title: Demi Moore

paragraphs: Demi Moore (born November 11, 1962 as Demi Gene Guynes) is an American actress. She became well-known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood.

paragraphs: She has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. All her marriages ended in divorce. She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout and Tallulah. She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003.


title: Fergie

paragraphs: Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, actress and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series "Kids Incorporated", and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series "Great Pretenders". She was also in the movie "Nine." She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, "The Dutchess", in 2006. Her second solo album, "Double Dutchess", was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.

paragraphs: She has achieved three number-one singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100: "London Bridge", "Glamorous", and "Big Girls Don't Cry".

paragraphs: Ferguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (née Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.

paragraphs: Her great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.

paragraphs: In 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of "The Star-Spangled Banner". Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.

paragraphs: On January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.

paragraphs: In May 2009, Fergie told "The Sun" that she is bisexual. In 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career.


title: Zuleyka Rivera Mendoza

paragraphs: Zuleyka Jerrís Rivera Mendoza (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006.


title: Amanda Peet

paragraphs: Amanda Peet (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series "Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip", where her character "Jordan McDeere" is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS).


title: Rupert Everett

paragraphs: Rupert Everett (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie "Another Country" playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s. He has since appeared in many other works, including "My Best Friend's Wedding", "The Next Best Thing" and the "Shrek" sequels.

paragraphs: Everett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money—he disclosed this information in an interview for "US" magazine in 1997. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.

paragraphs: In the 21st century, Everett has been writing. He has been a "Vanity Fair" contributing editor, has written for "The Guardian" and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.

paragraphs: In 2006 Everett published a memoir, "Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins", in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: "I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything".

paragraphs: Everett criticised the introduction of same-sex marriage, claiming, "I find it personally beyond tragic that we want to ape this institution that is so clearly a disaster".


title: Shiri Maymon

paragraphs: Shiri Maymon (born May 17, 1981 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli (pop) singer. She represented her country in Eurovision Song Contest 2005 where she reached the final.


title: Tom Selleck

paragraphs: Thomas William "Tom" Selleck (born January 29, 1945 in Detroit, Michigan) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show "Magnum P.I." and Peter Mitchell in "Three Men and a Baby" and "Three Men and a Little Lady". He stars on "Blue Bloods". He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on "Friends", who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox).


title: Rob Schneider

paragraphs: Robert Michael Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director.

paragraphs: Schneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.

paragraphs: After becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series "Saturday Night Live", Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies "", "", "The Animal" and "The Hot Chick".


title: Växjö

paragraphs: Växjö (Swedish IPA: []) is a city in Småland in southern Sweden. It has a population of 55,600 (2005). Växjö is the seat of Växjö Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore, it is the seat of the Diocese of Växjö.


title: Carolina Klüft

paragraphs: Carolina Evelyn Klüft (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Klüft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.

paragraphs: She is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 × 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.

paragraphs: Her main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5 ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65 kg.

paragraphs: On 2 September 2012, during the Finland-Sweden athletics international at Ullevi, Carolina Klüft officially ended her career and retired from sports.


title: Jonas Björkman

paragraphs: Jonas Lars Björkman (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments.


title: Do As Infinity

paragraphs: Do As Infinity is a Japanese pop / rock band. They had their first song on September 29, 1999, "Tangerine Dream". Their name is sometimes shortened to D.A.I. The band was named after the their guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao. The singer was Van Tomiko. The group ended on September 29, 2005. They started again 3 years later.


title: Myleene Klass

paragraphs: Myleene Angela Klass (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, "Popstars" and "Everybody".

paragraphs: Almost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz. Klass's album, called "Moving On", was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London. It was nominated as "Peoples' Album Of The Year" in the Classical BRIT Awards. On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.

paragraphs: Klass was a contestant in the 2006 series of "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!". She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis.

paragraphs: Her net worth was about £11 million in April 2012.


title: Kym Marsh

paragraphs: Kimberley Gail "Kym" Marsh (formerly Ryder, and Lomas born 13 June 1976 in Whiston, Knowsley, Merseyside, England) is an English actress and singer. Marsh grew up in Garswood, Merseyside.

paragraphs: Marsh rose to fame when she and four other contestants won reality TV show "Popstars" and formed manufactured pop quintet Hear'Say. She is presently most recognisable from her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV1 soap opera "Coronation Street" which she has played since 2006. Marsh was one of the contenders to represent the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest; she was third place and as such did not take part in the ESC.

paragraphs: Marsh has two children, David Ryan (born April 1995) and Emily May (born November 1997). They are from a relationship with Dave Cunliffe.

paragraphs: Marsh married former "EastEnders" actor Jack Ryder in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002. On 20 March 2008 the couple said they would separate and may divorce. On 26 March 2009, Marsh said she had committed adultery during her marriage. Marsh and Ryder decided to divorce on 12 August 2009.

paragraphs: Marsh began dating "Hollyoaks" actor Jamie Lomas since July 2008. She and Lomas said they were expecting a baby due in the summer of 2009. On 12 February 2009, Marsh said their son, Archie Jay Lomas, was born 18 weeks early on 11 February. He died moments after birth. Marsh and Lomas ended their relationship on 9 October 2009. The couple got back together the following month as Marsh won Mother of the Year 2009. On Christmas Day 2009 Lomas proposed to Marsh and she accepted.

paragraphs: Marsh and Lomas said Kym was three months pregnant on 26 October 2010. On 23 March 2011, Marsh gave birth to a girl, Polly. She was delivered five weeks early and weighed just over 4lb. Marsh married Lomas in 2012. The couple divorced in 2014.


