title: Newspeak

paragraphs: Newspeak is a concept from the book "1984" by George Orwell. It is based on English, which is referred to as Oldspeak in the novel, and it is the language that was created by Oceania and is the only language whose vocabulary grows smaller each year. For example, the word for "bad" becomes "ungood" in Newspeak, becoming a word simply meaning the opposite of "good", with the prefix "un-" meaning "not". In the novel, this language was designed by Party members as a means to limit human thought to absolute lowest level, that way they would be made to never be able to question whatever the Party tells the society.


title: Juncaceae

paragraphs: The Juncaceae, the rush family, is a family of rather small plants that often look like a type of grass. They often grow on wet, infertile soils. There are about 400 species organised into eight genera. Juncus is the most well-known and largest genus in the Juncaceae family.

paragraphs: They are part of the monocot flowering plant families, which means that their seeds only have one leaf to start off new growth.

paragraphs: Rushes are found all around the world. They are commonly found in wet marshy areas, as the plant prefers moist soil. However, seedlings can survive dormant once well established even in the driest of places. Seeds spread by water or birds and other animals. They can live for up to 50 years lying dormant in droughts.

paragraphs: Rushes is a basic food of many animal diets. They are also used as bedding and nesting material for many different types of birds and mammals. Rushes have been used throughout history by humans for various purposes such as weaving matts, medicine and animal feed. Today they are still used in some places for making sleeping mats but are mostly used as a decorative plant around ponds.


paragraphs: The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Holy Children are two sections that are in some Bibles inside chapter three of the Book of Daniel. These sections are sometimes called Additions to Daniel.

paragraphs: In chapter three of the Book of Daniel, King Nebuchadnezzar II of Babylon builds a statue from gold, and he tells everyone to worship it. Some Jews living in Babylon named Azariah, Hananiah, and Mishael refuse to worship the statue. The king gets mad so he has them put into a big furnace to kill them. An angel protects them from the fire, and the king decides to let them go.

paragraphs: That story is in all Hebrew and Christian Bibles. Roman Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Bibles have a longer version of the story.

paragraphs: In the longer version of the story, Azariah's prayer is put after the three men are put into the furnace, starting at verse 24. In the prayer, Azariah says that he and the other people of Judah (part of ancient Israel) have sinned against God. He says that they are sorry and asks for God's protection.

paragraphs: The Song of the Three Holy Children is another part of the longer version of the Book of Daniel. It is sung by Azariah, Hananiah, and Daniel, who praise God and want everyone else to join them in prayer.


title: Ericales

paragraphs: The Ericales are a large and diverse order of dicotyledons, including for example azalea ("Rhododendron"), blueberry ("Vaccinium myrtillus"), grass tree ("Dracophyllum"), lúcuma ("Pouteria lucuma"), kiwifruit ("Actinidia deliciosa"), and tea ("Camellia sinensis"). The order includes trees and bushes, lianas and herbaceous plants.

paragraphs: Many species have five petals, fused together. This was used to place the order in the subclass Sympetalae.


title: Whitehall, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Whitehall is a city of Trempealeau County in the state of Wisconsin, United States. It can be found along the Trempealeau River. About 1,650 people were living in Whitehall as of 2000. The cities of Arcadia, Independence, and Blair can be found nearby Whitehall. It is the county seat of Trempealeau County.


title: Arcadia, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Arcadia is a city of Trempealeau County in the state of Wisconsin, United States. Arcadia is found along the Trempealeau River. About 2,400 people were living in Arcadia as of 2000.


title: Trempealeau River

paragraphs: The Trempealeau River is a tributary of the Mississippi River in the western part of Wisconsin, United States. That means it flows into the Mississippi River. It is about 55 miles long.


title: Godwin's law

paragraphs: Godwin's Law (also known as Godwin's Rule of Nazi Analogies) is a saying made by in 1990. The law states: "As a discussion on the Internet grows longer, the likelihood of a comparison of a person's being compared to Hitler or another Nazi reference, increases.". That means that as more people talk on the Internet for a longer time, it becomes more and more likely that someone will talk about Hitler or the Nazis.

paragraphs: In 2019, Bret Stephens demonstrated both the Streisand Effect and Godwin’s Law, by publishing a column in the "New York Times", where he compared his experience on Twitter to the plight of Jews under Hitler’s regime.

paragraphs: The invocation of Godwin's Law is usually done by an individual that is losing the argument.


title: De Wahl's rule

paragraphs: De Wahl's rule is a rule of word formation, developed by the linguist Edgar de Wahl and applied in a constructed language Occidental (known also as "Interlingue") created by him. It is useful to create certain grammatical forms from others (for example substantives from verbs).

paragraphs: Infinitives of verbs in the language Occidental have usually the ending -ar or -er. The root is obtained in the following manner:

paragraphs: and the verbs formed from them with prefixes.

paragraphs: Because the rule composes from three parts, it is often known as "three de Wahl's rules".

paragraphs: One creates the substantives and adjectives by removing the endings and thus obtaining the root. After adding -r or -er, one obtains an infinitive in a majority of cases: "decora/t/ion, decora/t-, decora/r".

paragraphs: This rule was applied in the language Occidental. After a possible modification one can apply this rule to create new forms of a word especially in Romance languages or in languages which borrowed vocabulary from Romance languages.


title: Young's double-slit experiment

paragraphs: The double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics is an experiment, which was first performed by physicist Thomas Young in 1801. It shows that light has both a wave nature or characteristic and a particle nature or characteristic, and that these natures are inseparable. So, light is said to have wave–particle duality rather than be only a wave or only a particle. The same is true for electrons and other quantum particles.

paragraphs: The base version of this experiment is very simple. It requires only a double slit device like the one in the picture, something to hold the double slit device still, and a good laser such as the kind that is used by workmen to "draw" straight lines when they are building. The laser is supported so it can only be moved on purpose. It is aimed at the central point between the two slits from a point about one half meter away. Something like a movie screen or a smooth white wall is put up on the other side of the double slit device several meters away. When everything is fixed, a pattern of light and dark bands will show up.

paragraphs: Lasers can produce one or more photons when given a certain amount of electricity. The photon or photons come out of a very small hole within a well known period of time. The speed of light is known, so the time the photons appear on the screen can be predicted. When photons are produced one at a time, what shows up on the screen are individual spots of light. If photons were waves then we would expect them to spread out as they travel and wash across a wide area of the screen, but that never happens. If photons were particles then we would expect them to appear at two points on the screen connected to the laser through the two slits in the middle. But that is not what happens either.

paragraphs: When Thomas Young did this experiment, he had no laser. He understood it by imagining light to be like waves of water. He thought that light waves moved out from the light source like waves spreading out from a pebble dropped into a pond, and that when the wave fronts hit the double slits, then the original wave gets through at the two slits and there are two different waves from then on. It was easy to figure out how two waves would interact to produce the bright bands and dark bands (often called "fringes") on the screen. He said he had proven the theory that light is waves.

paragraphs: But there were big problems. Light did not show up at the screen as waves that washed across it. Light came to be understood as swarms of photons that individually hit the detection screen. And, very surprisingly, a single photon could interfere with itself as though it were a single wave that fit the old wave description. It split into two waves at the double-slit device, and they then combined at the screen.

paragraphs: The double-slit experiment became a classic thought experiment for its clear explanation of the central puzzles of quantum mechanics.

paragraphs: The double-slit experiment has been of great interest to philosophers, because the quantum mechanical behavior it shows has forced them to rethink their ideas about classical concepts such as:

paragraphs: Experience in the micro world of sub-atomic particles forces us to re-conceptualise some of our most ordinary ideas.


title: ZoneAlarm

paragraphs: ZoneAlarm is a software firewall originally developed by Zone Labs, which was acquired in March 2004 by Check Point. It includes an inbound intrusion detection system, as well as the ability to control which programs can create outbound connections—the latter not available in the Windows XP Service Pack 2 firewall. , the newest release is ZoneAlarm Internet Security Suite 2009. ZoneAlarm was formerly known as Zone Labs, the usage of which is declining.

paragraphs: In ZoneAlarm, program access is controlled by way of "zones", into which all Computer networking connections are divided. The "trusted zone" generally includes the user's local area network and can share resources such as files and printers, while the "Internet zone" includes everything not in the trusted zone. The user can specify which "permissions" (trusted zone client, trusted zone server, Internet zone client, Internet zone server) to give to a program before it attempts to access the Internet (e.g. before running it for the first time) or, alternatively, ZoneAlarm will ask the user to give the program permission on its first access attempt.

paragraphs: "True Vector Internet Monitor", also known as "TrueVector Security Engine", is the core of ZoneAlarm. It is a Windows service which runs as "vsmon.exe" in the processes list. This Monitors internet traffic and generates alerts for disallowed access.

paragraphs: Operating System Firewall, OSFirewall for short, is a feature in ZoneAlarm paid versions only. This monitors programs and generates alerts when they perform suspicious behaviors.

paragraphs: SmartDefense Advisor is a service only available in premium versions of ZoneAlarm that helps the user with certain types of alerts. This utilizes a large database of trusted program signatures in order to provide the user with further advice upon requests from the program in regards to allowing or denying access to the Internet.

paragraphs: 64-bit versions of the ZoneAlarm product line will be made available for Windows Vista in the first half of 2009.


title: Antivirus software

paragraphs: Antivirus software (or anti-virus software), if properly installed on a computer system, it can prevent access to computer systems by unwanted computer malwares. Viruses, worms or Trojan Horses can be used by criminals or mischievous people (called 'hackers'). They can be used to steal information or damage system files. If no antivirus software is installed, hackers may be able to access the information in the computer.

