title: Sigismund II Augustus

paragraphs: Sigismund II Augustus (1520-1572) was a Polish king, the last member of the Jagiellon dynasty. He was also the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1548 to 1572.

paragraphs: Sigismund II Augustus was born in Kraków on 1 August 1520. He was the only son (he had sisters) of king Sigismund I the Old and his wife, Italian princess Bona Sforza. His great grandfather was Wladislaw II Jagiello, the founder of the dynasty. Sigismund II Augustus was crowned as a child on 20 February 1530 when his father was still alive (in Latin "vivente rege"). From 1544 he ruled in Lithuania. He was married three times but remained childless. He died on 7 July 1572 in Knyszyn. He was a Roman Catholic, but was known for his tolerance for Protestants.

paragraphs: When king Sigismund II Augustus received diplomats or made important decisions, he did so in the Audience hall in the royal castle. This room was also called "Under the Heads" for the carved heads set in the ceiling. One of these was a woman's head. The legend says whenever he would make a decision she would speak in Latin (using rhyme and alliteration): "Rex Auguste, iudica iuste" ("King August, judge justly"). He followed her advice but after that her mouth was covered with a ribbon so she would never again interfere in royal decisions.


title: Yoshinori Ohsumi

paragraphs: Autophagy is the process that cells use to break down and recycle cellular components. This allows the orderly recycling of cellular components.

paragraphs: Ohsumi is a professor in Tokyo Institute of Technology's Frontier Research Center. He got the Kyoto Prize for Basic Science in 2012.


title: Autophagy

paragraphs: Autophagy (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms. It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed. The cell parts can then be recycled as required.

paragraphs: There are several ways this happens. Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an "autophagosome" (a double-membraned vesicle). The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.

paragraphs: The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963. The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s let researchers figure out the mechanisms of autophagy. This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.


title: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński

paragraphs: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński (c.1550-1581) was a Polish nobleman and poet. He is generally regarded as one of the most important Polish writers and the first representative of Baroque in Poland.

paragraphs: Little is known about life of Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński. He was born around 1550 in the village of Zimna Woda near Lviv (today in Ukraine, then in the Kingdom of Poland). He was a member of Protestant family. He was the son of Joachim Sęp called Szarzyński. He studied abroad in Germany at universities of Wittemberg and of Lepzig. Then he continued his studies at the University of Padua in Italy.

paragraphs: Szarzyński is believed to have become a Roman Catholic, but some scholars are not convinced of that.

paragraphs: Szarzyński's poems were written probably in the years 1568-1581. They were published by the poet's brother in 1601. The book was named "Rytmy abo wiersze polskie" (Rhythms or Polish Verses).

paragraphs: Mikołaj Sęp Szarzyński did not write many poems. All his published works can be printed on one hundred pages. He wrote in Polish and in Latin. He wrote six sonnets and some other poems, cantos and epitaphs. His poetry focuses on religious themes. Thus it is similar to Sebastian Grabowiecki's work.

paragraphs: Szarzyński shaped his sonnets according to a French scheme that is abba abba cdcd ee. Julian Krzyżanowski, editor of Szarzyński's poems, points out the use of alliteration in them.

paragraphs: Szarzyński's poems were translated into English by Steven Clancy and Richard Sokoloski.


title: Great Green Wall

paragraphs: The Great Green Wall of Africa is a strip of trees stretching across Africa to stop the Sahara from moving south affecting lives up to 19 million people, including more than 1 million children. The strip of trees is planned to be about 15kms wide. Unfortunately some people, when they see these trees, think its an opportunity to gather wood as timber for them to make fire or other resources. Because of the Sahara desert moving south is affecting countries such as: Niger, Chad, Sudan, Mali and many more.


title: California's Gold

paragraphs: California's Gold is a public television travel program that explores the natural, cultural, and historical features of the state of California. The series ran for 18 seasons from 1994 to 2012 and was produced and hosted by Huell Howser for its entire run. The minimal production allowed locations and people to remain the focal point of the program. The series ceased production after Howser's death in 2013, although reruns have continued to air after his death.

paragraphs: The series' theme song varies between several renditions of "California, Here I Come," but was most often played on the series by local musicians Eddie Enderle and Richard Chon.


title: Taurine

paragraphs: Taurine is an organic compound. It is up to 0.1% of total human body weight, and is a main constituent of bile. Taurine is essential for the heart, the skeletal muscles, the retina, and the nerves. The body makes it from the amino acid cysteine.

paragraphs: Taurine comes from the Latin /taurus/ which means bull or ox. It was first extracted it from ox bile in 1827.

paragraphs: Taurine is in fish and meat. The daily intake is around 58 mg (range from 9 to 400 mg). It is low or negligible from a strict vegan diet. Taurine intake is generally less than 200 mg/day.

paragraphs: Synthetic taurine is used to make some "energy drinks". Many contain 1000 mg per serving, and some as much as 2000 mg.


title: Wladyslaw I of Poland

paragraphs: Wladyslaw I of Poland (1261-1333) was the ruler who united Polish lands into one state at the beginning of 14th century.

paragraphs: Władysław was born probably in 1261. He was a son of duke Casimir of Kuyavia. He was the step-brother of duke Leszek the Black. He was called Łokietek, that means "the Short" or "Elbow-high".

paragraphs: At the time of his birth Poland was divided into many independent states. For years Władysław struggled to unite Poland into one strong state. He was at war with a powerful king of Bohemia, Wenceslaus II. His lands were also in danger of the Teutonic Knights who had seized the town of Gdansk. Despite all odds, Władysław united Greater Poland and lesser Poland and was crowned in 1320.

paragraphs: He had still to fight in defence of the country. In 1331 he defeated the Teutonic knights in the battle at Płowce. He was seventy then. He died two years later. His only son, Casimir III of Poland, succeeded him. Wladyslaw I was buried in the cathedral at Wawel Castle.

paragraphs: At the time of Władysław's reign many Germans lived in Polish towns. They opposed him and rioted against him. After the riot of Lord Mayor Albert Władysław ordered his soldiers to expel all Germans from the town. One of them asked Władysław, how to recognise a German. The duke ordered them to make everyone speak aloud the words "Soczewica, koło, miele, młyn" (that means "Lentil, wheel, grinds, mill"). A man who could not speak it correctly was regarded as a German.


title: Simone Biles

paragraphs: Simone Arianne Biles (born March 14, 1997) is an American artistic gymnast. Biles is the 2016 Olympic individual all-around, vault and floor gold medalist. She was part of the gold medal-winning team dubbed the "Final Five" at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. She also won the bronze medal for the balance beam during the Olympics. Biles is a three-time world all-around champion (2013–15), three-time world floor champion (2013–15), two-time world balance beam champion (2014, 2015), four-time United States national all-around champion (2013–16), and a member of the gold medal-winning American teams at the 2014 and 2015 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships.

paragraphs: Having won a combined total of nineteen Olympic and World Championship medals, Biles is the most decorated American gymnast. She took this over from Shannon Miller, who had held this record since 1996. With her win in Rio, Biles became the sixth woman to have won an individual all-around title at both the World Championships and the Olympic Games. With four Olympic gold medals, Biles set a new American record for most gold medals in women’s gymnastics at a single game.


title: Corps of Topographical Engineers

paragraphs: The U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers was established by the United States Congress in 1838. It was made up of only officers who were hand-picked graduates of the United States Military Academy at West Point. Their main purpose was to map and make military surveys for routes to the Pacific. They were at the center of the westward expansion of the United States between the War of 1812 and the American Civil War. They mapped the frontier regions of the West encouraging Americans to move into those areas. They laid out trails, roads, railroad routes and waterways. During the Civil War, the functions of the Corps of Topographical Engineers were transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers.

paragraphs: From 1777 to 1863, topographical engineers were used in the United States Army. In 1813, Congress authorized eight officers to be a part of the general staff. Each was to have the brevet rank and pay of a major in the U.S. Cavalry. They also authorized eight assistants, each with the brevet rank and pay of a captain in the U.S. Infantry. They formed the Topographical Bureau as a branch of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

paragraphs: In 1829, John James Abert, became the head of the Topographical Bureau. In 1838, he used his political influence to persuade Congress to form an independent army unit separate from the Corps of Engineers called the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Informally they became known as “topogs".

paragraphs: Their first priority was to explore the American West to make it accessible. Early on they worked to make the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers navigable. The work of charting these rivers actually started under the Topographical Bureau over a decade before the establishment of the Corps of Topographical Engineers. During the mid-1800s, they worked on floodind issues of major rivers. They designed lighthouses, mapped navigational routes and worked on many other federal projects. The General Survey Act gave them the authority to survey all canals and roads in the United States. They surveyed the National Road that connected the Potomac and Ohio Rivers. This was a main transport path to the West for thousands of settlers.

paragraphs: During the 1840s and 1850s, the Corps was very active. John C. Frémont led several western explorations starting in 1841. He led an exploration of the North Platte River. He next explored west to what is now Pueblo, Colorado. His next exploration was south going through Bent's Fort on the Arkansas River. With Kit Carson as his guide, Fremont began a two year journey that greatly expanded the knowledge of what lay to the west. It took him as far as the Sacramento Valley in early 1846. They were also involved in surveying boundary lines, especially in Texas during the Mexican–American War. Until they were merged with the Corps of Engineers in 1863, they surveyed and built roads bridges and forts for the Union Army during the Civil War.


title: Lluta River

paragraphs: The Lluta is a river in the Atacama Desert. It is the most northern of the great transversal Chilean rivers that start in the Andes and flow into the Pacific Ocean. It flows through the Arica y Parinacota region.

paragraphs: It has a broad estuary near the port city of Arica that forms a wetland, a habitat used by many water birds (birds that live on or near water).

paragraphs: The Lluta river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: The Lluta river starts on the Andean mountain slopes near the border with Peru and Bolivia, at an elevation of about , in the place called "Humapalca", "comuna" of General Lagos, Parinacota province, Arica y Parinacota.

