title: Naresh Chandra

paragraphs: Naresh Chandra (1 August 1934 – 9 July 2017) was an Indian politician. He was born in Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, India. He served as the 20th Cabinet Secretary of India from 1990 through 1992, the 13th Governor of Gujarat from 1995 through 1996 and as the 19th Indian Ambassador to the United States from 1996 through 2001.

paragraphs: Chandra was awarded India's second highest civil awards, the Padma Vibhushan, for his service in 2007.

paragraphs: Chandra died at a hospital in Panaji, Goa, India of multiple organ failure on 9 July 2017 at the age of 82.


title: Karan Singh

paragraphs: Karan Singh (born 9 March 1931) is an Indian politician, philanthropist and poet. He was born in Cannes, France.

paragraphs: Singh is a member of India's Upper House of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha representing the National Capital Territory of Delhi. He is a senior member of the Indian National Congress Party who served successively as President (Sadr-i-Riyasat) and Governor of Jammu and Kashmir.

paragraphs: Singh is the son of the last ruler of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, Maharaja Hari Singh. In the 26th amendment to the Constitution of India promulgated in 1971, the Government of India, of which Karan Singh was a Union cabinet minister, abolished all official symbols of princely India, including titles, privileges, and remuneration (privy purses). During the conclusion of the Cold War, he was India's ambassador to the USA. Singh received the Padma Vibhushan in 2005.

paragraphs: Singh was seen as a possible candidate for President in the July 2017 Indian presidential election by Bhim Singh"."


title: Andrzej Olechowski

paragraphs: Andrzej Marian Olechowski (born 9 September 1947 in Kraków, Poland) is a Polish politician. He was one of the co-founders of liberal conservative party Civic Platform in 2001 with Maciej Płażyński and Donald Tusk. He served as Minister of Finance (1992) in the Jan Olszewski's Government and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1993–1995) in the Waldemar Pawlak's Government.

paragraphs: Olechowski was an independent candidate in 2000 presidential election, coming second after incumbent Aleksander Kwaśniewski. In 2002, he was Civic Platform's candidate for president of Warsaw but failed to even get to the second round. Afterwards he began moving away from politics.

paragraphs: He left the Civic Platform in July 2009 and started co-operating with the Democratic Party. He was one of the candidates in the 2010 Polish presidential election, but got only 1.44% of votes and didn't get into the second round.


title: V. V. Sadagopan

paragraphs: V. V. Sadagopan (born Veeravanallur Vedantam Sadagopan; 29 January 1915) is an Indian movie actor, music teacher, performer and composer. He was a prolific writer in English and Tamil. Apart from articles on music, he has written poetry, lyrics and even a number of stories in Tamil, that were published in Ananda Vikatan.

paragraphs: He acted as the main actor in the Tamil movie "Nava Yuvan" (Modern Youth) that had an alternate title "Geethasaram" (Essence of Gita). Gemini Studios started their movie production in the year 1941 and produced the Tamil movie "Madanakamarajan" which became one of Sadahopan's greatest roles.

paragraphs: Sadagopan was a member of the audition panel of All India Radio (AIR) and also of the experts committee of the Madras Music Academy.


title: Buchdorf

paragraphs: Buchdorf is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Georg Vellinger of the CSU party.


title: Indian Ambassador to the United States

paragraphs: The Indian Ambassador to the United States is the main representative of India to the United States. They live in the embassy of India in Washington, D.C.


title: Daiting

paragraphs: Daiting is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Johann Roßkopf.

paragraphs: In the 1980s part of a Archaeopteryx fossil was found in Daiting. It is known as the Daiting Specimen. Scientists believe that it is a new type of Archaeopteryx.


title: Jane

paragraphs: Jane Doe or Jane Roe is used in American law as a "placeholder name" for anonymous or unknown female participants in legal proceedings.

paragraphs: Jane Doe is used in United States police investigations when the identity of a female victim is unknown or incorrect, and by hospitals to refer to a female corpse or patient whose identity is unknown.


title: Deiningen

paragraphs: Deiningen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Karl-Heinz Stippler.


title: Donauwörth

paragraphs: Donauwörth is a city in Bavaria in Germany. It is the capital of the district of Donau-Ries. The mayor is currently Armin Neudert from the Christian Social Union of Bavaria. The city is said to have been founded by two fishermen where two rivers meet. The city is on the scenic route called the "Romantische Straße" (Romantic Road). It is twinned with the town of Perchtoldsdorf, Austria.

paragraphs: In 1704 the Battle of Schellenberg (or the Battle of Donauwörth) took place there. This was part of the War of the Spanish Succession, and was fought by John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough against the French. The French were defeated and nearly 5000 of them drowned while trying to escape across the Danube.


title: Ederheim

paragraphs: Ederheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Caroline Zehnpfennig.


title: Ehingen am Ries

paragraphs: Ehingen am Ries is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Paul Fackler.


title: Forheim

paragraphs: Forheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Werner Thum.


title: Böttingen

paragraphs: Böttingen is a municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Bubsheim

paragraphs: Bubsheim is a municipality of the district of Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Casti-Wergenstein

paragraphs: Casti-Wergenstein () is a municipality in the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden.


title: Castrisch

paragraphs: Castrisch is a former municipality of the district of Surselva in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Castrisch, Duvin, Ilanz, Ladir, Luven, Pigniu, Pitasch, Riein, Rueun, Ruschein, Schnaus, Sevgein and Siat merged into the new municipality of Ilanz/Glion.


title: Cauco

paragraphs: Cauco is a former municipality of the district of Moesa in the Swiss canton of Graubünden.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Cauco, Arvigo, Braggio and Selma merged into the new municipality of Calanca.


title: Fremdingen

paragraphs: Fremdingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Klaus Lingel.


title: Fünfstetten

paragraphs: Fünfstetten is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Christa Lechner of the CSU party.


title: Genderkingen

paragraphs: Genderkingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Roland Dietz.


title: Barrancabermeja

paragraphs: Barrancabermeja is a city in the Santander Department of Colombia. The city was founded in 1922. It is on the shore of the Magdalena River.


title: Hainsfarth

paragraphs: Hainsfarth is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Ursula Seefried.

paragraphs: Hainsfarth is home to a large Jewish population, which made up 40% of the people living there in 1810. Since 1710 it has had a synagogue. This was destroyed by the Nazis in 1938, but it was rebuilt in 1996. The village also has a Jewish cemetery, which was ruined by the Nazis. This was also restored.


title: Harburg, Bavaria

paragraphs: Harburg is a city in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Wolfgang Kilian. The city is part of the scenic route called "Romantische Straße" (Romantic Road). It also has one of the most impressive medieval castles in Germany, which was first mentioned in 1150. There is also a rare Jewish cemetery.


title: Hohenaltheim

paragraphs: Hohenaltheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Willi Amerdinger.


title: Hayes, Bromley

paragraphs: Hayes is an area of Bromley, it used to be called a village and still has many of the features of one.


title: Bay Village, Ohio

paragraphs: Bay Village is a city in Ohio in the United States. As of 2010, 15,651 people lived there. Bay Village is located in Ohio's 9th congressional district.


title: Alcobaça, Portugal

paragraphs: Alcobaça is a city in Portugal. It is found in the Leiria District. In 2011, 56,693 people lived there.


title: Anadyr (town)

paragraphs: Anadyr (; Chukchi: , "Kagyrgyn") is a port town in Russia. It is the administrative center of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. In 2010, 13,045 people lived there.


title: Didenheim

paragraphs: Didenheim is a former commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune Brunstatt-Didenheim.


title: Diefmatten

paragraphs: Diefmatten is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Dietwiller

paragraphs: Dietwiller is a commune. It is in the Haut-Rhin department in east France.


title: Dolleren

paragraphs: Dolleren is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Snodland

paragraphs: Snodland is a small town on the River Medway, located between Rochester and Maidstone in the English county of Kent. It is about 27 miles from central London, It also has a railway station, Snodland railway station.


title: Snodland railway station

paragraphs: Snodland railway station is a railway station in Snodland in Kent. The station is in walking distance of the high street. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.


title: England, Arkansas

paragraphs: England is a city in the US state of Arkansas.


title: London, Ohio

paragraphs: London is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Madison County. It has 2 schools inside city limits, London City Schools & St. Patricks School.


title: Gnetum

paragraphs: Gnetum is a group of plants. It is the only group of plants found in Gnetaceae. They are gymnosperms, meaning their seeds are "naked" and not covered unlike flowering plants.

paragraphs: Plants in "Gnetum" are evergreen. Most of them are woody vines, but some are big enough to be trees. They are found in warmer, tropical regions of the world. Some types, like "Gnetum oxycarpum", are in danger of dying out, because they only live in small areas and the forest that they grow on is being turned into land for farming.

paragraphs: "Gnetum" is part of a very old group of plants, called Gnetophyta. "Gnetum" may have been one of the first plants to be pollinated by insects, with other members of this group, known as "Ephedra" and "Welwitschia".

paragraphs: According to the Plant List, these are the species in "Gnetum":


title: Richard Gilbert Scott

paragraphs: Richard Gilbert Scott (12 December 1923 – 1 July 2017) was a British architect. He was the son of Giles Gilbert Scott and great-grandson of the great Gothic Revival architect George Gilbert Scott. He was known for designing the Forth Road Bridge. He was born in London, England.

paragraphs: Scott was educated at Harrow, Charterhouse School, Bartlett School of Architecture University College London, and Regent Street Polytechnic School of Architecture.

paragraphs: Scott died in Birmingham, England on 1 July 2017 at the age of 93.


title: Pierrette Bloch

paragraphs: Pierrette Bloch (June 16, 1928 – July 7, 2017) was a French-born Swiss painter and textile artist. Bloch began exhibiting her works in Paris and the United States in the 1950s. The ensemble of her works have their roots in the use of "poor" materials such as ink, paper, mesh, and horsehair. Her work has been exhibited in Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

paragraphs: Bloch died on July 7, 2017 in Paris at the age of 89.


title: James B. Nutter Sr.

paragraphs: James Bradford Nutter, Sr. (January 23, 1928 – July 7, 2017) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was the founder and chairman of James B. Nutter & Company, a privately owned mortgage banking firm headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. It is one of the oldest and largest family-owned and operated mortgage lending firms in the United States. Nutter was named 2012 Kansas Citian of the Year by the Greater Kansas City Chamber of Commerce.

paragraphs: Nutter Sr. died in Kansas City on July 7, 2017 from stroke-related complications at the age of 89.


title: Kenneth Silverman

paragraphs: Kenneth Silverman (February 5, 1936 – July 7, 2017) was a professor emeritus of English at New York University and a Pulitzer Prize-winning biographer. Silverman was born in Manhattan. He studied at Columbia University.

paragraphs: He was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and has received the Edgar Award of the Mystery Writers of America, and the Christopher Literary Award of the Society of American Magicians.

paragraphs: Silverman died of complications from respiratory failure in Manhattan on July 7, 2017 at the age of 81.


