title: Justin Bieber

paragraphs: Justin Drew Bieber, (born March 1, 1994 in Stratford, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian pop singer and actor. He was discovered by his manager Scooter Braun from his YouTube videos in 2008.

paragraphs: Justin Bieber grew up in Ontario. When he was twelve years old, he went into a local singing contest. He came in third place. The video of the contest was uploaded to his YouTube channel run by his mother Pattie Mallette. Bieber was noticed by famous music industry manager Scott Samuel "Scooter" Braun.

paragraphs: Braun saw the 12-year-old boy on YouTube singing a song by Ne-Yo. Braun contacted Bieber's mother, Mallette, who agreed to bring her son, who was 14-year-old at that time, to Atlanta to try working together. Braun convinced them to move from Canada to the United States.

paragraphs: After seeing more success, Braun presented Bieber to two successful artists, Usher and Justin Timberlake. Both showed interest. Eventually Usher's mentor, music executive L. A. Reid, signed Bieber to a deal with Island Def Jam.

paragraphs: In 2009, Bieber toured with Iyaz and Taylor Swift, and traveled in the United States. His first album, "My World", which was released in that year, features four singles, "One Time", "One Less Lonely Girl", "Favorite Girl", and "Love Me". He signed to a record deal with Usher. He released "My World 2.0" in March 2010 as his second album, as well as going on a world tour. The album includes his smash hit single "Baby" featuring Ludacris, a remix version of "Somebody to Love" featuring his mentor Usher, and two promotional singles "U Smile", and "Never Let You Go". In the same year, he released "My Worlds Acoustic", which includes acoustic versions of his songs from the "My World" album and it also contains the ballad song "Pray". "Purpose"'s single "Sorry" is his most popular song.

paragraphs: In late 2011, he made his professional acting debut in the biopic 3D concert film , the movie is accompanied with the release of his remix album "", which includes remix versions of songs from his previous albums, collaborations with other recording artists and a brand-new track is also included. The remix album includes the single "Never Say Never" a duet song with singer and actor Jaden Smith in which it serves as the theme song for the 2010 movie "The Karate Kid." That same year, he released his first Christmas-themed album and his second studio album, "Under the Mistletoe", it features the singles "Mistletoe", Fa La La" featuring hip hop vocal group Boyz II Men, "All I Want For Christmas Is You" featuring Mariah Carey, and "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town".

paragraphs: In 2012, his third studio album, "Believe", was released; it contains the singles "Boyfriend", "Beauty and a Beat" featuring rapper Nicki Minaj, "As Long as You Love Me" featuring Big Sean, the album was supported by his Believe Tour which began in 2012 and ended in 2013. In 2013, he released "Believe Acoustic", containing acoustic versions of songs from the album "Believe" and three new songs.

paragraphs: On December 23, 2013, the album "Journals" was released. It has fifteen songs. Ten have been released as singles.

paragraphs: The album "Purpose" came out in late 2015. It includes the singles "Sorry", "Love Yourself", and "Company". Earlier in the year, he was arrested for being reckless. The album was supported by the Purpose World Tour, which began in 2016, became his highest-grossing world concert tour ever. In early 2017, he was featured in a remix version of Puerto Rican singers Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee's song "Despacito", in which Bieber sings in Spanish for the first time. In July of 2017, Bieber cancelled the remaining dates of his tour due to "unforeseen circumstances".

paragraphs: On February 14, 2020, the singer released his fifth studio album, "Changes", it contains the singles "Yummy" and "Intentions" featuring rapper Quavo. The album will be supported by his Changes Tour, which was supposed to start in 2020 but was rescheduled for 2021 due to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

paragraphs: Justin Bieber is a Christian. He has a younger brother and sister. His parents never married each other. Originally from Canada, he now lives in the United States.

paragraphs: On January 23, 2014, Justin was arrested in Miami, Florida, for drunk driving, resisting arrest and driving with an expired drivers license. Late 2013 and most of 2014 was a difficult time for Bieber because Scooter, Bieber's manager, was focused on his new client, Ariana Grande.

paragraphs: Bieber dated singer/songwriter Selena Gomez from 2011 to 2012, and on and off from 2013 to 2014. Even though he said in an interview in 2014 that he and Gomez were officially together once again, they broke up again.

paragraphs: Bieber got engaged to Hailey Baldwin on July 7, 2018. They got married on September 2018.


title: One More Time

paragraphs: One More Time is a popular song by music group Daft Punk. There is also a video with animated type creatures for this song.


title: Cornish, Maine

paragraphs: Cornish is a small town in York County, Maine near the New Hampshire border. As of the 2000 US Census, 1,269 people lived there.


title: Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This)

paragraphs: Sweet Dreams (Are Made of This) is a 1983 pop song by English duo Eurythmics.


title: Mazzy Star

paragraphs: Mazzy Star is an alternative music group popular for their songs "Fade Into You" and "Into Dust". "Into Dust" was played on an episode of the TV drama The O.C.. In 2013 Mazzy Star released "Seasons of Your Day", their first album since 1996. The album got good reviews.


title: Balls Mahoney

paragraphs: Jon Rechart (April 11, 1972 – April 12, 2016) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling for World Wrestling Federation and Extreme Championship Wrestling under the ring name, Balls Mahoney. He was born in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey.

paragraphs: On April 12, 2016, one day after his 44th birthday, Rechner died suddenly of cardiac arrest at his home in Spring Lake Heights, New Jersey.


title: Tree hollow

paragraphs: A tree hollow or tree hole is a cavity in a tree. Such hollows naturally form in the branches or trunks of many kinds of trees. They provide a habitat to animals, such as owls.


title: Jeff Sessions

paragraphs: Jefferson Beauregard "Jeff" Sessions III (born December 24, 1946) is an American politician. He was the 84th United States Attorney General serving from February 9, 2017 to November 7, 2018.

paragraphs: Before being Attorney General, he was the junior United States Senator from Alabama. He is a member of the Republican Party. At the time of his senate career, he ranked 15th in seniority in the United States Senate. He was the most senior junior Senator upon the retirement of Barbara Boxer in January 2017 to February 2017.

paragraphs: In November 2019, Sessions announced that he would run for his old Senate seat in 2020. He lost the Republican nomination to Tommy Tuberville.

paragraphs: Sessions was born in Selma, Alabama on December 24, 1946. He was the son of Jefferson Beauregard Sessions, Jr., and the former Abbie Powe. He was raised in Camden, Alabama. Sessions earned B.A. Degree from Huntingdon College and a J.D. Degree from the University of Alabama.

paragraphs: From 1981 to 1993, he was U.S. Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama. Sessions was elected Attorney General of Alabama in 1994.

paragraphs: Sessions was elected to the U.S. Senate in 1996 and re-elected in 2002, 2008, and 2014. Sessions was considered one of the most conservative members of the U.S. Senate.

paragraphs: As a senator, he is known for being against illegal immigration and for reducing legal immigration. He supported the major legislative efforts of the George W. Bush administration, including the 2001 and 2003 tax cut packages, the Iraq War, and a proposed national amendment to ban same-sex marriage.

paragraphs: He opposed the establishment of the Troubled Asset Relief Program, the 2009 stimulus bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, and the "Don't Ask, Don't Tell" Repeal Act. As the ranking Republican on the Senate Judiciary Committee, he opposed all three of President Barack Obama's nominees for the Supreme Court.

paragraphs: An early supporter of Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign, Sessions was considered as a possible Vice Presidential nominee, but Trump finally chose Indiana governor Mike Pence.

paragraphs: Sessions resigned from the senate to become the United States Attorney General on February 8, 2017.

paragraphs: On November 18, 2016, it was announced that President-elect Donald Trump planned to nominate Sessions for United States Attorney General.

paragraphs: On January 10, 2017, the Senate Judiciary Committee hearings on his nomination began. The committee approved his nomination February 1 on a straight party-line vote, 11 to 9. The senate narrowly confirmed his nomination on February 8, 2017. He was sworn-in by Vice President Mike Pence on February 9. On May 7, 2018 he announced a new moraly questionable policy that seperated children from their mothers at the border.

paragraphs: As U.S. Attorney General, Sessions overturned a memo delivered by Eric Holder to reduce mass incarceration by avoiding mandatory sentencing, and ordered federal prosecutors to begin seeking the maximum criminal charges possible. Sessions allowed law enforcement to seize the property of those suspected but not charged with crimes. A critic of illegal immigration, Sessions adopted a hard-line on so-called sanctuary cities and told reporters that cities that did not follow federal immigration policy would lose federal funding, but failed. As Attorney General, Sessions supported allowing the Department of Justice to prosecute providers of medical marijuana.

paragraphs: On November 7, 2018, President Trump fired Sessions as Attorney General in a tweet.

paragraphs: In October 2019, Sessions began exploring a potential candidacy for his old Senate seat in the 2020 election. He announced his Senate run on November 7, 2019.

paragraphs: Sessions lost the Alabama Senate Primary to Tommy Tuberville on July 14, 2020. A "Washington Post" headline read, "Sessions loses runoff in Alabama as Trump helps end career of key supporter he came to despise."

paragraphs: Sessions and his wife Mary have three children and six grandchildren. The family is United Methodist. He teaches at Sunday School to children in Mobile, Alabama.


title: Ademar Pereira Marinho

paragraphs: Ademar Pereira Marinho (born 23 March 1954) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Masashi Hachuda

paragraphs: Masashi Hachuda (born 19 July 1964) is a Japanese football manager.


title: Yuki Tamura

paragraphs: Yuki Tamura (born 31 December 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Guaraní.


Taijiro Kurita


Masashi Owada


title: SC Tavriya Simferopol

paragraphs: SC Tavriya Simferopol is a football club which plays in Ukraine.


title: F.C. Dynamo Kyiv

paragraphs: F.C. Dynamo Kyiv is a football club which plays in Ukraine.


title: Tsutomu Matsuda

paragraphs: Tsutomu Matsuda (born 5 October 1983) is a former Japanese football player.


Masahiro Endo


title: Takashi Watari

paragraphs: Takashi Watari (born 8 March 1972) is a former Japanese football player.


