title: Spandau Prison

paragraphs: Spandau Prison was a prison situated in the borough of Spandau in the British Sector of West Berlin.

paragraphs: The prison was built in 1876 and knocked down in 1987 after the death of its last prisoner, Rudolf Hess. This was to stop it from becoming a neo-Nazi shrine.

paragraphs: The prison was built in 1876. At first it was only used for soldiers but after 1919 it was also used for civilian inmates. It held up to 600 inmates at that time.

paragraphs: In the aftermath of the Reichstag Fire of 1933, opponents of Hitler and journalists such as Egon Kisch and Carl von Ossietzky were held there in so-called protective custody. Spandau Prison became a sort of predecessor of the Nazi concentration camps. It was supposed to be controlled by the Prussian Ministry of Justice but the Gestapo tortured and abused its inmates, as Egon Erwin Kisch recalls in his memories of Spandau Prison. By the end of 1933 the first Nazi concentration camps had been built (at Dachau, Osthofen, Oranienburg, Sonnenburg, Lichtenburg and the marshland camps around Esterwegen). All remaining prisoners in "protective custody" in state prisons were transferred to these concentration camps.

paragraphs: After World War II it was operated by the Four-Power Authorities to house the Nazi war criminals sentenced to imprisonment at the Nuremberg Trials.

paragraphs: Only seven prisoners were finally imprisoned there. Arriving from Nuremberg on 18 July 1947, they were:

paragraphs: Of the seven, only four served all of their sentence; the remaining three, Neurath, Raeder, and Funk, were released early due to ill health. Between 1966 and 1987, Rudolf Hess was the only inmate in Spandau Prison. His only companion was the warden, Eugene K. Bird, who became a close friend. Bird wrote a book about Hess's imprisonment entitled "The Loneliest Man in the World".

paragraphs: Spandau was one of only two Four-Power organizations to continue to operate after the breakdown of the Allied Control Council; the other being the Berlin Air Safety Center. The four occupying powers of Berlin would alternate control of the prison on a monthly basis, each having the responsibility for a total of three months out of the year.

paragraphs: The prison was demolished in 1987, largely to prevent it from becoming a Neo-Nazi shrine, after the death of its final remaining prisoner, Rudolf Hess, who had been the prison's sole occupant after the release of Speer and von Schirach in 1966. The site was made into a car park and a NAAFI shopping centre, named "The Britannia Centre Spandau" and nicknamed "Hessco's" after a British supermarket chain called "TESCO". All materials from the demolished prison were ground to powder and dumped in the North Sea or buried at the former RAF Gatow.

paragraphs: In 2006 a Kaiser's Supermarket, ALDI and a Media Markt consumer electronics store occupied the former prison grounds. In late 2008, Media Markt left the main shopping complex.

paragraphs: The prison, initially designed for a population in the hundreds, was an old brick building surrounded by one wall 15 feet high, another of 30 feet, a 10 foot high wall topped with electrified wire, followed by a wall of barbed wire. In addition, some of the sixty soldiers on guard duty manned nine machine-gun armed guard’s towers twenty-four hours a day. Due to the number of cells available, an empty cell was left between the prisoners' cells, to avoid the possibility of prisoners communicating in Morse Code. Other remaining cells in the wing were designated for other purposes, with one being used for the prison library and another for a chapel. The cells were approximately 3 metres long by 2.7 metres wide and 4 metres high.

paragraphs: The highlight of the prison, from the inmates' point of view, was the garden. The garden space was first divided into small personal plots that were used by each prisoner in many ways, usually for the growing of vegetables. Dönitz favored growing beans, Funk tomatoes, and Speer flowers, although the Soviet director subsequently banned flowers for a time. By regulation, all of the produce was to be put toward use in the prison kitchen, but prisoners and guards alike often skirted this rule and indulged in the garden's offerings. As prison regulations slackened and as prisoners became either apathetic or too ill to maintain their plots, the garden was consolidated into one large workable area. This suited the former architect Speer, who, being one of the youngest and liveliest of the inmates, later took up the task of refashioning the entire plot of land into a large complex garden, complete with paths, rock gardens, and flower displays. On days without access to the garden, for instance when it was raining, the prisoners occupied their time making envelopes together in the main corridor.

paragraphs: The Allied powers originally took over the prison in November 1946, expecting it to accommodate a hundred or more war criminals. Besides the sixty or so soldiers on duty in or around the prison at any given time, there were teams of professional civilian warders from each of the four countries, four prison directors and their deputies, four army medical officers, cooks, translators, waiters, porters and others. This was thought to be the wrong way to use the money and resources, and became a serious point of contention among the prison directors, politicians from their respective countries. The West Berlin government was especially unhappy at the arrangements because it cost them a lot of money but they still had a lack of space in their own prison system.

paragraphs: Every part of life in the prison was strictly set out by a set of rules designed before the prisoners' arrival by the Four Powers — France, Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. Compared with other established prison regulations at the time, Spandau's rules were quite strict.

paragraphs: The prisoners' outgoing letters to families were at first limited to one page every month;

paragraphs: A lot of the stricter regulations were either later relaxed, or deliberately ignored by prison staff. The directors and guards of the Western powers (France, Britain, and the United States), often complained about many of the stricter measures. The complaints were often vetoed by the Soviet Union, because it thought the rules should be stricter. The Soviet Union suffered 19 million civilian deaths during the war, and wanted the death penalty for all of the prisoners at the International Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. Western commentators accused the Russians of keeping Spandau prison in operation chiefly as a centre for Soviet spying, as they had an excuse to drive into western Berlin, and the soldiers often looked out over the city instead of into the prison grounds.

paragraphs: Every day, prisoners had to wake up at 06:00 hours, wash, clean their cells and the corridor together, eat breakfast. They then stayed in the garden until lunch-time at noon (weather permitting), after lunch they rested in their cells, then returned to the garden. Supper followed at 17:00 hours, after which the prisoners were returned to their cells. Lights out was at 22:00 hours. Prisoners were given a shave and a haircut, if necessary, every Monday, Wednesday and Friday; they did their own laundry every Monday. This routine, except the time allowed in the garden, changed very little throughout the years, although each of the controlling nations made their own interpretation of the prison regulations.

paragraphs: All prisoners feared the months when the Soviets were in control; the Russians were much stricter in enforcing prison regulations and offered poorer quality meals. Each nation in charge would bring its own cook and, in the American, French, and British months, feed the prisoners better than regulations allowed. The Soviets would offer an unchanging diet of coffee, bread, soup, and potatoes. This rigidity was primarily due to the much-loathed Soviet director, who perpetually enforced these measures and whom Russian and Western guards alike feared and despised. Until this director's sudden removal in the early 1960s, the 'Soviet month' was dreaded. Afterwards, matters, including diet, were improved.


title: Conglomerate (geology)

paragraphs: A conglomerate is a rock consisting of individual clasts within a finer-grained matrix that have become cemented together.

paragraphs: Conglomerates are sedimentary rocks consisting of rounded fragments and are thus differentiated from breccias, which consist of angular clasts. Both conglomerates and breccias have clasts larger than sand (>2 mm).


title: Philip, Duke of Parma

paragraphs: Philip of Spain (15 March 1720 – 18 July 1765) was Duke of Parma from 1748 to 1765. He founded the Parma line of the House of Bourbon. He was a son in law of Louis XV.

paragraphs: Born at the Royal Alcazar in Madrid, he was the fourth child and third son of Philip V of Spain and his wife, Elisabeth Farnese. He was raised in Madrid and as a child showed more interest in art than in politics. He was created Count of Chinchón, which he later ceded to his brother Louis in 1754.

paragraphs: His mother was the last of the Farnese, rulers the Duchy of Parma. The Duchy had been ruled between 1731 and 1736 by his elder brother Charles I, but exchanged with Austria for The Two Sicilies after the War of Polish Succession. Twelve years later, in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Austria lost Parma, and Philip became the new Duke, founding the Bourbons of Parma.

paragraphs: As part of the Treaty of Versailles (1757) between Austria and France it was intended that Philip would become King of the Southern Netherlands, in a deal that would see French troops occupy key positions in the country – however this arrangement was repudiated by the subsequent Third Treaty of Versailles and Philip continued in Parma.

paragraphs: Parma was ruined by many years of warfare, and in 1759 Philip named the abled Frenchmen Guillaume du Tillot as his minister to restore the economy. He stimulated education and philosophy, attracting personalities like Étienne Bonnot de Condillac.

paragraphs: Philip died unexpectedly on 18 July 1765 in Alessandria, Italy, after having accompanied his daughter Maria Luisa on her way to Genoa, where she sailed for Spain to marry Infante Charles. Through Philip's daughter Maria Luisa, he is an ancestor of the Bourbons of Spain, the Bourbons of the Two Sicilies, and the House of Orléans.

paragraphs: Philip married Louise Élisabeth of France in Alcalá de Henares, Spain on 25 October 1739. She was the eldest daughter of Louis XV. They had three children. The marriage was the first between the French and Spanish Bourbons, the other taking place in 1745 between Louis, Dauphin of France and Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain.


title: Heligoland (album)

paragraphs: Heligoland is the fifth normal studio album from the collaborative British music production threesome Massive Attack, named after a German archipelago of the same name. It had been officially released everywhere except North America by 8 February 2010 (US and Canada on 9 February 2010) – seven years after the release of their last non-soundtrack, standalone studio album, "100th Window". It has been certified Gold in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The record has the singing of Horace Andy plus invited vocalists: Tunde Adebimpe of TV On The Radio, Damon Albarn of Blur and Gorillaz, Hope Sandoval of Hope Sandoval And The Warm Inventions and Mazzy Star, Guy Garvey of Elbow and Martina Topley-Bird, as well as guitar playing by Adrian Utley of Portishead (on "Saturday Come Slow"), keys from Portishead collaborator John Baggott (most notably on "Atlas Air"), keys and synth bass from Damon Albarn ("Splitting the Atom" and "Flat of the Blade" respectively), guitar (various tracks) and bass ("Girl I Love You") by Neil Davidge and bass by Billy Fuller of Beak on various tracks.

paragraphs: The record features drumming from the late Jerry Fuchs and regular session and touring drummer Damon Reece. Dan Brown and Stew Jackson (Robot Club) co-wrote "Paradise Circus", played guitar on and co-wrote "Saturday Come Slow", and part-programmed and engineered those tracks. Tim Goldsworthy added an additional production (specific tracks unstated). Most tracks were mixed with Mark "Spike" Stent and then all were mastered with Tim Young at Metropolis Studios, as with previous records. Unlike previous records, there are no personal acknowledgements on the inlay. Neil Davidge co-produced all tracks with Robert Del Naja only (except tracks 3, 7 and 9 where Grant Marshall was also involved), though Marshall has a co-write credit on every track. The album is dedicated to the "Blue Lines" co-producer, Jonny Dollar.


