title: Park Lane

paragraphs: Park Lane is a major road in the City of Westminster, in Central London.

paragraphs: Park Lane is about three quarters of a mile (1.2 km) in length, and runs north from Hyde Park Corner to Marble Arch, along the length of the eastern flank of Hyde Park.

paragraphs: Despite the traffic noise, the road is upmarket. It features five-star hotels, such as The Dorchester, Grosvenor House Hotel and InterContinental London Park Lane Hotel, and showrooms for several makes of high-end sports car. The hotels are part of the area known as Mayfair.

paragraphs: Originally a country lane running north-south along what is now the eastern boundary of Hyde Park, it became a fashionable residential address from the eighteenth century onwards. It has views across Hyde Park and a position at the most fashionable western edge of London. It became lined with some of the largest privately owned mansions in London, including the Duke of Westminster's Grosvenor House and the Holford family's Dorchester House (demolished in 1929 and replaced by 1931 with The Dorchester, which are now both hotels, and the Marquess of Londonderry's Londonderry House, which has been demolished.

paragraphs: On a corner with Oxford Street, Somerset House (No. 40), built in 1769-70, was successively the town house of Warren Hastings, a former Governor-General of India, the third Earl of Rosebery, and the Dukes of Somerset.

paragraphs: In the 1960s the Lane was widened to three lanes each way either side of a central reservation. This required the demolition of a number of houses at Hyde Park Corner. It claimed land previously in Hyde Park to make room for the multi-lane carriageway. The result was to diminish the appeal of Park Lane as a residential address, as it became one of the busiest and noisiest roads in central London. It has little or none of the countryside atmosphere that once made it popular. The widening of the road distanced the houses on the east side of Park Lane from Hyde Park itself, access to which is now by underpass.


title: Alghero

paragraphs: Alghero (Italian pronunciation: [alˈɡɛro]; , IPA: [ɫəɫˈɣe], locally: [lalˈɣe]; ; ), is a city of about 44,000 citizens in Italy. It lies in the province of Sassari in northwestern Sardinia, next to the sea.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, the Swedish writer Amelie Posse Brazdova wrote a book entitled "Sardinia Side Show", where she told the complete story of 2 years she spent "interned" in Alghero old town during World War I.


title: Trig point

paragraphs: A triangulation station, also known as a triangulation pillar, trigonometrical station, trigonometrical point, trig station, trig beacon or trig point, and sometimes informally as a trig, is a fixed surveying station, used in surveying. The names of triangulation stations vary regionally; they are generally known as "trigonometrical stations" in North America, "trig points" in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Australia, and "trig beacons" in South Africa; "triangulation pillar" is the more formal term for the concrete columns found in the UK.


title: Pope Leo XI

paragraphs: Pope Leo XI (; 2 June 1535 – 27 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 233rd Pope for only 26 days in April 1605.

paragraphs: He was born in Florence. His grandmother was a sister of Leo X.

paragraphs: In 1567, Medici was ordained as a priest.

paragraphs: In 1569, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, sent Father Medici to be the ambassador of Florence in the court of Pope Pius V. For 15 years in Rome, Father Medici was the representative of the city and the Medici family.

paragraphs: Gregory XIII made him Bishop of Pistoia in 1573. He was named Archbishop of Florence in 1574.

paragraphs: Gregory raised him to the rank of cardinal in 1583.

paragraphs: In 1596, Clement VIII sent Cardinal Medici as ambassador to the court of Henry IV of France.

paragraphs: On 1 April 1605, Cardinal Medici was elected pope. He chose to be called Leo XI in honor of his uncle Pope Leo X.

paragraphs: When he was elected, Leo XI was almost seventy years of age, and he died within the month. His death came as a result of fatigue and cold in the ceremony of taking possession of the Basilica of St John Lateran. He was called "Papa Lampo" ("Lightning Pope") because his papacy was so short.


title: TSG 1899 Hoffenheim

paragraphs: TSG 1899 Hoffenheim is a football club based in Hoffenheim, a suburb of Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg. They play in the German Bundesliga In the year 2000 they played in the 5th division but in 2008 they promoted to the Bundesliga. It was possible with the financial help of the software mogul Dietmar Hopp, who had played in the club's youth system. The financial help was widely criticized by other clubs, fans and by some in the German press. The most important points were the lack of tradition and the small fan base. Hoffenheim has only 3,300 inhabitants, and Sinsheim, where they play their home games, has only about 35,000 residents.


title: Mimosa pudica

paragraphs: well-known species of "Mimosa". It is a creeping annual or perennial herb often grown for its curiosity value: the compound leaves fold inward and droop when touched or shaken, re-opening minutes later. The species is native to South America and Central America, but is now a widespread weed.

paragraphs: The stem is erect in young plants, but becomes creeping or trailing with age. The leaves of the "Mimosa pudica" are compound leaves.

paragraphs: The leaves are bipinnately compound, with one or two pinnae pairs, and 10-26 leaflets per pinna. The round-shaped flower heads, which are inflorescences, are 8–10 mm in diameter (excluding the stamens). The floret petals are red in their upper part and the filaments are pink to lavender. The fruit consists of clusters of 2-8 pods from 1–2 cm long each. The pods break into 2-5 segments and contain pale brown seeds some 2.5 mm long. The flowers are pollinated by the wind and insects. The seeds have hard seed coats which restrict germination.

paragraphs: "Mimosa pudica" is well known for its rapid plant movement.

paragraphs: Like a number of other plant species, it undergoes changes in leaf orientation termed "sleep". The foliage closes during darkness and reopens in light.

paragraphs: The leaves also close when touched, warmed, blown, or shaken. When the plant is disturbed, specific regions on the stems release potassium ions which force water out of the cell vacuoles. The water diffuses out of the cells, producing a loss of cell pressure and cell collapse; this differential turgidity between different regions of cells results in the closing of the leaflets and the collapse of the leaf petiole. This is quite a common trait in the Mimosoideae subfamily of the legume family, Fabaceae. The stimulus can also be transmitted to neighbouring leaves. The function of this trait is not known. The plant may use its ability as a defense from predators. Animals may be afraid of a fast moving plant and would rather eat a less active one. Another possible explanation is that the sudden movement dislodges harmful insects.


title: Pope Leo XII

paragraphs: Pope Leo XII (; 22 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiore Girolamo Nicola Sermattei della Genga, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 253rd Pope from 1823 to 1829.

paragraphs: Della Genga was born in a family of Papal States nobility.

paragraphs: Della Genga was ordained as a priest in 1783.

paragraphs: Pope Pius VII made him his private secretary.

paragraphs: In 1793, he was made Archbishop of Tyre; and he was sent as papal nuncio to Lucerne.

paragraphs: He was the papal nuncio in Cologne between 1794 and 1805.

paragraphs: After 1805, he retired to the abbey of Monticelli near Florence.

paragraphs: In 1820, Cardinal della Genga became Vicar-General of Rome.

paragraphs: Cardinal della Genga was elected pope 1n September 1823.


title: Jim Varney

paragraphs: James Albert "Jim" Varney (June 15, 1949 - February 10, 2000) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, musician, voice actor and comedian. He was born and raised in Lexington, Kentucky. Varney is best remembered for his role as Ernest P. Worrell in many movies and television programs. He died of lung cancer in White House, Tennessee.


title: Pope Damasus II

paragraphs: Pope Damasus II (; died August 9, 1048), born Poppo, was a German priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 152nd Pope for only 24 days from July 17 to August 9, 1048.

paragraphs: Poppo was Bishop of Brixen in the Tyrol Mountains of Germany..

paragraphs: Bishop Popo became pope on July 17, 1048; and he took the name Damasas II. He died within a month after his election.


title: Muhammad Ali Pasha

paragraphs: Muhammad Ali Pasha (4 March 1769 – 2 August 1849) was an Albanian commander in the Ottoman army. He became Wāli, and self-declared Khedive of Egypt and Sudan.

paragraphs: Though not a modern nationalist, he was the founder of modern Egypt because of the dramatic reforms he made to the army, economy, and culture of Egypt. He also ruled some Levantine territories outside Egypt. The dynasty he established ruled Egypt and Sudan until the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.

paragraphs: Muhammed Ali was born in the Ottoman Empire, in the area which is now the Greek province of Macedonia. His Ancestors was from İliç a City in Asia Minor. He led a group of Albanian troops sent to Egypt. They were part of an Ottoman force that reoccupied Egypt after Napoleon's French troops left. The Ottomans had ruled Egypt by a Wali (Governor) with Mamluk troops. The Mamluks were former slaves.

paragraphs: The French Capitulation of Alexandria left a power vacuum in the Ottoman province. Mamluk power had been weakened, but not destroyed, and Ottoman forces clashed with the Mamluks for power. During this period of anarchy Muhammad Ali used his loyal Albanian troops to play both sides, gaining power and prestige for himself. As the conflict drew on, the local populace grew weary of the power struggle. A group of prominent Egyptians demanded that the then Wāli, Ahmad Khurshid Pasha, step down and Muhammad Ali be installed as the new Wāli in 1805.

paragraphs: The Mamelukes were still powerful, so in 1811 he massacred their leaders and sent troops to chase the followers out of Egypt.

paragraphs: Muhammad Ali’s goal was to establish a powerful, European-style state. To do that, he had to reorganize Egyptian society, streamline the economy, train a professional bureaucracy, and build a modern military.

paragraphs: In practice, Muhammad Ali’s land reform amounted to a monopoly on trade in Egypt. He required all producers to sell their goods to the state. The state in turn resold Egyptian goods, and kept the surplus. This was very profitable for Egypt, especially with their cotton, which was of high quality. The new-found profits also extended down to the individual farmers, as the average wage increased fourfold.

paragraphs: Beyond building a more modern economy, Muhammad Ali started to train a professional military and bureaucracy. He sent promising men to Europe to study. Students were sent to study European languages, primarily French, so they could translate military manuals into Arabic. He then used both educated Egyptians and imported European experts to establish schools and hospitals in Egypt. European education also provided talented Egyptians with social mobility. Bright boys from poor families could work their way up, and become successful.

paragraphs: A byproduct of Muhammad Ali’s training program was the establishment of a Civil service. Establishing an efficient central bureaucracy was needed for Muhammad Ali’s other reforms. In the process of destroying the Mamluks, the Wāli had to fill the posts that the Mamluks had previously filled. He divided Egypt into ten provinces, each leader responsible for collecting taxes and maintaining order. Muhammad Ali installed his sons in most key positions; however, his reforms did offer Egyptians opportunities beyond agriculture and industry.