paragraphs: Most tests and experts claim that antivirus software is unable to prevent some attacks. There are many different types of antivirus software. Many antivirus programs can be downloaded for free. These versions usually have some features missing. The missing features are only available to those who buy the "full" version.

paragraphs: Antivirus software uses many ways to protect the computer. They often search for signs of viruses in every website that is visited. Most also do a regular scan of all the data and files on the computer's hard disk.

paragraphs: Installing more than one antivirus is not a good idea. The two different antivirus software may interfere with each other and causes conflict.

paragraphs: Antivirus software can not always detect all viruses on a computer.

paragraphs: Sometimes antivirus software sees viruses in files that do not really have viruses. This is called a false positive. The antivirus software will sometimes remove files from the computer that should not be removed. This may cause other programs to not work properly.


title: Tangerine Dream

paragraphs: Tangerine Dream is a German music band that was started in 1967. The band was very important for the development of what is known as electronic music today. Together with Ash Ra Tempel and Agitation Free they made Berlin School possible. Their early works are usually seen as a type of Krautrock. Many people their music as New Age. The band does not see itself in this category though. Their music is sometimes seen as symphonic, or as a kind of ambient music, with a focus on electronically making the sounds used. They often let themselves be influenced by rock music.


title: Fulton County

paragraphs: Fulton County can be any one of the following eight counties in the United States:


title: Steeplechase

paragraphs: The steeplechase is a kind of horse racing that is done in the United Kingdom, United States, France, Ireland and Australia. The horses have to jump a number of hurdles (like a fence) that are put up across the track.


title: Maley & Taunton

paragraphs: Maley & Taunton were a tram and tramway engineering company. They were at Wednesfield in Staffordshire, England.

paragraphs: Maley & Taunton sent its products all over the world. Its trucks used in the Lisbon trams and in the UK on the Blackpool tramway. The company principals were Alfred Walter Maley and Edmund MacKenzie Taunton. They held patents for Tram and tramway machinery and equipment.

paragraphs: Their equipment was used on the Manx Electric Railway.


Aalst


title: Alken

paragraphs:
Alken, as a person, may refer to:
Alken, as a place, may refer to:


Beaumont


title: Beloeil

paragraphs: The name Beloeil or Belœil is the name of two municipalities. It has also been applied to various events and locations linked with these two municipalities.

paragraphs: The name has been applied to two municipalities. Despite the similarity, it appears the two names have independent linguistic origins.


title: Dr. Mario (video game)

paragraphs: The gameplay of 1 player "Dr. Mario" is to make sure vitamins of the same color are lined-up together to defeat viruses. There are three colors of vitamins (red, blue, yellow). The goal is to clear all the capsules without going to the top. The player can pick any default level from 0-20, with a set number of viruses to clear depending what level the player is on. The virus count goes as high as 84, and does not increase after you pass level 20. There are over 40 levels in the game.

paragraphs: The player can also set up the skill level and music (Fever, Chill).

paragraphs: The gameplay of 2-Player Vs. is to defeat your opponent by killing all the viruses first, or making your opponent lose. By clearing viruses enough, halves of vitamins fall onto the opponents screen. They must wait until all the vitamins fall down before they make their next move.

paragraphs: "Dr. Mario" was rated the 134th best game made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Power's Top 200 Games list. "Dr. Mario" was also rated by ScrewAttack as the seventh best "Mario" game of all time. Overall, Dr. Mario has scored a press average of 7.6 on GameStats.


title: Convergent boundary

paragraphs: A convergent plate boundary is the boundary that occur when two plates collide each other either a continental plate with continental plate or oceanic plate. This causes very large earth movements. Plate collision can produce earthquake, volcanoes, mountains formation, and other geological event. The Himalayas were formed by such a collision. Earthquakes and volcanoes are common near convergent boundaries. This is because of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the mantle.

paragraphs: The diagram shows some differences between the two types of subduction.


title: Scottish Tramway and Transport Society

paragraphs: The Scottish Tramway and Transport Society was set up on the 27th June 1951. It was called the "Scottish Tramway Museum Society". It had that name until 1983 when it changed to the current one. It was made by people interested in trams and tramways. They wanted to preserve a Glasgow "Room and Kitchen" type single deck tramcar. There is now one at the Glasgow Museum of Transport.


title: Alexandre Guilmant

paragraphs: Alexandre Guilmant (born Boulogne-sur-Mer, 12 March 1837; died Meudon 29 March 1911) was a French organist and composer.

paragraphs: Alexandre Guilmant was born in Boulogne-sur-Mer. His father was an organist and organ builder, and gave young Alexandre lessons. Otherwise Alexandre was largely self-taught. He did study with Belgian teacher Jacques-Nicolas Lemmens, but by that time he was already a very good organist. From the 1860s he travelled widely in Europe, playing organs and becoming famous. Later he also visited the United States. In 1871 he became organist of the Trinité church in Paris. He kept this job until 1901.

paragraphs: Guilmant became well known in France as a teacher. Together with two other musicians, Charles Bordes and Vincent d’Indy, he started the Schola Cantorum, a private college where students could study music. He taught the organ there. Earlier he had succeeded Charles-Marie Widor as organ teacher at the Paris Conservatoire. His Conservatoire pupils included Joseph Bonnet, Nadia Boulanger and Marcel Dupré.

paragraphs: Guilmant did not just play the organ for church services. He became very famous for giving organ recitals. Often he played on organs which had been constructed by the brilliant organ builder Aristide Cavaillé-Coll. He helped to make these organs popular in France, and they were a very important influence on the way that organists composed music for their instrument.

paragraphs: Both Guilmant and Widor produced large works for the organ which they called “symphonies”. These usually had at least four movements each, and gave the player opportunities to use many different sound effects.

paragraphs: Guilmant wrote eight organ symphonies, as well as a symphony for organ and orchestra, and several shorter works for the same combination. He composed a great many miniatures, not just for organ but also for harmonium. This was useful for musicians in smaller churches which had a harmonium instead of a big organ. He wrote a book on how to play the organ, and for many years he edited collections of organ music which had been written by earlier composers.

paragraphs: The New Grove Dictionary of Music & Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie; 1980;


title: United States presidential inauguration

paragraphs: In the United States, the inauguration of the president is the day after an election when a new president-elect is made President. The person has to take an official oath to try to be a good leader. Up until 1933, this day was March 4, but now it is January 20.


title: Battle of Gettysburg

paragraphs: The Battle of Gettysburg (locally , with an "ss" sound), was fought July 1–3, 1863. The battle took place in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War. Gettysburg is often called the war's turning point. Union Major General George G. Meade's Army of the Potomac stopped attacks by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. This ended Lee's second invasion of the North. Lee began to move his men back to Virginia on July 4. Between 46,000 and 51,000 soldiers from both armies were casualties in the three-day battle.

paragraphs: The Siege of Vicksburg ended on the same day, also a Union victory.

paragraphs: That November, a cemetery for those who died there was opened at the Gettysburg National Cemetery. President Abraham Lincoln gave a speech called the Gettysburg Address at the ceremony to open the cemetery and honor the dead soldiers on both sides.

paragraphs: Lee's army won an important battle at Chancellorsville in Virginia in May 1863. Afterwards, he led his army north through the Shenandoah Valley. His plan was to start his second invasion of the North (called the Gettysburg Campaign). Lee had several objectives in mind. He intended to take Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the state capital. This, he hoped, would embarrass the Lincoln administration and force Northern politicians to give up the war. At this point, Lee was playing politics. He knew that if he was successful in Pennsylvania it would encourage the Northern peace movement. He hoped it would get foreign recognition for the Confederacy. It could also force the Union to negotiate for peace, allowing the Confederate states to become an independent country. Lee badly needed supplies and intended to get them in Pennsylvania. In addition to being the state capital, Harrisburg was also the site of Camp Curtin, the largest training camp for Union soldiers. It was a major railroad center. More importantly it was a major supply depot and also a prisoner of war camp.

paragraphs: In the North, Lincoln told Major General Joseph Hooker to have the Union army follow Lee's army. But Hooker was very reluctant to go after the Confederates. Finally, Lincoln lost all confidence in him. On June 28, three days before the Battle of Gettysburg, Lincoln appointed General Meade to replace Hooker. Had the Confederacy won, confederate force would have had access to Philadelphia or Baltimore. Vice President Alexander Hamilton went to Lincoln to discuss a prisoner of war trade five days before the Battle of Gettysburg.

paragraphs: Neither Lee nor Meade intended a battle take place at Gettysburg and neither were there when the battle started. On June 30, 1863, Confederate General Henry Heth had a division at Cashtown, Pennsylvania, Lee's gathering place before moving on to Harrisburg. Heth sent his division to nearby Gettysburg to look for, as he later wrote in his report, "army supplies (shoes especially), and return the same day." This started the myth that the Battle of Gettysburg started over shoes. Heth did this without scouting ahead to see what was at Gettysburg. The job of scouting belonged to the Confederate cavalry under J.E.B. Stuart. But they had been gone for over a week. So, blind to what was ahead of them, his soldiers ran directly into a Union cavalry division commanded by General John Buford. This started the fighting even though Heth and other commanders were under orders from Lee not to start a battle. But, as each side brought in more troops, it became a full-scale battle. Lee started moving much of his army there. One of his goals was to fight the Union army and destroy it. Now, he would have to do it at Gettysburg.