paragraphs: The river is formed by the confluence of two streams:

paragraphs: Along its first , the river flows southeast and then slowly begins to turn towards the west. In its descent to the lower elevations of the valley, the river starts to run through a canyon formed by the same river; in some parts, the canyon could be deep.

paragraphs: Near the village of "Socoroma" (in the "comuna" of Putre), the river turns directly west and, after getting out of the canyon, the river begins to widen. Near the village of "Chironta", about from the sea, appear the first farms.

paragraphs: Finally, the river flows in the Pacific Ocean north of the city of Arica, in the sector Chacalluta, near the airport.

paragraphs: The Lluta river only flows through small villages except Putre, a small town with only 1,977 inhabitants (2022 census).

paragraphs: The mouth of the Lluta river in the Pacific Ocean covers more of . The resulting coastal wetland is the most important of its kind in the region with extensive vegetation and many water birds, including migratory birds.

paragraphs: Because the Lluta river flows throug a very arid region, the Atacama desert, there are very few permanent tributaries, and most of them join the Luta by its left side; some of them are Allane, Putre, Socoroma and Colpitas.

paragraphs: Apart from its problems of salinity and acidity, the river has very high levels of boron, arsenic, and sulfate, among other pollutants, which limit the agricultural activities that can be developed along the river.


title: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

paragraphs: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey (1517-1547) was an English nobleman and poet.

paragraphs: Henry Howard was born in Hunsdon, Hertfordshire in 1517, during the reign of Henry VIII. His father was Thomas Howard. His mother was Elizabeth Stafford. He took the title of Earl of Surrey in 1524. Today he is known chiefly under that name. In 1532 he married Frances the Vere, who was fourteen years old at the time. Then he became a soldier and fought in Scotland in 1542 and in France and Flanders from 1543 to 1545. He was wounded in the siege of Montreuil. After he came back to England he was accused of treason, as was his father. Henry Howard was executed by beheading in the Tower of London at the age of thirty on 19 January 1547. His father was sentenced to death, too. He was however saved, as the king Henry VIII died. He was kept in prison for some years. He was set free by queen Mary.

paragraphs: Henry Howard is known mainly for two reasons. First, he wrote sonnets. He is often regarded as one of the fathers of English sonnet. He introduced a new rhyme pattern for English sonnet that runs abab cdcd efef gg. Today it is called Shakespearian sonnet, but Surrey was first to use it. Second, he invented blank verse that is unrhymed iambic pentameter. This metre was later used by Thomas Kyd in drama and by John Milton in epic poems. Everyone knows blank verse from Shakespeare's works. Henry Howard used blank verse in his translations from Virgil.


title: Harry Hamlin

paragraphs: Harry Robinson Hamlin is an American actor. He is well known for his breakout role as Perseus in the 1981 fantasy movie Clash of the Titans. He also played Michael Kuzack in L.A. Law.


title: Cancioneiro Geral

paragraphs: Cancioneiro Geral (that means "The General Book of Songs") is an anthology (collection) of Portuguese poetry organized by the poet Garcia de Resende (1470-1536). The book was published in 1516. It contains poems by Portuguese authors of the 15th and 16th centuries. It was the largest collection of Portuguese poetry, written mostly in Portuguese but also in Castilian. It contains about 1000 poems by 286 authors and covers a variety of subjects. It is the main source for history of early modern Portuguese poetry, as it was the first collection of poetry printed in Portugal, and the main repository for poetry at the time. The book was republished in 1846 Stuttgart, Germany. It was edited by Eduard Heinrich von Kausler. Francisco de Sá de Miranda's poems were included into Cancioneiro Geral. Cancioneiro Geral can be compared to Carmina Burana or Tottel’s Miscellany.

paragraphs: The "Songbook" follows the models of Castilian poems compilations performed earlier, as the "Songbook of Baena" 1445 and the "General Songbook" of Hernando del Castillo, published in 1511. Garcia de Resende (c.1470-1536), who was a poet , chronicler and courtier in the court of D. Manuel I , gathered a set of almost a thousand poems of 286 authors, of which about 150 are written in Castilian and the rest in Portuguese. The production period of poems ranges from the mid-fifteenth century to the early sixteenth century. Unlike the Castilian songbook of 1511, the poems of the Portuguese work are not arranged by themes.

paragraphs: The work of Resende was published for the first time in 1516, in the workshop of Hermão de Campos , and is dedicated to Prince John, future John III of Portugal . The themes reveal a palatial character of poetry, on the day to day in court, and other religious themes, loving, elegiac , and some attempts to epic poetry . Unlike the time troubadour , when poetry was meant to be sung and bailada, the poems of "Cancioneiro" are autonomous, and the pace is achieved by the sound of words and the Organizationverses and stanzas .

paragraphs: Among the many authors include João Roiz de Castel-Branco , Sá de Miranda , Bernardim Ribeiro and Garcia de Resende himself.


title: Research and development

paragraphs: Research and development (R&D) refers to a wide range of activities by businesses, governments and academic institutions designed to gather knowledge and test new ideas. This often leads to the development of new products or new ways of doing things. R&D generally has three main activities. These are: basic research, applied research and development. Basic research is aimed at getting new knowledge with no immediate use or purpose in mind. Applied research is just the opposite. It is research for a definite purpose or product. Development has more to do with adding features to a product. Often, development is a process of eliminating all but the best idea to arrive at the best solution. Basic and applied research costs are often written off as expenses while the costs of development are added to the cost of the product. R&D often results in owning intellectual property such as patents. In Europe, R&D is called research and technical/technological development (RTD).

paragraphs: In 2015, Volkswagen was the world's leading spender in R&D


title: Institut d'optique Graduate School

paragraphs: Institut d'optique Graduate School (SupOptique) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at SupOptique.

paragraphs: Research activities at SupOptique relate to the following topics:


title: Mary Sidney

paragraphs: Mary Sidney (1561-1621) was an English poet. She was the sister of more famous poet Philip Sidney.

paragraphs: Mary Sidney was the daughter of Henry Sidney and Mary Dudley. She was born on 27 October 1561 at Tickenhall near Bewdley in Worcestershire. She was well educated, which was unusual for a girl at the time. She knew French, Italian, Latin and Greek. When she was fifteen, she married Henry Herbert, Earl of Pembroke. Thus she became Countess of Pembroke. She had four children, Katherine, Anne, William and Philip. She died of smallpox in London on 25 September 1621. She is buried in the cathedral in Salisbury.

paragraphs: Mary Sidney was a poet and translator. She translated 107 Psalms, using 128 different verse forms. She wrote also the poem for her brother, named "To the Angel Spirit of the Most Excellent Sir Philip Sidney". She is said to have been the most important woman poet in 16th century England save the queen.


title: Vladimír Holan

paragraphs: Vladimír Holan (1905-1980) was a Czech poet.

paragraphs: Vladimír Holan was born in 1905 in Prague. He got his high-school certificate in 1926 and started to study law. However, he was not much interested in it and left the university quickly. He worked in an office and after some years abandoned it because of ill health.

paragraphs: In 1926 Holan published his first book of poetry named "Blouznivý vějíř" ("A Thoughtful Fan"). The poet himself was not much pleased with the book. In 1930 he published another book which was more successful, named "Triumf smrti" ("The Triumph of Death"). Many other books followed that. The most important work by Holan is "Noc s Hamletem" ("A night with Hamlet"). Holan wrote poems till 1977 when his only daughter died. After it he wrote nothing more. Holan was awarded many times and nominated for Nobel prize. The poet died in Prague in 1980. He was buried at Olšany Cemetery in Prague.

paragraphs: Holan's poems are different and usually regarded as difficult. The poems are full of symbols and images that can be understood in different ways. He used classical verse forms and free verse as well. He is also known to have employed alliteration and puns. Holan was also a translator. He translated European literature into Czech.


title: Iambic pentameter

paragraphs: Iambic pentameter is a kind of verse. It is the most common kind of verse in English literature.

paragraphs: The two words seem difficult, because the words are Greek. "Pentameter" means "consisting of five measures" and "iambic" "consisting of iambs".

paragraphs: The rhythm which words make in the line is measured in small groups of syllables called "feet". The word "iambic" refers to the type of foot that is used, known as the "iamb". This is an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. The word "pentameter" indicates that a line has five of these "feet".

paragraphs: In theory every line is composed of ten syllables and have five stresses. Stresses fall on the second, the fourth, the sixth, the eighth and the tenth syllable. This is marked with two signs. The sign "x" stands for a syllable with no stress, and the sign "/" stands for a syllable with stress. So a line of iambic pentameter is:

paragraphs: In real poems lines have often an extra syllable at the end and sometimes lack the first unaccented syllable. A line can be divided in five units that are called "feet". The unit x / is called an "iamb" or "iambic foot". Sometimes the pattern is changed. First foot can be reversed: / x x / x / x / x /.

paragraphs: When iambic pentameter is unrhymed it is called blank verse. Blank verse was introduced into English poetry by Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey. Thomas Kyd used it in his "The Spanish Tragedy".

paragraphs: There are no rhymes in blank verse, but alliteration often occurs in it, for example "prime and pride".

paragraphs: William Shakespeare's dramas are written chiefly in blank verse. The first line of the famous Hamlet's monologue is an example:

paragraphs: John Milton used blank verse in Paradise Lost. Many other poets (for example Edwin Atherstone, John Fitchett, Alfred Tennyson, Robert Browning and Matthew Arnold employed it long poems. John Fitchett's "King Alfred" is perhaps the longest epic poem written in blank verse. It consists of more than 130 000 lines. But Alexander Pope wrote iambic pentameter with rhymes. One line rhymes with the next. It is called heroic couplet.

