its creator to the citizens of Paris. Bernhardt was so satisfied with the success of this first poster that she entered into a 6-year contract with Mucha.

paragraphs: Mucha produced a flurry of paintings, posters, advertisements, and book illustrations, as well as designs for jewellery, carpets, wallpaper, and theatre sets in what was initially called the "Mucha Style" but became known as "Art Nouveau" (French for 'new art'). Mucha's works frequently featured beautiful, strong young women in flowing vaguely Neoclassical looking robes, often surrounded by lush flowers which sometimes formed halos behind the women's heads.

paragraphs: In contrast with contemporary poster makers he used pale pastel colours.

paragraphs: The 1900 Paris Exhibition spread the "Mucha style" abroad, of which Mucha said "I think [the Exposition Universelle] made some contribution toward bringing aesthetic values into arts and crafts."

paragraphs: He decorated the Bosnia and Herzegovina Pavilion and collaborated in the Austrian Pavilion.

paragraphs: Mucha's Art Nouveau style was often imitated. The Art Nouveau style however, was one that Mucha attempted to distance himself from. He always insisted that his paintings came purely from within and from Czech art. He declared that art existed only to communicate a spiritual message, and nothing more. He was frustrated at the fame he gained through commercial art, when he most wanted to concentrate on more lofty projects that would ennoble art and his birthplace.


title: David Attenborough

paragraphs: Sir David Frederick Attenborough (; born 8 May 1926) is a British naturalist and television personality.

paragraphs: Attenborough was born in London and grew up in Leicester. He is one of the most famous naturalists in the world. He presents many programs about nature, talking about the lives of animals and has stopped millions of people polluting our oceans. He has won many prestigious award and honorable mentions. In 1980 he won the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. He is a younger brother of director, producer and actor Richard Attenborough.

paragraphs: He is the only person to have won BAFTAs for programmes in each of black and white, colour, HD, 3D and 4K.

paragraphs: At least fifteen species and genera, both living and extinct, have been named in Attenborough's honour.

paragraphs: Arthropods named after Attenborough include

paragraphs: Vertebrates have also been named after Attenborough, including the

paragraphs: In 2012 Attenborough was quoted as saying that the planet has always and will always look after itself but:

paragraphs: When David Attenborough began his career, in 1950, Earth's human population was measured at just 2.5 billion people ... in 2012 he said:

paragraphs: “We cannot continue to deny the problem. People have pushed aside the question of population sustainability and not considered it because it is too awkward, embarrassing and difficult. But we have to talk about it″.

paragraphs: In January 2013, while being interviewed by "Radio Times", he said:

paragraphs: “We are a plague on the Earth. It’s coming home to roost over the next 50 years or so. It’s not just climate change; it’s sheer space, places to grow food for this enormous horde. Either we limit our population growth or the natural world will do it for us, and the natural world is doing it for us right now”.

paragraphs: In a "Daily Telegraph" interview in September 2013 he said:

paragraphs: "What are all these famines in Ethiopia? What are they about?" / "They're about too many people for too little land. That's what it's about. And we are blinding ourselves. We say, get the United Nations to send them bags of flour. That's barmy".


title: Gingerbread

paragraphs: Gingerbread is a word which describes different sweet food products from soft cakes to a ginger biscuit. Ginger and honey (or treacle) rather than only sugar, are usually the common ingredients to all the types of food product. They probably also have the same history.

paragraphs: Before, "gingerbread" (from Latin "zingiber", then Old French "gingebras") meant preserved ginger. After, it was a confection made with honey and spices.

paragraphs: Armenian monk Gregory of Nicopolis (Gregory Makar) (Grégoire de Nicopolis) brought ginger bread to Europe in 992. He left Nicopolis Pompeii, in Lesser Armenia to live in Bondaroy (France) and stayed seven years. He showed French priests and Christians how to cook gingers. He died in 999 Armenian genocide.

paragraphs: German immigrants brought it to Sweden during the 13th century. Swedish nuns baked gingerbread to help indigestion in the year 1444.

paragraphs: The custom was to bake white biscuits and paint them as window decorations. In the 16th century, Queen Elizabeth I had a royal gingerbread-maker working for her. Gingerbread was sold at fairs and other public events.


title: Baldness

paragraphs: Baldness (also known as alopecia) is when someone has no hair on his or her head. Sometimes this is inherited from parents or grandparents, or it can be done on purpose if somebody cuts off all their hair off. Some monks or South Korean soldiers in the army do this.

paragraphs: Baldness is most often caused by a medical condition known as androgenic alopecia. This is found in humans, as well as in some animals. When it occurs, it will mean that those affected will permanently lose some (or all) of their hair. Since some of the factors are linked to the genes on the chromosome, the condition can be seen more often with men, than with women.

