title: John Bucyk

paragraphs: John Paul "Chief" Bucyk (born May 12, 1935) is a Canadian retired ice hockey left winger. He played most of his career with the Boston Bruins.

paragraphs: Bucyk was born on May 12, 1935 in Edmonton to Ukrainian immigrants.

paragraphs: Bucyk was a skilled left winger who was one of the biggest players of his day. He had a long and great career, and had scored the fourth most points and played the third most games ever when he retired in 1978. He was also the highest scoring left winger ever. He was a very clean player and won the Lady Byng Memorial Trophy for sportsmanship in 1971 and 1974.

paragraphs: Bucyk played junior hockey for four seasons for his hometown team. Then he signed up with the Detroit Red Wings in 1955. Two years later he was traded to the Bruins. Bucyk became the top left wing in Boston and was a star for the team for 22 years. He often served as the team's captain.

paragraphs: When he retired, the Bruins also retired his number #9 jersey. He was also elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1981. He scored 545 goals as a Bruin, the most in team history. Only Ray Bourque had more points and assists for the Bruins.

paragraphs: Bucyk still works the Bruins and is the team's director of road services.


title: Loris Francesco Capovilla

paragraphs: Loris Francesco Capovilla (14 October 1915 – 26 May 2016) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate. At the age of 100, he was one of the oldest Roman Catholic bishops. Since his elevation in February 2014 until his death in May 2016, he was the oldest member of the College of Cardinals.

paragraphs: Capovilla was born in Pontelongo, Veneto, Kingdom of Italy. He died on 26 May 2016 in Milan at the age of 100.


title: John H. Land

paragraphs: John H. Land (November 5, 1920 – November 21, 2014) was an American politician. He was the longest serving mayor in the history of Florida and one of the longest serving mayors in the United States. After having serving as mayor since 1970, Land lost his mayoral seat to Joe Kilsheimer on April 8, 2014. Land was born in Plant City, Florida.

paragraphs: Land died in a hospital in Orlando, Florida from a massive stroke, aged 94.


title: Ahmad Lozi

paragraphs: Ahmad Lozi (also spelled Ahmad al-Lawzi) (1925–18 November 2014) was a Jordanian politician. He served as Prime Minister of Jordan from 29 November 1971 to 26 May 1973.


title: Reg Withers

paragraphs: Reginald Greive "Reg" Withers (26 October 1924 – 15 November 2014) was an Australian politician. He was the long-serving member of the Australian Senate. Withers served as Lord Mayor of Perth from 1991 through 1994. He was also known for being a harsh critic of Australian prime minister Gough Whitlam.

paragraphs: Withers died in Perth, Western Australia, aged 90.


title: Lonely Hearts (1991)

paragraphs: Lonely Hearts is a 1991 American drama, romance, mystery & suspense television movie. It was directed by Andrew Lane. It is considered a modern film noir. Lonely Hearts is about a lonely woman who becomes obsessed with a con man. She even poses as his sister to help him trick other women.


title: Marion Barry

paragraphs: Marion Shepilov Barry, Jr. (March 6, 1936 – November 23, 2014) was an American politician.

paragraphs: Barry was born in Itta Bena, Mississippi. He moved to Memphis, Tennessee at age five.

paragraphs: He served as the second elected Mayor of the District of Columbia from 1979 to 1991, and again as the fourth Mayor from 1995 to 1999 for the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: He has been a member of the Council of the District of Columbia, representing District of Columbia's Ward 8 from 2005 until his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Barry served a prison sentence for possession of crack cocaine and probation for not paying tax.

paragraphs: Barry had diabetes and prostate cancer. He had a kidney transplant in 2009. He died at a hospital in Washington, D.C., on November 23, 2014 from cardiac arrest, aged 78.


title: Vira Silenti

paragraphs: Vira Silenti (Elvira Giovene; 16 April 1931 - 1 November 2014) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in "I Vitelloni", "The Story of Joseph and his Brethren", and in "Atlas Against the Cyclops". Silenti was born in Naples, Italy.

paragraphs: Silenti was hit by a car on 31 October 2014 in Rome, Italy. She died the next day from her injuries at the age of 83.


title: Daron Malakian

paragraphs: Daron Malakian (born July 18, 1975) is an Armenian-American musician. He is best known for being the lead guitarist of System of a Down. He was also the lead singer and guitarist for Scars on Broadway. He is the only member of System of a Down who was born in the United States. He placed 30th in Guitar World's "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Guitarists Of All Time".

paragraphs: Malakian was born in 1975. He was the only child of Vartan Malakian and Zepur Malakian. He first started playing guitar when he was 11. He says his main inspirations were The Beatles, Metallica, Slayer, The Who and Iggy Pop. Daron met Serj Tankian in 1993. System of a Down was formed in 1994. Shortly after Scars on Broadway's first album was released, Daron cancelled all of the band's tours and TV appearances, saying that his "heart wasn't up to touring". Before the band announced the actual reason, there were many rumours about Daron's health, but these were not true.


title: Volda

paragraphs: Volda is a village in Møre og Romsdal county, Norway.

paragraphs: It has a population of approximately 9000 people in 2016. Almost half of them are students.


title: Ernest Claes

paragraphs: Ernest Claes (24 October 1885 in Zichem - 2 September 1968 in Elsene) was a Flemish author.

paragraphs: His real name was Andreas Ernestus Josephus Claes. He was born to Petrus Josephus Claes and Maria Theresia Lemmens. His parents were farmers and they had nine children. He was a good student and studied at the Catholic University of Leuven.

paragraphs: For some of his works he used the pseudonym, G. van Hasselt.

paragraphs: Claes was for years a favorite author in Belgium. His novel "De Witte" was reprinted more than 100 times.


title: Sergey Nechayev

paragraphs: Sergey Nechayev (2 October 1847 – 21 November or 3 December 1882) was a Russian revolutionary terrorist.

paragraphs: He was a leader in the Nihilist movement and known for his single-minded pursuit of revolution by any means necessary, including murder.

paragraphs: Nechayev was the author or main author of a famous revolutionary pamphlet, called the "Catechism of a Revolutionary". The pamphlet bears the name of Mikhail Bakunin, a well-known anarchist, but it is thought all or most of it is by Nechayev. The work called for total devotion to a revolutionary lifestyle. "The Catechism of a Revolutionary" argued that any means (including blackmail and murder) could be used to advance the cause of revolution.

paragraphs: It was published in the "Government Herald" in July 1871 as the manifesto of a secret society.

paragraphs: "Catechism of a Revolutionary" was a program for the "merciless destruction" of society and the state. The main principle was "the ends justify the means". This became Nechayev's slogan throughout his revolutionary career.

paragraphs: Nechayev and Bakunin knew each other, and Bakunin called him "my boy". All the same, Nechayev was dangerous, and Bakunin was somewhat afraid of him.

paragraphs: Nechayev's ideas were the basis for Dostoyevsky's "The Demons" (aka "The Possessed"). Dostoyevsky had himself been a young nihilist, and spent ten years in a Siberian labour camp as a result. He came back a determined enemy of everything Nechayev believed. "The Demons" is a "dark comedy, cruelly funny in its depiction of high-minded intellectuals toying with revolutionary notions without understanding anything of what revolution means in practice".

paragraphs: Nechayev planned to kill a student, Ivanov, who questioned his ideas. On 21 November 1869, Nechayev and several comrades beat, strangled and shot Ivanov, hiding the body in a lake through a hole in the ice. The student's body was found and Nechayev fled the country before he could be arrested.

paragraphs: In August 1872, Nechayev was arrested in Zurich and handed over to the Russian police. He was found guilty on 8 January 1873, and sentenced to 20 years of hard labor for killing Ivanov.

paragraphs: It has been said of Nechayev: "His personality and ideas portray, as if in a crooked mirror, the lust for revolution reaching even beyond political fanaticism into insanity. With Nechayev we are already beyond Lenin, [and] so criminal as to forecast the darkest incidents of Stalin".

paragraphs: Biographers of Lenin have said that Lenin put into practice what Nechayev had taught. There is clear evidence in Lenin's own writing that this is so.


title: Gijón

paragraphs: Gijón is a city in the autonomous community of Asturias in Spain. It is located on the Bay of Biscay, about north of Oviedo. Gijón has a population of 275,274 inhabitants, more than any other city in Asturias.

paragraphs: For most of its history Gijón was just a small town and seaport. After the conquest of the Asturias in the 3rd century BC by the Romans they called the site "Gigia". in 714 a garrison was established by the Moors. From here they attacked the Asturias but failed in the attempt. After the Moors left, Gijón was ruled by Asturian kings. In the 10th century the Asturias became part of the Kingdom of León. In the 16th century the harbor was improved under Philip II of Spain. Some of the ships of the Spanish Armada took shelter at Gijón's port in a violent storm. They were on their way to attack Britain in 1588. After the epic battle, a few of the remaining ships limped back to Gijón. During the last half of the 19th century a railroad was built to Gijón to ship Asturian coal to other parts of Spain. This was the start of Gijón becoming a large industrial center. During the Spanish Civil War part of Gijón was destroyed.

paragraphs: Gijón is famous for its beaches. In the summer newer parts of town resemble a carnival much like Coney Island. Every November the Gijón International Film Festival is held. The main stage is the Jovellanos Theatre, although other cinemas and cultural centres are also used.


title: Johan Daisne

paragraphs: Johan Daisne (2 September 1912, Ghent – 9 August 1978, Ghent), was a of Flemish author. His real name was Herman Thiery. His father, Leo Thiery, was the founder of the School Museum in Ghent.

paragraphs: He studied Economics and Slavic languages at the Ghent University. Later he became chief librarian of Ghent.

paragraphs: Daisne was one of the first magical realist writers in the Dutch language.

paragraphs: His works are published in Dutch, English, French, Polish, Russian, Swedish, Portuguese, Italian and German.


title: Isidoor Teirlinck

paragraphs: Isidoor Teirlinck (2 January 1851, He was the father of the writer Herman Teirlinck.

paragraphs: He was famous for his books on legends and folklore, especially folklore of plants. His books "Flora Diabolica" and "Flora Magic"a are still classic books in their field. He worked for years as a school teacher. He taught mathematics and physics at normal schools in Brussels.

paragraphs: With his brother in law, Rijmons Stijns, he wrote a famous novel Arm Vlaanderen. (1884)


title: Rolling Stones Records

paragraphs: Rolling Stones Records was a British record label. It formed by formed by the Rolling Stones members: Mick Jagger, Keith Richards, Mick Taylor, Charlie Watts and Bill Wyman in 1970. Atlantic Records was the distributor for Rolling Stones Records. It closed in 1992 when the band signed with Virgin Records.


title: Herman Teirlinck

paragraphs: Herman Louis Cesar Teirlinck (24 February 1879, Sint-Jans-Molenbeek – 4 February 1967, Beersel) was a Belgian writer of novels, plays, and poetry.

