title: Roger Waters

paragraphs: George Roger Waters (born 6 September 1943) is an English rock musician. He was born in Great Bookham, Surrey and moved to Cambridge during his early childhood. He is best known as the bass player, co-lead singer, principle lyricist, and founder member of the English rock band Pink Floyd (1964–1986). Waters became the primary lyrical contributor in Pink Floyd after the departure of fellow founder member Syd Barrett in January 1968, and sang lead vocals on at least one half of all Pink Floyd tracks during his tenure with the band. Many consider 1973–1979 to be the Golden Age of the Waters era Pink Floyd, during which time they released four studio albums, including two of the most commercially successful and critically acclaimed rock albums ever created.

paragraphs: Released in 1973, "The Dark Side of the Moon" is one of the top selling albums of all time. Pink Floyd followed the epochal success of "Dark Side" with "Wish You Were Here" (1975), "Animals" (1977) and 1979's "The Wall", a double album considered by many to be rock's finest. "The Wall", based on the life struggles of Roger Waters, is the best selling double disk of all time, and as Pink Floyd's second unequivocally definitive album, it solidified their status among the world's elite rock bands. In 1983 Pink Floyd released their tenth studio album, "The Final Cut". Written and almost entirely sung by Roger, (Gilmour sang on just one track), it is the only Pink Floyd album on which Waters is credited for the writing and composition of every song. In retrospect, "The Final Cut" is more fairly considered Roger's first solo album, essentially using David Gilmour and Nick Mason as studio musicians. One of rock music's most critically acclaimed and commercially successful acts, Pink Floyd has sold over 200 million albums worldwide, including 74.5 million in the United States.

paragraphs: Following his legal and philosophical split with Pink Floyd in 1986, Waters began a solo career, releasing three studio albums, "The Pros and Cons of Hitchhiking" (1984), "Radio K.A.O.S." (1987), and in 1992, the highly acclaimed "Amused to Death". In 1990, Roger staged one of the largest rock concerts ever, "The Wall Concert in Berlin", on the vacant terrain between Potsdamer Platz and the Brandenburg Gate. In 2005 he released the critically acclaimed opera, "Ça Ira", which would go on to top the classical charts in America and Britain, as well as joining Nick Mason, Richard Wright and David Gilmour, for an historical performance at the 2 July 2005 Live 8 concert in London's Hyde Park, Pink Floyd's first public performance with Roger in 24 years.

paragraphs: Waters has toured extensively as a solo act since 2005, performing "Dark Side" to sold out audiences and critical acclaim the world over. Waters performed an extensive tour of "The Wall" between 2010 and 2013.


title: Big Max

paragraphs: Big Max is a type of squash that can grow to be more than 100 pounds. They can also be in diameter if they are grown properly. They are commonly called pumpkins, but this is not entirely correct; Big Max are instead "squash-type pumpkins". They have a bright orange color, with fine-grained, yellow-orange flesh. The skin has deep lines in it and is slightly roughened, and can be up to thick. This makes Big Max squash good for keeping. The flesh is good for being canned and frozen.

paragraphs: However, because they are so big, cooking with these squash is hard. They are said to not be as flavorful as smaller pumpkin varieties. The variety was hybridized, or created, for its large size. They have been grown as big as 300 pounds. Individual fruits are round to slightly flattened.

paragraphs: These squash are best planted between two and four weeks after the average last frost, and they become ripe 110 to 120 days after being planted. The plants need lots of room to grow well, and to get them very big, only one fruit should be grown on one vine. They are harvested before the first light frost, when the plant's leaves die. Although recommendations are different, seeds are often planted at deep, spaced apart.


title: Travira Air

paragraphs: Travira Air (IATA: TR) is an airline based in Jakarta, Indonesia. It operates flights between Indonesian cities and other Asian countries. These flights are "chartered" by companies - this means that they do not follow fixed times. It is a small/middle size operator.

paragraphs: Travira's aircraft are used by big mineral companies including ExxonMobil and West Natuna Consortium. They are also used by mining companies in Sumbawa and East Kalimantan.

paragraphs: Since September 2008 Travira Air operated the following aircraft:


title: Small-eared dormouse

paragraphs: The Small-eared Dormouse (Graphiurus microtis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Sudan, Eswatini, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.


title: Dormouse

paragraphs: The dormouse (plural: dormice) is a rodent in the family Gliridae. Dormice live mainly in Europe, although some live in Africa and Asia. They are known for their long periods of hibernation. Only one species of dormouse normally lives in the British Isles, so there "dormouse" usually means the hazel dormouse, not the whole family of dormice.

paragraphs: Dormice are small rodents, with a body length of between , and weighing between . They are usually mouse-like in appearance, but they have furry tails instead of scaly tails. They are usually arboreal animals (living in trees). They move quickly and are good at climbing. Most species are nocturnal. Dormice have a very good sense of hearing. They make noises to each other with different sounds using their voices.

paragraphs: Dormice are omnivorous, usually eating fruits, berries, flowers, nuts and insects. Dormice are different to all other rodents because they do not have a cecum which is a part of the gut. Other animals use the cecum to ferment plants. Their teeth are like squirrels, but they often do not have premolars.

paragraphs: Dormice breed one or two times per year, having an average of four young after a gestation period of 21–32 days. Dormice can live for as long as five years. The young are born without hair and they cannot do anything for themselves. Their eyes do not open until about eighteen days after birth. They are usually ready to reproduce after the end of their first hibernation. Dormice live in small family groups. The area they live in depends on which species they are, and how much food is available.

paragraphs: One of the main characteristics of dormice that live in temperate zones is hibernation. Dormice can hibernate six months out of the year, or even longer if the weather remains cold enough. They sometimes wake for a short amount of time so that they can eat food which they had previously stored nearby. During the summer, they store fat in their bodies, to give the dormouse the energy it needs to survive through the hibernation period.

paragraphs: Hibernation is where the name dormouse comes from. The Anglo-Norman word "dormeus" means "sleepy (one)"; the word was later changed to resemble the word "mouse". The sleepy behaviour of the Dormouse character in Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" also shows this trait.

paragraphs: The edible dormouse was thought to be a special food in ancient Rome. It was eaten as an appetizer or as a dessert. When it was eaten as a dissert, it would be dipped in honey and poppy seeds. The Romans had a special place to keep dormice which was called a "glirarium". Dormice are still eaten in Slovenia. Dormouse fat was used by the Elizabethans to induce sleep.

paragraphs: The earliest fossil evidence of dormice has been found in Europe from the early Eocene times. They were in Africa in the upper Miocene. Their appearance in Asia was not as long ago. Many types of extinct dormouse species have been found. During the Pleistocene, giant dormice the size of large rats (for example "Leithia melitensis") lived on the islands of Malta and Sicily.

paragraphs: The family consists of 34 living species, in three subfamilies and 10 genera (although not all scientists agree with this number):


title: Martial eagle

paragraphs: The martial eagle ("Polemaetus bellicosus") is a bird of prey. It lives in Africa and is the biggest eagle in Africa, 76 to 96 cm (30–38 in) long, and its wingspan is 188–260 cm (6.2–8.5 ft) long. Because of its size, it hunts large prey, including birds as large as flamingos and mammals as large as young impala.


title: Hazel dormouse

paragraphs: The hazel dormouse or common dormouse is "Muscardinus avellanarius". This small rodent is the only living species in its genus.

paragraphs: It is long with a tail of . It weighs , increasing to just before hibernation. The hazel dormouse hibernates from October to April/May. In British sources, it is normally called the dormouse rather than the hazel or common dormouse.

paragraphs: The hazel dormouse is native to northern Europe and Asia Minor. It is the only dormouse native to the British Isles, although the edible dormouse ("Glis glis") was accidentally introduced to the British Isles and now has an established population).

paragraphs: The locations in the UK where the hazel dormouse can be found is shown on the National Biodivestity Network website.

paragraphs: The hazel dormouse is a European Protected Species and is protected in the UK under the Wildlife and Countryside Act.

paragraphs: The hazel dormouse is the only small mammal in Britain to have a completely furry tail. It has golden-brown fur and large black eyes. It is a nocturnal creature and spends most of its waking hours looking for food in trees. It will make long trips in tree branches instead of coming down to the ground. This is to avoid danger.

paragraphs: In winter (early October), the hazel dormouse will hibernate in nests beneath the leaf litter on the forest floor. When it wakes up in spring (late April or early May), it builds nests out of honeysuckle bark, fresh leaves and grasses. If the weather is cold and wet and there is not much food, it saves energy by going into torpor (a temporary hibernation). It curls up into a ball and goes to sleep. The hazel dormouse spend a large amount of its life sleeping, either hibernating in winter or in torpor in summer.

paragraphs: Examination of hazelnuts may show a neat round hole in the shell. This shows that it has been opened by a small rodent like the dormouse, wood mouse, or bank vole. Other animals including squirrels or jays will either split the shell completely in half or make a jagged hole in it.

paragraphs: If you look closer at the hole, the inner rim of the hole will have toothmarks which are at an angle to the hole (if it has been made by a dormouse). The toothmarks are parallel with rough marks on the nut surface if a wood mouse made the hole. The bank vole leaves parallel grooves with no rough marks.

paragraphs: It feeds on a different foods which it can find in trees:

paragraphs: The hazel dormouse needs different food sources at different times of year to survive.


title: Edible dormouse

paragraphs: The edible dormouse or 'fat dormouse' ("Glis glis") is a small dormouse and the only species in the genus Glis.

