title: States of Malaysia

paragraphs: Malaysia is a federation which consists of 14 states ("Negeri") ("Wilayah Persekutuan"). Eleven states and two federal territories are located on the Malay Peninsula while the remaining two states and one federal territory are on the island of Borneo.

paragraphs: Malaysia is a federation consisting of 13 states ("Negeri") and 3 federal territories ("Wilayah Persekutuan"). These are divided between the two regions of Malaysia, with 11 states and 2 federal territories on West Malaysia and the other 2 states and 1 federal territory in East Malaysia.

paragraphs: As Malaysia is a federation, the governance of the states is divided between the federal and the state governments, while the Federal government has direct administration of the federal territories. The specific responsibilities of the federal and the state governments are listed in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution of Malaysia. Theoretically, any matter not set out in the Ninth Schedule can be legislated on by the individual states. However, legal scholars generally view this as a "pauper's bequest" because of the large scope of the matters listed in the Ninth Schedule. The courts themselves have generally favoured a broad interpretation of the language of the Ninth Schedule, thus limiting the number of possible subjects not covered. The Ninth Schedule specifically lists the following matters as those that can only be legislated on by the states: land tenure, the Islamic religion, and local government.

paragraphs: The 13 states are based on historical Malay Kingdoms, and 9 of the 13 states, known as the Malay States, retain their royal families. The Federal King (titled "Yang di-Pertuan Agong") is elected (de facto rotated) among the nine rulers to serve a 5-year term. The nine "Malay States" have a hereditary Ruler as titular Head of state and an executive Chief Minister or "Menteri Besar" as politically responsible Head of government. The rulers of Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor and Terengganu are styled Sultans (typically Islamic). Only Negeri Sembilan's elective ruler holds the rare, autochthonous Malay title of "Yang di-Pertuan Besar", whereas only the Ruler of Perlis is titled "Raja". Former British settlements and crown colonies of Penang and Malacca (both peninsular) and Sabah and Sarawak (both on Borneo) each have a federally appointed titular Governor (styled "Yang di-Pertua Negeri") and an executive Chief Minister or "Ketua Menteri".

paragraphs: Sabah and Sarawak have additional powers as part of the terms when they joined Malaysia, such as immigration controls. They have separate immigration policies and controls and a unique residency status. Passports are required even for Malaysians for travelling between these two states or between either state and Peninsular Malaysia, however Peninsular Malaysians who are on social/business visits up to three months are allowed to produce a MyKad or birth certificate and fill in a special form in lieu of a passport.

paragraphs: Each state has a unicameral legislature called "Dewan Undangan Negeri" ("DUN", State Assembly). Members of DUN are elected from single-member constituencies drawn based on the population. The state leader of the majority party in DUN is usually appointed Chief Minister by the Ruler or Governor. The term of DUN members is five years unless the assembly is dissolved earlier by the Ruler or Governor on the advise of the Chief Minister. Usually, DUN of the states in Peninsular Malaysia are dissolved in conjunction with the dissolution of the federal parliament, in order to have state elections running concurrently with the parliamentary election. However, Rulers and Governors hold discretionary powers in dissolving the DUN.Each state sends two representatives to the "Dewan Negara" (Senate), the upper house of the federal parliament.

paragraphs: The Parliament of Malaysia is permitted to legislate on issues of land, Islamic religion and local government in order to provide for a uniform law between different states, or on the request of the state assembly concerned. The law in question must also be passed by the state assembly as well, except in the case of certain land law-related subjects. Non-Islamic issues that fall under the purview of the state may also be legislated on at the federal level for the purpose of conforming with Malaysian treaty obligations. Each state is further divided into districts, which are then divided into mukim. In Sabah and Sarawak districts are grouped into "Divisions".

paragraphs: was a Malaysian state from the formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963 until it was expelled from the Federation on 9 August 1965.


title: Works of Rambhadracharya

paragraphs: Jagadguru Ramanandacharya Swami Rambhadracharya (better-known as Jagadguru Rambhadracharya or Swami Rambhadracharya) is a Hindu "guru", Sanskrit scholar, writer, poet, play writer, composer, singer, philosopher and "Katha" artist. He is living in Chitrakoot, India. His works includes poems, plays, lectures, commentaries, religious speeches, and musical works of his works. He has written more than 90 works, including published books and unpublished hand written books, and four epic poems, a Hindi commentary on Tulsidas' Ramcharitmanas, a rhythmic Sanskrit commentary on the Ashtadhyayi, and Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi sacred books. Many of his audio and video recordings have been released. He writes in Sanskrit, Hindi, Awadhi, Maithili, and many other languages. He is blind.

paragraphs: "Śrībhārgavarāghavīyam" is his most famous work. He won many awards for it, like the Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit. He has also been given many other honors and titles as a writer and poet, like "Mahakavi" and "Kavikularatna".

paragraphs: His important literature works and musical works, grouped by their type, are listed below.

paragraphs: Rambhadracharya made Sanskrit commentaries named "Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam" on the Prasthanatrayi – Brahma Sutra, the Bhagavad Gita, and eleven Upanishads. These commentaries were released on 10 April 1998 by the then Prime Minister of India, Atal Behari Vajpayee. He made "Śrīrāghavakṛpābhāṣyam" on Narada Bhakti Sutra in 1991. Rambhadracharya then renewed—after five hundred years—the tradition of Sanskrit commentaries on the Prasthanatrayi. His commentary was also the second Sanskrit commentary on Prasthanatrayi of Ramananda Sampradaya, an the first was made by Ramananda himself and it was named "Ānandabhāṣyam". Rambhadracharya's commentary in Sanskrit on the Prasthanatrayi was the first written in almost 600 years.

paragraphs: Rambhadracharya's most controversial work was the critical edition of the Ramcharitmanas. It was published as the Tulsi Peeth edition. It was said that he changed the epic, but the dispute ended when Rambhadracharya said sorry for any problem caused by the publication. A writ was also filed against him but it was not accepted. This edition was published in 2005 by Shri Tulsi Peeth Seva Nyas.


Pope Clement


title: Boboli's Garden

paragraphs: Boboli's Garden is a historical park in Florence, Italy near "Porta Romana", joined with Pitti Palace and Forte di Belvedere. The garden is visited every year by 800.000 tourists. It is really famous for the beauty flowers and for the very old sculptures.


title: Academy maniacs

paragraphs: Artyom Alexandrovich Anoufriev (born in October 4, 1992) and Nikita Vakhtangovich Lytkin (born in March 24, 1993) () are two serial killers from Irkutsk, Russia.

paragraphs: On April 5, 2011, Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested in connection with a series of six murders and attacks on local residents in Akademgorodok of Irkutsk. The attacks, which involved a mallet and knife, began in December 2010. Anoufriev and Lytkin were arrested after a video recording showing the dead body of a woman being mutilated with a knife was found on a camera belonging to Lytkin's uncle, who had become suspicious. According to media reports, the youths had been influenced by reading about the Alexander Pichushkin and Dnepropetrovsk maniacs (Igor Suprunyuck and Viktor Sayenko) on the Internet. Also, Anoufriev took part in a Russian neo_Nazi march. A psychiatric examination found them to be sane, and they told doctors that they had chosen weak and drunk people as their victims. On 2 April 2013, Anoufriev was sentenced to life imprisonment and Lytkin to 24 years.


title: Fermi paradox

paragraphs: Enrico Fermi's paradox wonders why, given the age and size of the universe and that there are billions of stars and planets that have existed for billions of years, we have not detected any other alien civilizations. There have been attempts to resolve the Fermi paradox by finding evidence of alien civilizations, along with thoughts that such life could exist without humans knowing.

paragraphs: The physicist Enrico Fermi first asked the question in an informal discussion in 1950. A paper by Michael H. Hart in 1975 made scientists more curious and they began to study the question in more detail. This is why some people call it the Fermi–Hart paradox. Other common names for the same phenomenon are "Fermi's question" ("Where are they?"), the "Fermi Problem", the "Great Silence", and "silentium universi" (Latin for "the silence of the universe"; the misspelling "silencium universi" is also common).


title: Drake equation

paragraphs: In 1961, Frank Drake wrote down an equation for the chance of a contactable alien civilization from another planet in the Milky Way Galaxy. This is known as the Drake Equation (sometimes called the Green Bank equation or the Greeen Bank Formula). Carl Sagan mentioned the Drake equation often so it that has been mistaken for the 'Sagan equation'.

paragraphs: We don't know the solution to the equation.

paragraphs: Although written as an equation, Drake's formulation is not particularly useful for getting a value of formula_2. The last four parameters, formula_3 and formula_4 are not known. They are very hard to guess, with values ranging over many orders of magnitude. Therefore, the SETI League says the importance of the Drake equation is not in solving it, but in thinking about it. It may be more useful to think of it as a series of questions framed as a numbers game.


title: Voyager Golden Record

paragraphs: The Voyager Golden Records are records that contain sounds and images chosen to show the life and culture on Earth. They show photographs of life on earth, including nature, cities, people and animals. They also have greetings recorded in 55 languages, songs from around the world, and non-musical sounds. The record gives specific instructions and distance measurements that can be used to pinpoint Earth's location as well. The record was designed by a team headed by Carl Sagan to communicate with extraterrestrial life.

paragraphs: These records which were sent in the Voyager spacecraft in 1977, are for alien life forms to see. The outside of the record is designed so that aliens could understand, with instructions about how to play the record next to images. However, the records can be seen as a symbol rather than a serious attempt to contact alien life forms.


title: Pargalı İbrahim Pasha

paragraphs: Parga was an ancient city of Greece. Ibrahim Pasha came from Parga. Ibrahim Pasha was the biggest vizier of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Pope Urban IV

paragraphs: Pope Urban IV (; c. 1195 – October 2, 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was a French cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 183rd Pope from 1261 to 1264.

paragraphs: Pantaléon was the son of a cobbler of Troyes in France. He studied theology and common law in Paris. He served the church as a canon, as a deacon and as an archdeacon.

paragraphs: Pope Innocent IV made Pantaléon the Bishop of Verdun in 1253.

paragraphs: In 1255, Pope Alexander IV made him Patriarch of Jerusalem.

paragraphs: He was not a cardinal. There were several Popes who were not Cardinals. Some of these were Pope Urban V and Pope Urban VI.

paragraphs: Patriarch Pantaléon was on August 29, 1261. He chose to be called Urban IV.

paragraphs: As pope, he was deeply involved in the conflict between Guelphs and Ghibelines in Italy.

paragraphs: He was buried in the cathedral at Perugia.


