title: Fulk III of Anjou

paragraphs: Fulk III "Nerra" (970–1040), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 987 to his death. He built up Angevin power by building a network of castles.

paragraphs: Fulk was the son of Geoffrey I, Count of Anjou and Adele of Meaux. He was born about 970. Fulk was born into a of counts going back nearly a hundred years. His father, grandfather, great-grandfather and second great-grandfather had all been counts of Anjou before him. His father, Geoffrey I had been preparing Fulk to be count as he raised him. He was about age seventeen when his father died and Fulk became the next count. Two years earlier, in 985, his father arranged for him to be married to Elizabeth de Vendome, daughter of Bouchard, Count of Vendome. His nickname "Nerra" meant 'the Black'. It was probably given to him after his death.

paragraphs: His first years as count were a constant fight for survival. His western borders and his holdings in Touraine were not secure. His concerns were mainly holding and defending Angevin interests. Fulk also faced opposition from the church. Bishop Renaud of Angers and Guntarius of St. Aubin both thought they could take advantage of an inexperienced young count. They wanted to take back lands they lost to Fulk's father, Geoffrey. But Fulk had a powerful ally in his uncle, Bishop Guy of Le Puy. Guy stepped in and sent the abbot on a pilgrimage and used force against Bishop Renaud.

paragraphs: Fulk fought against Conan I of Rennes at the Battle of Conquereuil on 27 June 992. Even though Conan had lost a battle to Fulk's father years before, he was still a powerful force in the region. Defeating and killing Conan gave Fulk Nerra a reputation as a very capable commander. Fulk then extended his power over Maine and Touraine.

paragraphs: Fulk Nerra had a longstanding rivalry with Odo II, Count of Blois. Hugh Capet, king of France had supported the Angevins against Blois. But king Robert II of France had been married to Bertha, (Odo II's mother) and supported Blois against Anjou. The king opposed Fulk's designs on Touraine and this forced him to pull back to Anjou. When Fulk went to the Holy Land Odo II tried to take advantage. He built three new castles to counter those built by Fulk. When Robert II married again, this time to Constance of Arles, she was Fulk's cousin. Relations between the king and Fulk improved. When Count Hugh of Beauvais, a favorite of King Robert, began speaking against his new wife Constance, Fulk had him killed. This turned the king and the church against Fulk. To ask forgiveness, Fulk took a trip to the Holy Land (he made four total). When he returned he built a new monastery. The king decided to stay with Constance. He and Fulk reconcilled in Rome in 1016. That same year war broke out between Fulk and Odo II of Blois. Fulk allied with Herbert I, Count of Maine, called Wakedog, and they attacked Tours. Odo II came in response and the two met on 6 July 1016. Although he was knocked off his horse, Herbert Wakedog rescued him. Fulk defeated Odo II at the Battle of Pontlevoy.

paragraphs: Odo II fell out of favor with king Robert. Robert asked Fulk to help him against Odo II, which he did. In 1026 when Odo II beseiged Montboyau, Fulk Nerra attacked Saumur. Fulk kept Samur while Odo II lost Montboyau. In the later part of his reign Fulk made several gains in the south including much of Poitou and built a castle there to protect his interests.

paragraphs: In defending his territory Fulk had a large number of castles and other built. Fulk used these castles both offensively and defensively. Some of his fortresses cut in half the territory of a neighboring lord. Others were used as forward bases for attacking Touraine.

paragraphs: Fulk could be ruthless at times. His treatment of his first wife is an example. When he thought she had committed adultery, he ordered his countess to be executed by burning. They had been married nearly fifteen years when she died. Fulk continued to control Vendome through their daughter, Adele, and her family. In 1028 Fulk and his second wife, Hildegarde, founded the abbey of Le Ronceray. Originally a church dedicated to St. Mary, Hildegard was very active in its rebuilding into an abbey. They gave the abbey many gifts including the forest of Lattay. Fulk died 1 April 1040 while returning from his last pilgrimage.

paragraphs: Fulk's first wife was Elizabeth de Vendome. Together they had a daughter:

paragraphs: His second wife was Hildegard of Lorraine. Together they had two children:


title: The Adventures of Tintin (movie)

paragraphs: The Adventured of Tintin or The Adventures of Tintin: The Secret of the Unicorns a 2011 American action-adventure movie. The film is based on three of Herge's albums Crab With The Golden Claws, The Secret Unicorn and Red Rackham's Treasure.

paragraphs: It was directed by Steven Spielberg. It was produced by Peter Jackson and Kathleen Kennedy. It stars Jamie Bell, Andy Serkis, Daniel Craig, Nick Frost, Simon Pegg, and Enn Reitel. It was composed by John Williams.

paragraphs: It was released on December 21, 2011. A sequel will be released in 2015 called "" which is based on The Seven Crystal Balls and Prisoners Of The Sun. A third and final film, The Adventures Of Tintin 3, based on Destination Moon and Explorers On The Moon, will be released on 2018.


title: Vasiliy Mihaylovich Peskov

paragraphs: Vasiliy Mikhailovich Peskov (March 14, 1930 – August 12, 2013) was a Russian writer, journalist, photographer, traveler and ecologist.

paragraphs: He has worked in the Russian newspaper Komsomolskaya Pravda since 1956. From 1975 until 1990 he conducted the TV programme "In the World of Animals" on Soviet TV.

paragraphs: Peskov was born on March 14, 1930 in Orlovo, Central Black Earth Oblast (now Voronezh Oblast), Soviet Union.

paragraphs: In 1964, he was awarded a Lenin Prize. In 1990, he was among the winners of UNEP's Global 500 Roll of Honour.

paragraphs: Peskov died on August 12, 2013 in Moscow, Russia. The cause of his death is currently unknown. He was 83 years old.


title: Order of the Aztec Eagle

paragraphs: The Order of the Aztec Eagle () is a Mexican order and is the highest decoration awarded to foreigners in the country. It is the highest honor in Mexico.

paragraphs: Recipients include Dwight D. Eisenhower, Elizabeth II, Nelson Rockefeller, Ted Kennedy, Cesar Chavez, Bill Gates,Donald Winkelmann and Nelson Mandela. The order was created in 1933.

paragraphs: It was created by decree on December 29, 1933 by President Abelardo L. Rodríguez as a reward to the services given to Mexico or humankind by foreigners. It is similar to awards given to Mexican citizens such as the Condecoración Miguel Hidalgo or the Belisario Domínguez Medal of Honor. It is given by the office of the foreign minister on the instructions of a Council established for this purpose headed by the President.


title: Division of Durack

paragraphs: The Division of Durack is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Western Australia. The Division is named after the pioneering Durack family. Author Mary Durack's wrote about the family history in her books, "Kings in Grass Castles" and "Sons in the Saddle". The division was set up in 2010.

paragraphs: Durack covers the northern parts of Western Australia. It includes Geraldton, Broome, Carnarvon, Derby, Dongara, Kalbarri, Karratha, Kununurra, Meekatharra, Merredin, Moora, Mukinbudin, Newman, Port Hedland and Tom Price.

paragraphs: At 1,587,758 km², Durack is the largest electorate in Australia by land area.

paragraphs: Barry Haase was the member for the Division of Kalgoorlie which was abolished in the changes which established Durack.


title: Division of Gorton

paragraphs: The Division of Gorton is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was set up in 2004 and is named for Sir John Gorton, Prime Minister of Australia from 1968 to 1971. It covers the outer western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes the suburbs of Hillside, Delahey, Kings Park, Caroline Springs, Deer Park, Cairnlea and Melton as well as the satellite townships of Diggers Rest and Toolern Vale.

paragraphs: Brendan O'Connor had also been the member for the Division of Burke. He has held several Ministerial positions in the Rudd Government and the Gillard Government These have included Immigration and Citizenship, Housing, Human Services, Skills and Training, Small Business, and Employment.


title: Division of Holt

paragraphs: The Division of Holt is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1969 and is named for Harold Holt, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1966–67. It covers the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. This includes Cranbourne, Doveton, Hampton Park, Endeavour Hills, Narre Warren, and Hallam.

paragraphs: Gareth Evans was a member of the Senate before being elected to Holt. He was a Cabinet Minister in the Hawke and Keating Governments, including Foreign Minister. He was the Deputy Leader of the Opposition from 1996 to 1998.


title: James Dougherty (police officer)

paragraphs: James Dougherty (born April 12, 1921 – August 15, 2005) was an American policeman in the Los Angeles Police Department. He was Marilyn Monroe's first husband.

paragraphs: Dougherty was born in Texas. His parents were Ethel and Edward Dougherty. He was youngest of five children. His grandparents were immigrants from England and Ireland. When he was a child, he moved to Globe, Arizona with his parents.

paragraphs: He studied at Van Nuys, California High School and graduated in 1938. Jane Russell, who grew up to become a very famous actress was in the same graduating class as James Dougherty.

paragraphs: In 1942, when he was 20 years old, he met his neighbor, Norma Jeane Baker. She was 16 years-old and they married in Los Angeles. After the wedding, he joined the navy. They separated in 1946. He told the Sun-Journal in 1997, that he was in love with a small town girl, not an actress. Until Monroe died in 1962, he followed the career of his ex-wife.

paragraphs: In 1947, he married Patricia Scoman. They have three daughters Cheryl Ann Dougherty (born 1947), Vivian Kathleen Dougherty (born 1950), and Maria Irene Dougherty (born 1952). Dougherty and Scoman separated in 1972.

paragraphs: His third wife was Rita Lambert. They married in 1974 and moved to her hometown in Maine. They were married until she died in 2003.

paragraphs: At the age of 84 years, he died in August 2005 of leukemia.


title: Division of Lingiari

paragraphs: The Division of Lingiari is an Australian electoral division in the Northern Territory. It was created in 2000 and covers almost the entire Territory. The city of Darwin is in the Division of Solomon. Lingiari covers an area of , making it the second largest division in terms of area in Australia. The largest is the Division of Durack in Western Australia. Lingiari also includes the Christmas and Cocos (Keeling) Islands.

paragraphs: The division was named for Aboriginal rights activist Vincent Lingiari AM (1908–1988), who was a member of the Gurindji nation.

paragraphs: Warren Snowden hheld a number of positions, including Minister for Veterans' Affairs, Minister for Defence Science and Personnel, Minister for Indigenous Health, and Minister Assisting the Prime Minister on the Centenary of Anzac during the Rudd and Gillard governments.


title: Sophie Germain prime

paragraphs: A Sophie Germain prime is a type of prime number. If a prime number is still prime after being multiplied by 2 and adding 1 to the answer, then the original prime is a Sophie Germain prime. A mathematical definition is: a prime number, denoted by "p", is a Sophie Germain prime if "2p+1" is also a prime number. "2p+1" is called a safe prime if it is a prime number.

paragraphs: Sophie Germain primes are named after the French mathematician Sophie Germain.

