title: Peter MacKay

paragraphs: Peter Gordon MacKay (born September 27, 1965) is a Canadian lawyer and politician. He was a Member of Parliament in the House of Commons of Canada from 1997 to 2015. He was Minister of Justice and Attorney General (2013–2015), Minister of National Defence (2007–2013), and Minister of Foreign Affairs (2006–2007) in the Cabinet of Canada under Prime Minister Stephen Harper. MacKay was the last leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. He was the one that made the choice to combine the party with Harper's Canadian Alliance party in 2003 to create the Conservative Party of Canada.

paragraphs: Before becoming a politician, MacKay was a lawyer in Nova Scotia. He was one of the Crown Attorneys in the province. MacKay was the Member of Parliament for the electoral area of Pictou—Antigonish—Guysborough from 1997 to 2004 and Central Nova from 2004 to 2015. For the 2015 election, he said that he would not try to be elected again.

paragraphs: In January 2020, MacKay announced his candidacy for Conservative Party leader in the 2020 leadership election. He lost the election to Erin O'Toole.


title: UKTV

paragraphs: UKTV is a British free-to-air video channel launched by GOLD, Dave, W, Alibi, Yesterday, Drama and Eden. It was broadcast by the UK and Northern Ireland.


title: UKTV Play

paragraphs: David Jason (GOLD, Channel 4 and BBC One)


title: Mikhail Mishustin

paragraphs: Mikhail Vladimirovich Mishustin (; born 3 March 1966) is a Russian economist politician. Mishustin has been the Prime Minister of Russia since 2020. He was the Head of the Federal Tax Service from 2010 to 2020.

paragraphs: On 15 January 2020, he was nominated for Prime Minister of Russia by President Vladimir Putin.

paragraphs: On 30 April 2020, Mishustin announced that he tested positive for COVID-19.


title: Sergey Kiriyenko

paragraphs: Sergey Vladilenovich Kiriyenko (; born 26 July 1962) is a Russian politician. He has been the First Deputy Chief of Staff of the Presidential Administration of Russia since 5 October 2016. He was the 30th Prime Minister of Russia from 23 March to 23 August 1998 under President Boris Yeltsin.


title: Sergei Stepashin

paragraphs: Sergei Vadimovich Stepashin (; born 2 March 1952) is a Russian politician. He was Prime Minister of Russia in 1999. He was Chairman of the Accounts Chamber of Russia from 2000 until 2013.


title: Mikhail Kasyanov

paragraphs: Mikhail Mikhailovich Kasyanov ( – , born 8 December 1957) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from May 2000 to February 2004.


title: Mikhail Fradkov

paragraphs: Mikhail Yefimovich Fradkov (; born 1 September 1950) is a Russian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Russia from March 2004 to September 2007. Fradkov was the head of Russia's Foreign Intelligence Service from 6 October 2007 to 5 October 2016.

paragraphs: Since January 2017, Fradkov is the director of the Russian Institute for Strategic Studies.


Temptation of Wife


title: Rocinha

paragraphs: Rocinha is the biggest and most populous favela in Brazil. It is in Rio de Janeiro on a 'doggy-style' hill. Its population is about 69,000 people.


About a Girl


title: Prime Minister of North Macedonia

paragraphs: The Prime Minister of North Macedonia, officially the President of the Government of the Republic of North Macedonia (; ), is the head of government of North Macedonia. The first Prime Minister of the Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia) was Nikola Kljusev from 27 January 1991 to 17 August 1992.

paragraphs: The current Prime Minister of North Macedonia is Zoran Zaev.


title: Holby City

paragraphs: Holby City (styled as HOLBY CIY) is a British medical drama television series shown weekly on BBC One. The series was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the BBC medical drama "Casualty". It was first shown on 12 January 1999. It is set in the same hospital as "Casualty" in the fictional city of Holby. Some episodes have characters and plots shared with "Casualty". There have been episodes broadcast as "Casualty@Holby City". Some episodes have characters and plots shared with the show's 2007 police procedural spin-off "HolbyBlue".

paragraphs: "Holby City" is shown once a week, all year round. Each series now contains 52 episodes.

paragraphs: The show follows the lives of medical and ancillary staff at the fictional Holby City Hospital.

paragraphs: As of January 2020, twenty-one series of "Holby City" have been shown. It is made at the BBC Elstree Centre in Hertfordshire. It has featured episodes filmed on location abroad. From October 2010, "Holby City" moved to high definition broadcasting.

paragraphs: The series uses a team of researchers to ensure medical accuracy. Surgeons check the scripts. Cast members are taught to perform basic medical procedures. They spend time on hospital wards for research.

paragraphs: "Holby City" has been nominated for over 100 television awards. It has won ten awards. The 2008 British Academy Television Award for Best Continuing Drama, one Black Entertainment Film Fashion Television and Arts (BEFFTA) award, two Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards, two Music Video and Screen Awards, and four Screen Nation awards.

paragraphs: The first series averaged 9.27 million viewers. The eleventh series averaged 5.44 million viewers. Later series have had over 4 million viewers per week.

paragraphs: The first series had eleven main characters. All have since left the show. New main characters have been written in and out of the series. There are fifteen main characters. Well known actors regularly appear. Cast members have included Patsy Kensit, Jane Asher, Robert Powell, Ade Edmondson, John Michie, Al Hunter Ashton, Alex Walkinshaw and Jemma Redgrave.

paragraphs: In September 2016 the BBC said the show would be put up for tender.

paragraphs: The tender document said the contract would be open to independent producers and BBC Studios. It would be for three series of at least 50 episodes each. It would be delivered from December 2017 with no break in transmission. It would be produced at BBC Elstree Centre.

paragraphs: BBC Studios was the winning bidder and will continue to produce the show to 2020.

paragraphs: "Holby City" was created by Tony McHale and Mal Young as a spin-off from the BBC medical drama "Casualty". It is set in the fictional Holby City Hospital.

paragraphs: Young wanted to explore what happened to patients treated in "Casualty" once they were taken to the hospital's surgical wards.

paragraphs: The stories on "Casualty" are limited to the "accident of the week". "Holby City" has stories about long-term care, rather than immediate life and death decisions.

paragraphs: The series was commissioned by BBC One Controller Peter Salmon. It was first shown on BBC One on 12 January 1999.

paragraphs: Since its beginning, it has expanded to cover other wards. These include a gynaecology ward, an acute assessment unit and a maternity ward.

paragraphs: Young explained that new wards are necessary to allow the crew to rotate sets.

paragraphs: Episodes of "Holby City" cost around £370,000 to produce. This is more than the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" which costs £130,000 per episode. "Casualty" costs £450,000 per episode. As "Holby City" is a high-volume, year-round production, it has relatively low production costs. Set-up costs can be spread over many years. Sets can be re-used. This is not the case for shorter series or one-off dramas.

paragraphs: Former "Casualty" producer Johnathan Young was an executive producer of "Holby" first series.

paragraphs: Mal Young was executive producer of "Holby City" until 2004.

paragraphs: Kathleen Hutchison worked with Mal Young as co-executive producer from 2003 to 2004. She left the series to become executive producer of "EastEnders".

paragraphs: In March 2011, Johnathan Young returned to the BBC as executive producer of both "Casualty" and "Holby City".

paragraphs: "Holby City" storylines are planned eight months in advance. The series has a number of scriptwriters. They are found and scheduled by script development editor Simon Harper.

paragraphs: Harper finds some writers through the BBC Writers Academy. This is a course which gives its graduates the chance to work on prime time television. McHale teaches at the academy, and graduate Abi Bown went on to become a regular writer for "Holby City".

paragraphs: Harper also recruits writers through the BBC's Continuing Drama Shadow Scheme.

paragraphs: McHale wrote the series' first episode, and served as the show's lead writer.

paragraphs: His 2006 promotion to executive producer was part Controller of BBC Drama Production John Yorke's plan to "put writers back at the heart of the process". Yorke said McHale's promotion was "fantastic. It means that for the first time you've got a writer running one of our big powerhouse BBC1 shows."

paragraphs: After McHale resigned the lead writer was Justin Young. He wants a more writer-led process from series 13 onwards. Writers will create more of the story of their episodes than before.

paragraphs: The serial employs a team of researchers to advise writers on nursing issues and health service politics. One medical advisor was given a cameo role in the series as an orthopaedic surgeon. Another advisor, recovery nurse Rachel Carter, appears in "Holby City" as a scrub nurse.

paragraphs: The programme uses different types os surgeons to check scripts for accuracy. Carter believes this is important as viewers might copy what they see in the show, such as CPR.

paragraphs: Actor Amanda Mealing said: "We pride ourselves on being realistic. You need to know what you are doing and why. It is a complex and foreign thing to act out an operation. For training, I watched a number of real ones."

paragraphs: Cast members are taught how to give injections, monitor blood pressure and check a pulse, and some watch procedures in hospitals.

paragraphs: Original cast member George Irving observed coronary artery bypass surgery performed at Papworth and Middlesex Hospital in preparation for his role as Anton Meyer. Edward MacLiam observed laparoscopic surgery being performed before joining the cast as Greg Douglas in series twelve.

paragraphs: "Holby City" and "Casualty" are both set in Holby City Hospital. This is in the fictional county of Wyvern in the southwest of England close to the Welsh border.

paragraphs: Bristol is used for city exteriors. Interior filming of "Holby City" is at BBC Elstree Centre in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire.

paragraphs: The "Casualty" set in Bristol was not large enough for the surgical ward and operating theatre needed for "Holby City". So some scenes in the first episode had to be shot twice, first on the "Casualty" set and then again at Elstree, with cast members travelling between the two locations.

paragraphs: In October 2007, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that the Elstree site would be sold, and "Holby City" moved to share a set with "Casualty", possibly in Cardiff.

paragraphs: In March 2009, the BBC said that "Casualty" would move to a new set in Cardiff. In April 2009, "The Guardian" said that the BBC would retain Elstree Studios for at least another four years.

paragraphs: Some episodes have been shot on location abroad. In 2004, the romance between nurse Jess Griffin (Verona Joseph) and anaesthetist Zubin Khan (Art Malik) had an episode set in Paris.

paragraphs: In 2005, registrar Diane Lloyd (Patricia Potter) followed consultant Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie) to Ghana. This was part of the BBC's "Africa lives" series, a week of programmes bringing African culture to UK audiences.

paragraphs: In 2006, an episode in Switzerland had consultant Elliot Hope's (Paul Bradley) wife Gina (Gillian Bevan) committing assisted suicide after her motor neurone disease worsened.

paragraphs: A 2007 episode in Dubai focused on "Holby" registrar Joseph Byrne (Luke Roberts) meeting new nurse Faye Morton (Patsy Kensit).

paragraphs: In 2008, Joseph and consultant Linden Cullen (Duncan Pow) travelled to Cape Town.

