title: Helmeted honeyeater

paragraphs: The helmeted honeyeater, "Lichenostomus melanops cassidix", is an endangered species of bird. There is only a tiny population in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, in Victoria, Australia. .

paragraphs: The helmeted honeyeater became the state of Victoria's official bird emblem in 1971.

paragraphs: Famous ornithologist, John Gould first described the bird as being a separate species, which he named "Ptilotis cassidix" in 1867. It now one of the three sub-species of the yellow-tufted honeyeater, "Lichenostomus melanops". The other sub-species are not endangered.

paragraphs: This bird is only found in a five km long patch of forest along two streams in the Yellingbo Nature Conservation Reserve, 50 km east of Melbourne. A reserve was set up in the Bunyip State Park for releasing birds raised in captivity. In 2003 there were 103 individuals in the wild with 20 breeding pairs known as well as a further 34 birds in captivity at the Healesville Sanctuary. The 2009 Victorian bushfires burnt to within 200 metres of bird colony at Bunyip State Park. Captive birds had to be moved to the Melbourne Zoo when the fires also came close to the Healesville Sanctuary. However, on April 28, 2009, 13 birds bred in captivity were released back into the wild. The number of wild birds is now believed to be 113.

paragraphs: Before the captive breeding program was started there were only about 5060 birds left in the wild. The birds have been bred at Healesville and at Sydney's Taronga Park Zoo.

paragraphs: The Helmeted honeyeater is about long. Their colour can be anywhere from black to olive green. They have a yellow patch on the heads.

paragraphs: Helmeted honeyeaters eat manna, which is like a sap from some eucalyptus trees. They also eat nectar from the eucalypt flowers as well as small insects and spiders.

paragraphs: Several things are being done to save this bird from becoming extinct. One is a captive breeding program, where the birds are bred at Healesville and Toronga Park. When they become old enough, between 6—8 months, the are put into the wild where they will hopefully begin breeding. Forest areas are being planted with the right sort of trees and plants to provide the birds with food and shelter. This is being done on private land as well as in the State parks. There is also planting to join the small patches of bush with corridors so the birds are not trapped in one small area.


title: Arch Coal

paragraphs: Arch Coal, Inc. is the second-largest coal producer in the United States, claiming to hold 12% of America’s coal supply (140 million tons in 2005). The company's mines are in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Virginia. The corporate headquarters are in St. Louis, Missouri.

paragraphs: The company claims a large reserve of coal that has not been mined yet. It is a total of 3.1 billion tons of mostly low-sulfur coal.

paragraphs: Arch Coal shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol ACI.

paragraphs: Arch Mineral Corporation began in 1969, as a partnership between Ashland Oil (now Ashland, Inc.) and the Hunt family of Dallas. Arch Coal was formed in July 1997 when the privately held Arch Mineral merged with the publicly traded Ashland Coal, Inc., which had been formed in 1975 as a subsidiary of Ashland Oil.

paragraphs: In June 1998, Arch Coal purchased the coal fields and mines of the Atlantic Richfield company, which were mostly in the central Rocky Mountains.


title: National Fuel Gas

paragraphs: National Fuel Gas was incorporated in 1902 and is based in Williamsville, New York.

paragraphs: The Utility division sells natural gas or moves natural gas from one part of the country to another. The Pipeline and Storage division provides interstate natural gas transportation and storage services for related and non-related companies. The Exploration and Production division prospects for and extracts natural gas and oil from the ground. The Energy Marketing division markets natural gas to industrial, commercial, government, and residential customers. The Timber division markets wood from its New York and Pennsylvania forests, and it owns two sawmills in northwestern Pennsylvania, to cut wood into useful sizes and treat it with chemicals to make it last longer.

paragraphs: National Fuel Gas was one of the first gas utility companies in the United States, and so they have been the first to create some new technologies. Engineers at the company discovered that empty underground gas fields could be used to store gas that has been taken from the ground somewhere else. Thus, the first such storage facility in the US was set up at Zoar Field, about forty miles south of Buffalo. This turned out to be a good financial decision for NFG in the 1940s and 50s, when increased demand for natural gas led to long pipelines in the eastern states being connected to new pipelines and fields in the southwestern states. NFG could then buy huge amounts of cheaper summer gas from the southwest, pipe it to the New York storage fields, pump it down into the ground, then take it back out when demand and prices went up in the winter months.

paragraphs: The company was also the first in the industry to make a gas-fired generator to electrify pipelines so they wouldn't corrode so much. (Natural gas can eat away at metal, over time.)

paragraphs: In 1975, with the introduction of "Balanced Billing", the company claimed that it was "the only gas utility in the country" with a flexible plan for customers to pay bills in eleven equal monthly payments, with settlement of any overpayment or underpayment in the twelfth month. This is a sort of system of installment credit.

paragraphs: National Fuel Gas Co. is traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol NFG. Its fiscal year ends September 30.


title: Canton, Ohio

paragraphs: Canton is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Stark County. Canton became a city in 1822. It was the home of president William McKinley, The Pro Football Hall of Fame is in Canton.


title: Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge

paragraphs: Princess Mary Adelaide Wilhelmina Elizabeth of Cambridge (27 November 1833 - 27 October 1897) was a granddaughter of George III of the United Kingdom. She later married the Duke of Teck. She was also the mother of Mary of Teck, and therefore mother-in-law of George V.

paragraphs: The Duke and Duchess of Teck had four children:


title: Isomorphism

paragraphs: In mathematics (particularly in abstract algebra), two mathematical structures are isomorphic when they are the same in some sense. More specifically, an isomorphism is a function between two structures that preserves the relationships between the parts (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomorphism#Examples). To indicate isomorphism between two structures formula_1 and formula_2, one often writes formula_3.

paragraphs: Using the language of category theory, this means that morphisms map to morphisms without breaking composition. An isomorphism is also a homomorphism that is one-to-one.

paragraphs: As an example, one can consider the operation of adding integers Z. The doubling function φ(x) = 2x maps elements of Z to elements of the even integers 2Z. Since φ(a+b) = 2(a+b) = 2a+2b = φ(a)+φ(b), adding in Z is structurally identical as adding in 2Z (which makes this an example of isomorphism).


title: Automorphism

paragraphs: in abstract algebra an automorphism is an isomorphism from a group, or set of elements onto itself.


title: Group center

paragraphs: In abstract algebra the center of a group G denoted by Z(G) is the set of elements which commute with every element of G, meaning that for any element x of a group G, and an element y of Z(G), xy = yx. The center is equal to the intersection of the centralizers of the group elements.

paragraphs: The notation Z(G) comes from the fact that in German the word for center is "zentrum".


title: Caroline of Ansbach

paragraphs: Caroline of Ansbach was the Queen Consort of the Kingdom of Great Britain during the reign of her husband George II of Great Britain. During her time as Queen she had a lot of power.

paragraphs: Caroline of Ansbach was born in Ansbach in Germany, the daughter of Johann Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach, and his second wife, Princess Eleanor Erdmuthe Louise of Saxe-Eisenach. Orphaned at an early age, Caroline grew up an intelligent, cultured and attractive woman, and was much sought-after as a bride.

paragraphs: She turned down the King of Spain because it would cause her to renounce the Protestant faith. Shortly after she met the son of the elector of Hanover They married in 1705. Over the next 30 years they had nine children.

paragraphs: George I of Great Britain died 11 June 1727. George Augustus ascended the throne as George II of Great Britain. Caroline held George on a string. When the Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole met with the King he and Caroline had signs to communicate with each other. George never noticed.Both the King and Queen truly disliked their eldest son Frederick, Prince of Wales. Caroline once called him the Greatest Ass the world has ever known. They preferred Prince William, Duke of Cumberland over Fredrick.

paragraphs: Caroline died 20 November 1737. George was at her side. Caroline asked him to remarry on her deathbed, to which he replied "No, I shall only have mistresses" or in French, "Non, j'aurai seulement des maîtresses!" in tears.

paragraphs: George had Caroline buried in Westminster Abbey. He bought two coffins with removable sides, so after he died they would lie together again.

paragraphs: Caroline's nine pregnancies (from 1707-1724) resulted in eight live births. One of them, Prince George William (13 November 1717-17 February 1718), died in infancy. Seven of them lived to adulthood.

paragraphs: Caroline alongside Prince Albert, and Mary of Modena is regarded one of the most powerful British consorts in History.


title: Coset

paragraphs: If G is a group and H a subgroup of G, x is an element in G, and h is an element in H the cosets of H in G are defined as follows:

paragraphs: When xH = Hx we say that H is normal in G.


title: Lagrange's theorem (group theory)

paragraphs: Lagrange's theorem in group theory states if G is a finite group and H is a subgroup of G, then |H| (how many elements are in H, called the order of H) divides |G|. Moreover, the number of distinct left (right) cosets of H in G is |G|/|H|.


title: Label (philately)

paragraphs: Label or coupon or tab in philately is a part of sheet of stamps separated from them with perforation (or narrow white margin in imperforate stamps). It cannot be used for postage because it does not have face value and any indication of a postal administration that issued such stamps with labels. The notion of label should not be messed up with the term "gutter" or with a margin of a stamp sheet.

paragraphs: Sometimes, label is also a stamp-like adhesive of no postal value, often used for promotional purposes.


title: Liz Cohen

paragraphs: Liz Cohen (born 1973) is a performance artist. Her best known project is called "Bodywork". She changed an old East German small car (a Trabant), so that it can transform into a larger American car (a Chevrolet). She hired a personal trainer and dieted so she could appear in a bikini to be the model for the car.

paragraphs: She currently teaches at Cranbrook Academy of Art and lives in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Rainbow flag (LGBT movement)

paragraphs: The Rainbow flag has been the symbol of the LGBT (lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender) community since its creation in 1978. It is also called the 'Pride Flag.' The flag was created by Gilbert Baker of San Francisco, California in 1978.

paragraphs: The flag was first used at a LGBT pride parade in San Francisco in 1978, at that time it had eight colors. The next year it was changed to six colors, so it could be easier to make.

