title: Conservative Party of Canada

paragraphs: The Conservative Party of Canada (French: Parti Conservateur du Canada) is a political party in Canada. The party is considered to be on the center-right to right of the Political spectrum, unlike the Liberal Party of Canada, Bloc Québécois or the New Democratic Party. The party is the successor to the numerous right-wing parties, mainly the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Right now, the leader of the party is Erin O'Toole, who is the Leader of the Official Opposition.

paragraphs: The party won a minority government in the 2006 and 2008 elections and a majority government in 2011 election under the leadership of Stephen Harper, who served as the 22nd Prime Minister of Canada. Following the loss of the 2015 election falling to second place, Harper resigned as leader and was filled in by interim leader Rona Ambrose until the next leadership election, which Andrew Scheer won.


title: Headline News (song)

paragraphs: "Headline News" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of the Crash Test Dummies's song "Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm". It describes current events at the time in a humorous way. It was released on the 1994 album "Permanent Record: Al in the Box".


title: Teddy Bears' Picnic

paragraphs: "Teddy Bears' Picnic" is a very popular song about teddy bears. The tune was composed by John Walter Bratton in 1907. The words were added by Irish songwriter Jimmy Kennedy in 1932. Since then it has always been extremely popular as a children's song. Many musicians have made recordings of it. A particularly famous recording was made in 1932 by Henry Hall. For more than 30 years this recording was used by BBC audio engineers to test audio equipment.


title: Whoopi Goldberg

paragraphs: Whoopi Goldberg (born Caryn Elaine Johnson; November 13, 1955) is an American actress, comedienne, author and talk show host. She made her movie debut in "The Color Purple" for which she won a Golden Globe Award. Goldberg was partners with Frank Langella from 1996 until they separated in 2001. She is currently a co-host on "The View".

paragraphs: Goldberg had a daughter when she was 18 years old. She became a grandmother when she was 34.


title: Eddie (movie)

paragraphs: Eddie is a 1996 sports comedy movie that was produced by Mark Burg and David Permut and was directed by Steve Rash.

paragraphs: The plot of the movie is about Edwina "Eddie" Franklin (Whoopi Goldberg) who wins a chance to be an honorary head coach of the New York Knicks and trys to turn around a struggling Knicks team.


title: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf

paragraphs: Dame Elisabeth Schwarzkopf DBE (9 December 1915 in Jarotschin in Prussia - 3 August 2006 in Schruns, Austria) was a German-British soprano. She was one of the most famous opera singers of the 20th century as well as a famous recitalist. She was particularly known for singing the music of Mozart, Schubert, Strauss, and Wolf.

paragraphs: Elisabeth Schwarzkopf was born in Jarotschin in the province of Posen in Prussia. Schwarzkopf showed an interest in music from an early age. She first sang in an opera in 1928 when she took the part of Eurydice in a school production of Gluck's "Orfeo ed Euridice" in Magdeburg, Germany. In 1934, Schwarzkopf started to study in Berlin Hochschule für Musik, then she changed teachers and started working with the coloratura soprano Maria Ivogün as well as with Ivogün's husband, the pianist Michael Raucheisen.

paragraphs: Schwarzkopf gave her first professional performance at the Deutsche Oper Berlin on 15 April 1938, as the Second Flower Maiden (First Group) in Act II of Richard Wagner's "Parsifal". She sang in Berlin for four years, during which time she joined the Nazi Party. Because of this she was later not allowed to appear in the United States.

paragraphs: In 1942, she was invited to sing with the Vienna State Opera, where her roles included Konstanze in Mozart's "Die Entführung aus dem Serail", Musetta and later Mimì in Puccini's "La bohème" and Violetta in Verdi's" La traviata".

paragraphs: In 1945, Schwarzkopf was given Austrian citizenship so that she would be allowed to sing in the Vienna State Opera. In 1947 and 1948, Schwarzkopf appeared on tour with the Vienna State Opera at London's Royal Opera House at Covent Garden on 16 September 1947 as Donna Elvira in Mozart's "Don Giovanni" and at La Scala on 28 December 1948, as the Countess in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro", which became one of her most famous roles.

paragraphs: From that time on she was invited to sing all over the world, including at La Scala, Milan and the San Francisco Opera.

paragraphs: In March 1946, Schwarzkopf had been invited to audition for Walter Legge. Legge was a man who produced classical music recordings in Britain. He had founded the Philharmonia Orchestra. Legge asked Schwarzkopf to sing Hugo Wolf's lied "Wer rief dich denn?". He thought she was so good that he gave her an exclusive contract with EMI. They worked a lot together, and they were married on 19 October 1953 in Epsom, Surrey; Schwarzkopf now had British citizenship because of her marriage to an Englishman.

paragraphs: In the 1960s, when Schwarzkopf sang in operas she nearly always sang one of her five favourite operatic roles: Donna Elvira in Mozart's "Don Giovanni", Countess Almaviva in "The Marriage of Figaro", Fiordiligi in "Così fan tutte", Countess Madeleine in Strauss's "Capriccio", and the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier". She was also good at singing Alice Ford in Verdi's "Falstaff". On the EMI label she made several "champagne operetta" recordings like Franz Lehár's "The Merry Widow" and Johann Strauss II's "The Gypsy Baron".

paragraphs: Schwarzkopf's last operatic performance was as the Marschallin on 31 December 1971, in the theatre of La Monnaie in Brussels. For the next several years, she only sang in lieder recitals.

paragraphs: On 17 March 1979, Walter Legge had a serious heart attack. His doctors told him to rest, but instead of resting he went to Schwarzkopf's last recital two days later in Zurich. Three days later, he died.

paragraphs: After retiring, Schwarzkopf taught and gave master classes around the world, especially at the Juilliard School in New York City. She was well known for being an extremely strict teacher who stopped her pupils to criticize every little bit of detail. After living in Switzerland for many years, she went to live in Vorarlberg, Austria.

paragraphs: She was made a doctor of music by the University of Cambridge in 1976, and became a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in 1992. She received many other awards.

paragraphs: Schwarzkopf died in her sleep during the night of 2–3 August 2006 at her home in the village of Schruns, in Vorarlberg, western Austria, aged 90.


title: New York and New Jersey Campaign

paragraphs: The New York and New Jersey Campaign was a series of battles between the British forces and the Continental Army that decided who would take control of New York City and the U.S. state of New Jersey in the American Revolutionary War and were mostly British victories. One British purpose was to finish smashing the Rebel army after the Battle of Long Island. The battles happened near the end of 1776. The Continentals won the two small battles of Trenton and Princeton at the end of the campaign, and spent the winter in Morristown, New Jersey. The British controlled the area for most of the rest of the war.


title: Amish Paradise

paragraphs: "Amish Paradise" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "Gangsta's Paradise" by Coolio. It was released in 1996 on the album "Bad Hair Day".


title: Gump (song)

paragraphs: "Gump" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a parody of "Lump" by the Presidents of the United States of America. It was released on the album "Bad Hair Day" in 1996. The song is a humorous retelling of the film "Forrest Gump".


title: Spy Hard (song)

paragraphs: "Spy Hard" is a song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a comedic song in the style of spy songs such as James Bond. It was used in the film of the same name.


title: Malt

paragraphs: Malt is cereal grain that is sprouted and then dried by hot air. It is sometimes used in brewing. Malt is high in sugar because when the grain sprouts, much of its starch changes to sugar. If the malt is dried with fire, it can have a smoky flavor. The sugar from the malt can be fermented into beer and whisky.


title: Liberal Party of Canada

paragraphs: The Liberal Party of Canada () is a political party in Canada. The party is considered to be centre to centre-left. The party was the Official Opposition after it lost the 2006 election, until the NDP became the Official Opposition in 2011. They won the election in 2015.

paragraphs: The current party leader is the Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.

paragraphs: Every provinces and one territory in Canada have its own Liberal Party. However, only the parties in New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island are part of the federal Liberal Party. Some of the other provincial parties might have very similar political ideologies but they are different political parties. These parties might have different members and different funding.


title: Christogram IHS

paragraphs: The Christogram IHS is a monogram symbolizing Jesus Christ.

paragraphs: From Greek it is an abbreviation of the name IHΣΟΥΣ (Jesus).

paragraphs: In Eastern Orthodox Church the Christogram is composed with letters "X," "P", "I" and "X" arranged into the cross. They are the first letters of one from two words in Greek language: "Christ" and "Jesus Christ".

paragraphs: In the Western culture there exist the compositions: "IHS" and also "IHC" being the first letters (iota-eta-sigma) of the name Jesus in Greek alphabet: ΙΗΣΟΥΣ (Ίησοῦς or ΙΗϹΟΥϹ with lunated sigma). The abbreviation in form "IHS" appeared in first time on the coins of Justinian II on the turn of the 7th and 8th centuries.

paragraphs: The order of Jesuits, in other words the Society of Jesus ("Societas Iesu"), adopted "IHS" as its fixed emblem - the symbol in 17th century. There appeared also Latin interpretations of the abbreviation "IHS", among others:

paragraphs: These developed inscriptions were most likely formed because in the Middle Ages people mistakenly read the letter E as H.

paragraphs: According to a legend, this inscription with the cross was seen by emperor Constantine the Great in his sleep before the battle against Maxentius in 312 on the Ponte Milvio.

paragraphs: Commentators unfriendly to the Catholic Church sometimes interpret the abbreviation IHS as derived from the solar idols of the Egyptian mythology: Isis, Horus and Seth. Nevertheless, present scientific knowledge does not confirm such interpretations.


title: The Color Purple (movie)

paragraphs: The Color Purple is a 1985 American period drama movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, Kathleen Kennedy, Quincy Jones and Frank Marshall. It was directed by Spielberg. "The Color Purple" is based on the Pulitzer Prize-winning novel, "The Color Purple" by Alice Walker.

paragraphs: The movie tells the story of an African American girl named Celie in Georgia from 1909 to 1937. It shows the problems African American women faced during the early 20th century, including poverty, racism, and sexism. Celie is changed as she finds her self-worth through the help of two strong female friends.

paragraphs: The movie is one of only two of Spielberg's movies for which John Williams did not create the music.

paragraphs: "The Color Purple" was nominated for 11 Academy Awards. Notably, Spielberg was not nominated for his direction. It won none of the Academy Awards. This tied the record set by 1977's "The Turning Point" for the most Oscar nominations without a single win.

paragraphs: "The Color Purple" was nominated for five Golden Globes, including Best Picture (Drama), Best Director for Spielberg, and Best Supporting Actress for Winfrey. Its only win went to Goldberg for Best Actress (Drama).