paragraphs: In November 2008, series producer Diana Kyle said that they would not be filming abroad again for the "foreseeable future".

paragraphs: On 10 December 2012, it was announced that the show had filmed one episode in Stockholm. This focussed on Jac tracking down hospital CEO Henrik Hanssen (Guy Henry).

paragraphs: "Holby City" is shot using the single-camera setup.

paragraphs: Filming occurs from 8 am until 6 pm daily, 50 weeks a year.

paragraphs: From July 2007 onwards, the show took on the filmising technique, giving the impression of having been shot on film.

paragraphs: On 28 May 2010, the BBC announced that "Holby City" would move to HD by the end of the year.

paragraphs: The series moved to HD broadcasting, with a BBC HD simulcast, from the start of series 13 in October 2010.

paragraphs: From the eleventh series a musical montage segment was included in each episode. This was introduced by McHale to modernise the show. This use of songtages was first popularised by the US medical drama "Grey's Anatomy". McHale stated he was unaware of this until after "Holby City" had used the technique.

paragraphs: Music is selected by each episode's scriptwriter. Sometimes the producers and director would select the music in post-production. Actors have had some input: Hugh Quarshie selected the music he believed his character Ric Griffin would listen to in theatre. Asked in June 2010 whether she felt songtages were appropriate for a serious drama show, Kyle said: "they are an excellent way of telling stories visually".

paragraphs: "Holby City" was first shown on 12 January 1999 on BBC One.

paragraphs: The show's first series ran for nine episodes.

paragraphs: In June 2000, then Director-General of the BBC Greg Dyke pledged extra funding for BBC One, some of which was used for extra episodes of "Holby City".

paragraphs: Episodes were shown weekly from the fourth series onwards.

paragraphs: Series four to nine ran for 52 episodes. Series ten ran for 53 episodes, including the stand-alone finale episode "Mad World", set outside the hospital. Series eleven ran for 52 episodes. Series twelve had 55 episodes.

paragraphs: All series from then on had 52 episodes. The series reached its 500th episode on 13 April 2010.

paragraphs: In the first series episodes were 50 minutes long. From the second series episodes have been one hour.

paragraphs: The first series was shown on Tuesday nights at 8.10 pm. The second series moved to Thursdays. Halfway through the third series in 2001, Holby moved back to Tuesday night at 8.05 pm. It then moved into the 8pm timeslot, where it has remained. The show is occasionally shown on a different day.

paragraphs: In 2007, the show moved to Thursday nights to allow HolbyBlue to be shown in the 8pm Tuesday timeslot. BBC One Scotland has often shown the series at a later time.

paragraphs: In February 2019, it was announced that repeats of "Holby City" would begin on the channel Drama. This would begin with the first series.

paragraphs: In Finland it is shown on the channel Yle TV2 and is called "Holby Cityn sairaala".

paragraphs: Series twenty-two started on 7 January 2020.

paragraphs: "Holby City" follows the professional and personal lives of medical and ancillary staff at Holby General. It has an ensemble cast of main and recurring characters. The show has 10 to 20 main characters.

paragraphs: The original cast of 11 characters featured in the show's first episode was consultants Anton Meyer (George Irving) and Muriel McKendrick (Phyllis Logan), registrars Nick Jordan (Michael French) and Kirstie Collins (Dawn McDaniel), senior house officer Victoria Merrick (Lisa Faulkner), ward sister Karen Newburn (Sarah Preston), theatre sister Ellie Sharpe (Julie Saunders), senior staff nurse Ray Sykes (Ian Curtis), staff nurses Julie Bradford (Nicola Stephenson) and Jasmine Hopkins (Angela Griffin), and ward clerk Paul Ripley (Luke Mably).

paragraphs: For the first series, Young selected actors who were already established and had a soap opera background. Young had previously worked on the soap operas "Brookside" and "Family Affairs"

paragraphs: French had starred in the BBC's "EastEnders", while Stephenson and Faulkner had starred in "Brookside". Griffin had also appeared in ITV's "Coronation Street". Hiring of established actors continued as the soap progressed, with former "Brookside" actress Patricia Potter cast as registrar Diane Lloyd, "Star Wars" actor Denis Lawson cast as consultant Tom Campbell-Gore, and "Family Affairs" star Rocky Marshall cast as SHO Ed Keating. Later, roles were given to comedian Adrian Edmondson, film actress Patsy Kensit, and "Jesus of Nazareth" star Powell.

paragraphs: There is a casting department at Elstree Studios which casts actors for "Holby City" as well as "Casualty", "EastEnders" and "Doctors". The programme also has two casting directors who bring in actors for the producer and director to audition. Some cast members who play main characters have made previous appearances in minor "Holby City" roles.

paragraphs: Current characters include acting chief executive officer and consultant neurosurgeon Max McGerry (Jo Martin), consultant general surgeon and medical director Ric Griffin (Hugh Quarshie), consultant cardiothoracic surgeons lead Jac Naylor (Rosie Marcel) and Kian Madani (Ramin Karimloo), consultant general surgeons Ben Sherwood (Charlie Condou), Ange Godard (Dawn Steele), Sacha Levy (Bob Barrett), and Serena Campbell (Catherine Russell), speciality registrars Dominic Copeland (David Ames), Xavier Duval (Marcus Griffiths), and Chloe Godard (Amy Lennox), foundation training doctors Nicky McKendrick (Belinda Owusu) and Cameron Dunn (Nic Jackman), director of nursing Adrian "Fletch" Fletcher (Alex Walkinshaw), and senior staff nurses Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) and Essie Harrison (Kaye Wragg).

paragraphs: "Holby City" has had a number of famous guest stars.

paragraphs: In 2003, the BBC reached an agreement with the actors' union Equity to cease offering walk-on drama series roles to members of the public as prizes. When an untrained person won such a role in "Holby City" in a competition, Equity complained to the broadcaster that such prizes were "demeaning" to actors, depriving them of paid employment. The competition winner was allowed to visit the "Holby City" set, but did not appear on-screen as a result of the policy change.

paragraphs: The BBC has shown occasional crossover mini-dramas entitled "Casualty@Holby City". It has a number of characters from each of the two casts.

paragraphs: Before "Casualty@Holby City", the two shows had occasionally crossed-over storylines and cast members before. For example developing a romance between "Holby City" Ben Saunders (David Paisley) and "Casualty" Tony Vincent (Lee Warburton).

paragraphs: The first full crossover was made by "Casualty" executive producer Mervyn Watson, and "Holby City" McHale. Work on both shows had to be halted for two weeks to release cast members to appear in the special.

paragraphs: A second crossover was commissioned in 2005 as part of the BBC's DoNation season. This aimed to raise public awareness of organ donation and to decide to sign up to the Organ Donor Register. An interactive episode of "Casualty@Holby City" was one of the headlining shows of the season, allowing viewers to vote by phone to determine the outcome of a fictional organ donation.

paragraphs: The third "Casualty@Holby City" crossover aired in October 2005. The four-part storyline tackled the issue of youth violence, following the events of a turbulent A&E demonstration at an inner-city school.

paragraphs: Another crossover was ordered for Christmas 2005. Rather than dividing the episodes between the two series' crews as had previously been standard, this crossover operated as an entirely separate production, with Kyle producing and Paul Harrison directing.

paragraphs: In February 2010, another crossover occurred when "Casualty" Charlie Fairhead (Derek Thompson) was operated on by "Holby City" Elliot Hope after suffering a heart attack. The storyline was shown as "Casualty" and "Holby City" episodes, rather than under the "Casualty@Holby City" title.

paragraphs: "Casualty" series producer Oliver Kent commented that, while it is "fantastic" to be able to produce crossover episodes, they are logistically difficult, and it is unlikely that another "Casualty@Holby City" episode will be produced in the "foreseeable future".

paragraphs: In September 2010, "Holby City" nurse Donna Jackson (Jaye Jacobs) appeared in "Casualty", and Kent hopes that characters from the two shows will begin to crossover two or three times a year.

paragraphs: On 27 April 2006, the BBC announced "Holby Blue", a police procedural spin-off from "Holby City". It was created by Tony Jordan.

paragraphs: "Holby City" was moved to Thursdays for the duration of "HolbyBlue" first series, with the spin-off broadcast on Tuesday nights at 8 pm.

paragraphs: In 2008, a two-part crossover episode with "Holby City" was developed for the beginning of the show's second series. The episodes were written by McHale and Jordan. "Holby City" registrar Jac Naylor accused of murder.

paragraphs: Yorke compared the crossover to the American "CSI" franchise, in that: "You really believe it's a world."

paragraphs: The second series attracted 5.6 million viewers to its opening episode. By the end of May 2008 viewer numbers had fallen to 2.5 million.

paragraphs: In August 2008, the BBC announced that, due to lower ratings, "Holby Blue" would not be recommissioned for a third series.

paragraphs: In June 2002, cast members from "Holby City" and "Casualty" competed against the "EastEnders" cast for the first "Sport Relief" fundraiser, dubbed "Sport in the Square". The teams competed in events such as taxi pulling, melon tossing and a beer keg relay.

paragraphs: The competition was shown on BBC One, and the event raised £10 million.

paragraphs: In October 2003, BBC One aired a "Kenyon Confronts" documentary by "Panorama" reporter Paul Kenyon, investigating hospitals run by the Private Finance Initiative. He discovered many problems within the hospitals, which were dramatised by the "Holby City" cast in specially written scenes.

paragraphs: In March 2004, the documentary "Making It at Holby" was made as part of a BBC initiative to develop new acting talent. The documentary followed the casting process of "Holby City" and "Casualty", from the audition stages to the filming of the selected actors' first scenes.

paragraphs: In November 2006, the "Children in Need" charity telethon included a segment featuring the "Holby City" cast performing a comical version of "Hung Up" by Madonna.

paragraphs: In November 2007 "Children in Need" appeal again contained a musical performance from Holby City cast members. Sharon D Clarke, backed by Nadine Lewington, Rakie Ayola and Phoebe Thomas performed a soul version of Aretha Franklin's signature song, "Respect".

paragraphs: On 28 June 2008, "Holby City" stars competed against their "Casualty" counterparts in a special charity edition of BBC Two game-show "The Weakest Link".

paragraphs: In February 2010, "Holby City" and "Casualty" cast members performed a dance rendition of "Jai Ho" for "Let's Dance for Sport Relief".

paragraphs: "Holby City" has been compared to other medical dramas, often unfavourable.

paragraphs: In November 2002, John Whiston, then head of drama at Granada Television, accused the BBC of producing inferior "parodies" of ITV drama. He commented "With "Holby City" cloned out of "Casualty", the BBC has even ended up copying itself."

paragraphs: Paul Hoggart of "The Times" says that the differences between the two shows are "mild", calling "Holby City": ""Casualty" cute little sister".