title: Midget

paragraphs: A midget is a word that is used to describe people who are quite short. A midget is "not" somebody with dwarfism; a midget is a person that has the same proportions of body parts as an averaged-sized human being. The word "midget" can also sometimes be used as an insult. Sometimes, the word is used for people a foot below the normal height


title: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer

paragraphs: Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer is a reindeer with a bright red nose who first appeared in 1939 in booklets. In the story, Rudolph gets teased by other reindeer until one foggy Christmas Eve Santa Claus comes around, asking him to guide Santa's sleigh. A Christmas song based on the story has been covered by such artists as Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Barry Manilow and The Supremes over the decades. Gene Autry was the singer of the original version.


title: Pain disorder

paragraphs: Pain disorder is a condition where a patient experiences chronic pain in different places in the body; this pain seems to be caused by psychological stress. Treatment of the condition can be done with either therapy or drugs.


title: Ginger Rogers

paragraphs: Ginger Rogers (born Virginia Katherine McMath, July 16, 1911 - April 25, 1995) was an American actress, dancer and singer. She was born in Independence, Missouri.

paragraphs: During her long career, she made a total of 73 films, collaborating with Fred Astaire as a romantic lead actress and dancing partner in a series of ten Hollywood musical films that revolutionized the genre.

paragraphs: She achieved great success on her own in a variety of film roles and won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in "Kitty Foyle" (1940). She ranks #14 on the AFI's 100 Years...100 Stars list of actress screen legends. She also appeared on numerous television programs. She died of a heart attack in Rancho Mirage, California.

paragraphs: Rogers was most famous for her partnership with Fred Astaire. Together, from 1933 to 1939, they made nine musical films at RKO and one at MGM. They revolutionized the Hollywood musical, introducing dance routines of unprecedented elegance and virtuosity, set to songs specially composed for them by the greatest popular song composers of the day.

paragraphs: "The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle" (1939)


title: Independence, Missouri

paragraphs: Independence is a city in the northwest part of the US state of Missouri, not far from Kansas City. In 2010, about 116,830 people lived there.

paragraphs: Independence was created on March 28, 1827. It was an important place for the Oregon Trail. This is because the trail started here.

paragraphs: Independence had two battles in the American Civil War. One is the on August 11, 1862. The other is the on October 21-22, 1864.

paragraphs: President Harry S. Truman lived in Independence for a long time. The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is in Independence.

paragraphs: In 2010, there were 116,830 people, 48,742 households, and 30,165 families living in Independence. The people were 85.7% White, 5.6% African American, 0.6% Native American, 1.0% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 3.2% from other races, and 3.2% from two or more races. 7.7% of the people were Hispanic or Latino.

paragraphs: 23% of the people were under 18 years old; 8.6% of the people were between 18 and 24 years old; 24.9% of the people were between 25 and 44 years old; 27.4% of the people were between 45 and 64 years old; 16.1% were 65 years old or older. 52% of the people were women, and 48% of the people were men.


title: 10,000 Maniacs

paragraphs: 10,000 Maniacs is an alternative rock group from Jamestown, New York. They have had different musicians and various lineups since they were created near 1981.


title: Seneca the Younger

paragraphs: Lucius Annaeus Seneca was a Roman philosopher, poet and politician. He was born about 4 BC in Córdoba in Hispania (which is now in Spain). Seneca's father was a writer known as Seneca the Elder. Seneca's mother was called Helvia. Seneca often lived in the city of Rome. He died by suicide in year 65.

paragraphs: During the reign of Roman emperor Claudius, Seneca was sent in exile to the island of Corsica for nine years. This act was caused by Messalina who was the wife of Claudius. In 49 AD Claudius married his own niece Agrippina, and she called Seneca back to Rome to be a tutor for her son Nero. Nero became emperor in 54 AD, and Seneca helped him to rule the Roman Empire for the next five years. After 59 AD, Nero became like a tyrant, and Seneca lost control over him. In 65 AD Nero accused Seneca of helping the people in the Pisonian conspiracy who wanted to kill Nero. Seneca was probably innocent, but Nero forced Seneca to kill himself.

paragraphs: Seneca was a very famous writer. He wrote books on philosophy, and he also wrote plays. Most of his books still exist.

paragraphs: His philosophy books were about Stoicism. These books include his "Letters to Lucilius" and his "Essays" (or ""Dialogues""). Seneca wanted to find the right way for people to be happy, so he wrote about ethics. He believed that some emotions, including anger and grief, are bad and should be avoided. He wrote about the shortness of life, and he wrote about favours, mercy, friendship, and the need to help other people.

paragraphs: His plays are tragedies. They are based on Greek mythology, and have titles such as: "Hercules", "Trojan Women", "Phoenician Women", "Phaedra", and "Oedipus".


title: Meredith Baxter

paragraphs: Meredith Baxter (born June 21, 1947), or Meredith Baxter-Birney, is an American actress. She was born June 21, 1947 in South Pasadena, California. She has been in numerous sitcoms and television movies. She is openly lesbian. She is an alcoholic and is a breast cancer survivor.


title: Meredith Brooks

paragraphs: Meredith Brooks (born June 12, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. She was born in Oregon City, Oregon. She is best known for her 1997 single "Bitch" which reached No.6 in the UK and No.2 in the United States.


title: Rohtas Fort

paragraphs: Rohtas Fort (,"Qila Rohtas") is a garrison fort built by the great Afghan king Sher Shah Suri. This fort is about 4 km in circumference and the first example of the successful combination of Pashtun and Hindu architecture in the Indian Subcontinent.


title: FatRat

paragraphs: FatRat is an open source extensible download manager for Linux. It is built on top of the Trolltech Qt 4 library in C++. Developing of this program was started in November 2006. FatRat provides few advanced features such as speed limiting, segmented downloads.

paragraphs: It supports a lot of download and file exchange protocols, such as HTTP, Proxy/SOCKS5, FTP, BitTorrent (through libtorrent). Internationalization of interface is carried out with the help of Qt Linguist. FatRat also has RSS feed and podcasts support, and it can work with RapidShare web-storage service and with Dropbox and OpenSubtitles.

paragraphs: Available as a package of the most popular Linux repositories, such as Debian, Ubuntu, Fedora.


title: Pope Urban VIII

paragraphs: Pope Urban VIII (; 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Barberini, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 236th Pope from 1623 to 1644.

paragraphs: Maffeo Barberini was born in 1568 into the Barberini family of Florence in Italy. His studies led to a doctorate of law from the University of Pisa in 1589.

paragraphs: In 1604, Pope Clement VIII appointed Barberini Archbishop of Nazareth. He was transferred by Pope Paul V who made him the Bishop of Spoleto in 1608.

paragraphs: In 1606, Paul V raising Barberini to be Cardinal of "S. Pietro in Montorio".

paragraphs: Cardina Barberini was elected pope on August 6, 1623; and took the name Urban VIII.

paragraphs: Pope Urban was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: During his reign, the papal palace at Castel Gandolfo was built.

paragraphs: Pope Urban caused the baldachin to be built over the central alter in St. Peter's Basilica.


title: Hasekura Tsunenaga

paragraphs: The Roman Senate made Hasekura a citizen and a patrician of Rome.

paragraphs: Hasekura was a retainer of Date Masamune. Date was the daimyo of Sendai.

paragraphs: Hasekura headed a diplomatic mission from Japan to the Vatican. The trip lasted seven years from 1613-1620, This historic journey is called the . Hasekura was the first Japanese ambassador in the Americas and in Europe.

paragraphs: Hasekura traveled with a group across the Pacific Ocean to Mexico. They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe.

paragraphs: Hasekura returned to Japan by crossing Mexico from east to west in 1618. The Japanese sailed from Acapulco for the Philippines. From Manila, they sailed north to Japan in 1620.

paragraphs: The story of Hasekura was unknown in Japan until the 19th century. This early diplomacy not included in official histories written in Japan in the 17th and 18th centuries. Information about this embassy

paragraphs: Hasekura was a subject of interest in Europe. In 1615, Scipione Amati published a book about Haskeura's journey. In 1616, a book about the Japanese diplomats was published in French in Paris.

paragraphs: In 1873, Japanese diplomats traveled to Europe. They were surprised to learn about Hasekura. The diplomacy of Hasekura was forgotten because of the Sakoku policy of isolation.

paragraphs: There are statues of Hasekura in Japan, Cuba, Spain, and Italy.

paragraphs: Many people in Coria del Río, Spain have the surname "Japón". These are descendants of the Japanese travelers.

paragraphs: A minor comet 11514 Tsunenaga was named after Hasekura in 1991.

paragraphs: Spanish and Japanese archives have documents from the Hasekura mission. The letter carried by Hasekura to the King of Spain is in Seville, Spain. The paper proof of Haskura's Roman citizenship is in Sendai, Japan. These bits of history are proposed for UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.


title: Maria Shriver

paragraphs: Maria Owings Shriver, (born May 6, 1955) is an American author and journalist.

paragraphs: Shriver was born on May 6, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois. Her parents were Sargent Shriver and Eunice Kennedy. Her uncles were John F. Kennedy, Robert F. Kennedy, and Ted Kennedy. Her cousins are Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Caroline Bouvier Kennedy and John F. Kennedy Jr.

paragraphs: She was co-anchor of NBC News and covered 1988 Summer Olympics. She has won many Emmy Awards.

paragraphs: In addition, she is former First Lady of California and wife of former Governor and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, from whom she is currently separated.


title: Mexican Revolution

paragraphs: The Mexican Revolution was brought on by a major armed struggle that started in 1911, among other factors, with an uprising led by Francisco I. Madero against longtime autocrat Porfirio Díaz. The Revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist, populist, and agrarianist movements. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war.

paragraphs: There was less fighting after 1920, when Álvaro Obregón, the most important revolutionary leader still alive, became President.

paragraphs: During that span, power was concentrated in the hands of a select few; the people had no power to express their opinions or select their public officials. Wealth was likewise concentrated in the hands of the few, and injustice was everywhere, in the cities and the countryside alike.


title: Estée Lauder Companies

paragraphs: Estée Lauder Companies are an organization that manufactures, markets and sells perfume, skin care, hair care and cosmetics. This company was named after a person called Estée Lauder. It was established in 1946 in New York City.


title: Tanning bed

paragraphs: A tanning bed is a device that emits ultraviolet radiation to give people a tan (make their skin darker). Like the sun, a tanning bed can also cause a sunburn if the person stays in too long. There are many kinds of tanning beds, but most look like the one in the photo.

