title: Bronislava Nijinska

paragraphs: Bronislava Nijinska (8 January 1891 [old style 27 December 1890] – 22 February 1972) was a Russian ballerina, choreographer, and teacher of Polish descent. Her parents were dancers. She was one of three siblings and the sister of the famous ballet dancer, Vaslav Nijinsky.

paragraphs: When she was very young, Nijinska learned to dance at home. Her parents taught her Polish, Hungarian, Italian, and Russian folk dances. Her father also taught her some acrobatics. This helped her later with her choreography.

paragraphs: She was only four years old when she made her debut in a Christmas program with her brothers in Nizhny Novgorod. Nijinska trained with the Italian dancer, Enrico Cecchetti, before joining the Imperial Ballet School in 1900. She was a student there until 1908. Her teachers were Nicolai Legat and Mikhail Fokine.

paragraphs: She danced with the Imperial Ballet in St. Petersburg and the Ballets Russes. She was a choreographer for the Ballets Russes, with important modernist dance titles to her credit: "Les Noces" (1923), "Le Train Bleu" (1924) and "Les Biches" (1924). She guided the re-creation of these works in modern times.

paragraphs: She died in Pacific Palisades, California. She was twice married and had two children.


title: Federico de Madrazo y Ochoa

paragraphs: Federico de Madrazo y Ochoa (1875-1935) was a Spanish painter working in and around Madrid. He was part of a famous family of Spanish artists which included his father Raimundo de Madrazo, his uncle Ricardo de Madrazo y Garreta, his grandfather, Federico de Madrazo y Kuntz, and his great grandfather José de Madrazo. He worked together with Jean Cocteau to write a ballet, the "Le Dieu bleu" ("The Blue God"), in 1912 for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. Music for the ballet was composed by Reynaldo Hahn.


title: Madea's Witness Protection

paragraphs: Madea's Witness Protection is a comedy-drama movie. It was directed, written, and produced by Tyler Perry. The movie is about Madea taking care of a White American family who are in being protected by the FBI. The movie was filmed from January to March 2012. The movie was released in the United States on June 29, 2012.


title: 2012 in movies

paragraphs: This is a list of movies that were released in the United States in 2012.

paragraphs: The top ten films released in 2012 by worldwide gross are as follows:


title: Giant antshrike

paragraphs: The giant antshrike (Batara cinerea) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family. It belongs to the genus Batara. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. This species is the most large species of antbird, measuring 34 cm long and weighing around 150 g.

paragraphs: Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical forests.


title: Pygmy Antwren

paragraphs: The Pygmy Antwren (Myrmotherula brachyura) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.

paragraphs: It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.

paragraphs: The Pygmy Antwren is the smallest of the antbirds. It usually weighs only 7 g (0.25 oz).


title: Ant-follower

paragraphs: Ant-followers are birds that feed by following army ants. They take the prey that the ants have. The best known ant-followers are 18 species of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae, but there are other families as well, such as cuckoos.


title: Tropical Storm Beryl

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Beryl was a strong Atlantic tropical storm. It was the second tropical cyclone of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. Beryl formed on May 26 from a low-pressure system. This system was near the East Coast of the United States. It was described as a subtropical storm. However, it slowly became stronger and was upgraded to a tropical storm on May 27. It upgraded because it moved to warmer water. Beryl is responsible for floods in Cuba. This caused a mudslide that left two people missing. Beryl caused rough surf to beaches in Florida, Georgia and South Carolina. In South Carolina, one person was reported missing.


title: Collared antshrike

paragraphs: The collared antshrike (Thamnophilus bernardi) is a species of bird in the Thamnophilidae family.


title: Thamnophilus

paragraphs: Thamnophilus is a genus of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae. The species in this genus are commonly known as antshrikes. The Collared Antshrike ("Thamnophilus bernardi") is one of the species.


title: Dot-winged antwren

paragraphs: The dot-winged antwren ("Microrhopias quixensis") is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It used to be known sometimes as the velvety antwren. It is found in tropical Central and South America from southeastern Mexico south to western Ecuador, northern Bolivia and central Brazil. The male dot-winged antwren is blackish, while the female has brownish underparts. It is the only member of the genus "Microrhopias".


title: Flag of Belarus

paragraphs: The current national flag of Belarus was introduced on June 7, 1995. This new design replaced a historical flag used by the Belarusian People's Republic of 1918. The current flag is a change of the 1951 flag.

paragraphs: The flag has a red upper stripe and a green lower stripe. A vertical red and white pattern is against the flagstaff.


title: National emblem of Belarus

paragraphs: The national emblem of Belarus replaced the historic Pahonia arms in 1995. It has a ribbon in the colors of the national flag, a map of Belarus, wheat ears and a red star. It is sometimes called the coat of arms of Belarus, but this is not correct.


title: Thaila Ayala

paragraphs: Thaila Ayala Sales (born April 14, 1986 in Presidente Prudente) is a Brazilian actress and model.

paragraphs: She played Marcela, the protagonist of the 14th season of the teen soap "". In 2006 she posed nude for the magazine Trip.

paragraphs: In 2007, she was photographed by Terry Richardson for the book, "Rio, Wonderful Town", released the same year. Subsequently the release actress and model, who appears in a photo with the breast showing and biting her lip, claimed to be sorry that she participated in the book.

paragraphs: In 2011, she said that posing nude was "rape".

paragraphs: On 19 November 2011 she married actor Paulo Vilhena.


title: Mikhail Myasnikovich

paragraphs: Mikhail Uladzimiravich Myasnikovich (born 6 May 1950) is a Belarusian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Belarus from 2010 to 2014. He was picked by President Alexander Lukashenko after the 2010 presidential election.

paragraphs: He graduated from the Brest Engineering and Construction Institute in 1972 and the Communist Party School in 1989 in Minsk. He has a PhD in economics. He speaks English. He has a son, daughter and two grandchildren.


title: Exodus (band)

paragraphs: Exodus is an American thrash metal band from Richmond, California. Exodus has five members in the band; the current band members are Steve Souza, Gary Holt, Lee Altus, Jack Gibson and Tom Hunting. Former guitarist Rick Hunolt is currently touring with Exodus and filling in for Gary Holt while Holt is filling in as a guitarist for Slayer after the death of Jeff Hanneman.

paragraphs: The band was formed in 1980 by band member Tom Hunting and now-former band members Kirk Hammett, Tim Agnello, Carlton Melson and Keith Stewart. The band is named after the 1985 novel, Exodus by Leon Uris.

paragraphs: Tim Agnello was later replaced with Gary Holt who has stayed in the band since. Kirk Hammett left in 1983 to join now-famous thrash metal band Metallica, and was eventually replaced by Rick Hunolt. Carlton Melson was eventually replaced by Rob McKillop, with Keith Stewart being replaced by Paul Baloff. With these members They released their debut album, "Bonded by Blood", on April 25, 1985, which is considered by many listeners to be the band's best album.

paragraphs: They then fired Paul Baloff and replaced him with Steve 'Zetro' Souza, and released two more albums, Pleasures Of The Flesh and Fabulous Disaster until signing to a major label and replacing Tom Hunting with John Tempesta. The band then released the album Impact Is Imminent, which was considered a disappointing album compared to Fabulous Disaster. Rob McKillop was replaced with Michael Butler and the band then released Force Of Habit. The songs on this album were a little slower than their previous songs. After touring for this album, Exodus broke-up as thrash metal was becoming less popular.

paragraphs: Gary Holt and Rick Hunolt reformed Exodus in 1997 and brought back members Tom Hunting and Paul Baloff, as well as adding new member Jack Gibson. They played shows throughout the year and released a live album called Another Lesson In Violence, and broke up again in 1998.

paragraphs: The band reformed again in 2001 with the same members as the previous reunion. Paul Baloff died from a stroke in 2002. Some people believed Exodus would break up again because of this. Instead, Steve Souza was invited to rejoin the band, and they released the Tempo of The Damned album in 2004 with his vocals.

paragraphs: Over a year, three members were replaced. Steve Souza left the band whilst they were touring in South America and was replaced with Rob Dukes. Rick Hunolt left to concentrate on his family life and was replaced with Lee Altus. Tom Hunting left due to nervous problems that made him leave in 1989 after the Fabulous Disaster album, and was replaced with Paul Bostaph.

paragraphs: Their first album since these replacements was Shovel Headed Kill Machine, in 2007, Paul Bostaph left and Tom Hunting returned to the band again, before releasing another album, The Atrocity Exhibition...Exhibit A. In 2008, the band re-recorded the songs from the Bonded By Blood album and released them on an album called Let There Be Blood. In 2010, the band released their next album, Exhibit B: The Human Condition.

paragraphs: Steve Souza has recently replaced Rob Dukes after his departure in 2014, becoming their frontman indefinitely. With this lineup, the band released the Blood In Blood Out record in 2014. They are currently touring the world, with the end date scheduled at 11/26/16.


title: Aozora Bunko

paragraphs: "Aozora Bunko" has digital copies of many out-of-copyright books.

paragraphs: Project Gutenberg is similar to "Aozora Bunko".

paragraphs: In 2006, "Aozora Bunko" became a public policy advocate for freely accessible e-books.


title: Prunus japonica

paragraphs: Prunus japonica (also "Cerasus japonica") is a shrub in the genus Prunus. It is also called Korean cherry, Flowering almond or Oriental bush cherry. It is used for ornamental use. Its range goes from Central China through to the Korean peninsula. "P. maximowiczii", the Miyama cherry is also often called Korean cherry.

paragraphs: The shrub reaches 1.5 m by 1.5 m. Its flowers are hermaphrodite. They are pollinated by insects. The plant blossoms in May. Its fruit reaches about 14 mm. It is used in making pies.

paragraphs: Every fruit has one seed. The plant usually grows from seed.

paragraphs: The leaves of this plant procure a green dye, while the fruit procures a greenish to grayish dye.


title: Delta Force

paragraphs: 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment-Delta (1st SFOD-D) is a special forces unit of the United States Army. They are a highly secretive, highly elite unit that take part in very dangerous missions including counter-terrorism, hostage rescue, direct action, and more. Delta Force is highly elite in that it is not a unit that just anyone can apply for. Delta Force recruits primarily from the Army Special Forces (aka the Green Berets) and the 75th Ranger Regiment, themselves already elite special operations units.