paragraphs: Alopecia totalis is the loss of all head hair. Its cause is believed to be autoimmune, but many with the disorder lead relatively low stress lives.

paragraphs: Alopecia areata (AA) is a condition in which hair is lost from some or all areas of the body, usually from the scalp.[1][2] Because it causes bald spots on the scalp, especially in the first stages, it is sometimes called spot baldness.


title: Common basilisk

paragraphs: The Common Basilisk (Basiliscus basiliscus) is a type of lizard. It can be found in Central and South American rainforests near rivers and streams. The basilisk is part of the corytophanid family. It is also known as the "Jesus Christ Lizard" because it can run on the surface of water.


title: Manuel Antonio National Park

paragraphs: Manuel Antonio National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. Over 150,000 people visit it every year. Many animals can be seen here, including the Common basilisk. Manuel Antonio park was listed by Forbes magazine in 2011 among the world's 12 most beautiful national parks.


paragraphs: The United Nations Development Fund for Women commonly known as UNIFEM (from the French ""Fonds de développement des Nations unies pour la femme" is a fund of United Nations established in New York in 1976 aimed for equality as men and taking part in society of women.

paragraphs: It provides financial and technical aid for the better condition of women together with United Nations Development Programme. In 2006 Nicole Kidman was elected as goodwill ambassador. In 2011, it will be a part of the new institution "UN Women".


title: Exorcism

paragraphs: Exorcism is the practice of evicting demons or other spiritual beings. This practice is quite ancient and part of the belief system of many cultures and religions. There are different types of exorcisms. Exorcisms can be performed on people, animals and places. These rituals are done by people called "exorcists". Exorcisms are usually done for religious reasons. The reasons vary, and the exorcisms can be different based on religions and which exorcists does them.


title: Luther (1928 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 1928 movie about the life of Martin Luther, father of the Protestant Reformation.

paragraphs: The silent movie starred Eugen Klöpfer as Luther and Theodor Loos as Philipp Melanchthon.


title: Luther (2003 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 2003 biopic about the life of Martin Luther (1483–1546).

paragraphs: The movie starred Joseph Fiennes as Luther himself and Alfred Molina as Johann Tetzel.

paragraphs: The movie covers Luther's life from his becoming a monk in 1505 to the Diet of Augsburg in 1530.


title: Robbie Coltrane

paragraphs: Robbie Coltrane OBE (born Anthony Robert McMillan on 30 March 1950), is a Scottish actor, comedian and author. He is known both for his role as Dr. Eddie "Fitz" Fitzgerald in the British TV series "Cracker" during the 1990s and as Rubeus Hagrid in the "Harry Potter" movies.

paragraphs: Coltrane was born in Rutherglen, South Lanarkshire. He now lives in Killearn Stirlingshire. He has a son, Spencer and daughter, Alice.

paragraphs: Coltrane began his acting career in his early twenties. He took the stage name Coltrane in tribute to jazz saxophonist John Coltrane In 2006, Robbie received an OBE for his services to drama.


title: Martin Luther (1953 movie)

paragraphs: Martin Luther is a 1953 movie biography of Martin Luther. It was directed by Irving Pichel, who also plays a supporting role.

paragraphs: The movie starred Niall MacGinnis as Luther.

paragraphs: The movie begins in the year 1505. Luther goes into a monastery in Erfurt, but he is in fear of God. One day he finds God's mercy in the New Testament (in Romans 1:17). Later he published his Ninety-Five Theses. In the year 1521, in the view of the pope, he should recant on the Diet of Worms. But there he does it not. Instead he says "Here I Stand". The movie ends with the presentation of the Augsburg Confession.


title: Martin Luther, Heretic (1983 movie)

paragraphs: Martin Luther, Heretic was a movie made in 1983, the 500th anniversary of the birth of Martin Luther. The movie starred Jonathan Pryce as Luther and Maurice Denham as Johann von Staupitz.

paragraphs: The movie begins in the year 1506, while Luther was a monk. The movie ends in the year 1522, when Luther returns from his exile at Wartburg Castle to Wittenberg.


title: Potassium sulfide

paragraphs: Potassium sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is KS. It contains potassium and sulfide ions. The potassium is in its +1 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Potassium sulfide is a colorless solid when it is pure. Sometimes it is not pure and it is yellow-brown. It reacts with water to make KHS, potassium hydrogen sulfide, and potassium hydroxide. It reacts with acids to make hydrogen sulfide and a potassium salt.

paragraphs: Potassium sulfide is made by reacting potassium with sulfur. Many times the potassium is dissolved in liquid ammonia. It can also be made by reacting potassium sulfate with carbon. It is made when black powder is burned.


title: Schoep's Ice Cream

paragraphs: Schoep's Ice Cream is an ice cream manufacturing company based in Madison, Wisconsin.

