title: Victoria line

paragraphs: The Victoria line is part of the London Underground network. It is a deep-level underground metro line that runs from Brixton in south London to Walthamstow Central in the north-east. It started running in 1968. On the Tube map it is shown with a light blue color. It is the fourth busiest line on the London Underground network. It is the only line on the Underground, other than the two-stop Waterloo & City line, which is completely underground. The only section of track to come above ground is the route to the depot from Seven Sisters to Northumberland Park.

paragraphs: The Underground line has hump-backed stations which allow trains to store gravitational potential energy as they arrive and to then use this energy as they leave the stations. The stations are on top of small hills, or humps. As the train travels up the hill to the station its weight helps it to slow down. As the train leaves the station it travels down the hill, with gravity helping the train to speed up. This saves 5% energy and makes the trains run 9% faster. Each new platform built for the Victoria Line is 132.6 metres long. Around 200 million people use the Victoria line each year.

paragraphs: A new tube railway running from Victoria to Walthamstow was first proposed by a Working Party set up by the British Transport Commission in 1948. The main purpose of the line was to relieve congestion in the central area. The Private Bill needed to build it was introduced into Parliament in 1955. The Bill described a line from Victoria to Walthamstow (Wood Street). There was also a proposal for an extension from Victoria to Fulham Broadway station on the District line, but this was not included in the Bill.

paragraphs: The construction work on the Walthamstow–Victoria section began in 1962. It continued until 1972, when Pimlico station was opened. A test tunnel from Tottenham to Manor House under Seven Sisters Road had been constructed in 1959 and this was later integrated into the running tunnels. The Prince of Wales and the Duke of Edinburgh visited the line during its construction. In July 1968, they visited the tunnels that were being built under Vauxhall Park.

paragraphs: Barbara Castle, the Minister of Transport gave approval on 4 August 1967 to build the Brixton extension. Preparatory work started at a site on Bessborough Gardens near to Vauxhall Bridge Road in May 1967. On 28 June 1968, Richard Marsh, then Minister of Transport approved the proposal to build a station at Pimlico.

paragraphs: The name "Victoria line" dates back to 1955. Other suggestions were "Walvic line" (Walthamstow Central station–Victoria station) and "Viking line" (Victoria station–King's Cross station). During the planning stages, it was known as "Route C". Later, it was named the Victoria line after Victoria Station by David McKenna. This suggestion was seconded by Sir John Elliot.

paragraphs: The Victoria line was designed to get rid of build-ups of traffic on other lines, such as the Piccadilly line. It was also designed to have as many interchanges as possible, and all stations except Pimlico have an interchange with at least one other London Underground or National Rail line. It had been intended to build the line past Walthamstow Central to Wood Street (Walthamstow), where it would come above ground to terminate next to the British Railways station. However, a late decision in 1961 saw the line cut back to Walthamstow Central station. Until 1968 this station was called Walthamstow (Hoe Street).

paragraphs: Each Victoria line station apart from Pimlico was built as an interchange station and several existing stations were re–arranged to allow for cross-platform interchange with it. In some cases this was achieved by placing the Victoria line platforms on either side of the existing station. In others the Victoria line uses one of the older platforms and the existing line was moved toto a new platform.

paragraphs: At Euston, northbound Victoria and Northern line (Bank branch) trains run along platforms next to each other, although they are travelling in opposite directions. "Same-direction" cross-platform interchanges are available at Stockwell (with the Northern line), Oxford Circus (with the Bakerloo line), Highbury & Islington (with First Capital Connect, originally the Northern City Line) and at Finsbury Park (with the Piccadilly line).

paragraphs: All Victoria line stations were originally tiled in a light blue colour. Each station was decorated with tiled motifs on seating recesses to differentiate them from each other. During the construction of the Jubilee line in the late 1970s, the original motifs on Green Park station were replaced by motifs matching the new design for the Jubilee line platforms.

paragraphs: Platform humps were installed on all Victoria Line stations, except for Pimlico, during late 2010 and 2011. This was done to provide step-free access to trains. The Rail Vehicle Accessibility (Non Interoperable Rail System) Regulations 2010 and the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 created the need for the humps to be installed. The humps are a ramp type, similar to those being installed on some mainline stations. They are of a masonry construction.

paragraphs: The first section opened was between Walthamstow Central and Highbury & Islington. There was no opening ceremony for this. The normal timetable started on 1 September 1968. The first train left Walthamstow Central for Highbury & Islington at about 7:32 am. Later that year, the section between Highbury & Islington and Warren Street was opened. Again there was no ceremony.

paragraphs: The official opening ceremony for the line took place at Victoria station on 7 March 1969. Queen Elizabeth II unveiled a commemorative plaque on the station concourse. After a short ceremony, she bought a 5d (old pence) ticket and travelled to Green Park. In new pence this would be about 2.08p. This made her the first monarch to ride the Underground.

paragraphs: Princess Alexandra opened the Brixton extension on 23 July 1971. She rode the train from Brixton to Vauxhall.

paragraphs: Trains run every two minutes during peak periods (when its the busiest). In normal service, all trains run from Brixton to Seven Sisters. About three out of five continue to Walthamstow Central.

paragraphs: When the line first opened it was served by a fleet of 8-car 1967 tube stock trains. Each is made up of two four-car units. Later on, a number of cars of 1972 Mark I tube stock were adapted to work with the 1967 stock. This meant that there were finally 43 trains, each of which was made up of two four-car units. The 1967 tube stock was replaced by 2009 tube stock between 2009 and 2011 (see below).

paragraphs: At first, an articulated type of rolling stock was thought about. This idea was not used because it would have been too hard to move the stock to Acton Works for heavy overhauls. This is no longer a problem since train overhauls have been moved away from Acton Works to the builders' own works. The new 2009 tube stock is wider and the carriage is slightly longer. This means it can only run on the Victoria line, as it is too wide for the tunnels of other deep level tube lines.

paragraphs: The line has an Automatic Train Operation system (ATO). The train operator (driver) closes the train doors and presses a pair of "start" buttons. If the way ahead is clear, the ATO drives the train at a safe speed to the next station and stops there. This system has been in place since the line opened in 1968. This makes the Victoria line the world's first full-scale automatic railway.

paragraphs: When the Victoria line was built, there were severe budget restrictions. As a result, the station infrastructure standards were lower than on older lines and on later extension projects. Examples of these lower standards include narrower than usual platforms and undecorated ceilings at Walthamstow Central, Blackhorse Road and Tottenham Hale. This also affects lighting levels. At most stations between the up and down escalators there is a concrete staircase where an additional escalator could be installed, but has not been fitted. It can cause severe congestion at peak times. This has been remedied at Brixton in 2004 and at Vauxhall in 2006 where an additional escalator has been installed in place of the fixed stairway.

paragraphs: In addition, there have been station closures for safety reasons, when both escalators have been unserviceable. Over many years, heavy equipment has been installed in fenced-off sections at the ends of platforms owing to the lack of anywhere else to install them. It is not clear from Transport for London's Five-Year Investment Programme whether these shortcomings are likely to be remedied.

paragraphs: The 1967 stock was replaced bit by bit from July 2009 as part of Transport for London's 5-year £10 billion redevelopment project. The replacement for the line's 1967 tube stock is the 2009 tube stock built by Bombardier Transportation. The first train was built in 2006. Testing of the new trains began in 2008. The main fleet began to be introduced in 2009 and went into main service in 2010. The last of the 1967 stock trains ran on 30 June 2011, after which the whole service was provided by 2009 stock.

paragraphs: Supporters of Tottenham Hotspur (and the club itself) have campaigned for a surface station to be opened next to Northumberland Park Station, next to the line's depot. This would provide an improvement in transport links, seen as essential if the club's wish to redevelop their ground and increase crowd capacity is to become a reality. The idea was looked into but Network Rail own the necessary land and need it for their own expansion plans.

paragraphs: When Crossrail 2 is built, it will lower the number of passengers on the Victoria line (there are too many at the moment). It will offer an alternative route across Central London between Victoria and King's Cross St. Pancras.

paragraphs: For many years there have been proposals to extend southwards from Brixton one stop to Herne Hill. Herne Hill is a railway station that can link passengers to Kent and other places. The tube station would be on a large reversing loop with one platform. This would remove a problem of having too many trains by getting rid if the need for trains to reverse at Brixton. However, this would cost too much money for how little it would actually help passengers. Given that the line is very overcrowded, this is the only extension that could ever happen.

paragraphs: Northumberland Park Depot is the service and storage area for trains on the Victoria Line. It is the only part of the line not in tunnel. It is next to Northumberland Park railway station, on Tottenham Marshes, Tottenham in the London Borough of Haringey.

paragraphs: The Depot is connected to the Victoria Line by a tunnelled branch line to a junction to the north of Seven Sisters. It was opened with the first stage of the line in 1968.

paragraphs: There is a local campaign for platforms for the Victoria Line to be built at Northumberland Park station. This is supported by the Haringey Council and by Tottenham Hotspur F.C. because the club thinks the new platforms are necessary for their plans to increase capacity at their White Hart Lane ground.


title: Stern Review

paragraphs: The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change is a 700-page report released on 30 October 2006 by economist Lord Nicholas Stern for the British government.

paragraphs: It discusses the effect of climate change and global warming on the world economy. It is the largest and most widely known and discussed report of its kind.

paragraphs: Nicholas Stern, called the "world’s top climate economist", endorses 350 ppm as “a very sensible long-term target.”

paragraphs: Lord Stern is the co-chairperson of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.


title: Manuel Pino

paragraphs: Manuel Pino is a professor at Scottsdale Community College in Arizona. Opposition to uranium mining has played a big role in Pino's life. He has written about "The Destructive Impact of Uranium Mining on Native American Culture". He has spoken out at many international conferences about victims of uranium mining, depleted uranium, and associated cancer deaths. In 2008, Manuel Pino received the Nuclear-Free Future Award.


title: Jacqui Katona

paragraphs: Jacqui Katona is an Aboriginal woman who tried to stop the Jabiluka uranium mine in the Northern Territory. In 1998 the Mirrar Aboriginal people, together with environmental groups, created one of the largest protests in Australia's history. Katona won the 1999 U.S. Goldman Environmental Prize because she protected her country and culture against uranium mining.


title: Third rail

paragraphs: A third rail is a metal railway track that is placed on either side of a train track to provide electrical power to trains traveling along the tracks. They are often used on subways and local train services. Before third rails, electricity was carried in overhead wires.

