title: Bob Solinger

paragraphs: Robert Edward "Solly" Solinger (December 23, 1925 – December 10, 2014) was a professional Canadian ice hockey player. he played 99 games in the National Hockey League. Solinger was born in Star City, Saskatchewan. He played for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Detroit Red Wings.

paragraphs: Solinger died in Edmonton, Alberta, aged 88, on December 10, 2014.


title: Jack Swigert

paragraphs: John Leonard "Jack" Swigert, Jr. (August 30, 1931 – December 27, 1982) was an American test pilot, mechanical engineer, aerospace engineer, United States Air Force pilot, and NASA astronaut, one of the 24 persons who have flown to the Moon. After leaving NASA, he was elected to Congress from Colorado's new 6th district, but died before being sworn in.

paragraphs: Swigert died in Washington, D.C. from respiratory failure caused by nose cancer, aged 51.


title: This Is the Army

paragraphs: This Is the Army is a 1943 American wartime comedy-musical movie directed by Michael Curtiz. It was produced Hal B. Wallis and Jack L. Warner. It stars George Murphy, Joan Leslie, Ronald Reagan, Alan Hale, Sr., and Rosemary DeCamp. Joe Louis, Irving Berlin, Kate Smith, and Frances Langford appear as themselves. It was released on August 14, 1943.


title: Frances Langford

paragraphs: Julia Frances Langford (April 4, 1913 – July 11, 2005) was an American singer and actress. She was popular during the Golden Age of Radio. She also appeared in movies such as in "This Is the Army" and in "Yankee Doodle Dandy". Langford was born in Lakeland, Florida.

paragraphs: Langford died in Jensen Beach, Florida from congestive heart failure, aged 92.


title: Jensen Beach, Florida

paragraphs: Jensen Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Martin County, Florida, United States. The population was 11,707 at the 2010 census.


title: Bill Bonds

paragraphs: Bill Bonds (1930s – December 13, 2014) was an American television anchor and reporter. He was best known for his work at WXYZ-TV in Detroit, Michigan. Bonds became an Action News anchorman beginning in the early 1970s.

paragraphs: Bonds died at his home in Southfield, Michigan on December 13, 2014, from a heart attack.


title: Superman: Ultimate Flight

paragraphs: Superman: Ultimate Flight is a steel roller coaster designed by Bolliger and Mabillard. It has been installed at three Six Flags theme parks around the United States. These are Six Flags Great Adventure, Six Flags Great America and Six Flags Over Georgia. Another park, Six Flags Discovery Kingdom has a shorter version with a more twisted course.


title: Michael A. Epstein

paragraphs: Sir Michael Anthony Epstein CBE, FRS FMedSci (born 18 May 1921) is a British virologist of Jewish descent. He is one of the discoverers of the Epstein-Barr virus.

paragraphs: Epstein was Professor of Pathology, 1968-85 (now Professor Emeritus), and Head of Department, 1968-82 at the University of Bristol. In 1979 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London and was its Vice-President from 1986 to 1991.


title: Zero-point energy

paragraphs: Zero-point energy is the energy of the vacuum space, the space between the subatomic particles within atoms. There are a few theories about how much energy there is in that space. There is the theory that there is an incredibly small, very near-zero amount, the theory that there is zero energy there, the theory that the amount of energy is indeterminable, and the theory that a cubic centimetre of vacuum has a few levels of magnitude more energy than would be required to create the Big Bang.

paragraphs: If you look at the way physics is going, there are atoms, then there are subatomic particles making up atoms (e.g. electrons, protons, neutrons), then further subatomic particles making up those subatomic particles (e.g. quarks, gluons), and now there is string theory. String theory says that those smallest subatomic particles are made of vibrating strings of energy, and that those strings have practically no actual width whatsoever. So all the matter of the universe could be compressed into an extremely small space, hence the Big Bang theory. If this is the case, the large energy interpretation of zero-point energy seems likely.

paragraphs: The term "zero-point" comes from the cooling of helium to 0 kelvin. Even at fractions below 1 Kelvin, the helium stays fluid with no signs of freezing.


title: Black Christmas (1974 movie)

paragraphs: Black Christmas (also released as Silent Night, Evil Night, and Stranger in the House) is a 1974 Canadian independent horror movie. It was directed and produced by Bob Clark. "Black Christmas" was released on October 11, 1974 in Canada, December 20, 1974 in the United States, and on October 12, 1975 in the United Kingdom. The movie is inspired by the urban legend "The Babysitter and the Man Upstairs" and is also based on murders that took place in Quebec around Christmas. The movie is considered to be one of the first slasher movies. There was a remake that was made and released on Christmas of 2006.

paragraphs: The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 63% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes.

paragraphs: A remake of the same name was released in 2006.


title: Black Christmas (2006 movie)

paragraphs: Black Christmas (also abbreviated as Black X-Mas) is a 2006 Canadian-American slasher movie. It was directed by Glen Morgan and was produced by Marty Adelstein, Steve Hoban, Glen Morgan, Dawn Parouse, Victor Solnicki, and James Wong. "Black Christmas" was released on December 15, 2006 in the United Kingdom and on December 25, 2006 in the United States. The movie is loose remake of the 1974 movie with the same name.

paragraphs: In December 2006, before the movie's premiere, it gained some criticism from religious groups because of its graphic content in a holiday setting, and the distributor's choice to release the movie on Christmas Day in the United States.

paragraphs: The movie gained negative reviews from critics and holds a 14% "rotten" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Sam Adams of the Los Angeles Times was quoted as saying "Like an ugly tie or a pair of slipper socks, Black Christmas is destined to be forgotten the instant it's unwrapped, gathering dust until the season rolls around again".


title: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer

paragraphs: I Still Know What You Did Last Summer is a 1998 American slasher movie and a sequel to the 1997 movie "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Directed by Danny Cannon, the movie was written by Trey Callaway, and features characters originally created in Lois Duncan's 1973 novel "I Know What You Did Last Summer". Jennifer Love Hewitt, Matthew Lillard, Freddie Prinze, Jr. and Muse Watson reprise their roles, with Brandy Norwood, Linda Cardellini, Mekhi Phifer, Jennifer Esposito, and Matthew Settle joining the cast. "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer" continues after the events of the first movie.

paragraphs: Callaway's script was published in an edited "young adult" format, leaving in all descriptions of violence but omitting the harsher language. Recording took place in Mexico and California. "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer" was released to negative reviews, but was a box office success, grossing $84 million worldwide. It is the second installment of "I Know What You Did Last Summer" series and was followed by "I'll Always Know What You Did Last Summer" in 2006.

paragraphs: One year after the events of the first movie, Julie James and George Bronson are attending summer classes in Boston, to avoid returning to their hometown of Southport, North Carolina. She suffers from memories and nightmares of the accident and brutal murders of her friends by the vengeful fisherman, Ben Willis, from the summer before.

paragraphs: Julie and George's roommate Karla Wilson receives a phone call from a local radio station, and wins an all-expenses-paid vacation to the Bahamas for the Fourth of July weekend. Julie invites her boyfriend and George's brother, Ray Bronson. He declines, but later changes his mind and plans to show up as a surprise and propose.

paragraphs: That evening, Ray and his co-worker Dave drive to Boston to meet Julie and George. They stop due to a BMW and body in the middle of the road. Ray discovers that the body is a mannequin dressed in fisherman's clothing. Suddenly, Ben Willis appears and kills Dave with his hook. Ben takes Ray's truck and chases him down the road. Ray gets away, but he is injured from falling down a hill.

paragraphs: The next morning, Julie, George and Karla depart on the trip with Karla’s boyfriend Tyrell and their friend, Will Benson and Marlene Kennedy. The group arrives at the hotel in Tower Bay, only to find that other guests are leaving due to the imminent hurricane season. To her surprise, Julie is sharing a hotel room with Will and George is sharing a hotel room with Marlene. That evening at the hotel’s bar, Julie is talked into singing karaoke. She stops when the words “I STILL KNOW WHAT YOU DID LAST SUMMER” roll onto the screen. Terrified, she runs back to her room and is met by Will, who laid out flowers and a love note for her. Julie sidesteps Will's affection for her, while Tyrell and Karla (and later Will) get into the hot tub.

paragraphs: Julie notices that her toothbrush is missing. She, Marlene and George search the room and finds the dockhand Darik hanging dead in the closet. They find Tyrell, Karla, and Will, but when they return there is no sign of Darick's body. The hotel manager refuses to believe their story and Julie and George try to call the police, but the phone lines are dead due to the incoming hurricane. Ben arrives at the hotel and kills the employees.

paragraphs: The following day, the group finds that the hotel staff and the manager have been murdered, and the two-way radio, their only way of contact, has been destroyed. Isolated, Julie and George tell the others about the previous summer. Tyrell suspects that Estes, the boat hand porter, is the killer, since he is the only one who cannot be found. The group goes to Estes’ apartment, searching for clues. They find Julie’s toothbrush and Karla's hair tie, concluding Estes has been using voodoo to protect them. Estes appears and leads them to a graveyard in the forest with the graves of Ben's wife and daughter, and two empty graves and tombstones with Julie and George’s names. Estes explains that Ben and his wife Sarah had two children: son Will and daughter Susie. Ben murdered Sarah in the hotel room that Julie is staying in when he found out about her affair and her plans to leave him with their children.

paragraphs: Estes goes missing, and Will volunteers to find him. Julie, George, Marlene, Karla, and Tyrell return to the hotel and gather supplies to defend themselves. They head to the hotel kitchen for something to eat, and find Nancy, the bartender, hiding in the freezer. Will finds Estes, but he attacks Will while Ray takes a boat to the island. Ben appears and stabs Tyrell in the throat with his hook, killing him. The girls retreat to the attic, where Karla is attacked by Ben. They both fall through to the hotel bedroom below. Karla runs from the room and jumps onto the greenhouse. Julie, George, Marlene and Nancy rescue Karla and run to the storm cellar to take refuge. They find that the storm cellar stores Ben's victims. Will bursts in and convinces the girls to head back to the hotel, stating that he saw Ben on the beach.

paragraphs: Back at the hotel, Julie and George see Will is bleeding from his stomach, so Nancy takes Karla to find a first aid kit. Nancy and Karla find Estes has been impaled with a harpoon. Ben appears and kills Nancy. Back in the lobby, Julie and George are tending to Will, unable to find a wound. Will admits this is because it is not his blood. He asks Julie what her favorite radio station is, revealing he was the radio host and killed Estes. Will drags Julie, Marlene and George to the graveyard, and tells her he is Ben's son. Ben appears and attacks Julie, Marlene and George. Ray arrives, and a fight ensues between him and Will. When Ben tries to stab Ray, he accidentally kills Will instead, after George saved Ray for getting stabbed. While Ben is distraught from killing his son, Julie and George take two guns and shoot him in the chest. Ben falls dead into the grave made for Julie, Marlene and George. Back at the hotel, Karla is found alive. The five are rescued by the coast guard.