title: Arsenic sulfide

paragraphs: Arsenic sulfide can refer to either of these chemical substances:


title: Jacques Cousteau

paragraphs: Jacques-Yves Cousteau known as Jacques Cousteau (11 June 1910 - 25 June 1997) was a French naval officer, explorer, ecologist, filmmaker, innovator, scientist, photographer, author and researcher who studied the sea and all forms of life in water. He helped create the aqua-lung, helped marine conservation and was a member of the Académie française. He was also known as "le Commandant Cousteau" or "Captain Cousteau".

paragraphs: Cousteau was born on June 11,1910, in Saint-André-de-Cubzac, Gironde, to Daniel and Élisabeth Cousteau. He had one brother, Pierre-Antoine. Cousteau attended Collège Stanislas in Paris. In 1930, he entered the École Navale and graduated as a gunnery officer. After an automobile accident cut short his career in naval aviation, Cousteau changed to studying the sea.

paragraphs: In Toulon, where he was serving on the "Condorcet", Cousteau carried out his first underwater experiments, thanks to his friend Philippe Tailliez who in 1936 lent him some Fernez underwater goggles. Cousteau also belonged to the information service of the French Navy, and was sent on missions to Shanghai and Japan (1935–1938) and in the USSR (1939).

paragraphs: On 12 July 1937 he married Simone Melchior (1919-1990), with whom he had two sons, Jean-Michel (born 1938) and Philippe (1940–1979). His sons took part in the adventures of the "Calypso". In 1991, after his wife Simone's death from cancer, he married Francine Triplet. They already had a daughter Diane Cousteau (born 1980) and a son Pierre-Yves Cousteau (born 1982), born during Cousteau's marriage to his first wife.

paragraphs: On the morning of 25 June 1997, Jacques-Yves Cousteau died at his home in Paris, aged 87 from a heart attack. Despite rumors, encouraged by some Islamic publications and websites, Cousteau did not convert to Islam, and when he died he was buried in a Roman Catholic Christian funeral. He was buried in the family vault at Saint-André-de-Cubzac in France. A street was named "rue du Commandant Cousteau" in a street which runs near his native house, where a commemorative plaque was affixed.

paragraphs: During his lifetime, Jacques-Yves Cousteau received these awards:


title: Orpiment

paragraphs: Orpiment is a mineral. Its chemical formula is AsS. It is an orange to yellow mineral. It has a Mohs hardness of 1.5 to 2 and a specific gravity of 3.46. It melts at 300°C and oxidizes to arsenic trioxide at higher temperatures. It is toxic because it gets a layer of arsenic trioxide on it by oxidation in the air.

paragraphs: Orpiment was used as a pigment because it was one of the only yellow pigments that they could find. It is used to remove hair from hides.


title: Realgar

paragraphs: Realgar is a mineral. Its chemical formula is AsS. It is a soft (Mohs hardness 1.5 to 2) red mineral. It is an ore of arsenic. It changes into a yellow powder when exposed to light. This yellow powder is called pararealgar. It melts at 320°C and burns with a blue flame, making arsenic and sulfur fumes. It was used to make a white color in fireworks before powdered metals were used. It is still used in some crackling firecrackers. It was used as a red pigment and an item of trade. It is used as a medicine in China. Its uses are similar to orpiment, a similar mineral.


title: PepsiCo

paragraphs: PepsiCo, Inc. is an American multinational food, snack and beverage corporation headquartered in Harrison, New York, in the hamlet of Purchase. PepsiCo manufactures, marketing, and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc.


title: Creative destruction

paragraphs: Creative destruction (German: "schöpferische Zerstörung") is a term that came from Marxism. It talks about how wealth is gathered and lost under capitalism. The term was first used in Werner Sombart's "Krieg und Kapitalismus" ("War and Capitalism", 1913) These ideas were first discussed in books "The Communist Manifesto" (1848), in "Grundrisse" (1857) "Volume IV" of "Das Kapital" (1863).

paragraphs: Creative destruction is supposed to describe a theory of how the "destruction" of economic order leads to capitalistic economic ideals. A German Marxist sociologist (Sombart) is credited for using it first in his 1913 book "Krieg und Kapitalismus", which means "War and Capitalism" in English. The works and publications of Marxists such as Karl Marx himself, and Friedrich Engels, a socialist scientist, discuss the ideas of creative destruction.

paragraphs: In and after the 1950s, the term became associated with Austrian-American economist Joseph Schumpeter. Schumpeter is credited for making the theory popular. However, his idea of creative destruction was quite different from Marx's original theory. The term gained popularity within neoliberal or free-market economics where it is used to described processes such as downsizing. The original Marxist usage has, however, been maintained in the work of influential social scientists such as David Harvey, Marshall Berman, and Manuel Castells.


title: Bill Nye

paragraphs: William Sanford Nye (born November 27, 1955), often known as Bill Nye the Science Guy, is an American engineer, scientist and educator. He is most known for hosting the TV show "Bill Nye the Science Guy". Nye is also the CEO of The Planetary Society. Nye was born in Washington, D.C. and went to school at Cornell University. Early in his life, Nye worked as an engineer for Boeing in Seattle. He also was a member of the Seattle comedy troupe "Almost Live!". He hosted "Bill Nye the Science Guy" from 1993 to 1997. Since then, he has hosted several TV shows and specials concerned with science and the environment. He also designed the sundial on the Mars Rover. Nye currently lives in the San Fernando Valley.


title: The Coca-Cola Company

paragraphs: The Coca-Cola Company is a publicly-traded company headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Its stock symbol is KO. It is on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and makes up a large portion of the holdings of Berkshire Hathaway.

paragraphs: The company is most known for making the drink Coca-Cola, the most drank soft drink in the world. It also makes other soft drinks, including:

paragraphs: The company offers 500 different brands and sells more than a billion drinks each day. Most of this is sold in the United States, Mexico, Brazil, China, Japan and the UK.

paragraphs: Besides soft drinks, the company also makes Minute Maid and Odwalla fruit juices, Powerade, and Dasani bottled water. At one time, the company owned Columbia Pictures, but they are now owned by Sony and also Rockstar energy drink now owned by PepsiCo.


title: Aerosol

paragraphs: Aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in a gas. Examples are smoke, oceanic haze, air pollution, smog and CS gas. When they say "aerosol" most people mean an aerosol spray can or the spray it makes.

paragraphs: To differentiate suspensions from true solutions, the term sol evolved—originally meant to cover dispersions of tiny (sub-microscopic) particles in a liquid. With studies of dispersions in air, the term aerosol evolved and now embraces both liquid droplets, solid particles, and combinations of these.


title: Muslim Brotherhood

paragraphs: The "Al Ikhwan el Muslimeen", the Society of the Muslim Brothers, often called the Muslim Brotherhood, or The Brotherhood, is an Islamist movement. Today, it exists in many states and often is one of the largest political opposition groups. The group is the world's oldest and largest Islamic political group, and the "world's most influential Islamist movement". Hassan al-Banna founded the group in Egypt in 1928.

paragraphs: The Brotherhood's stated goal is to instill the Qur'an and Sunnah as the "sole reference point for ... ordering the life of the Muslim family, individual, community ... and state". Since it was created, in 1928 the movement has officially opposed violent means to achieve its goals, with some exceptions such as in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict or to overthrow secular Ba'athist rule in Syria (see Hama massacre). This position has been questioned, particularly by the Egyptian government, which accused the group of a campaign of killings in Egypt after World War II.

paragraphs: The Muslim Brotherhood is banned in Egypt. People have been arrested because they participated in the group. To circumvent this ban, supporters of the group often run for office as independent candidates.

paragraphs: Outside Egypt, the group's political activity is more traditional and conservative. Inside Egypt, the group is modernist and wants reforms to happen.

paragraphs: In Kuwait,for example, the Muslim Brotherhood says that women should not have a right to vote in elections. The Brotherhood condemned terrorism and the 9/11 attacks. Whether the group has ties to terrorist organisations is disputed.

paragraphs: The question whether and how to use violence has also led to disputes inside the movement. At times, those in favour of using violence split from the main group and created their own groups. Examples of such groups are Al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya (The Islamic Group) and Al Takfir Wal Hijra (Excommunication and Migration).

paragraphs: Among the Brotherhood's more influential members was Sayyid Qutb. Qutb was the author of one of Islamism's most important books, "Milestones". The book called for the restoration of Islam by re-establishing the Sharia and by using "physical power and Jihad for abolishing the organizations and authorities of the Jahili system. Qutb believed these included the entire Muslim world. The book also reveals that Qutb no longer held the Brotherhood's ideas and that he was closer to the ideas of Hizb ut-Tahrir, which is concluded in the introduction and dedication of the book" While studying at university, Osama bin Laden claimed to have been influenced by the religious and political ideas of several professors with strong ties to the Muslim Brotherhood including both Sayyid Qutb and his brother Muhammad Qutb. However, once Al Qaeda was fully organized, they denounced the Muslim Brotherhood's reform through nonviolence and accused them of "betraying the cause of Islam and abandoning their 'jihad' in favour of forming political parties and supporting modern state institutions".

paragraphs: The Brotherhood is financed by contributions from its members, who are required to allocate a part of their income to the movement. Some of these contributions are from members who live in oil-rich countries.


title: Egyptian Islamic Jihad

paragraphs: Egyptian Islamic Jihad (EIJ), originally called al-Jihad, is an Egyptian terrorist group based on an extreme interpretation of Islam. It has been active since the late 1970s. It is under worldwide embargo by the United Nations as a group linked to al-Qaeda. It is also banned by several governments around the world, including that of the Russian Federation.

paragraphs: Since 1991 it has been led by Ayman al-Zawahiri, who is now the leader of al-Qaeda. According to Zawahiri, the EIJ was "different from the Takfir wal Hijra group as we do not consider people infidels because of their sins. And we are different from the Muslim Brotherhood because sometimes they do not oppose the government".

paragraphs: The organization's original main goal was to overthrow the Egyptian government and replace it with an Islamic state based on the way it thought Islam should be. Later it broadened its aims to include attacking the United States and Israel, and other interests in Egypt and abroad.

paragraphs: Islamic Jihad was responsible for the assassination of Anwar Sadat in 1981. Sadat's Sinai treaty with Israel, which recognized the Jewish state, made them very angry.

paragraphs: In June 2001, Al Qaeda and Egyptian Islamic Jihad, which had been associated with each other for many years, merged into 'Qaeda al-Jihad'.


title: Joe Hall

paragraphs: Joseph Henry "Bad Joe" Hall (May 3, 1881 – April 5, 1919) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Hall played senior and professional hockey from 1902 to 1919, when he died as a result of the influenza epidemic of 1918. He won the Stanley Cup twice with the Quebec Bulldogs and once with the Kenora Thistles.