paragraphs: Dramatic monologues are usually written in blank verse. Good examples are Tennyson's "St Simeon Stylites" and "Ulysses" or Browning's "The Ring and the Book". Robert Frost wrote similar poems in the United States.

paragraphs: Lines of iambic pentameter can be set also into stanzas. An example of a stanza is rhyme royal that consists of seven lines and rhymes ababbcc. It was used by Emma Lazarus in the poem "Sympathy" from the sequence "Epochs".

paragraphs: Iambic pentameter is used also in English sonnets.

paragraphs: The rhythm of iambic pentameter is close to the rhythm of everyday English speech. Iambic pentameter is common in German literature, too. This example is from "The Flamingos" by Rainer Maria Rilke:


title: John Fitchett

paragraphs: John Fitchett (1776-1838) was an English poet.

paragraphs: John Fitchett was born on 21 September 1776. He became an orphan very early. He studied law and became an attorney. He lived in Warrington, England. In 1796 he published his first work named "Bewsey, a Poem". John Fitchett never married. He died on 20 October 1838.

paragraphs: John Fitchett is remembered as the author of an epic poem named "King Alfred". It was published in the years 1841-1842. It took forty years to write it. It tells about English King Alfred the Great, who lived during the 9th century and fought against the Vikings. The poem is a literary curiosity. It is probably the longest poem ever written in English. John Fitchett left it unfinished, but his friend Robert Roscoe finished and published it. "King Alfred" is over 131 000 lines long. 2585 more lines were added by Roscoe.


title: Currituck County, North Carolina

paragraphs: Currituck County is the northeastern-most county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 23,547. Its county seat is Currituck. The county was formed in 1668 as a precinct of Albemarle County and later gained county status in 1739. The name is "traditionally said to be an Native American word for wild geese; "Coratank"."

paragraphs: Currituck County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Area. It is in the northeastern section of the state and is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean, Currituck Sound, Camden County, Dare County and the state of Virginia. Currituck Court House, mentioned as early as 1755, was the name of the county seat. Today the words "Court House" have been dropped and only Currituck is used as the town name.


title: Tyrrell County, North Carolina

paragraphs: Tyrrell County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 4,407 making it the least populous county in the state. Its county seat is Columbia. The county was created in 1729 as Tyrrell Precinct and gained county status in 1739.

paragraphs: Tyrrell County is included in the Kill Devil Hills, NC Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk, VA-NC Combined Statistical Area.


title: Gates County, North Carolina

paragraphs: Gates County is a small, rural county located in the northeast portion of the U.S. state of North Carolina, on the border with Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,197. Its county seat is Gatesville.

paragraphs: Gates County is included in the Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is part of the Albemarle Sound area of the Inner Banks.


title: United States Revenue Cutter Service

paragraphs: The United States Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats. They were designed to collect customs duties and taxes and to protect against smuggling. They were also tasked with making sure shipments of goods from the United States were getting through to markets in other countries. In 1915, President Woodrow Wilson signed the "Act to Create the Coast Guard". This designated the United States Coast Guard as a branch of the US military. It was formed by merging the Revenue Cutter Service with the United States Life-Saving Service.

paragraphs: Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury suggested the creation of the Revenue Cutter Service in a letter dated October 2, 1789. After being approved by Congress, the service started with 10 boats called cutters. At the time a cutter was a small fast sailing vessel described as "a small, decked ship with one mast and bowsprit, with a gaff mainsail on a boom, a square yard and topsail, and two jibs or a jib and a staysail." Before the Revenue Cutter Service began, the Continental Navy had been disbanded. Until the United States Navy was formed in 1794, the Revenue Cutter Service was the nation's only naval force.

paragraphs: After the American Revolutionary War, the United States was struggling financially. The new country depended on the money it received from import tariffs. Smuggling had been seen as a patriotic duty during the war, but was now a robbing the country of one of its major sources of revenue. Hamilton realized that if something was not done quickly, the country would suffer financially. He suggested that a fleet of 10 cutters could collect revenues and prevent smuggling.

paragraphs: The original specifications stated they were to be between and long. Each would be manned by two officers, six marines and crews of about 10 men and boys.

paragraphs: Although it was not one of the first 10 cutters called for by Hamilton, the "North Carolina" was purchased in 1792 for use by the Revenue Marine Service. Before the first 10 were approved a number of vessels were used as revenue boats, some as early as the confederation period (March 1, 1781, to March 4, 1789). The first 10 cutters built were:

paragraphs: Disagreements over treaties and America's status of neutrality during the French Revolution led to an undeclared war between France and the United States. The conflict was fought at sea from July 7, 1798, until the Treaty of Mortefontaine was signed on September 30, 1800. However, French privateers had been robbing American ships for several years before the Quasi-War began. American merchant ships were also being attacked by barbary pirates. USRC cutters were sent to deal with the pirates but soon the combination of French privateers and pirates were more than the service could handle alone. Congress passed the Naval Act of 1794 which established a permanent standing navy. The Naval Act ordered the construction and manning of six frigates. Three years later the first three ships were welcomed into the U.S. Navy. As the Quasi-War heated up, both the Navy and Revenue Cutter Service worked together to protect American ships.

paragraphs: Revenue Cutters were first sent to the Caribbean Sea to protect American shipping from French warships in the spring of 1799. About 12 French warships were captured by Revenue cutters in 1799 in the Caribbean. Of these, the 6-gun "Bon Perre", captured by the USRC "Eagle", was put into service as a Revenue cutter and served until 1801. In 1800, the brigantine "Pickering" and the frigate "Insurgente" both departed the East Coast to join the fleet in the Caribbean. Both were lost at sea. There were no survivors to explain what happened to the two cutters. On February 3, 1801 the treaty with France was ratified. At this time many in Washington, D.C. thought that the Revenue Cutter Service should be reduced in size. Many of its larger cutters were too big and too expensive to maintain. Many of the larger and older cutters were sold and many junior officers were let go.

paragraphs: When the war started, the Navy only had six vessels smaller than a frigate. None of these were the "small fast sailing ships" the cutters were. The shallow-draft cutters suffered significant losses but managed to distinguish themselves as a fighting force. The cutter "Jefferson" captured the first British merchant ship, the "Patriot", in June 1812. In July the cutter "James Madison" captured the British ship "Shamrock". In one battle, the cutter "Surveyor" put up such a fight against the larger British frigate "HMS Narcissus", that when the "Surveyor" finally surrendered, The British Captain returned the sword of the American captain in recognition of his bravery. The cutter "Commodore Barry" was captured by British forces after putting up a strong defense. In one incident, the cutter "Eagle" was run aground during a battle with a British brig, the HMS "Dispatch" and a British sloop that was with her. The cutter's crew dragged the cutter's guns onto a bluff and kept fighting until late in the day. When they ran out of shot, they began firing back the spent British cannonballs (according to the legend). The War of 1812 saw the only USRCS prisoners of war taken by an enemy until World War II. The War proved the USRCS could hold their own against even the greatest naval force of the time.

paragraphs: During the Mexican–American War, President James K. Polk ordered the Secretary of the Treasury to have cutters in the Gulf of Mexico report to the United States Army (instead of the Navy). By the end of the war, eight cutters had served with the Army. This was out of a total fleet of only 14 cutters. They had capabilities the Navy (or Army) did not have. This was boats that could operate in shallow water and be used for amphibious landings. The Revenue cutters served on blockade duty, ferried men and supplies and supported Army and Navy operations.

paragraphs: On October 8, 1847, the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury informed his commanders that the service was low on funds. The expenses of operating in Mexico had reduced funds to a new low. The service needed to cut back on new ships and retire those too expensive to keep running. The USRCS was reduced to eight cutters. By 1849, six new cutters had been ordered but between the Chesapeake Bay and the Gulf of Florida, there were only two cutters. One more served in the Gulf of Mexico. Two of the new cutters, when they became available, would serve in the Atlantic while four would serve on the West Coast.

paragraphs: Just before the start of the American Civil War the Revenue Cutter Service had just 24 cutters to guard both coasts of the United States. Of these, 23 were wooden sailing ships ranging in length of from to . All but one were either fore-and-aft rigged sloops or topsail schooners. The remaining cutter was a brig. The service also owned one modern (for that time) wooden paddle steamer measuring in length, the "USRC Harriet Lane" built in 1857-1858. The "Harriet Lane" was the pride of the Revenue Cutter Service. It was also the only cutter that had a full crew. The rest of the fleet barely had enough officers and men to operate the ships. Cutbacks in funding during the 1840s and 1850s and no pay raises left the service short of men. During this same period, the service began winter patrols in the North Atlantic Ocean to protect sailors. They also took on the task of enforcing immigration laws, especially on the West Coast where large numbers of Chinese coolies were being brought in on overcrowded ships.

paragraphs: At the start of the war a small number of officers and men left the service to join the Confederacy and formed the core of the Confederate Revenue Marine. Six cutters had been seized by Confederate forces while in Southern ports. The "Harriet Lane" was temporarily transferred to the Union Navy. President Abraham Lincoln requested the Navy to transfer a number of ships to the Revenue Cutter Service, however no records show if any were actually transferred. During the remainder of the war, Revenue cutters protected Northern shipping and assisted the Navy in blockading Southern ports. The cutter "Harriet Lane" fired the first shots of the Civil War from a ship. But in 1863, in a battle with the Confederate Army and Navy, the "Harriet Lane" was captured and nearly all the crew members were killed.

paragraphs: On April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. President William McKinley temporarily transferred the ships of the Revenue Cutter Service to operate under the direction of the Secretary of the Navy. They were ordered to cooperate with the Navy and became part of their auxiliary forces. The Revenue Cutter Service provided 13 cutters to assist the Navy. Eight served in the North Atlantic Squadron, four patrolled the West Coast and one served with Admiral George Dewey's Asiatic Squadron.

