title: Mistletoe

paragraphs: Mistletoe is the common name for a group of semi-parasitic plants in the order Santalales. They grow attached to and inside the branches of a tree or shrub.

paragraphs: The name was first given to "Viscum album" (European mistletoe, Santalaceae), the only species native in Great Britain and much of Europe. Later the name was given to other related species, including "Phoradendron serotinum" (the eastern mistletoe of eastern North America, also Santalaceae).

paragraphs: The largest family of mistletoes, Loranthaceae, has 73 genera and over 900 species.

paragraphs: European mistletoe played a large role in Greek mythology, and is believed to be The Golden Bough of Aeneas, ancestor of the Romans. The Norse god Baldr was killed with mistletoe.

paragraphs: In Romanian traditions, mistletoe ("vâsc" in Romanian) is considered a source of good fortune.

paragraphs: William Shakespeare mentions it in "Titus Andronicus", Act II, Scene I: "Overcome with moss and baleful mistletoe".

paragraphs: Mistletoe is often used as a Christmas decoration. "Viscum album" is used in Europe and "Phoradendron serotinum" is used in North America. According to custom, the mistletoe must not touch the ground between its cutting and its removal as the last of Christmas greens at Candlemas; it may remain hanging through the year, often to preserve the house from lightning or fire, until it was replaced the following Christmas Eve.

paragraphs: Mistletoe ("Phoradendron flavescens") is the state floral emblem for the State of Oklahoma.

paragraphs: According to a custom during Christmas, any two people who meet under a hanging of mistletoe are urged to kiss. The custom started in Scandinavia.


Potoroo


title: Michael Gambon

paragraphs: Sir Michael John Gambon, CBE (born 19 October 1940), is an acclaimed Irish actor with a career that spans nearly five decades and includes a variety of roles in theater, television and movie.

paragraphs: Gambon was born in Dublin during World War II. His father, Edward Gambon, was an engineer and his mother, Mary (née Hoare), was a seamstress. His father decided to seek work in the rebuilding of London, and so the family moved to Mornington Crescent in north London, when Gambon was five. His father had him made a British citizen — a decision that would later allow Michael to receive an actual, rather than honorary, knighthood and CBE. (although, under the British Nationality Act 1981 anyone born in Ireland before 1949 can still register as a British subject and, after five years' UK residence, as a British citizen).

paragraphs: Raised a strict Catholic, he attended St Aloysius Boys' School in Somers Town and served at the altar. He then moved to St Aloysius' College in Hornsey Lane, Highgate, London, whose former pupils included Peter Sellers. He later attended a school in Kent, before leaving with no qualifications at fifteen. He then gained an apprenticeship with Vickers Armstrong as a toolmaker. By the time he was 21 he was a fully qualified engineer. He kept the job for a further year – acquiring a fascination and passion for collecting antique guns, clocks and watches, as well as classic cars.

paragraphs: Aged 19 he joined the Unity Theatre in Kings Cross. Five years later he wrote a letter to Michael MacLiammoir, the Irish theatre impresario who ran Dublin's Gate Theatre. It was accompanied by a CV describing a rich and wholly imaginary theatre career – and he was taken on.

paragraphs: Gambon made his professional stage début in the Gaiety Theatre, Dublin's 1962 production of "Othello", playing "Second Gentleman", followed by a European tour. A year later, cheekily auditioning with the opening soliloquy from Richard III, he caught the eye of star-maker Laurence Olivier who was recruiting promising spear-carriers for his new National Theatre Company. Gambon, along with Robert Stephens, Derek Jacobi and Frank Finlay, was hired as one of the ‘to be renowned’ and played any number of small roles. The company initially performed at the Old Vic, their first production being "Hamlet", directed by Olivier and starring Peter O'Toole. He played for four years in many NT productions, including named roles in "The Recruiting Officer" and "The Royal Hunt of the Sun", working with directors William Gaskill and John Dexter.

paragraphs: After three years at the Old Vic, Olivier advised Gambon to gain experience in provincial rep. In 1967, he left the NT for the Birmingham Repertory Company which was to give him his first crack at the title roles in "Othello" (his favourite), "Macbeth" and "Coriolanus".

paragraphs: His rise to stardom began in 1974 when Eric Thompson cast him as the melancholy vet in Alan Ayckbourn's "The Norman Conquests" at Greenwich. A speedy transfer to the West End established him as a brilliant comic actor, squatting at a crowded dining table on a tiny chair and sublimely agonising over a choice between black or white coffee.

paragraphs: Back at the National, now on the South Bank, his next turning point was Peter Hall's premiere staging of Harold Pinter's "Betrayal", an unexpectedly subtle performance — a production photograph shows him embracing Penelope Wilton with sensitive hands and long slim fingers (the touch of a master clock-maker). He is also one of the few actors to have mastered the harsh demands of the vast Olivier Theatre. As Simon Callow once said: “Gambon's ‘iron lungs and overwhelming charisma are able to command a sort of operatic full-throatedness which triumphs over hard walls and long distances.”

paragraphs: This was to serve him in good stead in John Dexter's masterly staging of "The Life of Galileo" in 1980, the first Brecht to become a popular success. Hall called him ‘unsentimental, dangerous and immensely powerful’, even the Sunday Times’ curmudgeonly critic of the day called his performance ‘a decisive step in the direction of great tragedy...great acting’, while fellow actors paid him the rare compliment of applauding him in the dressing room on the first night.

paragraphs: From the first Ralph Richardson dubbed him The Great Gambon, an accolade which stuck, outshining his 1990 CBE, even the later knighthood, although Gambon dismisses it as a circus slogan. But as Sheridan Morley perceptively remarked in 2000, when reviewing "Cressida": ‘Gambon's eccentricity on stage now begins to rival that of his great mentor Richardson’. Also like Richardson, interviews are rarely given and raise more questions than they answer. Gambon is a very private person, a ‘non-starry star’ as Ayckbourn called him. Off-stage he prefers to back out of the limelight, an unpretentious guy sharing laughs with his fellow cast and crew.

paragraphs: While he has won screen acclaim, no-one who saw his ravaged "King Lear" at Stratford, while still in his early forties, will forget his superb double act with a red-nosed Antony Sher as the Fool sitting on his master's knee like a ventriloquist's doll. There were also notable appearances in "Old Times" at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, and as "Volpone" and the brutal sergeant in Pinter's "Mountain Language".

paragraphs: David Hare's "Skylight", with Lia Williams, which opened to rave reviews at the National in 1995, transferred first to Wyndhams Theatre and then on to Broadway for a four-month run which left him in a state of advanced exhaustion. “"Skylight" was ten times as hard to play as anything I’ve ever done” he told Michael Owen in the Evening Standard. “I had a great time in New York but couldn’t wait to get back”.

paragraphs: Gambon is almost the only leading actor not to grace Yasmina Reza's "ART" at Wyndham's. But together with Simon Russell Beale and Alan Bates he gave a deliciously droll radio account of the role of Marc. And for the RSC he shared Reza's two-hander "The Unexpected Man" with Eileen Atkins, first at The Pit in the Barbican and then at the Duchess Theatre, a production also intended for New York but finally delayed by other commitments.

paragraphs: In 2001 he played what he described as “a physically repulsive’’ Davies in Patrick Marber's revival of Pinter's "The Caretaker", but he found the rehearsal period an unhappy experience, and felt that he had let down the author. A year later, playing opposite Daniel Craig, he portrayed the father of a series of cloned sons in Caryl Churchill's "A Number" at the Royal Court, notable for a recumbent moment when he smoked a cigarette, the brightly lit spiral of smoke rising against a black backdrop, an effect which he dreamed up during rehearsals.

paragraphs: In 2004 he finally achieved a life-long ambition to play Sir John Falstaff, in Nicholas Hytner's National Theatre production of "Henry IV, Parts 1 and 2", co-starring with Matthew Macfadyen as Prince Hal.

paragraphs: He made his movie debut in the Laurence Olivier "Othello" in 1965. He then played romantic leads, notably in the early 1970s BBC television series, "The Borderers", in which he was swashbuckling Gavin Ker. As a result, Gambon was asked by James Bond producer Cubby Broccoli to audition for the role in 1970, to replace George Lazenby. His craggy looks soon made him into a character actor, although he won critical acclaim as Galileo in John Dexter's production of "The Life of Galileo" by Brecht at the National Theatre in 1980. But it was not until Dennis Potter's "The Singing Detective" (1986) that he became a household name. After this success, for which he won a BAFTA, his work includes movies such as "The Cook, The Thief, His Wife and Her Lover" which also starred Helen Mirren.

paragraphs: In 1992 he played a psychotic general in the Barry Levinson movie "Toys" and he also starred as Georges Simenon's detective Inspector Jules Maigret in an ITV adaptation of Simenon's series of books. He starred as Fyodor Dostoevsky in the Hungarian director Károly Makk's movie "The Gambler" (1997) about the writing of Fyodor Dostoevsky's novella "The Gambler".

paragraphs: In recent years, movies such as "Dancing at Lughnasa" (1998) and "Plunkett & Macleane" (1998), as well as television appearances in series such as "Wives and Daughters" (1999) (for which he won another BAFTA), a made-for-TV adaptation of Samuel Beckett's "Endgame" (2001) and "Perfect Strangers" (2001) have revealed a talent for comedy. In 2004, he appeared in five movies, including Wes Anderson's quirky comedy "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou"; the British gangster flick "Layer Cake"; theatrical drama "Being Julia"; and CGI action fantasy "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow".

paragraphs: Perhaps his most significant role in 2004, however, was Albus Dumbledore, Hogwarts' headmaster in the third installment of J. K. Rowling's franchise, "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban", taking over from fellow Irish actor Richard Harris, who had died of Hodgkins disease. (Harris had also played Maigret on television four years before Gambon took that role.) Gambon reprised the role of Albus Dumbledore in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", which was released in November 2005 in the UK and U.S. He returned to the role again in the fifth movie, "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", which was released in 2007. He will once again return to portray Dumbledore in movie the sixth "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince". Gambon admits not having read the "Harry Potter" novels and says that this is because he does not want to be upset by an extremely large change or death in the books. Similarly, he has also stated in an interview that, when playing Dumbledore, "I don't have to play anyone really. I just stick on a beard and play me, so it's no great feat. I never ease into a role – every part I play is just a variant of my own personality. I’m not really a character actor at all..."

paragraphs: In an Ironic twist, Gambon also played a British spy in "The Good Shepherd" (2006). His codename was "The headmaster".