paragraphs: Fat dormice are the largest dormice in Europe. The ancient Romans used to breed them to be eaten (usually as a snack). This is the reason for the word "edible" in its name. The dormice were kept in large pits or in terra cotta containers (which were called "gliraria"), which were like modern hamster cages.

paragraphs: Wild edible dormice are still eaten in Slovenia, and trapping dormice is a Slovenian tradition. Using dormice for food and fur is mentioned in documents which were written in the 13th century. They also mention the use of dormouse fat as a medicine. Poor and hungry peasants would eat dormice during winter because it is a good protein source.

paragraphs: The edible dormouse lives in Europe. It was accidentally introduced to the town of Tring in England after some dormice escaped from the private collection of Lionel Walter Rothschild in 1902. The British edible dormouse population is about 10,000 and is found in a triangle between Beaconsfield, Aylesbury and Luton.

paragraphs: This animal is seen as a pest by some people. In the United Kingdom the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 does not allow some ways of killing them, and to remove the dormice from the area may require a license.


title: Bacillus subtilis

paragraphs: Bacillus subtilis is an endospore-forming bacterium.

paragraphs: It is the source of the antibiotic bacitracin. "Bacillus subtilis" is a gram positive, rod-shaped bacterium. It is a facultative anaerobe commonly found in soil, and is also found in the gut flora.


title: Leap year starting on Thursday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Thursday. Some of these years are listed in the table below.

paragraphs: The ISO year has 53 weeks in this kind of year, and the ISO week 10 (which begins March 1) and all ISO weeks after are earlier than in other years.


title: Leap year starting on Saturday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Saturday. Some of these years are listed in the table below.


title: Leap year starting on Monday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Monday. Some of these years are listed in the table below.


title: Leap year starting on Wednesday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Wednesday. Examples include 1908, 1936, 1964, 1992, 2020 (the current year), 2048, and 2076 in the Gregorian calendar, or 2004 and 2032 in the obsolete Julian calendar.


title: Leap year starting on Sunday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Sunday. Some of these years are listed in the table below. This is the only leap year with three occurrences of Friday the 13th, in January, April and July.


title: Leap year starting on Friday

paragraphs: This article describes any leap year starting on Friday. Some of these years are listed in the table below.


title: Marcelo Sosa

paragraphs: Marcelo Sosa (born 6 February 1978) is an Uruguayan football player. He has played for Uruguay national team.


title: Djalminha

paragraphs: Djalminha (born December 9, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Ophélie Bretnacher disappearance

paragraphs: The case of Ophélie Bretnacher's disappearance is a complex criminal and diplomatic case between France and Hungary, both members of the European Union.

paragraphs: Ophélie Bretnacher was a French student, at the "Reims Management School". With the European exchange programme, called "Erasmus Programme", she spent some time at the Corvinius University of Budapest. Ophélie Bretnacher disappeared in Budapest, Hungary on 4 December 2008. Coming out from a nightclub, the Portside of Cuba, she was tracked by the city video cameras part of her way. Her cellular phone and her bag were later found on the Lanchid bridge.

paragraphs: In the French Government, Catherine Vautrin, the Vice-Président of the National Assembly recalls the disappearance of Ophélie and asks for a French intervention. and Ophélie appears on Nicolas Sarkozy's blog.

paragraphs: Ophélie Bretnacher disappeared 2 and a half months after Eva Rhodes, the Yoko Ono and John Lennon model, in Hungary. Their families are planning to send a claim from the European Union and make known the fact that 4500 foreign people disappear each year in Hungary.

paragraphs: Good police and judicial cooperation between countries, members of the European Union is specified in the Treaty of Lisbon, applicable on 1 December 2009 and in the "Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union".

paragraphs: Her body was discovered in Csepel, in February 2009, in a backwater of the Danube. Homicide cannot be ruled out because of the finding of an hematoma on Ophelie's body as well as many gray areas during the search.

paragraphs: To date, no findings have been sent by Hungary such as the forensic analysis like Diatoms and the Danube search report, despite the intervention mission twice in 2009 of French investigators in Hungary and the local investigation seems not having progressed for one year.

paragraphs: In February 2010, her family filed a new claim for murder. The Bretnacher family lawyer is William Bourdon, the secretary-general of the International Federation of Human Rights Leagues (1995-2000) and the lawyer of Transparency International.

paragraphs: In March 2010, a judicial inquiry is opened in Paris for kidnapping, sequestration, followed by murder.

paragraphs: One year later her friends, who were successful in raising 60 000 people on Facebook groups, from many European nations, launched a request for the second consecutive year in order to obtain some answers.

paragraphs: At the end of 2010, two years after her disappearance, more than 45,000 people from different countries took part to another Facebook event for Ophélie and, on December 4th, her friends announced that they will organize a new Internet mobilization:

paragraphs: "We will create an event for Ophélie, every year, until full light will be shed on her disappearance and death, until justice is done !"

paragraphs: Two years after her disappearance, on 4 December 2010, Maitre William Bourdon, said that the investigation continues. The article also notes:

paragraphs: - The complete analysis of diatoms, which would have allowed knowing with certainty the location of drowning, has not been obtained yet.

paragraphs: - All required documents have not been sent.

paragraphs: - The telephone terminals on the path of Ophélie have not been exploited yet.

paragraphs: - Some evidences (such as the walker who heard screams of women at the time of the disappearance was close to where her bag was found) have not been investigated further

paragraphs: - The body of Ophélie was in a place against the current, and it is not possible that came from the Chain Bridge.


title: Homer Defined

paragraphs: "Homer Defined" is the fifth episode of "The Simpsons" third season, which first started on October 17, 1991. The episode has the first appearance of "Milhouse's mother" and the first time his last name, "Van Houten", is used.


title: Like Father, Like Clown

paragraphs: "Like Father, Like Clown" is the sixth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on October 24, 1991. In this episode, Krusty the Clown says to the Simpson family that he is of "Jewish heritage", and that his father, "Rabbi Hyman Krustofski", disowned him for keeping a job in comedy. Krusty is sad and Bart and Lisa decide to try to reunite Krusty with his long-estranged father.


title: Treehouse of Horror II

paragraphs: "Treehouse of Horror II" is the seventh episode of The Simpsons third season, the second Simpsons Halloween episode, and the first Halloween episode where names in the closing credits were replaced by 'spooky name' parodies. The episode first started on October 31, 1991. The first part, "The Monkey's Paw", is a direct reference to W.W. Jacobs's short story The Monkey's Paw, in which the Simpsons's wishes all backfire on them after buying a cursed hand of a monkey. In the second part, "The Bart Zone", Bart has powers, and turns Homer into a jack-in-the-box, resulting in the two spending more time together. The part was a parody of The Twilight Zone episode "It's a Good Life". In the last part, "If I Only Had A Brain", Mr. Burns's head is grafted onto Homer's head after Mr. Burns tries to create a robot with Homer's brain.


title: Lisa's Pony

paragraphs: "Lisa's Pony" is the eighth episode of the third season of "The Simpsons". It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on November 7, 1991. In this episode, Homer humiliates Lisa by forgetting to buy the right reed for her saxophone. desperate to win back his daughter's love, Homer gives Lisa the one thing she has always wanted, a pony named "Princess." Homer struggles with two jobs to cover the cost of sheltering and feeding the pony. Lisa, upon seeing what Homer must go through to pay for the pony, decides to give it away.


title: Anna's hummingbird

paragraphs: Anna's hummingbird ("Calypte anna") is 9 to 10 centimetres (3.5 to 3.9 in) long.

paragraphs: It has a bronze-green back, a light grey chest and belly, and green flanks. Its bill is long, straight and slender. The adult male has an iridescent crimson-red crown and throat, and a dark, slightly forked tail. Anna's is the only North American hummingbird species with a red crown. Females and young have a green crown, a grey throat with some red markings, a grey chest and belly, and a dark, rounded tail with white tips on the outer feathers.

paragraphs: These birds feed on nectar from flowers using a long tongue. They also eat small spiders and insects caught in flight. While collecting nectar, they also help in plant pollination. This species sometimes eats tree sap.


title: Hyundai Getz

paragraphs: The Hyundai Getz was a car produced by Hyundai since 2002. It was succeeded by the i20 in 2008.


title: Hyundai i20

paragraphs: The Hyundai i20 is a car produced by Hyundai. It is the successor of the Getz, and were based on the Kia Soul's platform.


title: Hyundai Sonata

paragraphs: The Hyundai Sonata is a car produced by Hyundai since 1985. It is currently in its Fourth generation. It will be successed by the i45 in 2010.


title: Hyundai i30

paragraphs: The Hyundai i30 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2007. It is the successor of the Elantra, and is based on the Kia cee'd's platform.


title: Hyundai i10

paragraphs: The Hyundai i10 is a car produced by Hyundai since 2008. It is the successor of the Atos, and were based on the Kia Picanto's platform. It entered its second generation in 2013 and it became popular in the UK during the scrappage scheme in 2009.


title: Hyundai Tucson

paragraphs: The Hyundai Tucson is a mid-size luxury CUV that is produced by Hyundai Motor Company. In some markets it is sold as the ix35, but the ix35 name is expected to be dropped. It is based on the Kia Sportage's unibody platform.


title: Hyundai Accent

paragraphs: The Hyundai Accent is a car produced by Hyundai Motor Company since 1994. It is the successor of the Pony, and it is now in its Third generation. The car was sold in Mexico as the Dodge Attitude until 2013 when Hyundai entered the Mexican market.


