title: Deimatic defence

paragraphs: Deimatic defence is when prey startle predators and so get time to escape. The predator gets a shock, and often jumps back when startled. Many prey use this tactic when a predator gets close. It is an anti-predator defence.

paragraphs: This method is a fake, where a real aposematic warning signal is genuine. Many species of frog put on warning displays; but only some of these species do have poison glands.

paragraphs: Displays are classified as deimatic or aposematic by the responses of the animals that see them.

paragraphs: In the second case, the behaviour is both deimatic and aposematic. It startles the predator, and the display truly indicates the prey is bad to eat.


title: Tax advantage

paragraphs: Tax advantage refers to the financial gain which applies to certain accounts or investments. These include accounts that are, by statute, tax-reduced, tax-deferred, or tax-free. Governments establish tax advantages to encourage private individuals to contribute money when it is considered to be in the public interest. An example is retirement plans, which often offer tax advantages to savings for retirement. In the United States municipal bonds may also be exempt from certain taxes.

paragraphs: In countries in which the average age of the population is increasing, tax advantages may put pressure on pension plans. For example, where benefits are funded on a pay-as-you-go basis, the benefits paid to those receiving a pension come directly from the contributions (money paid) of those of working age. If the proportion of pensioners to working-age people rises, the contributions needed from working people will also rise proportionately. In the United States, the rapid onset of Baby Boomer retirement is currently causing such a problem.


title: Eye-spot (mimicry)

paragraphs: An eye-spot (or ocellus) is an eye-like marking on the body of an animal. They are found on butterflies, reptiles, felids, birds and fish.

paragraphs: Eye-spots may be a form of mimicry: the spot looks like the eye of a larger animal. Its function may be to draw a predator's attention away from the most vulnerable body parts; or to look like an unpleasant or dangerous animal.

paragraphs: In larger animals, eyespots may play a role in intraspecies communication or courtship – the best-known example is probably the eyespots on a peacock's display feathers.

paragraphs: There is evidence that eyespots in butterflies are anti-predator defences. Some are deimatic displays to distract, startle or scare off predators, or at least to deflect attacks away from vital body parts. Butterfly eyespots may also play a role in mate recognition and sexual selection, like the eyespots on larger organisms.


title: Tax deduction

paragraphs: A tax deduction is a way to reduce the amount of income that is subject to a tax. Tax deductions and tax credits both lower the amount of money a person has to pay in taxes. But they do it differently. A tax deduction is subtracted from a the gross income of a taxpayer. For example, if a couple had an income of $60,000 for the year, and they had paid $10,000 in interest on their mortgage, their taxable income would be reduced to $50,000. The value of a tax deduction depends on a person's tax rate, which rises with income. A tax credit, by comparison, has the same value for all taxpayers. In the US there are hundreds of different tax deductions. Some are only available to taxpayers in certain income brackets. Some are available to businesses in particular industries.


title: Saimaa ringed seal

paragraphs: The Saimaa ringed seal ("Pusa hispida saimensis") is a subspecies of ringed seal ("Pusa hispida"). Usually seals live in the sea, but Saimaa ringed seals live in Lake Saimaa in Finland. There are only 320 Saimaa ringed seals in the world. They are among the most endangered seals in the world.

paragraphs: After the last ice age was over, dry land was rising slowly. This isolated Lake Saimaa from the sea. Some seals were also isolated in Saimaa. Their successors become Saimaa ringed seals.

paragraphs: An adult Saimaa ringed seal is between long and weighs between . Usually male seals are larger than females. Their colour is dark gray, with circular white ring patterns.

paragraphs: Saimaa ringed seals give birth towards the end of February. They dig a nest in snow on top of lake ice. Snow nest gives shelter for young seal pups. If there is not enough snow, young seals do not survive. In 2010s, volunteers help seals by building artificial piles of snow on lake ice. Studies by the University of Eastern Finland showed the Ringed Seals would nest in man-made snowdrifts the same as natural snowdrifts.


title: LGBT rights in Alaska

paragraphs: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons living in the U.S. state of Alaska are able to marry. A U.S. district court declared Alaska's denial of same-sex marriages unconstitutional on October 12, 2014.

paragraphs: State law does not address hate crimes based on gender identity or sexual orientations. Anchorage, however, does have an ordinance "to outlaw discrimination in Anchorage based on sexual orientation or gender identity". Anchorage makes up 41% of the total population of Alaska.


title: Regnenses

paragraphs: The Regnenses, Regni or Regini were a British Celtic people. They were ruled by a king. Their their territory or kingdom was later a "civitas" of Roman Britain. Their capital was "Noviomagus Reginorum", known today as Chichester in modern West Sussex.

paragraphs: Before the Romans conquered Britain their land and capital appear to have been part of the territory of the Atrebates. Possibly they were part of a confederation of tribes. The tribe made use of hill forts more than other tribes around them. Their location in southern England would have made them a more civilized people. They would have had contact with Europe through trading exposing them to new ideas. 'Regninses', means "people of the kingdom". It is not known how they came by that name. It was recorded by the Romans but it could be a translation or a name the Romans gave them.

paragraphs: Their ruler was Tiberius Claudius Cogidubnus. Tacitus said of him:

paragraphs: The theory that Cogidubnus was created "legatus", a rank only ever given to senators, is based on reconstructing the damaged Chichester inscription. It would read as "Cogidubni regis legati Augusti in Britannia" ("king and imperial legate in Britain"). It could also be "Cogidubni regis magni Britanniae" ("great king of Britain").


title: Property tax

paragraphs: A property tax (or millage tax) is a levy on property that the owner is required to pay. The tax is imposed by the governing authority of the jurisdiction in which the property is located. The tax may be paid to a national, state, provincial, county, regional, or municipality governmant. Multiple jurisdictions may tax the same property. This is in contrast to a rent or mortgage tax, which is based on a percentage of the rent or mortgage value.

paragraphs: There are four broad types of property: land, immovable property, personal property and intellectual property. Real property (also called real estate or realty) means the combination of land and improvements. Under a property tax system, the government requires and/or performs an appraisal of the monetary value of each property. A tax is assessed based on that value. Forms of property tax used vary among countries and jurisdictions. Real property is often taxed based on its classification. Classification is the grouping of properties based on similar use.

paragraphs: Properties in different classes are taxed at different rates. Examples of different classes of property are residential, commercial, industrial and vacant real property. In Israel, for example, property tax rates are double for vacant apartments versus occupied apartments. In the Canadian province of British Columbia a speculation tax on residential properties has been introduced in 2019.

paragraphs: A special assessment tax is sometimes confused with property tax. These are two distinct forms of taxation: one "(Ad valorem" tax) relies upon the appraised fair market value of the property being taxed. The other (special assessment) relies upon a special enhancement called a "benefit" for its justification.

paragraphs: The "property tax rate" is often given as a percentage. It may also be expressed as a per mille (amount of tax per thousand currency units of property value), which is also known as a "millage rate" or "mill" (which is also one-thousandth of a currency unit). To calculate the property tax, the authority will multiply the assessed value of the property by the mill rate. Then they will divide by 1,000. For example, a property with an assessed value of $50,000 located in a municipality with a mill rate of 20 mills would have a property tax bill of $1,000 per year.


title: Rusty Jones

paragraphs: Isham Russell "Rusty" Jones II (April 13, 1942 – December 9, 2015), better known as Rusty Jones, was an American jazz drummer. He was born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, but was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Jones was known for performing with Marian McPartland and Stéphane Grappelli.

paragraphs: Jones died in Chicago, Illinois from cancer, aged 73.


title: John Trudell

paragraphs: John Trudell (February 15, 1946 – December 8, 2015) was a Native American author, poet, actor, musician, and political activist. He was the spokesperson for the United Indians of All Tribes' takeover of Alcatraz beginning in 1969. He was partners with Marcheline Bertrand, Angelina Jolie's mother, until her death in 2007. During most of the 1970s, he served as the chairman of the American Indian Movement. He was born in Omaha, Nebraska.

paragraphs: Trudell died of cancer in Santa Clara County, California, aged 69.


title: Ron Bouchard

paragraphs: Ron Bouchard (November 23, 1948December 10, 2015) was an American NASCAR driver. He was the 1981 NASCAR Winston Cup Rookie of the Year. He was born in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Bouchard began his NASCAR career in 1981 in the #47 J.D. Stacy Buick for owner Jack Beebe (Race Hill Farm team). In 1982 Bouchard finished a career-high eighth in the final points standing with 15 Top 10 finishes in 30 races. He ran full-time in 1983, 1984, and 1985.

paragraphs: Bouchard died of cancer in Fitchburg, Massachusetts at the age of 67.


title: Murder of Laquan McDonald

paragraphs: The shooting of Laquan McDonald occurred on October 20, 2014, in Chicago, Illinois, when McDonald—a 17-year-old black male armed with a knife—was shot 16 times by Chicago Police Officer Jason Van Dyke.

paragraphs: As a result, mayor Rahm Emanuel fired Chicago police superintendent Garry McCarthy on December 1, 2015. Few days later, Emanuel apologized for the shooting, but since then, Emanuel has received criticisms and negative comments towards him and his administration.

paragraphs: Video of the shooting, captured on one police cruiser's dashboard camera, was released to the public on November 24, 2015, over 13 months after the shooting. Van Dyke was charged with first-degree murder within hours after the video's release. After turning himself in to authorities, he was initially ordered held without bail at Cook County Jail, but released on November 30 after posting bail.

paragraphs: On November 25, Senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders released a statement sending condolences to McDonald's family and criticizing the Emanuel administration and the Chicago's police force.

paragraphs: There have been numerous protests denouncing Laquan McDonald's death. In November 27, a major day for shopping in the U.S., a group of protesters chanted "sixteen shots" and other slogans while marching on Michigan Avenue, the city's central shopping district. This caused some businesses to shut their doors and the police closed Michigan Avenue, a six-lane street.

paragraphs: The FBI opened an investigation into McDonald's death, and the city of Chicago approved a five-million dollar settlement in April 2015, although no lawsuit was filed. The police had originally claimed that McDonald had lunged at an officer. However, video footage contradicts that claim; McDonald made no lunges.

paragraphs: On October 5, 2018, Van Dyke was found guilty of second-degree murder, as well as 16 counts of aggravated battery with a firearm.


title: Dolph Schayes

paragraphs: Adolph "Dolph" Schayes (May 19, 1928 – December 10, 2015) was an American professional basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a top scorer and rebounder, he was a 12-time NBA All-Star and a 12-time All-NBA selection. Schayes won an NBA championship with the Syracuse Nationals in 1955.