paragraphs: The flag was first made by Gilbert Baker, to be used instead of the pink triangle symbol used before. The pink triangle was used by Nazis to show who was homosexual. Homosexual people were sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany, where they made homosexual men wear a pink triangle. This was like the yellow Star of David that Jews had to wear to show who was Jewish. LGBT people were not ashamed of the pink triangle, but they wanted a more positive, happier symbol.

paragraphs: In the LGBT version of the rainbow flag, each color has a different meaning:

paragraphs: It used to have a pink stripe, which meant "sexuality", but was removed because the pink cloth was unable to be mass produced.

paragraphs: Rainbows are also a symbol of gay union. Tens of thousand of people use the rainbow symbol everyday.


title: Program specification

paragraphs: In the computer science, a program specification is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal, in which case it can be considered as a blueprint or user manual from a developer point of view, or formal, in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, most successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable.

paragraphs: In systems engineering a specification is a document that clearly and accurately describes the essential technical requirements for items, materials, or services including the procedures by which it can be determined that the requirements have been met. Specifications help avoid duplication and inconsistencies, allow for accurate estimates of necessary work and resources, act as a negotiation and reference document for engineering changes, provide documentation of configuration, and allow for consistent communication among those responsible for the eight primary functions of Systems Engineering. They provide a precise idea of the problem to be solved so that they can efficiently design the system and estimate the cost of design alternatives. They provide guidance to testers for verification (qualification) of each technical requirement.


title: Debugging

paragraphs: In computer science, debugging is the process of finding (and correcting) errors in a computer program. When programmers think that the program may have an error, they debug the program. They look for an error, and when they find it, they try to correct it so the program will work correctly. This improves the quality of the product.


title: Hubble's law

paragraphs: Hubble's law or Hubble—Lemaître's law is the name for the observation that:

paragraphs: In effect, the space-time volume of the observable universe is expanding and Hubble's law is the direct physical observation of this. It is the basis for believing in the expansion of the universe and is evidence often cited in support of the Big Bang model.

paragraphs: Although widely attributed to Edwin Hubble, the law was first derived from the General Relativity equations by Georges Lemaître in a 1927 article. There he proposed that the Universe is expanding, and suggested a value for the rate of expansion, now called the Hubble constant. Two years later Edwin Hubble confirmed the existence of that law and determined a more accurate value for the constant that now bears his name. The recession velocity of the objects was inferred from their redshifts, many measured earlier by Vesto Slipher in 1917 and related to velocity by him.

paragraphs: The law is often expressed by the equation , with "H" the constant of proportionality (the Hubble constant) between the "proper distance" "D" to a galaxy and its velocity "v" (see "Uses of the proper distance"). "H" is usually quoted in (km/s)/Mpc, which gives the speed in km/s of a galaxy away. The reciprocal of "H" is the Hubble time.

paragraphs: A recent 2011 estimate of the Hubble constant, which used a new infrared camera on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to measure the distance and redshift for a collection of astronomical objects, gives a value of . An alternate approach using data from galactic clusters gave a value of .

paragraphs: A number of other methods have been used, giving figures between 70 and 72 (km/s)/Mpc. A recent (2016) method using the oldest light in the universe suggests the Hubble Constant value was 66.53km/s per megaparsec soon after the expansion began. This implies that the rate of expansion has been increasing.


title: Carol Ann Duffy

paragraphs: Dame Carol Ann Duffy (born 23 December 1955) is a Scottish poet and playwright. She was born in the Gorbals, Glasgow and moved to Stafford when she was six. On 1 May 2009 she was appointed Britain's poet laureate. She is the first female British poet laureate, as well as being the first Scottish and first openly LGBT one. She was awarded an OBE in 1995, a CBE in 2002, and was made a dame (DBE) in 2015.


title: East Turkestan

paragraphs: East Turkistan, Uyghuristan, and Uyghurstan (Uyghur: Sherqiy Türkistan; Uyghuriye), refers to the eastern part of the greater Turkestan region of Central Asia. It has an area of 1,664,900 km2 and a population of 21,813,334 (2010 est).


title: 1977 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1977 Atlantic hurricane season started on June 1, 1977 and ended on November 30, 1977. Sometimes storms form outside these dates but that did not happen in 1977. The first storm formed on August 29, a very late start. This season was inactive, with only six storm forming. The only memorable storm is Hurricane Anita, because of its strength.

paragraphs: The names below were used for named storms (tropical storms and hurricanes) that formed in the 1977 Atlantic hurricane season. In this season the names Anita, Babe, Clara and Evelyn for the first time. Names that did not get used are marked in .

paragraphs: The name Anita was retired in spring of 1980. Because the list changed in 1979 due to adding male names, Anita wasn't replaced with a particular name.


title: Ahmad Shah Durrani

paragraphs: Ahmad Shah Durrani (c.1723-1773) (Pashto: احمد شاه دراني), also known as Ahmad Shah Abdali (Pashto: احمد شاه ابدالي) and born as Ahmad Khan, was the founder of the Durrani Empire in 1747.

paragraphs: He united the different Afghan tribes and conquered what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, eastern Iran and The Punjab in north western India. He is recognized as the Founding Father of the modern state of Afghanistan.

paragraphs: His mausoleum is located in the southern Afghan city of Kandahar, adjacent to the mosque where Muhammad the Prophet's sacred cloak is kept as memorabilia. It is not worshiped.


title: Nemrut (volcano)

paragraphs: Nemrut (Turkish: "Nemrut Dağı", Armenian: Սարակն, «Mountain spring», scientific transliteration: "Sarakn", Kurdish "Çiyayê Nemrud") is a dormant volcano in Eastern Turkey, close to Lake Van, at .

paragraphs: The volcano is named after King Nimrod who is said to have ruled this area in about 2100 BC.


title: Detective Conan

paragraphs: , is a crime manga series. This comic is written by Gosho Aoyama. The series began in 1994. The manga series has been made into an anime television show. It has been on the air from 1996 to the present time.

paragraphs: "Detective Conan" is about a teenage detective named Shinichi Kudo, who is poisoned by an evil group called "The Black Organization". The poison was supposed to kill him. However, the poison instead turned him into a small child. Shinichi adopts a new identity as "Conan Edogawa", and lives with his girlfriend, Ran Mouri, and her father, Detective Kogoro Mori, under the pretense that his parents are away and unable to take care of him. As a child, Shinichi/Conan helps Kogorou solve murder cases, while trying to find the evil men who poisoned him, to steal the poison and create an antidote.

paragraphs: When "Detective Conan" first arrived in the United States, the name was changed to Case Closed in English for legal reasons that were never specified. Some of the character names were be changed as well. Shinichi had his first name changed to Jimmy. Ran Mori became Rachel Moore, while her father became Richard. Hiroshi had his first name changed to Hershel. Heiji Hattori became Harley Hartwell. Sonoko Suzuki became Serena Sebastian. Ai Haibara became Anita Hailey. However, Conan kept his Japanese name in English.

paragraphs: This is the reasoning comics describing a high school student detective solving many incidents. His name is Shinichi Kudo. The 17 year old changed to a small child's body because of poison by the Black Organization. The Black organization is an international crime organization and its main activity is assassination, trading, and inventing new drugs. The code names of the members are usually named after liquors. For example, Gin, Vodka, and Vermouth. Ai Haibara, who invented the drug Shinichi took, was a member of this organization but when she was locked in handcuffs, she took the same drug Shinichi took, and became a six year-old girl and escaped from them. Her old code name was Sherry.

paragraphs: The protagonist. He solves cases (mostly murders) as a first grader. His seventeen-year-old body was shrunk due to a poison created by the Black Organization.

paragraphs: A high-school friend of Shinichi. Conan lives with her, and she is not aware of his true identity. She longs to see Shinichi again.

paragraphs: Ran's father. He is a famous private detective, but his fame is due to Conan solving cases using his voice (via the Voice-Changing Bowtie).

paragraphs: A plump doctor/professor who knows Conan's true identity and makes gadgets for him.

paragraphs: A former member of the Black Organization. Her body shrunk due to the same poison that Conan took.

paragraphs: A rival high school detective who knows Conan's true identity.

paragraphs: A boy-crazy friend of Ran's. Conan sometimes uses her voice to solve crimes instead of Kogoro's. She is also a big fan of KID, the phantom theif.


title: Mulhacén

paragraphs: Mulhacén is the highest mountain in continental Spain and in the Iberian Peninsula. It is part of the Sierra Nevada range in the Cordillera Penibética. It is named after Abu l-Hasan Ali, or "Muley Hacén" as he is known in Spanish, the last-but-one Muslim King of Granada in the 15th century, who according to legend was buried on the summit of the mountain.


title: Fedora Project

paragraphs: The Fedora Project is an organization which develops the Linux distribution, Fedora. It is sponsored by Red Hat. It consists of Red Hat employees. However, it works independently.

paragraphs: The project is not a separate legal organization. So, Red Hat has responsibility for its actions.


title: Maaloula

paragraphs: Maaloula (, "Ma‘lūlā", from the Aramaic word ܡܥܠܐ, "ma‘lā", meaning 'entrance') is a town in Syria dominated by speakers of Western Neo-Aramaic. With two other nearby towns Bakh'a and Jubb'adin, it is the only place where the Western branch of the Aramaic languages is still spoken. The town is located 56 km to the northeast of Damascus, and built into the rugged mountainside, at an altitude of more than 1500 meters. The distance and geological features only aided the longevity of this linguistic oasis for over one and half thousand years. However, modern roads and transportation, as well as accessibility to Arabic-language television and print media - and for some time until recently, also state policy - have eroded that linguistic heritage. As of 2005, the town has a population of 2,000.

paragraphs: Religiously, the population consists of both Christians and Muslims. For the Muslim inhabitants, the legacy is all the more remarkable given that they were not Arabized, unlike most other Syrians who like them were Islamized over the centuries but also adopted Arabic and shifted to an "Arab" ethnic identity.

paragraphs: Most people go on to assume that people in the Middle-East are Arab. While Arabic is the official language there are groups in "Arab" countries that have a clearly distinct culture. These Arameans are not Arab but have actually dwelled in Syria thousands of years before the Arabs came along. While a lot of them have turned to speak Arabic they retain the identity and the language which they use in church fellowship.