title: Black-breasted puffleg

paragraphs: The black-breasted puffleg ("Eriocnemis nigrivestis") is a species of hummingbird that lives only in Ecuador.

paragraphs: The average length of the black-breasted puffleg is 8.5 cm. It has a very restricted range, being found only on the northwestern parts of the Pichincha volcano. It is critically endangered.


title: Giant octopus

paragraphs: The Giant octopus is Enteroctopus, and one of its species is the largest octopus. There are four species: the North Pacific Giant Octopus ("E. dofleini"), the Southern Giant Octopus ("Enteroctopus magnificus"), "E. megalocyathus", and "E. zealandicus".

paragraphs: The only member of this genus that deserves the common name "Giant octopus" is "Enteroctopus dofleini". This holds the record of being the world's largest octopus: direct measurements were made of a live 71 kg (156.5 lb) individual. This octopus had a total length near to 4 m (13 ft).

paragraphs: The remaining members of the genus are much smaller. "E. megalocyathus" has an average weight of 4 kg and a total length of 1 m. "E. magnificus" has a total length of around 1.5 m.


title: Kia Joice

paragraphs: The Kia Joice was a car produced by Kia Motors between 1999-2003. Was based on the Hyundai Santamo's platform.


title: Antacid

paragraphs: Antacids (or indigestion tablets) are used to help stop indigestion. People may get indigestion if they eat too much or if they have eaten too fast. With indigestion, the liquid in the stomach will become more acidic. Antacids will neutralise the acids. The reaction that is happening is called "neutralisation". This is because the tablets are alkaline and the liquids in the stomach are acidic.

paragraphs: This reaction between the stomach acids and the antacid will make the acid change into harmless substances such as water or salt.

paragraphs: An example of an antacid is milk of magnesia.

paragraphs: Side effects from taking antacids are rare, but can include both constipation and diarrhea. They are also high in sodium so people with a heart condition on a low salt diet should ask their doctor before taking them.


title: Down and Out in Paris and London

paragraphs: Down and Out in Paris and London is a written exposé. It was written by George Orwell. It is about poverty in two European cities: Paris and London. The author talks about his time working as a pleunger (lowest possible position) in a Paris hotel and describes the hard life that is lived by thousands of Parisians. In London he is promised work, but the work is not there so he has to travel from homeless shelter to homeless shelter everyday with a group of homeless people.


title: West Nile virus

paragraphs: West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus that belongs to the genus "Flavivirus". It causes an infectious disease called "West Nile virus disease" or just "West Nile virus." WNV mainly infects birds, but it can also infect humans, horses, dogs, bats, cats, reptiles, and amphibians.

paragraphs: West Nile virus is spread by mosquitoes, who get the virus from birds. If a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, and then bites a human, that person can get West Nile Virus.

paragraphs: West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937, in the West Nile area of Uganda, in East Africa. (This is how the virus got its name.) However, before the 1990s, there were very few cases of WNV. Then there was an outbreak in Algeria in 1994 and another in Romania in 1996. By 2004, the virus had spread to North America, the Caribbean islands, and Latin America. It continues to spread through Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, the Middle East, Canada, and the United States. In 2012, one of the worst West Nile virus epidemics yet happened in the United States; 286 people died.

paragraphs: About 80% of people who get West Nile virus have no symptoms.

paragraphs: When a person does get symptoms, they usually do not appear until 2 to 15 days after the person got the virus. (This is called the virus's incubation period.)

paragraphs: West Nile virus can cause many different types of illness. The rarest, but most serious types affect the neurological system - the brain and the nerves. The most common type of illness caused by WNV is West Nile fever, which does not affect the neurological system.

paragraphs: West Nile fever happens in about 20% of people with WNV. It causes a high fever and flu-like symptoms. Usually, the symptoms are not too bad, and get better after 3 to 6 days. Symptoms may include:

paragraphs: Neuroinvasive disease is when the West Nile virus infects the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). This happens in less than 1% of people who get West Nile virus. However, in those people, it can cause very serious problems. These problems include:

paragraphs: WNV can cause some other complications that do not affect the neurological system. These complications are very uncommon. They include:

paragraphs: At first, a medical professional usually makes a possible diagnosis of West Nile virus based on a person's symptoms, where they live, and when and where they have traveled. The World Health Organization says that doctors should suspect West Nile virus if a patient:

paragraphs: West Nile virus can be diagnosed for certain by:

paragraphs: There is no known treatment or cure for WNV. There are no known anti-viral medications (medicines which kill viruses) which will kill the West Nile virus. Doctors can only provide "supportive care," which means they can only treat the symptoms of WNV. For example, they can give fluids through a needle placed into a vein if a person is very dehydrated; help the person breathe if needed; and give medications to prevent them from getting any other infections.

paragraphs: The West Nile virus stays alive in nature by getting spread back and forth between birds and mosquitoes. Birds get WNV more often than any other living things. When a mosquito bites a bird that has WNV, the mosquito gets the virus. Then, if the mosquito bites a bird that does not have WNV, the mosquito can give that bird the virus. In this way, birds and mosquitoes give the virus to each other and keep it alive.

paragraphs: Humans usually get West Nile virus by being bitten by mosquitoes who have gotten the virus from birds. Humans can get the virus from many different species of mosquitoes.

paragraphs: Though this is not common, a person with West Nile virus can give another person the virus. This can happen if:

paragraphs: In contrast to the 4 currently available West Nile Virus vaccines for horses, there is no human vaccine available to prevent West Nile virus infection. Six vaccines have been trialled in humans with the most successful only proceeding to Phase II trials. The best way for people to protect themselves against West Nile virus is to protect themselves against mosquitoes. There are many ways to do this. For example:

paragraphs: Scientists can trap mosquitoes and birds, and test them for West Nile virus to see if the virus is spreading in a certain area. If it is, they can do things like spray pesticides to kill mosquitoes.


title: 3rd millennium

paragraphs: The 3rd millennium is a the current millenium. It started on January 1, 2001 and will end on December 31, 3000 of the Gregorian calendar. The third decade, the present 2020s, are what historian's are currently interested in. The rest of the 21st century and the time after that are researched in futures studies.


title: Century leap year

paragraphs: In the Gregorian calendar, a century leap year is a year that is exactly divisible by 400 (and qualifies for the adding of February 29, like all other leap years). For example, the years 1600 and 2000 were century leap years; the century years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not century leap years. The next century leap year will occur in the year 2400. Century leap years always begin on a Saturday, and February 29 always falls on a Tuesday.

paragraphs: The Gregorian calendar more accurately tracks Earth's revolution around the Sun, more so than the older Julian calendar, in which every fourth year (including end-of-century years) is a leap year. Because of this, the Julian calendar began to gradually drift with respect to the four seasons. Each season has been occurring earlier and earlier over time. Therefore when the Gregorian calendar was created in 1582, it eliminated this problem by specifying that end-of-century years are only leap years if divisible by 400.


title: Plywood

paragraphs: Plywood is a manufactured wood which is made by gluing several thin sheets of wood together with the grain alternately running along the sheet then across it.

paragraphs: The veneer is usually about 3 millimetres thick for each layer. Interior layers of these boards are usually made from an inexpensive wood while the outer veneer layers are made from more expensive timber to give the board a nice wood grain appearance. The glued layers are heated together to make the seal become better bonded.

paragraphs: A common reason for using plywood instead of plain wood is its resistance to cracking, shrinking and changing shape. It is cheaper and stronger than most plain woods.

paragraphs: It is used to make a range of things from sheds, to cladding to cabinets. It is graded on the quality, from class A to class D, A being the best quality and D being the worst quality.

paragraphs: Different kinds of plywood are made for different purposes. Marine plywood, for example, is especially resistant to water. There is a world-wide industry making plywood for structural purposes. IKEA is well-known for using mostly plywood and chipboard in their indoor and outdoor furniture products.


title: Plastid

paragraphs: A plastid is a self-reproducing organelle of plants and algae. A plastome is the DNA genome of a plastid. They are like tiny machines inside cells: each makes or stores important chemicals used by the plant.

paragraphs: Plastids in algae and hornworts may differ from plant plastids. In algae, the term "leucoplast" is used for all unpigmented plastids and their function differs from the leucoplasts of plants.

paragraphs: Glaucocystophytic algae contain muroplasts, which are similar to chloroplasts except that they have a cell wall, similar to that of prokaryotes. Rhodophytic algae contain rhodoplasts, which are red chloroplasts which allow the algae to photosynthesise to a depth of up to 268 metres.

paragraphs: Plastids are one of the many different types of organelles in the cell. In endosymbiont theory, plastids originated as cyanobacteria. This was first suggested by Mereschkowsky in 1905. Schimper in 1883 had said chloroplasts closely resembled cyanobacteria.

paragraphs: Almost all chloroplasts are thought to derive directly or indirectly from a single endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria also derive from symbiosis, but chloroplasts are found only in plants and protista. The chloroplast is surrounded by a double-layered composite membrane with an intermembrane space; further, it has reticulations, or many infoldings, filling the inner spaces. The chloroplast has its own DNA, which codes for redox proteins involved in electron transport in photosynthesis.


title: Medical Renaissance

paragraphs: The Medical Renaissance from 1400 to 1700 AD is a period of progress in European medical knowledge. There was a new interest in the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans. The medical discoveries during the Medical Renaissance paved the way for modern medicine.