paragraphs: He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History and inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He played for the Philadelphia 76ers from 1948 through 1964. He coached the Philadelphia 76ers from 1963 through 1966 and the Buffalo Braves from 1970 through 1972. He was born in The Bronx, New York City.

paragraphs: Schayes died in Syracuse, New York from cancer, aged 87.


title: SS Daniel J. Morrell

paragraphs: SS "Daniel J. Morrell" was an American Great Lakes ore carrier. It was 603 feet long. The ship usually carried iron ore. The "Morrell" sank during a severe storm on November 29, 1966. The ship broke in two before sinking.

paragraphs: Twenty-eight of the "Morrell"'s 29 crewmen died during the sinking. Only one crewman survived.


title: Jon Landau (movie producer)

paragraphs: Jon Landau (born July 23, 1960) is an American movie producer. He is best known for his work with James Cameron: "Titanic" (1997), "Solaris" (2002) and "Avatar" (2009). He also produced "Campus Man" (1987), "Honey, I Shrunk The Kids" (1989), "Dick Tracy" (1990) and "" (2018).

paragraphs: Landau was born in New York City, New York. He was the son of Edie, a producer, and Ely A. Landau, a studio executive and producer. He is Jewish.


title: Mikael Agricola

paragraphs: Mikael Agricola ( ) (c. 1510 – 9 April 1557) was a priest who is often called the "father of written Finnish". In addition, Agricola, Aleksis Kivi and Elias Lönnrot are regarded fathers of a national literature in Finnish.

paragraphs: In his time, Finland was part of Sweden, a Catholic country. He learned the ideas of the Reformation, and thought everyone should be able to read the Bible. To help people in Finland to learn to read, Agricola published a ABC book and a prayer book in Finnish around year 1544. He also translated large sections of the Bible into Finnish.


title: TOP 09

paragraphs: TOP 09 is a political party in the Czech Republic. It is a right-wing, conservative party. The chairman of the party is former finance minister Miroslav Kalousek and the honorary chairman is former foreign minister Karel Schwarzenberg. TOP 09 have 26 members in the Chamber of Deputies and 4 members in the European parliament. The party's policies are based on conservatism and pro-Europeanism.


title: Miroslav Kalousek

paragraphs: Miroslav Kalousek (born 16 December 1960) is a Czech politician, former Finance minister, leader of TOP 09 party, and member of Chamber of Deputies.


title: Avon, Indiana

paragraphs: Avon is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,446.


title: Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic

paragraphs: The Chamber of Deputies of Parliament of the Czech Republic () is the lower house of parliament of the Czech Republic. It has 200 members. They are elected by the people. They serve for 4 years. The current parliament was elected in 2013.


title: Phillips curve

paragraphs: The Phillips Curve shows the relationship between unemployment and wage inflation in an economy. It shows that as unemployment goes down, wages go up. It was discovered by British economist William Phillips. He studied wage inflation and unemployment in the United Kingdom from 1861 to 1957. The theory states that economic growth causes inflation. This causes more jobs to become available which lowers unemployment. In the 1970s high levels of inflation and unemployment were occurring at the same time. This disproved the theory, at least in the long run. Many economists feel that the Phillips curve still has value in the short run where there is still a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment.


title: Momoko Kōchi

paragraphs: Momoko Kōchi (born Momoko Okouchi March 7, 1932 - November 5, 1998) was a Japanese actress. She is best known for her roles in the original "Godzilla", playing the character of Emiko Yamane. Kōchi later played the same role in "Godzilla vs. Destoroyah" in 1995. She starred in "The Mysterians", playing Hiroko Iwamoto.

paragraphs: Kōchi was discovered in 1953 in Toho's New Face Contest. By the late 1950s she found herself typecast into science fiction and horror movies. She decided to pursue formal acting. In the 1960s she was on stage doing Shakespeare. She also did occasional television commercials. She didn't act in movies again until 1995. Kōchi died at age 66 in Tokyo Japan on November 5, 1998 from intestinal cancer.


title: European perch

paragraphs: European perch ("Perca fluviatilis") is a type of fish. It belongs in genus Perch and lives in Europe and Siberia. It is typically less than 25 cm long. It has greenish basic colour with 5-9 black bands, and red fins.

paragraphs: European perch lives in water which contains no salt or very little salt. It can be found in lakes, rivers, ponds and areas where sea water mixes with river water such as the Baltic Sea.

paragraphs: European perch eats small animals in the water, such as insects, worms and small fish. It is most hungry early in the morning and late in the evening.

paragraphs: European perch tastes good and fishermen like to catch it.


title: Jiří Paďour

paragraphs: Jiří Paďour (4 April 1943 – 11 December 2015) was a Czech Auxiliary Bishop in the Archdiocese of Prague from 1996 to 2001, and the Bishop of České Budějovice from 2002–2014. Pad'our was born in Vraclav, Czechoslovakia.

paragraphs: On 1 March 2014, Pope Francis accepted Paďour's resignation for health reasons. Pad'our died in Prachatice, Czech Republic at the age of 72.


title: Douglas Tompkins

paragraphs: Douglas Rainsford "Doug" Tompkins (March 20, 1943 – December 8, 2015) was an American conservationist, outdoorsman, philanthropist, filmmaker, agriculturalist, and businessman. He was born in Conneaut, Ohio. He co-founded and ran two companies: the outdoor equipment and clothing company The North Face and the Esprit clothing company.

paragraphs: On December 8, 2015, Tompkins was kayaking with five others on General Carrera Lake in southern Chile when strong waves caused their kayaks to capsize. Tompkins spent a "considerable amount of time" in waters under . He was flown via helicopter to a hospital in nearby Coyhaique, where he died from severe hypothermia. He was 72 years old and was survived by his wife, two daughters, mother and brother.


title: Shipwreck

paragraphs: A shipwreck is the remains of a ship that has been wrecked. Shipwrecks are found either beached on land or sunken to the seabed of a body of water. They may be deliberate or accidental. UNESCO estimates that worldwide over 3 million shipwrecks. Some are thousands of years old.

paragraphs: Historic wrecks are attractive to marine archaeologists because they preserve historical information. For example, studying the wreck of "Mary Rose" revealed information about seafaring, warfare, and life in the 16th century. Military wrecks, caused by a battle at sea, are studied to find details about the historic events. They can reveal much about the battle that occurred. Once in a while there is a discovery of a treasure ship, often from the period of European colonisation. Some contemporary wrecks, such as the oil tankers "Prestige" or "Erika", are of interest because of their potential harm to the environment. Other contemporary wrecks are scuttled (sank deliberately) in order to create reef growth.

paragraphs: Some very famous shipwrecks include the RMS "Titanic", HMHS "Britannic", RMS "Lusitania", SS "Andrea Doria", SS "Edmund Fitzgerald" or the "Costa Concordia". There are also thousands of wrecks that were not lost at sea but have been abandoned or sunk. These abandoned, or derelict ships are typically smaller craft, such as fishing vessels. They sometimes pose a hazard to navigation.


title: Eddy current

paragraphs: An eddy current can be made when you have a solenoid (coil of wire), in which there is a soft iron core. When you connect the solenoid to an AC power source, metal objects held above the cross sectional area of the solenoid are repelled due to Lenz's Law.


title: Analytic philosophy

paragraphs: Analytical philospohy is a branch of philosophy that was important in the 20th century. Analytical philosophy focuses on the philosophy of language and on argumentation. Important thinkers of this movement include Gottlob Frege, Bertrand Russell, Ludwig Wittgenstein and Willard Van Orman Quine.


title: Johan Ludvig Runeberg

paragraphs: Johan Ludvig Runeberg (; 5 February 1804 – 6 May 1877) was a poet from Finland. He is the national poet of Finland. He wrote in the Swedish language.

paragraphs: Runeberg's most famous work is "Fänrik Ståls sägner" (The Tales of Ensign Stål, "Vänrikki Stoolin tarinat" in Finnish). He wrote it between 1848 and 1860. The book consists of 36 poems. The tales are about Finnish War of 1808–09. In the war Russia got Finland from Sweden. In the tales Runeberg tries to tell us that deep down inside people are similar on both sides of the war. In that book, small people from Finland become heroes in their own life. The first poem "Vårt land" ("Our Land", "Maamme" in Finnish) became the Finnish National anthem.


title: George S. Irving

paragraphs: George S. Irving (George Irving Shelasky; November 1, 1922 – December 26, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his character roles on Broadway. He voiced the Heat Miser in "The Year Without a Santa Claus" (1974) and in "A Miser Brothers' Christmas" (2008). Irving recorded the audio version of "Scary Stories to Tell in the Dark". He also appeared on stage in "Oklahoma!" and on television in "All in the Family". He won a Tony Award in 1973.


title: Edmund Lyndeck

paragraphs: Edmund Lyndeck (October 4, 1925 – December 14, 2015) is an American character actor and musical theatre actor. He began his career in 1970 when he appeared in "The Ed Sullivan Show". He appeared on stage as Ebenezer Scrooge in "A Christmas Carol". He also appeared in the stage production of "Into the Woods".

paragraphs: Lyndeck appeared in guest appearances on "Ed", "The Cosby Show", and "".


title: Bayonne, New Jersey

paragraphs: Bayonne (pronounced "bay-OWN") is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Bayonne is east of Newark, the state's largest city, north of Elizabeth in Union County and west of Brooklyn. As of 2010, the population was 63,024.


title: H. Arnold Steinberg

paragraphs: H. Arnold Steinberg (May 12, 1933 – December 11, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist of Jewish descent. He was the Chancellor of McGill University serving from 2009 through 2014.

paragraphs: He studied at McGill University and Harvard University.

paragraphs: In 1957, he started working at Dominion Securities Corp. Ltd. before joining Steinberg Inc. in 1958. He would remain at the company until 1989 and was Chief Financial Officer.

paragraphs: Steinberg died suddenly in Montreal, Quebec from a heart attack on December 11, 2015 at the age of 82.


title: Metropolitan Community Church

paragraphs: The Metropolitan Community Church (MCC) is an international Protestant Christian denomination. It is based in Los Angeles, California. It has 222 member congregations in 37 countries. It has a specific outreach to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender families and communities. The MCC has property worth $50 million. It has 40,000 members. They want to double in size in the next ten years. They also want acceptance by other Christian organizations. The MCC currently has "Official Observer" status with the World Council of Churches. MCC supports same-sex marriage. The MCC has been denied membership in the US National Council of Churches. Many local MCC congregations are members of local ecumenical partnerships around the world. MCC also belongs to several statewide councils of churches in the United States.


title: Unschooling

paragraphs: Unschooling is a special form of homeschooling. In this form of education, learners choose activities as their medium for learning. It is not as known as traditional homeschooling, but is becoming more known.

