title: New Age

paragraphs: The New Age, also called the New Age movement is a kind of spiritual belief and way of life held by some westerners. It is not an organized religion. They believe in religious pluralism- that people are free to decide what they believe and how they use it in their lives. They pick and mix what they believe with bits taken from both eastern and western culture and religions. They make their own decisions about what God is and how they worship God, if they even believe in God at all. New Age people often meditate, sometimes to seek their own contact with God.

paragraphs: There are many authors who describe how they see the New Age in books. There is also New Age music which tends to be calm and relaxing.

paragraphs: New Age people do all believe that a new future time is coming in which people will be more aware of their own special spiritual nature and this will make the world a different and better place.

paragraphs: New Age: A Collection of Thought Systems

paragraphs: New Age is a compilation of metaphysical, Eastern-influenced thought systems. These thought systems unite theology, nature, and philosophy. This movement comprises countless "theologies" that often center on religious tolerance and moral diversity. The main phrases (or "isms") that reveal the focal point of New Age thought are "feel-goodism" (do whatever feels good, as long as you are not hurting someone else), "moral relativism" (situational ethics), and "pluralism" (universal tolerance). The phrase "New Age" refers to the "Aquarian Age" which, according to New Age supporters, is now beginning. This Age is expected to bring in peace and enlightenment, as well as reunite humans with "god." New Age doctrine says that humans are currently estranged from god due to a lack of insight concerning god's real nature and reality. In New Age understanding, mankind is central. Humans are considered to be divine, as co-creators, and as the ultimate hope for the future of the world. Although New Age is generally tolerant of almost any world religion or philosophy, it is opposed to the "narrow-mindedness" of Christianity that teaches Jesus Christ is the only way to eternal salvation. New Age philosophy is complicated to define because there is no centralized hierarchy, doctrine, or membership. At its foundation, the New Age movement is a religious system with two main doctrines: Evolutionary Godhood and Global Unity.

paragraphs: New Age: The Doctrine of Evolutionary Godhood

paragraphs: Generally, New Age thought supports the theory of organic evolution, but extends the concept to the evolution of the spirit. This is the concept of "Evolutionary Godhood," where the next step in evolution won't be physical, but spiritual. The principles of evolution are constantly moving mankind toward god-consciousness, where man and reality connect in unified enlightenment. The "fittest" already understand this reality, while the "unfit" (such as Christians and other proponents of dogmatic worldviews) act as a hindrance to evolutionary forces. Many New Age practices are designed to accelerate the evolutionary push into the spiritual realms. These practices include: (i) astral projection, which is training your soul to leave your body and travel around; (ii) channeling spirits, so they may speak through you or guide you; (iii) crystal usage, which purifies the energy systems of your body and mind; and (iv) visualization techniques, which include everything from basic mental imagery to role playing of animals or divine creatures. In a nutshell, Evolutionary Godhood means that mankind will soon see itself as god. This is often referred to as the "Christ principle" or "Christ consciousness." New Age teaches that we are basically good and inherently divine, and ultimately, we can create our own reality.

paragraphs: The second major doctrine of the New Age movement is "Global Unity." This concept typically consists of three parts:

paragraphs: Man Unified With Man. One New Age principle is that we will all realize our proper divine relationship with one another and achieve pure harmony through the acceptance of this divine knowledge. With relational harmony comes economic unity. With economic unity, we can achieve political unity (a single world government) and spiritual unity (a one world religion).

paragraphs: Man Unified With Nature. Another New Age principle is that god is everything, and everything is god. Therefore, nature is also part of god. We must be in harmony with nature. We must nurture it and be nurtured by it. Mankind is no different than any other animal. We must live in harmony with them, understand them, and learn from them. Actually, many in the New Age movement refer to the union of earth and nature as "Gaia." Gaia is revered, respected, and even worshipped as a god by some. American Indian rituals are also popular in the New Age movement because they focus on the elements of nature and man's relationship to them.

paragraphs: Man Unified With God. Since man is divine by nature, all people can realize their "divinity" and contribute to the unified purpose of man, earth and nature. The ultimate goal in life is to fully realize our own divine goodness. The New Age god is impersonal and omnipresent. He (it) has not revealed himself (itself) to mankind, and therefore, mankind is not accountable to any notions of moral law or absolute truth. There is no objective morality in the New Age philosophy. We should have tolerance for all systems of truth, meaning and purpose. We should create a world of pure relativism, where morality and religion are strictly relative to each person's individual notion of reality itself.


title: Tilia nasczokinii

paragraphs: Tilia nasczokinii (Nasczokin's linden or Nasczokin's lime) is a shrub or tree in the family Malvaceae. The species is rare, and grows in Siberia, Russia. Its habitat is coniferous "Pinus sylvestris" forests. It is deciduous, and grows up to 20 m. high.

paragraphs: The species was named after Vladimir D. Nashchokin (), a Russian botanist.

paragraphs: "Tilia nasczokinii" is a mesophyte, shade-tolerant, entomophylous plant.

paragraphs: Leaves are cordate, ovate, or broadly ovate, their length is 5—15 cm. Inflorescens 1-3-flowered. Flowers are small, white-yellow, their diameter is 0.8—1 cm, stigmata are stellate. Ovary is stripe-hairy. Long hairs and short hairs are in longitudinal, alternating rows. Young ovary with white hairs, mature ovary with rusty hairs. A fruit is flat-spherical.


title: Chendo

paragraphs: Chendo (born 12 October, 1961) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Madrid and Spain national team.


title: Manuel Jiménez Jiménez

paragraphs: Manuel Jiménez Jiménez (born 21 January, 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Genar Andrinúa

paragraphs: Genar Andrinúa (born 9 May, 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo

paragraphs: Manuel Sanchís Hontiyuelo (born 23 May, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Madrid and Spain national team. His father was Manuel Sanchís Martínez.


title: Rafael Martín Vázquez

paragraphs: Rafael Martín Vázquez (born 25 September, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Miguel Pardeza

paragraphs: Miguel Pardeza (born 8 February, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Quique Sánchez Flores

paragraphs: Quique Sánchez Flores (born 2 February 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Fernando Gómez Colomer

paragraphs: Fernando Gómez Colomer (born 11 September, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Francisco Villarroya

paragraphs: Francisco Villarroya (born 6 August, 1966) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Juan Carlos Ablanedo

paragraphs: Juan Carlos Ablanedo (born 2 September, 1963) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Sporting Gijón and Spain national team.


title: Alberto Górriz

paragraphs: Alberto Górriz (born 16 February, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Sociedad and Spain national team.


title: Roberto Fernández Bonillo

paragraphs: Roberto Fernández Bonillo (born 5 July 1962) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Rafael Paz

paragraphs: Rafael Paz (born August 2, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Manolo

paragraphs: Manolo (born 17 January, 1965) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: José Manuel Ochotorena

paragraphs: José Manuel Ochotorena (born 16 January, 1961) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Ron McGovney

paragraphs: Ron McGovney (born November 2, 1963) was Metallica's first bassist before Cliff Burton. He was only in the band for one demo recording and then left the band due to personal issues with the other members.


title: Tyrannosauridae

paragraphs: Tyrannosauridae is a taxonomic family of theropods. These dinosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous have been found only in North America and Asia. They lived in the later part of the period, 88 to 65 million years ago.


title: Kyle Martino

paragraphs: Kyle Martino was born on February 19, 1981 in Atlanta, Georgia. He is an American soccer player who has played for the Columbus Crew, Manchester United and the Los Angeles Galaxy.


title: US Airways Flight 1549

paragraphs: US Airways Flight 1549 was an airplane flight that landed in the Hudson River in New York City on January 15, 2009. The plane was on a commercial flight with 155 people on board and had left LaGuardia Airport six minutes earlier, but it had to land after a flock of birds hit its engines. The event was remarkable because no one died. Because of this, the event was called the Miracle on the Hudson. In 2016 a film was made recreating the crash. The film is named "Sully", after the plane's main pilot Chesley "Sully" Sullenberger.

paragraphs: The plane took off from LaGuardia Airport at 3:26 pm. It was going to fly to Charlotte, North Carolina, and then it would fly onwards to Seattle, Washington state. Two minutes after the plane left the ground, it flew into a flock of Canada geese. Some of the geese were sucked into the plane's two engines. Both engines stopped working. The pilots, Chesley Sullenberger and Jeffrey Skiles, realized that they needed to land the plane as soon as possible. They thought about heading back to LaGuardia Airport or trying to land at Teterboro Airport in New Jersey. They decided that they could not land at an airport and instead they would have to land the plane in the river. This was also dangerous for two reasons. Firstly, the plane would break apart if it hit the water too quickly or if it hit something else. Secondly, the passengers would drown if they were not rescued quickly, as it would be hard to swim in the cold river.

paragraphs: The pilots landed the plane in the river at 3:31 pm. The plane started to slowly fill with water and sink. The passengers climbed out onto the wings and life rafts of the plane. Sullenberger had landed the plane near some boats, and the first boats reached the plane a few minutes after the landing. The boats rescued the passengers and crew. By 3:55 pm, everyone had been rescued. They were taken to both sides of the river. 24 passengers and two rescuers had to go to a hospital, but most of them left the hospitals before the end of the day.

paragraphs: The National Transportation Safety Board investigated the event. In May 2010, they released a report which said that Sullenberger had made the right decision. The plane is now on display in the Carolinas Aviation Museum in Charlotte.


title: Drum and bass

paragraphs: Drum and bass (also known as D&B or DnB) is a form of electronic dance music. It began in the 1990s in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: It usually has a certain tempo and heavy bass. Disc jockeys sometimes play this music.