paragraphs: He was the son of the writer Isidoor Teirlinck and Oda van Nieuwenhove. He started studies at the universities of Brussels and Ghent, but left the universities very soon. From 1902 to 1906 he worked for the Brussels city government. As a journalist, he worked for newspapers and magazines. Teirlinck also wrote for the journal "Van Nu en Straks". He was some time teacher in high school. He was also appointed as teacher of Dutch language at the Royal Court of Belgium. Later he became private councillor for several kings of Belgium. In 1946 he founded a national drama school, the Studio of the National Theatre. In 1966 it was renamed the ""Hoger Instituut voor Dramatische Kunst"" (Higher Institute of Dramatic Art). In 1967 it was renamed again as "The Studio Herman Teirlinck".

paragraphs: He is still famous for his classic work on Flemish plays.


title: Alice Nahon

paragraphs: Alice Nahon (16 August 1896, Antwerp – 21 May 1933, Antwerp) was a Belgian poet.

paragraphs: Her father was born in the Netherlands in a French family. Her mother came from Putte nearby Mechelen.

paragraphs: As a young woman she suffered from chronic bronchitis, but this was wrongly diagnosed as tuberculosis. This is the reason she spent many years in hospitals.

paragraphs: She studied and graduated in agriculture. Alice also began studying to be a nurse. At the same time she studied literature. She was also librarian in Mechelen. At the end of her life she lived in the medieval castle Cantecroy in Mortsel, a suburb of Antwerp.

paragraphs: She is especially remembered for her poem "Avondliedeke" (English: Little Evening Song). This poem is a classic on ethical and mystic evening meditation.


title: Pol de Mont

paragraphs: Karel Maria Polydoor (Pol) de Mont (15 April 1857, Wambeek – 29 June 1931, Berlin) was a Belgian writer, journalist and poet.

paragraphs: He studied law at the Catholic University of Leuven. There he met Albrecht Rodenbach and the two became involved in the Flemish Movement. He then became a teacher at the Atheneum of Antwerp, where he inspired many students. Later he became director of the Museum of Fine Arts of Antwerp.

paragraphs: As chief editor of the newspaper "De Schelde" he had in his team the writers Paul Van Ostaijen and Alice Nahon.


title: Lunar meteorite

paragraphs: A lunar meteorite is a meteorite that is known to have come from the Moon. A meteorite hitting the Moon is normally classified as a transient lunar phenomenon.


title: Arthur (1981 movie)

paragraphs: Arthur is a 1981 comedy movie written and directed by Steve Gordon. The movie stars Dudley Moore as Arthur Bach, a drunken New York City millionaire. Arthur is about to be married to a wealthy heiress. Instead he falls for a working class girl from Queens. It was the only movie directed by Gordon, who died in November 1982 of a heart attack. Arthur earned nearly $96 million in the US, making it the fourth highest grossing movie of 1981. The film was nominated for a total of four Academy Awards. Sir John Gielgud won an Best Supporting Actor. The theme song won Best Original Song.

paragraphs: It was followed by a sequel, and a remake, Arthur.


title: Emotional Rescue

paragraphs: Emotional Rescue is the tenth Worldwide studio album and seventeenth American studio album by The Rolling Stones. The album was released on June 24, 1980. It was the group's seventh studio album with label Rolling Stones Records.


title: Cool C

paragraphs: Christopher Douglass Roney (born December 15, 1969), known by the stage name Cool C, is an American rapper. He is known today for killing a Philadelphia police officer in a bank robbery in January 1996.

paragraphs: He is currently at the Pennsylvania state prison awaiting execution. He was to have been put to death by lethal injection on March 9, 2006, but his execution was postponed. It was scheduled for January 8, 2015 before being postponed in December 2014 by a court order.


title: Sisavath Keobounphanh

paragraphs: Sisavath Keobounphanh (; 1 May 1928 – 12 May 2020) was a Laotian politician. He served as Vice President of Laos from 1996 to 1998. He was also the third Prime Minister from 1998 to 2001. He is President of the Lao Front for National Construction from 2001 until 2011, when he was succeeded by Phandoungchit Vongsa. He is a member of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party.

paragraphs: Keobounphanh died on 12 May 2020 in Vientiane, Laos at the age of 92.


title: Li Zicheng

paragraphs: Li Zicheng (22 September 1606 – 1645), born Li Hongji, nicknamed "Dashing King", Li was a Chinese Uprising leader. He was born in Mizhi County, Yulin, Shaanxi in the late Ming Dynasty.

paragraphs: In 1644, he entered and conquered Beijing. In May 27 the same year, Manchu regent Dorgon defeated Uprising leader Li Zicheng of the Shun Dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass, allowing the Manchus to enter and conquer Beijing. Li died in 1645, aged 39.


title: Peter McDougall

paragraphs: Peter McDougall (born 1947, Greenock, Scotland) is a BAFTA and Prix Italia award-winning television playwright. His major success was in the 1970s.

paragraphs: McDougall claims to have had very little schooling. He also claims he rarely read books. He began his working life at the age of fourteen in the shipyards of Greater Glasgow and Greenock. McDougall worked there with future comedian and actor Billy Connolly. The pair were depressed by the harsh conditions. They felt low because of the menial work. McDougall left Scotland. He moved to London. He worked as a house painter there.

paragraphs: In October 2007, a DVD boxed set featuring most of McDougall's work, "The Peter McDougall Collection" was released by John Williams Productions. This collection featured three Play for Today titles: Just Another Saturday, The Elephant's Graveyard, Just A Boy's Game, and a Screen One drama: "Down Among the Big Boys". It also featured on the DVD an exclusive documentary "Razor Sharp". ""Razor Sharp" was written and presented by Scottish writer Simon Farquhar. It explored the work and life of Peter McDougall. The DVD featured a rare interview with Peter McDougall.

paragraphs: McDougall was finally awarded with a BAFTA in 2008. He received a lifetime achievement award - for "Outstanding contribution to Scottish broadcasting". A retrospective multiple screening of John Mackenzie and McDougall's collaborations was also shown at the Edinburgh International Festival in 2009.

paragraphs: McDougall was also one of a number of prominent Scots who attended the 2010 funeral of Trade Union Leader Jimmy Reid. Scottish filmmaker Eleanor Yule has also made a documentary for the BBC "Late Show" on the work of McDougall.

paragraphs: McDougall lives in the West End of Glasgow. He resides with his parter, acclaimed director and writer Morag Fullarton. McDougall can often be seen hanging around the famous Oran Mor theatre pub in the West of Glasgow.


title: Hubert Lampo

paragraphs: Hubert Leon Lampo (1 September 1920, Antwerp – 12 July 2006, Essen) was a Flemish writer. His father worked at the post office and his mother was a teacher. In 1938 he became himself a teacher. Later he became national inspector of the Flemish libraries. He is the father of Jan Lampo.

paragraphs: After Johan Daisne, he is one of the founders of the magic realist literary movement in Flanders.

paragraphs: His books are published in English, French, German, Czech, Polish, Swedish, Romanian, Spanish and Portuguese.


title: Rock Bottom: In Your House

paragraphs: Rock Bottom: In Your House was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on December 13, 1998 at General Motors Place in Vancouver, British Columbia. It was the twenty-sixth In Your House event held by the World Wrestling Federation. The main event saw Stone Cold Steve Austin defeat The Undertaker in a Buried Alive match for a spot in the 1999 Royal Rumble.


title: Present continiuous

paragraphs: The present continuous is a tense. It is used to show an action or an activity that is still in progress. The activity started in the past and will go on in the future.

paragraphs: So when we use the present continuous tense we are talking about something that is still not yet finished or complete at the time of speaking.

paragraphs: The present continuous tense of any verb is formed with the simple present tense of the verb to be (=am, is, are) and the present participle of the main verb (verb + ing)

paragraphs: Example: Mike is walking out after a row with his girlfriend.

paragraphs: Example: Police are looking through a pile of papers and still have not found what they want.


title: Jonás Gutiérrez

paragraphs: Jonás Manuel Gutiérrez (born 5 July 1983) is an Argentine retired football player. He played for Newcastle United and Argentina national team as midfielder.


title: Sticky Fingers

paragraphs: Sticky Fingers is the fourth worldwide and eleventh American studio album by The Rolling Stones. The album was released on April 27, 1971. It was the group's first studio album with label Rolling Stones Records.


title: Ahmed Fagih

paragraphs: Ahmed Ibrahim al-Fagih ( "’áħmad 'Ibrāhīm al-faqīh") (born December 28, 1942) is a Libyan novelist, playwright, essayist, journalist and diplomat. He began writing short stories at an early age. He published them in Libyan newspapers and magazines. Hl-Fagih gained recognition in 1965 when his first collection of short stories "There Is No Water in the Sea" () won him the highest award sponsored by the Royal Commission of Fine Arts in Libya. Fagih wrote more many books in of different genres. They included short stories, novels, plays, and essays. Some of them are the "Gazelles (play)" "Evening Visitor (play)", "Gardens of the Night Trilogy (novels), The Valley of Ashes (novel)", and his twelve volume epic novel "Maps of the Soul".

paragraphs: Ahmed Fagih held several diplomatic posts representing Libya, in London, Athens, Bucharest and Cairo. Fagih lives and works between Cairo and Tripoli.

paragraphs: Ahmed Fagih was born in 1942 in Mizda, Libya. It was a small oasis town south of Tripoli. He entered school there. Fagih studied until his teenage years. Then he migrated to Tripoli in 1957. He pursued higher studies. He began his writing career there. Fagih travelled in 1962 to Egypt to study journalism. He had help of a UNESCO sponsorship program. He returned later to Tripoli to work as a journalist. In 1965 he published his first collection of short stories titled "There Is No Water in the Sea ("Arabic:" "البحر لا ماء فيه") "which won him the highest award sponsored by the Royal Commission of Fine Arts in Libya. In the late 1960s he travelled to London. He studied drama and theatre until 1972. After returning from Britain he was appointed the director of the National Institute of Music and Drama. In 1972 Fagih became the editor of the influential cultural and literary newspaper "The Cultural Weekly ("Arabic: الاسبوع الثقافي "al-Usbūʻ al-thaqāfi")" ". It featured many new Libyan writers. During this period he founded "The New Theatre "play and drama group.

paragraphs: Fagih became the head of the Department of Arts and Literature at the Libyan Ministry of Information and Culture in 1978. He was one of the founders of the Union of Libyan Writers. He was elected as its first Secretary General. He later travelled back to London to take a diplomatic position as the press counsellor at the Libyan Embassy in the United Kingdom. He established the Arab Cultural Trust. It launched a cultural quarterly magazine named "Azure "becoming its editor-in-chief.

paragraphs: In 1983 he was awarded a Doctorate of Philosophy PhD from the Faculty of Arts of The University of Edinburgh submitting a thesis on 'The Libyan short story' He published his three part novel "Garden of The Night "in 1991. It won the best creative work of the Beirut Book Fair. In 2000, he edited an English anthology of 13 short stories by Libyan writers.