paragraphs: Most recently, he was Joe in Beckett's "Eh Joe", giving two performances a night at the Duke of York's Theatre in London. He currently does the voice over to the new Guinness ads with the penguins. In 2007 he played major roles in Stephen Poliakoff's "Joe's Palace", and the five-part adaptation of Mrs Gaskell's "Cranford" novels, both for BBC TV.

paragraphs: Gambon married Anne Miller when he was 22, but has always been secretive about his personal life. The couple live together in a country house in Kent. Gambon was invested by Prince Charles as a Knight Bachelor on 17 July 1998 for services to drama (Queen Elizabeth II's approval for the award was notified in the 1998 New Year Honours List) and his wife thus became Lady Gambon. The couple have a son, Fergus, who appears as an expert on the BBC's "Antiques Roadshow".

paragraphs: Gambon is a qualified amateur pilot, and his love of cars led to his appearance on the BBC's "Top Gear" programme. Gambon raced the Suzuki Liana and was driving so aggressively that it was launched into the air on the last corner of his timed lap. The final corner of the Dunsfold Park track has been named "Gambon" in his honour. He reappeared on the programme on the 4 June 2006, and set a time in the Chevrolet Lacetti of 1:50.3, a significant improvement on his previous time of 1:55. He clipped his namesake corner the second time, and when asked why by Jeremy Clarkson, replied that 'I dunno - I just do not like it'.

paragraphs: In February 2015 Gambon spoke for the first time of the "frightening memory loss" that had forced him to retire from the stage after 50 years. He said he has taken the "heartbreaking" decision to stop after finding he could no longer remember his lines.


title: Mercosur

paragraphs: Mercosur or Mercosul (, , Guarani: "Ñemby Ñemuha", ) is a Regional Trade Agreement (RTA) between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It was founded in 1991. Its purpose is to improve free trade and the easy movement of goods, people, and currency.

paragraphs: The following countries are full members, in the process of becoming full members, associate members or observers.


title: Leti, Punjab

paragraphs: Leti is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is located at 32°55'0N 72°4'0E and is part of Talagang Tehsil.


title: C. Everett Koop

paragraphs: Charles Everett Koop (October 14, 1916 – February 25, 2013) was an American physician who became well known as a pediatric surgeon at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. He was an early name in today's pediatric surgery. He then served as the Surgeon General of the United States and as vice admiral in the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps from 1982 to 1989, under President Ronald Reagan.

paragraphs: He was thought of as the first "celebrity Surgeon General", because he is the first Surgeon General to receive an Emmy Award, and remains the only Surgeon General to have done so. Koop was also called Chick Koop by some of his friends.

paragraphs: Today Koop is well known for four parts of his work:

paragraphs: These four views, along with Koop's personality and use of the media, made the office of Surgeon General more well known than it was before. He is the first Surgeon General to be the subject of a well known song – "Promiscuous", by Frank Zappa. Koop was unusual in his style, and well known for his mustache-less beard and colorful bow ties.

paragraphs: Koop was born on October 14, 1916 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at Dartmouth College, at Cornell Medical College, and at the University of Pennsylvania. He was married to Betty Koop from 1938 until her death in 2007. Then he was married to Cora Hogue Koop from 2010 until his death in 2013. He had four children.

paragraphs: Koop died on February 25, 2013 from unknown causes. During the past months, Koop had been ill. He suffered renal failure the past week in his home in Hanover, New Hampshire. He was 96 years old.


title: White bass

paragraphs: The white bass or sand bass ("Morone chrysops") is a freshwater fish of the temperate bass family Moronidae. It is the state fish of Oklahoma.


title: Nagasaki Prefecture

paragraphs: Nagasaki Prefecture was created by merging the western half of the old provinces of Hizen Province with the islands of Tsushima Province and Iki Province.

paragraphs: Nagasaki is on the western coast of the island of Kyūshū. The southwest coastline faces the Sea of Japan and the East China Sea. Saga Prefecture is on its eastern border.

paragraphs: The prefecture has 505 islands with no people living on them.

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 18% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Chiriku Hachiman-gū", "Amanotanagoa jinja" and "Kaijin jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Rose rock

paragraphs: The Rose Rock is a rock that has a shape similar to a rose blossom. The rose rock was selected as the official state rock of Oklahoma in 1968.


title: Ouachita Mountains

paragraphs: The Ouachita Mountains are a mountain range in west central Arkansas and southeastern Oklahoma.


title: Arbuckle Mountains

paragraphs: The Arbuckle Mountains are an ancient mountain range in south-central Oklahoma in the United States. It rests in Davis, Oklahoma. A Small town of a bit over the 2500 population. There are many things to do in this historic small tourist town. come and see for yourself. Brenda Lack Stokes is a native Davisite town and welcomes the world to visit this wonderful place.


title: Wichita Mountains

paragraphs: The Wichita Mountains are in southwestern Oklahoma.


title: Kiamichi Mountains

paragraphs: The Kiamichi Mountains are a mountain range in southeastern Oklahoma. A subrange within the larger Ouachita Mountains that extend from Oklahoma to western Arkansas,


title: Idabel, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Idabel is a city in McCurtain County, Oklahoma, United States. The population was 7,158 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of McCurtain County.


title: Gegenschein

paragraphs: The Gegenshein, also called Counterglow, is a very faint light which can be seen in the sky at night. The light can be seen at the point in the sky that is exactly opposite of the Sun. It is very hard to see. The light can only be seen from areas with no other lights (away from cities) and on nights with no moon. This effect is caused by matter spread around that reflect the light from the Sun, and is related to the zodiacal light.


title: Lawton, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Lawton is a city in and the county seat of Comanche County, Oklahoma, United States.


title: Haunted house

paragraphs: A haunted house or ghosthouse is a house where supernatural events are believed to take place. Many haunted houses are believed to contain ghosts. They can also contain the spirits of dead people. The rumour that a house is haunted often starts after something violent or tragic happens in the house, such as a murder or suicide. Haunted houses are common in gothic fiction, and are generally seen as old castles or creaky, old, abandoned houses. A haunted house can be a type of attraction in amusements parks too. One scientific explanation of haunted houses is that poisonous gasses such as carbon monoxide from defective gas-burning appliances are what causes the hallucinations that people experience. Another possible cause is infrasound.

paragraphs: Many haunted houses have been investigated and found to contain high levels of carbon monoxide or other poisons, which can cause hallucinations. The carbon monoxide theory explains why haunted houses are mostly older houses, which are more likely to contain aging and defective appliances, and why more hauntings are reported in the colder months. Carbon monoxide poisoning explains many of the occurrences in haunted houses, such as feelings of being watched, hearing footsteps or voices, seeing "ghosts", headaches, dizziness, and sudden death or illness of people or pets, and also strange behavior in pets such as excessive barking or meowing. The carbon monoxide theory also explains why some ghosts don't show up on photographs or videos (photographs that do show "ghosts" are usually caused by dust, insects, fingers or camera strap in front of the lens, and multiple exposures).

paragraphs: Pesticides can cause the same types of hallucinations as carbon monoxide. Recreational drugs such as LSD and methamphetamine can cause hallucinations. Unpleasant hallucinations are known in the recreational drug community as a "bad trip". Drug users are usually, but not always, aware that they are experiencing hallucinations related to the drug, at least after they become sober again.

paragraphs: Sounds heard in a "haunted" house are often very normal sounds, for example footstep-like sounds can be caused by vermin such as squirrels or raccoons. Dead vermin can also cause unusual smells often associated with hauntings. Doors closing by themselves can be caused by wind. Moving shadow figures can be caused by the headlights of passing cars shining through a window. Many times normal sounds that come from outside can be mistaken for a sound inside the house. Sounds made by electronics, plumbing, refrigerators, and heating / air conditioning have also been mistaken for paranormal sounds.


title: Planetshine

paragraphs: The phenomenon known as planetshine happens when sunlight from a planet lights the dark side of one of its moons. The best known example of planetshine is Earthshine.


title: Moore, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Moore is a city in Cleveland County, Oklahoma and is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 41,138 at the 2000 census.


title: Ephemeris

paragraphs: An ephemeris is a table giving the predicted positions of an object in space, like another planet, comet, or asteroid.


title: Saros cycle

paragraphs: The Saros cycle is an eclipse cycle of about 18 years 11 days 8 hours (about 6585⅓ days). A solar eclipse 18 years past will be similar with one 18 years in the future. This is because the Earth, Moon and Sun return to almost the same positions they were at 18 years ago. The first predictions of a solar eclipse using the Saros were made by Ancient Greek philosophers.


title: Chesapeake Energy Arena

paragraphs: Chesapeake Energy Arena is a multipurpose indoor sports/concert arena in downtown Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States. It is the home of the National Basketball Association's Oklahoma City Thunder. The arena was also home to the New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets from 2005 to 2007. The arena was formerly named the Ford Center from 2002 to 2010 and the Oklahoma City Arena from 2010 to 2011.


title: Tulsa Revolution

paragraphs: The Tulsa Revolution is a professional soccer team from Tulsa, Oklahoma that plays in the Central Division of the American Indoor Soccer League.


title: Arena football

paragraphs: Arena football is a sport similar to American football. It is played indoors on a smaller field than American Football, resulting in a faster and higher-scoring game.


title: Pir Panjal Range

paragraphs: The Pir Panjal Range is a group of mountains which starts in Ramban and extends westward in the south of Jammu and Kashmir (Vale of Kashmir) to the last extremity of Muzaffarabad District. It is 288 km long. Its width changes between 40 and 50 km. Six historical passes, Pir Panjal Pass, Banihal Pass, Hajipir Pass, Ratanpir Pass, Bairam Gala Pass and Gulabgarh Pass, are in this mountain range. The highest mountain range is Tattakoti. Its elevation is . The height of this range near Gulmarg is high.


title: Happy Feet

paragraphs: Happy Feet is a 2006 American-Australian computer-animated musical movie. It was made in Australia. The movie was directed and co-written by George Miller. It was released in North America in November 2006. While it is mostly animated, some scenes do include live-action. "Happy Feet" won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature but did not win the Annie Award for Best Animated Feature. There is a sequel to "Happy Feet".

paragraphs: "Happy Feet" was dedicated to the following people: Nick Enright, Michael Jonson, Robby McNeilly Green, and Steve Irwin.