paragraphs: In the 19th century engineers found ways to use electricity to power trains. Scottish engineer Robert Davidson designed and built an electric locomotive in 1837 using batteries. Locomotives powered by batteries could not be used on the main railways due to the frequent need to charge them.

paragraphs: German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1879 designed the first reliable electric locomotive to carry passengers. Siemens' design used a 2.2kW electric motor and had a top speed of just over 13km/h. This new locomotive hauled three passenger cars along a 300 meter circular railway track and carried about 90,000 people in four months during its trail run at the Berlin Industrial Exhibition. Siemens' electric locomotive was the first train to use a third rail and power was provided by a dynamo built for this purpose.

paragraphs: Early electric trains were unable to access a widely available and reliable source of electricity. A network of electricity that went wherever the rail line network went was needed. Whilst many modern long distance trains use an overhead wire system to provide power, the third rail was the first successful means of supplying power. It remains very much in use world-wide today, especially in local and rapid transit systems.

paragraphs: The third rail is usually located outside the two running rails, but occasionally between them. The electricity is transmitted to the train by means of a sliding shoe, which is held in contact with the rail. On many systems an insulating cover is provided above the third rail to protect employees working near the track; sometimes the shoe is designed to contact the side (called side running) or bottom (called bottom running) of the third rail, allowing the protective cover to be mounted directly to its top surface. When the shoe slides on top, it is referred to as top running. When the shoe slides on the bottom it is not affected by the build-up of snow or leaves.

paragraphs: Third rails typically carry hundreds of volts in high amperage current. This makes them very dangerous. In 2005 American James Maki fell onto the third rail at a Boston rail station and suffered extensive and disfiguring injuries. As part of his treatment he became the second American recipient of a face transplant. Many deaths occur around the world each year due to human contact with a third rail. In New York City, there have been multiple cases of people dying because they have urinated on the third rail.


title: Yonge Street

paragraphs: Yonge Street (pronounced "young") is a main street in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and its northern suburbs. It was once listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest street in the world and is listed as a national historic site. It was the site of Canada's first subway line.

paragraphs: Yonge Street is the home of or close to many places of interest in Toronto, including street and theatre acts, the Eaton Centre, the Hockey Hall of Fame and–at the very start of the road–'One Yonge Street', the offices of the "Toronto Star" newspaper. The Yonge Line of the Toronto subway under or along it from south of King Street to Finch Avenue. The Viva Blue BRT line goes along Yonge from Finch to Newmarket Bus Terminal.

paragraphs: Yonge Street is thought to be Toronto's main street, because of it splits the city into east and west, and the has the Yonge subway line running under it. It is also the main place people come to celebrate events.

paragraphs: Parts of the street are often closed for events, such as an yearly street party. Toronto's annual Gay Pride, Orange Order, and Santa Claus parades also use Yonge Street for a large part of their routes. Canadian singer-songwriter Gordon Lightfoot has a song about Yonge Street, titled "On Yonge Street", on his album "A Painter Passing Through".

paragraphs: On April 23, 2018 a white van collided with numerous pedestrians killing nine and injuring sixteen others at Yonge Street.


title: Dinoflagellate

paragraphs: The dinoflagellates are a large group of flagellate protists. About half are photosynthetic, the rest are mostly heterotroph predators of other protists. The ones which are photosynthetic are sometimes loosely called 'algae'; the one which are predators are sometimes loosely called 'protozoa'.

paragraphs: They have been classified as an order, a class and a phylum by different authors. Active research is being done on their relationships.

paragraphs: Most are marine plankton, but they are common in fresh water habitats as well. Their populations are distributed depending on temperature, salinity, or depth. The group includes many symbionts and bioluminescent species.

paragraphs: About 1,555 species of free-living marine dinoflagellates are currently described. The latest estimates suggest a total of 2,294 living dinoflagellate species, which includes marine, freshwater and parasitic dinoflagellates.

paragraphs: Some dinoflagellates are zooxanthellae: endosymbionts of marine eukaryotes, and animals such as anthozoan corals. These reef-building corals largely depend on them. Other organisms which can host zooxanthellae include jellyfish, clams, foraminifera, sea slugs i.e. nudibranchs, and also ciliates and radiolaria.

paragraphs: Dinoflagellates are responsible for the 'red tides' which may poison fish. They sometimes bloom in concentrations of more than a million cells per millilitre. Some species produce neurotoxins, which in such quantities kill fish and accumulate in filter feeders such as shellfish, which in turn may pass them on to people who eat them. This phenomenon is called a red tide, from the color the bloom imparts to the water. Not all dinoflagellate blooms are dangerous. Bluish flickers visible in ocean water at night often come from blooms of bioluminescent dinoflagellates, which emit short flashes of light when disturbed.

paragraphs: Although classified as eukaryotes, the dinoflagellate nuclei lack some key features of eukaryotic nuclei. In fact, Dodge termed the dinoflagellate nucleus as "mesokaryotic", due to its possession of intermediate characteristics between the coiled DNA areas of prokaryotic bacteria and the well-defined eukaryotic nucleus. This group, however, does contain typically eukaryotic organelles, such as golgi complexes, mitochondria and chloroplasts.

paragraphs: The group contains many complex organelles and life styles. Some have structures rather like vertebrates eyes; some have nematocysts; some live as plasmodia (multinucleate forms); some have two flagella; photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain a "bewildering array" of plastid types; and the whole of their genetics and cell biology is eccentric.

paragraphs: Fossil dinoflagellates are important in "stratigraphy", the dating and correlation of strata. During their life, dinoflagellates have a mobile planktonic form and a resistant cyst phase which enables them to survive over winter in sediment. Only the cyst gets fossilised. Their first certain appearance is in the Silurian period, with a big radiation in the Mesozoic era. They are classified as "Phylum Dinomastigota" by Margulis and colleagues.


title: Epiphyte

paragraphs: An epiphyte is a plant which grows on another plant, without being a parasite. The term is also be used for bacteria, fungi, lichens and mosses which grow on plants. However, most epiphytes (89%) are flowering plants; and about a third of all ferns are epiphytes.

paragraphs: An epiphyte gets its moisture and nutrients from the air and rain, and sometimes from debris accumulating around it. The ones in the temperate zone are often mosses, liverworts, lichens and algae, and in the tropics ferns, cacti, orchids, and bromeliads.

paragraphs: Sometimes such plants are called air plants, because they do not root in soil. This is misleading though, as there are many aquatic epiphytes as well. Epiphytic organisms only take support from the host; they are usually not parasites. Parasitic and semi-parasitic plants, like the mistletoe are not true epiphytes.

paragraphs: Epiphytes usually use photosynthesis to get energy; often they have adapted their leaves to be able to capture rainwater (and moisture from the air) if they are not aquatic.

paragraphs: Epiphytes are important for other species too, certain frogs live in the water reservoir of epiphytes.


title: Miniature sheet

paragraphs: A miniature sheet or souvenir sheet is a small group of postage stamps still attached to the sheet on which they were printed. They may be either regular issues that just happen to be printed in small groups, or special issues often commemorating some event, such as a national anniversary, philatelic exhibition, or government program. The number of stamps ranges from one to about 25; larger sheets of stamps are simply called "sheets" with no qualifier.

paragraphs: The stamps on the sheet may be perforated in the usual way, or imperforate. The margins or selvage of the sheet may have additional printing, ranging from a simple statement of the occasion being commemorated, up to a full picture of which the stamp(s) are just a small part.


title: Vietnamese Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Vietnamese Wikipedia () is the Vietnamese-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in November 2002.

paragraphs: It is the 11th largest edition by article count.


title: Mohammed Rafi

paragraphs: Mohammed Rafi (, , December 24, 1924 – July 31, 1980) was a popular Bollywood playback singer. In a career of over 40 years, Rafi sang more than 26,000 songs in the national languages of India and sometimes in other languages.

paragraphs: In 1944, Rafi moved to Mumbai. Rafi appeared in two movies. In 1945, he appeared on the screen for the song "Tera Jalwa Jis Ne Dekha" in the film "Laila Majnu". He sang a number of songs as part of the chorus, including with K. L. Saigal from the movie "Shahjahan" (1946). Rafi sang in Mehboob Khan's "Anmol Ghadi" (1946). He had a duet with Noor Jehan in the 1947 film "Jugnu", "Yahan Badla Wafa Ka". After partition, Rafi decided to stay in India. Noor Jehan migrated to Pakistan and made a pair with playback singer Ahmed Rushdi.

paragraphs: In 1949, Rafi was given solo songs by music directors such as Naushad, Shyam Sunder, and Husnalal Bhagatram.

paragraphs: In his early career, Rafi associated with many contemporary music directors, most notably Naushad Ali. In the late 1950s and 1960s, he worked with other composers of the era such as O. P. Nayyar, Shankar Jaikishan, S.D. Burman and Roshan.

paragraphs: In the early 1970s, Rafi recorded fewer songs. He made a comeback as a leading singer in 1974.

paragraphs: On Thursday, July 31, 1980, Rafi died at 10:50 p.m., following a massive heart attack. He had four sons (Saeed Rafi, Khalid Rafi, Hamid Rafi, Shahid Rafi), three daughters (Parveen, Nasreen, Yasmin) and 18 grandchildren.


title: EMPAC

paragraphs: The Curtis R. Priem Experimental Media and Performing Arts Center (EMPAC) is a big concert hall and place for arts at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York. It opened on October 3, 2008. It has a lot of high tech things in it.


title: Kingston, Ontario

paragraphs: Kingston, Ontario is a Canadian city at the eastern end of Lake Ontario. Here the lake runs into the St. Lawrence River and the Thousand Islands begin.

paragraphs: Kingston is the county seat of Frontenac County. According to the

paragraphs: 2006 Canadian Census, there were 117,207 people living in Kingston.

paragraphs: Kingston is nicknamed the ""Limestone City"" because of the many old and important buildings built from the local limestone.

paragraphs: The city sits besides Fort Henry and the Rideau Canal which was registered in 2007 as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: Kingston is a very old and historic city. It has been the site of battles between Canada and the United States. It was also the Capital of Canada at one time.


title: Loon

paragraphs: A loon is a bird that lives on water. It is in the order Gaviiformes. This is an order of aquatic birds, the loons or divers and their closest extinct relatives.