paragraphs: Schoep's Ice Cream was founded by E.J. Schoephoester in 1928. Schoephoester produced and sold the ice cream in his grocery store. By 1937 Schoep's Ice Cream had become well known locally and E. B. Schoephoester sold his company to Peter B. Thomsen, a butter maker. The company has been kept in the Thomsen family, and as of 2008 it was owned in part by nineteen members of the Thomsen family.

paragraphs: All of Schoep's Ice Cream is currently produced from a single factory located on Helena Street in Madison, Wisconsin. As of 2008 Schoep's was producing 6,000 gallons of ice cream an hour and 2.5 million gallons a year. With this high production rate, Schoep's has been recognized as the top producer of ice cream in the state of Wisconsin. Due to this growth, in 2005, Schoep's opened a $7 million, 46,000-square-foot distribution center on Manufacturers Drive, near the Dane County Regional Airport. This new facility features space for 3,600 pallets and 14 loading-dock doors. Before this facility was built, Schoep's had shipped all of their ice cream from two loading docks at their factory.

paragraphs: Schoep's is not well known around the United States as Schoep's Ice Cream, but as Walgreens brand Ice Cream. Since 1993 Schoep's has been the sole producer of ice cream sold under the Walgreens label. This contract accounts for more than 25 percent of Schoep's business.


title: Brandon Flowers

paragraphs: Brandon Flowers (born June 21, 1981) is an American musician. He is the singer and keyboardist of American rock band The Killers. He has also released a solo album called Flamingo. He is married with three sons named Ammon, Gunnar and Henry.

paragraphs: He was born in Henderson, Nevada. His parents are of Dutch, English, French, German, Lithuanian and Scottish descent.

paragraphs: Flowers won NME Awards in 2005 for "Best Dressed" (also nominated in 2006, 2007, & 2009). He won "Sexiest Man" as well as an award for "Most Stylish" in 2011. He won the award for "Most Stylish Man" at the 2008 "GQ" awards. He was also listed as one of "The 50 Most Stylish Musicians of the Last 50 Years" by Esquire in 2011.

paragraphs: In 2012, Flowers was named the #6 Greatest Frontman of All Time by Xfm.

paragraphs: He was nominated for Q Awards 'Best Male Artist' in 2010. He was also nominated for "Best Video" ("Crossfire") at the Shockwaves NME 2011 Awards.


title: Luther (1974 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 1974 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Stacy Keach as Luther.

paragraphs: The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther. The movie begins in the year 1506 and ends in the year 1526.


title: Karate belts

paragraphs: Karate belts are a measure of a student/teacher ability. For example, a Brown belt is higher than a Blue Belt.

paragraphs: All styles of karate range from white to black. There are some theories about how belts came to be.

paragraphs: Some believe when a student graduated a kyu, he/she would dye their current belt the new, desired color. This was often done in Japan during WWII when it was a very poor country.

paragraphs: This is a theory that demonstrates how a student would, as they trained, dirty their belt overtime. More of a myth than a theory, a student started with a white belt. As sweat, dirt, and other debris occupied not only the belt, but the karate gi, his/her color appeared to get darker and closer to black.


title: Luther (1965 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 1965 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Alec McCowen as Luther.

paragraphs: The movie is a version of John Osborne's biographical play, presenting the life of Martin Luther.


title: Karate gi

paragraphs: A karate gi is a standardized piece of karate clothing that acts as a uniform.

paragraphs: Whether or not a student is ranked, one must bring a gi to the academy.

paragraphs: A karate gi includes a martial arts jacket, as well as a martial arts pant.


title: Luther (1964 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 1964 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Terry Norris as Luther.


title: Luther (1968 movie)

paragraphs: Luther is a 1968 movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Robert Shaw as Luther.


title: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate

paragraphs: Pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), also known as PENT, PENTA, TEN, corpent, penthrite (or — rarely and primarily in German — as nitropenta) is one of the most powerful high explosives known. It has a relative effectiveness factor (R.E. factor) of 1.66. PETN can be used as a plastic explosive. PETN can also be use as a drug to treat certain heart conditions, such as angina pectoris. In this context, it helps widening blood vessels, which is known as vasodilatation. PETN is among the most widely used substances for vasodilatation.


title: Dan (rank)

paragraphs: A Dan is a measure of advanced rank, often used in martial arts and the board game go. It usually ranges from 1 to 10, with higher numbers indicating greater skill. In martial arts, it is used for black belts only. In go or shogi, players of 1 Dan or above can be considered "masters". Dan literally means "step" in Japanese.

paragraphs: Usually a the belt of Dan marital artist will have a number of strips according to the person's rank.

paragraphs: This table shows how to call dan in Japanese.

paragraphs: Go and shogi players are usually called by their dan by media like NHK and Asahi Shinbun.


title: Deinotherium

paragraphs: Deinotherium was a large proboscidean related to modern elephants. Their shorted trunk and downward curving tusks are notable.

