title: Neurology

paragraphs: Neurology is the branch of doctors that deals with the disorders of the nervous system. Neurology is about the medical diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neurobiology, which is the scientific study of the nervous system.


title: Steve Irwin

paragraphs: Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 is the owner and manager at Australia Zoo in Beerwah Australia. An naturalist, an television Personality and an conversation movement. He is famous for the television program "The Crocodile Hunter", a well-known real-life animal show that he made with his wife Terri Irwin. Irwin's character and adventures on his show made him an international star. The fact that he was a brave, courageous soul made him earn an even greater following.

paragraphs: Irwin's mother and father were Lyn and Bob Irwin was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The family moved to Queensland in 1970, when Irwin was 8. Bob Irwin was very interested in reptiles (a type of animal that includes snakes and crocodiles). When the family moved, Bob and Lyn Irwin started the small "Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park". Irwin lived there until he became an adult.

paragraphs: Irwin worked in his family's park when he was nine: feeding the animals, and taking care of the grounds. He began working with crocodiles when he was nine, and became a crocodile-trapper (someone who traps crocodiles without killing them) when he was older. Irwin trapped crocodiles that were near places where people lived, and kept them for the park. He also worked for free for the Queensland Government's "East Coast Crocodile Management program".

paragraphs: Irwin became head of the park in 1991 and changed the name to "Australia Zoo". In 1992, at the Zoo, he met and married Terri Raines. As part of the marriage event, Irwin and his wife went on a journey to trap crocodiles. The journey was recorded for television and became the first part of the television show "The Crocodile Hunter". This show made Irwin famous. "The Crocodile Hunter" has been seen by people in 120 countries across the world, and has a large number of fans (people who like it very much) in the UK and Australia.

paragraphs: Irwin made the zoo larger by adding the "Animal Planet Crocoseum", a place where rainforest birds can be seen, and the "Tiger Temple". He also started the "World Wildlife Warriors" (which was named the "Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation"), an organization that tries to preserve rare animals that are in danger of dying out.

paragraphs: In 2003, one of the locomotives on "The Ghan", the Adelaide to Darwin railway was named the "Steve Irwin".

paragraphs: At about 11:00 a.m. Australian eastern standard time (01:00 UTC) on 4 September 2006, Irwin was cut in the chest by the tail of a stingray (a large sea animal) while snorkeling (a way of swimming using a tube to help you breathe under water) in Batt Reef, near Port Douglas in Queensland, Australia. He died from the wound. At the time, Irwin was being recorded for a television show, "The Ocean's Deadliest". Bad weather had stopped recording and Irwin took the time to record some different pictures for another program. Irwin's friend, John Stainton, was on Irwin's boat. Stainton says Irwin swam too near to one of the animals - "He came on top of the stingray and the stingray's barb "(a point on the stingrays' tail)" went up and into his chest and put a hole into his heart". His wife (Terri Irwin) did not find out about his death until a few hours later because she was trekking in Tasmania.


title: Karlstad

paragraphs: Karlstad is a city in Värmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral.


title: Search and seizure

paragraphs: Search and seizure is an act that police and other law enforcement authorities are allowed to do. It is when they search a place for evidence of a crime. If they find that evidence, they may take it. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant. Warrants are a document stating that the government has permission to go into a building due to found evidence.


title: Impulse (physics)

paragraphs: In classical mechanics, an impulse is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time:

paragraphs: Impulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:


title: Ruler

paragraphs: A ruler (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.

paragraphs: Rulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers.


title: Mutation

paragraphs: In biology, a mutation is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.

paragraphs: Mutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when "meiosis" produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.

paragraphs: Also, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a mutant or a "mutation". So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.

paragraphs: When DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made – these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:

paragraphs: These terms are explained in the third diagram.

paragraphs: Mutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism – the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.

paragraphs: Mutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which "natural selection" acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment.


title: Södermanland

paragraphs: Södermanland is a province of Sweden. A part of Stockholm is in Södermanland.


title: Dalarna

paragraphs: Dalarna, Dalercarlia or the Dales is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century.


Hälsingland


title: Stingray

paragraphs: The stingrays are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fishes related to sharks. They are classified in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, and consist of nine families.

paragraphs: Most stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used "only" for self defending. The sting may reach about 35 cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.

paragraphs: Stingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.

paragraphs: Stingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.

paragraphs: The flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Because their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides, stingrays cannot see their prey. They use smell and electro-receptors similar to those of sharks.

paragraphs: Stingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths contain two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species only have sucking mouthparts.

paragraphs: Stingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.

paragraphs: At the Sea Life London Aquarium 2 female stingrays have delivered 7 baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for 2 years. "Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right".

paragraphs: Like all fish, stingrays sometimes get little parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating those parasites it can get at.

paragraphs: There are eight families in the stingray group. They are:


title: Sergei Rachmaninoff

paragraphs: Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (; pronounced rahk-MAH-nin-off) was a famous Russian composer and pianist. He was born on April 1, 1873 (N.S.) and died on March 28, 1943. Because the Russian language uses a different alphabet his name is sometimes spelled in different ways in English (“Sergei” or “Sergey”, and “Rachmaninoff”, “Rachmaninov”, “Rakhmaninov” or “Rakhmaninoff”). "Sergei Rachmaninoff" is the way he spelled his own name when he was in the United States.

paragraphs: He is thought of as one of the greatest pianists of the 1900's. He could play extremely difficult music and had very large hands so that he could play chords with large stretches. It is said that he could play a 13th. Unlike most people of his time, Rachmaninoff was a very tall man standing about 6 foot 6 inch. As a composer he is thought of as one of the great musicians who composed in the Romantic style. Although, most of his adult life he lived in the 1900s, and the Romantic style period is usually said to be around 1780 to 1910. His music has wonderful tunes that are easily remembered. Rachmaninoff's piano compositions are the most difficult to play that are written for the instrument.

paragraphs: Rachmaninoff was born in Semyonovo, near Novgorod in the north-west of Russia. Members of his family were important people who had been in the service of the tsars of Russia. His parents played the piano and arranged for him to have piano lessons in Saint Petersburg and then Moscow.

paragraphs: While he was still a student he wrote a short opera called "Aleko". He also wrote some piano pieces including a "Prelude in C sharp minor" with loud, heavy chords. This piece became extremely famous and is still his most popular piano piece today. He used to get fed up with people asking him to play the piece.

paragraphs: Not all his music was well-liked at first. The critics thought his "First Symphony" was very bad. This may have been because the orchestra did not play it very well, but it made Rachmaninoff stop composing for a while. After some years of feeling depressed he wrote his "Second Piano Concerto" which everybody liked very much.

paragraphs: Rachmaninoff became happier. He was allowed to marry Natalia after years of engagement during which the Russian Orthodox Church did not want them to be married. The political conditions in Russia were bad so he lived in Germany and Italy for a time. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 he left his country and never returned. He had been very successful with his "Third Piano Concerto" in the United States, so he went to live in the United States in 1918. Russia had become the Soviet Union and for many years Rachmaninoff’s music was not allowed to be performed there. This worried him a lot and he felt homesick. He did not write very much music during the rest of his life in the United States. One work that did become very popular was the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" which he wrote in Switzerland in 1934. He died of melanoma in Beverly Hills, California.

paragraphs: Rachmaninoff’s piano music is mostly difficult to play. He wrote many short pieces called preludes and some studies which are some of the hardest piano music written since Liszt. As well as the "Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini" he wrote four piano concertos. The Second and Third are very popular today, as is his "Second Symphony". The second concerto reaches the lowest C on the piano, making it one of the lowest pieces of music (this is lower than a bass, which goes down to D).

paragraphs: He wrote some very beautiful choral music which includes a piece for choir and orchestra called "The Bells" and a very long, religious work called the "All-Night Vigil" (sometimes called the "Vespers").

paragraphs: He wrote some chamber music including a cello sonata.

paragraphs: There are several excellent recordings of Rachmaninoff playing his own music. Most of these are available now on CD reissues.


