title: Longvillers

paragraphs: Longvillers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Loucelles

paragraphs: Loucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Louvagny

paragraphs: Louvagny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Louvigny, Calvados

paragraphs: Louvigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Louvières, Calvados

paragraphs: Louvières, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.


title: Luc-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Luc-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Léaupartie

paragraphs: Léaupartie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lécaude

paragraphs: Lécaude is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Lénault

paragraphs: Lénault is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: Magny-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Magny-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Magny-la-Campagne

paragraphs: Magny-la-Campagne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Magny-le-Freule

paragraphs: Magny-le-Freule is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Maisoncelles-Pelvey

paragraphs: Maisoncelles-Pelvey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan

paragraphs: Maisoncelles-la-Jourdan is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon

paragraphs: Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Maisons, Calvados

paragraphs: Maisons, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Maizet

paragraphs: Maizet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Maizières, Calvados

paragraphs: Maizières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Malloué

paragraphs: Malloué is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Maltot

paragraphs: Maltot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mandeville-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Mandeville-en-Bessin is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Manerbe

paragraphs: Manerbe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Manneville-la-Pipard

paragraphs: Manneville-la-Pipard is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Manvieux

paragraphs: Manvieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Marolles, Calvados

paragraphs: Marolles, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Martainville, Calvados

paragraphs: Martainville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Martigny-sur-l'Ante

paragraphs: Martigny-sur-l'Ante is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Martragny

paragraphs: Martragny is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moulins en Bessin.


title: Mathieu

paragraphs: Mathieu, Calvados is a commune in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: May-sur-Orne

paragraphs: May-sur-Orne is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Merville-Franceville-Plage

paragraphs: Merville-Franceville-Plage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Meslay, Calvados

paragraphs: Meslay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie, in the Calvados department, in the northwest of France.


title: Mesnil-Clinchamps

paragraphs: Mesnil-Clinchamps is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Meulles

paragraphs: Meulles is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Meuvaines

paragraphs: Meuvaines is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Missy, Calvados

paragraphs: Missy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Noyers-Missy, which became part of the new commune Val d'Arry on 1 January 2017.


title: Mittois

paragraphs: Mittois is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Monceaux-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Monceaux-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mondeville, Calvados

paragraphs: Mondeville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mondrainville

paragraphs: Mondrainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Monfréville

paragraphs: Monfréville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mont-Bertrand

paragraphs: Mont-Bertrand is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Montamy

paragraphs: Montamy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Montchamp, Calvados

paragraphs: Montchamp, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Montchauvet, Calvados

paragraphs: Montchauvet is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Monteille

paragraphs: Monteille is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Montfiquet

paragraphs: Montfiquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Montigny, Calvados

paragraphs: Montigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Montreuil-en-Auge

paragraphs: Montreuil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Monts-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Monts-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Montviette

paragraphs: Montviette is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Morteaux-Coulibœuf

paragraphs: Morteaux-Coulibœuf is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mosles

paragraphs: Mosles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mouen

paragraphs: Mouen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Moulines, Calvados

paragraphs: Moulines is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Moult, Calvados

paragraphs: Moult is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moult-Chicheboville.


title: Moyaux

paragraphs: Moyaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Mutrécy

paragraphs: Mutrécy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Méry-Corbon

paragraphs: Méry-Corbon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.


title: Mézidon-Canon

paragraphs: Mézidon-Canon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: On 9 September 1972, Mézidon merged with Canon to create Mézidon-Canon. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Neuilly-la-Forêt

paragraphs: Neuilly-la-Forêt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.


title: Nonant

paragraphs: Nonant is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Norolles

paragraphs: Norolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Noron-l'Abbaye

paragraphs: Noron-l'Abbaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Noron-la-Poterie

paragraphs: Noron-la-Poterie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Norrey-en-Auge

paragraphs: Norrey-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Notre-Dame-d'Estrées

paragraphs: Notre-Dame-d'Estrées is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2015, it was merged with the commune of Corbon to the new commune Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon.


title: Notre-Dame-de-Courson

paragraphs: Notre-Dame-de-Courson is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Notre-Dame-de-Livaye

paragraphs: Notre-Dame-de-Livaye is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Noyers-Bocage

paragraphs: Noyers-Bocage is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Noyers-Missy, which became part of the new commune Val d'Arry on 1 January 2017.


title: Olendon

paragraphs: Olendon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ondefontaine

paragraphs: Ondefontaine is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Orbec

paragraphs: Orbec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Osmanville

paragraphs: Osmanville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ouffières

paragraphs: Ouffières is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. In 2017, 189 people lived there.


title: Ouilly-du-Houley

paragraphs: Ouilly-du-Houley is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ouilly-le-Tesson

paragraphs: Ouilly-le-Tesson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ouilly-le-Vicomte

paragraphs: Ouilly-le-Vicomte is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ouistreham

paragraphs: Ouistreham is a commune in Lower Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France.

paragraphs: It is a small port with fishing boats, leisure craft and a ferry-harbour. It serves as the port of the city of Caen.


title: Ouville-la-Bien-Tournée

paragraphs: Ouville-la-Bien-Tournée is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Ouézy

paragraphs: Ouézy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Parfouru-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Parfouru-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pennedepie

paragraphs: Pennedepie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Percy-en-Auge

paragraphs: Percy-en-Auge is a former commune that is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Perrières

paragraphs: Perrières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pertheville-Ners

paragraphs: Pertheville-Ners is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Petiville, Calvados

paragraphs: Petiville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pierrefitte-en-Auge

paragraphs: Pierrefitte-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais

paragraphs: Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pierrepont, Calvados

paragraphs: Pierrepont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pierres, Calvados

paragraphs: Pierres is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Placy

paragraphs: Placy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.


title: Planquery

paragraphs: Planquery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Plumetot

paragraphs: Plumetot is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pont-Bellanger

paragraphs: Pont-Bellanger is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pont-Farcy

paragraphs: Pont-Farcy is a former commune. It is found in the region Normandy in the Manche department in the northwest of France. Before 1 January 2018, it was part of the Calvados department. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune of Tessy-Bocage.