paragraphs: Tanning beds became popular in Europe and America because of the work of Friedrich Wolff around 1979. He patented his design and charged others to use his ideas. His company, "Wolff Systems" does not build the tanning beds, they research and design for the tanning lamp. Some of the early adopters of the Wolff technology include ETS, Inc., SCA, Sun Industries, Inc., Montego Bay, Sunal. Later, Friedrich sold Wolff Systems to his brother Jorg Wolff, who was the founder of Cosmedico, Ltd., another pioneer in the tanning industry.

paragraphs: Tanning beds use a special fluorescent lamps (16 to 32 per tanning bed) that creates visible light and ultraviolet light. Like all fluorescent lights, they use a ballast system to limit the electricity going to each lamp, which is most often 100 watts per lamp. The tanning beds use a special acrylic, or clear shield over the lamps. Most clear plastics will block ultraviolet, but this special type of plastic lets most of the ultraviolet light pass through. Most tanning beds also have a cooling fan system, to cool the electronics inside the tanning bed and keep it from getting too hot. All tanning beds have a timer, a device to limit the amount of time the person is exposed to the ultraviolet light. After a few minutes, the timer makes the bed turn off.

paragraphs: Like the sun, tanning beds help your skin to produce vitamin D due to the exposure to the UV (ultraviolet light). Both the sun and tanning beds can damage your skin if you stay exposed for too long. Getting too much UV, or many sunburns can cause skin cancer, including melanoma, which can be deadly. There is a lot of controversy due to the risks. Most countries have many laws and rules that regulate tanning beds. It can give you burns.


title: Herman Wouk

paragraphs: Herman Wouk (May 27, 1915 – May 17, 2019) was a Pulitzer Prize winning American writer. He was from New York City, New York. Wouk had written many books including "The Caine Mutiny". He won Pulitzer Prize award in 1952.

paragraphs: Wouk was Orthodox Jewish and was known for his defence of religion, tradition, American patriotism and the Military.

paragraphs: Wouk died in his sleep at his home in Palm Springs, California on May 17, 2019, 10 days before his 104th birthday.


title: Quirinal Palace

paragraphs: The Quirinal Palace (known in Italian as the Palazzo del Quirinale or simply Quirinale) is a historical building in Rome, Italy. It is the official residence of the President of the Italian Republic.

paragraphs: The palace is on the Quirinal Hill, the tallest of the seven hills of Rome. It housed thirty popes, four kings and eleven presidents of the Italian Republic.

paragraphs: The current site of the palace has been in use since Roman times. The Quirinal is the highest hill in Rome.

paragraphs: The palace, on the "Via del Quirinale" and facing onto the "Piazza del Quirinale", was built beginning in 1573 by Pope Gregory XIII

paragraphs: Pope Paul V commissioned the completion of the work on the main building of the palace.

paragraphs: The palace was a papal residence until 1870.

paragraphs: In 1871, the palace became the official royal residence of the Kings of Italy.

paragraphs: In 1946, the palace became the official residence and workplace for the Presidents of the Italian Republic.


title: Killie pie

paragraphs: A Killie pie or Kilmarnock pie is a type of pie which was made famous as it is sold at Rugby Park, the home ground of association football team Kilmarnock F.C.. It can also be found in shops and chip shops. It is a steak pie not a Scotch pie, the type of pie normally sold at football stadiums in football.

paragraphs: It won the award for best pie in football two years running in 1998 and 1999, and attracted quite a reputation amongst away fans for its quality.

paragraphs: It is made by Brownings, The Bakers of Kilmarnock.


title: Seneca the Elder

paragraphs: Seneca the Elder ( Lucius or Marcus Annaeus Seneca, born about 54BC, died about 39AD) was a Roman rhetorician and writer. His main work is "Controversiae". "Controversiea" is a ten volume work. In it, he treats 74 cases that are commonly seen by rhetoricians. His other main work is "Suasoriae" (Councils). In it, he shows seven examples of how to respond in common cases.

paragraphs: He is the father of the philosopher, poet and politician, Seneca the Younger


title: Hearst, Ontario

paragraphs: Hearst is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Hearst was 5,620 in 2006. The mayor of Hearst is Roger Sigouin. Hearst was founded in 1913 because of the construction of the National Transcontinental Railway. It got its name from William Howard Hearst who was the then Ontario Minister of Forests and Mines and he later became Premier of Ontario. Around 85% of the population for Hearst speaks French.


title: Cornwall, Ontario

paragraphs: Cornwall is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Cornwall was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Cornwall is Bob Kilger. The first European settlement in Cornwall was established in 1784 although Aboriginal peoples lived in and around the area for millennia. The name originally "New Johnstown" then the name was officially changed after and was named "Cornwall" after the Duke of Cornwall, Prince George, in 1834.


title: Barkly, Victoria

paragraphs: Barkly is a very small town in Victoria, Australia, about 180 kilometres northwest of Melbourne. It is located near the junction of the roads from Landsborough to Redbank, and from Frenchmans to St Arnaud. It is close to the western side of the St Arnaud Range National Park.

paragraphs: The area was first called the Navarre Diggings after gold was found in June 1859 by a group led by James Law (1827-1910). It was about six miles from the Navarre township. This caused a gold rush and there were soon about 700 people on the diggings. At the peak of the rush, there were over 6000 people in the area digging for gold.

paragraphs: James Law, who had come to Australia from Scotland, was given a reward of 150 pounds for being the first person to find gold. Other members of his group, John Fewster, W.R. Marshall and George Mill also were rewarded.

paragraphs: The name was changed to Barkly on 1 November 1861, after the Governor of Victoria, Sir Henry Barkly. The name was changed by the local gold warden, Mr. Warden Alley, a government official in charge of the diggings. A school was started, the Barkly Common School.

paragraphs: A cemetery, now called the Pioneer Cemetery, was begun close to the original diggings. The town of Barkly developed about two miles from this area, and a new cemetery was opened.

paragraphs: Barkly has a small Anglican church, a hall, and a few houses. The school has been closed and the buildings removed. There is a rose and lavender farm which is open to the public during the year. A headstone was placed on James Law's grave on 5 May, 1985. In 1996 a memorial stone was placed at the site of the first gold discovery.


title: Time After Time

paragraphs: "Time after Time" is a song first performed by American singer Cyndi Lauper. It is the second single from her album "She's so Unusual". The song reached #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1984. It stayed there almost two weeks. The song has been covered by many other musicians.


title: Peterborough, Ontario

paragraphs: Peterborough is a city in the Canadian province of Ontario. The population of Peterborough was 45,965 in 2006. The mayor of Peterborough is Bob Kilger. Adam Scott, a settler, began construction of a sawmill and gristmill on the west shore of the Otonabee River and established the area as "Scott's Plains". In 1822, the British Parliament approved an experimental emigration plan which would transport poor Irish families to Upper Canada. The scheme was managed by Peter Robinson, who was at the time a politician in York (present-day Toronto). The area of Scott's Plains was renamed "Peterborough" in Robinson's honour. During 1850, Peterborough was incorporated as a town and grew to a population of 2,191. The town of Peterborough later grew into a city on July 1, 1905.


title: Danica Patrick

paragraphs: Danica Patrick (born March 25 1982) is an American auto racer and model. She is the first female to win an IndyCar Series race. She also has the highest finish by a woman in the Indianapolis 500 in third place. She is currently competing in the NASCAR Monster Energy Cup Series and the IndyCar Series. In the 2013 Daytona 500, Patrick became the first woman in the Sprint Cup to earn pole position, and led a few laps, also a first for female drivers. Patrick finished 8th, the highest by a female. Patrick was born in Beloit, Wisconsin.


title: Ice sledge hockey

paragraphs: Sledge hockey (known as sled hockey in the United States) is a sport that is designed to allow players who have a physical disability to play sport.

paragraphs: Ice sledge hockey was invented in Sweden in the 1960s at a rehabilitation center.

paragraphs: On the other side it has six to eight metal teeth for maneuvering and propulsion. Movement is done by using the metal teeth. The metal teeth cannot be longer than 1 centimeter beyond the stick, to help stop damage to the ice or injure of other players.

paragraphs: People who live in Kolín see ice sledge hockey as a normal sport. Kolín's team are on the top of table. Kolín's ice hockey players won last season. Many of Kolín's players play in Czech republic's representation.


title: Paleozoology

paragraphs: Paleozoology is one of the branches of biology that deals with animal fossils and ancient animal life. The animal fossils are thoroughly studied and the process of evolution of animals is found out.


title: President of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: The country of Azerbaijan is a republic, with the President of Azerbaijan as the head of state, and the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan as head of government. The Constitution of Azerbaijan makes the President the Commander-in-Chief of the Azerbaijani Armed Forces and the President of Azerbaijan has more powers than the Prime Minister of Azerbaijan and the National Assembly of Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: The President is directly elected by the people for a five-year term and can be re-elected without any limit. The President cannot be put on trial or put in prison during his term.

paragraphs: The President can call a national referendum for important issues for the country, such as changing the articles of the Constitution, because a referendum is necessary for changing the Constitution. The Constitution also allows the President to be a member of a political party.

paragraphs: The current President of Azerbaijan is Ilham Aliyev. The list includes all the presidents that lead the country after it became independent in 1991 when the Soviet Union collapsed the same year. This is a complete list of the Presidents of Azerbaijan.


title: Bullet-proof glass

paragraphs: Bullet-proof glass, or bullet-resistant glass, is a type of strong, clear material that resists bullets. Complete protection against all weapons is not possible.

paragraphs: It is usually made from two or more types of material, one hard and one soft. The softer layer makes the glass more elastic, so it can flex (bend) instead of shatter. There must be a clear view through the glass. Bulletproof glass varies in thickness from three-quarters of an inch to three inches.

paragraphs: A popular method is stick a special plastic film to the inner surface of ordinary glass. This 'security laminate' bonds to the glass with an adhesive. This gives a protection similar to the multi-layered bullet-resistant glass. Transparency is better, tint-free; thickness and weight is reduced as much as 50-70%. The laminate can be stuck on to existing windows; this a called a 'retrofit'.

paragraphs: The plastic provides little bullet-resistance. Glass, much harder than plastic, flattens the bullet. The plastic deforms, absorbing energy and (perhaps) stopping the bullet. The ability of the plastic layer to stop projectiles is directly proportional to its thickness. Bulletproof glass may be up to three inches thick.

paragraphs: All the parts of the glass must be transparent. The essential components are these:

paragraphs: The most usual method today requires three parts in layers:

paragraphs: A simpler version is used for car windshields. It consists of two panels of toughened glass, bonded together with polyvinyl butyal (PVB). The PVB stops cracks in the outer glass from spreading.