title: Turbot

paragraphs: Turbot is a large flatfish. It is a demersal fish which lives in marine or brackish waters. It is found in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraphs: Turbot are fished for food, and have a delicate flavour. They are farmed in a number of countries, and are quite expensive in restaurants.

paragraphs: When caught, professional fishermen often make small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white.


title: William Gallas

paragraphs: William Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.

paragraphs: Before joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006 he turned to join Arsenal.


title: Ruud van Nistelrooy

paragraphs: Ruud Van Nistelrooy (born 1 July 1976) is a Dutch retired professional football player who has played for the Netherlands national team. He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history with 56 goals. He played for Manchester United until 2006, where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy last played for Hamburger SV. His retired on 14 May 2012.


title: Rosa Parks

paragraphs: Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 4, 1913 – October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist. She was called "the mother of the Modern-Day American civil rights movement" and "the mother of the freedom movement".

paragraphs: Parks is best known for what she did in her home town of Montgomery, Alabama on December 1, 1955. While she sat in a seat in the middle of the bus, the bus driver told her to move to the back of the bus so a white passenger could take the seat in the front of the bus. During this time, when there were no white seats for white people, black people were told to get up out of their seat. Parks refused to move. She was a member of the local chapter of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). Like so many others she was tired of being treated as a lower class person because of the color of her skin.

paragraphs: She was arrested. This led to the Montgomery bus boycott. The boycott lasted 381 days. This caused a change in the law. After that, black people were able to sit wherever they wanted to on the bus. Her refusal to let others treat her differently was an important symbol in the campaign against racial segregation.

paragraphs: Rosa Parks was born in Tuskegee, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. Her parents were James and Leona McCauley. She was mainly of African ancestry. One of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and went to Charleston, South Carolina as an indentured servant.

paragraphs: Her father left home to find work when Rosa was 2 years old. Her mother taught school in another town. Rosa and her brother Sylvester were brought up by their grandparents.

paragraphs: Rosa started school in 1919 when she was 6 years old. At that time, schools were segregated. There were black schools and white schools. Later, Parks remembered how buses took white students to their school, but black students had to walk to theirs:

paragraphs: "I'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world."

paragraphs: In 1924 she went to the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, Alabama. After 5 years, she left school and went to work in a shirt factory. She also took care of her grandmother.

paragraphs: On December 1, 1955, Parks got onto a city bus to go home after work. She paid her 10¢ and sat down in the first row of seats behind the painted line on the floor which marked the black section. After several stops, more white passengers got on the bus. The bus driver ordered Parks and three other black people to give up their seats so the white people could sit down. The other three moved to the back of the bus, but Parks slid over to the window. She said she was following the law by sitting in the right section. Later, she said that when she was told to go to the back of the bus, "I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back." (Till was a black 14-year-old boy who was lynched in Mississippi about three months earlier.)

paragraphs: The driver stopped the bus and called the police. Two police officers arrested Parks and took her to jail for violating Alabama's bus laws.

paragraphs: Her mother called upon Edgar Nixon to bail her out. Nixon was the president of the local NAACP chapter. Nixon knew the danger Parks was in and immediately arranged her bail.

paragraphs: The local had been looking for a test case to challenge the bus segregation laws. Parks was a respected working woman. She was well-spoken, and her case would be a good way to challenge the law. It was decided that on December 5, a boycott of all the buses in Montgomery would be held.

paragraphs: The word was spread throughout the black community of the intended bus boycott. Black ministers told their congregations to support the boycott. On Monday, December 5th, Rosa Parks had to appear in court. This was also the first day black riders would stay off the Montgomery buses. The streets of Montgomery were filled with black people walking to work. Black children walked to school. That same morning, all Montgomery buses were assigned two motorcycle policemen to guard against any black gangs intimidating riders. There were no black gangs. The black community simply cooperated with the boycott. The buses remained empty all day. White riders fearing trouble stayed off the buses as well.

paragraphs: In addition to the charge of violating the bus laws, Parks was also charged with disorderly conduct. Her trial was quick, only about 30 minutes. The court found her guilty of all charges and fined her $14. The boycott continued.

paragraphs: Parks appealed her conviction. Her attorney, Fred Parks, and others in the NAACP brought an appeal named "Browder v. Gayle". The appeals court ruled on June 19, 1956 in favor of the black citizens of Montgomery. But the city appealed the decision.

paragraphs: On September 13, 1956, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the lower court. The bus boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days. Black citizens of Montgomery could ride the buses and sit where they chose. Rosa Parks rode the bus again on December 21, 1956. This time it was an integrated bus. Ironically, she had the same bus driver who had her arrested the year before. In an interview, Parks said "He didn't react (pause) and neither did I".

paragraphs: Rosa Parks was a heroine of the black community. While she didn't do it alone, her actions sparked a fire that led to great changes.

paragraphs: After the Montgomery Bus Boycott, Parks went through many difficulties. She lost her job at the department store. Her husband was forced to quit his job.

paragraphs: In 1957, Parks and her husband left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia to find work. In Hampton, Parks found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college.

paragraphs: Later, Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan. Parks continued to work as an activist. For years, she worked for United States Congressman John Conyers. After that, she worked as an activist against apartheid in South Africa. She also opened a center in Detroit that gave advice to black youth about careers and job opportunities.

paragraphs: in 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded Parks a Congressional Gold Medal. This is the United States' highest honor (most important award) for civilians. When he gave her the award, President Clinton said:

paragraphs: "We must never ever, when this ceremony is over, forget about the power of ordinary people to stand in the fire for the cause of human dignity."

paragraphs: Parks died on October 24, 2005, at her home in Detroit due to dementia. On October 30, her casket lay in state in the United States Capitol. This is a great honor for people in the United States.


title: Euler's identity

paragraphs: Euler's identity, sometimes called Euler's equation, is this equation:

paragraphs: It features the following mathematical constants:

paragraphs: It also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.

paragraphs: Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.

paragraphs: Respondents to a "Physics World" poll called the identity "the most profound mathematical statement ever written", "uncanny and sublime", "filled with cosmic beauty" and "mind-blowing".

paragraphs: Many equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.

paragraphs: The exponential function formula_8 can be written as the Taylor series

paragraphs: As well, the sine function can be written as

paragraphs: Here, we see a pattern take form. formula_12 seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is formula_13.

paragraphs: So, on the left side is formula_14, whose Taylor series is formula_15

paragraphs: We can see a pattern here, that every second term is "i" times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.

paragraphs: On the right side is formula_16, whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus "i" times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:

paragraphs: Now, if we replace x with formula_2, we have:

paragraphs: Since we know that formula_22 and formula_23, we have:

paragraphs: which is the statement of Euler's identity.


title: Hideki Tōjō

paragraphs: Hideki Tōjō (30 December 1884 – 23 December 1948) was a leader of Japan during most of World War 2.

paragraphs: Hideki Tōjō was born on 30 December 1884 in Tokyo, Japan. He was the third son of a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army named Hidenori Tōjō. Tōjō had two older brothers but they died before he was born.

paragraphs: In 1909, he married a woman named Katsuko Ito and he had seven children with her: three sons and four daughters.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, Hideki Tōjō fought in the Sino-Japanese war, leading Japanese forces in occupied Manchuria. He returned to Tokyo in 1940 and held ministerial posts, where he urged an alliance with Germany and Italy against the Allied forces. Tojo became Prime Minister in 1941 and within two months ordered a surprise attack on U.S. naval forces in Hawaii. (The subsequent attack on Pearl Harbor was planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto.)

paragraphs: After Japan surrendered, American troops went to arrest Tojo and surrounded his house. He shot himself four times in the chest, but missed and the bullets hit his stomach. Disarmed and with blood gushing out of his chest, Tojo began to talk. He said, "I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails."

paragraphs: After his injuries healed, the Allies found Tojo guilty of war crimes and hanged him in Tokyo on 23 December 1948.


