title: Liberland

paragraphs: Liberland, officially called the Free Republic of Liberland, is a sovereign state that started on an unclaimed piece of land on the western part of the Danube River between Croatia and Serbia. Liberland was founded on 13 April 2015 by Czech libertarian activist Vít Jedlička.

paragraphs: The official Liberland website says the nation was created on no-man's land (terra ) that emerged because Croatia and Serbia have not been able to agree on their borders for over 25 years. This border dispute includes some areas to the east of the Danube which are claimed by both Serbia and Croatia. Croatia considers some areas on the west side of the river, including Liberland, to be part of Serbia, although Serbia no longer claims that land.

paragraphs: The land is under de facto administration by Croatia since the Croatian War of Independence but Croatia has blocked people's access to Liberland since shortly after its founding. Croatia has also prevented Croatian citizens and other EU citizens from visiting the area. Before that, just about anyone could visit the area.

paragraphs: No country that is a member of the United Nations has recognized Liberland, although Liberland has opened official relations with Somaliland as well as other partially recognized and unrecognized states and micronations.

paragraphs: The border disagreement along the Danube River valley started in 1947 but was left unresolved during the existence of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The disagreement got bigger after Yugoslavia broke up. Serbia thinks the thalweg of the Danube valley and the center line of the river is the international border between the two countries. The Croatia government disagrees and claims that the international border lies along the old lines of the cadastral municipalities located along the river — as the Danube was in the 19th century before meandering and hydraulic engineering works altered its course. As a result, Croatia claims a large part of the area controlled by Serbia, while Serbia does not claim the smaller parts on the other side.

paragraphs: President Jedlička says that the land they have claimed, known as "Gornja Siga" (meaning "upper tufa"), was not claimed by either side.

paragraphs: The area is about , and most of it is covered with forests. A journalist from the Czech newspaper "Parlamentní listy" who visited the area in April 2015 found a house that had been abandoned for about thirty years, according to people living in the vicinity. The access road was reported to be in a bad condition.

paragraphs: The Danube River, an international waterway with free access to the Black Sea for several landlocked nations, runs along the self-proclaimed territory. Liberland visitors and citizens come to the area by boat from Apatin, Serbia and other ports and docks along the Danube River. Liberland keeps its ships the Bitcoin Freedom and the SS Liberty at the local marina and has bought land and buildings located in the Apatin Free Trade Zone.

paragraphs: The flag ceremony in Gornja Siga was performed by Vít Jedlička and his associates on the same day Liberland was proclaimed.

paragraphs: The flag consists of a yellow background (symbolizing libertarianism) with a black horizontal stripe through the centre (symbolizing anarchy or rebellion) and the coat of arms in the centre. Jedlička is a member of the Czech Party of Free Citizens, which bases its values on the classical liberal ideology.

paragraphs: Jedlička stated that neither Serbia, Croatia nor any other nation claims the land (no-man's land or "terra nullius"). The border, he argued, was defined according to both Croatian and Serbian border claims and did not interfere with any other state's sovereignty. Jedlička said in April 2015 that an official diplomatic note would be sent to both Croatia and Serbia, and later to all other states, with a formal request for international recognition.

paragraphs: On 18 December 2015, President Jedlička presented the first provisional government of Liberland and its Ministers of Finance, Foreign Affairs, Interior and Justice as well as two vice presidents.

paragraphs: Croatian authorities have blocked access to the area since the beginning of May 2015.

paragraphs: In May 2015, Vít Jedlička and his translator Sven Sambunjak were shortly detained by Croatian police after making an attempt to cross the border. Jedlička spent one night in jail and then was convicted and ordered to pay a penalty for illegal crossing of the Croatian border but appealed the verdict. He claimed that there were at least three Liberland citizens inside the area, who came from Switzerland.

paragraphs: Later that month, Vít Jedlička was detained again. Initially, reporters were able to enter the area with Jedlička but subsequently they were also denied entry, including journalists from the Serbian public broadcast service Radio Television of Vojvodina, and from the Bosnian newspaper "Dnevni Avaz".

paragraphs: The people arrested were from many countries, including Ireland, Germany, Denmark, and the US. Croatian police have continued arresting people, including those who entered the area by boat via the international waterway. One of them, a Danish activist Ulrik Grøssel Haagensen, was placed in house arrest for 5 days before being sentenced to 15 days of prison, triggering some protests in Denmark.

paragraphs: In May 2016, several appeals court decisions from Croatia were published. The court upheld the rulings that crossing into Liberland from Croatia is illegal, but found the convictions for entering Liberland from Serbia were not correct. The court said that the lower court committed "a fundamental breach of misdemeanor proceedings" and "essential procedural violations". It further ruled that "the facts were incorrectly and incompletely established [by the prosecutor] which could lead to misapplication of substantive law". A retrial was ordered in 6 of the 7 appeals. The lower court is required to determine the location of the border and the border crossing, but has not done this yet. Since that time, visitors have come the area in boats, but have not permanently settled the area.

paragraphs: Croatia and Serbia dismissed Jedlička's claims as not important, although the two countries reacted in different ways. On 24 April 2015, the Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that while they consider the affair a trivial matter, the "new state" does not infringe upon the Serbian border, which they say is the Danube River. Croatia, which blocks people from accessing Liberland, has stated that after international arbitration, it should be awarded to Croatia or Serbia, not to a third party.

paragraphs: An article in the Chicago Journal of International Law, the law review of the University of Chicago Law School, examined Liberland's claim to statehood in light of the criteria laid out by the Montevideo Convention. According to the author, "Croatia’s insistence that Liberland is part of Serbia could constitute a renunciation of Croatia’s legal rights to Liberland. Conversely, if the territory that Liberland claims as its own is Serbian, the Serbian government’s renunciation of its title to that land could also be a quitclaim that would transform the legal status of the land to "terra nullius". In both instances, the territory would belong to the first entity —in this case Liberland— to claim it.”

paragraphs: Legal experts in Serbia and Croatia have asked if, under international law, Jedlička has the right to claim the area, which is currently the subject of a dispute between the two nations but claimed by neither one. Journalists have been uncertain as to how serious Jedlička is about his claims, with some calling it a publicity stunt.

paragraphs: On 20 May 2015 Petr Mach, the leader of the Party of Free Citizens, expressed support for the creation of a state based on ideas of freedom, adding that the Party of Free Citizens wants the Czech Republic to become a similarly free country.

paragraphs: Goran Vojković, professor of law and columnist from the Croatian news portal "Index.hr", described Liberland as a "circus which threatens Croatian territory", and argued that there was a risk that Croatia's claim to control land on the other side of the Danube may be weakened by the attention that the Liberland project has drawn to the border dispute.

paragraphs: In 2016, an article in Stratfor summarized the initiative as follows: "Liberland is a curious case because, in principle, none of the actors that could claim control over it seems interested in doing so. But this will probably remain a curiosity with negligible consequences at the international level. For the rest of the world's disputed territories, violence and diplomacy will remain the main tools to claim ownership.

paragraphs: According to its web page, Liberland is currently looking for those who have respect for other people and respect the opinions of others, regardless of their race, ethnicity, orientation, or religion, have respect for private ownership which is untouchable, and have not been punished for serious criminal offences. Liberland received 200,000 applications in a week. In the beginning of May 2015, Liberland accepted around thirty citizens. An event was supposed to take place in the claimed territory, but Croatian border police stopped the group from entering it from the Croatian side. As of October 2017, Liberland has awarded citizenship to between 300 and 400 people, to persons who have "helped move the country forward" or earned at least 5000 Merits. On February 16, 2018, former Congressman Ron Paul was presented with a Liberland passport and citizenship certificate by Jedlička and his cabinet.

paragraphs: Liberland also presents an Order of Merit award called the "First Class Order of Merit" to persons who have contributed to the development of Liberland or to the ideas of freedom. Recipients have included publisher Steve Forbes, economist Mark Skousen, Croatian Member of Parliament Ivan Pernar, and others.

paragraphs: The Liberland constitution has been drafted and revised several times. The draft consists of four chapters. It includes a Bill of Rights and regulates the public administration, the political institutions, the legislative power, and the judicial power.

paragraphs: There has been no diplomatic recognition of Liberland by any member of the United Nations. However, Liberland has established relations with Somaliland, a self-declared state that proclaimed its independence from Somalia in 1991. Liberland and Somaliland signed a Memorandum of Understanding in September 2017 promising to establish closer relations and cooperate in the areas of technology, energy and banking.

paragraphs: Liberland President Jedlička and members of Liberland's provisional government make regular goodwill visits around the world to make the case for Liberland and to promote diplomatic and commercial ties to the project. In 2017, Jedlička met with U.S. Senators Ted Cruz, Rand Paul, Ben Sasse and the Democratic Shadow Senator from Washington, D.C. Paul Strauss as well as several other elected representatives in the United States. In February 2018, Jedlička and his U.S. team went to Washington, D.C. to meet with Senator Bob Corker, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee as well as Senator Lamar Alexander.

paragraphs: Liberland has also established relations with the region of Savoie (Savoy), an independent and self-governed territory from the 11th century until 1860, when it was annexed to France. Today, Savosian people are a minority in their own territory and their claims are not taken into account by the government of France. Liberland has also begun dialogue with the region of Brittany (Bretagne), among others.

paragraphs: On 5th December 2018, UK Libertarian MEP Bill Etheridge and Paul Brothwood hosted an event for Liberland in the European Parliament to discuss its future.

paragraphs: Since 2015, several minor freedom parties expressed support for the creation of Liberland. They are the Capitalist Party in Norway, the Libertarian Party (Spain), The Swiss Independence Party up! (Unabhängigkeitspartei), the Liberal Democratic Party (Turkey) (LDP) the Libertarian Party of Canada, the Libertarian Party (United States) and the UK Libertarian Party.

paragraphs: A few micronations have expressed support for the idea of Liberland.


