title: Hans-Georg Gadamer

paragraphs: Hans-Georg Gadamer (; February 11, 1900 – March 13, 2002) was a German philosopher. His philosophy was about the continental tradition. He was best known for his 1960 magnum opus "Truth and Method" ("Wahrheit und Methode") on hermeneutics.


title: Luis Delgado Aparicio

paragraphs: Luis Humberto Delgado Aparicio Porta (28 September 1940 – 2 April 2015) was a Peruvian politician. He served in the Congress of the Peruvian Government from 1995 to 2001. Before serving as a congressman, Aparicio was a delegate from 1990 through 1992. He was born in Callao, Peru.

paragraphs: Aparicio died in Lima, Peru from pancreatic cancer, aged 74.


title: Doctor Zhivago

paragraphs: Doctor Zhivago is a 1965 epic romantic drama movie. The movie is about life in Russia before and during World War I and during the Russian Civil War from 1917-1922. The movie is based on a novel of the same name. It was written by Boris Pasternak. The movie was banned in the Soviet Union. It could not be made there and also could not be shown in theatres after it was released. It was first shown in Russia in 1994. The movie was directed by David Lean.

paragraphs: Critics complained when the movie was released because its running time was over three hours. Also, critics thought that the history in the movie was not told correctly. Over time, opinions changed. Now it is thought by the public to be one of David Lean's best movies. It was ranked by the American Film Institute in 1998 as the 39th greatest American movie of all time.

paragraphs: The movie won five Academy Awards. It was entered into the 1966 Cannes Film Festival. As of 2015, it is the eighth highest money making movie of all time.

paragraphs: The "Doctor Zhivago" novel was published in 1957 outside Russia, in Western countries. The book caused both praise and controversy. Some of Boris Pasternak's story had been available in Samizdat for some time after World War II. But the novel did not get written until 1956.

paragraphs: The book had to be smuggled out of the Soviet Union, because their government banned it for its views against Communism. It was taken by a trusted friend to an Italian publisher who printed and released it. Many people heard about the book because of the Soviet Union actions taken against the novel. It became very popular in the non-communist world. It spent 26 weeks at the top of the "New York Times" best-seller list.

paragraphs: A great poet who wrote about how he felt, Pasternak was awarded the 1958 Nobel Prize in Literature. Even though the award was given for his poetry, it was known that the prize was mainly for "Doctor Zhivago". The Soviet Union saw this Nobel Prize as a personal attack against their government itself. Pasternak was said to be a traitor by their leaders, so he refused to accept the Prize. The public now thought Pasternak was a Cold War symbol of rebellion against Soviet communism.

paragraphs: The movie plot was the same as the novel in some ways, but some changes were made. Many critics said that the movie gave too much attention to the love story between Zhivago and Lara. This downplayed the events of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that it caused.


title: Aaron Hernandez

paragraphs: Aaron Josef Hernandez (November 6, 1989 – April 19, 2017), was an American football tight end and convicted murderer. He was born in Bristol, Connecticut. He was drafted by New England Patriots in 2010.

paragraphs: In 2013, Hernandez was indicted for first-degree murder. He was found guilty of murder in April 2015. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole.

paragraphs: He committed suicide by hanging on April 19, 2017 in his prison cell.


title: Solidarity (Polish trade union)

paragraphs: Solidarity (, pronounced ; full name: Independent Self-governing Trade Union "Solidarity" – "Niezależny Samorządny Związek Zawodowy "Solidarność"" ) is a Polish trade union that began on 17 September 1980 at the Gdańsk Shipyard under the leadership of Lech Wałęsa. It was the first trade union in a Warsaw Pact country that was not controlled by the Communist Party. It had 10 million members which was one in three of the total working-age population of Poland. Solidarity helped bring free elections to Poland. These elections were important as the country moved away from Communism.


title: Valery Belousov

paragraphs: Valery Konstantinovich Belousov (; 17 December 1948 – 16 April 2015) was a Russian professional ice hockey coach and player. He played for four teams between 1964 and 1987. At the time of his death, he was the head coach of the KHL's Traktor Chelyabinsk.

paragraphs: Belousov was born in Novouralsk, Sverdlovsk Oblast. He died on 16 April 2015, aged 66.


title: Attaphol Buspakom

paragraphs: Attaphol Buspakom (; 1 October 1962 – 16 April 2015), nicknamed "Tak" (), was a Thai national and football coach. He played for three teams between 1985 and 1998, and managed eight teams between 2002 and 2015.

paragraphs: Buspakom was born in Sattahip, Chonburi Province. He died from a blood infection on 16 April 2015 in Bangkok, aged 52.


title: Stanislav Gross

paragraphs: Stanislav Gross (30 October 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Czech lawyer and politician. He served as the Prime Minister of the Czech Republic from 4 August 2004 to 25 April 2005. He was a member of the Czech Social Democratic Party (ČSSD), which he lead from 26 June 2004 to 26 April 2005.

paragraphs: Gross was born in Prague. He was married to Šárka Grossová and had two daughters. He was a Christian.

paragraphs: Gross died from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) on 16 April 2015 in Prague, aged 45.


title: Hardijs Baumanis

paragraphs: Hardijs Baumanis (10 December 1967 – 6 April 2015) was a Latvian diplomat. He served as Ambassador of Latvia to Lithuania and Azerbaijan from 2010 until his death.

paragraphs: Baumanis was born in Riga. He died on 6 April 2015 in Baku, the capital of Azerbaijan, aged 47.


title: Mariano Taccola

paragraphs: Mariano di Jacopo detto il Taccola (1381 – ca. 1453), called Taccola (the crow), was an Italian artist, engineer and administrator. He lived during the early Renaissance period. He wrote two important books, "De ingeneis" and "De machinis". These hand-drawn books have drawings of many new (for his time) machines. There are also descriptions of the machines. Leonardo da Vinci and other people used his books in the later Renaissance.

paragraphs: Mariano Taccola was born in Siena in 1381. His father was a wine merchant named Jacopo. His mother's name was Madonna Nofria (Bacci). The name he was given at his baptism was Mariano Daniello. Taccola himself used the name Ser Mariani Jacobi decti. He had many different jobs. Records show Taccola had been a wood carver who made church ornaments. He was a public official, a secretary to a hospital. Taccola was also a sculptor and an engineer. Most of the details about his life come from his books. Taccola started his first book, "De ingeneis", in 1419. He completed it in 1433. The book probably led to his being appointed supervisor of roads and hydraulic engineering. He retired from this position sometime in the 1440s. Taccola's second book, "De machinis", appeared in 1449. It contained updated drawings from "De ingeneis" as well as many new drawings. It appears he lived in Siena his entire life. Taccola received a pension from the city for his administrative work. In 1453 he stopped receiving his pension meaning he may have died that year. But in another document dated 1453 he wrote he had become a friar in the "Order of San Jacomo".

paragraphs: Taccola was one of the first artist-engineers of the Renaissance. He invented a new way of making technical drawings. This is called an exploded-view. In these diagrams, an object's parts are shown separated and with indications of how they fit together. After Taccola died, his work was largely neglected until the 20th century. Only after 1960 were his works printed. This was based on the discovery of his original works in two museums. These originals were much better than copies, which scholars had been familiar with. Now their importance is more widely recognized.

paragraphs: Taccola was familiar with several sienese artists and architects. Jacopo della Quercia was his daughter's godfather. He once interviewed the Florentine architect Filippo Brunelleschi and recorded it in one of his folios. Brunelleschi advised Taccola not to explain his inventions to others who did not understand machines. He said: "Therefore the gifts given to us by God must not be relinquished to those who speak ill of them and who are moved by envy or ignorance. To disclose too much of one's inventions and achievements is one and the same thing as to give up the fruit of one's ingenuity... the ignorant and inexperienced understand nothing, not even when things are explained to them; their ignorance moves them promptly to anger; they remain in their ignorance because they want to show themselves learned, which they are not"

paragraphs: (This edition reproduces Books III and IV of de Ingeneis)

paragraphs: (This edition also reproduces Books III and IV of de Ingeneis)


title: Azali

paragraphs: The Azali religion or Azali Babism (for short:Azali) is an Iranian religion founded in 1860s by Subh-i-Azal.

paragraphs: Azali is a monotheistic religion, beliving in one god. Its teaching comes from Abrahamic and old Iranian religions like Zoroastrianism and Indian like Buddhism, Hinduism and Sikhism

paragraphs: Both Azali and Baha'i Faith split from religion of bayan (Babism), but some people categoring the Azali religion as one of Babism divisions.


title: Oles Buzina

paragraphs: Oles Buzina (; 13 July 1969 – 16 April 2015) was a Ukrainian journalist, writer, and politician for the pro-Russia Russian Bloc party. He was a journalist for the Russian language tabloid newspaper "Segodnya".

paragraphs: Buzina was born in Kiev. In 1992, he graduated from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. He was married and had a daughter.

paragraphs: Buzina was shot and killed by masked men on 16 April 2015 in Kiev, aged 45.


title: Lee Remmel

paragraphs: Leland "Lee" Remmel (June 30, 1924 – April 16, 2015) was an American football personality. He was known for working 62 years with the Green Bay Packers as a sportswriter and later a team employee (public relations, historian, spokesperson, and writer).

paragraphs: Remmel was born in Shawano, Wisconsin. He was married to Margaret "Noreen" Remmel from 1948 until her death on April 27, 2012.

paragraphs: Remmel died on April 16, 2015 in Green Bay, Wisconsin, aged 90.


title: Alexander Nadson

paragraphs: Alexander Nadson (; 8 August 1926 – 15 April 2015) was a Belarusian émigré social and religious leader. He was the Apostolic Visitor for Belarusian Greek Catholic faithfuls abroad from 1986 until his death. He became a priest in 1958 and worked in the United Kingdom for most of his life.

paragraphs: Nadson was born in the town of Haradzeya, Nesvizh Raion of the Minsk Oblast.

paragraphs: Nadson died on 15 April 2015 in London, aged 88.


title: Juan Carlos Cáceres

paragraphs: Juan Carlos Cáceres (4 September 1936 – 5 April 2015) was an Argentine jazz and tango musician, singer-songwriter, and painter. He began his career in 1977 and created "Tango negro". For most of his career, he worked and lived in France. He released 12 albums between 1993 and 2011.

paragraphs: Cáceres was born in Buenos Aires. He died from cancer on 5 April 2015 in Perigny, near Paris, aged 78.


title: Charlie Beasley

paragraphs: Charles P. "Charlie" Beasley (September 23, 1945 – April 11, 2015) was an American basketball player. He played for the Dallas Chaparrals (1967–70), Texas Chaparrals and The Floridians (1970–71) in the ABA for 281 games.

paragraphs: Beasley was born in Shawnee, Oklahoma. He was married and had a son.

