title: Exabyte

paragraphs: An exabyte (EB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. One exabyte holds 1000 petabytes (PB) or a million trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes. An exabyte is so large that it would take about one million powerful home computers to store this amount of data.

paragraphs: One thousand exabytes make one zettabyte.


title: Zettabyte

paragraphs: A zettabyte (ZB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. One zettabyte holds 1000 exabytes (EB) or a billion trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes, and 1000 zettabytes make one yottabyte.

paragraphs: A zettabyte is so large that it would take about a million supercomputers (or a billion powerful home computers)


title: Yottabyte

paragraphs: A yottabyte (YB) is a unit of measurement for computers of the future. One yottabyte holds 1000 zettabytes (ZB) or a trillion trillion (1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) bytes.

paragraphs: A yottabyte is so large that it would take about a billion supercomputers to store this amount of data.


title: Nature's services

paragraphs: Nature's services is a term for the ways in which nature benefits humans. It means particularly those benefits that can be measured in economic terms. Robert Costanza and other theorists of natural capital analysed nature's services to humanity in the 1990s.

paragraphs: The economic contribution of seventeen of these services they calculated to be about US$33 trillion per year, greater than the activities of the whole human economy, which was about US$25 trillion.

paragraphs: This was based on estimated costs of replacing the services nature provides. For that purpose they were compared with equivalent services that are produced by humans. This calculation makes clear that mankind cannot develop without nature's services.

paragraphs: This study is central for the theory of natural capital.

paragraphs: But this study had no great influence on government policy or on WTO, IMF or G8 economic and trade policy.


title: Signing Time!

paragraphs: Signing Time! is a children's television show. It teaches American Sign Language to children age one through eight. It is shown in the United States. It is hosted by Rachel de Azevedo Coleman. It is shown by American Public Television in many cities across the United States.

paragraphs: Research shows that sign language can help children's learning ability to grow. With just a few simple American Sign Language signs, babies and toddlers — some as young as nine months old — can show people their needs before they can speak, which may make them have fewer tantrums. School-aged children enjoy the benefits of learning a second language. Children with developmental delays or special needs can find their own “voice” by using their hands to talk using sign language.

paragraphs: Signing Time helps children learn through three senses — visual (seeing), auditory (hearing), and kinesthetic (touch) — and reaches children with different learning styles and abilities by making children want to communicate with other people through signing, singing, speaking and dancing.

paragraphs: In the series, songwriter and musician Rachel Coleman, her daughter Leah (who is deaf), Alex (Leah’s cousin who can hear), and their pet frog named Hopkins, who is a cartoon, teach hundreds of useful American Sign Language signs. Children learn signs for words, questions, phrases, movements, colors, sports, days of the week, everyday objects, and activities that are done a lot. Signing Time! makes learning sign language easy for the whole family.

paragraphs: In 1996, Rachel Coleman had a daughter, who was named Leah. Fourteen months after she was born, Rachel and her husband, Aaron, found out that Leah was deaf since she was born. After that, the couple started to teach Leah sign language, first with Signing Exact English (SEE), then with American Sign Language (ASL),so that they could learn to communicate, becoming good signers. Rachel was surprised to see that after six months, Leah's sign language vocabulary had more words the vocabulary of hearing children her same age. Rachel's sister Emilie Brown and her husband Derek were teaching Leah's baby cousin, Alex, how to sign, and he learned it quickly also.

paragraphs: A few years later, Rachel had a second daughter. Lucy was born 8 weeks premature, with spina bifida (this means there is a hole in your back when you are born and your spinal cord is sticking out) and cerebral palsy (your brain has trouble controlling your muscles). Doctors worried that, because of her cerebral palsy, Lucy would never be able to speak or use sign language to communicate with her deaf sister, but after the first volume was made, Lucy started to sign, and later, to speak. Rachel then thought that signing could be beneficial to all children.

paragraphs: Rachel and Emilie decided to make a video for hearing children so that American Sign Language could be made accessible to all children, and made Two Little Hands Productions, their producing company, together.

paragraphs: Rachel hosts the show herself, with her daughter Leah and nephew Alex also starring to help teach signs. In My First Signs, Rachel was not going to be in the videos, but she was added to show the signs because Alex and Leah (who were 3 and 4 then) could not sign clearly enough all the time to teach viewers the signs. In the earlier episodes, Rachel did not want to sing and sign at the same time since it causes some problems for those who want true American Sign Language, but customers responded, wanting more songs and wanting to learn signs from them. So, already being a musician, Rachel wrote more songs. Rachel sings a lot of songs during each episode, signing the words at the same time. During the episode, Rachel shows many signs from a certain topic (schools, daytime activities, etc.) and then has Leah and Alex sign—they sign first now—alongside with many other children of different backgrounds. After that, the words are emphasized with song.

paragraphs: The second season has a new layout that includes new signs and more original music. Each program teaches signs from one theme, marked by a theme song, which is taught verse by verse. This lets children develop a comforting knowing of the melody line of each song, helping to give them a sense of mastery and a feeling like they are actually “with” the characters as they sing and sign along. Also, new parts “ABC Time,” “Counting Time,” “Game Time,” “Story Time,” and “Hopping/Moving Time” look into the episode theme or other skills in a playful way. These segments use teaching methods such as mnemonics (a way to make your memory better), songs, stories, and games, which are good for many different learning styles and abilities by promoting interaction through signing, singing, speaking and dancing.

paragraphs: Rachel is the host of the Signing Time! series. She has spent much of her adult life working in entertainment. While performing with her band We the Living, Rachel foun out that her 14-month old daughter, Leah, was deaf. Rachel’s second daughter, Lucy, had fetal surgery (surgery before she was born) for spina bifida and was later diagnosed with cerebral palsy. In spite of such limitations, Lucy now communicates with both speech and sign language. After years of musical silence, Rachel has picked up that guitar again, writing and performing all of the songs for Signing Time!. She used to sing for her band. Now, she sings for Lucy, Leah, and children everywhere. In addition to starring in Signing Time!, Rachel is also a popular singer, performer, and speaker, and has performed for hundreds of thousands of children all across the country.

paragraphs: Leah Coleman is the person that made her mother want to make Signing Time! Diagnosed as profoundly deaf at 14 months old, she began learning American Sign Language (ASL) as fast as her parents could learn it and teach it to her. Leah could sign full sentences long before her ‘hearing’ peers could even speak, and because of that, her parents say she never threw a tantrum. Leah is now in fifth grade and loves reading, skating on her “Heelys” and playing with her little sister Lucy. She recently won first place in her very first horse show and got national attention for winning first place in her school Spelling Bee, despite being deaf. Her favorite food is sushi and she loves the color purple. She loves being in "Signing Time!" with her cousin Alex, and teaching ASL to other children.

paragraphs: Alex Brown was in the very first episode of Signing Time! before his third birthday. He learned to sign as a baby so that he could communicate with his deaf cousin, Leah. He is now in fifth grade and loves to ride his bike, rollerblade, make comic books, draw mazes and play with his little brother Zachary. His favorite food is shrimp with shell pasta and his favorite color is green. He is a budding singer and pianist, but he enjoys "playing" the piano more than he enjoys practicing. A native of Salt Lake City, Utah, Alex has also lived in Virginia and California. He enjoys filming "Signing Time!" particularly when he gets to swing on the tire swing or have pillow fights on the set with Leah.

paragraphs: Originally developed as a gecko named ‘Twerp’ (a play on the nickname ‘Terp, for interpreter), “Hopkins” the frog was supposed to be Leah’s ‘voice’ and appear as a gift from Grandma and Grandpa. Alas, since Leah’s speech is developing on her own, Hopkins is now very happy being a little green animated sidekick who loves to swim, paint, lift large pieces of fruit and eat unsuspecting flies. He is proudly named after Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet, who in 1817 established the first free American school for the deaf and hearing-impaired.

paragraphs: All numbers are Signing Time! volume numbers from the official website.

paragraphs: Two Little Hands productions offers a wide variety of fun and educational American Sign Language (ASL) products.

paragraphs: Other items include printed materials including board books and flash cards, "Signing Time!" clothing, and "Signing Time!" music CDs.


title: Wuthering Heights

paragraphs: Wuthering Heights is a novel by Emily Brontë. It was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym (false name) "Ellis Bell". After her death, a second edition was edited by her sister Charlotte. The story is about the love of Heathcliff and Catherine Earnshaw, foster siblings in Yorkshire. It is a classic of English literature, and has been made into movies many times.


title: Capitol Hill Baptist Church

paragraphs: The Capitol Hill Baptist Church is a Baptist church on Capitol Hill in Washington D.C.. Mark Dever serves as the senior pastor of the church. It is linked with the Southern Baptist Convention.

paragraphs: In 1867 on "Capitol Hill", a group of people came together to pray for a church to be started in their area. The church would one decade later become known as the "Metropolitan Baptist Church". In 1878, it had 31 members. In the coming years, the church grew. In 1912 the church finished working on the new main hall. Their then current pastor "Dr. John Compton Ball" oversaw the church membership increase, it numbered in the thousands by 1950. Over the next several years, the membership slowly dropped, and hit a low of around one hundred people, in the early 1990s. In recent years the church has grown to a much bigger church.


title: Gerry and the Pacemakers

paragraphs: Gerry and The Pacemakers were an English rock and roll group during the 1960s. Like The Beatles, they came from Liverpool and were also managed by Brian Epstein.

paragraphs: Gerry Marsden was born on September 24, 1942, in Liverpool, England. His brother, Freddie, was born on October 23, 1940, in Liverpool. They formed a musical group called "The Mars Bars", with Gerry playing guitar and Freddie the drums. They changed the name to The Pacemakers because the Mars candy company said they would take them to court for using the name.