paragraphs: Menno Meyjes was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

paragraphs: Spielberg received the Directors Guild of America Award for Best Motion Picture Director, his first.

paragraphs: The movie was shown at the 1986 Cannes Film Festival as a non-competing title.


title: Meet the Parents

paragraphs: Meet the Parents is a 2000 American comedy movie. It was produced by Robert De Niro, Jay Roach, Jane Rosenthal and Nancy Tenenbaum and was directed by Jay Roach. "Meet the Parents" is a remake of the 1992 movie of the same name. There were two sequels to "Meet the Parents". The first sequel was "Meet the Fockers", which was released in 2004. The second sequel was "Little Fockers", which was released in 2010.


title: Ferris Bueller's Day Off

paragraphs: Ferris Bueller's Day Off is a 1986 American teen comedy movie set in Chicago, Illinois. It was produced by John Hughes and Tom Jacobson and was directed by Hughes.

paragraphs: There was a TV show on NBC in 1990 called "Ferris Bueller", which was a prequel to the movie. Charlie Schlatter played Ferris Bueller; Jennifer Aniston played his sister. The Bueller family lived in Los Angeles instead of Chicago.


title: Alfred Sisley

paragraphs: Alfred Sisley (30 October 1839 – 29 January 1899) was an English Impressionist landscape painter. He was a British citizen, but was born, and spent most of his life, in France. Sisley is known for his Impressionist landscapes painted "en plein air", that is, outdoors. He never went into portrait painting and continued in the impressionist style all his career.

paragraphs: Among his most important works are a series of paintings of the River Thames, mostly around Hampton Court, painted in 1874, and various paintings showing places in or near Moret-sur-Loing.

paragraphs: Sisley was born in Paris to rich English parents. His father William Sisley was in the silk business, and his mother Felicia Sell enjoyed music. In 1857, at the age of 18, Sisley was sent to London to study for a career in business, but he gave it up after four years and returned to Paris. In 1862 he studied at the atelier of Swiss artist Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, where he met Frédéric Bazille, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir.

paragraphs: Together they would paint landscapes in the open rather than in the studio. This helped them to capture the changing effects of sunlight. This new approach resulted in paintings more colorful and more broadly painted than people were used to seeing. At first Sisley and his friends had few chances to show or sell their work. Their works were usually rejected by the jury of the most important art exhibition in France, the annual Salon. During the 1860s, though, Sisley was in a better position than some of his fellow artists, for his father regularly gave him money.

paragraphs: In 1866 Sisley began a relationship with Eugénie Lesouezec (1834–1898; also known as Marie Lescouezec). They had two children: son Pierre (born 1867) and daughter Jeanne (1869). At the time, Sisley lived not far from Avenue de Clichy and the Café Guerbois, the meeting place of many Parisian painters. In 1868 his paintings were accepted at the Salon, but it did not bring him any financial or critical success, and neither did any of the subsequent exhibitions.

paragraphs: The Franco-Prussian War which began in 1870 caused Sisley's father's business to fail. The painter's only income was from the sale of his works. He lived in poverty for the rest of his life, as the value of his paintings only rose in value after his death. Occasionally, however, Sisley would be helped by his patrons, which allowed him, among other things, to make a few short trips to England. The first trip was in 1874 after the first independent Impressionist exhibition. The result of the trip was a series of nearly 20 paintings of the Upper Thames near Molesey. Art historian Kenneth Clark said this was "a perfect moment of Impressionism."

paragraphs: Until 1880, Sisley lived and worked in the countryside west of Paris; then Sisley and his family moved to a small village near Moret-sur-Loing. This was close to the forest of Fontainebleau where the painters of the Barbizon school had worked earlier in the century. Here, as art historian Anne Poulet has said, "the gentle landscapes with their constantly changing atmosphere were perfectly attuned to his talents. Unlike Monet, he never sought the drama of the rampaging ocean or the brilliantly colored scenery of the Côte d'Azur." In 1881 Sisley made one more short trip to England.

paragraphs: In 1897 Sisley and his partner visited Wales and were married in Cardiff Register Office on 5 August. They stayed at Penarth, where he painted at least six pictures of the sea and the cliffs. In mid-August they moved to the Osborne Hotel on the Gower Peninsula, where he painted at least eleven oil-paintings in and around Rotherslade Bay. They returned to France in October. This was Sisley's last trip to England. The National Museum of Wales in Cardiff now has two of his Welsh paintings.

paragraphs: In 1898 he applied for French citizenship but was refused. He made a second application supported by a police report. He became ill before the application was accepted, with Sisley remaining English until his death. The painter died of throat cancer in Moret-sur-Loing at the age of 59, just a few months after the death of his wife.

paragraphs: Sisley's first works are lost. His earliest known work is "Lane near a Small Town". This is believed to have been painted around 1864. His first landscape paintings are sad and gloomy, coloured with dark browns, greens, and pale blues. They were often painted at Marly and Saint-Cloud. No one knows if Sisley's knew the paintings of J. M. W. Turner and John Constable, which he may have seen in London. These artists have been suggested as an influence on his development as an Impressionist painter, as well as Gustave Courbet and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

paragraphs: Among the Impressionists Sisley has been overshadowed by Monet. Sisley's work very similar to that of Camille Pissarro. Described by art historian Robert Rosenblum as having "almost a generic character, an impersonal textbook idea of a perfect Impressionist painting", his work strongly creates atmosphere and his skies are always very impressive. His concentration on landscape subjects was the most consistent of any of the Impressionists.

paragraphs: Among Sisley's best-known works are "Street in Moret" and "Sand Heaps", and "The Bridge at Moret-sur-Loing" shown at Musée d'Orsay, Paris. "Allée des peupliers de Moret" ("The Lane of Poplars at Moret") has been stolen three times from the Musée des Beaux-Arts in Nice. The first time was in 1978 when on loan in Marseille, but it was found a few days later in the city's sewers. It was stolen again in 1998 and the museum's curator was convicted of the theft and jailed for five years along with two friends. It was stolen again in August 2007. On 4 June 2008, the French National Police found it and three other stolen paintings inside a van in Marseille.


title: Anthoxanthum

paragraphs: Anthoxanthum, the "vernal grasses", is a large genus of true grass with a wide distribution. "A. odoratum" is a common species of acidic grassland and bogs in northern Europe.

paragraphs: The genus "Hierochloe" is included in "Anthoxanthum" by some. "Hierochloe" is a genus or subgenus known generally as "sweetgrass". These are perennial rhizomatous grasses found in temperate regions in the Northern Hemisphere. These erect green grasses are known for their sweet scent. They bear panicle inflorescences with rounded grass grain fruits.


title: Inflorescence

paragraphs: An inflorescence is a flowering stem. The term is most used for a group or cluster of flowers arranged on a stem. An inflorescence is the reproductive portion of a plant; each plant bears its flowers in a specific pattern.

paragraphs: Sometimes it is just a close bunch of flowers (e.g. "Antirrhinum") on a "spike". Sometimes the inflorescence is so tight it looks like one single flower. What you see as a single daisy is actually made of several hundred tiny flowers packed together. This kind of inflorescence is called a pseudanthium ("false flower").

paragraphs: The advantages of the inflorescence mode is all about reproduction compared to a single primitive flower of the "Magnolia" type.


title: Donald Adamson

paragraphs: Donald Adamson (born 30 March 1939 at Culcheth, Lancashire) is a British historian, philosophical writer and literary critic.

paragraphs: He is the author of "Blaise Pascal: Mathematician, Physicist and Thinker about God" (1995), a book detailing the concept of the existence of God and a study of Pascal’s "Wager".

paragraphs: Adamson has written on French history, and histories of the City of London, a ducal family, travel, finance, and art. He also wrote about the novels of Honoré de Balzac. He has translated many short stories of Guy de Maupassant into English words.

paragraphs: Adamson aids the cause of museums and libraries in the UK. From 1983 to 1992 he served as a Justice of the Peace for the City of London.

paragraphs: Adamson studied at the University of Oxford. He taught at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand, as well as Paris and London Universities. He also is a member of a Cambridge College where he conducts research.

paragraphs: 2012-13 Donald Adamson was Master of the Curriers’ Company, a London Livery Company. He established a Curriers' Co. biennial award for graduates of British universities to write an essay on the history of London, as well as sixteen annual prizes in mathematics and history for pupils aged 14 to 15 at four London Academies.


title: Hesperornis

paragraphs: Hesperornis is an extinct genus of flightless aquatic birds that lived during the Upper Cretaceous (89–65 million years ago).

paragraphs: "Hesperornis" was an important early find in the history of avian paleontology. It was discovered by the paleontologist O.C. Marsh in the late 19th century Bone Wars.

paragraphs: Famous locations for "Hesperornis" are the Upper Cretaceous marine limestones from Kansas and the marine shales from Canada. The genus probably had a Holarctic distribution.

paragraphs: "Hesperornis" was a large bird, reaching up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) in length. It had virtually no wings, and swam with its powerful hind legs.

paragraphs: Like many other Mesozoic birds such as "Ichthyornis", "Hesperornis" had teeth in its beak which were used to hold prey (most likely fish).

paragraphs: "Hesperornis" hunted in the waters of such contemporary shelf seas as the North American Inland Sea, the Turgai Strait and the prehistoric North Sea, which then were subtropical to tropical waters, much warmer than today. They probably fed mainly on fish, maybe also crustaceans, cephalopods and mollusks, as do the diving seabirds of today. Their teeth were helpful in dealing with slippery or hard-shelled prey.

paragraphs: On land, "Hesperornis" species may or may not have been able to walk. They certainly could not stand upright like penguins as in the early reconstructions. Their legs attached far at the back and sideways, with even the lower leg being tightly attached to the body (see photo of skeleton). Thus, they were limited to a clumsy hobble at best on land and would have been more nimble if they moved by sliding on their belly or galumphing. The leg skeleton of "Hesperornis" was so thoroughly adapted to diving that their mode on land, and their egg-laying and parental care, is a matter of speculation.

paragraphs: Young "Hesperornis" grew fairly quickly and continuously to adulthood, as is the case in modern birds. More young birds are known from the fossil record of the more northerly sites than from those further south. This suggests that at least some species were migratory like today's penguins, which swim polewards in the summer.

paragraphs: "Hesperornis" was preyed upon by large marine carnivores such as mosasaurs. A "Tylosaurus" specimen contains the bones of a "Hesperornis" in its gut area.


title: Nissan Primera

paragraphs: The Nissan Primera is a automobile produced by Nissan. It replaced the Nissan Bluebird in 1990, and were in three generations produced until 2007. It is available with 4-door sedan, 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon bodystyles with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. The model was produced in Japan and the UK.