title: John F. Kennedy International Airport

paragraphs: John F. Kennedy International Airport is an international airport. It is on Long Island, in Queens County, New York in southeastern New York City about 12 miles (19 km) from Lower Manhattan. More people who fly into or out of the United States fly though this airport than any other. Also, the most air cargo is brought into or out of the United States through this airport.

paragraphs: The airport is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which also runs the two other major airports in the New York area, Newark Liberty International Airport and LaGuardia Airport. JFK airport is the base of operations for JetBlue Airways. It is also a major international airline hub for Delta Air Lines and American Airlines. Ninety airlines operate out of JFK.


title: Otto Klemperer

paragraphs: Otto Klemperer (born Breslau, 14 May 1885; died Zürich, 6 July 1973) was a German-born conductor and composer. He is thought of as one of the greatest conductors of the 20th century.

paragraphs: Klemperer was born in Breslau, Silesia, which was then in Germany, but is now called Wrocław in Poland. He was born into a Jewish family. He studied music at the Conservatory in Frankfurt am Main, and then went to Berlin where he studied conducting and composition with Hans Pfitzner. In 1905 he met Gustav Mahler who was very impressed with him.

paragraphs: He recommended him for the job of conductor at the German Opera in Prague. He soon got jobs in other places: Hamburg, Barmen, Strasbourg, Cologne and Wiesbaden. He was offered a job at the Berlin Staatsoper, but he did not want it because he thought he would not be able to do things there the way he wanted. However, four years later, in 1927, he took a job with a special branch of the Staatsoper which had been started in order to perform new music in modern (non-traditional) performances. They played in the Kroll Theatre. Klemperer became very famous for the performances that he conducted there.

paragraphs: The Kroll Theatre had been started by politicians who supported the Weimar Republic. They wanted opera to be different from the traditional operas that were performed in the Theatre Unter den Linden supported by the monarchy. The operas that Klemperer conducted there included Leoš Janáček's "From the House of the Dead", Arnold Schönberg's "Erwartung", Igor Stravinsky's "Oedipus Rex", and Paul Hindemith's "Cardillac".

paragraphs: By 1931 the political situation had changed and the Kroll Opera was shut down. By 1933 the Nazis had gained power and Klemperer left Germany and went to the United States where he took U.S. nationality. He became conductor of the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra (1933-39) and also conducted the New York Philharmonic Orchestra, the Philadelphia Orchestra and the Pittsburg Orchestra. However he was not happy in the United States where the musical culture and music critics were largely out of sympathy with his Weimar modernism and he felt he was not properly valued. He hoped for a permanent position as lead conductor in New York or Philadelphia. But in 1936 he was passed over in both - first in Philadelphia, where Eugene Ormandy succeeded Stokowski at the Philadelphia Orchestra, and then in New York, where Toscanini's departure left a vacancy at the New York Philharmonic but John Barbirolli and Artur Rodzinski were engaged in preference to Klemperer. The New York decision was particularly galling, as Klemperer had been engaged to conduct the first fourteen weeks of the New York Philharmonic's 1935-6 season. Klemperer's bitterness at this decision was voiced in a letter he wrote to Arthur Judson, who ran the orchestra: "that the society did not re-engage me is the strongest offense, the sharpest insult to me as artist, which I can imagine. You see, I am no youngster. I have a name and a good name. One could not use me in a most difficult season and then expel me. This non-reengagement will have very bad results not only for me in New York but in the whole world... This non-reengagement is an absolutely unjustified wrong done to me by the Philharmonic Society."

paragraphs: In 1939 he had a serious illness and was operated on for a brain tumour. For some time he was not well enough to work. Then from 1947 to 1950 he returned to Europe to conduct the Budapest Opera. In the early 1950s Klemperer experienced difficulties arising from his U.S. citizenship. American union policies made it difficult for him to record in Europe, while his left wing views made him increasingly unpopular with the State Department and FBI. In 1952 the United States refused to renew his passport.

paragraphs: In 1954 Klemperer again returned to Europe, becoming conductor of the Philharmonia Orchestra in London. He took German nationality. By this time Furtwängler was dead and Toscanini had retired, so Klemperer was thought of as the greatest conductor of German music. He was given a recording contract by EMI. His concerts and many recordings with the Philharmonia brought him world-wide recognition. He lived in Switzerland but spent much time in London conducting.

paragraphs: Klemperer became an Israeli citizen in 1970. He retired from conducting in 1971 and died in Zürich in 1973, aged 88.

paragraphs: Klemperer’s performances that we have on record show us that he was a musician who understood the shape of a musical work perfectly. He often chose slow speeds, but the music could sound very heroic. His health problems included manic depression which made him sometimes very difficult to work with. He also had a bad fall in Montreal. From then onwards he always had to sit down to conduct. He also burnt himself badly because he was smoking in bed, and he tried to put out the flames with a glass of whisky which made the fire worse.

paragraphs: Klemperer is less well known as a composer, but he wrote a number of works, although he hardly ever performed them and most of them are now forgotten.


title: Stamford Hill railway station

paragraphs: Stamford Hill railway station is in Travelcard Zone 3, on the Seven Sisters branch of the Lea Valley Lines. The station, and all trains serving it, is operated by London Overground. The entrance hall of the station on Amhurst Park is in the London Borough of Hackney, but the platform area is in Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey in north east London.


title: Aum Shinrikyo

paragraphs: Aum Shinrikyo is a Japanese cult movement founded by Shoko Asahara which carried out a terrorist attack on a Tokyo subway in 1995. Although it claims to be a new religious movement, several governments regard it as a terrorist movement.

paragraphs: Aum members used a poisonous gas called Sarin for their attack. In five attacks, they released sarin on several lines of the Tokyo subway. This killed thirteen people, and severely injured fifty. It caused temporary vision problems for nearly a thousand others.

paragraphs: After the event, the movement renamed itself "Aleph". Aum Shinrikyo had been formally designated a terrorist organization by several entities, including Canada, and the United States.

paragraphs: On 10 October 1995, Aum Shinrikyo was ordered to be stripped of its official status as a "religious legal entity" and was declared bankrupt in early 1996. However the group continues to operate under the constitutional guarantee of freedom of religion. It is funded by a successful computer business and donations, and is kept under strict surveillance. Attempts to ban the group altogether under the 1952 Subversive Activities Prevention Law were rejected by the Public Security Examination Commission in January 1997.

paragraphs: In April 2011 the Public Security Intelligence Agency stated that Aum currently had about 1,500 members. At the end of July 2011 the cult reported its membership as 1,030. The group was reportedly active in trying to recruit new members among Japan's youth via social media websites and proselytizing on college campuses.


title: Elysian Valley, Los Angeles

paragraphs: Elysian Valley is a neighborhood of the city of Los Angeles, California. It was originally called "Gopher Flats" when it was first built. Today, it is sometimes known as "Frogtown" for the many frogs that come in from the nearby Los Angeles River. There are also neighborhoods in Los Angeles called Elysian Park and Elysian Heights. They are separated from Elysian Valley by Interstate 5


title: Glen Canyon

paragraphs: Glen Canyon is a canyon that runs from Utah to Arizona, in the United States. It was carved by the Colorado River, which flows to the Pacific Ocean many miles away. Most of it is flooded by Lake Powell, created by the Glen Canyon Dam. The reservoir is highly controversial, and in recent years many environmentalism groups have called for its removal.


title: Woodstock, Ontario

paragraphs: Woodstock is a city and the county seat of Oxford County, Ontario in southwestern Ontario, Canada. Woodstock is 128 km southwest of Toronto, north of Highway 401 (Ontario) along the historic Thames River (Ontario). It is known as the Dairy Capital of Canada and promotes itself as "The Friendly City." In 2006, 35,480 people lived in Woodstock.

paragraphs: The community was first settled in 1800 after it was determined by Sir John Graves Simcoe, governor of what was then known as Upper Canada, that the area would make a good townsite. The early settlers were American immigrants from New York state. Increased immigration from Great Britain followed in the 1820s and 1830s. Woodstock was incorporated as a town in 1851 and a city in 1901.

paragraphs: Vansittart Avenue (named after Admiral Henry Vansittart, an early settler) in Woodstock's west end has one of the finest residential Victorian streetscapes in the province. Woodstock has a community center that hosts hockey games in addition to many social gatherings.

paragraphs: The city government, Woodstock City Council, consists of four city councillors and two city and county councillors. Trevor Birtch is the current mayor, following a hard fought and demanding campaign. Oxford Centre is the district in which Woodstock is included when voting in federal elections. Currently, the MP of Oxford is Dave MacKenzie (of the Conservative party).

paragraphs: On August 7, 1979, the Woodstock area was hit by three tornadoes, two of which registered at least F4 on the Fujita Scale. On the west side of town along Ingersoll Road, a Dominion Food Store was heavily damaged while the tornadoes skipped over every other home and business. Dickson's Florist was wiped out and the Fry home was moved on its foundation. Father Grondziel of the new Polish Roman Catholic Church, next to the Dominion Food Store, had just stepped into the washroom when one of the tornadoes passed by and took off the roof of the church and everything in the room he had just been in. No one on the street was injured and the cleanup took many weeks. On the south side, the buildings of the Maranatha Christian Reformed Church and the John Knox Christian School were destroyed, and the only fatality occurred when a vehicle on Highway 401 was blown off the road and the lone occupant killed.

paragraphs: One of Woodstock's most notable historic sites is Old St. Paul's Church, the mother church of the Anglican Communion in Oxford County. The church was built in 1834. It is near the intersection of Huron and Dundas Streets. It used as a temporary jail during the rebellion of 1837. The church is a beautiful, brick cruciform structure surrounded by Woodstock's oldest cemetery. It has original box pews and dozens of memorial tablets commemorating prominent Woodstock citizens.

paragraphs: The "Springbank Snow Countess" was commemorated by a life-size statue (designed by acclaimed Oxford County agricultural artist Ross Butler) which is on the corner of Dundas and Springbank.