paragraphs: Les Chadwick (born John Leslie Chadwick) was born on May 11, 1943 in Liverpool. He worked in a bank before joining the band in 1959. He was their lead guitarist, but changed to bass. Les Maguire (born Leslie Maguire) was born on December 27, 1941 in Wallasey, Cheshire. He joined the band in 1960 after the group's piano player, Arthur McMahon, left the group.

paragraphs: The Pacemakers were the second band to be managed by Brian Epstein, who was also manager of "The Beatles. Brian had heard the band at the "Cavern Club" in Liverpool in 1962. Their first three songs in 1963, "How Do You Do It?", "I Like It" and "You'll Never Walk Alone", all went straight to number one on the charts. "You'll Never Walk Alone", first written by Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II for the musical "Carousel", became the favourite song of supporters of the Liverpool Football Club. They even made a very successful full length movie in 1965 called "Ferry Cross The Mersey". This was based on the song written by Gerry. The song made Liverpool's ferries world famous. Gerry also wrote eight other songs for the film.

paragraphs: The band enjoyed great success between 1963—1966, with such songs as "It's Gonna Be All Right". This time was called the British Invasion because so many British bands were successful. "[Our] songs were happy, the music simple and the lyrics nice to listen to," Gerry said. "We didn't try to change the world."

paragraphs: The group broke up in 1967, and Gerry went on to work as an actor and performer in musical theater. He reformed The Pacemakers in 1972 with prominent Liverpool musicians Jose McLaughlin, Billy Kinsley and Pete Clarke. Gerry wrote a book about his life, "You'll Never Walk Alone", which was published in 1993. Original band member, Freddie Marsden, died on December 9, 2006, at 66 years of age.


title: Left Behind (series)

paragraphs: The Left Behind series (or just Left Behind) is a fictional book series written by Tim LaHaye and Jerry B. Jenkins. The series takes place during, and after the rapture. Besides the best-selling fiction book series, there are also graphic novels, CDs, and a series.

paragraphs: Note: The first three books were written later in time, but are a prequel to the series.

paragraphs: Note: The first of the books were made into movies starring Kirk Cameron.


title: Master Chief

paragraphs: Master Chief Petty Officer John-117 is a fictional person. He is the main protagonist of the "Halo" video game series. He is also called Master Chief, or Spartan-117.

paragraphs: Master Chief is a player character in "", "Halo 2", "Halo 3", "Halo 4 and Halo 5 quardians". He also is also featured in several novels and other games in the Halo series.

paragraphs: The character is never seen without his green-colored armor and helmet. He is one of the most recognizable characters from Halo. Several action figures of the character are available.


title: Arrowhead

paragraphs: An arrowhead is point of an arrow, or a shape resembling such a point.

paragraphs: Arrowheads are found all over the United States. Archaeologically they are usually made of stone: primarily being flint, obsidian, or chert; but in many excavations bone, wooden and metal arrowheads have been found.

paragraphs: In North America, Arrowheads are sometimes mistakenly attributed to the Historic Period American Indians, but are actually from North America's prehistoric ancestors; some arrowheads date back to over 15,000+ years old (Paleo-Clovis Culture).

paragraphs: In Scandinavia during the Viking age a wide range of arrowheads were used for a variety of tasks.

paragraphs: Arrowheads are attached to arrow shafts and may be "thrown" (similar to a spear thrower), or fired from a bow.


title: Obsidian

paragraphs: Obsidian is a natural volcanic glass found as a kind of igneous rock. It is produced when lava high in silica (SiO) cools rapidly, and solidifies without time for crystal growth. Because there is no crystal structure, obsidian blade edges can reach almost molecular thinness, leading to its ancient use as arrowheads, and its modern use as surgical scalpel blades.

paragraphs: Obsidian is mineral-like, but not crystalline. It is dark in color like basalt. It consists mainly of SiO (silicon dioxide), usually 70% or more.

paragraphs: Obsidian does not last forever. It is metastable: it changes very slowly. Over time, the glass becomes fine-grained crystals. So, no obsidian is older than Cretaceous age. It breaks down faster when water is present. Obsidian has little water, but takes it in if it sits in groundwater.

paragraphs: Usually dark, the color varies on the presence of different materials. Iron and magnesium typically give the obsidian a dark green to brown to black color. A few samples are nearly colorless. In some stones, small crystals produce a snowflake pattern ("snowflake obsidian"). It may contain patterns of gas which produce effects such as a golden sheen ("sheen obsidian") or a rainbow sheen ("rainbow obsidian").

paragraphs: Obsidian was valued in Stone Age cultures because, like flint, it could be chipped to produce hand axes, sharp blades or arrowheads.

paragraphs: Pre-Columbian Mesoamericans' used obsidian often. It was worked for tools and decorative objects. It was also polished to create early mirrors. Mesoamericans also made a type of sword with obsidian blades mounted in a wooden body. Called a macuahuitl, the weapon could cause terrible injuries, because it combined the sharp cutting edge of an obsidian blade with the ragged cut of a serrated edge.

paragraphs: Native American people traded obsidian throughout North America. Each volcano and in some cases each volcanic eruption produces a distinguishable type of obsidian. So archaeologists can trace the origins of a particular artifact. Obsidian can be identified in Greece as coming from different islands in the Aegean Sea. Obsidian cores (unworked lumps) and blades were traded great distances inland from the coast.

paragraphs: Modern archaeologists have developed a dating system to calculate the age of obsidian artifacts depending from the content of water in the object.

paragraphs: Obsidian can be found where high silicate eruptions have happened. There are solid obsidian flows in the calderas of Newberry Volcano and Medicine Lake Volcano in the Cascade Range of western North America, and at Inyo Craters east of the Sierra Nevada, California. Yellowstone National Park has a mountainside containing obsidian between Mammoth Hot Springs and the Norris Geyser Basin. Deposits can be found in many other western US states including Arizona, Colorado, Texas, Utah, Oregon and Idaho. Obsidian can also be found in Armenia, Turkey, Italy, Mexico, Iceland, Greece and Scotland.

paragraphs: Obsidian is used in heart surgery, as well-crafted obsidian blades have a cutting edge many times sharper than high-quality steel surgical scalpels, with the edge of the blade being only about 3 nm wide. Even the sharpest metal knife has a jagged, irregular blade when viewed under a strong enough microscope. When examined under an electron microscope an obsidian blade is still smooth and even. One study found that obsidian produced narrower scars, fewer inflammatory cells, and less granulation tissue in a group of rats.

paragraphs: Obsidian is also used for ornamental purposes and as a gemstone. It possesses the property of presenting a different appearance according to the manner in which it is cut. When cut in one direction it is a beautiful jet black; when cut across another direction it is glistening gray.


title: Isle of Arran

paragraphs: Arran or the Isle of Arran is the largest island in the Firth of Clyde, Scotland.

paragraphs: With an area of it is the seventh largest Scottish island. Just over 5,000 people live there.

paragraphs: Arran shares with the Hebrides cultural and physical similarities. Arran is mountainous and has been described as a "geologist's paradise".

paragraphs: People have lived there since the early Neolithic period, from which time on there are numerous prehistoric remains.

paragraphs: From the 6th century on peoples from Ireland colonised the island and it became a centre of religious activity. During the troubled Viking Age, Arran became the property of the Norwegian crown before becoming formally absorbed by the Kingdom of Scotland in the thirteenth century.

paragraphs: The 19th century "clearances" led to significant reductions in population and the end of the Gaelic language and way of life.

paragraphs: The economy and population have recovered in recent years, the main industry being tourism. There is diversity of wildlife, including three species of tree endemic to the area. There are regular field trips in the summer by geology and biology students.

paragraphs: The island is sometimes referred to as "Scotland in miniature", as it is divided into "Highland" and "Lowland" areas by the Highland Boundary Fault which runs northeast to southwest across Scotland.

paragraphs: The island is a popular destination for geologists, who come to see intrusive igneous landforms such as sills and dykes as well as sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks ranging in age from Precambrian to Mesozoic.

paragraphs: Most of the interior of the northern half of the island is taken up by a large granite batholith that was created by substantial volcanic activity around 60 million years ago in the Tertiary period. There is an older outer ring of coarse granites and an inner core of finer grained material.

paragraphs: Sedimentary rocks dominate the southern half of the island, especially Old and New Red Sandstone. Sand dunes are preserved in Permian sandstones near Brodick, there are localised outcrops of Triassic rocks, and even some Cretaceous chalk.

paragraphs: Visiting in 1787, the geologist James Hutton found his first example of an unconformity to the north of Newton Point near Lochranza. It showed evidence for his Plutonist theories of uniformitarianism, and about the age of the Earth. This spot is one of the most famous places in the study of geology.

paragraphs: The Pleistocene glaciations almost entirely covered Scotland in ice. After the last retreat of the ice at the close of the Pleistocene epoch sea levels were up to lower than at present and it is likely that circa 14,000 years ago the island was connected to mainland Scotland.

paragraphs: Sea level changes and the isostatic rise of land makes charting coastlines a complex task, but the island is clearly ringed by post glacial raised beaches.

paragraphs: What this means is that the huge weight of ice pressed down the Earth's crust here, and so the beaches were much higher up than now. Gradually, long after the ice melted, the island came back up.

paragraphs: King's Cave on the south west coast is an example of such a raised beach. This cave, which is over long and up to high, lies well above the present day sea level.

paragraphs: There are tall sea cliffs to the north east including large rock slides under the heights of Torr Reamhar and at Scriden ("An Scriodan") at the far north end of the island. The Scriden rocks fell "some two hundred years ago, with a concussion that shook the earth and was heard in Bute and Argyllshire".


