title: Blurred Lines (song)

paragraphs: "Blurred Lines" is an R&B song by Robin Thicke. It has vocals by Pharrell and T.I. and was produced by Pharrell. It was released on March 26, 2013. It was the lead single from his album "Blurred Lines". It has reached number one in 14 countries. It became Thicke's most successful song, being his first to reach number one on the Hot 100. He had already peaked number 14 in 2007 with "Lost Without U".

paragraphs: "Blurred Lines" sold more than any other single in 2013. It sold over 1.44 million copies.

paragraphs: Two versions of the music video were made. The first version of the video was removed from YouTube for showing topless models Emily Ratajkowski, Elle Evans, and Jessi M'Bengue. In the second version the models are not topless. Several parodies were made. On November 12, the English pop singer Lily Allen released the video for her single "Hard Out Here". It featured Mylar balloons spelling out "Lily Allen has a baggy pussy", spoofing the balloons in Thicke's video saying "Robin Thicke has a big dick".

paragraphs: Thicke wanted the song to sound like Got to Give It Up by Marvin Gaye. Members of Gaye's family have accused Thicke, T.I. and Pharrell of illegal copying. Thicke offered the family a six-figure sum of money to end the lawsuit but they did not accept it.

paragraphs: The song was banned by twenty UK universities. Essex University students started a petition to have the song banned there too. Alice Smart, a Leeds Student Union officer, said, “I’m proud that we’ve taken the decision to stop playing ‘Blurred Lines’ in our bars and clubs because the song undermines real and dangerous issues around consent. Just because the song has been commercially successful doesn’t mean we have to play it knowing that it offends a high proportion of our students.” Thicke responded on "The Today Show" to feminist criticism of the song by saying, "If you listen to the lyrics it says 'That man is not your maker.' It's actually a feminist movement in itself". He also said in an interview with the BBC that criticism of the lyrics by a rape charity is 'ridiculous'.

paragraphs: Thicke has said that he would like to do another song with T.I. and Pharrell.

paragraphs: On December 26, 2013, Rob Sheffield wrote for "Rolling Stone" that "Blurred Lines" was the worst song not just of the year, but of any year.

paragraphs: In December 2013, "Blurred Lines" was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year at the Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: The video for "Blurred Lines" was the seventh most watched video on VEVO in 2013.


title: Arthus reaction

paragraphs: In immunology, the Arthus reaction is a kind of local allergic reaction, when antibodies react to a chemical or protein in a person's blood, and have the antibodies get stuck in the walls of blood vessels in organs such as the heart, in joints, and kidneys.

paragraphs: The Arthus reaction was discovered by Nicolas Maurice Arthus in 1903. Arthus repeatedly injected ingredients of horse blood under the skin of rabbits. After four injections, he found that there was swelling and that the mixture was absorbed slowly. Further injections eventually led to dying of cells.

paragraphs: Arthus reactions have been infrequently reported after diphtheria and tetanus toxoid vaccinations. They are rare and can cause pain, swelling, bleeding, and occasionally death of tissue within 4–12 hours after the vaccine is given.


title: Installation art

paragraphs: Installation art is a style of visual art that uses three-dimensional objects. These artworks are usually meant to change the perception of a space (the way a space is seen). Installation artworks can be permanent or temporary and are shown in museums, galleries or in public spaces.

paragraphs: Some of the earliest installation artworks were Marcel Duchamp's "readymade" objects. However, the real development started in the 1970s. Today, with the improvement of technology, artists use and mix new medias and may involve sensors too in order to make the visitors interact with the installations.


title: Joakim Nordström

paragraphs: Joakim Nordström (born February 25, 1992) is a Swedish professional ice hockey centre. He is currently playing for Carolina Hurricanes of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the NHL for the Chicago Blackhawks and in the Elitserien (SEL) for AIK IF.

paragraphs: He debuted in the SEL on 23 September 2010 in a game against Södertälje SK. He was drafted 90th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft. On January 5, 2012, he won the gold medal with Sweden during the 2012 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.

paragraphs: On May 29, 2012, he was signed a three-year, entry-level contract with the Blackhawks but remained with AIK for the 2012–13 season.

paragraphs: On March 13, 2015, Nordström was suspended for two games for boarding after hitting Arizona Coyotes defenseman Oliver Ekman-Larsson.

paragraphs: On June 15, 2015, he won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning in six games.

paragraphs: On September 11, 2015, Nordström was traded along with Kris Versteeg to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a 3rd round draft pick in the 2017 NHL Entry Draft. Nordström and Versteeg were traded because the Blackhawks had to make cap space for Marcus Kruger.


title: WataMote

paragraphs: No Matter How I Look at It, It’s You Guys' Fault I’m Not Popular! (私がモテないのはどう考えてもお前らが悪い! "Watashi ga Motenai no wa dō Kangaetemo Omaera ga Warui!") commonly called 'WataMote' (ワタモテ), is a manga series written by Nico Tanigawa. It was made into an anime series which is directed by Shin Ōnuma.

paragraphs: The series follows fifteen-year-old Tomoko Kuroki during her time in high school as she tries to change from an unsociable loner into a popular teenager.

paragraphs: The anime started broadcasting in Japan on July 8, 2013. The anime is being directed by Shin Ōnuma and is written by Takao Yoshioka. An original video animation episode is expected to be released with the seventh manga volume on October 22, 2014.


title: Vampire Weekend

paragraphs: Vampire Weekend is an indie rock band. They have released three albums. Their 2011 album "Contra" was nominated for Best Alternative Music Album at the Grammy Awards. Their third studio album, "Modern Vampires of the City", was released on May 14, 2013. It was nominated for a Grammy for Best Alternative Music Album. Pitchfork gave the album a score of 9.3 out of 10. Rolling Stone put it at number one on their list of 50 Best Albums of 2013.


title: Pentatomidae

paragraphs: Pentatomidae, Greek "pente" meaning "five" and "tomos" meaning "section", is a family of stink bugs. There are about 4,700 species in the family.

paragraphs: In agriculture, many stink bugs and shield bugs are considered pest insects, because they can damage crops, and are not easily killed by pesticides.


title: Draco (lawgiver)

paragraphs: Draco (7th century BC) was the first legislator of the city of Athens in Ancient Greece. He wrote laws that were to be enforced only by a court. This constitution replaced the system of oral law and blood feuding that had governed Athens since the city was founded. Draco's laws were known for being harsh. The word draconian has come to mean unforgiving rules or laws.

paragraphs: Draco established this legal system during the 39th Olympiad, in about 622 or 621 BC. The laws ( - "thesmoi") he set formed the first written constitution of Athens. They were displayed in public, so that nobody would be unaware of them. The death penalty was the punishment for most crimes, even minor ones. Plutarch states: "It was a lot for himself, when asked why he had fixed the punishment of death for most offences, answered that he considered these lesser crimes to deserve it, and he had no greater punishment for more important ones."

paragraphs: Not much is known about Draco's life or who he was. The 10th-century Suda text tells a legendary story of his death. He was said to have died on the stage of the theatre in Aegina. In a traditional ancient Greek show of approval, his supporters threw so many hats and pieces of clothing onto his head that he suffocated.

paragraphs: All of Draco's laws, except the law concerning murder, were abolished by Solon in the early 6th century BC.


Draco


title: Lunar Society

paragraphs: The Lunar Society was an important club in the Midlands of 18th century England. It was a dinner club, and a learned society. Its members were industrialists and inventors, natural philosophers (scientists), and other intellectuals. They met regularly in Birmingham and elsewhere from 1765 to 1813.

paragraphs: The name arose because the society met during the full moon. The extra light made the journey home easier and safer in the absence of street lighting. The members cheerfully referred to themselves as "lunarticks", a pun on lunatics. Venues included Erasmus Darwin's home in Lichfield, Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, and Great Barr Hall.

paragraphs: It leading members were Matthew Boulton, Erasmus Darwin, Thomas Day, Richard Lovell Edgeworth, Samuel Galton, Jr., James Keir, Joseph Priestley, William Small, Jonathan Stokes, James Watt, Josiah Wedgwood, John Whitehurst and William Withering. Other great men of the day visited, or corresponded with, the Society. It had no formal membership list, and was flexible in its arrangements. Anyone could be invited.

paragraphs: The club was seriously affected by the Priestly Riots of July 1791, which started in Birmingham, and spread. Some of the Society were personally attacked; Priestley's house was burned to the ground. The causes of the riots are not entirely clear, but for sure the rioters were against "freethinkers and dissenters". They were stirred up by being told that the dissenters were in favour of the French Revolution.


title: Matthew Boulton

paragraphs: Matthew Boulton FRS (3 September 1728 – 17 August 1809) was an English manufacturer and the business partner of Scottish engineer James Watt.

paragraphs: In the last quarter of the 18th century, the partnership installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines. A great advance on the state of the art, they made possible the mechanisation of factories and mills. Boulton applied modern techniques to the minting of coins, striking millions of pieces for Britain and other countries, and supplying the Royal Mint with up-to-date equipment.

paragraphs: Born in Birmingham in 1728, Boulton was the son of a Birmingham manufacturer of small metal products who died when Boulton was 31. By then Boulton had managed the business for several years, and he expanded it considerably at the Soho Manufactory, built by him near Birmingham.

paragraphs: When Watt's business partner, John Roebuck was unable to pay a debt to Boulton, he accepted Roebuck's share of Watt's patent as settlement. He then successfully lobbied Parliament to extend Watt's patent for an additional 17 years. This enabled the firm to market Watt's steam engine. The firm installed hundreds of Boulton & Watt steam engines in Britain and abroad, initially in mines and then in factories.

paragraphs: Boulton was a key member of the Lunar Society, a group of Midlands men in the arts, sciences, and theology. Members included Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Josiah Wedgwood and Joseph Priestley. The Society met each month near the full moon. Members of the Society developed concepts and techniques in science, agriculture, manufacturing, mining, and transport that laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution.

paragraphs: Boulton founded the Soho Mint, which he adapted to steam power. He sought to improve the poor state of Britain's coinage. After several years of effort obtained a contract in 1797 to produce the first British copper coinage in a quarter century. His "cartwheel" pieces were well-designed and difficult to counterfeit, and included the first striking of the large copper penny, which continued to be coined until decimalisation in 1971. He retired in 1800, though continuing to run his mint, and died in 1809. His image appears alongside James Watt on the Bank of England's new Series F £50 note.


title: Peasants' Revolt

paragraphs: The Peasants' Revolt was a rebellion of peasants in England, in 1381. It was the biggest rebellion of farmers in medieval England. The causes of the rebellion are unclear today, but there are different candidates:

paragraphs: Other names for the rebellion are Wat Tyler's Rebellion, after Wat Tyler who was a local leader of the peasants in the rebellion. Yet another name is Great Rising.