paragraphs: "Happy Feet" is set in an Emperor Penguin colony, where each penguin must sing a song called a "Heartsong" to find a mate. Two penguins, Norma Jean and Memphis, are attracted to each other by their songs, and they start a family. While Norma Jean is fishing in the ocean, Memphis is left with the egg, and he accidentally drops it on the ice, exposing it to the cold temperatures of the Antarctic. The young penguin chick who hatches out of this egg has a terrible singing voice and later discovers he has no "Heartsong." However, he does have a talent for tap dancing.

paragraphs: While Mumble's mother, Norma Jean, thinks this little habit is cute, his father, Memphis, says it "just ain't penguin." Besides, they both know that, without a "Heartsong", Mumble may never find true love. As fate would have it, his one friend, Gloria, happens to be the best singer around. Mumble and Gloria have a connection from the moment they hatch, but she struggles with his strange "hippity-hoppity" ways. Mumble is just too different; especially for Noah the Elder, the stern leader of the colony, who ultimately casts him out of the community.

paragraphs: Away from home for the first time, Mumble meets a group of different penguins—the Adelie Amigos. Led by Ramón, the Adelies instantly accept Mumble's tap-dancing skills and invite him to party with them. In the home of the Adelies, Mumble seeks the counsel of Lovelace the Guru, a Rockhopper penguin who claims he will answer any of life's questions for the price of a pebble. In their conversation, Lovelace mentions "aliens," which interest Mumble as he finds a frozen vehicle in a glacier. He decides to find the "aliens."

paragraphs: Returning home, Mumble and his friends find Gloria in the center of attention as her "Heartsong" is very attractive to the other penguins. However, she is not interested in the other males' "Heartsongs" but is excited when Mumble persuades her to sing in time with his tap-dance rhythm. The other penguins become interested and begin dancing. However, Noah the Elder feels that the recent lack of fish, the penguins' main food, is a punishment sent from their god in order to punish them for allowing Mumble's dancing. He therefore exiles Mumble from the colony, but before he leaves, Mumbles tells them that he will find the real cause of the famine.

paragraphs: With Lovelace and the Amigos, Mumble travels many miles and through many obstacles, which include an attack by killer whales. Finally, they see a large quantity of commercial trawlers, ships that are fishing in the Antarctic waters, and Mumble follows them. Eventually, he is caught and put on display in a marine park exhibit. He attempts to communicate with the "aliens" (humans) who are surrounding him, but fails. After nearing going mad with the confinement, a small child taps on the glass of his enclosure. Mumble is excited and begins tap-dancing. After a large crowd gathers to watch him, he is released back to the wild with a tracking device and leads the humans back to his colony.

paragraphs: Later on, a research team arrives to study the penguins, and the humans discover they are overfishing the ocean, which had resulted in the lack of fish. Fishing the Antarctic is banned, and the fish population returns and thrives. In the end, the Emperors and Amigos are shown dancing and celebrating.


paragraphs: High School Musical 3: Senior Year DANCE! is a rhythm video game based on the movie "". It was released in 2008.


title: Bernie Mac

paragraphs: Bernie Mac (Bernard Jeffrey McCullough, October 5, 1957 – August 9, 2008) was an American actor and comedian. He was nominated for an Emmy Award twice.

paragraphs: He died on August 9, 2008 from complications of pneumonia.


title: Michael Phelps

paragraphs: Michael Fred Phelps II (born June 30, 1985) is an American swimmer who holds world records in several events. Phelps won eight medals at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens. Six of those were gold. These medals made him tie the record for medals at a single Olympics. Alexander Dityatin has held this record since 1980. In 2008, Phelps won eight swimming gold medals at the Summer Olympics in Beijing. This broke Mark Spitz's record for most gold medals in a single Olympics. Spitz had won seven gold medals at the 1972 Summer Olympics. At the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, Phelps won another four gold and two silver medals. At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Phelps won five gold medals and one silver. In total he has won 28 Olympic medals, a record. 23 of these are gold medals, over two times as many as the former record. Phelps is also known as the most decorated olympian in any sport. Currently, Michael Phelps has retired. He will not be back for the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Phelps was diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) when he was nine.

paragraphs: Phelps qualified to compete in three team events and five individual events. He won gold medals in all eight events (WR = world record, OR = Olympic record):


title: Severe weather

paragraphs: Severe weather is any destructive weather phenomenon. The term is usually used to refer to severe thunderstorms and related storms, such as tornados, hail, and downbursts. Unlike normal weather, severe weather does not happen as much. Most severe weather, like hurricanes and severe thunderstorms, happen in the summer. Winter storms are also kinds of severe weather, and these happen in the winter.


title: Indian Territory

paragraphs: The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States for the use of Native Americans.


title: Kenton, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Kenton is a small unincorporated community in Cimarron County, Oklahoma, United States.


title: Trio

paragraphs: A trio is a group of three things, or a group of three persons who are doing something together.


title: Alfred Cortot

paragraphs: Alfred Denis Cortot (born Nyon, 26 September 1877; died Lausanne, 15 June 1962) was a French-Swiss pianist and conductor. He is one of the most famous 20th century musicians. He was especially known for his playing of piano music by 19th century Romantic composers such as Chopin and Schumann. He formed a piano trio with the violinist Jacques Thibaud and the cellist Pablo Casals. He was a piano teacher and conductor.

paragraphs: Cortot (pronounce “Cor-toe”) was born in Nyon in the French-speaking part of Switzerland. His father was French and his mother was Swiss. Cortot studied at the Paris Conservatoire. His teachers were Emile Descombes and Louis Diémer. He won a first prize ("premier prix") in 1896. His first public concert was at the Concerts Colonne in 1897 when he played Beethoven's Piano Concerto No. 3. He helped opera singers to learn their music, and became assistant conductor at the Bayreuth Festival. In 1902 he conducted Wagner’s "Götterdämmerung". It was the first time it had been performed in Paris. He formed a concert society to perform Wagner's "Parsifal", Beethoven's "Missa solemnis", Brahms' "German Requiem", and new works by French composers.

paragraphs: In 1905, Cortot formed a trio with Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals, which became the most famous piano trio of the time. There are still several recordings of their playing. From 1907 to 1923, Cortot taught at the Paris Conservatoire, where his pupils included Clara Haskil, Dinu Lipatti, Vlado Perlemuter. In 1919, he founded the École Normale de Musique de Paris. Many people came to hear him teach about how to perform piano music. He travelled a lot and also conducted famous orchestras. He died in Lausanne.

paragraphs: Many people did not agree with him when he supported the German occupation of France during the Second World War. He played in some concerts which were supported by the Nazis. He may just have played at these concerts because he liked German music, but it made him some enemies. His wife, Clothilde Breal, was of Jewish origin and her cousin, Lise Bloch, was married to Leon Blum, the first Jew to become President du Conseil or Prime Minister in France. Cortot and the Blums were good friends, although he was banned for a year from performing in France.

paragraphs: He was famous for playing the piano music of Chopin and Schumann, Cortot made editions of both those composers' music. He had a superb technique, but he also had many memory lapses in concerts and occasionally left wrong notes on his records. Nevertheless, when he played well he was one of the greatest pianists of his time.


title: Pesto

paragraphs: Pesto is a kind of sauce that originated in Liguria, in Italy. The uncooked sauce is made of basil which is crushed. Other ingredients are garlic, salt, pine nuts olive oil and certain kinds of cheese (most often Parmesan cheese, Pecorino Sardo or Pecorino Romano).

paragraphs: Pesto is often used as a sauce for pasta.

paragraphs: There is a similar dish in the Provence, in France. It contains no nuts or cheese. It is called Pistou.


title: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom

paragraphs: Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom is a 1984 movie starring Harrison Ford and directed by Steven Spielberg. It is the second movie in the Indiana Jones movie series and the prequel to "Raiders of the Lost Ark".

paragraphs: The movie is set in 1934. Indiana Jones meets a gangster named Lao Che. Lao Che wants the ashes of the Manchurian emperor Nurachi. In turn, he will give Jones a rare diamond. They trade items. However, Lao Che put poison in Jones's drink and offers him the antidote for the diamond. A fight ensures, where one of Lao Che's sons is killed and a dancer named Willie Scott picks up the antidote. Jones and Scott leap out a window, where they are driven by Jones's sidekick Short Round through Shanghai. They then get on plane but do not know that it is owned by Lao Che.

paragraphs: Lao Che orders the pilots of his plane to parachute out to try to kill Jones. However, Jones uses a life boat and lands safely. They are then greeted by a village leader in India who tells them that a group of men took their Sankara Stone and kidnapped their children. He asks if the three of them will go help them find the stone and their children. Jones agrees and the three of them go out on elephants.

paragraphs: They stay the night at Pankot Palace. While there, a big man tries to kill Jones. Jones finds a secret door and find a large underground temple underneath the palace run by the Thuggee people. He sees the three Sankara Stones there. The three of them watch their leader, Mola Ram, sacrifice a man by pulling out his heart and lowering him into a lava pit where he burns to death. The Thuggees see them and capture them.

paragraphs: Jones meets Mola Ram, the one that kidnapped the children and stole the stone. He has the kids working in the mine to find more of the stones. He has Jones drink the blood of Kali. The blood brainwashes Jones and puts him under a spell. Ram then shows him Scott, who they captured. Jones puts her in a cage and starts to lower her down into a lava pit. Short Round, who was working at the mines, gets free. He takes a torch and burns Jones, who comes to his senses. He saves Scott, takes the stones, and starts to get out of there.

paragraphs: He frees the children from their chains. However, another big man, the leader, starts to fight Jones. Jones is winning but when he is about to beat the guy, he suddenly goes into great pain. Short Round tries to help but cannot help very much. He looks up and sees that the king is using a voodoo doll and hurting Jones. Short Round climbs up to the top and burns him as well, just in time. The three heroes go into the mine cart to escape, leading a long chase where they barely escape.

paragraphs: Mola Ram traps them over a bridge. Jones signals to his friends to hold on and then he cuts the rope. Most of the Thuggees die when they are eaten by crocodiles down below. The rest of the people hang onto the bridge, which hits a cliff. Scott and Short Round easily make it up. Ram and Jones fight. It ends when Jones utters a chant that makes the stones very hot. Ram grabs one, is burned, and falls to his death below.

paragraphs: A group of Indian riflemen then come down and shoots at the Thuggees, driving them back. Jones brings the stone and all the children back.