paragraphs: About 5.30 a.m. on the morning of July 1, the battle started. Heth probed ahead cautiously to a point about two miles west of Gettysburg. Buford's cavalry was deliberately slowing his progress. At about 10 a.m. the Union I Corps arrived commanded by General John F. Reynolds. They set themselves up along McPherson's Ridge to oppose Heth's Confederates. During the fighting Reynolds was killed but the Confederates were driven back. Meanwhile, both sides brought up reinforcements. The Union set up defenses of the town with I Corps defending the western approaches with XI Corps to the north. The flanks were covered by Buford's cavalry. One Union division was held in reserve on Cemetery Ridge. In the afternoon, when Lee arrived, the Confederates still did not know the strength of the Union forces they were facing. They also had not scouted the terrain. One division of Ewell's Corps had attacked the Union I Corps just after noon. At about 2 p.m. Heth's division joined Ewell's troops in the attack on I Corps. At about 3 p.m., another of Ewell's Confederate divisions, commanded by General Jubal Early, attacked the flank of the Union XI Corps. By 4 p.m., both of the Union corps retreated through Gettysburg and took up positions on Cemetery Ridge. So far, the Union had lost about 9,000 men including about 3,000 who had been captured. The Confederates had lost about 6,500 men by this point. So the first day of battle was technically a Confederate victory numbers-wise. But Federal troops held the high ground as more reinforcements were still arriving. Based on the first day's fighting, Lee was convinced he could defeat Meade at Gettysburg.

paragraphs: Late in the day, Lee sent the famous order to Confederate General Richard S. Ewell to take cemetery ridge "if practicable.” While he had been awaiting orders from Lee, Ewell had ridden out to take a closer look at Cemetery Ridge. Based on what he saw and the confusing order, he decided it was not practicable to take the hill and set up camp. Instead, he decided to leave the assault for the next day. This was the first major mistake of the battle for the South. The Army of the Potomac would end the day with around 21,900 men strongly positioned on Culp's Hill and Cemetery Ridge. The Army of Northern Virginia would have around 27,000 men from Benner's Hill to Seminary Ridge.

paragraphs: On the second day of battle, most of both armies had arrived. The Union line held the high ground in a defensive formation that looked like a fishhook. On July 2, Lee ordered General James Longstreet, commander of the Confederate I Corps, to attack the Union left flank as early in the day as possible. At the same time General A. P. Hill's corps was to attack the Union center. General Ewell was to make diversionary attacks and "if practicable" attack the Union Army's right flank. Lee felt that if everything went according to his plan and the Union line was destroyed, the battle, and possibly the war, would be won on the second day. Lee's coordinated attack required getting all the infantry into position and moving up artillery to support them. Longstreet had the furthest to go and midway in their march realized the Union lines could see them. They went back and had to take a different route. Longstreet could not get his corps into position until about 4 p.m. when he began his attack. His attack on the Union line lasted for over three hours but could not break the Union line. Hill's Corps failed to be effective in the center. Ewell did not attack Cemetery Ridge as instructed in Lee's confusing order, but made some progress in taking Culp's Hill.

paragraphs: Union Major General Daniel Sickles, a political general commanding III Corps, disobeyed Meade's orders and moved his troops forward to the Peach Orchard. He had been ordered to take up a position on Little Round Top connecting with Union forces on both his right and left. By doing this he left a large hole in the Union line. He marched to a position nearly in front of the Union line with no support on either side. Within an hour, his entire III Corps was nearly wiped out by Longstreet. Sickles was badly wounded by a cannonball and lost a leg. Being wounded was all that saved him from a court-martial. Sickles' blunder nearly lost the entire battle for the Union.

paragraphs: On the night of July 2, Longstreet's largest division commanded by General George Pickett arrived and was placed in the center of the Confederate line. Lee's plan for the next day was to attack on both the Union right and left, just as he had done the day before. Lee was still certain he could break the Union line and win the battle. That day Stuart's cavalry had caught up with Lee's army and Lee ordered Stuart to ride around the East side of Gettysburg and attack the Union rear. Ewell had also been reinforced and was ordered to take Culp's Hill the next morning.

paragraphs: Meade ordered the Union XII Corps to drive Ewell's forces off the captured trenches on Culp's Hill. They were to move at daylight the next morning. He was determined the remainder of the Union Army would hold its position and wait for Lee to attack.

paragraphs: Ewell began fighting on Culp's Hill at first light. Lee rode to Longstreet's headquarters only to find Longstreet had misunderstood his orders. He was planning a turning movement against the Union left. Now, with no hope of a coordinated attack, Lee changed the plan. Longstreet was to attack the Union center on Cemetery Ridge. Ewell's forces failed in their counterattacks and were forced to withdraw from Culp's Hill by about 11:00 a.m. Lee pinned all his hopes on Longstreet's attack on the center. Longstreet had the last fresh division in Lee's army. It was made up of three brigades, commanded by generals James L. Kemper, Richard B. Garnett, and Lewis A. Armistead, led by Pickett.

paragraphs: First, a bombardment by about 140 Confederate cannons on the Union lines was ordered. The bombardment started about 1 p.m. About 80 Union cannons returned fire. The cannons duel lasted for between one and two hours, depending on the source (most say about an hour). The Confederate artillery chief, General Edward Porter Alexander, had only intended it to last for about 25 minutes. But he then realized it had done little damage to the Union line so he continued. But he also had to worry about running out of ammunition and not have enough to support the charge that was Pickett was about to make. When the Union guns fell silent, Porter thought he had knocked them out. But it was a trick by the Union artillery chief. His guns were waiting for the charge the Union forces knew was coming. Alexander sent word to Pickett he could start his attack.

paragraphs: The cannonade could be heard as far away as Philadelphia. The noise was so loud the gunner's ears bled. It was probably the loudest noise that had ever been heard on the North American continent up to that time. In the end the Confederate cannons may have killed as many as 200 Union soldiers in the area that would later become known as the "bloody angle". But the Union guns may have killed more Confederate troops.

paragraphs: Calling the Confederate attack on the Union center "Pickett's Charge" is misleading for two reasons. First, Pickett commanded only one of the three units in the assault. Second, it was not a charge, which is a rapid advance towards the enemy, it was an attack which moved forward more slowly and over a longer distance. These Virginia units were joined by several smaller units of Confederates (some from North Carolina, Tennessee and Alabama) whose numbers had been reduced by the fighting over the first two days. When the cannons stopped, Pickett went to Longstreet to ask permission to begin the attack. Longstreet, sure the attack would fail, silently nodded his head and gave a wave of his hand. Longstreet had tried to get Lee to call off the attack, but Lee would not listen.

paragraphs: Over 12,000 Confederates stepped out from the trees and formed up for the long march forward. Waiting for them behind a low stone fence on Cemetery Ridge were about 5,000 Union troops, most of whom belonged to General Winfield Scott Hancock's II Corps. Depending on the source, this was between 2:00 and 3:00 p.m. As they marched forward across the distance, Union artillery killed large numbers of troops. Rifle fire from the Union line was intense. The Union troops used four lines of soldiers. As the line in front fired, they moved back to reload while the next line moved up to fire. Only a few hundred of the Virginians reached the Union line. Within minutes they were dead or dying. Some were captured. The attack lasted about an hour with over 7,000 Confederate soldiers killed. As the remaining Confederate troops retreated, Lee was seen riding his horse saying "this was all my fault". He then told Pickett to rally his division. Pickett famously replied, "General, I have no division."

paragraphs: At about the same time as the main attack, Stuart's cavalry attacked the Union rear but the attack also failed.

paragraphs: Lee brought an army into Pennsylvania that numbered 75,054 men and lost 22,638 casualties or about 30% of his army. Meade lost so many field grade officers that the Army of the Potomac would not recover for the rest of the war. Both the Union I Corps and III Corps lost so many men they had to be combined with II Corps. The battle took more American lives than any other battle in United States history. Gettysburg is still the largest battle to ever be fought on American soil. The Union victory over the Confederacy ended Lee's invasion of the north. Lee would never try to invade the Union again. The Army of Northern Virginia would never get their strength back. However the supplies taken during their time in Pennsylvania would keep the Confederate army going. The wagon train of supply wagons and ambulances for the wounded was over long. Lee never had more than 51,000 men the rest of the war. Numbers from the Union forces wore down Lee and his army. This is why Gettysburg is said to be the turning point of the American Civil War. After the battle the confederates figured out that there was a slave spy.

paragraphs: Meade was severely criticized for not counterattacking Lee after the third day of battle. The next day Meade sent out skirmishers, but did not attack. Lee had his army hold its position on Seminary Ridge all day on July 4. The more than 10,000 wounded men would be moved by wagon train to Williamsport and cross the Potomac to Virginia. The rest of Lee's army followed on the night of July 4–5, screened by Jeb Stuart's cavalry. The next day, on discovering the Confederates had left the battlefield, the Union army cautiously followed. At the Battle of Falling Waters, Lee's army was waiting for the flooded Potomac River to go down so his army could cross. Meade's forces caught up with them there but the battle had no clear victor. The Battle of Falling Waters was the last battle in the Gettysburg Campaign.


title: New International Version

paragraphs: The New International Version or NIV is an English translation of the Christian Bible. It is made by the Zondervan Company. It became one of the most popular modern translations made in the twentieth century. The NIV was last updated in 2011.


title: New American Bible

paragraphs: The New American Bible is a Roman Catholic translation of the Bible into English. It was translated from the Bible's original languages and first made in 1970.