paragraphs: There were two types of peasants; serfs, and free peasants. The serfs, especially, had many difficulties in feudalism. These peasants had barely enough food to live on, or anything else. The free peasants had less than all of the other social classes, except for the serfs. The free peasants had to pay rent to live "free", and also had to pay for most things (such as getting married, or collecting water). Even though they were "free" they still were controlled by the higher classes. The serfs got to live on the farms with the knights. The knights were there to protect them. The majority of peasants lived in houses which also housed the animals of the village.

paragraphs: 50 years later most of Wat Tyler's demands were put into place by the king.


title: Leas Cliff Hall

paragraphs: Leas Cliff Hall is an entertainment and function venue in Folkestone, on the Kent coast of England.

paragraphs: The Leas Shelter was built in 1894. In 1924, it was decided that a larger hall was needed. 28 months later, the building was finished. It was opened on 13 July 1927 by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester.

paragraphs: The opening concert was performed by the Folkestone Municipal Orchestra. One thousand people attended.

paragraphs: It was closed for modernisation and refurbishment on 16 September 1980. It re-opened on 6 May 1981 in the form that it is today.


title: Dirty rap

paragraphs: Dirty rap (also called porn rap or dirty hip hop) is a type of music that mixes rap with sexual content. Some notable artists include Plies, Lil Wayne, Lil' Kim, The Notorious B.I.G. and Ludacris.


title: East Coast hip hop

paragraphs: East Coast hip hop or East Coast rap is a type of hip hop music that comes from the East Coast of the United States It originated in New York. A notable East Coast rapper is 50 Cent.


title: Food photography

paragraphs: Food photography is art made by taking photos of food. These photos are sometimes used for menus in restaurants, but they can also be used for advertising, or in a cookbook. System catering also needs images of their food. There are a number of techniques that are used when taking pictures of food, for example, when taking pictures of soft drinks, fake ice cubes are put in the drink instead of real ones, because real ice cubes would melt quickly.


title: Ine of Wessex

paragraphs: Ine ( 728) was a West Saxon nobleman who was King of Wessex from 688 to 726. He established Wessex as a true kingdom by introducing a code of laws. He strengthened the position of the in Wessex. His long reign was the most successful of any West Saxon king until Alfred the Great.

paragraphs: Ine was the son of Cenred, an of Wessex. Bede says of Ine that he was "of the blood royal" meaning he was an . His brother was Ingild, ancestor of Alfred the Great. His sister Cuthburh was married to King Aldfrith of Northumbria. She was the founder of Wimborne abbey. Ine married Ethelburg, sister of Athelheard, Ine's successor.

paragraphs: The former king, Caedwalla, was one of Wessex's more important military leaders. When he in 688 it left a power vacuum. Wessex was broken up into several sub-kingdoms. Each was ruled by a underking. Ine many have started as a sub-king but before long was able to establish himself as the sole ruler of Wessex. Ine reorganized Wessex and established a system of . He removed the positions of sub-kings, or underkings, and replaced them with . In many respects Ine was the first true king of Wessex.

paragraphs: Ine wrote his laws between 688 and 694 He mentions in the bishop Erconwald who helped him. This is Erconwald who from 675 to 694 was bishop of Essex (London). He was replaced in 994 by Waldhere. But the mention of Ine's father still being alive points to the laws being written earlier in this period rather than later. The laws of Ine are the first set of laws for the Saxons of Wessex. There were earlier law codes in Wessex. But none covered as wide a range of situations as a king or his officers might have to deal with. For the next two centuries there were no law codes written after those of Ine. Not until Alfred the Great was a more extensive law code created.

paragraphs: In 705 the king of Essex was sheltering from Wessex. This created a serious problem between the two kings. But finally the exiles were expelled after a threat by Ine to invade the East Saxon territory. A similar situation occurred in 722 when an exile named Ealdbert was received in Sussex. Ine invaded sussex as a result. In 725 Ine invaded again and this time Ealdberht was killed.

paragraphs: In 710 Ine was at war with Geraint, king of Dumnonia. This was part of his campaign against the and expanding the borders of Wessex west to the River Tamar. But he was unable to conqueror Cornwall. Ine was defeated by the Cornish in 722 at the Tamar river. All through his reign Ine seems to have been on good terms with the Mercians. There is only one incident; a battle at Wodnesbeorg in 715 between Ine and Ceolred, King of Mercia. But the only source for this informaiton, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle does not say who won.

paragraphs: Ine was a strong supporter of the Church. While he resisted the creation of a second at Sherborne, he did support the first bishop there in 705, bishop Aldhelm. Ine supported the creation of an organized church in Wessex. Formerly it was just scattered monasteries and churches. Many of Ine's laws concerned the spiritual welfare of his people. He law required baptism within thirty days of a child's birth, no working on sundays and the paying of church dues at . The first in Wessex trace back to his reign. The oldest surviving records shows Ine presided over these church councils.

paragraphs: In spite of his power and all his near the end of his long reign he had internal problems. There was among several of the West Saxon athelings. In 721 Ine killed a Cynewulf. For what reason is not clear, but it was at this time Ealdbert fled Wessex. In 722 he was besieged by Ine's queen, Ethelburg at Taunton. The queen's involvement seems to indicate Ealdbert was a member of the family, possibly their son. He escaped only to be killed three years later (see above). Whatever their relationship, Ine seems to have become very tired. In 726 he abdicated the throne and went to Rome. Less than two years later (728) he died there. He stated he was leaving the kingdom "to younger men" and made no attempt to name an heir. He was succeeded by Athelheard.

paragraphs: There is no mention in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle of Ine's wife or children. Ine's brother and two sisters are recorded:


title: Hitachi

paragraphs: Hitachi is a large Japanese manufacturing company. It was created in Tokyo in 1910. Hitachi is involved with small electrical items and large-scale projects, including one of the nuclear reactors at the Fukushima nuclear power plant.


title: Westgate shopping mall attack

paragraphs: On 21 September 2013, ten men with guns attacked a shopping mall in Nairobi, Kenya. The attack lasted until 24 September. The attackers held hostages and later fought in gun battles with Kenyan security forces. A total of 72 people died, including 61 civilians, 6 Kenyan soldiers and 5 attackers. Over 200 people were injured. The shopping mall where the attack took place was Westgate.

paragraphs: The Islamist group Al-Shabaab claimed responsibility for the attack. It said that it was in retaliation for the Kenyan military's role in the Somali Civil War. Newly released intelligence report named Kenyan commander and chief in attack.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2014

paragraphs: The 59 Eurovision Song Contest was held in Copenhagen, Denmark. The competition went to Denmark, after Emmelie de Forest won the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. The first semifinal took place on 6 May 2014, the second semifinal on 8 May 2014 and, the Grand final was held on 10 May 2014.

paragraphs: Spain, France, and Denmark will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.

paragraphs: Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final. The top 10 countries will qualify to the final.


title: AMBER Alert

paragraphs: An AMBER Alert is a system that warns people about children who have been kidnapped. It started in the United States in 1996. It was named for Amber Hagerman, a nine-year-old girl who was kidnapped and killed in Arlington, Texas. It is a backronym for America's Missing: Broadcast Emergency Response. Similar systems have been started in other countries, including Canada, Mexico, Australia, and Europe.

paragraphs: AMBER alerts are often shown on electronic message signs on highways. This often causes bad traffic due to drivers stopping to look at the message. They are also shown on television and heard on radio.

paragraphs: AMBER alerts are issued by police organizations in the state that the kidnapping happens in. They have the name and a description of the child who was kidnapped, a description of the person who police think kidnapped the child, and if available, a description and license plate number of the vehicle of the person who kidnapped the child.


title: Aníbal Cavaco Silva

paragraphs: Aníbal António Cavaco Silva, GCC (born 15 July 1939) served as the 19th President of Portugal. He served from 2006 to 2016. He won the Portuguese presidential election on 22 January 2006 and was re-elected on 23 January 2011, for a second five-year term. Cavaco Silva was sworn in on 9 March 2006.

paragraphs: He was previously Prime Minister of Portugal from 6 November 1985 to 28 October 1995. His tenure of ten years was the longest of any Prime Minister since Salazar, and he was the first Portuguese Prime Minister to have won an absolute parliamentary majority under the current constitutional system (which was established after the country's redemocratization following the Carnation Revolution).

paragraphs: Silva was born on 15 July 1939 in Boliqueime, Portugal. He studied at Technical University of Lisbon and at the University of York. Silva has been married to Maria Cavaco Silva since 1963. They have two children. He lived in Belém Palace.


title: Jalal Talabani

paragraphs: Jalal Talabani (12 November 1933 – 3 October 2017) was a leading Kurdish politician. He served as President of Iraq from 2005 to 2014. He was the first non-Arab president of Iraq, although Abdul Karim Qasim was of partial Kurdish heritage.

paragraphs: Talabani was the founder and secretary general of one of the main Kurdish political parties, the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK). He was a prominent member of the Interim Iraq Governing Council, which was established following the overthrow of the Saddam Hussein regime by the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Talabani has been an advocate for Kurdish rights and democracy in Iraq for more than 50 years.

paragraphs: Apart from his native Kurdish, Talabani is fluent in Arabic, Persian, and English. Talabani is a member of the Socialist International.

paragraphs: Talabani was born on 12 November 1933 in Kelkan, Iraq. He studied at the University of Baghdad. He is married to Hero Ibrahim Ahmed. They have one son, Qubad.

paragraphs: On 18 December 2012 Talabani suffered a stroke and was in intensive care in Baghdad where his condition eventually stabilized after reports that he was in a coma. A statement on the President's official website said that he was being treated for blocked arteries. On 20 December, Talabani's condition has improved enough to allow travel to Germany for treatment.

paragraphs: Talabani died of a cerebral hemorrhage as complications from a stroke at a hospital in Berlin on 3 October 2017 at the age of 83.


title: British Darts Organisation

paragraphs: The British Darts Organisation is a group that organises darts tournaments for amateurs and professionals. It is also called BDO. There are 66 member counties in Britain.

paragraphs: The BDO was founded on 7 January 1973 by Olly Croft. The BDO is a founder member of the World Darts Federation. The BDO organised the first World Professional Darts Championship in 1978.


title: Fishbourne Roman Palace

paragraphs: Fishbourne Palace is a huge Roman villa from the 1st century AD, about thirty years after the Roman conquest of Britain. It is near the south coast in the village of Fishbourne, Chichester in West Sussex. It was built on the site of a Roman army supply base built during Claudian invasion in 43 AD.