paragraphs: Kevin Lygo, director of television at Channel 4, referred to "Holby City" as "sudsy drama", deeming it, "Casualty" and "HolbyBlue" "all decent programmes, but strikingly similar in many aspects of their tone and construction."

paragraphs: "Holby City" has been unfavourably compared with the American medical drama "ER". Television producer Paul Abbott has commented that although he watches "ER", he does not watch "Holby City" as: "it looks like you've crammed one hour's drama into 26 episodes."

paragraphs: In October 2009, former "Holby City" writer Peter Jukes wrote a critical piece for "Prospect" magazine, contrasting the show negatively with the standard of American television dramas. Jukes wrote that "Holby City" has become a soap opera, rather than a drama, and deemed the episodes he worked on "the most dispiriting experiences in [his] 25 years as a dramatist."

paragraphs: In August 2002, Paul Bolt, director of the Broadcasting Standards Commission criticised BBC programming as being "humdrum" and "formulaic", saying of "Holby City" and the police procedural "Mersey Beat": "One begins to wonder what really is the point of the BBC bringing this to us. Let's have something a bit different." Then head of BBC drama Jane Tranter responded that Bolt's examples were "highly selective" as well as "hugely patronising to the millions of viewers who enjoy popular dramas like "Holby City" – week in, week out". Young, who at the time held the position of head of drama serials, told "The Guardian": "Popular drama has always been singled out for criticism, but people are increasingly voting with their on-buttons."

paragraphs: At the 2003 Edinburgh International Television Festival, BSykB chief executive Tony Ball called for stricter restrictions on how the BBC spent licence payers' money, suggesting that "Holby City" be sold to the channel's commercial rivals, with the proceeds used to develop more original programming. The BBC refused Ball's suggestion, responding in a statement: "This speech clearly reflects BSkyB's view that programmes are merely a commodity to be bought and sold."

paragraphs: In 2003, former BBC host Sir Ludovic Kennedy complained that ethnic minorities were over-represented on television, prompting a BBC spokeswoman to explain that "Holby City" has more ethnic characters as it is set in an area where minorities account for up to 30% of the population. According to the 2001 census, the population of Bristol – which the city of Holby is loosely based upon – is 88% white and 12% ethnic minorities.

paragraphs: In October 2003, "Holby City" was praised by campaigners for the Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID), when an episode which coincided with "Learn To Sign Week" used deaf actors, and featured characters communicating through British Sign Language. RNID chief executive John Low stated: "Too often individuals have to rely on family members or friends to communicate complicated personal information to professionals. This is the reason the RNID is calling on the government to channel funding into the training of British Sign Language interpreters who could then be available to NHS staff treating deaf patients." Stokes commented: "The writer had a great story he wanted to tell – for us, that's what matters first and foremost."

paragraphs: In June 2004, Charles Allen, chief executive of ITV plc questioned the amount of funding spent on lengthened episodes of "Holby City",

paragraphs: A 2008 a Channel 4 report into ethnic diversity on television, cited "Holby City" as a positive example of "diverse British programm[ing]".

paragraphs: In January 2010, Janet Street-Porter in "The Independent", said "Holby City" had "come to the end of [its] natural life" and should be cancelled.

paragraphs: The show has been criticised for its lack of realism.

paragraphs: In February 2004, nurse Vici Hoban said that there were three nurse stereotypes. "Sex object, doctor's handmaiden, or angel". She felt that the media had increased these misconceptions. She said that with "the syringe-toting serial killer Kelly in "Holby City", realism has never been top of TV's agenda." Hoban felt that the worst offender at the time was the Channel 4 medical drama "No Angels". She described as: "so inaccurate that it makes "Holby City" look like a factual documentary."

paragraphs: In November 2009, Antony Sumara, CEO of the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, wrote a column criticising "Holby City" for misrepresenting real hospital life.

paragraphs: In December 2009, Tom Sutcliffe (broadcaster)|Tom Sutcliffe]] of "The Independent" reviewed an episode, finding it "astonishing" that any patients leave Holby General alive, as the staff are "so busy looking stricken or lovelorn at each other".

paragraphs: In December 2003, "The Times" Libby Purves wrote a critical opinion piece, observing that "Holby City" medical staff are often depicted getting drunk in clubs, but afterwards are able to function properly at work, and that as a result, alcohol "is made to look innocent".

paragraphs: In October 2004, Canon Kenyon Wright, chair of Alcohol Focus Scotland, criticised an episode of "Holby City" which saw doctors downing tequila slammers, stating that it glamorised irresponsible drinking.

paragraphs: In October 2007, drinks' industry body the Portman Group made an official complaint to communications regulator Ofcom about a scene in "Holby City" which depicted two medics drinking five shots of tequila following a stressful day at work. The body's chief executive David Poley claimed that in failing to show the negative consequences of this action, the series was presenting a "highly irresponsible portrayal of excessive and rapid drinking". Ofcom received a total of eight complaints about the incident.

paragraphs: "Holby City" has also been accused of medical inaccuracies.

paragraphs: In January 2004, the British Medical Association denounced an episode which showed organ donation being done despite withdrawal of consent by the patient's relatives. Dr Michael Wilks, chairman of the Medical Ethics Committee stated: "This simply would not happen, but its portrayal, even in a drama, is totally irresponsible and risks causing huge damage to the already struggling transplant programme."

paragraphs: In 2005, the British Medical Association said that the show was giving viewers an unrealistic impression of resuscitation by typically presenting only two outcomes, death or total recovery. Andrew Thomson, a Dundee GP, deemed this "a terrible distortion of the truth."

paragraphs: In 2009, "The Times", Vivienne Parry highlighted the fact that in reality, less than half of patients who require resuscitation survive the initial event. Of those, only a third live to leave hospital.

paragraphs: In April 2010, at the Royal College of Nursing (RCN) conference in Bournemouth, "Holby City" was accused of fostering unrealistic expectations of the NHS, encouraging patients to believe in miracles and fuelling a compensation culture. Accident and Emergency nurse John Hill stated: "In A&E it is sometimes a fact that sadly we cannot get people through the trauma they have received. Unfortunately, unlike in "Holby City", I am a mere mortal and cannot perform miracles. But many relatives believe because of that, you can. And the injury lawyers assure them that if you don't they will get recompense for it."

paragraphs: In October 2000, Dr John Ryan, an Accident & Emergency consultant at the Royal Sussex County Hospital in Brighton criticised the number of patients visiting the department for minor problems without first seeing their GP. Ryan attributed this to patients watching "Holby City" and falsely seeing hospitals as glamorous.

paragraphs: In September 2008, a three-year Belgian research project, presented at a British Psychological Society meeting, claimed that watching "Holby City" and similar medical dramas such as "Casualty" and "ER" had a subliminal influence on fear of illness. 1,300 teenagers were questioned on their viewing habits, and those who watched more medical dramas were found to be up to 10% more fearful about their health.

paragraphs: In 2008, Conservative Party strategists identified four archetypes based on TV programmes to help the party target swing voters. Alongside ""Top Gear" man", ""Apprentice" generation" and ""Grand Designs" couple", they identified ""Holby City" worker", a middle-ranking health service worker. In 2009, they identified ""Holby City" woman" as a key voter demographic who may help the party win the 2010 General Election. The ""Holby City" woman" is a female voter in her 30s or 40s, employed in a clinical or clerical position or some other public sector job. She is a swing voter in General Elections, The ""Holby City" woman" archetype is modelled on the character of Faye Morton.

paragraphs: In January 2009, Jill Berry, president of the Girls' Schools Association and head teacher at the Dame Alice Harpur School in Bedford, cited medical dramas such as "Holby City" as an inspiring force in increasing numbers of female students deciding to pursue careers in medicine. Berry explained: "The girls see that as an exciting and dynamic way of life. They see it as making a difference to people's lives. It gives them a sense sometimes of the pressures, responsibility and adrenaline. Such TV programmes can be good, as long as they give a realistic impression." Similarly, consultant surgeon Andrew Raftery uses clips from "Holby City" as part of the University of Sheffield Outreach and Access to Medicine Scheme, to inspire pupils from under-represented social and educational backgrounds to pursue careers in medicine.

paragraphs: "Holby City" has been nominated for over 100 awards. It has won six.

paragraphs: The series has received five nominations for the British Academy Television Awards, winning one.

paragraphs: Minkie Spiro was nominated for the "Best New Director (Fiction)" award in 2003 for her work on the series.

paragraphs: The show was nominated for the "Best Continuing Drama" award in 2004, 2005 and 2006, winning in 2008.

paragraphs: "Holby City" received multiple BBC Drama Award nominations between 2002 and 2006. Its best results saw the show voted fifth "Best Drama" in 2004 and 2006.

paragraphs: Amanda Mealing was voted fourth "Best Actress" in 2006 for her role as Connie Beauchamp.

paragraphs: The ""Casualty@Holby City"" moment where doctor Jim Brodie (Maxwell Caulfield) sacrifices his life for midwife Rosie Sattar (Kim Vithana) was voted viewers' fourth "Favourite Moment" of 2004.

paragraphs: The series has been nominated for the "Best Drama" award at the "Inside Soap" Awards in 2004, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010

paragraphs: "Holby City" has received multiple long-list nominations at the National Television Awards and "TV Choice" Awards. Mealing was short-listed for the "Most Popular Newcomer" award in 2005, and for the "Best Actress" award in 2008.

paragraphs: At the 2000 Royal Television Society Awards, Sean De Sparengo and Richard Gort were nominated for the "Best Graphic Design – Titles" award. The show was nominated in the "Soap and Continuing Drama" category in 2007.

paragraphs: "Holby City" was nominated "Best Serial Drama" at the 2008 Digital Spy Soap Awards,

paragraphs: In 2009, Stella Gonet was nominated for the "Acting Performance in TV (Female)" award at the British Academy Scotland Awards for her role as CEO Jayne Grayson.

paragraphs: In 2010, the series was shortlisted in the "Best Television Continuing Drama" category at the Writers' Guild of Great Britain Awards.

paragraphs: In 2000, at the Ethnic Multicultural Media Awards, Angela Griffin won "Best Actress" for her role as nurse Jasmine Hopkins. In 2002, she was nominated "Best TV Actress" alongside co-star Thusitha Jayasundera for her role as registrar Tash Bandara.

paragraphs: In 2004, Art Malik won the "Best TV Actor" award for his role as anaesthetist Zubin Khan.

paragraphs: The show has won three Screen Nation Awards, and received nominations for a further seven. Jaye Jacobs won the "Emerging Talent" award in 2005 for her role as nurse Donna Jackson. In 2006, Rakie Ayola and Hugh Quarshie were nominated for the Female and Male "Performance in TV" awards for their roles as Kyla Tyson and Ric Griffin.

