title: Gabrielle (Xena)

paragraphs: Gabrielle is a fictional character in "", played by Renée O'Connor. She is referred to, by fans, as the Battling Bard of Potidaea. Her trademark weapons are the Amazon fighting staff and the sai.

paragraphs: Renée O'Connor was chosen to play the role after she impressed producers with her role in the "" television movie "The Lost Kingdom".

paragraphs: Her name is the feminine of Gabriel, from the Hebrew, which means "messenger of God". That is the name of the chief of Archangels, and during the show, Gabrielle becomes an Archangel. While Gabrielle is typically a French given name, it has a grammatically correct Greek feminine ending and contains no anti-Greek sounds (pronounced as Gab-ree-el-lay). Also, the Greek version of "Gabrielle" is Γαβριήλα, (Gavrila).

paragraphs: In the two musical episodes, Gabrielle's singing voice was provided by Susan Wood.

paragraphs: Gabrielle joins Xena in the first episode as her traveling partner and sidekick, and remains with her until the end of the show. It is this partnership which forms the premise of the show.

paragraphs: When they meet, Gabrielle is a young, innocent, and idealistic scholar. She studies maps and the stars, reads mythology, writes stories, and dreams of traveling beyond her village to see the world. She wants to be a traveling bard. She also has strong ethical beliefs. She believes in the essential goodness of every person and is willing to put her life on the line for that.

paragraphs: In stark contrast, Xena is cynical, hard, and world-weary. Xena has killed thousands of people and, overcome with guilt, is returning home, perhaps to give up her own life. But on seeing Gabrielle's willingness to sacrifice herself for others, she is inspired to spend the rest of her life redeeming herself, and this becomes the driving theme throughout the show. Together they embark on an arduous, spirited adventure lasting over 30 years. Gabrielle acts as Xena's guiding light, keeping her dark memories at bay and reminding her of the goodness that she had once possessed. In return, Xena provides Gabrielle with travel and great adventures, teaches her about survival and the fighting arts, and acts as her protector, both physically and spiritually.

paragraphs: Gabrielle's story is one of growing up. Life with Xena is extreme in many ways, and traveling together often proves more dangerous than she had initially bargained for. Their friendship grows quickly, and they both overcome doubts, grief, loss of hope, and even death. As a burgeoning warrior, Gabrielle becomes more useful to Xena in combat and is increasingly treated as an equal. Eventually they learn that their destiny is woven together, in this and all future lives.

paragraphs: By the end of the series, when Xena dies and in the process finally redeems herself, Gabrielle has been transformed into a tough and courageous leader, a woman of the world, and a great warrior in her own right.

paragraphs: When Gabrielle first meets the Warrior Princess, Xena, she is a farm girl living in the village of Potidaea. She and her sister Lila, along with several other village girls, have been kidnapped by the men of the warlord, Draco, to be sold as slaves. Xena intervenes and rescues them. Awed by her fighting skills, Gabrielle decides that she wants to become a warrior too. She also wants to avoid the marriage that her parents, Herodotus and Hecuba, have arranged for her with her childhood friend Perdicas. Gabrielle insists on following an initially reluctant Xena on the road. The two women soon develop a strong bond of love and friendship. Over the six years of the series, Gabrielle evolves from a naive, idealistic teenager into a fully fledged, but deeply conflicted warrior fighting alongside Xena.

paragraphs: Gabrielle becomes an Amazon when she defends a dying Amazon Princess during an ambush. Before she dies, the Princess Terreis passes her "right of caste" to Gabrielle, and Gabrielle inherits her rank and possessions. This leaves Gabrielle the heiress presumptive to the Amazon Queen, Melosa. Melosa's adopted daughter Velasca, becomes a rival for the position of Queen of the Amazons after Melosa's death, but Velasca's schemes (which include aspirations to godhood) are foiled by Xena and Gabrielle. As Gabrielle wishes to travel with Xena rather than rule the Amazons, she appoints her friend Ephiny to act as Amazon Queen in her place.

paragraphs: Gabrielle learns how to fight with a fighting staff from the Amazons. With Xena's encouragement, she develops a philosophy of fighting for the Greater Good without killing.

paragraphs: About a year after meeting Xena, Gabrielle encounters Perdicas again and decides to marry him. The morning after their wedding, he is murdered by Xena's nemesis, Callisto. Gabrielle's grief and anger tests her ideals of reverence for life, but she nonetheless resists the impulse to kill Callisto. During this period, Gabrielle's strong commitment to peacemaking and compassion often serves as a counterbalance to Xena's warrior nature.

paragraphs: When helping to defend Britannia against Caesar, Gabrielle comes into contact with an evil cult that tricks her into killing one of its priestesses, Meridian. The loss of Gabrielle's "blood innocence" enables the evil god Dahak to impregnate her. After a pregnancy that lasts only a few days, Gabrielle gives birth to a girl she names Hope. After becoming convinced that the baby is simply a vessel for Dahak, Xena wants to kill Hope. Gabrielle manages to save her daughter by putting her in a basket and sending her downriver.

paragraphs: Several months later, Gabrielle finds Hope again, now looking like a nine-year-old, and already in the process of helping her father, Dahak, implement his plan to take over the world. Hope allies herself with Xena's enemy, Callisto. In revenge for Xena's attempt to kill her as a baby, Hope murders Xena's son, Solan. This forces Gabrielle to accept that Hope is indeed evil. She kills her daughter by giving her poison, an act that continues to haunt Gabrielle throughout the series. She holds herself responsible for Solan's death, as well as for betraying Xena a second time, even after reconciliation with Xena is effected through their musical journey in the Land of Illusia. When she once again encounters Hope, who was saved from the funeral pyre by her father, Gabrielle sacrifices herself to save Xena by jumping into a lava pit and taking Hope with her. Gabrielle mysteriously survives the fall, and is later reunited with Xena. It is later revealed that Ares saved Gabrielle, with plans to use her as a bargaining chip against Xena.

paragraphs: After her first kill, and the traumatic events with Hope that followed it, Gabrielle temporarily embraces complete pacifism as an alternative to fighting by Xena's side. She and Xena travel barefoot on pilgrimage to India, where they encounter a series of false prophets and gurus, as well as a genuine healer and teacher, Eli. Eli claims to have found enlightenment and Gabrielle becomes interested in his philosophy of non-violence and inner peace, which he calls the Way of Love. Gabrielle attempts to follow Eli's way, and throws away her staff under his influence. However, when Xena is in the midst of a battle with the Romans in an effort to rescue Gabrielle, Eli, and a group of prisoners, Callisto, uses Xena's own chakram against her, breaking her back. Gabrielle chooses to fight to save Xena and even kills some of the soldiers herself. Before their crucifixion, Gabrielle tells Xena that she had chosen "The Way of Friendship".

paragraphs: After being crucified, Gabrielle and Xena ascend into Heaven, but are soon ambushed by demons. The demons are able to take Gabrielle to Hell, where she comes face to face with the demonic form of Callisto. Xena and a group of Archangels are able to rescue Gabrielle from Hell before Gabrielle can fall to the darkness. She then learns that Xena has taken Callisto's place in Hell. She eventually forgives Callisto for the murder of Perdicas, and that act of forgiveness grants her the right to join the Archangels in battle. During her fight with the demon-Xena, they are restored to life by Eli.

paragraphs: At this time, Gabrielle accepts her new path as a warrior and acquires a pair of sai, which become her signature weapon thereafter. Xena's pregnancy, revealed shortly after the duo's return to life, further forces Gabrielle to fight and sometimes protect Xena. On two occasions, the god of war Ares, impressed by Gabrielle's new warrior skills, tries to recruit her to his side, but Gabrielle always resists.

paragraphs: Gabrielle and Xena sleep in an ice cave for 25 years after Ares places them there because he mistakenly believes they are dead. After waking up, Gabrielle discovers that her parents have been killed by the North African warlord Gurkhan, who has also kidnapped her niece, Sara, for his harem. Around this time, Gabrielle develops a close friendship with Joxer's eldest son Virgil, who shares many of her traits as a bard and warrior. Gabrielle struggles with the issue of seeking vengeance against Gurkhan. She is often troubled by her role as a warrior, particularly when she has to lead her Amazon tribe into a high-casualty battle against a superior army, led by the demigod Bellerophon, to rescue a fellow Amazon queen. Despite the success of the mission, Gabrielle tells Xena, "With each battle, I lose more of myself".

paragraphs: The series' final scene finds her on a ship headed to Egypt, where she intends to continue the fight for the Greater Good, with Xena accompanying her in spirit.

paragraphs: Gabrielle starts the series as a young girl who more or less stands behind Xena, and relies on Xena to protect her. In the course of 10 episodes, she acquires a fighting staff from the Greek Amazons and is a decent fighter with it shortly after. Another 10 episodes later, she displays immensely impressive skills with the staff, taking on numerous soldiers single-handedly, in the attempts to rescue Xena's presumably dead body. Probably what is most impressive, is that two episodes later she blocks an arrow in flight with her staff.

paragraphs: As time goes on, we see Gabrielle not only improve with her abilities with the staff, but as a total warrior as well. As she adds kicks, and minor acrobatics to her fighting, rolling over a hunched over opponent before proceeding to beat them.

paragraphs: While in India, Gabrielle is also thrown through time by a Darsham to save Xena's soul. It is said that their souls are together throughout time. In this next life Xena is the Mother of Peace, Arminestra and Gabrielle is Shakti, a Warrior Prince of India. At the end of season 4, however, is when Gabrielle shows a leap in her warrior abilities. After months of following her path of the Way of Love, Gabrielle picks up the sword of a paralyzed Xena and fights off a large group Roman soldiers with incredible skill. This however sparked concern among fans, who wondered how Gabrielle knew how to use a sword so well. One theory that could make sense is that in her time as a complete non-violent person, Gabrielle as an experienced fighter, no longer had to focus on her fighting and instead watched as Xena fought. At that point, as a seasoned fighter, Gabrielle is able to grow in a dramatic way through observation.