paragraphs: Loons are the size of a large duck or a small goose. Loons can be hard to find because they are shy around people. The name "loon" is from the Scandinavian word for "clumsy". Loons are the state bird of Minnesota. Loons are found in most parts of North America (there are five North American species) and northern Eurasia. They enjoy cool climates in the summer and migrate to ocean coasts in the winter.

paragraphs: Loons can dive up to 200 feet underwater for food. Their bodies are shaped for diving. To dive better, they have solid bones (most birds' bones are hollow) and feet placed far back for swimming under the water. They have black (or grey)-and-white heads, pale breasts, and striped back feathers.

paragraphs: Loons can lay up to two eggs. The females are brownish in color which helps them blend into their surroundings. Both the male and female parent take turns sitting on the eggs. After hatching, they fly south when the weather gets cool. The young loons spend three years in the south before returning to the north.

paragraphs: They are best known for their loud, trumpeting call. They also make melodic, wailing or laughing sounds. Loons communicate to each other through their sounds. They also communicate with humans and other animals through dance. Loons warn others to stay away from their nests by dancing on the water. Loons are protective parents and will dance to exhaustion and death to protect their eggs. Raccoons, gulls, and skunks have been known to devour loon eggs.

paragraphs: Loons eat fish like sunfish, perch, and bullheads. Loons do not chew their food. They have elastic throats that allow the loon to swallow their food whole. When they swallow fish, their throat expands to the size of the fish they eat so they do not choke.

paragraphs: Scientists band, or tag loons to try to understand more about them. Their life style is similar to the grebes, but they are a different group of birds.


title: Beamish Museum

paragraphs: Beamish, The North of England Open Air Museum is an open air museum. It is at Beamish, near the town of Stanley, County Durham England.


title: Crossbow

paragraphs: The crossbow, or arbalest, is a bow which consists of a bow-like arc called "prod" and cross-wise body called "stock" and trigger mechanism. The crossbow is an invention in which the stock, a piece of wood is mounted on two other crossing pieces. Crossbows shoot short arrows called "bolts" which are similar to arrows. The crossbow was first created by the Chinese people in circa 6 B.C. The Greeks invented crossbow separately in 4th century B.C. The Romans called the weapon "arcuballista". Crossbow was a very popular weapon in the Middle Ages as it was strong and accurate and could be used as a sharpshooter weapon. The Arabs call crossbow "qaws Ferengi", "Frankish bow", as the Crusaders used crossbow a lot. A good crossbow can shoot the bolt with such immense power that it may pierce armour. Against unarmoured light opponents, even a single bolt may be lethal.

paragraphs: Compared to the ordinary bow, the crossbows have good and bad sides to them. They fire much stronger and much more accurately than ordinary bows, and shooting accurately with a crossbow is easier to learn than shooting with an ordinary bow. On the other hand, because the prod is short and therefore very stiff, a crossbow will take much longer time to load, and a crossbow does not have as good accurate range than a longbow. Many crossbows have crank or windlass mechanisms to pull the string in drawn position. Also many crossbows do have safety mechanisms to prevent an accidental shot.

paragraphs: Crossbow shooting is today a popular sport.


title: Sonic Battle

paragraphs: Sonic Battle is a fighting video game for the Game Boy Advance that came out on January 5, 2004. The game is made by THQ, Sonic Team and Sega. People can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Tails the Fox, Knuckles the Echidna, Shadow the Hedgehog, Rouge the Bat, Amy Rose, Cream the Rabbit, E-102 Gamma, Chaos 0, or a new character called Emerl.


title: Pathos

paragraphs: Pathos () () is a form of rhetorics. Qualities of a fictional or nonfiction work that cause feelings of sorrow or pity. Over emotionalism can be the result of too much pathos.


title: Coeliac disease

paragraphs: Coeliac disease is an autoimmune disorder in people when the indigestion of Gluten leads to problems in the body. If someone with coeliac disease eats something with gluten (for example, wheat, rye, barley), cells inside the body attack the lining of the intestine. This means that they cannot digest (eat) food properly, making them unable to have enough energy, vitamins, or minerals. Children may be unable to grow taller or gain weight properly. People with coeliac disease often lose weight. They are also frequently tired.

paragraphs: People with coeliac disease often have bloating and pain in their abdominal (stomach) area, diarrhoea (watery stools) or steatorrhea (fat in their stools). These symptoms can lead to flatulence. Their stomachs also start to hurt and they might suffer from joint pains, seizures, rashes, fatigue, slowness in growth and puberty, loss in weight, loss of bone density and fertility issues.

paragraphs: To relieve the effects of coeliac disease, one must stop eating gluten. There are no medicines or cure that can stop Coeliac disease. To get fully better, it usually takes about two years of not eating gluten, during which time the previously damaged intestine might recover. They must remain on a gluten-free diet for the rest of their life in order to treat this condition.

paragraphs: Coeliac disease is genetic and relatives (such a children, siblings, parents) with this disease have a 1 in 10 chance of developing Coeliac disease. This means that the person affected by it is born with genes that cause the immune system to react poorly to gluten. However, Coeliac disease is not always present during childhood. It can be triggered as an adult by an event such as pregnancy (hormone shifts) or illness.

paragraphs: To find out if a person has Coeliac disease, doctors look in the blood to see if they have the cells that attack the intestine when gluten is eaten. The protein that attacks the intestine is called an antibody. Antibodies are produced by white blood cells, and they normally stop illnesses from growing in the body, but in the case of coeliac disease, one of the antibodies thinks that gluten is something that will cause illness. Doctors can also look into the patient's intestines with a camera on a tube called an endoscope. This can show if the intestines are being or have been damaged, because of coeliac disease.


title: George S. Patton

paragraphs: George Smith Patton, Jr. (also George Smith Patton III) (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a U.S. Army officer. He was in the army from 1909 until he died in 1945. He was in charge of many soldiers and he worked to defeat Germany during World War II in Europe.

paragraphs: Patton was born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California. Patton was married to Beatrice Banning Ayer from 1910 until his death in 1945. They had a son. Patton died on December 21, 1945 after a car crash in Heidelberg, Germany, aged 60. He was later buried at American Cemetery and Memorial in Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.


title: Foreign relations of Pakistan

paragraphs: Pakistan is the second largest Muslim country in terms of population (behind Indonesia). Pakistan is the only Muslim country known to have nuclear weapons. Pakistan is also an important member of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC).

paragraphs: Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations. Pakistan had some problems with its Foreign relations. Pakistan's relations with its neighbor, India is not good. Both countries have been fighting over the disputed territory of Kashmir,over which they have fought two wars. Pakistan has also had difficult relations with neighbors Afghanistan and Iran. Pakistan has had a long and good relationship with the China. Pakistan has interest over the Persian Gulf and has wide-ranging bilateral relations with the United States and other Western countries.

paragraphs: Pakistan distrusted the Soviet Union during much of the Cold War. Because of this Pakistan had strong relations with both the United States of America and the People's Republic of China.

paragraphs: Pakistan was a member of the American-sponsored CENTO and SEATO military alliances. Pakistans' alliance with the United States was especially close after the Soviets invaded the neighboring country of Afghanistan. In 1964, Pakistan signed the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD) Pact with Turkey and Iran, when all three countries were closely allied with the U.S., and as neighbors of the Soviet Union, wary of perceived Soviet expansionism. To this day, Pakistan has had a close relationship with Turkey. RCD became defunct after the Iranian Revolution, and a Pakistani-Turkish initiative led to the founding of the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985. For several years, Pakistan's relations with the Republic of India had been gradually improving, which opened up Pakistan's foreign policy to issues beyond security.


title: White rhinoceros

paragraphs: The white rhinoceros or square-lipped rhinoceros ("Ceratotherium simum") is one of the five species of rhinoceros that still exist and is one of the few megafauna species left. It has a wide mouth used for grazing and is the most social of all rhino species.

paragraphs: The northern subspecies has all but died out; the southern is rare.


title: Picture frame

paragraphs: A picture frame is usually a rectangular or oval shaped object designed to hold, protect and display a painting, drawing, or photograph. Most picture frames are made of wood or metal, and may have a glass cover. Some can be attached to walls, while others can stand up on a flat surface. The frames can almost be works of art themselves.


title: Persian blue

paragraphs: The color Persian blue is named from the blue color of some Persian pottery and the color of tiles used in and on mosques and palaces in Iran and in other places in the Middle East. "Persian blue" is a representation of the color of the mineral lapis lazuli which comes from Persia and Afghanistan. (The color azure is also named after the mineral lapis lazuli.)

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "Persian blue" as a color name in English was in 1669.

paragraphs: The interior of the Shah Mosque in the city of Isfahan in Iran is lavishly decorated with Persian blue colored tiles.


title: Tim Flannery

paragraphs: Professor Tim Flannery (born 28 January 1956) is an Australian mammalogist, palaeontologist and global warming activist. Flannery was Australian of the Year in 2007 and previously was a professor at Macquarie University. He left Macquarie University in mid-2013. Flannery is also the chairman of the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international climate change awareness group.He also has a wife/spouse named Alexandra Szalay who is also a scientist and Italian


title: Phuket Giant Budha

paragraphs: Buddha statue formal name is : "Puttamingmongkol Akenakkiri"'

paragraphs: (พระมิ่งมงคลเอกนาคคีรี) It is a buddha being built in Phuket island of Thailand. Once complete, it will be 45 metres tall with a base diametre of 25 metres. It looks towards Phang Nga Bay in the east and backs towards Andaman Sea in the west. The partially completed Buddha is open to visitors and there is no charge to enter the site, although there are many opportunities to make voluntary donations. It is believed to cost no less than 30 million Thai baht.


title: Stellar precession

paragraphs: Stellar precession is one of the ways the stars slowly move across the sky when seen from the Earth. The best-known thing this causes is making the north star's place in the sky slowly change over thousands of years. It is caused by the Sun's gravity pulling the Earth's poles toward itself. Because the Earth's poles are tilted at an angle of 23.42 degrees from straight up in relation to its orbit, this causes the North Pole to seem to point at different places in the sky. While the orientation of the Earth with respect to the stars changes, the axial tilt remains constant.

paragraphs: Although it takes a very long time for the pole to make a whole circle in the sky (almost 26,000 years), even over the time period that humans have had writing, this has made a big difference in what star is seen as the north star. When the ancient Egyptians built the pyramids about 4,000 years ago, they used the stars to make the edges line up with north and south. However, they did not use the same north star that we do because Earth's North Pole pointed at a different star than it does today.