paragraphs: The palace is by far the largest known Roman residence north of the Alps. At about 500 feet (150 m) square, it is larger than Buckingham Palace. It is about the size of Nero's Golden House in Rome or the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina in Sicily. In plan it closely mirrors the layout of the emperor Domitian's palace, the Domus Flavia, completed in AD 92 on the Palatine Hill in Rome.

paragraphs: The rectangular palace surrounded formal gardens, the northern half of which have been reconstructed. There were extensive alterations in the 2nd and 3rd centuries, with many of the original black and white mosaics being overlaid with more sophisticated coloured work, including the perfectly preserved dolphin mosaic in the north wing. More alterations were in progress when the palace burnt down in around 270, after which it was abandoned.

paragraphs: One theory is that it was built for Sallustius Lucullus, a Roman governor of Britain of the late 1st century. Two inscriptions recording the presence of Lucullus have been found in nearby Chichester and the dating of the palace to the early AD 90s, would fit. If the palace was designed for Lucullus, then he may have only used it for a few years: the Roman historian Suetonius says Lucullus was executed by the delusional emperor Domitian in or shortly after AD 93.


title: Bugsy Malone

paragraphs: Bugsy Malone is a British criminal comedy musical movie from 1976. It was directed by Alan Parker. It is set in 1929 in New York City. The story is very loosely based on events in New York City from the early 1920s to 1931 in the Prohibition Era. It is about gangsters like Al Capone and Bugs Moran. The movie feature only child actors. The singing voices are provided by adults. It was aimed at an audience of children. Jodie Foster and Scott Baio acted in the movie.


title: Funk Volume

paragraphs: Funk Volume is an independent record label and production company. It produces hip hop music. It was founded in 2009 by American rapper Hopsin and Damien "Dame" Ritter. So far Funk Volume has signed artists such as Dizzy Wright, Jarren and Hopsin has realeased 2 albums under Funk Volume.

paragraphs: Funk Volume began in 2009 after Hopsin left Ruthless Records. Before he launched it, he made a mixtape to promote the label.


title: Sam Ruben

paragraphs: Samuel Ruben (born Charles Rubenstein, November 5, 1913 – September 28, 1943) was an American scientist who helped us discover more about photosynthesis.


title: Eartham Pit, Boxgrove

paragraphs: Boxgrove Quarry, once a gravel quarry, is now a Palaeolithic archaeological site. It is at Boxgrove in the English county of West Sussex. It is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.

paragraphs: When excavations began in 1983, flint tools 500,000 years old were discovered. At that time this was the oldest evidence of humans discovered in the UK. In 2005 flint tools 700,000 years old were discovered at Pakefield, and in 2010 flint tools at least 800,000 years old were discovered at Happisburgh. However, Boxgrove remains a site of great importance, for many reasons. The tools were found in a largely undisturbed state, "in situ" in their prehistoric landscape. The tools and evidence of the landscape were buried several metres down.

paragraphs: There were many well-preserved animal bones, many flint artifacts, and hominid bones which are among some of the most ancient found in Europe. Several of the animal bones are the oldest found specimens of their species, such as the wing bone of the Great Auk found at the site in 1989. The combination of bones, stone artifacts, and the geology of the landscape gives a very complete picture of the coastal plain as it existed half a million years ago.

paragraphs: Parts of the site complex were excavated between 1983 and 1996 by a team led by Mark Roberts of the Institute of Archaeology, University College London. The site is in an area that features a buried chalk cliff that overlooked a flat beach (which contained a waterhole) stretching around half a mile (1 km) south to the sea.

paragraphs: In 1994 archaeologists unearthed a lower hominin tibia bone at the Boxgrove quarry site. This partial leg bone is dated to between 478,000 and 524,000 years old. Several teeth were also found. These remains were assigned to "Homo heidelbergensis", an early proto-human species which occupied France and Great Britain. Both were connected by a land bridge at the time.


title: Armide

paragraphs: Armide is an opera. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully. The words were written by Philippe Quinault. The story of the opera is based on "Jerusalem Delivered" by Torquato Tasso. It was first performed February 15, 1686 by the Paris Opéra at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal. It was revived several times in the 18th century. The story is about an enchantress named Armide and her love for a knight named Renaud.


title: Tartuffe

paragraphs: Tartuffe, or The Imposter () is a play in verse by Molière. It was first performed on May 12, 1664 at Versailles. It is about a religious hypocrite.


title: The Imaginary Invalid

paragraphs: The Imaginary Invalid is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 10, 1673 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal in Paris. It is about a man who thinks he is very ill and spends his money on doctors. The play has short ballets with music by Marc-Antoine Charpentier.


title: The Misanthrope

paragraphs: The Misanthrope, or The Cranky Lover is a play by Molière. It was first performed on June 4, 1666 at the Théâtre du Palais-Royal, Paris. The play is about a man with idealistic but unrealistic values. He always tells the truth. His friends are not pleased with this trait because they think he should tell little white lies to spare others the truth.


title: Dom Juan

paragraphs: Dom Juan, or The Feast with a Stone Statue is a play by Molière. It was first performed on February 15, 1660, in the Theatre of the Palais-Royal, Paris. The play is about the legendary libertine, Don Juan. It ends with him going to Hell when he refuses to repent his sins. The play was one of the source materials used by Lorenzo da Ponte and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart when they wrote the opera, "Don Giovanni".


title: The Miser

paragraphs: The Miser is a play by Molière. It was first performed on September 9, 1668, in the theatre of the Palais-Royal in Paris. The play is based on the Latin comedy "Aulularia" by Plautus. It is also based on Italian comedies of Molière's times. The play is about the silly situations in the home of a penny-pinching old man.


title: Viktor Zinger

paragraphs: Viktor Aleksandrovich Zinger (29 October 1941 — 24 September 2013) was an ice hockey goaltender who played in the Soviet Hockey League. Zinger was a five-time world champion and also won the gold medal with the Soviet ice hockey team at the 1968 Winter Olympics. Zinger was inducted into the Russian and Soviet Hockey Hall of Fame in 1967.

paragraphs: He died on September 24, 2013 in Moscow, Russia.


title: The Doctor in Spite of Himself

paragraphs: The Doctor in Spite of Himself is a play by Molière. It was first performed in 1666. It is about a drunkard who pretends to be a doctor.


title: The School for Wives

paragraphs: The School for Wives () is a play by Molière. It was first performed in December 1662 at the Palais Royal theatre.


title: The Learned Ladies

paragraphs: The Learned Ladies () is a five-act play by Molière. It was first performed on March 11, 1672 at Théâtre du Palais-Royal. It is a satire written in verse about women's education.


title: Le Bourgeois gentilhomme

paragraphs: Le Bourgeois gentilhomme is a comedy ballet by Molière. It was first performed in 1670. It is about a middle class man who aspires to be a member of the upper class. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully.


title: Monsieur de Pourceaugnac

paragraphs: Monsieur de Pourceaugnac is a play by Molière. It was first performed 1669. It is a comedy-ballet. The music was written by Jean-Baptiste Lully.


title: Extra-sensory perception

paragraphs: Extra-sensory perception (ESP) is being able to know things without using the the recognized physical senses.

paragraphs: The study of extra-sensory perception is part of parapsychology. Almost all scientists think of it as pseudoscience.


title: History of science

paragraphs: The history of science is the study of the historical development of science and scientific knowledge. The English word "scientist" is relatively recent first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves "natural philosophers".

paragraphs: Science is a body of knowledge about the natural world, produced by scientists who observe, explain, and predict real world phenomena. Historiography of science, in contrast, often draws on the historical methods.

paragraphs: Facts about the natural world have been described since classical antiquity. Ancient Greece is perhaps most famous for its contributions to astronomy and mathematics. Aristarchus of Samos came up with the idea of the Sun at the centre of what we now call the Solar system many centuries before Galileo.

paragraphs: Others, like Thales and Aristotle were interested in the natural world.

paragraphs: Scientific methods have been used since the Middle Ages (Roger Bacon), but the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Important figures in the development of modern science include Isaac Newton, Johannes Kepler, Robert Boyle, Charles Darwin, Wilhelm Roux and Albert Einstein.

paragraphs: Scientific methods are so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be "pre-scientific". Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

paragraphs: There are various applied sciences which depend on one of more of the natural sciences. Medicine is an example.


title: Lockheed T-33

paragraphs: The Lockheed T-33 Shooting Star is a US military jet aircraft. It was used as a training aircraft. It was designed and built by adding a second seat to the P-80 Shooting Star. It was used by many countries in the world and built under licence in Canada and Japan. The last one retired in 2017. More than a hundred are on display in museums around the world.


title: Fat Girl

paragraphs: À ma sœur! (titled for English speaking countries through alternative names For My Sister and Fat Girl) is a melodramatic-erotic 2001 French-Italian movie. The subjects in this movie are sex, obesity and relations. The movie was not rated by the MPAA. It has explicit sexual content and violent material.


title: Oras

paragraphs: Oras Oy is a Finnish manufacturer of bathroom and kitchen faucets. It is in Rauma. It was established in 1945. In 2012, there were 920 workers.

paragraphs: Oras is the fourth-largest manufacturer of faucets in Europe. It makes 30–80% of the faucets in Finland.


title: Bath, Maine

paragraphs: Bath is a city in the U.S. state of Maine. It is close to Portland. At the 2010 census, 8,514 people lived in Bath. Bath was incorporated as a town in February 1781. It became a city in 1847.


title: Social isolation

paragraphs: Social isolation is having little or no contact with society. It often comes from being rejected by society. It is different to loneliness, which comes from a temporary lack of contact. Social isolation sometimes begins early in life. It is often caused from being unemployed, sick or discriminated. Anybody of any age can be affected.


title: Runaway (dependent)

paragraphs: A runaway is a child or minor who has left their parents or legal guardians without permission. A person who runs away usually does so because of abuse or dysfunction in the family.


title: Warsaw Metro

paragraphs: Warsaw Metro is a metro system in Poland.

paragraphs: Its first line was opened in 1995, with another section being added in 2008. It has 21 stations. The next two stations are being planned.

paragraphs: In 2015, a second line was opened. There are 27 stations in the second line.


title: Water pollution

paragraphs: Water pollution is the pollution of bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, seas, the oceans, as well as groundwater. It occurs when pollutants reach these bodies of water, without treatment. Waste from homes, factories and other buildings get into the water bodies and as a result water gets contaminated.

