title: Magnetic moment

paragraphs: The magnetic moment of a magnet is a quantity that determines the force that the magnet can exert on electric currents and the torque that a magnetic field will exert on it. A loop of electric current, a bar magnet, an electron, a molecule, and a planet all have magnetic moments.

paragraphs: Both the magnetic moment and magnetic field may be considered to be vectors having a magnitude and direction. The direction of the magnetic moment points from the south to north pole of a magnet. The magnetic field produced by a magnet is proportional to its magnetic moment as well. More precisely, the term "magnetic moment" normally refers to a system's magnetic dipole moment, which produces the first term in the multipole expansion of a general magnetic field. The dipole component of an object's magnetic field is symmetric about the direction of its magnetic dipole moment, and decreases as the inverse cube of the distance from the object.

paragraphs: In text books, two complementary approaches are used to define magnetic moments. In pre-1930's textbooks, they were defined using magnetic poles. Most recent textbooks define it in terms of Ampèrian currents.

paragraphs: Physicists represent sources of magnetic moments in materials as poles. The North and South poles are an analogy to the positive and negative charges in electrostatics. Consider a bar magnet which has magnetic poles of equal magnitude but opposite polarity. Each pole is the source of magnetic force which weakens with distance. Since s always come in pairs, their forces partially cancel each other because while one pole pulls, the other repels. This cancellation is greatest when the poles are close to each other i.e. when the bar magnet is short. The magnetic force produced by a bar magnet, at a given point in space, therefore depends on two factors: on both the strength formula_1 of its poles, and on the vector formula_2 separating them. The moment is defined as

paragraphs: It points in the direction from South to North pole. The analogy with electric dipoles should not be taken too far because magnetic dipoles are associated with angular momentum (see Magnetic moment and angular momentum). Nevertheless, magnetic poles are very useful for magnetostatic calculations, particularly in applications to ferromagnets. Practitioners using the magnetic pole approach generally represent the magnetic field by the irrotational field formula_4, in analogy to the electric field formula_5.

paragraphs: Suppose a planar closed loop carries an electric current formula_6 and has vector area formula_7 (formula_8, formula_9, and formula_10 coordinates of this vector are the areas of projections of the loop onto the formula_11, formula_12, and formula_13 planes). Its magnetic moment formula_14, vector, is defined as:

paragraphs: By convention, the direction of the vector area is given by the right hand grip rule (curling the fingers of one's right hand in the direction of the current around the loop, when the palm of the hand is "touching" the loop's outer edge, and the straight thumb indicates the direction of the vector area and thus of the magnetic moment).

paragraphs: If the loop is not planar, the moment is given as

paragraphs: In the most general case of an arbitrary current distribution in space, the magnetic moment of such a distribution can be found from the following equation:

paragraphs: where formula_18 is the position vector pointing from the origin to the location of the volume element, and formula_19 is the current density vector at that location.

paragraphs: The above equation can be used for calculating a magnetic moment of any assembly of moving charges, such as a spinning charged solid, by substituting

paragraphs: where formula_21 is the electric charge density at a given point and formula_22 is the instantaneous linear velocity of that point.

paragraphs: For example, the magnetic moment produced by an electric charge moving along a circular path is

paragraphs: where formula_18 is the position of the charge formula_25 relative to the center of the circle and formula_22 is the instantaneous velocity of the charge.

paragraphs: Practitioners using the current loop model generally represent the magnetic field by the solenoidal field formula_27, analogous to the electrostatic field formula_28.

paragraphs: A generalization of the above current loop is a multi-turn coil, or solenoid. Its moment is the vector sum of the moments of individual turns. If the solenoid has formula_29 identical turns (single-layer winding),

paragraphs: The unit for magnetic moment is not a base unit in the International System of Units (SI) and it can be represented in more than one way. For example, in the current loop definition, the area is measured in square meters and formula_6 is measured in amperes, so the magnetic moment is measured in ampere–square meters (formula_32). In the equation for torque on a moment, the torque is measured in Newton.meters and the magnetic field in tesla, so the moment is measured in N.m per Tesla (formula_33). These two representations are equivalent:

paragraphs: In the CGS system, there are several different sets of electromagnetism units, of which the main ones are ESU, Gaussian, and EMU. Among these, there are two alternative (non-equivalent) units of magnetic dipole moment in CGS:

paragraphs: The ratio of these two non-equivalent CGS units (EMU/ESU) is equal exactly to the speed of light in free space, expressed in cm/s.

paragraphs: All formulas in this article are correct in SI units, but in other unit systems, the formulas may need to be changed. For example, in SI units, a loop of current with current I and area A has magnetic moment I×A (see below), but in Gaussian units the magnetic moment is I×A/c.

paragraphs: For relation between the notions of magnetic moment and magnetization see magnetization.


title: Bedworth

paragraphs: Bedworth is a small market town in Warwickshire, England. It is northwest of London, east of Birmingham, and north of the county town of Warwick. The town is home to many sights including The Bedworth Water Tower and The Nicholas Chamberlaine Almshouses. It was also known for mining, which is not done anymore. They also are known for the vast amount of Charity Shops which are located in most parts of the town.

paragraphs: The town is pronounced "Beduf" by the people that live there.


title: Thomas Schaaf

paragraphs: Thomas Schaaf (born 30 April 1961 in Mannheim) is a former German football player. Schaaf was a defender. He is now coach of SV Werder Bremen in the German Bundesliga.

paragraphs: After the death of his father the Schaaf family went to Bremen. They lived near the Weser Stadion. And so Thomas Schaaf came to SV Werder. He spent all his active and manager time with SV Werder. In 1972 he came to Werder Bremen's youth academy. 1978 he turned professional. Till 1994 he played 281 matches for Werder Bremen. He was with Bremen two times German Champion (1988, 1993) and two times Cup winner (1991, 1994). He also won the UEFA Cup in 1992. As player he played two times for the German U21 national team.

paragraphs: Schaaf began his coaching career during his active career. He was then coach of Werder's youth teams U17 (1987/88) and U19 (1988 - 1995). 1993 till 1995 he was assistance coach in the first team. After four years as coach with the second team he became coach of the first team in 1999. He is still coach. He is the longest serving coach in today's German Bundesliga. As coach of the first team he won the German Bundesliga in 2004 and was three times Cup winner (1999, 2004, 2009). From 2004 his team qualified 5 times for the UEFA Champions League.

paragraphs: Thomas Schaaf is married and has a daughter. He is also engaged in social issues. He is ambassador for the "Zentrum für trauernde Kinder und Jugendliche " (center for mourning children and youths).


title: Rockefeller family

paragraphs: The Rockefeller family () is the Cleveland family of John D. Rockefeller (1839–1937) and his brother William Rockefeller (1841–1922). It is an American industrial, banking, and political family that originally came from Germany. It made one of the world's largest private fortunes in the oil business during the late 19th and early 20th century. This was mainly through the Standard Oil Company.

paragraphs: The family is also known for its long association with and financial interest in the Chase Manhattan Bank, now JP Morgan Chase. People see them as one of the most powerful groups inside the United States and are well connected to the banking industry. Their ancestor, Johann Peter Rockefeller, moved to North America in 1723 from what is today Westerwald, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

paragraphs: The family was heavily involved in many real estate construction projects in the U.S. during the 20th century. Chief among them:

paragraphs: Beginning with Rockefeller Senior, the family has been a major force in land conservation. Over the generations, it has created more than 20 national parks and open spaces, including the Cloisters, Acadia National Park, Forest Hill Park, the Nature Conservancy, the Rockefeller Forest in California's Humboldt Redwoods State Park (the largest stand of old-growth redwoods), and Grand Teton National Park, among many others. Rockefeller Jr, and his son Laurance (and his son "Larry") were particularly prominent in this area.

paragraphs: The National Audubon Society honored the family for its conservation efforts in November, 2005. Over 30 family members attended the event. At the event, the society's president, John Flicker, said: ""Cumulatively, no other family in America has made the contribution to conservation that the Rockefeller family has made"."

paragraphs: The family has been awarded the annual UNA-USA’s "Global Leadership Award", along with other recipients over time, including Bill Clinton and Michael Bloomberg. Members of the Rockefeller family into the fourth generation (especially the prominent banker and statesman David Rockefeller, who is the present family patriarch) have been heavily involved in international politics, and have donated money, established or been involved in the following major international institutions:

paragraphs: The "Rockefeller Archive Center", an independent foundation that was until 2008 a part of Rockefeller University, is a vast three-story underground bunker built below the "Martha Baird Rockefeller" "Hillcrest" mansion on the family estate at Pocantico (see Kykuit). Along forty-foot-long walls of shelves on rails, maintained by ten full-time archivists, is the entire repository of personal and official papers and correspondence of the complete family and its members, along with historical papers of its numerous foundations, as well as other non-family philanthropic institutions. These include: the Commonwealth Fund, "Charles E. Culpeper Foundation", "Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust", and the "John and Mary R. Markle Foundation".

paragraphs: In total, it holds over 70 million pages of documents and contains the collections of forty-two scientific, cultural, educational and philanthropic organizations.

paragraphs: Only the expurgated records of deceased family members are publicly available to scholars and researchers. All records pertaining to living members are closed to historians. However, as Nelson Rockefeller's researcher, Cary Reich, discovered, in the case of Nelson's voluminous of papers, only about one-third of these files had been processed and released to researchers up to 1996. He reports that it will be many years before all the papers will be open to the public, despite Nelson having died in 1979.

paragraphs: The Center maintains that this repository of records, covering 140-plus years of the records of the family, in addition to non-Rockefeller philanthropic collections, gives unique insights into United States and world issues and social developments in both the 19th and 20th centuries.

paragraphs: Records in the collection are only available up until the early 1960s, generally 1961.

paragraphs: The combined wealth of the family – their total assets and investments plus the individual wealth of its members – has never been known with any precision. The records of the family archives relating to both the family and individual members' net worth is closed to researchers.

paragraphs: From the outset, and even today, the family wealth has been under the complete control of the male members of the family, through the family office. Despite strong-willed wives who had influence over their husbands' decisions – such as the pivotal female figure Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, wife of Junior – in all cases they received allowances only and were never given even partial responsibility for the family fortune.