title: Juliana of the Netherlands

paragraphs: Juliana (Juliana Luise Emma Marie Wilhelmina van Oranje-Nassau; 30 April 1909 – 20 March 2004) was Queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, from her mother's abdication in 1948, to her own in 1980. She died of pneumonia caused by dementia on 20 March 2004, aged 94.


title: George Szell

paragraphs: George Szell (pronounced: “sell”) (7 June 1897 - 30 July 1970) was a conductor. He was born Hungarian and became a naturalized American. He is particularly remembered for his work with the Cleveland Orchestra which he made into one of the world’s finest orchestras.

paragraphs: George (originally “Georg”) Szell was born in Budapest, Hungary and grew up in Vienna, Austria. His music teachers included Mandyczewski, who had been a friend of Brahms, and Max Reger who taught him composition. He was an excellent pianist and was only 11 when he first performed in public, playing one of his own compositions. He started touring Europe. He was only 16 when he conducted the orchestra of the Vienna Court Opera (now the Vienna Philharmonic) and 17 when he appeared with the Berlin Philharmonic, both as pianist and conducting his own music.

paragraphs: Szell soon realized that what he wanted to do most was to conduct. He stopped composing, although he kept up his piano playing until the end of his life. Richard Strauss got him some work with the Berlin Staatsoper in 1915. He conducted in several German opera houses, including Darmstadt, Düsseldorf, again in Berlin from 1924-1929 and then Prague (1929-1937). He first conducted in the United States in 1930 with the Saint Louis Symphony Orchestra. At this time he was better known as an opera conductor than as a conductor of orchestral concerts.

paragraphs: When World War II started in 1939 Szell was in the U.S. on his way to Europe after having toured Australia. He stayed in the U.S. and settled with his family in New York City. At first he earned a living as a teacher, but he soon began to get invitations to conduct. He conducted the NBC Symphony Orchestra in 1941. From 1942 he often conducted the Metropolitan Opera, and the following year he appeared with the New York Philharmonic. In 1946 he became a naturalized citizen of the United States.

paragraphs: In 1946 Szell got the job he was to keep for the rest of his life: Music Director of the Cleveland Orchestra. This orchestra had suffered because of the war and needed someone strong to turn it into a good orchestra. Szell agreed to do this so long as they always did exactly what he wanted.

paragraphs: Szell was a very strict conductor. In rehearsals he made them work very hard at every tiny detail. Like Toscanini, he was absolutely ruthless. If he thought that a musician had made some mistakes, that musician would be fired (lose his job). If anyone questioned what Szell was doing he would be fired. He even showed the cleaner the proper way to mop the floor.

paragraphs: By the end of the 1950s the Cleveland Orchestra had become famous for its precise playing. It had become one of the greatest orchestras in America and Europe. They toured in the U.S. and to Europe, the Soviet Union, Australia and Japan.

paragraphs: Szell’s strictness in his conducting was well known. He was, however, an excellent musician, and the members of the orchestra who managed to keep their jobs were delighted with the standard of their playing. They said that he praised them when they were good, and did not keep on rehearsing once the piece was perfect. Szell never showed off when conducting, he never made the music sound sentimental. Like Toscanini, he thought that a conductor should do exactly what the composer had written in the score, without adding his own personal feelings to the music. Some critics thought that his Mozart sounded a bit too lacking in feeling, but Szell said “I cannot pour chocolate sauce over asparagus”. He conducted music by the main central-European composers: Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Schumann and Brahms, Bruckner, Mahler and Strauss. He also conducted some modern music, particularly by Dutilleux, Walton, Prokofiev, Hindemith and Bartók. He encouraged Pierre Boulez to conduct the Cleveland Orchestra.

paragraphs: After World War II Szell often conducted other famous orchestras, including the Concertgebouw Orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra, the Vienna Philharmonic, the New York Philharmonic and at the Salzburg Festival.

paragraphs: Szell married Olga Band in 1920. They were divorced in 1926. In 1938 he married Helene Schultz Teltsch. Their marriage lasted until his death.

paragraphs: When Szell was not working he enjoyed cooking. He also liked driving cars. Although he could have been driven to his concerts by a chauffeur, he often preferred to drive his Cadillac himself.

paragraphs: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (1980);


title: Duncan Forbes of Culloden

paragraphs: Duncan Forbes (1644 - 1704) was a Scottish politician, and supporter of the House of Hanover.

paragraphs: He was born and educated in Inverness. His son (1685–1747) was also named "Duncan Forbes".


title: Coláiste an Phiarsaigh

paragraphs: Coláiste an Phiarsaigh is a secondary school in Glanmire, County Cork for boys and girls. It has pupils who arrive each day and those who sleep there. The school uses the Irish language and expects teachers and pupils to also use this language.


title: Annapurna I Main

paragraphs: Annapurna I Main is an mountain in the Himalayas, in Nepal. It is part of Annapurna Massif. Annapurna I is the 10th highest mountain in the world. In the native language, the word "Annapurna" means "full of food" or "goddess of the harvests". The first people to climb Annapurna were Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, in 1950.


title: History of Vietnam

paragraphs: The history of Vietnam begins around 2,700 years ago. Successive dynasties based in China ruled Vietnam directly for most of the period from 207 BC until 938 when Vietnam regained its independence. Vietnam remained a tributary state to its larger neighbor China for much of its history but repelled invasions by the Chinese as well as three invasions by the Mongols between 1255 and 1285. Emperor Trần Nhân Tông later diplomatically submitted Vietnam to a tributary of the Yuan to avoid further conflicts. The independent period temporarily ended in the middle to late 19th century, when the country was colonized by France (see French Indochina). During World War II, Imperial Japan expelled the French to occupy Vietnam, though they retained French administrators during their occupation. After the war, France attempted to re-establish its colonial rule but ultimately failed in the First Indochina War. The Geneva Accords partitioned the country in two with a promise of democratic election to reunite the country.

paragraphs: However, rather than peaceful reunification, partition led to the Vietnam War. During this time, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union supported the North while the United States supported the South. After millions of Vietnamese deaths, the war ended with the fall of Saigon to the North in April 1975. The reunified Vietnam suffered further internal repression and was isolated internationally due to the continuing Cold War and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia. In 1986, the Communist Party of Vietnam changed its economic policy and began reforms of the private sector similar to those in China. Since the mid-1980s, Vietnam has enjoyed substantial economic growth and some reduction in political repression, though reports of corruption have also risen.

paragraphs: Evidence of the earliest established society other than the prehistoric Iron Age Đông Sơn culture in Northern Vietnam was found in Cổ Loa, an ancient city situated near present-day Hà Nội.

paragraphs: According to myth, the first Vietnamese people were descended from the Dragon Lord Lạc Long Quân and the Immortal Fairy Âu Cơ. Lạc Long Quân and Âu Cơ had 100 sons before deciding to part ways. 50 of the children went with their mother to the mountains, and the other 50 went with their father to the sea. The eldest son became the first in a line of early Vietnamese kings, collectively known as the Hùng kings (Hùng Vương or the Hồng Bàng Dynasty). The Hùng kings called their country, located on the Red River delta in present-day northern Vietnam, Văn Lang. The people of Văn Lang were known as the Lạc Việt.


title: Operation Cornflakes

paragraphs: The Operation Cornflakes occurred in February – March 1945 during World War II. It was a military propaganda provocation operation of the American intelligence in the enemy territory. Fake stamps similar to real issues of German postage stamps were produced and spread in the hostile territory. In philatelic terms, they are illegal and have status of forgeries, falsification (fakes) or cinderellas. The specific case of passage by mail was an interesting operation of Intelligence; otherwise, stamps in the circulation would be identified and destroyed by post employees and/or intelligence agencies of victim state.


title: Wilhelmina of the Netherlands

paragraphs: Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was queen of the Kingdom of the Netherlands from 1890 to 1948. She was loved by the Dutch people. She was the mother of Queen Juliana and grand-mother of Queen Beatrix. In World War 2 she flew to London. She spoke to the Dutch people on radio from England.


title: Eddie Fatu

paragraphs: Edward "Eddie" S. Fatu (March 28, 1973 - December 4 2009) was a Samoan professional wrestler best known for working with the WWF/WWE under the ring names Jamal, Ekmo, and Umaga.

paragraphs: He worked closely with Matt Anoaʻi of the Anoa'i wrestling family which he was also a part of. With Anoaʻi, they formed the tag teams The Island Boyz, the Samoan Gangstas, and 3-Minute Warning. He also wrestled for All Japan Pro Wrestling and wrestled a short time in TNA Wrestling from 2003 to 2004.

paragraphs: Eddie Fatu died on December 4, 2009 of a heart attack. The official cause of his death was from acute toxicity from the combined effects of hydrocodone, carisoprodol, and diazepam.


title: William III of the Netherlands

paragraphs: William III of the Netherlands("Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk", anglicised: "William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis of Orange-Nassau") (19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890) was from 1849 King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg until his death. He was married to Princess Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont.He was the father off Wilhelmina of the Netherlands and the grandfather of Juliana of the Netherlands. He is also the great-grandfather of Beatrix of the Netherlands who is the mother of the current king of The Netherlands, Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands.


title: Susan B. Anthony

paragraphs: Susan Brownell Anthony (February 15, 1820 - March 13, 1906) was an American women's rights leader. At 17, she became a schoolteacher, but soon became involved in activism regarding slavery and drinking. By the 1850s, she was working closely with Elizabeth Cady Stanton for women's rights, including the vote. She edited a newspaper called "The Revolution" for several years. In 1872, she was arrested for trying to vote. For many years, she was the leader of the National Women's Suffrage Association, which wanted women to have the right to vote. The 19th Amendment (change to the U.S. Constitution) was passed in 1920, 14 years after Anthony's death on March 13, 1906. Anthony later became the first woman on a U.S. coin. This coin was a dollar coin.


title: William II of the Netherlands

paragraphs: William II of the Netherlands (Willem Frederik George Lodewijk van Oranje-Nassau; 6 December 1792 – 7 March/17 March 1849) was King of the Netherlands, Grand Duke of Luxembourg, and Duke of Limburg from 7 October 1840 until his death.

paragraphs: He was the father of William III of the Netherlands and grandfather of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.


