title: Cuban music

paragraphs: Cuban music comes from the Caribbean island of Cuba. Cuba has developed a wide range of musical styles, which draw on its cultural origins in Europe and Africa. Cuba's music has been hugely popular and influential throughout the world. It has been perhaps the most popular form of world music since the introduction of recording technology.

paragraphs: The music of Cuba, including the instruments and the dances, is mostly of European (Spanish) and African origin. Most forms of the present day are fusions and mixtures of these two great sources. The original inhabitants of Cuba died out, and little remains of their traditions.

paragraphs: Large numbers of African slaves and European (mostly Spanish) immigrants came to Cuba and brought their own forms of music to the island. European dances and folk musics included the zapateo, the fandango, the paso doble, the minuet, the gavotte, the contradanza, and the waltz appeared among the urban whites.

paragraphs: The African slaves and their descendants made many percussion instruments and preserved rhythms they had known in their homeland. The most important instruments were the drums. Also important are the claves, two short hardwood batons, and the cajón, a wooden box, originally made from crates. Claves are still used often, and cajons ("cajones") were used widely during periods when the drum was banned.

paragraphs: The great instrumental contribution of the Spanish was their guitar, but even more important was the tradition of European musical notation and techniques of musical composition.

paragraphs: Fernando Ortíz described Cuba's musical innovations as arising from the interplay between African slaves settled on large sugar plantations and Spanish or Canary Islanders who grew tobacco on small farms.

paragraphs: The African beliefs and practices certainly influenced Cuba's music. Polyrhythmic percussion is an inherent part of African life & music, as melody is part of European music. Also typical is syncopation, which is heard in the "cinquillo", a basic rhythm of the habanera, the danzón, the Argentine tango and other dances.

paragraphs: Also, in African tradition, percussion is joined to song and dance, and to a particular social setting. It is not simply entertainment added to life, it "is" life. The result of the meeting of European and African cultures is that most Cuban popular music is creolized (fused). This creolization of Cuban life has been happening for a long time, and by the 20th century, elements of African belief, music and dance were well integrated into popular and folk forms.

paragraphs: Cuban music has been immensely influential in other countries, contributing not only to the development of jazz and salsa, but also to Argentinian tango, Ghanaian highlife, West African afrobeat, and Spanish Nuevo flamenco.

paragraphs: The Cathedrals of the old capital, Santiago de Cuba, and Havana, both employed fine musicians and choir-masters. They composed, taught and directed. This helped the development of all kinds of music. In the 19th century, Manuel Saumell (1818–1870), was the father of Cuban criole musical development. He helped transform the European contradanza by adding African rhythmical elements, and had a hand in the habanera, and the danzon, two typically Cuban dance forms.

paragraphs: During the middle years of the 19th century, a young American musician came to Havana: Louis Moreau Gottschalk (1829–1869), whose father was a Jewish businessman from London, and his mother a white creole of French Catholic background. Gottschalk was brought up mostly by his black grandmother and nurse Sally, both from Dominique. He was a piano prodigy who had listened to the music and seen the dancing in Congo Square, New Orleans from childhood. His period in Cuba lasted from 1853 to 1862, with visits to Puerto Rico and Martinique squeezed in. He composed many famous pieces which were genuinely Cuban, as they drew on traditions of both whites and blacks.

paragraphs: In February 1860 Gottschalk produced a huge work "La nuit des tropiques" in Havana. The work used about 250 musicians and a choir of 200 singers plus a drum group from Santiago de Cuba. He produced another huge concert the following year, with new material. These shows probably dwarfed anything seen in the island before or since, and no doubt were unforgettable for those who attended.

paragraphs: It was Ignacio Cervantes (1847–1905), who was probably most influenced by Gottschalk. Trained in Paris, he did much to assert a sense of Cuban musical nationalism in his compositions. Aaron Copland once referred to him as a "Cuban Chopin" because of his Chopinesque piano compositions. Cervantes' reputation today rests almost solely upon his famous forty-one "Danzas Cubanas", of which Carpentier said "occupy the place that the "Norwegian Dances" of Grieg or the "Slavic Dances" of Dvořák occupy in the musics of their respective countries".

paragraphs: From the 18th century to modern times, popular theatrical formats used, and gave rise to, music and dance. In addition to staging some European operas and operettas, Cuban composers gradually developed ideas which better suited their creole audience. Recorded music was the way for Cuban music to reach the world. The most recorded artist in Cuba up to 1925 was a singer at the "Alhambra", Adolfo Colombo. Records show he recorded about 350 numbers between 1906 and 1917, of which very few survive today.

paragraphs: The first theatre in Havana opened in 1776. The first Cuban-composed opera appeared in 1807. Musical theater was hugely important in the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth century. Radio, which began in Cuba in 1922, helped the growth of popular music because it provided publicity and a new source of income for the artists.

paragraphs: Zarzuela is a small-scale light operetta format. Starting off with imported Spanish content, it developed into a running commentary on Cuba's social and political events and problems. A string of front-rank composers, such as Ernesto Lecuona, produced a series of hits for the theatres in Havana. Great stars like the "vedette" Rita Montaner, who could sing, play the piano, dance and act, were the Cuban equivalents of Mistinguett and Josephine Baker in Paris.

paragraphs: Cuban "Bufo" theatre is a form of comedy, ribald and satirical. It uses stock types that might be found anywhere in the country. Bufo had its origin around 1800–1815: Francisco Covarrubias 'the caricaturist' (1775–1850) was its creator. Gradually, the comic types threw off their European models and became more and more creolized and Cuban. Alongside, the music followed. Slang from slave barracks and poor barrios found its way into lyrics:

paragraphs: The guaracha is a genre of rapid tempo and with lyrics. It originated in Bufo comic theatre, and during the early 20th century was often played in the brothels of Havana. The lyrics were full of slang, and dwelt on events and people in the news.

paragraphs: The contradanza is an historically important dance. It arrived in Cuba in the late 18th century from Europe. The contradanza is a communal sequence dance, with the dance figures in a set pattern. The tempo and style of the music was bright and fairly fast. The earliest Cuban composition of a contradanza is "San Pascual bailon", published in 1803. The Cubans developed a number of creolized version, which is an early example of the influence of African tradition in the Caribbean. Most of the musicians were black or mulatto: even early in the 19th century there were many freed slaves and mixed race persons living in Cuban towns.

paragraphs: The contradanza supplanted the minuet as the most popular dance until from 1842 on, it gave way to the habanera, a quite different style.

paragraphs: This, the child of the contradanza, was also danced in lines or squares. It was also a brisk form of music and dance which could be in double or triple time. This type of dance was eventually replaced by the danzón, which was, like the habanera, much slower and more sedate.

paragraphs: The habanera developed out of the contradanza in the early 19th century. Its great novelty was that it was "sung", as well as played and danced. Its development was at least partly due to the influence of French-speaking immigrants. The Haitian revolution of 1791 led to many colonial French and their slaves fleeing to Oriente. The "cinquillo" is one important rhythmical pattern which made its first appearance at this time.

paragraphs: The dance style of the habanera is slower and more stately than the danza; by the 1840s there were habaneras written, sung and danced in Mexico, Venezuela, Puerto Rico and Spain. Since about 1900 the habanera has been a relic dance; but the music has a period charm, and there are some famous compositions, such as "Tu", versions of which have been recorded many times.

paragraphs: The waltz ("El vals") arrived in Cuba by 1814. It was the first dance in which couples were not linked by a communal sequence pattern. It was, and still is, danced in 3/4 time with the accent on the first beat. It was originally thought scandalous because couples faced each other, held each other in the 'closed' hold, and, so to speak, ignored the surrounding community. The waltz entered all countries in the Americas. The walz has another characteristic: it is a 'travelling' dance, with couples moving round the arena. In Latin dances, progressive movement of dancers is unusual, but does occur in some.

paragraphs: A typical dance of the Cuban "campesino" or "guajiro" A dance of pairs, involving tapping of the feet, mostly by the man. Illustrations exist from previous centuries, but the dance is now defunct.

paragraphs: In the 19th century here grew up in Santiago de Cuba a group of itinerant musicians, troubadors, who moved around earning their living by singing and playing the guitar. They were of great importance as composers, and their songs have been used in all types of Cuban music

paragraphs: Pepe Sánchez (1856–1918), was the father of the "trova" and the creator of the Cuban bolero. He had no formal training in music. With remarkable natural talent, he composed numbers in his head and never wrote them down. As a result, most of these numbers are now lost for ever, though some two dozen or so survive because friends and disciples transcribed them. He also created advertisement jingles before radio was born. He was the model and teacher for the great trovadores who followed him.

paragraphs: The first, and one of the longest-lived, was Sindo Garay (1867–1968). He was an outstanding composer of songs, and his best have been sung and recorded many times. Garay was also musically illiterate – in fact, he only taught himself the alphabet at 16 – but in his case not only were scores recorded by others, but there are recordings. He broadcast on radio, made recordings and survived into modern times. He used to say "Not many men have shaken hands with both José Martí and Fidel Castro!"

paragraphs: Chicho Ibáñez (1875–1981) was even longer-lived than Garay. Ibáñez was the first trovador to specialize in the Cuban "son"; he also sung guaguancos and pieces from the abakuá (a black secret society).

paragraphs: Many of the early trovadores, such as Manuel Corona (who worked in a brothel area of Havana), composed and sung guarachas as a balance for the slower boleros.

paragraphs: This is a song and dance form quite different from its Spanish namesake. It originated in the last quarter of the 19th century with the founder of the traditional trova, Pepe Sánchez. He wrote the first bolero, "Tristezas", which is still sung today. The bolero has always been a staple part of the trova muusician's repertoire. The bolero proved to be exceptionally adaptable, and led to many variants. Typical was the introduction of syncopation. leading to the bolero-son, bolero-mambo and bolero-cha. The bolero-son became for several decades the most popular rhythm for dancing in Cuba, and it was this rhythm that the international dance community picked up and taught as the wrongly-named 'rumba'.

