title: University of Santo Tomas

paragraphs: University of Santo Tomas is a private Roman Catholic university in Manila, Philippines.


title: Athletic nickname

paragraphs: The athletic nickname of a school, university, college, or institute is the name officially or unofficially adopted by that institution for at least the members of its sports teams. In general, the institution uses this name to describe the people associated with it, especially its current students. It is also adopted by the athletic teams mascot.


title: Adel Tamano

paragraphs: Adel Fadel Abbas Tamano (born October 2, 1970) is a Filipino lawyer and politician. He is the spokesperson of the United Opposition. He was president of the University of the City of Manila.

paragraphs: Tamano is the eighth son of the late Senator Mamintal Tamano and civic leader Hadja Putri Zorayda Abbas Tamano. Tamano is married to Rowena Kapunan, who is also a lawyer. They have two children.

paragraphs: During the 2007 elections, Tamano was the spokesperson for the United Opposition. He is also a member of Kapunan, Tamano, Villadolid & Associates. He lectures on legal writing at the Ateneo Law School, and on constitutional law at the Far Eastern University Institute of Law and the University of the City of Manila.

paragraphs: Tamano attended Jose Abad Santos Memorial School and La Salle Greenhills for his primary and secondary education. He went to the Ateneo de Manila University to study A.B. Economics and later law, graduating in 1992 and 1996 respectively. Thereafter, he attended the University of the Philippines and took a master's degree in Public Administration.

paragraphs: In June 2005, he matriculated in Harvard Law School's Master of Laws graduate program. He was the first Filipino Muslim to graduate from Harvard Law School.


title: Benjamin Tayabas

paragraphs: Benjamin G. Tayabas is the longest-serving university president of the University of the City of Manila.


title: University of the Philippines

paragraphs: University of the Philippines is a public school in the Philippines.


title: Far Eastern University

paragraphs: Far Eastern University is a private university in Manila, Philippines.


title: University of Arizona

paragraphs: The University of Arizona (also known as UA, or Arizona) is a public research university in Tucson, Arizona.

paragraphs: The school began in 1885. It was the first university in the Arizona Territory. The school also includes the Banner – University Medical Center Tucson. This is a four-year M.D. college in downtown Phoenix.

paragraphs: The mission of the University of Arizona is, "To improve the prospects and enrich the lives of the people of Arizona and the world through education, research, creative expression, and community and business partnerships."

paragraphs: Arizona is one of the elected members of the Association of American Universities (an organization for research institutions). It is the only school from Arizona in the group.

paragraphs: The sports teams are nicknamed the "Arizona Wildcats" (often shortened to "Cats"). They got the name from a 1914 football game with the California champions at the time, Occidental College. The Los Angeles Times said that, "the Arizona men showed the fight of wildcats." Sports are a big part of campus life at the school and they get a large amount of money to operate the programs.

paragraphs: They are members of the Pacific-12 Conference in the NCAA, which they joined in 1978. The Wildcats have won national titles in several sports, most notably men's basketball, baseball, and softball. The official colors of the university and its athletic teams are UA Red and Arizona Blue.


title: Square metre

paragraphs: The square meter is the SI-derived unit of area. It has a symbol m² (33A1 in Unicode). It is defined as the area of a square whose sides measure exactly one metre. The square metre is derived from the SI base unit of the metre, which in turn is defined as the length of the path travelled by light in absolute vacuum during a time interval of of a second.

paragraphs: Adding SI prefixes creates multiples and submultiples. However, as the unit is squared, the order of magnitude difference between units doubles from their comparable linear units. For example, a kilometre is one thousand times the length of a metre, but a square kilometre is one million times the area of a square metre.

paragraphs: A "square metre" is not the same thing as a "metre square" - although it is true that exactly 1 square metre is exactly 1 meter square. But that only works for the numbers 1 and 0; no others.

paragraphs: For example, a square that is 2 metres long and 2 metres wide has 4 square metres of area.

paragraphs: But a square that is 4 metres squared would have 4 metres on each side. This means it would have 16 square metres of area.

paragraphs: That is, is 4 meters squared, whereas is 4 square meters.

paragraphs: The square metre may be used with all SI prefixes used with the metre.


title: Quid pro quo

paragraphs: "Quid pro quo" is a Latin phrase. It means roughly "this for that." In other words, the phrase describes the context when something is given in return for something else.

paragraphs: The phrase means the same thing as the English saying "a tit for a tat", or trading something for something else. It can also mean the same thing as "an eye for an eye".

paragraphs: Lawyers sometimes use this saying to mean "an even trade".


title: Eau de Cologne

paragraphs: Cologne or Eau de Cologne is a toiletry, a perfume in a style of that originated from Cologne, Germany. Nowadays, it's used as a term for scented formulations with a concentration of about 2-5% essential oils. Cologne may be used by men or women.

paragraphs: In a base of dilute ethanol (70-90%), Eau de Cologne contains a mixture of citrus oils including oils of lemon, orange, tangerine, bergamot, lime, grapefruit and neroli. It can also contain oils of lavender, rosemary, thyme, petitgrain (orange leaf), and jasmine.

paragraphs: "Eau de Cologne" is a spirit-citrus perfume launched in Cologne in 1709 by Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), an Italian perfumer from Santa Maria Maggiore Valle Vigezzo, Italy. In 1708, Farina wrote to his brother Jean Baptiste: "I have found a fragrance that reminds me of an Italian spring morning, of mountain daffodils and orange blossoms after the rain" (Eckstein p.8). He named his fragrance "Eau de Cologne", in honour of his new hometown.

paragraphs: The Original "Eau de Cologne" composed by Farina was used only as a perfume and delivered to "nearly all royal houses in Europe" (Farina Fragrance Museum information leaflet). His ability to produce a constantly homogenous fragrance consisting of dozens of monoessences was seen as a sensation at the time. When free trade was established in Cologne by the French in 1797, the success of "Eau de Cologne" prompted countless other businessmen to sell their own fragrances under the name of "Eau de Cologne" and even Farina.

paragraphs: Giovanni Maria Farina's formula has been produced in Cologne since 1709 by Farina opposite the Jülichplatz and to this day remains a secret. His shop at Obenmarspforten opened in 1709 and is today the world's oldest fragrance factory. Other Colognes, such as the famous Cologne 4711, named after its location at "Glockengasse No. 4711", have the name in common but smell different. In 1806, Jean Marie Joseph Farina, a grand-grand-nephew of Giovanni Maria Farina (1685-1766), opened a perfumery business at Paris that developed into Roger & Gallet, that owns the rights to "Eau de Cologne extra vielle" in contrast to the Original "Eau de Cologne" from Cologne.

paragraphs: "Eau de Cologne", or just "cologne", has now become a generic term.


title: The Flock (movie)

paragraphs: The Flock is a 2007 movie directed by Andrew Lau, the co-director of the "Infernal Affairs" trilogy. The movie, which was his first English-language movie, stars Richard Gere and Claire Danes.


title: Fast Food Nation (movie)

paragraphs: Fast Food Nation is a 2006 American/British movie directed by Richard Linklater. It is based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book "Fast Food Nation: The Dark Side of the All-American Meal".

paragraphs: The movie is about the fast food industry. Schlosser's book criticized the fast food industry. He finds out where types of fast food are made, where they come from, and why people eat it.


title: Going the Distance (2004 movie)

paragraphs: Going the Distance is a 2004 Canadian movie. It was directed by Mark Griffiths. It is set across Canada. Its tagline was "They came. They saw. They came." The film was released in Canada as "Going the Distance", but in the USA, it was called "National Lampoon's Going the Distance". The Canadian DVD release has its original release title.


title: Sabrina, the Teenage Witch (TV series)

paragraphs: Sabrina the Teenage Witch is an American television sitcom. It is based on the "Archie" comic book series of the same name. It is set in Massachusetts. It stars Melissa Joan Hart in the title role. Its first four seasons aired on ABC from September 27, 1996 to May 5, 2000; the final three seasons ran on The WB Television Network from September 22, 2000 to April 24, 2003.


title: Vera Wang

paragraphs: Vera Wang (; born June 27, 1949) is an American fashion designer. She was born and raised in New York City. Her parents were Chinese. She is based in New York and is known for her wedding gown collection, among other specialties.

paragraphs: After her graduation in 1971, Wang began working for Vogue Magazine. In 1972, she was promoted as the senior fashion editor. She left Vogue in 1987, to join Ralph Lauren as the design director for accessories.

paragraphs: Wang established her own label "Vera Wang" in 1990, in New York.


title: Total Request Live

paragraphs: Total Request Live (known from 1998 to 2008 as TRL) was a television series on MTV that featured popular music videos. In addition to music videos, the show also featured daily guests.

paragraphs: "TRL" played the top ten most requested music videos of the day, as requested by viewers who voted for their favorite video online. The countdown started with the tenth most requested video of the day and ended with the most requested video of the day. As of October 22, 2007, the countdown was based on votes, charts, ringtones, downloads, radio airplay, and streams, meaning that the video that the user requested might not have been the number one video of the day. The show mainly aired from Monday to Thursday for an hour, but the scheduling and length of the show has changed over the years. Even though the word "Live" is in the show's title, a lot of the show's episodes have actually been pre-recorded.

paragraphs: On September 15, 2008, it was announced that "TRL" would be over and it was later replaced by another show. A special, three-hour finale was aired on November 16, 2008 at 8 p.m.

paragraphs: Until 2010, a local version of "TRL" was still running in Italy on MTV.

paragraphs: The beginning of "TRL" traced back to 1997 when MTV started to produce "MTV Live" from the newly opened MTV Studios in Times Square in New York. "MTV Live" featured celebrity interviews, musical performances, and news updates. Music videos were not a major part of the program. At one time, the show had more than 75,000 viewers.

paragraphs: At the same time, MTV aired a countdown show that was simply called "Total Request", hosted by Carson Daly. "Total Request" was a more quiet show, as music videos were introduced from a dimly lit set.

paragraphs: By the fall of 1998, MTV producers decided to merge "MTV Live" and "Total Request" into a new show called "Total Request Live". The new show made its premiere on September 14, 1998.

paragraphs: On September 15, 2008, it was announced that "TRL" would be shut down. The last regular weekday episode aired on November 13, 2008. The episode showed the process of the set being torn down.

paragraphs: A three-hour special that was aired on November 16, 2008 marked the end of the show. The final show included several musical performances.