Paramount Animation


title: The Carolinas

paragraphs: The Carolinas are the U.S. states of North Carolina and South Carolina, considered collectively. They were both part of the original Thirteen Colonies, which gained independence from the British Empire in 1783 (while the Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776, the fighting ceased in 1781 and the countries of France, the United States and the British Empire signed the Treaty of Paris (1783)). During the colonial period, the southern portion of the Carolinas was primarily a support for the British West Indies; where thousands upon thousands of slaves were brought in to feed the growing trade. The same could not be said about the northern part of the region, which was a sparsely populated area, mostly inhabited by decommissioned servants from the Chesapeake area, many of whom set up small tobacco farms.


paragraphs: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau (1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807) was a French nobleman. He served as a general under Louis XIV, and took part in the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). He was present at the siege of Antwerp and Namur. With an army of 6,000 people, he helped George Washington in the American Revolutionary War (1775-83). During the Reign of Terror, he was sentenced, but not executed on the guillotine. He was freed after the fall of Maximilien de Robespierre. Napoleon awarded him a title of the Legion of Honor, in 1803.


title: Operation Nickel Grass

paragraphs: Operation Nickel Grass was a US military mission to help Israel during the Yom Kippur War in 1973. The Soviet Union helped the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Syrian Arab Republic begin a surprise attack against Israel on October 6, 1973. Between October 14 and November 14 that year, the US flew 22,325 tons of weapons, tanks, and other supplies to Israel in C-141 Starlifter and C-5 Galaxy cargo planes.


title: Palazzo Vigo

paragraphs: Palazzo Vigo (formerly known as Palazzo Natoli or Palace of the Princes Natoli) is a palace in Torre Archirafi, Italy. Torre Archirafi is a small village on the island of Sicily. It is part of the Comune of Riposto in the Province of Catania. The palace was built in the 18th century by Giovanni Natoli Ruffo. He was the Prince of Sperlinga. King Charles V of Sicily also made him the Duke of Archirafi in 1741. Giovanni Natoli Ruffo built a small chapel next to the palace in 1743. By 1900, the palace and its lands belonged to the Vigo di Gallodoro family. Today the palace belongs to the Comune of Riposto. It is used for art exhibitions, conferences, and lectures.


title: Philippe de Nanteuil

paragraphs: Philippe de Nanteuil was a French knight and troubadour. He was a vassal of Thibaut de Champagne, the King of Navarre. and became Thibaut's friend. Philippe de Nanteuil inherited the "seigneurie" of Nanteuil-le-Haudouin in northern France from his father. His father was also called Philippe de Nanteuil.

paragraphs: Philippe de Nanteuil fought with other French knights in the Crusades. In 1239 he and many other French knights lost a battle against the Ayyubids at Gaza. They were taken prisoner by the Ayyubids and put in a prison in Cairo. Philippe de Nanteuil wrote a famous song while he was in prison. It was called "En chantant veil mon duel faire". The song was about the defeat of the Christian knights. It criticized the leaders of the three main military orders, the Knights Templar, the Knights Hospitaller, and the Teutonic Order.


title: Gairaigo

paragraphs: Gairaigo (kanji: 外来語, hiragana: がいらいご) are loanwords in the Japanese language from languages other than Old or Middle Chinese. The word itself literally means "loan word". Most "gairaigo" come from European languages, and especially English since the post-WWII era, though Modern Chinese and Modern Korean are also popular sources for loanwords. Most gairaigo nowadays are written in katakana, with some older ones being written in ateji (kanji used only to show a word's pronunciation and not its meaning) or even in hiragana. For example, while America, or "Amerika" in Japanese, can be written as 亜米利加 in ateji, it is rare to do so these days, and instead it is almost always written in katakana as アメリカ.

paragraphs: "Gairaigo" is one of the three main sources of Japanese words, along with "kango" (kanji: 漢語, hiragana: かんご), or Chinese loanwords, and "yamato kotoba" (kanji: 大和言葉, hiragana: やまとことば), or native Japanese words.

paragraphs: Japanese has a long history of borrowing words from other languages. Since the Chinese character system gave Japanese a writing system (as Japanese had no known systems of writing beforehand), the Japanese naturally borrowed many Chinese words into their language. However, the Japanese only borrowed words from other Asian languages until the Portuguese and the Dutch came to Japan during the 16th century. Since the Portuguese and the Dutch traded many different goods with the Japanese at this time, the Japanese naturally included many Portuguese and Dutch words into their own language, including "karuta" (ateji: 加留多 or 歌留多, hiragana: かるた, katakana: カルタ) from the Portuguese "carta" meaning "letter", "tempura" (ateji: 天麩羅 or 天婦羅, ateji and hiragana [most common form]: 天ぷら, hiragana: てんぷら, katakana: テンプラ), from the Portuguese "tempora" meaning "temperance", as Catholics would not eat red meat during Lent, and "tabako" (kanji: 煙草, hiragana: たばこ, katakana: タバコ) from the Portuguese "tabaco" meaning "tobacco". While these terms used to be written mostly in ateji (and they still can be), they are now mostly written only in hiragana or katakana.

paragraphs: During the Meiji Period, after Matthew Perry forced Japan to open trade with other countries, Japan sent many scholars to Western countries to study different field of knowledge, such as Western medicine in Germany, an art in France. However, since the end of the 19th century, and especially after WWII, most "gairaigo" came from English. Today, about 90% of all "gairaigo" come from English.

paragraphs: While many "gairaigo" came from English, Japanese has also invented many new words based off of English, but wouldn't be understood by native English speakers. These are called "wasei eigo", or "Japanese-made English words". Many of them are shortenings of English words such as "amefuto" (katakana:アメフト) which is a shortening of "American football", "pasokon" (katakana:パソコン) which is a shortening of "personal computer", "konbini" (katakana:コンビニ) which is a shortening of "convenience store", and "anime" (katakana: アニメ) which is a shortening of "animation". While each of these words have a longer gairaigo word that go along with them which would be "amerikanfutobōru" (katakana:アメリカンフットボール), "pāsonarukonpyūtā" (katakana:パーソナルコンピューター), "konbiniensusutoa" (katakana:コンビニエンスストア), and "animēshon" (katakana:アニメーション) in that order, they would be too long for a Japanese person to say in conversation. Also, some words got a new meaning when they come into Japanese. For example, "consent", or "konsento" (katakana:コンセント) in Japanese, means "electrical outlet" rather than its original meaning, and "range", or (katakana:レンジ) in Japanese, means "stove" rather than its original meaning.


title: Tupper Lake (town), New York

paragraphs: Tupper Lake is a town in Franklin County, New York. In 2010, 5,971 people lived in the town.

paragraphs: The settlement began around 1844. The village was settled during the town's lumber production period and grew after it gained railroad service. The early village was composed of two parts, Tupper Lake proper and Faust. The town for a time held the distinction as the top lumber producer in the state.

paragraphs: The great fire of 1899 burned more than 169 structures in the village, two-thirds of them being homes. The modern village grew out of this destruction and added all the amenities of a modern community earlier than many other villages in the state. Tupper had its own department store and synagogue, and its sprawling railway yards, driven by the lumber trade, made it a hub for the surrounding Adirondack communities.


title: Milo of Nanteuil

paragraphs: Milo de Nanteuil (? – 6 September 1234) was a soldier, crusader, and the Bishop of Beauvais from 1218 to 1234. From 1207 to 1217 he was the priest in charge of the Notre-Dame de Reims Cathedral. He was the fourth son of Gaucher I of the Châtillon family who lived in Nanteuil-la-Fosse. He took part in the Fifth Crusade and the building of Beauvais Cathedral. He was also the patron of the poet, Jean Renart.


title: Doreen Mantle

paragraphs: Doreen Mantle (born 1926) is a South African-born English actress who is probably best known for her role as Jean Warboys in "One Foot in the Grave" (1990–2000).

paragraphs: She has appeared in many British television series from the 1960s to the present, such as "The Duchess of Duke Street", "The Wild House", "Sam Saturday", "Chalk", "Casualty", "The Bill", "Doctors", "Holby City" and "Jonathan Creek". She played lollipop lady Queenie in "Jam & Jerusalem" (2006–09). She appeared in episode 63 of Father Brown in January 2018.

paragraphs: Mantle has worked extensively on the stage in such productions as "My Fair Lady", "Keep It in the Family", "The Seagull" and "Hamlet". She also toured Britain in "Billy Liar" in the role of Florence Boothroyd and performed at the National Theatre in "The Voysey Inheritance". In 1979 she was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her performance in "Death of a Salesman". She has also done a great deal of radio work for BBC Radio 3 and BBC World Service. Mantle played the long suffering wife of the rabbi in BBC Radio 4's comedy series "The Attractive Young Rabbi".

paragraphs: In 1983 Mantle played "Mrs Shaemen" in "Yentl". In 2011, Mantle appeared in "Coronation Street" as the mother of Colin Fishwick whose identity was taken by John Stape.


title: Margaret Barton

paragraphs: Margaret Barton (born 27 May 1926 in Finsbury Park, London) is a British actress. She is best known for her role in the 1945 David Lean movie "Brief Encounter" in which she played Beryl Walters, a girl who works in the train station cafe.

paragraphs: Barton began acting in the theatre at the age of 12. Because she was small for her age, during World War 2 she became known for playing children and young people. At 17 she appeared in "Pink String and Sealing Wax" at the Duke of York's Theatre and remembered performing while doodlebugs flew overhead. While on the West End stage she was spotted by David Lean and Noël Coward and cast for the part of Beryl in "Brief Encounter". Her scenes were shot at Denham Film Studios and for other scenes she was invited by Lean to watch from behind the camera.