paragraphs: The European influence on Cuba's later musical development is represented by danzón, an elegant musical form that was once the most popular music in Cuba. It is a descendent of the creollized Cuban contradanza. The danzón marks the change which took place from the communal sequence dance style of the late eighteenth century to the couple dances of later times. The stimulus for this was the success of the once-scandalous walz, where couples danced facing each other and independently from other couples, not as part of a pre-set structure. The danzón was the first Cuban dance to adopt such methods, though there is a difference between the two dances. The walz is a progressive ballroom dance where couples move round the floor in an anti-clockwise direction; the danzón is a 'pocket-handkerchief' dance where a couple stays within a small area of the floor.

paragraphs: The danzón was exported to popular acclaim throughout Latin America, especially Mexico. It is now a relic, both in music and in dance, but its highly orchestrated descendents live on.

paragraphs: The "son", said Cristóbal Díaz, is the most important genre of Cuban music, and the least studied. It can fairly be said that "son" is to Cuba what the tango is to Argentina, or the samba to Brazil. In addition, it is perhaps the most flexible of all forms of Latin-American music. Its great strength is its fusion between European and African musical traditions. Its most characteristic instruments are the Cuban guitar known as the "tres", and the well-known double-headed "bongó"; these are present from the start to the present day. Also typical are the claves, the Spanish guitar, the double bass, and early on, the cornet or trumpet and finally the piano.

paragraphs: The "son" arose in Oriente, the eastern part of the island, merging the Spanish guitar and lyrical traditions with African percussion and rhythms. We now know that its history as a distinct form is relatively recent. There is no evidence that it goes back further than the end of the nineteenth century. It moved from Oriente to Havana in about 1909, carried by members of the "Permanente" (the Army), who were sent out of their areas of origin as a matter of policy. The first recordings were in 1918.

paragraphs: There are many types of "son". Odilio Urfé recognised these variants:

paragraphs: In addition, the son has again and again changed the older danzón to make it more syncopated and creole in style, starting in 1910 through the danzón-mambo and the cha-cha-cha to complex modern arrangements which are almost impossible to categorize.

paragraphs: The son varies widely today, with the defining characteristic a syncopated bass pulse that comes before the downbeat, giving son its distinctive rhythm; this is known as the "anticipated bass".

paragraphs: The history of jazz in Cuba was obscured for many years; however it has become clear that its history in Cuba is virtually as long as its history in the USA.

paragraphs: Much more is now known about early Cuban jazz bands, though a full assessment is plagued by the lack of recordings. Migrations and visits to and from the USA and the mutual exchange of recordings and sheet music kept musicians in the two countries in touch. In the first part of the 20th century there were close relations between musicians in Cuba and those in New Orleans. The orchestra leader in the famous Tropicana Club, Armando Romeu Jr, was a leading figure in the post-WWII development of Cuban jazz. The phenomenon of cubop, and jam sessions in Havana and New York, created genuine fusions which still influence musicians today.

paragraphs: World-wide interest in Cuban music was rekindled by a remarkable CD album entitled the "Buena Vista Social Club". An American guitarist, Ry Cooder, a British music producer, Nick Gold, and a Cuban musician, Juan Marcos Gonzáles, worked together on a new venture. They put together a group, mostly of older Cuban musicians, with the idea of recreating the Cuban music of the golden era of the 1950s. The first album, released in 1997, became a huge hit, selling over five million copies, and winning a Grammy in 1998. In 2003 it was listed by "Rolling Stone" magazine as #260 in their list of "The 500 Greatest Hits of All Time". A dozen more CDs have followed the first one, mostly issued by "Nonesuch Records" or "World Circuit".

paragraphs: A documentary movie, "Buena Vista Social Club", directed by Wim Wenders, was released in 1999. It grossed $23 million worldwide by 2007. A younger generation had discovered why Cuban music was so popular.


title: Dune (novel)

paragraphs: Dune is a fictional story set in a space empire far in the future. It is written by Frank Herbert. The book focuses on how politics, religion, technology and many other things interact.

paragraphs: In the world of the Dune series, computers are banned (they are not allowed anywhere). Some humans are taught how to think as fast as computers; they are known as 'Mentats'. The ruler of a planet is controlled by a House. The Houses must obey House Corrino, because the leader of House Corrino is also the Emperor.

paragraphs: "Dune" focuses on Paul Atreides, the 15-year-old heir to House Atreides. His family is forced by the Emperor who rules the Known Universe to leave the planet Caladan and to take control of the planet Arrakis. Arrakis is currently controlled by House Harkonnen, and is the only place that a spice called Melange is found. Melange is the most important thing in the universe. It lets you see the future and think much faster. If you take melange, you live much longer, sometimes even hundreds of years longer. It also lets you travel far distances at great speeds.

paragraphs: Arrakis is a planet that is almost covered in desert. This large desert is very dangerous because it does not have potable (drinkable) water, but mainly because giant worms live in the sand. There are many groups of native humans living there - they are called the Fremen. The Fremen have many rituals that keep water safe. This is important, or they would all die of dehydration (too little water to stay alive).

paragraphs: After his father is killed, Paul and his mother escape and take refuge with the Fremen. They use their abilities to achieve power over the Fremen and eventually use them to attack the Harkonnen armies, who have taken back control of the planet.

paragraphs: In the books, there are the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, a religious group with only women as its members. This is because men do not have the right kind of mind to learn their ways correctly. They have much more control over their minds and bodies than normal people. Their goal is to protect the human race forever. They have a secret goal, which they want to achieve by their breeding program. It is to make a man that can be a Bene Gesserit. They call him the Kwisatz Haderach. They want to use the Kwisatz Haderach to control people more easily. Paul's mother, Lady Jessica, is a member of the sisterhood and trains her son to use mental and physical powers.

paragraphs: Multiple films and TV series have been based on the "Dune" series, such as the 1984 film version directed by David Lynch.


title: Jim Crow laws

paragraphs: The Jim Crow laws were a number of laws requiring racial segregation in the United States. These laws were enforced in different states between 1876 and 1965. "Jim Crow" laws provided a systematic legal basis for segregating and discriminating against African Americans. The laws first appeared after the Civil War and the Reconstruction Era and were enforced through the mid-twentieth century. They were about segregating black and white people in all public buildings. "Jim Crow" was a racist term for a black person. Black people were usually treated worse than white people. This segregation was also done in the armed forces, schools, restaurants, on buses and in what jobs blacks got. In 1954, the US Supreme Court ruled that such segregation in state-run schools was against the US Constitution. The decision is known as "Brown v. Board of Education". The other Jim Crow laws were abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought against the Jim Crow laws.

paragraphs: After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction. However, in 1876, Reconstruction ended. By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again. Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South. This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress. For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.

paragraphs: Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained. These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws. For example, they included:

paragraphs: In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called "Plessy v. Ferguson" that these laws were legal. They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine. In the South, everything was separate. However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites. Things were separate, but not equal.


title: Cavalier King Charles spaniel

paragraphs: The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small dog breed in the group called "toy dogs". They were bred earlier than the 16th century.

paragraphs: They were kept as pets and hunting dogs by many members of the royal family in England during the 16th century. King Charles II of England liked the breed, so this is how the dog was named. This dog can stand up to 36 cm or 16 inches in height. They average about 9 kilograms in weight. The breed can live for up to 10-14 years.They are still popular in England and are becoming popular in the United States. There are four types of Cavaliers each with their own coat markings and colours: Ruby - golden coloured, Tri-colour - black body and Dipped white, with a white muzzle and brown marking scattered around.


title: Sturm und Drang

paragraphs: Sturm und Drang (also called "Storm and Stress") was a time in German literature that was popular from 1770 to 1784. It is named after a play by Friedrich Maximilian Klinger.


title: Flag of Angola

paragraphs: The national flag of Angola came into use at independence on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally into an upper red half and a lower black half.


title: Joe Thornton

paragraphs: Joseph Eric Thornton (born July 2, 1979) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre and alternate captain for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL).


title: Oleg Kononenko

paragraphs: Oleg Dmitriyevich Kononenko () is a Russian cosmonaut.


title: Ville Peltonen

paragraphs: Ville Peltonen (born May 24, 1973 in Vantaa, Finland) is a Finnish professional ice hockey forward. He plays for the HC Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL).


title: Alexei Yashin

paragraphs: Alexei Valeryevich Yashin (; born November 5, 1973) is a former Russian professional ice hockey player. Yashin played in the NHL for the Ottawa Senators and the New York Islanders.


title: Tochigi Prefecture

paragraphs: Tochigi was made from the lands of Shimotsuke Province.

paragraphs: There is a World Heritage Site in Nikkō. It is called "Nikko Toshogu".

paragraphs: Tochigi shares borders with Ibaraki Prefecture, Gunma Prefecture, Saitama Prefecture, and Fukushima Prefecture.

paragraphs: National Parks are in about 21% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Futarasan jinja" and "Futarayama jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Hato Mayor del Rey

paragraphs: The Dominican city of Hato Mayor del Rey, or usually just Hato Mayor, is the head municipality of the Hato Mayor province.

paragraphs: In English, Hato Mayor del Rey means the "largest cattle ranch of the King".

paragraphs: The municipality had, in 2010, a total population of 44,900: 22,225 men and 22,675 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: The town grew around a small church built in 1520 in lands given by the Dávila family; for that reason, in old times the town was called "Hato Mayor de Dávila".

paragraphs: It was made a municipality by the Haitian government in 1843. After the Dominican independence in 1844, Hato Mayor was not a municipality until 1848 when it was made one in the El Seibo province.

paragraphs: In 1984, when the Hato Mayor province was made, the city of Hato Mayor del Rey became its capital city.

paragraphs: Hato Mayor del Rey has a total area of . It has three municipal districts (a subdivision of a municipality): Guayabo Dulce, Mata Palacio and Yerba Buena.

paragraphs: Hato Mayor del Rey is at to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at to the west of El Seibo. It is at an elevation of above sea level.

paragraphs: The municipality is in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the "Cordillera Oriental" (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as "Llano Costero del Caribe" (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain").

paragraphs: Hato Mayor del Rey has the municipality of El Valle to the north, the El Seibo province to the northeast and east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Monte Plata province to the west.

paragraphs: Hato Mayor del Rey has a tropical monsoonal climate (Köppen climate classification : Am), with a dry season and a heavy monsoon the rest of year.