title: Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia

paragraphs: Grand Duchess Anna Pavlovna of Russia (; St. Petersburg, 18 January 1795 - The Hague, 1 March 1865) was Queen of the Netherlands. She was the mother of William III of the Netherlands. She was the grandmother of Wilhelmina of the Netherlands. Her father was Paul I of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov, because of his Paternal Grandfather, Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Anna was also the Great-grandniece of Adolf Frederick, King of Sweden. A year later, her father became Emperor of Russia, in 1796, November 17—1801, March 23. Her lifespan and Paul's lifespan are totally different, Anna had a long life and Paul I only have 46 years life.


title: Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands

paragraphs: Prince Bernhard of the Netherlands (29 June 1911 – 1 December 2004) was the prince consort of Queen Juliana of the Netherlands. He was the father of Beatrix of the Netherlands. He was born in Jena, Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, German Empire.

paragraphs: He died of lung cancer in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 93.


title: George Victor, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont

paragraphs: George Victor (14 January 1831 - 12 May 1893) was the 3rd sovereign Prince of the German state of Waldeck and Pyrmont. He was the father of Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, the consort of William III of the Netherlands. George Victor is the great-great grandfather of Beatrix of the Netherlands.


title: Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont

paragraphs: Adelheid Emma Wilhelmina Theresia (Arolsen, 2 August 1858 – Den Haag, 20 March 1934), Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Waldeck-Pyrmont, was the second wife of king William III of the Netherlands. She was married to him from 1879 until he died in 1890. After his death, she became Queen-Regent of the Netherlands because her daughter Wilhelmina was only 10 when her father died, and too young to reign.

paragraphs: Emma was the fourth of seven children. Her father was George Victor, king of Waldeck and Pyrmont, and her mother was Helena, Princess of Nassau-Weilburg. Her grandmother on her father's side, Emma of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym, was a grandchild of princess Carolina of Orange-Nassau and Karel Christiaan of Nassau-Weilburg. Her grandfather on her mother's side, Willem of Nassau-Weilburg, was also their grandchild. This means that Emma was related to the House of Orange-Nassau through two family connections.

paragraphs: The princess grew up in Schloss Arolsen in Germany. Her daughter, the later Queen Wilhelmina wrote in her autobiography that her mother's home life was very modern and well informed for that time.

paragraphs: The king was married before, to his cousin Sophie of Württemberg. She died in 1877. Their marriage was unhappy, they had lived apart since 1855. William III had a few relationships outside his first marriage. The newspapers even reported on his relationships with the American barmaid Elisa Parker and the opera singer Leonora d'Ambre from Paris.

paragraphs: After Sophie died, and the sons did not marry anyone, William thought it best to re-marry. That way, the family name of Orange would not die out. He met Sophie after going to her house to meet her older sister Pauline. He had also looked into marrying his niece Elisabeth van Saksen-Weimar-Eisenach.

paragraphs: When they were engaged in September 1878, Emma was 20 years old, and William was 61. They married on 7 January 1879, and on 31 August 1880, Wilhelmina was born.

paragraphs: The first years of the marriage were happy for Queen Emma. She liked to do woodcarving, and spent a lot of time in her workshop in Utrecht. She also spent a lot of time on taking care of her "Wimmy". But soon things changed. In 1884, William's youngest son Alexander died. He was 32 years old, and was not married. William's other sons had already died: Maurits in 1850 age 6, and William in 1879 aged 38. This meant that princess Wilhelmina would now be next in line to become Queen.

paragraphs: The princess was only three years old. The King was 65. Because of the age difference, the government voted for Emma to become "Regent". This meant that if the king died before Wilhelmina was 18 years old, Emma would do the job of Queen until Wilhelmina was old enough to take over.

paragraphs: The health of the King went downhill fast in 1888. In May the family moved from The Hague to their palace in the quiet of Apeldoorn. The king could no longer rule the country. The government voted that Queen Emma would be Regent, and she took the oath to rule for her husband on 20 November in The Hague. She ruled in his place for only three days; William died on 23rd November 1890. He was 73 years old. From that day, at 10 years old, Wilhelmina officially became the Queen. Emma became Queen-regent for her daughter until 1898.

paragraphs: Emma worked in the same way as her husband. She made sure she would meet all ministers once every fourteen days. Unlike her husband, she opened up for everyone who wanted to speak to her. She also opened a lot of the post that was sent to her personally. In her period as Queen-widow-regent, she had to reshuffle her cabinet three times. She found this a difficult task.

paragraphs: She also gave great care to raising her daughter. She wanted to make sure her daughter would be ready to be the queen.

paragraphs: Young Wilhelmina soon chose her own path when she became Queen. She tried to get away from her mother, but often had to rely on her good knowledge of protocol. At first they lived together in Palace Noordeinde. When Wilhelmina married, Emma moved to Palace Lange Voorhout. She was no longer involved in reigning the country but still would receive diplomats and other people as widow of the king.

paragraphs: She supported the work to stop tuberculosis, which was a disease many people died from at the time. Her sister Sophie had died from it too.

paragraphs: The next in line to the throne, Juliana, was born in 1909. The government again looked for a regent. They did not think Wilhelmina's husband Hendrik was good. Because they had good memories of Emma as regent, they requested that Emma again be Regent. Wilhelmina agreed, and from 1909 to 1927 (when Juliana would be 18) Emma once again was regent. This time it was not needed.

paragraphs: Emma died on 20th March 1934 from the complications of bronchitis.


title: Dajabón River

paragraphs: The River Dajabón is a river in the northern side of the Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic. It is 55 km long and flows to the north into the Manzanillo Bay, Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: The Taíno name of the river was "Guatapaná" but the Spanish people that came to live in the Hispaniola island called it Dajabón after the Taíno name of the region ("Dahaboon"). Because this river was the border between the two colonies of the island, there were many fights during the 16th and 17th centuries and many people died here; then the French people began to name the river Massacre, written sometimes Masacre in Spanish; massacre means the killing of many people.

paragraphs: The source of the Dajabón is at the "Pico de Gallo" mountain, on the northern side of the Cordillera Central mountain range. It flows through the Dajabón province and then form part of the limits between Haiti and the Dominican Republic. Its mouth is in the Manzanillo Bay, on the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: Its discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 2.84 cubic metres per second at Don Miguel, a place a few kilometres south of the city of Dajabón.

paragraphs: The city of Dajabón is the most important Dominican city close to the river. It flows also through the city of Loma de Cabrera. The Haitian city of Ouanaminthe is also close to the river.

paragraphs: The most important tributary is the river "Capotillo" (in Haiti, river "Bernard"). There is not any important tributary in the lower part.

paragraphs: The river Capotillo is part of the northern border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic until it joins the river Dajabón between the cities of Loma de Cabrera and Dajabón. Then the border follows the course of the river Dajabón.


title: Vocational school

paragraphs: A vocational school is a school where students go to learn how to do a particular job. In the 1990s, trade schools have also added some focus on .


title: Technical school

paragraphs: A technical school is a two-year school where people are trained for specific jobs. In the United States Military, this is where recruits go after training.


title: Giardia lamblia

paragraphs: Giardia lamblia (also known as "Lamblia intestinalis" and "Giardia duodenalis") is a parasite that infects the intestines and causes giardiasis or 'beaver fever'. "Giardia" affects humans, cats, dogs and birds, cows, beavers, deer, and sheep.


title: Colloquialism

paragraphs: A colloquialism is a word that is not used in formal speech, writing or paralinguistics. Colloquialisms are also sometimes referred to collectively as "colloquial language". Colloquialisms or "colloquial language" is considered to be characteristic of or only appropriate for casual, ordinary, familiar, or informal conversation rather than formal speech or writing. Dictionaries often mark colloquial words and phrases with the abbreviation "colloq." as an identifier.


title: Bernard Dietz

paragraphs: Bernard Dietz (born 22 March, 1948) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Rolf Rüssmann

paragraphs: Rolf Rüssmann (13 October, 1950 – 2 October, 2009) was a German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Rainer Bonhof

paragraphs: Rainer Bonhof (born 29 March, 1952) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Rüdiger Abramczik

paragraphs: Rüdiger Abramczik (born 18 February 1956) is a former German football player. He has played for the West Germany national team.


title: Herbert Zimmermann

paragraphs: Herbert Zimmermann (born 1 July, 1954) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Heinz Flohe

paragraphs: Heinz Flohe (28 January 1948 – 15 June 2013) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck

paragraphs: Hans-Georg Schwarzenbeck (born 3 April, 1948) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Harald Konopka

paragraphs: Harald Konopka (born 18 November, 1952) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Dieter Müller

paragraphs: Dieter Müller (born 1 April, 1954) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Erich Beer

paragraphs: Erich Beer (born 9 December, 1946) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Bernhard Cullmann

paragraphs: Bernhard Cullmann (born 1 November, 1949) is a German former football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Bernd Hölzenbein

paragraphs: Bernd Hölzenbein (born 9 March, 1946) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Gerd Zewe

paragraphs: Gerd Zewe (born 13 June, 1950) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Ronald Worm

paragraphs: Ronald Worm (born 7 October, 1953) is a former German football player. He has played for the West German national team.


title: Rudolf Kargus

paragraphs: Rudolf Kargus (born 15 August, 1952) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Dieter Burdenski

paragraphs: Dieter Burdenski (born 26 November, 1950) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Helmut Schön

paragraphs: Helmut Schön (15 September, 1915 – 23 February 1996) was a German football player and coach. He played for the German national team. He is best known as coach of the German football national team from 1964 until 1978.

paragraphs: Schön was a striker. He played for Dresdner SC. With this team he won the German football championship in 1943 and 1944 and the cup in 1941 and 1942. He appeared 16 times for his country between 1937 and 1941. He shot 17 goals for the national football team.

paragraphs: From 1952 till 1956, Schön was the coach of the then independent Saarland. After the reunification with Germany in 1956 he became assistant coach to Sepp Herberger in the national team. He is best known as coach of the German football national team from 1964 - 1978. During his 14 years as national coach he reached 87 victories, 30 draws and 22 defeats in 139 matches.