title: Charles M. Schulz

paragraphs: Charles Monroe Schulz (November 26, 1922 – February 12, 2000) was an American cartoonist, whose comic strip "Peanuts" proved one of the most popular and influential in the history of the medium, and is still widely reprinted on a daily basis.

paragraphs: Schulz died of colorectal cancer in Santa Rosa, California.


title: The Littlest Hobo

paragraphs: The Littlest Hobo was a Canadian children's show directed by Charles R. Rondeau. It was based on a movie and is about a German Shepherd that wanders from town to town, helping people in need. The TV series ran from 1963-1965 and was later revived by CTV from 1979-1985.


title: Luke Ridnour

paragraphs: Lucas Robin "Luke" Ridnour (born February 13, 1981 in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho) is an American basketball player that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the NBA. He went to University of Oregon for college where he played for the Oregon Ducks basketball team. Ridnour has also played with the Seattle SuperSonics from 2003-2007 and the Milwaukee Bucks from 2008-2010.


title: Binge eating

paragraphs: Binge eatingis a disease characterized by episodes of compulsive overeating.

paragraphs: It can make people feel satisfied for a while, but after that, they will feel guilty and they will regret eating so much. People overeat to feel better, but they actually feel worse, and go back to overeating for relief, forming a vicious cycle.

paragraphs: If binge eating becomes a pattern, this is an eating disorder. People who suffer from this have a high risk of weight gain. They may feel ashamed of their eating habits and become depressed. People who binge and then purge, (usually by vomiting), have a different eating disorder called bulimia. People with anorexia may also binge and purge.


title: Conway Twitty

paragraphs: Conway Twitty (born Harold Lloyd Jenkins; September 1, 1933 – June 5, 1993) was an American country music singer.

paragraphs: Twitty held the record for the most number one singles of any act with 55 No. 1 Billboard country hits until 2006 when George Strait broke his record.

paragraphs: Twitty is a former member of the Grand Ole Opry and was inducted into the Country Music and the Rockabilly Halls of Fame.

paragraphs: He died on June 5, 1993 at Cox House Hospital in Springfield, Missouri, as a result of abdominal aortic aneurysm.


title: Matchbox

paragraphs: A matchbox is a box that contains safety matches. Usually, they are made of wooden sticks or cardboard. Matchboxes commonly have the dimension 5 x 3,5 x 1,5 cm. Matchbooks have replaced matchboxes for some applications.


paragraphs: The Canadian Special Operations Forces Command (CANSOFCOM) (french:Commandement des forces d'opérations spéciales du Canada) is the branch of the Canadian Forces responsible for special operations.


Deaths in 2011


title: Joint Task Force 2

paragraphs: Joint Task Force 2 (JTF 2) (French: Deuxième Force opérationnelle interarmées) is the main counter-terrorism and special forces unit of Canada. JTF2 is part of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command of the Canadian Forces.


title: Canadian Special Operations Regiment

paragraphs: The Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR) (french:Régiment des opérations spéciales du Canada) is one of the two special forces unit of Canada. CSOR was created in 2005. Its role is to support the Joint Task Force 2, but it is also capable of conducting its own operations. The regiment is part of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command of the Canadian Forces.


title: No. 427 Squadron RCAF

paragraphs: The 427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron ("427SOAS"') (french:427 Escadron d'opérations spéciales d'aviation) is a helicopter squadron of Canada responsible to provide support to the Joint Task Force 2 and the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. It operates the CH-146 Griffon. The squadron is part of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command of the Canadian Forces.


title: Logistics

paragraphs: Logistics is the term which generally means the management of transportation of information, from one place to another. Logistics involves things like transportation, inventory, packaging, supplies and sometimes, social security and warehousing.

paragraphs: There are many types of logistics, for example : military logistics, business logistics and production logistics and marketing logistics.


title: Canadian Expeditionary Force Command

paragraphs: The Canadian Expeditionary Force Command was the branch of the Canadian Forces responsible for military deployments and operations outside Canada. It was formed in 2006. In 2012 it was joined with Canadian Joint Operations Command.


title: Canada Command

paragraphs: Canada Command is the branch of the Canadian Forces responsible for national security, emergency management and domestic operations inside Canada.


title: Oath of office

paragraphs: An oath of office is an oath a person gains a higher position, usually in government or within a religious body. There are other positions in which people are supposed to take oaths as well, like in the military. When someone makes an oath, they make a promise to follow certain rules and guidelines of the position that they are taking. Some oaths of office are a statement of loyalty to a constitution or other legal text, to a person or other office holder. Under the laws of a state it may be considered treason or a high crime to betray a sworn oath of office. Oaths of office can be a public ceremony, like in the United States with presidential inauguration, or private.


title: Canadian Operational Support Command

paragraphs: The Canadian Operational Support Command is the branch of the Canadian Forces responsible for logistics, engineering and health services.


title: Duke of York

paragraphs: The Duke of York (sometimes shortened to DOY) is a title of nobility and royalty in the United Kingdom. Dukedom is the highest ranking of royalty before monarch. The wife of the Duke of York is the Duchess of York. The current Duke is Prince Andrew, Duke of York. The first one was Edmund of Langley, who founded the House of York and served as the duke from 1385 until his death in 1402. During colonial times and the Act of Union, the title was changed to Duke of York and Albany, who would serve as the Duke of York and the duke of then British-occupied Albany. Since the 15th century, the title has usually been given to the second son of the reigning monarch. Since the second creation, not one of the holders of the title has ever passed it on: they either died without male heirs or became King themselves.


title: Lamborghini Gallardo

paragraphs: The Lamborghini Gallardo is a sportscar that has been built by Lamborghini since 2003 and is Lamborghini's most-produced model to date. The Gallardo is named after a type of fighting bull. Later, at the Geneva Motor Show 2014, the Gallardo was replaced by the Lamborghini Huracán. There are also police car models of the Gallardo for countries like Italy and England. The Gallardo's superior is the Lamborghini Murciélago. The Lamborghini V10 engine was reused in the Audi R8.


title: Brian Boucher

paragraphs: Brian Boucher (born January 2, 1977 in Woonsocket, Rhode Island) is a professional American ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the NHL. Boucher was drafted into the NHL by the Philadelphia Flyers with the twenty-second overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: Boucher has also played for many other teams in the NHL: Phoenix Coyotes for 3 seasons, Calgary Flames for 1 season, Chicago Blackhawks for 1 season, Columbus Blue Jackets for 1 season and the San Jose Sharks for 2 seasons.


title: Sauerkraut

paragraphs: Sauerkraut ("sour herb") directly translated from German or "sour cabbage", is finely shredded cabbage that has been fermented by various lactic acid bacteria, including "Leuconostoc", "Lactobacillus", and "Pediococcus". It has a long shelf-life and a distinctive sour flavor, both of which result from the lactic acid that forms when the bacteria ferment the sugars in the cabbage. It is therefore not to be confused with coleslaw, which receives its acidic taste from vinegar. It has its roots in cole flower marinated in honey and fluid from your belly.

paragraphs: Conservation of legumes with lactic acid has a long history. It was known and used both in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. It was common to eat conserved cabbage during the winter months.


title: Federal Hall

paragraphs: Federal Hall was the first capitol building of the United States, and was the site where George Washington was inaugurated as America's first president in 1789. In 1700, it was built on Wall Street and named New York City Hall. It was renamed to Federal Hall when it became the capitol under the new United States Constitution.

paragraphs: In 1812, the building was demolished. A new customs house replaced it in 1842. In 1882, a bronze statue of President Washington was made and put in front of the steps. The new building officially became a landmark according to the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on 21 December 1965.


title: Cline

paragraphs: In biology, a cline, or 'ecocline', describes a series of connected populations in a species. These populations show a continuous gradient of traits and genetics. The term was coined by the English evolutionary biologist Julian Huxley in 1938. He defined a cline as a species whose members fall into a series of sub-species with continuous change in characters over a geographical area.

paragraphs: Clines consist of forms of a species that show gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a geographical area.

paragraphs: The reason for these differences is that the environment is somewhat different in different parts of the range. Populations become adapted to the situation in their areas, but this adaptation is limited by gene flow between neighbouring sub-species.

paragraphs: Genetically, clines result from the change of allele frequencies within the gene pool of the species in question.


title: Precancerous condition

paragraphs: A precancerous (or premalignant) condition is not malignant. However, it has the potential to become cancer if proper treatment is not taken in time.

paragraphs: A premalignant lesion is a visually (morphologically) altered tissue in which cancer is more likely to occur than its normal counterpart.

paragraphs: The condition was named in 1875 by Romanian physician Victor Babeş.


title: Nasi lemak

paragraphs: Nasi Lemak is a commonly found food in Brunei, Malaysia and Singapore. It is also an unofficial national food in Malaysia. It is traditionally wrapped up in banana leaves. The rice is usually cooked in coconut cream. Sometimes spices such as ginger are added for their aroma (good smell).

paragraphs: Nasi lemak is sold in hawker centres in Singapore and other ingredients like fried egg, fried chicken wings and "belacan" chilli (made from chilli and shrimp) are added.


title: New York Provincial Congress

paragraphs: The New York Provincial Congress was an organization that was started by rebels in 1775 during the American Revolution as a replacement for the Province of New York Assembly. It was a replacement for the Committee of One Hundred. There were three provincial congresses until the first Constitutional Convention was founded. The New York Provincial Congress was replaced in 1777.


title: Battle of Fort Washington

paragraphs: The Battle of Fort Washington was one of the early battles fought in the American Revolutionary War between the United States and Great Britain. It took place on 16 November 1776. The British won the battle.

paragraphs: After winning against the Continental Army (commanded by George Washington), the British army (commanded by William Howe) wanted to capture Fort Washington, the last American stronghold in Manhattan. Washington had thought of leaving the Fort and moving its military camp of 1400 men to New Jersey, but had been convinced by General Nathaniel Greene to fight for it. The garrison was expanded to 3,000 men.

paragraphs: On 16 November, Howe attacked the fort. The assault came from three different directions: the north, east and south. The attack was put off for a short time because of the tides in the Harlem River that stopped some of the troops from landing. When the attack did begin, the southern and western American defenses fell quickly. In the North there was better defense against the attack, but they eventually weakened as well. With the fort surrounded by land and sea the Fort's commander, Robert Magaw, chose to surrender the fort rather than try to hold out. A total of 59 Americans were killed and 2,837 became prisoners of the British. After this defeat the main American army under George Washington was chased across New Jersey and into Pennsylvania, setting the stage for the battles of Trenton and Princeton.


title: Great Fire of New York (1776)

paragraphs: The Great Fire of New York was a large fire in New York City. It burned through the night of September 21, 1776 on the west side of the former boundaries of New York City at the southern end of the island of Manhattan. It started when the British Army took control of the city during the American Revolutionary War.