title: Pont-d'Ouilly

paragraphs: Pont-d'Ouilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados

paragraphs: Pont-l'Évêque, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. It is known for Pont-l'évêque cheese, a type of soft cheese, the oldest Normandy cheese in production.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2019, the former commune of Coudray-Rabut was merged into Pont-l'Évêque.


title: Pontécoulant

paragraphs: Pontécoulant is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Port-en-Bessin-Huppain

paragraphs: Port-en-Bessin-Huppain is a French commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Potigny

paragraphs: Potigny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Poussy-la-Campagne

paragraphs: Poussy-la-Campagne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.


title: Presles, Calvados

paragraphs: Presles is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Proussy

paragraphs: Proussy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. Proussy had about 400 inhabitants in 2006. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: Préaux-Bocage

paragraphs: Préaux-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Préaux-Saint-Sébastien

paragraphs: Préaux-Saint-Sébastien is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Prêtreville

paragraphs: Prêtreville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Putot-en-Auge

paragraphs: Putot-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Putot-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Putot-en-Bessin is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.


title: Périers-en-Auge

paragraphs: Périers-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Périers-sur-le-Dan

paragraphs: Périers-sur-le-Dan is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Périgny, Calvados

paragraphs: Périgny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Quetteville

paragraphs: Quetteville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ranchy

paragraphs: Ranchy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ranville

paragraphs: Ranville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rapilly

paragraphs: Rapilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Repentigny, Calvados

paragraphs: Repentigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Reux

paragraphs: Reux is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Reviers

paragraphs: Reviers is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rocquancourt

paragraphs: Rocquancourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Castine-en-Plaine.


title: Rocques

paragraphs: Rocques is a commune that is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rosel

paragraphs: Rosel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rots

paragraphs: Rots is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, the former communes of Lasson and Secqueville-en-Bessin were merged into Rots.


title: Roucamps

paragraphs: Roucamps is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Roullours

paragraphs: Roullours is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Rouvres, Calvados

paragraphs: Rouvres, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rubercy

paragraphs: Rubercy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Rucqueville

paragraphs: Rucqueville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moulins en Bessin.


title: Rully, Calvados

paragraphs: Rully, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into (it became part of) the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Rumesnil

paragraphs: Rumesnil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Russy, Calvados

paragraphs: Russy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aure sur Mer.


title: Ryes

paragraphs: Ryes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Agnan-le-Malherbe

paragraphs: Saint-Agnan-le-Malherbe is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.


title: Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil

paragraphs: Saint-Aignan-de-Cramesnil is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Le Castelet.


title: Saint-André-d'Hébertot

paragraphs: Saint-André-d'Hébertot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-André-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Saint-André-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Arnoult, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Arnoult, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay

paragraphs: Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Aubin-des-Bois, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Aubin-des-Bois, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot

paragraphs: Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Saint-Charles-de-Percy

paragraphs: Saint-Charles-de-Percy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Saint-Contest

paragraphs: Saint-Contest is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray

paragraphs: Saint-Cyr-du-Ronceray is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.


title: Saint-Côme-de-Fresné

paragraphs: Saint-Côme-de-Fresné is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Denis-Maisoncelles

paragraphs: Saint-Denis-Maisoncelles is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc

paragraphs: Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Denis-de-Méré

paragraphs: Saint-Denis-de-Méré is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Désir

paragraphs: Saint-Désir is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Gabriel-Brécy

paragraphs: Saint-Gabriel-Brécy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Creully sur Seulles.


title: Saint-Gatien-des-Bois

paragraphs: Saint-Gatien-des-Bois is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Georges-d'Aunay

paragraphs: Saint-Georges-d'Aunay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Seulline.


title: Saint-Georges-en-Auge

paragraphs: Saint-Georges-en-Auge is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Saint-Germain-Langot

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-Langot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Germain-d'Ectot

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-d'Ectot is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aurseulles.


title: Saint-Germain-de-Livet

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-de-Livet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-de-Montgommery is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.


paragraphs: Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont was a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Saint-Germain-du-Crioult

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-du-Crioult is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: Saint-Germain-du-Pert

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-du-Pert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Germain-le-Vasson

paragraphs: Saint-Germain-le-Vasson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Hymer

paragraphs: Saint-Hymer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Jean-de-Livet

paragraphs: Saint-Jean-de-Livet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Jean-des-Essartiers

paragraphs: Saint-Jean-des-Essartiers is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val de Drôme.


title: Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Jean-le-Blanc, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Terres de Druance.


title: Saint-Jouin

paragraphs: Saint-Jouin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc

paragraphs: Saint-Julien-de-Mailloc is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.


title: Saint-Julien-le-Faucon

paragraphs: Saint-Julien-le-Faucon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne

paragraphs: Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Lambert, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Lambert, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Laurent-de-Condel

paragraphs: Saint-Laurent-de-Condel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Laurent-du-Mont

paragraphs: Saint-Laurent-du-Mont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. In 2016, 189 people lived there. On 1 January 2019, it became a part of the commune Cambremer.


title: Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Saint-Loup-Hors

paragraphs: Saint-Loup-Hors is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Loup-de-Fribois

paragraphs: Saint-Loup-de-Fribois is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Belle Vie en Auge.


title: Saint-Léger-Dubosq

paragraphs: Saint-Léger-Dubosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Manvieu-Bocage

paragraphs: Saint-Manvieu-Bocage is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Saint-Manvieu-Norrey

paragraphs: Saint-Manvieu-Norrey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Marcouf, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Marcouf, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-Don

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-Don is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cuckoo

paragraphs: The cuckoos are a family of near-passerine birds. They are the main part of the order called Cuculiformes. The family is famous for its "nest-parasite" members, but has a range of other types of bird. The cuckoo family, in addition to those species named as such, also includes the roadrunners, koels, malkohas, couas, coucals and anis.

paragraphs: The family is notable for its subfamily, the Cuculinae. Many of them have a unique kind of parasitism called brood parasitism. This means it lays its eggs in the nests of other kinds of birds, who then rear the baby cuckoo instead of their own.