paragraphs: Many persons decide to do unschooling because it makes it possible to learn through natural life experiences, or they do not like the school system of their country and think that they can learn better at other places.

paragraphs: There are different branches of unschooling. Here are some examples:

paragraphs: Critics of unschooling think that children will lack the social skills, structure, and motivation of their schooled peers, while other think that the opposite is true.


title: John Bannon

paragraphs: John Charles Bannon (7 May 1943 – 13 December 2015) was an Australian politician for the Labor Party. He was the 39th Premier of South Australia from 10 November 1982 until 4 September 1992. He was born in Bendigo, Victoria and grew up in Adelaide, South Australia.

paragraphs: Bannon died from cancer on 13 December 2015 in Adelaide, aged 72.


title: Abu Ali al-Anbari

paragraphs: Abu Ali al-Anbari (; born 1957/1959 - died 12 December 2015) was an Iraqi government official. He was the nom de guerre for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) governor for territories held by the organization in Syria. He was thought to be the second-in-command (along with his counterpart Abu Muslim al-Turkmani (KIA) who held a similar position in Iraq).

paragraphs: He plays a political role of overseeing the local councils and acts as a kind of political envoy. His military role includes directing operations against both other Syrian rebels who oppose President Bashar al-Assad's government and the Syrian government itself.

paragraphs: In November 2015, the New York Times reported that al-Anbari had recently arrived in Libya by boat, where the group has established a powerful branch centered in the city of Sirte. On December 12, 2015 al-Anbari was killed in an airstrike by the Iraqi army.


title: Benedict Anderson

paragraphs: Benedict Richard O'Gorman Anderson (August 26, 1936 – December 13, 2015) was an American academic and writer. He was the Aaron L. Binenkorb Professor Emeritus of International Studies, Government & Asian Studies at Cornell University. He was best known for his book "Imagined Communities", first published in 1983.

paragraphs: Anderson was born in Kunming, China, to James O'Gorman Anderson and Veronica Beatrice Bigham. In 1941 the family moved to California. In 1957, Anderson received a Bachelor of Arts in Classics from Cambridge University, and he later earned a Ph.D. from Cornell's Department of Government, where he studied modern Indonesia under the guidance of George Kahin. He was the brother of historian Perry Anderson.

paragraphs: Anderson died in Batu, Malang, in his sleep of heart failure on December 13, 2015 at the age of 79.


title: Juan Ponce de León

paragraphs: Juan Ponce de León (1460-1521) was a Spanish nobleman, explorer and colonial governor. Looking for gold and a rumored "Fountain of Youth, he landed on the southeast coast of North America near present-day St. Augustine, Florida. He claimed the lands for Spain and named it "La Florida" (place of flowers). In 1521, on his second trip to Florida, he was wounded in an attack. The expedition returned to Cuba where he died in July 1521 from his wound.

paragraphs: Ponce de León was born in 1460 in Santervás de Campos, Spain. He was born into a poor but noble family. His parents may have died while he was still young. He was sent to the estate of Pedro Núñez de Guzmán, Lord of Toral, to serve as a page. He became a soldier and fought against the Moors in Granada. He was probably with Christoper Columbus on his second voyage.

paragraphs: He eventually became a soldier and fought against the Moors in Granada. Like other conquistadores, Ponce de León soon sought fame and fortune through exploration, and it is believed he began his quest as part of Christopher Columbus's second expedition in 1493.

paragraphs: Some ten years later he was a Captain under Nicolás de Ovando, the governor of the island of Hispaniola. Ponce de León put down a mutiny and was made governor of the eastern province of Hispaniola. Ponce de León received a substantial land grant which authorized sufficient Taino slave labor to farm his new estate.

paragraphs: Ponce de León prospered in this new role. He found a ready market for his farm produce and livestock at nearby Boca de Yuma. This was where Spanish ships stocked supplies before the long voyage back to Spain. In 1505 Ovando authorized Ponce de León to establish a new town in Higüey, which he named Salvaleón. In 1508 King Ferdinand authorized Ponce de León to conquer the remaining Tainos and exploit them in gold mining.

paragraphs: Around this time, Ponce de León married Leonora, an innkeeper's daughter. They had three daughters (Juana, Isabel and Maria) and one son (Luis). The large stone house Ponce de León ordered built for his growing family still stands today near the city of Salvaleón de Higüey.

paragraphs: In 1508 Ponce de León led an expedition to what is now Puerto Rico. They searched for and found gold. After founding a colony there he was appointed governor.

paragraphs: In 1513, with three ships, Ponce de León led an expedition to discover what is now the east coast of Florida. According to tradition, he landed at or near St. Augustine, Florida. He named the place "La Florida". This is most probably because he landed during the Spanish Easter celebration called Pascua Florida. After exploring the coast further, they returned to Puerto Rico.

paragraphs: Ponce de León returned in 1521 with 200 settlers. They brought cattle, horses, and what they needed to farm the land. As they were building the settlement they were attacked by local Indians. In the fighting Ponce de León received a mortal wound, possibly by a poisoned arrow. The party returned to Cuba where Ponce de León died. He was buried in what is now San Juan before the alter of the Dominican church. His remains were later moved to San Juan cathedral.

paragraphs: The story of a fountain of youth goes back many centuries. Herodotus (425 – 484 BC) talked about a group he called the Macrobians who lived somewhere in modern day Ethiopia. He said they remained youthful, were physically strong and lived a long time. Calling it a fountain of youth came much later. The stories of Ponce de León and his search for a fountain of youth developed after his death. There is no mention of such a goal in any of his orders. In 1535 the Spanish historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés first stated Ponce de León was searching for a fountain of youth. The legend was repeated by later writers and embellished.


title: Rowan University

paragraphs: Rowan University is a public university in Glassboro, New Jersey, United States. The school also has a campus in Camden, New Jersey. The school opened in 1923 as Glassboro Normal School on a twenty-five acre site donated by the town. The school became New Jersey State Teachers College at Glassboro in the 1930s. Then it became Glassboro State College in 1958. Starting in the 1970s, it added programs in business, communications, and engineering.

paragraphs: It was renamed Rowan College of New Jersey in 1992, after Henry Rowan and his wife Betty gave the school $100 million. At the time, the gift was largest ever given to a public college. It became Rowan University on March 21, 1997, when it won approval for university status from the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. In the fall of 2012, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University opened in Camden. It was the first public medical school in New Jersey not associated with the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. It later took over the School of Osteopathic Medicine on July 1, 2013. It became the second university in the United States to offer both an M.D. and a D.O. program.


title: Training corset

paragraphs: A training corset is a corset used for doing body modification (changing the body). It may be used for orthopedic reasons (such as to correct a crooked spine) or for cosmetic reasons (to achieve a smaller waistline which is commonly called waist training).

paragraphs: The term "training corset" is also sometimes used for BDSM corsets used for discipline.


title: Coccinella septempunctata

paragraphs: The seven-spot ladybird ("Coccinella septempunctata") is a colourful beetle. It has red back (wing cases) with seven black spots, black and white head, legs and stomach. As an adult it is 5-8 mm long.

paragraphs: "Coccinella septempunctata" is the most common lady beetle in Europe. Because it eats harmful insects, people have imported it to North America.

paragraphs: Ladybirds are members of the family Cucujiformia.


title: Whooper swan

paragraphs: The whooper swan ("Cygnus cygnus"), is a large white bird which lives in Europe and Asia. It is the Eurasian counterpart of the North American trumpeter swan. Francis Willughby and John Ray's "Ornithology" of 1676 referred to the this swan as "the Elk, Hooper, or wild Swan".

paragraphs: An adult whooper swan weighs 9-11 kg. It is 140-160 cm long (including neck and head) and it has a wingspan of 205-235 cm. Young swans are grey-brown. They have a pink and black beak. The young get pale grey in end of their first summer. They get the white adult colour before their second winter. Male and female swans look otherwise similar, but the males are larger.

paragraphs: The whooper swan, Bewick's swan and mute swan look quite similar, but the details are different.

paragraphs: Whooper swan is clearly larger than Bewick's swan. When it lands it water or takes off it slides longer distances.

paragraphs: Whooper swans eat mainly plants growing in water: leaves, stems and roots. During the winter they also eat grain and vegetables from the fields. Young birds often eat insects.

paragraphs: The nest is a large pile of plant matter built on dry ground or on small islands near lakeshore. The same nest mound may be used over many years although it is often repaired and new material is added.

paragraphs: Whooper swans spends their summer in Northern Europe and Asia. For winter they migrate to coasts where sea does not freeze.

paragraphs: In year 2006 it was estimated, that there are more than 180,000 whooper swans in the world. Out of these, 10,000-100,000 pairs breed in Russia. Between one thousand and ten thousand birds also spend their winter there.


title: Roland D-50

paragraphs: The Roland D-50 is a linear/polyphonic 61-key synthesizer made by Roland. It was released in 1987. Its features include Linear Arithmetic synthesis, on-board effects, a joystick for data manipulation, and an analog synthesis-styled keyboard layout. The external Roland PG-1000 programmer could also be attached to the D-50 for more complex manipulation of sounds. It was also produced in a rack-mount version. This was called the D-550 and had almost 450 user-adjustable parameters.


title: Dexter Gordon

paragraphs: Dexter Gordon (February 27, 1923 – April 25, 1990) was an American jazz tenor saxophonist. He was born in Los Angeles, California. He was also known as "Long Tall Dexter" and "Sophisticated Giant". Gordon's career lasted for over 40 years. He was among the earliest tenor players to adapt the bebop musical language.

paragraphs: Gordon died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania from renal failure and laryngeal cancer at the age of 67.


title: Vadym Tyshchenko

paragraphs: Vadym Tyshchenko or Vadim Nikolayevich Tishchenko (24 March 1963 – 14 December 2015) was a Soviet and Ukrainian association football player and coach.

paragraphs: Tyshchenko made his debut for USSR on 29 August 1987 in a friendly game against Yugoslavia. He played in UEFA Euro 1988, but was not selected for the squad for that tournament or for the 1990 FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: Tyshchenko died in Kiev, Ukraine from a heart attack at the age of 52.


title: George Tiller

paragraphs: George Richard Tiller, MD (August 8, 1941 – May 31, 2009) was an American physician. He was from Wichita, Kansas. He became well-known as the medical director of Women's Health Care Services, one of only three clinics nationwide to provide late-term abortions at the time.

paragraphs: During his tenure with the center, which began in 1975 and continued the medical practice of his father, Tiller was targeted with protest and violence by anti-abortion groups and individuals. After his clinic was firebombed in 1986, Tiller was shot in both arms by anti-abortion extremist Shelley Shannon in 1993.