Hideo Hashimoto


title: Masaki Fukai

paragraphs: Fukui plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.


title: Montgolfier brothers

paragraphs: Joseph-Michel Montgolfier (26 August 1740 – 26 June 1810) and Jacques-Étienne Montgolfier (6 January 1745 – 2 August 1799) were the inventors of a type of hot air balloon. The first manned attempt of flying in a hot air balloon was on 21st November. The balloon was launched from the centre of Paris and flew for a period of 20 minutes. The birth of hot air ballooning was on that date.


title: Nazan Öncel

paragraphs: Nazan Öncel (born February 6, 1956 in Karşıyaka, İzmir) is a famous Turkish pop and rock singer-songwriter. She has made nine albums; some of them are "Bir Hadise Var", "Sokak Kızı", and "7'n Bitirdin".

paragraphs: In 1978 she released her first single "Sana Kul Köle Olmuştum". Then she released her first longplay album "Yağmur Duası" in 1981. Ten years after, she released her second album "Bir Hadise Var" in December 1991. "Bir Hadise Var" was very successful in Turkey and Nazan Öncel became an icon of the '90s music. In 1994, she released her third album "Ben Böyle Aşk Görmedim" and with this album, she became one of the most successful songwriters. After one year, she released alternative-ballad album "Göç". A song from the album, "Gidelim Buralardan", was famous outside of Turkey.

paragraphs: In 1996, she released a rock album called "Sokak Kızı". It was a huge success. In 1999, she released "Demir Leblebi", which caused controversy because of the lyrics of the songs "Demir Leblebi" (about her memories of child molestation by her stepfather) and "Sokarım Politikana" (translation: I f**k your politics). This album was her most personal album.

paragraphs: In 2003, she released her seventh album, "Yan Yana Fotoğraf Çektirelim". This album includes two duets, "Hay Hay" and "Nereye Böyle" with popstar Tarkan. She released a box set called "Bir Şarkı Tut" in 2005, included her "Göç", "Sokak Kızı" and "Demir Leblebi" albums. Her next album, "7'n Bitirdin", was released in summer 2006. Her album "Hatırına Sustum" was released in December 2008.

paragraphs: She has worked with Sezen Aksu, Tarkan, Yonca Evcimik, Ayşegül Aldinç, İbrahim Tatlıses, Nükhet Duru, Gülşen and Metin Arolat.


title: John Otto (drummer)

paragraphs: John Everett Otto (born March 22, 1977 in Jacksonville, Florida) is the drummer and co-founder of the band Limp Bizkit.


title: The Firebird

paragraphs: The Firebird is a ballet. The libretto and choreography were composed by Michel Fokine. The story of the ballet is based on a Russian fairy tale. The music was composed by Igor Stravinsky. It was Stravinsky's first ballet score. "The Firebird" was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre National de l'Opéra on 25 June 1910. Anna Pavlova had been asked to create the role of the Firebird. She thought Stravinsky's music incomprehensible and declined. The role went to Tamara Karsavina. The ballet has seen several revivals. It is also known by its French title "L'Oiseau de Feu".

paragraphs: Prince Ivan ventures into the garden of the evil Kashchei. He catches the magical Firebird. She promises to aid the Prince whenever he needs help if he will release her. He takes a magic feather from the bird's tail, then releases her.

paragraphs: Twelve princesses with the Tsarevna (daughter of the Tsar) dance. All are in the power of the evil sourcerer Kashchei. Prince Ivan falls in love with the Tsarevna. He asks Kashchei whether he can marry her. Kashchei is angry and sends his monsters after the Prince. Kashchei is about to turn him to stone, when the Prince waves the feather. The Firebird appears, and comes to the Prince’s rescue. She casts a spell on the monsters. They fall asleep. The Firebird tells the Prince that Kashchei’s soul lies in an egg. The Prince smashes the egg. Kashchei loses his power, the monsters, and his palace. The Prince marries the Tsarevna.

paragraphs: The ballet was revived in Britain in 1954 with costumes and sets by Natalia Gontcharova. Margot Fonteyn starred as the Firebird, Michael Somes as the Prince, Frederick Ashton as Kastchei, and Svetlana Beriosova as the Tsarevna. This production played the Metropolitan Opera House in September 1955 with the same principals.

paragraphs: George Balanchine staged his version of the work with the New York City Ballet at the City Center in 1949 with designs by Marc Chagall. Maria Tallchief danced the Firebird. Balanchine revised his version in 1970 in conjunction with Jerome Robbins. Robbins handled the group scenes. Chagall revised his designs for the production.

paragraphs: Maurice Béjart choreographd an abstract production for the Paris Opéra in 1970. He believed the traditional fairy tale production was impossible to present on the modern stage. He cast a "danseur" in the title role. The cast wore denim.


title: Giuseppe Farina

paragraphs: Emilio Giuseppe "Nino" Farina (30 October 1906 - 30 June 1966) was an Italian racing driver. He stands out in the history of Grand Prix motor racing for his much copied 'straight-arm' driving style and his status as the first ever Formula One World Champion.

paragraphs: He was born in Turin. He died when he accidentally crashed his car in Aiguebelle, France.


title: Alberto Ascari

paragraphs: Alberto Ascari (July 13, 1918 – May 26, 1955) was an Italian racing driver and twice Formula One World Champion. He is one of only two Italian Formula One World Champions in the history of the sport, and the only one winning his two championships in a Ferrari.

paragraphs: Ascari was born in Milan, the son of Antonio Ascari. He was killed on the racetrack in Monza.


title: Enzo Ferrari

paragraphs: Enzo Anselmo "the Commendatore" Ferrari (20 February 1898 – 14 August 1988) Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI was an Italian race car driver and entrepreneur, the founder of the Scuderia Ferrari Grand Prix motor racing team, and subsequently of the Ferrari car manufacturer.


title: Charlotte's Web (2006 movie)

paragraphs: Charlotte's Web is a 2006 live-action/animated movie based on author E. B. White's book with the same name, released by Paramount Pictures with Walden Media, Kerner Entertainment Company, and Nickelodeon Movies on December 15, 2006. It stars Dakota Fanning as Fern and the voice of Julia Roberts as Charlotte and comes after an animated version from 1973.

paragraphs: Wilbur is the pet piglet of a young girl named Fern Arable. Unfortunately, when he grows into an adult pig, Fern is forced to take him to the Zuckerman farm, where he will be made into food after a short time.

paragraphs: Charlotte A. Cavatica, a spider, lives in the space above Wilbur's sty in the Zuckermans' barn, she makes friends with Wilbur and chooses to help stop him being eaten. With the help of the other barn animals, including a rat named Templeton, she convinces the Zuckerman family that Wilbur is special by spelling out such descriptions as "Some Pig" in her web.


title: Portable application

paragraphs: A portable application (also called a "portable app") is a computer program the application does not need to be installed on the computers local storage in order to be run. These types of programs can also be carried on a USB flash drive, or external hard drive.


title: Portable application creators

paragraphs: Portable application creators allow the creation of portable applications (also called: portable apps).

paragraphs: No "agent"/"client" is required for these (also called "agentless" solutions):

paragraphs: These programs require an agent or "client" (to run the "compiled" app)


title: Shia LaBeouf

paragraphs: Shia Saide LaBeouf (born June 11, 1986) is an American actor, comedian and director. He is best known for his work in the movies "Transformers" (2007) and "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (2008) and the Disney Channel series "Even Stevens". His parents are Jeffery LaBeouf and Shayna Saide. LaBeouf is an only child. He started his career doing stand up comedy in local places such as coffee houses. He graduated from high school in 2003 and hopes to attend college, preferably Yale University. He won the Orange Rising Star Award in 2008. He played Jerôme in the 2013 movie "Nymphomaniac".

paragraphs: LaBeouf is named after his grandfather who was also a stand up comedian. His parents are divorced. He lives with his mother in Los Angeles.


title: Instinct

paragraphs: Animals with nervous systems are born with instincts. An instinct is a part of the behaviour of an organism. It is inherited (innate), not learned. However, the term does not include the operation of sense organs, and does not include the normal working of the autonomic nervous system. Instincts are to do with visible muscular action in response to releasers. Releasers are triggers which set off chains of instinctive behaviour. Although instincts are not learned, in some cases their performance can be improved by experience and practice.

paragraphs: There are some problems with the term 'instinct'. It can be used loosely to mean a general tendency, such as "a man's instinct is to protect his family". It can be used to describe chains of behaviour of mixed origin. Properly, it is used only of well-defined acts whose causation is inherited, and which are triggered by specific stimuli called releasers.

paragraphs: Other terms for instinct are fixed action patterns (FAP) and innate behaviour chains.

paragraphs: Instinctive behaviours can be variable and responsive to the environment. Any behaviour is instinctive if it is performed without being based upon prior experience, that is, in the absence of learning. Sea turtles, newly hatched on a beach, will automatically move toward the ocean, and automatically swim when they are in the water. A joey climbs into its mother's pouch upon being born. Honeybees communicate by dance the direction of a food source without formal instruction. Other examples include animal fighting, animal courtship behaviour, internal escape functions, and building of nests.

paragraphs: Reflex actions are a special case. A true reflex is distinguished from other behaviours by mechanism; they do not go through the brain. Rather, the stimulus travels to the spinal cord and the message is then transmitted back through the body, tracing a path called the reflex arc. Reflexes are similar to fixed action patterns, but a fixed action pattern can be processed in the brain as well. A male stickleback's instinctive aggression towards anything red during his mating season is such an example. Examples of instinctive behaviours in humans include many of the primitive reflexes, such as rooting and suckling, behaviours which are present in most mammals.

paragraphs: Some instinctive behaviors depend on maturational processes to appear. For instance, we commonly refer to birds "learning" to fly, because they cannot fly at first, but can a week or two later. However, young birds have been experimentally reared in devices that prevent them from moving their wings until they reached the age at which their cohorts were flying. These birds flew immediately and normally when released, showing that their improvement resulted from neuromuscular maturation and not true learning.

paragraphs: While fixed action patterns and reflexes are clear examples of almost entirely instinctive behaviours, most behaviours are complex and consist of both instinctive and learned components. For instance, in imprinting a bird has a sensitive period during which it learns who its mother is. Konrad Lorenz famously had a goose imprint on his boots. Thereafter the goose would follow whomever wore the boots. The identity of the goose's mother was learned, but the goose's behavior towards the boots was instinctive. Similarly, sleeping in humans is instinctive, but how much and when one sleeps is clearly subject to environmental factors. Whether a behaviour is instinctive or learned is common subject of nature versus nurture debates.

paragraphs: In a situation when two instincts contradict each other, an animal may resort to a displacement activity.

paragraphs: Instinct is a built-in need to do something. It's not something an animal thinks about; it's something it does automatically. A baby bird automatically throws its head back, opens its mouth wide, and screams for food. It is an instinct. Baby bats automatically cling to the cave wall. Grasshoppers naturally spit out the things in their stomach on predators that try to eat them. Bees naturally work to take care of the hive and make honey. Butterflies inherit preferences for laying their eggs on certain plants.plant their young need to eat, and that's where they lay their eggs. Animals are born with these instincts, and they follow their instincts without conscious thought.