paragraphs: Beasley died on April 11, 2015 in McKinney, Texas, aged 69.


title: Kayahan

paragraphs: Kayahan Açar (29 March 1949 – 3 April 2015), better known by his stage name Kayahan, was a Turkish pop music singer-songwriter. His career lasted forty years. He composed all of his own material and released more than eight best-selling albums.

paragraphs: Kayahan was born in İzmir. He was married three times and had two daughters.

paragraphs: Kayahan died from multiple organ dysfunction syndrome due to lung cancer on 3 April 2015 at a hospital in Istanbul. He was 66.


title: Lon Simmons

paragraphs: Lonnie Alexander "Lon" Simmons (July 19, 1923 – April 5, 2015) was an American baseball and football broadcaster. He worked for the San Francisco Giants baseball team and the San Francisco 49ers football team. He also played for three minor league baseball teams after World War II.

paragraphs: Simmons was born in Vancouver, Washington and grew up in Burbank, California. At the time of his death, he was living in San Francisco. He had four daughters.

paragraphs: Simmons died on April 5, 2015 in Daly City, California, aged 91.


title: John Toohey (judge)

paragraphs: John Leslie Toohey (4 March 1930 – 9 April 2015) was an Australian judge. He served as the Justice of the High Court of Australia from 6 February 1987 to 2 February 1998.

paragraphs: Toohey was born in rural Western Australia. He died on 9 April 2015, aged 85.


title: Orma Slack

paragraphs: Orma Slack (née Snider; February 19, 1903 – April 13, 2015) was a Canadian supercentenarian. She died at the age of 112 years, 53 days. She was the oldest living person in Canada since the death of Colombe Benoît-Leclerc on 14 January 2015.

paragraphs: Slack was born in Bracebridge, Ontario. Her husband, William George Slack, died in 1988. They had two children, Rosemary (–1991) and Ted ().

paragraphs: Slack died on April 13, 2015 in Belleville, Ontario, aged 112 years and 53 days.


title: Perth Amboy, New Jersey

paragraphs: Perth Amboy is a city in eastern New Jersey. It is part of the New York City metropolitan area. At the 2010 census, 50,814 people lived in the city.

paragraphs: Perth Amboy was chartered in 1718. The city was incorporated on December 21, 1784.

paragraphs: People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Perth Amboy include:


title: Monkey Wrench (song)

paragraphs: "Monkey Wrench" is the first single from Foo Fighters second album "The Colour and the Shape". The song is about the ending of Dave Grohl's four year marriage to Jennifer Youngblood.

paragraphs: The song peaked at #9 on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song was released on 28 April 1997 in the United States.


title: James Wan

paragraphs: James Wan (born 27 February 1977) is an Australian movie producer, screenwriter and movie director. He is best known for directing the horror movie "Saw" (2004) and creating Billy the Puppet. He also directed the movies "Dead Silence" (2007), "Death Sentence" (2007), "Insidious" (2010), "The Conjuring" (2013), "" (2013), "Furious 7" (2015), "The Conjuring 2" (2016) and "Aquaman" (2019).

paragraphs: Wan and Leigh Whannell also served as executive producers for the "Saw" franchise with the movies "Saw II", "Saw III", "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", "Saw 3D: The Final Chapter", "" and "Jigsaw". He also served as a producer for the horror movie "The Curse of La Llorona" (2019).

paragraphs: Wan was born in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia to parents of Chinese ancestry. He and his family moved to Perth, Western Australia when he was seven, and later Melbourne, Victoria.


title: Fall River, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Fall River is a city in southeast Massachusetts. The city had a population of 88,857 at the 2010 census. Fall River was founded in 1803. In 1804 the town name was changed to Troy, named for Troy, New York. In 1834 the name changed back to Fall River.

paragraphs: A fire in 1834 destroyed the center of the village. The rebuilding effort is the origin of the city's motto "We'll Try". It became a city in 1854. Fall River became famous as a leading textile manufacturing center in the United States. It is also known for Battleship Cove, the world's largest collection of World War II naval vessels. It is the home of the USS Massachusetts (BB-59).

paragraphs: Fall River was also the home of Lizzie Borden. In 1893 she was put on trial for the axe-murders of her parents. Found not guilty, the people of Fall River treated her like an for the rest of her life.


title: Alien 3

paragraphs: Alien 3 (stylized as ALIEN) is an American science fiction-horror movie. It was released on 22 May 1992. It was the debut feature movie of director David Fincher. Alien 3 movie stars Sigourney Weaver, Charles Dance, Charles S. Dutton and Lance Henriksen. It is a sequel to "Alien" (1979) and "Aliens" (1986). Alien 3 was by followed by "" (1997).

paragraphs: The movie continues the plot of the 1986 movie Aliens. Heading back to Earth a spacecraft has flight difficulties. It crash lands on a planet called Fiorina 161. The crash kills everyone aboard except Lieutenant Ellen Ripley (Sigourney Weaver). Fiorina 161 is a planet where the temperature averages forty degrees below zero. It was a maximum security prison colony. A group of ex-prisoners chose to remain on the planet. They belong to a sect identified as "an apocalyptic millennarian fundamentalist Christian sect." The first thing Ripley has to do is shave her head because of the lice there. She is threatened by being the only female on the planet. While waiting for a rescue ship it is discovered that one of the aliens Ripley and the others were fighting before has found its way to Fiorina 161. A pet dog is the first victim. Then ex-prisoners begin disappearing. They have no weapons to fight the alien monster, only fire. Then Ripley learns she has a little alien inside her. Worse, it's a queen capable of producing thousands of eggs. Ripley thinks it happened while she was asleep in her pod. The creature, called a Xenomorph, refuses to kill Ripley because of the embryo inside her.

paragraphs: The movie had a difficult production, with various screenwriters and directors getting involved in the project. Shooting began without a finished script. The movie was the big-budget debut for the young David Fincher. He was brought into the project after a proposed version with Vincent Ward at the helm was cancelled well into pre-production. Fincher had little time to prepare. The experience of making the movie proved agonizing for him.


title: Chris Lilley (comedian)

paragraphs: Christopher Daniel Lilley (born 10 November 1974) is an Australian comedian, television producer, actor, musician and writer. He is known for his creation and portrayal of several characters in the mockumentary television series "" (2005), "Summer Heights High" (2007), "Angry Boys" (2011), "" (2013), "Jonah from Tonga" (2014) and "Lunatics" (2019). He has also won the Logie Award for Most Popular Actor twice.

paragraphs: Lilley was born in Sydney, New South Wales, and grew up in Turramurra. He lives in Melbourne, Victoria. He is a vegetarian.


title: Adjustable wrench

paragraphs: An adjustable wrench (US) or adjustable spanner (UK) is a wrench with a "jaw" of adjustable width. It can be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut or bolt). This type of tool may have other names in other parts of the world.

paragraphs: Several people are claimed as its inventor. Edwin Beard Budding (1796–1846), an engineer from Stroud, England, is one. On 22 September 1885 Enoch Harris received US patent 326868 for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked. Some countries refer to it as a "Swedish key" after Swedish inventor Johan Petter Johansson. In 1891 he got a patent for an improved adjustable spanner which is still used today. Johansson improved the 1842 invention of another English engineer Richard Clyburn.

paragraphs: A monkey wrench is a heavyweight wrench in which the jaw width was set by a spinning ring fixed under the sliding lower jaw. In 1840, Worcester, Massachusetts knife manufacturer Loring Coes invented it. It was based on the wrench used on English 18th century coach wheels. Coe patented it in 1841 and the tools were advertised and sold in the United States as "monkey wrenches".


title: Northern Sotho language

paragraphs: Northern Sotho ("Sesotho sa Leboa" in Northern Sotho) is an African language mainly spoken by people living in the Limpopo Province of South Africa.

paragraphs: Northern Sotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. It is spoken by almost 4 618 500 people, or 8.4% of South Africans at home (2011-census). Northern Sotho is part of the Sotho language family.


title: Southern Sotho

paragraphs: Southern Sotho ("Sesotho" in Southern Sotho) is an African language mainly spoken by people living in Lesotho and the Free State Province of South Africa.

paragraphs: Southern Sotho is one of the eleven official languages of South Africa. It is spoken by almost 6,024,000 people, or 7% of South Africans at home (2011 census). Southern Sotho is part of the Sotho language family.


title: Bolt

paragraphs: A bolt is a form of grooved fastener with an external helical male thread that engages the interior female thread of a nut. Bolts are closely related to, and often confused with, screws.

paragraphs: A screw is different from a bolt, because it does not take a nut, and its helical thread is used to penetrate (cut into) a softer material (such as wood).

paragraphs: This distinction is not always clear, and sometimes screws are regarded as bolts without a nut.


title: Tswana language

paragraphs: The Tswana language (or Setswana) is a language spoken in southern Africa. About five million people speak it. It is a Bantu language. It belongs to the Niger–Congo language family within the Sotho languages. It is closely related to the Northern- and Southern Sotho languages.

paragraphs: Tswana is an official language of Botswana. Most Tswana speakers are in South Africa, where four million people speak the language.


title: Nut (hardware)

paragraphs: A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used with a mating bolt to fasten parts together. Thus "nut and bolt" or "nuts and bolts" are term which recognise their pairing.

paragraphs: Like bolt heads, their shape is usually hexagonal, because this is best for gripping with tools. Nuts are graded with strength ratings like their respective bolts. For example, an ISO property class 10 nut can support the bolt proof strength load of an ISO property class 10.9 bolt without stripping its thread (the inside spiral groove).


title: Corn snake

paragraphs: The corn snake ("Pantherophis guttatus") is a North American species of rat snake that kills small prey by constriction.

paragraphs: Corn snakes are found throughout the southeastern and central United States. They are often kept as pets. They reach a moderate size of . In the wild, they usually live around 6–8 years, but in captivity can live to be up to 23 years old or longer.

paragraphs: Corn snakes look similar to the venomous copperhead snake and are often killed because of this similarity. Corn snakes are harmless and beneficial to humans. They are one of the most common snakes kept as pets, alongside the garter snake and ball python. Corn snakes lack venom and help control populations of wild rodent pests that damage crops and spread disease. They can be distinguished from copperheads by their brighter colors, slender build and lack of heat-sensing pits.

paragraphs: Although the corn snake is distinguished by its bright red orange colored scales, possible mutations can occur completely rejecting these pigments, changing its appearance. The two-color mutations that are known to occur is albinism and anerythrism. Snakes that are homozygous for albinism lack the black pigment, and the ones that are homozygous for anerythrism lack the red pigment.

