paragraphs: The United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) was created by the United Nations Security Council in October 1993. This was just after the end of the Rwandan Civil War. UNAMIR's goals were to help put a peace agreement into place, monitor how well it was going, and support the new government.

paragraphs: However, on April 7, 1994, while UNAMIR was in Rwanda, the Rwandan genocide started. The genocide lasted 100 days. During that time, 800,000 people were killed; 2 million became refugees in other countries; another two million had to run away to different parts of Rwanda; and up to 250,000 women were raped.

paragraphs: The UNAMIR ended in March 1996. Since the genocide, the United Nations has admitted that they failed to prevent the Rwandan genocide.

paragraphs: In a genocide, many or all people in a group are killed because of their ethnicity, religion, or political opinions. In the Rwandan genocide, members of an ethnic group called the Tutsi ("abatutsi") were killed because of their ethnicity. The killers were extremist members of another ethnic group called the Hutu ("abahutu"). The Hutu killers also killed other Hutus whose political beliefs were not as extreme as theirs.

paragraphs: In 1994, almost all Rwandan people (85%) were Hutus. However, for many years, the Tutsi minority had more power and ran the Rwandan government. From 1990-1993, the two groups had fought a civil war about who would control the government. This war ended with a peace treaty in 1993. One of the reasons UNAMIR got involved was to make sure both sides obeyed that agreement.

paragraphs: However, on April 6, 1994, an airplane carrying the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down. Both Presidents were Hutus. Nobody knows for sure who shot down the plane. However, the Hutu extremists blamed a Tutsi rebel group, and right away, they started killing Tutsis. The Rwandan genocide began that day.

paragraphs: There were not many countries in the United Nations that were interested in sending peacekeeping troops to Rwanda, even before the genocide started. France was an ally of the Hutu-led government, and did not want to fight it. The United States had just had soldiers tortured and killed in Somalia a year before, and did not want to get into another fight in Africa." Also, many countries thought there was nothing in it for them if they helped Rwanda. Rwanda had no important natural resources, like oil or gold, and it was tiny. It took five months to get United Nations member countries to offer enough soldiers for this mission.

paragraphs: Once the genocide started, UNAMIR ran into a serious problem. UNAMIR has to get its "mandate" (its powers, goals, and orders for a mission) from the United Nations Security Council. For this mission, UNAMIR's mandate did "not" include stopping the genocide or protecting civilians. At this time, UNAMIR soldiers were only allowed to shoot their weapons in self-defence, if somebody was attacking them personally. They were not allowed to use their weapons or get involved to protect civilians who were being attacked.

paragraphs: Once they saw what was happening in Rwanda, the UNAMIR Commander, Roméo Dallaire, and Belgian peacekeepers asked the Security Council to give them more power and soldiers to stop the killings. However, the United Nations member countries refused to change these rules for UNAMIR. They and other world leaders talked about the genocide as 'just another ethnic conflict' and said these types of things would always go on in Africa.

paragraphs: After ten of its soldiers were tortured and killed trying to protect the prime minister, Belgium pulled the rest of its soldiers out of Rwanda.

paragraphs: More and more, UNAMIR's peacekeeping troops were being attacked. Other countries began to copy Belgium and pull their soldiers out of Rwanda. Some members of the United Nations Security Council, like the United States, argued strongly that the UN should take "all" of its peacekeeping troops out of Rwanda. Eventually, the Security Council decided to decrease the number of troops UNAMIR was allowed to have. On April 21, 1994, as the genocide was spreading across Rwanda, the Security Council decreased the number of allowed UNAMIR troops from 2,548 to 270 a decrease of almost 90%.

paragraphs: UNAMIR's Commander, Roméo Dallaire, kept asking the United Nations for more troops. On May 15, the Security Council increased UNAMIR's allowed number of troops to 5,500. However, it took almost six months for UN member countries to volunteer this many troops. Meanwhile, the genocide continued.

paragraphs: France offered to lead a humanitarian mission in southwest Rwanda while UNAMIR was trying to gather more troops. The Security Council approved this mission on June 22, 1994. France called the mission "Operation Turquoise."

paragraphs: During this operation, soldiers from France and other countries set up a "safe zone" in southwest Rwanda. This was meant to be an area where people could come to be protected from Hutu attacks. Historians think that Operation Turquoise saved 13,000 to 14,000 lives.

paragraphs: However, many people have accused France of not doing enough to stop the genocide in its safe zone. Here are some of the things France's accusers say:

paragraphs: Operation Turquoise ended in August 1994, when UNAMIR took over the safe zone.

paragraphs: Together with the Ugandan army, a Tutsi rebel group called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) fought the extremist Hutus. Bit by bit, they took control of more parts of Rwanda. Finally, on July 4, 1994, they took control of Kigali, Rwanda's capital city.

paragraphs: After this, about two million Hutus ran away from Rwanda to Zaire. This group included many of the genocide's leaders. With the RPF in control of the country, the killings stopped.

paragraphs: UNAMIR stayed in Rwanda for about two years after the genocide stopped. It worked on finding homes for refugees, clearing landmines, and helping with humanitarian aid. Meanwhile, the United Nations raised $762 million to help the genocide victims and to help rebuild the country. However, Rwanda did not want UNAMIR to stay in its country. Rwandan leaders told the United Nations that the UN did not help with what Rwanda really needed. It asked UNAMIR to leave Rwanda. In March 1996, UNAMIR did.

paragraphs: Since the end of the Rwandan genocide, many people have blamed the United Nations for failing to prevent or stop the genocide.

paragraphs: In 2000, United Nations Security Council admitted that it did fail to prevent the genocide. They said that they could have helped stopped the killings, but they did not.

paragraphs: In 1999, Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, asked for an independent report about the Rwandan genocide. He wanted to know why the United Nations and the world had "failed" to stop the Rwandan genocide. The report said that the major failures were:

paragraphs: Also, at the time, historic things were happening in South Africa. Apartheid was ending. The international mass media chose to focus on that instead of what was happening in Rwanda. They, like the UN, saw the Rwandan genocide as just another fight between African tribes. Because there was little to no news broadcasts about Rwanda, most people in the world did not know what was going on there. They could not push their governments to get involved.

paragraphs: Martin Dominque argues that world leaders may not have wanted to send troops to Africa because they had the wrong ideas about what African people are like. If they thought African people were always fighting each other and always would, they would think the Rwandan genocide was no different.

paragraphs: Since the independent report came out in 1999, the UN and the United States have released documents that used to be classified. These documents prove that the UN and the United States:

paragraphs: Roméo Dallaire also says he tried many times to warn the United Nations that a disaster was coming in Rwanda. Finally, he sent a fax to the military adviser of the Secreretary-General of the United Nations. He said he had secretly spoken with a leader of the Hutu militia. This man told him his soldiers were trained and ready to kill Tutsis. For example, he said, his soldiers could kill 1,000 Tutsi in 20 minutes. The man said he thought that huge massacres of Tutsis were about to begin. Finally, he told Dallaire where the Hutu militia were keeping many of their weapons.

paragraphs: In his fax, Dallaire said he wanted to take action and take away those weapons. If the weapons were not taken away, they would be used to kill Tutsis.

paragraphs: The next day, he received a fax back from Kofi Annan, who was in charge of peacekeeping at the United Nations. He ordered Dallaire not to take any action. He told Dallaire that protecting citizens was not part of UNAMIR's mandate. About three months later, the Rwandan genocide began.


title: Kollam temple fire

paragraphs: On 10 April 2016 at around 3:30 am Indian Standard Time, there was an explosion and fire at the Puttingal Temple in Paravur, Kollam, Kerala, India. The incident happened when firework celebrations went out of control. More than 100 people were killed. More than 350 were injured, some with severe burns. The temple did not have permission from Kerala Government authorities to do a competitive fireworks display.


title: Marie Christine de Rouvroy

paragraphs: Marie Christine de Rouvroy (May 7, 1728 - July 4, 1774) was a French noblewoman. She was later a member of the House of Grimaldi by marriage. She was a granddaughter of the famous writer, the "duc de Saint-Simon" (1675-1755). She was known as the Countess of Valentinois or as Princess Charles Maurice of Monaco. She was a lady-in-waiting to three of the daughters of Louis XV of France and to the Countess of Provence.

paragraphs: Her parents were Jacques Louis de Rouvroy, Duke of Ruffec (1698-1746) and his wife Catherine Charlotte Thérèse de Gramont (1707-1755). She was known as "Mademoiselle de Ruffec" before marriage. she was formally married to Prince Charles Maurice Grimaldi of Monaco, "Count of Valentinois" on 10 December 1749. The wedding took place in the private chapel of the Hôtel Saint-Simon in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV. The couple eventually separated in 1766, having had no children.


title: Złotoryja

paragraphs: Złotoryja (German: Goldberg, Latin: Aurum) it's a town in southwest Poland in Lower Silesian Voivodeship. Złotoryja is a capital of Złotoryja County.

paragraphs: Since 1945 Złotoryja was a part of German Reich.

paragraphs: Since 8th until 10th century in the area of Złotoryja lived people from tribe called Trzebowianie. At the end of the 12th century German miners settled here.

paragraphs: In 1211 Złotoryja received the city law. In 1241 miners from Złotoryja fought in Battle of Legnica against Mongols.


title: Impuzamugambi

paragraphs: The Impuzamugambi was a militia that was created in Rwanda in 1992. "Impuzamugambi" means "those with the same goal" in Kinyarwanda, Rwanda's official language.

paragraphs: The Impuzamugambi was made of young people from an ethnic group called the Hutus. A similar militia, the Interahamwe, was also made of young Hutus. Together, these two militias killed tens of thousands of Tutsis, members of another ethnic group, in the Rwandan genocide. They also killed some Hutus who did not agree with the pro-Hutu government.

paragraphs: In 1992, two political parties that supported the Hutu president created the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe. These political parties were extremist pro-Hutu groups.

paragraphs: The militias got training from the Rwandan army. Some groups and witnesses have said that French soldiers also trained the militias. One of the militias' commanders bragged that his men were so well trained that they could kill 1,000 Tutsis in 20 minutes.