paragraphs: Organisms have two ways they can get behaviours. One way is learn, by observation, and by repeating things which have a pleasant outcome. The other way is to inherit the behaviour pattern by heredity.


title: Step Brothers (movie)

paragraphs: Step Brothers is a 2008 American comedy movie directed by Adam McKay, produced by Judd Apatow and Jimmy Miller, and stars Will Ferrell and John C. Reilly. It was released in movie theaters on July 25, 2008, and released on DVD and Blu-ray on December 2, 2008.


title: Naples, Maine

paragraphs: Naples is a town in Cumberland County, Maine. As of 2000, 3,274 people lived there. It is near Fryeburgh. The Songo Queen is a boat people can ride on and view the water.


title: Manchester, New Hampshire

paragraphs: Manchester is the largest city in New Hampshire. It is in Hillsborough County. The 2010 US Census says that 109,565 people live there. However, an estimate done in 2014 puts the population at 110,448.


title: Netflix

paragraphs: Netflix, Inc. is an American entertainment services provider in Los Gatos, California, founded in 1997 by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph in Scotts Valley, California. As of April 2019, Netflix had over 148 million paid subscriptions worldwide, including 60 million in the United States, and over 154 million subscriptions total including free trials. It was started in California in 1997. It allows members to rent movies on DVD or Blu-ray, and also watch movies and TV shows online with a computer, game console, smartphone, tablet or Internet-connected TV.

paragraphs: Netflix originally started as a DVD sales and rental by mail then switched to focus on the DVD rental business. In 2007, Netflix expended their business with streaming media.

paragraphs: Since December 2018, Netflix provided their first interactive film, called "." On January 22, 2019, Netflix became the first streaming service to become a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Netflix entered the content-production industry in 2012, debuting its first series "" This introduced the "Netflix Original" content and its on online library. In 2016, Netflix released around 126 original series and films. Netflix is not available in mainland China (due to local restrictions) as well as Syria, North Korea, Iran, and Crimea (due to US sanctions).

paragraphs: The company's primary business is its subscription-based streaming which offers online streaming of a library of films and TV programs.

paragraphs: Netflix is up for launching NetFX, a cloud-based platform which is allowed to make easier for artists, and creators to keep connected and collaborate on visual effects for titles on Netflix.


title: Petrushka

paragraphs: Petrushka is a ballet burlesque in four scenes. Alexandre Benois and Igor Stravinsky wrote the story of the ballet. Igor Stravinsky wrote the music. Michel Fokine choreographed the work (designed the dances). Benois designed the sets and costumes. "Petrushka" was first performed by Diaghilev's Ballets Russes in Paris on 13 June 1911. Nijinsky played Petrushka, and Tamara Karsavina played The Ballerina. Alexandre Orlov played The Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti played The Charlatan.

paragraphs: "Petrushka" tells the story of the loves and jealousies of three puppets. The three are brought to life by The Charlatan during St. Petersburg's 1830 Shrovetide Fair. Petrushka is in love with The Ballerina. She rejects him because she likes The Moor. Petrushka is angry and hurt. He challenges The Moor. The Moor kills him with his scimitar. Petrushka's ghost rises above the puppet theatre as night falls. He shakes his fist at The Charlatan, then collapses in a second death.

paragraphs: "Petrushka" brings music, dance, and design together in a unified whole. It is one of the most popular of the Ballets Russes productions. It is usually performed today using the original designs and dances. Grace Robert wrote in 1949, "Although more than thirty years have elapsed since "Petrushka" was first performed, its position as one of the greatest ballets remains unassailed. Its perfect fusion of music, choreography, and décor and its themethe timeless tragedy of the human spiritunite to make its appeal universal."

paragraphs: Petrushka is a puppet. He is a character known across Europe under different names: Punch in England, Polichinelle in France, Pulcinella in Italy, Kasperle in Germany, and Petrushka in Russia. Whatever his name, he is a trickster, a rebel, and a wife beater. He enforces moral justice with a slap stick, speaks in a high-pitched, squeaky voice, and argues with the devil. His plays were formulaic and subversive. They repeated key scenes from one play to another. The plays usually ended with a dog, a policeman, or the devil dragging him away.

paragraphs: Empress Anna Ivanovna brought marionettes to Russia in the 18th century. These puppets were an amusement for the aristocracy. Rod puppets were an Asian import. They performed religious plays, mostly at Christmas. Petrushka however was a hand puppet. He was beloved by the common people. He performed in street theatres and other open air venues in small portable booths or behind screens that could be easily assembled and just as easily disassembled. After the Russian Revolution, Soviet authorities forced Petrushka indoors. They wanted to be better able to monitor his subversiveness.

paragraphs: Scene One. The scene is St. Petersburg's Shrovetide Fair in 1830. A crowd of peasants, police, gypsies, and others wander about Admiralty Square looking for fun. Two dancers entertain the fairgoers. At the back of the stage is a large puppet booth. Two toy soldiers rush from the booth, beating their drums to attract the crowd's attention. The Charlatan appears before the booth. The curtain of the booth opens. Three puppets are seen, each in a little cell. One puppet is a dark-skinned Moor, another is a pretty Ballerina, and the third is Petrushka. The three leave their cells to perform a pantomime at the center of the stage. The Moor and Petrushka both love The Ballerina, but she likes The Moor. Petrushka is jealous. He starts a fight with The Moor. The Charlatan abruptly stops the pantomime. The curtain falls.

paragraphs: Scene Two. There is no musical introduction except drumrolls announcing the beginning of the scene. The curtain rises and a door opens. Petrushka is seen being kicked through the door. He falls. He pulls himself together to the accompaniment of arpeggiated C major and F♯ major chords (the "Petrushka chord").

paragraphs: He stands uncertainly and shakes his fist at the portrait of The Charlatan on the wall. The music is a violent rendition of the "Petrushka chord", now scored for trumpets. Petrushka falls to his knees. The music grows lyrical as he mimes his self-pity, his love for The Ballerina, and his hatred of The Charlatan.

paragraphs: The Ballerina enters "en pointe". When Petrushka sees her, he begins a display of frantic gestures and athletic leaps. The Ballerina is frightened and hurries away. Petrushka falls to the floor in despair. The clarinets mock him. He curses The Charlatan to the accompaniment of the "Petrushka chord" for full orchestra. For a moment, Petrushka peers out of his room at the crowd in Admiralty Square to the "crowd music" from Scene One. He collapses as clarinets mock him with the "Petrushka chord". A trumpet call signals the end of the scene.

paragraphs: Scene Three. Drumrolls are heard as the curtain rises. Whereas Petrusha's room was dark and chilly, The Moor's room is brilliant with color. The walls are decorated with palm trees, exotic flowers, white rabbits hopping about, and desert sands.

paragraphs: The Moor lies lazily on a daybed playing with a coconut. He shakes it. There's something inside! He tries to cut it open with his scimitar, but fails. He believes it a god and bows in worship before it.

paragraphs: The door opens. The Charlatan brings The Ballerina into the room. The Ballerina is attracted to The Moor's handsome appearance. She plays a saucy tune on a toy trumpet, represented by a cornet in the original 1911 orchestration. The Moor tries to dance with her but fails.

paragraphs: The Moor sits on the daybed. The Ballerina sits on his knees. They cuddle. They hear noises outside the door. Petrushka has broken free from his cell, and rushes into the room to rescue The Ballerina from seduction. Petrushka attacks the Moor, but quickly realizes he is too small and weak. The Moor beats Petrushka. The puppet flees for his life, with the Moor chasing him. The curtain falls.

paragraphs: Scene Four. The scene is again the Shrovetide Fair. Evening is falling. The crowd is having a lot of fun. A dancing bear and organ grinders entertain the crowd. Wet nurses perform a dance. Suddenly, Petrushka runs from the puppet booth. The Moor chases him, and kills him with a blow of his scimitar. The crowd is frightened. The Charlatan enters. He shows the crowd that Petrushka is nothing but a puppet filled with straw. The crowd slowly walks away, still stunned with what they have just seen. The Charlatan is left alone. The spirit of Petrushka appears on the roof of the puppet booth. He shakes his fist at The Charlatan. He is terrified and hurries away. Petrushka collapses over the roof of the puppet booth, his arms swinging to and fro in the night.

paragraphs: Serge Diaghilev, the impresario who brought together the three men who created "Petrushka", was the son of a nobleman. He was educated at home, and moved to St. Petersburg in 1890 to study law. He took music lessons from Rimsky-Korsakov, and developed a strong interest in the arts.

paragraphs: Diaghilev spent his inheritance traveling to Europe's major art museums. Between 1899 and 1905 he published "The World of Art", a magazine that had great influence on the Russian art world. Its success led Diaghilev to set even greater artistic goals for himself.

paragraphs: He managed to secure a position at the Imperial Ballet, but was fired after overstepping his authority. He organized concerts of Russian music for the Paris Opéra, and promoted Russian operas and short ballets. The Paris public was thrilled with these ballets.

paragraphs: In 1910, Diaghilev focused his efforts on ballet, and the Ballets Russes was organized. Stravinsky's "The Firebird" was one of the highlights of the 1910 season. In spite of the company's success, Ballets Russes did not have a permanent home. The dancers went back to their jobs at the Imperial Ballet when the Paris season was over.

paragraphs: When Nijinsky was fired from the Imperial Ballet for an incident possibly masterminded by Diaghilev, the impresario hired him. Nijinsky was an artist of the greatest magnitude who could lead the Ballets Russes to unheard of success and international renown.

paragraphs: Other artists joined the Ballets Russes, but the company still did not have a permanent home. It led a nomadic existence. "Petrushka" and "Le Spectre de la rose" were the highlights of the 1911 season, "Daphnis and Chloe" and "Afternoon of a Faun" of the 1912 season, and "The Rite of Spring" of the 1913 season. Nijinsky married in 1913, and broke with Diaghilev.

paragraphs: In the following years, Diaghilev persuaded disgruntled artists who had left the company to return Fokine and Benois, especially. In 1921, the company found a permanent home in Monte Carlo. It continued to produce the colorful ballets it was famous for. The company's international renown grew, but the excitement of its early Paris days was over.

paragraphs: "Petrushka" was the creation of four men: composer Igor Stravinsky, scenery and costume designer Alexandre Benois, choreographer Mikhail Fokine, and Ballets Russes impresario Serge Diaghilev. The four men worked closely with each other on the creation of "Petrushka".