title: Andrei Tarkovsky

paragraphs: Andrei Arsenyevich Tarkovsky () (April 4, 1932 - December 29, 1986) was a Soviet movie director, writer and opera director. Tarkovksy is listed as one of the 100 filmmakers best liked by movie critics. He received critical acclaim for directing such movies as "Andrei Rublev", "Solaris" and "Stalker".

paragraphs: Tarkovsky also did a lot of work as a screenwriter, movie editor and theater director. He was also important as a movie theorist. He directed most of his movies in the Soviet Union, with the exception of his last two movies which were produced in Italy and Sweden. His movies are characterized by Christian spirituality and metaphysical themes. Other things that are typical for his movies are extremely long takes, the lack of conventional dramatic structure and plot, and memorable images of exceptional beauty.

paragraphs: Tarkovsky died of lung cancer in Paris, at age 54.


title: Boss (video gaming)

paragraphs: In video games, a boss is a powerful enemy which is much stronger than other normal enemies in the game. Usually a boss is unique, meaning there is only one of it, but sometimes it must be fought more than one time. Bosses are most often found at the end of a level or the game.


title: Grappling hook

paragraphs: A grappling hook is a hook on a rope used to climb up higher. It can also be used to swing across a gap. In today's world, it is usually used for mountain climbing/rock climbing.


title: Pegasus

paragraphs: Pegasus (, Pégasos, 'strong') is a flying horse with wings in Greek mythology. He is the son of Poseidon and the Gorgon Medusa. In cartoons and other stories, Pegasus was said to be the horse of the legendary hero Hercules.

paragraphs: The myth of the Pegasus is interesting and educational, and helps us understand an era gone by.

paragraphs: The Pegasus is a white horse with wings that can fly. It is very beautiful, and can only be controlled with a golden bridle given to Bellerophon by Athena.

paragraphs: Long ago, Perseus killed the monster Medusa using a reflective shield and winged sandals. He cut off her head, which had the hair of poisonous snakes and was so ugly it would turn to stone anyone who looked at it straight on, and from her blood sprang the winged horse Pegasus. Some stories say that Perseus rode Pegasus away, but other stories say he left before Pegasus was born.

paragraphs: Years later, there was a young man named Bellerophon, living in Corinth. Bellerophon had always longed to ride Pegasus, but Pegasus refused to be tamed. Bellerophon decided to pray to Athena, who was the Greek goddess of wisdom. Athena gave him a golden bridle that allowed him to capture Pegasus.

paragraphs: Later, the brother of a king sent Bellerophon on a quest to defeat the Chimera, a legendary beast with the head of a lion that breathed fire, a goat’s head sprouting from its back, and the tail of a snake. Together, they defeated it and Bellerophon was honored. Then Bellerophon decided he wanted to be immortal and tried to fly with Pegasus to Mount Olympus, home of the gods. Zeus, angry, sent a gadfly to sting Pegasus, who bucked Bellerophon back to Earth.


title: Christian Gottlob Neefe

paragraphs: Christian Gottlob Neefe (1748–1798) was Ludwig van Beethoven's first teacher.


title: Pendant

paragraphs: A pendant is an object that usually hangs from a necklace. The name is from the Latin word "pendere" which means "to hang down".


title: Australian Classification Board

paragraphs: The Australian Classification Board is a government agency in Australia that controls censorship and classifications. It rates video games, movies, and publications. It was originally created in 1970 as the Office of Film and Literature Classification (OFLC). The name was changed in 2006.

paragraphs: For most media, there are the following ratings:

paragraphs: Refused Classification means that the Classification Board has banned the item from being released in Australia. Any movie or video game under this rating can not be shown in Australia. RC would be the strongest rating by the Australian Classification Board.


title: Satellaview

paragraphs: The Satellaview is a satellite modem add-on for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System only released in Japan by Nintendo. Nintendo made many games for it usually with "BS" in front of them, including remakes of "The Legend of Zelda" and "". Other companies have also made games for it.


title: Action adventure game

paragraphs: An action-adventure game is a video game genre that uses gameplay from adventure and action games. Popular games in this genre are "The Legend of Zelda" series, the "Castlevania" series, the "God of War" series and the "Metroid" series. The action-adventure game genre consists of the player, who goes on adventures, that are usually filled with monsters who the character has to fight.


title: Steve Miller Band

paragraphs: The Steve Miller Band is an American blues rock band led by Steve Miller.


title: Ariadne

paragraphs: Ariadne, in Greek mythology, was daughter of King Minos of Crete and his queen, Pasiphaë, daughter of Helios, the Sun-titan. She helped Theseus in defeating the Minotaur (by giving him a length of string to escape the labyrinth). But Theseus abandoned her so she became the consort of the god Dionysus. She is the Greek goddess of passion and mazes.


title: Bird's eye view

paragraphs: A bird's-eye view is a view of something from above, like from a bird's view.


title: Electronic Gaming Monthly

paragraphs: Electronic Gaming Monthly (abbreviated as EGM) is an American video game magazine published by Ziff Davis that started in 1989. It's one of the most popular gaming magazines in America.

paragraphs: Every April Fools' Day, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" does an April Fools' Day joke. One of the most famous is when they said that Sonic and Tails can be found in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" if the player completes a very hard task, and for a long time after that, people thought that they really were in. Sonic later appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".


paragraphs: The Nintendo Entertainment Analysis & Development Division (Nintendo EAD for short) is Nintendo's biggest game studio. It's responsible for making many of Nintendo's biggest games, including the "Mario" series and "The Legend of Zelda" series.


title: Tiel

paragraphs: The town is sourrounded by the rivers Waal and Linge on the south and the north side. The Amsterdam-Rhine Canal is on the east side. The city was founded in the 5th century. The whole municipality has about 41,500 inhabitants. The town's mascot is a fruit man called "Flipje". Flipje used to be the mascot for a local jam factory, but is now an icon for the whole of Tiel.


title: Zanskar Range

paragraphs: The Zanskar Range is spread over a vast area from southeastern boundaries of the state of Kashmir and extends in the northwest direction to the eastern limits of Baltistan. It separates Ladakh from the valleys of Kashmir and the Chenab River.

paragraphs: In other words it serves as a boundary line between Ladakh region of Kashmir and the remaining two regions of the state i.e. Jammu region and Vale of Kashmir. 23000 feet high peak Nunkun is within this range. Marbal Pass and many other passes which connect Ladakh with Kashmir are in this area, 13000 feet high Zojila Pass is in the extreme northwest of Zanskar range. This range, in fact is a branch of the great Himalayan range of mountains. Many rivers start in different branches of this range flow northward, and join the great Indus River. These rivers include Hanle River, Khurna River, Zanskar River, Suru River (Indus), and Shingo River.

paragraphs: It also separates Kinnaur from Spiti in Himachal Pradesh. The highest peaks of Himachal are in Zanskar range.


title: Karakoram

paragraphs: The Karakoram is a Mountain range in Asia. The name is from a Turkic word meaning "back gravel". It is mainly located in China, India, and Pakistan. Parts of the range extend into Afghanistan and Kyrgyzstan. Many of its mountains are in the regions of Gilgit-Baltistan, Ladakh, and Xinjiang. It is the second highest mountain range in the world. The Karakoram is part of a complex of mountain ranges that also includes the Himalaya, Hindu Kush, and Pamir ranges. The range has eight mountains with tops over high. Four of these are higher than . They are K2, Gasherbrum I, Broad Peak, and Gasherbrum II. K2 is the world's second highest peak.

paragraphs: The range is about long and it covers a tract about broad. Karakoram separates the State of Kashmir from China, and South-central Asian States. It also protects Kashmir from the extreme cold winds of Siberia. There are over 300 peaks with an elevation between and high. Karakoram is the most glaciated part of the world outside the polar regions. Glaciers cover about 28-50% of the mountains in the range. This is much higher than the Himalayan average of 8-12%. Some of the famous glaciers are the Siachen Glacier ( long) and Biafo Glacier (long). These are the second and third longest glaciers in the world, outside the polar region. Many hilly lakes and hot-water springs are also located in Karakoram. The valleys are sources to many rivers and streams which drain in the Indus River.

paragraphs: The high Karakoram Pass connects Kashmir with the Central Asian states. It is considered to be a historical route. Shaksgam Pass, Aghil Pass, and Khunjerab Pass are also in this range of mountains.


title: Hindu Kush

paragraphs: The Hindu Kush is a range of mountains. It starts near Pamir in the north of Gilgit extending in the southwest deep into the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, Tirich Mir is here. On the west of this range is the Wakhan corridor of Afghanistan which separates Gilgit Agency from Tajikistan. This tract of land was formed under an agreement between the governments of the Empires of Russia and Britain in 1890. It was annexed with Afghanistan to serve as a neutral zone between the two empires.

paragraphs: The passes of Mintaka Pass, Kilik Pass, Chilinji Pass and Kuramber Pass are in the Hindu Kush range and connect Kashmir with the central Asian states. Many rivers including the Chapursan River, Ishkuman River, Ghizar River, Gilgit River and Shandur River originate in the valleys of Hindu kush and ultimately join the Indus River.


title: Deosai Mountains

paragraphs: A range of mountains called Deosai stands between the Vale of Kashmir, Gilgit Agency and Baltistan District. There is a vast plain covering an area of 580 sq miles, bearing the same name Deosai. The whole area is uninhabited, surrounded by rocky mountains, with an elevation of 16,000 to 17,000 feet. The road leading to Skardu from Gurez passes through the Deosai Plains. Tragbal Pass and Burzil Pass, situated in this area, connect the Valley of Kashmir with Baltistan and Gilgit.


title: Harmukh Mountain

paragraphs: Harmukh is a branch of great Himalayan range which is between the valleys of Jhelum and Neelum in the north eastern part of Kashmir Valley to the north of Srinagar. Excepting the mornings and evening, the mountain is always covered by clouds. Name of the 16980 feet high peak is also Harmukh. The peak is square shaped and can be viewed from all the sides therefore the name "Harmukh". Sarbalnag spring is on the top of Harmukh mountain.


title: Hiroya Miura

paragraphs: Hiroya Miura (, born in Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan in 1975) is a composer and performer working in the fields of contemporary classical music.

paragraphs: Miura joined the faculty of Bates College in Maine in 2005.