paragraphs: On April 6, 1994, Rwanda's President, Juvénal Habyarimana, and Burundi's President were in an airplane that got shot down. Both men were Hutus. As the United States Department of State said later:

paragraphs: Within half an hour of the airplane crash, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe started blocking the roads in Kigali, Rwanda's capital city. All Rwandans had to carry identification cards that said their ethnic group on them. The militias killed every Tutsi they found.

paragraphs: The militias kept using roadblocks, which became an important part of Rwanda's genocide strategy:

paragraphs: During the first few days of the genocide, the Rwandan Army and the Presidential Guard took charge of executing people in Kigali. However, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe were with them, and the soldiers taught them what to do. Soon, they were working together. First the soldiers would fire grenades, tear gas, and machine guns into places where Tutsis might be staying. Then the militia were allowed to go in and kill everybody inside. Often, they used machetes or clubs to kill people. Then the soldiers and militia would search, inch by inch, to find anyone who might still be hiding.

paragraphs: In this way, the Rwandan army and the militias killed 20,000 people in the first five days of the genocide.

paragraphs: According to Human Rights Watch, before April 6, the militias had only about 2,000 members, mostly in Kigali. However: "Once the genocide began and militia members began reaping the rewards of violence, their numbers [increased quickly] to between twenty and thirty thousand for the [whole] country[.]" Eventually, the Impuzamugambi and the Interahamwe grew so much that together they had 50,000 members. That was half as many members as the regular Rwandan Army had.

paragraphs: This allowed the militias to spread the genocide around Rwanda. There were militia all over the country. However, the militia did not do all of the killing in the genocide. They encouraged, and sometimes forced, regular people to kill their Tutsi neighbors, friends, wives, or husbands. If they did not do this, they would be killed themselves.

paragraphs: The militias massacred groups of Tutsis who were trying to hide in places like schools and churches. For example, on April 21, 1994, in the Murambi Technical School massacre, militia members killed almost 65,000 Tutsis in one day.

paragraphs: The militias also raped and sexually assaulted many women and girls. Overall, during the genocide, between 150,000 and 250,000 women and girls were raped (though there is no way to know how many of these crimes were committed by militia, and how many by army members).

paragraphs: The Ugandan army joined the a Tutsi rebel army in fighting the extremist Hutus. Bit by bit, they took control of more parts of Rwanda. Finally, on July 4, 1994, they took control of Kigali.

paragraphs: After this, about two million Hutus ran away from Rwanda to Zaire (now called the Democratic Republic of the Congo). With the Tutsis in control, the genocide ended.

paragraphs: Many of the Impuzamugambi were among the two million people who fled from Rwanda to eastern Zaire. The Tutsi and Ugandan armies went after them. According to the BBC, "Human rights groups say the [Tutsi rebel army] killed thousands of Hutu civilians as they took power and more after they went into [Zaire] to [follow] the [militias]." However, there is no way to know how many members of the Impuzamugambi may have been killed.

paragraphs: However, an international court was able to convict two of the Impuzamugambi's commanders: Hassan Ngeze and Jean Bosco Barayagwiza. In 1995, the United Nations Security Council set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Its goal was to prosecute people who took part in genocide, war crimes, or crimes against humanity.

paragraphs: In 2003, the ICTR found both Ngeze and Barayagwiza guilty of planning and leading the genocide; trying to get other people to commit genocide; and crimes against humanity. They were both sentenced to life in prison. The sentence against Barayagwiza was later decreased to 35 years due to a legal mistake. He will stay in prison for at least 27 years.


title: Free France

paragraphs: The Free French Forces were a free army during the Nazi occupation of France in World War II. It started in 1940. It ended in 1944 because of the invasion of Normandy. These forces made a major impact on the German army by destroying railroads and attacking German units.


paragraphs: Prince Charles Maurice, Count of Valentinois (14 May 1727 – 18 January 1798) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Valentinois. He had a fairly importanmt military career and was also a Grandee of Spain. He is also sometimes referred to as Prince Charles Maurice of Monaco.

paragraphs: Born at the ""Hôtel Matignon"" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Duke of Valentinois but the title was given to Charles Maurice to be used as a Count.

paragraphs: His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.

paragraphs: Married on 10 November 1749 to Marie Christine de Rouvroy the couple were married in Paris with the express permission of Louis XV of France. They separated in 1766 having had no children together.

paragraphs: At the age of 18 he partook in the Battle of Fontenoy For his military abilities he was awarded the Order of the Golden Fleece.


paragraphs: École nationale supérieure de techniques avancées (ENSTA ParisTech) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at ENSTA ParisTech.

paragraphs: Most of the 600 graduate engineer students at ENSTA ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

paragraphs: Admission to the "ENSTA ParisTech engineering Programme" implemented at ENSTA ParisTech is possible after two/three year scientific undergraduate studies and requires success to either:

paragraphs: The "ENSTA Programme" typically lasts three years and results in a master's degree, augmented with international experience. Thus undergraduate studies + the ENSTA Programme account for more than a cumulated 300 ECTS credits as applicable in the European education system.

paragraphs: However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree procedure are required to spend two-years at ENSTA ParisTech and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years resulting in a double master's degree.

paragraphs: Research activities at ENSTA ParisTech relate to the following topics:


title: Wind instrument

paragraphs: A wind instrument is a type of musical instrument where the player blows into (or over) a mouthpiece to produce sound. They typically fit into two categories: woodwind instruments and brass instruments. Woodwind instruments include oboe, clarinet, flute, and saxophone. The brass instruments include the bugle, trumpet, trombone, cornet and tuba.


title: Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151

paragraphs: The Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 is a type of train used by Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. It is the first generation rolling stock on the MRT and is one of the five types of electric multiple units on the North South and East West Lines.

paragraphs: The trains were introduced in 1987 and are still in operation. There are sixty-six trainsets with six cars each. There is a single money trainset with four cars that was used to collect money from different stations. It has been withdrawn from service. These trains are operated by SMRT Trains.

paragraphs: The trains were upgraded between 2006 and 2008, mainly to improve the trains' appearances. Most of the important parts for the trains' functioning were not replaced as they were still considered in good condition. However, due to what was considered one of the MRT's worst breakdowns in its history, a second upgrade was planned to replace these important parts, but the Land Transport Authority paused the upgrades as they wanted to replace the trains entirely instead. Currently, only a few trains have these parts replaced.

paragraphs: The train currently has a black livery with a red stripe, similar to that of the C751B and C151A. Before upgrades, it had a white livery with red stripe, similar to the C651.

paragraphs: After the upgrades, the number of seats in a row was reduced from 9 to 7, and more grab poles and straps were installed.

paragraphs: The C151 is made out of 2 3-car trainsets permanently coupled together. Each trainset is assigned a unique number, and each carriage has its own number. There are 132 trainsets numbering 001-132. There would either be normal coupled (099/100) or cross coupled (001/100). A complete set would be coupled together as such:

paragraphs: DT- driving trailer (3) <br> M1/2 motor car 1/2 (1/2)

paragraphs: The first number of the four numbers is the carriage number, DT (3), M1(1), M2(2).

paragraphs: The second number is the identification number. For the C151, this number is either a '0' or a '1'.

paragraphs: The third and fourth number is the trainset number


title: El Hedim Square

paragraphs: El Hedim Square (, "the square of demolition") is a famous square in Meknes, Morocco. The square was built in the years 1672-1674 after the Sultan of Morocco, Moulay Ismail, demolished half of the Old city of Meknes for his palace and the square. the Mansour Gate is in the front of the square.


title: Buprestidae

paragraphs: Buprestida is a family of beetles. In English, they are known as jewel beetles or metallic wood-boring beetles, because of the coloring of their carapace.

paragraphs: The family is among the largest of the beetles, with some 15,000 recent species in 450 genera. In addition, almost 100 fossil species have been described.


title: Moroccan riad

paragraphs: A Moroccan riad is a traditional Moroccan house or palace with an inside garden or courtyard. A riad normally has two or more storeys around an Andalusian-style courtyard that contained a fountain. They usually do not have outside-facing windows. Riads were the city homes of the wealthiest citizens such as merchants and courtiers. The name riad comes from the Arabic word ‘ryad’, meaning a garden.


title: Income tax in the United States

paragraphs: In the United States, people have to pay income taxes to the United States government, most state governments, and many local governments. This means that people have to pay taxes to these governments, based on how much money they earn.

paragraphs: Income taxes are based on what a person earns in one calendar year between January 1 and December 31.

paragraphs: When it takes income taxes, the government takes a percentage of a person's income. This percentage is called an income tax rate. In other words, the income tax rate is the part, or portion, of a person's income that the government takes.

paragraphs: The United States government, and most states, use "progressive" tax rates. This means that as a person earns more income, their income tax rate gets higher. In other words, as a person earns more money, they have to pay more taxes.

paragraphs: Every year, the government divides incomes into categories. These categories are called tax brackets. Each tax bracket includes a range of incomes the lowest and highest amounts a person could earn to be in that tax bracket.

paragraphs: Tax brackets are important because each one is taxed at a different tax rate. In other words, a person in a higher income category has to pay a larger percentage of their income in taxes. The tax rates for each different tax bracket are called marginal tax rates.

paragraphs: For example, in 2016, these are the tax brackets and marginal tax rates for single people:

paragraphs: However, this does not mean that a person making $415,051 is paying 39.6% of that entire $415,051 in income taxes. Tax rates in the United States are "marginal." This means that different portions of a person's income get taxed at different rates.

paragraphs: For example, if a person earns $9,276 in a year, they do not have to pay 15% of that whole amount. The first $9,275 that they earned falls into the first tax bracket ($0 $9275, which has a 10% tax rate). The person pays the 10% tax rate for all of their income that fell into that tax bracket. The person has only $1 left in income that falls into the next tax bracket ($9,276 $37,650). They only have to pay that tax bracket's tax rate of 15% on that one dollar.

paragraphs: In other words, what the chart above really means is that in 2016, for a single person:

paragraphs: Usually, the government uses a person's gross income to decide how much they should be taxed. A person's gross income is every dollar they have earned in a year.

paragraphs: However, there are some types of income that the government cannot take as part of income taxes.

paragraphs: Deductions are certain kinds of costs that the government does not tax. The government will decrease (or "deduct") these costs from a person's gross income. This means the government will be taxing the person on less income.