paragraphs: The corn snake is named for the species' regular presence near grain stores, where it preys on mice and rats that eat harvested corn. The "Oxford English Dictionary" cites this usage as far back as 1675. Some sources maintain that the corn snake is so-named because the distinctive, nearly-checkered pattern of the snake's belly scales resembles the kernels of variegated corn. Regardless of the name's origin, the corn reference can be a useful mnemonic for identifying them. Their diet in the wild mainly consists of rodents, small amphibians, birds and/or their eggs, other types of eggs, and so on. They're not known for eating insects, though. In captivity they're usually fed a steady diet of pinky mice and other types of creatures such as the ones above.

paragraphs: 6. Bechtel, H. (1989, July 01). Color Mutations in the Corn Snake (Elaphe guttata guttata): Review and Additional Breeding Data. Retrieved April 08, 2019, Journal of Heredity, Volume 80, Issue 4, July 1989, Pages 272–276,


title: Screw thread

paragraphs: A screw thread, often shortened to thread, is a helical structure. It is a ridge wrapped around a cylinder or cone in the form of a helix, with the former being called a "straight" thread and the latter called a "tapered" thread.

paragraphs: The tightening of a nut to a bolt is like driving a wedge into a gap until it sticks through friction and plastic deformation (how the surfaces of the two objects slightly squash together).

paragraphs: A screw thread is one of the six simple machines which give mechanical advantage.

paragraphs: The mechanical advantage of a screw thread depends on its "lead", which is the linear distance the screw travels in one turn or revolution.


title: Planomicrobium glaciei

paragraphs: Planomicrobium glaciei is a species of bacteria. The cells are first coccoid. After some time they change to rods. The bacterium use the aerobic respiration with oxygen. The bacterium does not form endospores. It belongs to the gram-positive Firmicutes.


title: South Magnetic Pole

paragraphs: The South Magnetic Pole is the point on the southern hemisphere where the magnetic lines are directly pointing upward. In other words, if there were a magnet inside the earth axis (from north to south), the South Magnetic pole would be at its southern end. Because the magnetic field of the Earth changes, the exact location of ths pole does as well., placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between Adelie Land and Wilkes Land. In 2015 it lies at (est). That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle. Due to polar drift, the pole is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometers per year. Its current distance from the actual Geographic South Pole is approximately 2860 km. The nearest permanent science station is Dumont d'Urville Station. Wilkes Land contains a large gravitational mass concentration.


title: 1915 Football Championship Paranaense

paragraphs: The 1915 Soccer Paranaense Championship (in Portuguese: Campeonato Paranaense de Futebol de 1915) was the first championship edition of the Brazilian state of Paraná and southern Brazil.

paragraphs: The winner this year was the "International Football Club". It was a club of Curitiba, extinct since 1924.


title: Robert Rietti

paragraphs: Robert Rietti, born Lucio Rietti and usually credited as Robert Rietty (8 February 1923 – 3 April 2015), was a British-born Italian actor, director and playwright. He was knighted by the Italian government.


title: Jaroslav Holík

paragraphs: Jaroslav Holík (; August 3, 1942 – April 17, 2015) was a Czech professional ice hockey coach and former player.

paragraphs: Holik played in the Czechoslovak Extraliga for Dukla Jihlava. He won a bronze medal at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo. He was also successful at the Ice Hockey World Championships, winning gold at the 1972 World Ice Hockey Championships in Prague, silver at the 1965 World Ice Hockey Championships in Tampere and 1966 World Ice Hockey Championships in Ljubljana, and bronze at the 1969 World Ice Hockey Championships, 1970 World Ice Hockey Championships, both in Stockholm, and 1973 World Ice Hockey Championships in Moscow.


title: Mariano Gago

paragraphs: José Mariano Rebelo Pires Gago (16 May 1948 – 17 April 2015) was a Portuguese electrical engineer and politician for the Socialist Party. He served as the Minister for Science and Technology from 28 October 1995 to 6 April 2002. He also served as the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education from 21 March 2005 to 21 June 2011.

paragraphs: Gago was born in Lisbon. He studied at universities in Lisbon and Paris. He was married and had a daughter.

paragraphs: Gago died a sudden cardiac death on 17 April 2015 in Lisbon. He was 66.


title: Alfred Eick

paragraphs: Alfred Eick (9 March 1916 – 12 April 2015) was a German U-boat commander for Nazi Germany during World War II. He commanded the attacks on at least eleven ships between 1943 and 1945. He was given the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.

paragraphs: Eick was born in Essen, Rhine Province, then-German Empire. He was also an accountant.

paragraphs: Eick died on 12 April 2015 in Bielefeld, North Rhine-Westphalia, aged 99.


title: A’Lelia Bundles

paragraphs: A'Lelia Bundles (born June 7, 1952) is an African-American journalist and television executive. She is also an author and Emmy Award-winning producer.

paragraphs: Bundles was named after A'Lelia Walker (1885–1931). Walker was her great-grandmother. Walker was also the daughter of entrepreneur and philanthropist Madam C. J. Walker. She graduated in 1970 from North Central High School. In 1974 Bundles graduated magna cum laude from Radcliffe College. She was inducted into Harvard's Alpha Iota chapter of the Phi Beta Kappa Society. Bundles received a master's degree from the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism in 1976.

paragraphs: During her senior year at Harvard, Bundles began working at as a news anchor for WTLC-FM. After completing her master's degree she went to work for NBC News as a producer. Bundles was assigned to the New York, Houston and Atlanta bureaus. Bundles produced The Today Show and NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw. She also was a producer in Washington, DC for two of NBC's magazine programs. They were co-anchored by Connie Chung and Roger Mudd during the 1980s. In 1989 Bundles went to work at ABC News. She was the bureau chief in Washington, DC. She was the producer of ABC's World News Tonight with Peter Jennings. Bundles was also the chair of a diversity council appointed to advise ABC News president David Westin.


title: Urban heat island

paragraphs: An urban heat island, or UHI, is what happens when a city is warmer than the area around it. It happens because things in cities like concrete take longer to give off heat than things like trees, which are common outside of cities. The urban heat island effect is stronger at night and when there is not much wind. Cities can be 3°C warmer than nearby countryside.

paragraphs: In country areas, a large part of the incoming solar energy goes to evaporate water from vegetation and soil. But cities have less vegetation and soil. In cities, most of the sun’s energy is absorbed by urban building and asphalt paving. During warm daylight hours, there is less evaporative cooling in cities than in country areas. So, surface temperatures rise higher in cities than in country areas.

paragraphs: Also, vehicles, factories, and industrial and domestic heating and cooling units give off more heat in cities. This problem is growing. This effect causes the city to become 2 to 10 F (1 to 6 C) warmer than surrounding rural areas.


title: Thunderbolt and Lightfoot

paragraphs: Thunderbolt and Lightfoot is a 1974 American crime comedy-drama movie. Clint Eastwood and Jeff Bridges play the title characters. This was the first movie directed by Michael Cimino. Jeff Bridges was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. This was his second nomination. This movie was released on September 2, 1974. Its reviews were good.


title: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri

paragraphs: Izzat Ibrahim al-Douri ( "‘Izzat Ibrāhīm ad-Dūrī"; 1 July 1942 – 26 October 2020) was an Iraqi general and a commander of the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order. He was an Iraqi military commander and was vice chairman of the Iraqi Revolutionary Command Council until the 2003 U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. He was second in command of Iraq after Saddam's sons.

paragraphs: Between 1979 to 2003, he was the Vice President of Iraq during the Saddam Hussein regime.

paragraphs: Douri was born in Ad-Dawr, Saladin Province. He was a Sufi Muslim.

paragraphs: Douri was apparently killed in a car bombing on 17 April 2015 in Tikrit, aged 72 but DNA tests failed to confirm his death. A year later, he appeared in a video sent to the press.

paragraphs: Douri died on 26 October 2020 in Iraq from leukemia, aged 78.


title: Nintendomagasinet

paragraphs: Nintendomagasinet (NM) was a Swedish video game magazine. It was published between the years of 1990 and 1994. The magazine contained news, reports and comics based on video games. It also had a subscriber-only "Power Player" supplement which consisted of game reviews. The comics were translations of the Nintendo Comics System comics. Later it changed to the Nintendo Power comics "Super Mario Adventures" and "The Legend of Zelda".

paragraphs: The first issue can be seen in the Swedish 1992 film "Jönssonligan & den svarta diamanten".


title: Zwartbles sheep

paragraphs: Zwartbles sheep are a large breed of domestic sheep. This breed first came from Holland in the north of the Netherlands. They were used to make sheep milk as well as lamb and mutton. They were often kept in the same fields as the dairy cattle.

paragraphs: They were brought over to Great Britain in the late 1900s. They are not very common and now live in the north of England. The sheep have reddish brown wool, black legs with four white socks, a white tip on the tail, and a black face with a white stripe. They do not have horns. The lambs look the same but have jet black wool. These are a tame and friendly sheep, but are difficult to look after.

paragraphs: They are bred for their meat and not for their wool, because it is very dark and cannot be dyed. The meat from Zwartbles sheep does not have much fat and tastes sweet.

paragraphs: The Zwartbles are large sheep: ewes (females) weigh an average of , and rams (males) .

paragraphs: Being so large, they often have three or four lambs. Having so many babies can cause problems for the mother in giving birth.

paragraphs: These sheep have become less popular in Holland. There are so few there that they are listed as being rare by the Dutch Rare Breed Survival trust in the mid-1970s.

paragraphs: The first Zwartbles were imported to the United Kingdom in the early 1990s. A group for their farmers and owners, the Zwartbles Sheep Association, was formed in 1995.

paragraphs: Zwartbles are now mainly used for breeding lambs, and for their meat and wool. Already coming from the cold, wet, windy climate in the Netherlands, they can live in good health at various altitudes in Great Britain. Some Zwarbles are now shown in agricultural shows to be judged. The wool of these show animals is often trimmed to remove the brown wool tips. This leaves a tight black fleece showing as the primary colour.


title: Radcliffe College

paragraphs: Radcliffe College was a women's liberal arts college in Cambridge, Massachusetts, the female college attached to Harvard University. It was also one of the Seven Sisters colleges.

paragraphs: It shared, with Bryn Mawr College, the popular reputation of students being both intellectually and independently minded. Radcliffe gave Radcliffe College diplomas to undergraduates and graduate students for the first 70 or so years of its history.

paragraphs: In 1963 Radcliffe gave joint Harvard-Radcliffe diplomas to undergraduates. A formal "non-merger merger" agreement with Harvard was signed in 1977. Radcliffe was fully integrated with Harvard by 1999. Today, in Harvard University, Radcliffe's former campus is now the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study. The former Radcliffe housing at the Radcliffe Quadrangle is now in the Harvard College housing system. Under the terms of the 1999 agreement, the Radcliffe Yard and the Radcliffe Quadrangle will always keep the "Radcliffe" name.


