title: Ship's cat

paragraphs: A ship's cat is a cat that rides along on a ship. Ship's cats have been very popular in history, and date back to ancient times.

paragraphs: Cats have been carried on ships for many reasons - most importantly, to catch mice and rats. On a ship, these rodents can damage ropes and wooden parts of the ship. Once electricity was discovered, rodents would also damage ships' electrical wiring. Also, rodents threatened the ship's cargo - the things it carried. Rodents would eat the food carried to feed the crew. If the ship was carrying things like grain as part of its cargo, rodents could also cause the ship to lose money by eating the cargo. Also, rats and mice spread disease, which is dangerous for ships that are at sea for long periods of time. For example, rat fleas can carry plague, and rats on ships may have been one of the main reasons why the Black Death spread.

paragraphs: Cats naturally attack and kill these rodents. Cats also have a natural ability to get used to new surroundings, so they could get used to serving on ships. They also offered companionship (friendship), a sense of home and security, and lifted sailors' spirits. This was helpful to sailors who could be away from home for long periods, especially in times of war.

paragraphs: Cats were probably domesticated about 9,500 years ago. Not long after that, people began taking cats aboard boats and ships. The Ancient Egyptians took cats on board Nile boats to catch birds in the thickets along the riverbanks. The ancient Egyptians also carried cats on trading ships to control rodents. Traders from other areas soon started doing the same thing. This led to the spread of cats throughout the world. Cats eventually reached nearly all parts of the world that could be reached by ship. Phoenician cargo ships are thought to have brought the first domesticated cats to Europe in about 900 BC.

paragraphs: Cats in Ancient Egypt were worshipped as deities (powerful spirits). For many centuries, cats have had a reputation as magical animals. Many sailors believed myths and superstitions about cats. Cats were thought of as smart, lucky animals. Sailors usually took very good care of their ship's cats to keep them happy. Some sailors believed that six-toed cats were better at catching pests. They may have thought that extra toes give a cat better balance, which would be important when at sea. In some places, all six-toed cats became known as "ship's cats".

paragraphs: Cats were believed to have miraculous powers that could protect ships from dangerous weather. Sometimes, fishermen's wives would keep black cats at home too. They believed that these cats would use their special powers to protect their husbands at sea. Many sailors believed that it was lucky if a cat came up to a sailor on deck, but unlucky if it came only halfway and then turned around. Another popular belief was that cats could start storms through magic stored in their tails. Other sailors also believed that if a ship's cat fell or was thrown overboard, a terrible storm would come and sink the ship, and if the ship was able to survive, it would be cursed with nine years of bad luck. Still other sailors thought that if a cat licked its fur against the grain, it meant a hail storm was coming; if it sneezed, rain was coming; and if it was frisky, wind was coming.

paragraphs: Some of these beliefs are partly true. Cats can notice slight changes in the weather, because of their very sensitive inner ears. (Their inner ears also allow cats to land on their feet when falling.) Cats often get nervous and restless when they sense low atmospheric pressure, which often comes before stormy weather.

paragraphs: Blackie was HMS "Prince of Wales"'s ship's cat. He became famous during the Second World War. Blackie's ship, "Prince of Wales", carried Prime Minister Winston Churchill across the Atlantic Ocean to Naval Station Argentia in Newfoundland in August 1941. There, Churchill secretly met with the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt, and the two signed the Atlantic Charter. But as Churchill started to leave "Prince of Wales", Blackie came up to him. Churchill bent down to say goodbye to Blackie, and the moment was photographed and reported in the world media. In honour of the success of the visit, Blackie was renamed Churchill. Blackie survived the sinking of HMS "Prince of Wales" later that year and was taken to Singapore with the survivors. He could not be found when Singapore was evacuated the following year and nobody knows what happened to him (though there is a chance he may have died by then).

paragraphs: Chibbley was the ship's cat aboard the tall ship "Picton Castle". She was rescued from an animal shelter. She circumnavigated the world - sailed all the way around it - five times. Because "Picton Castle"’ was a training ship, Chibbley had many visitors. She became a celebrity, and people even sent her fan mail. Chibbley died on November 10, 2011, in Lunenburg, Nova Scotia. She had sailed over 180,000 miles at sea.

paragraphs: Convoy was the ship's cat aboard HMS "Hermione". He was named "Convoy" because he often went with the ship on convoy escort duties (where the ship would sail with a group of other ships for protection). Like the ship's sailors, Convoy was listed in the ship's book, and given a full kit, including a tiny hammock where he would sleep. He was killed along with 87 of his crew mates when "Hermione" was torpedoed and sunk on 16 June 1942 by German submarine U-205.

paragraphs: Emmy was the ship's cat on RMS "Empress of Ireland". She was an orange tabby cat who never missed a voyage. However, on 28 May 1914, Emmy tried to escape the ship. The crew could not get her to return to the ship, and "Empress of Ireland" left without her. This was thought to be a very bad sign. Early the next morning, "Empress of Ireland" ran into SS "Storstad" while sailing through fog at the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. "Empress of Ireland" sank quickly, killing over 1,000 people.

paragraphs: Felix was the ship's cat aboard "Mayflower II" when she set sail from Devon, England, to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1957. The goal of this voyage was to show cooperation between the UK and the US after World War II. Felix was given his own life jacket for the trip. During the voyage, he broke one of his paws. The paw was set by the ship's doctor. After Felix returned to the US, photos and stories about him appeared in "National Geographic" magazine, "Life" magazine, and "Yankee" magazine. The cat and the rest of the crew marched in a New York ticker tape parade and toured the East Coast that summer. Felix was eventually adopted by the cabin boy's girlfriend, Ann Berry, and settled in Waltham, Massachusetts. The captain of the Mayflower II wrote a children's book about Felix called "Felix and his Mayflower II Adventures". The book was published during the celebration of the ship's fiftieth anniversary at Plimoth Plantation.

paragraphs: Mrs. Chippy was the ship's cat aboard "Endurance", the ship used by Sir Ernest Shackleton for his Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. (The Expedition's goal was to cross the Antarctic by land.) After about a month, the crew realized that "Mrs. Chippy" was actually a male cat. However, by then, everyone was used to the name "Mrs. Chippy," and kept using it.

paragraphs: The ship became lost, trapped and then crushed in pack ice. At that point, Shackleton ordered his men to shoot the sled dogs and Mrs. Chippy, because he did not think they could survive.

paragraphs: Simon was the ship's cat of HMS "Amethyst" during the Yangtze Incident in 1949, during the Chinese Civil War. During the Yangtze Incident, the HMS "Amethyst" was attacked and was trapped on the Yangtze River for months. The ship and its crew were badly hurt in the attacks on the ship. These attacks killed 25 of "Amethyst"’s crew, including the commanding officer. Simon was also hurt in the attacks, but soon he recovered. He started killing rats again, which was very important since the rodents had been destroying the ship. Simon also did the important job of keeping up the crew's spirits.

paragraphs: After the "Amethyst" finally escaped the Yangtze River and returned to Britain, Simon was given the rank of 'Able Seacat' Simon. He became a celebrity. However, not long after he returned to Britain, he died from an infection. Many people sent tributes to honor Simon, and his obituary appeared in "The Times" (an important newspaper in London). After Simon's death, he was awarded the Dickin Medal. He is the only cat ever to earn this award. Simon was also buried with full naval honors.

paragraphs: Trim sailed on many ships commanded by Matthew Flinders during 1801-1803. These ships' goals were to circumnavigate (sail all the way around) Australia, and also to create maps of its coastline. Trim became a favourite of the crew, and was the first cat to circumnavigate Australia. Trim stayed with Flinders until Trim's death. A statue to Trim was later built in his honor. It sits on a window sill on the outside of the State Library, in Sydney, Australia. There have also been many books written about Trim.

paragraphs: U-boat was another ship's cat aboard a Royal Navy ship in the Second World War. Whenever his ship came into port, U-boat would take shore leave (he would leave the ship to do things on shore). He would spend days on shore, and usually would return only just before his ship sailed away. One day, U-boat did not return in time for roll call and his ship was forced to sail away without him. As the ship pulled away, U-boat was seen running down the dock after the sailing ship. He made a death-defying leap onto the ship and made it aboard. The crew thought that he seemed unafraid by what had just happened, and calmly started to wash himself on deck. The crew members were very happy that U-boat had come back, since they thought he brought them good luck.

paragraphs: Oscar was the ship's cat of the German battleship "Bismarck". When "Bismarck" was sunk on 27 May 1941, only 116 sailors out of over 2,200 survived. Oscar was picked up by the destroyer HMS "Cossack". "Cossack" herself was torpedoed and sunk on 24 October, 1941. 159 sailors were killed, but Oscar again survived to be rescued, and was taken to Gibraltar. He became the ship's cat of HMS "Ark Royal". Then this ship, too, was torpedoed and sunk in November of 1941. Oscar was again rescued, and it was decided that it was time for him to have a home on land. By now, Oscar had been renamed "Unsinkable Sam." He was given a new job as mouse-catcher in the Governor General of Gibraltar's office buildings. He eventually returned to the UK and spent the rest of his life at the 'Home for Sailors'. A portrait of him hangs in the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich.

paragraphs: Starting in 1975, the Royal Navy no longer allowed cats or any other pets to ride on any Royal Navy ships. This rule was created because of concern about hygiene (cleanliness).

paragraphs: Cats still ride on many private ships today. For example, "Toolbox" is a ship's cat who rides on the second "Kalmar Nyckel".

paragraphs: American sailor Robin Lee Graham sailed with many cats on his ships "Dove" and "Return of Dove", while he was trying to circumnavigate the world by himself (starting in 1965).


title: Calendula officinalis

paragraphs: Calendula officinalis (pot marigold, ruddles, common marigold, garden marigold), is a plant in the genus "Calendula" of the family Asteraceae. It is probably native to India. It was the state flower of Junagadh and Bantva-Manavadar State, now part of Gujarat.

paragraphs: Pot marigold florets are edible. They are often used to add colour to salads or added to dishes as a garnish instead of saffron.

paragraphs: The leaves are edible but are often not palatable. They have been used as a herb and in salads.

paragraphs: The flowers were used in Ancient Greek, Roman, Middle Eastern, and Indian cultures as a medicinal herb and a dye for fabrics, foods, and cosmetics. They are also used to make oil that protects the skin.


title: Norbert Gastell

paragraphs: Norbert Gastell (14 October 1929 – 26 November 2015) was an Argentine-born German voice actor who mostly dubbed American television shows into the German language. He was known for dubbing Homer Simpson. Gastell was born in Buenos Aires.

paragraphs: Gastell died in Munich, Germany from complications following a stroke, aged 86.