paragraphs: There are many kinds of deductions. There are some deductions that anyone who pays taxes can take. For example, if a person has paid to move, paid into a retirement fund, or paid student loan interest, they can take these costs off their gross income. The government will not tax these costs.

paragraphs: The federal government also gives a "standard deduction" to most people who are paying income taxes. For example, in 2015, the standard deduction for a single person was $6,300. The government does not tax this amount.

paragraphs: Sometimes people have other deductions that will add up to more than the standard deduction. These can also be used to decrease the amount of income the government can tax a person on.

paragraphs: The federal government allows each person who files taxes to take a tax deduction called a "personal exemption." When the United States Congress created tax rules in 1954, they thought a certain amount of money should not be taxed so that a person could spend that money on food, housing, and other basic needs. In 2015, the personal exemption for one person was $4,000. Most people can take another exemption for their spouse, and another for each child in their home.

paragraphs: Many states have their own deductions. For example, if a person in Massachusetts pays rent to a landlord, they can deduct half of their rent (up to $3,000) from the amount of income the government can tax them on.

paragraphs: The federal government also offers tax credits. This means that if a person spends money on certain things, and meets all the rules of the credit program, the credit can be up to 35 percent of your qualifying expenses, depending upon your adjusted gross income. For example, the Child and Dependent Care Credit is for parents who work, but have to pay over $3,000 a year for someone to take care of their children while they are working. Each credit has many different rules that people must meet. However, if they do meet them, the federal government will take $3,000 off of their taxes, to help the parents continue to work.

paragraphs: Every year, most people in the United States must file a report of their income from the year, their deductions, credits, and any other special tax issues. This report is called a tax return. The tax return helps work out what a person might owe the government in taxes. On the other hand, if a person has been paying their taxes bit by bit, the government may owe "them" money. This is called a tax refund.

paragraphs: Usually, all tax returns are due by April 15. However, because of holidays in Washington, D.C., sometimes "Tax Day" comes a few days later.

paragraphs: There are a five different ways that a person, or a couple, can file their tax returns:

paragraphs: Sometimes a person fits into more than one of these categories. If this happens, they are allowed to file their taxes using the category that will let them pay the least amount of taxes.

paragraphs: Filing status is important because many things change based on what filing status a person files their taxes under. For example:

paragraphs: Here is a basic example of how a person would work out what they have to pay in taxes, based on their income, filing status, and deductions.

paragraphs: First the person needs to work out their "taxable income". This is the amount of income the government can tax. It does not include deductions, since the government does not tax those. So, to get their taxable income, the person needs to subtract their deductions from their gross income. In other words:

paragraphs: $20,000 (gross income) $6,300 (standard deduction) $4,000 (personal exemption) = $9,700 taxable income

paragraphs: Now the person can use lists of tax brackets and marginal tax rates to figure out what they owe in taxes. Here are the tax brackets and marginal tax rates that apply to this person:

paragraphs: This person is paying only 4.9% of their gross (total) income to the government in income taxes.

paragraphs: According to the White House, in 2014, the United States government spent people's federal income taxes on these things:

paragraphs: Every state gets to decide where to spend the income tax it collects (its income tax revenue). Different states use this money for different things, at different times.

paragraphs: In 2015, a report looked at what every state spent its income tax revenue on. It found that most of state income tax dollars went to pay for education and health care.

paragraphs: Specifically, states spent over half of their income tax revenues on three different things:

paragraphs: The 2015 report found that the states spent the other half of their income tax revenues on many different things. Here are some examples.

paragraphs: Transportation makes up about 5% of the states' spending. Income taxes pay for many things, like:

paragraphs: States spend about 4% of their income tax revenue on corrections. These income taxes pay for things like:

paragraphs: Many states also use income tax revenues to pay for important "public services," like:


title: Gomillion v. Lightfoot

paragraphs: Gomillion v. Lightfoot, 364 U.S. 339 (1960), was a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court ruled the redrawing of the city's electoral district boundaries to prevent blacks from voting was unconstitutional. The unanimous Court held that it violated the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This case was one of several that led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.

paragraphs: In 1957, the Alabama state legislature passed Act number 140 that changed the borders of the city of Tuskegee's electoral district. It changed the square boundary of Tuskegee to an irregular 28-sided figure that eliminated all but a few of the city's 400 black voters but did not eliminate any white voters. It had the effect of keeping African-American citizens from voting. The petitioners Charles A. Gomillion and other black former residents of Tuskegee brought the suit against the Mayor of Tuskegee, Philip M. Lightfoot. They wanted the law ruled unconstitutional under the Fifteenth Amendment. They also wanted an order that prevented the city from enforcing the Act.

paragraphs: The District Court dismissed the case on the grounds it did not have the authority to invalidate an Act passed by the state legislature. The court ruled:

paragraphs: On 14 November 1960, the Supreme Court dismissed the ruling by the lower courts and ruled the Alabama redistricting act was unconstitutional. Justice Felix Frankfurter wrote the majority opinion. He admitted that when states exercise power "wholly within the domain of state interest" they are generally protected from judicial review. But Alabama's representatives were not able to identify "any countervailing municipal function" that this act could serve. It was clear the irregular shaped district had only one purpose, namely, to prevent blacks from any participation in the political system of Tuskegee.

paragraphs: This case marked a change in the Supreme Court's involvement in political redistricting. Up to this point the Court had shown it was reluctant to interfere with the States when establishing political boundaries of their cities. However, this case served to show that states cannot deprive citizens of their voting rights which are protected by the Fifteenth Amendment. Although the practice of gerrymandering remained an issue after this case, the Court determined it was unconstitutional when it clearly discriminated against any particular racial group.


title: United States v. Wong Kim Ark

paragraphs: United States v. Wong Kim Ark, , is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled that a child born in the United States to parents of Chinese descent automatically becomes a U.S. citizen by birth based on the Citizenship Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: Wong Kim Ark was born in San Francisco, California in 1873 to parents who were Chinese immigrants and who remained the subjects of the Emperor of China. Ark had lived in California ever since he was born. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. This act denied citizenship to any Chinese immigrants and did not allow any new immigrants into the United States from China until 1892. Ark's parents returned to China in 1890. He visited them there but returned to San Francisco and was recognized as a native-born American citizen when he re-entered the country. In 1894, when he was 21 years old, Ark went to visit his parents in China again. But when he returned in 1895 the U.S. Customs denied his entry, claiming he was not a U.S. citizen. Ark was returned to the ship he came on, then to another ship the "Gaelic". He was sent to Peking, China where he waited for a chance to return to the United States where he lived.

paragraphs: Ark did not know at the time his situation would be used as a test case by the United States government. The anti-Chinese sentiment at the time was trying to undermine the Fourteenth Amendment provision which made Ark a citizen in the first place. It said “All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside.” Since the beginning, America had welcomed people from other countries. The Chinese came to America, mined its gold, built its railways and farmed much of northern California. But when the Panic of 1873 struck, it caused a major depression where many in the U.S. lost their jobs. The Chinese workers, who worked for very low wages, became scapegoats and were blamed for much of the trouble. There was mob violence and arson against Chinese workers in California. As a part of this, Congress enacted the Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882 to try to stop Chinese immigration into the U.S.

paragraphs: With legal support from the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association, Ark sued the U.S. government. A District court issued a writ of Habeas corpus on Ark's behalf. Government lawyers challenged the writ. The issue was whether his birth in San Francisco made him a citizen of the United States. The argument against Ark was his parents were subjects of China which made Ark a subject of China as well. Therefore, he was not, in the words of the Fourteenth Amendment, "subject to the jurisdiction" of the United States and was therefore not a U.S. citizen. Both China and Japan held that children born to their citizens, wherever they were born, was based on their bloodline. Chinese law stated children born to Chinese nationals were citizens of China, as long as their birth is properly registered in China. The U.S. is mainly a country of citizenship by soil, also called "Jus soli". This means they are citizens, by 'right of the soil', based on the state, territory or country in which they were born.

paragraphs: Lawyers for the federal government claimed that Chinese citizenship law was more important than U.S. citizenship law in this case. The Supreme Court disagreed.

paragraphs: Both parties had agreed to the following facts of the case:

paragraphs: The question was whether the government could deny citizenship to persons born in the United States in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. The court ruled that Ark is an American citizen by virtue of the Fourteenth Amendment. Justice Horace Gray delivered the majority opinion of the Court.

paragraphs: The case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark set a legal precedent for all children born in the United States, regardless of their parents' status or citizenship. During the campaigning for the United States presidential election, 2016, the issue of children born in this country to undocumented aliens has come up again. Because of "Wong Kim Ark", a child born in the U.S. is a citizen regardless of his or her parents’ citizenship or status. This could change by means of a Constitutional amendment, but this is a lengthy and difficult process.


title: Western Punjabi Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Punjabi Wikipedia (پنجابی ویکیپیڈیا) is the Punjabi language edition of Wikipedia. The Punjabi language is spoken in Punjab region of Pakistan country. It also has the name of Lahnda language. It holds the 84th place in complete list of Wikipedia by articles, with 41,671+ articles in Wikipedia.

paragraphs: It is one of the popular Wikipedia in the country of Pakistan like in the region of Punjab of Pakistan.


title: Light Rail Transit (Singapore)

paragraphs: The Light Rail Transit (LRT) is a light rail system used in Singapore. It acts as a feeder service to the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) network. The LRT started operation on 6 November 1999 with the Bukit Panjang LRT to Choa Chu Kang route. As of 2016, the system consists of three lines with 43 stations.

paragraphs: Singapore already had a good MRT system when the Land Transport Authority (LTA) decided to add the LRT. This is because it is cheaper and easier to build LRTs. This new system would decrease traffic jams but without the huge cost and effort needed to build more MRT lines and stations. Construction began in 1996 with the Bukit Panjang to Choa Chu Kang route. The service first ran on 6 November 1999.

paragraphs: The LRT is also used in the Sengkang and Punggol areas. Construction began in January 2000 for both the East Loop and West Loop of Sengkang LRT and Punggol LRT. The Sengkang East Loop was opened on 18 January 2003. The Sengkang West Loop and Punggol East Loop were opened on 29 January 2005.