title: TED (conference)

paragraphs: TED is short for "Technology, Entertainment, Design". It is a conference that began in 1984 and met every year at Long Beach, California until 2014. Since then, it has met in Vancouver. People give talks about many things, for example, science, art, and business. Famous people like Bill Clinton, Al Gore, Ray Kurzweil, Aubrey de Grey, Elon Musk, and Bill Gates have all talked at TED. The talks have been online for people to watch for free since 2006.


title: Plutoid

paragraphs: A plutoid or ice dwarf is a dwarf planet that orbits the sun farther than Neptune. Four objects are now classified as plutoids:

paragraphs: Others might be included in the same class someday:


title: Radcliffe Line

paragraphs: The Radcliffe Line became the international border between India and Pakistan (which also included what is now Bangladesh) during the partition of India. The line divided Bengal into Indian held West Bengal and East Bengal which became East Pakistan in 1956. The line was decided by the Border Commissions headed by Sir Cyril Radcliffe, who was to divide equitably of territory with 88 million people.

paragraphs: The line took effect on 17 August 1947 after the Partition of India. When the partition was implemented, there were some problems:


title: Wind power in the United Kingdom

paragraphs: These are some of the largest onshore wind farms in the UK:


title: Dipsacales

paragraphs: The Dipsacales are an order of flowering plants, included within the asterid group of dicotyledons. Under the APG II definition some well-known members of Dipsacales are honeysuckle, elder, viburnum, and valerian.


title: Planetary nebula

paragraphs: A planetary nebula is a nebula that is made up of gas and plasma. They are made by certain types of stars later in their life. They look like planets through small optical telescopes. They do not last for long compared to a star, only tens of thousands of years.

paragraphs: At the end of a normal-sized star's life, in the red giant phase, the outside layers of a star are ejected. Because the outside is gone, the star shines brightly and is very hot. The ultraviolet radiation given off by the center of the star ionizes the gas and plasma that was thrown out from the star. This is what causes a planetary nebula to look like it does.

paragraphs: While some planetary nebulae look similar, others have very distinct and unique shapes. Scientists are not sure why planetary nebulae can look so different from one another. Scientists think that binary stars, stellar winds and magnetic fields might be some of the reasons planetary nebulae can look so varied. In the early 21st century some astronomers began calling them “globular nebulas” to avoid confusing them with the Protoplanetary nebulas that make planets.

paragraphs: Planetary nebula are not very bright. None of them are bright enough to see without a telescope. The first one discovered was the Dumbbell nebula.

paragraphs: Astronomers did not know what these objects were until the first spectroscopic experiments were done in the 1800's. William Huggins used a prism to look at galaxies. He noticed that they looked a lot like stars.

paragraphs: When he looked at the Cat's Eye nebula, it did not look the same. He saw an emission line at a place that no one had seen before. This meant that it looked like an element that no one had ever seen before. Scientists thought it might be a new element. They decided to call it "nebulium".

paragraphs: Later, physicists showed that it is possible for gasses with a very low density to look like something else. It turned out that the gas they were looking at was oxygen, and not nebulium.

paragraphs: The stars in planetary nebulae are very hot. They are not very bright, though. This means that they must be very small. The only time that stars get that small is when they are dying. That means that they are one of the last steps in a star's death. Astronomers saw that all planetary nebula are expanding. This meant that they were caused by a star's outer layers being thrown into space at the end of its life.

paragraphs: Stars weighing more than eight solar masses will become supernovae. Stars of lesser mass will form planetary nebulae. After billions of years of stellar evolution a star will have no more hydrogen. This makes the surface of the star colder, and makes the core smaller. The sun's core is about 15 million degrees Kelvin. When it runs out of hydrogen, the smaller core will cause it to rise to about 100 million degrees Kelvin.

paragraphs: The outer layers of the star become much bigger because of the heat of the core, and become much cooler. The star becomes a red giant. The core gets even smaller and hotter. When its reaches 100 million K, helium begins to fuse into carbon and oxygen. When this happens, the core stops shrinking. Helium burning soon forms a core of carbon and oxygen, with both a helium and a hydrogen shell surrounding it.

paragraphs: Because helium in fusion reactions is not very stable, the core starts to grow and shrink very quickly. Strong stellar winds blow the gas and plasma in the outer layer of the star outwards. These gases form a cloud around the core of the star. As more and more of the gas moves away from the star, deeper and deeper layers at higher and higher temperatures are sent out. When the gas heats up to around 30,000 degrees kelvin, the gas starts to glow. The cloud has then become a planetary nebula.

paragraphs: We know of about 3,000 of these nebulae in our galaxy, compared to 200 billion stars. Their very short lifetime compared to a star is why there are not that many compared to stars. They are found mostly in the plane of the Milky Way, and there are more and more the closer you get to the center of the Milky Way.

paragraphs: Only about twenty percent of planetary nebulae are spheres (like Abell 39). The rest of them have various shapes. The reason for these shapes is not understood. It may be because of the gravitational pull of secondary stars (for example, if it is a binary star system). A second theory is that planets near the star might change how the nebula forms. A third theory is that magnetic fields cause the shapes. .

paragraphs: A problem in studying planetary nebulae is that astronomers can not always work out how far away they are. When they are close, astronomers use something called "expansion parallax" to estimate how far away they are, but this takes a long time. If they are not close, there is not yet a good way to find how distant they are.


title: Emission nebula

paragraphs: An emission nebula is a cloud of plasma emitting light in many colors. The glowing is caused by a star being near the nebula. There are many types of emission nebula. H II regions are caused when stars are forming and are very hot, causing the plasma to heat up. Planetary nebulae are made when where a dying star has thrown off its outer layers. This causes the core of the star to heat up the plasma.

paragraphs: A nebula's color depends on what chemicals are in it, and how ionized it is. Because most of the universe is made of hydrogen, many emission nebulae appear red. Hydrogen glows red when it is hot. If the nebula is very hot, other types of gas will be heated and the it might also glow blue and green. By looking at which colors are glowing in a nebula, one can figure out what it is made of.

paragraphs: Emission nebulae sometimes look like they have dark areas in them. This is because clouds of dust block the light when it is traveling between the nebula and the Earth.


title: Reflection nebula

paragraphs: In astronomy, a reflection nebula is a cloud of dust which reflects the light of a star or many stars. The light from the nearby stars is not hot enough to ionize the gas of the nebula to make an emission nebula. However, is enough to make the dust visible because the light reflects off of the dust.

paragraphs: Reflection nebulae are usually blue because the scattering works better for blue light than red (this is the same reason that the sky is blue and sunsets are red).

paragraphs: Reflection nebulae and emission nebulae are usually seen together and sometimes are called 'diffuse nebulae'. A good example of this is the Orion nebula.

paragraphs: Reflection nebulae may also be the site of star formation.


title: Variable nebula

paragraphs: A Variable nebula is a reflection nebula that gets brighter and darker because of changes in its star.


title: Ionization

paragraphs: Ionization is the physical process of giving or taking away electrons from an atom. That makes the atom into an ion, because ions have electrical charge.

paragraphs: In the process of ionization, an electrically neutral atom becomes either positively or negatively charged. Some substances are easier to ionize than others. This depends on the ionization energy. Ionizing radiation is a common cause, but ionization can also be done artificially.


title: Nucleosynthesis

paragraphs: Nucleosynthesis is the physical process where lighter elements are changed into heavier elements. This usually happens in the center of a star, both during its life and especially during its violent death. It is also thought that this happened at the beginning of the universe, in the big bang.


title: Stellar wind

paragraphs: Stellar wind is gas being thrown off from the upper atmosphere of a star. Different types of stars have different types of stellar winds. The Sun's stellar wind is called solar wind. Most stars, especially very bright ones, show continuous outflows of gas from their surfaces making the stellar wind. Radiation pressure is thought to be the main force that pushes the gas away, but modern research uses computer simulations and observations with the most powerful telescopes to understand it further.


title: Dumbbell nebula

paragraphs: The Dumbbell nebula (sometimes called Messier 27, M 27, or NGC 6853) is a planetary nebula in the constellation Vulpecula. It is about 1,360 light years away from earth. The Dumbbell nebula was the first planetary nebula to be discovered; by Charles Messier in 1764.


title: Charles Messier

paragraphs: Charles Messier (June 26, 1730 – April 12, 1817) was a French astronomer who is remembered for publishing a list of famous objects in space that came to be called the 103 "Messier objects".

paragraphs: Messier was born in Badonviller in the Lorraine region of France. Six of his brothers and sisters died as children and in 1741, his father died. Charles became interested in astronomy after he saw the great six-tailed comet in 1744 and by a solar eclipse on July 25, 1748.

paragraphs: In 1751 he started working for Joseph Nicolas Delisle, the astronomer of the French Navy, who told him to write down everything he saw.


title: Astronomical spectroscopy

paragraphs: Astronomical spectroscopy is the science of using spectroscopy to figure out what elements astronomical bodies, such as stars, planets and nebulae, are made of. It can also be used to work out how those objects are moving, using doppler shift.

paragraphs: The study of spectroscopy and spectra is used in astronomy to help scientists study the whole spectrum of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light, which radiates from stars and other hot celestial objects. Spectroscopy can be used to find properties of distant stars and galaxies. It can find out their chemical composition, temperature, density, mass, distance, luminosity, and relative motion using doppler effect measurements.

paragraphs: Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin.

paragraphs: It was not until the 1850s that Gustav Kirchoff and Robert Bunsen explained the dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, and hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths. However, hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with "dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses". By comparing the absorption lines of the

paragraphs: Sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be discovered.