paragraphs: Astronomers have known about this movement for a very long time, calling it the precession of the equinoxes. Most people think that Hipparchus discovered it in ancient Greece in about 130 BC, but some people think that even the ancient Egyptians may have known about it.


title: Harem

paragraphs: Harem means the women and the place where they live in a polygynous household. Most men are not allowed in there. The word "harem" comes from the Turkish word "haram", meaning a sacred, forbidden place. Harems were meant for the royal upbringing of the future wives of noble and royal men. These women would be educated so that they were ready to appear in public as a royal wife. No forms of sexual activity took place inside of harems.

paragraphs: In the west people thought that harems (especially those in the Ottoman Empire) were brothels full of women who gave themselves up to please rich men.

paragraphs: In modern terms the word maybe used to describe a group of admiring women attracted to one man.


title: Chlorpromazine

paragraphs: Chlorpromazine is an antipsychotic drug. It is the oldest such drug. It was developed in 1950. It is typically used to treat Schizophrenia. It has also been used to treat bipolar disorder. It has been shown to help uncontrollable hiccups disappear. It is also used to help with nausea and vomiting.


title: K'naan

paragraphs: K'naan (born Kaynaane Warsame in Somalia in 1978) is a Somali-Canadian poet, rapper and musician. Warsame started writing music in 2002 when recorded songs for his first album released in 2005 called "The Dusty Foot Philosopher". He then made a live album in 2007 called "The Dusty Foot in the Road". In February 2009, he released his third studio album "Troubadour".

paragraphs: K'naan including a bunch of Canadian singers called ""Young Artists for Haiti"" remade the song "Wavin' Flag" for the Earthquake in Haiti.


title: East Anglia Transport Museum

paragraphs: The East Anglia Transport Museum is a transport museum that is completely outside. It has lots of old public transport vehicles. Lots of them are also able to operate. It is the only place in England where visitors can ride on buses, trams trolleybuses and a narrow gauge railway in the same museum.


title: Terry Butcher

paragraphs: Terence Ian "Terry" Butcher, born 28 December 1958 in Singapore, is the manager of the Scottish Premier League side Inverness Caledonian Thistle.

paragraphs: He was once a professional player. He played as defender with Ipswich Town and Rangers in the 1980s. He was also a captain of England and won 77 caps in his career of ten years.

paragraphs: He was born in Singapore but spent his childhood in Lowestoft, Suffolk. There he attended The Denes High School. He also met his wife Rita there. He got a chance to join Norwich City youth team, but refused it.

paragraphs: Butcher made his debut for Ipswich against Everton in the First Division on 15 April 1978. Over the next eight seasons, he became the club's central defender. His good performance was noticed by then England coach Ron Greenwood. He gave him his debut in a friendly against Australia in 1980.

paragraphs: In 1981, Butcher played in the Ipswich side that won the UEFA Cup under Bobby Robson. That year the club cape close to its first League title since 1962. However Aston Villa defeated them and won the title.

paragraphs: In 1986, Butcher left Ipswich when they were relegated. He became one of the first 'English invasion' players to join Scottish club Rangers. This was after Graeme Souness became its manager. Souness, the former Liverpool player, paid Ipswich £725,000 for him in July 1986.

paragraphs: As captain, he led them to three League titles in four seasons. They also won two Scottish League Cups.

paragraphs: In November 1987 he broke his leg during Scottish Premier Division fixture against Aberdeen. He could not play for the rest of the season. Before he was injured, Butcher was close to signing a £1million return to England with Manchester United. His injury cancelled this signing. United manager Alex Ferguson signed Norwich City's Steve Bruce instead.

paragraphs: His last Rangers game came in September 1990. Rangers lost 2-1 league against Dundee United in the match. His performance in that match was bad and he was dropped from the side. Leeds United manager Howard Wilkinson talked with Graeme Souness about bringing Butcher back to England, but when Butcher did depart from Ibrox it was in a £400,000 deal to become player-manager of Coventry City on 15 November 1990.


title: Toronto subway and RT

paragraphs: The Toronto subway and RT is the main rapid transit (RT) railway system in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is run by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). Since the first part under Yonge Street opened in 1954 with 12 stations, the system has grown to be Canada's biggest rapid transit rail system. It has four lines and 69 stations on 68.3 km of track. The subway system is used very often and has the most number of passengers of any system in Canada. It has an average of 948,100 passenger trips each weekday (as of 2010).

paragraphs: The system is was made bigger on the western part of the Yonge–University Line with new tracks and stations being made north to York University, Steeles Avenue, and Vaughan Corporate Centre in York Region. The Government of Ontario said on March 23, 2006 that it will give $670 million for this new work, which is less than one-third of the total money needed. The new track is about 8.6 km long and was built with six new stations: Downsview Park, Finch West, York University, Pioneer Village, Highway 407, and the Vaughan Metropolitan Centre. It was expected to cost about $2 billion.

paragraphs: The first part of the subway, replaced a very busy streetcar route, and followed Yonge Street from Eglinton Avenue south to Front Street, then turned west for one block to end at Bay Street, next to the city's main railway station Union Station and so the subway station was also called Union. This line was finished in 1954 and was 7.4 km long.

paragraphs: In 1963 another part was added, that went north from Union station, below University Avenue and Queen's Park to near Bloor Street, where it turned west to end at St. George and Bloor Streets.

paragraphs: The Bloor-Danforth Line opened up in 1966 along Bloor Street and Danforth Avenue from Keele Street to Woodbine Avenue, and was made longer in 1968 to run from Islington Avenue to Warden station at Warden and St. Clair Avenues.

paragraphs: The routing of the line across the Don Valley was possible because of a choice made more than forty years before. When the Prince Edward Viaduct was built across the Don River in 1919, its design included twin decks below the road to allow for future rail lines. This made it possible for the subway to cross the Don Valley to Danforth Avenue on the east side.

paragraphs: The Yonge-University line was extended north 8.7 km from Eglinton Avenue to Finch Avenue and Yonge in 1973 and 1974.

paragraphs: More track (9.9 km) was added to the Yonge-University Line in 1978 when it was extended from St. George and Bloor, north and northwest to Eglinton Avenue and Allen Road, then north along the middle of Allen Road to Wilson Avenue.

paragraphs: In October 1976, an arson (a fire set on purpose) destroyed subway cars and damage to Christie station. This caused the closure of the Bloor-Danforth Line for three days, and closed Christie station for some time for repairs. More track was added in 1980 at both ends of the Bloor-Danforth Line. These extensions each added one station, bus bays, and, on the eastern end, room to to the Scarborough RT.

paragraphs: With six stations on 6.8 km of track, the Scarborough RT is a line built almost all above the ground, and which has no direct tracks that connect to the other lines and uses a different trains. It uses the Intermediate Capacity Transit System (ICTS) trains which are very different from subway trains. The route is fully separate from road traffic and pedestrians, the stations are fully covered, and the trains have many doors that use high platforms.

paragraphs: An extra 1.6 km was added to the north end of the Spadina part of the Yonge-University-Spadina Line, adding one station (Downsview), with parking for buses.

paragraphs: In August 1995, the TTC had a really bad subway accident in what it calls the Russell Hill accident, on the Yonge-University-Spadina Line south of St. Clair West station. Three women died and 100 people were injured, a few badly.

paragraphs: The subway's newest line, Sheppard, opened in 2002. It runs 5.5 km east, under Sheppard Avenue from Sheppard station on the Yonge line (now called Sheppard-Yonge), to Don Mills station at Sheppard and Don Mills Road. The Sheppard line has less users than the other two subway lines, and shorter trains run on it.

paragraphs: In its over fifty-year history, the first baby to be born on a TTC subway station platform only occurred recently on February 6, 2006. This incident occurred at Wellesley station and caused delays on the subway system. It was front-page news for many days.

paragraphs: An automatic voice system was added to each station (such as; "The next station is Bloor, Bloor station.") which ended the need for the train operator to announce each stop. The automated system is used in the whole subway and RT system.

paragraphs: Until recently, the TTC did not have plans to expand the subway during the last twenty years but only had plans to build new above-ground rapid transit lines based upon streetcars travelling in closed lanes on streets. Today there are plans to build new subway lines under the ground, including extensions to the Spadina-University line and two lines in the central section of the city south of Bloor-Danforth.

paragraphs: Like most subways, the Toronto subway/RT trains get electricity from a third rail that runs next to the tracks. 'Shoes' (pieces of metal that touch the third-rail) mounted on both sides of each coach for contact. Power is supplied at 600 V DC.

paragraphs: A train guard opens and closes the subway car doors, and makes sure no one is trapped in a door as the train leaves a station. The train guard tells the driver when it is okay to leave. The car carrying the guard can be identified by the white or the orange light outside the subway car.

paragraphs: On weekdays and Saturday, subway service runs from approximately 6:00 am to 1:30 am, but Sunday service begins at 9:00 am. Start times on holidays may vary.

paragraphs: "For complete lists and details of stations, lines, and their locations in the Toronto subway/RT system, see List of Toronto subway and RT stations."

paragraphs: Most stations are named for the nearby road crossed by the line in question. A few are named for major landmarks, such as shopping centres or other transportation stations near the station.

paragraphs: All trains stop at every station along their route and run the entire length of their line from end to end.


title: Nicole Anderson

paragraphs: Nicole Gale Anderson (born August 29, 1990 in Rochester, Indiana) is an American actress.

paragraphs: Nicole has been performing and acting since she was younger. She had enrolled in gymnastics at 3-years-old, after 10 years of gymnastics, she took state championships and one national championship.

paragraphs: Nicole had won a scholarship to the Barbizon modeling school in Atlanta, Georgia at the age of 13. She had several printing ads and commercials such as: "Mary Kate and Ashley Online Clothing", "Every Girl", "Stand Up", and "Bratz-Pretty 'n' Punk & Treasures".

paragraphs: Later on, Nicole had a few roles in TV shows as: "Unfabulous", "Zoey 101", "Nobody", "Hannah Montana", "iCarly", "Sunday! Sunday! Sunday!", the ABC Family "Make It Or Break It", and the ABC Family movie "Princess". She did co-star in the Jonas Brothers' Disney Channel Original Series "JONAS" playing "Macy Misa", the brothers' #1 fan.


title: Tar

paragraphs: Tar is a sticky black liquid made of thick oil. It is a natural substance, oozing out of the ground in places like the La Brea tar pits. Usually it is made by heating coal inside a chemical apparatus.