paragraphs: The common cuckoo, "Cuculus canorus", (usually just called “cuckoo” in countries where it lives) is a spring migrant to Europe and northern Asia. It winters in Africa and southern Asia. It is a greyish bird with a slender body, long tail and strong legs. It looks a little bit like a small bird of prey when it flies. The male is dark grey above with a blackish brown tail, spotted and tipped with white and unevenly barred in black. The female is similar but a bit more reddish on the upper breast. It likes to eat hairy caterpillars. It is often found where woods border on to open land.

paragraphs: The cuckoo gets its names because the male Common Cuckoo sings two notes which sound like the word “cu – ckoo”. The female does not make this sound. She has a loud bubbling call.

paragraphs: The common cuckoo does not make a nest of its own, and they do not bring up their own young. Instead, the female lays her eggs in the nests of other birds. Each female cuckoo specialises in just one host species, and lays camouflaged eggs in that bird's nest. For example, a cuckoo which lays its eggs in reed warbler nests will lay eggs that look like those of a reed warbler.

paragraphs: The female cuckoo spends a lot of time watching the birds at the nest where she wants to lay an egg. She has to work out the exact time to go and lay her egg while the 'host' parents are not looking. If the cuckoo lays her egg in the nest before the other bird lays, the reed warbler will notice and knows it is not her egg, and so she will get rid of it. If the cuckoo lays her egg too late, when the reed warbler has finished laying, this will be noticed, too.

paragraphs: When the female cuckoo thinks it is the right moment she will fly down to the reed warblers' nest, pushes one reed warbler egg out of the nest, lays her egg and flies off. This only takes about 10 seconds. The reed warbler does not notice, and carries on looking after the eggs. When the cuckoo chick hatches it soon grows very fast. It pushes the other eggs or reed warbler chicks out of the nest. At 14 days old, it is about 3 times the size of the adult reed warblers. The chick has a huge mouth which it opens very wide. It also makes a very fast “cheeping” sound which sounds like a nest full of reed warbler chicks. This makes the parents behave as if they had a nest full of their own chicks.

paragraphs: About 56 of the Old World and 3 of the New World cuckoo species are brood parasites, laying their eggs in the nests of other birds. These species are obligate brood parasites, meaning that "they only reproduce in this fashion". The shells of the eggs of brood-parasites is thick. They have two distinct layers with an outer chalky layer that is believed to provide resistance to cracking when the eggs are dropped in the host nest.

paragraphs: Female parasitic cuckoos specialize and lay eggs which look like the eggs of their chosen host. This has been produced by natural selection, as some birds are able to distinguish cuckoo eggs from their own, leading to those eggs least like the host's being thrown out of the nest.

paragraphs: Host species may take direct action to stop cuckoos laying eggs in their nest. Birds whose nests are at high risk of cuckoo-eggs often mob cuckoos and drive them out of the area.

paragraphs: Parasitic cuckoos are grouped into gentes: each gens specializes in a particular host species. This permits each gens to evolve a particular egg colouring. Thus, the species as a whole parasitizes a wide variety of hosts, but "each line of females specializes in a single host species".

paragraphs: Genes regulating egg colour are passed down only along the maternal line, no doubt on the sex chromosome. This allows females to lay mimetic eggs in the nest of their host species.

paragraphs: Females are thought to imprint on the host species which raised them; later they only parasitize nests of that species. Male cuckoos fertilize females of all lines, so gene flow takes place between the different maternal lines.

paragraphs: The detail and near-perfection of the cuckoo nest parasitism, and the defences of the host birds, are extraordinary. Many of the host species can spot and throw out almost perfect cuckoo eggs. This system is a fine example of an evolutionary arms race, a type of co-evolution. There are other birds which practise nest parasitism (such as the cowbirds) but these other systems are much less specialized.

paragraphs: The males and grey females in flight look a bit like a sparrowhawk. That may protect them from other birds' mobbing (Batesian mimicry). The advantage of the rufous-coloured females is not known. It may be that, being less common, they are less recognised by other bird species.

paragraphs: The cuckoo only stays in its summer location for about 10 weeks. In Britain, for example, it arrives in April and the adults start for Africa by the end of June or early July. They arrive in Africa (or Asia) in August.

paragraphs: They moult twice a year, changing feathers partially in summer, and completely in winter.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Blagny

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Blagny is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Mieux

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Mieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-de-Sallen

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-Sallen is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.


title: Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-des-Besaces

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-des-Besaces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Saint-Martin-des-Entrées

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-des-Entrées is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury

paragraphs: Saint-Martin-du-Mesnil-Oury is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Saint-Michel-de-Livet

paragraphs: Saint-Michel-de-Livet is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Saint-Omer, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Omer, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces

paragraphs: Saint-Ouen-des-Besaces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger

paragraphs: Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Ouen-le-Houx

paragraphs: Saint-Ouen-le-Houx is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Saint-Ouen-le-Pin

paragraphs: Saint-Ouen-le-Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pair

paragraphs: Saint-Pair is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Paul-du-Vernay

paragraphs: Saint-Paul-du-Vernay is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Philbert-des-Champs

paragraphs: Saint-Philbert-des-Champs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-Azif

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-Azif is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Saint-Pierre-Canivet

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-Tarentaine is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-de-Mailloc is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.


title: Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-du-Bû

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-du-Bû is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-du-Mont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Pierre-la-Vieille

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-la-Vieille is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives

paragraphs: Saint-Pierre-sur-Dives is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Saint-Rémy, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Rémy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Samson, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Samson, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Sever-Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Sever-Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Saint-Sylvain, Calvados

paragraphs: Saint-Sylvain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Vaast-en-Auge

paragraphs: Saint-Vaast-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Vigor-des-Mézerets

paragraphs: Saint-Vigor-des-Mézerets is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Terres de Druance.


title: Saint-Vigor-le-Grand

paragraphs: Saint-Vigor-le-Grand is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye

paragraphs: Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sainte-Croix-Grand-Tonne

paragraphs: Sainte-Croix-Grand-Tonne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.


title: Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery

paragraphs: Sainte-Foy-de-Montgommery is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.


title: Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy

paragraphs: Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes

paragraphs: Sainte-Honorine-des-Pertes is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aure sur Mer.


