title: The Point!

paragraphs: The Point! is a 1971 animated cartoon movie, written by singer-songwriter Harry Nilsson and Carole Beers, and directed by Fred Wolf. It first appeared on ABC television, in the United States. It starred the voices of Mike Lookinland ("Bobby" of "The Brady Bunch" fame), and actor Dustin Hoffman. (Later editions replaced Hoffman's voice with that of Alan Thicke, then musician Ringo Starr.)

paragraphs: "The Point!" tells a story about a boy named Oblio, who is the only round-headed person in a land full of people and animals with pointed heads. Banished to the Pointless Forest for not to what is "normal", Oblio and his dog Arrow (whose head was pointed, but he was still loyal to Oblio) meet many different people, and come to learn that everything and everyone indeed has a "point"; a purpose for being what they are. Oblio and Arrow return home, bringing back what they have learned to share with everyone.

paragraphs: Nilsson said later the inspiration for "The Point!" was an LSD experience. Resting on the ground, he noticed everything (trees, buildings) that reached into the sky from the ground came to a "point", leading Nilsson to believe that "everything has a point, and if it doesn't, then there's a point to that". Nilsson developed this idea into a story about tolerance, and acceptance of in others.

paragraphs: Nilsson devoted a whole album to music from "The Point!", alternating songs from the show with his own of the story. "Me And My Arrow" became the breakout hit from the album, with a single reaching the Top 20 in the American music charts. (The song was later used in a commercial, for the Plymouth Arrow automobile.)

paragraphs: Nilsson later adapted "The Point!" into a musical stage play, that featured more of his own songs. A London production of the play reunited former Monkees Micky Dolenz and Davy Jones, who were also friends of Nilsson's.


title: Darwinius

paragraphs: Darwinius is a genus of primates known from only one fossil. It was discovered in 1983 by an amateur at the Messel Pit. This is a disused shale quarry noted for its astonishing fossil preservation, near the village of Messel, about 35 km (22 miles) southeast of Frankfurt am Main in Germany.

paragraphs: The fosssil dates from the Eocene epoch, 47 million years ago. The genus "Darwinius" was named to celebrate Charles Darwin on his bicentenary and the species name "masillae" honors Messel, where the specimen was found. The creature appeared superficially similar to a modern lemur. It is the only known specimen of its species.

paragraphs: The fossil, nicknamed 'Ida', was divided into a slab and partial counterslab after the excavation. The two parts were sold separately, was not reassembled until 2007.

paragraphs: The specimen was privately collected and sold in two parts. Only the lesser part was known earlier. The second part shows that the skeleton is the complete primate fossil known. It includes the skeleton, soft body outline and contents of the digestive tract.

paragraphs: Skull radiography shows teeth developing within the juvenile face. The individual was a weaned and independent-feeding female that died in her first year of life. She was "an agile, nail-bearing, generalized arboreal quadruped living above the floor of the Messel rain forest".


title: Redmond Barry

paragraphs: Redmond Barry (1813—1880), was a judge in Victoria, Australia. He is famous for being the person who started the University of Melbourne and the State Library of Victoria. As a judge he is famous for sentencing bushranger Ned Kelly to death. He was also the judge in the trials of the rebel miners from the Eureka Stockade in Ballarat, Victoria.


title: Transport network

paragraphs: A transport network, or transportation network is a network of roads, streets, pipes, power lines, or any structure that lets either movement of vehicles or flow of some commodity.


title: Buxton

paragraphs: Buxton is a spa town in Derbyshire, England. It is the highest market town in England. Buxton is near to Cheshire and Staffordshire. Buxton is described as "the gateway to the Peak District National Park". Buxton is also close to Manchester.

paragraphs: "Poole's Cavern", a limestone cavern, and St Ann's Well are in Buxton. Also in the town is an Opera House.

paragraphs: The Romans developed the town when it was called Aquae Arnemetiae (or the spa of the goddess of the grove). Roman coins have been found in Buxton. The town largely grew in importance in the late 18th century when it was developed by the Dukes of Devonshire, with a second revival a hundred years later as the people visited to use the healing properties of the waters.

paragraphs: The Dukes of Devonshire have been helping Buxton since 1780, when the Duke used his money from his copper mines to develop the town as a spa like Bath.

paragraphs: Bess of Hardwick had taken one of her four husbands, the Earl of Shrewsbury, to "take the waters" at Buxton shortly after he became the jailer of Mary, Queen of Scots, in 1569.

paragraphs: Dr. Erasmus Darwin recommended the waters at Buxton to Josiah Wedgwood. The Wedgwood family often went to Buxton on holiday. Two of Charles Darwin's half-cousins, Edward Levett Darwin and Reginald Darwin also settled there.

paragraphs: Buxton is twinned with two other towns—Oignies in France and Bad Nauheim in Germany.


title: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland

paragraphs: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland is a children's novel. The title is usually shortened to Alice in Wonderland. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson wrote the book. He wrote it using the pen name Lewis Carroll. John Tenniel drew the 42 pictures in the book. The book was published by Macmillan Publishers in London. It was released on 26 November 1865. It has been adapted to numerous movies.

paragraphs: The story starts with Alice sitting with her sister beside a lake. Suddenly, a white rabbit runs by. Alice runs after him. She finds his rabbit hole. She falls through the hole. She meets many characters underground and has some amazing adventures. She grows larger or smaller by eating different things like cakes and mushrooms. At the end, she enters a lovely garden. The Knave of Hearts is charged with stealing some tarts. A trial is held. Alice thinks the trial is ridiculous. She says so. Everyone is offended. There is a great commotion. Alice suddenly wakes up. She is back where she started, sitting with her sister beside the lake.

paragraphs: The story was told on a summer outing to three little girls. One of them was named Alice Liddell. Alice asked Dodgson to write the story down. Dodgson accepted the task. It took two years.

paragraphs: The story was first called "Alice's Adventures Under Ground". When Dodgson prepared the "Alice" story for publication, he added more events, such as the Mad Hatters's Tea Party, new characters, such as the Cheshire Cat, and changed the title to "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland".

paragraphs: The story was so popular that Dodgson, (under the pen name Lewis Carroll), wrote a sequel called "Through the Looking-Glass". The Alice stories, often known as "Alice in Wonderland", are popular in music, movies and plays.

paragraphs: The book has been adapted many times to movies and television. These adaptations include:


title: Penny sterling

paragraphs: The penny sterling (plural "pence") is a subdivision of Pound sterling, the currency for the United Kingdom.


title: Montreal Wanderers

paragraphs: The Montreal Wanderers were a professional men's ice hockey team that played in Montreal, Quebec at the Montreal Arena, and were one of the founding franchises of the National Hockey League in the 1917–18 NHL season. The Wanderers won a total of eight Stanley Cup challenges within a span of five seasons from 1906 to 1910. Prior to the formation of the NHL, the "Redbands" were one of the most successful teams in hockey.

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against"

paragraphs: Note: 1 = first half of season, 2 = second half of season

paragraphs: The following Hockey Hall of Fame players played for the Wanderers during some point in their careers:


title: £sd

paragraphs: £sd (pronounced, and sometimes written, L.s.d.) was the popular name for the pre-decimal currencies (sterling) used in the United Kingdom and in most of the British Empire. This abbreviation meant “pounds, shillings, and pence”. It is different when compared to American currency.


title: Quebec Bulldogs

paragraphs: The Quebec Bulldogs were a men's senior-level ice hockey team officially known as the Quebec Hockey Club, later as the Quebec Athletic Club. Their recorded play goes back as far as the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada (AHAC) in 1889, although the Quebec Hockey Club is known to have played in tournaments prior to that date. The club continued as an amateur team through various leagues, eventually becoming professional in 1908, and eventually playing in the National Hockey League. The "Bulldog" name was given by the media and was so popular with the fans a Bulldog mascot was created but was never officially changed until the team moved to Hamilton, Ontario in 1920 and became the Tigers.


title: Three-body problem

paragraphs: The three-body problem is a problem in the field of physics that experts find interesting. The goal is to find how three things move when they attract each other with gravity. It would be for instance the problem of the movement of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon. Physicists do not have a general solution that always works.

paragraphs: "relativistic" refers to the theory of Albert Einstein called Relativity. This theory must be used when things move at great speed. But as long as things move at small enough speed, you can use every day classical mechanics, and this is called "non-relativistic movement". You know if the speed is great or small enough by comparing to the speed of light "c," which is the highest possible speed.

paragraphs: In non-relativistic physics, one must know the place and velocity of the three things. One must also know their masses. Then one uses Newton's laws of motion to learn how the things move.

paragraphs: When a thing is moving, it has energy of movement. Scientists use a short-cut when they talk about this energy, they call it 'E.'

paragraphs: In a field called General relativity, experts say that movement with higher velocities causes the radiation of gravitational waves. In this case, the thing moving lose energy, and this make calculation more difficult. Experts say that the system is "not conservative".

paragraphs: Experts in another field called Quantum mechanics, say, in addition, at high speed the creation and annihilation of particles becomes possible, so, it is not possible to keep the number of particles constant.

paragraphs: There is no relativistic solution that always works for the movement of two or three things.

paragraphs: The three-body problem also happens in astronomy. The problem consists in calculating the course of three bodies, that influence each other with gravitation. The first to state the problem was Isaac Newton, in "Principia". Usually, two of the bodies are large, and the third is small. In the case where the two bodies have the same gravitational force, and that the bodies all have the same mass can be solved exactly. If this is not the case, the problem is solved through iteration and approximation. Many different patterns of motion can occur.


title: Yossi Benayoun

paragraphs: Yossi Benayoun (; born 5 May 1980) is an Israeli football player. He currently plays for Chelsea in the Premier League. Benayoun plays as an attacking midfielder, and he is the captain of the Israeli national team.


title: Plum Warner

paragraphs: Sir Pelham Francis Warner, known as Plum, (born 2 October 1873 in Port of Spain, Trinidad – died 30 January 1963 at West Lavington, West Sussex), was an England cricketer and a tour manager for England. He was tour manager during the 1932-33 "bodyline" tour of Australia where England bowled high and fast balls to the body of the Australian batsman, especially the famous Don Bradman.


title: Douglas Jardine

paragraphs: Douglas Robert Jardine (Bombay, Indian Empire 1900 – Montreux, Switzerland 1958) was an English cricketer and captain of the England cricket team from 1931 to 1933–34. A right-handed batsman, he played 22 Test matches for England, captaining the side in 15 matches, winning nine, losing one and drawing five.

paragraphs: Jardine is best known for captaining the English team during the 1932–33 Ashes tour of Australia. There, his team used 'bodyline' tactics against Donald Bradman and other opposing Australian batsmen. A bodyline delivery was one where the cricket ball was pitched short so as to rise towards the body of the opposing batsman on the line of the leg stump. The plan was to get legside deflections that could be caught by one of several fielders on the leg side. This tactic was considered by many to be intimidatory and physically threatening. Jardine is widely regarded by commentators and writers as the person responsible for that strategy.