paragraphs: By season 5, we see Gabrielle reach an undisputed status as a warrior, fighting with her sai, incorporating more acrobatic ability, even performing a wall run and back flip. Other than sai and sometimes a new casual staff, she can use a large array of weapons with proficiency. Gabrielle also fights against warriors with notable skill; she defeats the warrior Mavican and stands against Ares and Hades (two gods) in battle for a rather long period before they defeat her. She also fights in a sword duel with Brutus, Caesar's former right hand and one of leaders of Rome, eventually killing him. As previously mentioned, Gabrielle's abilities become noticed by the God of War who seeks her out as his new protégée. It is mentioned later by Gabrielle and numerous others that Xena trained her throughout the years, although there have only been a few episodes that actually show Xena giving her any sort of martial arts training.

paragraphs: One of Gabrielle's biggest fights of the season is her fight against fellow Amazon queen, Varia. They fight in an enclosed arena in a match in which Eve's life is at stake, and they appeared to be at a stand-off before she is beaten by Varia. Gabrielle takes the loss graciously and continues to grow in skill over the season, regaining the title of supreme Amazon queen very soon.

paragraphs: Gabrielle's bardic skills appear to be natural and self-taught. In the opening episode, she displays a remarkable ability to talk her way out of fearsome or difficult situations: she talks a cyclops out of eating her, and makes an ally of him; talks an old man into giving her a lift; talks a violent crowd out of killing Xena; and talks her way into joining Xena as her traveling partner.

paragraphs: Besides her persuasive ability, she also reads and writes - rare skills for that time, loves to tell stories, and has some musical ability. As she travels with Xena, she records their adventures on a series of scrolls, with an eye for flair and drama. Occasionally her tendency to exaggerate and glamorize the facts gets her into trouble. She is also shown telling stories for money in an inn. In other episodes she wins a place in the Athens City Academy for the Performing Bards, is a famous playwright, is a theatrical director, plays the pan pipes with considerable skill, and is the only person able to recite a magical scroll with the correct accents.

paragraphs: Despite Gabrielle's ascendancy as a warrior, her role as a bard remains important. About a year into her travels with Xena, her scrolls about Xena's exploits begin to gain popularity, apparently helping, according to Ares, turn Xena into a legend. After their 25-year sleep, Gabrielle finds out that her stories had been read as far away as North Africa where they were popular among nomad tribes.

paragraphs: According to an episode set in modern times, Gabrielle's scrolls were preserved for thousands of years and later discovered by modern archeologists. They found their way to Hollywood, where they formed the basis of the television series.

paragraphs: Throughout the course of the series, Gabrielle has a total of 7 regular costumes which become smaller, more conducive to her fighting style as the show progresses and more showing what the fans call "Fab Gab Abs" (Fabulous Gabrielle's Abdominals).

paragraphs: Along with Xena, occasionally, Gabrielle is known to be credited with a variety of discoveries and inventions.

paragraphs: In September 10, 2005, a month after Eris' discovery, its moon was discovered by the adaptive optics team at the Keck telescopes in Hawaii, who was carrying out observations of the four brightest Kuiper belt objects. In addition to its provisional designation , its discoverers (among them Michael E. Brown), informally nicknamed it "Gabrielle", while Eris was nicknamed "Xena". In 2006, the International Astronomical Union has instead given its official name, Dysnomia, which retains a reference to "Xena", as the English translation of Dysnomia, "Lawless", echoes the name of actress Lucy Lawless.


title: Saint-Basile, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Basile is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Original Six

paragraphs: The Original Six is a well-known term for the group of six teams that composed the National Hockey League (NHL) for the 25 seasons between the 1942-43 NHL season and the 1967 NHL Expansion.


title: Verona Rupes

paragraphs: Verona Rupes is a cliff on Miranda, a moon of Uranus. The cliff has been estimated at 5 kilometers (3 mi) and 20 kilometers (12.4 mi) high, making it the tallest known cliff in the solar system.

paragraphs: It may have been created by a major impact, which caused the moon to disrupt and reassemble, or by the crust rifting.


title: Saint-Christol, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Christol is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard

paragraphs: Saint-Cierge-sous-le-Cheylard is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Clair, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Clair is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Clément, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Clément is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Cyr, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Cyr is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Désirat

paragraphs: Saint-Désirat is a commune in the Ardèche department and Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of France.


title: Saint-Félicien, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Félicien is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Jean-de-Muzols

paragraphs: Saint-Jean-de-Muzols is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure

paragraphs: Saint-Jeure-d'Andaure is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay

paragraphs: Saint-Marcel-lès-Annonay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.

paragraphs: The area was settled in 972. The Deûme passes through Saint-Marcel and flows into the Cance with Annonay. Water from these rivers comes from the granitic areas and is very pure. Their patent rights have been recognized for several centuries with the rise of paper mills. The paper mills of Annonay by Montgolfier-Canson formed only two groups in the 18th century from Vidalon and Faya.

paragraphs: In 1805, Jean-Baptiste de Montgolfier was detached from Vidalon to create a factory in Saint-Marcel. Paper production was a large contributor to the rise of the commune and was the main industry for a long period of time. The employees of paper mills were called "les usines", French for factory, and formed the integral part of their culture and life.

paragraphs: The small commune formed only industrial and is residential today, the picturesque buildings mixed with modern buildings.


title: Saint-Martial, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Martial is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Valamas

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Valamas is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon

paragraphs: Saint-Maurice-en-Chalencon is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.

paragraphs: It was the birthplace of Eugène Delacroix (1798—1863), one of the most important of the French Romantic painters.


title: Saint-Julien-Boutières

paragraphs: Saint-Julien-Boutières is in the Regional Natural Park of the Monts-d'Ardèche ("French: Parc naturel régional des Monts d'Ardèche"). This is known as the "Country of Chestnut trees" ("French: Le Pays des Châtaigners").

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages, the commune was called "Châteauneuf en Boutières". During the French Revolution, it was renamed "Bout d'Erieu", then in 1793, "Bout-d'Hesrieux". In 1801, the village was named Saint-Julien-Boutières in memory of a Roman soldier who became a Christian. He was martyred in Brioude in the Haute-Loire department.

paragraphs: The commune of Intres was a hamlet of Saint-Julien-Boutières until 1911.

paragraphs: There are 11 hamlets which are part of the commune of Saint-Julien-Boutières:


title: Soulcalibur II

paragraphs: Soulcalibur II is a fighting video game made by Namco for the Arcades, as well as the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox game consoles. It is the third game in the "Soul" series of video games. Each version has its own exclusive guest character. The GameCube version has Link from Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" series, Heihachi Mishima from Namco's "Tekken" series of video games, and Todd McFarlane's Spawn from the comic book "Spawn".


title: Lilian Garcia

paragraphs: Lilian Annette García (born August 19, 1966) is an American singer and ring announcer for the SmackDown brand of WWE.

paragraphs: Garcia released an album titled, "¡Quiero Vivir!".


title: The Orange Box

paragraphs: The Orange Box is a video game compilation for Microsoft Windows, the Xbox 360, and the PlayStation 3. The Windows and 360 versions were made by Valve Corporation, and the PS3 version was made by Electronic Arts. It has five games on it - "Half-Life 2", "" (an expansion of "Half-Life 2"), "" (another expansion of "Half-Life 2", "Portal", and "Team Fortress 2". The first two were released outside of "The Orange Box", but the other three first appeared in it.


title: Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles

paragraphs: Resident Evil: The Umbrella Chronicles, known in Japan as , is an on-rails shooting video game made by Capcom for the Wii game console. It's the seventh main game in Capcom's "Resident Evil" series.


title: Resident Evil Code: Veronica

paragraphs: Resident Evil Code: Veronica, released in Japan as , is a survival horror video game made by Capcom for the Sega Dreamcast, PlayStation 2, and Nintendo GameCube game consoles. It's the fourth main game in the "Resident Evil" series.


title: Citizendium

paragraphs: Citizendium (short for the citizens' compendium) is an English-language wiki-based online encyclopedia launched by Larry Sanger in 2007. On this wiki, people have to use their given names and must request an account to prove they are real. Articles created by Citizendium editors are under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

paragraphs: As of October 2013, Citizendium has 16,500 articles and 149 approved articles.

paragraphs: Experts are given a special status on Citizendium: they are allowed to "approve" articles and are able to decide who is right when there are conflicts over the content in the encyclopedia.

paragraphs: The server which runs the website costs money to run. The only way the wiki will stay active is if members donate money, or if Citizendium can find a group or organization that can provide funds.

paragraphs: Citizendium has continued to decline. , it had about 5 contributors making at least one edit a month. The last managing editor was Anthony Sebastian. The office was vacated in 2016.


title: Resident Evil 5

paragraphs: Resident Evil 5, known in Japan as , is a survival horror video game that was made by Capcom for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 game consoles. It is the seventh game in the "Resident Evil" video game series for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. It was released on March 5, 2009 in Japan and on March 13, 2009 in North America and Europe for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 and on September 2009 for Microsoft Windows.


title: Körös River

paragraphs: Körös (Hungarian: "Körös", Romanian: "Criş", German: "Kreisch") is a 195 km long river found in eastern Hungary. It is a beautiful place to go to if your in Hungary.


title: Chicano

paragraphs: A Chicano is a man who has a mixed ancestry and/or citizenship of the United States and usually Mexico. Often, Chicano and Mexican-American are used to mean the same thing. People from Central or South America and United States could also be called Chicano. Chicana is the female version of Chicano.


title: Advance Wars: Days of Ruin

paragraphs: Advance Wars: Days of Ruin, known in PAL regions as Advance Wars: Dark Conflict and in Japan as Famicom Wars DS 2, is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It's a lot different from other games in the series, which are cartoony, while this is gritty and realistic.


title: Advance Wars: Dual Strike

paragraphs: Advance Wars: Dual Strike, known in Japan as Famicom Wars DS is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the sequel to "" for the Game Boy Advance.


title: Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising

paragraphs: Advance Wars 2: Black Hole Rising, known in Japan as Game Boy Wars Advance 2, is a turn-based tactics video game made by Intelligent Systems and published by Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance game console. It is the sequel to "Advance Wars", also for the Game Boy Advance. Neither were released on schedule in Japan because of the September 11 attacks. It was later released in 2004 along with the first game as "Game Boy Wars Advance 1+2".


title: Dark Cloud 2

paragraphs: Dark Cloud 2, name title different in Japan and PAL regions as , is a role-playing video game made by Level-5 and released by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 game console. It is the Spiritual successor for the PlayStation 2.


title: Lando Calrissian

paragraphs: Lando Calrissian is a major character in the "Star Wars" universe. He's played by Billy Dee Williams in "" and "". He appears a lot in the "Star Wars Expanded Universe", including a series of novels called "The Adventures of Lando Calrissian".


title: Billy Dee Williams

paragraphs: Billy Dee Williams (born April 6, 1937) is an American actor, artist, and writer. He is famous for playing Lando Calrissian in "Star Wars" and Harvey Dent / Two-Face in "Batman" (1989) and "The Lego Batman Movie" (2017).

paragraphs: In a 2019 "Esquire", Williams spoke about having a fluid sense of gender and uses masculine and feminine pronouns.