paragraphs: Many mathematicians believe that there are an infinite amount of Sophie Germain primes, but this has not been proven.

paragraphs: 11 is a Sophie Germain prime because 23 ((2 × 11) + 1 = 23) is also a prime number.

paragraphs: 13 is a prime number but not a Sophie Germain prime because 27 ((2 × 13) + 1 = 27) is not a prime number.


title: Touraine

paragraphs: Touraine () is one of the traditional provinces of France. Its capital was Tours. In 1790 France changed from being divided into provinces to being divided into departments. Touraine was divided between the departments of Indre-et-Loire, :Loir-et-Cher and Indre.

paragraphs: Touraine has a network of rivers. The Loire and its tributaries the Cher, the Indre and the Vienne all make up a part of the Paris river basin. It is well known for its wine. The TGV connects Tours with Paris. The trip takes less than an hour. This has made Touraine a place of residence for people who work in the capital but seek a different quality of life.

paragraphs: Touraine takes its name from a Celtic tribe called the Turones, who inhabited the Tours region about two thousand years ago.

paragraphs: In 1044, the control of Touraine was given to the counts of Anjou. This same dynasty who (as the House of Plantagenet) became kings of England in 1154. The castle of Chinon was their great stronghold. In 1205, Philip II Augustus of France regained Touraine. At this time, Touraine was made into a Duchy. In 1429, Saint Joan of Arc had a historic meeting with the future King of France Charles VII at Chinon. Throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries, Touraine was a favorite residence of French kings. The castles were converted to Renaissance ; for this reason the region was titled "The Garden of France". These same châteaux became popular tourist attractions in modern times. The royal duchy became a province in 1584, and was divided into departments in 1790.


title: Emily Procter

paragraphs: Emily Mallory Procter (born October 8, 1968) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Detective Calleigh Duquesne on the television series "".

paragraphs: Procter was born in Raleigh, North Carolina and grew up there. She was adopted. Her parents William and Barbara divorced when she was three years old. She has an older brother Whit. She went to East Carolina University and got degrees in journalism and dance.

paragraphs: She went to the drama school for two years. She acted in movies like "Leaving Las Vegas" and "Jerry Maguire", before she graduated. In 1988, she got her first main role in the film "Breast Man".

paragraphs: Her breakthrough was on the TV series "". She played the role of Calleigh Duquesne from 2002 to 2012.


title: Eve Hewson

paragraphs: Eve Hewson (born on 7 July 1991) is an Irish actress. She is the daughter of U2's lead singer Bono and Irish activist Ali Hewson.  Her first big movie role was in Paolo Sorrentino's "This Must Be the Place" in 2011, with Sean Penn.

paragraphs: Hewson was born in Dublin in 1991. She was named Eve because she was born on 7 July at 7:00pm, and "eve" is the middle of the word "seven". She has three siblings. She was educated at St. Andrew's College in Dublin and attended New York University (NYU).

paragraphs: U2 song "Kite" was based on a time when Bono his daughters to fly kite on Killiney Hill. When the kite smashed, Eve asked if they could go home to play with their Tamagotchis.

paragraphs: Hewson is in a relationship with actor James Lafferty.

paragraphs: Hewson's parents did not want her to be a performer. However she was in a short movie in 2005 with her sister. This was Erica Dunton's short movie, "Lost and Found". her first feature-length movie was in 2008, in Dunton's "The 27 Club". The same year Hewson took part in an acting programme at the New York Film Academy. In 2010 she was in a music video and short movie for Irish band The Script's song "For the First Time".

paragraphs: In 2011 Hewson acted with Sean Penn and Frances McDormand in Paolo Sorrentino's "This Must Be the Place". Her role was a young punk called Mary. She will play Yvonne in a new movie called Blood Ties by French director Guillaume Canet. Hewson received her degree from New York University on 22 May 2013. Her father turned down an offer of an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters on the same day.

paragraphs: In July 2013 Jack Quaid from "The Hunger Games" and Hewson asked fans for money for a new movie called "Roadies" using crowdsourcing.


title: Ali Hewson

paragraphs: Alison "Ali" Hewson (née Stewart; 23 March 1961) is an Irish activist and businesswoman. She is the wife of singer and musician Paul Hewson, known as Bono, from the rock group U2.

paragraphs: Raised in Raheny, she met her future husband at a young age at Mount Temple Comprehensive School and married him in 1982. She has a degree in politics and sociology from University College Dublin in 1989. The couple have four children together and live at residences in Ireland, France, and the United States. She has inspired several U2 songs, most famously "Sweetest Thing".

paragraphs: Alison Stewart was born on 23 March 1961,the daughter of Terry and Joy Stewart and the granddaughter of Hector Grey, a well known Dublin trader and shop owner. Alison studied at Mount Temple Comprehensive School where, at the age of twelve, she met Paul Hewson, who was a grade ahead of her.

paragraphs: She married Bono on 21 August 1982 in a Church of Ireland ceremony at All Saints Church, Raheny. In debt to U2's label, Island Records, the couple did not have ready funds for a honeymoon, but label head Chris Blackwell gave them use of the Goldeneye estate he owned in Jamaica. At first, the newly married couple shared a small mews house in Howth with the rest of the band. It took her a while to enjoy the band's music, as her own tastes ran toward her father's Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole records.

paragraphs: In 1992, Hewson participated in Greenpeace protests against the Sellafield plant for nuclear reprocessing, located across the Irish Sea in Cumbria, England. This involvement led her to become interested in the Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986.

paragraphs: Since 1994, Hewson has been a patron of Chernobyl Children's Project International

paragraphs: In 2005, Hewson, Bono and designer Rogan Gregory co-founded the Edun fashion label ("nude" spelled backwards, to suggest both "natural" and the Garden of Eden). It was intended to help bring about positive change in Africa through a fair trade-based relationship rather than by direct aid.

paragraphs: Songs written by Bono that were at least in part inspired by Ali go back to the earliest period of the band's recording career, with the track "Another Time, Another Place" off their 1980 first album, "Boy". She helped Bono get through a bad period of writer's block during the lead-up to the 1983 "War" album and especially in the lyric composition for "Sunday Bloody Sunday". She was the inspiration for the personal themes of "New Year's Day" on that record as well. The album and the accompanying War Tour brought financial success to the band, and Bono and Ali moved into a three-level, three-room Martello tower in Bray for some years. The group's 1984 song "Promenade" reflects both that location and the spiritual aspects of his desire for her.

paragraphs: The U2 song "Sweetest Thing" was written for Hewson as a gift because Bono forgot her birthday whilst recording with the band during "The Joshua Tree" sessions. Originally released as a B-side in 1987, it was later re-recorded and released as a single from the compilation album "The Best of 1980–1990" in 1998. Hewson agreed to appear in the single's music video as long as all proceeds from it went to Chernobyl Children's Project.


title: Division of Solomon

paragraphs: The Division of Solomon is an Australian Electoral Division in the Northern Territory. It covers the cities of Darwin (including the surrounding suburbs) and Palmerston. The only other division in the territory, the Division of Lingiari, covers the remainder of the territory.

paragraphs: The division was created in 2000. It is named for Vaiben Solomon, a Premier of South Australia, and member of the first Australian Parliament. He represented the Northern Territory in the South Australian House of Assembly, when it was still part of that state.


title: Izalco (volcano)

paragraphs: Izalco is a volcano in the west part of El Salvador. It is a black color. Izalco is near the Santa Ana volcano, which is three kilometers to the south.


title: Madeiran wall lizard

paragraphs: The Madeira wall lizard ("Teira dugesii") or Madeira lizard is a species of lizard in the Lacertidae family, and the only member of the genus "Teira".

paragraphs: This Madeira wall lizard is endemic to the Madeira Islands, Portugal, where it is abundant. In the Azores, this lizard is found after involuntary introduction during the 19th century by ship trade between the two archipelagos, but the lizards have never reached the population numbers as in their territory of origin. There is also a small population in the port area of Lisbon, probably accidentally transported in ships carrying bananas, and first found in 1992; a study of 2001 found that the population has remained stable in size since its discovery.

paragraphs: The species was named after the French zoologist Louis Antoine Dugès (1797–1838).

paragraphs: The subspecies "Teira dugesii mauli" (Mertens, 1938) from the Desertas Islands now is a synonym of "Teira dugesii dugesii". "Atlantolacerta andreanskyi" (Andreansky's lizard) from Morocco, and "Scelarcis perspicillata" (Menorca wall lizard) from Morocco, Algeria and Minorca, were in the genus "Teira" but now are in other genera.

paragraphs: The species "Teira dugessii" presents three subspecies:

paragraphs: These lizards can reach in length, although adults have usually between . Their color can vary from light brown to dark gray, but with some of them (usually males) may show other colors, like green, blue and violet. Males can be easily distinguished from females due to the presence of a yellow at the bottom of the hind legs.

paragraphs: The females lay two to three groups of eggs annually. And some individuals could live to 16 years or more.

paragraphs: Despite being essentially an insectivorous species, ripe fruits and berries (especially blackberries) are also part of their diet.

paragraphs: This species is generally found in arid areas where the vegetation is not dense. It may also occur in open woodland, areas with rocks and where crops are grown.


title: Moab

paragraphs: Moab (not to be confused with Moab, the city in Utah) is the historical name for an area of land in Jordan. The mountainous land covers the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In ancient times, it was the Kingdom of Möab. There have been many archaeological findings that have helped reconstruct its history. It is also described in the Old Testament of the Bible. According to Genesis (19:37), it was inhabited by the children of Moab, a grandson of Lot. The Moabites were often at war with its neighbours to the west, the Israelites.

paragraphs: A well-known Moabite is Ruth. According to the Biblical Book of Ruth, she married an Israelite man and became by that the greatgrandmother of king David.


title: Suffering

paragraphs: Suffering is pain or mental or emotional unhappiness caused by bad things happening, like disasters or illness. It is an important topic in philosophy, and religion. Much health care exists to help people who are suffering.


title: The Defiant Ones

paragraphs: The Defiant Ones is a 1958 American black and white movie which tells the story of two escaped prisoners, one white and one black, who are shackled together and who must co-operate in order to survive. It stars Tony Curtis, Sidney Poitier, Theodore Bikel, Cara Williams, Charles McGraw, and Lon Chaney, Jr.. Ivan Dixon was a stunt double for Sidney Poitier.


title: Ruby (color)

paragraphs: Ruby is a deep red color that is a representation of the color of the cut and polished ruby gemstone.

paragraphs: The first written use of "ruby" as a color name in English was in 1572.


title: Penny Ur

paragraphs: Penny Ur (born 1944) is a professor at Oranim and Haifa University. She retired as head of the Masters of Education program at the Oranim Academic College of Education. Ur studied at several universities earning her Master of Arts at Oxford University, PGCE at Cambridge University, Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Reading University. She moved from the United Kingdom to Israel in 1967. She taught in primary and secondary schools in Israel for more than 30 years. She is interested in language-teaching methodologies, how they change the ways teachers teach, and English as a lingua franca. She writes for the Learning English section of the Guardian Weekly.