paragraphs: After the war, Barton continued acting on stage, in movie and for television. She married Raymond James; their son, Michael, died of cancer at the age of 30 and his parents set up the Michael James Music Trust in his memory. Raymond James died in 2016, aged 93. Barton lives in Dorset, where she runs a tea room, and still receives many letters relating to "Brief Encounter".


title: Sue Wallace

paragraphs: Sue Wallace is a British character actress.

paragraphs: Wallace studied Drama and English at the University of Birmingham, where she met Victoria Wood, with whom she later would go on to work in acting.

paragraphs: She was a teacher originally but went on to have a lengthy career on television and the stage since the early 1980s in among others, "Juliet Bravo", "Bergerac", "Making Out", "The Bill", "Common as Muck", "Heartbeat" and "Doctors".

paragraphs: She appeared in different roles in various television works by Victoria Wood, including "Screenplay: Happy Since I Met You" in 1981, "Victoria Wood as Seen on TV" in the mid-1980s, the television film "Pat and Margaret" in 1994, one episode of "Dinnerladies" in 1998 and finally in Wood's television historical drama film "Housewife, 49" in 2006.

paragraphs: Film roles include "Is There Anybody There?" and as Janet in "I Give It a Year".


title: Gerard Monaco

paragraphs: Gerard Monaco is a British actor, born Daniel Gerard Monaco, in London, England in 1975, who trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.

paragraphs: Monaco’s first film was Mike Leigh’s "Vera Drake". He has since had roles in movies including "Starter for Ten", Jane Campion’s "Bright Star" and Jerry Bruckheimer’s "", directed by Rob Marshall.

paragraphs: Monaco's theatre career includes Lindsay Posner’s 2009 revival of Arthur Miller’s "A View From the Bridge", in which Monaco made his West End debut playing Marco, opposite Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio, Ken Stott and Hayley Atwell.

paragraphs: He has also appeared in a number of plays at London's National Theatre, including Steven Pimlott’s final production, Tennessee Williams's "The Rose Tattoo" starring Zoë Wanamaker (Pimlott died in the second week of rehearsals and artistic director Nicholas Hytner took over as director). He has also played opposite Lesley Manville in the premier of Rebecca Lenkiewicz’s play, "Her Naked Skin" (directed by Howard Davis) and Fiona Shaw in Deborah Warner’s production of "Mother Courage and Her Children".

paragraphs: Monaco has also performed at various other theatres around the country, notable at the Finborough Theatre where he played opposite Victor Spinetti in a two-hander production of "Albert’s Boy" by James Graham.

paragraphs: Monaco television work includes roles in "As If", "Eastenders", "The Bill", "Holby City", "Rome", "The Passion", "Ashes to Ashes", "Any Human Heart" and "Episodes".

paragraphs: In 2007, Monaco was nominated for the BBC New Talent New Filmmaker Award for his short film "The Crusader", which he wrote and directed.


title: Harold Goodwin

paragraphs: Harold Goodwin (22 October 1917 – 3 June 2004) was an English actor. He was born in Wombwell, West Riding of Yorkshire, England.

paragraphs: Goodwin trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. He was a stage actor at Liverpool repertory theatre for 3 years. He appeared in many British movies of the 1950s and 1960s. He usually played 'flat cap' wearing working class characters from Northern England or low ranks in the military.

paragraphs: Goodwin had significant parts in the war movies "The Dam Busters" (playing Guy Gibson's batman, 'Crosby'), "Bridge on the River Kwai" and "The Longest Day." He was also in "The Ladykillers", "Sea of Sand", "Angels One Five" and "The Cruel Sea" (in which he was the ASDIC operator).

paragraphs: He also made hundreds of British TV appearances. He was in "Minder" (as "Dunning", episode "Get Daley!", 1984) and a notable role in "All Creatures Great and Small". Goodwin was also in the popular 1980s sitcom "That's My Boy".

paragraphs: Goodwin's last major television appearance was in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" in the early 1990s. He played Joss Shackleton, father to Vera Duckworth, His last television role was in an episode of "One Foot in the Grave" in the 1990s, playing a window cleaner.


title: Zoe Cramond

paragraphs: Zoe Cramond (born 8 October 1984) is a New Zealand actress. After graduating from Unitec Institute of Technology, Cramond appeared in many theatre productions and television commercials. She was in "Outrageous Fortune" and "Shortland Street", before deciding to give up her acting career to study graphic design. She returned to acting after being cast in the television film "Panic at Rock Island" and "Go Girls".

paragraphs: In 2011, Cramond joined the cast of comedy-drama "Packed to the Rafters" as Emma Mackey, marking her first major role. She relocated to Sydney for filming. Cramond competed in the 12th Season of "Dancing with the Stars" in 2012. She and her dance partner Aric Yegudkin came in third place. The following year, Cramond filmed a guest appearance in "Fat Tony & Co.". She joined the cast of "Neighbours" in 2015 as Amy Williams.

paragraphs: Zoe Cramond is from Papamoa, New Zealand. Her parents are both artists, who encouraged her to try community theatre, ballet and contemporary dance. Cramond attended Unitec Institute of Technology, where she studied performing arts.

paragraphs: Cramond is a keen surfer. She learned how to surf at Waihi Beach from the age of 14.

paragraphs: After graduating from Unitec, Cramond worked for an underground music station and appeared in several theatre productions and television commercials. She made guest appearances in "Outrageous Fortune" (2008) and "Shortland Street" (2009). After struggling to find acting work, Cramond quit to study graphic design. A week later she learned that she had been cast in the television film "Panic at Rock Island" and had an audition for the New Zealand comedy-drama "Go Girls". Cramond joined "Go Girls" as Amanda, a love interest and eventual wife of main character Kevin (Jay Ryan).

paragraphs: Cramond joined the cast of comedy-drama "Packed to the Rafters" as Emma Mackey for the fourth season in 2011. Cramond relocated to Sydney for filming. Her character, Emma, was introduced to the show as a potential love interest for Ben Rafter (played by Hugh Sheridan). Cramond remained with the show until its cancellation in 2013.

paragraphs: In 2012, Cramond competed in the 12th Season of "Dancing with the Stars". She was partnered with Russian dancer Aric Yegudkin and represented the Spinal Cord Injury Network. During a dance routine, Cramond fractured four ribs, but continued in the competition. Despite being named the favourites to win, Cramond and Yegudkin came in third place.

paragraphs: Cramond appeared as lawyer Zarah Garde-Wilson in "Fat Tony & Co." in 2014. She joined the cast of "Neighbours" in 2015, as series regular Amy Williams.


title: Arrondissement of Montbrison

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Montbrison is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Loire "département", Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Montbrison.

paragraphs: When the Loire department was created in 1793, the "arrondissement" of Montbrison was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montbrison is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Roanne, to the east by the Rhône department, to the southeast by the "arrondissement" of Saint-Étienne, to the south by the Haute-Loire department, and to the west by the Puy-de-Dôme department.

paragraphs: It is in the central part of the department and is the largest "arrondissement" with an area of , and the second in population with 188,635 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Montbrison there are 5 cantons:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Montbrison has 136 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:


title: Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow

paragraphs: Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, GCIH (born March 20, 1921) is a Senegalese educator. He was born in Dakar.

paragraphs: M'bow served in France and North Africa during World War II after volunteering for the French army. After the end of the war he studied geography at the Sorbonne University in Paris.

paragraphs: M'bow began working for UNESCO in 1953 and was the director-general from 1974 to 1987, being the first black African to head a United Nations support organisation.


title: Federico Mayor Zaragoza

paragraphs: Federico Mayor Zaragoza (born 27 January 1934) is a Spanish scientist, scholar, politician, diplomat, and poet. He served as Director-General of UNESCO from 1987 to 1999. He was born in Barcelona.

paragraphs: Mayor Zaragoza is the Chairman of the Foundation for a Culture of Peace and member of the Honorary Board of the International Decade for the Promotion of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World as well as the Honorary Chairman of the Académie de la Paix.


title: Hessie

paragraphs: Carmen Lydia Djuric (17 April 1936 – 9 October 2017), known by her artist name Hessie, was a Cuban textile artist. She lived in France from 1962 until her death. Her creative work was mainly focused on using fabrics, although she also used the technique of collage with waste materials.

paragraphs: Hessie did not attend any art school and developed her own creative technique as early as 1956 with materials that were both affordable and easily available. Fabrics and textile cuts were materials she used from the beginning.

paragraphs: Hessie died in Pontoise, France on 9 October 2017 at the age of 81.


title: Arrondissement of Roanne

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Roanne is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Loire "département", Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and a subprefecture of the department, is the city of Roanne.

paragraphs: When the Loire department was created in 1793, the "arrondissement" of Roanne was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Roanne is bordered to the north by the Saône-et-Loire department, to the east by the Rhône department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Montbrison, to the southwest by the Puy-de-Dôme department, and to the west by the Allier department.

paragraphs: It is the most northern "arrondissement" of the department; it has an area of , and a population of 157,268 inhabitants with a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Roanne there are 6 cantons:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Roanne has 115 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Pentti Holappa

paragraphs: Pentti Vihtori Holappa (11 August 1927 – 10 October 2017) was a Finnish poet, writer and politician. He was born in Ylikiiminki.

paragraphs: Holappa held many jobs before becoming a political journalist and eventually obtaining a government post. He was self-educated, but produced around fifteen volumes of poetry, as well as several novels and essays. He also worked as a translator; among the poets and authors whose work he translated into Finnish are Charles Baudelaire, Pierre Reverdy, and J. M. G. Le Clézio. He received the Finlandia Prize in 1998 for his novel "Ystävän muotokuva: Portrait of a Friend".

paragraphs: Between February and October 1972, Holappa was Minister of Culture and Education in Finland's Ministry of Education, representing the Social Democratic Party of Finland.

paragraphs: Holappa died in Helsinki, Finland, on 10 October 2017 of breathing problems at the age of 90.


title: Stauroteuthis syrtensis

paragraphs: Stauroteuthis syrtensis is a species of small pelagic octopus. It is also known as the glowing sucker octopus. The octopus is found at great depths in the north Atlantic Ocean. It is one of a very small number of octopuses to have bioluminescence, meaning it can create light.

paragraphs: The mantle length of "Stauroteuthis syrtensis" is about and its width about . The fins are some in width. The eight arms are of unequal length, the longest extending to about .


title: Arrondissement of Saint-Étienne

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Saint-Étienne is an arrondissement of France. It is part of the Loire "département", Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. Its capital, and the prefecture of the department, is the city of Saint-Étienne.

paragraphs: When the Loire department was created in 1793, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Étienne was part of that original department.

