title: Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives

paragraphs: The Speaker of the House of Representatives is the person in charge of the House of Representatives, the lower house of the Parliament of Australia. The person in charge of the upper house is the President of the Senate.

paragraphs: The current speaker is Tony Smith. There have been three female speakers, Joan Child, Anna Burke and Bronwyn Bishop.

paragraphs: The office of speaker was created by section 35 of the Constitution of Australia. The role of speaker was copied from the House of Commons of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The speaker is elected by the House of Representatives in a secret ballot. The Clerk of the Australian House of Representatives holds the election. There must always be a speaker, and if the position becomes vacant, then an election must take place before the parliament can do anything else.

paragraphs: In Australia the speaker generally remains an active member of their party. They continue to attend party meetings, and at general elections they stand as party candidates. However, Sir Frederick Holder and Peter Slipper resigned from their parties and sat as independents.

paragraphs: The speaker can be opposed at a general election. Three speakers, Groom in 1929, Nairn in 1943 and Aston in 1972 have been defeated at general elections. Because the speaker is always a member of the governing party, they have not continued as speaker following a change of government. The opposition sometimes selects one of its own members for speaker after a general election. This is a symbolic act, and the governing party always supports its own candidates.

paragraphs: Speakers do not have to resign from Parliament at the end of their term. Two speakers, Makin and Scholes, have become cabinet ministers after having been speaker.

paragraphs: Most speakers have been long serving party members. Four speakers have been former government ministers Watt, Groom, Cameron and Sinclair. Martin had been a former parliamentary secretary. Snedden had been both a former minister and Leader of the Opposition. Holder and Watt were former state premiers.

paragraphs: The name "speaker" comes from early times in the House of Commons of England. "Mr Speaker" was the Member of Parliament chosen to speak for them to the king. The first recorded use of the term "speaker" was in 1377.

paragraphs: In earlier times when the king was very powerful, he would usually only call the parliament together in order to get it to agree to new taxes. The speaker would report parliament’s decisions to the king. This was dangerous if it was not what the king wanted to hear. It was not uncommon for early speakers to be beheaded, with another being "murdered". This has led to the modern symbolic show of refusal by a member on being elected speaker. In early days a member’s struggle to avoid being forced into the chair could have been completely genuine. In Australia the tradition is continued by the act of the new speaker being escorted to the chair.

paragraphs: The Speaker's main duty is to be the person in charge of the House. The Speaker is helped by two Deputy Speakers and a group of Acting Speakers. The second Deputy Speaker is elected from an opposition party. These often take charge during routine debates. The Speaker's role is to:

paragraphs: Australian parliaments can be very noisy and often members behave badly. The Speaker has powers to control their behaviour as part of the Standing Orders. The Speaker can tell a Member to leave the House for one hour. For more serious offences, the Speaker may "name" a Member. The Speaker will say "I name the Honourable Member for X." In Parliament Members are always called by the name of their electorate. The House then votes on a motion to remove the Member for 24 hours. The House also had the power to permanently expel a Member. This happened once to Hugh Mahon in 1920. In 1987 a new law was passed and Members can no longer be expelled from the Parliament.

paragraphs: Australian speakers are supposed to be impartial; they are meant to be fair and not to take sides in arguments. They do not take part in debates and they do not usually vote, unless in a rare case the vote is tied. They do not speak out in public about party politics except as part of their own election campaign.

paragraphs: Although not an active political position, the speakers see it as part of their duty to get the government's legislation passed through the house. They usually agree with the government on points of order brought up by opposition members. If the members are unhappy with the speaker they can try to pass motions of dissent, or even of no confidence. These are nearly always defeated as members vote to support their party.

paragraphs: There have been several famous clashes between speakers and the government.

paragraphs: In 2011, the Speaker Harry Jenkins survived after the house did not support his decision to name Liberal MP Bob Baldwin. The government moved that Baldwin be suspended, but he was supported by the Coalition, independent MP Rob Oakeshott and WA Nationals MP Tony Crook. The vote on suspending Baldwin for 24 hours failed 71–72. Normally the speaker would have resigned, but the House of Representatives immediately approved a motion of confidence in the speaker which was passed. Speaker Jenkins continued in office.

paragraphs: There have been speakers who were not members of the government. Former LNP member Peter Slipper became an independent when the Labor government offered him the job in 2011. Frederick Holder was elected for the Free Trade Party at the first federal election in 1901. He resigned from the party and was an independent speaker until his death in 1909. After the 1940 election, the United Australia Party's Walter Nairn was speaker during the John Curtin's Labor government that was formed in 1941. Opposition MP Carty Salmon was the speaker for Andrew Fisher's Labor government after the 1910 election. At the 1913 election, Labor's Charles McDonald was asked to remain as speaker by the incoming one-seat-majority Commonwealth Liberal Party. He refused but became speaker again after Labor won the 1914 election. McDonald stayed in the job even when the Nationalist Party took government.

paragraphs: A member who is elected speaker is given the title 'The Honourable'. With the approval of the sovereign, this title can be used for life. It is usually only given to those who have served as speaker for three years or more. Harry Jenkins, was the first speaker to ask that "The Hon." not be used for him.

paragraphs: Copying the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, the traditional dress of the speaker is court dress. This can include a black silk gown (similar to a Queen's Counsel gown), a wing collar and a lace jabot or bands (another variation included a white bow tie with a lace jabot), bar jacket, and a full-bottomed wig. The wig used by the speaker was donated by Herbert 'Doc' Evatt when he was elected to the House in 1951. He had worn the wig when he was a High Court justice (1930–1940). The wig is currently on loan from the speaker's office to the Museum of Australian Democracy. On formal occasions they may also wear court shoes and hose. The dress of speakers has often changes according to the party in power, but it is the personal choice of the speaker. All Labor party speakers have worn business suits, following the example set by their first speaker, Charles McDonald.

paragraphs: The speaker, currently, no longer wears the full traditional dress. Billy Snedden (1976–1983) was the last speaker to do so. The Labor practice resumed from 1983 until the election of the Howard Government in 1996. The new speaker Bob Halverson chose to wear the court dress of the speaker upon his election in April 1996, but without the wig. Speaker Ian Sinclair chose to wear normal business clothes during his brief term in 1998. However speakers Andrew and Hawker brought back the wearing of the silk gown. Speaker Jenkins resumed Labor practice from 2007 until the election of Peter Slipper in late 2011. Speaker Slipper wore traditional dress with a white long tie or bow tie. He wore a wing collar with white bow tie and bands on the occasion of his first formal procession into parliament. Speaker Burke returned to the Labor practice of wearing normal business clothes.


title: Michelle Forbes

paragraphs: Michelle Forbes (born January 8, 1965 in Austin, Texas) is an American actress who has performed in many movies and television programs. She was in the series "True Blood", "", "Guiding Light" and "Homicide: Life on the Street"; she was also in "Swimming with Sharks" and "Escape from L.A.". She also had other projects besides these.


title: Huell Howser

paragraphs: Huell Burnley Howser (October 18, 1945 – January 7, 2013) was an American actor, comedian, and television personality who is best known for the travel television show "California's Gold".

paragraphs: Howser was born Huell Burnley Howser in Gallatin, Tennessee on October 18, 1945. He studied at University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee. He was raised in both Knoxville, Tennessee, and in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: On January 7, 2013, at 1:11 AM, Howser died in Palm Springs, California of prostate cancer at the age of 67.


title: Bud Luckey

paragraphs: William "Bud" Luckey (July 28, 1934 – February 24, 2018) was an American cartoonist, animator, singer, musician, composer, and actor who is known for designing some of the Disney-Pixar characters such as in "Toy Story", "Monsters, Inc.", "Ratatouille", "Toy Story 2", and in "Toy Story 3". He won an Clio Award and an Annie Award in 2004.

paragraphs: Luckey was born on July 28, 1934 in Billings, Montana. He studied at Chouinard Art Institute and at University of Southern California. He had a son, Andy. Luckey died after stroke in Newtown, Connecticut on February 24, 2018. He was 83 years old. "Incredibles 2" was dedicated to his memory.


title: David R. Ellis

paragraphs: David Richard Ellis (September 8, 1952 – January 7, 2013) was an American child actor, movie director, and stuntman. He is known for directing "Snakes on a Plane", "Final Destination", "Cellular", and "Shark Night".

paragraphs: Ellis was born on September 8, 1952 in Santa Monica, California. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Ellis was the brother of Annie Ellis. He had a son, Twany Ellis. Ellis died aged 60 in his hotel room on January 7, 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa. At the end of his life he was directing "Kite".


title: Hailee Steinfeld

paragraphs: Hailee Steinfeld (born December 11, 1996) is an American actress and singer. She was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress on the 2010 remake movie "True Grit".

paragraphs: Steinfeld was born in Tarzana, Los Angeles. Her mother is Cheri (née Domasin), an interior designer. Her father is Peter Steinfeld, a personal fitness trainer. Her father is Jewish and her mother is of African American, English, Filipino, Irish, Scottish and German descent. Her maternal grandfather, Ricardo Domasin is a Filipino, from Bohol, Philippines. Her older brother, Griffin, is a stock car driver. Steinfeld calls him her best friend on some of her Tweets. She was raised in Agoura Hills and in Thousand Oaks, California. She attended Ascension Lutheran School, Conejo Elementary, and Colina Middle School. She has been home-schooled since 2008, because of bullying.