paragraphs: The idea is for guards inside to be able to shoot out, while attackers can't shoot in. One-way bulletproof glass is usually made of only two layers, a brittle layer on the outside and a flexible one on the inside. A bullet fired from the outside hits the brittle layer first, shattering an area of it. This absorbs some of the bullet's kinetic energy, and spreads it on a larger area. When the slowed bullet hits the flexible layer, it is stopped.

paragraphs: However, when a bullet is fired from the inside, it hits the flexible layer first. The bullet penetrates the flexible layer because its energy is focused on a smaller area; the brittle layer then shatters outward due to the flexing of the inner layer and does not significantly hinder the bullet's progress. A problem with this idea is that a two-layer glass has limited stopping power.

paragraphs: There is a new type of transparent armour with aluminium oxynitride instead of glass. As the outside 'strike plate' layer, it is much lighter and performs better than traditional glass/polymer laminates. Aluminum oxynitride 'glass' can defeat .50 caliber armour-piercing rounds. Various types of other materials which closely resemble glass are also being developed.

paragraphs: Certain types of ceramic can also be used for "transparent" armour. They are denser and harder than traditional glass. These new types of transparent ceramic armours make thinner armour with equal stopping power to traditional laminated glass.


title: Digital certificates

paragraphs: Digital certificates are electronic 'credit cards' that establish your credentials when doing business or other transactions on the Web. It is issued by a certification authority (CA). It contains your name, a serial number, expiration dates, a copy of the certificate holder's public key (used for encrypting messages and digital signatures), and the digital signature of the certificate-issuing authority so that a recipient can verify that the certificate is real. Some digital certificates conform to a standard, X.509. Digital certificates can be kept in registries so that authenticating users can look up other users' public keys.

paragraphs: • The class 1 defines the certificate that do not hold any legal validity as the validation process is based only on a valid email ID and involves no direct verification.

paragraphs: •The class 2 category states that a person's identity is to be verified against a trusted,pre-verified database.

paragraphs: •The class 3 requires the person present himself or herself in front of the registration authority and prove his or her identity.


title: Date Masamune

paragraphs: In the Edo period, the Date clan were identified as one of the "tozama" or outsider clans, in contrast with the "fudai" or insider "daimyō" clans which were hereditary vassals or allies of the Tokugawa clan.

paragraphs: Date sent troops which fought with the Tokugawa during the Battle of Sekigahara.

paragraphs: The feudal daimyō were sometimes identified with the suffix ""-kō"" (servant) combined with the name of a place or a castle.

paragraphs: In 1601, Date built the Sendai castle; and the modern-day city of Sendai developed around it. Sendai"-kō" was one of the ways Date Masamune was described.

paragraphs: In 1613-1620, Date send Hasekura Tsunenaga on a diplomatic mission to the courts of Philip III of Spain in Madrid and Pope Paul V in Rome.

paragraphs: In 1991, a minor planet or main-belt asteroid 6859 Datemasamune was named after this Edo period historical figure.


title: Laura Feiersinger

paragraphs: Laura Feiersinger (born 5 April 1990 in Saalfelden, Austria) is an Austrian football player. She plays for FC Bayern München as a striker. Her father, Wolfgang Feiersinger, was a player for Borussia Dortmund and the Austrian national football team.

paragraphs: She started playing football for the SV Oftering. From 2001 till 2008 she played for 1. SK Saalfelden and later vor FC Pinzgau Saalfelden, a club coming out of the fusion between 1. Saalfeldner SK und ESV Saalfelden, the second club in Saalfelden. 2008 she went to USK Hof, the champion of the 2nd league west and played in the play off matches versus SV Groß-Schweinbarth. Together with Hof she was promoted to the ÖFB Frauenliga.

paragraphs: In 2010 she went to Germany and joined Herforder SV, which was, in this season, promoted to the Bundesliga. 2011/12 she went to FC Bayern München and debuted on 21 August 2011 versus Bayer Leverkusen.

paragraphs: Laura Feiersinger played for the Austrian U17 and U19 team and since 2010 in the Austrian women football national team.

paragraphs: The article uses information from de.wikipedia.org.


title: Quadruped

paragraphs: A quadruped is a vertebrate which walks on four legs. This is the basic locomotion of amphibia, reptiles and mammals. Those which walk on two legs or those which fly have evolved from the basic pattern. The scientific term for quadrupeds is Tetrapoda.


Pope Alexander


Patrick Murphy


title: Frank Drake

paragraphs: Frank Donald Drake PhD is an American astronomer (a scientist who studies the universe and what is inside it) and astrophysicist (someone who studies the physics of astronomy). He is most famous for joining in the first new SETI (Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence) experiment in 1960 and for making the Drake equation.

paragraphs: Born on the 28th of May 1930 in Chicago to Richard and Winifred Drake. As a young boy (in Chicago), Drake loved electronics and chemistry. He says that he thought of life on other planets but never said the idea with his family or teachers.

paragraphs: He enrolled at Cornell University on a Navy Reserve Officer Training Corps scholarship. Once there, he began studying astronomy. A lecture from astrophysist Otto Struve in 1951 strengthen Drake's ideas about the possibility of extraterrestrial life. After college, he served briefly as an electronics officer on the USS Albany. He then went on to graduate school at Harvard in radio astronomy.

paragraphs: Drake's hobbies include lapidary and orchid cultivation.

paragraphs: Drake started his career undertaking radio astronomical research at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) in Green Bank, West Virginia, and for a short time in 1963 at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. He conducted key measurements which revealed the presence of a Jovian ionosphere and magnetosphere.

paragraphs: In 1960, he started Project Ozma, which searches for extraterrestrial life. Drake is one of the pioneers of the modern field of the search for extraterrestrial intelligence with Giuseppe Cocconi, Philip Morrison, Iosif Shklovsky, and Carl Sagan.

paragraphs: Drake joined the Astronomy faculty of Cornell University in 1963. Drake lead the conversion of the Arecibo Observatory to a radio astronomical facility. He lead Arecibo's improvements in 1974 and 1996. As a researcher, Drake was involved in the early work on pulsars. In this period, Drake was a professor at Cornell University and Director of the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center (NAIC) – the formal name for the Arecibo facility. In 1974 he wrote the Arecibo message.

paragraphs: Drake co-designed the Pioneer plaque with Carl Sagan in 1972, the first physical message sent into space. The plaque was made to be read by clever alien life if they find it. He later helped the making of the Voyager Golden Record. He was elected to the AAAS in 1974.

paragraphs: Drake is a member of the National Academy of Sciences where he chaired the Board of Physics and Astronomy of the National Research Council (1989–92). He also served as President of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. He was a Professor of Astronomy at Cornell University (1964–84) and served as the Director of the Arecibo Observatory. He is currently involved in "The Carl Sagan Center for the Study of life in the universe".

paragraphs: He is Emeritus Professor of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California, Santa Cruz where he also served as Dean of Natural Sciences (1984–88). He serves on the Board of Trustees of the SETI Institute.

paragraphs: Drake Planetarium at Norwood High School in Norwood, Ohio is named for Dr. Drake and linked to NASA.


title: Pope Alexander III

paragraphs: Pope Alexander III (; c. 1100 – 30 August 1181), born Orlando Bandinelli, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 171st Pope was Pope from 1159 to 1181.

paragraphs: He was born in Siena. He was a member of the Bandinelli family.

paragraphs: In 1150, Pope Eugene III made Bandinelli a Cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Bandinelli was elected pope on September 7, 1159; and he chose the name Alexander III. His papacy was disputed by Antipope Victor IV, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Calixtus III and Antipope Innocent III.

paragraphs: Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Alexander's support for Thomas Becket, the Archbishop of Canterbury, did not resolve conflicts with the Henry II of England. After Becket was murdered, Alexander canonized him.


title: Pope Clement VII

paragraphs: Clement VII (; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534), born Giulio di Giuliano de' Medici, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 220th Pope from 1523 to 1534.

paragraphs: Giulio di Medici was born in Florence one month after his father's death. He was the nephew of Lorenzo de' Medici and he was a cousin of Pope Leo X.

paragraphs: Leo X made Medici the Archbishop of Florence.

paragraphs: On 23 September 1513, Medici was made cardinal.

paragraphs: In 1523, Cardinal Medici was elected pope. He chose to be called Clement VII.

paragraphs: Pope Clement was involved in Italian and European political disputes.[3]

paragraphs: Clement ordered Michelangelo's painting of "The Last Judgment" in the Sistine Chapel.


title: Suzanne Somers

paragraphs: Suzanne Somers (born October 16, 1946) is an American actress, singer and business woman. She was born in San Bruno, California.

paragraphs: She is notable for starring in many television series. Somers is best known for playing the part of Chrissy Snow on the first five seasons of "Three's Company", she left due to a contract dispute with ABC. She later made her comeback with the shows "She's the Sheriff" (which was syndicated) and "Step by Step" (which aired on ABC). She has written many bestselling books.

paragraphs: Somers was diagnosed with stage 1 breast cancer in 2000. She had a lumpectomy and has recovered. She been criticized for her strong views about medical subjects. Her promotions of alternative cancer treatments have been subject to criticism from American Cancer Society.

paragraphs: In 1977, she married Canadian producer Alan Hamel.


title: Cape Mendocino

paragraphs: Cape Mendocino is a geographic feature of the northern Californian coastline. It is the westernmost point of the coast of California in Humboldt County.

paragraphs: The cape was named in the 1540s. The name honors Antonio de Mendoza. He was the Viceroy of New Spain.

paragraphs: This It has been known as a landmark since the 16th century. Spanish ships crossed the Pacific Ocean by following the Pacific trade winds. The North Equatorial Current brought them to the North American coastline. After landfall, the Manila galleons would sail down the coast to Acapulco in Mexico.

paragraphs: Francis Drake sighted Cape Mendocino in 1576.

paragraphs: Hasekura Tsunenaga's sailed from Japan to Cape Mendocino in 1613. Hasekura was on a diplomatic mission. He was traveling to the courts of Philip II of Spain and Pope Paul V.

paragraphs: The Cape Mendocino region is an active earthquake zone. In April 1992, three big earthquakes were centered near the cape.

paragraphs: The Mendocino Triple Junction is to the west of Cape Mendocino under the Pacific Ocean. It is a geologic triple junction where three tectonic plates come together. The San Andreas Fault, a transform boundary, runs south from the junction, separating the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. To the north is the Cascadia subduction zone, where the Gorda Plate is being subducted under the edge of the North American plate. Running west from the triple junction is the Mendocino Fracture Zone, the transform boundary between the Gorda Plate and the Pacific Plate.