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Saint-Étienne is bordered to the north and northeast by the Rhône department, to the east by the Isère department, to the southeast by the Ardèche department, to the southwest by the Haute-Loire department, and to the northwest by the "arrondissement" of Montbrison.

paragraphs: It is the most southern "arrondissement" of the department and the smallest with an area of , but the one with more people living in it with a population of 411,402 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Saint-Étienne there are 12 cantons:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Saint-Étienne has 75 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The "communes" with more inhabitants in the "arrondissement" are:


title: Bencoolen MRT station

paragraphs: Bencoolen MRT Station (DT21) is a MRT station located in Singapore. It opened on 21 October 2017 and is on the Downtown line. It is the deepest MRT station, surpassing Promenade, at 43 meters deep. It reduces congestion at Bras Basah MRT Station, which is a minute walk away.


title: Cross-sex friendship

paragraphs: A cross-sex friendship is a friendship between an unrelated male and female.


title: Eve Poole

paragraphs: Eve Poole (December 29, 1924 - December 26, 1992) was a New Zealand politician of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: She was born in Germany and fled with her family to Mandatory Palestine in 1932. During the war she served in the British army. She married a New Zealand tank commander and after the war she moved to New Zealand.

paragraphs: Being trained in theatre skills in Israel, she was teaching drama in New Zealand. She went into local politics by becoming a councillor in Invercargill in 1971, and a deputy mayor in 1974. She was mayor of this city on the very southern point of South Island from 1983 to 1992. As a politician she was promoting culture. She was also a member of several cultural institutions.


title: Sino-Japanese vocabulary

paragraphs: Sino-Japanese vocabulary, Chinese-based Japanese words, or kango (kanji: 漢語, hiragana: かんご), are Chinese loanwords in the Japanese language. The two languages are unrelated to each other, since Chinese is a Sino-Tibetan language while Japanese is a language isolate (meaning that no known languages are related to it). However, Chinese has had a major influence on Japanese and has effected many parts of it, including its phonology (how it organizes sounds) and its vocabulary. Including Chinese words into Japanese lead to allowing words to have closed syllables (syllables ending in a consonant), like the words "san" (kanji: 三, hiragana: さん, meaning: three) and "udon" (kanji:饂飩, hiragana: うどん) and for words to have long vowels and long consonants, like "nō" (kanji:能, hiragana: のう) and "gakkō" (kanji: 学校, hiragana: がっこう). Before Chinese words came into the Japanese language syllables in Japanese words only had open syllables (words that end in a vowel) like "katana" (kanji:刀, hiragana: かたな) and "shinobi" (kanji and hiragana: 忍び, hiragana only: しのび).

paragraphs: It is one of the three main sources of Japanese words, along with "yamato kotoba" (kanji: 大和言葉, hiragana: やまとことば), also known as "wago" (kanji: 和語, hiragana: わご), or native Japanese words, and "gairaigo" (kanji: 外来語, hiragana: がいらいご), or loanwords borrowed from languages other than Chinese (especially English since the post-WWII era).

paragraphs: It is said that about 60-70% of Japanese words come from Chinese. Like how French and Latin are to English, Chinese loanwords are used to create formal vocabulary and technical terms in Japanese. For example, while the native English words are "moon" and "horse", the Latin terms "luna" and "equus" is used to create technical terms like "lunar calendar", a calendar that is based on the moon, and "equine science", the study of horses. Likewise, the native Japanese word for horse is uma (kanji: 馬, hiragana: うま) while the Chinese term is ba (kanji:馬, hiragana: ば), which is used in terms like basha (kanji:馬車, hiragana: ばしゃ, meaning: horse carriage), jōba (kanji:乗馬, hiragana: じょうば, meaning: horse riding), and gunba (kanji:軍馬, hiragana: ぐんば, meaning: warhorse).

paragraphs: Most Chinese loanwords are nouns, and they are often made up of more than one kanji (Chinese characters used in Japanese). Most kanji have two different kinds of pronunciation, on'yomi (the pronunciation of the kanji borrowed from Chinese) and kun'yomi (the native pronunciation of Japanese words that use the kanji). "Yamato kotoba" words use the kanji's kun'yomi. While Japanese usually use the kun'yomi for words of just one kanji, like 火 (on'yomi: ka, meaning: fire) which is pronounced "hi", and 山 (on'yomi: san, -zan, meaning: mountain) which is pronounced "yama", when you put together the two kanji, 火山, the word will not be pronounced by their kun'yomi as "hiyama", but rather they will be pronounced by their on'yomi as "kazan", which the compound word fire+mountain means "volcano".

paragraphs: While most Chinese loanwords in Japanese are nouns, they can also be used to make verbs, adjectives, and adverbs as well. While most Japanese verbs are native Japanese words, Chinese loanwords can be made into verbs using the "-suru" form. For example, the Chinese loanword "kinshi" (kanji: 禁止, hiragana:きんし) is a noun that means "prohibition" or "ban", but if you add "-suru" afterwards, as in "kinshi-suru" (kanji and hiragana: 禁止する, hiragana only: きんしする), it becomes a verb that means "to prohibit" or "to ban". Also, adjectives can be formed from nouns by adding the suffix "-teki" (的) to it. For example, while the word "shikaku" (kanji: 視覚, hiragana: しかく) is a noun that means "vision" or "sense of sight", adding "-teki" afterwards makes it into the word "shikaku-teki" (kanji:視覚的, hiragana: しかくてき) which is an adjective that means "visual".

paragraphs: Even though kanji a Chinese invention, Japanese has also created many Chinese-based words itself that were adopted into Chinese. These words are called "wasei-kango" (kanji:和製漢語, hiragana: わせいかんご) which means "Japanese-made Chinese words". Many of these words describe things that are uniquely Japanese, such as "Shintō" (kanji:神道, hiragana: しんとう), "dōjō" (kanji:道場, hiragana:どうじょう), "Bushidō" (kanji:武士道, hiragana:ぶしどう), "matcha" (kanji:抹茶, hiragana:まっちゃ), and "seppuku" (kanji:切腹, hiragana:せっぷく).

paragraphs: Since Japan was the first East Asian country to modernize, the Japanese were the first people in East Asia to be exposed to new technologies and fields of study, and therefore the first to develop Chinese-based names for such things, such as telephone (denwa, kanji:電話, hiragana: でんわ), science (kagaku, kanji:科学, hiragana:かがく), and philosophy (tetsugaku, kanji:哲学, hiragana: てつがく), and each of these terms have been adopted into Chinese as "diànhuà", "kēxué", and "zhéxué" in the same order. This phenomenon is called reborrowing.


title: Tomils

paragraphs: Tomils is a former municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It was formed on 1 January 2009 through the merger of Feldis/Veulden, Scheid, Trans and Tumegl/Tomils. On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Almens, Paspels, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils merged to form the new municipality of Domleschg.


title: Domleschg

paragraphs: Domleschg is a new municipality of the district Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Almens, Paspels, Pratval, Rodels and Tomils merged into the new municipality of Domleschg.


title: Venkatraman Ramakrishnan

paragraphs: Venkatraman "Venki" Ramakrishnan (born 1952) is an Indian-born-American-British structural biologist. He received the 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Thomas A. Steitz and Ada E. Yonath for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome.

paragraphs: He was born in Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India.


title: Ningxia

paragraphs: Ningxia is an autonomous region of China. It used to be a province. It was merged into Gansu in 1954. It was later separated and made an autonomous region for the Hui people, one of the 56 officially recognised nationalities of China. Twenty percent of China's Hui population lives in Ningxia.


title: Cam Clarke

paragraphs: Cameron Arthur "Cam" Clarke (born November 6, 1957) is an American voice actor and singer. He was born in Burbank, California. He is known for his voice-work in animation and video games. He is best known for providing the voices of Leonardo and Rocksteady in the original "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" animated series and Shotaro Kaneda in the 1989 original English dub of "Akira".


title: Muntaka Connmassie

paragraphs: Muntaka Connmassie, CON (10 February 1946 – 12 October 2017) was a Nigerian jurist. He was born in Kaduna State, Nigeria. He served as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Nigeria from 2008 through 2016. Before to joining the Supreme Court of Nigeria in 2008, he was a Judge at the Court of Appeal, serving in Port Harcourt, Jos, Abuja, Ilorin, and Benin divisions.

paragraphs: Connmassie died on 12 October 2017 in Abuja, Nigeria at the age of 71.


title: Edward B. Giller

paragraphs: Edward Bonfoy Giller (July 8, 1918 – October 1, 2017) was an American Air Force (USAF) Major General. He was the assistant general manager for military application, United States Atomic Energy Commission, Germantown, Maryland. He was born in Jacksonville, Illinois

paragraphs: Giller was assistant director and then director of the Research Directorate for the Air Force Special Weapons Center at Kirtland Air Force Base in the 1950s and 60s.

paragraphs: Giller died in Bernalillo, New Mexico on October 1, 2017 of pneumonia complicated by Alzheimer's disease at the age of 99.


title: Montbrison, Loire

paragraphs: Montbrison is a French commune, a "subprefecture" in the Loire department in central France. It is in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Montbrison.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Montbrison is in the centre of the Loire department and has an area of . The average altitude is and the city hall is an altitude of .

paragraphs: The distances from Montbrison to other cities are:

paragraphs: The "commune" of Montbrison is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: Two small rivers flow through the "commune":

paragraphs: The climate of Montbrison, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of this city are known, in French, as "Montbrisonnais" (women: "Montbrisonnaises").

paragraphs: With a population of 15,689, Montbrison has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Evolution of the population in Montbrison

paragraphs: Montbrison forms, with other 5 "communes", the urban area of Montbrison with a population of 23,329 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Montbrison, formed by 13 "communes" with a population of 27,829 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

paragraphs: Montbrison is a subprefecture of the Loire department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Montbrison and the administrative centre () of the canton of Montbrison, with 40,780 inhabitants .