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer. The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of rainfall, followed by May with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is January with .

paragraphs: Hato Mayor del Rey is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Hato Mayor del Rey has three municipal districts:

paragraphs: Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some small industries. Cattle raising is very important in the region because there are many savannas with grasses around the city and to the south of it; the dairy industry is important, with an important production of different types of cheese.


title: 3 World Trade Center

paragraphs: 3 World Trade Center (also known as 175 Greenwich Street) is the name for a new skyscraper, as part of the World Trade Center reconstruction in New York City. The new Three World Trade Center that opened in June 2018 is located at 175 Greenwich Street's pinnacle height. It is taller than the Empire State Building's roof and it is the fourth tallest building in New York City as measured to its pinnacle.


title: 4 World Trade Center

paragraphs: 4 World Trade Center (also known by its street address, 150 Greenwich Street) is a skyscraper constructed as part of the World Trade Center site reconstruction in New York City. The lowest floors are retail space; the rest are office space.


title: 5 World Trade Center

paragraphs: Five World Trade Center, also referred to as 130 Liberty Street, is a planned building to be located in New York City. It was planned to be on the site of the Deutsche Bank Building which was destroyed in the September 11 attacks. In June 2007, it was announced that financial service JPMorgan Chase planned to develop the building as a new J.P. Morgan Investment Bank world headquarters. The bank changed their mind and the site became a parking lot in 2014.


title: John Tavares

paragraphs: John Tavares (born September 20, 1990) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League (NHL). He is the current captain of the Maple Leafs.


title: Ralph Fletcher

paragraphs: Ralph Fletcher (born March 17, 1953) is a writer of children's picture books, young-adult fiction, and poetry as well as books for both children and teachers on the art of writing.

paragraphs: Ralph Fletcher grew up in Marshfield, Massachusetts. He is the oldest of nine children. Each of his parents were one of eight children. He got his B.A. degree from Dartmouth College in 1975 and his M.F.A degree in writing from Columbia University in 1983. In college he studied in Tonga in the South Pacific and Sierra Leone, South Africa. After getting his masters degree, Ralph worked in New York City classrooms as part of the Teacher College writing project. Fletcher now lives in Lee, New Hampshire. He is married to JoAnn Portalupi, with her he has written several books for teachers. Together they have four sons.

paragraphs: His young adult novel "Uncle Daddy" won a Christopher Medal in the Books for Young People, ages 10-12 category in 2002. "Fig Pudding", a young adult book by Fletcher, was recommended as one of the ten best books of 1995 by the American Library Association. Fletcher's poetry book "I Am Wings" was chosen by School Library Journal as one of their best books of 1994.


title: Werner Naumann

paragraphs: Werner Naumann (16 June 1909 in Guhrau - 25 October 1982 in Lüdenscheid) was a German State Secretary in the Propaganda Ministry during the Third Reich. He was appointed head (minister) of the Propaganda Ministry by Hitler in his political testament. This was because Goebbels was promoted to be the Chancellor of Germany.

paragraphs: He was a member of the NSDAP and the SA. During the war he was also engaged in battle activities, first as an officer in the Luftwaffe, later on in the Waffen-SS and the SS in general.

paragraphs: Naumann was in the Führerbunker during the last days of Hitler in April 1945.


title: Gauleiter

paragraphs: A Gauleiter was the party leader of a regional branch of the NSDAP. This persons were the head of a "Gau" or of a "Reichsgau". The German word "Leiter" means leader. A "Gau" is the old German word for a region in Germany.


title: Hedingen

paragraphs: Hedingen is a municipality of the district Affoltern in the canton of Zürich in Switzerland.


title: Typhus

paragraphs: Typhus is the name for a number of diseases, caused by bacteria called Rickettsiae. These bacteria are parasites that cannot survive outside their host organism. Depending on the species the host organisms are, fleas (on rats), harvest mites (on several rodents and humans), or lice (on humans). When the term is commonly used, it usually means "endemic typhus", which is spread by lice. The name "typhus" comes from Greek, where it means "smoky" or "hazy". This was the word used to describe the state of mind the patients are in.


title: Troglodytae

paragraphs: The Troglodytae () or Troglodyti (meaning "cave goers"), used to be a group of people talked about by many old Greek and Roman historians and map makers. The early references call them Trogodytes, which looks like it was changed from the Greek "trōglē" meaning "cave". They were either placed in the desert along the African side of the Red Sea coast or North of Greece in what they called Getae.


title: Hershel W. Gober

paragraphs: Hershel Wayne Gober (born December 21, 1936) is a former government official and Vietnam War veteran. He served as acting United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs (VA) two times during the Clinton administration. The first time was from July 1, 1997 until January 2, 1998 between the resignation of Secretary Jesse Brown and the appointment of Togo D. West, Jr. as Acting Secretary. The second time came on July 25, 2000 and lasted until January 20, 2001 after the resignation of Secretary West; this time Gober served in the post until the end of the Clinton presidency.

paragraphs: He started out in the VA as Deputy Secretary, serving from February 4, 1993 until August 10, 2000. Gober was also Secretary-designate, when Clinton named him on July 31, 1997 to replace Jesse Brown. However, the nomination was withdrawn before Senate action began. That happened on October 27 the same year.

paragraphs: During his time as Secretary, Gober headed a delegation that traveled to Vietnam to try to find information about missing veterans there. He also worked to improve health care and create more clinics for veterans.

paragraphs: Before serving in the VA, Gober was Director of the Arkansas Department of Veterans Affairs from January 4, 1988 to February 4, 1993 during President Clinton's time as Governor.

paragraphs: Gober served two tours in Vietnam. He also worked with an American/Vietnamese team that made Vietnamese songs. Later, in 1969, he was hurt while serving as a company commander.


title: Hazel R. O'Leary

paragraphs: Hazel Reid O'Leary (born May 17, 1937) was the seventh United States Secretary of Energy, from 1993 to 1997. She is the first and only woman and first and only African American to hold the position.

paragraphs: Born Hazel Reid in Newport News, Virginia, she was the daughter of doctors Russell E. and Hazel Reid. She has two sisters, Edna Reid and Marina Morse; and two brothers, Louis and William Morse.

paragraphs: After earning a bachelor's degree at Fisk University in Nashville, O'Leary earned her law degree from Rutgers School of Law—Newark.

paragraphs: Reid married John F. O'Leary on April 24, 1980. He was a former deputy energy secretary and died in 1987. They have a son named Carl.

paragraphs: O'Leary worked as a prosecutor in New Jersey and later worked for the consulting/accounting firm of Coopers & Lybrand. During the Carter Administration, O'Leary was made assistant administrator of the Federal Energy Administration, general counsel of the Community Services Administration, and administrator of the Economic Regulatory Administration at the Department of Energy.

paragraphs: In 1981, O'Leary and her husband established the consulting firm of O'Leary & Associates, where she served as vice president and general counsel. From 1989 to 1993, she worked as an executive vice president of the Northern States Power Company.

paragraphs: In 1993 President Bill Clinton picked O'Leary as Secretary of Energy.

paragraphs: In 2004, O'Leary was selected as President of her undergraduate "alma mater", Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Mount Whitney

paragraphs: Mount Whitney or Tumanguya is a mountain in eastern California. The mountain is about 14,505 feet (4,421 m). This makes Mount Whitney the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States. Mount Whitney is only 76 miles from Badwater in Death Valley National Park, which is the lowest point in the United States. Mount Whitney is in the Sierra Nevada. Mount Whitney was named by the California Geological Survey in 1864, they named it after Josiah Whitney.


title: Federico Peña

paragraphs: Federico Fabian Peña (born March 15, 1947) was United States Secretary of Transportation from 1993 to 1997 and United States Secretary of Energy from 1997 to 1998, during the presidency of Bill Clinton.

paragraphs: Born in Laredo, Texas, Peña earned a B.A. (1969) and a J.D. (1972) from the University of Texas at Austin and The University of Texas School of Law. Moving to Colorado, where he became an attorney, Peña was elected to the Colorado House of Representatives as a Democrat in 1979, where he became the Minority Leader. In 1983, Peña became the first Hispanic Mayor of Denver, and he was re-elected in 1987.

paragraphs: Peña advised Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton on transportation issues during Clinton's successful 1992 presidential campaign, and Clinton chose Peña to head the United States Department of Transportation. Although he was going to leave Clinton's cabinet after Clinton's first term, Peña also served as Secretary of Energy for one year, from 1997 to 1998. In 1995 the Justice Department began a preliminary investigation into a California transit agency's awarding of a pension management contract to Peña's former investment management firm. However, Peña had cut all connections to his former company both before the contract and before becoming Transportation Secretary. On March 17, 1995 Janet Reno ended the investigation.

paragraphs: When Peña left the Clinton administration, he returned to Denver and joined investment firm Vestar Capital Partners in August 1998, as Senior Advisor. On January 18, 2000, Vestar announced that Peña had become one of the firm's Managing Directors.

paragraphs: Peña is the father of three children: Nelia, Cristina, and Ryan Peña. The divorce of Federico Peña and his first wife, Ellen Hart Peña, became final on September 10, 2001. Federico Peña married Cindy Velasquez on September 2, 2006. Cindy Velasquez is a former broadcast executive for Channel 7, KMGH-TV, and Channel 9, KUSA-TV, in Denver, Colorado.

paragraphs: On September 7, 2007, Peña announced that he would support Sen. Barack Obama in the 2008 presidential election, and also serve as Obama's National Campaign Co-chair. The move was important in that Peña did not support Sen. Hillary Clinton, the wife of the president under whom he served. On November 5, 2008, he was named to the advisory board of the Obama-Biden Transition Project.

paragraphs: Peña Boulevard, a freeway in Denver connecting Denver International Airport to Interstate 70, is named for him. As mayor of Denver, Peña led the effort to build the airport.


title: Cynognathus

paragraphs: Cynognathus was a cynodont (a mammal-like reptile, not a dinosaur) that was the size of a wolf. This therapsid lived on open plains during the early to middle Triassic period, roughly 230-245 million years ago. It was probably warm-blooded and may have given birth to live young. Fossils have been found in South Africa and Argentina.


title: Natural units

paragraphs: Natural units are ways of measuring things that depend on some basic characteristics of nature that do not change. Which of these basic quantities to choose can depend on the physics problems being investigated, and sometimes choosing one thing as a natural unit means that the size of something else does not become used as a natural unit in that system.