paragraphs: Further LRT line projects were cancelled in 2008 as there was not enough space to build them over the ground.

paragraphs: Singapore's LRT network is made up of 3 lines with 43 stations.

paragraphs: The Bukit Panjang LRT opened on 6 November 1999 and is operated by SMRT Trains. The line is in the shape of a single loop and connects with the MRT North South Line at Choa Chu Kang Station and the Downtown Line at Bukit Panjang.

paragraphs: The Sengkang LRT Line opened on 18 January 2003 while the Punggol LRT Line opened on 29 January 2005. These lines are operated by SBS Transit. Each line consists of an East and West loop, with each loop of a line meeting at either Sengkang or Punggol, and both lines being joined with tracks running parallel to the North East Line below.

paragraphs: The LRT lines are served by Automated People Mover rolling stocks, which were initially in a one-car formation. Due to higher passenger usage, most of the cars were joined together. The Bukit Panjang LRT Line started having 2-car formations when there was enough C801A trains ready for service, which the Sengkang and Punggol LRT lines started having 2-car formations around 2015. In 2-car formations, passengers cannot walk between cars, and people can only go to the other car by departing at a station and boarding the other carriage before the train leaves.

paragraphs: A total of four rolling stock have been introduced on the LRT, namely the:

paragraphs: On November 24, 2015, authorities announced that they would install platform barriers to reduce the risk of passengers falling onto the tracks. They to be installed at all existing LRT stations except Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, which already had platform screen doors. Ten Mile Junction was the only LRT station with air conditioning, and the doors had been installed to keep the cold air in and so save electricity. The barriers were installed between 2016 and 2018. Installation was completed first at Choa Chu Kang and Bukit Panjang stations because more passengers used them than the other stations. The platform barriers were not installed with moving platform doors, possibly to reduce costs.

paragraphs: Trains usually arrive every 2.2 minutes on the Bukit Panjang LRT Line along Choa Chu Kang LRT Station to Bukit Panjang LRT Station while it is around 4.4 minutes along Petir LRT Station to Senja LRT Station. The arrival time of the next two trains will be displayed at all stations. For Sengkang LRT Line and Punggol LRT Line, no specific train timings were stated, but the timing before the train arrives can be seen at Fernvale LRT Station only.

paragraphs: At Ten Mile Junction LRT Station, trains arrive only every 20 minutes, possibly due to low passenger usage.


title: Bukit Brown MRT station

paragraphs: Bukit Brown MRT Station (CC18) is a Circle MRT Line station in Singapore. The station has never been used. It was built for future use. Nearby is Bukit Brown Cemetery, the only remaining cemetery in Singapore.

paragraphs: Previous: Caldecott (CC17)<br>Next: Botanic Gardens (CC19/DT9)


title: Prince Charles, Count of Carladès

paragraphs: Prince Charles of Monaco, Count of Carladés (Charles Marie Auguste; 1 January 1722 – 24 August 1749), was a Monégasque prince. He was known as the Count of Carladés. He was also the Count of Matignon.

paragraphs: Charles was born in Paris. He was the fourth child and third son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Jacques I of Monaco. As the son of the then-reigning monarch of Monaco, he was a member of the House of Grimaldi. He was given the title of "Count of Carladés". He was also given the title of Count of Matignon in June 1744. aged 12.

paragraphs: Charles never married and never had children. He died of smallpox in the town of "Prats-de-Mollo-la-Preste" in the Pyrenees.


title: New Jersey Legislature

paragraphs: The New Jersey Legislature is the legislative branch of the government of the U.S. state of New Jersey. In its current form, as defined by the New Jersey Constitution of 1947, the Legislature consists of two houses: the General Assembly and the Senate. The Legislature meets in the New Jersey State House, in the state capital of Trenton.

paragraphs: The New Jersey Legislature was established in 1702 upon the surrender by the Proprietors of East Jersey and those of West Jersey of the right of government to Queen Anne. Anne's government united the two colonies as the Province of New Jersey, a royal colony, establishing a new system of government.

paragraphs: On December 6, 1775, Governor William Franklin prorogued the New Jersey Legislature until January 3, 1776, but it never met again. On May 30, 1776, Franklin attempted to convene the legislature, but was met instead with an order by the New Jersey Provincial Congress for his arrest. On July 2, 1776, the Provincial Congress approved a new constitution which ordered new elections; on August 13 an entire new legislature was elected.

paragraphs: In 1775, representatives from New Jersey's 13 counties established a Provincial Congress to supersede the Royal Governor.

paragraphs: The New Jersey Constitution of 1844 provided for a direct popular election of the governor, and gave him the power to veto bills passed by the Legislature. The General Assembly was expanded to 60 members, elected annually and apportioned to the counties based on population.

paragraphs: Regardless of any changes, the Legislature met infrequently, had high turnover among its members, and was far from being the most influential or powerful organ of state government.

paragraphs: New Jersey adopted its current constitution in 1947. Under this constitution, the governor was given additional veto powers and the ability to serve two terms. Hundreds of independent agencies were consolidated into 20 principal executive departments under the control of the governor. Senators' terms were extended to four years; assemblymen's terms to two years.

paragraphs: In 1966, the Senate was expanded from 21 to 40 members and the General Assembly from 60 to 80. Following a United States Supreme Court decision in 1964 and a New Jersey Supreme Court decision in 1972, the state's legislative districts were reapportioned into the current arrangement. Two more modern developments have also helped shape the Legislature: the increase in importance of legislative committees and the development of longer tenures for the legislative leadership.

paragraphs: The Legislature has the power to enact laws by a majority vote of both houses, subject to the Governor of New Jersey's ability to veto a bill. A veto may be overridden by the Legislature if there is a two-thirds majority in favor of overriding in each House.

paragraphs: By a three-fifths vote of each house, the Legislature may propose an amendment to the State Constitution. Alternatively, it may propose an amendment by a majority vote two consecutive years. The Senate has the sole authority to confirm or reject gubernatorial nominees for judicial and some executive positions.

paragraphs: The current organization of the Legislature is outlined by Article IV ("Legislative") of the New Jersey State Constitution of 1947.To become a member of the Assembly, an individual must be at least 21 years old, must have resided in their district for one year and the state for two years, and must live in the represented district. To become a Senator, an individual must be 30 years old, must have lived in their district for two years and the state for four years, and again must live in the represented district.

paragraphs: The sitting Legislature is the 215th Legislature of the State of New Jersey.

paragraphs: Currently, the Democrats are the majority party in both Houses. In the Senate there are 24 Democrats and 16 Republicans. There are 48 Democrats and 32 Republicans serving in the General Assembly.

paragraphs: The senate is the upper house in the New Jersey legislature. Currently, 40 people serve in the Senate for two years after redistricting, followed by four-year terms.

paragraphs: The general assembly is the lower house of the New Jersey legislature. Currently, 80 people are in the New Jersey legislature for two-year terms.


title: William Franklin

paragraphs: William Franklin (1730 – November 1813) was an American soldier, attorney, and colonial administrator, the acknowledged illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin. He was the last colonial Governor of New Jersey (1763–1776). Franklin was a steadfast Loyalist throughout the American Revolutionary War.

paragraphs: William Franklin was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the illegitimate son of Benjamin Franklin, a leading figure in the city. His mother's identity is unknown.

paragraphs: In 1750, Ben told his own mother that William was nineteen years old, but this may have been an attempt to make the youth appear legitimate.

paragraphs: William was raised by Benjamin Franklin and Deborah Read.

paragraphs: As a young man, William became engaged to Elizabeth Graeme, daughter of prominent Philadelphia physician Dr. Thomas Graeme and granddaughter of Pennsylvania's 14th Governor, Sir William Keith.

paragraphs: While in London, Franklin sired an illegitimate son, William Temple Franklin, who was born 22 February 1762. His mother has never been identified, and he was placed in foster care.

paragraphs: Later that year, Franklin married Elizabeth Downes on September 4, 1762 at St George's, Hanover Square in London.

paragraphs: William Franklin completed his law education in England.

paragraphs: In 1763, William Franklin was appointed as the Royal Governor of New Jersey, due to his father's influence with the British Prime Minister. He replaced Josiah Hardy, a merchant and colonial administrator. As governor, Franklin signed the charter for Queen's College, which would develop as Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.


title: Middlesex County College

paragraphs: Middlesex County College is a community college with its main campus located in Edison, New Jersey, United States.

paragraphs: The college was founded in 1964. It offers more than 700 courses in 100 different degree and certificate programs with 21 specially designed transfer programs. Its mission is to provide access to an affordable, quality education

paragraphs: Tuition for county residents is $103 per credit hour. Tuition for out of county residents is $206 per credit hour. Federal financial aid is available in the form of Pell grants, work study programs and direct loans. Students must complete their free application for FAFSA. The MCC Foundation offers over 100 scholarships for students attending the college.

paragraphs: Men’s sports include: Soccer, Basketball, Wrestling, Baseball, Golf, Track and field. Women sports include: Soccer, Softball, Basketball, Cross Country, Volleyball, Track and Field. The Physical Education Center has a swimming pool, basketball courts, racquetball courts, and a dance studio. There is a weight training room with treadmills and stairmasters, which are available for students, faculty, and college alumni.


title: Carteret, New Jersey

paragraphs: Carteret is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 22,844, reflecting an increase of 2,135 (+10.3%) from the 20,709 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 1,684 (+8.9%) from the 19,025 counted in the 1990 Census.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, Carteret had a total area of 5.000 square miles (12.950 km), including 4.418 square miles (11.442 km) of land and 0.582 square miles (1.509 km) of water (11.65%).

paragraphs: The Carteret School District serves students in pre-Kindergarten through twelfth grade. As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's five schools had an enrollment of 3,626 students and 268.0 classroom teachers

paragraphs: The government has a town council with 6 members and a mayor. They all are elected.

paragraphs: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Carteret include:


title: King cobra

paragraphs: The King cobra ("Ophiophagus hannah"), or "hamadryad", is in the Elapidae family of snakes. It is the longest venomous snake in the world. An adult King cobra can grow up to , though most are less than .

paragraphs: The King cobra lives thoughout India and in some parts of the south and the east of Asia. It is known around the world for its dangerous venom. It mostly avoids humans. The King cobra lives up to 20 years.