paragraphs: Much of the wealth has been locked up in the notable family trust of 1934 (which holds the bulk of the fortune and matures on the death of the fourth generation), and the trust of 1952, both administered by the Chase Manhattan Bank. These trusts have consisted of shares in the successor companies to Standard Oil and other diversified investments, as well as the family's considerable real estate holdings. They are administered by a trust committee that oversees the fortune. It has consisted over time of high-profile individuals, who have included Paul Volcker, William G. Bowen (former president of Princeton University) and John C. Whitehead (retired co-chairman of Goldman Sachs).

paragraphs: Management of this fortune today also rests with professional money managers who oversee the principal holding company, "Rockefeller Financial Services". It controls all the family's investments. The family sold Rockefeller Center in 1989, and the money made from selling it has been reinvested. The present chairman is David Rockefeller, Jr.

paragraphs: Over the generations the family members have resided in some notable historic homes. A total of 81 Rockefeller homes are on the National Register of Historic Places. Not including all homes owned by the five brothers, some of the more prominent of these are:

paragraphs: A trademark of the dynasty over its 140-plus years has been the remarkable unity it has maintained, despite major divisions that developed in the late 1970s, and unlike other rich families such as the DuPonts and the Mellons. A primary reason has been the lifelong efforts of "Junior" to not only cleanse the name from the opprobrium stemming from the ruthless practices of Standard Oil, but his tireless efforts to forge family unity even as he allowed his five sons to operate independently. This was partly achieved by regular brothers and family meetings, but it was also because of the high value placed on family unity by first Nelson and John 3rd, and later especially with David.

paragraphs: Regarding achievements, in 1972, on the 100 anniversary of the founding of Andrew Carnegie's philanthropy, the Carnegie Corporation, which has had a long association with the family and its institutions, released a public statement on the influence of the family on not just philanthropy but encompassing a much wider field. Summing up a predominant view amongst the international philanthropic world, although one poorly grasped by the public, one sentence of this statement read: ""The contributions of the Rockefeller family are staggering in their extraordinary range and in the scope of their contribution to humankind.""

paragraphs: John D. Rockefeller gave away US$540 million over his lifetime (in dollar terms of that time), and became the greatest lay benefactor of medicine in history. His son, "Junior" also gave away over $537 million over his lifetime, bringing the total philanthropy of just two generations of the family to over $1 billion from 1860 to 1960. Added to this, the "New York Times" declared in a report in November, 2006 that David Rockefeller's total charitable benefactions amount to about $900 million over his lifetime.

paragraphs: The combined personal and social connections of the various family members are very great, both in America and throughout the world. The family members know the most powerful politicians, royalty, public figures, and chief businessmen. Notable figures through Standard Oil alone have included Henry Flagler and Henry H. Rogers. Contemporary figures include Henry Kissinger, Nelson Mandela, Richard Parsons (Chairman and CEO of Time Warner), C. Fred Bergsten, Peter G. Peterson (Senior Chairman of the Blackstone Group), and Paul Volcker.

paragraphs: In 1991, the family was presented with the Honor Award from the National Building Museum for four generations worth of preserving and creating some of the U.S.'s most important buildings and places. David accepted the award on the family's behalf. The ceremony coincided with an exhibition on the family's contributions to the built environment, including John Sr.'s preservation efforts for the Hudson River Palisades, the restoration of Williamsburg, Virginia, construction of Rockefeller Center, and Governor Nelson's efforts to construct low- and middle-income housing in New York state.

paragraphs: The Rockefeller name is imprinted on numerous places throughout the United States, most notably in New York City, but also in Cleveland, where the family originates:

paragraphs: John D Junior, through his son Nelson, purchased and then donated the land upon which sits the UN headquarters, in New York, in 1946. Earlier, in the 1920s, he had also donated a substantial amount towards the restoration and rehabilitation of major buildings in France after World War I, such as the Rheims Cathedral, the Fontainebleau Palace and the Palace of Versailles, for which he was later (1936) awarded France's highest decoration, the Grand Croix of the Légion d'honneur (subsequently also awarded decades later to his son, David Rockefeller).

paragraphs: He also funded the notable excavations at Luxor in Egypt, as well as establishing a Classical Studies School in Athens. In addition, he provided the funding for the construction of the Palestine Archaeological Museum in East Jerusalem - the Rockefeller Museum.

paragraphs: The family, with its far reaching philanthropy, as well as its oil, real estate, banking, and international institutions, remains a benchmark for extreme wealth ("as rich as Rockefeller"), as "Senior" is still regarded as the wealthiest man who has ever lived, worth over $300 billion in today's figures, easily surpassing Bill Gates, in terms adjusted by inflation indexing.

paragraphs: The members of the Rockefeller family are noted for their philanthropy; a "Rockefeller Archive Center" study in 2004 documents an incomplete list of 72 major institutions that the family has created and/or endowed up to the present day. Historically, the major focus of their benefactions have been in the educational, health and conservation areas.

paragraphs: Family leaders in both philanthropy and business have included John D. Sr., John D. Jr. ("Junior"), John D. III, Laurance Rockefeller and David Rockefeller, who is the family's current patriarch. Several family members have held high public office, including Vice President of the United States (Nelson Rockefeller), United States Senator (Jay Rockefeller), state governor (Nelson, Jay, and Winthrop Rockefeller), and lieutenant governor (Winthrop Paul Rockefeller). Another noted family member was Michael Rockefeller, son of Nelson Rockefeller, an anthropologist who came to media attention after he was presumed killed in New Guinea in 1961.

paragraphs: The corporate, financial and personal affairs of the family - numbering around 150 blood relatives of John D. Rockefeller - are run from the family office, "Room 5600", known officially as "Rockefeller Family and Associates". It comprises three floors of the GE Building in Rockefeller Center. All private family legal matters are handled by the family-associated New York law firm of Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy. Room 5600 is also the base of the current family historian, "Peter J. Johnson", who assisted with David Rockefeller's "Memoirs", published in 2002.

paragraphs: To distinguish the generations and facilitate communication, the fourth generation is generically known as ""The Cousins"" (24 in all, with 21 still living) and the younger family members are known as the ""Fifth/Sixth"" generation. Many if not all of these family members are involved in institutionalized philanthropic pursuits. Family links are solidified through the practice of ritualized family meetings - which started with the regular "brothers' meetings" held in Room 5600 or in their respective private residences, beginning in 1945. Family get-togethers are held today at the ""Playhouse"", in the Westchester County family estate of "Pocantico", in June (the "cousins weekend") and December of each year (see Kykuit).

paragraphs: To the sixth-generation, with 21 still living in the fourth ("the Cousins"). The total number of blood relative descendants as of 2006 is about 150.

paragraphs: An article in the "New York Times" in 1937 stated that William Rockefeller had, at that time, exactly 28 great-grandchildren.


title: Mimasaka Province

paragraphs: The province had borders with Bitchū, Bizen, Harima, Hōki, and Inaba Provinces.

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was Tsuyama.

paragraphs: In 713 ("Wadō 6, 3rd month"), the land of Mimasaka was separated from Bizen Province.

paragraphs: Mimasaka was the home of the samurai Miyamoto Musashi who is known for writing "The Book of Five Rings".

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Mimasaka Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Nakayama jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Mimasaka.


title: Nagato Province

paragraphs: , often called , was an old province of Japan in the area of Yamaguchi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

paragraphs: The province had borders with Iwami and Suō Provinces.

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was Shimonoseki.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Nagato Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: The Japanese battleship "Nagato" was named after this province.

paragraphs: "Sumiyoshi jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Nagato.


title: Suō Province

paragraphs: The province had borders with Aki, Iwami, and Nagato Provinces.

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was Hōfu.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Suō Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Tamanoya jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Suō.


title: Alexander Zickler

paragraphs: Alexander "Alex" Zickler (born 28 February 1974 in Bad Salzungen, then German Democratic Republic) is a German football manager and former football player. He played as a striker. During his career he played for FC Bayern Munich.

paragraphs: He started playing at the age of six with Dynamo Dresden. He played in all youth ranks. His debut in the first team was on 23 October 1992 against 1. FC Nuremberg. In July 1993 Zickler went to FC Bayern Munich where he stayed as a player for 11 seasons. During this time he was often injured. He scored 18 goals as substitute which is record in the German Bundesliga.

paragraphs: In June 2005 he went to FC Red Bull Salzburg together with his team mate Thomas Linke. With Red Bull Salzburg he won three Austrian titles. 2006 he was elected Austrian footballer of the year by the coaches of the Austrian Bundesliga. 2010 he went to LASK Linz. After the end of the 2010/11 season he retired from football. He went back to Red Bull Salzburg where he works as contact partner for fans and partner firms.

paragraphs: Alexander Zickler played 17 times for Germanys U21 national team and scored 7 goals. In 12 matches for the German national football team he scored two goals.


title: Apollo 5

paragraphs: Apollo 5 was the first unmanned test flight of the Apollo Lunar Module. The Apollo Lunar Module was the lander part of Apollo spacecraft. The module was launched on January 22, 1968 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station.


title: Hallucigenia

paragraphs: Hallucigenia is an extinct genus of animal found as fossils in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale formation of British Columbia, Canada. Another species is found in the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale of China.

paragraphs: "Hallucigenia" was thought by Stephen Jay Gould to be unrelated to any living species, but most palaeontologists now believe that the species was a velvet worm, a relative of modern arthropods.

paragraphs: Unlike its contemporary "Aysheaia", "Hallucigenia" has very little resemblance to modern Onychophora. The elongated, and clawed legs bear little resemblance to the paired annulated legs of the Onychophora. It is unknown what the spines were made of and how much 'protection' they offered. It is not easy to explain why 30 or more specimens — each thought to have seven pairs of rather long, flexible legs — do not show even one example of paired legs. But at least this reconstruction of the animal can plausibly walk, and the spines serve a reasonable purpose. A picture of this reconstruction as well as a photograph of an actual fossil can be seen on the Geological Survey of Canada's website.


title: Jōgan

paragraphs: A collection of laws issued after 811 was published during this era. It was called the "Jōgan kyaku-siki".


