title: Civil parishes in England

paragraphs: In England, a civil parish is a unit of local government. Civil parishes are the lowest tier of local government, below districts and counties. It is an administrative parish, in comparison to an ecclesiastical (church) parish.

paragraphs: The parish council can decide to call itself a town, village, neighbourhood or community; and in a limited number of cases has city status granted by the monarch. Civil parishes only cover part of England; about 35% of the population.

paragraphs: There are currently no civil parishes in Greater London, and before 2008 their creation was not permitted within a London Borough.

paragraphs: The creation of ancient parishes was linked to the manorial system. The parishes often shared the same boundaries as the manor of the local lord. At first the manor was the main unit of local administration and justice in the early rural economy. Eventually the church replaced the manor court as the rural administrative centre and levied a local tax on produce known as a tithe. Responsibilitfor things such as relief of the poor passed from the Lord of the Manor to the church, but in practice it was administered by monasteries. After the dissolution of the monasteries, the power to charge (levy) a rate to fund relief of the poor was given to the parish authorities by the 1601 Act for the Relief of the Poor.

paragraphs: The parish authorities were known as vestries and were made up of all the inhabitants of the parish. As the population was growing it became increasingly difficult to hold meetings as an open vestry. In some, mostly built up, areas the select vestry took over responsibility from the community at large. This innovation improved efficiency, but allowed governance by a self-perpetuating elite. The administration of the parish system relied on the monopoly of the Church of England. As religious membership became more fractured, such as through the revival of Methodism, the legitimacy of the parish vestry came into question and the perceived inefficiency and corruption inherent in the system became a source for concern. Because of this scepticism, during early the 19th century the parish progressively lost its powers to ad-hoc boards and other organisations, such as the loss of responsibility for poor relief through the Poor Law Amendment Act 1834. The replacement boards were each able to levy their own rate in the parish. The church rate ceased to be levied in many areas and was abolished altogether in 1868.

paragraphs: The ancient parishes split into two distinct units during the 19th century. The Poor Law Amendment Act 1866 declared that all areas that levied a separate rate —extra-parochial areas, townships, and chapelries— become civil parishes as well. The parishes for church use continued unchanged as ecclesiastical parishes. The latter part of the 19th century saw most of the ancient irregularities inherited by the civil system cleaned up, with the majority of exclaves abolished.

paragraphs: Civil parishes in their modern sense were established afresh in 1894, by the Local Government Act 1894. The Act abolished vestries, and established elected parish councils in all rural civil parishes with more than 300 electors. These were grouped into rural districts. Boundaries were altered to avoid parishes being split between counties. Urban parishes continued to exist, and boundaries were usually changed to be the same as the urban district or municipal borough in which they were situated. Large towns originally split between multiple parishes were, for the most part, eventually joined into one parish. No parish councils were formed for urban parishes, and their only function was as areas electing guardians to Poor Law Unions. With the abolition of the poor law system in 1930 the parishes had only a nominal existence.

paragraphs: In 1965 civil parishes in London were formally abolished when Greater London was created, as the legislative framework for Greater London did not make provision for any local government body below a London Borough (since all of London was previously part of a metropolitan borough, municipal borough or urban district, no actual parish councils were abolished). In 1974 the Local Government Act 1972 retained civil parishes in rural areas and small urban areas, but abolished them in larger urban areas. Many former urban districts and municipal boroughs that were being abolished rather than succeeded were continued as new parishes. Urban areas that were considered too large to be single parishes were refused this permission and became unparished areas. The Act also led to the possibility of sub-division of all districts (apart from London boroughs, reformed in 1965), into multiple civil parishes. For example, Oxford, whilst entirely unparished in 1974, now has four civil parishes, covering part of its area.

paragraphs: The creation of town and parish councils is encouraged in unparished areas. The Local Government and Rating Act 1997 gave local residents the right to demand that a new parish and council be created in unparished areas. This was extended to London boroughs by the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007 - with this, the City of London is at present the only part of England where civil parishes cannot be created.

paragraphs: If enough electors in an area of a proposed new parish (ranging from 50% in an area with less than 500 electors to 10% in one with more than 2,500) sign a petition demanding its creation, then the local district council or unitary authority must consider the proposal. Recently established parish councils include Daventry (2003), Folkestone (2004), and Brixham (2007). In 2003 seven new parish councils were set up for Burton upon Trent, and in 2001 the Milton Keynes urban area became entirely parished, with ten new parishes being created. In 2003, the village of Great Coates (Grimsby) regained parish status. Parishes can also be abolished where there is evidence that this in response to "justified, clear and sustained local support" from the area's inhabitants. Examples include Birtley, which was abolished in 2006 and Southsea abolished in 2010.

paragraphs: Every civil parish has a parish meeting, consisting of all the electors of the parish. Generally a meeting is held once a year. A civil parish may have a parish council which exercises various local responsibilities given by statute. If a parish has fewer than 200 electors it is usually deemed too small to have a parish council, and instead will only have a parish meeting; an example of direct democracy. Alternatively several small parishes can be grouped together and share a common parish council, or even a common parish meeting. In places where there is no civil parish (unparished areas), the administration of the activities normally undertaken by the parish becomes the responsibility of the district or borough council. There are about 8,700 parish and town councils in England, and about 1,500 parishes with only parish meetings. Since 1997 around 100 new civil parishes have been created, in some cases splitting existing civil parishes, but mostly by creating new ones from unparished areas.

paragraphs: Typical activities undertaken by parish or town councils include:

paragraphs: The role played by parish councils varies. Smaller parish councils have only limited resources and generally play only a minor role, while some larger parish councils have a role similar to that of a small non-metropolitan district. Parish councils receive funding by levying a "precept" on the council tax paid by the residents of the parish.

paragraphs: Parish councils are run by volunteer councillors who are elected to serve for four years and are not paid. Some councils have chosen to pay their elected members a small allowance as permitted under Part 5 of the Local Government Act 2000 The Local Authorities (Members’ Allowances) (England) Regulations 2003. The number of councillors varies roughly in proportion to the population of the parish. Most parish councillors are elected to represent the entire parish, though in parishes with larger populations or those that cover large areas, the parish can be divided into wards. These wards then return a certain number of councillors each to the parish council (depending on their population). Only if there are more candidates standing for election than there are seats on the council will an election be held. However, sometimes there are fewer candidates than seats. When this happens, the vacant seats have to be filled by co-option by the council. When a vacancy arises for a seat mid-term, an election is only held if a certain number (usually 10) of parish residents request an election. Otherwise the council will co-opt someone to be the replacement councillor. Every Parish Council in England must adopt a code of conduct, and parish councillors must comply with its standards, enforced by the Standards Board for England.

paragraphs: A parish can have city status but only if that is granted by the Crown. In England, there are currently eight parishes with city status, all places with long-established Anglican cathedrals: Chichester, Ely, Hereford, Lichfield, Ripon, Salisbury, Truro and Wells.

paragraphs: The council of an ungrouped parish may unilaterally pass a resolution giving the parish the status of a town. The parish council becomes a "town council". Around 400 parish councils are called town councils.

paragraphs: Under the Local Government and Public Involvement in Health Act 2007, a civil parish may now be given an "alternative style" meaning one of the following:

paragraphs: The chairman of a town council will have the title "town mayor" and that of a parish council which is a city will usually have the title of mayor. As a result, a parish council can also be called a town council, a community council, a village council or occasionally a city council (though most cities are not parishes but principal areas, or in England specifically metropolitan boroughs, non-metropolitan districts).

paragraphs: When a city or town has been abolished as a borough, and it is considered desirable to maintain continuity of the charter, the charter may be transferred to a parish council for its area. Where there is no such parish council, the district council may appoint charter trustees to whom the charter and the arms of the former borough will belong. The charter trustees (who consist of the councillor or councillors for the area of the former borough) maintain traditions such as mayoralty. An example of such a city was Hereford, whose city council was merged in 1998 to form a unitary Herefordshire. The area of the city of Hereford remained unparished until 2000 when a parish council was created for the city. The charter trustees for the City of Bath make up the majority of the councillors on Bath and North East Somerset Council.

paragraphs: Civil parishes do not cover the whole of England. There are none in Greater London and very few in the other conurbations. Civil parishes vary greatly in size: many cover tiny hamlets with populations of less than 100, whereas some large parishes cover towns with populations of tens of thousands. Weston-super-Mare, with a population of 71,758, is the most populous civil parish. In many cases, several small villages are in a single parish. Large urban areas are mostly unparished, as the government at the time of the Local Government Act 1972 discouraged their creation for large towns or their suburbs, but there is generally nothing to stop their establishment. For example, Birmingham has a parish, New Frankley, whilst Oxford has four, and Northampton has seven. Parishes could not however be established in London until the changing of the law in 2007 and as yet none have been established there.

paragraphs: The 2001 census recorded several parishes with no inhabitants. These were Chester Castle (in the middle of Chester city centre), Newland with Woodhouse Moor, Beaumont Chase, Martinsthorpe, Meering, Stanground North (subsequently abolished), Sturston, Tottington, and Tyneham. The last three had been taken over by the British Armed Forces during World War II and remain deserted.

paragraphs: Ancient parishes often had detached parts, exclaves and enclaves which were not joined to the rest of the parish. In some cases the detached part was in a different county. In other cases, an entire parish was in a detached part of the county to which it belonged. There were also many examples of parishes divided between two or more counties.

paragraphs: These anomalies were mostly fixed in the 19th century. Before civil parishes were introduced, the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844 transferred many (but not all) parishes which were detached parts of a county to the county in which they were geographically located. The remaining detached parishes were transferred in the 1890s and in 1931. The detached part of the parish of Tetworth, Huntingdonshire, surrounded by Cambridgeshire, remained until the boundaries were changed in 1965.

paragraphs: Other laws, including the Divided Parishes and Poor Law Amendment Act 1882, eliminated most instances of civil parishes belonging to two (or more) counties, and by 1901 Stanground in Huntingdonshire and the Isle of Ely was the sole remaining example. Stanground was split into two parishes, one in each county, in 1905.


title: Cavendish, Suffolk

paragraphs: Cavendish is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 922 people living in Cavendish.