paragraphs: The King cobra lives in thick forests, and likes areas dotted with lakes and streams.

paragraphs: It eats mostly snakes but sometimes lizards and rodents. After a large meal it may live months before eating again.

paragraphs: The Indian grey mongoose is one of the few predators of the King cobra but may not attack them much.

paragraphs: The venom from a bite can be deadly. The snake can kill a man with a single bite. The mortality rate can be as high as 75% without antivenom.

paragraphs: There are two kinds of antivenom that can be used to help when someone is bitten. Bites do not happen often, snake handlers are most likely to be bitten.

paragraphs: Unlike many snakes the female king cobra is very good parent. It makes a mound as a nest for its eggs and protects them for 60-90 days until they hatch. It lays 20-40 eggs. The mother stays until the eggs begin to hatch and then leaves to find food for herself. Baby king cobras are and have venom as strong as adults.


title: Siemens C651

paragraphs: The Siemens C651, also known as Contract 651 or SIE C651, is the second generation Electric multiple unit rolling stock in operation on the North South and East West Lines of Singapore's Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system. A total of 114 cars consisting of 19 train-sets were purchased in 1993 and introduced from 1994 onwards and were built by Siemens in Austria.

paragraphs: The C651 trains are the second generation of train cars used on the SMRT network. the cost of the C651 was $259 million. They were bought mainly to allow the network to carry more passengers due to the opening of the Woodlands extension. The first train was delivered to SMRT on 20 September 1994. Unlike the first generation Kawasaki Heavy Industries C151 trains, the C651s are specially painted to reduce scratches due to dirt trapping on the outside of the C151 trains that were difficult to remove.

paragraphs: These train cars are fitted with greenish-blue Glastroch (Germany) windows glass, and are almost the same as the first generation train cars before their upgrades, except that a louder, lower-pitched noise can be heard when the train speeds up or slows down. The run number display on the front of each train is made up of electronic green flip-dot display, as opposed to the manual plastic rollers of the C151 trains, while the rubber strips between the doors are thicker. The trains have a full white body and a thick red stripe in the middle. Similar to the C151 trains, the Siemens C651 trains had no visual passenger information systems, but only a built-in audio announcement system, until STARiS was installed and activated around 2010.

paragraphs: Many experiments have been run on the C651 cars, including the past program.

paragraphs: For the past program, the third and fourth cars, coloured in green, had their seating layout changed, with all but eight parts of seats, four at each ends of the car removed completely. In its place was standing room with a cushion on the side, so that passengers standing at the side would feel more comfortable. Passengers did not like this, and it was eventually undone. The original seats between the 1st and 2nd door, and the 3rd and 4th door on these cars have been replaced. The remaining cushion standing areas were changed back to original seats in May 2006. All C151 trains had their seats on the middle part of carriage removed.

paragraphs: For now, some of the trains were changed to have more standing space in the late 1990s as part of another experiment, where the second and fifth cars (the blue cars) were changed to have more standing room on both sides.

paragraphs: More grabpoles were also added. Single grabpoles in the centre of each car were replaced by grabpoles that branch out into three in the centre first in 2007, followed by tripled hand grips and grab poles in 2014. Special non slip floorings were also tested.

paragraphs: Upgrades for these trains are to be done by Singapore Rail Engineering (SRE). When completed, these upgrades will fix train parts such as doors and brakes and make them cause less delays. Many changes will be made, such as upgrading the air-conditioning system, the power system, and upgrading the look of the trains. Sensors will also be installed to allow workers to fix problems more regularly.

paragraphs: Upgrading works has begun since early 2016, beginning with train set 217/218. Trains will also include STARiS 2.0, a system showing information about the train's route. The first upgraded train set is expected to be tested before starting to run in the second half of 2018. In late August 2016, 2 model train cars have been built by SRE, showing that the project is unaffected by the pausing of the end-of-life upgrades for the 66 C151 train sets. As of the second half of 2018, sets 217/218 and 227/228 have been upgraded and are being tested. It will also be the third and final rolling stock to be painted in SMRT's style while newer rolling stock starting from the upcoming C151C trains will be painted in LTA's style.

paragraphs: The car numbers of the trains go from x201 to x238, where x depends on the carriage type. Each car is assigned a 4 digit serial number. A complete six-car trainset consists of an identical twin set of one driving trailer(DT) and two motor cars(M1 & M2) permanently coupled together. For example, set 221/222 consists of carriages 3221, 1221, 2221, 2222, 1222 and 3222.


title: Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT station

paragraphs: Choa Chu Kang MRT/LRT Station (NS4/JS1/BP1) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is the interchange station between the North South MRT Line and Bukit Panjang LRT Line. It is located in Choa Chu Kang.

paragraphs: The station is the first interchange between the MRT and the LRT.

paragraphs: The MRT station opened on 10 March 1990 and was the terminus of the Branch Line. Construction began on 15 February 1986. With the opening of the North South Line Woodlands Extension on 10 February 1996, the branch line became part of the North South Line. It was recoded from B3 to N21 in 1996. The LRT station opened on 6 November 1999, on the opening day of the Bukit Panjang LRT line. It was again, recoded from N21 and A1 to the present BP1 and NS4 in 2001.

paragraphs: After a 2008 accident, automatic platform gates were installed for safety on 26 August 2011 on the North South Line platforms and started operating on 21 October 2011. HVLS fans in the MRT platform started operating on 10 October 2012. The LRT platform also features fans as of 27 September 2015.

paragraphs: On 31 October 2012, LTA announced that Choa Chu Kang LRT Station will have two more platforms, specifically for commuters to exit the trains to allow the existing platform in the centre to have more space for passengers getting on. There will also be additional fare gates and a new covered linkway from the LRT station to Lot One. These new additions which also include widening the staircase between the MRT and the LRT stations will be completed by 2016. New Exit E was opened at the same time, to Lot One Shoppers Mall but despite that, there is no lift access, only stairs. The two newly constructed platforms at the LRT station began operations on 27 December 2016. The two new side platforms, Platforms 3 and 4, lack lift access so passengers who need to take the lift when exiting at Choa Chu Kang LRT Station have to wait for the doors to open to the island platform (Platforms 1 and 2), where lift access is available. Stickers to remind passengers to exit at Platforms 1 or 2 if they need a lift to exit are placed on all the LRT doors.

paragraphs: In 2016, Platforms 1 and 2 of the LRT had Half-Height Platform Barriers installed. Choa Chu Kang (and Bukit Panjang) was the first to install platform gates due to the high commuter traffic at this station. Automatic platform gates were installed at Platforms 3 and 4 during construction.


title: HarbourFront MRT station

paragraphs: HarbourFront Station (NE1/CC29) is an MRT Station in Singapore.

paragraphs: It is an interchange station along the North East MRT Line and Circle MRT Line. It is currently the only double terminus in Singapore's MRT line. The station is located next to VivoCity and HarbourFront Centre.

paragraphs: The station was originally called World Trade Center, but changed to its current name after the 9/11 attacks

paragraphs: -previous: Terminus <br> -next: Outram Park

paragraphs: -previous: Telok Blangah <br> -next: Terminus


title: Dhoby Ghaut MRT station

paragraphs: Dhoby Ghaut Station (NS24/NE6/CC1) is a Mass Rapid Transit station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South Line, North East Line and Circle Line.

paragraphs: Dhoby Ghaut is the first triple-line interchange station in Singapore. It is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore. The deepest point is at 28 metres below ground level.

paragraphs: The station was named after the Indian laundrymen that worked around the area in the early 20th century. The section of track between this station and Somerset is the shortest between any two stations on the North South Line; it takes 1 minute for a train to travel between these two stations. It is one of the station that receives heavy passenger numbers during peak hours.

paragraphs: The North South Line section of Dhoby Ghaut (Code: N1) was the first to open, doing so on 12 December 1987. It was formerly named The Istana, where the president's palace is located. The platforms were built under the former Stamford canal. It became an interchange station with the opening of the North East Line on 20 June 2003 (Code: H5), while the North South Line part of the station underwent upgrading which was completed in 2006. It to date remains the only interchange station serving the North South and North East Lines.

paragraphs: The Circle Line station opened on 17 April 2010, at which point Dhoby Ghaut became the first station in Singapore to be an interchange between three MRT lines. It is currently the only triple-line interchange station on the MRT network; however, with the opening of Stage 3 of the Thomson-East Coast MRT Line in 2021, two other stations, Outram Park and Marina Bay, will also become triple-line interchanges.

paragraphs: Dhoby Ghaut is the fourth deepest MRT station (after Bras Basah, Promenade and Bencoolen) in Singapore, with the deepest point at 28 metres below ground level. It is one of only four stations on the MRT network to have travelators with the other three being Bugis, Serangoon and Botanic Gardens stations.


title: Rameswaram

paragraphs: Rameshwaram is a coastal town in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu state in India. It is located in a island named Pamban island, which is separated from Indian mainland by Pamban Channel.

paragraphs: Rameshwaram is one of the holiest shrines for Hindus. The populous Ramanathaswamy Temple is located here.The town has the 64 Holy Tirthas, of which 24 are important accoring to Skanda Purana.

paragraphs: The town covers an area of 53 km. The population of the town is 44,851 according to 2011 census. This town is the birth place of the 11th president of India, Dr.A.P.J.Abdul Kalam.

paragraphs: The island in which Rameshwaram located was hit by a cyclone in 1964, that washed away Dhanushkodi, a nearby town and made severe damage in Rameshwaram too.


title: Vaigai River

paragraphs: The Vaigai River is a river that starts flowing from Varusanadu Hills, Periyar plateau of the Western Ghats range. This river flows east towards Tamil Nadu. The Vaigai river produces the Vattaparai Falls. The city of Madurai lies on the banks of this river. The river empties into the Palk strait in the Ramanathapuram district of Tamil Nadu.

paragraphs: The Vaigai river flows for 256km (160mi). The area of the drainage basin of Vaigai is 7036 square kilometers.

paragraphs: The tributaries of Vaigai are Suruli River, Mullaiyaar River, Varaha River and Manjal River. The Kirudhumal River joins Vaigai river in Theni district. The water of Periyar river is diverted or turned to Vaigai.