paragraphs: Ur received the OBE (Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire) for her work as an English language teacher.


title: Özge Karaoglu

paragraphs: Özge Karaoglu is an English language teacher, textbook writer, and teacher trainer living in Turkey. Her main area of expertise is teaching young learners and using Internet and digital technology in schools. Karaoglu has won several awards including the Cambridge University Press and English-Speaking Union New Writing Award in 2011.


title: Feng shui

paragraphs: Feng Shui () is a Chinese system of luck. It has to do with the laws which help one improve luck.

paragraphs: Feng Shui means "wind and water" in Chinese. Invented by the Taoists, many people implement its philosophies in their every day lives. Feng Shui has five basic "elements", they are: Fire, Earth, Metal, Water, and Wood. These elements are set up in a specific way so that it shows Fire makes Earth, Earth creates Metal, Metal holds Water, Water nurtures Wood, and Wood feeds Fire. Also, Earth dams Water, Water extinguishes Fire, Fire melts Metal, Metal cuts Wood, and Wood consumes Earth.

paragraphs: There are multiple Feng Shui schools such as "The Western School of Feng Shui" and "The American Feng Shui Institute"


title: Adam Rodríguez

paragraphs: Adam Michael Rodríguez (born April 2, 1975) is an American actor. He is best known for his long running role as Eric Delko on "".

paragraphs: Rodríguez was born in Yonkers, New York. His parents are Janet and Ramon Rodríguez. He is Puerto Rican and Cuban. He studied at Clarkstown High School North in New City, New York with the NFL player Keith Bullock of the New York Giants. He graduated in 1993.

paragraphs: Rodríguez wanted to become a baseball player. Because of an injury, he could not do that. Afterwards, he wanted to become an actor. His first casting was at the age of 10 years for "The Cosby Show".


title: Exogeny

paragraphs: Exogeny refers to coming from the outside. People, planets, computers, and anything else can be influenced either by things in its environment or by things within itself. Things from within itself are indigenous.

paragraphs: The Earth is shaped by many geological processes. The forces that make these things happen come from both inside and outside the Earth.

paragraphs: In geology, exogenous processes come from forces "on or above" the Earth's surface. Processes caused by forces from "within" the Earth are endogenous processes. "Exo" is a prefix meaning "out", and "endo" is a prefix meaning "in".

paragraphs: Many exogenous (extraterrestrial) forces are caused by other bodies in the Solar System. For example, the Moon causes tides in the Earth's oceans and other big bodies of water. Impacts from comets and meteoroids change the surface of the Earth. When they strike the Earth, they make craters in the ground.

paragraphs: The Sun is the main exogenous influence in the Solar System. It has many effects on Earth. Radiation from the Sun is a main cause of the surface temperature of the Earth, and for the growth of plant life. We are partly shielded from the Sun's solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field. Storms of solar particles would otherwise strip away the ozone layer which protects us from ultraviolet radiation. Sometimes we see aurorae, which are lights that can be seen at night near the poles.

paragraphs: An example of an exogenous process that is not as a result of bodies in space is erosion. Erosion is mostly made by precipitation such as rain and snow, and by wind.

paragraphs: There are three main endogenous geological processes: folding, faulting and volcanism. They take place mainly along the plate boundaries. These are the zones on the edges of plates. Endogenous processes cause many major landform features.


title: Boeing E-6 Mercury

paragraphs: The Boeing E-6 Mercury is a U.S. military aircraft. It is used by the US Navy as airborne headquarters and communication aircraft. It is the biggest aircraft of the U.S. Navy. Boeing E-6 Mercury is a military variant of the Boeing 707 airliner. It's use is re-power the world after a Russian or Chinese Nuclear Attack.


title: Boeing E-3 Sentry

paragraphs: The Boeing E-3 Sentry is a military aircraft. It is used as AWACS by US Air Force, NATO and three foreign operators: France, Saudi Arabia, and the UK. It is a military variant of the famous Boeing 707 airliner.

paragraphs: This kind of aircraft was used in the Gulf War, as well as in the War in Afghanistan.


title: Fiat G.91

paragraphs: The Fiat G.91 is a military aircraft designed and built in Italy. It was built for a NATO request as a light fighter jet and training aircraft. It was used in Germany, Italy, and Portugal.


title: Tonic immobility

paragraphs: Tonic immobility is a natural state of paralysis that animals enter, often called animal hypnosis. Its function is not certain. It may be related to mating in certain animals like sharks. It may also be a way of avoiding or deterring predators (playing dead is called thanatosis).

paragraphs: Tonic immobility has also been used for the paralysis that often immobilizes animals, such as rodents or birds, when they feel threatened by a predator. Tonic immobility plays a role in survival if it helps a hunted animal to blend in with its surroundings.

paragraphs: Tonic immobility can be induced without causing any apparent stress to the animal. For example, stroking a particular area of a lobster's shell or focusing a hen's attention on a line on the ground.

paragraphs: Tonic immobility has also been said to occur in humans that are subject to intense trauma, such as rape or sexual assault. Catatonia in humans is a serious semi-permanent psychiatric state.

paragraphs: Some sharks can be placed in a tonic state. The shark remains in this state of paralysis for an average of fifteen minutes before it recovers. Scientists have exploited this phenomenon to study shark behaviour. The effects of chemical shark repellent have been studied to test effectiveness and to narrow down dose sizes, concentrations, and time to awaken.

paragraphs: Some sharks go into tonic immobility when they are turned upside down. With tiger sharks 3–4 metres (10 to 15 feet) in length, tonic immobility may be achieved by placing hands lightly on the sides of the animal's snout approximate to the general area surrounding its eyes. Scientists believe that tonic immobility in sharks may be related to mating, because female sharks seem more responsive than males. During tonic immobility, the dorsal fin(s) straighten, and both breathing and muscle contractions become more steady and relaxed.

paragraphs: Great White Sharks are not so responsive as other species when tonic immobility has been attempted. In an interesting eye witness case off the coast of California, a female orca was seen holding the shark upside down to induce tonic immobility. It kept the shark still for fifteen minutes, causing it to suffocate to death. This was the first recorded eye witness case of predation on a great white shark in the wild by a species other than humans. Another case of orcas purposely inducing tonic immobility in fish has been seen with stingrays in New Zealand. In this case, the orcas turn themselves upside down before attacking, trap the stingrays in their mouths, then quickly right themselves, in turn flipping the stingray over, inducing the tonic immobility, rendering the fish helpless and an easy meal.

paragraphs: A chicken can be "hypnotized", or put into a trance, by holding its head down against the ground, and drawing a line along the ground with a stick or a finger, starting at the beak and extending straight outward in front of the chicken. If the chicken is hypnotized in this manner, it will remain immobile for somewhere between 15 seconds and 30 minutes, continuing to stare at the line. One theory is that the trance is caused by fear, which is probably a defensive mechanism intended to feign death, albeit rather poorly.

paragraphs: The first known written reference for this method came in 1646, in "Mirabile Experimentum de Imaginatione Gallinae" by Athanasius Kircher in Rome.

paragraphs: Another hypnosis technique is to hold the chicken face up with its back on the ground, and then run a finger downwards from the chicken's wattles to just above its vent. The chicken's feet are exposed, which facilitates the application of medication for foot mites, etc. Clapping hands or giving the chicken a gentle shove will awaken it.

paragraphs: One can also hypnotize a chicken by mimicking how it sleeps with its head under its wing. In this method, hold the bird firmly, placing its head under its wing, then, gently rock the chicken back and forth and set it very carefully on the ground. It should stay in the same position for about 30 seconds. H.B. Gibson, in his book "Hypnosis: its nature and therapeutic uses", says the record period for a chicken remaining in hypnosis is 3 hours 47 minutes.

paragraphs: Trout tickling is the art of rubbing the underbelly of a trout using fingers. If done properly, the trout will go into a trance-like state after a minute or so, and can then easily be thrown onto the nearest bit of dry land.

paragraphs: The rationale for the tonic immobility test is that the experimenter simulates a predator thereby eliciting an anti-predator response "death feigning". The precept is that the prey animal 'pretends' to be dead to be able to escape when/if the predator relaxes its concentration. Death feigning birds often take advantage of escape opportunities; tonic immobility in quail reduces the probability of the birds being predated by cats.

paragraphs: To induce tonic immobility, the animal is gently restrained on its side or back for a period of time, e.g. 15 seconds. This is done either on a firm, flat surface or sometimes in a purpose-built ‘V’ or ‘U’-shaped restraining cradle. In rodents, the response is sometimes induced by additionally pinching or attaching a clamp to the skin at the nape of the neck. Scientists record behaviours, such as the number of inductions (15 second restraining periods) required for the animal to remain still, the latency to the first major movements (often cycling motions of the legs), latency to first head or eye movements and the duration of immobility, sometimes called the ‘righting time’.

paragraphs: Tonic immobility has been used to show that hens in cages are more fearful than those in pens. Hens on the top tier of tiered battery cages are more fearful than those on the lower levels. Hens carried by hand are more fearful than hens carried on a mechanical conveyor. Hens transported for longer times are more fearful than those transported for shorter times.

paragraphs: Tonic immobility as a scientific tool has also been used with mice, gerbils, guinea pigs, rats, rabbits.pigs and monkeys.


title: God's Gonna Cut You Down

paragraphs: "God's Gonna Cut You Down", also known as "Run On" and "Run On for a Long Time", is a traditional folk song which has been recorded by many artists representing many genres. The lyrics are a warning to sinners that no matter how hard they try, they will not avoid God's judgment. Johnny Cash sang this song for an album called "" (2006).


title: Hurt (Nine Inch Nails song)

paragraphs: "Hurt" is a song written by Trent Reznor. It was first released on Nine Inch Nails' 1994 album "The Downward Spiral". It received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Rock Song in 1996 but lost to Alanis Morissette's "You Oughta Know".

paragraphs: Originally recorded by Nine Inch Nails, the song "Hurt" has been adapted and covered by several artists, including Johnny Cash and Leona Lewis. The song clearly includes references to self-harm and heroin addiction, although the overall meaning of the song is unknown.

paragraphs: In 2002, Johnny Cash covered the song for his album, "". The line "crown of shit" was changed to "crown of thorns", not only removing profanity from the lyrics, but also more directly referencing Christ and Cash's devout Christianity. Its accompanying video, featuring images from Cash's life and directed by Mark Romanek, was named the best video of the year by the Grammy Awards and CMA Awards, and the best video of all time by "NME" in July 2011. The cover was released on a single with the B-side 'Personal Jesus', a cover of the Depeche Mode single.