title: Crate

paragraphs: A crate is a type of container often used in shipping. It can be made of wood, but crates made to carry bottles are often plastic. Steel and aluminium crates are also used.

paragraphs: The earliest packaging materials were made of wood and wood fiber. The first crates used to transport anything were hampers or baskets. They were made of twigs, strips of wood, roots, and reeds. Whatever was available that could be woven into a container. Baskets were used to hold and transport food and goods. Later glass and ceramic jugs were protected by baskets.

paragraphs: The first documented reference to a shipping crate in the United States is in a 1930 handbook, "Technical Bulletin No. 171" written by C. A. Plaskett for the US Department of Agriculture. His writing implies that crates were defined before that time. C. A. Plaskett was known for his extensive testing and defining of various components of transport packaging.

paragraphs: While both can be used for shipping, a crate is different from a box. A crate has a frame while a box generally does not. Crates are rigid containers built for the purpose of protecting the contents. Crates can be made of wood, plastic, metal or other materials. Crates usually need to be designed to exactly fit what it is they are protecting. Reusing a crate that does not fit the contents can waste space and harm the contents.


title: Jason Ritter

paragraphs: Jason Morgan Ritter (born February 17, 1980) is an American actor. He received an Emmy Award nomination for his role in "Parenthood".

paragraphs: Ritter's mother is Nancy Morgan. His father was John Ritter. Ritter first appeared in the opening credits of his father's show, "Three's Company". He was the little blonde haired boy running up to Joyce DeWitt in the petting zoo scene.


title: Survivor Series (2014)

paragraphs: Survivor Series (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on November 23, 2014 at Scottrade Center in St. Louis, Missouri. It was the twenty-eighth Survivor Series event held by the WWE. The PPV was offered for free to new subscribers of the WWE Network.

paragraphs: The main event saw Team Cena (John Cena, Dolph Ziggler, Big Show, Erick Rowan and Ryback) defeat Team Authority (Seth Rollins, Kane, Mark Henry, Rusev and Luke Harper) in a traditional 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination tag team match. A stipulation was added to the match that if Team Authority lost, they would be removed from power. If Team Cena lost, every member of Team Cena except for Cena would have been fired.

paragraphs: The PPV was also notable for the first appearance of former WCW and TNA wrestler Sting on WWE, who was a long hold out on signing with the company.


title: Flatbread

paragraphs: A flatbread is a bread made with flour, water, and salt. The flatbread is then rolled into flattened dough. Many flatbreads are made without yeast: they are unleavened bread. Some have a very little yeast, such as pita bread and naans.

paragraphs: There are many other ingredients that flatbreads may have. Curry powder, diced jalapeños, chili powder, black pepper, olive oil and sesame oil may be added. Flatbreads can range from one millimeter to a few centimeters thick.


title: Santa Claus lore

paragraphs: Santa Claus has many homes in the world. His main family house is near the beautiful and magnificent Northern Lights region (Aurea Borealis countries) in the polar north of the world. "As time went by, more and more was added to the Santa Claus legend. Thomas Nast, a 19th century cartoonist, did a series of drawings for "Harper's Weekly". Nash's vision of Santa had him living at the North Pole."

paragraphs: More people in many far away countries have to receive new gifts and rewards for their goodness. They get gifts for their compassionate polite manners, gentleness, and good deeds towards their family, their parents, and their brothers and sisters.

paragraphs: "After the Reformation, the feast and veneration of St. Nicholas were abolished in many countries, and the new figure of the Christmas Man substituted, so that soon the people in those countries forgot St. Nicholas who had once been so dear to them."

paragraphs: "Any kid can tell you where Santa Claus is from—the North Pole. But his historical journey is even longer and more fantastic than his annual, one-night circumnavigation of the globe."

paragraphs: Santa's new additional homes in many more countries make it easier and faster for the postal services to bring all the letters from every good person who writes to Santa Claus.


title: Marcel Breuer

paragraphs: Marcel Lajos Breuer (pronounced broy-ər ; 22 May 1902 – 1 July 1981) was a Hungarian-American modernist, architect and furniture designer of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: One of the masters of modernism, Breuer used the ideas he had developed in the carpentry shop at the Bauhaus. His personal architecture made him one of the world’s most popular architects. He died in New York City.

paragraphs: His philosophy follows the concepts of form over function.


title: Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)

paragraphs: "Good Riddance (Time of Your Life)" is the second single off American punk rock band Green Day's fifth studio album "Nimrod". The song was released on October 17, 1997. The song was first written by lead singer Billie Joe Armstrong before the release of the band's third album "Dookie" in 1994 but the song was not released until Green Day's fifth album, "Nimrod" in 1997.

paragraphs: In 1998, the band were able to win their first MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video. The song was also nominated in the category of Viewer's Choice.

paragraphs: The song has become popular at prom dances, to the band's surprise.


title: Miguel Gila

paragraphs: Miguel Gila Cuesta (12 March 1919 in Madrid - 13 July 2001 in Barcelona, Catalonia) was a Spanish comedian.

paragraphs: When Gila was 13 years old he left school because his father died. His first job was in a garage in Madrid. Several years later he went back to school to finish his studies. He got a degree in aircraft mechanics. He worked in the Elizalde of Barcelona Workshops. Later he was milling in Construcciones SA Aircraft (CASA) in Getafe.

paragraphs: Gila was a member of Unified Socialist Youth (JSU). When the Spanish Civil War began, he joined the republican troops. He came close to being shot by the rebel volunteers. He was able to survive. According his own words: "the fascist troops take me among others to be executed (""Paseo"": "Walking" in English), but they were too drunk for shoot us, so they failed". Therefore he left JSU.

paragraphs: Gila made his debut as vignettist in 1945. He become famous as a monologuist in 1951. Most of his repertory was about war histories. Gila's most known catchphrase was: ""Está el enemigo?, que se ponga [al teléfono]"" (Are the enemy there?, take him at phone).

paragraphs: "According to his own autobiography, success came in 1951 when he starred in Madrid as spontaneous theater Fontalba, where he told an impromptu monologue about his experience as a volunteer in a war. From there his career took off."

paragraphs: Gila worked on the scripts of "Cinderfella" and "The man traveling slowly". He took part in the animated film, "Tales of love and slaughter" in 1975. It was directed by Já (Jordi Amoros). Gila wrote the screenplay with with Chumy Chúmez, Ivà and Jaume Perich. They all worked on the drawings, or animations for the movie.

paragraphs: Gila died in Barcelona from respiratory failure. He had a chronic lung illness.


title: Ivar Aasen

paragraphs: Ivar Andreas Aasen (5 August 1813 – 23 September 1896) was a Norwegian philologist and lexicographer. He is best known for creating a new variant of the Norwegian language based on the way people in Norway spoke. His aim was to replace Danish as the official written language in Norway. He wanted a new written language that sounded more like the spoken Norwegian of ordinary people. Danish had become the official written language during Norway's union with Denmark (1400s-1814). It was only mastered by a few middle and upper class Norwegians.


title: New World oriole

paragraphs: New World orioles are a group of birds in the genus Icterus. They are in the blackbird family, and not related to Old World orioles of the family Oriolidae. Icterid species are strikingly similar in size, diet, behaviour, and strongly contrasting plumage to Old World orioles. This is a good example of convergent evolution.

paragraphs: Males are typically black and vibrant yellow or orange with white markings, females and immature birds duller. They moult annually. New World orioles are generally slender with long tails and a pointed bill. They mainly eat insects, but also enjoy nectar and fruit. The nest is a woven, elongated pouch. Species nesting in areas with cold winters are strongly migratory, while subtropical and tropical species are more sedentary (do not migrate.

paragraphs: The name "oriole" was first recorded (in the Latin form "oriolus") by Albertus Magnus in about 1250, which he stated to be onomatopoeic, from the song of the European golden oriole.

paragraphs: The genus name "Icterus" as used by classical authors, referred to a bird with yellow or green plumage. In modern times this has been identified as the golden oriole. Brisson mistakenly re-applied the name to the New World birds because of their similarity in appearance.


title: Volcanoes in Iceland

paragraphs: Many volcanoes in Iceland are active volcanoes. This is due to its location on the mid-Atlantic Ridge which is a tectonic plate boundary. Iceland has 30 active volcanic systems. Of these, 13 have erupted since the settlement of Iceland in 874 AD. The eruption under Eyjafjallajökull ("glacier of Eyjafjöll") in 2010 was notable because the volcanic ash plume disrupted air travel in northern Europe for several weeks.


title: Golden oriole

paragraphs: The golden oriole ("Oriolus oriolus" or Eurasian golden oriole) is the only

paragraphs: oriole breeding in northern hemisphere temperate regions.

paragraphs: It is one of the oriole family of passerine birds. It is a summer migrant in Europe and western Asia and spends the winter season in central and southern Africa.

paragraphs: Golden orioles have an extremely large range with large populations that are apparently stable.

paragraphs: Until a few years ago this species was treated as being conspecific with the Indian golden oriole. They are now in separate species.


title: Iceland hotspot

paragraphs: The Iceland hotspot is a geologic hotspot. It is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the island of Iceland.

paragraphs: Iceland is one of the most active volcanic regions in the world. On Iceland, there are volcanic eruptions about every three years. In the 20th century there were 39 volcanic eruptions on and around Iceland. About a third of the basaltic lavas erupted in recorded history were produced by Icelandic eruptions.

paragraphs: Notable eruptions have included that of Eldgjá, a fissure of Katla, in 934 (the world's largest basaltic eruption ever witnessed), and Laki in 1783 (the world's second largest). In many places, Iceland is covered by glaciers. Several eruptions under ice caps have burst through the ice. The most recent one was in 2010 after the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull.

paragraphs: Iceland's position over the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is partly responsible for this intense volcanic activity. It is not understood why Iceland is an island, but the rest of the ridge consists of seamounts, with peaks below sea level.

paragraphs: There is discussion whether the hotspot is caused by a deep mantle plume or at a shallower depth.

paragraphs: Some geologists have asked whether the Iceland hotspot has the same cause as other hotspots such as the Hawaii hotspot. They show a clear volcanic track over time caused by the movement of the Pacific Plate over the Hawaiian hotspot, but no such track can be seen at Iceland.

paragraphs: The line from the Grímsvötn volcano to Surtsey may show the movement of the Eurasian Plate and the line from the Grímsvötn volcano to the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt shows the movement of the North American Plate.


title: Lowdham

paragraphs: Lowdham is a village in Nottinghamshire. It has a play park, 4 pubs, and a cricket field.