title: SuSE Linux

paragraphs: SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version "10.2 Alpha 3" its official name is openSUSE. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called "Geeko".

paragraphs: The SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name "S.u.S.E Linux 1.0." Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name "SUSE Linux" came in September 2003.

paragraphs: On 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were "open"—not completely, but more than before. The version "10.0" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the "10.0" Linux distribution for download. They are "OSS" (completely open source), with all programs "free" and without proprietary softwares, and "eval" (has both open source and proprietary applications).


title: Laissez-faire

paragraphs: Laissez-faire is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to "leave alone". It means that government does not interfere with business and economy. Finance and trade decisions are left for the private individual to make. It is the belief that unregulated competition in business represents the best path to progress. Supporters claim that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase is supposed to have come from the 18th century. In a meeting between the French finance minister Colbert and a businessman named Le Gendre, Colbert asked how the government could help commerce. Le Gendre replied "Let us do what we want to do".

paragraphs: In Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism believed in almost no economic interference by the government. Legalism included the belief that the state should have the maximum power. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was split between these two extremes although was closer to Legalism than Taoism.

paragraphs: During the 19th century Laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. It was believed that government involvement in business was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that government intervention to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically there was debate at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs promoted the most economic growth. Up until the 1840s protectionism was favored over Laissez faire. In Britain the Corn Laws placed high tariffs on imported corn to protect British farmers and land owners.


title: Walter Moers

paragraphs: Walter Moers (born 24 May 1957 in Mönchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors.


title: Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger

paragraphs: Dorothy Marie "Dottie" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.

paragraphs: She is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.

paragraphs: Metcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training.

paragraphs: She successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut.


title: Worker

paragraphs: A worker is a person who works. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are "labour" (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).

paragraphs: People who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken).

paragraphs: May Day is an international holiday for workers' rights.


title: Actinium

paragraphs: Actinium is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ac. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol.

paragraphs: Actinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.

paragraphs: Actinium was discovered in 1899 by André-Louis Debierne, a French chemist. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.

paragraphs: Actinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.

paragraphs: Actinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.

paragraphs: Actinium that is found in nature is made up of two radionuclides Ac and Ac. Thirty-six radionuclides of actinium have been found. The most stable is Ac which has a half-life of 21.772 years. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is Ac which has a half-life of 69 nanoseconds.

paragraphs: Actinium is only found in trace amounts in uranium ores. For example, one tonne of uranium ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of Ac. Thorium ores contain about 5 nanograms of Ac per one tonne of thorium.

paragraphs: Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. Ac is used in medicine to make Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy.


title: Alyson Michalka

paragraphs: Alyson Renee "Aly" Michalka born March 25, 1989 is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.

paragraphs: Alyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She is of Aztec origins. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.

paragraphs: She began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on "Phil of the Future", then began her singing career. She says on "Disney 411" that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.

paragraphs: Michalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie "Now You See It..." her sister and she started a band and created a music video called "Do You Believe In Magic?". The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to "take off" with their musical career.

paragraphs: Soon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show "Phil of the Future", which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing "Keely Teslow" in "Phil of the Future" on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like "Now You See It..." and "Cow Belles". She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister.


title: Phil of the Future

paragraphs: Phil of the Future is an American comedy children's television series. It was produced by 2121 Productions (a part of Brookwell McNamara Entertainment). It was first shown on June 18, 2004 on the Disney Channel, and ended on August 19, 2006 as part of the Disney Channel Games. Stars of the show include Ricky Ullman (Phil Diffy), Amy Bruckner (Pim Diffy), and Alyson Michalka (Keely Teslow). The last episode was shown in the United States on August 19, 2006.


title: Brenda Song

paragraphs: Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress and singer. She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included "Changeland", "Angry Angel", and "Station 19".

paragraphs: Brenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.

paragraphs: Brenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.

paragraphs: One of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody" (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off "The Suite Life on Deck". She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series "Phil of the Future". Song had minor guest appearances on both "That's So Raven" and "".

paragraphs: Song had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie "".

paragraphs: In 2010, Song was part of the main cast of "The Social Network". This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.

paragraphs: In 2012, Song starred in the short film "First Kiss" along with her "Social Network" costar Joseph Mazzello.

paragraphs: In 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, "Angry Angel".

paragraphs: In January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series "Dollface" alongside Kat Dennings.

paragraphs: She belongs to the Hmong tribe with their sacred and historical beliefs. She has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, "".


title: William E. Nelson

paragraphs: William E. Nelson (born February 18, 1941) is an Environmental Wax Researcher.


title: Guide dog

paragraphs: Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind people live on their own. They are sometimes called "Seeing Eye" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.

paragraphs: The blind person (sometimes called a "handler") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler. Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.

paragraphs: Because the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.

paragraphs: Germany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded.


title: Keelung City

paragraphs: Keelung City (; POJ: Ke-lâng) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is in the northeastern part of the island. It is next to Taipei County. It is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). Keelung is nicknamed ""The Rainy Port"" (). The first people in Keelung were the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigines.


title: Chocolate cake

paragraphs: A chocolate cake is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are a sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.

paragraphs: There are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, "gâteau au chocolate" is popular. In Germany, "Sachertorte" is popular.

paragraphs: In 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction method for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was "rock cacao" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it ""amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters"." Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.

paragraphs: In the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular.


title: Ten Who Dared

paragraphs: Ten Who Dared is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.

paragraphs: Some people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney.


title: Imaginary unit

paragraphs: In math, imaginary unit, or formula_1, is a number that can be represented by equations, but refers to a value that can only exist outside of real numbers. The mathematical definition of the imaginary unit is formula_2 (i.e., the principal root of formula_3), where formula_1 satisfies the property formula_5.

paragraphs: The reason why formula_1 was created was to answer a polynomial equation, formula_7, which normally has no solution (as the value of formula_8 would have to equal formula_3). Though the problem is solvable, the square root of formula_3 could hardly be represented by a physical quantity of objects in real life.

paragraphs: It is sometimes assumed that one must create another number to show the square roots of formula_1, but that is not needed. The square roots of formula_1 can be written as: formula_13, a result which can be shown as follows:

paragraphs: The powers of formula_1 follow a predictable pattern:

paragraphs: This can be shown with the following pattern (where formula_25 is any integer):


title: Phycology

paragraphs: Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of "normal" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and "Sargassum".

paragraphs: Phycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.

paragraphs: A phycologist is a person who studies phycology...


title: Snorkeling

paragraphs: Snorkeling is swimming while using a tube to breathe underwater. Snorkeling is a very popular activity, particularly in places with clear, calm, warm oceans. It allows people to see underwater life in a natural setting, without the complicated equipment and training required for scuba diving.

paragraphs: Generally, people snorkel in shallow reefs ranging from sea level to 4 meters (13 feet) deep. Snorkelers can also explore deep water reefs. However, to see deeper reefs, a snorkeler has to hold their breath and dive down to the reef to see it. This kind of snorkeling takes more skill and fitness than shallow water snorkeling. It is also more dangerous than shallow water snorkeling.

paragraphs: Snorkelers use masks so they can see underwater. This allows them to see fish, coral reefs, and other kinds of sea life.

paragraphs: Man has always been interested by what is under the ocean. Evidence shows that people have been free diving for at least 5,000 years. The earliest known free divers were sponge farmers in Crete, who lived around 3000 B.C.E. These farmers used free diving to collect underwater sponges. They used hollow reeds like modern snorkels, to allow them to breathe while underwater.

paragraphs: Snorkelers use three basic pieces of equipment:

paragraphs: Snorkeling is swimming on the surface of the water, with the head and nose under the water, using a diving mask, snorkel, and diving fins. Scuba diving is swimming with the whole body underwater. Scuba divers breathe through an oxygen tank, which allows them to breathe underwater for long periods at a time. Scuba divers also wear a tight diving suit, a diving mask, and diving fins.

paragraphs: Before a person can scuba dive, they have to get training how to use the breathing equipment and dive to deep waters. Snorkeling does not require any training. People who cannot swim can still snorkel if they use a life jacket to keep them floating on the water.