paragraphs: Together, the Revenue Cutter Service and the U.S. Life-Saving Service formed the United States Coast Guard on 28 January 1915. The law made the Coast Guard a permanent member of the United States military and allowed it to be transferred to the U.S. Navy whenever necessary. The practice of placing the Revenue Cutter Service under control of the Navy in times of crisis had been the custom in the past. But now it was made official by the new law which also changed its name.


title: Vittoria Colonna

paragraphs: Vittoria Colonna (1490-1547), marchioness of Pescara, was an Italian noblewoman and poet.

paragraphs: Vittoria Colonna was born at Marino, Lazio, Italy in 1490. She was a daughter of Fabrizio Colonna and Agnese di Montefeltro. In 1509 she married Francesco Ferrante D'Avalos, who was the Marquis of Pescara. He was a knight and was often absent from home. He took part in many battles and wars. He was taken prisoner by the French in 1512. In 1525 he died from wounds after the battle of Pavia. From that time Colonna, a childless widow, lived in a nunnery although she did not become a nun. She was the most admired woman poet in Italy during the Renaissance. Vittoria Colonna died in Rome in 1547.

paragraphs: The first edition of Colonna's book of poems, named "Rime" ("Rhymes") was published in 1538. They turned out to be very popular. There were twelve editions of the book published before she died. Vittoria Colonna was admired for her poetry by Ludovico Ariosto. She was a friend of many other poets and artists, Jacopo Sannazzaro, Pietro Bembo, Baldassare Castiglione and especially Michelangelo. Colonna wrote sonnets, "canzone" (songs) and short poems in ottava rima. She wrote also a longer poem named "Capitolo del trionfo di Cristo" ("The chapter about the Triumph of Christ").


title: Kordshuli

paragraphs: The Kurdshuli are a nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran.They speak Luri language.


title: Anil Kumble

paragraphs: Anil Kumble (full name:Anil Radhakrishna Kumble)is a retired Indian cricketer who captained Indian national cricket team for a few matches.Anil Kumble is a right arm leg spin bowler.One of the best bowler in world cricket.

paragraphs: Anil Kumble was born in Bangalore,Karnataka to Krishnaswamy and Saroja.Anil Kumble has a brother named Dinesh Kumble.Kumble studied his studies in Holy Saint English School.He started playing cricket in streets in Bangalore.Kumble completed B.E in Rashtriya Vidhyalaya College of Engineering in 1991-92.

paragraphs: Anil Kumble made his first-class debut against Hyderabad on 30 November 1989 playing for Karnataka. He took 4 wickets in the match.Anil played his debut Test match against England national cricket team.He picked 3 wickets in the second match of the series.Anil picked 18 wickets with the average of 25.94 at the economy rate of 1.84 in the four match series against South Africa in 1992.He picked 21 wickets against the series with England in the same year.In the third match of the series he picked 7 wickets for 165 runs and was awarded the Man of the Match award. On November 27 1993, Kumble picked 6wickets/12 runs against West Indies in the final match of Hero Cup. This record was broke by Stuart Binny against Bangladesh.Kumble picked 15 wickets in 1996 World Cup and became the leading wicket taker in the tournament.He picked 61 wickets in that single year.Anil along with Jim Laker are the persons who picked all the ten wickets in a single Test inning. He achieved this against Pakistan in the year 1999.Kumble had bowled over 40850 balls totally in his international cricket career, stands after Muttiah Muralidharan.


title: Canindeyú Department

paragraphs: The Canindeyú department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Salto del Guairá. Its code is PY-14.

paragraphs: Its name comes from Tupi Kaninde - macaw; ju - yellow, blue-and-yellow macaw ("Ara ararauna").

paragraphs: The Canindeyú department is in the northeast of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of . , the department has a population of 191,447 ( of the population of the country) for a population density of .

paragraphs: The Amambay and Mbaracayú mountain ranges are in the department and form the limits with Brazil.

paragraphs: , the total amount of precipitation in the city of Salto del Guairá was . The month with the most precipitation was April with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year 2012 in Salto del Guairá was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The department is divided in 13 districts:

paragraphs: Farming is the main economic activity in the department. The main crops are soybean, tobacco and maize. Cattle raising is also an important activity.


title: Guido Guinizelli

paragraphs: Guido Guinizelli (c. 1230–1276) was an Italian poet. He is best remembered as the founder of Dolce Stil Novo.

paragraphs: Guido Guinizelli (or Guinizzelli) was born around 1230 in Bologna. He was a son of Guinizzello da Magnano, a famous judge. He studied law and became a lecturer at the university of Bologna. He died in Monselice in 1276.

paragraphs: Guido Guinizelli wrote canzone and sonnets. He introduced into Italian poetry a new style which was named "Dolce Stil Novo" that is "The Sweet New Style". Dante Alighieri called him "padre mio" ("my father"), regarding him as his teacher of poetry.


title: Church of St. Anthony in Jerzmanice-Zdrój

paragraphs: The Church of St. Anthony located in Jerzmanice-Zdrój, Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland is a Roman Catholic church. The date of build is assessed on the 14th century.

paragraphs: The scheme of the church is very untypical as a Lower Silesian customs building. Since 1527 until 1945 the church was used by Protestants. In 1945, after the World War II, the church was taken by the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraphs: The Catholic temple was significantly affected by the fight, that took place for example during the Thirty Years' War and Napoleonic campaigns.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2017

paragraphs: The Eurovision Song Contest 2017 ("shortly ESC)" was the 62nd edition of the Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in the International Exhibition Centre in Kiev, Ukraine, after Jamala won for Ukraine in 2016 in Stockholm, Sweden with her song "1944".

paragraphs: Ukraine hosted the contest for the second time after 2005. The competition was held from 9th to the 13th; the first semifinal was on Tuesday, May 9, the second semifinal on Thursday, May 11 and the grand final was on Saturday, May 13.

paragraphs: The contest happened in the International Exhibition Centre in Kiev. The venue holds 13,000 people and the venue will be rebuilt for the contest.

paragraphs: The ESC 2005, which was also held in Kiev, took place in the Palace Of Sports. This was also a possible venue for 2017, but might not fulfill today's demands.

paragraphs: However, the venue must have a maximum capacity of 10,000. The venue also has to be covered and an international press centre has to be in reach. Also it must have a capacity for 1,550 journalists.

paragraphs: The following cities applied for being a host city:

paragraphs: Some artists participated in the contest before and will represent their country again or as a another role:

paragraphs: Portugal and Romania will return; both quit last year's contest. Bosnia and Herzegovina, who returned in last year's contest, have quit this year because of financial difficulties.

paragraphs: On the 31th of October 2016 it was announced by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), that there will be 43 countries to participate in 2017.

paragraphs: The first semi final will take place on Tuesday, the 9th of May 2017. 18 countries will compete, the 10 countries with the most votes of them will qualify for the final.

paragraphs: Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom will vote in this semi-final.

paragraphs: The second semi-final will take place on Thursday, the 11th of May 2017. 19 countries will compete, the 10 countries with the most votes of them will qualify for the final.

paragraphs: The running order will be decided and announced when all the countries have selected their entry. After a request of the Swiss TV-broadcaster SRF, Switzerland was directly determined to participate and vote in Semi-Final 2.

paragraphs: France, Germany and Ukraine will vote in this semi-final.

paragraphs: These five countries are directly qualified for the final. Ukraine, as the host country, will also be performing directly in the Grand Final.


title: Philip Sidney

paragraphs: Philip Sidney (1554–1586) was an English poet, diplomat and soldier .

paragraphs: Philip Sidney was born on 30 November 1554.. He was the son of Henry Sidney and his wife, Mary, née Dudley. On 17 October 1564 he was enrolled in Shrewsbury School. One of the boys that began their learning on that day was Fulke Greville, First Lord Brooke, who became Philip Sidney's friend. Much later he became his biographer, too. After he finished school, at the age of 13, Philip Sidney went to Oxford to study at Christ College. He did not however get any scholarly degree. He went to France when he witnessed the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre. He also travelled to Germany, Austria and Hungary. He was in Italy, too. He went as a messenger from Queen Elizabeth to Prague, where the emperor Maximilian II ruled. Then he went to a war in Netherlands. There he was wounded in the thigh 23 September 1586 at Zuphen. Because of that he got an infection and died at 17 October 1586 at Arnhem. He was buried on February 16, 1587 at St. Paul’s Cathedral in London.

paragraphs: Philip Sidney is generally regarded as best English lyrical poet of the Renaissance. He was also considered a hero after his death Phillip Sidney wrote both poetry and prose. He is famous for his sonnets. They were edited in the sequence named "Astophil and Stella". He also wrote "Arcadia" and "The Defence of Poesy". Philip Sidney's poems were translated into many languages, among others into Czech.

paragraphs: Philip Sidney's sister was the poet and translator Mary Sidney Herbert, Countess of Pembroke (1561-1621).


title: Technologist

paragraphs: A technologist is a person who specializes in using technology. While similar to a technician, the two are not the same. Where both are employed, a technician works for a technologist. A technician is someone with a basic knowledge of a technology. A technologist is someone who completely understands the technology and other technologies that can be applied. In the field of health care, for example, both may be called a "lab tech". While they may have overlapping duties, a laboratory or lab technician performs the duties he or she is trained for. The lab technologist is the project manager who supervises the lab.

paragraphs: A technologist may be known by different job titles in various organizations. For example, a Director of Information Technology is often a technologist. The same is true for a Technology Project Manager. Smaller organizations may use a technologist to perform many functions. In some cases, a project may be started using a staff member or technician, then handed off to a technologist as the project progresses. The technologist is a specialist in how technologies can be used to meet the goals of the project owner. In Canada, engineers with training from other countries may find themselves working as an engineering technologist.


title: South Jamaica, Queens

paragraphs: South Jamaica is a neighborhood in the New York City borough of Queens. It is located south of Jamaica Avenue in Jamaica, Queens, New York. Its border to the west is the Van Wyck Expressway. Its border to the east is Guy R. Brewer Boulevard. Its border to the south is the North Conduit Expressway.