paragraphs: Progress made during the Medical Renaissance depended on several things. By studying anatomy they learnt the positions of bones, muscles, and organs. Andreas Vesalius published "De humani corporis fabrica" (On the fabric of the human body) in 1543. That was the first time in history that realistic diagrams of dissections were published.

paragraphs: Much later (1628) the Englishman William Harvey discovered that blood is pumped by the heart, travels through the body in blood vessels, and returns back to the heart in the circulatory system. Thus basic facts of anatomy and physiology began to be understood by physicians. However, Harvey's work belongs to a later period. At the beginning of the period, in 1400, doctors were ignorant of physiology and had some (to us) pretty strange ideas.

paragraphs: In the renaissance, a very important theory in medicine was the Four humours or Four temperaments. This theory had begun with the Ancient Greeks, and influenced medical development until the 19th century. According to the theory, the body was filled with four different substances, called "humours". When a person is healthy, these substances are in balance. When there is an imbalance between the humours, the person will be sick. The sickness can be cured by bringing the four humours back to balance. The four substances are: black bile, yellow bile, phlegm and blood. The Roman medic Galen still supported that theory, but refined it in many ways.

paragraphs: Rhazes (865–925) was the first physician to show that the theory of four humors was wrong, in his writing "Doubts about Galen". He carried out an experiment which would upset this system: He inserted a liquid with a different temperature into the body. This would result in an increase or decrease of bodily heat, which resembled the temperature of that particular fluid. Rhazes noted that a warm drink would heat up the body to a degree much higher than its own natural temperature. The drink would therefore trigger a response from the body, rather than transferring only its own warmth or coldness to it. Avenzoar (1091–1161) carried out an experimental dissection and autopsy to prove that the skin disease scabies was caused by a parasite. This discovery upset the theory of humorism. The removal of the parasite from the patient's body did not involve purging, bloodletting, or any other traditional treatments associated with the four humors. Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) then discredited the theory of four humors after his discovery of both pulmonary circulation and coronary circulation.

paragraphs: Because there were only a few ways of studying how the body worked, early doctors did not know how to cure sickness. When a plague started, they could not really know what to do for their patients except making them a little less painful. One of their mistakes was that they thought the "air" carried the disease (which it sometimes did), or that sickness was caused by "flying venom": so, they covered their mouths or burned aromatic leaves (leaves that smelled good), but did not wash their hands after seeing a sick friend or family member. When William Harvey practiced medicine in 1618, only a few of his friends were trying to find out how the body worked, and only a few doctors believed Harvey when he said that the blood was pumped by the heart. Most people thought he was a quack (fake or bad doctor). Slowly they began to see his findings were real.

paragraphs: In the 17th century, Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke developed the light microscope. Using such a microscope, Leeuwenhoek was the first to see bacteria, in 1676. He called them "animalcules" and published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society. The name "bacterium" was introduced much later, by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1838.

paragraphs: Some cures not only didn't work, they could be dangerous to the patient. For instance, when someone was sick, doctors said that bad blood must be removed. To remove the bad blood, the doctor attached leeches to the patient (leeches are animals that suck blood). When the leech was full, the job was finished. But when somebody was sick, taking away their blood could make them very weak - they could even die. As science and medicine grew better, leeching was stopped until recently, when doctors began sometimes using leeches on patients who had fingers or hands that were cut off and reattached. One of the greatest pains in reattachment is just after surgery, when the blood pools under the skin and is very painful. Doctors have found out that using leeches to drink the excess blood helps to make the pain smaller.

paragraphs: Some cures really worked, though. Sometimes wounds that today we would use stitches were held together using beetles that had pincers. The edges of the wound were pinched together by a big, angry beetle. When the pincers were pinching it firmly together, the beetle head would be cut off. Spider webs were used to help wounds clot (blood come together). Doctors are still looking into other "cures" that were used in the Renaissance to see if they can help today's medicine.


title: Mixotroph

paragraphs: A mixotroph is an organism that can use a mix of different sources of energy and carbon. Usually this means that it may be either autotroph or heterotroph at different times in its life. Also possible are alternations between photo- and chemotrophy, or between litho- and organotrophy. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryotes or prokaryotes.


title: Reddish Hermit

paragraphs: The Reddish Hermit ("Phaethornis ruber") is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, and in the Guianas. The reddish hermit is 7.5 cm in length, which makes it one of the smallest hermits. Its natural habitats are forest and woodland, mostly humid.


title: Gray-tailed mountain-gem

paragraphs: The gray-tailed mountain-gem ("Lampornis cinereicauda") is a species of hummingbird. It lives in the mountains of southern Costa Rica from the Cordillera de Talamanca southward to the border with Panama.

paragraphs: Male gray-tailed mountain-gems have iridescent emerald green with a thouch of a bronzy brown mixed in. It has a gray tail, a bright blue-green forehead and top of the head, and a bright white throat next to iridescent blue-green on the upper belly. Both male and female have a straight, thin, black bill, a white stripe behind the eye, and blackish wings.

paragraphs: The female gray-tailed mountain-gem are colored quite different then the male. They have an iridescent bronzy emerald green from the forehead, all the way to the tail, covering the whole backside. Their whole front side is a tan-orange color, all the way from the chin, to the lower belly; and a white-tipped, green tail, completes the coloring of the female.


title: Saturdays of Thunder

paragraphs: "Saturdays of Thunder" is the ninth episode of The Simpsons third season. It first started on the Fox Network in the United States on November 14, 1991.

paragraphs: In this episode, Homer takes a fatherhood quiz and realizes that he knows nothing about Bart. He tries to be a better father and learns that Bart is entering in a "Soap Box Derby." Homer and Bart make a racer together, however it is not very good, and Bart decides to drive Martin's much nicer racer instead. Homer is at first sad, but decides that he must be a good father and support Bart.


title: Flaming Moe's

paragraphs: "Flaming Moe's" is the tenth episode of "The Simpsons" third season. It was first shown on the Fox network in the United States on November 21, 1991. In this episode, Homer tells Moe Szyslak of a secret alcoholic cocktail that has cough syrup and fire that he calls "Flaming Homer." Moe steals the recipe from Homer, and renames the drink the "Flaming Moe" and begins selling it at his tavern. The drink is a success and boosts business, but Homer is angry at Moe for his greediness, and seeks revenge.


title: Rufous-crested Coquette

paragraphs: The Rufous-Crested Coquette ("Lophornis delattrei") is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Panama, and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest.


title: Black metaltail

paragraphs: The black metaltail ("Metallura phoebe") is a species of hummingbird. It can be found in Bolivia and Peru. It lives in subtropical or tropical moist montanes and subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland.


title: Jonagold

paragraphs: A Jonagold is a kind of apple, a cross between a Golden Delicious and a Jonathan. They form a large sweet fruit with thin skin.


title: Control of fire by early humans

paragraphs: When humans first learned how to control fire, it was an important step in their culture. It allowed humans to cook food and get warmth and protection. Making fire also allowed activity into the dark, and gave some protection from predators and insects.

paragraphs: The cooking of food was probably the most useful effect of fire. There are foods like nuts and fruits which do not need cooking, but others, such as root vegetables, mostly need cooking.

paragraphs: It is not known for sure when fire was first controlled by humans. Evidence for the use of fire by "Homo erectus" by about 400,000 years ago has wide scholarly support. Claims for the earliest definitive evidence of control of fire by a member of "Homo" range from 0.2 to 1.7 million years ago (mya).

paragraphs: The earliest evidence of humans using fire comes from many archaeological sites in East Africa, like Chesowanja near Lake Baringo, Koobi Fora, and Olorgesailie in Kenya. The evidence at Chesowanja is the discovery of red clay shards that scientists estimate are 1.42 million years old. Scientists reheated some of the shards at the site, and found that the clay must have been heated to 400 °C to harden.

paragraphs: At Koobi Fora, there are archaeological sites with evidence of control of fire by "Homo erectus" 1.5 million years ago, with the reddening of sediment that can only come from heating at 200—400 °C. There is a hearth-like depression at a site in Olorgesailie, Kenya. Some very tiny charcoal was found, but it could have come from a natural brush fire.

paragraphs: In Gadeb, Ethiopia, fragments of welded tuff that seemed to have been burned were found in Locality 8E, but re-firing of the rocks may have happened because of volcanoes erupting nearby. These have been found among Acheulean artifacts made by "H. erectus".

paragraphs: In the Middle Awash River Valley, cone-shaped depressions of reddish clay were found that could be made by temperatures of 200 °C. These features are thought to be burned tree stumps such that they would have fire away from their habitation site. There are also burnt stones in the "Awash Valley", but volcanic welded tuff is also in the area.

paragraphs: The earliest certain evidence of human control of fire was found at Swartkrans, South Africa. Many burnt bones were found among Acheulean tools, bone tools, and bones with cut marks that were made by hominids. This site also shows some of the earliest evidence of "H. erectus" eating meat. The Cave of Hearths in South Africa has burned deposits dated from 0.2 to 0.7 mya, as do many other places such as Montagu Cave (0.058 to 0.2 mya and at the Klasies River Mouth (0.12 to 0.13 mya.

paragraphs: The most powerful evidence comes from Kalambo Falls in Zambia where many things related to the use of fire by humans had been found, like charred wood, charcoal, reddened areas, carbonized grass stems and plants, and wooden implements which may have been hardened by fire. The place was dated through radiocarbon dating to be at 61,000 BP and 110,000 BP through amino acid racemization.