title: Software testing

paragraphs: Software testing takes place during software engineering. It is done before the release to the final audience.

paragraphs: Software testing is meant to see how the software works under different conditions. These conditions might be different depending on what the audience is. Testing is done to understand if it will work correctly, partially fail to work properly, or totally fail to work properly. Each test may be used to see how one, or many, parts of the software work at a point in its development.

paragraphs: Proper performance may be based on specific (written) requirements or standards (which might, for example, be usability). Bad performance, or poor quality, might cause an unhappy audience. This could cause more work needing to be done on the software and higher costs.

paragraphs: A review of the results of tests may show that some parts of the software system may need to be done again, or may work well. Some bad performances or Software bugs may need to be fixed. After more work on the software, testing may be done again.

paragraphs: For larger software systems, tracking may take place checking completeness of the set of tests, test results, and how quickly any problems are fixed. All this information can be used for decision making about how ready the software is, and when it could be released to the final audience.

paragraphs: Software testing may be done with separate parts of the software, with a group of these parts, or with the entire software. Software testing may be done by allowing the software to be used by a small number of people who the software is meant for, under controlled settings. It is then tested with a larger group of people under less controlled settings (beta testing).

paragraphs: Some related terms are unit testing, white box testing, black box testing, regression testing, manual testing, automated testing, testing tools, test plan, test case, test data and test coverage.


title: Josef Skvorecky

paragraphs: Josef Skvorecky (27 September 1924–3 January 2012) was Czech writer and publisher based in Canada. He left Czechoslovakia after the Soviet invasion in 1968. Skvorecky helped banned Czech writers have their books printed and then smuggled back in to the country.

paragraphs: He was born at Nachod. During World War II he worked in a factory making Messerschmitt airplanes. After the war he studied philosophy at Charles University in Prague. He worked for a government publisher. His job there was to translate books by authors such as Ernest Hemingway, William Faulkner, and Raymond Chandler. He began to write his own detective stories based on a character called Lieutenant Boruvka.

paragraphs: His first novel, "The Cowards" (1958), was banned because it did not agree with the government about the communist resistance to the Nazis in the war. The book did not talk about heroism and sacrifice. The characters are interested in girls and jazz. He was about to publish his second novel, "The Tank Battalion" (1968), when the Soviet Union invaded Czechoslovakia in 1968. Skvorecky and his wife left the country and moved to Canada where he had been offered a job at the University of Toronto. With his wife they set up their own publishing company. They reprinted "The Tank Battalion". Copies were sold to Czech people living in exile. Some copies were smuggled back into Czechoslovakia. His publishing company specialized in printing books by banned Czech writers.

paragraphs: He was awarded the Order of the White Lion, by Vaclav Havel in 1990, and in 1992 was appointed to the Order of Canada.


title: Heiji

paragraphs: The "Tale of Heiji" is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Heiji Rebellion. Along with the "Tale of Hōgen" and the "Tale of Heike", these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.


title: Left anarchism

paragraphs: Left anarchism or left-wing anarchism deals with left-wing forms of anarchism. It wants a future society that replaces private property with reciprocity. In this society, no one owns things. People do not work for money to buy things. They do their work because it is the best for society and the things they need are given to them without cost. It wants a society where there is no one in charge. Each person does what they need to without others to lead them. The term "left anarchism" is sometimes used with the same meaning as libertarian socialism, left libertarianism, or socialist anarchism. Left-wing anarchists have been a part of anti-globalization protests. For example, the protest in 1999 against the World Trade Organization in Seattle.

paragraphs: Ulrike Heider, a syndicalist, categorizes anarchism into left anarchism, right anarchism (anarcho-capitalism), and green anarchism. People who study anarchists, including Bryan Caplan and Murray Bookchin, do not agree with him. They feel his research is of bad quality. Left-wing anarchism is distinguished from free-market anarchism and right-wing anarchism (such as that of Murray Rothbard).


title: Cristiano da Silva

paragraphs: Cristiano da Silva (born 12. Januar 1987 in Campo Mourão) is an Brazilian football player. He plays for FC Red Bull Salzburg as midfielder in the Austrian Bundesliga. His player name is Cristiano.

paragraphs: He started playing football with Adap Galo. His first professional team was Coritiba FC in 2005. After playing for different teams he came to CA Metropolitano. He was then out on loan for Associação Chapecoense und EC Juventude. In 2011 he had a test with Red Bull Salzburg. He statisfied coach Moniz and signed a contract till 2015.


title: Aggrotech

paragraphs: Aggrotech is a type of electronic dance music. It is a form of electro-industrial music It combines the music with an aggressive style. The German band Funker Vogt is known for this genre of music.


title: Wiener FC 1898

paragraphs: Wiener FC 1898 (Vienna Football Club 1898) was one of the first football clubs in Austrias capital Vienna. The club existed from 1897 till 1903.

paragraphs: The club was the football section of the "Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein Wien" (German-Austrian gymnastic club). The Turnverein was founded by Jewish members of the "Ersten Wiener Turnverein 1861" (First Vienna gymnastic club). In the 1880s the club allowed only members of German origin to be members. So did other sports clubs. The Jewish members formed the Deutsch-Österreichischen Turnverein.

paragraphs: In 1898 the football section became a club of its own. In the first year they reached the final of the Challenge-Cup, a football competition for clubs from the Austrian- Hungary Empire. They lost 7-0 to Vienna Cricket and Football-Club. In the next editions the club reached the semi finals. In 1900/01 the Österreichischen Fußball-Union organized a league and Wiener FC was put in the 1. Klasse. They played for the Tagblatt-Pokal (Tagblatt-Cup, "Tagblatt" was a newspaper from Vienna)

paragraphs: The reason for quitting the league was that the club suffered often from a lack of players.


title: Hōgen (era)

paragraphs: The "Tale of Hōgen" is about this era. The work tells the story of the samurai who were part of the Hōgen Rebellion. Along with the "Tale of Heiji" and the "Tale of Heike", these three war stories tell about the rise and fall of the Minamoto clan and the Taira clan.


title: Teleology

paragraphs: Teleology is a philosophical idea that things have goals or causes. It is the "view that developments are due to the purpose or design which is served by them".

paragraphs: An example would be Aristotle's view of nature, later adopted by the Catholic Church. The word ""teleological"" comes from the Ancient Greek "telos", which means "end" or "purpose". A simpler example would be a tool such as the clock, which is designed by man to tell the time.

paragraphs: Whether or not an entity (man or god) is needed to cause teleology to happen is one of the most important questions. All cultures we know of have creation stories in their religions. However, much of science operates on the principle that the natural world is self-organising. This applies particularly to astronomy and biology, which were once explained as the action of a deity, and are now seen as natural and automatically self-organising. Cybernetics is the basic science of self-organising systems.

paragraphs: The general issue of whether the original sense of teleology applies to the natural world is still a matter of controversy between religion and science.


title: Non sequitur

paragraphs: Non sequitur means "does not follow." It is a type of logical fallacy: a bad argument that makes no sense.

paragraphs: It is defined as a deductive argument that is invalid. The argument could have true premises, but still have a false conclusion.

paragraphs: The term ""non sequitur"" usually refers to those types of invalid arguments which are not named formal fallacies (e.g. post hoc ergo propter hoc). In other words, in practice, ""non sequitur"" refers to an unnamed formal fallacy.

paragraphs: A non sequitur argument takes something that people accept is true, and says that because this is true, the conclusion is right. The problem is that the conclusion has nothing to do with the premise (original statement that people agree on).

paragraphs: People often have difficulty applying the rules of logic. For example, a person might say this syllogism is valid:

paragraphs: It would only be true if all beaked animals were birds (which is not so).


title: Oracle of Delphi

paragraphs: The Oracle of Delphi was an institution in Ancient Greece, dedicated to the god Apollo. Only one priestess operated at Delphi at any one time, and the name given to her was 'the Pythia'. The woman gave up her own name when she became priestess.

paragraphs: The Temple of Apollo was at Delphi, on the slopes of Mount Parnassus in Greece. According to legend, the god answered questions through the medium of his priestess, who was famous for her ambiguous predictions. Scholars from time to time have suggested that burning Oleander or volcanic gases played their part in her strange utterings.

paragraphs: In 560 BC Croesus, King of Lydia, selected the Delphic Oracle and the Oracle at Thebes for advice. He asked if he should make war on the Persians. Both oracles gave the same response, that if Croesus made war on the Persians, he would destroy a mighty empire. They also advised him to seek out the most powerful Greek peoples and make alliance with them.

paragraphs: Croesus paid a high fee to the Delphians and then sent to the oracle asking "Would his monarchy last long?" The Pythia answered:

paragraphs: Croesus thought it impossible that a mule should be king of the Medes and thus believed that he and his issue would never be out of power. He thus decided to make common cause with certain Greek city states and attack Persia.

paragraphs: However, it was he, not the Persians, who was defeated. This fulfilled the prophecy but not his interpretation of it. Apparently, he forgot that Cyrus, the victor, was half Mede (by his mother), half Persian (by his father) and so could be considered a mule.


title: Cuban Revolution

paragraphs: The Cuban Revolution was an armed revolt in the mid 20th century. It was led by Fidel Castro

paragraphs: against the government of Cuba's elected President Fulgencio Batista. The revolt took place between 1953 and 1959. Batista was finally removed from office on January 1, 1959. He was replaced by a revolutionary government led by Castro. This government changed along communist lines, and became the Communist Party of Cuba in October 1965.

paragraphs: The revolt began with the assault on the Moncada Barracks on July 26, 1953. It ended on December 31st, 1958, when Batista was forced to leave the country and Santa Clara and Santiago de Cuba were taken by rebels. Che Guevara and Fidel Castro, Raúl Castro and Huber Matos led the rebels. Guevara led the group at Santa Clara. Raúl Castro and Matos led the rebels at Santiago de Cuba. Castro used guerilla warfare methods.


title: George Stephanopoulos

paragraphs: George Robert Stephanopoulos (; born February 10, 1961) is an American television journalist and a former political advisor.

paragraphs: Stephanopoulos is the chief political correspondent for the news division at ABC-TV– and a co-anchor of ABC-TVs morning news program, "Good Morning America" ("GMA"). He returned as host of ABC-TV's "This Week" in January 2012, a Sunday morning news program produced by ABC-TV's news division. He is the main replacement anchor for ABC-TV's newscast program, "World News with Diane Sawyer".

paragraphs: In recent years, he has co-hosted ABC Newss special live coverage of political events with Charles Gibson and Diane Sawyer. He and has often been on "GMA" and "World News". He launched "George's Bottom Line", an ABCNews.com blog.

paragraphs: Before he started working for ABC News, he was a senior political adviser to the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign of Bill Clinton. He later became the White House Communications Director for two years. He was replaced by David Gergen. This change came after the Republican party getting control of the U.S. House and Senate in the mid-term elections of 1994.

paragraphs: In April 2020, Stephanopoulos was diagnosed with COVID-19.