paragraphs: Stravinsky and Benois each attributed the creation of the libretto to one another in the days following the ballet's successful premiere. The idea about a ballet based on a puppet was Stravinsky's, but the libretto was almost certainly the work of Benois. The subject was close to his heart, and he was, after all, an experienced librettist.

paragraphs: Alexandre Benois was born 3 May 1870 in St. Petersburg. His father was an architect. Benois did not plan a career in the arts, but graduated in law from the St. Petersburg Imperial University in 1894. In 1897, his watercolors were exhibited and noticed by Diaghilev and Bakst. The three men founded an art magazine that exerted great influence in Russia. In 1901, Benois was appointed scenic director for the Mariinsky Theatre, and in 1905 moved to Paris and began working for the Ballets Russes.

paragraphs: Benois was unavailable for comment when Stravinsky offered his undeveloped idea about a ballet for a puppet to Diaghilev in 1910. He had separated himself from the Ballets Russes after his libretto for "Schéhérazade" had been attributed to Léon Bakst in the ballet's theatre programmes. Diaghilev and Stravinsky tried to persuade Benois to return, but Benois refused. Time passed and Benois's pique softened. He rejoined his colleagues after learning the new ballet's subject was Petrushka.

paragraphs: Diaghilev was pleased to have Benois back on board and suggested the ballet be set during the Shrovetide Fair (a Mardi Gras-like celebration before Lent) in St. Petersburg about 1830. This period was one of Benois's favorites. Benois gave Petroushka a full-length body and two companions, The Ballerina and The Moor. Benois was designing costumes and scenery during the libretto's composition to give his colleagues a visual idea of the ballet's final appearance.

paragraphs: Benois, Stravinsky, and Diaghilev met in Rome in 1911. Rehearsals for "Petrushka" were in progress in the basement of the theatre where the Ballets Russes was performing though the music and libretto were yet to be completed. The ballet received a more definitive shape when Fokine began to rehearse the principal dancers, and, as often as possible, the dancers playing the different fairgoers in the crowd.

paragraphs: Igor Stravinsky was born on 17 June 1882 near St. Petersburg. His father, an opera singer with the Mariinsky Theatre, was of a noble Polish family. As a boy, Stravinsky studied piano and music theory. He later studied law, but passed most of his time with music. In 1905, he began music studies with Rimsky-Korsakov. In 1909, Stravinsky's "Fantastic Scherzo" and "Fireworks" were performed in St. Petersburg. Diaghilev heard both works and was deeply impressed.

paragraphs: In 1910, "The Firebird" was put into development for the Ballets Russes. Tcherepnin was hired to write the music, but lost interest. The job was given to Lyadov. Diaghilev grew disappointed with Lyadov. He was slow to get started. The impresario recalled his impression with Stravinsky and decided the young composer was the man to write the score for "The Firebird". Stravinsky was hired.

paragraphs: Stravinsky was young and inexperienced. He worried whether he could meet the deadline date for the score, but accepted the job. He was flattered to be chosen from the many great musicians of the age to write the score, and just as flattered to be working with men who were geniuses in their fields.

paragraphs: Stravinsky worked closely with Fokine in developing "The Firebird". The result was a work in which movement, music, and scenery and costume design were integrated into one artistic whole. The stop-and-go, episodic character of classical ballet was avoided in favor of a fluid continuity from start to finish. "The Firebird" premiered in 1910 to great success.

paragraphs: This success led Diaghilev to hire Stravinsky to write the score for another ballet, "The Rite of Spring". The idea for this ballet was Stravinsky's, and based on a dream he had had about a virgin forced to dance to death to propitiate the god of spring. Stravinsky knew that writing this score would take a long time. He tired of it, and started to work on a concert piece for piano and orchestra to refresh himself. Stravinsky thought of this new piece as a contest between the orchestra and the piano. The orchestra finally overwhelms the piano to emerge the winner.

paragraphs: Stravinsky was thinking of the Russian hand puppet, Petrushka, when he wrote the concert piece: "In composing the music, I had in my mind a distinct picture of a puppet, suddenly endowed with life, exasperating the patience of the orchestra with diabolical cascades of arpeggios. The orchestra in turn retaliates with menacing trumpet blasts."

paragraphs: The music is modern. It uses the music of the past (folk tunes and popular songs), but departs from the simplicity of these tunes. The most modern music in the score is the music for Scene Two. This is the music Stravinsky wrote as a concert piece for piano and orchestra. The scene opens with the clash of C major and F-sharp major chords. This bitonality represents Petrushka's dual nature as a living being and straw-filled puppet.

paragraphs: Stravinsky put some popular Russian folk tunes into the score as well as less ethnic music such as a waltz by early 19th-century Viennese composer Josef Lanner. This waltz was inserted into Scene Three for The Ballerina and The Moor. Stravinsky put a popular French tune into Scene One ("She had a wooden leg") and was forced to pay royalties into the 1950s to the tune's writer.

paragraphs: Stravinsky revised and arranged the "Petrushka" score several times. In 1914, the 42-minute work was cut to a 20-minute suite for concert performance. In 1919, Stravinsky gave his permission to the Aeolian Company of London to create transcriptions for piano rolls. Stravinsky himself wrote a virtuoso piano transcription in 1921 for Artur Rubinstein. Plans for a sound movie of "Petrushka" in 1929 were dropped when Benois would not agree to the project. In 1956, Stravinsky conducted a 15-minute adaptation of the score for an animated movie.

paragraphs: The ballet is set during the Shrovetide Fair in St. Petersburg in 1830. Benois had many childhood memories of these fairs. He put these memories the sideshows, the little theatres, the roundabouts and other fair attractions into the first and fourth scenes of "Petrushka".

paragraphs: Benois designed eleven productions of "Petrushka"' over the years. His designs were always based on those of the first production of 1911. He always set the ballet in Admiralty Square, although the actual place of the fair was moved to the Winter Palace Square and finally to the Field of Mars. The fair (infamous for the heavy drinking that took place during its run) was eventually shut down by Prince Oldenburg and the Temperance Society.

paragraphs: All productions of "Petrushka" designed by Benois had several things in common. They all had a proscenium executed in a Russian folk style, and a backdrop showing St. Isaac's Cathedral. The costumes were accurate recreations of the clothing worn in the 1830s. The curtain that was lowered between scenes displayed the Charlatan surrounded by clouds. This curtain was replaced with a night scene of demons and monsters flying over St. Petersburg.

paragraphs: The second scene of the ballet shows Petrushka's lonely little room. There is a picture of the Charlatan on one wall. The original picture was damaged when the production was moved from St. Petersburg to Paris. It was replaced with a picture of the Charlatan in profile by another designer. Benois did not like this picture. He refused to speak to Diaghilev for a long time.

paragraphs: The third scene in the ballet is the Moor's room. This scene gave Benois much trouble. He tried many jungle animals elephants, lions, crocodiles on the wall covering of the room but was not pleased. He finally settled on a design of palm trees. This exotic design remained the same through all of Benois's later productions. It created a striking contrast to the bareness of Petrushka's room.

paragraphs: Fokine was born to middle class parents in 1880, and entered the Imperial Ballet school in 1889. He graduated in 1898 and immediately found a position as dancer in the Imperial Ballet. He was curious, intelligent, and ambitious. In 1902 he started to choreograph short ballets for the students of the Imperial Ballet school.

paragraphs: He opposed much of the traditions of the Imperial Ballet such as the circular position of a dancer's arms, the "pirouette" ending a male dancer's solo, and the lengthy curtain calls. His intent was to make each movement have meaning, to create a fluid work from start to finish unhindered by the traditional stop and go of classical ballet, and to avoid a gymnastic style of dance. He wanted his dancers to interpret musical phrases, accents, and nuances through meaningful movement. He codified his thoughts on dance in five principles.

paragraphs: He put his ideas to work over the next several years with encouraging success. He respected the choreographic accomplishments of the past and refused to re-choreograph older works. He preferred to work with new material. In 1907 he choreographed "Le Pavilion d'Armide". He worked with Benois for the first time on this ballet. "Pavillion" earned the critical favor of the Imperial Ballet. It was eventually staged at the Mariinsky Theatre.

paragraphs: It was Benois who introduced Fokine to Diaghilev. He choreographed "Les Sylphides" and a few other ballets for Diaghilev's first Paris season, and "The Firebird" and "Scheherazade" for the 1910 season. In 1911 he choreographed not only "Petrushka".

paragraphs: Fokine described Stravinsky's "Petruska" score as "sounds tormenting the ear and yet stimulating the imagination and stirring the soul." The dancers complained about the score and found it difficult to keep track of counts. Fokine admitted as much, but managed to make progress with the dancers and on the choreography itself. Fokine redefined ballet with this work.

paragraphs: In "Four Centuries of Ballet" Lincoln Kirstein writes about "Petrushka" and its creators. Fokine gave "pizzicato points" to the Ballerina, Kirstein notes, while the Moor's toes are turned out ("en dehors"), and Petrushka's toes are turned in ("en dedans"). The mechanical, flat movements of the puppets provide contrast to the natural movements of the crowd, and mime accentuates the Ballerina's vanity, the Moor's mindless pride, and Petruchka's helplessness. ballets

paragraphs: Fokine may have been influenced by other ballets about life-size animated dolls such as "Coppelia" (1870), "Arlekinada" ("Les Millions d'Arlequin"), and "Fairy Doll" (1903). Some moments and scenes in "Arlekinada" presage similar ones in "Petrushka". Fokine's most revolutionary gestures in "Petrushka" are the demotion of virtuoso star roles to character roles, and the elimination of classical ballet's narrative introduction, "white" act, obligatory virtuoso dances for the stars, and divertissement. The solo moments for The Moor and Petrushka are basically mime, and, without her own scene, The Ballerina has no solo.

paragraphs: Fokine used Russian national dance forms in a fragmentary fashion for the various characters in the crowd. Fokine complained that the crowd was insufficiently rehearsed, Nijinsky complained that movement for the crowd was never really choreographed but was left for the dancers to improvise, and Benois complained that Diaghilev would not spend the money necessary to realize certain effects. Kirstein writes, "The metaphor of manipulated automata remains poeticallty powerful, now haloed in the nostalgia of many period memoirs. Did Benois see Diaghelev as the charlatan Showman? Was Nijinsky typecast as Petrouchka?"

paragraphs: Vaslav Nijinsky was born in Kiev, Russia in 1889 or 1890. His parents were Polish dancers. He went to the Imperial Ballet school in 1900. He studied under Cecchetti. He rose through the ranks. He partnered Anna Pavlov, Mathilde Kschessinska, and Tamara Karsavina. He met impresario Serge Diaghilev and the two became lovers. Nijinsky left the Imperial Ballet to join Diaghilev's Ballets Russes.