paragraphs: Hall was born in Staffordshire, England, United Kingdom and grew up in Brandon, Manitoba. Nicknamed "Bad Joe" for his aggressiveness on the ice, he played in the Manitoba Hockey Association with the Brandon Wheat Kings, Winnipeg Rowing Club and the Kenora Thistles, and in the National Hockey Association as a member of the Quebec Bulldogs. He played for the Montreal Canadiens in their first two seasons in the National Hockey League from 1917-1919.

paragraphs: Hall won the Stanley Cup with the Kenora Thistles in 1907, for which he received a "loving cup" which is on display in the Hockey Hall of Fame. He won the Cup with the Quebec Bulldogs in 1912 and 1913. He also challenged for the Stanley Cup in 1904 with the Winnipeg Rowing Club.

paragraphs: In 1919, Hall was part of the Montreal Canadiens team that made it to the Stanley Cup Finals. The Finals were interrupted and eventually cancelled due to an outbreak of Spanish influenza. The flu was contracted by several players on both the Canadiens and their opponents, the Seattle Metropolitans. Hall would eventually succumb to pneumonia, related to his influenza, in a hospital in Seattle, Washington just four days after the Stanley Cup Final series was abandoned.

paragraphs: He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1961.


title: Glen Hanlon

paragraphs: Glen A. Hanlon (; born February 20, 1957 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired National Hockey League (NHL) goaltender and a former head coach of the Washington Capitals of the NHL, Dynamo Minsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL), and the Belarusian national ice hockey team. He was a goaltender scout for the Vancouver Canucks. On March 24, 2010 he was named head coach of Slovak national ice hockey team.


title: Shane Johnson

paragraphs: Shane Johnson (born January 1, 1974 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian-born British ice hockey defenceman.

paragraphs: Johnson spent four seasons at Boston University before spending a year with the Canadian National Ice Hockey Team. In 1998, Johnson moved to the United Kingdom's British Ice Hockey Superleague with the London Knights. He then moved to the Bracknell Bees and won the Superleague title with the team. Johnson then moved to the Belfast Giants in 2000 and became a huge fan favourite during a six-year spell which saw him win another Superleague title in 2002, the playoff cup in 2003 and the Elite League title in 2006 as well as becoming an all-star. In 2006, Johnson moved to the Sheffield Steelers, but midway through the season, Johnson signed with the Slough Jets. In 2007, Johnson returned to Sheffield for a brief spell and had another brief spell with the Cardiff Devils before he rejoined the Giants. Johnson retired at the end of the 2009-2010 season. Johnson also played for the Great Britain national ice hockey team and is now a British citizen.


title: Minute Maid

paragraphs: Minute Maid is a drink company owned by The Coca-Cola Company. Minute Maid makes juices, lemonade and other soft drinks. Minute Maid was the first company to make orange juice from concentrate.

paragraphs: It makes an orange drink called 'Minute Maid Pulpy'. It contains juice with a lot of orange pulp. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy' came in four variants, orange, tropical, o'mango (orange mango) and lemon. Now 'Minute Maid Pulpy Aloe Vera' contains juice with a lot of aloe vera pieces. It came in white grape.


title: Ed Johnstone

paragraphs: Edward Lavern "Eddie" Johnstone (born March 2, 1954) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played for the New York Rangers and Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Johnstone played major junior with the Medicine Hat Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League from 1971 to 1974. After two 100 point seasons in a row with Medicine Hat, Johnstone was drafted 104th overall by the New York Rangers in the 1974 NHL Amateur Draft, and 78th overall by the Michigan Stags in the 1974 WHA Amateur Draft. He played 23 games for the Stags in 1974–75 and played in the American Hockey League for the Providence Reds. Johnstone started his National Hockey League career in 1975–76, scoring 3 points in 10 games. Johnstone played for the Rangers until the end of the 1982–83 season, before being traded to the Detroit Red Wings along with Ron Duguay and Eddie Mio for Mike Blaisdell, Willie Huber, and Mark Osborne. He played for the Red Wings and their AHL minor league affiliate, the Adirondack Red Wings before retiring in 1987.


title: No Protection

paragraphs: No Protection is the name of a dub remix of Massive Attack's second album "Protection". The remix was done by the British dub producer Mad Professor. Mad Professor was contacted by Massive Attack after "Protection" was released to remix a song for a single. After the single was remixed, the band asked Mad Professor to listen to more of the album to find the possibility of more remixes. The project then became a track by track remix of almost the entire album. Mad Professor heavily edited the original material to form a slow, pulsating mix in which the beat is emphasized, reverb is extensively used and the occasional vocals (many of the tracks are almost entirely instrumental) fade in-and-out in normal dub fashion, making a hypnotic, if hi

paragraphs: repetitive, mix. The result is, on paper, more textured than the original, but loses any sense of the jazzy feel of "Protection".


title: Bauhaus (band)

paragraphs: Bauhaus were an English gothic rock band formed in Northampton in 1978. The group was of Peter Murphy (vocals), Daniel Ash (guitar), Kevin Haskins (drums) and David J (bass). The band was originally Bauhaus 1919 before they dropped the number part of their name within a year of formation. With their dark and gloomy sound and image, Bauhaus are generally known the first gothic rock group.

paragraphs: Bauhaus first broke up in 1983. Peter Murphy began a solo career while the other members continued as Tones on Tail and, later, Love and Rockets. Both enjoyed greater commercial success in the United States than Bauhaus had, but disappeared from the charts in their homeland. The band reunited for a 1998 tour and on a more permanent basis in 2005. The group announced plans to break up again following the release of their final album, "Go Away White", in 2008.


title: Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album)

paragraphs: Fear of the Dark is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 11 May 1992. It was the most popular album in the United Kingdom when it started being sold.

paragraphs: The album got mixed reviews. One person who reviewed it said that it was a "return to form," but had too many songs that were boring on it.


title: Louise Élisabeth of France

paragraphs: Louise Élisabeth de France (Marie Louise Élisabeth; 14 August 1727 – 6 December 1759) was the eldest daughter of King Louis XV of France and Maria Leszczyńska. She married Infante Philip, younger son of Philip V of Spain, and later became "Duchess of Parma".

paragraphs: Baptised with the names Marie Louise Élisabeth she was the twin of Henriette of France. She was known at court as "Madame Royale", "Madame Première" or "Madame Élisabeth". Within the family she was known "Babette". She was he fathers favourite daughter.

paragraphs: She was forced to marry Infante Philip of Spain by proxy on 26 August 1739. not having met her future husband beforehand. Afterwards, she was known as "Madame Infante" at the court of Louis XV. The marriage ceremony took place on 25 October 1739. She was known as "Madame Infante" at Versailles after her marriage.

paragraphs: Louise Élisabeth travelled to Madrid to the court of Philip V of Spain who was in fact her great uncle. The strict court etiquette was made worse by her mother-in-law, Elisabeth Farnese, who disliked Louise Élisabeth.

paragraphs: Louise Élisabeth was able to leave Spain in 1748 when her husband was created Duke of Parma thanks to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) which ended the War of the Austrian Succession. At Louis XV's instigation, Philip was given Parma as Louise Élisabeth had frequently asked him to bestow territory on her husband. En route to Parma, Louise Élisabeth went to Versailles arriving there in December 1748. During her stay she became acquainted with Madame de Pompadour. She arrived in Parma in October 1749 where she imported French court manners and "cuisine". She also redecorated the Ducal Palace of Colorno in the French style.

paragraphs: At the death of her twin sister in 1752, Louise Élisabeth returned to France in September to visit her tomb at Saint-Denis. She was expected to stay for only a few weeks, but remained in Versailles for almost a year.

paragraphs: Louise Élisabeth was bored when she returned to Parma, and sought a wider realm to rule. She allied herself with Empress Maria Theresa, who promised Louise Élisabeth the throne of the Southern Netherlands, which had been returned to Austrian rule under the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. This alliance was to be cemented by the marriage of her daughter Princess Isabella to Archduke Joseph of Austria. The marriage took place in 1760.

paragraphs: While back at Versailles, Louise Élisabeth died of smallpox. She was buried on 27 March 1760 at Saint-Denis Basilica beside her sister, Henriette. Their tombs were destroyed during the French Revolution.


title: Gord Lane

paragraphs: Gordon Thomas Lawrence Lane (born March 31, 1953 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a retired Canadian ice hockey defenceman.


title: Maria Josepha of Saxony, Dauphine of France

paragraphs: Maria Josepha of Saxony (Maria Josepha Karolina Eleonore Franziska Xaveria; 4 November 1731 – 13 March 1767) was a Dauphine of France and daughter-in-law of Louis XV. Marie Josèphe was the mother of three kings of France, including the doomed Louis XVI, who died under the guillotine during the French Revolution. Her youngest daughter, Madame Élisabeth, also was beheaded during the Revolution.

paragraphs: Maria Josepha was born at Dresden Castle to Augustus III of Poland. She was named after her mother Maria Josepha of Austria. Her mother was a first cousin of Maria Theresa of Austria. Maria Josepha was the eighth of fifteen children and the fourth daughter. Her oldest sister Maria Amalia had married the future Charles III of Spain.

paragraphs: She was married to the Dauphin of France on 9 February 1747, Maria Josepha of Saxony married Louis of France. The dauphin had been married to Maria Teresa Rafaela of Spain who had died in childbirth in 1746. In France the Saxon princess was known as "Marie-Josèphe de Saxe". The dauphin mourned the death of his first wife but would eventually fall in love with Marie Josèphe. Like her husband, Marie Josèphe was very devout. She was the mother of some eight children, her favourite being Louis, Duke of Burgundy who died young. Politically reserved, she exerted herself only once, in 1762, in vain, for the preservation of the Society of Jesus in France. The Society had been dissolved by the King on the initiative of the duc de Choiseul and Madame de Pompadour.

paragraphs: The death of her husband, in December 1765, she sank into a deep depression for the rest of her life. Her health declined and she died on 13 March 1767 of tuberculosis and was buried at Sens Cathedral and her heart was taken to the Basilica of Saint Denis.

paragraphs: Maria Josepha also had a stillborn son in 1748 and again in 1749. A stillborn daughter in 1752; Stillborn son in 1756. She also miscarried a son in 1762.


title: Rob McVicar

paragraphs: Robert McVicar (born January 15, 1982 in Hay River, Northwest Territories) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender with one game of NHL experience.

paragraphs: McVicar grew up in Brandon, Manitoba, where he played junior hockey for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the WHL for the four seasons 1999-2000 to 2002-2003. He was the 151st overall pick of the Canucks in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. For most of three seasons, from 2003-2004 to 2005-2006, McVicar played in the AHL for the Manitoba Moose; with the exception of 19 games played in the ECHL with the Columbia Inferno during the 2003-2004 season; 33 games played in the ECHL with the Victoria Salmon Kings during the 2005-2006 season; and one game played in the NHL with the Vancouver Canucks during the 2005-2006 season. In McVicar's only NHL appearance, on December 1, 2005 against the Edmonton Oilers, he played 3 minutes without facing a shot.