title: Mackenzie Rosman

paragraphs: Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's "7th Heaven".


title: David Gallagher

paragraphs: David Lee Gallagher (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor. He began his career as a and when he was two years old and is best known for his role as Simon Camden on the television series "7th Heaven". He is also known for his feature film roles; as Mikey Ubriacco in "", as Kevin Harper in "" and as in "". During his career as a child and teen star, he was nominated for five Young Artist Awards and won a Teen Choice Award. He is also known for voicing the character Riku in the "Kingdom Hearts" video game series.


title: Jessica Biel

paragraphs: Jessica Claire Biel (born March 3, 1982) is an American Actress and former fashion model.

paragraphs: Biel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series "7th Heaven". She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies. These include "Summer Catch", the remake of "The Texas Chainsaw Massacre" and "The Illusionist".

paragraphs: Biel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol. In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the "Sexiest Woman Alive". In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.

paragraphs: In 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake. Their son, Silas Randall Timberlake, was born on April 11, 2015.


title: 7th Heaven

paragraphs: 7th Heaven was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007. Reruns of "7th Heaven" can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET.


title: Beverley Mitchell

paragraphs: Beverley Ann Mitchell (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series "7th Heaven".


title: Nanne Grönvall

paragraphs: Nanne Grönvall (born Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. She's married to Peter Grönvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson. Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition. She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity. She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg. She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.

paragraphs: Nannes musical career started in the 1980s group "Sound of Music". The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with "Eldorado" and in 1987 with "Alexandra". Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up "Det vackraste" ("The Most Beautiful Thing") performed by Cecilia Vennersten.


title: Human biology

paragraphs: Human biology is an area of study that is part of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine which looks at humans; it is closely related to primate biology, and a number of other areas.

paragraphs: There are not exact boundaries between human biology and regular medical research. However, human biology usually focuses more on health for an entire group of people, and on human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics rather than individual health.


title: Flavor Flav

paragraphs: William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper and television personality. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy. He raps about politics. After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the "Flavor of Love" series.

paragraphs: Flav was born in Roosevelt, New York and grew up in Freeport, New York.


title: Schapelle Corby

paragraphs: Schapelle Leigh Corby (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.

paragraphs: Corby served a twenty year sentence for the importation of 4.1 kg (9 lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.

paragraphs: She says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison. In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.

paragraphs: On 3 March 2008 Australian television show "Current Affairs" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison.


title: Autogenic training

paragraphs: Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.

paragraphs: The technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures ("e.g." lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, "etc.").

paragraphs: Schultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism. It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system.

paragraphs: Autogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy.


title: Mathematical notation

paragraphs: Mathematical notation is a field of mathematics. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:

paragraphs: Some mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter–Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry.

paragraphs: There are different ways to write down an "equation" like " two and three"


title: Ian Craig Marsh

paragraphs: Ian Craig Marsh (born 11 November 1956) is a British musician. He helped start the electronic band The Human League, until leaving in 1980 to form B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation) and later Heaven 17.


title: Laboratory equipment

paragraphs: Laboratory equipment are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory. These can include tools such as:

paragraphs: Laboratory equipment is used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data.


title: Samvel Babayan

paragraphs: Samvel Babayan (; born June 22, 1957), was the Commander-in-Chief of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army from 1994 to 2000. On March 22, 2000, he allegedly tried to kill President Arkadi Ghukasyan in Stepanakert. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison.


title: Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army

paragraphs: The Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army was made on May 9, 1992, as the formal defence force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.


title: Nagorno-Karabakh Republic

paragraphs: The Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) ( ') or Artsakh Republic"' is a "de facto" independent republic in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: The Nagorno-Karabakh region has been populated by Armenians for a long time. The area has been disputed by Armenia and Azerbaijan since 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, the region again became a source of dispute between Armenia and Azerbaijan, resulting in the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988–1994.

paragraphs: On 10 December 1991, a referendum was held in the NKAO and the neighboring Shahumian region. This resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country is not recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia. Representatives of the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan have since been holding peace talks mediated by the OSCE Minsk Group.

paragraphs: The Artsakh Republic has a lot of mountains. It is in area, and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The highest peaks in the country are Mount Mrav, , and Mount Kirs . The major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh valley.

paragraphs: The climate in the Artsakh Republic is mild. It is foggy for over 100 days a year. More than 36% of the country is forested.

paragraphs: In 2005, the country's population was 137,737. The ethnic composition was 137,380 (99.74%) Armenians, 171 (0.12%) Russians, 21 (0.02%) Ukrainians, 6 (0.00%) Azerbaijanis and 159 (0.12%) others.

paragraphs: The first demographic census in the Artsakh Republic took place in 1769. It was a letter from Heraclius II of Georgia to Russia's Petr Ivanovich Panin, and said, "Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian."

paragraphs: In 2014, the life expectancy for males was 71.6 years, and females 76.8 years.

paragraphs: Nearly all of the Azerbaijani population was killed or thrown out by Armenian forces since the war. Azerbaijani refugees who have survived not allowed to return and have become displaced.


title: Brandon Lee

paragraphs: Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 – March 31, 1993) was an American actor of Han Chinese, German, English and Swedish descent. He was the son of martial arts movie star Bruce Lee. In 1993, he was accidentally shot dead when filming the movie adaptation of "The Crow", a popular comic book. About his character Lee said, ""He has something he has to do and he is forced to put aside his own pain long enough to go do it"."

paragraphs: Brandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda, He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.