title: Belstead

paragraphs: Belstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 189 people living in Belstead.


title: Rose Green

paragraphs: Rose Green is a hamlet in Lindsey, Babergh, Suffolk, England.


title: Flinders Ranges

paragraphs: The Flinders Ranges are a group of mountains in South Australia. They have been listed as one of Australia's outstanding national landscapes. The were named "Flinders Range" in 1839 by explorer Edward John Eyre who was searching for an overland route from Adelaide to Port Lincoln. The ranges were home to the Adnyamathanha, an indigenous Australian people, for thousands of years. Their paintings and rock carvings can be found throughout the area. A large area is protected by the Flinders Ranges National Park. Important towns in the Flinders Ranges include Hawker, Quorn, Wilpena Pound and Leigh Creek.


title: Glaucoma

paragraphs: Glaucoma is a disease that causes damage to the eye. If a person who has glaucoma does not get help from a doctor, they will not be able to see.

paragraphs: This disease happens because of increased pressure in the eye. The pressure causes damage to the optic nerve. This can cause loss of vision, and may also be painful.

paragraphs: Sometimes, it is hard for a person to know that they have glaucoma. The vision can be lost very slowly. When sight is lost from glaucoma, it cannot be recovered.

paragraphs: There are two kinds of glaucoma, the kind that happens very fast, and the kind that happens slowly, over a long time.

paragraphs: Glaucoma is the second most common cause of blindness in the world.

paragraphs: There is often a hereditary tendency to glaucoma. A family history of glaucoma is a risk factor. The relative risk of having what is called "primary open-angle glaucoma" (POAG) is increased about two- to four-fold for people who have a sibling with glaucoma. Glaucoma, particularly primary open-angle glaucoma, is associated with mutations in several different genes

paragraphs: Also, the likelihood of it happening is different in different populations. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness in African Americans, who have higher rates of primary open angle glaucoma.


title: Tax resistance

paragraphs: Tax resistance is when people do not pay a tax because they are angry at how the government uses the money.

paragraphs: Some people are "tax resisters" because they feel bad about helping the government do bad things (like war). Some people are tax resisters to protest. Some people are tax resisters to try to cause a government to fall (like Mohandas Gandhi did in India).


title: Observation deck

paragraphs: An observation deck is a place up high where people can see things. They are usually on buildings or mountains.


title: Aye-aye

paragraphs: The aye-aye ("Daubentonia madagascariensis") is a lemur which lives in rain forests of Madagascar, a large island off the southeast coast of Africa.(madagascar)

paragraphs: This solitary animal is nocturnal (most active at night). The aye-aye spends most of its time in trees. During the day, it sleeps in a nest in the fork of a tree. It builds the nest out of leaves and twigs.

paragraphs: The aye-aye has rodent-like teeth and a special thin middle finger to get at the insect grubs under tree bark. It fills the same ecological niche as woodpeckers do elsewhere. It taps on trees to find grubs, then gnaws holes in the wood using its forward slanting incisors. Then it sticks in its middle finger to pull the grubs out.

paragraphs: Lemurs are primates, and so are related to monkeys, apes, and me


title: Merlin

paragraphs: Merlin is a legendary character. He is best known as the wizard in the Arthurian legends. He was King Arthur's guide. Merlin is always a mysterious figure. He rarely gives his reasons for the things he does. Merlin was probably first written about in Welsh legend. His story is based on parts of several different real and fictional characters. Merlin is usually said to be one with nature, being the source of his enormous power. The Lady of the Lake enchanted him.


title: Peter Schöttel

paragraphs: Peter Schöttel (born 26 March 1967 in Vienna, Austria) is a Austrian footballer, who played for SK Rapid Wien and the Austrian football team as defender.

paragraphs: The only club he played for was SK Rapid Wien. From 1997 till 2001 he was captain of the team. During his time with Rapid, he played in a total of 436 matches and scored four goals. For this reason he is a hero for all Rapid supporters. He was voted for the Rapid team of the century. He played for Rapid in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

paragraphs: He played 63 matches for the Austrian football team from 1988 to 2002. He played for them in the FIFA World Cup 1990 and 1998.

paragraphs: After his player career he started as coach of the amateur squad of Rapid. In 2003 he became sports manager of the club, but in 2007 he quit due to continuing criticism. He became coach of the Wiener Sportklub for one year, then manager of the First Vienna FC. Since 2009 he has been coach of SC Magna Wiener Neustadt in the Austrian Bundesliga. In 2011 he went as a new coach to his former club SK Rapid Wien.


title: Vim

paragraphs: Vim is a text editor made by Bram Moolenaar. Moolenaar publicly released Vim on November 2, 1991.

paragraphs: Vim stands for Vi IMproved. Vim is an improved version of the vi text editor, an editor created by Bill Joy in 1976. Vim is free, and the source code is publicly available on GitHub. It is available in multiple languages, and it works on multiple operating systems, including Windows, Linux, and macOS. Vim can be used from either a command-line interface or a graphical user interface.

paragraphs: While Vim can be hard to use, there are built-in commands new users can learn from reading the Vim user manual, running the :help command in Vim, or using the vimtutor command in a terminal.

paragraphs: Vim is widely popular because it allows users to perform many functions on a document (save, search, scroll, etc.) by pressing as few keys as possible. However, many critics argue that these keystrokes are confusing.

paragraphs: One can customize Vim using a .vimrc file. To add new features like keyboard shortcuts, one can use Vimscript, Vim’s built-in programming language. Many Vim plugins and extensions are also available online for free.

paragraphs: There is an Internet turf war between programmers that prefer Vim and programmers that prefer Emacs, another common text editor.


title: Grito de Dolores

paragraphs: The Grito de Dolores ("Cry of Dolores") was the call issued by Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, on 16 September, 1810 in the small town of Dolores (Therefore the Grito "de Dolores"). It is also called the Grito de la Independencia or the Cry of Independence against the traditional Spanish Government, which had become catastrophically distorted by the Napoleonic invasion of the Peninsula in the preceding two years.

paragraphs: Hidalgo and a number of criollos were planning to fight the Spanish colonial government, but they were betrayed.

paragraphs: Because he was afraid to get arrested, Hidalgo made his brother Mauricio and a number of other men with guns go to the sheriff. On the night of 15 September, they made the sheriff set free the pro-independence ("people wanting to rule their own land") prisoners. They set eighty free.

paragraphs: The next morning, at around 6:00 am, Hidalgo ordered the church bells to be rung. He made his congregation ("people who attended his church") come together. With Ignacio Allende and Juan Aldama by his side, he spoke to the people in front of his church. He encouraged them to go against José de Iturrigaray the Spanish Viceroy. Researchers do not agree as to what exactly Hidalgo said at the time.

paragraphs: The Battle of Guanajuato, the first important fight in the war, happened 4 days later. Mexico's independence from Spain wouldn't be declared until September 27, 1821, after ten years of war. This happened with the declaration of the first Mexican Empire.

paragraphs: Every year on the night of September 15 the President of Mexico rings the bell of the National Palace in Mexico City at around eleven in the evening. After the ringing of the bell, he repeats a cry of patriotism (a Grito Mexicano) based upon the "Grito de Dolores". He calls out the names of the important heroes of the Mexican War of Independence and ends with the shout of "Viva Mexico!" (three times) from the balcony of the palace. After the shouting, he rings the bell again and waves the Flag of Mexico to the applause of the crowd in the Plaza de la Constitución. This is followed by the playing and mass singing of the Himno Nacional Mexicano, the national anthem. On the morning of September 16, or Independence Day, the national military parade starts in the Zócalo (another name for the Plaza de la Constitución). It goes past the Hidalgo Memorial and ends on the Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City’s main boulevard.

paragraphs: A similar celebration happens in cities and towns all over Mexico, and in Mexican embassies and consulates worldwide, on the 15th or the 16th. The mayor or governor, ambassadors or consuls will take on the role of the president, and ring the bells, give a speech and so on.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, Mexican presidents in their last year in office started to come to Dolores Hidalgo for the Grito de Dolores. President Calderón went to Dolores Hidalgo as part of the bicentennial celebrations in 2010 on the 16th of September.

paragraphs: September 16 is Independence Day in Mexico and is considered a patriotic holiday, or fiesta patria (literally, "holiday of the Fatherland"). This day is celebrated with parades, patriotic programs, drum and bugle and marching band competitions, and other special events.


title: Criollo (people)

paragraphs: The Criollos (singular: Criollo) were a social class in the caste system of the overseas colonies established by Spain in the 16th century, especially in Latin America. The name was used for people of pure or mostly Spanish blood, but who were born in the colony.

paragraphs: The "Criollo" class was seen as lower than the "Peninsulares". Peninsulares were the people who lived in the colony, but were born in Spain. Criollos were higher status/rank than all other castes. Examples of other castes are people of mixed descent, Amerindians, and enslaved Africans.

paragraphs: The term Criollo is often translated into English as Creole. However, the word "creole" is also used for many ethnic groups around the world who have no historic connection to Spain or to any colonial system.

paragraphs: Until 1760, the Spanish colonies were ruled under laws designed by the Spanish Habsburgs. They gave the American provinces great independence. The situation changed with the Bourbon Reforms during the reign of Charles III.

paragraphs: Spain needed to get more money from its colonies for the European and global wars it was fighting so it could maintain the Spanish Empire. The Crown made the "Penisulares" more important, and they took over many administrative offices which had been filled by Criollos. At the same time, reforms by the Catholic Church reduced the roles and privileges of the lower ranks of the clergy, who were mostly Criollos.

paragraphs: By the 19th century, this unfair policy of the Spanish Crown and the examples of the American and French revolutions, led the Criollos to rebel against the "Peninsulares". With increasing support of the other castes, they started to fight Spain in for independence (1809–1826).


title: Grumman G-21 Goose

paragraphs: The Grumman G-21 Goose is an amphibious aircraft, which means it can land and take off on water. It was designed as an eight-seat "commuter" plane for businessmen in the Long Island area. The Goose was Grumman’s first monoplane to fly. It was also Grumman's first twin-engined aircraft as well as their first aircraft to provide commercial service. During World War II, the Goose was used to transport the US military (including the Coast Guard). It served with many other air forces. During battles, the Goose took on an increasing number of combat and training roles. It was also used after the war.