paragraphs: The United States Permanent Representative to NATO (commonly called the U.S. Ambassador to NATO) is the official representative of the United States to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

paragraphs: The current U.S. Ambassador to NATO is Kay Bailey Hutchison since August 2017.

paragraphs: The Representative has the rank of full ambassador and is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The full official title of the Representative is United States Permanent Representative on the Council of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, with the rank and status of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.

paragraphs: The first Representative was appointed by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1953.


title: Peter Härtling

paragraphs: Peter Härtling (13 November 1933 – 10 July 2017) was a German writer, poet, publisher and journalist. He received the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany for his major contribution to German literature. His first children's book, "Und das ist die ganze Familie", was published the following year. His children's literature has often focused on social problems involving children.


title: L. K. Advani

paragraphs: Lal Krishna Advani (born 8 November 1927) known as L. K. Advani is an Indian politician and a senior leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP). He co-founded the party in April 1980.

paragraphs: Advani served as Minister of Home Affairs in the BJP-led National Democratic Alliance government from 1998 to 2004. He served as 7th Deputy Prime Minister of India from 2002 to 2004 under Atal Bihari Vajpayee. He was the Leader of the Opposition in the 10th Lok Sabha and 14th Lok Sabha. Advani began his political career as a volunteer of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, a right-wing Hindu nationalist organisation.

paragraphs: In 2015 he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan, India's second highest civilian honor.


title: Hervé Villechaize

paragraphs: Hervé Jean-Pierre Villechaize (; 23 April 1943 – 4 September 1993) was a French actor, teenage model and painter. He was born in Paris.

paragraphs: Villechaize was known for his many movie and television roles including that of the evil henchman Nick Nack in the James Bond movie, "The Man with the Golden Gun" (1974), as well as Mr. Roarke's assistant, Tattoo, on the television series "Fantasy Island" (1978–1984). He starred in the movie "Forbidden Zone" (1980), and appeared in "" (1982), and episodes of "Diff'rent Strokes" and "Taxi".

paragraphs: Villechaize was of Filipino descent. He suffered from proportionate dwarfism. In later years, he insisted on being called a "midget" rather than a "dwarf". His height was 3 feet and 10 inches. In 1964 he left France for the United States.

paragraphs: Villechaize was married to Anne Sadowski from 1970 until they divorced in 1979. From 1980 through 1982, he was married to Camille Hagen. Until his death in 1993, he was partners with Kathy Self.

paragraphs: During his later years Villechaize struggled with depression and suicidal thoughts.

paragraphs: In the early morning hours of 4 September 1993, Villechaize is believed to have first fired a shot through the sliding glass patio door in order to awaken his longtime girlfriend, Kathy Self, before shooting himself at his North Hollywood home. He was 50 years old. Villechaize left a suicide note saying he was suffering over longtime health problems. Villechaize was suffering from chronic pain due to having normal-sized internal organs putting increasing pressure on his small body. According to Self, Villechaize often slept in a kneeling position so he could breathe more easily.

paragraphs: His ashes were sprinkled into the Pacific Ocean off Point Fermin in San Pedro, Los Angeles, California.


title: Jim Bush

paragraphs: James Stanley "Jim" Bush (September 15, 1926 – July 10, 2017) was an American National Track and Field Hall of Fame track and field coach. He was known primarily for his coaching tenure at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1965 to 1984. During that time, his teams won five NCAA Men's Outdoor Track and Field Championships (1966, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1978 (tied with UTEP) and he coached as many as 30 Olympians. He was born in Cleveland, Ohio.

paragraphs: Bush died on July 10, 2017 in Culver City, California of melanoma at the age of 90.


title: Mangosuthu Buthelezi

paragraphs: Mangosuthu Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African politician and Zulu tribal leader. He founded the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) in 1975 and was Chief Minister of the KwaZulu bantustan until 1994. He was Minister of Home Affairs of South Africa from 1994 to 2004. His praise name is Shenge.

paragraphs: During the CODESA negotiations of the early 1990s, he represented the IFP. Following the introduction of the universal franchise in the 1994 general election, Buthelezi led the IFP to join the government of national unity, led by Nelson Mandela. Buthelezi served as Minister of Home Affairs until 2004. He continues to serve as both leader of the IFP and an MP, retaining his seat in the 2014 general election.

paragraphs: In 1964 he played King Cetshwayo kaMpande (his own maternal great-grandfather) in the movie "Zulu".


title: Louis Zorich

paragraphs: Louis Zorich (February 12, 1924 – January 30, 2018) was an American actor. He was perhaps best known to television audiences for his roles of Paul Reiser's father, Burt Buchman, on the NBC series "Mad About You". He played the role from 1993 to 1999.

paragraphs: Zorich died in Manhattan on January 30, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 93.


title: Paul Reiser

paragraphs: Paul Reiser (born March 30, 1956) is an American comedian, actor, model, composer, television personality and writer, author and musician. He is best known for his role in the 1990s TV sitcom "Mad About You". He is ranked 77th on Comedy Central's 2004 list of the "100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time".

paragraphs: His well known movie roles are in "Diner" (1982), "Beverly Hills Cop" (1984), a role he reprised in its sequel, "Beverly Hills Cop II" (1987). Reiser also had roles in James Cameron's "Aliens" (1986), in which he played the corrupt Carter Burke; "The Marrying Man" (1991) and "Bye Bye Love" (1995).


title: Isabelle Sadoyan

paragraphs: Isabelle Sadoyan (12 May 1928 – 10 July 2017) was a French-Armenian actress. She was the wife of actor Jean Bouise.

paragraphs: In her career, she was directed by Jeanne Moreau, Claude Chabrol, Claude Lelouch, Luc Besson, Jean-Luc Godard, Henri Verneuil, Bertrand Tavernier, Robert Kechichian and Krzysztof Kieślowski.

paragraphs: Sadoyan was known for her roles as Alice in the 1982 movie "The Hatter's Ghost" alongside Charles Aznavour. Her last role was as Mrs. Warner in the 2016 movie "Irreplaceable".

paragraphs: Sadoyan died on 10 July 2017 in Paris of heart failure at the age of 89.


title: Joseph Marcell

paragraphs: Joseph Marcell (born 18 August 1948) is a Saint Lucian born British actor. He is best known for his role as Geoffrey the butler on the NBC sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" from September 1990 until it ended in May 1996.


title: A. E. Hotchner

paragraphs: Aaron Edward Hotchner (June 28, 1917 – February 15, 2020) was an American editor, novelist, playwright, philanthropist and biographer.

paragraphs: Hotchner was an editor, biographer, novelist and playwright. In 1948, he met Ernest Hemingway, and the two were close friends until Hemingway's death in 1961. Hotchner is best known for "Papa Hemingway", his 1966 biography of Hemingway, whose work he had also adapted for plays and television.

paragraphs: Hotchner's play "Sweet Prince" was produced Off-Broadway in 1982, at the Theater Off-Park, starring Keir Dullea and Ian Abercrombie.

paragraphs: Hotchner died on February 15, 2020 in Westport, Connecticut at the age of 102.


title: Occupation government's prison camps in Norway during World War Two

paragraphs: The occupation government built and used prison camps in Norway during World War Two. 709 prison camps [or concentration camps, and some death camps] were counted by a project, that was under advice by Randi Bratteli and some others; other numbers say "around 500" prison camps.

paragraphs: There were prison camps for teacher (from Norway):

paragraphs: (or Nabbvolden): The camp had had 436 prisoners in May 1945;

paragraphs: [At least] 28 prison camps had locations between Mo i Rana and Fauske (and 25 af of these were for Soviet prisoners-of-war).


title: Grini concentration camp

paragraphs: Grini concentration camp (; ) was Norway's largest concentration camp during the occupation of Norway during World War II.


title: Ludwigslust-Parchim

paragraphs: Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District (German: "Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim") is a rural district ("Landkreis") of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany.

paragraphs: On an area of 4,752 km² about 214,000 people were living in this district in 2016.

paragraphs: Ludwigslust-Parchim Rural District was created by joining the districts of Ludwigslust Rural District and Parchim Rural District on September 4, 2011.


title: Medway Valley Line

paragraphs: The Medway Valley line is a railway line in Kent linking and the Medway Towns with and on to , and London St Pancras International (peak only). The section from Maidstone West to Tonbridge passes through some of Kent's most picturesque countryside along the narrower sections of the River Medway.

paragraphs: The line serves the following stations: , , , , , , , , , , , , and

paragraphs: The main trains used on the line is Class 375 Electrostars. Before the May 2012 Timetable changes Class 465 and Class 466 Networkers were used, these units still appear on the line when a 375 unit fails or is unavailable.

paragraphs: In May 2011, Class 395s was introduced on the Medway Valley line, operating a high speed service between Maidstone West and St. Pancras International via Strood.


title: Holzheim, Donau-Ries

paragraphs: Holzheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Robert Ruttmann.


title: New Hythe

paragraphs: New Hythe is a village in mid-Kent, England. It is on the banks of the River Medway. It is about 5 miles from Maidstone. Its name is from the Old English word Hythe, meaning haven or landing place, It also has a mill. New Hythe railway station is there.


title: New Hythe railway station

paragraphs: New Hythe railway station is a railway station in New Hythe, Kent. The station is on the Medway Valley Line.

paragraphs: The line between Strood and Maidstone, on which New Hythe lies, was completed in 1856. However, no trains went there until 9 December 1929. At that time, New Hythe Halt, a timber-built halt, was opened to serve the huge paper mill which was next to the line. The present station was constructed in 1936. The line was electrified in 1939.

paragraphs: All train services are provided by Southeastern. The typical off-peak service from New Hythe is two trains per hour to Maidstone West, with alternate trains extended to Paddock Wood and , and two trains an hour to Strood, for connections to London.


title: Huisheim

paragraphs: Huisheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Hermann Rupprecht of the Social Democratic Party of Germany.


title: Kaisheim

paragraphs: Kaisheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Martin Scharr of the PWG party. It has had a historic abbey since 1133.


title: Chris Beutler

paragraphs: Chris Beutler (born November 14, 1944) is an American politician. He is the 51st and current Mayor of Lincoln, serving since 2007. He previously served in the Nebraska Legislature from 1979 to 1986 from 1991 to 2006.


title: Fikret Hakan

paragraphs: Fikret Hakan (23 April 1934 – 11 July 2017), also known as Bumin Gaffar Çitanak, was a Turkish movie actor. He was the recipient of the honorary State Artist, a prestigious title awarded by the Turkish government. He was born in Balıkesir, Turkey. He was known for his role as Kara in "Revenge of the Snakes (Yılanların öcü)" (1962).

paragraphs: Hakan died on 11 July 2017 in a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey of lung cancer at the age of 83.


title: Éva Schubert

paragraphs: Éva Schubert (19 January 1931 – 11 July 2017) was a Hungarian actress. She was known for her roles in "Egy pikoló világos", "Felmegyek a miniszterhez", and for "Frakk, a macskák réme". She won a Kossuth Prize in 2013 for her lifetime achievement. She was born in Budapest.