paragraphs: At the start, Muhammad Ali waged war on behalf of the Ottoman Sultan, Mahmud II, in Arabia and Greece. Later, he came into open conflict with the Ottoman Empire.

paragraphs: His first military campaign was an expedition into the Arabian Peninsula. The holy cities of Mecca, and Medina had been captured by the House of Saud, who held a form of Islam called Wahhabism. Armed with their new religious zeal, the Muhammad ibn Saud began conquering parts of Arabia.

paragraphs: With the main Ottoman army busy in Europe, Mahmud II turned to Muhammad Ali to recapture the Arabian territories. Muhammad Ali in turn appointed his son, Tusun Pasha, to lead a military expedition in 1811. The campaign was turned back in Arabia; however, a second attack was launched in 1812 that recaptured Hejaz. After a two-year campaign, the Saudis were crushed and most of the Saudi family was captured. The family leader, Abdullah ibn Saud, was sent to Istanbul, and executed.

paragraphs: Muhammad Ali next turned his attention to military campaigns of his own design, beginning with the Sudan which he viewed as a valuable addition of territory, gold, and slaves. Sudan at the time had no real central authority and used primitive weaponry in its tribal infighting.

paragraphs: In 1820 Muhammad Ali dispatched an army of 5,000 troops commanded by his third son, Ismail, south into Sudan with the intent of conquering the territory and subjugating it to his authority. Ali's troops made headway into Sudan in 1821, but met with fierce resistance. Ultimately, Egyptian troops and firearms ensured the conquest of Sudan. Ali now had an outpost from which he could expand to the source of the Nile in Ethiopia, and Uganda. His administration captured slaves from the Sudan, who were then made into a foot regiment of soldiers. Ali's harsh reign in Sudan, and that of his immediate successors, led eventually to the popular independence struggle of the self-proclaimed Mahdi, Muhammed Ahmed, in 1881.

paragraphs: As Muhammad Ali was expanding his authority into Africa, the Ottoman Empire faced ethnic rebellions in its European territories. The Greek rebellion against Ottoman rule began in 1821. The Ottoman army failed to put down the revolt, and ethnic violence spread as far as Constantinople. Sultan Mahmud II offered Muhammad Ali the island of Crete in exchange for his support in putting down the revolt.

paragraphs: Muhammed Ali sent 16,000 soldiers, 100 transports, and 63 escort vessels under command of his son, Ibrahim Pasha.. Britain, France, and Russia intervened to protect the Greeks. On 20 October 1827 at the Navarino, the entire Egyptian navy was sunk by the European Allied fleet under the command of Admiral Edward Codrington (1770–1851). Muhammad Ali suffered the loss of his competent, expensive navy. With its fleet destroyed, Egypt had no way to support its forces in Greece and was forced to withdraw. Ultimately the campaign cost Muhammad Ali his navy for no gains.

paragraphs: To compensate for his and Egypt's losses, the conquest of Syria was set in motion. Like other rulers of Egypt before him, Ali desired to control the Levant, both for its strategic value and for its rich natural resources. Not only had Syria abundant natural resources, it also had a thriving international trading community with well-developed markets throughout the Levant. It would be a captive market for the goods now being produced in Egypt. Perhaps best of all, Syria was desirable as a buffer state between Egypt and the Ottoman Sultan.

paragraphs: A new fleet was built, a new army was raised and on 31 October 1831, under Ibrahim Pasha, the Egyptian invasion of Syria started the First Turko-Egyptian War. The Egyptians overran most of Syria with ease. The strongest and only really significant resistance was put up at the port city of Acre. The Egyptian force eventually captured the city after a six-month siege. Unrest on the Egyptian home front increased during the course of the siege. Ali was forced to squeeze Egypt more and more to support his campaign, and his people resented the increased burden.

paragraphs: After the fall of Acre, the Egyptian army marched north into Anatolia. At the Battle of Konya (21 December 1832), Ibrahim Pasha soundly defeated the Ottoman army led by the Grand Vizier Reshid Pasha. There were now no military obstacles between Ibrahim's forces and Constantinople itself.

paragraphs: Through the course of the campaign, Muhammad Ali watched the European powers carefully. Fearing another intervention that would reverse all his gains, he proceeded slowly and cautiously. For example, he continued the practice of using the Sultan’s name at Friday prayers in the newly captured territories. He continued to circulate Ottoman coins instead of issuing new ones bearing his likeness. So long as Muhammad Ali’s march did not threaten the complete collapse of the Ottoman state, the powers in Europe remained passive observers.

paragraphs: Despite this show, Muhammad Ali's goal was now to remove the current Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II and replace him with the sultan's son, the infant Abdülmecid. This possibility so alarmed Mahmud II that he accepted Russia's offer of military aid. This led to the Treaty of Hünkâr İskelesi. Russia's gain dismayed the British and French governments, so they worked for a negotiated solution. In May 1833 the Convention of Kutahya was signed.

paragraphs: The terms of the peace were that Ali would withdraw his forces from Anatolia and receive the territories of Crete and the Hejaz as compensation. Ibrahim Pasha would be appointed Wāli of Syria. The peace agreement fell short, however, of granting Muhammad Ali an independent kingdom for himself, leaving him wanting.


title: Masazumi Soejima

paragraphs: In 2011, he won the wheelchair division of the New York City Marathon. He completed the course in 1 hour 31 minutes 41 seconds (1:31:41). He dedicated his race to the children in Japan, who were affected by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and the Fukushima nuclear disaster.

paragraphs: Soejima won the wheelchair division of the Boston Marathon in 2011.

paragraphs: Masazumi has competed in the marathon in both the 2004 and 2008 Summer Paralympics, 10000m in 2004, 5000m and 1500m in 2008.

paragraphs: In the 4x400m relay in 2004, he won a bronze medal.


title: Bayesian probability

paragraphs: Bayesian probability figures out the likelihood that something will happen based on available evidence. This is different from frequency probability which determines the likelihood something will happen based on how often it occurred in the past.

paragraphs: You might use Bayesian probability if you don't have information on how often the event happened in the past.

paragraphs: As an example, say you want to classify an email as "spam" or "not spam". One thing you know about this email is that it has an emoji in the subject line. Say it's the year 2017, and 80% of the emails you got with emoji in them were spam. So you can look at an email with emoji in the subject and say it's 80% likely to be spam.

paragraphs: But if only 1% of your emails were spam and 80% of the emojis were spam, that's different than if half your emails are spam and 80% of emoji emails were spam.

paragraphs: Then you can use Bayes's Theorem to determine one probability of whether this email is spam:

paragraphs: p (is_spam | contains_emoji) = [ p(contains_emoji | is_spam) * p(is_spam) ] / p(contains_emoji)


title: Dani Rodrik

paragraphs: Dani Rodrik (born August 14, 1957 in Istanbul, Turkey) is a Turkish economist in the fields of international economics, economic development and political economy.

paragraphs: He is a professor of economics at John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, where he teaches economics to university students.

paragraphs: Dani Rodrik was born in Istanbul, Turkey to a Sephardic Jewish (Jews who come from Spain) family.

paragraphs: He studied at the high schools, Robert College in Istanbul and École Normale Supérieure in Paris and then at the universities, Harvard University and Princeton University in the United States of America learning economics. He graduated from Harvard University and got his Ph.D. and Professorship from Princeton University.

paragraphs: Dani Rodrik is one of the most important Turkish economists and has made several important contributions to economics. He looks at international economics, economic development and political economy, and has published many articles about them. The main questions of his research are: what makes a good economic policy and why some governments are better than others in adopting it.

paragraphs: He does not like globalization, because he feels it only helps rich people get richer by making poor people poorer and that people lose their jobs. He also thinks that international organizations like the World Bank and the IMF have made it harder for poorer countries to get richer, or even do not allow them to get richer. He writes critical articles against globalization.


title: Tiffani Thiessen

paragraphs: Tiffani Thiessen (born January 23, 1974) is an American sitcom and television actress. She was born in Long Beach, California. She played Valerie Malone in "Beverly Hills, 90210".


title: Saved by the Bell

paragraphs: Saved by the Bell is an American sitcom. It aired on NBC on Saturday mornings from August 1989 to May 1993. The show performed extremely well, although many TV critics did not like it. The show is set in Los Angeles at a fictional high school.


title: Pope Benedict VIII

paragraphs: Pope Benedict VIII (;   –died April 9, 1024), born Teofillato or Theophylactus, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 144th Pope from 1012 to 1024.

paragraphs: Teofillato was the son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum. He was the brother of Pope John XIX. He was related to Pope Sergius IV and the Conti family.

paragraphs: Teofillato was a layman before he was elected pope in 1012.

paragraphs: Benedict was supported by King Henry II of Saxony. Benedict crowned Henry Holy Roman Emperor in 1014.


title: Knights of St. Patrick

paragraphs: The Knights of St. Patrick is a British order of chivalry associated with Ireland. Founded by King George III of Great Britain and Ireland in 1783. Irish-born British General Herbert Kitchener was a Knight of St. Patrick


title: George III

paragraphs: King George III (Born George William Frederick 4 June 1738 29 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 25 October 1760 until 1 January 1801. He was then King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland until his death. He was also Elector of Hanover, making him a Prince of the Holy Roman Empire.

paragraphs: During George's reign, he lost control of the United States of America. His two kingdoms Great Britain and Ireland were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Also during his reign, Great Britain and its successor the United Kingdom were at war with republican and Napoleonic France. The Electorate of Hanover eventually became a Kingdom.

paragraphs: George suffered from periodic bouts of mental illness. One of these caused a crisis in 1788, and attempts were made to nominate his son George IV as regent. He quickly recovered and prevented this.

paragraphs: George signed the Quebec Act of 1774, abolishing William of Orange's anti-Roman Catholic laws in Great Britain's 13 North American colonies. Also during his reign George III signed legislation abolishing some of the anti-Catholic Laws in Great Britain and Ireland. For example, the Catholic Relief Acts of 1772 and 1774 allowed Roman Catholics to have land leases in Great Britain. A 1793 Irish Parliament bill called Hogart's Act allowed Roman Catholics to vote in Irish elections. But George still blocked a proposal in 1800 by the British Parliament to allow Catholics to sit in Parliament.

paragraphs: In the later part of his life, George suffered from recurrent, and eventually permanent, mental illness. Although it has since been suggested that he suffered from the genetic blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness is not certain. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, and George's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales, ruled as Prince Regent. On George III's death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV.