Platt (surname)


title: Scared Shrekless

paragraphs: Scared Shrekless is a television Halloween special. It was first shown on the American television network NBC on Thursday, October 28, 2010. The special is once again based on the characters from the "Shrek" franchise. While some of the actors reprised their roles, others don't return (such as Dean Edwards, who is the new voice of Donkey).

paragraphs: It is Halloween night, and Shrek's family is celebrating by scaring trick-or-treaters. Inside their house, Donkey, Pinocchio, The Three Little Pigs, Wolf and Gingy fail to scare the ogres, and Shrek claims that nothing can scare an ogre because ogres are "the kings of Halloween". To prove him wrong, Donkey proposes a challenge to see who can tell the scariest story, but Shrek amps it up by choosing to hold their contest in Lord Farquaad's abandoned castle, Duloc. Gingy starts first with a story about his girlfriend dumping him and asking the muffin man for a new girlfriend, made with loads of sugar, thus giving her the name Sugar as revealed in the credits. Gingy becomes happy with her but ends up becoming freaked out of all her love for him. After running away and pushing her in a big container of batter, he finally becomes free of her and decides to go home, but the batter that Sugar was dropped in ended up creating thousands of zombie-like versions of herself, surrounding Gingy and eating him. The Three Little Pigs get scared and run away with Wolf who claims they are his ride. Shrek comments on the falsehood of Gingy's ""true"" story, saying that he cannot be here if he was eaten, and he runs off as well.

paragraphs: Next, Donkey and Puss tell a story about them taking shelter from a thunderstorm at Boot's Motel. It starts off well but they end up fighting over whose story is better and generally making each other look bad. Donkey gets Pinocchio to spray Puss with water, making him run away. At last, Shrek tells the final story about him as a baby-sitter trying to sort out a crazed, seemingly possessed, Pinocchio, but after continuously getting beaten up by the living puppet, Shrek tries to catch him but Pincocchio jumps out of the window. After landing on the streets, a talking cricket pops out of Pinocchio's head, claiming to be his conscience and the voice in his head making him go crazy, only to be squashed under Pinocchio's foot.

paragraphs: Pinocchio denies that the story is true, but when Shrek shows him a normal cricket, he screams and runs out. Now alone, Donkey and Shrek hear the wind moving about, and a walking suit of armour calling Donkey's name. Scared out of his wits, Donkey admits defeat and runs away. Fiona reveals it was her and the babies who planned the ghost act and then they, along with Shrek, celebrate by egging the seven dwarves.

paragraphs: "Scared Shrekless" got its DVD release on September 13, 2011 and a double DVD release on September 27, 2011, along with "".


title: Norbit

paragraphs: Norbit is a 2007 movie directed by Brian Robbins, and starring Eddie Murphy. It was released on February 9, 2007 and was a box-office success and was acclaimed from audience although it received poor reviews from film critics.

paragraphs: Norbit Albert Rice (Eddie Murphy) and Kate Thomas (Thandie Newton) are childhood best friends at the Golden Wonton Orphanage and Chinese restaurant run by Mr. Wong (Murphy), until Kate is adopted and they are separated. While being bullied by twins at a playground one day, Norbit is saved by Rasputia Latimore (Murphy), an overweight tough girl who, in return for scaring him to be her boyfriend, protects him from bullies and frightens the other children into playing with him. When they reach adulthood, Rasputia becomes an overbearing, moody, vindictive woman.

paragraphs: Eventually, the two marry, partly due to pressure from Rasputia's three coarse, thuggish older brothers Big Black Jack (Terry Crews), Earl (Clifton Powell) and Blue (Lester "Rasta" Speight), who the whole town (except Mr. Wong) live in fear of and also make Norbit their bookkeeper at their building company. During their marriage Rasputia bullies, tyrannises and insults Norbit to keep him to herself, until she eventually resents him and has an affair with her dance instructor Buster (Marlon Wayans).

paragraphs: During a puppet show at the orphanage, Norbit vents out his anger at Rasputia's cheating when he unexpectedly sees Kate for the first time in years. Stunned by her return, he falls in love with her again when she reveals that she is buying the Golden Wonton; the following Tuesday, whie out to lunch with Kate, he is dejected to find out she has become engaged to a man called Deion (Cuba Gooding, Jr.).

paragraphs: With help from his ex-pimp friends Pope Sweet Jesus (Eddie Griffin) and Lord Have Mercy (Katt Williams), Norbit eventually manages to go on a date with Kate without Rasputia's knowledge. Deion is revealed to be a gold digger and a crooked businessman, who is helping the Latimore brothers in their plans to convert the orphanage into a strip club called Nipplopolis, and they dupe Norbit into getting Kate to sign the papers which will renew the liquor licence and put it in their name. When Norbit meets Kate that evening, it leads to him help her reciting her wedding vows, and the two kiss, leading Kate to reconsider her wedding. When Norbit returns home, he learns that Rasputia witnessed the whole thing, and she threatens to kill Kate if Norbit ever sees her again.

paragraphs: When Kate confronts Norbit (who has been locked in the basement by Rasputia) about the deal, he reluctantly insults her to stop Rasputia following through with her threat of violence. Rasputia then adds that ever since Kate came back to town, Norbit has played her, causing her to run away in sadness while Rasputia laughs and mocks her. Norbit decides to leave town for good, but not before tries in vain to warn Kate about Deion.

paragraphs: After that, Norbit is caught by the Latimore brothers and imprisoned in the basement again, but not before they reveal their plans for the orphanage. Blue is chosen to stay and keep watch, but Norbit escapes and races to the church by bicycle. Although the Latimores try to stop him, Norbit arrives at the church and tells Kate about Deion's gold-digging, but his proof of Deion's divorce settlements were destroyed after he fell into a pond. However, Deion's ex-wives arrive with their children by him, each with conflicting tales about him as arranged by Norbit to help him find more proof of Deion's wrongdoings.

paragraphs: Deion runs away with his ex-wives in pursuit, effectively ending his marriage to Kate. Furious, the Latimore brothers try to kill Norbit for ruining their plans, but the townspeople unite and protect him. In a blind fury, Rasputia fights her way through the crowd armed with a spade and tries to bludgeon Norbit to death, but is harpooned in the backside by Mr. Wong. She and her brothers are run out of town, and Kate reconciles with Norbit, and the two share a kiss. Norbit then ends his marriage to Rasputia, on the grounds of her affair with Buster and her attempted murder of him.

paragraphs: Kate and Norbit buy the orphanage and marry under the same tree where they played in childhood. Meanwhile, Rasputia and her brothers flee to Mexico where they open the strip bar El Nipplopolis, where Rasputia becomes their most lucrative stripper.


title: Ciara Bravo

paragraphs: Ciara Quinn Bravo (born March 18, 1997 in Alexandria, Kentucky) is an American actress, singer, and voice actress. She is best known for her role in "Big Time Rush" as Katie Knight. Bravo is also known for voicing Giselita in "Open Season 3" and Peaches in "".


title: Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run

paragraphs: Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run is a short movie from Sony Pictures Animation. The movie is a spin-off of the movie "Open Season" and stars Boog and Elliot, the main characters of the "Open Season" franchise.

paragraphs: Bob and Bobbie (Georgia Engel) leave the trailer to go skinny-dipping, leaving Mr. Weenie (Cody Cameron) to guard the cinnamon buns they left on the counter. Boog (Martin Lawrence) and Elliot (Ashton Kutcher) sneak into the camp and discover there's buns in trailer. Unfortunately, Weenie is guarding the door.

paragraphs: To avoid waking Weenie, Boog and Elliot climb onto the roof and Boog ties Elliot to the end of a rope and lowers him through the open skylight. Unfortunately, Elliot is distracted by the buns and salivates, waking Mr. Weenie, who bites his backside, accidentally pulling Boog into the trailer. Bob and Bobbie hear noises from outside and think that Weenie is being attacked. Bobbie puts on a towel to go investigate. Shocked by what she sees, she accidentally drops her towel, revealing her bare tattooed buttocks (as well as everything else) to a passing police car, whose driver pulls over, startled by the naked woman. Elliot runs out of the window looking for a place to hide, leaving Boog incriminatingly holding Weenie by the tail when the police officer, Gordy (Gordon Tootoosis), breaks into the camper. Mr. Weenie says to Boog, "You are so busted," and Boog responds, "Tell me about it."

paragraphs: "Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run" was exclusively released on January 30, 2007, as a special feature on the "Open Season" DVD and Blu-ray.

paragraphs: The DVD copy of the short film was released on May 9, 2007 in Japan and it debuted on TV in Sweden on December 27, 2009.


title: Karley Scott Collins

paragraphs: Karley Scott Collins (born December 14, 1999) is an American actress and voice artist. She is the voice of Gisela in the "Open Season" franchise.


title: Robert M. Berdahl

paragraphs: Robert M. Berdahl (born 1937) is an American historian, author and the interim President of the University of Oregon (OU). He was chancellor of the University of California, Berkeley from 1997 to 2004. He was president of the Association of American Universities (AAU) from May 2006 to June 2011. In addition to his duties as interim President, he serves on the Board of Directors of Lam Research Corporation.

paragraphs: Berdahl was born in Sioux Falls, South Dakota in 1937. He received his B.A. degree from Augustana College (South Dakota). Berdahl got an M.A. degree from the University of Illinois. He earned a Ph.D. in history from the University of Minnesota in 1965.