paragraphs: Most tar is produced from coal as a byproduct of coke production, but it can also be produced from petroleum, peat or wood. The "destructive distillation" of a ton of coal can produce 700 kg of coke, 100 litres of liquor ammonia, 50 litres of coal tar and 400 m of coal gas.

paragraphs: It used to be one of the products of gasworks. Tar made from coal or petroleum is considered toxic. It causes cancer because of its high benzene content. In low concentrations, however, tar is used as a medicine on the skin.

paragraphs: Tar kilns are dry distillation ovens, used in Scandinavia for producing tar from wood. They were built close to the forest, from limestone or from more primitive holes in the ground. The bottom is sloped into an outlet hole, to allow the tar to come out. The wood is split to dimensions of a finger and stacked densely, and finally covered tight with dirt and moss to stop air entering. On top of this, a fire is stacked and lit. After a few hours, the tar starts to pour out, and continues to do so for a few days.

paragraphs: Tar is used in treatment of the skin disease psoriasis, where coal tar is the most effective. Tar is a general disinfectant. Petroleum tar was also used in ancient Egyptian mummification circa 1000 BC.

paragraphs: Tar was a vital component of the first sealed, or "tarmac", roads. The streets of Baghdad were the first to be paved with tar from the 8th century AD. It was also used as seal for roofing shingles and to seal the hulls of ships and boats. For millennia wood tar was used to waterproof sails and boats, but today sails made from inherently waterproof synthetic substances have negated the need for tar. Wood tar is still used to seal traditional wooden boats and the roofs of historical shingle-roofed churches, as well painting exterior walls of log buildings.

paragraphs: Mixing tar with linseed oil varnish produces tar paint. Tar paint can be used to protect wood from weather. Tar paint can also be toned with various pigments, producing translucent colours and preserving the wood texture.


title: Toronto Transit Commission

paragraphs: The Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) runs the public transport system that has buses, streetcars, subways, and rapid transit lines in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Started in 1954, the TTC has grown to three subway lines and an elevated rapid transit line with a total of 75 stations, as well as 149 surface routes (buses and streetcars). Of these 149 routes 148 make 243 connections with a subway or rapid transit station during weekday rush hours.

paragraphs: The TTC operates the third most used urban public transport system in North America (after the New York City Transit Authority and the Mexico City Metro).

paragraphs: The TTC also runs a door-to-door "(they pick people up at home, the shops or work, and take them anywhere they wish to go)" system for people with physical disabilities known as Wheel-Trans; about 5,500 trips are made by this service daily. This service costs the same as any other trip on the TTC even though it is door-to-door. The TTC had 11,235 people working for it in 2007.


title: Viscosity

paragraphs: Viscosity is a physical property of fluids. It shows resistance to flow. In a simple example, water has a low viscosity, as it is "thin". Syrup and tar, on the other hand, have a high viscosity, as they are "thick". A way to test for viscosity is the speed at which the substance runs down a slope. Syrup would reach the bottom very slowly, and water would be much quicker.

paragraphs: There are two types of viscosity: "dynamic viscosity", measured in pascal seconds, and "kinematic viscosity", measured in metres per second squared.

paragraphs: Viscosity is used as a way to predict when volcanoes erupt. When the lava comes out very thickly (viscous), there is more chance that it will erupt violently. This is because the lava has a hard time getting out and may burst out when it can. If the lava is thin (low viscosity), then it just flows out like water.

paragraphs: The word "viscous" comes from the Latin root "viscum", meaning sticky.


title: Passenger

paragraphs: A passenger is a term that is used for a person who travels in a vehicle, but not the driver or a person working in the vehicle.

paragraphs: There are two common ways in which the term is used:

paragraphs: In most places the company who owns the vehicles and the people who work on them have legal obligations to the passengers riding with them.


title: Additions to Daniel

paragraphs: The Additions to Daniel are three chapters that are in some but not all Christian Bibles, added to the Book of Daniel. Roman Catholics and followers of the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches believe that these chapters are sacred and they put them in their Bibles as part of their Biblical canon. The chapters are listed in "Article VI" of the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England as good but not sacred reading. Most Protestant Bibles do not have these chapters because most Protestant churches believe these chapters are apocryphal.

paragraphs: The Additions to Daniel are not found in the Hebrew or Aramaic text of Daniel. These stories are in the Greek Septuagint and a translation by the writer Theodotion. However, most Protestant Bibles use only the text in the Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts, so they do not have these chapters.


title: 19521 Chaos

paragraphs: 19521 Chaos is a Kuiper belt object. Chaos was found in 1998 by the Deep Ecliptic Survey, with Kitt Peak's 4 m telescope. It is big at about 560 km, and bright at H=4.755. It is named after the primeval state of existence in Greek mythology, from which the first gods appeared.

paragraphs: A jazz-fusion/progressive-rock band from Connecticut got their name from this minor planet.


title: Heel (professional wrestling)

paragraphs: In professional wrestling, a Heel is a "Bad guy".

paragraphs: In lucha libre heels are referred to as rudos


title: Line 1 Yonge–University

paragraphs: The Yonge-University-Spadina Line is the oldest and most used subway line in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission, has 32 stations and is 30.2 km in length. It opened in 1954, and had new stations added in 1963, 1973, 1974, 1978, and 1996.

paragraphs: The line runs from about 6:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. Monday to Saturday and 9:00 a.m. to 1:30 a.m. on Sunday. The subway runs every 4–5 minutes, with extra services (2–3 minutes) during rush hour times.

paragraphs: The 320 Yonge bus runs late at night when the subway is closed.


title: Tenrikyo

paragraphs: Tenrikyo is a religion that believes in one God. It was founded in Japan in the 19th century by Miki Nakayama, a Japanese woman who heard instructions from God. Believers of Tenrikyo call her "Oyasama", which means the "Great Parent", because she acts as a parent to all people. In Tenrikyo, God is called "Oyagami", which means "God the Parent".

paragraphs: The goal of Tenrikyo is for all people to live a joyous life. Oyasama stated that the way to save yourself is by saving others. In other words, to be truly happy you must make other people happy.

paragraphs: Today, Tenrikyo is centered in Tenri City in central Japan. There is a general hospital, a college, three schools, and a central temple there. Once a month, there is a big ritual in this central city and many people come from all over the country to pray. There are two million believers of Tenrikyo in Japan and around the world.


title: Steeles Avenue

paragraphs: Steeles Avenue is an east-west street that forms the northern city border of Toronto and the southern border of York Region, Ontario, Canada. It is 38.75 km within Toronto, between Albion Road and the Scarborough-Pickering border.

paragraphs: West of Albion Road, Steeles continues into Peel Region, where it is also known as Peel Regional Road 15. It runs through Brampton and into the Halton Region town of Milton. It stops at Appleby Line on top of the Niagara Escarpment due to the Crawford Lake Conservation Area being there, and then the road starts again just east of Guelph Line and goes until the Milborough Townline on the border of Milton and Hamilton. East of the Toronto-Pickering border, it becomes Taunton Road.

paragraphs: Steeles is named after J. C. Steele, who owned a tavern on the street where it joins with Yonge Street.

paragraphs: Steeles Avenue was listed as the worst road by the CAA in October 2006, and as the fifth worst road in October 2007. In October 2008, it was re-listed as worst road in Ontario. Reasons are potholes and the quality of the road. Soon after the CAA's listing, some parts of the road between Dufferin Street and Bayview Avenue were resurfaced.


title: Aconitum

paragraphs: Aconitum, known as aconite, monkshood, wolfsbane, leopard's bane, women's bane, Devil's helmet or blue rocket, is a genus of flowering plant belonging to the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae). There are over 250 species of "Aconitum".


title: Tim Hortons

paragraphs: Tim Hortons Inc. is a Canadian fast food restaurant known for its coffee and doughnuts. It was started in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton. In 1967 Tim Horton joined with investor Ron Joyce, who quickly took over running the company and expanded the chain into a multi-million dollar franchise.

paragraphs: Tim Hortons stores quickly spread and together with Subway, became bigger than McDonald's and is now Canada's largest chain of fast food restaurants. The company opened twice as many Canadian stores as did McDonald's and sales also are bigger than those of McDonald's Canadian restaurants as of 2002. The chain got 22.6% of all fast food industry revenues in Canada in 2005. Tim Hortons also has 76% of the Canadian market for baked goods (based on the number of customers) and has 62% of the Canadian coffee market (compared to Starbucks, who is the second largest with 7%). Tim Hortons had 2,733 restaurants in Canada as of July 1, 2007.

paragraphs: Tim Hortons also has international restaurants with 500 in the United States as of December 2008, with one opened in Detroit and owned by former NBA player Derrick Coleman and one on a Canadian military base outside Kandahar, Afghanistan. Tim Hortons' other international efforts include a small outlet at the Dublin Zoo. Tim Hortons also made a deal with the SPAR store chain in the UK and Ireland, with Tim Hortons coffee and doughnuts being sold at small self service counters in 16 SPAR stores.

paragraphs: The company's first store opened in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario under the name "Tim Horton Donuts" (the word donut would later be dropped and the company name ended up as just "Tim Horton's", and later was changed to "Tim Hortons" without the apostrophe). The business was started by Tim Horton, who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a car accident in 1974.

paragraphs: Soon after Horton opened the store, he met Ron Joyce, a former Hamilton police constable. In 1965, Joyce took over the Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton. By 1967, after he had opened up two more stores, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business. After Horton's death in 1974, Joyce bought the company from the Horton family and took over as the only owner of the now forty stores. Joyce expanded the chain quickly in geography and in product selection, opening the 500th store in Aylmer, Quebec, in 1991.

paragraphs: Ron Joyce's very fast expansion of the Tim Hortons business brought about two major changes in the coffee and doughnut restaurant market: independent doughnut shops in Canada were almost wiped out, and Canada's per person ratio of doughnut shops rose past those of all other countries.

paragraphs: By the 1990s, the company name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd but the name of the restaurants are still called Tim Hortons. This was because the company wanted to also go into other types of business, and not just be seen as a doughnut company. In March 2006, shares of the company were first sold to the public.

paragraphs: TDL Group had $1.48 billion in sales in 2005 and has expanded across Canada and also in New York, Ohio, Michigan, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Maine.