paragraphs: Sharon D. Clarke won the 2007 "Female Performance in TV" award for her role as Lola Griffin. Ginny Holder was nominated in the same category for her role as Thandie Abebe. In 2007, Roger Griffiths was nominated for the "Male Performance in TV" award for his role as Harvey Tyson. Quarshie won "Favourite Male TV Star" in 2008.

paragraphs: In 2008, the show was nominated for the "Diversity in Drama Production" award.


title: Phir Laut Aayi Naagin

paragraphs: Phir Laut Aayi Naagin () was a Hindi-language Indian television Supernatural series Produced by Triangle Film Company. It starred Nikita Sharma,Jatin Bharadwaj. It aired from 2 September 2019 to 17 January 2020 on Dangal TV. The Show went off the air after a successful run.

paragraphs: Shivani is a( shape shifting serpent) naagin who has returned after 12 years to find her love to the city in Anand's house whose is a joint family. Her guru told that her Nagaraja, who was killed for naagamani, made his rebirth on Anand's house. So Shivani in the form of a 12 years old girl to find her nagraj. There she founds that the two boys Raj, Mohan have been born on the same day, which makes her be confused.so she appeals to her guru who says that she only can identify her nagraj.so she remembers that one-day nagraj had told to her about the star symbol has mole which will be on him even he take 100 births. So with the help of this, she tries to find him but fails several times.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, anand found that a serpent in the form of a small girl with the help of a sage. Anand is the one with the help of his friend, and his driver Lakshman killed nagraj for the nagmani, then he realised that the naagin has come to kill him. When Shivani found that Raj is her Nagraj by seeing the star symbol on his arm, she was captured by the sage and is kept in the cremated box under a tree for nine years.

paragraphs: After nine years of Anand with the power of naagmani became one of the wealthiest people in the world. He announces that his son Mohan would take his new project at the press meet.returning from the land Mohan and raj is returning to their house, suddenly a storm came there, and Mohan couldn't see the road, so he hit the tree where shivanya has been buried alive.

paragraphs: Phir Laut Aayi Naagin Is Dangal TV’s Most Viewed Serial and recorded the highest TRP ratings of any program on Dangal TV . Also, The Show Is The Most Watched Show On Dangal TV Youtube Channel.


title: Rocky Johnson

paragraphs: Rocky Johnson (born Wayde Douglas Bowles; August 24, 1944 – January 15, 2020) was a Canadian professional wrestler and trainer. He was born in Amherst, Nova Scotia. In 2008, he was added to the WWE Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: During his wrestling career, he became a National Wrestling Alliance (NWA) Georgia Champion and a NWA Southern Heavyweight Memphis Champion. Along with his partner Tony Atlas, Johnson was a part of the first black tag team to win the World Tag Team championship in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1983.

paragraphs: He was the father of American actor and former professional wrestler Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson.

paragraphs: Johnson retired in 1991. He lived in Lutz, Florida. Johnson died of a pulmonary embolism on January 15, 2020 at the age of 75.


title: Bobby Brown (footballer, born 1923)

paragraphs: Robert Brown (19 March 1923 – 15 January 2020) was a Scottish international football player and manager. He played as a goalkeeper for Queen's Park, Rangers and Falkirk and made five international appearances for Scotland.

paragraphs: He managed St Johnstone at club level and the Scottish national team from 1967 to 1971. He was a member of the Scottish Football Hall of Fame.


title: Centre County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Centre County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 153,990. Its county seat is Bellefonte.


title: Oreland, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Oreland is a United States census-designated place (CDP) in Springfield and Upper Dublin townships. Oreland has a ZIP code of 19075, and the population was 5,678 at the 2010 census.


title: Goshen (village), New York

paragraphs: Goshen is a village in and the county seat of Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 5,454 at the 2010 census. It is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown metropolitan area as well as the larger New York metropolitan area.


title: Goshen, New York

paragraphs: Goshen is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 13,687 at the 2010 census. The town is named after the land of Goshen.


title: Riley Keough

paragraphs: Danielle Riley Keough ( ; born May 29, 1989) is an American actress, model, and producer

paragraphs: Riley was born on May 29, 1989 at Providence Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica,

paragraphs: She is the daughter of Lisa Marie Presley with Danny Keough and the eldest grandchild of Elvis and Priscilla Presley.


title: West Point, New York

paragraphs: West Point is the oldest occupied military post in the United States. It is located on the Hudson River in New York, West Point.

paragraphs: It is made up of including the campus of the United States Military Academy, which is commonly called "West Point".

paragraphs: It is a Census Designated Place (CDP) located in the Town of Highlands in Orange County, New York, located on the western bank of the Hudson River. The population was 6,763 at the 2010 census.


title: Highlands, New York

paragraphs: Highlands is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. It is officially known as the Town of Highlands. The population was 12,492 at the 2010 census.


title: Zhao Zhongxiang

paragraphs: Zhao Zhongxiang (赵忠祥; January 16, 1942 – January 16, 2020) was a Chinese news anchor on the national news program "Xinwen Lianbo" and television host. He joined China Central Television in 1959. He was born in Hebei, China. Zhao hosted "CCTV New Year's Gala".

paragraphs: Zhao was diagnosed with liver cancer around December 2019. He died in Beijing on January 16, 2020 of the disease at the age of 78.


title: Steve Adler (politician)

paragraphs: Stephen Ira Adler (born March 23, 1956) is an American lawyer and Democratic politician. He has been the Mayor of Austin, Texas, since January 6, 2015.

paragraphs: Adler won reelection in 2018, getting 59% of the vote in a 7-way race.


title: Carole Keeton Strayhorn

paragraphs: Carole Stewart Keeton (born September 13, 1939), formerly known as Carole Keeton McClellan, Carole Keeton Rylander and Carole Keeton Strayhorn, is an American politician. She is the first and so far only woman elected as mayor of Austin. She was elected in 1977 and left office in 1983.


title: Frank C. Cooksey

paragraphs: Frank Cloud Cooksey (born June 3, 1933) is an American politician. He was mayor of Austin, Texas from 1985 to 1988. He is also an environmental activist, and is known for his progressive stance during his term as mayor.


title: Kafana

paragraphs: Kafana () (in Serbian and Slovene), kafene\kafenë (pl. kafenejet\kafenët) (in Albanian), kafeana (кафеана, in Macedonian), kavana () (in Croatian), καφενείο\kafenio (pl. καφενεία\kafenia) (in Greek), cafenea (pl. cafenele) (in Romanian) are words used in the former Yugoslav countries and Albania for a specific type of local bistro which mostly serves alcohol and coffee, and often also light snacks and other food. Most kafanas feature live music.

paragraphs: The idea of a social meeting place for men to drink alcohol and coffee started in the Ottoman Empire and spread to the Balkans while it was under Ottoman rule. Over time, this became the modern kafana.

paragraphs: The word 'kafana' is taken from the Turkish word "kahvehane" ("coffeehouse") which is in turn taken from the Persian word "qahveh-khaneh" (a compound of the Arabic "qahve" [coffee] and Persian "khane" [house]).

paragraphs: In Macedonia, the word "kafeana" is sometimes used as if it means the same as "meana", while the variant "kafana" (adopted from Serbian folk-songs and made popular by artists) may be used for the kafana described in this article; however, both terms are used as if they have the same meaning by some people.

paragraphs: Nowadays in Serbia, the term "kafana" is used to describe any informal restaurant serving traditional cuisine, as well as some other kafana dishes like Karađorđeva šnicla.

paragraphs: In the 18th and early 19th centuries, running a kafana (then usually called "mehana") was a family business, passed on from generation to generation.

paragraphs: As the Balkan cities grew in size and became more urban, the kafana also changed. Some started serving food and offering other things to customers since the owners now had to compete with other similar places around the city. Most bigger towns and cities in this time had a "Gradska kafana" (City kafana) located in or around main square where the richest and most important people of that city would come to see and be seen. Prices in this kafana would usually be higher than others around the city that didn't have such an exclusive location.

paragraphs: Live music was first used in kafane in the early 20th century by kafana owners looking to offer different kinds of entertainment to their guests. Naturally, since there was no mass media these bands were local and would only play folk music that was popular in the local region.

paragraphs: As the 20th century began, Balkan cities saw lots of rural people move in, especially after World War II, and kafane changed for this. Some stayed the same, caring for the upper-class, while others began to change to be better for the new rural population who mostly worked in factories and on construction sites.

paragraphs: This is when the word "kafana" slowly began to mean something that you did not want and that was only for lower classes of society, like a ghetto. By the 1980s, calling a restaurant a "kafana" almost became an insult and most owners would not call their restaurants kafane. Instead, they used words like "restaurant", "cafe", "bistro", "coffee bar", &c. instead.

paragraphs: Now, the kafana is thought of as a place where sad lovers cure their sorrows in alcohol and music, gamblers waste lots of, husbands run away from mean wives while shady businessmen, corrupt local politicians and small criminals do business. Going to kafane often is seen as something that more men would do than women, and "honest" women dare only visit finer ones, and usually while they are with men.

paragraphs: This is mentioned in late-20th century folk songs, like "I tebe sam sit kafano" ("I'm Already Sick of You, Kafana") by Haris Džinović, "Kafana je moja sudbina" ("Kafana is My Destiny") by Toma Zdravković, and "Čaše lomim" ("I'm Breaking Glasses"), by Nezir Eminovski.


title: Cyril Wecht

paragraphs: Cyril Harrison Wecht (born March 20, 1931) is an American forensic pathologist. He is perhaps best known for his criticism of the Warren Commission's findings concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

paragraphs: He has been the president of both the American Academy of Forensic Sciences and the American College of Legal Medicine, and headed the board of trustees of the American Board of Legal Medicine. He was County Commissioner and Allegheny County Coroner and Medical Examiner serving Pittsburgh.


title: Lutz, Florida

paragraphs: Lutz is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Hillsborough County, Florida, United States. It is fifteen miles north of Tampa. The northern part of Lutz also makes up a portion of south Pasco County. The population was 19,344 at the 2010 census.


title: Waynesburg, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Waynesburg is a borough in and the county seat of Greene County, Pennsylvania, United States, located about south of Pittsburgh. Its population was 4,176 at the 2010 census.


title: Euler–Poisson–Darboux equation

paragraphs: The Euler-Poisson-Darboux equation is an equation that can be used to solve the wave equation. This equation is named for Siméon Poisson, Leonhard Euler, and Gaston Darboux. It is a partial differential equation.


title: B-17 Bomber (video game)

paragraphs: B-17 Bomber is a single-player video game that came out for Mattel's Intellivision console in 1982. The game came with the Intellivoice voice synthesis module, which is used to tell the player what enemies are doing off-screen.

paragraphs: The aim of the game is to get points by attacking targets shown on a map with bombs. The map represented continental Europe and the seas around it. There are four categories of targets: Antiaircraft guns, airports, factories and ships.