paragraphs: Lee made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: "Laser Mission" (1990), "Showdown in Little Toyko" (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and "Rapid Fire" (1992) with Powers Boothe.

paragraphs: Lee played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie. Many people went to see Lee's haunting final movie.


title: Matt Dillon

paragraphs: Matthew Raymond "Matt" Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film "Crash".


title: Matt Damon

paragraphs: Matthew Paige "Matt" Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, screenwriter, producer and philanthropist. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie "Good Will Hunting", and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including "The Bourne Identity", the "Ocean's Trilogy" and "Syria Must Die".

paragraphs: He was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor).


title: Robert Urich

paragraphs: Robert Urich (December 19, 1946 – April 16, 2002) was an Emmy-winning actor. He was born in Toronto, Ohio.

paragraphs: Urich is best known for playing private investigators on the television series "" (1985–1988) and "Vega$" (1978–1981). He also acted in many other television series over the years including: "S.W.A.T." (1975), "Soap" (1977) and The Lazarus Man (1996). He was also known for staring in the movie A long Way Home which was released in 2003.

paragraphs: From 1975 until his death, Urich was married to actress Heather Menzies.

paragraphs: Urich died of synovial sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 55.


title: Vic Morrow

paragraphs: Victor Morrow (February 14, 1929 - July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series "Combat!" (1962-1967), in which he also worked as a television director.

paragraphs: Morrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh.

paragraphs: Morrow died while filming "" at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California.


title: Lal Masjid siege

paragraphs: The Lal Masjid siege was a conflict centering around the Lal Masjid mosque and madrasah complex in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, that was besieged from July 3 to July 11, 2007.


title: Mourning dove

paragraphs: The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family (Columbidae). It has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar.

paragraphs: The species mostly have one partner at a time. Both parents incubate and care for their chicks. Adult mourning doves usually eat only seeds. The parents feed crop milk to the young.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is hunted both for sport and meat. Up to 70 million birds are shot in the United States every year. Its mournful call gives the bird its name. The bird is a strong flier, and can fly at up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

paragraphs: The mourning dove has a large range of nearly 11 million square kilometers (6.8 million square miles). These birds live throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly seen in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter. The species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles (five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one). In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.

paragraphs: The mourning dove lives in many different habitats, such as farms, prairie, grassland, and woods. It does not live in swamps or thick forests. They also lives in places where humans live, such as in cities or towns.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove. It weighs an average of . It has a small head and a long tail. Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes facing forward and one facing backward. The legs are short and have a reddish color. The beak is small and dark, usually a mixture of brown and black.

paragraphs: Its feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.

paragraphs: All five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily. The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown in color.

paragraphs: This species' call is a "cooOOoo-woo-woo-woooo", which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call ("cooOOoo") by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft "ork") by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short "roo-oo") by either male or female when in danger.

paragraphs: In flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.

paragraphs: The male begins by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend time preening each other's feathers. The mourning dove does not easily leave its mate. Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.

paragraphs: After mating, the male shows the female all the potential nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, gather material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest. The nest is constructed of twigs, conifer needles, or grass. Sometimes, mourning doves will take place of the unused nests of other mourning doves, birds, or mammals such as squirrels.

paragraphs: Most nests are in trees, but they can also be found in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots. When there is no suitable place to nest above, mourning doves will nest on the ground. The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs. Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are small and white.

paragraphs: Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves rarely leave their nest alone. Incubation takes two weeks.

paragraphs: Both parents feed the squabs crop milk for the first 3–4 days of life. After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11–15 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.

paragraphs: Mourning doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is essential because they cannot live long. Each year, the mortality can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.

paragraphs: Mourning doves eat mostly seeds. Seeds are at least 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves generally eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them.

paragraphs: Mourning doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat. When they cannot find their favorite foods, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat and rye.

paragraphs: Mourning doves can be easily harmed with several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The "Trichomonas gallinae", a parasite which lives in the mouth, is especially severe. While the bird sometimes shows no ill effects, the parasite often causes a yellowish growth in the mouth and throat. This can cause the bird to starve to death.

paragraphs: The greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will prey on their eggs. Cowbirds rarely parasitize mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetarian diet.

paragraphs: Like other doves, the mourning dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk.

paragraphs: Mourning doves wash themselves in the sun or rain. These birds can also take baths in shallow pools or bird baths. They may sometimes bathe themselves in the dust as well.

paragraphs: These birds are a strong fliers and can fly up to 88 km/h (55 mph).

paragraphs: When they are not breeding, mourning doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is of least concern to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species is not at immediate risk. The population is about 475 million and they live across a wide area. However, around 40–70 million birds are shot as game every year.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove ("Zenaida auriculata") and the Socorro dove ("Zenaida graysoni"). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genus "Zenaidura". The Socorro dove was once thought to be the same species as the mourning dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.

paragraphs: There are five subspecies of mourning dove:

paragraphs: The West Indian subspecies lives throughout the Greater Antilles. It is also lives in the Florida Keys. The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies lives in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies lives near the Pacific coast of Mexico.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is sometimes called the American mourning dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African mourning dove ("Streptopelia decipiens"). It also used to be known as the Carolina turtledove or Carolina pigeon. The species' scientific name was given in 1838 by French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte, honoring his wife, Princess Zénaide. The "mourning" part of its name comes from its call.

paragraphs: The mourning dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct passenger pigeon ("Ectopistes migratorius").

paragraphs: The Eastern mourning dove ("Z. m. carolinensis") is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.

paragraphs: The mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's "The Birds of America".