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Loire Forez" ().


title: Downey Studios

paragraphs: Downey Studios was a production studio in Downey, California.


title: Pierre Hanon

paragraphs: Pierre Hanon (29 December 1936 in Brussels - 13 October 2017) was a footballer who played mainly for R.S.C. Anderlecht and the national team. He played in the match Belgium-Netherlands in 1964 with 10 fellows from the Anderlecht team after the substitution of goalkeeper Delhasse by Jean Trappeniers. In total, Hanon collected 48 caps.


title: William Lombardy

paragraphs: William James Lombardy (December 4, 1937 – October 13, 2017) was an American chess grandmaster, chess writer, teacher, and a former Catholic priest.

paragraphs: Lombardy was one of the leading American chess players during the 1950s and 1960s, and a contemporary of Bobby Fischer, whom he coached from the time Fischer was age 11½ through the World Chess Championship 1972. Lombardy led the U.S. Student Team to Gold in the 1960 World Student Team Championship in Leningrad. He was the only World Junior Champion to win with a perfect score.


title: Bo Holmström

paragraphs: Bo Erik Holmström, (18 October 1938 – 13 October 2017) was a Swedish journalist, reporter and author. He worked as a reporter both for SVT and TV4. He was the Swedish reporter covering the Norrmalmstorg robbery in 1973 and the West German Embassy siege in 1975.

paragraphs: In 2007 he was awarded the Stora journalistpriset for his journalism work. In 2015 he was awarded an honorary Kristallen at the Kristallen awards.

paragraphs: In 2016, gangrene in his leg led to its amputation. He spent his last year at a nursing home in Vagnhärad and died on 13 October 2017.


title: Anna Lindh

paragraphs: Ylva Anna Maria Lindh (19 June 1957 – 11 September 2003) was a Swedish Social Democratic politician, chairman of the Social Democratic Youth League from 1984 to 1990 and a member of parliament from 1982 to 1985 and 1998 to 2003.

paragraphs: Joining the government as minister of environment in 1994, she was elevated to minister for foreign affairs by prime minister Göran Persson in 1998 and considered his successor as party chairman and prime minister (neither of which posts had ever been held by a woman) before her assassination in September 2003.

paragraphs: Lindh died in the early morning of 11 September 2003 after a knife attack in Stockholm on the afternoon of 10 September. Just after 16:00, she was attacked while shopping in the ladies' section of the Nordiska Kompaniet department store in central Stockholm. She was stabbed in the chest, abdomen and arms. At the time of the attack, Lindh was not protected by bodyguards from the Swedish Security Service.


title: Satish Chandra

paragraphs: Satish Chandra (20 November 1922 – 13 October 2017) was an Indian historian whose main area of specialisation was medieval Indian history.

paragraphs: Chandra has been described as of India's leading scholars of the Moghul period and as one of India's most influential historians. His book, "Medieval India", has been widely used as a textbook in schools and colleges around India.


title: Billy Green Bush

paragraphs: William Warren Bush (born November 7, 1935) is an American actor, usually credited as Billy "Green" Bush and sometimes as Billy Greenbush.

paragraphs: His movie roles include "The Savage Seven" (1968), "Five Easy Pieces" (1970), "Monte Walsh" (1970), "The Jesus Trip" (1971), "The Organization" (1971), "Welcome Home, Soldier Boys" (1972), "The Culpepper Cattle Co." (1972), "40 Carats" (1973), "Electra Glide in Blue" (1973), "Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore" (1974), "Mackintosh and T.J." (1975), "The Call of the Wild" (1976), "The Beasts Are on the Streets" (1978), "The Jericho Mile" (1979), "Tom Horn" (1980), "The River" (1984), "The Hitcher" (1986), "Critters" (1986), "Rampage" (1987) and "" (1993).


title: Willi Gerdau

paragraphs: Willi "Ille" Gerdau (February 12, 1929 in Heide – February 11, 2011 in Uetersen) was a German footballer.

paragraphs: Gerdau was a midfielder, who played for Heider SV.

paragraphs: He participated in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Australia, and also in the national football team of West Germany in 1957.

paragraphs: Willi Gerdau died the day before his 82th birthday.


title: Our Perfect Wedding

paragraphs: Our Perfect Wedding is a South African wedding television show on Mzansi Magic. The show is well known for giving non-celebrities to give themselves a chance to showcase their weddings on television across Africa and international.


title: Music of Africa

paragraphs: The traditional music of Africa, given the vastness of the continent, is historically ancient, rich and diverse, with different regions and nations of Africa having many distinct musical traditions. Music in Africa is very important when it comes to religion. Songs and music are used in rituals and religious ceremonies, to pass down stories from generation to generation, as well as to sing and dance to.

paragraphs: Afropop is a term sometimes used to describe contemporary African pop music. Characterized by a mixture of dances and sounds between American pop music and African music, Afropop does not refer to a specific style or musical sound, but the word is used as a general term for popular music. African.


title: President of Liberia

paragraphs: The President of the Republic of Liberia is the head of state and government of Liberia. The president serves as the leader of the executive branch and as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces of Liberia.

paragraphs: The current President is George Weah since January 22, 2018.

paragraphs: Between 1847 and 1980, the presidency was exclusively held by Americo-Liberians, the original American settlers of Liberia and their descendants. The original two-party system, with the Republican Party and the True Whig Party, ended in 1878, when the election of Anthony W. Gardiner marked the beginning of 102 years of single-party rule by the True Whigs.

paragraphs: Under the 1986 Constitution, the president is directly elected by eligible voters to a six-year term, which may be renewed once. Overall, 22 individuals have served as president. On January 22, 2018, George Weah was sworn in as the twenty-fifth and current president.

paragraphs: Under the original 1847 Constitution, the president was elected to a two-year term, which was increased to four years on May 7, 1907. Under this amendment, a new president would serve for eight years and could be re-elected to unlimited four-year terms.

paragraphs: Currently, the president is elected by popular vote to a six-year term and is limited to two terms.

paragraphs: To be eligible for office under the current Constitution, a presidential candidate must:


title: 2017 Liberian general election

paragraphs: General elections were held in Liberia on 10 October 2017, electing the President and House of Representatives. No candidate won a majority in the first round of the presidential vote, so a run-off was held.

paragraphs: The elections are overseen by the National Elections Commission (NEC).

paragraphs: The run-off was held on 26 December. George Weah won the election with 62% of the vote.

paragraphs: Incumbent President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, in office since 2006, is constitutionally barred from running for a third term; the election will thus choose her successor.


title: Joseph Boakai

paragraphs: Joseph Nyumah Boakai, Sr. (born 30 November 1944) is a Liberian politician. He has been Vice President of Liberia since January 2006, serving under President Ellen Johnson Sirleaf.

paragraphs: in 2016, Boakai announced his intention to run for the Liberian presidency in the 2017 general election. He is viewed by many as a safe and uncorrupt candidate. He faced Senator and football star George Weah in the second round, but lost the round to Weah.


title: Oh Na Na Na

paragraphs: "Oh Na Na Na" is a song by Nigerian recording artist Slim Burna. It was released on 1 October 2013 in celebration of Nigeria's 53rd Independence Day Anniversary. The song was produced, mixed and mastered by Slim Burna with co-production by P Jaydino. It premiered on on 28 September 2013.

paragraphs: The song became the first radio top ten hit of Slim Burna's career, entering the "TGIF Chart" at number ten, and eventually reaching the number two position. Burna had initially thought about Nigeria turning 53 on 1 October and wanted to make that day a special one for himself and his fans. After he had recorded "Oh Na Na Na" in September 2013, he thought the song was special and eventually decided to release it on Independence day to celebrate Nigeria at 53. The lyrics compare a Nigerian woman's beauty to that of an Indian and a Brazilian woman. Burna performed the song, as well as "Claro" (from "I'm on Fire"), at the Pre-Carniriv concert on 6 December 2013, at the Liberation Stadium.

paragraphs: On 6 January 2015, a remix of "Oh Na Na Na" featuring Ghanaian rapper was released, in the Portugese language as said from experts. In an interview, Burna said that he "wanted a completely different sound for the remix, and having Edem, Ayzed back me up with their unique contributions just did it for me. They really gave it their best shot and I don't think it would have come out the way it did if I had chose [sic] differently."


title: Handjob

paragraphs: A handjob is the sexual stimulation or arousal of a male partner's penis by another partner using the hands. It is similar to male masturbation but it is done by someone else instead of by one's self. It is usually done by grabbing the shaft of the penis with one hand and while grabbing the shaft the hand moves up and down, repeatedly retracting the penis until the male reaches orgasm. Stimulation of the scrotum may also be accompanied. It is like fingering which is the sexual stimulation of a female's genitals using the hands and fingers.


title: Malix

paragraphs: Malix was a municipality of the district of Plessur of the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Malix and Parpan merged into the municipality of Churwalden.


title: Ventilator

paragraphs: A ventilator is a machine which artificially moves air in and out of the lungs of a patient in order to help them breathe if that patient cannot breathe on their own or breathe properly. Some ventilators can also be used in order give patients anesthesia and can be part of an anesthetic machine.