paragraphs: On June 25, 2014, MTV announced that it will bring back "TRL" for one day on July 2, 2014 with American singer Ariana Grande.


title: Breakaway (song)

paragraphs: "Breakaway" is a 2004 song written by Avril Lavigne, Bridget Benenate and Matthew Gerrard and produced by John Shanks. It was recorded by pop rock singer Kelly Clarkson for the soundtrack to the film "The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement" by Disney Records. It was also included on Clarkson's second album, "Breakaway" and was released as the album's first single.


title: Pareto efficiency

paragraphs: Multi-criteria optimization, or multiobjective optimization is a way of solving a mathematical or economic problem where many different parameters need to be changed to get one of the best possible solutions to the problem. The result of this is called Pareto efficiency, named after Vilfredo Pareto, who first used it in his studies.

paragraphs: In welfare economics, the idea of Pareto efficiency is very simple: If there is no way of improving the situation of one person, without making that of another person worse, the solution found is Pareto-efficient.

paragraphs: If we look at what the economy produces, we might say it is on its Pareto Frontier or Production Possibility Frontier, meaning that it is making (or "producing") all it can with the things it has (such as machines, labour, land and ideas -- all called resources or factors of production). If this is the case, making more of one thing would mean making less of another; the resources are already being used to full capacity, so making more of one thing will take resources away from making another.

paragraphs: Just because something is Pareto efficient, it doesn't mean it is fair or "equitable". Even though no-one could be made better off without making someone else worse off, it is possible that one person owns all of the world's things. To make anyone else better off, some would have to be taken away from this person, making them worse off.


title: Nakahama Manjirō

paragraphs: , also known as John Manjiro or John Mung, was a Japanese sailor, educator, and interpreter.

paragraphs: Manjiro was born in the Naka-no-hama in Tosa Province (now Tosashimizu in Kōchi Prefecture). He was the second son of a poor fisherman. He worked when he was young because his father died and his mother and older brother were sick. Because of this, he did not learn how to read and write very well.

paragraphs: In 1841, when he was fourteen years old, the fishing boat he worked on ran into a storm and was turned over. He and the people with him were on the ocean for five days. They landed on an island in the middle of the Pacific Ocean where no people lived. They spent 143 days on that island. An American ship passed by the island and John Manjiro and the others were saved.

paragraphs: At this time, Japan was a closed country. The American ship or any non-Japanese ship could not enter Japan. Also, any Japanese who left Japan were killed by the Japanese government if they returned to Japan. Most of the people saved from the island were taken to Hawaii. The captain of the ship liked John Manjiro and took Manjiro with him. Manjiro saw a map of the world for the first time and saw how small Japan was in the world. Manjiro was named “John Mung” by the captain. He was adopted by the captain of the ship and lived with the captain’s family in the United States.

paragraphs: Manjiro learned English, math, measurement, navigation, and shipbuilding at school. He spent all of his time to studying to be a captain. He learned new ideas from the Western world. For example, democracy and equality between men and women.

paragraphs: Manjiro returned to Hawaii and bought a boat. He and his friends from the fishing boat started to sail back to Japan in December of 1850. Japan was still a closed country. Because of this, he was investigated by the Shogunate (the rulers of Japan) for a long time.

paragraphs: IN 1851, Manjiro return to his village in Japan.

paragraphs: Around this time, Shimazu Nariakira, a historical person in Japan, was interested in English and shipbuilding. John Manjiro began working as an English teacher. He had a strong friendship with many statesmen. He was even asked to be a statesman himself.

paragraphs: In 1853-1854, Manjiro was the interpreter for Matthew C. Perry when the Americans first came to Japan.

paragraphs: In his later years, Manjiro visited American friends. By then, he could not speak English very well any more. He died in 1898 at the age of 71 years old.

paragraphs: John Manjiro was actually born as Manjiro (without a family name). The name "John" comes from the name of the ship he was saved by when on the island in 1841. The name of the ship was "John Howland." The captain gave Manjiro this name. In 1938, Ibuse Masuji, a Japanese writer, first used the name "John Manjiro." From this book came the name of "John Manjiro."

paragraphs: Manjiro had problems translating because he was not good at translating English sentences. This was because he had not learned basic grammar when he was young. He was used as interpreter when Commodore Perry came in 1863. Manjiro pronounced English just as he heard it. His pronunciation was different from present-day English. Japanese based their pronunciation of English at the time on Manjiro’s pronunciation. They were able to be understood by Americans and English people.

paragraphs: There is a musical about Manjiro in Japan. It is called "The Dream of John Manjiro". It was first done in June, 1974.

paragraphs: John Manjiro was the first Japanese man to set foot on the contintental United States, to take a train, to ride a steamship, and to wear a necktie. John Manjiro talked about world views with Ryoma Sakamoto, a famous Japanese statesman and general.


title: Proper motion

paragraphs: Proper motion is the name for the way the stars seem to slowly move "relative to each other" when seen from Earth.

paragraphs: The movement is caused by the fact that all stars (including the Sun) are moving through space at hundreds of kilometres per second. However, because they are so far away, it takes a long time for us to see that they have moved, and even then it takes a powerful telescope to see the difference. Because of this, for a long time, most people thought that the stars did not move at all. Even the ancient Greeks, who knew a lot about the stars and discovered some of the other ways they move, such as stellar precession, did not discover proper motion (although they probably suspected it).

paragraphs: Proper motion was not proved to exist until 1718 when Edmond Halley noticed the stars Sirius, Arcturus and Aldebaran had moved from the places they were in star charts that Hipparchus had drawn around 130 BC. However, even after more than 1,800 years, they had moved less than half a degree.

paragraphs: Proper motion is useful to astronomers in figuring out how far away a star is from Earth because stars that are close usually have a larger proper motion (meaning they move faster across the sky) than stars that are farther away. For example, Barnard's star has the largest proper motion of any star, moving 10.3 arcseconds per year. This is equal to one quarter of a degree, or half the diameter of the Moon in the sky, in only 87 years. It is the second-closest star to the Earth at 5.98 light years away. Also, eight of the ten stars with the biggest proper motions are less than 15 light years away.


title: Origin of birds

paragraphs: The origin of birds is one of the most interesting questions in palaeontology and evolution. Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Mesozoic era.

paragraphs: Thomas Henry Huxley ("Darwin's bulldog"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of this nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, "Archaeopteryx", with a small theropod dinosaur, "Compsognathus". They are two fossils from the same place and time: the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic period, about 144 million years ago.

paragraphs: Huxley's papers on "Archaeopteryx", and the origin of birds, were of great interest then, and still are. He showed that the two fossils were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of "Archaeopteryx".

paragraphs: He united reptiles and birds under the title of Sauropsida, and thought that birds had evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.

paragraphs: All palaeontologists since Huxley agreed that "Archaeopteryx" evolved from reptiles, but many thought it was derived from an earlier type than dinosaurs. It took a long time before they agreed with Huxley. Almost all now think that early members of a group of small carnivorous dinosaur were ancestral to birds.

paragraphs: The group most favoured as ancestral is the Paraves or Eumaniraptora, which includes the dromaeosaurs and the troodonts. The dromaeosaurs include "Velociraptor" and "Deinonychus" but, of course, it would have been an earlier type of dromaeosaur, perhaps from the lower Jurassic. Dromaeosaurs have several traits we used to think were special to birds: hollow bones with holes for air-sacs, limbs with many bones either lost or fused, clavicles fused into wishbones, and feathers.

paragraphs: The discovery of feathered dinosaurs and birds in the Lower Cretaceous of China was what finally convinced palaeontologists. What seems to have happened is this. Theropod dinosaurs evolved feathers for heat regulation rather than flight. From then, a small group began to use them for primitive flight. This group is represented in the Jurassic by "Archaeopteryx" and "Anchiornis".

paragraphs: Huxley had pointed out that "Archaeopteryx" was a mixture of reptile and bird features. Without the feathers and arms, its skeleton looked just like that of "Compsognathus". We now know its bone growth physiology was much slower than modern birds, and more like that of its dinosaur ancestors. This means it would take longer after hatching before it could fly. A modern precocial bird takes for 3–6 weeks from hatching to flying. In "Archaeopteryx" this milestone might have taken about 18 weeks. It might have taken two to three years to reach its final adult size. The evolution of the physiology of modern forms occurred later in the group's history. They have had over 140 million years to evolve after "Archaeopteryx". This is an example of mosaic evolution, where some characters in a transitional form are basal, while others are remarkably advanced.

paragraphs: "Anchiornis huxlei" is so far the only dinobird fossil known which lived before "Archaeopteryx". It was found in Liaoning, China. The strata dates to the mid-late Jurassic period, 160 to 155 million years ago. There are also feather-bearing non-flying dinosaurs from the Jurassic of China, such as the maniraptoran "Epidexipteryx". "Epidexipteryx" is the earliest known example of ornamental feathers in the fossil record, about 152 to 168 million years ago.

paragraphs: "Anchiornis" had large wings, made up of flight feathers attached to the arm and hand (as in modern birds) as well as flight feathers on the hind legs, forming an arrangement of fore and hind wings. The forewing of "Anchiornis" was composed of 11 primary feathers and 10 secondary feathers. The primary feathers in "Anchiornis" indicated poorer aerodynamic ability compared to its later relatives. In "Microraptor" and "Archaeopteryx", the longest forewing feathers were closest to the tip of the wing, making the wings appear long, narrow, and pointed. However, in "Anchiornis", the longest wing feathers anchored near the wrist, making the wing broadest in the middle and tapering near the tip for a more rounded, less flight-adapted profile.

paragraphs: So the animal could glide, but probably not fly.

paragraphs: Flying gave the birds access to many new habitats, and an adaptive radiation took place. We see the results of this rapid evolution in the Chinese fossils from the Lower Cretaceous, which are more varied, and mostly more advanced, than "Archaeopteryx". There are now 31 different bird genera from the Lower Cretaceous of China. It is also clear, from the tail feathers of "Confuciusornis" (one of the Chinese fossils), that some of these birds were already using feathers for signalling and display, just as they do today. Like heat regulation, using feathers for display may be much earlier than flight. "Confuciusornis" is the fifth oldest bird fossil, about 25 million years after "Archaeopteryx".

paragraphs: Most dinosaurs died out in the K/T extinction event, at the end of the Cretaceous. The only ones that survived were the birds. The birds, therefore, are not just the descendents of reptiles, but the descendents of theropod dinosaurs. Birds are the last surviving dinosaurs.