paragraphs: Sometime later, Ray and Julie have married and are in their new home. Ray is brushing his teeth before bed and Julie is in their bedroom. The bathroom door is quietly shut and locked while Ray is occupied. Julie sits down on her bed, looks in the mirror, and sees Ben under the bed. She screams as Ben grabs her feet with his hook and hand and pulls her under leaving her fate unknown.


title: Fragmentation (reproduction)

paragraphs: In biology, fragmentation is when a body breaks up into two or more parts and these parts grow into new individuals. Fragmentation can be seen in certain algae such as spirogyra.


title: Joey Bishop

paragraphs: Joey Bishop (February 3, 1918 – October 17, 2007) born Joseph Abraham Gottlieb, was an American entertainer. He appeared on television as early as 1948 and eventually starred in his own weekly comedy series playing a talk show host. He then later hosted a late night talk show.

paragraphs: He later became a member of the "Rat Pack" with Frank Sinatra, Peter Lawford, Sammy Davis, Jr., and Dean Martin. Bishop was born in The Bronx, New York.

paragraphs: Bishop died from heart failure in Newport Beach, California, aged 89.


title: Peter Lawford

paragraphs: Peter Sydney Ernest Lawford (born Peter Sydney Ernest Aylen; September 7, 1923 – December 24, 1984) was an English-born American actor and singer. He was born in London.

paragraphs: He was a member of the "Rat Pack" along with Dean Martin. He was married to Patricia Kennedy. Lawford then became the brother-in-law to President John F. Kennedy. He had four children; including Christopher.

paragraphs: From the 1940s to the 1960s, he had a strong role in popular culture and starred in a number of popular movies.

paragraphs: Lawford died from cardiac arrest caused by renal failure and liver failure in Los Angeles, California, aged 61.


title: Inside Out (2015 movie)

paragraphs: Inside Out is a 2015 American computer animated dramedy adventure movie. It was produced by Pixar Animation Studios for Walt Disney Pictures, being the 15th movie in the Pixar series. The movie is directed by one of Pixar's leading talents Pete Docter. The film was shown at the Cannes Film Festival on May 18, 2015 and was released on June 19, 2015.

paragraphs: Riley Anderson is an 11-year-old girl. She moves from Minnesota to San Francisco with her family. This affects a number of emotions in her head. The five emotion characters are: Joy, Anger, Disgust, Fear and Sadness. These emotions all help with her thoughts. They help each other with Riley's mind. Each of the characters has power over an island of Riley's life, which represent different parts of her personality. After a series of events that change different things, she learns to accept her new life in San Francisco.


title: House of Grimaldi

paragraphs: The House of Grimaldi is associated with the history of the Republic of Genoa, Italy and of the Principality of Monaco. The head of the present family is Prince Albert II of Monaco. He is the son of Rainier III, Prince of Monaco and Grace Kelly. The state is also well known for having a Princess in her own right.


title: Anglosphere

paragraphs: Anglosphere is a term used to mean a group of English-speaking nations with a similar cultural heritage.

paragraphs: The Anglosphere includes the United Kingdom, the United States, and the main members of the Commonwealth of Nations such as Canada (except the majority French-speaking province of Quebec), Australia and New Zealand. Ireland, a former Commonwealth of Nations member, is in the Anglosphere.

paragraphs: The term was invented at the end of the 20th century.

paragraphs: The word means more than just those countries where English is a first or second language. To be considered part of the Anglosphere requires sharing basic customs and values. "Nations comprising the Anglosphere share a common historical narrative in which the Magna Carta, the English and American Bills of Rights, and such Common law principles as trial by jury, presumption of innocence". Since the Great Rapprochement of the early 20th century, the United States and Great Britain were far more friendly than before. Their military alliance during World War II has lasted ever since.

paragraphs: By the time of the 2003 Iraq war the political use of the word meant the cultural tendency towards military intervention, particularly by the US, the UK and Australia. Strategically, the word has come to mean that the US is usually backed by Britain and Australia, but not so much by Canada. In this sense, Canada is and sometimes is not considered a part of the Anglosphere. This has been since the Pierre Trudeau era. The United States of America is generally considered by many to be the dominant country in the Anglosphere.

paragraphs: Some go so far as to call it an Anglospherist school of thought. This holds that English speaking countries are becoming a separate civilization in their own right. Anglosphere theorists point out that there is no intent to build an Anglosphere superstate like the European Union. The term was coined (used for the first time) by science fiction writer Neal Stephenson. He used it in his novel "The Diamond Age".


title: Wild Card (movie)

paragraphs: Wild Card is a 2015 crime drama movie. Jason Statham plays security guard Nick Wild, who has a gambling problem. Stanley Tucci plays Baby. Anne Heche plays Roxy.

paragraphs: The movie was released by Lionsgate. It is based on the novel "Heat". It is a remake of a movie from 1986 called "Heat".


title: Let's Go Pocoyo

paragraphs: Let's Go Pocoyo is a 2012-2014 Spanish animated television series created by Zinkia Entertainment. The series is about a 3-year-old boy named Pocoyo and his friends Pato (a duck), Elly (an elephant) and Loula (a dog).


title: Geoff Downes

paragraphs: Geoffrey "Geoff" Downes (born 25 August 1952) is an English rock songwriter, record producer, and musician, mainly a keyboardist. He is mainly known as a member of the New wave duo The Buggles, progressive rock band Yes, and supergroup Asia.


title: 2014 Sydney hostage crisis

paragraphs: On 15 and 16 December 2014, there was a hostage crisis in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Seventeen people were taken hostage by a gunman at 9:44 a.m. in a Lindt chocolate café in Martin Place on 15 December. The gunman has been identified as Iranian immigrant Man Haron Monis. He had a criminal record and supported Islamic terrorism. Five people, three workers and two customers, escaped after being held by Monis for several hours. Monis shot one hostage who died. Seventeen hours after the crisis started, the police raided the café at 2:44 a.m. on the morning of 16 December. The gunman died during when the police shot him in the head. Another hostage was killed by police bullet fragments. Four other people were injured. There has been world-wide condemnation of the attack.


title: Active transport

paragraphs: Active transport is when molecules move across a cell membrane from a lower concentration to a higher concentration. This takes energy, often from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Active transport is done so cells get what they need, such as ions, glucose and amino acids.

paragraphs: In general, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. To get molecules into the cell "against" the concentration gradient, work must be done. The work is done in special proteins which act as ports in the cell membrane. The imports must come through the ports: they cannot get through the bilipid layer of the cell membrane.

paragraphs: There are three main types of protein ports in cell membranes:


title: Andreas Schockenhoff

paragraphs: Andreas Schockenhoff (February 23, 1957 – 13 December 2014) was a German politician of the CDU. From 1990 until his death in 2014, he served as a member of the German Bundestag. In the general election in 2013, he was elected the seventh consecutive year as a direct mandate for the federal electoral district Ravensburg in the German Bundestag. Schockenhoff was born in Ludwigsburg, Germany.

paragraphs: Schockenhoff died in Ravensburg, Germany, aged 57.


title: Joan Barril

paragraphs: Joan Barril i Cuixart (20 January 1952 – 13 December 2014) was a Spanish journalist and writer. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. He was known for his writing columns on "El País", "La Vanguardia" and in "El Periódico de Catalunya".

paragraphs: Barril died in Barcelona, Spain from pneumonia, aged 62.


title: David H. Gambrell

paragraphs: David Henry Gambrell (born December 20, 1929) is a American politician. Gambrell served in the United States Senate representing Georgia from 1971 through 1972.


title: George A. Sinner

paragraphs: George Albert Sinner (May 19, 1928 – March 9, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the 29th Governor of North Dakota from 1985 through 1992. He served two four-year terms as governor.

paragraphs: Sinner died on March 9, 2018 in Fargo of pneumonia at the age of 89.


Caravan


title: Caravan (travellers)

paragraphs: A caravan (from ) is a group of people traveling together. Often they are on a trade expedition. Caravans were used mainly in desert areas and throughout the Silk Road. Traveling in groups aided in defense against bandits, in the same way that convoys at sea helped protect against piracy. It also helped improve economies of scale in trade. In the 14th century there were reports of caravans of up to 12,000 camels.

paragraphs: In historical times, caravans traveled across East Asia and Europe. They often carried luxurious and lucrative goods, such as silks or jewelry. They would trade these for salt, gold, copper or slaves. At first donkey carts were used. They were replaced with the single hump camel. The camel could go great distances on very little water.

paragraphs: Caravans could require a large investment in goods and camels. They were a rich target for bandits. The profits from a successful trade journey could be great. Many rulers along important trade routes created caravanserai (way stations). These were places where caravans could refresh their animals and supplies can be replenished. However, the volume a caravan could transport was limited. For example, a caravan of 500 camels could only transport as much as a third or half of the goods carried by a regular Byzantine merchant sailing ship.

paragraphs: Present-day caravans still transport important goods in less-developed areas of the world. Examples are the camel trains traversing the southern edges of the Sahara Desert. Also, modern caravans are often made up of cars, trucks and busses.


title: Flying University

paragraphs: Flying University (or "Floating University") was a counterculture educational activist group in Warsaw, Poland. They gathered in private apartments to teach history and the Polish language to students. The group operated for 20 years from 1885 to 1905. Warsaw was then under the control of the Russian Empire. Marie Curie became a student here after being banned from Warsaw University because of her sex.


title: Because I Said So

paragraphs: Because I Said So is a 2007 romantic comedy movie. The movie is about an overbearing mother who is concerned about her three daughters. Diane Keaton plays Daphne. Mandy Moore plays Milly. Piper Perabo plays Mae. Lauren Graham plays Maggie.

paragraphs: "Because I Said So" got negative reviews from critics. But it did very well at the box office. It took in more than $69 million against a $39 million budget.


title: Piper Perabo

paragraphs: Piper Perabo (born October 31, 1976) is an American actress. She acts in movies, television and on stage. In the movie "Whiteboyz", she played Sara. She played Violet "Jersey" Sanford in "Coyote Ugly".

paragraphs: Perabo was born in Dallas, Texas. She grew up in Toms River, New Jersey.


title: Lauren Graham

paragraphs: Lauren Graham (born March 16, 1967) is an American actress, producer and novelist. She played Lorelai Gilmore on "The Gilmore Girls". She played Sarah Braverman in the TV series "Parenthood".