paragraphs: The fire destroyed 10 to 25% of the city. Some of the unburned parts of the city were ransacked. Many people thought that someone started the fire on purpose, for different reasons. British leaders accused American rebels, who had recently lost the Battle of Long Island, of starting the fire. Most people thought that one side or the other had started it.


title: Cinematography

paragraphs: Cinematography (from the Greek words "kinema - κίνημα", meaning "movement" and "graphein - γράφειν" "to record"), is recording photographic images for the cinema. Like other still photography, it includes making lighting and camera choices. However, the pictures move.


title: Ferenc Fricsay

paragraphs: Ferenc Fricsay (born Budapest, 9 August 1914; died Basel, 20 February 1963) (pronounced "Ferr-'ens 'Frich-sye") was a Hungarian conductor. From 1960 until his death, he was an Austrian citizen.

paragraphs: Fricsay was born in Budapest in 1914. His music teachers were Hungary's most famous composers: Béla Bartók, Zoltán Kodály and Ernst von Dohnányi. He was only 15 when he conducted his first concert, and he soon became very famous. He became music director of the then newly formed RIAS Symphony Orchestra in Germany in 1949. He was conductor of the Houston Symphony in 1954. He spent much of his time from the 1950s onward in Germany as conductor of the Bavarian State Opera (1956–1958), the RIAS Symphony Orchestra, the Deutsche Oper Berlin and the Berlin Philharmonic.

paragraphs: From the 1950s until his death, he recorded for the Deutsche Grammophon record label. Fricsay gave his last concert on 7 December 1961 in London where he conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra in Beethoven's "Symphony No. 7". He was often ill during his life, and he died of stomach cancer on 20 February 1963 at the age of 48 in Basel, Switzerland.

paragraphs: Fricsay was known for his interpretations of the music of Mozart and Beethoven, as well as that of his teacher Béla Bartók. His 1958 recording of Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9" is featured in the movie "A Clockwork Orange".

paragraphs: Many musicians still think his recordings are among the very best.


title: Irmgard Seefried

paragraphs: Irmgard Seefried (born Köngetried, Bavaria, 9 October 1919; died Vienna, 24 November 1988) was a famous German soprano who sang opera and lieder.

paragraphs: Irmgard Seefried was born in Köngetried, near Mindelheim, Bavaria, Germany. She studied at Augsburg University. Her first appearance in opera was in Aachen where she sang the role of the priestess in Verdi's "Aida" in 1940. She soon began to sing leading parts, and in 1943 she sang the part of Eva in Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" at the Vienna State Opera conducted by Karl Böhm. Since then, she belonged to the ensemble of the Vienna State Opera until she retired in 1976.

paragraphs: She sang at the Salzburg Festival nearly every year and gave many recitals. She appeared at the Royal Opera House of Covent Garden in London from 1947 to 1949, and also La Scala in Milan, Edinburgh Festival, etc. She sang at the Metropolitan Opera in New York during the 1953 -a1954 season the role of Susanna in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro"

paragraphs: She is especially remembered for her singing of the music of Mozart and Richard Strauss, but she also sang in other composers' operas; the title role in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly", Marie in Alban Berg's "Wozzeck", Eva in "Der Meistersinger von Nürnberg", Blanche in Poulenc's "Dialogues des Carmélites", and the title role in Janáček's "Káťa Kabanová". She was a great "lieder" singer and several of her Salzburg Festival recitals were recorded. She left many recordings of oratorio and sacred music by Bach, Mozart, Haydn (including at least four different performances of the Angel Gabriel in "Die Schöpfung"), Brahms, Fauré, Beethoven, Dvořák, and Stravinsky.

paragraphs: Although she was a high soprano, she performed, and recorded, both the trousers roles of the Composer in Strauss's "Ariadne auf Naxos" and Octavian in "Der Rosenkavalier".

paragraphs: She often sang with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf, who said in an interview that Seefried could do easily some things which other singers struggled all their lives to do.

paragraphs: She was married to the Austrian violinist Wolfgang Schneiderhan from 1948 until her death.

paragraphs: After retirement, she taught students at Vienna Music Academy and Salzburg Mozarteum. She died aged 69 in Vienna in 1988.


title: Mica

paragraphs: The mica group of minerals are aluminosilicates with various metals. They split into fine sheets, which puts them in the phyllosilicate group of silicate minerals.

paragraphs: Mica includes several closely related materials having perfect basal cleavage.

paragraphs: All are monoclinic which means their crystals are shaped like one kind of prism. They tend towards pseudo-hexagonal crystals and are similar in chemical composition. The highly perfect cleavage, which is the most prominent characteristic of mica, is explained by the hexagonal sheet-like arrangement of its atoms.

paragraphs: Being excellent electrical insulators, they are used in electronic equipment including capacitors.


title: Talc

paragraphs: Talc (from the Arabic "talk") is a silicate mineral, a type of clay. It is the standard for grade 1 in the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. A fingernail can easily scratch it. Talc is composed of hydrated magnesium silicate with the chemical formula MgSiO(OH). Talc and pyrophyllite are very similar, but pyrophyllite may be slightly harder.

paragraphs: Talc has a greasy feel and a translucent, soapy look. In loose form, it is the widely-used substance known as talcum powder. Steatite, also called soapstone, is a rock with a lot of talc.


title: Vugar Gashimov

paragraphs: Vugar Gashimov (24 July 1986 – 11 January 2014) was a leading chess grandmaster from Azerbaijan who died recently from a brain tumour.

paragraphs: Gashimov was a noted player of bullet chess (2/3 minutes a side), and three times Azerbaijani national chess champion (1995, 1996 and 1998).

paragraphs: He won at Athens 2005 (Acropolis International). He was a two-times winner of the huge Cappelle-la-Grande Open: in 2007 and 2008 (with other players).

paragraphs: Gashimov played for Azerbaijan in the Chess Olympiads of 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008. He played in the gold medal-winning Azerbaijani team at the European Team Chess Championship in Novi Sad in 2009, alongside Shakhriyar Mamedyarov, Teimour Radjabov, Rauf Mammadov and Gadir Guseinov. He won the bronze medal in 2007.

paragraphs: Gashimov was treated for a brain tumor in a hospital in Heidelberg, Germany, and died on the night of 11 January 2014.


title: Ian Nepomniachtchi

paragraphs: Ian Nepomniachtchi (born 14 July 1990) is a Russian chess grandmaster and former Russian chess champion.

paragraphs: He won the European Youth Chess Championship three times, in 2000 in the U10 class and in 2001 and 2002 in the U12 class. In 2002 he also won the World Youth Chess Championship in the U12 class. By winning the Aeroflot Open in Moscow in February 2008, he qualified for the 2008 Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting. In 2010, in Rijeka, he won the European Individual Chess Championship with 9/11. In the same year, in Moscow, he won the Russian Chess Championship; he defeated Sergey Karjakin in a playoff.


title: Hao Wang

paragraphs: Hao Wang (), born 4 August 1989 in Harbin, Heilongjiang, is a Chinese chess grandmaster.

paragraphs: In November 2009, Wang became the fourth ever Chinese player to cross the 2700 rating mark.

paragraphs: He was the 2010 Chinese chess champion, and was ranked #1 in China and #15 in the world in July 2012.


title: Lee Hae-Chan

paragraphs: Lee Hae-chan (, born July 10 1957) is a Korean politician, journalist and writer. In 2004, he became the 36th Prime minister of South Korea. He was the 38th education minister from March 3, 1998, to May 24, 1999. He became deputy mayor of Seoul in 1995.

paragraphs: Lee started his political career as an liberal activist. In 1988, he was elected to Parliament. He has been re-elected seven times since then; in 1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2012.

paragraphs: In 1995, Lee was appointed to deputy mayor of Seoul. He only had the job briefly, however, because he resigned. From 1998 to 1999 he was Education Minister. During that time, he made reforms to education in the country, fought corruption, bribery and incompetency in schools, and reduced the age of retirement.


title: Gata Kamsky

paragraphs: Gata Kamsky (born June 2, 1974) is a Soviet-born American chess grandmaster, and the current World Rapid Chess Champion. He is rated #2 in the United States.

paragraphs: Kamsky was a prodigy who reached the final of the FIDE World Chess Championship 1996 at the age of 22, and reached a ranking of fourth in the world in 1996. He played almost no FIDE-rated games between 1997 and late 2004. He was studying medicine at the time.

paragraphs: Kamsky won the Chess World Cup 2007. This earned him a match against Veselin Topalov for the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship 2010, which he lost. Kamsky also played in the Candidates Tournament to determine the challenger for the World Chess Championship 2012. He advanced to the semifinals before losing to Boris Gelfand.


title: Radosław Wojtaszek

paragraphs: Radosław Wojtaszek (born 13 January 1987 in Elbląg, Poland) is a Polish chess Grandmaster. In 2004 he won the European Youth Chess Championship (U-18), the World Youth Chess Championships (U-18) and the Cracovia Open with 7.5/9.

paragraphs: Wojtaszek won the Polish Chess Championship in 2005.

paragraphs: In 2006 he played for the Polish team at the Chess Olympiad played in Turin scoring 9 points out of 11 games.

paragraphs: In 2008 Wojtaszek was one of world champion Anand's official seconds for the match with Kramnik.

paragraphs: In December 2008 Wojtaszek became the European rapid chess champion.

paragraphs: In 2009 Wojtaszek finished second in the Polish championship, shared second at the international tournament in Lublin and won the Najdorf memorial played in Warsaw. In 2009/10 he tied for 1st5th at the 39th Rilton Cup in Stockholm.

paragraphs: In January 2010 Wojtaszek finished again second in Polish championship.

paragraphs: In 2010 Wojtaszek was again one of world champion Anand official seconds for the match with Topalov.

paragraphs: Wojtaszek won the 5th International Tournament of Polonia Wrocław played between the end of June and beginning of July 2010. At the San Juan International tournament in Pamplona he scored 6.5 points out of 9 games winning the tournament.

paragraphs: At the Chess Olympiad in Khanty Mansiysk, Wojtaszek played on the first board for Poland scoring 6 points in 9 games.


title: Nissan Maxima

paragraphs: The Nissan Maxima is an automobile produced by Nissan Motor Company in seven generations since 1981. It is a 4-door sedan with a 6-cylinder petrol engine.


title: Violeta Chamorro

paragraphs: Violeta Barrios Torres de Chamorro (Born October 18, 1929 in Rivas, Nicaragua) is a Nicaraguan political leader and was President of Nicaragua from 1990 to 1996. Her husband Pedro Chamorro, a newspaper editor, was assassinated in 1978. She took over as editor of the paper, La Prensa.