paragraphs: There are different types of ventilators which can work differently, but they all help pump air into and out of the lungs using pressure.

paragraphs: Some types of ventilators require someone else to make them work by hand and help the patient breathe for a short period of time: they are called manual resuscitators.

paragraphs: Bag-valve masks (BMVs) have an oxygen mask which covers the nose and mouth of the patient, a one-way valve attached between the mask and the bag which filters the moving air and prevents the air to be breathed back into the bag, and an inflatable bag which holds the air in and is squeezed by hand. An operator squeezes the bag which forces air into the patient's lungs, and as the hand releases the bag is the patient breathes out into the outer environment and the bag refills itself with outside air. The bag is squeezed and released by hand repeatedly in order to keep the patient breathing.

paragraphs: Amnesia bags is another type of manual resuscitator in which the bag does not refill itself with air as the patient is breathing. Instead, the bag is filled with air or gas beforehand and the bag is either squeezed by hand or the patient can inhale the air or gas inside of bath if they can breathe on their own.

paragraphs: Mechanical ventilators work by themselves without manual operation and are usually controlled by computers, and can be powered by either electricity connected to a wall outlet or battery, or pneumatics without the use of electricity. The air can be moved in and out of the patient by attaching an oxygen mask on the patient or by connecting the ventilator to a breathing tube inserted into the nostrils, the larynx or the trachea. They are used to help the patient breathe for a long period of time.

paragraphs: Positive pressure ventilators work by blowing air from the outside or from an oxygen tank or air tank through a pneumatic reservoir which holds and compressing the air, or through a turbine which turns around and forces the air through a mask or breathing tube and into the patient. As the air is forced into the lungs, the patient would later breathe out through a "patient circuit" with a one-way valve.

paragraphs: On the other hand, a negative pressure ventilator, also known as an "iron lung" or a tank respirator, is a chamber which is enclosed around the patient's chest and lowers the pressure inside the chamber around the chest area to a point in which the pressure inside the chamber is less than the pressure outside allowing the patient to breathe in, and then the pressure inside heightens to a point in which the pressure inside the chamber is greater than the pressure outside allowing the patient to breathe out. This process occurs periodically. Negative pressure ventilators are now considered obsolete and instead positive pressure ventilators are used in its place.


title: The Killing of a Sacred Deer

paragraphs: The Killing of a Sacred Deer is a 2017 psychological thriller and horror movie. The movie was directed by Yorgos Lanthimos. It tells the story of a surgeon having a familial bond with an evil and sinister teenage boy. The results are disastrous. Lanthimos and Efthymis Filippou won a Best Screenplay award at the Cannes Film Festival.

paragraphs: The movie has an 84 out of 100 percent scale rating from the Metacritic, representing high marks. Rotten Tomatoes has rated the movie at 80%, meaning "Fresh".

paragraphs: The movie will be released on October 20 and 27 for the United States.


title: Kim Wall

paragraphs: Kim Isabel Fredrika Wall, (23 March 1987 - 10 August 2017) was a Swedish journalist. She worked mostly in other countries and died during a job of doing a report about Peter Madsen and his submarine UC3 Nautilus in Køge Bugt Denmark. At the time of her death she lived in Gislöv in Trelleborg.

paragraphs: After school she continued her studies at Lunds University in Sweden. In 2011 she graduated in studies of international relations at London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE). During her years of studies she also studied at Beijing University. She also graduated from studies in international affairs from Columbia University in New York, there she also studied journalism.

paragraphs: During her time as a freelance journalist her work was published in "The Guardian", "New York Times", "Harper's Magazine", "Vice", "Slate". And for her work at Exodus in writing the reportage on neuclear tests and climate changes at the Marshall islands she in 2016 was awarded the Hansel Meith award for Best Digital reportage.

paragraphs: In April 2018 Madsen was found guilty and sentenced to prison.


paragraphs: The 2016 United States presidential election in Maine was held on 8 November 2016. It was part of the 2016 United States presidential election, in which all other states plus the District of Columbia voted.

paragraphs: Below is a table with the polling results in Maine. Maine as a whole has voted Democrat in the general election since 1992.

paragraphs: The Democratic caucus occurred on 6 March 2016.

paragraphs: The Republican caucus occurred on 5 March 2016.


title: Bandi Chhor Divas

paragraphs: Bandi chhod diwas ("Day of Liberation") is a festival of Sikhs celebrated on Deepavali. As per the name bandi means "prisoners" and chhod refers to "independent". On this day 6th guru of Sikhs Sri Guru Hargobind Ji had got success in giving freedom to the prisoner kings who were living in the jail of Gwalior fort. On this day Sikh people go to gurudwara and listen kirtan and eat langar there. They celebrate this day very happily and clean their houses, shops and decorate them with lamp, candles. They distribute sweets to neighbours and poor people.


title: Tagus

paragraphs: The Tagus ( ; ; ; Ancient Greek: Τάγος "Tagos") is the longest river in the Iberian Peninsula.

paragraphs: It is long, in Spain and in Portugal. For it forms the border between Portugal and Spain. The river flows into the Atlantic Ocean near Lisbon.

paragraphs: It drains an area of (the second largest in the Iberian peninsula after the Douro). The Tagus is highly utilized for most of its course. Several dams and diversions supply drinking water to most of central Spain, including Madrid, and Portugal, while dozens of hydroelectric stations create power.

paragraphs: Between dams it follows a very constricted course, but after Almourol it enters a vast alluvial valley prone to flooding. At its mouth is a large estuary on which the port city of Lisbon is situated.

paragraphs: The source of the Tagus is the Fuente de García, in the Frías de Albarracín municipal term, Montes Universales, Sistema Ibérico, Sierra de Albarracín Comarca. All its major tributaries enter the Tagus from the right (north) bank. The main cities it passes through are Aranjuez, Toledo, Talavera de la Reina and Alcántara in Spain, and Abrantes, Santarém, Almada and Lisbon in Portugal.


title: Automated external defibrillator

paragraphs: An automated external defibrillator is a special type of defibrillator which can be used by people without medical education. A defibrillator is used to treat certain kinds of heart problems using controlled electric shocks. Almost all heart problems are medical emergencies. For each minute, that such a heart problem is left untreated, the chance of survival drops by about ten percent. Even if they are alerted immediately, emergency teams take some time to arrive. For this reason automated external defibrillator have been placed in locations where they are easily accessible, such as airports, and railway stations.

paragraphs: In many cases, using such a defibrillator will alert emergency services. Very often, the defibrillator will guide the person helping through its use. In some countries such as the United Kingdom, regional public ambulance services provide lists for people to show where all the publicly accessible defibrillators are located in their region (East of England Ambulance Services Trust for example). In some open public locations, defibrillators are secured in special cases which need a code to open them (see the example on the right). When you call for an ambulance, you tell the operator the location code on the case, and they give you the code to unlock it to get the defibrillator out.

paragraphs: Studies where conducted to see the survival rates of cardiac arrest. They showed that when public access defibrillators were used, the patient had a median chance of survival of forty percent. When operated by non-dispatched lay first responders they have the highest likelihood of leading to survival.


title: Commodity substitution bias

paragraphs: to purchase inexpensive items as a substitution for expensive items when price's change. Occurs when 2 or more items experience a change of price relative to each other. The CPI ( Consumer Price Index) ignores the substitution of the inexpensive item for the expensive item. So CPI says the price of the expensive item had increased,


title: Tissue paper

paragraphs: Tissue paper or simply tissue is a lightweight paper or crêpe paper mainly used for personal hygiene.


title: Sasha Clements

paragraphs: Sasha Clements (born March 14, 1990) is a Canadian actress. She was born in Toronto, Ontario. She grew up in Toronto.

paragraphs: Cuthbert played Kiki Kincaid in "Majority Rules!". She starred as the title character in "The Snow Queen". She played one of the main characters in the sitcom "Open Heart".


title: Lekh Tandon

paragraphs: Lekh Tandon (13 February 1929 – 15 October 2017) was an Indian actor and movie director. His best known directorial works were "Professor", "Prince", "Ek Baar Kaho" and "Agar Tum Na Hote". In the 2000s, he began his acting career with movies such as "Swades", "Rang De Basanti", "Chennai Express", and "Chaarfutiya Chhokare".

paragraphs: He shared the 1978 Filmfare Best Screenplay Award for his movie, "Dulhan Wahi Jo Piya Man Bhaye", with Vrajendra Gaur and Madhusudan Kalekar.


title: Wolfgang Bötsch

paragraphs: Wolfgang Bötsch (8 September 1938 – 14 October 2017) was a German politician. He was born in Bad Kreuznach. He was a representative of the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. Between 1974 and 1976 he represented the Landtag of Bavaria. From 1976 to 2005 he was a member of the Bundestag, and between 1993 and 1997 he was the last Minister of Post and Telecommunications.

paragraphs: Bötsch died on 14 October 2017 in Würzburg, Germany at the age of 79.


title: Rhins

paragraphs: The Rhins or Reins is a river in central France in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It is a right tributary of the Loire river.

paragraphs: The Rhins river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of .

paragraphs: The Rhins starts in the "Monts du Beaujolais", in the "commune" of Ranchal, (Rhône department), at an altitude of about . From here, the Rhins flows first to the south, then to the west and ends flowing to the northwest.

paragraphs: The Rhins river flows within the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, 2 departments and 21 "communes". It flows through the following "communes", among others:

paragraphs: Finally, it flows into the Loire river in the "commune" of Roanne.

paragraphs: The main tributaries of the Rhins river are:

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Saint-Cyr-de-Favières in the Loire department, for the period 1969 - 2017.

paragraphs: The Rhins is a very irregular small river; it shows typical seasonal fluctuations. The highest levels of the river are in winter and spring, from November to May inclusive, with the highest level in February. They are followed by a rapid fall in the flow during the low water period that goes from late June to early October.