title: Paulo Dybala

paragraphs: Paulo Dybala (born 15 November 1993) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a forward for Italian football team Juventus and the Argentina national team.

paragraphs: He began his career as a professional footballer in 2011 when he started playing for Instituto ACC, a team based in Argentina. His great performances in Serie A got him a transfer to Juventus in 2015.

paragraphs: Due to his creative style of play, pace, technique, talent, and eye for goal, he has been nicknamed "La Joya" ("The Jewel") in Spanish"."

paragraphs: Dybala was born in Córdoba, Argentina. His grandfather, Bolesław Dybała, was from a small village in Poland. His family also had Italian origins through his maternal grandmother named Da Messa from the Province of Naples.


title: Cecelia Holland

paragraphs: Cecelia Holland is an American historical fiction novelist.

paragraphs: Holland was born on December 31, 1943, in Henderson, Nevada. She grew up in Metuchen, New Jersey, where she started writing at age 12.


title: Prince François, Count of Thorigny

paragraphs: Prince François of Monaco, Count of Thorigny (François Charles; 4 February 1726 – 9 December 1743) was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known by his title Count of Thorigny.

paragraphs: Born at the ""Hôtel Matignon"" in Paris, he was the eighth child of the reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. His father was the Count of Thorigny but the title was given to François. His older brother Honoré III would later become the next Prince of Monacao when their father died in 1751.


title: Joel Weisman

paragraphs: Joel D. Weisman (February 20, 1943 – July 18, 2009) was an American doctor who was one of the first to identify a pattern of illnesses that was ultimately diagnosed as AIDS in the United States. He later became an advocate for the development of treatments and prevention of the disease.

paragraphs: Weisman was born in Newark, New Jersey, on February 20, 1943. He attended the Kansas City College of Osteopathy (later known as the Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, graduating in 1970 with a Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO). He practiced medicine in his hometown of Carteret, New Jersey, for several years and ended his brief marriage by disclosing that he was gay.

paragraphs: He moved to Los Angeles and was hired by a doctor's office in North Hollywood. There, he started to see a number of patients in 1978 who had a series of unusual conditions, including younger men with shingles, a case of Kaposi's sarcoma, and several patients who had symptoms of what appeared to be, but was not, lymphoma.

paragraphs: Weisman referred two of these cases in 1981 to Michael S. Gottlieb, an immunologist at the UCLA Medical Center, who had a patient of his own with a similar pattern of symptoms. A report theyy jointly wrote published by the Centers for Disease Control in the June 5, 1981, issue of its "Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report", describing how their patients, "5 young men, all active homosexuals, were treated for biopsy-confirmed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 3 different hospitals in Los Angeles, California" of which "[t]wo of the patients died" by the time of the original report. This notice has been recognized as the first published report marking "the official start" of the AIDS pandemic and as "the first report on AIDS in the medical literature".

paragraphs: In Weisman's obituary in the "Los Angeles Times", Gottlieb described him as "a very astute physician" who recognized "that something out of the ordinary was happening" by being "alert to unusual symptoms in his patients". Krim described how Weisman immediately knew that "he was observing something that was never seen before."

paragraphs: Weisman died at age 66 due to heart disease on July 18, 2009, at his home in the Westwood neighborhood of Los Angeles. He was survived by his domestic partner of 17 years, Bill Hutton, as well as by a daughter and granddaughter, a brother and two nieces. Timothy Bogue, his partner for 10 years, died of AIDS in 1991.


title: Dunellen, New Jersey

paragraphs: Dunellen is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

paragraphs: Dunellen started in 1867. It grew around a railroad station. The station was originally called New Market station. It served the nearby community of that name in Piscataway.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.048 square miles (2.715 km). All of it is land. Dunellen is in the Raritan Valley, a line of communities in central New Jersey.


title: 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes

paragraphs: The 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes happened on April 14−16, 2016 near Kumamoto Prefecture in southern Japan. A foreshock of magnitude 6.2 on the Richter scale happened on the evening of April 14 at 21:26 Japan Standard Time. The main earthquake happened at 1:25 am JST with a magnitude of 7.0 on April 16.

paragraphs: A total of 48 people died in the two earthquakes. About 3,000 more were injured. There was severe damage in and around Kumamoto. Many structures including Kumamoto-Castle fell and some of them caught fire and infrastructures, especially water, electricity and gas supply are destructed. More than 44,000 people had to leave the area because of the disaster and most of them suffer hard living in shelters.


title: Game & Watch Gallery 4

paragraphs: Game & Watch Gallery 4, known in Europe and Australia as "Game & Watch Gallery Advance", is the fifth game in the series in Europe and Australia and the fourth in North America. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in Europe on October 25, 2002, in the United States on October 28, 2002, and in Australia in 2002. It is the second Game & Watch Gallery game not to receive a Japanese release until 2016 via the Wii U's Virtual Console. It is also the first title in the Game & Watch Gallery series to credit TOSE as a co-developer, after the company had gone uncredited in the previous installments.

paragraphs: This game features Game & Watch games in two styles: Classic, which features faithful reproductions of the original games, and Modern, which gives the games a different visual style using characters from the Super Mario Bros. series. It features 11 games with both Modern and Classic modes, and nine games with only Classic mode. This game facilitates multiplayer for Boxing and Donkey Kong 3.

paragraphs: Also included are several unlockable games that can only be played in Classic mode:


title: Metuchen, New Jersey

paragraphs: Metuchen ( ) is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States

paragraphs: Metuchen was created by the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1900. The land was part of Raritan Township (now known as Edison).

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough had a total area of 2.766 square miles (7.166 km). That included 2.764 square miles (7.160 km) of land and 0.002 square miles (0.006 km) of water (0.09%).


title: Bukit Panjang LRT Line

paragraphs: The Bukit Panjang LRT Line is a LRT Line in Singapore.

paragraphs: The line takes about 28 minutes for the full loop. This route starts at the Choa Chu Kang and travels around the Bukit Panjang area.

paragraphs: The Bukit Panjang LRT was first opened on 6 November 1999. Ten Mile Junction Station was closed from 10 December 2010 to 30 December 2011.

paragraphs: There are three services on the line: A and B terminate at Choa Chu Kang, and C ends at Ten Mile Junction.

paragraphs: All stations, except Choa Chu Kang and Ten Mile Junction, have two facing side platforms. Choa Chu Kang has an island platform, similar to most Singapore MRT stations, while Ten Mile Junction has only a single platform and is the only station with platform screen doors (supplied by Horton Automatics). Bukit Panjang and Choa Chu Kang have half-height platform barriers. Choa Chu Kang station will have two additional platforms and a new set of fare gates to ease crowding during peak hours. Between 2016 and 2017, Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at the remaining 11 LRT stations.

paragraphs: As of April 2017, the Half-Height Platform Barriers were installed at all stations except for Ten Mile Junction.


title: Prince Antoine, Marquis of Baux

paragraphs: Prince Antoine of Monaco, Marquis of Baux (16 December 1717 – 4 February 1718), was a Monégasque prince and member of the House of Grimaldi. He was known as the Marquis of Baux as the heir to the throne of Monaco. He was also the and Count of Matignon. He died before succeeding his mother.

paragraphs: Born in Monaco, he was the eldest son of the then-reigning Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband, Jacques I. He was given the title of Marquis of Baux, the traditional title for an heir to the Monégasque throne.


title: Ten Mile Junction LRT Station

paragraphs: Ten Mile Junction LRT Station (BP14) is an LRT station Singapore. It is along the Bukit Panjang LRT Line.

paragraphs: Services are provided at a lower frequency than other LRT stations. Trains only arrive every 20 minutes.

paragraphs: Formerly the code was: A14 (1999 - 2001)

paragraphs: Previous: Bukit Panjang (BP6/DT1)<br>Next: N/A


title: Paya Lebar MRT station

paragraphs: Paya Lebar MRT station (EW8/CC9) is a Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) interchange station on the East West Line and Circle Line in Geylang, Singapore.

paragraphs: It is named after the Paya Lebar Road, not the area called Paya Lebar. It is in the Geylang district.

paragraphs: This station was opened on 4 November 1989, as part of the East West Line. Its former code is E5. The Circle Line station platforms was opened on 17 April 2010.

paragraphs: A track fault at Paya Lebar delayed trains travelling towards HarbourFront on 31 December 2012. SMRT had called in staff to manually drive the trains between Dakota and MacPherson to navigate the fault. Circle Line trains began running normally again more than four hours after the fault took place around 8 am.

paragraphs: There are two links between the elevated East West Line station and the underground Circle Line station. The first link consists of a series of escalators to the Circle Line concourse from the western side of the East West platform, which is a common link to go to the Circle Line station. The second link, which is barrier-free, was built on the former area of Exit A which has been closed since late 2007 for reconstruction.

paragraphs: For the East West Line, train platforms are on Level 2. For the Circle Line, train platforms are on Basement 2. This is the only interchange station that has a middle track on the underground line, and it is the terminus for short-working trips after peak hours.


title: Petitioner

paragraphs: A petitioner is a very specific legal term. It is the person who presents a formal legal petition to a court or a legislature that requests a certain action be taken. A petitioner is also the person who files a motion or an appeal to a higher court. A party who petitions the Supreme Court to review a case is known as either the petitioner or the appellant. The person or entity (such as a corporation or government) who opposes the petition is called a respondent. In some cases a third party, an "amicus curiae" (friend of the court), may be heard.

paragraphs: In the case of an appeal, the petitioner is usually the party who lost in a lower court. This can be either the plaintiff or the defendant who files the petition to the higher court for judicial review. If the petition is granted, the petitioner files an appellate brief giving the legal arguments for filing the appeal. The respondent is given a short period of time to respond to the brief with arguments for their side of the case and to refute any arguments made by the petitioner. In some jurisdictions, the petitioner is allowed to file a short reply. In all three cases, arguments must be based on the trial record which includes the Transcripts of testimony and evidence from the original trial.

paragraphs: In civil law the person who files the case against another person is called the petitioner or plaintiff. In a divorce this is the party who files or starts the action to legally end the marriage.