title: Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay

paragraphs: Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle

paragraphs: Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sainte-Marguerite-de-Viette

paragraphs: Sainte-Marguerite-de-Viette is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Sainte-Marguerite-des-Loges

paragraphs: Sainte-Marguerite-des-Loges is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Sainte-Marie-Laumont

paragraphs: Sainte-Marie-Laumont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau

paragraphs: Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.

paragraphs: The name translates to "Saint Mary beyond the Water".

paragraphs: The village is small today. Up to the early 20th century it was a group of farms. Until a few years ago, there was no road connecting the village to Pont-Farcy. So, it was very isolated.

paragraphs: The village is 1 kilometer from Pont-Farcy. It is along the D307 Road. The village is a collection of farm houses. It also has a church. The total population is just 81. However this probably includes the neighbouring farms as well. Other nearby settlements are Pont-Bellanger and Beaumesnil. The nearest large towns are Villedieu-les-Poeles and Vire.

paragraphs: The village is close to the Calvados tourist spot "Grotte de Bion".


title: Sallen

paragraphs: Sallen is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sallenelles

paragraphs: Sallenelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sannerville

paragraphs: Sannerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saline, but this merger was undone on 31 December 2019.


title: Saon

paragraphs: Saon is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Saonnet

paragraphs: Saonnet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sassy, Calvados

paragraphs: Sassy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Secqueville-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Secqueville-en-Bessin is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Rots.


title: Sept-Frères

paragraphs: Sept-Frères is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Sept-Vents

paragraphs: Sept-Vents is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val de Drôme.


title: Soignolles

paragraphs: Soignolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Soliers

paragraphs: Soliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sommervieu

paragraphs: Sommervieu is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Soulangy

paragraphs: Soulangy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Soumont-Saint-Quentin

paragraphs: Soumont-Saint-Quentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Subles

paragraphs: Subles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Sully, Calvados

paragraphs: Sully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Surrain

paragraphs: Surrain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Surville, Calvados

paragraphs: Surville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tessel

paragraphs: Tessel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Thaon

paragraphs: Thaon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Thiéville

paragraphs: Thiéville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.

paragraphs: The growth of the population of this commune is shown here:


title: Thury-Harcourt

paragraphs: Thury-Harcourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.


title: Tierceville

paragraphs: Tierceville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.


title: Tilly-la-Campagne

paragraphs: Tilly-la-Campagne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Castine-en-Plaine.


title: Tilly-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Tilly-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tordouet

paragraphs: Tordouet is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.


title: Torteval-Quesnay

paragraphs: Torteval-Quesnay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aurseulles.


title: Tortisambert

paragraphs: Tortisambert is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Touffréville

paragraphs: Touffréville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Touques, Calvados

paragraphs: Touques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tour-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Tour-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tourgéville

paragraphs: Tourgéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tournay-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Tournay-sur-Odon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val d'Arry.


title: Tournebu

paragraphs: Tournebu is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.


title: Tournières

paragraphs: Tournières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tourville-en-Auge

paragraphs: Tourville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tourville-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Tourville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tracy-Bocage

paragraphs: Tracy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Tracy-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Tracy-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Troarn

paragraphs: Troarn is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saline, but this merger was undone on 31 December 2019.


title: Trois-Monts

paragraphs: Trois-Monts is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Montillières-sur-Orne.


title: Trouville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Trouville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Trungy

paragraphs: Trungy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Truttemer-le-Grand

paragraphs: Truttemer-le-Grand is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Truttemer-le-Petit

paragraphs: Truttemer-le-Petit is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Tréprel

paragraphs: Tréprel is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Trévières

paragraphs: Trévières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Urville, Calvados

paragraphs: Urville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ussy

paragraphs: Ussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vacognes-Neuilly

paragraphs: Vacognes-Neuilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Valsemé

paragraphs: Valsemé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Varaville

paragraphs: Varaville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vassy, Calvados

paragraphs: Vassy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Vaubadon

paragraphs: Vaubadon is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.


title: Vaucelles

paragraphs: Vaucelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vaudeloges

paragraphs: Vaudeloges is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Vaudry

paragraphs: Vaudry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Vauville, Calvados

paragraphs: Vauville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vaux-sur-Aure

paragraphs: Vaux-sur-Aure is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vaux-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Vaux-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vendes

paragraphs: Vendes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vendeuvre

paragraphs: Vendeuvre is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ver-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Ver-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Versainville

paragraphs: Versainville is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in northwest France.


title: Verson

paragraphs: Verson is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vicques, Calvados

paragraphs: Vicques, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Victot-Pontfol

paragraphs: Victot-Pontfol is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vienne-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Vienne-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vierville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Vierville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Viessoix

paragraphs: Viessoix is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Vieux, Calvados

paragraphs: Vieux, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vieux-Bourg

paragraphs: Vieux-Bourg is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vieux-Fumé

paragraphs: Vieux-Fumé is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Vieux-Pont-en-Auge

paragraphs: Vieux-Pont-en-Auge is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Vignats

paragraphs: Vignats is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villers-Bocage, Calvados

paragraphs: Villers-Bocage, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villers-Canivet

paragraphs: Villers-Canivet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villers-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Villers-sur-Mer is a commune in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Villerville

paragraphs: Villerville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villiers-le-Sec, Calvados

paragraphs: Villiers-le-Sec is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Creully sur Seulles.


title: Villons-les-Buissons

paragraphs: Villons-les-Buissons is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villy-Bocage

paragraphs: Villy-Bocage is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Villy-lez-Falaise

paragraphs: Villy-lez-Falaise is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Vimont, Calvados

paragraphs: Vimont, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Vire

paragraphs: Vire is a former commune in Lower Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Vouilly

paragraphs: Vouilly is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.


title: Écrammeville

paragraphs: Écrammeville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.


title: Émiéville

paragraphs: Émiéville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Épaney

paragraphs: Épaney is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Épinay-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Épinay-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Épron

paragraphs: Épron is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Équemauville

paragraphs: Équemauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Éterville

paragraphs: Éterville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Étouvy

paragraphs: Étouvy is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Étréham

paragraphs: Étréham is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Évrecy

paragraphs: Évrecy is a commune in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Southern Railway (UK)