paragraphs: Water pollution is a problem for the species and ecosystems there. It affects plants and organisms living in the water. In almost all cases the effect is damaging not only to individual species and populations, but also to the wider biological communities. The colour is usually green or brown but normal water can be blue.

paragraphs: Agriculture is one of the major sources of water pollution. The fertilizers given to the crops for better growth are washed into rivers and lakes, which in turn pollutes the water.

paragraphs: There are many chemicals that are naturally found in these bodies of water. Today water may be polluted by nitrates, phosphates, oil, acid rain, and debris such as sediment, fallen logs and so on. When people and animals drink water from such rivers, the poisonous chemicals may affect them. Life in rivers are also affected, and humans who consume fish may also have health problems.


title: Treaty of Ghent

paragraphs: The Treaty of Ghent was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom. It was signed on 24 December 1814 in the Flemish city of Ghent. The treaty restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the beginning of the war.

paragraphs: The treaty was ratified by Parliament on 30 December 1814. It was signed into law by the Prince Regent (the future King George IV). An American army under Andrew Jackson scored a major victory at the Battle of New Orleans in early January 1815. The Treaty was not in effect until it was ratified by the U.S. Senate (unanimously) in February 1815.


title: Heated shot

paragraphs: Heated shot is the heating of round shot before firing from muzzle-loading cannons. The purpose is for setting fire to enemy warships, buildings, or equipment.

paragraphs: The use of hot shot dates back centuries. It was stopped when vessels armored with iron replaced wooden warships in the world's navies. It was a powerful weapon against wooden warships, where fire was always a hazard. It was mainly used on shore batteries and forts, due to the need for a special furnace to heat the shot.

paragraphs: The use of heated shot from a ship was so dangerous, that it was against Royal Navy regulations. The American ship USS "Constitution" had a shot furnace installed, for hot shot to be fired.


title: DMX (rapper)

paragraphs: Earl Simmons (born December 18, 1970), better known by his stage name DMX or Dark Man X, is an American rapper and actor. He is from Yonkers, New York. He is best known for the songs "Ruff Ryders Anthem" and "Party Up (Up In Here)". He is also the founder and owner of Bloodline Records. He is one of the best-selling hip hop artists ever. He has done 7 albums and is currently working on his 8th, they are: Unleashed and Unreleased, It's Dark and Hell Is Hot, Flesh of my Flesh, Blood of my Blood, And Then there was X, The Grand Champ, The Great Depression, Year of the Dog...Again and his recent one Undisputed.


title: Baliung River

paragraphs: The Baliung River is a river in Indonesia. It is in the south of Java.


title: Al-Shabaab (militant group)

paragraphs: Al-Shabaab is a militant group based in Somalia. It seeks to eliminate Sufism from Somalia and has opposed various Sufi groups. It was recognised as a cell of al-Qaeda in 2012. The official name of the group is Harakat al-Shabaab al-Mujahideen (). It is now an affiliate of ISIL. Its name is Arabic for the Youth.

paragraphs: Some people who were in the Islamic Courts Union formed al-Shabaab in 2006 or 2007. Wahhabi ideas inflenced al-Shabaab. Al-Shabaab wants to create an Islamic state at the Horn of Africa, and to take part in a golbal djihad.

paragraphs: Al-Shabaab controls large parts of southern Somalia. In the area it controls, there is a strict form of Sharia law. The group has claimed responsibility for various terrorist attacks including the Westgate shopping mall shooting in 2013, Nairobi DusitD2 complex attack early 2019 in Westlands, Nairobi, Kenya and the Garissa University attack which killed 142 people in April 2015.


title: Fan death

paragraphs: Fan death (Korean: 선풍기 사망설) is a widely-held belief in Korea that leaving an electric fan on overnight will kill a person. However, no people are known to have been killed by this.

paragraphs: The supposed cause of death is often said to be carbon monoxide poisoning, although this is impossible because an electric motor does not create carbon monoxide. Another supposed cause is asphyxiation, which is also impossible because a fan does not remove any air from a room. Hypothermia is also said to be the cause, although it too is impossible because a fan does not lower the temperature of the body enough to cause hypothermia.


title: Copenhagen Zoo

paragraphs: The Copenhagen Zoo is a zoo in Copenhagen, Denmark. It was built by Niels Kjærbølling in 1859. It is one of the oldest zoos in Europe. 1,161,388 people visited the zoo in 2008. It is the most visited zoo in the world, and the fourth most visited place in Denmark. Its Elephant House was built by Norman Foster.

paragraphs: The zoo's observation tower is 43.5 metres (142.7 ft) high. It was built in 1905. It is one of the tallest wooden observation towers in the world. It has a look similar to the Eiffel Tower.

paragraphs: It is the only zoo outside of Australia to have the Tasmanian devil. It also has the Amur leopard, okapi and muskox.

paragraphs: A healthy young male giraffe, Marius, was killed on 9 February 2014 on the recommendation of the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria so that they can save the population of them at the zoo.


Runaway


title: Civil Registry and Identification Service of Chile

paragraphs: The Civil Registry and Identification Service () is an institution for public service in Chile. It registers people's civil statuses and other issues which, by law, it has to register.


title: Thomas Merton

paragraphs: Thomas Merton (1915-68) was an American writer and Catholic Trappist monk. He was based in Kentucky. He is known for his books on spirituality.


title: Rauma

paragraphs: Rauma is a city in Finland on the southwest coast. It is most famous for the wooden architecture of its old city centre, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: South Orange, New Jersey

paragraphs: South Orange, New Jersey is a place in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is west of Newark, and south of the city of Orange. Around 16,000 people live there.

paragraphs: Seton Hall University is in South Orange.

paragraphs: A notable person from South Orange is actor Kevin Spacey.


title: Southern Methodist University

paragraphs: Southern Methodist University is in Dallas, Texas. It is the site of the George W. Bush Presidential Library.


paragraphs: The National Zoological Gardens of South Africa is a zoo in Pretoria, South Africa. It is one of the top ten zoos in the world by acreage (210 acres in 2013), and number of species (705 species in 2013). There are about 9,000 individual animals in the zoo. The zoo is divided by the Apies River.


title: Ann C. Crispin

paragraphs: Ann Carol Crispin (April 5, 1950 – September 6, 2013) was an American science fiction writer. She wrote twenty-three published books. Her writing career began in 1983. She wrote several books related to "Star Trek". Crispin was born in Stamford, Connecticut. She died from cancer in Maryland.


title: Moscow Zoo

paragraphs: The Moscow Zoo is a zoo in Moscow. It is one of the ten largest zoos in the world. It covers (in 2013). The zoo holds over 6,000 individual animals, of 927 species (in 2013). The zoo opened in 1864. The most recent exhibits include a sea aquarium, an aviary, a sea lion exhibit, and children's attractions. A footbridge connects the two parts of the zoo that are separated by Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Street.


title: Berlin Zoological Garden

paragraphs: The Berlin Zoological Garden is the largest zoo in the world in acreage (84 acres in 2013) and in number of species (1,500 in 2013). It holds the most comprehensive collection of species in the world. There were 19,000 plus individual animals in the zoo in 2013.

paragraphs: The zoo opened in 1844. It was the first Zoo to be built in Germany, and is perhaps the most visited in Europe. It is located in the southwestern section of the Tiergarten. It was the home of the famous baby polar bear Knut.

paragraphs: Several architects have created the houses for the different species in the zoo. The Antelope House dates to 1872 and the Elephant House to 1873. The Hippopotamus House dates to 1997. It demonstrates the application of modern zoo concepts to a particular species. The hippos live under a roof of 13,000 square feet of glass solar panel. They can now be seen above and beneath the water.

paragraphs: During World War II, the elephants at the Zoo were killed in the air raids of September 7-8, 1941. Zoo officials also killed animals at the time. In November 1943, more than 1,000 bombs were dropped over the zoo, destroying many buildings and burning to death many animals. As many as 12,000 animals were killed in the Berlin Zoological Garden during the bombings of World War II.


title: Falco Lombardi

paragraphs: In the English versions of the "Star Fox" games, a number of actors have voiced Falco. Hisao Egawa has voiced him in all of the Japanese versions. In addition to the "Star Fox" games, he is also a playable character in "Super Smash Bros. Melee" and "Super Smash Bros. Brawl".


title: Afrosoricida

paragraphs: Afrosoricida is an order of mammals, which includes the Tenrecs and the Golden mole. Tenrecs look like hedgehogs in appearance. Golden moles look like moles. Sequence analysis found that these animals are not closely related to other insectivores.

paragraphs: Some biologists use Tenrecomorpha as the name for the tenrec-golden mole clade, but Gary Bronner and Paulina Jenkins argue that Afrosoricida is more appropriate, despite their misgivings about the similarity between the name "Afrosoricida" and the unrelated shrew subgenus "Afrosorex".


title: Brookfield Place

paragraphs: Brookfield Place, originally and commonly known as the World Financial Center is a complex of office buildings in Battery Park City in Lower Manhattan in New York City. It is near the World Trade Center. It is home to the offices of a number of companies such as Merrill Lynch, American Express, Brookfield Office Properties, and others. It was opened in 1988. It was designed by César Pelli.

paragraphs: The complex was very badly damaged in the September 11 attacks. It had to be closed for several months while repairs were being done.

paragraphs: The complex was renamed to "Brookfield Place" in 2013.


title: Caedwalla of Wessex

paragraphs: Caedwalla, also spelled Cædwalla (c. 659–689), was the King of Wessex from until his abdication in 688. His name comes from the British name Cadwallon. He was a powerful king and war leader. It was through his efforts that Wessex rose to become the third kingdom, after Northumbria and Mercia, in what would become the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of the heptarchy. Caedwalla was a pagan king who fought for and promoted Christianity.

paragraphs: Caedwalla was born . He the son of Cenberht (Coenbryht) and the brother of Mul. They were of the royal house of the Gewissae. Caedwalla was a descendant of Cerdic. His father, an in Wessex, was killed in 661 when Caedwalla was about two years old. His family took refuge in the great forest of the Caedwalla was apparently one of those trying to claim territory in Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But he was exiled from Wessex in 680 by Centwine. During that time he had gathered around him a band of warriors. In 685 Caedwalla "began to strive for the kingdom" (or wanted to become king). He repeatedly attacked Sussex and killed king Ethelwalth. Two of the Sussex ealdormen drove Caedwalla out of that kingdom. Still landless, Caedwalla turned his attentions again towards Wessex. This same year Centwine retired to a monastery and the throne of Wessex.