Free as a Bird


title: Erin Gray

paragraphs: Erin Gray (born January 7, 1950, Honolulu, Hawaii) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television programs. She played Kate Summers in the 1980s sitcom "Silver Spoons". She also acted in a few movies.


title: Patrice O'Neal

paragraphs: Patrice Lumumba Malcolm Oneal (December 7, 1969 – November 29, 2011) was an American comedian, radio and television personality, and actor who is known for his type 2 diabetes health jokes and for his insult comedy.

paragraphs: O'Neal was born on December 7, 1969 in New York City, New York. He was raised in Boston, Massachusetts. O'Neal studied at West Roxbury High School and at Northeastern University. During his career he was influenced by George Carlin, Eddie Murphy, and by Richard Pryor. O'Neal had one child, Aymilyon. O'Neal died on November 29, 2011 from a diabetic stroke in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 41.


title: Plessis-Saint-Jean

paragraphs: Plessis-Saint-Jean is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Accolay, Yonne

paragraphs: Accolay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Aigremont, Yonne

paragraphs: Aigremont is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Aillant-sur-Tholon

paragraphs: Aillant-sur-Tholon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Aisy-sur-Armançon

paragraphs: Aisy-sur-Armançon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Ancy-le-Franc

paragraphs: Ancy-le-Franc is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Ancy-le-Libre

paragraphs: Ancy-le-Libre is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Andryes

paragraphs: Andryes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Angely

paragraphs: Angely is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Annay-la-Côte

paragraphs: Annay-la-Côte is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Annay-sur-Serein

paragraphs: Annay-sur-Serein is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Annéot

paragraphs: Annéot is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Annoux

paragraphs: Annoux is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Appoigny

paragraphs: Appoigny is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Arces-Dilo

paragraphs: Arces-Dilo is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Arcy-sur-Cure

paragraphs: Arcy-sur-Cure is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Argentenay

paragraphs: Argentenay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Argenteuil-sur-Armançon

paragraphs: Argenteuil-sur-Armançon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Armeau

paragraphs: Armeau is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Arthonnay

paragraphs: Arthonnay is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Asnières-sous-Bois

paragraphs: Asnières-sous-Bois is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Asquins

paragraphs: Asquins is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Athie, Yonne

paragraphs: Athie is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Augy, Yonne

paragraphs: Augy is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Avallon

paragraphs: Avallon is a French commune. It is in the south of the Yonne department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region, to the southeast of Paris, and is a subprefecture in the department. It is also the capital of the "arrrondissement" of Avallon.

paragraphs: The city of Avallon is in the southeastern part of the Yonne department. The city is on small hills along the Cousin river, a river that flows mainly in the Yonne department.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Avallon has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The city of Avallon is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for Avallon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype Cfb.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Avallon are known, in French, as "Avallonnais" (women: "Avallonnaises").

paragraphs: With a population of 7025, Avallon has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Avallon is a subprefecture of the Yonne department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Avallon and the administrative centre () of the canton Avallon formed by 27 "communes", with 14,851 inhabitants .

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Avallon, Vézelay, Morvan" ().


title: Bagneaux

paragraphs: Bagneaux is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Baon

paragraphs: Baon is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Joan Van Ark

paragraphs: Joan Van Ark (born June 16, 1943 in New York City) is an American actress. She acts mostly in television series. She played Valene Ewing in the soap opera series "Knots Landing". She also played Gloria Fisher Abbott in CBS' daytime soap opera "The Young and the Restless". She appeared in other programs as well.


title: Supertramp (album)

paragraphs: Supertramp is the first album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in July 1970, but it was not released in the United States until 1977. Supertramp recorded this album in June 1970 in Willesden. Richard Palmer wrote all the lyrics of the songs. Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson wrote all the music.


paragraphs: The Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA) is an Australian organisation that supports Aboriginal music and culture. It was created as a public radio station in 1980, and started broadcasting in Alice Springs in 1988. CAAMA now operates several companies in the communications, music, film and radio industries. CAAMA Productions is currently the largest indigenous production studio in Australia.


title: Division of Lalor

paragraphs: The Division of Lalor is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of Victoria. It is located in the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the suburbs of Werribee, Point Cook, Laverton, Rockbank and Melton.

paragraphs: The Division was drawn up on 11 May 1949, for the 1949 Federal election. It was named after Peter Lalor, the leader of the miners at the Eureka Stockade, and a former member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly.

paragraphs: Barry Jones was the Minister for Science under Bob Hawke and Labor National President. Jim Cairns, was the Treasurer and Deputy Prime Minister under Gough Whitlam. As Julia Gillard was Deputy Prime Minister prior to becoming Prime Minister, Lalor is the only federal electorate to have been held by two Deputy Prime Ministers.


title: Bassou

paragraphs: Bassou is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Bazarnes

paragraphs: Bazarnes is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Beaumont, Yonne

paragraphs: Beaumont is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Bernouil

paragraphs: Bernouil is a commune. It is in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Béru

paragraphs: Béru is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Bessy-sur-Cure

paragraphs: Bessy-sur-Cure is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Beauvilliers, Yonne

paragraphs: Beauvilliers is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Beauvoir, Yonne

paragraphs: Beauvoir is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Beine

paragraphs: Beine is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Bellechaume

paragraphs: Bellechaume is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: La Belliole

paragraphs: La Belliole is a commune. It is found in the Yonne department in the center of France.


title: Abrest

paragraphs: Abrest is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Agonges

paragraphs: Agonges is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Ainay-le-Château

paragraphs: Ainay-le-Château is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Andelaroche

paragraphs: Andelaroche is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Archignat

paragraphs: Archignat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Arfeuilles

paragraphs: Arfeuilles is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest

paragraphs: Arpheuilles-Saint-Priest is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Arronnes

paragraphs: Arronnes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Aubigny, Allier

paragraphs: Aubigny is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Audes

paragraphs: Audes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Aurouër

paragraphs: Aurouër is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Autry-Issards

paragraphs: Autry-Issards is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Avermes

paragraphs: Avermes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Avrilly, Allier

paragraphs: Avrilly is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Richard Blanco

paragraphs: He was born in Madrid, Spain on February 15, 1968. His family had just left Cuba. Then the family went to New York. After that, they moved to Miami, Florida. He grew up there.

paragraphs: Blanco graduated from Florida International University in Civil Engineering in 1991. Then he got a Masters in Fine Arts in Creative Writing in 1997.

paragraphs: After 1999, he traveled and lived in Guatemala, and Brazil. He taught at Georgetown University, American University, and Central Connecticut State University. Later, he returned to Miami and lived there. Now he lives in Maine.

paragraphs: In January 2013 he read his poem "One Today" at the second inauguration (swearing-in ceremony) of America's President Barack Obama.

paragraphs: His work has appeared in some magazines. These include "The Nation", "Ploughshares", "Indiana Review", "Michigan Quarterly Review", "TriQuarterly Review", "New England Review", and "Americas Review".


title: Bagneux, Allier

paragraphs: Bagneux is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Villefranche-d'Allier

paragraphs: Villefranche-d'Allier is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Villeneuve-sur-Allier

paragraphs: Villeneuve-sur-Allier is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Viplaix

paragraphs: Viplaix is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Vitray

paragraphs: Vitray is a former commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Meaulne-Vitray.


title: Voussac

paragraphs: Voussac is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Barberier

paragraphs: Barberier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Barrais-Bussolles

paragraphs: Barrais-Bussolles is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bayet

paragraphs: Bayet is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Beaulon

paragraphs: Beaulon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Beaune-d'Allier

paragraphs: Beaune-d'Allier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bègues

paragraphs: Bègues is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bellenaves

paragraphs: Bellenaves is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bellerive-sur-Allier

paragraphs: Bellerive-sur-Allier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bert, Allier

paragraphs: Bert is a French commune that is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bessay-sur-Allier

paragraphs: Bessay-sur-Allier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Besson, Allier

paragraphs: Besson is a French commune that is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bézenet

paragraphs: Bézenet is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Billezois

paragraphs: Billezois is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Billy, Allier

paragraphs: Billy is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Biozat

paragraphs: Biozat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bizeneuille

paragraphs: Bizeneuille is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Busset

paragraphs: Busset is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Blomard

paragraphs: Blomard is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bost, Allier

paragraphs: Bost is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Boucé, Allier

paragraphs: Boucé is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bransat

paragraphs: Bransat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Le Bouchaud

paragraphs: Le Bouchaud is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bourbon-l'Archambault

paragraphs: Bourbon-l'Archambault is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Janice Dickinson

paragraphs: Janice Doreen Dickinson (who was born on February 15, 1955) is an American model who was very popular in 1970s and 1980s. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City and is of Polish maternal descent. She has been on the cover of many magazines, which include "Vogue", "Marie Claire" and "Cosmopolitan". She has been on several reality television shows.