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR), was one of the Big Four British railway companies from 1923 to 1948. It was established under the Railways Act 1921. The railway was formed by the amalgamation of smaller companies. The largest of these were the London and South Western Railway, the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway, and the South Eastern and Chatham Railway.

paragraphs: The SR contained notable examples of civil engineering, linking London with the Channel ports, South West England and Kent. Construction of what was to become the Southern began in 1838 with the opening of the London and Southampton Railway, which was renamed the London and South Western Railway.


title: Electric multiple unit

paragraphs: An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple unit train consisting of many carriages using electricity as the motive power.


title: British United Traction

paragraphs: British United Traction (BUT) was a joint company owned by the Associated Equipment Company and Leyland Motors which produced railway equipment and trolleybuses.


title: British Rail Derby Lightweight

paragraphs: The British Rail Derby Lightweight diesel multiple units, were the first such trains to be built en-masse for British Railways. The units were built at BR's Derby Works from 1954 to 1955. The units were built in various formations, including two single car units, 12 power-twin 2-car units, 84 power-trailer 2-car units, and four 4-car units. Contemporaneous with these units was the unique Battery Electric Multiple Unit.


title: British Rail Metro-Cammell

paragraphs: In 1955, Metropolitan Cammell produced its first lightweight Diesel multiple units, the prototypes of what were to become British Rail's most successful and longest-lived "First Generation" DMU type, the Class 101.


title: British Rail Railbuses

paragraphs: British Rail produced a variety of Railbuses as a means both of building new rolling stock cheaply, and to provide services on lightly-used lines economically.


title: GWR railcars

paragraphs: In 1933, the Great Western Railway introduced the first of what was to become a very successful series of railcars, which survived in regular use into the 1960s, when they were replaced with the new British Rail "first generation" type diesel multiple units.


title: LMS railcars

paragraphs: The London Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) introduced a number of railcars to service between 1933 and 1939. They were mainly single units but one was a three-car articulated set.


title: Pacer

paragraphs: Pacer is the operational name of the British Rail Class 140, 141, 142, 143 and 144 diesel multiple unit railbuses, built between 1984 and 1987. Many Pacer railbuses are still in use today.


title: Sprinter (train)

paragraphs: The Sprinter is a family of diesel multiple unit trains in use on the UK railway system. They were built in the 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, Metro Cammell and Leyland. All are based around a Cummins engine with Voith hydraulic transmission. Sprinters can be seen operating in almost every part of the UK, from rural branch lines to commuter expresses into major cities.


title: Turbostar

paragraphs: Turbostar is the name given to a series of diesel multiple units (DMU) built by Bombardier Transportation (previously ADtranz) at their Litchurch Lane Works in Derby, England. The Turbostar was the first new train type to be introduced after the privatisation of British Rail, and is the most common type of diesel multiple unit (its electrical variant, the Electrostar, is the most common electric multiple unit). The first units were ordered by Chiltern Railways in 1996 and were designated Class 168 (also known as "Clubman"). Since then the family has grown with the addition of the Class 170, Class 171, and (in development) the Class 172.


title: Coradia (train)

paragraphs: Coradia is the name given to the range of multiple-unit inter-city and regional trains manufactured by Alstom. There are a number of variants of this series, used in several countries.


title: Bombardier Voyager family

paragraphs: The Voyager series is a group of high speed diesel electric multiple unit trains built by Bombardier Transportation in service on the UK railway network. The trains are among the most modern currently in operation, and are in service on many intercity routes around Great Britain. There are currently three types in service with 4 TOCs (First Hull Trains, East Midlands Trains, Virgin Trains and CrossCountry).


title: Diesel multiple unit

paragraphs: A diesel multiple unit or DMU is a multiple unit train consisting of multiple carriages powered by one or more on-board diesel engines. They may also be referred to as a railcar or railmotor, depending on country.

paragraphs: The diesel engine drives the train through a transmission system. The transmission system may be:


title: British Rail Janus

paragraphs: Janus and Taurus were two shunting locomotives by the Yorkshire Engine Company and loaned to British Railways for demonstrations. However, BR did not buy any production versions after testing. At least one other Yorkshire Engine Company locomotive was loaned to British Railways in the 1960s.


title: British Rail HS4000

paragraphs: HS4000, named "Kestrel", was a prototype high-powered mainline diesel locomotive built in 1968 by Brush Traction to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. The name came from Hawker Siddeley (the owner of Brush) 4000 hp (the power rating of its Sulzer engine).


title: British Rail GT3

paragraphs: GT3 was a prototype mainline gas turbine locomotive. It was built in 1961 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. It was designed by Vulcan engineer J. O. P. Hughes and the project was started in the early 1950s. Externally, it resembled a steam tender locomotive. In the case of GT3, the tender carried diesel fuel.


title: British Rail DP2

paragraphs: DP2, meaning Diesel Prototype number 2, was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by English Electric at their Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. As the Deltics were then in production, it was decided to produce the locomotive on the same production line; the bodyshell used for DP2 reputedly being the eighteenth made. While DP2 looked like a Class 55 locomotive in outline, there were many detail differences; particularly the large bodyside radiator vents at one end, and the single roof fan as opposed to the four symmetrically placed fans on the Deltics. These differences were the external effect of DP2 being totally different from the twin-engined Deltics internally, being the forerunner of the Class 50.


title: British Rail DP1

paragraphs: DP1, or Prototype Deltic is a demonstrator locomotive built by English Electric in 1955. This locomotive resulted in 22 similar locomotives being ordered by British Rail, which became their Class 55.


title: British Rail DHP1

paragraphs: DHP1, meaning Diesel Hydraulic Prototype number 1, was a prototype Type 3 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1965 by Clayton to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. It was designed for mixed traffic work, having steam heating facilities for working passenger trains. It was painted red, with the cab area above bonnet-level height painted cream.


title: British Rail D0260

paragraphs: D0260, named "Lion", was a prototype Type 4 mainline diesel locomotive built in 1962 by the Birmingham Railway Carriage and Wagon Company, in association with Sulzer and Associated Electrical Industries, at their Smethwick works in Birmingham to demonstrate their wares to British Railways. The locomotive’s number was derived from its works number, DEL260.