title: Kurud

paragraphs: Kurud is a town found in the center of the state of Chhattisgarh in India.


title: Germanic paganism

paragraphs: Germanic paganism was a religion. It was a form of paganism. It was practiced in Central and Northern Europe before Christianity came there. The best documented form is called Norse paganism today. The religion was polytheistic, there were many gods. The main ones seem to have been Odin and Thor. Beforehand, the most important one may have been Tyr.

paragraphs: The Germanic gods have affected elements of every day western life in most countries that speak Germanic languages. An example is some of the names of the days of the week. The days were named after Roman gods in Latin (named after "Sun, Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, Saturn"). The names for Tuesday through Friday were replaced with Germanic versions of the Roman gods. In English and Dutch, Saturn was not replaced. Saturday is named after the Sabbath in German, and is called "washing day" in Scandinavia.

paragraphs: Also, many place names such as Woodway House, Wansdyke, Thundersley and Frigedene are named after the old deities of the English people.


title: Miguel Ángel Asturias

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel Asturias Rosales (October 19, 1899 - June 9, 1974) was a writer and diplomat from Guatemala. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967 for his "Banana Trilogy". He also wrote "El Hombre que lo tenía todo todo todo".

paragraphs: He was very important for literature in his country.


title: Hindustan

paragraphs: The term Hindustan may relate to various aspects of three geographical areas:

paragraphs: Hindustan can also refer to the following:


title: Plymouth Colony

paragraphs: Plymouth Colony was an English colony in North America. It existed from 1620 to 1691. At its height, Plymouth Colony occupied most of the southeastern part of the modern state of Massachusetts.

paragraphs: The first settlement of the Plymouth Colony was at New Plymouth. This settlement served as the capital of the colony. It is today the modern town of Plymouth, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Separatists and Anglicans (together, the "Pilgrims") founded the colony. With Jamestown and other settlements in Virginia Colony, it was one of the earliest successful English colonies in North America. It was the first sizable permanent English settlement in the New England region.

paragraphs: The colony made a treaty with Chief Massasoit. This helped to make the colony a success. The colonists played a role in King Philip's War. The colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and other territories in 1691. Together they formed the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

paragraphs: Plymouth holds a special role in American history. Many of the Plymouth colonists left England for a place to worship in their own way. The social and legal systems of the colony became tied to their religious beliefs, as well as English custom. Many of the people and events surrounding Plymouth Colony have become part of American folklore. These include Thanksgiving and Plymouth Rock.


title: Open proxy

paragraphs: An open proxy is a proxy server which any Internet user can use. Generally, a proxy server allows users within a network group to store and forward Internet services such as DNS or web pages, so that not as much bandwidth is used and it is more controlled. With an "open" proxy, however, any user on the Internet is able to use this forwarding service.

paragraphs: By using some open proxies ("anonymous" open proxies), users can hide their true IP address. Anonymous open proxies will also make the user more anonymous and secure when browsing the web or using other internet services: a user's true IP address can be used by a hacker to get information from the user's computer.

paragraphs: Sometimes people will abuse open proxies, and so they are often seen as a problem. Using open proxies can be sometimes dangerous as person providing them can be collecting user information.


title: Zombie (computing)

paragraphs: A zombie computer (often shortened as zombie) is a computer attached to the Internet that has been compromised by a hacker, a computer virus, or a trojan horse.

paragraphs: Generally, a compromised machine is only one of many in a botnet, and the hacker will make the computer do unwanted things from far away. Most owners of zombie computers do not know that their system is being used in this way. Because the owner tends to not know, these computers are compared to zombies.


title: Rapture

paragraphs: The Rapture (meaning "to carry to another place") is a future event in Christian theology where Jesus Christ will return to Earth to bring his followers to Heaven. In Christianity it is believed that following this amazing event, the world will go through what is called "the tribulation". Then later following, will come the "millennium" (a thousand years).

paragraphs: The "tribulation" (or the "great tribulation") is supposed theory of life after the "rapture". Most Christians agree that the period lasts around seven years. During these years, it is believed that the Antichrist will come to power and control the world.

paragraphs: The "Millennium" is the period following the "rapture", and the "tribulation", that Christians believe they will live in glory on the Earth. They also believe that Jesus Christ will be in total control over earth for "1,000" years (a millennium).

paragraphs: In 1950, the novel "Raptured" by "Ernest Angley" was published, and in 1995, the first of the Left Behind series was published. These and other books have made the story of the "rapture" and the "tribulation" popular.

paragraphs: The "Rapture" story has been retold in many movies. The most well-known production company is Cloud Ten Pictures. Which have created the "Left Behind film series" (Left Behind: The Movie, , and ), as well as several other movies. Some other notable end times movies are A Thief in the Night and The Omega Code.


title: Zeeland

paragraphs: Zeeland (also called Zealand) is a province in Netherlands. It is on the south-western part of the country. About 380,000 people live in this province.

paragraphs: Zeeland is a good example of land partly reclaimed from water or marshes. It is a large river delta at the mouth of several major rivers.

paragraphs: Most of the province lies below sea level and was reclaimed from the sea. What was a muddy landscape, flooding at high tide and reappearing at low tide, became a series of small man-made hills that stayed dry. The people of the province connected the hills by making dikes. This made a chain of dry land which grew bigger, and gave the province its present shape.

paragraphs: The North Sea flood of 1953 swamped vast amounts of land. Building the protective Delta Works also changed the face of the province. Dams, tunnels and bridges are a vital part of the province's road system. The final touch to this process came in 2003 when the Western Scheldt Tunnel was opened. It was the first solid connection between both banks of the Western Scheldt and ended the era of water separating the islands and peninsulas of Zeeland.

paragraphs: Location of the municipalities of Zeeland.


title: Edo period

paragraphs: , also called the Tokugawa period (徳川時代 "Tokugawa-jidai"), is the time between 1600 and 1868 in the history of Japan. During this long time Japanese society was ruled by the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional feudal lords.

paragraphs: These years come after the Azuchi-Momoyama period and before the Meiji Restoration and the development of modern Japan.

paragraphs: The Tokugawa shogunate was established at Edo in 1603 by the shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. The period was marked by the influence of neo-Confucianism and Shinto. The 15th and last shogun was Tokugawa Yoshinobu.

paragraphs: The period ended with the Meiji Restoration, which was the restoration of imperial rule. The Edo period is also known as the beginning of the early modern period of Japan.

paragraphs: In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara establishes a context for the next two centuries. Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats a coalition of daimyo and establishes hegemony over most of Japan.

paragraphs: In 1868, Tokugawa Yoshinobu resigns, the Tokugawa shogunate ends. This marks the end of the Edo period. Emperor Meiji establishes his Imperial capital in Edo, which is renamed Tokyo ("eastern capital").

paragraphs: In the Edo period, Japan developed very much economically, and accumulation of the capital became the driving force of the economic development after the Meiji Restoration.

paragraphs: Because many daimyos stayed at the inn along the highway by daimyo's alternate-year residence in Tokyo, the circulation of the economy became active.

paragraphs: And due to the stable economy, Japanese special culture such as Nou or Kabuki or Ukiyoe had also developed very well.

paragraphs: The Shogunate instituted a foreign policy of isolationism.

paragraphs: Therefore trade relations carried out by the Shogunate are only in Nagasaki, and the Netherland in Dejima.


title: Graduation (album)

paragraphs: Graduation is the third studio album by American hip hop recording artist and producer Kanye West. It was released on September 11, 2007 on Roc-A-Fella Records. It is also West' last album to be influenced by a college theme in both the albums title and artwork.

paragraphs: "Graduation" received general acclaim from music critics.


title: Savior

paragraphs: Savior (or Saviour) refers to a someone who has saved another from danger. It can also refer to someone who has helped people achieve Salvation. Many religions have a Savior, though the way they use the idea varies.

paragraphs: Christianity's savior is Jesus, the Christ.(Gospel of Matthew 1:21) In Judaism, Jesus is not considered a savior. They believe that the Messiah, their own concept of a savior, has not yet come. In Islam, their savior is Mahdi. In Hinduism, Shiva, Vishnu, and Devi are referred to as saviors.


title: Pebibyte

paragraphs: A pebibyte (Peta Binary Byte, abbreviated PiB) is a large unit of measurement of bytes (computer memory).

paragraphs: It is related to the petabyte which is 10 bytes.


title: Exbibyte

paragraphs: An exbibyte (EiB) is a large unit of measurement for computers of the future. Exbibytes hold 1024 pebibytes (PiB) or 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes. Some people call this number of bytes an exabyte.


title: Okrouhlička

paragraphs: Okrouhlička is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 199 people live there. It covers 6,84 km². Okrouhlička was first documented in 1307.


title: Water buffalo

paragraphs: Water buffaloes are a kind of bovine. There are Wild Asian Water Buffaloes and domestic buffaloes or domestic Asian water buffalo. They are bred in Asia, South America and in Southern Europe. They were bred from the Wild Asian Water Buffalo, which is now an endangered species.

paragraphs: Today, these buffaloes are used for their milk, which has more fat than that of cows. The milk is processed to make Mozzarella, and curd. Feral populations are sometimes used to manage uncontrolled growth of vegetation around wetlands. They will simply graze it off. This keeps such bodies of water usable by birds and other wildlife.

paragraphs: Females normally give birth to calves every other year. Young bulls usually stay with herds of mothers, which have about 30 buffalo, for three years after birth. They then go on to form small all-male herds.

paragraphs: Water buffalo have been kept by humans for more than 5,000 years. They have helped humans with their meat, horns, hides, milk, butterfat, and power, plowing and transporting people and crops.