title: François Duvalier

paragraphs: François Duvalier (14 April 1907 - 21 April 1971), known as "Papa Doc" because he was once a doctor, was the President (dictator) and Head of State of Haiti from 1957 until his death. He was excommunicated from the Catholic Church for expelling foreign-born bishops.

paragraphs: Like many rulers of Haiti, he was called "President for Life". His widow was Simone Duvalier. When he died their son, Jean-Claude Duvalier, called "Baby Doc", became President.

paragraphs: He was born and died at Port-au-Prince, Haiti. He died of diabetes and heart disease.


title: Kratos

paragraphs: Kratos is a minor Ancient Greek god or demon. His name comes from the Greek word for "power" or "strength". He was a guardian of the throne of Zeus. Kratos was the second son of Zeus and also the brother of Nike, Zelus, and Bia. He was one of the few people who dragged Prometheus to the rock where he was chained. His name is used as part of other words about power, including democracy, theocracy, plutocracy, aristocracy and dictator.

paragraphs: This Kratos is not to be confused with the protagonist of the video game franchise "God of War." That Kratos is a Spartan warrior and son of Zeus, who is enslaved by Ares, the Greek God of War. Over the course of the original God of War game, Kratos escapes bondage and becomes the new God of War by slaying Ares. However, that title is stripped from Kratos by Zeus at the beginning of God of War II.


title: Charophyceae

paragraphs: The Charophyceae are the green algae closest to plants.

paragraphs: Their exact rank is the matter of some debate. Some botanists recommend expanding the existing plant kingdom to include charophyceans and chlorophytes.

paragraphs: Others classify Charophyceae as a class under division Charophyta, with Chlorophyta remaining a distinct division. There are also other possibilities.

paragraphs: The consensus among botanists is that charophyceans are the organisms most closely related to land plants (embryophytes).

paragraphs: Many of the complex plant traits related to sexual reproduction evolved first in charophyceans. Analysis of cpDNA (chloroplast DNA) shows that characteristics of plant chloroplasts also evolved first in the charophyceans, before the Zygnematales diverged from the lineage that lead to Coleochaetales, Charales, and the land plants.

paragraphs: Groups generally included within the Charophyceae are:


title: Proactivity

paragraphs: In behavioural psychology, proactivity is thinking ahead. It means doing things before they are needed. It also means preventing something before it happens. It means the same thing as "anticipation".

paragraphs: The term is often used in organizational behaviour. Proactive behaviour by individuals anticipates situations in the workplace. It means acting in advance of a situation, rather than just reacting afterwards. Proactive employees usually do not need to be asked to do something. They also do not need detailed instructions. Reactive employees are often controlled by the situation around them. In an unfamiliar situation they need instructions.


title: Chlorophyta

paragraphs: Chlorophyta are a division of green algae.

paragraphs: It includes about 7,000 species of mostly aquatic photosynthetic eukaryote organisms.

paragraphs: Like the land plants, green algae contain chlorophylls "a" and "b", and store food as starch in their plastids. Most species are flagellate in at least one stage of their life cycle.

paragraphs: They are related to the Charophyceae (also called Charophyta) and land plants, together making up the Viridiplantae.

paragraphs: The division contains both unicellular and multicellular species. While most species live in freshwater habitats and a large number in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of environments. Watermelon snow, or "Chlamydomonas nivalis", lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Some lichens are symbiotic relationships between fungi and green algae.

paragraphs: Members of the Chlorophyta also form symbiotic relationships with protozoa, sponges and cnidarians. Some conduct sexual reproduction.


title: Extremism

paragraphs: Political views and ideas which are far from the mainstream are called extremist. Such views often violate common moral standards. As an example, a group that wants to replace a democratic form of government with a totalitarian one is almost always considered extremist. Political or religious fundamentalism as well as fanaticism can also be seen as extremist.

paragraphs: What is seen as extremist varies by country. People who support that Muslim women should wear a burqa may be seen as extremist in France, but such an opinion may not be extremist in Afghanistan or Saudi Arabia.


title: David Moss (ice hockey)

paragraphs: David Moss (born December 28, 1981 in Livonia, Michigan) is an NHL ice hockey right winger for the Calgary Flames. He was picked by the Calgary Flames with the 220th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He played college hockey at the University of Michigan with the Michigan Wolverines ice hockey team.

paragraphs: Moss is the cousin of current Toronto Maple Leaf, Phil Kessel.


title: Zilda Arns

paragraphs: Dr. Zilda Arns (August 25, 1934 - January 13, 2010) was a Brazilian doctor and in 1983 set up the Children's Pastoral. Children's Pastoral is a Catholic church based organization which teaches mother basic health care skills. It has saved the lives of thousands of babies in Brazil.

paragraphs: She was born in the south of Brazil to German parents. She studied medicine at university and then set up clinics in Curitiba. She soon saw that much of the sickness, such as diarrhoea and dehydration could be prevented if parents knew how to care properly for their children. In 1983, her brother, Paulo Evaristo Arns, a bishop in the Catholic Church encouraged her to set up Children's Pastoral. It is now in 42,000 Brazilian communities, and has over 260,000 trained volunteers.

paragraphs: In 2007, Arns was given the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public service.

paragraphs: Arns was killed in the 2010 Haiti earthquake while speaking to a church group. She had gone there on a visit to a missionary organization helping with the care of babies.


title: Marshall Warren Nirenberg

paragraphs: Marshall Warren Nirenberg (April 10, 1927 - January 15, 2010) was an American biochemist. He won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, along with Robert W. Holley and H. Gobind Khorana, for work on the genetic code and protein synthesis


title: Transphobia

paragraphs: Transphobia is any prejudice or discrimination based on bad feelings toward transgender or transsexual people. This also means refusing them the chance to take part in society, have a job, or forcing prostitution out of them, not only hate speech or hate crime against the transgender person. In 2009, to prohibit hate crime against transgender people, Matthew Shepard Act was passed and entered into force by recognition of the president Barack Obama in the United States.

paragraphs: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees point out the asylum seekers because of gender identity together with the Yogyakarta Principles. But a transgender woman who has escaped from Guatemala to Denmark has been put into a male centre and raped there. Now she is in danger to be returned into Guatemala by Danish government.

paragraphs: Transphobia is common all over the world. It is also found in social justice movements such as feminism. It is especially associated with radical feminism. 'Transmisogyny' is a word that refers to transphobia towards trans women. Julia Serano made it popular with her book "Whipping Girl". Cissexism is sometimes used as a synonym for transphobia, and cisphobia is sometimes used as its antonym.

paragraphs: Misgendering is when someone does not use the pronouns preferred by a transgender person, deliberately or by accident. Deadnaming is using a name that someone used before transitioning.

paragraphs: In a 2012 study of transgender people in the United Kingdom, 14% had been sexually assaulted for being transgender. 6% had been raped because they were transgender. These are hate crimes. 38% had been sexually harassed because they were transgender.

paragraphs: A review of American studies on sexual violence against transgender people found that about 50% of transgender people have been sexually assaulted.

paragraphs: In the National Transgender Discrimination Survey 19% had become homeless at some time in their lives because they were transgender.

paragraphs: In 2013 there was a study about transphobia in the American workforce. It found that 26% of transgender people had been fired for being transgender. Transgender people are not protected against employment discrimination under US law.

paragraphs: The National Transgender Discrimination Survey found that 60% of Native American transgender people had not been given a job because of being transgender. 10% were sexually assaulted at work.

paragraphs: Transgender people are put in prison more often than cisgender (non-transgender) people. The biggest study about discrimination against transgender people found that 16% of transgender people had been in prison. Black transgender people were even more likely to have been in prison. 41% of black transgender people said that they had been put in prison because of discrimination. They are often not put in prisons that match their gender identities. They may also be refused hormones. A famous example of this is Chelsea Manning.

paragraphs: Transphobia has been identified as a predictor of HIV risk and suicide attempts in transgender people. A study found that transgender women are 49 times more likely to have HIV compared with adults in general.

paragraphs: In a case before the Human Rights Tribunal in British Columbia several business owners were sued for refusing service to a transgender woman. The transgender person lost the case.


title: Brad Maxwell

paragraphs: Brad Robert Maxwell (born July 8, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. During his junior career he won the Memorial Cup in 1977 as a member of the New Westminster Bruins. Following that season Maxwell was selected seventh overall in the 1977 NHL Amateur Draft by the Minnesota North Stars. He spent time playing for Minnesota, the Quebec Nordiques, the Toronto Maple Leafs, the Vancouver Canucks and the New York Rangers before retiring in 1987.


title: Viridiplantae

paragraphs: Viridiplantae ('green plants') are the clade which includes the green algae and land plants.

paragraphs: In some classification systems they have been called Plantae, by expanding the traditional plant kingdom (Embryophytes) to include the green algae.

paragraphs: Adl and colleagues, who produced a classification for eukaryotes in 2005, used the name Chloroplastida for this group, reflecting the group having primary chloroplasts with green chlorophyll. They rejected the name Viridiplantae on the grounds that most of the species are not plants, as understood traditionally.

paragraphs: There are more than 350,000 species of Viridiplantae.

paragraphs: The monophyletic Chlorophyta and Charophyta are classified under Viridiplantae. A common classification is:

paragraphs: 'Green algae' is not used here because they are definitely not monophyletic. It is just a convenience term for Chlorophyta and Charophyta together.

paragraphs: There are different opinions about the classification. Another opinion is that only the Charophyceae are closely related to land plants, and that arrangement is simplified as:


title: Bernie Morris

paragraphs: Bernard Patrick Morris (b. August 21, 1890 - d. May ? 1963) - was an Canadian ice hockey player for the old Seattle Metropolitans of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association. When the Metropolitans became the first U.S.-based team to win the Stanley Cup in 1917, Morris scored 14 of Seattle's goals (in a best-of-five series).

paragraphs: Born in Brandon, Manitoba, Morris played for several senior teams in Manitoba and Saskatchewan before joining the Victoria Aristocrats of the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) in 1914. He moved over to Seattle the following season, and played eight seasons for Seattle, and was a member of the Stanley Cup champion 1917 team. He played in two other Finals, the ill-fated 1919 series, and the 1923 series. He had an outstanding 1917 series, scoring 14 goals in four games. In 1923, he joined the Calgary Tigers and played a season and a half before joining the Boston Bruins of the National Hockey League (NHL). From 1925 unil 1930, he finished his career with various teams in the minor California Pro League, the Can-Pro and International League.