paragraphs: Because of "his plain, homely, thrifty manners and tastes", George has been nicknamed "Farmer George".


title: The Script

paragraphs: The Script are an Irish pop rock group from Dublin. They formed in 2001. They are currently based out of London. They are signed to the Sony Label Group. Their music has been featured in video games and popular TV programs.

paragraphs: These have all gone to the top of the Irish charts. They also did really well in the UK charts, with the first two albums reaching number 1 and "#3" reaching the second position. Their 2012 single "Hall of Fame", made with will.i.am, was a worldwide success.


title: Abercrombie River

paragraphs: The Abercrombie River is a river in New South Wales, Australia. It flows west from Mount Werong to the Wyangala Dam near Cowra. The river is a tributary of the Lachlan, which it joins at Wyangala lake.

paragraphs: The Abercrombie River is in length, and passes through the Abercrombie River National Park. It provides habitat for platypus and rakali. The Goulburn-Oberon Road crosses the Abercrombie River in the steep-sided Abercrombie Gorge.

paragraphs: The first people to live alongside the river were Aborigines of the Wiradjuri and Gundungara tribes. They may have used the river as a trading route. The first European to visit the river was explorer Charles Throsby on 5 May 1819, during an expedition from Sydney to the Central West of New South Wales. Alluvial gold was discovered in and along the river in 1851. This started a small gold rush. It was difficult to find gold because of the rough terrain, and changing water levels in the river. Early miners found up to of gold a day along the river. By 1862 about 45 mining parties were working at Milburne Creek, a minor tributary of the Abercrombie.

paragraphs: It is the furthest east of the inland flowing rivers.


title: Pope Benedict XII

paragraphs: Pope Benedict XII (; died April 25, 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a French priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 198th Pope from 1334 to 1342.

paragraphs: He was the third of the seven popes who lived in Avignon in France.

paragraphs: Jacques Fournier is believed to have been born in Saverdun in the Comté de Foix near Toulouse.

paragraphs: He became a Cistercian monk; and he studied at the University of Paris.

paragraphs: In 1311, he was made Abbot of Fontfroide Abbey.

paragraphs: In 1317, Fourier he was made bishop of Pamiers.

paragraphs: In 1327, he became Bishop of Mirepoix in the Ariège.

paragraphs: Pope John XXIII made Fourier a cardinal in 1327.

paragraphs: Cardinal Fourier was elected pope in 1335; and he chose to be called Benedict XII.

paragraphs: Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Benedict XII ordered the construction of the Palais des Papes in Avignon.


title: La Toya Jackson

paragraphs: La Toya Jackson (born May 29, 1956, near Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, songwriter, writer, actress, television personality and a former model. She was the fifth of ten offspring born to Joseph and Katherine Jackson. She wanted to be an attorney but her father insisted that she work in show business like her siblings. She sang background vocals with The Jackson Five, her brothers' band. She had many musical hits during the 1980s and 1990s and returned in 2004. In 1989 Jackson was on the cover of "Playboy" magazine.

paragraphs: In 1980 Jackson's first album "La Toya Jackson" was released. Jackson wanted the album to be called "La Toya" but her dad would not let her. Her second single "Night Time Lover" was produced by La Toya's brother Michael. Jackson's third album was released in 1984. She sung backing vocals on Michael's single ""P.Y.T. (Pretty Young Thing)". In 1985 Jackson sung on "We Are the World" as part of USA for Africa. It sold over 20 million copies.

paragraphs: In 1991 Jackson's first book "La Toya, Growing Up In The Jackson Family" was published.

paragraphs: Jackson released her ninth album "From Nashville to You" in 1994.

paragraphs: In July 2009 Jackson released the single "Home" in dedication to her brother Michael Jackson, who died on June 25 2009. All of the money from people buying the single went to AIDS_Project Los Angeles, which was one of Michael's favourite charities.

paragraphs: She released a new EP for 2011," Starting Over". In the same year a best-selling memoir written by Jackson of the same name was released. In 2010 she released Dream Cream, a hand cream for Alessandro International.

paragraphs: On April 13, 2013 a reality series about Jackson's life called "Life with La Toya" started on the Oprah Winfrey Network.

paragraphs: Jackson's newest single “Feels Like Love” was played for the first time on December 14 at a West Hollywood nightclub.

paragraphs: She did not move out of the Jackson family home until she was 31 years old. In 1989 Jackson married her manager Jack Gordon. She did not want to. In 1993 Gordon beat Jackson with a chair many times. She had to have 12 stitches in her mouth. In 1996 Jackson escaped from Gordon with the help of her brother Randy. She sued Gordon under the Violence Against Women Act.

paragraphs: It was reported that on December 9 2013 Jackson married Jeffrey Phillips in Los Angeles.


title: Abercrombie River National Park

paragraphs: Abercrombie River National Park is a national park in New South Wales, Australia. It is west of Sydney. The Abercrombie and Retreat Rivers flow through the park. The park protects a large area of open forest, the largest area in this part of New South Wales. There are large trees, Casuarina cunninghamia, growing along the river. The river is normally a series of deep waterholes. In the park there are platypuses, rakalis, wallaroos, red-necked wallabies, swamp wallabies and Eastern Grey Kangaroos.


title: Rakali

paragraphs: Hydromys chrysogaster, also known as Rakali or Water-rat, is an Australian native rodent. The species lives in burrows on the banks of rivers, lakes and estuaries. It feeds on aquatic insects, fish, crustaceans, mussels, snails, frogs, birds' eggs and water birds. Rakali are in length with a thick tail measuring around . They weigh . They have webbed hind legs, waterproof fur, a flattened head, a long blunt nose, many whiskers and small ears and eyes. They are black to brown in colour with an orange to white belly, and dark tail with a white tip.

paragraphs: Until the 1980s, this species was commonly known as Water-rat. During the 1990s there was a push for English common names to be replaced with indigenous names. In 1995 the Australian Nature Conservation Agency recommended that the name Rakali be used as the common name. The Australian Department of Environment and Heritage has taken up this suggestion and both common names are now used.


title: Gila River Arena

paragraphs: The Gila River Arena is a sports arena in Glendale, Arizona. The arena opened on December 26, 2003, and is the current home to the Arizona Coyotes of the National Hockey League (NHL). The arena was originally known as Glendale Arena until online company Jobing.com acquired naming rights in late 2006 for 10 years, which cost a reported $30 million. The building became Jobing.com Arena on January 1, 2007. In 2014, the team ended the contract with Jobing.com and reached a new deal with the Gila River Casinos, owned by a local tribe of Native Americans. The new arena name became official on September 10, 2014.

paragraphs: The arena currently seats 17,125 people (17,534 with standing room). The Arizona Sting of the National Lacrosse League (NLL) also played in the arena from 2003 to 2007.


title: Stockholm Bloodbath

paragraphs: The Stockholm Bloodbath () or Swedish Massacre (8–9 November 1520) was the mass killing of Swedish nobility by the Danish King Christian II (1481–1559). Denmark, Norway and Sweden were part of the Kalmar Union. There had been conflict in Sweden between those who supported the union, and those who wanted independence. In 1520 Christian II had invaded Sweden. The regent of Sweden, Sten Sture the Younger, was killed in battle. Christian II besieged Stockholm for four months. When the city gave in, he made himself king and beheaded 82 leading Swedes, including two bishops for heresy. The reason for heresy was the people of Stockholm had replaced Archbishop Gustav Trolle; this was said to be a crime against the Church. Sture the Younger's body was dug up and burned at the stake. The killings made people so angry that he became known as "Christian the Tyrant". He was chased out of Sweden in 1523.


title: Rebbie Jackson

paragraphs: Maureen Reillette "Rebbie" Jackson (born May 29, 1950 in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer. She is the eldest of the Jackson siblings.

paragraphs: She began performing on stage in 1974 and later appeared in the television program "The Jacksons". In 1984 Rebbie released her debut album "Centipede", her most successful album. The single "Centipede" reached number 4 in the US R&B chart. It has backing vocals from siblings La Toya and Michael Jackson and The Weather Girls. In 1976 she was in the TV series The Jacksons. It was the first TV show starring an African-American family. She then released two more albums in the 1980s and then went on hiatus, returning in 1998 with "Yours Faithfully". She has not had an album released since 1998.

paragraphs: She married Nathaniel Brown in 1968. He died in 2013 of cancer. They have three children, Austin, Stacee (who has Jackson's only grandchild, London), and Yashi Brown.


title: Battle of White Mountain

paragraphs: The Battle of White Mountain in 1620, was the first battle of the Thirty Years War. Duke Maximilian I of Bavaria defeated the forces of Frederick V, Elector of Palantine, King of Bohemia and Moravia.

paragraphs: The cause of the battle was a revolt by a group of Czech lords who threw two governors and a secretary out of the windows of Prague Castle. This incident is known as the Defenestration of Prague. They quickly built up an army of 30,000 to make an independent Protestant country. The Czechs were defeated by a well trained Imperial army, the battle lasting less than one hour. Emperor Ferdinand II replaced Frederick as King of Bohemia, and then killed many who had opposed him. Others were given a choice, convert to Catholicism or leave the country.

paragraphs: White Mountain is now in the city of Prague. There is an open space and monument.


title: Lana Turner

paragraphs: Lana Turner (February 8, 1921 - June 29, 1995) was an American actress. She was born in Wallace, Idaho. She was first discovered and signed into movie contract by MGM when she was 16. She played mainly feature roles and was one of Hollywood's first scream queens. She would become very popular in the 1940s and 1950s. Turner appeared in the television series "Falcon Crest" during 1982 and 1983. The actress died from throat cancer in 1995 in Century City, Los Angeles.


title: Gansus

paragraphs: Gansus is a genus of aquatic birds that lived during the Lower Cretaceous period, between 115 to 105 million years ago (mya). It was found in what is now Gansu province, western China. It is the oldest-known of the Ornithurae, the group which includes modern birds (Neornithes) and extinct related groups, such as "Confuciusornis", "Ichthyornis" and "Hesperornis".

paragraphs: The genus "Gansus" contains a single species, "G. yumenensis", which was about the size of a pigeon and similar in appearance to loons and diving ducks.

paragraphs: "Gansus" was discovered in the form of a single fossil foot in 1981. Five more well-preserved fossils were found in 2003–2004 in mudstone at the site of an ancient lake at Changma, Gansu; the geological stratum in which the fossils were found is the Xiagou Formation. Their bodies had settled in anoxic mud and were soon covered with further extremely fine silty sediments. Without oxygen, their remains resisted decay: these specimens preserved remains of flight feathers and traces of the webbing between their toes.