paragraphs: There were several species of "Deinotherium" that inhabited parts of Africa, Asia and Europe. The "Deinotherium" was larger than today’s elephants.

paragraphs: The way "Deinotherium" used its curious tusks has been much debated. It may have rooted in soil for underground plant parts like roots and tubers, pulled down branches to snap them and reach leaves, or stripped soft bark from tree trunks. Deinotherium fossils have been uncovered at several of the African sites where remains of prehistoric hominid relatives of modern humans have also been found.


title: Tiruchirappalli

paragraphs: Tiruchirappalli is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Its name in Tamil means "town of the respected Chira (name of a Jain monk)". It is also often called Trichy or Tiruchi. It was also called Trichinopoly by the British.

paragraphs: Tiruchirappalli is the administrative headquarters of Tiruchirapalli District. It is the fourth-largest municipal corporation in Tamil Nadu. About 10,67,912 people lived there in 2008. It is a very old city with many important temples, monuments, churches and mosques. The famous temples being Rockfort Temple, Srirangam Temple, Thiruvanaikkovil Temple, Samayapuram Temple, Nachiyar Kovil etc. Nearby, Woraiyur, the old Trichy, is where the early Chola kings had their capital city, until about 850. There are picnic / sightseeing spots in and around trichy like Kallanai (Grand Anaicut) built by Karikala Cholan, Mukkombu.


title: POST

paragraphs: The POST, in most computers, is a self-test that checks the OS(s) available and boots from the OS selected. POST stands for "Power On Self Test". Computers that have an operating system perform a POST before loading the OS, and many imbedded systems also do a POST.

paragraphs: A POST usually checks the crucial, files, folders, and components. Once the POST is completed, a selected OS will take control and finish the startup process.

paragraphs: If the POST fails, usually a BSOD displays (Blue Screen of Death, most commonly) and offers recovery options such as safe mode.

paragraphs: LKGC (Last Known Good Configuration) reverts to the last non-problematic, successful bootup. It is similar to System Restore, but its primary function is to allow the user to use the computer normally, unlike System Restore, which does not guarantee a fix. Also, LKGC is unrevertable, unless you successfully bootup again.

paragraphs: System Restore works by allowing the user to open a wizard, then select a "restore point". The user must restart for the point to take effect, but the system will start as normal.

paragraphs: System Repair is typically found on the hard disk of your computer and contains options that can be used to fix the system. However, in serious cases, the OS may need to be reinstalled.


title: Kill screen

paragraphs: A kill screen is a screen that prevents progress from the player. The screens in some games stop the game with gibberish or otherwise impossible figures. In "Pac-Man", at a certain level the screen overflows and spreads fruits and ghosts across the arcade machine's screen.

paragraphs: These are games that have integer overflow.


title: Regular expression

paragraphs: A regular expression (abbreviated regexp or regex) is a way to describe sets of characters using syntactic rules. Many programming languages use or support regular expressions. A regular expression is then used by a special program or part of a programming language. This program will either generate a parser that can be used to match expressions or it will match such expressions itself.

paragraphs: A regular expression processor is used for processing a regular expression statement in terms of a grammar in a given formal language, and with that examines a text string.

paragraphs: A few examples of what can be matched with regular expressions:

paragraphs: Regular expressions can be much more complex than these examples. Many regular expression languages also support "wildcard" characters.


title: Doktor Martinus Luther (1911)

paragraphs: Doktor Martinus Luther (translated: "Doctor Martinus Luther") is a 1911 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. This movie is a silent movie. It starred Hermann Litt as Luther.


title: Die Wittenberger Nachtigall

paragraphs: Die Wittenberger Nachtigall () is a 1913 German movie about the life of Martin Luther. It is a silent movie. It starred Rudolf Essek as Luther.

paragraphs: Historical mistakes are the reason that the movie was forbidden for the youth.


title: Disput u noći

paragraphs: Disput u noći (translated: "Dispute in the Night") is a 1976 movie. The movie was made in Yugoslavia.

paragraphs: The movie is about a dispute between Desiderius Erasmus and Martin Luther. So the movie shows parts of the life of Martin Luther.


title: Martin Luther (1923 movie)

paragraphs: Martin Luther is a 1923 silent movie about the life of Martin Luther. The movie starred Karl Wüstenhagen as Luther.


title: 1986 Pacific hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1986 Pacific hurricane season officially started May 15, 1986 in the eastern Pacific, and June 1, 1986 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1986. These dates usually contain the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The number of storms this season was slightly above average. There were eight tropical storms, and six hurricanes. However, the number of major hurricanes was below average with three.