paragraphs: This bell iron and lead statue was made to honour a record-setting milk production by a Holstein (Friesian) cow named Snow Countess.

paragraphs: The statue was first unveiled on August 4, 1937 by the Holstein Frisian Association of Canada. Snow Countess was born on November 18, 1919 and died at age 16 on August 9, 1936. During her lifetime, she produced 9,062 pounds of butterfat, impressive at the time. The statue and granite base cost $4,000 to design and erect.

paragraphs: The cow has become an important symbol to Woodstock and is used in many cultural events, such as the annual Cowapalooza Festival.

paragraphs: Construction was started on the dam in 1964 and officially completed in 1967. The cost of the dam and land base at that time was close to $6 million. Present annual maintenance costs are about $40,000.

paragraphs: The Pittock Dam is designed for both flood control and flow augmentation purposes. It is designed to benefit water quality downstream during dry summer conditions and provide year round flood control capability to protect downstream communities.

paragraphs: The Woodstock Airport is 2.5 nautical miles (4.6 km) west of Woodstock.

paragraphs: In June 2005, Toyota, the world's second largest automaker, announced plans to build a new, $800 million automobile assembly plant in Woodstock on a 1,000-acre (4 km²) undeveloped undeveloped site in the city's northeast end. The plant was expected to employ 2000 people and begin full production of the Toyota RAV4 SUV in November 2008, at the rate of 150,000 a year. However, due to the recent economic problems and the slowing car sales, Toyota announced that production would be cut by 50% to 75,000 a year and the work force shrunk 40% to 1200 people. Fortunately the other 800 workers are expected to be recalled when car sales increase. It was the first new auto assembly plant to be built in Canada in two decades.

paragraphs: Late in 2008, the plant began producing vehicles, and on December 4, a ceremony attended by Ontario and federal government representatives as well as top Toyota executives, took place to celebrate its official opening.

paragraphs: Early in March 2006, Hino Motors, a Toyota Motor Co. subsidiary, announced that it will be the first Japanese truck manufacturer to build its vehicles in Canada with a new Woodstock plant slated to begin production in April 2006, in the former General Seating plant in the Pattullo Ridge Business Park near Highway 401 and Highway 59.

paragraphs: The $3 million, 120,000 square foot (11,000 m²) plant will employ 45 and assemble 2,000 trucks a year when it begins production.

paragraphs: In late November 2008 the Hino Motors automotive plant was completed.

paragraphs: Other Major Industries in Woodstock include:

paragraphs: Vuteq Canada Inc (automotive parts supplier)

paragraphs: General Motors (national parts distribution center)

paragraphs: A major Canadian piano and organ and reed organ company operated under the name of Woodstock Organ Company for many years of the early twentieth century. It was owned by D W Karn, who was at one time mayor of Woodstock. Karn had previously operated an organ and piano manufacturing company under his own name.

paragraphs: Woodstock has one daily newspaper owned by Sun Media Corporation, the "Woodstock Sentinel-Review".

paragraphs: There are three licensed FM radio stations:

paragraphs: The city also has a rebroadcaster of Toronto television station Citytv, operating on channel 31 and primarily targeting London and surrounding towns.

paragraphs: Intercity transportation includes a VIA Rail train station and a Greyhound Lines of Canada intercity bus depot.

paragraphs: Local public transit service is available daily except Sunday on six routes. No service is provided after 18:30.

paragraphs: Provincial Highway 401 is at the south and east edges of the city, with the junction of Highway 403 east of the urban area. Many Oxford County highways and other roads radiate from Woodstock.


title: Nortel

paragraphs: Nortel was a large Canadian telecommunications company and one of the oldest technology companies. It was founded in Montreal. The company started making phones in 1895 and the company was called Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company.

paragraphs: At the end of the 20th century Nortel had over ninety thousand employees. Nortel's value formed thirty percent of the capital of the Toronto Stock Exchange.

paragraphs: Nortel filed for bankruptcy in 2009. In 2020 the Vancouver Sun speculated that corporate espionage by Huawei caused Nortel’s failure.


title: North Magnetic Pole

paragraphs: The North Magnetic Pole is one of two places on the Earth where its magnetic field points vertically downwards. The other is the South Magnetic Pole.

paragraphs: At any other place on earth, the magnetic field points to the North Magnetic Pole. This is why a compass works to find where north is.

paragraphs: The North Magnetic Pole is not identical to the North Pole, which is the geographic north pole. It wanders slowly. In 2001, a team of scientists estimated that the North Magnetic Pole is near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at . It was estimated to be at in 2005. As of 2015, the pole is thought to have moved east beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to .

paragraphs: Because the North Magnetic Pole is different from the North Pole, a compass does not always point straight north. But usually the difference is small.

paragraphs: Because the Earth's magnetic field is not symmetrical, the South Magnetic Pole is not directly opposite. A line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the centre of the Earth.


title: Upper Canada College

paragraphs: Upper Canada College (UCC) is a private lower grades and high school for boys in Toronto, Canada. Students between senior kindergarten and grade twelve study under the International Baccalaureate program.

paragraphs: Founded in 1829, UCC is the oldest independent school in the province of Ontario, and the third oldest in the country. It is described as a prestigious preparatory school in Canada, having many of Canada's prominent graduates. Modelled on the British public school system, throughout the first part of its history the college both influenced and was influenced by government. It has maintained a good reputation from its founding.

paragraphs: Today, UCC is fully independent and the students and faculty are more diverse in terms of cultural and economic backgrounds. A link to the Royal Family is maintained through Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, who is the college's Official Visitor, and a member of the Board of Governors.


title: First Canadian Place

paragraphs: First Canadian Place is a skyscraper in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. At 298 metres, or 978 feet (355 metres with antenna included), it is Canada's tallest skyscraper and the eleventh tallest building in North America. It is the third tallest free-standing structure in Canada, after CN Tower, also in Toronto, and the Inco Superstack in Sudbury, Ontario.

paragraphs: First Canadian Place is located in Toronto's financial district at the northwest corner of King and Bay streets, the centre of Canadian financial industry. It is home to the Toronto headquarters of the Bank of Montreal, the oldest Canadian bank (hence the 'first').


paragraphs: The Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSEC or CSE) (French: Centre de la sécurité des télécommunications Canada) (CSTC or CST) is the Canadian government's national signals intelligence agency. It is under the command of the Department of National Defence (DND), it keeps track of foreign signals intelligence (SIGINT), and protecting Canadian government electronic information and communication networks. The CSEC is reports to the Minister of National Defence through two deputy ministers, one of whom is responsible for Administration, the other Policy and Operations. The CSEC was created in 1946, as the Communications Branch of the National Research Council. It became part of the DND in 1975. The CSEC is a very secret organization, and were only revealed when the CBC did a report on them. People were amazed that the CSEC existed. CSEC is part of ECHELON, and works with agencies from the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand and the United States.


title: Government Communications Headquarters

paragraphs: The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) is a British intelligence agency. Its work continues that of the Bletchley Park team.

paragraphs: GCHQ collects, analyses and passes on signals from many parts of the world. This is called "signals intelligence" (SIGINT). It would include all forms of free-to-air signals plus many interceptions of covert communication. Computers scan the signals for key words of phrases, and flag any which contain key words.

paragraphs: The second job of GCHQ is to crack the cyphers (codes) of sources it is interested in. It is this part of the work which Bletchley Park used to do. It also arranges for our own secret transmissions to be coded securely. This is the world of cryptography, ways and means of getting into other people's secrets, and keeping our secrets secure. This is done by CESG (Communications-Electronics Security Group).

paragraphs: As an organisation, GCHQ is under the guidance of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC). GCHQ was started after the First World War as the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS or GC&CS), by which name it was known until 1946. As part of ECHELON, it works with Intelligence agencies from other allied countries.


title: Canadian Forces

paragraphs: The Canadian Forces (CF) (French: Forces canadiennes; FC), is the army, air force, and navy of Canada, commanded by a single structure, unlike the United States.

paragraphs: Under the National Defence Act, "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of one Service called the Canadian Armed Forces." The Commander in Chief of the Canadian Forces is the Head of State of Canada, Queen Elizabeth II, represented by the Governor General of Canada, David Lloyd Johnston. The Chief of the Defence Staff (or CDS), the senior professional member of the service, is General Thomas J. Lawson. The CDS answers to a politician, the Minister of National Defence, who is currently Robert Nicholson of the Conservative Party.

paragraphs: The Canadian Forces is composed of 67,000 personnel (soldiers, sailors, and airmen/airwomen). Every unit accepts male and female soldiers, if they qualify for the position. The CF is divided in seven main branches, which are called "commands".

paragraphs: The Environmental branches (called Commands) are mainly administrative structures. They manage the personnel, the equipment and the facilities, but not the operations. There are three commands in the Canadian Forces, because there are no Marines. All the commands work very closely with each other, for example, the Air Force provides helicopters to both the Navy and the Army. These commands also each have a reserve element, made of part-time employees.

paragraphs: This is the army of Canada and the largest branch of the CF. It uses tanks and other armoured vehicles, such as the LAV III, as well as artillery, engineering vehicles, and a variety of weapons, such as the Colt Canada C7 rifle.

paragraphs: This is the navy of Canada. It has 33 active warships including submarines, frigates and destroyers.

paragraphs: AIRCOM is the air force of Canada. It operates a variety of helicopters and airplanes to support the army and the navy, and also has CF-18 fighters.

paragraphs: The Operational commands are responsible for specific types of operations or for conducting exercises or deployments. There are four operational commands.