paragraphs: Wild water buffalo are endangered. They live only in a small number of protected areas in countries like India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Thailand.


title: Lípa (Havlíčkův Brod District)

paragraphs: Lípa is a village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 1024 people live there. It covers 14,7 km². Lípa was first documented in 1351.


title: Věžnička

paragraphs: Věžnička is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 116 people live there. It covers 4.51 km². Věžnička was first documented in 1502.


title: Kamenná (Jihlava District)

paragraphs: Kamenná is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 171 people live there. It covers 6,33 km². Kamenná was first documented in 1308.


title: Větrný Jeníkov

paragraphs: Větrný Jeníkov is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 582 people live there. It covers 12,22 km². Větrný Jeníkov was first documented in 1226.


title: Florida State University

paragraphs: Florida State University is a large school in Tallahassee, in the north part of Florida, U.S.A. It is one of the two most important public universities in Florida, together with the University of Florida. More than 40,000 students go to school there, usually starting after high school (secondary school) at an age of about 18 years. About 9,000 of the students already have a degree (diploma) from college, and are learning even more, to earn an advanced degree.

paragraphs: The University is made up of 16 colleges: Arts and Sciences; Business; Communication; Criminology and Criminal Justice; Education; Engineering; Human Sciences; Information; Law; Medicine; Motion Picture, Television and Recording Arts; Music; Nursing; Social Sciences; Social Work; and Visual Arts, Theatre and Dance.

paragraphs: Florida State University is more than 150 years old. The fees to attend the school (tuition) in 2006 were $3,175 for people from Florida and $16,306 for people from other places, for each term (about 4 months).

paragraphs: Their athletics team, the Seminoles have 17 varsity teams and have claimed 2 national championships (1993, 1999) in football.


title: 1989 Tiananmen Square protests

paragraphs: The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests were protests in April and June of that year. China calls this the June Fourth Incident, but to most of the world it is the Tiananmen Square massacre.

paragraphs: The Tiananmen Square protests were student-led demonstrations calling for democracy, free speech and a free press in China.There were other protests on Tiananmen square in 1919 and 1976. The protests of 1989 were organised by groups of students, intellectuals and labour activists. There was no common cause or leadership in the protests. However, most protesters did not like the way the Communist party of China ran the economy. Some people also wanted a change towards more democracy. Most people protested on Tiananmen Square in Beijing, but some also did in other cities, like Shanghai. The protests in cities other than Beijing stayed peaceful.

paragraphs: On June 4, 1989, the government used force to end the protests. This left many people injured or dead. The exact number is not known today. The Chinese government speaks about 200 - 300 victims, the "New York Times" says there were between 300 and 800, and the Chinese Red Cross talks about 2,000 - 3,000.

paragraphs: The official Chinese position on the events was that the protests needed to be dispersed in order not to harm the stability of the country.

paragraphs: Many of the scenes were shown around the world over western media (the most famous image is that showing a man standing in front of a file of tanks in the middle of the square).

paragraphs: The protests had various causes. The corruption of the Communist Party was a main issue. The control of the economy was working badly. The country was poor, and city dwellers got the worst of it.

paragraphs: Ironically, this all happened under the rule of Deng Xiaoping. He was Mao Zedong's successor in 1978 and launched the economic reforms. These reforms helped life for farmers and people who lived in the countryside, but was bad for city dwellers. Intellectuals, students, and industrial workers, feared unemployment rising and social problems. They felt disenfranchised. This means people felt they could do nothing about these problems.

paragraphs: When reformer Hu Yaobang suddenly died of a heart attack on (15 April 1989), students reacted strongly. Hu's death provided the reason for students to gather in large numbers. In university campuses, many posters appeared eulogizing Hu, calling for a revival of Hu's legacy. Within days, most posters were writing about broader political issues, such as freedom of the press, democracy, and corruption.

paragraphs: It is said this was one of the largest specific-purposed, overcrowded demonstrations there has been in all of modern history.


title: Evangelism

paragraphs: Evangelism is the Christian practice of preaching about Jesus Christ to both Christians and non-Christians. The purpose of most "evangelism" is to help others receive eternal (forever) salvation to people who have not heard of, or have denied God. "Evangelism" is done in obedience to the Great Commission, a command from Jesus to his disciples to convert others, as recorded in the New Testament.

paragraphs: Christians who are superior at "evangelism" are known as evangelists, whether in their areas or to far away places. Some Christian traditions consider "evangelists" to be in a leadership position, and they may be found preaching to large meetings.

paragraphs: Charles Finney was an evangelist in the 19th century. He was a leader in the Second Great Awakening, a time when many in America came to the Christian faith. Dwight L. Moody preached in the last half of the 19th century and also started a Christian school, the Moody Bible Institute. Aimee Semple McPherson preached in the 1920s and 1930s. In the middle years of the 20th century Festo Kivengere, an Anglican Bishop preached in Africa with great results. A prominent evangelist in the 20th century was Billy Graham. His son Franklin Graham followed him, preaching in the 21st century. Reinhard Bonnke (1940-2019) was an evangelist, largely in Africa. He preached to as many as 100,000 persons at a time. Many missionaries are evangelists, although missionaries also have done other work to promote their faith.

paragraphs: Although most Christian denominations perform some sort of evangelism, Evangelical and Pentecostal denominations are very focused on this issue.


title: Southern Baptist Convention

paragraphs: The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC) is a United States-based Christian denomination. The name "Southern Baptist Convention" refers both to the denomination and to its annual meeting of members. They split from the northern Baptists in 1845 over the slavery question.


title: Times Square

paragraphs: Times Square is a section of Manhattan, New York City. It is a major center for tourism, show business and commerce. The square is at the meeting point of Broadway, 7th Avenue and 42nd street. It is named for the New York Times which formerly had its main building there. One of the biggest stations in the New York City Subway system is under Times Square. The well-known city street area is probably most famous for its New Year's Eve ball drop that happens every year. It is one of the most famous sights of New York.

paragraphs: When Dutch people first came to Manhattan, there were three small streams. They came together near what is now 10th Avenue and 40th Street. These three streams were part of a big stream called the "Great Kill" (Dutch: "Grote Kill"). From there the Great Kill went through the low-lying Reed Valley, known for fish and other water animals. Its end was a deep bay in the Hudson River at present-day 42nd Street. People lived in a small area named Great Kill, where carriages were made. The higher land to the south and east was called Longacre.

paragraphs: When the American Revolution was happening, John Morin Scott owned the land. Scott was in the army, which was led by George Washington. During the early 1800s, John Jacob Astor bought the land, then built houses and hotels for the rich on the land. By 1872, carriages were mainly made in Longacre. The city government named the area Longacre Square after Long Acre, a place in London where carriages were also made. Soon after, Broadway theaters were created around Longacre Square.

paragraphs: In 1904, "New York Times" moved to a new building on 42nd Street at Longacre Square. Under there, a New York City Subway station was built. The area has been called "Times Square" since April 8, 1904. The square took its name from the newspaper. In 1913, the "Times" moved again. The old Times Building, One Times Square, is best known for the Times Square Ball drop that happens every December 31.

paragraphs: Since 1913, the Lincoln Highway, the first road across the United States, has ended in Times Square. During the early 20th century, theatres, music halls, and very fancy hotels were built here. People called the area "The Tenderloin" because many people wanted to come to Times Square. Still, there were some gangsters in Times Square.

paragraphs: By the 1930s, Times Square was becoming a bad place to visit.

paragraphs: By the 1960s, "The New York Times" said that 42nd Street in Times Square was "the 'worst' [block] in town", By 1984, 2,300 crimes happened in Times Square; 460 were very bad crimes like murders. The NYPD did not help to get rid of the crime in Times Square. People moved out of Times Square, and it became empty.

paragraphs: In the 1980s through the mid-1990s, Rudolph Giuliani cleaned up the area. People did not want to go to Times Square in the 1970s. Giuliani got rid of prostitutes and drug dealers, and put in Disney stores and other places that tourists wanted to go.

paragraphs: There are many big signs on buildings in Times Square. There are as many big signs in Times Square than in Las Vegas.

paragraphs: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, more then seven thousand police officers came to Times Square. Before, there were only 3,500 officers.

paragraphs: On March 6, 2008, a bomb went off in Times Square. No one was hurt. On May 1, 2010, another bomb was found in Times Square, and everyone was asked to leave. The bomb did not go off.

paragraphs: On February 26, 2009, Mayor Michael Bloomberg closed Broadway to cars for a year. On February 11, 2010, Bloomberg said that Broadway in Times Square would be closed to cars forever.

paragraphs: Starting in February 2011, New York City stopped people from smoking in Times Square.

paragraphs: Times Square is the most visited place in the world. 360,000 people come here in a day, and 131 million visit Times Square in a year.

paragraphs: Even if people who live here are not counted, Times Square is the second most visited place in the world, behind the Las Vegas Strip. Because of the high number of visitors, Times Square gets $4.8 billion per year from stores, hotels, and attractions. In fact, 22 cents out of every dollar spent by visitors to New York City is spent within Times Square.


title: FutureSex/LoveSounds

paragraphs: FutureSex/LoveSounds is the second solo studio album by American pop singer Justin Timberlake. It was released on September 12, 2006 through Jive Records and Zomba Records. Timberlake started the FutureSex/LoveShow tour in support of the album in January 2007. He worked with several notable producers including: Danja, Rick Rubin, Timbaland and will.i.am. The album originally sold slightly more than his first solo album, "Justified", with worldwide sales in excess of 9 million, 4 million of which have been sold in the United States alone. As of February 2018 the album has sold over 15 million units CSPC.