paragraphs: In March 2016, it was revealed that Dickinson has been diagnosed with breast cancer.


title: Braize

paragraphs: Braize is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bresnay

paragraphs: Bresnay is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Bressolles, Allier

paragraphs: Bressolles is a French commune that is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Le Brethon

paragraphs: Le Brethon is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Le Breuil, Allier

paragraphs: Le Breuil is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Broût-Vernet

paragraphs: Broût-Vernet is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Brugheas

paragraphs: Brugheas is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Buxières-les-Mines

paragraphs: Buxières-les-Mines is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Celle, Allier

paragraphs: La Celle is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cérilly, Allier

paragraphs: Cérilly is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cesset

paragraphs: Cesset is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Chabanne

paragraphs: La Chabanne is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. In 2017, 186 people lived there.


title: Chambérat

paragraphs: Chambérat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chamblet

paragraphs: Chamblet is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chantelle, Allier

paragraphs: Chantelle is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chapeau, Allier

paragraphs: Chapeau is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Chapelaude

paragraphs: La Chapelaude is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Chapelle, Allier

paragraphs: La Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Chapelle-aux-Chasses

paragraphs: La Chapelle-aux-Chasses is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chappes, Allier

paragraphs: Chappes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chareil-Cintrat

paragraphs: Chareil-Cintrat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Charmeil

paragraphs: Charmeil is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Charmes, Allier

paragraphs: Charmes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Charroux, Allier

paragraphs: Charroux is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chassenard

paragraphs: Chassenard is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Château-sur-Allier

paragraphs: Château-sur-Allier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Châtel-de-Neuvre

paragraphs: Châtel-de-Neuvre is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Ygrande

paragraphs: Ygrande is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Yzeure

paragraphs: Yzeure is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Châtel-Montagne

paragraphs: Châtel-Montagne is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Châtelperron

paragraphs: Châtelperron is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Châtelus, Allier

paragraphs: Châtelus is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Châtillon, Allier

paragraphs: Châtillon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chazemais

paragraphs: Chazemais is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chavenon

paragraphs: Chavenon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chavroches

paragraphs: Chavroches is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chemilly, Allier

paragraphs: Chemilly is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chevagnes

paragraphs: Chevagnes is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chezelle

paragraphs: Chezelle is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chézy, Allier

paragraphs: Chézy is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chirat-l'Église

paragraphs: Chirat-l'Église is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Chouvigny

paragraphs: Chouvigny is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cindré

paragraphs: Cindré is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cognat-Lyonne

paragraphs: Cognat-Lyonne is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Colombier, Allier

paragraphs: Colombier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Commentry

paragraphs: Commentry is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. Today, about 6500 people live in the city. The city developed, because of the coal reserves that were found nearby. After the Second World War, a chemical industry developed. The other pillar of the industry was a steel mill, which is also in the city. In 1882, the first socialist mayor of France is elected in Commentry, Christophe Thivrier. In 1902, the Socialist Party of France was founded in Commentry. The city of COmmentry only lies 8 km from the geographical center of France itself.


title: Contigny

paragraphs: Contigny is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cosne-d'Allier

paragraphs: Cosne-d'Allier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Coulandon

paragraphs: Coulandon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Coulanges, Allier

paragraphs: Coulanges is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Couleuvre

paragraphs: Couleuvre is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Courçais

paragraphs: Courçais is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Coutansouze

paragraphs: Coutansouze is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Couzon

paragraphs: Couzon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Créchy

paragraphs: Créchy is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cressanges

paragraphs: Cressanges is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Creuzier-le-Neuf

paragraphs: Creuzier-le-Neuf is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Creuzier-le-Vieux

paragraphs: Creuzier-le-Vieux is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Deneuille-lès-Chantelle

paragraphs: Deneuille-lès-Chantelle is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Cusset

paragraphs: Cusset is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Deneuille-les-Mines

paragraphs: Deneuille-les-Mines is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Désertines, Allier

paragraphs: Désertines is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Deux-Chaises

paragraphs: Deux-Chaises is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Diou, Allier

paragraphs: Diou is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Domérat

paragraphs: Domérat is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Dompierre-sur-Besbre

paragraphs: Dompierre-sur-Besbre is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Doyet

paragraphs: Doyet is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Droiturier

paragraphs: Droiturier is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Durdat-Larequille

paragraphs: Durdat-Larequille is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Ébreuil

paragraphs: Ébreuil is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Échassières

paragraphs: Échassières is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Vicq, Allier

paragraphs: Vicq is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Murat, Allier

paragraphs: Murat is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Nades

paragraphs: Nades is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Nassigny

paragraphs: Nassigny is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Naves, Allier

paragraphs: Naves is a commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: La Petite-Marche

paragraphs: La Petite-Marche is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Escurolles

paragraphs: Escurolles is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Espinasse-Vozelle

paragraphs: Espinasse-Vozelle is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Estivareilles, Allier

paragraphs: Estivareilles is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France. It is about 10 km north of Montluçon on the right-hand side of the Cher river. There is a lavoir (a public washing basin), a lantern of the dead and a church from the nineteenth century.


title: Étroussat

paragraphs: Étroussat is a commune. It is found in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Koobi Fora

paragraphs: Koobi Fora is a region around Koobi Fora Ridge, on the eastern shore of Lake Turkana, Kenya. It is in the territory of the nomadic Gabbra people. The term East Turkana can be used for the whole area.

paragraphs: The ridge is an outcrop of mainly Pliocene/Pleistocene sediments. It is composed of claystones, siltstones, and sandstones that preserve numerous fossils of land mammals, including early hominin species. The ridge is being eroded into a badlands terrain by a series of ephemeral rivers that drain into the northeast portion of modern Lake Turkana.

paragraphs: In 1968 Richard Leakey established the Koobi Fora Base Camp on a large sandspit projecting into the lake near the ridge, which he called the Koobi Fora Spit. A survey and numerous excavations showed the region was a source of hominin fossils from the last 4.2 million years. Far exceeding the number of humanoid fossils are the non-humanoid fossils, which give us a look at the fauna and flora as far back as the Miocene.

paragraphs: In 1973, the government of Kenya reserved the region as Sibiloi National Park, establishing a headquarters for the National Museums of Kenya on Koobi Fora Spit. The reserve is well-maintained and is well-guarded by friendly but armed park police. Protection of sites and especially of wildlife are of prime concern.

paragraphs: Exploration and excavation are done by the Koobi Fora Research Project (KFRP), which collaborates with universities and individuals around the world.

paragraphs: The simple hierarchy of scientific places for Koobi Fora is the following: Koobi Fora is the region; the region is divided into fossil collecting areas; within fossil collection areas there are archaeological sites and hominid paleontological localities.

paragraphs: Locating and referencing the hundreds of sites in the Koobi Fora region has been an ongoing process. The entire reservation was divided into somewhat over 100 numbered areas. In the year 2000 the KFRP went over to a GPS system.

paragraphs: The first archaeological site, i.e., FxJj 1, was found in Area 105. It is nicknamed the KBS site for Kay Behrensmeyer Site, after the researcher who first found stone tools there. This site is also the place where the first tuff was found, i.e., the KBS Tuff.

paragraphs: It is known as the location of skull 1470, discovered by Bernard Ngeneo in 1972, reconstructed by Meave Leakey, later reconstructed and named "Homo habilis" by Richard Leakey, as possibly the first of the genus "Homo", and finally "Homo rudolfensis". Richard Leakey found it 45 m below the 1.89 my KBS tuff; thus, it is older than that date, but is conventionally dated to it.

paragraphs: Searching for and finding fossils in such a large area is another difficult problem. One solution has been to organize all persons present into a group to sweep a designated area. Richard Leakey devised a method that produced better results: he organized and trained a search team of Kenyans, which became known as "the hominid gang", under the leadership of Kamoya Kimeu. They have discovered the majority of the fossil Hominins, which currently amount to over 200.

paragraphs: Koobi Fora is perhaps best known for its specimens of the genus "Homo", but those of the genus "Australopithecus" also have been found. The following species are represented:

paragraphs: "Australopithecus" and "Homo" seem to have coexisted in the region for about one million years. One possible explanation is different food sources. It is believed that "Australopithecus" became extinct and "Homo" went on to generate later species.

paragraphs: Large quantities of stone tools have been found at Koobi Fora both on the surface and in caches, which have dates of their own, but are seldom in association with hominins. No other candidates for their manufacture have been found, however. The tools are Oldowan and Acheulean. The Koobi Fora community has devised the following teminology to describe three local industries:

paragraphs: With the change from Olduwan to Acheulean technique, hominins got more of a return for a given output of energy and could do more. The chief technological development was the edge of the handax. The advantage of the "core reduction strategy" was more and thinner flakes per mass of cores. More and better flakes meant better use of carcasses and therefore a need for fewer carcasses, less hunting, etc. Moreover, the increased number of flakes available made ranging farther from the source of the stone possible and gave more staying power to the hunt.