Lithuanian


title: Saint-Prix, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Prix is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Romain-d'Ay

paragraphs: Saint-Romain-d'Ay is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Antwerp (province)

paragraphs: Antwerp (, ) is the northernmost province both of the Flemish Region, also called Flanders, and of Belgium.

paragraphs: Antwerp is largest city of the province and its capital; the Port of Antwerp is part of the city.

paragraphs: The modern province of Antwerp was the old Deux-Nèthes department, created in 1795 during the First French Empire in the northern part of the Duchy of Brabant.

paragraphs: In 1815, during the creation of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, the territory became part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands as the province of Central Brabant, distinguishing it from North Brabant and South Brabant. In 1830, after Belgium's independence the province was renamed Antwerp (after its major city and capital).

paragraphs: The province of Antwerp borders on the Netherlands and the Belgian provinces of Limburg, Flemish Brabant and East Flanders.

paragraphs: The province has an area of with a population of and a density of inhabitants per km². The northernmost point of the province (and also of Belgium) is in Meersel-Drove with the coordinates .

paragraphs: The capital and largest city is Antwerp, also the largest city in the Flemish Region.

paragraphs: Its highest point is Beerzelberg, high, in the municipality of Putte, Mechelen district. The lowest point of the province with high, lies in the valley of the Grote Nete river near Lier.

paragraphs: The main river in the province is the Scheldt (Dutch: Schelde, ). Others rivers are Rupel, Grote Nete, Kleine Nete.

paragraphs: The province of Antwerp is divided into three "arrondissements" (Antwerp, Mechelen and Turnhout) and a total of 70 municipalities.


title: Thulium

paragraphs: Thulium (pronounced /ˈθjuːliəm/) is a chemical element that has the symbol Tm and atomic number 69. It is a lanthanide element.


title: Mendelevium

paragraphs: Mendelevium ()) is a synthetic element with the symbol Md (used to be Mv) and the atomic number 101. It is a metallic radioactive transuranic element of the actinides.

paragraphs: Mendelevium is created by einsteinium and alpha particles forcefully combining and was named after Dmitri Mendeleev, the creator of the Periodic Table.


title: Nobelium

paragraphs: Nobelium is a synthetic element with the symbol No and atomic number 102.

paragraphs: A radioactive metal, it is the tenth transuranic element and is in the actinide series of the periodic table. Twelve isotopes are known, and they are all short-lasting.


title: Baphomet

paragraphs: Baphomet is a name of unestablished origin. It first appeared in trial transcripts during the inquisition of the Knights Templar in the early 1300s. Some modern scholars believe the name to have been an Old French corruption and misspelling of the name Mahomet (Muhammad). Nowadays it is generally viewed as a symbol of the Devil.

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages, the Templar were accused of heresy, such as denying Jesus Christ and spitting on the cross. They also supposedly worshiped an icon called "Bafomet". Beyond this, little is known about the origins of the Baphomet.

paragraphs: In the 1800s, magician Eliphas Levi interpreted Baphomet as an occult symbol representing perfection, or the union of opposites to create divine harmony. To illustrate his point, he depicted the entity as a goat-headed androgyne with wings, female breasts, a rod between its legs, and a flaming torch between its horns.

paragraphs: This imagery was soon used by people who thought it was Satanic- notably in anti-Freemasonry tracts, where some writers accused Masons of worshipping the devil. Many evangelical Christians still believe masonry to be of the devil.

paragraphs: In modern times, Baphomet has been adapted as a symbol by occultists and Satanists. A related symbol (also drawn by Levi) is the Sigil of Baphomet, which is a goat's head drawn inside a five-pointed star. It has become a common icon among heavy metal bands like Slayer and Venom. The Sigil of Baphomet is also the official logo of the Church of Satan.


title: Raúl Castro

paragraphs: Raúl Modesto Castro Ruz (born June 3, 1931) is the President of the Cuban Council of State and former head of state of Cuba. He is also Second Secretary of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Cuba (PCC), Commander in Chief (Maximum General) of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force) and is the younger brother of Fidel Castro. On February 24, 2013, Castro announced that his second term would be his final term and that he would not seek re-election in 2018. He officially stepped down on 19 April 2018.

paragraphs: Between 2014 and 2016, Castro would work with President Barack Obama on improving diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba. As a result, the U.S. embargo on Cuba would be lifted and travel/trade restrictions would be lifted as well.


title: Talencieux

paragraphs: Talencieux is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Soyons

paragraphs: Soyons is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France. Humans have lived on this 30 hectare site for 150,000 years. This means it is the oldest inhabited (lived in) site in France, with remains from all the time periods. Because of Soyons location along the Rhône, at the crossroads of routes, it played a major role in the history of France.

paragraphs: The Paleolithic caves of Greenhouse Guercy provided safe and comfortable living for Neanderthal man. The caves were lived in by man, alternating with large meat eating animals (carnivores) (lions, hyenas and cave bears). Two outdoor areas for the butchering of mammoths, used by the Cro-Magnon Neanderthal people, have been discovered.

paragraphs: Several Neolithic populations lived on the site. In particular, Chalcolithic people buried their dead in burial caves like Grotte des Enfants and Hole Roland, as well as under mounds, such as that of Greenhouse Aurouze.

paragraphs: A Gallic oppidum, a pre-Roman town protected with a fort, was a feature on the massive Malpas and along the Rhone, the site of the Brégoule . This was the home of the tribe Segovellaunes who worshipped the goddess Soïo, and who gave the village its name.

paragraphs: During the Roman period, the Romans built a town on the site of the existing village.

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages, Soyons became a principality, with a royal abbey and a Carolingian church. The village and the plateau are surrounded by ramparts, with corner towers; the Leaning Tower is the remains of the tower of a fort. During the wars of religion the city was besieged and destroyed several times.


title: Serrières, Ardèche

paragraphs: Serrières is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Romain-de-Lerps

paragraphs: Saint-Romain-de-Lerps is a commune of the Ardèche "département" in the southern part of France.


title: Saint-Sylvestre, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Sylvestre is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Saint-Victor, Ardèche

paragraphs: Saint-Victor is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Sarras, Ardèche

paragraphs: Sarras is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Vion, Ardèche

paragraphs: Vion is a commune in the Ardèche "département" in southern France.


title: Mulhal Mughlan

paragraphs: Mulhal Mughlan is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Chakwal Tehsil.


title: Lawa (Punjab)

paragraphs: Lawa is a village and Union Council of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan.


title: Lehr Sultanpur

paragraphs: Lehr Sultanpur is a village and Union Council, an administrative subdivision, of Chakwal District in the Punjab Province of Pakistan, it is part of Talagang Tehsil.


title: Malcolm Barber

paragraphs: Malcolm Charles Barber (b. March 4, 1943) is a scholar of medieval history, described as the world's leading expert on the Knights Templar. He is considered to have written the two most comprehensive books on the subject, "The Trial of the Templars" (1978) and "The New Knighthood: A History of the Order of the Temple" (1994). He has been an editor for "The Journal of Medieval History" and written many articles on the Templars, the Cathars, various elements of the Crusades, and the reign of Philip IV of France.

paragraphs: Born in 1943, Barber attended Walpole Grammar School in Ealing from 1954-1961, followed by the University of Nottingham from 1961-1966, where he received his Bachelors Degree in 1964. He attended the British School at Rome from 1965-1966, and received his PhD in 1968 from the University of Nottingham.

paragraphs: Barber was a Professor of Medieval European History in the Faculty of Arts and Humanities at the University of Reading in the UK, until his retirement in September 2004.


title: Knights Templar

paragraphs: The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Latin: "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici"), commonly known as the Knights Templar or the Order of the Temple (French: Ordre du Temple or Templiers), were among the most famous military orders of Western Christianity. The organization lasted for two centuries in the Middle Ages. It was founded after the First Crusade of 1096, with its original purpose to ensure the safety of the many Christians who made the pilgrimage to Jerusalem after it was taken from the Muslims.

paragraphs: It was officially endorsed by the Roman Catholic Church around 1129, and became a favored charity by many Christians and grew fast in membership and power. Templar knights wore white mantles quartered by a red cross and were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades. Those members of the Order that did not fight managed a large economic infrastructure throughout Christendom, innovating financial techniques that were an early form of banking, and building many fortifications throughout the Mediterranean and the Holy Land.

paragraphs: The Templars' success was tied closely to the Crusades; when the Holy Land was lost, support for the Order faded. Rumors about the Templars' secret initiation ceremony created mistrust, and King Philip IV of France, deeply in debt to the Order, began pressuring Pope Clement V to take action against the Order. In 1307, many of the Order's members in France were arrested, tortured into giving false confessions, and then burned at the stake. In 1312, Pope Clement, under continuing pressure from King Philip, disbanded the Order.


title: Neil Entwistle

paragraphs: Neil Entwistle (born 18 September 1978 in Nottinghamshire, England) is a British convicted double murderer (of his wife and baby girl) who is currently serving two consecutive life sentences in the state of Massachusetts in the United States. A search of Entwistle's computer showed that days before the murders, Entwistle looked at a website that described ""how to kill people"".