paragraphs: On May 22, a tropical depression (a large and organized cloud mass) formed. It took a rare southeast track. On May 24, the depression made a lope strengthened into Tropical Storm Agatha. Agatha headed almost due north. On May 25, reached minimal hurricane strength and turned to the east-southeast. Agatha weakened back to a tropical storm and then a tropical depression as it continued paralleling the coast of Mexico. Agatha restrengthened into a tropical storm for 12 hours on May 28 and 29 before dissipating for good that same day.

paragraphs: At midday on July 16, a tropical depression formed. It acquired gale-force winds 12 hours later and was named Estelle. On July 18, it intensified into a hurricane. In an environment that favored an increase of the storm's winds, Estelle continued strengthening, and became the first major hurricane of the season on July 20. Estelle's forward motion increased to close to 20 knots. Estelle's path took it towards a potential landfall on the Big Island. Due to a shearing environment from a trough, Estelle weakened as it continued approaching Hawaii. A possible recurve never materialized, and the cyclone continued its path towards the Hawaiian Islands.

paragraphs: The hurricane veered to west and passed south of the islands. Estelle weakened to a tropical storm on July 23. Early on July 25, Tropical Storm Estelle weakened to a depression. The tropical cyclone weakened two days later.

paragraphs: Due to its rapid motion, Estelle kept pace with a large swell of water that it generated. In combination with a high spring tide and peripheral winds generated by Estelle, huge waves crashed on the shores of the Big Island on the afternoon of July 22. The high waves washed away five beachfront homes and severely damaged dozens of others in Vacation Land. The total damage was around 2 million (1986 USD) dollars. On Maui, waves washed away a dirt road on the eastern part of the island between Kipahulu and Kaupo.

paragraphs: After Estelle passed by the islands, moisture related to the tropical cyclone caused heavy rainfall in the Ka'u and Puna districts on the Big Island. After Estelle dissipated, its moisture continued to spread over the islands, causing significant rainfall and thunderstorms over the archipelago. The only deaths reported were two drownings on Oahu that occurred on July 23.

paragraphs: A cloud mass became a tropical depression late on the September 27 roughly 200 miles southwest of Guatemala. Paralleling the Mexican coastline, the system became a tropical storm late on the 29th, about 350 miles west-southwest of Acapulco. It steadily intensified, peaking with winds of 100 mph. This made Paine a Category 2 hurricane, Paine entered the Gulf of California on the evening of October 1. The hurricane increased its motion, crossing the coast near San Jose (Boca del Rio) while still a hurricane. The system moved rapidly across Mexico, bringing significant rains from west Texas across Oklahoma and Kansas into the Mid-Mississippi Valley. Flooding was reported, with the worst flood begin near Oklahoma City, the capital of the US State of Oklahoma.

paragraphs: The next tropical cyclone originated as a tropical disturbance which moved westward offshore

paragraphs: Nicaragua. During the early afternoon of the 15th, ship reports indicated the formation of a tropical depression near 10.2N 92.7W. The cyclone moved at a quick pace to the west- northwest south of a warm-core ridge. Early on the morning of the 16th, Roslyn became a tropical storm. By the morning of the October 17, it had developed into a hurricane south of Acapulco.

paragraphs: Roslyn began to recurve within a few hundred miles of Manzanillo. Striking Mazatlán as a marginal hurricane on the 20th, the remains of the system caused heavy rains along the Middle Texas coast. It later moved northward through the Mississippi Valley, spreading light to moderate rains

paragraphs: along its path and then started to spread rains across the Southern United States. Click here for the storm total rainfall graphic for Roslyn.

paragraphs: On August 3, a tropical depression organized in the open ocean. Twelve hours later, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Georgette before weakening to a depression 6 hours later. It then accelerated to a very rapid speed of 20-39 knots. Due to its fast speed, Georgette could not maintain a closed circulation, and the tropical storm degenerated into a non-cyclonic disturbance. The disturbance kept up its rapid forward motion, crossed the dateline, and entered the western Pacific.

paragraphs: Five days later, Georgette reformed into a depression in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. As was customary, it kept its name. It eventually strengthened into a minimal typhoon (a hurricane in the West Pacific). It began to interact with a typohoon in the west Pacific, and thus cased it to dissipate.

paragraphs: The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1986. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1992 season. This is the same list used for the 1980 season. Storms were named Orlene, Paine, and Roslyn for the first time in 1986, although Orlene had been used on the old four-year lists. No central Pacific names were used; the first name used would have been Oka. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.


title: 1985 Pacific hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1985 Pacific hurricane season was an event in tropical cyclone meteorology. It officially started on May 15, 1985 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1, 1985 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30, 1985. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: At the time, the 1985 season was the most active on record in the eastern north Pacific (breaking a short-lived record set in 1983), with 25 tropical cyclones forming. Of those, 22 attained tropical storm intensity, 12 reaching hurricane intensity and 8 becoming major hurricanes by reaching Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Scale. In addition, three additional systems formed in the central north Pacific, of which one became a hurricane and another became a typhoon before re-crossing the international dateline.