title: The Blue Meanie

paragraphs: Brian Daniel Heffron (born May 18, 1973) is an American professional wrestler and actor. He is better known by his ring name The Blue Meanie. He is best known for his time with Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 2000 and World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Heffron's ring name is a reference to the Blue Meanies, the creatures from the 1968 movie, "Yellow Submarine".

paragraphs: In ECW, Heffron was known for his time in the Blue World Order, which was a parody of World Championship Wrestling (WCW)'s top heel group, the nWo. In the bWo, Meanie played a parody of nWo member Scott Hall and was named Da Blue Guy which was a parody of Scott Hall's nickname "The Bad Guy".


title: Eastcote

paragraphs: Eastcote is a suburban area in west London. (It was in Middlesex until the county was abolished in 1965). It is part of the London Borough of Hillingdon. In the Middle Ages, Eastcote was one of the three areas that made up the parish of Ruislip, under the name of Ascot. The name came from its position to the east of the parish. From the mid-17th century there were clusters of small hamlets in this area.


title: Monster Buster Club

paragraphs: Monster Buster Club is a children's comedy action animated television program series. It was created by Vincent Chalvon-Demersay and David Michel and by Marathon Media and Image Entertainment Corporation Inc. The series was first shown on TV in Europe on Jetix, June 2, 2008. In the United States it began on June 9, 2008. In Asia it started on May 3, 2008. The show was first shown on Canada's Television channel YTV in 2008. The series ended in 2009.

paragraphs: This show is about three twelve-year-olds, helped by an alien girl named Cathy, who are all charged with saving their town from alien invasions. With her grandfather, they reform a secret organization that was founded centuries ago called the Monster Buster Club, often abbreviated to MBC. The goal of the MBC is to locate alien criminals seeking refuge in Single Town, capture them, and send them to galactic authorities.


title: Mieszko II Lambert

paragraphs: Mieszko II Lambert (ca. 990 - May 10, 1034) was a king of Poland from 1025 to 1031, and a duke of Poland from 1032 to 1034 from the Piast dynasty. He was the second son of Boleslaw I the Brave. He is the third known Polish ruler. He was father of Casimir I.

paragraphs: He was probably named after Mieszko I of Poland, who was his grandfather.

paragraphs: In 1028 and in 1030 he attacked Saxony. Later, Poland was attacked by Germany, Bohemia, and Kiev. When Poland was attacked by Yaroslav the Wise in 1031, Mieszko lost control over Poland.


title: Self storage

paragraphs: Self storage is a place where rooms or spaces are rented to individuals and companies. These can very large rooms or outside spaces, or as small as a simple locker. These spaces are usually rented on a short term lease, or on a month by month basis.

paragraphs: A business may use self storage as a way to free up expensive office space to store company files, inventory, equipment, furniture and other items.

paragraphs: The person or business leasing the space is responsible for placing items inside. The storage company does not usually have access to the spaces.

paragraphs: The money spent on self storage in the USA was estimated to be $24 billion in 2013.


title: Walking stick

paragraphs: A walking stick is a device used by many people to help keep their balance while walking. Others use them as an accessory. Walking sticks come in many shapes and sizes, and can be sought by collectors. Some kinds of walking stick may be used by people with disabilities as a crutch or cane. The walking stick has also historically been known to be used as a defensive or offensive weapon, and may conceal a knife or sword as in a swordstick. The "tippling cane" contained a flask usually to hold a small amount of liquor. The Quarterstaff and the Shillelagh are also walking sticks.

paragraphs: A quarterstaff was a traditional European walking stick/weapon used from the middle age to the Early Modern period. It was usually a

paragraphs: shaft of hardwood from long. It was used the same as a walking stick but also as a weapon. It was later called a "short staff" as it became shorter. The term is best known from the legends of Robin Hood. In many versions of the story, he fights variously a monk, Little John or others with a quarterstaff. In most versions Robin Hood loses and ends up in the stream.

paragraphs: From about 1550 until 1930, walking sticks were a fashion accessory. They were not much used for walking but were more worn. A proper lady or gentleman would never be without their walking stick or cane. Many were elegant canes with highly decorated handles. Sometime during the 17th century, the decorated walking stick replaced the sword carried by aristocrats as a status symbol..

paragraphs: Walking sticks, sometimes called a hiking stick or trekking pole, are used by hikers. They are used for support when going uphill or downhill. A good walking stick or pole helps hikers keep their balance while crossing streams or rocks. Modern hiking poles are made of aluminum (or composite materials). They can telescope to fit tall or short hikers. Many have shock absorbers to ease back, shoulder and knee strain.

paragraphs: A shillelagh is a wooden walking stick and club or cudgel, typically a thick knotty stick with a large knob at the top. Many are made from oak or willow. Some are made from the blackthorn bush. In the British Army, blackthorn sticks are carried by commissioned officers of the Royal Irish Regiment. The Shillelagh is associated with Ireland and Irish folklore.

paragraphs: The walking stick is a weapon in martial arts. Both stick training and "shinai" (sword) training use the walking stick. Some are light but shinai-weight and heavier are more common. It can be less lethal than a sword but is deadly against a knife or similar weapons. With practice a walking stick user can deliver a "kote-man" or double-strike. Once to the wrist (holding the knife) followed instantly by a second blow to the assailant's head. The walking stick has the added advantage it does not look like a weapon. It looks fairly harmless.

paragraphs: A sword cane was a long thin steel blade encased in a sheath. The sheath was the cane or, in the case of a swordstick, a walking stick. Andrew Jackson carried a sword-cane and was known to have used it. In many modern jurisdictions the ownership, carrying, manufacturing or trading in sword canes is restricted by law. In some places they are considered a concealed weapon.

paragraphs: A collector of walking sticks is termed a rabologist.


title: Chakri

paragraphs: Chakradhar Gilla (known as Chakri) (15 June 1974 – 15 December 2014) was an Indian music composer and singer. He works for Tollywood movies. He won the Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu for the movie "Satyam" (2003). His song named "O Maguva Nee Sneham Kosam" from his movie "Satyam" was thought to be his best known work. Chakri was born in Mahabubabad, Telangana.

paragraphs: Chakri died from a heart attack in Hyderabad, Telangana, aged 40.


title: John McVie

paragraphs: John Graham "Mac" McVie (born 26 November 1945) is a British bass guitarist. He is best known as a member of rock groups John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers and Fleetwood Mac. He joined Fleetwood Mac shortly after its formation by guitarist Peter Green in 1967. He replaced bassist Bob Brunning.

paragraphs: In 1968, he married blues pianist and singer Christine Perfect, who became a member of Fleetwood Mac two years later. John and Christine McVie divorced, however, in 1977.

paragraphs: On 27 October 2013, Fleetwood Mac announced on their Facebook Page that McVie had been diagnosed with cancer and would be undergoing treatment. He has continued to play with the band during their 2014 On With The Show tour following an improvement in his condition.


title: Louis Alphonse Koyagialo

paragraphs: Louis Alphonse Daniel Koyagialo Ngbase te Gerengbo (23 March 1947 – 14 December 2014) was a Congolese politician. He was Deputy Prime Minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the second cabinet of Prime Minister Adolphe Muzito. He was responsible for the Ministry of Postal Services, Telephones, and Telecommunications . He became Acting Prime Minister on 6 March 2012 after Prime Minister Muzito resigned.


title: Saint Lucy

paragraphs: Saint Lucy (283–304) was born in Syracuse, Italy. Lucy’s mother tried to arrange a marriage for her. Lucy did not want to marry. Her mother agreed, but the rejected bridegroom was not happy. He betrayed Lucy to the governor as a Christian. Lucy was killed. She died at age 21.


title: Saint Emiliana

paragraphs: Saint Emiliana was a Christian saint. She was born in Rome. Her feast day is January 5. She was a mystic person (a spiritual and faithful person).

paragraphs: Emiliana and her sister Tharsilla were aunts of Pope Gregory I. Their uncle was Pope Felix III. They treated their house like a convent. They were spiritual and committed to God. They wanted to help the world. Tharsilla died on December 24. A few days after Tharsilla died, she appeared to Emiliana. Emiliana died on January 5.


title: Louis, Prince of Condé (1668–1710)

paragraphs: Louis de Bourbon, Prince of Condé, (10 November 1668 - 4 March 1710) was a Prince of the blood at the French court of Louis XIV. Styled as the Duke of Bourbon from birth, he succeeded his father as Prince of Condé in 1709. He was commonly called "Monsieur le Duc". However, he was known by the lesser ducal title. He was prince for less than a year. As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a "prince du sang". He was governor of Burgundy from 1709–1710. He was forced to marry an illegitimate daughter of Louis XIV.


title: Raquel Castro

paragraphs: Raquel Castro (born November 17, 1994) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She played Gertie in "Jersey Girl" in 2004. She played Destiny in "Little Fugitive".

paragraphs: Castro was born in Long Island, New York.


title: Nick Cravat

paragraphs: Nicholas Cuccia (January 11, 1912 – January 29, 1994), known as Nick Cravat, was an American actor and stuntman. He co-starred with Burt Lancaster in nine movies. He played a mute character in movies such as "Davy Crockett" and "King of the Wild Frontier". He did not have speaking roles because he could not hide his thick Brooklyn accent.

paragraphs: Cravat was born in New York City. On January 29, 1994 he died of lung cancer in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California.


title: Dennis Morgan

paragraphs: Dennis Morgan (December 30, 1909 – September 7, 1994) was an American actor and singer. He played Jefferson in "Christmas in Connecticut". He played Paul Hudson in "The Desert Song".

paragraphs: Morgan was born Stanley Morner in Prentice, Wisconsin, on December 30, 1909. He died in Fresno, California of respiratory failure on September 7, 1994.


title: Francisco Ibáñez Talavera

paragraphs: Francisco Ibáñez Talavera (born 15 March 1936), Spanish comic book artist and writer. He was born in Barcelona, Spain. He is the creator of several comic book series. The most famous series he created is "Mortadelo y Filemón".

paragraphs: Ibáñez worked in a bank while publishing his first drawings before dedicating himself fully to his craft in 1957. A year later, "Mortadelo y Filemón" appeared for the first time in the publication "Pulgarcito". After that Ibáñez created several other characters. Since 1988, he has drawn six new "Mortadelo y Filemón" albums a year. Many of them concern common issues of the day.

paragraphs: In 1994, he received the Grand Prize of the "Salón del Cómic de Barcelona". In 2001 he received the "Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes" ("Gold Medal for Contributions to the Fine Arts"). He received the "Premios Notario del Humor" 2008 from the University of Alicante.


title: Pulgarcito

paragraphs: Pulgarcito (Spanish for "Tom Thumb") was a weekly illustrated magazine in Spain. It was published by Editorial Bruguera. It was first named "El Gato Negro". It had a black cat as its logo from June 1921 to 1986.