paragraphs: The spearhead of the England attack was the coal miner's son Harold Larwood, the fastest bowler of the day. Larwood's partner was Bill Voce, also a top-class fast bowler. Ranged against them was the great Don Bradman, then averaging over 100 in Test matches.

paragraphs: A controversial figure among cricketers, Jardine was well known for his dislike of Australian players and crowds. In return, he was unpopular in Australia, for his manner and the bodyline strategy. Many of his players thought him an excellent captain, though not everyone thought him as good at managing people.

paragraphs: Jardine joined the British Army in August 1939. Once World War II began, he was commissioned into the Royal Berkshire Regiment and went with the British Expeditionary Force to France. He served at Dunkirk, where he was fortunate to escape but suffered some injuries. After serving as staff captain at St. Albans, he was posted to India for the remainder of the war. He served in Quetta, and then Simla, as a major. He became fluent in the Hindustani language. He gave lectures and played some cricket while in India. He left the army in 1945.


title: The Oval

paragraphs: The Oval is a place in London, England where important cricket matches are played. The Oval is the home place for Surrey County Cricket Club when they play other counties and England often play their last home test matches there at the end of the summer.

paragraphs: The Oval is located in Kennington, South London. The nearest tube station is also called Oval but you can get to the place easily from Vauxhall station.


title: Trophallaxis

paragraphs: Trophallaxis in biology refers the sharing of food by members of a community.

paragraphs: It is most highly developed in social insects such as ants, termites, wasps and bees. The word was introduced by the entomologist William Morton Wheeler in 1918. The behaviour has been used to explain theories of how social behaviour developed in insects. The French psychologist and entomologist August Forel also believed that food sharing was key to ant society. He used an illustration of it as the frontispiece for his book "The social world of the ants compared with that of man".

paragraphs: Trophallaxis serves as a means of communication, at least in bees and ants. In some species of ants, it may play a role in spreading the colony odour that identifies members.


title: Oval tube station

paragraphs: Oval tube station in Kennington is a station on the Northern line of the London Underground. It is between Stockwell and Kennington stations. It is the only station on the Morden branch of the Northern line whose name begins with a vowel. It is one of only two stations on the London Underground with only four letters in its name. The other station is Bank. Oval station is in Travelcard Zone 2. It is named for The Oval, which it serves.


title: Nikolaus Harnoncourt

paragraphs: Nikolaus Harnoncourt (born Berlin, 6 December 1929, died St. Georgen im Attergau, 5 March 2016) was an Austrian conductor. He was famous for his conducting music from many years ago using orchestras with period instruments.

paragraphs: Harnoncourt was born in Berlin into a noble family who were related to the Holy Roman Emperors and other European royalties. His full name was Johann Nicolaus Graf de la Fontaine und d’Harnoncourt-Unverzag. He was brought up in Graz, Austria and studied music in Vienna.

paragraphs: From 1952 to 1969 he was a cellist with the Vienna Symphony Orchestra. He soon became interested in performing old music with period instruments. He started a group called Concentus Musicus Wien. They tried to make the music of composers from the Baroque period sound like it had done when it was written. Harnoncourt played the viola da gamba as well as the cello. In 1970 he conducted Monteverdi's opera "Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria" at La Scala, Milan.

paragraphs: In 1971, Harnoncourt started to work with the conductor Gustav Leonhardt. They recorded all of J.S. Bach's cantatas. This project took until 1990 to finish. He also recorded Bach's "St. Matthew Passion". He performed with many other orchestras, including the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra. Often they were orchestras who used modern instruments, but he tried to make them play with an understanding of a historical style (bowing, phrasing etc). Like other musicians working with historical instruments, he gradually realized that music from later periods such as the Classical music period and even the Romantic period used to sound different from what we usually hear today. He recorded the symphonies and concertos of Beethoven. He received many awards for these recordings.

paragraphs: Harnoncourt was married to Alice until his death. The couple had a daughter, Elisabeth von Magnus, and three sons: Philipp, Franz and Eberhard (who died in 1990). Harnoncourt retired in December 2015 because of an illness. Harnoncourt died on 5 March 2016 from the illness. He was aged 86.


title: Roger Norrington

paragraphs: Sir Roger Norrington OBE (born 16 March 1934) is a British conductor who is famous for conducting music from historical periods using period instruments.

paragraphs: Norrington studied at Clare College, Cambridge and the Royal College of Music where his teachers included Adrian Boult.

paragraphs: Norrington started his career singing tenor. In 1962 he formed the Schütz Choir (later the Schütz Choir of London). From 1969 to 1984, he was conductor (music director) of Kent Opera. In 1978 he formed the London Classical Players and he conducted them until 1997. From 1985 to 1989 he was Principal Conductor of the Bournemouth Sinfonietta. From 1990 to 1994, he was music director of the Orchestra of St. Luke's. In 1998, he became principal conductor of the Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra. He became Artistic Advisor of the Handel and Haydn Society in 2006.

paragraphs: Norrington is best known for performances of Baroque, Classical and Romantic music using period instruments and period style. He likes his orchestras to play with very little vibrato.

paragraphs: He conducted the Last Night of The Proms for the first time on 13 September 2008.

paragraphs: Norrington was made an OBE in 1980, a CBE in 1990 and a Knight Bachelor in 1997.


title: Surrey County Cricket Club

paragraphs: Surrey County Cricket Club are a cricket team who play first class county leagues. They play their home games at The Oval in Kennington, South London.


title: Gustav Leonhardt

paragraphs: Gustav Leonhardt (born 's-Graveland, Netherlands, 30 May 1928, died Amsterdam, 16 January 2012) was a famous Dutch harpsichordist, organist and conductor who became well known for playing music from historical periods on period instruments. At the beginning of his career the harpsichord was not yet a popular instrument and music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods was usually played in the same way as music from later centuries. Gustav Leonhardt made his audiences aware of what music by Johann Sebastian Bach would have sounded like in Bach's day.

paragraphs: Gustav Leonhardt was born into a Dutch, Protestant family who lived in the countryside. His Protestantism was an important part of his life. His father was a wealthy business man. His parents were both very keen amateur musicians. When Gustav was ten they bought a harpsichord. When World War II broke out life was hard in the country and Leonhardt often had to hide under the floorboards so that he was not sent away to slave labour. When he was not hiding he spent a lot of time practising the harpsichord.

paragraphs: Gustav Leonhardt studied organ and harpsichord at the Schola Cantorum in Basel. At that time this was the only place in Europe where it was possible to study how to play early music. He went to Vienna to study conducting because his parents thought that being a conductor was a good way to earn a lot of money. However, Gustav was never very keen on conducting and he spent all his time there in the library studying music scores and copying music out. Most of this music had never been published and had not been performed since the time it was composed.

paragraphs: In 1952 he became professor of harpischord at the Vienna Hochschule fur Musik. He met Nikolaus Harnoncourt who had similar interests to his. He soon became professor of harpsichord at the Amsterdam Conservatorium and remained there until 1988. He was also organist at the Waalse Kerk, Amsterdam. This church has a very famous historical organ. He became well known for his harpsichord concerts and recordings. He led the Leonhardt Baroque Ensemble with the English counter-tenor Alfred Deller with whom he made one of the first recordings of some Bach cantatas. The ensemble included his wife Marie, as well as Nikolaus Harnoncourt who played the cello. Together with Harnoncourt he conducted and recorded all Bach's cantatas.

paragraphs: Leonhardt lived in a big 16th century house facing one of the canals in the centre of Amsterdam. He looked very serious on the concert platform, but he had a sense of humour and occasionally played a bit of ragtime at the end of a recital.

paragraphs: Leonhardt died in Amsterdam on 16 January 2012.


title: Vienna Symphony

paragraphs: The Vienna Symphony () is an orchestra in Vienna, Austria.

paragraphs: The orchestra was formed in 1900 by the conductor Ferdinand Löwe. It was then called the "Wiener Concertverein" (Vienna Concert Society). In 1913 it moved into the Konzerthaus, Vienna. In 1919 it joined with the Tonkünstler Orchestra. In 1933 it got the name it has today: Vienna Symphony (Wiener Symphoniker).

paragraphs: During World War II the Nazis forced them to be part of the German Culture Orchestras and they were used for propaganda. They stopped playing in 1944.

paragraphs: Their first concert after the war was on 16 September 1945, when they performed Gustav Mahler's "Symphony No. 3". Their conductor Josef Krips quickly helped them to become a great orchestra. From 1946 they were often conducted by Herbert von Karajan who toured with them throughout Europe and North America. In 1959 the VSO performed for Pope John XXIII at Vatican City.

paragraphs: When Wolfgang Sawallisch became their conductor he toured with them to the United States and Japan.

paragraphs: Today Fabio Luisi is their chief conductor.


title: Liber Linteus

paragraphs: The Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis (or Liber Agramensis) (Latin: "Linen Book of Zagreb" or "Book of Agram") is the longest Etruscan text and the only existing linen book.

paragraphs: Most of the text has not been translated, because the Etruscan language is only known little. According to the few words that can be understood, the text is probably a ritual calendar.

paragraphs: The fabric of the book was preserved when it was used to wrap a mummy from Ptolemaic Egypt. The mummy and the manuscript are now kept in a refrigerated room at the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb, Croatia.


title: Eel River

paragraphs: The Eel River is a river in the north part of the U.S. state of California. It flows north about 200 mi (322 km) to the Pacific Ocean, draining 3,684 square miles (9,542 square km). Its largest tributary is the Middle Fork Eel River, followed by the South Fork, Van Duzen River, and North Fork. The river is dammed near its headwaters to divert water into the Russian River valley. The two dams form Van Arsdale Reservoir and the larger Lake Pillsbury. Most of the river is in the humid Coast Ranges of California. Much of the river is isolated, in steep and rugged terrain.

paragraphs: Towns along the Eel include Ferndale, Rio Dell, and Dos Rios (at the confluence with the Middle Fork). Weott is near the South Fork confluence.

paragraphs: U.S. Highway 101 follows the river until the South Fork confluence, and the Great Northern Railway also follows a portion of the river. 37 bridges cross the Eel and 24 cross the South Fork. The South Fork is the longest tributary. The Middle Fork has the largest watershed.


title: Cultivar

paragraphs: A cultivar is a plant that has been selected for planting and sale because it has certain characteristics. It keeps its traits when it is propagated because they are inherited.

paragraphs: Usually, cultivars are given a name which is not related to their biological taxon. There is a system of naming run by the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (the ICNCP), commonly known as the Cultivated Plant Code.


title: Plant propagation

paragraphs: Plant propagation is when a plant is distributed. There are several ways to do this:


title: Cardamom

paragraphs: Cardamom is used for two herbs related to ginger. Their seeds are used as a spice. The two species are named "Elettaria" and "Amomum". The seeds grow in a small seedpod. This seedpod is triangular in cross-section and has the shape of a spindle. There is a thin papery outer shell and small black seeds. Elettaria pods are light green in color, Amomum pods are larger and dark brown.

paragraphs: Elettaria is commonly known as "cardamom", "green cardamom" or "true cardamom". It grows from India to Malaysia.