paragraphs: During the 2006-2007 season he played in the ECHL with the Utah Grizzlies, and during the 2007-2008 season he played in the CHL with the Arizona Sundogs. He signed with TOTEMPO HvIK for the 2008-2009 season.

paragraphs: On February 2, 2009 McVicar joined the Hamburg Freezers. His contract was confirmed after bankruptcy from Totempo.


title: Przemysl II

paragraphs: Przemysł II (also given in English and Latin as "Premyslas" or "Premislaus", or less properly "") (14 October 1257 – 8 February 1296) was the Duke of Poznań, Greater Poland, Kraków and Pomerania, and then King of Poland from 1295 until his death.


title: Henry IV Probus

paragraphs: Henry IV Probus (Latin for "the Righteous") (; ) (c. 1258 – 23 June 1290) was a Duke of the Silesian territory of Wrocław (Lower Silesia) starting in 1266, and starting in 1288 High Duke of the Seniorate Province of Kraków until his death in 1290.

paragraphs: He was the only son of Henry III the White, Duke of Wrocław, by his first wife Judith, daughter of Duke Konrad I of Masovia.


title: Wojciech Jaruzelski

paragraphs: Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski (6 July 1923 - 25 May 2014) was a Polish military officer and politician. He was the first President of Poland from July 1989 to December 1990.

paragraphs: Jaruzelski came from a family of Polish gentry. He was a son of Władysław Jaruzelski.

paragraphs: Selected by the Soviets for officer training in 1943, he served in the military until 1989. He was the last commander-in-chief of the Polish People's Army (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie) and chairman of the Polish United Workers Party 1981-1989. Jaruzelski was the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland from 1981-1985 and remained as head of state until 1990 as Poland's last communist leader. He resigned to allow for democratic elections.

paragraphs: In 1981, Jaruzelski ordered a brutal crackdown on people who did not agree with the Communist government of Poland. Jaruzelski imposed martial law in Poland on 13 December 1981 to stop pro-democracy movements including Solidarity, the first non-Communist trade union in the Warsaw Pact.

paragraphs: In 2005, Jaruzelski said he was happy that Poland joined NATO for reasons of security and the European Union for reasons of economic development.

paragraphs: Jaruzelski died on 25 May 2014, in a Warsaw hospital after having a stroke earlier that month.


title: Cadmium chloride

paragraphs: Cadmium chloride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdCl. It has cadmium and chloride ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Cadmium chloride is a colorless solid. It dissolves easily in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic (causes cancer). It is mostly ionic but a little covalent. It reacts with bases to make cadmium oxide.

paragraphs: Cadmium chloride is made by reacting cadmium oxide, cadmium, or cadmium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can also be made by mixing cadmium and chlorine.

paragraphs: It is used to make yellow cadmium sulfide, which is used as a pigment. It is also used to make organocadmium compounds. It is also used for electroplating.


title: Chościsko

paragraphs: Chościsko – according to of Gall of Anonym father of Hubs and, of progenitor of dynasty Piastów. His name meaning the tail probably (from " chost/chwost") appears in for Polish Chronicle in this meaningskutkować three times: Chościskiem also a prince is named Popiel in the title of chapter first of the first book. It is likely that they used the name here in the role of the nickname or it stayed added to the manuscript in the more late period. The second theory seems more probable, since original, Latin form of the sentence " about the prince Popiel called Chościsko" he is incorrect grammatically. This interpolation could be made under the influence " of Greater Poland Chronicle " which is giving Popiel his because of the long hair received the nickname Chościsko, that is blew.


title: Cadmium sulfate

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfate is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdSO. It is made of cadmium and sulfate ions. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfate is a white solid. It easily dissolves in water. It is toxic and carcinogenic.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfate is made by dissolving cadmium carbonate, cadmium oxide, or cadmium metal in sulfuric acid.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfate is used to electroplate cadmium on electronic circuits. It is also used to make cadmium sulfide, a pigment. It is used as an electrolyte in a certain battery used to make voltmeters accurate.


title: Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia

paragraphs: Charles Emmanuel IV (Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria; 24 May 1751 – 6 October 1819) was King of Sardinia from 1796 to 1802. He abdicated in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel I. He was the brother-in-law of Louis XVI, Louis XVIII and Charles X of France.

paragraphs: "Carlo Emanuele" was born at the Royal Palace of Turin, the eldest son of Victor Amadeus, "Duke of Savoy" and Maria Antonia of Spain. From his birth till his succession he was styled "Prince of Piedmont". He was named after his grandfather Charles Emmanuel III and baptised "Carlo Emanuele Ferdinando Maria".

paragraphs: In 1775 Charles Emmanuel married Marie Clotilde of France, the daughter of Louis, Dauphin of France and Marie Josèphe of Saxony, and sister of Louis XVI. Although the union was arranged for political reasons, Charles Emmanuel and his wife became devoted to each other. Their attempts to have children, however, were unsuccessful.

paragraphs: He became king at the death of his father on 14 October 1796. In December 1798, the French occupied Turin and forced Charles Emmanuel to abdicate all his territories on the Italian mainland and to withdraw to the island of Sardinia. The following year he tried unsuccessfully to regain Piedmont. He and his wife lived in Rome and in Naples as guests of the rich Colonna family.

paragraphs: On 7 March 1802 Charles Emmanuel's wife Marie Clothilde died. He was so moved by her death that he decided to abdicate on 4 June 1802 in favour of his brother Victor Emmanuel. Charles Emmanuel retained the personal title of King.

paragraphs: He died at the Palazzo Colonna in Rome and was buried in the Church of Sant'Andrea al Quirinale.


title: Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia

paragraphs: Victor Emmanuel I ("Vittorio Emanuele"; 24 July 1759–10 January 1824) was King of Sardinia from 1802 to 1821.

paragraphs: Born at the Royal Palace of Turin, he was the second son of King Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was known as the Duke of Aosta. His older brother Charles Emmanuel IV abdicated in 1802 and Victor Emmanuel succeeded him. He ruled Sardinia from Cagliari for the next twelve years as the mainland Kingdom of Sardinia had been captured by the French.

paragraphs: Victor Emmanuel returned to Turin only in 1814, his realm reconstituted by the Congress of Vienna with the addition of the territories of the former Republic of Genoa. After the outbreak of the liberal revolution in his lands in 1821, he abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix. Victor Emmanuel died in the Castle of Moncalieri. He is buried in the Basilica of Superga.

paragraphs: On 21 April 1789, he married Archduchess Maria Teresa of Austria-Este, daughter of Ferdinand, Duke of Modena.


title: Robert Baden-Powell

paragraphs: Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, OM, GCMG, GCVO, KCB (22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was an English army officer most known for starting the Scout movement. He was born in Paddington, London and went to British public schools before joining the army. Baden-Powell served in South Africa during the Anglo-Ashanti and Boer Wars, and also served in Malta. Baden-Powell's most notable service was at the Siege of Mafeking. For that, he became a major-general, and later a lieutenant general, which he was until 1910. In 1907, he founded the Boy Scouts, and wrote the first "Handbook for Boys". He also started the Woodbadge program, which is based on Scoutcraft and things he learned from the Zulus. He also spied in Germany, Austria and Russia.


title: Domino's Pizza

paragraphs: Domino's Pizza is a pizza delivery company founded in the United States. It is the biggest pizza company in the United States. They are now a world-wide company with 17,100 stores in more than 90 countries. Domino's menu has pizza, pasta, oven-baked sandwiches, chicken wings, boneless chicken, salads, breadsticks, cheesesticks, and a variety of desserts. Dominos also operates in the United Kingdom and is one of the most popular pizza restaurant chains in Britain.


title: Gaara

paragraphs: Gaara is a character in the manga and anime Naruto. He is known as Gaara of the Sand in the Viz translation, and Sabaku no Gaara (Gaara of the Desert) in the original Japanese. Initially he was a bad guy and Naruto's rival. After a while the two develop a bond as kindred spirits and become close friends.


title: Muyeol of Silla

paragraphs: Taejong Muyeol of Silla (, Hanja:太宗武烈王, 602 - June 661) was the 29th king of Silla. He was named Kim Chun Chu.

paragraphs: He was the grandson of King Chinji. He went to Kokuryeo, asking for help to destroy Baekje.

paragraphs: After he went to Tang for help in destroying Baekje and Koguryo so that the Three Kingdoms could become one kingdom. In 660 he led the military with Kim Yu-sin to fight against Baekje. They won the fight, but he died that year.


title: Antiseptic

paragraphs: An antiseptic is a substance that is applied to lesions or wounds of the skin to kill germs. This helps prevent the wound becoming infected.

paragraphs: Commonly used antiseptics include alcohol, iodine and mercury compounds. Antiseptics are different from antibiotics. Antiseptics can only be used on the skin, antibiotics can also be used internally, through the blood and lymphatic systems. They are also different from disinfectants: Disinfectants are used on non-living objects only, because they are dangerous to the living.


title: Gwangaeto the Great

paragraphs: Gwanggaeto the Great (, , 374 - 413) was an ancient Korean monarch. He was the 19th King of Goguryo and reigned from 393 to 413 CE. During his reign the Goguryeo territory widened with the conquests of SukSin, Mohe, Khitan, Buyeo. His era name was "Yuungrak" (, ).

paragraphs: King Gwanggaeto died from a sickness in the year 413.


title: Ayman al-Zawahiri

paragraphs: Ayman Mohammed Rabie al-Zawahiri was born June 19, 1951. He is an Egyptian physician, Islamic theologian and current leader of the militant Islamist organization al-Qaeda. Ayman al-Zawahiri is a former member of Islamist organizations which have organised and carried out attacks in North America, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. In 2012 he called on fellow Muslims to kidnap western tourists in Muslim countries.

paragraphs: Since the September 11 attacks, U.S. State Department has offered a US$25 million reward for information leading to al-Zawahiri's arrest. He is under worldwide sanctions by the United Nations Security Council 1267 Committee as a member or affiliate of al-Qaeda.

paragraphs: al-Zawahiri studied medicine in Cairo. He successfully completed his studies in 1974. For three years, he worked as a surgeon in the Egyptian army. After that, he worked in a hospital in Cairo. In 1980 and 1981, al-Zawahiri travelled to Pakistan to help the Red Crescent movement.

paragraphs: al-Zawahiri is the author of several works including numerous al-Qaeda statements. He speaks Arabic, English and French.


title: Cadmium oxide

paragraphs: Cadmium oxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdO. It has cadmium and oxide ions in it.

paragraphs: Cadmium oxide can be a colorless powder, brown powder, or red-brown crystals. All forms dissolve in acid. It is carcinogenic. Breathing the dust is harmful. It is similar in some ways to zinc oxide.