paragraphs: The pigments preserved in a 120 million year old fossil bird have been revealed using X-rays. A team scanned the beautifully preserved fossils of "Gansus yumenensis" and "Confuciusornis sanctus". Their study, published in the journal "Science", revealed the chemical fingerprint of pigments that once tinted the ancient bird's feathers. The trace metal copper is a marker for the dark pigment eumelanin. "The X-ray technique was so sensitive that it was able to show that each molecule of copper it detected was being tugged and squashed into a particular shape because it was bound within a eumelanin molecule".

paragraphs: Research of this kind has now been repeated several times.

paragraphs: This is an informal grouping of theropods closest related to birds. These groups are small dinosaurs. They definitely have pennaceous feathers (like birds), and therefore probably temperature regulation. One proposed classification is:

paragraphs: The earliest example of a dinobird is a troodont, "Anchiornis huxlei", from the Upper Jurassic. This specimen pre-dates "Archaeopteryx" by 5–10 million years, and predates any other feathered dinosaur from its location (Liaoning Province, China) by 25–35 million years. This species had long feathers on its hind limbs as well as fore limbs, and could glide, but probably not fly.

paragraphs: At least this clade of theropods had well-developed genuine feathers before the first known bird. Feathering in other groups of theropods is still uncertain. One compsognathid, "Sinosauropteryx", has plumaceous feathers, as does "Shuvuuia", another small theropod. Apparently, many small theropods carried feathers, whose function was thermoregulation (to keep warm).

paragraphs: There is now evidence that many early bird groups went extinct at the end of the Cretaceous period (K/T extinction event). This is the same time that the other dinosaurs went extinct.

paragraphs: Researchers dated the fossils to within 300,000 years of the boundary layer at the end of the Cretaceous.

paragraphs: A May 2018 report, in "Current Biology", says that its authors think that the birds that survived the end-of-Cretaceous disaster were Neornithes, Neognathae (Galloanserae + Neoaves). They were not tree-living, and could not fly far. After the world-wide destruction of forests, it took a long time for the world's forests to return properly. Virtually the same conclusions were already reached before, in a 2017 book on avian evolution .

paragraphs: All living birds are Neornithes, a subclass in traditional taxonomy. The Ornithurae is the natural group made up of modern birds and their extinct relatives. Their relatives include "Ichthyornis" and "Hesperornis", and some of the Chinese Cretaceous birds. They all have a plough-shaped pygostyle, a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. Other groups of birds became extinct in the K/T extinction event.

paragraphs: "Gansus" is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous, somewhere between 115 to 105 million years ago in what is now Gansu province, western China. It may be the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, depending how that group is defined.

paragraphs: Under any definition, all living birds, including taxa as diverse as ostriches, hummingbirds and eagles, are descended from basal ornithurans, many of which were semi-aquatic. It is now thought possible that all modern birds descended specifically from a semi-aquatic bird similar to "Gansus". Thus, while "Gansus" is not necessarily a direct ancestor of today's birds, it is closely related to such an ancestral species.


title: Reddit

paragraphs: Reddit is a website where people share links to articles, media and other things on the web. The website is organized into "subreddits", communities within the Reddit community to discuss certain topics or to look at specific content. The posted links can be voted on, and the links with most votes are displayed on the front page of the website. Reddit was founded in 2005 by Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, and is also available in other languages. People in the Reddit community call themselves "redditors". Some examples of subreddits are /r/Pics, /r/Aww, /r/FakeHistory, /r/WritingPrompts, and /r/todayilearned. Subreddits are directed towards all sort of things, like educational, funny, cute pictures of animals, internet memes, and more.

paragraphs: Reddit has occasionally been the topic of controversy due to the presence of subreddits devoted to explicit or controversial material, including subreddits r/Creepshots and r/jailbait.

paragraphs: Reddit is a website comprising user-generated content that can be discussed like a forum.

paragraphs: Reddit's core content consists of posts from its users.

paragraphs: Discussions on Reddit are organized into user-created areas of interest called "subreddits".


title: Bryde's whale

paragraphs: Bryde's whale is a baleen whale. It is a small group of several species which look alike and used to be lumped together. The whale can grow from 12.5 m (41 ft) to 14 m (46 ft) long and a weight of 16–18.5 tonnes, with the female larger than the male.

paragraphs: Until the 1950s it was considered a single species, Balaenoptera brydei. It is now known that there are several almost identical species. Balaenoptera edeni and Balaenoptera omurai are two other species in the group.

paragraphs: There has also been confusion between the Sei whale, Balaenoptera borealis, and the Bryde's whale as they look alike and are the same size. Bryde's whale is unique in having three long ridges on its head that go from between the eyes towards the blowhole. All other rorquals have just one. The Bryde's whales skin varies from black to dark grey.

paragraphs: The whale was named after Johan Bryde, who built South Africa's first factory to process whales. They are found in tropical and sub-tropical waters. There seem to be several different types of Bryde's whales, but it has not yet been decided if they are different species, or a sub-species. In particular, "B. brydei" and "B. edeni" may be sister species.


title: Catherine of Portugal

paragraphs: Catherine of Portugal (born in Lisbon, Portugal November 26, 1436; died June 17, 1463), also known as the Infanta Catarina, was the daughter of King Edward of Portugal. She lived most of her life and died in the Convent of Saint Claire.


title: Alto Paraíso de Goiás

paragraphs: Alto Paraíso de Goiás (usually just Alto Paraíso) is a small town and a municipality in Goiás state, Brazil.


title: Nap (textile)

paragraphs: Nap is the raised (fuzzy) surface on cloth. Velvet in one of these clothes with nap. Nap can also mean a felt cloth.

paragraphs: In the 14th century, the word described the roughness of woven cloth before it was cut.

paragraphs: In the 15th century, the term nap refers to a pile given to the cloth. The word "pile" means the raised fibers that are there on purpose. They were put there, instead of vy producing the cloth. The nap is woven into the cloth, often by weaving loops into the fabric. The can then be cut or left on the cloth. Carpets, rugs, velvet, velour, and velveteen, are made by weaving a second yarn through woven cloth, making a nap or pile.


title: Art exhibition

paragraphs: An art exhibition is a place where works of art are shown to the public. The word exhibition comes from Latin "exhibere", which means "to show". This can be in a museum or an exhibition hall. The exhibition can be temporary, or permanent (like a section of a museum). Some exhibitions show works of art of the same artist, others show works of art on a common theme.


title: Tournament

paragraphs: A tournament is a competition with large number of players, all taking part in a sport or game. The word and general meaning come from the medieval tournament or "tourney". The word is still used sometimes used for a military event such as the Royal Tournament.

paragraphs: The word "tournament" is now defined in two ways:

paragraphs: These two types of tournament are different. All golf tournaments meet are of the first type, but match play tournaments are in the second. Football (soccer) leagues like the Premier League are tournaments in the second sense, but not the first, having matches spread across many places over a period of up to a year. Many tournaments meet both definitions; for example, the Wimbledon tennis championship.


title: Transhumanism

paragraphs: Transhumanism is a cultural movement that thinks that humans could benefit from technology (mostly the biological type) that improves the condition of life. It seeks to find a solution to aging, disease, and natural death by making use of such technology.


title: Kirk Hammett

paragraphs: Kirk Lee Hammett (born November 18, 1962) is the lead guitarist for the band Metallica. He also sings in the background (backing vocals) during most of their songs. Joe Satriani was Hammett's guitar instructor. Before joining Metallica, he was the founding member of another band called Exodus. He left Exodus when the other musicians in Metallica asked him join them.


title: Kim Yoon-ok

paragraphs: Kim Yoon-ok, also called Kim Yun-ok, (, born 26 March 1947) is the wife of Lee Myung-bak, President of the Republic of Korea .

paragraphs: Her family runs a construction company in Daegu. She and her husband Lee Myung-bak met at the College of Health Education at Ewha Womans University.

paragraphs: On December 19, 1970, after graduation from the University, Kim was engaged to Lee Myung-bak against her family's will. Lee was then director of the Hyundai Engineering Corporation. They have 1 son and 3 daughters together. Kim Yoon-ok enjoys cooking.


title: Pandora's box

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Pandora's box was a large jar (πιθος "pithos") carried by Pandora. It contained the evils to be let loose on mankind. When the box was empty, hope remained. The actual evils are not specified by Hesiod.

paragraphs: The word in the original text is "pithos", which usually refers to a large container; used to store wine or other things. Such containers were also used for funerals. In the case of Pandora, this jar may have been made of clay for use as storage as in the usual sense, or, instead, of bronze metal as an unbreakable prison.

paragraphs: The mistranslation of "pithos" as "box" is usually attributed to the 16th century humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam. Erasums is thought to have made the error when he translated Hesiod's tale of Pandora into Latin. Hesiod's "pithos" refers to a storage jar for oil or grain. Erasmus, however, translated "pithos" into the Latin word "pyxis", meaning "box". The phrase "Pandora's box" has endured ever since. This error was further backed by Dante Gabriel Rossetti's painting "Pandora".


title: Longshore drift

paragraphs: Longshore drift is the process of the ocean currents forcing sand and other material down a beach.

paragraphs: The material is first pulled into the currents by the backwash (the water going out to sea) and is then pushed back up the beach by the swash (the water going onto the beach). Longshore drift always moves in the direction of the main wind. If longshore drift continues for a long time, beaches can be changed quite a bit. The changes depend on the details, and vary from place to place. Longshore drift is the net (average) movement of sand grains across a beach in a zig-zag motion.

paragraphs: There are many inexpensive and effective ways of controlling longshore drift. The most common method is groynes (wooden walls that the sand builds up against). Some people dislike groynes because they interfere with walking along the beach, and the look of the beach.


title: Alfred Jodl

paragraphs: Alfred Josef Ferdinand Jodl (10 May 1890 in Würzburg – 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a German military commander, was the Chief of the Operations Staff of the Armed Forces High Command (Oberkommando der Wehrmacht, or OKW) during World War II. At the Nuremberg trials he was tried, sentenced to death and hanged as a war criminal.


title: Gatorade

paragraphs: Gatorade is a brand of sports-themed food and beverage products, built around its signature product: a line of sports drinks. Gatorade is currently manufactured by PepsiCo, distributed in over 80 countries. The beverage was first developed in 1965 by researchers at the University of Florida, to replenish the combination of water, carbohydrates, and electrolytes that the school's student-athletes lost (in sweat) during rigorous athletic competitions. Its name was derived from the collective nickname of the university's athletic teams, "the Gators".