paragraphs: Koobi Fora is underlain by Pliocene basalts and filled with nearly 600 meters of Pliocene-Pleistocene sediments, dating from about four-million to one-million years ago.

paragraphs: Most early human fossils and archaeological remains come from the upper portion of the Burgi Member, the KBS Member, and the Okote Member. The members reflect changing environments in the Turkana Basin, from lake and delta ones during Burgi Member times to rivers and floodplains in Okote Member times.

paragraphs: The stratigraphy of the Koobi Fora Formation is one of the best studied and calibrated in East Africa. Controversial dating of the KBS Tuff during the 1970s helped to spearhead the development of modern potassium/argon and argon/argon geological dating methods. In addition, the unique fusion between geochronology and mammal evolutionary studies has made the Koobi Fora Formation a standard for all of Pliocene-Pleistocene Africa.


title: Ferrières-sur-Sichon

paragraphs: Ferrières-sur-Sichon is a French commune. It is in the Allier department in the center of France.


title: Suzanne Cleary

paragraphs: Suzanne Cleary is an American poet. She was born in Binghamton, New York. She grew up there. She has an M.A. in Writing from Washington University, and a Ph.D. in Literature and Criticism from Indiana University of Pennsylvania. She is Professor of English at State University of New York at Rockland.

paragraphs: "I love to read poems where I think the poet includes something that may not work or almost doesn't work. To me that's an exciting kind of risk."


title: Layne Staley

paragraphs: Layne Thomas Staley (August 22, 1967 – April 5, 2002) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of the rock band Alice in Chains. He was born in the city of Kirkland, Washington.

paragraphs: Layne Staley first played in a band called Sleze which consisted of Shorewood High School students as well as future members of the bands The Dehumanizers and Second Coming. The band morphed into Alice 'N Chains in 1986 and mostly played cover versions of Slayer and Armored Saint songs. Alice 'N Chains disbanded and Staley joined a funk band afterwards. The band needed a guitarist so Staley asked Jerry Cantrell to be a sideman for the band. Cantrell agreed but only if Staley joined his band. After the funk band disbanded, Staley joined Cantrell's band full-time and they renamed the band Alice in Chains.

paragraphs: While he was with Alice in Chains, They released their debut album "Facelift" which featured the hit single, "Man in the Box" which was written by Staley. They then released an EP called "SAP" on February 4, 1992 and released their second studio album "Dirt" on September 29, 1992.

paragraphs: The band didn't tour for "Dirt" very long because of Staley's drug addiction. Cantrell often wrote the lyrics for the band but Staley wrote more songs as time went on and was eventually credited with writing half of the band's catalog until their fourth studio album, "Black Gives Way to Blue". When Staley wrote lyrics, they were often about dealing with his personal problems like drug use and depression.

paragraphs: The other band members decided not to tour for their third studio EP "Jar of Flies" because of Staley's condition becoming progressively worse. Staley decided that he would enter a rehabilitation clinic after Jar of Flies and started a side project with Mike McCready of Pearl Jam and Barrett Martin of Screaming Trees called The Gacy Bunch. They later changed their name to Mad Season. During his time in Mad Season, they released 1 studio album, "Above" which featured the singles "River of Deceit" and "I Don't Know Anything".

paragraphs: Staley's physical condition was changing during the hiatus of Alice in Chains and his addiction started to become more known to the public. Alice in Chains reunited to record the self-titled album "Alice in Chains", also commonly referred to as "Tripod" and it was released on November 7, 1995.

paragraphs: In October 1996, Staley's ex-fiancée, Demri Lara Parrott, died from complications caused by drug use. Her death made Staley even more depressed. He removed himself from the spotlight until he joined Alice in Chains at the Grammy Awards in 1997 after the song "Again" was nominated for "Best Hard Rock Performance". He recorded two songs for the Music Bank box set and producer Dave Jerden said that "Staley weighed 80 pounds…and was white as a ghost."

paragraphs: Staley hardly left his condo from 1999 to 2002.

paragraphs: On April 19, 2002, police kicked in Staley's apartment door to find Staley dead on his couch. His autopsy reported that a combination of heroin and cocaine known as a "speedball" that he had injected was a factor in his death. Staley was reported to be 6'1" and weigh only 86 pounds when his body was discovered, mainly because of his body decomposing due to him being discovered two weeks after his death.


title: Montluçon

paragraphs: Montluçon is a "commune" in central France, in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, on the Cher river. It is the "commune" in the department with largest population, although the department's "préfecture" is in the smaller city of Moulins.

paragraphs: The town is the historical capital of the old province of "Bourbonnais" and was part of the mediaeval Duchy of Bourbon.

paragraphs: Montluçon was built in the Middle Ages. The first mention of a place called "Monte Lucii" is from the eleventh century. Guillaume, son of Archambaud IV of Bourbon, built a castle on a small rocky hill on the Cher river.

paragraphs: The town, which formed part of the duchy of Bourbon, was taken by the English in 1171, and by Philip II of France in 1181; finally, in the 14th century, the English had to leave the town.

paragraphs: In the 14th century, Louis II de Bourbon re-built the castle and walls of the town. Montluçon and other Burgundian lands went back to the French crown in 1529, and Henry IV further improved the defenses.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Montluçon is on the northwestern part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, on the northern part of the Massif Central. The city is on the Cher river.

paragraphs: The "commune" has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The city is from Moulins, from Clermont-Ferrand and from Paris.

paragraphs: Montluçon is surrounded by the "communes" Saint-Victor, Désertines, Saint-Angel, Néris-les-Bains, Lavault-Sainte-Anne, Prémilhat and Domérat.

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Montluçon is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Montluçon are known, in French, as "Montluçonnais" (women: "Montluçonnaises").

paragraphs: With a population of 37,289, Montluçon is the largest city of the Allier department. It has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Evolution of the population in Montluçon

paragraphs: Montluçon forms, with other 6 "communes", the urban area of Montluçon with a population of 56,928 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Montluçon, formed by 38 "communes", with a population of 78,702 inhabitants (2014) and an area of .

paragraphs: Montluçon is a subprefecture of the Allier department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Montluçon and the administrative centre () of four cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Montluçon Communauté".

paragraphs: Some interesting places in Montluçon are:


title: Steel mill

paragraphs: A Steel mill or steelworks is an industrial plant where steel is manufactured. Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron. Usually steel is produced in two stages: First, iron ore is reduced (or smelted) with coke and limestone. This is done in a blast furnace, and the result is pig iron. The part that is not used for pig iron is carried on as "molten iron". Impurities are removed, and alloying elements such as manganese, nickel, chromium and vanadium are added to produce the exact steel required. Steel mills then turn molten steel into blooms, ingots, slabs and sheet through casting, hot rolling and cold rolling.


title: Shelley Long

paragraphs: Shelley Long (born on August 23, 1949 in Fort Wayne, Indiana) is an American television actress. She received several Emmy and Golden Globe Awards for her role as Diane Chambers in the sitcom "Cheers". She was also in a few movies.


title: Caserta

paragraphs: Caserta is a city in Campania in Italy. In Caserta there are 1 million people. The main building of Caserta is the Reggia di Caserta in Italian or 'a' regg' e' 'casert ' in Napolitan dialect.


title: Jane Curtin

paragraphs: Jane Curtin (born September 6, 1947, Massachusetts) is an American comedian and actress. She received several Emmy Awards for her acting. She played Allison Lowell in the sitcom "Kate & Allie". She played Mary in "3rd Rock from the Sun".


title: Lantern of the dead

paragraphs: A Lantern of the Dead is a free-standing structure much like a tower. They were built during the Middle Ages mostly in central France. In the upper part of the structure there is an opening, which can hold a light. Most of these larnerns were built in the 12th and 13th century. Their exact function is unclear, as there are no written sources about them. One of the theories states that they were built to satisfy different other beliefs, which had been around before Christianity. One of the ideas was that the deceased needed a light to find their way home.

paragraphs: Lanterns of the dead exist in different forms: cylindrical, square, as a hexagon, or polygon, as a column. Sometimes they are attached to a chapel.


title: Lavoir

paragraphs: A lavoir is a public place where people were able to wash their clothes. Very often, these basins were situated near a river. Such places were built from about the 18th century onwards. Today, many have been restored and serve as tourist attractions.


title: Judith Krantz

paragraphs: Judith Krantz (January 9, 1928 – June 22, 2019) was an American author. She mostly wrote romance novels. One of them is "Till We Meet Again". She wrote freelance articles for "Cosmopolitan" and "Ladies' Home Journal". She was born in New York City.

paragraphs: Krantz died on June 22, 2019, at her home in the Bel Air neighborhood of Los Angeles. She was 91.


title: Carl Berner

paragraphs: Carl Ernest Berner (January 27, 1902 – January 7, 2013) was a German-born American supercentenarian, activist, and former toymaker.