paragraphs: In August 2014, the Brazilian investment company 3G Capital announced it was going to buy out the TDL Group and merge operations of Tim Hortons with that of Burger King. This was done to make it easier to make Tim Hortons a world-wide chain, just like how Burger King is. The purchase was completed in December of that year, and since then, both Tim Hortons and Burger King are part of Restaurant Brands International, which is owned mostly by 3G Capital, but also by the previous shareholders of the two chains under the ticker . But in 2018, it was reported that Tim Hortons franchisees were complaining to the Government of Canada that Restaurant Brands International did not follow the rules that were made in order for the takeover to happen.

paragraphs: Tim Hortons has many stores on or near many Canadian Forces Bases. TDL Group said in March 2006, that because they were asked by Chief of the Defence Staff, General Rick Hillier, it would open a store at the Canadian Forces operations base in Kandahar, Afghanistan. The new Kandahar store opened on June 29 2006, in a 40 ft trailer on the military base.

paragraphs: Tim Hortons' first stores only sold two products - coffee and doughnuts. As well as its coffee, tea, hot chocolate, and doughnuts, the Tim Hortons menu now includes a number of other baked goods, such as Timbits (small balls of doughnut dough), muffins, croissants, tea biscuits, cookies, rolls, danishes, and bagels (Tim Hortons now sells one out of every two bagels in the whole Canadian food industry). Cakes to take home are offered in some locations.

paragraphs: Since the mid-1990s, the chain has moved into other areas, such as flavoured cappuccino, iced cappuccino, iced coffee, New York-style cheesecake, and lunch items such as soup, chili, and submarine sandwiches. In fall 2006, Tim Hortons began selling a breakfast sandwich. This is made of an egg patty, processed cheese slice, either bacon or sausage, and either a biscuit or bagel, it has sold well. In October 2007 Tim Hortons began to sell a Chicken Fajita Wrap, which has spiced chicken and sautéed vegetables. In December 2007, they began to sell Hash Browns and the Bagel B.E.L.T., (a breakfast sandwich that has lettuce and tomato.

paragraphs: Along with the expansion of stores and the expanded menu came the outsourcing of baked goods. Doughnuts, which used to be made at night so that they were ready for the next morning, are now fully cooked and then frozen and sent to every restaurant from Windsor Ontario. The restaurants now bake them during the day.

paragraphs: The company used to sell Coca-Cola products but Tim Hortons switched over to Pepsi in 2007.

paragraphs: Throw away cups made by the company are one of the most common litter items in Canada. Company spokespersons claim that customers are the problem, not Tim Hortons.

paragraphs: In May 2008, the chain came under fire after an employee in London, Ontario was fired for giving away a single $0.16 Timbit to a baby. A manager was blamed for the . The employee was hired at a different nearby location.


title: Alveolate

paragraphs: The Alveolata is a grouping of protists. One view is that it is a superphylum with at least four phyla.


title: Ice cube

paragraphs: Ice cubes are small pieces of ice that are often cubes. These pieces are sometimes used to cool drinks. Ice cubes are used in mixed drinks, when the drink has the words "on the rocks."

paragraphs: Ice cubes are made by filling a tray with water and putting it in a freezer. Many freezers also have an icemaker. Icemakers make ice cubes and put them in a bin. After that, they can be put in a glass.

paragraphs: Ice cubes are also made commercially and sold in large amounts. These ice cubes are usually cylindrical, and might have holes through the center. Commercially made ice cubes are very clear, as the water doesn't have much air dissolved in it.

paragraphs: Ice cubes can also be crushed into different-shaped flakes, which some people think makes some kinds of cocktails look better. Crushed ice is also used to cool a drink or other liquid quickly because the speed of cooling depends on the amount and average radius of the ice particles.

paragraphs: American physician and humanitarian John Gorrie built a refrigerator in 1844 to be able to cool air. His refrigerator made ice, which he hung from the ceiling in a basin. Gorrie is the creator of ice cubes, even though he was not trying to cool drinks. Instead, he used the ice to cool the room's temperature. During that time, people thought that bad air quality made people sick. So, to help treat sickness, he advocated for the draining of swamps and the cooling of sickrooms.

paragraphs: Ice cube trays are designed to be filled with water, then put in a freezer until the water freezes to ice, thus creating ice cubes. Trays are often flexible, so the ice cubes can be removed easily by flexing the tray. Another design is an aluminum tray with a lever that raises the ice cubes up, releasing them from the tray. A motorized kind of this is in most automatic ice-making freezers.

paragraphs: Even though ice cubes are usually shaped like cubes, there are trays that make spherical or cylindrical shapes. These are sometimes called ice tubes. Some novelty trays make blocks of ice in seasonal, festive, or other shapes.

paragraphs: The first flexible, stainless steel, all-metal ice cube tray was made by Guy L. Tinkham in 1933. The tray bent sideways to remove the ice cubes.

paragraphs: The first rubber ice cube tray was made by Lloyd Groff Copeman. One day in 1928, while walking through some woods getting sap for maple syrup, Copeman saw that slush and ice came off of his rubber boots instead of sticking to them. After talking about it with his patent attorney at lunch, he did experiments using rubber cups. Later, he made and patented several kinds of tray: a metal tray with rubber separators, a metal tray with individual rubber cups, and a tray made of only rubber.


title: Machete

paragraphs: A machete is a long cutting tool. The blade is usually 20-24 inches (50-60 cm) long and less than .2 inches thick. The machete is a large knife often used in jungles because it can easily cut through plants and vines. It can be used to open coconuts and cut down small trees (sometimes the back side has edges for sawing wood). It is also used occasionally outside of jungles. One such use is in surveying when a line of sight is needed through brush. It is a lot like the Japanese katana and larger than the American Bowie knife, and is sometimes used in warfare.


title: Michail Leontievich Bulatov

paragraphs: Michail Leontievich Bulatov (Михаил Леонтьевич Булатов), (1760 in Rjazan, 2 May 1825 in Omsk), was a Russian military who fought during the Russo-Turkish War (1787-1992) and became Major General in 1799 during the Napoleonic Wars and lieutenant-general in 1823.


title: Ecstasy (emotion)

paragraphs: Ecstasy is an emotion, and an altered state of consciousness. The word comes from Greek "έκστασις", "ékstasis", which means to "step outside oneself". People who have this emotion feel very happy.


title: King Lear

paragraphs: King Lear is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare. He based it on an old British story about a king named Leir or Lyr. The play might have been first performed in December 1606. It was first printed in 1608. It was printed again in 1623 in the First Folio. This is a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays. Many great actors over the years have played the part of King Lear.

paragraphs: The play is about an old king named Lear. He wants to divide his kingdom between his three daughters. To get the kingdom, they must tell him how much they love him. His youngest daughter Cordelia will not say how much she does.

paragraphs: She says words will not be able to describe her love. King Lear does not realize this is true love. Lear gets angry at her and will not give her land, and says she is not his daughter anymore. He gives his land to his other daughters Regan and Goneril.

paragraphs: The king soon finds out that Regan and Goneril do not love him. They only wanted his land. The King becomes very mad. The two daughters, and their husbands, throw him out of the land that is now theirs. Lear goes on a trip around the land that was once his as he becomes insane. Regan poisons Goneril out of jealousy. She also and kills herself. Lear dies. He never was able to see his daughter Cordelia die.


title: Mutual information

paragraphs: Mutual information measures how much more is known about one random value when given another. For example, knowing the temperature of a random day of the year will not reveal what month it is, but it will give some "hint". In the same way, knowing what month it is will not reveal the exact temperature, but will make certain temperatures "more or less likely". These "hints" or "changes in likelihood" are explained and measured with mutual information.

paragraphs: To calculate mutual information, the probability (chance) of all possible events, and the probability of them happening at the same time, is needed. For example, to measure mutual information between month and temperature we would need to know how many days in the year are 10 degrees Celsius, how many days out of the year are March and finally how many days are 10 degrees Celsius in March.

paragraphs: The formula requires the summation, or adding up, of many terms or numbers. Every possible outcome has its own term. From the above calculation of mutual information between month and temperature, we will use the following variables:

paragraphs: This means m(3) equals the probability of a randomly selected day being in March. This is 31/365, or about 0.085, since 31 out of 365 days in the year are in March.

paragraphs: Adding all possible terms together gives the value for mutual information.

paragraphs: The larger the mutual information, the more you would learn about one random value (e.g. month) when told another (e.g. temperature).

paragraphs: Mutual information does not change based on which of the two random values is revealed. This means we know just as much about "temperature when told the month" as we know about "the month when told the temperature".

paragraphs: Mutual information is difficult to compare. If we calculate mutual information for weather and another value for a card game, the two values cannot easily be compared.


title: Praetor

paragraphs: A praetor was a person who served as a judge in Ancient Rome during the time of the Roman Republic. Also, when a Roman consul was away, the praetor would act as consul. Praetors were officials in Rome that were responsible for rendering justice. Some of them could also be responsible for the administration of a province.


title: Yoshi's Island DS

paragraphs: Yoshi's Island DS (called in Japan) is a platform video game made by Artoon, and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS. It is the sequel to "".

paragraphs: The gameplay of "Yoshi's Island DS" is much the same as the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game, but with some small add-ons. The player moves Yoshi through many stages. Yoshi has to get through these stages by not getting hit by enemies or losing the baby he is holding.

paragraphs: "Yoshi's Island DS" received good scores from lots of video game websites, including IGN and GameSpot who gave separate reviews of the game of 8.0 and 9.1.


title: Tillamook

paragraphs: The Tillamook are a Native American tribe from the state of Oregon. The word "Tillamook" means "people of Nekelim" in the Chinook language. Also, Tillamook can mean "Land of Many Waters" but it is not as widely used. Tillamook can also be spelled Calamox, Gillamooks, and Killamook.

paragraphs: The Tillamook tribe used to speak Tillamook. After a while they learned to speak English. The last person that spoke Tillamook died in 1970. This made the Tillamook language gone forever. Starting in 1965, a group of scientists tried to protect the Tillamook language by talking with the Tillamook people and creating a Tillamook language dictionary.

paragraphs: The Tillamook tribe used to live between the Necanicum River and Tillamook Bay. The Tillamook were coastal Native Americans. Their name, Tillamook, means "Land of Many Waters" in their language. The first Tilamook people lived around the 1400s. In the 1700s, the population was counted at about 2200 people.


title: Stick figure

paragraphs: A stick figure is a simple drawing of a person made out of lines and circles. These are often the first way that children begin to draw people. Stick figures have also become popular to make simple, and often violent, animations.

paragraphs: On YouTube there is a series called Animation vs Animator on the channel Alan Becker. It is a series of videos netting over a million views.