title: Dilemma (song)

paragraphs: "Dilemma" is the 2002 hit single by the rapper Nelly. The song featured Kelly Rowland from Destiny's Child. It was released from the 2002 album "Nellyville". "Dilemma" was Kelly Rowland's first international solo song away from Destiny's Child. She had previously appeared on Avant's "Separated", which was released in the United States only. It was also the first single from her debut album "Simply Deep". It is based melodically on and uses lyrical elements of Patti LaBelle's "Love, Need and Want You" from her 1983 album "I'm In Love Again". LaBelle also plays a part in the music video, as Kelly Rowland's mother. Kelly Rowland's part in "Dilemma" was originally offered to Christina Aguilera, but Aguilera declined the offer. Two years later, Nelly approached Aguilera once again for the recording of "Tilt Ya Head Back", a critically-acclaimed but less successful track (in terms of the Billboard Hot 100 chart) on Nelly's later album "Sweat".


title: Bring Me to Life

paragraphs: "Bring Me to Life" is the first single from Evanescence's multi-platinum first album "Fallen". At the 2004 Grammy Awards the song won the award for Best Hard Rock Performance.

paragraphs: The single for "Bring Me to Life" was released shortly before Evanescence's debut album "Fallen". These are two of the most widely available versions of the single; other, mainly localized, versions have also been released worldwide.


title: Charybdis

paragraphs: Charybdis is a sea monster in Ancient Greek mythology. It was said that she was a daughter of Poseidon and that when she breathed in and out the sea would rise and fall. She was also the sister of Scylla.When angry she would turn into a whirlpool and suck in anything within half a mile


title: Scylla

paragraphs: Scylla was a sea monster in Greek mythology. She was said to be the daughter of Poseidon. Scylla was a water dwelling version of the Hydra and the sister of Charybdis.

paragraphs: Some myths explain Scylla's beginnings. One of them says she was one of the daughters of Phorcys the Greek God of the Deep. Another says that Scylla was a very pretty fairy who was liked by Poseidon, but the jealous Amphitrite turned her into a monster by poisoning the water of the place where Scylla would swim.

paragraphs: One says that a jealous Circe poured a potion into the sea water and then made Scylla transform into a monster with four eyes and six long necks with ugly heads. Her body had 12 tentacle looking legs and a tail. She attacked the ships of nearby people.

paragraphs: In another myth, Heracles (also known as Hercules) came across Scylla when traveling and then killed her. The sea-god Phorcys, then restored her to life.


title: Going commando

paragraphs: Going commando means wearing no underwear.

paragraphs: People have many different reasons for going commando. Some people do it to feel comfortable. Other people do it because their culture (the group they grew up with) does not have underwear. People usually do not tell others that they are going commando. The slang word for going commando is "freeballing". Some men avoid going commando because it may risk showing "mooseknuckle"..


title: Smurfette

paragraphs: Smurfette is the main protagonist in "The Smurfs" franchise. She is the only female smurf in The Smurf Village. Most of the other smurfs like her because of her beauty. She is not the smartest smurf. Often she gets caught in traps while looking at herself in the mirror. She does not seem to have an attraction for many of the other smurfs.

paragraphs: Later other female smurfs appeared, although it is unclear how they came into being.


title: Smuggler's Run

paragraphs: Smuggler's Run is an early video game developed by Angel Studios (now Rockstar San Diego) and published by Rockstar Games for the PlayStation 2 console. In the game you drive multiple vehicles including trophy trucks, SUVs, and cars. The game is rated T for teen and you can hit cops and animals but they will not die.

paragraphs: One sequel to the game was produced: "Smuggler's Run 2", which was released for the Sony PlayStation 2 on October 30, 2001. The game was later ported to the Nintendo GameCube on August 7, 2002 and renamed "".

paragraphs: The original "Smuggler's Run" is now a part of the Sony Greatest Hits series of games that have reached a particular sales milestone for the Sony PlayStation 2.

paragraphs: In the game you are a drug and weapons smuggler battling against rival factions. You must completed objectives such as drop offs, races, and smash-up derbies. This game is been questioned because it is very repetitive.

paragraphs: Although some reviews criticize the game for being repetitive and frustrating, the overall response was positive. It achieved an average score of 79/100 on review aggregator Metacritic.


title: My Gym Partner's A Monkey

paragraphs: My Gym Partner's a Monkey is a show on Cartoon Network. It is about a human boy named Adam Lyon who used to go to a normal human school but the principal says he is an animal because he spelled "Lyon" with an "i". He then goes to Charles Darwin Middle School (named after the scientist Charles Darwin) and he makes friends with the animals at the school.


title: Systems science

paragraphs: Systems science is the interdisciplinary field of science, that studies the principles of systems in nature, in society and in science itself.

paragraphs: Types of systems science are systems theory, cybernetics and chaos theory, and all kinds of similar sciences.

paragraphs: The aim of systems science is to develop interdisciplinary foundations for all science. This foundation is used in a variety of areas, such as engineering, biology, medicine and social sciences.


title: Systems theory

paragraphs: Systems theory is the study of the nature of systems in nature, society, and science. More specifically, systems theory is a framework to analyze or describe any group of things which work together to produce some result. This can be a single organism, any organization or society, or any electronic, mechanical or informational artifact.

paragraphs: Systems theory as a technical and general academic area of study. It was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy and others in the 1950s.


title: Emotion (song)

paragraphs: "Emotion" was remade by R&B group Destiny's Child in 2001, it was produced and arranged by Mark J. Feist. The song is a remake of Emotions by the Bee Gees and Samantha Sang.


title: McDonaldland

paragraphs: McDonaldland was a "fake" cartoon land made by the fast food restaurant, McDonald's. McDonaldland was used in commercials, which are short clips on TV to sell things. McDonaldland was used to sell McDonald's Happy Meals (the kid's meal). The McDonaldland people were Big Mac, Birdie, Captain Crook, CosMc, Fry kids, Grimace, Hamburglar, Iam Hungry, and some others. The main person is Ronald McDonald. McDonald's got sued (a case for money) by a company that said everything in McDonaldland was a ripoff (copy with little difference) of their TV show. McDonald's gave them one million dollars and lost many of the people who were in the commercials. 4 were left and they were in the real world instead of a cartoon land. Now in later years, Ronald has been in the commercials by himself without any of the McDonaldland people.


title: Atlético Madrid

paragraphs: Club Atlético de Madrid is a Spanish football team from Madrid, the capital city of Spain, that play in La Liga. They are managed by Diego Simeone and they play their home games at the Wanda Metropolitano. Some famous players that have played there or still do are Fernando Torres, Antoine Griezmann, Koke, Diego Godin, Diego Costa, and Radamel Falcao.

paragraphs: In the number of titles, Atlético Madrid is the third most successful club in Spanish football, behind Real Madrid and Barcelona.

paragraphs: Real Madrid and Atlético Madrid are city rivals, because both are from Madrid. They compete each year in what is called the "Madrid Derby". Until recently, Atlético Madrid had struggled in the derby, carrying a 14-year winless streak into the 2012–13 season. This ended on 17 May 2013 after Atlético beat their city rivals Real Madrid 2–1 at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in the final of the 2012-13 Copa del Rey.


title: Buttocks

paragraphs: The buttocks are two parts of the body. They are on the back of the pelvic area and give padding when people sit. They can also arouse human sexuality.

paragraphs: Buttocks are formed mainly from two large muscles on each side. These are the "gluteus maximus" and the "glutius medius". They go from the hip to the top of the leg, so they are not there just for decoration. The role of the buttocks in sitting and in sexual arousal are secondary functions in our species.

paragraphs: In some African populations the buttocks look bigger because of extra fat. This condition is known as steatopygia. It is an inherited condition first noticed in the Khoisan (San people) of southern Africa and the pygmies of central Africa. Now it has been recognised in the people of the Andamanese islands in the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: Slang words for the buttocks include "booty", "butt" and "ass".


title: Toyota Camry

paragraphs: The Toyota Camry (; Japanese: トヨタ・カムリ) is a medium-sized car made by Toyota since 1980. The name "Camry" comes from the Japanese word "kanmuri" (冠, かんむり), which means "crown".

paragraphs: The Camry is Toyota's best-selling car in the United States.


title: Kush

paragraphs: Kush civilization had its center in the region of Nubia. This was in northern Sudan of today. We know about it through the Egyptians who moved south around 2500 BC. When the Middle Kingdom of Egypt ended an independent kingdom of Kush developed. About 1500 BC Egyptians moved southwards again, but this time met organized resistance. Historians are not sure whether this resistance came from many city states or a single unified empire. The Egyptians won, and the region became a colony of Egypt under the control of Thutmose I. The region supplied Egypt with resources.

paragraphs: In the eleventh century BC internal disputes in Egypt caused colonial rule to collapse and an independent kingdom arose based at Napata in Nubia. This kingdom was ruled by locals who overthrew the colonial regime. But Kush had many beliefs and gods in common with Egypt.

paragraphs: The name given this civilization comes from the Old Testament where Cush (Hebrew: כוש) was one of the sons of Ham (Son of Noah) who settled in Northeast Africa. The Bible refers to Cush on a number of occasions. Moses wife, Tzipporah, is described as a Kushite in the book of Numbers.


title: Slide rule

paragraphs: The slide rule, or "slipstick", is a mechanical analog computer. The slide rule is used mainly for multiplication and division, and also for "scientific" functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but usually not for addition or subtraction.

paragraphs: There are many different styles of slide rules. They are usually linear or circular. They have a standardised set of markings (called scales). These scales are used for mathematical computations. Some slide rules have been made for special use, as for aviation or finance. Those slide rules have special scales for those applications, as well as normal scales.