title: Luc Bondy

paragraphs: Luc Bondy (17 July 194828 November 2015) was a Swiss theatre and movie director and screenwriter. He was born in Zurich, Switzerland. He was the director of the most recent version of "Tosca", by Puccini, at the Metropolitan Opera in New York.


title: Nymphaea nouchali

paragraphs: Nymphaea nouchali, (or red and blue water-lily, blue star water-lily, or star lotus) is an aquatic flowering plant in the Nymphaeaceae (water-lily family). It is native to southern and eastern Asia.

paragraphs: "N. nouchali" grows from rhizomes or tubers rooted under the water. Leaves are oval to round, 13–15 cm (5–6 in), with an open sinus at the leaf base where it attaches to the petiole (leaf stem). Leaves may spread 1.4–1.5 m (4–5 feet) from where the rhizome is rooted. Flowers, which have little fragrance, are star-shaped with 4 sepals and 10–16 petals, and are 5–13 cm (2–5 in) in diameter. Although leaves float on the water surface, flowers are generally held 30 cm (12 in) above water. They are usually pale blue (but can be pink or white) with pale yellow stamens and anthers.

paragraphs: "N. nouchali" has been cultivated in southeast Asia for centuries, especially around temples. It is also cultivated in Sri Lanka and gathered from dried ponds in the Republic of India for the rhizomes, which are used as food and animal fodder as a source of starch. In Ayurvedic medicine, it is used to treat indigestion.

paragraphs: Cultivars include N. stellata var. cyanea, which has medium-sized pale to deep blue flowers, and N. stellata var. versicolor, which is commonly exported in the form of tubers from Sri Lanka to Europe and the U.S. for use in the aquariums; the tubers grow quickly after exposure to warm water, making an “instant” aquarium plant.

paragraphs: "N. stellata" was the state flower of Hyderabad Deccan. A pale blue-flowered "N. stellatai" is the National flower of Sri Lanka, where it is known as "nil mānel" or "nil mahanel" (Singhalese:නිල් මානෙල්).


title: Indian roller

paragraphs: The Indian roller "(Coracias benghalensis)", is a member of the roller family of birds. They are found widely across tropical Asia stretching from Iraq eastward across the Indian subcontinent to Indochina and are best known for the aerobatic displays of the male during the breeding season. They are very commonly seen perched along roadside trees and wires and are commonly seen in open grassland and scrub forest habitats. It is not migratory, but undertakes some seasonal movements.


title: Philippe Washer

paragraphs: Philippe Washer (; 6 August 1924 – 27 November 2015) was a Belgian tennis player. He competed in the Davis Cup a number of times, from 1946 to 1961. He was born in Brussels, Belgium. Washer retired from tennis in 1961.

paragraphs: Washer died on 27 November 2015 in Knokke, West Flanders, Belgium from heart failure at the age of 91.


title: Olene S. Walker

paragraphs: Olene Smith Walker (November 15, 1930 – November 28, 2015) was an American politician. She served as the 15th Governor of Utah. She was sworn into office on November 5, 2003, shortly before her 73rd birthday. She became Utah's first female governor. She was a member of the Republican Party.

paragraphs: Walker died from a stroke on November 28, 2015 at her home in Salt Lake City, Utah, aged 85.


title: Gerry Byrne (footballer)

paragraphs: Gerald "Gerry" Byrne (29 August 1938 – 28 November 2015) was an English footballer. He spent his entire playing career at Liverpool Football Club, playing from 1953 through 1969. He later played for the England national football team from 1963 through 1966. He was born in Liverpool, England.

paragraphs: Byrne died in at a nursing home in Wrexham, Wales from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 77.


title: Barbro Hiort af Ornäs

paragraphs: Barbro Hiort af Ornäs (28 August 1921 – 28 November 2015) was a Swedish actress. She was born in Gothenburg, Sweden. She won the Best Actress Award at the 1958 Cannes Film Festival for the movie "Brink of Life". She was also known for her roles in "While the City Sleeps", "All These Women", "The Passion of Anna", and in "The Sense of Marriage".

paragraphs: Af Ornäs died on November 28, 2015 in Gothenburg from natural causes, aged 94.


title: Maurice Strong

paragraphs: Maurice F. Strong, (April 29, 1929 – November 27, 2015) was a Canadian businessman and diplomat. He represented Canada as Under-Secretary General of the United Nations.

paragraphs: Strong had his start as an entrepreneur in the Alberta oil patch and was President of Power Corporation of Canada until 1966. In the early 1970s he was Secretary General of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment and then became the first executive director of the United Nations Environment Programme. He returned to Canada to become Chief Executive Officer of Petro-Canada from 1976 to 1978. He was President of the Council of the University for Peace from 1998 to 2006.

paragraphs: Strong was born in Manitoba, Canada. He died at the age of 86 on November 27, 2015.


title: Nicoletta Machiavelli

paragraphs: Nicoletta Machiavelli (1 August 1944 – 15 November 2015), also known as Nicoletta Rangoni Machiavelli and Nicoletta Macchiavelli, was an Italian-American movie actress. She was born in Ravarino to a Florentine father and American mother. She was known for her works with John Huston and producer Dino De Laurentiis. She was known for her roles in "Navajo Joe" (1966), "Scarabea - wieviel Erde braucht der Mensch?" (1969) and "L'important c'est d'aimer" (1975).

paragraphs: Machiavelli died in Seattle, Washington from an illness, aged 71.


title: David Canary

paragraphs: David Hoyt Canary (August 25, 1938 – November 16, 2015) was an American movie and television actor. He was best known for his roles as Adam and Stuart Chandler in "All My Children" and as Candy Canady in "Bonanza". He was born in Elwood, Indiana.

paragraphs: Canary died from complications of Alzheimer's disease in Wilton, Connecticut at the age of 77.


title: Ted Schwinden

paragraphs: Theodore "Ted" Schwinden (born August 31, 1925) is an American politician. He served as the 23rd Lieutenant Governor of Montana serving from 1977 through 1981. He later served as the 19th Governor of Montana serving from 1981 through 1989.


title: Phil Batt

paragraphs: Philip Eugene "Phil" Batt (born March 4, 1927 in Wilder, Idaho) is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He was the 29th Governor of Idaho serving from 1995 to 1999.


title: George Nigh

paragraphs: George Patterson Nigh (born June 9, 1927) is an American politician. He served as the 17th and 22nd Governor of Oklahoma serving from January 6, 1963 through January 14, 1963 and then again from January 3, 1979 through January 12, 1987. He is a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in McAlester, Oklahoma.


title: Robert D. Ray

paragraphs: Robert Dolph Ray (September 26, 1928 – July 8, 2018) was an American politician. He served as the 38th Governor of Iowa serving from January 16, 1969 to January 14, 1983. He was a member of the Republican Party. Ray was born in Des Moines, Iowa.

paragraphs: Ray served as acting Mayor of Des Moines in 1997 and also served as President of Drake University in 1998.

paragraphs: Ray died in Des Moines on July 8, 2018 from Parkinson's disease, aged 100.


title: Albert Brewer

paragraphs: Albert Preston Brewer (October 26, 1928 – January 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was the 47th Governor of Alabama serving from May 7, 1968, until January 18, 1971. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: Brewer was born in Bethel Springs, Tennessee. He studied at the University of Alabama. He was married to Martha Farmer from 1950 until her death in 2006. Brewer died on January 2, 2017 in a hospital in Birmingham, Alabama, aged 88.


title: Robert D. Fulton

paragraphs: Robert David Fulton (born May 13, 1929) is an American politician. He briefly served as the 37th Governor of Iowa during the first 16 days of 1969. He also served as the 38th Lieutenant Governor of Iowa from 1965 to 1969. He was a member of the Democratic Party. Fulton was born in Waterloo, Iowa.


title: Stan Stephens

paragraphs: Stanley Graham Stephens (born September 16, 1929) is an American politician and broadcaster. He served as the 20th Governor of Montana from 1989 until 1993. He was born in Calgary, Alberta. Stephens is a member of the Republican Party.


title: Murphy J. Foster Jr.

paragraphs: Murphy James Foster, Jr., known as Mike Foster (July 11, 1930 – October 4, 2020) was an American politician. He served as the 53rd Governor of Louisiana. He served from January 1996 until January 2004. Foster is a businessman, landowner, and sportsman in St. Mary Parish.

paragraphs: Foster died in Franklin, Louisiana on October 4, 2020 at the age of 90.


title: Ed Gillespie

paragraphs: Edward Walter "Ed" Gillespie (born August 1, 1961) is an American Republican politician. He served as the 61st Chairman of the Republican National Committee and Counselor to the President during George W. Bush's administration.

paragraphs: Gillespie, along with Democrat Jack Quinn, founded Quinn Gillespie & Associates, a bipartisan lobbying firm. In January 2014, Gillespie announced he was running for Virginia's U.S. Senate seat currently held by Mark Warner in the 2014 election, and on June 7, 2014, he received the Republican nomination.

paragraphs: In October 2015, Gillespie announced his plans to run for Governor of Virginia in 2017. In June 2017, he became the Republican Party's candidate for governor in Virginia's 2017 election, facing Democratic nominee Ralph Northam who later won the election.


title: Joe Marston

paragraphs: James Edward "Joe" Marston MBE (7 January 1926 – 29 November 2015) was an Australian association football player. He became the first Australian to appear in a FA Cup Final when he turned out for Preston North End in their 1954 defeat to West Bromwich Albion. He was born in Leichhardt, New South Wales, Australia.

paragraphs: Martson's death was announced on 29 November 2015. He was 89 years old.


title: Fernando de la Rúa

paragraphs: Fernando de la Rúa (15 September 1937 – 9 July 2019) was an Argentine politician. He was president of the country from December 10, 1999 to December 21, 2001. He resigned during the December 2001 riots.

paragraphs: He died of heart and kidney failure in Belén de Escobar, Argentina on 9 July 2019 at the age of 81.


title: Loretta Lynch

paragraphs: Loretta Elizabeth Lynch (born May 21, 1959) is an American politician. She was the 83rd Attorney General of the United States from April 27, 2015 to January 20, 2017. Before, she served as United States Attorney for the Eastern District of New York from 1999 through 2001 and again from 2010 through 2015.

paragraphs: Lynch was nominated by President Barack Obama on November 8, 2014. Her appointment was confirmed on April 23, 2015 by a 56 to 43 vote. Her nomination process was one of the longest in the history of the United States, taking 166 days after she was first nominated for the post.


title: Michael Mukasey

paragraphs: is an American lawyer and former judge. He served as the 81st Attorney General of the United States. Mukasey was appointed following the resignation of Alberto Gonzales. Mukasey also served for 18 years as a judge of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, appointed by Ronald Reagan, six of those years as Chief Judge.