paragraphs: The old system of English measurements such as the pound are based on convenient objects in the natural world. The "grain" is the smallest of these objects, and originally it meant the weight of a grain of wheat or barley. Each individual grain might be slightly larger or smaller than the next, but the more grains were added together to make a larger measure, the more these little differences would even out. Even so, these measures were not entirely precise and did not relate to other measures such as the inch or the foot.

paragraphs: In order to make calculations simpler and units more precise, it turned out that the mass of an electron or the mass of a proton were more useful standards to use for mass. All electrons are believed to have the same mass, and all protons are believed to have their own standard mass. But there is no simple mathematical relationship between the two masses.

paragraphs: The speed of light, c, is a constant. So c is a very natural choice to use as a standard for measuring velocity.

paragraphs: One choice for a standard of length is the Bohr radius. The simplest atom, hydrogen, only has one electron, and its smallest possible orbit, that with the lowest energy, is at a distance from the nucleus called the Bohr radius.

paragraphs: With a standard for measuring distances and a standard for velocity, it would be possible to derive one standard unit of time. In practice, there are several ways of defining units of time. One of the most widely known ways to measure time by natural cycles is by using atomic clocks.


title: Fulacunda

paragraphs: Fulacunda is a town in center of Guinea-Bissau.


title: Fur seal

paragraphs: Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds in the Otariidae family. One species, the northern fur seal ("Callorhinus ursinus") inhabits the North Pacific, while eight species in the Arctocephalus genus are found primarily in the Southern hemisphere.

paragraphs: Therefore they are not a single taxonomic unit.


title: Hugh A. Robertson

paragraphs: Hugh A. Robertson (May 28, 1932 – January 10, 1988) was an African-American movie director and editor.


title: Mike Rodríguez

paragraphs: Mike Rodriguez (born April 20, 1989) is an Ecuadorian football playmaker who plays for Ecuadorian giants Barcelona SC.


title: Morlaix

paragraphs: Morlaix () is a commune in Finistère department in Brittany in north-western France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.


title: Bristol Filton Airport

paragraphs: Bristol Filton Airport or Filton Aerodrome lies on the border between Filton and Patchway, within South Gloucestershire, north of Bristol, England.


title: 22171 Choi

paragraphs: 22171 Choi (2000 WK179) is a Main-belt Asteroid discovered on November 26, 2000 by the Lincoln Laboratory Near-Earth Asteroid Research Team at Socorro.


title: Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson

paragraphs: Hólmar Örn Eyjólfsson (born August 6, 1990) is an Icelandic footballer who plays as a defender for Rosenborg.


title: Žigmund Pálffy

paragraphs: Žigmund "Ziggy" Pálffy (born May 5, 1972) is an ethnic Hungarian Slovak professional ice hockey player currently playing for HK 36 Skalica of the Slovak Extraliga.


title: Greg Egan

paragraphs: Greg Egan (born 20 August 1961) is an Australian science fiction author. His first novel was published in 1983.


title: Billy Abercromby

paragraphs: William "Billy" Abercromby (born 14 September 1958 in Ruchill) is a retired Scottish football player.

paragraphs: He and Fraser Kirkwood wrote "Aber's Gonnae Get Ye: The Billy Abercromby Story". It was published in 2009.


title: Jürgen Seeberger

paragraphs: Jürgen Seeberger (born 25 March 1965 in Konstanz) is a German football manager currently managing V.f.B. Stuttgart II.


title: Caroline van Dommelen

paragraphs: Caroline van Dommelen (9 November 1874 – 4 March 1957) was a Dutch movie actress of the silent era. She appeared in eleven movies between 1911 and 1918.


title: Sam Shepard

paragraphs: Samuel Shepard Rogers III (November 5, 1943 – July 27, 2017) was an American playwright, actor, and television and movie director. He is the author of several books. He received the Pulitzer Prize for Drama in 1979 for his play "Buried Child". Shepard was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of pilot Chuck Yeager in "The Right Stuff" (1983).

paragraphs: Born Samuel Shepard Rogers IV in Fort Sheridan, Illinois, he worked on a ranch as a teenager. His father, Samuel Shepard Rogers, Jr., was a teacher and farmer. His father was in the United States Army Air Forces as a bomber pilot during World War II. His mother, Jane Elaine (née Schook), was a teacher and from Chicago, Illinois. After high school, Shepard went to college for a little while. He quit to join a travelling theater group. He was also a drummer for the different late-1960s rock band The Holy Modal Rounders. The band was in the movie "Easy Rider" (1969).

paragraphs: Shepard died on July 27, 2017 at his home in Midway, Kentucky from complications of ALS, aged 73.


title: Terry Ellis

paragraphs: Terry Ellis (born September 5, 1963 in Houston, Texas, U.S.) is an African-American R&B singer best known for her work with the quartet En Vogue.


title: Jan Åge Fjørtoft

paragraphs: Jan Aage Fjörtoft (born 10 January 1967 in Ålesund) is a former Norwegian footballer.


title: Bob's Full House

paragraphs: Bob's Full House is a British quiz programme hosted by Bob Monkhouse which was based on the popular game 'Bingo' and aired on BBC One from 1 September 1984 until 27 January 1990.


title: Mathieu Flamini

paragraphs: Mathieu Flamini (born 7 March 1984) is a French football player. He plays for Milan.


title: Theo Walcott

paragraphs: Theo James Walcott (born 16 March 1989) is a English professional footballer. He was born in northwest London and grew up in Compton, Berkshire. He plays as a forward for Everton and the England national team.


title: Eriz

paragraphs: Eriz is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.


title: GAIS

paragraphs: GAIS is an association football club in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in 1919, 1922, 1931 and 1954.


title: IFK Göteborg

paragraphs: IFK Göteborg is an association football club which plays in Sweden for Gothenburg. The club won the UEFA Cup in 1982 and 1987. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1908, 1910, 1918, 1934–35, 1941–42, 1957–58, 1969, 1982, 1983, 1984, 1987, 1990, 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 and 2007.


title: Örgryte IS

paragraphs: Örgryte IS is an association football club which in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The club won the first Swedish national championship in 1896, and was one of the stronger teams in Swedish association football of the late 19th century and early 20th century.


title: Helsingborgs IF

paragraphs: Helsingborgs IF is an association football club in the town of Helsingborg in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in the years of 1929, 1930, 1933, 1934, 1941, 1942, 1999 and 2011.


title: AIK Solna

paragraphs: AIK is a football club from Solna, Stockholm, Sweden. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1900, 1901, 1911, 1914, 1916, 1923, 1932, 1937, 1992, 1998. and 2009.


title: IFK Norrköping

paragraphs: IFK Norrköping is an association football club in the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The team has played several Allsvenskan seasons. The club has won the Swedish national championship in 1942–43, 1944–45, 1945–46, 1946–47, 1947–48, 1951–52, 1955–56, 1956–57, 1960, 1962, 1963, 1989 and 2015.


title: IFK Eskilstuna

paragraphs: IFK Eskilstuna is an association football club in the town of Eskilstuna in Sweden. The club won the Swedish national championship in 1921, and played several Allsvenskan seasons.


title: Hammarby IF

paragraphs: Hammarby IF is an association football club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. The club won Allsvenskan, becoming Swedish national champions, in 2001.


Jungo Fujimoto


title: Akihiro Hyodo

paragraphs: Akihiro Hyodo (born 12 May 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.


title: Sarayu

paragraphs: Sarayu is a river which flows in Uttar Pradesh of India. Sarayu river originates in Himalaya. It flows across 350 km and merges into the Ganga river. Sarayu river is mentioned in Ramayana. Ramayana mention that city of Ayodhya was on the bank of Sarayu river.


title: Nashik

paragraphs: Nashik, also spelled as Nasik is a city in the northwest of Maharashtra State, India. It has 1,620,000 people. Nashik is about from Mumbai.

paragraphs: Nashik is a district on Maharashtra State. Nashik has 15 Talukas. Following are talukas of nashik.

paragraphs: Following are important cities in Nashik District

paragraphs: Nashik was previously just a holy place but now it has turned into industrial, educational centre. Due its close location to Mumbai it is developing fast.


title: Alexis Herman

paragraphs: Alexis Margaret Herman (born July 16, 1947 in Mobile, Alabama) was the 23rd U.S. Secretary of Labor, serving under President Bill Clinton. Before that, she was Assistant to the President and Director of the White House Office of Public Liaison.

paragraphs: The daughter of politician Alex Herman and schoolteacher Gloria Caponis, Alexis grew up a Catholic home in Mobile and earned her high school diploma in 1965 from the Heart of Mary High School. For a short time, she went to Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin, and Spring Hill College in Mobile, but then switched to Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans, where she became a member of Delta Sigma Theta Sorority and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology in 1969.

paragraphs: After college, Herman worked for Catholic Charities and other agencies advocating minority women employment. Jimmy Carter met Herman while campaigning in Atlanta, Georgia, and after becoming President in 1977, picked her to be Director of the Labor Department's Women's Bureau. At age 29, she was the youngest person to ever serve in that position.

paragraphs: In 1981, Herman founded her own consulting firm - A.M. Herman & Associates. She served as president of the company while remaining active in Democratic politics. During her time as chief of staff and later vice chair of the Democratic National Committee, she was in charge of organizing the 1992 Democratic National Convention.

paragraphs: After Bill Clinton's win in the 1992 Presidential election, Herman became deputy director of the Presidential Transition Office. She was later picked to head the White House Office of Public Liaison, where she was responsible for the administration's relations with interest groups.

paragraphs: During Clinton's second term, Herman was named Secretary of Labor, the first African American to be picked for that position and the fifth woman to be picked. Congressional Republicans and labor unions initially opposed giving her the job. But she earned praise from her peers for her handling of the 1997 UPS workers strike. An independent counsel investigated her for taking cash bribes and/or illegal campaign donations as an assistant to Clinton from 1994 to 1996. She was the 5th cabinet officer be investigated by independent counsel. Bill Clinton testified on her side. In 2000 the investigation ended with no indictment.

paragraphs: During the 2000 Florida election recount, Herman was part of team planning a transition to a Gore Administration, and she was mentioned as a likely pick for White House Chief of Staff. She was replaced as Secretary of Labor in the George W. Bush administration by Elaine Chao.

paragraphs: Herman now serves as the co-chairperson (with James Roosevelt, Jr.) of the Democratic National Committee's Rules and Bylaws Committee.