title: Basal ganglia

paragraphs: The basal ganglia (or basal nuclei) are three areas under the cerebral cortex. They are part of the cerebrum (forebrain), and connected to the midbrain and the thalamus. They are vital to movement, and damage here results in damaged ability to move.

paragraphs: The range of behaviours controlled by the nuclei is wide. They control eye movements. They do voluntary motor control, learning procedures for routine behaviors or "habits", and cognitive emotional functions.

paragraphs: The basal ganglia also control motivation. They select actions, that is, the choice of what to do at a given time. Experimental studies show that the basal ganglia inhibit (suppress) a number of motor systems. A release of this inhibition lets a motor system act. This "behaviour switching" is influenced by signals from many parts of the brain, including the prefrontal cortex, which plays a key role in doing things.

paragraphs: The basal ganglia form one of the basic components of the forebrain, and can be recognized in all species of vertebrates. Even in the lamprey (one of the most primitive vertebrates) striatal, pallidal, and nigral elements can be identified by their anatomy and histochemistry.


title: William H. Seward

paragraphs: William Henry Seward (May 16, 1801–October 10, 1872) was an American politician. He was the 12th Governor of New York, and later a United States Senator. He was also the United States Secretary of State for two presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. He was very much against slavery. He was an important person in the Republican Party when it was starting. Many people thought he would be nominated by the Republican Party to run for President of the United States in 1860, but that did not happen.

paragraphs: On the night that President Abraham Lincoln was killed, someone also tried to kill Seward. For the rest of his life, Seward had scars on his face from the attack. Later, the man who attacked him was caught and put to death.

paragraphs: When Seward was Secretary of State, he arranged for the United States to buy Alaska from Russia. People made fun of him for doing that. They called it "Seward's Folly". When asked what he thought was the most important thing he did as Secretary of State, Seward said "The purchase of Alaska—but it will take the people a generation to find it out".


title: Rosalind Franklin

paragraphs: Rosalind Franklin (Notting Hill, London, 25 July 1920 – London, 16 April 1958) was a British biophysicist. She was known for helping to discover the structure of DNA. Rosalind Franklin was about 15 years old when she knew that she wanted to become a scientist. She attended St. Paul's Girls' School and then continued school at Newham College in Cambridge. At Newham College she got a Ph.D in physical chemistry. She worked on coal, studies of RNA, and viruses. She was one of the first people to do X-ray crystallography on DNA. She also spent several years working in Paris studying crystals. [3] She discovered the size, shape, and arrangement of molecules. She dedicated her life to discovering more about molecules.

paragraphs: In 1951, she moved to London. She joined a group of scientific researchers at King's College. Her assignment was to take pictures of DNA. She looked at the structure and function of DNA in the pictures. This job was very difficult because technology was simple at that time. During this job, Franklin worked with a man named Raymond Gosling. He was also trying to photograph the DNA. Franklin also had to work with Maurice Wilkins. The scientists had many arguments, but Franklin kept working. Instead of working with Wilkins, Franklin liked to work with Gosling. She created X-ray pictures that showed that DNA is shaped like a double helix.

paragraphs: In 1951, Franklin presented her idea about the shape of DNA at a conference. A biologist named James D. Watson went to her conference. Watson and Francis Crick were biologists. They were also studying the shape of DNA. They were building 3D examples of the helix shape.

paragraphs: Watson and Crick used Franklin's work in their work to discover the structure of DNA. Their final model was presented in 1953. They did not say that Franklin's thoughts helped them complete their work. She also discovered the structure of the tobacco mosaic virus a couple of years before she died.

paragraphs: Franklin died from ovarian cancer in 1958. Nobel Prizes are not awarded after a person's death, so she was not considered for the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. It was awarded to Francis Crick, James D. Watson and Maurice Wilkins.


title: Echo and Narcissus

paragraphs: Echo and Narcissus is a story from Ovid's book of poetry, "Metamorphoses", about a beautiful boy named Narcissus and Echo the mountain nymph, or Oread, who fell in love with him.

paragraphs: Zeus had given Echo the task of entertaining his wife Hera with stories, in order that he might have time to slip away and philander around with other women. Hera noticed something was up (she was known for her jealous and vengeful nature), and mistaking Echo as the object of Zeus's uncouth affections, she cast a spell on the unfortunate nymph - Echo would only be able to repeat the last words addressed to her and never speak her own again.

paragraphs: Narcissus, a beautiful human youth, got separated from his hunting companions one day in some woods. Echo, being a nymph and also feeling pitiful because of her curse, had been wandering those same woods. The moment she saw Narcissus traipsing through the forest, she fell in love with him and his breathtaking beauty. But because of Hera's curse, she was unable to tell him, so she followed the boy and waited for him to speak. Eventually, Narcissus began to call for his companions. Echo eagerly stepped out of the trees and repeated the words. A confusing and repetitive conversation ensued, ending with Narcissus telling Echo they should make love. Ever opportunistic, Echo repeated his words and leapt towards Narcissus. However, at that moment, Narcissus decided he'd rather die before letting a wood nymph have him, and pushed her away. Echo, heartbroken, ran away and hid in a cave, not eating or sleeping, just pining for Narcissus. After some time, Echo began to grow skinny from starvation until her body withered away entirely into dust, leaving nothing but her voice.

paragraphs: Later, the goddess of revenge, Nemesis punished Narcissus for not accepting the unrequited love of Echo. Nemesis caused him to fall in love with his own reflection he saw in a pool near the cave where Echo had died. Narcissus refused to leave the reflection of himself and, like Echo, starvation was going to claim him. But not before he cried out to his reflection: "Farewell, dear boy. Beloved in vain.". Echo's voice repeated the lament from the cave and Narcissus died by the bank of the pool.

paragraphs: To this day Echo's voice still calls back from caves and labyrinths, repeating the last spoken words forever


title: Laplace's equation

paragraphs: Laplace's equation is a partial differential equation, of the second order. It is named after Pierre-Simon Laplace, an 18th century mathematician who first described it. One of the uses of the equation is to predict the conduction of heat, another to model the conduction of electricity.


title: Gene Tierney

paragraphs: Gene Eliza Tierney (November 19, 1920 - November 6, 1991) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She starred several movies including "Heaven Can Wait", "Laura", "Leave Her to Heaven", "The Razor's Edge", "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir", "Whirlpool", "The Mating Season" and "The Left Hand of God".

paragraphs: Tierney was born on 19 November 1920. She was born into a wealthy Brooklyn family. On a family vacation she toured the Warner Brothers studio and was spotted by director Anatole Litvak. After a screen test she was offered a contract. But her father disapproved of her becoming a Hollywood actress. He finally approved of her acting on the Broadway stage if she would first make her society debut. She played several bit parts before again being noticed by Hollywood. She had a brief contract with Columbia Pictures but returned to Broadway. Her first break was in the play "The Male Animal" as a college cheerleader. This time 20th Century Fox wanted to sign her to a contract. They allowed her creative control over her parts and she could return to act on Broadway every year.

paragraphs: She played a newspaperwoman in love with an outlaw (played by Henry Fonda) in the Western "The Return of Frank James". She was then cast in a variety of roles before getting top billing on her own. Her first lead role came in the movie "Heaven can Wait" also starring Don Ameche. She then starred in the Film noir "Laura". This was followed by a second film noir, "Leave her to Heaven". Starring with Tyrone Power, she played the female lead in "The Razor's Edge". Probably her best known film was "The Ghost and Mrs. Muir" with Rex Harrison. When it was released in 1947 it did fairly well. But it did not become a classic until later. She went on to star in several films. But she had a number of personal problems later in her career. This included a love affair gone wrong. As her second husband, she married W. Howard Lee, a rich Houston oilman. She remained happily married to him for 20 years until his death in 1981.

paragraphs: After her marriage to Howard she did only two more films before retiring. Tierney's autobiography was published in 1979. As an actor she had been a heavy smoker, probably to lower her voice. On 6 November 1991 Tierney died of emphysema in Houston, Texas. She is buried in Glenwood Cemetery in Houston, next to her husband, W. Howard Lee.


title: Thalamus

paragraphs: The thalamus is a symmetrical structure in the brains of vertebrates. It is between the cerebral cortex and midbrain.

paragraphs: It relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulates consciousness, sleep, and alertness.

paragraphs: The thalamus sits above the hypothalamus, and below the cerebral cortex. It is a collection of nuclei with various functions. It acts as a relay station, gathering sense information of all kinds (except olfactory) and passes it on to the cerebral cortex.

paragraphs: There are action systems for several types of behaviour, including eating, drinking, defecation, and copulation. These behaviours satisfy short-term needs, and are called 'consummatory' behaviours.


title: Saint Vitus (band)

paragraphs: Saint Vitus is an American doom metal band. Many consider Saint Vitus to be an influential doom metal band which helped start the genre in the late 1970s and early 1980s, along with their contemporaries Pentagram, Witchfinder General, Trouble and Candlemass.

paragraphs: Saint Vitus formed in Los Angeles, California in 1978. Their original lineup was Scott Reagers (vocals), Dave Chandler (guitarist), Mark Adams (drums) and Armando Acosta (drums). Saint Vitus was known as Tyrant until 1980, when they changed their name to their current name Saint Vitus, which was inspired by the song "St. Vitus' Dance" by Black Sabbath, a band they have cited as one of their major influences.

paragraphs: Around 1983, Greg Ginn of Black Flag signed Saint Vitus to his label SST Records and the band managed to record their first album, which is self-titled. It came out in 1984, and later that year, the embarked on their first-ever tour with Black Flag, another band that Saint Vitus is influenced by and would latercover their song "Thirsty and Miserable" for their 1987 EP with the same title. Their second album "Hallow's Victim" and the "The Walking Dead" EP were both released in 1985.

paragraphs: Saint Vitus experienced their first lineup change when Scott "Wino" Weinrich replaced Reagers on vocals in 1986. They would achieve moderate success with the next three albums, including "Born Too Late", which has been cited as their best-selling release, but they were never able to become a popular band. Weinrich eventually left the band in 1991 to focus on the reunion of The Obsessed, which was his band before he joined Saint Vitus. He was replaced by Chritus Linderson, who sang on "C.O.D." (1992), the sixth Saint Vitus studio album, before he left the band.

paragraphs: In 1994, Saint Vitus reunited with their original singer Scott Reagers. With him, the band recorded their seventh studio album "Die Healing" (1995) and then broke up in 1996. The band reunited twice, in 2003 and 2008, with the "Born Too Late" lineup. After 31 years in the band, Acosta left Saint Vitus in 2009 and was replaced by Henry Vasquez. This new incarnation recently completed a new album, entitled "Lillie: F-65", which was released on April 27, 2012.