title: William P. Barr

paragraphs: William Pelham "Bill" Barr (born May 23, 1950) is an American attorney. He is the 85th and current Attorney General of the United States since February 14, 2019 under the Donald Trump presidency. Before, he was the 77th Attorney General under the George H. W. Bush presidency from 1991 to 1993.

paragraphs: On December 7, 2018, President Donald Trump announced that he would nominate Barr to again serve as Attorney General of the United States. He was confirmed, for a second time, as Attorney General on February 14, 2019, and assumed office later the same day.


title: Nicholas Katzenbach

paragraphs: Nicholas deBelleville "Nick" Katzenbach (January 17, 1922 – May 8, 2012) was an American lawyer. He was the United States Attorney General during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was Attorney General from February 1965 through October 1966.


title: Elliot Richardson

paragraphs: Elliot Lee Richardson (July 20, 1920 December 31, 1999) was an American lawyer and politician. He was a member of the cabinet of Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. As U.S. Attorney General, he was a known figure in the Watergate Scandal, and resigned rather than obey President Nixon's order to fire special prosecutor Archibald Cox.

paragraphs: Richardson served as Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare from 1970 to 1973, Secretary of Defense from January to May 1973, Attorney General from May to October 1973, and Secretary of Commerce from 1976 to 1977. That makes him one of only two individuals to have held four Cabinet positions within the United States government (the other such individual being George Shultz).

paragraphs: On December 31, 1999, Richardson died of a cerebral hemorrhage in Boston, Massachusetts, at the age of 79.


title: Frequency probability

paragraphs: Frequency probability or Frequentism is one of the interpretations of probability theory. Repeating a scientific experiment very often gives a number of results. It is then possible, to count the number of times that a given event happened and compare it to the total number of experiments.

paragraphs: This interpretation of probabiilty was very important for statistics. People who use this interpretation are often called Frequentists. Well-known frequentists include Richard von Mises, Egon Pearson, Jerzy Neyman, R. A. Fisher and John Venn.

paragraphs: Other interpretations of probability are Bayesian probability and Axiomatic probability theory


title: Satellite navigation

paragraphs: A satellite navigation or satnav system is a way of pinpointing position very exactly.

paragraphs: Satnav uses a system of satellites. The system gives exact positioning. It allows small electronic receivers to find their position (longitude, latitude, and altitude/elevation). The position is given within a few metres using time signals transmitted along a straight line (line of sight) by radio from satellites. The signals also allow the receivers to calculate the current local time to high precision. A satellite navigation system with global coverage may be called a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). Global Positioning System is the biggest and most used GNSS. GLONASS, owned by Russia, is the second biggest. China, India, and the European Union are working on similar systems of their own.


title: Bad Santa

paragraphs: Bad Santa is a 2003 American Christmas criminal black comedy movie.


title: Property law

paragraphs: Property law covers two types of property in the common law legal system, real property and personal property. In the civil law system, there is a division between movable and immovable property. Movable property is more or less the same as personal property. It includes money, stocks, notes, copyrights and patents.

paragraphs: The idea behind all property law is property. In some jurisdictions, historically all property was owned by the monarch. Land ownership was through land tenure in feudal systems. The first legal right of absolute ownership was under Roman law and was called "dominion".

paragraphs: The Napoleonic Code was among the first government acts of modern times to introduce the notion of absolute ownership into statute. But protection of personal property rights was present in medieval Islamic law.


title: Tyler Ritter

paragraphs: Tyler David Ritter (born January 31, 1985) is an American actor best known as the star of "The McCarthys". Ritter is the son of the late John Ritter. He is also the brother of Jason Ritter. He grew up in Los Angeles. Ritter acted in high school plays and student movies, but did not immediately pursue acting professionally. After graduating from the University of Pennsylvania in 2007, he worked for three years as a teacher in Argentina. There he married director Lelia Parma. He returned to Los Angeles and began a career as an actor at age 25. Ritter has had guest roles on "Hot in Cleveland", "Modern Family", "Grey's Anatomy" and "NCIS". He landed the starring role on the 2014 sitcom "The McCarthys", playing Ronny McCarthy, the openly gay son in a family of six.


title: Super Mario 128

paragraphs: Super Mario 128 refers to a series of development projects that were originally to be used only to create a sequel to "Super Mario 64". As debuted at Nintendo's Space World trade show in 2000 , the demonstrated graphics and physics concepts were gradually incorporated into various games across many years. This includes the rapid object generation in "Pikmin", the "sphere walking" technology used in "" and "Super Mario Galaxy", and the physics of "Metroid Prime".

paragraphs: The name "Super Mario 128" was first used as early as January 1997 by Shigeru Miyamoto , as a possible name for a "Super Mario 64" sequel. This rumored expansion and sequel to "Super Mario 64" called "Super Mario 64-2" was said to be developed for the 64DD, but ended up being cancelled due to the 64DD's commercial failure. Shigeru Miyamoto mentioned at E3's 1997 convention that he was "just getting started" on the project.

paragraphs: In November 1999, Shigeru Miyamoto said, "Well, for over a year now at my desk, a prototype program of Mario and Luigi has been running on my monitor. We've been thinking about the game, and it may be something that could work on a completely new game system." The game had only a demo of one level made for it. Miyamoto claimed that multiplayer functionality was the first aspect of the game that he wanted to include.


title: Autonomic dysreflexia

paragraphs: Autonomic dysreflexia (AD), also called autonomic hyperreflexia, is a medical emergency.

paragraphs: AD usually happens in people with spinal cord injuries that have caused damage above the sixth thoracic vertebra (T6, which is about at the same level of the armpits). However, AD sometimes happens in people with spinal damage as low as their tenth thoracic vertebra (T10, which is about a few inches above the level of the belly button).

paragraphs: AD can also happen in people with diseases like multiple sclerosis (MS).

paragraphs: Acute AD causes many symptoms. Some are very dangerous. These symptoms include:

paragraphs: Acute AD happens when the involuntary nervous system gets overexcited. The body's fight or flight response kicks in very strongly.

paragraphs: Scientists think this happens because of afferent nerves. Afferent nerves are supposed to sense things (like touch) and send messages back to the brain and spinal cord so the brain can decide how to react. Scientists think that afferent nerves below the spinal cord injury cause blood pressure to get and stay high, by causing the blood vessels to get smaller. This is part of the fight or flight response.


title: Anchor Bay Entertainment

paragraphs: Anchor Bay Entertainment is an American home entertainment and production company founded in 1985. It is a division of Starz Media which is a unit of and a joint venture with Starz Inc. which owns 75%. The Weinstein Company owns 25%. It was owned by IDT Entertainment until 2006 when IDT was purchased by Starz Media. Anchor Bay markets and sells feature movies, television series, television specials and short films to consumers worldwide. In 2004, Anchor Bay agreed to have its movies distributed by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment and renewed their deal in 2011.

paragraphs: Anchor Bay also has a movie studio known as Anchor Bay Films which mainly distributes independent theatrical films.


title: Tomasz Tomczykiewicz

paragraphs: Tomasz Kazimierz Tomczykiewicz (2 March 1961 – 28 November 2015) was a Polish politician. He was elected to the Sejm on September 25, 2005 and again in 2015 for the 8th Sejm. He was also a member of Sejm 2001-2005, Sejm 2005-2007, Sejm 2007-2011.

paragraphs: Tomczykiewicz was admitted to a hospital on 25 November 2015 due to a kidney disease. He died three days later in Katowice, Poland at the age of 54.


title: Hugh Hewitt

paragraphs: Hugh Hewitt (born February 22, 1956) is an American radio talk show host. He works with the Salem Radio Network. He is also a lawyer, academic, and author. Hewitt is a conservative and a Catholic, he comments on society, politics, and media bias in the United States. Hewitt is also a law professor at Chapman University School of Law.


title: Warren, Ohio

paragraphs: Warren is a city in and the county seat of Trumbull County, Ohio, United States. The city is located in northeastern Ohio, approximately northwest of Youngstown and west of the Pennsylvania state line.

paragraphs: The population was 41,557 at the 2010 census. Warren is part of the "Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area".


title: Eldar Ryazanov

paragraphs: Eldar Alexandrovich Ryazanov (; 18 November 1927 – 30 November 2015) was a Russian movie director and screenwriter. He was named a People's Artist of the USSR in 1984. He was born in present day Samara, Russia.

paragraphs: He was known for his movies; "Carnival Night" (1955), "Hussar Ballad" (1962), "Beware of the Car" (1966), "The Irony of Fate" (1975), "Office Romance" (1977), "The Garage" (1979), "A Cruel Romance" (1984), and "Promised Heaven" (1991).

paragraphs: Ryazanov suffered a stroke in 2014. He was rushed to a hospital in Moscow for breathing problems on 21 November, 2015. Ryazanov died there eight days later on the night of 30 November from respiratory and heart failure at the age of 88.


title: Anatoly Savin

paragraphs: Anatoly Ivanovich Savin (born 6 April 1920 in Ostashkov, Russia - 27 March 2016) was a Russian scientist. He is a specialist in the field of information and control automation systems. He is also a doctor in Technical Science. Savin is the chairman of the Council on the problems of image processing and the scientific director of OJSC.


title: Norman Jewison

paragraphs: Norman Frederick Jewison, CC, O.Ont (born July 21, 1926) is a Canadian movie director, producer, and actor. He is the founder of the Canadian Film Centre.

paragraphs: He is known for his works; "The Cincinnati Kid" (1965), "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming" (1966), "In the Heat of the Night" (1967), "The Thomas Crown Affair" (1968), "Fiddler on the Roof" (1971), "Jesus Christ Superstar" (1973), "F.I.S.T" (1978), "...And Justice for All" (1979), "A Soldier's Story" (1984), "Agnes of God" (1985), "Moonstruck" (1987), "Other People's Money" (1991), "The Hurricane" (1999) and "The Statement" (2003).

paragraphs: Jewison has addressed important social and political issues throughout his directing and producing career. This often made him a controversial or complicated figure.


title: Mesoamerican pyramids

paragraphs: The mesoamerican pyramids were pyramids built by native american indians in Central America. They were mostly step pyramids. The Mayan pyramids are an example.

paragraphs: American peoples who have built pyramids include:

paragraphs: There are a number of famous step pyramids whose builders are not known, including the largest of all: the Great Pyramid of Cholula.


title: Breath sounds

paragraphs: Breath sounds are the sounds made by air as it moves through the respiratory system. Breath sounds are also called lung sounds or respiratory sounds. Sometimes they can be heard by anyone; other times they can be heard only by listening to the lungs and airways with a stethoscope.

