title: Tropical Storm Claudette (1979)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Claudette was a very destructive tropical storm in late July 1979. The storm cut across Puerto Rico, killing one. She then struck eastern Texas and left behind incredible flooding that caused almost $400 million in damage. Claudette was the first of three destructive tropical cyclones in 1979 Atlantic season.


title: Tropical Storm Hermine (2010)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Hermine (also known as Tropical Depression 11-E in the eastern Pacific) was an unusual basin crossing tropical cyclone. The storm struck near Salina Cruz, Mexico before weakening into a low pressure system. It moved north, became Tropical Storm Hermine, intensified and then struck northeastern Mexico. Hermine continued north into Texas and Oklahoma, where it then fizzled out. From Guatemala to Oklahoma, the cyclone killed over 100 people and caused $740 million in damage, 240 million in the United States. Despite the devastation, the name Hermine wasn't retired.


title: Vox (musical equipment)

paragraphs: Vox is a Japanese owned company that makes musical equipment. They are known for their guitar amplifiers, organs, bass guitars and electric guitars. The company was first created in Kent, England. It was sold to the Japanese company Korg in 1992.


title: Cast member

paragraphs: Most television series have a "regular cast" or "main cast". These are the actors who are regularly on the show each week. They are commonly called just "regulars" or "main characters". Programs will often need other actors to play smaller roles in the series. These are called "guest stars". A guest star may only be used for a single episode or they may be used for more than one. This often happens if the character's story goes on for more than one episode. Often, a character will be used for many episodes, but over a long period of time not for episodes shown one after the other. These are called "recurring characters" and are characters that are not "regulars", they are not part of the main cast, but are used many times during the series.

paragraphs: The word cast comes from the Old English word ' "casten" ' or ' "kasta" '(c.1230). The Old English means to throw in, to consider, plot, imagine, and design. This led to its meaning when referring to a "group of actors in a play" (c.1631).


title: Online shopping

paragraphs: Online shopping is the process whereby consumers directly buy goods or services from a seller in real-time, without an intermediary service, over the Internet. It is a form of electronic commerce. An online shop, eshop, e-store, Internet shop, webshop, webstore, online store, or virtual store evokes the physical analogy of buying products or services at a bricks-and-mortar retailer or in a shopping center. The process is called business-to-consumer (B2C) online shopping. When a business buys from another business, it is called business-to-business (B2B) online shopping.

paragraphs: In 1991 the Worldwide Web opened for commercial use. In 1994 other advances took place, such as online banking and the opening of an online pizza shop by Pizza Hut. During that same year, Netscape introduced Secure Sockets Layer encryption of data transferred online, which has become essential for secure online shopping. Also, in 1994, the German company Intershop introduced its first online shopping system. In 1995, Amazon launched its online shopping site, and in 1996, eBay appeared.

paragraphs: A good online store is a website that is easy to navigate and browse for possible purchases. It has a product catalog that customers can use to browse the search criteria (usually a type, price, material, age, etc.), and information about the products, the sellers, and the service center. Online stores may also discuss business conditions and a Complaints Procedure.

paragraphs: If a shopper finds a product to purchase, clicking "send" will add the item to the shopping cart. The shopping cart collects all items to be purchased. Once a shopper is satisfied with their selections, the shopper makes a binding order and payment using a credit card or other financial arrangement. Therefore, implementing usability testing is highly important for an online store to avoid the reduce of overall performances of the online store

paragraphs: In the twenty first century, online shopping has become very popular, especially with the lifestyles of business people who are always busy and are looking for a convenient way to shop.


title: Substrate (chemistry)

paragraphs: In chemistry, a substrate is the chemical species being observed, which reacts with a reagent. What this word means depends on its context. In particular, in biochemistry, an enzyme substrate is the material upon which an enzyme acts.


title: Ovipositor

paragraphs: An ovipositor is the long hollow tube on the rear of female insects (and some other animals). Through this tube they lay eggs. The ovipositor is formed by the union of three pairs of rear appendages.

paragraphs: In many species it is a piercing organ which allows the insect to put its eggs into a specific place. In some species of wasp, the female drills through tree bark with her ovipositor and lays eggs in the bodies of grubs eating under the bark.

paragraphs: However, in many hymenoptera the ovipositor is used as a sting, and the female does not use it for egg-laying.


title: Chrudim

paragraphs: Chrudim is a district town in the Pardubice region of the Czech Republic.

paragraphs: Chrudim lies in the center of Eastern Bohemia is located 11 km south from Pardubice and 110 km east from Prague. Nearby, 3 km distant, is Slatiňany known for its horse breeding.

paragraphs: Archeological research shows the first people lived in the area in the later stone age (500-3500 BC). Slavs came in the 7th century AD. The first written record about Chrudim comes from 1055 AD and makes it officially one of the oldest settlements in eastern Bohemia. In the 13th century Chrudim was established and fortified as a town by the king Přemysl Otakar II.

paragraphs: Chrudim has one of the biggest urban conservation areas, over 52 hectares. It contains the historical center of the city. Chrudim is known for its culture, with many famous actors, musicians and other people. You can find several important museums there. Museum of Puppets in the Mydlář House has one of the biggest collections of puppets in the world. In Chrudim Regional Museum is Kabinet ex libris, where you can admire a huge collection of books. The recently rebuilt museum of baroque statues has nearby gardens.


title: Tenbun

paragraphs: , also known as Tembun or Temmon, was a after "Kyōroku" and before "Kōji." This period started in July 1532 and ended in October 1555. During this time, the emperor was .


title: Nuremberg Zoo

paragraphs: Nuremberg Zoo () is a zoo in the southeast of Nuremberg, Germany. The zoo covers . It has about 300 species of animals and is one of the largest European zoos.


title: Kim Wilson

paragraphs: Kim Wilson (born January 6, 1951 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American blues singer and harp player. He is best known as the harp player and singer of The Fabulous Thunderbirds.

paragraphs: He started with the blues in the late 1960s whenhe was a senior at High school. Wilson was tutored by people like Muddy Waters, Jimmie Rogers, Eddie Taylor, Albert Collins, George "Harmonica" Smith, Luther Tucker and Pee Wee Crayton. He was influenced by harmonica players like Little Walter, James Cotton, Big Walter Horton, Slim Harpo and Lazy Lester. 1974 he went to Austin, Texas where he and the guitarist Jimmie Vaughan formed The Fabulous Thunderbirds. They became the house band at the blues club, Antone's. There they were the backing band of almost every blues act which came to Austin. In the 1980s they had two hits with "Tuff Enuff" and "Wrap It Up."

paragraphs: In the early 1990s he started a solo career but still played with the Thunderbirds. He is doing more than 200 concerts in a year playing in blues clubs and at Festivals around the world.


title: Letters to Juliet

paragraphs: Letters to Juliet is a 2010 American romantic comedy-drama movie. It stars Amanda Seyfried, Chris Egan, Vanessa Redgrave, Gael García Bernal, and Franco Nero. This was the final movie directed by Gary Winick before he died of brain cancer. The movie was released in North America and other countries on May 14, 2010. This movie was inspired by the 2006 non-fiction book, "Letters to Juliet", by Lise Friedman and Ceil Friedman.

paragraphs: When Sophie (Amanda Seyfried), a young American, travels to Verona, Italy — the romantic city where Romeo first met Juliet — she meets a group of volunteers who respond to letters written to Juliet. Sophie finds and answers a letter that has been lost for 50 years, and is stunned when its author Claire (Vanessa Redgrave) arrives in Italy with her handsome but overprotective grandson (Christopher Egan) to find the fiance she left decades before.

paragraphs: Enchanted by Claire's quest, Sophie joins them on an adventure through the beautiful hills of Tuscany searching for Claire's long lost Lorenzo. The journey will change their lives forever, as they discover it's never too late to find true love.


title: John Whitney Hall

paragraphs: John Whitney Hall (September 13, 1916 – October 21, 1997), was an American academic, historian, editor and professor at Yale University.

paragraphs: Hall was born in Kyoto in 1916. He lived in Japan until he was a teenager. According to his wife, "Being brought up in Japan and by missionaries, he was a very straight-arrow kind of person. There is this kind of missionary feeling, that you must make something of this [life], not just throw it away."

paragraphs: At Amherst College, he was awarded a degree in 1939. He returned to Japan an instructor in English at Doshisha University in Kyoto until 1941.

paragraphs: Hall earned his Ph.D. in East Asian languages and literatures from Harvard University in 1950. At Harvard, he became one of the first graduate students to study under Edwin O. Reischauer.

paragraphs: In 1948, Hall began teaching at the University of Michigan.

paragraphs: His earliest book was "Tanuma Okitsugu, 1718-1787". Among other interests, his research focused on the Kamakura period in the history of Japan.

paragraphs: He taught at Yale University until he retired in 1983. Yale's John W. Hall Lecture Series in Japanese Studies was established in his memory.

paragraphs: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about John Whitney Hall, OCLC/WorldCat encompasses roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 8 languages and 10,000+ library holdings

paragraphs: Since 1994, the Association for Asian Studies (AAS) has awarded the John Whitney Hall Book Prize for an English language book published on Japan or Korea.


title: Zork

paragraphs: Zork was one of the first interactive fiction computer games and a descendant of Colossal Cave Adventure. The first version of "Zork" was written in 1977–1979.

paragraphs: "Zork" was originally MIT hacker slang for an unfinished program. The creators named the completed game "Dungeon", but changed it back to "Zork" after receiving a trademark violation notice from the publisher of "Dungeons & Dragons". Zork has also been adapted to a book series.

paragraphs: Three of the original "Zork" programmers joined with others to found Infocom in 1979. That company adapted "Zork" into "Zork I-III", a trilogy of games for most popular small computers of the era. Personal Software published what would become the first part of the trilogy under the name "Zork" when it was first released in 1980, but Infocom later handled the distribution of that game and their later games. Part of the reason for splitting Zork into three different games was that, at the time, micros did not have enough memory and disk storage to handle the entirety of the original game. In the process, more content was added to Zork to make each game stand on its own. A version of "Zork I" was issued as a hidden 'easter egg' in . It has exactly the same text and rules as the original.