title: Bethel

paragraphs: Bethel (, meaning "House of God") was a city in the Hebrew Bible. It was located in what is now the West Bank.


title: Shiloh (biblical city)

paragraphs: Shiloh was a city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. It is located in what is now the West Bank. In the Bible, it was the first capital of Israel.


title: House of Rohan

paragraphs: The House of Rohan is a French noble family of viscounts, later dukes and princes. They come from the area called Rohan in Brittany. Their line descends from the viscounts of Porhoët. It is said to trace back to the legendary Conan Meriadoc. Through the Porhoët, the Rohan are related to the Dukes of Brittany. They also later developed ties with the French and English royal houses. They played an important role in French and European history.

paragraphs: In France there were generally considered to have been two individual lines, the Princes of Soubise and the Princes of Guéméné. Both had many other titles. Four Archbishops of Strasbourg were members of the family. The Princes of Rochefort descended from the Guéméné line.

paragraphs: The great wealth of the family allowed them to build several palaces and townhouses. They built them in cities and countries in and around Europe. Well known examples of these are:


title: Sarona (colony)

paragraphs: Sarona was a German Templer colony in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is now a neighborhood of the city. It was one of the earliest modern villages established in Palestine.

paragraphs: Sarona was built in 1871. It was located northeast of Jaffa. Now, the land the former colony is in the center of Tel Aviv. Many people in the Templar communities became Nazi sympathisers before and after World War II. By 1948 authorities of the British Mandate had expelled them.

paragraphs: Today, the place has been renovated and renewed as a "shopping village, subtracting and entertainment."


title: Evolve (video game)

paragraphs: Evolve is a first-person shooter video game. It was developed by Turtle Rock Studios and published by 2K Games. The game was released on February 10, 2015 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows.

paragraphs: On July 1, the game won the Best of E3 2014 "Best of Show", and it was also the winner of the "Best Console Game", "Best Action Game" and "Best Online Multiplayer" awards. On August 15, the game was awarded the most awards at the 2014 Gamescom Awards.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 9.0 out of 10. Vince Ingenito of "IGN" said that the game was "Turtle Rock has created a smart, asymmetric, multiplayer monster-hunting game that plays unlike anything else. It's tactically deep, bursting with character, and it offers a level of nuance rarely found in multiplayer shooters."

paragraphs: GameSpot rated the game 8 out of 5. Kevin VanOrd of "GameSpot" said of the AI: "[it] is strong enough to make playing offline matches rewarding on its own terms".


title: Nontron

paragraphs: Nontron () is a commune and a sub-prefecture of the Dordogne department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region, southwestern France. It is the capital of the northernmost "arrondissement" of the Dordogne department.

paragraphs: The "Nontronite" is a mineral (a silicate mineral) rich in iron named after Nontron.

paragraphs: Nontron has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The "commune" is in the centre of the Regional Natural Park Périgord Limousin ().

paragraphs: Nontron is surrounded by the "communes" Le Bourdeix, Augignac, Savignac-de-Nontron, Saint-Pardoux-la-Rivière, Sceau-Saint-Angel, Saint-Martial-de-Valette and Saint-Martin-le-Pin.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Nontron are known, in French, as "Nontronnais" (women: "Nontronnaises").

paragraphs: With a population of 3,151 (2014), Nontron has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Nontron forms, together with Saint-Martial-de-Valette, the urban area of Nontron with a population of 4,017 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Nontron, formed by 5 "communes" with a population of 4,653 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

paragraphs: Nontron is a subprefecture of the Dordogne and the capital of the "arrondissement" of Nontron.

paragraphs: The "commune" is the administrative centre () of the "Périgord Vert Nontronnais" canton formed by 28 "communes".

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Périgord Vert Nontronnais" ().


title: Hardiness zone

paragraphs: A hardiness zone is an area where a certain plant can grow. The zones are categories based on the average coldest temperature in a given year. Plants in that category or one with a lower number can grown in that area.


title: Lane

paragraphs: A lane is a part of a highway that can be used by one line of vehicles. Most roads have two or more lanes, with at least one lane for traffic going each way. In Great Britain a narrow rural road is called a lane.

paragraphs: Some roads have a center lane to make it easier for cars and trucks to turn. There can also be turn lanes on the outer part of the road. If roads have more than one lane going in one direction, cars in the outer lanes usually go faster than cars in the inner lanes. Highways may also have express lanes that can only be used for certain types of vehicles, like those carrying two or more people. Lanes in most jurisdictions have rules for minimum and maximum lane widths. In the United States the Federal Highway Administration has recommended lane widths for US highways and interstates.


title: Traunsee

paragraphs: Traunsee is a lake in the Salzkammergut area in Austria. It is about long. The lake is wide and deep. This depth makes it the deepest lake in Austria. It also is the second largest lake in Upper Austria.

paragraphs: At the north end of the lake is Gmunden, the capital of the Gmunden district . At the south end of the lake is Ebensee. The other two towns around the lake are Altmünster and Traunkirchen. At the east side of the lake is the mountain Traunstein. It is high.

paragraphs: The first settlements around the lake go back to the fifth century. The Romans later called the Lake "Lacus Felix" (the happy lake). The first time the lake was mentioned in a document was in 909 AD. Then it was called "Trunseo".

paragraphs: The Traunsee is a popular destination for tourists. It is possible to swim in the traunsee. The water quality is very good. The average water temperature in August reaches . Other water sports are also possible: Sailing, Surfing and Diving.

paragraphs: On a small island in Gmunden is the "Schloss Ort". It is a small, medieval Castle built in 1080.


title: Gmunden (district)

paragraphs: The Gmunden District (German: "Bezirk Gmunden") is a district of the state of Upper Austria in Austria. It is the largest district of Upper Austria with 1433 square kilometres (553 square miles). Gmunden has borders in the north with the districts of Vöcklabruck, Wels-Land and Kirchdorf an der Krems. In the south it has a border with the Styrian district Liezen. In the west it has borders with the following districts of the Salzburgerland: Sankt Johann im Pongau, Hallein and Salzburg-Umgebung.

paragraphs: The administrative center of Gmunden is in the town of Gmunden.

paragraphs: The district of Gmunden consists mostly of forests (54%). 17% of the area are used for agriculture. 3.8% of the area are bodies of water, like the Traunsee or the Hallstätter See.

paragraphs: The district was formed in 1896 from the juridical districts of Bad Ischl and Gmunden.


title: Ontario Highway 7

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 7 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs from west to east and is divided into two parts. The western part starts at Highway 4 north of London and ends near Georgetown. This part is 154.1 kilometers (95.8 miles) long. The eastern part starts at the Donald Cousens Parkway in Markham and ends at Highway 417 in Ottawa. This part is 381.6 kilometers (237.1 miles) long.


title: Ontario Highway 8

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 8 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs from west to east and is 138.5 kilometers (86.1 miles) long. The highway starts in Goderich at the junction with Highway 21. It shares the road with Highway 7 between the cities of Stratford, Kitchener and Waterloo. It ends near Hamilton, where it merges with Highway 5.


title: Ontario Highway 9

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 9 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs from west to east and is divided into two parts. The western part starts at Highway 21 in Kincardine and ends at the junction of Highway 23 and Highway 89 near Harriston. This part is 73 kilometers (45 miles) long.


title: Ontario Highway 12

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 12 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It is 145.1 kilometers (90.2 miles) long and runs through several small towns. It starts east of the Greater Toronto Area in the community of Brooklin and continues north until it reaches Orilla. It then turns west until ending at Highway 93 near Midland.


title: Ontario Highway 24

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 24 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs from south to north. It starts at Highway 3 in Norfolk County and ends in Collingwood, near the southern part of Cambridge. There are many accidents on the part of the highway between Brantford and Collingwood, where Highway 403 connects with Highway 24. This area can become extremely busy at times. This problem has become so bad that the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario is trying to decide how to improve Highway 24 at this part.


title: Ontario Highway 28

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 28 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It runs from southwest to northeast and is 162.6 kilometers (101 miles) long. It starts at an intersection with Highway 7 about 7 kilometers (4.3 miles) east of Peterborough. It ends at the town of Denbigh at a junction with Highway 41. The highway originally continued south of Peterborough and into Northumberland County but in 1997 and 1998, the southern 63 kilometers (39 miles) of the highway was transferred to local control.


title: Mitchell, Ontario

paragraphs: Mitchell is a community in Perth County, Ontario, Canada. It is 20 kilometers north of Stratford and 60 kilometers north of London. The Mitchell Hawks of the Southern Ontario Junior Hockey League is based in the town.

paragraphs: Mitchell was founded in 1836 by William Johnston and John Hicks. It was incorporated as a village in 1857 and became a town in 1874. In 1998, Mitchell amalgamated with the Townships of Logan, Fullarton, and Hibbert to form the Municipality of West Perth.


title: Orillia

paragraphs: Orillia is a city in Central Ontario, Canada and is 135 kilometers (84 miles) north of Toronto. It is between two lakes, Lake Couchiching and Lake Simcoe. According to the Canada 2011 Census, 30,586 people lived in Orillia. The Orillia City Council is in charge of governing the city and has eight councilors and a mayor. The Ontario Provincial Police has its headquarters in the city.

paragraphs: The Huron and the Iroquois lived in the area of Orillia for over 4,000 years. Nobody really knows how Orillia got its name. It might come from the Spanish word "orilla", which means the shore of a lake or river. Orillia was incorporated as a village in 1867. It became a city in 1967.


title: West Perth, Ontario

paragraphs: West Perth is a municipality in Ontario, Canada, located in Perth County. It was started in 1998, when the town of Mitchell and the townships of Logan, Hibbert, and Fullarton amalgamated. West Perth has an area of 589.42 square kilometers (223.72 square miles). According to the Canada 2011 Census, it has a population of 8,919.


title: Middlesex County, Ontario

paragraphs: Middlesex County is a rural county in Southwestern Ontario, Canada. According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 70,796. The county seat is in the city of London, even though London is politically independent of the county.

paragraphs: Middlesex County has eight incorporated municipalites: Adelaide Metcalfe, Lucan Biddulph, Middlesex Centre, Newbury, North Middlesex, Southwest Middlesex, Strathroy-Caradoc, and Thames Centre. There are also three reservations of the First Nations in the county: Chippewas of the Thames 42, Munsee-Delaware 1, and Onedia 41.


title: Stevie McCrorie

paragraphs: Stevie McCrorie (born 1985) is a Scottish singer, musician and firefighter. He is best known for winning the fourth series of "The Voice UK" in April 2015.

paragraphs: McCrorie's first song was called "Lost Stars". It was released on 5 April 2015. He used to be a singer from 2010 until 2012 and again has had a new career since January 2015.