title: Maracanã Stadium

paragraphs: Maracanã Stadium, (Portuguese: "Estádio do Maracanã)" ), officially Estádio Jornalista Mário Filho, is a multi purpose stadium in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It can hold around 78,838 people.


title: Shea Stadium

paragraphs: William A. Shea Municipal Stadium, or more commonly Shea Stadium (often referred to in short as Shea), was a major league ballpark that was the home for the New York Mets 1964 to 2008 when the Mets left for their new home Citi Field. Shea was also the home of the New York Yankees while Yankee Stadium was being renovated for the 1974 and 1975 seasons. It was demolished between October 14, 2008 and February 18, 2009.


title: Cellulite

paragraphs: Cellulite is a dimpled appearance of the skin, caused by fat cells pushing against the body's connective tissue. The word "cellulite" only refers to how the skin looks, and does not describe a medical condition.

paragraphs: Cellulite is not related to cellulitis which is a spreading bacterial infection of the skin.

paragraphs: 80-90% of women around the world are thought to have cellulite, and most doctors think that it is the "normal condition of many women".

paragraphs: Cellulite is closely linked with female hormones such as estrogen, and rarely appears in men.

paragraphs: Cellulite is most common on the upper legs (or thighs), buttocks and the abdomen.

paragraphs: The appearance of cellulite has been linked to hormonal changes, changes in diet, stress, and poor blood circulation.

paragraphs: Cellulite has little to do with weight. Both slim people and overweight ones can have cellulite.

paragraphs: Cellulite is often hereditary, meaning that you get it from the genes passed on to you from your parents. This can mean many things because you can inherit your body type, shape, and hormonal function from your parents.

paragraphs: Normal hormone functions can cause or change the appearance of cellulite. Estrogen, prolactin, thyroid hormones, and stress hormones may all play a role.

paragraphs: There are lots of treatments for cellulite reduction, but none have been proven by doctors to be effective. Doctors have stated that "there is no outstanding treatment for cellulite" and that "realistically, there is no cure for cellulite."


title: BitchX

paragraphs: BitchX is an IRC client. The first public release was in 1996. The latest stable version is 1.1 and was updated in 2004. It is free of charge and was written in C. It's last version has lots of security software bugs and it's use is generally discouraged.

paragraphs: In 2010, people started working on BitchX again under the name of 'BitchX2'


title: Ōkami

paragraphs: A HD version of the game was made for PlayStation 3.


title: Pokémon Pinball

paragraphs: In 2003, Nintendo released "" on the Game Boy Advance.


title: Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind

paragraphs: A young princess makes various questions between right or wrong in the world.

paragraphs: The world of is filled with large, carnivorous insects in the poisonous jungle while it grows slowly.

paragraphs: The movie premiered in 1984 and follows the same plot as the manga, but it is less developed. It has several famous English actors, including Patrick Stewart, Uma Thurman, Shia LaBeouf and Mark Hamill. It sold more than 1 million tickets when it came out, and it first came out in North America in the 1980s, but was called "Warriors of the Wind". It was a cut version of the movie, losing 30 minutes of the movie that the editors called "slow-moving", and the voice actors were never told the plot of the movie. The emphasis that the movie had on environmentalism was diluted because of the cuts, and there was next to no character development. Miyazaki dislikes this version of the movie a lot, and made a "no cuts" clause to make sure this doesn't happen again. The uncut version of the movie was re-released in 2005 on DVD, and won a set of 3 film awards in 1985.


title: Princess Mononoke

paragraphs: This movie takes place in Japan during the Muromachi period. There was a small village in Ezo. People lived peacefully. Ashitaka lived there. One day the evil god attacked the village and Ashitaka was cursed. The evil god was once a god of the forest, but he was shot by human and died in terrible pain. Ashitaka knew when he would die. He went to the west where the bullet which killed the god was made.

paragraphs: On his journey, he met a man called Jikobo. Jikobo told him where the Forest of Shishigami was. Ashitaka decided to go there. On his way to the forest, he met the girl raised by the wolf god, Moro. She was with her family. Ashitaka thought they must know about the forest. He called out to them. She and three big wild wolves disappeared into the forest.

paragraphs: Ashitaka rescues the injured men. They reach the village Tatara, where they live. Eboshi Gozen organized there. People made iron weapons there. She wanted to get the Forest of Shishigami, turn all Gods in the forest out, and make it a men-centered place.

paragraphs: It was said that Shishigami had a power of immortality. Because people wanted this power, they aimed at the head of Shishigami. Then these people, Shishigami, Eboshi and her people, San and Ashitaka started and were involved in huge complicated war for the forest. In this war, Ashitaka and San understood each other little by little.

paragraphs: The song, "Mononoke Hime（もののけ姫）", was performed by Mera Yoshikazu and composed by Joe Hisaishi.


title: Walloon Brabant

paragraphs: Walloon Brabant (, ; ) is one of the five provinces of Wallonia in the country of Belgium.

paragraphs: "Walloon" in "Walloon Brabant" means that it is in the Wallon part of the former province of Brabant of Belgium. "Brabant" was an old region, the Duchy of Brabant. The word "Brabant" appears for the first time in the seventh century when the abbey of Nivelles was founded in the "pagus Bracbatensis" ("pagus" is a Latin word meaning a very small town, with only few houses).

paragraphs: Walloon Brabant is the youngest and the smallest province of Belgium. The province was created in 1995 when the former province of Brabant was split along the language border in three parts: a Flemish part (Flemish Brabant), a Wallon part (Walloon Brabant) and the Brussels Capital Region, which no longer belongs to any province.

paragraphs: The total area of the province is . The province is very flat and the highest point is in Genappe, with an altitude of above sea level.

paragraphs: Also the geographical centre of Belgium is in the province, in the municipality of Walhain.

paragraphs: The province has an elongated shape and measures from east to west about and about from north to south.

paragraphs: The capital is Wavre; it is much more centrally located than the old capital, Nivelles.

paragraphs: The province of Walloon Brabant has only one "arrondissement" that is divided in 27 municipalities.


title: Veracruz

paragraphs: Veracruz is one of the 32 states of Mexico.


title: Beneath a Steel Sky

paragraphs: Beneath a Steel Sky is a British point and click adventure computer game made by Revolution Software and published by Virgin Interactive for DOS, the Amiga, and the Amiga CD32. The first version became freeware in 2003. An updated version was released for iOS in 2009.


title: Scheme (programming language)

paragraphs: Scheme is a programming language. It is one of the two dialects of LISP in widespread use today. The other dialect of LISP widely used is Common lisp. Scheme is often used as a teaching tool; to teach computer science students functional programming.


title: Propædia

paragraphs: The Propædia is the first of three parts of the Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume "Micropædia" and the 17-volume "Macropædia". The "Propædia" is supposed to be a book that organizes the things in the Britannica, and a guideline to the index of the other two parts. It was introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition of the encyclopaedia to replace the index, but when many people complained, Britannica put the index back in two books in 1985. The core of the "Propædia" is its Outline of Knowledge, which is supposed to give people a classification of what we know, but the "Propædia" also has some parts listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the "Britannica".

paragraphs: The Propædia can be used by a student who wants to know what there is to know, before even finding out about it. Once the student finds out what he needs to know, he will then find out about the thing itself.

paragraphs: The "Outline" has ten Parts, each with an essay to introduce the part. Below is the table of the ten parts.


title: Macropædia

paragraphs: The 17-book Macropædia is the third part of the "Encyclopædia Britannica", and the other two parts are the 12-book "Micropædia" and the 1-book "Propædia". The name comes from the word "macro" and "encyclopaedia". Macro means big, and so, the Macropædia is a big encyclopaedia. The Macropaedia has articles that are very detailed, but one article is usually about a very large topic. It is the opposite of the Micropædia, which has articles that are short.

paragraphs: The "Macropædia" was introduced in the 15th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1974 with 19 book having 4,207 articles. In 1985, these articles were combined and made smaller into 17 books with about 700 articles, which can be as short as 2 pages, and as long as 310 pages. The longest article, on the United States, was from the combining of the 50 articles on each state.

paragraphs: Since it was created, it has not stayed the same. New articles are always being added, older articles can be split, shortened, merged, or even deleted.


title: Micropædia

paragraphs: The 12-book Micropædia is one of the three parts of the 15th edition of "Encyclopædia Britannica", and the other two being the one-book "Propædia" and the 17-book "Macropædia". The name comes from the word "micro" and "encyclopaedia". Micro means small and so, the Micropaedia is a small encyclopedia. The Micropaedia has articles that are very short, the articles are found in small strips. It is the opposite of the Macropaedia, which has articles that are very long.

paragraphs: The "Micropædia" was introduced in 1974 with 10 books having 102,214 short articles, all of them are less than 750 words. In the 15th edition, many articles were put together, with about only 65,000 articles in 12 volumes. In general, the 750-word limit is still used and most articles are only 1-2 paragraphs; however, a few longer articles can be found in the 2007 "Micropædia", such as the Internet ones, which takes up a full page.

paragraphs: With some exceptions, the 65,000 articles of the "Micropædia" have no bibliographies and no named contributors. It is supposed to be for fast-checking to find out the main things about the topic, and as a guide to the 700 longer articles of the "Macropædia". People use it to know just a little, but the Macropaedia is used to know in detail.


title: Mantle (vesture)

paragraphs: A mantle (, mandyas; , mantiya) is an ecclesiastical garment in the form a very full cape which extends to the floor, joined at the neck, that is worn over the outer garments.

paragraphs: In the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Eastern Catholic churches, the mantle is a monastic garment worn by bishops, hegumens, archimandrites, and other monastics in processions and while attending various church services, such as Vespers or Matins; but not when vested to celebrate the Divine Liturgy. Unlike the Western cope, the mantle is worn only by monastics. The klobuk is worn over the mantle.


title: The Courier-Mail

paragraphs: The Courier-Mail is a newspaper made in Australia. It is made by an Australian company called News Limited. "The Courier-Mail" is published during the week in Brisbane. The first issue was published 1933.