paragraphs: "Pulgarcito" had short stories, articles, pastimes, and jokes, with only a few comic strips. Economic difficulties caused by the Spanish Civil War led to only 13 issues being published between 1945 and 1947. It was brought back after 1952. It had with more space given to comic strips when it returned. It also had a new set of new comic characters, including:

paragraphs: Both Ibáñez and Jan worked on "Pulgarcito" during its last years. With the demise of the Editorial Bruguera publishing house, "Pulgarcito" was discontinued.


title: Shapeshifting

paragraphs: Shapeshifting is the act of being able to change into another being or form. The idea of shapeshifting has been around since the Middle Ages. It has been used in literature and epic poems, including works such as "Peleus and Thetis" and the "Iliad". The trend of shapeshifting is still being done today. It is a theme in children's literature, and works of popular culture.


title: Don L. Anderson

paragraphs: Don Lynn Anderson (March 5, 1933 – December 2, 2014) was an American geophysicist. Anderson’s work was about seismology, solid state physics, geochemistry and petrology to explain how the Earth works. Anderson was born in Frederick, Maryland.

paragraphs: Anderson died of cancer in Cambria, California, aged 81.


title: Norman Bridwell

paragraphs: Norman Bridwell (February 15, 1928 – December 12, 2014) was an American author, cartoonist, and philanthropist. He was best known for creating "Clifford the Big Red Dog". Bridwell was born in Kokomo, Indiana.

paragraphs: Bridwell died on December 12, 2014 of heart failure at the age of 86 in Edgartown, Massachusetts.


title: Treaty of Waitangi

paragraphs: The Treaty of Waitangi, , was a treaty that was signed on 6 February 1840 at Waitangi, New Zealand. It was signed by European settlers and by Māori chiefs. It is widely considered to be a founding document of New Zealand. The Treaty of Waitangi marked the start of the official domination of New Zealand by Great Britain. The legal status and modern relevance of the treaty has been at a disagreement for a long time. The day on which the Treaty of Waitangi was signed, 6 February, is the National Day of New Zealand.


title: Priscilla Morrill

paragraphs: Priscilla Morrill (June 4, 1927 – November 9, 1994) was an American actress. She was well known for playing Edie Grant on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show". She also played Elaine Hogan on the TV show "Family".

paragraphs: Morrill was born in Boston, Massachusetts. She died from complications of a kidney infection in Los Angeles at age 67.


title: Stuart Little (movie)

paragraphs: Stuart Little is a 1999 American Family comedy movie. It was directed by Rob Minkoff and was produced by Douglas Wick. "Stuart Little" was released on December 17, 1999. The movie is loosely based on the E. B. White novel, "Stuart Little".

paragraphs: The movie gained positive reviews from critics and holds a 66% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. "Stuart Little" was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Visual Effects, but it lost to "The Matrix". The movie spawned a sequel in 2002 titled "Stuart Little 2", a short-lived TV show "" in 2003, and another sequel in 2006, "" which went direct-to-video.

paragraphs: The movie was both Estelle Getty's last movie before she retired in 2000 as well as her last movie before her death in 2008.


title: Insulated glazing

paragraphs: Insulated glazing, otherwise known as double glazing or triple glazing, refers to the layers of glass in a window. A double glazed window is two panes of glass (also called a lite) with a sealed air (or gas) space in the middle. The edges are sealed together with an air-tight spacer. This is used so that heat cannot escape through the air space by conduction or convection. Heat radiation is not affected as it can travel through a vacuum space. To increase the R-value of insulated windows are sealed with argon gas.


title: Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon

paragraphs: Louis Henri de Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé (Louis Henri Joseph; 18 August 1692 – 27 January 1740) was head of the Prince of Condé and a cousin of the then reigning House of Bourbon from 1710 to his death, and served as prime minister to his kinsman Louis XV from 1723 to 1726.

paragraphs: Despite succeeding as head of the House of Condé in 1709, he never used that name, preferring the title "Duke of Bourbon", and was known at court as "Monsieur le Duc". As a member of the reigning House of Bourbon, he was a "Prince of the blood".

paragraphs: On 9 July 1713 at Versailles, he married Marie Anne de Bourbon who died in 1720. Marie Anne was the eldest daughter of Marie Thérèse de Bourbon and her husband, François Louis, Prince de Conti. The couple had no children.

paragraphs: Secondly on 23 July 1728 he married Caroline of Hesse-Rotenburg and they had one son;


title: Fourth wall

paragraphs: The fourth wall is the imaginary "wall" at the front of the stage in a traditional three-walled theatre. In a theatre, the fourth wall is the one through which the audience sees the action of the play. The idea of the fourth wall was made famous by philosopher and critic Denis Diderot. It was used more in the 19th century. The fourth wall extended the idea of an imaginary boundary between any fictional work and its audience.

paragraphs: If an actor speaks directly to the audience, does something to the audience, or even simply notices the audience, it is known as "breaking the fourth wall". In a movie, or on television, this can be done by the actor speaking directly to the camera. This breaks a boundary normally set up or assumed by works of fiction. It is known as a metafictional technique. In literature and video games, it happens when a character acknowledges the reader or player.

paragraphs: The fourth wall is not the same as a soliloquy. A soliloquy is a dramatic device used by playwrights where the character on stage gives a monologue which gives the audience insight into their thoughts.

paragraphs: The acceptance of the transparency of the fourth wall is part of the suspension of disbelief between a fictional work and an audience. It allows them to enjoy the fiction as if they were observing real events. Although the critic Vincent Canby described it in 1987 as "that invisible scrim that forever separates the audience from the stage".

paragraphs: The metaphor of the fourth wall has been used by the actor Sir Ian McKellen to describe the work of the painter L. S. Lowry:

paragraphs: "... stood across the road from his subjects and observed. Often enough there are a number of individuals in a crowd peering back at him. They invite us momentarily into their world, like characters on a stage sometimes do, breaking the fourth-wall illusion."

paragraphs: McKellen said that "Lowry’s mid-air viewpoint is like a view from the dress circle", looking down as if to a stage. And, McKellen argues, Lowry "often marks the limits of the street scene with curbstones or a pavement that feel like the edge of the stage where the footlights illuminate the action."

paragraphs: The metaphor of the fourth wall has been used by literary critic David Barnett to "The Harvard Lampoon"'s parody of "The Lord of the Rings". He says a character breaks the rules of storytelling by referring to the text itself. The character Frodo observes "it was going to be a long epic", which in Barnett's view "breaks the fourth wall.

paragraphs: Woody Allen broke the fourth wall several times in his movie "Annie Hall". Allen explained, "because I felt many of the people in the audience had the same feelings and the same problems. I wanted to talk to them directly and confront them."

paragraphs: Fourth wall breaks are also used for comedic effect. Mel Brooks breaks the fourth wall in many of his movies, sometimes literally. In "Blazing Saddles", the climactic fight scene between the townspeople and the outlaws was so big that it literally breaks into other parts of the movie studio.

paragraphs: On television, breaking the fourth wall is rare. It has been done throughout the history of the medium. George Burns did it many times on the 1950s sitcom he starred in with his real-life wife Gracie Allen. "It's Garry Shandling's Show" and "Mrs Brown's Boys" both have their title character walking between sets mid-scene. The latter shows characters re-doing the same scenes over when they missed a line of the dialogue. Another television character who regularly breaks the fourth wall is Francis Urquhart in the British TV drama series "House of Cards", "To Play the King" and "The Final Cut". Urquhart talks to the audience several times during each episode. He gives the viewer comments on his own actions on the show. The same technique is also used in the American adaptation of "House of Cards".


title: Boethius

paragraphs: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius normally called Boethius (480-524 AD) was a Roman philosopher. He was from the important Roman Anicia family, which included the Roman Emperors Petronius Maximus and Olybrius. In 510 Boethius became consul in the kingdom of the Ostrogoths. He was put in prison and later executed, by King Theodoric the Great, who thought he was secretly working with the Byzantine Empire. In prison, Boethius wrote the Latin philosophy book Consolation of Philosophy. In the Middle Ages, it was a famous and important book.


title: Kristina Orbakaitė

paragraphs: Kristina Orbakaitе (, , born 25 May 1971), is a Russian singer and actress. She is the daughter of Russian pop star Alla Pugacheva and Lithuanian circus performer Mykolas Orbakas.


title: Tamara Gverdtsiteli

paragraphs: Tamara "Tamriko" Gverdtsiteli (, , born 18 January 1962 in Tbilisi) is a Georgian-Russian singer, actress and composer. She is a People's Artist of Ingushetia, Georgia (since 1991) and Russia (since 2004).


title: Bellvale, California

paragraphs: Bellvale is a settlement in San Mateo County, California, located at . The small community is on (La Honda Road) between and . Bellvale is 240 feet above sea level. Bellvale once had a post office, the community is now only sparsely settled with homes and farms. The Bellvale post office, located 2.25 miles west of La Honda, opened in 1897 and was discontinued in 1922.


Bellvale


title: Interstellar

paragraphs: Interstellar means "in between the stars". It may refer to:


title: Bellvale, New York

paragraphs: Bellvale is a wooded hamlet in the town of Warwick in Orange County, New York, United States. It was the site of an iron forge destroyed by British Army soldiers in 1750. Most of its homes and other structures date from before American independence.


title: Otra Cosa

paragraphs: Otra Cosa ("Another Thing") is the fifth studio album by Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas. It was released worldwide on March 16, 2010.


title: Rooster Teeth

paragraphs: Rooster Teeth Productions, LLC. or Rooster Teeth is a movie making company in Austin, Texas, United States. It makes live action short videos, animated videos, video game animations, and voiced video game playing called "Let's Play". The creator, Burnie Burns, made voice-over videos of Bungie Studios' big first-person shooter video game . These videos led to the making of "Red vs. Blue", an awarded funny science-fiction set of videos released on April 1, 2003. These are still being made, and its 12th season came out on April 28, 2014. Rooster Teeth also makes live-action short videos, funny game play under the name Achievement Hunter, making video games, and full animated videos such as RWBY. Rooster Teeth hosts its community meeting, RTX, yearly in Austin, Texas.

paragraphs: In 2015, Rooster Teeth released its large movie debut, "Lazer Team", a science-fiction funny movie.


title: Samsung Galaxy S5

paragraphs: Samsung Galaxy S5, Galaxy S5 or just GS5 is an Android smartphone made by Samsung Electronics. The phone was released on 11 April 2014 in 150 countries as the successor to the Samsung Galaxy S4. Like the S4, the S5 is similar to the prior year's model, placing a large focus on a better build with a textured rear cover and IP67 rating for dust and water proof, a better user feel, new security items such as a fingerprint scanner and private mode, expanded health items (such as a built-in heart rate scanner), and an updated camera.