paragraphs: "Zork" is set in "the ruins of an ancient empire lying far underground". The player is a nameless adventurer "who is venturing into this dangerous land in search of wealth and adventure". The goal is to return from the "Great Underground Empire" alive with the treasures, ultimately inheriting the title of Dungeon Master. The dungeons are stocked with many novel creatures, objects and locations, among them grues, zorkmids, and Flood Control Dam #3—all of which are referenced by subsequent Infocom text adventures.

paragraphs: FrobozzCo International is a fictional monopoly from the game. FrobozzCo products are littered throughout all "Zork" games, often with humorous effect.

paragraphs: All these are text-only unless otherwise noted.

paragraphs: After a six year hiatus, the following games were produced:


title: Battles of Napoleon

paragraphs: Battles of Napoleon is a 1988 computer wargame by Chuck Kroegel and David Landrey released by Strategic Simulations, Inc.. It was released for the Apple II, Commodore 64 and DOS. "Computer Gaming World" gave it a glowing review, calling it "the game that can keep you satisfied, even addicted, for many years to come." The magazine later awarded it as "Wargame of the Year".


title: Neusis construction

paragraphs: The neusis is a geometric construction method that was used by ancient Greek mathematicians. At that time, people did not have good rules to measure distances. They did not know algebra. So, they studied geometry by moving fixed length sticks around on a piece of paper.

paragraphs: The neusis construction (from Greek νεῦσις from νεύειν "neuein" "incline towards"; plural: νεύσεις "neuseis") fits a line element of given length ("a") in between two given lines ("l" and "m"), in such a way that the line element, or its extension, passes through a given point "P". That is, one end of the line element has to lie on "l", the other end on "m", while the line element is "inclined" towards "P".

paragraphs: A neusis construction might be performed by means of a 'Neusis Ruler': a marked ruler that is rotatable around the point "P" (this may be done by putting a pin into the point "P" and then pressing the ruler against the pin). In the figure, one end of the ruler is marked with a yellow eye with crosshairs: this is the origin of the scale division on the ruler. A second marking on the ruler (the blue eye) indicates the distance "a" from the origin. The yellow eye is moved along line "l", until the blue eye coincides with line "m". The position of the line element thus found is shown in the figure as a dark blue bar.

paragraphs: Point "P" is called the pole of the neusis, line "l" the directrix, or guiding line, and line "m" the catch line. Length "a" is called the "diastema" (διάστημα; Greek for "distance").

paragraphs: "Neuseis" have been important because they sometimes provide a means to solve geometric problems that are not solvable by means of compass and straightedge alone. Examples are the trisection of any angle in three equal parts, or the construction of a regular heptagon. Mathematicians such as Archimedes of Syracuse (287–212 BC) freely used "neuseis". Slowly, the Greeks stopped using it.

paragraphs: T. L. Heath, the historian of mathematics, thought that the Greek mathematician Oenopides (ca. 440 BC) was the first to put compass and straightedge constructions above "neuseis". Hippocrates of Chios (ca. 430 BC) may have spread the idea that mathematicians should avoid "neuseis" whenever possible. He came from the same island as Oenopides, and who was—as far as we know—the first to write a systematically ordered geometry textbook. One hundred years after him, Euclid also said bad things about "neuseis" in his very influential textbook, "The Elements".

paragraphs: The next attack on the neusis came when, from the fourth century BC, Plato's idealism gained ground. Under its influence, a hierarchy of three classes of geometrical constructions was developed. Descending from the "abstract and noble" to the "mechanical and earthly", the three groups were:

paragraphs: In the end, the Greek mathematicians thought that using a neusis was acceptable only when the two other, higher groups of constructions did not offer a solution. Neusis became a kind of last resort that was invoked only when all other, more respectable, methods had failed. Using neusis where other construction methods might have been used, was branded by the late Greek mathematician Pappus of Alexandria (ca. 325 AD) as "a not inconsiderable error".


Eishō


title: Acute accent

paragraphs: The acute accent ( ´ ) is a mark in many written languages. It is usually added above a vowel to show how to say it. Acute accents are sometimes added to consonants too. Sometimes, the acute accent changes the sound of the whole word by giving it stress in a sentence. This accent is part of many modern languages that use Latin, Cyrillic, and Greek alphabets. The acute accent is one of many similar marks called diacritics.

paragraphs: The acute accent was first used in Ancient Greece. It told the speaker when to say a syllable with a high pitch. Another early accent mark was the apex. In Latin the apex marked long vowels.

paragraphs: The acute accent is mainly used to tell readers about the sound of vowels in words. Sometimes it is very important to the meaning because it shows the difference between two similar words. For example, "resume" may mean to start again, but "résumé" is a summary of someone's work and school experience. Some languages use the accent to show the same changes in sounds, but others use it differently. The acute accent may show:

paragraphs: Some languages use the accent to actually make new letters. Both Faroese and Icelandic add the acute accent to all of their vowels to make new letters. These letters, á, í, ó, ú and ý (plus é in Icelandic) are separate letters with different pronunciations. In Turkmen, the letter is a consonant: .

paragraphs: Many languages have borrowed words from French. Many Norwegian words which came from French keep an acute accent. Some examples are: "allé", "kafé", "idé", "komité". Swedish examples include "café" and "resumé" (noun). Examples in English include: "attaché", "canapé", "cliché", "communiqué", "café", "décor", "fiancé", "passé", "toupée" and "touché". However, sometimes writers forget or choose not to use the accent mark.

paragraphs: Some languages such as Arabic, Persian, or Japanese do not use alphabets. Some writers use the acute accent to tell how the words should sound when words from these languages are written in English. This is more common in older books and less common today.

paragraphs: The ISO-8859-1 and Windows-1252 character encodings included "á", "é", "í", "ó", "ú", "ý". They also had how letters and accents looked when they were written as capital letters. Unicode has many more letters with the acute accent.

paragraphs: To make an accented letter in a Microsoft Office software (Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.), users hold the key and press the apostrophe key once. Then, let the key go, and press the letter they want.

paragraphs: On Apple Macintosh computers, users press "option-e" and then the vowel. Vowels can also be capitalised. For example, users make á by pressing "option-e" and then 'a'. Pressing "Option-e" and then "Shift-a" makes Á.

paragraphs: On Wikipedia, users make these symbols by clicking on a link in a box. Some other websites work the same way.


title: Sonitpur

paragraphs: Sonitpur is a major district of Assam, India.

paragraphs: The name "Sonitpur" as well as "Tezpur" literally means "the city of blood".

paragraphs: It reminds of the romantic legend of Usha and Anirudha. The legend revolves around Banasura, the great Asura king of ancient Tezpur, his beautiful daughter Usha and her friend Chitralekha. The princess saw a handsome prince in her dreams and fell in love with him. Chitralekha, a talented artist, not only painted his portrait from Usha's description but recognised him to be Aniruddha, the grandson of Lord Krishna and ruler of Dwarka. Using her magical powers, Chitralekha spirited Aniruddha away to the princess' boudoir where the two married each other according to Gandharva rites, without the knowledge of the king. When Banasura learnt of the clandestine romance, he imprisoned Aniruddha, which led to the arrival of Lord Krishna to rescue his grandson. A fierce battle followed and the entire city was drenched in human blood, hence the name Sonitpur or Tezpur, i.e. ‘the city of blood’ .

paragraphs: The story of eternal love between Usha and Aniruddha finds expression in many stories, novels, dramas, dance-dramas, movies.

paragraphs: Sir Edward A. Gait ( 1897) had made reference to the nine line inscription of Harjjar Varma in his ‘’A History of Assam.’’ The inscription is the first recorded history of Assam and dates back to 829 A.D. The inscription was found engraved on a massive

paragraphs: stone some two kms away from Tezpur town situated near a temple called Rudrapad.

paragraphs: Salastambha dynasty ruled Kamrupa from seventh to Tenth century A.D. The accurate boundary of their kingdom is debatable. But the erstwhile Darrang was certainly a part of the kingdom. They shifted their capital from Pragjyotishpur to Haruppeswara, or Hatappeswara- the present day Tezpur. The famous King of the dynasty Harjjar Varma, besides other things had excavated a large pond in 70 acres of land, later came to be known as Hajara Pukhuri ( Harjjara Pukhuri ).Pal dynasty ruled Haruppeswara till the 12th century. The most famous ruler of the Pal dynasty was Brahmapal.

paragraphs: After the Pal dynasty’’ the royal dominance of the Koch Kings in the west and the Ahoms in the east started growing. During the 14th and 15th century a large part of the western bank of Brahmaputra from Singri in the west and Sootea in the east was ruled by the Bara-Bhuyans. The great saint poet Sri Sri Shankardeva belonged to Bara-Bhuyan family, who settled at Rowta in Darrang District. The Ahom King Suhungmung alias Dihingia Raja occupied the territories of the Bara-Bhuyans on the north in 1505 A.D.The Koch King Biswa Sinha rose to power in 1515 A.D. King Naranarayana who ascended the thorne in about 1540 A. D. divided his Kingdom into two parts. He had given the eastern part to the son of his brother Chilarai and the western part of the kingdom to his own son Lakshminarayana. But soon after their ascension as kings, fatricidal war broke out and Lakshminarayana sought refuge with the Mughals which eventually led to invasion of Kamrup by the Mughals. Balinarayana, one of the brothers of Pariksitnarayana fled away to Gorgaon to seek the help of the Ahom king Swargadew Pratapsingha. Pratapsingha christened Balinarayana as Dharmanarayana, made him the king of Darrang and declared war against the Mughals (1616-1637 A.D.). The Ahoms defeated the mighty Mughals in the Bharali war and re-occupied Darrang from the Mughals. King Dharmanarayana made supreme sacrifice in Singari war in 1638. His son Sundarnarayana ascended the throne and became the king of Darrang.(excluding Tezpur). On the other hand, the Ahoms ruled the eastern part of Darrang ( present Sonitpur) through Kalia Bhomora Borphukan, stationed at Kaliabor. The Ahom Kings resettled many people in the southern part of Brahmaputra.

paragraphs: The British annexed the then Assam into the Indian British Empire in 1826. After1826 the Lower Assam and the Central Assam (Darrang, Nagaon and Raha) were made one division which extended up to Biswanath. The division was placed under one Administrative Officer designated as the Principal Assistant to the Commissioner. The Upper Assam portion was left to the native rulers with supervisory control under a British political agent with political headquarters at Biswanath. Captain Neufville was the political agent for Upper Assam. Darrang Division was administered till 1833 from Guwahati.