paragraphs: In 1936, some rich residents of Long Island, such as E. Roland Harriman, asked Grumman to build them an aircraft. They would use this aircraft to fly to New York City. The G-21 was designed after this. It was an all-metal, high-winged monoplane powered by two Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Jr. nine-cylinder, air-cooled radial engines mounted on the leading edge of high-set wings. The deep fuselage served also as a hull and had hand-cranked retractable landing gear. First flight of the prototype took place on May 29, 1937.

paragraphs: The fuselage was very versatile. It had a lot of interior space. So it could be used as luxury or transport airliner. There were plans to market the G-21 as an amphibian airliner.


title: The Lady Killer

paragraphs: The Lady Killer is the third studio album by American singer Cee Lo Green. It was released November 5, 2010, on Elektra Records. Salaam Remi, ELEMENT, The Smeezingtons, Fraser T. Smith, Paul Epworth, and Jack Splash produced the album. This was during 2009 to 2010.

paragraphs: The album was listed at number nine on the US "Billboard" 200 chart in its first week. It sold 41,000 copies in the week after its debut. Its first single, "Fuck You" did well internationally. The album has sold 337,700 copies in the United States. It has been certified platinum in the United Kingdom. Upon its release, "The Lady Killer" received positive reviews from most music critics. They praised it for its production, classicist soul music approach, and Green's singing.


title: Comparison of IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes

paragraphs: This table compares IOC, FIFA, and ISO 3166 country codes.

paragraphs: Codes are shown with their last year of use.


title: ISO 3166

paragraphs: ISO 3166 is a standard made by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and it uses short codes to name all countries and some other places. People from all over the world can use the same codes; this is helpful because different languages have different names for many countries. For example, the country English-speakers call "Spain" is called "España" by Spanish-speakers. The ISO 3166 has three codes for Spain: ES, ESP, and 724. No other country has any of these codes.


title: Dolores Hidalgo

paragraphs: Dolores Hidalgo is the name of a city and the municipality around it in the north-central part of the Mexican state of Guanajuato. The full name is Dolores Hidalgo Cuna de la Independencia Nacional, which is Spanish for "Dolores Hidalgo Cradle of National Independence".

paragraphs: It is at , at about 1,980 meters (6,480 feet) above sea level. In the census of 2005 the city had a population of 54,843 people. The larger area of the municipality had 134,641 inhabitants. The city is directly in the middle of the municipality, which is 1,590 km² (613.9 sq mi) in size. It also includes many small communities, the largest of which is Río Laja.

paragraphs: Before Mexico became independent, the city was a small town known simply as Dolores. It was here that Father Miguel Hidalgo spoke his famous cry for the independence of Mexico (the "Grito de Dolores"). This was in the early hours of September 16, 1810, in front of his parish church. After Mexico achieved independence, the town was renamed "Dolores Hidalgo" in his honor. The central square of the town, in front of Father Hidalgo's historic church, is a popular tourist spot.

paragraphs: Today Dolores Hidalgo is known primarily for its ceramics industry. It givese work to well over half the city's population. The inexpensive and mass-produced ceramic products are sold throughout Latin America and the United States.

paragraphs: Fans of ranchera and popular music visit Dolores Hidalgo for the tomb of José Alfredo Jiménez. He was one of the country's most beloved singers and songwriters. He is buried in the town cemetery.

paragraphs: Footballer Adolfo "El Bofo" Bautista was born here.


Cavendish


title: Edmund Kirby Smith

paragraphs: Edmund Kirby Smith (May 16, 1824 – March 28, 1893) was a United States Army officer and academic. He was a general for the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. Near the end of the war, he commanded all the Confederate soldiers west of the Mississippi River. He surrendered his army (gave up the fight) on May 26, 1865 at New Orleans. This was weeks after Robert E. Lee had surrendered at Appomattox. Kirby Smith was from Saint Augustine, Florida.


title: General officer

paragraphs: A general officer is an officer who is at a high military rank, usually in the army, and in some places, the air force. "General" is used in many countries around the world, and when a country uses a different word, there is another title that is of equal rank. Admiral is the corresponding rank in a navy.

paragraphs: Usually an army has more than one "general officer" rank,and usually "general" is the highest of the general officer ranks.


title: Wilby

paragraphs: There is more than one place called Wilby in England:


title: The King of Rome

paragraphs: The King of Rome was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was long. Dave Sudbury wrote a song about the pigeon. The song was recorded by June Tabor.

paragraphs: The King of Rome was a racing pigeon. It won a race from Rome, in Italy, to England. The race was in 1913. It was long. The bird was a type of pigeon called a blue cock,>. It had a ring on its leg. Written on the ring was a reference number. The number was NU1907DY168. The pigeon was owned by Charlie Hudson. He also bred the pigeon. Hudson as born in the early 1870s. He died on 13 March 1958. When he died he was 84 years old). He lived at 56 Brook Street, Derby. The house has been demolished. It was at . Hudson started pigeon racing in 1904. When the race happened, he was president and treasurer of Derby Town Flying Club. He also wrote about pigeon-racing for the "Derby Evening Telegraph".

paragraphs: When the bird died, Hudson gave its body to Derby Museum and Art Gallery. The museum stuffed its skin. The museum exhibit is known as "accession number DBYMU.1946/48". It has been on show at Derby and elsewhere. It has been on show at Walsall Museum. It has also been on show at Wollaton Hall. Wollaton Hall is in Nottingham. As of August 2011, the bird is back on display in Derby Museum.

paragraphs: Dave Sudbury wrote a song about "The King of Rome". The song is also about Charlie Hudson. It says that "On the day of the big race a storm blew in. A thousand birds were swept away and never seen again". That shows how dangerous birds races can be.

paragraphs: The song was recorded by June Tabor. She heard Sudbury sing the song at a competition. The competition was in the late 1980s. She was a judge at the competition. Sudbury came fourth. Tabor also recorded the song. She recorded it for an album called "Aqaba". Aqaba was released in 1988.

paragraphs: Brian McNeill was another finalist at the competition. He said:

paragraphs: The King of Rome was head and shoulders above every other song sung on the night, and should have won.

paragraphs: McNeill also sang the song. A live recording is on "Live and Kicking". That is a record McNeil made in 2000. He recorded it with Iain MacKintosh.

paragraphs: The band Half Man Half Biscuit also played the song. But they never put it on one of their records.

paragraphs: The words of the song have been made into a book. The book has 32 pages. It has drawings by Hans Saefkow.


title: Cath Kidston

paragraphs: Catherine Isabel "Cath" Kidston (born 6 November 1958) is a British fashion designer, businesswoman and writer.

paragraphs: She owns the company Cath Kidston Limited. The company sells home furnishings and other goods. They sell in shops, online and by mail order. The company was valued at £75000000 in February 2010.

paragraphs: Kidston is known for designing floral patterns. She has written several books.

paragraphs: Kidston grew up in Hampshire. She went to a boarding school. When she was 18, she moved to London. She worked for the socialite Nicky Haslam. She later set up an interior design business with a friend. Next, she opened her own shop.

paragraphs: Kidston is related to nobility. Her uncle is Charles Allsop, the 6th Baron Hindlip. He used to be chairman of Christie's. His daughters are The Honourable Kirstie Allsopp and The Hon. Sofie Allsopp. They work as television presenters. They are Kidston's cousins. Both of her parents died of cancer. Kidston had breast cancer when she was 37 and has since recovered. Kidston's partner is record producer Hugh Padgham. They met when she worked as his decorator. They have a home beside the Thames in West London and another home in Gloucestershire. She has a step-daughter. She is dyslexic.

paragraphs: Kidston opened her first shop after recovering from breast cancer. It was in London's Holland Park. It opened in 1993. The shop sold hand-embroidered teatowels and brightly renovated furniture. Kidston later described it as a "glorified junk shop". As of April 2011, she has 41 shops and concessions in the United Kingdom. There are two more in Ireland, eleven in Japan are three in Korea. More shops are due to open in Japan and Korea.

paragraphs: Kidston was on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs" programme.


title: Password

paragraphs: A password is a way of authentication. It can be used as a means to identify a person. Since the password is the only way to identify a person, it has to be kept secret. A password can be static. This means it will remain the same unless the user changes it, or it rarely changes. Or a password can be dynamic. A dynamic password changes regularly and does not remain the same. One type of a dynamic password is a one-time pad that can only be used once.

paragraphs: Passwords were first used in the military. This was to be able to tell who was a friend and who was an enemy when it was dark.

paragraphs: Modern passwords are made of characters, letters and numbers. Sometimes a password will require a minimum number of characters. Usually this is from six to eight. Some websites allow only the use of letters and numbers, but no other characters on the keyboard. Other websites advise using a combination of letters and numbers to increase the "strength" of a password. Websites also advise changing a password once a year or more often to prevent hacking. A person may be able to guess a password if it is too easy. While being typed, each letter of a password is shown as * or •.

paragraphs: Other ways of verifying the identity of a person include using fingerprint scanners and face detection.

paragraphs: Encryption is the translation of data to achieve data security. To read an encrypted string a secret key or password must be provided to decrypt it.

paragraphs: In systems that uses login based actions, the password can be converted to the original string if the key is provided. Hashing is a one-way function and is irreversible.


title: Diary of a Wimpy Kid (series)

paragraphs: Diary of a Wimpy Kid is an ongoing series of currently fifteen books written by Jeff Kinney. The series is about a middle school student named Greg Heffley. The books are written in the style of Greg's diary. They contain many drawings, all with no color.

paragraphs: In 2019, a book called "" was released. It is written by Greg's best friend, Rowley. In 2020, another Rowley book called "Rowley Jefferson's Awesome Friendly Adventure" was announced.

paragraphs: The series has four movies, each based on the book of the same name.


title: Folic acid

paragraphs: Folic acid (also known as vitamin B, vitamin Bc or folacin) and folate, as well as pteroyl-L-glutamic acid, pteroyl-L-glutamate, and pteroylmonoglutamic acid are forms of the water-soluble vitamin B9. Folic acid is itself not biologically active, but its biological importance is due to tetrahydrofolate and other derivatives after its conversion to dihydrofolic acid in the liver.