paragraphs: Originally produced and marketed by Stokely-Van Camp, the Gatorade brand was purchased by the Quaker Oats Company in 1983, who was bought out by PepsiCo in 2001. As of 2010, Gatorade is PepsiCo’s 4th-largest brand, on the basis of worldwide annual retail sales. It primarily competes with Coca-Cola's Powerade and Vitaminwater brands worldwide; plus, Lucozade Sport in the United Kingdom. Within the United States, Gatorade accounts for approximately 75 percent market share in the sports drink category.

paragraphs: There are many other flavours of Gatorade, including:

paragraphs: Gatorade is the official sports drink of NASCAR, the National Football League, Major League Baseball, National Basketball Association, Women's National Basketball Association, USA Basketball, National Hockey League, Association of Volleyball Professionals, US Soccer Federation, Major League Soccer, and other professional and collegiate athletic organizations, providing supplies of the drinks to sponsored teams in some cases. Distribution was extended to include the U.K. in 2008, coinciding with an agreement designating Gatorade as the official sports drink of the Chelsea F.C. Gatorade's 1991 "Be Like Mike" ads featured Michael Jordan of the Chicago Bulls, a North American basketball team which had just won its first National Basketball Association championship at the time. The ads began airing in August 1991 and the phrase "Be Like Mike" became household lingo in America. In more recent years, the Gatorade brand has continued to employ professional sports athletes in the promotion of its products. Primary endorsers in the 2000s have included Major League Baseball player Derek Jeter, National Hockey League player Sidney Crosby, National Basketball Association player Dwyane Wade, PGA Tour golfer Tiger Woods, and National Football League quarterback Peyton Manning. Gatorade is the official sports drink of 's home video affiliate, Viva Video, Inc.

paragraphs: Gatorade has been the subject of substantial media attention and reference in popular culture situations, most of which are in relation to team or individual athletic sports. The most notable and ongoing presence of Gatorade in popular culture is the Gatorade shower, originally called the "Gatorade Dunk," where players from a victorious team pick up the Gatorade cooler, sneak up behind the head coach, and pour the contents of the cooler (generally Gatorade and ice) over his head at the end of an American football game. This tradition was popularized in the mid-1980s when Harry Carson and Jim Burt, of the New York Giants, doused head coach Bill Parcells during the 1985 season. Burt's teammates picked up on this practice and popularized it during the team's championship season of 1986-87. The tradition has since become a recurring tradition across other team sports.

paragraphs: Gatorade has also achieved status as the cliché representative for sports drinks in American media, for example, in the film Clerks, the character Dante is at one point forced to give free Gatorade to his hockey teammates, and in the film "The Waterboy", Adam Sandler is told that "the water sucks" and that Gatorade is superior.


title: Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll

paragraphs: Elizabeth Hay, Countess of Erroll (17 January 1801 – 16 January 1856), an illegitimate daughter of William IV and Dorothy Jordan, married William Hay on 4 December, 1820, at the age of 19. Hay was born with the name Lady Elizabeth FitzClarence.

paragraphs: She married her husband at St George's, Hanover Square, an Anglican church in Westminister.

paragraphs: She is shown in a Fitzclarence portrait in House of Dun, and she kept a stone thrown at her father William IV and the gloves he wore on opening his first Parliament as keepsakes.

paragraphs: She died on 16 January 1856 in Edinburgh, Scotland, aged 54.

paragraphs: She is also the grandmother of Princess Louise's husband, the Duke of Fife.

paragraphs: David Cameron is related to Elizabeth Hay through William IV, which makes him the fifth cousin, twice removed to the Queen.


title: Robert Blyth

paragraphs: Robert Roberts Taylor Blyth (2 June 1900 – 1956) was a Scottish professional football player from the 1920s.

paragraphs: Blyth was born in Muirkirk, Scotland. His father was a soccer player for Portsmouth, who later became the manager from 1901 to 1904.

paragraphs: Blyth played in eight Portsmouth games in the 1921-1922 season.


title: Bredbury

paragraphs: Bredbury is a village in the Metropolitan Borough of Stockport, in Greater Manchester, England. Bredbury is found southeast of the city of Manchester, and east-northeast of Stockport. At the 2001 census it had a population of 15,126 people living there.


title: FeedDemon

paragraphs: FeedDemon is a free proprietary software for Windows that reads RSS feeds. The inventor of FeedDemon is Nick Bradbury, the inventor of other software. This software is owned by NewsGator Technologies since May 2005. This software can work with Bloglines and NewsGator Online.


title: Roaring Twenties

paragraphs: The phrase Roaring Twenties describes the 1920s, a time in North America when art, society, and culture were rapidly changing. The term 'Roaring' applies here, as art, society and culture were rapidly improving and therefore 'Roaring'. Prohibition was in place and so North America was a very 'wise' and 'clean-cut' place to be.

paragraphs: The North American economy during the 1920s was doing very well because World War I had just ended. Many new products were being made for the consumer. Products were being produced on a huge scale throughout North America, one example of these products is the 'Model T Ford', a car that was seen in every state of the USA.

paragraphs: The culture of the Roaring Twenties was very different from before. Women's roles were changed. Liberal young women, called flappers, wore short skirts, cut their hair short, and listened to a new form of music called jazz. Women had gotten the right to vote. Writers like F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway were called the Lost Generation because they moved out of the United States after the war. African-American art and culture also grew a lot during the Harlem Renaissance.

paragraphs: Even though North America was doing very well in terms of prosperity, a lot of problems still arose. One of the main problems in North America during the 1920s was Organized Crime. Gangs of foreign immigrants were importing illegal alcohol, tobacco, firearms etc. One of the most famous gangsters of this time was Al Capone.


title: Ginseng

paragraphs: Ginseng refers to species within Panax, a genus of 11 species of slow-growing perennial plants with fleshy roots, in the family Araliaceae. They grow in the Northern Hemisphere in eastern Asia (mostly northern China, Korea, and eastern Siberia), typically in cooler climates; "Panax vietnamensis", discovered in Vietnam, is the southernmost ginseng found.


title: Malacañang Palace

paragraphs: Malacañang Palace is the official home for the President of the Philippines. It is in the San Miguel district of Manila, the Philippines.


title: Topological space

paragraphs: A topological space is a space studied in topology, the mathematics of the structure of shapes. Roughly, it is a set of things (called points) along with a way to know which things are close together.

paragraphs: More precisely, a topological space has a certain kind of set, called "open sets". Open sets are important because they allow one to talk about points "near" another point, called a neighbourhood of the point. A neighbourhood of a point is simply an open set containing that point. If one did not have the concept of open sets, one cannot define neighbourhoods in a good way. If one tries to define a neighbourhood of a point as "any" set containing that point, it might just include that point and that point only, not any points near it, or points far away.

paragraphs: We also have the concept of "closed sets", which are complements of open sets. That is, all of the points not belonging to a certain open sets forms a closed set.

paragraphs: Open sets must follow certain rules so that they match our ideas of nearness. The union of any number of open sets must be open, and the union of a finite number of closed sets must be closed. (The second rule only works for a finite number of closed sets. That is because in many cases a set containing a single point is closed. Any set is made of points. If the second rule applied to an infinite number of closed sets, then "every" set would be closed.) As a special case, the set containing every point is both open and closed. The set containing no points is also both open and closed.

paragraphs: A set of points can have many different definitions of what an open set is. One can think of only certain sets as open, or more sets as open. One might even consider every set to be open. The same set with different definitions of open sets form different topological spaces.


title: Gisele Bündchen

paragraphs: Gisele Caroline Bündchen (born July 20, 1980) is a Brazilian model. She occasionally acts in movies. According to "Forbes", she is the best paid supermodel in the world and the sixteenth richest woman in the entertainment world. She earned $33 million in 2007 and $35 million in 2008 alone. Her fortune is estimated to be about $150 million. She is also listed on "Guinness Book of World Records" as the world's richest supermodel. Bündchen has been the face of more than 20 brands internationally and has appeared on more magazine covers than any other model.

paragraphs: Giselle was born in Brazil to a family of German origin, her mother Vânia was a bank clerk and her father Valdir was a university teacher and writer. She is one of six girls. Her sisters are: Raquel, Graziela, Gabriela, Rafaela and her twin Patricia. She had a long-term relationship with Leonardo DiCaprio. Among her boyfriends were the model Scott Barnhill, the Brazilian billionaire Joao-Paulo Diniz, and the actor Josh Hartnett.

paragraphs: She married Tom Brady on February 26, 2009. They have two children, Benjamin Rein Brady (born on December 9, 2009) and Vivian Lake Brady (born on December 5, 2012).


title: Sonic Unleashed

paragraphs: Sonic Unleashed is a 2008 adventure video game, which was released for Wii, PlayStation 3 (PS3), PlayStation 2 (PS2) and Xbox 360.

paragraphs: Sonic can turn into a giant werehog with amazing power at nightfall. But in day, race though many tracks fight Eggman and his robots, and save the day once again, like in other "Sonic the Hedgehog" video games.


title: Tarnów

paragraphs: Tarnów is a city in the southeastern part of Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship. About 114,000 people live in Tarnów. It is a major rail junction, located on the strategic east-west connection from Lwów to Kraków.


title: Province of León

paragraphs: León is a province in the northwest of Spain. About 500,000 people live there. Its capital city is León. Leonese language is the language of the province.


title: Bermudo III

paragraphs: Bermudo III was the King of León in the Middle Ages.


title: Ponferrada

paragraphs: Ponferrada is a town and municipality of the Región of El Bierzo (province of León, Castilla y León, in Spain. About 66,000 people were living here as of 2005.


title: Regional Municipality of York

paragraphs: The Regional Municipality of York, also called York Region, is a regional municipality in south-central Ontario, Canada, between Lake Simcoe and Toronto. It replaced the old York County in 1971. In 2006, nearly 893,000 people were living in the Regional Municipality of York. It is the fastest growing region in Canada and it is expected to grow to more than 1.5 million people by 2031. The whole region is part of the Greater Toronto Area and is part of the Golden Horseshoe. The capital of the region is in Newmarket.

paragraphs: York Region covers 1,776 square kilometres from Lake Simcoe in the north to the city of Toronto in the south. The eastern border is shared with Durham Region. To the west is Peel Region, and Simcoe County is to the northwest.

paragraphs: Towns and cities in York Region include:

paragraphs: There is also one First Nation "(Native Canadians)" with an Indian reserve, where the Chippewas of Georgina Island First Nation live.