title: Steven Universe episodes

paragraphs: Steven Universe is an American animated television series. It was created by Rebecca Sugar for Cartoon Network. The series is about Steven Universe (voiced by Zach Callison), who protects his hometown of Beach City as part of the Crystal Gems, alongside Garnet (voiced by Estelle), Amethyst (voiced by Michaela Dietz), and Pearl (voiced by Deedee Magno).

paragraphs: The following lists are ordered based on the list on official website of the series, which reflects the intended watching order of the creators. While similar to the original broadcast order, three episodes from the first season were not broadcast until the second season.


title: Subhas Chandra Bose

paragraphs: Subhas Chandra Bose was an Indian freedom fighter and one of the causes to Indian freedom. He was known as "Netaji". He was the President of Indian National Congress (INC) from 1938 to 1939. He attempted to get rid of British rule in India during World War II with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan.

paragraphs: Netaji's attempt was successful. He was also recognised as the person who founded the Azad Hind Army or Indian National Army with the help of Japan in 1942.

paragraphs: He was born on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack and forged his death in a plane crash in Taiwan in 1945. Also many Indians believed that he didn't die that time. The Government of West Bengal submitted many false pieces of evidence that he was not alive after the plane crash.


title: Princess Charlotte of Monaco

paragraphs: Princess Charlotte of Monaco (Charlotte Thérèse Nathalie; 19 May 1719 – circa 1790), was a Monégasque princess. Charlotte never married and as a result became a nun at a convent in Paris.

paragraphs: Born in Paris, she was the eldest daughter of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques I. Styled as ""Mademoiselle de Monaco"", she was known as "either" Charlotte or Thérèse Nathalie. . Never marrying, she eventually took religious vows and became a nun at the Convent of Visitation in Paris on 21 January 1738.

paragraphs: She remained unmarried, and died childless. She was once engaged to Frédéric Jules de La Tour d'Auvergne, "Prince of Auvergne". Yet, this proposed marriage did not come to be and before she was much older the engagement was broken off and Charlotte went to a convent to begin her education. She considered becoming a nun while there, wrestled with the decision but did finally take her vows as a sister of the Order of the Visitation. She did leave the convent a number of times to visit her family


title: 2016 Ecuador earthquake

paragraphs: On April 16, 2016, a 7.8 magnitude struck Ecuador at 18:58 local time. It was centered about 17 miles from the town of Muisne and about 110 miles from the capital Quito. There was widespread damage, so that most infrastructures are destroyed. Structures hundreds of miles from the epicenter collapsed.

paragraphs: Over 272 people died. Over 2,500 people were injured.

paragraphs: President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency after the earthquake.


title: Princess Sofia, Duchess of Värmland

paragraphs: Princess Sofia of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland (born Sofia Kristina Hellqvist on 6 December 1984) is the wife of Prince Carl Philip, Duke of Värmland. She began dating Prince Carl Philip in 2010. She has also been a glamour model and reality television contestant. Hellqvist has appeared on the reality show "Paradise Hotel".

paragraphs: She married Prince Carl Philip at Slottskyrkan in Stockholm on 13 June 2015. After the marriage she got the title Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Värmland. Their first child Prince Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, was born on 19 April 2016. In March 2017, it was announced that the couple's second child is expected in September 2017. Their second son Prince Gabriel Carl Walther was born on 31 August 2017.


title: Seymouria

paragraphs: Seymouria was an amphibian tetrapod from the early Permian of North America and Europe, about 280 to 270 million years ago (mya). It was small, only 2 ft (60 cm) long.

paragraphs: As an adult animal, "Seymouria" was well adapted to life on land, with many reptilian features. It was for quite a long time thought to be a primitive reptile. However, it is now known that "its early life stages were in water". Apparently, it is an amphibian whose adult stage was adapted for life in a dry climate.

paragraphs: The discovery of its amphibian nature was a considerable surprise.

paragraphs: The adult skeletons were first found in the red beds of Texas and Oklahoma. These beds were laid down in the huge delta complex of a large river flowing towards a coast, much like the Mississippi of today. The species found in Germany and New Mexico, "Seymouria sanjuanensis", had massive legs and held its body well off the ground. This shows an "effective adaptation to terrrestrial locomotion".

paragraphs: A simplified life cycle might be: eggs laid in water, larval stages in water, young animal with limbs climbs out and instinctively moves to higher ground. All its life lived as a carnivore on dry land, returning to water occasionally to drink and to breed. The adults would be able to operate in a fairly dry climate.


title: Karaikal

paragraphs: Karaikal is a port city in the south-eastern coast of India. It is also a municipality and headquarters of Karaikal district. The French Government got control over Karaikal in 1674 and ruled it for over 280 years until the Pondicherry independence in 1954.

paragraphs: After the independence, Karaikal was also joined with Yanam, Mahe,and Pondicherry forming the Puducherry Union territory. Karaikal city and other surrounding parts like Tirumalairayanpattinam, Thirunallar, Nedungadu, Kottucherry, Neravy, Varichikudy etc forms the Karaikal district. This district divides the Nagapattinam district into two. This makes Nagapattinam district as the only district to be divided into two in India.

paragraphs: The rivers of Arasalar River, Virasolanar River, Tirumalairajanar River, Vikramanar River and tributary rivers of Arasalar River flows into the sea here in Karaikal port city.

paragraphs: Karaikal is situated in the Kaveri river's delta region. Therefore Karaikal land is rich in Alluviam, which makes it fertile land.

paragraphs: Karaikal is the place where Karaikal Ammaiyar, one of the 63 nayanmars born and lived. She is one of the renowned saint, who showed her devotion to Lord Shiva. She was also known as the mother of southern music.

paragraphs: Karaikal has many famous temples which are very famous like the Karaikal Ammaiyar Temple. The grand and famous festival of Mangani festival is celebrated in Karaikal. The other temples are Kailasanathar Kovil, Sri Nithyakalyana Perumal temple etc.


title: Melksham

paragraphs: Melksham () is a small-sized English town, on the River Avon in the county of Wiltshire. It is east of the city of Bath and south of Chippenham. Melksham is west of Devizes and north of Warminster on the A350 national route.

paragraphs: The name is thought to come from "meolc", the Old English word for milk, and "ham", a village. On John Speed's map of Wiltshire (1611), the name is spelt both Melksham (for the hundred) and Melksham (for the town itself). There are nine schools in Melksham. Melksham also has a very popular football and rugby team that play competitive matches in a small league. The population of Melksham in 2019 is 19,357. In Melksham there is a park called King George, it has a tennis court and a football court all together in one. It has a massive field with lots of apertures and swings.


title: Nan Chiau High School

paragraphs: Nan Chiau High School is a co-educational secondary school in Singapore. It is one of the 11 schools in Singapore that offer the Special Assistance Plan (SAP) Special/Express stream.

paragraphs: The school is affiliated to Singapore Hokkien Huay Kuan (also known as the Singapore Hokkien Association).


title: Promenade MRT station

paragraphs: Promenade Station (CC4/DT15) is an MRT Station in Singapore. It is an underground interchange station along Circle MRT Line and Downtown MRT Line. It is the deepest station in Singapore at 43 meters below ground. The deepest platform is at Basement 7.

paragraphs: It is the only station to have four separated stacked side platforms on its own levels -

paragraphs: This is due to lack of space and the tight corridor at Temasek Avenue area. The two levels were restricted (B3 and B5).


title: Jurong East MRT station

paragraphs: Jurong East Station (NS1/EW24) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is an interchange station along North South MRT Line and East West MRT Line. The station is a terminus for the North South MRT Line, and is currently the only elevated station to have triple island platforms.

paragraphs: This station was opened on 5 November 1988. The Branch MRT Line was opened on 10 March 1990, and it merged with North South MRT Line on 10 February 1996. The station code was originally W9. Two additional platforms were opened on 27 May 2011.

paragraphs: Previous: Clementi (EW23)<br>Next: Chinese Garden (EW25)

paragraphs: Previous: N/A<br>Next: Bukit Batok (NS2)


title: Maurya Empire

paragraphs: The Maurya Empire is the first large empire of India. The empire was founded in 322 BC by Chandragupta Maurya.

paragraphs: Chandragupta Maurya established the Maurya empire by overthrowing the Nanda dynasty and expanded the empire with the help of Chanakya. By 316 BC , the Maurya empire fully occupied North-Western parts of India, defeating and conquering the governors left by Alexander the Great. Chandragupta Maurya defeated Seleucus I Nicator and gained the territories beyond Indus River.

paragraphs: After Chandragupta Maurya, his son Bindusara started to rule from 298 BC. He was called as "Amitraghata", the sanskrit word telling that Bindusara is the "slayer of enemies". He conquered the southern parts of India. After his death, only Kalinga (modern Orissa) and parts of Tamil Nadu were left unconquered.

paragraphs: King Ashoka, son of Bindusara, became the emperor of Mauryan Empire in 268 BC. He is one of the greatest emperor of the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka conquered Kalinga in the violent and bloody war, which is known as the Kalinga War. This is the only war fought by King Ashoka. The casualities are more than 200,000. The region of Kalinga was destroyed and looked bloodshed. This changed the mind of Ashoka. He devoted the rest of his life to 'ahinsa' and 'dharma-vijaya'. He became a Buddhist after this war. King Ashoka made many Rock edicts and Stupas in his empire. The present emblem of India was taken from one of his rock pillars. He was commonly called as Ashoka the Great.

paragraphs: After his death in 232 BC, the empire started to decline. The empire lasted just fifty years after his death. Brihadratha Maurya, the last Mauryan emperor was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga, who founded the Sunga Empire in 185 BC.


title: South River, New Jersey

paragraphs: South River is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

paragraphs: At the 2010 United States Census, there were 16,008 people, 5,652 households, and 4,019 families residing in the borough.

paragraphs: South River's largest incoming immigrant population are Asian's, Mexican's and Brazilian populations.

paragraphs: South River has become a center for Belarusian Americans in the postwar-period. The immigrants reestablished the Belarusian Orthodox parish of St. Eufrasinnia, that previously existed in Germany. In 1953 a Belarusian cemetery was opened, that houses also Radasłaŭ Astroŭski.

paragraphs: The town government council has a Mayor and a Borough Council. It has 6 members that serve three-year terms. Two members are up for election each year.