paragraphs: Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25 1985.

paragraphs: Kelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction.

paragraphs: Construction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.

paragraphs: Large sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick.


title: Grave (mass)

paragraphs: Grave was the word that was used to describe mass before the word "kilogram" was introduced. "Grave" comes from the word "gravity" and was first used in 1793 in France. The name "kilogram" was introduced in 1795 but was not the official word for mass until 1875.

paragraphs: In order to have full consistency in the International System of Units (SI), many people think that the kilogram should be called something different. Using the word "kilogram" creates a problem because it is a base unit that has the prefix "kilo" already in its name. To fix the problem, some people have suggested using the word "grave" again.


title: The Smiths

paragraphs: The Smiths were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. "Q" magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, "the most influential British guitar group of the decade" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.

paragraphs: The band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: "The Smiths (1984), "Meat Is Murder" (1985), "The Queen Is Dead" (1986) and "Strangeways, Here We Come" (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.

paragraphs: The Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.

paragraphs: The music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour.


title: Countdown (game show)

paragraphs: Countdown is a British game show on Channel 4. It began on 2 November 1982. It is currently presented by Nick Hewer and Rachel Riley; etymologist Susie Dent is in the dictionary corner. It used to be hosted by Richard Whiteley until his death in 2005, then by Des Lynam from 2005 to 2006, and then by Des O'Connor from 2007 to 2008. Both O'Connor and Carol Vorderman, the show's co-host, who had been on the programme since it began, left the show in December 2008. From 2009, Jeff Stelling and Rachel Riley replaced O'Connor and Vorderman respectively. It has been hosted by Nick Hewer since 2012. The show was 30 minutes long, but since 2001, it is 45 minutes long.

paragraphs: With over 5,000 episodes, it is one of the longest-running game shows in the world, along with the original French version "Des chiffres et des lettres" which has been running on French television continuously since 1965.


title: Allotheria

paragraphs: The Allotheria are an extinct infraclass or superorder of mammals. They are related to the prototheria and theria.

paragraphs: The allotheres was a branch of successful Mesozoic mammals. The most important characteristic was the presence of lower molariform teeth with two longitudinal rows of cusps.

paragraphs: Allotheres also had a narrow pelvis, indicating that they gave birth to tiny, helpless young as marsupials do.

paragraphs: The Haramiyida from the Triassic period were the earliest group, and the Multituberculates survived until the Oligocene, 35 million years ago.


title: Multituberculate

paragraphs: The multituberculates were a group of rodent-like mammals which survived for about 120 million years – the second longest fossil history of any mammal line.

paragraphs: They were eventually outcompeted by rodents, becoming extinct during the early Oligocene.

paragraphs: At least 200 species are known, ranging from mouse-sized to beaver-sized. These species occupied many ecological niches, ranging from burrow-dwelling to squirrel-like tree-dwelling.

paragraphs: Multituberculates are usually placed outside both the two main groups of living mammals, the Theria (placentals and marsupials), and monotremes. Some cladistic analyses put them closer to Theria than to monotremes.

paragraphs: The multituberculates had a head anatomy similar to rodents. They had cheek-teeth separated from the chisel-like front teeth by a wide tooth-less gap (called the "diastema"). Each cheek-tooth displayed several rows of small cusps (or tubercles, hence the name) which worked against similar rows in the teeth of the jaw. It was an efficient chopping device.

paragraphs: Most small multituberculates would have eaten seeds and nuts, supplemented with insects, worms, and fruit.

paragraphs: The structure of the pelvis in the Multituberculata suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young, similar to modern marsupials.


title: Gondwanatheria

paragraphs: Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammals that lived during the Upper Cretaceous to the end of the Eocene. They lived in the Southern Hemisphere continents which had been part of the supercontinent Gondwana.

paragraphs: These mammals are known only from isolated teeth and a few lower jaws. Because of these fragmentary remains, their relationships are unclear.

paragraphs: Fossils have come from South America, India and Antarctica, where gondwanatherids once lived in the lush forests of the Eocene. Climate changes at the Eocene–Oligocene boundary may have caused their extinction.


title: Taichung City

paragraphs: Taichung City ( or ; POJ: Tâi-tiong) is a city in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 2.7million people, making it the second largest city on the island. The city's name is Chinese for "Central Taiwan." The average temperature of Taichung city is about 23°C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year.


title: Majuro

paragraphs: Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7°7'30" North, 171°4' East (7.125, 171.0667).

paragraphs: The atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi² (9.7 km²), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi² (295 km²). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan).


title: South Tarawa

paragraphs: South Tarawa (in Gilbertese and English: Teinainano Urban Council or abr. TUC) is the capital city of the country Kiribati. It is on an island called Tarawa Atoll. The meaning of Teinainano is "down of the mast", referring to the sail-shape of the atoll.

paragraphs: The South Tarawa population center is made up of all the small islands between Bairiki (on the west) to Temaiku on the east. All of separated islands are joined by causeways, forming one long island on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. There is also a new causeway—the Japanese Causeway—that links South Tarawa to Betio. South Tarawa is at 1°19' North, 172°58' East (1.31667, 172.9667).

paragraphs: There is a Kiribati Teacher College and one University of the South Pacific center on South Tarawa. Bairiki is sometimes considered "the" capital of Kiribati because at one time both the Parliament, the Presidency and main administrative offices were located there. The Parliament meets on Ambo island; Government department are spread among South Tarawa, Betio and Christmas Island.

paragraphs: The Roman Catholic diocese and the Kiribati Protestant Church are on South Tarawa. Bairiki (executive), Ambo (legislative), Betio (judicial) are the main places of the capital.


title: Bairiki

paragraphs: Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.

paragraphs: Bairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific.


title: Audio engineer

paragraphs: An audio engineer (or simply engineer for short) is a person who operates, and usually chooses and sets up recording equipment. The term applies mainly to a person who works in a recording studio but can also apply to people who do the same kind of work, in other places. An engineer may work with multitrack recordings or stereophonic remixes.

paragraphs: Audio engineering deals with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic means and is a part of audio science. The field draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, and music. An audio engineer is closer to the creative and technical aspects of audio than an acoustical engineer.

paragraphs: Some amateur (and a few professional) engineers are self-taught, and learn mostly by doing, or with the help of an instruction manual. Many engineers started in other studio jobs (such as running errands), and learned about recording as they became familiar with the studio where they worked. An engineer learns about the use and placement of microphones, how to operate and maintain an audio mixer, recording deck, sound effects, and other machines, and how to switch between live and recorded sounds, to make the best, and often the most unique, recording possible. A good engineer will strive to make recordings that are both of high technical quality, and also pleasing to hear.

paragraphs: Starting wages may be small in recording studios, and many beginners work as unpaid volunteers. Experienced engineers, especially those who have worked on a hit record, may command a large wage. Some engineers are paid a salary, while others may earn hourly pay (sometimes based on the studio's rates), or be paid per session. Many go on to start their own recording studios, or maintain a private studio or mobile recording service. A few work only for a single recording artist, band, or producer.

paragraphs: Several colleges and universities in the United States and other countries offer classes in recording, which may cover its history, its uses, and of course technique and technical knowledge. Some schools offer degree or diploma programs in Recording. Graduating such a program does not guarantee a person a studio job, but increases one's chances, and can provide better preparation for such a career.

paragraphs: Besides studio work, some engineers have one or more specialties, such as making new digital versions of old recordings, as consultants to places that give concerts and live performances, and sometimes as expert witnesses in court trials, when sounds or a recording may be important to the outcome of a case.


title: Phil Spector

paragraphs: Harvey Phillip Spector (born December 26, 1939) is an American musician (piano, guitar), songwriter and record producer. He is most famous as a producer. He was co-owner of Philles Records (with then-business partner Lester Sill), and later owner of Phil Spector Records. In 2009 he was found guilty of second degree murder.