paragraphs: Saint Vitus' full-length studio albums include:

paragraphs: Their other recordings include "The Walking Dead" and "Thirsty and Miserable" EPs (released in 1985 and 1987 respectively), the live album "Live" (1990) and the compilation album "Heavier Than Thou" (1991).


title: Chris Gayle

paragraphs: Christopher Henry Gayle (born 21 September 1979) is a Jamaican cricketer. He played for the Worcestershire Country Cricket Club, the Western Warriors, and the Kolkata Knight Riders. He now plays for the Royal Challenger Bangalore in the Indian Premier League. In the Big Bash League, Gayle represents the Sydney Thunder. In the Bangladesh Premier League, he represents the Barisal Burne. He plays for Kings XI Punjab in Indian Premier League.


title: Fates Warning

paragraphs: Fates Warning is an American progressive metal band. They formed in 1982 and are from Hartford, Connecticut. Many people say they are pioneers. Fates Warning gained fame in the 1980s and was ranked as one of the early "flagship bands of progressive metal" along with Queensrÿche and Dream Theater, who are both credited for creating, developing and making that genre popular.

paragraphs: Fates Warning is not only known for their music, but they are known to have made many changes to their lineup (members). Their original lineup consisted of vocalist John Arch, guitarists Jim Matheos and Victor Arduini, bassist Joe DiBiase, and drummer Steve Zimmerman. From 1982 to 1996 — and temporarily in 2010 — Matheos and DiBiase remained as the only original members of the band, with Matheos being the only constant member. Fates Warning now consists of Matheos on guitar, Ray Alder on vocals and Joey Vera on bass. Bobby Jarzombek has been their drummer since 2007, but only plays live with them.

paragraphs: Fates Warning has released a total of ten studio albums. Other than the studio albums, they have released two live albums, one compilation album, one VHS, three DVDs (each of them features live concerts) and four demo tapes. Their two first albums were not very successful. Their next album, "Awaken the Guardian", became a mainstream success and peaked at number #191 on the "Billboard" 200. It became the first album released on their label Metal Blade to enter that chart. Despite the departure of original singer John Arch, Fates Warning's popularity continued to grow with their next three albums, "No Exit" (1988), "Perfect Symmetry" (1989) and "Parallels" (1991); the first two peaked at #111 and #141 on the "Billboard" 200 respectively. Fates Warning has not released an album since 2004's "FWX". They have been working on a new one, which they plan to release in 2012.

paragraphs: Their full-length studio albums include:


Flush


title: Province of Concepción, Chile

paragraphs: The Province of Concepción () is one of the 4 provinces in the Biobío Region, with capital based in Concepción, part of the Greater Concepción conurbation.


title: Psychological warfare

paragraphs: The term psychological warfare is used to describe methods that military use in war-time. We may understand it as an attempt to influence the behavior/beliefs of enemy armed forces and/or foreign civilian populations. Psychological warfare has many similarities with propaganda messages.

paragraphs: The term "pychological warfare" has always been considered problematic and offensive. The use of military power is increasingly not any more on the level of an local armored conflict, but on the global basis using mass media. The NATO uses the term "psychological operation" (PSYOP).

paragraphs: People are trying not to use the term "psychological warfare". They would rather use terms like "stabilisation" or "satisfaction".

paragraphs: Psychological warfare has mostly been introduced in the second world war. Both Axis Powers and Allied used it.


title: Ranidae

paragraphs: The true frogs or Ranidae can be found in most countries except Antarctica. The true frogs can be found in North America, northern South America, Europe, Asia, Madagascar, Africa, East Indies, New Guinea, and Australia. The bullfrog is the largest true frog in North America. Usually, true frogs are smooth, moist-skinned frogs, with large, powerful legs and have webbed feet. The smallest true frogs are the Wood frog ("Rana sylvatica"). The largest is the Goliath frog ("Conraua goliath"). True frogs are semi-aquatic frogs. They live near water.

paragraphs: Subfamilies included under Ranidae are the following. Some are sometimes treated as separate families:


title: Black Butler

paragraphs: Black Butler is a manga series by Yana Toboso. The manga started in 2006.

paragraphs: In Victorian era London, the butler Sebastian Michaelis takes care of his 12 year old master, Ciel Phantomhive. Ciel is the earl of the aristocratic Phantomhive family, which is well-known in England for be the Queen's Guarddogs. Ciel's parents were killed in arson when he was 10 years old. He made a deal with a demon (which is in fact his butler Sebastian) to help him get revenge on his enemies. The demon butler can have his soul in return.

paragraphs: A radio drama was released on CDs on August 10, 2007 and November 26, 2008. The anime was first shown in October 2008. The English version is produced by Funimation. Two musicals are based on the manga called "That Butler, Friendship" and " Musical Black Butler, The Most Beautiful Death in The World, A Thousand Souls and The Fallen Grim Reaper". A video game called "Black Butler: Phantom & Ghost" was released in 2009.

paragraphs: The manga has printed over 10 million copies in Japan. A music distributor in Japan took a poll of anime characters that people would like to marry. The demon butler Sebastian was included in the final results.


title: Australian green tree frog

paragraphs: The Australian green tree frog (green tree frog in Australia, White's tree frog, or dumpy tree frog), "Litoria caerulea", is a species of tree frogs. They live in Australia and New Guinea.

paragraphs: The green tree frog was imported onto ships to the United States and New Zealand. The species belongs to the genus "Litoria". The species magnificent tree frog ("Litoria splendida") and the giant tree frog ("Litoria infrafrenata") are similar to the green tree frog. The green tree frog is the largest frog in Australia. It can reach to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length.

paragraphs: The average lifespan is about sixteen years, if kept captive. Green tree frogs are easy to take care of. They are okay with living near human buildings. They are often found on windows or inside houses. The green tree frog screams when it is in danger. It does this to scare off animals that have threatened them. The green tree frog squeaks when it is touched. The green tree frog is known as the most recognizable frog in Australia. This is because of how the frog looks like and because of its behavior in its habitat. It is also a popular exotic pet throughout the world. The frog's skin has antibacterial and antiviral protections. Their skin may be useful for medication in treating patients in the future.

paragraphs: The green tree frog is one of many tree frog species of the genus "Litoria". They are native in Australasia. The common name of the species is "White's tree frog". The species were named after John White. He first described the species in 1790. The green tree frog was the first frog to be classified in Australia. The specimen of the green tree frog was collected by Sir Joseph Banks. It was destroyed during the German bombing of the Hunterian Museum during World War II. The museum was located at the Royal College of Surgeons in London.

paragraphs: The green tree frog was first called the "blue frog" ("Rana caerulea"). The original specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and looked blue. The color of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer. The preservative destroyed the yellow layer. It left the frog looking blue. The word "caeruela", which means blue in Latin, is part of the green tree frog's scientific name. The frog is also more known as the "green tree frog". However, that name is often given to the larger green tree frog ("Hyla cinerea") in its region.

paragraphs: The green tree frog can reach 10 centimeters (4 inches) in length. The frog's color depends on the temperature and the color of its environment. The green tree frog can be brown or green. The frog's mouth is white. The frog may have small, white-shaped spots on its back. At the end of its toes, it has large discs. This gives the frog the ability to climb. The eyes are golden. The fingers of the frog have webbed feet for swimming. The tympanum membrane can be seen on the frog.

paragraphs: The green tree frog looks similar to the magnificent tree frog ("Litoria spendida"). This frog is native to north-western Australia. The magnificent tree frog has large patrotoid and rostral glands on the head. The giant tree frog ("Litoria infrafrenata") is also sometimes confused with the green tree frog. The giant tree frog has white stripes. These stripes are on the edge of the frog's lower jaw. The green tree frog does not have these stripes.

paragraphs: The appearance of the green tree frog tadpole changes during its development. The tadpole can reach from 8.1 millimeters (after it has hatched) to 44 millimeters. The tadpole is brown, but it later changes to green during its development. The underside of the tadpole is dark. It changes to white when the tadpole is an adult frog. The eggs are brown, in a clear jelly. They are 1.1–1.4 millimeters in diameter.

paragraphs: The green tree frog has lungs. They absorb oxygen through their skin. For this to happen, their skin has to be moist. However, their skin can get infected by pathogens. Pathogens will live on the frog's skin. This makes them sick. The frog will then grow peptides. These will destroy the pathogens. The skin of the Green Tree Frog has caerins. Caerins is a group of peptides with antibacterial and antivirial protection. It also has caerulins. The caerulins have physiological effects. The CCK-8 is a digestive hormone and hunger suppressant. Several peptides from the skin of the green tree frog have been found to destroy HIV without harming healthy T-cells.

paragraphs: The green tree frog is native to northern and eastern parts of Australia. They are also native to southern New Guinea. In New Guinea, the green tree frog lives in the drier area of the country. The frog can be found from Irian Jaya to Port Moresby. It also can be found on Daru Island. There has been records of the frog found in northern New Guinea. However, it is thought that they were introduced there by humans. The International Conservation Union (IUCN) believes the frog is in "scattered locations" in both New Guinea and Indonesia.

paragraphs: The species has been introduced to the United States and New Zealand. The frog can be found in the US state of Florida. It is believed that they were introduced through pet trade. There are only small populations in Florida. It is unknown if they have caused any ecological damage. In New Zealand, there were large populations of the green tree frog. However, there have been no sightings since the 1950s.

paragraphs: Green Tree Frogs are easy to take care of. They are active at night. During the day, they will rest near a place where it is cool, dark, and moist. In the winter, green tree frogs do not make calling sounds. They are also not seen that much.

paragraphs: Depending on their location, green tree frogs will live in several habitats. They are found in the canopy of trees. They are also found near slow-moving waters. They can also live in swamps or in the grasslands in cooler climates. green tree frogs are known to live inside houses. They can be found in sinks and toilets. They can also be found on windows. They will also live in tanks, downpipes, and gutters. They like living in those places because they provide high humidity. The habitats can also be cooler than their environment. The frogs will be near downpipes and tanks during mating season. They do this because the tools will make their call louder.

paragraphs: The species' call is a low, slow "Brawk-Brawk-Brawk". They repeat it many times. For most of the year, they will call while being on top of something that is very high. These include trees and gutters. During mating season, the frogs will call near a place where there is water. They will stay there for a little while or forever. Like many frogs, green tree frogs call to attract a mate. They will also use their call to warn other frogs that they are near. The green tree frog will make a stress call whenever they are in danger.