paragraphs: To describe and identify breath sounds, medical professionals usually use auscultation (they listen with a stethoscope). They listen while the patient is breathing in, and while they are breathing out. They listen to both lungs, at both the chest and the back, starting at the bottom and working their way up. They listen to whether the pitch of the breath sounds is low, medium or high. They also listen to whether the sounds are soft, medium, loud, or very loud).

paragraphs: There are many kinds of breath sounds that are not normal. These are called adventitious breath sounds. Each different kind of abnormal breath sound is a sign of a different problem. Some of the most common abnormal breath sounds are:

paragraphs: Wheezing is usually high-pitched. It sounds musical, like whistling. Usually, wheezing is heard first when a person is breathing out. If it gets worse, wheezing starts happening when the patient breathes in and out.

paragraphs: Wheezing is caused by the airways being too narrow. This can happen because of diseases like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD).

paragraphs: If the airways are too narrow, the oxygen the body needs cannot get through. This can become a medical emergency.

paragraphs: There are a few different treatments that can be used for wheezing:

paragraphs: Stridor is a high-pitched sound that usually happens when a person breathes in. It may sound a lot like wheezing. Medical professionals can tell the difference by listening to the throat with a stethoscope. If the sound they hear is louder in the throat, it is stridor, not wheezing.

paragraphs: Stridor is usually caused by something blocking the larynx (voice box). This can happen because:

paragraphs: Like wheezing, stridor can signal a medical emergency if not enough oxygen is able to get through the airways.

paragraphs: Treatment for stridor depends on the cause:

paragraphs: Children are more likely to have stridor because of choking. They are more likely to choke because their airways are smaller. They are also more likely to get childhood infections like croup or epiglottitis that can cause stridor.

paragraphs: Rales are also called fine crackles, because they often sound like a fine crackling noise. They are heard when a person breathes in, on both sides (in both lungs). Rales may also sound like bubbling, rattling, or small clicking sounds.

paragraphs: Rales are heard when a person has fluid in their lungs. This is called pulmonary edema. Pulmonary edema may happen for many reasons, like:

paragraphs: Rales signals pulmonary edema, no matter what is causing that pulmonary edema. When a medical professional listens to the lungs, rales usually start at the bottom of the lungs. As the pulmonary edema gets worse and fluid fills the lungs more, rales can be heard closer and closer to the top of the lungs.

paragraphs: Rhonchi are also called coarse crackles, because they sound like coarse, rattling, crackling sounds. Rhonchi and rales can sound a lot alike. The main differences are:

paragraphs: Rhonchi are usually caused by mucus in the bronchi, the tubes that lead to the lungs. For example, if a person has pneumonia, mucus can build up in their bronchi and the bronchi's airways, and cause rhonchi.

paragraphs: In a healthy person, breath sounds should always sound the same on both sides. This signals that both lungs are working well. If breath sounds cannot be heard in one lung, this can signal a serious problem. It means that air is not getting in and out of that lung.

paragraphs: One of the most common causes of unequal breath sounds is a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). A lung can collapse for many different reasons:

paragraphs: A pneumothorax is often a medical emergency and needs to be treated in a hospital.


title: Conversation Peace

paragraphs: Conversation Peace is the 22nd album released by American musician Stevie Wonder. It was released on the Motown label in 1995. The album was Wonder's first studio album since 1987's "Characters". The album was going to be released in 1993, which was the last year new jack swing was popular, but Wonder continued to work on the album through to 1995 and the album wasn't contemporary enough to get radio airplay. It had three singles, "For Your Love", "Tomorrow Robins Will Sing" and "Treat Myself".

paragraphs: All songs written and composed by Stevie Wonder, except where noted.

paragraphs: Personnel involved in the album include:


title: Ridley (Metroid)

paragraphs: Ridley has received a positive critical response from fans and video game publications. Nintendo Power ranked Ridley at #6 on their list of favorite Nintendo villains. Jesse Schedeen of IGN called Ridley the real villain of the "Metroid" series, saying that they would have to include him in a "Metroid" movie because he would be too important to leave out.

paragraphs: Ridley has also appeared in the "Super Smash Bros." series as a boss in "Brawl"'s Subspace Emissary mode and as a boss on the Pyrosphere stage in "Super Smash Bros. for Wii U". He can help the player who damages him enough on the Pyrosphere stage.


title: Overcome

paragraphs: Overcome is the first studio album by British singer Alexandra Burke. It was released 19 October 2009 on Syco Music. It was released a year after Burke won the British talent show, "The X Factor". It was also re-released in 2010 with a new artwork and three extra songs.

paragraphs: "Overcome" has received mainly positive reviews.

paragraphs: Information taken from "Overcome" liner notes.


title: Sulfur cycle

paragraphs: Sulfur (S) is an element important to ecosystems and the climate. The majority of sulfur is stored underground, for example under the ocean or in rocks. It also occurs naturally in places like swamps (where organisms have decomposed) and volcanoes. Humans add excess sulfur into this cycle, usually through atmospheric pollution caused by fossil fuel combustion.

paragraphs: Sulfur can also be naturally released when volcanoes explode. The hydrological cycle plays a critical role in moving sulfur around.

paragraphs: Humans are responsible for 1/3 of the sulfur in the atmosphere. Sulfur is released by the combustion of fossil fuels, as mentioned above, and is most prevalent as sulfur dioxide. Sulfur is one of the root causes of acid rain along with nitrogen and carbon which negatively affects the environment. Acid rain is created when the HO falls and combines with the Sulfur trioxide to create Sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is also used in most fertilizers and so can be introduced into the water cycle from runoff off of nearby farms into rivers and lakes. This causes eutrophication and algal blooms, and so reduced the Dissolved oxygen and biodiversity in that water system. Sulfur in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide also absorbs radiation, however which keeps the earth's surface cooler and combats some of the effects of global warming.


title: Flag of Azad Kashmir

paragraphs: The State flag of AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR traditionally displays the Pakistani national colours, white and dark Green, with a Crescent and star to represent the Muslim-majority all of which shows its Islamic heritage and strong ties with the Federation of Pakistan. It also has a saffron square to represent the Buddhist, Hindu, Sikh and other minorities of the disputed region, the colours are clearly influenced by the Mughal Empire. The four white stripes symbolizes the main rivers of the Kashmir region; Indus (National River of Pakistan), Jhelum, Chenab and Ravi. It also represents the five geographic divisions of the Disputed territory, namely, Baltistan, Gilgit, Jammu, the Kashmir Valley and Ladakh.


title: Deaths in December 2015

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in December 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".


title: Oʻtkir Sultonov

paragraphs: Oʻtkir Toʻxtamurodovich Sultonov (Russian: Уткир Тухтамурадович Султанов, "Utkir Tukhtamuradovich Sultanov") (14 July 1939 – 29 November 2015) was a Uzbek politician. He was the Prime Minister of Uzbekistan from 21 December 1995 until 12 December 2003.

paragraphs: Sultonov died in Tashkent, Uzbekistan at the age of 76.


title: Claire Aho

paragraphs: Claire Anita Aho (2 November 1925 – 29 November 2015) was a pioneering Finnish-born Swedish photographer. She started her career in the 1940s at the Aho & Soldan company. Aho moved to Sweden in 1974 where she worked as an photographer for several newspapers including "Hufvudstadsbladet" and with Nordic Museum.

paragraphs: Aho died in Stockholm on 29 November 2015 in a fire in her home. She was 90 years old.


title: Anemone coronaria

paragraphs: Anemone coronaria (Palestinian poppy or Spanish marigold) is a flowering plant in the genus "Anemone". It is native to the Mediterranean region. It is the national flower of Palestine.

paragraphs: "Anemone coronaria" is widely grown for its decorative flowers. Numerous cultivars have been selected and named.


title: Shigeru Mizuki

paragraphs: Mizuki died from a heart attack in Tokyo, Japan, aged 93.


title: Gerrit Holdijk

paragraphs: Gerrit Holdijk (17 November 1944 – 30 November 2015) was a Dutch jurist and politician. He was born in Uddel. He was a member of the Reformed Political Party (SGP). He was a member of the States-Provincial of Gelderland from 1987 to 2011. He was also a member of the Senate from 1986 to 1987 and again from 1991 to 2015.

paragraphs: Holdijk died in Uddel from lung cancer, aged 71.


title: Jean Joubert

paragraphs: Jean Joubert (27 February 1928 – 28 November 2015) was a French novelist, short story writer, and poet.

paragraphs: He won the 1978 Prix Mallarmé for "Poems: 1955–1975". He won the 1975 Prix Renaudot for "L'Homme de sable". Joubert was born in Châlette-sur-Loing, Loiret.

paragraphs: Joubert died on 28 November 2015 in Paris from a heart attack, aged 87.


title: Trophic levels

paragraphs: Trophic levels categorize organisms into different levels of the food chain. The first trophic level are producers.


title: Phosphorus cycle

paragraphs: The phosphorus cycle includes the following steps:


title: I, Robot

paragraphs: I, Robot is a collection of nine science fiction short stories by Isaac Asimov. The stories originally appeared in the American magazines "Super Science Stories" and "Astounding Science Fiction" between 1940 and 1950 and were compiled into a book in 1950. The stories follow on from each other and are linked with a framing narrative; that is, a story that ranges over all the stories and connects them. The stories are all about positronic robots.

paragraphs: The Chief Robopsychologist of 'United States Robots and Mechanical Men', which made the positronic robots, Dr. Susan Calvin, tells each story to a reporter.

paragraphs: Asimov originally wanted to call the collection "Mind and Iron".

paragraphs: This story tells of 'Robbie', who is a mute robot (he can hear and obey commands but cannot speak). He is used as a nursemaid for a young girl, Gloria Weston. He is faster moving and more powerful than a human, so he is able to rescue Gloria when she is nearly run down by a fast-moving vehicle in a factory she is visiting with her Parents.

paragraphs: Robot SPD-13, known as Speedy, works in a mine on the planet Mercury. The two engineers supervising him, Gregory Powell and Michael Donovan, find that he is not working properly and gets lost. What has happened is that Speedy's brain is confused when he senses danger and he doesn't know which Laws to obey. He must be rescued by Powell and Donovan at the risk of their own lives.

paragraphs: Robot QT1, known as Cutie, works on a space station. He decides that he can do the job much better than the humans working with them, so he locks them up and takes charge. He does indeed do his job perfectly.

paragraphs: Robot DV-5, known as Dave, works in a mine on an asteroid, but all is not well. The robot is in charge of five smaller less intelligent robots and cannot cope with the responsibility. Powell and Donovan must help Dave to work well before they are buried alive in the mine.

paragraphs: Robot RB-34, known as Herbie, is manufactured with a fault - it reads human minds. This brings it into conflict with Susan Calvin, to whom it tells a lie, which is not allowed by the Three Laws of Robotics. But it is just what Calvin thinks she wants to hear. Upset by this, she decides that Herbie is useless as a robot and must be dismantled.