title: Horst-Dieter Höttges

paragraphs: Horst-Dieter Höttges (born 10 September, 1943) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Herbert Wimmer

paragraphs: Herbert Wimmer (born 9 November 1944) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Jürgen Grabowski

paragraphs: Jürgen Grabowski (born 7 July 1944) is a former German football player. He played for the West German national team.


title: Günter Netzer

paragraphs: Günter Netzer (born 14 September 1944) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.


title: Jupp Heynckes

paragraphs: Jupp Heynckes (born 9 May 1945) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Wolfgang Overath

paragraphs: Wolfgang Overath (born 29 September, 1943) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Uli Hoeneß

paragraphs: Uli Hoeneß (born 5 January 1952) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team. He was a striker.


title: Dieter Herzog

paragraphs: Dieter Herzog (born 15 July 1946) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Jupp Kapellmann

paragraphs: Jupp Kapellmann (born 19 December, 1949) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Helmut Kremers

paragraphs: Helmut Kremers (born 24 March, 1949) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Norbert Nigbur

paragraphs: Norbert Nigbur (born 8 May, 1948) is a former German football player. He was a goalkeeper and has played six times for the West Germany national team.


title: Wolfgang Kleff

paragraphs: Wolfgang Kleff (born 16 November, 1946) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.

paragraphs: Kleff joined Borussia Mönchengladbach in 1968 and played for the team from 1968 to 1979. He also played for Hertha BSC, Fortuna Düsseldorf,Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, VfL Bochum and for the promoted FC Salmrohr in the Second Bundesliga. At this time he was 40 years old. At the end of his long career Wolfgang Kleff had played 433 matches in the Bundesliga and 56 games in the 2nd Bundesliga.

paragraphs: He was part of the German team for the UEFA Euro 1972 and the FIFA Worldcup 1974, both won by Germany. Due to the fact that Sepp Maier was number 1 goalkeeper he had only six matches during his international career.

paragraphs: With Borussia Mönchengladbach he played the UEFA Cup Final 1973 and the European Cup Final in 1977 (now Champions League). This finals were both lost against Liverpool F.C.. He won the Bundesliga five times (1970, 1971, 1975, 1976, 1977), one German Cup (1973) and two UEFA Cups (1975, 1979).

paragraphs: Even after the end of his professional career he played for different amateur clubs. His last match was 2008 as he played 35 minutes for FC Rheinbach at the age of 61.


title: Karl-Heinz Schnellinger

paragraphs: Karl-Heinz Schnellinger (born 31 March, 1939) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Willi Schulz

paragraphs: Willi Schulz (born 4 October, 1938) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Wolfgang Weber

paragraphs: Wolfgang Weber (born 26 June, 1944) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Helmut Haller

paragraphs: Helmut Haller (21 July 1939 - 11 October 2012) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team. He was born in Augsburg, Bavaria and died there. He had dementia and Parkinson's disease.


title: Sigfried Held

paragraphs: Sigfried Held (born 7 August 1942) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Klaus Fichtel

paragraphs: Klaus Fichtel (born 19 November, 1944) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Reinhard Libuda

paragraphs: Reinhard Libuda (10 October 1943 - 25 August 1996) was a German football player. He played for the West German national team.


title: Bernd Patzke

paragraphs: Bernd Patzke (born 14 March, 1943) was a German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Max Lorenz

paragraphs: Max Lorenz (born 19 August, 1939) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Hannes Löhr

paragraphs: Hannes Löhr (5 July 1942 – 29 February 2016) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Klaus-Dieter Sieloff

paragraphs: Klaus-Dieter Sieloff (27 February 1942 – 13 December 2011) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Peter Dietrich

paragraphs: Peter Dietrich (born 6 March, 1944) is a former German football player. He has played for the West German national team.


title: Manfred Manglitz

paragraphs: Manfred Manglitz (born 8 March, 1940) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Horst Wolter

paragraphs: Horst Wolter (born 8 June, 1942) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Cauldron

paragraphs: A cauldron or caldron (from Latin "caldarium", hot bath) is a large metal pot (kettle) for cooking and/or boiling over an open fire. It is often associated with witches. Usually, the metal used is cast iron. A cauldron is also a measure used in measuring coal.


title: Frying pan

paragraphs: A frying pan, frypan, or skillet is a pan used for frying, searing, and browning foods. It is usually about 20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) across. It is flat and has flared sides and no lid. It is almost always made of metal, such as iron or aluminum.


title: Huang Xianfan

paragraphs: Huang Xianfan (13 November 1899, China – 18 January 1982, People's Republic of China) was a Chinese historian, famous scholar and leader of the Bagui School and the Wunu School. He is considered by many to be the "Great Master of Zhuang Ethnic Research" for his writings about the ancient history of Zhuang Ethnic and Baiyue Ethnic.

paragraphs: During three periods of ethnic identification work after 1949, professors Fei Xiaotong, Huang Xianfan, Xia Kangnong and a lot of academic masters and scholars from anthropology and ethnic study circles made their great contributions. It was upon this research work of national ethnic identification that the State Council could be able to announce there are 56 ethnics in China. This was also a pioneering contribution to Chinese ethnic studies. In the mean time,the world ethnic study circles had noticed this and gave a great high comment. This was the reason that ethnic study circles called professor Huang a founder of modern Chinese ethnic studies.


title: Anaxandridas II

paragraphs: Anaxandridas II was a king of Sparta between 560 and 525 BC, and was the father of Leonidas I, king of Sparta.

paragraphs: Anaxandridas was a son of Leon of Sparta and also his successor. It is not known who Anaxandridas' mother is. His first wife was his niece.

paragraphs: Having a barren wife whom he would not divorce, the ephors, we are told, made him take with her a second. By her he had Cleomenes I, and after this, by his first wife he had Dorieus (father of Euryanas), famous Leonidas I, and Cleombrotus.

paragraphs: Several sayings are ascribed to him according to Plutarch.


title: Foreign minister

paragraphs: A foreign minister is a person in a government whose job is to negotiate with leaders in other countries. In some countries, this person is called the foreign minister, but in other countries the person has another title. For example, in the United States, the top diplomat is called the Secretary of State.

paragraphs: A foreign minister's powers vary in different governments. In a general parliamentary system, a foreign minister forms foreign policy. But when the government has a strong prime minister the foreign minister may be may not determine policy himself.

paragraphs: Foreign ministers are also traditionally responsible for many diplomatic duties, such as hosting foreign world leaders. They also are responsible for going on state visits to other countries. The foreign minister is generally person who travels the most in any cabinet.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs' (or Foreign Secretary for short). Before 1968, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs only handled relations with non-Commonwealth, countries. The relations with Commonwealth countries and colonies were handled by the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Affairs. So, in Commonwealth countries other than the United Kingdom, the ministers responsible for handling relations with both Commonwealth and non-Commonwealth countries were formerly usually designated ministers for 'External Affairs'.

paragraphs: In the United States, the foreign minister is called the 'Secretary of State'. He occupies the oldest cabinet post in the nation. The post originally had several domestic duties. Other common titles may include minister of foreign relations. In many Spanish-Speaking Latin American countries, the foreign minister is colloquially called canciller (chancellor).


title: Hans Tilkowski

paragraphs: Hans Tilkowski (12 July 1935 – 5 January 2020) was a German football player and manager. He played for West Germany national team.

paragraphs: Tilkowski died after a long-illness on 5 January 2020 at the age of 84.


title: Albert Brülls

paragraphs: Albert Brülls (born 26 March, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for the West German national team.


title: Lothar Emmerich

paragraphs: Lothar Emmerich (29 November 1941 - 13 August 2003) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Heinz Hornig

paragraphs: Heinz Hornig (born 28 September, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Friedel Lutz

paragraphs: Friedel Lutz (born 21 January, 1939) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Wolfgang Paul (footballer)

paragraphs: Wolfgang Paul (born 25 January, 1940) is a former German football player.


title: Werner Krämer

paragraphs: Werner Krämer (born 23 January 1940 in Duisburg; died 12 February 2010) was a German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Günter Bernard

paragraphs: Günter Bernard (born 4 November, 1939) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Jacobins

paragraphs: The Jacobins were a group of radicalists who supported The French Revolution.

paragraphs: Their leader was Maximilien de Robespierre, and they controlled the French government from June of 1793 to July of 1794.

paragraphs: Members of the Jacobins club belong to mainly to the less prosperous section of the society included shopkeepers, artisans, cooks, shoemakers and daily wage workers.

paragraphs: They dressed differently by wearing long striped trousers similar to those worn by dock workers.


title: Classicism

paragraphs: The word classicism, in the arts, is used when talking about art from the Ancient Greeks and Romans and their influence. The art of classicism often involves a thoughtful approach to the arts in which beauty and form is admired, rather than passion or any kind of exaggeration.

paragraphs: Classicism influenced several periods in European history, especially the Italian Renaissance, Age of Reason, the Age of Enlightenment and some movements in Modernism.

paragraphs: Classicism can apply to painting, sculpture, architecture, music, dance, literature or philosophy.


title: Police Academy: The Animated Series

paragraphs: Police Academy: The Series, also known as Police Academy: The Animated Series, is an popular 1988 American animated television series based on the "Police Academy" series of films. It aired on Saturday mornings and lasted two seasons for a total of 64 episodes.

paragraphs: Some episodes feature a crime boss named Kingpin. His keen intelligence, girth, and stature are very similar to the Marvel Comics character of the same name. New characters were added to the show as well. Among them were a group of talking police dogs called the Canine Corps. They were made up of Samson (the bulldog leader), Lobo (the noble yet clumsy husky), Bonehead (the dimwitted giant St. Bernard), Chilipepper (the excitable chihuahua), and Schitzy (the only female golden retriever with an identity crisis).

paragraphs: The show was produced by Ruby-Spears Productions and Warner Bros. Animation. In later years, the latter company would gain distribution rights to most of the pre-1990 shows by the former, thanks to Time Warner buying Turner Entertainment (which had acquired the R-S library) in 1996.

paragraphs: The animated serie takes place chronologically between the fourth and fifth film of the series of films.