paragraphs: This Is a Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About is the first full-length album by indie rock band Modest Mouse. The album was released on Up Records on April 16, 1996. It was released in both compact disc and vinyl formats. The vinyl release contains two extra tracks, "Edit the Sad Parts" and "A Manic Depressive Named Laughing Boy". "Edit the Sad Parts" was later included on "Interstate 8" and the Up Records compilation, "US". "A Manic Depressive Named Laughing Boy" is available only on the vinyl editions released by Up in 1996 and Glacial Pace in 2014. Many of the tracks are about traveling by automobile, and the loneliness and isolation associated with rural life. "Sad Sappy Sucker" was supposed to be released before "This Is A Long Drive for Someone with Nothing to Think About"; however, it was delayed and shelved.


title: Pat Quinn (ice hockey)

paragraphs: John Brian Patrick Quinn (January 29, 1943 – November 23, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey player, head coach, and executive. He was known by the nickname "The Big Irishman". He coached for the National Hockey League's Philadelphia Flyers, Los Angeles Kings, Vancouver Canucks, Toronto Maple Leafs, and Edmonton Oilers.

paragraphs: Quinn reached in the Stanley Cup Finals twice, with the Flyers in 1980 and the Canucks in 1994. Internationally, Quinn coached Team Canada to gold medals at the 2002 Winter Olympics, 2008 IIHF World U18 Championships and 2009 World Junior Championship, as well as World Cup championship in 2004.

paragraphs: Quinn died at the Vancouver General Hospital in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada on November 23, 2014 after a long illness, aged 71.


title: Denham Harman

paragraphs: Denham Harman (February 14, 1916 – November 25, 2014) was an American biogerontologist. He was the professor emeritus at the University of Nebraska Medical Center. Harman was widely known as the "father of the free radical theory of aging".

paragraphs: Harman died in Omaha, Nebraska on November 25, 2014 from a short-illness, aged 98.


title: Viktor Tikhonov

paragraphs: Viktor Vasilyevich Tikhonov (Russian: Виктор Васильевич Тихонов; June 4, 1930 – November 24, 2014) was a Soviet ice hockey player and coach. Tikhonov was a defenceman with VVS Moscow and HC Dynamo Moscow from 1949 to 1963, winning four national championships.

paragraphs: He was born in Moscow. He was the coach of the Soviet team, winning eight World Championship gold medals, as well as Olympic gold in 1984, 1988, and 1992.

paragraphs: Tikhonov also led CSKA Moscow to twelve consecutive league championships. He also coached the Soviet team that lost to the United States, 4-3, in the 1980 Olympic medal round game known as the Miracle on Ice. He was named to the IIHF Hall of Fame as a builder in 1998.

paragraphs: Tikhonov was hospitalized in late October 2014 and died after a long illness in Moscow on November 24, 2014, at the age of 84.


title: Jorge Herrera Delgado

paragraphs: Jorge Herrera Delgado (16 August 1961 – 24 November 2014) was a Mexican politician. He was Mayor of Durango from 2004-2007, and twice times deputy in the Durango State Congress. He served as head of the Durango Department of Education from 15 September 2010 to 7 February 2012.

paragraphs: Delgado died on 24 November 2014 from pancreatic cancer in Durango at the age of 53.


title: Darryl Jones

paragraphs: Darryl Jones (born December 11, 1961), also known as "The Munch", is an American bass player.

paragraphs: Jones currently plays for The Rolling Stones. He has also played in bands with Miles Davis and Sting.


title: Ancient Egyptian agriculture

paragraphs: Ancient Egyptian agriculture was probably the first to be practiced on a large scale. They grew staple food crops. These included grains such as emmer (a variety of wheat) and barley. The earliest evidence of irrigation in the Nile area is about 3100 BC.

paragraphs: They also grew flax for clothing and oil. Orchards

paragraphs: and vegetable gardens were also common. Unlike other crops these were grown away from the areas flooded by the Nile river each year. Agriculture was the basis of the ancient Egyptian economy. It gave work and food for its people. It was a source of wealth for Egypt's elite. Egypt was the breadbasket (main provider of food) for much of the ancient world.

paragraphs: The geography of ancient Egypt was unlike that in other parts of the Mediterranean region, which had rainy winters and hot dry summers. In Egypt most of farming was done near in the Nile river valley and the Nile Delta. Egypt had little rainfall and the land had to be irrigated. This was from the Nile either when flooded or normally.

paragraphs: The Nile began to rise in the summer and go down again in late fall. The growing season was during the winter months. It was called "Sha-et" (the growing season). The second season was called "P' ru-et" (the dry season). This is the hot dry season when the grain was harvested and stored. The third season, "She" (sea) was the months during which the Nile flooded. Each season was about four months long. The fertile Nile valley is about 760 miles long and about 14 miles wide. The rest of Egypt is desert.

paragraphs: This system allowed one crop a year. A shorter agricultural season meant more workers available for construction of buildings like temples and other royal buildings. Workers were also used for year-round irrigation projects. Water was usually carried manually on men's shoulders using yokes.

paragraphs: To plant, they dug a hole in the ground, and put one seed in each hole. They used furrows. They grew wheat, barley, vegetables, figs, melons, pomegranates and vines. Crops were very important to Egyptians. They grew lettuce, cucumber, wheat, barley, figs, pomegranate and beans. Shemu was the harvesting season. Peret was the growing season. Akhet was the flooding season. In October, the river Nile left a layer of soil. Kemet is left behind from flooding. They grew their crops on the edge of the bank on the river Nile, then they waited for the Nile to flood and then all was left was soil to plant there crops.

paragraphs: The harvest season was called "Shemu". The reapers cut the grain with wooden sickles that had sharp flints. The cattle trampled over the cut grain. They tossed grain into the air so the breeze blew the useless chaff away. It was hard and slow. Harvest takes place in spring but finishes in May. Families hired workers to do the job. Everyone took part in harvest. Farmers had to barter. Many of them harvested crops to trade for the things and animals they needed to plant more crops.

paragraphs: Ancient Egyptians had tools like winnowing scoops, mattocks, flint bladed sickles and plows. All of the tools were simple and made by hand. The Egyptian plow had a small blade on it but did not cut the soil.

paragraphs: A Shaduf is an object used to collect water from the river Nile. The Shaduf works by pulling the string at the front and at the back there is a weight to stop it from falling forwards. Shadufs are used to get the water out of the Nile to water the crops.

paragraphs: The Egyptians believed that a balanced relationship between people and animals was an essential element of the cosmic order; thus humans, animals and plants were believed to be members of a single whole. Cattle were the most important livestock; livestock were taxed; the size of a herd reflected the prestige and importance of the estate or temple which owned them. In addition to cattle, the ancient Egyptians kept sheep, goats, and pigs. Poultry such as ducks, geese, and pigeons were captured in nets and bred on farms, where they were force-fed with dough to fatten them. The Nile provided a plentiful source of fish. Bees were also domesticated from at least the Old Kingdom, and they provided both honey and wax.

paragraphs: The ancient Egyptians used donkeys and oxen as beasts of burden. They plowed the fields and trampled seed into the soil. The slaughter of a fattened ox was part of an offering ritual. Horses were introduced by the Hyksos in the Second Intermediate Period, and the camel, although known from the New Kingdom, was not used as a beast of burden until the Late Period. There is also evidence to suggest that elephants were briefly used in the Late Period, but largely abandoned due to lack of grazing land. Dogs, cats and monkeys were common family pets, while more exotic pets imported from the heart of Africa, such as lions, were reserved for royalty. Herodotus observed that the Egyptians were the only people to keep their animals with them in their houses. During the Predynastic and Late periods, the worship of the gods in their animal form was extremely popular, such as the cat goddess Bastet and the ibis god Thoth, and these animals were bred in large numbers on farms for the purpose of ritual sacrifice.


title: Lom, Norway

paragraphs: Lom is a municipality in Oppland county, Norway. It is part of the traditional region of Gudbrandsdal. The administrative center of the municipality is the village of Fossbergom. The municipality of Lom was established on 1 January 1838. The area of Skjåk was separated from Lom to become a municipality of its own in 1866.

paragraphs: Lom sits at the base of two mountains. "Glittertind" is and "Galdhøpiggen" is high.

paragraphs: It has one of the few remaining stave churches in Norway. The church was built in 1158.


title: Canadian Club

paragraphs: Canadian Club (also commonly known as just C.C.) is a Canadian brand of whisky. Canadian Club was created by Gooderham and Worts. It is currently being produced by Beam Suntory.

paragraphs: Canadian Club started being made in 1858. The first distillery was created in Walkerville, Ontario. They decided to create the distillery in Walkerville because of the good quality of the local grains that were there.

paragraphs: The whisky was popular in the late 19th century in gentlemen's clubs of Canada and the United States. It was known as "Club Whisky" because of this. After it became very popular, American distillers decided to petition to include the word "Canada" on the bottle to identify it from their competing whiskies. By doing this, they thought that it would stop the popularity of the whisky. However, this made the whisky even more exclusive. In 1889, Walker changed the label and added the word “Canadian” to the top of the label. In 1890, the label was changed again, with "Canadian" being moved down from the top of the label and incorporated into the name of the whisky.

paragraphs: During the Prohibition years, one of Canadian Club's most important clients was gangster Al Capone. He would smuggle thousands of cases of Canadian Club through a route from Windsor to Detroit.

paragraphs: The whisky has received royal warrants from Queen Victoria, Edward VII, George V, George VI, and Elizabeth II. Hiram Walker & Sons were the only North American distiller to receive a royal warrant.


title: N.R. Narayan Murthy

paragraphs: Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy (Kannada: ನಾಗವಾರ ರಾಮರಾವ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ ಮೂರ್ತಿ; born 20 August 1946), is an Indian IT industrialist and the co-founder of Infosys a multinational corporation. S. Gopalakrishnan was also a co-founder. Infosys provides business consulting, technology, engineering, and outsourcing services. Murthy studied electrical engineering at the National Institute of Engineering, University of Mysore, and M. Tech at the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur.

paragraphs: Murthy has been listed among the 12 greatest entrepreneurs of our time by "Fortune" magazine. He has been described as the father of Indian IT sector by "Time" magazine due to his contribution to outsourcing in India. Murthy has also been honored with the Padma Vibhushan and Padma Shri awards.


title: Parry Gripp

paragraphs: Parry Gripp (born September 22, 1967 in Santa Barbara, California) is a singer-songwriter as well as a guitarist for the pop punk band Nerf Herder. As a songwriter, Gripp is best known for fake jingles, as in his 2005 solo album "For Those About to Shop, We Salute You". It was a 51-track concept album mimicking various musical styles as product commercials. He also maintains a song-of-the-week website and a YouTube channel on which he creates soundtracks to internet memes. He also does music videos for his own novelty songs. The titles include "Do You Like Waffles?", "Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom Nom", "Last Train to Awesometown" and "Spaghetti Cat (I Weep For You)". "Hamster on a Piano (Eating Popcorn)", "I Am A Banana" and "Baby Monkey (Going Backwards On A Pig)" are others. Gripp also performs the "Being Ian", "Super Hero Squad Show", "", and "The 7D" theme songs.