paragraphs: The successor of the S5 is the Samsung Galaxy S6.


title: 1980 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 1980 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States. It was held at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It took place from July 14 to July 17, 1980. The 32nd Republican National Convention nominated former Governor Ronald W. Reagan of California for President. It also nominated former congressman George H. W. Bush of Texas for Vice President.


title: 1980 Republican Party presidential primaries

paragraphs: The 1980 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1980 U.S. presidential election.

paragraphs: Former California Governor Ronald Reagan was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the Republican National Convention held from July 14 to July 17, 1980, in Detroit, Michigan.

paragraphs: The following potential candidates declined to run for the Republican nomination in 1980.


title: 1968 Republican Party presidential primaries

paragraphs: The 1968 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1968 U.S. presidential election.

paragraphs: Former Vice President Richard Nixon was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the 1968 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 5 to August 8, 1968, in Miami, Florida.


title: 1968 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 1968 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States. It was held in at the Miami Beach Convention Center in Miami Beach, Dade County, Florida, from August 5 to 8, 1968.


title: 1976 Republican Party presidential primaries

paragraphs: The 1976 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1976 U.S. presidential election.

paragraphs: Current President Gerald Ford was selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which was held in the 1976 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 16 to August 19, 1976 in Kansas City, Missouri. The 1976 primary was the first Republican primary to hold primaries in every state, the Democrats held the first nationwide primary in 1972.


title: 1976 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 1976 Republican National Convention was a United States political convention of the Republican Party that met from August 16 to August 19, 1976 to select the party's nominee for President.

paragraphs: It was held in Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, the convention nominated President Gerald R. Ford for a full term, but only after narrowly defeating a strong challenge from former California Governor Ronald W. Reagan.

paragraphs: The convention also nominated Senator Robert J. Dole of Kansas for Vice President, instead of Vice President Nelson Rockefeller.


title: 1984 Republican Party presidential primaries

paragraphs: The 1984 Republican presidential primaries were the selection process by which voters of the Republican Party chose its nominee for President of the United States in the 1984 U.S. presidential election.

paragraphs: Current President Ronald Reagan was again selected as the nominee through a series of primary elections and caucuses which happened in the 1984 Republican National Convention. It was held from August 20 to August 23, 1984 in Dallas, Texas.

paragraphs: The primaries were uneventful as Reagan was bound to win the nomination because of his popularity within the party.


title: 1984 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 1984 National Convention of the Republican Party of the United States. It was held on August 20 to August 23, 1984, at Dallas Convention Center in downtown Dallas, Texas. The convention nominated President Ronald W. Reagan and Vice President George H. W. Bush for reelection.


title: 1992 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 1992 National Convention of the Republican Party (GOP) of the United States was held in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas, from August 17 to August 20, 1992. The convention nominated President George H. W. Bush, and Vice President Dan Quayle for reelection. Former president Ronald Reagan made one of his last speeches at the convention.


title: Juke Girl

paragraphs: Juke Girl is a 1942 American crime drama mystery movie directed by Curtis Bernhardt. It stars Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan. It is set in Florida. It was released on May 30, 1942.


title: The Marrying Man

paragraphs: The Marrying Man (also known as "Too Hot to Handle") is a 1991 American romantic comedy movie. Kim Basinger plays Vicki. Alec Baldwin plays Charley. Elisabeth Shue plays Adele.

paragraphs: The movie received poor reviews from the critics. Basinger earned a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress.


title: Jungle Fever

paragraphs: Jungle Fever is a 1991 American romance-drama movie set in New York City. This movie is about interracial romance and drug addiction. Wesley Snipes plays Flipper, a married African American architect who has an affair with Italian American Angie, played by Annabella Sciorra. Ruby Dee plays Flipper's mother Mrs Purify. Ossie Davis plays Flipper's father The Good Reverend Doctor. Samuel L. Jackson plays crack cocaine addict Gator. Halle Berry plays Gator's girlfriend Vivian.

paragraphs: This movie got mostly positive reviews from critics.


title: Alexander Tenenbaum

paragraphs: Alexander Tenenbaum (Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University) is an Israeli medical doctor, university professor, and researcher in the fields of cardiology and diabetes.

paragraphs: Tenenbaum was born in Frunze, former Soviet Union, in 1956. This is where he graduated with a medical degree in 1978. He received a PhD in 1986. Tenenbaum’s research was in the areas of high-altitude medicine heart failure and pulmonary hypertension.

paragraphs: Tenenbaum immigrated to Israel in 1989. He started his work at Sheba Medical Center. During the next twenty years he held several different jobs at this hospital. These included residency in cardiology at the Heart Institute. He was also responsible for the Echocardiography Laboratory at the Cardiac Rehabilitation Institute. In 2003 he was appointed Deputy Director of the institute. Currently he is a Scientific Director at the same institute.

paragraphs: Tenenbaum is author or coauthor of about 200 scientific publications. Most of them are original research articles published in critically peer-reviewed renowned medical journals. His research included several areas, including echocardiography, cardiac CT, heart failure, cardiac calcification and cardiac rehabilitation. Tenenbaum was especially involved in the research of various aspects of "metabolic syndrome", insulin resistance, obesity and the diabetes/cardiovascular interrelationship including residual risk concept.

paragraphs: As a result of the efforts of Dr. Tenenbaum and his colleagues from many countries, a strong correlation between cardiovascular disease and diabetes is widely established nowadays. A new branch of medicine, cardiovascular diabetology, was set up later.

paragraphs: In 2002 Tenenbaum and Prof. Fisman founded an international scientific journal named "Cardiovascular Diabetology" (BioMed Central, Springer Sciences Media Group, London). It was dedicated to all aspects of the diabetes/cardiovascular interrelationship. "Cardiovascular Diabetology" now is the world’s foremost journal specifically devoted to this issue. It has the highest Impact Factor among journals of similar field. Tenenbaum serves as Co-Editor-in-Chief of Cardiovascular Diabetology.

paragraphs: In 2006, he was nominated Professor of Cardiology at Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University.

paragraphs: Besides his accomplishments as an investigator, Dr. Tenenbaum has had a distinguished contribution as a medical educator both for Israeli and foreign students and cardiologists. He has organized the program for Continuous Medical Education of cardiologists from the former Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Tenenbaum worked for the advancement of the Israel Heart Society and international organizations of cardiologists. He was Governor of The International Society of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy, Co-founder and Chairman of the Israeli Heart Society Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacology and Drug Therapy and Co-founder and Secretary General of the Cardiovascular Diabetology Research Foundation.

paragraphs: Tenenbaum received many international and Israeli scientific awards. They include the Jan J. Kellermann Award and the Henry Neufeld Prize.


title: Raymond Martin (cyclist)

paragraphs: Raymond Martin (born 22 May 1949) is a French retired professional cyclist. In the 1980 Tour de France he finished third overall and won the Polka dot jersey for being the best climber. He also competed in the individual road race at the 1972 Summer Olympics.


title: Bret Easton Ellis

paragraphs: Bret Easton Ellis (born March 7, 1964) is an American writer.

paragraphs: Ellis was born in Los Angeles, California to rich parents. He was raised in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles. He attended schools for the rich and famous. He also attended Bennington College.

paragraphs: His first novel was "Less Than Zero" in 1985. His next novel was "The Rules of Attraction" in 1987.

paragraphs: Ellis's third novel was "American Psycho" in 1991. It made him famous. In 1998, it was still selling 25,000 copies a year. The book's hero is an investment banker and sadistic serial killer named Patrick Bateman. His violent acts are described in detail. The Los Angeles chapter of the National Organization for Women (NOW) called for a boycott of the book. NOW described it as "a how-to novel on the torture and dismemberment of women". Easton's publisher Simon and Schuster ended their contract with Ellis. Vintage Press bought and published the book. Ellis got several death threats, but the book sold well. The novel was made into a movie in 2000. Christian Bale played the lead role.

paragraphs: In 1994, Easton's book of 13 related short stories, "The Informers", was published. The stories were set in Los Angeles. "Glamorama" was published in 1998. "Lunar Park" was published in 2005.


title: Louise Hippolyte, Princess of Monaco

paragraphs: Louise Hippolyte (10 November 1697 – 29 December 1731), was the only sovereign Princess of Monaco. She is the ancestor of the current reigning princely family of Monaco. A very popular monarch she officially ruled the state with her husband but died prematurely after a reign of only 11 months. At her death her husband abdicated in favour for their son Honoré .

paragraphs: Born at the Prince's Palace in Monaco, she was the second daughter of Antonio I of Monaco and Marie of Lorraine. The second of six children born to her parents, she was the first of their children to survive childhood.

paragraphs: Because she had no brothers, Louise Hippolyte became the heiress to the throne of Monaco. Her father ensured with the permission of Louis XIV, that her future husband should assume the surname of "Grimaldi" and rule Monaco jointly with her.

paragraphs: On 20 October 1715, at the age of eighteen, she married ""Jacques" François Goyon, Count of Matignon" after his family had proposed him as a candidate. His candidacy was supported by King Louis XIV, who wanted to increase French influence in Monaco. Prior to this, Louise Hippolyte's father was eager to wed his daughter to a Grimaldi cousin. This marriage did not materialise due to the poor finances of the Grimaldis at the time. The couple had several sons most of which were also given the title of Count of Matignon. Jacques François Goyon was given a higher ranking title by Louis XIV namely the Duke of Valentinois (1642). Overall the couple had a fairly unhappy married life. Her husband preferred Paris and would often leave his wife and children in Monaco when he travelled to the Court of Versailles.

paragraphs: Louise Hippolyte and Jacques had nine children. Her husband preferred to stay in Versailles (where he had several mistresses), instead of Monaco.

paragraphs: After the death of her father, Louise Hippolyte traveled from Paris to Monaco on 4 April 1731 and received an enthusiastic reception from the populace. When Jacques joined her a little while later, the reception was much colder.

paragraphs: At the end of 1731, Louise Hippolyte died of smallpox. Her husband neglected the affairs of Monaco and had to leave the country in May 1732. He abdicated in favour of their son, Honoré, the next year.

paragraphs: Her husband remained a widower, despite a large dowry offered to him by the Duchess of Maine to get him to marry her unattractive daughter, "Mademoiselle du Maine", a granddaughter of Louis XIV and Madame de Montespan. The princess died of smallpox aged 34 and was buried in the Saint Nicholas Cathedral itself the family crypt of the House of Grimaldi.

paragraphs: The children of the couple were technically given the surname of "Goyon de Matignon" after their father however they were sometimes also known under the surname of Grimaldi too.