title: Folsom Prison Blues

paragraphs: "Folsom Prison Blues" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Johnny Cash. The song combines two popular folk genres, the train song and the prison song. Cash would continue to use these genres for the rest of his career. It became one of Cash's best known songs.


title: Man in Black (song)

paragraphs: "Man in Black" (or "The Man in Black") is a song written and sung by Johnny Cash. The song was said to be based on Cash himself. It was originally released on his 1971 album of the same name. Cash himself was known as "The Man in Black" for his distinctive style of on-stage costuming. It was one of Cash's famous songs.


title: Kingsland, Arkansas

paragraphs: Kingsland is a city in Cleveland County, Arkansas, United States. Its population was 447 at the 2010 U.S. census. It is included in the Pine Bluff, Arkansas Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is famous as the birthplace of legendary country music artist Johnny Cash.


title: Vasoconstriction

paragraphs: Vasoconstriction occurs when blood vessels become narrower because of the tightening of the muscles in their walls. Its opposite is vasodilation, which is when blood vessels widen. For example, when you are cold, blood vessels near the skin vasoconstrict so that you don't lose too much heat from your blood.

paragraphs: When blood vessels vasoconstrict, this increases blood pressure. Sometimes, blood pressure is too high and this can cause heart disease, so people have to take medicine to make the muscles in the blood vessels relax.


title: Jeannette Littlemore

paragraphs: Jeannette Littlemore studies applied linguistics in the English Language department at the University of Birmingham. She earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in European Studies at the University of Bradford in 1989, Master of Arts in Applied Linguistics and English Language Teaching at the University of East Anglia in 1993, and PhD in English Language Teaching at Thames Valley University in 1998. She has taught in Spain, Japan, Belgium, and the UK. One of her research interests is the use of metaphor and gestures.


title: Wish I Was Here

paragraphs: Wish I Was Here is an American comedy drama movie directed by Zach Braff. It was released on July 18, 2014. It is about Aidan Bloom (Zach Braff), a struggling actor, father and husband. He is trying to find the purpose of his life at the age of 35.


title: A Boy Named Sue

paragraphs: "A Boy Named Sue" is a song written by Shel Silverstein. It was first made popular by Johnny Cash. Cash was at the height of his popularity when he recorded the song live at California's San Quentin State Prison at a concert on February 24, 1969. The concert was taped by Granada Television. It was later shown as a television program. Carl Perkins played guitar during the performance.

paragraphs: The sound recording of the concert was later released on Cash's "At San Quentin" album by Columbia Records. Cash also sang the song as a comedy performance in December 1969 at Madison Square Garden.

paragraphs: The song became Cash's biggest hit on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It was his only top ten single there, spending three weeks at No. 2 in 1969. The track also topped the Billboard Hot Country Songs and Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks charts that same year. It was certified Gold on August 14, 1969, by the RIAA.

paragraphs: Shel Silverstein's recording was released the same year as "Boy Named Sue". It was a single on his album "Boy Named Sue (and His Other Country Songs)". It was produced by Chet Atkins and Felton Jarvis.

paragraphs: The story of the song was inspired by the writer Jean Shepherd, a close friend of Shel Silverstein. He was often made fun of as a child because of his feminine-sounding name.

paragraphs: In his autobiography, Cash wrote that he had just been given the song and only read it a couple of times. It was included in that concert just to try it out. He did not know the words when he first sang it. On the video recording, he can be seen regularly looking at a piece of paper. Cash was surprised at how well the song went over with the audience.


title: Let It Be (song)

paragraphs: "Let It Be" is a song by The Beatles, released in March 1970 as a single, and (in an alternate mix) as the title track of their album "Let It Be".

paragraphs: It was written by Paul McCartney and John Lennon. It was their final single before McCartney announced his departure from the band (by that time, Lennon had already left).

paragraphs: Both the "Let It Be" album and the US single "The Long and Winding Road" were released after McCartney's announced departure from and subsequent break-up of the group.

paragraphs: "Let It Be" holds the number-one spot on "The Fans' Top 10" poll included in "The 100 Best Beatles Songs: An Informed Fan's Guide" by Stephen J. Spignesi and Michael Lewis. The song is number three in the 100 Best Beatles Songs list, only behind "Strawberry Fields Forever" and "A Day in the Life", which is number one.


title: Escape from New York

paragraphs: Escape from New York is a 1981 American science fiction movie. It was released on July 10, 1981. It was directed by John Carpenter and written by Nick Castle. The film's total budget was estimated to be US$6 million.

paragraphs: The cast includes Donald Pleasence (as the President of the United States), Isaac Hayes, Adrienne Barbeau, Harry Dean Stanton, Lee Van Cleef, Ernest Borgnine, Tom Atkins, Charles Cyphers, Ox Baker, and Jamie Lee Curtis as introduction narrator (uncredited).

paragraphs: A following movie was released called, "Escape from L.A.".


title: Escape from L.A.

paragraphs: Escape from L.A. is a 1996 American science fiction movie directed by John Carpenter. It stars Kurt Russell, Cliff Robertson, Steve Buscemi, Peter Fonda, Stacy Keach, Bruce Campbell, and Pam Grier. Robertson replaced Donald Pleasence as President due to his death in 1995. It was sequel for "Escape from New York". It was released on August 9, 1996.


title: Blue Jasmine

paragraphs: The movie Blue Jasmine is a 2013 drama movie. This was directed by Woody Allen. The subject talks about an NYC area woman by the name Jasmine, whose life completely falls apart, at which point she then relocates to San Francisco. This movie was released in July and August 2013. It has received very enthusiastic reviews by the critics. Woody Allen would not release "Blue Jasmine" in India. It was nominated for 3 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 2014.


title: The Thing (1982 movie)

paragraphs: The Thing (also known as John Carpenter's The Thing) is a 1982 American science fiction horror movie directed by John Carpenter. It stars Kurt Russell, Wilford Brimley, Richard Dysart, Richard Masur and Donald Moffat. The film's title refers to the main antagonist: a parasitic extraterrestrial lifeform that violently assimilates other organisms and in turn changes into their shape. The Thing enters an Antarctic research station, taking the appearance of the researchers that it absorbs, and paranoia develops within the group. It was released on June 25, 1982.


title: Poseidon (movie)

paragraphs: Poseidon is a 2006 American disaster movie directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is a remake of "The Poseidon Adventure". It was distributed by Warner Bros.. It stars Josh Lucas, Kurt Russell and Richard Dreyfuss. It was released on May 12, 2006.


title: Air Force One (movie)

paragraphs: Air Force One is a 1997 American action-thriller movie written by Andrew W. Marlowe and directed by Wolfgang Petersen. It is about a group of Russian terrorists hijacking Air Force One. It stars Harrison Ford, Gary Oldman, Glenn Close, Xander Berkeley, Jürgen Prochnow, William H. Macy, Dean Stockwell, Wendy Crewson, Philip Baker Hall and Paul Guilfoyle. The President of the United States and Bill Clinton praised it. The movie was composed by Jerry Goldsmith. It was released on July 25, 1997. It received positive reviews from critics. It currently has a 78% on rotten tomatoes and has a score of 61 out of 100.


title: Triangular trade

paragraphs: The triangular trade refers to trade between three ports or regions. Triangular trade usually develops when a region is exporting resources that are not needed in the region from which its main imports come. Instead, the resources are exported to a third region. The routes involved were historically also shaped by the winds and currents during the age of sailing ships.

paragraphs: The best-known triangular trading systems were across the Atlantic Ocean, especially the Atlantic slave trade, which lasted from the late 16th to early 19th centuries. During this time, European countries such as Britain, Spain and France had colonies in the Americas and Africa. The ships carrying slaves, crops and manufactured goods between West Africa, the Caribbean and American colonies and the colonial powers in Europe. The use of African slaves was very important to growing colonial cash crops, which were exported to Europe. European goods, in turn, were used to buy African slaves, which were then brought west from Africa to the Americas to work on the crops. The middle passage of the triangular trade refers to the transportation of the slaves to America.

paragraphs: The Atlantic economy was tied into the idea of mercantilism, which thought it was a good idea for European countries to have a lot of colonies that traded only with them. Goods that were traded in the Atlantic economy were rum, slaves, sugar, tobacco, gold, spices, fish, lumber and manufactured goods. Triangular trading became less common in the 20th century due to free trade and ships specialized for particular cargoes.


title: Waistline (clothing)

paragraphs: The waistline is the part of a piece of clothing that sits on the wearer's waist. The actual position of the waitline can be different depending on the fashion or how the person chooses to wear the garment, but it is normally just above the hips.

paragraphs: Waistlines can be secured with a variety of methods, such as buttons, knots and zippers. A waistband is a strip of elastic rubber that adjusts to keep the item tight against the body.


Waistline


title: Heliocentrism

paragraphs: Heliocentrism is the idea that the Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, which is the center of the solar system. Many people proposed heliocentrism, such as Aristarchus of Samos from ancient Greece, but Nicolaus Copernicus was the first to think of good reasons why it is true. This was the beginning of modern astronomy.

paragraphs: Before Copernicus, most people thought that the Sun and the other planets revolved around the Earth (this was called geocentrism). This is because if you stand on Earth, it looks like the Sun and stars are moving across the sky. However, when people watched for many years they saw many things that did not make sense if the Earth was the center of the Solar system. For example, sometimes the planets seemed to move back and forth instead of moving around the Earth. Copernicus explained why these things happen in 1543, when he published the book "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium" ("On the revolutions of the heavenly spheres"). This gave his reasons for thinking the Sun was at the center instead.

paragraphs: Other astronomers who made further advances after Copernicus were Johannes Kepler and Galileo Galilei. For example, Kepler showed that the planets do not orbit in perfect circles, and Galileo built very good telescopes that helped to confirm the heliocentric model.

paragraphs: Copernicus also thought that the sun was the center of the universe, but we now know that this is incorrect. The Sun is part of the Milky Way galaxy which is one out of billions of galaxies.


title: Trance

paragraphs: Trance describes a state of mind. A trance is when a person is conscious, and not sleeping, but is unaware of what is happening around him or her.

paragraphs: The term "trance" is associated with hypnosis, meditation, magic, flow, religion, and certain kinds of music. It is an "altered state of consciousness".

paragraphs: There are many efforts to define what a trance is. Some think it is a borderland between normal consciousness and spirituality

paragraphs: The most straightforward example is when a person is hypnotized, they are in a trance. Conscious, and responding to the hypnotist, the person seems to block out other thoughts and other information.

paragraphs: Another common example is the day-dream, where a person's mind drifts across private thoughts. Everyone daydreams, but young children constantly daydream, and have vivid imaginary fantasies. This is entirely normal. In the language of psychology, this kind of temporary separation from one's surroundings is called "dissociation". Research shows that a lot is going on when we daydream.