paragraphs: On May 31, 2009, Tiller was fatally shot in the side of the head by anti-abortion extremist Scott Roeder, as Tiller served as an usher during the Sunday morning service at his church in Wichita. Roeder was convicted of murder on January 29, 2010, and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Krampus (movie)

paragraphs: Krampus is a 2015 American fantasy comedy horror movie based on Krampus from Alpine folklore. It was directed by Michael Dougherty and written by Dougherty, Todd Casey, and Zach Shields.

paragraphs: The movie stars Adam Scott, Toni Collette, David Koechner, Allison Tolman, Conchata Ferrell, Emjay Anthony, Stefania LaVie Owen, and Krista Stadler. It was released on December 4, 2015, by Universal Pictures to mixed reviews.


title: Adam Scott

paragraphs: Adam Paul Scott (born April 3, 1973) is an American actor, comedian, director, screenwriter, producer, podcaster, dancer, and poet. He is best known for his role as Ben Wyatt in the NBC sitcom "Parks and Recreation". He has also appeared as Derek in the movie "Step Brothers", and Henry Pollard in the Starz sitcom "Party Down".


title: Keith Ellison

paragraphs: Keith Maurice Ellison (born August 4, 1963) is an American politician. He is the Attorney General of Minnesota. He is a member of the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL), the Minnesota state Democratic Party affiliate.

paragraphs: He was the U.S. Representative for from 2007 to 2019. Ellison is a co-chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus and a Chief Deputy Whip, also notably serving in the House Committee on Financial Services.

paragraphs: Ellison is the first Muslim to be elected to Congress. He is also the first African American elected to the House from Minnesota.

paragraphs: In November 2016, progressive groups and United States senators, including Bernie Sanders of Vermont, supported Ellison for chair of the Democratic National Committee. On February 25, 2017, minutes after defeating him on a second ballot, Chairman Tom Perez motioned for Ellison to be elected his Deputy Chair which was approved by a unanimous voice vote of DNC members.

paragraphs: On June 5, 2018, Ellison announced that he was running for Attorney General of Minnesota and not seeking reelection to Congress. He won the election in November 2018.


title: Vitus Bering

paragraphs: Vitus Jonassen Bering (1681 - 1741), also called Ivan Ivanovich Bering (Russian name) was a Danish seafarer and explorer. He went into the service of the Russian navy in 1704. He was commissioned a second lieutenant. During the Great Northern War he distinguished himself and was promoted to the rank of commander.

paragraphs: In 1639 a group of Russian "promyshlenniki" (hunter-traders) sailed from Russia into the Pacific ocean, They were the first Europeans to sailed between Asia and North America. Peter the great, Czar of Russia, wanted to send an expedition to confirm the information. In 1724 he sent the first Kamchatka expedition (1725-30) led by Bering. One of their tasks was to see if Siberia was connected to North America. They sailed first to the Kamchatka Peninsula where a ship was built for the exploration. In 1728 Bering sailed north far enough to discover that Siberia and North America (Alaska) were not connected.

paragraphs: The Second Kamchatka Expedition (1733-43) was a very large scientific expedition. It was also led by Bering. The scientific expedition sent out smaller explorations to chart the coasts of Siberia, the Pacific, and several research expeditions. Ships were sent to Japan and America to promote Russian interests. Bering reached Alaska in 1741. On the return journey they had to stop at Bering Island. While there nearly half the crew, including Bering, died. In 1991, Danish archaeologists found his grave.


title: Ritornello

paragraphs: Ritornello is an Italian word meaning "little return". At first in music ritornello was used as an instruction to repeat a part. By the 1600's the word was used to describe a part of the music played by instruments in a vocal piece. These instrumental sections could be at the start (a prelude), in the middle (an interlude), or at the end (a postlude). In dramatic music, the ritornello provided an opportunity for dancing, or for a scene change. In the Baroque period, a common way to write a song, called an aria, was in da capo form. The aria would be written as two contrasting sections, A and B. By adding an instrumental ritornello (R), the aria could be developed further, forming the scheme R–A–R–B–R–A–R.

paragraphs: In the early 1700's composers began using the ritornello form in concertos, the solo instrument replacing the voice. This gave the composer the chance to develop music during the solos with new material and key changes, between repeated sections of full orchestra. Guiseppe Torelli began using this form, which was then developed and extended by Antonio Vivaldi. Vivaldi's way of using this form has the following features:

paragraphs: Later composers such as Bach and Telemann used Vivaldi's form in their works.


title: Dominant (music)

paragraphs: The dominant in music is the fifth note of a major or minor scale. In a C scale, the fifth and dominant note will be G. Chords built on this note are called dominant chords. In the key of C, the dominant chord will be G-B-D. Keys have the same relationship as notes, so the dominant key will be the key of the fifth note. So in C, the key of G is the dominant key. In musical theory, the dominant is written with the roman numeral "V".


title: National Medal of Science

paragraphs: The National Medal of Science is an honor given by the President of the United States. It is awarded to people in science and engineering who did important work in behavioral and social sciences, biology, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and physics.

paragraphs: The National Medal of Science was made on August 25, 1959, by an act of the Congress of the United States. The medal was to be to honor scientists in the fields of the "physical, biological, mathematical or engineering sciences".


title: Camcorder

paragraphs: Camcorder are electronic devices which combines a video camera and a video recorder. Most devices capable of recording video are camera phones and digital cameras primarily intended for still pictures. The term "camcorder" is used to describe a portable, self-contained device, with video capture and recording as its primary function.


title: Marilyn Maxwell

paragraphs: Marilyn Maxwell (August 3, 1921 – March 20, 1972) was an American actress and entertainer. She was a sex symbol in the 1940s and 1950s. She appeared in several movies and radio programs. She played Hazel Moon in "Lost in a Harem" (1944). She also played Grace Diamond in "Champion" (1949).

paragraphs: Maxwell was born in Clarinda, Iowa. She died from a heart attack at age 50.


title: Silver birch

paragraphs: Betula pendula, commonly known as the silver birch, is a deciduous tree in the family Betulaceae. It grows in Europe, parts of Asia and North America.

paragraphs: The silver birch is a medium-sized tree, which has triangle-shaped leaves. In autumn the leaves turn yellow and fall. Trunk is shining white. The twigs are slender, and in an old tree the they often hang downwards. The flowers are grouped in an inflorescence called a catkin. The wind spreads the birch seed. The trees are monoecious, with both male and female catkins on the same tree.


title: Eisaku Satō

paragraphs: Eisaku Satō (27 March 1901 – 3 June 1975) was a Japanese politician and the 39th Prime Minister of Japan. He was first elected in December 1964. He was the first Prime Minister to have been born in the 20th century. Satō shared the Nobel Peace Prize with Seán MacBride in 1974. He received the award for representing the Japanese people's will for peace, and for signing the nuclear weapons Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970.

paragraphs: Satō was born in Tabuse in Yamaguchi Prefecture. He suffered a stroke on May 23, 1975 and had fallen into a deep coma. He died on 3 June 1975 a Tokyo hospital.


title: Eddie Shore

paragraphs: Eddie Shore (November 25, 1902 – March 16, 1985) was a Canadian professional hockey player known for playing defense for the Boston Bruins. He was born in Fort Qu'Appelle, Canada.

paragraphs: Shore played for the Melville Millionaires, Regina Capitals, Edmonton Eskimos, New York Americans, Boston Bruins, Springfeild Indians and the Buffalo Bisons.


title: Armando Cossutta

paragraphs: Armando Cossutta (2 September 1926 – 14 December 2015) was an Italian communist politician. After World War II, he became one of the leading members of the party, representing the most pro-Soviet Union tendency. Cossutta was president of the Party of Italian Communists, and Member of Parliament. He also served as Member of the European Parliament during the 5th European term (1999-2004). In 1999, Cossutta appeared on a list of alleged Italian KGB spies. Cossutta has not been convicted.

paragraphs: Cossutta died on 14 December 2015 in Rome, Italy from bronchopneumonia, aged 89.


title: Evelyn S. Lieberman

paragraphs: Evelyn May Simonowitz Lieberman (July 9, 1944 – December 12, 2015) was an American public affairs professional. During the Bill Clinton administration, she became the first woman to serve as White House Deputy Chief of Staff serving for a few months in 1996.

paragraphs: She was the first United States Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs. From 2002 until her death, Lieberman worked for the Smithsonian Institution, most recently as Senior Advisor and Assistant to the Secretary for external relations.

paragraphs: Lieberman died of pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 71.


title: Jansila Majeed

paragraphs: Jansila Majeed is an activist in the Puttalam District of Sri Lanka. In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

paragraphs: Majeed was an internally displaced person (IDP) for 20 years. She works for the rights of Muslim and Tamil IDPs in Sri Lanka.

paragraphs: Majeed started her work in 1992 with a group of five people. She is the Managing Trustee of the Community Trust Fund in Puttalam. The group is an NGO that works for minority rights, women's rights, and peace. It also works with young people, and teaches about the dangers of mines in the north and east.

paragraphs: Majeed spoke at the beginning of the UNDP 2010 Asia-Pacific Human Development Report on Gender. In her report, she said that Sri Lanka must change its ideas about women's rights, women in politics, legal rights for women and working women.


title: Marie Claude Naddaf

paragraphs: Marie Claude Naddaf (Arabic: ماري كلود نداف ) is an activist and a nun from Syria. In 2010, she received an International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: In 1994, Naddaf became Mother Superior at the Good Shepherd Convent in Damascus. In 1996, she opened the "Oasis Shelter" with her convent. The Oasis Shelter was the first organization for victims of human trafficking and domestic violence in Syria. She also started the first telephone hotline in Syria. It was part of an emergency shelter for women.

paragraphs: Naddaf worked for the right of women in police custody in Syria to go to shelter, if they are victims of trafficking. She also started a nursery school and a vocational education program at the prison for women in Damascus.

paragraphs: She received a 2010 International Women of Courage award.


title: Perry Anderson

paragraphs: Perry R. Anderson (born September 1938 in London, England) is a British historian and political essayist. He is a specialist in intellectual history such as the post-1956 Western Marxism of the New Left.

paragraphs: Anderson was educated at Eton College and Worcester College, Oxford.

paragraphs: He is Professor of History and Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and a former editor of the "New Left Review". Anderson has written several books, the latest being "The Indian Ideology" (2012), a polemic against the Indian nation-building project. He is the brother of political scientist Benedict Anderson.


title: Lillian Vernon

paragraphs: Lillian Vernon (born Lilli Menasche; March 18, 1927 – December 14, 2015) was an American businesswoman, entrepreneur, and philanthropist. She founded the Lillian Vernon Corporation in 1951 and served as its chairman and CEO until July 1989, though she continued to serve as executive chairman until 2003.