paragraphs: Despite the activity, there were few notable systems this year. The only cyclone to make landfall was Hurricane Waldo, which caused damage in Mexico. Elsewhere, surf from Hurricane Pauline caused damage in Hawaii and either Pauline or the following system sank a sailing vessel.

paragraphs: Hurricane Pauline caused heavy surf along the Big Island, which washed debris up onto roads. There was no damage reported. It threatened the islands enough to prompt a hurricane watch, which means winds of 74 mph or higher are possible during the next 36 hours. However, the hurricane turned away.

paragraphs: Rick was the strongest storm of the season, and at the time had the second strongest winds recorded in a tropical cyclone in the Central Pacific. It may also have contributed to the sailing vessel being overdue.

paragraphs: Terry was a powerful major hurricane that formed by the 15th of September. It became a major hurricane fours days later on the 19th, but it did not affect land while doing so. It eventually dissipated due to hostile conditions on the 24th, without ever impacting land.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Twenty Three-E formed from a disturbance on October 7. In an environment over warm waters (86 °F), it rapidly intensified, reaching Tropical Storm intensity the same day it formed. Waldo moved towards the Mexican coast. Just after peaking as a Category 2 hurricane on the hurricane scale, Waldo made landfall southwest of Culiacán. Waldo rapidly dissipated over land. Major damage, but no deaths were reported in Mexico. It was the season's lone landfall.

paragraphs: The first recorded twenty-second storm of a season formed October 25. It strengthened into Tropical Storm Xina early October 27. Xina began to start tracing out a huge oblong loop beneath an anticyclone. Xina peaked as a minimal major hurricane on October 29. As it finished the loop and left the cover of the anticyclone, Xina started falling apart. Cool waters took their toll on the cyclone, and Xina dissipated on November 5.

paragraphs: Had the list of names not been extended, Xina would have been named "Alpha" instead. However, the anticipated exhaustion of the old list was averted, meaning that the east Pacific has never exhausted its list. Xina stayed at sea, and no casualties or damages were reported.

paragraphs: The following names were used for named storms that formed in the eastern Pacific in 1985. No names were retired, so it was used again in the 1991 season. The name "Dolores" was misspelled as "Delores" in 1991. This is the same list used for the 1979 season, except for the added names. Storms were named Kevin, Linda, Marty, Nora, Olaf, Pauline, Rick, Sandra, Terry, Vivian, Waldo, and Xina for the first time in 1985. Names that were not assigned are marked in gray.

paragraphs: One name from the Central Pacific list was used – Nele. It was the first usage for this name. One storm, Typhoon Skip, formed in the central Pacific but did not receive a name until it reached the west Pacific, therefore only Nele was used from the central Pacific list.

paragraphs: Later during the '80s, the added names were made a permanent part of the Eastern Pacific lists, and other names were added for even-numbered years.

paragraphs: Had the names not been added, this season would have been the first Pacific or Atlantic hurricane season to exceed the list, and had to have used a Greek letter named storm. This would not occur until the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, which saw an unprecedented 28 storms and 6 Greek names.


title: Coordination geometry

paragraphs: Coordination geometry is a way of showing how atoms are put in molecules. Molecules can be arranged different ways. They can be in a cube, a line, a triangle, a pyramid, or other shapes.


title: Triclinic

paragraphs: A triclinic crystal is shaped almost like a rectangle. It is slightly bent, though. Copper sulfate makes triclinic crystals. It is the least symmetric (meaning that both sides are not very similar).

paragraphs: . In the triclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system.


title: Crystal structure

paragraphs: In crystallography, the crystal structure is how the atoms (or ions or molecules) are arranged in a crystalline material. Crystals occur naturally from the way the chemical bonds of the atoms connect. Symmetric repeating patterns occur in 3-D space in the crystal.

paragraphs: The crystal structure and symmetry cause many physical properties, such as cleavage (how the crystal splits) how it conducts electricity, and its optical properties..

paragraphs: The crystal structure of a chemical is the shape of the crystal at the molecular level. There are several shapes of crystals. Sodium chloride is a cube. Copper sulfate is triclinic. Most things, even metals, have crystal structures. Some crystals fit more atoms in them than others, and these crystals usually weigh more.


title: Aliens of the Deep

paragraphs: Aliens of the Deep is a 2005 documentary movie, directed in part by James Cameron and filmed in the IMAX 3D format. It was produced by Walden Media and Buena Vista Pictures. Cameron worked with NASA scientists to explore the Mid-Ocean Ridges, under water chains of mountains in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans that are home to some of the planet's more unusual forms of life.