title: British Railways D0226

paragraphs: D0226 and D0227 were two prototype diesel shunting locomotives built in 1956 by English Electric at its Vulcan Foundry in Newton-le-Willows to demonstrate its wares to British Railways. They originally carried numbers D226 and D227, their Vulcan Foundry works numbers, but these were later amended to avoid clashing with the numbers of new Class 40 locomotives.


title: British Rail 18100

paragraphs: British Rail 18100 was a prototype main line gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1951. It was built by Metropolitan Vickers, Manchester. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in the 1940s, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.

paragraphs: It was rebuilt as an electric locomotive in 1958 and became British Rail Class 80. It was scrapped in 1973.


title: British Rail 18000

paragraphs: British Rail 18000 was a prototype mainline gas turbine-electric locomotive built for British Railways in 1949. It was built by Brown, Boveri & Cie. It was ordered by the Great Western Railway in 1940, but construction was delayed by World War II. It spent its working life on the Western Region of British Railways, operating express passenger services from London Paddington station.

paragraphs: The locomotive is preserved at Didcot Railway Centre.


title: LNER Class Y11

paragraphs: LNER Class Y11 was a class of petrol powered 0-4-0 locomotives built by Motor Rail & Tram Car Company Limited under their "Simplex" brand and introduced in the years 1919–1925 for the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER). Their British Railways numbers were 15097–15099.


title: British Rail Class 97

paragraphs: British Rail reserved the TOPS Class 97 designation for departmental locomotives. These were used for special or engineering duties. They were therefore of several different classes, lumped together for numbering purposes. Some locomotives were converted from redundant engines, whilst others were purpose built. In 2008, Network Rail once again used Class 97 for signalling test locomotives (Class 97/3).


title: British Rail Class 97/6

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 97/6 0-6-0 diesel shunting locomotives were purpose-built for departmental duties by Ruston & Hornsby at Lincoln in 1953 (97650) or 1959 (97651-654). There are minor technical differences between 97650 and the 1959 batch.


title: British Rail Eastern Region departmental locomotives

paragraphs: In 1952, the Eastern Region of British Rail introduced its own series for departmental (non-revenue earning) vehicles, including locomotives. Numbers were allocated from 1 to 1000, with blocks of 100 numbers allocated to specific types of vehicle.


title: SR departmental locomotives

paragraphs: The Southern Railway numbered its departmental (non-revenue earning) stock, both locomotives and carriages in a series starting at 1S. The series was retained by the Southern Region of British Rail, but amended so that the numbers carried a 'DS' prefix instead of an 'S' suffix. This page lists the locomotives numbered in this series, including steam, diesel and electric locomotives.


title: British Rail departmental locomotives

paragraphs: Before the introduction of the Total Operations Processing System, Class 97 was issued to self-propelled locomotives in departmental (non-revenue earning) use, British Rail had such locomotives numbered in a variety of series, together with locomotives that were no longer self-propelled. See Also:


title: British Rail Class ES1

paragraphs: British Rail Class ES1 was a class of two electric locomotives commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1902. They were of steeplecab design.


title: British Rail Class EF1

paragraphs: The British Rail Class EF1 ("Electric Freight 1") was a class of electrically powered locomotives used by British Rail in England. They were used during the pre-TOPS period. They were also classified as British Rail Class EB1 for a short period of time, although only a single locomotive was completely modified to "EB1" condition.


title: British Rail Class EE1

paragraphs: British Rail Class EE1 was an electric locomotive commissioned by the North Eastern Railway in 1922. Ownership passed to the London and North Eastern Railway in 1923 and to British Railways in 1948.


title: British Rail Class EB1

paragraphs: The British Rail Class EB1 ("Electric Banking 1") was an electrically powered locomotive used by British Rail in England. It was used during the pre-TOPS period. The other NER electric locos built at the same time were classified as EB1 but were never modified, they later became British Rail Class EF1.


title: SNCF Class BB 22200

paragraphs: The BB 22200 is a class of electric locomotives in service with the French railways SNCF, built by Alsthom between 1976-1986. They are a polycurrent version (1500 CV direct current and 25 kV 50 Hz AC) of the BB 7200 and BB 15000 classes, with which it shares the exterior appearance. Thanks to this characteristic they can run in all French electrified lines.


title: Vossloh G1206

paragraphs: The Vossloh G1206 is a B'B' diesel hydraulic freight locomotive built by Vossloh and used by several mainland European railway operators. The design was created in the mid-1990s by Maschinenbau Kiel (MaK) for German coal supplier RAG Aktiengesellschaft (RAG AG) and is a follow-on to the "G1205" locomotive class built as SNCB Class 77. A cab is provided above one of the bogies, with walkways on both sides along the rest of the locomotive. Rated power is from either a MTU or Caterpillar engines, giving a top speed of .


title: British Rail Class 41 (HST)

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 41 was the original classification for the power cars of the prototype High Speed Train. However, the train was later re-classified as a diesel-electric multiple unit, and the whole set became Class 252. They were of Bo-Bo wheel arrangement.


title: British Rail Class 43 (Warship Class)

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 43 diesel-hydraulic locomotives were built by the North British Locomotive Company (NBL) from 1960 to 1962.


title: British Rail Class 43 (HST)

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 43 is the classification used for the InterCity 125 High Speed Train power cars, built by BREL from 1976 to 1982.


title: North Midland Railway

paragraphs: The North Midland Railway was a British railway company, which opened its line from Derby to Rotherham (Masborough) and Leeds in 1840.


title: Glasgow Corporation Tramways

paragraphs: Glasgow Corporation Tramways were formerly one of the largest urban tramway systems in Europe. Over 1000 municipally-owned trams served the city of Glasgow, Scotland. The system closed in 1962 and was the last city tramway in Great Britain (prior to the construction of new systems in the 1990s).


title: Southampton Corporation Tramways 45

paragraphs: Southampton Corporation Tramways No. 45, or Southampton 45, is an open-top tramcar. It was built in 1903 by Hurst Nelson. At first it had a three window saloon, before being rebuilt by Southampton Corporation Tramways with a four window one. The tram looks out of proportion as it had to pass through the very low Bathgate Arch in the centre of Southampton. A normal sized tram would not have been able to have passed underneath the arch.