paragraphs: Vernon was born in Leipzig, Germany. Because they were of Jewish descent the Vernon family fled to the United States in 1937.

paragraphs: Vernon died from congestive heart failure in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 88.


title: Jestina Mukoko

paragraphs: Jestina Mukoko is a human rights activist and journalist from Zimbabwe. In 2010, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: Jestina Mukoko is the director of the Zimbabwe Peace Project. She studied to be a journalist, and she was a newsreader with the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.

paragraphs: On December 3, 2008, Jestina Mukoko was kidnapped from her house near the city of Harare. Dumisani Muleya of "Business Day" newspaper said that she was "abducted by suspected state agents for allegedly being involved in plans for anti government demonstrations."

paragraphs: Mukoko told The Independent newspaper that they asked her about her NGO, the Peace Project. The said she wanted to train young people to fight the government. They beat her on the bottom of her feet with rubber hoses. They said this is a favourite torture instrument in Zimbabwe because it does not leave a mark on the feet for later.

paragraphs: Many world leaders asked for her freedom, including Gordon Brown and Condoleezza Rice. A "Group of Elders", including Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan and Graca Machel, wanted to come to Zimbabwe, but the government refused to let them come in. Instead, they talked to the newspapers in South Africa.

paragraphs: The Zimbabwe High Court told the Zimbabwe Republic Police to look for Mukoko. The police did nothing. They said they did not know where she was.

paragraphs: On 24 December, Mukoko appeared in court in Harare on charges of trying to get young people to fight the government. She did not have a lawyer. She was with seven other people who were kidnapped. The group included a 72-year-old man and a two-year-old boy whose father and mother, Violet Mupfuranhehwe and Collen Mutemagawo, were also prisoners. In March 2009, three months after her kidnapping, Jestina Mukoko was free on bail. She had to go to the police station every week. They took her passport. On 21 September 2009 the Zimbabwe Supreme Court said she was free. Amnesty International said this was a good decision.


title: Ananda Prasad Pokharel

paragraphs: Ananda Prasad Pokharel is a Nepali politician. He is currently the Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation in Nepal. He is also a member of Napal's Investment Board.


title: UNOVIS

paragraphs: UNOVIS was an important group of Russian artists. It was taken over by Kazimir Malevich at the Vitebsk Art School in 1919. It started of with a group of students and was called MOLPOSNOVIS. The group developed new idea about art. Once Malevich became the leader they changed their name to UNOVIS. The group only lasted until 1926.

paragraphs: UNOVIS stood for "Utverditeli Novovo Iskusstva" which is Russian. In English it meant "affirmers of the new art".

paragraphs: The group had many changes. First known as MOLPOSNOVIS, after the school's teachers joined and it became POSNOVIS. In 1920, Malevich was invited them to teach at the school in 1919 by Marc Chagall. In February of the same year Malevich became leader.


title: Zakho

paragraphs: Zaxo is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan. It has about 350,000 inhabitants. It is in the Dahuk Province. There is a university in Zaxo. The biggest soccer club is Zakho FC.


title: Duhok

paragraphs: Duhok is a city in Iraqi Kurdistan. The city is the capital of Dahuk Province and has a population of 500,000. There is a university in Duhok. The soccer club is Duhok SC.


title: Ethiopian calendar

paragraphs: The Ethiopian calendar is the main calendar used in Ethiopia. It serves as the liturgical calendar for Christians in Eritrea and Ethiopia belonging to the Orthodox Tewahedo churches, Eastern Catholic Church and Coptic Orthodox Church. It is a solar calendar which comes from the Egyptian calendar. But like the Julian calendar, it adds a leap day every four years. It begins the year on August 29 or August 30 in the Julian calendar. A seven to eight-year gap between the Ethiopian and Gregorian calendars results from an alternate calculation in determining the date of the annunciation of Jesus.

paragraphs: Like the Coptic calendar, the Ethiopic calendar has twelve months of 30 days plus five or six epagomenal days, which make up a thirteenth month. The Ethiopian months begin on the same days as those of the Coptic calendar. The names of the days are in Ge'ez. The sixth epagomenal day is added every four years without exception on August 29 of the Julian calendar. This occurs six months before the Julian leap day. Thus the first day of the Ethiopian year, "1 Mäskäräm", for years between 1900 and 2099 (inclusive), is usually September 11 (Gregorian). It, however, falls on September 12 in years before the Gregorian leap year. The Ethiopian New Year falls on September 11 of the Gregorian calendar. On leap years it falls on September 12.

paragraphs: In 1582 the Christian world changed from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar. Ethiopia did not make the change. As a result, Ethiopia is seven years and eight months behind those countries that use the Gregorian calendar. Christmas and Easter fall on different dates than they would elsewhere.

paragraphs: In Ethiopia banks, airlines and other institutions that tourists would use run on the western calendar. Everywhere else the Ethiopian calendar is used. That may cause some confusion.


title: East of England Ambulance Service

paragraphs: The East of England Ambulance Service NHS Trust (EEAST) is the company that provides ambulance services in the counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk, in the East of England. The service is free, which means people who are hurt do not have to pay money to be driven to a hospital. Under the Patient's Charter every person in the United Kingdom is allowed to use an ambulance if there is an emergency.

paragraphs: The East England Ambulance Service do not only drive people to hospitals, they also help heal people who are injured and are too far from a hospital.

paragraphs: The company was formed on 1 July 2006, when three ambulance companies came together. These companies were the Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Ambulance and Paramedic Service NHS Trust, the East Anglian Ambulance NHS Trust, and the Essex Ambulance Service NHS Trust. The result was an ambulance service covering an area of over with a population of 5.8 million people, and one which answers over 500,000 emergency calls every year.

paragraphs: In 2009, the Trust got in trouble by the Care Quality Commission because the ambulances were dirty and the employees did not know how to handle many medical procedures.

paragraphs: In 2009 and 2010, the company went to 668,451 emergency calls, including 207,626 high-priority "category A" emergencies. It arrived at 75.67% of these "category A" calls within eight minutes, and 96.04% within 19 minutes.

paragraphs: The company has the following vehicles and stations in operation:

paragraphs: The company has a driving school. This school has trained more than 220 employees in emergency driving.

paragraphs: 3,994 people work at the ambulance company.


title: Geastrum quadrifidum

paragraphs: Geastrum quadrifidum or the rayed earthstar, or four-footed earthstar, is an inedible species of mushroom. It is a species of "Geastrum", or earthstar fungi. It was first described scientifically by Christian Hendrik Persoon in 1794. It is found in Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The fungus is a saprobe. It feeds on dead wood and plant materials.


title: Physical dependence

paragraphs: Physical dependence is a term used in medicine: If a drug is taken regularly, a certain level of tolerance may have developed. Abruptly stopping to use the drug will cause drug withdrawal symptoms. If the drug has been taken for a longer period of time, or the dosage was higher, the withdrawal symptoms will be more severe. Well known drugs with withdrawal symptoms include opioids, alcohol, and may of the drugs knownn as neuroleptics.


title: Gabre Gabric

paragraphs: Ljubica "Gabre" Gabric (17 October 1914 – 16 December 2015) was a Croatian-born Italian track and field athlete. She competed in the 1936 Summer Olympics and in the 1948 Summer Olympics. Her best discus throw was 43.35 m (1939).

paragraphs: She was the widow of Sandro Calvesi, mother-in-law of Eddy Ottoz and the grandmother of Laurent Ottoz and Patrick Ottoz.


title: Licio Gelli

paragraphs: Licio Gelli (; April 21, 1919 – December 15, 2015) was an Italian financier, politician, and writer. He was known for his role in the Banco Ambrosiano scandal. He was revealed in 1981 as being the Venerable Master of the clandestine lodge Propaganda Due (P2).

paragraphs: Gelli was born in Pistoia, Tuscany. During the 1930s, Gelli volunteered for the Blackshirts expeditionary forces sent by Mussolini in support of Francisco Franco's rebellion in the Spanish Civil War.

paragraphs: In 1996, Gelli was nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, supported by Mother Teresa and Naguib Mahfouz.

paragraphs: Gelli died in Arezzo, Tuscany from respiratory failure at the age of 96.


title: John Cabot

paragraphs: John Cabot (, (1450 – 1499) was an Italian navigator and explorer. In 1497, sailing westward from England in his ship "Matthew", he landed in what he thought was Asia. In fact he came to North America, in what is now eastern Canada, which he claimed for King Henry VII. he landed in what is now known as Bonavista, Newfoundland. A town in the most eastern province of Canada. He died in England in 1499.

paragraphs: Giovanni Caboto (his Italian name) was probably born in Genoa about 1450. Most of his early life was not written about so much of his history is missing. When he was still young his family moved to Venice. Venice was a larger seaport than Genoa and at the time was the most important in all of Europe. Growing up there he learned a great deal about sailing and the sea. Cabot became an excellent sailor. His father was a trader and taught Giovanni (John) all about the spice trade.

paragraphs: Cabot married a young woman named Mattea (female form of the name Matthew) about 1482. They had three sons who all sailed with their father. By this time he was a merchant and traveled widely. He and his family moved to the port of Bristol, England about 1490.

paragraphs: He set sail from Bristol. Cabot sailed across the North Atlantic in about seven weeks. His ship, the "Matthew" had a crew of 20 men. During the voyage they saw enormous quantities of Cod fish. Fishermen would soon follow to take advantage of the rich fishing of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland.


title: Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory

paragraphs: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simple method to calculate bending of beams when a load is applied. This applies to small deflections (how far something moves) of a beam without considering effects of shear deformations. Therefore, it can be considered a special case of the Timoshenko beam theory. It was first introduced around 1750. It gained popularity during the development of the Eiffel Tower and the Ferris wheel in the late 19th century. After that, it was used in many engineering fields including mechanical engineering and civil engineering. Although other advanced methods have been developed, the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory is still widely used because of its simplicity.

paragraphs: Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli were the first to put together the theory in 1750.

paragraphs: At the time, science and engineering were viewed differently than today. Mathematical theories such as the Euler-Bernoulli Beam theory were not trusted for practical engineering use. Bridges and buildings continued to be designed using the same methods until the late 19th century. This is when the Eiffel Tower and Ferris wheel showed the validity of the theory on a larger scale.

paragraphs: The Euler–Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between the beam's deflection and the applied load is as shown below:

paragraphs: Where formula_2 describes the deflection of the beam in the formula_3 direction at some position formula_4. formula_5 is a distributed load, in other words a force per unit length (analogous to pressure being a force per area); it may be a function of formula_4, formula_7, or other variables.