paragraphs: Darrang was converted into a district and Mangaldai was made the district Headquarter in 1833. But due to various reasons the British shifted the head quarter to Tezpur in 1835. The district comprised of two sub-divisions, Tezpur sadar sub-division and Mangaldoi sub-division with head quarter at Mangaldoi. The District of Darrang was divided in to six Revenue Circles under one Sub-Deputy Collector in each Circle. There was one Transferred area in the district at Charduar. An Asst. Political Officer was posted at Charduar under the Deputy Commissioner who acted as Political Officer.

paragraphs: Tezpur was a small township then. The British developed Tezpur as a small garrison township. Later, tea gardens were set-up throughout the district. The old steamarghat at Jahajghat, the Dak-Bungalow, the then Chummery compound at present Don-Bosco School campus, the Planters Club of Tezpur (Stations Club), the Jahajghat Railway Station, the Church of Ephiphany etc. and many tea gardens are some of the examples of the contributions of the British.

paragraphs: There is no specific information about the alignment of the people of the district in the earlier struggle for liberation waged by the princely and upper class people in Upper Assam from 1828 to 1857. But, with the spread of western education during the last part of the 19th century a new awakening surcharged the patriots of the land.

paragraphs: Few years before the birth of the Indian National Congress in Bombay in 1885, the Tezpur Ryot Sabha was formed by a group of enlightened people primarily to protest against the enhancement of land revenue and to ventilate other public grievances .

paragraphs: The Tezpur Ryot Sabha sent Kali Krishna Barkakoti to as its delegate to the National Congress in 1885. It had played an active role in early period of the freedom struggle.

paragraphs: The All Assam Student Association formed in 1916 worked in the district under the leadership of Chandra Nath Sarma.

paragraphs: In June, 1921, the Tezpur District Congress Committee was formed under the presidency of Chandra Nath Sarma.

paragraphs: In August 1921, Mahatma Gandhi visited Tezpur and recorded his impression of the visit in Young India in the article "From the Bank of Brahmaputra".

paragraphs: In 1934 Mahatma Gandhi visited Tezpur again during the course of Civil Disobedience Movement.

paragraphs: In the final phase of British Period the Quit India Movement gained momentum with the slogan "Do or Die" in places like Tezpur, Sootea, Gohpur, Dhekiajuli and Jamuguri.

paragraphs: On 10th September 1942, at Gohpur a young girl led a procession of unarmed villagers under Congress flag. She was Kanaklata Barua – a girl from Barangabari village. As soon as Kanaklata unfurled the flag she and her companion Mukunda Kakati were gunned down by the armed Police. The saga of her heroic sacrifice is still remembered with pride.

paragraphs: On the same day at Dhekiajuli Police Station eleven unarmed villagers were gunned down by the armed Police while trying to hoist the tri-color at the Police Station - three of them were teen-aged girls- Tileswari, Numali and Khahuli .

paragraphs: Finally, the British era had come to an end on 15th August "1947" when India gained her Independence in the midnight of 14th August.

paragraphs: The administration set up by the British continued even after Independence. Darrang district with head quarter at Tezpur continued as an important district of Assam.

paragraphs: Towards 1961, Tezpur started to become a center of Trade and Commerce. A year later, in 1962, war broke out with China. The Chinese Army advanced up-to Sessa near Bhalukpung. People started fleeing from their homes. The war had left a bitter experience in the minds of the people of the district.

paragraphs: In 1983, Darrang district was bifurcated. Tezpur sadar sub-division was named as Sonitpur district with an outlying Sub-Division at Biswanath Chariali. Mangaldoi sub-division was named as Darrang district.

paragraphs: On 15th August, 2000, another Sub-Division namely Gohpur Sub-Division was carved out from the erstwhile Biswanath Sub-Division.

paragraphs: Two major events in the field of communication and education can be cited as landmarks in post-independence history of the district. The first one being the construction of Kalia Bhomora Bridge and its inauguration on 14th April,1987, by Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India. The second one is the establishment of a Central University at Napaam named as Tezpur University.

paragraphs: In the cultural front one can very well name the trio of Assamese culture who were born in the district. The post independence era had seen their talents flourishing which had not only enriched the cultural horizon of the district but has also contributed to formation of a composite Assamese culture.


title: Velvet Revolution

paragraphs: Velvet Revolution (Czech: Sametová revoluce, Slovak: Nežná revolúcia) is a name for political changes in Czechoslovakia between November 17 and December 29, 1989. It ended with the fall of the one-party government of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and start of the democratization process. The name "Velvet" was chosen for its softness.

paragraphs: After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia ended the Prague Spring in August 1968, censorship began again and the Communist Party expelled a lot of its members. This event during the 1970s is known as Normalization. Despite these events, the economic situation in Czechoslovakia was better than in other countries of Eastern Bloc (for example in Poland or Hungary).

paragraphs: The Velvet Revolution started at an official event for 50th anniversary of the closing of Czechoslovakian universities on November 17, 1939 by the Nazis in Prague. This event continued after its official end and was violently ended by state police on the street "Národní třída". In following days people organized meetings for protest against the actions of state police. 750-800 thousand people were at one of the biggest protests on November 25.

paragraphs: On November 19, the Civic Forum, the political movement which led the dialogue with the communist government, was created in The Drama Club in Prague. The same day, the movement "Public Against Violence" was created in Bratislava.

paragraphs: On November 27 a general strike took place. On this day there was a protest at Wenceslas Square with 300,000 people. Its main slogan was "Konec vlády jedné strany" - "End of one-part government".

paragraphs: Václav Havel was named as president of Czechoslovakia on December 29, 1989. He was the first non-communist president of Czechoslovakia since 1948.


title: Infocom

paragraphs: Infocom was a software company, based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, that produced numerous works of interactive fiction. They also produced one notable business application, a relational database called "Cornerstone". It is also credited for creating the DOS game series Zork. The company bought by Activision in 1986.


title: Gemology

paragraphs: Gemology or gemmology is the science of dealing with natural and artificial gems and gemstones. It is considered a geoscience and a branch of mineralogy. Some jewelers are trained gemologists and are qualified to identify and evaluate gems.


title: Didcot power stations

paragraphs: Didcot Power Station refers to a combined coal and oil power plant (Didcot A Power Station) and a natural-gas power plant (Didcot B Power Station) that supply the National Grid. They are right next to one another in the civil parish of Sutton Courtenay, next to the town of Didcot in Oxfordshire (formerly in Berkshire), in the UK. The combined power stations feature a chimney which is one of the taller structures in the United Kingdom, and six hyperbolic cooling towers, which can be seen from much of the surrounding area. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and three cooling towers have been demolished.

paragraphs: This was the first power station here. It is the biggest one with the big cooling towers (that make the cooling water cooler and make lots of steam) that are in two groups. One group is northwest, the other group is southeast. The power station can make up to 2000 megawatts (2000 million watts - an 'average' lightbulb uses only 50 or 60 watts) at any one time. Didcot 'A' mainly burns coal, but can also burn oil, or in some cases gas. This power station can use some biomass such as wood. The fuel (coal, oil and so on) is first ground up in big mills if it is solid (similar to old flour windmills, but powered by electric motors) to give it a large surface area, and is then blown into a large boiler with lots of air. Here it is burnt to make very high pressure steam, which is used to turn a large steam turbine. This turbine is connected to a generator, which makes the electricity that is then sent out on the National Grid. Didcot A was closed in 2013 and has been demolished. There are now (2018) only three of the large cooling towers left.

paragraphs: This is the second power station in Didcot and is run only on gas. It can put out almost 1500 megawatts and uses gas turbines (like in an airplane) and steam turbines (like in the old power station) together to be more efficient. This is called combined cycle gas turbines (CCGT). It has smaller cooling towers that can't be seen as easily, but that make a more obvious cloud that appears to come from the ground. Didcot B is still operating in 2018.


title: Samgyetang

paragraphs: Samgyetang is Korean ginseng chicken soup. It’s a very healthy food during the summer, especially on the three days called ‘bok day’s.

paragraphs: Samgyetang is made of a whole young chicken stuffed with sticky rice, ginseng, jujube, garlic, and ginger. The chicken is “closed” shut and cooked in a soup. The richness of the broth depends on the style of the cook, as is the added ingredients that may be added. Some Samgyetang broths are cooked for hours. This broth is added to the chicken cooking separately to create a very rich soup. Other broths are lighter and clear. It’s a matter of preference.

paragraphs: Samgyetang is usually served with salt and pepper, which is put in a small separate dish to dip the meat. Some people like to add the seasoning directly into the soup. It is usually served with kkakdugi (radish kimchi) and some restaurants will offer regular kimchi as well.


title: Sesame oil

paragraphs: Sesame oil is a vegetable oil made from the sesame plant. It is used a lot in Asian cooking.

paragraphs: The English term sesame traces back to the Arabic "simsim", Coptic "semsem", and early Egyptian "semsent". "Semsent" was listed in the Ebers Papyrus, a 65-feet-long scroll listing ancient herbs and spices discovered by the famous German Egyptologist, Ebers. The earliest recorded use of a spice - sesame seed - comes from an Assyrian myth which claims that the gods drank sesame wine the night before they created the earth. Sesamum indicum, (indicum meaning "from India") is native to the East Indies. Usage dates back to 3000 B.C. Over 5,000 years ago, the Chinese burned sesame oil not only as a light source but also to make soot for their ink-blocks. African slaves brought sesame seeds, which they called benné seeds, to America, where they became a popular ingredient in southern dishes. Through the ages, the seeds have been a source of food and oil. Sesame seed oil is still the main source of fat used in cooking in the Near East and Far East.

paragraphs: Good sesame oil has a strong smell when it is opened. The color should be bright brown or gold. It should be kept at . If it is too cold, the oil would be solid and lose its smell. Sesame oil can go bad if it is exposed to air and sunlight. Therefore it is better kept on a shelf or a sideboard. A dark brown bottle is better than a plain one, because the brown one can protect the oil from the sunlight better. The bottle should be closed tightly to keep air out.