paragraphs: Amomum is usually called "black cardamom", or "white cardamom". It grows in Asia and Australia.

paragraphs: Both forms of cardamom are used to add flavor to both food and drink, as cooking spices and as a medicine.

paragraphs: "Elettaria cardamomum" (the usual type of cardamom) is used as a spice and in medicine; it is also smoked sometimes; it is used as a food plant by the larva of the moth "Endoclita hosei".

paragraphs: Cardamom has a strong taste and an intense smell. Black cardamom has coolness similar to that of mint. It is commonly used in Pakistani cooking. In Scandinavia it is often used for baking.

paragraphs: Green cardamom is one of the most expensive spices by weight but little is needed to give the flavor. Cardamom is best stored in pod form. Once the seeds are exposed or ground, they quickly lose their flavor. High-quality ground cardamom powder can often be a substitute for the pods. That way, ten pods is about the same quantity as one and a half teaspoons of ground cardamom.

paragraphs: In the Middle East, green cardamom powder is used as a spice for sweet dishes. Traditionally, it is also added as a flavoring to coffee and tea there. In Arabic, cardamom is called "al-Hayl". In Persian, it is called "hel". In Hebrew, it is also called "hel" (הל). In Gujarati (a derivative of Sanskrit), it is "Ē-lī-chē".

paragraphs: In some Middle Eastern countries, coffee and cardamom are often ground in a wooden mortar and cooked together in a mihbaz, an oven using wood or gas, to produce mixtures that are as much as forty percent cardamom.

paragraphs: In South Asia, green cardamom is often used in traditional Pakistani sweets and in "Masala chai (spiced tea)".

paragraphs: Black cardamom is sometimes used in garam masala for curries. It is occasionally used as a garnish in basmati rice and other dishes. It is often referred to as fat cardamom due its size ('Moti Elaichi'). Individual seeds are sometimes chewed, in much the same way as chewing-gum. It has also been known to be used to make gin. Cardamom was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages.

paragraphs: In South Asia, Green cardamom is often used to treat infections of the teeth and gums. It is also used against troubles of the throat, congestion of the lungs and pulmonary tuberculosis, inflammation of eyelids and also digestive disorders. It has been used to break up kidney and gall stones, and as an antidote against the poison of certain snake bites.

paragraphs: "Amomum" is used as a spice and as an ingredient in traditional medicine in systems of the traditional Chinese medicine in China, in Ayurveda in India, Japan, Korea and Vietnam.

paragraphs: Among other species, varieties and cultivars, "Amomum villosum" cultivated in China, Laos and Vietnam is used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat stomach-aches, constipation, dysentery, and other digestion problems. "Tsaoko" cardamom "Amomum tsao-ko" is cultivated in Yunnan, China and northwest Vietnam, both for medicinal purposes and as a spice.

paragraphs: The demand for these herbs has increased since the 1980s. Growing cardamom has become an important source of income for many poor farmers. These people usually live in higher altitudes, sometimes in remote areas, in China, Laos and Vietnam.

paragraphs: Until recently, Nepal has been the world's largest producer of large cardamom. Guatemala has become the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom, with an export total of US$137.2 million for 2007.


title: Hayden Foxe

paragraphs: Hayden Foxe (born 23 June 1977) is a Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.


Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1988)


Sergio Escudero (footballer, born 1964)


title: Osvaldo Escudero

paragraphs: Osvaldo Escudero (born October 15, 1960) is a former Argentine football player.


title: Giorgio Chiellini

paragraphs: Giorgio Chiellini (born 14 August 1984) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.


title: Jonathan Zebina

paragraphs: Jonathan Zebina (born 19 July 1978) is a French football player. He plays for Juventus.


title: Alessio Tacchinardi

paragraphs: Alessio Tacchinardi (born 23 July 1975) is a former Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Dininho

paragraphs: Irondino Ferreira Neto (born 23 July 1975) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Júlio Baptista

paragraphs: Júlio Baptista (born 1 October 1981) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma and Brazil national team.


title: Dido Havenaar

paragraphs: Dido Havenaar (born 26 September 1957) is a former Dutch-Japanese football player.


title: Miguel Ángel Angulo

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel Angulo (born 23 June 1977) is a Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Manuele Blasi

paragraphs: Manuele Blasi (born 17 August 1980) is an Italian football player. He plays for Città di Palermo.


title: Stephen Appiah

paragraphs: Stephen Appiah (born 24 December 1980) is a Ghanaian football player. He plays for Ghana national team.


title: Ancyloxypha

paragraphs: Ancyloxypha is a genus of butterflies in the family Hesperiidae.


title: Developed country

paragraphs: A developed country (also known as an industrialised country or more economically developed country (MEDC)) is a country that has more businesses and infrastructures (roads, airports, electricity, etc) than a developing country. The numbers most used for measuring economic growth is gross domestic product (GDP) and per capita income (average money per person). Others include the amount of industry, how much infrastructure there is, literacy, life expectancy and the basic standard of living. There is no exact way of saying what country is developed or developing. People often discuss the question of whose countries are the most developed ones,

paragraphs: Developed countries have , which means that the service sector becomes more important, and the is less important. Service sector jobs are those where a person does something for another, like selling or fixing a product. Industry sector jobs are actually making a product, usually in a factory. In a developed country, industry jobs may be moved (outsourced) to less developed countries that pay workers less money. Developing countries may be in the process of industrialization (building the factories and infrastructure) and underdeveloped countries usually depend on agriculture, often subsistence farming.

paragraphs: The first industrialised country was the UK, followed by Belgium. Later industrialised countries were Germany, the US, France and other Western European countries. According to , the current split between the developed and developing world is mostly an event of the 20 century.

paragraphs: According to the International Monetary Fund, developed countries supplied over half of the global GDP in 2010. In 2012, the "major advanced economies" were the US, Japan, Germany, France, the UK, Italy, and Canada. These are also called the G7.

paragraphs: The G7 has 10% of the world's population, but produces nearly 40% of the world's GDP. They also control many of the economic decisions that affect the world. The United Nations Security Council has five permanent members, four of those are in the G8 (G7 plus Russia).

paragraphs: Terms similar to "developed country" include "advanced country", "industrialised country", "more developed country (MDC), "more economically developed country (MEDC) (compared to "less economically developed country(LEDC)"), "Global North country", "first-world country", and " country".

paragraphs: Economic criteria are usually seen as most important. This includes income per capita (average money for each person). Countries with high GDP per capita and mature industrialization are described as "developed countries". But modernization is not always seen as the only way to measure progress.

paragraphs: Recently, another measure, the Human Development Index (HDI), which combines jobs, income, along with access to medicine, life expectancy, and education has become prominent. The UN HDI is measures a country's level of human development. While there is a strong connection between a high HDI score and a prosperous economy, it is not always the case. The top 47 countries by HDI have scores ranging from 0.793 in Barbados to 0.955 in Norway. Many countries having an HDI of 0.788 and over (as of 2010), are also listed by IMF or CIA as "advanced" (as of 2009). The country of Bhutan started the idea of Gross National Happiness (GNH), to measure how happy people actually are. They felt the GNH was as important as GDP, and this idea has spread beyond Bhutan.


title: Market town

paragraphs: Market town is a word in law that came from the medieval period. It means a settlement in Europe that has the right to have markets. This separates them from villages and cities. A town may be described as a market town or as having market rights even if it does not have a market anymore, provided the right to do so still holds.


title: Moped

paragraphs: A moped is a vehicle with two wheels and a motor, like a motorcycle but smaller. It usually has pedals, like a bicycle.

paragraphs: The size of the motor is usually 49cc, much smaller than most motorcycle motors. Because of the small motor, mopeds usually can not go faster than 50 kph (30 mph). Mopeds use less fuel than motorcycles, but some people complain that mopeds create more air pollution than motorcycles. Most of the time, you need a special license to ride a motorcycle but you only need an ordinary driver's license to ride a moped. It is usually illegal to ride a moped without a helmet.


title: Hagerstown, Maryland

paragraphs: Hagerstown () is a city in northwestern Maryland, United States. It is the county seat of Washington County, and one of the largest cities in a region known as Western Maryland. The population of Hagerstown city according to 2008 estimates by the United States Census Bureau is 39,728, and the total 2000 Urbanized Area population is 120,326 (~80,000 in MD).

paragraphs: Hagerstown anchors the Hagerstown-Martinsburg, MD-WV Metropolitan Statistical Area, which lies just northwest of the Washington-Baltimore-Northern Virginia, DC-MD-VA-WV Combined Statistical Area in the Great Appalachian Valley. The population of the metropolitan area in 2000 was 222,771 and the 2008 estimate is 263,753 (U.S. Rank 169). It is the fastest growing metro area in the State of Maryland and among the fastest growing in the United States.

paragraphs: Hagerstown is a center of transit and commerce. Interstates 81 and 70, CSX, Norfolk Southern, and the Winchester and Western railroads, and Hagerstown Regional Airport cross in the city. Hagerstown is also the chief commercial and industrial hub for a greater Tri-State Area that includes much of Western Maryland as well as great extents of South Central Pennsylvania and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia. Hagerstown has often been referred to as and is nicknamed the "Hub City".


title: Matteo Brighi

paragraphs: Matteo Brighi (born 14 February 1981) is an Italian football player. He played for Roma and Italy national team.


Tomokazu Myojin


Seiichiro Maki


title: Eiji Kawashima

paragraphs: Kawasaki played for three J. League clubs before moving to Europe to be a goalkeeper for Lierse and Standard Liège.

paragraphs: As a member of Japan's national team, Kawashima helped develop a program to improve the foreign language skills of Japanese athletes and coaches who play and coach internationally. He is fluent in English and Italian. He works to improve speaking and listening skills in Dutch, French and Portuguese skills.


Tomoyuki Sakai


title: Vladimir Jugović

paragraphs: Vladimir Jugović (born 30 August 1969) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Serbia national team.


title: Algorithmic information theory

paragraphs: Algorithmic information theory is a field of theoretical computer science. It is concerned with how information and computation are related. Most information can be represented as a String (or a sequence of characters). Algorithmic information theory studies the complexity of information represented that way (In other words, how difficult it is to get that information, or how long it takes). Unlike regular information theory, it uses Kolmogorov complexity to describe complexity, and not the measure of complexity developed by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver. Kolmogorov complexity was developed independently by Andrey Kolmogorov and Gregory Chaitin .

paragraphs: According to Claude Shannon the following two binary strings have the same content in information (this is only valid for the first-order entropy):

paragraphs: The first was generated with a random number generator, for example by throwing a coin. The second is easier to describe (eight times "1", then eight times "0"). For this reason, the first sequence has more algorithmic information, because it is harder to shorten ("compress") the description on how to generate it. Shortening the description may not be possible at all. The information value of a string is higher, if it is more difficult to shorten ("compress") its description. Random strings and white noise do not contain patterns that occur again. For this reason they cannot be compressed, and have a higher information value.


title: Tawhīd

paragraphs: Tawhid is the concept of God in Islam which says that only one God exists. It says that God is unique and one and He has no equal. It also says that since the God is the only creator, there is no room for lesser Gods or deities. Any lesser gods are therefore false. Tawhid is an essential part of Islam. To become a Muslim it is necessary to accept it. The concept of Tawhid has many implications. Since God is the only power, both good and bad flow from God. So, whatever good or bad occurs to an individual, both are from God and both should be accepted by the individual. Since God is the only power worth worshipping, reliance on any other source for help is not permissible.

paragraphs: The Qur'an explains the nature of God in Chapter 112:

paragraphs: Say: He is Allah, the One and Only; Allah, the Eternal, Absolute; None is born of Him, nor is He born; And there is no one like him.

paragraphs: Associating any other thing or person as being comparable to God is called "shirk" in Islam. This is the only sin in Islam which cannot be forgiven by God, unless a person turns repentant on Earth. The Koran can also be interpreted as telling Muslims to not follow the idea of the "trinity," the Christian concept for explaining God. Since the trinity views God as being made up of three different parts, many Muslims view this as "shirk". On the other hand, Christians will say that they view the trinity as making up one God, so it is not "shirk". The Koran also says that Jesus did not claim to be anything more than a human being, while in Christianity he is part of the trinity. According to Muslim scripture, Jesus claims to be prophet chosen by God, different from the divine status he has in Christianity.