title: William Huggins

paragraphs: Sir William Huggins, KCB, OM, FRS, (7 February 1824–12 May 1910) was an English astronomer best known for his work in astronomical spectroscopy.

paragraphs: William Huggins was born at Cornhill, Middlesex in 1824. He married Margaret Lindsay, who was also an astronomer.

paragraphs: Huggins built his own observatory from where he and his wife looked at spectral emission lines and absorption lines of astronomical objects. He was the first person to figure out the difference between nebulae and galaxies.

paragraphs: Huggins was president of the Royal Society between 1900 and 1905.


title: Emission spectrum

paragraphs: The emission spectrum of an element or compound is how bright certain frequencies are when energy is added to the atoms or molecules.

paragraphs: Each atom's emission spectrum has different spectral lines and can be used to figure out if that atom is part of a compound


title: Luminosity

paragraphs: Luminosity is the amount of power given off by an astronomical object.

paragraphs: Stars, galaxies and other objects emit energy in the form of radiation. It is measured in joules per second, which are equal to watts. A watt is one unit of power. Just as a light bulb is measured in watts, the Sun can also be measured in watts. The sun gives off . This amount of power is known as 1 sol, the symbol for which is formula_1.

paragraphs: There are other ways to describe luminosity. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is how bright an object looks to an observer on Earth. It only applies to light, that is, visible wavelengths. Apparent magnitude is contrasted with absolute magnitude, which is an object's "intrinsic brightness" at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance. The apparent magnitude is the less, for objects more than 32.6 light years away.

paragraphs: When talking about the total power output across all wavelengths, that is called bolometric magnitude.


title: Solar mass

paragraphs: The solar mass is a unit of measurement of mass. It is equal to the mass of the Sun, about 332,950 times the mass of the Earth, or 1,048 times the mass of Jupiter. Masses of other stars and groups of stars are listed in terms of solar masses. Its mathematical symbol and value are:


title: Interstellar medium

paragraphs: In astronomy, the interstellar medium (sometimes called the ISM) is the tenuous gas and dust that fills the void between stellar systems in galaxies, that consisting mainly of huge clouds of ionized, netral, or moleculer hydrogen. This gas and dust not distributed uniformly in interstellar space, but displays significant variations in density, temperature, and ionization state.

paragraphs: Various gases exist in outer space. Most common are hydrogen and helium. Interstellar cosmic dust makes nebulae.


title: Myopia

paragraphs: Myopia, also called near-sightedness or short-sightedness, is a problem with the focusing ability of the eye. It is when the eye is not able to focus properly on objects in the distance. This condition is very common and it often occurs with many members of the same family. It happens when the lens becomes a different shape (too curved) from usual, or when the eye is longer than normal, so light entering the eye focuses on a point "in front of" the retina, rather than right on it. This makes distant objects look blurry. People with myopia often squint while watching television or trying to see distant objects. Sudden myopia can often be the first symptom of Type II Diabetes.

paragraphs: In most cases, it can be fixed easily using glasses, contact lenses, or surgery.


title: Luster (mineralogy)

paragraphs: Luster (or lustre) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a crystal, rock, or mineral. For example, a diamond has an adamantine lustre and pyrite has a metallic lustre. The term is also used to describe other items with some kind of sheen (for example, fabric, especially silk and satin, or metals).

paragraphs: The word lustre comes from the Latin word lux, meaning "light", and generally implies radiance, gloss, or brilliance.


title: Carbonation

paragraphs: Carbonation is the process of carbon dioxide dissolving in a liquid. For example, carbon dioxide is added to flavored water under pressure to make it "fizz" as a carbonated water soft drink.

paragraphs: When rain passes through the atmosphere, it takes in or mixes with carbon dioxide, turning it into a weak carbonic acid. When the rain falls in limestone, it dissolves the calcium carbonate in the rock, turning it into calcium bicarbonate and taking it away. Holes and large cracks can form in the rock. Such a place is called karst. If a stream or river passes through it, it could be swallowed up by a hole called a swallow hole. It can go through a series of underground caves and may appear on the surface again. An example of a karst area is the Burren National Park, in County Clare, Ireland.

paragraphs: Carbon dioxide is weakly soluble in water, therefore it separates into a gas. The process of carbon dioxide bubbling out (effervescing) from a solution is represented by the following chemical reaction. This shows aqueous carbonic acid converts to carbon dioxide and water:

paragraphs: Carbonation also describes the incorporation of carbon dioxide into chemical compounds. Carbon-based life originates from a carbonation reaction that is most often catalysed by the enzyme RuBisCO. This carbonation process is so important that a significant fraction of leaf mass consists of this carbonating enzyme.


title: Feynman diagram

paragraphs: A Feynman diagram is a diagram that shows what happens when elementary particles collide.

paragraphs: Feynman diagrams are used in quantum mechanics. A Feynman diagram has "lines" in different shapes—straight, dotted, and squiggly—which meet up at points called "vertices". The vertices are where the lines begin and end. The points in Feynman diagrams where the lines meet represent two or more particles that happen to be at the same point in space at the same time. The "lines" in a Feynman diagram represent the probability amplitude for a particle to go from one place to another.

paragraphs: In Feynman diagrams, the particles are allowed to go both forward and backward in time. When a particle is going backward in time, it is called an antiparticle. The meeting points for the lines can also be interpreted forward or backwards in time, so that if a particle disappears into a meeting point, that means that the particle was either created or destroyed, depending on the direction in time that the particle came in from.

paragraphs: All the lines and vertices have an amplitude. When you multiply the probability amplitude for the lines, the amplitude for the particles to go from wherever they start to wherever they meet, and to the next meeting point, and so on, and also multiply by the amplitude for each meeting point, you get a number that tells you the total amplitude for the particles to do what the diagram says they do. If you add up all these probability amplitudes over all the possible meeting points, and over all the starting and ending points with an appropriate weight, you get the total probability amplitude for a collision in a particle accelerator, which tells you the total probability of these particles to bounce off one another in any particular direction.

paragraphs: Feynman diagrams are named after Richard Feynman, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics. His diagrams are very simple in the case of quantum electrodynamics (QED), where there are only two kinds of particles: electrons (little particles inside atoms) and photons (particles of light). In QED, the only thing that can happen is that an electron (or its antiparticle) can emit (or absorb) a photon, so there is only one building block for any collision. The probability amplitude for the emission is very simple—it has no real part, and the imaginary part is the "charge" of the electron.


title: Raymond VII, Count of Toulouse

paragraphs: Raymond VII of Saint-Gilles (July 1197 – 27 September 1249) was Count of Toulouse, Duke of Narbonne and Marquis of Provence from 1222 until his death.

paragraphs: He was the son of Raymond VI of Toulouse and Joan of England. During the Albigensian Crusade in May of 1216, he set out from Marseille and besieged Beaucaire, which he captured on August 24. He fought to get the county of Toulouse back from Simon de Montfort, 5th Earl of Leicester and later Simon's son Amaury VI of Montfort.

paragraphs: When Raymond died, Alphonse became count of Toulouse, and after Alphonse's death the county was captured by France. Raymond VII was buried beside his mother Joan in Fontevrault Abbey.


title: Rival

paragraphs: A rival is a person or group of people who are trying to do the same thing as someone else, and trying to do it better. They are "competing" against one another. Usually they are about equally good.

paragraphs: Competing in this way is called rivalry.

paragraphs: Two (or more) businesses may be rivals. For example: they may be selling ice creams in the same area.

paragraphs: Brothers and sisters may be rivals. For example: they may both be trying to get their mother's attention.

paragraphs: Countries may be rivals. For example: they may be trying to have power over the same thing. This can be a dangerous thing which, in some cases, can lead to war.

paragraphs: In sport, two teams may be rivals. This is a more friendly kind of rivalry.


title: Seneschal

paragraphs: A seneschal was an officer in the houses of important nobles in the Middle Ages. In the French administrative system of the Middle Ages, the sénéchal was also a royal officer in charge of justice and control of the administration in southern provinces, equal to the northern French "bailli".


title: Trimbach, Switzerland

paragraphs: Trimbach is a municipality in the district of Gösgen. It is in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.


title: Stoke

paragraphs: Originally from the Old English 'stoc' meaning 'place', it came to be used in two special senses, i) a religious place and ii) a secondary settlement (see Roome )

paragraphs: It can refer to any of the following places:


title: Human T-lymphotropic virus

paragraphs: Human T-lymphotropic virus is a virus. It is a kind of retrovirus. Human T-lymphotropic virus causes leukemia as well as other diseases. Currently, four kinds are known (labelled I to IV).


title: Bon Scott

paragraphs: Bon Scott (9 July 1946 – 19 February 1980) was a Scottish-Australian singer-songwriter. He was the lead singer of hard rock band AC/DC from 1974 until he died of alcohol poisoning in 1980.

paragraphs: Scott was born Kirriemuir, Scotland. He and his family moved to Fremantle, Australia in 1952. He left school when he was 15 and spent a short time in a juvenile institution. In 1964, he formed a band called The Spektors. They later became a different band called The Valentines. When the Valentines broke up in 1970, Scott joined a band called Fraternity. Fraternity left Australia and went to Europe, but came back soon after. Scott then joined a band called the Mount Lofty Rangers. In 1974 he had a motorcycle accident and was in hospital for a few months. After he left hospital he joined AC/DC.