paragraphs: Spector's signature style was called the Wall of Sound. He used large amounts of echo, doubling and multiplying of musical instruments and the parts to be played, and of recorded parts. The built-up effect gave his records an operatic, theatrical quality. The music sounded "bigger than life". The effect carried over especially well on AM radio, which was how most music was broadcast in the 1950s and 1960s. Spector said the Wall of Sound made "...little symphonies for the kids...".

paragraphs: The recording artists who worked with Spector over the years included The Crystals ("Then He Kissed Me"), The Ronettes ("Be My Baby"), The Righteous Brothers ("You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'"), Gene Pitney ("Every Breath I Take"), Darlene Love ("(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry"), and Tina Turner ("River Deep, Mountain High"). Sonny Bono and Cher were among his backup singers. He married Veronica (Ronnie) Bennett of the Ronettes, who took the name Ronnie Spector.

paragraphs: Spector's strongest work was in creating hit singles. He knew many fans never listened to the B-sides of singles, and radio seldom played them, so often his B-sides would feature an instrumental jam session, without the singers credited on the record, and with titles like "Flip and Nitty". Spector also disliked albums. He called them "two hit (song)s, and ten pieces of junk". When stereo became more popular than mono in recording, Spector did not follow the trend. In later years he wore a red badge in public, with the words BACK TO MONO.

paragraphs: Many other producers and musicians imitated the Wall of Sound style, or included elements of it in their own work, including Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys. Wilson thought of Spector as his biggest rival, although the two did work together on one song, that was used in a .

paragraphs: Not all of Spector's productions became hits. One record, "He Hit Me (And It Felt Like A Kiss)" was pulled from release after complaints were made by listeners, about the song's theme. (The song was later performed by singer Courtney Love.) Another record, "This Could Be The Night" (working with both Harry Nilsson and Chip Douglas), went unreleased, although radio Rodney Bingenheimer used it later as his show's . "(Let's Dance) The Screw" was a private to Lester Sill, when his partnership with Spector ended badly, and only a few copies were pressed. "River Deep, Mountain High", which Spector thought of as his all-time best work, drew little attention in the United States, but it was a hit in other countries.

paragraphs: One of the few full albums Spector produced, "A Christmas Gift to You", was released in 1963. The album featured nearly all of the artists Spector worked with regularly. The album did not become a hit at first, but it went on to become a Christmas perennial. Many music listeners consider the album a .

paragraphs: The Beatles handed over the rough tapes of their unfinished "Get Back" album for Spector to post-produce, after John Lennon and George Harrison both worked successfully with him on "Instant Karma!'", which became a hit single for Lennon. "Let it Be" was the title for the finished album (and movie, filmed during the recording sessions). Beatles fans bought and enjoyed the album and its singles, but some fans and experts disliked portions of Spector's work. Paul McCartney hated the changes Spector made to "The Long and Winding Road", which he meant to have a simple accompaniment, but was released with a choir and orchestra added. McCartney never recorded with Spector, but the other three Beatles worked with him several times, on solo recordings.

paragraphs: Spector appeared as an actor a few times. One appearance was in an episode of "I Dream of Jeannie", as a music producer. Another was in the movie "Easy Rider", as a rich man who buys cocaine from the two main characters. A character in a 1970 movie, "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls", was based on the way many people saw Spector. He appeared as himself in scenes from "Imagine", a 1973 movie about the recording of John Lennon's 1971 album of the same name.

paragraphs: Spector worked less often in the 1970s and 1980s, and his most notable work from those years was with The Ramones and Yoko Ono, the widow of John Lennon. Spector and Ronnie were divorced, and she sued him years later for unpaid royalties from her years as a singer. She collected over a million dollars, after many years of going to court. Spector spent much of his time as a "retired celebrity", staying home at his Alhambra, California or dining out. He sometimes invited women guests home, after a night out drinking alcohol. Some of the women reported later having a pleasant time with Spector. Others told stories of being abused, detained, or threatened with a gun.

paragraphs: In February 2003, police were called to Spector's home to investigate a shooting. Actress Lana Clarkson was found dead on the grounds. Spector was charged with second-degree murder. He admitted possible guilt or involvement in Clarkson's death privately, but decided to plead not guilty in court. Attorney Robert Shapiro was hired to defend him, but Bruce Cutler, and later Linda Kenney-Baden, took over the job. Spector's case went to trial in the spring of 2007, and ended in a mistrial that Autumn. Spector was tried again in 2009 and found guilty of second degree murder.


title: Fugue

paragraphs: A fugue is a piece of music written for a certain number of parts (voices). It is a type of counterpoint with a precisely defined structure. It is based on a tune called the "subject" of the fugue. The word “fugue“ comes from the Italian “fuga“ meaning “flight“.

paragraphs: A fugue is based on one particular tune. This tune is called the subject. Each part has an equal share in playing the subject. When we talk about the “parts” in a fugue we do not mean the “sections” of the piece but the number of voices needed to sing it or instruments to play it. A “3 part fugue” means a fugue written for three voices or instruments.

paragraphs: Fugues can be in 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 parts. The more parts there are the harder it is to write a fugue because each part has to sound interesting by itself, but together they must also make sense. 3, 4 and 5 part fugues are usual.

paragraphs: A fugue always starts with just one part playing the subject. Then the other parts come in one at a time until they are all playing. When the second part comes in it will always be half an octave higher or lower than the beginning (musicians say: “on the dominant”, meaning that it starts on the 5th note of the scale instead of the “tonic” or 1st note). This called: the answer. The third part to come in will be the “subject” (in the tonic once again) and the fourth part will be another answer, etc.

paragraphs: If the answer is an exact transposition of the subject (i.e. exactly the same but in the dominant key) it is called a real answer. Sometimes one or two notes have to be changed so that the music sounds right. This is called a tonal answer. For example: a subject that starts with a rising “doh – soh” (an interval of a fifth) will be answered by a rising “soh – doh” in the answer (an interval of a fourth).

paragraphs: When the second part comes in with the answer the first part will have to play something else, called a countersubject. If this “something else” is used every time in the piece to accompany the answer then it is called a regular countersubject. The countersubject should sound nice, and be grammatically correct, whether it is on top or below the subject. This is called “invertible counterpoint”.

paragraphs: If a part is not playing a countersubject it may just be playing a “free part”.

paragraphs: A redundant entry is the repetition of the subject or answer in a voice in which one or two of the aforementioned have already been stated.

paragraphs: Sometimes entries overlap. This is called stretto (NB “stretto” also has a different meaning in music: “hurried”).

paragraphs: If none of the parts are playing the subject or answer (i.e. they are all playing free parts) this is called an episode. If it happens during the first section (exposition) then it is called a codetta.

paragraphs: Because a fugue is a piece which puts several lines of melody together it is a form of contrapuntal music.

paragraphs: A fugue usually has three sections: the first section is called the “exposition”. This lasts until all the parts have entered. The middle section will go through various keys (modulate), and the final section will be back in the main key (tonic), and all the parts will probably play the subject or answer in turn once more.

paragraphs: The fugue became a very popular form of music in the Baroque period. It was often played after a prelude. The most famous composer of fugues was Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote two books, each with 24 Preludes and Fugues, called "The Well-Tempered Clavier" (in German: "Das Wohltemperierte Klavier"). Each book has a prelude and fugue in a different major and minor key. He also wrote many Preludes and Fugues for organ, sometimes writing a passacaglia, fantasia or toccata instead of the prelude, as in the case of the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor.

paragraphs: Bach’s fugues became models for future generations. Composers from later periods studied Bach’s fugues in order to learn how to write their own. For example, Dmitri Shostakovich, a 20th century composer, wrote preludes and fugues in the same style as Bach.