paragraphs: In 1983, Danny Goodman of "Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games" said that "B-17 Bomber" was his favorite game that used the Intellivoice, enjoying the voices and saying the game and others "made the voice an integral part of game play". "B-17 Bomber" was enjoyed very much, getting a Certificate of Merit in the category of "1984 Best Videogame Audio-Visual Effects (Less than 16K ROM)" at the 5th annual Arkie Awards.


title: Ninian Park

paragraphs: Ninian Park was a football stadium in Leckwith, Cardiff, Wales. It was the home ground of Cardiff City F.C. for 99 years. It was opened in 1910, and closed in 2009. At the time of the stadium's closing, it had a seating capacity of 21,508.

paragraphs: In July 2009, Cardiff City's new ground, Cardiff City Stadium, opened.


title: Nadezhda Krupskaya

paragraphs: Nadezhda Konstantinovna Krupskaya (; 27 February 1939) was a Russian Bolshevik and the wife of Vladimir Lenin. . Like her father, Krupskaya trained to be a teacher.

paragraphs: Krupskaya was born into a impoverished noble family. Because she was poor herself, she had strong views about making life easier for the poor At one Marxist discussion group, she met Lenin. Soon after their meeting, Lenin was exiled to Siberia. Krupskaya was allowed to join him, on condition that they married. This could suggest a marriage of convenience, though they remained loyal. Following the 1917 Revolution, Krupskaya was at the forefront of the political scene. From 1922 to 1925, she was aligned with Stalin, Zinoviev and Kamenev against Trotsky's Left Opposition. Later, she disagreed with Stalin. She was deputy education commissar from 1929 to 1939. She had a strong influence over the Soviet educational system and the development of Soviet librarianship.


title: Tangelo

paragraphs: A Tangelo is a citrus fruit hybrid. Usually, one parent is a Mandarin orange, the other is a grapefruit. The fruit is sweet, and tases slightly sour. Tangelo fruits have a soft skin. They can grow to about in diameter.

paragraphs: Minneola is a variety of tangelo that was first grown commercially in Florida., in 1931.


title: Syrian Army

paragraphs: The Syrian Army, officially the Syrian Arab Army (SAA) (), is the land force branch of the Syrian Armed Forces. It started from local military forces created by France after World War I. These forces became one force in 1945, the year before Syria became independent.

paragraphs: Since 1946, it has played a major role in Syria's politics, doing six military coups: two in 1949, including the March 1949 Syrian coup d'état and the August 1949 coup by Colonel Sami al-Hinnawi, and one each in 1954, 1963, 1966, and 1970. It has fought four wars with Israel (1948, the Six-Day War in 1967, the October War of 1973, and 1982 in Lebanon) and one with Jordan (Black September in Jordan, 1970). An armored division was also sent to Saudi Arabia in 1990–91 during the Persian Gulf War, but it did not do much. From 1976 to 2005 it was the major pillar of the Syrian occupation of Lebanon. Within Syria, it played a major part in stopping the 1979–82 Islamist uprising in Syria, and since early 2011 has been fighting the Syrian Civil War, the most violent and longest war the Syrian Army has taken part in since it was created in the 1940s.


title: Victor McGuire

paragraphs: Victoria McGuire is an English actor, model, and television presenter. He is best known as Emma Amos in the BBC One comedy series sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart since 1993 to 2016.


title: Miranda House

paragraphs: Miranda House is a university college for women. Located in New Delhi, Miranda House is affiliated with the University of Delhi.


title: Elizabeth Carling

paragraphs: Elizabeth Carling is a English actor, actress, and singer, best known for presenting numerous shows such as Boon, Goodnight Sweetheart, Barbara, and Casulty.


title: Emma Amos

paragraphs: Emma Amos (born 18 August 1964) is an English actress. She played as Yvonne Sparrow in the last 2016 series time sitcom Goodnight Sweetheart, alongside Nicholas Lyndhurst and Michelle Holmes. She was born in Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire.


title: Rock & Chips

paragraphs: Rock & Chips is a British television comedy drama sitcom in the prequel series Only Fools and Horses. The show is set in Peckham, Southeast of London. The cast of Rock & Chips aboustely Kellie Bright, Nicholas Lyndhurst, James Buckley, Phil Daniels, Paul Putner, Katie Griffiths, Paula Wilcox, Mel Smith, Alison Pargeter, and Kacey Ainsworth.


title: Buster Merryfield

paragraphs: Harry "Buster" Merryfield(27 November 1920 – 23 June 1999) is an English actor and army officer best known who played Albert Trotter in the BBC and GOLD comedy series sitcoms Only Fools and Horses since 1985 to 1986 and Professor Challis in The Citadel since 1937 to 1983.


title: Alex Horne

paragraphs: Alexander James Jeffrey Horne (born 10 September 1978) is a British comedian and writer. Horne created Taskmaster with Greg Davies.


title: Brookside

paragraphs: Brookside is an British drama soap opera television programme in Liverpool, England. The series began of the launch night of Channel Four on 2 November 1982 and ran for 21 years until 4 November 2003. It cast Dean Sullivan, Alex Fletcher, Anna Friel, Paul Usher, Sue Johnston, Claire Sweeney and Ricky Tomlinson, Ray Quinn and others.


title: Liang Jun (tractor driver)

paragraphs: Liang Jun () (April 1930 — 14 January 2020) was a Chinese female tractor driver. She became a folk hero and model worker in Communist China. She is on China's one yuan banknote. She also was a politician. She was also celebrated for breaking down class and gender barriers.


title: Magda al-Sabahi

paragraphs: Magda al-Sabahi (; 6 May 1931 – 16 January 2020) or Magda, was an Egyptian movie actress. She was known for her roles from 1949 to 1994. She was born in Tanta, Egypt. Her best known role was Jamila in "Djamila l'Algérienne" (1958).

paragraphs: al-Sabahi died on 16 January 2020 in Cairo at the age of 88.


title: 1389 (number)

paragraphs: 1389 (One thousand, three hundred, and eighty-nine) is the natural number that comes before 1390 and after 1388. In Roman numerals, it is MCCCLXXXIX.


title: Hollow Earth

paragraphs: The Hollow Earth is a concept proposing that the planet Earth is entirely hollow or contains a substantial inner space. Edmond Halley suggested this in the late 17th century. Pierre Bouguer in tried to prove this idea false, in 1740. Charles Hutton could falsify the idea in his Schiehallion experiment around 1774.

paragraphs: It was still occasionally defended through the mid 19th century, notably by John Cleves Symmes Jr. and Jeremiah N. Reynolds, but by this time was part of popular pseudoscience and no longer a scientifically viable hypothesis.

paragraphs: The concept of a hollow Earth still recurs in folklore and as the premise for subterranean fiction, and a subgenre of adventure fiction ("Journey to the Center of the Earth", "At the Earth's Core").


title: Jewell, California

paragraphs: Jewell (formerly Jewells) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It is 24 meters above sea level.


title: Tocaloma, California

paragraphs: Tocaloma (formerly Tocolom) is an unincorporated community in Marin County, California. It lies at an elevation of .


title: Stinson Beach, California

paragraphs: Stinson Beach is a census-designated place (CDP) in Marin County, California. In 2010, 632 people lived there. It is 8 meters above sea level.


title: Pete Brewster

paragraphs: Darrel Burton "Pete" Brewster (September 1, 1930 – January 3, 2020) was an American football player and coach. He played as a tight end. He played for the Cleveland Browns (1952–1958) and Pittsburgh Steelers (1959–1960). He was chosen for the Pro Bowl in 1955 and 1956. He was born in Portland, Indiana.

paragraphs: Brewster died in Belton, Missouri on January 3, 2020. He was 89.


title: Efraín Sánchez

paragraphs: Efraín Elías Sánchez Casimiro (26 February 1926 – 16 January 2020) was a Colombian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper.

paragraphs: Sánchez was born in Barranquilla. He played for the Colombia national team from 1947 to 1962. He captained his country at the 1962 FIFA World Cup in Chile. He played for many club sides including Medellín, San Lorenzo and Atlas. He won the Colombian league title three times during his career. After retiring as a player, Sánchez became a manager. He managed the Colombia national team during three spells (1963, 1975, 1983–1984).

paragraphs: Sánchez died in Bogotá on 16 January 2020. He was 93.


title: You (TV series)

paragraphs: You is an American psychological thriller television series. It is developed by Greg Berlanti and Sera Gamble. The first season is based on the 2014 book "You" by Caroline Kepnes. The series stars Penn Badgley, Elizabeth Lail, Ambyr Childers, Victoria Pedretti, James Scully, Luca Padovan, Zach Cherry, Shay Mitchell, Jenna Ortega and Carmela Zumbado. The series first appeared on Lifetime. The series has been made by Netflix since the second season.

paragraphs: The first season follows Joe Goldberg, a New York bookstore manager and serial killer. He falls in love with a customer named Guinevere Beck and quickly develops an extreme obsession of her.

paragraphs: The first season of "You" aired in 2018. The second aired in 2019. A third season is being made, releasing in 2021.


title: Ambyr Childers

paragraphs: Ambyr C. Childers (born July 18, 1988) is an American actress. On television, she is known for her roles as Susan Atkins in the NBC crime drama "Aquarius" (2015), Ashley Rucker in the Showtime crime drama "Ray Donovan" (2013–16) and Candace Stone in the Netflix thriller series "You" (2018–19). She also appeared as Colby Chandler in the soap opera "All My Children" (2006–08). She has acted in movies such as "All Things Fall Apart" (2011), "Playback" (2012), "The Master" (2012), "Broken City" (2013), "We Are What We Are" (2013) and "Vice" (2015).

paragraphs: Childers was born in Cottonwood, Arizona. She grew up in Murrieta, California. She was married to movie producer Randall Emmett from 2009 to 2017. The couple have two daughters.


title: Belton, Missouri

paragraphs: Belton is a city in Cass County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 23,116.


title: Cottonwood, Arizona

paragraphs: Cottonwood is a city in Yavapai County, Arizona, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 11,265.


title: Helen Worth

paragraphs: Helen Worth (born Cathryn Helen Wigglesworth; 7 January 1951) is an English actress. She is known for played Gail Platt in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, a role that she has played since 1974. For her 40 years on the show she received Outstanding Achievement in the 2014 British Soap Awards.


title: John Watkins (South African cricketer)

paragraphs: John Cecil Watkins (born 10 April 1923) is a former South African cricketer. He was born in Durban, Natal. He played in fifteen Tests for South Africa from 1949 to 1957. His first Test was against Australia and his last was against England.


title: Paulo Suárez

paragraphs: Rodolfo Paolo Suárez Díaz (born 6 Jun 1980) is a footballer from Montevideo. Suárez plays in the game as a midfielder.