title: Sulaiman Mountains

paragraphs: The Sulaiman Mountains (; Balochi/Urdu/), or the Kesai Mountains are a major feature of southeastern Afghanistan (Zabul, most of Loya Paktia and northeastern Kandahar province), South Waziristan, and most of northern Balochistan province of Pakistan. They are one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Plateau and the South Asia. Bordering the Sulaiman Range to the north are the arid highlands of the Hindu Kush Range, with more than 50 percent of the lands there lying above 2,000 m (6,500 feet). The Sulaiman Range, and the high plateau to the west and southwest of it, helps form a natural barrier against the humid winds that blow from the Indian Ocean, creating arid conditions across Southern Afghanistan to the north. In contrast, the relatively flat and low-lying Indus River Delta is situated due east and south of the Sulaiman Mountains. This lush delta is prone to heavy flooding and is mostly uncultivated wilderness.

paragraphs: Rivers that flow from the Sulaiman mountain system include the Dori River and the Gomal River.

paragraphs: There are very few plants on the southern slope. In the central part, there are wild olives, pistachios and orchards of apples and cherries, as well as wild almonds and junipers. Ziarat District is a tourist destination, famous for its large juniper forests.


title: Salt Range

paragraphs: The Salt Range is a hill system in the Punjab province of Pakistan, deriving its name from its extensive deposits of rock salt. The range extends from the Jhelum River to the Indus River, across the northern portion of the Punjab province. The Salt Range contains the great mines of Mayo, Khewra, Warcha and Kalabagh, which yield vast supplies of salt. Coal of a medium quality is also found.


title: Toba Kakar Range

paragraphs: The Toba Kakar Mountains are a Southern offshoot of the Himalayas in the Balochistan region of Pakistan. The historical route through the mountains is known as the Bolan Pass, and though the mountains are sometimes inaccurately referred to as the "Brahui Mountains", Brahui is the term for an ethnic group that lives in the region, and their language.


title: Ladakh Range

paragraphs: The Ladakh Range is a segment of the Karakoram Range, that extends southeastward for 230 miles (370 km) from the mouth of the Shyok River in the Ladakh region to the Tibetan/Chinese border. With a crest line of about 20,000 feet (6,100 m), the range parallels the northeast bank of the Indus River.


title: Kiki's Delivery Service

paragraphs: Kiki's Delivery Service, known in Japan as , is a movie about a witch named Kiki who goes to live on her own for a year, just like all witches must do at her age. It's the fifth anime movie made at Studio Ghibli, and it was made by Hayao Miyazaki, their most famous director. It's based on the novel of the same name.

paragraphs: It begins with her listening to the radio and hears that there will be a full moon and runs to tell her mother she is leaving to start her training. She then leaves with a cat, Jiji, and while flying on her broom stick, runs into another witch who acts snobby. She then finds a town:Koriko, lives with a pregnant women who runs a bakery with her husband, starts a delivery service. After that, she gets a good friend;Kokiri. But suddenly Kiki loses her magical power so she can't fly with a broom stick and talk with her cat;Jiji. One day, Kokiri is involved in an accident airship.

paragraphs: Kiki is the main character of this movie, And is a witch. She can fly with a broom stick and has a cat named Jiji. She goes to Koriko town to train as a witch for one year away from home. In this town, she meets Osono and she runs her delivery service in a bakery.

paragraphs: Jiji is the black cat. He is Kiki' partner and his birthday is same with Kiki. He can talk with Kiki by using Kiki's magical power. He loves a white cat;Lily.CV:Rei Sakuma

paragraphs: Kokiri is Kiki's mother. And she is witche. She can fly with a broom stick and make a medicine from medical plants.CV:Meiko Nobusawa

paragraphs: Tombo(Kobori) is a boy living in Koriko town. "Tombo" is his nickname and "Kobori" is his real name. He has a longing for flying.CV:Kappei Yamaguchi

paragraphs: Osono is the bakery owner in Koriko town. She met Kiki by chance, and she allowed Kiki to live her house. She was pregnant woman and finally she has a baby. CV:Keiko Toda

paragraphs: Fukuo is the baker and Osono's husband. He is a quiet and playful person. Also, his name don't be called in the movie. CV:Koichi Yamadera

paragraphs: Ursula is painter. She lives in the forest. When Kiki felt down about her delivery service, Ursula provide Kiki with encouragement. Also, her name is not said in the movie. CV: Minami Takayama

paragraphs: Maki is fashion designer. She is first customer of Kiki's Delivery Service. She lives next to bakery with a white cat. The name of cat is lily.CV:Kikuko Inoue


title: The Castle of Cagliostro

paragraphs: The Castle of Cagliostro, known in Japan as is an anime movie made by Hayao Miyazaki. It's a movie in the "Lupin III" anime series, starring the character Arsène Lupin III, an infamous gentleman thief.

paragraphs: The prequel to this movie is "Mystery of Mamo". The sequel is "The Legend of the Gold of Babylon".


Howl's Moving Castle (movie)


Saros


title: Trauma center

paragraphs: A trauma center is a hospital equipped to be able to help patients 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.


title: Academia

paragraphs: Academia is a word for higher education and research. The word comes from the "akademeia" just outside ancient Athens, where the gymnasium was made famous by Plato.


title: Biblical studies

paragraphs: Biblical studies is the academic study of the Judeo-Christian Bible and other similar books. For Christianity, the Bible has the New Testament and Old Testament together, which are often called the "Scriptures."


title: Isaac Hayes

paragraphs: Isaac Hayes (August 20, 1942 – August 10, 2008) was an American soul singer, songwriter, and actor. He was also known for playing Chef in "South Park", but he left this role because he did not like it when "South Park" made fun of Scientology, which was his religion. He won an Academy Award for Best Original Song for the theme from "Shaft", a 1971 movie.

paragraphs: Hayes was found on the floor of his house on August 10, 2008. He was taken to the hospital. He died there, of a stroke.


title: Operation Searchlight

paragraphs: Operation Searchlight was a planned military operation by the Pakistan Army to stop the Bengali nationalist movement in East Pakistan in March of 1971. It was ordered by the government in West Pakistan. This was seen as the sequel to Operation Blitz which had been launched in November 1970.


title: Associativity

paragraphs: Associative property is a property of mathematical operations (like addition and multiplication). It means that if you have more than one of the same associative operator (like +) in a row, the order of operations does not matter.

paragraphs: For example, if you have formula_1, there are two plus signs (+) in a row. This means we can add it in either this order:

paragraphs: The answer comes out the same both ways because addition is associative.

paragraphs: Not all operations are associative. Subtraction is not associative, which means:

paragraphs: Also, associativity is different from commutativity, which lets you move the numbers around.


title: Disney's Nine Old Men

paragraphs: Disney's Nine Old Men were a group of animators who were very important names for Disney. They made many important works of Disney, from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to The Fox and the Hound. Although the men of the group were all young, Walt Disney called them Nine Old Men as a reference to Franklin D. Roosevelt calling the US Supreme Court nine old men.

paragraphs: By the time "Robin Hood" was released, only four of the Nine Old Men were still animating at Disney. They were Milt Kahl, John Lounsbery, Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnston, although Eric Larson and Wolfgang Reitherman were both working for Disney, but not as animators. Lounsbery died in 1976, Kahl retired the same year and died in 1987. Thomas and Johnston retired in 1978, and both later enjoyed cameo appearances in the Brad Bird-directed movies "The Iron Giant" (Warner Bros., 1999) and "The Incredibles" (Pixar, 2004). Thomas died shortly after that, in 2004, leaving Johnston as the last living "Old Man." He died on April 14, 2008.


title: Ollie Johnston

paragraphs: Oliver Martin Johnston, Jr. (October 31, 1912 – April 14, 2008) was an American movie animator. He was one of Disney's Nine Old Men, and the last one living. He also got the National Medal of Arts in 2005. He was a good friend of Frank Thomas, another animator who was also one of the Nine Old Men. They wrote "", a book about animation. Johnston's hobby throughout his life was trains. Also the pirates in Castle Rock Entertainment.


title: Enter Shikari

paragraphs: Enter Shikari are a post-hardcore band from St Albans, Hertfordshire, England. The band is named after the Hindi word "Shikari" meaning hunter.

paragraphs: The band have played at festivals such as Reading and Leeds.

paragraphs: They are known for songs such as "Sorry You're Not a Winner", "Arguing With Thermometers", "Juggernauts" and "Anything Can Happen in the Next Half Hour". They have an album called "Common Dreads" that contains "Common Dreads", "Solidarity", "Step Up", "Juggernauts", "Wall", "Zzzonked", "Havoc A", "No Sleep Tonight", "Gap in the Fence", "Havoc B", "Antwerpen", "The Jester", "Halcyon (Intro)", "Hectic" and "Fanfare for the Conscious Man".

paragraphs: Their third album released by Enter Shikari includes songs such as "Arguing With Thermometers" and "Warm smiles do not make you welcome". The final tour in support of this album was named "Flash flood of Christmas".

paragraphs: "Take to the Skies" was the debut studio album by Enter Shikari. It was released on March 25, 2007 by Christopher Bowman Records.


title: Random House

paragraphs: Random House is the biggest English-language book publisher in the world. It is owned by the large German media company Bertelsmann.


title: Dr. Seuss

paragraphs: Theodor Seuss Geisel (; March 2, 1904 – September 24, 1991) was an American writer and cartoonist from Springfield, Massachusetts. He was better known by his pen name, Dr. Seuss. After World War I he was a sophomore in high school. He wasn't interested in sports but still went to school and did daily activities. He pronounced his name , but it is often said as .

paragraphs: In his long life Geisel wrote more than 60 books. He was inspired to write his stories because when he opened his window he heard the animals from the nearby zoo. Though most of them were published as Dr. Seuss, he also wrote 13 books as Theo. LeSieg and one as Rosetta Stone (a pun on the Rosetta Stone). Theodor Seuss Geisel is one of the most popular children's authors of all time. His books were known for catchy phrases. His books have sold over 222 million copies and been translated into more than 15 languages. In the years after his death in 1991, several books have been published based on his sketches and notes; these include "Hooray for Diffendoofer Day!" and "Daisy-Head Mayzie". Though they were all published under the name Dr. Seuss, only "My Many Colored Days", originally written in 1973, was entirely by Geisel.BY the time of his death he had sold 200 million copies of his books. There is a museum devoted only for his books in Springfield, Mass.

paragraphs: Dr. Seuss died from oral cancer in La Jolla, California, aged 87.