Nobuhisa Yamada


Keita Suzuki


title: Sidmar Antônio Martins

paragraphs: Sidmar Antônio Martins (born June 13, 1962) is a former Brazilian football player.


Tadaaki Hirakawa


title: Toru Chishima

paragraphs: Toru Chishima (born 11 May 1981) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Satoshi Horinouchi

paragraphs: Satoshi Horinouchi (born 26 October 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.


title: Fábio Camilo de Brito

paragraphs: Fábio Camilo de Brito (born 6 June 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Coritiba.


title: Apennine Mountains

paragraphs: The Apennines are mountains in Italy. Their highest mountain is Corno Grande which is 2,912 metres high. The Apennines have three main parts: the Northern Apennines, the Central Apennines and the Southern Apennines.


title: Supercheap Auto

paragraphs: Supercheap Auto is an Australian-based automotive retailer. Over the past 15 years, Supercheap Auto has experienced more than 25% compound annual revenue growth. The managing director is Peter Birtles.


Takuya Yokoyama


title: Cristiano Lucarelli

paragraphs: Cristiano Lucarelli (born 4 October 1975) is an Italian football player. He plays for Livorno.


title: Yuriy Nikiforov

paragraphs: Yuriy Nikiforov (born 16 September 1970) is a former Ukrainian-Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team, Ukraine national team and Russia national team.


title: Lake Iseo

paragraphs: Lake Iseo or Lago d'Iseo or Sebino is the fourth largest lake in Lombardy, Italy. Water flows into it from the Oglio river.


title: International Year of Natural Fibres

paragraphs: The United Nations General Assembly declared 2009 as the International Year of Natural Fibres.

paragraphs: The proposal for this International year originated in FAO at a joint meeting of the Intergovernmental Group on Hard Fibres and the Intergovernmental Group on Jute in 2004, and was endorsed by FAO Conference in 2005. It is one of many International observances declared for specific days, months and years.


title: Constanţa

paragraphs: Constanţa is the largest Romanian seaport on the Black Sea. It is the largest city in Dobruja. It is also the capital of Constanţa County and one of the biggest cities in Romania.


title: Mureş River

paragraphs: The Mureş (Romanian) (, Latin: "Marisus", Croatian: "Moriš", German: "Mieresch, Marosch or Muresch", Serbian: "Мориш, Муреш") is a 761 km (473 mi) long river in Eastern Europe.

paragraphs: These rivers are tributaries to the river Mureş:

paragraphs: Left: Pietrosu, Cărbunele Negru, Senetea, Fierăstrăul, Pârâul lui Mihai, Şumuleul Mare, Borzont, Bacta, Limbuş, Pârâul Pietrei, Sineu, Martonca, Gălăuţaş, Găina, Zăpodea, Măgheruş, Păpurel, Mărsinetul de Sus, Mărsinetul de Jos, Gudea, Jincu, Doamna, Iadul, Sălard, Peşcoasa Mare, Iadul, Borzia, Mergiş, Toaderiş, Sebeş, Idicel, Deleni, Gurghiu, Beica, Habic, Petrilaca, Terebici, Cotuş, Pocloş, Niraj, Cerghid, Sărata, Şeulia, Aţântiş, Fărău, Ciunga, Valea Papii, Şesul Băgăului, Valea la Şipot, Valea Dosului, Hopârta, Săcăduş, Bogdanul, Târnava, Hăpria Sebeş, Pianu, Cioara, Cugir, Vaidei, Romoş, Orăştie, Turdaş, Strei, Tâmpa, Cerna Herepeia, Veţel, Vulcez, Leşnic, Săcămaş, Plaiu, Dobra, Abucea, Ohaba, Sălciva, Pojoga, Valea Ghinişului, Peştiş, Căprioara, Somoniţa, Izvor, Corbu, Suliniş, Pârâul Mare, Şiştarovăţ, Sinicuţ, Zădărlac

paragraphs: Right: Mezeş, Otveş, Boteni, Voşlăbeni, Chindeni, Chirtaegher, Valea Strâmba, Şaroş, Belcina, Lăzarea, Ditrău, Faier, Jolotca, Filipea, Sărmaş, Ciucic, Doamna, Topliţa, Călimănel, Duşa, Mermezeu, Zebracu, Tarniţa, Jingu, Neagra, Ilva, Fântânele, Sărăcin, Răstoliţa, Jişa, Gălăoaia, Bistra, Gesele, Valea Sterinoasă, Râpa, Văleni, Săcal, Luţ, Şar, Iceni, Budiu, Cuieşd, Valea Fânaţelor, Şăuşa, Oroiu, Lechinţa, Pârâul de Câmpie, Arieş, Grindu, Unirea, Ciugud, Ormeniş, Mirăslău, Lopadea, Aiud, Herja, Gârbova, Valea Sasului, Geoagiu, Galda, Ampoi, Pârâul cel Mare, Pâclişa, Stăuini, Vinţ, Valea Goblii, Blandiana, Acmariu, Feneş Băcăinţi, Homorod, Geoagiu, Boiu, Bobâlna, Valea lui Sânpătru, Lazu, Vărmaga, Certej, Boholţ, Căian, Bejan, Boz, Sârbi, Băcişoara, Gurasada, Zam, Almaş, Corbeasca, Troaş, Vineşti, Stejar, Juliţa, Grosul, Monoroştia, Bârna, Bârzava, Nadăş, Conop, Cornic, Odvoş, Milova, Jecnova, Şoimoş, Radna, Cladova


title: Olt River

paragraphs: The Olt River (Romanian and Hungarian; German: "Alt"; Latin: "Aluta" or "Alutus") is a river in Romania. It flows in the Romanian counties Harghita, Covasna, Braşov, Sibiu, Vâlcea and Olt. The river was known as "Alutus" or "Aluta" in Roman times.

paragraphs: The following towns and villages are situated along the Olt River, from source to mouth (incomplete list): Bălan, Sândominic, Miercurea-Ciuc, Sfântu Gheorghe, Făgăraş, Brezoi, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea,

paragraphs: Călineşti, Drăgăneşti, Proieni, Corbu, Golotreni, Brezoi, Văratica, Păuşa, Căciulata, Călimăneşti, Râmnicu Vâlcea, Jiblea Veche, Drăgăşani, Slatina, Drăgăneşti-Olt.

paragraphs: These rivers are tributaries to the Olt River:

paragraphs: Left: Fieru, Fagu Oltului, Scaunu, Covaci, Fântâna lui Gal, Sedloca, Lăcaşul lui Baboş, Şoarecu, Cadu, Racu, Delniţa, Pustnic, Fitod, Fişag, Cozmeni, Tuşnad, Vârghiş, Pârâul Cetăţii, Comloş, Gaura Dracului, Valea cu Pruni, Valea Roşie, Podu Mare, Valea Mare, Vâlcelul Podului, Malnaş, Hereţ, Borviz, Talomir, Vonţ, Fotoş, Mărtănuş, Râul Negru, Valea Neagră, Ghimbăşel, Bârsa, Homorod, Hotaru, Valea Seacă, Stiniş, Hotaru, Măieruş, Hotaru, Bozom, Valea Lungă, Remetea, Ormeniş, Feneş, Top, Valea Cetăţii, Valea Părului, Valea Mare, Bogata, Lupşa, Comana, Sărata, Veneţia, Părău, Găvan, Şercaia, Urăsa, Mândra, Iaz, Sebeş, Făgărăşel, Berivoi, Racoviţa, Hurez, Săvăstreni, Netot, Dridif, Breaza, Sâmbăta, Racoviţa, Olteţ, Drăguş, Hotar, Viştea, Corbul Viştei, Corbul Ucei, Ucea, Gârlăţel, Arpaş, Valea Neagră, Seaca, Cârţişoara, Opat, Scoreiu, Valea Muntelui, Porumbacu, Răcovicioara, Avrig, Mârşa, Racoviţa, Pârâul Hotărăl, Moaşa, Sebeş, Valea Caselor, Valea Priboiului, Valea Strâmbă, Valea Mărului, Rândibou, Valea Fratelui, Curpănu, Valea Satului, Boia, Băiaşu, Lotrişor, Pârâul Odăilor, Văratica, Slâmna, Armăsarul, Alunul, Pârâul La Clopot, Pârâul Roşiei, Pârâul Mânăstirii, Bivolari, Muşeţelu, Păuşa, Valea Satului, Sălătrucel, Sâmnic, Aninoasa, Topolog, Teiu, Trepteanca, Valea Mare, Bolovanul, Cungrea, Sterpu, Cepturaru, Surdui, Cungrea Mică, Strehareţi, Şopot, Clocociov, Milcov, Cinculeasa, Oboga, Dârjov, Iminog

paragraphs: Right: Râul Sărăturii, Şandru, Sipoş, Lunca Mare, Lunca, Raţa, Madicea, Mădăraş, Şugău, Var, Hidegviz, Segheş, Ştiuca, Beta, Căpâlnaş, Techera, Valea Mare, Budeş, Sântimbru, Minei, Pârâul Merilor, Sugasău, Pârâul Mare, Mitaciul, Pârâul Minerului, Pârâul Corbului, Frasinu, Pârâul Şoimului, Pârâul Calului, Recoltiaş, Murgul Mic, Murgul Mare, Gohan, Somoş, Pârâul Morii, Turda, Zălan, Dogoş, Telec, Calnic, Valea Crişului, Valea Seacă, Arcuş, Porumbele, Debren, Semeria, Gereb, Pârâul Frumos, Ilieni, Valea Baciului, Izvorul Mic, Pârâul Ciorii, Pârâul Olarului, Araci, Pârâul Satului, Iarăş, Corlat, Surduc, Somoş, Belinul Mic, Belinul Mare, Pârâul Adânc, Valea Scurtă, Aita, Groapa Mare, Mateiaşul, Pârâul Satului, Pârâul Cărbunarilor, Pârâul Adânc, Pârâul cu Salcâmi, Pârâul Scurt, Chepeţ (Căpeni), Baraolt, Cormoş, Carhaga, Pârâul Sărat, Podu Mare, Homorod, Dăişoara, Crăiţa, Ticuş, Felmer, Cincu, Galaţi, Poeniţa, Pârâul Nou, Valea Fermelor, Bradu, Cibin, Pleaşa, Megieşul Lotrioara, Râul Vadului, Valea Scaunelor, Stupina, Valea lui Vlad, Uria, Robeşti, Sărăcineşti, Sălişte, Cârciuma, Călineşti, Betel, Lotru, Şipote, Lotrişorul, Puturoasa, Râul Poştei, Căciulata, Mituţu, Căldările, Pârâul lui Chirică, Muereasca, Olăneşti, Pârâul Ruzii, Focşa, Govora, Bistriţa, Luncavăţ, Scundu, Prundeni, Pesceana, Canalul Oporelu, Olteţ, Teslui, Gologan, Vlădila, Suhatul, Cruşov


title: Siret River

paragraphs: The Siret River (Ukrainian: "Серет", Russian: "Сирет ", Hungarian: "Szeret") is a river that comes up from the Carpathians in the northern Bukovina region of Ukraine. It flows southward into Romania for about 470 kilometers before it joins the Danube. It was named "Hierasus" in times of old.