paragraphs: Fire was used to heat silcrete stones to increase their works before they were knapped into tools by Stillbay culture. This clue shows this not only with Stillbay sites that date back to 72,000 BP but sites that could be as old as 164,000 BP.

paragraphs: An important change in the behavior of humans happened because of their control of fire and the light that came from the fire. Activity was no longer restricted to the daylight hours. Some mammals and biting insects avoid fire and smoke. Fire also led to better nutrition through cooked proteins.

paragraphs: Richard Wrangham of Harvard University argues that cooking of plant foods may have caused the brain to get bigger, because it made complex carbohydrates in starchy foods easier to digest. This allowed humans to absorb more calories from their food.

paragraphs: Stahl thought that because some parts of plants, like raw cellulose and starch are hard to digest in uncooked form, they would likely not be a part of the hominid diet before fire could be controlled. These parts include stems, mature leaves, enlarged roots, and tubers. Instead, the diet was made up of the parts of the plants that were made of simpler sugars and carbohydrates such as seeds, flowers, and fleshy fruits. Another problem was that some seeds and carbohydrate sources are poisonous. Cyanogenic glycosides, which are in linseed, cassava, and manioc, amongst others, are made non-poisonous through cooking. The teeth of "H. erectus" and the wear on the teeth reflect the consumption of foods such as tough meats and crisp root vegetables.

paragraphs: The cooking of meat, as can be seen from burned and blackened mammal bones, makes the meats easier to eat. It is also easier to get the nutrition from proteins because the meat itself is easier to digest. The amount of energy needed to digest cooked meat is less than that needed for raw meat, and cooking gelatinizes collagen and other connective tissues as well, it "opens up tightly woven carbohydrate molecules for easier absorption." Cooking also kills parasites and food poisoning bacteria.


title: South Shields (UK Parliament constituency)

paragraphs: South Shields is a borough constituency that is represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.

paragraphs: Currently, this constituency contains the areas of South Shields in South Tyneside in Tyne and wear. Changes to the boundary that are to be in place for the next election will bring Whitburn into the constituency from neighbouring Jarrow.


title: Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk

paragraphs: "Burns Verkaufen der Kraftwerk" is the eleventh episode of "The Simpsons" third season. The name is in a grammatically incorrect form; it should be called "Burns verkauft das Kraftwerk". The episode first started on December 5, 1991. In this episode, Mr. Burns, who is sad because he wishes to pursue many interests, decides to sell the power plant to two German investors for "100 million dollars." Homer's incompetence quickly gets him fired by the Germans. Meanwhile, Mr. Burns has lost all his respectability because he can no longer control anyone. As a result, he decides to buy back the plant. Because the power plant has been so costly to maintain, the Germans decide to sell the power plant back to Burns for 50 million dollars. Determined to keep his enemies close at hand, Burns rehires Homer, and all is back to normal.


title: Interval (mathematics)

paragraphs: In mathematics, an interval is a group of numbers that includes all numbers between the beginning and the end. Numbers that are larger than the beginning number and smaller than the end number are inside the interval, and numbers that are smaller than the beginning number or larger than the end number are not in the interval. The beginning number and end number may or may not be inside the interval. An example of an interval might be from 3.3 to 15. Here, numbers such as 4, 8, 9.5, 14, and even 14.999 are inside this interval. Numbers such as -4, 2, 3.2, 20, and 15.000001 are not inside this interval.

paragraphs: To write an interval, write either a square bracket ( [ ) or a parenthesis ( ( ), the beginning number, a comma ( , ), the end number, and either a closing square bracket ( ] ) or a closing parenthesis ( ) ). Examples of intervals are (4, 9.6), [-100, 100], [-30, -4).

paragraphs: Intervals can be separated by how they act at their ends. Intervals can be closed, open, or mixed.

paragraphs: An interval that is closed also includes the beginning and the end, and generally takes the form of formula_1. A closed interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5.4 as the end would include 3, 5.4, and every number between 3 and 5.4. To write a closed interval, use square brackets ( [ and ] ). An example of an closed interval is [136, 450].

paragraphs: An interval that is open does not include the beginning or the end, and generally takes the form of formula_2. An open interval that has 3 as the beginning and 5 as the end would include every number between 3 and 5, but it would not include 3 or 5. To write an open interval, use parentheses ( ( and ) ). An example of an open interval is (2, 5).

paragraphs: A mixed interval is open at one end and closed at the other end, and generally takes the form of formula_3 (right-open interval) or formula_4 (left-open interval). This means that the interval may include the beginning but not the end, or it may include the end but not the beginning. For example, the interval [9, 23) would include 9, but it would not include 23.


title: Actinobacteria

paragraphs: The Actinobacteria are a group of gram-positive bacteria. Most are found in the soil. They include some of the most common soil life, playing important roles in decomposition and humus formation.

paragraphs: Some, like "Streptomyces", were originally classified as fungi, because they form branching filaments like hyphae. All Actinobacteria are aerobic. A few forms are pathogens, such as "Mycobacterium". Some are thermophilic.


title: Oracle Database

paragraphs: Oracle database is a relational database management system that is made by the Oracle Corporation.


title: Graphiurus

paragraphs: The African dormouse, Graphiurus, is a genus of dormouse that lives throughout sub-Saharan Africa in different habitats. They are good at climbing. They have bushy tails. They eat invertebrates and small vertebrates.


title: Angolan African dormouse

paragraphs: The Angolan African Dormouse ("Graphiurus angolensis") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) Angola.

paragraphs: Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical dry forests.


title: Christy's dormouse

paragraphs: Christy's Dormouse (Graphiurus christyi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon and Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.


title: Linnean Society of London

paragraphs: The Linnean Society of London is the world's biggest society for the study and discussion of taxonomy and natural history. It publishes a Zoological Journal, as well as Botanical and Biological Journals. It also prints "The Linnean", a review of the history of the society and of taxonomy.

paragraphs: The Linnean Society was started in 1788. It was named after the Swedish naturalist Carolus Linnaeus. The Society is based at Burlington House in Piccadilly, London. Members can be a "Student member", an "Associate member" or a "full Fellow". To become a member, a person needs to be nominated by two or more Fellows, and succeed in an election. Fellows of the society can use the letters "FLS" after their names to show their membership of the Society (for example, "John Smith FLS").

paragraphs: The Linnean Society of London wants to promote the study of all areas of the biological sciences. They especially want to promote the study of evolution, taxonomy, biodiversity and sustainability. The Society awards medals and grants to help with this.

paragraphs: The following medals and prizes are awarded by the Linnean Society:

paragraphs: Linnaeus' botanical and zoological collections were bought in 1783 by Sir James Edward Smith, the first President of the society. They are held in London by the Society. The collections include 14,000 plants, 158 fish, 1,564 shells, 3,198 insects, 1,600 books and 3,000 letters and documents. If you want to see them, you need to make an appointment.

paragraphs: James Smith's own plant collection is also kept by the Society. It has been put into a database by the Smith Herbarium Project at the National Museums Liverpool. 6,000 plants have been cleaned and repaired.


title: Guy Dollman

paragraphs: Captain John Guy Dollman BA, FLS (1886-1942) (who was known as Guy Dollman) was a British zoologist and taxonomist. Dollman's Tree Mouse and Dollman's Vlei Rat are named after him.

paragraphs: Guy Dollman was the eldest son of the artist John Charles Dollman. He was born on 4 September 1886 and went to St Paul's School. He later went to St John's College Cambridge. In February 1907, when he was still a student, he was employed by the Department of Zoology at the British Museum (Natural History). He spent most of his working life there as Assistant Keeper of Mammals.

paragraphs: In 1912, on an expedition to Vietnam, he discovered and named the Tonkin Snub-nosed Langur. He joined the British Army in 1915, and obtained a commission in the 19th London Regiment. He was injured in a bomb accident so he did not fight in the First World War.

paragraphs: In 1919, he returned to the museum. He was an adviser to the British group at the 1933 International Conference for the Preservation of the Flora and Fauna of Africa. This was the most important meeting about protecting nature before the Second World War. Dollman helped to decide which animal species needed protecting.

paragraphs: He travelled and wrote a lot with Walter Rothschild. Some of their writing included "New mammals from Dutch New Guinea" (which was published in 1932) and a book about tree kangaroos which was called "The Genus Dendrolagus" (which was published in 1936). He was also a very good artist, showing pictures at the Royal Academy. He also drew pictures for his own scientific writings.

paragraphs: Dollman died on 21 March 1942 when he was 65 years old.

paragraphs: Dollman is the binomial authority (the first person to name a species) for the following animals:


title: Jentink's dormouse

paragraphs: Jentink's Dormouse (Graphiurus crassicaudatus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Togo. It is also sometimes found in Benin, Equatorial Guinea and Sierra Leone. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.


title: Johnston's African dormouse

paragraphs: The Johnston's African Dormouse ("Graphiurus johnstoni") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.


title: Kellen's dormouse

paragraphs: Kellen's Dormouse (Graphiurus kelleni) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gambia, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Tanzania, and Uganda.

paragraphs: Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests and moist and dry savanna.


title: Lorrain dormouse

paragraphs: The Lorrain Dormouse (Graphiurus lorraineus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, and Uganda. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, and plantations .


title: Monard's dormouse

paragraphs: Monard's Dormouse (Graphiurus monardi) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly Zambia. Its natural habitat is moist savanna.


title: Woodland dormouse

paragraphs: The Woodland dormouse (Graphiurus murinus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to (lives only in) South Africa. It is also known as the "African dwarf dormouse", the "African pygmy dormouse" or the "Micro squirrel". They are sometimes kept as pets, but they are harder to look after than other pet rodents.