paragraphs: Mourning doves are referred to often in American literature. They are in some American and Canadian poetry such as in the works of Robert Bly, Jared Carter, Lorine Niedecker, and Charles Wright.


title: Mai Kuraki

paragraphs: Mai Kuraki (born October 28, 1982 in Funabashi, Chiba) is a Japanese female pop and R&B singer.

paragraphs: Her father is the movie director, Isomi Yamasaki.

paragraphs: She appeared in her father's movies in her childhood.

paragraphs: She started her singing career in 1999 when she was 17 years old. Her first single was "Love, Day After Tomorrow". It became a million seller.

paragraphs: Her first album “delicious way” sold 35 million records.

paragraphs: After graduating Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto on 2005, she has concentrated on musical activities.

paragraphs: She writes her own lyrics most of the times. But she does not compose (write) the music. She gets music from composers. “Cybersound” in Boston often does the arrangements.


title: Saint Mesrob

paragraphs: Saint Mesrop Mashtots (also Mesrob, Mashtotz, , 360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian monk. He invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406. He was a theologian and linguist. That was a basic and important step in strengthening three things: the Armenian Church, the government of the Armenian Kingdom, and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires.


title: Ashlee Simpson

paragraphs: Ashlee Simpson (born October 3, 1984) is an American pop rock singer, songwriter, and actress. She is the younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson. Ashlee started dancing at the age of 4 and by the time she was 11 enjoyed the status of being the youngest person ever admitted to the prestigious School of American Ballet. In 1999, when she was 14 years old, she moved to Los Angeles with her family for her sister's career and instantly began her own career by working as a backup dancer for Jessica.

paragraphs: Ashlee's first album, "Autobiography", was released in 2004. She also starred in her own reality series "The Ashlee Simpson Show". Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on "Saturday Night Live" in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called "I Am Me". In May 2008, Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy. Their son, Bronx Mowgli, was born in November 2008. In February 2011, Simpson-Wentz filed for divorce.


title: Airbus A340

paragraphs: The Airbus A340 is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.

paragraphs: The A340-200 (which is the shortest), the A340-300, the A340-500 and the longest one the A340-600. The A340-600 is the second longest passenger plane in the world.

paragraphs: Having four engines, the A340 uses more fuel than many other aircrafts.However, that also mean it does not have to pass the ETOPS (extended range twin operations) test to fly long range.

paragraphs: The Airbus A340 is no longer in production as it was replaced by the more efficient Airbus A350 XWB.


title: Autonomic nervous system

paragraphs: The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.

paragraphs: ANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.

paragraphs: Most of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing.

paragraphs: The ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.

paragraphs: There are two different sections within the ANS:


title: Peripheral nervous system

paragraphs: The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is part of the nervous system. It consists of the nerves and ganglia which are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs.

paragraphs: The PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system.


title: IKEA

paragraphs: IKEA is a multinational furniture company that was founded by Ingvar Kamprad, from Sweden. The name IKEA is an acronym from the name Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and Agunnaryd (his hometown in Småland, southern Sweden).

paragraphs: The company was started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad (1926-2018) when he was seventeen years old as a mostly mail-order sales business. From the beginning, the company was selling items such as pens, picture frames, clocks, jewellery, nylon stocking, wallets and whatnot. After an order, Kamprad would often deliver it himself. By 1947 it started selling furniture and by 1958 the first IKEA store was opened in Älmhult, Småland. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974).


title: Central nervous system

paragraphs: The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.

paragraphs: Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has an important role in the control of behaviour. The CNS is protected by bone in the dorsal cavity: the brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal cavity.


title: Spinal cord

paragraphs: The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.

paragraphs: Humans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening "between" adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.

paragraphs: The nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously.


title: Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?

paragraphs: Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May 2008, the Dutch company 2waytraffic bought the license for the international format.

paragraphs: "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?" aired for the first time on 4 September 1998 in the United Kingdom. The UK show is hosted by Chris Tarrant. It had its biggest ratings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show. The first millionaire on the show was Judith Keppel who appeared on 20 November 2000.

paragraphs: More than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, including Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Russia, United States. The United States version became a big hit when Regis Philbin started hosting it in 1999. John Carpenter, a man who worked for the IRS, became the first person to win the grand prize of $1,000,000 in 1999. Philbin hosted the show until 2002. A syndicated version of the show has aired since 2002. It is hosted by Meredith Vieira.

paragraphs: Each country airs the show under the same rules. They all have the same studio design.

paragraphs: In Australia, a spin-off called "Millionaire Hot Seat" has aired since 2009.


title: Danny Saucedo

paragraphs: Danny Saucedo (born Daniel Gabriel Alessandro Saucedo Grzechowski on 25 February 1986 in Stockholm, Stockholms Län, Sweden) is a Swedish singer who competed as one of the finalists in Pop Idol — the Swedish version of Idol. His two songs charted on the official Swedish singles chart. '"Öppna Din Dörr"' (Tommy Nilsson cover) peaked at No. 24 in 2006 and "Tokyo" (credit to Danny) was two weeks at No. 1 in 2007.


title: Agnes Carlsson

paragraphs: Agnes Carlsson (born March 6 1988 in Vänersborg), (better known by her stage name Agnes) is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning "Idol 2005", the Swedish version of "Pop Idol", shown by TV4. The October 10th 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song "More than a girl", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a "Wildcard" on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice. She has released a song called "Release Me", which became a huge hit for Agnes.