paragraphs: The following towns and villages can be found along the Siret River, from source to mouth: Berehomet, Storozhynets, Siret, Grămeşti, Zvoriştea, Liteni, Paşcani, Stolniceni-Prăjescu, Roman, Bacău, Adjud, Mărăşeşti, Galaţi.

paragraphs: There are the tributaries of the Siret River:

paragraphs: Left: Bahna, Molniţa, Bahna, Gârla Sireţel, Gârla Huţanilor, Vorona, Pleşu, Turbata, Pitrosul, Trestioara, Sireţel, Sodomeni, Stolniceni, Hărmăneşti, Pârâul Ţigăncilor, Mihailei, Boca, Albuia, Vulpăşeşti, Ţiganca, Icuşeşti, Glodeni, Râpaş, Pârâul Morii, Răcătău, Fulgeriş, Polocin, Lupa, Bârlad, Călmăţui, Gerului, Mălina, Fălcoaia, Cătuşa.

paragraphs: Right: Găvan, Negostina, Verehia, Baranca, Leahu, Hănţeşti, Grigoreşti, Sălăgeni, Suceava, Şomuzul Mic, Şomuzul Mare, Probota, Conţeasca, Ruja, Valea Părului, Podul Turcului, Tămăşeni, Moldova, Valea Neagră, Turbata, Bistriţa, Cleja, Răcăciuni, Orbeni, Botohan, Fântânele, Conţeşti, Trotuş, Valea Boului, Carecna, Zăbrăuţi, Şuşiţa, Gârla Morilor, Putna, Leica, Râmnicul Sărat, Buzău.


title: Prut

paragraphs: Prut, or Pruth, () is a 953 km long river in Eastern Europe. It flows to the southeast to join the Danube river near Reni. This is east of Galaţi.

paragraphs: These towns can be found along the Prut River, from source to mouth: Delatyn, Kolomyia, Sniatyn, Chernivtsi, Novoselytsia, Darabani, Ungheni, Cahul.

paragraphs: These are the tributaries of the Prut River:

paragraphs: Right: Cheremosh, Herţa, Poiana, Corneşti, Isnovăţ, Rădăuţi, Ghireni, Volovăţ, Badu, Başeu, Corogea, Berza Veche, Râioasa, Soloneţ, Cerchezoaia, Jijia, Cozmeşti, Bohotin, Moşna, Pruteţ, Sărata, Elan, Horincea, Oancea, Stoeneasa, Chineja.


title: Asperger syndrome

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome (often Asperger's syndrome) is a form of autism spectrum disorder. It affects the way in which a person understands, talks and acts with other people. A person who has Asperger syndrome may not fit in well with other people, and may be unable to act like everyone else in different social situations. Neurotypical (or NT) is a term that was coined in the autistic community as a label for those other people who are not on the autism spectrum. Asperger syndrome is thought to manifest as a developmental disorder, and is not considered a mental illness. Most adults with Asperger syndrome can learn how to make friends, do useful work, and live successful lives. Asperger syndrome is considered to be at the highest functioning end of the Autism spectrum disorders.

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome is not a disease. People who have it will have to deal with it for the rest of their lives. However, they can try many solutions to help them and learn how to be able to reduce the impact in their life. One solution can be medication to restrict the different symptoms like aggression. The big problem with people affected by Asperger's is that they cannot understand emotions or how people think. Therapists attempt to help the person with that. They will do many activities like acting an emotion and let the Asperger people guess what it is.

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome may be observed and diagnosed in early childhood. No one knows exactly what causes it, but it is thought to have a genetic cause. The part of the brain which controls a person's "social behavior" (understanding and communicating with other people) may grow or function differently in a person with Asperger syndrome. Another part of the brain that may be different is the part that controls some body movement such as balance. A person with this condition may walk or act in a clumsy way and have trouble doing body actions such as sports. They may also do physical actions repetitively, such as rocking, flapping their hands, or tapping their feet. The condition seems to run in families. Parents who have Asperger syndrome often have children who have it or another kind of autism.

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome cannot be found by testing blood or looking at someone's body. A medical doctor needs to talk with the person and other people who know him or her well, to watch how the person moves and behaves, and to learn about the person's past. Sometimes a doctor believes by mistake that the person has schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, ADHD, or mental retardation instead. Tourette syndrome with "tics" (repetitive, uncontrolled actions like twitching, blinking, and coughing) sometimes comes with Asperger syndrome. Many people with Asperger syndrome also have ADHD and/or OCD. It has been estimated that beyond half of the people with the syndrome, also carries some other type of syndrome, disorder, disability, disease, or illness. The MSD Manual says "strong evidence supports a genetic component".

paragraphs: People who have Asperger syndrome have normal to high intelligence. As children, they may need special help at home and school to learn social behavior. The syndrome cannot be made better by taking medicine. People who have this condition are sometimes given medicine to help them with depression, which is often experienced by people with the syndrome.

paragraphs: People with Asperger syndrome can have a hard time fitting in with other people. This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd". Adults who have it usually learn enough "coping skills" to act in a way that seems normal, but often with a few differences. Most people with the syndrome can communicate clearly with friends and family. They may have more difficulty in communicating with new people. People who carry the syndrome can sometimes seem rude or uninterested during conversations, without meaning anything wrong. They may also get stressed or unsettled when things does not go their way.

paragraphs: Asperger's syndrome characteristics include:

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome is noticeable when the person acts differently in social situations. Their social disabilities can have different levels. It’s not everybody who have Asperger syndrome that have the same level. This characteristic is not the only one. Someone who dislikes people in general does not necessarily have Aspergers. Other characteristics that can be identified are that Asperger people hate any changes in their routine. They also dislike having eye contact. Most of the time they will try to avoid it. They will look away. Usually people who deal with Asperger syndrome have less facial expression than anybody else. There are many characteristics. If someone only has some of these characteristics, there is probably no problem with them. Commonly, people with the syndrome tends to hum or pronounce different sounds to themselves, which they have heard in their surroundings, such as a reporters's voice, a man on the radio, lyrics from songs, words, things they have read, or what people around them usually says. They may repeatedly mention these words or phrases again and again.

paragraphs: In the 1940s, a doctor named Hans Asperger studied some children that were different from most other children that he knew, but were like each other. He called them "little professors" because he thought that they were interesting and wrote a book about them. Dr. Asperger thought his "little professors" had a different sort of personality.

paragraphs: In the 1980s Dr. Lorna Wing made up the name "Asperger syndrome" for people with high-functioning autism after research into Hans Asperger's work.

paragraphs: In 1994 Asperger syndrome was added to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV).

paragraphs: In 2013 Asperger syndrome was removed from the DSM.

paragraphs: Asperger's is one of many separate ICD Autistic Disorders that is still diagnosable using the ICD but can be found in the DSM as Autism Spectrum Disorder or Autistic Disorder; and is often referred to as Autistic Spectrum Disorder for clarity. Providers that use the DSM can; document and reference your ICD Autistic Disorder, provide you the additional DSM Autistic Disorder, and or provide a combination of the two labels (e.g Autistic Spectrum Disorder "Asperger's" 299.00 (F84.0), With Specific Learning Disorder, Mild).

paragraphs: Asperger syndrome is much more common in males than females. Statistics say that three males are affected for every one female.

paragraphs: It is widely discussed how common the syndrome is, as there are figures that show very different numbers. But, it probably lies between 1 in every 250, all the way up to 1 in every 10,000. A 2003 review of epidemiological studies of children found autism rates ranging from 0.03 to 4.84 per 1,000, with the ratio of autism to Asperger syndrome ranging from 1.5:1 to 16:1.


title: Dig Dug

paragraphs: Dig Dug is a game made by Namco in 1982. A well known game based on a simple concept. It was also released as a video game on many consoles.

paragraphs: "Dig Dug" was rated the sixth most popular coin-operated video game of all time by the Killer List of Video Games website.

paragraphs: It has been said that the music for the game show "Starcade" was taken from the music for "Dig Dug".

paragraphs: In the video for the song "We Are All Made of Stars" from electronic musician Moby, a scene is shown where a person of Moby himself, dressed as an astronaut, is in the middle of a "Dig Dug" game.


title: Virtual Kasparov

paragraphs: Virtual Kasparov is a chess video game. It was by Titus Software for the PlayStation and Game Boy Advance. It was released for the PlayStation in 2001. It was released for the Game Boy Advance in 2002.

paragraphs: The game can be played alone or against another person. There are games that Garry Kasparov played during his career and interviews that can be viewed in the game.


title: Portland Sea Dogs

paragraphs: The Portland Sea Dogs are a locally based baseball team in Portland, Maine. They play at Hadlock Field.


title: Moby

paragraphs: Moby or Richard Melville Hall (born September 11, 1965) is an American DJ, songwriter and musician. He is famous for his songs "Porcelain" and "Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?". The video for another one of his songs, "We Are All Made Of Stars", shows him dressed as an astronaut in a space suit.

paragraphs: He was a member of a punk band called Vatican Commandos before becoming a DJ.

paragraphs: In 2002, Moby started a cafe called Teany with his ex-girlfriend Kelly Tisdale.


title: Röyksopp

paragraphs: Röyksopp is an electronica musical group from Tromsø, Norway that formed in 1998. They are currently based in Bergen. The members are Svein Berge and

paragraphs: Torbjørn Brundtland. They won an award for best music video in 2002 by MTV Europe for their song, "Remind Me". They have released four studio albums and one EP.

paragraphs: Berge and Brundtland formed a band with Kolbjørn Lyslo and Gaute Barlindhaug called Aedena Cycle. They released a vinyl EP called" Traveler's Dreams" under Apollo Records in 1994. After this they left to form Röyksopp. Their first single "So Easy" was released by Tellé. It was used in a T-mobile advert in the UK.