title: Marumo no Okite

paragraphs: Marumo no Okite is a Japanese television drama starring Sadao Abe and Mana Ashida. Eleven episodes were broadcast by Fuji Television between April 24 and July 3, 2011.


title: This City

paragraphs: This City is the first solo mainstream radio single released by American pop singer-songwriter Patrick Stump off the debut album "Soul Punk" under Island Def Jam Records on July 26, 2011 on his blog. The song features American rapper and songwriter and producer Lupe Fiasco. The original track does not feature Fiasco's addition to the rap versus in the single. In January 2010, Stump announced that he was producing his debut solo album, titled "Soul Punk". This came after Fall Out Boy (his main band)'s hiatus in late 2009. His album is a complete solo effort as he is doing everything: performing, composing all music, penning all lyrics, playing over ten instruments and producing, with the album's recording is funded by his own Fall Out Boy earnings. Its musical direction is generally pop/R&B orientated and has been described by Stump as "soul punk" and "smart pop," drawing influence from a wide scope of artists including Prince, Michael Jackson and David Bowie. According to Stump, the song changed the entire course of "Soul Punk". "I had written a while draft of the album and then at the 11th hour came up with "This City," I really loved the song but felt like, conceptually, it didn't fit on the album. I had to go back and make an album for that song because I loved it so much. So one of the holdups on [the album] was re-writing the record around [it]." With "Soul Punk" originally due in February 2011, Stump delayed it to October 18 and rebuilt the album with the song, releasing "Truant Wave" EP in the meanwhile for its delay in February 2011. "I had this feeling that the album was disjointed, and right before I was mastering, I played "This City" for my manager — I really liked it, but I was unsure about it, although I thought it was what I wanted to say — and he was like, 'Put it on, it's great! Then I thought, 'Well, if I'm going to put that on the record, then I really need to go back to the drawing board.' Basically I took "This City", "Everybody Wants Somebody", "Allie", and a song called "Dance Miserable", and rebuilt the album around those four songs."

paragraphs: A music video for the remix has been released, directed by Ken Koller. On September 13, Patrick Stump announced that the music video for "This City" (remix) would premiere on September 20 on Vevo with a teaser on Idolitor. Prior to that he Tweeted about the video in the making Twitter and a behind-the-scenes clip was reported by MTV on their website. The video features Stump dancing and performing the song in a room with flashing lights, projections and heavy use of special effects, alternating with brief grayscale flashes of a city. Despite not being available at first, Lupe Fiasco appears for one scene by himself. Stump and Koller made the video simplistic to let the music do the talking rather than the video.

paragraphs: "There's not really a plot, there's not really a story to it. The song's called 'This City,' and it describes a lot of these images in a city, and I feel like those images are already there; it would be kind of redundant to take a camera into a city; it's almost like the colors and the lights and the images that are going to be around this are going to be representing the life in a city. One thing that Ken and I were talking about is that a city is so complicated, so ... we wanted to do something a bit different with it, and a bit more abstract [...] the treatment was really funny to look at; it was literally one sentence, like 'Patrick stands in a room and sings and we project all these images and lights on the walls.'"—Stump, reported by MTV.


title: Ornithurae

paragraphs: Ornithurae (meaning 'bird tails' in Greek) is the name of a natural group which includes all modern birds as well as their extinct relatives with plough-shaped pygostyles (†Ichthyornis, †Hesperornithes, †Limenavis). This is a bone at the end of the tail which allows the tail feathers to fan and retract. "Gansus", from the Lower Cretaceous of China is the earliest known at 110 million years ago.


title: Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener

paragraphs: Field Marshal Horatio Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener KG, KP, GCB, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, ADC, PC (24 June 1850 – 4 June 1916) was an Irish born British Field Marshal.

paragraphs: Kitchener was Sirdar (British Commander in Chief) of the Egyptian Army. He defeated the Mahdist rebels against Egyptian rule in 1898 and conquered the Sudan for Britain and (nominally) Egypt.

paragraphs: He was Chief of Staff during the Boer War of 1899-1902. From 1899-1900 he was also Commander-in-Chief of the forces in southern Africa. He was given many orders of chivalry, both British and foreign, including Knight of St. Patrick and Knight of the Garter.

paragraphs: At the start of the First World War, the Prime Minister, Asquith, quickly appointed Lord Kitchener Secretary of State for War. A massive recruitment campaign began, featuring his image in a famous advertisement. Kitchener was drowned in 1916 when the HMS Hampshire sunk near the Orkney Islands after hitting a German mine.


title: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

paragraphs: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was the name of the Sudan when it was a colony of the United Kingdom and Egypt. It was officially under the joint rule of both countries, but really the British controlled the government from the beginning. Every Governor was British, and all decisions about the country were made by the British, although many of the administrators of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were Egyptians. The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was created in 1899 when the Egyptian Army under Herbert Kitchener recaptured the Sudan, which was before an Egyptian colony, from the Madhists, a group of Islamic rebels against Egypt.


title: Condominium (international law)

paragraphs: Condominium means a colony ruled jointly by two or more countries. Examples include the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, which was in name under the joint rule of the United Kingdom and Egypt, although in fact a British colony with all political decisions up to the British despite having many Egyptians involved in administering the country, and New Hebrides, which was under the joint rule of the UK and France.


title: Neornithes

paragraphs: The Neornithes are the modern birds. These are the most recent common ancestor of all living birds and all its descendants. There are about 9 to 10,000 known living bird species in the world.

paragraphs: Modern birds are divided into two superorders; the Palaeognathae (tinamous and flightless ratites), and the Neognathae, containing all other birds.

paragraphs: It is generally agreed that the Neornithes evolved in the Cretaceous and that the split between the Palaeognathae and Neognathae, and then the split between fowl and the other Neognathae, occurred before the K/T extinction event. The earliest fossil remains of the Neornithes might be about ten million years after the start of the Cretaceous. "Gallornis" may be the first fossil, but its remains are only a worn partial femur and a fragment of the humerus.

paragraphs: There are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. Molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence suggest an early Tertiary radiation. Attempts made to bring together the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial.

paragraphs: The classification of modern birds is difficult. Sibley & Ahlquist's "Phylogeny and classification of birds" (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, though it is often debated and revised. Most evidence suggests that the modern bird orders are accurate taxa. More recently, new fossil and molecular evidence is providing an increasingly clear picture of the evolution of modern bird orders.


title: Antipope

paragraphs: Antipope is a term of the Roman Catholic Church in the context of its official list of popes. An antipope is not included in the list of popes in the Vatican's annual directory, "Annuario Pontificio"

paragraphs: An antipope is a pretender who falsely claims to be pope or who wrongly opposes the legitimate and recognized pope.

paragraphs: The existence or claims of an antipope produces a schism in the Roman Catholic Church. A conflict is caused by those who are opposing the authority of the pope.


title: Palaeognathae

paragraphs: The Palaeognathae or paleognaths are one of the two living superorders of birds. The other living superorder is Neognathae. Together these two clades form the subclass Neornithes.

paragraphs: Paleognath is a word derived from the ancient Greek for "old jaws" in reference to the skeletal anatomy of the palate, which is described as more primitive and reptilian than that in other birds. Paleognathous birds are uncontroversially the most primitive, or basal, living birds, though there is some controversy about the precise relationship between them and the other birds.

paragraphs: This superorder contains four extant orders of flightless ratites and one order of flying tinamous;

paragraphs: The order Tinamiformes (tinamous) includes nine living genera and forty-seven species.

paragraphs: The Apterygiformes (kiwis) include five species in one genus ("Apteryx").

paragraphs: The Casuariiformes have two genera. The cassowaries ("Casuarius") have three species and the emus (Dromaius) have one living and one recently extinct species.

paragraphs: The Rheiformes (rheas) have two genera with one species each.

paragraphs: The Struthioniformes (ostriches) have only one living species.

paragraphs: There are extinct orders: the Lithornithiformes, the Dinornithiformes (moas), and the Aepyornithiformes (elephant birds). There are other extinct orders which have been allied with the Palaeognathae by at least one author, but their affinities are a matter of dispute: the Ambiornithiformes, the Gansuiformes, the Paleocursornithiformes, the Gobipterygidae.

paragraphs: These are the families of running-birds:


title: Neognathae

paragraphs: Neognaths are birds in the subclass Neornithes. The Neognathae include almost all living birds: their sister taxon Palaeognathae has just the tinamou and the flightless ratites.

paragraphs: There are nearly 10,000 species of neognaths. Since the Cretaceous they have undergone an adaptive radiation. This has produced the variety of form, function, and behavior which we see today. The Passeriformes (perching birds) are the largest order of land vertebrates. They are some 60% of living birds.

paragraphs: The neognaths have fused hand bones, an elongate third finger, and 13 or fewer vertebrae. They differ from the Palaeognathae in features like the structure of their jawbones. "Neognathae" means "new jaws" but, ironically, paleognath jaws are one of the few derived) features of that group.


title: Pope Benedict XIII

paragraphs: Pope Benedict XIII (; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini, later Friar Vincenzo Maria Orsini, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 246th Pope from 1724 until his death in 1730. He was the third and last member of the Orsini family to be a pope.

paragraphs: He was born in Gravina in Puglia near Naples. He was the son of Ferdinando III Orsini, Duke of Gravina.

paragraphs: In 1667, Orsini entered the Dominican Order. As a monk, his name was Vincent Maria.

paragraphs: Pope Clement X raised the monk to the rank of Cardinal of "San Sisto" on 22 February 1672.

paragraphs: In 1675, he was made Bishop of Manfredonia.

paragraphs: In 1686, he was made Archbishop of Benevento.

paragraphs: Cardinal Orsini was elected pope on May 28, 1724; and he chose to be called Benedict XIII.

paragraphs: Pope Benedict was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: In 1727, he ordered construction of the famous Spanish Steps in Rome.

paragraphs: In 1729, the pope helped bring about the Treaty of Seville between Great Britain, France, and Spain.

paragraphs: Benedict was buried in a tomb in Santa Maria sopra Minerva completed by Pietro Bracci and others.


title: Occupied territory

paragraphs: Occupied territory is territory under military occupation. Examples of this are the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany, Palestine and Kashmir.


title: Báthory family

paragraphs: Báthory was the name of an aristocratic family in Europe in the Middle Ages. Members included Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, Erzsébet Báthory, a countess and wife of General Francis Nadasdy and alleged serial murderer, and Andreas Bathory, a Roman Catholic bishop and prince.