paragraphs: Many things affect the price. Oil content is the most important. Usually a bottle of sesame oil has 40~55%. The more oil content it has, the higher price it has. Another element is country of origin. Also if you buy it made from a factory it would cost less than oil made in a country house by a farmer.


title: Gristmill

paragraphs: A grist mill (usually flour mill in Britsh English) grinds grain into flour. Most old ones are watermills.

paragraphs: They typically have a waterwheel and between 1 and 3 stones for grinding, although some have more. Water is supplied to the wheel causing it to spin. This movement causes an axle inside to turn. The axle is connected to a gear which causes the grinding stones to spin. At the top, there is a chute filled with grain. The grain slowly falls through into the grinding stones.

paragraphs: There are different ways to transmit power from the waterwheel to the stones. The simplest method is known as single-geared drive. Only one set of gears is used to drive a single stone. This arrangement was used since vertical waterwheels were used in gristmills and was still used until the 19th century. Another method was known as spur-wheel drive. This method used a set of bevelled gears that drive a horizontal 'spur-wheel', a large gearwheel that would then drive up to 3 or 4 millstones. Another arrangement was known as layshaft drive. The waterwheel would drive a horizontal 'layshaft' with gears mounted on it. Each gear would drive one set of stones.


title: The Kiss (Klimt painting)

paragraphs: The painting The Kiss (original "Der Kuss") is the work painted by Gustav Klimt. He began to paint it in 1907 and it is one of the famous works in his 'Golden Period'. The Österreichische Galerie Belvedere museum, in the Belvedere palace, in Vienna, Austria is exhibiting the painting.

paragraphs: The painting shows a couple embracing each other with gold leaf on canvas. The man is kissing the woman, who has green hair. Klimt has said he had obsession for the woman with redheads, and it was reflected in the woman in his painting.

paragraphs: The man and woman are on a flowery grassland. According to the psychoanalytical and biological distinction, Klimt expressed them in different ways. The man wearing a robe with black, white and gray rectangles is described in a rough way, while the woman is expressed with the smooth figures such as a circle, a curve, and flowery patterns. Her hair is also combined with flowers; it looks like she is surrounded with flowers. On the contrary, the part outside the couple in the painting is filled with flat patterning which has small gleaming dots.

paragraphs: "The Kiss" represents fin-de-siècle spirit because it shows a decadence through opulent and sybaritic images. Also, the painting has some styles recalling the arts of other period. Of them, by using gold leaf, the painting reflects medieval "gold-ground" paintings and earlier mosaics, and the spiral patterns in the clothes recall Bronze Age art.

paragraphs: In the Kiss, Klimt portrays woman as the femme fatale who is a beautiful woman attracting men sexually but brings them unhappiness. It is said that the woman modeled for the painting, however, his life companion Emilie Flöge,who participated as the Viennese bohemian (Bohemianism) and fin-de-siecle circles like Klimt.


title: Asbestosis

paragraphs: Asbestosis is a disease of the lungs caused by inhaling fibers of asbestos. It is not to be confused with mesothelioma, a cancer of the lungs which is also caused by inhaling asbestos fibers. Asbestosis has been the subject of many lawsuits, and many lawyers specialize in asbestosis and mesothelioma.


title: Mesothelioma

paragraphs: Mesothelioma is a cancer of the "mesothelial" tissue, a membrane that surrounds several cavities inside of the human body, including the lungs. Although mesothelioma has many possible causes, most cases can be traced to asbestos exposure.

paragraphs: Mesothelioma is a deadly form of cancer. Most patients are diagnosed in their 60s and die at around age 70. It is different from asbestosis, another disease caused by asbestos. Mesothelioma has been the subject of many lawsuits.


title: Annie Raines

paragraphs: Annie Raines (born 3 July 1969 near Boston, Massachusetts) is an American harp player, piano player and singer.

paragraphs: Raines took up the harmonica at the age of 17. She left Antioch College to make a musical career. She was fascinated by the sound of Muddy Waters, Little Walter Jacobs, and Sonny Boy Williamson. She was influenced by this blues master. She began to play on the streets and at local Boston clubs. She went to Chicago where she met and played with Pinetop Perkins and James Cotton. She played in Chicagos blues clubs. During this time she developed a style of her own.

paragraphs: She teamed with guitarist Paul Rishell who introduced her to the country blues tradition.


title: Carey Bell

paragraphs: Carey Bell (*14 November 1936 in Macon, Mississippi - † 6 May 2007 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues musician. He played the harmonica and bass in the Chicago blues style.

paragraphs: He was born Carey Bell Harrington. As child he liked the music of Louis Jordan. He wanted to play saxophon. The family was to poor to buy one. So he started to play the harmonica. The harmonica is also known as "Mississippi saxophon. He tought himself to play the instrument. Soon Bell heard the music by the blues harmonica greats: DeFord Bailey, Big Walter Horton, Little Walter and Sonny Boy Williamson I and II. At the age of 13 he joined of his pianist godfather with Lovie Lee's blues band.

paragraphs: In September 1956 he went to Chicago where he met Little Walter and his main mentor Big Walter Horton. The tought him some harp playing. To improve the possibility to find a job as musician he learned to play the electric bass. He played bass in several bands . In the late 1960s, he appeared regularly on the west side of Chicago with guitarists Eddie Taylor and Royal Johnson, playing both harmonica and bass. In 1969 Delmark Records released Bells first album "Carey Bell's Blues Harp". In the late 1970s and 1971 Bell played with Muddy Waters. Later he played for Willie Dixon´s Chicago Blues All-Stars. In 1972 he recorded with Big Walter Horton "Big Walter Horton with Carey Bell" for Alligator Records.

paragraphs: During the 1980s Bell continued to record for various labels and to tour. In 1990 Bell recorded with harpists Junior Wells, James Cotton and Billy Branch "Harp Attack"!.. Harp Attack is still one of Alligator Records best selling albums. Although he worked a lot for Alligator his first solo album was "Deep Down" not till 1995. In 1998 he received the Blues Music Award for Traditional Male Artist Of The Year. Second Nature followed in 2004 an album he recorded with his guitarist son Lurrie Bell.

paragraphs: Carey Bell died of heart failure on May 6, 2007, in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Babi

paragraphs: In Egyptian mythology, Babi, also Baba, was god in the form of a baboon. His name is translated as "Bull of the baboons". This basically means "Alpha male of all baboons" or the chief of the baboons. Because Baboons have many human characteristics, it was believed that they were dead ancestors.

paragraphs: Because baboons were thought to be the dead, Babi was felt to be an underworld deity.


title: Khepri

paragraphs: Khepri is a god in Egyptian mythology. He is a sun god who is often believed to be the third form of Ra, because of this he has a connection to rebirth. Khepri is the god of scarabs and Dung beetles. Looking at the actions of dung beetles pushing around small balls of dung, it was believed that Khepri was the god who pushed the sun in its orbit.


title: Appendage

paragraphs: Appendages are parts of animals attached the main body. Many arthropods have appendages on each, or most, of their segments. Millipedes, for example, have many segments, and almost all carry two legs. Insects have exactly six legs, two on each segment of the thorax. Antennae (feelers) attached to their heads are another type of appendage.

paragraphs: Wings, parts of the tail, legs, some mouthparts, external sex organs can all be described as appendages.

paragraphs: Appendages may be uniramous, as in insects and centipedes, where each appendage comprises a single series of segments, or it may be biramous, as in many crustaceans, where each appendage branches into two sections.

paragraphs: All arthropod appendages are variations of the same basic structure (homologous). Which structure is produced is controlled by homeobox genes. Changes to these genes have allowed scientists to produce animals (such as "Drosophila melanogaster") with modified appendages, such as legs instead of antennae.


title: Ministry of Defence (UK)

paragraphs: The United Kingdom Ministry of Defence is a Britsh government department headed by the Secretary of State for Defence in the Cabinet. It controls the administration of the British Armed Forces.

paragraphs: The present Ministry is a post-World War II creation, joining the Admiralty, the War Office, the Air Ministry and part of the Ministry of Aviation. Ministers of State supervise each of the three armed services, and a Joint Chiefs of Staff committee is led by the professional heads of the three services.


title: Terraria

paragraphs: Terraria is an action-adventure/RPG indie game released by independent game studio "Re-Logic" on May 16, 2011. It was originally available on Microsoft Windows, but different ports are available on the Xbox Live, Playstation, Android, iOS, Windows Phone, and 3DS. It is a 2D side-scrolling format, similar to Mario or Mega Man.

paragraphs: It is a wide-open sandbox style game; players may edit the terrain and go anywhere they want to.

paragraphs: There are a wide variety of materials (Called "blocks" or "tiles") that players can use, such as Dirt Blocks, Stone Blocks, Copper Ore, Wood, and many more. Players need the right tools to mine any block.

paragraphs: The game begins with the player creating a custom character, and then is placed in a computer-generated world. The players begins with only a few Copper tools, which are used to gather wood, mine blocks, and attack monsters. From these basic Copper tools, the player moves up to stronger armor and weapons. There are bosses in Terraria that the player must defeat. Terraria is much like Minecraft, but it is only two dimensional and includes many more items and bosses.

paragraphs: In Terraria, the music changes depending on which biome/area the player is in. It can also change if the player is fighting a boss, like the Eye of Cthulhu for example.


title: One-party dominant state

paragraphs: The one-party dominant state is a system of majority rule where one political party has successively won election victories by a very large majority and is, therefore, the dominant ruling party, which does not have to form coalitions (alliances) with other smaller political parties as a result.

paragraphs: The one-party dominant state differs from a one-party state, because opposition parties against the dominant ruling party are allowed, but have no real chance of gaining power.

paragraphs: Many one-party dominant states are dictatorships where only one party can by law be in control, but some one-party dominant states are real democracies, where there are no limits by law against other parties.

paragraphs: A case of this was Mexico, where Presidential candidates (the person running for this governmental office) of the Institutional Revolutionary Party were popularly elected for more than 70 years.

paragraphs: In South Africa, the National Party of South Africa ruled from 1948 to 1994 and imposed apartheid. With the democratization of the country and the election of Nelson Mandela in 1994, African National Congress became the ruling party, winning every election since then.

paragraphs: In one-party dominant states that are dictatorships, the ruling party often stays in power through electoral fraud and gerrymandering, and also by suppressing the opposition who don't accept this for moral reasons, which totally undermines the political legitimacy of the ruling party and the system.