paragraphs: The tramcar operated from 1903 until the Southampton system closed in 1949. At an enthusiasts' tour of the system, the Museum Committee of the Light Railway Transport League bought the tram for £10. This price included a refurbished truck and a full repaint. This act began the entire preservation movement of British tramways.

paragraphs: After it had been purchased the tram travelled the country as there was not yet a museum set up that could store the tram. By 1955 the tram was being stored at Marton depot in Blackpool. It was soon given to the Tramway Museum Society (TMS) and moved to the National Motor Museum at Beaulieu, Hampshire. It was placed next to Newcastle 102, another preserved tramcar. Both of the trams were in an open-air display.

paragraphs: The tram moved to Crich Tramway Village in October 1960, and has been there ever since. It is in regular use during the summer months and is the museum's only operational open-top tramcar.


title: Acanthocephala

paragraphs: The Acanthocephala (Greek "akanthos", thorn + "kephale", head) are a group of parasitic worms. They may be called known as "acanthocephales", "thorny-headed worms", or "spiny-headed worms". They have an evertable proboscis, armed with spines, which they use to pierce and hold the gut wall of the host. Acanthocephalans have no gut and absorb nutrients directly from the host’s gut.

paragraphs: Acanthocephalans have complex life cycles, with various hosts, including invertebrates, fishes, amphibians, birds, and mammals. The juveniles are parasitic in crustaceans and insects. Adults live in the digestive tract of vertebrates, especially fish. About 1150 species have been described.

paragraphs: The Acanthocephala were thought to be a separate phylum. Recent genome analysis has shown that they are closely related to rotifers. Since all parasites are derived from free-living forms, the Acanthocephalans are modified rotifers. This is an example of molecular phylogenetics. In due course, spiny-headed worms will probably be placed in a taxonomic rank below phylum, such as sub-phylum or class.


title: Second Polish Republic

paragraphs: Second Polish Republic was name of Polish state from 1918 (end of WWI) through 1939 (start of WWII). When its borders were fixed in 1922 after several wars, it had borders with Czechoslovakia, Weimar Republic, Free City of Danzig, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania and Soviet Union.


title: Ze (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Zeh (З, з) is the eighth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [z]. It looks like a "3" and can be mixed up with Э.

paragraphs: It came from the Greek letter zeta and corresponds to the Roman letter Z.


title: I (Cyrillic)

paragraphs: Ee (И, и) is the ninth letter in the Cyrillic alphabet. It sounds like [i] or [ee].

paragraphs: It looks like a backwards N. The lowercase и's italic looks like a "и". Its old name was "izhe".

paragraphs: It came from the Greek eta and stands for the Roman I.

paragraphs: There is another letter, the decimal I ("І", "і"), that sounds the same as И. Russian, Macedonian, Serbian and Bulgarian languages use only И; and Church Slavonic and Ukrainian uses both И and і. To tell the letters apart, И is sometimes called "octal I" because was eighth in the Cyrillic numeral system.


title: Kirkby Lonsdale

paragraphs: Kirkby Lonsdale is a town and civil parish in South Lakeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1771 people living in Kirkby Lonsdale. including Harry lloid Huddleston


title: Windermere

paragraphs: Windermere is the largest natural lake in England.


title: Hippolytushoef

paragraphs: Hippolytushoef () is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It has a population of 4,400.


title: Storm drain

paragraphs: A storm drain, storm sewer (U.S.), stormwater drain (Australia and New Zealand) or surface water system (UK) is designed to drain extra rain and ground water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs. Storm drains vary in design from small residential dry wells to large municipal systems. They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.


title: Jet stream

paragraphs: Jet streams are fast flowing, relatively narrow air currents found a little below the tropopause, the transition between the troposphere (where temperature decreases with height) and the stratosphere (where temperature increases with height). This is about above the surface of the Earth.


title: Hiroki Ito

paragraphs: Hiroki Ito (born 27 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.


title: Noritada Saneyoshi

paragraphs: Noritada Saneyoshi (born 19 October 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Gamba Osaka.


title: Nobuyuki Furo

paragraphs: Nobuyuki Furo (born 1 January 1980) is a Japanese football Goalkeeper coach. He coaches for Cerezo Osaka.


Hitoshi Sogahata


title: Justice Christopher

paragraphs: Justice Christopher (born 24 December 1981) is a former Nigerian football player. He has played for Nigeria national team.


title: Haruna Babangida

paragraphs: Haruna Babangida (born 1 October 1982) is a Nigerian football player. He plays for Kuban Krasnodar.


title: Guus Hiddink

paragraphs: Guus Hiddink (born 8 November 1946) is a Dutch football player turned manager.

paragraphs: Hiddink is better known as a trainer. He is a very successful trainer. He trained the Russia national team, and Zenit St. Petersburg club. He also coached the Netherlands national team (Oranje, Orange) and won several tournaments. He is generally considered one of the greatest football trainers of all time.

paragraphs: After he made the Russian National team almost World Champion (even defeating the renowned Dutch team) he became a national Russian hero.

paragraphs: He got a statue in Moscow and several newborn boys in Russia were given "Guus" as a first name to honour him.

paragraphs: Hiddink has coached the Korea Republic national team in the early 2000s. He managed to get the team in the semi-finals for the first time in South Korean football history. For this, the South Koreans built a stadium in his honour. It was build in the cityn of Gwangju and was named ""Guus Hiddink Stadium"".

paragraphs: Hiddink coached the British club Chelsea in 2009. He succeeded their former coach Luiz Felipe Scolari. He did a much better job and thanks to Hiddink Chelsea made many victories. Commentators said that Hiddink: ""had rejuvenated Chelsea following Scolari's departure"". Hiddink won the FA Cup with Chelsea that year, beating Everton 2-1 in the final.


Hiromi Hara


Naohiro Ishikawa


title: Yukihiko Sato

paragraphs: Yukihiko Sato (born 11 May 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki. In 2009 there was a story in the newspapers saying that Australia's Newcastle United Jets were interested in getting the midfielder to play for them.