title: Cinemax

paragraphs: Cinemax (Max in short) is an American pay cable television and satellite television network. It is owned by the Home Box Office division of Time Warner. The network usually broadcasts theatrically released feature movies, original series and softcore pornographic series and movies.

paragraphs: As of July 2015, Cinemax and its channels are available to more than 21 million subscribers in the United States.

paragraphs: The channel and its other channels play a variety of movies and television series, such as "Erotic Confessions", the "Lethal Weapon" franchise and some adult programming.

paragraphs: Channels of Cinemax include Action, Vanguard, Comedy, Suspense and Classic.


title: Viva Piñata

paragraphs: Viva Piñata is an animated television series. Released in 2006. based on the Xbox video game of the same name.

paragraphs: Hudson Horstachio, a horse piñata with a green teal body.

paragraphs: Paulie Pretzetail, a red fox with a pretzel-tail.


title: Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil

paragraphs: Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil is an American animated television series created and executive produced by animator Sandro Corsaro, about a young boy named Clarence Francis "Kick" Buttowski (Charlie Schlatter), who aspires to become the world's greatest daredevil. It became the fourth Disney XD original series and the first such animated series. The show premiered on November 14, 2009, with two episodes airing the first day. Also the series premiered on Disney Channel Asia on February 26, 2010. There are two 11-minute segments per show. The show uses Toon Boom Animation software. There are also some 3D-animated elements. The first season was executive-produced and directed by Chris Savino, who would later create "The Loud House" for Nickelodeon. Many of the characters and situations were based on Corsaro's childhood growing up in Stoneham, Massachusetts.


title: Harvey Weinstein

paragraphs: Harvey Weinstein (born March 19, 1952) is an American movie producer, movie studio executive and convicted rapist. He and his brother Bob Weinstein co-founded Miramax, which produced several popular independent movies including "Pulp Fiction", "Clerks", "The Crying Game", and "Sex, Lies, and Videotape".

paragraphs: Weinstein won an Academy Award for producing "Shakespeare in Love", and won seven Tony Awards for producing a variety of winning plays and musicals, including "The Producers", "Billy Elliot the Musical", and "".

paragraphs: Weinstein and his brother Bob were co-chairmen of The Weinstein Company from 2005 to 2017.

paragraphs: In Oscar acceptance speeches given since 1966, Weinstein has been thanked a total of 34 times by actors and actresses – equalling thanks given to God, and second only to Steven Spielberg with 43 mentions.

paragraphs: In October 2017, following many allegations of sexual harassment, sexual assault and rape, Weinstein was fired by his company's board of directors, and expelled from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. As a result, the #MeToo movement began to raise awareness of victims of sexual abuse and harassment.

paragraphs: On May 25, 2018, Weinstein was arrested in New York, charged with rape and other offenses, and released on bail.

paragraphs: On February 24, 2020, he was found guilty of two of five felonies in New York, charges which carry a sentence of up to twenty five years.

paragraphs: On March 22, 2020, Weinstein was diagnosed with COVID-19 while in prison in New York.


title: Ryan White

paragraphs: Ryan Wayne White (December 6, 1971 – April 8, 1990) was an American teenager from Kokomo, Indiana, who became a national poster child for HIV/AIDS in the United States after failing to be readmitted to school following an AIDS diagnosis. As a hemophiliac, he became infected with HIV from a contaminated blood treatment (Factor VIII) and, when diagnosed in December 1984, was given six months to live.

paragraphs: A lengthy administrative appeal process ensued, and news of the conflict turned Ryan into a popular celebrity and advocate for AIDS research and public education. Surprising his doctors, Ryan White lived five years longer than predicted but died in April 1990, one month before his high school graduation.

paragraphs: The United States Congress passed a major piece of AIDS legislation, the Ryan White CARE Act, shortly after White's death. The Act has been reauthorized twice; Ryan White Programs are the largest provider of services for people living with HIV/AIDS in the United States.


title: Dawn Brancheau

paragraphs: Dawn Therese Brancheau (née LoVerde, April 16, 1969 – February 24, 2010) was an American senior animal trainer at SeaWorld. She worked with orcas at SeaWorld Orlando for fifteen years, including a leading role in revamping the "Shamu" show, and was SeaWorld's poster girl.

paragraphs: Brancheau was killed by an orca, Tilikum, becoming the only SeaWorld trainer killed by an animal. However, her death was the third fatality associated with Tilikum, and many other trainers have been seriously injured by orcas.


title: Paul F. Tompkins

paragraphs: Paul Francis Tompkins (born September 12, 1968) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, screenwriter, television producer, and comedian.

paragraphs: He was born in Mount Airy, Pennsylvania. He is known for his work in television on such programs as "Mr. Show with Bob and David", "Real Time with Bill Maher" and "Best Week Ever", later renamed "Best Week Ever with Paul F. Tompkins".

paragraphs: Tompkins was born Paul Francis Tompkins in Mount Airy, Pennsylvania on September 12, 1968. He has two brothers (one older, one younger) and three sisters (all older).

paragraphs: In 1986, Tompkins first performed comedy at 17 years of age at the Comedy Works in Philadelphia (a club now located in Bristol, Pennsylvania), where he performed as half of a sketch comedy duo with the late Rick Roman.

paragraphs: Tompkins attended Temple University; however, he dropped out and left for Los Angeles, California in 1994.


title: The War

paragraphs: The War is the fourth studio album of the South Korean boy band EXO. It was digitally published on July 18, 2017 and physically on July 19 by S.M. Entertainment under the distribution of Genie Music. The album includes a total of nine songs including the lead single "Ko Ko Bop". "The War" got the highest number of pre-orders at that time for a K-pop album, with more than 800,000 physical copies. Twenty-four days later to be released, "The War" became EXO's fourth consecutive studio album to have sold more than a million copies. On September 5, 2017, the group released the reissue of the album under the name of The War: The Power of Music.

paragraphs: At a press conference on May 28, 2017 regarding The EXO'rDIUM tour, Baekhyun revealed that the single from the next album was already finished, adding that both the group and the agency were satisfied with the result. During an interview for "Billboard" the same month, the leader, Suho, revealed that EXO would most likely make his return to the stage "in hot days"; in the next month, an agent of S.M. Entertainment confirmed that the comeback would be in summer. On June 23, S.M. announced that Lay would not participate in this comeback, due to his activities in China, which overlapped with those of the group.

paragraphs: The first teaser video for "Ko Ko Bop" was revealed during a concert of the SM Town Live World Tour VI. As of June 9, S.M. began to publish individual teasers of the members, where they were revealed fragments of the other songs. The album's title was revealed as "The War" on July 10 by the group's agency and was digitally released on July 18 and physically on the 19th. Pre-sales for the album began on July 10, and purchases caused Synnara's downfall and temporary blocking of site servers. The next day, Synnara revealed that there will be three versions —regular A, regular B, and private— for both the Korean version and Mandarin. The private version has exclusive content like photos taken by the members themselves, comments about the songs, and notes from the producers and the group about the album.

paragraphs: During a broadcast on July 20, Baekhyun confirmed that the group would release a reissue of the album. He added: "Ko Ko Bop is exactly what it is, an eve or a pre-sequel. The title of our new album is The War. You can see us taking advantage of the night before we start the fight, to go to the real war. At that moment, that is the tip of the iceberg. When we hear about the concept, we think: that is the S.M. for you. His planning exploded my mind."

paragraphs: On August 21, 2017, S.M. Entertainment, confirmed that EXO planned to make their comeback with a repackage album for "The War" in early September. S.M. Entertainment began to release teasers of the reissue of the album with the message "The Power of Music". The first teaser titled #Total_Eclipse was released on August 21, 2017 at the same time as the solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. The second teaser was released on August 28 entitled "Parallel_Universe."

paragraphs: The third teaser titled "Power # RF_05" was released on August 30. On the same day, the title of the reissue was revealed as "The War: The Power of Music" and will be released on September 5, 2017 with twelve songs including the single "Power". On August 31, it was revealed that the album includes three new songs: "Power", "Sweet Lies" and "Boomerang", along with the nine original songs of "The War".

paragraphs: In February 2017, Suho said members were planning to actively promote themselves in 2017, kicking off during the Korean summer of that year. To publicize the group's comeback to social networks, official pages were created on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Weibo, where they released the teaser previously released during the SM Town Live World Tour VI tour and the other individual teasers. On Twitter, the group used Instant Unlock, which allows users to watch videos and special content to spread it. To gain access to the video, it was necessary for site users to choose a hashtag ─#EXO, #KoKoBop, or #TheWAREXO─ and tweet about it, making it a trend worldwide.

paragraphs: From July 14 to 16, fans will be able to listen to the single before their release in COEX Artium with 3D sound in virtual reality. EXO performed a special broadcast titled "Ko Ko Bop on One Night Summer" through the V application of Naver two hours after the release of the album, where they talked about various issues related to their release and production. His promotions in musical programs began in "M! Countdown" performing the single from the album and "전야 (The Eve)". The promotions ended on August 13, winning eleven trophies in music programs. EXO also performed their new songs in Hong Kong during the SM Town Live World Tour VI on August 5 and "Ko Ko Bop" and "The Eve" on Music Bank World Tour in Jakarta on September 2. On September 6, EXO organized a mini fan meeting where they performed "Power" for the first time. The promotions of the reissue began in musical programs since September 7 in "M! Countdown".

paragraphs: "Ko Ko Bop" ranked first in the Melon Realtime Chart, making EXO the first K-pop group to be number one on the list after the changes to the list were implemented on February 27, 2017. The other songs of the album entered in the top 9. It was reported that several servers crashing, due to the large number of fans entering the web pages. "Ko Ko Bop" also surpassed the 155 lists of iTunes around the world, including K-pop and pop lists, as well as lists of all genres. "Ko Ko Bop" topped Gaon's digital chart for four consecutive weeks, making EXO the first artist to achieve it in 2017. EXO also became the third group of idols to position themselves in Gaon's first place for four weeks, as well as the only group of male idols. The song also ranked first in Gaon Monthly Chart in August, making EXO the first group in 2017 and the fifth group of boys since 2012 to position itself in first place.