paragraphs: Schubert died on 11 July 2017 in Budapest at the age of 86.


title: Maihingen

paragraphs: Maihingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Franz Stimpfle.


title: Marktoffingen

paragraphs: Marktoffingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Marlies Häfner.


title: Sabre

paragraphs: The sabre (British English) or saber (American English; see spelling differences) is a type of backsword. It has a curved blade associated with the light cavalry of the Early Modern and Napoleonic periods. It was first associated with central European cavalry, such as the Hussars. It became widespread in Europe during the Thirty Years' War. In particular the Croat light cavalry helped spread it. In the 17th century a light sabre was also used by infantry. In the 19th century sabres without curved blades became common. These could be used by heavy cavalry. The last sabre to be given to US cavalry was the Patton sabre (Model 1913 Cavalry Sabre) in 1913.

paragraphs: The sabre was used as a duelling weapon in fencing in the 19th century. This has led to the rise of sabre fencing, which first appeared at the 1896 Summer Olympics. This discipline allows for cuts as well as thrusts, as did the historical sabre.


title: Kárášjohka/Karasjok

paragraphs: Kárášjohka (Norwegian: Karasjok) is a Norwegian urban area in the municipality, Kárášjohka/Karasjok.

paragraphs: The municipality (of which the urban area is a part,) has Sami and Norwegian as official languages.

paragraphs: The municipality is one of two in Norway where the majority of inhabitants speak Sami and have it as their main language.

paragraphs: Before the beginning of the 1700s, there might not have been a permanent population there. However the area was used by nomads.

paragraphs: During World War II a Nazi concentration camp was built in Karasjok: "Lager IV Karasjok" (German for "Karasjok Camp No.4", ). The camp was run by SS, and it was among the first four Nazi concentration camps in Northern Norway.

paragraphs: In July 1943, 374 political prisoners and POWs prisoners [mostly Yugoslav,] were brought to the concentration camp. They were tasked with widening the road to Karigasniemi, Finland. After four or five months, only 111 of these prisoners were still alive. At the end of the prisoners' stay in Karasjok, before transportation out of Karasjok, 45 prisoners were massacred by the firing of small arms. At least one former prisoner is (as of 2013) still alive.

paragraphs: In 2015 the second edition of Sapmi Pride, the LGBT pride festival, was held in Karasjok. To protest homosexuals attending the Karasjok Church, and to protest that a female priest held the services, Norges Samemisjon cancelled one of their radio broadcasts.

paragraphs: The Sami secondary school, is one of two in Norway (as of 2014); 73% of the schools students say that Sami is their main language; 27% say that Sami is their second language (as of the school year that started in [August] 2009 and ended in [June] 2010); That school is run by the government.


title: Durlinsdorf

paragraphs: Durlinsdorf is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Durmenach

paragraphs: Durmenach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in the eastern France.


title: Wang Shouren

paragraphs: Wang Yangming (31 October 1472 – 9 January 1529), courtesy name Bo'an, was a Chinese philosopher, official, educationist, calligraphist, and general during the Ming dynasty.

paragraphs: He was born with the name Wang Shouren (王守仁) in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province. He is known for his idealistic interpretation of neo-Confucianism, which was said to have a deeper effect on the philosophical thinking in East Asia for centuries.

paragraphs: Wang became a successful general and was known for the strict discipline he forced on his troops. In 1517 and 1518, he was s in respoentnse to petitions to suppress peasant revolts in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong provinces. Concerned with the destruction that came with war, he asked the court to allow amnesty, and successfully destroyed rebel military forces.

paragraphs: "A lot of people admired him,such as,Sun Zhongshan,Liang Qichao,Lin Zexu,Mao Zedong"

paragraphs: He thought that Knowledge is action, action is knowledge(知行合一).His main idea is the extension of innate knowledge(致良知）


title: Durrenentzen

paragraphs: Durrenentzen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in the eastern France.


title: Eglingen

paragraphs: Eglingen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in the eastern France.


title: Eguisheim

paragraphs: Eguisheim is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in the eastern France.


title: Elbach

paragraphs: Elbach is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department in the eastern France.


title: Constantine, Switzerland

paragraphs: Constantine was a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand merged into the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.


title: Vallamand

paragraphs: Vallamand is a former municipality in the district of Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland.


title: Chabrey

paragraphs: Chabrey is a former municipality of the district of Broye-Vully in the Vaud canton in Switzerland.


title: Montmagny, Switzerland

paragraphs: Montmagny was a municipality in Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. On 1 July 2011 the former municipalities of Bellerive, Chabrey, Constantine, Montmagny, Mur, Vallamand and Villars-le-Grand joined together to become the new municipality of Vully-les-Lacs.


title: Leirpollen (concentration camp)

paragraphs: Leirpollen was a concentration camp in Norway - in county Sør-Varangeer, during World War Two. Norway was occupied by Germany's military during Adolf Hitler's rule of Germany.

paragraphs: The camp was called an extermination camp (or death camp) for Russian [and other Soviet soldiers who were] prisoners, in a 1998 report by Norway's government.

paragraphs: The camp had 150 prisoners, and [at least] it had Soviet prisoners. Also suspected members of the Persfjord groups partisans on the Varanger Peninsula, were held in the camp. I 1943, 11 prisoners were killed, by being hit with one [or more] clubs.

paragraphs: The prisoners were moved (out of the prison camp) in February 1944, to another prison camp - Storskog - closer to the border between Soviet and Norway;


title: Macedonia, Ohio

paragraphs: Macedonia is a city in Ohio, United States.


title: Palézieux

paragraphs: Palézieux is a village and former municipality of the district Broye-Vully in the canton of Vaud in Switzerland. Since 2012 it forms part of the municipality of Oron.

paragraphs: Palézieux was first mentioned in 1134 as "de Palaisol".

paragraphs: Under the rule of Savoy, the family "de Palézieux" - mentioned in texts from 1154 - had their castle near the village, of which remains can be seen today (mainly a wall). The castle controlled a bridge on the River Broye, which was a source of profit through the various tolls and taxes.

paragraphs: The bridge over the Broye was washed away in 1700, following a flood. It was rebuilt in 1750, following several petitions. Modernized, it is still in place.

paragraphs: The creation of the separate settlement at Palézieux-Gare came about with the commissioning of the railway line between Lausanne and Bern in 1862, which was built away from the original village (which became known as Palézieux-Village). In 1876 the line from Payerne was added, which runs adjacent to Palézieux-Village, and in 1903 the metre gauge line leading to the Gruyère was constructed, with its terminus at Palézieux-Gare.


title: Canal Fulton, Ohio

paragraphs: Canal Fulton is a city in Ohio in the United States.


title: Jackson, Ohio

paragraphs: Jackson is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Jackson County.


title: Jackson County, Ohio

paragraphs: Jackson County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 33,225 people lived there. The county seat is Jackson.


title: Medina County, Ohio

paragraphs: Medina County is a county in the U.S. state of Ohio. In 2010, 172,332 people lived there. The county seat is Medina.


title: Buchheim

paragraphs: Buchheim is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Acetylcholine

paragraphs: Acetylcholine is a chemical in human nerves that carries information from the sense of touch, sense of smell, etc. This chemical is produced inside the brain in the pituitary gland.


title: Plug-organization

paragraphs: A plug-organization is a social organization.

paragraphs: The members always have to transport a plug.

paragraphs: Whenever one members sees another member, he checks that the other member has a plug.

paragraphs: If the other member does not have a plug, he has to give some money to the plug-organization.

paragraphs: The plug-organization uses this money to purchase beer for the next meeting.

paragraphs: More than 100 plug-organizations are in Bavaria.


title: High-speed rail in Thailand

paragraphs: In October 2010, the Thai parliament decided to continue planning for a high speed rail (HSR) network. Five different lines - which would touch Bangkok - were to be planned. The lines would be able to handle speeds of 250 km/h.


title: Bus station

paragraphs: A bus station is a structure where buses stop to pick up and drop off passengers. A bus station is larger than a bus stop, which is usually a place on the roadside where buses stop. Some bus stations are terminal stations, which means that station is the end of the route. Other stations are called transfer stations, which is a station where the routes continue.

paragraphs: Bus stations can be outside, or inside, above or below ground. Some are under shopping centres.

paragraphs: Some bus stations have seats, toilets, travel centres and electronic passenger information systems (which show what time the buses are coming).


title: Hessenstein Castle

paragraphs: Hessenstein Castle (German: "Burg Hessenstein") is a castle in Hesse, Germany.

paragraphs: The castle lies on a hill in the neighbourhood of Vöhl.


title: Bus stop

paragraphs: A bus stop is a designated place where buses stop for passengers to get on and off the bus. Bus stops at busy locations may have shelters, seating, and possibly electronic passenger information systems; less busy stops may use a simple pole to mark the location.


title: Langres

paragraphs: Langres is a commune of France and a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department in northeastern France, in the Grand Est region.

paragraphs: The city of Langres is on the southen part of the Haute-Marne department in northeast France; the city is on a that is in the north of the "Plateau de Langres".

paragraphs: It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The distances from Langres to other cities are:

paragraphs: The "commune" of Langres is surrounded by the "communes" Balesmes-sur-Marne, Champigny-lès-Langres, Chatenay-Mâcheron, Humes-Jorquenay, Peigney, Perrancey-les-Vieux-Moulins, Saint-Ciergues, Saint-Vallier-sur-Marne and Saints-Geosmes.

paragraphs: The Marne river flows through the "commune" of Langres.

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Langres is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Langres is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Langres is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Langres are known, in French, as "Langonais" (women: "Langonaises") or "Langrois" (women: "Langroises").

paragraphs: The city of Langres has a population, in 2014, of 7,850 and its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Langres is a subprefecture of the Haute-Marne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Langres and the administrative centre () of the canton Langres formed by 18 "communes" (including Langres), with 12,160 inhabitants .