title: Işın Karaca

paragraphs: Işın Karaca (born in London, United Kingdom, on March 7, 1973) is a Turkish-Cypriot pop singer.

paragraphs: She has released four music albums. These are: "Anadilim Aşk", "İçinde Aşk Var", "Başka 33/3" and "Uyanış". Her fourth album means "Awakening" in English language. She also has been an actress for the film "Sen Ne Dilersen".


title: A Game of Thrones

paragraphs: A Game of Thrones is the first of seven planned books in "A Song of Ice and Fire", a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was released on 6 August 1996. The book was put up for the 1998 Nebula Award and the 1997 World Fantasy Award, and won the 1997 Locus Award. The first season of the HBO TV series Game of Thrones is based on the book.

paragraphs: The chapters are titled by the name of the person you will read about through their perspective. These are listed in no order and the Prologue is not included for it is not part of the main chapters: Eddard (Stark), Catelyn (Stark), Arya (Stark), Bran (Stark), Jon (Snow), Tyrion (Lannister), Daenerys (Targaryen),


title: Fritz Wunderlich

paragraphs: Fritz Wunderlich (born Kusel, Rhineland-Palatinate, 26 September 1930; died Heidelberg, 17 September 1966) was a German tenor. He was one of the great singers of his time, famous both as an opera singer and as a recitalist singing Lieder.

paragraphs: Wunderlich came from a musical family. His mother was a violinist and his father was a choir-master. The family did not find it easy to make a living, especially after Fritz's father committed suicide when Fritz was five years old. As a young man Wunderlich worked in a bakery. People heard him singing while he worked, and he was persuaded to study music. He got a scholarship to study at the Freiburg College of Music where he studied French horn and singing.

paragraphs: Wunderlich soon became known as a brilliant young tenor. He sang several roles in Mozart's operas, and gradually learned roles in many other operas, including Verdi's "Rigoletto" and "Don Carlo". There is an excellent recording of Mozart's "Magic Flute" in which Wunderlich sings the part of the Prince Tamino and the famous baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau sings the part of Papageno, the birdcatcher.

paragraphs: Wunderlich had a lovely, clear voice which was excellent for German Lieder. He sang the great songs of Schubert and Schumann, especially Schumann's "Dichterliebe" song cycle.

paragraphs: Wunderlich was becoming world famous when he died from an accident: he fell down the stairs of a friend's hunting house and died just before his 36th birthday.


title: Half of a Yellow Sun

paragraphs: Half of a Yellow Sun is a book that was written by Nigerian author Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie in 2006, and was published by Knopf/Anchor. The book tells the story of two sisters Olanna and Kainene during the Biafran War.

paragraphs: "Half of a Yellow Sun" won the 2007 Orange Prize for Fiction in the women-only section. The award is given annually for the best original full-length book; Adichie gained £30,000 as a reward for winning the prize. "Purple Hibiscus", her first novel, made the Orange Prize shortlist in 2004, and because of the success of "Half a Yellow Sun", critics have said that Adichie may have even more success in the future.

paragraphs: The book got good reviews from critics, and it was included in "The New York Times"' 100 Most Notable Books of the Year, as well as winning the Orange Prize. In a review for "The Seattle Times", Mary Brennan talks about the book as "A sweeping story that provides both a harrowing history lesson and an engagingly human narrative". "The Guardian's" Kate Kellaway said "An immense achievement, "Half of a Yellow Sun" has a ramshackle freedom and exuberant ambition," after reading the book. "The New York Times" did a review of the book, saying some good and some bad things about the book.

paragraphs: The Nigerian Civil War began on July 6, 1967 and lasted until January 15, 1970. The war began because of political struggles caused by the numerous attempts to secede from the southeastern provinces of Nigeria and create the Republic of Biafra. Political conflict between the Igbo’s, Yoruba’s, and the Hausa-Fulani ended up with two military coups. The Igbo tried to leave Nigeria to become the Republic of Biafra, but did not have very much support. From 1968 onward, the war was mostly a tie, with Nigerian forces unable to get an advantage over the Republic of Biafra. Many people died in the war, and even today there is still anger between the different ethnic and religious groups of Nigeria.

paragraphs: The story in "Half of a Yellow Sun" is centered around the war. The author has stated that many of the issues that caused the war remain today. She also said that the war is very talked about "in uninformed and unimaginative ways," and that the war is as important to the people today as it was in her book. Because none of the major political events were changed in the book, Adichie said that the book had "emotional truth," and that the book showed the war had a large impact on the people of Nigeria.


title: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie

paragraphs: Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (born September 15, 1977) is an award-winning Nigerian writer. She comes from Abba in Anambra State, southeast Nigeria. Her book Half of a Yellow Sun won the 2007 Orange Prize for fiction.

paragraphs: Adichie was born in Enugu into an Igbo family. She married Ivara Alistair Esege, a Nigerian doctor.

paragraphs: In December 2013 Beyoncé released her fifth album "BEYONCÉ". The eleventh song on the album "Flawless" has a sample from Adichie's TED Talk "Why We Should All Be Feminists". Adichie's sample on the album caused her novel "Americanah" go up around 600 places in the Amazon chart.


title: Sind River

paragraphs: The Sind Stream originates from the slopes of Zojila Pass and flowing to south west is joined by another stream coming from Dachhen-Para. Flowing southward and crossing Sind Valley, it empties into Jhelum River near Shadipura.


title: Shaman King

paragraphs: Shaman King is a Japanese anime and manga series by Hiroyuki Takei. The manga ended with thirty two volumes and the anime ended with sixty four episodes.

paragraphs: Japanese publisher Shueisha announced that it will be republished all volumes in Japan starting in March 2008. The manga condensed from its current run from 32 to 27 volumes. It was expected to publish two mangas per month.


title: Banihal Pass

paragraphs: Banihal Pass is at an altitude of 9,200 feet above sea level, in the eastern region of Pir Panjal range, at 75.16 longitude and 33.31 latitude. The pass connects the Valley of Kashmir with Jammu. Banihal cart road enters Kashmir valley through this pass. In 16th century, Sheikh Yaqoob Serfi and two other religious leaders had travelled through this pass to invite India's (Hindustani) Mughal Emperor Akhbar to invade Kashmir.


title: Parker Brothers

paragraphs: Parker Brothers is a toy and game manufacturer and brand. Over almost 115 years, the company has created more than 1800 games; some of them are "Monopoly", "Cluedo" (known as "Clue" in North America), "Risk", Trivial Pursuit, Ouija, Aggravation and Probe.


title: Kariwood

paragraphs: Cinema in Karachi or Kariwood () had its golden days in the 1960s when some of the prominent movie studios were in Karachi, making movies for the viewership of a large and growing working-class population.

paragraphs: With a metropolitan area hosting the world's second most populated city, the movie viewership is still popular in Karachi. However, the interest has shifted more towards the Hollywood and other international productions. One of the reasons for the shifting trends is attributed to the moving of film-making industry to Lahore, locally termed as Lollywood


title: Gijsbert Haan

paragraphs: Gijsbert Haan (or Gysbert Haan) (January 3, 1801 - July 27, 1874) was the leader of the 1857 Secession of Dutch-Americans from the Reformed Church in America. He was the creator of the Christian Reformed Church in the United States and Canada. Haan was born in Hilversum, Noord-Holland, Netherlands and died of liver disease in Grand Rapids, Michigan.


title: Namur (province)

paragraphs: Namur (; ) is a province of Belgium on the border with France. It is one of the five provinces of Wallonia, the predominantly French-speaking southern region of Belgium.

paragraphs: The origin of the province of Namur goes back to 1795, when the Austrian Netherlands and the Principality of Liège joint the French Republic; they were made part of the old department of Sambre-et-Meuse.

paragraphs: At the fall of the First French Empire, the department is dissolved and replaced by the Province of Namur, at the time of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. The province of Namur was one of the province created by the Constitution of 24 August 1815 of the Kingdom.

paragraphs: When the United Kingdom of the Netherlands ended after the 1830 Belgian Revolution, the province of Namur became part of the new Kingdom of Belgium.

paragraphs: Namur borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut, Walloon Brabant, Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium, and on France.

paragraphs: The total area of the province is with inhabitants, and a population density of inhabitants per km². The highest point of the province is Croix-Scaille, with an altitude of () above sea level.

paragraphs: Its capital is the city of Namur; other important cities are Dinant, Philippeville, Gembloux, Ciney and Andenne.

paragraphs: The province of Namur is divided into 3 "arrondissements" and a total of 38 municipalities.


title: Zojila Pass

paragraphs: Zoji La () is a high mountain pass in India. This pass is above sea level, at 74.50 longitude and 34.17 latitude. The pass connects a valley of Kashmir with Ladakh. Different trade routes lad to Tibet, China and Central Asia. Renchen Shah of Leh entered Kashmir through this pass and became the monarch of the land in the 14th century. Mirza Haider Doughlat also advanced through thi pass to invade Kashmir. The old historical name of the pass was "Shurji La" meaning lord Shiva's mountain.


title: Babusar Pass

paragraphs: Babusar Pass is above sea level. It connects Gilgit with Kaghan via Chilas. Prior to construction of Karakoram highway, this route was very important, because this was the only route leading to Gilgit and Baltistan from Pakistan.

paragraphs: Presently a road by the name of Mansehra-Naran-Jalkhad-Chilas MNJCroad is being constructed through Babusar Pass that will shorten the distance between Mansehra and Chilas by around . Work on the route is expected to conclude sometime in mid 2011.


title: Khunjerab Pass

paragraphs: Khunjerab Pass is in the north of Hunza/Nagar on China's boundary. It is at an altitude of above sea level. Karakoram Highway (Silk Route) crosses into China through this pass. All trade between China and Gilgit is carried through Khunjerab.


title: Karakoram Pass

paragraphs: Karakoram Pass is a mountain pass between India and China in the Karakoram Range. It is at a height of above sea level. It is the highest altitude pass connecting Indian Kashmir with Sinkiang (China).