paragraphs: An unnamed robot working on an asteroid vanishes. Susan Calvin and her co-workers must find it before it escapes.

paragraphs: A powerful robot known only as The Brain designs and builds a spaceship that can travel faster than light. When it is finished, Powell and Donovan go on board and take off into space, but the ship doesn't work properly because the Brain doesn't really understand what it has built. The Brain plays a joke on the two men, giving them only baked beans to eat and building no controls for them to use. But eventually, they return safely to Earth.

paragraphs: A lawyer, Stephen Byerley, hopes to be elected mayor of a city, but his opponent puts out a story that the man is really a robot, who is not allowed to stand for elected office. Byerley is elected anyway, but no-one knows if he really is a robot.

paragraphs: Several years later, Byerley has been elected World Coordinator. He discovers that The Machines, very powerful robots that are supposed to help humans to live in peace on Earth, have taken over the control of the planet and the reason that they did that is because the Three Laws of Robotics don’t let them allow humans to get hurt and they Machines realized that they were better at keeping people safe than people are.

paragraphs: The film "I, Robot", starring Will Smith, was released by Twentieth Century Fox on July 16, 2004 in the United States. Its plot incorporates elements of "Little Lost Robot," some of Asimov's character names and the "Three Laws". However, the plot of the movie is mostly original work adapted from a screenplay "Hardwired" by Jeff Vintar completely unlinked to Asimov's stories, and has been compared to Asimov's The Caves of Steel, which revolves around the murder of a roboticist.


title: Kirthar Mountains

paragraphs: The Kirthar Mountains are in Balochistan and the Sindh provinces of Pakistan. The range extends south for about 190 miles (300 km) from the Mula River in east-central Balochistan to Cape Monze (Muari), near Mubarak Village, Karachi on the Arabian Sea.

paragraphs: Kirthar National Park is one of the major wildlife reserves in Sindh, Pakistan. The Kirthar Range forms the boundary between the Lower Indus Plain (east) and southern Balochistan (west). It is a series of parallel rock hill ridges rising from 4,000 feet (1,200 m) in the south to nearly 8,000 feet (2,500 m) in the north.


title: Eddie Steeples

paragraphs: Eddie Steeples (born November 25, 1973) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as the Rubberband Man in an advertising campaign for OfficeMax, and as Darnell Turner in the NBC comedy "My Name Is Earl".


title: Uskudar University

paragraphs: Üsküdar University is a university in Istanbul, Turkey. It was founded by the Human Values and Mental Health Foundation. It is the first university of Turkey for the study of Behavioral Health and Sciences.

paragraphs: The university consist of four undergraduate faculties, one Vocational School Of Health Services, and one institute.


title: Nevzat Tarhan

paragraphs: Kaşif Nevzat Tarhan (born on July 7, 1952 in Merzifon, Amasya, Turkey ) is a Turkish medical scientist, psychiatrist and neuropsychology expert.

paragraphs: He was born in Merzifon in 1952. He finished Kuleli Military High School in 1969 and graduated from Cerrahpaşa Medical School Istanbul University in 1975. Following his internship at GATA (Gülhane Military Medical Academy) he worked in Cyprus and Bursa garrisons at different military medical institutions.

paragraphs: In 1982 he became a specialist psychiatrist at GATA. After his clinical services as a specialist at Erzincan and Çorlu Hospitals, he became an assistant professor(1988), an associate professor (1990) at GATA Haydarpaşa. He was promoted to colonel in 1993 and became a professor in 1996.

paragraphs: Between 1996 – 1999 he worked at Yüzüncü Yıl University as faculty member and as an expert at Forensic Institution. He got retired on his own will. He took the representation of "Memory Center of America" in Turkey in 1998.

paragraphs: He has been the chairman of the board of NPİSTANBUL, the first neuropsychiatry hospital of Turkey, and also the founding rector of Üsküdar University.

paragraphs: He has more than a hundred publications 31 of which are international. He speaks English and German. He is married and has two children.


title: Romantic orientation

paragraphs: Romantic orientation, also called affectional orientation, indicates the sex or gender that a person is most likely to have a romantic relationship with. It is compared to the term "sexual orientation". Romantic orientation is based on the idea that sexual attraction is one component of a larger picture. For example, although a pansexual person may feel sexually attracted to multiple genders, they may be predisposed to romantic intimacy with females. For asexual people, romantic orientation is often considered a more useful measure of attraction than sexual orientation.


title: Carbon sequestration

paragraphs: Carbon sequestration is the process of capturing carbon dioxide (CO) gas in the atmosphere. One method of sequestration is by capturing CO produced by power plants and factories before they release it into the atmosphere. When the CO gas is in long-term storage, that means it has been sequestered.

paragraphs: Carbon sequestration aims to assist in elimination of human introduced carbon from Earth's atmosphere by disrupting the carbon cycle. It is also used to prevent future human caused climate change.

paragraphs: There are two long-term ways to remove CO from the atmosphere:


title: St Denys' Church, Sleaford

paragraphs: St Denys' Church, Sleaford is a medieval church located in Sleaford, Lincolnshire, England. The oldest parts of the present building are the tower and spire. The spire stands 144 feet (44 metres) tall. A window tracery is dated to about the late 13th century. The Gothic nave, aisles and north transept were built in the 14th century. The church is a Grade I listed building, a term given to "buildings of exceptional interest".


title: Palestine sunbird

paragraphs: The Palestine sunbird ("Cinnyris osea") is a bird native to the Middle East and Africa.


title: Thrush nightingale

paragraphs: The thrush nightingale ("Luscinia luscinia") is a bird from Europe and Asia. It used to be considered a thrush, but is now considered to be an Old World flycatcher.


title: Currawong

paragraphs: The currawong is a type of bird from Australasia. They form the genus Strepera, which belongs to the Artamidae family of birds. There are three species of currawong.


title: Karpathos

paragraphs: Karpathos is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. It is one of the Greek Dodecanese islands, in the southeastern Aegean. Together with the neighboring smaller Saria Island it forms the municipality of Karpathos. This in turn is part of the Karpathos regional unit. Because of its remote location, Karpathos has preserved many peculiarities of clothing, customs and dialect. The dialect is very similar to that of Crete and Cyprus. The island has also been called Carpathus in Latin, Scarpanto in Italian and Kerpe in Turkish.


title: Syros

paragraphs: Syros is a Greek island. It is in the Aegean Sea. Sometimes the name of the island is spelled Siros or Syra.

paragraphs: Syros is located south-east of Athens. Ermoupoli is the capital of the island.


title: 2015 Tunis bombing

paragraphs: On 24 November 2015, a bus carrying Tunisian presidential guards exploded, killing 12, on a principal road in Tunis. After the attack President Beji Caid Essebsi issued a state of emergency in Tunisia. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attack. The bomber, who killed himself in the attack, was identified as Houssem Abdelli.


title: Tedim language

paragraphs: Tedim language is a language of India and Burma. It is a Kukish language.


title: Yoka Berretty

paragraphs: Yoka Berretty (8 May 1928 – 28 November 2015) was a Dutch actress. Berretty was born in Rotterdam, Netherlands. She appeared in 35 movie and television shows between 1954 and 2000. She was known for her roles in "Makkers Staakt uw Wild Geraas" (1960), "The Silent Raid" (1962), "Charlotte" (1981), and in "Punk Lawyer" (1996)

paragraphs: Berretty died of a stroke in a hospital in Rijswijk, Netherlands, aged 87.


title: LGBT rights in Mali

paragraphs: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons in Mali may face legal challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents. According to the 2007 Pew Global Attitudes Project, 98% of Malian adults do not believe that homosexuality is acceptable by society. This was one of the highest rate of non-acceptance in the 45 countries surveyed. Same-sex sexual activity is not a crime in Mali. But according to a 2013 report on Human Rights in Mali "the law prohibits association 'for an immoral purpose'". About 90% of Mali's population is Muslim.

paragraphs: Mali has long been attacked by Islamic rebels and militants. This has put gays at risk. In 2013 Islamist extremists took over the northern part of Mali. France sent 3,500 troops to help Mali. The extremists took over the town of Gao and enforced strict Sharia law. This religious law of Islam punishes gay men by execution. French troops were able to rescue two Malian men who were about to be executed for homosexuality.


title: Jari Kurri

paragraphs: Jari Kurri (born 18 May 1960 Helsinki, Finland) is a retired five-time Stanley Cup champion in NHL hockey.

paragraphs: Kurri started his ice hockey career in the junior team of Jokerit. Already in age of 17, he played in Jokerit team adults. He also played for Finnish Junior National Team in 1978, 1979, and 1980. He played on the Olympic Finland team in 1980.

paragraphs: In 1980 he was invited to play for Edmonton Oilers in Canada. There he played with Wayne Gretzky for 8 seasons until Gretzky moved to Los Angeles. They became famous. Oilers won Stanley Cup 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. Later Kurri played for Los Angeles Kings, New York Rangers, Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Colorado Avalanche.

paragraphs: During his career Kurri made 600 goals in NHL.

paragraphs: Because Kurri was most years continuing his NHL term in North America in Stanley Cup playoffs, he could not play for Finland National tesm very often. However he was in Olympic Games in Nagano 1998, and got a bronze medal.


title: Boris II of Bulgaria

paragraphs: Boris II of Bulgaria was an emperor (Tsar) of Bulgaria. He was emperor from 969 to 971. His father was Peter I of Bulgaria. When Peter died in 969, his son Boris was being held in Constantinople by the Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus II. The Byzantines apparently allowed Boris to return to Bulgaria. When he arrived he was immediately proclaimed Tzar Boris II. Sviatoslav I of Kiev, who had earlier subdued parts of Bulgaria, returned in August 969 and subdued the remaining parts of Bulgaria. He allied himself to Boris II in order to get his Bulgarian soldiers to fight against the Byzantines. The new Byzantine Emperor, John I Tzimisces invaded Bulgaria. By the end of 971 all of Bulgaria was in Byzantine hands. By that time Boris II had abdicated.


title: Olaf I of Norway

paragraphs: Olaf I Tryggvason (–1000) was the King of Norway from 995 - 1000. He began his career as a Viking in exile. He was a brutal king who forced Christianity on his people.

paragraphs: Olaf was the son of king Tryggve Olafsson of Norway and grandson of Harald Fairhair, the first king of all Norway. According to tradition, Gunhild, wife of Eric Bloodaxe, wanted him killed. Instead he and his mother were sold as slaves. When they were freed, he ended up in Russia where he grew up. He commanded the mercenary troops of Vladimir the Great in Kiev. In 985 he led his Vikings through the Baltic Sea in a raid on the British Isles. He won the Battle of Maldon in 991. He and Sweyn Forkbeard, the two leaders, received a payment from the English of of money (in gold and silver). According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, he accepted the Christian faith just after a failed attack on London in 994. Rich, newly converted and with many followers, he decided to return to Norway to spread Christianity.