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Le Grand Langres" ().


title: Français fondamental

paragraphs: Français fondamental is a simplified version of French language with a goal to teach French to foreigners and the populations of the French Union, while France wanted to improve the spreading of its language in the world. A series of surveys conducted in the 1950s and 1960s show that a limited number of words are used in the usual way, both orally and in writing and in all circumstances, As well as a limited number of grammatical rules necessary for the functioning of the language.


title: Beavercreek, Ohio

paragraphs: Beavercreek is the largest city in Greene County, Ohio, United States.


title: New Philadelphia, Ohio

paragraphs: New Philadelphia is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio. It is the county seat of Tuscarawas County.


title: Wyoming, Ohio

paragraphs: Wyoming, Ohio is a city in Ohio, United States.


title: Shopkins

paragraphs: Shopkins are tiny toys that you can collect. You can put them on pencils. You can play when them and make things out of them like earrings, keychains etc.


title: Augustin Buzura

paragraphs: Augustin Buzura (; September 22, 1937 –July 10, 2017) was a Romanian novelist and short story writer. He was also known as a journalist, essayist and literary critic. He was a member of the Romanian Academy, he has been the president of the Romanian Cultural Foundation since 1990 and president of the Romanian Cultural Institute between 2003 and 2004.

paragraphs: Buzura died on July 10, 2017 in Bucharest, Romania of a heart attack at the age of 79.


title: Mangesh Tendulkar

paragraphs: Mangesh Tendulkar (1934 – 10 July 2017) was an Indian artist as cartoonist and humourist. He has also written in many magazines on cartoons. He was born in Kolhapur, Maharashtra. In a series of 100 cartoons, he set forth his concerns about the cities Maharashtra and the preservation of Pune’s once-leafy environs with his trademark good-humoured, gentle skepticism.

paragraphs: Tendulkar died on 10 July 2017 at a hospital in Pune, Maharashtra of pulmonary embolism caused by bladder cancer at the age of 82.


title: Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini

paragraphs: Luigi Ferdinando Tagliavini (7 October 1929 – 11 July 2017), was an Italian organist, harpsichordist, musicologist and composer. He was born in Bologna. He has conducted studies in music classes organ, piano and composition with Riccardo Nielsen to Conservatory of Bologna and Paris Conservatory (in the class of Marcel Dupré).

paragraphs: Tagliavini made numerous recordings received several awards including the "Prize of the Italian discography", the "Schallplattenpreis Phono-Akademie der Deutschen," the distinction "Choc de la musique" for the CD made with Liuwe Tamminga organs of San Petronio and dedicated to Andrea Gabrieli and Giovanni Gabrieli, the "Premio Antonio Vivaldi" and the "Premio Massimo Mila".

paragraphs: Tagliavini died on 11 July 2017 in Bologna of respiratory arrest at the age of 87.


title: Gerrit Braks

paragraphs: Gerardus Johannes Maria "Gerrit" Braks (23 May 1933 – 12 July 2017) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He was born in Uden, North Brabant.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Catholic People's Party from 1975 until 1980 when this party became part of the Christian Democratic Appeal. He was a member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands in 1977–1980, 1981–1982, 1986 and 1989. He was minister of farming and fishery in 1980–1981, and 1982–1989, and was in this function during the Chernobyl disaster.

paragraphs: In 1989 he was minister of education and sciences and he was minister of farming, nature management and fishery in 1989–1990. He was a member of the Senate of the Netherlands from 11 June 1991 until 10 June 2003. And as such he was parliamentary group leader in the senate from 18 June 1999 until 2 October 2001 when he became president of the Senate until 2003.

paragraphs: Braks died on 12 July 2017 in Sint-Michielsgestel, North Brabant, of a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 84.


title: Division of Korea

paragraphs: The division of Korea between North and South Korea happened because of the Allied victory in World War II in 1945. After Japan surrendered, the Allies made Japan give up all the colonies they took through military force, even those before WWII started. Even though Korea was a colony of Japan before WWII, Japan still had to give it up because it used military force to take it over. So after 35 years, Korea no longer became a colony of the Empire of Japan. However, on the same day Japan surrendered, the Soviet Union invaded Korea, after having occupied Northeast China.

paragraphs: The United States and the Soviet Union occupied the country, meaning they had their military there, with the border between their zones of control along the 38th parallel, or the land on the Korean Peninsula from east to west 38 degrees North.

paragraphs: With the rise of the Cold War, negotiations between the United States and the Soviet Union failed to create an independent, unified Korea. In 1948, the elections led by the UN were held only in the southern part of Korea, which was occupied by the United States. This led to the creation of the Republic of Korea in South Korea, which was afterwards followed by the creation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in North Korea. The United States supported the South, and the Soviet Union supported the North, and each government claimed sovereignty, or the right to rule itself, over the whole Korean Peninsula.

paragraphs: In 1950, North Korea invaded South Korea in order to take over all of Korea, which began the Korean War. Just before North Korea took over all of Korea, the United States sent its military to take back South Korea. After it took back South Korea, the United States tried to take over North Korea until China, North Korea's communist ally, pushed back the United States. This led to a tug-of-war that lasted throughout the war. In 1953, the fighting ended in stalemate, meaning neither side won the war, and the border was once again put on the 38th parallel, but this time it became the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).

paragraphs: The Korean War (1950–1953) left the two Koreas separated by the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) in the later part of the Cold War and even to this day.

paragraphs: Due to this division, North and South Korea have become two extremely different countries. Now it has major differences between cultures, economies, health, politics, and even languages.


title: Chuck Blazer

paragraphs: Charles Gordon "Chuck" Blazer (April 26, 1945 – July 12, 2017) was an American former soccer administrator. He held a number of high level positions before becoming a government informant on widespread corruption within organized soccer.

paragraphs: In 2013, Blazer admitted to conspiring with other FIFA Executive Committee members to accept bribes with the failed bid of Morocco and the successful bid of South Africa to become World Cup hosts in 1998 and 2010 respectively. Blazer's admissions came during testimony given at a sealed sentencing proceeding in a New York federal court. He was a FIFA Executive Committee member from 1996 to 2013, the CONCACAF General Secretary from 1990 until 2011, and Executive Vice President of the U.S. Soccer Federation.

paragraphs: Blazer died of colorectal cancer on July 12, 2017 in a hospital in New Jersey at the age of 72. At the time of his death, Blazer suffered from coronary artery disease and diabetes.


title: Sam Glanzman

paragraphs: Samuel Joseph "Sam" Glanzman (December 5, 1924 – July 12, 2017) was an American comics artist.

paragraphs: Glanzman was best known for his Charlton Comics series "Hercules", about the mythological Greek demigod; his biographical war stories about his service aboard the U.S.S. "Stevens" for DC Comics and Marvel Comics; and the Charlton Comics "Fightin' Army" feature "The Lonely War of Willy Schultz", a Vietnam War-era serial about a German-American U.S. Army captain during World War II.

paragraphs: Glanzman died at the age of 92 on July 12, 2017 under hospice care in Brooklyn, New York after falling and undergoing surgery.


title: Ray Phiri

paragraphs: Raymond Chikapa Enock Phiri (23 March 1947 – 12 July 2017) was a South African jazz guitarist, singer, fusion and mbaqanga musician. He was born in Mpumalanga to Malawian immigrant worker and South African guitarist nicknamed "Just Now" Phiri.

paragraphs: Phiri became founding member of the Cannibals in the 1970s. When the Cannibals disbanded Ray founded Stimela, with whom he conceived gold and platinum-selling albums like "Fire, Passion and Ecstasy" (1991), "Look, Listen and Decide" (1992) as well as the controversial "People Don't Talk So Let's Talk".

paragraphs: Phiri died at the age of 70 on 12 July 2017 at a Nelspruit hospital from lung cancer.


title: Tod Sloan

paragraphs: Aloysius Martin "Tod" Sloan (November 30, 1927 – July 12, 2017) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. Sloan played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs and Chicago Black Hawks.

paragraphs: Sloan was a member of three Stanley Cup championship teams: 1949 and 1951 in Toronto, and 1961 in Chicago. Sloan also played for the Pittsburgh Hornets and Cleveland Barons of the American Hockey League in the earlier stages of his career.

paragraphs: Sloan died on July 12, 2017 in Sutton, Ontario from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 89.


title: Marxheim

paragraphs: Marxheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Robert Ruttmann.


title: Ephedra

paragraphs: Ephedra is a group of plants. It is the only one in its family, Ephedraceae. "Ephedra" species are found naturally in many places, like southwestern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwest and central Asia, northern China and western South America.

paragraphs: "Ephedra" species often grow in the temperate zone. They often grow on shores or sandy places where they get a lot of sunlight. In English, they are often called joint-pine, jointfir, Mormon-tea. In Chinese, it is called "mahuang" ().

paragraphs: Some species, like "Ephedra sinica", are used in medicine.


title: Taichung’s 7th Redevelopment Zone

paragraphs: Taichung’s 7th Redevelopment Zone（）（7th Redevelopment Zone）located in Xitun District and Nantun District, this area have many apartment, department store and office.


title: New London, Wisconsin

paragraphs: New London is a city in Wisconsin, United States. The population was 7,295 at the 2010 census.


title: Coates, Cambridgeshire

paragraphs: Coates is a village in Cambridgeshire in the United Kingdom.


title: Cazis

paragraphs: Cazis () is a municipality of the district of Hinterrhein in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Portein, Präz, Sarn and Tartar merged into the municipality of Cazis.

paragraphs: Luvreu, Ratitsch, Realta, Schauenberg, Siedlung, Summaprada, Portein, Präz, Sarn, Tartar and Valeina.


title: Conneaut, Ohio

paragraphs: Conneaut is a city in Ashtabula County, Ohio, United States. It is along Lake Erie at the mouth of Conneaut Creek. 12,841 lived there at the 2010 Census.


title: Derrinturn

paragraphs: Derrinturn () is a village in County Kildare, Ireland. It is about from Dublin.


title: Emlingen

paragraphs: Emlingen is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Cortland, Ohio

paragraphs: Cortland is a city in Ohio in the United States.


title: Manuela Schwesig

paragraphs: Manuela Schwesig (born May 23, 1974 in Frankfurt an der Oder) is a German politician of the SPD. She is the current Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

paragraphs: From 2008 to 2013 she was minister of health and social affairs in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania.

paragraphs: From 2013 to 2017 she was federal minister of family affairs, senior citizens, women and youth in the Third Merkel Cabinet, succeeded by fellow party member Katarina Barley.

paragraphs: Since July 4, 2017 she has been Minister-President of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, succeeding fellow party member Erwin Sellering.

paragraphs: Scheswig converted to Christianity in 2010, when she was baptized into the Evangelical Church in Germany.


title: Ekamai bus terminal

paragraphs: The Ekamai bus terminal (sometimes transcribed as Ekkamai-) is a bus terminal (or bus station) on Sukhumwit Road in Bangkok.

paragraphs: The station is in Khlong Toei District (of Bangkok).

paragraphs: In July 2017, a decision had been made to move the terminal, according to media; where the terminal will be moved to, media has not reported (as of July 2017).


title: Nordland

paragraphs: It has borders with county Finnmark, county Nord-Trøndelag, and Sweden.

paragraphs: The North Atlantic Ocean touches the county's coast.


title: Deilingen

paragraphs: Deilingen is a municipality of the district Tuttlingen in the state of Baden-Württemberg, Germany.


title: Villadossola

paragraphs: Villadossola (Piedmontese "Vila d'Òssola") is a "comune" (municipality) in the Province of Verbano-Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont.

paragraphs: Villadossola borders the following municipalities: Beura-Cardezza, Domodossola, Montescheno, Pallanzeno, Seppiana.


title: Lemi

paragraphs: Lemi is a municipality in south Finland. There were 3,070 people living there on 31 March 2016. It is next to the municipalities of Luumäki, Savitaipale and Taipalsaari.


title: Malitbog, Southern Leyte

paragraphs: Malitbog is a municipality in the province of Southern Leyte, Philippines.