paragraphs: The green tree frogs will eat insects and spiders. However, they can also eat smaller frogs and even small mammals. The frog's teeth are not made for cutting up their prey. This means that the prey has to fit inside their mouths in order for the frog to eat it. Many frogs will stick out their tongues at prey. The green tree frog's tongues, as with many frogs, are very sticky. The prey will be stuck and will be eaten. The green tree frog will use their tongues on small prey. For larger prey, they will jump on top of it and force it into their mouths using their hands.

paragraphs: The frog has a few predators. They include snakes, a few species of lizards and birds. Dogs and cats have also been known to catch and eat Green Tree Frogs. The green tree frog can live up to sixteen years, if kept captive. But some have been known to live for over twenty years. The average life expectancy in the wild is lower than being captive. This is because of predation.

paragraphs: The green tree frog is one of the most popular pet frogs in the world. This is because of its submissive behavior and long life expectancy. It is also a popular pet frog because it looks like a cartoon frog. It is also one of the easiest frogs to take care of. Their diet are not expensive. They also have a strong resistance to diseases. Overfeeding the frog is a common problem with pet owners. The green tree frog tends to become obese when it is overfed. In the wild, the frog's energy is needed for the frog to catch its prey. However, in captivity, they are given live food. They are also housed in comfortable habitats. This makes the frog lazy because it does not have to do any activities. When the frog is inactive, it will gain weight. An overweight green tree frog will have fat layers on top of the head and body. This gives it a "dumpy" look. This is why some pet owners call the green tree frog the "dumpy tree frog".

paragraphs: According to the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the green tree frog is protected in Australia. The IUCN lists the frog as "least concern". It is listed as "least concern" because the green tree frog can be found in many places. The Green Tree Frog's population is not declining.

paragraphs: Some of the green tree frog's natural habitats have been destroyed. Some Green Tree Frogs have been found to be infected with chytrid fungus. This causes chytridiomycosis. The population of the green tree frog in Australia is declining. However, because of the long life expectancy of this species, it will take longer for the frog to be an endangered species.


title: Tympanic membrane

paragraphs: The tympanic membrane, also called an eardrum, is a thin membrane that separates the external ear from the middle ear in humans and other animals. It moves sound from the air to the ossicles inside the middle ear. The malleus bone bridges the gap between the eardrum and the other ossicles.


title: Viperinae

paragraphs: The Viperinae, or Viperines, are a subfamily of venomous Vipers found in Europe, Asia and Africa.There are currently, 12 genera and 66 species which are recognized of this subfamily. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, the Vipera berus, even occurs within the Arctic Circle.

paragraphs: Members of this subfamily range in size from the Namaqua Dwarf Adder, that grows to a maximum of 28 cm, to the Gaboon Viper that reaches a maximum length of over 2 m. Most species are terrestrial (living on land), but a few, such as Atheris, are completely arboreal (living in trees).

paragraphs: The Viperinae are found in Europe, Asia and Africa, but they are not found in Madagascar.

paragraphs: Most of the members of this subfamily are viviparous (ovoviviparous), meaning they give live birth, although a few, such as the Persian Horned viper, lay eggs.


title: National Hot Rod Association

paragraphs: The National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) is a drag racing governing body, which sets rules in drag racing and holds events all over the United States and Canada. With over 80,000 drivers, the NHRA is considered one of the largest motorsports organizations in the world.

paragraphs: The association was started by Wally Parks in 1951 in the State of California to provide a governing body to organize and further the sport of drag racing. The first national NHRA event was held in 1955, in Great Bend, Kansas. (The races were run on a training air field built during World War II.) The "Nationals", which now number 22 events every year, are the major events in drag racing that bring together the best cars and drivers from across North America. The Mac Tools U.S. Nationals are now held at Indianapolis Raceway Park in Clermont, Indiana.

paragraphs: The NHRA forces racers to use various things in the cars run in its racing events to keep drivers safe. First is the five point safety harness (belt) that all cars must have. This holds the driver secure in the seat and has with a quick-release lock, which can be opened in less than a second if the driver needs to leave the car due to fire or explosion.

paragraphs: Second are the fire suits that all drivers must wear. These suits are full body cover-alls and made with seven layers of Nomex fire-resistant fabric.

paragraphs: Third is the use of the Head and Neck Support (HANS) device. This device limits the moving of the head and neck in the event of a collision and has been required within the NHRA since 2004.

paragraphs: Fourth is the high-strength metal shield that must be placed behind the head of all Top Fuel drivers. This is to prevent any material from entering the cockpit and striking the driver. This is needed because the engine is behind the driver in Top Fuel cars.

paragraphs: Fifth is the on board fire control system that all cars must have. These systems are directed onto the engine itself and start when the engine catches fire, reducing the chance for the car to completely catch fire. This has been in place on all cars beginning in 1983, when an engine explosion and fire came very close to killing then-Funny Car driver Mike Dunn.

paragraphs: Sixth is the roof escape opening that is in place on all Funny Cars since the division was made in the early 1970s. This opening allows Funny Car drivers a safe means of escape during an engine fire rather than falling out of the car between the frame and body.

paragraphs: Seventh are the long bars at the end of all cars, also known as ""wheelie bars"". These prevent the car from turning over during the rapid start of the race.

paragraphs: The drive tires of the cars, which are called "slicks" because there is no tread on them, are made from a much harder compound so that the tires are resistant to failure. The tires are not allowed to be inflated under for any race at any time.

paragraphs: Cars in the Funny Car class must have fire-proof engine blankets around the engine block to contain material in case of an engine explosion.

paragraphs: Before the late 1980s, people could station themselves up to the guardrails so they could be closer to the action. After several rather accidents on track, where people have been hurt or killed, people are no longer allowed within of the guardrail.


title: Enbun

paragraphs: , also known as Embun, was a Japanese era name (年号, "nengō", lit. year name) of the Northern Court during the Nanboku-chō period after "Bunna" and before "Kōan". This period started in March 1356 and ended in March 1361; The pretender in Kyoto was . Go-Kōgon's Southern Court rival in Yoshino during this time was .


title: Coldplay discography

paragraphs: The discography of British rock band Coldplay has five studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, ten extended plays, twenty-nine singles, two promotional singles and thirty-two music videos. As of 2009, Coldplay has sold over 55 million records. They are one of the best-selling music artists worldwide.


title: 2010 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 2010 Stanley Cup Final was the best-of-seven NHL championship series of the 2010 Stanley Cup playoffs. It was between the Western Conference champion Chicago Blackhawks and the Eastern Conference champion Philadelphia Flyers. It was Chicago's eleventh time in the Final. The last time was in 1992 with a loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins. It was Philadelphia's eighth time in the Final. The last time was in 1997 with a loss to the Detroit Red Wings. Chicago beat Philadelphia four games to two to win their fourth Stanley Cup.

paragraphs: Blackhawks captain Jonathan Toews won the Most Valuable Player. He was the first Blackhawks player to win this honor.


title: Barred Antshrike

paragraphs: The Barred Antshrike, "Thamnophilus doliatus", is a passerine bird in the antbird family. It is found in the Neotropics from Tamaulipas, Mexico, through Central America, Trinidad and Tobago, and a large part of South America east of the Andes as far south as northern Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay. There is one record from southern Texas as well. The Barred Antshrike has many different songs and calls for contacting, such as crow-like cawing "arrrr" or a slow "hoo-hoo".


title: Great Britain Olympic football team

paragraphs: The Great Britain Olympic football team (also known as Team GB) represents the United Kingdom in international football competitions at the Olympic Games. The selection is currently limited to players under the age of 23.

paragraphs: In 1974 the difference between amateur and professional players was found therefore the Team GB Football team was disbanded.

paragraphs: The Olympic football team has been reformed, again run by the FA, for the 2012 Olympic Games, which are to be hosted in London. The team's coach is Stuart Pearce who will be allowed to select players from across the UK.The SFA are worried that if Team GB field a team in the Olympics Great Britain will field a team in other international competitions.

paragraphs: GB have won the Olympic Football competition s times in 1900 1908 and 1912


title: Olympic rings

paragraphs: The Olympic rings are the official symbol of the Olympic Games. The design was created by Baron Pierre de Coubertin in 1913. The rings on the right represent the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from around the world at the Olympic Games. The rings were first used at the Olympic Games Belgium in 1920.The 5 colours of the rings are blue, black, red, yellow and green.


title: Litoria

paragraphs: Litoria is a genus of Hylidae tree frogs. They are native to Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, the Lesser Sunda Islands, the Moluccan Islands, and Timor.

paragraphs: The following species are or were once recognised within the genus "Litoria" (many others have been moved to "Nyctimystes" and "Ranoidea"):


title: Magnificent tree frog

paragraphs: The magnificent tree frog or splendid tree frog ("Litoria splendida") is a species of tree frogs. They are native to Australia in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. They were first found in 1977. They are related to the White's tree frog.


title: Walt Disney Animation Studios

paragraphs: Walt Disney Animation Studios is an American animation studio headquartered in Burbank, California. It was started in 1923 under the name, Disney Brothers Cartoon Studio. In 1929 it re-established as Walt Disney Productions. In 1986, after Disney had moved into making mostly live-action movies, it was re-established as Walt Disney Feature Animation, taking on its current name in 2007. It has been known for making animated feature movies in association with Walt Disney Pictures.

paragraphs: Walt Disney Animation Studios is headquartered in the Sorcerer's Hat building which was completed in 1995. It is in Burbank, California close to The Walt Disney Studios where its original animated studio was located. Satellite studios were around the world in locations like Paris, France, Tokyo, Japan and even at Disney's Hollywood Studios, one of the four theme parks in Walt Disney World, Florida. They were all closed down by 2004 because the 2D movies which the satellite studios made were unsuccessful.

paragraphs: Since 1937, Walt Disney Animation Studios has produced 56 movies with Walt Disney Pictures. The first one, "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", was released in 1937. The newest one, "Frozen 2," was released in 2019, with their next released being "Raya and the Last Dragon" in 2020.

paragraphs: The animation studio is noted for creating a number of now-standard innovations in the animation industry, including:


title: Oscilloscope Laboratories

paragraphs: Oscilloscope Laboratories is an independent movie distribution company. It was started by Beastie Boys member Adam Yauch and former THINKFilm executive David Fenkel. It has a recording studio and movie production facilities.