paragraphs: In the autumn of 995 he arrived in Norway. He was accepted as King and began the process of converting the people to the new Christian faith. Olaf did this by force. He looted and burned pagan temples. He forced entire communities to become Christian or die. However, many of his pagan subjects chose death over giving up their beliefs. Finally, in the year 1000, his enemies joined forces, attacked and killed him at a place named "Svolder".


title: Greg Fisk

paragraphs: Stephen Gregory "Greg" Fisk (September 26, 1945 – November 30, 2015) was an American politician. He was the 13th mayor of Juneau, Alaska, the state capital of Alaska. Before being elected, Fisk had worked as a fisheries consultant. He was elected over incumbent Merrill Sanford by a wide margin in October 2015.

paragraphs: Fisk died at his home in Juneau on November 30, 2015 from complications of a fall, aged 70.


title: Kaye Revil

paragraphs: Jo Kristine "Kaye" Celera-Revil (born April 6, 1982) is a Filipino politician. She is the current Vice Governor of Masbate Province in the Philippines. Prior to that, she was elected as a board member of the Second district of Masbate in the 2013 elections. She was the regional chairperson of Provincial Board Members' League of the Philippines. Revil is a graduate of the University of the Philippines (UP) Diliman. She received her Juris Doctor at the Ateneo de Manila University School of Law.


title: Congo peafowl

paragraphs: The Congo peafowl ("Afropavo congensis"), known locally as the mbulu, is a species of peafowl. It is native to the Congo Basin. It is one of three living species of peafowl, the other two being the Indian peafowl (originally of India and Sri Lanka) and the green peafowl (native to Burma and Indochina).

paragraphs: The Congo peacock has physical characteristics of both the peafowl and the guineafowl, which may indicate that the Congo peacock is a link between the two families.


title: Robertlandy Simón

paragraphs: Robertlandy Simón Aties (born 11 June 1987) is a Cuban volleyball player. He was a member of the Cuban men's national team in 2005–2010. He is a member of the South Korean club OK Savings Bank. He competed in the World Championship in 2010, and the South Korean Championship in 2015.


title: Murilo Endres

paragraphs: Murilo Endres (born 3 May 1981) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of Brazilian men's national team and Brazilian club SESI São Paulo. He has won two silver medals at the Olympic Games, in Beijing 2008 and London 2012. He also competed in the World Championships in 2006 and 2010, and won a silver medal in 2014. He has also competed in the World League, South American Championship, World Cup and the Grand Champions Cup.


title: Clayton Stanley

paragraphs: Clayton Stanley (born 20 January 1978) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He has competed in the Olympic Games (Athens 2004, Beijing 2008, London 2012). He won a gold medal in 2008.


title: Ivan Miljković

paragraphs: Ivan Miljković (; pronounced ; born September 13, 1979) is a Serbian volleyball player. He was a member of Serbia men's national volleyball team in 1998–2012. He is a member of Italian club Cucine Lube Civitanova. He competed in the Olympic Games (Sydney 2000, Athens 2004, Beijing 2008), the European Championships (2001, 2011).


title: Dmitriy Muserskiy

paragraphs: Dmitriy Muserskiy (born 29 October 1988) is a Russian volleyball player. He is originally from Ukraine. He is a member of the Russian men's national volleyball team and the Russian club Belogorie Belgorod. He competed in the Olympic Games in 2012, European Championships in 2013, the World Cup in 2011, and the World League.


title: Sergey Tetyukhin

paragraphs: Sergey Yuryevich Tetyukhin (; born 23 September 1975) is a Russian volleyball player. He was born in Fergana, Uzbekistan. He is 1.97 m tall, and plays as passer-attacker.

paragraphs: Together with Samuele Papi, he is one of only two male volleyball players who have won four Olympic medals. Tetyukhin is the only volleyball player in the world (male or female) with four Olympic medals who has all three types of those medals. He won a gold medal at the London Olympics.


title: Sergio Santos

paragraphs: Sérgio Dutra Santos (born 15 October 1975 in Diamante do Norte) is a Brazilian professional volleyball player. He is also known as Serginho or Escadinha. He plays in the libero position. In 2009 he became the first Libero to be named MVP in the World League.

paragraphs: He is widely regarded as one of the best liberos of all time and is unquestionably the best libero of the 2000s, with more awards than any other libero. Known for his service reception and digging skills, teams often attempted to avoid Sergio when serving.

paragraphs: Beyond his defensive abilities, he was also capable of running the offense as a 'second setter' if the setter was forced to make the first contact. This was in large part due to Sergio playing the setting position while growing up and subbing in as a setter for his professional club teams over the years.


title: Nikola Grbić

paragraphs: Nikola Grbić (; born September 6, 1973) is a Serbian retired volleyball player. He was a member of the Yugoslavian national team from 1995 to 2003, Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006 and Serbia from 2006 to 2010. He won a gold medal at the Olympic Games in Sydney 2000, bronze at the Olympic Games in Atlanta 1996. He also competed in the Olympic Games in Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008. He has won several medals at the World Championships, European Championships and World League, Italian Championships (2008, 2010), Russian Championships (2014). He was later head coach of the Serbian men's national team.


title: Ruanzhi tea

paragraphs: Ruan Zhi is a kind of oolong tea. It is also known as Qingxin. It is from Anxi in Fujian Province, China.


title: Jujube

paragraphs: Ziziphus jujuba, commonly known as the jujube, is a species of "Ziziphus". It is in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae). It is used mainly as a shade tree which also bears fruit.


title: William Barclay Foster

paragraphs: William Barclay Foster (1779 - 1855) was the father of Stephen Foster, a well-known American songwriter. William was an important businessman in his time. Some people have written about him and have called him one of the most prosperous merchants of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He worked in the state of Pennsylvania as a state legislator. He was also elected mayor of Allegheny City two times. (Allegheny City is now part of the city of Pittsburgh.) He married Eliza Clayland Tomlinson on November 14, 1807, in Chambersburg, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: His father James Foster, was born in 1779 in Berkeley County, Virginia. At the end of the Revolutionary War, he and his family moved to western Pennsylvania with other Scottish and Irish families. James Foster was one of the founders and original trustees of Canonsburg Academy, a school founded in 1791. William attended the academy until he was sixteen. He moved to Pittsburgh shortly after the city's incorporation along the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. William Foster went to work for the company Denny and Bellen, "Dry Goods, Hardware, etc." He represented the company, was promoted to a partner, and traveled to many places.


title: Ferndale, Michigan

paragraphs: Ferndale is a city in Oakland County, Michigan. It is part of the Detroit metropolitan area.


title: Web Entertainment

paragraphs: Web Entertainment is a record label based in Detroit, Michigan, United States. It is run by the Bass Brothers. It is known for being the first label that signed Eminem.


title: USS New Jersey (BB-16)

paragraphs: USS "New Jersey" (BB-16) was the fourth of five Virginia-class battleships of the United States Navy. She was originally going to be named the USS Virginia. She was built at the Fore River Shipbuilding Company in Quincy, Massachusetts in May 1902. She was launched in November 1904. After sea trials she was commissioned into the fleet in May 1906. The ship was armed with an offensive battery of four guns and eight guns. She was capable of a top speed of . "New Jersey" was long, had 23,000 horsepower and was built at a cost of $3,405,000.

paragraphs: "New Jersey" spent her entire career in the Atlantic Fleet. In late 1906, she took part in the Second Occupation of Cuba. She participated in the Jamestown Exposition in April – May 1907. At the end of the year, she joined the Great White Fleet for its circumnavigation of the globe, which lasted into 1909. The ship spent the following five years conducting peacetime training. In April 1914, "New Jersey" took part in the occupation of Veracruz during the Mexican Revolution. During World War I, she was used as a training ship. After the war, she was tasked with transporting American soldiers back from Europe. "New Jersey" was decommissioned in 1920 and slated for destruction in bombing tests in 1923. "New Jersey" was sunk on 5 September 1923 off Cape Hatteras as a target ship.


title: Pacific Time Zone

paragraphs: The Pacific Time Zone is one of the time zones in the world. It is based on the mean solar time of the 105th meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory. Normally, its time is 8 hours before Coordinated Universal Time. The time zone is in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The biggest city in the zone is Los Angeles, California; its metropolitan area is the largest in the zone. During Daylight Savings Time, the Pacific Time Zone is represented by UTC−7.

paragraphs: This time zone is called Pacific Time (PT) During Winter it is Pacific Standerd Time (PST) which is UTC-8 and in summer it is Pacific Daylight Time (PDT) which is UTC-7.

paragraphs: All of Yukon, Tungsten, Northwest Territories and Most of British Columbia

paragraphs: It includes the entire states of Washington and California

paragraphs: It also contains most of Oregon and Nevada

paragraphs: Parts of the Idaho Panhandle are part of the Pacific Time Zone

paragraphs: Baja California Norte uses Pacific Time Zone


title: Ooid

paragraphs: An ooid is a small rounded sedimentary rock. Like sand grains, ooids have a diameter of 2 mm or less. Larger grains formed the same way as ooids are called "pisoids". Rock made of ooids is oolite.


title: 2015 San Bernardino shooting

paragraphs: The 2015 San Bernardino shooting was a mass shooting in San Bernardino, California. It started at 10:59 a.m. Pacific Standard Time (PST) on December 2, 2015. At least fourteen people were killed and seventeen were wounded. It happened at the Inland Regional Center. The shooters may have targeted a banquet hosted by San Bernardino County Department of Public Health. The shooters left in an SUV.

paragraphs: The two suspected shooters, one woman and one man, Tashfeen Malik and Syed Rizwan Farook, were killed by police during a gunfight.


title: Abduction (logic)

paragraphs: Abduction is the kind of practical logic which answers questions of the type "how did this come about?". It produces answers which are not guaranteed to be correct. Consider the observation that the lawn is wet in the morning. How did that happen? In London, the answer is most often that it rained. But in Los Angeles it is much more likely that someone left the sprinkler on.

paragraphs: Abduction is logical inference which goes from an observation to a theory which accounts for the observation. It makes the simplest and most likely explanation. In abductive reasoning, unlike in deductive reasoning, the premises do not guarantee the conclusion. Abductive reasoning is "inference to the best explanation".

paragraphs: The philosopher (1839–1914) introduced abduction into modern logic.


title: Linezolid

paragraphs: Linezolid is an antibiotic. It can heal serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria that other antibiotics are do not heal. Linezolid is active against most Gram-positive bacteria which cause disease, like streptococci and MRSA. It is mainly used to treat infections of the skin and pneumonia.