paragraphs: Twelve characters are re-created for this animated version, including a team of Academy graduates led by Carey Mahoney, a likeable rogue bachelor boy, who unconsciously—and consistently—does his best to make life miserable for Captain Harris and his knucklehead assistant Sgt. Proctor.

paragraphs: Mahoney's friends include the aptly named Moses Hightower, walking sound effects machine Larvell Jones, trigger-happy Eugene Tackleberry, sweet & timid Laverne Hooks, tough-as-nails Debbie Callahan, larger-than-life House, and the bread-&-butter duo of reformed gang member Zed and his best buddy, Sweetchuck.

paragraphs: Eric Lassard is the highly-respected (albeit dreamy) Commandant, and Academy newcomer The Professor is also on hand, and also the cadets new friends, the K-9 Corps, a group of cops dogs, and stocking our crime-fighting heroes with an endless supply of wacky gadgets as they combat a motley crew of Kingpin and other recurring villains such as Numbskull, The Claw, Mr. Sleaze, Lockjaw and Amazona.

paragraphs: "Police Academy" was released through chronological volumes on VHS. At least six volumes were released, each including two episodes. In 2009 on DVD with the complete series.


title: Tottenham Hale station

paragraphs: Tottenham Hale , is a National Rail and London Underground Victoria Line station in Tottenham, north London. It is on Hale Road near the Tottenham Hale one-way system. The station is in Travelcard Zone 3.

paragraphs: The station opened on 15 September 1840 as Tottenham. It was on the Northern & Eastern Railway (N&ER) line from Stratford in east London to Broxbourne in Hertfordshire.

paragraphs: It was renamed Tottenham Hale on 1 September 1968 when it became an interchange station with London Underground on the opening of the first stage of the Victoria line.


title: Clapton railway station

paragraphs: Clapton railway station is on a suburban line operated by London Overground. It is located on Upper Clapton Road.

paragraphs: It links Upper Clapton to Liverpool Street in central London and Chingford.

paragraphs: Clapton is on a branch of the Lea Valley Lines. The branch separates into Tottenham Hale and St James Street. The line joins up with the Seven Sisters branch at Hackney Downs. Trains which call at Clapton do not serve the Tottenham Hale branch.

paragraphs: Clapton is in both Travelcard Zone 2 and Travelcard Zone 3.


title: P versus NP

paragraphs: P versus NP is the following question of interest to people working with computers and in mathematics: Can every solved problem whose answer can be checked quickly by a computer also be quickly solved by a computer? P and NP are the two types of maths problems referred to: P problems are fast for computers to solve, and so are considered "easy". NP problems are fast (and so "easy") for a computer to check, but are not necessarily easy to solve.

paragraphs: In 1956, Kurt Gödel wrote a letter to John von Neumann. In this letter, Gödel asked whether a certain NP complete problem could be solved in quadratic or linear time. In 1971, Stephen Cook introduced the precise statement of the P versus NP problem in his article "The complexity of theorem proving procedures".

paragraphs: Today, many people consider this problem to be the most important open problem in computer science. It is one of the seven selected by the Clay Mathematics Institute to carry a US$1,000,000 prize for the first correct solution.

paragraphs: For instance, if you have a problem, and someone says "The answer to your problem is the set of numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5", a computer may be able, quickly, to figure out if the answer is right or wrong, but it may take a very long time for the computer to actually come up with "1, 2, 3, 4, 5" on its own. Another example includes finding prime numbers. It is easy to check if a number is prime, but it is very difficult to find those numbers in the first place. For some interesting, practical questions of this kind, we lack any way to find an answer quickly, but if we are provided an answer, it is possible to check—that is, to verify—the answer quickly. In this way, NP problems may be thought of as being like riddles: it may be hard to come up with the answer to a riddle, but once one hears the answer, the answer seems obvious. In this comparison (analogy), the basic question is: are riddles really as hard as we think they are, or are we missing something?

paragraphs: Because these kinds of "P versus NP" questions are so practically important, many mathematicians, scientists, and computer programmers want to prove the general proposition, that every quickly-checked problem can also be solved quickly. This question is important enough that the Clay Mathematical Institute will give $1,000,000 to anyone who successfully provides a proof or a valid explanation that disproves it.

paragraphs: Digging a little deeper, we see that all P problems are NP problems: it is easy to check that a solution is correct by solving the problem and comparing the two solutions. However, people want to know about the opposite: Are there any NP problems other than P problems, or are all NP problems just P problems? If NP problems are really not the same as P problems (P ≠ NP), it would mean that no general, fast ways to solve those NP problems can exist, no matter how hard we look. However, if all NP problems are P problems (P = NP), it would mean that new, very fast problem-solving methods do exist. We just have not found them yet.

paragraphs: Since the best efforts of scientists and mathematicians have not found general, easy methods for solving NP problems yet, many people believe that there are NP problems other than P problems (that is, that P ≠ NP is true). Most mathematicians also believe this to be true, but currently no one has proven it by rigorous mathematical analysis. If it can be proven that NP and P are the same (P = NP is true), it would have a huge impact on many aspects of day-to-day life. For this reason, the question of "P versus NP" is an important and widely studied topic.

paragraphs: Suppose someone wants to build two towers, by stacking rocks of different mass. One wants to make sure that each of the towers has exactly the same mass. That means one will have to put the rocks into two piles that have the same mass. If one guesses a division of the rocks that one thinks will work, it would be easy for one to check if one was right. (To check the answer, one can divide the rocks into two piles, then use a balance to see if they have the same mass.) Because it is easy to check this problem, called 'Partition' by computer scientists—easier than to solve it outright, as we will see—it is not a P problem.

paragraphs: How hard is it to solve, outright? If one starts with just 100 rocks, there are 2^{100-1}-1 = 633,825,300,114,114,700,748,351,602,687, or about 6.3 x 10^{29} possible ways (combinations) to divide these rocks into two piles. If one could check one unique combination of rocks every day, it would take 1.3 x 10^{22} or 1,300,000,000,000,000,000,000 years of effort. For comparison, physicists believe that the universe is about 1.4 x 10^{10} years old (450,000,000,000,000,000 or about 4.5 x 10^{17} seconds, or about one trillionth as old as the time it would take for our rock piling effort. That means that if one takes all of the time that has passed since the beginning of the universe, one would need to check more than two trillion (2,000,000,000,000) different ways of dividing the rocks "every second", in order to check all of the different ways.

paragraphs: If one programmed a powerful computer, to test all of these ways to divide the rocks, one might be able to check formula_1 combinations per second using current systems. This means one would still need formula_2 very powerful computers, "working since the origin of the universe," to test all the ways of dividing the rocks.

paragraphs: However, it may be possible to find a method of dividing the rocks into two equal piles without checking all combinations. The question "Is P equal to NP?" is a shorthand for asking if any method like that can exist.

paragraphs: There are many important NP problems that people don't know how to solve in a way that is faster than testing every possible answer. Here are some examples:

paragraphs: In the example above, we see that with formula_3 rocks, there are formula_4 ways to partition the set of rocks. With formula_5 rocks, there are formula_6 combinations. The function formula_7 is an exponential function. It's important to NP because it models the worst-case number of computations that are needed to solve a problem and, thus, the worst-case amount of time required.

paragraphs: And so far, for the hard problems, the solutions have required on the order of formula_6 computations. For any particular problem, people have found ways to reduce the number of computations needed. One might figure out that a way to do just 1% of the worst-case number of computation and that saves a "lot" of computing, but that is still formula_9 computations. And every extra rock still doubles the number of computations needed to solve the problem. There are insights that can produce methods to do even fewer computations producing variations of the model: e.g. formula_10. But the exponential function still dominates as formula_5 grows.

paragraphs: Consider the problem of scheduling exams (described above). But suppose, next, that there are 15000 students. There's a computer program that takes the schedules of all 15000 students. It runs in an hour and outputs an exam schedule so that all students can do their exams in one week. It satisfies lots of rules (no back-to-back exams, no more than 2 exams in any 28 hour period, ...) to limit the stress of exam week. The program runs for one hour at mid-term break and everyone knows his/her exam schedule with plenty of time to prepare.

paragraphs: The next year, though, there are 10 more students. If the same program runs on the same computer then that one hour is going to turn into formula_12 hours, because every additional student doubles the computations. That's formula_13 weeks! If there were 20 more students, then

paragraphs: Thus, for formula_18 students, it takes one hour. For formula_19 students, it takes formula_17 years.

paragraphs: As you can see, exponential functions grow really fast. Most mathematicians believe that the hardest NP problems require exponential time to solve.

paragraphs: Mathematicians can show that there are some NP problems that are NP-Complete. An NP-Complete problem is at least as difficult to solve as any other NP problem. This means that if someone found a method to solve any NP-Complete problem quickly, they could use that same method to solve "every" NP problem quickly. All of the problems listed above are NP-Complete, so if the salesman found a way to plan his trip quickly, he could tell the teacher, and she could use that same method to schedule the exams. The farmer could use the same method to determine how many boxes she needs, and the woman could use the same method to find a way to build her towers.

paragraphs: Because a method that quickly solves one of these problems can solve them all, there are many people who want to find one. However, because there are so many different NP-Complete problems and nobody so far has found a way to solve even one of them quickly, most experts believe that solving NP-Complete problems quickly is not possible.

paragraphs: In computational complexity theory, the complexity class NP-complete (abbreviated NP-C or NPC), is a class of problems having two properties:

paragraphs: NP-complete is a subset of NP, the set of all decision problems whose solutions can be verified in polynomial time; NP may be equivalently defined as the set of decision problems solved in polynomial time on a machine. A problem p in NP is also in NPC if and only if every other problem in NP is transformed into p in polynomial time. NP-complete was to be used as an adjective: problems in the class NP-complete were as NP+complete problems.

paragraphs: NP-complete problems are studied because the ability to quickly verify solutions to a problem (NP) seems to correlate with the ability to quickly solve problem (P). It is found every problem in NP is quickly solved—as called the P = NP: problem set. The single problem in NP-complete is solved quickly, faster than every problem in NP also quickly solved, because the definition of an NP-complete problem states every problem in NP must be quickly reducible to every problem in NP-complete (it is reduced in polynomial time).