title: Daniel Lindström

paragraphs: Daniel Lindström (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Umeå. He won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, "Coming True", sold double platinum, and his self-titled album, released in December 2004, topped the Swedish pop charts. The new album "Nån slags verklighet" ("Some kind of reality") contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindström was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series.


title: Destiny's Child

paragraphs: Destiny's Child was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American R&B girl group. They were founded in Houston, Texas. They formed in 1997. Originally a quartet called Girl's Tyme, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyoncé Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny's Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.

paragraphs: They disbanded in 2006. Destiny's Child has sold in total 75 million worldwide including albums, video albums and singles; its leader Beyoncé as a solo and featured artist has sold the same million of copies; Kelly Rowland has sold as a solo and featured artist 20 albums and singles million worldwide.

paragraphs: With Michelle Williams as the lineup destiny's child sold about 35 million copies. By herself Michelle has had several albums amongst them are: heart to you and unexpected.

paragraphs: Destiny's Child has sold 170 million worldwide.

paragraphs: Destiny's Child released their first album, "Destiny's Child", in 1998. Their second album "The Writing's on the Wall" was released in 1999. It was the band's last album with four members.

paragraphs: In 2001 "Survivor" was released. All of the album's four singles reached number one.

paragraphs: The band released their last album "Destiny Fulfilled" in 2004. Four singles were released from the album.


title: Kelly Rowland

paragraphs: Kelendria Trene "Kelly" Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is a Grammy Award-winning American R&B singer, songwriter, dancer, and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time.

paragraphs: Her total sales (LP, EP, compilation, video album and singles) surpassed 100 million worldwide (60 with the group e 40 as solo and featured artist). Rowland has released four solo albums. Her first album "Simply Deep" is her most successful album. Rowland had her only number one on the album, "Dilemma".

paragraphs: Rowland's parents separated when she was seven. She and her mother moved to Houston when she was eight.


title: Pop Idol

paragraphs: Pop Idol was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of "Pop Idol". The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.

paragraphs: The "Idol" series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as "Idol", "American Idol", "Idols", "Canadian Idol", "Australian Idol", "Idols West Africa", "Indian Idol", "Indonesian Idol", "New Zealand Idol", "Philippine Idol", "Pinoy Idol", Hay superstar, "Nouvelle Star", "Deutschland sucht den SuperStar", "Singapore Idol", "Malaysian Idol", "Music Idol", "Idols South Africa", "Ídolos Brazil", "Ídolos Portugal", and others.


title: Rachel Smith

paragraphs: Rachel Renee Smith (born April 18, 1985 in Panama) is a beauty queen from Clarksville, Tennessee. She won the Miss USA contest in 2007. She had previously competed in the Miss Teen USA contest. She represented the USA in the Miss Universe pageant in 2007.


title: Natalie Glebova

paragraphs: Natalie Glebova, (born November 11 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen who has held the title Miss Universe 2005.


title: Michelle Williams (singer)

paragraphs: Tenitra Michelle Williams (born July 23, 1979) is an American gospel and R&B singer, songwriter, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as one-third of the successful Grammy Award-winning musical group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide.

paragraphs: Williams played the character Shug Avery in the play "The Color Purple". She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show "Strictly Come Dancing".

paragraphs: In 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, "If We Had Your Eyes" from her upcoming fourth studio album titled "Journey to Freedom".


title: Simon Cowell

paragraphs: Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is a British businessman, music talent show judge, actor, and entrepreneur. Cowell is the A&R executive for Syco in the United Kingdom and the son of estate agent and and music industry executive Eric Cowell Sr. and socialite Julie Brett. He was born in Lambeth, London and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. He is well known as a judge on television programmes "Pop Idol", "The X Factor", "American Idol" and "Britain's Got Talent". On these shows, Cowell is known for saying that most of the contestants on the shows are not talented. He is known for joining activities in the television and music industries, having made singles and records for many television characters.

paragraphs: Cowell has been in a relationship with Lauren Silverman since 2013. The couple's son, Eric, was born in February 2014. Silverman's husband divorced her for alleged adultery with Cowell.


title: Reality television

paragraphs: Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term "reality television" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows.

paragraphs: There are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as "Big Brother".

paragraphs: Critics say that the term "reality television" is not accurate. Many shows portray a changed and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing.


title: Tengwar

paragraphs: Tengwar is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book "The Lord of the Rings".

paragraphs: In the Quenya language, "tengwar" means "letters", "tengwa" is the singular and means "letter".

paragraphs: The tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.

paragraphs: In the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script "Sarati", which was already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in "The Hobbit", to so-called "The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription". The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of "The Lord of the Rings".

paragraphs: The tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series ("témar") and six horizontal rows ("tyeller").

paragraphs: There are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called "modes". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called tehtar ("signs"; singular: "tehta", "sign").

paragraphs: There are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.

paragraphs: The tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.

paragraphs: Tolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English.

paragraphs: After Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar.


title: Petros Duryan

paragraphs: Petros Duryan (1851-1872) an Armenian poet and actor. His father was an blacksmith in Istanbul. He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21.


title: Adriana Lima

paragraphs: Adriana Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for her work with underwear company Victoria's Secret.

paragraphs: Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Graça Lima, a social worker.

paragraphs: When she was 6 months old, her father left her and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. Since 2007 she has been trying to meet with him again.

paragraphs: She is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jarić, and they have two daughters. In early 2014, the couple announced that they have separated.


title: Cuban Missile Crisis

paragraphs: The Cuban Missile Crisis was a time of heightened confrontation between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is known as the Caribbean Crisis (, "Karibskiy krizis"). Cuba calls it the October Crisis. It was a proxy conflict around Cuba.