title: O. Henry

paragraphs: O. Henry was the pen name of the American writer William Sydney Porter (September 11, 1862 – June 5, 1910). O. Henry's short stories are well known for their clever twist endings.

paragraphs: O. Henry, pseudonym of William Sydney Porter, original name William Sidney Porter(born Sept. 11, 1862, Greensboro, N.C., U.S.—died June 5, 1910, New York, N.Y.) American short-story writer whose tales romanticized the commonplace—in particular the life of ordinary people in New York City. His stories expressed the effect of coincidence on character through humour, grim or ironic, and often had surprise endings, a device that became identified with his name and cost him critical favour when its vogue had passed.


title: Kenneth G. Wilson

paragraphs: Kenneth Geddes Wilson (June 8, 1936 – June 15, 2013) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize winner.

paragraphs: As an undergraduate at Harvard, he was a Putnam Fellow. He earned his PhD from Caltech in 1961, studying under Murray Gell-Mann.

paragraphs: He became a junior faculty member in Cornell University Physics Department in 1963. He became a full professor in 1970. In 1974, he became the James A. Weeks Professor of Physics at Cornell. He was a co-winner of the Wolf Prize in physics in 1980, together with Michael E. Fisher and Leo Kadanoff. He got the 1982 Nobel Prize in Physics for combining quantum field theory and the statistical theory of critical phenomena of second-order phase transitions. In other words the prize was for his constructive theory of the renormalization group. In this theory he gave not only important, and even numerical, insights to the field of critical statics and dynamics in statistical physics, but indirectly also basic answers to the question: "What is quantum field theory?" and "What does renormalization mean?". He also gave a constructive answer to another important "renormalization" problem from solid-state physics, the Kondo effect.

paragraphs: He advocated that the federal government should buy supercomputers for science research. In 1985, he was appointed as Cornell's Director of the Center for Theory and Simulation in Science and Engineering (known now as the Cornell Theory Center, one of five national supercomputer center created by the National Science Foundation. Since 1988, Dr. Wilson has been a faculty member at The Ohio State University. His current research interests include physics education research.

paragraphs: Some of his PhD students include Roman Jackiw, Steve Shenker, and Michael Peskin.

paragraphs: Wilson's father was the prominent chemist E. Bright Wilson, and his brother David is also a Professor at Cornell in the department of Molecular Biology and Genetics.

paragraphs: Wilson died on June 19, 2013 from lymphoma in Saco, Maine, aged 77.


title: Tenshō (Momoyama period)

paragraphs: The "nengō" "Tenshō" means "Heavenly Virtue".

paragraphs: Oda Nobunaga suggested that a new era should begin in 1573. The general meaning of Tenshō was "heavenly righteousness".

paragraphs: In 1589-1590 (in the 23rd year of the reign of King Seonjo of Joseon), a diplomatic mission led by Hwang Yun-gil was sent to Japan. The Joseon ambassador was received by Hideyoshi.

paragraphs: The fictional plot of the classic Akira Kurosawa film "The Seven Samurai" takes place in the 15th year of "Tenshō".


title: Bunroku

paragraphs: The "nengō" "Bunroku" means "Enlightened Benevolence".

paragraphs: Land reform and a general census of the population and a national survey are undertaken in 1589-1595.


title: Marcos de Niza

paragraphs: Fray Marcos de Niza (– March 25, 1558) was a Franciscan friar. He was born in Nice ("de Niza" means "of Nice" in Spanish), which was at that time under the control of the Italian House of Savoy. He went to America in 1531, and explored the area above Sonora.


title: Apex (diacritic)

paragraphs: In written Latin, the apex (plural: "apices") is a diacritic. It is close to the shape of an acute accent ( ´ ). The apex is used to show that a vowel is long and not short. That means that the vowel is pronounced for longer.

paragraphs: The shape and length of the apex can be different. It can even sometimes be different within the same writing. While pretty much all apices are made up of a line sloping up to the right, the line can be more or less curved, and is different in length from less than half the height of a letter to more than the height of a letter. Sometimes, it is put at the top with a hook, pointing out to the left. Rather than being centered over the vowel it changes, the apex is often drawn to the right.

paragraphs: Later, it developed into the acute accent, which is still used in some languages to mark vowel length. In particular, Czech and Slovak, Hungarian, Irish, and (a long time ago) Icelandic.

paragraphs: Although not really known by some modern Latinists, the sign was actually used a lot during classical and postclassical times. The reason why it is not usually noticed is probably because of its smallish size and the fact that it is usually quite thin. People who look carefully will soon start to notice apices in the exhibits of any museum, not only in many of the more formal epigraphic writings, but also in handwritten palaeographic things.

paragraphs: Forgetting the apex, modern Latin spelling has recently started marking long vowels by using the macron. The macron is a sign that had always been used, and still is, to mark metrically long "syllables" (more recently called "heavy" syllables). This has caused confusion between syllable and vowel length in Latin, and most western dictionaries still cannot describe the nature of Latin vowels properly because of this. To make even more confusion, the acute accent is sometimes used in Latin to mark stressed syllables, just like in Spanish, when the macron is not used.

paragraphs: The apex is often thought to be the opposite of another ancient Latin diacritic, the sicilicus, which is said to have been used above "consonants" to show that they should be pronounced as doubles. However, in his article "Apex and Sicilicus", Revilo P. Oliver says that they are the same sign, a "geminationis nota". This was used over any letter to show that the letter should be read twice.

paragraphs: If Revilo P. Oliver is right, the apex as a sign showing vowel length would have been made in the time when long vowels were written double. Then, when long vowels were not regularly written twice.

paragraphs: However, Oliver's view that the two marks were the same has recently been challenged.


title: Differential geometry

paragraphs: Differential geometry is a field of mathematics. It uses differential and integral calculus as well as linear algebra to study problems of geometry. The theory of the plane, as well as curves and surfaces in Euclidean space are the basis of this study. Big discoveries were made in the 18th and 19th century. In geometry, the sum of the angles of a triangle is 180 degrees. Carl Friedrich Gauß wondered whether triangle bearings of ships really has a sum of angles of exactly 180 degrees; with this question he was among the pioneers of modern differential geometry.

paragraphs: A long time ago, differential geometry was used for map projections. Today, it is used for fields as diverse as general relativity theory, or satellite navigation. Grigori Perelman's proof of the Poincaré conjecture uses differential geometry.


title: New Azerbaijan Party

paragraphs: The New Azerbaijan Party ("Yeni Azərbaycan Partiyası", YAP) is the ruling political party in Azerbaijan since 1993.

paragraphs: It was formed on 18 December 1992 by the former President of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev, who led it until his retirement and death in 2003. It is now led by his son, Ilham Aliyev, who succeeded his father as the party leader and as President of Azerbaijan since October 31, 2003. The founder of the party, Heydar Aliyev, was a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union until July 1991 before the collapse of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan later that year. The headquarters of the party is in the capital city Baku.

paragraphs: The party's stated ideologies are lawfulness, secularism, and Azerbaijani nationalism. It wants to build a "social-oriented" economy, meaning a middle path between socialism and "laissez-faire" capitalism (a mixed economy), and lists civil solidarity and social justice as the basis of its ideology.


title: Tonga at the Olympics

paragraphs: Tonga has been in seven Olympic Summer Games. They have never been in the Winter Games.

paragraphs: Tonga was the smallest independent nation to win an Olympic medal. Super Heavyweight Boxer Paea Wolfgram won a silver medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: Tonga wanted to enter a delegation for the 2010 Winter Olympics. The Tonga Amateur Sports Association (TASA) said they had one athlete to compete in the luge event. In December 2008, two male athletes were selected to travel to Germany for training, but only one of them would be at the Olympics. Bruno Banani was selected as Tonga's candidate. He failed to qualify by crashing in the final round of qualifications.


title: Forgery

paragraphs: Forgery is producing a fake document, signature, banknote, or work of art in order to deceive. It is illegal, as it is fraud. Forging money and certain other items is called counterfeiting.


title: Crazyracing Kartrider

paragraphs: Crazyracing Kartrider () is an online computer racing game. Nexon opened a beta version of this game in 2004. There are various kinds of karts and items that you can use in this game. The game has three major modes. In item mode, players can use items such as missiles, water balls, shields, bananas, and devils. In a speed mode, players use a booster. In flag mode, players try to bring back a flag to your team zone.

paragraphs: It is easy to play. Only arrow keys and Ctrl, Alt keys are needed to control your kart. Decorating and changing your character and kart is another interesting part of this game. Lucci is game money. You can get it by racing. You need Lucci to buy a kart, or character accessories.

paragraphs: Recently Nexon launched Kartrider Rush to Apple App store. Kartrider Rush is minimized version of Crazyracing Kartrider.


title: Hanok

paragraphs: Hanok is a type of house. It is built in a traditional Korean style of architecture.

paragraphs: The main feature of Hanok is that it has combination of ondol, the Korean under-floor heating system, and wooden floor for heating and cooling. This style is mainly used in Korea because of problems caused by the area having both a continental climate and an oceanic climate.

paragraphs: Hanoks have different shapes in different parts of Korea. In the northern part of the Korean peninsula, Hanok have the structure of a house with several wings. The wings are often built in either a square or the letter L. This helps keep the wind out of the house in the colder northern places and helps keep the house warm. These kind of house also has low roofs. In the warmer southern Korean peninsula, Hanok have a single wing and a wooden floor. This helps let the air in and out.

paragraphs: The Hanok is also different based on the class of the people who live it. Hanok of Upper class people usually have tiled roofs (called "giwa") while lower class houses have roofs made of rice-straw (called "choga"). Hanok for the upper-class people are built not only to be homes, but also to be very ornamental.


title: A cappella

paragraphs: A cappella music is music where people sing without instruments.

paragraphs: In a choir, there are up to 5 parts: soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, and bass. A cappella can also have those 5 parts. A difference is with percussion. With musical instruments, percussion is done with musical instruments that you hit, such as drums. In an a cappella performance, a person makes the percussion sound. For a beatbox performance, performers make sounds like electric drums, synthesizer and electric guitar. Another part of percussion in a cappella performance is making classical drum sounds for tapping the beat.