paragraphs: Fenkel will be returning to the company according to a statement made by an Oscilloscope spokeswoman on May 4, 2012 following Yauch's death.

paragraphs: All titles are given a number which goes to the spine number of the DVD (or for some titles DVD and Blu-ray)


title: Relativity Media

paragraphs: Relativity Media (sometimes written as RelativityMedia and Relativity) is an American movie studio in West Hollywood, California. It acquires, develops, produces, and distributes movies and produces television programming. It was founded in 2004 by Ryan Kavanaugh.

paragraphs: On January 4, 2009, Relativity Media acquired the genre label Rogue Pictures from Universal, for a $150 million.

paragraphs: On July 6, 2010, Relativity and Netflix announced a five-year-plus Pay-TV deal. The first two movies to stream on Netflix were "The Fighter" and "Skyline".

paragraphs: On July 23, 2010 Relativity acquired the 45-person marketing and distribution staff of Starz’ Overture Films. On May 20, 2012, it was reported that Relativity and EuropaCorp signed a co-production and co-financing deal on two movies and Relativity will distribute in U.S. Relativity also has co-production deals with Atlas Entertainment and Virgin Produced.


title: Text to Speech

paragraphs: Text to speech (TTS) is the use of software to create an audio output in the form of a spoken voice. The program that is used by programs to change text on the page to an audio output of the spoken voice is normally a text to speech engine. TTS engines are needed for an audio output of machine translation results.


title: Aristarchus of Samos

paragraphs: Aristarchus (310 BC – about 230 BC), was an ancient Greek astronomer and mathematician. His is the first known model that put the Sun at the center of the known universe with the Earth revolving around it (see Solar system).

paragraphs: Aristarchus was influenced by Philolaus of Croton, but he identified the "central fire" with the Sun, and put the other planets in their correct order of distance around the Sun. His astronomical ideas were often rejected in favour of the geocentric theories of Aristotle and Ptolemy.

paragraphs: His name is "Ἀρίσταρχος" in Greek letters, which transliterates to Aristarchos. He was born on the island of Samos, in the eastern Aegean Sea.

paragraphs: Heliocentrism is the idea of the Sun at the centre. Though the original text has been lost, a reference in Archimedes' book "The Sand Reckoner" describes another work by Aristarchus in which he advanced the heliocentric model as an alternative hypothesis. Archimedes wrote:

paragraphs: So Aristarchus believed the stars were very far away, which is an important step. Therefore, there was no observable parallax, that is, a movement of the stars relative to each other while the Earth moves around the Sun. The stars are much farther away than was generally assumed in ancient times; and the tiny amount of stellar parallax is only detectable with telescopes.

paragraphs: The old geocentric model explained planetary parallax, and was assumed to be the reason why no stellar parallax was observed. Rejection of the heliocentric view was common, as the following passage from Plutarch suggests ("On the apparent face in the orb of the Moon"):

paragraphs: The only other astronomer of antiquity who is known by name and who is known to have supported Aristarchus' heliocentric model was Seleucus, a Hellenistic astronomer who lived a century after Aristarchus.

paragraphs: The heliocentric theory was successfully revived nearly 1800 years later by Copernicus, after which Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton gave the theoretical explanation based on laws of physics, namely Kepler's laws for the motion of planets and Newton's laws on gravitational attraction and dynamics.

paragraphs: The Vatican library has preserved two ancient manuscripts with estimates of the length of the year. The only ancient scientist listed for two different values is Aristarchus. Both are close to the values later used by Hipparchus and Ptolemy, and the precession indicated is almost precisely 1 degree per century, a value which is too low. 1 degree per century precession was used by all later astronomers until the Arabs. The correct value in Aristarchus's time was about 1.38 degrees per century.


title: Abergavenny fireworks display

paragraphs: The Abergavenny fireworks display is an annual organized fireworks display. It is held each year on Guy Fawkes Night (November 5) in Abergavenny, Wales.

paragraphs: The event takes place in Belgrave Park. It has been running each year since about 1968.

paragraphs: The event is run and organized by the local social networking group Abergavenny and District Round Table, which is one of the hundreds of branches in the UK of the Round Table (club). It is a non profit event with all proceeds being distributed to charity’s and good courses, primarily in and around the Abergavenny area. Some of the those to have benefited from monies raised from the Abergavenny fireworks display include: Abergavenny Scouts, Crickhowell Scouts, Jigsaw community project, Llanbedr Village Thai Boxing, Mardy Juniors Football, RTB Ebbw Vale Junior AFC Club, a fuller list is on the Abergavenny and District web site.

paragraphs: The Abergavenny fireworks display was originally started to provide a display for the children’s home in c1965 it moved to its current location of Belgrave park in c1968 as the fireworks could be seen from the nearby Nevill hall hospital, the fireworks display has been put on every year since, up to the present.

paragraphs: A competition is held with the help of the local schools to design a poster for the Abergavenny fireworks display. The posters are used as part of the advertising of the event. The 2011 winners were unveiled on the front page on the Abergavenny Chronicle. With the winners and their class mates receiving child entrance tickets to the fireworks display, and the school receiving a donation.


title: Leszek Drogosz

paragraphs: Leszek Melchior Drogosz (January 6, 1933 – September 7, 2012) was a Polish boxer and actor. He won a bronze medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics.


title: Saigon River

paragraphs: The Saigon River () is a river in Vietnam. It begins at Lake Dau Tieng (in its water-catchment area) near the country of Cambodia.

paragraphs: The river flows south and south-southeast for about . Most of the rivers in the Mekong Delta region have a water-table and canal connection. The system of rivers and canals for southern Vietnam help with water transport for commercial activities. The water supplies many businesses and agricultural (farm) operations.

paragraphs: The Saigon River has a river port at Ho Chi Minh City. It ends just after the Phu My Bridge (). The Saigon River ends by meeting another two rivers, the Nha Be and Dong Nai rivers. The lower end of the river is on the flood plain, and is therefore subject to tide change from the sea and delta. Ho Chi Minh City regularly floods (in areas that get a lot of floods) with either tidewater or rainwater.

paragraphs: The river system has many fish. Recently the government released native fish to improve the population. Fish, shrimp, and snails are popular for farming.


title: Avemetatarsalia

paragraphs: Avemetatarsalia (meaning "bird toes") is a clade name established in 1999 for all crown group archosaurs that are closer to birds than to crocodiles. An alternate name is Panaves, or "all birds", meaning all animals, living or extinct, which are more closely related to birds than to crocodiles.

paragraphs: Members of this group are basically the dinosaurs (including birds), the pterosaurs, and some earlier animals which are a bit difficult to place. They are one wing of the Archosaurs, the other being the Crurotarsi.

paragraphs: Bird-line archosaurs appear in the fossil record early in the Middle Triassic about 245 million years ago (mya), with the dinosaur-like "Asilisaurus". However, Lower Triassic fossil footprints reported in 2010 from Poland may belong to a still more primitive type. If so, the origin of avemetatarsalians would be pushed back to around 249 mya. The oldest Polish footprints were made by an unknown small quadrupedal animal, but slightly later footprints show that moderately large bipedal dinosauromorphs had appeared by 246 mya.

paragraphs: The Permian-Triassic extinction event is dated at about 250 mya. The TriassicJurassic junction is about 200 mya. The age of the footprints suggests that the rise of the dinosaurs was slow and drawn out across much of the Triassic.


title: Sphyrna

paragraphs: Sphyrna is one of the two genera in the Hammerhead shark group, and is the largest genera out of the two, with eight members in it. The word "Sphyrna" is a Greek word meaning "hammer", which refers to the shape of the shark's head.

paragraphs: Members in the "Sphyrna" group measure in size from the Scoophead, which is 100 centimeters (1 meter) long, to the Great hammerhead shark, which is 610 centimeters (6.1 meters) long. The Smalleye Hammerhead Shark weighs around 9 kg, and the Great hammerhead shark weighs about 230 kg. Members of this group are usually light grey or brownish grey in colour with a tint of green, and have a white belly.

paragraphs: Members of the "Sphyrna" group's favourite type of food are stingrays. But they also eat crustaceans like blue crabs and shrimp, molluscs like octopuses and squids, many types of fish like sardines and herrings, and other types of sharks. When they can not find food they start eating each other, but the Great hammerhead shark is known to eat its own young.

paragraphs: Members of this group are mainly viviparous, but in 2007, a bonnethead was found to be capable of asexual reproduction. They give birth to around 12-40 young at a time. Once they are born, young ones come together in groups, and swim towards warmer waters. They then stay together in groups until they are older and big enough to live on their own. They live for around 20–30 years.


title: Mito, Ibaraki

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

paragraphs: Mito was a major center of historical and philosophical studies during the Edo period.


title: Michael Tolan

paragraphs: Michael Tolan (born Seymour Tuchow; November 27, 1925 – January 31, 2011) was an American movie, stage, and television actor. His first role was in "The Enforcer". He appeared in "Fort Worth", "The Greatest Story Ever Told", "Presumed Innocent", and "Decoy".

paragraphs: Tolan was born in Detroit, Michigan on November 27, 1925. He was educated at Wayne State University and at Staford University. He was married to Carol Hume until they divorced. He was married to Rosemary Forsyth from 1966 until they divorced in 1975. He was partners with Donna Peck until his death. He had two children with Hume and one with Forsyth.

paragraphs: He died on January 31, 2011 in Hudson, New York from kidney failure. He was 85 years old.


title: Utsunomiya, Tochigi

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.


title: Frances Bay

paragraphs: Frances Bay (Frances Goffman January 23, 1919 – September 15, 2011) was a Canadian movie, television, and stage actress who started her career when she was 50 and is known for her role as Grandma Gilmore in "Happy Gilmore".

paragraphs: She was born in Mannville, Alberta, Canada on January 23, 1919. Her father was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant. She was raised in Dauphin, Manitoba, Canada. She was married to Charles Bay from 1946 until his death in 2002. They had a son Eli Joshua Bay who died before them. Bay was in a car crash and had a leg amputated in 2002, after her husband's death.

paragraphs: Bay died on September 15, 2011 in Tarzana, California by her home in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, she was 92 years old.


title: Jack Mercer

paragraphs: Jack Mercer (January 13, 1910 – December 4, 1984) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor, storyman, and animator who is known for his voice role as Popeye.

paragraphs: He was born in New York City, New York on January 13, 1910. He was married to Margie Hines from 1939 to 1942. Then to Virginia Mercer until his death in 1984, he had no children.