title: Johan Ferrier

paragraphs: Johan Henri Eliza Ferrier (12 May 1910 – 4 January 2010) was the last governor of Suriname, and then became its first president in 1975. Ferrier was a teacher, a trade union leader and a radio pioneer. In 1946 he helped start the National Party of Suriname.

paragraphs: Suriname was a Dutch colony, and Ferrier was made an adviser to the Minister of Education. In 1968 he was made Governor of Suriname. The country became independent on November 25, 1975, and Ferrier was made the first President of Suriname. The government was overthrown by a military coup in 1980, led by Desi Bouterse.

paragraphs: Ferrier and his family moved to the Netherlands where he wrote a children's book called "The Anansi Book".


title: Stimulation of nipples

paragraphs: Stimulation of nipples is a sexual act of humans. Stimulation of the nipples is known to cause the body to release a hormone called oxytocin. Oxytocin is known to aid in the bonding of individuals.


title: Natural rights

paragraphs: Natural rights are rights that believe it is important for all humans and animals to have out of (natural law.) These rights are often viewed as inalienable, meaning they can almost never be taken away. The concept of what are natural rights has varied throughout history. the Americans thought the British were being very unfair. So they created the natural law and the declaration of independence. Then after the declaration was written they created the united states and became a country.

paragraphs: The idea first came up in ancient times but was discussed most famously by English philosopher John Locke in the 1600's. Locke said that the most important natural rights are "Life, Liberty, and Property". In the United States Declaration of Independence, the natural rights mentioned are "Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness". The idea was also found in the Declaration of the Rights of Man. It is viewed by Locke, Jefferson, and others that the purpose of government is to protect peoples' natural rights through a social contract (an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits). There have been many times in history that natural rights have been breached by both governments and singular people.


title: Trisha Yearwood

paragraphs: Patricia Lynn "Trisha" Yearwood (born September 19, 1964) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Her first charting single was in 1991. She married country singer Garth Brooks in 2005.


title: Chimera (mythology)

paragraphs: The Chimera (, "Khimaira", from , "khimaros", "she-goat") according to Greek mythology, is a monstrous creature that was composed of several different animals. The chimera is only one of several famous mythological hybrids. As with all mythical creatures, there is the question of its origin. In some traditions, the Chimera was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and sister of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. However, the chimera does not appear to have an existence in physical reality, save for the individual animals from which it is composed.

paragraphs: The most common description of the chimera comes from Homer's "Iliad", in which the creature is said to have the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and tail of a snake. It is also believed to breath fire and be female, despite the mane adorning the lions head. The chimera was said to be incredibly vicious and powerful, especially since as one single creature, it possessed the abilities of three separate animals.

paragraphs: The Chimera was eventually killed by the hero Bellerophon.


title: Lou Bega

paragraphs: Lou Bega was born as David Lubega on 13 April 1975 in Munich, Germany.

paragraphs: He is a Latin pop musician, famous for his song “Mambo No. 5”. This song is a remake of the Perez Prado instrumental from 1952. Bega added new lyrics to the song and sampled the original version extensively.

paragraphs: Bega had a multicultural upbringing as his mother is Sicilian and his father is from Uganda. Bega spent time in Miami during his teenage years.

paragraphs: Lou Bega has made music for Tropico video game.


title: Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

paragraphs: Bjørnstjerne Martinius Bjørnson (born 8 December 1832 in Kvikne, Norway - died 26 April 1910 in Paris, France) was a Norwegian playwright, author and poet who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1903.

paragraphs: His father was a Lutheran minister, but Bjørnson rejected organized religion. He married Karoline Reimers, a famous stage actress, and their son Bjørn also had great success as a stage actor, and appeared in a few early silent films. Their daughter, Bergljot, married Henrik Ibsen's son Sigurd.

paragraphs: He attended grammar school, Heltbergs Studentfabrikk in Oslo, with Henrik Ibsen, but dropped out of a course at the University of Oslo. By his early twenties he was writing literature reviews for the Norwegian newspaper, Morgenbladet. At 25 he wrote his first produced play, "Mellem Slagene" (Between the Battles). His "Paul Lange og Tora Parsberg" was a statement for political tolerance, and "På Guds veie" ("In God's Way") for religious tolerance. He is best known internationally for his tales of peasant life in Norway. His novel, "Synnöve Solbakken", has been filmed three times. Bjørnson also worked as a stage director, and later served as editor of another paper, Aftenbladet, where he wrote fiery liberal editorials and passionately defended Alfred Dreyfus. His poem, "Yes, We Love This Land", is the Norwegian national anthem.


title: Ragnar Granit

paragraphs: Ragnar Arthur Granit (30 October, 1900 in Riihimäki, Finland — 31 March 1990, in Stockholm, Sweden) was a Finnish-Swedish doctor and scientist. He won the 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on the eye.

paragraphs: His father was a forester, Arthur Wilhelm Granit, and his mother was Albertina Helena Malmberg Granit. Ragnar Granit married Baroness Marguerite Emma Bruun ("Daisy") in 1929. Their son Michael Granit (b. 1930) is an architect.

paragraphs: For his research into the internal electrical impulses that take place as the eye processes vision, Ragnar Granit was given the 1967 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology.

paragraphs: Granit received Swedish citizenship during World War II, and once said that his Nobel Prize "belongs fifty-fifty to Finland and Sweden".


title: Copper (color)

paragraphs: Copper is the color of the metal copper. It is a purplish-orange color.

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "copper" as a color name in English was in 1594.


title: Skandar Keynes

paragraphs: Skandar Keynes, or ‘”Alexander Amin Caspar Keynes” is a British actor, born 5 September 1991. He starred Edmund Pevensie in The Chronicles of Narnia. He appeared in all three movies, "", "" and "", which was released on December 10, 2010.

paragraphs: Keynes was born in London. He was the son of Zelfa Hourani and author Randal Keynes. He has an older sister, Soumaya Keynes (born 1989), who also starred in many productions of the BBC Radio 4. His grandparents by his mother’s side were Furugh Afnan and Cecil Fadlo Hourani. Cecil Fadlo Hourani used to be an author and also advisor to Habib Bourguiba, the late Tunisian president. Cecil Hourani was also the brother of Albert Hourani, a historian who studied about the Middle East. The Hourani family were immigrants to England.

paragraphs: On his father’s side, Keynes is the grandson of Richard Keynes, the nephew of the Cambridge professor Simon Keynes, and the great-great-nephew of John Maynard Keynes, an economist. His great-great-great-grandfather was the famous naturalist Charles Darwin, who invented the theory of evolution. Keynes' great-grandparents were Edgar Adroam. 1st Barpm Adoroam and Hester Adrian, Baroness Adrian, both receivers of the Nobel Prize.

paragraphs: Keynes had stated that he is an atheist. Keynes attended the Anna Scher Theatre School from 2000 to 2005. He went to the all-boys City of London School, and took his GCSEs in May and June 2008. He studied biology, chemistry, maths, and history at A-level. In October 2010 he began his degree in Arabic and Middle Eastern History at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He is currently a movie critic, writing for "The Citizen", the City of London School weekly school newspaper. He is also a fan of English football club Arsenal.

paragraphs: Keynes lives presently in Highbury, London.

paragraphs: He auditioned for "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" at the same time as he asked for the role of Simon Brown in "Nanny McPhee", but lost the role to Thomas Sangster. His voice got deeper when he was filming "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe", so his sister Soumaya had to voice some of his lines.

paragraphs: Recently, he starred in "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader", the third installment of "The Chronicles of Narnia" movie series. The filming began in July 2009, and finished in December of the same year. The movie was released on 10 December 2010 in Britain and the US.


title: Shin-Ōsaka Station

paragraphs: Shin-Ōsaka Station(新大阪駅,しんおおさかえき) is a Railway station of JR West, JR Central and Osaka Municipal Subway in Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan.


title: Fontainebleau

paragraphs: Fontainebleau () is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is south-southeast of the centre of Paris.

paragraphs: Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department. It is the seat of the Arrondissement of Fontainebleau. The commune has the largest land area in the Île-de-France region. It is the only one to cover a larger area than Paris itself.

paragraphs: Fontainebleau, together with the neighbouring commune of Avon, Seine-et-Marne and three other smaller communes, form an urban area of 36,713 people (according to the 1999 census). This urban area is a satellite of Paris.

paragraphs: Fontainebleau is known for the large and scenic Forest of Fontainebleau, a favourite weekend getaway for Parisians. It is also known for the historical Palace of Fontainebleau, which once belonged to the kings of France.


title: Mudrock

paragraphs: Mudrocks make up most of the sedimentary rocks on Earth. They are a class of fine grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

paragraphs: The types of mudrocks include: "siltstone", "claystone", "mudstone", "slate", and "shale".

paragraphs: Most of the particles are less than 0.0625 mm (1/16th mm or 0.0025 inches) and are too small to study readily in the field. At first sight the rock types look quite similar; however, there are important differences in composition and naming.

paragraphs: There has been a great deal of disagreement about the classification of mudrocks. There are some reasons for this:

paragraphs: Mudrocks make up half of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily the most widespread deposits on Earth. Fine sediment is the most abundant product of erosion, which is why mudrocks are so common.

paragraphs: With increased pressure over time the platey clay minerals may become aligned, with the appearance of parallel layering (fissility). This finely bedded material which splits readily into thin layers is called "shale", as distinct from "mudstone".

paragraphs: From the beginning of civilization, when pottery and mudbricks were made by hand, to now, mudrocks have been important. The first book on mudrocks was not published until 1964. However, scientists, engineers, and oil producers have understood the significance of mudrocks since the discovery of the Burgess Shale and the relatedness of mudrocks and oil.


title: Siltstone

paragraphs: A siltstone is a mudrock. For a rock to be a siltstone, it must be over fifty percent silt-sized material.

paragraphs: Silt is any particle smaller than sand, 1/16th of a millimeter (~0.06 mm), and larger than clay, 1/256th (~0.004 mm) of millimeter. Silt is the product of physical weathering, such as freezing and thawing. Physical weathering does not involve any chemical changes in the rock, just its physical breaking apart.

paragraphs: One of the highest proportions of silt found on Earth is in the Himalayas, which get rainfall of up to five to ten meters (16 to 33 feet) a year. Quartz and feldspar are the biggest contributors to silt. Silt tends to be non-cohesive, non-plastic, but can liquefy easily.

paragraphs: There is a simple field test to judge whether a rock is a siltstone or not, and that is to put the rock to one's teeth. If the rock feels "gritty" against one's teeth, than it is a siltstone.


title: Maria Mitchell

paragraphs: Maria Mitchell (1818–1889) was one of the first female astronomers. She was born in Nantucket, Massachusetts. She attended a local girls school. Later, Mitchell attended a school run by her father. Mitchell opened her own school when she was 17. Her school had many programs. These programs allowed students to birdwatch. They also allowed students to observe astronomy.