paragraphs: Nijinsky was famous for losing himself in a character. He transformed his Slavic features, his athletic physique, his virtuoso technique, and his classical discipline into one of the most moving portraits in the ballet repertoire that of a sad puppet with jerking, awkward movements.

paragraphs: He had difficulty understanding the character in rehearsal and asked Benois for guidance. On the night of performance however, Nijinsky's superhuman understanding of character transformed him into the puppet. Benois wrote, "The metamorphosis took place when he put on his costume and covered his face with make-up I was surprised at the courage Vaslav showed, after all his "jeune premier" successes, in appearing as a horrible half-doll, half-human grotesque. The great difficulty of Petrushka's part is to express his pitiful oppression and his hopeless efforts to achieve personal dignity without ceasing to be a puppet. Both music and libretto are spasmodically interrupted by outbursts of illusive joy and frenzied despair. The artist is not given a single "pas" or "fioriture" to enable him to be attractive to the public, and one must remember that Nijinsky was then quite a young man and the temptation to be "attractive to the public" must have appealed to him far more strongly than to an older artist."

paragraphs: American dance critic Carl Van Vechten describes Nijinsky's Petrushka: "He is a puppet and remarkable touch a puppet with a soul. His performance in this ballet is, perhaps, his most wonderful achievement. He suggests only the puppet in action; his facial expression never changes; yet the pathos is greater, more keenly carried over the footlights, than one would imagine possible under any conditions. I have seen Fokine in the same role, and although he gives you all the gestures the result is not the same. It is genius that Nijinsky puts into his interpretation of the part. Who can ever forget Nijinsky as Petrushka when thrown by his master into his queer black box, mad with love for the dancer, who, in turn, prefers the Moor puppet, rushing about waving his pathetically stiff arms in the air, and finally beating his way with his clenched fists through the paper window to curse the stars? It is a more poignant expression of grief than most Romeos can give us."

paragraphs: "Petrushka" was first performed by the Ballets Russes in Paris at the Théâtre du Châtelet on 13 June 1911. Nijinsky portrayed Petrushka, Tamara Karsavina The Ballerina, Alexandre Orlov The Moor, and Enrico Cecchetti The Charlatan. Pierre Monteux conducted.

paragraphs: Fokine revived the ballet in 1925 for the Royal Danish Ballet, and again for Ballet Theatre in October 1942. The Royal Ballet revived the work on 26 March 1957 with Alexander Grant, Margot Fonteyn and Peter Clegg. Rudolph Nureyev danced Petrushka with the Royal Ballet in 1963.

paragraphs: The ballet was first performed in the United States by the Ballets Russes at the Century Theatre in New York City on 25 January 1916 with Leonide Massine in the title role. The Joffrey Ballet revived the work in New York City on 13 March 1970, and the American Ballet Theater revived it on 19 June 1970 at the New York State Theater.

paragraphs: Tableau IV: The Shrovetide Fair (Toward Evening)


title: Blackbody radiation

paragraphs: Blackbody radiation is radiation produced by heated objects, particularly from a blackbody. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all radiation (visible light, infrared light, ultraviolet light, etc.) that falls on it. This also means that it will also radiate at all frequencies that heat energy produces in it.

paragraphs: Everything glows, depending on its temperature. Hotter things glow more in shorter wavelengths. Cooler things don't glow so much, especially in short wavelengths. Partly the radiation wavelength depends on what the material is, and partly it doesn't. The part that only depends on temperature, and not on composition, is called blackbody radiation.

paragraphs: This part of the story of radiation was first explained by James Clerk Maxwell via wave theory but the predicted and actual intensity vs. frequency curves did not go together right. At higher frequencies classical physics predicted that more and more energy would be radiated from the body until the energy became infinite. This broke the first law of thermodynamics which is a fundamental part of all physics. This was called the ultraviolet catastrophe.

paragraphs: When it was realised that classical physics did not work for blackbody radiation, the German physicist Max Planck explained their relationship by saying that there are individual things (he did not try to guess what kind of things) that vibrate, each at its frequency. Each wave of each frequency has its special energy level. A single x-ray is very high photon energy and can go right through the human body.

paragraphs: A single wave or photon of infrared light is very low energy, cannot go through the human body, and can only warm it. Planck's good thinking was to realize that to get a single wave at the x-ray frequency, it was necessary to have a big enough package of energy (or "quantum") to make such a strong wave. So if a blackbody took in a single wave at the x-ray frequency, then it could give off an x-ray at some later time. But if the blackbody only took in infra-red light it would not matter how much of it was absorbed.

paragraphs: It could only give off infrared light and could not give off even ordinary red light, much less any higher energy light such as ultraviolet light or x-ray radiation. Planck said that the total energy given off by a blackbody at any particular frequency is equal to the number of the "vibrating things" (see above), n, that was vibrating at a given frequency, f times a special constant, h, that turns frequency units into energy units. The equation is:

paragraphs: The constant he made, h, is called the Planck constant.

paragraphs: The idea that a unit of light at a given frequency always has the same energy, the idea that there is a quantum of energy for each unit of light at a given frequency, became the doorway into quantum mechanics, so the idea of a blackbody is something that is basic to modern physics. It shows up in discussions of a wide variety of physics topics having to do with energies and frequencies.


title: Sputnik 1

paragraphs: Sputnik 1 was the first artificial satellite to go around the Earth. It was made by the Soviet Union. It was launched on 4 October 1957 at Baikonur Cosmodrome. It orbited (went around) the Earth for three months. It carried a radio transmitter. It did 1,440 orbits of the Earth during this time. It went down into Earth's atmosphere on 4 January 1958 and burned up.

paragraphs: The United States was very surprised when the Soviet Union sent Sputnik 1 into space. It did not want to fall behind. So, it began spending more money on science and education. This was when the Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States began.

paragraphs: The word "Sputnik" comes from the Russian Спутник, literally "travelling companion". It is pronounced or , not .


title: Plummet

paragraphs: Plummet is an American trance musical group. They are from Orlando, Florida. The members of the group are producer/remixer Eric B. Muniz (aka DJ X) and female singer Cheramy Burgess.

paragraphs: They became well knon in 2001 with their cover version of Plumb's "Damaged". It became a hit in Europe. The song got to number 12 in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: The group also had success in the United States. Their covers of Sade's "Cherish The Day" in 2004, and Paul Simon's "50 Ways to Leave Your Lover" became hits on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Airplay chart. "Cherish The Day" also reached #35 in the UK chart.


title: Perfect Dark

paragraphs: Perfect Dark is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo 64 where Joanna Dark must save the day in a dark world. It was published by Rare in both North America and PAL regions and by Nintendo in Japan. It was developed by Rare. It was released on May 22, 2000 in North America, June 30, 2000 in PAL region, and on October 21, 2000 in Japan. It is the first game in the "Perfect Dark" series.

paragraphs: In multiplayer mode, you can choose bots to try and kill. In the multiplayer mode, Alex using laptop gun and K7 Avenger always wins over Toz and his proximity mines.

paragraphs: Matt Casamassina of IGN rated the game a 9.8 out of 10 and said that the levels were a lot more detailed than the ones that were from "GoldenEye 007" and that the polygon character models and weapons were "wonderfully animated".

paragraphs: Joe Fielder of GameSpot gave the game a 9.9 out of 10 and said "As a single-player or multiplayer [first-person shooter] experience, Perfect Dark is unparalleled on the console systems".


title: Matthias Sindelar

paragraphs: Matthias Sindelar (10 February 1903 – 23 January 1939) is a former Austrian football player. His nicknames were "Mozart of football" and "Der Papierene-the Paperman" due to his slight figure. He has played for Austria national team. Sindelar was elected for Austria's "Team of the century".

paragraphs: Matthias Sindelar was of Czech origin. He and his family came to Vienna in 1905. They lived in Favoriten where Matthias started playing football with Hertha Vienna from 1918 to 1924. Then he went to FK Austria Wien (then Wiener Amateur-SV till 1926). For this club he played from 1924 till his death 1939.

paragraphs: He was an important part of the Austrian team in the early 1930s. This team is called "Wunderteam" and had won lot of matches against leading European nations.

paragraphs: The following is a list of Sindelar's international appearances and goals with the Austria national football team.

paragraphs: Matthias Sindelar was found death in his home in Viennas Annengasse on 23 January 1939. The official reason was carbon monoxide poisoning. But soon after his death myths arose that he was murdered. He rejected to play for Germany, which occupied Austria, and therefore he was murdered. But the rumours were never verified.


title: Eugene Killoran

paragraphs: Eugene Killoran (born 4 November 1987) is a former Irish-Japanese football player.

paragraphs: He is now a scout for Libero Sports in Japan.


title: Yoshio Kitagawa

paragraphs: Yoshio Kitagawa (born 21 August 1978) used to be a Japanese football player.


title: Uruguayan Primera Division

paragraphs: The Uruguayan Primera Division is the top division of Football in Uruguay.


title: Bruno Metsu

paragraphs: Bruno Metsu (28 January 1954 - 14 October 2013) was a French footballer-turned manager. He died of colon cancer.

paragraphs: On the morning of 14 October 2013, Metsu died from cancer at age of 59,


title: Sergio Claudio dos Santos

paragraphs: Sergio Claudio dos Santos (born 27 June 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


Akihiro Ienaga


title: Shingo Morita

paragraphs: Shingo Morita (born 9 December 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tonan Maebashi.


Kentaro Hayashi


title: Arata Sugiyama

paragraphs: Arata Sugiyama (born 25 July 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.


title: Shinya Nasu

paragraphs: Shinya Nasu (born 29 December 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


Daiki Tamori


title: Yohei Onishi

paragraphs: Yohei Onishi (born 30 October 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.


title: Kenta Suzuki

paragraphs: Kenta Suzuki (born 16 September 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagamihara.


title: Kazunari Hosaka

paragraphs: Kazunari Hosaka (born 24 March 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.


title: Toshiki Chino

paragraphs: Toshiki Chino (born 19 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Blaublitz Akita.


title: Daisuke Sudo

paragraphs: Daisuke Sudo (born 25 April 1977) is a Japanese football player.