paragraphs: Berdahl taught history at OU from 1967 to 1986. During that time he was dean of the College of Arts and Sciences from 1981 to 1986 while Paul Olum was OU president. Olum also was forced to retire in a fight over resources for the university. Berdahl then was vice chancellor for academic affairs at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for seven years. He then was president of the University of Texas for four years.

paragraphs: On December 9, 2011, Berdahl announced that he had been asked by the Oregon State Board of Higher Education to serve as the interim president of the University of Oregon. On November 28, 2011, the board gave Richard W. Lariviere 30 days to leave his office. Berdahl had written an editorial supporting Lariviere. Berdahl took office on December 29, 2011 and will serve until fall 2012 when his successor is named.


title: Richard W. Lariviere

paragraphs: Richard W. Lariviere (born 1950) was President of the University of Oregon (OU) from 2009 to 2011. He is a Life Member of the Council on Foreign Relations.

paragraphs: He became president of OU in 2009. Lariviere's contract was not renewed in 2011 amid a racketeering scandal in the OU Dean of Students office.

paragraphs: Lariviere has stated that he will remain at OU as a tenured faculty member.

paragraphs: Lariviere was Visiting Lecturer in the South Asia Regional Studies Department of the University of Pennsylvania from 1978-79. He was a Visiting Professor at the University of Iowa from 1980-1982. Lariviere was dean of the College of Liberal Arts at the University of Texas at Austin from 1999 to 2006. He was executive vice chancellor and provost at the University of Kansas from 2006 to 2009.

paragraphs: As OU president, Lariviere answered to a number of different groups. He ran into two problems: OU salaries and OU governance. Before Lariviere arrived at OU, salaries were frozen for several years. OU could not compete with other colleges. In February 2011, Oregon Governor John Kitzhaber asked all the public universities in Oregon to limit payroll increases to six percent. But Lariviere found OU money that did not come from Oregon to give bigger pay increases to faculty and staff. This caused the unions to demand a pay increase from OU for their members.

paragraphs: All seven public colleges in Oregon are run by a single Oregon state board of higher education. Lariviere agreed to work with other public colleges to seek more independence in a plan that resulted in Senate Bill 242. Governor Kitzhaber signed that law on July 20, 2011 to give public college more control over how they spend money. At the same time, OU developed a separate legislative proposal (the "New Partnership") to start a separate 15-person board of trustees for OU and a $800 million state bond issue to match private donations to a new OU endowment fund. The governor and state board asked Lariviere to delay pushing for the OU legislation while Senate Bill 242 went through the legislature first. Because Lariviere and OU seemed to be working separately from the Governor and state board, the board voted to fire him on November 28, 2011. He was given 30 days to leave his office. The board hired Robert M. Berdahl as interim president.


title: Oxford Movement

paragraphs: The Oxford Movement was a religious movement within the Church of England, based at the University of Oxford, which began in 1833. Members of this movement were known as 'Tractarians' (from "Tracts for the Times", a collection of books, pamphlets and essays that described their beliefs); opponents of the movement called them Newmanites (before 1845) and Puseyites (from 1845), after John Henry Newman and Edward Bouverie Pusey, two leading Tractarians. The members of the movement tried to bring back Catholic doctrine and forms of service (how Sunday services and other forms of worship were carried out in Anglican churches, the Oxford Movement wanting to make these more like a Catholic Mass) into the Church of England. They also believed the Anglican church was an 'apostolic' church, connected directly to the Church of Saint Peter and the other Apostles. John Keble was another leader of the movement.

paragraphs: After publishing ninety Tracts, Newman decided, in Tract 90, that the Branch Theory (that the Anglican, Eastern Orthodox and Roman Churches were all part of the one Church) was not enough, and converted to Catholicism, and later became a Cardinal. Enemies of the Movement thought this proved that they were trying to reunify with Rome. Others followed Newman to Rome (for example, Henry Edward Manning, another important Tractarian, converted in 1851) while others, such as Pusey and John Keble, remained in the Anglican Church to continue the work of reforming it.

paragraphs: Today, it is represented in the 'Anglo-Catholic' or High Church (more Catholic, as opposed to Low Church, more Protestant) part of the Anglican Church, the smaller, conservative part. Recently, with the Anglican Church debating if female clergymen should be allowed, some Anglo-Catholics, such as Bishop Burnham, Bishop Newton and sixty priests have left the Church and converted to Rome in protest, as they do not believe female bishops, or female priests should be allowed.


title: Ninpei

paragraphs: , also romanized as Nimpyō, was a after "Kyūan" and before "Kyūju." This period started in January 1151 and ended in October 1154. During this time, the emperor was .


title: Graphics Interchange Format

paragraphs: Graphics Interchange Format (often shortened to GIF) is a file format for images.

paragraphs: It is a raster graphics format; that is the image has a fixed size. CompuServe developed and introduced the format in 1987. Today, it is widely used on the World Wide Web.The format supports up to 8 bits per pixel, or 256 colors. It also supports animations. Each frame of an animation can have its own set of 256 colors. GIF is not used to show photographs very much, because having only 256 colors is limiting for such a task.

paragraphs: To reduce their size, images are compressed using Lempel–Ziv–Welch compression. Lempel-Ziv-Welch, or LZW, is a lossless compression. No information is lost when compressing or uncompressing. There were some problems with the patent of the LZW compression. That patent was not held by CompuServe, but by Unisys. These issues led to the development of another format, called PNG. This is no longer a problem, because the patents have expired.

paragraphs: A GIF may often represent a small clip of a favorite scene from a show or video.

paragraphs: The creators of the format pronounced the word as "jif" with a soft "G" /dʒɪf/ as in "gin". says that the intended pronunciation deliberately echoes the American peanut butter brand Jif, and CompuServe employees would often say "Choosy developers choose GIF", spoofing this brand's television commercials.

paragraphs: The disagreement over the pronunciation led to heated Internet debate. On the occasion of receiving a lifetime achievement award at the 2013 Webby Award ceremony, Wilhite rejected the hard-"G" pronunciation, and his speech led to 17,000 posts on Twitter and 50 news articles.


title: Kyūan

paragraphs: , also romanized as Kyū-an, was a after "Ten'yō" and before "Ninpei." This period spanned the years from July 1145 through January 1151. The reigning emperor was .


title: Tabuaeran

paragraphs: Tabuaeran is one of the Line Islands of the central Pacific Ocean. It is an atoll. Tabueran is part of Kiribati. The highest point on the island is about 3 m (10 ft) above high tide.

paragraphs: Tabuaeran is the name in Gilbertese language. The island is also called Fanning Island or Fanning Atoll in English.


title: Augustana University

paragraphs: Augustana University is a private, liberal arts college affiliated with the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. The school is in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, United States. The 100-acre (40 ha) campus makes the school the largest private university in South Dakota. Some people call the college “Augie.”

paragraphs: It was first called "The Lutheran Normal School". It was started for the purpose of educating teachers. In 1918, the college got its current name after joining with Augustana College in Canton. This happened because synod officials worried about having enough money to run two institutions so close together. The schools were only 20 miles (32 km) apart. The college claims its founding as 1860, the same as its sister-school (which shares the same name) in Rock Island, Illinois. Augustana gets its name from the "Confessio Augustana", the Latin name for the Augsburg Confession of 1530.

paragraphs: Augustana regularly gets high rankings among other Midwestern schools. Publications such as "The Princeton Review" named Augustana a "Best Midwestern College" and "U.S. News & World Report" listed Augustana as a "Best Buy" in 2009. "U.S. News & World Report" has listed the school a top tier baccalaureate college in the Midwest for 13 years in a row, with Augustana placing third as of 2009. It got this ranking again in 2010.


title: Chiodos

paragraphs: Chiodos (pronounced ) is an American post hardcore band. They formed in Davison, Michigan in 2001. The band was first known as "The Chiodos Bros." This was a tribute to the filmmakers Stephen, Charles, and Edward Chiodo. Chiodos released their first full-length album on July 26, 2005. It was titled "All's Well That Ends Well". Their second album was titled "Bone Palace Ballet".

paragraphs: It was released in North America on September 4, 2007. Later on, Warner Bros. Records released "Bone Palace Ballet" in the United Kingdom on January 26, 2009. It debuted at number 5 on the "Billboard" 200.

paragraphs: It also reached number 1 on the Independent Albums chart. In 2010, they released their third studio titled "Illuminaudio". This is the first album without lead vocalist Craig Owens. Chiodos has not said why they let Owens leave the band. On February 2, 2010, Chiodos announced Brandon Bolmer from Yesterday's Rising would be their new lead vocalist. Illuminaudio has received very positive reviews. It reached #37 on the Billboard 200 and #5 on Top Alternative Albums.


title: Davison, Michigan

paragraphs: Davison is a city in Genesee County in the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Flint. The population was 5,536 at the 2000 census. Davison is located within Davison Township. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , which is all land. Davison was first settled in 1842 by Eleazer Thurston. Davison was named after Judge Norman Davison, who founded a nearby town formerly known as Davisonville, now known as Atlas.


title: The Chiodo Brothers

paragraphs: The Chiodo Brothers (Stephen, Charles & Edward Chiodo, all born in Bronx, New York) are a group of sibling special effects artists. They are best known for their movie "Killer Klowns from Outer Space" and for making puppets and effects for movies such as "Critters", "Ernest Scared Stupid", and "". They made the detailed dioramas seen in the 2010 movie "Dinner for Schmucks". The post-hardcore band Chiodos (originally called The Chiodos Bros) is named after them as a tribute.

paragraphs: Their studio has also made several clay animation segments on "The Simpsons"


title: The Saturdays

paragraphs: The Saturdays are a five person Anglo-Irish girl group. They were formed in 2007 in London. They released their first single, "If This Is Love" in 2008. The group consists of Una Healy, Mollie King, Frankie Sandford, Vanessa White and Rochelle Humes. They have sold over four million singles in the UK and Ireland.