title: Cavaquinho

paragraphs: The cavaquinho (pronounced [kavɐˈkiɲu] in Portuguese) is a small string instrument of the European guitar family with four wire or gut strings. Its standard tuning is D, G, B, D. Other tunings include D-A-B-E (Portuguese old tuning, made popular by Júlio Pereira) and G-G-B-D and A-A-C#-E. Guitarists often use D-G-B-E tuning to imitate the highest four strings of the guitar. The G-C-E-A tuning is sometimes used to imitate the soprano/tenor ukulele, an instrument developed from the cavaquinhos that the Portuguese took to Hawaii in the late 19th century.


title: Gower

paragraphs: Gower is a peninsula in Wales. It is near Swansea. It has many scenic sights like caves.


title: David Heath

paragraphs: David William Heath (born February 16, 1969) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for competing with the World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment under the ring name, Gangrel.

paragraphs: As Gangrel, he was known for forming the professional wrestling stable, The Brood. He portrayed a vampire gimmick and would wear fangs, come down to the ring with a goblet of blood and drink from it and gave other wrestlers blood baths.


title: Plucked string instrument

paragraphs: Plucked string instruments are instruments that are plucked either by fingerpicking or a pick. Examples of this are guitars, ukuleles, lutes, bass guitars, mandolins and banjos.


title: Raven's Nest

paragraphs: Raven's Nest (also known as Raven's Flock) was a professional wrestling stable that was active in Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) from 1995 to 1997 which was led by Raven. The stable was also active in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).


title: Circus (album)

paragraphs: Circus is the 6th album by Britney Spears. It consists of electropop and dance pop. This hit record was released on November 28, 2008. The album debuted on "Billboard" 200 near the top; it sold half a million copies during its 1st week and received positive review from critics. The album's lead single was "Womanizer". Other singles released were the title track, "If U Seek Amy", and "Radar."


title: Fingerpicking

paragraphs: Fingerpicking is a technique used on all plucked string instruments. Some plucked stringed instrument players may prefer using a pick, some may prefer fingerpicking.


title: Duluth, Minnesota

paragraphs: Duluth is a city in northeast Minnesota next to Lake Superior and next to Superior, Wisconsin. It is the westernmost U.S. city on the Great Lakes. The harbor at Duluth is accessible to ocean-going vessels from the Atlantic Ocean away via the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence Seaway.

paragraphs: Duluth is the county seat of Saint Louis County. It is the fourth largest city in Minnesota. At the 2010 census, Duluth had 86,265 people. Duluth is the second largest city on Lake Superior after Thunder Bay, Ontario. It has the largest metropolitan area on Lake Superior. The Duluth MSA had 279,771 people in 2010.

paragraphs: Duluth forms a metropolitan area with Superior, Wisconsin called the "Twin Ports". These two cities share the Duluth–Superior harbor and together are the Great Lakes' largest port transporting coal, iron ore (taconite), and grain.

paragraphs: As a tourist destination for the Midwest, Duluth has America's only all-freshwater aquarium, the Great Lakes Aquarium. Duluth is known for the Aerial Lift Bridge, which spans the Duluth Ship Canal into the Duluth-Superior Harbor. People also visit Minnesota Point (known as Park Point locally), one of the world's longest freshwater sand spits, that is long. People come to the city to start vehicle trips along Minnesota's famous North Shore. Each year, 16,000 people come to Duluth to run the "Grandma's Marathon". The 610' long William A Irvin is a museum ship that used to be the flagship of the United States Steel ore carrier fleet.

paragraphs: The city is named for Daniel Greysolon, Le Sieur du Luth, the first known European explorer of the area.


title: The Partridge Family

paragraphs: The Partridge Family was an American situation comedy. It was about a widowed mother and five children who become involved in music. The series was shown from September 25, 1970 to August 31, 1974 on ABC Network. It was produced by Paul Junger Witt.


title: Testimonial

paragraphs: A testimonial is when a company uses a celebrity or famous person or a member of the public to endorse a product so the consumer wants it too. For example a professional football player recommends a particular brand of shirts. The idea behind this is for the consumer to think "Oh! That famous person likes that shirt, I think I'll get it too!".


title: Behind These Hazel Eyes

paragraphs: "Behind These Hazel Eyes" is a hit single from 2005 by singer Kelly Clarkson from her 2004 album Breakaway. The song is about a relationship in which a man breaks a girl's heart and doesn't care how much he hurts her.


title: Nightwing

paragraphs: Nightwing is a name that has been used by several fictional characters in the DC Comics Universe. The name was used early on with characters related to Superman. Superman was the first to use the name. The most well know use of the name for a character was the original Robin, Dick Grayson. The Comic book "Nightwing", about this version of the character was printed from 1996 until 2009. A new volume of the comic has been published from 2011 and is still being published today.


title: Frustration

paragraphs: In psychology, frustration is a common emotional way to act when things go wrong. It is a feeling of being angry and sad when something one wants or wishes for does not happen.

paragraphs: In physics, frustration (or geometrical frustration) is a property of water molecules in ice when a freezing crystal is formed. The presence of random or conflicting atoms stop the ice from being completely frozen. It is called "water ice".


title: Indo-Pakistani War of 1971

paragraphs: The Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 was a military conflict between India and Pakistan. Lasting just 13 days, it is considered one of the shortest wars in history.

paragraphs: During the war, Indian and Pakistani forces fought on the eastern and western fronts. The war effectively came to an end after the Eastern Command of the Pakistani Armed Forces signed the Instrument of Surrender (1971) on December 16, 1971. After the surrender, East Pakistan seceded as the independent state of Bangladesh. Around 97,368 West Pakistanis who were in East Pakistan at the time of its independence, including some 79,700 Pakistan Army soldiers and paramilitary personnel and 12,500 civilians, were taken as prisoners of war by India.

paragraphs: The Soviet Union sided with the Bangladeshis, and supported the Indian Army and Mukti Bahini during the war. The Soviets thought that the independence of Bangladesh would weaken the position of its rivals—the United States and China. The USSR gave assurances to India that if a confrontation with the United States or China developed, it would take counter-measures. This assurance was enshrined in the Indo-Soviet friendship treaty signed in August 1971.

paragraphs: The United States supported Pakistan politically and with supplies. President Richard Nixon and his Secretary of State Henry Kissinger feared Soviet expansion into South and Southeast Asia. Pakistan was a close ally of the People's Republic of China, with whom Nixon had been negotiating a "rapprochement". Nixon was planning to visit China in February 1972. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of West Pakistan would give the Soviets control over the region. It would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. In order to demonstrate to China the "bona fides" of the United States as an ally, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran, while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan. The Nixon administration also ignored reports it received of the "genocidal" activities of the Pakistani Army in East Pakistan, most notably the Blood telegram. This prompted widespread criticism and condemnation both by Congress and in the international press.

paragraphs: The United States introduced a resolution in the UN Security Council calling for a cease-fire and the withdrawal of armed forces by India and Pakistan. It was vetoed by the Soviet Union. In the following days Nixon and Kissinger tried to get India to withdraw, but they did not succeed.

paragraphs: President Nixon requested Iran and Jordan to send their F-86, F-104 and F-5 fighter jets in aid of Pakistan.

paragraphs: When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier USS "Enterprise" into the Bay of Bengal. The "Enterprise" and its escort ships arrived on station on 11 December 1971. According to a Russian documentary, the United Kingdom deployed a carrier battle group led by the aircraft carrier HMS "Eagle" to the Bay.

paragraphs: On 6 December and 13 December, the Soviet Navy dispatched two groups of cruisers and destroyers and a submarine armed with nuclear missiles from Vladivostok; they trailed U.S. Task Force 74 into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also had a nuclear submarine to help ward off the threat posed by USS "Enterprise" task force in the Indian Ocean.


title: Long Buckby

paragraphs: Long Buckby is a village and civil parish in Northamptonshire, England, midway between Northampton and Rugby. In the 2001 census the parish of Long Buckby (which includes the hamlet of Long Buckby Wharf) had a population of exactly 4,000.

paragraphs: It is a part of the Daventry district. In the local elections of 2007 the Conservatives retained the seat but with a smaller majority than previous elections.


title: Malay Wikipedia

paragraphs: Malay Wikipedia (Malay: Wikipedia Bahasa Melayu, Jawi script: ويکيڤيديا بهاس ملايو, abbreviation: mswiki) is the Malay version of Wikipedia. Started in October 2002, currently has over articles as in November 2011.


title: Atmel AVR

paragraphs: The AVR microcontroller architecture was developed by Atmel in 1996. It is based on the Harvard microcontroller architecture. The AVR was one of the first microcontroller families to use on-chip flash memory for program storage, as opposed to one-time programmable ROM, EPROM, or EEPROM used by other microcontrollers at the time.

paragraphs: Many people think that AVR stands for Alf (Egil Bogen) and Vegard (Wollan)'s Risc processor".

paragraphs: This architecture replaces older MCS-51 architecture. One machine cycle of MCS-51 takes 12 clock cycles and most of instructions are executed in one machine cycle.

paragraphs: AVR microcontrollers (MCUs) can execute most of instructions in single machine cycle too, but one machine cycle takes only one clock cycle. Performance per clock cycle is 12 times higher with AVR.

paragraphs: The core has 32 general purpose registers directly connected to ALU. It allowing two independent

paragraphs: registers to be accessed and instruction with them executed in one machine cycle.

paragraphs: Every AVR has some input/output ports. The port has up to 8 physical pins on its package. Every pin can be configured as input or output. If a pin is used for input, it can turn on built-in pull-up resistors through register PORTx. If a pin is configured as output, it can handleup to 40mA of load per pin and max 100mA for all pins on the port.

paragraphs: This uses the same protocol as IC and can be used as IC interface

paragraphs: The UART can be used for RS232/RS485 communication.


title: Vienna Circle

paragraphs: The Vienna Circle (in German: der Wiener Kreis) was the name of a group of philosophers who began meeting around the University of Vienna in 1922.

paragraphs: Many famous philosophers were members. Some of its members were:

paragraphs: Most followed the philosophy that came to be known as logical positivism.

paragraphs: Ludwig Wittgenstein's, 1921 book "Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus" formed the basis for the group's ideas. Wittgenstein himself insisted that they did not understand him correctly and took to quietly reading poetry to himself during their meetings.

paragraphs: The Vienna Circle was broken up when the Nazi party came to power in Germany in 1933, many of its members moved to the USA, where they became teachers in several universities.