title: John Watkins (Australian cricketer)

paragraphs: John Russell Watkins (born 16 April 1943) is a former Australian cricketer. He was born in Newcastle, New South Wales. He played one Test for Australia, against Pakistan, in 1973.


title: Jimin (singer, born 1995)

paragraphs: Jimin or Park Ji-min (born October 13, 1995) is a member of the worldwide sensation, BTS. He is from Busan, South Korea but moved to Seoul to pursue his passion. He is the main dancer and the lead vocalist in BTS. He Has also performed solo work such as 'Serendipity', 'Promise' and 'Lie'


title: Tokio Watanabe

paragraphs: Tokio Watanabe (渡部時雄; "Watanabe Tokio"; 12 December 1899 – 6 February 2010) was a Japanese farmer and supercentenarian, who currently is unverified by the Gerontology Research Group. He is the oldest known man ever from Ehime Prefecture where he was born.

paragraphs: Watanabe married at age 22 and had two sons (of whom one died in the Pacific War) and six daughters with his wife, who died at age 42. He worked in the agriculture until age 95 and was at age 100 still able to mow the grass and take care of himself.

paragraphs: On 17 January 2010, upon the death of Kiyotoshi Inoue who was just two days older, Watanabe became the second oldest known living man in Japan behind Jiroemon Kimura (who one day later was just 13 weeks shy of his 113th birthday) and the third oldest known living man in the world as well as the youngest of only three known living men born before 1900, behind Kimura and Americanman Walter Breuning (who was 30 weeks older than Kimura).

paragraphs: Watanabe died of pneumonia at a hospital in his hometown Kumakōgen, Ehime Prefecture at age 110 years, 8 weeks on 6 February 2010, just nine days before Tanekichi Onishi's 110th birthday, and was succeeded as Japan's second-oldest living man by Onishi. Watanabe was the last known living man born in 1899.


title: Emily Bishop

paragraphs: Emily Bishop is a fictional character in the British ITV soap opera, "Coronation Street". She is portrayed by Eileen Derbyshire. The character is the longest-standing female character in the serial. She first appeared on-screen during an episode which aired on 27 January 1961.


title: Philip J. Fry

paragraphs: Philip J. Fry, (born August 14, 1974) commonly known as Fry, is a fictional character and one of the main characters of the animated sitcom "Futurama".


title: Jack P. Shepherd

paragraphs: Jack Peter Shepherd (born 14 January 1988) known professionally by his stage name Jack P. Shepherd, is an English actor. He has characted as David Platt in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" since April 2000. He won the 2008 British Soap Award for Best Actor and the 2008 British Soap Awards for "Villain of the Year".


title: Praktica

paragraphs: Praktica was the brand name for a number of cameras, that were built by the state-owned company Kamera-Werke Niedersedlitz, and its predecessors. Between 1949 and 2001, about 9 mililon cameras were made.

paragraphs: With the German reunification, the company was dissolved. The brand name was given to Carl Zeiss AG


title: Chris Gascoyne

paragraphs: Christopher Gascoyne (born 31 January 1968) is an English actor, who is known for his role as the seventh Peter Barlow in the soap opera "Coronation Street" since 2000. Gascoyne has been nominated for several accolades at the British Soap Awards for his portrayal of Peter Barlow.

paragraphs: Gascoyne was born on 31 January 1968 in Huthwaite, Nottinghamshire to Marian and Derrick Gascoyne.

paragraphs: He attended Ashfield School, Kirkby in Ashfield. Gascoyne trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama.

paragraphs: Gascoyne lives in Chorlton, Manchester with his wife, actress Caroline Harding. They have three children.


title: Astley Baker Davies

paragraphs: Astley Baker Davies is an English animation company and studio based in London, England, owned by founders directors Neville Astley, Mark Baker and Phil Davies. It produced the television programmes The Big Knights, Peppa Pig and Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom in 2015 it beacame in Entertainment One.


title: Lyman Beecher

paragraphs: Lyman Beecher (October 12, 1775 – January 10, 1863) was an important minister during the Second Great Awakening. He was a Presbyterian minister. He was also a co-founder of the American Temperance Society. He had 13 children, many of whom became notable people, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher and Thomas K. Beecher.

paragraphs: His son Henry Ward Beecher said that his father was "largely engaged during his life-time in controversy" (meaning that he was a controversial person).


title: 500 (number)

paragraphs: Five hundred (500) is the natural number after 499 and before 501.


title: Sue Nicholls

paragraphs: Susan Yvette Nicholls, (born 23 November 1943) unnamed to Sue Nicholls, is an English actor and actress, best known for her roles on British television programmes Crossroads, The Fall and Rise of Reginald Pelam, Rentaghost, her long running role as Audrey Roberts in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street and Broadway in the 1974 comedy series London Assurance.


title: Square root of 2

paragraphs: The square root of 2, or the (1/2)th power of 2, written in mathematics as or , is the positive irrational number that, when multiplied by itself, equals the number 2. To be more correct, it is called the principal square root of 2, to tell it apart from the negative version of itself where that is also true.

paragraphs: Geometrically, the square root of 2 is the length of a diagonal across a square with sides with a length of one; this can be found with the Pythagorean theorem. Because of that, it is also called the Pythagoras's constant.

paragraphs: The number formula_1 is not rational. Here is the proof.

paragraphs: Therefore, it is not true that formula_1 is a rational number. So formula_1 must be irrational.


title: Gladius

paragraphs: A gladius is a Roman short sword mainly used by gladiators and soldiers in Ancient Rome.


title: Walter Hayman

paragraphs: Walter Kurt Hayman FRS (6 January 1926 – 1 January 2020) was a German-British mathematician. He was known for his works to complex analysis. He was Emeritus Professor at Imperial College London. Hayman was born in Cologne.

paragraphs: Hayman died on 1 January 2020 at the age of 93.


title: Rocky De La Fuente 2020 presidential campaign

paragraphs: On May 16, 2019 De La Fuente officially declared that he is seeking the Republican nomination for president in the 2020 United States presidential election.

paragraphs: In January 2017, De La Fuente stated in a court filing that he planned to again seek the Democratic Party nomination in the 2020 presidential election. He has filed to run as a Republican instead challenging incumbent President Donald Trump for the nomination.

paragraphs: As of September 30, 2019, he had raised $6,735 from outside sources and had loaned his own campaign $10.18 million.

paragraphs: During the run-up to the primaries, Libertarian Party chairman Nicholas Sarwark said that De La Fuente run for his party's nomination, an option which De La Fuente is thinking about.


title: Kotaro Suzumura

paragraphs: His research interests were in social choice theory and welfare economics. He was also a Fellow of the Econometric Society. He was born in Tokoname, Aichi, Japan.


title: R. Sathyanarayana

paragraphs: Mahamahopadhyaya Dr R. Sathyanarayana (9 May 1927 – 16 January 2020) was an Indian musicologist and dance teacher. He was born in Mysore, India. In 2018, Sathyanarayana received the Padma Shri. Between 1949 and 1984, he taught chemistry at the Sarada Vilas College, and also taught Karnataka music. He was the President of the Indian Music Congress.


title: I²C

paragraphs: I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), pronounced "I-squared-C", is a kind of computer bus for connecting integrated circuits and processors. It was invented in 1982 by Philips Semiconductor (which is now NXP Semiconductors).


title: Terence Hallinan

paragraphs: Terence Hallinan (December 4, 1936 – January 17, 2020) was an American attorney and politician. He was born in San Francisco, California. He was the 26th District Attorney of San Francisco from 1996 through 2004. Hallinan was defeated in the next election for DA by Kamala Harris. Hallinan was a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: Hallinan died on January 17, 2020 in San Francisco at the age of 83.


title: Zhu Yuli

paragraphs: Zhu Yuli (; February 1934 – 8 January 2020) was a Chinese politician and businessman. He was Director of the State Bureau of Technological Supervision from 1990 through 1992, Vice Minister of the Ministry of Astronautics Industry between 1992 to 1993 and General Manager of the state-owned Aviation Industry Corporation of China from 1993 to 1999. Zhu was born in Rugao, Jiangsu, Republic of China.

paragraphs: Zhu died on 8 January 2020 in Beijing, aged 85.


title: Wu Shuqing (economist)

paragraphs: Wu Shuqing (; 3 January 1932 – 10 January 2020) was a Chinese economist and educator. He was President of Peking University from August 1989 to August 1996 and vice-president of Renmin University of China. He was born in Jiangyin, Jiangsu.

paragraphs: On 10 January 2020, he died of an illness at the Beijing Hospital, aged 88.


title: Rahşan Ecevit

paragraphs: Rahşan Ecevit ("née" Aral; 17 December 1923 – 17 January 2020) was a Turkish politician. She was the widow of Prime Minister Bülent Ecevit. She was the founder of the Democratic Left People's Party. From 1985 through 1987, she was the party's leader. In 2010, she was the party's chairman. Ecevit was born in Bursa, Turkey.

paragraphs: Ecevit died on 17 January 2020 at the age of 96.


title: Khagendra Thapa Magar

paragraphs: Khagendra Thapa Magar () (4 October 1992 — 17 January 2020) was a Nepali man. He was the former shortest man in the world, measuring . Magar, who was a primordial dwarf, won the title of shortest man from Edward Niño Hernández when he turned 18 on 14 October 2010. He lost the title in June 2011 to Junrey Balawing of the Philippines.

paragraphs: Magar died in a Pokhara hospital on 17 January 2020 of pneumonia, aged 27.


title: Morimichi Takagi

paragraphs: Takagi died on January 17, 2020 of heart failure at the age of 78.


title: Appeasement

paragraphs: Appeasement is a diplomatic policy of meeting political demands to an aggressive power in order to avoid conflict. The term was used for the foreign policy of the British governments of Prime Ministers Ramsay MacDonald, Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain towards Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy between 1935 and 1939.


title: Die casting

paragraphs: Die casting is a type of metal casting that forces molten metal into the empty space of the mold. The mold is made by using two hardened tool steel dies which are machined into shape. These work like an injection mold.

paragraphs: Most die castings are made from non-ferrous metals (meaning they do not have iron). These metals are zinc, copper, aluminium, magnesium, lead, pewter, and tin-based alloys. Depending on what type of metal is being cast, a hot- or cold-chamber machine is used.

paragraphs: The casting equipment and the metal dies are expensive. This means it is used only on things that need to be made a large number of times. It is simple to make things using die casting, and it has only four main steps. This helps keep the cost of the items lower. Die casting works well for many small- to medium-sized castings, which is why it is used to make more castings than any other casting process. Die castings have a very good surface finish (compared to other types of casting) and consistent sizes.


title: Thayer, Missouri

paragraphs: Thayer is a city in Oregon County, Missouri, United States. The population was 2,243 at the 2010 census.


title: Alton, Missouri

paragraphs: Alton is the county seat of Oregon County, Missouri, United States. The population was 871 at the 2010 census.