paragraphs: On September 14, the song of EXO, "Power", got the highest score of all time in "M! Countdown" with 11 000 points, making EXO the first artist to achieve a perfect score after system changes were implemented in June 2015. The victory also marks its 100th win in music programs.


title: Medina, Washington

paragraphs: Medina is a city located in the Eastside, a region of King County, Washington, United States. Surrounded on the north, west, and south by Lake Washington, opposite Seattle. Medina is bordered by Clyde Hill and Hunts Point, as well as the satellite city of Bellevue. The city's population was 2,969 at the 2010 census. The city is mostly residential and includes Bill Gates's house.


title: Mlondi Dlamini

paragraphs: Mlondi Edward Dlamini (3 March 1997 – 8 October 2017) was a South African professional footballer. He played for Maritzburg United. He played as a midfielder. He was born in Howick, South Africa.

paragraphs: Dlamini died in a car accident on 8 October 2017.


title: El Ranco Province

paragraphs: The El Ranco Province () is one of two provinces of the Chilean region of Los Ríos (XIV). The provincial capital is the city of La Unión.

paragraphs: The El Ranco province, as Ranco province, was created with the creation of the Los Ríos region in 2007. The name of the province was changed from Ranco to El Ranco in 2008.

paragraphs: The El Ranco province is in the southern half of the Los Ríos region with an area of . The capital, La Unión, is in the western part of the province.

paragraphs: El Ranco is bordered to the north by the Valdivia province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Los Lagos region and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The main river in the province is "Bueno" river that flows from the Ranco lake to the Pacific Ocean; it is long.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Lago Ranco, at an altitude of , is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

paragraphs: In 2002 (last national census), there were 97,153 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 51,273 persons ( of the total population).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, La Unión, with 25,615 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, El Ranco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 4 communes ("comunas"). The city of La Unión serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Ninozca Vasquez

paragraphs: Ninoska Vásquez Álvarez (born August 25, 1992 in Barquisimeto, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan model and beauty queen. She won the titles of Miss Tourism Universe 2014 and Miss Earth Venezuela 2017. She will represent Venezuela in Miss Earth 2017.


title: Valdivia Province

paragraphs: The Valdivia Province () is one of the two provinces in the Chilean region of Los Ríos (XIV). The capital of the province, and of the region, is the city of Valdivia.

paragraphs: The Valdivia province is in the northern half of the Los Ríos region with an area of . The capital, Valdivia, is in the western part of the province.

paragraphs: Valdivia is bordered to the north by the Cautín province (La Araucanía region), to the east by Argentina, to the south by the El Ranco province and to the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The main river in the province is the "Valdivia" river.

paragraphs: The climate of the Valdivia province, in the city of Valdivia, is an oceanic climate, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Valdivia is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Valdivia is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is January with an average of .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 259,243 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 192,066 persons ( of the total population).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Valdivia, with 127,750 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Valdivia is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 8 communes ("comunas"). The city of Valdivia serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Isnilon Hapilon

paragraphs: Isnilon Totoni Hapilon (March 18, 1966 – October 16, 2017), also known by the "nom de guerre" Abu Abdullah al-Filipini ("Abu Abdullah the Filipino"), was a Filipino Islamist militant affiliated with ISIS.

paragraphs: He was formerly leader of Abu Sayyaf Group before its battalions pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi.

paragraphs: An April 2016 issue of ISIS' weekly newsletter "Al Naba" said that Hapilon had been appointed as "emir of all Islamic State forces in the Philippines".

paragraphs: In the early morning of October 16, 2017, he was killed at the age of 51 by the Philippine military in the Battle of Marawi along with Omar Maute.


title: Sean Hughes

paragraphs: Sean Hughes (born John Hughes; 10 November 1965 – 16 October 2017) was an English-born Irish stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He starred in his own Channel 4 television show "Sean's Show" and was one of the regular team captains on the BBC Two musical panel game "Never Mind the Buzzcocks". He was born in London.

paragraphs: Hughes died on 16 October 2017 from cardiac arrest complicated by cirrhosis of the liver in London, aged 51.


title: Daphne Caruana Galizia

paragraphs: Daphne Anne Caruana Galizia (; 26 August 1964 – 16 October 2017) was a Maltese journalist and blogger. She was known for her work as an investigative journalist and revealing controversial sensitive information, including reports and allegations related to the Panama Papers.

paragraphs: Caruana Galizia was born as Daphne Anne Vella on 26 August 1964 in Sliema, Crown Colony of Malta. She studied at University of Malta. Her career began in 1987. She was married to Peter Caruana Galizia from 1985 until her death in 2017. They had three children.

paragraphs: Caruana Galizia was murdered by a car bomb explosion close to her home in Bidnija on 16 October 2017. The perpetrator is currently unknown. She was 53 years old.

paragraphs: "Invicta: The Life and Work of Daphne Caruana Galizia"


title: Bastian Obermayer

paragraphs: Bastian Obermayer (born 1977 in Rosenheim) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning German investigative journalist with the Munich-based newspaper "Süddeutsche Zeitung" (SZ), and the reporter who received the Panama Papers from an anonymous source.

paragraphs: Obermayer is also author of several books, among them the best selling account of the Panama Papers: The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide Their Money - co-authored by his colleague Frederik Obermaier.


title: Floodplain restoration

paragraphs: Flood plain restoration is the process of returning a flood plain to its condition before people modified the landscape for development or agriculture.


title: Abdul Ali Mazari

paragraphs: Abdul Ali Mazari () was an ethnic Hazara politician and leader of the Hezbe Wahdat political party in Afghanistan.

paragraphs: Abdul Ali Mazari was born in 1946, in Charkent District, Balkh Province, Afghanistan, He died in March 1995, in Ghazni Province, Afghanistan.


title: John Dunsworth

paragraphs: John Francis Dunsworth (April 12, 1946 – October 16, 2017) was a Canadian actor. He was best known for playing the always drunk trailer park supervisor Jim Lahey on the comedy series "Trailer Park Boys" and the mysterious reporter Dave Teagues on the supernatural drama series "Haven". He also appeared in "", a CBC movie.

paragraphs: Dunsworth died on October 16, 2017 in Halifax, Nova Scotia at the age of 71. In a statement to CBC News, Dunsworth's daughter Sarah described the illness as "short and unexpected" and stated that her father was an "amazing husband, father and grandfather".


title: Phonetic transcription

paragraphs: Words can be written down the way they sound using phonetic transcription, for example by using the International Phonetic Alphabet. This is helpful because in many languages, there is often a difference in the way a word is written, and how it is pronounced. In addition, different languages use different scripts. Someone who grew up with the Latin script might not be able to read the Arabic one.


title: Don Pedro Colley

paragraphs: Don Pedro Colley (August 30, 1938 – October 11, 2017) was an American actor. Some of his best known roles include Gideon on "Daniel Boone", Ongaro in "Beneath the Planet of the Apes", SRT in George Lucas' "THX 1138", Joshua in "The Legend of Nigger Charley" and Sheriff Little in the 1980s TV series "The Dukes of Hazzard".

paragraphs: Colley was born in Klamath Falls, Oregon. He studied at the University of Oregon. He played American football and track and field (athletics), which led to an unsuccessful try-out for the 1960 Summer Olympics. Colley died on October 11, 2017 in Klamath Falls after a battle with cancer at the age of 79.


title: Samara Weaving

paragraphs: Samara Weaving (born 23 February 1992) is an Australian actress and model. Her first role was Kirsten Mulroney in the Australian-produced BBC TV series "Out of the Blue". From 2009 to 2013, she played Indi Walker in "Home and Away". For her role of Indi, Weaving was nominated for the Audience Choice Award for Best Female Performance in a Television Drama at the 1st AACTA Awards in 2012.

paragraphs: Weaving had a recurring role as Heather in the first season of "Ash vs Evil Dead" in 2015.


title: Almost Heroes

paragraphs: Almost Heroes is an American 1998 comedy movie directed by Christopher Guest and it starred Chris Farley in his final movie role, Matthew Perry, Harry Shearer and Hank Azaria. It was distributed by Warner Bros.


title: Winnie Couture

paragraphs: Winnie Couture is a California-based fashion clothing and apparel brand, established in 2001. Winnie Couture designs a broad range of luxury attires and is internationally distributed through its portfolio of retail stores.This brand is said to be one of the fastest growing bridal collections across the USA.

paragraphs: Winnie Couture was established in 2001 by husband and wife, Chris Lee and Winnie Chlomin Lee. With its headquarters in Beverly Hills, Winnie Couture has subsidiaries in Dallas(Texas), Atlanta(Georgia), and Charlotte(North Carolina) in the USA. In 2016, this luxury bridal brand opened its first Asian flagship store at Staunton Street, Hong Kong.

paragraphs: Wedding gowns from Winnie Couture, are known for their exquisite beadwork and embroidery details and matching veils. The designs are largely said to be a blend of the modern translation of vintage fashion and royal embellishments.

paragraphs: In 2006, Winnie Couture introduced its Destination Collection, and in 2008, Winnie Chlomin Diamond Label Collection was introduced. Avant Mariée Collection was introduced on 2009.

paragraphs: Winnie Couture is featured in publications such as, Modern Brides, The Knot, InStyle Weddings, Brides, and Modern Luxury.

paragraphs: The brand is said to be well-known in Hollywood, having dressed the celebritieslike Jennifer Aniston, Lea Michele, Kelly Clarkson, Scarlett Johansson, Giuliana Rancic and Helen Hunt.