paragraphs: York Region includes farmlands, wetlands and small kettle lakes, the Oak Ridges Moraine and over 2,070 hectares of regional forest, as well as built-up areas of its towns.


title: When You're Gone

paragraphs: "When You're Gone" is a song performed by the Canadian singer Avril Lavigne for her 2007 album "The Best Damn Thing".


title: Hot (song)

paragraphs: "Hot" is a song by Avril Lavigne produced by Lukasz "Dr. Luke" Gottwald, and is the third single from Lavigne's third album, "The Best Damn Thing".


title: Korean Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Korean Wikipedia is the Korean-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2002, and as of June 2020 15, has over 500,000 articles.


title: He Wasn't

paragraphs: "He Wasn't" is the fourth single from Avril Lavigne's second album "Under My Skin".


title: Over the Hedge

paragraphs: Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer animated comedy movie based on the comic strip of the same name. It was directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick, and produced by Bonnie Arnold. The movie premiered in Los Angeles on April 30, 2006 and was released on May 19, 2006. The movie stars Bruce Willis, Steve Carell, Garry Shandling, William Shatner, Avril Lavigne and Nick Nolte.

paragraphs: While searching for food, RJ the raccoon goes into the cave of Vincent the bear, who has a wagon full of human food taken from a nearby rest stop. RJ accidentally wakes Vincent from his deep sleep of hibernation, and in a race to escape, causes the food cart to roll out onto the nearby highway and get run over by a large truck. To avoid being eaten himself, RJ promises Vincent that he will completely replace all that food within the week.

paragraphs: RJ finds a nearby, recently-built suburban housing development separated from a tree forest by a large hedge. There he discovers a pack of animals recently awoken from their hibernation, led by Verne the turtle. The others include squirrel Hammy, skunk Stella, porcupines Penny and Lou, along with their triplet sons, Spike, Bucky and Quillo; and opossum Ozzie and his daughter Heather. The animals are scared, as the development had been built during their hibernation, and they fear they will be unable to search for food in the small forest. RJ shows them the amount of food humans get and waste and suggests they forage from the humans. Verne is hesitant but the other animals agree. They make bold attempts to steal food directly from the humans, with RJ secretly directing them to help collect the food he needs to replace Vincent's stash.

paragraphs: When the animals raid the trash cans of the homeowners-association chairwoman Gladys Sharp, she calls an animal exterminator named Dwayne LaFontant, who agrees to put an illegal, lethal trap called the "Depelter Turbo" in her backyard. Verne sees this and tries to warn the others, but RJ says they will be okay. Fearing for the safety of the pack, Verne attempts to return what they stole; he and RJ argue, causing a small rampage through the development during a chase with a large, quick dog named Nugent and destroying the stash RJ had collected for Vincent. After a brief argument, RJ and Verne make up and RJ rallies the others to raid Gladys' home directly on the night before a large party. With skunk Stella disguised as a cat to distract Gladys' own cat, Tiger, the others enter Gladys' home and collect all the food. RJ inadvertently reveals his duplicity to the animals, just as they are found by Gladys who calls Dwayne. RJ escapes with the food but leaves the other animals to be captured by Dwayne.

paragraphs: As RJ brings the food to Vincent, he is overcome by remorse, and instead uses the stash to knock Dwayne's truck off the road, and makes Vincent mad. Dwayne is knocked out while the animals get free, and Spike, Bucky and Quillo use skills they learned from a videogame to drive the truck back to the development. Verne convinces the group to forgive RJ since he came back to save them, and they save him from Vincent. They return the truck to the development, crashing through Gladys' home, and the animals flee into the hedge. Gladys and Dwayne converge on the animals from one side with a yard trimmer and a cattle prod, respectively, while Vincent tries to swipe at them from the other. To escape, RJ gives Hammy an energy drink, allowing the hyperactive squirrel to move very, very fast. Hammy causes Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne to be trapped by the Depelter Turbo while the animals escape. The police and animal control arrive, and Vincent is sent to the Rocky Mountains, while the lady Gladys is arrested for using the illegal Depelter Turbo, and Dwayne attempts escape only to run into Nugent the dog, who bites him on the leg.

paragraphs: RJ and Verne apologize to each other. RJ is brought into the group, as is Tiger, who became love-struck with Stella even after learning she was a skunk. Verne realizes they have not had a chance to search for food until Hammy reveals that while sped up, he had collected enough nuts for the group to last the year.


title: Donkey Kong 64

paragraphs: Donkey Kong 64 (also called DK 64), is a platform video game made by Rare and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 64 video game system. It was first out on November 24, 1999 in North America. Donkey Kong 64 is one of the first games for the Nintendo 64 to use the Expansion Pak.

paragraphs: The gameplay of Donkey Kong 64 is about getting different types of items. Some of those items include coins, bananas, weapons, and keys. These items are needed in order to move on to new levels and fighting bosses.

paragraphs: Donkey Kong 64 can be played on multiplayer for up to 4 players at a time. The multiplayer mode has three arenas, and five characters to pick from the single player mode.

paragraphs: Donkey Kong 64 got good scores from reviewers, which had a 88% average on GameRankings.


title: Tesla coil

paragraphs: A Tesla coil is an electrical machine invented by Nikola Tesla in 1891. It is a radio-frequency oscillator and resonant transformer that generates high voltage electricity at low currents. One use is to make lightning bolts. Most are used nowadays to entertain. "Singing Tesla coils" have also been made that can create music.


title: Froot Loops

paragraphs: Froot Loops is a many colored, fruit flavored breakfast cereal made by the cereal maker Kellogg's. It is sold worldwide. When it started in 1963, the cereal had red, orange, and yellow loops. In the 1990s, blue, green, and purple loops were added to the cereal. The cereal's mascot is a Toucan called "Toucan Sam".


title: Toronto Sun

paragraphs: The Toronto Sun is an English language daily tabloid newspaper published in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is often seen as a working person's newspaper.

paragraphs: As of the end of 2007, the "Sun" sold 180,000 newspapers during Monday to Saturday and about 310,000 papers on Sunday.


title: Lymph node

paragraphs: A Lymph node () is an organ consisting of many types of cells, and is a part of the lymphatic system. Lymph nodes are found all through the body, and remove foreign ("not of the body") objects from the body. Lymph nodes contain white blood cells. They are important for the correct use of the immune system.

paragraphs: In the human body, the most likely place where lymph nodes can be felt are the neck, underarms, and groin area.


title: Tim Horton

paragraphs: Miles Gilbert "Tim" Horton (January 12, 1930 – February 21, 1974) was a Canadian professional hockey defenceman from Cochrane, Ontario. He played 24 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Toronto Maple Leafs, the New York Rangers, the Pittsburgh Penguins, and Buffalo Sabres. He was also a businessman and the co-founder of Tim Hortons, now Canada's largest restaurant chain. He died in an car crash at St. Catharines, Ontario in 1974 at the age of 44.

paragraphs: In 1964, Horton opened his first Tim Hortons shop in Hamilton, Ontario.

paragraphs: As well as over 2700 shops in Canada, Buffalo, New York has over 80 Tim Hortons Doughnut Shops, and they can be found in Detroit, Michigan; Columbus, Ohio; and other American cities, mainly in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. There are now over 400 shops in the United States.

paragraphs: Early on the morning of February 21, 1974, Horton was driving on the Queen Elizabeth Way from Toronto to his home in Buffalo after the Buffalo Sabres had played in Toronto the night before, in his sports car. He lost control and hit a concrete culvert. The crash turned the vehicle over and Horton, who was not wearing a seat belt, was thrown out of the car. Horton was dead on arrival at the local hospital. A police officer following Horton said that he had been going over 160 km/h (100 mph).

paragraphs: Tim Horton is buried in York Cemetery Toronto..


title: Jetstar Airways

paragraphs: Jetstar Airways is a low-cost airline. It was established by Qantas to counter the expansion of Virgin Blue in Australia. It flies to many domestic and international destinations. Its main airport is Melbourne Airport.

paragraphs: In 2003 Qantas bought the bankrupt Impulse Airlines, and established Jetstar as a low-cost domestic subsidiary. In February 2004 Jetstar Airways start selling tickets to passengers for her flights.

paragraphs: On 1 December, 2005 she started flying to 1st international airport in Christchurch, New Zealand.


title: Fire extinguisher

paragraphs: A Fire extinguisher is a device which can be used to control a fire. Fire extinguishers can help remove the fire, and may stop it from burning. Depending on the size, some fire extinguishers can be carried around and operated by hand. There are different kinds of fire extinguishers. Different kinds of fire can be controlled by different substances. There are color codes, the color tells what kinds of fires the fire extinguisher is useful for:

paragraphs: There are also different sizes of fire extinguishers. Bigger fire extinguishers can be used for a longer time. Hand-held fire extinguishers vary between 0.5 and 14 kg. A 2 kg extinguisher works for about two to four seconds, the 12 kg model for about eighteen seconds. There are also bigger fire extinguishers, mounted on a cart or a vehicle. These are used to fight fires at airports, for example.

paragraphs: To be useful, fire extinguishers need to be checked at regular intervals. Usually, there are laws about this duration, concerning fire extinguishers in public buildings.


title: Minke whale

paragraphs: The Minke whale is the smallest of the baleen whales that lives in many places in the world. It is the smallest rorqual whale (the large baleen whales). A large one is about 30 feet long and weighs 10 tons. They are black or gray with white on their belly and a white "armband" across their flippers. It is the only baleen whale that is still hunted for money. The Minke whale can swim quite fast.

paragraphs: There are two types of Minke whale. They are:

paragraphs: The minke whales are the second smallest baleen whale. Only the pygmy right whale is smaller. Males measure an average of and females in length. Both sexes typically weigh 4 - 5 t (3.9–4.9 long tons; 4.4–5.5 short tons) as adults. The maximum weight may be as much as 14 t (14 long tons; 15 short tons). They become adults after 6 to 8 years.

paragraphs: The minke whale is a black/gray/purple color. Common minke whales (Northern Hemisphere variety) have a white band on each flipper. The body is usually black or dark-gray above and white underneath. Most of the back, including dorsal fin and blowholes, appears at once when the whale comes to the surface to breathe.

paragraphs: Minke whales usually live for 30–50 years. In some cases they may live for up to 60 years.

paragraphs: The gestation time for minke whales is 10 months. Calves measure at birth. The newborns nurse for five to possibly 10 months. Breeding is mostly done during the summer months. Calving is thought to happen every two years.