title: Egolzwil

paragraphs: Egolzwil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Ettiswil

paragraphs: Ettiswil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On January 1, 2006 the municipality of Kottwil.


title: Fischbach, Switzerland

paragraphs: Fischbach is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Gettnau

paragraphs: Gettnau is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland


title: Gandria

paragraphs: Gandria is a quarter and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Breganzona, Cureggia, Davesco-Soragno, Gandria, Pambio-Noranco, Pazzallo, Pregassona and Viganello merged into the city of Lugano.


title: Viganello

paragraphs: Viganello is a quarter of the city of Lugano, Switzerland. Until 2004, it was a municipality on its own. Then it was created to Lugano.


title: Linares Province

paragraphs: Linares () is one of four provinces of the central Chilean region of Maule (VII). The provincial capital and largest city is Linares.

paragraphs: In 1873, the province of Linares was created from the old province of Maule; it had three departments: Linares, Parral and Loncomilla.

paragraphs: In 1927, Linares is eliminated as a province and became part of the new province of Maule but, in 1936, Linares was made again a province. When the regions were created in 1975, the Maule region was formed with the Curicó, Linares, Maule and Talca; later, the province of Cauquenes was added.

paragraphs: Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) with an area of , the largest province in the Maule region.

paragraphs: The province is at the very center of mainland Chile, and its capital is at south of Santiago and south of Talca, the regional capital, in the middle of a rich agricultural area and with many vineyards.

paragraphs: Linares is a landlocked province (it does not border the ocean) and is bordered to the north by the Talca province, to the east by Argentina, to the south by the Ñuble province (Bío Bío region) and to the west by the Cauquenes province.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 253,990 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 139,742 persons ( of the total).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Linares, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 65,133 inhabitants, followed by the cities of Parral (26,397 inhabitants) and San Javier (20,524 inhabitants).

paragraphs: As a province, Linares is a second-level administrative division, consisting of 8 communes ("comunas"). The city of Linares serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Names for ordinal numbers

paragraphs: Here are some words for small ordinal numbers. Words in bold are irregular.

paragraphs: When writing other numbers between 21 and 99, only use the cardinal form of the last number. Also, you must use a hyphen (-).

paragraphs: The ordinal number 100 is written as "one hundredth", but sometimes people say "the hundredth".

paragraphs: You can also write ordinal numbers by writing the number, then the ending (-st, -nd, -rd, or -th) from above.


paragraphs: Ministro Pistarini International Airport or also called as Ezeiza International Airport is an airport located in nearby Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina.

paragraphs: Its IATA code is EZE and ICAO code is SAEZ.

paragraphs: Here are some of North American carriers that currently serve Ministro Pistarini:

paragraphs: Both North American carriers continue their flights to Montevideo, Uruguay.


Clapper


title: Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport

paragraphs: Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport or also called as Santiago-Pudahuel Airport is an airport located in Santiago, Chile, is Chile's largest aviation facility.

paragraphs: Its IATA code is SCL and ICAO code is SCEL.

paragraphs: The building is the hub for various Chilean airline companies, such as Chile's largest national and international airlines, which has been the subject of a drug trafficking investigation by chilean police.

paragraphs: Here are some airlines serving Comodoro Arturo Merino Benitez International Airport including:


paragraphs: São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport is an airport that serves São Paulo, Brazil, located 25 km north of the city centre. It is sometimes called Cumbica Airport, after the suburb in which it is located.

paragraphs: Its IATA code is GRU and ICAO code is SBGR.

paragraphs: The following airlines fly into Guarulhos:

paragraphs: Many of these airlines have lounges at Guarulhos, most of which have internet access and mobile phone support, along with two meeting rooms for corporate executives.

paragraphs: There are also several restaurants, bookstores and cafés in the airport.


title: Linares, Chile

paragraphs: Linares is a Chilean city and commune in the Maule Region, in the Chilean Central Valley. Linares is the capital city of the province of Linares.

paragraphs: Linares was founded on 23 May 23 1794, as the "Villa de San Ambrosio de Linares" by Ambrosio O'Higgins, father of Bernardo O'Higgins. O'Higgins was then "Captain General" (a military governor) of Chile and Francisco de la Mata Linares was the Governor of Concepción.

paragraphs: In 1873, the province of Linares was created from the old province of Maule; it had three departments: Linares, Parral and Loncomilla.

paragraphs: In 1927, Linares was eliminated as a province and became part of the new province of Maule but, in 1936, Linares was made again a province with the same departments. When the regions were created in 1975, the Maule region was formed with the Curicó, Linares, Maule and Talca provinces.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 83,249 people (40,518 men and 42,731 women) living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 68,224 persons ( of the total).

paragraphs: The people from Linares are called "Linarenses", both men and women.

paragraphs: The commune has an area of and the city proper, .

paragraphs: The city of Linares is at south of Santiago and south of Talca, the regional capital.

paragraphs: The rivers Ancoa, Putagán and Achibueno are the main rivers that flow through the commune or form its natural borders.

paragraphs: Most of the territory of the commune is within the central plain ("Valle Central de Chile"). Some low hills are in the most western part of the commune, while its most eastern part is marked by the presence of the foothills of the Andes mountains.

paragraphs: The commune of Linares is bordered on the west by San Javier; on the north by Villa Alegre, Yerbas Buenas and Colbún; on the east, by Colbún, and on the south, by Longaví.

paragraphs: The climate of Linares is a mild Mediterranean climate, Csb in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Linares is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Linares is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The city and its surroundings have many attractions, for example:

paragraphs: Some natural attractions in the surrounding area include the piedmont of the Andes mountains, with forests of pines and other trees; lakes (the artificial Colbún lake); rivers, and good camping and hiking areas.

paragraphs: Linares is an important agricultural, industrial and financial center of the region.


title: Camilo Pessanha

paragraphs: Camilo Pessanha (1867-1926) was a Portuguese poet. He is regarded as the most important representative of symbolism in Portuguese literature.

paragraphs: Camilo de Almeida Pessanha was born in Coimbra on 7 September 1867. His parents were Francisco António de Almeida Pessanha and Maria do Espírito Santo Duarte Nunes Pereira. He studied law at the university of Coimbra. After finishing his studies he went to Macao, a Portuguese town in China. He worked as a teacher there. Pessanha became interested in Chinese culture. He learned Chinese. He died in Macao on 1 March 1926. His death may have been caused by the poet's opium habit.

paragraphs: Camilo Pessanha is the author of only one poetic book. It is named Clépsidra and was published in 1922. He also wrote some books about Chinese culture. He collected some works of art in China. He translated some classic Chinese poems, too. Pessanha's works influenced Fernando Pessoa's poetry. He wrote chiefly sonnets.


title: Enid Lyons

paragraphs: Dame Enid Muriel Lyons AD, GBE (née Burnell; 9 July 1897 – 2 September 1981) was an Australian politician. She was the first woman to be elected to the Australian House of Representatives and the first woman in the federal Cabinet. She was the wife of the Premier of Tasmania and later Prime Minister of Australia, Joseph Lyons.

paragraphs: Lyons was born Enid Muriel Burnell in Smithton, Tasmania, one of three daughters of William and Eliza (née Taggett) Burnell. She trained to be a teacher in Hobart. Her mother was active in the Labor party and community groups in Tasmania. She was one of the first women appointed as a Justice of the Peace in Tasmania.

paragraphs: Lyons was made a Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire (GBE) in the Coronation Honours of 1937. Joseph Lyons died in 1939, aged 59, the first Australian Prime Minister to die in office, and Dame Enid returned to Tasmania. She bitterly resented Joseph Lyons's successor as leader of the UAP, Robert Menzies, who had, she believed, betrayed her husband by resigning from the Cabinet, shortly before Joseph's death.

paragraphs: At the 1943 election Dame Enid Lyons narrowly won the Division of Darwin in north-western Tasmania for the UAP, becoming the first woman in the House of Representatives. Her Labor opponent, who received more primary votes than she did, was the future Tasmanian Premier Eric Reece. At the same election, Dorothy Tangney was elected as a Labor Senator for Western Australia, the nation's first woman Senator.

paragraphs: In retirement, Dame Enid's health recovered. She was a newspaper columnist (1951–54), a commissioner of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (1951–62), and remained active in public life promoting family and women's issues. She published three volumes of memoirs, which embarrassed the Liberal Party by reviving her complaints about Menzies' 1939 behaviour towards her husband.

paragraphs: She was nevertheless made a Dame of the Order of Australia (AD) on Australia Day 1980, the second woman to receive this honour. She was the first Australian woman to receive damehoods in different orders. She died the following year and was accorded a state funeral inDevonport, Tasmania, before being buried next to her husband at Mersey Vale Lawn Cemetery.


title: Kappa Mikey

paragraphs: Kappa Mikey is an American animated television series, starring the voices of Michael Sinterniklaas, Kether Donohue, Carrie Keranen, Sean Schemmel, and Gary Mack.


title: Sapphic stanza

paragraphs: Sapphic stanza is a strophe that is widely used in European poetry. It is of Greek origin. It is named after the ancient Greek woman poet Sappho.

paragraphs: The stanza consists of four lines. Three of them are composed of eleven syllables and the last one is made up of five syllables. In Greek verse the quantity of syllables was important. That is, whether the syllables are long or short. In other languages it is no longer significant.

paragraphs: Sapphic stanza was adopted by Roman poets, for example by Horace. His popularity helped in expanding the use of the stanza. It became common in many literatures. The Sapphic stanza was extremely popular in Polish poetry from the 16th century. In English however, is not used often. Among poets who experimented with it was Algernon Charles Swinburne.


title: International Youth Arts Festival

paragraphs: International Youth Arts Festival (IYAF) is an annual youth arts festival held in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames every July. The festival was founded in 2009 by Robin Hutchinson MBE and has involved more than 25,000 young people as participants and volunteers since 2009.