title: Olshany

paragraphs: Olshany (, ) is a town in Republic of Belarus. It is located in Stolin Raion, Brest Voblast. Its documental records began in 1392.


title: Canet d'Adri

paragraphs: Canet d'Adri is a municipality in the province of Girona and autonomous community of Catalonia in Spain.


title: New London, Minnesota

paragraphs: New London is a city in Minnesota in the United States.


title: Ensisheim

paragraphs: Ensisheim is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: English alphabet

paragraphs: The modern English alphabet is a Latin alphabet of 26 letters (each having an uppercase and a lowercase form) – exactly the same letters that are found in the ISO basic Latin alphabet:

paragraphs: The exact shape of printed letters changes depending on the typeface (and font). The shape of handwritten letters can be very different from the standard printed form (and between individuals), especially when written in cursive style. See the individual letter articles for information about letter shapes and origins (follow the links on any of the uppercase letters above).

paragraphs: Written English uses 18 digraphs (strings of two letters to represent just one sound), such as "ch, sh, th, ph, wh," etc., but they are not considered separate letters of the alphabet. Some traditions also call two ligatures, "æ" and "œ", and the ampersand (&) part of the alphabet.

paragraphs: The English language was first written in Anglo-Saxon futhorc runes, used since the 5th century. This alphabet was brought to what is now England, along with Old English itself, the earliest form of the language, by Anglo-Saxon settlers. Very few examples of this form of written Old English have survived, with most of these being short writings or pieces.

paragraphs: The Latin script, introduced by Christian missionaries, began to replace the Anglo-Saxon futhorc from about the 7th century, although the two continued to be used alongside each other for some time. Futhorc influenced the new Latin-based English alphabet by giving it letters "thorn" (Þ þ) and "wynn" (Ƿ ƿ). The letter "eth" (Ð ð) was later devised as a rewriting of the letter "dee" (D d), and finally "yogh" ( ) was created by Norman scribes from the insular "g" in Old English and Irish, and used alongside their Carolingian "g".

paragraphs: The a-e ligature "ash" (Æ æ) was adopted as a letter in its own right, named after a futhorc rune "æsc". In very early Old English the o-e ligature "ethel" (Œ œ) also appeared as its own letter, likewise named after a rune, "œðel". Also, the v-v or u-u ligature "double-u" (W w) was in use.

paragraphs: In the year 1011, a monk named Byrhtferð recorded the traditional order of the Old English alphabet. He listed the 24 letters of the Latin alphabet first (including ampersand), then 5 additional English letters, starting with the Tironian note "ond" (⁊), an insular symbol for "and":

paragraphs: In the alphabet of Modern English, thorn (þ), eth (ð), wynn (ƿ), yogh (), ash (æ), and ethel (œ) do not exist. Latin borrowings reintroduced homographs of ash and ethel into Middle English and Early Modern English, though they are not thought to be the same letters but rather ligatures, and in any case are somewhat old-fashioned. Thorn and eth were both replaced by "th", though thorn continued in existence for some time, its lowercase form becoming more and more difficult to tell  from the minuscule y in most handwriting. "Y" for "th" can still be seen in pseudo-archaisms (modern writings spelled to look like older words or phrases), such as "Ye Olde Booke Shoppe". The letters þ and ð are still used in present-day Icelandic while ð is still used in present-day Faroese. Wynn disappeared from English around the 14th century when it was supplanted by "uu", which ultimately developed into the modern "w". Yogh disappeared around the 15th century and was typically replaced by "gh".

paragraphs: In the 16th century, the letters "u and j" were being written as letters distinct from "v" and "i "respectively, whereas before the former two letters were just different forms of the latter two letters. w also became its own letter, rather than be thought of as 2 different letters. With these changes, the English alphabet now has 26 letters:

paragraphs: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

paragraphs: The alternate lowercase form long s (ſ) lasted into early modern English, and was used in non-final position up to the early 19th century.

paragraphs: Different alphabets have been proposed for written English –

paragraphs: mostly extending or replacing the basic English alphabet –

paragraphs: such as the Deseret alphabet, the Shavian alphabet, Gregg shorthand, etc.

paragraphs: Diacritic marks (extra marks to help non-native speakers with pronunciation) mainly appear in loanwords such as "naïve" and "façade". As such words become a normal part of English vocabulary, there is a tendency to remove the diacritics, as has happened with old borrowings such as "hôtel", from French. Informal English writing tends to get rid of diacritics because of their absence from the keyboard, while professional copywriters and typesetters tend to include them, such as Microsoft Word. Words that are still thought to be foreign tend to keep them; for example, the only spelling of "soupçon" found in English dictionaries (the OED and others) uses the diacritic. Diacritics are also more likely to be kept where there would otherwise be confusion with another word (for example, "résumé" (or "resumé") rather than "resume"), and, rarely, even added (as in "maté", from Spanish "yerba mate", but following the pattern of "café", from French).

paragraphs: Sometimes, especially in older writing, diacritics are used to show the syllables of a word: "cursed" (verb) is pronounced with one syllable, while "cursèd" (adjective) is pronounced with two. "È" is used widely in poetry, e.g. in Shakespeare's sonnets. J.R.R. Tolkien uses "ë", as in "O wingëd crown". Similarly, while in "chicken coop" the letters "-oo-" represent a single vowel sound (a digraph), in outdated spellings such as "zoölogist" and "coöperation", they represent two. This use of the diaeresis is rarely seen, but is still used in the 2000s in some publications, such as "MIT Technology Review" and "The New Yorker".

paragraphs: An acute, grave, or diaeresis may also be placed over an "e" at the end of a word to indicate that it is not silent, as in "saké". In general, these markings are often not used even when they could ease some level of confusion.

paragraphs: The & has sometimes appeared at the end of the English alphabet, like in Byrhtferð's list of letters in 1011. Historically, the figure is a ligature for the letters "Et". In English and many other languages it is used to represent the word "and" and occasionally the Latin word "et", as in the abbreviation "&c" (et cetera).

paragraphs: The apostrophe, while not considered part of the English alphabet, is used to contract, or shorten, English phrases. A few pairs of words, such as "its" (belonging to "it") and "it's" ("it is" or "it has"), "were" (plural of "was") and "we're" (we are), and "shed" (to get rid of) and "she'd" ("she would" or "she had") are distinguished in writing only by having or not having an apostrophe. The apostrophe also distinguishes the possessive endings "-'s" and "-s'" from the common plural ending "-s", a practice that began in the 18th century; before, all three endings were written "-s", which could lead to confusion (as in, "the Apostles words").

paragraphs: The names of the letters are rarely spelled out, except when used in compound words (for example "tee-shirt, deejay, emcee, okay, aitchless," etc.), derived forms (for example "exed out, effing, to eff and blind", etc.), and in the names of objects named after letters (for example "em (space)" in printing and "wye (junction)" in railroading). The forms listed below are from the Oxford English Dictionary. Vowels stand for themselves, and consonants usually have the form "consonant + ee" or "e + consonant" (e.g. "bee" and "ef"). The exceptions are the letters "aitch, jay, kay, cue, ar, ess" (but "es-" in compounds ), "wye", and "zed". Plurals of consonants end in "-s" ("bees, efs, ems") or, in the cases of "aitch, ess", and "ex", in "-es" ("aitches, esses, exes"). Plurals of vowels end in "-es" ("aes, ees, ies, oes, ues"); these are rare. Of course, all letters may stand for themselves, generally in capitalized form ("okay" or "OK", "emcee" or "MC"), and plurals may be based on these ("aes" or "As", "cees" or "Cs", etc.")"

paragraphs: Some groups of letters, such as "pee" and "bee", or "em" and "en", are easily confused in speech, especially when heard over the telephone or a radio communications link. Spelling alphabets such as the ICAO spelling alphabet, used by aircraft pilots, police and others, are made to get rid of this confusion by giving each letter a name that sounds quite different from any other.

paragraphs: The names of the letters are for the most part direct descendants of the Latin (and Etruscan) names through French.

paragraphs: The regular phonological developments (in rough chronological order) are:

paragraphs: The novel forms are "aitch", a regular development of Medieval Latin "acca"; "jay", a new letter presumably vocalized like neighboring "kay" to avoid confusion with established "gee" (the other name, "jy", was taken from French); "vee", a new letter named by analogy with the majority; "double-u", a new letter, self-explanatory (the name of Latin V was "ū"); "wye", of obscure origin but with an antecedent in Old French "wi"; "zee", an American leveling of "zed" by analogy with the majority; and "izzard", from the Romance phrase "i zed" or "i zeto" "and Z" said when reciting the alphabet.

paragraphs: The letters A, E, I, O, and U are considered vowel letters, since (except when silent) they represent vowels; the remaining letters are considered consonant letters, since when not silent they generally represent consonants. However, Y commonly represents vowels as well as a consonant (e.g., "myth"), as very rarely does W (e.g., "cwm"). Conversely, U and I sometimes represent a consonant (e.g., "quiz" and "onion" respectively).

paragraphs: W and Y are sometimes called semivowels by linguists.

paragraphs: The letter most commonly used in English is E. The least used letter is Z.

paragraphs: The table below shows the frequency of letter usage in written English, although the frequencies change somewhat according to the type of text.


title: Bus lane

paragraphs: A bus lane or bus-only lane is a lane limited to buses, and are used to speed up public transport that otherwise would be held up by traffic congestion.

paragraphs: Some bus lanes can be used by Taxis, Motorcyclists and Cyclists at any time and some bus lanes can only be used before and after a certain time.


title: ISO basic Latin alphabet

paragraphs: The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a version of the Latin alphabet and is made of two sets of 26 letters, the same as the English alphabet, codified in many different national and international standards and used widely in international communication.

paragraphs: The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:


title: Little Canada, Minnesota

paragraphs: Little Canada is a city in Minnesota, United States. It has a population of 9,773 residents as of 2010.


title: New London, Missouri

paragraphs: New London is a city in Missouri in the United States.


title: Canadian, Texas

paragraphs: Canadian is a city in Texas, United States.


title: Tamara Miansarova

paragraphs: Tamara Grigoryevna Miansarova (née Remnyova, ; 5 March 1931 – 12 July 2017) was a Soviet and Russian lyric soprano.pop singer and professor of Russian Academy of Theatre Arts, She best known for her hit "May There Always Be Sunshine". She was born Kirovohrad, Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Miansarova died in Moscow of a pulmonary embolism on 12 July 2017 at the age of 86.


title: Américo Amorim

paragraphs: Américo Ferreira Amorim (21 July 1934 – 13 July 2017) was a Portuguese heir and businessman. He was ranked by "Forbes" as the 385th richest person in the world in January 2015. His wealth was at $4.8 billion (July 2017) He was known for having a 50% interest in Corticeira Amorim. He was born in Mozelos, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal.

paragraphs: Amorim died on 13 July 2017 at his home in Grijo, Portugal after a short-illness, aged 82.