paragraphs: He died in Queens, New York from stomach cancer on December 4, 1984, he was 74 years old.


title: Margie Hines

paragraphs: Margie Hines (Margret Hines October 1, 1909 – February 4, 2011) was an American movie, stage, voice, and television actress. She is known for her voice role as Olive Oyl in "Popeye" and as Betty Boop. She was born in New York City, New York on October 1, 1909. She was married to Jack Mercer from 1939 until they divorced in 1942. She died on February 4, 2011 from natural causes, she was 101 years old.


title: Shinjuku

paragraphs: On 15 March 1947, the ward of Shinjuku was formed by combining the wards of Ushigome, Yodobashi, and Yotsuya.

paragraphs: In 1991, the Tokyo Government moved from the Marunouchi district of Chiyoda to the current building in Shinjuku.

paragraphs: Surrounding Shinjuku are six other wards: Chiyoda to the east; Bunkyo and Toshima to the north; Nakano to the west, and Shibuya and Minato to the south.


title: Mae Questel

paragraphs: Mae Questel (Mae Kwestel September 13, 1908 – January 4, 1998) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her voice role as Betty Boop.

paragraphs: She was born in New York City, New York and was educated at Columbia University. She was married to Leo Balkin from 1930 until they divorced. Then she married Jack E. Shelby from 1970 until his death. She had 2 children. She died in Manhattan, New York City, from Alzheimer's disease, she was 89 years old.


title: Nikkō, Tochigi

paragraphs: The Shinto shrine of Nikkō Tōshō-gū was completed in 1617. It is the burial place of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

paragraphs: The shrines and temples of Nikkō have been recongized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.


title: Methyl benzoate

paragraphs: Methyl benzoate is an organic compound. It has the chemical formula CHCOCH. It is a colorless liquid that is poorly soluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents.


title: Gottlob Frege

paragraphs: Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German mathematician and philosopher. Today, he is remembered for the work he did in logic and the foundations of mathematics. He is generally considered to be the father of analytic philosophy, for his writings on the philosophy of language and mathematics. When he published his works, they were mostly ignored by others of his time. Giuseppe Peano (1858–1932) and Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) introduced his work to later generations of logicians and philosophers.


title: Quad Cities

paragraphs: The Quad Cities is a group of five cities along the Mississippi River in the states of Iowa and Illinois. The five cities are Davenport, Iowa, Bettendorf, Iowa, Moline, Illinois, East Moline, Illinois, and Rock Island, Illinois. The largest of these cities is Davenport. Nearly 400,000 people live in the area.

paragraphs: The name "Quad Cities" can be confusing because "quad" means four. People began calling the area the Quad Cities in the 1960s, before Bettendorf was large enough to be considered a "city". By the time Bettendorf was large enough, people were so used to the name "Quad Cities" that they decided to keep it. (Even earlier, the area had been called the "Tri-Cities", before East Moline became large enough to be considered a city.)

paragraphs: The manufacturing, or making, of goods is a big part of the economy in the Quad Cities. Military equipment, such as weapons and armor, are made at the Rock Island Arsenal. John Deere & Company, which makes farm equipment, is in Moline.


title: PSY

paragraphs: Park Jae-Sang (Hangul: 박재상; born December 31, 1977) is a South Korean rapper. He is mainly known by his stage name, Psy (Hangul: 싸이). His 2012 single "Gangnam Style" was a surprise viral hit. Before its popularity he was little known outside South Korea. Psy performed "Gangnam Style" on the American show Saturday Night Live.


title: Night Riviera

paragraphs: The Night Riviera is a sleeper train operated by First Great Western. It is one of only two sleeper trains on the railway in Great Britain (the other being the Caledonian Sleeper). It runs two trains per night, six days a week (Sun-Fri) between London Paddington and Penzance, with one train departing in each direction.


title: John Nolan (actor)

paragraphs: John Nolan (born May 22, 1938) is a British movie and television actor who is known for his role as a Wayne Enterprises board member Douglas Fredericks in "Batman Begins" and "The Dark Knight Rises". He was born in London, England and is married to Kim Hartman since 1975. He has two sons and a daughter. He is the uncle to Christopher Nolan and Jonathan Nolan.


title: Mark Boone Junior

paragraphs: Mark Boone Junior (born Mark Heidrich March 17, 1955) is an American television and movie actor. He is known for his roles in "Memento" and in "Batman Begins" as Detective Flass. He played Bobby Munson in "Sons of Anarchy". He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Eric Roberts

paragraphs: Eric Anthony Roberts (born April 18, 1956) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for his roles in "King of the Gypsies" and "Paul's Case". He is also known for playing a Gotham Gangster Salvator Maroni in "The Dark Knight". He was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards and one Academy Award.

paragraphs: Roberts was born in Biloxi, Mississippi. His parents, Betty Lou (née Bredemus) and Walter Grady Roberts, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces. They later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia off of Juniper Street in Midtown. Roberts' mother filed for divorce in 1971 and it was finalized early in 1972. His younger siblings, Julia Roberts (from whom he was estranged until 2004) and Lisa Roberts Gillan, are also actors. His mother married Michael Motes and had daughter Nancy Motes in 1976. Roberts is of English, Scottish, Irish, Welsh, German, and Swedish ancestry. Roberts was raised in Atlanta, Georgia. He studied at Henry W. Grady High School.

paragraphs: He was sued two times, one for drug related problems and the other for slaming his wife into a wall, all charges were later dropped.

paragraphs: he is a vegan and supporter of animal rights.

paragraphs: Roberts is currently married to Eliza Garret since 1992, they have two daughters. He also has a daughter from an earlier relationship with Kelly Cunningham, Emma Roberts. He is the brother of Julia Roberts and Lisa Roberts Gillan.


title: Lisa Roberts Gillan

paragraphs: Lisa Roberts Gillan (born Lisa Roberts; January 1, 1965) is an American actress. She is the sister of actors Eric Roberts and Julia Roberts, and the aunt of actress Emma Roberts.

paragraphs: Roberts was born in Decatur, Georgia. Her mother, Betty Lou Motes (nee Bredemus), was a one-time church secretary and real estate agent, and her father, Walter Grady Roberts, was a vacuum cleaner salesman. Roberts's parents, one-time actors and playwrights, met while performing theatrical productions for the armed forces and later co-founded the Atlanta Actors and Writers Workshop in Atlanta, Georgia off Juniper Street in Midtown; the two divorced in 1971. Her mother later married Michael Motes and had a daughter, named Nancy Motes, who was born in 1976. Roberts's father died of cancer when she was ten.


title: Charles Cyphers

paragraphs: Charles Cyphers (born July 28, 1939) is an American movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Sheriff Leigh Brackett in "Halloween". He was born Niagara Falls, New York on July 28, 1939. His career started in the 1970s.


title: Brad Dourif

paragraphs: Bradford Claude "Brad" Dourif (born March 18, 1950) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for portraying the voice of Chucky in "Child's Play" and the rest of the Chucky movies. He is also known for his role as Gríma Wormtongue in the "Lords of the Rings Movie Series".

paragraphs: Dourif was born on March 18, 1950 in Huntington, West Virginia. Dourif was educated at Marshall University. He was married to Joni Dourif until they divorced, they had two children including actress Fiona. He has won a BAFTA Award.


title: Guillermo del Toro

paragraphs: Guillermo del Toro (born October 9, 1964) is a Mexican movie director, screenwriter, author, and producer who is known for directing "Pan's Labyrinth", "" and "The Shape of Water". He known for his fiction or fantasy movies. He is also known for his monster movies. He won a Golden Globe, BAFTA Award, Satellite Award and an Academy Award in 2018.

paragraphs: He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Alejandro G. Iñárritu, collectively known as "The Three Amigos of Cinema".

paragraphs: He was born on October 9, 1964 in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. He was married to Lorenza Newton from 1986 until they divorced in 2017 and they have two children. He lives in Agoura Hills, California. He has won a British Academy Film Award and a Saturn Award.


title: Crain Communications Building

paragraphs: Crain Communications Building, formerly known as Smurfit-Stone Building and Stone Container Building, is a small skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois constructed in 1983 and finished in 1984. The building is 582 feet (177 meters) and 41 stories tall. It is well known for the diamond shape upon the top of the building. The diamond shaped facade is also known to occasionally sport worded slogans at night, such as "GO BEARS" or "GO CUBS."

paragraphs: The design of the south east corner of the building features a prominent vertical slit from the ground, through the diamond shaped facade, and to the top of the building. It is because of this that some theorize the building was deliberately designed this way (resembling a woman's vulva) to antithesize the often "male-featured" inspiration behind most skyscrapers. This, however, was later debunked by the architect to be a mere coincidence.


title: James R. Thompson Center

paragraphs: The James R. Thompson Center is a dome shaped building that is about 93 meters to the top of the building. It is a building of house offices of the state of Illinois. The center was named after Governor James R. Thompson in 1993. It opened in 1985. It is located in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraphs: In 2015, and again in 2017, Governor Bruce Rauner also proposed selling the property, and a legislative committee to explore his request was announced by Democratic House Speaker Michael Madigan in February 2017.

paragraphs: On February 13, 2018, Chicago Police Commander Paul Bauer was shot and killed by Shomari Legghetti, while Bauer was perusing a suspected outside of the Thompson Center.


title: Richard J. Daley Center

paragraphs: The Richard J. Daley Center or The Daley Center is a civic center in the city of Chicago, Illinois. The center is named after Mayor Richard J. Daley. The building is 648 feet (198 meters) 30 store building. The Daley Center was opened in 1965. The center has a sculpture, "Chicago Picasso" made by Pablo Picasso.


title: Richard Hamilton (actor)

paragraphs: Richard Hamilton (December 31, 1920 – December 21, 2004) was an American movie, television, and stage actor who is known for his role as Agent D in "Men in Black" (1997).

paragraphs: Hamilton was born on December 31, 1920 in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Marilyn Morgan Hamilton until his death in 2004. Hamilton died on December 21, 2004 in New York City, New York from natural causes, he was 83 years old.


title: Thurl Ravenscroft

paragraphs: Thurl Arthur Ravenscroft (February 6, 1914 – May 22, 2005) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor, and singer who is known for his voice roles as Kirby in "The Brave Little Toaster Movie Series" and as Tony the Tiger.