paragraphs: William Oughtred and others developed the slide rule in the 1600s. The slide rule is based on the work on logarithms by John Napier. Before electronic calculators were developed, slide rules were the tool used most often in science and engineering. The use of slide rules continued to grow through the 1950s and 1960s even as digital computing devices were gradually introduced; but around 1974 the pocket calculator made the slide rule largely obsolete and most suppliers left the business.

paragraphs: In its most basic form, the slide rule uses two logarithmic scales to allow rapid multiplication and division of numbers. These common operations can be time-consuming and error-prone when done on paper. More complex slide rules allow other calculations, such as square roots, exponentials, logarithms, and trigonometric functions.

paragraphs: Mathematical calculations are done by aligning a mark on the sliding central strip with one on one of the fixed strips.

paragraphs: The relative position of other marks can then be observed. Numbers aligned with the marks give the approximate value of the product, quotient, or other calculated result.

paragraphs: The user determines the location of the decimal point in the result, based on mental estimation. Scientific notation is used to track the decimal point in more formal calculations. Addition and subtraction steps in a calculation are generally done mentally or on paper, not on the slide rule.

paragraphs: Most slide rules have three linear strips of the same length. The strips are aligned in parallel and interlocked so that the central strip can be moved lengthwise relative to the other two. The outer two strips are fixed so that their relative positions do not change.

paragraphs: Some slide rules ("duplex" models) have scales on both sides of the rule and slide strip, others on one side of the outer strips and both sides of the slide strip, still others on one side only ("simplex" rules). A sliding cursor with a vertical alignment line is used to find corresponding points on scales that are not next to each other or, in duplex models, are on the other side of the rule. The cursor can also record an intermediate result on any of the scales.

paragraphs: A logarithm transforms the operations of multiplication and division to addition and subtraction according to the rules formula_1 and formula_2.

paragraphs: Moving the top scale to the right by a distance of formula_3, by matching the beginning of the top scale with the label formula_4 on the bottom, aligns each number formula_5, at position formula_6 on the top scale, with the number at position formula_7 on the bottom scale. Because formula_8, this position on the bottom scale gives formula_9, the product of formula_4 and formula_5. For example, to calculate 3*2, the 1 on the top scale is moved to the 2 on the bottom scale. The answer, 6, is read off the bottom scale where 3 is on the top scale. In general, the 1 on the top is moved to a factor on the bottom, and the answer is read off the bottom where the other factor is on the top.

paragraphs: Operations may go "off the scale;" for example, the diagram above shows that the slide rule has not positioned the 7 on the upper scale above any number on the lower scale, so it does not give any answer for 2×7. In such cases, the user may slide the upper scale to the left until its right index aligns with the 2, effectively multiplying by 0.2 instead of by 2, as in the illustration below:

paragraphs: Here the user of the slide rule must remember to adjust the decimal point appropriately to correct the final answer. We wanted to find 2×7, but instead we calculated 0.2×7=1.4. So the true answer is not 1.4 but 14. Resetting the slide is not the only way to handle multiplications that would result in off-scale results, such as 2×7; some other methods are:

paragraphs: Method 1 is easy to understand, but entails a loss of precision. Method 3 has the advantage that it only involves two scales.

paragraphs: The illustration below demonstrates the computation of 5.5/2. The 2 on the top scale is placed over the 5.5 on the bottom scale. The 1 on the top scale lies above the quotient, 2.75. There is more than one method for doing division, but the method presented here has the advantage that the final result cannot be off-scale, because one has a choice of using the 1 at either end.

paragraphs: In addition to the logarithmic scales, some slide rules have other mathematical functions encoded on other auxiliary scales. The most popular were trigonometric, usually sine and tangent, common logarithm (log) (for taking the log of a value on a multiplier scale), natural logarithm (ln) and exponential ("e") scales. Some rules include a Pythagorean scale, to figure sides of triangles, and a scale to figure circles. Others feature scales for calculating hyperbolic functions. On linear rules, the scales and their labeling are highly standardized, with variation usually occurring only in terms of which scales are included and in what order:

paragraphs: The Binary Slide Rule manufactured by Gilson in 1931 performed an addition and subtraction function limited to fractions.

paragraphs: There are single-decade (C and D), double-decade (A and B), and triple-decade (K) scales. To compute formula_12, for example, locate x on the D scale and read its square on the A scale. Inverting this process allows square roots to be found, and similarly for the powers 3, 1/3, 2/3, and 3/2. Care must be taken when the base, x, is found in more than one place on its scale. For instance, there are two nines on the A scale; to find the square root of nine, use the first one; the second one gives the square root of 90.

paragraphs: For formula_13 problems, use the LL scales. When several LL scales are present, use the one with x on it. First, align the leftmost 1 on the C scale with x on the LL scale. Then, find y on the C scale and go down to the LL scale with x on it. That scale will indicate the answer. If y is "off the scale," locate formula_14 and square it using the A and B scales as described above.

paragraphs: The S, T, and ST scales are used for trigonometric functions and multiples of trig functions, for angles in degrees. Many slide rules have their S, T, and ST scales marked with degrees and minutes. So-called "decitrig" models use decimal fractions of degrees instead.

paragraphs: Base-10 logarithms and exponentials are found using the L scale, which is linear. Some slide rules have a Ln scale, which is for base e.

paragraphs: The Ln scale was invented by an 11th grade student, Stephen B. Cohen, in 1958. The original intent was to allow the user to select an exponent "x" (in the range 0 to 2.3) on the Ln scale and read e on the C (or D) scale and e on the CI (or DI) scale. Pickett, Inc. was given exclusive rights to the scale. Later, the inventor created a set of "marks" on the Ln scale to extend the range beyond the 2.3 limit, but Pickett never incorporated these marks on any of its slide rules.

paragraphs: Slide rules are not typically used for addition and subtraction, but it is nevertheless possible to do so using two different techniques.

paragraphs: The first method to perform addition and subtraction on the C and D (or any comparable scales) requires converting the problem into one of division. For addition, the quotient of the two variables plus one times the divisor equals their sum:

paragraphs: For subtraction, the quotient of the two variables minus one times the divisor equals their difference:

paragraphs: This method is similar to the addition/subtraction technique used for high-speed electronic circuits with the logarithmic number system in specialized computer applications like the Gravity Pipe (GRAPE) supercomputer and hidden Markov models.

paragraphs: The second method uses a sliding linear L scale available on some models. Addition and subtraction are performed by sliding the cursor left (for subtraction) or right (for addition) then returning the slide to 0 to read the result.

paragraphs: The length of the slide rule is quoted in terms of the nominal length of the scales. Scales on the most common "10-inch" models are actually 25 cm in length, as they were made to metric standards, though some rules offer slightly extended scales to simplify manipulation when a result overflowed. Pocket rules are typically 5 inches. Models a couple of meters long were sold to be hung in classrooms for teaching purposes.

paragraphs: Typically the divisions mark a scale to a precision of two significant figures, and the user estimates the third figure. Some high-end slide rules have magnifying cursors that make the markings easier to see. Such cursors can effectively double the accuracy of readings, permitting a 10-inch slide rule to serve as well as a 20-inch.

paragraphs: Various other conveniences have been developed. Trigonometric scales are sometimes dual-labeled, in black and red, with complementary angles, the so-called "Darmstadt" style. Duplex slide rules often duplicate some of the scales on the back. Scales are often "split" to get higher accuracy.

paragraphs: Specialized slide rules were invented for various forms of engineering, business and banking. These often had common calculations directly expressed as special scales, for example loan calculations, optimal purchase quantities, or particular engineering equations. For example, the Fisher Controls company distributed a customized slide rule adapted to solving the equations used for selecting the proper size of industrial flow control valves.

paragraphs: Circular slide rules come in two basic types, one with two cursors (left), and another with a movable disk and a single cursor (right). The dual cursor versions perform multiplication and division by maintaining a fixed angle between the cursors as they are rotated around the dial. The single cursor version operates more like the standard slide rule through the appropriate alignment of the scales.

paragraphs: The basic advantage of a circular slide rule is that the longest dimension of the tool was reduced by a factor of about 3 (i.e. by π). For example, the outer scale of a 10 cm circular would have a maximum precision equal to a 30 cm ordinary slide rule. Circular slide rules also eliminate "off-scale" calculations, because the scales were designed to "wrap around"; they never have to be re-oriented when results are near 1.0—the rule is always on scale. However, for non-cyclical non-spiral scales such as S, T, and LL's, the scale length is shortened to make room for end margins.

paragraphs: Circular slide rules are mechanically more rugged and smoother-moving, but their scale alignment precision is sensitive to the centering of a central pivot; a minute 0.1 mm off-centre of the pivot can result in a 0.2 mm worst case alignment error. The pivot, however, does prevent scratching of the face and cursors. The highest accuracy scales are placed on the outer rings. Rather than "split" scales, high-end circular rules use spiral scales for more complex operations like log-of-log scales. One eight-inch premium circular rule had a 50-inch spiral log-log scale.

paragraphs: The main disadvantages of circular slide rules are the difficulty in locating figures along a rotating disc, and limited number of scales. Another drawback of circular slide rules is that less-important scales are closer to the center, and have lower precisions. Most students learned slide rule use on the linear slide rules, and did not find reason to switch.

paragraphs: One slide rule remaining in daily use around the world is the E6B. This is a circular slide rule first created in the 1930s for aircraft pilots to help with dead reckoning. With the aid of scales printed on the frame it also helps with such miscellaneous tasks as converting time, distance, speed, and temperature values, compass errors, and calculating fuel use. The so-called "prayer wheel" is still available in flight shops, and remains widely used. While GPS has reduced the use of dead reckoning for aerial navigation, and handheld calculators have taken over many of its functions, the E6B remains widely used as a primary or backup device and the majority of flight schools demand that their students have some degree of its mastery.