title: Terra (mythology)

paragraphs: Terra is the Roman form of Gaia (greek). She is the goddess of the Earth. Her husband is Caelus, an ancient god of the sky (heavens). They are the parents of the Titans & giants. One day, thousands of years ago, Terra convinced her son, Saturn, to take his father's scythe and chop his father up with it. Saturn did as his mother told him. He scattered Caelus's pieces across the cosmos. When one piece hit the water, it gave birth to Venus, the goddess of love. This, effectively, makes Venus the oldest of all the gods & goddess'.


title: The Crying Child

paragraphs: The Crying Child is an American television horror movie. It was directed by Robert Michael Lewis. It is based on a Barbara Mertz novel.

paragraphs: The movie stars Mariel Hemingway and George DelHoyo.

paragraphs: After their son dies, a couple moves to a new house in order to forget. Suddenly, the woman starts to hear baby cries all over her home. She is the only one who can hear them.


title: Gilles Tremblay (ice hockey)

paragraphs: Joseph Jean Gilles Tremblay (December 17, 1938 – November 26, 2014) was a Canadian ice hockey left winger. He played his entire National Hockey League (NHL) career with the Montreal Canadiens from 1960 to 1969.

paragraphs: He played 509 games, scored 168 goals and added 162 assists before injuries led to his retirement at the age of 31. Tremblay was a member of four Stanley Cup championship teams with Montreal, in 1965, 1966, 1968, and 1969.

paragraphs: After his hockey player career, from 1971 to 1997, he worked as a French-language broadcaster for ice hockey; he won the 2002 Foster Hewitt Memorial Award for his work.

paragraphs: Tremblay died in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, aged 75.


title: Petr Hapka

paragraphs: Petr Hapka (13 May 1944 – 25 November 2014) was a Czech composer. He was one of the most important composers of Czech movie music industry. He was known for working with the lyricist Michal Horáček. He composed over 60 movies and 40 songs during his career.

paragraphs: Hapka died in Okoř, Czech Republic, aged 70.


title: Sabah (singer)

paragraphs: Sabah (; born Jeanette Gergis Al-Feghali, 10 November 1927 – 26 November 2014) was a Lebanese singer and actress. She was known as the "Diva of Music" in the Arab World.

paragraphs: She has released over 50 albums and has acted in 98 movies as well as over 20 stage plays. She has a reported 3,500 songs in her repertoire. She was the first Arabic singer to perform at Olympia in Paris, Carnegie Hall in New York, and Piccadilly Theatre in London and Sydney Opera House in Sydney.


title: Frankie Fraser

paragraphs: Francis Davidson Fraser, better known as "Mad" Frankie Fraser (13 December 1923 – 26 November 2014), was an English criminal and gang member. He spent 42 years in prison for numerous offences including burglary and assault. Fraser was born in Lambeth, South London, England.

paragraphs: Fraser was shot in the head in 1991. He died from complications of leg surgery in Lambeth, South London, England, aged 90.


title: Far Rockaway, Queens

paragraphs: Far Rockaway is a neighborhood on the Rockaway Peninsula in the New York City borough of Queens. It is the easternmost section of the Rockaways. The neighborhood starts at the Nassau County line and extends west to Beach 32nd Street. The neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 14. The name "Rockaway" may have meant "place of sands" in the Munsee language of the Native American Lenape. Other spellings include Requarkie, Rechouwakie, Rechaweygh, Rechquaakie and Reckowacky (see: Toponymy of New Netherland).


title: Duke of Rutland

paragraphs: The Duke of Rutland is a title in the Peerage of England named for Rutland, a county in the East Midlands. Earldoms named after Rutland have been created twice in history. The ninth earl of the second creation was made a duke in 1703. The surname of the present duke's family is "Manners". The heir to the title is known as the Marquess of Granby. Other titles: Marquess of Granby (1703), Earl of Rutland (1525), Baron Manners of Haddon (1679) and Baron Roos of Belvoir (1896). The Duke of Rutland is allowed to be addressed as "His Grace". The traditional family seats are Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and Belvoir Castle in Leicestershire.

paragraphs: The heir apparent is Charles John Montague Manners, Marquess of Granby (b. 1999), elder son of the 11th Duke


title: Duke of Westminster

paragraphs: The title of Duke of Westminster was created by Queen Victoria in 1874. It was given to Hugh Grosvenor, 3rd Marquess of Westminster. The current holder of the title is Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster. Earl Grosvenor, the only son of the Duke, is godfather to Prince George of Cambridge. The Present Duke is entitled to the style of address of "His Grace" and the family surname is Grosvenor. The Duke of Westminster's seat is at Eaton Hall, Cheshire. The traditional burial place of the Dukes is St Mary's Church, Eccleston. The title was raised from the rank of Marquess. The family also owned a large townhouse in London called simply "Grosvenor House".

paragraphs: The huge family house in Park Lane, London was called Grosvenor House. In its place is now the Grosvenor House Hotel, built on the site.

paragraphs: The Grosvenor hotel – the venue for some of London's grandest award ceremonies – was sold to Indian conglomerate Sahara for £470m in December 2010. The head of the conglomerate is Sahara India Pariwar.


title: Canadian Urban Institute

paragraphs: The Canadian Urbanism Institute is a scientific research institute in Toronto, Ontario, in Canada. The institute was established in 1990.


title: Being and Nothingness

paragraphs: Being and Nothingness: An Essay on Phenomenological Ontology is a book written by French philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre. Published in 1943, Being and Nothingness aimed to make certain the facts of human existence. Sartre wanted to show that free will exists. It can be considered part of a type of philosophy called existentialism.


title: Centre for Cities

paragraphs: The Centre for Cities is a non-partisan urban policy research unit in London, United Kingdom. The organization was established in 2005 as a part of the Institute for Public Policy Research. It became independent in 2007. The Centre for Cities was established to understand and solve urban problems in the United Kingdom cities. Centre for Cities publishes an annual report on 64 major cities.


title: Zabardust Khan

paragraphs: Zabardust Khan or Zabardust Khan Tanoli also known by his nick-name Suba Khan Tanoli (died 1797) was a chieftain of the Hindkowan Tanoli tribe, of Hazara region, in 18th century India. This area is now part of North-West Pakistan.

paragraphs: Zabardust Khan was appointed a "nazim" (area administrator) in upper Hazara by the Afghan King Taimur Shah Durrani (or Abdali) in 1775 or 1776. Most local people then gave him the nick-name of 'Suba Khan' (means 'area chief') and he became known by this name. He was a good administrator at a very violent and bad time in history. He tried his best to help people, ensure peace in his area and control prices of food and other goods. For this reason, he is still remembered by people in that area today. They often go to pray at his grave .

paragraphs: Zabardust/Suba Khan Tanoli died in 1797. He is not to be confused with a Pathan soldier called Zabardast Khan, who fought at the Third Battle of Panipat.


title: Charlie Sifford

paragraphs: Charles L. Sifford (June 2, 1922 – February 3, 2015) was an American professional golfer. He helped black golfers to be part of the PGA of America. Sifford was born in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2004, Sifford became the first African American inducted into the World Golf Hall of Fame. In November 2014, President Barack Obama awarded him the 2014 Presidential Medal of Freedom.

paragraphs: Sifford died in Cleveland, Ohio from complications from a stroke at the age of 92.


title: Peter Shaffer

paragraphs: Sir Peter Levin Shaffer (15 May 1926 – 6 June 2016) was an English playwright and screenwriter. He was known for his works in "Equus", "Amadeus", "Black Comedy", and in "The Royal Hunt of the Sun". He won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenwriter.

paragraphs: Shaffer died on 6 June 2016 at the age of 90 while on a trip to the southwest of Ireland.


title: Marcel Paquet

paragraphs: Marcel Paquet (21 February 1947 – 22 November 2014) was a Belgian philosopher. He was known for his philosophy on ontology, Belgian political philosophy, and on esthetics. Paquet was born in Charleroi, Belgium.


title: Lewis Baltz

paragraphs: Lewis Baltz (September 12, 1945 – November 22, 2014) was an American visual artist and photographer. He became an important figure in the New Topographics movement of the late 1970s. His work has been published in a number of books, presented in many exhibitions. He wrote for many journals, and contributed regularly to "L'Architecture d'Aujourd'hui".

paragraphs: Baltz died in Paris, France from a long-illness, aged 69.


title: Anthony Anderson

paragraphs: Anthony Anderson (born August 15, 1970) is an American actor, writer, Game show host, Panelist and Comedian. He has starred in his own sitcom "All About the Andersons", as well as "The Bernie Mac Show" during the fifth and final season.

paragraphs: He is known for his leading roles in television dramas, such as "K-Ville", "The Shield", and "Law & Order". Anderson has also had supporting roles in films, such as "Transformers", "The Departed", "", "Scream 4", and "Kangaroo Jack".

paragraphs: On July 20, 2018, it was revealed that he is being investigated by the Los Angeles Police Department for a sexual assault allegation.


title: Mick Fleetwood

paragraphs: Michael John Kells Fleetwood (born 24 June 1947) is a British musician and actor, best known for his role as the drummer and co-founder of the rock band Fleetwood Mac.


title: Phillip Hughes

paragraphs: Phillip Joel Hughes (30 November 1988 – 27 November 2014) was an Australian Test and One-Day International (ODI) cricketer. He played for South Australia and Worcestershire. He was a left-handed opening batsman who played for two seasons with New South Wales before making his Test debut in 2009 at the age of 20. Hughes was born in Macksville, New South Wales.

paragraphs: During a Sheffield Shield match between South Australia and New South Wales at the Sydney Cricket Ground on 25 November 2014, Hughes was hit in the neck by a bouncer from New South Wales bowler Sean Abbott after mistiming his shot. He was taken to hospital. Hughes died two days later from his injuries at a hospital in Sydney, aged 25.


title: Ángel Tulio Zof

paragraphs: Ángel Tulio Zof (July 8, 1928 – November 26, 2014) was a former Argentine footballer and coach. He played for Rosario Central, Huracán, Atlanta and Quilmes as a left winger.

paragraphs: Internationally, he played for Canada's Toronto F.C., Philadelphia's Ucranian National and New York's Hakoah. Later, he became the coach of Ledesma de Jujuy, Club Atlético Platense, Atlanta, San Martín (T), Newell's Old Boys, Rosario Central, Los Andes.

paragraphs: Zof died in Buenos Aires, Argentina, aged 86.


title: Dorothy Malone

paragraphs: Dorothy Malone (January 30, 1924 – January 19, 2018) was an American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in "Written on the Wind". She also starred in the famous soap opera "Peyton Place" in the 1960s.

paragraphs: Malone died on January 19, 2018 in Dallas, Texas of natural causes at the age of 93.


title: Hardy Krüger

paragraphs: Hardy Krüger (born Franz Eberhard August Krüger; 12 April 1928) is a German actor. He is thought of as one of the greatest German actors of the 1960s. He is thought to be the first German actor to have been thought as a hero in movies after World War II.