paragraphs: AC/DC's first two albums were "High Voltage" and "T.N.T.". They were only released in Australia. Their first worldwide album was released in 1976. It had songs from both "High Voltage" and "T.N.T.", and was also called "High Voltage". They released another album that year called "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap". Their next albums were "Let There Be Rock", "Powerage", and a live album called "If You Want Blood You've Got It". AC/DC's last album with Scott as their singer was "Highway to Hell".

paragraphs: Scott died of alcohol poisoning in London on 19 February 1980. He was 33 years old at the time. Brian Johnson became AC/DC's new lead singer. There is a bronze statue of Bon Scott in Fremantle. Shortly after his death, AC/DC released a tribute album to Scott, Back in Black.


title: Hubble Deep Field

paragraphs: The Hubble Deep Field, sometimes called the HDF, is an image of a small part of the night sky. The image was taken in the direction of the constellation Ursa Major by the Hubble Space Telescope in 1995.

paragraphs: It is important because it shows some of the earliest (farthest away) galaxies ever seen, over 3000 in total.

paragraphs: The area of the sky the HDF was taken in makes up less than 1/10th the width of a full Moon, yet it contains over 3,000 galaxies.

paragraphs: Because of the time it takes for light from these galaxies to reach Earth, many in the picture look exactly as they did over 10 billion (10,000,000,000) years ago. Because of this it allows scientists to look at what the Universe was like at that time, and how it changed to become what it is now. Add to this the cosmological principle, which suggests that on large scales the Universe is roughly the same no matter what direction you look, and the HDF becomes a very important tool for astronomers studying how the Universe has changed.

paragraphs: For these reasons the HDF is sometimes called 'the most important image ever taken'.


title: Orem, Utah

paragraphs: Orem is a city in Utah County in the state of Utah, United States. As of the year 2000, about 84,300 people live in Orem.


title: Acetonitrile

paragraphs: Acetonitrile (also known as ACN) is a kind of chemical compound with formula CHCN. It is a clear liquid and is the simplest molecule in a group called nitriles. Acetonitrile is made when plastics are being made so is quite cheap. Chemists use it as a solvent for chemical reactions and in cromatography.

paragraphs: Acetonitrile is flammable and can hurt our eyes.


title: Ranunculales

paragraphs: Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family.


title: Ranunculaceae

paragraphs: Ranunculaceae is a family of flowering plants also known as the "buttercup family" or "crowfoot family". Members include "Anemone" (anemones), "Ranunculus" (buttercup), "Aconitum" (aconite), and "Clematis".


title: Interlingue

paragraphs: Interlingue is a constructed language. It was called "Occidental" between 1922 and 1947. Edgar von Wahl, one of the first Esperantists created it. Von Wahl was from the Russian Empire. He spoke German, Russian, Estonian and French since he was a child. He had natural ability in languages. He is often called "de Wahl".

paragraphs: De Wahl was not happy with Esperanto. He decided to create a language called "Occidental". He published it in 1922. In 1949 the name of the language was changed to "Interlingue".

paragraphs: There were already many types of constructed languages during de Wahl's time. Some of them, like Esperanto and Ido, were called "schematic" because they followed their own design. Others, like Latino sine flexione and Idiom Neutral, were called "naturalistic" because they tried to look like natural languages. The difficulty was that creators had to choose between being regular or looking natural. Louis Couturat, the creator of Ido, wrote the same thing in 1903, and called it a paradox: "The international words are not regular, and the regular words are not international." The language that de Wahl made was meant to be a language that was both regular and international at the same time.


title: Commitment scheme

paragraphs: In cryptography, a commitment scheme is a way for a someone to tell something to someone without letting other people know. Someone would do this to make sure they can prove who they are. Someone also might do this to make sure that someone does not cheat.

paragraphs: This is done by using a one-way function to change a string into a hash. This is called the "commit phase". Later, if someone needs to prove that they were the one who made the commitment, then they can tell people the original string they used. This is called the "reveal phase".


title: One-way function

paragraphs: In cryptography, a one-way function is a function that is very simple to compute in one direction. There is a series of instructions that can be simply and easily applied to an input to give a complicated output. However the reverse of going from the output to the input is made to be as difficult as possible.


title: SHA hash functions

paragraphs: In cryptography, the Secure Hashing Algorithms are a group of cryptographic hash functions released by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The algorithms take an input and produce a "hash" value (often shown in hexadecimal). The length of the "hash" depends on the digest length of the algorithm.

paragraphs: The Secure Hashing Algorithms, being Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) compliant algorithms are subject to the Cryptographic Algorithm Validation Program


title: Border Gateway Protocol

paragraphs: The Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is the main routing protocol of the Internet. It decides how data gets from one place to another on the Internet. It was made to get rid of the EGP routing protocol to make the Internet more independent.

paragraphs: Most Internet users don't use BGP. It is the ISPs who use it to talk to other ISPs so they can send and get data from each other. It is one of the most important protocols of the Internet.


title: GPRS Tunneling Protocol

paragraphs: GPRS Tunneling Protocol (GTP) is a group of protocols to send and receive data over cellular phone networks.


title: Power metal

paragraphs: Power metal is a type of heavy metal music that mixes traditional metal with thrash metal or speed metal. There are two types of power metal. One comes from North America that sounds more like speed metal, and a more popular one from Europe (especially Finland, Germany, Italy, Scandinavia) and Japan that usually sounds happier and usually uses keyboards. It is usually characterized by high, clean, melodic vocals, fantasy based lyrics as well as complex and fast lead guitar solos.

paragraphs: Some of the most popular European style bands include:


title: Defense Support Program

paragraphs: The Defense Support Program (DSP) is a group of satellites that orbit the Earth. They are owned by the United States Air Force to run the "Satellite Early Warning System" used by the United States. DSP satellites are used to detect missile and spacecraft launches. DSP is also used to detect nuclear explosions. It does this by using infrared sensors on the satellite.


Blackheath


title: Blackheath, Surrey

paragraphs: Blackheath is a village in Surrey near Guildford.


title: Bandipur National Park

paragraphs: Bandipur National Park is a national park in India. It contains Gaurs and Asian Elephants, as well as tigers. In 1973 it was decided that Bandipur National Park would be protected as a place for tigers to live safely, as part of a project called 'Project Tiger'.

paragraphs: The national park has an area of 874.20 km.


title: Urban legend

paragraphs: An urban legend is an often circulated story that is not necessarily based on truth, but merely conjecture and rumor. However, there may or may not be a grain of truth from which the story originated.

paragraphs: The Internet has made it easier for urban legends to spread, as people often spread them to their friends or family using e-mail. As a result, some websites such as Snopes.com and TruthOrFiction.com, among others, have been made that look at urban legends and try to see whether or not they are true.

paragraphs: An example of an urban legend is a report that years after the defeat of St Clair in 1791 at Ft Recovery Mercer Country Ohio - a skeleton of a Captain Roger Vanderberg was found in Miami County Ohio inside a tree along with a diary; in fact no one of this name was a casualty of the 1791 battle - it was a story that orginated in 1864 from a Scottish novel! Another example of a urban legend is a young woman and her mother going to visit the Paris Exposition; the mother falls ill, the daughter rushes off to get help only to find her mother gone! The woman either goes insane or is told the truth-her mother had the plague which was the reason for the coverup. This became the premise of a 1950s movie "So Long at the Fair". In fact the basis for the legend was a story in 1897 in a Philadelphia newspaper...and no other sources in fact!

paragraphs: Other urban legends concern the Chase Burial Vault in Barbadoes although the lone account has no other basis in fact. Another urban legend concerns organized crime: In New York city at the turn of the century there was a "Murder Stable" where criminals killed one another. In fact, the report was exaggerated. Allegedly, an unknown killer named "Shotgun Man" committed dozens of murders with a shotgun in Chicago, Illinois after the turn of the century between 1910 and 1911 - although a check of a database of Chicago murders from that time period shows only one shotgun killings between 1900 and 1920.


title: Ashdown Forest

paragraphs: Ashdown Forest is a forest in the county of East Sussex, in South East England.


title: Thuringian Forest

paragraphs: The Thuringian Forest is a forest in the German state of Thuringia. It is about long and wide. The highest elevation is the "Großer Beerberg", at .


title: Gertrude (crater)

paragraphs: Gertrude is the biggest crater on Uranus's moon Titania that we know about. It is nearly 326 kilometers across, which is about twenty percent of the moons' diameter.


title: Powell's Books

paragraphs: Powell's Books is a bookstore in Portland, Oregon, United States. It has seven locations. It says it is the world's largest independent new and used bookstore in the world with more than one million (1,000,000) books on its shelves. The main store covers an entire city block between West Burnside Street, NW Couch Street, NW 10th and 11th avenues.

paragraphs: In 2002, "USA Today" said Powell's was one of America's ten best bookstores.

paragraphs: Powell's wants to add as much as two floors to the store's southeast corner—at least . The plan was submitted to the City of Portland to be approved in November 2008.


title: Orange-bellied Euphonia

paragraphs: The Orange-bellied Euphonia (Euphonia xanthogaster) is a species of bird in the Fringillidae (finch) family. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Panama, Peru, and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


title: Hurricane Floyd

paragraphs: Hurricane Floyd was the strongest, costliest, and deadliest hurricane of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. Floyd, at first looked as if it were headed for Florida as a category 4 hurricane. It was about twice as large as Hurricane Andrew, which if Floyd struck Florida it could have caused even more damage than Andrew. Instead of striking Florida, Floyd struck North Carolina and caused flooding from North Carolina up to some states in New England. Floyd left $4.5 billion in damage from Florida to Maine. Floyd also killed about 76-86 people in the United States. One person was also killed in the Bahamas.