paragraphs: Cadmium oxide is made by burning cadmium in air or reacting an alkali with any soluble cadmium salt.

paragraphs: Cadmium oxide is used in electronics as a transparent conductor. It is also used to make pigments (cadmium sulfide), kill nematodes, make nickel cadmium batteries, and electroplating cadmium.


title: Cadmium bromide

paragraphs: Cadmium bromide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdBr. It has cadmium and bromide ions in it. The cadmium is in its +2 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Cadmium bromide is a very pale yellow solid. It easily dissolves in water. It is quite toxic.

paragraphs: Cadmium bromide is made by reacting cadmium with bromine or by reacting cadmium or its oxide with hydrobromic acid and evaporating the solution in helium.

paragraphs: It is used in photography and engraving.


title: Mercury bromide

paragraphs: Mercury bromide can refer to either of these mercury bromides:


title: Cadmium fluoride

paragraphs: Cadmium fluoride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdF. It has cadmium and fluoride ions in it.

paragraphs: Cadmium fluoride is a gray solid. It does not dissolve in water very well. It is toxic.

paragraphs: It is made by reacting cadmium with hydrogen fluoride, hydrofluoric acid, or fluorine.

paragraphs: Cadmium fluoride is used in organic chemistry, as well as in medicine for fluoride treatment.


title: Cadmium iodide

paragraphs: Cadmium iodide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdI. It has cadmium and iodide ions in it.

paragraphs: Cadmium iodide is a white or pale yellow solid. It is known for its crystal structure. Many other chemical compounds have a cadmium iodide crystal structure. It easily dissolves in water. It is toxic.

paragraphs: It is made by reacting cadmium with iodine. It can also be made by reacting cadmium, or cadmium oxide with hydriodic acid.

paragraphs: Cadmium iodide is used to make phosphors (things that light when struck by UV light), photography, and electroplating.


title: Cadmium sulfide

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdS. It has cadmium and sulfide ions in it.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfide is a yellow orange solid. It does not dissolve in water. It reacts with hydrochloric acid to make hydrogen sulfide and cadmium chloride. It is used in an odd reaction where cadmium sulfide is sprinkled into a sulfide solution and light is shined on it. It starts making small amounts of hydrogen gas.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfide is only found in two rare minerals. It is normally made artificially.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfide is made several different ways. Cadmium salts, normally the sulfate or the chloride (cadmium chloride), are reacted with hydrogen sulfide to make a bright yellow cadmium sulfide solid. When it is made for pigment, the cadmium sulfide is then washed, heated (to change it into the right form), and ground to a powder. It is then mixed with paint.

paragraphs: Cadmium sulfide is used as a yellow pigment. Cadmium yellow is the name of the pigment. If selenide is added during the roasting process (seen above in "preparation" section), it can make an orange or a yellow pigment. Cadmium sulfide is a good pigment because it does not break down easily, is very bright, and does not react with air like other pigments can. It is toxic, though.

paragraphs: It is also used in photoresistors that are sensitive to infrared and red light. Cadmium sulfide is found around some bacteria that reduce sulfate to sulfide.


title: Kim Yu-sin

paragraphs: Kim Yu-Sin (김유신, 金庾信, 595 – July 673) was a general and politician of the Silla Kingdom in ancient Korea. He belonged to the royal family of Gaya, and served as a soldier of Silla. He conquered the kingdoms of Goguryeo and Baekje. After his death, he was given the title of Heungmu the Great (흥무대왕).


title: One Sweet Day

paragraphs: "One Sweet Day" is a song by American singer Mariah Carey. It is a duet with American boy-group Boyz II Men. The song was written by Mariah Carey, Walter Afanasieff and the members of Boyz II Men. "One Sweet Day" was produced by Carey and Afanasieff for her sixth album "Daydream". It was released as the album's second single in late 1995. The song speaks about losing a loved one, and one day seeing them in heaven once again. Both Carey and Boyz II Men wrote the song about specific people in their lives. "One Sweet Day" was positively reviewed by music critcs. The song became a hit in many countries around the world, especially in the United States. It spent sixteen weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also became number one in Canada and New Zealand, and reached the top-ten in Australia, Belgium, France, Ireland, The Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The music video for "One Sweet Day" featured clips of Carey and Boyz II Men in the studio recording the song.


title: Confuciusornis

paragraphs: Confuciusornis is a genus of primitive crow-sized birds from the Lower Cretaceous. It was found in the Yixian and Jiufotang Formations of China, dating from 125 to 120 million years ago. The bird was named after the Chinese moral philosopher Confucius (551–479 BC).

paragraphs: Like modern birds, "Confuciusornis" had a toothless beak, but close relatives of modern birds such as "Hesperornis" and "Ichthyornis" were toothed. This shows that the loss of teeth occurred more than once, in "Confuciusornis" and in ancestors of modern birds. This is an example of convergent evolution.

paragraphs: "Confuciusornis" is the oldest known bird to have a beak. It is also the first known bird to have lost the long tail of "Archaeopteryx" and develop fused tail vertebrae (a pygostyle).

paragraphs: "Confuciusornis" is one of the most abundant vertebrates found in the Yixian Formation, and "several hundred" complete, articulated specimens have been found.

paragraphs: The proportions of the toes suggest that they were used for both walking and perching, while the large claws of the thumb and third finger were probably used for climbing. The head probably had a small crest or tuft.

paragraphs: The orientation of the shoulder joint was sideways, instead of angled upward as in modern birds; this means that "Confuciusornis" was unable to lift its wings above its back. Like "Archaeopteryx", it was thus incapable of the upstroke required for flapping flight. This conclusion is not established at present. Peters sees "Confuciusornis" as capable of flapping flight but specialising in soaring flight. The bird's weight has also been debated.

paragraphs: An argument from Gregory Paul noted that "Confuciusornis" is commonly found as large groups in lake bottom sediments with little to no evidence of the bodies being moved after death. It would be highly unusual for gliding animals to be found in such large numbers in deep water. Rather, this evidence suggests that "Confuciusornis" traveled in large flocks over the lake surfaces, a habitat consistent with a flying animal.

paragraphs: In early 2010, a group of scientists led by Zhang Fucheng examined fossils with preserved melanosomes (organelles which contain colour pigments). By studying the fossils with an electron microscope, they found melanosomes preserved in a fossil "Confuciusornis" specimen.

paragraphs: The melanosomes where of two types, which indicates that "Confuciusornis" had hues of grey, red/brown and black, possibly something like the modern zebra finch.


title: Diplocaulus

paragraphs: Diplocaulus (meaning "double stalk") was an early amphibian, now extinct. It had a boomerang-shaped head formed by two long bones at the back of the head. It had four short legs, and a short, flattened tail. It was about 3 feet (1 m) long.


title: The Communist Manifesto

paragraphs: The Manifesto of the Communist Party (German: "Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei"), more commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, is a short book. It was written by the German Marxist political theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1848. The book was originally written in the German language. Since it was first published, it became one of the world's most influential and controversial political manuscripts, and has been translated into many languages. The book is about analyzing approaches to class struggles (from both the past and present), and problems with capitalism.

paragraphs: The book does not talk about or predict how communism would be in the future. It is a mixture of both Marx and Engels' theories and opinions on society and politics. It also has their written ideas of how the capitalist society of their time would be replaced by socialism, and after that, communism. Especially by the abolition of private property and child labour and by making means of production common, strong progressive income tax and free education for all.

paragraphs: The manuscript of the book is registered in the Memory of the World Programme together with the volume I of "The Capital" by Karl Marx in June 2013.


title: Werner Sombart

paragraphs: Werner Sombart (January 19, 1863–May 18, 1941) was a German economist and sociologist and was an important social scientist to Europe during the early 20th century.

paragraphs: Sombart was born in Ermsleben, Harz. He was the son of Anton Ludwig Sombart, a rich liberal politician, industrialist.

paragraphs: Werner studied at the universities in Pisa, Berlin, and Rome, learning both law and economics. In 1888, he received his Ph.D. from Berlin.


title: Midnight (Warriors)

paragraphs: Midnight is a fantasy novel, the first book in Erin Hunter's "Warriors: The New Prophecy" series. Following "The Darkest Hour" and "", and preceding "Moonrise", it was released May 10, 2005. The novel centers on a group of feral cats living in four Clans: ThunderClan, RiverClan, WindClan, and ShadowClan.

paragraphs: More than a year has passed since the previous book, "The Darkest Hour". Bramblepaw, Tigerstar's son, has received his warrior name, Brambleclaw. Firestar has had two kits with Sandstorm, named Squirrelpaw and Leafpaw. Squirrelpaw is apprenticed to Dustpelt, and Leafpaw is apprenticed to Cinderpelt, in training to become the next medicine cat of ThunderClan. While Leafpaw and Cinderpelt search for herbs, StarClan, the cats' ancestors, sends Cinderpelt an ominous warning in some burning bracken, a picture of a tiger running through fire, which she interprets to mean that fire and tiger will destroy the forest. Cinderpelt concludes that the warning must be about Squirrelpaw and Brambleclaw, the daughter of Firestar and the son of Tigerstar. They share the warning with Firestar, who later decides to keep Brambleclaw and Squirrelpaw separated.

paragraphs: In a dream, StarClan tells Brambleclaw, Feathertail (Graystripe's daughter), Crowpaw, and Tawnypelt (formerly Tawnypaw, Brambleclaw's sister) to listen to what "midnight" has to say. Eventually, they begin a journey in the direction of the setting sun. Squirrelpaw tags along and Stormfur insists on accompanying them to protect his sister, Feathertail, as the six cats trek into the unknown world. On their journey, they meet an old loner named Purdy who helps the Clan cats get to the sun-drown place (ocean). Eventually, they reach the sun-drown-place and enter a cavern inhabited by a highly intelligent American badger known as Midnight, able to speak the languages of cats, foxes and rabbits, who reveals to them that humans will destroy the forest and that the cats must either leave the forest or die. She also tells them that a dying warrior will lead the Clans to their new home. The book ends with a short epilogue back in the forest, where the humans begin to destroy ThunderClan's territory.

paragraphs: "Midnight" was first released in the US and Canada in hardcover on May 10, 2005. It was released in the UK on October 25, 2006. It was released in paperback on April 4, 2006. It was also released for the Amazon Kindle on November 6, 2007.

paragraphs: The reception of "Midnight" was mixed. Children's Literature gave a negative review. Points raised in the review include the demotion of Firestar to a simple spokesman, the huge volume of characters, and the "wimpy" group of traveling cats. However, the review did praise the character of Squirrelpaw.

paragraphs: On the other hand, Kirkus Reviews said the novel was "structurally solid". BookLoons called the new generation "engaging".

paragraphs: The forest depicted in the book is based on New Forest, a forest in southern England. The herbs that the cats use for healing is based on information found in "Culpeper's Herbal" by Nicholas Culpeper.