Taro Hasegawa


title: Netley Hospital

paragraphs: Netley Hospital or The Royal Victoria Hospital at Netley was finished on 19 May 1856. The plans for its building began in 1853, at the start of the Crimean War. The Medical Department of the army was totally unprepared for the very large number of wounded soldiers being brought from the battles at places like the siege of Sevastopol. It saw the first real involvement of Florence Nightingale.

paragraphs: Nightingale was a young and determined nurse, sent to Scutari to care for the soldiers. She began to develop sanitation and hygiene properly. The Boer Wars in southern Africa between 1880 and 1902 had a very high casualty rate for the British. More than 20 thousand dead and many who died from disease when they returned home. Thousands of British soldiers brought back to Netley were nearly far too many for the hospital, but others had been built by then and so they were able to deal with the number of troops. Netley’s role in World War One was very important in saving the lives of many troops. Hundreds of wooden huts were built behind the site of the Hospital, increasing the capacity of Netley to some 5000 men. This was needed especially during the Somme offensive and the battles at Ypres.


title: Kotaro Yamazaki

paragraphs: Kotaro Yamazaki (born 19 October 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Toru Kamikawa

paragraphs: Toru Kamikawa (born 8 June 1963) is a former Japanese football referee.


Yusuke Kawakita


title: Torashi Shimazu

paragraphs: Torashi Shimazu (born 20 August 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.


Shunzo Ono


paragraphs: Scottish Football League Second Division is a football league which is third division in Scotland.


title: Scottish Football League Third Division

paragraphs: Scottish Football League Third Division is a football league which is fourth division in Scotland.

paragraphs: Listed below are the teams competing in the season 2012–13 Third Division.

paragraphs: On 13 July 2012, the SFL accepted Rangers into Division Three for season 2012-13 after the previous club holding the non-transferable licence to play in the SPL entered liquidation. The decision was ratified by the SFA on 27 July 2012, when conditional membership was issued to the new owners of Rangers.


title: Jan Kromkamp

paragraphs: Jan Kromkamp (born 17 August 1980) is a Dutch football player. He plays for PSV Eindhoven.


title: Jérôme Rothen

paragraphs: Jérôme Rothen (born 31 March 1978) is a French football player. He plays for Ankaragücü.


title: Takehiro Hayashi

paragraphs: Takehiro Hayashi (born 23 January 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: C.A. Peñarol

paragraphs: C.A. Peñarol is a football club which plays in Uruguay. They were the South American club of the 20th century, chosen by the IFFHS.


title: Johnny Rep

paragraphs: John Nicholaas "Johnny" Rep (born 25 November 1951 in Zaandam, Noord-Holland) is a former Dutch football striker. He currently holds the all time record for FIFA World Cup goals for the Netherlands with 7. He played two European Cup I finals and two World Championship finals for The Netherlands (1974 and 1978).

paragraphs: Rep made his debut for Ajax on 29 August 1971. He earned his 'Goudhaantje (Goldcrest)' due to his ability to score decisive goals. During the return match for the Intercontinental Cup against Independiente in 1972 he scored two of the three Ajax goals. In 1973 he scored the decisive 1-0 in the European Cup I final against Italian Juventus.

paragraphs: In 1975 Rep left Ajax for the Spanish club Valencia CF and was superseded by Tscheu La Ling. He played two seasons at Valencia during which he scored 22 goals. The next step in his career took Rep to France where he played two seasons SC Bastia (33 goals) and four seasons for AS Saint-Etienne (44 goals). He returned to the Dutch league in 1983 to play for PEC Zwolle, Feyenoord before ending his professional player career at HFC Haarlem.


title: Steve Sidwell

paragraphs: Steve Sidwell (born 14 December 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Aston Villa.

paragraphs: 1000000 goals and 10000 girlz in 0.6 games


title: Nathan Delfouneso

paragraphs: Nathan Delfouneso (born 2 February 1991 in Tyseley, Birmingham) is an English footballer who plays for Aston Villa as a striker.


title: Kingdom of Croatia (medieval)

paragraphs: The Kingdom of Croatia was a state in Europe. It lasted from 925 until 1102 when Croatia was conquered by Hungary.


title: Mickey Rourke

paragraphs: Philip Andre "Mickey" Rourke, Jr. (born September 16, 1952) is an American actor. He is of Irish and French descent. He is a Roman Catholic. He was in the movie "The Wrestler". He also appeared at WrestleMania and had an encounter with Chris Jericho. He also played the voice of Jericho in the Driver 2 video game.


title: Benny Hill

paragraphs: Alfred Hawthorne "Benny" Hill (21 January 1924 – 20 April 1992) was an English comedian, actor and singer, notable for his long-running television programme "The Benny Hill Show".


title: Whitey Ford

paragraphs: Edward Charles "Whitey" Ford (October 21, 1928 – October 8, 2020) was a Major League Baseball pitcher who spent his entire 18-year career with the New York Yankees. He was voted into the Hall of Fame in 1974.

paragraphs: Ford died on October 8, 2020, at his home in Lake Success, New York from dementia-related problems at the age of 91.


title: Cass Fox

paragraphs: Cassandra "Cass" Fox is a musical artist from England. She is best known for co-writing and singing on the 2001 hit single "Touch Me" which she produced with Rui Da Silva.


title: WGME-TV

paragraphs: WGME-13 is a local television station from Portland, Maine. CBS is shown on it. It also has local news. Kiley Bennett and Kim Block are two of the news team. Sarah Long and Charlie Lopresti do the weather.


title: Sugar Island, Maine

paragraphs: Sugar Island is an island on Moosehead Lake in Maine.


title: Brown recluse spider

paragraphs: The brown recluse spider ("Loxosceles reclusa") is a timid but dangerous spider that lives in North America.

paragraphs: The scientific name of the spider "Loxosceles reclusa" comes from words that mean "slanted leg recluse". The "slanted leg" part comes from the fact that these spiders have their legs touching the ground at an angle instead of straight up and down. The "recluse" part is because this spider is very shy and runs away from humans.

paragraphs: The brown recluse spider can be light brown, dark brown, or even gray. Sometimes it is called the violin spider since its head has a darker mark on it that looks like a violin. Not including its legs, it can grow to about long. They have six eyes, which is an unusual number of eyes for a spider.

paragraphs: Male and female brown recluses can be identified once the spider has molted several times. Spiders have a set of appendages on their faces called pedipalps. The pedipalps on the male have much larger ends than the ones on females. These fattened pedipalps serve as the sex organs for the male. The female has her sex organs on the underside of her body. This is perhaps the only way to easily tell a male from a female. Scientists who study brown recluses and their relatives can even identify relatives of the brown recluse by studying the shapes of the sex organs.

paragraphs: Brown recluse spiders only live in the United States. Spiders living in the south west part of the U.S. live in the woods, and spiders in the north east part live inside houses. Brown recluse spiders like dry, dark areas that have good hiding places. Wild brown recluse spiders live in hollowed rotting tree trunks and logs. Brown recluses that live in houses usually like garages, basements, and attics. These are places where people are less likely to bother them, and they have lots of good hiding places, like cardboard boxes.

paragraphs: Sometimes, people mail boxes without checking them first for spiders. Brown recluses can hide inside these boxes and might make their home wherever the package is opened. However, spider experts have found brown recluses sent through the mail rarely start a new colony in their new home, partly because there are no other brown recluses for them to mate with. Sometimes brown recluses sent through the mail set up colonies in warehouses. However, they do not move very far from their colony, which is usually not well-established in the new place.

paragraphs: Brown recluse spiders are insectivores. They eat soft-bodied insects (like moths or flies) and other spiders. They are cannibals and will not hesitate to eat each other. When mating, a female brown recluse will try to eat the male.

paragraphs: When preying, the brown recluse slowly creeps toward its prey. Once it is close enough, it pounces on the prey and sinks its fangs into the prey. Its fangs contain a deadly venom that kills the prey very quickly.

paragraphs: Brown recluses can go without food or water for a very long time. Some brown recluses can go for five seasons with no food or water.

paragraphs: Brown recluse spiders are hunting spiders, so they spend most of the time on the ground. They hide during the daytime and sleep, and at night they come out to hunt. They usually do not climb unless they are running from something. They can walk upside-down, but most brown recluses walking on ceilings have probably come from the upstairs floor. The blood cannot flow through their legs while they walk, so they must stop every few seconds to allow the blood to flow.

paragraphs: Brown recluses are very good at survival. They can go without food or water for more than a year. They are also very good at surviving in people's homes during cold winters. If they get their leg caught in something, such as a crack or a predator's mouth, they can drop the leg. The spider can still walk around with only four legs, as long as there is still one leg on each side.

paragraphs: Because these spiders are so good at surviving in hard times, it is very hard to get rid of them. Bug sprays and pest killers usually are not good for killing them, except for some kinds that are against the law to use. A spider that has been sprayed might even become vicious.

paragraphs: Brown recluse spiders are afraid of people, and usually if they see one they stand still. If the person chases the brown recluse, it will most often run and hide. Even though brown recluse spiders are scared of people, it is a bad idea to try to touch one, because their bite can be very dangerous.

paragraphs: Brown recluses will normally only bite a person if the person is touching the spider or if the spider is stuck between the person and something else. Most brown recluse bites happen when someone puts on clothes that have a brown recluse spider living inside of them. For people who have brown recluses living in their house, it is a good idea to shake out any clothes that have been on the floor for a few days before putting them on. These people should also be careful when walking around in attics, basements, or dark parts of the house with no shoes on. Wearing socks or gloves helps, because the spiders have very short fangs. It is very common for people living with brown recluses to never see the spiders and never be bitten, and good habits can help make sure no one is bitten.

paragraphs: Brown recluse spiders have been feared since they were discovered in 1940, and people will often take drastic approaches to rid their homes of these spiders. Spider experts noticed that the bite of a brown recluse could sometimes lead to a terrible infection called necrosis. Sometimes the necrosis becomes fatal, but these fatal bites are actually very rare, and most bites from brown recluses are no more harmful than a normal spider bite. The spider's bite is most dangerous for people who are young or overweight.

paragraphs: It is very common for people bitten by spiders to arrive in a doctor's office without bringing the spider that bit them. When this happens, a doctor must guess what sort of spider could have bitten the person. The brown recluse spider is a very common spider to blame, since its name is so well-known, but it is very seldom that the brown recluse spider was involved. Doctors' guesswork has led many people to believe brown recluses exist outside their native area, such as in California, even though this is not true. It is pretty common for a Brown recluse to bite someone and that person may not feel any symptoms for multiple hours or even days from the time of the bite. In most cases, either a disease was the cause of the symptoms, or a different kind of spider bit the person and the doctor makes a mistake when he or she guesses it was a brown recluse.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the venom of the brown recluse, and spider venom experts have been looking for a long time for ways to effectively tell whether a brown recluse has bitten a patient as well as an antidote for its venom.