paragraphs: Mitchell’s love for astronomy started when her father began keeping a small observatory. She began to observe space and notice things. The accomplishment that made Mitchell famous was when she discovered a comet in October 1847. The comet was later known as Miss Mitchell's comet, and is now called C/1847 T1. She received a medal from the king of Denmark after discovering the comet.

paragraphs: Mitchell also helped make accurate calculations of time, latitude, and longitude. Mitchell became the first woman elected to join the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the year after. In 1850, she joined the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Afterward, she became professor of astronomy at Vassar College in 1865. She stayed there until she retired in 1888. Mitchell died one year later at age 71.

paragraphs: After Mitchell’s death, she was recognized as a great astronomer. In 1905, she was elected into the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.


title: Mudstone

paragraphs: A mudstone is a siliciclastic sedimentary rock which has a mixture of silt- and clay-sized particles (at least 1/3 of each). So, a mudstone is a type of mudrock with a more varied grain size than either siltstones or claystones.

paragraphs: Alternatively, some sources say it is a synonym for mudrock.

paragraphs: A claystone is a mudrock which does not split easily.

paragraphs: In order for a rock to be a claystone, it must be up to half (50%) clay, whose particles measure less than 1/256th of a millimeter.


title: Lego Mindstorms NXT

paragraphs: Lego Mindstorms NXT is a robotic kit. It is made to build and program first robot in 30 minutes. The kit replaces a system called Robotics Invention System. The available versions are: "Lego Mindstorms NXT 1.0" (set #8527), "Lego Mindstorm NXT 2.0" (set #8547) and "Lego Mindstorms Education NXT" (set #9797). It comes with the NXT-G programming software. It is possible to use unofficial programming languages, such as NXC, NBC, leJOS NXJ, and RobotC using software that is not included with the kit.

paragraphs: The main component in the kit is computer module that controls the robot's movements and actions called the "NXT Intelligent Brick". It has 32-bit microprocessor, four inputs, three outputs, Bluetooth communications, a speaker, 1 USB 2.0 port, and a 100×64 LCD display. Also, the NXT includes three powerful servo motors with rotation sensors. Very simple programs can be created in the menu on the "NXT Intelligent Brick "without a computer. More complicated programs can be downloaded via Bluetooth or USB from the computer to the robot. The graphical, drag-and-drop programming language NXT-G is simple, but complete enough to be usable.

paragraphs: The NXT comes with five types of sensors: Touch, Light, Sound, Ultrasonic, and Rotation. The sound sensor is not included in the Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0 kit.

paragraphs: In the "Lego Mindstorms NXT 2.0" is new Colour sensor. It can detects different colours and measure the amount of reflected light and ambient light.


title: Audi 100

paragraphs: The Audi 100 is a car produced by Audi from 1968 to 1994. It was available as 4-door saloon and 5-door estate. It was replaced by the Audi A6. A 5-cylinder petrol version was sold as Audi 200.


title: The Night Santa Went Crazy

paragraphs: "The Night Santa Went Crazy" is an original song by "Weird Al" Yankovic. It is a style parody of "Black Gold" by Soul Asylum.


title: Lorne Michaels

paragraphs: Lorne Michaels (born November 17, 1944) is the creator of Saturday Night Live. He has also produced movies. Michaels was born in Toronto. He moved to Los Angeles in 1968. He is the executive producer of The Tonight Show as well as Late Night with Seth Meyers. Michaels was given an Honorary Doctorate from Ryerson University in 1999.


title: Alaska Marine Highway

paragraphs: The Alaska Marine Highway or the Alaska Marine Highway System (AMHS) is a ferry service operated by the government of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is based in Ketchikan, Alaska. The ferries have many different ways of being used. Passengers can stay inside in lounges or individual cabins, or can stay outside on the "sun deck." You can also bring a car or other vehicle with you for more money. The ferries operate along the coast of Alaska and also out to the Aleutian Islands. They also run all the way down to Bellingham, Washington sometimes.


title: Yi Jianlian

paragraphs: Yi Jianlian (born October 27, 1984 in Heshan, Guangdong) is an Chinese basketball player who currently plays for the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association. Yi began his professional career in China with the Tigers, and was chosen with the sixth pick in the 2007 NBA Draft by the Milwaukee Bucks. He played for the Bucks from 2007-08, the New Jersey Nets from 2008-10, and the Washington Wizards in 2010–11, after which he became a free agent. Because the NBA's owners locked out the players at the start of the 2011–12 season, Yi returned to China to play with the Tigers. Once the lockout ended, he returned to the U.S. and signed with the Dallas Mavericks. He played two games with the Texas Legends of the D-League before joining the Mavericks for the rest of that season. After the 2011–12 season, Yi once again returned to his original Chinese team.

paragraphs: Yi was featured on the cover of the August 24, 2003 issue of Time magazine.

paragraphs: Since he was drafted by the Bucks, his age has been the subject of controversy. There is strong evidence that he was actually born in 1984 not in 1987 as first thought. It is widely thought that Chinese officials lied about his age so that he could play for more years in tournaments for younger players (under 19, or under 21). One Chinese basketball official admitted in 2006 that past Chinese junior teams included over-age players, and an American who played with Yi in China has said that players' ages were often changed. Yi has never commented on his age. In 2007 and 2008, Yi's date of birth was further scrutinized as being 27 October 1984, including a Chinese reporter discovering a high school enrollment form from 1997 that listed Yi as being born on 27 October 1984.


title: Günther (singer)

paragraphs: Mats Söderlund (better known by his stage name, Günther) is a Swedish Europop/Eurodance singer and songwriter.

paragraphs: Günther is probably best known for his song, "Ding Dong Song" which featured the lyrics ""Ooohh, you touch my tralala... Mmmmm, My ding ding dong."".


title: Eudibamus

paragraphs: Eudibamus is an extinct genius of biped bolosaurid (a reptile) from the early Permian some 290 million years ago of Germany. "Eudibamus" is claimed to be the first bipedal vertebrate.


title: National Geographic Society

paragraphs: The National Geographic Society is one of the world's largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations. Founded in January 27, 1888 to "increase and diffuse geographic knowledge," the Society works to inspire people to care about the planet. It reaches more than 350 million people worldwide each month through its official journal, "National Geographic", and four other magazines; National Geographic Channel; television documentaries; radio programs; films; books; DVDs; maps; and interactive media. National Geographic has funded more than 8,000 scientific research projects and supports an education program combating geographic illiteracy.

paragraphs: The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C. in the United States, is one of the largest non-profit scientific and educational institutions in the world. Its interests include geography, archaeology and natural science, the promotion of environmental and historical conservation, and the study of world culture and history. The National Geographic Society’s logo is a yellow rectangular border, which became famous while appearing around each front page of the society's magazine.


title: Lactose intolerance

paragraphs: Lactose intolerance is when a person cannot digest milk or milk products (such as cheese or yogurt).

paragraphs: Lactose is a disaccharide sugar (double sugar molecule), which must be split (digested) into two simple sugars (monosaccharides), glucose and galactose.

paragraphs: An enzyme called lactase is needed to break it down. People with lactose intolerance do not have this enzyme or make only small quantities. Because of this they are unable to digest lactose.

paragraphs: Up to 75% of people worldwide begin to lose the ability to digest lactose as they grow into adults. This loss of ability ranges from 5% in northern Europe, to over 71% in Sicily and to over 90% in parts of Africa and Asia. There is no cure for lactose intolerance. People need to change their diet to only include food with very little lactose. There are many milk substitutes.

paragraphs: Milk is not a fermented product. If is not digested, then it may ferment in the small intestine which can cause a problem called pseudoallergy. Amino acids are changed to other substances, which may act in much the same way as histamine in a true allergy.

paragraphs: Lactose intolerance is not the same as milk allergy, which is an immune reaction to some of the proteins in milk.

paragraphs: Normally infant mammals drink their mother's milk. Then the gene which causes the body to make lactase is switched off, and the young move on to adult food. They can no longer digest milk.

paragraphs: Humans are somewhat different from other mammals. Some humans continue to produce lactase, and some do not. It is a type of genetic polymorphism.

paragraphs: The ability to digest lactose into adulthood ('lactase persistence') was useful to humans after the invention of animal husbandry. People kept animals which could provide milk.

paragraphs: Hunter-gatherer people before the Neolithic revolution were mostly lactose intolerant. So are modern hunter-gatherers.

paragraphs: A mutation on chromosome 2 stops the shutdown in lactase production. This makes it possible for those with the mutation to continue drinking fresh milk (and eating other dairy products) throughout their lives.

paragraphs: This appears to be a recent adaptation to dairy products. It occurred in both northern Europe and east Africa in people with a historically pastoral lifestyle. Lactase persistence, allowing lactose digestion to continue into adulthood, is a dominant allele, making lactose intolerance a recessive trait.

paragraphs: Genetic studies suggest that the oldest mutations associated with lactase persistence have only become common in human populations in the last 10,000 years. Because of this, lactase persistence is often given as an example of recent human evolution. As lactase persistence is genetic, but animal husbandry a cultural trait, this is gene–culture coevolution.


title: Unix shell

paragraphs: A Unix shell, also called terminal or console, is a program that accepts Unix commands from the keyboard and executes them. These commands can be installed programs, for example:

paragraphs: The commands do not need to come from the keyboard. They will, generally speaking, come from stdin. A Unix shell is a command line interface made especially for the control of a Unix system. There are different Unix shells, most notably bash, sh, C Shell and zsh. Their syntax is similar, for example the following dialog to find out your CPU type would be possible with all of them:


title: Murder of Joanna Yeates

paragraphs: Joanna Clare "Jo" Yeates (19 April 1985 – 17 December 2010), was a 25 year-old English woman who disappeared on 17 December 2010 in Bristol. Yeates' boyfriend reported her missing on 19 December. An investigation into her disappearance was soon afterwards started. Yeates' dead body was found on 25 December. Police stated that she had been strangled and had been dead for several days before being found. On 30 December, Yeates' landlord, 65-year-old Christopher Jefferies, was arrested on suspicion of Yeates' murder, and was released on bail in early 2011. Avon and Somerset Police received help from a criminal profiler, clinical forensic psychologist Doctor Glenn Wilson who has worked on other high profile criminal cases.

paragraphs: In October 2011, Dutch engineer Vincent Tabak was found guilty of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum of 20 years.