paragraphs: The word a cappella is Italian for "in the manner of the church" or "in the manner of the chapel". It was first used in religious music. Gregorian chant is an example of a cappella singing.

paragraphs: For the first 1000 years of Christianity, all hymns in the church were sung without instrumental accompaniment. This style of singing came to be known as a cappella, meaning "of the church" or "in the style of the church".

paragraphs: There are several kinds of music in a cappella, such as barbershop, classical, contemporary, gospel, doo-wop, jazz, and world.

paragraphs: A barbershop group has 4 people. The name of this genre came from the tradition that when many men gathered in a barbershop they would sing with no musical instruments. A barbershop quartet has four male voices or four female voices. Mixed barbershop quartets are also possible, usually with two male and two female voices. The voices parts are called bass, baritone, lead, and tenor. In music in the barbershop style, the melody (the "tune") is sung by the lead part.

paragraphs: In classical a cappella, people perform classical music such as 'a Turkish march', 'Overture William Tell', madrigal, etc.

paragraphs: Contemporary is the most popular kind of a cappella these days. For this kind, the "bass" line should be stronger, and the "chorus" (all the singers except for bass, percussion, and solo) should have variety. The percussion should make their sound more like drums. This genre is similar to 'doo-wop' but the "chorus" part is more complex and has a variety of sound effects.

paragraphs: Doo-wop is also getting more popular because of its simple style. Even though it has simple moto (Italian for "progression of music"), it can be interesting with great vocal and chorus.


title: Boxer briefs

paragraphs: Boxers briefs are men's underwear. They are tight like briefs, but still have long legs like boxer shorts. They are becoming increasingly popular and are worn by lots of teenagers and young men.

paragraphs: Boxer briefs are usually made of soft material, and can be made in different colours. Some boxer briefs have an opening with buttons on the front. Others just have an elastic waistband and can be pulled on or off like briefs. The waistband is often a separate piece of elastic, and is sometimes in a color. Some boxer briefs have elastic at the end of the legs, and stitching across the bottom.


title: Genna

paragraphs: The "nengō" "Genna" means "Commencement of Concord".


title: Spanking

paragraphs: Spanking is hitting the buttocks of another person to cause them pain. Spanking normally means hitting the buttocks of another person with an open hand. Parents in some countries spank children and teenagers to punish them. In some other countries this is no longer allowed. Parents often hope that spanking will make the children obey them. From the past up to the present day, adults have spanked boys more than they have spanked girls.

paragraphs: When a parent spanks their child, they usually strike the child's buttocks with their open hand. Sometimes they use other objects such as a belt or a wooden spoon. At times the child's buttocks may be clothed. At other times they may be bare. Often the parent makes the child lie across their lap. At other times, a parent might tell a child or teenager to bend over or lie face down across a bed.

paragraphs: When children are asked how they feel when their parents spank them, many say that it makes them feel sad, angry, and afraid. Some young children in the United Kingdom whose parents spanked them said things like, "“it feels like someone banged you with a hammer”" and "“it hurts and it’s painful inside – it’s like breaking your bones”".

paragraphs: The American Academy of Pediatrics is a group of medical doctors who work with children. They say that spanking is not a good way to help children learn how to behave.  They say that it can easily injure a small child. They say that spanking can lead to child abuse. They say that parents should never spank a child with an object.

paragraphs: Some groups of people have said that spanking is violent and goes against human rights. They are people like lawyers, social workers, and politicians. Spanking a person under the age of 18 is now against the law in more than 40 countries. Some of those countries are Brazil, Germany, Israel, Argentina, Sweden, Netherlands, Spain, Poland, New Zealand, Kenya, and Costa Rica.

paragraphs: Dr. Elizabeth T. Gershoff is a scientist who studies spanking. She says that research done over many years shows that spanking does not work. She says that spanking does not teach children good behavior or to obey their parents. She says that children who are spanked obey their parents less as time goes on. Dr. Gershoff said that spanking is "violent" and should be stopped. In 2012, a group of Canadian scientists also looked at many years of research and found that spanking does not work. They said that over time, spanked children become more aggressive. Murray Straus is another scientist studying spanking of children. He has said that there is new research showing that spanked children commit more crimes when they grow up. He said that this was so even if their parents were "loving" to them.

paragraphs: A small number of scientists have claimed that ordinary spanking does no harm. Other scientists say that "over 100" studies have shown that spanking can harm children. They say that spanking harms children's mental growth. They also say that children who are spanked grow up to have more mental illnesses. They say that no study has shown any good to come from spanking. Scientists at the University of Manitoba in Canada found that children who were hit even "sometimes" suffered more mental illnesses when they grew up. They could have different kinds of mental illnesses: long-lasting sad or discouraged feelings and a loss of pleasure and interest in life (depression), a lot of fear and worry (anxiety), racing thoughts that are hard to control and acting without thinking (mania), or a need to take drugs or alcohol to feel well (drug and alcohol abuse). Other scientists have discovered that spanking children often can make their brains grow less than they should. These children end up less able to think clearly. They also try to hurt others more.


title: Ragunan Zoo

paragraphs: Ragunan Zoo, founded in 1864, is a 140-hectare (350-acre) zoo in Pasar Minggu, South Jakarta, Indonesia. The zoo has over 295 species of animals, 171 species of flora and 3,122 animal specimens including birds. Ragunan Zoo is a popular weekend destination for Jakartans family.

paragraphs: Ragunan Zoo is a combination between zoo and park, so it is also known as Ragunan Zoological Park. It holds a lot of Indonesian species such as komodo dragon, orangutan, tapir, anoa, sumatran tiger, Javan Hawk-eagle and various colored birds like Southern Cassowary. Other popular animals are sumatran elephant, kangaroo, giraffe, and zebra.


title: Green chemistry

paragraphs: Green chemistry (or sustainable chemistry) is a type of chemical research and engineering. It supports the design of products and processes that use as little dangerous substances as they can.

paragraphs: Environmental chemistry is the chemistry of the natural environment and of pollutant chemicals in nature. But green chemistry wants to reduce and prevent pollution at its source. In 1990, the Pollution Prevention Act was passed in the United States. This law sought original and new ways to handle pollution. It aims to avoid problems before they happen.

paragraphs: Green chemistry applies organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, biochemistry, analytical chemistry and even physical chemistry. While green chemistry seems to focus on just industrial applications, it does apply to any chemistry choice. Green chemists reduce the hazards and increase the efficiency of any chemical choice. It is distinct from environmental chemistry which focuses on chemical phenomena in the environment.

paragraphs: Create products without or with minimal wastes so that the wastes do not need to be taken care of afterwards.

paragraphs: Design chemicals to have little or no toxicity, without affecting effectiveness.

paragraphs: 3. Design less hazardous chemical syntheses

paragraphs: Design a way of synthesising products without it being toxic to humans or the environment.

paragraphs: Use renewable raw materials, like plant materials, other than depleting ones, such as Fossil fuels.

paragraphs: 5. Use catalysts, not stoichiometric reagents

paragraphs: Use of catalysts because of their ability to be able to be reused and that they are less harmful than reagents.

paragraphs: Chemical derivatives generate wastes that can be avoided.

paragraphs: Make sure that a greater percentage of the atoms present in the reactants of a chemical reaction are used in the products that are also usable.

paragraphs: 8. Use safer solvents and reaction conditions

paragraphs: Avoid using harsh solvents, but if that cannot be avoided, then use benign chemicals.

paragraphs: Use the normal ambient temperature and pressure wherever possible.

paragraphs: Design materials to breakdown into benign substances by bacterial or other environmentally sound ways.

paragraphs: 11. Analyse in real time to prevent pollution

paragraphs: Monitor and control the formation of by-products during a reaction.

paragraphs: 12. Minimize the potential for accidents

paragraphs: Design chemicals to minimize the potential for accidents.


title: Toastmasters International

paragraphs: Toastmasters International is a global educational organization which helps to improve English speaking skills and communication. In each club, members are led by the Toastmasters Manual to speak in front of an audience fluently, to think quickly and to react confidently.

paragraphs: The first Toastmasters club opened on October 22, 1924, at Santa Ana, California, United States by Ralph C. Smedley. It was called Smedley Club Number 1. Today there are over 13,000 clubs in 116 countries.

paragraphs: A typical Toastmasters club is made up of 20 - 30 people who gather weekly throughout the year. The club meetings last for about two hours and there are many roles. The meetings generally consist of the following:

paragraphs: Anyone age 18 and above and who pays a fee can join the club and improve his/her speaking and communication skills.

paragraphs: The Competent Communication Manual is a basic manual for Toastmasters. Members follow it to present ten speeches. Each of the ten topics is dedicated to improving one of the speaker’s basic skills. The skills are:

paragraphs: After completing all ten speeches the member gets a globally recognized certificate and he/she can continue strengthening his/her skills with the Advanced Communication Manuals.


title: Memristor

paragraphs: A memristor, or memory resistor, is described as one of the basic elements (resistor, capacitor, inductor) of electronic circuits, because it can’t be replaced by any combination of these elements. This element can change its resistivity according to the voltage, but even after disconnection it remembers resistivity for unlimited time. It can work like analog memory or a resistive switch, which can have an infinite number of states.

paragraphs: Professor Leon Chua mathematically described this element in 1971.

paragraphs: In 2008 scientists from HP labs described a material that appeared to be a good candidate to construct the hypothetical memristor.

paragraphs: The fourth element can change its conductivity by the voltage, and after power interruption the amount of the resistivity stays the same. No combination of the other three circuit elements can replace a memristor. Only the memristor allows reconfiguring properties so it allows changing a whole electronic circuit. Analogy behaviour is similar to synapses in the brain.

paragraphs: Memristors have great potential for use in computers. For example, computers today have to boot from hard drives because the data is erased from operating memory immediately after shutting down the computer. The process of booting takes much time and energy. Memristors could be used for loading data quicker because it remembers data even after power interruption. Therefore, Memristors could be used to speed the booting process.

paragraphs: The first products using Memristor technology are expected to become available in 2013.


title: Geostationary orbit

paragraphs: A geostationary orbit (or Geostationary Earth Orbit - GEO) is a type of geosynchronous orbit directly above the Earth's equator (0° latitude). Like all geosynchronous orbits, it has a period (time for one orbit) that is 24 hours. This means it goes around the Earth as fast as the Earth spins, and so it appears to stay above the same spot all the time. A person watching from Earth sees a satellite in a geostationary orbit as not moving, at a steady place in the sky.