title: Armenia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Armenia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1994. They have taken part in all summer and winter Olympics since then.

paragraphs: Before Armenia became independent, they competed in the Olympics as a part of the Soviet Union team. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Armenia got their own team.

paragraphs: The Armenian athletes have won twelve medals altogether. They won these medals in wrestling, weightlifting and boxing.


title: Pope Benedict XIV

paragraphs: Pope Benedict XIV (; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 248th Pope from 1740 until his death in 1758.

paragraphs: In 1725, Lambertini was made Bishop of Theodosia. He became the Bishop of Ancona in 1727. He was made Bishop of Bologna in 1731.

paragraphs: lambertini was raised to the rank of cardinal in 1728.

paragraphs: He was elected Pope in 1740; and he chose to be called Benedict XIV.

paragraphs: Benedict confirms the title of King of Prussia, which was taken in 1701 by the Elector of Brandenburg.

paragraphs: The pope remained neutral in the War of the Spanish Succession.

paragraphs: Benedict ordered the construction of the Fountains of Trevi.

paragraphs: During Benedict's reign, the creation of a Vatican Library catalogue was begun.


title: Treaty of Northampton

paragraphs: The Treaty of Northampton signed in 1328 was an agreement between England and Scotland that recognised Scotland as an independent country and Robert the Bruce as its king. Edward I of England and his son Edward II had been fighting wars against Robert the Bruce for more than 20 years. Edward II believed that he was the rightful King of Scotland. In 1327, Edward II was forced from his throne by his wife, Isabella of France and her lover, Roger Mortimer. Edward's young son, Edward III became King of England at the age of 15. Robert the Bruce saw a chance in the confusion in England and immediately sent James Douglas to attack the north of England. The English, scared that they would lose, wanted a peace treaty. The Treaty of Northampton secured peace between the two countries. As part of the treaty, Edward II's six year old daughter, Joan of the Tower was married to Robert's four year old son, David II.


title: Sudanese People's Liberation Army

paragraphs: Sudan's people liberation army (SPLA) and Sudan's people liberation movement is a political party in South Sudan. It was founded as a resistance movement / rebel group in 1963. As Sudan's people liberation army, it fought against the Sudanese government, in the Sudanese Civil War. This war ended in 2005. Officially, the movement wanted to create a free secular Sudan, which it called "New Sudan". In reality, however, many people in the movement wanted to create an independent state, South Sudan. In 2005, there was a peace treaty. From that moment, until 2011, the SPLM was part of the Sudanese government. Since the independence of South Sudan in 2011, the SPLM is de facto the only party in the country. In the south, the SPLA will become the regular army. In the north, the SPLM is still part of the government. In the provinces South Kordofan and Blue Nile, the SPLA is one of the armies fighting the government.


title: Nancy Grace

paragraphs: Nancy Ann Grace (born October 23, 1959 in Macon, Georgia) is an American TV host, attorney and author. She hosts a celebrity TV show (also titled as "Nancy Grace Live"). She often discusses issues from what she calls a victim rights' standpoint.


title: Shaheen falcon

paragraphs: The shaheen falcon ("Falco peregrinus peregrinator") is also known as the Indian peregrine falcon, Other names are the black shaheen, Pakistani shaheen, or simply the shaheen.

paragraphs: It is a non-migratory subspecies of the peregrine falcon found mainly in hilly and mountainous regions of the Indian subcontinent and the nearby island of Sri Lanka. In Pakistani literature, the shaheen has a special association with the poetry of the country's national poet, Allama Muhammad Iqbal. The Pakistan Air Force has as a symbol and in Gilgit-Baltistan it is the unofficial bird of the region.


title: Stephen Bathory

paragraphs: Stephen Báthory (27 September 1533 – 12 December 1586) was a Hungarian Prince of Transylvania (1571–1586), then King of Poland (1576–1586) and Grand Duke of Lithuania (1576–1586).


title: Girl You Know It's True

paragraphs: "Girl You Know It's True" is a 1988 song by Milli Vanilli. The song hit #3 in the United Kingdom and #2 in the United States. In 1989, while the duo performed the song during a concert in Connecticut, the record skipped and revealed a case of lip synching. This created controversy and eventually led to the end of Milli Vanilli.


title: Nanda Devi

paragraphs: Nanda Devi () is the highest mountain in the Republic of India. It is also the national mountain of the nation. It is holy to the Hindus, source of the Ganges river.

paragraphs: Nanda Devi lies in the state of Uttarakhand.


title: Pope Benedict XV

paragraphs: Pope Benedict XV (; , 21 November 1854 – 22 January 1922), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 259th Pope from 1914 until his death in 1922.

paragraphs: His pontificate was largely overshadowed by World War I.

paragraphs: Della Chiesa was ordained a priest on 21 December 1878.

paragraphs: Pope Pius X made della Chiesa Bishop of Bologna in 1907.

paragraphs: On 25 May 1914, Giacomo della Chiesa was created a cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Della Chiesa was elected pope in 1914; and he chose to be called Benedict XV.

paragraphs: In 1918, Pope Benedict was excluded from the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, despite his entreaties to be made part of the talks.

paragraphs: Benedict XV helped develop a Code of Canon Law.

paragraphs: Benedict XV was the fourth Pope since the Kingdom of Italy took possession of Rome.

paragraphs: Benedict XV fell ill with pneumonia (influenza) in early January 1922. He died on 22 January 1922. The Italian Government lowered its flags to half-mast; and Benedict XV was the first pope to be honored in this way.

paragraphs: In 2005, Pope Benedict XVI explained why he chose the name Benedict:


title: Chak Haryam

paragraphs: Chak Haryam () is a village, near Islamgarh in the Chakswari tehsil of the Mirpur District in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.

paragraphs: According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 973.

paragraphs: Like many villages in the Mirpur region, many of its residents have emigrated to the United Kingdom.


title: The Cardigans

paragraphs: The Cardigans are a Swedish pop rock group that started in October 1992. Their debut studio album "Emmerdale" gave them very strong base in Sweden. However, it was not until their 1995 album "Life" was released that an international reputation was secured. Their popularity really soared in 1996 when the song "Lovefool" was released. They've carried other hit songs in addition to that. The group went on hiatus in 2006.


title: Les Invalides

paragraphs: Les Invalides is a landmark in Paris, France. It was built between 1670 and 1676 as a place for retirement of French war veterans. It consists of several buildings. It was also used as a burial place for French marshals and generals. Les Invalides is best known for housing the tomb of Napoleon Bonaparte. Nowadays, the complex houses the Museum of Arms, the Museum of Contemporary History, and the Museum of Plains-Reliefs.


title: Rakia

paragraphs: Rakia is a brandy made from fermented fruit. It is very popular in Serbia and Bulgaria. It can be made from different fruits including pears, apricots, figs, plums and grapes.

paragraphs: Rakia is а national drink of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia to many people.


title: Swimming

paragraphs: Swimming is the movement of the body through water using arms and legs. Most of the time equipment is not used. People swim for exercise, for fun, and as a sport. People can swim in the sea, swimming pools, rivers and lakes. There are several styles of swimming, known as "strokes", including: "breaststroke", "freestyle", "butterfly", and "backstroke" are some of them. Many schools use swimming as a physical training exercise.

paragraphs: Swimming works all the muscles simultaneously. It is impact free. It also builds up stamina. The goal of competitive swimming is to improve speed, and to beat other competitors in events. Some professional swimmers, who do not hold a national or world ranking, are considered the best because of their technical skills. An athlete goes through several stages of training. At the beginning, the body is overloaded with work. The workload becomes less closer to the date of the competition. This final stage is often referred to as "shave and taper"; the swimmer tapering downs his or her workload to be able to perform at their optimal level. At the end of this stage, before competition, the swimmer shaves off all exposed hair and dead skin. Often confused within shaving, swimmers shave to rid the skin of dead skin cells to expose sensitive skin to the water. The effect of shaving is a decrease in drag from hair and an increase in the sensation of "feeling" the water. Women who are menstruating may also use tampons rather than pads.

paragraphs: There are several styles in swimming. Some of them are:

paragraphs: Sometimes equipment is used when swimming, and can include:


title: One Step at a Time

paragraphs: "One Step at a Time", released in 2008, became the third single off Jordin Sparks' first album. This song reached #17 on "Billboard" Hot 100. It hit #3 on the R&B charts in the USA.


title: John Chafee

paragraphs: John Lester Hubbard Chafee (October 22, 1922 – October 24, 1999) was an American politician. He was an officer in the United States Marine Corps. He was the 66th Governor of Rhode Island. He was the Secretary of the Navy. He was a United States Senator.

paragraphs: Chafee was born on October 22, 1922 in Providence, Rhode Island. He studied at Yale University and at Harvard Law School. Chafee was married to Virginia Coates until his death in 1999. They had six children; one daughter was killed in an racing accident.

paragraphs: Chafee died suddenly on October 24, 1999 from congestive heart failure in his home in Washington, D.C., aged 77. He is buried at Chafee Family Cemetery in Warwick, Rhode Island.

paragraphs: Chafee's son, Lincoln, is a former governor and former senator of Rhode Island.


title: Heavy D

paragraphs: Dwight Arrington Myers (May 24, 1967 - November 8, 2011), better known by his stage name Heavy D, was a Jamaican-American rap musician. He was born in Mandeville, Jamaica and raised in Mount Vernon, New York, United States. He began rapping in the late 1980s. His hip hop group, Heavy D and the Boys, were affiliated with East Coast rap music.

paragraphs: He died in Los Angeles, California from a pulmonary embolism as a result of diabetes.


title: Biological control

paragraphs: Biological control, or biological pest control, is the reduction of pest populations by using natural enemies. It is important because crop pests become resistant to chemical pesticides.

paragraphs: Natural enemies of insect pests include predators, parasitoids, and pathogens. Biological control agents of weeds include herbivores and plant pathogens. Predators, such as birds, lady beetles and lacewings, are free-living species that eat many prey during their lifetime.

paragraphs: Parasitoids are species whose larvae develop on or in a single insect host, ultimately killing or fatally infecting the host. Most have a very narrow host range. Many species of wasps and some flies are parasitoids.

paragraphs: Pathogens are disease-causing organisms including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. They kill or debilitate their host and are relatively specific.

paragraphs: There are three basic types of biological control strategies; conservation, classical biological control, and augmentation.

paragraphs: A Chinese text from 304 AD, "Records of the plants and trees of the southern regions", by Hsi Han, describes mandarin oranges protected by large reddish-yellow citrus ants. The ants attack and kill insect pests of the orange trees. The citrus ant ("Oecophylla smaragdina") was rediscovered in the 20th century, and now is again used in China to protect orange groves.