title: Deron Williams

paragraphs: Deron Michael Williams (born June 26, 1984 in Parkersburg, West Virginia) is an American basketball point guard. He is currently a free agent of the NBA. He went to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign for college and he played for the Illinois Fighting Illini basketball team. Williams also played for the Utah Jazz from 2005 to 2011. He was traded to the Nets for Devin Harris, Derrick Favors, two first round draft picks, and $3 million on February 23, 2011.


title: Rick Nash

paragraphs: Rick Nash (born June 16, 1984 in Brampton, Ontario) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey right winger for the Columbus Blue Jackets where he is the team's captain. He also played for the New York Rangers and Boston Bruins of the NHL as well as the HC Davos. He was picked by the Blue Jackets with the first overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He played in the OHL with the London Knights.

paragraphs: He was on the Team Canada's men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won the gold medal.

paragraphs: Rick Nash retired from playing hockey in 2018 due to concussion symptoms.


title: New Taipei City

paragraphs: New Taipei City () is a city in northern Taiwan. It circles Taipei City. It is south of Keelung, north of Taoyuan County and west of Yilan. It is a part of the Republic of China and the largest city in Taiwan.

paragraphs: New Taipei City controls 29 districts (區). It has 1,017 villages (里). The villages are divided into 21,683 neighborhoods (鄰).


title: Far East Movement

paragraphs: Far East Movement is an American electro-hop band. The group was started in 2003. The members are Kev Nish, Prohgress, J-Splif, and DJ Virman. The band's original name was Emcee's Anonymous". The song "Round Round" was featured in the movie, .


title: Jeremy Morin

paragraphs: Jeremy Morin (born April 16, 1991) is an American professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Columbus Blue Jackets.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Morin played 2 years with the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (NTDP) and 1 season with the Kitchener Rangers of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL).

paragraphs: He was drafted 45th overall by the Atlanta Thrashers in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. On June 24, 2010, the Thrashers traded Morin along with Marty Reasoner, Joey Crabb, their 1st round pick (Kevin Hayes) and their 2nd round pick (Justin Holl) in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Dustin Byfuglien, Brent Sopel, Ben Eager, and Akim Aliu.

paragraphs: On November 5, 2010, the Blackhawks recalled Morin from the Blackhawks AHL-affiliate team, the Rockford IceHogs. The next day, Morin made his debut in 5–4 shootout win against the Atlanta Thrashers. After 3 days, he was sent back down to the IceHogs.

paragraphs: On November 30, 2010, he was called back up to the Blackhawks to replace the injured Marián Hossa. Before his callup, Morin was leading the IceHogs in goals, with six, and he was tied for third on the team with nine points. Later that day, during a game against the St. Louis Blues, Morin was able to record his first NHL point, after a power play assist, and also recorded his first NHL fight against the Blues' Chris Porter. He played the next 2 games but was sent back down to Rockford on December 6, 2010.

paragraphs: On December 8, 2010, before their game against the Dallas Stars, the Blackhawks recalled Morin while they placed Hossa on injured reserve. During the game against the Stars, Morin was able to score his first NHL goal against Andrew Raycroft in a 5–3 win.

paragraphs: Salary cap was still a concern for the Blackhawks and they had to send Morin back down to Rockford the next day. He would continue to be sent back and called up between Rockford and Chicago before the returns of Hossa and Viktor Stalberg from injury. After their returns, the Blackhawks did not need Morin in the line-up and loaned him to Team USA for the 2011 World Junior Championships. After the tournament was over, Morin returned to the IceHogs but he missed the rest of the season after suffering a concussion in mid-January.

paragraphs: On June 27, 2014, Morin was signed to a two-year contract extension by the Blackhawks.

paragraphs: On December 14, 2014, the Blackhawks traded Morin to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Tim Erixon.

paragraphs: On June 30, 2015, he was traded back to the Blackhawks along with Marko Daňo, Artem Anisimov, Corey Tropp and a fourth-round draft pick in 2016, in exchange for Brandon Saad, Alex Broadhurst and Michael Paliotta.

paragraphs: On January 3, 2016, Morin was traded by the Blackhawks to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Richard Pánik.

paragraphs: On February 27, 2016, he was traded to the San Jose Sharks along with James Reimer in exchange for Alex Stalock, Ben Smith and a 4th round pick in 2018.


title: Jiří Fischer

paragraphs: Jiří Fischer (born July 31, 1980) is a Czech retired professional ice hockey defenceman. Fischer played with the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1999 to 2006. He won the Stanley Cup with them in 2002. Fischer is the current director of player development for the Detroit Red Wings.

paragraphs: On November 21, 2005, during a game against the Nashville Predators, Fischer collapsed on the bench after entering cardiac arrest and was resuscitated by CPR and by an Automated External Defibrillator after being unconscious for six minutes. The game was halted and later played on January 23, 2006 marking the first time a hockey game has been stopped due to an injury. The Predators won the game 3-2. Fischer was released from Detroit Receiving Hospital on November 23, 2005.


title: Bryan Smolinski

paragraphs: Bryan Anthony Smolinski (born December 27, 1971 in Toledo, Ohio) is a former American professional ice hockey player. He was picked by the Boston Bruins with the twenty-first overall pick in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. Smolinski played ice hockey at Michigan State University for the NCAA.


title: University of Wisconsin–Madison

paragraphs: The University of Wisconsin–Madison is a university in Madison, Wisconsin, and the main campus of the University of Wisconsin System. It was founded in 1848.

paragraphs: The university offers 9,203 different courses, 232 undergraduate majors and certificates and over 250 master’s, doctoral, and professional programs. Average class size is 31 and there are more than 2,000 professors.

paragraphs: The school's athletic program, which competes mainly in the Big Ten Conference, is named the "Badgers" and they have won 27 national championships. The women's hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.


title: Arctic tern

paragraphs: The Arctic tern ("Sterna paradisaea") is a medium-sized species of seabird. It breeds in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Arctic tern also has the longest migration of any known animal. It migrates each year.

paragraphs: The Arctic tern is shown on the postage stamps of several countries and dependent territories. Examples are the Åland Islands, Alderney, and Faroe Islands and the countries include Canada, Finland, Iceland, and Cuba.


title: Grey Goose (drink)

paragraphs: Grey Goose is a brand of vodka that was introduced in the United States in 1997 and is manufactured by Bacardi. The distillation of Grey Goose takes place in the commune of Cognac in France. It was designed in 1997 by Sidney Frank, a billionaire.


title: Halberd

paragraphs: The halberd is a two handed pole weapon that has a axe blade topped with a spike mounted on a long shaft and a hook or thorn on the back side of the axe blade. The Halberd was popular during the 14th and 15th centuries. The Halberd is still the ceremonial weapon of the Swiss Guard in the Vatican.


title: Flag of Somaliland

paragraphs: The flag of Somaliland is the national flag of Somaliland.

paragraphs: The Shahada says "there is no other God except Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah".


title: Sakura Haruno

paragraphs: Sakura Haruno is a character from the Naruto anime and manga series. Sakura is one of Naruto Uzumaki’s fellow ninja-in-training, one-third of the team that also includes Naruto and Sasuke Uchiha. While in some ways, she’s a little stereotypically girly, she can more than hold her own throughout her team’s ninja training.


title: Layoff

paragraphs: Layoff (also called redundancy in British English

paragraphs: ), is when an employee does not work due to temporary or permanent suspension. There are legal differences from being fired. The meaning of "layoff" has changed over time. It first mean that there would be a temporary interruption at places like factories. In modern times, "laying someone off" is usually permanent, although in some special cases someone can be laid off temporarily.


title: B.T.

paragraphs: B.T. is a Danish tabloid newspaper, founded in 1916 by Henry Hellssen.


title: F. W. de Klerk

paragraphs: Frederik Willem de Klerk (born 18 March 1936 in Johannesburg) is a South African politician. He was the president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994. In 1993, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace with Nelson Mandela. They were given the prize for peacefully ending apartheid and setting up a new government in South Africa. From 1994 to 1996 he was vice president of South Africa. In 1997, he retired from politics. In 2004, he left the New National Party, when it became known that it wanted to unite with the African National Congress to form a single party.

paragraphs: De Klerk studied to be an attorney. He finished his studies in 1958. As a student, he joined the National Party. After obtaining his degree, he was their legal counsel, until 1972. From his first marriage with Marike Willemse he has three children. Since 1998, he has been married to Elita Georgiades.

paragraphs: FW de Klerk was born in Johannesburg in 1936. He is the son of Johannes de Klerk (1903-1979) and Hendrina Cornelia de Klerk (1904-2001), who died just four months before the death of his former daughter Marike Willemse and his brother to Wimpie de Klerk (1928-2009). His family, whose name comes from the French surname "Le Clerc," "Le Clercq" or "de Clercq" is of Huguenot origin. He settled in the country in 1686, a few months after the Revocation of the Nantes edict, and participated in various events in the history of Afrikaner. Their ancestors participated in the Grand Trek on the train led by Piet Retief to get rid of the British rule. In 1838, three members of the Klerk family were also killed with Retief in King Kraal of Zulu, Dingane. Later, during the Second Boer War (1899-1902), the grandfather FW of Klerk was captured twice by the British before being a founding member of the National Party in 1914, alongside James Barry Hertzog. According to genealogist Keith Meintjies and confirmed by FW by Klerk, the latter is also in accordance with Krotoa (Eva), a female Khoi, who served as interpreter for the Dutch colonists during the founding of the Colony of the Head.

paragraphs: Member of the Reformed Dutch Church, FW by Klerk, is the youngest son, Jan Klerk, the head of the school and minister with various portfolios (1954-1969) and Senate chairman (1969-1976), the nephew of JG Strijdom, the head of the South African Government 1954 until 1958. His older brother Wimpie de Klerk is a political analyst and co-founder of the Democratic Party in 1989.

paragraphs: High School in Krugersdorp, a suburb of Johannesburg, FW by Klerk has a honors degree from the University of Potchefstroom in 1958. In 1959 he married Marike Willemse (1937-2001), with whom he will raise three children adopted ). The couple, F. W. and Marike de Klerk, divorced in 1998.

paragraphs: During university studies, he joined the National Party and became a member of Broderbond.

paragraphs: A lawyer in Vereeniging, south of Transvaal, refused in 1972 the public law seat at Potchefstroom University to run for general elections.


title: Lower East Side

paragraphs: The Lower East Side is a neighborhood in southeastern part of the New York City borough of Manhattan. The neighborhood is roughly made up of Allen Street, East Houston Street, Essex Street, Canal Street, Eldridge Street, East Broadway, and Grand Street. It is considered to be an immigrant, working class area, but some parts of the neighborhood have been bought, repaired, destroyed, and renovated in recent years. Because of this, The National Trust for Historic Preservation put Lower East Side Manhattan on their list of America's Most Endangered Places At one time, much of the Lower East Side was tenements or slums, but many of these have been torn down or replaced by housing projects. During the late 19th and early 20th century, almost a million people lived on the Lower East Side, making it one of the most densely populated places on the planet. In the early to mid-19th century, many of the people were from Ireland and Germany. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many of the people there were from Eastern Europe, including many Jews. Today, many of the immigrants in the Lower East Side are from the Dominican Republic and China.