paragraphs: There are many examples of trance in religion. African animistic religions, such as that of the Yoruba, feature dances in celebration of the spirits. Under the influence of rhythm and song, a group dances, often for hours at a time. During this time, various members of the group may fall into trances, and some may act as if possessed by one of the spirits being worshiped. States of "spiritual ecstasy" are known in most forms of Christian worship. It is a main part of those aspects of religion known as "mysticism".


title: Spitzer Space Telescope

paragraphs: The Spitzer Space Telescope is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2003. It is the fourth telescope in the Great Observatories program (the Hubble Space Telescope was the first). The Hubble Space Telescope takes pictures of visible light, and the Spitzer Space Telescope takes pictures of infrared light. Unlike Hubble, Spitzer orbits the Sun instead of the Earth.

paragraphs: The Spitzer Space Telescope is named after the scientist Lyman Spitzer. It was planned to last for 2.5 years, but it actually lasted until 2009 when it exhausted its supply of coolant. Some parts of the telescope can work even when they are warm, and are still working.

paragraphs: The Spitzer Space Telescope was able to see very good detail. Spitzer was the first telescope that could see light from extrasolar planets (planets outside the Solar System.) It was also able to see some of the first stars in the universe, believed to be only 100 million years after the Big Bang.


title: Age of the universe

paragraphs: In cosmology, the age of the universe is the amount of time since the Big Bang. The best measurement of the age of the Universe is 13.8 billion years (specifically, 13.798±0.037 billion years). The most recent and most accurate measurements were made by the Planck spacecraft. These measurements were made using the cosmic microwave background radiation and the expansion of the Universe.

paragraphs: In the 1800s, evidence from geology showed that the Earth was at least millions of years old. Later, it was thought that the universe was unchanging. However, in the 1920s, Georges Lemaître and Edwin Hubble determined that the universe was expanding (see Hubble's law). Although the estimates made using the initial data were low, radioactive dating on Earth could be used to give measurements of 11–20 billion years to 13–15 billion years. Eventually, scientists were able to make much better measurements using spacecraft.


title: Nominative case

paragraphs: In grammar, the nominative case is the grammatical case used when talking about the subject of the sentence. For example, "the boy kissed the girl."

paragraphs: The boy is the subject, so the nominative case is used.


title: Genitive case

paragraphs: In grammar, the genitive case is the grammatical case used when talking about possession: something that belongs to someone. For example, in the sentence "the boy's bike was red," the bike belongs to the boy. The word "boy's" is in the genitive case.


title: NuSTAR

paragraphs: NuSTAR is a telescope launched into space by NASA in 2012. It is the eleventh satellite in the "Small Explorer" program. Telescopes in space can see much better than on Earth, because the telescopes on Earth need to look through the atmosphere.

paragraphs: NuSTAR measures high-energy X-rays, which have a much higher frequency than visible light. It uses special optical devices to do this, so it works differently from a normal telescope. This type of telescope is called a Wolter telescope.

paragraphs: NuSTAR is searching for black holes. It is also looking at supernovae to help understand how the chemical elements are created. One of the first discoveries made by NuSTAR, along with another space telescope called XMM-Newton, was to measure the spin rate of a supermassive black hole for the first time.


title: Malahide

paragraphs: Malahide is a town near Dublin, Ireland. It is on the coast, right beside the estuary. It is in the administrative county of Fingal, and the traditional County Dublin, Ireland.


title: Carmelo Flores Laura

paragraphs: Carmelo Flores Laura (likely born July 16, 1906 – June 9, 2014) was a centenarian from Bolivia, who some believed to be born in 1890. That would have made him the person living to be the oldest ever known. However, other documents was found, that indicated he was actually born in 1906. Flores himself only said that he was about 100 years or more, which in that case was correct.

paragraphs: Laura was born on July 16, 1906 in Bolivia.

paragraphs: Carmelo Flores Laura worked for the rancher who owned Frasquia, a rural area of Bolivia near Lake Titicaca, until 1952. At that time, the government seized the land and redistributed it to peasants such as Flores. He has lived there since, never traveling father than La Paz, from his home.

paragraphs: Flores had three children, one of which is alive as of 2013 (Cecilio, aged 67). He has 40 grandchildren and 19 great-grandchildren. His wife died in the 2000s.

paragraphs: The Bolivian government was said to be planning to officially honor Flores as "a living heritage" of the Bolivian people.

paragraphs: A police ID card and entry in the civil registry stating Flores was born on July 16, 1890 were shown to reporters. The longest fully documented lifespan in history is 122 years and 164 days, achieved by France's Jeanne Calment.

paragraphs: Flores himself only said "I should be about 100 years old or more," when asked about his age. The Gerontology Research Group found a baptismal certificate that indicated Flores was actually 107 years rather than 123.

paragraphs: Laura died in an Andean village in Bolivia, aged 107.


title: John Barry

paragraphs: John Barry Prendergast, OBE (3 November 1933 – 30 January 2011) was an English composer and conductor of movie music.

paragraphs: He composed the soundtracks for 11 of the "James Bond" movies between 1963 and 1987, and also arranged and performed the "James Bond Theme" to the first movie in the series, 1962's "Dr. No". He wrote the scores to the award winning films "Midnight Cowboy", "Dances with Wolves" and "Out of Africa", in a career spanning over 50 years. In 1999 he was appointed OBE for services to music.

paragraphs: Barry was born on 3 November 1933 in York, Yorkshire, England. He studied at St Peter's School, York.

paragraphs: Barry was married four times. His first three marriages, to Barbara Pickard (1959–63), Jane Birkin (1965–68), and Jane Sidey (1969–78) all ended in divorce. He was married to Laurie from 1978 until his death. The couple had a son, Jonpatrick. Barry had three daughters, Suzanne (Susie) with his first wife, Barbara, Kate with his second wife, Jane, and Sian from a relationship with Ulla Larson between the first two marriages.

paragraphs: Barry died of a heart attack on 30 January 2011 at his Oyster Bay home, aged 77. He is survived by Laurie, his wife of 33 years, and by his four children and five grandchildren.


title: Olinguito

paragraphs: The Olinguito ("Bassaricyon neblina"), is a newly identified mammal of genus "Bassaricyon". It is part of the Procyonidae family which also include raccoons.

paragraphs: Its discovery was announced on 15 August 2013 by the curator of mammals at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History. The curator discovered specimens of the species in storage at the Field Museum of Natural History and used DNA testing to confirm a new species.

paragraphs: Specimens of the species have been identified from the cloud forest stretching from central Colombia to western Ecuador. Four subspecies of the olinguito have been described.

paragraphs: The animal is mainly a frugivore, as well as solitary and nocturnal. It produces a single offspring at a time.


title: Jericho

paragraphs: Jericho is a very old city in the West Bank. It is mentioned in the Book of Joshua. In 2007 18,346 people lived there.


title: Marvin Kaplan

paragraphs: Marvin Kaplan (January 24, 1927 – August 25, 2016) is an American actor. He is known for providing the voice of Choo-Choo in "Top Cat". He is also known for appearing in the comedy moviea "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963) and "The Great Race."

paragraphs: Kaplan was born on January 24, 1927 in Brooklyn, New York. His career began in 1948. He was married to Rosa Felsenburg from 1963 until they divorced in 1966.

paragraphs: He died on August 25, 2016 in Burbank, California of heart failure, aged 89.


title: Lisa Robin Kelly

paragraphs: Lisa Robin Kelly (March 5, 1970 – August 15, 2013) was an American actress who acted mostly on television. She played Laurie Forman in the sitcom "That '70s Show". She also acted in other sitcoms for TV. Kelly was raised in Connecticut. She died in Altadena, Los Angeles County on August 15, 2013 from a drug-overdose, aged 43.


title: Earl Cameron

paragraphs: Earl Cameron, CBE (8 August 1917 – 3 July 2020) was a Bermudian actor. Along with Cy Grant, he was known as one of the first black actors to break the "colour bar" in the United Kingdom. He also had repeated appearances on many British science fiction programmes of the 1960s, including "Doctor Who", "The Prisoner" and "The Andromeda Breakthrough".

paragraphs: Cameron was born on 8 August 1917 in Pembroke, Bermuda. He was married to Audrey Cameron until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Barbara Cameron from 1994 to 2020. He had six children with Audrey.

paragraphs: Cameron died on 3 July 2020 in London from pneumonia, aged 102.


title: Earl Stevick

paragraphs: Earl Stevick (23 October 23, 1923 - 13 August 2013) was an expert in language learning and teaching. Stevick was influential in developing the communicative approach to language learning. He was a practicing Christian and this greatly influenced his approach to education.

paragraphs: He studied government at Harvard University, earned a Master of Arts in Teaching English as a Foreign Language at Columbia University, and a PhD in linguistics at Cornell University. After he received his PhD, Stevick began teaching at Scarritt College for Christian Workers in Nashville, Tennessee. He applied for and received a Ford Fellowship and went to teach in Angola, Belgian Congo and Southern Rhodesia for two years. He then worked for the U.S. State Department’s Foreign Service Institute, creating courses to learn local African languages.

paragraphs: Stevick was one of a small group of language educators who created the Master of Arts in Teaching degree at the SIT Graduate Institute in 1969. It was called School for International Training at that time. He continued to help with that program as a member of the advisory board.

paragraphs: Stevick met Betty Rae Culp in 1947. They married in 1948. Some of Stevick's family members are still alive, including: a brother, Bob Stevick, of Seattle, Washington; three children, Becky Clarke of Lexington, Marian Walton of Cedar Rapids, Iowa, and Joel Stevick of Rockville, Maryland; eight grandchildren and six great-grandchildren.


title: Bipolar junction transistor

paragraphs: A bipolar junction transistor (BJT or bipolar transistor) is a type of transistor that relies on the contact of two types of semiconductor in order for it to work. BJTs can be used as amplifiers, switches, or in oscillators. BJTs can be found either on their own, or in large numbers as parts of integrated circuits.

paragraphs: They are named "bipolar" transistors because their operation involves both electrons and holes.

paragraphs: The current gained is measured in h, Forward Current Gain. Typical amount can be between 200-350.


title: Death anniversary

paragraphs: A death anniversary is the custom of commemorating the date of someone's death. It is observed in several Asian cultures, including among Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Jewish and Vietnamese people. The tradition has also been associated with Confucianism, Buddhism, Hinduism and Judaism. Like a birthday, it is celebrated each year. Instead of on the date of birth of the individual being celebrated, it is celebrated on the day on which a family member or other loved one died.


title: Head teacher

paragraphs: A head teacher (also called a school principal, or headmaster/headmistress) is the teacher in charge of a school. He or she is the school's leader and administrator.

paragraphs: In the past, the headmaster or headmistress of a British private school was often the owner of the school or a member of the family who owned it, and the position often remained in the family for many generations.


title: Boinpalle

paragraphs: Boinpalle or Boinpalli is a village and a mandal in India. It is in Karimnagar district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. It is 28 kilometres from the district capital.

paragraphs: Drought is common in this area. Many people from this area migrate to Gulf countries to find jobs as unskilled labourers. Agriculture is the primary industry in this area. Main crops are cotton and maize. Rice is the secondary crop.

paragraphs: The mandal of Boinpalle has 18 village panchayats.


title: Computer assisted language learning

paragraphs: Computer assisted language learning (Acronym CALL) is an method of teaching and learning languages. Teachers and learners use computers, software, and Internet communication technology to improve language learning. Many instructors use a Learning Management System (LMS) or Course Management System (CMS) to organize teaching with these technologies. Since other tools such as mobile phones, tablets, and interactive whiteboards are now also used, some people use the phrase Technology enhanced language learning or TELL to describe this way of teaching.