paragraphs: By 686 Caedwalla was able to declare himself king. The remaining underkings in Wessex did not oppose him and kept their territories. During the three years Caedwalla reigned over Wessex he was constantly at war. He and his brother Mul ravaged Kent in 686. After subjecting Kent to his rule he left his brother Mul in charge as king of Kent. That summer he attacked Sussex and killed king Berhthun. In 687 the men of Kent rose up against Mul and he was burned with twelve of his companions. They soon restored their own royal line on the throne. Caedwalla invaded a second time and ruled Kent himself. Caedwalla next invaded the Isle of Wight. King Arwald was killed. Caewalla allowed the two young athelings of Wight, Arwald's brothers, to convert to Christianity before executing them. He then began to kill all the inhabitants and replace them with settlers from Wessex. Although still a pagan, he gave several large estates on the Isle of Wight to bishop Wilfrid. It was during his war on the Isle of Wight that Caedwalla was badly wounded. His wound seemed mortal to him. But he had succeeded in conquering most of the south-east of England. In 688 he abdicated the throne of Wessex. He was able to journey to Rome where on Easter day 689, he was baptised by Pope Sergius. About ten days later on 20 April he died and was buried in Rome. He set a precedent for the west Saxon kings who followed him to dominate all of south-east England.

paragraphs: Caedwalla remained a pagan until end of his life. He was a friend of bishop Wilfrid and at times called himself the defender of the church. He granted land for a monastery to an Abbot Ecgbald at Hoo in Kent. His authority in Surrey is demonstrated by a grant of land for an monastery in Farnham. He saw his attempts to remove all the Jutes from the Isle of Wight as a war of Christianity against the pagans. When he left England on his pilgrimage to Rome he stopped at Calais and donated money to build a church there. He did the same at the court of the Lombards before going on to Rome. Caedwalla was succeeded by Ine.


title: Petting zoo

paragraphs: A petting zoo is a small zoo where visitors (mostly children) can get up close to animals and pet them. Animals in such zoos are typically gentle, domesticated baby animals like lambs, piglets, chicks, puppies, kittens, ducklings, and bunnies.

paragraphs: Petting zoos are usually a children's feature of larger zoos. Backdrops may be fairy tale settings such as the three pigs' houses of straw, twigs, and brick or Old Macdonald's farm. Wishing wells, footbridges, and other objects that appeal to children may also be featured. Food for the children to give to the animals may be available.

paragraphs: Sometimes petting zoos are found along roadsides in farm country. Petting zoos are well supervised to prevent injury to either children or the animals. A small fee might be charged to enter a petting zoo.


title: De Havilland

paragraphs: De Havilland was a British aircraft manufacturer, founded in 1920 by Geoffrey de Havilland. It was based in Hatfield, Hertfordshire. De Havilland produced the first jet-powered passenger aircraft.


title: Columbus Zoo and Aquarium

paragraphs: The Columbus Zoo and Aquarium is a zoo in Ohio, United States. It is one of the largest zoos in the world in terms of area () and species of animals (about 790). The zoo is located north of Columbus, in Powell, Ohio. There are about 9,000 individual animals in the zoo.


title: Louis B. Mayer

paragraphs: Louis Burt Mayer (July 12, 1884 – October 29, 1957) was an American movie producer. He was born Lazar Meir to Russian Jewish parents in Minsk (which is today in Belarus). He was a part of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. He was a founder of the Academy Awards. He died of leukemia.


title: Hollywood blacklist

paragraphs: The Hollywood blacklist was a system of denying employment to Hollywood actors, producers, screenwriters, directors, and other people in entertainment who were suspected of undesirable political connections or other undesirable associations. Communist sympathies and homosexual tendencies were two of the connections considered most undesirable. It mostly occurred through the middle of the 20th century, in the 1940s and 1950s.


title: Alan Parker

paragraphs: Sir Alan William Parker, (14 February 1944 – 31 July 2020) was a British movie director from Islington, London. One of his best known movies is "Bugsy Malone" (1975).

paragraphs: Parker was born into a working-class family in Islington, North London, the son of Elsie Ellen, a dressmaker, and William Leslie Parker, a house painter.

paragraphs: Parker died in London on 31 July 2020 at age 76.


title: Aviary

paragraphs: An aviary is a place where birds are kept. It is larger than a birdcage. Some aviaries are large enough for birds to fly some distance. Many zoos have aviaries. People who breed birds to sell also have aviaries.

paragraphs: Many aviaries have plants and other things to imitate nature


title: St. Peter's Square

paragraphs: St. Peter's Square ( , ) is a large plaza in front of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City, Rome. The Pope frequently addresses pilgrims gathered in the square. It is named after Saint Peter.

paragraphs: At the centre of the square is an ancient Egyptian obelisk, erected at the current site in 1586. Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed the square almost 100 years later A granite fountain constructed by Bernini in 1675 matches another fountain designed by Carlo Maderno in 1613.


title: Sandbar

paragraphs: A sandbar, or shoal is a landform which is in or partly in a body of water. Usually it is made of sand, silt, and/or small pebbles.

paragraphs: Shoals are long and narrow ridges. They can develop where a stream, river, or ocean current deposits sediment and granular material.

paragraphs: Shoals look like a coastal landform in the sea. They are classified as a type of ocean bank, or as fluvial landforms in rivers, streams, and lakes.

paragraphs: They are usually made up of sand. They can also be made up of soil, silt, gravel, cobble, shingle, or even boulders.


title: Old MacDonald Had a Farm

paragraphs: "Old MacDonald Had a Farm" is a children's song. It tells of the different animals found on a farm and the sounds they make. Animals include a cow, a duck, a sheep, and any other animals the singer cares to imitate. A typical verse:

paragraphs: "And on this farm he had a cow, E-I-E-I-O!"


title: The Inheritors (novel)

paragraphs: The Inheritors is the 1955 second novel by the British author William Golding, who is best known for "Lord of the Flies". It was his personal favourite, and concerns the extinction of one of the last remaining tribes of Neanderthals at the hands of the more sophisticated (and malevolent) "Homo sapiens".

paragraphs: One of the band, Lok, is a "point of view" character. He is the one we follow as one by one the adults of the band die or are killed, then the young are stolen by the "new people" The new people are a group of early modern humans. Lok and Fa, the remaining adults, are both fascinated and repelled by the new people. They observe their actions and rituals with amazement, only slowly understanding that harm is meant by the 'sticks' (arrows) of the new people.

paragraphs: Lok's people have powerful sense-impressions and feelings, and appear sometimes to share thoughts in a near-telepathic way. They live very simply, using their mental abilities to connect to one another without extensive vocabulary or the kinds of memories that create culture. They have wide knowledge of food sources, mostly roots and vegetables. Their lives are lived so much in the present that the reader realizes they are very different from us, living in something like an eternal present, or at least a present broken and shaped by seasons. The way they cope with planning and imagination is by saying the phrase "I have a picture", and then talking about their thoughts.

paragraphs: In the final chapter, we move to the point of view of the new race, more or less modern humans fleeing in their boats. Apparently they are terribly afraid of the Neanderthals whom they believe to be devils of the forest. This last chapter, the only one written from the humans' point of view, points to the inheritance of the world by the new species.


title: Wishing well

paragraphs: A wishing well is a well in which a person throws a coin and at the same time makes a wish.


title: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf?

paragraphs: Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf? is a song from the Walt Disney animated short movie "Three little pigs" (1933). It was written by Frank Churchill and Ann Ronell. The song buoyed spirits during the Great Depression. It inspired the title of Edward Albee's "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" (1963).


title: Franchot Tone

paragraphs: Franchot Tone (February 27, 1905 – September 18, 1968) was an American actor. He was married briefly to actress Joan Crawford. They made several movies together. His best known movie is "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1935). He also performed on radio, television, and the stage. He died of lung cancer in New York City in 1968.


title: Bird cage

paragraphs: A bird cage (sometimes birdcage) is a cage to hold a bird. Bird cages are used in the home to contain a pet bird, such as a parakeet or a canary. Bird cages used in the home are made of metal wire. A bird cage usually has seed and water dishes, a cuttle bone, and toys such as little bells and mirrors. There are perches for the bird to sit on. A cage may be hung from a ceiling or a floor stand. The floor of the cage is usually lined with some sort of paper to absorb the bird's droppings, water spills, etc.

paragraphs: Usually, the larger a bird is, a larger cage is needed. A bird that spends most of its time caged will also need a larger cage. Birds that are breeding might need a nest inside the cage.


title: Saint Sophia Cathedral in Harbin

paragraphs: Saint Sophia Cathedral is a former Orthodox church in Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.

paragraphs: This church was built in 1907. It was closed during the Cultural Revolution. In 1997, it was turned into a museum.


title: Henri Murger

paragraphs: Henri Murger (27 March 1822 – 28 January 1861) was a French writer. He is known for a book called "Scènes de la vie de bohème". This book is about the life of poor poets, artists, and musicians in Paris of the 1830s. It became the basis for Giacomo Puccini's opera "La bohème", for Ruggero Leoncavallo's opera of the same name, and for other musical works. Murger was born and died in Paris.


title: Scènes de la vie de bohème

paragraphs: Scènes de la vie de bohème "(Scenes from the Bohemian Life)" is a book by Henri Murger. It was published in parts between 1847 and 1849, and in book form in 1851. The book is about the lives of the poor poets, artists, and musicians in Paris about 1830. It was the basis for "La bohème", an opera by Giacomo Puccini in 1896, and another opera of the same name by Ruggero Leoncavallo in 1897.


title: Luigi Illica

paragraphs: Luigi Illica (9 May 1857 – 16 December 1919) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (stories and words) for many operas. He teamed with Giuseppe Giacosa for Puccini's operas "La bohème", "Tosca", and "Madama Butterfly". He also wrote the libretto for Umberto Giordano's "Andrea Chénier".


title: Giuseppe Giacosa

paragraphs: Giuseppe Giacosa (21 October 1847 – 1 September 1906) was an Italian writer. He wrote the librettos (stories and words) with Luigi Illica for Puccini's operas "La bohème", "Tosca", and "Madama Butterfly". He was born in Turin, Italy.


title: Entrapment

paragraphs: Entrapment is inducement to commit a crime, especially by authorities, to get a conviction. The implication is that the person might otherwise have been unlikely to commit the crime. In some countries, entrapment is a possible defence against criminal liability.

paragraphs: Another similar term is agent provocateur, an older French term for the person who does the inducing.

paragraphs: A sting operation is a more sophisticated way to trap criminals. It usually involves leaving a bait, and filming or catching whoever takes the bait.


title: Sos Sargsyan

paragraphs: Sos Sargsyan (24 October 1929 – 26 September 2013) was a famous Armenian actor, director, and writer. He was known for his roles in "Guys from the Army Band", "Solaris", and in "Nahapet".