paragraphs: The CANSOFCOM is responsible for providing special forces and asymmetric warfare capabilities to Canada. It is the smallest command of the Canadian Forces, and is composed of four joint units that do not answer to either the Army, Navy or Air Force. These units are the Joint Task Force 2, the Canadian Special Operations Regiment, the 427th Special Aviation Squadron and the Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit (CBRN).

paragraphs: This is the command responsible for managing foreign operations and deployments outside of Canada, such as Canada's contribution to the War in Afghanistan.

paragraphs: Canada Command works with the United States Northern Command to ensure national security and the defence of the North American continent. CANCOM also is responsible for emergency management, such as when the Army is needed to respond to disasters in Canada.

paragraphs: This command is responsible for supporting all the other commands with things such as logistics, engineering, health services, and the military police.

paragraphs: From the second half of the 20th century, the defence policy of Canada is made of these objectives :

paragraphs: During the Cold War, a major focus of the Canadian Forces was helping with the defence of Europe against the threat posed by the Soviet Union. Some Canadian soldiers lived in Europe during that time.

paragraphs: Today, the Canadian Forces goals are based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced by the conservative government of Stephen Harper. The new goals and objectives are being able to do the following :


title: Canadian Security Intelligence Service

paragraphs: The Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) (French: Service Canadien du renseignement de sécurité) (SCRS) is the main intelligence agency of the Canadian government. It is responsible for collecting, analyzing and reporting intelligence on threats to Canada's national security, and conducting operations, covert and overt, within Canada and abroad.

paragraphs: Its headquarters are located at 1941 Ogilvie Road, in Ottawa, Ontario, in a purpose-built facility completed in 1995. CSIS (pronounced /ˈsiːsɪs/) is responsible to Parliament through the Minister of Public Safety, but is also overseen by the Federal Court system, the Inspector General of Canada, and the Security Intelligence Review Committee.

paragraphs: CSIS is a spy agency, similar to the CIA in the United States.


title: Tomás Reñones

paragraphs: Tomás Reñones (born 9 August, 1960) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Antonio Maceda

paragraphs: Antonio Maceda (born 16 May, 1957) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Víctor Muñoz

paragraphs: Víctor Muñoz (born 15 March, 1957) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Rafael Gordillo

paragraphs: Rafael Gordillo (born 24 February, 1957) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Juan Antonio Señor

paragraphs: Juan Antonio Señor (born 26 August, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Francisco José Carrasco

paragraphs: Francisco José Carrasco (born 6 March, 1959) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Julio Alberto Moreno

paragraphs: Julio Alberto Moreno (born 7 October, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Quique Setién

paragraphs: Quique Setién (born 27 September, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team. He has been the manager of the C.D. Lugo since 2009.


title: Javier Urruticoechea

paragraphs: Javier Urruticoechea (born 17 November, 1952) used to be a Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Ricardo Gallego

paragraphs: Ricardo Gallego (born 8 February, 1959) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Hipólito Rincón

paragraphs: Hipólito Rincón (born 28 April, 1957) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Francisco López Alfaro

paragraphs: Francisco López Alfaro (born 1 November 1962) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Ramon Maria Calderé

paragraphs: Ramon Maria Calderé (born 16 January, 1959) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Eloy

paragraphs: Eloy (born 10 July, 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Miguel Muñoz

paragraphs: Miguel Muñoz (19 January 1922 – 16 July 1990) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Runes

paragraphs: Runes are very old letters which Germanic people used before they started using Latin letters in the Middle Ages. In its broadest sense, the word "runes" can mean any cryptic letters, but it usually means the alphabets used by Scandinavian people from about the year 150 CE to the Middle Ages. The oldest of these is called the "Elder Fuþark", used from about 150 to 800 CE. Around the year 800 the runes changed into the "Younger Fuþark", and these were used until about 1100, when the Latin alphabet replaced them. The Anglo-Saxon runes were used about the same time (400-1100) in Britain. The Scandinavian runes are called "Fuþark" because the first six letters in the runic alphabet are ᚠ ᚢ ᚦ ᚨ ᚱ ᚲ (F U Þ A R K). The Anglo-Saxon runes are called "Fuþorc" because they are a little different.

paragraphs: Runes are found carved into stones (called runestones) in many places in Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway and Sweden), and in the British Isles, Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands and Frisia. Runes have been used for writing poems and eulogies, and they are still sometimes used to write ciphers. Runes were also used by J. R. R. Tolkien in his fantasy works, which were based on Germanic mythology. Because of their association with Germanic mythology, runes were also used by the Nazis to support a new mysticism and a romantic sense of Germanic heritage. The rune ᚦ survived into the Middle Ages in the English language and to modern times in Icelandic as the letter þ (pronounced "th" as in "thing"). After the Norman conquest, this letter was replaced by the letters "th" because it was unknown to the French-speaking Normans. Similarly, the letter ð (pronounced "th" as in "this") was used in Old English and is still used in Icelandic, but it is from Irish, not from the runes.

paragraphs: When the runes were first used, the Germanic languages were not yet split into their modern branches; there was only one unified language (called "Proto-Germanic") with many regional dialects. Each rune had a name, like our modern letters have names, but these very old names are no longer known. By their association with later letters, the old names of the runes have been reconstructed. The [*] before a rune's Proto-Germanic name means this is a reconstructed name. Not all runes were drawn the same way, however, and some of the runes and their names were different in some places.


title: Janko Prunk

paragraphs: Janko Prunk (), (born December 30, 1942) is a Slovenian historian of modern history. He has published articles and monographs on analytical politology, modern history, the genesis of modern political formations, and the history of social and political philosophy in Slovenia. He has also written on the history of political movements in Slovenia from the end of the 19th century until World War II, especially about Slovene Christian socialism and the history of Slovenian national questions.

paragraphs: Prunk was born in the small village of Loka pri Zidanem Mostu near the town of Sevnica in central Slovenia, in what was then the German-occupied Lower Styria. He graduated from University of Ljubljana in 1966 and obtained his master's degree from the same institution in 1972. He obtained his PhD in 1976 with thesis on the relationship between the Slovenian Christian Socialist movement and the Communist Party of Slovenia within the Liberation Front of the Slovenian People, which at the time was a somehow problematic topic. In 1984 and 1988, he was awarded the scholarships by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, which enabled him to continue his studies in Cologne and Freiburg. Later, he worked as a researcher at the University of Freiburg. From 1966 to 1995, he collaborated with the Institute for modern history in Ljubljana. He worked as professor at the Faculty for Social Sciences of the University of Ljubljana.

paragraphs: He has written on politology, modern history, modern political formations, and the history of social and political thought in Slovenia. He has also written on the history of political movements in Slovenia from the end of 19th century until World War II, especially with Slovene Christian socialism and the history of Slovenian national questions.

paragraphs: Prunk is a member of Leibniz Institute of European History in Mainz, and a senior member of the Center for European Integration Studies in Bonn.

paragraphs: Prunk has been actively involved in politics. As an early admirer of Jože Pučnik, he joined the Slovenian Social Democratic Union after the democratization of Slovenia. He was an active member of the Slovenian Democratic Party (known as Slovenian Social Democratic Party between 1989 and 2003). Between 1992 and 1993, he served as Minister for Slovenes outside Slovenia in the first coalition cabinet of Janez Drnovšek. Between 2004 and 2008, he served as chairman of the Party's internal Committee for Education Policies; he quit for disagreements over the Government policy favouring private universities. He became very critical of the then prime minister Janez Janša, whom he accused of being a "liberal with an authoritative touch" who aspires at becoming a "Slovenian Piłsudski".

paragraphs: From 1992 to 1993, he was the Minister without portfolio for Slovenes abroad in Slovenia in the centre-left government of Janez Drnovšek. In 2005, he was appointed by the Foreign Minister Dimitrij Rupel as president of the Slovene-Croatian Historical Commission, formed by the governments of the two countries to shed light on the history of the relations between the two nations.

paragraphs: Prunk has written over 500 specialized articles and books. His book "A brief history of Slovenia: Historical background of the Republic of Slovenia" is one of the basic full works on modern Slovenian history.


title: Washington and Lee University

paragraphs: Washington and Lee University is a private liberal arts college in Lexington, Virginia, United States.


title: Mojibake

paragraphs: Before Unicode was introduced, other character encodings were used. As an example, ISO-8859 contains 15 different encodings. These are the same for the characters commonly used in English. They have several "blocks" of "special characters", which are filed differently for each encoding.

paragraphs: Mojibake is a Japanese word. The word 文字化け () is composed of two parts. 文字 ("moji") means "letter", "character". 化け ("bake"), from the verb 化ける ("bakeru"), means "to appear in disguise, to take the form of, to change for the worse". Literally, it means "character mutation".


title: Chauffeur

paragraphs: A chauffeur is a person who drives a vehicle (car) as their job. The word can be used for anybody who drives as their job. Usually, it implies a driver of an elegant passenger vehicle (for example, a horse-drawn carriage, luxury sedan, motor coach, or especially a limousine). People who drive taxis, buses or non-passenger vehicles are generally referred to as "drivers" (as in "bus drivers" and "truck drivers").


title: Mauro Maur

paragraphs: Mauro Maur (born August 9, 1958) is an Italian trumpeter and composer.

paragraphs: Knight: "Cavaliere Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana": 2008


title: Visual cortex

paragraphs: The visual cortex is a part of the brain that allows vision. It is relatively thin – between 1.5mm and 2mm in humans. In monkeys and apes the visual cortex takes up much of their brain. Physically, the visual cortex is at the back of the brain in the occipital lobe.

paragraphs: David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel did research on the visual cortex for many years. They won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discoveries about information processing in the visual system.

paragraphs: Research on the primary visual cortex can involve recording action potentials from electrodes within the brain of cats, ferrets, rats, mice, or monkeys. Alternatively, signals can be recorded outside the animal by EEG, MEG, or fMRI. These techniques gather information without invading the brain.