paragraphs: South River is located in the 12th Congressional District

paragraphs: The South River Public Schools serve students in Kindergarten through Twelfth grade.

paragraphs: As of the 2011-12 school year, the district's four schools had a total enrollment of 2,305 students and 163 classroom teachers

paragraphs: The borough had a total of of roads were maintained by the municipality. are maintained by Middlesex County.

paragraphs: The mains roads that travel through are CR 535 and CR 527. Route 18 passes just west of the borough, which provides access to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95).

paragraphs: New Jersey Transit bus service is provided on the 811 and 815 routes.


title: Russell Westbrook

paragraphs: Russell Westbrook Jr. (born November 12, 1988) is an American professional basketball player for the Houston Rockets of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Westbrook played college basketball for the UCLA Bruins. Westbrook is the point guard and stands . He was named as the best player in the NBA in 2017 winning the MVP (Most Valuable Player) Award, because he is argubaly one of the best players in the NBA because, he has had more triple doubles in three games than lebron james has had his whole 2016-2017 season


title: Lyubomir Ivanov

paragraphs: Lyubomir Lalov Ivanov is a Bulgarian mathematician, geographer, linguist and politician.

paragraphs: Chairman of the "Mathematical Logic" section at the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (1990-2011). Chairman of the Bulgarian Antarctic Place-names Commission since 1994, and national representative to the International Committee on Antarctic Geographic Information. President of the Manfred Wörner Foundation since 1994. Chairman of the Atlantic Club in Bulgaria (2001–2009).

paragraphs: Lyubomir Ivanov was born on 7 October 1952 in Sofia. In the period 1986-1988 he organized a successful dissident campaign against the candidacy of Sofia for hosting in the city and adjacent Vitosha Mountain the Winter Olympics of 1992 and 1994.

paragraphs: He was an activist of the independent association "Ecoglasnost" in 1989. Author of "Charter '89 for the preservation of Bulgarian natural heritage". Co-founder of the association "Wilderness Fund" and the Green Party, 1989. Participant in the National Round Table, 1990. Member of the National Coordination Council of the Union of Democratic Forces (1990-1991). Member of the VII Grand National Assembly. He authored scientific works in the field of mathematics, linguistics and toponymy, which have been applied in particular in designing the Streamlined System for the Romanization of Bulgarian. Ivanov suggests using his approach to Cyrillic transliteration also for other alphabets, notably Russian. Participant in several Antarctic expeditions and author of the first Bulgarian topographic map of Antarctica. Leader of the topographic survey Tangra 2004/05, noted by Discovery Channel as a timeline event in Antarctic exploration.

paragraphs: In 1987 he was awarded the prize "Nikola Obreshkov" – the highest national award for achievements in mathematics, given for his monograph "Algebraic Recursion Theory". UNHCR Award for his contribution to refugee studies.


title: Doug Harvey

paragraphs: Douglas Norman Harvey (December 19, 1924 – December 26, 1989) was a Canadian professional hockey player. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1947 until 1964, and from 1966 until 1969 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest defencemen ever to play the game. He won the James Norris Memorial Trophy as the league's top defenceman on seven occasions.


title: Alissa Rubin

paragraphs: Alissa Johannsen Rubin is an American journalist who writes about war. She is of Jewish descent. She is the bureau chief for "The New York Times" in Paris. In 2016 she received a Pulitzer Prize for her stories about women in Afghanistan.

paragraphs: Rubin worked for "The Congressional Quarterly", "The Wichita Eagle", and "The American Lawyer" magazine.

paragraphs: In 1997, Rubin went to work at "The Los Angeles Times", where she wrote about Iraq, Afghanistan and the Balkans.

paragraphs: In 2007 she went to work for the "The New York Times", where she wrote about Iraq and France. She worked in the Baghdad bureau as a journalist, and then she became chief. In 2009, she became chief of the bureau in Kabul, Afghanistan.


title: Suraya Pakzad

paragraphs: Suraya Pakzad is an Afghan activist. She started Voice of Women, an organization that helps women in Afghanistan. In 2008 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

paragraphs: Pakzad was born in Herat, Afghanistan. She received a degree in literature from Kabul University in 1990.

paragraphs: When Pakzad was 12 years old, she saw a gunman kill the headmistress of her school. A few weeks later, a bomb hit her school and killed a girl in her class.

paragraphs: Pakzad started Voice of Women in 1998. Its main office is in the city of Herat, but it has other offices in three provinces. The organization continued during the time of the Taliban rule, mostly in the city of Kabul. The organization helps women with housing. It helps women who get out of jail, women who run away from violent men, and girls who run away from forced marriages.

paragraphs: During the time of the Taliban, the organization had secret schools for girls in Kabul. After the end of the Taliban in 2001, Voice of Women was the first women’s NGO to register with the new government.

paragraphs: In 2014 Pakzad started a women-only restaurant in Herat Province.


title: Spotswood, New Jersey

paragraphs: Spotswood is a town in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States.

paragraphs: Its first settler James Johnston originally called the place "Spotteswoode", named for his old place of residence in Scotland. The settlement dates back to 1685.

paragraphs: Spotswood was originally part of East Brunswick Township, but decided to become its own town on April 15, 1908.

paragraphs: The town had a total area of 2.472 square miles (6.402 km).

paragraphs: As of the 2000 United States Census there were 7,880 people, 3,099 households, and 2,163 families residing in the borough.


title: Bokeo Province

paragraphs: Bokèo (Laotian: ບໍ່ແກ້ວ;) is a northern province of Laos. It has the fewest people. Bokeo Province is the smallest of the country's provinces, covering an area of .

paragraphs: Bokeo ("gem mine") was named after the sapphires gems that is found in the province.

paragraphs: The Bokeo Nature Reserve was created as protection for the black crested gibbon (also known as "black-cheeked gibbon"), discovered in 1997, previously thought to be extinct. Elephants and wild water buffalo migrate through the reserve; bears and tigers are also present.

paragraphs: Other than the gibbons the wildlife in the reserve reported are: tigers, bears, otters and wild cattle.

paragraphs: Its population was 145,000 in 2007, in 36 townships, more than 400 villages. The province has more than 34 ethnicities.

paragraphs: Houay Xay, the capital city of the province, has a lot of eco nomic activity. The province produces a lot of maize. Also there is a big industry for precious stones and gold

paragraphs: "Paa beuk", a catfish, the largest freshwater fish in the world, is found in the Mekong river. It grows to in length and could weigh up to 300 kg. It is an economic resource for the people as it has a high price in the market, the meat of this endangered fish being a delicacy.


title: Tempora

paragraphs: Tempora is the codeword for a computer system used by the British Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ). It collects most internet communications from fibre-optic cables. The data base of messages can be searched later as required. The system went into action in autumn 2011.

paragraphs: Tempora uses intercepts on the fibre-optic cables that make up most of the internet. It gets large amounts of internet users' personal data, without any individual suspicion or targeting.

paragraphs: The existence of Tempora was revealed by Edward Snowden. He is a former American intelligence contractor who leaked information to former "Guardian" journalist Glenn Greenwald in May 2013. This was part of Snowdon's revelations of government-sponsored mass surveillance programs. Data collected by the Tempora program is shared with the National Security Agency of the United States.


title: USA3000 Airlines

paragraphs: USA3000 Airlines was an airline from the United States. The original name of the airline was "Brendan Airways". For commercial reasons, the airline chose to be known as "USA3000 Airlines". It was started by Apple Vacations in 2001. The airline started charter (irregular) flights to Cancún and Punta Cana in December of 2001.


title: Lampang Province

paragraphs: Lampang (, ) is one of the northern provinces ("changwat") of Thailand.

paragraphs: Lampang is in the broad river valley of the Wang River. It has mountain chains. The highest mountain is Doi Luang. It stands at high.

paragraphs: Lampang is famous for the production of ceramic goods and its mining operations. A great deal of ball clay, china stone, and lignite are extracted from the surrounding mountains.

paragraphs: There are more than 200 ceramic factories in and around Mueang Lampang district. Most of ceramic factories are small to medium-sized operations mainly producing novelties (plant pots, dolls), tablewares, and building materials (tiles, railings).

paragraphs: The largest coal fired power plant in Southeast Asia is in Mae Mo district near the lignite mining area. The plant uses the abundant lignite as fuel. The largest concrete plant is also north of Mueang Lampang. This is also powered by lignite. Limestone is another abundant rock mined in Lampang. The agricultural products that this province is famous for are rice and pineapples.

paragraphs: In the 11th century, the Khmer Empire occupied the Lampang area. King Mengrai of Lanna took control of the region and made it part of his kingdom in 1292. Lampang became a province of Thailand in 1892.

paragraphs: Hand-made cotton (ผ้าทอมือ) comes in different patterns designed by different villages.

paragraphs: Wood-carving (ไม้แกะสลัก) is a major industry at Tambon Na Khrua of Mae Tha district

paragraphs: Terra-cotta or ceramics (เซรามิก) produced in Lampang are of the best quality in Thailand.

paragraphs: Sa Paper (กระดาษสา) is a fine product made from a type of soft wood. The process is purely traditional and the major producing center is the village of Ban Nam Thong.

paragraphs: Luang Wiang Lakhon Fair (งานหลวงเวียงละคอน) features Lampang's own historical backgrounds and long-established customs and traditions.i

paragraphs: Khantok Chang Fair (งานขันโตกช้าง หรือ สะโตกช้าง) hosts an elephant fiar

paragraphs: Lampang Trains and Horse Carriages Day (งานวันรถไฟรถม้าลำปาง) is organized at the Nakhon Lampang Railway Station at the beginning of April to commemorate the first royal train that arrived to the station 1 April 1916. In the event, there will be an exhibition and Kat Mua market, where the participants will dress up in the traditional style of costume of some 80 years ago, when the horse carriage was first used in Lampang. The carriage service is also provided in the event.

paragraphs: Salung Luang Procession and Songkran Festival (งานแห่สลุงหลวงและสงกรานต์) is a festival held from 12–14 April every year. On 12 April, water bowls will be decorated". On 13–14 April every year, there will be, sand pagoda making, ceremony of pouring water onto the elderly, splashing of water, fairs and various forms of entertainment.