paragraphs: Herman also serves on the boards of several big companies, including Coca Cola Corporation's Human Resources Task Force, Toyota's Diversity Advisory Board, Cummins, Metro Goldwyn Mayer, and Prudential and is the chairman and CEO of New Ventures, Inc.


title: Conjugate variables

paragraphs: Conjugate variables are special pairs of variables (like x, y, z) that don't give the same result when you do a certain mathematical operation with them. This means that x*y is not equal to y*x. Here, the * does not mean multiplication. It could mean addition, subtraction, division, or any operation that makes sense, in that case.

paragraphs: A physicist, Werner Heisenberg, and his co-workers used equations studied in classical physics to describe and predict events from quantum physics. He discovered that the momentum (mass times velocity, represented by P) and position (represented by Q) are conjugate variables. This means that P*Q is not equal to Q*P, in quantum physics.

paragraphs: Here are two special equations to calculate the energy of an electron (small green thing) in a hydrogen atom.

paragraphs: The first equation could be used to find out the product of momentum and position:

paragraphs: The second equation could be used to calculate the product of position and momentum:

paragraphs: Some time later, another physicist, Max Born found out that, because P*Q is not equal to Q*P, the result of Q*P minus P*Q is not zero. (The "minus" is not the same minus of "3 - 2". It's a different thing with the same name).

paragraphs: [The symbol Q is the matrix for position, P is the matrix for momentum, i is a complex number, and h is Planck's constant, a number that shows up in quantum mechanics a lot.]

paragraphs: Conjugate variables have applications all over Physics, in Chemistry and in a bunch of other areas of science.


title: Rail yard

paragraphs: A rail yard is a system of railway tracks used for the storage, loading and unloading, of railroad cars and/or locomotives.


title: Salcedo, Hermanas Mirabal

paragraphs: The Dominican city of Salcedo is the head municipality of the Hermanas Mirabal province, on the central part of the country.

paragraphs: The city is named after "Francisco Antonio Salcedo" who fought in the northwestern part of the country against the Haitian army during the Dominican-Haitian War after the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844.

paragraphs: The municipality had, in , a total population of 35,306: 17,683 men and 17,623 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: In the place where is now the city of Salcedo there was a very small town with the name of "Juana Núñez". It was made a "Puesto cantonal" (an old category that now is called Municipal District) in 1880 as part of the old La Vega province.

paragraphs: With the creation of the Espaillat province in 1885, Juana Núñez was made part of this new province. In 1891, its name was changed from Juana Núñez to the present one, Salcedo.

paragraphs: Salcedo was made a municipality in 1905 and, when the Salcedo Province (now Hermanas Mirabal Province) was created in 1952, the city became the head municipality of the new province.

paragraphs: Salcedo in the Cibao valley, south of the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") and has a total area of . It has only one municipal district (a subdivision of a municipality): Jamao Afuera.

paragraphs: The city of Salcedo is at to the north of Santo Domingo and at to the east of Moca. It is at an elevation of above sea level.

paragraphs: The municipality is in the eastern part of the country, just to the south of the "Cordillera Oriental" (in English, "Eastern mountain range") in the region known as "Llano Costero del Caribe" (in English, "Caribbean Coastal Plain").

paragraphs: Salcedo has the municipality of Villa Tapia to the south, the Espaillat province to the west and north and the municipality of Tenares to the east.

paragraphs: Salcedo has a tropical wet climate (Köppen climate classification : Af), with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist.

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer and in fall. The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of rainfall, followed by May with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is March with .

paragraphs: Salcedo is in a warm region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is June with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Salcedo has only one municipal districts:

paragraphs: Farming is the only economic activity in the municipality, except for some very small industries; the main products are plantain, cassava and cacao.


title: Andrew of Cornwall

paragraphs: Andrew of Cornwall (Andreas Cornubiensis, Andreas de Cornubia, André de Cornouailles) (fl. 1290s) was a philosopher at Oxford during the 1290s. It is thought that he brought Parisian Modism to England, and that he helped to shape Duns Scotus with his ideas.


title: Landry Bonnefoi

paragraphs: Landry Bonnefoi (born 20 September 1983) is a French football player. He plays for Amiens.


title: Hossein Kaebi

paragraphs: Hossein Kaebi (born 23 September 1985) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team.


title: IF Elfsborg

paragraphs: IF Elfsborg is an association football club in the town of Borås in Sweden, established on 26 June 1904. IF Elfsborg won the Swedish national championship six times: in 1936, 1939, 1940, 1961., 2006 and 2012.

paragraphs: IF Elfsborg's home ground is the Borås Arena, which has a seating capacity for 16,894 people. IF Elfsborg's supporter group is called "Guliganerna".

paragraphs: In the national league system started the season 1924/25 played Elfsborg in western Swedish season in Division 2. Already in the following season, in 1925/26, Elfsborg won the series and went on to qualifying for ”Allsvenskan”. In the qualifying they had to meet Halmstads BK and after the team won respective game, there was a third deciding game in Gothenburg. The game was won by Elfsborg 4-1 and Nils Hedin made all Elfsborg four goals in the second half. That meant Elfsborg went up to the Allsvenskan for the first time.

paragraphs: The club debuted in Allsvenskan on 2 August 1926 in a game against Örgryte IS. It played in the top league continuously until 1954. During the club's early years from the mid 1930s until 1947, the team had several in the Swedish national team.


title: Daisuke Fujii

paragraphs: Daisuke Fujii (born 15 October 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.


title: Yoshiki Takahashi

paragraphs: Yoshiki Takahashi (born 14 May 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.


title: Valon Behrami

paragraphs: Valon Behrami (born 19 April 1985) was a Swiss football player. He played for West Ham United and Switzerland national team.


title: Djurgårdens I.F.

paragraphs: Djurgårdens IF is a association football club in the town of Stockholm in Sweden.

paragraphs: The club has won the highest Swedish division Allsvenskan 11 times, 3 of those during the 21th centuary, making them the most successful club in Sweden during this period. The club also won the Swedish national championship in 1912, 1915, 1917, 1920, 1954–1955, 1959, 1964, 1966, 2002, 2003 and 2005.

paragraphs: The club, which was founded in 1891, started it's association football section in 1899. The team plays in darkblue and lightblue stripes. Since 1936 Stockholms Stadion has been the home stadium, but they have big plans to build a new arena with around 18000 seats. The current captain is Pa Dembo Touray and the deputy captain is Mattias Jonson.

paragraphs: The manager of Djurgårdens IF is Lennart Wass and Carlos Banda.

paragraphs: During the 2013 season of the elite and professional Swedish league (Allsvenskan), Djurgården’s kit featured the logo of Djurgårdsandan.


title: Zlatko Kranjčar

paragraphs: Zlatko Kranjčar (born 15 November 1956) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Croatia national team.


title: Raúl Vicente Amarilla

paragraphs: Raúl Vicente Amarilla (born July 19, 1960) is a former Paraguayan football player.


title: Ariel Ibagaza

paragraphs: Ariel Ibagaza (born 27 October 1976) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Villarreal.


title: Luis Amaranto Perea

paragraphs: Luis Amaranto Perea (born 30 January 1979) is a Colombian football player. He plays for Atlético Madrid and Colombia national team.


title: Igor Lediakhov

paragraphs: Igor Lediakhov (born 22 May 1968) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.


title: Yosuke Nishi

paragraphs: Yosuke Nishi (born 12 May 1983) is a Japanse football player. He plays for Grulla Morioka.


title: Twilight Comes Twice

paragraphs: Twilight Comes Twice is a children's book of free verse written by Ralph Fletcher with pictures drawn by Kate Kiesler. It was first published in 1997, and describes the changes from night to day and from day to night.


title: Free verse

paragraphs: Free verse is a term for different styles of poetry that do not rhyme. Poets who have written in free verse include Rainer Maria Rilke, Saint-John Perse, T. S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Carl Sandburg, William Carlos Williams, C.K. Williams, Charles Simic, and Giannina Braschi.


title: Salva Ballesta

paragraphs: Salva Ballesta (born 22 May 1975) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Albacete Balompié.


title: Toshihiro Yahata

paragraphs: Toshihiro Yahata (born 29 May 1980) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Javier Chevantón

paragraphs: Javier Chevantón (born 12 August 1980) is an Uruguayan football player. He plays for Atalanta.


Takashi Hirano


Tadatoshi Masuda


Hiroshige Yanagimoto


title: Miroslav Mentel

paragraphs: Miroslav Mentel (born December 2, 1962) is a former Slovak football player.


Keiji Kaimoto


Norihiro Nishi


title: Theory

paragraphs: A theory is a group of linked ideas intended to explain something. A theory provides a framework for explaining observations. The explanations are based on assumptions. From the assumptions follows a number of possible hypotheses. They can be tested to provide support for, or challenge, the theory.

paragraphs: These meanings can "shade into each other". Another source offers:

paragraphs: A theory in science (in contrast to a theory in layman's terms) is "a logical, systematic set of principles or explanation that has been verified—has stood up against attempts to prove it false". For example, Darwin's theory of Evolution is a system of ideas that points to humans and apes having evolved from a common ancestor. This conclusion is based on evidence that supports it.

paragraphs: One basic thing needed by a theory is not to defeat itself. If someone argued that every action a human being takes in life is predetermined before that person is even born, and also argued that a human being will determine his or her future according to the acts that he or she freely wills, there is a contradiction.

paragraphs: This idea is called "the principle of non-contradiction", not saying the opposite of what you just said. If we consider any statement, A (perhaps A stands for "The Apple has a worm in it."), then A and the contradiction of A is always false. (In logical symbolism, the single statement "A ∧ ¬A" has a truth value of 0 or false.)

paragraphs: A theory that can produce a statement that is not true, a theory that can predict something that does not in fact happen, or that predicts that something will happen but it does not happen, is not a correct theory. This idea has a big hole to fall into. Scientists can look at experiment after experiment, and they may always find that what theory says is true. Years may pass, and then somebody looks at one more experiment. That experiment shows that the theory is false, and every time they do that experiment it shows that the first time was not some kind of accident. The philosopher Karl Popper gave the example of people in Europe before 1492 who wanted to give scientific descriptions of birds. One bird they worked on was the swan. Somebody proposed the idea, "All swans are white." All of the swans that were checked in their century were white. When Europeans first sailed to Australia, the first swan that they saw was black. Suddenly the old scientific description of swans had to be changed.