paragraphs: It began when the Soviet Union (USSR) began building missile sites in Cuba in 1962. Together with the earlier Berlin Blockade, this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.

paragraphs: There was a coup in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by Fidel Castro took power in this Cuban Revolution. The new government took over American businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. The US embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any city in America. Cuba was seen by the US as a communist country, like the Soviet Union.

paragraphs: In October 1962, American ships blocked Soviet ships carrying missiles from going into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America promised not to attack Cuba. During the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Kennedy administration secretly agreed to remove the Jupiter missiles from Turkey in exchange for the withdrawal of all Russian nuclear weapons from Cuba.

paragraphs: The Americans feared that the Soviet Union would expand communism or socialism. The US and the USSR were the main parties in the Cold War that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the Caribbean to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the Monroe Doctrine useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in South America.

paragraphs: The US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that "the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do".

paragraphs: The half-hearted Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive and, as one Soviet adviser wrote, "too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak".

paragraphs: In late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of covert operations against Castro's government. Named "Operation Mongoose", they were unsuccessful. In February 1962, the US launched an economic embargo against Cuba.

paragraphs: In September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the US Congress to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened. The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month.

paragraphs: Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in Latin America. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans "with more than words... the logical answer was missiles".

paragraphs: Tensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States reconnaissance saw the missile bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed to avoid invading Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.

paragraphs: In Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba, very right-wing with Mafia connections & the support of the Eisenhower administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The countries were also military friends. This was shown by the US base at Guantánamo Bay.

paragraphs: When Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba, to use as Castro decided. The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them).

paragraphs: They stopped American foreign aid going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices.

paragraphs: Castro turned to the USSR, a great power. He signed a contract with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian chairman at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 million tons of Cuban sugar per year, in exchange for Castro's Communist support; he declared himself a Marxist-Leninist on December 2, 1961.

paragraphs: The reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were:

paragraphs: Castro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States

paragraphs: When Kennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16, by sending a United States Navy U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba, he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States.

paragraphs: The US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called "13 Days").

paragraphs: Kennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options:

paragraphs: On October 20, Kennedy chose to blockade Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.

paragraphs: The USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the US Navy from reaching Cuba.

paragraphs: Nikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called "Forty Years After 13 Days," Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev:

paragraphs: Khrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.

paragraphs: The very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy.

paragraphs: Another problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so much different than the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second.

paragraphs: Khrushchev agreed to the secret message.

paragraphs: On November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over.

paragraphs: Khrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results:

paragraphs: The United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won.


title: Berber people

paragraphs: Berbers (also called Amazighs, "free men") are an ethnic group found natively in the countries of Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia in North Africa, and also found as immigrants in many countries, especially France. Berbers usually speak the Berber language. Berbers were both nomadic and land owners according to the region they live in. Most Berbers are Muslims or follow the native animist Berber religion.


title: Prosencephalon

paragraphs: The prosencephalon (or forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.

paragraphs: When the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly.


title: Gag

paragraphs: A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking. This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.

paragraphs: Gags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy. Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips. There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head. Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.

paragraphs: In real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound. It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate.


Stepchild


title: Meänkieli dialects

paragraphs: Meänkieli (also known as "Tornedalian Finnish", meaning "our language") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle. It is an official minority language of Sweden. The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been changed a lot by Swedish.

paragraphs: For many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne valley. The population became bilingual. They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish. Today many people in the younger generations only speak Swedish. Since 1999, Meänkieli is an official minority language of Sweden.

paragraphs: Since there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Meänkieli speakers there are. Taking statistics is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language to be a dialect of Finnish.


title: Toni Braxton

paragraphs: Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, record producer, and actress. She is mostly known as Toni Braxton. Braxton has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five "Billboard Music Awards". She is famous for her husky alto vocal timbre. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. She has sold over 40 million albums worldwide.

paragraphs: Braxton's first album "Toni Braxton" (1993) reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart. "Toni Braxton" was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 10 million worldwide. Her second album "Secrets" (1996) also reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. Her two singles "You're Makin' Me High" and "Un-Break My Heart" reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 songs chart. After this, Braxton filed for bankruptcy.

paragraphs: Her third album "The Heat" was released in 2000. The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums. Her next album "More Than a Woman" (2002) reached the top ten on the "Billboard" 200 chart. Braxton named her album "More Than a Woman" in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before. Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death. Braxton released her fifth album "Libra" in 2005. The album's cover was listed as one of the "Sexiest Album Covers" by "Maxim" magazine. The album did better than her last album. "Libra" reached number four on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart. The song "Stupid", from "Libra" was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie "Diary of a Mad Black Woman" (2005).

paragraphs: Braxton left the music industry but returned in 2009. She released her sixth album "Pulse". It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the "Billboard" 200. Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show "Dancing with the Stars". She was voted off in the fifth week. On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again. A reality television series called "Braxton Family Values" aired on WE TV in 2011. The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family. There has been two complete seasons of the show. On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame.


title: Joan Rivers

paragraphs: Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 – September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was an American comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent. She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver. She won an Emmy Award in 1990.

paragraphs: Rivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Larchmore, New York. Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College. Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.

paragraphs: A friend of Nancy and President Ronald Reagan, Rivers attended a state dinner in 1983, and later, at the invitation of Nancy, spoke at luncheon at the 1984 Republican National Convention.

paragraphs: She was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled. She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987. Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.

paragraphs: On the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City. She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.

paragraphs: On September 4, 2014, Melissa announced that Rivers had died at the age of 81 from heart failure caused by respiratory and cardiac arrest.