title: Shameful Secrets

paragraphs: Shameful Secrets, also known as Going Underground, is an American television movie. It was aired on ABC on October 10, 1993. It is about a child custody battle between Maryanne Walker-Tate (played by Joanna Kerns) and her abusive husband Daniel Tate (played by Tim Matheson).


title: William Ruto

paragraphs: William Samoei arap Ruto (born 21 December 1966) is a Kenyan politician. He has been Deputy President of Kenya since 2013. Ruto served as the Acting President of Kenya between 5 and 8 October 2014 while President Uhuru Kenyatta was away at the Hague. He previously served in various ministerial positions including the Ministry of Agriculture and Ministry of Higher Education. He was Secretary General of KANU, the former ruling political party. Ruto was a member of Parliament for Eldoret North Constituency between December 1997 and January 2013. He won the seat in the 1997 Kenyan election after defeating Reuben Chesire.

paragraphs: Ruto has been charged with crimes including murder by the International Criminal Court. The trial has been ongoing since 10 September 2013.. The charges against him were dropped in 2016 due to lack of evidence by Fatou Bensouda.


title: Willamette Valley

paragraphs: The Willamette Valley () is a long valley in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The entire valley is in the state of Oregon. The valley contains the political and cultural areas of Oregon. It is home to about 70 percent of its population. This includes Portland, its largest city, and Salem, the state capital. The Willamette River flows the entire length of the valley. The valley is surrounded by mountains on three sides - the Oregon Coast Range to the west, the Cascade Range to the east, and the Calapooya Mountains to the south.

paragraphs: The valley's many waterways are important to the economy of Oregon. They continuously put highly fertile alluvial soils on the valley's broad, flat plain. The valley was widely publicized in the 1820s as a 'promised land of flowing milk and honey'. Throughout the 19th century it was the destination for the oxen-drawn wagon trains of people on the Oregon Trail.

paragraphs: Today the valley is home to "Oregon Wine Country". Tt contains more than 19,000 acres of vineyards and 500+ wineries.


title: Indian softshell turtle

paragraphs: The Indian softshell turtle ("Nilssonia gangetica"), or Ganges softshell turtle is a species of softshell turtle. It lives in rivers such as the Ganges and Mahanadi in India and Bangladesh. Its shell can be up to in length. It feeds mostly on fish, amphibians, carrion and other animal matter, but also eats aquatic plants. The turtle is listed as a vulnerable species.

paragraphs: The turtle has a long neck and a long nose, which means it is able to easily keep the tip of the nose out of the water to breathe. It has an oval shaped shell, which is also fairly flat and smooth which means it is able to swim very fast.

paragraphs: These turtles are often kept in the temple ponds of Odisha where they are considered sacred.

paragraphs: The Indian softshell turtle is under threat as 30 to 40 tons of turtle meat is sold in markets every week. The shells are also used to make masks, which are sold to tourists. The turtles' habitat is also being changed by the building of dams, drainage works, and increasing levels of fishing and farming.


title: Marine Le Pen

paragraphs: Marine Le Pen (; born Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen; 5 August 1968) is a French politician. She was the leader of the National Front (FN) political party from 2011 until her resignation in 2017. She is a lawyer. She is the youngest daughter of Jean-Marie Le Pen, who was leader of FN for many years. She is the aunt of Marion Maréchal-Le Pen.

paragraphs: Marine Le Pen and her family has been the target of an assassination attempt in 1976 when she was 8 years old. She has studied law at Panthéon-Assas University and has become a barrister. She joined the National Front in 1998 and rose to prominence, being elected in several positions such as Member of the European Parliament in 2004, to finally succeed to her father at the head of the party in 2011.

paragraphs: Since that, Le Pen has led a movement of "de-demonisation of the National Front" (in reference to her father's nickname "The Devil of the Republic") in order to detoxify it and soften its image. She is considered to be far more republican and democratic than her controversial and nationalist father. Her success is also based on a renovated political speech and a renewed team. She got the best FN score at the 2012 French presidential election and her party have progressed in next elections until shoving the traditional bipartisan between right and left wings in France.

paragraphs: She has been ranked among the most influential people in the 2011 and 2015 Time 100.


title: Akseli Gallen-Kallela

paragraphs: Akseli Gallen-Kallela (26 April 1865 – 7 March 1931) was an artist from Finland. He started his career with realistic pictures of poor people from the countryside, and continued with romantic paintings of the themes of the Kalevala, the Finnish national epic. His work was considered very important for the Finnish national identity. He pioneered major changes in Finnish art.

paragraphs: In addition to paintings Gallen-Kallela made prints, frescoes and designed textiles and furniture. His house and studio "Kalela" became a work of total art.

paragraphs: When Finland became independent, Gallen-Kallela designed uniforms and medals for its army.


title: Root hair

paragraphs: A root hair of a vascular plant, is a tubular outgrowth of a hair-forming cell on the epidermis of a plant root.

paragraphs: They are lateral extensions of a single cell, and invisible to the naked eye and light microscope. The function of root hairs is to collect water and mineral nutrients from the soil. This solution goes up through the roots to the rest of the plant.

paragraphs: Root hair cells survive for 2 to 3 weeks and then die off. New root hair cells are continually being formed at the tip of the root. This way, the root hair coverage stays the same.


title: Tenualosa ilisha

paragraphs: Tenualosa ilisha (ilish, hilsa, hilsa herring or hilsa shad) is a species of fish in the Clupeidae (herring) family.

paragraphs: It is a popular food dish in South India, East India and in the People's Republic of Bangladesh. The fish contributes about 12% of the total fish production and about 1% of GDP (money earned) in Bangladesh. About 450,000 people are directly involved with catching it for a living. About four to five million people are involved in the trade.

paragraphs: It is also the National fish of Bangladesh. Other names include: palla fish, hilsha, ellis, ilish, (Bengali:ইলিশ): ilish, (Oriya:ଇଲିଶି): ilishii, Sindhī: پلو مڇي pallu machhi, (Telugu:పులస): pulasa or polasa.


title: Meyerasaurus

paragraphs: Meyerasaurus is an extinct genus of plesiosaur. An almost complete fossil was found in Holzmaden, Baden-Württemberg, southeastern Germany. It was a medium-sized, 3.35 m (11.0 ft) long, pliosaur.

paragraphs: The specimen was collected from shale over 150 years ago. The shale dates to the early Jurassic, about 183–180 million years ago (mya). The specimen was described as a species of "Plesiosaurus" a hundred years ago. It got its new name in 2010.

paragraphs: Most members of its family, the Rhomaleosauridae, have been found in England. They were found in the lower Blue Lias deposits which date to the earliest Jurassic, just above the boundary with the Triassic.


title: In the Line of Duty: The FBI Murders

paragraphs: In the Line of Duty: The F.B.I. Murders is a 1988 television crime movie starring David Soul. It is about a real event that happened in April 1986 and has since become known as "Bloody Friday". Two former army buddies, Mike Platt (played by David Soul) and Bill Matix (Michael Gross), commit a series of murders and bank robberies in Miami, Florida. A group of F.B.I. agents led by Benjamin Grogan (Ronny Cox), was assigned to the investigation. The story ends with one of the bloodiest clashes in FBI history, the 1986 FBI Miami shootout. It took place in the middle of a residential suburb in broad daylight. The movie was released on November 27, 1988.


title: Diatonic scale

paragraphs: The diatonic scale is one of the scales used in music. It is also called heptatonic scale, because it uses seven distinct pitch classes or tones. For each octave there are five whole steps and two half steps. The two half steps are separated by two or three whole steps. The word "diatonic" comes from the Greek , meaning progressing through tones.

paragraphs: The seven pitches of any diatonic scale can be obtained using a chain of six perfect fifths. An example of this would be the seven natural pitches which form the C-major scale. It can be constructed from a stack of perfect fifths starting from F:

paragraphs: This property of the diatonic scale is called Pythagorean tuning. It was historically relevant and contributed to the worldwide diffusion of diatonic scales, because it allowed musicians to tune musical instruments easily by ear.

paragraphs: Any sequence of seven successive natural notes, such as C-D-E-F-G-A-B, and all transpositions, are diatonic scales. Piano keyboards are designed to play natural notes, which are diatonic scales, with their white keys. A diatonic scale can be also described as two tetrachords separated by a whole tone.

paragraphs: The term "diatonic" originally referred to the diatonic genus, one of the three genera of the ancient Greeks. In musical set theory, Allen Forte classifies diatonic scales as set form 7–35.

paragraphs: Examples of scales that are not diatonic are whole-tone scales, as well as the gypsy scales, which are often used for folk music.


title: Deepto TV

paragraphs: Deepto TV () is a private HD television channel in Bangladesh. The channel started broadcasting on 18 November 2015. The channel has daily drama serials. It also shows Bengali-dubbed foreign programs.


title: Vanessa Paradis

paragraphs: Vanessa Chantal Paradis (born 22 December 1972) is a French singer, model and actress.

paragraphs: She became a child star at age of 14 with the great worldwide success of her single "Joe le taxi". Since 1991, she has been a spokesmodel for Chanel. She was in a relationship with American actor Johnny Depp from 1998 to 2012, and they have two children: Lily-Rose and John "Jack" Christopher Depp III. She is also the older sister of Alysson Paradis, who is also an actress.


title: Database of Molecular Motions

paragraphs: The Database of Macromolecular Motions is a bioinformatics computer database on the Internet. It attempts to divide motions of protein and some RNA biological molecules into different types.

paragraphs: It was originally made by Mark B. Gerstein, Werner G. Krebs and Nat Echols in the molecular biophysics and biochemistry group at Yale University. People can use an Internet page to search this computer database for a particular motion by either the protein name or Protein Data Bank number. However, many people find this computer database by just coming over from the Internet page for the protein entry at the Protein Data Bank. For proteins found in both computer databases, this different computer database often gives a link back to the Internet page for the protein on this Internet site.

paragraphs: The computer database includes an Internet tool or free Software as a service (the "Morph server") which lets

paragraphs: non-experts see certain protein motions through the generation of short motion pictures. The motion pictures are made automatically by computer software on the Internet site. When done the Internet site sends an email with the motion picture information back to the user.

paragraphs: The "Morph Server" tool was originally a research tool rather than a tool for making motion pictures, and thus offered

paragraphs: only limited user control over rendering, color, and point of view, and the original method

paragraphs: sometimes required a fair amount of computer time to complete. Since the site's

paragraphs: initial introduction in 1996, the Internet site has been made better

paragraphs: to try to fix some of these issues as well

paragraphs: Other people have now made alternative systems, such as MovieMaker from the University of Alberta.


title: Helge Solum Larsen

paragraphs: Helge Solum Larsen (14 January 1969 – 18 December 2015) was a Norwegian businessman and politician. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He served as deputy leader of the party from 2010 to 2012.