paragraphs: Brundtland was a member of Those Norwegians in 1997.

paragraphs: They have worked with many other musicians. They released a single called "Running to the Sea" and a cover version of "Ice Machine" by Depeche Mode from their album "Late Night Tales: Röyksopp "in 2013." "Both songs have vocals from Susanne Sundf"ør".

paragraphs: Their first album "Melody A.M." has two songs with Erlend Øye, "Poor Leno" and "Remind Me".

paragraphs: 'Røyksopp' is a Norwegian word that means puffball fungus.


title: Deportivo Alavés

paragraphs: Deportivo Alavés is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Hércules C.F.

paragraphs: Hércules C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: R.C. Celta de Vigo

paragraphs: R.C. Celta de Vigo is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Real Murcia

paragraphs: Real Murcia C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Granada C.F.

paragraphs: Granada C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: C.E. Sabadell F.C.

paragraphs: C.E. Sabadell F.C. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: C.D. Alcoyano

paragraphs: C.D. Alcoyano is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Real Valladolid C.F.

paragraphs: Real Valladolid Club de Fútbol is a Spanish football team (also known as Pucela). It was founded on 20 june, 1928 and holds its matches at Nuevo José Zorrilla stadium, Valladolid, Castile and León.

paragraphs: Valladolid plays in the LFP (Spanish Football League).

paragraphs: The team has a reserve team in the Third División (4th tier of the Spanish league).

paragraphs: Its the just team from its region in play Europeans competitions: UEFA Cup (1984-85, 1997-98) and UEFA Cup Winners' Cup (1989-90).

paragraphs: At 1983-84 they made its most succesful season after won the former League Cup to Atlético de Madrid 0-3.


title: Maghreb Athletic Tétouan

paragraphs: Maghreb Atlético De Tétouan is a football club which plays in Morocco.


title: Málaga CF

paragraphs: Málaga C.F. are a football club which plays in Spain.


title: C.A. Osasuna

paragraphs: C.A. Osasuna is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Real Jaén C.F.

paragraphs: Real Jaén C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Cultural Leonesa

paragraphs: Cultural Leonesa is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Elche C.F.

paragraphs: Elche C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: R.C.D. Mallorca

paragraphs: R.C.D. Mallorca is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: C.D. Tenerife

paragraphs: C. D. Tenerife is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Córdoba C.F.

paragraphs: Córdoba C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Pontevedra C.F.

paragraphs: Pontevedra C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Mini

paragraphs: The Mini is a small car made by the British Motor Corporation (BMC), British Leyland and Rover from 1959 to 2000. It used a transverse engine and front-wheel drive, where the turning power was put on the front wheels of the car rather than the back wheels. Its design saved a large amount of space. It allowed most of the car's size to be used for passengers and luggage. It had only two doors, but could seat up to four passengers.

paragraphs: The design was very influential for car-making in the second half of the 20th century. In 1999, the Mini was voted the second most influential car of the 20th century, behind the Ford Model T. The original model is considered an icon of the 1960s in Britain.

paragraphs: The original Mini was designed for BMC by Alec Issigonis.

paragraphs: It was first released in August 1959. Rover ceased production in October 2000. It was marketed under the names Austin, Morris, Cooper, Wolseley, Riley, British Leyland and Rover.


title: Burgos C.F.

paragraphs: Burgos C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: A.D. Almería

paragraphs: A.D. Almería is a former football club which played in Spain.


title: C.D. Castellón

paragraphs: C.D. Castellón is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Albacete Balompié

paragraphs: Albacete Balompié is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: U.E. Lleida

paragraphs: U.E. Lleida was a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Toshiba

paragraphs: Toshiba is a Japanese brand. Its diversified products include information technology and communications equipment and systems, electronic components and materials, power systems, industrial and social infrastructure systems, household appliances, medical equipment and lighting.

paragraphs: Toshiba Corporation was started in 1939, by two companies, a telegraph manufacturer and a light bulb maker.


title: R.C.D. Espanyol de Barcelona

paragraphs: R.C.D. Espanyol de Barcelona is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Mérida U.D.

paragraphs: Mérida U.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Levante U.D.

paragraphs: Levante U.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Cádiz C.F.

paragraphs: Cádiz C.F. is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: C.D. Numancia de Soria

paragraphs: C.D. Numancia de Soria is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Xerez C.D.

paragraphs: Xerez C.D. is a football club which plays in Spain.

paragraphs: The club formed from a merger of two football clubs ; Xerez FC and CD Jerez in 1947.


title: Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian

paragraphs: Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian OM PRS 30 November 1889 - 8 August 1977) was an English doctor. He won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Charles Scott Sherrington for the discoveries about the functions of neurons.


title: Hydrogen deuteride

paragraphs: Hydrogen deuteride is a diatomic molecule. It is composed of the two isotopes of hydrogen: H protium and H deuterium.


title: Bond albedo

paragraphs: The Bond albedo is the fraction of power in the total electromagnetic radiation hitting an astronomical body which is scattered back out into space. It considers all wavelengths at all phase angles. It is necessary for estimating how much energy a planet or other body absorbs.


title: Geographical pole

paragraphs: A geographical pole is either of two points on the surface of a rotating planet where the axis of rotation meets the surface of the planet. The north geographical pole of a body is 90 degrees north of the equator. The south geographical pole lies 90 degrees south of the equator.


title: Spheroid

paragraphs: A spheroid is one kind of ellipsoid. It is got by rotating an ellipse about one of its principal axes. This means it is an ellipsoid with two equal semi-diameters.

paragraphs: Spheres are spheroids. Spheroids that are not spheres are either oblate or prolate.

paragraphs: Most celestial objects are oblate spheroids. They usually spin, and as they spin, centrifugal force pulls them into that shape. Few natural objects are prolate spheroids.


title: Invariable plane

paragraphs: The invariable plane of a planetary system is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass).

paragraphs: In the Solar System, about 98% of this effect is from the mass of the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune). The invariable plane is within 0.5° of the orbital plane of Jupiter. It is the weighted average of all planetary orbital and rotational planes.

paragraphs: The invariable plane is got from the sum of angular momenta. It is almost invariable (unchanging) over the entire system.

paragraphs: The Sun forms a counterbalance to all of the planets, so it is near the barycenter when Jupiter is on one side and the other three jovian planets (gas giants) are opposite on the other side. The Sun moves 2.17 solar radii away from the barycenter when all jovian planets are in line on other side.

paragraphs: The orbital angular momenta of the Sun and all non-jovian planets, moons, and minor solar system bodies, as well as the axial rotation momenta of all bodies, totals only about 2%.

paragraphs: For almost all purposes the plane can be considered invariable (unchanging) when working in [Newtonian dynamics.


title: G-Force

paragraphs: The g-force of an object is its acceleration relative to free fall. On earth this is 1g, or 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s^2) or equivalently  newtons of force per kilogram of mass (N/kg). Astronauts experience unusually high and low g-forces. G-force can also be seen on rollercoasters. When the coaster goes down the drop, you are pushed back into your seat because of g-force.


title: Sidereal time

paragraphs: Sidereal time is a time-keeping system. It is used by astronomers to find celestial objects. Using sidereal time it is possible to point a telescope to the proper coordinates in the night sky.

paragraphs: Sidereal time is a "time scale based on Earth's rate of rotation measured relative to the fixed stars".

paragraphs: Because the Earth moves in its orbit about the Sun, a mean solar day is about four minutes longer than a sidereal day. Thus, a star appears to rise four minutes earlier each night, compared to solar time. Different stars are visible at different times of the year.

paragraphs: By contrast, solar time is reckoned by the movement of the Earth from the perspective of the Sun. An average solar day (24 hours) is longer than a sidereal day (23 hours, 56 minutes, 4 seconds) because of the amount the Earth moves each day in its orbit around the Sun.


title: Scale height

paragraphs: A scale height is a term for a distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of "e" (the base of natural logarithms). The scale height is usually shown by a capital letter "H".


title: Jupiter impact

paragraphs: Several impacts have been seen on the face of Jupiter

paragraphs: In July 1994, a comet broke up into many pieces and then crashed into Jupiter over the course of many days. The comet was called Shoemaker-Levy 9. The largest pieces left scars on the face of Jupiter. Some of the scars were larger than the Earth.

paragraphs: A large impact was observed with the Keck II telescope and its near-infrared camera at Mauna Kea on July 20 11:20 UT. It occurred on the surface of Jupiter.


title: Ja zuster, nee zuster

paragraphs: Ja zuster, nee zuster (in English: Yes Nurse, No Nurse) was a very popular comedy series on Dutch television in the late 1960s. It was set in a home for old people. The Dutch title literally means, "Yes, Sister; No, Sister"; because in the Netherlands, as in Britain and many other countries, nurses of a certain rank are called "Sister".

paragraphs: The series was broadcast between 1966 and 1968 and consisted of 20 episodes.

paragraphs: The script was written by Annie M.G. Schmidt who was already very well known as a writer of books for children and scripts for television and radio programmes. The songs were written by Harry Bannink.

paragraphs: Dutch people today, especially those who remember the original series, are very disappointed that, apart from one programme, the whole series has been lost. This is because it was recorded on Ampex tape which was very expensive so, after the episodes had been shown on television, other television programmes were recorded on the same tape over the top of it. Some of the film that was shot outside has been preserved. 15 of the songs from the series have also been preserved. They were made into a gramophone record (LP) and later into a CD.

paragraphs: A film with the same title, based on the series, was produced in 2002. It starred Loes Luca as Zuster (Sister) Klivia and Paul Kooij as her landlord and nextdoor neighbour, Buurman Boordeval.

paragraphs: The stories in the television series are about a group of people who live in “Rusthuis Klivia”. The word “rusthuis” means “resthouse”. It is usually used in Dutch to describe an old people’s home (retirement home), although some of the actors in the programme were not really old. There was always chaos in the home. The characters were very strange. One of them grew spinach in the garden, one of them was an engineer who was always doing experiments in the cellar. One of them was a burglar. The neighbour tries to get everyone evicted (thrown out), but he never succeeds.

paragraphs: Each episode had a guest actor who was often a well-known Dutch television personality.

paragraphs: There were many songs in the series. The most popular ones include "De kat van ome Willem" ("Uncle Williams’ Cat"), "Ja Zuster, Nee Zuster" ("Yes Nurse, No Nurse"), "Niet met de deuren slaan" ("Don’t bang the doors") and "M'n opa" ("My grandpa").

paragraphs: In 1999 a book was published with reconstructions of the stories. An exhibition was opened between November 2002 and March 2003 in Hoorn, North Holland. A musical is now being made which should be ready by 2009. It will be performed in many theatres throughout the Netherlands.


title: Tom Gordon

paragraphs: Tom Gordon (born November 18 1967, in Sebring, Florida) was a pitcher for the New York Yankees.