title: David Glass

paragraphs: David Dayne Glass (September 2, 1935 – January 9, 2020) was an American businessman. He was born in Oregon County, Missouri. He was the President and chief executive officer of Walmart from 1988 through 2000. He was also the Kansas City Royals.

paragraphs: In August 2019, Glass agreed to sell the Kansas City Royals to Cleveland Indians vice chairman John Sherman.

paragraphs: Glass died of complications from pneumonia in Bentonville, Arkansas on January 9, 2020 at the age of 84.


title: Chadds Ford Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Chadds Ford Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania. It is about southwest of Philadelphia. As of the 2010 census, Chadds Ford Township had a population of 3,640.


title: Chester Township, Delaware County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Chester Township is a township in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. </ref> The population was 3,940 at the 2010 census.


title: Hannah John-Kamen

paragraphs: Hannah Dominique E. John-Kamen (born 7 September 1989) is a British actress. She is known for her roles as Dutch in the Syfy television series "Killjoys", Ornela in the HBO series "Game of Thrones", F'Nale Zandor in Steven Spielberg's "Ready Player One", and Ghost in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movie "Ant-Man and the Wasp".


title: Walter Sickert

paragraphs: Walter Richard Sickert (31 May 1860 – 22 January 1942) was a German-British painter and printmaker. He was a member of the Camden Town Group of Post-Impressionist artists in early 20th-century London. He was an important influence on British styles of avant-garde art in the mid- and late 20th century. His works were often about Jack the Ripper, which led some to believe he might have been the actual killer.


title: Patricia Cornwell

paragraphs: Patricia Cornwell (born Patricia Carroll Daniels; June 9, 1956) is an American crime writer. She is known for her best-selling novels about medical examiner Kay Scarpetta solving murders in Richmond, Virginia. Cornwell is also known for leading the new research into the Jack the Ripper killings. Her books have sold more than 100 million copies.


title: Peggy Whitson

paragraphs: Peggy Annette Whitson (born February 9, 1960) is an American biochemistry researcher, retired NASA astronaut, and former NASA Chief Astronaut.

paragraphs: Her first space mission was in 2002, with an extended stay aboard the International Space Station as a member of Expedition 5.


title: Port Isabel, Texas

paragraphs: Port Isabel is a city in Cameron County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,006 at the 2010 census.


title: Dean Kamen

paragraphs: Dean Lawrence Kamen (born April 5, 1951) is an American engineer, inventor, and businessman. He is known for inventing the Segway and founding the non-profit organization FIRST with Woodie Flowers.

paragraphs: Kamen is best known for inventing the product that eventually became known as the Segway PT. It is an electric, self-balancing vehicle. The device is balanced on two parallel wheels and is controlled by moving body weight. The machine had a lot of attention after parts of a book quoting Steve Jobs and other notable IT inventors talking about its revolutionary potential were leaked in December 2001.

paragraphs: Kamen was already a successful inventor: his company "Auto Syringe" manufactures and markets the first drug infusion pump. His company DEKA also holds patents for the technology used in portable dialysis machines, an insulin pump (based on the drug infusion pump technology), and an all-terrain electric wheelchair known as the iBOT, using many of the same balancing technologies that were later used on the Segway.

paragraphs: Kamen has worked a lot on a project involving Stirling engine designs. It tries to create two machines: one that would generate power, and the Slingshot that would be a water purification system. He hopes the project will help improve living standards in developing countries. Kamen has a patent on his water purifier, and other patents pending. In 2014, the film "SlingShot" was released, which showed Kamen's quest to use his machine to fix the world's water crisis.

paragraphs: Kamen is also the co-inventor of a compressed air device that would launch a human into the air. This would be used to quickly launch SWAT teams or other emergency workers to the roofs of tall, hard-to-reach buildings.

paragraphs: In 2009 Kamen stated that his company DEKA was now working on solar powered inventions.

paragraphs: Kamen and DEKA also made the DEKA Arm System or "Luke", a prosthetic arm replacement that gives much more fine motor control than other prosthetic limbs. It was approved for use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in May 2014, and DEKA is looking for partners to mass-produce the prosthesis.

paragraphs: In 1989, Kamen founded FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), a program for students to get people interested in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). One competition started and run by FIRST is the FRC or FIRST Robotics Competition. In 2017, FIRST chose to host two international competitions, one in St. Louis, Missouri, and another in Houston, Texas, each a week apart. From 2018 to 2020, it will be held in Detroit, Michigan, instead of St. Louis, Missouri.

paragraphs: FIRST has many robotics programs for students in grades K-12, including FLL JR. (FIRST Lego League Jr.) for younger elementary school students, FLL (FIRST Lego League) for older elementary school and middle school students, FTC (FIRST Tech Challenge) for middle and high school students, and FRC (FIRST Robotics Competition) for high school students. In 2017, FIRST held the inaugural event of its first olympics-style competition – FGC (FIRST Global Challenge) – in Washington, D.C.

paragraphs: Kamen says that FIRST is the invention he is most proud of. He predicts that the 1 million students who have taken part in the contests so far will create important inventions in the future.


title: Woodie Flowers

paragraphs: Woodie Claude Flowers (November 18, 1943 – October 11, 2019) was a professor of mechanical engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He worked on engineering design and product development. He also held the Pappalardo Professorship and was a MacVicar Faculty Fellow.

paragraphs: Flowers was born in Jena, Louisiana on November 18, 1943. He was named after his grandfathers Woodie and Claude. His father, Abe Flowers, was a welder and inventor. His mother, Bertie Graham, was an elementary-school and special education teacher. As a boy, he showed mechanical aptitude like his father, Abe, and he earned the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was seventeen, he and four friends were driving on Louisiana Highway 127 when they were hit head-on by another vehicle that was traveling at about . The accident killed two people in Flowers' vehicle and one in the other. It made him believe what he called "genetic opposition to violence" and created his "fierce, vocal loathing of any spectacle that involves crashing pieces of machinery into each other with deliberate force."

paragraphs: Flowers went to Louisiana Polytechnic Institute and graduated with his B.S. in 1966. He then went to Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning his M.S. (1968), M.E. (1971), and Ph.D. (1973) under the direction of Bob Mann. His thesis, called "A man-interactive simulator system for above-knee prosthetics studies," was on a robot-like prosthetic knee inspired by Mann's Boston Arm.

paragraphs: After receiving his doctorate (Ph.D.), Flowers began as an assistant professor at MIT. He worked with Herb Richardson on the "Introduction to Design and Manufacturing" class. Known by its course number as 2.70 (now 2.007), the class had a design competition to build robotic devices to accomplish a challenge. Flowers took over the class in 1974, changing it into one of the most popular classes at MIT. He changed the challenge every year, always trying to make it more complex and exciting. The competition was shown on TV several years on the PBS show "Discover the World of Science". The competition became like a sporting event, and was even jokingly referred to as MIT's true homecoming game. In 1987, Flowers handed the class over to Harry West.

paragraphs: "Discover the World of Science" changed its name to "Scientific American Frontiers" in 1990, and Flowers served as its host until 1993 when he was replaced by Alan Alda. In 1990, Flowers began working with Dean Kamen on FIRST (For Inspiration and Recognition of Science and Technology), a project to promote science and technology. Taking parts from 2.70, they created the FIRST Robotics Competition (FRC) in 1992. Flowers brought the phrase "gracious professionalism" to FIRST, an idea which has since become very important in FIRST rules and culture. Flowers served every year as National Advisor to FIRST. He was active at FIRST events, working as an MC and treated along with Kamen "like heroes."

paragraphs: At the 2017 VEX Robotics World Championship, Woodie Flowers was inducted into the STEM Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Flowers was a "Distinguished Partner" at Olin College, a member of the National Academy of Engineering, and a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 2007, he received a degree "honoris causa" from Chilean university Universidad Nacional Andrés Bello. He died on October 11, 2019, in Massachusetts following complications from aorta surgery.

paragraphs: In 1996, the FIRST Robotics Competition created the Woodie Flowers award, which was given to Flowers that year. In years since, the award has served as a way for FRC teams to honor adult mentors. At each FRC regional competition a Woodie Flowers Finalist Award is presented to one adult who was nominated. This qualifies them for the Championship Woodie Flowers Award (WFA) presented at the FIRST Championship.


Encoder


title: Abuse of power

paragraphs: Abuse of power is the act of taking advantage of one's high authority in order to control what other people with lower authority are able to do. Abuse of power is often associated with corruption. Often, presidents are charged with abuse of power because they pressure all of the less powerful politicians into doing things that the other politicians disagree with. Donald Trump, the 45th president of the United States, was impeached on December 2019 because of a scandal where he agreed with Ukraine to manipulate the 2020 presidential election in exchange for foreign aid.


title: Rotary encoder

paragraphs: A rotary encoder is a device that can keep track of how much something has turned. This is called its angular position. That information is useful to know how far a motor has turned, for example.

paragraphs: Rotary encoders are often used in manufacturing and robotics. This is because they need things to be measured and controlled very accurately.

paragraphs: An absolute encoder always keeps track of what value its on, even if it isn't powered.

paragraphs: An incremental encoder only keeps track of changes. It gives off signals if it is turned one way or another.


title: Cease and desist

paragraphs: A cease and desist letter is a document sent to an individual or business to stop attempted illegal activity ("cease") and not to restart it ("desist"). The letter may warn to the individual or business that if they do not stop certain behaviour by deadlines set in the letter, then that individual or business may be sued. The same letter may also warn the individual or business to take specified actions in order to avoid being sued. When a cease and desist letter is issued by a public authority, it is called a "cease and desist order".

paragraphs: Although cease and desist letters are not exclusively used for stopping copyright infringement, such letters are also used to protect other issues related to intellectual property. The holder of an intellectual property right (i.e. either a copyrighted work, a trademark, or a patent) may send the cease and desist letter to tell a third party (i.e. an individual or business who is not related to the holder of the intellectual property right) that they are infringing intellectual property. The letter may contain either an offer to license the intellectual property or a very clear threat of a lawsuit. A cease and desist letter often causes both parties to make licensing negotiations, and is very often the first step towards a lawsuit.

paragraphs: If someone receives many cease and desist letters, it will cost a large amount of money to manage them. Each claim in the letters must be evaluated, and the person or group who receives it will have to decide what to do to sort out the cease and desist letter. Either, they would have to obtain an attorney's opinion letter, prepare for a lawsuit, and perhaps start making suitable alternatives that do not break the holder's intellectual property".

paragraphs: Cease and desist letters are sometimes used to intimidate the offending groups and can be used by corporations to relax the online critical speech of such groups. A company owning a trademark may send such letter to them that they are doing trademark infringement, although the actual use of the trademark by the offending group may fall under a fair use exception (which follows, in the U.S., the protection of free speech under the First Amendment).