paragraphs: So it is never possible to prove conclusively that some theory is correct. A "black swan" may come with the next experiment. It is possible to prove some theories are incorrect. Science makes progress by using one theory until it fails, trying to understand why that theory failed, and then making a better theory. Some theories are very well confirmed, that means that they have been tried over and over again and have never yet failed. When a theory is well confirmed people trust its predictions.

paragraphs: It is possible to prove conclusively that some theory is incorrect. Proving a theory is incorrect makes it possible to find a better theory and thus to make progress.


title: Fingering (sexual act)

paragraphs: Fingering is the act of touching of the clitoris, vagina, vulva or anus for the purpose of sexual arousal and stimulation with the fingers. It is like the handjob (manual stimulation of the penis). It is a common form of foreplay or mutual masturbation. To "finger oneself" is to masturbate in this way.

paragraphs: Digital penetration is penetration (for example sexual penetration) with one or more fingers.

paragraphs: Vaginal fingering can end in orgasm. It also may or may not include the entire sexual encounter. It may be part of foreplay or part of a start to other sexual activities. These activities can provide sexual pleasure to a partner when penetrative intercourse is not possible or desirable for whatever reason.

paragraphs: Fingering of the butt and rectum is commonly enjoyed in preparation for further anal sex. Anal fingering can arouse a person, allowing them to relax their anus and prepare them for the insertion of a penis or a dildo.

paragraphs: The practice is generally considered safe sex as long as the hands are protected with latex gloves.


title: Bogon filtering

paragraphs: "Bogon" is an informal name for an IP packet on the public Internet that claims to be from an area of the IP address space that is not used. The space not yet assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) or a delegated Regional Internet Registry (RIR). The areas of unallocated address space are called "bogon space".

paragraphs: For example, addresses from 100.x.x.x - 107.x.x.x have not yet been allocated (set aside) (as of September 2009, see for a complete current list)

paragraphs: Bogons are not the same as reserved private address ranges:


title: John Rolfe

paragraphs: John Rolfe (c. 1585 – 1622) was one of the early English settlers of North America. He is known for the first successful making of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia. He is also known as the husband of Pocahontas, daughter of the chief of the Powhatan Confederacy.


title: Watts Riots

paragraphs: The Watts riots was a race riot which lasted 6 days in August 1965 in Watts part of Los Angeles, California. 34 people died, 1,032 were hurt, and 3,438 went to jail. It was the worst riot in Los Angeles history until the 1992 Los Angeles riots.


title: Dodger Stadium

paragraphs: Dodger Stadium is a baseball park in Los Angeles, California. It is the home field of the Major League Baseball team called the Los Angeles Dodgers. It was built in 1962, making it one of the oldest ball parks. (Fenway Park in Boston, Massachusetts and Wrigley Field in Chicago, Illinois are older.) It is also the largest baseball park in seating capacity.

paragraphs: Dodger Stadium was constructed from 1959 to 1962 at a cost of $23 million dollars. A neighborhood called Chavez Ravine had to be torn down to build the stadium. The Los Angeles Angels rented from the Dodgers from 1962 through 1965, before moving to Anaheim Stadium. The Angels called the ballpark Chavez Ravine Stadium.

paragraphs: Over five million people have seen a game in Dodger Stadium. The Dodgers have won four World Series while playing in the stadium, in 1963, 1965, 1981 and 1988.

paragraphs: There was talk of tearing down the stadium to build a football stadium, but that did not happen.


title: Venice, Los Angeles

paragraphs: Venice is a place in western Los Angeles, California, United States. It is known for its canals, beaches and circus-like Ocean Front Walk, which features performers, fortune-tellers and vendors.

paragraphs: In summer, the boardwalk is busy. Many tourists visit. It was home to early Beat poets and artists in Los Angeles. Its area codes are 310 and a 424 overlay. Its ZIP Code is 90291.

paragraphs: The borders are the Pacific Ocean on the southwest, Marina Del Rey on the southeast, Culver City on the east, Mar Vista on the northeast, and Santa Monica on the north.


title: Hollywood Walk of Fame

paragraphs: The Hollywood Walk of Fame is a sidewalk along Hollywood Boulevard and Vine Street in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, USA, that is like an entertainment museum. There are over 2500 stars on the sidewalk. The names of famous entertainers and famous fictional characters are written on the stars.


title: Playboy Mansion

paragraphs: The Playboy Mansion (also known as the Playboy Mansion West), is in Holmby Hills in Los Angeles, California, and is the home of "Playboy" magazine creator Hugh Hefner.


title: University of Southern California

paragraphs: The University of Southern California (also called USC, SC, and Southern California) is a private, research university in the Exposition Park neighborhood in Los Angeles, California, USA. USC was founded in 1880, and it is California's oldest private research university.

paragraphs: USC has 16,384 undergraduate and 17,024 graduate students and gave 4,676 bachelor's and 5,380 advanced degrees in 2007. USC students come from all 50 states in the United States as well as over 115 countries.

paragraphs: USC employed 3,127 full-time faculty, 1,363 part-time faculty, and about 8,200 staff members in 2007. The university has a "very high" level of research activity, and it got $484.6 million in sponsored research in 2007. The Integrated Media Systems Center and the Center for Biomimetic Microelectronic Systems are at USC.

paragraphs: USC has 19 sports teams that compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association's Division I-A Pacific-10 Conference. Their nickname is the Trojans. The Trojans have won 89 NCAA team championships, third in the nation (behind UCLA and Stanford), and 347 Individual NCAA Championships, second in the nation. 362 Trojan athletes have been in the Olympic games winning 112 gold, 66 silver, and 58 bronze medals. Their basketball team plays in the Galen Center and is coached by Kevin O'Neill. Their football team plays in the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and is coached by Lane Kiffin. The football team has won several national championships and 23 Rose Bowls, a game played between two of the top football teams in the country. In sports, USC has a strong rivalry with UCLA, the other big school in Los Angeles, in all sports and a strong rivalry with Notre Dame in football.


title: Endoplasmic reticulum

paragraphs: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular organelle. It is the transport network for molecules going to specific places, as compared to molecules that float freely in the cytoplasm. The endoplasmic reticulum is in cells that have a nucleus: in eukaryote cells but not in prokaryote cells. It takes these forms:

paragraphs: Similar to the ER is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) found only in muscle cells. The SR stores and pumps calcium ions. The SR contains large stores of calcium, which it releases when the muscle cell is stimulated. Another type of cytoplasmic network is the plate-like Golgi apparatus.

paragraphs: The lacey membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum were first seen in 1945 by scientists using an electron microscope.


title: Jimaní

paragraphs: The Dominican city of Jimaní is the head municipality of the Independencia province, on the southwestern part of the country. The city is near the border with Haiti, on the main road that goes from the Dominican Republic to Port-au-Prince, capital city of Haiti.

paragraphs: For most of its history, Jimaní was part of Neiba but in 1938 it was made part of La Descubierta and in 1943 was elevated to the category of municipal districts (a municipal district is an administrative part of a municipality) of La Descubierta, in the Baoruco province.

paragraphs: With the creation of the Independencia province in 1948, Jimaní was made the head municipality of that new province.

paragraphs: The municipality had, in , a total population of 10,034: 4,967 men and 5,067 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: Jimaní is located in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley, in the southwest of the country, close to Haiti. The municipality has a total area of . It has two municipal districts (subdivisions of a municipality): Boca de Cachón and El Limón.

paragraphs: The city of Jimaní is at to the west of Azua and at to Santo Domingo. It is at an elevation of above sea level.

paragraphs: It is between the two main lakes of the Hispaniola: Lake Enriquillo (Dominican Republic) and Étang Saumâtre (Haiti).

paragraphs: Jimaní has the municipality of La Descubierta, the Lake Enriquillo and the Baoruco province to the north, the Barahona province to the east, the Pedernales to the south and Haiti to the west.

paragraphs: Jimaní has a tropical wet and dry/ savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw).

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . Most rains fall during the end of summer and in fall. The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of and the second is December with .

paragraphs: Jimaní is in a very hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Jimaní has two municipal districts:

paragraphs: The main economic activity is commerce with Haiti. Farming is not well developed because the region is very dry and hot. Most people that lives here work for the government or in the commerce between the two countries.


title: MouseHunt

paragraphs: MouseHunt is a popular game on Facebook. The game is about you catching different kinds of mice using different traps and bases and different kinds of cheeses. To move up levels, you must get more points by catching more unique mice.

paragraphs: There is a total of 15 ranks (14 using points and 1 by donating). They are:


title: Zhoukoudian

paragraphs: Zhoukoudian or Choukoutien () is a cave system in Beijing, China. Many archaeological discoveries were found here, including one of the first specimens of "Homo erectus", dubbed Peking Man, and bones of the large hyena "Pachycrocuta brevirostris". The Peking Man lived in this cave about 200,000 to 750,000 years ago.

paragraphs: The Peking Man Site was discovered by Johan Gunnar Andersson in 1921 and was first excavated by Otto Zdansky in 1921 and 1923 unearthing two human teeth.


title: Morant Bay rebellion

paragraphs: The Morant Bay rebellion began on October 11, 1865, when Paul Bogle led 200 to 300 black men and women into the town of Morant Bay, parish of St. Thomas in the East, Jamaica. The rebellion and its aftermath were a major turning point in Jamaica's history, and also generated a significant political debate in Britain. Today, the rebellion remains controversial, and is frequently mentioned by specialists in black and in colonial studies.

paragraphs: Slavery ended in Jamaica on August 1, 1834, with the passing of the British Emancipation Act, which led to emancipation on 1 August 1838 – the date on which former slaves became free to choose their employment and employer.


title: Herta Müller

paragraphs: Herta Müller (born 17 August 1953) is a Romanian-born German novelist, poet and essayist noted for her works depicting the harsh conditions of life in Communist Romania under the repressive Nicolae Ceauşescu regime, the history of the Germans in the Banat (and more broadly, Transylvania), and the persecution of Romanian ethnic Germans by Stalinist Soviet occupying forces in Romania. Müller has been an internationally well-known author since the early 1990s, and her works have been translated into more than 20 languages. She has received over 20 awards, including the 1998 International IMPAC Dublin Literary Award. On 8 October 2009, it was announced she would be awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Literature.