paragraphs: The Boolean satisfiability problem is known to be NP complete. In 1972, Richard Karp formulated 21 problems that are known to be NP-complete. These are known as Karp's 21 NP-complete problems. They include problems such as the Integer programming problem, which applies linear programming techniques to the integers, the knapsack problem, or the vertex cover problem.


title: Backstreet Boys

paragraphs: Backstreet Boys, also known as BSB, is an American pop supergroup that became popular during the 1990s and 2000s. They are the highest selling boy band of all time with 130 million records sold. The members are Nick Carter, Howie Dorough, AJ McLean, Kevin Richardson and Brian Littrell. Kevin Richardson left the group in 2006 and rejoined in 2012.

paragraphs: Backstreet Boys originated in Orlando, Florida and was formed on April 20, 1993 by Lou Pearlman with the help of a producer, Lil’ Shy. The early line-up of the group were Howie Dorough (19), AJ McLean (15), Nick Carter (13), Sam Licata and Charles Edwards. However Licata and Edwards left in early 1993 for personal reasons. In April 1993, Kevin Richardson along with his cousin Brian Littrell completed the group.

paragraphs: After series of tours and the failure of possible Mercury Records, the Backstreet Boys was finally spotlighted in Cleveland, Ohio by Jive Records in February 1994. They recorded their very first single, “We’ve Got it Goin’, written by Denniz PoP and included in Backstreet Boys’ first self-titled album that was released in summer of 1996.

paragraphs: Comprehensive list of the recordings made.


title: Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.

paragraphs: Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. are an English football team based in the city of Brighton and Hove, East Sussex, England. They began playing in the Premier League in the 2017–18 season.


title: Withdean Stadium

paragraphs: Withdean Stadium is an athletics stadium in Brighton, England. It is the home stadium of Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. This is no longer the case as Brighton & Hove Albion F.C. have moved to a new stadium, The American Express Community Stadium.


title: Isambard Kingdom Brunel

paragraphs: Isambard Kingdom Brunel (9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was an English engineer. He was born in Portsea, Portsmouth. He created the Great Western Railway. He built many steamships and several bridges and tunnels. His designs revolutionised public transport and modern engineering.

paragraphs: During his career, Brunel achieved many engineering "firsts". He assisted the building of the first tunnel under a large river. He designed the SS "Great Britain", the first propeller-driven ocean-going iron ship, at the time (1843) the largest ship ever built. He was the first designer of the Clifton Suspension Bridge. The bridge had a complicated history. It was a long span at a great height over the River Severn. Brunel died before the bridge was completed, and before the first voyage of his ship the SS "Great Eastern".


title: Crab-eating Frog

paragraphs: The Crab-eating Frog ("Fejervarya cancrivora"), is also known as the Asian Brackish Frog, Mangrove Frog and the Rice Field Frog. It is a frog native to south-eastern Asia including the Philippines and more rarely as far west as Orissa in India. Populations of the frog have been introduced into New Guinea and Guam.

paragraphs: The Crab-eating Frog lives in mangrove forests, in river estuaries, swamps, and other wet areas. It also lives in man-made places like rice fields and roadside ditches.


title: Humulus

paragraphs: Humulus (or hop) is a flowering plant. It is mostly found in the northern hemisphere. It's female flowers are often called "cones". Hop is used in breweries for making beer.


title: Guillaume de Machaut

paragraphs: Guillaume de Machaut (pronounce: "GHEE-yoam de MA-show") (born around 1300; died April 1377), was a Medieval French poet and composer. He was the most important composer of the 14th century. He is one of the earliest composers whose life we know something about.

paragraphs: Machaut worked for John of Luxemburg, king of Bohemia, around 1323. The king travelled around Europe, fighting, and Machaut went with him, working as his secretary. After 1330 he became canon of several cathedrals. After John of Luxemburg died during a battle in 1346, Machaut worked for John's daughter Bonne (who later married King John II of France), then King Charles the Bad of Navarre, Charles of Normandy who became King Charles V in 1364 and the King of Cyprus. He also worked for wealthy dukes. With all that work it is surprising that he had time to compose. He seems to have spent his later years living in Rheins, working on his compositions.

paragraphs: Machaut wrote many motets and the secular songs, as well as many poems including rondeaus, virelais and ballades). Machaut wrote a mass known as "Messe de Nostre Dame". It is the earliest known setting of the complete text for the mass, and it had a lot of influence on later composers.

paragraphs: Many of his poems belong to the type which were known as "dits". A "dit" (meaning: "spoken") was a poem that was not meant to be sung. It was in the first person (the "I" form). Many of them are about a lover trying to get the attentions of a lady he loves.

paragraphs: Machaut's poetry had an influence on many later poets, including Geoffrey Chaucer.


title: Pérotin

paragraphs: Pérotin (lived around 1200), was a medieval composer. He was probably French. Nothing is known about his life except that he worked in or around Paris in the late 12th century to early 13th century. People have tried to find out who he was by studying the archives of Notre Dame Cathedral, but his name has not been found there. He probably had another name, and used the name Pérotin for his compositions.

paragraphs: Pérotin worked on a very important collection of polyphonic music called "Magnus Liber" (meaning: Big Book). The composer Léonin had written a lot of this music. He may have been Pérotin's teacher, but we do not know. He seems to have written music for four voices which are settings of words for the Feast of the Circumcision and St Stephen's Day. He wrote three and four voice music of a type called organum. It was a very important development in the history of Western music. He wrote music in a polyphonic style. Often he took a tune and arranged it so that one voice sang it incredibly slowly while another voice sang something much faster on top.

paragraphs: It is difficult to work out any dates for his works because of the way the music was written. Often it is not even clear what mode they are in.

paragraphs: Pérotin's music has been an influence on some 20th century composers who wrote minimalist music such as Steve Reich.


title: Stratford station

paragraphs: Stratford station is a railway station in Stratford, Newham, East London.

paragraphs: It is on National Rail, London Underground, London Overground and Docklands Light Railway (DLR) lines. It is served by the Underground Central and Jubilee lines, and by London Overground, Abellio Greater Anglia, TfL Rail and c2c. It is in Travelcard Zone 3.

paragraphs: To distinguish the station from Stratford-upon-Avon this station is called Stratford (London) by National Rail, and is sometimes referred to as Stratford Regional to distinguish it from Stratford International station away.

paragraphs: There were three primary goods facilities in the Stratford area in the steam age, although the nearby Stratford Works and engine shed generated their own traffic. A short distance to the north of Stratford station (on the line to Cambridge) there were marshalling yards at Temple Mills. There was a small goods yard north of the station on the east side of the line which occupied a constrained site. The mainstay of traffic was domestic coal although shortly before closure in the 1960s the site was used as a reception point for concrete components for the building of tower blocks in Newham.

paragraphs: There was a small depot at Carpenters Road about a quarter of a mile south of Stratford station. Opened in 1900, the depot consisted of four long sidings and primarily dealt with coal and building materials. It was closed on 7 December 1964.

paragraphs: There was a large depot at Stratford Market railway station. All of these three facilities were operated by the Great Eastern Railway up until 1923 before being taken over by the London & North Eastern Railway until nationalisation in 1948 when they became part of British Railways Eastern Region.

paragraphs: There was also a goods terminal at Bow operated by the Midland Railway which is still open today mostly for building materials. This yard operated as the terminal for building materials for the adjacent Olympics site.

paragraphs: Between Stratford and Maryland stations Windmill Lane cattle pens existed on the down side of the line whilst four private sidings belonging to Young & Martens were located on the up side.

paragraphs: During the 1960s part of the Stratford Works site was converted to the London International Freight Terminal (LIFT) which opened in 1967 and there was a freight liner terminal that operated on the far side of the Stratford railway complex (on the Channelsea Loop line) between 1967 and 1994. The former site is now occupied by the international station and shopping centre.

paragraphs: The nearby Stratford International station opened on 30 November 2009 (for preview services only). Since 13 December 2009 Southeastern began its full domestic high-speed service between London St Pancras, directly to Ebbsfleet International and Ashford in Kent. The Docklands Light Railway 'Stratford International' extension has provided a link between the two stations since 31 August 2011. There is also a walking route between the two stations passing through the newly built Westfield Stratford City Shopping Centre.

paragraphs: Despite Stratford International's name, no international trains call there, and Eurostar (currently the only international operator) has no plans to do so. Passengers instead interconnect on high-speed trains travelling to either London St Pancras or Ebbsfleet in Kent, there are a number of other potential operators that may use the station for international services. These include Deutsche Bahn's proposed London-Frankfurt/Amsterdam service and the proposed "Transmanche Metro" service to Calais via local stations.

paragraphs: In preparation for the Olympics and the Stratford City development, a new north-facing exit and ticket hall has been built. Both existing passenger subways have been extended north to connect with the ticket hall, and the abandoned subway at the eastern end of the station, which formed part of the old station complex, has been reopened and refurbished to allow interchange between platforms 3–12 and the new high-level platforms 1 & 2. A new pedestrian bridge has also been built to connect Stratford shopping centre with the Stratford City development. This also connects the mezzanine-level ticket hall with the northern one. The northern ticket hall and the footbridge opened along with Westfield Stratford City on 13 September 2011.

paragraphs: Stratford bus station is to the south of the station and Stratford City bus station is to the north. Both are served by bus services right across London and to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park.


title: Léonin

paragraphs: Léonin (lived in the late 12th century) is the first composer we know about who wrote organum, a kind of church music. We know nothing about his life. He was probably French. He seems to have worked at Notre Dame Cathedral because he wrote a collection of music called "Magnus Liber" (meaning: Big Book), or, at least, he wrote some of it. This book has music for two voices. It was designed for services at Notre Dame. A younger composer called Pérotin did some more work on the collection, changing some of it.


title: Ipswich railway station

paragraphs: Ipswich railway station is a railway station serving the town of Ipswich in Suffolk, England.


title: Dmitri Kabalevsky

paragraphs: Dmitri Kabalevsky (born Saint Petersburg, 30 December 1904; died Moscow, 18 February 1987) was a Russian Soviet composer.