paragraphs: The name Floyd got retired in the Spring of 2000. The name Franklin was used in 2005 instead.


title: Hurricane Gert (1999)

paragraphs: Hurricane Gert was the fourth of five major hurricanes in the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. It formed on September 11 of the coast of Africa. It reached its greatest strength on September 15, when its winds were at 150 mph (240 km/h). It gradually curved northwest and then north, passing a short distance east of Burmuda. The hurricane's center did not make landfall, but it did cause many poweroutages.

paragraphs: On September 23, Gert became an extratropical storm as it turned northeast and became absorbed into another storm system. While it passed southeast of Atlantic Canada, strong waves hit Newfoundland which caused heavy marine damage.


title: Hurricane Irene (1999)

paragraphs: Hurricane Irene was an Atlantic tropical cyclone. The storm caused heavy damage across Florida and North Carolina in October 1999. Irene developed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13 from a tropical wave.

paragraphs: Irene was a wet hurricane for Florida, similar to many hurricanes of the 1930s and 1940s. In North Carolina and Virginia, the storm produced heavy rainfall of more than 10 inches.

paragraphs: Irene caused 18 deaths and $800 million in damage in the United States.


title: Hurricane Lenny

paragraphs: Hurricane Lenny was the last major hurricane, hurricane, named storm and depression of the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season. There are three main reasons to remember Lenny. One, it was strongest November Atlantic hurricane; two, the damage it caused in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and three, it moved the opposite way storms usually moved across the Caribbean Sea. Some people at the National Hurricane Center nicknamed it "Wrong Way Lenny". Lenny left $330 million in damage, this amount is likely not all the damage. This is because it was reported for U.S. territories only, such as Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

paragraphs: Because the damage was high and likely higher, the name Lenny was retired. In 2005 the name Lee was used instead. The name Lee in 2005 was not retired, so Lee is on the list for 2011 and 2017.


title: 1980 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1980 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1980, and ended on November 30, 1980. This season had about average activity with 15 storms, of which 11 got named. This season featured the very powerful Hurricane Allen.

paragraphs: In the spring of 1981 the name "Allen" was retired and replaced by Andrew in 1986.


title: Nitrile

paragraphs: A nitrile is a chemical compound with a -C=N functional group. It smells like a fruit, and can be a type of poison.


title: 1981 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1981 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1981 and ended on November 30, 1981. However this season a storm formed on May 6. This season was high in activity. The only notable storms of this season were Hurricane Dennis, Tropical Depression Eight, and Hurricane Katrina. Hurricane Dennis and Tropical Depression Eight caused the most damage. However, Hurricane Katrina was the only storm that killed people in 1981.

paragraphs: No names retired in 1982. As a result, all names would be repeated in 1987.


title: Willem Wissing

paragraphs: Willem Wissing, also known as William Wissing (1656, Amsterdam or The Hague - 10 Sep 1687 Burghley House), was a Dutch portrait artist. He painted many famous people of the day, including William III of England,Mary II of England,Anne of Great Britain.


title: Teosinte

paragraphs: The teosintes are a group of large grasses of the genus Zea found in Mexico, Guatemala and Nicaragua.

paragraphs: There are five recognized species of teosinte: "Zea diploperennis", "Zea perennis", "Zea luxurians", "Zea nicaraguensis" and "Zea mays".


title: Burj al-Arab

paragraphs: The Burj Al Arab is a hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is the fourth largest hotel in the world, after Rose Tower, which is also in Dubai. It is very expensive to stay at the Burj Al Arab. It is known as the world's only 7 star hotel. On the top of the Burj Al-Arab there is helipad which is sometimes used as a tennis court for high paying guests.The hotel was built by South African construction contractor Murray & Roberts. The hotel cost $650 million to build. -Caleb


title: El Toralín

paragraphs: The Bercian Association in Defense of the Leonese Language "El Toralín" ("Asociación Berciana en defensa de la Llingua Llïonesa El Toralín", in Leonese language) was a Leonese association from El Bierzo that promoted Leonese language in that shire, born in 2006.

paragraphs: This association developed two Leonese language courses in Ponferrada (Province of Llión), and some campaigns for promoting the knwoledge of Leonese language in the shire. They also participated in other activities as Leonese Language Day, Mother Language Day, and collaborated in publcations like "Cuentos del Sil", where writers from the shire wrote a collective book with simple stories in Leonese language.


title: Cuentos del Sil

paragraphs: Cuentos del Sil (Tales of the Sil) is a Leonese language book written by nine leonese language writers. It was sponsored by the Provincial Government of León, and Leonese language associations "El Fueyu" and "El Toralín". The authors com from the Sil Valley, specially from El Bierzu and it is the collective book in the Leonese language where there are more authors.

paragraphs: The writers are from teenagers to those who are in their eighties:


title: Stockman

paragraphs: In Australia, a stockman is the name given to a person who looks after the livestock on large farms known as a station. Stations are owned by a or a grazing company. A stockman can also be the persons employed at abattoirs, feedlots, on live export ships or with stock and station agencies.

paragraphs: People who work on station, including stockmen, are also known as “station hands”. Men learning how to become station managers are known as "jackaroos", while women are known as "jillaroos". Girls are often stockmen on farms. Some stations are now making it easier for women to work on stations by building female living quarters and putting in machinery to do some of the heavy work.

paragraphs: A related job is that of the drover, who, like the shearer may be an temporary seasonal worker. Drovers are employed in looking after the livestock while they are travelling on a stock route.

paragraphs: The word "stockman" was used in the United States and Canada as meaning a person who raised livestock, mainly cattle. The word "stockgrower" is used now. This meaning is very different from the Australian use of the word "stockman".


title: Riemann zeta function

paragraphs: In mathematics, the Riemann zeta function is an important function in number theory. It is related to the distribution of prime numbers. It also has uses in other areas such as physics, probability theory, and applied statistics. It is named after the German mathematician Bernhard Riemann, who wrote about it in the memoir "", published in 1859.

paragraphs: The Riemann hypothesis is a conjecture about the distribution of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. Many mathematicians consider the Riemann hypothesis to be the most important unsolved problem in pure mathematics.

paragraphs: When using mathematical symbols to describe the Riemann zeta function, it is represented as an infinite series:

paragraphs: where formula_2 is the real part of the complex number formula_3. For example, if formula_4, then formula_5 (where formula_6).

paragraphs: This makes a sequence. The first few terms of this sequence would be,

paragraphs: However, this doesn't apply for numbers where formula_8, since if we interpret this function as an infinite sum, the sum does not converge. Instead, it diverges. This means that instead of nearing a specific value, it will get infinitely large. Riemann used analytic continuation, so that he could give a value to all numbers except 1. formula_9 represents the harmonic series, which diverges, meaning that the sum does not near any specific number.

paragraphs: Leonhard Euler discovered the first results about the series that this function represents in the eighteenth century. He proved that the Zeta function can be written as an infinite product of prime numbers. In mathematical notation:

paragraphs: This is an infinite product. formula_11 means that only prime numbers are included in the product. The first few terms of the product would look like:

paragraphs: Mathematicians are interested in those values of formula_3 for which the function is equal to zero. The Riemann hypothesis conjectures that all the "non-trivial zeros" lie on the critical line formula_14, meaning they are guessed to be of the form formula_15 for some real value "t". It is already known that all of the non-trivial zeroes must lie in a region called the "critical strip" for which formula_16. So far, all of the computed nontrivial zeros are on the critical line.

paragraphs: Proving or disproving the hypothesis has been very difficult, and is still troubling mathematicians to this day.


title: Eva González (Leonese language writer)

paragraphs: Eva González was a Spanish writer. She was born in Palacios del Sil (province of Llión, Spain) in 1918. She died in León in 2007. She has a dedicated street in León city for her contribution to the literature in Leonese language.


title: Barbadian British

paragraphs: Barbadian British people are people in the United Kingdom who were either born in Barbados or have ancestors who were born there. In 2001 over 20,000 British people were born in Barbados, and as stated above there were also many British born people of Barbadian descent. They are a subgroup of the larger Black British community. There are many famous Barbadian British people including footballer Ashley Cole.


title: Star Trek: The Motion Picture

paragraphs: Star Trek: The Motion Picture was the first movie set in the "Star Trek" universe. It was made in 1979 by Paramount Pictures. A strange and dangerous alien cloud called V'ger is coming straight at Earth, destroying everything in its path. Admiral James T. Kirk becomes captain of his old ship — the USS Enterprise - to save the Earth.


title: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock

paragraphs: Star Trek III: The Search for Spock was the third movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1984 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of the last movie, "". The crew of the USS Enterprise go home to Earth after losing their friend Spock. Admiral James T. Kirk finds out that Spock's essence (his soul) is inside Leonard McCoy. They return to Genesis, where Spock died, to find his remains and take them to Vulcan.


title: Star Trek V: The Final Frontier

paragraphs: Star Trek V: The Final Frontier was the fifth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1989 by Paramount Pictures. It happens after the events of "". Spock's half-brother Sybok goes on a spiritual journey to find "God" and takes the Enterprise to the centre of the galaxy.