title: University of Durham

paragraphs: The University of Durham is a university in the City of Durham in the north of England. It was founded in 1832. It is one of the oldest universities in the United Kingdom. It is "long established as the leading alternative to Oxford and Cambridge".


title: Gerrymandering

paragraphs: Gerrymandering is when a political group tries to change a voting district to create a result that helps them or hurts the group who is against them. It is named after Elbridge Gerry (1744-1814) of the Democratic-Republican Party, which later coalesced into the modern Democratic Party. Gerrymandering works by wasting votes. It puts more votes of winners into the district they will win so the losers win in another district.

paragraphs: If we have Group A and Group B both trying to win in a district. Group A has 40 votes and Group B has 50. In another district Group A knows Group B will win for sure. Group A changes the voting district so that 11 votes are moved to the other district. Now they will win 40 votes to 39.


title: Suffrage

paragraphs: Suffrage is the right to vote. Most countries allow citizens to vote once they are legally an adult. In the past not all people were allowed to vote. In general, most countries today do not stop people of a different race or sex from voting.

paragraphs: Suffrage can also apply to states themselves. Article V. of the U. S. Constitution does not allow any amendment to take away the States' equal suffrage in the Senate.

paragraphs: Suffrage can also mean the right to be a public official. Some people call the right to run for office candidate eligibility. Full suffrage means both the right to vote and the right to seek office.


title: Windows Product Activation

paragraphs: Windows Product Activation is a service built into all versions of Windows from Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 above to stop people downloading pirated copies. The user has 30 days to activate Windows and after 30 days, the computer will not run properly until it is activated.

paragraphs: When Windows is first installed, there will be a little icon on the screen with a message asking for Windows to be activated.

paragraphs: Then an activation wizard will appear and the user has 2 options on activating Windows. Activation could be done on the Internet, or on the telephone. The quickest way to activate is by the Internet, but if that fails, then the user would need to call Microsoft for the activation ID. The activation ID would be read by the representative and then the user would type in the key on the activation Wizard screen.


title: Algorithm

paragraphs: An algorithm is a step by step procedure to solve logical and mathematical problems.

paragraphs: A recipe is a good example of an algorithm because it says what must be done, step by step. It takes inputs (ingredients) and produces an output (the completed dish).

paragraphs: The words 'algorithm' and 'algorism' come from the name of a Persian mathematician called Al-Khwārizmī (Persian: خوارزمی, c. 780–850).

paragraphs: Informally, an algorithm can be called a "list of steps". Algorithms can be written in ordinary language, and that may be all a person needs.

paragraphs: In computing, an algorithm is a precise list of operations that could be done by a Turing machine.

paragraphs: For the purpose of computing, algorithms are written in pseudocode, flow charts, or programming languages.

paragraphs: There is usually more than one way to solve a problem. There may be many different recipes to make a certain dish which looks different but ends up tasting the same when all is said and done. The same is true for algorithms. However, some of these ways will be better than others. If a recipe needs lots of complicated ingredients that you do not have, it is not as a good as a simple recipe. When we look at algorithms as a way of solving problems, often we want to know how long it would take a computer to solve the problem using a particular algorithm. When we write algorithms, we like our algorithm to take the least amount of time so that we can solve our problem as quickly as possible.

paragraphs: In cooking, some recipes are more difficult to do than others, because they take more time to finish or have more things to keep track of.

paragraphs: It is the same for algorithms, and algorithms are better when they are easier for the computer to do. The thing that measures the difficulty of an algorithm is called "complexity". When we ask how complex an algorithm is, often we want to know how long it will take a computer to solve the problem we want it to solve.

paragraphs: This is an example of an algorithm for sorting cards with colors on them into piles of the same color:

paragraphs: These are examples of algorithms for sorting a stack of cards with many different numbers, so that the numbers are in order.

paragraphs: Players start with a stack of cards that have not been sorted.

paragraphs: This algorithm goes through the stack of cards, one card at a time. This card is compared to the next card in the stack. Please note that this position only changes in step 6. This algorithm is called bubble sort. It is slow.

paragraphs: Let us take a stack of the cards with the numbers "5 1 4 2 8", and sort it from smallest number to biggest one using this algorithm. In each step, the algorithm compares the elements written in bold. The top of the stack of cards is on the left-hand side.

paragraphs: ( 5 1 4 2 8 ) formula_1 ( 1 5 4 2 8 ) Here, the algorithm compares the first two elements, and swaps them.

paragraphs: ( 1 4 2 5 8 ) formula_1 ( 1 4 2 5 8 ) These elements are already in order, so the algorithm does not swap them.

paragraphs: Now, the stack of cards is already sorted, but our algorithm does not know this. The algorithm needs one whole pass without any swap to know it is sorted.

paragraphs: Finally, the array is sorted, and the algorithm can stop.

paragraphs: This is an easy-to-understand algorithm for sorting. Computer scientists called it "Bubble sort", because smaller elements will rise to the top, changing their position in each run. Unfortunately, the algorithm is not very good, because it needs a long time (many passes through the stack of cards) to sort it.

paragraphs: This algorithm uses another idea. Sometimes solving a problem is difficult, but the problem can be changed so it is made of simpler problems that are easier to solve. This is called recursion. It is more difficult to understand than the first example, but it will give a better algorithm.

paragraphs: This works with two stacks of cards. One of them is called A, the other is called B. There is a third stack that is empty at the start, called C. At the end, it will contain the result.

paragraphs: John von Neumann developed this algorithm in 1945. He did not call it "Sorting by numbers", he called it "Mergesort". It is a very good algorithm for sorting, compared to others.

paragraphs: The first algorithm takes much longer to sort the cards than the second, but it can be improved (made better). Looking at bubble sort, it can be noticed that cards with high numbers move from the top of the stack quite quickly, but cards with low numbers at the bottom of the stack take a long time to "rise" (move to the top).

paragraphs: To improve the first algorithm here is the idea:

paragraphs: This algorithm was developed by C. A. R. Hoare in 1960. It is one of most widely used algorithms for sorting today. It is called "Quicksort".

paragraphs: If players have cards with colors and numbers on them, they can sort them by color and number if they do the "sorting by colors" algorithm, then do the "sorting by numbers" algorithm to each colored stack, then put the stacks together.

paragraphs: The sorting-by-numbers algorithms are more difficult to do than the sorting-by-colors algorithm, because they may have to do the steps again many times. One would say that sorting by numbers is more "complex".


title: John Caesar

paragraphs: John Caesar (1764 – 15 February 1796), known as Black Caesar, was the first Australian bushranger. He was also the first black person with an African background to come to Australia. He was the first bushranger to have a reward offered for his capture.

paragraphs: Caesar was most likely born in Madagascar, in about 1763. He was a slave on a sugar plantation (farm) in the West Indies. He ran away and went to London. On 17 March 1786, he was in court at Deptford, Kent for stealing 240 shillings. He was sent to the new country called Australia as a convict for seven years. He left on the Alexander, a convict transport ship in the First Fleet, in May 1787 and arrived in Botany Bay in January 1788.

paragraphs: On 29 April 1789 he was caught stealing food. Two weeks later he escaped into the bush, taking food, an iron cooking pot, and a musket (gun) taken from a sea army officer (Marine) named Abraham Hand. He could not catch enough animals to eat, and he began to steal food from the settlement. On 26 May he stole food from a brick making gang at Brickfield Hill and was nearly caught. On June 6 he tried to steal food from Zachariah Clark, who was the assistant in charge of the new colony's food supplies. Caesar was caught by a convict named William Saltmarsh.

paragraphs: In July 1789, David Collins, the colony's Judge-Advocate, said that John Caesar was the hardest working convict in the new colony. He said that he was a large man with a lot of muscles, but he was always hungry. He would eat food meant to last two days in one meal, and would then need to steal more food from others. All his thefts were about getting more food.

paragraphs: After he was captured, Collins said Caesar was a "wretch" (a miserable person) who did not care if he died. Caesar told Collins that he would make it if was hanged, he would turn into a joke by playing a trick on the executioner. Governor Arthur Phillip however, thought Caesar would be more use working and sent him to Garden Island, where he would work in with his legs tied with iron chain. He was well behaved and the chains were soon taken off.

paragraphs: Caesar soon escaped again; on 22 December used a canoe to get off the island, taking a week's worth of food. He stole a musket, and lived by taking food from gardens and taking the food of Aboriginals after scaring them away with his gun. After he lost the gun at Rose Hill, and was attacked by the Aborigines, leaving him wounded in several places. He gave himself up on the 31 December to an officer at Rose Hill.

paragraphs: On 6 March 1790, Caesar was sent to Norfolk Island. There he had one daughter, later named Mary Ann Fisher Power, to Ann (e) Power. He was taken back to Sydney in 1793, and began stealing from the farms and huts again. He was caught and then flogged (hit 500 times with a whip). This did not make any difference; Caesar said that "all that would not make him better."

paragraphs: In 1795 Black Caesar ran away for the last time, and formed a gang of runaways. On 29 January 1796, a reward of five gallons of rum was offered by Governor John Hunter for his capture. Every day there were reports of missing things, but he was able to avoid being captured until 15 February. A man named Wimbow, who had been searching for days, found him in an area of thick bush called Liberty Plains and shot him. He died soon after.


title: SliTaz

paragraphs: SliTaz GNU/Linux is a software project started by Christophe Lincoln in 2006. It is one of the smallest desktop Linux distributions available It can be loaded entirely into RAM or be installed to a hard drive.

paragraphs: SliTaz 1.0 was released on March 22, 2008. SliTaz shares many common goals with Damn Small Linux, but is smaller and based on the more recent Linux 2.6 kernel.


title: Musket

paragraphs: A musket is a muzzleloading, smoothbore firearm, which is meant to be fired from the shoulder.

paragraphs: The musket is the weapon that replaced the arquebus, and was then replaced by the rifle. But the word "musket" is also used to describe a number of different weapons including:

paragraphs: Muskets were made for use by infantry. A soldier armed with a musket was called a musketman or musketeer. In the 1500's, soldiers armed with a heavy arquebus, called a musket, supported the arquebusiers and the pikemen. By the start of 1700's, a lighter type of musket took over from the arquebus. When the bayonet was added, there was no longer a need for pikemen, and almost all infantry soldiers became musketeers. The first musket made in the united States was the Springfield Model 1795 Musket. In the 1800's, better ammunition and ways of firing the gun, meant that rifling was practical for military use, and the rifled musket became common. A few years later, the use of cartridges, breechloading, and multiple rounds of ammunition meant the "rifled musket" gave way to the rifle, and "muskets" were no longer used.