paragraphs: The primary visual cortex (V1) is the best studied visual area in the brain. This is where the messages arrive from the lateral geniculate nuclei, which are relay stations for information from the retina. Each lateral geniculate nucleus gets signals from the "opposite" visual field.

paragraphs: Each V1 sends information to two primary pathways, called the ventral stream and the dorsal stream.


title: Driver's license

paragraphs: A driver's license, driver license, driver licence, or driving licence is an official document which states that a person may drive a motorized vehicle, such as a motorcycle, car, truck, or a bus.

paragraphs: Different countries have different laws as to whether or not a person can have a driver's license. In some places, a person must pass a driving test before he or she is given a driver's license, while in other places, a driving license is given before the person starts driving.

paragraphs: In Victoria, Australia (for example), to get a driving licence a person must:

paragraphs: There are fees to be paid to do the driving tests, and if successful, there are more fees to be paid for the licence. Many people get a Learner's permit before getting a license. The first licence may be a Probationary Licence, which has certain restrictions on what a driver can do. After four years, the driver will qualify for a full, unrestricted licence.


title: Asda

paragraphs: Asda Stores Ltd. is a British supermarket chain. It sells food, clothing, toys and general merchandise at a very cheap price. It became a subsidiary of the American retail giant Wal-Mart, the world’s largest store, in 1999. It is the largest chain in the UK beating Tesco.


title: Neofelis

paragraphs: The genus Neofelis contains two species, the clouded leopard ("N. nebulosa") and the Sunda clouded leopard ("N. diardi").


title: San Gabriel Mountains

paragraphs: The San Gabriel Mountains are a mountain range in southern California, in the United States. They are in both Los Angeles County and San Bernardino County. Mount San Antonio is the highest point in the mountains range, standing 10,064 feet (3,067 m) tall. The mountains separate the basin of Los Angeles in the south from the Mojave Desert in the north. The San Gabriel River and Los Angeles River are the major rivers that receive water from the mountains. California State Route 2 is the major highway that runs through the San Gabriel Mountains.


title: Video conference

paragraphs: Video conference refers to a communication over a distance between three or more people where video and audio is transmitted in near real-time. There are various software packages which make this possible.


title: Acryl

paragraphs: Acryl is a name for a number of chemical compounds that have an acrylic group, or of polymers of these compounds. Especially esters of acrylic acid are used to help make certain dyes and paints or as adhesives.

paragraphs: In organic chemistry, the acryloyl group is the functional group with structure HC=CH–C(=O)–; it is the acyl group derived from acrylic acid. The preferred IUPAC name for the group is prop-2-enoyl. It is also (less correctly) known as acrylyl or simply acryl. Compounds containing an acryloyl group can be referred to as "acrylic compounds".

paragraphs: An acrylic compound is typically an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound: it contains a carbon–carbon double bond and a carbon–oxygen double bond, separated by a carbon–carbon single bond. It has therefore the properties characteristic for both functional groups :

paragraphs: In addition, since both double bonds are separated by a single C–C bond, the double bonds are conjugated.


title: Kirriemuir

paragraphs: Kirriemuir is a small town in the northeast of Scotland. It is "famous" for Kirriemuir Gingerbread cake, the birthplace of J. M. Barrie and Bon Scott, lead singer of AC/DC.

paragraphs: It has an ice cream shop called Visochi's, famous for cooking its fry ups using a toastie maker.


title: The Lizzie McGuire Movie

paragraphs: The Lizzie McGuire Movie is a 2003 comedy movie based on the Disney Channel series Lizzie McGuire.

paragraphs: Lizzie and her class travel to Rome. There Lizzie meets at the Trevi Fountain Paolo Valisari, an Italian singer. He tells Lizzie that he should sing with Isabella Parigi, a popular singer. But Isabella don't wants to sing with him, so he asks Lizzie to sing playback for her. Lizzie looks exactly like Isabella, only the hair is different. She says yes. At the airport Gordo meets the real Isabella, she knows Paolo's plan: He doesn't want to use Lizzie's playback so it will seem like Isabella can't sing. In the end Isabella came and sang for Lizzie, and Lizzie sang, too. Lizzie is a good singer, but Paolo is a bad singer, he always sings playback.


title: Luis Arconada

paragraphs: Luis Arconada (born 26 June, 1954) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Sociedad and Spain national team.


title: Miguel Ángel Alonso

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel Alonso (born 1 February, 1951) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Miguel Tendillo

paragraphs: Miguel Tendillo (born 1 February, 1961) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: José Ramón Alexanko

paragraphs: José Ramón Alexanko (born 19 May 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Juan Gómez González

paragraphs: Juan Gómez González (born 10 November, 1954) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Joaquín Alonso

paragraphs: Joaquín Alonso (born 9 June, 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Sporting Gijón and Spain national team.


title: Jesús María Satrústegui

paragraphs: Jesús María Satrústegui (born 12 January, 1954) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Sociedad and Spain national team.


title: Jesús María Zamora

paragraphs: Jesús María Zamora (born 1 January, 1955) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Real Sociedad and Spain national team.


title: Roberto López Ufarte

paragraphs: Roberto López Ufarte (born 19 April, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Santiago Urquiaga

paragraphs: Santiago Urquiaga (born 14 April, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Manuel Jiménez Abalo

paragraphs: Manuel Jiménez Abalo (born 27 October, 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Enrique Saura

paragraphs: Enrique Saura (born 2 August, 1954) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: José Vicente Sánchez

paragraphs: José Vicente Sánchez (born 8 October, 1956) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Pedro Uralde

paragraphs: Pedro Uralde (born 2 March, 1958) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for the Spanish national team.


title: Santillana

paragraphs: Santillana (real name: Carlos Alonso González) (born 23 August, 1952) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Quini

paragraphs: Quini (23 September 1949 – 27 February 2018) was a former Spanish football player. He played for Spain national team.

paragraphs: On 29 April 2016, the Town Hall of Gijón named Quini adoptive son of the city.

paragraphs: On 27 February 2018, Quini died at the age of 68 after suffering a heart attack.


title: Miguel Ángel González

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel González Suárez (born 24 December, 1947 in Ourense, Spain) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for the Spanish national team.


title: José Santamaría

paragraphs: José Santamaría (born 31 July, 1929) is a former football player. He has played for Uruguay national team and Spain national team.


title: Kirchberg, Saxony

paragraphs: Kirchberg is a town in the rural district of Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is located around 10 km south of Zwickau.


title: Meerane

paragraphs: Meerane is a town in the rural distinct of Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is about 15 km north to Zwickau and 17 km south to Altenburg.


title: Peter Fox (musician)

paragraphs: Peter Fox (born September 3, 1971 in Berlin) is a German Reggae- and Hip-Hop-musician.


title: True parrots

paragraphs: The true parrots are about 330 species of bird belonging to the Psittacoidae superfamily, one of the three superfamilies in the biological order Psittaciformes (parrots).

paragraphs: The other superfamilies are the Cacatuoidea (cockatoos), and Strigopoidea (New Zealand parrots). True parrots are more widespread than cockatoos, with species in the Americas, Africa, Asia, Australia and eastwards across the Pacific Ocean as far as Polynesia.


title: Chuang Tzu

paragraphs: Chuang Tzu or Zhuangzi lived and taught around 350 BC. He was a Taoist philosopher. A collection of his sayings have been passed down over the centuries, and is one of the fundamental sources for Zen Buddhism.

paragraphs: Chang Tzu thought that men should distance themselves from the traditional prestige and honor of worldly life. They should just live. He told a story about two ministers who ask him to serve as a court official. He replied with a story about a sacred turtle. He says, "The king's men caught a sacred turtle. They killed it and put its shell in a special box to use to tell the future. Now would that turtle rather be honored in that box and dead, or would he rather be alive dragging his tail through the mud?"

paragraphs: Source: Merton, Thomas 1965. "The way of Chuang Tzu". Allen & Unwin, London.


title: Year-round school

paragraphs: Year-round school is the scheduling of school so that students take classes through the whole calendar year. This is often frowned upon, but others think it is a good idea.


title: Leo Borchard

paragraphs: Leo Borchard (born Moscow, 31 March 1899; died 23 August 1945) was a Russian conductor who became a naturalized German.

paragraphs: Borchard was born in Moscow. His parents were German. He spent his childhood in Saint Petersburg where he had music lessons. In 1920, after the Russian Revolution, he emigrated to Germany. Otto Klemperer made him his assistant at the Kroll Opera in Berlin.

paragraphs: He conducted the Berlin Philharmonic for the first time in January 1933. In 1935, he was banned by the Nazis for political reasons. He was not allowed to conduct, so he had to earn some money by teaching.

paragraphs: During World War II he was an activist who was working against the Nazis. After the war had ended he conducted the world famous Berlin Philharmonic in a concert which was very successful. One week later he was given the job of conductor of the orchestra instead of Wilhelm Furtwängler who was in exile in Switzerland. The part of Germany he was in was run by the Russians at this time. Because he had been anti-Nazi, and because he spoke Russian, he was favoured by the political leaders. In less than four months he gave 22 concerts with the BPO. In Berlin, as he was being driven home after a concert, he was shot dead by an American officer due to a misunderstanding at a military checkpoint.


title: Felix Weingartner

paragraphs: Felix von Weingartner (born 2 June 1863; died Winterthur, 7 May 1942) was an Austrian conductor, composer and pianist. He is remembered today mainly as a conductor, but he also composed many works.