paragraphs: It is an open-access performing arts festival: it does not book performers and anyone may participate. The festival programme includes a range of art forms including theatre, dance, music, comedy, visual arts and children's shows.

paragraphs: Venues across the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames support artists in the festival by transforming their spaces into performance venues. The festival includes over 200 staged events in venues including Rose Theatre, Arthur Cotterell Theatre, Kingston Library, Fairfield Recreation Ground, Eagle Brewery Wharf and The Library club. The venues are close together, enabling audience members to visit multiple performances.

paragraphs: Patrons of International Youth Arts Festival include Angellica Bell, Michael Underwood, Tom Holland, Tom Chambers, Sheridan Smith and Matt Lucas.


title: Olea capensis

paragraphs: Olea capensis (synonyms are "Olea undulata" and O. laurifolia) is also called black ironwood.

paragraphs: It is an African tree species belonging to the olive family (Oleaceae). It is widespread in Africa south of the Sahara. It grows from the east in Somalia, Ethiopia and Sudan, south to the tip of South Africa, and west to Cameroon, Sierra Leone and the Islands of the Gulf of Guinea, as well as Madagascar and the Comoros. It occurs in the bush, littoral scrub and evergreen forest.

paragraphs: The Guinness Book of World Records lists this tree as the world's most dense wood, with a specific gravity of 1.49. It is known for sinking in water, unlike other woods. It is also the one of the world's hardest woods. The timber resists abrasion and is very strong. It is an excellent turnery wood, widely used for wooden items.


title: USRC Vigilant (1791)

paragraphs: Vigilant was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Her name meant: On the alert; watchful. "Vigilant" was launched in 1791 in New York and was used to patrol New York waters.

paragraphs: Her design was that of a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was long and had a shallow of only . "Vigilant", launched in March 1791, it was probably the first cutter in the water. She was not, however, the first to enter into active service. Her first patrol was in December 1791. Her first master was Patrick Dennis, appointed on 6 October 1790. He also supervised the construction. Dennis served as master until his death on February 9, 1798.

paragraphs: Her assigned waters included New York Harbor, the coast of New York and New Jersey, Long Island Sound and the Hudson River as far as Albany, New York. On November 14, 1798 "Vigilant" was sold for £348. The Revenue Cutter Service decided the "Vigilant" was not large enough to carry out her duties. Nothing further is known of the cutter after that date.


title: USRC Massachusetts (1791)

paragraphs: USRC "Massachusetts" was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. While not the first USRS cutter to be launched, it was the first to enter active service.

paragraphs: "Massachusetts" was built at Newburyport, MA by shipwright William Searle. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts.

paragraphs: On July 15, 1791 "Massachusetts" was launched. John Foster Williams was its first master. Her crew consisted of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. She was long by wide and had a shallow draft of only . Williams ordered an increase in her size without getting approval by the service. This increased her cost over what was originally budgeted. But the government accepted the "Massachusetts" as changed by Williams.

paragraphs: She had the shortest service life of any of the original ten cutters. The first "Massachusetts" turned out to be too expensive to operate and was too slow. On 9 October 1792 she was sold. In 1793 she was replaced by a smaller lighter sloop, the "Massachusetts II".


title: Lucrezia Marinella

paragraphs: Lucrezia Marinella (or Marinelli, 1571-1653) was an Italian poet.

paragraphs: She was born in Venice. Her father, named Giovanni Marinelli was a physician, so was her brother, Curzio Marinelli. Nothing is known however about her mother. The social position of the family enabled her to learn. She married Girolamo Vacca, who was also a physician.

paragraphs: Marinella wrote many works. She is widely known as the author of "La nobiltà et l'eccellenza delle donne co' diffetti et mancamenti de gli uomini" ("The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men", 1600). Her greatest work is an epic poem "L'Enrico ovvero Bisanzio acquistato". At that time the genre of epic poem was regarded as suitable for only men. Lucrezia Marinella proved that a woman can write a heroic poem. The poem is written in ottava rima which is considered to be a difficult form. It was translated into English by Maria Galli Stampino.

paragraphs: Lucrezia Marinella lived long for her time period. She died of malaria in Venice on 9 October 1653. She was buried in the church of S. Pantalone.


title: USRC Active (1791)

paragraphs: USRC "Active" (1791) was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. It was commissioned in 1792 and remained in service until 1800.

paragraphs: "Active" was built by the shipwright David Stodder in Baltimore, Maryland. She was designed as a schooner. She was rigged with fore-and-aft sails on two masts. She was launched on April 9, 1791 and was based in Baltimore. USRC "Active" was used to patrol the waters of the Chesapeake Bay.

paragraphs: Her first master was Simon Gross. Her first mate was Isaac Roach and her second mate was Benjamin Rue. Goss resigned in 1792 and President George Washington promoted the former first mate, David Porter, as master. The 1791-built cutter named "Active" was sold in 1800.


title: National Serbian Clarinet Association

paragraphs: The National Serbian Clarinet Association (NSCA, Serb. "Национална српска кларинетистичка асоцијација"/"Nacionalna srpska klarinetistička asocijacija") is an association established in 2015, by Serbian clarinetists. Most of the founders were members of the International Clarinet Association (ICA) and European Clarinet Association (ECA) who are active professional performers of classical music. There are also students and clarinetists who perform other genres of music.

paragraphs: The main aims of the NSCA, declared in its Founding Act and Statute, include assembling Serbian clarinetists interested in researching the clarinet and clarinet literature, organizing clarinet-related events, and collaborating with foreign clarinetists and clarinet associations.

paragraphs: The Council members are: Nicholas Cox (UK), Heike Fricke (Germany), James Gillespie (USA), Andrea Massimo Grassi (Italy), Alan R. Kay (USA), Joze Kotar (Slovenia), Milan Milosevic (Canada), Jean-Marie Paul (France), Kyrill Rybakov (Russia), Vladimir Skorokhodov (Belarus), Robert Spring (USA), Stephan Vermeersch (Belgium), Eva Wasserman-Margolis (Israel), Anton Weinberg (UK) and Floyd Williams (Australia).


title: International Clarinet Association

paragraphs: The International Clarinet Association is the main international organization bringing together players of the clarinet. It is based in the United States. The ICA publishes a quarterly journal "The Clarinet", produces an annual festival "ClarinetFest", supports a research library and score collection, and in other ways advances the international study of the clarinet.


title: European Clarinet Association

paragraphs: The European Clarinet Association is association that assembles clarinetists from various European countries.

paragraphs: At the 2009 ClarinetFest in Porto, Portugal, a group of European clarinetists decided to found the European Clarinet Association - ECA. The Board of Directors included clarinetists from different European regions, under the leadership of Matthias Müller from Zurich.

paragraphs: The aims of the European Clarinet Association are:


title: Educational technologist

paragraphs: An educational technologist is someone trained in the field of educational technology. Educational technologists try to analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate processes and tools to make learning easier. The term does not necessarily, or even mainly, refer to hardware. The most significant ideas came from applied psychology and programmed learning.

paragraphs: There are various other terms which are alternatives, most obviously 'instructional technologist'. There have been various names for institutions specialising in the activity. The description used originally at the UK Open University was 'Applied Educational Sciences', changed later to 'Institute of Educational Technology'. To produce the landmark program "Sesame Street", the Childrens' Television Workshop employed applied psychologists to pre-test all programs. This was a typical activity for educational technologists even if they were not called by that name.


title: Māori religion

paragraphs: Traditional Māori religion, a pre-European belief system of the Māori, was little modified from the religion of the tropical Eastern Polynesian homeland (Hawaiki Nui). Both religions conceive of everything, including natural elements, all living things, and that all are connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. Accordingly, all things were thought of as possessing a life force or mauri. Illustrating this concept of connectedness through genealogy are the major personifications of pre-contact times: Tangaroa was the personification of the ocean and the ancestor or origin of all fish; Tāne was the personification of the forest and the origin of all birds; and Rongo was the personification of peaceful activities and agriculture and the ancestor of cultivated plants. (According to some, the supreme personification of the Māori was Io; however this idea is controversial).


title: Vincent du Vigneaud

paragraphs: Vincent du Vigneaud (May 18, 1901 – December 11, 1978) was an American biochemist. He won a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1955 for his work on oxytocin.

paragraphs: Du Vigneaud was born in Chicago, Illinois. He studied chemistry at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and then worked for the chemical company DuPont for one year. He then went back to university to study for his Ph.D degree. He received his Ph.D in 1927. He taught for one year at the medical school of Johns Hopkins University and then went to Europe. He did research in Dresden in Germany and at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. When he went back to America, he became a professor at the University of Illinois. In 1932 he moved to the George Washington University Medical School. In 1938 he moved to Cornell University Medical College in New York City. He was a professor at Cornell until he retired in 1967.


title: Stove fan

paragraphs: Stove fans are small fans that are usually set on top of a wood-burning stove, although they can be put on top of anything warm, like an oven. A stove will slowly radiate heat into the surrounding room, but it can take a long time for this to warm up a room. A fan will make air move past the stove and into the room, which will make the room warm up much faster. (This type of heat is called "convection.")

paragraphs: Although any kind of fan can help warm move air around a room, this type of stove fan is placed directly on the top of the stove. You don't plug it in, and it doesn't have any batteries. Instead, the heat from the stove itself causes the fan to move.

paragraphs: There are two main ways a stove fan can work:


title: Englischer Garten

paragraphs: The Englischer Garten, German for "English Garden", is a large public park in the centre of Munich, Bavaria, Germany stretching from the city centre to the northeastern city limits. It was created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753–1814), later Count Rumford (Reichsgraf von Rumford), for Prince Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria. Thompsons' successors, Reinhard von Werneck (1757–1842) and Friedrich Ludwig von Sckell (1750–1823), advisers on the project from its beginning, both extended and improved the park.


title: Benjamin Zephaniah

paragraphs: Benjamin Obadiah Iqbal Zephaniah (born 15 April 1958, Birmingham, England) is a British Jamaican writer, dub poet and Rastafarian. He was included in "The Times" list of Britain's top 50 post-war writers in 2008.


title: Gabriel Pereira de Castro

paragraphs: Gabriel Pereira de Castro (1571-1632) was a Portuguese priest, lawyer and poet.

paragraphs: Gabriel Pereira de Castro was born in Braga on 7 February 1571. He became a priest there. Then he studied law at the University of Coimbra. He died on 18 October 1632 in Lisbon.

paragraphs: Gabriel Pereira de Castro wrote some books about law. He is however known chiefly for his epic poem "Ulisseia ou Lisboa Edificada" ("Ulisseia or Lisbon Built"). It was published in 1636. It consists of ten books. It is written in ottava rima. Its form is typical for Renaissance epic poems. The poem imitates "The Lusiads" by Luís Vaz de Camões. It is about the founding of the town of Lisbon by Ulysses (Odysseus).


title: Grossdietwil

paragraphs: Grossdietwil is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Hergiswil bei Willisau

paragraphs: Hergiswil bei Willisau is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Télécom ParisTech

paragraphs: Télécom ParisTech is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay (Northern France).