paragraphs: Berner was born on January 27, 1902 in Stuttgart, Württemberg, German Empire. He moved to France after his parents' deaths. Berner was married to Margaret Berner from 1936 until her death in 1987. They had one daughter, Emily Berner. Berner died on January 7, 2013 (just 20 days before his 111th birthday) in Middle Village, Queens, New York of natural causes at age 110 years, 346 days. At the time of his death, Berner was the second-oldest German man ever behind Hermann Dörnemann (who later became surpassed by Gustav Gerneth), the third-oldest living Americanman behind Spanish-born Salustiano Sanchez (who, however, was still not verified) and Canadian-born James McCoubrey, and the 7th oldest living man in the world (behind Jiroemon Kimura, James Sisnett, Sanchez, McCoubrey, Makaru Nakanishi and Jokichi Ikarashi who was just a day older).


title: James M. Buchanan

paragraphs: James McGill Buchanan, Jr. (October 3, 1919 – January 9, 2013) was an American economist and educator. He is known for his public choice theory. His theories helped scientists figure out political science. Buchanan won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1968 for his theory.

paragraphs: Buchanan was born on October 3, 1919 in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. His ancestry includes Scottish and Irish. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois and in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Buchanan studied at University of Chicago, at the University of Tennessee, and at the State Teachers College, Murfreesboro.

paragraphs: Buchanan is the founder of a new Virginia school of political economy. Buchanan is largely responsible for the rebirth of political economy in the second half of 20th century.

paragraphs: The term "constitutional economics" was used by James M. Buchanan as a name for a new academic sub-discipline. Buchanan’s work in 1986 brought him the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for his "development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making."

paragraphs: Buchanan rejects "any organic conception of the state" as superior in wisdom, to the citizens of this state." This philosophical position forms the basis of constitutional economics. Buchanan believes that every constitution is created for at least several generations of citizens. It must be able to balance interests of the state, society, and each individual.

paragraphs: In 2001 Buchanan received an honorary doctoral degree from Universidad Francisco Marroquín, in Guatemala City, Guatemala, for his contribution to economics.

paragraphs: The "New York Times" commented that the Nobel Prize-winning economist who championed public choice theory influenced a "generation of conservative thinking about deficits, taxes, and the size of government".

paragraphs: He was influenced by Frank Knight, Knut Wicksell, and by Ludwig von Mises. He has influenced Elinor Ostrom.

paragraphs: He was married to Ann Bakke from 1945 until his death in 2013. They had no children. Buchanan died on January 9, 2013, in Blacksburg, Virginia. He was 93 and he died from natural causes.


title: The Last Stand

paragraphs: The Last Stand is a 2013 American action crime movie. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Forest Whitaker star. The earlier plays Ray Owens, and the latter plays John Bannister. This action drama also has Johnny Knoxville acting in it.


title: Ronald Gamarra Herrera

paragraphs: Dr. Ronald Álex Gamarra Herrera (born December 10 1958) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician. From 2008-2010 he was Executive Secretary of the Coordinadora Nacional de Derechos Humanos (National Coordinator for Human Rights of Peru) and one of the lawyers representing the civil parties -the families of the Barrios Altos and La Cantuta victims- in the proceedings against former president Alberto Fujimori.

paragraphs: Gamarra Herrera was born in Lima in 1958. He studied law at the National University of San Marcos. He studied for a Master's degree in Law from the National Defense University, funded by the United States Department of Defense. He is currently a professor at the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the National University of San Marcos.


title: Vincent Forrester

paragraphs: Vincent Forrester (born 1952) is an Aboriginal Australian activist, artist and community leader. Forrester was a founding member of a number of Aboriginal organisations in central Australia. He lives at Muṯitjulu, where he has served as the chairman of the community council. During the 1980s, he served as an advisor on indigenous affairs to the governments of Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke.

paragraphs: Forrester has been a prominent political activist on issues affecting indigenous Australians for many years. He has been a strong critic of the Intervention in the Northern Territory, and the lack of economic and educational development in communities affected by it.

paragraphs: Forrester was born in 1952 in Alice Springs. His family is a mixture of Luritja and Arranda, but one of his grandfathers was Scottish. Vincent grew up on a cattle station in the Angas Downs area. He learned from his grandparents about the sacred legends associated with his country, and about bush foods and bush medicine. He went through initiation when he reached maturity.

paragraphs: As a young teenager, Forrester worked as a station-hand and stockman. Later, he worked in an abattoir. For three years, he served in the army in Townsville. At various other times he worked as a horse-riding clown and a rodeo rider.

paragraphs: Forrester's first language is Luritja, but he also speaks English and Arrernte.

paragraphs: Forrester has been an activist for Aboriginal Australians for most of his life. While growing up in Angas Downs in the 1960s, Forrester grew angry with what he saw as a lack of human rights for indigenous people. He rebelled against the government's assimilation policies during his school years, and then joined the campaign for indigenous land rights.

paragraphs: During the 1970s, after returning from the army, Forrester helped to set up the Central Australian Aboriginal Congress (CAAC), a health care service for indigenous people. He served as a field officer, and then later as its secretary. He also helped to set up the Central Land Council. In 1982, he represented Australia at the first session of the United Nations Working Group on Indigenous Populations, held in Geneva. In the middle of the 1980s, he helped to set up the Central Australian Aboriginal Media Association (CAAMA). He has served as the organisation's treasurer, manager, and as a board member of its television network, Imparja.

paragraphs: In November 1977, aged in his mid-20s, Forrester became a founding member of the National Aboriginal Conference (NAC). He was elected chairman for the Northern Territory in October 1981. In this position, he would serve as an advisor to the governments of Malcolm Fraser and Bob Hawke on matters relating to indigenous people.

paragraphs: In 1979, a group called the National Aboriginal Government occupied Capital Hill in Canberra and set up the Tent Embassy. Kevin Gilbert and other protesters demanded that the federal government enter into negotiations for a treaty with Aboriginal people. Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser said he would only discuss the matter with the NAC, since it was the only elected body representing Aboriginals. Shortly after, the NAC began working on a draft proposal for this treaty. The government was opposed to the word "treaty", so the NAC chose to use a Yolgnu word, "Makarrata".

paragraphs: After his appointment as the NAC chairman for the Northern Territory, Forrester was put on the subcommittee in charge of drafting the "Makarrata" proposal. The proposal was for a treaty that recognised the sovereignty of Aboriginal nations in Australia. People wanted the government of Australia to deal with Aboriginal nations as it would deal with another sovereign nation under international law. Through the 1980s, the support for this treaty amongst Aboriginal people grew steadily. After talking with Aboriginal communities in his home region, Forrester was convinced that his people were in favour of a treaty. He argued, however, that the negotiations should be done under the oversight of the United Nations.

paragraphs: The NAC was dissolved by the Hawke government in 1985. Despite this, planning on the content and principles of the "Makarrata" proposal continued, with Forrester staying very involved. The campaign for the treaty remained strong through the 1980s, reaching its height in 1988. Forrester did an interview with Kevin Gilbert about it on CAAMA radio in 1989.

paragraphs: As more and more Aboriginal people around Uluṟu became involved in tourism, Forrester began working as a tour guide at Kings Canyon. He later became a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, and a mentor at Alice Springs Desert Park, training young Aboriginal people as guides and park rangers. He believed tourism and conservation had excellent opportunities for Aboriginal people. He was firmly against any economic development that comes from uranium mining. A lot of central Australian communities depend on grants to mining companies for income, but Forrester argues that this reliance must be broken.

paragraphs: While working in tourism, Forrester became outspoken about the lack of job opportunities for indigenous people living in the centre of Australia. Because of this, he said, the communities were living in poverty, and that the situation would continue to get worse until the federal government began talking to the communities directly. A lot of the problem, Forrester claimed, was due to racism. He called the situation "economic apartheid". He also acknowledged, however, that most people from indigenous-speaking communities lacked the literacy in English needed to keep a job. Most adults could not read and write, and the younger people did not have enough access to education. As a result, Forrester worked for several years in developing school curricula. In May 2011, the Ayers Rock Resort at Yulara was sold to the Indigenous Land Corporation. At the time of the sale, two out of the 700 people working at the resort were indigenous. At the start of 2013, it was reported that the number of indigenous workers had risen to 170; 35% of them were from Muṯitjulu.

paragraphs: Despite being critical of Malcolm Fraser whilst he was in office, Forrester later reflected that Fraser was one of the few Prime Ministers who sat down to talk with indigenous communities about issues affecting them.

paragraphs: In 2006, an ABC television program reported that children in Muṯitjulu as young as five had contracted sexually transmitted diseases and that girls were being prostituted for petrol. Indigenous Affairs Minister Mal Brough claimed that children at Muṯitjulu were being sexually abused. This caused serious anger from Muṯitjulu leaders. When Brough visited the community in October, Forrester shouted at the minister and demanded that he say sorry.

paragraphs: A formal inquiry later found that alcoholism and child sexual abuse were widespread in remote Aboriginal communities of the Territory. In response, in 2007, the government of John Howard introduced a series of measures aimed at addressing the problem. It is often referred to as "the intervention". The measures were seen as racially discriminatory by many people, including Forrester. He was already a leader in Muṯitjulu at the time. In February 2008, he travelled to the Tent Embassy in Canberra to hear the new Prime Minister, Kevin Rudd, formally say sorry to the members of the Stolen Generations. While he was there, he talked with other indigenous people from the Territory about the effects of the intervention. The group then met with politicians at Parliament House to discuss their demands. Forrester called the intervention an "occupation" of indigenous lands by the military, and demanded that the polices be stopped. He encouraged Aboriginal people in the Territory to disobey the intervention laws in protest.