paragraphs: Weingartner was born in Zara, Dalmatia, which today is called Zadar in Croatia. His parents were Austrian. They were from a noble family. Felix had the title Edler von Münzberg. The family moved to Graz in 1868. His father died that same year. In 1881 he went to Leipzig to study philosophy, but soon spent all his time on music. He started his studies at the Conservatory in 1883. At the same time he studied with the great composer and pianist Franz Liszt in Weimar. Liszt helped him to get his first opera performed. In the same year, 1884, he became the director of the Königsberg Opera. He got conducting jobs in Danzig, then in Hamburg and in Mannheim. From 1891 he was Kapellmeister of the Royal Opera and conductor of symphony concerts in Berlin. Then he gave up that job and went to live in Munich.

paragraphs: In 1902, at the Festival of Mainz, Weingartner conducted all the symphonies of Beethoven. He was becoming famous in Europe as well as in the USA and in South America. From 1908 to 1911 he was the main conductor of the Vienna Hofoper, following on from Gustav Mahler. He kept the job of conductor of the Vienna Philharmonic until 1927. From 1912 he was again Kapellmeister in Hamburg, but in 1914 he went to Darmstadt. In 1919-20 he was conductor of the Vienna Volksoper. In 1920 he was Professor of the Franz Liszt Academy in Budapest. From 1927 to 1934 he was conductor of the Sinfonieorchester Basel. He gave his last concert in London in 1940 and died in Winterthur, Switzerland two years later.

paragraphs: Weingartner thought of himself as a composer just as much as a conductor. However, it is as a conductor that he is remembered today. His compositions are hardly ever played now. He composed in a late-Romantic style, and he was an influence on the composer Erich Korngold. He is best remembered today as one of the great conductors of classical music, who conducted in a precise way without exaggerated effects. He wrote books about music including one about conducting.

paragraphs: New Groves Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980.


title: 1978 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1978 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, 1978 and ended on November 30, 1978. Sometimes storms can form before June 1 or after November 30. This season is a very good example of that happening. In this season a Subtropical Storm formed in the month of January, long before June 1. This season was about average in storm activity. 1978 would be the last year that the naming list contained only female names because the addition of male names the following year.

paragraphs: Subtropical Storm One gave the 1978 a very early start to its hurricane season when it became the only Atlantic cyclone to form in the month of January, it formed on January 18. It dissipated on the 23rd causing no damage to land and only threatening land briefly. There were two storm in the month of January but they formed in December, they were: Hurricane Alice in 1954 and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005. Since 1978 there has never another Tropical or Subtropical cyclone to form in the month of January.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Amelia formed on July 30 just offshore Brownsville, Texas. Amelia made landfall in Texas and quickly dissipated. But while Amelia was moving trough Texas it caused about 30 deaths and up to 40 inches of rain.

paragraphs: This is the full lsit of names select for the 1978 Atlantic hurricane season. Name that were not used are marked in .


title: Griffith Park

paragraphs: Griffith Park is a city park in Los Angeles, California. It is one of the largest parks in the city, covering 4,210 acres (17 km) of land. Sometimes called the Central Park of Los Angeles, it is located where the Los Angeles River makes a southwest bend towards the Pacific Ocean. It is named for .

paragraphs: The is a well-known point of interest in the park.


title: Lake Powell

paragraphs: Lake Powell is a reservoir on the Colorado River. It is mainly in southeastern Utah, with a small part in northeastern Arizona in the United States. About long, it is made by the Glen Canyon Dam, built in Glen Canyon in the 1960s. The lake is a popular area for boating and fishing, with over 2 million visitors each year; but it has flooded many important natural and archaeological sites. Other than the Colorado River, the Escalante River and San Juan River also flow into the reservoir.

paragraphs: Lake Powell has five active marinas. The main role of the marinas at Lake Powell is to allow an entry point for boaters to launch and retrieve their watercraft. Each marina has rare services, such as boat refueling, short term docking, food services and boat rentals.


title: Alaska Range

paragraphs: The Alaska Range is a series of mountains in Alaska, in the United States. The mountain range stretches about from northwest to southeast. The United States' highest mountain, Denali (20,320' or 6,194 m) is in the Alaska Range.

paragraphs: Many glaciers are in the Alaska Range, including the Canwell, Castner, Black Rapids, Susitna, Yanert, Muldrow, Eldridge, Ruth, Tokositna, and Kahiltna Glaciers.

paragraphs: Through the Alaska Range runs four major rivers, which are the Delta, Nenana, Nabesna, and Chisna Rivers. The Nenana River is a popular destination for whitewater rafting in Alaska.


title: Brooks Range

paragraphs: The Brooks Range is a mountain range in Alaska. The range runs from northern Alaska into Canada, east-west for about 700 miles (1,100 km). The tallest mountain is Mount Chamberlin, which is 9,020 feet (2,749 m) tall. The Kobuk River begins in this range and flows to the Bering Strait, away.


title: Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany

paragraphs: Prince Edward, Duke of York (Edward Augustus) lived from 1739 to 1767. He was the youngest brother of George III of the United Kingdom. He was heir presumptive to the throne until his nephew George IV of the United Kingdom was born in 1762.


title: Union Vale, New York

paragraphs: Union Vale is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Wappinger, New York

paragraphs: Wappinger is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Washington, New York

paragraphs: Washington is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Fishkill, New York

paragraphs: Fishkill is a village within the Town of Fishkill in Dutchess County, in the state of New York in the United States.


title: Millbrook, New York

paragraphs: Millbrook is a village in Dutchess County, New York, United States. Millbrook is located in the Hudson Valley, on the east side of the Hudson River, north of New York City. Millbrook is near the center of the Town of Washington. As of the 2010 Census, Millbrook's population was 1,452. It is often referred to as a low-key version of the Hamptons and is one of the most affluent villages in New York.

paragraphs: Millbrook is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown Metropolitan Statistical Area as well as the larger New York–Newark–Bridgeport Combined Statistical Area.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , of which is land and (2.60%) is water.


title: Millerton, New York

paragraphs: Millerton is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States. The town borders Taconic State Park.


title: Pawling (village), New York

paragraphs: The Village of Pawling is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Red Hook (village), New York

paragraphs: The Village of Red Hook is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Rhinebeck (village), New York

paragraphs: The Village of Rhinebeck is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Tivoli, New York

paragraphs: Tivoli is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Wappingers Falls, New York

paragraphs: Wappingers Falls is a community in Dutchess County, New York, United States.


title: Grand Slam (Professional Wrestling)

paragraphs: A Grand Slam, in professional wrestling, is a person who has won a certain combination of championships.The four titles typically include three singles championships plus a tag team championship. The singles championships include a primary, secondary, and tertiary championship.

paragraphs: In 2018, Ring of Honor (ROH) established their own grandslam champion.

paragraphs: In Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW), WWE's former developmental territory, a Grand Slam winner was a wrestler who had won every championship that was available in FCW. All FCW titles were retired when FCW changed its name to NXT.


title: Joseph Schumpeter

paragraphs: Joseph Alois Schumpeter (8 February 1883 – 8 January 1950) was an Austrian-German-American researcher in economics and political science. He studied the theory of Marxism and capitalism. In his view, capitalism cannot work because of what he called creative destruction. This term was originally used by Karl Marx to describe the capitalist system, but Schumpeter used it differently: He says that each time innovation by entrepreneur occurs, it must (also) change what already exists. In this context, certain structures that already exist will also be destroyed. A current example of this is that digital photography has made the instant camera, such as Polaroid almost disappear.

paragraphs: Schumpeter was finance minister of Austria in 1919.


title: B. J. Habibie

paragraphs: Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie (25 June 1936 – 11 September 2019) was an Indonesian engineer who was President of Indonesia from May 21, 1998 to October 20, 1999.


title: Vexillology

paragraphs: Vexillology is the study of flags. The word comes from both the Latin word "vexilla" "little sail" for flag plus the Greek suffix"-ology" that means "study of". The "vexillum" was a particular kind of flag used by the Roman legions. Vexillology is a kind of study of symbols related to heraldry. A person who studies flags is a "vexillologist", and a person who designs flags is a "vexillographer".

paragraphs: Because they are flown outside, where they move with the wind, flags are usually designed with bold images and bright, basic colors. Flag design also follows a historical process, where later flag designs are based on earlier flag designs. This means that many flags in an area may look similar because they are all based on one historical flag. Examples include the Pan-African colors, Pan-Arab colors, and the Nordic Cross.

paragraphs: The "Flag Identification System" was created by Whitney Smith and adopted by Fédération internationale des associations vexillologiques (FIAV).

paragraphs: The first row is for use on land and the second row is for use on water, each divided into private (civil), government (state), and military (war) use.

paragraphs: There are 63 symbols that can describe the flag, including:

paragraphs: Other symbols are used to describe other uses of the flag, such as official status and which side of the flag is shown. The symbols in common use are:


title: Southern Tenant Farmers Union

paragraphs: The Southern Tenant Farmers' Union (STFU) was founded as a trade union to help organize the farmers in the Southern United States.

paragraphs: It was started in the Great Depression to improve money problems and work conditions for farmers in the United States.

paragraphs: At this time, landowners were being paid not to farm by the Agricultural Adjustment Administration, but they were not all sharing the money with farmers.


title: Fjuckby

paragraphs: Fjuckby is a village in Uppsala Municipality, Uppsala County, Sweden.

paragraphs: It is known as a place for runestones, the village's unusual name has generated international interest. Prior to the 1930s, the village was known as Fjukeby. In the 1930s, the spelling of the name of this small historic town was changed to Fjuckby.


title: Copa del Rey

paragraphs: The Copa del Rey is an annual football competition in Spain. The competition was founded in 1903, which makes it the oldest Spanish football competition.


title: Kobuk River

paragraphs: The Kobuk River (also Kooak, Kowak, Kubuk, Kuvuk, or Putnam)

paragraphs: Its watershed, ranging from 0 to 11,400 feet (0 to 3,475 m) above sea level, has a wide variety of landforms, including mountains, plateaus, and plains. The average elevation is . The river's name, in the native Inuit language, means "big river".