paragraphs: He was born on February 6, 1914 in Norfolk, Nebraska. Ravenscroft was educated at Otis College of Art and Design. He was married to June Ravenscroft from 1946 until her death in 1999, they had two chidren. Ravenscroft died on May 22, 2005 in Fullerton, California from prostate cancer, he was 91 years old.


title: Northeast Greenland National Park

paragraphs: Northeast Greenland National Park is a national park in Greenland, Denmark. It is the largest national park in the world, with an area of . This makes the park larger than most countries. It would place 31st if it were a country, just behind Egypt. It is the only national park in Greenland, and the most northerly national park in the world. Its most northerly point reaches slightly further than the most northerly point in Quttinirpaaq National Park in Canada.

paragraphs: The park was first created on 22 May 1974. It came from the northern, practically uninhabited part of the former Ittoqqortoormiit Municipality in Tunu (East Greenland). In 1988 the park was expanded by another to its present size. This was by adding the northeastern part of the former county of Avannaa (North Greenland). In January 1977 it was made an international biosphere reserve.

paragraphs: An estimated 5,000 to 15,000 musk oxen, as well as many polar bears and walrus, can be found near the coastal regions of the park. This is claimed to be 40% of the world population of musk ox. Other mammals include arctic fox, stoat, collared lemming and arctic hare. Other marine mammals include ringed seal, bearded seal, harp seal and hooded seal as well as narwhal and Beluga whale.

paragraphs: Species of birds which breed in the park include great northern diver, barnacle goose, pink-footed goose, common eider, king eider, gyrfalcon, snowy owl, sanderling, ptarmigan and raven.


title: Bearded seal

paragraphs: The bearded seal ("Erignathus barbatus"), also called the square flipper seal, is a medium-sized pinniped. It is found in and near to the Arctic Ocean.

paragraphs: Fossils indicate that, during the Pleistocene epoch, bearded seals went as far south as South Carolina.

paragraphs: Features of this earless seal include square front flippers and thick bristles on its muzzle. Adults are greyish-brown in colour, darker on the back. Occasionally the face and neck are reddish-brown. Bearded seal pups are born with a greyish-brown fur with scattered patches of white on the back and head. The bearded seal is unique in the subfamily Phocinae in having two pairs of teats. This is a feature it shares with monk seals.

paragraphs: Bearded seals are about to in nose-to-tail length. They are to in weight. Both sexes are about the same size.

paragraphs: Bearded seals are a main food source for polar bears and for the Inuit of the Arctic coast. The body fat content of a bearded seal is 30–40%.

paragraphs: Bearded seals feed on a variety of small prey found along the ocean floor, including clams, squid, and fish. Their whiskers serve as feelers in the soft bottom sediments. Adults tend not to dive very deep. They like shallow coastal areas no more than deep. Pups up to one year old will venture much deeper, diving as deep as .

paragraphs: Bearded seals give birth in the spring. In the Canadian Arctic, seal pupping is in May. Further south, in Alaska, most pups are born in late April. Pups are born on small drifting ice floes in shallow waters. They usual weigh around 30–40 kg. They enter the water only hours after they are born, and quickly become very good divers. Mothers care for the pups for 18–24 days. During this time the pups grow at an average rate of 3.3 kg per day. Pups consume an average of eight liters of milk a day. By the time they are weaned, the pups have grown to about one hundred kilograms.

paragraphs: Just before the pups are weaned, a new mating cycle takes place. Females ovulate at the end of their lactation period, but stay close to their pups, ready to defend them if necessary. During the mating season, male seals will "sing". This sound may attract females, or may be used by the males to say what territory is theirs or their readiness for breeding. Males live in the same areas from one year to the next.


title: Hooded seal

paragraphs: The hooded seal ("Cystophora cristata") is an arctic pinniped. It is found only in the central and western North Atlantic. It ranges from Svalbard in the east to the Gulf of St. Lawrence in the west.

paragraphs: The male has a peculiar inflatable bladder on the head. This bladder hangs between his eyes and down over his upper lip in the deflated state. In addition, he can inflate a large balloon-like sac from one of his nostrils. The bulge develops when the seal is four years old. The male can blow up this bulge, so that it is the size of its head.

paragraphs: The hooded seal can live to about age 30 to 35.

paragraphs: Adult males are long on average, and weigh . Females are much smaller: long and weighing . The colour is silvery; the body is scattered with dark, irregular marks. The head is darker than the rest of the body, and without marks.

paragraphs: Pups are about long at birth and weigh about . They are born on the ice from mid-March to early April. They are born with a slate blue-grey coat with a pale cream color on the belly. They moult after about 14 months. Nursing of the pup lasts for an average of only 4 days. This is the shortest lactation period of any mammal. During the 4 days the pup doubles in size, gaining around 7 kg/day. This is possible because the milk that they drink has a fat content of 60%. The female pup will mature between ages 3 and 6. The male pup will mature between ages 5 and 7.


title: Barnacle goose

paragraphs: The barnacle goose ("Branta leucopsis") belongs to the genus "Branta" of black geese. This genus has species with largely black plumage, setting them apart from the grey "Anser" species.

paragraphs: The barnacle goose is a medium-sized goose, long. Its wingspan is and the body mass is . It has a white face and black head, neck, and upper breast. Its belly is white. The wings and its back are silver-gray with black-and-white bars that look like they are shining when the light reflects on it. During flight a V-shaped white rump patch and the silver-gray underwing linings can be seen.

paragraphs: Barnacle geese often build their nests high on mountain cliffs. This keeps them away from predators (mostly Arctic foxes and polar bears) but also away from food. Like all geese, the goslings are not fed by the adults.

paragraphs: Instead of bringing food to the newly hatched goslings, the goslings are brought to the ground. Unable to fly, the three day old goslings jump off the cliff and fall. Their small size, feathery down, and very light weight helps to protect most of them from serious injury when they hit the rocks below. Some do die from the fall. Arctic foxes are attracted by the noise made by the parent geese during this time. They eat dead or injured goslings. The foxes also stalk the young as they are led by the parents to wetland feeding areas.


title: Pink-footed goose

paragraphs: The pink-footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) is a goose which breeds in eastern Greenland, Iceland and Svalbard. It is migratory. It winters in northwest Europe, especially Great Britain, the Netherlands, and western Denmark.

paragraphs: It is a medium-sized goose, 60–75 cm (24–30 in) long. The wingspan is 135–170  (53–67 in) cm. It weighs 1.8–3.4 kg (4–7.5 lbs). It has a short bill, bright pink in the middle with a black base and tip, and pink feet. The body is grey-brown, the head and neck a richer, darker brown, the rump white, and the tail grey with a broad white tip.

paragraphs: Nesting is often on cliffs close to glaciers. This gives protection from mammalian predators (mainly Arctic Fox). Three to six eggs are laid in early to mid May in Iceland, late May in Svalbard. Incubation lasts 26–27 days. On hatching, the goslings go with the parents on foot to the nearest lake. They fledge after about 56 days. Southbound migration is from mid September to early October, and northbound from mid April to early May.

paragraphs: The diet is almost entirely vegetarian. In summer, they feed on a wide range of tundra plants, both on land and in water. In winter, they graze mostly on oilseed rape, sugar beet, potato, and various grasses. Damage to crops can be large.


title: Common eider

paragraphs: The common eider ("Somateria mollissima") is a large sea-duck. They live on the northern coasts of Europe, North America and eastern Siberia. It breeds in Arctic and some northern temperate regions. They winter farther south in temperate zones. There it can form large flocks on coastal waters. It can fly at speeds up to 113 km/h (70 mph).

paragraphs: The common eider is both the largest of the four eider species and the largest duck found in Europe and in North America. It measures in length, weighs and spans across the wings. It has a bulky shape and large, wedge-shaped bill. The male is unmistakable, with its black and white plumage and green nape. The female is a brown bird. It can be told apart from all ducks, except other eider species, because of size and head shape. This duck's call is a pleasant "ah-ooo". The species is often readily approachable.

paragraphs: This species dives for crustaceans and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. The eider will eat mussels by swallowing them whole; the shells are then crushed in their gizzard and excreted. When eating a crab, the Eider will remove all of its claws and legs, and then eat the body in a similar fashion.

paragraphs: Eiders are colonial breeders. They nest on coastal islands in colonies ranging in size of less than 100 to upwards of 10,000-15,000 individuals. Female eiders often return to breed on the same island where they were hatched. This can lead to a high degree of relatedness between individuals nesting on the same island.


title: King eider

paragraphs: The king eider ("Somateria spectabilis") is a large sea duck. It breeds along Northern Hemisphere Arctic coasts of northeast Europe, North America and Asia. The birds spend most of the year in coastal marine ecosystems at high latitudes. They migrate to the Arctic tundra to breed in June and July. They lay four to seven eggs in a scrape on the ground lined with grass and down.

paragraphs: The king eider winters in arctic and subarctic marine areas, most notably in the Bering Sea, the west coast of Greenland, eastern Canada and northern Norway. It also happens yearly off the northeastern United States, Scotland and Kamchatka. Breeding areas include the Arctic coastal tundra of the north coast of Alaska. This species dives for benthic invertebrates, such as crustaceans, polychaete worms, and molluscs, with mussels being a favoured food. Wintering birds can form large flocks on suitable coastal waters, with some flocks bigger than 100,000 birds.

paragraphs: This species is smaller than the common eider. The male is unmistakable with its black body, white breast and multicoloured head. The drake's call is a deep cooing.

paragraphs: The female is a brown bird. They can still be told apart from all ducks except other eider species on size and structure. The head is shorter than in the common eider, and the feathering onto the bill is rounded, not triangular in shape.

paragraphs: An immature drake is typically all dark with a white breast and a yellow bill patch.

paragraphs: The king eider is a regular source of fresh meat in the spring. They begin their migration past the Yukon-Kuskokwim Delta in late April and are hunted in great numbers. In May, several hundred thousand eiders pass Point Barrow in northern Alaska on their way to Alaskan and Canadian breeding grounds.


title: Joyce Randolph

paragraphs: Joyce Randolph (born Joyce Sirola October 21, 1924) is an American actress. She played Trixie Norton on "The Honeymooners". Randolph was born on October 21, 1924 in Detroit, Michigan. She was married to Richard Lincoln Charles from 1955 until his death in 1997. They had a son. She is the last living Honeymooners cast member.


title: Colonel Sanders

paragraphs: "Colonel" Harland David Sanders (September 9, 1890 – December 16, 1980) was an American entrepreneur. He started the company Kentucky Fried Chicken.