title: No Prayer for the Dying

paragraphs: No Prayer for the Dying is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 1 October 1990.

paragraphs: The album has Iron Maiden's only song that became the most popular one in England when it was released. This song is called "Bring Your Daughter...to the Slaughter." The album was also the band's last that was rated gold by the RIAA in the United States.

paragraphs: Reviews of the album were mixed. One person who reviewed it said that it "as a whole doesn't measure up" when compared to the better songs on it.


title: The Great Wave off Kanagawa

paragraphs: The Great Wave off Kanagawa is a woodblock print made by Hokusai.

paragraphs: The art work was printed somewhere between 1830 and 1833 which was during the Edo period. It is the first print in the series, Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji. It shows a giant wave threatening boats near the Japanese prefecture of Kanagawa. It was made with the ukiyo-e printing technique.


title: Armidale, New South Wales

paragraphs: Armidale is a city in New South Wales, Australia. As of 2006 it had a population of 19,485. It is found half-way between Brisbane and Sydney. It has an average altitude of 980 meters. It has a cool climate. It also has four seasons, unlike other parts of Australia. Armidale sometimes gets hailstorms. It was proclaimed a city in 1885. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney. There are bicycling areas in some parts of the city.


title: Johnny English

paragraphs: Johnny English is a 2003 British comedy spy movie set in London. It was produced by Tim Bevan, Eric Fellner and Mark Huffam and was directed by Peter Howitt. "Johnny English" parodies the James Bond movie series.

paragraphs: This movie has a sequel, "Johnny English Reborn".


title: Giovanni da Verrazzano

paragraphs: Giovanni da Verrazzano (1485 – 1528) was a Florentine explorer of North America. He is known for being the first European since the Norse colonization of the Americas around 1000 to explore the east coast of North America between South and North Carolina and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and Narragansett Bay in 1524. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is named for him.

paragraphs: He was chosen in 1524 by the King of France to search for a “Northwest Passage” to Asia through North America.

paragraphs: He left in the January of 1524, and reached Cape Fear in North Carolina on March 1, 1524.

paragraphs: He then proceeded north to explore the coastline, and believed that he had seen the Pacific Ocean (he explored North Carolina coast on the other side of a narrow piece of land). He actually discovered the Pamlico Sound, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: Verrazzano’s mistake meant that incorrect maps were printed in Europe.

paragraphs: These maps showed North America as split into two parts, connected by a narrow strip of land. This error took over a century to correct.

paragraphs: Verrazzano discovered New York Harbor, Block Island and Narragansett bay while exploring the Atlantic coast of North America.

paragraphs: However, he missed some important discoveries because he often anchored far off-shore.

paragraphs: He sailed further north to Maine and Newfoundland, and then returned to France with his discoveries.

paragraphs: He made two more trips to the Americas after that.

paragraphs: There are conflicting reports on how he died. One version says he was killed and eaten by natives on Guadalupe Island. Another says he was executed for piracy in Spain.

paragraphs: New York Harbor’s Verrazano Narrows Bridge commemorates this journey and his discoveries.


title: Kate McGarrigle

paragraphs: Kate McGarrigle ( February 6, 1946, in Montreal, Canada - January 18, 2010) was a Canadian singer-songwriter famous for her emotional songs written in the folk style. With her sister Anna McGarrigle, she had success in the 1970's where they were well known for their harmony singing. Some of the McGarrigles songs became hits for singers such as Linda Ronstadt and Maria Muldaur. Kate married singer Loudon Wainwright III and had two children, singers Martha Wainwright and Rufus Wainwright.

paragraphs: She died of clear-cell sarcoma in Montreal.


title: Diff'rent Strokes

paragraphs: Diff'rent Strokes is an American sitcom created by Jeff Harris and Bernie Kukoff. "Diff'rent Strokes" is set in New York City. It ran for 8 seasons and had 189 episodes. "Diff'rent Strokes" launched the career of four of its stars Gary Coleman, Todd Bridges, Dana Plato, and Conrad Bain.

paragraphs: The show is about a rich man Phillip Drummond (Conrad Bain) and his daughter Kimberly Drummond (Dana Plato) living in an apartment in New York City. Shortly before his maid died, she wanted him to take care of her two children, Arnold and Willis Jackson (Gary Coleman and Todd Bridges). They go through funny adventures and face realistic problems that can affect Arnold or the Drummond family.

paragraphs: Conrad Bain is the only cast member to appear in all "Diff'rent Strokes" episodes. Gary Coleman did not appear in two.

paragraphs: There have been rumors of a curse about the cast members of the series such as; the falling career, robbery, and suicide of Dana Plato and the sudden death of Gary Coleman from an accidental fall. The only well-known cast members that survive is Todd Bridges.


title: Rock Lee

paragraphs: Many anime and manga publications have commented on Lee's character. IGN compared Lee to Bruce Lee and Noel Gallagher. Anime News Network called Lee the "goofiest looking character" in the series. Lee has been popular among the "Naruto" reader base. He was placed high in many popularity polls. Many pieces of merchandise have been released in Lee's likeness, including figurines and plush dolls.

paragraphs: In an interview in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s "Naruto Anime Profiles Episodes 1-37", Masashi Kishimoto said that he enjoys drawing Lee more than any other character in the series. When designing Lee's appearance, Kishimoto planned to make Lee having different kinds of weapons, including nunchaku. Due to lack of time while creating the series, he was unable to do so. Kishimoto's first editor, Kosuke Yahagi, originally drew the author a draft of Lee's appearance. When Kishimoto designed it the design changed a lot from the original one. Yahagi felt pleased because some parts were kept. Kishimoto has noted that he originally designed Lee as a symbol of human weakness. His design of Sakura Haruno was also intended to carry the same Symbolism. Kishimoto was surprised by Lee's popularity within fans. He wanted to write more about him but the timing was never right. Lee became very popular within course of the series. Due to this Kishimoto tries to place him toward the front of promotional artwork in which he appears.

paragraphs: Brian Donovan is the voice actor for Rock Lee in the English adaptation of the anime. In an interview he commented that he likes Lee because he felt he was trying to be a "knight in shining armor but bumbling and stumbling at the same time".

paragraphs: Rock Lee is a ninja from Konohagakure part of Team Guy. Team Guy is a four-man cell of ninja led by Might Guy. Guy is interested in Lee due to his determination to become stronger even without the ability to use basic ninja techniques. He decides to help him achieve his dream of becoming a powerful ninja by using only taijutsu. Taijutsu is primary hand-to-hand combat. This relationship with Guy causes Lee to acquire many of Guy's qualities. Lee believes he can surpass the natural talents of others through hard work and passion. In the series, he attempts to surpass Neji Hyuga, who is shown as a "genius". Lee first appears in the series as a participant in the Chunin Exams. Chunin exams are the exams held twice a year for ninja who wish to increase their rank. During the Chunin Exams, Lee battles Gaara, a ninja from the village of Sunagakure. In the fight, Lee uses the eight chakra gates. chakra gates are limits on the body's ability to use chakra. This increases his natural abilities at the cost of his health. Lee tries hard but Gaara defeats Lee by crushing his left arm and leg. Lee is injured to the point where must give up on being a ninja.

paragraphs: Tsunade is a Konohagakure medical ninja. When she returns to lead the village as the Fifth Hokage (Konohagakure's leader), she offers to operate on him. Even though there is fifty percent chance of failure, Guy encourages Lee to have the operation. After that, Lee undergoes the surgery, which succeeds in healing his arm and leg. Right after the operation, Lee follows a team of ninja led by Shikamaru Nara who try to stop Sasuke Uchiha from leaving the village and going to the village of Otogakure. Lee battles the Otogakure ninja Kimimaro using the fighting style. When Kimimaro is about to defeat Lee, Gaara comes and continue the battle.

paragraphs: In Part II, Lee obtains the rank of Chunin. He is sent with his team to help save Gaara who is taken away by the criminal organization Akatsuki. During the Fourth Shinobi War Lee worked at the Third Division. Lee helps in fighting the Kabuto Yakushi's reanimated army. He later helped Naruto Uzumaki in the fight against Obito Uchiha and Madara Uchiha. Years after the war, Lee marries an unknown woman and has a son named Metal Lee. In the epilogue, Lee is last seen many years later, training with his son. In "", Lee hosts the third stage of the Chunin Exam.

paragraphs: Lee has appeared many times outside of the "Naruto" anime and manga. In the third featured movie in the series, "", Lee acts as a member of Team 7 for the duration of the movie. In the , which is set in Part II, Naruto Uzumaki, Sakura Haruno, Neji Hyuga, and Lee are assigned to escort the maiden Shion, who needs to perform a ritual to seal a demonic army. Lee also appears in the third original video animation, taking part in a tournament.

paragraphs: Lee is a character which can be played in almost every "Naruto" video game. This includes the and the . In some games, he uses some techniques not seen in the anime or manga. "" marks his first appearance in a video game set in Part II. Rock Lee is also the main character of a spin-off manga by Kenji Taira. The manga was adapted into an anime series titled "Rock Lee and his Ninja Pals".

paragraphs: Lee has ranked highly in the "Shōnen Jump" popularity polls for the series. At first, he was placed in top ten several times and he reached fifth place once. In later polls, Lee lost his top ten status. Also, several pieces of merchandise based on Lee have also been released, like action figures of his Part I and Part II appearances, plush dolls, and keychains.

paragraphs: Several publications for manga, anime, video games, and other media have provided commentary on Lee's character. IGN's A.E. Sparrow called Lee one of his favorite characters in the series. They also compared his personality to that of Bruce Lee and Noel Gallagher. Fellow editor Ramsey Isler ranked him as the eight best character on the series and said he "was the true underdog of the series." Isler added, "Perhaps a little too intense, but always fiercely devoted to his cause, Rock Lee added all sorts of flavor to the series." However, Rock Lee's profile on IGN describes him as "kind of stiff" because of his very polite manner. Active Anime celebrated Lee's introduction in the series as a comedic relief to the growing tension of the story at that point. "Anime Insider" listed him in their top five list for "pure-hearted heroes" from anime and manga publications, ranking him at number five. "Insider" praised him for "never [giving] up, even in the face of people with actual ninja powers."