paragraphs: The river has been an important part of the lives of nearby people. Native people (the Inuit, Koyukans and others) have used the river as a source of food and transport for over 12,000 years.

paragraphs: In 1898, a gold rush called the "Kobuk River Stampede" happened. In 1980, 110 miles (177 km) of the river were deemed the Kobuk WIld and Scenic River.


title: Reichstag (institution)

paragraphs: The Reichstag was the German parliament during the Holy Roman Empire, the North German Confederation, the German Empire, the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich until 1945. They met in the Reichstag building from 1894 to 1933. The Reichstag is now called Bundestag.


title: Hippocampus

paragraphs: The hippocampus is part of the mammalian brain, and belongs to the limbic system. Humans and other mammals have two, one in each side of the brain. The hippocampus is under the cerebral cortex.

paragraphs: It is important in spatial memory and navigation, and helps turn short-term memory into long-term memory. The hippocampus is named after the "seahorse" because its shape is similar.

paragraphs: In Alzheimer's disease, the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage; memory loss and disorientation are included among the early symptoms. People with extensive, bilateral hippocampal damage may experience anterograde amnesia the inability to form or retain new memories.

paragraphs: The different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus. It has often been used as a model system for studying neurophysiology. Long-term potentiation (LTP), a neural mechanism for storing memory, was first discovered to occur in the hippocampus.

paragraphs: The connection of hippocampus with memory was made by a famous report. This gave the results of the destruction of the hippocampi by surgery (an attempt to relieve epileptic seizures). The unexpected outcome of the surgery was severe anterograde and partial retrograde amnesia. The patient could not form new memories of events after his surgery, and could not remember any events that occurred just before his surgery. However, he did remember events from many years earlier, right back to his childhood.

paragraphs: This case attracted widespread professional interest. Later, other patients with similar damage and amnesia (caused by accident or disease) have also been studied. Thousands of experiments have studied the physiology of changes in synaptic connections in the hippocampus after activity. The hippocampi do play an important role in memory. However, the precise nature of this role remains unclear.

paragraphs: Recent reviews say how the hippocampus puts together our memories of past events, and helps us remember aspects of complex events.

paragraphs: Neurons in the rat hippocampus show activity related to the rat's position in its environment. As with the memory theory, there is now almost universal agreement that spatial coding plays an important role in hippocampal function, but the details are widely debated.

paragraphs: Studies conducted on freely moving rats and mice have shown that many hippocampal neurons have "place fields", that is, they fire bursts of action potentials when a rat passes through a particular part of the environment. In humans, cells with location-specific firing patterns have been reported in a study. Patients with drug-resistant epilepsy had diagnostic electrodes put in their hippocampus. Then a computer was used to move them around in a virtual reality town.

paragraphs: The discovery of place cells in the 1970s led to a theory that the hippocampus might act as a cognitive map a neural representation of the layout of the environment. The "cognitive map hypothesis" has been further advanced by recent discoveries of direction cells in several parts of the rodent brain which are strongly connected to the hippocampus.

paragraphs: The hippocampus has a generally similar appearance across the mammals from monotremes such as the echidna to primates such as humans. The hippocampal size to body-size ratio increases: it is about twice as large for primates as for the echidna. It does not, however, increase at anywhere close to the rate of the neocortex to body-size ratio. Therefore, the hippocampus takes up a larger fraction of the cortex in rodents than in primates.

paragraphs: Other vertebrates have areas which may be homologous to the hippocampus of mammals. Some insects, and cephalopods such as the octopus, have strong spatial learning and navigation abilities. These appear to work differently from the mammalian spatial system, and have evolved independently of the mammalian system.


title: Superparamagnetism

paragraphs: Superparamagnetism is a form of magnetism. A superparamagnetic material has many small clusters of magnetic things in its structure, but they are not all pointed the same way, so the material is not magnetic by itself. If a magnetic field is applied to the material, then the clusters change direction to match the magnetic field and the material becomes magnetic. Superparamagnetism is like paramagnetism, except it can happen at near room temperature. It happens when materials are made up of very small parts (1-10 nm).


title: Safety

paragraphs: Safety is a feeling that no bad things will happen. Security avoids things to happen that you don't want to. The police keep public safety, which stops crimes happen. Safety hats protect the head from injury. Houses provide safety from the weather.


title: Heidi

paragraphs: Heidi is a book written by Johanna Spyri, published between 1880 and 1881. It is about a young orphan girl who grows up in the Swiss Alps (mountains in Switzerland) with her grandfather.

paragraphs: When her guardians die, Heidi must live in the mountains with her grandfather, Alm-Uncle, who does not like people. He slowly changes and becomes more caring because of Heidi. Then, Heidi must move to Frankfurt, Germany to be the friend of Clara, a girl who is sick and cannot walk. Clara’s grandmother encourages Heidi to learn to read, and she also learns about God. She becomes very homesick, and a kind doctor says that she must return home to her grandfather. Later, Clara visits Heidi in the Alps and becomes strong enough to walk.

paragraphs: Johanna Spyri wrote this story for her son, Berhard Diethelm Spyri. People and places in the story come from Spyry's own life. Catherine Eayrs, a literary critic, thinks that the village of Dorfli may come from Jenins in Switzerland, a place that Spyri visited as a child, however Dorfli is an actual town in Switzerland. Also, the kindly doctor is similar to Spyri's own father, and Klara's grandmother is a good storyteller, just like Spyri's own mother.

paragraphs: Immediately after the book was published, "Heidi" was popular, both with children and adults. It continues to be popular, and translations are available in more than fifty languages. About 50 million books have been sold. The story has also been told on movie and television. There is even a musical version.

paragraphs: Visitors to Switzerland can visit a tourist village called Heididorf in Maienfeld. The name means "Heidi's village" in German.

paragraphs: Some readers think that one problem of "Heidi" is that the book teaches the Christian religion. Malcolm Usrey, a literary critic, thinks that nature is as important as Christianity in helping people, because Klara’s paralysis and Heidi’s home sickness are both healed in the “clean air of the Swiss mountains”.


title: Hans von Bülow

paragraphs: Hans von Bülow (born Dresden, 8 January 1830 ; died Cairo, 12 February 1894) was a German conductor and pianist. He was one of the most famous conductors of the 19th century as well as being a famous pianist. He is especially remembered for his conducting of the operas of Richard Wagner.

paragraphs: Bülow was born in Dresden. His family belonged to the nobility: he had the title of “Freiherr” (similar to the English Baron). When he was nine he had music lessons from Friedrich Wieck who was the father of Clara Schumann. However, his parents said that he had to study law instead of music, and they sent him to Leipzig.

paragraphs: During this time he met Franz Liszt in Weimar and he heard him conduct the music of Wagner. He decided to study music even though his parents did not want him to. He went to Zürich where Wagner was living in exile. Wagner thought he was very talented and got him some conducting jobs. In 1851 he went to Weimar to study the piano with Liszt. He worked very hard at his piano technique. He also wrote articles about music. Liszt also thought that von Bülow would become a great musician.

paragraphs: In 1853 Bülow made his first concert tour. He played in Vienna, Pest, Dresden, Karlsruhe, Bremen, Hamburg and Berlin. He taught the piano in Berlin and gave a lot of support to young composers who had new ideas about music. He toured as pianist and conductor in Germany and Russia. In 1857 he married Liszt’s daughter, Cosima. They had two daughters.

paragraphs: In 1864 he became the Hofkapellmeister in Munich. This was a very important conducting job and it made him extremely famous. He conducted the first performances of two Wagner operas: "Tristan und Isolde" (1865) and "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" (1868). These were extremely successful. Meanwhile Cosima was having a love affair with Richard Wagner. In 1868 she left her husband to live with Wagner, taking their daughters with her. She divorced Bülow, who went to Florence for a while to recover from the shock. However, he always continued to show great respect for Wagner and continued to conduct his music. When Wagner died in 1883 he was terribly sad.

paragraphs: In 1872 Bülow toured again. He visited England and the USA where, as the solo pianist, he gave the first performance (world premiere) of Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No. 1 in Boston in 1875.

paragraphs: From 1878 to 1880 he was conductor in Hanover, but had to leave after a quarrel with a tenor. In 1880 he went to Meiningen where he conducted the orchestra, making it one of the best orchestras in Germany. He made the players perform from memory. He often conducted the music of Johannes Brahms. He thought about every detail of the pieces he conducted. He liked to have two pianos on the stage so that he could face the audience or have his back to them, whichever he wanted.

paragraphs: During this time he met Richard Strauss in Berlin. He helped Strauss, who was a young man at the time, to make his music well known

paragraphs: He did new things with his orchestra, such as introducing a double bass with five strings (this is now normal in most European orchestras). He also introduced timpani with pedals. In the late 1880s he settled in Hamburg, but continued to tour, both conducting and performing on the piano.

paragraphs: Bülow had health problems which gave him very bad headaches. He went to warmer countries to try to get better. He died in a hotel in Cairo, Egypt, ten months after his last concert performance.

paragraphs: Bülow was not only a conductor and pianist, but also a composer. His piano compositions are influenced by Liszt. They are very difficult to play. He was also very good at writing about music. He always wrote what he thought, even if it offended some people.


title: Augustus d'Este

paragraphs: Sir Augustus Frederick d'Este, KCH (1794-1848) was the son of Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex and Lady Augusta Murray and the grandson of George III. His parents marriage was in contravention of the Royal Marriages Act 1772, which meant that Augustus d'Este was legally considered illegitimate.


title: Michael Dennis Morgan

paragraphs: Michael Dennis Morgan (born December 19, 1946) is an Australian rower, who has competed in the Olympics. He attended Newington College (1957-1965).