title: Manuel Noriega

paragraphs: Manuel Antonio Noriega Moreno (11 February 1938 – 29 May 2017) was a Panamanian politician and general.

paragraphs: Noriega went to high school and had a career in the army. He was the de facto ruler of Panama between 12 August 1983 and 20 December 1989. In 1992, a United States court convicted him of drug trafficking, racketeering, and money laundering. Noriega served a prison sentence in the US, which ended in 2007. He was then extradited to France, where he served another sentence.

paragraphs: A conditional release was given to him on September 23, 2011. Noriega was sent to Panama to serve 20 years. He arrived in Panama on December 11, 2011.

paragraphs: Noriega died at a medical center in Panama City on 29 May 2017 from complications of brain surgery at the age of 83.


title: Sosigenes of Alexandria

paragraphs: Sosigenes of Alexandria was an astronomer in the 1st century BC. Julius Caesar consulted him, and other astrologers, before introducing the Julian calendar. Sosigenes also influenced Caesar's writing "De astris", but only parts of it remain. Pliny the Elder wrote In his Natural History that Sosigenes observed that the planet Mercury never had an elongation angle greater than 22 degrees from the sun.


title: Auld Alliance

paragraphs: The Auld Alliance (Scots) () was an alliance between the kingdoms of Scotland and France. It played a major role in the relations between Scotland, France and England from its beginning in 1295 until the 1560 Treaty of Edinburgh. The alliance was renewed by all the French and Scottish monarchs of that period except for Louis XI. By the late 14th century, the treaty was renewed even when France or Scotland was not at war with England.

paragraphs: The alliance dates from the treaty signed by John Balliol and Philip IV of France in 1295 against Edward I of England. The treaty said that if either country was attacked by England, the other country would invade England. That happened at the Battle of Flodden Field, 1513. The alliance played an important role in conflicts between both countries and England, such as the Wars of Scottish Independence, the Hundred Years' War, the War of the League of Cambrai and the Rough Wooing.

paragraphs: In a speech which he delivered in Edinburgh in June 1942, Charles de Gaulle described the alliance between Scotland and France as "the oldest alliance in the world":

paragraphs: "In every combat where for five centuries the destiny of France was at stake, there were always men of Scotland to fight side by side with men of France, and what Frenchmen feel is that no people have ever been more generous than yours with its friendship."

paragraphs: In 1995, celebrations were held in both countries for the 700th anniversary of the beginning of the alliance.


title: Berwick

paragraphs: Berwick-upon-Tweed (historically known as "South Berwick") is a border town in the north of England.


title: Aepyornis

paragraphs: Aepyornis is an Elephant bird, one of three genera of ratite birds endemic to Madagascar until their extinction about 1000 A.D. The species "A". "maximus" weighed up to , and until recently was regarded as the largest known bird of all time. However, in 2018 the largest "Aepyornis" specis, weighing up to , was moved to the related genus "Vorombe".


title: Sosigenes the Peripatetic

paragraphs: Sosigenes the Peripatetic was a philosopher who lived in the 2nd century AD. He followed the Aristotelian school of thought, and was one of the first people to write interpretations and commentaries to Aristotle's work.

paragraphs: He was the tutor of Alexander of Aphrodisias, and wrote a work "On Revolving Spheres". On 4th September 164 AD, he watched an 'annular' solar eclipse. He noticed that, unlike a total solar eclipse, the apparent size of the moon was smaller than that of the sun. This meant the distances between the sun, moon and earth were not the same at different eclipses. For this reason, sun and moon could not be on a circular movement around the same centre.

paragraphs: This was a significant discovery. It pinpointed a difficulty with the theory that the earth was the centre of the known universe. Much later, Nicolaus Copernicus used the same idea when he proposed a heliocentric view. In this view, the earth, moon and the planets rotate around the sun, which does not move.


title: Lara Flynn Boyle

paragraphs: Lara Flynn Boyle (born March 24, 1970 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American movie and television actress. She is known for many movie roles. She is best known for her roles in television programs. Her television work includes "The Practice" and "Twin Peaks".


title: Harriet Arbuthnot

paragraphs: Harriet Arbuthnot was born September 10, 1793. She was an English diarist, a social observer and a political hostess on behalf of the Tory party during the 1820s. She was the closest woman friend to the hero of the Battle of Waterloo and British Prime Minister, 1st Duke of Wellington. She died on August 2, 1834.


title: Jos Luhukay

paragraphs: Jos Luhukay (born 13 June 1963 in Venlo,Netherlands) is a Dutch football coach and former player. He played for different teams in Germany and the Netherlands. After the end of his career he became coach. Since 2016 he is coach of VfB Stuttgart.


title: Pope Sixtus V

paragraphs: Pope Sixtus V (; 13 December 1520 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 228th Pope from 1585 to 1590.

paragraphs: Felice Peretti was born in December 1520 at Grottammare in the province of Ascoli Piceno.

paragraphs: Peretti became a Franciscan; and in 1560, he became Apostolic vicar of his order.

paragraphs: In 1565, Pope Pius IV assigned Peretti to work with Cardinal Buoncompagni (who would become Pope Gregory XIII); but they did not work well together.

paragraphs: In 1566 Pope Pius V made Peretti Bishop of Sant' Agata dei Goti in the Kingdom of Naples.

paragraphs: In 1570, Peretti was raised to the rank of cardinal.

paragraphs: After the election of Gregory XIII, Peretti withdrew from public activities.

paragraphs: Cardinal di Montalto was elected pope in 1585; and he chose the name Sixtus V.

paragraphs: During the reign of Sixtus V, the dome of St Peter's Basilica was completed;. The external dome was covered with lead and the bands were covered with bronze gilt.

paragraphs: A building for the Vatican Library was constructed.

paragraphs: The investment in public works included the loggia of Sixtus in the Basilica of St. John Lateran; the chapel of the Praesepe in Santa Maria Maggiore; additions and repairs to the Quirinal Palace, Lateran Palace and Vatican Palace; the erection of four obelisks (including the one in the Piazza of St Peter's; the opening of six streets; and the restoration of the aqueduct of Severus ("Acqua Felice").


title: Lacewing

paragraphs: Lacewings, or 'Green lacewings', are insects in the large family Chrysopidae of the order Neuroptera. There are about 85 genera and (differing between sources) 1,300–2,000 species in this widespread group. However, in America and Europe, the two genera "Chrysopa" and "Chrysoperla" are very common.

paragraphs: Most species of lacewings and their larvae are active predators, and are often used for biological control.

paragraphs: Many adults of "Chrysopa" can defend themselves by giving out a vile smell from glands at the front of their thorax.

paragraphs: They have 'ears' at the base of their front wings. When they hear bat echolocation sounds, they close their wings and drop down. They can escape spider webs, because, being so light, they do not create much vibration to alert the spider. Instead of struggling like most insects, the lacewing bites through the strands holding its legs and antennae. When it is stuck only by its wings, it become completely immobile. Slowly, the lacewing slides downwards out of the web. Tiny hairs on the wings prevent the sticky spider silk from touching the wings' surface.

paragraphs: The larvae are voracious, attacking other insects of suitable size, especially soft-bodied ones (aphids, caterpillars and other insect larvae, insect eggs). When they touch a potential prey object, the larva grasps it. Their maxillae are hollow, and inject a digestive secretion into the prey. The organs of an aphid can be dissolved by this in 90 seconds.


Pope Sixtus


title: Emma Thompson

paragraphs: Dame Emma Thompson (born 15 April 1959) is a British screenwriter, actress and comedian. She was born in Paddington, London, the elder daughter of Eric Thompson and Phyllida Law. She was raised in West Hampstead. Her sister is Sophie Thompson.

paragraphs: Thompson has a Master of Arts degree from Newnham College, Cambridge.

paragraphs: She has won many Academy Awards for her acting. Her many movies include the Harry Potter franchise and the Nancy McPhee series. She has also won many BAFTA Awards.

paragraphs: Thompson was married to Kenneth Branagh from 1989 until they divorced in 1995. She has been married to Greg Wise since 2003.


title: What's Love Got to Do with It

paragraphs: "What's Love Got to Do with It" is the second single released in May 1984. It is from Tina Turner's album, "Private Dancer". The song is a pop rock and soul song written by Graham Lyle and Terry Britten. Britten produced the song.

paragraphs: It became Turner's most successful song. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US, in Australia, and the top five in New Zealand, Austria, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. The title of this song was used for a 1993 biographical movie that was distributed by TriStar Pictures.


title: Little Children (movie)

paragraphs: Little Children is a 2006 drama movie based on the novel of the same name. Actress Kate Winslet plays a reluctant housewife and mother from Boston in the film.

paragraphs: Reviews of "Little Children" were mostly positive. The movie got an 80% rating from the Rotten Tomatoes.

paragraphs: "Little Children" was listed on many critics' top ten lists.


title: Pierre Gamarra

paragraphs: Pierre Gamarra (Toulouse, July 10, 1919 – Argenteuil, May 20, 2009) was a French writer. He was a poet and novelist. He is famous for his poems and novels for the children. Pierre Gamarra also worked for a literary magazine, "Europe".

paragraphs: Gamarra was born in Toulouse in 1919. From 1938 to 1940, he was a teacher in the south of France. He became a journalist in 1944.

paragraphs: In 1948, he received an international prize for his novel "The Fiery House".

paragraphs: In 1951, he began working for the literary magazine "Europe".

paragraphs: Gamarra died in 2009 in Argenteuil, near Paris, at age 89.

paragraphs: Most of Gamarra's novels are set in the southwest of France. That is the region where is was born.

paragraphs: Gamarra's books are not yet translated into English. His poems are well known by French schoolchildren. Examples are "My Schoolbag" () or "The Cosmonaut and his host" ().


title: Pre-frontal cortex

paragraphs: The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the front part of the frontal lobes of the brain. It lies in front of the motor and premotor areas.

paragraphs: This brain region helps plan complex cognitive behaviours, personality expression, and decision making. It helps correct social behaviour. The basic activity of this brain region is to bring together thoughts and actions to help achieve internal goals.

paragraphs: The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. This is the ability to work out conflicting thoughts. It determines good and bad, better and best, same and different, consequences of current activities, working toward a goal, prediction of outcomes, and expectation of results. Critical is 'social control': the ability to suppress urges which, if not suppressed, could lead to socially unacceptable outcomes.