paragraphs: Cameron joins up aboard the Russian research ship, "Akademik Mstislav Keldysh", with a group of NASA scientists, as well as some Russian marine biologists, to investigate ten hydrothermal vents in both the Atlantic and Pacific. The vents have their own unique ecosystem, which support diverse organisms such as giant tube worms, swarms of blind white crabs, and vast amounts of shrimp which are capable of "seeing" water that is heated by the vents. These creatures do not need sunlight like other organisms, and instead get their energy from the vents. They are able to survive in the superheated and sulfurous water. Because of this, the documentary suggests that this is what life beyond Earth might look like. As some alien ecosystems are likely to be a lot harsher than a typical terrestrial ecosystem, these exotic vents provide an insight into some of the forms that alien life might take.

paragraphs: The documentary shows Cameron's passion for exploring the oceans, as well as his interest in extraterrestrial life. It also shows the technology used to reach such depths.

paragraphs: The movie is similar to Cameron's earlier documentary, "Ghosts of the Abyss" (2003), which involves him journeying to the wreck of the RMS "Titanic". It too was filmed in the 3-D IMAX format.


title: Hazard

paragraphs: A hazard is something that can be dangerous. Fire, Explosives and Fuel are all examples of hazards. Many chemicals can be a hazard. There are ways to get rid of hazardous things. There are different types of hazards; some can catch things on fire; some can burn skin; some can irritate the eyes, etc.

paragraphs: The term 'hazard' is used in driving instruction, and in some traffic-related laws. It simply means 'something a motorist should notice and drive accordingly'. For example, children playing on the pavement (U.S. = sidewalk; Austr. = footpath) are a potential hazard. If any go into the actual road, then they are a real hazard, and motorist should do whatever is safe.


title: Risk and Safety Statements

paragraphs: Risk and Safety Statements are codes that show the hazards of certain chemicals. There are certain R (risk) phrases and S (safety) phrases. For example, R34 states that the chemical may cause burns. S36 says to wear protective clothing.


title: Okinawa Prefecture

paragraphs: The capital city is Naha which is on the island of Okinawa.

paragraphs: Okinawa is a grouping of many islands along the border at the edge of the East China Sea and the Pacific Ocean from Kyūshū to Taiwan. It is the southernmost prefecture in Japan.

paragraphs: Okinawa Prefecture has eleven cities. Okinawan names are in parentheses.

paragraphs: These are the towns and villages in each district.

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 19% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Naminouegū" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the Ryukyu Islands. In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or which includes five sanctuaries.


title: Gunma Prefecture

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, Gunma was created from land which was in Keno Province and Kōzuke Province.

paragraphs: Gunma is in the northwestern part of the Kantō Plain. It is mostly mountainous.

paragraphs: Gunma shares northern borders with Niigata Prefecture and Fukushima Prefecture. The prefecture's eastern border is shared with Tochigi Prefecture. To the west lies Nagano Prefecture. Saitama Prefecture is south of the prefecture.

paragraphs: There are twelve cities in Gunma Prefecture:

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 14% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja" is the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Kagoshima Prefecture

paragraphs: Kagoshima Prefecture is made from the old provinces of Ōsumi and Satsuma, including the northern part of the Ryukyu Islands.

paragraphs: During the Sengoku period and Edo period, Ōsumi was controlled by the Shimazu clan of Satsuma.

paragraphs: This region played a key role in the Meiji Restoration. Important historical figures from Kagoshima are Saigo Takamori and Tōgō Heihachirō.

paragraphs: Kagoshima borders Kumamoto Prefecture and Miyazaki Prefecture. It is in the southern part of Kyushu facing the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 9% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Kagoshima jinja", "Hirasaki jinja" and Nitta Hachiman-gū are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Osaka Prefecture

paragraphs: Osaka prefecture was created by merging the area of Kawachi Province, Izumi Province and Settsu Province.

paragraphs: In 1994, the Kansai International Airport opened. This is one of the main international airport hubs of Japan.

paragraphs: Osaka Prefecture has borders with Hyōgo Prefecture and Kyoto Prefecture in the north. Nara is east of Osaka. Wakayama Prefecture shares the prefecture's southern border. The west faces Osaka Bay.

paragraphs: Thirty-three cities are located in Osaka Prefecture:

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 11% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Hiraoka jinja", "Ōtori jina", and "Sumiyoshi taisha" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


paragraphs: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women is a convention and one of the international human rights law adopted by United Nations General Assembly on 18 December 1979 and entered into force 3 September 1981 established to prohibit all discrimination against women and to ensure their human rights and freedom on a basis of equality with men. As of 2017, 189 countries had ratified this Convention, that is, have made promise to realize this Convention. Countries which had not ratified it were Iran, Somalia, South Sudan, Tonga, the United States and Vatican City.

paragraphs: Article 1 Discrimination against women means any distincting, excluding or limiting all kinds of the human rights and freedoms of women.

paragraphs: Article 2 Countries must prohibit all discrimination against women by anyone, any groups and any companies and must change any law to protect women from discrimination.