title: Shandur Pass

paragraphs: The height of this pass is 3738 m above sea level, it connects Gupis, Gilgit with Chitral. The top is flat, a plateau and can be crossed between late April and early November. The grade is very gradual, and the area is crossed by small streams of trout. Grazing in summer is plentiful.

paragraphs: Every year there is a Polo match played on Shandur Top between a team from Chitral and a team from Gilgit.

paragraphs: Shandur Top is one of the four major mountain passes to enter Chitral. The others are Dorah Pass from Badakshan in Afghanistan, Lowari Pass from Dir, and Broghol Pass from the Wakhan Corridor in Afghanistan.

paragraphs: The people who live on both sides of Shandur Top speak the Khowar language.


title: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

paragraphs: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (11 December 1918 – 3 August 2008) was a Russian writer. He was the winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in literature.

paragraphs: Solzhenitsyn was a novelist, dramatist, and historian. With his works, the Gulag, a Soviet labor camp, became well known. Due to this, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, but also was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. In 1994, Solzhenitsyn went back to Russia. After he died (of heart failure) he received a state funeral. He was very significant for revealing what life was like in the Soviet days.

paragraphs: During his imprisonment he left Marxism and converted to the Russian Orthodox Church.

paragraphs: Much of Solzhenitsyn's work is autobiographical, based on things he saw and experienced in his own life. Solzhenitsyn was himself imprisoned in the Gulag for many years, and later was in a cancer ward (he recovered from the cancer).

paragraphs: After Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956 Solzhenitsyn was freed from exile and exonerated (cleared of all charges). The manuscript of "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich" was published in edited form in 1962, with the explicit approval of Nikita Khrushchev. Khrushchev defended it at the Praesidium of the Politburo hearing on whether to allow its publishing, and added: "There's a Stalinist in each of you; there's even a Stalinist in me. We must root out this evil".

paragraphs: Thus the lines between autobiography, reportage, fiction and political observations are tied up together, more so than with most writers.


title: Debian Free Software Guidelines

paragraphs: The Debian Free Software Guidelines (DFSG) is a set of guidelines (rules) that the Debian Project uses to decide whether a software license is a free software license, which is used to decide whether a piece of software can be included in Debian. The DFSG is part of the Debian Social Contract.

paragraphs: The DFSG was first published together with the first version of the Debian Social Contract in July 1997. The primary authors were Bruce Perens and several other Debian developers at the time.

paragraphs: Most discussions about the DFSG happen on the "debian-legal" mailing list. When a Debian Developer first uploads a package to be included in Debian, the "ftpmaster" team checks the software licenses and decides whether they follow the DFSG's rules. The team sometimes discusses with the debian-legal list in difficult cases.

paragraphs: The DFSG is focused on software, but in June 2004 the Debian project decided to use the same rules on software documentation, multimedia data and other content. The non-software content of Debian began to follow the DFSG more strictly in Debian 4.0 (released in April 2007) and following releases.

paragraphs: Much documentation written by the GNU Project, the Linux Documentation Project and others licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License contain invariant sections, which do not comply with the DFSG. This assertion is the end result of a long discussion and the General Resolution 2006-001


title: Parsix GNU/Linux

paragraphs: Parsix GNU/Linux is a Linux distribution available as a live CD that can also be installed on a hard disk. It is based on Debian "testing" and comes from Kanotix. Opposite to Kanotix, its desktop environment is GNOME. It is made in Iran, and supports many languages. It includes the xFarDic multi-language dictionary and also Persian fonts.

paragraphs: The Parsix GNU/Linux distribution was first announced on January 25, 2005 by Alan Baghumian.


title: PingOO

paragraphs: PingOO is a communication server based on Debian.

paragraphs: PingOO was created by the CRI (Centre des Resources Informatiques) in Haute-Savoie (France).


title: Madden NFL 09

paragraphs: Madden NFL 09 is a video game about the National Football League (NFL). It was published by EA Sports and developed by EA Tiburon.

paragraphs: New York Jets quarterback Brett Favre is on the cover.

paragraphs: On the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Nintendo DS versions, play-by-play and color commentary is provided by Tom Hammond and Cris Collinsworth, respectively, replacing Al Michaels and John Madden. However, Michaels and Madden still appear on the Wii, PlayStation 2 and PSP versions. Madden still has a part in Madden 09 as the person describing instructions to the Madden IQ. Madden guides you on advice and other things to help you understand how to raise your Madden IQ. Madden also appears in Mii form in the Wii version of the game, suggesting plays to run in the game's "Madden's Pick" feature.

paragraphs: EA's relationship with ESPN also enables tie-ins with different ESPN shows.


title: Lena Katina

paragraphs: Elena Sergeevna Katina (Russian: Елена Сергеевна Катина, born 4 October 1984), better known as Lena Katina is a Russian singer. She and Yulia Volkova are the members of the pop group t.A.T.u.

paragraphs: Katina was born in Moscow. She began going to school at age seven. Within a year, she left ordinary school and went to a music school and studied piano. When she was ten, she started singing with the child group "Avenue". She sang with them for three years before joining the vocal and instrumental group "Neposedi" ("Fidgety Children"). While a part of Neposedy, she met Julia Volkova and they became friends. Soon Lena left the group because of her age. Neposedy is for children up to 14 years old. At the age of 15 she was selected to be a part of the group which was later named Tatu (t.A.T.u).


title: Eleanor of Provence

paragraphs: Eleanore of Provence (c. 1223 – 26 June 1291) was the Queen Consort of King Henry III of England.


title: Jam session

paragraphs: A jam session is an informal gathering of musicians to improvise freely on various themes. They began with jazz musicians. Musicians sometimes use jam sessions to work on new material, and some songs are made by the band during the session. A jam session will often feature improvisation.


title: Compilation

paragraphs: In music, a compilation is a record, usually an album, which contains songs from more than one source. For instance, it could contain songs from studio albums, live albums, EPs, and other places. The songs often have something in common, for instance a "Greatest Hits" compilation will contain the most popular songs by a band or musician.


title: Necrophagist

paragraphs: Necrophagist is a technical death metal band from Germany. They have released two albums. The band is currently signed with Relapse Records. They are known for their fast songs that require a large amount of skill to play.


title: Page 44

paragraphs: Page 44 is an indie-rock band from England. They have released 3 EPs and 1 demo album and have appeared on television in the United Kingdom. BBC said the band might become "tomorrow's superstars".


title: Logroño

paragraphs: Logroño () is a city in northern Spain. It is the capital of La Rioja. Logroño is in the Ebro valley. The population of the city is 150.000.


title: Liberal arts

paragraphs: Liberal arts is the term given to contemporary programmes of education which include areas of study across the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and the arts. It has its origins in Ancient Greece and began with a "desire for a universal understanding". Simply put liberal arts education aimed at holistic education. This can be simplified even further to an education born out of the development of number and language. It developed throughout classical antiquity but began with Pythagoras and his interest in all things mathematical. Pythagoras learnt a lot from the Ancient Egyptians and eventually after hundreds of years and various contributions this knowledge became the four specialisms (Quadrivium) of astronomy, arithmetic, geometry and music. Language became more and more important in human affairs and by 4th century Athens it was paramount to how the city state (polis) was governed. Therefore education also began to include instruction in how to speak well. Again over hundreds of years and with numerous contributions this became formalised as the three language arts (Trivium) of grammar, dialectic, and rhetoric.

paragraphs: Liberal arts became formalised in the middle ages drawing on its origins in Ancient Greek and Roman culture. Perhaps the most famous image of the Liberal Arts is plate 11, "Philosophy and the Liberal Arts" from the "Garden of Delights ()" which was created by a group of women in the 12th century. In the image [right] you can see the the seven liberal arts arranged around the Queen Philosophy who sits above Socrates and Plato. "Their encyclopedia compiled ideas drawn from philosophy, theology, literature, music, arts, and sciences and was intended as a teaching tool for women of the abbey who focused on Liberal Arts Education."

paragraphs: Being holistic, liberal arts education aimed at bringing the theoretical and practical together. As Dante put it, so "that the theoretical intellect by extension becomes practical, its goal then being doing and making". It was intended to be a mental and practical education which by the time of the Renaissance realised a .

paragraphs: Historically it was an education reserved only for the elite, and students were predominantly young gentlemen from wealthy families deemed respectable and important. Today, in the USA liberal arts education is still restricted to "elites" who can afford to pay significant fees to attend exclusive liberal arts colleges. Across Europe liberal arts education is now far more affordable with some Universities explicitly stating that it can now "be enjoyed by everyone."

paragraphs: The four liberal arts were taught in two groups: the "trivium" and the "quadrivium" :

paragraphs: During the Middle Ages, the liberal arts were central to university education. The "quadrivium" followed the preparatory work of the "trivium".

paragraphs: The area and range of the liberal arts evolved in time. Originally, most of the teaching, and all of the text-books, would have been in Latin, the language the students would have learnt at school before they came to college. In the beginning the courses were aimed at educating the elite in the classical works. Eventually, the meaning of "liberal arts" got extended to include both humanities and science. But even today, practical activities as agriculture, business, engineering, pedagogy or pharmacy are excluded from the liberal arts. The liberal professions include only professions which require education at university, mainly law and medicine.

paragraphs: The trivium (Latin for "three ways"), included the literary disciplines:

paragraphs: The quadrivium (Latin for "four ways"), included the disciplines connected with mathematics. They were:

paragraphs: Liberal arts colleges are a modern re-interpretation of the old idea. Mostly in the United States, these colleges concentrate on good teaching, and are closer to the Oxford & Cambridge type of tuition than most universities. They are mostly or entirely fee-paying institutions, and so continue to offer an elite education to students from prosperous families or gifted students through significant financial aid. The courses are mostly or entirely undergraduate courses.


title: Brain damage

paragraphs: Brain damage is damage to the brain from either illnesses or injuries. Brain cells are damaged, which often affects one's brain in a way that stops the brain from thinking or reacting the same way as it did before the brain was damaged.

paragraphs: Physical damage to the brain is called traumatic brain injury (TBI). It has occurred since ancient times, and old medical records exist.