title: Vince Farrar

paragraphs: Vincent "Vince" Farrar (birth registered January→March 1947 – 13 July 2017) was an English professional rugby league footballer. He was born in Pontefract, England. He played in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, and coached in the 1980s.

paragraphs: Farrar played at representative level for Great Britain, England, and Yorkshire, and at club level for Featherstone Rovers (Captain) (Heritage № 451), Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks, Hull F.C., and Sheffield Eagles during the era of contested scrums, was captain of Hull during the 1978–79 season, and 1979–80 season, and coaching at club level for Featherstone Rovers.

paragraphs: Farrar died on 13 July 2017 of oropharyngeal cancer in Sheffield, South Yorkshire at the age of 70.


title: Joaquim Molins i Amat

paragraphs: Joaquim Molins i Amat (9 February 1945 – 13 July 2017) was a Spanish politician. He was born in Barcelona. He was a member of the Congress of Deputies (1979–1986 and again from 1993–2000) and Parliament of Catalonia (1988–1993).

paragraphs: Molins died in Barcelona on 13 July 2017 of pancreatic cancer at the age of 72.


title: Khas people

paragraphs: Khas people () are people of Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. They are indigenous native speakers of Nepali language ("Khas Kura"; translit.Khas speech) which is an Indo-Aryan language. Khas people have been referred as "Parbatiya" and "Pahari" or "Gorkhali". Khas are most dominant faction in Nepal. They are around 31% of Nepal but nearly two thirds of government officials. The word “Khas” is little used in modern times. Khas peoples call themselves by their group names such as Bahun, Kshetri, Sanyasi/Sannesi, Kami, Damai, etc.

paragraphs: Khas people have been described as of Indo-Aryan genes. Khas people consists of Bahun (Khas Brahmin), Chhetri & Thakuri (Khas Kshatriyas), Sanyasi, Kami, Damai, Gandharbha/Gaine, Badi and Sarki people. Many historians referred dominant Thakuri and Chhetri as Khas Rajputs.

paragraphs: Khas people continue Hindu religion with some ancestral deity called Masto gods.

paragraphs: Acharya, Adhikari, Aryal, Bam, Baral, Basnet/Basnyat, Bhandari, Bhattarai, Bista/Bisht, Budathoki, Chand, Chauhan, Chhetri, Dahal, Devkota, Dhakal, Dulal, Gautam, Ghimire, Karki, Kattel, Katuwal, Khand, Khadka, Khanal, Khatri/K.C., Koirala, Kunwar, Lohani, Oli, Mainali,pathak, Panta, Pandey, Hamal, Malla, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Pokharel, Rana, Rijal, Regmi, Rimal, Sitoula, Sapkota, Shah, Sen, Shahi, Silwal, Singh, Thakuri, Thapa, Upadhyay, Wagle, Wasti, etc.

paragraphs: Badi, Bishwakarma/B.K., Damai, Dholi, Gandharbha, Kami, Nagarchi, Pariyar, Ranapaheli, Sarki, Sundas, etc.


title: Megesheim

paragraphs: Megesheim is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Karl Kolb.


title: Chitral

paragraphs: Chitral (, ) is the capital of the Chitral District. It is on the western bank of the Chitral River. It has population of 20,000.


title: Mertingen

paragraphs: Mertingen is a municipality in the district of Donau-Ries in Bavaria in Germany. The mayor is currently Albert Lohner. The Roman Via Claudia Augusta was built nearby.


title: Thapa

paragraphs: Thapa (; IAST:Thāpā) is a family name or surname used by Nepalese belonging to both Magar caste within Khas people of Indo-Aryan group and Magar caste of Sino-Tibetan group. Kshetri/Chhetri Thapas are addressed as Thapa Kajis or elite Thapas while Thapa Magars are addressed as general Thapa Magars or Thapas in Nepal.

paragraphs: Thapa was a title given to warriors in the ancient Khas Kingdom.Both Magar Thapa and Kshetri Thapa has done remarkably significant for Nepal.Magar Thapa who servers the British Army,Indian Army and Nepali Army in abundance are the main warriors for Nepal unification.The father of Greater Nepal Shreepach Prithivi Narayan Shah told to be a Magar King.In present Nepal both Thapa Kshetri and Thapa Magar are doing great in Politics and enhancing National Pride.According to many famous Historian,all the Khas of Nepal were originated in the Karnali region of Nepal from the Mongolian community of Magar and Gurung</ref-youtube video on Shah Dynesty>.This is the main reason the so called Cheetri in Nepal has Magar and Gurung caste and genetically and physically alike the Magar and Gurung. It is proved many inscriptions in the present day region of Old Khas Kingdom. There were names of Thapa warriors in pillar inscription as:

paragraphs: Thapas has been involved in politics of Nepal for long time. Thapas were prominent military heads in various princely states in ancient Nepal. Thapas led military and civil administration in the unified Kingdom of Nepal after 1806 AD. Bhimsen Thapa of Bagale Thapa clan rose to prominence after the assassination of King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal by King's step-brother in 1805 AD. After the event, an investigation was run by Bharadars (Ministers) which caused massacre of 55 senior officers at Bhandarkhal garden by Thapa Kaji (ministers) group making them as most dominant faction in Nepalese politics.

paragraphs: .It would be true to say that History has been written by the Brahamin which underestimated and burried the history of all the other beautiful community of Nepal.

paragraphs: After Bhimsen rose to power, member of another Thapa family, Bada (senior) Kaji Amar Singh Thapa and his family were added to make Thapa Khalak dynasty stronger. Large number of Thapa leaders took part in Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814-16 AD. The immediate family of Bhimsen and Senior Kaji Amar Singh took over all the military commands in that war. Another unrelated warrior Bhakti Thapa also led the war at Deuthal aged 71 and died too. Thapas were out of power after the rise of Rana dynasty who were blood relatives of Thapas. Later Panchayat government of Nepal that began in 1961 AD saw large number of Thapas in the cabinet.

paragraphs: Khas Thapa or Chhetri/Kshatri Thapa are Khas people of Indo-Aryan group. They are categorized into Kshatriya in Hinduism. They follow Hinduism and are divided by Khas clans and Hindu Gotra system. The clan names of Khas Kshatri Thapas are: "Bagale Thapa", "Punwar Thapa", "Godar Thapa", "Lamichhane Thapa", "Suyal Thapa", "Kalikote Thapa", "Hrikshen Thapa", "Khulal Thapa", "Deoja Thapa", "Thakuryal Thapa", "Gamle Thapa", "Sonal Thapa", and many others.

paragraphs: Bagale Thapa is the most prominent clan within Khas Thapa. They fall under Atreya Gotra in Hinduism. The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of Prime Minister Bhimsen Thapa in the Nepalese politics belonged to this Bagale Thapa clan. They trace their origin to legendary Khas King Kalu Thapa.

paragraphs: Puwar Thapa is also a clan within Khas Thapa. They claim descent from Parmar/Punwar Rajputs of Rajasthan.They fall under Kapil Gotra in Hinduism.The most famous Thapa Khalak dynasty of warrior Bhakti Thapabelongs to this Puwar Thapa.

paragraphs: Godar Thapa clan is also populous Khas Kshatri clan. They belong to Kashyap Gotra in Hinduism.

paragraphs: Magar Thapa or Thapa Magar are member of Magar caste which falls under Sino-Tibetan or Tibeto-Burman group. They speak Magar language and follow tradition of Magar caste. They can be found as core soldiers in Gurkha armies around the world.


title: Kshetri

paragraphs: Kshetri or Chhetri () are group of people belonging to Kshatriya caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Kshatriyas are called as Kshetris or Khas Kshetris. Many historians called Kshetris as Khas Rajputs. Kshetris served as rulers, administrators, governors and warriors as per their caste. They were able to dominate most of the Nepalese history through monopolizing government and military upto 1951 AD. After democracy in Nepal, Kshetris were still visible in the government especially dominating Panchayati government and still monopolizing military.

paragraphs: According to 1854 "Muluki Ain" (Legal Code) of Nepal, Kshetris belong to "sacred thread bearers" (Yagyopavit) and "twice born" (Dvija) Hindus.

paragraphs: Chhetri is Nepalese local colloquial term for Kshatriya. Kshetri () is considered a derivative form of the Sanskrit word Kshatriya. Hill-Kshetri, Kshetri, Chhetri, Pahadi Chhetri and Khas Kshetri are all used to denote this caste.

paragraphs: They are descended from old warriors of Khas Kingdom. Chhetri dominated the military forces of Shah dynasty of Nepal. The 5 main Chhetri families at Royal court of Nepal formed group called Kaji Khalak (Aristocrats). They are; Basnyat, Pande, Thapa, Kunwar and Bista. Basnyat, Pande and Thapas were most powerful Chhetri groups led by Shivaram Singh Basnyat, Kalu Pande and Birbhadra Thapa at the Unification of Nepal. The Kunwars were led by Ramkrishna Kunwar and Bista/Bisht were led by Gajabal Bista and Atibal Bista. Sometimes, Bhandari Kshetri family of Jaswanta Bhandari was also considered as Kaji Khalak family of the Royal court of Nepal.

paragraphs: In the court struggle for power, Pande Khalaks and Thapa Khalaks were fierce opponents. They often opposed each other. Pandes were supported by Basnyats due to blood relations. Thapas were supported by Kunwars due to blood relations. In the end, Kunwars betrayed Thapa groups by murdering the Thapa leader Mathabar Singh Thapa. That caused Kunwars to rise to power and all Kshetris were thrown of power. The Kunwar high rank officers escalated quickly between 1841 AD to 1854 AD.Kunwars claimed royalty and changed their surname to "Rana" (meaning: King) from "Kunwar" (meaning: Prince). In 1951AD, democracy was established and Kshetri rule were stopped.

paragraphs: According to 2011 Nepal census, Kshetri stands as the most populous group in Nepal with 16.6% of Nepal's population (or 43,98,053 peoples).

paragraphs: Kshetris are the second largest Hindu group with Hindu population of 43,65,113 (99.3% of Kshetris) as per the 2011 Nepal census. Kshetris are largest group in 20 districts in Nepal. Kathmandu consists largest Kshetri population.

paragraphs: Kshetris has second highest civil service representation with 19.59% of Nepal's bureaucracy after Bahuns while having 16% of Nepal's total population. The civil service representation to population ratio is 1.18 times for Kshetri. Kshetri dominate the military forces with nearly all high ranked officers belonging to either Kshetri or Thakuri caste. Nearly, only one Chief of Army Staff (Chhatraman Singh Gurung) belonged to Non-Chhetri/Thakuri caste. Thus, the highest military rank (Chief of Army Staff previously Commander-in-Chief) is completely monopolized by Chhetri caste.they also recruit in british army in large numbers, chhetri/thakuris dominant 40% of total nepal army strength , and they have reserved regiment the 9 gorkha rifles in indian army.