paragraphs: In 1952, Swiss watch company Breitling introduced a pilot's wristwatch with an integrated circular slide rule specialized for flight calculations: the Breitling Navitimer. The Navitimer circular rule, referred to by Breitling as a "navigation computer", featured airspeed, rate/time of climb/descent, flight time, distance, and fuel consumption functions, as well as kilometer–nautical mile and gallon–liter fuel amount conversion functions.

paragraphs: Traditionally slide rules were made out of hard wood such as mahogany or boxwood with cursors of glass and metal. At least one high precision instrument was made of steel.

paragraphs: In 1895, a Japanese firm, Hemmi, started to make slide rules from bamboo, which had the advantages of being dimensionally stable, strong and naturally self-lubricating. These bamboo slide rules were introduced in Sweden in September, 1933 , and probably only a little earlier in Germany. Scales were made of celluloid or plastic. Later slide rules were made of plastic, or aluminum painted with plastic. Later cursors were acrylics or polycarbonates sliding on Teflon bearings.

paragraphs: All premium slide rules had numbers and scales engraved, and then filled with paint or other resin. Painted or imprinted slide rules were viewed as inferior because the markings could wear off. Nevertheless, Pickett, probably America's most successful slide rule company, made all printed scales. Premium slide rules included clever catches so the rule would not fall apart by accident, and bumpers to protect the scales and cursor from rubbing on tabletops. The recommended cleaning method for engraved markings is to scrub lightly with steel-wool. For painted slide rules, and the faint of heart, use diluted commercial window-cleaning fluid and a soft cloth.

paragraphs: The slide rule was invented around 1620–1630, shortly after John Napier's publication of the concept of the logarithm. Edmund Gunter of Oxford developed a calculating device with a single logarithmic scale, which, with additional measuring tools, could be used to multiply and divide. The first description of this scale was published in Paris in 1624 by Edmund Wingate (c. 1593 – 1656), an English mathematician, in a book entitled "“L'usage de la reigle de proportion en l'arithmetique & geometrie”." The book contains a double scale on one side of which is a logarithmic scale and on the other a tabular scale. In 1630, William Oughtred of Cambridge invented a circular slide rule, and in 1632 he combined two Gunter rules, held together with the hands, to make a device that is recognizably the modern slide rule. Like his contemporary at Cambridge, Isaac Newton, Oughtred taught his ideas privately to his students, but delayed in publishing them, and like Newton, he became involved in a vitriolic controversy over priority, with his one-time student Richard Delamain and the prior claims of Wingate. Oughtred's ideas were only made public in publications of his student William Forster in 1632 and 1653.

paragraphs: In 1677, Henry Coggeshall created a two-foot folding rule for timber measure, called the Coggeshall slide rule. His design and uses for the tool gave the slide rule purpose outside of mathematical inquiry.

paragraphs: In 1722, Warner introduced the two- and three-decade scales, and in 1755 Everard included an inverted scale; a slide rule containing all of these scales is usually known as a "polyphase" rule.

paragraphs: In 1815, Peter Roget invented the log log slide rule, which included a scale displaying the logarithm of the logarithm. This allowed the user to directly perform calculations involving roots and exponents. This was especially useful for fractional powers.

paragraphs: The more modern form was created in 1859 by French artillery lieutenant Amédée Mannheim, "who was fortunate in having his rule made by a firm of national reputation and in having it adopted by the French Artillery." It was around that time, as engineering became a recognized professional activity, that slide rules came into wide use in Europe. They did not become common in the United States until 1881, when Edwin Thacher introduced a cylindrical rule there. The duplex rule was invented by William Cox in 1891, and was produced by Keuffel and Esser Co. of New York.

paragraphs: Astronomical work also required fine computations, and in 19th century Germany a steel slide rule about 2 meters long was used at one observatory. It had a microscope attached, giving it accuracy to six decimal places.

paragraphs: In World War II, bombardiers and navigators who required quick calculations often used specialized slide rules. One office of the U.S. Navy actually designed a generic slide rule "chassis" with an aluminum body and plastic cursor into which celluloid cards (printed on both sides) could be placed for special calculations. The process was invented to calculate range, fuel use and altitude for aircraft, and then adapted to many other purposes.

paragraphs: Throughout the 1950s and 1960s the slide rule was the symbol of the engineer's profession (in the same way that the stethoscope symbolizes the medical profession). German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun brought two 1930s vintage "Nestler" slide rules with him when he moved to the U.S. after World War II to work on the American space program. Throughout his life he never used any other pocket calculating devices; slide rules served him perfectly well for making quick estimates of rocket design parameters and other figures. Aluminum Pickett-brand slide rules were carried on five Apollo space missions, including to the moon, according to advertising on Pickett's N600 slide rule boxes .

paragraphs: Some engineering students and engineers carried ten-inch slide rules in belt holsters, and even into the mid 1970s this was a common sight on campuses. Students also might keep a ten-or twenty-inch rule for precision work at home or the office while carrying a five-inch pocket slide rule around with them.

paragraphs: In 2004, education researchers David B. Sher and Dean C. Nataro conceived a new type of slide rule based on "prosthaphaeresis", an algorithm for rapidly computing products that predates logarithms. There has been little practical interest in constructing one beyond the initial prototype, however.

paragraphs: The importance of the slide rule began to diminish as electronic computers, a new but very scarce resource in the 1950s, became widely available to technical workers during the 1960s. The introduction of Fortran in 1957 made computers practical for solving modest size mathematical problems. IBM introduced a series of more affordable computers, the IBM 650 (1954), IBM 1620 (1959), IBM 1130 (1965) addressed to the science and engineering market. John Kemeny's BASIC programming language (1964) made it easy for students to use computers. The DEC PDP-8 minicomputer was introduced in 1965.

paragraphs: Computers also changed the nature of calculation. With slide rules, there was a great emphasis on working the algebra to get expressions into the most computable form. Users of slide rules would simply approximate or drop small terms to simplify the calculation. Fortran allowed complicated formulas to be typed in from textbooks without the effort of reformulation. Numerical integration was often easier than trying to find closed form solutions for difficult problems. The young engineer asking for computer time to solve a problem that could have been done by a few swipes on the slide rule became a humorous cliché. Many computer centers had a framed slide rule hung on a wall with the note "In case of emergency, break glass."

paragraphs: Another step toward the replacement of slide rules with electronics was the development of electronic calculators for scientific and engineering use. The first included the Wang Laboratories LOCI-2, introduced in 1965, which used logarithms for multiplication and division and the Hewlett-Packard HP-9100, introduced in 1968. The HP-9100 had trigonometric functions (sin, cos, tan) in addition to exponentials and logarithms. It used the CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm, which allows for calculation of trigonometric functions using only shift and add operations. This method facilitated the development of ever smaller scientific calculators.

paragraphs: The last nail in the coffin for the slide rule was the launch of pocket-sized scientific calculators, of which the 1972 Hewlett-Packard HP-35 was the first. Such calculators became known as "slide rule" calculators since they could perform most or all of the functions on a slide rule. At several hundred dollars, even this was considered expensive for most students. While professional slide rules could also be quite expensive, drug stores often sold basic plastic models for under $20 USD. But by 1975, basic four-function electronic calculators could be purchased for under $50. By 1976 the TI-30 offered a scientific calculator for under $25. After this time, the market for slide rules dried up quickly as small scientific calculators became affordable.

paragraphs: One advantage of using a slide rule together with an electronic calculator is that an important calculation can be checked by doing it on both; because the two instruments are so different, there is little chance of making the same mistake twice.


title: Emerson Sheik

paragraphs: Márcio Emerson Passos (born 6 December 1978) is a Brazilian-Qatari professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. He has played for Qatar national team.


title: Albert Nađ

paragraphs: Albert Nađ (born 29 October 1974) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.


title: Hajime Moriyasu

paragraphs: In 2011, he became coach of Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


title: Rahman Rezaei

paragraphs: Rahman Rezaei (born 20 February 1975) is an Iranian football player. He has played for Iran national team.


title: Muhsin Musabah

paragraphs: Muhsin Musabah (born 1 October 1964) is a former United Arab Emirati football player. He has played for United Arab Emirates national team.


title: Juan Sebastián Verón

paragraphs: Juan Sebastián Verón (born 9 March 1975) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Estudiantes La Plata and Argentina national team.


title: Claudio López

paragraphs: Claudio López (born 17 July, 1974) is an Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


Wagner Lopes


Motohiro Yamaguchi


title: Álvaro Recoba

paragraphs: Álvaro Recoba (born 17 March 1976) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Danubio.


title: Roberto Abbondanzieri

paragraphs: Roberto Abbondanzieri (born 19 August 1972) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Internacional.


title: Park Ji-sung

paragraphs: Park Ji-Sung (born 25 February, 1981) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player. He was a member of the Korean national team.


title: Honda FC

paragraphs: Honda FC is a Japanese semi-professional football club in the Japan Football League. The team's home is Hamamatsu in Shizuoka Prefecture.


title: Tokushima Vortis

paragraphs:
The club was founded in 1955.
In 2010, the team included


Ehime F.C.


title: The Great Gatsby

paragraphs: The Great Gatsby is a novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It was first sold in 1925. The novel takes place in New York City and Long Island in New York.

paragraphs: "The Great Gatsby" is one of the most popular books in the United States. The book was number two on the Modern Library Association's list of "100 Best Novels of the 20th Century." "Time Magazine" put the book in its "TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005". A 1989 study found that 54% of high schools surveyed taught "The Great Gatsby" in their English classes.