title: Thiamine

paragraphs: Thiamine (or thiamin) is vitamin B. It is a water-soluble vitamin of the B complex. Its phosphate derivatives take part in many cellular processes. Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme in the catabolism of sugars and amino acids.


title: Jure Francetić

paragraphs: Jure Francetić (1912 - 1942) was an Ustashe Commissioner of Bosnia and Herzegovina, war criminal, responsible for the massacre of Bosnian Serbs and Jews.

paragraphs: Francetić was born in Otočac on July 3, 1912. After gymnasium (high school) he went to study law at the University of Zagreb, were he joined the Ustaša movement. Soon after, he was exiled from Zagreb for five years as a result of his anti-Yugoslav political activities. He stayed in Otočac for a short time before emigrating to Italy in March 1933. He took the Ustaša oath in the Borgotaro camp on April 24, 1933, and then spent the following four years in Austria, Italy and Hungary. In Hungary he joined to the Ustashe terrorist group camp at Jankapuszta, under new, conspirative name 'Laszlo'.

paragraphs: After the assassination of Alexander I of Yugoslavia he was interned on Sardinia by Mussolini at the request of the Yugoslav government. After a general declaration of amnesty in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Francetić returned to Croatia in November 1937, but was immediately arrested and exiled to his hometown. The next year Francetić returned to Zagreb hoping to complete his study of law but was forced to complete his military service instead. In late 1940 he was again arrested in Zagreb because of a congratulatory telegraph to Jozef Tiso, president of the newly formed Slovak Republic (1939–1945), signed by a number of Croat nationalists. He was again exiled to his native Otočac. After delivering an inflammatory nationalistic speech at a local school's New Year's celebration in Otočac on January 12, 1941, he escaped to Germany to avoid another arrest.

paragraphs: Francetić earned his only military education and officer rank while serving the Kingdom of Yugoslavia Army. He became a non-commissioned officer in the rank of sergeant. About Francetić's military experience and knowledge, his Ustashe superior Eugen Dido Kvaternik wrote: "He did not have basic military knowledge nor military education, nor did he have any talent for basic military organization.". After establishment of the Independent State of Croatia in April 1941 he and other 10 Ustašas organized the Black Legion (Croatian: Crna Legija). Jure Francetić became the leader of the Black Legion and earned the rank of colonel in the Ustaša army. Kvaternik believed that Francetić "a born guerrilla and a son of our mountainous Hercegovina" was the reason good enough to put him in the role of military leader in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In order to consolidate the Ustashe party power, much of the party work in the province he put in the hands of Catholic priests. Francetić's Ustashe took control over the local administration by dismissing all civil servants and teachers belonging to the category of "Srbijanci", as well as those who were Jews. Killings, arrests, and deportation of Serbs and Jews was a regular duty of Francetić's henchmen - based and justified by the official Ustashe policy which demanded total extermination of Jews and murder, expulsion, and conversion to the Roman Catholicism of Serb population in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Francetić participated personally in arresting and interrogations of prominent Serbian and Jewish leaders (Vaso Miskin, Albahari) and ordered the murders of some of them. He even turned his own Sarajevo apartment into the prison kitchen and laundry room.

paragraphs: Justification for the slaughter of Bosnian Serbs and Jews Francetic found in " the propaganda of 'the Jewish communist hydra' had succeeded in misleading a majority of the Serb Orthodox population in eastern Bosnia into committing 'criminal acts against the state' "and concluded that "the 'most drastic means' would have to be employed against them."

paragraphs: Ustashe's unseen cruelty and savagery applied against Serbs and Jews even prompted the German command to demand that Francetić, as the commander of the 1st Brigade Black Legion, be dismissed. Pavelić defied and promoted Francetić to commander of all Ustashe field formations. In the pre-war times about 15,000 Jews lived in Bosnia and Herzegovina. About 3,000 women and children of this number - were arrested and kept in Kruschnitze concentration camp (Bosnia). Later they will be deported to Jasenovac and Stara Gradiska concentration camps. Additional 7,000 Bosnian Jews will be deported directly to Jasenovac concentration camp.

paragraphs: Francetić died on December 27 or 28, 1942. While flying to Gospić on December 22, his plane was downed by Yugoslav Partisans near the village of Močile, near Slunj, which was the Partisan-held area. Both he and his pilot were immediately captured by Partisan village guards and peasants and Francetić received numerous blows with pitchforks. Severely wounded, he was taken to NOVJ General Staff Hospital where Partisan surgeons attempted to save his life in order to exchange him for inmates of Ustaše camps and prisons, but failed.

paragraphs: Ustashe authorities were so concerned about the effect of his death would have on supporters of their movement that the news of his death was delayed until the beginning of March 1943. Official announcement of his death came on March 31, 1943., when Ustashe declared eight days of official mourning.

paragraphs: Memorial plaque to this Ustashe leader was erected in Slunj (in June 2000, by Ustashe's Association of war veterans, "Hrvatski domobran") as an embrace, by those responsible, of the NDH and ethnic hatred.

paragraphs: In late 2004 the Croatian government ordered the removal of the memorial plaque in Slunj.

paragraphs: "In January 2005 in the outskirts of Split, unknown persons erected overnight a memorial to Francetic and Budak-to show the extreme right's anger at Sanader's betrayal of the Ustasha cause and the prime minister's cooperation with ICTY"


title: Red huckleberry

paragraphs: Red huckleberry (Vaccinium parvifolium) is a species of "Vaccinium," a flowering plant. It grows in North America. There, it is often found in forests from southeastern Alaska and British Columbia, through western Washington and Oregon to central California. In the Oregon Coast Range, it is the most-seen "Vaccinium".

paragraphs: Red huckleberry is a shrub. It grows to tall. The fruit grown on the plant is a berry which can be eaten. It can be from to in diameter.


title: Ōkuma, Fukushima

paragraphs: The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was built in Okuma.

paragraphs: The area was evacuated because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.

paragraphs: According to the "New York Times" in 2013, the people of Ōkuma, like many other communities in Fukushima, are "starting to come to terms with a sobering realization: their old homes are probably lost forever, and they must start anew elsewhere."

paragraphs: The people who used to live in Ōkuma are called "nuclear refugees".

paragraphs: There are three towns, one village, one city, and one district next to Ōkuma.

paragraphs: A sister city relationship was established with Bathurst, New South Wales in Australia.


title: José Martí

paragraphs: José Julián Martí Pérez (January 28, 1853 – May 19, 1895) was a Cuban patriot, freedom fighter and poet. Although he never lived to see Cuba free, he is considered the national hero.

paragraphs: Jose Marti was born in Havana in 1853. At age sixteen he was imprisoned for opposing Spanish colonial rule during the Ten Years War (1868-1878) and later he was exiled to Spain. There he published a pamphlet exposing the horrors of political imprisonment in Cuba, which he himself had experienced.

paragraphs: In 1878 he returned to Cuba under a general amnesty and worked for a law firm, but he conspired against the Spanish authorities and again was banished to Spain in September 1879. He fled exile in Spain and came first to France and then to the United States. Marti went back to Miami where he lived from 1881 to 1895.


title: Rock cycle

paragraphs: The rock cycle is the process by which rocks of one kind change into rocks of another kind.

paragraphs: There are three main kinds of rocks: igneous rock, metamorphic rock, and sedimentary rock. Each of these rocks can change into the other kinds by physical processes: cooling, melting, heat, weathering/erosion, compacting (squeezing tightly together), cementing, and pressure.

paragraphs: When heated deep under ground, rocks become magma (liquid rock). Above ground, it is called lava. Sediment, the particles from rock erosion and weathering, is the basis for sedimentary rock of the future.

paragraphs: Igneous rock is hardened magma, which can happen above or below ground. It can melt into magma, erode into sediment, or be pressed tightly together to become metamorphic.

paragraphs: Metamorphic rock is igneous or sedimentary rock that has been heated and squeezed. It can erode into sediment or melt into magma. It is formed under extreme pressure and temperature deep inside mountain chains.

paragraphs: Sedimentary rock is compacted sediments which can come from any of the other rocks, plus remains of living things. It can erode back into sediment, or be pressurized into metamorphic rock and can be melted to magma , which forms igneous rocks .

paragraphs: These processes can occur in different orders, and the cycle goes on forever. Earth has several processes for changing rocks. Wind and water can create sediment from rocks, and movement of one tectonic plate against another creates enormous heat and pressure which affects rocks greatly. Subduction converts all kinds into magma, which eventually rejoins the cycle as igneous rocks.


title: Herbert Prohaska

paragraphs: Herbert Prohaska (born 8 August 1955 in Vienna, Austria) is a retired Austrian football player. He is among Austria's greatest football players of all time. His nickname "Schneckerl", Viennese dialect for curly hair, comes from his curly haircut in his younger years. He works as analyst for the Austrian television and writes for Austrias most popular newspaper.

paragraphs: Prohaska was born into a working class family. His father was a worker and his mother cleaned rooms. His father was coach of a youth team of Vorwärts XI. Here Prohaska started his career at the age of 9, then he played for the minor league club SC Ostbahn XI in Vienna. Then he went on to FK Austria Wien and became professional player. He played at the age of 16 for the first team of Austria Wien. Till 1980 he won with the team 4 Austrian league titles and 3 Austrian cup wins. 1980 he went to Italy where he played for Inter Mailand and later for AS Roma. In Italy he won the championship with Inter and the cup with Roma. From 1983 to 1989 he played again for FK Austria Wien and won another 3 championships and one cup. 1989 he retired from playing football.

paragraphs: Shortly afterwards he became coach of Austria Wien an won the championship twice. 1993 he became coach of the football national team. His biggest success was the qualification for the FIFA World Cup in 1998 as winner of the group stage. 1999 he resigned after a 0:9 defeat versus Spain. But in his era the team was number 17 in the FIFA team ranking, a place which could not reach another team coach ever since. From 1999 till 2000 he was again coach of Austria Wien.