title: Central Ontario

paragraphs: Central Ontario is a subregion of Southern Ontario in the Canadian province of Ontario. It is between Georgian Bay and the eastern end of Lake Ontario. It covers . It has a population of 1,070,644 according to the Canada 2011 Census. Much of the subregion is rural. The southern part is more densely populated than the northern part. Some of the largest cities include Peterborough, Barrie, and Belleville.

paragraphs: There are five counties in the subregion:


title: Carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance

paragraphs: Carrier Sense Multiple Access With Collision Avoidance or CSMA/CA is an access method (or protocol, or rule) used in Ethernet networks. In CSMA/CA, before a host sends information on the wire, it will "sense" to see if the wire is free of signals. If the wire is free, the host sends a piece of test data on the wire to see if it collides with other data. If the test data does not collide, the host goes on to send the real data on the wire.


title: Mario Pirani

paragraphs: Mario Pirani Coen (August 3, 1925 – April 18, 2015) was an Italian journalist, economist, and writer. He was born in Rome. After the experiences with "", "Il Giorno" and "Il Globo", he participated, together with Eugenio Scalfari, to create "la Repubblica", a newspaper that became one of the first in Italy. He was also editor of L'Europeo from 1979 to 1980, succeeding Giovanni Valentini. In 1995 he won the Premiolino.


title: Tom McCabe

paragraphs: Thomas "Tom" McCabe (28 April 1954 – 19 April 2015) was a Scottish Labour Party politician. He was Minister for Finance in the Scottish Executive, and was Member of the Scottish Parliament for Hamilton South until May 2011.

paragraphs: He became an MSP in the first elections to the Scottish Parliament in 1999, later holding the positions of Minister for Parliament (1999–2001), Minister for Health and Community Care (2003–2004), and Minister for Finance.

paragraphs: McCabe died in April 2015 after a short illness, aged 60.


title: State Archive of the Russian Federation

paragraphs: The State Archive of the Russian Federation (commonly known as GARF) is a major national archive of Russia. It was established in Moscow in 1992. It acquired collections of the Central State Archive of the October Revolution. It also houses the Central State Archive of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. The archives contain collections covering the period from 1800 to 1993.


title: Israel State Archives

paragraphs: Israel State Archives is the national archive of Israel. The archive is located in Jerusalem. The archive houses about 400 million documents, maps, stamps, audio tapes, video clips, photographs and special publications.


title: Debt bondage

paragraphs: Bonded labour or debt bondage (or debt slavery) is a term used to refer to a situation where someone (a debtor) has to work for the person who lent him money. Generally, the conditions of this form of labour are close to slavery. Bonded labour is one of the most common forms of modern-day slavery-like conditions. Usually, the person working gets paid very little money in return for very hard work. Very often, the exact amount to be re-paid is not defined clearly. The person doing the bonded labour will never be able to pay off the debt through work. A regular work contract will also give rights to the person being employed, and the amount of work. In a normal working contract, difficult, dangrous or exhausting work will usually get paid better. This is not the case with debt bondage.

paragraphs: Debt bondage is banned by the Convention of United Nation about slavery in 1956.


title: Brive

paragraphs: Brive-la-Gaillarde, commonly called Brive, is the subprefecture of the Corrèze departement. Until 1919, the name of the city was Brive; since then it has been known as Brive-la-Gaillarde. About 50.000 people live in the city, and close to 100.000 in its urban area. The city goes back to antiquity; its name simply means bridge. In this case, the Corrèze was easy to cross at this place. Gundoald was elected king of Aquitaine in Brive, in the year 584.


title: Hotline

paragraphs: Commonly, a hotline is a telephone service, which offers specialized information. This information can be about how to deal with certain situations, but it can also be about the products of a company. The term originally came from a telephone which would automatically dial a pre-set number, once the receiver is lifted. Such telephones can still be found alongside highways, where they serve to call for help. Today, very often, hotlines are operated by call-centers.


title: Erwin Waldner

paragraphs: Erwin Waldner (24 January 1933 – 18 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for five teams between 1952 and 1967, including VfB Stuttgart.

paragraphs: Walder was born in Nürtingen, Baden-Württemberg. He died there on 18 April 2015, aged 82.


title: Uche Chukwumerije

paragraphs: Uche Chukwumerije (November 1939 – 19 April 2015) was a Nigerian politician for the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He represented the Abia North Senatorial District from 29 May 2003 until his death.

paragraphs: Chukwumerije was born in Abia State to a Christian family. One of his sons is Chika Chukwumerije (born 1983), a taekwondo artist and Olympic medalist.

paragraphs: Chukwumerije died from lung cancer on 19 April 2015 in Abuja. He was 75.


title: Elio Toaff

paragraphs: Elio Toaff (30 April 1915 – 19 April 2015) was an Italian rabbi. He was the Chief Rabbi of Rome from 1951 to 2002. From 1947, he served as a rabbi in Venice. He had a friendship with Pope John Paul II, and attended his funeral in April 2005.

paragraphs: Toaff was born in Livorno. One of his children is Israeli-Italian professor Ariel Toaff (born 1942 in Ancona).

paragraphs: Toaff died on 19 April 2015 in Rome, aged 99.


title: Natalie Bennett

paragraphs: Natalie Bennett (born 10 February 1966 in Sydney, Australia) is a former leader of the British political party, the Green Party of England and Wales. She was elected as the party's leader on 3 September 2012 and lead the party for four years, ending on 2 September 2016.


title: Heino Kleiminger

paragraphs: Heino Kleiminger (3 February 1939 – 16 April 2015) was a German footballer. He played for FC Anker Wismar, F.C. Hansa Rostock, and the East Germany national football team between 1956 and 1973.

paragraphs: Kleiminger was born in Wismar, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. His son Ralf Kleiminger (born 1963) was also a footballer. He survived a massive heart attack in 1997, and had a bypass operation in 1998.

paragraphs: Kleiminger died from cancer on 16 April 2015 in Rostock. He was 76.


title: Aharon Lichtenstein

paragraphs: Aharon Lichtenstein (23 May 1933 – 20 April 2015) was a French-born American-Israeli Orthodox rabbi, rosh yeshiva and writer. He was an authority of Jewish law ("Halacha"). He won the Israel Prize in 2014.

paragraphs: Lichtenstein was born in Paris and grew up in New York, United States. He studied at Yeshiva University and Harvard University. He married in 1960 and had six children.

paragraphs: Lichtenstein died on 20 April 2015 in Jerusalem, aged 81.


title: Claudius Aelianus

paragraphs: Claudius Aelianus was a teacher from Latium. He was born around the year 170. He died after 220. Even though he was from Rome, he wrote in Greek. In English, he is often referred to as Aelian.


title: Bernoulli distribution

paragraphs: The Bernoulli distribution is a probability distribution. It takes a value of 1 with probability "p" and a value of 0 with probability 1-"p". It is sometimes written as formula_1. It is used in probability theory and statistics. It is named after a Swiss scientist Jacob Bernoulli.

paragraphs: A Bernoulli distribution is useful because it can be used to approximate the outcomes of an experiment (such as tossing a coin) as a range of percentages. It represents a "yes or no" type experiment. If the experiment succeeds, then it is given the value 1. If the experiment does not succeed, it is given value 0. This can be used, for example, in tossing a coin, where "1" means it lands on "heads", and "0" means it lands on "tails" (or the other way around).

paragraphs: This distribution has only one parameter, the probability of a success ("p"). In fact, Bernoulli distribution is the binomial distribution with "n"=1, and "n" independent and identically distributed Bernoulli distributions also give rise to binomial distribution.


title: Fennoscandia

paragraphs: Fennoscandia or Fenno-Scandinavia is the region including the Scandinavian Peninsula, Finland, Karelia, and the Kola Peninsula. The term usually covers the countries Finland, Norway, and Sweden in their entireties. It also includes a part of Russia. Its name comes from the Latin words Fennia (which means Finland) and Scandia (which means Scandinavia).

paragraphs: Fennoscandia is different to both Scandinavia and the Nordic countries. Denmark is not in the Scandinavian Peninsula and Karelia and the Kola Peninsula are not a part of the Nordic countries. They are a part of Russia. The geography of Fennoscandia is very mountainous and rough. It is also very beautiful with sights such as fjords, which take up a lot of space in Norway. Socially Fennoscandia shows the historically close relationship between the Finnish, Norwegian, Russian, Sami and Swedish people.


title: Jonathan Crombie

paragraphs: Jonathan Crombie (October 12, 1966 – April 15, 2015) was a Canadian actor. He was best known for playing Gilbert Blythe in CBC Television's 1985 television "Anne of Green Gables" and its two sequels.

paragraphs: Crombie died in New York City, New York from a cerebral hemorrhage, aged 48.


title: Ben Powers

paragraphs: Alton "Ben" Powers (July 5, 1950 – April 6, 2015) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Thelma Evans' husband, Keith Anderson, during the sixth and final season of the 1970s TV show "Good Times" (1978–1979). During the 1970s, he was a cast member of the TV comedy series, "Laugh-In".


title: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro

paragraphs: Oscar Luigi Scalfaro (; 9 September 1918 – 29 January 2012) was an Italian politician. He was the ninth President of the Italian Republic from 1992 to 1999, and later a senator for life.


title: Norm Crosby

paragraphs: Norman Lawrence "Norm" Crosby (born September 15, 1927) is an American comedian. He was known for co-hosting the Canadian television series "Everything Goes". His nickname is The Master of Malaprop.


title: Frederic Morton

paragraphs: Frederic Morton was an Austrian writer. Originally, he was named Fritz Mandelbaum. He was born in Vienna, on 5th of October 1924, and died there on 20th April 2015. In 1939, the family emigrated to London, and later to New York. In New York, Morton's father changed the family name to Morton. In 1951, Morton came back to Vienna, where he wrote as a correspondent for the US press.


title: Charlotte Douglas International Airport

paragraphs: Charlotte Douglas International Airport is a joint civil-military public international airport. It is located in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was the 6th busiest airport in the world, based on traffic movements in 2010. It was also the 23rd busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic in 2013. The airport was opened in 1936 as the Charlotte Municipal Airport. It was renamed the Douglas Municipal Airport after former mayor of Charlotte Ben Elbert Douglas, Sr. in 1954. It was the largest hub for US Airways. In 2015, US Airways was combined with American Airlines. Now, Charlotte is the 2nd largest hub for American.


title: Arvada, Colorado

paragraphs: The City of Arvada is a city in Jefferson County Colorado, USA. It is a suburb of Denver. The United States Census Bureau estimated the city population at 111,707 residents in 2013. Arvada is the seventh largest city in Colorado. The Olde Town Arvada historic district is located northwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. In 1850 gold was discovered in Arvada. It was the first gold discovery in Colorado. News of the discovery set off a gold rush.