Santander


title: Santander, Spain

paragraphs: Santander (; ) is a city on the north coast of Spain. It is the capital of the autonomous community of Cantabria. As of 2013, 178,465 people lived there.

paragraphs: Santander has an oceanic climate ("Cfb" in the Koeppen climate classification).


title: Penagos

paragraphs: Penagos is a municipality in Cantabria, Spain. As of 2013, 2,020 people lived there.


title: Clean Bandit

paragraphs: Clean Bandit are a British electronic group. They were formed in Cambridge, England in 2008.


title: New Blood Rising

paragraphs: New Blood Rising was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Championship Wrestling (WCW). It was held on August 13, 2000 at Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver, British Columbia. New Blood Rising replaced Road Wild as WCW's August pay-per-view. The pay-per-view's name is a reference to the New Blood stable in WCW.


title: Mini Metro (video game)

paragraphs: Mini Metro is a strategy simulation video game. It is about creating an efficient subway system for a rapidly growing city.

paragraphs: In this game, the player designs a subway station. The object is to get the people to their requested station. The game ends when the station becomes overpopulated. The game is simple at first. Over time, it becomes more complicated and challenging. The point of the game is to run the simulation as long as possible.

paragraphs: "Mini Metro" has a very modern layout. The subway cars are simply moving rectangles, the rails are simply lines, and the tunnels are dotted lines.

paragraphs: "Mini Metro"'s stations each are a different shape.

paragraphs: Only one of each Unique station can appear each game.


title: Nina Badrić

paragraphs: Nina Badrić (born 4 July 1972) is a Croatian pop singer. She was born in Zagreb, Croatia. At age 9 she started singing with the children's choir "Zvjezdice". At age twenty she signed a singing contract. Her version of "I'm so Excited" from her second album was number one on pop charts in Italy, Spain and France. Badric is one of the most award-winning Croatian musicians. While not commonly heard in the west, she is popular in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia and Turkey.


title: Leopold von Ranke

paragraphs: Leopold von Ranke (21 December 1795 – 23 May 1886) was a German historian. Modern history writing is greatly influenced by him. He made focusing on primary sources and international relations in history writing, popular.

paragraphs: Ranke was born 21 December 1795 in Wiehe in Electoral Saxony.. He was educated at local schools in Donndorf and Pforta. In 1814 he went to the University of Leipzig. He studied Classics and Lutheran theology. From 1817-1825 he was a Classics teacher. While teaching he became interested in history. In 1824 he released his first book: "Geschichte der romanischen und germanischen Völker von 1494 bis 1514" ("History of the Latin and Teutonic Peoples from 1494 to 1514"). Ranke was a firm believer in historicism. For that reason he insisted on using primary sources.

paragraphs: Ranke was a professor at the University of Berlin. He was a professor there for almost 50 years. While there he criticized the historical theories of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He also advised his students to go to archives in search of sources. Because of this many think of him as the founder of a historical social science. Ranke retired as a professor in 1871, but still wrote history. In 1880 he started writing a book on world history, beginning in Ancient Egypt with the story of the Israelites. When he died in 1886 he had not finished his book, and had only written up to the 12th century.

paragraphs: In 1831 the Prussian Government asked Ranke to start and edit the "Historisch-Politische Zeitschrift" journal. Ranke, who was conservative, sometimes used the journal to attack liberalism. In 1841 Ranke was made Royal Historiographer of the Prussian Court. In 1865 Ranke was made a noble, and in 1882 he was made a member of the Prussian Privy Council. In 1885 he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.


title: Afro-Colombian

paragraphs: Afro-Colombians are people who are from the country of Colombia and who have ancestors who are African. There is a large population of Colombians of African descent.

paragraphs: Spanish colonists brought African slaves to Cartagena in the sixteenth century. They were purchased to replace the indigenous peoples who died under the harsh working conditions in the mines and on the plantations. The main slave port for the colony (then Granada) was Cartagena. By 1600 about 100,000 slaves had been brought to the colony. The rate increased after 1650 because of labor needed for the gold mines. Conditions were harsher for some slaves than others. Most were allowed to mine, farm and sell their goods for one day a week. The money they made could buy their freedom. Slave rebellions in the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries had slaves forming their own villages in uncontrolled areas. Slavery was abolished in 1851.


title: Aurelio Gonzalez (cyclist)

paragraphs: Aurelio González Puente (born 26 July 1940 in Valle de Villaverde) is a Spanish retired professional cyclist. He won the polka dot jersey for best climber in the 1968 Tour de France. He also won the climbing competition in the 1967 Giro d'Italia. He won stages at the Tour de France, Giro d'Italia, Tour de Suisse and Dauphiné Libéré.


title: The God of Abraham Praise

paragraphs: The God of Abraham Praise is a Christian version of the Jewish hymn Yigdal. It was first translated and made into a Christian hymn by Thomas Olivers after a visit to the Great Synagogue of London in 1770. It was first published in 1772.


title: Apex predator

paragraphs: Apex predators are predators with no natural predators of their own. They are at the top of their food chain.

paragraphs: Apex predators have big effects on the animals and plants lower down the food chain. If they become extinct in an area, many changes happen. In recent times, it is often humans who have removed top predators.

paragraphs: An example of apex predators affecting an ecosystem is in Yellowstone National Park. After the gray wolf was reintroduced, in 1995, researchers noticed big changes occurring in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem. Elk, the primary prey of the gray wolf, became less abundant and changed their behavior. This freed the riparian (river) zones from constant grazing. This allowed willows, aspens, and cottonwoods to grow, so creating a habitat for beaver, moose, and scores of other species. In addition to the effects on prey species, the gray wolf's presence also affected the park's grizzly bear, a vulnerable species. The bears, emerging from hibernation, chose to scavenge off wolf kills after fasting for months. They can also eat wolf kills in autumn to prepare for hibernation. As grizzly bears give birth during hibernation, a greater food supply may improve the mother’s nutrition and increase the number of cubs. Dozens of other species, including eagles, ravens, magpies, coyotes, and black bears, have been seen scavenging from wolf kills.


title: Federico Bahamontes

paragraphs: Federico Martín Bahamontes (born 9 July 1928) is a Spanish retired professional cyclist. He was the first cyclist to win the "King of the Mountains" competition for best climber in all three Grand Tours, the Tour de France, the Giro d'Italia and the Vuelta a España.

paragraphs: Bahamontes was born in Santo Domingo-Caudilla, Toledo.

paragraphs: Bahamontes was a climbing specialist. He won the Tour de France in 1959, and won the polka dot jersey for the best climber six times, in 1954, 1958, 1959, 1962, 1963 and 1964. In total, he won seven Tour stages. Reporters gave him the nickname the 'Eagle of Toledo'.

paragraphs: He was second in the 1957 Vuelta a España and won the mountains competition in 1957 and 1958. He won the mountains competition in the Giro d'Italia in 1956.

paragraphs: Bahamontes retired in 1965 to run a bicycle and motorcycle shop in Toledo.

paragraphs: In 2013 he was named the best climber in the history of the Tour de France by L' Équipe Magazine. Members of the jury included current riders, such as Thomas Voeckler, five-times winner of the race Bernard Hinault and the general director of the Tour de France Christian Prudhomme. The award was given by the French President François Hollande.

paragraphs: He is mentioned in the French film "Le Fabuleux Déstin d'Amélie Poulain", known in English as Amelie. Amélie finds a box of toys left behind by an owner of her flat. She returns them to the owner and he is reminded of watching Bahamontes win the 1959 Tour de France.


title: Sundsvall Bridge

paragraphs: The Sundsvall Bridge () is a bridge located in Sundsvall in Sweden. The bridge crosses the Bay of Sundsvall, and creates a bypass past the town. The road on the bridge is a motorway, which is a part of European route E4.

paragraphs: The bridge is long. It was opened for traffic 18 December 2014.


title: Sandö Bridge

paragraphs: The Sandö Bridge () is a concrete arch bridge crossing the Ångerman River in Kramfors Municipality in the northern parts of Sweden. It has a free span of 264 meters and is 42 meters above the water.

paragraphs: During construction, the bridge collapsed on 31 August 1939. This led to 18 construction workers being killed. Construction was completed in 1943.


title: Enthalpy of vaporization

paragraphs: The Enthalpy of vaporization, also called the latent heat of vaporization is the change in the enthalpy needed to change an amount of liquid into a gas. It happens at a given pressure. The enthalpies of vaporization are usually measured at the normal boiling point for that substance. The units are usually J/mol.

paragraphs: An example is when the cooling effects of vaporization controls the body temperature of humans. Warm weather or exercise creates heat in the body. This causes the body to sweat (or perspire). The body feels cooler when the liquid sweat evaporates. As the humidity increases, the rate of evaporation decreases. This determines the body's comfort level.


title: City Thameslink railway station

paragraphs: City Thameslink station is a National Rail station in the City of London. The southern entrance is on Ludgate Hill near Ludgate Circus. The northern entrance is on Holborn Viaduct. Both of the stations platforms are underground. The station is on the Thameslink route.

paragraphs: The station opened on 22 May 1990, however it was called St Paul's Thameslink until 1991. Many changes have occurred on the lines near the station since. The station was improved in 2010, and is ready for trains of up to 12 cars.


title: SIM card

paragraphs: A SIM card is a smart card that is used in mobile phones, to identify the client. SIM stands for subscriber identity module. A SIM card has a microchip, and its use is protected by a PIN. When the phone is powered on, an international mobile subscriber identity number (IMSI) is broadcast. The microchip is also needed for some encryption and decryption. The SIM card and the device that it is used in (the mobile phone) are often referred to as the "Mobile station".

paragraphs: SIM cards come in different sizes. Full-size SIM cards, which are about the same size as a credit card, are not used in phones anymore. Most smartphones use either micro SIM or nano SIM cards, but older ones use mini SIM.


title: Sonja Aldén

paragraphs: Sonja Aldén, born 20 December 1977, in St Albans, England, UK) is a Swedish singer. In 2006, 2007 and 2012 she participated at Melodifestivalen. She has also worked together with Shirley Clamp and Sanna Nielsen. Also, she has written songs for other artists, like hard rock/heavy metal band The Poodles, who also participated in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2006 with the song "Night of Passion". She has attended the Adolf Fredrik's Music School in Stockholm.


title: Shirley Clamp

paragraphs: Shirley Natasja Clamp, born 17 February 1973 in Borås, Sweden, is a British Swedish pop singer. She has scored several Top 10 albums and singles in Sweden. She also competed at Melodifestivalen several times, and reached the finals ending up second in 2004 and fourth in 2005.


title: Counting coup

paragraphs: Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige in battle by the Plains Indians of North America. Warriors won prestige by acts of courage in the face of the enemy. Any blow struck against the enemy counted as a coup.