paragraphs: After the end of his football career he became analyst for Austrian Television (ORF) and he wrote for the newspaper "Kronen-Zeitung". In 2011 he was elected "Austria Wien player of the century".

paragraphs: From 1974–1989 he played 84 matches for Austria and shot 12 goals. With one of his goals he fixed 1977 versus Turkey the qualification of Austria for the FIFA World Cup 1978.


title: Won Gyun

paragraphs: General Won Gyun(korean:원균, hanja: 元均, January 6 1540 - June 19 1597) was korean Josun dynastys General politicians.

paragraphs: Won gyun was born in Pyungtaek, in Gyeonggi, Josun dynasty(Ancient name of Korea) on January 6, 1540. He became a warrior at the late age of 29. When he arrived Kyungsang-do province as the navy commander of western part of Jeolla-do province in 1592, he predicted the war with Japan. He disciplined the navy tightly and made the turtle ship, which had at least five different types of cannon and had a fully covered deck with iron spikes to shield from cannon fire and attempt to board the ship, for preparation of the war.

paragraphs: In the early days of war is in victory. But was defeated warriors, from strategy to Retreated Chilcheonryang. However Won Gyun was killed by enemy fire during, Geiojedo in 1597.


title: Twicket

paragraphs: Twicket was a village cricket match. It was shown live on the Internet. It could be watched form anywhere on the world. That happened on Easter Monday, 25 April 2011. The organisers did that to show that very fast broadband is useful. Very fast broadband helps community groups to upload content to the web. The organisers says Twicket was the first village cricket match ever to be streamed online.

paragraphs: Twicket is a made up word. The "Tw" is from Twitter. The "icket" is from Cricket.

paragraphs: There were reports about Twicket on BBC television news, on BBC Radio London, on TalkSport, and on Radio New Zealand.

paragraphs: It was written about by "The Guardian", and "Metro".

paragraphs: It was mentioned on Twitter by Stephen Fry, the BBC's Rory Cellan-Jones and Jonathan Agnew. Agnew is the BBC's cricket correspondent.

paragraphs: John Popham is a consultant. He decided to show Twicket online after seeing two comments on Twitter. In the first comment, Dan Slee said he wanted to see news about his a local village cricket team on Twitter.

paragraphs: Then, Chris Conder mentioned that she was testing a new 30Mbps, symmetrical internet connection. "Symmetrical internet" means that the upload speed is as fast as the download speed. Conder lives in a village called Wray. Wray is in Lancashire, England. The connection was installed in Wray by Lancaster University Wray is one of only three villages in the UK to have a symmetrical community network.

paragraphs: Conder told Popham that a special cricket match was going to be played in Wray. The match was part of the village’s Scarecrow Festival. The Scarecrow Festival happens every year. The match was between Wray and a team called "The Rest of the World".

paragraphs: I'm confident we can do this, because the village Wi-Fi has a 30Mbps upload speed ... It's a bit of fun, but it has a serious purpose too. The serious side is to demonstrate that it can be done, it possible to live broadcast events like this using relatively cheap equipment and a good internet connection. It will also demonstrate the importance of good internet connectivity in rural areas, and the need for fast connections if we are to realise the aspiration to use the internet to enable more people to produce their own content.

paragraphs: The match was 20 overs per side. This is called the Twenty20 format. There was an extra rule that said that any batsman who scored 20 runs had to retire. Wray won the toss. They decided to bowl first. After 20 overs, The Rest of the World had scored 69 runs and lost 5 wickets. That meant that Wray needed 70 runs off 20 overs. Wray managed to do that. Their final runs were a six. Wray won in their eleventh over. They won by 8 wickets.

paragraphs: After the cricket match, there was a tug o'war contest. It was also streamed live. The rest of the world won. Interviews with some of the cricket players and other people were also shown on the internet.

paragraphs: The event was streamed on a website called Bambuser. Technical support was provided by a company from Birmingham called Aquila TV. Aquila used two Sony Z1 cameras and a DSR 350 camera. The most people watching at once was 2,733.

paragraphs: A separate sound-only commentary was broadcast on-line, by Radio Youthology. Radio Youthology are also from Birmingham. 1,780 people listened to the Radio Youthology commentary. That was Radio Youthology's biggest audience ever.

paragraphs: A BBC North West television news crew also went to the match. They made a short film. It was broadcast the same evening.

paragraphs: The hashtag for the event was #twicket. It was trending on Twitter just before the end of the match.


title: Dustin Brown

paragraphs: Dustin James Brown (born November 4, 1984 in Ithaca, New York) is an NHL ice hockey right winger that plays for the Los Angeles Kings where he is the current team captain. He was picked by the Kings with the 13th overall pick in the 2003 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the OHL with the Guelph Storm.

paragraphs: He was on the Team USA's men's ice hockey team in the 2010 Winter Olympics where they won the silver medal.


title: Mexican War of Independence

paragraphs: The Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) was a war between the people of Mexico and the Spanish colonial government. It started on 16 September 1810. It was started by Mexican-born Spaniards ("criollo people"), Mestizos and Amerindians wanted independence from Spain.

paragraphs: The idea of a Mexican independence goes back to the years after the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Martín Cortés led a revolt against the Spanish government.

paragraphs: After the plot called the "" was not successful in 1799, the War of Independence really started with the Grito de Dolores in 1810. Spain was busy fighting for its independence against the invading First French Empire, in the Peninsular War.

paragraphs: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, was a Mexican priest and member of a group of educated "Criollos" in Querétaro. They met in "tertulias" (salons), and decided in 1810 that a revolt against the colonial government was needed, because Napoleon had replaced the King of Spain with a foreigner. Hidalgo worked closely with Ignacio de Allende, a nobleman with military training, the plan was for a battle in December 1810.

paragraphs: They were betrayed by a member of the group. Hidalgo then turned to his parishioners in the town of Dolores. Around 6:00 am of September 16, 1810 he declared independence from the Spanish crown, and war against the government in what was known as the "Grito de Dolores". The revolutionary army decided to fight for independence. They marched on to Guanajuato, which was a major colonial mining centre governed by Spaniards and criollos.

paragraphs: There, the leaders of this "citizens army", which was more like an unorganised mob, locked themselves in the granary ("place for storing grain"). They killed most of the much hated Spaniards and Criollos that were there. This also included high-ranking nobles and supporters of the fight for Independence. This caused Hidalgo and Allende to fight with each other. After that, Allende did not want to fight alongside Hidalgo, and left with his soldiers.

paragraphs: On October 30, Miguel Hidalgo's army fought the Spanish resistance at the Battle of Monte de las Cruces. They won this battle.

paragraphs: In January 1811, Spanish forces fought the Battle of the Bridge of Calderón and the peasant army lost. It made the rebels flee towards the United States-Mexican border, where they hoped to escape. However they were caught by the Spanish army.

paragraphs: Hidalgo and what was left of his army were caught in the state of Coahuila at the Wells of Baján. He had a trial done by the Inquisition on 30 July 1811. He was executed.

paragraphs: After the death of Father Hidalgo, the leadership of the revolutionary army was taken over by José María Morelos. Under his leadership the cities of Oaxaca and Acapulco were taken. In 1813, the Congress of Chilpancingo had their first meeting. On 6 November of that year, the Congress signed the first official document of independence, known as the "Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America". It was followed by a long war at the Siege of Cuautla. In 1815, Morelos was caught by Spanish colonial authorities. He was put on trial and executed for treason in San Cristóbal Ecatepec on 22 December.

paragraphs: By the early 1820's the independence movement was close to collapsing. Two of their main leaders were executed, and the rebels found it hard to fight the well-organized Spanish military. Also, many of the most influential criollos did not care any more. The violence of Hidalgo's and Morelos's unorganised army mob was not liked. They wanted a better, less bloody way to get independence.

paragraphs: In December 1820, Viceroy Juan Ruiz de Apodaca sent a force led by a royalist criollo officer, Colonel Agustín de Iturbide, to fight in Oaxaca. Iturbide was famous for the way in which he went after Hidalgo's and Morelos's rebels during the early independence struggle.

paragraphs: The fight at Oaxaca came at the same time as successful coup ("a fight by the military against the government") in Spain against the monarchy of Ferdinand VII. Ferdinand was forced to reinstate the liberal Spanish Constitution of 1812. When this news reached Mexico, Iturbide saw it as an opportunity for the criollos to gain control of Mexico. After first clashing with Guerrero's forces, Iturbide switched sides. He invited the rebel leader to meet and discuss a new independence struggle.

paragraphs: While in the town of Iguala, Iturbide created three rules, or "guarantees," for Mexican independence from Spain.

paragraphs: He made his troops accept these rules. They are known as the Plan of Iguala. Iturbide then persuaded Guerrero to join his forces in support of the new independence. A new army, the Army of the Three Guarantees, was then placed under Iturbide's command to enforce the Plan of Iguala. The plan was so broad that it pleased both patriots and loyalists. The goal of independence and the protection of Roman Catholicism brought together all factions.

paragraphs: Iturbide's army was joined by rebel forces from all over Mexico. When the rebels' victory became certain, the viceroy resigned. On August 24, 1821, representatives of the Spanish crown and Iturbide signed the Treaty of Córdoba. This recognized Mexican independence under the terms of the "Plan of Iguala".

paragraphs: On September 27 the Army of the Three Guarantees entered Mexico City. The next day Iturbide proclaimed the independence of the Mexican Empire.

paragraphs: On the night of the May 18, 1822, a mass of people marched through the streets. They demanded that their commander-in-chief Iturbide accept the throne. The next day, the congress declared Iturbide emperor of Mexico.


title: Joe Sakic

paragraphs: Joseph Steven Sakic (born July 7, 1969 in Burnaby, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired ice hockey centre Sakic played 20 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Quebec Nordiques/Colorado Avalanche organizations. Sakic was able to win the Stanley Cup in 1996 and 2001.

paragraphs: He retired from playing professional ice hockey on July 9, 2009. The Colorado Avalanche retired his jersey number #19 with a "C" to represent his lengthy service as team captain on October 1, 2009. Sakic was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame along with Adam Oates, Pavel Bure and Mats Sundin in 2012.