title: Richard Anthony

paragraphs: Richard Anthony, also known as Ricardo Anthony Btesh (13 January 1938 – 19 April 2015), was a French singer from Cairo, Egypt. He was known for singing the soundtrack of "A Good Year" and for his small acting roles in "Dallas" and "".

paragraphs: Anthony died in Pégomas, France, aged 77.


title: Raymond Carr

paragraphs: Sir Raymond Albert Maillard Carr FBA FRHS FRSL (11 April 1919 – 19 April 2015), known as Raymond Carr, was an English historian. His works were mostly about the history of Spain, Latin America, and Sweden. He was also Warden of St Antony's College, Oxford, from 1968 to 1987.


title: Bob St. Clair

paragraphs: Robert Bruce "Bob" St. Clair (February 18, 1931 – April 20, 2015), nicknamed "The Geek", was an American football player and politician. He played for the NFL team San Francisco 49ers from 1953 to 1963. He also served as mayor of Daly City, California from 1958 to 1961.

paragraphs: St. Clair was born in San Francisco, California. He was of Yaqui Native American ancestry.

paragraphs: St. Clair died after a short illness on April 20, 2015 in Santa Rosa, California. He was 74.


title: Janaki Ballabh Patnaik

paragraphs: Janaki Ballabh Patnaik (; 3 January 1927 – 21 April 2015) was an Indian politician. He was the Governor of Assam from 27 November 2009 to 11 December 2014. He was Chief Minister of Odisha from 9 June 1980 to 7 December 1989 and again from 15 March 1995 to 17 February 1999. He was a leader of the Indian National Congress

paragraphs: Patnaik was born in Rameshwar, Puri district, Odisha to a Hindu family. He married to Jayanti Patnaik from 1953 until his death. They had a son and two daughters.

paragraphs: Patnaik died from a heart attack on 21 April 2015 in Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh. He was 88.


title: Viktor Korshunov

paragraphs: Viktor Ivanovich Korshunov (; 24 November 1929 – 17 April 2015) was a Russian movie and stage actor. His career started in the 1950s. He was awarded the People's Artist of the USSR.

paragraphs: Korshunov was born in Moscow. He married actress Yekaterina Yelanskaya in 1953. She died in July 2013. They had one son, actor Aleksandr Korshunov (born 1954).

paragraphs: Korshunov died after a long illness on 17 April 2015 in Moscow, aged 85.


title: Adams–Onís Treaty

paragraphs: The Adams-Onís Treaty (also called the Florida treaty) was a treaty between Spain and the United States of America in 1819. This treaty gave the state of Florida to the United States. It settled a standing border dispute between the two countries.

paragraphs: The treaty was considered a triumph of American diplomacy. It came at a time of increasing difficulties related to Spain's territorial boundaries in North America. This was with both the United States and Great Britain following the American Revolution. There were also tensions during the Latin American Wars of Independence. Florida had become a problem for Spain. It could not afford to send settlers or garrisons.

paragraphs: The treaty was signed in Washington, DC on February 22, 1819. It was ratified in Madrid, Spain on October 24, 1820. The treaty actually went into effect on February 22, 1821. Madrid decided to cede the territory of Florida to the United States. This was in exchange for settling the boundary dispute along the Sabine River in Texas. The treaty established the boundary of U.S. territory. It recognized the claims of the United States through the Rocky Mountains and west to the Pacific Ocean. In exchange the U.S. paid residents' claims against the Spanish government up to a total of $5,000,000. The United States also gave up its claims on parts of Spanish Texas west of the Sabine River and other Spanish areas, under the agreements in the Louisiana Purchase. Adams-Onis was a key event in determining the U.S.-Mexico border.


title: 1860 United States presidential election

paragraphs: The United States presidential election of 1860 was held on Tuesday, November 6, 1860. The election of President Abraham Lincoln served as a trigger for the outbreak of the American Civil War. The United States had been divided during the 1850s on questions surrounding the expansion of slavery and the rights of slave owners. In 1860, these issues broke the Democratic Party into three factions. Each group felt they could best defeat the Republican Party candidate.

paragraphs: In April 1860 Democrats met in Charleston, South Carolina to select a candidate for the upcoming presidential election. The convention was in complete chaos. Northern democrats wanted to nominate Stephen A. Douglas. Southern democrats would not support him because he supported new states having the popular sovereignty right to choose whether they would allow slavery. The convention could not agree on a candidate. Later, in a separate convention, the northern democrats met again and chose Douglas. The southern democrats chose John C. Breckinridge. He was the Vice President of the United States under President James Buchanan.

paragraphs: Later, a third group, The newly formed Constitutional Union Party chose John Bell as their candidate. The party included a few southern democrats who were against slavery. It also included members of the Whig Party and the Know Nothing party. The Constitutional Union Party was against secession and neutral on the issue of slavery. Bell himself was an ex-democrat.

paragraphs: The Republican party saw an opportunity when the democrats were split. They met in Chicago on May 16–18. William H. Seward was the favorite among many. Abraham Lincoln had become known as a result of his debates with Stephen A. Douglas. He had the advantage the convention was held in Chicago, the center of his support. After two ballots, there was no clear choice. On the third ballot the republicans chose Lincoln.

paragraphs: Lincoln's position on the issue of slavery was known from his senatorial debates with Stephen Douglas in 1858. In one debate he said, "I believe this government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free." One of his most memorable quotes he stated, "A house divided against itself cannot stand." Even so, he was considered a moderate on the issue of slavery. He knew he could not end slavery in the south in one step. Instead he only spoke out against slavery in new American territories.

paragraphs: Lincoln won the election with 1,866,452 votes. Douglas received 1,376,957 votes. John Breckinridge and John Bell shared the remaining 1,438,660 votes cast. Lincoln won the majority of the electoral college giving him the presidency. But he won without carrying a single Southern state. Before Lincoln's inauguration as president, seven Southern states declared their secession. In his inaugural address, Lincoln spoke to the Southern states. He said, "In your hands, my dissatisfied fellow countrymen, and not in mine, is the momentous issue of civil war". He went on to say, "The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without being yourselves the aggressors. You have no oath registered in heaven to destroy the government, while I shall have the most solemn one to 'preserve, protect, and defend' it." Lincoln called them friends and told them we are not enemies. Unfortunately by this time Jefferson Davis was already the president of the Confederacy. They were later joined by Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. Two states, Kentucky and Missouri, attempted to remain neutral.

paragraphs: On April 12, 1861, the first shots of the Civil War were fired at Fort Sumter, South Carolina.


title: Cătălina Ponor

paragraphs: Cătălina Ponor (; born 20 August 1987) is a Romanian artistic gymnast. She has won five medals at the Summer Olympics, three of them were gold medals.


title: Gregory Pardlo

paragraphs: Gregory Pardlo (born 1968) is an American poet, writer, and professor. His book "Digest" won the 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry.x In 2007, Pardlo's first book "Totem" received the American Poetry Review/ Honickman Prize.

paragraphs: Parldo was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1968. He grew up in Willingboro, New Jersey. Gregory Pardlo received his B.A. in English from Rutgers University. In 2001, he earned his M.F.A. from New York University. He was the New York Times Fellow in Poetry. He has received other fellowships. He is a fellow at the New York Foundation for the Arts, the Cave Canem Foundation, the MacDowell Artist's Colony, the Seaside Institute. Also, the Lotos Club Foundation, and City University of New York. He received a translation grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. He is a Teaching Fellow at Columbia University.


title: Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi

paragraphs: Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi (; 1938 – 21 April 2015) was an Egyptian poet. Before his death, he worked on children's books. His best known work is "Death on the Asphalt". He was one of a generation of poets who wrote their work in the Egyptian dialect rather than in normal Arabic, the normal literary language.

paragraphs: Abnudi was born in Qena Governorate. He was married to director Attiyat El Abnoudy. He later married Nehal Kamal. He had two children, Nour and Aya.

paragraphs: Abnudi died from problems caused by brain surgery on 21 April 2015, aged 76.


title: Steve Byrnes

paragraphs: Steven Patrick "Steve" Byrnes (April 14, 1959 – April 21, 2015) was an American television announcer and producer. In 1985, he began his working on auto racing reporting, mostly NASCAR. In 2001, he began working with "NASCAR on Fox" as a pit reporter, and later became the host of Fox Sports 1's studio show "NASCAR Race Hub".

paragraphs: Byrnes was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in New Carrolton, Maryland. He was married to Karen Goines from 1993 until his death. They had a son, Bryson.

paragraphs: Byrnes died from head and neck cancer on April 21, 2015 in Fort Mill, South Carolina. He was 56.


title: Midge

paragraphs: Midge is a common term for many types of small fly. They are all in a suborder, the Nematocera.

paragraphs: They are found on practically every land area except permanently dry deserts and the frozen zones. Some midges, such as many Phlebotominae (sand fly) and Simuliidae (black fly), are vectors of various diseases. Others are prey items for insectivores, such as various frogs and swallows.

paragraphs: The highland midge of Scotland ("Culicoides impunctatus") is present in huge numbers. It is a significant blood-sucking pest. It is found in upland and lowland areas (fens, bogs and marshes) especially in the north west of Scotland from late spring to late summer.

paragraphs: The habits of midges vary greatly from species to species, though within any particular family midges commonly have similar ecological roles. Examples of families which include midges are:


title: Ibrahim Yusri

paragraphs: Ibrahim Yusri (20 April 1950 – 20 April 2015) was an Egyptian actor. He worked on movies, stage, and television. His best known movie was "The Terrorist" (1994).

paragraphs: Yusri was born in Giza. He graduated from the Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts in 1975.

paragraphs: Yusri died from kidney failure on his 65th birthday (20 April 2015) in Cairo.


title: Viktor Ahn

paragraphs: Viktor Ahn (; born November 23, 1985), also known as Ahn Hyun-soo () and Victor An, is a Russian short track speed skating athlete born in South Korea.


title: Dirndl

paragraphs: A dirndl [ˈdɪʁndl̩] is a type of dress worn by women in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Austria and South Tyrol. It is made to look like the traditional clothing that peasants from the Alps used to wear. Originally the term "Dirndl" meant girl in Bavarian. Now it can mean either the dress or a girl. It was also called a "Dirndlgewand". In the 1800s servant girls wore a very similar dress. They were very plain. A heavy, often dark colored dress was worn in winter. It had a long sleeve dirndl blouse and thick apron to go with it. In summer a light version was worn. Summer dresses were worn with a short puffed-sleeve dirndl blouse. Different styles were worn in different regions. The bow on the apron is tied on the left (she is single) or the right side (she is not single).


title: Sandra Izbașa

paragraphs: Sandra Raluca Izbaşa () (born June 18, 1990) is a Romanian gymnast. She has won two Olympic gold medals, at the floor event at the 2008 Olympics and at the vault event at the 2012 Olympics.