title: Robert Trujillo

paragraphs: Roberto Agustín "Rob" Trujillo (born October 23, 1964) is an American musician who is most famous as the bass player for Metallica. He joined the band in 2003. Before that Trujillo played bass for Suicidal Tendencies, Infectious Grooves, Black Label Society, Jerry Cantrell and was a member of Ozzy Osbourne's band.

paragraphs: Trujillo has played bass on many albums. Some of them are:


title: President of Indonesia

paragraphs: The President of the Indonesia Republic is the head of state of Indonesia. The current President is Joko Widodo.


title: Sergiu Celibidache

paragraphs: Sergiu Celibidache (pronounce: SER-zhoo Chay-lee-bee-DAH-ke), (born Roman, Romania, 28 June 1912; died 14 August 1996) was a Romanian conductor. He was one of the great conductors of his time, living in Germany all his adult life.

paragraphs: Celibidache was born in Romania. He went to Berlin in 1936 and in 1939 studied there at the Hochschule für Musik. He got a doctorate by writing about the Renaissance composer Josquin Desprez. He was lucky very early in his career to be appointed as conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra. He stayed with them until 1952 when Wilhelm Furtwängler returned. He later worked with radio orchestras in Stockholm, Stuttgart and Paris. He also worked for a time in Britain, as well as touring in Europe and South America. From 1979 until his death he was music director of the Munich Philharmonic. He taught at Mainz University in Germany and in 1984 taught at the Curtis Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He liked teaching and often let students come to his lessons without having to pay.

paragraphs: Celibidache did not like making recordings, although there are a few recordings of his concerts which have survived. He was well known for asking for lots of rehearsals, and he rehearsed his orchestras in great detail. He often chose very slow speeds for the slow movements and very fast speeds for the fast movements.

paragraphs: In Munich he had a long argument with the trombone player Abbie Conant because he did not want her in the orchestra. Conant thought it was because she was a woman that he did not want her. The argument lasted for 12 years.

paragraphs: Celibidache died near Paris in 1996 at 84.

paragraphs: New Groves Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie;


title: Ludwig von Brenner

paragraphs: Ludwig von Brenner (born Leipzig, 19 September 1833; died 9 February 1902) was a German conductor and composer.

paragraphs: He studied at the Leipzig conservatory. He went to Saint Petersburg to play in the Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. In 1872 he returned to Germany and conducted an orchestra called the "Berlin Symphony Orchestra". He then started an orchestra called "Neue Berliner Symphoniekapelle". In 1882 he became the first conductor of a new orchestra, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra, which was soon to become one of the world's best orchestras.


title: Claudio Abbado

paragraphs: Claudio Abbado (26 June 1933 – 20 January 2014), was an Italian conductor. He conducted many of the world’s greatest orchestras..

paragraphs: Abbado was born in Milan, Italy. His father played the violin and composed. He started to learn the piano from his father. He studied music at the Milan Conservatory and often had the opportunity to listen to famous conductors rehearsing, e.g. Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter and Wilhelm Furtwängler. He did not like the way that Toscanini shouted and yelled at the orchestra. He knew that he did not want to be like him.

paragraphs: He studied conducting at the Vienna Academy of Music. In 1958, he won the international Koussevitsky competition for conductors. Soon he was invited to conduct in many parts of Italy. In 1963 he won the Dmitri Mitropoulos Competition for conductors. This allowed him to work for five months with the New York Philharmonic.

paragraphs: He first conducted at La Scala in Milan in 1960. He was music director there from 1968 to 1986. He conducted the Vienna Philharmonic for the first time in 1965 in a concert at the Salzburg Festival. He was music director for the Vienna State Opera from 1986 to 1991, where he conducted traditional operas as well as new, 20th-century operas.

paragraphs: He was principal conductor of the London Symphony Orchestra from 1979 to 1987. In the US, he was principal guest conductor of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra from 1982 to 1986. With both orchestras, Abbado made a number of recordings for Deutsche Grammophon.

paragraphs: In 1989, the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra chose Abbado to be their conductor, to succeed Herbert von Karajan. Abbado stayed with them until 2002 when he left because of his bad health, although he returned in 2004 to make several recordings with them.

paragraphs: Abbado has conducted a lot of Romantic music, especially the symphonies of Gustav Mahler. He has conducted many modern works such as Arnold Schoenberg, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Giacomo Manzoni, Luigi Nono, Bruno Maderna, Thomas Adler, Giovanni Sollima, Roberto Carnevale, Franco Donatoni and George Benjamin.

paragraphs: In 1988, he started the music festival Wien Modern (Vienna Modern). This festival is now not just for modern music but other forms of modern art as well.

paragraphs: Abbado is also well known for his work with young musicians. He started the European Union Youth Orchestra in 1978 and the Gustav Mahler Jugendorchester (Gustav Mahler Youth Orchestra) in 1986.

paragraphs: He often conducted the Chamber Orchestra of Europe and has recently worked with the Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar of Venezuela. Abbado was found to have stomach cancer in 2000 and he had a major operation. After he got better he started the Lucerne Festival Orchestra in 2003. He is also music director of the Mozart Orchestra of Bologna, Italy.

paragraphs: Abbado's son Daniele is an opera-director. From his relationship with the violinist Viktoria Mullova, he is the father of her oldest child, Misha. His nephew Roberto Abbado is also a conductor.

paragraphs: Abbado died in Bologna on the morning of 20 January 2014 at the age of 80.


title: Vernier scale

paragraphs: A Vernier scale is a way to get a much better result when measuring how long something is or the size of an angle.

paragraphs: Sometimes when measuring things we need to get our measurement as accurate as possible. Accuracy is important in surveying the land, navigation of ships, making parts for machines like car engines, looking at stars and planets in astronomy and when doing experiments in science.

paragraphs: Length has been measured with a straight ruler for hundreds of years. It measures up to 0.01cm. If the object we are measuring is somewhere in between two of the marks on our ruler then we would have to estimate where between the two marks to take the measurement. A Vernier scale on our ruler does this last fine piece of measuring between the two marks for us.

paragraphs: So , for example if the measurement with our eye said it was between 1.5 and 1.6 centimeters, we would look at the Vernier and we would be able to say the measure is actually 1.57, something it would be vary hard to see with the eye alone.

paragraphs: When measuring angles the same problem occurs and a vernier may be part of a device to measure fine angles in between two of the marks on the scale.

paragraphs: We don't need to be sharp eyed to read the Vernier scale because its marks are almost as big as our main measuring scale. We just count how many marks there are to the next place where there is a mark on both the main and vernier scales that are exactly lined up. That number of marks tells us the size of the small extra measurement.


title: Project AWARE

paragraphs: Project AWARE Foundation (or Project A.W.A.R.E.) is a nonprofit, worldwide, organization dedicated to "Conserving underwater environments through education, advocacy and action."


title: EarthEcho International

paragraphs: EarthEcho International is an environmental nonprofit organization founded in honor of Philippe Cousteau, by his children and widow. It is based in Washington, D.C..


title: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge

paragraphs: Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, (William Arthur Philip Louis; born June 21, 1982) is the oldest son of Charles, Prince of Wales and the late Diana, Princess of Wales. He grandson of Queen Elizabeth, II, and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He is second in line to the British throne. He married Catherine Middleton, now Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge, on April 29, 2011. Before his wedding, Prince William was made Duke of Cambridge, Earl of Strathearn and Baron Carrickfergus.

paragraphs: Prince William was born at St Mary's Hospital in London, His father is Charles, Prince of Wales and his mother was Diana, Princess of Wales. He is the third grandchild of the reigning monarch, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. His mother, Diana, tried to shield Prince William and his younger brother, Prince Harry of Wales, from the media.

paragraphs: Prince William began learning at independent schools then Jane Mynors' nursery school and the pre-preparatory Wetherby School, both in London. Following this, he went to Ludgrove School, and, after passing the entrance exams, he went to Eton College, where he learnt geography, biology, and art history at A-Level.

paragraphs: At Eton, he took part in many sports including Football, basketball, and water polo. He then took a year away from education (a 'gap year') before going to the University of St Andrews. He graduated in 2004, with a degree in geography.

paragraphs: William graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst on December 15, 2006; the graduation parade was attended by the Queen and the Prince of Wales, along with other members of the Royal Family, and William officially received his commission as a lieutenant.

paragraphs: With his rank obtained, the Prince, using the name of William Wales, followed his younger brother into the Blues and Royals as a troop commander in an armoured reconnaissance unit, after which he spent four months in training for the post at Bovington Camp, Dorset. He also learned to fly, and became a RAF Search and Rescue pilot.

paragraphs: On November 16, 2010, it was announced by Clarence House that William and Catherine Middleton were to marry. Catherine Middleton was a commoner (not royalty). The couple had met at University of St Andrews. Their engagement began on November 16, 2010. The wedding took place on April 29, 2011 in Westminster Abbey, London. That day was made a bank holiday in the UK. After the wedding, William and Catherine became known as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge.

paragraphs: On July 22, 2013, Catherine gave birth to a baby boy. On July 24, it was announced that the baby would be called Prince George of Cambridge, with the full given name George Alexander Louis.

paragraphs: A daughter, Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, was born to William and Catherine on May 2, 2015. She was given the full name of Charlotte Elizabeth Diana.

paragraphs: On April 23, 2018, a second son was born to William and Catherine. The baby was given the full name of Louis Arthur Charles.

paragraphs: Prince William has done many public duties for his grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, and his father, the Prince of Wales.

paragraphs: The Duke of Cambridge is second in line to the throne. Through his mother's line he is descended from numerous dukes. He is also a descendant of Charles II of England and James II of England. If he becomes King, he will be the first monarch descended from Charles I of England since Queen Anne. He is also related to King Henry IV of England. Sir Winston Churchill is also distantly related to William.