paragraphs: Sargsyan was born on 24 October 1929 in Stepanavan, Soviet Armenia. He was raised in Yerevan, Armenia. Sargsyan died on 26 September 2013 in Yerevan, Armenia from a heart attack, aged 83.


title: Tuskegee University

paragraphs: Tuskegee University is in Tuskegee, Alabama. It is a historic African American college.


title: Alawites

paragraphs: The Alawites, also known as Alawis ("ʿAlawīyyah" ) are a sect within Shia Islam. They live mainly in Syria. They follow a branch of the Twelver school of Shia Islam. Alawites revere Ali, and the name "Alawi" means followers of Ali.


title: Sung Wong Toi

paragraphs: Sung Wong Toi () is a historic relic in Hong Kong. It is now in the Sung Wong Toi Garden.

paragraphs: There was a legend that Sung Wong Toi was built to remember the Emperor Duanzong of Song and his younger brother. It was because they had once escaped to Hong Kong.


title: Umberto Giordano

paragraphs: Umberto Menotti Maria Giordano (28 August 1867 – 12 November 1948) was an Italian composer. He wrote many operas. His opera "Andrea Chénier" (1896) is still performed.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1935 movie)

paragraphs: Mutiny on the Bounty is an MGM movie from 1935 directed by Frank Lloyd and produced by Irving Thalberg. It was directed by Frank Lloyd. It is based on the novel of the same name by Charles Nordoff and James Hall. The movie is about the mutiny on the ship "Bounty".

paragraphs: It stars Charles Laughton as Captain Bligh, Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian, Franchot Tone as Roger Byam, and Movita Castaneda as a Tahitian girl. All three were nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. The movie won the 1935 Academy Award for Best Picture.


title: Omoseye Bolaji

paragraphs: Omoseye Bolaji (born August 16 1968) is a Nigerian-born writer. He went on to become a successful author of many books in South Africa. He is a novelist, poet, playwright, and journalist. He was conferred with the Chancellor's Medal by the University of the Free State in 2007. His published works include "Impossible Love" (2000), "People of the Townships" (2003), "My Life and Literature" (2007), "Miscellaneous Writings" (2011) and "It Couldn’t Matter Less" (2013)


title: Lantau Island

paragraphs: Lantau Island is the biggest island of Hong Kong.


title: Christian terrorism

paragraphs: Christian terrorism is a form of terrorism where the terrorists claim their motivations lie in their Christian religion. Very often, such groups use the Old Testament or the New Testament scriptures to legitimize their actions. Sometimes, the religious violence arises from different Christian groups fighting for dominance.


title: Orange Is the New Black

paragraphs: Orange Is the New Black is an American comedy-drama series on Netflix. Jenji Kohan created it. She is known for creating Weeds. It is based on the memoir of the same name by Piper Kerman. So far there have been three seasons with 13 episodes each. The first episode of season two aired on June 6, 2014. The third season premiered on June 11, 2015.

paragraphs: In April 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, to be released on June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the series was renewed through seven seasons.

paragraphs: "Orange Is the New Black" is the first series to get Emmy Award nominations in both comedy and drama categories. The series has also received six Golden Globe Award nominations, six Writers Guild of America Award nominations, two Producers Guild of America Awards, an American Film Institute award, and a Peabody Award.

paragraphs: The show is about Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a middle class woman who has been sent to prison for carrying drug money for her ex-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), who is also put in the prison. She is engaged to a man called Larry (Jason Biggs), and describes herself as an 'ex-lesbian'. However, being in prison causes her to rethink her sexual orientation and her identity in general. The show has strong LGBT themes and has been described as a 'lesbian tv show'. Lesbian characters include Carrie "Big Boo" Black (Lea DeLaria), Suzanne "Crazy Eyes" Warren (Uzo Aduba), and Nicky Nichols (Natasha Lyonne). Transgender prisoner Sophia Burset is played by Laverne Cox, a real trans woman. Most of the characters are women of color.

paragraphs: The third episode, "Lesbian Request Denied", was directed by Jodie Foster.

paragraphs: "Orange Is the New Black" was well-received by critics. The Washington Post called the show 'brilliance behind bars'. Taylor Schilling was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Lead Actress in a Drama Series.


title: Charles Laughton

paragraphs: Charles Laughton (1 July 1899 – 15 December 1962) was an Anglo-American actor, screenwriter, producer, and director. He was born in Scarborough, North Riding of Yorkshire. He is known for playing Quasimodo in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" and Captain Bligh in "Mutiny on the Bounty". He directed "The Night of the Hunter". He won the 1933 Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for "The Private Life of Henry VIII". Laughton was bisexual. He was married to actress Elsa Lanchester from 1929 until his death. The couple became American citizens in 1950. They had no children. Laughton died of kidney cancer in Hollywood, Los Angeles.


title: The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 movie)

paragraphs: The Hunchback of Notre Dame is an RKO movie from 1939. It stars Charles Laughton as The Hunchback and Maureen O'Sullivan as Esmeralda. It was directed by William Dieterle. The movie was based on a book by Victor Hugo called "Notre Dame".


title: Balk

paragraphs: A balk is something that a pitcher does in baseball that is not allowed, or illegal. If a balk happens the umpire will point to the pitcher and yell "balk", and the runners on base get to move up one base. If there are no runners on base, a ball is issued to the batter.

paragraphs: There are other ways it can happen, but these are the main ones.


title: Ealdorman

paragraphs: An ealdorman (from Old English "ealdorman", lit. "elder man"; plural: "ealdormen") is a term used for a high-ranking royal official who was in charge of one or more shires. The title dates from the sixth century and was in use up to the time of King Canute. Their position was a combination of administrator, judge and military . Ealdormen were the of the later English earls.

paragraphs: The king appointed an ealdorman to govern one or more shires or territories. The ealdorman was also responsible for leading his local fyrd (part-time army) in battle. But these armies owed their first to their ealdorman. Very often the support of one or more ealdormen could help a royal candidate to become king. In many cases ealdormen succeeded yet kept the same rights. Several had been underkings and were members of the royal family. In early Anglo-Saxon documents ealdormen are also termed ", "", or " in documents of the time.

paragraphs: The term first appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle under the year 568. But it was probably used long before then. As early as the seventh century ealdormen were seen as judges. But the development of the shire may have come later. As ealdormanries began to become (passed down from father to son) the families who held them became more and more powerful. Several rose in power second only to the king. They were described in documents by the term "". In the eighth century these occurred in Northumbria, Mercia and Kent. The term "patricius" was roughly the same as the office of mayor of the palace in the Merovingian dynasty of Frankish kings. This could be dangerous for a king to have someone so powerful exercising power in his name. In the eighth and ninth centuries the most dangerous ealdormen were those who claimed royal descent. They could and in some cases did rise up against a king and took the throne themselves. In the very basic royal administrations of the time a king needed to depend on his ealdormen. A king could create ealdormen from his own family. But he could only fill only a portion of the ealdormanries in that way. As the families of ealdormen banded together in ties of mutual support it became more difficult to remove an ealdorman.

paragraphs: The term ealdorman was replaced by the term earl during the eleventh century. In the laws of King Canute both ealdormen and earls are mentioned. But there was no distinction made between them. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, the title Earl was no longer with "dux" or "princeps". They were written at times as "" (count). King William replaced most Anglo-Saxon earls with his own . He then limited the power of most earls giving them control of counties, castles or other territories. A few were given more power. These were titled Earl palatine.


title: Centwine of Wessex

paragraphs: Centwine ( 685) was King of Wessex from to 685. He appears to have been one of several underkings of Wessex after the death of Cenwalh. But at some point he united the kingdom of Wessex under his rule.

paragraphs: Centwine was the probable son of Cynegils and grandson of Ceolwulf, King of Wessex. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Centwine became king . Also that he succeeded Aescwine. Bede wrote that after the death of King Cenwalh: "his under-rulers took upon them the kingdom of the people, and dividing it among themselves, held it ten years". Bede's view of Aescwine and Centwine as underkings may represent the views of King Ine. His family ruled Wessex in Bede's time. If the kingdom did fragment following Cenwalh's death, it was reunited during Centwine's reign. An entry under 682 in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that "Centwine drove the Britons to the sea". Aldhelm wrote Centwine won three major victories but does not say who he defeated. Centwine is reported to have and became a monk. The date of his death is unknown.

paragraphs: Centwine married Eangyth, niece of Eorcenbert of Kent. Her sister, Eormenburh was married to King Egfrith of Northumbria. Together they had:


title: Les Misérables

paragraphs: Les Misérables is a novel by Victor Hugo. It was published in 1862. The story is about a former convict named Jean Valjean. He tries to find a meaningful life, but is followed by a police officer. The story has been made into movies several times. It has also been made into a musical. He is trying to run away after being convicted by the police since he stole bread to feed his sister's children.

paragraphs: The work describes French society between the reign of Napoleon and that of Louis Philippe I. One of the main characters, Marius, takes part in the June Rebellion.

paragraphs: Hugo based some of his characters on the lives of real people. That way, Valjean is probably based upon Eugène François Vidocq. He probably used the story of Bienvenu de Miollis to base the Bishop of Digne on. De Mollis was the bishop of Digne from 1805 to 1838. Enjolras, a revolutionary leader is probably based on Louise Michel, a French anarchist.

paragraphs: Les Misérables starts by describing the life of the nice Bishop Myriel who is always helping the poor. Then the book talks about Jean Valjean, a man who was arrested because he stole some bread to feed his sister's children. He is freed from prison after 19 years and he wanders through France until the Bishop takes him in for the night. Valjean tries to steal the Bishop's silverware, but he is caught. The Bishop pretends that he gave Valjean the silverware and tells him to be good.

paragraphs: Jean Valjean changes his name to M. Madeline and becomes a factory owner and the town's mayor. One of his workers is named Fantine. She had a child called Cosette who lives with an evil innkeeper named Thenardier. The other women in the factory get Fantine fired or removed from her job. When Fantine is attacked by a man on the streets, Valjean protects her from the police and takes her to the hospital because she is sick. Fantine tells Valjean about Cosette and asks him to save Cosette. Unfortunately, she is too sick and dies.

paragraphs: A police officer called Javert finds out about Valjean and he chases him and arrests him, but Valjean escapes from jail and goes to find Cosette. When he does, he takes her from the innkeeper Thenardier and runs away to Paris. There, he is chased by Javert and eventually finds a place where Cosette can go to school and he can work safely.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, a young man named Marius has found a new group of friends at the ABC Café. They (the Friends of the ABC) are unhappy because a lot of people are poor. So they want to make the government help the poor people but only one man in the government wants to. His name is Jean Lamarque, and he is very sick. A girl named Eponine, the daughter of Thenardier, falls in love with Marius, but he doesn't love her.