paragraphs: The Vienna Circle's influence on 20th century philosophy was very large.


title: University of Vienna

paragraphs: The University of Vienna (German: Universität Wien) is a public university in Vienna, Austria. It was founded by Duke Rudolph IV in 1365 and is the oldest university in the German-speaking world. It is the largest university in Austria and one of the largest in Europe.


paragraphs: National Memorial Day of the Exiles and Foibe (in Italian: "Giorno del Ricordo") is Italian celebration in memory of ethnic cleansing's victims in massacres of Foibe and exiles from Dalmatia, Istria and "Venezia Giulia".

paragraphs: Italian president Giorgio Napolitano took an official speech in which he stated:

paragraphs: Step for this celebration was allowed by the end of communist totalitarian regimes in Balkan nations because culpability of these crimes is of old politicians. Celebration was instituted in 2004 and first Memorial Day was held in 2005.


title: Pope Alexander IV

paragraphs: Pope Alexander IV (; c. 1185 – 25 May 1261), born Rinaldo Conti di Segni, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church. He was the 182nd Pope from 1254 until his death.

paragraphs: Rinaldo Conti di Segni was born into the family of the counts of Segni. His relations included Pope Innocent III and Pope Gregory IX.

paragraphs: In 1227, Gregory IX made Conti a cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Conti was elected pope on December 12, 1254. He chose to be called Alexander IV.

paragraphs: Pope Alexander was involved in Italian and European political disputes. The pope tried and failed to affect politics in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.


title: Keichō

paragraphs: The "nengō" "Keichō" means "Eternal Jubilance" or "Eternal Jubilance".


title: Senedd

paragraphs: The Senedd (), also called the National Assembly building, contains the "debating chamber" and 3 committee rooms for the National Assembly for Wales in Cardiff. The building is 5,308 square meters (57,100 sq ft) large.

paragraphs: After 2 selection processes were held, it was decided a new debating chamber for Wales was to built on a new site," Site 1E," at Capital Waterside in Cardiff Bay.

paragraphs: Richard Rogers, an architect who had won the Pritzker Prize, won the international competition to design the building. It was designed to be sustainable, with renewable technologies, and to be energy efficient. The building was awarded an "Excellent" certification by the" Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method", the highest ever certification to be awarded in Wales, and was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize. The Senedd is now a symbol of Cardiff, and Wales.

paragraphs: The Senedd was constructed in two phases, the first in 2001 and the second starting in August 2003, until it was handed over to the National Assembly in February 2006.

paragraphs: Between the phases, the National Assembly changed contractors and the management structure of the project, but kept Rogers as architect.

paragraphs: Once finished, the building cost almost 6 times more than expected, and was finished 4 years and 10 months late (compared to estimates in 1997).

paragraphs: The cost grew because of the extra security that had to be added after the September 11 attacks, and because the National Assembly did not have an independent estimate of the project's cost until December 2000, three years after the original estimate. The costs of the second phase grew by less than 6% over budget, and was 6 months late, because of ICT problems.

paragraphs: It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 1 March 2006 and it cost £69.6 million, which included £49.7 million in construction costs. The Senedd is part of the land owned by the National Assembly that includes Tŷ Hywel and the Pierhead Building.


title: June Christy

paragraphs: June Christy (November 20, 1925 in Springfield, Illinois - June 21, 1990) was an American singer. She started her singing career with the Stan Kenton Orchestra. Her solo career began in 1954. She was active until 1988.

paragraphs: Christy died in Sherman Oaks, Los Angeles, California from renal failure. After her death, people called her one of the finest and most neglected singers of her time.


title: Pall Mall

paragraphs: Pall Mall is a street in the City of Westminster, London. It is parallel to The Mall. Pall Mall East leads into Trafalgar Square.

paragraphs: The street's name is taken from a game called 'pall mall'. The game was a mallet-and-ball game played in the early 17th century.

paragraphs: Pall Mall is probably best known for its many gentlemen's clubs.


title: 119 (number)

paragraphs: 119 (One hundred [and] nineteen) is the natural number that comes after 118 and comes before 120. In Roman numerals, it is CXIX.


Seneca


title: Jo Stafford

paragraphs: Jo Stafford, (November 12, 1917 - July 16, 2008) was an American singer for traditional pop (or called standard pop) and for jazz standards. She was born in Coalinga, California. Her career began during the late 1930s and lasted until the early 1960s. Stafford was strongly admired for the purity of her voice; she was one of the most versatile singers (or vocalists) of that era. In 1961 she won Grammy Awards for Best Comedy Album. She died of congestive heart failure in Century City, Los Angeles.


title: Hilaire Belloc

paragraphs: Hilaire Belloc (27 July 1870–1953) was a French-born English writer, poet, satirist and politician . He wrote many different poems which he put into the book "Cautionary Tales for Children". That book included the famous Matilda. This poem was about a girl who told lies and was burned to death. Belloc was one of the most poductive writers in 1902.

paragraphs: Belloc was a politician as well as a writer. He was a Member of Parliament from 1906 until 1910. While he many things in addition to writing, he is best known for his writing. These poems included characters such as Jim, who ran away from his nurse and was eaten by a lion and Matilda who told lies and was burnt to death. Belloc was also well known as a speaker, man of letters and political activist


title: FC Dinamo Tbilisi

paragraphs: FC Dinamo Tbilisi is a football club from Tbilisi, Georgia. The club was one of the best in the Soviet Top League, but after the Soviet Union broke up, the club joined the newly created league, the Umaglesi Liga. The team won the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup, Soviet Top League, Soviet Cup, Umaglesi Liga, Georgian Cup, Georgian Super Cup and the CIS Cup.


title: Boris Paichadze Stadium

paragraphs: The Boris Paichadze Stadium is a stadium in Tbilisi, Georgia built in 1976. The stadium is home to FC Dinamo Tbilisi and the Georgia national football team. The stadium is used for football and rugby. The stadium can hold around 56,000 people.


title: Alejandro García Casañas

paragraphs: Alejandro García Casañas (born on 14 January 1970 in Barcelona, Spain) is a Spanish retired professional footballer and a current coach. He played as a defender. As a player, he only got 278 appearances for his 13 years of clubs. He currently coaches FC Dinamo Tbilisi.


title: Wiki Conference India

paragraphs: Wiki Conference India was a event held in India for users of Wikimedia projects. It was hosted by the Mumbai users of Wikimedia and Wikimedia India Chapter


title: Austrian Regional League West

paragraphs: The Regionalliga West is one of three 3rd level football leagues in Austria. The Regionalliga West is formed by teams from the federal states Vorarlberg, Tyrol (only North Tyrol) and Salzburg. The league was formed in the 1980/81 season.

paragraphs: The champions of the three leagues have to play relegation matches against the 9th from the first league. Amateur teams of professional clubs are not allowed to promote, so Red Bull Juniors, last seasons champion, is still playing in this league.


title: Kate Smith

paragraphs: Kathryn Elizabeth Smith, better known as Kate Smith (May 1, 1907 - June 17, 1986) was an American singer and musician. She is best known for being plus sized and for singing "God Bless America". Her radio, television and recording career began around 1930. It reached its best during the 1940s. She died from complications of diabetes in June 1986.


title: Harley-Davidson

paragraphs: Harley-Davidson, or H-D for short, is an American motorcycle maker that started making motorcycles in Milwaukee in 1903. The company makes heavyweight motorcycles that are designed for cruising on the highway; they're called Harleys. Harley-Davidson is one of two big U.S. companies that made motorcycles that was still in business after the Great Depression; the other closed down in 1953.

paragraphs: Harleys have a special look and sound. Most new Harleys, except the V-Rods, are made to look like old Harleys. Harley-Davidson made small motorcycles in the US and in Italy, but they didn't sell well enough. They stopped making small motorcycles in the US in 1966 and in Italy in 1978.

paragraphs: Harley-Davidson and their motorcycles have many fans. The fans can join clubs and go to events or to Harley-Davidson's museum. Apart from selling motorcycles, Harley-Davidson also charges fees for companies to put Harley-Davidson's logos on the things they make. Less than one-hundredth of the money Harley-Davidson made in 2010 came from these fees.

paragraphs: William S. Harley, Arthur Davidson, William A. Davidson and Walter Davidson, Sr. were inducted into the Labor Hall of Honor. They were given the award for their good work for the H-D company and its workforce.


title: Eduard Kainberger

paragraphs: Eduard "Edi" Kainberger (born 20 November 1911 in Salzburg, died 7 March 1974) was an Austrian football player. He played as goalkeeper for SAK 1914 and the Austrian amateur footballteam. With this team he won the silver medal at the 1936 Olympic football tournament.

paragraphs: Together with his younger brother Karl he played for Salzburger AK 1914 in the Salzburger football league. He won several titles with the club and played for the first time in the national team in 1933 versus Hungary. At the 1936 Olympic games he won with the Austrian squad the silver medal and played 4 matches during the tournament. In 1938 he went to TSV 1860 München. Till his 42th year he played 1200 times as goalkeeper.


title: Hurricane Dolly

paragraphs: Hurricane Dolly was the first United States hurricane of 2008. The storm struck south central Texas with winds of around 100 miles an hour. Dolly caused no deaths within Texas. Damage, however, was estimated between $1 billion and $2 billion. The storm hit in July 2008. Despite the extensive damage, the name Dolly was not retired.


title: Ultralight material

paragraphs: Ultralight materials are very light substances. They include silica aerogels, carbon nanotube aerogels, metallic foams, polymeric foams, and metallic microlattices. The density of air is about 1.275 mg/cm, which means that the air in the pores greatly lowers the density of the material.

paragraphs: The lightest material ever made was invented in 2011. It is made out of a microscopic micro-lattice of hollow tubes – a criss-cross diagonal pattern with open spaces between the tubes. The researchers say the material is 100 times lighter than Styrofoam and is very strong. The material is low density: it has a density of 0.9 milligrams per cubic centimetre. Silica aerogels, the world's lightest "solid" materials, are only as low as 1.0 mg per cubic cm. The metallic micro-lattices are 99.99% air and only 0.01% solid. The metal used is nickel.

paragraphs: The material is not just light: it has some elastic properties. When it is squashed, the little tubes are also squashed, but when the pressure is removed, they rebound. A sample squashed to half its height rebounds 98% when the pressure is lifted. That makes the material similar in some ways to elastomers: they are materials used to cushion against shock.