Greatest Hits


title: Darwin's finches

paragraphs: Darwin's finches are a group of birds that live on the Galápagos Islands. They are not actually finches, but they are a kind of passerine bird.

paragraphs: Charles Darwin used the finches to provide evidence for natural selection. He realized that the finches have different beaks because they are adapted to eat different kinds of food. For example, a finch with a big beak is very good at cracking open nuts, and a finch with a long beak is very good at catching insects. Darwin was able to see that the finches had a common ancestor which is why they were so similar except for their beaks. Eventually, this led to the theory of evolution.


title: York, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: York (nicknamed The White Rose City) is a city in south-central Pennsylvania. The city was established in 1741, and officially incorporated to city status in 1887. The 2010 Census population was near 43,800.


title: Wilson's theorem

paragraphs: Wilson's theorem is a theorem of number theory. Let "n" be any natural number. Wilson's theorem says that "n" is a prime number if and only if:

paragraphs: This means that if "n" is a prime number, the equation is correct. Also, if the equation is correct, then "n" is a prime number. The equation says that the factorial of "(n - 1)" is one less than a multiple of "n".


title: Dolby Surround 7.1

paragraphs: Dolby Surround 7.1 is a sound system by Dolby Laboratories. It produces theatrical 7.1 surround sound in cinemas. It adds two new channels to current Dolby Digital 5.1. The first movie to feature Dolby Surround 7.1 was "Toy Story 3" (2010) by Disney and Pixar. There are 4,500 locations worldwide as of March 2013.


Chatham


title: The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time

paragraphs: The Top 100 Crime Novels of All Time is a list published in 1990 by the Crime Writers' Association (CWA).

paragraphs: Five years later, the Mystery Writers of America (MWA) published a similar list named The Top 100 Mystery Novels of All Time. Many titles can be found in both lists.


title: Penn's Creek Massacre

paragraphs: The Penn's Creek Massacre was a massacre committed by Delaware Indians on 16 October 1755. It happened near what is present day Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania. Made bold by Braddock's defeat on July 9, Indians killed and pillaged along the Pennsylvania frontier. Fourteen settlers were killed at Penn's Creek. Eleven were taken captive. One was wounded, but escaped. A posse sent to investigate was attacked, and both posse members and Indians were killed. Some of those taken captive in the Penn's Creek Massacre eventually returned to civilization alive.


title: African art

paragraphs: African art is art made in Africa or by Africans. Although the term itself is debatable, as there are few other continents whose art is grouped in this way, and given the differences between individual countries within Africa, historically art from Africa has often been considered in this way.


title: Showaddywaddy

paragraphs: Showaddywaddy are a British pop group famous for their hit "Under the Moon of Love". They mostly played songs by other groups from the 1950s and 60s.


title: Dependent personality disorder

paragraphs: A dependent personality disorder (DPD) is a personality disorder that involves a psychological dependence on other people. This personality disorder is a long-term (chronic) condition in which people depend on others to meet their emotional and physical needs. Only a small percentage of people with dependent personality disorders are eventually able to manage on their own.


title: Fugue state

paragraphs: A fugue state (dissociative fugue or psychogenic fugue) is a rare psychiatric disorder. It involves temporary loss of memory (amnesia). It usually only lasts a short time (from hours to days), but can last months or longer. In a fugue state, the person not only forgets all about who they are, but may suddenly adopt a new identity. They may leave home and wander, settle in another area with a new name. Fugue occurs to avoid stress and anxiety. After the fugue state comes to an end, the person recovers the memories they lost, but usually forgets all that happened during the fugue.


title: Marmaduke (movie)

paragraphs: Marmaduke is a 2010 live action movie. It is adapted from Brad Anderson's comic strip of the same name. The movie is about a rural Kansas family and their pets, a Great Dane named Marmaduke and a Balinese cat named Carlos. The family moves to California because of business . The movie was released on June 4, 2010. It had negative reviews.


title: Rachel Boston

paragraphs: Rachel Boston (born May 9, 1982) is an American movie and television actress and producer. She is well known for her roles as Beth Mason on the NBC television show "American Dreams" and as Abigail Chaffee on "In Plain Sight". She stars in the Lifetime television series "Witches of East End" in 2013.


title: Pico do Fogo

paragraphs: Pico do Fogo ("Fire peak") is the highest peak of Cape Verde, rising to above sea level. It is an active stratovolcano lying on the island of Fogo. The last eruption of the main volcanic cone was in 1675 and all the people living in the island had to leave.

paragraphs: A lateral vent (the opening of a volcano from which lava flows) erupted in 1995. The only deadly eruption was in 1847 when earthquakes produced in all the island claimed several lives. Volcanic lava has reached the eastern coast of the island in historical times.

paragraphs: Its most spectacular feature is a volcanic crater (or caldera, "caldeira" in Portuguese) that is about wide, with a border ("bordeira" in Portuguese) that is about high. The crater has a slit in its eastern wall, and a large peak like a volcanic cone rises in its center that. The central cone is the highest point of the island (2829 m) and its peak is about 100 m higher than the "bordeira" that surrounds the crater.

paragraphs: The lowest elevation of the floor of the "caldeira", known as "Chã das Caldeiras" ("Plain of the Calderas") is . There are, within the "caldeira", two villages which were evacuated during the last eruption. Traditionally, grapes are grown on the inner slopes of the "bordeira" and there is some subsistence agriculture on the "caldeira" floor.

paragraphs: The mountain's slopes are used to grow coffee, while its lava is used as building material.

paragraphs: The Fea's petrel ("Pterodroma feae"), a Near Threatened species of bird, breeds in this mountain.

paragraphs: The endemic plants "Echium vulcanorum" and "Erysimum caboverdeanum" are only known to occur on the outer rim of the volcano.


title: Smith Wigglesworth

paragraphs: Smith Wigglesworth (8 June 1859 – 12 March 1947) was a English evangelist from Yorkshire. He was an important leader in early Pentecostalism. He was an illiterate plumber. He is said to have been used by God in healing people.


title: Demographics of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: The Demographics of Azerbaijan is about the demographics (statistical information and study of the population and the people) of the population of Azerbaijan, including population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the population, economic status, religious beliefs and other aspects of the population.

paragraphs: Azerbaijani 92.3%, Lezgi 2.2%, Russian 1.8%,

paragraphs: other 3.3%, no information given 1% (1999 census)


title: Heidelberg Catechism

paragraphs: The Heidelberg Catechism is an important Protestant document. It was written in 1563 in Heidelberg, Germany. It was intended to teach the faith of the Christian Reformed Church. It was commissioned by Elector Frederick III.


title: Geoffrey II of Anjou

paragraphs: Geoffrey II, called Martel ("the Hammer"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1040 to 1060. He was the last count who was a male line descendant of Ingelger. The countship passed through his sister Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou to her son Geoffrey III.

paragraphs: Geoffrey was born 14 October 1006. He was the son of Fulk the Black and Hildegard of Lorraine. As the count of Vendome, Geoffrey married Agnes of Burgundy. About 1038 Geoffrey was asked by Herbert Braco to help him against Gervais, the Bishop of Le Mans. During the short war between them Geoffrey broke his hip. This caused Geoffrey to have to transfer some of his vassals to Bishop Gervais.

paragraphs: At his father's death in 1040 Geoffrey Martel succeeded him. Along with king Henry I of France Geoffrey maintained a war against the count Theobald of Blois. As the power of Blois was reduced the power of Anjou increased. But Geoffrey became too powerful and by the late 1040s the king turned against him.

paragraphs: About 1047 Geoffrey began to look to the north for more land. Geoffrey attacked the castle of Château-du-Loir owned by Bishop Gervais. He did not capture the castle but burned some of it. Geoffrey did capture Bishop Gervais who he threw in prison. The Council of Reims in 1049 ordered Geoffrey to release his captive bishop or they would excommunicate him. Even when the pope did excommunicate Geoffrey the following year he would not release the Bishop.

paragraphs: Geoffrey next acquired the castles of Alençon and Domfront on the southern border of Normandy. From there he raided into Normandy. In 1051 Duke William moved against Domfront but was not able to defeat the fortress. William then set up a siege of the castle to force it to surrender. This caused Geoffrey to leave Maine and return to Anjou.

paragraphs: In early 1052 a political shift occurred. King Henry I reconciled with Geoffrey Martel and about the same time he turned against Duke William of Normandy.

paragraphs: In the same year, 1052, when the count of Maine, Hugh, died Geoffrey took over Maine without a fight. He ruled Maine until his death. Bishop Gervaise finally purchased his freedom from Geoffrey by giving him Château-du-Loir and promising not to return to Le Mans. Gervais went to the court of Duke William of Normandy. Another event in 1052 in Normandy would bring King Henry and Count Geoffrey together against William of Normandy. William of Arques, a vassal and relative of Duke William rebelled. In 1053 the king, along with Geoffrey of Anjou entered Normandy to assist William of Arques against Duke William. The duke had laid siege to the castle of Arques. But the relief effort failed and King Henry and count Geoffrey were forced to leave Normandy. In 1054 the King, accompanied by Geoffrey Martel again raided into Normandy. The king's brother, Odo, led a second force which attacked Normandy from the west. Odo's forces were defeated causing the king and count Geoffrey to leave Normandy again.

paragraphs: In 1058 Geoffrey was visited by the king in Anjou. The two planned their next attacks on Normandy. In August of that year the two led a combined force into Normandy to pillage and burn what they could. At a crossing of the Dives River their force was caught by the rising tide. Geoffrey and the king were on the other side when the bulk of their army was attacked and defeated by Duke William. All Geoffrey and the king could do was leave Normandy as fast as they could. The king's death in the summer of 1060 and Geoffrey's death in November of that same year ended their wars.

paragraphs: Geoffrey II's first wife was Agnes of Burgundy, the widow of William V of Aquitaine; she and Geoffrey married in 1032, but had divorced by 1050.

paragraphs: His third wife was Adèle, the daughter of a "Count Odo" of Blois.

paragraphs: His last wife was Adelaide "La Teutonne".