title: False vampire bat

paragraphs: The False Vampire Bats ("Megaderma") are a subfamliy of bats. They are two species that occur in Asia. They are unrelated to the Vampire bats (which only occur in South America). Unlike the vampire bats, they also do not feed on blood, but are insectivores. They are also unrelated to the Spectral bat (which is called "Vampyrum", but which is an omnivore)


title: Centaur (planetoid)

paragraphs: A Centaur in astronomy is a small object like an asteroid that orbits or goes around the Sun between the planets Jupiter and Neptune. It can also rarely be found around the planet Mars. Centaurs are also known as outer planet crossers.


title: Sidcup

paragraphs: Sidcup is a suburban town in Greater London, and is in the London Borough of Bexley. It is southeast of Charing Cross.

paragraphs: For many years, Sidcup's Member of Parliament, as part of the Old Bexley and Sidcup constituency was Edward Heath, who was Prime Minister from 1970 to 1974.


title: Quentin Blake

paragraphs: Quentin Saxby Blake CBE (born December 16 1932 in Sidcup) is a British cartoonist, illustrator and children's book author, most known for his drawings in books written by Roald Dahl.

paragraphs: Blake went to Chislehurst and Sidcup Grammar School. His first published drawing was for "Punch" magazine, at the age of 16. He studied English Literature at Downing College, Cambridge (1953-6) and later studied at the Chelsea School of Art. He trained as a teacher at the Institute of Education before working at the Royal College of Art.

paragraphs: Blake gained a reputation as an illustrator of over 300 children's books. His work in Roald Dahl's books made him internationally famous. As well as his work with Dahl, Blake has also written several books of his own.

paragraphs: This is a list only of books both written and illustrated by Blake.


title: Chassis

paragraphs: A chassis (plural chassis) consists of a framework that supports an inanimate (non-living) object. This is much like an animal's skeleton, for example in a car.

paragraphs: In a car, the term chassis means the frame (the metal "skeleton") plus the engine, transmission (gear shift), driveshaft, differential (gears which keep the back wheels moving correctly), and suspension (springs which keep the car above the ground). A body, which is usually not necessary to keep the car together, is built on top of the chassis to complete the car.


title: Green Eggs and Ham

paragraphs: Green Eggs and Ham is a book by Dr. Seuss. It was first published in 1960. "Publishers Weekly" says that it had sold fourth-most copies of any children's book ever as of 2001.

paragraphs: "Green Eggs and Ham" is one of Seuss's "Beginner Books", written using very simple words for beginning readers. There are only fifty different words, of which 49 have only one syllable. The one exception is "anywhere". The fifty words used are: "a, am, and, anywhere, are, be, boat, box, car, could, dark, do, eat, eggs, fox, goat, good, green, ham, here, house, I, if, in, let, like, may, me, mouse, not, on, or, rain, Sam, say, see, so, thank, that, the, them, there, they, train, tree, try, will, with, would, you". 45 of the 50 words (all words except "box", "car", "Sam", "train" and "try") are Germanic.


title: Super Castlevania IV

paragraphs: Super Castlevania IV, known in Japan as is an adventure platforming video game made by Konami for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. It appeared on the Wii's Virtual Console too. It's a retelling of "Castlevania", and the main character is Simon Belmont.


title: Castlevania: Portrait of Ruin

paragraphs: Castlevania: Portrait of Ruin, known in Japan as , is an Action RPG video game made by Konami for the Nintendo DS handheld video game console. It's the second game release for the system, and has a sequel that's going to be released called "".

paragraphs: "Portrait of Ruin" is a sidescrolling action game that has gameplay from platform games and role-playing games like jumping to reach higher areas and leveling up.


title: Claude Lévi-Strauss

paragraphs: Claude Lévi-Strauss (; 28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) was a French anthropologist. He was born to French Jewish parents in Brussels. He grew up in Paris. He came up with structural anthropology, which is the idea that people think about the world in terms of opposites—such as high and low, inside and outside, life and death—and that every culture can be understood in terms of these opposites. "From the very start," he wrote, "the process of visual perception makes use of binary oppositions." ["Structuralism and Ecology", 1972]


title: Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow

paragraphs: Castlevania: Aria of Sorrow, known in Japan as is an action-adventure video game made by Konami for the Game Boy Advance handheld game console. It is part of the "Castlevania" series, and the third "Castlevania" game on the Game Boy Advance. It stars a young man named Soma Cruz who is sent to Dracula's castle along with other people. It has a sequel called "" for the Nintendo DS.


title: Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse

paragraphs: Castlevania III: Dracula's Curse, known in Japan as , is an action platforming video game made by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It's the third game released in the "Castlevania" series, and stars Trevor Blemont, Simon Belmont's ancestor. It takes place 215 years before "Castlevania I" and "".


title: North Tyrol

paragraphs: North Tyrol, or North Tirol (German: Nordtirol) is the main part of the Austrian state of Tyrol, located in the western part of the country. The other part of the state is East Tyrol, which also belongs to Austria, but does not share a border with North Tyrol.

paragraphs: Besides those two regions, the historical region of Tyrol also included the areas today known as Bolzano-Bozen and Trento for many centuries. They were annexed by Italy after World War I which made North Tyrol and East Tyrol effectively cut off from each other.

paragraphs: North Tyrol borders Salzburg in the east, the German state of Bavaria in the north, Vorarlberg in the west, the Swiss canton of Graubünden in the southwest and Bolzano-Bozen in the south. Its capital is Innsbruck.


title: Trauma Center: New Blood

paragraphs: Trauma Center: New Blood, known in Japan as is a medical simulation video game made by Atlus for the Wii game console. It's the third game in the "Trauma Center" series, and stars different characters than in "" and "".


title: Trauma Center: Second Opinion

paragraphs: Trauma Center: Second Opinion, known in Japan as , is a medical simulation video game made by Atlus for the Wii game console. It's the second game in the "Trauma Center" series, and a remake of "" for the Nintendo DS. It adds a new way to control the medical tools and adds a new story to go with the old one. Another Wii title was released called "", and there was a sequel on the DS called "". It was a Wii launch game in North America and Japan.


title: Trauma Center: Under the Knife 2

paragraphs: Trauma Center: Under the Knife 2, known in Japan as is a surgical simulation video game made by Atlus for the Nintendo DS game console. It's the fourth game in the "Trauma Center" series, and a direct sequel to "" also for the DS. It stars Derek Stiles and Angie Thompson and their work saving patients and fighting the GUILT virus.

paragraphs: Note: Since most characters in Delphi operate under codenames, if no real name is given then only the codename will be listed.


title: Castlevania II: Simon's Quest

paragraphs: Castlevania II: Simon's Quest, known in Japan as , is an action-adventure video game made by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It's a part of the "Castlevania" series and a sequel to the NES' "Castlevania".


title: Castlevania (video game)

paragraphs: Castlevania, known in Japan as , is an action platforming video game made by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System. It's the first game in the "Castlevania" series. It stars Simon Belmont, a vampire hunter, who has to battle against Dracula and his minions. It's had many sequels and is still a popular series.


title: Spectral bat

paragraphs: The genus Vampyrum contains only one species, the Spectral bat ("V. spectrum"). Some alternate names for this species are 'Linnaeus's False vampire bat' and the 'Spectral Vampire bat'. Confusingly, they are not related to the Old World family of large carnivorous bats to be found in the Megadermatidae that are also called false vampires. The animals occur in South America, and Trinidad and Tobago.

paragraphs: This species is the largest bat (Chiroptera) in the New World. Its wingspan is about 80 cm (almost 3 feet). Body length and weight are 125-35 mm and 145-190 grams respectively. Some animals reach wingspans of over a metre. The fur on the upper parts of the bat is normally brown or rust-orange and quite short. The ears are very long and rounded. The large feet are robust, with long curved claws. The muzzle is long and narrow, and the teeth are strong. The Noseleaf is shaped as in the photograph.

paragraphs: The bats are very good at hunting at night. They are predators. Their prey includes many vertebrates, such as amphibians, reptiles, small birds and mammals- they even hunt other bat species. Insects are also included, especially large crickets, cicadas etc. Surprisingly, a small amount of fruit is also eaten.

paragraphs: When hunting, this species is extremely stealthy. It will often pounce from a position on an above branch onto its prey or fly like some owls by patrolling back and forth along forest edges, suddenly dropping on something in the grass. One young or pup is produced each year, and the mother is very attentive and gentle with her offspring. The male is always in attendance too and will frequently sleep with both mother and young completely wrapped in his wings.


title: Emmanuelle

paragraphs: Emmanuelle is the lead character in a series of French softcore based on a character created by Emmanuelle Arsan in the novel "Emmanuelle" (1959). Starting in the 1970s, many very successful movies were made from the book (and its sequels).

paragraphs: At the 2008 Cannes Film Festival, Alain Siritzky said that a worldwide search was to begin for a new Emmanuelle to star in a new series of movies.


title: Millvina Dean

paragraphs: Elizabeth Gladys Millvina Dean (February 2, 1912 - May 31, 2009) was, at age 97, the last living survivor of the sinking of the RMS "Titanic" that occurred April 15, 1912. She was the youngest person to be on the ship, and did not remember anything about the sinking.

paragraphs: She was two months old when she went on the Titanic with her mother, father, and brother. When the Titanic hit an iceberg, her father felt it and told his wife to get her children dressed and go to the deck, or front, of the ship. Dean, her mother, and her brother all got into a lifeboat and got away from the sinking Titanic. Her father did not survive.

paragraphs: Dean started to take part in Titanic-related activities when she was in her seventies, and did not like it when forms of entertainment use the Titanic. The only Titanic movie she watched was "A Night to Remember", and she hated it as it was too painful for her to watch.

paragraphs: She became the last living Titanic survivor when Barbara West died on 16 October 2007. West, unlike Dean, did not want any publicity from the Titanic.


title: Castlevania: Symphony of the Night

paragraphs: Castlevania: Symphony of the Night, known in Japan as , is a 2D action-adventure video game made by Konami for the PlayStation and Sega Saturn game consoles. It's a direct sequel to "Akumajō Dracula X Chi no Rondo". It also appeared on the Xbox 360's Xbox Live Arcade and on PlayStation 3's PSN, and on the PlayStation Portable game "".


title: Elite Beat Agents

paragraphs: Elite Beat Agents is a music video game made by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console. It's the spiritual sequel to "Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan". The gameplay has the player tap and drag on spots on the touch screen in beat to the rhythm of the music to score points. It was released under the Touch! Generations label in North America. In South Korea, it's called "Dowajweo! Rhythm Hero" (; Help! Rhythm Hero).