paragraphs: When Cosette is done with school, she and Valjean go to live in a house on Plumet Street (Rue Plumet). There, Marius meets Cosette and they fall in love. Then, Thenardier, who lost his job, tries to rob Valjean, but Eponine saves him and Cosette.

paragraphs: Then, Lamarque dies! The Friends of the ABC are angry and build barricades (or giant walls) out of furniture in the center of Paris. The government is angry and sends Javert to go spy on the Friends.

paragraphs: Valjean learns that Cosette loves Marius and goes to save Marius at the barricade. While Javert is inside the barricades, the Friends find out that he is a spy and they tie him up. Valjean is supposed to kill him but he decides not to which makes Javert very confused. Javert decides trying to understand why Valjean did not kill him even though Valjean used to be a bad person is too hard for him to understand, so he jumps off a bridge and dnowns. Then, the army attacks the barricade! Marius is almost shot but Eponine saves him. However, she was killed while saving him. The fighting continues and most of the Friends are killed. Valjean takes Marius and drags him through the sewers to a safe place.

paragraphs: Cosette and Marius get engaged which means that they are about to get married! Before their wedding, Valjean tells Marius that he is going to go away forever after the wedding because he thinks that he is a bad person. At the wedding, Marius learns that Valjean saved him, so he and Cosette tell Valjean that they don't want him to go away. But Valjean is too sad so he still dies. As he dies though, he sees Fantine again.


title: Toilers of the Sea

paragraphs: Toilers of the Sea is a novel by Victor Hugo. It was published in 1866. It is about the resurrection of a sunken ship. It has been made into movies several times.


title: Taronga Zoo

paragraphs: Taronga Zoo is a zoo in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is on the shores of Sydney Harbour in the suburb of Mosman. It was officially opened on 7 October 1916. The zoo covers about . It holds over 2,600 animals of 340 species. There is a larger, sister zoo in Dubbo, the Taronga Western Plains Zoo.

paragraphs: The zoo is divided into eight geographic regions of the world. The largest section is for Australian wildlife. It also has several aviaries, and an aquarium section for seals and penguins.

paragraphs: The Taronga Zoo also helps endangered animals. In 2009, scientists brought some yellow-spotted tree frogs to the Taronga Zoo to breed. Then the last wild yellow-spotted tree frogs died. In 2018, the scientists took some of the frogs from the Taronga Zoo and put them in the wild.

paragraphs: Taronga is an Aboriginal word which means "beautiful view".


title: Mario vs. Donkey Kong

paragraphs: Mario vs. Donkey Kong is a 2004 puzzle-platform video game for the Game Boy Advance. It was developed by Nintendo Software Technology and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on May 24, 2004, in Japan on June 1, 2004, and in Europe on November 19, 2004. It is a spiritual successor to "Donkey Kong", which was released for the Game Boy in 1994.

paragraphs: In the game, the player plays as Mario, who is chasing Donkey Kong through a toy factory after Donkey Kong stole many Mini-Mario toys. It plays similarly to the Game Boy "Donkey Kong" game. There are five types of levels. In the first type, Mario has to pick up a key and take it to a locked door, then find and pick up the Mini-Mario toy at the end of the level. In the second type, Mario has to guide six Mini-Mario toys to the Toy Box. While doing so, he has to protect them from dangers in the level. In the third type, Mario has to fight Donkey Kong in order to go to the next world. In the fourth type, the Plus level, Mario has to turn on one Mini-Mario with a key and take it to the door. The fifth type of level, the Expert level, plays like the first type of level, but is harder.


title: Madame Bovary

paragraphs: Madame Bovary is a novel by Gustave Flaubert. It was published in 1856. It is the story of an unhappy middle class French housewife. She longs for the kind of romance and glamor that life in the country does not provide. After a few unfulfilling adulteries, she kills herself.

paragraphs: The story was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine. It was thought obscene. Flaubert and his publisher were charged with immorality, but were acquitted.

paragraphs: The story was a great success when published in book form in 1857. It is thought one of the greatest novels ever written. It has been adapted to different media. An American movie starring Jennifer Jones is perhaps the best known adaptation to Americans.


title: Wii Party U

paragraphs: Wii Party U is a party video game for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to "Wii Party". It was released in North America and Europe on October 25, 2013, in Australia on October 26, 2013, and in Japan on October 31, 2013.

paragraphs: "Wii Party U" is a party video game which takes elements from the "Mario Party" series. It has over 80 minigames. Players are able to play minigames with the Wii U GamePad.


title: Water Margin

paragraphs: Water Margin ( Shui Hu Zhuan) is a novel that is said to have been written by Shi Nai'an. It is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature. The story is set during the Song Dynasty. It is about a group of outlaws who gather to form an army, and are later sent to fight foreign invaders and suppress rebel forces by the government.

paragraphs: The book was written during the 14th century.


title: The Turn of the Screw

paragraphs: The Turn of the Screw is a horror novel by Henry James. It was published in 1898. The story is about two children in a lonely country house. Their governess believes they are possessed by the ghosts of two dead servants. The novel was made into an opera by Benjamin Britten, and into a movie called "The Innocents" starring Deborah Kerr.


title: The Portrait of a Lady

paragraphs: The Portrait of a Lady is a novel by Henry James. It was published in parts (serialization) in 1880-1881. It was published as a book in the United States by Houghton, Mifflin in 1881.

paragraphs: It tells the story of a rich young American woman, Isabel Archer. She is exploited by the scheming Madame Merle and her friend Gilbert Osmond. Isabel weds Osmond and finds herself in a loveless marriage.

paragraphs: The book was a great success. It is thought one of James's finest works. The story has been adapted to a BBC television program and to a movie starring Nicole Kidman.


title: Daisy Miller

paragraphs: Daisy Miller is a novella by Henry James. It was published in 1879. It is about a rich and flirtatious young American woman who offends the sensibilities of the Europeans she is moving among. She is an outsider and dies after catching a fever on a visit to the Colosseum. It was a huge success and is still one of James's most popular works. The story was made into a movie starring Cybil Shepherd.


title: Colcannon

paragraphs: Colcannon is an Irish dish made of cabbage or kale and mashed potatoes. Milk, butter, salt and pepper are usually added. It is usually eaten around Halloween.


title: To Kill a Mockingbird (movie)

paragraphs: To Kill a Mockingbird is a 1962 American drama movie. It was directed by Robert Mulligan. It stars Gregory Peck as Atticus Finch and Mary Badham as Scout. The movie is based on the book "To Kill a Mockingbird" by Harper Lee. The movie has been listed in the National Film Registry. It won three Academy Awards: Best Actor (Gregory Peck), Best Art Direction, and Best Adapted Screenplay.

paragraphs: Atticus Finch, a white lawyer working in the South, defends Tom, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Tom is found guilty of rape. Finch's daughter, Scout, narrates the story from her perspective as an adult.


title: Lord Jim

paragraphs: Lord Jim is a novel by Joseph Conrad. It was first published in parts (serialization) in a magazine in 1899-1900. It is about the sinking of a ship and its abandonment by the crew. One of the crew, "Lord Jim", must come to terms with his cowardice. The book was made into two movies, one starring Peter O'Toole.


title: Just So Stories

paragraphs: Just So Stories for Little Children is a book of stories by Rudyard Kipling. It was published in 1902 by Macmillan & Co. The stories are "origin stories". They explain how things in the natural world came about, such as the elephant's trunk and the camel's hump. Kipling drew the pictures for the original edition.


title: Blind experiment

paragraphs: A blind or blinded experiment is a test or experiment in

paragraphs: where the experimenter does not know which treatment is given to a subject. The idea is to avoid bias which the experimenter might otherwise introduce. If both tester and subject are blinded, the trial is a double-blind trial.

paragraphs: Suppose consumers are asked to compare the tastes of different brands of a product. Obviously, the identities of the product should be hidden – otherwise consumers tend to prefer the brand they are familiar with. Similarly, when testing a pharmaceutical drug, both patients and experimenter should not know the dosage being given in each case.

paragraphs: The opposite of a blind trial is an open trial. The terms blind (adjective) or to blind (transitive verb) when used in this sense are figurative extensions of the literal idea of blindfolding someone.

paragraphs: Blind experiments went on to be used outside of purely scientific settings. In 1817, a committee of scientists and musicians compared a Stradivarius violin to one with a guitar-like design made by the naval engineer François Chanot. A well-known violinist played each instrument while the committee listened in the next room to avoid prejudice.

paragraphs: One of the first essays advocating a blinded approach to experiments in general came from Claude Bernard in the latter half of the 19th century, who recommended splitting any scientific experiment between the theorist who conceives the experiment and a naive (and preferably uneducated) observer who registers the results without foreknowledge of the theory or hypothesis being tested. This suggestion contrasted starkly with the prevalent Enlightenment-era attitude that scientific observation can only be objectively valid when undertaken by a well-educated, informed scientist.

paragraphs: Double-blind methods came into especial prominence in the mid-20th century.

paragraphs: Double-blind describes an especially stringent way of conducting an experiment. It tries to eliminate subjective, unrecognized biases carried by an experiment's subjects "and</u/l>" conductors.

paragraphs: In a double-blind experiment, neither the participants nor the researchers know which participants belong to the control group, and which to the test group. Random assignment of test subjects to the experimental and control groups is the key to any double-blind research design. The information about who the subjects were, and which group they belonged to, is kept by a third party until the study is over.

paragraphs: Double-blind methods can be applied to any experimental situation in which there is a possibility that the results will be affected by conscious/unconscious bias on the part of researchers, participants, or both.


title: Crossgates Commons

paragraphs: Crossgates Commons is a plaza in Albany, New York near Crossgates Mall. It has a lot of stores.


title: St Paul's Suite

paragraphs: St Paul's Suite is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1912. It was published in 1922 after some revisions. It is written for string orchestra with the addition of some wind instruments. It was written for St Paul's Girls' School where Holst was Director of Music for many years. The suite has four movements: Jig, Ostinato, Intermezzo, and Finale.


title: First Suite in E-flat for Military Band

paragraphs: First Suite in E-flat for Military Band is a piece of music by Gustav Holst. It was written in 1909 and had its first performance in 1920. There are three movements: "Chaconne", "Intermezzo", and "March". The suite is thought a cornerstone of music for military band.