paragraphs: Kshetri are almost all Hindus as per 2011 Nepal census. Historically, they practiced Hindu polytheism and shamanism. They generally worship their clan deity (Kul Devta), friendly deity (Ishta Devta) and Khas Masto deities. Kshetri commonly have warrior like deities as Bhadrakali, Kalika Bhawani and different forms of Goddess Kali as female deity and Rudra, Veerbhadra (ferocious forms of Shiva) as male deity. Bhadrakali, a popular form of Goddess Kali, is the main deity of the Nepalese Army (previously Gorkhali Army) due to prevalence of Kshetri commanders. Worship to these deities were necessary before wars. There was a popular folk legend that the Chinese failed the strategic attacks on 1792 AD due to the effect of religious war cry of "Jai Bhawani". In the times of unification of Nepal, Kshetris were more rigid to worship of ferocious forms of Godess Kali and Lord Shiva. Amar Singh Thapa based on religious values developed Nishankalika flag after ceremoniously inviting Kalika Bhawani, ancestors, friendly deities and 49 Maruts to reside on the flag.

paragraphs: Many Kshetris triennially celebrate clanwise Masto deity worship called "Dewali Puja". Dewali Puja is common among Bahuns too. In the Dewali Puja, Kshetris of the same clan give male goat sacrifices at a particular place. It is a form of millennium old ancient worship continued till date. Kshetris celebrate many Hindu festivals like Dashain (Dussehra), Tihar (Deepawali), Maghe Sankranti, Janai Purnima, Holi, etc. Dashain and Tihar are primary festivals of Pahadi Hindu castes. Most Kshetri families give goat sacrifices on either Maha Ashtami day or Maha Nawami day of Dashain festival. Few Kshetri clans give male buffalo sacrifices on Maha Ashtami day.

paragraphs: Rajputs and Thakuris are sometimes considered as subcaste of Kshetri while they have distinct cultural difference with mainstream Kshetris. Kshetri is an endogamous unit. They donot practice maternal cousin marriages as Thakuri caste which is the basis of cultural distinction. Kshetri has hundreds of clans. They are categorized by family deity and single gotra. They do not marry with the members of their whole maternal clan and members of their parents' maternal families as per popular quote

paragraphs: The maternal clan marriage prohibition also include non marriage prohibition with the Bahun counterpart of that clan. For example; Those having maternal clan as Khilchine Adhikari Chhetri cannot marry in the clan of Khilchine Adhikari Bahun as there is brotherhood between these clans. They never marry in their paternal clan and those having same gotra. "Jaari" marriage i.e. marrying others' wife, is not allowed. Also "Gandharva" and "Rakshas" marriages are not allowed.

paragraphs: Dieting rules for Kshetri were decided by Kshetri "Birandala" (brotherhood). Kshetri do not consume pork like Rajputs which is a basis of cultural difference. Kshetri are not allowed to eat beef, buffalo, pig, felines and all wild forms of them as per Hindu rituals for Kshatriya. Goats, sheep and all variations and forms of them, are fully allowed. Chicken, duck and goose are debatable and allowance is regionally dependent.

paragraphs: Historically, Kshetri has been part of the some of the powerful Pahari empires as Khas Empire and Gorkha Empire. Warriorhood, governance, administration, honesty and integrity has been linked to Kshetris. Kshetris are noted for resourcefulness and charity. Sanskrit verse from Geeta explains the basis of ethics Kshetris have derived from:

paragraphs: The above verse explains the duties, characters and behaviours of Kshatriya warrior. These were adapted by Kshetri community which includes exhibition of bravery and skill, prohibition of escaping any war, giving charity and Hindu governance.

paragraphs: Adhikari, Bagale, Baruwal, Bohara, Basnyat/Basnet, Bhandari, Bista/Bisht, Budha, Budhathoki, Chauhan, Chhetri, Deoja, Godar, Kalikote, Karki, Katawal, Kadayat, Kathayat, Khadka, Khatri/Khatri Chhetri (K.C.), Khulal, Kshetri, Mahat, Mahatara, Pande/Pandey, Punwar, Kunwar Rana, Gorkha Ko Rana , Ranabhat, Rathor, Raut/Rawat, Rawal, Rayamajhi, Rokaya/Rokka, Silwal, Suyal, Tandon, Thapa, etc.


title: Bahun

paragraphs: Bahun (Khas Brahmin) () are group of people belonging to Brahmin caste in Khas group, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group. Generally, the Parvate/Pahari (hilly) Brahmins are called as Bahuns or Khas Bahuns. Bahuns mainly served as priests, teachers and astrologers as per their caste. Bahuns were able to hold government offices, administration and politics.

paragraphs: According to 1854 "Muluki Ain" (Legal Code) of Nepal, Bahuns belong to "sacred thread bearers" (Yagyopavit) and "twice born" (Dvija) Hindus.

paragraphs: Acharya, Adhikari, Amgain/Apagain, Aryal/Arjyel, Awasthi, Bajgain, Banjade, Banskota, Banstola, Baral, Bastakoti, Bhandari, Bhatta, Bhattarai, Bhusal, Bista, Burlakoti, Chalise, Chataut, Chapagain, Chaugain, Chaulagain, Dahal, Dawadi/Duwadi, Devkota, Dhakal, Dhital, Dhungana, Dhungel, Dixit, Gautam, Gelal, Ghimire, Ghorasaini, Guragain, Gyawali, Humagain, Jaishi, Jamarkattel, Joshi, Kafle, Kattel, Khanal, Kharel, Khatiwada, Koirala, Lamichhane, Lamsal, Lekhak, Lohani, Luintel, Mainali, Marasini, Mishra, Nepal, Neupane, Niroula, Ojha, Oli, Padhya, Pandey, Pandit, Paneru, Panta, Parajuli, Pathak, Phuyal, Pokharel/Pokhrel, Poudel/Paudyal/Poudar(hill), Prasain, Pudasaini, Rijal, Rimal, Regmi, Rupakheti, Sanjel, Sangroula, Sapkota, Sedhain, Sharma, Shiwakoti, Sigdel, Sitoula, Subedi, Thapaliya, Timsina/Timalsina, Tiwari, Trital, Upadhyaya, Upreti, Wagle, Wasti/Osti, etc.


title: Alexander ALX100

paragraphs: The Alexander ALX100 was a minibus body built by Alexander between 1997 and 1999, on the Mercedes-Benz O814D Vario and O810D van chassis, It was fitted with 25 to 31 seats.

paragraphs: The ALX100 was similar to the bus body Plaxton Beaver 2, which was also bodied on the Mercedes-Benz Vario.


title: New England, North Dakota

paragraphs: New England is a city in North Dakota, United States.


title: Clara Ponsatí i Obiols

paragraphs: Clara Ponsatí i Obiols (born in 1957 in Barcelona) is a Catalan economist. She was appointed Councillor of Mankiw of the Generalitat of Catalonia by President Carles Puigdemont the 14 July 2017.

paragraphs: Ponsatí was born in Barcelona in 1957. She was the daughter of Josep Maria Ponsatí i Capdevila and Montserrat Obiols i Germà. After studying in the Faculty of Ecofirstics of the UB. In 1988 she got the terminal degree from the Department of Economcs, of the University of Minnesota, (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), where she remained several years as a teacher.

paragraphs: Of liberal trend, Ponsatí directed the Institute of Economic Analysis of the CSIC (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas) between 2006 and 2012, where she was a teacher as well. She has been a visiting teacher in the universities of Toronto, San Diego and Georgetown. The year 2013 the Spanish government exercised a veto against her, after she exposed her opinion about the independence of Catalonia in different mediae.


title: Alexander ALX200

paragraphs: The Alexander ALX200 was a single-decker bus body built by Alexander in 1996 to 2001. It was created for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.

paragraphs: The body was primarily built on Dennis Dart SLF and Volvo B6LE chassis.


title: Arkansas City, Kansas

paragraphs: Arkansas City is a city in Kansas, United States.


title: Alexander ALX300

paragraphs: The Alexander ALX300 (later known as the TransBus ALX300 and the Alexander Dennis ALX300) was a single-decker bus body. It was built by Alexander and then Transbus International and then Alexander Dennis from 1997 to 2007 respectively. It was made for low-floor bus chassis produced from the late 1990s.

paragraphs: The body could be built on the MAN 18.220 chassis, MAN 18.240 chassis, DAF SB220 chassis or Volvo B10BLE chassis.


title: Courtship

paragraphs: A courtship is a time in the relationship of a couple. During a courtship, a couple gets to know one another. They later decide if they will get engaged, married or other such agreement. A courtship may be a private and informal matter between two people. On the other hand, it may be public. Or it could be a formal arrangement with the approval of a family.

paragraphs: There is a great difference between couples. The average extent of a courtship differs quite a bit across the world. Courtship may be entirely omitted, as in some cases of arranged marriage.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, there was a poll of over 3,000 engaged or married couples. The average time between first meeting and an accepted marriage proposal was two years and eleven months. The women felt ready to accept at an average of two years and seven months.

paragraphs: In the earlier 1800s, young adults were expected to court with the intention of finding a marriage partner, not social reasons. In the more traditional forms of Christianity, this concept of courtship has been kept.

paragraphs: In recent research, it has been found that marriage rates have dropped with people. There are not so many courted relationships in the society of today. This means that fewer people are getting married and practicing premarital sex. Many families are started with children, and "then" marriage. Traditions are referred to as a thing of the past. However, there are many people who still follow the old-fashioned courting route for their relationships.


title: Kyrgyzstan League

paragraphs: The Kyrgyzstan League (Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан футбол чемпиондугу) is a football league which is top division in Kyrgyzstan. The league has games every year. The current champions are Alay from Osh. The team with the most titles is Dordoi Bishkek from Bishkek.

paragraphs: Since the country's independence, the champions have been:


title: Alexander ALX400

paragraphs: The Alexander ALX400 (later known as the TransBus ALX400 and the Alexander Dennis ALX400) is a 2-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built from 1997 to 2006 by Alexander and then TransBus International and then Alexander Dennis respectively.

paragraphs: The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 2 chassis, Volvo B7TL chassis, or DAF DB250 chassis.


title: Alexander ALX500

paragraphs: The Alexander ALX500 (later known as the TransBus ALX500) is a 3-axle double-decker low-floor bus body. It was built by Alexander and then TransBus International from 1997 to 2002.

paragraphs: The body could be built on the Dennis Trident 3 chassis and Volvo Super Olympian chassis.

paragraphs: The body was mainly sold in Hong Kong but some have been imported to the United Kingdom.


paragraphs: The Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg (German: "Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg", shortened "MLU") is a German public university in Halle and Wittenberg, in the state of Saxony-Anhalt.

paragraphs: It was established by a merger in 1817 and is named after Martin Luther.


title: Commugny

paragraphs: Commugny is a municipality of the district of Nyon in the Swiss canton of Vaud.


title: Celerina/Schlarigna

paragraphs: Celerina/Schlarigna (German/Italian "Celerina"; Romansh ) is a municipality in the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Eschbach-au-Val

paragraphs: Eschbach-au-Val is a commune. It is found in the Haut-Rhin department of eastern France.