paragraphs: Many authors have indicated an integral link between a person's personality and the functions of the prefrontal cortex.


title: Pest (biology)

paragraphs: A pest is an animal which harms humans or human concerns. It is a loosely defined term; it overlaps with the terms vermin, weeds, parasites and pathogens. In its broadest sense, a pest is a competitor of humanity.

paragraphs: According to BBC News Science & Environment, these are among the top ten pests of plants: Fungi are prominent in their list, and it is more usual to call them pathogens.


title: António Egas Moniz

paragraphs: António Egas Moniz (António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz, 29 November 1874 – 13 December 1955), known as Egas Moniz, was a Portuguese neurologist.

paragraphs: He developed cerebral angiography, a technique to visualise the blood vessels in and around the brain. This technique is widely used today. He also developed the surgical procedure leucotomy, also known as "lobotomy". This technique is now rarely used.

paragraphs: Antonio Egas is highly regarded. He became the first Portuguese national to receive a Nobel Prize when, in 1949, he shared it with Walter Rudolf Hess.

paragraphs: He held academic positions, wrote many medical articles and also served in several legislative and diplomatic posts in the Portuguese government. In 1911 he became professor of neurology in Lisbon until his retirement in 1944. At the same time, he pursued a demanding political career.


title: Puddle of Mudd

paragraphs: Puddle of Mudd is an American rock band from Kansas City, Missouri. Puddle of Mudd has five members in the band; the current band members are Wes Scantlin, Paul Phillips, Doug Ardito, Shannon Boone and Dizzi Devereux.


title: Pope Julius III

paragraphs: Pope Julius III (; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 222nd Pope from February 1550 until his death in 1555.

paragraphs: Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte was born in Rome in 1487.

paragraphs: Ciocchi del Monte studied law at the University of Perugia and the University of Siena.

paragraphs: In 1512, Ciocchi del Monte became Archbishop of Siponto (Manfredonia) in Apulia.

paragraphs: Pope Paul III made Ciocchi del Monte a Cardinal in 1536. He became Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina in 1543.

paragraphs: He participated in the Council of Trent.

paragraphs: Cardinal Ciocchi del Monte was elected pope on 7 February 1550.

paragraphs: Pope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Pope Julius re-opened the Council of Trent.


Pope Julius


title: Pope Celestine IV

paragraphs: Pope Celestine IV (; died 10 November 1241 in Rome), born Goffredo Castiglione, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 180th Pope for two weeks from October 25, 1241 to November 10, 1241.

paragraphs: Goffredo Castiglione was born in Milan, but the date of birth is unknown.

paragraphs: Pope Gregory IX made Castiglione a cardinal on September 18, 1227.

paragraphs: Cardinal Castiglione was elected on October 25, 1241; and he chose to be called Pope Celestine IV. His reign lasted only seventeen days.

paragraphs: He died on November 10, 1241; and he was buried in St Peter's. The exact location of his tomb has been lost.


title: Natalie Wood

paragraphs: Natalie Wood (July 20, 1938 - November 29, 1981) was an American actress.

paragraphs: Natalie Wood's parents were Russian immigrants Nikolai Stepanovich Zakharenko and Maria Stepanovna. Her parents moved to Santa Rosa, California. The family moved to Los Angeles. Wood began a career there. Her younger sister, Svetlana Zacharenko also became an actress using the stage name Lana Wood.

paragraphs: In the 1950s, Wood became a teen idol. When she shot the movie "Rebel Without a Cause" with James Dean, she was 16 years old. She got an Oscar nomination for "Best Supporting Actress" for the role as "Judy" in this movie. She got a Golden Globe Award nomination in the category "New Star Of The Year – Actress".

paragraphs: Her most successful role was as "Maria" in the movie "West Side Story" in 1961.

paragraphs: Wood was married to Robert Wagner from 1957 to 1962. She was married to Richard Gregson for a short time. They had a daughter, Natasha Gregson Wagner. In 1972, Wood and Wagner married again.

paragraphs: In 1981, Wood worked on the movie "Brainstorm" with Christopher Walken. During a boat trip with Walken and her husband Robert Wagner, she drowned near Santa Catalina Island, California. She is buried in Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery.


title: Khapra beetle

paragraphs: The Khapra beetle ("Trogoderma granarium"), which originated in South Asia, is one of the world’s most destructive pests of grain products and seeds. It is considered one of the 100 worst invasive species in the world. Infestations are difficult to control because of the insect's ability to survive without food for long periods, its preference for dry conditions and low-moisture food, and its resistance to many insecticides. There is a federal quarantine restricting the importation of rice into the U.S. from countries with known infestations of the beetle.


title: Wyandot people

paragraphs: The Wyandot people (also called Wendats or Huron) are a tribe of Native Americans. Samuel de Champlain traded fur with them. In the 17th and 18th centuries they were allies of New France, and enemies of the Iroquois and New Netherland and New York.

paragraphs: The Wyandots signed the Treaty of Detroit on November 17 in the year 1807. They signed it with other Native Americans from three other tribes called the Odawa, Ojibwe and Potawatomi. The tribes gave up areas of Michigan and Ohio to the United States to own.


title: Occupy movement

paragraphs: Occupy movement are an international protest group which are directed against social or economic inequality. The movement model itself after the New York City based movement network Occupy Wall Street. These protests were ongoing all across the world in 2011.


title: Multivalued function

paragraphs: A multivalued function (multifunction) is a relation like a function. A multifunction associates each input with "at least one" output. A strict function associates each input with "exactly one" output. An example of a multivalued function is the square root. Every complex number (except for 0), has two square roots. Example: formula_1 could be 2 or -2 because formula_2 and formula_3.


Lambda expression


title: Pepsi Center

paragraphs: The Pepsi Center is a sports arena in Denver, Colorado. The arena opened on October 1, 1999, and is the current home to the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL), the Denver Nuggets of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Colorado Mammoth of the National Lacrosse League (NLL). PepsiCo currently has naming rights for the arena. The arena currently seats 19,155 for basketball and 18,007 for hockey and lacrosse.


title: Tacit programming

paragraphs: Tacit programming (or point-free programming) is the style of programming functions where the parameter is not mentioned. Instead, the functions are defined using combinators and higher-level abstractions like map (which applies a function to each element of a list). It is commonly used in functional programming languages like Haskell.


title: BB&T Center (Sunrise)

paragraphs: The BB&T Center is a sports arena in Sunrise, Florida. It opened on October 3, 1998. It is the current home to the Florida Panthers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: The arena was also known as the Broward County Civic Arena in 1998, the National Car Rental Center from 1998 to 2002, Office Depot Center from 2002 to 2005, and BankAtlantic Center from 2005 to 2012.

paragraphs: It currently seats 20,737 for basketball and 17,040 for hockey. The arena was also home to the Florida Pit Bulls of the ABA from 2005 to 2006 and the Florida Bobcats of the AFL from 1999 to 2001.


title: Da Nang International Airport

paragraphs: Da Nang International Airport is an airport in Da Nang, Central Vietnam. It is the third biggest airport in Vietnam. The French government built the airport in 1930s. During the Vietnam War, the airport was upgraded. It has two terminals (old and new ones) and two runways. There are international air routes to some Asian countries like China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan and South Korea.


title: WSG Wattens

paragraphs: WSG Wattens is an Austrian football club from Wattens, a town in the state of Tyrol. The team plays in the Austrian Regional League West, the third division of Austrian football.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1930 and played under different names.

paragraphs: Between 1971 and 1984 the club was united with FC Wacker Innsbruck to form SSW Innsbruck. This team was very successful. They reached the championship five times. From 1984 onwards they played in the Austrian Regional League West and the second tier First League. 2002 they merged with FC Wacker Tirol, so this new founded club was able to play in the Regionalliga. After the promotion the merger was dissolved. In the 2010/11 season they reached the second place and played two relegation matches versus Blau-Weiß Linz, the champion of the Regionalliga Mitte. They lost in the penalty shooting and Linz was promoted to the First League.


title: Dylan and Cole Sprouse

paragraphs: Dylan Thomas Sprouse and Cole Mitchell Sprouse (born August 4, 1992) are American actors. They are twins. Together, they are called "Dylan and Cole Sprouse" or the "Sprouse Bros." Their first major movie role was in "Big Daddy", where they acted with Adam Sandler. Later, they acted in many television sitcoms. They also acted in the straight-to-DVD family movies, "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" and "Just for Kicks".

paragraphs: In 2010, they started acting in the Disney Channel sitcom The suite life of cody and zach . In 2006, the brothers started a franchise known as the "Sprouse Bros" brand. The franchise had a clothing line, a book series, and a magazine. Most of the Sprouses' franchise ended in 2008, except for their clothing line. They were two of the richest children alive in 2007. In 2008, they started acting in "The Suite Life on Deck", which was the sequel to "The Suite Life of,Zach& Cody". Later, "The Suite Life on Deck" became the most-watched television show for children and tweens (9-12 year olds) in 2008 and 2009. In 2010, the Sprouse brothers were the highest paid teenage Disney television actors. They earned $40,000 for each episode together. "The Suite Life on Deck" ended in May 2011. In 2011, they acted in "The Suite Life Movie". They started working on an adult image by starring in the independent suspense movie, "The Kings of Appletown" in 2009. MSN reported by the end of the 2000s, the twin brothers became the richest teenage twins in the world. In 2010, the brothers were accepted to New York University. They delayed admission for one year. They started going to the university in the fall of 2011. In the middle of 2010, Dylan started a website for his art called Sprouse Arts. In the middle of 2011, Cole started a website for his photography called Cole Sprouse Photography. There favorite food is sushi that what they loved to eat together when ever they had the chance to hang out.

paragraphs: The Sprouses were born in Arezzo, Italy. Their parents are Matthew Sprouse and Melanie Wright. Their parents are American, but they were teaching at an English language school in Tuscany when Dylan and Cole were born. Dylan is named after the poet Dylan Thomas. Dylan is 15 minutes older than Cole. Cole is named after jazz singer and pianist Nat King Cole. The boys moved back to the United States four months after their birth. They grew up in Long Beach, California, where their parents had lived. Their parents divorced in 1997.

paragraphs: The Sprouses started acting at the age of eight months. The twins first acted in a commercial for diapers. They switched on-screen time every few seconds. Similar to many twin actors, the two have often played the same role. This is so there is more time for the character to be filmed. Starting at eight months old, they acted on the ABC-TV series "Grace Under Fire" from 1993 to 1998. They played one character, Patrick Kelly.