title: Melissa Rivers

paragraphs: Melissa Rivers (born Melissa Warburg Rosenberg; January 20, 1968) is an American television co-host for fashion and red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television. She is a former host of the E! cable network. She also worked for a TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers.


title: Teri Hatcher

paragraphs: Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author. She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series "" co-starring with Dean Cain. Hatcher is also well known for portraying Susan Mayer, in "Desperate Housewives", an accident-prone divorcee. She is also a "Bond Girl", having played Paris Carver in "Tomorrow Never Dies" in 1997.


title: Felicity Huffman

paragraphs: Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show "Desperate Housewives". A year later, her role as a transwoman in the independent film "Transamerica" was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.

paragraphs: Huffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James. She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.

paragraphs: On March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail. She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019. She was released from prison on October 25, 2019.


title: Marcia Cross

paragraphs: Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the "perfect" Housewife on "Desperate Housewives". In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.

paragraphs: In June 2019, Cross revealed that she suffered from anal cancer, and was now in remission.


title: Eva Longoria

paragraphs: Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives". She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.

paragraphs: Longoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the Église Saint-Germain-l’Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election.


title: Nicollette Sheridan

paragraphs: Nicollette Sheridan (born Colette Sheridan on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress. She was born in Worthing, Sussex. She acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on "Knots Landing" and as the promiscuous Edie Britt on "Desperate Housewives".


title: Contiki

paragraphs: Contiki is a small, open source free operating system. It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems. It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30 kilobytes of RAM.

paragraphs: The name "Contiki" comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.

paragraphs: The basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.

paragraphs: A full installation of Contiki includes the following features:

paragraphs: The Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki> cc65 based development


title: Princess Madeleine of Sweden

paragraphs: Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of Hälsingland and Gästrikland, (Madeleine Thérèse Amélie Joséphine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.

paragraphs: Princess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.

paragraphs: Princess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, "Josephine", honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.

paragraphs: Forbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its "20 Hottest Young Royals" list in 2008.


title: Queen Silvia of Sweden

paragraphs: Queen Silvia of Sweden (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath) (born 23 December 1943) and of half German, half Brazilian descent is the Queen consort of King Carl XVI Gustaf, Sweden's monarch, and the mother of the heir apparent to the throne, Crown Princess Victoria. Their other two children are

paragraphs: She is styled "Her Majesty The Queen" and is in Sweden most often referred to as "Queen Silvia".

paragraphs: She also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights and sign language and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.


title: Princess Victoria of Sweden

paragraphs: Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of Västergötland (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice Désirée, born 14 July 1977) is the heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden.

paragraphs: Victoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.

paragraphs: Victoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010. They have two children:


title: Prince Carl Philip of Sweden

paragraphs: Prince Carl Philip of Sweden (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born May 13, 1979), Duke of Värmland is a Swedish prince. He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.

paragraphs: He was born Crown Prince of Sweden, because Sweden did not allow women to rule as Queen Regnant. On January 1, 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce "fully cognate succession". Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession, after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria.

paragraphs: However, because the UK still has male primogeniture (brothers inherit before sisters), Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.

paragraphs: Carl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on August 31, 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.

paragraphs: He married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015. On 19 April 2016 their first child, Prince Alexander was born.


title: Hermeskeil

paragraphs: Hermeskeil is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.


title: Reinsfeld

paragraphs: Reinsfeld is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.


title: Hunsrück

paragraphs: The Hunsrück is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

paragraphs: It is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsrück is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.

paragraphs: Many of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsrück, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzwälder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).

paragraphs: Towns in the Hunsrück include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach. Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.

paragraphs: The climate in the Hunsrück is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.

paragraphs: The German TV drama trilogy "Heimat", directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsrück.


title: International Space Station

paragraphs: The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, a very large satellite that people can live in for several months at a time. It was put together in Low Earth orbit up until 2011, but other bits have been added since then. The last part, a Bigelow module was added in 2016. The station is a joint project among several countries: the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Other nations such as Brazil, Italy, and China also work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.

paragraphs: Building the ISS began in 1998, when Russian and American space modules were joined together.

paragraphs: In the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. It never left the drawing board and, with the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled. The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build a truly international space station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha. It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone spacelab.

paragraphs: The ISS components was manufactured in various factories all over the world, and were all shipped into the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center for last stages of manufacturing, machine assembly and launch processing. The components are made from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and copper.

paragraphs: The assembly of the International Space Station is a great event in space architecture. Russian modules launched and docked by their rockets. All other pieces were delivered by the Space Shuttle. , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct problems before launch.

paragraphs: The first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket. Two further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added before the first crew, Expedition 1, was sent. Expedition 1 docked to the ISS on 1 November 2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev.

paragraphs: People living in the space station have to get used to all kinds of changes from life on Earth. It takes them only 90 minutes to orbit (go around) the earth, so the sun looks as if it is rising and setting 16 times a day. This can be confusing, especially when one is trying to decide when they should go to bed. The astronauts try to keep a 24-hour-schedule anyway. At bedtime, they have to sleep in sleeping bags that are stuck to the wall. They have to strap themselves inside so they will not float away while sleeping.

paragraphs: In orbit there is no G-Force (this is called free fall or "zero gravity"). To help prepare astronauts experience zero gravity, NASA trainers put the astronauts in water. Because water makes one float, this is a little like experiencing no gravity. However, in water they can push against the water and move around. In zero gravity, there is nothing to push against, so they just float in the air. Another way of training is going in a plane and making the plane fall to earth very quickly. This lets people experience zero gravity for a very short time. This training can make people quite sick at first.