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are performed mainly in French and English languages. Students from a dozen of nationalities participate to the different curricula at Télécom ParisTech.

paragraphs: Most of the 1600 graduate engineer students at Télécom ParisTech live in dedicated residential buildings nearby research labs and metro public transports.

paragraphs: Research activities at Télécom ParisTech relate to the following topics:


title: Luthern

paragraphs: Luthern is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Hofstatt, Flühlen, Luthern, Luthern Dorf and Luthern Bad.


title: Menznau

paragraphs: Menznau is a municipality of the district Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: USRC General Green (1791)

paragraphs: USRC "General Green" was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. Although misspelled, she was named for the Revolutionary War hero Major General Nathanael Greene.

paragraphs: The "General Green" was launched on July 7, 1791 at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was built by shipwright David Price and stationed in the Delaware Bay. Her first master was James Montegomery. In 1791, her First Mate was Isaac Roach and her Second Mate was Charles Nuttle. "General Green" was rigged as a schooner with a displacement of and had a crew including four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. She was armed with 10 four-pounder guns. Her first patrol was on July 7, 1791. The "General Green" was sold in December, 1797. She was replaced by the "USRC General Green (1797)" which was built to be loaned out to the United States Navy during the Quasi-War with France.


title: Armancourt, Somme

paragraphs: Armancourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.

paragraphs: The commune is about southeast of Amiens.


title: Arrest, Somme

paragraphs: Arrest is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Arvillers

paragraphs: Arvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Assainvillers

paragraphs: Assainvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Assevillers

paragraphs: Assevillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Athies, Somme

paragraphs: Athies is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Aubercourt

paragraphs: Aubercourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Development regions of the Dominican Republic

paragraphs: The development regions of the Dominican Republic are groups of provinces made only for planning purposes and without any administrative function. They were created on 30 June 2004.

paragraphs: There are 10 development regions in three groups:

paragraphs: The population data in the following tables are from the last national census ().

paragraphs: The Cibao is one of the tradicional division of the country; it corresponds with the northern half of the country.


title: Aubigny, Somme

paragraphs: Aubigny is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Aubvillers

paragraphs: Aubvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Auchonvillers

paragraphs: Auchonvillers is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Aumâtre

paragraphs: Aumâtre is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Aumont, Somme

paragraphs: Aumont is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Authie, Somme

paragraphs: Authie is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Avelesges

paragraphs: Avelesges is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Avesnes-Chaussoy

paragraphs: Avesnes-Chaussoy is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Ayencourt

paragraphs: Ayencourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bacouel-sur-Selle

paragraphs: Bacouel-sur-Selle is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bailleul, Somme

paragraphs: Bailleul is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Baizieux

paragraphs: Baizieux is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Balâtre

paragraphs: Balâtre is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Barleux

paragraphs: Barleux is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bavelincourt

paragraphs: Bavelincourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bayencourt

paragraphs: Bayencourt is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bazentin

paragraphs: Bazentin is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Beaucamps-le-Jeune

paragraphs: Beaucamps-le-Jeune is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.


title: Bangarra Dance Theatre

paragraphs: Bangarra Dance Theatre is an Australian dance company. It specialises in presenting works by Indigenous Australian dancers, choreographers and musicians. It began in 1989. It is based in Sydney. Bangarra Dance Theatre performed in the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2000 Summer Olympics.


title: Smokey Mountain

paragraphs: Smokey Mountain is a big landfill site in Manila in the Philippines. It was called "Smokey Mountain" because of the thick smoke coming from burning waste. There were 2 million tons of waste dumped there. It made a big mountain. Many poor people lived in a shanty town at Smokey Mountain. They earned money by selling things they found in the dumped waste. These were things like plastic bottles, glass, cardboard, and copper wire.

paragraphs: The Philippine government closed Smokey Mountain in 1995. No more waste was dumped there. The government cleaned up the landfill site. They covered up the mountain of waste with dirt. They planted grass and trees. They knocked down the shanty town. New houses were built next to Smokey Mountain.

paragraphs: This did not stop all the problems. Many poor people moved to a new landfill very close to Smokey Mountain. Waste is still dumped in that new landfill. The poor people built a new shanty town there. In the new landfill they still work all day looking in the waste for things they can sell.


title: Vulnicura

paragraphs: Vulnicura is the ninth studio album by Icelandic singer-songwriter Björk released in March 2015. The album deals the break-up with her long-time partner Matthew Barney chronologically. The name Vulnicura is a latin word that means "Cure for wounds".

paragraphs: The album was produced by Björk, Venezuelan producer Arca and British producer The Haxan Cloak. To promote the album, Björk embarked in the Vulnicura Tour. No song was released as promotional single.

paragraphs: It received universal acclaim from music critics and drew comparison to Björk previous albums Homogenic (1997) and Vespertine due to its instrumentation (strings and electronic beats) as well as its lyrical content.

paragraphs: Two different versions of the album were released during 2015 and 2016: Vulnicura Strings, which feature all the songs with new string arrangements, and Vulnicura Live, featuring Live versions of the album tracks as well as songs from her previous albums with new arrangements.


title: 1932 Cuba hurricane

paragraphs: The 1932 Cuba hurricane was (at the time) the deadliest hurricane in the history of Cuba. The storm was the only Category 5 Atlantic hurricane in the month of November.

paragraphs: Cuba was hit with heavy storm surge during the hurricane. Few buildings withstood the storm.

paragraphs: There were around 3,033 deaths in Cuba from the storm. It did over US$40 million in damage on the island.

paragraphs: The storm also affected the Cayman Islands, Bermuda and the Bahamas.


title: Nebikon

paragraphs: Nebikon is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Ohmstal

paragraphs: Ohmstal was a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the former municipality of Ohmstal merged into the municipality of Schötz.


title: Pfaffnau

paragraphs: Pfaffnau is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Schwarzenbach, Lucerne

paragraphs: Schwarzenbach is a village and former municipality of the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Since 2005, it is part of the municipality of Beromünster.


title: United States Life-Saving Service

paragraphs: The United States Life-Saving Service (USLSS) was a United States government agency that grew out of concerns for saving the lives of shipwrecked sailors and ship's passengers. The federal life-saving service was established on June 28, 1848 as an agency of the United States Department of the Treasury. In 1915, the USLSS merged with the United States Revenue Cutter Service to form the United States Coast Guard.

paragraphs: Large areas of the Atlantic coast of the United States were relatively unpopulated during the 18th and 19th centuries. Any ship that ran aground, even within sight of land, could not expect much help. Even if people saw a ship in trouble they did not have organizations or the equipment to go out and rescue those who were in trouble. Even in places like New York Harbor ships could run aground on sandbars during storms and not have anyone to help them. In a storm a ship caught on a sandbar could be broken into pieces in just hours. Some survivors might be able to swim to shore, but in winter they could die from hypothermia before anyone might find and help them. An example was the American sailing ship "Mexico". In 1837 it ran aground on the New Jersey coast and before anyone knew of the wreck, all 112 passengers had died.

paragraphs: There were early organizations that provided life-saving services in certain areas. For instance, in 1786, the Massachusetts Humane Society was formed by a number of Boston citizens who were concerned over the needless loss of life from shipwrecks in the area. They started the first lifeboat station at Cohasset, Massachusetts in 1807. These stations were small sheds that held the small boats and equipment that volunteers could use to rescue mariners. The society had recognized that only small boats were useful for life-saving since larger boats risked being shipwrecked as well. But the early sheds were only placed near busy ports and large areas of the coast remained unprotected.

paragraphs: On 14 August, 1848, Congress approved s for equipment for volunteers to provide life-saving rescues on the coastlines of New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts. Some funds went to the Massachusetts Humane Society because of their leadership in providing rescues for shipwreck victims. In 1850, a lifeboat station was built in Rhode Island and others were built in North Carolina, South Carolina, Florida and Texas. In 1854, Congress approved $12,500 for metal surfboats for use in the Great Lakes. While Congress was providing funds from time to time, the efforts to save shipwrecked crews was still largely unorganized. Lifeboat stations and equipment were not kept up. Some equipment was stolen while the buildings were suffering from neglect and the effects of the weather on the shorelines. When the ship "Powhattan" was lost on April 16, 1852 and over 200 people died, the wreck happened just from a lifeboat station. To make matters worse, the bodies that washed up on shore were robbed of their belongings and left there. This got Congress to begin thinking about creating a federal life-saving service. In 1854 they began to take actions toward creating such a service. But progress on the idea stalled during the American Civil War.