paragraphs: Fugues can be very dramatic and exciting as each part comes in one at a time and the music builds up. This is why many composers have ended long works with a fugue. It helps to build up the tension towards the end of the work. Even if it is not a strict fugue it might be “fugal” i.e. it might start off as a fugue and then become freer (adding extra parts etc.). Beethoven uses fugues a lot in the last movement of his late piano sonatas. Benjamin Britten writes a fugue at the end of A Young Person’s Guide to the Orchestra. At the end of his song for choir called “The Twelve” William Walton starts a fugue with a very long, fast and complicated fugues subject, but it soon develops into a much freer piece of music.


title: Jermain Defoe

paragraphs: Jermain Defoe (born 7 October 1982) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and England national team. Jermain defoe foe foe he gets the ball he scores a goal, jermain defoe foe foe foe on his left on his right up and down and with his knee the little super strikers gonna keep us in the league . x5


title: Province of Ascoli Piceno

paragraphs: The Province of Ascoli Piceno () is a province in the region of Marche in Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno.

paragraphs: Ascoli Piceno has an area of . The province is bordered to the east by the Adriatic Sea and to the north with the provinces of Macerata and Fermo. It borders with three regionsː the Abruzzo region to the south, the Lazio region to the soutwest and the Umbria region to the west.

paragraphs: The main river in the province is Tronto, long and the highest mountain is Monte Vettore (), with an altitude of .

paragraphs: There are 209,450 persons living in the province (1 January 2017). The population density was inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: There are 33 municipalities (or "comuni") in the province; they are:

paragraphs: The largest "comune" is Ascoli Piceno, with and the smallest is Colli del Tronto, with . The "comune" with fewest inhabitants is Palmiano, with 188 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The following table shows the 10 "comuni" with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude.


title: Ascoli Piceno

paragraphs: Ascoli Piceno () is a "comune" and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Ascoli Piceno is the capital of the province of the same name.

paragraphs: The central historical part of the city is built in marble called "travertino", a grey-hued stone extracted from the surrounding mountains. Its central Renaissance square, "Piazza del Popolo" ("Square of the People") is considered one of the most beautiful in Italy.

paragraphs: The town is in the valley of the Tronto river, at the confluence of this river and the small river Castellano and is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Two national parks border the town, one on the northwestern side ("Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini") and the other on the south ("Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga").

paragraphs: The "comune" of Ascoli Piceno has an area of and its altitude is . It has a small exclave ("Piana della Forcella", 0,5 km).

paragraphs: Ascoli Piceno borders with the following "comuni"ː to the north, Venarotta, Rotella, Castel di Lama and Castorano; to the east, Castignano, Appignano del Tronto and Colli del Tronto; to the south, Folignano, Maltignano and the "comuni" of the province of Teramo (Abruzzo) of Ancarano, Sant'Egidio alla Vibrata, Civitella del Tronto and Valle Castellana; and to west with Acquasanta Terme, Roccafluvione and Venarotta.

paragraphs: Some mountains close to "comune" are Monte Ascensione, Montagna dei Fiori and Monte Vettore.

paragraphs: The following "frazioni" (hamlets) are part of Ascoli Picenoː Bivio Giustimana, Campolungo, Caprignano, Carpineto, Casalena, Casamurana, Case Schiavi, Castel Trosino, Cavignano, Cervara, Colle, Colle San Marco, Colloto, Colonna, Colonnata, Coperso, Faiano, Fonte di Campo, Funti, Giustimana, Il Palazzo, Lago, Lisciano, Lisciano di Colloto, Montadamo, Monte di Rosara, Morignano, Mozzano, Oleificio Panichi, Palombare, Pedana, Piagge, Pianaccerro, Polesio, Ponte Pedana, Porchiano, Rosara, San Gaetano, San Pietro, Santa Maria a Corte, Talvacchia, Taverna di mezzo, Trivigliano-Villa Pagani, Tozzano, Tronzano, Valle Cupa, Valle Fiorana, Valle Senzana, Valli, Vena piccola, Venagrande, Villa Sant'Antonio.

paragraphs: Ascoli was founded by an Italic population (Piceni) several centuries before the building by Rome of the important "Via Salaria", the salt road that connected Latium with the salt production areas on the Adriatic coast. In 268 BC it became a "civitas foederata", a "federated" city with nominal independence from Rome.

paragraphs: In 91 BC, together with other cities in central Italy, it revolted against Rome, but in 89 BC was reconquered and destroyed by Pompeius Strabo. Its inhabitants got Roman citizenship, following the developments and the eventual fall of the Roman Empire.

paragraphs: There are 49,203 persons living in the "comune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The people from this "comune" are known, in Italian, as "ascolani".


title: Franz Beckenbauer

paragraphs: Franz Beckenbauer (born 11 September 1945), called "The Kaiser", is a German retired football player. He played as defender for Bayern Munich, Hamburger SV and Cosmos New York. After the end of his active career he was the coach of the Germany national team and Bayern Munich. Beckenbauer is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.

paragraphs: His son Stephan Beckenbauer was a footballer.

paragraphs: Franz Beckenbauer grew up in the working-class district of Giesing and started playing football at the age of nine with the youth team of SC Munich '06 in 1954. Although he was a supporter of 1860 München he went to Bayern München. Beckenbauer made his debut with Bayern in the Regionalliga Süd on the left wing against Stuttgarter Kickers on 6 June 1964. This year Bayern was promoted to the new German Bundesliga. During Beckenbauer's time at Bayern Munich, the club won three league championships in a row from 1972 to 1974 and also a hat-trick of European Cup wins (1974–76).

paragraphs: After his time with München he signed with Cosmos New York (1977) in the North American Soccer League. After two years with the Hamburger SV (1980-1982) he played till 1983 again with Cosmos.

paragraphs: He played 103 matches for the German football national team. He was member of the World Cup squad in 1966 (2nd), 1970 (3rd) and 1974 (1st). In 1972 he won the European Championship. As manager he won the World Cup 1990 and was runner up in 1986. Afterwards he became coach of his former team FC Bayern München and won the title in 1994 and the UEFA Cup in 1996.

paragraphs: He did lobbing work for Germanys wish to host the 2006 World Cup. After the decision to give them to Germany he was member of the organizational committee.


title: Groundhog

paragraphs: The Groundhog is a rodent. It is also called a woodchuck. It belongs to the group of ground squirrels. Those squirrels are also known as marmots. The animal may also be called Woodchuck, or Whistlepig. Groundhogs dig tunnels and live underground. Groundhog holes, called burrows, are easy to recognize; they are holes, about 9.in (inches) (23 cm (centimeters)) wide which usually have large piles of dirt and rocks at the entrance. Every single hole, may have tunnels which lead to as many as ten other holes, the tunnels are very large and can have chambers, like rooms, in them. Groundhogs can make their homes under trees, around buildings and in open fields.

paragraphs: Some problems with groundhogs are that they eat crops and dig around the foundations of buildings. When groundhogs dig around buildings this can cause damage if the holes go too far under the building.

paragraphs: In the United States, there is a holiday called Groundhog Day. It is celebrated on February 2 of every year.


title: Squirrel

paragraphs: Squirrels are a large family of small to medium rodents. It includes tree squirrels, which are described on this page.

paragraphs: The other squirrels are: ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs.

paragraphs: Squirrels are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families.

paragraphs: Most squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find. Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. They eat seeds, berries and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels do not store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep.

paragraphs: Squirrels have many predators or enemies. Foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, raccoons, lynx, cougars, eagles, hawks and owls eat squirrels.

paragraphs: The most common European squirrels are red or brown in color, while common American squirrels are grey or black. Grey squirrels have been introduced from America into Europe (most notably, Great Britain).

paragraphs: The greys carry a virus to which they are immune, but which is deadly to red squirrels. They have taken over most of the red squirrels' territory in deciduous forest. This has greatly reduced the red squirrel's population. Red squirrels still enjoy dominance in the pine forests of northern Britain, but they are now rare in southern areas.

paragraphs: The grey squirrel is regarded as vermin. It is illegal to release any into the wild, and any caught have to be humanely killed.