title: John Hillerman

paragraphs: John Benedict Hillerman (December 20, 1932 – November 9, 2017) was an American actor. He was born in Denison, Texas. He was known for his starring role as Jonathan Quayle Higgins III on the television show "Magnum, P.I.". He starred in "Chinatown" and "Blazing Saddles". He also starred in "The Betty White Show". He won a Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award during his career. He retired in 1999.

paragraphs: Hillerman died on November 9, 2017 at his home in Houston, Texas of heart disease at the age of 84.


title: Don Gordon

paragraphs: Don Gordon (November 13, 1926 – April 24, 2017) was an American movie and television actor. He is sometimes known as Donald Gordon. Gordon was known for his roles in "Bullitt", "Papillon", "", "Revolt at Fort Laramie", "The Exorcist III", and in "Lethal Weapon".


title: Hell in a Cell (2014)

paragraphs: Hell in a Cell (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on October 26, 2014 at American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas. It was the sixth Hell in a Cell event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: There were two main events on the card. The first main event saw John Cena defeat Randy Orton to earn a future WWE World Heavyweight Championship match. The second main event saw Seth Rollins defeated Dean Ambrose to end their feud.


title: Night of Champions (2014)

paragraphs: Night of Champions (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on September 21, 2014 at Bridgestone Arena in Nashville, Tennessee. It was the eighth Night of Champions event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main event saw John Cena defeat Brock Lesnar by disqualification after Seth Rollins interfered. This caused Lesnar to retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship.


paragraphs: The Industrial and Mining Water Research Unit (abbreviated IMWaRU) is a research group. They are part of the School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg.

paragraphs: The unit deals with many water issues in industry and mining.

paragraphs: The unit works with the Schools of Law, Chemistry, Civil and Mining engineering at the University.

paragraphs: Members of the group have given presentations at:

paragraphs: The main location IMWaRU is in the Richard Ward Building on the East campus of the University.

paragraphs: The group has a broad range of research publications in the areas as listed below:


title: Blood doping

paragraphs: Blood doping is a way of increasing the number of red blood cells in the bloodstream. This is done to improve athletic performance. Because blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the muscles, a having more red cells in the blood can improve an athlete’s aerobic capacity (VO max) and endurance. Many methods of blood doping are illegal, particularly in professional sport.

paragraphs: There are a number of different methods. Frozen blood taken from the individual previously can be used for a later transplant; packed red cells from a compatible donor may be used, and blood substitutes may be used. The growth area in illegal blood doping of athletes is blood substitutes.


title: SummerSlam (2014)

paragraphs: SummerSlam (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on August 17, 2014 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the twenty-seventh SummerSlam event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main event saw Brock Lesnar defeat John Cena to win his fourth WWE World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Bacteriology

paragraphs: Bacteriology is the study of bacteria. Bacteriologists study, identify, classify, and describe bacterial species.

paragraphs: Microorganisms such as bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses are studied by "microbiologists". However, bacteriology is a distinct science, because the make-up and inheritance of bacteria is rather different from the other groups.


title: Ferdinand Cohn

paragraphs: Ferdinand Julius Cohn (24 January 1828 – 25 June 1898) was a German biologist. He is a founder of modern bacteriology and microbiology.

paragraphs: Cohn was born in the Jewish quarter of Breslau in the Prussian Province of Silesia. This is now Wroclaw, Poland. Starting at age 16 he studied botany under Heinrich Goppert at the University of Breslau. He then moved to the University of Berlin. At age 19 in 1847 he received a degree in botany at Berlin.

paragraphs: In 1849 he returned to the University of Breslau and he remained at that university for the rest of his career as a teacher and researcher. His father had bought for him a large and expensive microscope, which the University of Breslau and most universities did not have at that time. They had microscopes, but not so good as his. It was Ferdinand Cohn's main research tool in the 1850s.

paragraphs: In the 1850s he studied the growth and division of plant cells. In 1855 he produced papers on the sexuality of "Sphaeroplea" and later "Volvox". In the 1860s he studied plant physiology. Cohn was the first to classify algae as plants, and to define what distinguishes them from green plants.

paragraphs: From 1870 onward he mostly studied bacteria. He published over 150 research reports during his lifetime. The University of Breslau became an innovative center for plant physiology and microbiology while he was there. His classification of bacteria into four groups based on shape (sphericals, short rods, threads, and spirals) is still in use today.

paragraphs: Among other things Cohn showed that "Bacillus" can change from a vegetative state to an endospore when conditions are hard. Heat resistant spores of "B. subtilis" caused a controversy over spontaneous generation. Cohn explained why boiled infusions of hay and cheese could still get microbial growth. It was because they contained heat resistant spores.


title: Plant physiology

paragraphs: Plant physiology is the part of botany which studies how plants work. That is the physiology of plants. Using a variety of methods, botanists study how plants reproduce, grow, get nutrients, photosynthesise, get water, and so on.

paragraphs: The main topics of plant physiology are photosynthesis, respiration, plant nutrition, plant hormones, tropisms, nastic movements, photoperiodism, photomorphogenesis, circadian rhythms, environmental stress physiology, seed germination, dormancy, stomata function and transpiration.


title: Elimination Chamber (2014)

paragraphs: Elimination Chamber (2014) (No Escape (2014) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 23, 2014 at Target Center in Minneapolis, Minnesota. It was the fifth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: There were two main events. The first saw The Wyatt Family defeat The Shield and the second saw Randy Orton successfully retain his WWE World Heavyweight Championship in an Elimination Chamber match against Daniel Bryan, John Cena, Cesaro, Christian and Sheamus.


title: Stanisław Mikulski

paragraphs: Stanisław Mikulski (1 May 1929 – 27 November 2014) was a Polish theatre, television, movie actor. He was a host of the Polish game show "Wheel of Fortune" ("Koło Fortuny"). Mikulski was known for starring in the leading role in the 1967-1968 television series "Stawka większa niż życie".

paragraphs: Mikulski died in Warsaw, Poland, aged 85.


title: Mollicutes

paragraphs: The Mollicutes are a class of bacteria with no bacterial cell wall. "Mycoplasma" is the best-known genus.

paragraphs: They are very small, only about 0.2–0.3 μm in size, and have a very small genome. Most move about by gliding across host cells, but "Spiroplasma" are helical and move by twisting.

paragraphs: Mollicutes are parasites of various animals and plants, living on or in the host's cells. Many cause diseases in humans. "Mycoplasma" and "Ureaplasma" stick to cells in the lungs or sex tubes like the urethra. "Phytoplasma" and "Spiroplasma" are plant pathogens with insect vectors. Bugs such as leaf-hoppers (Homoptera) are the vectors. They deliver the parasites which they stick their mouth-parts into a plant to suck its sap.


title: Dave (movie)

paragraphs: Dave is a 1993 American comedy movie directed by Ivan Reitman. It stars Kevin Kline, Sigourney Weaver, Frank Langella, Kevin Dunn, Ving Rhames, and Ben Kingsley.

paragraphs: It is about the President of the United States (Kevin Kline) suffering a stroke and the White House Chief of Staff (Frank Langella) and assistant (Kevin Dunn) hiring a double (also Kevin Kline) to impersonate the president.

paragraphs: It's movie score was composed by James Newton Howard. It was released to very positive reviews on May 7, 1993. It has a 94% on Rotten Tomatoes. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3.5/4 stars. It was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Screenplay.


title: Ivan Reitman

paragraphs: Ivan Reitman, OC (born October 27, 1946) is a Czechoslovakian-born Canadian movie producer and director of Jewish descent. He is known for directing "Ghostbusters", "Ghostbusters II", "Stripes", "Junior", "Kindergarten Cop", and "No Strings Attached".


title: Closing the Ring

paragraphs: Closing the Ring is a 2007 British romantic-drama movie directed by Richard Attenborough. It stars Shirley MacLaine, Christopher Plummer, Mischa Barton, Gregory Smith, and Pete Postlethwaite. It was released to mixed reviews on December 28, 2007.


title: Dorothy Cheney

paragraphs: Dorothy “Dodo” Bundy Cheney (September 1, 1916 – November 23, 2014) was an American tennis player. She played most of her tennis at the Los Angeles Tennis Club. In 1938, Cheney became the first American to win the women's singles title at the Australian Championships, defeating Dorothy Stevenson in the final. Cheney was born in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Cheney died on November 23, 2014 in Escondido, California at the age of 98.


title: Richard A. Jensen

paragraphs: Richard Alvin Jensen (July 4, 1934 – November 19, 2014) was an American theologian, author, and the Carlson Professor of Homiletics Emeritus at the Lutheran School of Theology at Chicago. Jensen was born in Fremont, Nebraska.

paragraphs: Jensen died in Lakeville, Minnesota, aged 80.


title: Long-handled bulb planter

paragraphs: A long-handled bulb planter is a gardening tool. It is used to dig holes to plant bulbs and other plants. It is also used to put soil back in the holes in order to cover the bulbs. A long-handled bulb planter allows people not to bend when using them.

paragraphs: In addition to bulbs, this tool can be used to help plant other plants which need a similar hole size and depth. For example, it can be used for planting potatoes.


Pat Quinn


title: Chernokids

paragraphs: Chernokids is a short French CGI-animated science fiction movie.

paragraphs: The movie "Chernokids" was made in 2010. It was made by five students from the film school named Supinfocom. Marion Petegnief, Matthieu Bernadat, Clement Deltour, Nils Boussuge, Florence Ciuccoli produced and directed the movie in 2010.

paragraphs: The movie was produced and directed by five students from Supinfocom. Supinfocom is a University in France. The University has a audiovisual and computer graphics program. Campuses are in Valenciennes, Arles and Pune. The school offers a five-year course of study that leads to a diploma of digital direction to its students, Matthieu Bernadat, Marion Petegnief, Nils Boussuge, Florence Ciuccoli, and Clement Deltour.

paragraphs: The movie was made in the genre of animated movies. The movie was made in the bizarre sub-genre. The movie was shot in 3-D. Illness and handicapped children were both themes in the movie. The movie was made all in Ukrainian. French translations were done by Roman Kozin and Nadia Myhal. The running time of the short movie was 6 minutes and 54 seconds. The screen format of the movie was Beta SP - DigiBeta. The movie was done in the aspect ratio of 16/9. The production company that made the movie was Supinfocom Valenciennes. The distribution of the short movie was handled by International Premium Films.

paragraphs: Animations for the movie were done by Matthieu Bernadat, Marion Petegnief, Nils Boussuge, Florence Ciuccoli, and Clement Deltour.

paragraphs: The children were each affected by the radioactivity in different ways. Each character was named based on their mutation.

paragraphs: Music for the movie was done by Nikolas Javelle, Yann Philippe, Sébastien Rouyer Fessard, Nikolas Javelle, and Yann Philippe.