title: Viber

paragraphs: Viber is an application for iOS, Windows Phone and Android OS. It lets users make free phone calls and send free text messages to anyone who has the application installed. Viber works on both 3G and Wi-Fi networks. A version for BlackBerry devices is in the works, according to Viber.

paragraphs: As of March 2017, this application is said to have 800 million registered users worldwide. In 2017, the app introduced a new feature "secret chats" wherein, the users are given an option to start conversations that self-destruct after a certain time limit.


title: Computer museum

paragraphs: A computer museum is a museum for the study of historic computer hardware and software. The International Council of Museums defines a "museum" as a "permanent institution in the service of society and of its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates, and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment, for the purposes of education, study, and enjoyment".

paragraphs: Some computer museums are a part of larger institutions. For example, the Science Museum in London and the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Others, such as the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California, the MuseumsForum in Paderborn, and The National Museum of Computing at Bletchley Park, deal only with computing. Some deal mainly in the early history of computing. Others focus in the era that started with the first personal computers such as the Apple I, Altair 8800, Apple IIs, older Apple Macintoshes, Commodore Internationals, Amigas, IBM PCs and more rare computers such as the Osborne 1. Some deal more on research and conservation. Some museums are for computer education and entertainment. There are also private collections.

paragraphs: The term 'museum' has grown in common usage to include online collections, in much the same way other activities have made the change ('Online shopping', 'Online Gallery' etc.). Online Museums range in type and quality from those that collate and preserve material to those that simply show photographs of hardware from other sources. They are different from traditional museums mainly in that the exhibits can not be touched or interacted with in the traditional sense.


title: Portfolio management

paragraphs: Portfolio management refers to earning money by putting assets into different types of investments. The idea of portfolio management comes from the portfolio theory. This theory says that a person can reduce the risk of investment by having a diversified portfolio that has different types of securities of which some of them may cause a great return on the investment.


title: Koan

paragraphs: Kōan is a story, dialog, question, or statement in the context of Zen Buddhism.


title: Code Geass

paragraphs: Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion (コードギアス 反逆のルルーシュ, Kōdo Giasu: Hangyaku no Rurūshu?), often called simply Code Geass, is a 2006 Japanese animeseries. It was created by Sunrise. The series was directed by Gorō Taniguchi and written by Ichirō Ōkouchi. The character designs were made by manga artist group Clamp. The series was broadcast from October 5, 2006 until July 28, 2007.

paragraphs: The main character, Lelouch vi Britannia, used to be a prince of the Holy Empire of Britannia. He is a genius strategist. He meets a female named CC (referred to as C2). She gives him the power of "geass", which works differently for each person. His power is to force a person to do whatever he tells them to do. The power only works once per person and he must look them in the eyes for it to work. He wants to destroy Britannia. His only childhood friend, Suzaku Kururugi, is the main person stopping him from doing this because he thinks that Britannia can be changed from the inside. Lelouch and Suzaku are at Japan. Britannia conquered Japan after Lelouch was disowned for disrespecting his father, the king. Britannia stripped Japan of its prestige and renamed it Area 11. Lelouch's goal is to destroy Britannia. Suzaku does not agree with how Lelouch plans to do this. Suzaku joins the Britannian army to change the country from the inside. They fight each other—Lelouch's brains versus Suzaku's fighting talent.

paragraphs: His real name is Lelouch vi Britannia. He is the eleventh prince of the empire of Britannia. His mother, Marianne vi Britannia was murdered when he was child. Then his younger sister Nunnally became blind and could not walk by herself. She needed a wheelchair. Therefore, he hated Britannia and decided to create the kind world where Nunnally can live safely. He obtained Geass from C.C. and leaded a group of terrorists he united as the Black Knights with his well-known identity as Zero towards his revenge against Britannia and to create a better world for Nunnally. He latter wields the Knightmare Gawain with C.C. and Shinkirō in R2.

paragraphs: He is the son of the former Japanese prime minister and friend of Lelouch in childhood before he joined the Britannian military hoping to change Britannia from the inside. He wields the Knightmare Lancelot.

paragraphs: She gives Lelouch the power of Geass. She is immortal because she bears the code.

paragraphs: She is half Japanese and half Britannian. She is the pilot of the Knightmare Guren Mk-II. She is an important member of the Black Knights.

paragraphs: "Code Geass" premiered on the Mainichi Broadcasting System (MBS) television station at 25:25 on October 5, 2006. Its satellite television premiere across Japan on Animax was on November 7, 2006. Its sequel, "Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2" was first announced on the March 2007. "Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion R2" premiered on all Japan News Network (JNN) member stations on April 6, 2008.

paragraphs: Another OVA anime titled was made known through the anime's official website. Takahiro Kimura did the character designs of the series. Makoto Baba was assigned as the director of the OVA. In the story, Lelouch makes the ultimate use of his Geass for his little sister Nunnally. The Blu-ray was released by Bandai Visual on July 27, 2012 with English subtitles.

paragraphs: A 3-part theatrical movie remake of the first 2 seasons of the anime was released with the first movie released on October 21, 2017. The second movie titled was released on February 10, 2018. The third compilation movie, titled was released on May 26, 2018.

paragraphs: "Code Geass: Lelouch of the Re;surrection" was announced on November 27, 2016. It will be released in Japan in February 9, 2019. Funimation announced that they licensed the movie for its North American release in 2019.


title: Yun Seon-do

paragraphs: Yun Seon-do (Korean:윤선도, June 22 1587 - June 11 1671) was a Korean politician, philosopher, and poet during the Joseon Dynasty. He was also called Gosan (고산, 孤山), Haeong (해옹, 海翁), or Yakyi (약이, 約而).


title: Kōan

paragraphs: The kōan (; ) are groupings of related questions and answers which are a paradox. The "kōan" may be a story which cannot be understood or explained easily.

paragraphs: The "kōan" can be a special kind of metaphor with a hidden meaning, such as "the sound of one hand clapping".

paragraphs: "Kōans" originate in the sayings and events in the lives of wise men and legendary figures.

paragraphs: A "kōan" can refer to a story selected from Buddhist historical records and sutras.

paragraphs: The "kōan" is a fundamental part of the history and practice of Zen Buddhism.


title: Facepalm

paragraphs: A facepalm (sometimes also face-palm or face palm) is when someone places their hand flat across their face or puts their face into their hand or hands. This gesture is found in many cultures. It can be done as a display of frustration, embarrassment, shock, or surprise.


title: Cinematic Sunrise

paragraphs: Cinematic Sunrise was an American rock band signed to Equal Vision Records. The members of the band were Craig Owens (vocals), Bradley Bell (piano), Bryan Beeler (guitar), Marcus VanKirk (bass), Nick Martin (guitar), and Dave Shapiro (drums). Their only released work, "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record" included a coloring book and four colored pencils with the purchase of the EP. "Basically, the whole idea - everything about Cinematic Sunrise - is just happy and fun. And there's nothing more fun than coloring," explains vocalist Craig Owens about the decision to include the coloring book with the EP.

paragraphs: Owens and Bell were both in Chiodos at the time Cinematic Sunrise formed. The group differs majorly from Chiodos's post-hardcore sound, as Cinematic Sunrise plays more of pop rock and pop punk. The group's debut EP, titled "A Coloring Storybook and Long Playing Record", was released on May 13, 2008. Beeler recorded, and produced the EP. The EP barely reached the Billboard charts, at #196. The EP also hit #8 on the Top Heatseekers chart. It also got to #26 on the Top Independent Albums chart. The EP was re-released in late October 2008, with two new songs. This was because they ran out of the original copies, selling past 10,000 copies.

paragraphs: "A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record" is the first and only EP by the band Cinematic Sunrise, who is a side project of Chiodos' Bradley Bell and Craig Owens. The pair's pop rock project is all about having a good time and making music that is and fun to play. The record was first released with four color pencils. These would be used in a book that includes drawings of animals with pictures of the band members hidden somewhere in the coloring page. Craig Owens said in an interview that he wanted crayons, not colored pencils. He was supposedly not happy with Equal Vision's mistake.

paragraphs: On October 14, 2008, Equal Vision Records re-released "A Coloring Storybook and Long-Playing Record". The re-release includes two bonus tracks. They were titled "If Lilly Isn't Back by Sunset" and "Crossing Our Fingers for Summer".


title: Adaptive unconscious

paragraphs: The adaptive unconscious is a set of unconscious mental processes influencing judgment and decision making. It is different from conscious processing: it is faster, effortless, more focused on the present, but less flexible. It can be described as a quick sizing up of the world which interprets information and decides how to act very quickly and outside the conscious view.

paragraphs: In some theories of the mind, the unconscious is limited to "low-level" activity, such as carrying out goals which have been decided consciously. In contrast, the adaptive unconscious is thought to be involved in "high-level" cognition such as goal-setting as well.

paragraphs: The term 'adaptive unconscious' suggests it has survival value and hence is an adaptation which was strongly selected in the past. Indeed, for much of vertebrate evolution, all mental activity was unconscious. No-one supposes that fish have consciousness. Thus our consciousness is added to an already-existing set of mechanisms which operate but whose operation is normally not felt by us.

paragraphs: Implicit (or 'tacit') learning is when a person learns without knowing it happens.

paragraphs: An important point made by Reber is that "implicit learning is a fundamental 'root' process, one that lies at the very heart of the adaptive behavioral repertoire of every complex organism". What that means is that implicit learning is very much more ancient than the conscious type of learning that we, as humans, normally notice.

paragraphs: The classic examples are the acquisition of language and the process of socialization. Children learn to speak their native language and become socialized to their society without being conscious of the principles which guide their behaviour.

paragraphs: There has been much debate on the bare existence of implicit learning because of the fact that knowledge gained is not verbalizable. Little research has been conducted on the requirements for the process of implicit learning to take place.

paragraphs: The evidence for there being such a thing as the adaptive unconscious is a series of case studies which are hard to explain any other way.

paragraphs: After many scientific tests were done on an early Greek statue, the Getty Museum was about to buy it. However, a small group of experts looked at it and said immediately "It's a fake". Eventually, it was found to be a fake. The question was, how could anyone beat the battery of scientific tests just by looking at it? The sceptics were asked how they did it. One said "It doesn't look old, as if it had been centuries under the ground. Another said "Its fingernails don't look right". Apparently they had all seen something which triggered a doubt. Psychologists thought this might be an ancient mental mechanism which has survival value.