paragraphs: Squirrels breed in February and March in winter, and in June and July in summer. Females may become pregnant up to twice a year. Usually four to six young are born, after a gestation period (pregnancy) of around thirty-nine days. Only the mother looks after the young, which are born completely helpless. Young squirrels are deaf and blind during the first few weeks of their life.

paragraphs: Most squirrels die in the first year of life. Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of five to ten years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity.


title: Gestation

paragraphs: Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal, until its birth. Mammals can have more than one embryo or fetus at the same time.

paragraphs: The time between fertilization of an ovum and the birth of the young is called the gestation period. Humans have a gestation period of around 37 weeks or about 9 months and 1 week. Syrian hamsters have a gestation period of 16 days. That is believed to be the shortest gestation period.


title: Shrew

paragraphs: Shrews are small mammals which look rather like mice. They were classified in the old Insectivora, but that is no longer used. Now they are classified in the family Soricidae, suborder Soricomorpha.

paragraphs: True shrews are not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.

paragraphs: Although its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is "not" a rodent, as mice are. In fact it is related to moles. Shrews have sharp, spike-like teeth, not the familiar gnawing front incisor teeth of rodents.

paragraphs: Shrews are distributed almost worldwide. Of the major tropical and temperate land masses, only New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand do not have any native shrews. In South America, shrews are relatively recent immigrants and are present only in the northern Andes. In terms of species diversity, the shrew family is the fourth most successful mammal family.

paragraphs: The old order Insectivora was not a natural (monophyletic) group. New terms are used to classify its former groups. That explains the little-known terms in the taxobox.

paragraphs: All shrews are small, most no larger than a mouse. The largest is the Asian house shrew ("Suncus murinus"), which is about 15 cm long and weighs around 100 grams. Several are very small: the Etruscan shrew ("Suncus etruscus"), is about 3.5 cm and 2 grams. It is the smallest living terrestrial mammal and the smallest type of shrew.

paragraphs: In general, shrews live in and on the ground. They search for seeds, insects, nuts, and worms. Some climb trees, some live underground, some live under snow, and some hunt in water. They have small eyes, and generally poor vision, but have excellent senses of hearing and smell. They are very active animals, with big appetites. Shrews have an unusually high metabolic rate. Shrews usually eat 80–90% of their own body weight in food daily.

paragraphs: They do not hibernate, but can enter torpor. Shrews can lose between 30% and 50% of their body weight in winter, shrinking the size of bones, skull and internal organs.

paragraphs: Unlike rodents, which have gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life, and they lose their milk teeth before birth. Therefore, they have only one set of teeth for their lifetime. Apart from the first pair of incisors, which are long and sharp, and the chewing molars at the back of the mouth, the teeth of shrews are small and peg-like, and may be reduced in number. The dental formula of shrews is: upper=3.1.1-3.3; lower=1-2.0-1.1.3.


title: Ground squirrel

paragraphs: Ground squirrels are marmots. These are small rodents, squirrels which live on and in the ground.

paragraphs: Most of them live in the mountains, like the Sierra Nevada, or the Alps. Marmots make holes in the ground. They live in burrows, underground. They hibernate, that is they sleep through the winter. Marmots are very social animals. They group together easily. They also like to communicate with each other, with whistles, especially when they sense danger.

paragraphs: They vary in size and habits. Most are able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for long periods. This way they watch for predators. They tend to live together more than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels. The Alpine marmot ("Marmota marmota") is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg.

paragraphs: Many historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats, were the carriers of bubonic plague epidemics in the Middle Ages.


title: Human Be-In

paragraphs: The 'Human Be-In' was an event during the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It was held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The Human Be-In caused the Summer of Love, which introduced hippie life and the word psychedelic to everyday Americans, and made the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco famous because it was the center of an American counterculture.

paragraphs: The hippie movement had two main sources. One source was college students who were not happy about the way the country was headed. They did not like the way African Americans were being treated in the South or the way young men were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The other source of the hippie movement was the 'Beat Generation' (poets and jazz hipsters).

paragraphs: Throughout the early 1960s, college students who were against the policies of segregation in Southern United States would travel to the south. They took part in sit-ins, register African Americans to vote, demonstrate, march, and other activism. More and more people were unhappy about the Vietnam War and the riots. During this time, San Francisco was becoming a center for younger people who liked to experiment with drugs, and it was also a center for the music scene. From the idea of the 'sit-in', they got the idea to have a 'Human Be-In' in early January to get people's minds off politics and the war.

paragraphs: The Human Be-In was announced on the cover of the first issue of the "San Francisco Oracle" as "A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In". Speakers at the rally included Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (soon to be more widely known as 'Ram Dass'), and poets like Allen Ginsberg, who chanted mantras, and Gary Snyder. Leary set the tone that afternoon with his famous phrase "Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out". Other counterculture leaders who were there included comedian Dick Gregory, Lenore Kandel, and Jerry Rubin. The Hells Angels, at the peak of their 'outlaw' reputation, looked after lost children. Local rock bands such as Grateful Dead and Quicksilver Messenger Service provided the music, and Owsley "Bear" Stanley provided massive amounts of his "White Lightning" LSD to the gathered masses.

paragraphs: Soon every gathering was being called an '-In' of some kind. "Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In", a television comedy series, began to appear on NBC just a year later, January 22, 1968.

paragraphs: During 1967, more and more young people from around the country began traveling to San Francisco. By the summer there were between 100,000 and 200,000 there taking part in the "Summer of Love".


title: Suva

paragraphs: Suva is the capital city of Fiji. It is on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suva became the capital of Fiji in 1877. It was changed from the settlement of Kaivalagi on the island of Ovalau because that settlement had no space left to grow. Kaivalangi had been established by the Europeans. In 1996, 77,366 people lived in Suva. Including independent suburbs, 167,975 people lived in the Greater Suva city area.


title: Honiara

paragraphs: Honiara is the capital city of the Solomon Islands and of Guadalcanal Province. It has a population 84,520 (2017).

paragraphs: The town is on the island of Guadalcanal. It was built to replace the former capital of Tulagi at the end of World War II. Honiara became the capital of the Solomon Islands in 1952. The town is on the Kukum Highway, which connects Henderson field in the east of Honiara with the White River in the west, and passes the hospital Nambanaen and the burned down Chinatown. Honiara has a dock from which ships depart to other provinces. The gardens of the National Art Gallery are popular for afternoon strolls.


title: Port Vila

paragraphs: Port Vila (population 29,356, coordinates 17°45′S 168°18′E) is the capital city of Vanuatu. Located on the south coast of the island of Efate, it has the country's most important dock and airport, Bauerfield International, making it the nation's economic and commercial center.

paragraphs: During World War II, Port Vila was an American and Australian airbase. In 1987 and 2015, tropical cyclones badly damaged the city.


title: Tainan

paragraphs: Tainan City () is a city in Southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest city after Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City and Taichung City. Tainan was the capital of Taiwan in 1661 when Koxinga took the island from Dutch colonial rule. In 1684, the Qing Dynasty conquered Taiwan and created "Taiwan Fu" (the first local government in Taiwan). This was later renamed to "Tainan Fu" in 1885. Because it was the capital of Taiwan, Tainan is also called Fu-cheng (Government City). Tainan was also the capital of the Republic of Formosa. Tainan is one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, with the Dutch port at An-ping (安平) in 1624. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, as it built the First Confucian School/Temple on the island. There are remains of the Northern and Southern gates of the old city, and other old monuments. Tainan is the city with the most Buddhist and/or Taoist temples on Taiwan. Tainan City is surrounded by Tainan County to the north and east and the South China Sea to the west and south.

paragraphs: Tainan is famous with its 300-year history and buildings with old designs. Before the year of 1700, there were only the earliest people living there. But everything changed after the Dutch got to Tainan and made Fort Zeelandia (also called Anping Fort) in Anping. Then in 1661, the Dutch were kicked out by Koxinga, who followed the ideas of the Ming Dynasty, and his army. He ended 38 years of Dutch rule in Taiwan.