title: Celestial Navigations

paragraphs: Celestial Navigations is a musical story-telling group. It was started by actor Geoffrey Lewis and musician Geoff Levin. Their performances are Lewis telling a story while electronic music is played to enhance the story. Lewis received a Drama-Logue Award for his performances.


title: August Schellenberg

paragraphs: August Schellenberg (July 25, 1936 – August 15, 2013) was a Canadian-American actor. He is known for his role in "Free Willy" and in his Emmy Award-nominated for in "Bury My Heart in Wounded Knee".

paragraphs: Schellenberg was born on July 25, 1936 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He was of Mohawk and Swiss-German ancestry. He was raised in Toronto, Ontario. Schellenberg was married to Joan Karasevich until his death in 2013. They had three children. Schellenberg died on August 15, 2013 in his home in Dallas, Texas from lung cancer, aged 77.


title: Douglas Fairbanks, Jr.

paragraphs: Douglas Elton Fairbanks, Jr., KBE, DSC (December 9, 1909 – May 7, 2000) was an American actor. He was highly decorated naval officer of World War II. He was the son of legendary silent movie actor Douglas Fairbanks.

paragraphs: Fairbanks was born on December 9, 1909 in New York City, New York. His parents divorced when he was 9 years old. He was raised by his mother, Anna Beth Sully. Fairbanks was raised in New York City, Los Angeles, Paris, and London.

paragraphs: Some of his well-known movie include "Outward Bound" (1930), "The Dawn Patrol" (1930), "Little Caesar" (1931), "Prisoner of Zenda" (1937), and "Gunga Din" (1939). His movies began to have more commercial success.

paragraphs: In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed him a special envoy to South America.

paragraphs: Fairbanks was married to Joan Crawford from 1929 until they divorced in 1933. Then he was married to Mary Lee Eppling from 1939 until her death in 1988. Then he was married to Vera Shelton from 1991 until his death in 2000. Fairbanks had three children.

paragraphs: Fairbanks died on May 7, 2000 from a heart attack in his home in New York City. He was 90 years old. Fairbanks was buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery in Hollywood, California.


title: Christopher Isherwood

paragraphs: Christopher William Bradshaw Isherwood (26 August 1904 – 4 January 1986) was a British-American novelist and playwright.

paragraphs: He also wrote plays such as "The Dog Beneath the Skin" (1935), "The Ascent of F6" (1936), "On the Frontier" (1939), "The Berlin Stories" (1945).

paragraphs: Isherwood was born on 26 August 1904 in Wyberslegh Hall, High Lane, Cheshire, England. He studied at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge and King's College London.

paragraphs: Isherwood was partners with Heinz Neddermeyer from 1932 until 1937. He was partners with Don Bachardy from 1953 until Isherwood's death in 1986.

paragraphs: Isherwood died on 4 January 1986 from prostate cancer in Santa Monica, California. He was 81 years old.


title: Paul Scofield

paragraphs: David Paul Scofield (21 January 1922 – 19 March 2008), better known as Paul Scofield, was an English actor. He was knownf for his distinctive voice and delivery.

paragraphs: Scofield received an Academy Award and a BAFTA Award for his performance as Sir Thomas More in the 1966 movie "A Man for All Seasons". He later reprised his role when he played in the stage version of the movie at the West End and on Broadway for which he received a Tony Award.

paragraphs: Scofield was born on 21 January 1922 in Birmingham, Warwickshire, England. He was raised in Hurstpierpoint, Sussex. Scofield studied at Varndean Secondary School.

paragraphs: He was married to Joy Parker from 1943 until his death 2008. They had two children. Scofield died on 19 March 2008 in Sussex, England from leukemia, aged 86.


title: Stanley Holloway

paragraphs: Stanley Augustus Holloway, OBE (1 October 1890 – 30 January 1982) was an English movie actor, comedian, singer, poet and monologist.

paragraphs: He was famous for his comic and character roles on stage and screen, especially that of Alfred P. Doolittle in "My Fair Lady". He was also known for his comic monologues and songs, which he performed and recorded in his 70-year career.

paragraphs: Holloway was born on 1 October 1890 in Manor Park, Essex, England.

paragraphs: He was married to Alice Foran from 1913 until they divorced in 1937. Then he was married to Violet Lane from 1939 until his death in 1982. He had five children.

paragraphs: Holloway died on 30 January 1982 in Littlehampton, England from an illness, aged 91.


title: Family International

paragraphs: Family International, which had been called The Children of God, The Family of Love and The Family, is a New Age religion, and a cult. It was started in the 1960s in California by David Brandt Berg (1919–1994).

paragraphs: Identified by Chinese government as a cult (1990s)

paragraphs: Broadly, the Family are a Christian evangelical movement. However, their beliefs are selective. Their "spiritual revolution" is against the outside world, which the members called "the System". After the death of the founder, his widow Karen Zerby became the leader of TFI, taking the title of 'Queen' and 'prophetess.' She married Steve Kelly, an assistant of David Berg whom Berg had chosen as her 'consort' before his death. Steve Kelly took the title of 'King Peter' and became the public face of TFI, speaking in a more public capacity than either David Berg or Karen Zerby.

paragraphs: In 1974, the group began a method of evangelism called Flirty Fishing. This meant using sex to "show God's love" and win converts. The method was apparently exrtemely successful. According to TFI, as a result of Flirty Fishing, "over 100,000 received God's gift of salvation through Jesus, and some chose to live the life of a disciple and missionary".

paragraphs: The group encouraged children to have sex with adults and each other. The High Court of Justice, Family Division, in the UK found there to be "widespread sexual abuse of young children and teenagers by adult members of The Family". According to data provided by TFI to researcher Bill Bainbridge, from 1974 until 1987, members had sexual contact with 223,989 people while practicing Flirty Fishing. Flirty Fishing also resulted in the births of many children, including Karen Zerby's son, Davidito (aka Ricky Rodriguez). He committed suicide after murdering a female member of the cult who had sexually abused him as a toddler. Children born as result of Flirty Fishing were referred to as "Jesus Babies". By the end of 1981, more than 300 "Jesus Babies" had been born.

paragraphs: In his judgment of a child custody court case in England in 1994, after extensive research of COG publications and the testimony of numerous witnesses, Lord Justice Sir Alan Ward said this about Flirty Fishing:

paragraphs: Flirty Fishing was officially abandoned in 1987. After some complaints from people who had been abused as children by adults, a new rule, that sexual interactions should not occur between an adult and a minor, was encouraged and promoted, but not enforced.

paragraphs: In March 1989, TF issued a statement which stated that, in "early 1985" an urgent memorandum was sent to all of its members "reminding them that any such activities [adult-child sexual contact] are strictly forbidden within our group". In January 2005, Claire Borowik, spokesperson for TFI, issued a statement that said, "Due to the fact that our current zero-tolerance policy regarding sexual interaction between adults and underage minors was not clearly stated in our literature published before 1986, we came to the realization that during a transitional stage of our movement, from 1978 until 1986, there were cases when some minors were subject to sexually inappropriate advances... This was corrected officially in 1986, when any contact between an adult and minor (any person under 21 years of age) was declared an excommunicable offense".


title: Division of Berowra

paragraphs: The Division of Berowra is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1969 and is named for the suburb of Berowra. It includes all or parts of the suburbs of Arcadia, Berowra, Brooklyn, Cheltenham, Cherrybrook, Cowan, Dangar Island, Galston, Glenorie, Maroota, Hornsby and Pennant Hills.

paragraphs: Philip Ruddock, was first elected to the Parliament in 1973. He is the longest-serving member of the House; he was previously member for Parramatta and Dundas. He held a number of positions in the Howard Government including Minister for Immigration and Attorney-General. He retired at the 2016 election. Julian Leeser is a former lawyer who is currently writing the biography of former Australian Prime Minister, Sir William McMahon,


title: Division of Hotham

paragraphs: The Division of Hotham is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1969 and is named for Sir Charles Hotham, Governor of Victoria 1854-55. It covers an area of 72 km2 in the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Bentleigh East, Dingley Village, Moorabbin, and parts of Carnegie, Clarinda, Clayton, Clayton South, Cheltenham, Murrumbeena, Noble Park, Oakleigh, Oakleigh South, Springvale and Springvale South.

paragraphs: Don Chipp was Minister in the Holt and Gorton Governments. He became unhappy with the Liberal Party and formed a new party called the Australian Democrats. Simon Crean, was Opposition Leader from 2001 until December 2003 and was in every Labor Cabinet or Shadow Cabinet from June 1991 to March 2013.


title: Condominium

paragraphs: A condominium (or condo) is a building complex containing a number of individually owned apartments with shared facilities. In the United States and in Canada a condominium is a collection of apartment units, townhouses, garden homes or single homes that share common property together. In British Columbia condominiums are referred to as stratas. By owning a unit in a condominium, a person has access to the common facilities. The shared use of these facilities is legally guaranteed as part of the property; they share ownership of these areas. Such facilities may include hallways, a heating system, elevators, gardens, and recreational facilities.


title: American Swedish Institute

paragraphs: The American Swedish Institute (ASI) is a Swedish American museum and cultural center in the neighborhood of Phillips West in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.


title: Geoffrey III, Count of Anjou

paragraphs: Geoffrey III of Anjou (1040–1096), called "le Barbu" ("the Bearded"), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou 1060-68.

paragraphs: Geoffrey III, born , was the oldest son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou. Ermengarde-Blanche was the daughter of Fulk III of Anjou. Both he and his younger brother Fulk, called "le Réchin", were raised at the court of their uncle, Geoffrey Martel. Both Geoffrey and Fulk were knighted by him in 1060. Geoffrey was well treated by his uncle but the count may have favored his younger nephew, Fulk. Nonetheless Geoffrey became his heir to succeed him as count of Anjou. Geoffrey III reigned as Count of Anjou until the was taken from him by his brother, Fulk.

paragraphs: He succeeded his uncle Geoffrey Martel in 1060, but it soon became clear to his vassals he was not a very good count. Geoffrey Martel left his younger brother, Fulk, Saintonge as an appanage. In 1062, when Saintonge was attacked by Count Guy-Geoffrey of Poitou, Geoffrey did nothing to help Fulk and Saintonge was lost. In 1063 the county of Maine was lost to Anjou as well. In 1064 Geoffrey failed to come to the aid of one of his vassals, Rainaldus of Chateau-Gontier, who was captured by the Bretons. In 1065 Geoffrey angered Archbishop Barthelemy of Tours by trying to force his own choice for Bishop of Le Mans on the church. In turn the archbishop excommunicated Geoffrey.

paragraphs: As the situation in Anjou became worse Fulk argued with his brother Geoffrey. Finally, in 1067, Fulk rebelled and took the county away from Geoffrey, briefly imprisoning him. In 1068 Geoffrey attacked Fulk, and once again he was defeated. This time Geoffrey was imprisoned where he remained for 28 years. Geoffrey was finally freed by the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. But Geoffrey died soon after his release.