paragraphs: Also on YouTube, is a channel called called Hyun's Dojo community, which showcases many stick figure animations and collaborations.

paragraphs: Another popular stick figure channel on YouTube is Jhanzou, notable for its most popular video, Fight Gods.


title: Hans Frank

paragraphs: Hans Michael Frank (23 May 1900 – 16 October 1946) was a German lawyer. He worked for the Nazi party during the 1920s and 1930s. Later he became a high-ranking official in Nazi Germany. He was prosecuted during the Nuremberg trials for his role in the Holocaust. He was found guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity and executed on 16 October 1946. Before his execution, Frank repented and converted to the Catholic Church.


title: First Folio

paragraphs: The First Folio is the common name for the first collection of William Shakespeare's plays. It was published in 1623. Its title is Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies. The collection was assembled by Shakespeare's theatrical colleagues, John Heminges and Henry Condell.

paragraphs: Four plays are missing: "Pericles, Prince of Tyre", "The Two Noble Kinsman", and the "lost plays" "Cardenio" and "Love's Labours Won". It is believed about 750 copies were originally published. Two hundred twenty-eight remain in existence. The Folger Library in Washington, D. C. holds the most copies at 82. Copies that arrive at auction realize prices in the millions.


title: Jimmie Foxx

paragraphs: James Emory "Jimmie" Foxx (October 22, 1907-July 21, 1967) (nicknamed Double X and The Beast) was an American first baseman in Baseball. Foxx was the second major league player to hit 500 home runs, and at age 32, is the second youngest to hit that many home runs, behind Alex Rodriguez.


title: Stade de l'USFA

paragraphs: Stade de l'USFA is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive des Forces Armées. The stadium holds 9,000 people.


title: Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso

paragraphs: Stade Wobi Bobo-Dioulasso is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive du Foyer de la Régie Abidjan-Niger. The stadium holds 10,000 people.


title: Camp Nou

paragraphs: CaixaBank-Camp Nou (also known as the Nou Camp) is a football stadium used by FC Barcelona that was opened in 1957. It can hold 99,354 people, making it the largest stadium in Europe and the second largest football stadium in the world.

paragraphs: The stadium was used to host the 1982 FIFA World Cup and the 1992 Summer Olympics. It also hosted the 1999 UEFA Champions League Final between Manchester United and Bayern Munich.

paragraphs: Renovations are to be made for the stadium that would increase the capacity by about 5,000 people, which would bring the capacity up to around 105,000.


title: Dean of the United States Senate

paragraphs: The Dean of the United States Senate is the Senator that has been in office the longest.

paragraphs: Unlike the office of President pro tem, the Office of Dean is not an official position.

paragraphs: After the death of Daniel Inouye on December 17, 2012, Patrick Leahy became the new Dean of the Senate. Also since the death of Inouye, Leahy became the President pro tempore and "dean". Leahy is the senorist Democratic Senate politician in the United States.


title: Stade Municipal (Ouagadougou)

paragraphs: Stade Municipal is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home of Santos Football Club. The stadium holds 15,000 people.


title: Stade Banfora

paragraphs: Stade Banfora is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Union Sportive de la Comoé. The stadium holds 6,000 people.


title: Stade Balibiè

paragraphs: Stade Balibiè is a stadium in Koudougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive des Employés et Commerçants de Koudougou. The stadium holds 30,000 people.


title: Ben Folds

paragraphs: Benjamin Scott Folds (born September 12, 1966) is an American singer and songwriter who plays the piano. He was the main singer of the band Ben Folds Five. The band stopped playing together in 2000, and Folds has played as a solo act since then. His solo albums include "Rockin' the Suburbs", "Songs for Silverman" and "Way to Normal".


title: Carl Zimmer

paragraphs: Carl Zimmer (born 1966) is a popular science writer and blogger, mostly dealing with the study of evolution and parasites. He has written several books and contributes science essays to publications such as "The New York Times" and "Discover". He is a Fellow at Yale University's Morse College. He lives in Guilford, Connecticut, with his wife, Grace Farrell Zimmer, and their two children. His father, Dick Zimmer, was a Republican congressman from New Jersey from 1991 through 1997. His brother, Benjamin Zimmer, is a linguist.


title: Stade de la SONABEL

paragraphs: Stade de la SONABEL is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and is the home stadium of Association Sportive SONABEL. The stadium holds 5,000 people.


title: Stade Municipal (Bobo Dioulasso)

paragraphs: Stade Municipal is a stadium in Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games. The stadium holds 30,000 people.


title: Stade du 4-Août

paragraphs: Stade du 4-Août is a stadium in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. It is used mostly for football games and it also has an athletics track. The stadium can hold of 35,000 people. Etoile Filante Ouagadougou play their homes games at the stadium.


title: 38628 Huya

paragraphs: 38628 Huya, previously known by its provisional designation ) is a trans-Neptunian object (TNO). It was found in March 2000 by Ignacio Ferrin and announced on October 24, 2000. It was given the name Huya, after "Juyá," the Wayuu rain god, in August 2003 by the International Astronomical Union.

paragraphs: At the time when it was found, Huya was the biggest and brightest TNO yet found. It was found using data collected by at the CIDA Observatory in Venezuela. Astronomers think it's about 530 km in diameter.

paragraphs: The object has a red-sloped reflectance spectrum, saying that the surface could be rich in organic material such as tholins.

paragraphs: Given the long orbit that TNOs have around the sun, Huya comes to opposition in early May of each year at an apparent magnitude of 19.3.


title: 2101 Adonis

paragraphs: 2101 Adonis was one of the first near-Earth asteroids to be found. It was found by Eugene Delporte in 1936 and named after Adonis, the beautiful youth with whom the goddess Venus fell in love. Adonis is thought to measure about 1 km in diameter.

paragraphs: In the close approach that led to the first time it was found, not enough sightings could be made to find out it's orbit, and Adonis was lost until 1977 when it was found once again by Charles T. Kowal.

paragraphs: Adonis was the second Apollo asteroid to be found (after 1862 Apollo itself). It may be a dead comet, and may be the source of some meteor showers.

paragraphs: It comes within 30 Gm of the Earth six times in the 21st century, the nearest being 5.3 Gm in 2036.


title: 1566 Icarus

paragraphs: 1566 Icarus is an Apollo asteroid (a sub-class of near-Earth asteroid). At its closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) it is closer to the Sun than Mercury. In its orbit it crosses the orbits of Mercury, Venus and Mars. It is named after Icarus of Greek mythology, who flew too close to the Sun. The asteroid was found in 1949 by Walter Baade.

paragraphs: Icarus makes a close approach to Earth at gaps of 9, 19, or 38 years. Sometimes, it comes as close as 6.4 Gm (16 lunar distances and 4 million miles), as it did on June 14, 1968. The last close approach was in 1996, at 15.1 Gm, about 40 times as far as the Moon. The most recent close approach was on June 16, 2015, 8.1 Gm (5 million miles).

paragraphs: In 1967, Paul Sandorff of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology gave his students the task of making a plan to destroy Icarus, if it was going to hit the Earth. This plan is known as Project Icarus (which was the basis for the 1979 science fiction film Meteor, starring Sean Connery).


title: 3200 Phaethon

paragraphs: 3200 Phaethon, sometimes incorrectly spelt Phaeton, is an Apollo asteroid and a dead comet.

paragraphs: It was announced on 14 October 1983 in IAUC 3878, with optical confirmation that it looks like an asteroid. It was the first asteroid to be found by a spacecraft. It measures 5.10 km in diameter.

paragraphs: Phaethon approaches the Sun closer than any other numbered asteroid. Its perihelion (closest approach to the Sun) is only 0.140 AU – less than half Mercury's perihelion distance. It is a Mercury-, Venus-, Earth- and Mars-crosser. The surface temperature at perihelion could reach ~1025 K, or 1400 F. For this reason, it was named after the Greek myth of Phaëton, son of the sun god Helios.

paragraphs: Phaethon approached to 18.1 Gm on 10 December 2007. It will draw nearer in 2017, 2050, 2060, and closer still on 14 December 2093, passing within 0.0198 AU (3.0  Gm).


title: Minor planet designation

paragraphs: Minor planet designations are number-name combinations given by the Minor Planet Center, a part of the IAU. They are used for dwarf planets and small Solar System bodies such as asteroids, but not comets. They are given to a body once its orbit is secured, and are unrelated to provisional designations, which are given when an object is found.

paragraphs: The two parts of a formal designation are

paragraphs: It looks like this: codice_1, for example (90377) Sedna or . The brackets are now often removed, as in 90377 Sedna, according to what the astronomer wants. In practice, however, for any reasonably well-known object the number is mostly a catalogue entry, and the name or provisional designation is generally used in place of the formal designation: Sedna, .

paragraphs: The rule for moons of minor planets, such as the formal designation (87) Sylvia I Romulus for the asteroid moon Romulus, is an extension of the Roman numeral convention that had been used, on and off, for the moons of the planets since Galileo's time.

paragraphs: Comets are also managed by the Minor Planet Center, but use a different cataloguing system.

paragraphs: By 1851, there were 15 asteroids, all but one with their own symbol. The symbols were becoming less and less simple, and, as they had to be drawn by hand, astronomers found some of them hard to draw. This difficulty was addressed by Benjamin Apthorp Gould in 1851, who suggested numbering asteroids in the order that they were found, and placing this number in a circle as the symbol for the asteroid, such as ④ for the fourth asteroid, Vesta. This practice was soon coupled with the name itself into an official number-name designation, "④ Vesta", as the number of minor planets increased. By "ca" 1858, the circle had been simplified to brackets, "(4)" and "(4) Vesta", which was easier to typeset. Other punctuation such as "4) Vesta" and "4, Vesta" was also used, but had more or less completely died out by 1949.

paragraphs: The major exception to the convention that the number tracks the order they were or the order that they're orbit was calculated is the case of Pluto. Since Pluto was originally called a planet, it was not given a number until a 2006 redefinition of "planet" that didn't include it. At that point, Pluto was given the formal designation (134340) Pluto.


title: Takoyaki

paragraphs: "Takoyaki" is a specialty of Osaka and Kyoto. It is usually eaten as a snack.

paragraphs: Many people in Osaka and Kyoto have a special cooker that makes takoyaki. This is because they eat takoyaki often.

paragraphs: "Takoyaki" was invented in Osaka in 1935 by Tomekichi Endo. It is most often made with flour and small pieces of boiled octopus.

paragraphs: A minor planet named "6562 Takoyaki" was discovered in 1991 by M. Yanai and K. Watanabe at Katani. The name was selected by children who visited the Funai Space Festival which was held in Osaka in 2001.


title: Nishinomiya, Hyōgo

paragraphs: Nishinomiya is a city in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. It is in the Kansai region of Japan and has a population of 483,598.