title: Venona project

paragraphs: The Venona project was a long time secret plan which started in February 1943 by the United States Army Signal Intelligence Service. The project was transferred to the National Security Agency and had many names. However, VENONA was the last name that was used. The word VENONA is usually in capital letters (VENONA) but some writings use lowercase letters (Venona). VENONA was made to decrypt secret communications of Soviet intelligence agencies including NKVD, KGB and GRU. Decryption was possible because the encrypting one-time pads were reused.

paragraphs: The Venona project was most famous for the Julius and Ethel Rosenberg case known as LIBERAL and it ended in both of them being executed. VENONA exposed other spies including Klaus Fuchs and Alger Hiss.

paragraphs: In July 1995, the first six documents were shown which included had 49 messages about the Soviets trying to get information on the United States atomic bomb and the Manhattan Project. In the next five more years, about 3,000 VENONA messages were made public.


title: Renaud

paragraphs: Renaud, popular name of Renaud Séchan (born 1952, Paris) is a French singer and songwriter. He sang "Dans mon H.L.M.", "Laisse béton", "Les Bobos", "Manhattan-Kaboul", "Marche à l’ombre", "Mistral gagnant", "Molly Malone" and "Mon beauf’". In the 90s, he was a contributor for the satirical weekly magazine "Charlie Hebdo".


title: Mars Science Laboratory

paragraphs: The Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a NASA mission to land and control a rover named Curiosity on the surface of the planet Mars. The MSL was launched on November 26, 2011. The MSL successfully did the first-ever precision landing on Mars. It landed on Mars at Gale Crater on August 5, 2012 and began exploring the surface.

paragraphs: The goal of the Curiosity rover is to study the history of Mars. It was to see whether Mars has, or ever had, an environment able to support microbial life. It indeed did that, finding evidence that 3 Billion years ago there was once water and a life-supporting environment. It is important to know that it found that life COULD HAVE existed, not that it certainly DID. It will also carefully look at samples scooped up from the soil and drilled powders from rocks.

paragraphs: "Curiosity" is five times as heavy as the Mars Exploration Rovers "Spirit" or "Opportunity" and carries more than ten times their mass of scientific instruments . It was launched by an Atlas V 541 rocket. "Curiosity" will be expected to work for at least 1 Martian year (668 Martian sols/686 Earth days), but may live a lot longer than that. It will explore Mars with greater range than any other rover.

paragraphs: Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program. The program is a long-term mission of robotic exploration of Mars. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory of the California Institute of Technology manages the program for NASA. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.3 billion.


title: Mayfair

paragraphs: Mayfair (first called The May Fair) is an area in central London. It is in the city of Westminster.

paragraphs: Mayfair is named after the annual fortnight-long "May Fair" that happened in a place that is Shepherd Market today (from 1686 until it was banned at that place in 1764). Until 1686, the May Fair was held in Haymarket, and after 1764, it moved to Fair Field in Bow.

paragraphs: Mayfair was bordered by Hyde Park to the west, Oxford Street to the north, Piccadilly to the south and Bond Street to the east, although the eastern boundary has been made longer recently, so now it goes all the way to Regent Street. Most of the area was first made between the mid 17th century and the mid 18th century.

paragraphs: The district is mostly commercial now. It has many offices in houses and new buildings. The price of rents in Mayfair are some of the highest in London and the world. There is still a large number of houses as well as some exclusive shopping and London's largest number of luxury hotels and many restaurants. Some buildings in Mayfair are:

paragraphs: The City of Westminster uses the Mayfair Library as a local library.

paragraphs: St. Nicholas College of London has lessons in English and other languages for people who live in and visit Mayfair.


title: Walla Walla, Washington

paragraphs: Walla Walla is a town in Washington. It is known for its wine vineyards. It is near the Oregon state line. It is also the home to Whitman College and a state prison.


title: Overpass

paragraphs: An overpass is a bridge over a road, railway, or similar pathway. It allows people or vehicles to cross pathways without coming into contact with the traffic on the other pathway.


title: Folie à deux

paragraphs: Folie à deux is the name for a condition where an otherwise sane person develops the symptoms and delusions of a person suffering from psychosis. If more than two people share the symptoms or delusions, people speak about "folie à trois" (3), "folie à quatre" (4), "folie à plusieurs", or "folie en famille". Officially, the condition is known as induced delusional disorder or shared psychotic disorder today, but many publications still use the original terms, which were developed in France in the 19th century.

paragraphs: Today, there are two main forms of the condition:

paragraphs: Newer studies seem to indicate that this classification may not be sufficient to fully describe 'folie à deux'. There may be more symptoms than are usually described in the cases above. Also, in many cases, separating the two patients may not be enough to make the condition go away in one of them. Also, the person described as "sane" before developing the folie à deux may already be suffering from a psychiatric illness, or may develop one.

paragraphs: The condition was first described in an article pubilshed by Ernest-Charles Lasègue and Jules Farlet in 1877.

paragraphs: Mass hysteria can be seen as a form of folie à deux.


title: SnRNP

paragraphs: Small nuclear RNA (snRNP, or 'snurps'), joins with proteins to form spliceosomes. The spliceosomes govern alternative splicing.

paragraphs: The background to this is that, in eukaryotes, most genes code for a protein in separated strings of DNA. This is because, of a total gene, coding bits (exons) are separated by non-coding bits (introns). The process called alternative splicing can produce many possible proteins from the gene parts because the proteins are put together in different ways. Alternative splicing produces alternative messenger RNAs, and these produce different proteins. Spliceosomes control the details of the splicing.

paragraphs: The two essential components of snRNPs are protein molecules and RNA. The RNA found within each snRNP particle is known as small nuclear RNA, or snRNA, and is usually about 150 nucleotides in length. The snRNA component of the snurp is specific to individual introns because it 'recognises' the sequences of critical signals at the ends and branch sites of introns. The snRNA in snurps is similar to ribosomal RNA: it acts both as an enzyme (catalyst) and builds structure.

paragraphs: SnRNPs were discovered by Michael Lerner and Joan Steitz.

paragraphs: Thomas Cech and Sidney Altman also played a role in the discovery, winning the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1989 for their independent discoveries that RNA can act as a catalyst in cell development.


title: Google Nexus

paragraphs: The Nexus is a series of Android smartphones and tablets produced by Google in co-operation with some phone-making companies. The purpose of the Nexus phones and tablets is to offer a "pure Android experience", in which the phones or tablets come free of carrier or manufacturer modifications and with an unlockable bootloader to allow for further development and end-user modification. Nexus phones and tablets were once considered the "flagship" Android devices. The Nexus line was later replaced with the Google Pixel.

paragraphs: The series also had a media streaming device known as the Nexus Q, however it was never officially released because it didn't have enough features to make it worth using.


title: Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked

paragraphs: Alvin and the Chipmunks: Chipwrecked is a 2011 movie starring Jason Lee as David Seville. The main characters for the movie are Alvin, Simon, Theodore and the Chipettes. The movie was released on December 16, 2011.

paragraphs: Dave Seville (Jason Lee), the chipmunks, and the chipettes are on a cruise with Dave for a family vacation. Dave discovers that his old boss, Ian Hawke (David Cross) is working as a pelican on the Cruise. Dave warns Alvin to not have too much fun but Alvin does not listen and him and the other chipmunks get blown away while holding onto a kite and they end up stranded on a deserted island. Dave tries to take a hanglider to find the chipmunks but after Ian tries to stop him and they both end up in the ocean.

paragraphs: On the island, the chipmunks try to find food and they meet a castaway, Zoe (Jenny Slate). She shows the chipmunks her hut she built with a zip line. Eleanor sprains her ankle after falling from the zip line and Simon gets bitten by a spider. This gives him a neurotoxin disease making him believe he is a French explorer named "Simone." Simone asks Jeanette to dance, thinking she is beautiful, much to Alvin's dismay. Zoe takes Simone, Jeanette, Eleanor and Theodore to a waterfall and Simone finds a cave full of gold and jewellery.

paragraphs: The next day, Alvin and Brittnay notice the volcano on the island is active and decide they had better leave the island after Dave and Ian arrive at the island. They begin to build a raft to escape the island. Simone and Jeanette are still looking for food. Zoe knocks Simone out with a golf ball, and captures Jeanette. She forces her to give her all the gold, by tying Jeanette to a rope and putting her down into the cave. Even though Jeanette refuses, Zoe still makes her.

paragraphs: Later, Simon wakes up as his normal self and cannot remember anything after the spider bite. When the others cross a tree log to find Jeanette but when the ground begins to rumble, Zoe lets go of the rope. Jeanette follows Dave and Alvin back but gets caught by Zoe who still forces Jeanette to give her the gold. Simon saves Jeanette from Zoe. Alvin cuts the rope, releasing Zoe's grip and as the log begins to crack, Dave hangs on and Ian finally convinces Zoe to help save Dave.

paragraphs: They escape the island on the raft just as the volcano erupts and later are rescued by a rescue helicopter, Jeanette gives Zoe a bracelet that Simone gave her as a present. Alvin and Dave reconcile.

paragraphs: The chipmunks and chipettes perform at the International Music Awards and Ian gets his job back by selling Zoe's story to Hollywood.

paragraphs: In the epilogue on the flight home, Alvin speaks on the pilot's microphone that the plane is heading for Timbuktu. The flight attendant says the flight will leave now and Alvin accidentally pushes the food cart and it hits Dave and Dave yells "ALLLLVINNN!!"


title: Joan Gamper Trophy

paragraphs: The Joan Gamper Trophy (also known as Joan Gamper Cup) is a yearly friendly football competition before the start of FC Barcelona's season. The tournament is named after a player, and president, of FC Barcelona whose name was Joan Gamper. The tournament is always hosted by FC Barcelona at the Camp Nou. The trophy is pure silver and gold.


title: Metalist Stadium

paragraphs: Oblast Sports Complex "Metalist" (, commonly known as simply the Metalist Stadium) is a stadium in Kharkiv, Ukraine. The stadium was one of the venues for the UEFA Euro 2012. The stadium can hold 38,633 people. F.C. Metalist Kharkiv plays there. The stadium was first opened on September 12, 1926. The stadium's only renovation was on December 5, 2009, for the UEFA Euro 2012.


title: Alfred Riedl

paragraphs: Alfred Riedl (2 November 1949 – 8 September 2020) was an Austrian football player. He played as striker in Austria and Belgium. He was also a football coach.

paragraphs: He played for FK Austria Wien until his 22nd year. Then he went to Belgium and played there 8 seasons for Sint-Truiden, Royal Antwerp and Standard Liège. After he came back to Austria he played for KK Austria, Grazer AK, Wiener Sportclub and VfB Admira Wacker Mödling. He was two times top scorer in the Belgian league.