paragraphs: Sanders was born in Henryville, Indiana on September 9, 1890. He studied at Southern University. He was married to Josephine King until they divorced. He later married Claudia Price. Sanders had 3 children. He died on December 16, 1980 in Louisville, Kentucky from leukemia and pneumonia. He was 90 years old.


title: Ziegler Polar Expedition

paragraphs: The Ziegler polar expedition of 1903–1905 was a failed attempt to reach the North Pole. The party was stranded north of the Arctic Circle for two years before being rescued. All but one of its members survived. The expedition was paid for by William Ziegler and led by Anthony Fiala. They left from Tromsø, Norway, on June 14, 1903, aboard "America".

paragraphs: Ziegler chose Anthony Fiala, who was a photographer on an earlier mission, to lead his second polar trip. Fiala calculated that the food for an eight dog team and driver would be at least 1100 pounds. This was an issue, as the most a sled could hold was 600 pounds. He planned to use ponies to carry the extra supplies. Then to feed the dogs on horse meat when the supplies were low.

paragraphs: In November 1903 severe weather started. The ship broke up, destroying the provisions and coal.

paragraphs: The following spring, more tries were made to reach the pole by traveling both east and west. The conditions were too severe, and open water caused difficulties. Supplies ran low, and the expedition headed south. They reached depots at Cape Flora, Cape Dillion, and Camp Ziegler.

paragraphs: William Peters, who was second in command, took this time to lead the crew in survey work. This helped to make maps and charts better.

paragraphs: With the knowledge that rescue ships would be sent to them, the expedition stayed hopeful. A rescue party, led by William S. Champ aboard the "Terra Nova", sailed direct to the ice fields. On July 24, they encountered thick ice. This made the crew doubt they could reach their destination. However the ship reached Palmi Island on July 28 and Cape Dillion the following day. 6 expedition members were found there. More members were found at Cape Flora, and the Terra Nova returned to Cape Dillion. A sled party was organized, which brought back the crew.


title: Chan's megastick

paragraphs: Chan's megastick (Phobaeticus chani) is a species of stick insect. It is the longest insect in the world. One specimen in the London Natural History Museum measures . This is with the front legs fully extended. The body is long.

paragraphs: Named after amateur Malaysian naturalist, Datuk Chan Chew Lun, only six specimens are known, all from the state of Sabah in Borneo. Very little is known about its biology, but it may live in the canopy of the rainforest, making it especially hard to find. However, there is no evidence, and the related "Phobaeticus kirbyi" is found on low growing vegetation alongside rainforest paths.

paragraphs: "Phobaeticus chani" was selected as one of "The Top 10 New Species" described in 2008 by the International Institute for Species Exploration at Arizona State University and an international committee of taxonomists. The species was also listed as one of the top ten discoveries of the decade in a BBC television documentary (broadcast in either 2010 or 2011).


title: University of Mainz

paragraphs: The Universität Mainz (; abbreviation: "JGU") is a university in Mainz, Germany. It was founded in the year 1477. In 2012, there were more than 36,000 students.

paragraphs: The University of Mainz has ten faculties:


title: Tochigi, Tochigi

paragraphs: In the Edo period. Tochigi was a significant city.

paragraphs: In the early Meiji period, the city of Tochigi was the Prefectural capital of the old Tochigi Prefecture. After the old Utsunomiya Prefecture and Tochigi Prefecture merged, Tochigi City was briefly the prefectural capital. The capital was moved to Utsunomiya soon after.


title: Photographic memory

paragraphs: A photographic memory, or eidetic memory, is the ability to remember images or objects in great detail after seeing them for only a short time. The existence of this ability is disputed.

paragraphs: The claims made differ somewhat, but stress the recall of visual information. Examples of the information include: pages from books, magazines, and license plate numbers. It is claimed that those with a photographic memory tend to have higher IQs than those without it. A person with this ability does not use mnemonics.

paragraphs: The ability is said to occur in the early childhood of a small number of children (between 2 percent and 10 percent) and generally is not found in adults.

paragraphs: Some do not believe this skill exists. The American cognitive scientist Marvin Minsky, in his book "The Society of Mind" (1988), thought that reports of photographic memory were an “unfounded myth”.

paragraphs: Adriaan de Groot studied the ability of chess grandmasters to memorize the positions of chess pieces on a chess board. At first, people thought they had photographic memory because they could memorize far more information than nonexperts. However, arrangements of pieces that could never occur in a game, their recall was no better than nonexperts. This suggests that they only have an ability to remember certain types of information, rather than photographic memory.

paragraphs: Around 1970, Charles Stromeyer studied his future wife, Elizabeth. He claimed that she could recall poetry written in a foreign language which she did not understand. She could remember the poetry years after she had first seen the poem. She also could, apparently, recall random dot patterns so as to combine two patterns into a stereoscopic image. She is the only person who is known to have passed such a test. The methods used in the testing procedures were not clear. Additionally, the tests have never been repeated (Elizabeth has consistently refused to repeat them). This raised further concerns, and increased skepticism about whether photographic memories were real.


title: Barnard Courtois

paragraphs: Barnard Courtois (12 February 1777–27 September 1838) was a French chemist born in Dijon, France. He discovered iodine.


title: Kaymak

paragraphs: Kaymak is Turkish dairy product. It is similar to clotted cream.

paragraphs: Traditional kaymak is made from water buffalo milk, but it can also be made from cow milk.

paragraphs: Kaymak is main part of Turkish breakfast. It can be eaten at breakfast with honey or served with desserts.


title: Hirado, Nagasaki

paragraphs: Hirado has been a port since the Nara period.

paragraphs: During the Edo period, Hirado was the seat of the Hirado Domain. The city developed around Hirado Castle ("Hirado-jō").

paragraphs: The first Frenchman to arrive in Japan was Francis Caron. He live in Hirado.

paragraphs: The city is located on the island of the same name; and it has expanded to the island of Kyūshū. The two parts of the city are connected by the Hirado Bridge which was built in 1977.


title: Shambali

paragraphs: Shambali () is a Turkish sweet cake. It is cake made of semolina sweetened with syrup and topped with peanut. Its shape is rectangular.

paragraphs: It is also known in most of the countries which formed the Ottoman Empire. Its name means "Damascus honey" () and shambali can also be called Damascus dessert ().


title: Bitter almond cookie

paragraphs: Bitter almond cookie () is a traditional Turkish cookie.

paragraphs: It is made of bitter almonds, sugar and egg whites and topped with almonds. Its paste contains almond extract. A Bitter almond cookie is similar to a macaroon.


title: Sasebo, Nagasaki

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a special city since 2001.

paragraphs: In 1866, Sasebo was established as a major port for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN).

paragraphs: Sasebo became an American Naval base in 1945.

paragraphs: Today it is the center of a military district of the or JMSDF.


title: Yehoshua Sofer

paragraphs: Yehoshua Sofer () is an Israeli hip hop musician and martial artist. He was born in 1958 as Nigel Wilson in Jamaica. His family moved to Los Angeles in 1963. There, he studied Tang Soo Do and got a black belt by 1968; at that time, he was just ten. He studied Kuk Sool Won from 1974, and worked as a trainer and bodyguard during the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Sado, Niigata

paragraphs: Uesugi Kagekatsu took control of the island in the late 1580s.

paragraphs: In the Edo period, gold was discovered on the island. The Tokugawa shogunate took direct control of it. It was administered by an official called the Sado-bugyō. Okubo Nagayasu was appointed to this position by Tokugawa Ieyasu. in 1603.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the island became part of Niigata Prefecture.


title: Joseph Black

paragraphs: Joseph Black (16 April 1728 - 6 December 1799) was a French-Scottish scientist, physicist, and inventor. He is known for his research on carbon dioxide, latent heat, and specific heat. He also invented the analytic scale.


title: Whipping boy

paragraphs: A whipping boy was a young boy who grew up with a young prince. If the prince did something wrong, the whipping boy was punished instead of the prince. Because both grew up together, punishing the whipping boy had strong psychological effects to the prince. In England this was very common. For instance the king of England Charles I had many whipping boys for his son.


title: False memory syndrome

paragraphs: False memory syndrome is a medical condition where the memory of a person does not match what actually happened. People with this condition believe their memories, they are usually not aware that the memories may be incorrect. People with the condition often witnessed a traumatic event: In order to cope, people "invent" new memories. Emil Kraepelin, a German psychiatrist, talked about memory falsification, in 1886.


title: Gavin MacLeod

paragraphs: Gavin MacLeod (born Allan George See, February 28, 1931) is an American movie, stage, and television actor who is known for his role as Captain Merrill Stubing in "The Love Boat".

paragraphs: He was born in Mount Kisco, New York on February 28, 1931. He was married to Joan Devore from 1954 until they divorced in 1972, they had four children. He was married to Patti Kending from 1972 until they divorced in 1982 and remarried in 1985 and are still married.


title: Tony Bennett

paragraphs: Tony Bennett (born Anthony Dominick Benedetto, August 3, 1926) is an American singer who is best known for his song "I Left My Heart in San Francisco". He was born at St John’s Hospital in Long Island, New York. He has been married three times and has four children. He has many awards including a Grammy Award. Bennett is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. In 2014 an album Bennett made with Lady Gaga was released. He continues to perform at a remarkable level of proficiency at almost 93 years old; an American icon!!


title: Suzy Amis

paragraphs: Susan Elizabeth "Suzy" Amis (born January 5, 1962) is a former American movie, television actress, and model who is known for her role as Lizzy Calvert in "Titanic". and for being the wife of Academy Award winning director James Cameron since 2000; they have three children. She was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. She retired from acting in 1999.


title: Lance LeGault

paragraphs: Lance LeGault (William Lance Legault, May 2, 1935 – September 10, 2012) was an American movie, television, and voice actor. He was known for his many television roles, mostly in "The A-Team". He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He was married to Theresa LeGault from 1984 until his death in 2012. They had four children. He died on September 10, 2012 in his home in Los Angeles, California from unknown causes. He was 77 years old.


title: Robert Flemyng

paragraphs: Robert Flemyng (January 3, 1912 – May 22, 1995) was an English movie, stage, voice, radio and television actor who is known for his role as Professor Bernard Hichcock in "The Horrible Dr. Hichcock" (1962).

paragraphs: He was born in Liverpool, Lancashire, England. Flemyng was married and had one child. He died on May 22, 1995 in London, England from pneumonia, he was 83 years old.