paragraphs: Article 4 Special measures to promote real equality between men and women and to protect mother women is not discrimination.

paragraphs: Article 5 Abolishing any prejudices and custom which are out of the idea insisting that either sex is inferior or superior or out of stereotyped roles for men and women.

paragraphs: Article 6 Protection women from all forms of human trafficking and prostitution.

paragraphs: Article 7 The right to vote of women and to take part in government policy.

paragraphs: Article 8 Rights of women to represent their government and take part in the work of international organisation.

paragraphs: Article 9 Rights of women to change nationality and in marriage to an alien, women are not changed automatically changed her nationality according to that of the husband and have equal right as men about the nationality of her child.

paragraphs: Article 10 Abolishing discrimination against women in the field of education;

paragraphs: 1. To abolish discrimination against women in the field of working

paragraphs: 2. To prevent discrimination against women in marriage motherhood, and ensure their right to work, countries have

paragraphs: Article 12 Abolishing discrimination in the field of health care.

paragraphs: Article 14 Abolishing discrimination in rural areas.

paragraphs: Article 15 Equality of women with men before law, also in civil matters and legal capacity.

paragraphs: From Article 19 to 30, about the Committee that watch the realisation of this Convention by countries. The Committee is composed of 23 members elected by countries. They must be "of high moral standing". Countries must submit a national report, at least every four years to the Committee and the Committee submit reports to the United Nations Economic and Social Council.

paragraphs: The committee also give suggestion to the countries on matter about the abolition of discrimination against women.

paragraphs: This Convention also have the "Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women". It admits women whose human rights written in this Convention are violated to claim to the Committee of the United Nations. Until now, September 2017, 109 countries have ratified it, that is, promised to United Nations to realize it.


title: Garhwal

paragraphs: 'Garhwal Land ' () is a region. It is in the state of Uttarakhand India. Garhwal's name is taken from Garhs (or forts). This is because this region had 52 forts belonging to local chiefs who ruled small areas near their forts. People who belong to this region are known as Gharhwalis. Now, this region is being looked onto as a tourist hub of India. This land has the districts Tehri, Chamoli, Uttrakashi, Pauri, some parts of Dehradun, and other areas.

paragraphs: The history of Garhwal goes back to the dawn of Hindu civilization, but most of history of Garhwal is fairly unknown or not given any importance by historians. Also, some facts known about this land are vague and taken from Garhwali folk songs and Hindu epics. Most historians say that the name of Garhwal comes from the ancient regimes and rulers. However, most of the facts are unknown, and the things that "are" known are very vague and unreliable.

paragraphs: MARODA is a very Important village of Pauri District. It is only from Devpryag which is a holy place for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga. Though the inhabitants of Maroda are well settlled in Delhi for their studies and Jobs but still they are very deeply attached with this village and the tradition and culture of the uttarakhand.

paragraphs: Garhwal is mostly known as the land of sacred Devi Devta (gods) because the holy river Ganges, Yamuna comes from here and Char Dhams (Holy Pilgrimage) Badrinath, Kedarnath, Gangotri and yamunotri are found here along with Panch Paryags (Lands where merging of Holy Rivers take place). These Paryags are Deoparyag, Rudraparyag, Karanparyag, Nandparyag and Vishnuparyag. There are also some Shaktipeeths like Dhari Devi, Mathiyana, Kunjapuri, Surkunda and Punch Badri Kedarnath, Madhya Maheswer, Tungh Nath, Rudra Nath, Kalpeshwer and Panch Badri Adi Badri, Vridha Badri, Bhavisya Badri, Yog Badri, Badri Vishal.

paragraphs: Garhwal is motherland of most of Gharwali people and language spoken by Garhwalis is also known as Garhwali. Most of the Garwalis are villagers and depends upon agriculture.Village in Garhwal are combine among some areas which is known as "Patti" for example Patti Bhillang may contain more than 30 villages. Garhwal land is facing troubles of unemployment and therefore most Garhwali youngsters migrate to the cities. Administration for education is fairly poor however some improvements are there but not so impressive as other states.Health and medical services need to be improved and cultivation is totally depends upon rain and rainfall is not consistent.

paragraphs: The culture and dialect of Garhwal is different in different areas. The culture and dialect of one area can be different from another area but an important part of the culture is Hinduism. Hinduism is the soul of Garhwali culture. Garhwali culture is influenced a lot by Epics and Devi Devta.


title: Singapore National Pledge

paragraphs: The Singapore's National Pledge was written by Sinnathamby Rajaratnam in 1966, not long after Singapore's Independence. A draft was submitted to the then Prime minister Lee Kuan Yew, before he made it better and passed it to the Cabinet.

paragraphs: These are the words of the pledge<nowiki>:</nowiki>

paragraphs: These are the rules for using the pledge. They are set by the government.