paragraphs: He was a fan favourite in his hometown of Burnaby and even had a street named "Joe Sakic Way" in his honour. In British Columbia he is affectionately known as "Burnaby Joe".


title: Ron Francis

paragraphs: Ronald Michael Francis, Jr. (born March 1, 1963 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 24 seasons and 1,805 career games in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Hartford Whalers, Pittsburgh Penguins, Carolina Hurricanes and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1990 and in 1991 with the Penguins. His jersey number #10 was retired and raised to the rafters of the Hartford Civic Center on January 6, 2006 and is also retired by the Carolina Hurricanes. His picture could be seen on the Pittsburgh Penguins Ring of Honor at the Mellon Arena before the team relocated to Consol Energy Center. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009.


title: Alexander Mogilny

paragraphs: Alexander Gennadevitch Mogilny (born February 18, 1969) is a Russian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played 17 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Buffalo Sabres, New Jersey Devils, Toronto Maple Leafs and Vancouver Canucks organizations. He won a gold medal at the 1988 Winter Olympics with the Soviet Union hockey team. He won a Stanley Cup in 2000 with the Devils. He was named a member of the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame on January 1, 2011.


title: Frank Boucher

paragraphs: François-Xavier Boucher (October 7, 1901 – December 12, 1977) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 14 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the New York Rangers and Ottawa Senators organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1928 and in 1933 with the Rangers. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958. He was named #61 in The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.


title: Elwin Romnes

paragraphs: Elwin Nelson "Doc" Romnes (January 1, 1909 – July 21, 1984) was a American professional ice hockey left winger and centre who played 11 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Black Hawks, New York Americans and Toronto Maple Leafs organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1934 and in 1938 with the Black Hawks. He also won the Lady Byng Trophy in 1936.


title: Marty Barry

paragraphs: Martin J. "Goal-a-Game" Barry (December 8, 1904 – August 20, 1969) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Boston Bruins, Detroit Red Wings, Montreal Canadiens and New York Americans organizations. He won a Stanley Cup in 1936 and in 1937 with the Red Wings. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1965. He died from a heart attack on August 20, 1969.


title: Provincial Assembly of Sindh

paragraphs: The Provincial Assembly of the Sindh is a unicameral house of elected representatives of people of Sindh established under Article 106 of the 1973 Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Under this article, the total number of seats for the Assembly through direct vote is 168, of which 30 seats are reserved for women and 8 seats for non-Muslims.


title: Open Handset Alliance

paragraphs: The Open Handset Alliance, also called OHA by many people, is a business alliance. It includes 80 companies to help improve open standards for mobile phones. Members of this include Google, HTC, Sony, Dell, Intel, Motorola, Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, Samsung, LG, T-Mobile, Nvidia, and Wind River Systems.

paragraphs: The OHA was started on 5 November 2007 by Google and 34 other companies. The companies included mobile phone manufacturers, application developers, mobile network operators and processor makers.

paragraphs: Android is the main software of the alliance.


title: Plausible deniability

paragraphs: Plausible deniability are words first used by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) during the Kennedy administration. In that case it meant not to tell senior government officials about illegal CIA activities. These officials could then defend themselves if the activities were discovered. They would be able to say quite plausibly, and perhaps truthfully, that they did not know anything about it (deniability). It meant that actions of the CIA could not be blamed on the President of the USA.

paragraphs: The concept is tied up with the idea of a "paper trail", whereby journalists find evidence of orders or discussions between senior officials and agents doing the forbidden acts. Interceptions of phone messages or e-mail messages may also be evidence of wrongdoing by officials. If there is no definite evidence of wrongdoing by an official, then his/her denial can be taken as sincere. The denial is "plausible" (or, at least, "might" be true). That achieves one of the main goals of public relations: for officials at least not to be caught red-handed doing something illegal. The effect of officials being caught red-handed can be extremely serious: see Watergate scandal.

paragraphs: Plausible deniability refers to the denial of blame in (formal or informal) chains of command. Senior people may give indirect and vague orders. For example, Henry II "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" or even less direct "Someone should do something about that". The intended message is understood. Later, when the deed is done, the higher man can say "I never intended that to happen".

paragraphs: Plausible deniability is achieved when no records are kept of any instructions. It becomes impossible to find out who was responsible for the actions taken. If these activities become public, high-ranking officials may deny any knowledge of such act or any connection to the people used to carry out such acts. It usually means that it has been planned in advance, setting up the conditions to avoid responsibility for future actions or knowledge.


title: Citroën C5

paragraphs: The Citroën C5 is an automobile produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën Xantia in 2001, and entered its second generation in 2008. Like the Xantia before it, it's available as a hatchback or an estate.


title: Robert Sara

paragraphs: Robert Sara (born 9 June 1946) is a former Austrian football player. He played as defender for FK Austria Wien and in the Austrian national team.

paragraphs: He played from 1965 to 1984 for FK Austria Wien. With 571 matches he is the player who has played most matches in the league since football was played in Austria. During his long career he won 8 times the Austrian Championship and 6 times the Austrian Cup. He also played in the 1978 Cup Winner's Cup Final which FK Austria lost 0:4 against Anderlecht.

paragraphs: His first match for Austria was in October 1965 against Romania. He played in the 1978 FIFA World Cup, where he was captain of the team. He played 55 times for Austria and shot 3 goals. His last match was in May 1980 a friendly match against Argentina.


title: Austrian Cup

paragraphs: The Austrian Cup (German: ÖFB-Cup) is an football (soccer) competition held by the Austrian Football Association, the ÖFB. It was played by male teams. For women there is the ÖFB-LadiesCup. Although it has a long tradition the Cup never played an important role in Austrian football.

paragraphs: The Austrian Cup emerged from the Lower Austria Cup (Niederösterreichischen Cup, held 1915–1918). The first cup was played 1919 and was held since then each year. Only from 1938 to 1945 it was suspended, because Austria was a part of Nazigermany. Also from 1950 till 1958 there was no competition because the ÖFB was not interested in. In 2008 the clubs of the Bundesliga and the first division did not take part due to the UEFA Euro 2008.

paragraphs: 17 different teams had won at least one time:


title: Angry Anderson

paragraphs: Gary Stephen "Angry" Anderson AM (born 5 August 1947) is an Australian rock singer, television presenter/reporter and actor. He is best known as the vocalist with the hard rock band Rose Tattoo, and for his composition in the song "Suddenly" in 1987.


title: Airstone

paragraphs: An airstone is an article made of soft stone, porous wood, or another material that allows air to be blown through it to produce bubbles in water. The air is blown through the stone by a tube placed inside the stone and attached to an electric pump.

paragraphs: An airstone can be used in an aquarium (a tank or container for keeping fish) or a tank of water where plants are growing in a hydroponics system.The airstone is used to blow bubbles into water to increase the amount of oxygen in the water. The stone may have very small holes to make fine bubbles or it may have bigger holes to make larger bubbles.


title: Prem Nazir

paragraphs: Prem Nazir (born Abdul Khader; 7 April 1926 - 16 January 1989) was an Indian actor. He acted mainly in movies made in the Malayalam language. He started his career in the 1950s. He was one of the biggest stars in Indian cinema and is fondly remembered as Evergreen Hero. He acted in lead roles in more than 600 movies, which is a world record. He also holds three more Guinness world records. He got the Padma Bhushan, Padma Shri and Kerala State Film Awards.


title: Vermiculite

paragraphs: Vermiculite is a phyllosilicate mineral that is dug out of the ground in China, South Africa, Russia and Brazil. When it is dug from the ground it is a hard rock. Vermiculite gets bigger when it is heated and changes into a material that looks like worms. This was first done in the United States of America in the year 1824.

paragraphs: When Vermiculite has changed into small grains it is a very good material for insulation and is used to stop the escape of heat in things like ovens, furnaces and houses in cold countries. It is also very good at holding water so it is used in the soil of plants in pots and helping to grow seeds.

paragraphs: Because the Vermiculite grains are spongy (they can be pressed flat and then they open again) but not hard they are used inside cases or boxes to protect articles from breakage when they are being transported.

paragraphs: Vermiculite is also used in hydroponics as a material for the roots of plants to hold on to.

paragraphs: Because it does not burn Vermiculite is used with other materials in fillings in walls or ceilings (the roof of a room) to stop the spread of fire.

paragraphs: Although vermiculite is not a form of asbestos, it is often contaminated with asbestos. Any vermiculite insulation found in a building should be treated as containing asbestos until confirmed otherwise by a laboratory.


title: Food politics

paragraphs: Food politics is a term used to refer to the political aspects of the production and distribution of food. A state can also regulate what kinds of food may be grown, and that the food grown needs to be checked before it can be sold, or that it needs to be handled in certain ways. The state can also fix prices for certain kinds of food, or it may exclude certain groups of people from consuming it. That way, children are usually not allowed to drink alcohol, or to smoke cigarettes.


title: Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy

paragraphs: The Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy, sometimes known as the Maurice Richard Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the leading goal scorer each year. It was first awarded in 1998. The trophy is named after hockey legend, Maurice "Rocket" Richard. The current holder of the trophy is Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals.


title: Mike Bossy

paragraphs: Michael Dean Bossy (born January 22, 1957 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played 10 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) all with the New York Islanders organization. He won the Stanley Cup 4 straight times from the 1979-80 to 1982-83 NHL seasons. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1991.


title: Brett Hull

paragraphs: Brett Andrew Hull (born August 9, 1964 in Belleville, Ontario) is a retired professional American-Canadian ice hockey right winger that played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Calgary Flames, St. Louis Blues, Dallas Stars, Detroit Red Wings and Phoenix Coyotes organizations. He won the Stanley Cup 2 times, once in 1999 with the Dallas Stars and once in 2002 with the Detroit Red Wings. He won a silver medal with Team USA at the 2002 Winter Olympics. He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2009. His father is Bobby Hull and he is the nephew of Dennis Hull. He was nicknamed "The Golden Brett" which was a play off of his father's nickname, "The Golden Jet". In his 90 games played for the University of Minnesota - Duluth, he registered 84 goals and 60 assists for 144 points. Brett Hull also had a very hard and accurate he had as great a shot as Gretsky.