paragraphs: In 1999, the boys acted in their first major movie, "Big Daddy". They shared the role of a five-year old boy named 'Julian' who is adopted by Adam Sandler's character, 'Sonny Koufax'. That year, the boys worked with Sandler to make the second and third versions of "The Chanukah Song". The boys also had a small role in the scary movie "The Astronaut's Wife". After "Big Daddy"'s release, the two started a slow period in their careers. They were not cast in any big roles for a time. During the early 2000s, the twins acted in episodes of "The Nightmare Room" and "That '70s Show". They also acted in "MADtv" (season four, episode #425) and the movie "The Master of Disguise." They also had a voice-over role in "Adam Sandler's Eight Crazy Nights". In 2001, Cole started acting in episodes of the television show "Friends" as Ross Geller's son Ben. He did not share this role with Dylan.

paragraphs: Between the years of 2002 and 2003, they both acted in "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" and "Just for Kicks". Both movies were released direct-to-video. After that, the Sprouses started acting in the Disney Channel original series "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody", where they portrayed identical twins Zack (Dylan) and Cody (Cole) Martin. The series started in March 2005. It became a ratings success. The twins have become very well known among pre-teen (9 to 12 year old) and teen audiences. As part of their work with Disney, the brothers also became part of the 11-member group, the Disney Channel Circle of Stars. They sang the song "A Dream is a Wish Your Heart Makes" with the members of the group. The music video was released as a special feature in the special edition version of the Disney movie "Cinderella". They also played in the Disney Channel Games from 2006 to 2008.

paragraphs: The Sprouses played one character, Jeremiah, in the independent movie "The Heart Is Deceitful Above All Things". The movie was produced in 2004. It was not shown in theaters until March 2006. Then it played at three theaters in the United States. It earned $29,000. In 2007, the boys filmed "". The Sprouse brothers both had voice roles in the animated movie, "Holidaze: The Christmas That Almost Didn't Happen" along with Brenda Song and Emily Osment. Dylan played the voice of Shasta in Disney's "Snow Buddies." The brothers both acted in the movie, "The Kings of Appletown". It is based on the book "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer". Bobby Moresco directed the movie. Amanda Moresco wrote it. The movie was filmed in New Braunfels, Texas. It was originally estimated to be released in the winter 2008.

paragraphs: In April 2009, they were on the cover of "People Magazine", in an eighty-page special edition issue about "The Suite Life on Deck". The twin brothers began filming another Modern Twain Story movie in the summer of 2009. The movie was titled "Sivilized". It was a modern version of "Huckleberry Finn". However, in the middle of 2010, Dylan said that they would not be doing the movie. Part of the reason they did not do it was because they became too old for the movie. In March 2009, they started advertising for Dannon Danimals. In August 2010, the twin brothers started making advertisements for Nintendo DS.

paragraphs: , Dylan and Cole are not acting in any shows or movies. They are paying attention to college. Also, Dylan is paying attention to art. Cole is paying attention to photography. Dylan has said that they would both like to continue acting while in college.Cole's celebrity crush was always his brother Dylan Sprouse.

paragraphs: In 2005, the Sprouse brothers joined Dualstar Entertainment to produce "Sprouse Bros" products for preteens (9 to 12 year olds) and teenagers. The Sprouse Bros brand has a clothing line, a comics series, and a magazine. In 2006 Dualstar and Leisure Publishing LLC started a magazine called "Sprouse Bros. Code" for boys. In 2007 Simon & Schuster Inc. published the two volumes of a book series named "Sprouse Bros. 47 R.O.N.I.N.", about two young spies. In 2008, the brothers ended their association with Dualstar. They continued their clothing line which is 'on hold'. The things in their clothing lines are only sold online.

paragraphs: Dylan Sprouse has said that the experience of becoming famous after the success of "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody" is "kind of scary, how fast everything is moving. Just a year ago none of this was happening, it was just doing "Suite Life", and now I can't wait for what's in store..." While filming "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", the two went to school on-set for three hours each day. They said they were getting "straight A's and honors." The accuracy of this statement is debatable.

paragraphs: The twins' family has three dogs. Bubba is Dylan and Cole’s dog. Pinky is their father's dog. Curry is their stepmother's dog. Their favorite actor and co-star is Adam Sandler.

paragraphs: In 2010, the twin brothers were both accepted to New York University. At first, they planned to go to the university in the fall of 2010. However, they delayed going for one year. They are both in the Gallatin program. Students in this program make their own major.


title: Jonathan Brandis

paragraphs: Jonathan Gregory Brandis (13 April 1976 - 12 November 2003) was an American actor, director and screenwriter. He was born in Danbury, Connecticut.

paragraphs: Beginning his career as a child model. His acting career was begun around 1982. Brandis made guest appearances in TV programs, including "The Wonder Years" and "Full House". He appeared in many movies. He appeared in the miniseries "It".

paragraphs: On November 12, 2003 the actor hanged himself and died in hospital.

paragraphs: Brandis dated Tatyana Ali from 1995 until 1998. She is an American R&B singer and actress.


title: TOEIC

paragraphs: The TOEIC is an examination for learners of English. It is mainly used in Japan, but is also important in some other countries. The test started in 1977. The full name of the exam is the "Test of English for International Communication". The Educational Testing Service (ETS) writes and gives the test.

paragraphs: The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) is meant to measure English skills in everyday workplace activities.

paragraphs: The TOEIC Listening & Reading Test is a two-hour multiple-choice test. It has 200 questions. One hundred questions test listening comprehension, and the other 100 test reading comprehension. Test takers get separate scores for listening and reading on from 5 to 495 points. The total score adds up to from 10 to 990 points. The TOEIC certificate comes in five colors based on the scores:

paragraphs: ETS began to offer the TOEIC Speaking & Writing Test in 2006. Test takers get separate scores for each of the two tests. They can also take the Speaking test without taking the Writing test. The TOEIC Speaking Test takes about 20 minutes. The TOEIC Writing Test lasts about 60 minutes. Each test has a score between 0-200.

paragraphs: Nearly 1.5 million people take the TOEIC each year in Japan. The offers the test in Japan. There are two ways to take the TOEIC test. One is the TOEIC Secure Program (SP), the other is the TOEIC Institutional Testing Program (ITP). The SP is offered at a set place and time, and test takers go there for the exam. In the ITP, a group such as a university gives the test when and where they like. Groups giving the ITP test must follow the test rules.

paragraphs: The Institute for International Business Communication had a scandal in 2009.

paragraphs: The IIBC’s 92 year-old Chairman Yaeji Watanabe made his girlfriend's son Chairman of the IIBC Board of Directors. Watanabe forced out half the board of directors. Also, Watanabe only worked about one day a week. Watanabe's salary was more than 25 million yen each year. Watanabe said he was Chairman in name only and had little to do with choosing the new chairman. Then, Watanabe suddenly quit the IIBC. The son of his girlfriend was in charge of the non-profit company. The IIBC paid Watanabe 25 million yen for his retirement.

paragraphs: The IIBC lowered the price of the TOEIC Secure Program Test from 6,615 yen to 5,985 yen from September 13, 2009. Ministry of Trade asked the IIBC to lower the price because the test was making too much money.

paragraphs: IIBC has a for-profit partner company called International Communications School (ICS). In July 2010, the Tokyo Tax Bureau announced that ICS lied about 100 million yen in income. ICS had to pay 30 million yen in taxes and fines.

paragraphs: South Korea is the second largest user of TOEIC by population. But, some major corporations have stopped using TOEIC scores for employment, or have required lower scores.

paragraphs: From 2011, Korean universities were no longer allowed to use TOEIC and TOEFL scores as part of the selecting students. Seoul National University has developed another English proficiency test, TEPS. It may replace TOEIC.

paragraphs: In France, some Grandes écoles require a TOEIC score of at least 785 for a diploma. Some people think this is wrong because it means a diploma from a state school depends on a private corporation. The "Commission des titres d'ingénieur" set the 785 score as similar to a B2+ level on the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages.

paragraphs: Student who cannot score 785 may have to show their English language ability in some other way. Some schools allow one more year after the end of studies to complete the diploma.

paragraphs: In Greece, TOEIC is accepted by ASEP as part of hiring new government workers.

paragraphs: TOEIC is used by some universities in Italy. All universities require that students pass an English examination before entering a degree courses or receiving diplomas. Students usually need a TOEIC score of 600 to earn a diploma. Many universities allow other tests such as the Cambridge certificate and TOEFL.

paragraphs: TOEIC Bridge is a simpler version of the TOEIC test. This test is for beginning and intermediate speakers. It has 100 multiple-choice questions. The test lasts about one hour.


title: Danielle Fishel

paragraphs: Danielle Christine Fishel (born May 5, 1981) is an American actress and television personality. She is best known for starring in the television sitcom "Boy Meets World", as well as it's 2014 successor "Girl Meets World" She has also been in several movies.


Pope Celestine


title: Pope Celestine V

paragraphs: Pope Celestine V(; 1215 – 19 May 1296), born Pietro Angelerio di Morrone, was an Italian cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 193rd Pope for less than six months in 1294.

paragraphs: Celestine V is a saint of the Catholic Church.

paragraphs: Pietro Angelerio was born in the Neopolitan province of Moline.

paragraphs: In 1232, Angelerio became a Benedictine monk at age 17; and he was later ordained a priest.

paragraphs: In July 1294, the monk was elected pope; and in the same year, he abdicated or resigned from his office.

paragraphs: Pope Boniface VIII confined the former pope in the castle of Fumone, and he died there.

paragraphs: In 1313, Celestine was made a saint by Pope Clement V.


title: Pub rock (UK)

paragraphs: Pub rock is a rock music genre that developed in the mid-1970s in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Pub rock was a reaction against progressive and glam rock. Pub rock was short-lived, but it helped return live rock to small pubs and clubs. Its basic style of playing inspired the British punk rock scene.

paragraphs: "This article contains material from the ."


title: Hurricane Lili (2002)

paragraphs: Hurricane Lili was the strongest hurricane during the 2002 Atlantic hurricane season in terms of winds. However, Hurricane Isidore was actually stronger in terms of barometric pressure. Lili had winds of 145 miles an hour at her peak. Thirteen people were killed because of this hurricane over the Caribbean islands. The storm hit Louisiana as a Category One hurricane with winds between 90 and 100 miles an hour. There were no direct deaths in the United States, though two indirect deaths did happen due to Lili. Property damage totaled between $750 million and $1.5 billion, making Lili the costliest of the season. The name Lili was later retired and replaced by Laura.