paragraphs: Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes and rivers.


title: Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest

paragraphs: Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1784 – 4 June 1838) was a French zoologist and author. He was the son of Nicolas Desmarest.

paragraphs: Desmarest published "Histoire Naturelle des Tangaras, des Manakins et des Todiers" (1805), "Considérations générales sur la classe des crustacés" (1825), "Mammalogie ou description des espèces des Mammifères." Paris: Veuve Agasse(1820), and "Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles" (1816–30, with André Marie Constant Duméril). His son Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was also a zoologist.


title: Nicolas Desmarest

paragraphs: Nicolas Desmarest (16 September 1725 – 20 September 1815) was a French geologist.

paragraphs: Desmarest was born at Soulaines in the department of Aube in France. He was educated at the college of the Oratorians of Troyes and Paris. While doing this, he earned money by teaching, to pay for his education.

paragraphs: Buffon's "Theory of the Earth" interested him, and in 1753 he won a prize by writing an essay on the ancient connection between England and France. A lot of people were interested in this. He was given job studying and reporting on manufacturing in different countries. In 1788 he became inspector-general of the industries of France.

paragraphs: Demarest travelled around on foot to learn more about the Earth's structure. In 1763 he noticed that the basalt rocks in Auvergne were old lava streams. He noticed that they were similar to the columns of the Giant's Causeway in Ireland. He knew that they were evidence of the operations of old volcanoes which were no longer active.

paragraphs: In 1774 he published an essay on the subject (with a geological map) after visiting the area a few times. He then discussed the changes that the rocks had gone through because of weathering and erosion. This was the first time that anyone had talked about valleys being made because streams which flowed through them eroding the rocks.

paragraphs: He died in Paris in 1815. In 1823 his son Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest published a new and better edition of his map.


title: Eugène Desmarest

paragraphs: Eugène Anselme Sébastien Léon Desmarest (1816–1889) was a French zoologist and entomologist. He was the son of Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest (1734–1838).


title: Nagtglas's African dormouse

paragraphs: The Nagtglas's African Dormouse ("Graphiurus nagtglasii") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone and sometimes in Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.


title: Clergyman

paragraphs: A clergyman is an ordained minister of the Anglican Church, or of some other Protestant churches. 'Vicar' and 'pastor' are other possibilities. 'Rector' is used in some Scottish Presbyterian churches. 'The clergy' is often used as a group term. The word 'cleric', meaning a clerk, is the root term. It comes from the fact that all clerics could read and write, at a time when this was a rare skill.

paragraphs: By general use and convention, Anglican ministers are not called priests. This is because the unqualified term 'priest' or 'father' is widely used as referring to the Catholic Church. Of course, in modern times an Anglican minister may be female, in which case the term 'reverend' or 'minister' may be used.


title: Endemism

paragraphs: Endemism is an ecological word meaning that a plant or animal lives only in a particular location, such as a specific island, habitat type, nation or other defined zone. For example, many species of lemur are endemic to the island of Madagascar.

paragraphs: There are two types of endemism - paleoendemism and neoendemism. "Paleoendemism" means that a species used to live in a large area but now lives only in a smaller area. "Neoendemism" means that a species has recently appeared which is closely related to the main species or one that has formed following hybridization and is now classified as a separate species. This is a common process in plants especially those which exhibit polyploidy.

paragraphs: The opposite of endemism is cosmopolitan distribution.

paragraphs: Endemic types are most likely to develop on islands because they are isolated. This includes remote island groups, like the Hawaiian Islands, the Galápagos Islands, and Socotra. Endemism can also occur in areas which are separated from other similar areas like the highlands of Ethiopia, or large bodies of water like Lake Baikal.

paragraphs: Endemics can easily become endangered or extinct because of only living in a small area. They are also vulnerable to the actions of man, including the introduction of new organisms. There were millions of both Bermuda petrels and "Bermuda cedars" (actually junipers) in Bermuda when it was settled at the start of the 17th century. By the end of the century, the petrels were thought to be extinct. Cedars, whose numbers were low as a result of centuries of shipbuilding, were nearly made extinct in the 20th Century by the introduction of a parasite. Both petrels and cedars are very rare today, as are other species endemic or native to Bermuda.

paragraphs: Endemic organisms are not the same as indigenous organisms — a species that is indigenous to somewhere may be native to other locations as well. An introduced species, also known as a naturalized or exotic species, is an organism that is not indigenous to a given place or area.

paragraphs: According to the World Wildlife Fund, the following ecoregions have the highest percentage of endemic plants:

paragraphs: Some of the principal threats to these special ecosystems are:


title: Namtap

paragraphs: The Namtap or Spectacled Dormouse (Graphiurus ocularis) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family, and one of the four Dormouse species which are endemic to South Africa.

paragraphs: The Namtap has a bushy tale like a squirrel, a fairly short muzzle (the part of the Dormouse's head which includes the nose, mouth and jaws), small ears and soft fur. Its face has white and grey marks, with dark rings (like spectacles) around its eyes. Its cheeks, underparts and the upper surfaces of its paws are white. Its tail is usually has a white tip.

paragraphs: It is only found in western South Africa. It can usually be found in rocky habitats, as well as in trees and outbuildings. It is nocturnal and it is good at climbing. It mainly eats seeds, other plant material and invertebrates.


title: I Married Marge

paragraphs: "I Married Marge" is the twelfth episode of "The Simpsons" third season. It first started on the Fox network in the United States on December 26, 1991. In this episode, Marge worries that she may yet again be pregnant and drives to "Dr. Hibbert's" office. While anxiously waiting, Homer begins to tell Bart, Lisa, and Maggie the story of how he and Marge got married and how Bart was born.


title: Arduino

paragraphs: Arduino is a small popular electronic machine that makes it very easy for people to make electronic things. It has two parts: a circuit board and a program that lets people tell the circuit board what to do. As of 2011, more than 300,000 Arduinos had been sold.

paragraphs: The machine part is open source, which means that anybody can make their own version of an Arduino machine for free. An official Arduino costs around US$30. The original Arduino is made by a company in Italy called "Smart Projects" but other types of Arduino boards have been designed by SparkFun Electronics, an American company.

paragraphs: Sometimes, people will make other machines that go on top of an Arduino board and let the board do more things. These are called "Arduino shields". They can do different things, like let an Arduino machine connect to the internet, or add a touchscreen, or let an Arduino use GPS to figure out where it is. Shields can also combine and stack on top of each other.

paragraphs: Arduinos are programmed in C or C++, using a program also called Arduino. An example program to blink a light (LED) could look like this:

paragraphs: First, the code after "void setup() {" runs. This tells the Arduino that pin 13 is going to be sending data out. Most Arduino boards have an LED attached to pin 13. Then, the code after the "void loop () {" runs. When it reaches the bottom, the code after the "void loop" runs again, until the Arduino is turned off. This code makes the Arduino tell the LED to turn on, wait a second, then turn off and wait another second. Since it repeats, this code will turn the LED on and off again and again.


title: Rock dormouse

paragraphs: The Rock Dormouse (Graphiurus platyops) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, South Africa, Eswatini, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.


title: Oldfield Thomas

paragraphs: Michael Rogers Oldfield Thomas (usually known as "Oldfield Thomas") FRS (February 21, 1858 – June 16, 1929) was a British zoologist.

paragraphs: Thomas worked at the Natural History Museum in their mammals department. He described about 2,000 new species and sub-species for the first time. He was given a job in the Museum Secretary's office in 1876. In 1878 he moved to the Zoological Department. In 1891 Thomas married a woman who was an heiress to a large amount of money. Having this money allowed him to hire mammal collectors and to give their specimens to the museum. In 1896 when William Henry Flower took control of the Department he hired Richard Lydekker to rearrange the exhibitions. This gave Thomas the time to concentrate on these new specimens. He committed suicide in 1929 when he was 71 years old. This was not long after the death of his wife.


title: Stone dormouse

paragraphs: The Stone Dormouse (Graphiurus rupicola) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Namibia, South Africa, and sometimes in Angola. Its natural habitat is rocky areas.


title: Silent dormouse

paragraphs: The Silent Dormouse (Graphiurus surdus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.