paragraphs: Communications satellites and weather satellites often use these orbits, so that the satellite antennas that communicate with them do not have to move to track them. The ground atennas can be pointed permanently at a fixed position in the sky. This is cheaper and easier than having a satellite dish that is always moving to track a satellite. Each one stays above the equator at a set longitude (distance east or west).

paragraphs: The idea of a geosynchronous satellite for communication was first published in 1928 (but not widely so) by Herman Potočnik. The idea of a geostationary orbit became well known first in a 1945 paper called "Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?" by the British science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke, published in "Wireless World" magazine. The orbit, which Clarke first described as good for broadcast and relay communications satellites, is sometimes called the Clarke Orbit. Named after the author, the Clarke Belt is this part of space above the Earth - about above sea level, over the equator, where near-geostationary orbits may be implemented. The Clarke Orbit (another name for a geostationary orbit) is about around.

paragraphs: The satellite orbits in the direction of the Earth's rotation, producing an orbital period equal to the Earth's period of rotation, known as the sidereal day (very nearly 24 hours).

paragraphs: The orbit needs to be above the equator. Since all orbits are around the center of the Earth, if it was tipped above the equator (so that the satellite was straight above New York City, for example) it would need to swing an equal distance to the south pole on each orbit. It needs to spend an equal amount of time on each side of the equator. So if it is directly above the equator, it doesn't move north or south at all. (Geosynchronous orbits are like geostationary orbits, but also include those that go above and below the equator).

paragraphs: The height of the orbit is an exact distance, because the speed of the orbit depends on how far it is from the center of the Earth. An orbit is a balance between centripetal force against the Earth's gravity. Objects closer to Earth feel more gravity. This is why objects in low orbit (like the International Space Station orbit the Earth very quickly, about 90 minutes or so for each orbit. Objects farther away take longer for each orbit. The moon for instance, takes about 29 days for each orbit.

paragraphs: Because this orbit is so high, it takes radio (and light) waves about 1/4 second to go up to the satellite and back to Earth. This means that a broadcast interview taking place between the television station and a distant reporter can have a gap of a half second (1/4 second to go from the studio to the reporter, and a 1/4 second back to the studio, where the signal is then sent to viewer). This half second delay can be noticed in many news broadcasts.

paragraphs: When satellites reach the end of their life, it would be too expensive to bring them all the way back down to Earth to burn up in the atmosphere. It is much cheaper to put them a little higher (300 km) in a 'graveyard' orbit, where they will stay essentially forever.


title: Weevil

paragraphs: Weevils are herbivorous beetles. They have a long 'snout' at the front of their head, called a "rostrum". Weevils are a family, the Curculionidae, which may be the largest beetle family, with about 45,000+ named living species. That makes it the largest family in the animal kingdom. In addition, the superfamily Curculionoidea has ten more families of closely related weevil-type beetles.

paragraphs: The family has some pests which damage plants of interest to humans. The most famous weevil is the boll weevil, which ruins cotton crops.

paragraphs: The "Ips" genus, feeding on Ponderosa pine, introduces a fungus to the tree. The fungus blocks resin canals, which leaves the weevil free to eat. Resin would normally wash the insects out; it is a defence mechanism. The fungus often kills the tree, and groups of dead trees are a focus for forest fires. In this way the insect is indirectly responsible for serious fires.

paragraphs: The maize weevil, "Sitophilus zeamais", is a major pest. It attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed.

paragraphs: Over 100 new species of weevil have been found on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi.


title: 4D

paragraphs: 4D, meaning the 4 common dimensions, is an important idea in physics referring to three-dimensional space (3D), which adds the dimension of time to the other three dimensions of length, width, and depth. In geometry, the fourth dimension is related to the other three dimensions by imagining another direction through space; just as the dimension of depth can be added to a square to create a cube, the fourth dimension can be added to a cube to create a tesseract.

paragraphs: In mathematics, four-dimension space is an abstract concept which has been studied by mathematics and philosophers for many years. Mathematicians who studied four-dimension space in the 19th century include Möbius, Schläfi, Bernhard Riemann, and Charles Howard Hinton.

paragraphs: In the 20th century, the idea of spacetime was developed by Albert Einstein, connecting space and time together. The difference is that spacetime is not a Euclidean space, but instead is called "Minkowski spacetime".


title: Profiling

paragraphs: Profiling is collecting information about someone in order to describe them and/or predict their behaviour and actions. It is often used for criminals or people believed to behaving illegally. More recently used on employees in the work place to improve success

paragraphs: A basic profile consists of an all points bulletin (APB). It is a visual description based on eyewitness information.

paragraphs: A psychological profile is created in the absence of eyewitness information, or in addition to, using evidence to create a picture of the suspect and help the police force to understand how the suspect is behaving.

paragraphs: Predictive profiling attempts to predict which people might commit crimes in the future.

paragraphs: Criminal profiling – criminal profiling is a tool used by police forces to create a picture or idea of a suspect based on eyewitness information and any other evidence they have.

paragraphs: Some people fear profiling is taken too far by police forces and can lead to harassment and arrest based on skin colour, religious beliefs, culture, nation of origin, or any social type or group that can be stereotyped by characteristic behaviour.

paragraphs: Behavioural profiling is used in business to help recruit the right person for a job, to understand how to improve morale and to drive down staff turnover, pinpoint who is ready for development and in precisely which areas; and boost people management abilities.


title: Kula ring

paragraphs: Kula is a traditional trade method that takes place in the Milne Bay Province of Papua New Guinea.

paragraphs: The Kula Exchange takes place on eighteen islands, including the Trobriand Islands, and involves thousands of people. The traders involved travel by canoe over hundreds of miles to exchange their Kula valuables. These valuables can be in the form of red shells that are traded to the North of the Islands, or in the form of white-shell armbands, which travel to the South of the Islands. Therefore creating a ‘ring’ of moving valuables throughout the islands. The terms of trade change in different regions. For example, some traders have to exchange a white armband for a necklace or must trade a red shell for a white shell armband. There are also differences on who can take part in the trading process such as in the Trobriand Islands their chiefs mainly take part in the exchange process, whereas in Dobu, anyone can take part.

paragraphs: The Kula valuables are mainly traded for social status and recognition in the Island region. The people that an individual trades with become trusted trade partners, creating a strong, potentially life-long relationship between the exchange parties. These relationships need trust to be provided on both sides of the trade and also a mutual agreement of safety and support for each other.

paragraphs: Kula valuables are usually passed on to their trade partners after a certain amount of time, therefore the valuables are always moving around the Kula Ring. The person who originally owned the valuable has full ownership and rights over the item, so he can keep it, sell it or even break it. Every person who therefore receives the item, does not fully own it, as there is always a true owner. This creates a sense of responsibility over how the object is handled by other traders toward the original owner. However, the original owner is sometimes unknown, lost in the Kula Ring.

paragraphs: The ability to take part in the Kula Exchange is not immediately given to just anyone. An individual must “buy” into the system by getting involved in lower trade circles than the Kula.

paragraphs: The Kula valuables are rated by value and age and so are the relationships created through their exchange. Traders will often try to collect valuable and notorious Kula objects that will boost the status of the trader’s name in the Kula Ring. Kula Exchange is based on trust, strong social obligations and the cultural value system. Those who hold on too long to their Kula valuables gain a bad reputation in the system.

paragraphs: The Kula Exchange system determines many social hierarchies and authoritative positions among the trade islands. For example the chiefs living on the Trobriand Islands in the 1970s owned the most shells and also the most valuable shells. Therefore they were responsible for most of the organization and direction of the trade systems in their region. (The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea (1988) by Annette B. Weiner) Also, the ten most influential men among all the islands control about 90 per cent of the Kula items. With this amount of control and competition, relationships between traders become fragile and ruined by manipulation and deceit. (Malinowski, B. (1920). "Kula; the Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea". Man (Man, Vol. 20) 20: 97–105).


title: Fa’afafine

paragraphs: A fa’afafine is a boy who is raised as a girl all the way through adulthood. Historically, this has been classified as a third gender in the tradition of Samoan society.

paragraphs: This usually occurs when there are too many sons and not enough daughters in a family. They identify themselves as females in a male’s body. People from societies that do not recognize a third gender may mistake them for being either homosexual or transsexual.

paragraphs: They take on the role of both male and female in the society e.g. teaching, construction and also domestic work. They tend to have sexual intercourse with both sexes, however rarely with another fa’afafine.


title: Maslenitsa

paragraphs: Maslenitsa is one of the most popular and cheerful religious holidays in Russia. It originated from pagan times before Russia was converted to Christianity. At first, this holiday was a symbol of the spring solstice but nowadays it is considered a Christian holiday which goes right before the Great Lent. During Maslenitsa people enjoy almost any food, except meat. Usually Maslenitsa lasts for seven days and on the last day of this holiday people burn a doll which is made of branches and straw and dressed in bright clothes. This doll is called “Maslenitsa” and it symbolizes the cold and severe winter. By burning “Maslenitsa” people say goodbye to winter and greet a warm spring.

paragraphs: Every day of Maslenitsa plays a great role. On Monday people greet the holiday with games such as sledding, snowballs, riding on swings and so on. Russian people believe that happiness and joy which they feel during this day will accompany them throughout a year. On Tuesday people play games and bake pancakes which are called "blini". Blini are the most popular food which is made during this holiday. These pancakes have a round form and symbolize the Sun and warmth. On Wednesday people usually visit their friends and relatives and treat each other with blini. On Thursday by tradition people try to drive away winter by riding on horses around the village or around the places they live. Friday is usually called “Mothers’-in-law evenings” because sons-in-law come to visit their mothers-in-law. On merry Saturday everyone goes to visit their relatives. All people drink and eat as much as they want and play different games. Sunday is the last day of the holiday. It is also called the "Sunday of forgiveness" because on this day everyone asks forgiveness from relatives and friends for offences and mistakes committed against them. The most appropriate answer is “God will forgive”. After that people usually sing songs, dance and at the end of the day they burn the doll.

paragraphs: Maslenitsa is also considered as a family holiday because spring is a symbol of new life. People who marry during this time are considered as very strong and happy couples who will give a birth to many children. During Maslenitsa some people even “punish” those who did not marry yet by throwing them into snow.