paragraphs: Counting coup could be with a hand, any part of the body, or with an object. The most prestigious act was to touch or strike an enemy warrior, leave him alive, then escaping unharmed. Touching the first enemy to die in battle or touching the enemy's defensive works also counted as coup. Counting coup could also involve stealing an enemy's weapons or horses tied up to his lodge in camp. Risk of injury or death was required to count coup. After a battle or exploit, the people of a tribe would gather together to recount their acts of bravery and "count coup." Coups were recorded in some tribes by putting notches (cut marks) in a coup stick. A coup stick was often a willow rod with a feather on the end. But coup could be counted with any object.

paragraphs: Another form of counting coup emerged during the air battles of World War I. A allied pilot who shot down five enemy aircraft was given the status of ace. The exception was that the British never formally adopted the ace system. Informally, however, a British pilot who had shot down ten enemy planes was considered an ace. Generally "counting coup" is counting victories.


title: Rotte (river)

paragraphs: The Rotte is a river in the Dutch province Zuid Holland. The city of Rotterdam is named after this river, Rotterdam means dam of the Rotte, Rotterdam is founded when a dam was built in the Rotte. Original, the river was named Rotta, based on the Dutch word 'rot', this word means something like dirty, because the River was really muddy, and A because Aa means water in old European languages.

paragraphs: In the Roman Age, the river has been connected with the Rhine. The river was cut off from the Rhine later. The area where the Rhine was connected to the Rotte changed into an area of bog. After all the bog was excavated, the area changed into a swamp, this swamp was the new source of the Rotte. In the 17th century the swamp area is empoldered, and the Rotte did not have a source anymore.

paragraphs: In the early medieval age, settlement was founded. But because of floods in the area, the people were not able to live in the area. Later in 1270, a 400 meter long dam was build along the river, people started to live on this dam, and that is where Rotterdam was founded. Today, this dam is the "Hoogstraat" in Rotterdam.


title: Roberto Sagastume Pinto

paragraphs: Roberto Obdulio Sagastume Pinto (24 November 1944 – 1 December 2014) was a Guatemalan politician and educator. He served as Mayor of Esquipulas from 1986 through 1988 and again from 1996 through 2000. Pinto also served as Governor of Chiquimula from 2001 through 2003. Pinto was born in Esquipulas, Guatemala.

paragraphs: Pinto died in a car crash in Esquipulas, Guatemala, aged 70.


title: Giorgio Ardisson

paragraphs: Giorgio Ardisson, also known as George Ardisson (31 December 1931 – 11 December 2014), was an Italian actor. He was known for his roles in "" and "Agent 3S3, Massacre in the Sun". Ardisson was born in Turin, Italy.


title: Ivor Grattan-Guinness

paragraphs: Ivor Grattan-Guinness (23 June 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a English historian and mathematician. He was a historian of mathematics and logic.

paragraphs: Grattan-Guinness was born in Bakewell, Derbyshire. He gained his bachelor degree as a Mathematics Scholar at Wadham College, Oxford, and an MSc (Econ) in Mathematical Logic and the Philosophy of Science at the London School of Economics in 1966. He died on 12 December 2014, aged 73.


title: John Persen

paragraphs: John Persen (9 November 1941 – 12 December 2014) was a Norwegian composer. He was born in Porsanger, Norway. He was the son-in-law of Finn Strømsted. He was awarded Lindemanprisen in 1999, and Edvardprisen twice, and was awarded honorary membership of the Norwegian Society of Composers.


title: Angalifu

paragraphs: Angalifu (pronounced "ang-uh-LEEF-oo"; 1970–2014) was a captive northern white rhinoceros. It was held at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. He was one of six living northern white rhinoceroses in the world, one of two living males in the world, and the only male on the American continents.

paragraphs: Angalifu was born in the wild ca. 1970 before being caught and sent to the Khartoum Zoo in Khartoum, Sudan. In 1990, he was transferred on loan to the San Diego Zoo Safari Park, where he lived until his death in December 2014.


title: Lonesome George

paragraphs: Lonesome George (c. 1910  – June 24, 2012) was a male Pinta Island tortoise ("Chelonoidis nigra abingdonii") and the last known individual of the subspecies. In his last years, he was known as the rarest creature in the world. George served as a potent symbol for conservation efforts in the Galápagos Islands and throughout the world.


title: Theo Colborn

paragraphs: Theodora Emily Colborn (née Decker; March 28, 1927 – December 14, 2014) was an American zoologist. She was the founder and President Emeritus of The Endocrine Disruption Exchange (TEDX). Colborn was also professor Emeritus of Zoology at the University of Florida, Gainesville. She was best known for her studies on the health effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals.


title: Plainfield, New Jersey

paragraphs: Plainfield is a city in Union County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2010, the population was 49,808.


title: Mustapha Maarof

paragraphs: Mustapha Azahari Maarof (1 January 1935 – 15 December 2014) was a Malaysian actor. He was known for his roles in "Hang Tuah" (1959), "" (2007) and "Chermin" (2007).

paragraphs: Maarof died in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia from respiratory failure at the age of 79.


title: Tim Cochran

paragraphs: Thomas (Tim) Daniel Cochran (April 7, 1955 – December 16, 2014) was an American mathematician. He was professor of mathematics at Rice University. He worked in topology, especially low-dimensional topology, the theory of knots and links and associated algebra.


title: Martin Brasier

paragraphs: Martin David Brasier FGS, FLS (12 April 1947 – 16 December 2014) was an English palaeobiologist and astrobiologist. He was Professor of Palaeobiology at the University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of St Edmund Hall.

paragraphs: Brasier died in a car accident near Burford, Oxfordshire, UK, on 16 December 2014.


title: Phillip Archuleta

paragraphs: Phillip M. "Felipe" Archuleta (May 12, 1949 – December 16, 2014) was an American politician. Archuleta was a Democratic member of the New Mexico House of Representatives, serving from 2013 until his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Archuleta died in Las Cruces, New Mexico from pneumonia, aged 65.


title: Dieter Grau

paragraphs: Dieter Grau (April 24, 1913 – December 17, 2014) was a German-American rocket scientist and member of the "von Braun rocket group", at Peenemünde (1939–1945) working on the V-2 rockets in World War II. He was among the scientists who surrendered to the United States and traveled there, providing rocketry expertise via Operation Paperclip, which took them first to Fort Bliss, Texas.

paragraphs: Grau died in Huntsville, Alabama, at the age of 101 on December 17, 2014.


title: Oscar Holderer

paragraphs: Oscar Holderer (November 4, 1919 – May 5, 2015) was an engineer who worked with Wernher von Braun in the United States and Germany beforehand. Holderer came to the United States as part of the second group of people brought from Germany during World War II as part of Operation Paperclip.


title: Georg von Tiesenhausen

paragraphs: Georg F. von Tiesenhausen (May 18, 1914 – June 3, 2018) was a retired German-American rocket scientist. After being brought to the United States in 1953 as part of Operation Paperclip, he was part of Wernher von Braun's team at the U.S. Army, and later, NASA. He is known to first complete design of the Lunar Rover and made a variety of other contributions to the space program.

paragraphs: Von Tiesenhausen died at his home in Huntsville, Alabama on June 3, 2018 at the age of 104.


title: Ivan Vekić

paragraphs: Ivan Vekić (18 October 1938 – 17 December 2014) was a Croatian politician and lawyer. He was one of the founders of the Croatian Democratic Union and served as the Croatian Minister of Interior during the Croatian War of Independence.


title: Richard C. Hottelet

paragraphs: Richard Curt Hottelet (September 22, 1917 – December 17, 2014) was a Brooklyn-born American broadcast journalist for the latter half of the twentieth century. Hottelet was the last surviving journalist from the original World War II-era group of Murrow's Boys lead by Edward R. Murrow.

paragraphs: Hottelet died at his home in Wilton, Connecticut, on December 17, 2014. He was 97 years old.


title: Wilton, Connecticut

paragraphs: Wilton is a town along the Norwalk River Valley in southwestern Connecticut in the United States. It is located in Fairfield County. As of the 2010 census, the town population was 18,062.


title: Oleh Lysheha

paragraphs: Oleh Lysheha (; 30 October 1949 – 17 December 2014) was a Ukrainian poet, playwright, translator and intellectual. During the period 1972-1988, he was banned from official publication, but in 1989 his first book "Great Bridge" ("Velykyi Mist") was published.


title: Virna Lisi

paragraphs: Virna Pieralisi (November 8, 1936 – December 18, 2014), better known as Virna Lisi, was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in "How to Murder Your Wife" and in "La Reine Margot". Lisi died in Ancona, Italy.

paragraphs: On December 18, 2014, Lisi died of cancer in Rome, Italy at age 78.


title: Donald J. Albosta

paragraphs: Donald Joseph Albosta (December 5, 1925 – December 18, 2014) was an American politician. A Democrat, he was Saginaw County Commissioner from 1970 to 1974 and served in the Michigan State House of Representatives from 1974 to 1976, representing the 86th District.

paragraphs: Albosta died on December 18, 2014 in St. Charles, Michigan, aged 89.


title: St. Charles, Michigan

paragraphs: St. Charles is a village in Saginaw County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 2,054 at the 2010 census.


title: Ingvar Kjellson

paragraphs: Ingvar Kjellson (20 May 1923 – 18 December 2014) was a Swedish stage and movie actor. Kjellson was born in Kärna, Östergötland County. He was known for his roles in "Hedda Gabler", "The Wild Duck", "The Beggars' Opera" and "Twelfth Night".

paragraphs: Kjellson died at the age of 91 from pneumonia on 18 December 2014 in Stockholm, Sweden.


title: John Profumo

paragraphs: John Dennis Profumo, CBE (30 January 1915 – 9 March 2006), always known as Jack Profumo, was a British soldier and politician. A scandal, known as the Profumo affair, led to his resignation and withdrawal from politics. It may have damaged the Conservative government of Harold Macmillan. Profumo spent his later life working for charities.

paragraphs: Profumo died of a stroke in London, aged 91.

paragraphs: Profumo's father was a barrister, though the Profumo family's money was in insurance. The family sold the Provident Life Association for £6 million in the 1980s. Profumo was educated at Harrow and Brasenose College, Oxford. He joined the Army when war was declared, and in 1940 he became the youngest Member of Parliament. His military career is described:

paragraphs: Profumo's political career was ruined by a combination of events. He and his wife accepted an invitation from Lord Astor to spend a weekend at his country estate, Clivedon. During that weekend he saw Christine Keeler get out of the swimming pool naked. Profumo asked for her phone number, and they became lovers. Unfortunately for Profumo, she was also having an affair with the Russian naval attaché and spy, Yevgeny Ivanov. When MI5 discovered this from a tip-off, Profumo ended the affair. Rumours circulated, and he was directly challenged about his relationship in the House of Commons. In a personal statement to the House of Commons, Profumo denied the accusation. This was perhaps his biggest mistake. He eventually confessed his affair, and resigned from the government and from Parliament.