paragraphs: From 1974-1978 he played four matches for the Austrian national football team.

paragraphs: As a manager, Riedl has coached Olympique Khouribga (Morocco, 1993–94), Al-Zamalek (Egypt, 1994–95), Al Salmiya (Kuwait, 2001–03), and many national teams, including Austria (1990–92), Liechtenstein (1997–98), Palestine (2004–05), Vietnam (1998–2001, 2003–04, 2005–2007), and Laos.

paragraphs: Riedl died on 8 September 2020 of cancer in Vienna at the age of 70.


title: Halkett boat

paragraphs: A Halkett boat is a type of lightweight inflatable boat. The boat was first created by (1820–1885) during the 1840s. Halkett had been interested in the problems of travelling in the Canadian Arctic. He wanted to make a boat that was light enough to be carried over bad terrain, but strong enough to be used in very bad weather conditions.

paragraphs: Halkett's first design was a boat that was made using cloth combined with rubber. This boat could be filled with air (inflated) to float on water or the air could be removed (deflated) so it would be smaller and lighter to carry. When deflated, the hull of the boat could be worn as a cloak. The oar used as a walking stick and the sail could be used as an umbrella. Next, he created a two-man boat that was small enough to fit into a knapsack. When it was deflated, It could be used as a waterproof blanket.

paragraphs: Many people who explored Canada liked his ideas but they were not very useful to most other people. He tried to show the Royal Navy that the boats could be useful to them but did not succeed. He also could not sell them fishermen and people that hunted duck. They were commercially unsuccessful. Only two Halkett boats are still known to exist. One belonged to Orcadian explorer John Rae. The other is in the Hudson's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum.

paragraphs: Peter Halkett was a Lieutenant in the Royal Navy in the 1840s. He was the son of John Halkett, a director of the Hudson's Bay Company who had lived in Canada for many years before returning to England. Peter Halkett was interested in the exploration of the Canadian Arctic for a long time. He was very interested in John Franklin's Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822. This expedition had many problems.

paragraphs: Franklin explored the northern coast of Canada for three years. He was looking for the Northwest Passage. His search ended very badly. It was said that people killed other members of the expedition and that some even ate the other people. 11 of the 20 members of the group were killed. The people that were not killed had to eat lichen, their own boots, and the remains of dead animals left by wolves. They had become stranded on the wrong side of the Coppermine River after their boats had been destroyed in a storm. John Richardson tried to swim to safety. This caused him very bad hypothermia. One person in the party built a small canoe from canvas and willow. They had to cross the river one at a time using the canoe.

paragraphs: Halkett was an amateur inventor. During his spare time while in the navy, he worked on building a boat that would be small and light enough to be carried through wilderness, but strong enough to carry people in safety across wide bodies of water. He chose to build a boat in which all parts could also be used as clothing or items that the user would normally carry with them.

paragraphs: Halkett made a waterproof cloak. It was created from an early form of Macintosh cloth. This cloth was made of cotton combined with India rubber. The inside of the cloak was an airtight and watertight inflatable ovoid. It was made of four different airtight sections. If one section was damaged and could not hold air, the others would still keep the boat floating. The cloak had a pocket that held a paddle blade and a small bellows. The person wearing the cloak would carry a walking stick. This stick was also used as the handle for the paddle. There was also a large umbrella which was used as a sail for the boat. The cloak weighed about . It took three to four minutes to inflate the boat. Once the boat was inflated, it could carry six to eight people.

paragraphs: In early 1844, Halkett tested the first boat-cloak on the River Thames. He paddled it without taking on any water. His test went very well. Because of this, he took the boat-cloak with him while on naval service. He used it whenever he could to test it under many different sea conditions. In November 1844, Halkett wanted to test the boat-cloak in bad weather conditions. The seas of the Bay of Biscay were usually very bad, but the weather was unusually calm when he got there. The boat-cloak was very well liked by explorers. John Richardson (who had almost died during the 1819–1822 Coppermine expedition) wrote that "Had we been possessed of such a contrivance in our first expedition, I have little doubt of our having brought the whole party in safely".

paragraphs: Because of how well the boat-cloak did during his tests, Halkett built a larger version. This boat could be folted into a knapsack. When inflated, it could carry two men. Each man would use a paddle on each side of the boat. When deflated, the boat could be used as a waterproof blanket. This would allow the users to sleep on wet ground. The people in charge of the Royal Navy though the boat could be useful to some people but was not likely to be useful to the Navy. On 8 May 1845 Lord Herbert, First Secretary to the Admiralty wrote to Halkett that "My Lords are of an opinion that your invention is extremely clever and ingenious, and that it might be useful in Exploring and Surveying Expeditions, but they do not consider that it would be made applicable for general purposes in the Naval Service".

paragraphs: Although the Navy saw no use for Halkett's boats in general naval service, this larger boat was liked very much by explorers. John Franklin bought one to take on the 1845 expedition. This expedition ended badly. All 129 men and their two ships were lost and never found. Franklin believed that Halkett boats were very needed to travel in Canada. He gave the boat that was to be used for his expedition to Sir George Simpson, Governor-in-Chief of Rupert's Land so that Simpson could use in his travels in the region. He got another boat from Halkett to be used on his last expedition.

paragraphs: Orkneyman John Rae, known by the Inuit as (, "He who takes long strides"), was a Hudson's Bay Company surgeon. He became a surveyor of the Canadian Arctic. Unlike most Europeans of that time, Rae believed that the local people knew the best ways to deal with the very bad weather conditions. He travelled Inuit-style, using sledges and snowshoes. He slept in snow igloos. Rae took a Halkett boat on his first expedition in 1846. He said that it was "most useful in crossing and recrossing the river at Repulse Bay". He also said that "although in constant use for upwards of six weeks on a rocky coast it never required the slightest repair" and "ought to form part of the equipment of every expedition".

paragraphs: In 1848, the Royal navy sent out people to find out what had become of the ships and men of Franklin's expedition. The search party was led by John Richardson and John Rae. They had a Halkett boat bought by the government. The party did not find Franklin, but they learned that the Halkett boat very useful. During the search, they used the single boat to move their entire party across a river in 14 trips. Rae said that although the rubber of the boat became stiff from the cold, it was not hard to warm it to soften the material when needed. Halkett boats were also taken on 6 other expedition that were sent to look for Franklin. During these they were used for fishing.

paragraphs: In 1851 French explorer Joseph René Bellot led another expedition to find Franklin. This was paid for by Franklin's wife. Bellot took a Halkett boat-cloak on the journey. He said that it was "of immense value in a country where the want of wood renders it impossible to form any sort of raft". Bellot's expedition did not find Franklin. It was not until 1853 that an expedition led by Rae (using with "two beautiful Halkett boats") found a group of Inuit who told them that they saw men dragging a boat four years earlier. Their bodies were found soon after that.

paragraphs: Even though the boats were said to be very good for lake-fishing and duck-shooting and were shown in the Great Exhibition of 1851, they did not sell well. Halkett's boat were not widely used except in the field of Canadian exploration. Halkett died on 23 March 1885, aged 65, and the building of his boats stopped. John Rae gave his boat from the 1853 expedition to a Miss Peace of Kirkwall. Many years later it was found and is now in the Stromness Museum at Orkney. A second boat is in the Hudson's Bay Company Museum Collection at the Manitoba Museum.


title: Tonight (Big Bang EP)

paragraphs: Tonight is the 4th extended play of South Korean band, Big Bang. It is released under YG Entertainment.


title: Second Single

paragraphs: BigBang is V.I.P (also known as Second Single or La La La) is the second single of South Korean boy band, Big Bang. Released under YG Entertainment, this single released after a month with "First Single".


title: Marshall Islands at the Olympics

paragraphs: The Marshall Islands have competed in two Olympic Games. They first competed at the 2008 Summer Olympics. They also competed in the 2010 Winter Olympics. They have not won any Olympic medals. In their first Olympics, they had 5 athletes compete in 3 different sports.


title: Mackenzie Large Igneous Province

paragraphs: The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province (MLIP) is a major Mesoproterozoic large igneous province of southwestern, western and northwestern Canada. It is a group of igneous rocks which were formed during a massive igneous event starting about 1,270 million years ago. The large igneous province extends from the Arctic in Nunavut to near the Great Lakes in northwestern Ontario.

paragraphs: MLIP is one of the largest Proterozoic magmatic provinces on Earth, as well as the world's largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain. This huge area of igneous rock was spewed out in a short time, geologically speaking. The MILP is much larger than other well-preserved large igneous provinces. The standard size classification for large igneous provinces is a minimum of . However, the Mackenzie dyke swarm itself occupies an area of at least , making the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province larger than the Ontong Java Plateau in the southwestern Pacific Ocean or the U.S. state of Alaska.

paragraphs: The Mackenzie Large Igneous Province was caused by processes other than normal plate tectonics and seafloor spreading. Igneous rocks of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province are generally mafic in composition, including basalt and gabbro.

paragraphs: Like most large igneous provinces, the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province was caused by a mantle plume—an upwelling zone of abnormally hot rock within the Earth's mantle. As the head of the Mackenzie plume reached the Earth's lithosphere, it spread out and melted catastrophically to form large volumes of basaltic magma. This resulted in the creation of a stationary volcanic zone west of Victoria Island, called the Mackenzie hotspot.

paragraphs: The Coppermine River Group is a sequence of Mesoproterozoic continental flood basalts forming part of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, Canada. It is one of the largest flood basalt provinces on Earth, covering the area with a volume of approximately .

paragraphs: Between 1,200 and 740 million years ago, a series of flood basalt eruptions took place. At the northern portion of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province, vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large part of the northwestern Canadian Shield. This constructed a large lava plateau with an area of , a volume of lavas of at least 500,000 km (120,000 cubic miles).

paragraphs: This extensive area of flood basalt lava flows has been called the Coppermine River flood basalts. With an area of and a volume of 650,000 km (120,000 cubic miles), the Coppermine River flood basalt sequence is larger than the Columbia River Basalt Group in the United States. It compares in size to the Deccan Traps in west-central India. This makes the Coppermine River flood basalts one of the largest flood basalt events ever to appear on the North American continent, as well as on Earth. The maximum thickness of the Coppermine River flood basalts is and has 150 lava flows, each to thick.

paragraphs: The Coppermine River flood basalts occurred shortly after a period of crustal uplift. The uplift then collapsed. This sudden uplift was likely caused by rising magma of the Mackenzie plume, which caused the Mackenzie hotspot. The Coppermine River basalts show over 100 individual lava flows.