paragraphs: It is relatively safe to take linezolid for short periods. It can be used in people of all ages and in people with liver disease or poor kidney function. Common harmful effects of short-term use include headache, diarrhea, and nausea. Long-term use, however, has been associated with more serious harmful effects.

paragraphs: Linezolid was discovered in the 1990s by a team at Pharmacia & Upjohn Company. It was first approved for use in 2000. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, which is a list of medications needed in a basic health system. Linezolid costs approximately US$100 per tablet in the United States.

paragraphs: Linezolid is marketed by Pfizer under the trade names Zyvox (in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, and several other countries), Zyvoxid (in Europe), and Zyvoxam (in Canada and Mexico). Generics are also available, such as Linospan/Lizomed (in India), Nezocin (in Pakistan), and Linzolid (in Bangladesh, by Incepta).


title: Cheshire, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Cheshire is a town in Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. At the 2010 census, 3,235 people lived in Cheshire.


title: Jenna Dewan

paragraphs: Jenna Lee Dewan Tatum (born December 3, 1980) is an American actress and dancer. She began her career as a backup dancer for Janet Jackson. Later she worked with artists including Pink, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera. She is known for her role as Nora in the 2006 film "Step Up" for which she won a Teen Choice Award. She has also starred on the short-lived NBC series "The Playboy Club". Tatum had a recurring role on the FX series "". She was Freya Beauchamp on the Lifetime series "Witches of East End". Dewan has been married to actor Channing Tatum since 2009.


title: Pittsfield, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Pittsfield is a city in Massachusetts, United States. It is the largest city and the county seat of Berkshire County. It is the main city of the Pittsfield Metropolitan Statistical Area which includes all of Berkshire County. The population was 44,737 at the 2010 census.


Pittsfield


title: Sandy Berger

paragraphs: Samuel Richard "Sandy" Berger (October 28, 1945 – December 2, 2015) was an American political consultant of Jewish descent. He served as the United States National Security Advisor for President Bill Clinton from March 14, 1997 until January 20, 2001. Before that, he served as the Deputy National Security Advisor for the Clinton Administration from January 20, 1993 until March 14, 1997.

paragraphs: In 2005, Berger got a fine of $50,000 and had to do 100 hours of community service because he had taken documents from the National Archives in Washington although he wasn't allowed to do this.

paragraphs: Sandy Berger died of cancer of unknown primary origin in Washington, D.C. on December 2, 2015, aged 70.


title: Robert E. Glennen

paragraphs: Robert Eugene Glennen, Jr., PhD (March 31, 1933 – December 1, 2015) was an American education administrator. He served as Emporia State University's thirteenth president in Emporia, Kansas. Before president of Emporia State, Glennen also served as the tenth president at Western New Mexico University, many administrative jobs at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas and the University of Notre Dame.

paragraphs: Glennen was born in Billings, Montana. He died in Las Vegas, Nevada at the age of 82.


title: Joseph Engelberger

paragraphs: Later, he worked as entrepreneur and vocal advocate of robotic technology beyond the manufacturing plant in a variety of fields, including service industries, health care, and space exploration. He has been called "the father of robotics" for his works to the field.

paragraphs: Engelberger died in Newtown, Connecticut from complications following a stroke at the age of 90.


title: Jim Loscutoff

paragraphs: James "Jim" Loscutoff Jr (February 4, 1930 – December 1, 2015) was a professional American basketball player for the NBA. He played for the Boston Celtics from 1955 through 1964. He was a forward. Loscutoff played on seven Celtics championship teams between 1956 and 1964. He was born in San Francisco, California.

paragraphs: Loscutoff died in Naples, Florida from complications of pneumonia and Parkinson's disease at the age of 85.


title: Suffolk County, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Suffolk County is a county in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. 767,254 people lived there in 2014. Its county seat is Boston, the state capital and largest city.


title: Carthage, Missouri

paragraphs: Carthage is a city in the U.S. state of Missouri. The population was 14,378 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Jasper County. It is nicknamed "America's Maple Leaf City."


title: Jasper County, Missouri

paragraphs: Jasper County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 117,404. Its county seat is Carthage. Its largest city is Joplin. The county was formed in 1841. It was named for William Jasper, a hero of the American Revolutionary War.


title: Jackson County

paragraphs: Jackson County is the name of 24 counties in the United States:


title: Jasper County

paragraphs: Jasper County is the name of eight counties in the United States.


title: Jackson County, Missouri

paragraphs: Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Missouri. In 2010, the population was 674,158. This county has the second-highest number of people in the state, after St. Louis County. It has two county capitals, Independence and Kansas City. The county was created December 15, 1826. It was named for President Andrew Jackson (elected 1828).


title: Kylo Ren

paragraphs: Kylo Ren (born Ben Solo) is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie "". He was portrayed by Adam Driver. He is the main villain of "The Force Awakens" and "."

paragraphs: Kylo Ren is the pseudonym of Ben Solo, the son of original "Star Wars" trilogy characters Han Solo, who he later killed, and Leia Organa. Though trained by his uncle Luke Skywalker as a Jedi, he has been drawn to the dark side of the Force, and wants to be as powerful as his grandfather, Darth Vader who he praised and thought was the king of evil, not the one who killed the emperor. Throughout all of T"he Force Awakens" and the first two acts of "The Last Jedi," Ren wants to be fully committed to the dark side, but there are times where the light side tries to pull him back in. This can be seen because when he kills his father Han, he hesitates before he does it. Even when he has a chance to kill his mother Leia, he chooses not to after giving it thought. This makes him a complex character.

paragraphs: Kylo Ren is the master of the Knights of Ren and a commander for the , an organization created from the fallen .The First Order believed that the Empire's leader, Emperor Palpatine, had been killed by Luke Skywalker, not Darth Vader. He is featured in "The Force Awakens" media and merchandising, and has appeared in the movie's sequel, "".


title: Adam Driver

paragraphs: Adam Douglas Driver (born November 19, 1983) is an American actor.


title: Car classification

paragraphs: Governments and private organizations have developed car classifications that are used for a number of purposes. These include regulation, description and categorization, among others. The following are commonly used classifications in use worldwide:


title: Scott Weiland

paragraphs: Scott Weiland (born Scott Richard Kline; October 27, 1967 – December 3, 2015) was an American musician, singer and songwriter. His career lasted three decades. He was best known as the lead singer for the rock band Stone Temple Pilots from when they formed in 1986 until he was fired in 2013. He was also the lead singer of band Velvet Revolver from 2003 to 2008. That band had members from another popular band, Guns N' Roses, and were called a "supergroup" because of this.

paragraphs: Weiland was born in San Jose, California. At age five, he was adopted by his stepfather and moved to Ohio. Weiland moved back to California in his teens.

paragraphs: After he was fired from Stone Temple Pilots, Weiland formed a solo band called the Wildabouts. They released an album in March 2015 called "Blaster" but their guitar player, Jeremy Brown, died the day before it came out. Weiland himself died on this band's tour bus in Bloomington, Minnesota on December 3, 2015 after drinking and taking drugs such as cocaine. He was 48 years old. He had battled addictions to drugs for over 20 years, at first becoming addicted to heroin in the 1990s.


title: Eastern Shore of Maryland

paragraphs: The Eastern Shore of Maryland is on the east side of Chesapeake Bay. It consists of nine counties. In 2004 its population was nearly 441 thousand. This means about 8 percent of Marylanders live in this region. The term "Eastern Shore" distinguishes a territorial part of the State of Maryland from the Western Shore of Maryland, land west of the Chesapeake Bay.

paragraphs: The region has many beaches. Some of the best known and most often visited beaches are at Ocean City, Maryland. Ocean city is also known for its boardwalks and its tourist attractions. With a population of 24,000, Salisbury is the largest city.


title: Casualty (TV series)

paragraphs: Casualty is a British television show aired on the BBC since 6 September 1986. It is the longest-running emergency medical drama television series in the world. It is filmed in Cardiff. The 1000th episode of "Casualty" aired on 25 June 2016, episode 39 of series 30.

paragraphs: The series was created by Jeremy Brock and Paul Unwin, as a response to the Margaret Thatcher era.

paragraphs: "Casualty" is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital, in the fictional county of Wyvern, in the south-west of England.


title: Yossi Sarid

paragraphs: Yossi Sarid (; 24 October 1940 – 4 December 2015) was an Israeli news commentator and former politician. He served as a member of the Knesset for the Alignment, Ratz and Meretz between 1974 and 2006. He was the Minister of Education and Minister of the Environment, he led Meretz between 1996 and 2003 and served as Leader of the Opposition from 2001 to 2003.

paragraphs: Sarid was born in Rehovot and died on the evening of 4 December 2015 from a heart attack, aged 75.


title: Dag Skogheim

paragraphs: Dag Skogheim (17 May 1928 – 4 December 2015) was a Norwegian teacher, poet, novelist, short story writer, biographer and non-fiction writer. He was born in Sømna. He made his literary debut in 1970 with the poetry collection "... gagns menneske". He was known for his 2001 novel "Sanatorieliv". The book was awarded the "Sverre Steen Prize" from the Norwegian Historical Association in 2002.

paragraphs: Skogheim died in Oslo, Norway from complications following a stroke, aged 87.


title: Bill Bennett

paragraphs: William Richards Bennett, PC, OBC (August 18, 1932 – December 3, 2015), commonly known as Bill Bennett, was a Canadian politician. He was the 27th Premier of the Canadian province of British Columbia 1975–1986. He was a son of the former Premier, W. A. C. Bennett. He was a 3rd cousin, twice removed, of R.B. Bennett, eleventh Prime Minister of Canada.

paragraphs: Bennett died on December 3, 2015 at the age of 83 from Alzheimer's disease in Kelowna, British Columbia.


title: Ferenc Juhász

paragraphs: Ferenc Juhász (16 August 1928 – 2 December 2015) was a Hungarian poet. He received the Golden Wreath award in 1992. He was thought to be a close contender for the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1976.

paragraphs: Juhász published his first poem in 1946. In 1949, he published his first book of poems, "The Winged Foal". His poems, including "The boy changed into a stag clamors at the gate of secrets", have been widely translated.


title: Quorn, South Australia

paragraphs: Quorn is a small town in the Flinders Ranges in the north of South Australia, 39 km northeast of Port Augusta. In 2011 there were 1206 people living in Quorn. Quorn is the home of the Flinders Ranges Council local government area. It is in the state Electoral district of Stuart and the federal Division of Grey.

paragraphs: It is also the home of the Pichi Richi Railway.