paragraphs: The story is told by Nick Carraway, a man who moves to Long Island, New York, from the Midwest. Nick is not rich, but he lives in a rich area that has two towns called East Egg and West Egg. The "old rich" live in East Egg while the "new rich" live in West Egg. Nick lives in a small house in West Egg. Nick's next-door neighbor is Jay Gatsby. Jay is in love with Nick's cousin Daisy. However, Daisy is married to a man named Tom. The novel is about Jay and his hope that he can steal Daisy from Tom.

paragraphs: The events of the novel happen in the summer of 1922. Nick Carraway, a man who grew up in the American Midwest, is the narrator. Nick is a World War I veteran and a Yale University graduate who wants a more exciting life. He moves to New York, to be a bonds salesman. There, he rents a house in the small community of West Egg. The person living next to him is Jay Gatsby, a mysterious man who also has a lot of money. Jay Gatsby also hosts many expensive parties frequently. Strangely, he never participates in his own parties; because of this, many rumors are formed as to Gatsby's true identity and background. Nick drives out to visit his cousin Daisy in East Egg. There, he meets her husband, Tom Buchanan. He is also introduced to her friend, Jordan Baker. Nick learns from her that Tom has been having an affair with Myrtle Wilson. Nick decides to hold his judgment.

paragraphs: Later in the summer, Nick is invited to one of Gatsby's parties. There, he meets Gatsby himself, a young and charming man. Nick learns that Gatsby was once in a romantic relationship with Daisy, many years ago. Gatsby is still in love with her, and spends many nights looking at the green light from Daisy's dock across his mansion. He is hoping that he could impress Daisy with his rich lifestyle and wild parties. Gatsby grew up very poor and with little opportunity to move up in the world, and this motivated him to pursue wealth to reinvent himself and become worthy of being with Daisy. Gatsby asks Nick to arrange for Daisy and him to meet. Nick invites them both over for tea, and they begin to fall in love again. They then start an affair with one another.

paragraphs: After a short time, Tom notices that Daisy and Gatsby are in love. The group meets at a hotel, where Daisy is forced to choose between Gatsby and Tom. She chooses Tom, and the group begins to drive home. Along the way, Daisy, driving Gatsby's car, accidentally hits and kills Myrtle. Gatsby tells Nick that he will take the blame in order to save Daisy. Later, he is then shot dead by Myrtle's husband, George, believing that Gatsby was the one responsible. George then kills himself.

paragraphs: Nick holds a funeral for Gatsby, but very few people show up despite Gatsby having been famous. Angry and sad about everything that has happened, Nick decides to leave New York to move back to the Midwest.


title: Sagawa Shiga F.C.

paragraphs: The club formed from a merger of two Sagawa Express corporation football clubs in 2007 — Sagawa Express Tokyo S.C. + Sagawa Express Osaka S.C.


title: Communes of the Aube department

paragraphs: There are 433 communes in the Aube "département" in France.


title: Ailleville

paragraphs: Ailleville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Aix-en-Othe

paragraphs: Aix-en-Othe is a former commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Aix-Villemaur-Pâlis.


title: Allibaudières

paragraphs: Allibaudières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Amance, Aube

paragraphs: Amance is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Arcis-sur-Aube

paragraphs: Arcis-sur-Aube is a commune in the Aube "department" in north-central France.


title: Arconville

paragraphs: Arconville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Argançon

paragraphs: Argançon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Arrelles

paragraphs: Arrelles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Arrembécourt

paragraphs: Arrembécourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Arrentières

paragraphs: Arrentières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Arsonval

paragraphs: Arsonval is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Assencières

paragraphs: Assencières is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Assenay

paragraphs: Assenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Aubeterre

paragraphs: Aubeterre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Aulnay, Aube

paragraphs: Aulnay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Auxon, Aube

paragraphs: Auxon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Avant-lès-Marcilly

paragraphs: Avant-lès-Marcilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Avant-lès-Ramerupt

paragraphs: Avant-lès-Ramerupt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Avirey-Lingey

paragraphs: Avirey-Lingey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Avon-la-Pèze

paragraphs: Avon-la-Pèze is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Avreuil

paragraphs: Avreuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bagneux-la-Fosse

paragraphs: Bagneux-la-Fosse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bailly-le-Franc

paragraphs: Bailly-le-Franc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Balignicourt

paragraphs: Balignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Balnot-la-Grange

paragraphs: Balnot-la-Grange is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Balnot-sur-Laignes

paragraphs: Balnot-sur-Laignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Barberey-Saint-Sulpice

paragraphs: Barberey-Saint-Sulpice is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Barbuise

paragraphs: Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Baroville

paragraphs: Baroville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bar-sur-Aube

paragraphs: Bar-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bar-sur-Seine

paragraphs: Bar-sur-Seine is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bayel

paragraphs: Bayel is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bercenay-en-Othe

paragraphs: Bercenay-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bercenay-le-Hayer

paragraphs: Bercenay-le-Hayer is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bergères

paragraphs: Bergères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bernon

paragraphs: Bernon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bertignolles

paragraphs: Bertignolles is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bérulle

paragraphs: Bérulle is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bessy

paragraphs: Bessy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bétignicourt

paragraphs: Bétignicourt is a commune in the Aube "department" in north-central France.


title: Beurey

paragraphs: Beurey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Blaincourt-sur-Aube

paragraphs: Blaincourt-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Blignicourt

paragraphs: Blignicourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bligny, Aube

paragraphs: Bligny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Les Bordes-Aumont

paragraphs: Les Bordes-Aumont is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bossancourt

paragraphs: Bossancourt is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bouilly, Aube

paragraphs: Bouilly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Boulages

paragraphs: Boulages is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bouranton

paragraphs: Bouranton is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bourdenay

paragraphs: Bourdenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bourguignons

paragraphs: Bourguignons is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bouy-Luxembourg

paragraphs: Bouy-Luxembourg is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bouy-sur-Orvin

paragraphs: Bouy-sur-Orvin is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Bragelogne-Beauvoir

paragraphs: Bragelogne-Beauvoir is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Braux, Aube

paragraphs: Braux is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Bréviandes

paragraphs: Bréviandes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Brévonnes

paragraphs: Brévonnes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Briel-sur-Barse

paragraphs: Briel-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Brienne-la-Vieille

paragraphs: Brienne-la-Vieille is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Brienne-le-Château

paragraphs: Brienne-le-Château is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Brillecourt

paragraphs: Brillecourt is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.


title: Bucey-en-Othe

paragraphs: Bucey-en-Othe is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Buchères

paragraphs: Buchères is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Buxeuil, Aube

paragraphs: Buxeuil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Buxières-sur-Arce

paragraphs: Buxières-sur-Arce is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Celles-sur-Ource

paragraphs: Celles-sur-Ource is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chacenay

paragraphs: Chacenay is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: La Chaise

paragraphs: La Chaise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chalette-sur-Voire

paragraphs: Chalette-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chamoy, Aube

paragraphs: Chamoy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Champfleury, Aube

paragraphs: Champfleury is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Champignol-lez-Mondeville

paragraphs: Champignol-lez-Mondeville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Champigny-sur-Aube

paragraphs: Champigny-sur-Aube is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Champ-sur-Barse

paragraphs: Champ-sur-Barse is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Channes

paragraphs: Channes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chaource

paragraphs: Chaource is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: La Chapelle-Saint-Luc

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Saint-Luc is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chapelle-Vallon

paragraphs: Chapelle-Vallon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chappes, Aube

paragraphs: Chappes is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Charmont-sous-Barbuise

paragraphs: Charmont-sous-Barbuise is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Charmoy, Aube

paragraphs: Charmoy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Charny-le-Bachot

paragraphs: Charny-le-Bachot is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chaserey

paragraphs: Chaserey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Châtres, Aube

paragraphs: Châtres is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chauchigny

paragraphs: Chauchigny is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chaudrey

paragraphs: Chaudrey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Chauffour-lès-Bailly

paragraphs: Chauffour-lès-Bailly is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chaumesnil

paragraphs: Chaumesnil is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chavanges

paragraphs: Chavanges is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Le Chêne

paragraphs: Le Chêne is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Chennegy

paragraphs: Chennegy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Chervey

paragraphs: Chervey is a commune in the Aube department in north-central France.


title: Chesley, Aube

paragraphs: Chesley is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Chessy-les-Prés

paragraphs: Chessy-les-Prés is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Clérey

paragraphs: Clérey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Coclois

paragraphs: Coclois is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Colombé-la-Fosse

paragraphs: Colombé-la-Fosse is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Colombé-le-Sec

paragraphs: Colombé-le-Sec is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Cormost

paragraphs: Cormost is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Courcelles-sur-Voire

paragraphs: Courcelles-sur-Voire is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Coursan-en-Othe

paragraphs: Coursan-en-Othe is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Courtaoult

paragraphs: Courtaoult is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Courtenot

paragraphs: Courtenot is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Courteranges

paragraphs: Courteranges is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Courteron

paragraphs: Courteron is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Coussegrey

paragraphs: Coussegrey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Couvignon

paragraphs: Couvignon is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Crancey

paragraphs: Crancey is a commune in Aube in north-central France.


title: Creney-près-Troyes

paragraphs: Creney-près-Troyes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Crésantignes

paragraphs: Crésantignes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Crespy-le-Neuf

paragraphs: Crespy-le-Neuf is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Les Croûtes

paragraphs: Les Croûtes is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Cunfin

paragraphs: Cunfin is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Cussangy

paragraphs: Cussangy is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Dampierre, Aube

paragraphs: Dampierre is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Davrey

paragraphs: Davrey is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.


title: Dienville

paragraphs: Dienville is a commune of the Aube "département" in the north-central part of France.