Leithiinae


title: Twin paradox

paragraphs: The twin paradox in physics is a thought experiment in special relativity. It involves identical twins, one of whom makes a journey into space in a high-speed rocket and returns home to find that the twin who remained on Earth has aged more.

paragraphs: The paradox depends upon the unspoken idea that the passage of time is the same in all circumstances. But this is not correct. Time is relative and the speed of light through a vacuum is the only constant. And the universe is relativistic, not Newtonian. Every single test which has been made has shown this.


title: Centriole

paragraphs: The centriole is a cytoplasmic structure in most eukaryote cells. It is involved in cell division and in the formation of cilia and flagella. Centrioles are not found in vascular plants and in most fungi.

paragraphs: Most centrioles are nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. A pair of centrioles, arranged perpendicularly and surrounded by a mass of dense material makes up the centrosome.


title: Centrosome

paragraphs: In cell biology, the centrosome is an organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized. Also, it regulates the cell division cycle, the stages which lead up to one cell dividing in two.

paragraphs: The centrosome was discovered by Edouard Van Beneden in 1883, and was described and named in 1888 by Theodor Boveri.

paragraphs: The centrosome has apparently only evolved in animal cells. Fungi and plants use other structures to organize their microtubules. Although the centrosome has a key role in efficient mitosis in animal cells, it is not necessary.

paragraphs: A centrosome is composed of two centrioles at right angles to each another. They are surrounded by a shapeless mass of protein.

paragraphs: The centrosome is copied only once per cell cycle. Each daughter cell inherits one centrosome, containing two centrioles. The centrosome replicates during the interphase of the cell cycle. During the prophase of mitosis, the centrosomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell. The mitotic spindle then forms between the two centrosomes. Upon division, each daughter cell receives one centrosome.

paragraphs: Centrosomes are not needed for the mitosis to happen. When the centrosomes are irradiated by a laser, mitosis proceeds with a normal spindle. In the absence of the centrosome, the microtubules of the spindle are focused to form a bipolar spindle. Many cells can completely undergo interphase without centrosomes. It also helps in cell division.

paragraphs: Although centrosomes are not needed for mitosis or the survival of the cell, "they are needed for survival of the organism". Cells without centrosomes lack certain microtubules. With centrosomes the cell division is much more accurate and efficient. Some cell types arrest in the following cell cycle when centrosomes are absent, though this doesn't always happen.


title: Vesicle

paragraphs: A vesicle is a bubble of liquid within a cell. More technically, a vesicle is a small, intracellular, membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports substances within a cell. Vesicles form naturally because of the properties of lipid membranes. Vesicles can fuse with the plasma membrane, and release their contents outside the cell. Vesicles can also fuse with other organelles within the cell.

paragraphs: A vesicle is sometimes formed when the cell is doing endocytosis. Endocytosis is a process in which a cell's membrane takes in a particle from the outside and brings it inside the cell with a vesicle around it.

paragraphs: Vesicles are also more commonly known as nuclear membranes, because their very similar to the cell membrane.


title: Forest dormouse

paragraphs: The Forest dormouse ("Dryomys nitedula") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family found throughout much of Eurasia.


title: Cytoskeleton

paragraphs: The cytoskeleton is a kind of scaffolding present in all cells. It is made of protein.

paragraphs: It keeps cell shape, protects the cell and enables cells to move (using structures such as flagella and cilia). It helps transport inside the cytoplasm (the movement of vesicles and organelles, for example), and in cell division. The concept and the term ("cytosquelette", in French) was introduced by French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931.

paragraphs: Eukaryote cells contain three main kinds of cytoskeletal filaments, which are "microfilaments" (actin filaments), "intermediate filaments", and "microtubules". They give the cell structure and shape. Cytoskeletal elements interact closely and often with the cell membrane and the endoplasmic reticulum.


title: Woolly dormouse

paragraphs: The Woolly dormouse (Dryomys laniger) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family.


title: Chaetocauda

paragraphs: The Chinese dormouse or Sichuan dormouse ("Chaetocauda sichuanensis") is a species of dormouse that lives in subalpine mixed forests in northern Sichuan, China.

paragraphs: Only two two female specimens have even been caught. These were both caught in the Wanglang Natural Reserve and was first described by Wang Youzhi in 1985. Corbet and Hill (1991, 1992) relisted it under a new genus as "Chaetocauda sichuanensis". It is the only member of the genus Chaetocauda.

paragraphs: The two specimens had the following measurements:

paragraphs: Cjaetocauda is nocturnal (it is awake at night) and arboreal (lives in trees). It nests in trees about above the ground and the two specimens were found at an altitude of more than above sea level. It is classified as endangered by the IUCN as of the 2004 Red List due to its small isolated habitat.


title: Forest dormice

paragraphs: The forest dormice, genus Dryomys, are a genus of dormouse found throughout much of Eurasia. They are usually found in forests or thickets.

paragraphs: The length of the head and body is , and the length of the tail is . The animals weigh .

paragraphs: These dormice hibernate in tree hollows or in burrows. At night they nest in low branches or shrubs. They spend most of their lives in trees. They are nocturnal animals.

paragraphs: They are omnivorous feeding on seeds, acorns, buds, invertebrates, eggs, and baby birds.

paragraphs: Forest dormice in southern areas breed from March to December. Forest dormice in northern areas breed from May to August. Gestation takes 21-30 days and 2-5 young are born at a time.


title: Eliomys

paragraphs: Eliomys is a genus of rodent in the Gliridae family.


title: Asian garden dormouse

paragraphs: The Asian garden dormouse ("Eliomys melanurus") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is found in Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, and Turkey.

paragraphs: Its natural habitats are temperate forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, Mediterranean-type shrubby vegetation, and rocky areas.


title: Johann Andreas Wagner

paragraphs: Johann Andreas Wagner (1797 – 1861) was a German palaeontologist, zoologist and archaeologist.

paragraphs: Wagner was a professor at the University of Munich. He was also the of the Zoologische Staatssammlung (the German State Zoology Collection).

paragraphs: He was the author of "Die Geographische Verbreitung der Säugethiere Dargestellt" (1844-46).


title: Garden dormouse

paragraphs: The garden dormouse ("Eliomys quercinus") is a rodent in the dormouse family.

paragraphs: Garden Dormice are usually in length, with the tail adding another . It weighs . The coat is gray or brown and it is white underneath. The garden dormouse has black eye marks, large ears (for a rodent), short hair, and a white tassel at the end of the tail.

paragraphs: The garden dormouse's "main" habitat is the forest (and not usually gardens), though it can also be found in fruit-growing regions. It is very common in southern Europe, but its range (the area in can be found) goes up to the north of Europe. Garden dormice are often found in the Alps, in the Bavaria Forest, and in the Ore Mountains.

paragraphs: The species can also be found in northern Germany, but the population there is low. In the Netherlands, it is nearly extinct. In 2007 only nine animals were found in two woods in Limburg. It used to be very common in this area. Scientists

paragraphs: think that his is because the landscape has changed. They also think that climate change might be a reason, because it interrupts the Dormice's hibernation.

paragraphs: Garden dormice are mostly nocturnal. They sleep in spherical nests in trees during the day. At night they look for food like larger insects (grasshoppers and beetle), snails, eggs, baby birds, small mice, and spiders. They also eat berries, fruit, and nuts (like acorns and beechnuts). While omnivorous, the diet of dormice contains a bit more animal protein than vegetation.

paragraphs: The mating period is from April to June. To show that she is ready for mating, the female squeaks loudly. The babies are usually born in litters of three to seven, after a gestation period of 23 days. The babies are blind and have no fur when they are born. They open their eyes after about eighteen days. They are nursed until they are one month old. When they are two months old, they live on their own. They become ready to mate when they are a year old. They will normally live for about five years.

paragraphs: Male Garden dormice may eat a rival dormouse during the mating season. Cannibalism sometimes happens when the animal is coming out of hibernation.

paragraphs: On the islands of the Mediterranean Sea there are a few subspecies of garden dormouse. They are all very hard to find. These subspecies are:

paragraphs: The Garden dormice in western Asia and north Africa have been separated into their own species "Eliomys melanurus".


title: Myomimus

paragraphs: Myomimus is a genus of dormouse in the Gliridae family.


title: Masked mouse-tailed dormouse

paragraphs: The Masked mouse-tailed dormouse ("Myomimus personatus") is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Iran and Turkmenistan.


title: Sergej Ognew

paragraphs: Sergej Ivanovich Ognew (1886–1951) was a Russian zoologist and naturalist, remembered for his work on mammalogy. He graduated from Moscow University in 1910. In 1910 he also published his first book. In 1928, he became a professor at the Pedagogical Institute. He published many books for education about zoology and economy. His most important work which was to be called "Mammals of Russia and adjacent territories" was never completed.


title: Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse

paragraphs: Roach's mouse-tailed dormouse (or simply 'Mouse-tailed dormouse') is "Myomimus roachi", a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is found in Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey.


title: Charles Spence Bate

paragraphs: Charles Spence Bate, or Spence Bate, FRS (March 16, 1819 – July 29, 1889) was a British zoologist and dentist, who lived in Swansea and Plymouth. He was an expert on the crustacea. He often wrote to Charles Darwin, mainly about their shared interest in barnacles. He wrote ""A history of the British sessile-eyed Crustacea"" with J. O. Westwood.

paragraphs: A number of species are named after him:


title: Flag of Bangladesh

paragraphs: The national flag of Bangladesh (Bengali: বাংলাদেশের জাতীয় পতাকা) was adopted officially on 17 January 1972. The red disc is for the sun rising over Bengal. It also is for the blood of those who died for the independence of Bangladesh. The green field stands for the lushness of the land of Bangladesh. It also indicates the freshness of the youths and vitality of the nation.


title: Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse

paragraphs: The Setzer's mouse-tailed dormouse ("Myomimus setzeri") is a species of dormouse in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Iran.


title: Desert dormouse

paragraphs: The desert dormouse ("Selevinia betpakdalaensis") is a species of rodent in the dormouse family Gliridae.

paragraphs: When it was first found, the species was placed in its own family, the Seleviniidae, but now it is considered to be a dormouse. It is the only species in the genus "Selevinia".


title: Glirinae

paragraphs: Glirinae is a subfamily of dormice ("Gliridae").

paragraphs: It contains two genera, "Glirulus" and "Glis". These genera have one species each: "Glirulus japonicus" (the Japanese dormouse) and "Glis glis" (the edible dormouse).


title: Japanese dormouse

paragraphs: The Japanese dormouse (Glirulus japonicus) is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is the only species in the genus Glirulus. It is endemic to Japan.