Eisuke Nakanishi


title: Yutaro Abe

paragraphs: Yutaro Abe (born 5 October 1984) was a Japanese football player.


title: Tatsuya Enomoto

paragraphs: Tatsuya Enomoto (born 16 March 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.


Daisuke Nasu


title: H.N.K. Hajduk Split

paragraphs: H.N.K. Hajduk Split is a football club which plays in Croatia.


title: N.K. Dinamo Zagreb

paragraphs: N.K. Dinamo Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.


title: N.K. Zagreb

paragraphs: N.K. Zagreb is a football club which plays in Croatia.


title: Michael I of Romania

paragraphs: Michael, King of the Romanians, Prince of Hohenzollern (25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017), reigned as King of the Romanians for two periods. He was king from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930, and again from 6 September 1940, until forced to abdicate by the Communist Party of Romania. The communists were backed up by orders of Stalin to the Soviet armies of occupation on 30 December 1947.

paragraphs: He was great-great-grandson of Queen Victoria and a third cousin of Queen Elizabeth II. He was one of the last surviving heads of state from World War II, the other one is Simeon II of Bulgaria .

paragraphs: He died 5 December 2017 of complications from leukemia in Aubonne, Switzerland at 96 years old.


title: Joe Hart

paragraphs: Charles Joseph "Joe" Hart (born 19 April 1987) is an English footballer. He was born in Shrewsbury, Shropshire, England. He currently plays for Burnley, having signed a two-year deal with the club on 7 August 2018.


title: Jonathan Woodgate

paragraphs: Jonathan Woodgate (born 22 January 1980) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Jermaine Jenas

paragraphs: Jermaine Jenas (born 18 February 1983) is an English footballer. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team.

paragraphs: Between 2003–2009, Jenas is said to have 21 England caps.

paragraphs: In January 2016, Jenas officially confirmed about his retirement from football.


title: Tom Huddlestone

paragraphs: Tom Huddlestone (born 28 December 1986) is an English footballer. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur and the England national team.


title: Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

paragraphs: The Paris Peace Conference (July 29 to October 15, 1946) resulted in the Paris Peace Treaties signed on February 10, 1947. The victorious wartime Allied powers (principally the United States, United Kingdom, France and the Soviet Union) negotiated the details of treaties with Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland.

paragraphs: The treaties allowed Italy, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Finland to reassume their responsibilities as sovereign states in international affairs and to qualify for membership in the United Nations.


title: Eastern Romance languages

paragraphs: The Eastern Romance languages are a branch of Romance languages. They come Southeastern Europe from the local eastern variant of Vulgar Latin. The main language in the branch is Romanian.


title: Nicolae Ceaușescu

paragraphs: Nicolae Ceauşescu (; 26 January 1918 – 25 December 1989) was the President of Romania from 1965 until 1989. After the Romanian Revolution of 1989 he was deposed, tried and publicly executed along with his wife Elena Ceaușescu. He had been the only Communist dictator of Eastern Europe who had been charged for crimes against humanity and genocide during the revolutions of 1989.


title: Ion Iliescu

paragraphs: Ion Iliescu (born March 3, 1930) is a Romanian politician. He joined the Communist Party in 1953, and became a member of the Central Committee in 1965, serving in various positions until Nicolae Ceauşescu was overthrown in 1989. Iliescu was the elected President of Romania for eleven years (three terms), from 1990 to 1992, 1992 to 1996, and 2000 to 2004.


title: Traian Băsescu

paragraphs: Traian Băsescu (born November 4, 1951) is a Romanian politician and former Merchant Navy officer. He was the President of Romania from 20 December 2004 until 21 December 2014. He won the office in the 2004 presidential election. Prior to becoming President, he was the Mayor of Bucharest from June 2000 until December 2004.


title: President of Romania

paragraphs: The President of Romania is the head of state of Romania. The President is directly elected by a two-round system for a five-year term (since 2004, after the Constitution was modified in 2003). He or she can serve two terms. During his term in office, the President must not be a member of any political party.

paragraphs: The title is "President of Romania" (). Article 84 of the Romanian Constitution forbids the President to be member of any political party during his (or her) term (only).


title: Galaţi

paragraphs: Galaţi (, ; ; ) is a city in the eastern part of Romania, in the historical region of Moldavia. It is the capital city of Galaţi County.

paragraphs: It lies on the west bank of the Danube River, near Moldova and Ukraine.

paragraphs: As of 2016, about 304,000 people were living in Galaţi.


title: Historische Zeitschrift

paragraphs: Historische Zeitschrift, founded in 1859 by Heinrich von Sybel is considered to be the first and for a time the foremost historical journal. The creation of this journal inspired Gabriel Monod to found the French "Revue historique" in 1876. In 1886 the "English Historical Review" was founded and in 1895 the "American Historical Review" was founded.


title: Bran Castle

paragraphs: Bran Castle (; ) is a castle near Bran in the area of Braşov, Romania. It is a national monument and landmark in Romania. The fortress lies on the border between Transylvania and Wallachia, on Highway 73. It is mostly known as "Dracula's Castle".

paragraphs: The castle was used as the home of Dracula in Bram Stoker's "Dracula".


title: United Nations Development Programme

paragraphs: The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the United Nations' global development network. The UNDP is an executive board within the United Nations General Assembly. The UNDP Administrator is the third highest ranking member of the United Nations after the United Nations Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General.

paragraphs: The mission of UNDP is to help global sustainable development against poverty and to promote democratic society. UNDP also publishes Human Development Index every year and have directed United Nations Development Fund for Women until 2010.


title: Tower Center International

paragraphs: Tower Center International is a class A office building in Bucharest. It has 25 floors and a surface of 25.000 sqm. It is located near Victoria Square, or 1 Mai zone. At a height of 106.3 meters, it is also the tallest building in Bucharest, as well as in Romania, but not the tallest structure.


title: Jordanes

paragraphs: Jordanes, Jordanis, or Iornandes), was a 6th-century Roman clerk who became a historian later in life.


title: Eutropius

paragraphs: Eutropius was a polytheist historian for Julian the Apostate in the late 4th century.

paragraphs: Eutropius wrote a ten-book summary of Roman history called "Historiae romanae breviarium" between the years of 350 and 370. This is his only known writing.