paragraphs: A firefighter in Cleveland answered a routine call with his men. It was in a kitchen in the back of a one-story house. The firefighters broke down the door, laid down their hose, and began dousing the fire with water. This had little effect. As the fire lieutenant recalls, he suddenly thought to himself, "There's something wrong here", and he immediately ordered his men out. Moments after they fled, the floor they had been standing on collapsed. The fire had been in the basement, not the kitchen as it appeared. When asked how he knew to get out, the fireman thought it was ESP. What is interesting is that the fireman could not immediately explain how he knew to get out. From the 'locked door' in our brains, the fireman just 'blinked' and made the right decision. In fact, had he thought consciously about the situation, he would probably have lost his life and the lives of his men.

paragraphs: In a similar way, there are people who can repeatedly do something which seems amazing. It really is possible to spot who is lying, for instance, and it is a skill which can be trained and improved. It is possible to predict which couple will divorce and which will not. The time taken for each decision is short, and (to an observer) the amount of information available to the person making the decision seems very little.

paragraphs: 'Thin slice' decisions based on limited information are one end of a scale. At the other end is the confusion caused by too much unorganised information: 'analysis paralysis'. There are many examples of the latter state being bad for decision taking.

paragraphs: A number of experiments have been done which strongly support the idea of an adaptive unconscious. The basic idea is to bias the unconscious, and see if it affects behaviour.

paragraphs: Subjects sort out four-word sentences from sets of five word. They concentrate on getting the sentences right. Unknown to them the unused word gives their minds a subtle bias. From one set, with extra words Florida, old, lonely, forgetful, wrinkle (and some neutral words) the experimental group "walked more slowly away from the experimental room". The priming words had biased them to "think elderly". The idea is that of John Bargh.

paragraphs: Priming significantly affects test results. A group being tested about the Trivial Pursuit game were split in two. One group was first asked to think about what it would mean to be a professor. They got 55.6% of the questions right. The other half were first asked to sit and think about soccer hooligans. They scored 42.6%. Other tests indicated that the two groups had similar mental ability. The difference between the results is highly significant.

paragraphs: Another test was even more startling. Black college students were given 20 questions from the Graduate Record Examination, a standard test used for entry to graduate schools in the U.S.A. Students were given a pretest questionnaire. One group were asked to identify their race; the other was not. The first group scores were "half" that of the second group. The experimenters later asked whether the question about their race affected them. They all said 'no' and added something like "You know, I just don't think I'm smart enough to be here". Of course, this is of the greatest significance socially. Notice that, once again, the individuals did not notice consciously what had happened unconsciously.

paragraphs: The ventromedial area of the cerebral cortex is a small bit at front behind the nose. Neurologist Antonio Damasio studied patients who had damage to this area of the brain.

paragraphs: People with damage to this area are still rational and as intelligent as before. But they lack judgement, and find it very difficult to make decisions. In fast-moving situations, the ability to make fairly good decisions rapidly is more important than making perfect decisions after lengthy thought. It can be a matter of survival.

paragraphs: Unconscious processes have a number of typical features which are quite different from the conscious processes.

paragraphs: Obviously, by definition, unconscious processes are less available than conscious processes. Yet there is traffic between the two. For example, there is a well-known tendency for all training to move from halting, difficult conscious steps to smooth, semi-automatic performance. That, as Anderson recognised, is a shift from conscious to unconscious control as mastery is achieved. Anderson's key distinction is between 'declarative knowledge' (knowledge we are aware of and can talk about) and 'procedural knowledge', which guides action and decision-making, but which happens outside of conscious 'view'.

paragraphs: Learning also takes place in ways which are entirely unconscious to us at the time. A classic example is the way children learn their native language between the ages of about 18 months and four years. They do not study language the way an older person does. It happens automatically. Another example: people under anaesthetic can hear and be influenced by what they hear.

paragraphs: Access to memory also happens unconsciously: even when we try to remember, the actual process is unconscious. It can happen entirely unconsciously. An early experiment by Korsakoff on patients with loss of conscious memory showed this. He gave one patient mild electric shocks. Later, when Korsakoff returned, the patient had forgotten all about it. Yet when he saw the apparatus, the patient showed anxiety, and accused him of wanting to give him an electric shock. The experiment has been repeated since in various ways.

paragraphs: It is easy to show that our snap judgements can also be quite wrong, especially when we are overwhelmed with information, or when we come to the decisions with unconscious bias and prejudice.

paragraphs: In experiments, subjects give verbal explanations of their own mental processes—for example why they chose one thing rather than another—as if they could directly introspect (look inside) the causes of their ideas and choices. This 'introspection illusion' may cause differences between the self and other people, because people trust these unreliable introspections when forming attitudes about themselves but not about others.


title: Eiji

paragraphs: Eiji can be written using different kanji characters which can mean:


title: Civic Star

paragraphs: It was established by the Académie française in 1930.

paragraphs: The star distinguishes those who contribute to the enrichment of the community, improvement of social life,and the progress of Humanity. It is particularly for those whose lives are of hard work, sacrifice and would remain unknown without this award. It is divided into four degrees: Bronze, Silver, Gold and Silver-gilt.

paragraphs: The star's motto is "" ('To honor the civic virtues - Serving national prestige').


title: Augustana College (Illinois)

paragraphs: Augustana College is a private liberal arts college in Rock Island, Illinois, United States. The college has about 2,500 students. Its campus is on of hilly, wooded land, adjacent to the Mississippi River. Ninety-one percent of the full-time faculty hold Ph.D.s or the terminal degrees in their field.

paragraphs: Graduates of the universities of Uppsala and Lund in Sweden started the college in 1860 in Chicago. In 1863, Augustana moved to Paxton, Illinois. In 1875, it moved to Rock Island, Illinois to be near a large Swedish Lutheran community. After 1890 an increasingly large Swedish American community in America promoted new cultural institutions, including a lively Swedish-language press, many new churches, several colleges, and a network of ethnic organizations. The result was to build a sense of Swedishness in the United States. This made a self-confident Americanized generation. Augustana College put itself in the lead of the movement to affirm Swedish American identity. In the early years, all the students had been born in Sweden but by 1890 the second generation of American-born students predominated. They typically had white-collar or professional backgrounds; few were the sons and daughters of farmers and laborers. These middle class youth developed an idealized view of Sweden, characterized by romanticism, patriotism, and idealism. The new generation was especially proud of the Swedish contributions to American democracy and the creation of a republic that promised liberty and ended slavery.

paragraphs: Augustana ranks among the top forty U.S. liberal arts colleges in the sciences, based on the number of graduates earning Ph.D.s. Students accepted to Augustana typically rank in the top 10% of their high school classes. The middle 50 percent of enrolled students for the class of 2012 scored 24-29 on the ACT, well above the national averages. Augustana College is considered highly selective.

paragraphs: Augustana has about sixty academic programs including nine pre-professional and eight interdisciplinary programs:

paragraphs: Accounting, Africana Studies, Anthropology, Art, Art History, Astronomy, Biochemistry, Biology, Business Administration, Chinese, Chemistry, Classics, Communication Sciences & Disorders (including Speech Pathology and Audiology), Communication Studies, Computer Science, Creative Writing, Economics, Education, Engineering, Engineering Physics, English, French, Geography, Geology, German, Graphic Design, History, International Business, Japanese, Landscape Architecture, Mathematics, Multimedia Journalism, Music, Neuroscience, Philosophy, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, Religion, Scandinavian, Sociology, Spanish, Theatre, World Literature

paragraphs: Dentistry, Law, Medicine, Nursing, Occupational Therapy, Optometry, Pharmacy, Physical Therapy, Veterinary Medicine

paragraphs: Africana Studies, Asian Studies, Environmental Management and Forestry, Environmental Studies, Latin American Studies, Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Neuroscience, Women's and Gender Studies

paragraphs: Old Main was constructed between 1884 and 1893. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Hanson Hall of Science was dedicated in 1998 is the largest academic building serving about 700 students in 17 majors, minors and concentrations. The Hanson Hall of Science's facilities and resources include seven classrooms, thirty-five laboratories (including a cadaver lab), a 400 MHz liquid-and solid-state NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometer, scanning electron microscope, instrumentation for X-ray powder crystallography and a 40-foot greenhouse.

paragraphs: Augustana has five traditional residence halls: Andreen Hall, Erickson Residence Center, Seminary Hall, Swanson Commons, and Westerlin Residence Center. All five of these residence halls are coeducational. The majority of first year and sophomore year students live in one of these five residence halls. For upperclassmen, Augustana also offers Transitional Living Areas (TLAs) in which Augustana students live in either apartment-like buildings or traditional off-campus houses administered by the college's Office of Residential Life. The school takes care of basic maintenance in these areas, some of which are House on the Hill, Naeseth, and Arbaugh Apartments. These areas usually have 2-6 students who share a bathroom, a kitchen, and other living spaces.

paragraphs: Augustana provides several services to attending students. Services include: campus ministries, career center, student counseling, academic advising, student employment, business office, food services, safety office, campus security, computer services, and campus recreation.

paragraphs: The Augustana Vikings compete in the NCAA Division III College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW). The Vikings compete in a combined total of 22 male and female team sports, and five out of seven students compete in some form of varsity, club, or intramural sport. The Augustana College football team won four NCAA Division III national championships in a row from 1983 - 1986 under Coach Bob Reade. Coach Reade's overall winning percentage of 87% is second only to Larry Kehres and Knute Rockne on the all-time list. Augustana College was a member of the Illinois Intercollegiate Athletic Conference from 1912-1937.

paragraphs: Current varsity sports include: baseball, basketball (m/w), cross country (m/w), football, golf (m/w), lacrosse (m/w), soccer (m/w), softball, swimming (m/w), tennis (m/w), track and field (m/w), volleyball, wrestling.