paragraphs: The story follows four orphaned children's lives. One of them is a siamese twin. "In an orphanage somewhere in Ukraine a group of hideously deformed kids are about to visit their mother, the Nuclear Power Plant." The story happens after Chernobyl Nuclear Plant explosion.

paragraphs: The look and feel of the animation is somewhere between Pixar and a Slipknot music video that’s been burnt on one side and left out in the desert. The result is something that might play in a dank backroom of a short film festival (or out in the open of Fantastic Fest).

paragraphs: The movie "Chernokids" won the award for Best Digital Film at the Rome International [[Festival]] of Short Films & New Images (Arcipelago) during 2011 in Italy.

paragraphs: The movie was also in the running for awards at the International Documentary and Short Film Festival of Bilbao (Zinebi) during 2011 in Spain. The movie was also shown at the Brussels Cartoon and Animated Film Festival (Anima) during 2011 in Belgium. It was an international competition for professional films. The movie was also seen at the Clermont-Ferrand International Short Film Festival during 2011 in France.


title: Ronald Wayne

paragraphs: Ronald Gerald Wayne (born May 17, 1934) is a retired American electronics industry worker. He co-founded Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.) with Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Wayne drew the first Apple logo. He created the partnership agreement. He also wrote the Apple I manual. After two weeks he gave up his share of the new company for a total of $800 USD. His 10% share would be worth 60 billion today.


title: Said Akl

paragraphs: Said Akl () or Saïd Akl, Said Aql and Saeed Akl) (4 July 1912 – 28 November 2014) was a Lebanese poet, writer, playwright and language reformer. He was thought to be as one of the most important Lebanese poets of the modern age. He also helped create the Lebanese alphabet.

paragraphs: Akl died in Beirut, Lebanon at the age of 102.


title: Tapan Raychaudhuri

paragraphs: Tapan Raychaudhuri (8 May 1924 - 26 November 2014) was an Indian historian. He was an expert in British Indian history, Indian economic history and the History of Bengal.

paragraphs: He was a Reader in Modern South Asian History at University of Oxford from 1973 to 1992. He was also Fellow of St. Anthony College, Oxford from 1973-93 where he remained as an Emeritus Fellow until his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Raychaudhuri died after suffering a series of strokes at his home in Oxford, England on 26 November 2014, aged 90.


title: Renée Simonot

paragraphs: Renée Simonot (born September 10, 1911) is a French actress. She is known for being one of the first French actresses to dub an English movie. She mostly dubbed Olivia de Havilland and Sylvia Sidney.


title: Wolfgang Suschitzky

paragraphs: Wolfgang Suschitzky, BSC (29 August 1912 – 7 October 2016), was an Austrian photographer and cinematographer. He was best known for his works with Paul Rotha in the 1940s and his work on Mike Hodges' 1971 movie "Get Carter". He was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary.


title: Connie Sawyer

paragraphs: Connie Sawyer, born "Rosie Cohen", (November 27, 1912 – January 21, 2018), was an American actress of Jewish descent. She was born in Pueblo, Colorado and grew up in Oakland, California.

paragraphs: Sawyer was known for her roles in "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", "The Rockford Files", "Hawaii Five-O", "Dynasty", "When Harry Met Sally...", "Murder, She Wrote", "Home Improvement", "Seinfeld", "Boy Meets World", "Will & Grace", "That '70s Show", "8 Simple Rules", "ER", "How I Met Your Mother" and "The Office".

paragraphs: Sawyer died of a heart attack at her home in Woodland Hills, California on January 21, 2018 at the age of 105.


title: Olaf Pooley

paragraphs: Olaf Pooley (13 March 1914 – 14 July 2015) was an English actor and screenwriter. He was known for his roles in "Highly Dangerous", "Hell Is Sold Out", "The Lost People", "The Huggetts Aboard", and in "Lifeforce".


title: Don Lusk

paragraphs: Donald Lusk (October 28, 1913 – December 30, 2018) was an American retired animator and director. He worked for The Walt Disney Company.

paragraphs: Lusk was known for his works in "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs", "Pinocchio", "Fantasia", "Bambi", "Song of the South", "Cinderella", "Alice in Wonderland", "Peter Pan", "Lady and the Tramp" and "Sleeping Beauty".

paragraphs: Lusk died on December 30, 2018 in San Clemente, California at the age 105.


title: Pueblo, Colorado

paragraphs: Pueblo is the county seat of Pueblo County, Colorado, United States. The population was 106,595 in 2010 census. It's nickname is "Steel City".


title: Division of Adelaide

paragraphs: The Division of Adelaide is an Australian electoral division in South Australia. It includes the Adelaide city centre and the suburbs of Ashford, Clarence Park, Enfield, Goodwood, Kent Town, Keswick, Kilburn, Maylands, North Adelaide, Northgate, Norwood, Parkside, Prospect, Rose Park, St Peters, Toorak Gardens, Unley and Walkerville.

paragraphs: It was set up in 1903 and is named for the city of Adelaide, South Australia's capital, which was named for Queen Adelaide, wife of William IV.

paragraphs: Ernest Roberts was elected in 1908 after a by-election caused by the death of Charles Kingston. Kingston, a former Premier of South Australia, had been elected in 1903 unopposed. However Roberts died in 1913 which also caused a by-election. In 1988 Chris Hurford resigned to become the Australian Consul-General in New York, which also caused a by-election.


title: Norwegian Forest cat

paragraphs: The Norwegian Forest cat ( or ) is a breed of domestic cat found in Northern Europe. This breed is adapted to a very cold climate. It has a double coat. The top coat is glossy, long, water-shedding hairs. It also has a woolly undercoat for insulation. The breed's ancestors may have been brought to Norway by the Vikings.

paragraphs: During World War II, the breed became nearly extinct. A Norwegian cat club helped the breed. They created an official breeding program. It was registered as a breed with the European Fédération Internationale Féline in the 1970s. This was when a local cat fancier, Carl-Fredrik Nordane, took notice of the breed. He made efforts to register it. Currently, the Norwegian Forest breed is very popular in Norway, Sweden, Iceland and France.


title: Diss railway station

paragraphs: Diss railway station is a station in Diss, Norfolk. The station is operated by Greater Anglia services. Trains go to and from Norwich and London. Diss railway station is part of the National Rail network.


title: Elimination Chamber (2013)

paragraphs: Elimination Chamber (2013) (No Escape (2013) in Germany) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on February 17, 2013 at New Orleans Arena in New Orleans, Louisiana. It was the fourth Elimination Chamber event held by the WWE.

paragraphs: The main even saw The Rock defeat CM Punk to retain his WWE Championship. Jack Swagger defeated Daniel Bryan, Chris Jericho, Kane, Mark Henry and Randy Orton in the Elimination Chamber match for a World Heavyweight Championship match against Alberto Del Rio at WrestleMania 29.


title: Hurricane Edna

paragraphs: Hurricane Edna was a powerful hurricane that hit the East Coast of the United States in September 1954. This storm made landfall over Cape Cod. New Hampshire and Maine were hit very hard. The storm caused 20 deaths. Edna hit a few days after Hurricane Carol had hit the same area.


title: Michael Rosen

paragraphs: Michael Wayne Rosen (born 7 May 1946) is an English children's novelist and poet of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: Rosen wrote over 140 books. He was the fifth British Children's Laureate from June 2007 to June 2009. He has been a TV presenter, socialist columnist, and republican advocate.


title: Charlie Hall (politician)

paragraphs: Charles Albert "Charlie" Hall, Jr. (May 7, 1930 – November 20, 2014) was an American firefighter, labor activist, academic, and politician. He served in the Florida House of Representatives from the 118th district. He served as a representative from 1980 through 1982. He was a professor at Florida International University.

paragraphs: Hall was born in Miami, Florida, and died in Tallahassee, Florida, aged 84.


title: Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng

paragraphs: Bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng () is a bilingual pun in Classical Chinese and Korean. It is part of the literature of the Joseon period of Korea. It has historically been used as a source of humour in Korean.

paragraphs: When Heo Mok was ordered to attend the academy of the more senior scholar Song Siyeol at Hwayang-dong, he made the journey. Once he got there, he was forced to wait for a long time. Then he found out the appointment had been cancelled. Heo Mok angrily stated ""bojihwayangdong buralsongseonsaeng"". In Classical Chinese, the statement means "Walked to Hwayang-dong; did not see teacher Song", but in native Korean, "boji" () refers to "female genitals", while "bural" () means "testicles", making the expression additionally mean "cunt Hwayang-dong; testicles teacher Song".


title: The world's 100 most threatened species

paragraphs: The world's 100 most threatened species was chosen by over 8,000 scientists from the IUCN Species Survival Commission (IUCN SSC), and the Zoological Society of London. The report was published by the Zoological Society of London in 2012 as the book, "Priceless or Worthless?"

paragraphs: The species are threatened with extinction, and they have no obvious benefit for humans. This was deliberate, to avoid "vested interests". Iconic and charismatic species, such as tigers and pandas, and economically important species, have many defenders. These apparently "worthless" species had none. The title of the report, "Priceless or Worthless?", is based on that shared quality of the species. The report's co-author, Ellen Butcher, stated one of the guiding principles of the list, "If we take immediate action we can give them a fighting chance for survival. But this requires society to support the moral and ethical position that all species have an inherent right to exist".

paragraphs: Scientists are finding they have to justify funding for protection by showing what the human benefits would be. Jonathan Baillie, of the Zoological Society of London, said "The donor community and conservation movement are increasingly leaning towards a 'what can nature do for us?' approach, where species and wild habitats are valued and prioritised according to these services they provided for people. This has made it increasingly difficult for conservationists to protect the most threatened species on the planet".

paragraphs: Some of the threatened species are down to only a handful of surviving members. Santa Catarina’s guinea pig, native to a single island in Brazil, is down to its last 40–60 individuals, reduced by hunting and habitat disturbance. The Great Indian bustard is threatened by habitat loss resulting from agriculture and human development, and is down to the last 50–250 individuals. "Elaeocarpus bojeri", a flowering plant found only on the island of Mauritius, has fewer than 10 surviving individuals, because of loss of habitat. The Baishan fir ("Abies beshanzuensis"), native to China, is down to five surviving mature individuals. "Priceless or Worthless?" describes the threats that each species is facing, and measures that would help their survival.


title: Whist

paragraphs: Whist is a classic English trick-taking card game which was widely played in the 18th and 19th centuries.

paragraphs: Whist is played by four players. They play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal. Unlike contract bridge, there is no bidding process. Trumps are decided by cutting a deck of cards. Therefore the game can be played by people who know nothing about modern bridge bidding.

paragraphs: Although the rules are simple, there is scope for scientific play. Originally it was a gambling game played in clubs and coffee houses.

paragraphs: Whist is a descendant of the 16th century game of "trump" or "ruff". The game takes its name from the 17th century "whist" (or "wist", or "whisk") meaning "quiet", "silent", "attentive", which is the root of the modern "wistful".