paragraphs: Forrester argued that the social problems can be avoided if the government provides the right kind of schools and services. Despite statistics showing that the number of sex crimes against children in Muṯitjulu was going down, Forrester maintained that the community was still in crisis. He pointed to the fact that the population of Muṯitjulu had also decreased by more than 40%; people were leaving. Forrester claimed that the government has been too slow in dealing with the source of the problem (jobs and education), and that life in Muṯitjulu has only gotten worse since the intervention laws.

paragraphs: In 2009, Forrester was made chairman of the Muṯitjulu Community Council. Around this time his brother was accused of corruption and Vincent with the rest of the community council board forced his brother's resignation. He now lives on the outskirts of Alice Springs semi-retired but also a member of the National First Nations Uluru Constitutional Convention Board

paragraphs: Forrester began painting in the early 1990s. He paints stories from the Dreamtime. He has said that his art represents a story and a "spiritual legacy" for his descendants. Originally, he used acrylic paints, but he has since began using natural ground-up paint made at Uluṟu. Traditional methods, tools and techniques are used to grind natural pigments into powder form, and then mixed with a binder to become a thick, sticky paint. The colours Forrester uses in his paintings are the traditional colours used for ceremonial body paint.

paragraphs: His painting "Resurrection at Mutitujulu Waterhole", done using these methods, was chosen as a finalist for the Togart Contemporary Art Award in 2012. It depicts the waterhole at Uluṟu, and the story of (rainbow serpent). It was part of a series dedicated to women.


title: Division of Warringah

paragraphs: The Division of Warringah is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.

paragraphs: It is located in the Northern Beaches region of Sydney. It covers most of the land between Middle Harbour and the Pacific Ocean. It extends from Port Jackson in the south to the suburb of Dee Why in the north. It includes the suburbs of Mosman, Balgowlah, Manly, Brookvale, Beacon Hill and Forestville.

paragraphs: The Division was named after the Warringah area of Sydney. This is an Aboriginal Australian word which means "rain", "waves" or "sea". The Division was created on 13 September 1922, for the 1922 Federal election. The seat is currently a safe Liberal seat. It has always been held by a member of a conservative party. It is currently held by Zali Steggall.


title: Division of Lowe

paragraphs: The Division of Lowe was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was located in the inner western suburbs of Sydney, on the south shore of the Parramatta River. It included the suburbs of Drummoyne, Five Dock, Croydon, Croydon Park, Burwood, Enfield, Homebush, Strathfield, Concord, Rhodes, Canada Bay, Cabarita, Abbotsford and Mortlake.

paragraphs: The Division was named after the Rt Hon Robert Lowe, 1st Viscount Sherbrooke. Lowe had been a Member of the New South Wales Legislative Council, and former Home Secretary of the United Kingdom. The Division was created in 11 May 1949, for the 1949 federal election. It was first held by Sir William McMahon, who held the seat for over 32 years, until 1982. He was Prime Minister 1971-72.

paragraphs: In 2009 the seat of Lowe was abolished. Most of the area was added to the nearby Division of Reid.

paragraphs: There was a by-election in Lowe in 1982 after Sir William McMahon resigned from the parliament.


title: Maroda

paragraphs: Maroada is a small village situated in Patti Kandwalsyun, Pauri Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India. It is situated in the laps of beautiful mountains of Uttarakhand. It is only 9 km away from Devpryag, on the way to Pauri. Devpryag is a very famous pilgrimage for Hindus as it is the starting point of the Holy river Ganga Though the people of Maroda migrated to the urban areas like Delhi for their bread & butter and in the search of good education, but they are still very attached to this small village. The inhabitants of Maroda consider themselves very fortunate as this village is situated in the foot-hills of Jai Daanda Nagraja Mandir.


title: Indelibly Stamped

paragraphs: Indelibly Stamped is the second studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in June 1971. "Indelibly Stamped" was Supertramp's first album that was released in the United States. Supertramp recorded this album in April and May 1971 in London.

paragraphs: All songs written by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, except where noted.

paragraphs: All lead vocals by Rick Davies, except where noted.


title: The Carrie Diaries

paragraphs: The Carrie Diaries is an American television series. It is a prequel to the program "Sex and the City". The subject of this series is Carrie Bradshaw during the 1980s in Connecticut and New York City. Carrie is played by AnnaSophia Robb. The show was cancelled by The CW on May 8, 2014.


title: Udhampur

paragraphs: Udhampur () is a city and a sub-district of Udhampur District in Jammu and Kashmir, India. It is the headquarters of the district's government.


title: Chloe Bridges

paragraphs: Chloe Bridges (who was born December 27, 1991 in Louisiana) is an American actress. She works mostly in movies. She has also done some television programs. She starred in the comedic drama "Forget Me Nots", and will be playing Donna in "The Carrie Diaries".


title: Palaeoptera

paragraphs: The Palaeoptera is the group of primitive (basal) winged insects which do not fold the wings back over the abdomen, as Neoptera do. Most of them are extinct; the living ones are the Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies).

paragraphs: The Palaeoptera may not be monophyletic: the issue is not yet settled. On the other hand, the Neoptera definitely are monophyletic.

paragraphs: The absence of wing-folding does not necessarily mean the Palaeoptera form a natural group. They may just be a group of insects that "are not Neoptera", in other words, a wastebasket taxon. As it stands, the relationship of the two living Paleopteran groups to the Neoptera is unclear.

paragraphs: Probably the concept of Palaeoptera will be changed to better reflect insect evolution. In any case, three main palaeopteran lineages, traditionally treated as superorders, are recognized. Of these, the Palaeodictyopteroidea themselves might also be a paraphyletic assemblage of very basal Pterygota.


title: Tracie Spencer

paragraphs: Tracie Spencer (born July 12, 1976 in Waterloo, Iowa) is an American R&B and pop singer. She has had several hit singles. Her singles are "This House", "Hide & Seek" and "Tender Kisses". Her first album, "Tracie Spencer", was in 1988. Her second album "Make the Difference" was in 1990.


title: Broughton, Nova Scotia

paragraphs: Broughton (2001 pop.: 24) was a former town in the Cape Breton Regional Municipality about 12 miles from the former city of Sydney, Nova Scotia. Expected to be a boomtown when first settled, it was mostly abandoned when mining operations failed.

paragraphs: During the First World War, Broughton was used by the 185th Cape Breton Highlanders as training ground. During this time the famous Broughton Arms Hotel burned to the ground in April 1916. The Hotel is believed to have had North America's first revolving door.

paragraphs: Broughton was first settled at the turn of the 20th century as a mining town for the Cape Breton Coal, Iron & Railway Company, started by British mining engineer Thomas Lancaster and British businessman Col. Horace Mayhew which intended to develop the coal seam at Cochrane's Lake (aka: Loon Lake). The pair raised millions of dollars, mostly from English investors, and construction on the town was started, with streets laid out and a number of large official buildings constructed, including the Office Building, the Assistant Manager's House, the Broughton Arms Hotel and Crown Hotel. Remains of these substantial buildings can still be seen today, the scale of which giving an impression of the town's lofty ambitions. A railway was built connecting to the Sydney & Louisburg Railway at False Bay Head, continuing through Broughton Junction to Broughton, a distance of 4 ½ miles, construction beginning in 1905 and completed in 1906. Seemingly too much money and effort was spent on the details and modern conveniences of the "most up-to-date modern city", one of the first attempts at a planned community in Canada, and not enough attention to the actual mine operation. The company went bankrupt in 1907 after it failed to secure rail transportation to get its coal to port. It is said this was due to the opposition of the Dominion Coal Company, which would not allow its Sydney and Louisburg Railway to carry the coal produced by the mine.

paragraphs: The British pair left Cape Breton, abandoning the company and the town.

paragraphs: The community remained active until its peak in 1916. The army had taken over the hotels to house officers and men during the First World War. After the end of the war the community declined rapidly. Some residents still live in the area.

paragraphs: A long article, detailing this company's history, appeared in the "Montreal Daily Star", 25 May 1907.


title: Palaeodictyoptera

paragraphs: The Palaeodictyoptera were large flying insects which are now extinct. They were common in the Upper Carboniferous, and became extinct at the end-Permian extinction. Their size varied from large to huge. For example, "Mazothairos" had a wingspan of about .

paragraphs: They were the first major group of herbivorous insects. They had long, beak-like, piercing mouthparts, and probably a sucking organ. The mouthparts match the signs of damage in fossil plant leaves and stems.

paragraphs: In addition to the normal four wings, they had two "pronota" in front. These pronota were smaller than the regular wings, but had wing veins just like the real things. They did not move up and down, so maybe they helped gliding. The Palaeodictyoptera are sometimes whimsically called "six-winged insects". The actual wings are often boldly marked: the patterns of colour can be seen in fossils.