title: 1138 Aleppo earthquake

paragraphs: The 1138 Aleppo earthquake happened near the town of Aleppo in northern Syria on 11 October 1138. The United States Geological Survey lists it as the third deadliest earthquake in history with 230,000 people killed. However, the total comes from a combination of this earthquake with earthquakes in November 1137 on the Jazira plain and 30 September 1139 in Ganja, Azerbaijan in historical records. Ibn Taghribirdi first wrote about this large number of dead in the fifteenth century.


title: Filippa Reinfeldt

paragraphs: Filippa Desiree Amanda Cay Reinfeldt (née Holmberg, born June 14, 1967 in Stockholm) is a Swedish Moderate Party politician. She has been Municipal Commissioner () of Täby, Uppland, since 2002 and Mayor and Chairperson of the Täby Municipal Executive since 2005. Previously Reinfeldt was an appointed to various posts ("förtroendevald") in the Stockholm City Council from 1991 to 1994 and councillor in the Stockholm County Council from 1994.

paragraphs: Filippa is married since 1992 to Moderate Party leader and Prime Minister of Sweden Fredrik Reinfeldt, with whom she has three children.


title: Karl Wilhelm Scheibler

paragraphs: Karl Wilhelm Scheibler (1 September 1820 – 13 April 1881) was a German - Polish industrialist.


title: Sarah Silverman

paragraphs: Sarah Kate Silverman (born December 1, 1970) is an American stand-up comedienne, writer, actress, singer and musician. Although usually credited as "Sarah Silverman," she is sometimes credited by her nickname, "Big S." Her satirical comedy addresses social taboos and controversial topics such as racism, sexism and religion.


title: Coat of arms of Australia

paragraphs: The coat of arms of Australia has two animals; the emu and kangaroo. The animals are each on one side separated by a shield. The shield shows the badge of each six states. The current version was granted by King George V on 19 September 1912


title: Dinnerladies

paragraphs: Dinnerladies was a British sitcom. It was written by, co-produced by and starred Victoria Wood. The series had 16 episodes. It was broadcast on the BBC from 1998 to 2000.

paragraphs: The setting is the canteen of HWD Components, a fictional Manchester factory. During its two years, "Dinnerladies" follows the lives of the people working in the canteen.


title: Jeroen Boere

paragraphs: Jeroen Boere (18 November 1967 – 16 August 2007) is a former Dutch football player.


title: Jorge Luiz de Amorim Silva

paragraphs: Jorge Luiz de Amorim Silva (born 5 September 1979) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Ryang Kyu-Sa

paragraphs: Ryang Kyu-Sa (born 3 June 1978) is a former North Korean football player. He has played for Korea DPR national team.


title: Halmstads BK

paragraphs: Halmstads BK is an association football club in the town of Halmstad in Sweden. The club won Allsvenskan, becoming Swedish national champions, in the years of 1976, 1979, 1997 and 2000. They also won the Swedish Cup in 1995.


title: Diego de Souza Gama Silva

paragraphs: Diego de Souza Gama Silva (born 22 March 1984) is a Brazilisn football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.


title: Marcelinho Carioca

paragraphs: Marcelinho Carioca (born 31 December 1971) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Santo André.


title: Johan Djourou

paragraphs: Johan Djourou (born 18 January 1987) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Arsenal and Switzerland national team.


title: North Korea national football team

paragraphs: North Korea national football team is the national football team of North Korea.


title: Cape Verde national football team

paragraphs: Cape Verde national football team is the national football team of Cape Verde.


title: Cook Islands national football team

paragraphs: Cook Islands national football team is the national football team of Cook Islands.


title: Fiji national football team

paragraphs: Fiji national football team is the national football team of Fiji.


title: Kiribati national football team

paragraphs: Kiribati national football team is the national football team of Kiribati.


paragraphs: Federated States of Micronesia national football team is the national football team of Federated States of Micronesia.


title: Niue national football team

paragraphs: Niue national football team is the national football team of Niue.


paragraphs: Northern Mariana Islands national football team is the national football team of Northern Mariana Islands.


title: Palau national football team

paragraphs: Palau national football team is the national football team of Palau.


title: Papua New Guinea national football team

paragraphs: Papua New Guinea national football team is the national football team of Papua New Guinea.


title: Samoa national football team

paragraphs: Samoa national football team is the national football team of Samoa.


title: Solomon Islands national football team

paragraphs: Solomon Islands national football team is the national football team of Solomon Islands.


title: Tahiti national football team

paragraphs: Tahiti national football team is the national football team of Tahiti.


title: Tonga national football team

paragraphs: Tonga national football team is the national football team of Tonga.


title: Tuvalu national football team

paragraphs: Tuvalu national football team is the national football team of Tuvalu.


title: Vanuatu national football team

paragraphs: Vanuatu national football team is the national football team of Vanuatu. In the Pacific Games they reached the semifinals seven times and the finals once. In the OFC Nations Cup, they reached the semifinals four times. They have never competed in the World Cup. Vanuatu was formerly named New Hebrides.


Yuji Sakakura


title: Shingi Ono

paragraphs: Shingi Ono (born 9 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Sergei Aleinikov

paragraphs: Sergei Aleinikov (born 7 November 1961) is a former Belarusian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Belarus national team.


title: Alloa Athletic F.C.

paragraphs: Alloa Athletic F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


title: East Fife F.C.

paragraphs: East Fife F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


title: Forfar Athletic F.C.

paragraphs: Forfar Athletic F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


title: Arbroath F.C.

paragraphs: Arbroath F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


title: Arturo Lupoli

paragraphs: Arturo Lupoli (born 24 June 1987) is an Italian football player. He plays for Ascoli.


title: Lauren Etame Mayer

paragraphs: Lauren Etame Mayer (born 19 January 1977) is a retired Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.


title: Tomoya Uchida

paragraphs: Tomoya Uchida (born 10 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.


Kenichi Shimokawa


title: Kunie Kitamoto

paragraphs: Kunie Kitamoto (born 18 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.


Tadahiro Akiba


title: Montrose F.C.

paragraphs: Montrose F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


title: Brechin City F.C.

paragraphs: Brechin City F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


Yuji Hironaga


title: Kiyokazu Kudo

paragraphs: Kiyokazu Kudo (born 21 June 1974) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Avispa Fukuoka.


title: Karel Brückner

paragraphs: Karel Brückner (born 13 November 1939) is a Czech football manager.


title: Nithsdale Wanderers F.C.

paragraphs: Nithsdale Wanderers F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland. Their home ground is Lorimer Park.


title: Helensburgh F.C.

paragraphs: Helensburgh F.C. is a football club which plays in Scotland.


Ryuji Michiki


title: Norihiro Satsukawa

paragraphs: Norihiro Satsukawa (born 18 April 1972) is a former Japanese football player.


title: C.A. Progreso

paragraphs: C.A. Progreso is a football club which plays in Uruguay.


title: Tetsuya Enomoto

paragraphs: Tetsuya Enomoto (born 2 May 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.


title: Makoto Kakegawa

paragraphs: Makoto Kakegawa (born 23 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


Naoto Otake


title: Latino moderne

paragraphs: Latino Moderne (L.M.) is a language made by David Th. Stark in the 1980s. It was first published on the internet in 1996. The language is a revision of the grammar of the IALA's constructed (made-up) language Interlingua, using the first creator's words with little change. Applying the same principles that were used in developing the international vocabulary for Interlingua to developing a grammar, L.M. restores personal endings on its verbs and has gender and number agreement between its nouns and their adjectives and articles. The language also has a more clear system for showing case differences with its pronouns. This lets L.M. have a more free word order than Interlingua. Most of the changes that L.M. makes to Interlingua are suggestions were really offered first by the creators of Interlingua -- for this reason, L.M. should be viewed as the next step for the IALA project, not as something in competition with it.

paragraphs: It is hoped that the spread and use of Latino Moderne may assist in solving some of the communication problems that exist in the European Union and throughout the modern world. In this respect it shares the same goals as Interlingua, Esperanto, etc.. The developer of the language hopes that L.M. will be received and used as a suggested model language to help promote better international communication and friendship among nations.

paragraphs: No community is presently established for the Latino Moderne (L.M.) project. Its developer, David Th. Stark, welcomes any activity in this area by other interested parties. "The language, Latino Moderne, belongs to all those who desire to use it."


title: Downtown São Paulo

paragraphs: The Downtown São Paulo (or Central Zone São Paulo, or simply Center São Paulo) is a Commercial District and third major Central Business District of São Paulo.

paragraphs: The region is administered by Subprefeitura da Sé Encompassing the neighborhoods and districts Bela Vista, Bom Retiro, Cambuci, Consolação, Aclimação, Bras, Liberdade, República, Sé and Santa Cecília. Not to be confused with the region known as Downtown Expanded, used eventually by the city government in actions urban planning, which also includes parts of the subdistricts of the Mooca, Lapa, Pinheiros and Vila Mariana or with Historic Center São Paulo Which includes only the oldest part of the central region.

paragraphs: The region in 1940s at 1970s was one of the largest Financial Districts of South America and Latin America.


title: Grandpa Never Lies

paragraphs: Grandpa Never Lies is a children's book written by Ralph Fletcher with pictures drawn by Harvey Stevenson. It was first published in 2000.

paragraphs: A young girl describes her special bond with her grandfather over four seasons. The Grandfather tells creative stories in answer to her questions. Each story is followed by her saying "And Grandpa never lies, so I know it's so". Then Grandma suddenly dies and the little girl and her grandfather are sad and comfort each other.


title: BookCrossing

paragraphs: BookCrossing (also: BC, BCing or BXing) is defined as "the practice of leaving a book in a public place to be picked up and read by others, who then do likewise." The term comes from bookcrossing.com, a free online book club which began in order to further the practice, with the goal to "make the whole world a library."

paragraphs: The 'crossing' or exchanging of books may take many different forms, including wild releasing books in public, direct swaps with other members of the website, or "book rings" in which books travel in a set order to people who want to read that book. The community aspect of BookCrossing.com has grown in ways that were not expected at the start, in the form of blog or forum discussions, mailing lists and yearly conventions all over the world.