title: Paul Kalas

paragraphs: Paul Kalas (August 13, 1967) is an American astronomer. His discovery of a planet outside of our solar system become famous. The planet is referred to as Fomalhaut b.


title: Stewart Cink

paragraphs: Stewart Ernest Cink (born May 21, 1973) is an American professional golfer. Cink won the 2009 Open Championship, beating five-time winner Tom Watson in a four-hole playoff. He spent 39 weeks in the top 10 of the Official World Golf Rankings from 2004 to 2008.

paragraphs: Cink was born in Huntsville, Alabama and grew up in Florence, where he attended Bradshaw High School. He completed high school in 1991 and he attended Georgia Tech in Atlanta, where he played golf for the Yellow Jackets; he turned professional in 1995. After winning the Mexican Open and three events on the Nike Tour (now the Nationwide Tour) in 1996, Cink joined the PGA Tour in 1997 and won the Canon Greater Hartford Open in his rookie season. Cink performed consistently on the Tour over the next few years, picking up another win at the 2000 MCI Classic. Until his victory in the Open Championship in 2009, 2004 was his career year to date, with a fifth-place finish on the money list and wins at the MCI Heritage and at the WGC-NEC Invitational, which is one of the World Golf Championships events and was the most prestigious win of his career at the time. In 2009 he won his first career major with a playoff victory over 59-year old Tom Watson in The Open Championship.

paragraphs: On February 24, 2008, Cink was the runner-up in the WGC-Accenture Match Play Championship played in Marana, Arizona, falling 8 & 7 in the 36-hole final to top-ranked Tiger Woods. In June 2008, he reached his highest ever ranking, sixth, in the Official World Golf Rankings with his victory at the Travelers Championship in suburban Hartford.

paragraphs: On July 19, 2009, Cink won his first major title at the 138th Open Championship at Turnberry, Scotland, defeating 59 year-old Tom Watson by six strokes in a four-hole playoff. Cink had birdied the 72nd hole while Watson bogeyed, which forced the playoff.


title: Crocs

paragraphs: Crocs are a type of plastic clogs. They have holes in the top of them so your feet can let in air. They also come in many different colours. You can buy different accessories to clip into the holes of the shoe.

paragraphs: The company who make them was founded in 2002 in Colorado.


title: Buxton, Maine

paragraphs: Buxton is a very small farming town in Maine. Around 7558 people live here. It is in York County.


title: Searsport, Maine

paragraphs: Searsport is a town in northern Maine. It is where the Penobscot River joins the Penobscot Bay. Searsport is Maine's second largest deep water port. It is also an important town on the railroad.


title: Brock Lesnar

paragraphs: Brock Edward Lesnar is an American professional wrestler, actor and mixed martial artist.

paragraphs: Lesnar wrestled professionally for World Wrestling Entertainment from 2002 to 2004. When he was in the WWE, he won the WWE Championship three times, the King of the Ring tournament in 2002 and the Royal Rumble in 2003. He left the WWE in 2004 and travelled to Japan to wrestle for New Japan Pro Wrestling. While in Japan he won the IWGP Heavyweight Championship. Lesnar retired from professional wrestling to pursue a career in the UFC.

paragraphs: Lesnar made his return to WWE on April 2, 2012, delivering his finishing move the F5 to John Cena. He began a feud with Triple H and faced him at SummerSlam on August 19, 2012 and won by submission and broke Triple H's arm. He released a tout and said that he was quitting the WWE because he had conquered everything in the WWE.

paragraphs: He returned to the WWE again on January 28, 2013 and delivered an F5 to Vince McMahon as McMahon was about to fire Paul Heyman. The F5 resulted in McMahon's pelvis breaking.

paragraphs: He fought in the UFC from 2008 to 2011, winning the UFC Heavyweight Championship before retiring from the UFC after losing his last match against Alistair Overeem at UFC 141.


title: Dover-Foxcroft, Maine

paragraphs: Dover-Foxcroft is a town in northern Maine. Its ZIP code is 04426.


title: The Border

paragraphs: The Border is a 1982 American crime drama movie by director Tony Richardson. It stars Jack Nicholson, Warren Oates and Harvey Keitel.

paragraphs: The movie is set in Texas and is about a group of US Border Patrol agents who look after the border between the US and Mexico.


title: Hide and Seek (2005 movie)

paragraphs: Hide and Seek is a suspense movie starring Robert DeNiro and Dakota Fanning. It was directed by John Polson.


title: ATP synthase

paragraphs: ATP synthase is an enzyme found in cells that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate. The ATP synthase is powered by the difference of concentration of pH between inside and outside the place where the enzyme is located. The exact mechanism in which it does so is unknown, although it is believed to work like a rotating machine.


title: Bayreuth Festival

paragraphs: The Bayreuth Festival is a music festival held every year in Bayreuth, Germany, at which performances of operas by the 19th century German composer Richard Wagner are performed. It was Wagner's own idea to start a festival for his operas in Bayreuth in a theatre which he designed himself because he was not satisfied with the way that theatres were usually designed.

paragraphs: The theatre that he designed is called the Festspielhaus (Festival House). Wagner watched the theatre being built, making sure that it was done the way he wanted it. He had some new ideas about theatre design. For example: he wanted the orchestra pit to be so low that the orchestra would not be seen by the audience.

paragraphs: When the theatre was opened in 1876 his cycle of operas called the "Der Ring des Nibelungen" was performed complete for the first time.

paragraphs: The festival immediately became internationally famous. Almost every serious musician in Europe wanted to go to Bayreuth to hear Wagner's music performed there. Composers usually either loved it and were strongly influenced by it, or they hated it and reacted against it.

paragraphs: The festival still continues now. Every August there is a festival of Wagner's operas. It is extremely difficult to get tickets because so many people want to go. People often wait for ten years before they can get a ticket.

paragraphs: Wagner wanted the festival to be in a small town where people could just concentrate on his music. Bayreuth already had a theatre, the Markgräfliches Opernhaus, but it was not suitable for modern opera. The town did not have a cultural life that would be in competition with Wagner's music. Another reason for choosing Bayreuth was that it was outside the area where the rights to perform his operas were not under his control (he had sold these rights many years earlier in order to raise money).

paragraphs: King Ludwig II of Bavaria gave a lot of money to Wagner to built the new opera house. Wagner also made tours across Germany to get money for it. Societies were established to raise money.

paragraphs: The architect who designed the opera house was Gottfried Semper.

paragraphs: The opening took place on August 13, 1876, with a performance of Das Rheingold. A lot of important people were there, including Kaiser Wilhelm, Dom Pedro II of Brazil, King Ludwig (who came in secret, perhaps because he did not want to meet the Kaiser), and other members of the nobility, as well as the philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, and the composers Anton Bruckner, Edvard Grieg, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, and Franz Liszt. Hans Richter was the conductor.

paragraphs: During Wagner's life the festival just performed the Ring Cycle and, later, his opera "Parsifal". After Wagner's death, his widow Cosima continued to run the festival. She gradually introduced the other operas Wagner had written, so that all ten operas were in the repertoire. The operas were always performed exactly as Wagner had done. Nothing was allowed to be changed in any way.

paragraphs: After Cosima retired from running the festival in 1906, Wagner's son Siegfried took over management of the festival. He did some things differently, introducing new staging and performance styles. When he died in 1930 the festival was run by his widow Winifred.

paragraphs: In the 1920s, some years before the rise of the Nazi party, Winifred Wagner became a close friend of Adolf Hitler. Because of this, Bayreuth was able to continue getting a lot of money during the Nazi period. Wagner's works were used by the Nazi as propaganda tools. It is strange that Hitler went to performances in Bayreuth that included Jewish and foreign singers, long after they had been banned from performing in all other places in Germany. Winifred's influence with Hitler was so strong that Hitler even wrote a letter to the anti-fascist Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini, begging him to lead the festival. Toscanini refused.

paragraphs: It was during this time that the festival made its first break from tradition. They stopped using the 19th century scenery on the stage. Many people disagreed with this, including Toscanini and Richard Strauss, and even some members of the Wagner family. They thought it should stay exactly like Wagner had known it.

paragraphs: During the war, the Nazi party ran the festival. Operas were performed for soldiers who had been hurt in the fighting. These soldiers were forced to go to lectures on Wagner before the performances, even if they were not interested in music.

paragraphs: A lot of Bayreuth was destroyed by bombing in the last days of World War II, though the theatre itself was undamaged. After the war, Winifred Wagner was sentenced to probation by a war court because she had supported the Nazi party. Ironically, it was because of Winifred that the theatre was not bombed. She had not allowed it to be used for military purposes, so it was not a military target. After the war the theatre was used for other kinds of concerts for the next few years. The festival started again in 1951, opening with a performance of Beethoven's Symphony no 9, followed by a performance of Wagner's opera, "Parsifal"

paragraphs: Wieland Wagner, the composer's grandson, had some very new ideas, including very abstract scenery. Some of the audience even booed. What Wieland was trying to do was to make a big break from the past with its association with Hitler. Wieland died in 1966. For a time people wondered whether the festival would continue. There were a lot of arguments within the Wagner family. Wieland's brother Wolfgang Wagner remained in charge of running the festival for the next 42 years, while the money was controlled by the Richard Wagner Foundation.

paragraphs: Wieland Wagner started a workshop in Bayreuth in which directors could meet and discuss new ideas for presenting the operas. This made it easier for new ideas to be accepted, and gave new life to the festival.

paragraphs: The centenary of the festival was celebrated in 1976 with a great production of the Ring directed by the French director Patrice Chereau. His production concentrated on showing how the Ring was about the 19th century working class being used by the wealthy capitalists. Some people thought it was the best opera performance they had ever seen, others hated it.

paragraphs: There has been a lot of uncertainty about what would happen after Wolfgang retired. Many people wanted the festival to continue to be in the hands of the Wagner family. On 1 September 2008, Wolfgang Wagner's daughters, Eva Wagner-Pasquier and Katharina Wagner, were named by Bavaria's culture minister to take over the Festival. They have said that they want to "bring opera to the people". In 2009 Wagner's opera "Tristan und Isolde" will be live on the web. It will only cost £12.90 to watch online. People will also be able to watch it for free on a big screen in the centre of Bayreuth.


title: Repertoire

paragraphs: Repertoire (pronounce: "Re-per-twahr") is a French word used in music and in the theatre. It means a list of pieces of music or plays. Sometimes the English word repertory is used.

paragraphs: When a pianist speaks about his or her "repertoire", it means all the pieces that he can play. Most famous musicians have a wide repertoire (they can play a lot of pieces).

paragraphs: The "piano repertoire" means all music written for the piano. The violin has a much larger solo repertoire than the viola. That means that much more solo music has been written for the violin than for the viola.

paragraphs: A theatre company may have a "repertoire". That means all the plays that they regularly perform. Sometimes theatre companies are called "repertory theatres" because they have a particular list of plays that they perform.


title: Working class

paragraphs: Working class is a term used to describe people in society who have jobs which are not academic or highly paid. They're usually jobs which are physical, especially when they are paid an hourly wage.