title: Quillajaceae

paragraphs: Quillajaceae is a flowering plant including two species, i.e. "Q.saponaria" and "Q.brasiliensis". Formely included in Rosaceous taxa


title: Seinäjoki

paragraphs: The City of Seinäjoki is the center of the Southern Ostrobothnia in Finland and one of the fastest growing urban city centers in Finland. Seinäjoki has a population of more than 60 000 inhabitants and in the Southern Ostrobothnia region there are about 200 000 inhabitants.

paragraphs: Seinäjoki offers high-quality education from primary school to university level as well as good jobs and living conditions for all age groups. Seinäjoki region is Finland's sixth largest market area and offers very competitive and attractive trade services.

paragraphs: A pleasant urban and garden-like environment, short distances, and a wide range of housing types is typical to the city's daily life.

paragraphs: Seinäjoki is known for the unique administrative and cultural center designed by architect Alvar Aalto. The city hosts various summer festivals such as Provinssirock, Tango Festival and Race and Rock Festival (Vauhtiajot), which attract tens of thousands of people to enjoy the city year after year.

paragraphs: Seinäjoki is good living 24 hours a day.


title: Neil Davidge

paragraphs: Neil Davidge (born 1962 in Bristol, United Kingdom) is a record producer, songwriter, movie score composer, musician and occasional backing singer. Once a helper of dance producers, DNA, he is best known as the long-term co-writer, producer and key background musician for the music production band Massive Attack. (In 1997, he also produced the Sunna album, "One Minute Science".) During that time he has established a career as a movie score composer including movies such as "Push", "Bullet Boy", "Trouble the Water" and additional music for "Clash of the Titans".

paragraphs: Artists he has worked with include UNKLE, Damon Albarn, Elizabeth Fraser, Mos Def, David Bowie and Snoop Dogg.

paragraphs: Most recently he recorded "The Storm That Brought Me To You" with Tina Dico for the "Clash of the Titans" soundtrack, the first "vocal" track for which he is credited as an artist separately from Massive Attack.


title: Susan Lucci

paragraphs: Susan Lucci (born December 23, 1946) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Erica Kane on the award winning soap opera "All My Children" on ABC. Some information sources say Lucci was born during 1946, while others say that she was born in 1948.

paragraphs: Lucci was born in Scarsdale, New York. She has been married to Helmut Huber since 1969. She has a daughter, actress Liza Huber and a son, Andreas Huber.


title: Jadwiga of Poland

paragraphs: Jadwiga Andegaweńska' (1374-1399) became the King of Poland on 16 October 1384 at the age of eleven. She was crowned as a king, not queen. Her royal title was: " Hedvigis Dei Gracia Rex Poloniae, necnon terrarum Cracoviae, Sandomiriae, Syradiae, Lanciciae, Cuyaviae, Pomeraniaeque domina et heres," (Jadwiga the grace of God, the Polish king, and heir to the land in Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kujawy and Pomerania). She was the daughter of Louis Hungarian, King of Poland and Hungary).

paragraphs: Jadwiga married a Lithuania Grand Duke, Jogaila (Władysław Jagiełło) on 18 February 1386. After her death during childbirth on 17 July 1399, her husband became the King Ladislaus II of Poland.

paragraphs: In 1997 she was made a saint by Pope John Paul II.


title: Cybill Shepherd

paragraphs: Cybill Lynne Shepherd (born February 18, 1950) is an American actress. She has acted in many sitcoms, television programs and movies. She starred in "Moonlighting" with Bruce Willis.


title: Jill Clayburgh

paragraphs: Jill Clayburgh (April 30, 1944 - November 5, 2010) was an American actress. She was nominated for several Academy Awards. Clayburgh was born in New York City and died from leukemia.


title: Peugeot 207

paragraphs: The Peugeot 207 is a automobile produced by Peugeot from 2006 to 2014. It is available with 4-cylinder petrol and diesel engines. It is based on the same platform as the Citroën C3. It was sold as a 3 or 5-door hatchback with a hard-top convertible and estate versions added in 2007, facelifted in 2009 and was replaced in 2012 by the 208, the estate was replaced by the 2008 crossover in 2013 but the convertible was not replaced.


title: Bacterial microcompartment

paragraphs: Bacterial microcompartments are structures inside bacteria. They are made of a protein shell which surrounds and encloses various enzymes. They are similar to eukaryotic cell organelles, but do not have plasma membranes. They do not contain lipids.

paragraphs: These compartments are typically about 100-200 nanometres across and made of interlocking proteins.

paragraphs: Protein-enclosed compartments are also found in eukaryotes, such as enzyme encapsulation.


title: Evacuation Day (New York)

paragraphs: Evacuation Day for New York was the day that the last of the British authorities in the United States (its troops in New York City) left Manhattan on November 25, 1783. After this British evacuation, General George Washington triumphantly led the Continental Army through the city.


title: Sterile neutrino

paragraphs: Sterile neutrinos, also known as neutral heavy leptons, heavy neutrinos, or right-handed neutrinos, are theoretical particles that are extremely difficult to find. This is because they are not affected by all of fundamental forces that rule normal physics, only gravity. They are detected by a theory called the seesaw mechanism which says that when sterile neutrinos are near other neutrinos (tiny particles which are not affected by much), they increase their own mass by lowering the mass of the nearby neutrinos. Detection probably comes from the fact that they are affected by gravity.

paragraphs: Think of it as a particle that absorbs the energy of other particles of the same family type. Once one is near another of its family, it raises its mass by lowering (absorbing) another's overall mass.


title: Claire Danes

paragraphs: Claire Catherine Danes (born April 12, 1979) is an American actress. She was born in New York City, New York. Danes starred as Angela Chase in "My So-Called Life" in the 1994-1995 television season. She also acted in many movies, including the 1996 movie "Romeo + Juliet" and the 2010 movie "Temple Grandin". She plays Carrie Mathison in "Homeland".


title: Burn (injury)

paragraphs: A burn is an injury to a person's skin or even flesh. Heat, cold, electricity, chemicals, friction, or radiation can be the cause of a burn. Most burns are due to heat from hot liquids, solids, or fire. While rates are similar for males and females the underlying causes often differ. Among women in some areas, risk is related to use of open cooking fires or unsafe stoves. Among men, risk is related to the work environments. Alcoholism and smoking are other risk factors. Burns can also occur as a result of self harm or violence between people.

paragraphs: Burns can be very serious injuries, and in some cases can even cause death. Depending on how deep the burn goes and amount of skin affected, a burn can be a medical emergency. For children, at least five percent of the skin needs to be affected. Adults can tolerate up to ten percent of affected skin.

paragraphs: Burns of a certain extent affect the body as a whole: Common reactions are circulatory shock, systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis.

paragraphs: In the United States, almost eight out of ten burns resulted from fire, flames, or hot liquids. Most (69%) burn injuries occur at home or at work (9%), and most are accidental, with 2% due to assault by another, and 1–2% resulting from a suicide attempt. These sources can cause inhalation injury to the airway and/or lungs, occurring in about 6%.

paragraphs: Burns are usually minor. They are usually Degree One to a minor Degree Two. Others are more powerful, such as Degree 3. People may get more powerful burns from high heat or radioactive items.

paragraphs: Degree One burns are minor and can be cured at home. They seldom leave scars. A person can get them from hot water, a minor sunburn, or by touching hot metal. It causes pain, but only the top layer of skin is burnt and no nerves are injured.

paragraphs: Degree Two burns can be cured at home, but some people would prefer to take them to the hospital. This degree of burn goes into the second layer of skin.

paragraphs: Degree Three burns are the most severe burns that most people can survive from. Although they may be severe, the chances of death are very low if treated at the hospital right away. It burns through all three layers of skin, leaving a scab.

paragraphs: This degree of burn goes through the skin and destroys the nerves near it. There is no pain at the location of the 4th degree burn area, due to the destruction of the nerves, but there can be immense pain that occurs in the area surrounding the burn. Very few survive it. It must be treated at the hospital ASAP if it occurs and the person is still alive.

paragraphs: Cave paintings from more than 3,500 years ago document burns and their management. The earliest Egyptian records on treating burns describes dressings prepared with milk from mothers of baby boys. The 1500 BCE Edwin Smith Papyrus describes treatments using honey and the salve of resin. Many other treatments have been used over the ages, including the use of tea leaves by the Chinese documented to 600 BCE, pig fat and vinegar by Hippocrates documented to 400 BCE, and wine and myrrh by Celsus documented to 100 CE. French barber-surgeon Ambroise Paré was the first to describe different degrees of burns in the 1500s. Guillaume Dupuytren expanded these degrees into six different severities in 1832.

paragraphs: The first hospital to treat burns opened in 1843 in London, England and the development of modern burn care began in the late 1800s and early 1900s. During World War I, Henry D. Dakin and Alexis Carrel developed standards for the cleaning and disinfecting of burns and wounds using sodium hypochlorite solutions, which significantly reduced mortality. In the 1940s, the importance of early excision and skin grafting was acknowledged, and around the same time, fluid resuscitation and formulas to guide it were developed. In the 1970s, researchers demonstrated the significance of the hypermetabolic state that follows large burns.


title: Waterloo, Iowa

paragraphs: Waterloo is a city in northeast part of the US state of Iowa. It is near Cedar Falls. These two cities make up the Waterloo-Cedar Falls area. The University of Northern Iowa is in the area. Waterloo is the county seat of Black Hawk County.


title: Heather Locklear

paragraphs: Heather Locklear (born September 25, 1961) is an American actress. She has been in many movies and television series. Her most notable performance was starring as Amanda in "Melrose Place". She also played Sammy in "Dynasty" and Caitlin in the sitcom "Spin City". Locklear was born in Los Angeles.

paragraphs: On June 24, 2018, after being released on bail for accounts of battery, Locklear overdosed on drugs and was hospitalized.


title: Alicia Silverstone

paragraphs: Alicia Silverstone (born October 4, 1976) is an American actress and activist. She was born in San Francisco, California to an English father and Scottish mother. Silverstone's movies include "Clueless", "Batman and Robin" and "".

paragraphs: Alicia has been married to musician, radio show host and actor Christopher Jarecki since June 11, 2005. They have one child together, a son Bear Blu Jarecki (born May 5, 2011).


title: Francisco I. Madero

paragraphs: Francisco I. Madero (October 30, 1873 - February 22, 1913) was a reformist politician and writer. He was President of Mexico from 1911 to 1913 and never held any other political office. He helped engineer the overthrow of entrenched dictator Porfirio Díaz by starting the Mexican Revolution. Unfortunately for Madero, he found himself caught between the remnants of Díaz' power structure (who hated him for overthrowing the old regime) and the revolutionary forces he unleashed (who despised him for not being radical enough). He was deposed and executed in 1913 by Victoriano Huerta, a general who had served under Díaz.