paragraphs: The town was surveyed in 1878 and named after Quorndon in Leicestershire, United Kingdom. It was a railway town, part of the railway line being built from Port Augusta. The railway line from Port Augusta to Quorn opened in 1879. It reached Government Gums (Farina) in 1882, Marree in 1884, Oodnadatta in 1890 and Alice Springs in 1929. This railway line later became known as the "Ghan line" or Central Australia Railway.

paragraphs: In 1917, Quorn became the crossroads of the north–south Central Australian Railway and east–west Trans-Australian Railway between Port Augusta and Kalgoorlie. This made Quorn an important town, as everyone travelling east–west or north–south in Australia passed through Quorn. As a result, many fine buildings were built as the town expanded.

paragraphs: Quorn's role as a crossroads was lost in 1937 when a standard gauge railway connection was opened between Port Pirie and Port Augusta. However, during World War II, Quorn was a vital service point for trains heading north to Alice Springs. Over one million soldiers passed through on their way to Darwin and on to Papua New Guinea. There were over 50 trains eaxh day during and immediately after World War II. The trains also carried coal mined at Leigh Creek to the new Playford A Power Station in Port Augusta.

paragraphs: During the 1950s a new standard gauge line was built which did not pass through Quorn. It was built on the western side of The Dutchmans Stern, Mount Arden and Mount Eyre. This line went from Stirling North to Brachina and then followed the original narrow gauge route through Leigh Creek and to Marree. Trains no longer went through the Pichi Richi Pass or Quorn. The only services now operating through Quorn was freight from Peterborough and Hawker. As a result Quorn lost its important railway business and in the 1980s the railway was completely closed as freight was moved to road transport. One unusual aspect of the railway working from Peterborough to Quorn and then on to Hawker was the need for the engine to be turned and joined to the opposite end of the train when arriving at Quorn, as it was not a "through" station for the trip from Peterborough to Hawker.

paragraphs: In 1973 the Pichi Richi Railway Preservation Society was formed to keep and protect the unique bridges and stone work that formed the railway through the Pichi Richi Pass between Quorn and Stirling North. At first they only wanted to preserve the railway through the Pichi Richi Pass, but they later got railway carriages and locomotives to provide a tourist service through from Quorn to Port Augusta. TheThey have written a book showing the railway in its heyday.

paragraphs: A main attraction in Quorn is the Pichi Richi Railway. There are also a self-guided walking tours in the town, included several based around the town's historic old buildings, the railway yards and other historic locations. The Flinders Ranges Visitor Information Centre / Pichi Richi Railway in the Quorn railway station provide visitor information, bookings for the railway, accommodation, tours and souvenirs.

paragraphs: There are a number of hotels, restaurants, bistro and cafes in town.

paragraphs: The Heysen Trail and the Mawson Trail, two long distance trails for walking and cycling, pass through town and there are many bushwalks and 4wd tracks.

paragraphs: Famous people from Quorn include country music artist Jedd Hughes, politician Brian Harradine and champion SANFL footballer Fos Williams. Former Australian of the year and AC, CBE, Lowitja O'Donoghue also spent her childhood at the Aboriginal mission in Quorn, the Colebrook Children's Home.

paragraphs: Travellers use Quorn as a base to explore the Flinders Ranges, including Warren Gorge, Kanyaka Station, Proby's Grave and Itali Itali.

paragraphs: Quorn has also been used in several movies, including "The Shiralee", "Sunday Too Far Away", "Gallipoli", "Wolf Creek", "The Sundowners", "The Lighthorsemen" and "The Last Ride" starring Hugo Weaving.

paragraphs: The name Quorn has been used as a name for a crater on the planet Mars, without commemorating the town.


title: Gustavo Endres

paragraphs: Gustavo Endres (born August 23, 1975 in Passo Fundo, Brazil) is a retired Brazilian volleyball player.

paragraphs: Endres played for Brazil's men's national volleyball team in 1997-2008. The team won the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. The team won the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.

paragraphs: Endres was also a member of the 2002 and 2006 World Championship teams. He won several medals in the World League, South American Championship, World Cup and the Grand Champions Cup.


title: Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho

paragraphs: Gilberto Amauri de Godoy Filho (born 23 December 1976 in Londrina) is a retired Brazilian professional volleyball player. He is usually known as known as Giba. He played as an outside hitter.

paragraphs: For much of the 2000s, he was widely regarded as one of the best volleyball players in the world. During his professional career he played in Brazil, Italy, Russia, Argentina and briefly in the United Arab Emirates. He is mostly remembered for his successes with the Brazilian national team.

paragraphs: With the national team he won a total of 8 South American Championships, 3 America's Cups, 8 World League titles, 2 World Grand Champions Cups, three World Championships (2002, 2006, 2010) and the gold medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, the silver medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing and the silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London, where he was the non-playing captain.

paragraphs: During summer 2014, Giba retired from professional volleyball at the age of 37.


title: Cicero, Indiana

paragraphs: Cicero is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,812.


title: Ashton Carter

paragraphs: Ashton Baldwin "Ash" Carter (born September 24, 1954) is the former United States Secretary of Defense. He is also a physicist and a former Harvard University professor of Science and International Affairs. He was nominated by President Barack Obama, and confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 93–5, to replace Chuck Hagel as the US Secretary of Defense.


title: William McIlvanney

paragraphs: William McIlvanney (25 November 1936 – 5 December 2015) was a Scottish novelist, short story writer, and poet. McIlvanney was known for his works "Laidlaw", "The Papers of Tony Veitch", and "Walking Wounded". They are all known for their portrayal of Glasgow in the 1970s. He is thought to be as "the father of 'Tartan Noir’" and Scotland's Camus.


title: Marília Pêra

paragraphs: Marília Pêra (22 January 1943 – 5 December 2015) was a Brazilian actress. She was called "one of the decade's [1980s] ten best actresses" by Pauline Kael.

paragraphs: Pêra won the National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress in 1982 for her role in Hector Babenco's famous movie "Pixote". She received the Best Actress awards at the Gramado Film Festival (Triple Award Winner) and at the Cartegena Film Festival for Carlos Diegues' "Better Days Ahead". Her other movies include "Bar Esperanza", "Angels of the Night", and Diegues' "Tieta".

paragraphs: Abel Pêra, also an actor from Brazil, was her uncle.

paragraphs: Pêra died in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from lung cancer, aged 72.


title: Pauline Kael

paragraphs: Pauline Kael (; June 19, 1919 – September 3, 2001) was an American movie critic who wrote for "The New Yorker" magazine from 1968 to 1991. Earlier in her career, her work appeared in "City Lights", "McCall's" and "The New Republic".

paragraphs: Kael was known for her "witty, biting, highly opinionated, and sharply focused" reviews. Legendary critic Roger Ebert said that Kael "had a more positive influence on the climate for film in America than any other single person over the last three decades".

paragraphs: Kael was born in Petaluma, California. She studied at the University of California, Berkeley. Kael died in Great Barrington, Massachusetts from Parkinson's disease at the age of 82.


title: Quinnipiac University

paragraphs: Quinnipiac University is a private, nonsectarian, coeducational university. It is in Hamden, Connecticut, United States.

paragraphs: The university grants undergraduate, graduate, and professional degrees through its College of Arts and Sciences; School of Business and Engineering; School of Communications; School of Health Sciences; School of Law; School of Medicine; School of Nursing and School of Education. Quinnipiac is home to the Quinnipiac University Polling Institute.


title: Hamden, Connecticut

paragraphs: Hamden is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The town's nickname is "The Land of the Sleeping Giant." The population was 60,960 at the 2010 census. Hamden is a suburb of the city of New Haven.


title: Siddhi Savetsila

paragraphs: Siddhi Savetsila (, , , 7 January 1919 – 5 December 2015) was a Thai air force officer and politician. He served as the foreign minister of Thailand from 1980 to 1990. He was the Deputy Prime Minister of Thailand serving from January through August 1986. He has been a member of the Privy Council of King Bhumibol Adulyadej.

paragraphs: Savetsila died at the age of 96 in Bangkok on 5 December 2015.


title: Mohel

paragraphs: A mohel is a person who circumcises Jewish baby boys eight days after they are born. This is a practice of Jewish law ("Halakha").

paragraphs: A knife is traditionally used for this, but a clamp is now sometimes used instead. In Orthodox Judaism the mohel is male. However, some more progressive types of Judaism allow women to serve as a mohel.

paragraphs: The event of the circumcision is called a "Brit milah", sometimes pronounced "bris" especially by Jews of European heritage whose ancestors spoke Yiddish. The mohel says prayers with the infant's family and guests, to welcome the baby boy into the Jewish religion.


title: Farina, South Australia

paragraphs: Farina is a ghost town in South Australia. It is on the edge of the desert, with an unpredictable annual rainfall of 163.6 mm. It was a farming and railway town, part of the Ghan railway, 26 km north of Lyndhurst and 55 km south of Marree. In 2006 there were 55 people living near Farina.

paragraphs: Before 1878 Farina was called The Gums or Government Gums, It was an important waterhole in a dry desert. Farina was settled in 1878 by farmers who thought that if they ploughed the land and planted crops it would rain. It was named Farina after the Latin word for flour. The town was the railhead until 1884 when the railway reached Marree. During the wet years of the 1880s, plans were laid out for a town with 432 ¼-acre blocks. It was believed that it would be good for growing wheat and barley, however normal rainfall is not enough to grow these crops. Several silver and copper mines were dug in the surrounding area.

paragraphs: Farina grew to 600 people in the late 1800s. The town had two hotels (the Transcontinental and the Exchange) and an underground bakery, a bank, two breweries, a general store, an Anglican church, five blacksmiths, a school and a brothel. In 1909, a 1143 kg iron meteorite was discovered north-east of the town.

paragraphs: Today all that is left are stone ruins and the elevated railway water tank. The post office closed in the 1960s and the railway line closed in the 1980s.

paragraphs: No one lives in the town, the closest people live at Farina station, a farm, west of the town. A bush camping area has been set up by the owners of Farina station.

paragraphs: Volunteers have repaired the bakery and put up information signs.

paragraphs: The town's cemetery is a few kilometres from the town. It has an Afghan corner with several headstones, some with both English and Arabic writing. These mark the graves of former Farina residents of Afghan origin who were part of the Afghan camel trains which used to provide transport services before the railway. All the gravestones face Mecca in the Islamic tradition.


title: Abortion in Azerbaijan

paragraphs: Abortion in Azerbaijan is legal upon request within the first twenty-eight weeks of pregnancy.

paragraphs: After twenty-eight weeks, it is legal when:

paragraphs: Additionally, a physician may approve any other reason to carry out an abortion.


title: Onomatopoeia

paragraphs: An onomatopoeia is a word that sounds like the sound it means: words that imitate particular sounds.