title: Pepe the Frog

paragraphs: Pepe the Frog is an internet meme. He is an anthropomorphic green frog who had originated in a comic by Matt Furie called "Boy's Club". He appears in many different types of popular memes on the internet. By 2015, he is the most popular meme in 4chan and Tumblr.

paragraphs: He has also appears as a symbol of alt-right movement. However, Pepe's creator didn't like it that Pepe the Frog is being used as a hate symbol, and he will sue any organization who uses Pepe as a hate symbol.


title: Khatib MRT station

paragraphs: Khatib MRT station (NS14) is an Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station on the North South line in Yishun, Singapore.

paragraphs: The section of tracks between this station and Yio Chu Kang MRT station is the longest between any two stations on the North South line.

paragraphs: The station was previously named Nee Soon South. It was renamed to Khatib in January 1987 along with Yishun MRT station which was initially named Nee Soon. In 1990, a power failure which occurred at Yishun station affected services at this station.

paragraphs: In 2002, lift upgrading commenced at this station and was completed on 10 January 2003.

paragraphs: Installation of the half-height screen doors started and operations commenced on 30 September 2011. The station was installed with high-volume low-speed fans and the fans started running since 28 August 2012.


title: Kate Ford

paragraphs: Kate Ford (born 29 December 1976) is an English actress known for playing Tracy Barlow in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 2002 to 2007, and from 2010 onwards. Ford was born in Salford Disrict, Greater Manchester, England.


title: Greg Davies

paragraphs: Gregory Daniel Davies, (born 14 May 1968) known professionally by his stage names Greg D, Greg Davies or simply Grey Davies, is a British stand-up comedian and actor. He is best known for his role as Greg in the British television programs We Are Klang, Mr Glibert in The Inbetweeners, Ken Thompson in Cuckoo, as The Taskmaster in Taskmaster, and Man Down playing Dan Davies, as well guest appearances in Mock the Week, Would I Lie to You?, and Fast and Loose alongside Alex Horne. He performed Live at The Apollo series.


title: Nikolai Tsymbal

paragraphs: Nikolai Andreyevich Tsymbal (; 20 January 1925 – 15 January 2020) was an officer of the Soviet Armed Forces. He worked in the force's political branch and reached the rank of . He was deputy head of the Gagarin Air Force Academy. He was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, and the Order of Friendship.


title: Bobby Kay

paragraphs: Romeo Cormier (5 January 1950 – 17 January 2020) was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was best known by the ring name Bobby Kay. He was a member of the Cormier wrestling family, a group of four brothers who were all successful professional wrestlers.

paragraphs: He worked in Canada and the United States from 1967 to the mid-1980s. He owned and operated part of the Eastern Sports Association. After retiring from wrestling, he performed country music professionally before taking a job with Loblaws.


title: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Pelam

paragraphs: The Fall and Rise of Reginald Pelam (also known by the names "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perris", or "The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin") is a British series of novels written by David Nobbs.

paragraphs: The series was adapted for television. The television series cast included Leonard Rossiter, Pauline Yates, John Barron, Sue Nicholls, Geoffrey Palmer, Bruce Bould, John Horsley, Trevor Adams, Sally-Jane Spencer, Tim Preece, Leslie Schofield and Derry Power in the title role. It was aired on the BBC and BBC One from 8 September 1976 until 24 January 1979.


title: Ashwini Kumar Chopra

paragraphs: Ashwini Kumar Chopra (11 June 1956 – 18 January 2020) was an Indian politician, cricketer and journalist. He was born in Jalandhar. Chopra was a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party. He was a member of the Lok Sabha from 2014 through 2019. As a journalist, he worked for "Punjab Kesari".

paragraphs: Chopra died of cancer on 18 January 2020 in Gurgaon, Haryana. He was 63.


title: Mark Pocan

paragraphs: Mark William Pocan (; born August 14, 1964) is an American politician and businessman. He is the U.S. Representative for Wisconsin's 2nd congressional district since 2013. He is a member of the Democratic Party, Pocan is Co-Chair of both the Congressional Progressive Caucus and the Congressional LGBT Equality Caucus.

paragraphs: From 1999 to 2013 he was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.

paragraphs: In January 2020, Pocan endorsed Senator Bernie Sanders for President.


title: Peroxisome

paragraphs: Peroxisomes or microbodies are organelles inside eukariotic cells which are enclosed with a membrane. They are involved in various processes, and use up oxygen.


title: Michael Le Vell

paragraphs: Michael Robert Turner, known by the stage name Michael Le Vell, (born 15 December 1964) is an English actor. He is best known casting in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street.


title: Rentaghost

paragraphs: Rentaghost is a British children's comedy television show by the BBC between 6 January 1976 and the series until 6 November 1984. The shows plot a number ghost in the Rentaghost film series, it's cast, Anthony Jackson, Michael Derbyshire, Michael Staniforth, Edward Brayshaw, Ann Emery, Molly Weir, Sue Nicholls and Lynda La Plante.


title: Al-Nabk District

paragraphs: Al-Nabk is a town in Syria. It is located to the North of Damascus,the capital. It takes about 90 minutes by car from the main international Airport. The population is about forty thousand people. The weather is very cold and snowy in winter because Al-Nabk lies on high mountains. It is about 1360 meter above the sea level. However, in summer the weather is very nice and warm. It is a place for spending happy holidays.


title: Sally Ann Matthews

paragraphs: Sally Ann Matthews (born 19 September 1970) is an English actress and actor known for her roles as Jenny Bradley in the ITV soap operas Coronation Street since 1960 and Sandra Briggs in Emmerdale from 1972.


title: Gary Ablett

paragraphs: Gareth Ian Ablett (19 November 1965 – 1 January 2012) was an English professional footballer and manager. He played as a defender. His professional career lasted from 1985 until 2001.

paragraphs: Ablett was born in the Liverpool suburb of Aigburth. He played for Liverpool between 1985 and 1992. With the club, he won two league titles and an FA Cup, winning against Everton in the 1989 final. In 1995, Ablett moved from Liverpool to city rivals Everton. Later that year, he won the FA Cup with Everton. He remains the only played to win an FA Cup with both clubs. He also played for Derby County, Hull City, Sheffield United, Birmingham City, Wycombe Wanderers, Blackpool and the Long Island Rough Riders during his career. He was also a youth team manager for Liverpool and Everton. From 2009 to 2010, he was manager of Stockport County.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2012, Ablett died of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in Tarleton, Lancashire. He was 46.


title: The Citadel

paragraphs: The Citadel was a 1960 British adaption television miniseries of A.J. Cronin's 1937 novel "The Citadel". The series was directed by John Frankau and Peter Graham Scott. It starred Eric Lander, Zena Walker, Elizabeth Shepherd, Noel Harrison, Richard Vernon, Jack May and Zena Walker.


title: John Barron

paragraphs: John Barron (24 December 1920 - 3 July 2004) was an English actor. Although Barron was a familiar face on British television from the 1950s, he is best remembered for his role in the BBC comedy The Fall and Rise of Reginald Perrin, since 1976 until the series in 1979 playing CJ Perrin's overbearing boss.


title: Sally Dynevor

paragraphs: Sally Dynevor (born 30 May 1963), is an English actress, known for her roles as Sally Webster formerly Metcalfe and Seddon, in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 1986. She won the 2015 and the 2016 Soap Awards.


title: Ben Price

paragraphs: Ben Price (born 1 January 1972) is an English actor, television presenter and writer for YouTube, best known as Nick Tilsey in the ITV longest running television soap opera Coronation Street since 1960.


title: Intense X

paragraphs: Intense X, previously known as Intense AI or Intense Dialogues, is a 3D computer game plug-in for the 3D Game Studio Engine.

paragraphs: Intense X allows game designers to create the games they want without programming, whether they have programming experience or not.

paragraphs: Intense X was started by two independent game developers in 2003 and was originally going to be sold as separate products, depending on what the client needed. The first product released, which was created using the A4 Game Studio Engine, was Intense Dialogues. Intense Dialogues was revolutionary for its time because it could be used to add dialogue to games with little programming. Shortly after that, Intense Path Finding, a freeware path finding solution, was released to the Game Studio community.

paragraphs: Development of Intense AI, an artificial intelligence plug-in to make NPCs in games more realistic, began in 2004. During development, a new idea formed. The idea was to make a complete plug-in for the 3D Game Studio Engine that allowed game developers to make the games they want without having to do any programming.

paragraphs: Intense X Beta was released in 2007. Shortly after release, the next generation Game Studio engine came out and Intense X was created all over again. Intense X Copper was released for Presale in May 2008.

paragraphs: Intense X has three main engines that make it not like any other non-programming solution.

paragraphs: The new Panel Engine is the newest feature for Intense X. This panel system allows Intense X to be combined directly with the Level editor.

paragraphs: At the core of Intense X is the Intense AI engine. This AI system creates intelligent enemies that can act in group behaviors, and do any type of attack.

paragraphs: The AI also allows the NPCs to move their way around any type of level, whether or not it was created with Intense X in mind.

paragraphs: Intense Illusions offers one edition of Intense X right now. Three more editions of Intense X are currently being made. Intense Illusions also offers a freeware path finding solution.

paragraphs: Intense X Copper is the first edition of Intense X to be released.

paragraphs: Intense Pathfinding is a freeware solution that can add path-finding capabilities to levels created in Game Studio.

paragraphs: Intense Illusions offers animated models that can be used directly with Intense X, or used alone.


title: Tina O'Brien

paragraphs: Tina Michelle O'Brien (born 7 August 1983 in Rusholme, Manchester England) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as a professional dancer in the BBC One dancing show Strictly Come Dancing since 2010, apart as Sarah Platt in the ITV soap Coronation Street from 1999 to 2007 and 2015 onwards, and her role as Bex Fisher in the BBC preschool drama sitcom Waterloo Road from 2010 to 2011.


title: Esto perpetua

paragraphs: Esto perpetua is a phrase from latin meaning "Let it be forever". This is the motto of the Idaho state of U.S.


title: Rectal

paragraphs: Rectal temperature is taken through a thermometer by placing in rectum of children or uncoperative patients.


title: Connie Hyde

paragraphs: Connie Skov Hyde (born 15 November 1969) is an English actress. She is best known as Gina Seddon in the ITV television soap opera Coronation Street since 1960.

paragraphs: She was born to his English father and Danish father grew up in Lancashire.


title: Beverley Callard

paragraphs: Beverley Jane McEwan (née Moxon; Atkinson, Sowden, Callard; born 28 March 1957) known professionally by the stage names Beverley Moxon, Beverley Atkinson, Beveley Snowden, and professionally as Beverley Callard, is an English actress, known for her role as Liz McDonald in ITV's Coronation Street and Flo Henshaw in Two Pints of Lager and a Packet for Crisps.