title: Tatiana Volosozhar

paragraphs: Tatiana Andreyеvna Volosozhar (, ; born 22 May 1986) is a Russian figure skater.


title: Honoré III, Prince of Monaco

paragraphs: Honoré III, Prince of Monaco (Honoré Camille Léonor; 10 November 1720 – 21 March 1795) was a reigning prince of the small state of Monaco. He succeeded his mother Louise Hippolyte and is to this day still one of the longest reigning European rulers.

paragraphs: The eldest surviving son of Princess Louise Hippolyte of Monaco and her husband Prince Jacques

paragraphs: In May 1732 he moved to Paris to be with his father till he was officially proclaimed the prince of Monaco. Antoine Grimaldi, the "Chevalier de Grimaldi", acted as regent for the prince between 1732 and 1784, when Honoré chose to live in Paris. This situation remained the same for half a century until Antoine's death in 1784,

paragraphs: On 5 June 1757 he married Maria Caterina Brignole a member of one of the most powerful and wealthy familys in the Republic of Genoa. The had two sons before divorcing in 1770.


title: Misako Uno

paragraphs: , known as Akane (茜) (born July 16, 1986) is a Japanese actress, product designer and talent agent. She is also a singer and dancer in the band "". She was born in Endokawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan. Uno grew up in there. Her father is a copywriter. She has been active since the 1994.

paragraphs: In 2006 Uno appeared in her first movie, Hollywood's "The Grudge 2" as a japanese student.

paragraphs: In 2008 she played Keiko Endo (遠藤 恵子) in "Hitomi" (瞳) of the NHK television fiction show.

paragraphs: In 2010 Uno appeared in her second film "Rendez-vous (ランデブー！)" as the leading character.

paragraphs: In 2011 her early life was into the english textbooks of japan's Ministry of science.

paragraphs: In 2012 she played Akane Yabuki (矢吹 茜) in "Ume-chan Sensei" (梅ちゃん先生) of the NHK television fiction show.

paragraphs: In 2013 she played Hoshino Tsukiyama (月山 星乃) in "Tokyo toy box (東京トイボックス)" of the TV Tokyo. Tsukiyama is the heroine.


title: Jean de La Fontaine

paragraphs: Jean de La Fontaine (; 8 July 1621 – 13 April 1695) was the first of the French fabulist. He was one of the most widely read French poets of the 17th century. He is known for his fables. These provided a model for later fabulists across Europe. They were also an example for numerous alternative versions in France and in French regional languages.

paragraphs: According to Flaubert, he was the only French poet to understand and master the subtleties of the French language before Victor Hugo. A set of postage stamps La Fontaine and the "Fables" was issued by France in 1995.


title: Dordogne (river)

paragraphs: The Dordogne () is a river in south-central and southwest France. The Dordogne river and its drainage basin was named as a Biosphere Reserve by the UNESCO on 11 July 2012.

paragraphs: The Dordogne has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 274 cubic metres per second at Bergerac.

paragraphs: Average monthly discharge (m/s) at Bergerac (1958-2011)

paragraphs: The Dordogne starts on the sides of the Puy de Sancy, Massif Central, in the "commune" of Mont-Dore, Puy-de-Dôme department, at an elevation of about .

paragraphs: It flows generally west through the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region and the Dordogne department before flowing into the Gironde where it joins, in the north of the city of Bordeaux, the Garonne river to form the Gironde estuary, at about of altitude.

paragraphs: The Dordogne flows through 4 regions, 6 departments and 173 "communes". The main "communes" are:

paragraphs: The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Dordogne river are:


title: Isle (river)

paragraphs: The Isle () is a river of south-western France that flows through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. It is a right tributary of the Dordogne river.

paragraphs: The Isle has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 61.7 cubic metres per second at Coutras.

paragraphs: The Isle starts on the "Monts du Limousin", part of the Massif Central, in the "commune" of Janailhac, Haute-Vienne department, at an elevation of about .

paragraphs: It flows generally southwest through the Haute-Vienne, Dordogne and Gironde departments before flowing into the Dordogne river in Libourne at about of altitude.

paragraphs: The Isle flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 66 "communes". The main "communes" are:

paragraphs: The main tributaries (more than 50 km long) of the Isle river are:


paragraphs: National Museum of History of Azerbaijan () is the national museum of history of Azerbaijan. It is the largest museum of Azerbaijan. It is in Baku, in the former mansion of Azerbaijani oil magnate and philanthropist Haji Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. It was founded in 1920.


title: Rose Greenhow

paragraphs: Rose O'Neal Greenhow (1813/1814– October 1, 1864) was a famous Confederate spy during the American Civil War. She was a socialite in Washington, D.C. before the war. Greenhow was friends with presidents, generals, senators, and high-ranking military officers. She used these friendships to pass along key military information to the Confederacy at the start of the war. In early 1861 she was put in control of a group of Confederate spies in Washington, DC. This was by Thomas Jordan, then a captain in the Confederate Army. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president, gave her credit for helping the South's victory at the First Battle of Bull Run in late July 1861.

paragraphs: Greenhow was captured in August. She was placed under house arrest. But she continued her spying activities. In 1862 after an espionage hearing, she was imprisoned for nearly five months in Washington, DC. Then she was deported to the Confederate States. Greenhow traveled to Richmond, Virginia and continued to work for the confederacy. She sailed to Europe to represent the Confederacy in a diplomatic mission to France and England. She also wrote and published her memoir in London. The book was popular in England. She wanted to return to America. She took with her $2,000 in Gold. On her voyage back, her ship ran aground off Wilmington, North Carolina. A Union gunboat had chased them up the Cape Fear River. Greenhow and one other passenger tried to escape in a rowboat. Weighed down with gold she drowned when her rowboat overturned. She was honored with a Confederate military funeral.

paragraphs: In 1993 the women's auxiliary of the Sons of Confederate Veterans changed its name to the Order of the Confederate Rose. This followed a television movie the previous year. A new biography of her was published in 2005.


title: Dick Balharry

paragraphs: Richard "Dick" Balharry (24 May 1937 – 22 April 2015) was a Scottish conservationist, writer, and wildlife photographer. He was known for improving and protecting Scotland's natural landscapes. Just days before his death, he was given an award by the Royal Scottish Geographical Society (RSGS).

paragraphs: Balharry was born near Dundee. He died from cancer on 22 April 2015, aged 77.


title: Roy Mason

paragraphs: Roy Mason, Baron Mason of Barnsley, PC (18 April 1924 – 20 April 2015), was a British Labour politician and former Cabinet minister. He was Secretary of State for Defence and Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in the late 1970s.


title: Jeremiah J. Rodell

paragraphs: Jeremiah J. Rodell (September 28, 1921 – April 17, 2015) was a brigadier general in the United States Air Force that served as Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the United States Air Force from 1978 to 1980.


title: Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov

paragraphs: Bakhtyar Khudojnazarov () (May 29, 1965 – April 21, 2015) was a Russian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was known for his comedy movie "Luna Papa" (1999). He won a Silver Lion at the Venice Film Festival for his movie "Kosh ba kosh" (1993).

paragraphs: Khudojnazarov died from a short illness in Berlin, Germany, aged 49.


title: Samuel Wilson

paragraphs: Samuel Wilson (September 13, 1766 – July 31, 1854) was a meat-packer from Troy, New York whose name is likely the source of the personification of the United States known as "Uncle Sam".


title: Theodosia Okoh

paragraphs: Theodosia Salome Okoh (13 June 1922 — 19 April 2015) was a Ghanaian stateswoman, teacher and artist. She was known for designing Ghana's flag in 1957. She also played a leading role in the development of hockey in Ghana.


title: Tema

paragraphs: Tema is a city on the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic coast of Ghana. It is located east of the capital city; Accra. As of 2013, the population was 161,612.


title: Santa Rosa, California

paragraphs: Santa Rosa is a city in and the county seat of Sonoma County, California, United States. The Census Bureau estimated its 2012 population at 170,685. In the beginning of October, 2017, a firestorm burnt 5% of the homes in the city, killing atleast 19 people.


title: Shiaphobia

paragraphs: Anti-Shi'ism (pronounced: Anti, She, ism) or Shiaphobia is the prejudice against or hatred of Shia Muslims. Shia Muslims make up somewhere between 10 and 20 percent of Muslims worldwide. Sunni Islam and Shia Islam split because the two groups have different beliefs about the type of person that could become a caliph, a top leader of Muslim peoples. Shias believed the leader should be related to the Prophet Muhammad. Sunnis believed the leader should be chosen for his ability to lead the community ( it's not because the leader should be related but because the prophet Mohammed said in the ghadeer that Ali will be the leader after him which they didn't follow.

paragraphs: The two groups have lived together peacefully for centuries. Shia and Sunni have not only lived together they have intermarried in many cases. But modern politics and recent events have sparked new fighting between the two groups. Modern Anti-Shi'ism violence is just a part of the overall conflict. It is one result of the collapse of authoritarian rule in the region.


title: Controlled burn

paragraphs: A controlled burn (sometimes also called a prescribed fire) is a fire that is started on purpose, and kept under control. It is done by people who are trained in controlling a fire, with the right equipment and the right weather conditions. It is done to help the environment or to make an area safer for people.

paragraphs: This is not the same as a practice fire, where a firefighter crew might start a fire in a house or other building that is going to be destroyed. They use it for practice, to learn how to enter a burning house safely and how to put out a house fire. Controlled burns, on the other hand, are done outdoors in forests or prairies.

paragraphs: There are several reasons why a controlled burn may take place. In some areas, there may be too much dry wood and dead plants. If a fire started there that was not controlled (like arson, an accident, or a lightning strike), that fire could become dangerous. So by having trained people there, and burning it carefully, then the fire won't be as hot and won't get out of control.

paragraphs: Another reason is to help nature. Some plants need fire so their seeds can start to grow, some animals prefer to live in places that have been recently burned, and sometimes it helps to get rid of weeds. Also, the ash on the ground is a quick fertilizer and helps return nutrients to the soil.

paragraphs: Sometimes it is done to help people. It can clear an area of brush and make it easier to see and move around. Hunter-gatherer people would do this to chase game into an area where they can kill the animal for food. This is becoming rare.

paragraphs: From the fire triangle, it is known that a fire needs fuel, oxygen and heat. To control a fire, removing one of these three things will cause the fire to go out. To keep the fire in the area it is supposed to be in, the fire can be smothered, removing oxygen. Or it can be sprayed with water, removing the heat. And the fire finishes when there is no more fuel.

paragraphs: Generally, the "back fire" is started first. This is the fire that burns into the wind, and moves slowly. This is a smaller, safer fire, and is easier to control. It can be started next to a trail or stream or other "fire break" that keeps the fire from moving downwind.