paragraphs: Profumo was later (1975) awarded the CBE for services to charity.


title: John Randolph (actor)

paragraphs: Emanuel Hirsch Cohen, better known by the stage name John Randolph (June 1, 1915 – February 24, 2004) was an American movie, television and stage actor. He was born in New York City, New York.

paragraphs: Randolph died in Hollywood, California from natural causes, aged 88.


title: Owatonna, Minnesota

paragraphs: Owatonna is a city in Steele County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 25,599 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Steele County.


title: Mandy Rice-Davies

paragraphs: Marilyn "Mandy" Rice-Davies (21 October 1944 – 18 December 2014) was a British model and showgirl.

paragraphs: She was born in Mere, Wiltshire and grew up in Shirley, Warwickshire. She was best known for her role in the Profumo affair, which discredited the Conservative government of British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1963.

paragraphs: Rice-Davies died aged 70 from cancer on 18 December 2014.


title: Larry Smith (producer)

paragraphs: Lawrence Michael "Larry" Smith (June 11, 1951 – December 18, 2014) was an American musician and hip hop record producer. He was best known for his co-productions (with Russell Simmons) of Run-DMC's "Run-D.M.C." (1984) and "King of Rock" (1985) and his solo production of Whodini's "Escape" (1984) and "Back in Black" (1986).

paragraphs: Smith died on December 18, 2014 in Flushing, Queens, New York, 63.


title: Talia Shire

paragraphs: Talia Shire (; born April 25, 1946) is an American actress. She was most known for her roles as Connie Corleone in "The Godfather" movies and Adrian Balboa in the "Rocky" series.

paragraphs: Shire is the sister of Francis Ford Coppola, the mother of actor Jason Schwartzman, and the aunt of actor Nicolas Cage.


title: Burt Young

paragraphs: Gerald Tommaso DeLouise (born April 30, 1940) better known by his stage name Burt Young, is an American actor, painter and author. He is best known for his Academy Award-nominated role as Sylvester Stallone's brother-in-law and best friend Paulie in the "Rocky" movie series.


title: Robert Simpson (meteorologist)

paragraphs: Robert Homer Simpson (November 19, 1912 – December 18, 2014) was an American meteorologist, hurricane specialist, first director of the National Hurricane Research Project (NHRP) from 1955–1959, and a former director (1967–1974) of the National Hurricane Center (NHC). He was the co-developer of the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale with Herbert Saffir. His wife was Joanne Simpson.

paragraphs: Simpson died in Washington, D.C. at the age of 102.


title: Philip Bradbourn

paragraphs: Philip Charles Bradbourn, (9 August 1951 – 19 December 2014) was a British politician, and Member of the European Parliament for the West Midlands, for the Conservative Party. He was a member of the European Parliament from 1999 to 2014.

paragraphs: Bradbourn was born in Tipton, Warwickshire. He died of bowel cancer, aged 63.


title: Igor Rodionov

paragraphs: Igor Nikolayevich Rodionov (; 1 December 1936 – 19 December 2014) was a Russian general and Duma deputy. He was best known for his service heading the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation.


title: John G. Avildsen

paragraphs: John Guilbert Avildsen (December 21, 1935 – June 16, 2017) was an American movie director. He won the Academy Award for Best Director in 1977 for "Rocky".

paragraphs: Other movie he directed include "Joe", "Save the Tiger", "Fore Play", "The Formula", "Neighbors", "For Keeps", "Lean on Me", "The Power of One", "8 Seconds", "Inferno", "Rocky V" and the first three "Karate Kid" movies.

paragraphs: Avildsen died on June 16, 2017 in Los Angeles, California of pancreatic cancer, aged 81.


title: William Hickey

paragraphs: William Edward Hickey (September 19, 1927 – June 29, 1997) was an American actor. He is best known for his Oscar-nominated role as Don Corrado Prizzi in the John Huston 1985 movie "Prizzi's Honor", as well as Uncle Lewis in "National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation" (1989) and the voice of Dr. Finklestein in Tim Burton's "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993).

paragraphs: Hickey died of emphysema and bronchitis in New York City, aged 69.


title: Edgartown, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Edgartown is a town in Dukes County, Massachusetts, United States. It is on Martha's Vineyard. It is the county seat of Dukes County.

paragraphs: At the 2010 census, 4,067 people lived in Edgartown.


title: Mrs. Chippy

paragraphs: Mrs. Chippy was a ship's cat who sailed with Sir Ernest Shackleton on his team's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. The expedition began in 1914, but the ship, "Endurance", became hopelessly trapped in packed ice sheets and was destroyed. The cat, along with some of the sled dogs, were shot to death in 1915, when it was decided they could not survive.

paragraphs: Mrs. Chippy, a tiger-striped tabby, belonged to Harry McNish, the carpenter. Harry was given the nickname "Chippy" because of "wood chips", so the cat was also called the same. Soon after the ship set sail for Antarctica, it was discovered that, despite ""her"" name, Mrs. Chippy was a ""he"", a male cat. By that time the name had stuck. The cat amazed the crew by being able to walk along the ship's inch-wide guard rails, in even the roughest seas.

paragraphs: After the ship was destroyed in the ice, the crew leaders knew that Mrs. Chippy and five of the dogs would not be able to live, and on October 29, 1915, Sir Shackleton wrote in his diary:

paragraphs: Harry McNish had become very fond of his cat, and never forgave Shackleton for having him shot. After the loss of his cat, Harry fought with Shackleton during the expedition that lasted until 1917. Even though he did build the boats that eventually rescued the crew, he was not given a Polar Medal, because of his arguing with the captain over the death of his cat.

paragraphs: In 2004, a bronze memorial statue of Mrs. Chippy was placed on the grave of Harry McNish. It was given by the Antarctic Society of New Zealand, because of his bravery on the expedition.

paragraphs: The painting "Mrs Chippy", by Wolf Howard, shows the cat "about to be shot". The background shows the crew sending a small boat on a rescue mission and "Endurance" is stuck in the ice. The painting was shown in a punk art exhibit at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool, England, in 2004.


title: Bob Lanier

paragraphs: Bob Lanier (March 10, 1925 – December 20, 2014) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of the city of Houston, Texas from 1992 to 1998. Lanier was born in Baytown, Texas.

paragraphs: On December 20, 2014, Lanier died at the age of 89 in Houston, Texas from natural causes.


title: Robert Wolfe

paragraphs: Robert Wolfe (March 2, 1921 – December 10, 2014) was an American historian and archivist. He was a World War II U.S. Army officer. He was a archivist of the US National Archives. He was wounded in both the Pacific and European Theaters of Operation. Wolfe was born in Burlington, Vermont.

paragraphs: Wolfe died in Washington, D.C. from natural causes, aged 93.


title: Right to housing

paragraphs: The Right to housing is the idea that everyone should have the possibility to live somewhere, to housing and shelter free from homelessness. Many countries recognise it. It is also in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This means it is part of international law.

paragraphs: The base for the right to housing in international law can be found in Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The declaration recognises the right as part of the right to an adequate standard of living.

paragraphs: Article 11(1) of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) also guarantees the right to housing as part of the right to an adequate standard of living among economic, social and cultural rights.

paragraphs: In international human rights law the right to housing is regarded as a freestanding right. This was clarified in the 1991 General Comment no 4 on Adequate Housing by the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The general comment provides an authoritative interpretation of the right to housing in legal terms under international law.

paragraphs: The right to housing is also mentioned in Article 28 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 16 of the European Social Charter (Article 31 of the Revised European Social charter) and in the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights. According to UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, aspects of right to housing under ICESCR include: legal security of tenure; availability of services, materials, facilities and infrastructure; affordability; habitability; accessibility; location and cultural adequacy. As a political goal, right to housing was declared in F. D. Roosevelt's 1944 speech on the Second Bill of Rights.


title: Personal identification number

paragraphs: A Personal identification number (abbreviated as PIN) is a number that is used to authenticate a user of a system. It is used to make sure only certain people can get, use, or change information in the system.

paragraphs: PINs were created to be used with automated teller machines. Once someone inserts a bank card into the machine, they would be asked to enter a PIN using the buttons on a keypad, and would only be allowed to get their money if they entered the corrected PIN. In a similar way, EMV technology makes use of PIN numbers to make sure only the person holding a credit card can make a transaction with it.

paragraphs: Early PIN numbers only consisted of digits. Today, some banks use PINs made of digits and letters. There are also many new technologies being created to be used instead of PINs, such as using fingerprint scanners.


title: David Ricardo

paragraphs: David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist. He was one of the main thinkers behind Classical economics, together with Thomas Malthus, Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill. Today, he is mostly known for his theory of comparative advantage. This theory suggests that a nation should concentrate its resources only in industries where it is "most" internationally competitive and trade with other countries to obtain products not produced nationally. Ricardo promoted the idea of extreme industry specialization by nations, to the point of dismantling internationally competitive and otherwise profitable industries. In this thinking Ricardo assumed the existence of a national industry policy aimed at promoting some industries to the detriment of others. For Ricardo some form of Central Economic Planning was a given.

paragraphs: The Ricardian model of comparative advantage has been challenged by, among others, Joan Robinson and Piero Sraffa. Nevertheless, it remains the cornerstone of the argument in favour of international free trade as a means of increasing economic prosperity. The theory of comparative advantage was the forerunner of the push towards globalization via increased international trade, the guiding theme in economic policy currently promoted by the OECD and the World Trade Organization.


title: Torus

paragraphs: A Torus is a shape from geometry that is obtained by rotating a circle in 3D space. To obtain a torus, the point around which the rotation occurs must be in a plane with the center of the circle. If the point of rotation lies outside the circle, the shape of the torus will have a hole, and the torus will be called ring torus.


title: Sitor Situmorang

paragraphs: Sitor Situmorang (October 2, 1923 – December 21, 2014) was an Indonesian poet, essayist and writer of short stories. Situmorang was born in Harianboho, North Sumatra. He was educated in Jakarta. He worked as a journalist and literary critic. Situmorang was known for his poem "Angkatan ’45" (The Generation of ’45).

paragraphs: On December 21, 2014, he died at the age of 91 at his home in Apeldoorn, Netherlands.


title: Udo Jürgens

paragraphs: Udo Jürgens (born Udo Jürgen Bockelmann, 30 September 1934 – 21 December 2014) was an Austrian composer and singer of popular music whose career spans over fifty years. He wrote more than 800 songs and sold over 100 million records. In 2007 he additionally obtained Swiss citizenship. He was known for his song "Reach for the Stars".

paragraphs: Jürgens died on 21 December 2014 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from acute heart failure at the age of 80.