paragraphs: From 1994 to 1997 he was leader of the Young Liberals of Norway, the youth wing of the Liberal Party. He served as a deputy representative to the Parliament of Norway from Rogaland during the terms 1997–2001 and 2005–2009.

paragraphs: Larsen died from a sudden illness on 18 December 2015, aged 46.


title: Buckshot Hoffner

paragraphs: Sebastian Fabian Hoffner, known by his nickname Buckshot Hoffner (January 20, 1924 – December 17, 2015), was an American politician. He was a member of the North Dakota House of Representatives and North Dakota State Senate for 18 years in total.

paragraphs: He was born and raised in Esmond, North Dakota. He was a veteran of World War II. Hoffner served as a Democrat in three separate stints in the House of Representatives: from 1962 to 1966, 1968 to 1972 and 1983 to 1984 in addition to serving as the House's minority leader in the 1971 session. During his eight years in the Senate from 1972 to 1980, he was its minority leader from 1975 to 1980.

paragraphs: Hoffner died on December 17, 2015 in Bismarck, North Dakota from heart failure, aged 91.


title: Harry Zvi Tabor

paragraphs: Harry Zvi Tabor (7 March 1917 – 15 December 2015) was a British-born Israeli physicist. He was known as the father of Israeli solar energy. Tabor was also involved in bringing Israel's solar energy program to international awareness.

paragraphs: Tabor was born in London. He died in Jerusalem on 15 December 2015 at the age of 98.


title: Hal Brown

paragraphs: Hector Harold "Hal" Brown (December 11, 1924 - December 17, 2015), nicknamed "Skinny", was an American pitcher in Major League Baseball. He played from through for the Chicago White Sox, Boston Red Sox, Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees, and Houston Colt .45s.

paragraphs: He batted and threw right-handed; nicknamed 'Skinny Brown' by his parents because he was obese as a child. Brown weighed and stood tall during his active career. Brown was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.

paragraphs: Brown died in Greensboro, North Carolina, aged 91.


title: Peter Dickinson

paragraphs: Peter Malcolm de Brissac Dickinson OBE FRSL (16 December 1927 – 16 December 2015) was an English author and poet. He was best known for children's books and detective stories.

paragraphs: Dickinson won the annual Carnegie Medal from the Library Association for both "Tulku" (1979) and "City of Gold" (1980), each being called as the year's outstanding children's book by a British subject. Through 2012 he is one of seven writers to win two Carnegies; no one has won three.

paragraphs: For his contributions as a children's writer Dickinson was a finalist for the Hans Christian Andersen Medal in 2000.

paragraphs: Dickinson died on his birthday in Winchester, Hampshire, England from an illness, aged 88.


title: Combine harvester

paragraphs: A combine harvester, also called a combine, is a machine that harvests crops. Its name comes from doing three separate parts of harvesting crops at once:

paragraphs: Far fewer people work in farming as a result of the combine harvester.


title: Greville Janner

paragraphs: Greville Ewan Janner, Baron Janner of Braunstone (11 July 1928 – 19 December 2015) was a British politician, barrister and writer.

paragraphs: He was QC since 1971, he was a Labour MP from 1970 to 1997; and then a member of the House of Lords until he died. He was associated with a number of Jewish organisations including the Board of Deputies of British Jews, of which he was chairman from 1978 to 1984, and he was prominent in the field of education about the Holocaust.

paragraphs: Janner was alleged to have abused vulnerable children from 1955 to 1988.

paragraphs: Janner died on 19 December 2015 in London from Alzheimer's disease, aged 87 and months earlier he had been demoed unfit to stand trial over allegations of 33 years of sexually abusing vulnerable children.


title: Prayer in C

paragraphs: "Prayer in C" is a song by the band Lilly Wood and the Prick. It was originally released as a folk-pop song. The song was later remixed by DJ Robin Schulz in 2014. Schulz' remix peaked at number one on Billboard's Hot Dance/Electronic Songs chart. It hit number one in many European countries including the UK and Belgium. It reached the top twenty in Canada. The remix is a dance and house song. It was included on Schulz' album, "Prayer".


title: Mutabar Tadjibayeva

paragraphs: Mutabar Tadjibayeva ("Uzbek: Mo'tabar Tojiboyeva") is a journalist and human rights activist from Uzbekistan. She started the “Fiery Hearts Club” NGO. She also started the Uzbek news website Jarayon. In 2009 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: In August 2003, Tadjibayeva got people in a group to demonstrate against corruption. The police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayaeva was hurt and went to the hospital. In 2005, Tadjibayeva wrote about the Andijan Massacre. Many people died when police stopped the demonstration. Tadjibayeva was in jail from October 2005 to June 2008.

paragraphs: In 2005, the international organization "Peace Women Across the Globe", part of the Nobel Committee, added Tadjibayeva’s name to the list of "1000 women peace activists". This made her a candidate for the Nobel Peace Prize.

paragraphs: Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a top 10 list of women who worked for human rights.

paragraphs: In 2008, Tadjibayeva received the Martin Ennals Award. When she received the award, she was still in prison.

paragraphs: For the 60th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Fiery Hearts Club received the "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity" Prize from France. Mutabar Tadjibayeva accepted the prize in Paris.

paragraphs: In March 2009, Tadjibayeva received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. Later she returned the award.

paragraphs: In 2011, Mutabar Tadjibayeva was on a list of ten most influential women in Central Asia.


title: The Fly (1958 movie)

paragraphs: The Fly is an American science fiction horror movie set in Montreal. It is directed by Kurt Neumann and written by James Clavell.

paragraphs: It was followed by two sequels: "Return of the Fly" and "Curse of the Fly". A remake was released in 1986.


title: Ambiga Sreenevasan

paragraphs: Ambiga Sreenevasan (born 1956) is a lawyer and human rights advocate from Malaysia. In 2009, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: Sreenevasan went to high school at Convent Bukit Nanasin Kuala Lumpur. in 1979, she got a Bachelor of Laws (LLB) from the University of Exeter in England. She became a lawyer in 1980. She worked in two London law firms, then she became a member of the Malaysian Bar in 1982. In July 2011, she received an Honorary Doctorate in Law (LLD) from the University of Exeter in England.

paragraphs: Sreenevasan was the president of the Malaysian Bar Council from 2007 to 2009. She was also the head of Bersih, an NGO for free and fair elections.

paragraphs: Because Sreenevasan wanted to help with problems between ethnic groups, she received hate mail and death threats. Hundreds of people from religious groups and conservative members of government protested against Sreenevasan at the Bar Council building and called for her arrest.

paragraphs: In 2008, as President of the Malaysian Bar she helped start LAWASIA, the International Bar Association's Human Rights Institute and Transparency International-Malaysia, to study abuses of power.

paragraphs: Sreenevasan was head of Bersih 2.0, the organisation behind the July 2011 demonstration in Kuala Lumpur. There were 20,000 people at the demonstration. Sreenevasan said the main problems for Malaysia were "unhappiness... in the Sarawak [election], unhappiness about corruption, [and] unhappiness about the lack of independence of our institutions."

paragraphs: Sreenevasan said the problems from the first demonstration in 2007 were not fixed, so there was another demonstration.


title: Red Fisher

paragraphs: Red Fisher (22 August 1926 – 19 January 2018) was a Canadian retired sports journalist. His columns focused on the National Hockey League and its Montreal Canadiens team. He was born in Montreal, Quebec. he began his hockey coverage in "The Montreal Star" newspaper in 1954 where he remained as writer and sports editor until that paper's demise in 1979. He retired in 2012.

paragraphs: Fisher died in Montreal on 19 January 2018 at the age of 91.


title: Wazhma Frogh

paragraphs: Wazhma Frogh is a women's rights activist from Afghanistan. In 2009, she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: In the eighth grade, Frogh taught her landlord's children, so that the landlord would reduce her rent. She wanted money so she and her sisters could go to school. At age 17, she worked as an intern at a newspaper in Pakistan. Because of her job, she saw the difficult lives of the women in Afghan refugee camps.

paragraphs: From 1992 to 2001, Frogh lived in Peshawar, Pakistan, while she started programs for women in Aghanistian. In 2002 Frogh finished the first study of women’s conditions in Nuristan, Afghanistan. Frogh also helped start women's centers in the Kandahar, Ghazni, Herat, and Parwan provinces of Afghanistan.

paragraphs: Frogh helped start the Afghan organization "Research Institute for Women". She became the director. In 2013, she wanted to visit the United States after she wrote about a militia commander in a report to NATO. The militia commander was a repeat abuser of rights. The militia commander threaten Frogh and her sisters. The Institute of Inclusive Security invited Frogh to come to the U.S. as a visiting fellow, but her visa was refused. Frogh also wrote for "The Guardian" on the subject of Afghanistan.


title: Chris Diamantopoulos

paragraphs: Christopher "Chris" Diamantopoulos (born May 9, 1975; ) is a Greek-Canadian actor and comedian. He is known for playing Moe Howard in the 2012 "The Three Stooges" film, and for voicing Mickey Mouse in the 2013 TV series of the same name.


title: The Rest of the Robots

paragraphs: The Rest of the Robots (1964) is a collection of eight short stories and two full-length novels by Isaac Asimov. The stories are all part of the "Robot" series, and follow on from ʽI, Robotʼ. The novels were not included in some published versions.

paragraphs: Robot AL-76, known as Al, is manufactured to do mining work on the Moon, but ends up in a rural part of Earth. It can't find the tool it is meant to use, so builds a better one out of ̼junk it finds in a workshop.

paragraphs: Intelligent life has been discovered on the planet Jupiter. Humans cannot land on the planet because of the powerful gravity and lack of air. They send a spaceship containing three very powerful ZZ series robots. They land on Jupiter, but the inhabitants, known as Jovians, try to attack and kill them. But when the Jovians eventually discover that the robots are too powerful to be destroyed, they decide instead to make peace with humans.

paragraphs: A robot engineer tells a story about Emma Two, a EM series robot, that abandoned him to die in a storm on the asteroid Titan.

paragraphs: An American secret service agent claims that the Soviet Union has developed humanoid robots (they cannot be distinguished from humans), and that they are being infiltrated into the USA. The head of robotics realises just in time that the agent is himself a robot and destroys him.

paragraphs: Robot TN-3, Tony, is introduced into the house of Claire Belmont as an experiment, by her husband, a robot engineer with US Robots. Tony realises that Claire has very low self-esteem and tries to help, even offering to become her lover and making sure that the neighbours know it.

paragraphs: Humans have set up an experimental base on an asteroid to build the first spaceship to travel through hyperspace (faster than light). The ship is piloted by a robot, but the experiment fails. An engineer goes on board and discovers that the fault lies with the robot, not the ship.