paragraphs: In zero gravity, the astronauts do not use their legs very much, so they need to get lots of exercise to keep them from becoming too weak. Without gravity, astronauts can get big upper bodies and skinny legs. This is called chicken-leg syndrome. Astronauts must exercise hard, every day, to remain healthy.

paragraphs: Eating in space style is difficult. Water and other liquids do not flow down in space, so if any were spilled in the space station, it would float around everywhere. Liquids can ruin electronic equipment, so astronauts have to be very careful in space. They drink by sucking water out of a bag, or from a tube stuck to the wall. They cannot put their food on plates because it would just float right off, so they put it in pouches and eat from the pouches. The food they eat is usually dried, because any crumbs can ruin the equipment.Sometimes fresh fruits and vegetables are sent up to the astronauts, but it is very expensive and hard to send it, so they have to bring plenty of food with them.

paragraphs: In space, the "bathroom" should probably be called the "restroom" instead, because one really can not take baths there. Instead, astronauts use squirt guns to take a shower. One person squirts himself with a gun while other people stand outside with a water vacuum to get rid of all the water that floats out of the shower. This is quite hard, so astronauts usually just take a "sponge bath" with a wet cloth.Toilets can be another problem. Toilets are supposed to use gravity to work. When one flushes a toilet, gravity makes the water go down. Since the astronauts on the ISS do not feel any gravity, the toilet must be attached to the astronauts and gently suck away all their waste.


title: Kentwood, Louisiana

paragraphs: Kentwood is a rural town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,205 at the 2000 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears


title: I'm with You

paragraphs: I'm with You is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, "Let Go". The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie "Bruce Almighty".

paragraphs: These are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of "I'm with You".


title: Somersault

paragraphs: A somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a "flip" (or, if performed backwards, a "backflip").

paragraphs: A backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a "Gainer"

paragraphs: The word comes from the old French word "sombresault", which is no longer used.


title: Lisa Donovan

paragraphs: Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program "MadTV".


title: Augite

paragraphs: Augite is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word "augites", meaning "brightness". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.


Onyx


title: Opal

paragraphs: The opal is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water.


title: Amethyst

paragraphs: An amethyst is a mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent. It is valued because of its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (FeO) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its colour comes from the iron in it. Heating the amethyst either takes away its colour or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.

paragraphs: Many people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word "amethustos", means "without being drunken". Also they are thought to be good for hearing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.

paragraphs: Amethysts are also worn because people think it makes them look gentle. The “powers” of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage, protection from robbers, and happiness.

paragraphs: In the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of .

paragraphs: There are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. Just at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.

paragraphs: The amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.

paragraphs: The amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold. During the 15th century, the French "fleur-de-lis" brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts.


title: Emerald

paragraphs: An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.

paragraphs: The word "emerald" comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word "Smaragdus", which came from the Greek, ("smaragdos"; "green gem"). It first came from a Semitic word, "izmargad" (). This meant "emerald" or "green". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (בָּרָק ;البُراق; "lightning" or "shine") (c.f. "bareqeth" and , "barq", "lightning"). It is where the Persian ( "zomorrod"), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( "maragdam") and Russian (; "izumrúd") words came from.


title: Garnet

paragraphs: A garnet is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January.


title: Ralph Macchio

paragraphs: Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in "My Cousin Vinny, The Karate Kid", "The Karate Kid II", and "The Karate Kid III". He was also in the movie "The Outsiders" as Johnny.


title: French Armenian Legion

paragraphs: The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire.


title: Vahan Kurkjian

paragraphs: Vahan M. Kurkjian (Aleppo, 1863 - New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader.


title: North India

paragraphs: Northern India, also known as Hindustan, is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India.

paragraphs: As a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan also The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India. It shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage with neighboring Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir, which was part of British India empire prior to the 1947 Independence. The North Indian Plain is a large part of it.


title: Yalta Conference

paragraphs: The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the Second World War ended in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the dictator of the USSR (Joseph Stalin) all met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was an important part of European History.


title: Potsdam Conference

paragraphs: The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the leader of the USSR (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and were going to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.

paragraphs: The first conference was held at Yalta, but the allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the USA had a new president named Harry Truman. He was much tougher on Communism than the previous president, Roosevelt, had been. This was a problem for Stalin. Also, Churchill had been voted out and was replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than these new leaders. Stalin also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them with ones that would listen to him. This meant that there were a lot of problems at Potsdam.

paragraphs: The allies talked about and agreed that:

paragraphs: The allies talked about but did not agree on:


title: Nahe

paragraphs: The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.

paragraphs: The name Nahe comes from the Latin word "Nava", which is of Celtic origin and means "the wild river". The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsrück.

paragraphs: It rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen.


title: Palatinate (region)

paragraphs: The Palatinate ("germ.:"Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate ("lat.:" palatinatum Renensis; "germ.:" Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state ("Bundesland") of Rhineland-Palatinate ("Rheinland-Pfalz").

paragraphs: The western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest ("Pfälzerwald") covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the "German wine road" (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.

paragraphs: Traditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate ("Vorderpfalz"), West Palatinate ("Westpfalz"), North Palatinate ("Nordpfalz"), and South Palatinate ("Südpfalz").

paragraphs: Administratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:


title: Taunus

paragraphs: The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsrück. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.

paragraphs: Not to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the "Großer Feldberg" (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the "Kleiner Feldberg" and the "Altkönig" (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-Tène A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.

paragraphs: The Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here.