paragraphs: Ron Hornbaker came up the idea for what is now known as BookCrossing in March 2001. About four weeks later, on April 17, he started the website, which has grown all over the world. By April 2003 the website had over 113,000 members, and in 2004 the "Concise Oxford Dictionary" included the word "bookcrossing". In the same year, BookCrossing was featured as a part of a storyline in the Australian soap opera "Neighbours". As of 30 September 2009, Bookcrossing.com had over 814,000 members, with over 5,800,000 registered books.

paragraphs: In July 2007 Singapore became the first official BookCrossing country in the world. 2,000 locations within the country were designated as 'hotspots', similar to Official BookCrossing Zones. In 2008, BookCrossing was introduced to Abu Dhabi as part of a joint venture with the Abu Dhabi Authority for Culture and Heritage.

paragraphs: In May 2005 BookCrossing.com won two People's Voice awards in the Webby Awards for best community website and best social/networking website. BookCrossing was also featured in a BBC Radio project broadcast as 84 Book Crossing Road, which involved releasing 84 copies of Helene Hanff's book "84 Charing Cross Road" around the world. The show was produced by Tim Heffer and Alan Hall of Falling Tree Productions, and was nominated for a Sony Radio Academy Award in 2006.

paragraphs: Anyone who wishes to "release" books, whether leaving it in a public place or passing it on to a friend, must register on the BookCrossing.com website, although there is the option to remain hidden when "catching" the find of a book. BookCrossing.com users can 'go hunting', where a member will go to the website to view a list of books that have just been "released", then go to the place it was left to "catch" it. Books may also be left at Official BookCrossing Zones" (OBCZs), which are located in certain coffee shops, cafes, restaurants and other public places. The purpose of these places is to get members in the area to leave books to share with the public. This also promotes BookCrossing and creates more members.


title: Bukit Timah

paragraphs: Bukit Timah is an area in Singapore and a hill in that area. Bukit Timah Hill stands at an altitude of and is the highest point in the city-state of Singapore. Bukit Timah is near the centre of Singapore island. Bukit Timah is 10 kilometres (6 miles) from Singapore's business district.

paragraphs: Bukit Timah, which means "tin-bearing hill" in Malay, was on the 1828 map by Frankin and Philip Jackson as "Bukit Timah". The hill was on the map as the eastern source of the Kranji River.

paragraphs: In December 1843, a road was built up to the hill. The hill was an "excellent sanatorium", as the air was ""cooler and fresher than the plain, producing an agreeable exhilaration of spirits"".

paragraphs: For some, it is synonymous with the Singapore Turf Club, where members and paying visitors flock on race days. This course is closed to the public, unlike the former course (now Farrer Park) where the general public enjoyed watching the king's sport for free.

paragraphs: The 25-km long Bukit Timah Road, the longest road in Singapore, running north and south of the island, takes its name from this hill. The road to Kranji was completed in 1845. Apparently, the area was so infested with tigers that it constituted a serious threat to human life. In 1860, nearly 200 people were reported to have been killed by tigers in and about the gambier and pepper plantations. The first ride on horseback across the island was along Bukit Timah Road in 1840; it took four days and was made by Mr Thomson and Dr Little.

paragraphs: Bukit Timah Road is known as "tek kha kang a kinn" in Hokkien, which means "the side of the stream in the "tek kha" (or Selegie Road) district". This only refers to the lower end of the Bukit Timah Road. The Wayang Satu and Bukit Timah village parts are differently called. The Hokkiens also refer to Bukit Timah as "be chia lo bue", meaning "end of the horse carriage road".

paragraphs: During World War II, the British Army lost Bukit Timah to the Japanese on February 11th, they knew they had little chance of winning the war as most of their food and supplies were stored there. On 15 February 1942, the head of the Allied forces, Lieutenant General A.E. Percival surrendered to Lieutenant General Tomoyuki Yamashita at the Ford Factory in Bukit Timah.

paragraphs: During the Japanese Occupation, the Japanese troops built a Syonan-to Shinto shrine (Syonan-to was the Occupation name for Singapore), similar to the National Shinto in Japan but of a smaller size, at Bukit Timah Hill. Two war memorials dedicated to the Japanese war dead and surprisingly, to the deceased British troops who died defending Singapore, were built at the site. Students, Japanese commanders, British POWs' representatives would gather there regularly to commemorate the dead during the Occupation.

paragraphs: It was only shortly before the Japanese surrender, the Japanese forces hastily destroyed the Shinto Shrine, on fears that returning British forces will demolish it in an bad manner. The present site where the Shinto Shrine existed, lied at a grey area between the Nature Reserve and Singapore Armed Forces restricted area. Several historians have been down at the site, and an episode from then Television Corporation of Singapore (TCS) history documentary show, "Hey Singapore", was on the mysterious Shinto Shrine. Since then, the Singapore Government has erected the place as "Historical Site". No plans have been indicated to restore the site, on speculations of angry responses from the People Republic of China (PRC) and abroad.

paragraphs: The Japanese war dead were brought back to the controversial Yasukuni Shrine, while the remains of the British troops were instituted at the British Commonwealth's Kranji War Memorial in Singapore. Nothing of the Syonan-to Shinto shrine remains, except for the Holy Cleansing Pond and several Japanese stone pavements left at the site.

paragraphs: After the Japanese Occupation, the farms and plantations in Bukit Timah gave way to industrial buildings and high-rise flats. In the 1960s and 1970s, Bukit Timah was a major industrial center. Today, these have been replaced with luxury bungalows, terraces and condominiums, making Bukit Timah Singapore's premier residential district.

paragraphs: The Bukit Timah area is a particularly prominent location with a high land value. The area of Bukit Timah has an extensive flora and forest compared to the parts of Singapore, and contains Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, which is partially responsible for its high land value. The nature reserve was established in 1883.

paragraphs: The Bukit Timah Race Course, a Thoroughbred horse racing facility, was opened in 1933 and operated until 1999.

paragraphs: The nearby area houses many bungalows, traditionally expensive in land-scarce Singapore, as well as high rise condominiums. Many expatriates and well heeled Singaporeans tend to stay in this region. The rise in land prices has led to development of new condominiums. For example, the Copthorne Orchid Hotel in Dunearn Road is being redeveloped into condominiums for sale.

paragraphs: This region was later extended and Upper Bukit Timah (District 21) was formed. The Keretapi Tanah Melayu from Malaysia has a passing loop station here along its rail network from Johor Bahru to Tanjong Pagar.


title: Rossall

paragraphs: Rossall is a suburb of the town of Fleetwood on the Fylde coast in Lancashire, England.


title: Armenia-Turkey relations

paragraphs: Armenia and Turkey's relations have been strained for a number of years mostly concerning the Nagorno-Karabakh area and Armenias claim of genocide by the Ottoman Empire. Turkey also has taken a stand for Azerbaijan in their conflict. However, on October 10, 2009 both Turkey and Armenia signed an accord that aimed to lead to a new relationship between the two countries and an opening of the borders. However, those diplomatic efforts to ease the relations have stopped, as Armenia suspended the process.


title: Lytham St Annes

paragraphs: Lytham St Annes () is a seaside resort area in Lancashire, England. It is on the coast of the Fylde district. It is next to Blackpool.


title: Poulton-le-Fylde

paragraphs: Poulton-le-Fylde is a town in the Wyre borough of Lancashire, England. As of 2001, 19,480 people lived there.


title: Coppa Italia

paragraphs: Coppa Italia is an annual Italian football cup competition. The 2017 Coppa Italia was played between Lazio and Juventus at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome, Italy, which saw Juventus winning by 2-0.


title: Anna Anka

paragraphs: Anna Anka born April 28, 1971 in Poland is an American model, actress and author and wife of singer Paul Anka. Anna Anka – earlier Anna Åberg – was born in Poland and was later adopted to a Swedish family in Bjuv, Skåne. In 1993 she left Sweden for the U.S and appeared in movies like "Dumb and Dumber" and "Drop Zone", she also appeared twice in the TV-series Baywatch. During late 2009 she appeared in the Swedish reality show ("Svenska Hollywoodfruar") which followed three Swedish women who had left Sweden for a life in Hollywood. Anka received American citizenship in 2009.


title: Super Sweet 16: The Movie

paragraphs: Super Sweet 16: The Movie is an MTV television movie, based on the series "My Super Sweet 16".


title: Stacy Schiff

paragraphs: Stacy Madeleine Schiff (born October 26, 1960) is a Pulitzer Prize-winning American nonfiction author and guest columnist for "The New York Times".

paragraphs: Schiff is a graduate of Phillips Academy. She earned her degree from Williams College in 1982. She was a Senior Editor at Simon & Schuster until 1990. Her stories have been published in "The New Yorker", "The New York Times Book Review" and "The Times Literary Supplement".

paragraphs: Schiff has received fellowships from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities.

paragraphs: Schiff won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for her biography of Vera Nabokov, wife and muse of "Lolita" and "Pale Fire" author Vladimir Nabokov. She was also a in the final running for the 1995 Pulitzer Prize for "Saint-Exupéry: A Biography" about Antoine de Saint Exupéry.

paragraphs: Schiff's A Great Improvisation: Franklin, France, and the Birth of America won the 2006 George Washington Book Prize, the Ambassador Award in American Studies, and the Institut Français’s Gilbert Chinard Prize.

paragraphs: Schiff has received fellowships from the Guggenheim Foundation and the National Endowment of the Humanities, and was a Director’s Fellow at the Center for Scholars and Writers at the New York Public Library. She was awarded a 2006 Academy Award in Literature from the American Academy of Arts and Letters.

paragraphs: Currently a guest writer at "The New York Times", Schiff resides in New York City and Edmonton, Alberta.

paragraphs: Schiff wrote a "New Yorker" profile of Wikipedia ("Know It All" column, July 31, 2006), the correction of which in February 2007 sparked the Essjay controversy.


title: Tenure

paragraphs: Tenure is normally used for jobs, usually academic high-ranking jobs like professors. It is to protect professors who are teaching something that their employer, the university, might not agree with. Tenure means that these people cannot be fired without a very good reason- the job is for life. The reason for tenure is to help professors be bold about what they teach and research, so that new ideas will be developed. Or a teacher can also have a tenure. It depends how long their term has to be.

paragraphs: Sometimes judges also get tenure. This is so that they can make decisions based on the evidence, even if this means saying that the government, which is their employer, is wrong.


Toshinobu Katsuya


Mitsunori Yoshida