paragraphs: Kabalevsky is particularly well known as a composer of children's music. He wrote a lot of piano music. Many of these pieces are short pieces for children who are learning the piano. He also wrote larger works such as concertos for the piano and violin. In 1918, his family moved to Moscow, where he had formal lessons in music at the Scriabin Musical Institute. He was known for attempting to get children involved in music. In 1925 he began his training at the Moscow Conservatory, studying composition with Catoire and later with Miaskovsky, also continuing piano studies with Goldenveyzer.


title: Symphony No. 5 "Fate" (Beethoven)

paragraphs: Symphony No. 5 in C minor, Op. 67 is a symphony by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is the fifth of his nine symphonies. It was written between 1804 and 1808. This symphony is one of the most popular and well-known works of classical music.

paragraphs: There are four movements: an opening sonata allegro, a slower andante, and a fast scherzo which leads straight in to the finale.

paragraphs: The symphony was first performed in Vienna's Theater an der Wien in 1808. His Sixth Symphony was also performed for the first time at the same concert. The Fifth Symphony soon became recognized as one of the most important musical works.

paragraphs: The symphony begins with a four-note "short-short-short-long" motif which is heard twice (slightly lower the second time):

paragraphs: The opening of the symphony is so famous that it has often been quoted. Other composers have used it in their compositions, e.g. Sergei Rachmaninoff in his song "Fate". It has often been used in popular culture, from disco to rock and roll, and in film and television. During World War II, the BBC used the four-note motif to introduce its radio news broadcasts because "short-short-short-long" spells the letter "V" in Morse code. The "V" meant "Victory". It was played very quietly on a drum. People in Nazi occupied countries who wanted to hear the news listened in secret to the BBC news because it was more likely to be true.

paragraphs: The third movement of the symphony uses this rhythm sometimes as an accompaniment.

paragraphs: When Beethoven wrote this symphony he was in his mid-thirties. He was becoming more and more deaf. He found this terribly hard to bear. He thought that he, of all people, should have perfect hearing. He felt very depressed, but he decided not to commit suicide, but to stay alive and write down all the music he had in his head. He wrote about this in a letter called the Heiligenstadt Testament.

paragraphs: The opening of the Fifth Symphony sounds very bold and heroic. The whole symphony sounds like a struggle which starts from those four notes. People have often said that those four notes represent fate knocking at the door. By the time we get to the last movement (the finale) the music has become major instead of minor. It sounds as if Beethoven has overcome his depression.

paragraphs: The fourth movement of this symphony is one of the first times a trombone or a piccolo is used in a symphony.


title: Spectrum of a ring

paragraphs: The spectrum of a ring is a thing studied in the branch of mathematics called algebraic geometry. This construction allows us to think of abstract mathematical objects as "functions" acting over some geometric space. In this case, the most natural geometric space is called the spectrum of the ring.


title: Commutative ring

paragraphs: In algebra, commutative ring is a set of elements in which you can add and multiply and have multiplication distribute over addition. An example of a commutative ring is the set of integers. If we add two integers, we get an integer and if we multiply two integers we get another integer. Moreover, multiplication distributes in the sense that if "a", "b", and "c" are integers, then "c*(a+b)=ca+cb".


title: Homotopy

paragraphs: Homotopies are studied in a branch of mathematics known as Algebraic Topology. A homotopy is a deformation (change of form) of one thing into another without cutting it. For example, if we imagine a stretchy object, then all the shapes we can stretch or twist it into are "homotopy equivalent". One famous example is the homotopy equivalence of a coffee cup and a donut. To a topologist, these two shapes are the same.

paragraphs: The first example of a homotopy that a topology student is introduced to is a homotopy between functions. A homotopy between two functions <nowiki>"f" and "g" provides a collection of functions that start at "f" and eventually become "g". What this means is that this homotopy takes a parameter and gives a function, and there is a possible parameter that gives "f" and one that gives "g"</nowiki>. Typically, we choose the interval <nowiki>"</nowiki>[0, 1]<nowiki>"</nowiki> because this has a starting and ending point, and numbers are allowed to vary smoothly within <nowiki>"</nowiki>[0, 1]<nowiki>"</nowiki>. To output a function, this means that the homotopy takes a second parameter, which is the argument of the output function. That is, if <nowiki>"</nowiki>f<nowiki>"</nowiki> takes a number in the interval and outputs pairs of real numbers, the homotopy takes a number in the interval as the parameter and another number in the interval for <nowiki>"</nowiki>f<nowiki>"</nowiki>. The homotopy then outputs the interpolated function evaluated at the given pair. That is, if <nowiki>"</nowiki>H<nowiki>"</nowiki> is a homotopy from <nowiki>"</nowiki>f<nowiki>"</nowiki> to <nowiki>"</nowiki>g<nowiki>"</nowiki>, then we know formula_1where formula_2and formula_3.


title: School of music

paragraphs: A school of music or conservatoire teaches music in all its aspects. It may be called a college of music, or academy of music or conservatory (American English) or a conservatorium (Australian English).

paragraphs: It is a place of higher education where young people who want a career in music can study how to play musical instruments, singing, composition, musicology, music history and music theory.


title: Turandot

paragraphs: Turandot is an opera in three acts by Giacomo Puccini, set to a libretto in Italian by Giuseppe Adami and Renato Simoni. When Puccini died he had not finished the opera. It was later finished by Franco Alfano. It was first performed at the Teatro alla Scala in Milan on 25 April 1926, conducted by Arturo Toscanini. This performance included only Puccini's music and not Alfano's additions. The first performance of the opera as completed by Alfano was conducted by Ettore Panizza.

paragraphs: The most famous song from the opera is the aria "Nessun dorma". This aria was sung by the three tenors Luciano Pavarotti, Placido Domingo and José Carreras, and used as the theme tune for the 1990 Soccer World Cup. This made Nessun dorma probably the best known of all opera arias.


title: Spontaneous human combustion

paragraphs: Spontaneous human combustion (SHC) is the alleged burning of a person without any source of ignition. Although there have been claimed cases of SHC, many such cases either lack proof or actually had a source of ignition that could be found.


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title: Marsupial lion

paragraphs: The Marsupial lion, Thylacoleo, is an extinct carnivorous marsupial which lived in Australia from 1,600,000 to 46,000 years ago. It was the largest marsupial carnivore to have lived in Australia. Fossil remains on the dry Nullarbor Plain show that humans and climate change probably caused the extinction of the Australian megafauna about 45,000 years ago.

paragraphs: The animal was robust with powerfully built jaws and very strong forelimbs. It had retractable claws, unique among marsupials. This allowed the claws to remain sharp by protecting them from wear when walking. The claws were well-suited to holding prey and for climbing trees. The first digits ("thumbs") on each hand were semi-opposable and bore an enlarged claw. Palaeontologists believe that this would have been used to grapple with its prey, and gave a sure footing on tree trunks and branches. The hind feet had four functional toes, the first digit being much reduced in size but possessing a roughened pad similar to that of possums. It may have assisted with climbing. It is unclear whether the marsupial lion had syndactyly (fused second and third toes) like other diprotodonts.

paragraphs: It had strong claws and very powerful jaws. Biologists estimate that it had the most powerful bite of any mammal, alive or extinct.

paragraphs: It was able to hunt animals like the giant kangaroo and the giant wombat, but its big jaw would have made it hard for it to hunt and kill small animals. The marsupial lion could weigh up to . It was about long, and stood about tall.

paragraphs: Fossil bones of the marsupial lion have been found in caves on the Nullabor Plain. Scientists have estimated their age at between 400,000 and 800,000 years old. Cave paintings of marsupial lions in northwest Australia, discovered in 2006, depict them with a striped back, tufted tail and pointed ears. In 2009, after a long drought in southeast Victoria had dried out many lakes, a farmer near Ballarat discovered fossil footprints and a jawbone of a marsupial lion preserved in limestone in a dry lake bed.


title: Rooibos

paragraphs: ' (Afrikaans for "red bush"; scientific name Aspalathus linearis""') is a member of the legume family of plants. Rooibos teas are herbal infusions made from a South African red bush. There are also green Rooibos teas.


title: Jill Biden

paragraphs: Jill Tracy Jacobs Biden (nee Jacobs, previously Stevenson; born June 3, 1951) is an American educator. She is married to American politician Joe Biden. When he became Vice President of the United States, she became Second Lady of the United States.

paragraphs: She was born in Hammonton, New Jersey. She attended the University of Delaware.

paragraphs: She met Joe Biden in 1975. They married in 1977. In 1981, their daughter Ashley was born.

paragraphs: Biden has taught high school for thirteen years. She has founded several charities. As Second Lady, she continued to teach part time.


title: Herbert Erhardt

paragraphs: Herbert Erhardt (born 6 July 1930 - 3 July 2010) was a German football player. He has played for the West Germany national team. He died in 2010, three days before his 80th birthday, during the 2010 FIFA World Cup.


title: Leo Wilden

paragraphs: Leo Wilden (born 3 July 1936) is a former German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Horst Szymaniak

paragraphs: Horst Szymaniak (29 August, 1934 – 9 October, 2009) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Willi Koslowski

paragraphs: Willi Koslowski (born 17 February, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Hans Schäfer

paragraphs: Johann "Hans" Schäfer (19 October, 1927 – 7 November 2017) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Hans Nowak

paragraphs: Hans Nowak (born 9 August, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Jürgen Kurbjuhn

paragraphs: Jürgen Kurbjuhn (26 July 1940 – 15 March 2014) was a German football player. is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Jürgen Werner

paragraphs: Jürgen Werner (15 August 1935 - 28 May 2002) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Willi Giesemann

paragraphs: Willi Giesemann (born 2 September, 1937) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Hans Sturm

paragraphs: Hans Sturm (3 September 1935 – 24 June 2007) was a German football player. He played for West Germany national team.


title: Engelbert Kraus

paragraphs: Engelbert Kraus (30 July 1934 – 14 May 2016) was a German football player. He played for the West Germany national team.

paragraphs: Kraus played in one match at the 1962 FIFA World Cup.


title: Günther Herrmann

paragraphs: Günther Herrmann (born 1 September, 1939) is a former German football player. He has played for West Germany national team.


title: Heinz Strehl

paragraphs: Heinz Strehl (20 July 1938 - 11 August 1986) was a German football player. He played for the West Germany national team.