paragraphs: After the back fire is in place, then the "head fire" is started. It will burn downwind (travels with the wind). This will burn faster and hotter. When it reaches the back fire, there is no more fuel for the fire, and it dies out.

paragraphs: The list can depend on the group doing the burn, but often includes:


title: Gennadi Vengerov

paragraphs: Gennadi Aronovich Vengerov (; 27 August 1959 – 22 April 2015) was a Belarusian-born Russian-German actor and voice artist. He began acting in 1978 on stage, and later in 1987 on television and movies. He had over 150 credits to his name. He was also the Russian voice of the title character of "EVE Online" and appeared in the movie "Enemy at the Gates" (2001). In 1990, he moved to German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, and worked as a Deutsche Welle radio announcer.

paragraphs: Vengerov was born in Vitebsk. He served in the Soviet Army until 1983 when he moved to Moscow.

paragraphs: Vengerov died from lung and bone cancer on 22 April 2015 in Düsseldorf. He was 55.


title: Fastlane (2015)

paragraphs: Fastlane (2015) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 22, 2015 at FedExForum in Memphis, Tennessee. It was the first Fastlane event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main event saw Roman Reigns defeat Daniel Bryan to keep his spot in the WWE World Heavyweight Championship main event match against Brock Lesnar at WrestleMania 31.


title: Smith v. Allwright

paragraphs: Smith v. Allwright (1944), was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court. The decision made it unconstitutional to keep African Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. By extension it covered white primaries in all states. It overturned "Grovey v. Townsend" (1935) which had allowed the Democratic party to hold all-white primaries that excluded black voters.

paragraphs: The Reconstruction Amendments to the United States Constitution gave African Americans freedom from slavery, citizenship and the right to vote. But many former slave states came up with ways to keep blacks from voting. These included poll taxes, literacy tests and complex voter registration laws. While these worked in most southern states, it did not work in Texas. The party needed the Hispanic vote but wanted to exclude blacks. They needed also to split the black and hispanic vote. Texas, like most southern states, was a one-party state. The Democratic party controlled politics. The state and local primary elections decided which candidate would ultimately win office in the general election. Democrats in Texas used the "white primary" to serve their purposes. It prohibited non-whites from joining the Democratic party and taking part in primary elections. It could be used also to exclude Mexican Americans in areas of the state where the party did not need them. The Reconstruction Amendments applied to the state. But in "Grovey v. Townsend" the state of Texas was allowed to pass on its responsibility for protecting black voter rights to a private organization—the Democratic party. This allowed Texas to use the all-white primary.

paragraphs: In another decision, "Grovey v. Townsend" (1935), the Supreme Court decided that the Democratic Party was a private organization. Their state convention could decide who can be a member. Lonnie E. Smith, a Houston dentist, and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) decided to fight this decision.

paragraphs: In Smith v. Allwright (1944), the court overturned the Grovey ruling. A majority of the justices decided that the Democratic party was more than a private organization. It was a part of the election process in Texas. For this reason the court said that it was unconstitutional to stop African Americans from voting in the Democratic primary.


title: Cindy Yang

paragraphs: Peng Hsin-yi (; 4 December 1990 – 21 April 2015), better known by her stage name Cindy Yang (Chinese: 楊又穎), was a Taiwanese actress and model. She was known for her appearances on "100% Entertainment" and the movie "First of May" (2015).

paragraphs: Yang was born in Taichung. She was the daughter of politician Peng Tso-kwei. She committed suicide by helium inhalation on 21 April 2015, aged 24. Her funeral was held on 24 April.


title: Ali Abu Mukhammad

paragraphs: Ali Abu Mukhammad (), also known as Ali Abu Muhammad al-Dagestani, born Aliaskhab Alibulatovich Kebekov (), was a Dagestani militant Islamist in Russia and the leader of the Caucasus Emirate following the death of inaugural leader Dokka Umarov. The United States Department of State added Kebekov to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists on March 25, 2015.

paragraphs: On 19 April 2015, Ali Abu Mukhammad was killed by Russian security forces during special operations near Buynaksk.


title: Sixto Valencia Burgos

paragraphs: Sixto Valencia Burgos (March 28, 1934 – April 23, 2015) was a Mexican cartoon artist. He was born and died in Mexico City. He was best known for drawing famed Mexican cartoon character Memín Pinguín. He also worked as a cartoonist for "MAD" magazine.


title: M. H. Abrams

paragraphs: Meyer (Mike) Howard Abrams (July 23, 1912 – April 21, 2015), usually cited as M. H. Abrams, was an American literary critic. He was known for works on Romanticism, in particular his book "The Mirror and the Lamp".

paragraphs: Abrams died in Ithaca, New York, aged 102.


title: Macbeth (character)

paragraphs: Macbeth is a main character and antagonist in the play "Macbeth" by William Shakespeare. He was the Thane of Cawdor. He would eventually kill the King of Scotland Duncan so that he can become king. His wife, Lady Macbeth makes him kill the king. He then eventually kills his friend Banquo and Macduff's family. He is eventually killed by Macduff.

paragraphs: Macbeth is a very single-minded character, who was tempted by the power the witches' offered him and soon became the most hated man in Scotland.


title: Long Branch, New Jersey

paragraphs: Long Branch is a beach side city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population was 30,719.


title: Aziz Asli

paragraphs: Aziz Aslimanesh (; 9 April 1938 – 23 April 2015), better known as Aziz Asli, was an Iranian football goalkeeper, manager, painter, and actor. He played for teams such as Persepolis F.C. and his country from the late 1940s until the early 1970s. He managed Zob Ahan Isfahan F.C. for a short time. He also acted in movies before the Islamic Revolution.

paragraphs: Asli was born in Tabriz. He was of Azerbaijani ancestry. He died on 23 April 2015 in Munich, Germany, aged 77.


title: Desert locust

paragraphs: The desert locust ("Schistocerca gregaria") is a species of locust. Plagues of desert locusts threaten agricultural production in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. They have done so for centuries. The livelihood of one-tenth of the world’s human population may be affected by this voracious insect. The destructive swarms of locusts do not form every year, but only when conditions are right for them.

paragraphs: The desert locust is potentially the most dangerous of the locust pests because of the ability of swarms to fly rapidly across great distances. It has two to five generations per year. The last major desert locust upsurge in 2004–05 caused crop loss in West Africa and reduced food supply in the area. The desert locust alone is not responsible for famines, but it is a contributing factor.

paragraphs: The insect does not have complete metamorphosis. Its larvae develop in stages called "instars". As the larvae get closer to adulthood, they are called "nymphs" or "hoppers". There are two kinds of hopper: solitary and gregarious.

paragraphs: In the solitary phase the hoppers do not group together but move about independently. Their colouring in the later instars tends to be greenish or brownish to match the colour of the herbage.

paragraphs: In the gregarious phase the hoppers bunch together and in the later instars develop a bold colouring with black markings on a yellow background. The immatures are pink and the mature adults are bright yellow and fly during the day in dense swarms.

paragraphs: The change from a solitary insect to a voracious locust pack usually follows a period of drought, when rain falls at last, and vegetation flushes in desert locust breeding places. The population builds up rapidly and the competition for food increases.

paragraphs: As hoppers get more crowded, the close physical contact causes the insects' hind legs to bump against one another. This stimulus triggers a cascade of metabolic changes which move the insects from the solitary to the gregarious phase. When the hoppers become gregarious, their colouration changes from largely green to yellow and black, and the adults change from brown to pink (immature) or yellow (mature). Their bodies become shorter, and they give off a pheromone that causes them to be attracted to each other. This causes swarm formation.


title: Pierre Claude Nolin

paragraphs: Pierre Claude Nolin (October 30, 1950 – April 23, 2015) was a Canadian politician. He was the Speaker of the Senate from November 27, 2014 until his death. He was also Senator for De Salaberry, Quebec from June 18, 1993. He was a member of Conservative Party of Canada.

paragraphs: Nolin was born in Montreal, Quebec. He studied at the University of Ottawa. He married Camille Desjardins in 1976. They had three children.

paragraphs: Nolin died from cancer on April 23, 2015 in Ottawa, Ontario. He was 64.


title: Razan Zeitouneh

paragraphs: Razan Zaitouneh or Zeitunah () is a Syrian human rights lawyer and activist. She was born 29 April 1977. In March 2013, Zeitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. State Department. In December 2013, Zeitouneh disappeared in Syria.

paragraphs: Zaitouneh was part of the Syrian uprising. She documented human rights in Syria for the Local Coordination Committees of Syria. After the government accused her of being a foreign agent she went into hiding and her husband was arrested.

paragraphs: Zaitouneh finished law school in 1999. In 2001 started her work as lawyer, and she became a member of the team of lawyers for defense of political prisoners. In the same year, she was one of the founders of the Human Rights Association in Syria (HRAS). In 2005, Zaitouneh started SHRIL (the Syrian Human Rights Information Link), to report about human rights problems in Syria. In 2005, Zaitouneh became a member of the Committee to Support Families of Political Prisoners in Syria.

paragraphs: On 27 October 2011, Zaitouneh received the 2011 Sakharov Prize for Freedom of Thought, together with four other Arabs. In 2011, she also received the Anna Politkovskaya Award. In 2013, Zaitouneh received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: In December 2013, pro-opposition websites said that Zaitouneh was kidnapped along with her husband, Wael Hamadeh, and two colleagues, Samira Khalil and Nazem Hammadi, in the opposition-held town of Douma to the north of Damascus. As of 4 February 2014, their location was still unknown. The identity of the kidnappers was not certain, although they were suspected to be from the Islamist rebel group the Army of Islam.


title: Gideon Eilat

paragraphs: Gideon (Gidi) Eilat (17 January 1924 - 21 April 2015) was a German-born Israeli military person. He was a former member of the Palmach. He was the commander of the third battalion of the Yiftach Brigade during the War of Independence. His highest rank was that of lieutenant colonel ("sgan aluf").

paragraphs: He was active in the Kibbutz Artzi movement. Eilat was one of the founders of the Civil Guard of the Israel Police Department. He was also a member of Kibbutz Beit Alfa.

paragraphs: Eilat was born in Königsberg, Germany (now Kaliningrad, Russia). He was raised in Tel Aviv, Israel. Eilat died at a hospital in Beit Alfa, Israel at the age of 91.


title: Alpine, Texas

paragraphs: Alpine is a city in the state of Texas in the United States. It is the county seat of Brewster County. About 6,054 people lived there in 2013.

paragraphs: Alpine was first named Osborn for the part of the railroad that it was near. From 1883 to 1888, Alpine was named Murphyville, for the owners of the land where the spring was that the railroad used to get water for its steam locomotives.

paragraphs: Sul Ross State University opened in Alpine in Summer of 1920. Big Bend National Park was started near Alpine on June 12, 1944. Both of these things forced people to move to Alpine.