paragraphs: These insects had paired "cerci" (singular: cercus) on their rear segment. The function of these is not clear. Cerci often serve as sensory organs, but they may also be used as weapons or copulation aids, or they may simply be vestigial structures. The cerci on some species was longer than the rest of the insect.


title: Crime of the Century

paragraphs: Crime of the Century is the third studio album of Supertramp. A&M Records released it in September 1974. Ken Scott produced the music. There is a text saying "To Sam" on the back cover of the album. Supertramp dedicated this album to Stanley August Miesegaes. He supported Supertramp financially from 1969 until 1972. "Crime of the Century" got to number 38 on the American Billboard Pop Albums chart, and to number 4 on the UK Albums Chart. The songs "Bloody Well Right" and "Dreamer" were also released as singles. This album and these singles made Supertramp successful and well-known.


title: Robin Kankapankatja

paragraphs: Robin Kankapankatja (born around 1930) is an Australian Aboriginal artist. He worked for most of his life as a labourer and conservationist. He is the manager and senior traditional owner of Walalkara, a homeland and Indigenous Protected Area on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He began work as an artist in 2004, aged in his 70s. His artworks are now held in several major galleries in Australia.

paragraphs: Robin was born at Walalkara, a place in the Great Victoria Desert near Kaltjiti, South Australia. His father was Pitjantjatjara from the land west of Watarru; his mother was Yankunytjatjara from Makiri, northwest of Walalkara. Robin grew up living a traditional, nomadic life in the area around Kaltjiti. The first time he saw a whitefella was when he was a young teenager. As a young man, he worked on the cattle stations at Welbourne Hill and Everard Park.

paragraphs: When he was much older, Robin moved back to Walalkara and set up an outstation for his family on his homelands. He lives there with his wife, Tyayangka, and his children. Kankapankatja is the senior traditional owner ("") of Walalkara. The people that live on this outstation are all part of his family. They are the land managers of Walalkara Indigenous Protected Area, a federally protected reserve created from an agreement between the Robin family and the Australian government. It covers of the Great Victoria Desert. Until 2008, Kankapankatja and his wife Tyayangka worked as rangers of the reserve. When they retired, their children took over its management.

paragraphs: Robin began working as an artist in July 2004, while he was at home recovering from surgery. His paintings and drawings are about Walalkara. They depict the landscape, animals, and spiritual Dreaming stories associated with it. He is also known for carving traditional tools, such as boomerangs, spears, spear-throwers and shields.

paragraphs: Since 2006, Robin's work has been shown in many exhibitions alongside other Kaltjiti artists. In 2007, he was featured at the Mossenson Galleries in Collingwood, Victoria. His work was featured as part of the annual "Desert Mob" exhibition in Alice Springs, in 2006, 2007, 2008 and 2009. It was also exhibited in Adelaide at the Flinders University City Gallery in 2009, and the South Australian Museum in 2010.

paragraphs: In 2012, the Cross Cultural Art Exchange in Darwin held a solo exhibition of Robin's work. The exhibition was called ": this is my life from long ago". It showcased a series of drawings that depict Robin's memories from growing up in the bush, and the legendary journeys of his ancestors. In the same year, his work was also shown at the annual "Our Mob" exhibition in Adelaide, at an exhibition of Kaltjiti Arts in the Darwin Aboriginal Art Fair, and in Germany, in an exhibition at the ArtKelch gallery in Freiburg im Breisgau.

paragraphs: Examples of Robin's work are held in the collections of the Araluen Arts Centre, Flinders University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Others are held in the national Artbank collection, and several private collections, such as the Gallery Gabrielle Pizzi in Melbourne.


title: LinkedIn

paragraphs: LinkedIn is a social networking website for people in professional jobs. The company started in December 2002, and the website opened May 5, 2003. Users can make connections with other people they have worked with, post their work experience and skills, look for jobs, and look for workers. The site is available in many languages, including most European languages, Japanese, Korean, Indonesian, and Malay. LinkedIn has more than 200 million members around the world.

paragraphs: In 2012, the LinkedIn website was attacked by hackers from Russia, who stole passwords for more than 100 million user accounts. In 2016, a suspect was arrested in the Czech Republic.

paragraphs: The company which owns LinkedIn, the LinkedIn Corporation, was bought out by Microsoft in 2016 for US$26 billion.

paragraphs: In January 2013, the countries with the most LinkedIn users were:


title: Integer overflow

paragraphs: Integer overflow occurs in computers, when the number which is stored becomes larger than the capacity of the memory it is stored in. The most likely result is that the number will reset to 0 and start over.

paragraphs: For example, start with the number 14, using 4-bits integers. Add 1 a few times, this will result in an overflow, which causes it to reset the number to 0.


title: Slender Man

paragraphs: The Slender Man (or Slenderman) is a fictional creature from an Internet meme. It appears as a tall and thin man, wearing a black suit and tie. The man's face is usually blank, without any features. It is said to stalk, abduct, or scare people, especially children.

paragraphs: The Slender Man was originally created on the Internet forum Something Awful in 2009. It has grown into a kind of urban legend.

paragraphs: The Slender Man is described as very tall and thin with unnaturally long arms. It can extend its arms to scare people or capture them. It has a white, featureless head and appears to be wearing a dark suit. In images, the figure is often out of focus and blurry. The Slender Man is associated with the forest and has the ability to teleport.

paragraphs: The Slender Man was created during a contest on the Something Awful forums in June 2009. The goal was to change photographs using digital manipulation so that the pictures showed something supernatural. On 10 June, a forum poster with the user name "Victor Surge" uploaded two images in black and white. They were photographs of groups of children, to which had been added an obscured figure in the background: a tall, thin man with a blank face. Surge included short stories to go with the images, describing the disappearance of the children in the images. It gave the character the name, "The Slender Man":

paragraphs: One of two recovered photographs from the Stirling City Library blaze. Notable for being taken the day which fourteen children vanished and for what is referred to as “The Slender Man”. Deformities cited as film defects by officials. Fire at library occurred one week later. Actual photograph confiscated as evidence.<br>

paragraphs: 1986, photographer: Mary Thomas, missing since June 13th, 1986.

paragraphs: These stories made it a work of fiction. Other users on the forum developed the character further, adding their own images or stories about "The Slender Man". However, is it possible to find supposed records of the monster dating back to the 14th century, a notable example is a medieval German folktale entitled "Der Ritter" ("The Knight" in German), it tells the history of a brave knight appointed by the church to slay a great evil entity who had been stealing children from a local village from around the Black Forest, Württemberg, in Southern Germany, by which some people claim the existence of the entity.

paragraphs: The Slender Man soon became very popular on the Internet. Many works of fanart, cosplay and fiction were created and spread from website to website. The first video series involving the Slender Man was published on YouTube. It is called "Marble Hornets", and is now one of the most popular Slender Man creations. Other YouTube serials about the Slender Man followed, including EverymanHYBRID and Tribe Twelve. In 2011, Markus "Notch" Persson, creator of the sandbox indie game "Minecraft", added a new character to the game. He named it the "Enderman" when many users on Reddit and Google+ commented on how similar it was to the Slender Man. A video game based on the Slender Man was released in 2012, named "Slender: The Eight Pages". Several popular variants of the game followed, including "Slenderman's Shadow" and "Slender Man" for iOS, which became the second most-popular app download. The sequel to "Slender: The Eight Pages", "Slender: The Arrival", was released in 2013.

paragraphs: A horror movie about the Slender Man, "Entity", was released in 2013. Another, "The Slender Man", was released free online. On August 10, 2018, another movie about the character, "Slender Man", directed by Sylvain White, was released. "Marble Hornets" is also being made into a movie.

paragraphs: The Slender Man was called "the first great myth of the web" by the BBC. The success of the idea has been ascribed to the Internet's ability to connect people with one another. It has allowed anybody to build on the story and develop the character, and also shape it into whatever frightens them most.


title: Bethesda, Maryland

paragraphs: Bethesda is a census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States. It is northwest of Washington, D.C. The National Institutes of Health main campus and the Walter Reed National Military Medical Center are in Bethesda. There are also corporate and government headquarters.

paragraphs: In April 2009, "Forbes" put Bethesda second on its list of "America's Most Livable Cities."

paragraphs: Bethesda is an unincorporated area. It has no official boundaries. The United States Census Bureau says the center is at 38°59' North, 77°7' West. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2010, Bethesda had 60,858 people.


title: Division of East Sydney

paragraphs: The Division of East Sydney was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales.

paragraphs: The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1969. It was named for the suburb of East Sydney. It was located in the inner eastern suburbs of Sydney, including Darlinghurst, Paddington and Surry Hills.

paragraphs: After 1910 East Sydney was usually a safe seat for the Australian Labor Party. In the 1930s it was a stronghold of Lang Labor. Its most famous members were Sir George Reid, who was Prime Minister of Australia in 1904-05, and Eddie Ward, a long-serving Labor member and Cabinet minister.


title: Division of Bland

paragraphs: The Division of Bland was a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. The division was created in 1900. It was one of the original 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1906. It was named for Dr William Bland, a New South Wales colonial politician. It is based in rural southern New South Wales, and included the towns of Narrandera, Wagga Wagga and West Wyalong.