paragraphs: Head injuries and their effects were known in ancient times.

paragraphs: Ancient Mesopotamians knew of head injury and some of its effects, including seizures, paralysis, and loss of sight, hearing or speech. The Edwin Smith Papyrus, written around 1650–1550 BC, describes various head injuries and symptoms and classifies them based on their presentation and tractability. Ancient Greek physicians including Hippocrates understood the brain to be the center of thought, probably due to their experience with head trauma.

paragraphs: Perhaps the first reported case of personality change after brain injury is that of Phineas Gage. He survived an accident in 1848 when a large iron rod was driven through his head, destroying at least his left frontal lobe.

paragraphs: He recovered with no apparent sensory, movement, or big cognitive damage. However, his behaviour so altered that friends described him as "no longer being Gage". This suggested that the damaged areas are involved in "higher functions" such as personality. Many cases of personality change after brain injury have been reported since.

paragraphs: In the 1970s, awareness of TBI as a public health problem grew. A great deal of progress has been made since then in brain trauma research, such as the discovery of primary and secondary brain injury. The 1990s saw the development and dissemination of standardized guidelines for treatment of TBI, with protocols for a range of issues such as drugs and management of intracranial pressure. Research since the early 1990s has improved TBI survival. That decade was called the "Decade of the Brain" for advances made in brain research.


title: Assembly language

paragraphs: An assembly language is a programming language that can be used to directly tell the computer what to do. An assembly language is almost exactly like the machine code that a computer can understand, except that it uses words in place of numbers. A computer cannot really understand an assembly program directly. However, it can easily change the program into machine code by replacing the words of the program with the numbers that they stand for. A program that does that is called an assembler.

paragraphs: Programs written in assembly language are usually made of "instructions", which are small tasks that the computer performs when it is running the program. They are called instructions because the programmer uses them to instruct the computer what to do. The part of the computer that follows the instructions is the processor.

paragraphs: The assembly language of a computer is a low-level language, which means that it can only be used to do the simple tasks that a computer can understand directly. In order to perform more complex tasks, one must tell the computer each of the simple tasks that are part of the complex task. For example, a computer does not understand how to print a sentence on its screen. Instead, a program written in assembly must tell it how to do all of the small steps that are involved in printing the sentence.

paragraphs: Such an assembly program would be composed of many, many instructions, that together do something that seems very simple and basic to a human. This makes it hard for humans to read an assembly program. In contrast, a high-level programming language may have a single instruction such as PRINT ""Hello, world!"" that will tell the computer to perform all of the small tasks for you.

paragraphs: When computer scientists first built programmable machines, they programmed them directly in machine code, which is a series of numbers that instructed the computer what to do. Writing machine language was very hard to do and took a long time, so eventually assembly language was made. Assembly language is easier for a human to read and can be written faster, but it is still much harder for a human to use than a high-level programming language which tries to mimic human language.

paragraphs: To program in machine code, the programmer needs to know what each instruction looks like in binary (or hexadecimal). Although it is easy for a computer to quickly figure out what machine code means, it is hard for a programmer. Each instruction can have several forms, all of which just look like a bunch of numbers to people. Any mistake that someone makes while writing machine code will only be noticed when the computer does the wrong thing. Figuring out the mistake is hard because most people cannot tell what machine code means by looking at it.

paragraphs: An example of what machine code looks like:

paragraphs: This hexadecimal machine code tells an x86 computer processor to add 42 to the accumulator. It is very difficult for a person to read and understand it even if that person knows machine code.

paragraphs: With assembly language, each instruction can be written as a short word, called a "mnemonic", followed by other things like numbers or other short words. The mnemonic is used so that the programmer does not have to remember the exact numbers in machine code needed to tell the computer to do something. Examples of mnemonics in assembly language include "add", which adds data, and "mov", which moves data from one place to another. Because 'mnemonic' is an uncommon word, the phrase "instruction type" or just "instruction" is sometimes used instead, often incorrectly. The words and numbers after the first word give more information about what to do. For instance, things following an "add" might be what two things to add together and the things following "mov" say what to move and where to put it.

paragraphs: For example, the machine code in the previous section (05 2A 00) can be written in assembly as:

paragraphs: Assembly language also allows programmers to write the actual data the program uses in easier ways. Most assembly languages have support for easily making numbers and text. In machine code, each different type of number like positive, negative or decimal, would have to be manually converted into binary and text would have to be defined one letter at a time, as numbers.

paragraphs: Assembly language provides what is called an abstraction of machine code. When using assembly, programmers do not need to know the details of what numbers mean to the computer, the assembler figures that out instead. Assembly language actually still lets the programmer use all the features of the processor that they could with machine code. In this sense, assembly language has a very good, rare trait: it has the same ability to express things as the thing it is abstracting (machine code) while being much easier to use. Because of this, machine code is almost never used as a programming language.

paragraphs: When programs are finished, they have already been transformed into machine code so that the processor can actually run them. Sometimes, however, if the program has a bug (mistake) in it, programmers will want to be able to tell what each part of the machine code is doing. Disassemblers are programs that help programmers do that by transforming the machine code of the program back into assembly language, which is much easier to understand. Disassemblers, which turn machine code into assembly language, do the opposite of assemblers, which turn assembly language into machine code.

paragraphs: An understanding of how computers are organized, how they seem to work at a very low level, is needed to understand how an assembly language program works. At the most simplistic level, computers have three main parts:

paragraphs: In most computers, memory is divided up into bytes. Each byte contains 8 bits. Each byte in memory also has an "address" which is a number that says where the byte is in memory. The first byte in memory has an address of 0, the next one has an address of 1, and so on. Dividing memory into bytes makes it "byte addressable" because each byte gets a unique address. Addresses of byte memories cannot be used to refer to a single bit of a byte. A byte is the smallest piece of memory that can be addressed.

paragraphs: Even though an address refers to a particular byte in memory, processors allow for using several bytes of memory in a row. The most common use of this feature is to use either 2 or 4 bytes in a row to represent a number, usually an integer. Single bytes are sometimes also used to represent integers, but because they are only 8 bits long, they can only hold 2 or 256 different possible values. Using 2 or 4 bytes in a row raises the number of different possible values to be 2, 65536 or 2, 4294967296, respectively.

paragraphs: When a program uses a byte or a number of bytes in a row to represent something like a letter, number, or anything else, those bytes are called an "object" because they are all part of the same thing. Even though objects are all stored in identical bytes of memory, they are treated as though they have a 'type', which says how the bytes should be understood: either as an integer or a character or some other type (like a non-integer value). Machine code can also be thought of as a type that is interpreted as instructions. The notion of a type is very, very important because it defines what things can and can’t be done to the object and how to interpret the bytes of the object. For instance, it is not valid to store a negative number in a positive number object and it is not valid to store a fraction in an integer.

paragraphs: An address that points to (is the address of) a multi-byte object is the address to the first byte of that object – the byte that has the lowest address. As an aside, one important thing to note is that you can’t tell what the type of an object is - or even its size - by its address. In fact, you can’t even tell what type an object is by looking at it. An assembly language program needs to keep track of which memory addresses hold which objects, and how big those objects are. A program that does so is "type safe" because it only does things to objects that are safe to do on their type. A program that doesn’t will probably not work properly. Note that most programs do not actually explicitly store what the type of an object is, they just access objects consistently - the same object is always treated as the same type.

paragraphs: The processor runs (executes) instructions, which are stored as machine code in main memory. As well as being able to access memory for storage, most processors have a few small, fast, fixed-size spaces for holding objects that are currently being worked with. These spaces are called "registers". Processors usually execute three types of instructions, although some instructions can be a combination of these types. Below are some examples of each type in x86 assembly language.

paragraphs: The following x86 assembly language instruction reads (loads) a 2-byte object from the byte at address 4096 (0x1000 in hexadecimal) into a 16-bit register called 'ax':

paragraphs: In this assembly language, square brackets around a number (or a register name) mean that the number should be used as an address to the data that should be used. The use of an address to point to data is called indirection. In this next example, without the square brackets, another register, bx, actually gets the value 20 loaded into it.

paragraphs: Because no indirection was used, the actual value itself was put into the register.

paragraphs: If the operands (the things that come after the mnemonic), appear in the reverse order, an instruction that loads something from memory instead writes it to memory:

paragraphs: Here, the memory at address 1000h gets the value of ax. If this example is executed right after the previous one, the 2 bytes at 1000h and 1001h will be a 2 byte integer with the value of 20.

paragraphs: Some instructions do things like subtraction or logical operations like "not":

paragraphs: The machine code example earlier in this article would be this in assembly language:

paragraphs: Here, 42 and ax are added together and the result is stored back in ax. In x86 assembly it is also possible to combine a memory access and mathematical operation like this:

paragraphs: This instruction adds the value of the 2 byte integer stored at 1000h to ax and stores the answer in ax.

paragraphs: This instruction computes the or of the contents of the registers ax and bx and stores the result back into ax.

paragraphs: Usually, instructions are executed in the order they appear in memory, which is the order they are typed in the assembly code. The processor just executes them one after another. However, in order for processors to do complicated things, they need to execute different instructions based on what the data they were given is. The ability of processors to execute different instructions depending on something's outcome is called "branching". Instructions that decide what the next instruction should be are called "branch instructions".

paragraphs: In this example, suppose someone wants to calculate the amount of paint they will need to paint a square with a certain side length. However, due to economy of scale the paint store will not sell them any less than amount of paint needed to paint a 100 x 100 square.

paragraphs: To figure out the amount of paint they will need to get based on the length of the square they want to paint, they come up with this set of steps:

paragraphs: That algorithm can be expressed in the following code where ax is the side length.

paragraphs: This example introduces several new things, but the first two instructions are familiar. They copy the value of ax into bx and then subtract 100 from bx.

paragraphs: One of the new things in this example is called a label, a concept found in assembly languages in general. Labels can be anything the programmer wants (unless it is the name of an instruction, which would confuse the assembler). In this example, the label is 'continue'. It is interpreted by the assembler as the address of an instruction. In this case, it is the address of mult ax.