title: Songs of a Wayfarer

paragraphs: Songs of a Wayfarer is a set of four songs for low voice and orchestra by Gustav Mahler. Mahler started writing the music in 1884. The music was first performed on March 16, 1896. There are four songs: "When My Sweetheart is Married", "I Went This Morning over the Field", "I Have a Gleaming Knife", and "The Two Blue Eyes of my Beloved".


title: The Marble Faun

paragraphs: The Marble Faun is a novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was published in 1860. The story is set in Italy.


title: Saint Francis of Assisi (opera)

paragraphs: Saint François d'Assise is an opera in three acts and eight scenes. The music and libretto were written by Olivier Messiaen. The opera was written from 1975 to 1983. The first performance was given by the Paris Opéra at the Palais Garnier on November 28, 1983.


title: Kaira

paragraphs: Kaira (; Altai: "Кайра", ) is the king of the gods and ruler of the universe in Turkic and Altai mythologies. He is the god of creation and the creator of everything.

paragraphs: Kaira sits on the 17th floor of sky and determines the fate of the universe. He created the other gods. He existed before the creation of the universe. He planted a tree with nine boughes. This tree connects the sky and earth and nine human races are descended from the tree. His sons are "Ulgan", "Kyzaghan" and "Mergen".

paragraphs: In ancient Turkic beliefs, Kaira is a white goose that flies over an endless water. Ak Ana (white mother) appears and tells him to create. Kaira is the biggest and the strongest of all the gods. So he creates the earth.

paragraphs: The word (Kaira) means gracious or benevolent.


title: Ledbury

paragraphs: Ledbury is a small town in Herefordshire. The well known poet John Masefield comes from here.


title: Ulgan

paragraphs: Ulgan (, Khakass: "Ӱлген", , , ) is a creator god in Turkic mythology. He is ruler of the sky.

paragraphs: He lives in a golden palace on Altyn Dagh ("", "Golden Mountain"). He has a golden throne and a lightning arc. His father is Kaira Khan. Ulgan lives on 16th floor of the sky, and manages the stars and other objects in the sky. It was believed that at the beginning of the universe there was only Ulgan and Erlik.

paragraphs: Ulgan has seven sons and seven daughters.

paragraphs: Ulgan has seven sons, named Akoghlanlar (White Boys). They are ""Karakush Khan, Karshyt Khan, Pura Khan, Burcha Kan, Yashyl Khan, Er-Kanym Khan, Bakty Khan"". And he has nine daughters, that named Akkyzlar. No one knows the names of the daughters.


title: Dalmatian City-states

paragraphs: The ”’Dalmatian City-states”’ were 8 cities in Dalmatia where the autoctonous Dalmatian Italians survived the Slav invasions, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire. These cities were: Zara, Spalato, Ragusa, Cattaro, Trau, Ossero (called even Cherso or Crespa), Veglia and Arbe.

paragraphs: At the beginning of the seventh century the Avars with some Slav tribes devastated and conquered the Roman province of Dalmatia. The local Latin population survived only in the coast and islands of Dalmatia. There they created 8 little cities that maintained political links with the Byzantine Empire, that defended these cities allowing their commerce.

paragraphs: The original name of the cities was Jadera, Spalatum, Crespa, Arba, Tragurium, Vecla, Ragusium and Cattarum. The language and the laws where initially Latin, but after a few centuries they developed their own neolatin language (the "Dalmatico"), that lasted until the nineteenth century.

paragraphs: The cities were maritime centers with a huge commerce mainly with the Italian peninsula and with the growing Republic of Venice. From it they received their Italian culture and arts. After the year 1000 AD, the Venetian Doge Orseolo II started to control all coastal Dalmatia, but it was only in 1420 AD that Venice was able to obtain the full domination of these City-states.

paragraphs: In this way seven of these cities became part of the Venetian republic: Zara was the most Venetian (or Italian) of them, remaining Italian until WWII.

paragraphs: But one of the City-states, Ragusium (or Ragusa) was dominated by Venice only for a few decades in the eleventh century and later created the famous "Repubblica di Ragusa". This was an autonomous state under the protection of the Ottoman empire, and lasted until the conquest by Napoleon in 1804 AD when was united to the Napoleonic kingdom of Italy.


title: Battle of Palmito Ranch

paragraphs: The Battle of Palmito Ranch in Texas was the last battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on May 12 and 13, 1865.


title: Battle of Nashville

paragraphs: The Battle of Nashville was a battle of the American Civil War. It was fought on December 15 and 16, 1864.


title: Interstate 787

paragraphs: Interstate 787 (I-787) is an Interstate Highway in the U.S. state of New York. It goes through downtown Albany. The southern end is at the toll plaza for New York State Thruway (I-87) exit 23. The location of the northern end is unclear. Some sources say it is at 8th Street in Troy. Other sources say it is at its interchange with NY 7 and NY 787 in the town of Colonie.

paragraphs: The route is long if extended to Troy, or without the NY 7 overlap.

paragraphs: North of NY 7, the highway continues as NY 787 to the city of Cohoes.


title: Interstate 890

paragraphs: Interstate 890 (I-890) is a highway in New York, in the United States. It is long. It runs southeast to northwest, mostly within Scthenady County. Most of I-890 is six lanes wide.


title: Parade Square

paragraphs: Parade Square () is a big city square in central Warsaw, Poland. It was established in 1955 by the Soviet Union together with the building of the Palace of Culture and Science. The square is one of the biggest in Europe and the world. It was used in the Communist period by the government of People's Republic of Poland for military parades. After the fall of the communism in Poland in 1989 the square was abandoned and made into a marketplace. The Warsaw municipality is planned to destroy the square for a Museum of Modern Art that will open in 2015.


title: Esau

paragraphs: Esau is the eldest son of Isaac and Rebekah in the Book of Genesis. Jacob is his twin brother. (Chapter 25). He is a 'cunning hunter, a man of the field' (25:27) Esau gives his birthright as eldest to Jacob for a meal of lentil stew. He is then tricked out of his father's blessing by Rebekah and Jacob, with Jacob instead receiving the blessing.

paragraphs: He has several wives, Judith the daughter of Beeri the Hittite, and Bashemath daughter of Elon. He later marries Mahalath the daughter of Ishmael, his cousin, to please his parents.


title: Arrondissements of the Haute-Garonne department

paragraphs: There are 3 arrondissements in the Haute-Garonne department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into cantons and communes.

paragraphs: The arrondissements of Haute-Garonne are:

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Haute-Garonne department has had some changes:


title: Anthony of Padua

paragraphs: Anthony of Padua, O.F.M. (born Fernando Martins de Bulhões; 15 August 1195 – 13 June 1231), was a Portuguese Catholic priest. He was a friar of the Franciscan Order. He was born and raised in a rich family in Lisbon. Anthony was canonised as a saint on 30 May 1232, less than a year after his death. He is considered a patron saint of lost or stolen items.

paragraphs: He goes that he had a book of sacred songs in which he'd written his own personal notes. A young novice from his complex of buildings decided to leave the order. As he was leaving, he stole Anthony's book. Anthony prayed for it to be returned. Some time later the missing novice returned to the order and asked to be taken back in, and returned Anthony's book. This was deemed a miracle.

paragraphs: Anthony died in Padua, Italy. After his death, because of that incident, people prayed to Anthony when they had lost something or had it stolen. Some of them got their things back. Those were also deemed "miracles." They are what got him sainthood.


title: Goodnight Moon

paragraphs: Goodnight Moon is an American picture book. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1947. It was written by Margaret Wise Brown. The pictures were drawn by Clement Hurd. The book is about a bunny who says "goodnight" to all the things he can see about his bedroom.


title: Counselor

paragraphs: A counselor is a trained professional who helps others by listening to them and giving them advice. They may be a psychologist or a social worker. Counselors help people with things like career development, anger management, health and lifestyle. Schools often have counselors to help students there.


title: Harold and the Purple Crayon

paragraphs: Harold and the Purple Crayon is a picture book by Crockett Johnson. It was published by Harper & Brothers in 1955. The book is about a boy named Harold. He creates his own world by drawing it with his purple crayon.


title: Flag of Vietnam

paragraphs: The flag of Vietnam, officially "red flag with a gold star" (cờ đỏ sao vàng), was designed in 1940. The background color is red and there is a yellow star. Red means revolution and victory while the yellow star means leadership of Communist Party of Vietnam. The star also means different grades of Vietnam.


title: Joe Maddon

paragraphs: Joe Maddon (born 1954) is the manager of the Chicago Cubs in Major League Baseball. He led the Cubs to a World Series victory in 2016. He previously managed the Tampa Bay Rays.


title: Hurricane Ingrid

paragraphs: Hurricane Ingrid was a strong Category 1 hurricane which struck eastern Mexico at the same time another storm struck the western parts. The storm claimed the lives of 32 people in Mexico. The winds of Ingrid reached at its peak. The storm, however, weakened before heading into Mexico as a severe tropical storm in September 2013. The name "Ingrid" was later retired. It was replaced with "Imelda" for 2019.


title: Antonio Ghislanzoni

paragraphs: Antonio Ghislanzoni (25 November 1824 – 16 July 1893) was an Italian writer. He wrote the libretto for Verdi's operas "La forza del destino" (1869) and "Aida" (1871). He was born in Lombardy and died in Bergamo.


title: Baidu Baike

paragraphs: Baidu Baike (Chinese: 百度百科) is an online encyclopedia owned by Baidu, a Chinese search engine. It started providing service in 2006. As of August 2013 Baidu Baike has about five million articles. This compares with about 700,000 articles in the Chinese Wikipedia. Early in 2018 these numbers were about fifteen million and one million.


title: Culture of Nepal

paragraphs: Nepal has a unique culture. Its cultural heritage has developed over several thousands of years. It covers Nepal's many ethnic, tribal and social classes.

paragraphs: There are at least 92 living languages spoken in Nepal, though some studies list 123. Nepal's languages come from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Tibeto-Burman and indigenous. The official national language of Nepal is Nepali, written in Devanagari script. It is the first language of about half the country's population, and is used by people of most ethnic groups to communicate with each other.

paragraphs: Both Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal date back more than 2000 years. The 2001 census recorded that 80.6% of the population was Hindu. Buddhism was practiced by about 11% of the population, although many people often practice their own mix of Hindu, Buddhist, and/or animist traditions. About 3.2% practice Islam. Another 3.6% of the population follows the native Kirant religion. Christianity is practiced officially by less than 0.5%.

paragraphs: Nepalese people have several festivals that they celebrate each year. The longest and the most important of these is Dashain. It is celebrated for 15 days, and is dedicated to the Hindu goddess Durga. Most festivals include dancing and music, as well as all kinds of local food.