title: Sonic Adventure 2

paragraphs: Sonic Adventure 2 is a platform video game released for the Dreamcast in 2001. This game is the sequel to "Sonic Adventure". In 2002, a remake of the game, "Sonic Adventure 2: Battle", was released for the Nintendo GameCube. The game was the tenth best selling GameCube game of all time.

paragraphs: The levels for Sonic and Shadow are the classic "Get to the Goal" levels. They are very agile and can use shortcuts made by enemies and later, Rings. They have the ability to become Super, using the Chaos Emeralds. The levels are very similar to the original Sonic the Hedgehog game, except of course it is three dimensional.

paragraphs: These two are also "Get to the Goal" levels. A difference from Sonic and Shadow's levels are that they are "mech", in other words they use machines to move around. They fire bullets from their Cannons.

paragraphs: These levels are treasure hunting levels, where they have to find Master Emerald shards, Chaos Emeralds (in Rouge's case), or Door Keys.


title: Sylvester (Looney Tunes)

paragraphs: Sylvester is a cartoon character from the Warner Bros. cartoons. Sylvester is a tuxedo cat (bicolor) and is the main rival of Tweety Bird. He first appeared in Life with Feathers on March 24, 1945. He was created by Friz Freleng. Sylvester's name is a play on the word, "Felis silvestris" which is a scientific name for the wild cat species although Sylvester is a domestic cat. He was voted as #33 on TV Guide's list of 50 best cartoon characters along with Tweety.

paragraphs: He has a son named Sylvester Junior who first appeared in Pop 'im Pop on 1949. Sylvester Junior is useually seen with Sylvester in the cartoons when Sylvester is trying to catch a baby kangaroo named Hippety Hopper who he often mistakes for a mouse to prove a point to his son.


title: Reg Fleming

paragraphs: Reginald Stephen Fleming (April 21, 1936 - July 11, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins, New York Rangers, Philadelphia Flyers and Buffalo Sabres organizations. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks in 1960. He was known for his grit and team spirit and was also involved in a number of notorious incidents which gave him a reputation around the league as a tough customer and an intense competitor and earned him the nickname, "Reggie, The Ruffian". He died on July 11, 2009 in Arlington Heights, Illinois from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (C.T.E.) which made him the first hockey player to be tested for the disease, it had only been mainly associated with boxing and American football.


title: Chico Maki

paragraphs: Ronald "Chico" Maki (born August 17, 1939 in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario – August 24, 2015) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a career total of 15 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played all of his NHL career with the Chicago Black Hawks. He won the Stanley Cup with the Chicago Black Hawks in 1961.


title: Tuomas Grönman

paragraphs: Tuomas Oskar Grönman (born 22 March 1974 in Viitasaari, Finland) is a Finnish retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 2 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) with the Chicago Blackhawks and Pittsburgh Penguins organizations. He also played in the SM-Liiga for TPS, Lukko and Jokerit. He won a bronze medal with Team Finland at the 1998 Winter Olympics.


title: Wayne Simmonds

paragraphs: Wayne Simmonds (born August 26, 1988 in Scarborough, Ontario) is an Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Los Angeles Kings, Philadelphia Flyers, Nashville Predators, New Jersey Devils.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 61st overall pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the OHL with the Owen Sound Attack and Sault Ste. Marie Greyhounds. He is African American and is one of a small number of black hockey players in the league.


title: Joel Ward

paragraphs: Joel Ward (born December 2, 1980 in North York, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that currently plays for the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Minnesota Wild for one season and the Nashville Predators for three seasons before signing a four-year contract worth $12 million with the Washington Capitals on July 1, 2011. He is African American and is one of a small number of black hockey players in the league.


title: Peter Le Lievre

paragraphs: Peter Le Lievre (1812 – 1878) was a Guernsey Artist, Wine Merchant and Militia Officer.

paragraphs: Peter Le Lievre was educated at Elizabeth College, he never married and lived all his life at 17 Hauteville, St Peter Port with his two sisters.

paragraphs: Although known today as an artist Le Lievre was better known in his day as a businessman, and as the Lt Col of the Artillery Regiment in the Guernsey Militia. He did however design two lighthouses for St Peter Port harbour, and some of his works were published in his lifetime. It was only after the death of his sister Mary in 1904 that his works were exhibited publicly. His work has gained in popularity since then. In June 2010 a Blue Plaque to commemorate his life was unveiled at 17 Hauteville.


title: Blue plaque

paragraphs: The Blue Plaque is a scheme for remembering the links between famous people and buildings by placing commemorative plaques on the walls. The scheme was started by the Royal Society of Arts in London, and the very first plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta placed on the outside of a former home of Lord Byron (since demolished).

paragraphs: The Society erected 36 plaques between 1866 - 1901, responsibility for them was transferred to the London County Council (1901-65) (which changed the colour of the plaques to the current blue) and later the Greater London Council (1965-86) and most recently English Heritage. Similar schemes are now operated in all the member countries of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: English Heritage looks after the Blue plaque scheme in the London Boroughs. Similar schemes exist outside London, run by each local authority. The system has been adopted outside the United Kingdom too, for example, in June 2010 a Blue Plaque was put on the home of Guernsey artist Peter Le Lievre.


title: Denial Bay, South Australia

paragraphs: Denial Bay is the name for both a small bay on the coast of South Australia, and a small fishing town built at the bay. The bay was named by explorer Matthew Flinders on 7 February 1802. Flinders had hoped that bay was bigger and would have provided better access into the inland of South Australia. One of the first European settlers was a sheep farmer, William McKenzie, who built a house in the area in 1889. The town was known as Mac's Town, and in 1910 the government officially named it McKenzie. In 1940 it was named Denial Bay.


title: Burhou

paragraphs: Burhou (pronounced bu-ROO) is a small island approximately northwest of Alderney that is part of the Channel Islands. No one lives on Burhou, and it is a bird sanctuary, so landing there is banned from 15 March to 27 July. The island's wildlife includes a colony of puffins (declining in numbers) and large numbers of rabbits.

paragraphs: It has no landing stage as such, but visitors use a small inlet. In rough weather it may be impossible to land.

paragraphs: The Guernsey botanist E.D. Marquand called it, "the most desolate and lonely of all the islands in our archipelago." He had to spend the night there, as his return journey was delayed by fog.

paragraphs: The 1906 book, "The Channel Pilot" states -

paragraphs: The States of Alderney member, John Beaman has political responsibility for the island.

paragraphs: Burhou, like many other Channel Islands (e.g. Lihou, Jethou), has the Norman suffix "-hou", meaning a small island, from the Old Norse "holmr". According to Dr. S.K. Kellet-Smith, "bur" refers to a storehouse - "Burhou is just the place where a fisherman would place a depository for his gear".

paragraphs: Signs of human occupation/visitation are much older. Flint flakes have been found on the island, and one is currently in the Alderney Museum. In 1847, F.C. Lukis found two standing stones, but these have since been lost, according to the archaeologist David Johnston.

paragraphs: According to the Assize Roll of the 14th century, Burhou was a rabbit warren, and a refuge for fishermen. This would have meant that there would have been some kind of shelter there, as it would be difficult for the fishermen to take refuge without it.

paragraphs: A hut was built on the island in 1820 as a shelter for fishermen and sailors at the instigation of General Le Mesurier (The Governor), but was destroyed during the German occupation of the Channel Islands (the Nazis used it for target practice during WWII). The hut was replaced in 1953, with basic accommodation which is rented out to visitors by Alderney Harbour Office.

paragraphs: Attempts have been made to raise sheep there. In 1900, a French couple lived there for a year. The soil is thin, and spray often goes right over the island, so the soil is very salty. The island has no fresh water supply for much of the year, and has to rely on shipments, or formerly tanks.

paragraphs: The island's animals are mainly birds, although rabbits are long established here. The island has many puffins and some storm petrels. Although the latter have declined, they used to nest in the cottage's storm loft. Roderick Dobson in "Birds of the Channel Islands" said that puffins had been plentiful for over a century. The "Birds of Guernsey" (1878) by Cecil Smith states likewise. The puffins have had to compete with gulls, and in 1949, hundreds died from red mite infestation. The rabbit holes on the island make good nesting for them.

paragraphs: Amongst the plants noted here are sea spurry, forget-me-nots, scarlet pimpernel, field bugloss, bracken and nettles. E.D. Marquand counted 18 species of plant here in 1909, but by the late twentieth century Frances Le Sueur and David McClintock found 45, which they wrote up in the "Transactions of La Société Guernesiaise"


title: Oscillation

paragraphs: Something that oscillates is something that "vibrates", or repeats the same pattern. Many things in nature move back-and-forth or up-and down when pushed or struck. In time, natural oscillators slow down and stop because of friction.


title: Ortac

paragraphs: Ortac is a small uninhabited islet about 5 km West of the coast of Alderney near to the islet of Burhou. It measures about 50 by 70 metres (160 by 230 ft).

paragraphs: A.H. Ewen thinks that the rock's name meant "large rock at the edge" from the Norman language "Or" (edge) + "Etac" (Stack). Alexander Deschamps said that the French used to call it "the Eagle's Nest".

paragraphs: Ortac and Alderney, along with the Casquets, are part of the same sandstone ridge.

paragraphs: Paul Naftel, a Guernsey artist, drew Ortac, and the drawing appeared in Ansted & Latham's book, "The Channel Islands" (1862). The writers themselves commented -

paragraphs: If the sea bottom, which is in very few parts as much as 20 fathoms deep, were elevated 120 feet (37 m), the island of Alderney, the Burhou and Ortac group, and the Casquets would be connected by low land, and form a narrow island around 12 miles (19 km) long.

paragraphs: Between Ortac, Verte Tête and Burhou Island, are scattered many dangerous rocks, and ledges among which the streams run with great velocity.

paragraphs: It also supposedly contains a cave known as "the Oven".