paragraphs: Twenty-two years later, the chief town of Taiwan moved to Tainan and Taiwan became a part of China under the Qing Dynasty’s rule. But the Qing Dynasty didn’t care much about Tainan. Afterwards, Japan took over Taiwan and built "the Office of the Governor-General" in Taipei. From then on, Taipei became more important than Tainan. After World War II, Taiwan is no longer under Japanese people's rule. Even though Tainan is not the chief town of Taiwan anymore, Tainan is still called ”Taiwan's cultural capital” because of its long history in Taiwan.

paragraphs: Tainan City once had six districts: Anping, Annan, East, West Central, South, and North districts. Annan district was originally the An-Shun township of Tainan County, and was added into Tainan City in 1946. In December 25, 2010, it got merged with Tainan county, and upgraded into a special municipality. Its name remains Tainan City. Now the great Tainan City has 31 districts, and the central government want those districts incorporated into 10 to 12 districts in the future. But people in every township are not very positive about this. Because people are afraid that their budget would be downsized while every administrative area become much larger. For the central and local city government, there is a long way to go.

paragraphs: Tainan has a lot of popular scenic spots, such as:

paragraphs: Tainan has 28 twin towns and sister cities worldwide. Tainan signed the agreements with 9 cities in the US between 1965 and 1991. They are:


title: Chiayi City

paragraphs: Chiayi City (; Taiwanese: Ka-gī chhī) is a provincial city of southwestern Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Formerly called "Kagi" during the Japanese era, its historical name in Chinese (諸羅山) borrows from the Taiwanese aboriginal word "Tirosen".


title: Example

paragraphs: An example (Latin "exemplum", the shorthand "e.g". stands for "exempli gratia", which means "for example") is a short story, or an anecdote. This story is told to illustrate something else, like an idea or a concept.

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages, preachers and priests used examples in their sermons. They did this to explain things from the bible. They also did this to explain to all those people (that were incapable of reading) how they should lead their lives, as a good person.

paragraphs: The phrase "make an example" is sometimes used, when a person is harshly punished for others to see. This is done to keep other people (especially the person's peers) from doing the same thing that got that person into trouble.


title: Hsinchu

paragraphs: Hsinchu City (Chinese:新竹; POJ: Sin-tek) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Hsinchu is popularly nicknamed "The Windy City" ("Fengcheng" 風城) for its windy climate.

paragraphs: The city is surrounded by Hsinchu County to the north and east, Miaoli County to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west.

paragraphs: Hsinchu City is made up of three districts: North District, East District, and Siangshan District.

paragraphs: The city is the base of high tech industry in Taiwan. Built in 1980, Hsinchu Science Park is home of 360 high tech companies including TSMC, Philips and United Microelectronics Corporation. As the result, the city has the highest income level.


title: Kangaroo rat

paragraphs: Kangaroo rats are small rodents from North and Central America. They got their name, because they look like small kangaroos, when standing upright. But they are not related to kangaroos, except that they are mammals. The genus of the kangaroo rats is called Dipodomys.

paragraphs: Currently, there are 22 species in that genus. They vary in size from 10cm to 20cm, and weight between 35 and 180 grams for adult animals.

paragraphs: Kangaroo rats live in dry climates.They can live in deserts also, like Thar Desert. This means that they have developed traits to other species that live in such climates, but are not related to them. Some of those species are the jerboas, which can be found in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and the hopping mice of the Australian Outback.

paragraphs: All of those species have highly developed hind legs. They also live in deep burrows that protect them from the worst heat of the day. Water may be difficult to find in such climates. Therefore, they only rarely need to drink water. Instead, they have a very efficient metabolism. Their kidneys are much more efficient than human kidneys. They can also chemically split off water from the food they eat.

paragraphs: Kangaroo mice are found in areas of the United States and Mexico, where there is some grass or vegetation left, but which have a rather dry climate. Scientists call those areas arid and semi-arid. The animals live on seeds, leaves, nuts and other fruit they can find. They also catch insects. They are also known for stockpiling (keeping) some food in their burrows, for bad times.

paragraphs: Usually the animals have a color that blends in nicely with the sandy surroundings. Most often they are a tone of dark yellow to deep brown.

paragraphs: They are nocturnal which means that they are active during the night.


title: Hibernation

paragraphs: Hibernation is a time of inactivity. Some endothermic (warm-blooded) animals hibernate, usually during the winter, when food is short. They fall into a sleep-like state. They regulate their metabolism to consume less energy. They lower their body temperature, slow their breathing, and slow other vital functions. During hibernation, the body uses fat for energy, which the animal has gathered in summer and autumn. They hibernate from the end of autumn to the start of winter. Animals try and eat as much as they can to increase the fats in their body.

paragraphs: Mammals like bats, ground squirrels (like marmots), hedgehogs, marsupials and others hibernate.

paragraphs: The phases of sleeping (called torpor) are different for the different animals. Hedgehogs sleep for 1–3 weeks, without waking, The fat dormouse sleeps for 20–33 days, without waking. The winter sleep of bears is not as deep as hibernation.

paragraphs: Only mammals hibernate. However, a few birds including hummingbirds do something similar.


title: Pack rat

paragraphs: The Pack rat, which is also called Wood rat or Trade rat, is a rodent of one of several species in the genus Neotoma. Very often, people mean the Bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea). Packrats are common in the deserts and highlands of the western United States and northern Mexico. They are smaller than a usual (Old World) rat, and usually have long, sometimes bushy tails. They are also not related to the rat, other than also being a rodent.


title: Mohamed ElBaradei

paragraphs: Mohamed ElBaradei (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian scientist, administrator, politician, diplomat and 2005 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace.

paragraphs: ElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He has a doctorate in International law.

paragraphs: ElBaradei is best known as the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) "(1997-2009)". The IAEA is an inter-governmental organization related to the United Nations. It is based in Vienna and tries to bring about the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ElBaradei and the IAEA were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. They won the prize for their efforts in Iraq, finding that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq.


title: Bandicoot

paragraphs: Bandicoots are marsupials. There are about 20 species of bandicoots.

paragraphs: Bandicoots are omnivores. They eat bugs, earthworms, larvae, and spiders. Despite what they look like, they are not related to rats. They live in parts of Australia. They are nocturnal. Bandicoots are endangered species. For protection against foxes and wild cats, they retreat to their burrows for safety.

paragraphs: There are different species of bandicoot including:


title: Lesser bandicoot rat

paragraphs: The lesser bandicoot rat, "Bandicota bengalensis", is a rodent. It lives in south Asia. It can grow up to 40cm long. It is a rat, but is not in the genus "Rattus". They may be a pest to cereal crops, and gardens in India and Sri Lanka. When attacking the rat grunts like a pig. Their fur is dark brown on the back (dorsally, as scientists say), and usually lighter or darker grey on the belly-side (ventrally). The length of their body is about 25cm, and the tail is shorter than the body.

paragraphs: Sometimes, the rats live in empty houses in villages. When they feel threatened, they are very aggressive. Many see them as a threat to infants (babies). Packs of lesser bandicoot rats have been known to attack and devour infants left alone.

paragraphs: Despite its name, the rat is not related to the bandicoot, which is a marsupial.

paragraphs: The International Union for the Conservation of Nature says there are large numbers of lesser bandicoot rats found over a wide area. They have listed them as being of Least Concern for survival.


title: Roquefort cheese

paragraphs: Roquefort cheese is a kind of blue cheese. It comes from the south of France. It is made from sheep's milk. French laws about AOC say that only cheese from the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (close to Millau) may be called Roquefort cheese.

paragraphs: The cheese breaks into little pieces easily. It is a little moist. Blue mould is added to Roquefort cheese. This gives it a particular taste. Roquefort is made in big wheels. They weigh around 2.5 kilograms. They are about 10 cm thick. Roquefort needs to ripen for around 5 months. It is best eaten April to October, but of course it is available all year round.

paragraphs: In the year 2003, there were seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Société. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Vernières and Le Vieux Berger.

paragraphs: Another cheese, which is similar, but made from the milk of cows, is Gorgonzola.