paragraphs: Another new concept is that of flags. On x86 processors, many instructions set 'flags' in the processor that can be used by the next instruction to decide what to do. In this case, if bx was less than 100, sub will set a flag that says the result was less than zero.

paragraphs: The next instruction is jge which is short for 'Jump if Greater than or Equal to'. It is a branch instruction. If the flags in the processor specify that the result was greater than or equal to zero, instead of just going to the next instruction the processor will jump to the instruction at the continue label, which is mul ax.

paragraphs: This example works fine, but it is not what most programmers would write. The subtract instruction set the flag correctly, but it also changes the value it operates on, which required the ax to be copied into bx. Most assembly languages allow for comparison instruction that do not change any of the arguments they are passed, but still set the flags properly and x86 assembly is no exception.

paragraphs: Now, instead of subtracting 100 from ax, seeing if that number is less than zero, and assigning it back to ax, ax is left unchanged. The flags are still set the same way, and the jump is still taken in the same situations.

paragraphs: While input and output are a fundamental part of computing, there is no one way they are done in assembly language. This is because the way I/O works depends on the set up of the computer and the operating system its running, not just what kind of processor it has. In the example section the Hello World example uses MS-DOS operating system calls and the example after it uses BIOS calls.

paragraphs: It is possible to do I/O in assembly language. Indeed, assembly language can generally express anything that a computer is capable of doing. However, even though there are instructions to add and branch in assembly language that will always do the same thing there are no instructions in assembly language that always do I/O.

paragraphs: The important thing to note is that the way that I/O works is not part of any assembly language because it is not part of how the processor works.

paragraphs: Even though assembly language is not directly run by the processor - machine code is, it still has a lot to do with it. Each processor family supports different features, instructions, rules for what the instructions can do, and rules for what combination of instructions are allowed where. Because of this, different types of processors still need different assembly languages.

paragraphs: Because each version of assembly language is tied to a processor family, it lacks something called "portability". Something that has portability or is portable can be easily transferred from one type of computer to another. While other types of programming languages are portable, assembly language, in general, is not.

paragraphs: Although assembly language allows for an easy way to use all the processor's features, it is not used for modern software projects for several reasons:

paragraphs: As a result of these drawbacks, high-level languages like Pascal, C, and C++ are used for most projects instead. They allow programmers to express their ideas more directly instead of having to worry about telling the processor what to do every step of the way. They're called high-level because the ideas the programmer can express in the same amount code are more complicated.

paragraphs: Programmers writing code in compiled high level languages use a program called a compiler to transform their code into assembly language. Compilers are much harder to write than assemblers are. Also, high-level languages do not always allow programmers to use all the features of the processor. This is because high-level languages are designed to support all processor families. Unlike assembly languages, that only support one type of processor, high-level languages are portable.

paragraphs: Even though compilers are more complicated than assemblers, decades of making and researching compilers has made them very good. Now, there is not much reason to use assembly language anymore for most projects, because compilers can usually figure out how to express programs in assembly language as well or better than programmers.

paragraphs: A Hello World Program written in x86 Assembly:

paragraphs: hello_message db 'Hello, World!',0dh,0ah,'$'

paragraphs: A function that prints a number to the screen using BIOS interrupts written in NASM x86 assembly. Modular code is possible to write in assembly, but it takes extra effort. Note that anything that comes after a semicolon on a line is a comment and is ignored by the assembler. Putting comments in assembly language code is very important because large assembly language programs are so hard to understand.

paragraphs: num: add dx, ('A'- 10) ; hex value, add 'A' to dx - 10.


title: Toffee

paragraphs: Toffee is a candy which is made by boiling sugar with butter, and then cooling the mixture so that it becomes hard. Sometimes it is made with treacle.


title: Chop (Ukraine)

paragraphs: Chop (, , ) is a city found in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) of western Ukraine, near the borders of Slovakia and Hungary. It is separated from the Hungarian town of Záhony by the river Tisza.

paragraphs: According to the Ukrainian national census, Chop had a population in 2001 of 8,919, of whom 40% were Ukrainians, 39.2% ethnic Hungarians and 20.8% Gypsies, Russians, Slovaks, Belarusians, Jews .

paragraphs: Chop is an important railway junction in Ukraine where the Lviv-Stryi-Budapest railway line meets the Lviv-Uzhgorod-Košice line. Near Chop, there are also international railway and highway border crossings to Hungary and Slovakia and also to the westernmost point of Ukraine.


title: United States metropolitan area

paragraphs: Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSA) are large metropolitan areas of the United States as defined by the Office of Management and Budget. These areas are urban areas with a lot of people. An earlier version of the MSA was the "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area" (SMSA). MSAs are used for official purposes.

paragraphs: MSAs are made up of counties and for some county equivalents. In New England, because of the greater importance of towns over counties, similar areas are based on town units. These are called New England City and Town Areas (NECTAs).

paragraphs: MSAs are created around a central urban area —an areawhere there are a lot of people. The counties with the urbanized area are known as the central counties of the MSA. Other nearby counties (known as outlying counties) can be a part of the MSA if these counties have strong social and economic connections to the central counties. Some areas within these outlying counties may actually be rural areas.

paragraphs: The population estimates for some metro areas are not always agreed upon. In some cases, different sources give numbers of people which differ by millions. The definitions used for the last U.S. Census differed from those for previous censuses. This makes it hard to compare official information from different dates. MSA boundaries do not stretch into Canada or Mexico. This can affect the number of people in several cities. For example, Detroit, Buffalo, El Paso and San Diego are often much larger than their MSA figures.

paragraphs: As of June 2003, there is now an additional classification, “Metropolitan Division.” The term metropolitan division is used for a county or group of counties that are a distinct employment area within a metropolitan statistical area that has at least 2.5 million people. A metropolitan division is a part of a larger metropolitan statistical area but it is often a distinct social, economic, and cultural area within the larger region.

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 25 most populated metropolitan statistical areas and metropolitan divisions in the United States, according to the July 1, 2007 U.S. Census Bureau estimates:


title: Jenks, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Jenks is a city in Tulsa County, Oklahoma, United States, and a suburb of Tulsa, in the northeastern part of the state. As of the 2000 census, the city population was 9,557, but it was estimated at 14,123 in 2006.


title: Owasso, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Owasso is a city in Rogers and Tulsa counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, and a northern suburb of Tulsa. The population was 18,502 at the 2000 census.


title: Broken Arrow, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Broken Arrow is a city in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Most of it is in Tulsa County, but part of it is in western Wagoner County.


title: Inuvik, Northwest Territories

paragraphs: Inuvik is a town in the Northwest Territories of Canada. It is also where the local government of the Inuvik Region is based.

paragraphs: Inuvik was created as a replacement in 1953 for the earlier administrative center, Aklavik because that area was often flooded. At first, it was called "New Aklavik" but was renamed Inuvik in 1958 because there was confusion between the names of Aklavik and New Akalavik. Inuvik means "Place of Man" in Inuvialuktun, the local Inuit language.


title: Edmond, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Edmond is a city in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma, United States, and a part of the Oklahoma City metropolitan area in the central part of the state.


title: QuikTrip

paragraphs: QuikTrip (abbreviated QT) is a Tulsa-based chain of convenience stores mainly found in the Midwestern and Southern United States (not to be confused with Kwik Trip convenience stores).

paragraphs: The first QuikTrip opened in 1958 in Tulsa, Oklahoma by Chester Cadieux and Burt B. Holmes. QuikTrip promotes its gasoline as "high-quality" and offers a money-back guarantee.


title: Oklahoma City Thunder

paragraphs: The Oklahoma City Thunder is a professional basketball franchise based in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. The Seattle SuperSonics franchise had moved to Oklahoma, which meant that there was a new team name (Oklahoma City Thunder). Because of this, the Thunder replaced Seattle in the Western Conference's Northwest Division and began play at Oklahoma City's Ford Center (later renamed Chesapeake Energy Arena) during the 2008–09 NBA season.


title: Nadsat

paragraphs: Nadsat is a slang language. It was invented by Anthony Burgess when he wrote a book called "A Clockwork Orange". The book is about a teenager called Alex. Alex speaks Nadsat in the book. Stanley Kubrick turned the book into a film, also called "A Clockwork Orange".

paragraphs: The name of the slang language "Nadsat" comes from Russian. So do many words in the language itself. In Russian, numbers between ten and twenty end with -"nadsat". This is like the way the same numbers end with -"teen" in English. So "Nadsat" means 'teen'.

paragraphs: Although there is 1950s Russian slang in Nadsat, there are other languages too. However, most words in Nadsat are English or variations of English. One type of English variation used is rhyming slang.


title: Larry Bird

paragraphs: Larry Joe Bird (born December 7, 1956) is an American retired NBA basketball player. He won three NBA championships in 1981, 1984, and 1986 with the Boston Celtics. He has also won the NBA MVP award three times, in 1984, 1985, and 1986 as a Celtic. He played college basketball at Indiana State University where he developed a rivalry and friendship with Los Angeles Lakers star Magic Johnson when he faced him in the 1979 NCAA national championship game and three NBA championship series (1984, 1985 and 1987). He has been described as one of the greatest basketball players and greatest shooters of all time. Bird was nicknamed Larry Legend and The Hick from French Lick, after his hometown in Indiana. He was also called Kodak by his first NBA coach, Bill Fitch, because Bird could form pictures in his head of the plays on the basketball court. Finally, he was nicknamed The Great White Hope.

paragraphs: In 1992, Bird was a member of the United States men's national basketball team. The team was one of the most famous teams in US Olympic history, known as "The Dream Team." The team captured the gold medal after going undefeated.

paragraphs: In 1997, Bird became the head coach of the Indiana Pacers. He was also President of the Pacers (2000-2012, 2013-2017).

paragraphs: He was inducted into the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2006.


title: Seattle SuperSonics

paragraphs: The Seattle SuperSonics (also called the Seattle Sonics) were an American professional basketball team based in Seattle, Washington that played in the Pacific and Northwest Divisions of the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1967 until its final season in 2007–2008. The team moved to Oklahoma City in 2008, changing its name to the Oklahoma City Thunder.