title: 4 Strings

paragraphs: 4 Strings is a Dutch techno music group with a female lead singer. "Diving" is one of their most popular songs. "Believe" is one of their albums.


title: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007 movie)

paragraphs: Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street is a 2007 British-American musical crime horror movie directed by Tim Burton. It is an adaptation of Stephen Sondheim and Hugh Wheeler's Tony Award–winning 1979 musical thriller about a serial killer in 19th century London.


title: Lefty Grove

paragraphs: Robert Moses "Lefty" Grove (March 6, 1900 – May 22, 1975) was a pitcher in Major League Baseball.


title: Lefty Gomez

paragraphs: Vernon Louis "Lefty" Gomez (November 26, 1908 – February 17, 1989) was a

paragraphs: Mexican-American left-handed major league pitcher who played in the American League for the New York Yankees between 1930 and 1942.


title: Koko B. Ware

paragraphs: James Ware (born June 20, 1957), better known by his ring name Koko B. Ware, is a semi-retired American professional wrestler who made his professional wrestling debut in 1979.


title: Owen Hart

paragraphs: Owen James Hart (May 7, 1965 – May 23, 1999) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He competed for many professional wrestling promotions including Stampede Wrestling, New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW), World Championship Wrestling (WCW), and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) where he was most well known. While in the WWF, Hart competed under his real name and the ring name The Blue Blazer. He was a member of the Hart wrestling family and was the youngest of 12 children of Stampede Wrestling promoter and WWE Hall of Famer Stu Hart and Helen Hart.

paragraphs: He was a one time WWF European Champion, two time WWF Intercontinental champion, four time WWF Tag Team champion and was the 1994 King of the Ring.

paragraphs: Hart died on the night of May 23, 1999, while performing a stunt which involved him being lowered to the ring from the rafters, the cape he was wearing with his "Blue Blazer" gimmick got stuck in the release hatch of the cord he was trying to yank it out but when he did the release hatch released and he fell 78 feet down into the ring landing on the top rope (this happened during the 1999 Over the Edge.)

paragraphs: The next WWF Raw was a two hour special tribute show to Hart called "Raw is Owen", It featured remembrance matches and shoot interviews with fellow wrestlers. They tolled the bell ten times (known as a "ten bell salute") in memory of Hart.


title: Ken Shamrock

paragraphs: Kenneth Wayne Shamrock (born Kenneth Wayne Kilpatrick on February 11, 1964) is an American mixed martial arts fighter and UFC Hall of Famer. He was also a professional wrestler back in the WWF.


title: Cage Match

paragraphs: Cage match or steel cage match is a match in wrestling. The player must climb at the top and out of the cage in order to win the match.


title: Lake McDonald

paragraphs: Lake McDonald is the largest lake in Glacier National Park. It is in Flathead County, Montana.


title: Resident Evil 4

paragraphs: Resident Evil 4, known in Japan as , is a survival horror third-person shooter video game developed by Production Studio 4 and published by multiple publishers, including Capcom, Ubisoft and Nintendo of Australia. It is the sixth game in the "Resident Evil" series.


title: Leszek Kołakowski

paragraphs: Leszek Kołakowski - (October 23 1927 — July 17 2009) was a Polish philosopher, who worked mainly in the history of philosophy, history of political ideas and philosophy of religion, essayist, journalist and novelist. He was born in Radom, south of Warsaw in 1927 and died in Oxford, England in 2009. Kolakowski published more than 30 books during his 50-year writing career. He was awarded the Order of the White Eagle, Poland’s highest honor, and the MacArthur Foundation fellowship.

paragraphs: In 2003 he became the first recipient of the United States Library of Congress’s $1 million John W. Kluge Prize for Lifetime Achievement in the Humanities and Social Sciences, given in fields where there are no Nobel Prizes. In announcing the prize, James H. Billington, the librarian of Congress, noted not only Mr. Kolakowski’s scholarship but also his “demonstrable importance to major political events in his own time,” adding that “his voice was fundamental for the fate of Poland, and influential in Europe as a whole.” His work inspired the Solidarity movement in Poland.

paragraphs: In his younger days he was a communist, but could see the problems with the Soviet type of speech control. In "72 definitions of What Socialism is not" he said "Socialism is not: a society in which one man is in trouble for saying what he thinks, while another is well-off because he does not say what he has on his mind; a society in which a man lives better if he doesn't have any thoughts of his own at all; a state which has more spies than nurses and more people in prison than in hospital; a state in which the philosophers and writers always say the same as the generals and ministers – but always after they've said it…".


paragraphs: John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin ("Catholic University of Lublin, Lat. Universitas Catholica Lublinensis Ioannis Pauli II") - a private Catholic university in Lublin, with full rights of public school. Founded in 1918, to 1928 under the name University of Lublin, from October 16 2005, on the basis of a resolution approved by the Senate of the Polish Episcopate, the University changed its name to the Catholic University of Lublin John Paul II. In 1938 years of KUL has the right to award degrees.


title: Nazarene (title)

paragraphs: Nazarene is a word used to describe Jesus. It comes from Nazarenos, a word used only in the Greek language original of the Gospel of Mark.


title: Madawaska, Maine

paragraphs: Madawaska is a town on the border of Maine and Canada. It is in Aroostook County.


title: Grawp

paragraphs: Grawp is a fictional character in the Harry Potter book series written by J. K. Rowling. He is the giant half-brother of Hagrid. Grawp and Hagrid were born of the same mother, the giantess Fridwulfa. Hagrid's father was a wizard but Grawp's father was a giant. Grawp refers to Hagrid by the name "Hagger".


title: Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia

paragraphs: Alexei Petrovich Romanov () ( – ), was a Russian Tsarevich. He was born in Moscow, the son of Tsar Peter I and his first wife Eudoxia Lopukhina.


title: Billy Gunn

paragraphs: Monty Kip Sopp (born November 11, 1963 in Orlando, Florida) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to AEW where he is a producer.

paragraphs: He is best known for his time with WWE where he competed under the ring name Billy Gunn. He also worked as a trainer for WWE's developmental territory NXT.

paragraphs: He has also wrestled for Total Nonstop Action.

paragraphs: Gunn was also known for being a tag team wrestler and was a part of The Smokin' Gunns with on-screen brother Bart Gunn, the New Age Outlaws with Road Dogg, Billy and Chuck with Chuck and D-Generation X.

paragraphs: Gunn held many championships during his professional wrestling career:


title: Meander

paragraphs: A meander is a curve in a river. Meanders form a snake-like pattern as the river flows across a fairly flat valley floor. The position of the curves changes over time.

paragraphs: A river rarely flows in a straight line- it will bend around something in its course for example a tree or hard rock. This results in areas of slower and faster water movement. The river flows faster on the outside of the curve, and the fast water erodes the outside bends of a river channel by hydraulic action and abrasion. This forms a river cliff. The river flows more slowly on the inside of the river beach. The slow water drops sediment. Continuous erosion on the outer bank and deposition on the inner bank will expand the bend in the river. This is called a meander. Over time, meanders become larger and more visible.

paragraphs: Eventually meanders turn into oxbow lakes when two outside bends erode together making a shorter route for the water.

paragraphs: Meanders were named for a river in Anatolia.


title: Thames Valley

paragraphs: The Thames Valley Region is a term that is used for the English counties and towns along the course of the River Thames. It includes parts of Wiltshire, Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, North Hampshire and West London.

paragraphs: The Thames Valley region is one of the wealthiest regions in the European Union It has good communications, a well educated work force, is near to London, and has strong local employers.

paragraphs: In the twentieth century, new industries replaced the old ones. That were primarily information and communications technology and life sciences.

paragraphs: The Thames Valley region is an important tourist destination in the United Kingdom, both for domestic and international tourists. Some major attractions include:


title: Manchukuo yuan

paragraphs: The Manchukuo yuan was the money used in the Empire of Manchukuo, from June 1932 until August 1945.

paragraphs: The Manchukuo yuan would buy 24 grams of silver. The yuan was instead of the Chinese "tael". The tael was common and was in use in Manchuria. A tael would buy about 40 grams of silver.

paragraphs: The Manchukuo yuan would buy 24 grams of silver in 1932. The price of silver changed and the yuan would not buy 24 grams of silver. To show that the yuan had value it was made equal to Japanese money. The Japanese money was called the yen. In 1940 the Manchukuo yuan was being used to measure Manchukuo exports and imports to America, Germany and Japan.

paragraphs: The paper money was in five values in 1932. Each piece of paper money is called a note. There was a one hundred yuan note, a ten yuan note, a five yuan note, a one yuan note and a small value note. A new 1000 yuan note was made in 1944.

paragraphs: The paper money or notes had pictures of Chinese emperors printed on them. The money was first made in Japan. Later they were made by the Bank in the Manchukuo capital of Hsinking (Hsinking is now called Changchun).

paragraphs: The Yuan was subdivided into 10 "chiao", 100 "fen" or 1000 "li". Coins were made that were worth 5 "li" and bigger values. The largest value coin was 10 "fen".

paragraphs: In 1944 and 1945, Manchukuo made coins of red or brown cardboard. These may be unique as to coining material, but they are not particularly scarce.

paragraphs: On January 1946 Manchukuo Yuan was replaced. The Chinese allowed people to swap 1 Manchukuo for a new type of money called a "North-Eastern Yuan". In 1948 these new yuan could be swapped by a "Gold Yuan". One Gold Yuan cost 150,000 "North Eastern Yuans".


title: Alonzo Mourning

paragraphs: Alonzo Harding Mourning, Jr. (born February 8, 1970, in Chesapeake, Virginia) is a retired American professional basketball player who played most of his 16-year NBA career for the Miami Heat. He played college basketball at Georgetown University before playing in the NBA.


title: Independence Day (movie)

paragraphs: Independence Day is an American science fiction action movie about two men trying to stop aliens from taking over the world. It stars Jeff Goldblum, Bill Pullman and Will Smith.

paragraphs: It was followed by "", which was released on June 24, 2016.


title: Love's Philosophy

paragraphs: "Love's Philosophy" is a poem written by Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1820.

paragraphs: <poem>The fountains mingle with the river


title: Penny Hardaway

paragraphs: Anfernee Deon "Penny" Hardaway (born July 18, 1971, in Memphis, Tennessee) is a former American professional basketball player in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was in the United States basketball team at the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Tim Hardaway

paragraphs: Timothy Duane "Tim" Hardaway (born September 1, 1966) is a retired American basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Ben Wallace

paragraphs: Ben Camey Wallace (born September 10, 1974) is a former American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association with the Detroit Pistons. He had his picture on the cover of the ESPN 2K5 video game. Nicknamed "Big Ben", he played the center and power forward positions, and is listed at and .