paragraphs: Whist is first described by Charles Cotton in his "The Compleat Gamester", published in London in 1674. It appears again in Seymour's "Court Gamester" of 1719, and we know that whist was played in some coffee houses in London. About 1728, a group led by the first Lord Folkestone played in Crown's coffee house in Bedford Row, London. They began to develop its potential as a partnership game.

paragraphs: Edmond Hoyle tutored wealthy young gentlemen in the game and published "A Short Treatise on the Game of Whist" in 1742. It became the standard text and rules for the game for the next hundred years and helped the game become fashionable. There are over 150 editions of this little book.

paragraphs: In the 1890s, a variant known as bridge-whist became popular. It evolved in stages to become auction bridge, and finally contract bridge in the late 1920s.

paragraphs: The traditional game of whist is still played at social events called "whist drives".

paragraphs: The rules are how it is played; the etiquette is how the players should behave.

paragraphs: A standard 52-card pack is used. The cards in each suit rank from highest to lowest: A K Q J 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2. Whist is played by four players, who play in two partnerships with the partners sitting opposite each other. Players cut or draw cards to determine partners, with the two highest playing against the two lowest. The players then cut for deal.

paragraphs: It is against the etiquette to comment on the cards in any way. One may not comment upon the hand one was dealt nor about one's good fortune or bad fortune.

paragraphs: Many basic ideas in card-play were discovered by whist players, and survive today in contract bridge. An example is the "finesse". This is an attempt to win a trick with a card lower than your best. For example: holding AQ73 in the South hand, the partnership lacks the K. North leads a low card, next hand plays low and South plays the Q. If it wins, an extra trick has been made.

paragraphs: Signalling between partners by means of the card-play was well understood and used. Examples are: leading the top card in a sequence, such as K from KQJx, and also leading 4th highest from any suit (which implies you hold one or two top honours in that suit). In 1834 Lord Henry Bentinck invented the "high-low" signal, which encourages partner to continue the suit. Some advanced ideas were known. Alexandre Deschapelles (17801847), a French genius at both cards and chess, invented a play now known as the Deschapelles coup. It is the sacrifice of a high-ranking card to get entry to partner's hand.

paragraphs: The technique of running events where all players sitting in the same direction play the same cards was invented for whist. A duplicate whist drive has placings N/S and placings E/W. Modern movements for contract bridge events are developments of that duplicate whist system.

paragraphs: The basic movement was invented by John T. Mitchell, a Scot who moved to the U.S. He invented the boards which hold the cards, and the movement for whist drives, in the 1890s. In the basic Mitchell movement all N/S pairs sit, while E/W pairs move one table up each round. When they move, boards go down one table. The effect of this is to divide the tournament into two halves, but later movements can avoid this. By allowing many pairs to play the same set of boards, tournament whist was invented. The idea, with variations, is still used today for bridge tournaments.


title: Pierre Bérégovoy

paragraphs: Pierre Eugene Bérégovoy (23 December 1925 - 1 May 1993) was a French socialist politician.

paragraphs: Bérégovoy was born to a French mother and Ukrainian father in Déville-les-Rouen. Bérégovoy was Prime Minister of France from 1992-1993. He shot himself dead in Nevers.


title: Silky sifaka

paragraphs: The silky sifaka ("Propithecus candidus"), is a large lemur with long, silky white fur. It has a small range in northeastern Madagascar, where it is known locally as the "simpona". It is one of the rarest mammals on Earth, and is listed by the IUCN as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates. The silky sifaka is one of nine species in the genus "Propithecus". The species is only found within a few protected areas in the rainforests of northeastern Madagascar, with most of the remaining population in Marojejy National Park and Anjanaharibe-Sud Special Reserve.

paragraphs: The silky sifaka has a social structure, and lives in groups of two to nine individuals. It spends most of its day feeding and resting, and spends time to social behaviors like playing, grooming and travelling. Females occasionally take priority over males during feeding. Like other eastern sifakas, it eats mainly leaves and seeds, but also fruit, flowers, and even soil on occasion.

paragraphs: It is a seasonal breeder and only mates one day a year during the start of the rainy season. As with other sifaka species, non-maternal infant care is common. Group members of all ages and both sexes will often groom, play, occasionally carry, and even nurse infants that are not their own. The silky sifaka vocalizes frequently, and relies strongly on scent for communication.


title: Gang of Four

paragraphs: The Gang of Four () was the name given to a political group of four Chinese Communist Party officials. The leader of the group was Jiang Qing, Mao Zedong's last wife. The other three were Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan and Wang Hongwen. They became powerful during China's Cultural Revolution. After the death of Mao Zedong, Jiang Quing was plotting a coup d'état to take over power. She and her close associates in the Gang of four were arrested, put on trial.

paragraphs: Jiang Qing and Zhang Chunqiao received death sentences that were later changed to life imprisonment. Wang Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan were given life and twenty years in prison, respectively. All members of the Gang of Four have since died. Jiang Qing committed suicide in 1991, Wang Hongwen died in 1992. Yao Wenyuan and Zhang Chunqiao died in 2005: they had been released from prison in 1996 and 1998 respectively.


title: Puja (Hinduism)

paragraphs: Pūjā (Devanagari: पूजा) is a prayer service ritual done by Hindus. The word puja comes from Sanskrit, and means reverence, honor and worship. A puja honors one or more deities. It also spiritually celebrates an event. It is sometimes spelled phonetically as "pooja" or "poojah". A Puja is the most common form of worship in the Hindu religion. It may honor or celebrate the presence of special guests or their memories after they die. Puja rituals are also held by Buddhists, Jains and Sikhs.


title: World Bridge Federation

paragraphs: The World Bridge Federation (WBF) is the international body for contract bridge. The WBF is responsible for world championship competition, most of which is on a four-year cycle. The top championships are those for national teams in Open, Women, and Seniors categories. There is a World Team Olympiad every four years.

paragraphs: The World Bridge Federation was founded August 1958 by delegates from Europe, North America, and South America (now Zones 1 to 3). Each national organisation is in one of the eight geographic zones.

paragraphs: It is incorporated under the laws of Switzerland as a 'non-profit' organization. Harold Stirling Vanderbilt was made the first honorary member of the WBF for his work developing the game.


title: Edward Williams

paragraphs: Edward Williams, known as his bardic name Iolo Morganwg (10 March 1747 – 18 December 1826), was an influential Welsh poet, antiquarian, and literary forger.

paragraphs: Iolo Morganwg wrote poems in both the English and Welsh languages. He wrote in the voice of other poets, as well as his own. Some of the forged poems were said to be written by the fourteenth century poet Dafydd ap Gwilym. Iolo Morganwg was known for his works as a literary forger. After his death, he had a reputation as one of Europe's most successful forgers

paragraphs: Morganwg was known as an Architect of the Welsh nation. This title was given for his contributions to the eighteenth-century cultural renaissance. He upheld Wales's reputation as a civil nation in Bardism and the Gorsedd of the Bards. Iolo Morganwg tried to get started some national institutions. Some of them were libraries, academies, and several museums.

paragraphs: This legend or anecdotal tale is a work of Edward Williams. The work is one of the anecdotes and recollections that were included in the book entitled "RECOLLECTIONS and ANECDOTES of EDWARD WILLIAMS, THE BARD OF GLAMORGAN ; IOLO MORGANWG, B. B. D.". The book was written by Elijah Waring. The work was inspired by Chun Quoit. It was also inspired by a piece of moor land called the Gump. The moor land was between Saint Just and Pendeen in Cornwall.

paragraphs: The legend has it that if crossing the Gump on a moonlit night, there is a possibility that you could meet the White Hare of the Gump. If you do, then to bring good fortune, and ward off evil, you must place a silver coin under your right foot. The White Hare is a friend of the Fairy King of the Gump.

paragraphs: • "Diddanwch y Cymry" (Entertainment of the Welsh, an anthology of poetry, 1770s)

paragraphs: • "Dywenydd Morganwg" (The Delight of Glamorgan, a quarterly magazine, 1780s)

paragraphs: • "Selected Pieces of Ancient Welsh-Poetry" (translations of poetry by the canonical poets of the period of the Cywyddwyr, 1790s and 1810s).

paragraphs: • "Christianity versus Kingcraft, with a Plan proposed for abolishing the Christian Religion, as inimical to the Rights of Man." (1794)

paragraphs: • "Dissertation on the Rights of Man, with four Plans of Republican Government, humbly addressed to the American States, in their United and Individual capacities. To which will be added observations on the ancient Constitution of Britain deduced from the Welsh Laws of Howel Dda. and a new Plan of Limited Monarchy on Patriarchal Principles." (1794)

paragraphs: • "The History of the Ancient Bards of Britain, compiled from Authentic Manuscripts in the Welsh Language. with elucidating Extracts from ancient Poems, The Bardic Triades, and a review of what Ancient foreign writers have said on the subject. Or an attempt to ascertain the true principles of Liberty, Natural and Political, and the Duties of man as a member of society." (1794)

paragraphs: • "Christian prophecy fulfilled in French infidelity, and thereby the evidences of Revealed Religion corroborated, with a new argument advanced for the existence of a Deity and the connective necessity of Divine Revelation." (1794)

paragraphs: • "A new plan for civilizing the American Indians, and other Barbarous Nations, addressed to the british Protestant Dissenters." (1794)

paragraphs: • "A new and equitable plan for the Abolition of slavery. Addressed to Parliament of Great Britain." (1794)

paragraphs: • "An additional Volume of Poems as partly original and partly translations from the Welsh." (1794)

paragraphs: • "A Dissertation on Infant Baptism or sprinkling The clearest and in its arguments the most conclusive of any that has ever been written hitherto. By E.W. Explorer of the Den of Thieves to his most Supernal Majesty the King of Kings."

paragraphs: • "Traethawd ar Areithyddiaeth gan Dr Blackwell wedi ei gyfieithu gan Iolo Morganwg, B.B.D." (An essay on Oratory by Dr Blackwell translated by Iolo Morganwg B.B.D.)

paragraphs: • "Translation of Young's Farmer's Calendar by E.W."

paragraphs: • "A Grammar of the Welsh Language, with Canons of Celtic Etymology and the Rules of Welsh Versification"

paragraphs: • "The History of Caerfilly Castle from the first notice of it to the time of Henry the eighth By Edwd. Wms..."

paragraphs: • "To the prince of the Powers of the Air, King of Corsica, Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, Defender of Billy Pit's Faith, Head under God of the Church of Britain. This little work is with all the pomposity, all the adulation, all the Church and Kingism, and all the Blasphemy, of Regal etiquette, inscribed, addressed, Dedicated, &c, &c, &c, by his most sacred majesty, most redoubter and Democrat, Antagonist and Republican opponent"

paragraphs: • "War incompatible with spirit of Christianity" - An Essay by Edwd Wms.