paragraphs: Victor Hugo, who lived on Guernsey, and who wrote much about the Channel Islands says in his novel, "The Laughing Man" ("L'Homme qui Rit"):

paragraphs: "...on the port bow arose, standing stark, cut out on the background of mist, a tall opaque mass, vertical, right-angled, a tower of the abyss. It was the Ortac rock. The Ortac, all of a piece, rises up in a straight line to eighty feet above the angry beating of the waves... An immovable cliff, it plunges its rectilinear planes apeak into the numberless serpentine coils of the sea. At night it stands an enormous block, resting on the folds of a huge black sheet. In time of storm it awaits the stroke of the axe which is 'the thunderclap'...""To be wrecked on the Casquets is to be cut into ribbons; to strike on the Ortac is to be crushed into powder... On a straight frontage, such of that of the Ortac, neither the wave nor the cannon ball can ricochet... if the wave carries the vessel on the rock she breaks on it, and is lost..."

paragraphs: Meanwhile, in another work, "The Toilers of the Sea" ("Les Travailleurs de la mer"), he mentions the curious anecdote that Ortac was inhabited by Saint Malo:

paragraphs: "The Norman fishermen who frequent the Channel have many precautions to take at sea, by reason of the illusions with which Satan environs them. It has long been an article of popular faith that Saint Maclou inhabited the great square rock called Ortac, in the sea between Alderney and the Casquets; and many old sailors used to declare that they had often seen him there, seated and reading a book. Accordingly the sailors, as they passed, were in the habit of kneeling many times before the Ortac rock, until the day when the fable was destroyed, and the truth took its place. For it has been discovered, and is now well established, that the lonely inhabitant Of the rock is not a saint, but a devil. This evil spirit, whose name is Jochmus, had the impudence to pass himself of; for many centuries as Saint Maclou. Even the Church herself is not proof against snares of this kind. The demons Ragubel, Oribel, and Tobiel were regarded as saints until the year 745, when Pope Zachary, having at length exposed them, turned them out of saintly company. This sort of weeding of the saintly calendar is certainly very useful; but it can only be practiced by very accomplished judges of devils and their ways."

paragraphs: Ortac is noted for its large gannet colony. This is of fairly recent origin. On 19 June 1940, Major J.A.A. Wallace was preparing for the evacuation of Alderney, and went there to inspect the kittiwake colony. He found only one gannet. He found none on Les Etacs off Alderney. Now both swarm with the birds.

paragraphs: In 1979, a mission with two naval helicopters was launched to remove nets and rubbish used in nests and which were trapped.

paragraphs: Romeo 41 is an Airway over the English Channel from the Channel Islands Control Area to the Solent Control Area. There is a reporting point named ORTAC at southern boundary between Romeo 41 and the Channel Islands Control Zone. Its position is 49° 59' 57N, 2° 0' 18W, which is about 30 miles north-north-east of Alderney. This is not coincident with the islet named Ortac, but its name is undoubtedly derived from the islet.

paragraphs: Many Standard Instrument Approach and Departure Procedures into Channel Islands airports use ORTAC as part of the procedure. A typical clearance for an Aurigny flight from Alderney to Southampton will read as follows:

paragraphs: "Ayline 123: your clearance is to the Northern Zone boundary via ORTAC, on track Romeo 41."


title: 5.56mm NATO

paragraphs: The 5.56×45mm NATO round, pronounced "five-five-six", is an intermediate cartridge and the main bullet type used by guns made for NATO militaries. It was first used in the Vietnam War as the main bullet used by the US military.

paragraphs: Early in the Vietnam War, the main gun used by American soldiers was the M14. Many soldiers complained that the 7.62mm NATO round used by the M14 was too heavy and that the gun kicked back too hard to shoot accurately when shooting in full-automatic fire. To solve this problem, the US military decided replace the M14 and the 7.62mm NATO by creating a new assault rifle that would shoot lighter bullets with less kickback. That gun would be the M16A1, the first standard issue gun to fire the 5.56mm NATO bullet.

paragraphs: Even though the M16A1 had many design flaws that would cause the gun to jam, the 5.56 bullet performed well in battle. The 5.56 did so well that the Soviet Union made its own intermediate cartridge, the 5.45 x 39mm, to compete with NATO.

paragraphs: Guns that use the 5.56 include the M16, the M4 carbine, the AR-15, the FAMAS, the G36, the SCAR-L, and the Mini-14.


title: Teatre Sans

paragraphs: Teatre Sans is a small theatre in Palma de Mallorca, capital of the Balearic Islands, Spain, that has been opened for more than 25 years.

paragraphs: The theatre is in a gothic building from the 14th-15th centuries, in the old neighbourhood of the city. In the 15th century it belonged to the island Governor who used it as a marketplace. Later it was used as lodgings. In the 20th century, it became the headquarters of the Republican party where they held political meetings, literary and cultural gatherings and some theatre plays. Later, they also began to offer lectures and talks.

paragraphs: In 1984, the theatre company TRIP TRUP Teatre (later Estudi Zero Teatre ESTUDI ZERO), rented the theatre as a place for reheasals. The theatre company ESTUDI ZERO renovated the old theatre and they are now responsible running not only the theatre, but also the drama school and the café.

paragraphs: The drama school, eScola d'Arts eScéNiques offers drama lessons to children and adults and it is one of the main reasons of the popularity of the theatre.


title: Parliament of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Parliament of Pakistan, officially known as Majlis-e-Shoora (, "Council of Advisors" in Urdu and Persian, although referred to as "Parliament") is the federal and supreme legislative body of Pakistan. It is bicameral federal legislature of Pakistan that consists of the Senate (upper house) and the National Assembly (lower house). According to Article 50 of the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan, the Council also includes the President of Pakistan.


title: Senate of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Senate of Pakistan is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan. Elections are held every three years for one half of the senate and each senator has a term of six years. If the office of the President of Pakistan becomes vacant, or the President is unable to perform his functions, the Chairman of the Senate acts as President until a President is elected.


title: National Assembly of Pakistan

paragraphs: The National Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Pakistan.


title: Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Speaker's is the highest office of the National Assembly of Pakistan. The Speaker presides over the Session composed of the people's representatives elected on the basis of universal franchise. The Speaker is second in the line of succession to the President and he occupies fourth position in the Warrant of Precedence, after the President, the Prime Minister and the Chairman of Senate. In addition, the Speaker is the spokesman of the House to the outside world, and is non-partisan in his approach. In order to exercise the great authority that stems from the respect, affection and consideration which every Member of the House bestows upon the holder of this high office, the Speaker shows complete impartiality in the discharge of his functions. When the National Assembly is dissolved he continues in his office, till a new Speaker is elected


title: Prime Minister of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Prime Minister of Pakistan () "Wazeer-e-A'zam") officially Prime Minister of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is the most senior minister of Pakistan.

paragraphs: The Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly, members of which are elected by popular vote. Most commonly, the leader of the party or coalition with the most votes becomes the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is responsible for appointing a cabinet. The President has the constitutional reserve power to remove the Prime Minister by a dissolution of the National Assembly, triggering new elections.


title: National Security Council of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Prime minister Secretariat National Security Council is a consultative body that is chaired by the President of Pakistan and Prime Minister of Pakistan. It is a principal forum that is mandated for considering national security and foreign policy matters with the senior national security advisors and Cabinet officials. The National Security Council was created by then-President and former Chief of Army Staff (Pakistan) General Pervez Musharraf in April 2004 under the National Security Council Act. The function of the Council has been to advise and assist the President and Prime minister on national security and foreign policies.

paragraphs: The Council serves as a forum for consultation for the president and the federal government on matters of national security including the sovereignty, integrity, defence, and security of the State and crisis management in general. It may also formulate recommendations to the president and the federal government in such matters.


title: Pakistani architecture

paragraphs: Pakistani architecture includes various structures built during different time periods. With the beginning of the Indus Valley civilization around the middle of the 3rd millennium BC, for the first time in the area which encompasses today's Pakistan an advanced urban culture developed with large structural facilities, some of which survive to this day. This was followed by the Gandhara style of Buddhist architecture that borrowed elements from the architecture of ancient Greece. These remnants are visible in the Gandhara capital of Taxila.


title: Pakistani folklore

paragraphs: Pakistan has a wide variety of folklore, mostly circulated regionally. However, certain tales have related variants in other regions of the country or in neighbouring countries. Some folktales like Shirin and Farhad are told in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, and almost all nations of Central Asia and Middle East, with all having claimed the folklore to have originated in their land. "Pakistani mythology" here means the myths and sacred narratives of the culturally and linguistically related group of ancient peoples who inhabited the ancient Pakistan and its borderlands.


title: Dhakeshwari Temple

paragraphs: Dhakeshwari National Temple ( Ðhakeshshori Jatio Mondir) is a famous Hindu temple in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It is state-owned. It is Bangladesh's "National Temple". The name "Dhakeshwari" (ঢাকেশ্বরী Ðhakeshshori) means "Goddess of Dhaka".


title: Mike Grier

paragraphs: Michael James Grier (born January 5, 1975 in Detroit, Michigan) is a retired ice hockey right winger and left winger that played for the Boston University Terriers as well as playing for 15 seasons in the NHL with the Edmonton Oilers, Washington Capitals, San Jose Sharks and the Buffalo Sabres. He was picked by the St. Louis Blues with the 219th overall pick in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He is African American and is one of a small number of black hockey players in the league. He is also the first African American NHL player that was born and trained in the United States.


title: Darcy Tucker

paragraphs: Darcy Tucker (born March 15, 1975 in Castor, Alberta) is a Canadian retired ice hockey winger. Tucker played 16 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Montreal Canadiens, Tampa Bay Lightning, Toronto Maple Leafs and Colorado Avalanche.

paragraphs: He was drafted 151st overall by the Montreal Canadiens in the 1993 NHL Entry draft. He became known in Long Island during the 2002 Stanley Cup playoffs after Tucker delivered a hip check to New York Islanders' captain Michael Peca during game five of the first round. The hit blew out Peca's MCL and ACL on his left knee which ended his season and delayed his entry into the 2002–03 season. There was no penalty given out.

paragraphs: Tucker retired from playing professional ice hockey on October 1, 2010.


title: Pakistan Rangers

paragraphs: The Pakistan Rangers are part of the paramilitary force command in Pakistan.

paragraphs: It consists of members of the Pakistan Army under the direct control of the Ministry of the Interior of the Pakistan Government. The prime objectives of Rangers are to provide and maintain security in hot conflict and war zone areas.