paragraphs: Anime News Network referred to Lee as the "star of [the Chunin Exam arc]". They also claimed that he "almost single-handedly rescues this arc from being tossed into the 'entertaining but disposable' bin". His fight against Gaara in the exams was listed as second best one in anime by AnimeCentral. Anime News Network also called Lee the "goofiest looking character" in the series. They also praised Kishimoto's "ninja-punk visual sensibilities" that allowed him to make Lee "damn cool when the action starts". In the NEO Awards 2007 from "Neo", Rock Lee won in the category "Best Anime Character". He was also listed as one of the three "Honorable Mentions" from "Naruto" by Wizard Entertainment's Danica Davidson with comments from the article being focused on Lee's determination. When the "Naruto" manga ended, writer Yūto Kubota expressed that Lee was his favorite character.


title: Matt Morgan

paragraphs: Matthew Thomas Morgan (born September 10, 1976 in Fairfield, Connecticut) is an American professional wrestler that is currently signed to TNA Wrestling wrestling under the ring name, "The Blueprint" Matt Morgan.


title: Cold Lake, Alberta

paragraphs: Cold Lake is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta.

paragraphs: Cold Lake was originally three communities, and was eventually formed by merging the Town of Grand Centre, the Town of Cold Lake, and Medley which was a Canadian Forces Base 4 Wing on October 1, 1996.


title: Tridentine Mass

paragraphs: Tridentine Mass is the formula of the Latin Rite Catholic Mass that was commonly used before 1969. The Roman Missal contained the Church's guidelines on the Tridentine Mass for the first time in 1570. The missal was changed several times, and the last change to it was made in 1962. The celebration is done almost exclusively in the Latin language. Today, it is permitted as an alternative to the current form of the Mass that was introduced by the Second Vatican Council. There is also a translation into Church Slavonic which uses that language instead of Latin. The Slavonic form is in use mainly in the Balkans.


title: Daewoo Leganza

paragraphs: The Daewoo Leganza was a 4-door automobile produced by GM Daewoo. It replaced the Daewoo Espero in 1997, and were replaced by the Daewoo Evanda in 2003.


title: John Carpenter

paragraphs: John Carpenter (born January 16, 1948) is an American movie director, producer, writer and actor. He was born in Carthage, New York. He is known for horror and science fiction movies including "Halloween", "The Thing" and "Escape from New York".


title: Hecate

paragraphs: Hecate (, "Hekátē") is the goddess of magic, crossroads, witchcraft, sorcery, ghosts and necromancy in ancient Greek religion and myth. The daughter of Perses and Asteria (twin sister of Leto), Hecate was a member of the third generation of Titans, but sided with Zeus and his siblings during the Titanomachy. As such, she was greatly honored by Zeus, who allowed her to operate on Earth, as well as the sky and the Underworld. A nocturnal figure, Hecate often dwelled in underground caves or in the Underworld itself. She was often invoked as a household deity, to provide aid in warding off evil spirits. Hecate assisted Demeter in her search for her daughter Persephone following Hades' abduction of her, guiding the goddess' path at night by her flaming torches. Afterwards, she frequently served as a companion of Persephone, joining her on her yearly journey to and from the realm of the dead. In later times, Hecate was depicted as a woman with three-heads, thought to represent the past, present and future. Serving as her attendants were the empousai, a species of man-eating monsters who were vampiric in appearance with a leg made of solid bronze and the other that of a donkey. Often identified with the goddesses Artemis and Selene, Hecate served as a representative of the harvest moon. Her symbols were a pair of torches, keys and daggers, and the serpent, polecat, and dog were considered her sacred animals.


title: ʻAlalā

paragraphs: The Alalā or Hawaiian crow ("Corvus hawaiiensis") is a species of bird in the crow family. The bird was found only in the western and southeastern parts of the island of Hawaiʻi before becoming completely extinct in the wild. There are two breeding facilities operated by the San Diego Zoo.


title: Hugues Cuénod

paragraphs: Hugues-Adhémar Cuénod (born 26 June 1902; died 6 December 2010) was a Swiss opera singer. He was a tenor. He was particularly famous for singing comic roles in opera. He had an extremely long career, lasting over 65 years. He was still singing in opera at the age of 92. He died at the age of 108.

paragraphs: Hugues Cuénod was born in Coiseaux-sur-Vevey. Cuénod he studied at the Ribaupierre Institute in Lausanne, at the conservatories in Geneva and Basel, and in Vienna. At first he sang in concerts. Then, in 1928, he got a part in the jazz opera "Jonny spielt auf" by Ernst Krenek when it was performed in Paris. The next year he sang for the first time in the United States in Noël Coward's "Bitter Swee t". He worked in Geneva until 1933, then he went to Paris where he met the music teacher Nadia Boulanger. She had a big influence on his musical development. He made a concert tour of North America. From 1940 to 1946 he taught at the Geneva Conservatory. In 1943 he started singing in opera again, singing in Johann Strauss II's "Die Fledermaus" in Geneva. Then he sang at Milan's La Scala (1951), the Glyndebourne Festival (from 1954 on) and London's Royal Opera House, Covent Garden (1954, 1956 and 1958).

paragraphs: Cuénod sang music by many different composers. He was famous for singing the part of Basilio in Mozart's "The Marriage of Figaro", the Astrologer in Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Golden Cockerel", and Sellem in Stravinsky's "The Rake's Progress". He sang with a light tenor voice, not a heavy heroic voice.

paragraphs: One of the most famous opera houses in the world is the Metropolitan Opera in New York. He did sing there, but not until he was 84. By that age almost all singers have been long retired. He sang the part of the Emperor Altoum in Puccini's "Turandot" in 14 performances there.

paragraphs: The very last time he sang on stage was in 1994 when he was 92. He sang M. Triquet in Tchaikovsky's "Eugene Onegin" when it was given by the Lausanne Opera at the Théâtre du Jorat in Mézières.

paragraphs: Cuénod lived with his male partner, Alfred Augustin, in the Vaud region of Switzerland. They lived in an 18th-century castle that had belonged to members of his family for several generations. The couple were in a civil union.

paragraphs: On his last birthday on 26 June 2010 he turned 108. He died in Vevey on 6 December that year.


title: Roberto Alagna

paragraphs: Roberto Alagna (born near Paris, 7 June 1963) is a French operatic tenor.

paragraphs: Alagna's family came from Sicily. He was born in Clichy-sous-Bois, Seine-Saint-Denis, near Paris, France in 1963. When he was a teenager he started singing pop music in Paris cabarets. Later he started to sing in operas. He won the Luciano Pavarotti Voice Competition. He started to sing professionally in 1988 singing the part of Alfredo Germont in Giuseppe Verdi's "La Traviata" with the Glyndebourne touring opera

paragraphs: Soon he was being asked to sing all over the world in opera houses such as La Scala, Covent Garden and the Metropolitan Opera. His performances of Romeo in "Romeo and Juliet" by Charles Gounod at Covent Garden in 1994 made him a great international star. When he sang that role on 15 December 2007 at the Metropolitan Opera with Anna Netrebko as Juliet the performance was broadcast by the Met into 447 theaters worldwide in high definition and seen by about 97,000 people.

paragraphs: Alagna's first wife, Florence Lancien, died of a brain tumor in 1994; they had one daughter, Ornella, who was born in 1992. In 1996 he married the Romanian soprano Angela Gheorghiu. They often performed together in operas. However, they separated in 2009.


title: Lila Downs

paragraphs: Lila Downs (September 9, 1968 in Tlaxiaco, Oaxaca, Mexico) is a Mexican/American singer-songwriter. She performs her own compositions as well as Mexican traditional and popular music. She also incorporates indigenous Mexican influences and have recorded songs in indigenous languages such as Mixtec, Zapotec, Maya, Nahuatl and P'urhépecha. Her albums are "One Blood", "Shake Away", and "Sins and Miracles" has won various Grammys and World Music Awards.

paragraphs: Downs is the daughter of Mixtec cabaret singer Anita Sánchez and Allen Downs, a Scottish/English-American professor of art and cinematographer from Minnesota. She learned to sing at the age of four. She began to perform rancheras songs when she was 10 years old. Lila grew up partly in the Mexican state of Oaxaca, partly in the U.S. state of California as a teenager. She was 15 when she went to Performing Arts Institute of Oaxaca, where she studied music. She lived in Minnesota as an adult. She graduated from the University of Minnesota in voice and anthropology.

paragraphs: She later returned to Mexico where she learned to weave. Later, she began singing in the club scenes of Oaxaca and Philadelphia along with Paul Cohen, an American-born saxophonist. They began collaborating on songs that would slowly evolve into Downs' subsequent recordings. Cohen became both Downs' husband and her artistic director.

paragraphs: In recent years, Downs and her band have toured widely in Mexico, South America, the US and Europe. She was also heard in the soundtrack to the movie "Frida" in a song, "Burn it Blue", that was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Song and that she performed at the 75th Academy Awards. Other songs that she performed on the soundtrack are "Benediction and Dream", "Estrella Oscura", and "La Llorona". Other movies in which her songs are featured include Maria Ripoll's 2001 "Tortilla Soup", Patricia Cardoso's 2002 "Real Women Have Curves" and Carlos Saura's 2007 "Fados". She was also invited to the Twelve Girls Band's concert in Shanghai, where she sang in French and English. Downs is currently based in Coyoacán, a borough of Mexico City.

paragraphs: On September 2, 2008, Lila Downs released "Shake Away", her latest album of new material as well as featuring a few cover songs, including "I Envy The Wind" by Lucinda Williams and "I Would Never" by The Blue Nile. Downs also collaborated with artists like La Mari from Chambao and Enrique Bunbury from Héroes del Silencio. In 2010 she appeared on The Chieftains' album "San Patricio".

paragraphs: "Sins and Miracles" is the most recent album by Lila Downs. It was released in 2011. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Germany, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets. Downs did a tour for the album called the "Pecados y Milagros World Tour". The singles on "Sins and Miracles" are: "Palomo del Comalito", "Zapata se Queda" and "Mezcalito". The album and its singles received one Grammy Award. The main music genres which make up the album are pop, folk and ska. She has a contralto vocal range.


title: Rock Band 2

paragraphs: Rock Band 2 is an interactive music game by Harmonix. It is a sequel to the game "Rock Band". To play the game, players use a microphone to sing or a controller to hit notes on the screen. Players get points by hitting the right notes at the right time. Earning points can help a player earn stars, which show how well a player performed the song. If a player misses too many notes or hits too many of the wrong notes, they fail out of the song. It has a quickplay mode and a world tour mode.

paragraphs: In quickplay mode, players choose songs from a list to play. In world tour mode, players can play songs in venues (public places) in cities around the world. Rock Band 2 also has a practice mode, where players can play a song without failing out of it. Players can choose one of four skill levels to play. The skill levels are Easy, Medium, Hard, and Expert.The songs in Rock Band 2 are sorted by how hard they are to play. Zero dots means the song is one of the easiest to play, and five red dots means that the song is one of the hardest. Players can play solo (by themselves) or with other people.