paragraphs: The 1870 Atlantic hurricane season caused widespread destruction and casualties on a large scale. There was an national call for Congress to do something. Sumner Increase Kimball was an attorney who had joined the United States Department of the Treasury in 1862. In 1871 he was appointed to head the Life-Saving Bureau. Under his leadership the service was extended to the West Coast and the Great Lakes.

paragraphs: At this time there were two ways to save people in the water. One, which was used if the ship was close, was to rig a breeches buoy, a device on a rope used to pull someone to safety. The other method was to use a boat to row out through the surf to reach victims. Boats at this time were around long and were partially covered to keep water out. Crews often rowed through waves that were higher than the length of their boats. In about 1907, the boats began using gasoline-powered engines.

paragraphs: On January 28, 1915, the U.S. Coast Guard was formed by combining the Revenue Cutter Service with the Life-Saving Service. The law provided retirement of Kimball and many of the services' older employees. During its 44 year existence, the Life-Saving Service provided help to 28,121 ships and 178,741 people. During this time only 1,455 people lost their lives in rescues or attempted rescues by the USLSS.


title: Jan Matejko

paragraphs: Jan Alojzy Matejko (1838-1893) was a Polish painter. He is generally regarded as the greatest one in the 19th century.

paragraphs: Jan Matejko was born in Kraków (Cracow). on 24 June 1838. His father was Czech musician František Xaver Matějka (in Poland Franciszek Ksawery Matejko), a music teacher. His mother was Joanna Karolina Rossberg, who was half-German. He was never good at school. He never learned a foreign language well. However, he showed great artistic talent.

paragraphs: He studied at the School of Fine Arts in Kraków from 1852 to 1858. His professors were Wojciech Korneli Stattler and Władyslaw Łuszczkiewicz. He also studied in Munich and Vienna. Then he returned to Kraków and stayed in the town for the rest of his life. He was the principal of the Academy of Fine Arts in Kraków. Among his students were Jacek Malczewski, Józef Mehoffer and Stanisław Wyspiański.

paragraphs: Matejko died on 1 November 1893 in Kraków. He is buried at Rakowicki Cemetery in Kraków.

paragraphs: Matejko is famous for his historical paintings. He painted portraits, too, especially those of his children. His best known paintings are "Astronomer Copernicus - Conversation with God", "Hanging of the Zygmunt bell", "Prussian Homage" and "Battle of Grunwald". He also published a book named "Portraits of Polish Kings" (1890). Most of these portraits are imaginary, meaning he painted kings and princes who lived many centuries before. There are no earlier pictures of them.


title: Union of Azerbaijani Writers

paragraphs: The Union of Azerbaijani Writers () is the largest public organization of Azerbaijani writers, poets and publicists. It has over 1500 members at present. It was founded on June 13, 1934. At this time Azerbaijan was a part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic.

paragraphs: It is currently chaired by the writer Anar since 1987. He is the son of writer Rasul Rza. Rza was the chairman between 1938–1939.


title: USRC Scammel (1791)

paragraphs: Scammel was one of the original ten cutters built and used by the United States Revenue Cutter Service. The "Schammel" was named by Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, after the American Revolutionary War Adjutant general of the army, Alexander Scammell. General Scammell was captured by the British at the Battle of Yorktown and shot. As with the USRC "General Green" (1791), the name is misspelled. The "Scammel" was built at Portsmouth, New Hampshire and launched in 1791. She was used to patrol New England waters.

paragraphs: The "Scammel" was built at Portsmouth but problems delayed her construction. She was not launched until a month after the USRC General Green (1791), on August 24, 1791. She was to be stationed at Portsmouth and her patrol area was from Nantucket, Massachusetts to the Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine. Her first master was Hopley Yeaton, the first seagoing officer to be commissioned in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service. John Parrott was the second mate while John Adams was third mate. Originally Hamilton had some difficulty in finding a first mate when the "Scammel" went into service. In November 1792, John Adams was promoted to first mate and Benjamin Gunnerson became the new second mate. The first-named cutter "Scammel" was sold Sold on 16 August 1798.

paragraphs: "Scammel" was a schooner which was built at a cost of $1,225.65. She displaced about She was long by wide and had a draft of . She had a crew of four officers, four enlisted men and two cabin boys. Her arms included 10 muskets and 20 pistols.


title: Moon landing

paragraphs: A Moon landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. It is a follow up to Project Mercury. This includes both manned and unmanned (robotic) missions. The first man-made object to reach the surface of the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2 mission, on 13 September 1959.

paragraphs: The United States' Apollo 11 was the first manned mission to land on the Moon, on 20 July 1969. There have been six missions with people onboard that landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972. There were also numerous landings without people onboard, with no soft landings happening from 22 August 1976 until 14 December 2013.

paragraphs: To date, the United States is the only country to have successfully landed humans on the Moon. The last mission was in December, 1972, and the last human to walk on the Moon was Gene Cernan.


title: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu

paragraphs: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu (baptized 26 May 1689 – 21 August 1762) was an English letter writer and poet. She is famous for her letters about her travels to the Ottoman Empire. Her husband was the British ambassador to Turkey. She also introduced and encouraged smallpox inoculation to Britain.


title: Xu Zhimo

paragraphs: Xu Zhimo (; Pronunciation: Hsü Chih-mo, 1897-1931) was a Chinese poet. Influenced by western poetries, his romantic work style was a great contribution to modern Chinese literature. His poetry is usually about love, beauty and freedom.

paragraphs: Xu Zhimo was originally given the name Zhangxu when he was born on January 15th, 1895. He was the only child from a rich family in Xiashi town, China. Though Zhimo’s father had always wanted him to either become a successful businessman or a scholar, Zhimo had shown interest in nature since he was a child. He started studying at age of five, which was early at that time. His teachers considered him an intelligent, clever, and active student.

paragraphs: Later on, in Hangzhou Secondary School, he not only had excellent academic performance but also made many friends whom they shared the same interest ― writing. That was also when Zhimo started to show his great writing ability. Right after his first marriage in 1915, Zhimo continued his study in Tianjin University. There he met Liang Qichao, a well-known Chinese writer who first encouraged him to go study in the U.S.

paragraphs: Xu Zhimo went to the U.S. to accomplish his education in 1918. He first studied history in Clark University, and then transferred to Cornell and Columbia Universities for economics in 1919. During the time in Columbia University, he wrote articles about social issues and political science. In 1920, he left for London School of Economics and Political Science because he wanted to study with Bertrand Russell and Harold Laski, the two philosopher and theorist whom he really admired. Later he went to King’s College, Cambridge, where he was influenced by English poets such as Keats and Shelley. Being taught by Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, it was when Zhimo started working on poetries that showed influence of English romantic literature. Before returning to China, Zhimo had translated some English and French romantic works into Chinese.

paragraphs: In China, he put most of his efforts on producing poetries, in which he combined western romantic elements and modern Chinese forms. He published a monthly magazine “Goal”, which was to encourage Chinese people to achieve their goals. With Liang Qichao and Hu Shi, Zhimo formed a poetry society, “The Crescent Moon Society”. Their modern work style and the everyday language tone in their works were huge breakthroughs in Chinese literature.

paragraphs: In the last few years of his life he was editors in several bookstores and professors in many universities.

paragraphs: Xu Zhimo, throughout his life, was pursuing beauty, freedom and love. In search of true love, there were three especially important women ― Zhang Youyi, Lin Huiyin and Lu Xiaoman, who influenced both Zhimo’s life and works.

paragraphs: By the time Zhimo graduated from Hangzhou Secondary School in 1915, his father arranged his marriage with Zhang Youyi, which was a Chinese tradition that Zhimo tried to get rid of. Later while he was studying at Cambridge University in 1920, he met Lin Huiyin, who was also influenced by western culture and English romantic literature. They fell in love and that was when Zhimo was able to produce many romantic poetries about love.

paragraphs: Zhimo then divorced with Zhang Youyi in 1922. However, Lin Huiyin decided to go back to China and marry Liang Qichao’s son, Liang Sicheng. In order to search for Huiyin, Zhimo returned to China. He met Lu Xiaoman in Beijing and they were both impressed by each other’s talents and knowledge. They soon fell in love with each for several years and got married in 1926 and lived happily for the first few years. However, when Xiaoman became wasteful, Zhimo had to teach in two universities to sustain the expenditure. That was also when Zhimo’s production in poems decreased.

paragraphs: On November 19th, 1931, Zhimo took a plane from Beijing to Nanjing in order to attend Lin Huiyin’s speech. During the flight the plane crashed into the hills near Jinan because of the thick fog. Zhimo died at the age of 35.

paragraphs: Xu Zhimo was the leader of modern Chinese poetry movement. He was one of the pioneers who combined modern and romantic elements in Chinese poetry. Influenced by western forms, his romantic works broke old Chinese literary forms. In his short life, Zhimo translated many English poems, published four poetry anthologies, four collections of essays, and many significant poetries. Also, as editors for many different monthly magazines, he promoted and introduced western literature and liberal ideas to Chinese people.

paragraphs: William Blake - The Tiger, Thomas Hardy - A Week, The Wound, The Division, Her Initials, To The Moon, I Look into My Glass, Katherine Mansfield - The Meeting, The Gulf, Sleeping Together, James Elroy Flecker - Tenebris Interlucentem V. II, Matthew Arnold - Requiescat, Christina Rossetti - Song, The Hour and the Ghost

paragraphs: By Chance, Go, It is Not Easy to Survive Nowadays, Spring, Saying Goodbye to Cambridge Again (also: Leaving Cambridge), Cricket, I Don’t Know Which Direction the Wind is Blowing, Insignificance, You Are in His Eyes, Wind in the Pines at Midnight, The Wide Sea, A P'i-pa Tune in an Alley at Midnight


title: Reiden

paragraphs: Reiden is a municipality of the district of Willisau in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2006 the former municipalities of Langnau bei Reiden and Richenthal merged into the municipality of Reiden.