paragraphs: Its natural habitat is temperate forests. In Japanese it is called "Yamane" (山鼠). It has the special ability of running at great speed upside down, underneath branches. Its main food is nectar or pollen, although nursing females will eat small insects.


title: Heinrich Rudolf Schinz

paragraphs: Heinrich Rudolf Schinz (March 30, 1777 - March 8, 1861) was a Swiss physician and naturalist.

paragraphs: Schinz was born at Zurich and studied medicine at Würzburg and Jena. In 1798 he returning to Zurich to work as a doctor. In 1804 he became a teacher at the medical school. In 1833 he became professor of natural history at the University of Zurich.

paragraphs: Schinz was also curator of the Natural History Society of Zurich. He also wrote a lot of important zoological books between 1824 and 1852. These included "Das Thierreich" (1821-4), "Naturgeschichte und Abbildungen der Reptilien" (1833-4), and

paragraphs: "Europäsche Fauna" (1840). Karl Joseph Brodtmann made the pictures for these books.


title: Governor of the Bahamas

paragraphs: This is a list of colonial heads of the Bahamas. The first English settlement in the Bahamas was on Eleuthera. In 1670, the king gave the Bahamas to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, but the islands were left alone. The local pirates proclaimed a 'Privateers' Republic' with Edward Teach ("Blackbeard") as chief magistrate in 1703. In 1717, the Bahamas became a British crown colony, and the pirates were moved out.

paragraphs: During the American War of Independence, the Bahamas were occupied by both the American and Spanish armies. In 1964, the Bahamas achieved self-governance. In 1973 the Bahamas were given full independence. Hugh Wentworth was the 1st governor of the Bahamas .

paragraphs: On November 1 1670, the Bahamas were granted to the Lords Proprietors of the Province of Carolina:

paragraphs: The islands were mainly left alone, but the Lords Proprietors appointed Proprietary Governors to administer them:

paragraphs: In 1684, a joint French and Spanish fleet destroyed Charles Town (now called Nassau).

paragraphs: From 1706 until July 26 1718, the Bahamas were ruled by the anarchic "Privateer's Republic", including:

paragraphs: In 1717 the Bahamas became a British crown colony. The pirates were driven out in 1718 by Woodes Rogers, the colony's first governor.

paragraphs: In 1969, the crown colony became the Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands.

paragraphs: On July 10 1973, the Bahamas achieved independence from Britain. Following independence, the viceroy in the Bahamas was the Governor-General of the Bahamas.


title: Centromere

paragraphs: The centromere is a special region of a chromosome, usually near the middle. It is where the two identical sister chromatids stay in contact as the chromosome attaches to the spindle in mitosis. The region contains specific types of DNA, which are tandem repetitive sequences (satellite DNA). These sequences bind specific proteins called "cen"-proteins.

paragraphs: During mitosis the centromeres can be seen during the "metaphase" stage as a constriction at the chromosome. At this centromeric constriction the two halves of the chromosome, the sister chromatids, are held together until late metaphase.


title: Grand Cross

paragraphs: The phrase Grand Cross is used to describe the highest grade in many types of knighthood. Sometimes the person with the highest grade are called "knights grand cross" or just "grand crosses". Sometimes the actual medallion or ribbon is called "the grand cross" and not the person.

paragraphs: In some orders, the highest grade may be called the "grand cordon", "grand collar" or something like this. In those cases the rank of grand cross may come after another rank, but before the highest grade.


title: Rhizobia

paragraphs: Rhizobia are soil bacteria which become established inside root nodules of legumes (the pea family: Fabaceae).

paragraphs: They fix nitrogen in a form the plant can use. Rhizobia require a plant host; they cannot independently fix nitrogen. The relationship is a classic example of symbiosis and mutualism.

paragraphs: The word rhizobia comes from the English root for root (rhizo) and the Ancient Greek for life (bios).


title: Paul Steinitz

paragraphs: Paul Steinitz (born Chichester, 25 August 1909; died Old Oxted, Surrey, 21 April 1988) was an English conductor and organist. He was one of the first musicians in the 20th century to make a careful study of the way that music by Johann Sebastian Bach should be performed so that it would sound like it used to in Bach’s day, in the early 18th century. He started a choir called the London Bach Society and a group of instrumentalists called the Steinitz Bach Players. He conducted them in lots of concerts. During the space of 25 years he performed all the cantatas of J.S. Bach in London. There are over 200 of them.

paragraphs: Paul Steinitz was born in Chichester, West Sussex, in the south of England in 1909. His father was an Anglican clergyman. He became a student at the Royal Academy of Music, studying under George Oldroyd. He was a very good organist and got his FRCO diploma in 1930. In the 1930s he was Director of Music at the church of St. Mary's Ashford, Kent. There he became very interested in the music of Bach while studying for his Doctorate

paragraphs: In 1946 he started the London Bach Society. Then he became Director of Music and organist at the Priory Church of St. Bartholomew-the-Great in London, which was a very old church, a lecturer at University of London and a Professor at the Royal Academy of Music.

paragraphs: When Paul Steinitz founded the London Bach Society he wanted them to perform Bach’s music. Most musicians in those days played Bach in an exaggerated, romantic style, using large choirs and orchestras, playing with lots of vibrato, and with lots of changes of speed which Bach would not have done. Steinitz wanted to show people how Bach’s works should sound. From 1950 he performed them in German. When more musicians started to learn how to play period instruments he started to use these. In 1952 he conducted the first performance in Britain of Bach’s St Matthew Passion in its complete and original German form. It was all part of a movement which was known as “Back to Bach in its original form”.

paragraphs: In 1958 he started to perform all the 208 Bach cantatas that are known (it is thought 100 have been lost). He finished this project in 1987, shortly before he died. He got together a group of players which he called the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who agreed with what Steinitz was trying to do. Every Lent they performed one of the two great Bach passions: the St Matthew Passion, or sometimes the St John Passion. He took the choir and his orchestra on tour to the USA, Israel, German Democratic Republic (twice, including performances at Bach’s own church, the St. Thomas' Church Leipzig) and Bulgaria.

paragraphs: Steinitz did not just perform Bach’s music. He conducted music by many Baroque composers as well as modern composers such as Igor Stravinsky, Peter Maxwell Davies, John Tavener, Stanley Glasser (sung in Zulu) and his own pupil Nicholas Maw.

paragraphs: Steinitz wrote a lot about music. He wrote a chapter on 18th century German church music in "The New Oxford History of Music", he wrote several books to show students how to write harmony, and books on how to perform Bach’s music called "Bach’s Passions", "Bach for Choirs", and "Performing Bach’s Vocal Music".

paragraphs: Paul Steinitz had many honours. He was a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Music and Royal College of Organists. He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1985, the year in which Bach’s 300th birthday was celebrated.

paragraphs: At the end of his concerts, when the audience applauded, he would often hold up a picture of Bach, so that the audience was thanking Bach for his music.

paragraphs: Dr. Steinitz died in April 1988 at home in his lovely 18th century cottage in Old Oxted, just south of London. He was a Quaker who believed strongly that music could help to bring peace in the world.

paragraphs: There is a public memorial to him in the Cloister of St Bartholomew-the-Great, West Smithfield, London.

paragraphs: Today Steinitz’ wife Margaret continues her husband's work with the London Bach Society, of which Steinitz Bach Players is an integral part. To reflect modern Bach scholarship and continue Dr. Steinitz's work along the lines he had planned, the original choir was disbanded to make way for smaller professional choirs - more Bach in its original form. She also founded an annual Bachfest in 1990, which is presented each autumn.


title: London Bach Society

paragraphs: The London Bach Society is a society devoted to performing the music of Johann Sebastian Bach.

paragraphs: The London Bach Society was started in 1946 by Paul Steinitz because he wanted to perform Bach in a style which was like the way it sounded in Bach's time. Bach lived from 1685 to 1750. By the 20th century a lot of things had changed in music. Choirs and orchestras were much bigger and instruments were made differently. Steinitz wanted to get back to the sort of sound that Bach would have known. He started a choir called the London Bach Society so that they could give concerts of Bach's music, making it sound much clearer than it did with huge, romantic choirs.

paragraphs: The choir was formed in 1947. The singers were good amateur singers. Steinitz rehearsed them a lot until they were very good. The London Bach Society (LBS) gave many concerts of Bach's music, as well as singing music by other Baroque composers such as Handel, Telemann and Heinrich Schütz. They also sang works by modern composers such as Stravinsky, John Tavener and Nicholas Maw. Between 1958 and 1987 the LBS choir performed all the cantatas by Bach which survive. 208 of them are known. Many others have been lost. The choir performed one of Bach's passions every Lent, usually the "St Matthew Passion". They also went on tour, travelling to the USA, Israel, Bulgaria and twice to the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) where they sang at St Thomas Church, Leipzig, where Bach had been Director of Music.

paragraphs: In 1968 Steinitz got a group of players together, calling them the Steinitz Bach Players. They were professional musicians who understood how to play Baroque music. Gradually he was able to add more and more historical instruments to his concerts, such as the natural/clarino trumpet, oboe da caccia, baroque flute and sackbuts. By 1985 there were enough professional players of Baroque instruments in England for the LBS choir to be able to perform the St Matthew Passion with a complete orchestra of period instruments in Wells Cathedral and later in 1987 at Westminster Abbey

paragraphs: After Steinitz's death in 1989 there was no more choir, but the society still continues. Today they organize a festival of Bach's music every year, called "Bachfest" (German for "Bach Festival").