paragraphs: Geoffrey married Julienne de Langeais before 1060. She died after 7 August 1067. They had no children.


title: Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou

paragraphs: Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou (–1076), was a French noblewoman who was first Countess of Chateau-Landon and secondly Duchess of Burgundy. She is also called "Hermangarde" in some sources. Ermengarde-Blanch was the heiress of the of Anjou and is an of the House of Plantagenet.

paragraphs: Ermengarde-Blanche was the daughter of Count Fulk III of Anjou and Hildegarde. She was involved in two marriage alliances that greatly benefited her father and brother as counts of Anjou. She was first contracted to marry Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais, called "Ferréol", who was also lord of Château-Landon. It was important marriage to return Château-Landon to the counts of Anjou. It took between twelve and eighteen months to arrange the marriage. Meanwhile Fulk paid a great deal of attention to Château-Landon. He and his wife, Hildegarde, founded the abbey of Le Ronceray. Originally a church dedicated to St. Mary, Hildegard was very active in its rebuilding into an abbey. They gave the abbey many gifts including the forest of Lattay. They gave more gifts to this abbey than any other church or religious house. Her two sons of this marriage, Geoffrey III and Fulk both became counts of Anjou after her brother Geoffrey II Martel. Among her descendants are the Plantagenet (or Angevin) kings of England.

paragraphs: After her husband Geoffrey died Ermengarde-Blanche married Robert I Capet, Duke of Burgundy. Robert was the son of King Robert II of France. Because both Ermengarde and her second husband Robert Capet were both descendants of Ingelger, they were related by blood. This was found in charts prepared at the of Saint-Aubin at Angers between 1048 and 1052. The charts show how closely the Angevin and Capet families were related. The charts were probably created over concerns of who Ermengarde and Robert's daughter Hildegarde could or could not marry. Ermengarde-Blanche died at Fleury-sur-Ouche on 18 March 1076. Robert died three days later at the same place on 21 March 1076.

paragraphs: Together she and Geoffrey II had the following children:

paragraphs: She married secondly Robert I, Duke of Burgundy. Together they had a daughter:


title: Division of Indi

paragraphs: The Division of Indi is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It is located in north-eastern Victoria. It is one of the largest divisions in Victoria. A lot of its area is in the Alpine National Park. It includes the cities of Wodonga, Wangaratta, and Benalla, and the smaller towns of Rutherglen, Mansfield, Beechworth, Bethanga, Myrtleford, Corryong, Tallangatta, Yea and Euroa. It also includes the ski resort of Falls Creek and the isolated village of Woods Point.

paragraphs: Indi was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. The name Indi, was an Indigenous Australian word for the Murray River, which is one of the boundaries of the division.

paragraphs: Famous members inlude Sir Isaac Isaacs, the Attorney-General of Australia, Chief Justice of the High Court of Australia, and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia. John McEwen, who moved to Murray, became Prime Minister of Australia after the death of Harold Holt in 1967. The Labor party won the seat in 1928 when the conservatives forgot to nominate a candidate.


title: Division of Melbourne

paragraphs: The Division of Melbourne is an Australian Electoral Division of Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It includes the City of Melbourne and the suburbs of Abbotsford, Ascot Vale, Carlton, Clifton Hill, Colllingwood, Docklands, North Melbourne, West Melbourne, East Melbourne, Fitzroy, Fitzroy North, Flemington, Kensington, Parkville, Richmond, and parts of Brunswick and Brunswick East. It was named after the city of Melbourne, which was named in 1838 for Lord Melbourne, the British Prime Minister.

paragraphs: Arthur Calwell was the Leader of the Opposition. Lindsay Tanner was Minister for Finance and Deregulation in the first Rudd Government.


title: Division of Isaacs

paragraphs: The Division of Isaacs is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, on the eastern shores of Port Phillip Bay. It includes Mordialloc, Keysborough, Waterways, Noble Park, Chelsea, Aspendale, Edithvale, Bonbeach, Patterson Lakes and Carrum.

paragraphs: The Division was named after Sir Isaac Isaacs, former Chief Justice of Australia and the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia. It was set up for the 1969 federal election.

paragraphs: The former Division of Isaacs (1949–69) covered the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, and was not related to this Division except in name.

paragraphs: Mark Dreyfus is Attorney-General of Australia, Minister for the Public Service and Integrity, Minster for Emergency Management, and Special Minister of State in the Rudd Government.


title: Castaways of the Flying Dutchman

paragraphs: Castaways of the Flying Dutchman is the first book in the "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" series written by Brian Jacques. It was published in 2001. It is based on the legend of the ghost ship the "Flying Dutchman". A 13-year-old boy named Nebuchadnezzar (Neb for short, later he switches that backwards and becomes Ben), and his dog, Denmark (Den for short, later switched backwards to Ned), are the lone survivors of the "Flying Dutchman". They have to wander the earth forever, and will stay forever young, helping those who need help.

paragraphs: The second book, "The Angel's Command" was published in 2003. "Voyage of Slaves" (the third and last book) was published in 2006.


title: Division of Bradfield

paragraphs: The Division of Bradfield is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1949 and is named for Dr John Bradfield, the designer of the Sydney Harbour Bridge.

paragraphs: It includes the suburbs of St Ives Chase, St Ives, East Killara, East Lindfield, Roseville Chase,Roseville, Lindfield, West Lindfield, West Killara, West Pymble, South Turramurra, Thornleigh, Gordon, Lindfield, Pymble, Killara, Wahroonga, Waitara and Hornsby.

paragraphs: Bradfield is the richest electorate in Australia.

paragraphs: Billy Hughes was a former Prime Minister of Australia and the last serving member of the first federal Parliament. Brendan Nelson was a minister in the third and fourth Howard Governments and the Leader of the Opposition from 2007 to 2008.


title: Rolv Wesenlund

paragraphs: Rolv Helge Wesenlund (17 September 1936 – 18 August 2013) was a Norwegian comedian, singer, clarinetist, writer, and actor. Wesenlund was most famous for having portrayed the title character in "Bør Børson", "Bør Børson II", and in the TV series "Fleksnes Fataliteter".

paragraphs: Wesenlund was born on 17 September 1936 in Horten. His career began in 1964. Wesenlund died on 18 August 2013 in Oslo from heart failure, aged 76.


title: Gabriel García Moreno

paragraphs: Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García y Moreno y Morán de Buitrón (December 24, 1821 – August 6, 1875) was an Ecuadorian politician who twice served as President of Ecuador (1859–65 and 1869–75) and was assassinated during his second term, after being elected to a third.

paragraphs: He is known for his conservatism, Catholic religious belief and being enemies with liberal strongman Eloy Alfaro. Under his administration, Ecuador became a leader in science and higher education within Latin America.

paragraphs: In addition to the advances in education and science, he was noted for economically and agriculturally advancing the country, as well as for his staunch opposition to corruption, even giving his own salary to charity.

paragraphs: Moreno was born on December 24, 1821 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married two times. The Liberals hated García Moreno; when he was elected a third time in 1875, it was considered to be his death warrant. He wrote immediately to Pope Pius IX asking for his blessing before inauguration day on August 30.

paragraphs: Moreno was assassinated exiting the Cathedral in Quito on August 6, 1875. He was struck down with knives and revolvers, his last words being: "¡Dios no muere!" ("God does not die!"). Faustino Rayo assaulted him with six or seven blows of a machete, while three others fired their revolvers.

paragraphs: Gabriel Garcia Moreno received Last Rites just before he died. Pope Pius IX declared that Gabriel Garcia Moreno ""died a victim for the Faith and Christian Charity for his beloved country.""


title: Vicente Rocafuerte

paragraphs: Vicente Rocafuerte y Bejarano (May 1, 1783 – May 16, 1847) was an influential figure in Ecuadorian politics. He served as President of Ecuador from September 10, 1834 to January 31, 1839.

paragraphs: Rocafuerte was born into an aristocratic family in Guayaquil, Ecuador on May 1, 1783. During his youth, was sent to Madrid to finish his education. He returned to Ecuador in 1807. Rocafuerte died on May 16, 1847 in Lima, Peru from complications of a fever. He was 64 years old.


title: José Joaquín de Olmedo

paragraphs: José Joaquín de Olmedo y Maruri (March 20, 1780 – February 19, 1847) was a patriot and poet. He was the son of the Spanish Captain Don Miguel de Olmedo y Troyano and the Guayaquilean Ana Francisca de Maruri y Salavarría.

paragraphs: Olmedo was born on March 20, 1780 in Guayaquil, Ecuador.

paragraphs: On October 9, 1820, Olmedo and others declared the city of Guayaquil independent from Spain. He was President of the "Free Province of Guayaquil" until it was united to "Gran Colombia" by Simón Bolívar against Olmedo's will. He was also twice mayor of Guayaquil.

paragraphs: He was Vice President of Ecuador from 1830 to 1831.

paragraphs: He was President of Ecuador from June 6, 1845, to December 8, 1845, surviving an attempted coup on June 18 of that year.

paragraphs: Olmedo died on February 19, 1847 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from complications of yellow fever. He was 66 years old.


title: Vicente Ramón Roca

paragraphs: Vicente Ramón Roca Rodríguez (2 September 1792 – 23 February 1858) was President of Ecuador from 8 December 1845 to 15 October 1849. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He led the revolution that overthrew Juan José Flores, along with José Joaquín de Olmedo and Diego Noboa. He ruled under the Constitution of 1845.

paragraphs: Roca was born on 2 September 1792 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to Juana Andrade. Roca died on 23 February 1858 from complications of pneumonia, aged 65.


title: Manuel de Ascásubi

paragraphs: Manuel de Ascázubi y Matheu (1802– December 25, 1876) served as Vice President of Ecuador from 1847 to 1851 and in that capacity he was also acting President from 10 October 1849 to 10 June 1850.

paragraphs: Ascásubi was born in 1802 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He died on December 25, 1876 in Quito, Ecuador from a heart attack. He was 74 years old.


title: Diego Noboa

paragraphs: Diego de Noboa y Arteta (April 15, 1789 – November 3, 1870) was President of Ecuador from December 8, 1850 to February 26, 1851 (interim) and February 26, 1851 to July 17, 1851.

paragraphs: Noboa was born on April 15, 1789 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He died on November 3, 1870 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from pneumonia, aged 81.


title: José María Urvina

paragraphs: José María Mariano Segundo de Urvina y Viteri (19 March 1808 – 4 September 1891) was President of Ecuador from 13 July 1851 to 16 October 1856. He was born in Quillon (Pillaro- Tungurahua) on 19 March 1808.

paragraphs: José María Urvina pursued his primary education in the village of his birth. He then attended the Navy School in Guayaquil. He was notorious among his classmates from whom he obtained friendship and consideration.

paragraphs: Urvina died on 4 September 1891 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from natural causes. He was 83 years old.