Augustana


title: Concord, California

paragraphs: Concord, California is the largest city in Contra Costa County, California, US. In the 2010 census, 122,067 people lived there. Concord was founded in 1869. It was named Todos Santos at first, but the name was soon changed to Concord. The city is east of San Francisco.

paragraphs: Concord is at . It is northeast of San Francisco, northeast of Oakland, southwest of Sacramento, and north of San Jose.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . All of it is land.

paragraphs: The center of downtown Concord is Todos Santos Plaza. The plaza takes up an entire city block. It is known for its farmers market, free summer concerts, and many restaurants. There are new apartments and condominiums near the plaza.

paragraphs: Concord was first named Todos Santos. In the 19th century, most people in Pacheco moved to Concord to get away from fires and floods. Concord became a city on February 5, 1905.

paragraphs: The area around Concord in the Ygnacio and Clayton Valleys was a big farming area. To the east, where the Concord Naval Weapons Station was later built, there were big wheat ranches over . They covered the land all the way to the marshes by Suisun Bay. During Prohibition, many vineyards were removed and replaced with walnut trees.

paragraphs: The first Concord post office opened in 1872.

paragraphs: On July 17, 1944, the weapons on a United States Navy ship exploded. This caused the highest number of deaths at a time among African Americans during World War II. The explosion killed 320 people. The explosion was felt 30 miles away. Later, 258 African American sailors refused to load any more weapons. That was the start of the Navy's biggest-ever mutiny trial. In that trial, 50 men were found guilty. Future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall was at the trial. He said that he saw a prejudiced court.

paragraphs: On December 23, 1985, a small airplane crashed into the roof of Sunvalley Mall. The pilot and two people on the plane were killed. 84 people in the mall were hurt, mostly from burning fuel. Four of the people in the mall later died from their injuries. The accident made more people be against the local airport. Pacific Southwest Airlines delayed starting passenger service there that had been planned for the new year.

paragraphs: North of the city of Concord is the Concord Naval Weapons Station. It was opened in 1942. During World War II, weapons were kept there. The weapons were for warships at Port Chicago. The Concord NWS helped war efforts during the Vietnam War and through the end of the Gulf War, taking care of equipment and supplies.

paragraphs: The station has two main areas. One is the Inland Area, , which is inside the Concord city limits. The other is the Tidal Area, . Because of changes in military operations, parts of the Inland Area stopped being used. By 1999, the station had only a few military people working there. In 2007 the United States government decided to close the inland part of the station. The Tidal area of the base stayed open. The city of Concord is working on a plan for how to use the land. Their plans will have to be approved by the Navy.

paragraphs: Until 1995 the city was the eastern end of the Concord line of Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) commuter train system. Since then, more track was built. BART now goes farther than Concord. Bus service runs in the city and other points in the county.

paragraphs: Interstate 680 goes through Concord. So do state highways 4 and 242.

paragraphs: Buchanan Field Airport is a public county-owned airport in the City of Concord. It currently does not have any scheduled passenger service. It was once served by WestAir, Pacific Southwest Airlines, and later U.S. Airways for a short time. In 1977, Buchanan Field reached its peak of activity with 357,000 total operations making it the 16th busiest airport in the nation that year.

paragraphs: Concord has several public high schools:

paragraphs: There are also two private Catholic high schools:

paragraphs: California State University, East Bay has a campus in Concord.

paragraphs: The Concord Jazz Festival is held every year..

paragraphs: Concord is also home to the 14-time World Champion Blue Devils Drum and Bugle Corps. The corps is made up of talented musicians from around the world. The Concord Blue Devils are the most decorated drum and bugle corps in the history of Drum Corps International.

paragraphs: In 1974 Concord became a sister city with Kitakami, Iwate, in Japan. The city built a small park in the city, and put half of a sculpture, "The Communion Bridge", in it. The other half of the bridge is in Kitakami.


Concord


title: Mathematical model

paragraphs: A mathematical model is a description of a system using mathematical concepts and language. The process of building a mathematical model is termed mathematical modeling. Mathematical models are used in the natural sciences (such as physics, biology, earth science, meteorology) and engineering disciplines (e.g. computer science, artificial intelligence). They are also used in the social sciences (such as economics, psychology, sociology and political science). Physicists, engineers, statisticians, operations research analysts and economists use mathematical models a lot.

paragraphs: Mathematical models can take many forms. The types of models include:

paragraphs: These and other types of models can overlap, with a given model involving a variety of abstract structures. Mathematical models can include logical models. In many cases, the quality of a scientific field depends on how well the mathematical models built on theory agree with results of repeatable experiments. When theoretical mathematical models do not match experimental measurements, scientists try to correct the model. Such corrections lead the way to better theories to explain the facts.


title: Natalie Cassidy

paragraphs: Natalie Ann Cassidy (born 13 May 1983) is a English actress and television personality from London. She is best known for her role as Sonia Jackson in "EastEnders".

paragraphs: Cassidy was a contestant in the 2009 series of the reality programme "Strictly Come Dancing". She was a housemate in Celebrity "Big Brother" 2012 (UK).


title: Galactose

paragraphs: Galactose (from the Greek stem γάλακτ– "galakt–", "milk") is a sugar. It has almost the same chemical structure as glucose. Large amounts of pure galactose do not exist in nature. Instead, galactose is usually found with glucose in lactose, a sugar found in milk and other milk products. After lactose is digested and absorbed, galactose arrives in the liver. There it is changed into either glucose or glycogen.


title: We Came to Kill

paragraphs: We Came to Kill is the second album of German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Thanks for Nothing

paragraphs: Thanks for Nothing is the first studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Killing Time Again

paragraphs: Killing Time Again is the third studio album of German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Execution Tracks

paragraphs: Execution Tracks is the fourth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Maschine Zeit

paragraphs: Maschine Zeit is the fifth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Survivor (album)

paragraphs: Survivor is the seventh studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Apuleius

paragraphs: Apuleius was a philosopher and rhetorician tried for using magic to win an older and richer bride. He's better known for his novel about the cult of Isis, the tale of Cupid and Psyche, and the adventures of its hero, Lucius.

paragraphs: Apuleius was born in about 125, in Madauros, Numidia. It is not known what his first name was, although writers in the Middle Ages often called him "Lucius Apuleius" because the hero of his novel was called Lucius. Apuleius was educated in Carthage and Athens, and then traveled around the Mediterranean learning about religious cults. In 158 he delivered a speech recorded as "Apologia Apuleii" 'The Apology of Apuleius' in the town of Sabratha, Tripolitania (modern Libya), as a defense against the charge of using magic to win a richer and older bride called Pudentilla. Apuleius, in his Apology, provides a glimpse into second century Roman law, the economic and social conditions of Roman North Africa, and the attitude towards magic.

paragraphs: Apuleius died in about 175 A.D., having written his novel, known as either "The Golden Ass" or "The Metamorphoses" (also Transformations of Lucius), and the Apology, as well as books on Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle.


title: 2011 England riots

paragraphs: Rioting took place in several English cities, and towns, between 6 and 10 August 2011. Looting and arson also took place at this time. The riots started when a demonstration took place, on 6 August 2011, about the police's shooting of Mark Duggan in Tottenham, North London. It turned into a riot. Over the next few days, the riots spread to other places in London and then to other areas of England. The riots caused five deaths. 186 police officers were hurt. The University of Nottingham found that British people became more racist after the riots.

paragraphs: On 4 August 2011, a police officer shot and killed 29-year-old Mark Duggan during a traffic stop on the Ferry Lane bridge next to Tottenham Hale station. Friends and relatives of Duggan said that he was unarmed, but he was carrying a gun which a man was convicted of supplying to him.

paragraphs: On 12 August, historian David Starkey blamed black gangster culture. He said that "whites have become black". Max Hastings of the "Daily Mail" blamed a culture of welfare dependence.


title: Chutney

paragraphs: Chutneys are a condiment used in South Asian cuisine. It contains spice and vegetable or fruit mix.


title: Hitachi Province

paragraphs: The province had borders with Iwashiro, Iwaki, Shimōsa, and Shimotsuke Provinces.

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Ishioka.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Hitachi Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Kashima jinjū" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Hitachi.


title: Izu Province

paragraphs: Izu had borders with Sagami and Suruga Provinces.

paragraphs: During the Edo period, the Tōkaidō road passed through northern Izu. Travelers from Edo to Kyoto stopped at the post town ("shuku-eki") at Mishima.

paragraphs: In the 1850s, Shimoda was opened to American trade. The first American Consulate in Japan was opened at the temple of Gyokusen-ji in Shimoda.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Izu Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: The Izu Peninsula is today the eastern portion of Shizuoka Prefecture. The Izu Islands are considered part of Tokyo.

paragraphs: "Mishima taisha" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Izu.


title: Yamato Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was Wakigami in Katsujō District. When the capital of Japan was moved to Heijō-kyō, the capital of the province was established in Takaichi District. The exact locations are not known.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Yamato Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: The battleship "Yamato" was named after this ancient province. The "Yamato" was the flagship of the Imperial Japanese Navy fleet during World War II,

paragraphs: "Ōmiwa jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Yamato.


title: Billy Connolly

paragraphs: Sir William "Billy" Connolly CBE (born 24 November 1942) is a Scottish comedian, actor, voice artist and musician from Glasgow. Sometimes, he is known as "The Big Yin" ("The Big One" in Scottish).

paragraphs: Connolly was born at home in Anderston, Glasgow. He grew up in a tenement in the same inner-city area. Connolly has five children. He is married to Pamela Stephenson, the mother of his three youngest children.

paragraphs: In 2013, he was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and had surgery for prostate cancer. In January 2019, Connolly said he was "nearing the end of his life" as his Parkinson's advanced.

paragraphs: Connolly has acted in many movies including: "Indecent Proposal" (1993), "Mrs. Brown" (1997), "The Boondock Saints" (1999), "The Debt Collector" (1999), "The Man Who Sued God" (2001), "The Last Samurai" (2003) and "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events" (2004). He provided voices for the movies "" (2006), "Open Season" (2006 and 2008), and "Brave" (2012).

paragraphs: Connolly has been repeatedly voted Britain's best comedian by television viewers. He is also a folk musician and television presenter.

paragraphs: Connolly was nominated for a BAFTA award for his role in the movie Mrs. Brown. He was given a CBE in 2003.