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a core city since 2008.

paragraphs: The Great Hanshin Earthquake on January 17, 1995 killed 1,134 people in Nishinomiya and injring 6386 people. 34,181 buildings were completely destroyed with 27,116 buildings being partially destroyed. Nishinomiya had 194 evacuation spots with 44,351 evacuees.

paragraphs: Some famous places in Nishinomiya are Koshien Stadium, where the professional baseball team the Hanshin Tigers play, and Nishinomiya Gardens.

paragraphs: Nishinomiya is famous in Japan for its sake (rice wine) production. Other food production is the main industry. There are also docks for shipping.

paragraphs: There are huge shopping centres that are very popular. The city is the home of the famous Hanshin Tigers baseball team who play at Koshien Stadium. The Tigers have won the Central League pennant five times (1962, 1964, 1985, 2003, 2005) and the Japan Series once (1985). In each of 2005, 2006, 2007 and 2009, more than three million people attended games at their Nishinomiya stadium. There are many shrines, such as Nishinomiya Shrine, Hirota-jinja and Kannō-ji. A popular light novel, manga, and anime series 'The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya' is set in Nishinomiya.


title: 1979 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1979 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1979 and ended on November 30, 1979. This was an average season with 20 storms, however only 9 became tropical. This was a damaging and deadly season most of the damage was caused by Tropical Storm Claudette, Hurricane David and Hurricane Frederic. Most deaths were caused by Hurricane David.

paragraphs: This is the list of names that were set aside for the 1979 Atlantic hurricane season. The list is not the same as in 1973 because in 1979 male names were added to the list. Names that were not used are marked in .

paragraphs: In the spring of 1980, the names, David and Frederic were retired and replaced with the names Danny and Fabian.


title: 1969 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1969 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1969 and ended on November 30, 1969. This season was highly active in fact, at that time it was the most active it has since fallen many times. This season featured the very powerful, Hurricane Camille.

paragraphs: In the spring of 1970, Camille was retired.


title: Hanasaka Jiisan

paragraphs: Hanasaka-jiisan(花咲か爺）is a famous folk story of Japan. The name means "old man who made flowers blossom(Japanese flower)". The story became famous in Japan in the Edo Period (1603-1868).

paragraphs: There was a kind-hearted old man, Hanasaka-jiisan, who grew cherry blossoms. The old man and his wife had a white puppy. One day, their dog barked, “Koko-hore-wan-wan,” (meaning "Dig here! Bark bark!") while digging in a field. The old man dug up gold and made the old man very rich. The old man was very happy. The old man's neighbor saw the dog barking and watched as the old man dig up the treasure. The old couple’s neighbors were jealous of this. So they stole the white puppy away, and ordered him to search for treasure. They beat him, then he went to search for treasure. But they only found rubbish. So, then they killed the dog. The old man was crushed with grief. The neighbor's gave the old man and his wife the dog's ashes.

paragraphs: Then, the dog appeared in the old man's dream. The dog said, "Please scatter my ashes on the dead cherry blossom tree!" The old man followed the dog's directions. Then, the dead cherry blossom tree came into full bloom. The old man and his wife received great praise from a feudal lord passing by.


title: ICOCA

paragraphs: ICOCA is an IC (Integrated Circuit) Card used on the JR West rail network in Japan. It stands for "Integrated Circuit Operating CArd." It can be used as a riding ticket or digital cash. For example, you can use it to get on a train or buy a drink at a convenience store or bread from a bakery.

paragraphs: The Green Windows ("midori-no-madoguchi") of JR stations sell ICOCA cards. The price of the card is 500 yen (about $5 USD), but at first you must pay 2,000 yen (about $20 USD), and you immediately get 1,500 yen (about $15 USD) of cash on the card. The limit you can have on the card is 20,000 yen (about $200 USD).

paragraphs: The name of the card is a play on the phrase, "Ikoka" (行こか), which means, "Let's go," in the western Japanese dialect.


title: Mono no aware

paragraphs: Mono no aware (物の哀れ) is a Japanese literary term. It means "the pathos of things" in English. Pathos is the power in literature that creates feelings of sorrow, pity and tenderness. Mono no aware is a very important concept when reading old literature, so that the reader can understand the importance and beauty of the literature. It is used to express the keen emotion and pathos of a piece of literature and the feeling it gives the readers' senses, such as the description of a sound or scenery. "The Tale of Genji", said to be the world's oldest novel, is a good example of literature that gives its readers the sense of "mono no aware".

paragraphs: The term "mono no aware" was first used by Motoori Norinaga (1730-1801) to describe Heian Period (794 AD - 1185 AD) literature, especially "Tales of Genji".

paragraphs: Notable manga artists who use "mono no aware"–style storytelling include Hitoshi Ashinano, Kozue Amano, and Kaoru Mori. In anime, both Only Yesterday, by Isao Takahata and Mai Mai Miracle, by Sunao Katabuchi make note of the passing of time in a gentle way by presenting the main plot against a parallel one from the past. In addition, the Japanese director Yasujiro Ozu was well known for making a sense of "mono no aware".


title: Salmon (color)

paragraphs: Salmon (pronounced sa-mon, as the l is silent) is a range of pale pinkish-orange to light pink colors, named after the color of salmon flesh.

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "salmon" as a color name in English was in 1776.


title: Saddle

paragraphs: A saddle is like a seat for a rider, which is held to an animal's back by a belly strap called a girth. The most common type is the equestrian saddle made for a horse. Saddles have been made for camels and other animals. The earliest saddles were simple pads fixed with a surcingle seen by 800 BC, with the saddle tree coming into use about 200 BC, and paired stirrups by 322 AD Saddles in use today, date back to the 1700s. Today, modern saddles come in different styles, designed for different equestrian activities. They need careful fit for both the rider and the horse. Proper saddle care can extend the useful life of a saddle, often for many years.

paragraphs: The two most common saddle types used for horse riding are the English saddle and the Western saddle. The English saddle is used for horse sports like show jumping, dressage, and eventing. It is also used for horse showing. It has less leather and is lighter than most Western saddles.

paragraphs: The Western saddle is used for horse activities where the rider needs more support than in and english saddle. It is also used for showing, barrel racing, rodeo, and many other sports. The biggest difference is it has a horn on the front, and a higher cantle. This was used originally for tying cattle off when working, so the ranchers could brand or work with the cow. It's now used more widely, in barrel racing it's used for support, in roping events, it's still used to tie cattle.

paragraphs: The there are many different types of English and Western saddles. All are designed for a specific purpose. So while they might look different, they all help the rider for the sport or activity for which they were designed. For example, a rider would not want to jump in a Western saddle because the horn would make it hard for them to stay in the correct position over the jump. A rider would not want to work cows in a jumping saddle because they would not have a horn and because the Western saddle puts the rider in a better position for working cows.


title: Bridle

paragraphs: A bridle is a piece of equipment used to direct and control a horse. The bridle is the headgear that holds a bit which goes in the mouth of a horse, and also the reins that are joined to the bit.

paragraphs: Bridles are usually made of leather. They are made of different parts which are buckled together. The headpiece, also called a crownpiece, goes behind the horse's ears. The browband is placed across the horse's forehead. The throatlach goes behind the horse's cheek. The cheekpieces extend across the horse's cheek and attach to the bit. The noseband goes across the horse's nose and under its chin. Some bridles do not have a noseband. Others have special nosebands designed to prevent the horse from opening its mouth too widely and crossing its jaw. Sometimes, a strap called a martingale is attached to the noseband.

paragraphs: A bridle without a bit uses a noseband to control a horse, and is called a hackamore, or a bitless bridle. Bitless bridles work by pressure and leverage on the horse's nose and chin groove. Bitless bridles can be useful for horses that have problems with their mouths. It is more difficult to turn a horse using a bitless bridle, and bitless bridles can provide tremendous leverage and stopping power.


title: Greek Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Greek Wikipedia (also Hellenic Wikipedia, Elliniki Vikipedia, ) is the fifth language of the online encyclopedia Wikipedia. It started on December 1, 2002. By 15 December 2003, it had 1,000 articles. As of October 2009, it had reached over 45,000 articles.

paragraphs: As of October 2015, it is the 50th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.


title: Hans Fritzsche

paragraphs: Hans George Fritzsche (21 April 1900 in Bochum - 27 September 1953 in Cologne) was a Nazi official, ending the war as "Ministerialdirektor" at the Propagandaministerium.

paragraphs: Fritzsche was one of the 24 people charged at the Nuremberg Trials. He was acquitted.


title: Alonso de Ercilla

paragraphs: Alonso de Ercilla y Zúñiga (August 7, 1533–November 29, 1594), was a Spanish nobleman, soldier and epic poet. While in Chile (1556–63) he fought against the Araucanian Indians, and there he began the epic poem "La Araucana", said to be the greatest Spanish historical poem. This heroic work in 37 cantos is divided into three parts, published in 1569, 1578, and 1589. It tells of the brave uprising of the Araucanians and also tells the history of Chile and of contemporary Spain.


title: Commission on Higher Education (Philippines)

paragraphs: Commission on Higher Education (CHED) is the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions in the Philippines, including its degree-granting programs. The CHED was established in May 18, 1994 through Republic Act 7722 or the Higher Education Act of 1994.


title: Professional Regulation Commission (Philippines)

paragraphs: Professional Regulation Commission is a governing body tasked by the government of the Philippines to administer and supervise licensing examinations in the Philippines.


title: Reserve Officers' Training Corps

paragraphs: Reserve Officers' Training Corps is a type of military officer commissioning program, mostly in the United States. It is designed as a subject that students can choose to take at college. It focuses on leadership development, problem solving, strategic planning, and professional ethics. After joining the Reserve Officers' Training Corps, the person involved must be involved in the military for a period of time.

paragraphs: The U.S. Armed Forces and a number of other national militaries have ROTC programs. The Philippines established its program in 1912, with the creation of the first unit at the University of Santo Tomas during American colonial rule. ROTC in South Korea started in 1963; while China created its own program in 1997.