paragraphs: Musket calibres ranged from to . A smoothbore musket, firing at a single target, was only accurate to about to . Rifled muskets in the 1850's were much better, able to hit a man sized target at up to . The advantage of this longer distance was shown at the Battle of Four Lakes, where Springfield Model 1855 rifled muskets killed Indian warriors before they could get close enough with their smoothbore muskets. However, in the Italian War of 1859, French forces were able to defeat the longer range of Austrian rifle muskets by quick, small attacks and bayonet attacks at close range.


title: ALPHA Collaboration

paragraphs: The ALPHA Collaboration is a group of physicists from about 11 universities who work together (or "collaborate") to try to trap neutral antimatter. The neutral antimatter they are working to trap is antihydrogen. This is the antimatter version of hydrogen, the first atom in the periodic table. Antihydrogen, like hydrogen, has two oppositely charged particles. Hydrogen has a proton and an electron, and so antihydrogen would have an antiproton and a positron. A positron is the common name for the antielectron.

paragraphs: The ALPHA collaboration has its experiment at CERN in Geneva in Switzerland. CERN is the only place in the world that can provide "slow" antiprotons that can be easily captured by ALPHA. ALPHA then brings these antiprotons into contact with positrons and form antihydrogen.

paragraphs: Antihydrogen has, like many atoms and especially hydrogen, a small magnetic dipole moment. A dipole moment is another way of saying that the atom behaves a bit as if it was a tiny magnet with a north and a south pole. Normally such small magnets are attracted to other magnets. However, some atoms in some states behave such that they are repelled by magnetic fields. This means that the atoms could possibly be trapped in space by making a minimum of the magnetic field. ALPHA is trying to do just that with antihydrogen. By a clever arrangement of magnets, ALPHA has a so-called magnetic minimum trap, in which antihydrogen may be trapped.

paragraphs: This is a difficult process. The magnetic forces on these atoms are quite weak, so the trap can only contain antihydrogen atoms of very low motional (kinetic) energy, that is at very low temperature. The current state-of-the-art ALPHA trap can contain antihydrogen atoms in their ground state if they are colder than about 0.5 Kelvin (i.e. 0.5 degrees above absolute zero). ALPHA is currently working on making such cold antihydrogen.


title: Forestle

paragraphs: Forestle is a website for finding all kinds of information on the internet; Forestle helps to save the rain forest and reduces the total carbon dioxide (CO) production. It also offers special features, for example a preview of the websites found during a search. It was invented in 2008.

paragraphs: Forestle saves 0.1 square meters (about 0.1 square yards) of rain forest per search. It earns money from showing advertisements along with the websites found, and Forestle guarantees to donate 90% of this money to buy areas of rain forest through its partner organization The Nature Conservancy. As of October 2009, about 1,991,055 square meters of rain forest have been saved.

paragraphs: For searching the web using Forestle is also essentially CO-neutral: Of course the server computers used by Forestle, the connection network, and the computer of the searching users need electric energy and thus create emissions of carbon-dioxide; but Forestle purchases an equivalent amount of renewable energy certificates. The certificates are purchased from a part of the 10% of money left after buying rain forest. This makes Forestle one of the few web search sites that are "green certified".

paragraphs: The number of search requests on Forestle.org grows significantly </ref name=proof/>: There were 4000 search requests per day on average in December 2008, about 10000 per day in January 2009 and currently, (March 6, 2009) there are more than 20000 requests per day.

paragraphs: Forestle thus offers a simple alternative form of searching the web in a way that helps the environment.

paragraphs: How large the effects of using such a 'green' search method actually are is discussed.

paragraphs: Forestle offers a website preview that shows small versions of the web sites found in each search. The search page offered by Forestle is very simple and only contains a window to type in words to be searched for, the search results, and a few links to check related services (for example Google Maps) as well as explanations about how Forestle works. Forestle meanwhile also provides several browser plugins, can be added to iGoogle and can be used in English and German (full versions) as well as in Spanish and Dutch (details partially in English).

paragraphs: Forestle used the search services of Google until Google forbid them to do that after four days of service; the reasons was that Google and Forestle had a fight: it was not clear whether Forestle broke the terms of service fixed in the contract between them. Forestle.org states that google did not actually give reasons for stopping their service. The action by google to not support Forestle any more immediately drew international attention. Details about the conflict between Google and Forestle are debated. Forestle is now associated with Yahoo.


title: Hebrew Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Hebrew Wikipedia () is the Hebrew-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in July 2003.

paragraphs: As of October 2015, it is the 39th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.

paragraphs: By February 2012, it had over 130,000 articles, over 534,000 pages and over 33,500 files uploaded.


title: Dextromethorphan

paragraphs: Dextromethorphan (DXM or DM) is a drug. It is used to prevent coughs in many over-the-counter cold and cough medicines. Dextromethorphan can also be used for pain relief or for psychological conditions. It is sold in syrup, tablet, and lozenge forms, manufactured under several different brand names and generic labels. In its pure form, dextromethorphan is a white powder.

paragraphs: If more is taken than directed, dextromethorphan acts as a dissociative hallucinogenic drug. Its mechanism of action (how it works) is as an NMDA receptor antagonist (blocks a chemical in the brain), producing effects similar to those of the controlled substances ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP).


title: Metrosexual

paragraphs: A metrosexual is a male who is overly concerned with their own physical appearance and grooming. Metrosexual men are known to act like the stereotypical homosexual man.


title: Roman à clef

paragraphs: Roman à clef (said like it rhymes with "a don a day") means "novel with a key" in French. It is a phrase used for talking about literature and movies. A roman à clef is a type of story that's true for the most part except for details like the name of the main character. The "key" part of the meaning–what someone needs to unlock the real story–changes from book to book. For some books it is knowing that the main character is really a famous person. For others it is knowing that the main character is really the author.

paragraphs: Authors usually write these types of stories (instead of telling the whole truth) to talk about a controversy or what happened during a crime so that the people involved can't sue them. A couple of movies that are written like this are Citizen Kane (a movie about a man a lot like William Randolph Hearst) and Dreamgirls (a movie about a Motown group a lot like The Supremes).

paragraphs: Because it comes from French, the plural of roman à clef is "romans à clef".


title: Ernst Kaltenbrunner

paragraphs: Ernst Kaltenbrunner (4 October 1903 in Ried im Innkreis - 16 October 1946 in Nuremberg) was a Austrian lawyer. During World War II he was an official of the NSDAP. He was the head of the Reichssicherheitshauptamt (Reich Security Head Office) and Interpol. Kaltenbrunner was the highest SS officer who was charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was found guilty of war crimes and executed.


title: Typographical error

paragraphs: A typographical error or typo is a word that has been spelt wrong by accident. There are a few ways to make a typo:


title: Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany

paragraphs: Prince Frederick Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, was born on August 16, 1763. He was the second son of George III. He was the heir to the throne from 1820 to his death.


paragraphs: Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex was born (27 January 1773 – 21 April 1843), was the sixth son of George III and his consort, Queen Charlotte. He was the only son of the King and Queen not to pursue an army or navy career, but he did consider becoming a cleric in the Church of England.

paragraphs: Augustus Frederick married twice, but neither was legal in the United Kingdom because under the Royal Marriages Act he should have asked permission from the King first.


title: Princess Augusta Sophia of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: Princess Augusta Sophia (8 November 1768 – 22 September 1840)was second oldest daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte. She never married and had no children. She died at age 71 in 1840.


title: Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: Princess Elizabeth (22 May 1770 – 10 January 1840) was the 7th child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She married Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg, in 1818. She had no children. She died at age 69. There were plans for her to marry the future Louis Philippe I, but the marriage never took place as he was a Catholic and her father had a deep dislike of Catholic people.


paragraphs: Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh (25 April 1776 – 30 April 1857) was the fourth daughter and eleventh child of George III and Queen Charlotte. She was the last living child of George III, dying in 1857.


title: Princess Sophia of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: The Princess Sophia (Sophia Matilda; 2 November 1777 – 27 May 1848) was the fifth daughter of George III and Queen Charlotte.


title: Prince Octavius of Great Britain

paragraphs: Prince Octavius (23 February 1779 - 3 May 1783) was the eighth son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He died at the age of four. His father once said "There will be no heaven for me if Octavius is not there."


title: Prince Alfred of Great Britain

paragraphs: Prince Alfred (22 September, 1780 - 20 August, 1783) was the ninth and last son of George III and Queen Charlotte. He was the first son of George III to die, dying at age two years in 1783.


title: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

paragraphs: Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (19 May 1744 – 17 November 1818) was the Queen of the United Kingdom as wife of King George III. She was Queen Consort of the United Kingdom from her marriage on September 8, 1761, to her death on November 18,1818. Charlotte and George III had 15 children of whom thirteen survived to adulthood. She was the longest consort, serving 58 years. She died in 1818, and George III died two years later.


title: Lewis County

paragraphs: Lewis County can be any of the following counties in the United States:


title: Egbert of Wessex

paragraphs: Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (–839) was King of Wessex from 802 until 839. In the 780s Egbert was forced into exile by Offa of Mercia and Beorhtric of Wessex, but on Beorhtric's death in 802 Egbert returned and took the throne. He was the father of Athelwulf of Wessex.

paragraphs: Egbert was the son of Ealhmund, King of Kent. He was descended from Ingeld, brother of Ine of Wessex. In 786 he made a bid for the throne of Wessex after the death of Cynewulf. Offa of Mercia however, made Beorhtric king instead. As a youth Egbert was seen as a problem for Beorhtric. He didn't want Egbert in England. While Beorhtric was negotiating to marry Offa's daughter he asked that Egbert be handed over to him. While Offa was considering doing just that, Egbert fled Mercia and at some point left England. He appears to have been welcomed at the court of Charlemagne for at least three years. This is at the time Frankish ports were closed to English ships and trading. Offa had offended Charlemagne by his son marry one of Charlemagne's daughters. While at the Frankish court Egbert married a noblewoman, Redburga. She was possibly a close relative of Charlemagne. Egbert and Redburga had a son born in Francia, Athelwulf, about 795. In 802 Beorhtric died. Egbert returned to become King of Wessex, probably with military aid from Charlemagne.