title: Wars (series)

paragraphs: The Wars series is a series of video games made by Nintendo that has appeared on many Nintendo systems starting with the Nintendo Entertainment System. Its first game is "Famicom Wars", and it has a spin-off called "Battalion Wars". The series is often called "Advance Wars", since the main games are called "Advance Wars" in English.


title: 2008 South Ossetia war

paragraphs: The 2008 South Ossetia war is a military conflict that started on 8 August 2008, between Georgia, South Ossetian (and Abkhazian) secessionists and Russia.

paragraphs: South Ossetia and Abkhazia are territories within Georgia that declared independence from Georgia and have been acting in a "de facto" independent capacity since the early 1990s. Neither state has been diplomatically recognised by any member of the United Nations. The conflict began on August 8, 2008, after Georgia claimed South Ossetian separatists had broken a ceasefire by attacking villages, although South Ossetian officials deny that they attacked villages. Georgia launched a military offensive to surround and capture the capital of South Ossetia, Tskhinvali.

paragraphs: Russian military troops entered the war at the side of South Ossetia and won the conflict. Georgia launched the Georgia versus Russia (Hague court application, 2008)


title: Horst-Wessel-Lied

paragraphs: The Horst-Wessel-Lied ("Horst Wessel Song"), also known as "Die Fahne hoch" ("The flag on high", from its opening line), was the anthem of the Nazi Party from 1930 to 1945. From 1933 to 1945 it was also part of Germany's national anthem.

paragraphs: The lyrics of the song were composed in 1929 by Horst Wessel, a Nazi activist and local commander of the Nazi militia, the SA, in the Berlin district of Friedrichshain. Wessel was assassinated by a Communist activist in January 1930, and the propaganda apparatus of Berlin Gauleiter Dr Joseph Goebbels made him the leading martyr of the Nazi Movement. The song became the official Song of Consecration ("Weihelied") for the Nazi Party, and was much used at party functions and sung by the SA during street parades.

paragraphs: When the Nazis came to power in 1933, the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was recognised as a national symbol by a law issued on May 19, 1933. Nazi Germany thus had a double anthem, consisting of the first verse of the "Deutschlandlied" followed by the "Horst Wessel-Lied". A regulation attached to a printed version of the "Horst Wessel-Lied" in 1934 required the right arm to be raised in a "Hitler salute" when the first and fourth verses were sung.

paragraphs: With the fall of the Nazi regime in 1945, the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was banned, and both the lyrics and the tune remain illegal in Germany and Austria to this day except for educational and scholarly uses (under sections 86 and 86a of the "Strafgesetzbuch").

paragraphs: The lyrics of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" were published in the Berlin Nazi newspaper, "Der Angriff", in September 1929, attributed to "Der Unbekannte SA-Mann" ("the Unknown SA-Man"), as follows:

paragraphs: The "Rotfront" ("Red Front") was a reference to the Rotfrontkämpferbund, a communist militia tied to the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). It was common for Nazis' Sturmabteilung and Communists' Redfront to attack each other in violent street fights, which eventually grew into full-scale battles after 1930. "Reaction" was a reference to the conservative parties and the liberal democratic German state of the Weimar Republic period, which made several unsuccessful attempts to ban the SA. "Servitude" means what the Nazis saw as Germany's "servitude" to the Treaty of Versailles of 1919, which imposed huge reparations on Germany and deprived her of her colonies and territory along her eastern border.

paragraphs: Some changes were made to the lyrics after Wessel's death:

paragraphs: The dropping of the reference to "barricades" reflected the Nazi Party's desire in the period 1930-33 to be seen as a constitutional political party aiming at taking power by legal means rather than as a revolutionary party.

paragraphs: The line "Kameraden, die Rotfront und Reaktion erschossen" is ghastly German, but it was never amended.

paragraphs: After Wessel's death, new stanzas were composed in his honour. These were frequently sung by the SA but did not become part of the official lyrics used on party or state occasions.

paragraphs: After Wessel's death, he was officially credited with having composed the melody as well as having written the lyrics for the "Horst-Wessel-Lied". Between 1930 and 1933, however, German critics disputed this claim, pointing out that the melody had a long prior history. Such criticism became impossible after 1933.

paragraphs: The most likely immediate source for the melody was a song popular in the German Imperial Navy during World War I, which Wessel would no doubt have heard being sung by Navy veterans in the Berlin of the 1920s. The song was known either by its opening line as "Vorbei, vorbei, sind all die schönen Stunden", or as the "Königsberg-Lied", after the German light cruiser "Königsberg", which is mentioned in one version of the song's lyrics. The opening stanza of the song is:

paragraphs: Another German song, "Der Abenteurer" (The Adventurer), begins:

paragraphs: In 1936 a German music critic, Alfred Weidemann, published an article in which he identified the melody of a song composed in 1865 by the Weimar composer Peter Cornelius as the "Urmelodie" (source-melody). According to Weidemann, Cornelius described the tune as a "Viennese folk tune." This appeared to him to be the ultimate origin of the melody of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied".

paragraphs: The musical score is much more complex than the text of the song; given its characteristics, it could easily be sung even by people without much singing practice, and be played by amateur bands. Often, fanfares were used to give a more military touch to the tune.

paragraphs: See also the Wikipedia article on Carl Boberg (1859-1940), particularly the note on similarities and dissimilarities between "Horst Wessel Lied" and the Swedish tune O STORE GUD (widely sung as "How Great Thou Art").

paragraphs: During the 1930s and '40s the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" was adapted for use by fascist groups in other European countries. The anthem of the British Union of Fascists was set to the same tune, and its lyrics were to some extent modelled on the "Horst-Wessel-Lied", but appealing to British nationalism rather than German nationalism. Its opening stanza was:

paragraphs: In Spain, the Falange fascist movement sang to the same tune:

paragraphs: While in Vichy France the fascists of the radical Milice sang:

paragraphs: Between 1930 and 1933 the German Communists and Social Democrats sang various parodies of the "Horst-Wessel-Lied" during their street battles with the SA. Some simply changed the political character of the song, such as:

paragraphs: The Stahlhelm was a veterans' organisation closely aligned with the Nazis.

paragraphs: Others substituted completely new lyrics:

paragraphs: These versions were of course banned once the Nazis came to power and the Communist and Social Democratic parties repressed. But during the years of the Third Reich the song was parodied in various underground versions, most of them poking fun at the corruption of the Nazi elite. One version ran:

paragraphs: Wilhelm Frick was the Interior Minister. Baldur von Schirach was the Hitler Youth leader. Heinrich Himmler was head of the SS and police.

paragraphs: In the first year of the Nazi regime radical elements of the SA sang their own parody of the song, reflecting their disappointment that the "socialist" element of National Socialism had not been realised:

paragraphs: Kurt Schmitt was Economics Minister 1933-35.

paragraphs: This article is largely based on George Boderick, "The Horst-Wessel-Lied: A Reappraisal," "International Folklore Review" Vol. 10 (1995): 100-127, available online here


title: Identity (philosophy)

paragraphs: Identity is an word used in the social sciences to describe a person's understanding of him or herself as an individual.


title: Philip Gidley King

paragraphs: Philip Gidley King (April 23, 1758 – September 3, 1808) was a sailor in the British Royal Navy who became the third Governor of New South Wales.

paragraphs: King was born in Launceston, Cornwall. His father was a draper, selling cloth and fabrics. He joined the navy in 1770 at the age of 12. He was made the captain's servant on the "HMS Swallow". He served in the West Indies and then fought in the American War of Independence. He became a midshipman and later a lieutenant. He served with Captain Arthur Phillip in "HMS Ariadne". He went to India with Phillip in 1783 in the ship "HMS Europe". Phillip was very pleased with King. He made King a lieutenant on HMS "Sirius" when he took the First Fleet to Australia in 1787 to start the penal colony.

paragraphs: Three weeks after the First Fleet got to Sydney, Governor Phillip sent King to Norfolk Island. His task was to set up a small penal colony that would make use of the timber and flax growing on the island. These would be of use to the British Navy. He arrived at the island on March 3, 1788. There was no safe place to land on the island and this made it a difficult place to have a settlement. King had a group of 23 people including 15 convicts. Over the next two years they began clearing land (removing trees) to grow crops and to raise cattle and other animals. King was made Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island. In March 1790, Phillip sent King back to England. He was to go back and tell the British government about the problems of the new settlements in Australia.

paragraphs: King stayed in London for about four months. He married Anna Josepha Coombe on March 11, 1791, and they left for Australia four days later. After reporting to Phillip in Sydney, they were back on Norfolk Island in November, where his son Phillip Parker King was born.

paragraphs: While he had been away, Norfolk had been governed by Lieutenant-Governor Robert Ross. Phillip had moved Ross to the island because of his difficulties in working with him at Sydney. When King arrived, the convicts, settlers and soldiers were very unhappy because of Ross's leadership. King made new rules, which made things better for people who wanted to settle on the island, many of whom had been marines or convicts. In 1794 the island was growing all of the wheat it needed, and had so many pigs it was able to send food to Sydney.

paragraphs: The flax on the island was too hard to turn into cloth. Two Maoris from New Zealand were kidnapped and brought to Norfolk to teach people how to work the flax. The two men did not know about flax, because in New Zealand it was work done by the women. In November 1793, King left the island for ten days to take the men back home. He did not have permission to leave and got into trouble from Lieutenant-Governor Francis Grose. King also had problems with many of the soldiers. They said he punished them more than the convicts. King arrested 20 soldiers and charged them with mutiny, and sent them to Sydney. Grose released the soldiers and told the soldiers on Norfolk that they were in charge, not King. These orders were later changed by the Duke of Portland.

paragraphs: King became ill with gout, and in October 1796 Governor John Hunter let him go back to England to get medical treatment.

paragraphs: He soon became better with proper medical treatment. He began to look for work, and Phillip wanted the government to send him back to New South Wales to be the new governor. After many delays, he set out for Australia in a new ship partly designed by Sir Joseph Banks. This ship turned out to be unsafe, and could not sail in rough seas. King was forced to return to England. After further delays, he finally sailed on the ship "Speedy," and arrived in Sydney on November 26, 1799.

paragraphs: Hunter remained in charge until he could arrange to sail back to England in Spetember, 1800. King as the new governor, immediately set about to try and make changes. He wanted to control the amount of alcohol being brought to Australia by the military and sold at a profit. For example, the two surgeons that came to Australia on the "Speedy" had brought 4359 gallons (19,816 litres) of alcohol to sell. He tried to get merchants in Calcutta and the US not to send alcohol. He started a brewery to make beer, hoping this would be less of a problem than the alcohol like rum.