paragraphs: Different societies will have different ideas about what "working class" is. People started talking about the working class after industrialization in the early 19th century. Karl Marx wrote about the working class.

paragraphs: Working class contrasts with middle class and upper class, which are above working class. The underclass is below the working class.


title: Ludwig II of Bavaria

paragraphs: Ludwig II (25 August 1845 in Nymphenburg Palace – 13 June 1886 in Lake Starnberg) was king of Bavaria from 1864 until shortly before his death (Bavaria is now part of Germany, but at that time it was a separate country). He is well known for his support for the composer Richard Wagner.

paragraphs: He is often referred to as the Mad King Ludwig because his behaviour was very odd. For example, he would leave his castle by climbing out of the window instead of walking out of the door. He is sometimes referred to as the Swan King in English and "der Märchenkönig" (the Fairy tale King) in German. This is because he built several very expensive and fancy castles, the most famous one being Neuschwanstein.

paragraphs: It is not clear whether his death by drowning was suicide or whether he was murdered.

paragraphs: Today tourists from all over the world visit the castles that he built. They also visit the Bayreuth Festspielhaus for which he gave a lot of money towards the building.


title: Real Burgos C.F.

paragraphs: Real Burgos C.F. is a football club that played in Spain.


title: Folio

paragraphs: When talking about manuscripts, and printing in general, a folio is a sheet, which is used on both sides. One of the sides is known as "recto", the other one as "verso".


title: Ivan Regen

paragraphs: Ivan (Janez) Regen (called Johann Regen) (December 9, 1868 – July 27, 1947), was a Slovenian biologist. He is best known for his studies in bioacoustics, the science of hearing and communicating.

paragraphs: Regen was born in the village of Lajše (now Slovenia). His mother encouraged his interest in insect sounds. His father lost a lot of money bring cloth into Slovenia and could not pay for Ivan to go to school. Ivan was given a scholarship so that he could go to school at the local seminary. He was able to save enough money go to study in Vienna. He studied natural history at the University of Vienna with teachers Grobben, Exner and Claus. He got his doctorate in 1897 and began to work as a school teacher in Vienna, and later in Hranice, Moravia. Exner helped him get a job back in Vienna. He worked in a secondary school there until his retirement in 1918.

paragraphs: Regen began to study insects in great detail. He was one of the first Slovenian scientists to work in another country after World War I. He was the first scientist to study the grasshopper in a lot of detail. He studied katydid and cricket sounds, he proved that insects did react to sounds from each other. He was able to make crickets react to artificial sounds using a loudspeaker. In one experiment, he used a telephone to send sounds from one cricket to another in different rooms. Later, he showed that insects hear with their ear drum. He was the first person to work out what the ear drum does. He is the person who started the study of bioacoustics. He also studied the insects breathing, their hibernation, coloring, and how they shed their skin.

paragraphs: Regen's largest project was his "geobiological laboratory", a large glass cage, called a terrarium. He used this to study the way crickets could find other crickets using sounds; this is called phonotaxis. Using up to 1600 females with normal or damaged hearing, he was able to work out how they did this.

paragraphs: He worked for himself after 1911, but he supported several groups and organizations in Slovenia. He started using Slovene terminology in his areas of study. In 1921, he was asked to be a professor at the University of Ljubljana, but did not take it. In 1940, he became a member of Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts and was also a member of Slovenian Society of Natural History.

paragraphs: Even though he was a famous scientist known around the world, he was poor and lived alone. His experiments were paid for by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, but he was not allowed to be a member. He did all his work at home. After his death, a lot of his special equipment such as microphones, oscilloscopes, galvanometer, and his written notes were destroyed.


title: Mole cricket

paragraphs: The mole crickets are the family Gryllotalpidae, of broad insects about 3–5 cm (1-2 inches) long, with large eyes and shovel-like forelimbs for burrowing and swimming.

paragraphs: Mole crickets are omnivores or meat eaters, feeding on larvae, worms, roots, and grasses. Common predators of mole crickets include birds, rats, skunks, armadillos, raccoons and foxes.


Hisashi Tsuchida


Yuki Takita


title: Diego Forlán

paragraphs: Diego Forlán (born 19 May 1979) is a Uruguayan football player. He played for Atlético Madrid and the Uruguay national team and is currently a free agent searching for new offers.


title: Augusto Pedro de Souza

paragraphs: Augusto Pedro de Souza (born 5 November 1968) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Ned Zelić

paragraphs: Ned Zelić (born 4 July 1971) is a former Australian football player. He has played for Australia national team.


title: Baccarat, Meurthe-et-Moselle

paragraphs: Baccarat is a town in the Meurthe-et-Moselle area in northeastern France.

paragraphs: In 1764, King Louis the fifteenth allowed to the Bishop of Metz to start a glass factory at Baccarat. The Baccarat crystalworks are famous for their glass and crystal artwork, and the Musée du Cristal, owned by the company, is Lorraine's biggest private museum.

paragraphs: The Church of Saint Rémy is well known for its artistic glass windows.


title: Gun dog

paragraphs: Gun dogs or gundogs, also called bird dogs, are types of dogs used to assist hunters in finding and retrieving game, usually birds. Gundogs are divided into three primary types: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds. Flushing dogs flush game from hiding. Pointer dogs point their muzzle towards game to allow the hunter to locate the animal. Retrievers retrieve game once it is killed. Some kennel clubs define a Gundog Group for gundogs, while other kennel clubs include them in the Sporting Group. The three most popular types are: Spaniel, Golden Retriever and Labrador.


title: Alaskan Klee Kai

paragraphs: The Alaskan Klee Kai is a northern breed of dog of the spitz type. The term "Klee Kai" was derived from Alaskan Athabaskan (Eskimo) words meaning "small dog". The breed was developed to create a pet sized version of the Alaskan Husky, but it more closely resembles the Siberian Husky. This result makes it an energetic, intelligent, apartment-sized dog with an appearance that reflects its northern heritage.

paragraphs: These dogs can come in a variety of different coat colors: black and white, gray and white, red and white and all white. They have a double coat, which means it is thicker.

paragraphs: In 1997, the United Kennel Club recognized the Alaskan Klee Kai. It is a rare breed with not very many dogs.


title: Alaskan Malamute

paragraphs: The Alaskan Malamute is a breed of domestic dog. It was originally bred for use as an Alaskan sled dog. This dog is usually large in size. It is sometimes mistaken for a Siberian Husky. The Alaskan Malamute is strong and powerful and was used to carry heavy loads for long distances.

paragraphs: This dog is the largest and oldest of the Arctic sled dogs. Malamutes can be family pets, but are very active. They enjoy sledding, running and swimming with their owners. Their coat is thick and comes in colors from light gray to black or from sable to red. They have a plumed tail.


title: Aidi

paragraphs: The Aidi or Chien de l'Atlas is a Moroccan dog breed used to protect flocks of sheep and goats. It also can hunt and smell very well.. In its native Morocco it is often paired in hunting with the Sloughi, which chases down prey that the Aidi has found by sniffing it out.


title: Airedale Terrier

paragraphs: The Airedale Terrier (often shortened to "Airedale") is a breed of the terrier type, that first came from Airedale, a geographic area in Yorkshire, England.

paragraphs: It traditionally was called the "King of Terriers" because before the creation of the Black Russian Terrier, the Airedale was largest of the terrier breeds. The breed has also been called the Waterside Terrier, because it was bred to hunt otters in and around the valleys of the River Aire in Airedale. In England this breed has also been used as a police dog.


title: Xinjiang

paragraphs: Xinjiang (also transliterated as Sinkiang) is a northwestern region of the People's Republic of China. Like all of China, it is also claimed by the Republic of China. It is a large area with few people. It is over 1.6 million km, which takes up about one sixth of the country's land. It is mainly inhabited by Uyghurs who are Turkic people.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, when the name of the Silk Road was first used by a German geographer, it just included the land route from Xinjiang to Central Asia. Xinjiang sits at the heart of the Silk Road in China. At that time, the country was often called "Chinese Turkestan" for its many Turkic peoples.

paragraphs: Xinjiang borders the Tibet Autonomous Region and Jammu and Kashmir's Leh District to the south and Qinghai and Gansu provinces to the southeast, Mongolia to the east, Russia to the north and Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan to the west, Pakistan and Kashmir region to the southwest.

paragraphs: Ürümqi is the capital of Xinjiang and the largest city in Western China. It also holds the world record for being the most remote city from any sea in the world; it is 2,500 km from any coastline.

paragraphs: The east-west chain of the Tian Shan Mountains separate Dzungaria in the north from the Tarim Basin in the south. Dzungaria is dry steppe. The Tarim Basin is desert surrounded by oases. In the east is the Turpan Depression. The Taklamakan Desert is also in Xinjiang. Ürümqi, the capital, Turpan, Kashgar, Karamay, Yining and Shihezi are the major cities.


title: Caspian Airlines Flight 7908

paragraphs: Caspian Airlines Flight 7908 was a scheduled commercial flight from Tehran, Iran, to Yerevan, Armenia, that crashed near the village of Jannatabad, outside the city of Qazvin in north-western Iran, on 15 July 2009.


title: Ancyloxypha numitor

paragraphs: The least skipper ("Ancyloxypha numitor") is a butterfly in the family Hesperiidae. It is native to North America. They have a weak, bouncy flight.

paragraphs: The least skipper can be found in damp or wet habitats with tall grasses. In the northern part of the its range, adults may be seen from May to September. In the southern part of its range, adults can be found from February to December. It may be seen all year in southern Florida.

paragraphs: The least skipper has rounded wings and a skinny body. Their antennae are checkered and have no hooks. Male least skipper do not have stigmata. The upper side of the top wing is dark brown, sometimes having orange on it. The bottom wing is orange with a dark brown border around it. The underside of the wings is bright orange. The bottom wing's veins are a whitish color. Its wingspan (length of the wings) is ¾ to 1 inch.

paragraphs: Males find females by looking for them in tall grasses. Females lay their eggs one at a time on the caterpillar's host plant (the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The eggs are pale yellow. The caterpillar makes a nest of grass and silk. The caterpillar is green. It has four pairs of white wax glands on the abdomen near the underside. The head is brown or tan. It is usually darker in the center. The collar (the area between where the head and the body connect) has a white stripe and a black stripe. The chrysalis is a cream color and has brown markings. The caterpillar will hibernate in the winter. The least skipper has 2-4 broods each year.

paragraphs: Here is a list of host plants that the least skipper caterpillar feeds on:

paragraphs: There are some species of butterflies that are similar to the least skipper. They are the European skipper ("Thymelicus lineola"), the tropical least skipper ("Ancyloxypha arene"), the orange skipperling ("Copaeodes aurantiaeca"), and the southern skipperling ("Copaeodes minima").


title: Timothy Geithner

paragraphs: Timothy Franz Geithner (pronounced /ˈɡaɪtnər/; born August 18, 1961), was the 75th United States Secretary of the Treasury from 2009 to 2013. He served under President Barack Obama. Before becoming Secretary of the Treasury, he was president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.

paragraphs: Geithner was born in Brooklyn, New York.