title: Tropical Storm Jerry (1995)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Jerry was a weak tropical storm of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Even though Jerry was weak, Jerry caused 8 deaths and $40 million in damage. Jerry made landfall in Jupiter, Florida and Dixie County, Florida. Jerry was active with four other cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean: Humberto, Iris, Luis, and Karen. Because there was not much damage, the name "Jerry" was not retired and was used again in 2001 and 2007, the name will also be used again in 2013.

paragraphs: A tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa on August 9. Over the next week, clouds and other thunderstorms grew near the tropical wave. By August 22 it was upgraded to "Tropical Depression Eleven". Tropical Depression Eleven was located just to the north of Cuba at the time. On August 23 it became "Tropical Storm Jerry". Jerry had winds at 40 miles per hour, however the minimum pressure was not at the lowest still Jerry weakened back to a depression. The National Hurricane Center did not expect to Tropical Depression Eleven to become a tropical storm because most of the showers and thunderstorms were over land.

paragraphs: On August 23, Tropical Storm Jerry made landfall in Jupiter, Florida while it was still a weak tropical storm with winds at 40 miles per hour. It stayed as a tropical storm until it went into the Gulf of Mexico. It made a second landfall in Florida of August 25 while a tropical depression. It crossed into Georgia soon after and into South Carolina. Jerry died on the border of Georgia and South Carolina on August 28. The remains of Jerry either moved to the south back over to Florida or to the east over North and South Carolina. But the remains of Tropical Storm Jerry did last for five days over the United States.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Jerry killed two people in Florida, three people in South Carolina, and three more in North Carolina. Jerry caused $19 million in damage in Florida, $10 million in South Carolina, and $11 million in North Carolina. In total, Jerry caused $40 million in damage and 8 people to be killed. This was the first time since 1990 that a name starting with the letter "J" was used. It was also only the second time that the name "Jerry" made been used to name a storm in the Atlantic. Because there was not much damage, the name "Jerry" was not retired, so it was used again in 2001 and 2007, it will also be used again in 2013.


title: Jewel of the Seas

paragraphs: The MS "Jewel of the Seas" is a cruise ship belonging to Royal Caribbean's "Radiance" class.


title: Norwegian Cruise Line

paragraphs: Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL) is a company operating cruise ships, headquartered in Miami, Florida. It began in 1966 and currently owns ten ships.


title: Wyclef Jean

paragraphs: Nel Ust Wyclef Jean (born October 17, 1969) is a Haitian rapper, musician, actor and producer. He is a former-member of the hip hop trio The Fugees. Wyclef has sold more than 31 million albums throughout his career, together with his album sales with The Fugees.


title: Ja Rule

paragraphs: Jeffrey Bruce Atkins (born February 29, 1976), better known by his stage name Ja Rule, is an American recording artist and singer signed to The Inc. and Universal Records, formerly of Def Jam Recordings. A Hollis, New York native, Ja Rule has released seven albums. Rule's eighth album is called "Renaissance Project". It has not been released yet. He has had a longtime feud with 50 Cent.


title: 1 Giant Leap

paragraphs: 1 Giant Leap is a concept band and media project consisting of the two principal artists, Jamie Catto (Faithless founding member) and Duncan Bridgeman.


title: Yusaku Tanioku

paragraphs: Yusaku Tanioku (born 18 October 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Michiharu Otagiri

paragraphs: Michiharu Otagiri (born 2 September 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Fabrizio Miccoli

paragraphs: Fabrizio Miccoli (born 27 June 1979) is an Italian football player. He plays for Città di Palermo.


title: Club Nacional de Football

paragraphs: Club Nacional de Football is a football club which plays in Uruguay.


title: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

paragraphs: Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon (7 September 1707 – 16 April 1788), usually called Buffon, was a French naturalist. He was also a mathematician, cosmologist and encyclopedic author.

paragraphs: His collected information influenced the next two generations of naturalists, including Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck and Georges Cuvier.

paragraphs: Buffon published 35 volumes of his "Histoire naturelle" during his lifetime, and nine more were published after his death, for a total of 44 volumes. "Truly, Buffon was the father of all thought in natural history in the second half of the 18th century".

paragraphs: Buffon held the position of Intendant (Director) of the "Jardin du Roi", now called the "Jardin des Plantes"; it is the French equivalent of Kew Gardens. The "Lycée Buffon" in Paris is named after him.

paragraphs: Buffon is best remembered for his "Histoire naturelle". "Written in a brilliant style, this work was read ... by every educated person in Europe". It was translated into many different languages, making him one of the most widely read authors of the day, a rival to Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Voltaire.

paragraphs: In the opening volumes of the "Histoire naturelle" Buffon questioned the usefulness of mathematics, criticized Carl Linnaeus's taxonomical approach to natural history, outlined a history of the Earth with little relation to the Biblical account, and proposed a theory of reproduction which ran counter to existing ideas.

paragraphs: The early volumes were condemned by the Faculty of Theology at the Sorbonne. Buffon published a retraction, but he continued publishing the offending volumes without any change.

paragraphs: Buffon noted that despite similar environments, different regions of the world have distinct plants and animals. This observation, later known as Buffon's Law, may be the first principle of biogeography.

paragraphs: Buffon understood the idea of common descent, and discussed it a number of times. This does not mean he believed in it. Probably he did not, but he discussed it fairly openly on a number of occasions. Interpreting his ideas is not simple, for he returned to topics many times in the course of his work.

paragraphs: In volume 14 he argued that all the world's quadrupeds had developed from an original set of just thirty-eight quadrupeds. On this basis, he is sometimes considered a "transformist" and a precursor of Darwin.

paragraphs: In "Les époques de la nature" (1778) Buffon discussed the origins of the solar system, speculating that the planets had been created by a comet's collision with the sun.

paragraphs: He also suggested that the earth originated much earlier than the 4004 BC of Archbishop James Ussher. Basing his figures on the cooling rate of iron tested at his Laboratory le Petit Fontenet at Montbard, he calculated that the age of the earth was 75,000 years. Once again, his ideas were condemned by the Sorbonne, and again he issued a retraction to avoid further problems.

paragraphs: Charles Darwin wrote in his preliminary historical sketch added to the third edition of "On the Origin of Species": "Passing over... Buffon, with whose writings I am not familiar." Then, from the fourth edition onwards, he amended this to say that "the first author who in modern times has treated it [evolution] in a scientific spirit was Buffon. But as his opinions fluctuated greatly at different periods, and as he does not enter on the causes or means of the transformation of species, I need not here enter on details."

paragraphs: The paradox of Buffon is that, according to Ernst Mayr:

paragraphs: He was not an evolutionist, yet he was the father of evolutionism. He was the first person to discuss a large number of evolutionary problems, problems that before Buffon had not been raised by anybody... he brought them to the attention of the scientific world.

paragraphs: Except for Aristotle and Darwin, no other student of organisms [whole animals and plants] has had as far-reaching an influence.

paragraphs: He brought the idea of evolution into the realm of science.

paragraphs: He developed a concept of the "unity of type," a precursor of comparative anatomy.

paragraphs: More than anyone else, he was responsible for the acceptance of a long-time scale for the history of the earth.

paragraphs: And yet, he hindered evolution by his frequent endorsement of the immutability of species. He provided a criterion of species, fertility among members of a species, that was thought impregnable.


title: Malky Mackay

paragraphs: Malcolm George "Malky" Mackay (born 19 February 1972, in Bellshill) is a Scottish football manager and former player. He is the manager of Cardiff City. Mackay began his playing career in Scottish football, with Queen's Park and Celtic. He joined English side Norwich City in 1998. He also played in the Premier League with Norwich, West Ham and finally Watford. He retired as a player in 2008.


title: The Postal Service

paragraphs: The Postal Service is an American Indie pop band. Their songs include "This Place Is A Prison" from their album "Give Up".


title: Toryglen

paragraphs: Toryglen is a small district in Glasgow, Scotland. There are about 7,000 people who live in the district.

paragraphs: Jim Kerr of Simple Minds grew up this area.


title: Nitride

paragraphs: In chemistry, a nitride is a compound of nitrogen with a less electronegative element, attached together in a specific way. Nitrides are a large class of compounds with a wide range of properties and applications.

paragraphs: Most of the names for nitrides follow a simple pattern: the name of the element attached to the nitrogen, then "nitride". So, GaN would be gallium nitride.

paragraphs: There are some exceptions, however, for the compounds that has had a usual name before. For example, NH is not called "hydrogen nitride", even if it is the most simple of this class of molecules, but it is still commonly called ammonia.


title: Rail gauge

paragraphs: Rail gauge is the distance from the inside of one rail on a railroad track to the inside of the other.

paragraphs: Most tracks use a standard gauge of 1,435 mm (4 ft, 8 1/2 in). Wider gauges are called broad gauge(1676mm), smaller gauges are called narrow gauge(762mm or 610mm).

paragraphs: Broad gauge may be used where the track needs to have big things moving on it. Narrow gauge, such as metre gauge(1000mm), is used to build railroads for less money, because the smaller track costs less. Places where different gauges meet are called break of gauge.


title: Skittles

paragraphs: Skittles are a type of sugar candy printed with the letter "S". They were created in 1974 by a company in England.

paragraphs: Skittles came to America in 1979. They were originally from Britain, who first made skittles in 1974. The skittle's slogan "taste the rainbow" came from New York by a company called D'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles on around 1994.

paragraphs: Skittles is a type of chewy fruit flavored candy. They have a hard outside with a chewy inside and an "s" on one side. Skittles come in many flavors. The original flavors were lime, lemon, grape, orange and cherry.

paragraphs: 1974- Skittles are first made by company in Britain

paragraphs: 1989- New flavors: Tropical skittles and Wild Berry Skittles

paragraphs: 2004- Skittles launches its first bubble gum

paragraphs: 2006- Skittles launches X-treme fruit skittles gum (first limited edition variety)

paragraphs: 2010-New flavor: Skittles Fizzl'd Fruits™


title: Moon River

paragraphs: Moon River is a popular song. Audrey Hepburn sang it in the movie "Breakfast at Tiffany's". Henry Mancini wrote the song's music. Johnny Mercer wrote the words. Many other people have sung this song. It was one of Andy Williams' most famous songs.


title: Isleworth Ait

paragraphs: Isleworth Ait means "small island". It is in the TW7 area of London between Kew Gardens and Syon Park. It is a 10 acre island densely packed fauna and flora. It has many rare beetles.