paragraphs: King arranged for the government to bring in supplies for sale at a reasonable price, which ended the power of some of the military. He also brought in controls over prices, wages, working hours, baking, butchers, interest rates, weights, measures and currency. He reduced the number of convict servants that the military officers could have. He arranged for more convicts to be put to work on farms and projects like building roads, guard houses, and granaries. The new colony began to grow all of its own food. King looked at ways to increase the food supply and arranged for the import of sheep and cattle to build up stocks. King also began to employ convicts who had finished their prison sentences, called emancipists. He started a school for female orphans, a newspaper (the Sydney Gazette), and even had people vaccinated for smallpox.

paragraphs: King was often in conflict with the military, the New South Wales Corps. As soldiers, they did not like taking orders from a naval officer. They felt that their duties were to protect New South Wales, and not to be responsible for the convicts. They wanted the colony to be run like a prison, even though there was no other people but them to run it. They objected to freed convicts being given any rights or land. King's changes had also upset their money making schemes through the sale of alcohol and other goods. King's orders were often ignored or disobeyed. In 1801 he sent an officer, John Macarthur, back to England to be tried for refusing orders and fighting a duel with his commanding officer. Instead of going to trial, Macarthur was able to make the British government believe that he was innocent, and all the problem were caused by King's lack of ability. Macarthur left the army and returned to Australia in July 1805 as a hero, having been told he could have of the best land. King asked for leave, and was told his resignation was accepted.

paragraphs: King had to stay until August 1806 so that a new governor could be sent out. His health broke down and he was not fit to sail until February 1807. He reached England in November 1807. King died on September 3, 1808, and was buried in London.


title: First Fleet

paragraphs: The First Fleet is the name given to the 11 ships which sailed from Great Britain on 13 May 1787,

paragraphs: to start the first European colony in New South Wales. It was the beginning of a plan to send thousands of prisoners to Australia to make convict settlements. The fleet was led by Captain Arthur Phillip. This journey lasted eight months, and used a route across the oceans that had only been used three times; once by Abel Tasman and twice by James Cook.

paragraphs: The 1700s were a period of great change in Europe, and especially in England. There was an industrial revolution. This was a time when many machines were being invented for use in large factories. With machines now doing the ordinary tasks of men, people were left without jobs and wages. This made it very difficult to survive. Men, women and even children resorted to theft in order to live. With the rise of machines, farmers were also forced to move to the city to look for jobs. As a result, London had become very overcrowded, and so had the prisons. In fact, prisons had become so overcrowded that convicts had been relegated to hulks (floating prisons).

paragraphs: To solve the problem, the British Government made the decision to settle what is now Australia in order to transport convicts and soldiers to a new penal settlement in Botany Bay.

paragraphs: There were 11 ships altogether. Two navy ships, six convict transports and three store ships.

paragraphs: The convicts were housed below deck and often further confined behind bars. Conditions were extremely cramped. In many cases the prisoners were restrained in chains and were only allowed on deck for fresh air and exercise. On deck, thick wooden walls were built to separate the convicts from the rest of the ship. The walls had small holes in them so the guards could shoot in case of trouble. The hatches (doors up to the deck) were kept shut with cross bars, bolts and locks. Guards were almost always on duty at each hatch, and a guard with a gun was always on the quarter-deck (back of the ship). People slept in hammocks and there were tables for eating and stools to sit on.

paragraphs: The prisoners were gathered from places throughout England - Wiltshire, Devonshire, Surry, Dorset, Gloucestershire, Somersetshire, Plymouth and London - many had already been locked up for several years in various prisons under appalling conditions and were in a poor state of health. Many, especially those from smaller country jails were not in good health. Captain Phillip thought that he might have to make one of the ships a hospital ship to care for the sick. Newspapers wrote that they expected about 80% of the convicts would not survive the long journey. Before they even left England, several of the convicts died and some of marines were so sick that they were removed from the ships. However the number of people that died on the trip was quite small, and shows that the planning and treatment of the convicts during the journey was actually successful. Most had put on weight and were healthier when they arrived in Australia than when they left England.

paragraphs: The First Fleet left Portsmouth, England on 13 May 1787. The entire journey took 252 days (a little over 8 months). From England, the fleet sailed to Australia making stops in Santa Cruz, Rio de Janeiro and Cape Town. They arrived in Botany Bay in mid-January 1788.

paragraphs: The journey began with good weather so Captain Phillip decided to let the convicts up on deck. However the weather would become very hot and humid as the Fleet sailed through the tropics. Tropical rainstorms meant that the convicts could not exercise on deck during this time, as they had no change of clothes and no method of drying wet clothing. As a result, they were kept below deck in the foul, cramped holds.

paragraphs: Some convicts on the "Scarborough" planned a mutiny but were caught, but most convicts were well behaved.

paragraphs: On 3 June 1787, the fleet arrived at Santa Cruz at Tenerife. Fresh water, vegetables and meat were brought on board. On 10 June they left to cross the Atlantic to Rio de Janeiro. The weather was very hot and there were lots of storms. Many people became sick and there were lots of rats, bedbugs, lice, cockroaches and fleas. People were only allowed to drink three pints of water each day (about one and a half litres).

paragraphs: The fleet reached Rio de Janeiro on 5 August. The ships were cleaned and fixed. More water, clothing and lots of food was taken on board. The fleet left on 4 September and reached Cape Town on 13 October. They bought plants, seeds and animals to take to Australia. The animals included: two bulls, seven cows, one stallion, three mares, 44 sheep, 32 pigs, four goats and poultry. They left on 12 November.

paragraphs: From Cape Town it took the Fleet two months to reach Australia. Phillip took a few ships ahead to start building at Botany Bay. They arrived on 18 January 1788. The other ships arrived only two days after he did.

paragraphs: Convicts were given two thirds of the amount normally provided for sailors. Each week, a sailor was given:

paragraphs: As well as this food, there was sometimes rice, dried fish, and soup. When the ships were in a harbour there was also fresh meat and vegetables. Women and children were given a slightly different list of food. Sick people were also given wine and spirits.

paragraphs: When the Fleet arrived in Sydney, Arthur Phillip worked out they only had enough food for 49 weeks. He should have been given enough for two years.

paragraphs: The Fleet also took a number of animals, plants and seeds. The animals included sheep, pigs, dogs, cats, goats, turkeys, geese, ducks, chickens, pigeons, horses, and cattle. Plants and seeds included coffee, cocoa, cotton, bananas, Oranges, lemons, tamarinds, guava, prickly pear, eugenia or pomme rose, jalap, ipecacuanha, figs, bamboo, sugar cane, esparto grass, vines, quinces, apples, pears, oranges strawberries, oaks, myrtles, rice, wheat, barley, and maize. Some of this was brought from England, and the rest from when the Fleet stopped at Rio de Janeiro and Capetown

paragraphs: The first ship, "Supply", reached Botany Bay on 18 January 1788. Aboriginal people from the Cadigal tribe saw the First Fleet ships arrive. Phillip soon decided that this site, picked by Sir Joseph Banks, was not suitable. It had poor soil, no safe place to leave the ships, and no drinking water. Phillip decided to go north to Port Jackson.

paragraphs: On 26 January the marines and convicts arrived at Sydney Cove. 1403 people left Portsmouth. On the voyage 7 babies were born. 69 people died or left the ships. 1332 people landed in Port Jackson which is now known as Sydney. It was a successful trip, as only 40 convicts had died. Phillip named the settlement Sydney after Lord Sydney, the British government's Home Secretary.

paragraphs: The Aboriginal people from the Eora nation lived in the Sydney area. They could not understand why the British wanted to own their land and make farms with fences. The British did not understand the Aboriginal people's way of living and there was a lot of fighting and many people died.

paragraphs: Once in Australia, convicts were ordered to build the infrastructure (buildings and prisons) for the new colony. Their punishment was work. Convicts were expected to work everyday except Sunday from sunrise until sunset without a break. Male prisoners were required to do very hard labour. Female convicts often worked as household servants, cooking, cleaning and sometimes taking care of children. Some of the convicts had special skills and did work such as keeping records, printing, making pottery and keeping the town clocks. Many convicts were sent to work for free settlers. Free settlers were people who came to Australia to make a new life.

paragraphs: Strict rules were enforced by prison officers. If convicts broke the rules, they could be whipped with the ‘cat-o’-nine-tails’ or kept in solitary confinement for several days, with only bread and water to eat.

paragraphs: There was a shortage of food during the first few years of the colony. Crops did not grow well so people relied on supplies from Great Britain. Eventually, food


title: Setesdal

paragraphs: Setesdal is a valley in the county of Aust-Agder, in the south part of Norway .

paragraphs: Since the 1200s, one can find papers, where the name "Setesdal" , has been written.


title: Homeopathy

paragraphs: Homeopathy is an alternative medicine. It was created in the 18th century by Samuel Hahnemann. The theory behind homeopathy is that an ill person can be healed with very small amounts of something that produces the symptoms of the illness in a healthy person. Scientists say that homeopathy does not work and only makes people think they feel better (this is called the placebo effect.)

paragraphs: Homeopaths make their medicines by taking the ingredients, adding water, and shaking the mixture. They then take a drop of the mixture, throw out the rest, and add more water. They do this usually 30 times but sometimes up to 200 times. They call it potentisation. Hahnemann said this would bring out the "spirit-like medicinal powers held within a drug". Science can show how many atoms or molecules—tiny things that cannot be divided up any more—of the original substance are left in the homeopathic drug. In most homeopathic drugs, there is not a molecule left of the substance they started out with. Homeopaths believe that the solution carries a "memory" of the original substance. Science says that goes against the laws of physics and chemistry.

paragraphs: Homeopathy became popular because it was created at a time when medicine did not work very well and could make people sick. Back then, taking homeopathy might have kept people from getting hurt by bad doctors. However, medicine has improved since then, and now helps a lot more than it hurts people. Homeopaths have also been known to tell their patients not to take medicines like antibiotics and vaccines that could cure (or keep them from getting) dangerous diseases.


title: Vest-Telemark

paragraphs: Vest-Telemark is the name of an area, in the south of Norway .

paragraphs: Some of the towns are: Fyresdal, Tokke, Vinje, Nissedal, Kviteseid, and Seljord.

paragraphs: In no area, has one found more traces ( examples or evidence ) of the Old Norse language and grammar.