paragraphs: An LNE robot, known as Lenny, is built, but with a fault. It's brain is childlike and it can't speak. Susan Calvin experiments with it and eventually teaches it to speak a few words.

paragraphs: Robot EZ-27, known as Easy, is placed in a university to carry out a variety of jobs, including proof-reading. A professor of sociology, Simon Ninheimer, claims that the robot changed the text of a book by himself that it was checking. He takes US Robots to court. Susan Calvin is able to prove that Ninheimer set up the text changes deliberately, so that he could ruin the reputation of the Company and the robots they make.

paragraphs: Algis Budrys praised the collection as "a fine book of entertainment," but faulted Asimov's extensive annotations, saying they "[suck] the juice out of some very vivacious writing indeed, and [embalm] one of science fiction's most ebullient personalities."


title: Selma Reis

paragraphs: Selma Reis (24 August 1960 – 19 December 2015) was a Brazilian actress and singer. She was born in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro. She acted in many telenovelas and miniseries for Rede Globo, including "Caminho das Índias", "Páginas da Vida", "Presença de Anita" and "Chiquinha Gonzaga". After 1987, she released a debut album, the first of eleven releases.

paragraphs: She was married to photographer Locca Faria, with whom she had a son. The couple separated but remained friends for the last three years of her life.

paragraphs: In July 2014, Reis was diagnosed with brain cancer. Reis died at a hospital in Teresópolis, Brazil from the disease, aged 55. She was cremated in a Lutheran service in Nova Friburgo.


title: Red Star OS

paragraphs: Red Star OS is the operating system used by computers in North Korea. The latest version of the operating system is Red Star 3 and it looks almost exactly like macOS. Before Red Star 3 came out, Red Star looked more like Windows instead of macOS. Red Star OS also has its very own web browser called Naenara which means "my country" in Korean. It has a modified version of Mozilla Firefox and it has the North Korean internet called Kwangmyong.


title: Maureen McGovern

paragraphs: Maureen McGovern (born July 27, 1949) is an American singer and Broadway actress. She is well known known for her renditions of songs such as "The Morning After" from the 1972 movie "The Poseidon Adventure".


title: Because You Loved Me

paragraphs: "Because You Loved Me" is a 1996 pop-R&B ballad by Canadian singer Celine Dion. Its lyrics are about the protagonist thanking a loyal loved one for guiding, encouraging and protecting her and for making her who she is. It was originally written for the movie "Up Close and Personal". Diane Warren, who wrote the song (and others for artists like Cher, Aerosmith, Monica, and Lady Gaga), said the song was a tribute to her father. "Because You Loved Me" won Warren a Grammy Award for Best Song Written for a Motion Picture, Television, or Other Visual Media.

paragraphs: "Because You Loved Me" is the second track on Dion's album "Falling into You". The song topped the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 for six weeks and finished as the third-best performing song of 1996 there. It also reached number one in Canada and Australia and reached number five in the UK. It was certified Platinum in the US for sales and shipments of over one million copies.


title: Delirium (Ellie Goulding album)

paragraphs: Delirium is the third studio album by English singer-songwriter Ellie Goulding. The album was released on 6 November 2015. It features the lead single "On My Mind", which reached the top five in the United Kingdom and the top twenty in the United States. The hit song "Love Me like You Do", recorded for the movie "Fifty Shades of Grey", is also included on the album. "Delirium" has reached number two on the album charts in Canada and the top three in the US, UK, and Australia.


title: IPhone 6S

paragraphs: The iPhone 6S and iPhone 6S Plus are two smartphones designed by Apple Inc. They were released on September 25, 2015. They replace the iPhone 6 and iPhone 6 Plus, respectively. These "S" models have a rose gold finish. They have cameras on the front (5 megapixels) and back (12 megapixels). The screens are for the 6S and for the 6S Plus. The storage capacities are 16, 64, and 128 gigabytes. A new feature, Force Touch, is on these models and is also on the Apple Watch. Live Photos is a new feature that allows users to take moving photos.


title: Deaths in 2016

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in 2016. For notable deaths for each month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.


title: Deaths in January 2016

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in January 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.


title: Patricia Elliott

paragraphs: Patricia Elliott (July 21, 1938 – December 20, 2015) was an American actress. She was born in Gunnison, Colorado. She was known for her roles as Renée Divine Buchanan in the soap opera "One Life to Live" and as Countess Charlotte Malcolm in the Stephen Sondheim musical "A Little Night Music". She won a Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actress in a Musical in 1973.

paragraphs: Elliott died in New York City, from cancer, aged 77.


title: Carol Burns

paragraphs: Carol Burns (22 February 1947 – 21 December 2015) was an Australian actress. She was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She worked in Australia and in the United Kingdom. She began her career in 1967. Burns was known for her role as Franky Doyle in the soap opera "Prisoner".

paragraphs: Burns died of cancer at her home in Brisbane at the age of 68.


title: Georgetown, Guyana

paragraphs: Georgetown is the capital city of Guyana. It is located in the Demerara-Mahaica region. It is the country's largest city. The population in 2012 was about 235,017 people.


title: Joe Kittinger

paragraphs: Joseph William Kittinger II (born July 27, 1928) is a retired Colonel in the United States Air Force and a USAF Command Pilot. He was born in Tampa, Florida. He set a world record for the longest skydive from a height more than . He was also the first man to cross the Atlantic Ocean, alone, in a hot air balloon.

paragraphs: He was a fighter pilot in the Vietnam War and was a prisoner of war in a North Vietnamese prison.


title: Duolingo

paragraphs: Duolingo is a free language-learning program. Its website and mobile apps are available to anyone with an Internet connection plus a computer, tablet or smartphone. Duolingo can be used on iOS, Android, Windows 8 and 10 operating systems. Duolingo allows people to learn over 50 different language courses in 23 languages. There are over 100 million people learning a language on Duolingo.

paragraphs: Duolingo uses a unique way to make money. Duolingo lets people learn new languages while the company makes money from crowd-sourcing the translation of actual documents.


title: Wyre Forest

paragraphs: Wyre Forest is a large, semi-natural woodland and forest measuring . It sits across the borders of Worcestershire and Shropshire, England. It is lightly managed.

paragraphs: The forest has a variety of wildlife. It was much larger, but it still is one of the largest remaining ancient woodlands in Britain. The Forestry Commission looks after about half of today's forest. Two-thirds of the forest is a SSSI (1,753.7 hectares), and a further fifth (549 hectares) is a National Nature Reserve. The Dowles Brook flows through the heart of the forest, and the A456 road also runs through the southern edge of the woodland.

paragraphs: It is one of the largest areas of semi-natural (partially unmanaged) woodland in the UK. Wildlife species to be found in the forest include hawfinch, fallow deer, dipper, common crossbill, pied flycatcher, redstart, and long-eared owl among many other woodland birds and plants. The small but colourful moth "Oecophora bractella" has one of its few English populations here, and does not seem to occur much farther northwards.

paragraphs: The forest is an important habitat for adders, which have been the subject of a notable study.


title: Jan Góra

paragraphs: Jan Wojciech Góra OP (8 February 1948 – 21 December 2015) was a Polish Dominican Roman Catholic Priest, Doctor of Theology, academic and chaplain. Since 1997, he had been the organiser of the Polish Youth Meeting Lednica 2000 at the Lednica Fields. He was the animator for the academic chaplaincy centre "Respublica Dominicana" in Jamna. He was the author of numerous books and articles. He was born in Prudnik.

paragraphs: Góra died at the age of 67 in Poznań, Poland from a heart attack.


title: Rolf Bossi

paragraphs: Rolf Bossi (10 September 1923 – 22 December 2015) was a German criminal defense lawyer. He was born in Munich. He was known for defending known actors such as Ingrid van Bergen and Romy Schneider, as well as notable criminals such as Jürgen Bartsch, Dieter Zlof, and Dieter Degowski. He also defended four former East German border guards who were accused of having killed Chris Gueffroy, who was trying to escape over the Berlin wall. He was considered to be one of Germany's best-known defense lawyers.

paragraphs: Bossi died in Munich, Germany from natural causes at the age of 92.


title: Hocine Aït Ahmed

paragraphs: Hocine Aït Ahmed (; (August 20, 1926 – December 23, 2015) was an Algerian politician. He was founder and leader of the historical political opposition, Socialist Forces Front, in Algeria until 2009. He was born in Ain El Hammam, Algeria. Arrested and sentenced to death in 1964, he escaped from the El Harrach prison on May 1, 1966. Exiled in Switzerland, he became a doctor of law.

paragraphs: Aït Ahmed died at age 89 in Lausanne, Switzerland on December 23, 2015.


title: Laurence R. Harvey

paragraphs: Laurence Robert Harvey (born 17 July 1970) is an English actor. He is best known for playing Martin Lomax in the horror movie "The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)" and as Dwight in "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)".


title: Dieter Laser

paragraphs: Dieter Laser (born 17 February 1942) is a German actor. He is known to English speaking audiences for his roles as Mantrid in "Lexx", Prof. Otto Blaettchen in "The Ogre", Dr. Josef Heiter in "The Human Centipede (First Sequence)" and Bill Boss in "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)".


title: Tom Six

paragraphs: Tom Six (born 29 August 1973) is a Dutch filmmaker. He is best known for his body horror movies, "The Human Centipede (First Sequence)", "The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)" and "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)".


title: The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence)

paragraphs: The Human Centipede 2 (Full Sequence) is a 2011 British-Dutch black and white exploitation movie written, directed, and co-produced by Dutch filmmaker Tom Six. It is a sequel to Six's 2009 movie "The Human Centipede (First Sequence)". The movie stars Laurence R. Harvey and Ashlynn Yennie. It was followed by "The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)".

paragraphs: The movie is about a mentally challenged English man, Martin, who watches and becomes obsessed with the first "Human Centipede" movie, and decides to make his own "centipede" made up of twelve people.

paragraphs: It was originally banned in the United Kingdom by the BBFC because of its "revolting" content but was eventually granted an 18 certificate after over 30 cuts were made. The film was also banned in Australia for a short period of time. It is banned in New Zealand. The film received negative reviews for its plot, excessive gore and violence.


title: The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence)

paragraphs: The Human Centipede 3 (Final Sequence) is a 2015 English-language Dutch body horror movie written and directed by Tom Six. It is the third and final installment in Six's "Human Centipede" trilogy. It was confirmed to be in production in May 2013.

paragraphs: Starring Dieter Laser and Laurence R. Harvey, the leading actors from the first two movies, in new roles. It also stars Eric Roberts as The Governor. "The Human Centipede 3" was released both theatrically and on video on demand on 22 May 2015.