title: Dracaena sanderiana

paragraphs: Dracaena sanderiana, also called Ribbon Dracaena, Lucky Bamboo, Belgian Evergreen or sometimes Ribbon Plant, is a kind of "Dracaena". It comes from . It is one of a group of small, shrubby plants with slender stems and flexible strap-shaped leaves. They grow in rainforests as an upright shrub that can be up to 1.5 m tall. Its leaves are 15-25 cm long and 1.5-4 cm broad at the base. It is sold in the developed world as "Lucky Bamboo" often cited as being good for feng shui. This name is a misnomer however, as the plant is not related to bamboo. New plants come from short cuttings which are often kept in water.

paragraphs: "Dracaena sanderiana" and related plants are popular houseplants. There are many cultivars. The plant can survive in many indoor conditions, but indirect lighting is best. Direct sunlight can cause the leaves to turn yellow and burn.

paragraphs: Although it grows better in soil, it often is sold with the roots in water. The water should be completely changed every two weeks. The water should be bottled water, soft tap water with very little fluoride, or even water from a filtered, established aquarium. It does best in bright, indirect lighting and temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C.

paragraphs: Pet stores often sell this plant in black plastic pots with slots in them. They say that it can live under the water. "Dracaena sanderiana" will only live for a few months under the water. It will start to rot unless the leaves are allowed to grow above the water's surface.

paragraphs: Yellow or brown leaf edges may be caused by too much direct light, crowded roots, or fluoridated or chlorinated water. Salty or softened water can also cause brown leaf edges.

paragraphs: Twisted shapes are made by rotating the plant so that it bends towards the light. This is hard to do for many people, but patient people can make the plant take on new shapes.


title: 1974 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1974 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, 1974 and ended on November 30, 1974. This season was about average in activity 11 storms, 7 of which got named. This season was one of the deadliest on record, most deaths were caused by Hurricane Fifi. This season also had the most Subtropical storms (4).

paragraphs: In 1975 the names Carmen and Fifi were retired.


title: 1972 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1972 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, 1972 and ended on November 30, 1972. 1972 had a very inactive hurricane season with only 7 storms all were named this was one of the seasons that subtropical storms had a separate naming list. One of the only notable storms this season Hurricane Agnes which at that time it was the costliest hurricane in US history.

paragraphs: This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season. Name that were not used are marked in


title: Dracaena (plant)

paragraphs: Dracaena is a genus of about 40 trees and succulent shrubs. The name comes from Ancient Greek "drakaina", meaning female dragon. Most of them are native to tropical Africa, some occur in Southeast Asia, and tropical South America. They are usually classified into "Dragon trees" and "shrubby dracenas" according to how they grow; the latter are also often grown as house plants.


title: Probable prime

paragraphs: In mathematics, particularly number theory, a probable prime is a whole number that is likely to be prime by having passed a probabilistic test such as Fermat's primality test. Probable primes may be composite, but the tests are designed so they are really unlikely to be composite. These probabilistic tests are easier to do than tests that actually guarantee primality, and the composite probable primes are useful too in encryption that uses prime numbers.


title: 1960 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1960 Atlantic hurricane season began June 1, 1960 and ended November 30, 1960. This season had low activity, with only 7 storms. This season featured the powerful, Hurricane Donna and also Hurricane Ethel.


title: Bolingbroke Castle

paragraphs: Bolingbroke Castle is at Bolingbroke (or Old Bolingbroke) in Lincolnshire. Henry IV of England was born here. This is why he is sometimes called Henry Bolingbroke.


title: 10370 Hylonome

paragraphs: 10370 Hylonome is an asteroid orbiting in the farther part of the solar system. It belongs to the group of icy minor planets called "centaurs", with an orbit that crosses the orbits of Neptune and Uranus. It was found on February 27, 1995.

paragraphs: Sightings with the Spitzer Space Telescope show that it's diameter is about 70 km (43 miles) plus or minus 20 km (50 to 90 km in diameter), or a 35 km radius.


title: Orbitron

paragraphs: The Orbitron is a custom car built by Ed Roth. It was lost for many years until it was found again in Mexico in 2007.

paragraphs: Built in 1964, the car ran with a 1955 or 1956 Chevrolet V8 and a Powerglide automatic transmission. The body was made by hand out of fiberglass. The driver sat in a cockpit set all the way to the back of the car. This was where racing drivers sat when they drove a drag racing car. It was lined with a funny-looking material called "fake fur" and it even had an 11" General Electric portable television in the console. On top of the cockpit was a top made of heavy, clear plastic. A top like this is called a "bubble top" since it looks like half of a soap bubble sitting on top of the driver. It raised up by itself with the push of a doorbell button on top of the hood. The hood raised by itself as well when a different button was pushed.

paragraphs: Roth built the frame himself out of box-shaped steel tubing. The engine came from one of his 1955 Chevrolets. He removed it so that he could put in a newer, larger V8 engine given to him by General Motors. The Orbitron was one of the very few cars which MRoth thought was a "mistake" after he built it. He was very proud of the shiny chrome work he did to the engines and frames of his cars; the Orbitron's engine and frame were covered by the body. The Orbitron was one of his few custom cars to even have a hood. It was said that the automatic hood did not fit well.

paragraphs: The Orbitron's most fun feature was its front end. It had three red, green and blue tinted headlamps. It was thought that combining the lights would make a white light; the idea came from color television.

paragraphs: Another car builder, Darryl Starbird, bought the Orbitron from Mr. Roth in 1967 for US$750.00. Mr. Starbird traded it to a man in Texas, but Mr. Starbird does not remember the man's name. From Texas the Orbitron was traded to a carnival owner in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico in 1991. By that time the special nose had been cut off and thrown away, possibly to help keep the engine cool as it was driven around the carnivals.

paragraphs: Michael Lightbourn, a man who restores old cars, heard that the Orbitron was in Ciudad Juárez. He discovered it parked in front of an adult bookstore where it was in very poor shape and was being used as a trash can.

paragraphs: The car, which used to be painted blue, had been spray painted in black and was almost complete except for the hood, the television, the fur lining, the cut-off nose and the bubble top. The top had to be destroyed in the early 1970s when it became stuck and trapped someone inside.

paragraphs: The family who owned the bookstore had also owned the carnival in which the car was used. After Mr. Lightbourn made a deal with the family, he was able to bring the Orbitron to the United States. It was then sold to Beau Boeckmann, the host of the TV show "Pimp My Ride." He fully restored the Orbitron in 100 days. He made it exactly like it was when it was new. All the original parts which could not be used and which Mr. Boeckmann removed from the car, including the frame which was too rusted to reuse, were stored away. Mr. Roth died in 2001, but Mr. Boeckmann was able to get help from men who helped design and build the car in 1964, including designer Ed "Newt" Newton and painter Larry Watson. The inside was redone by Joe Perez who did the original job.

paragraphs: The restoration even includes the same type of television. A small tape recorder and tape were found hidden in the cockpit. This was played when the car was new. It told people who were looking at the car what made it special and it still works today. Planet Plastics of Chino, California, the original company which made the bubble top, was asked to create a replacement. Little bits of the car's original "candy blue" color (similar to a very fancy color called "candy apple red") were found inside the car. They were used to match the color of the new paint. The original Chevrolet engine with its very special carburetors and Chevrolet Corvette aluminum valve covers has been rebuilt and put back in the Orbitron.

paragraphs: It is on the cover of the March 2009 edition of "Hot Rod Deluxe", a "retro" version of "Hot Rod Magazine".


title: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent

paragraphs: Edmund of Woodstock, 1st Earl of Kent (5 August, 1301 – 19 March, 1330) was a member of the English Royal Family.The youngest surviving son of Edward I of England.


title: Tarragon

paragraphs: Tarragon or dragon's-wort ("Artemisia dracunculus" L.) is a perennial herb in the family Asteraceae. It is native to a wide area of the Northern Hemisphere from the easternmost parts of Europe to across central and eastern Asia and India, western North America, and south to northern Mexico. Tarragon grows to 120–150 cm tall, with slender branched stems.


title: Couderay, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Couderay is a village in Sawyer County in Wisconsin in the United States. It is on the Couderay River. In the census of 2010, there were 88 people, 35 households, and 20 families living in the village.


title: Couderay River

paragraphs: The Couderay River is a tributary of the Chippewa River in the northwestern part of Wisconsin. That means it flows into the Chippewa River.


title: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country

paragraphs: Star Trek VI: The Undiscovered Country was the sixth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was the last movie to be about the crew from "". It was made in 1991 by Paramount Pictures. The Klingons turn to the United Federation of Planets for help when their world is in danger. The crew of the USS Enterprise must help keep the peace.


title: Star Trek: Generations

paragraphs: Star Trek: Generation is the seventh movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1994 by Paramount Pictures. It is the first movie to have the crew from the television series "". Captain Kirk and Picard meet in a place called the Nexus where time is meaningless.


title: Star Trek: First Contact

paragraphs: Star Trek: First Contact is the eighth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1996 by Paramount Pictures. The Borg travel back in time to destroy "Phoenix", the Earth's first warp ship. Captain Picard and his crew must follow them to save the Earth.


title: Star Trek: Insurrection

paragraphs: Star Trek: Insurrection is the ninth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 1998 by Paramount Pictures. Captain Picard fights a Starfleet admiral who wants to move a race from their planet to use its natural resources.


title: Star Trek: Nemesis

paragraphs: Star Trek: Nemesis is the tenth movie set in the Star Trek universe. It was made in 2002 by Paramount Pictures. The Romulans create a clone of Captain Picard, and the clone tries to destroy the Federation.


title: FC Motocross

paragraphs: FC Motocross is a football club which played in the town of Macau. They played in 3 division of Macau.