paragraphs: His first few years as king are not well recorded. It is very probable that he used this time to reorganize his army and his administration. Egbert formed an alliance with Wulfred, Archbishop of Canterbury. In 815 Egbert invaded Cornwall and brought it under his rule. He allowed sub-kings to rule it for him. In 825 the new king of Mercia, Beornwulf, invaded Wessex. Beornwulf had extended his authority over Kent, Essex and Middlesex. In what Frank Stenton called "one of the most decisive battles of Anglo-Saxon history" Egbert defeated Beornwulf. This was the end of the Mercian kings dominating England. Egbert sent his son Athelwulf with an army to overthrow Baldred, the Mercian sub-king. As a result, all of Kent, Surrey, Sussex and East Anglia submitted to Egbert. Beornwulf tried to recover East Anglia later the same year and was killed in the attempt. Kent, Surrey and Sussex remained a part of the kingdom of Wessex from this time on. Essex was later lost to the Danes. Egbert appointed his son Athelwulf as sub-king of Kent which included all the new territories of Wessex.

paragraphs: Egbert then defeated all of Mercia in 829. The king of Northumbria submitted to him after the defeat of Mercia. He assumed the title (King of Mercia). This title was also on coins made in the former Mercian port of London. In 830 Wiglaf returned to power in Mercia, but the gains of Kent and southwest England remained with Wessex. Egbert died 4 February 839. He left a territory larger than any other Wessex king since Ine. He was the "bretwalda" or overlord of Anglo-Saxon England until Wiglaf returned in 830. Even so, he remained the most powerful king during his time.


title: Axilla

paragraphs: The axilla (also known as the armpit, underarm, or oxter) is the area on the human body right under where the joint where the arm connects to the shoulder. The axilla is one of the four places where an medical thermometer can be used to measure human body temperature. The other places are the rectum, mouth, and ear canal.

paragraphs: In the area where the axllia is, the body parts that are found are the axillary vein, axillary artery, brachial plexus, lymph nodes and fat.

paragraphs: During puberty, hair will grow in the underarms. Many women choose to shave or remove this hair because it gives a neater and cleaner look when wearing some types of clothes, however some women do not shave and choose to have a natural look for cultural or symbolic reasons.

paragraphs: Body odor occurs in the axilla due to microorganisms.

paragraphs: Due to this, many companies make deodorants to help remove the bad odor.

paragraphs: Many people think of the axilla as being a ticklish spot.

paragraphs: In the U.K., the axilla is called the oxter.

paragraphs: Underarm, another word for axilla, only is the outside of the axilla.

paragraphs: Armpit, like underarm, refers to the axilla, but also means an object or place that is smelly or greasy.


title: Asyut

paragraphs: Asyut is the capital of the current Asyut Governate in Egypt. There is an old city close by the newer city of Asyut.

paragraphs: The following are the twin towns of Asyut:


Ganz


title: Ganz (tramcars)

paragraphs: The Ganz (Ganz vállalatok, ""Ganz companies"") electric works in Budapest is best known for making tramcars. It was also one of the first to use three-phase alternating current on electric railways. Ganz also made / makes: ships (Ganz Danubius), steel bridges (Ganz Acélszerkezet), high voltage electrical equipment (Ganz Transelektro). Famous engineers employed by Ganz were Kálmán Kandó and Ottó Bláthy. The company is named after Ábrahám Ganz.


title: Battle of Yorktown

paragraphs: The Battle of Yorktown can be any of the following:


title: Tetraphobia

paragraphs: Tetraphobia is a fear of the number 4. It is a superstition found most often in East Asian areas, for example China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

paragraphs: The Chinese word for "four" (, pinyin: sì, jyutping: sei), sounds very similar to the word for "death" (, pinyin: sǐ, jyutping: sei).

paragraphs: Chinese people take care not to use the number 4 during important holidays, or if someone in the family is sick. Numbers such as 14, 24, and so on, are not used because they also have the number 4 in them. Buildings sometimes do not have floors with these numbers, apartments and hotels do not have rooms with number 4, 14, 24 and so on. Table number 4, 14, 24, may be often left out in wedding dinners or other social activities in these countries. Where there are a lot of apartment buildings, buildings that should be 4, 14, 24, are called 3A, 13A, 23A, and so on.

paragraphs: In Hong Kong, some apartments such as Vision City and The Arch do not have the floors from 40 to 49. Immediately above 39/F is 50/F, leading many who do not know about tetraphobia to think that some floors are missing.

paragraphs: The Chinese start numbering their military aircraft with the number 5, such as the fighter plane "Shenyang J-5". The Taiwanese and the South Korean navies do not use the number 4 when giving flag numbers to their ships.

paragraphs: In cities where East Asian and Western cultures come together, like Hong Kong and Singapore, it is possible in some buildings that both 13 and 14 are left out as floor numbers, along with all the other 4s.

paragraphs: In Korea, tetraphobia is not as important, but the floor number 4 is almost always left out in hospitals. In other buildings, the fourth floor is sometimes named "F" (Four) instead of "4" in elevators. Apartment numbers with a lot of the number 4 (such as 404) are hard to sell, and often they are not worth as much money.


title: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha

paragraphs: Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha (30 November 1719 – 8 February 1772) was Princess of Wales between 1736 and 1751, and Dowager Princess of Wales thereafter. She was one of only three holders of the title who never became queen. Princess Augusta's eldest son succeeded as George III of the United Kingdom in 1760, as her husband, Frederick, Prince of Wales, had died nine years earlier.


title: Princess Elizabeth of Great Britain

paragraphs: Princess Elizabeth (Elizabeth Caroline; 10 January 1741 – 4 September 1759) was a member of the British Royal Family, a grandchild of George II and sister of George III.


title: Claustrophobia

paragraphs: Claustrophobia is a fear of narrow or closed places. It is an anxiety disorder and often results in panic attack.


title: Palace of Whitehall

paragraphs: The Palace of Whitehall was the main home of the English kings and queens in London, from 1530 until 1698, when all except Inigo Jones's 1622 Banqueting House was destroyed by fire. Before the fire, it was the largest palace in Europe, with over 1,500 rooms (at one time it was the largest building in the world).

paragraphs: The palace gives its name—Whitehall—to the road on which many of the buildings of the UK government now stand. The word "Whitehall" can also refer to the central government itself.

paragraphs: It became an official royal palace in 1530 when Henry VII was the king of England. He also included a recreation centre with a bowling green, tennis courts, a pit for cock fighting (now the site of 70 Whitehall) and a tiltyard for jousting. It is estimated that over £30,000 (approaching £11 million in 2007 values) were spent during the 1540s, 50% more than the construction of the entire Bridewell Palace. Henry VIII married two of his wives at the palace—Anne Boleyn in 1533 and Jane Seymour in 1536. It was also at the palace that Henry died. It was a lesser used palace during the reign of the next few monarchs.

paragraphs: The palace of Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698. Many of the palace's wooden structures were destroyed in the fire. Michelangelo's "Cupid" is to believed to have been destroyed in the blaze. After this the remaining structures were torn down. Now Whitehall has government buildings on it.


title: Romanian Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Romanian Wikipedia () is the Romanian-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in June 2003.

paragraphs: It has . This makes it the 28th largest edition.


title: Weekday

paragraphs: A weekday is a day that falls outside of the weekend. In most places, weekdays include Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday but not Saturday or Sunday.


title: Norbert Wiener

paragraphs: Norbert Wiener (November 26, 1894 – March 18, 1964) was an American theoretical and applied mathematician. He was a child prodigy. His father was a teacher of languages.

paragraphs: Wiener founded cybernetics, the science of control and communication in animals and machines. It is a field that uses the notion of feedback, and is important for engineering, systems control, computer science, biology, philosophy, and the organization of society. The name of the science comes from his book, "Cybernetics: Or the Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (1948).

paragraphs: "Information is information, not matter or energy". – Norbert Wiener, "Cybernetics" (1948, 155)

paragraphs: Wiener was born in Columbia, Missouri. He died in Stockholm, Sweden.


title: Erich Raeder

paragraphs: Erich Johann Albert Raeder (24 April 1876 in Wandsbek - 6 November 1960 in Kiel) was a naval leader in Germany before and during the Second World War. He was made a "Großadmiral" (, equivalent to Admiral of the Fleet) in 1939, which is the highest naval rank. In 1943 he was replaced by Karl Dönitz in his position as head of the German Navy.

paragraphs: Raeder was also one of the 24 charged at the Nuremberg Trials, and was sent to prison.


title: 1983 Invasion of Grenada

paragraphs: The Invasion of Grenada, codenamed Operation Urgent Fury, was an invasion of the nation of Grenada ordered by President Ronald Reagan. Grenada is an island in the Caribbean Sea, 100 miles north of Venezuela, and over 1,500 miles south east of the United States. It was invaded by the combined force of troops from the United States (nearly 10,000 troops), Jamaica and members of the Regional Security System (RSS) (approximately 300 troops).


title: Super Mario RPG: Legend of the Seven Stars

paragraphs: , taglined Legend of the Seven Stars, is a role-playing game made by Square Co. (now known as Square Enix) and published by Nintendo. The game was first out on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System in 1996, and then on the Wii's Virtual Console service in 2008.

paragraphs: The gameplay of "Super Mario RPG" is like other Square role-playing games of "Chrono Trigger" and the "Final Fantasy" series. The characters fight enemies by taking turns in a battle-style area. The player controls Mario, Bowser, Princess Toadstool, Mallow and Geno. Each of those characters has special moves they can use on an enemy.

paragraphs: "Super Mario RPG" got very good scores, including an 88% average from "Game Rankings". The game also sold 1.47 million copies in Japan, which was the third best selling game in that region of 1996.


title: Whopper

paragraphs: Whopper is a kind of hamburger sold at the fast-food chain Burger King. It is made using a beef patty, lettuce, tomato, sliced onion, pickles, ketchup, and mayonnaise served on a sesame seed bun. Also, cheese can be added at the customer's request. There is also a Double Whopper available.

paragraphs: A "Whopper Jr." is the same as the Whopper, but in a smaller size.

paragraphs: The whopper was under controversy when Google Home read out a vandalised description of a whopper from the internet site Wikipedia.


title: Direct memory access

paragraphs: Direct memory access (usually shortened to DMA) is a technology used in Computers and microprocessors. With it, certain hardware components can use parts of the main memory for their applications, without the need to ask the CPU. The CPU will request data from memory once and the DMA will continue to fetch the data, freeing the CPU to do other work. This way, the CPU does not have to request every byte.