title: Atlanta, Kansas

paragraphs: Atlanta is a city in Kansas, United States.


title: Atlanta, Missouri

paragraphs: Atlanta is a city in Missouri, United States.


title: Chatham Main Line

paragraphs: The Chatham Main Line is a railway line in England linking London Victoria to Dover Priory / Ramsgate, Via Medway (and Chatham).

paragraphs: Most train services on the Line are run by Southeastern.

paragraphs: While travelling between Bromley South and London Victoria, the trains can either travel on the Main Line, through Beckenham Junction, Herne Hill and Brixton, or can go via the Catford Loop Line, travelling through and , and then just past it either picks up the Southeastern line all the way, or can follow the Southern (Atlantic) Line through before crossing back over to the Southeastern Line to London Victoria. Some services travelling via now stop at .

paragraphs: As of 13 December 2015, the off-peak timetable consists of two trains per hour from Victoria, calling at , , , , , and Rainham.

paragraphs: There is an hourly service from Victoria calling at (via the Catford Loop), , then all stations to Gillingham. It then becomes a semi-fast service, calling at Rainham, , , , terminating at .

paragraphs: A High Speed Service consists of two trains per hour from to via and .

paragraphs: A service operates in the opposite direction. There is one other High Speed Service that runs on a small part of the line, starting from and calling at and before heading to , and , then picking up the High Speed Line and calling at the remaining stations to .

paragraphs: In December 2015, engineers carried out a survey of the railway line running between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central and discovered that a section of sea wall carrying the line had eroded away, and suspended the service. A replacement bus service operated between Dover Priory and Folkestone Central. The High Speed services via Chatham terminated at Ramsgate, with a shuttle bus service running between Ramsgate and Dover Priory via Sandwich.

paragraphs: From Ashford International, the High Speed service terminated at Folkestone Central. After just over 8 months, this section of line reopened on 5 September 2016 and normal services have resumed.

paragraphs: The following trains are operated on the line: Class 395 "Javelin", Class 375 "Electrostar", Class 465 "Networker" and Class 466 "Networker".


title: Atlanta, Texas

paragraphs: Atlanta is a city in Texas, United States.


title: Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi

paragraphs: Richard Nikolaus von Coudenhove-Kalergi (November 16, 1894 – July 27, 1972) was an Austrian politician and philosopher, who was the founder of the first movement for the United States of Europe.

paragraphs: He was a well known for works the founder of the "Paneuropean Union" and his wrote book "Pan-Europa".


title: Flag of Afghanistan

paragraphs: The flag of Afghanistan (, ) started to be used on January 4, 2004. This flag has three stripes of the colors black, red, and green. This has been present on most flags of Afghanistan in the last twenty years. The center emblem is the classical emblem of Afghanistan with a mosque with its mihrab facing Mecca.

paragraphs: Afghanistan has had more changes of its national flag during the 20th century than any other country in the world. It has had 20 different flags since the first flag in 1747. In only 4 years (1926–1930), Afghanistan had 7 flag changes - many of these flags were used as the nation's flags for only a few months.


title: Afghan National Anthem

paragraphs: The Afghan National Anthem, known in Pashto as "Millî Surûd" (ملي سرود, [mɪlˈliː suˈɾuːd̪] ; meaning 'National Anthem') or "Millî Tarâna" (ملي تـﺮانه) is the title of the national anthem of Afghanistan which was adopted (started) in May 2006.

paragraphs: Babrak Wassa composed the song and Abdul Bari Jahani wrote the lyrics (words).

paragraphs: Although it's written in the Constitution that the lyrics should be in Pashto, people have argued that in order to make ethnic and religious issues less of a problem in the country, this anthem should have no lyrics (like "Intermeco" and "Evropa").

paragraphs: <poem>این کشور افغانستان است

paragraphs: خانهٔ صلح، خانهٔ شمشیر

paragraphs: این کشور خانهٔ همه است

paragraphs: پامیری‌ها، نورستانی ها

paragraphs: براهوی است و قزلباش است

paragraphs: این کشور همیشه تابان خواهد بود

paragraphs: مثل آفتاب در آسمان کبود

paragraphs: نام حق است ما را رهبر

paragraphs: میگویم الله اکبر</poem>


title: President of Afghanistan

paragraphs: The President of Afghanistan is the head of state of Afghanistan. Afghanistan has only been a republic between 1973 and 1992 and from 2001 onwards. Before 1973, it was a monarchy that was governed by a variety of kings, emirs or shahs. There was a civil war from 1992 to 2001.

paragraphs: The constitution of Afghanistan gives the president wide powers over military and legislative affairs. There is a weak national parliament.


title: Vice President of Afghanistan

paragraphs: The Vice President of Afghanistan is the second highest political position in Afghanistan. Vice Presidents are elected on the same ticket as the President. A Presidential candidate nominates two candidates for Vice President before the election.


title: Muhammad Qasim Fahim

paragraphs: Field Marshal Muhammad Qasim Fahim (9 October 1957 – 9 March 2014; ) also known as "Marshal Fahim Khan") was an Afghan military commander, and politician. He was the Vice President of Afghanistan from November 2009 until his death in March 2014. He was the Defense Minister of the Afghan Transitional Administration, beginning in 2002. He also served as Vice President of Afghanistan from June 2002 to December 2004. Marshal Fahim was a member of Afghanistan's Tajik ethnic group.


title: Karim Khalili

paragraphs: Abdul Karim Khalili (born 1950) is a former Vice President of Afghanistan. He was in office from 2004 to 2014, under Hamid Karzai. Khalili was first Vice President in 2002. He was elected as running mate of Hamid Karzai in 2004. Since 1989 he has been one of the main leaders of the Hezbe Wahdat political party of Hazara people.

paragraphs: Khalili was born in Wardak Province and attended a religious school. He participated actively in the Afghan resistance during Soviet Invasion. He also served as Minister of Finance of Afghanistan during the Mujahideen government in the early 1990s.


title: Chief Justice of Afghanistan

paragraphs: The Chief Justice of Afghanistan is the head of the Afghan Supreme Court. The incumbent chief justice is Abdul Salam Azimi.


title: Abdul Salam Azimi

paragraphs: Abdul Salam Azimi (Pashtu:عبدالسلام عظیمی (born: 1936, in Farah Province) is the Chief Justice of Afghanistan. He is the Acting Head of the Afghan Supreme Court. He is considered a moderate and wears western-style clothing including suits and ties. Azimi is a former professor at the University of Nebraska at Omaha in the United States. He is an ethnic Pashtun of the Alizai tribe.


title: Noshaq

paragraphs: Noshaq (or Nowshak) is the highest mountain in Afghanistan. It is the second highest independent peak of the Hindu Kush after Tirich Mir (). Noshaq is located in the northeastern corner of the country along the Durand line. It is the westernmost peak in the world. The north and west sides of the mountain are in Afghanistan. The south and eastern sides are in Pakistan. Easy access to the middle of Noshaq would be in Chitral, Pakistan


title: Registan Desert

paragraphs: The Registan Desert, also known as Rigestan Desert, is a desert in Afghanistan. It is between Helmand and Kandahar provinces in southwestern Afghanistan. It is a sandy desert with small, red sandhills about high, plains that are covered with sand, and open rocky and clay areas. There are a few Baluchi and Pashtun nomads there. The desert is starting to go over surrounding agricultural areas.


title: Helmand River

paragraphs: The Helmand River (also spelled "Helmend, Helmund, Hirmand"; Pashto/Persian: ', Greek: ' ("Etýmandros"), Latin: "") is the longest river in Afghanistan. The name means "dammed, having a dam". Helmand Province is named after the river.

paragraphs: The Helmand river stretches for . It rises in the Hindu Kush mountains, about west of Kabul (), passing north of the Unai Pass. It crosses south-west through the desert of Dashti Margo, to the Seistan marshes and the Hamun-i-Helmand lake region around Zabol at the Afghan-Iranian border ().


title: Saif Ali Khan

paragraphs: Saif Ali Khan is a well-known actor in India. He was born on 16 August 1970. He was born to Sharmila Tagore, great-grandniece of Rabindranath Tagore.


title: Official residence

paragraphs: An official residence is the house or home that a head of state or head of government lives in.

paragraphs: None. The President uses own private residence.

paragraphs: Note that some mayors in cities with an official mayor's residence choose instead to reside at their private residence, using the official residence for official functions only. This has occurred in the 21st century in Detroit and New York City, although the mayors of both cities live in the official residences. In the case of Denver, no mayor has ever lived in the official residence; the city instead makes it available to certain non-profit groups for special functions.

paragraphs: This section is reserved for official residences maintained by private, nongovernmental institutions.

paragraphs: Brandenburg/Prussia/Imperial"/East Germany/Former West Germany

paragraphs: Official estates of the Swiss Federal Council:


title: Uhwudong

paragraphs: Uhwudong (, c. 1430 - October 18 1480), also written as Eoudong or Eowudong, was a Korean Joseon Dynasty gisaeng, writer, poet, and dancer. She lived during the reign of King Yejong and King Seongjong. She was also called Eeulwudong.

paragraphs: famous for divorced from royal family wife. she was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She is one of Koreas modern popular cultural icons.

paragraphs: In the late 20th century, Uhwudong's story was of interest in both North Korea and South Korea. There are books, movies and operas about her.

paragraphs: In late 1985, a movie "Eoudong" was released. It starred Lee Bo-hee in the title role. Another movie, "Kim Mun-hee", was released on May 23, 1987. In 2007, KBS released a TV series entitled "King and I" starring Kim Sa-rang.


title: Van der Waals force

paragraphs: In chemistry, van der Waals' forces are a type of intermolecular force. An intermolecular force is a relatively weak force that holds molecules together. Van der Waals' forces are the weakest type of intermolecular force. They are named after the Dutch scientist Johannes Diderik van der Waals (1837–1923).

paragraphs: Negatively charged electrons orbit molecules or ions. The electrons create slightly different charges from one end of the molecule to the other. These slight differences are called "partial charges", as δor δ.

paragraphs: The term is sometimes used loosely as a synonym for "all" intermolecular forces. Van der Waals forces are relatively weak compared to covalent bonds, but play a fundamental role in supramolecular chemistry, enzymes, polymer science, nanotechnology, surface science, and condensed matter physics. Van der Waals forces define many properties of organic compounds, including their solubility.


title: Michel Wachenheim

paragraphs: Michel Wachenheim, born the 16th of January 1951 at Saint-Maur-des-Fossés, is a French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).

paragraphs: Graduate from "École Polytechnique" (promotion 1972) and "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (promotion 1975), Michel Wachenheim starts his career in 1977 at the air traffic department. In 2007, he becomes Chief of Staff of the Ministry of Transport Dominique Bussereau. The 1st of September 2009, he becomes French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization.

paragraphs: Michel Wachenheim is married, has three children and is "Officier de la Légion d'honneur". The 2009-2010 promotion of the "institut de formation universitaire et de recherche du transport aérien" (research and training air transport institute) bears his name.