title: Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

paragraphs: The Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II is a family of single-seat, single-engine, fifth generation multirole Fighter aircraft under development to perform ground attack, reconnaissance, and air defense missions with stealth capability.

paragraphs: The development of the F-35 has been very controversial. Many people feel like the US Air Force has been spending too much money on the F-35 project, and that the government should halt all development of the project.


title: The Blues Band

paragraphs: The Blues Band is a British blues band. The band was formed in 1979 by veteran musicians of British blues of the 1960s.

paragraphs: In the 1960s Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness played for Manfred Mann. Jones worked also as actor and radio DJ.As a harmonica man, he has performed publicly and/or recorded with Memphis Slim, Alexis Korner, Henry Gray, Alvin "Youngblood" Hart, Susan Tedeschi, Eric Bibb and Otis Grand. Hughie Flint was the drummer of John Mayall's Bluesbreakers. Together with McGuinness he later formed McGuiness Flint who had a hit with "When I´m dead and gone". Dave Kelly was guitarist in the John Dummer Blues Band and in the touring bands of Howlin' Wolf and John Lee Hooker. They played together mostly in London pubs just for fun about playing rhythm ´n blues.

paragraphs: Their first album ""The Official Blues Band Bootleg Album"" raised no interest with record labels, so they sold it during concerts and via mail order. The record was a fine mixture of blues standards and own songs. Arista signed with the band and the album reached #40 in the charts. 1982 Hughie Flint left the band and was replaced by Rob Townsend. In 1983 they parted but they came together soon.

paragraphs: When not playing with the Blues Band Jones, McGuinness and Townsend are playing with ""The Manfreds"". The band can be seen as the 1960s Manfred Mann Band without the leader. Dave Kelly plays often with his ""The Dave Kelly Band"".

paragraphs: By playing a lot of concerts all over Europe they had and still have a lot of fans. Till present they recorded over 20 albums. It is said, that three generations of a family can be seen in their concerts.


title: Acute (medicine)

paragraphs: In medicine, an acute disease or condition either happens for a short time, as in acute infection, or doesn't last long. The word acute may often be confused by the general public to mean 'severe'. This is different: something can be acute but not severe.

paragraphs: The word "acute" is in the name of many diseases, for example, severe acute respiratory syndrome or acute leukemia.

paragraphs: Acute hospitals are hospitals which are meant for short-term medical and/or surgical treatment and care. The related medical speciality is called acute medicine.

paragraphs: Subacute is described as between acute and chronic. An example is subacute fever symptoms or subacute endocarditis.


title: Toxicity

paragraphs: Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can damage an organism. It is the subject-matter of toxicology.

paragraphs: A central idea in toxicology is that almost everything is toxic when taken to excess. Effects are dose-dependent: even water can lead to 'water intoxication' when taken in too much. For even a very toxic substance such as elapid snake venom there is a dose below which there is no toxic effect.

paragraphs: Toxicity is species-specific. A dose which is toxic to one animal may not be toxic to another.

paragraphs: Acute toxicity describes the bad effects of a substance that come either from a single exposure, or from many exposures in a short amount of time (usually less than 24 hours). To be known as "acute" toxicity, the bad effects should happen within 14 days of the substance thouching something.

paragraphs: Acute toxicity is different from chronic toxicity. Chronic toxicity talks about the bad health effects from many exposures, often at lower levels, to a substance over a longer amount of time (months or years).

paragraphs: It is widely thought to be wrong to use humans as tests for acute (or chronic) toxicity research. However, some information can be picked up from investigating cases when humans accidentally make contact with the substance (e.g., factory accidents). Otherwise, most acute toxicity data comes from animal testing or, more recently, "in vitro" testing methods and inference from data on similar substances.


title: Kan'ei

paragraphs: The "nengō" "Kan'ei" means "Permanent Liberality".

paragraphs: Hayashi Razan and his son wrote "Kan'ei shoka kezuden" in 1641-1643. The shogun ordered the writing of this history of the great clans of Japan.


title: Protostar

paragraphs: Protostar is an early stage in the evolution of a star that usually grows to the point of beginning nuclear fusion and becoming a star by gathering mass. It is made of a contracting cloud of cold and dark interstellar medium (mostly hydrogen gas). Protostars has lower temperature than an ordinary star. For a sun-like star, deuterium fusion occurs in the protostar stage, while proton-proton fusion, which sustains stars for billions of years, starts gradually millions of years later. The modern picture of protostars was first suggested by Chushiro Hayashi in 1966.

paragraphs: Although outer space may seem empty, it is actually full of thinly spread gas and dust called the interstellar medium. Higher density regions form clouds, or nebulas, where star formation takes place. The gas is mostly molecules of hydrogen, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. The largest molecular clouds have densities of 100 particles per cm3, diameters of 100 light-years (9.5×1014 km), and masses up to 6 million solar masses, and an average interior temperature of 10 K. This is cold and dense compared to elsewhere in space, but would be considered a vacuum on Earth. With low temperatures and high densities, gravity can overcome thermal pressure and start the gravitational collapse that will form a star.

paragraphs: Sometimes the formation of stars can be triggered (known as triggered star formation) by disturbances in the gas clouds. Such disturbances could be a shock wave from the explosion of a nearby massive star at its death, or the passage of the cloud through regions of more intense gravity as found in the spiral arms of spiral galaxies. This compress the gas clouds enough to cause gravitationally collapse.

paragraphs: When gravity begins to pull the gases together into a ball, a protostar forms. This process is known as accretion.

paragraphs: According to the law of conservation of angular momentum, a rotating body spins more rapidly as it decreases in size. So, as a protostar shrinks, its rate of spin increases. As the protostar rotates, it is much easier for material to fall right onto the poles (which spin most slowly) than onto the equator (where material moves around most rapidly). Therefore, gas and dust falling in toward the protostar’s equator are “held back” by the rotation and form a whirling extended disk around the equator. The circumstellar disks are where planets form.

paragraphs: When a protostar rotates, it generates a strong magnetic field which generates a strong protostellar wind (an outward flow of particles into space). Many protostars also send out high-speed jets of gas into space. Usually there are two jets flowing out along the rotation axis of the protostar. Eventually the wind and the jets clear away the extra gas around the protostar and allow the protostar and the disk to come into view.

paragraphs: As a protostar collapses it heats up because the gas particles run into each other. The energy the gas particles had from falling under the force of gravity gets converted to heat energy. The gas clump becomes warm enough to radiate energy. The radiation cross the interstellar dust in the surrounding dense core. The dust absorbs all impinging photons and reradiates them at longer wavelengths (infrared).

paragraphs: A protostar has lower temperature than an ordinary star. At its center, hydrogen-1 is not yet fusing with itself. However, theoretically, deuterium fuses with hydrogen-1 at its centre and creates helium-3. The heat from this fusion reaction tends to inflate the protostar, and thereby helps determine the size of the youngest observed pre-main-sequence stars.

paragraphs: A protostar becomes a main sequence star when its core temperature exceeds 10 million K (the temperature needed for hydrogen fusion to operate efficiently).

paragraphs: Collapse into a star like our Sun takes about 50 million years. The collapse of a very high mass protostar might take only a million years while smaller stars can take more than a hundred million years to form.

paragraphs: A protostar with less than 0.08 solar masses never reaches the 10 million K temperature needed for efficient hydrogen fusion. In these cases, a protostar remains as a brown dwarf.


title: Fresca

paragraphs: Fresca is a drink produced by Coca-Cola Company. It is made of citrus. The drink is similar to Squirt from 7UP company.


title: Bank of Japan

paragraphs: The , also known as , is the central bank of Japan. The main offices of the bank are in Chuo, Tokyo.

paragraphs: Matsukata Masayoshi founded the Bank of Japan in 1882 ("Meiji 15"). The bank was adapted from a Belgian banking model.

paragraphs: Changes based on other national banks were made part of bank regulations. BOJ was given a monopoly on controlling Japan's money supply in 1884.

paragraphs: The Bank of Japan issued its banknotes in 1885 ("Meiji 18"). In 1897, Japan joined the gold standard.

paragraphs: The Bank of Japan is headquartered in Nihonbashi, Tokyo, on the site of a former gold mint (the Kinza). It is near the Tokyo's Ginza district The Neo-baroque Bank of Japan building in Tokyo was designed by Tatsuno Kingo in 1896.


title: 1938 New England hurricane

paragraphs: The 1938 New England Hurricane was an extremely damaging and highly deadly Atlantic tropical cyclone which struck Long Island, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont with strong winds of Category 4 hurricane level. The hurricane didn't curve out to sea like hurricanes usually do. The 1938 storm caused over 300 million in property damage (1938 USD) and killed between 682 and 800 people. Tropical cyclones were not given human names at the time, so the 1938 storm had a number instead.


title: Darrell K. Sweet

paragraphs: Darrell K. Sweet (August 15, 1934 – December 5, 2011) was an American artist. He mostly painted landscapes and pictures for stories. He was well known for painting the cover art for science fiction and fantasy novels. Sweet was nominated for a Hugo Award in 1983.

paragraphs: Sweet was born in Highland Park, New Jersey. He studied fine arts at Syracuse University and graduated in 1956. Sweet was famous for making the covers of the fantasy books "The Wheel of Time". He also illustrated covers for the popular "Xanth" series by Piers Anthony, the "Saga of Recluce" by L. E. Modesitt, Jr. and the "Runelords" series by David Farland. Sweet painted the original cover art for Stephen R. Donaldson's series "The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant the Unbeliever".

paragraphs: Sweet produced over 3,000 images between 1975 and 2005. He died in 2011. He was 77 years old.


title: Reanimation

paragraphs: Reanimation a 2002 album by American rock band Linkin Park. It is the first remix album and the fourth album overall by the band. The album is a follow-up to their first studio album, "Hybrid Theory". It was released on 30 July 2002. The album was recorded during the band's "Hybrid Theory" tour in 2001. It features hip hop and electronic-influenced remixes of songs from "Hybrid Theory".


title: Axum

paragraphs: Axum or Aksum is a town in northern Ethiopia. It was the original capital of the Kingdom of Aksum. Axum is located in the Tigray Region near the base of the Adwa mountains.