paragraphs: Bland was held by Chris Watson, the first Leader of the federal parliamentary Labor Party and Australia's first Labor Prime Minister. When Bland was abolished in 1906, Watson moved to South Sydney.


title: Division of Ballarat

paragraphs: The Division of Ballarat (Ballaarat until 1977) is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. The division was one of the original 75 divisions created in 1900. It was set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Ballarat.

paragraphs: The division includes Ballarat, Bacchus Marsh, Ballan, Daylesford, Creswick, Trentham and Clunes. In the past it has included Ararat, Maryborough, and Stawell.

paragraphs: Ballarat had the closest election result in Australian history. Nationalist Edwin Kerby unseated Labor member Charles McGrath by a single vote in 1919. However, McGrath said that the election had not been fair. It was challenged in court which resulted in a by-election in 1920 that was won by McGrath.

paragraphs: The most famous member was Alfred Deakin, Prime Minister of Australia three times. Michael Ronaldson was the grandson of Archibald Fisken. Ronaldson later served as a Liberal senator.


title: Windows 3.0

paragraphs: Windows 3.0, a graphical environment, is the third major release of Microsoft Windows, and was released on May 20, 1990. It became the first widely successful version of Windows and a rival to Apple Macintosh and the Commodore Amiga on the graphical user interface (GUI) front. It was followed by Windows 3.1.

paragraphs: Windows 3.0 originated in 1989 when David Weise and Murray Sargent independently decided to develop a protected mode Windows as an experiment. They cobbled together a rough prototype and presented it to company executives, who were impressed enough to approve it as an official project.

paragraphs: On December 31, 1990, Microsoft released Windows 3.0a. This version contained an improved ability to move pieces of data greater than 64KB (the original release could only manipulate one segment of RAM at a time). It also improved stability by reducing Unrecoverable Application Errors (UAEs) associated with networking, printing, and low-memory conditions. This version appears as "Windows 3.00a" in Help/About Windows system dialogs.

paragraphs: Based on Windows 3.0a, and originally called 3.0b, Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 1.0 was released in October 31, 1991 to support sound cards like the Creative Labs Sound Blaster Pro, as well as CD-ROM drives, which were then becoming increasingly available. This edition was released to Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs), mainly CD-ROM drive and sound card manufacturers, and some PCs came preloaded with it. This edition added basic multimedia support for audio input and output, along with new applications: Media Player, CD audio player, more advanced Help format, screen savers, and a new clock. These new features were integrated into Windows 3.1x. Microsoft developed the Windows Sound System sound card specification to complement these extensions. The new features were not accessible in Windows 3.0 Real Mode.

paragraphs: The MME API was the first universal and standardized Windows audio API. Wave sound events played in Windows (up to Windows XP) and MIDI I/O use MME. The devices listed in the "Multimedia/Sounds and Audio" control panel applet represent the MME API of the sound card driver.

paragraphs: MME lacks channel mixing, so only one audio stream can be rendered at a time. MME supports sharing the audio device for playback between multiple applications starting with Windows 2000, up to two channels of recording, 16-bit audio bit depth and sampling rates of up to 44.1 kHz with all the audio being mixed and sampled to 44.1 kHz.


Windows Home Server


title: DirectX

paragraphs: DirectX is a computer program by Microsoft made so the computer can have better graphics, and play games like on the Xbox with improved graphics.


title: William Bland

paragraphs: Dr. William Bland (5 November 1789 – 21 July 1868) was a convict, doctor and surgeon, politician, farmer and inventor in New South Wales, Australia.

paragraphs: Bland was born in London in 1789. His father, Dr. Robert Bland, was an obstetrician. Bland joined the Royal Navy in 1810 as a surgeon and served on HM sloop "Hesper". While in Bombay, India he got into an argument with another officer, Robert Case. He challenged Case to a duel with pistols on 7 April 1813, and Case was killed. Bland was found guilty of murder and sentenced to seven years prison in Van Diemen's Land.

paragraphs: Bland arrived in Hobart on the ship 'Denmark Hill' in January 1814. He was sent to Sydney on the 'Frederick' on 14 July 1814. He was kept in the Castle Hill gaol for a short time where he was able to work as a doctor. He was pardoned on 27 January 1815. He set up business as a doctor. He married Sarah Henry in 1817, but they separated after a few months.

paragraphs: In 1818 he wrote critical comments about Governor Macquarie's treatment of farmers. He also made fun of Macquarie's desire to have his name on foundation stones. Bland's handwriting was recognised. On 25 September 1818 he was found guilty of libel, fined £50 and sent to prison for a year.

paragraphs: In 1830 he opposed attempts to sell large areas of crown land. He joined the Australian Landowners Association in 1831 to fight new land laws. When the Sydney Free Grammar School closed after only one year in 1826, Bland came up with a scheme to start a new school to replace it. Sydney College began in 1830. The foundation stone of a new building was laid by the Chief Justice, Sir Francis Forbes, in 1830. Bland was treasurer of the of the college from 1835 to 1844. In 1845 he became president. The buildings were sold to the University of Sydney in 1853. Sydney Free Grammar School and Sydney College were the beginnings of the current Sydney Grammar School which began in 1854.

paragraphs: He worked at the Benevolent Society as well as having a private medical practice. He dispensed medicines from his house until a proper dispensary was begun. He gave the Society advice on building a room to be an operating theatre and mortuary. He continued to assist at the Society until 1863.

paragraphs: He gave land and money to build a church at Ashfield.

paragraphs: He was an active writer. he wrote articles on new medical techniques which were published in the Lancet magazine. He wrote articles for the Australian Medical Journal on snake bite and dislocations. He edited the book "Journey of Discovery to Port Phillip, New South Wales" written by William Hovell and Hamilton Hume. He wrote a small book about how to prevent fires on ships carrying wool. He designed the "Atmotic Ship", a balloon filled with hydrogen and moved by propellors. A model of the atmotic ship was shown at the International Exhibition in London in 1851 and at Crystal Palace in 1854.

paragraphs: In 1835 the Australian Patriotic Association (APA) was formed. William Wentworth was president, and Bland was the secretary. His letters for the APA show Australia beginning to see itself as an independent nation. The main function of the APA was to draw up a constitution for New South Wales. The constitution was accepted by the British parliament and self government began in 1843.

paragraphs: He was an elected member to the new New South Wales Legislative Council twice (1843–1848, 1849–1850) and was appointed to the Council from 1858–1861

paragraphs: In 1849 Wentworth introduced a bill to create the University of Sydney. He named Bland as one of its first senators. Robert Lowe reminded members that Bland had been a convict and had killed a man in 1813. He said that such an important institution should not be run by convicts. The bill failed. Bland wanted to fight a duel but Lowe avoided it. The bill was re-introduced without Bland’s name and was passed.

paragraphs: A banquet was held in July 1856 to celebrate the grant of a new Constitution by the British government. Bland was the guest of honour. On 5 November 1858 he was given money and a candelabrum for his services to the community. He resigned on 21 March 1861 from the Legislative Council.

paragraphs: In February 1846, Bland remarried a widow, Eliza Smeathman. He continued to work as a doctor until 1868. He was the founder and first president of the Australian Medical Association in 1859. A photograph was taken of him in 1845. This is the oldest surviving Australian photograph. In 1861 he was declared a bankrupt. He died in Sydney on 21 July 1868 of pneumonia, and was given a State Funeral.


title: CeCe Peniston

paragraphs: CeCe Peniston (born September 6, 1969, in Dayton, Ohio) is an American R&B singer and former beauty queen. She was very popular in the early 1990s. Her hit song "Finally" was released in 1991. A lot of other songs followed. Peniston was crowned Miss Black Arizona 1989 and Miss Galaxy 1990.


title: South Pole–Aitken basin

paragraphs: The South Pole–Aitken basin is a huge impact crater on the far side of Earth's Moon. Roughly in diameter and deep, it is one of the largest known impact craters in the Solar System. It is the largest, oldest and deepest basin on the Moon. The formation of the large lunar basins occurred before 3.8 billion years ago.

paragraphs: This moon basin was named after two features on opposing sides; the crater Aitken on the northern end and the southern lunar pole at the other end.


title: Straw man

paragraphs: Straw man is a device or trope used in arguments. The phrase describes a misrepresentation or false version of an argument. This is an informal fallacy. The reasoning is flawed because it distorts issues. A false version of the other side's argument is proved wrong and it looks as if the real argument has been proved wrong.

paragraphs: The straw man argument can have many forms. The fallacy of attacking a straw man can also arise from an honest mistake.

paragraphs: The origins of the term are unclear. An 1898 definition refers to men who stood outside courthouses with a straw in their shoe in order to indicate their willingness to be hired to give evidence in a court trial.

paragraphs: In the 1900 US presidential election campaign, the issue of Imperialism became a "straw man" issue when President McKinley accepted his party's nomination. Cartoonist William Allen Rogers focused on the destruction of this issue in a September issue of "Harper's Weekly".