title: Dhole

paragraphs: The dhole ("Cuon alpinus)" is a canid from Asia. It is related to dogs and foxes. It is native to Central, South and Southeast Asia. There are many common names for it: Asiatic wild dog, Indian wild dog, whistling dog, red dog, and mountain wolf.

paragraphs: It is most closely related to species in the genus "Canis" (dogs and wolves),

paragraphs: During the Pleistocene time period, the dhole lived in Asia, Europe and North America, but 12,000–18,000 years ago it died out everywhere except where it lives now.

paragraphs: The dhole lives in big, loosely organised groups with several breeding females. The groups usually have about 12 dholes, but some have over 40. It is awake in the day and hunts in groups. It usually eats medium sized to big hoofed animals. In tropical forests, the dhole competes with tigers and leopards, targeting somewhat different prey species, but still with substantial dietary overlap.

paragraphs: It is listed as Endangered by the IUCN. The population is getting smaller, and there are probably fewer than 2,500 adults left. The reasons for this are lack of habitat, lack of food, competing with other animals, being hunted, and getting diseases from pet dogs.

paragraphs: It is unclear where the word "dhole" comes from. The word was first used in English by soldier Thomas Williamson in 1808, who said that "dhole" is a native name for the animal used by people in Ramghur district, India. In 1827, Charles Hamilton Smith said "dhole" comes from from a language spoken in 'various parts of the East'. However, Richard Lydekker wrote about 80 years later that the word "dhole" was not used by people living where dholes are found. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary suggests the word comes from the Kannada word tōḷa, meaing "wolf".

paragraphs: Peter Pallas gave dholes the scientific name "Canis alpinus" ("mountain dog" in Latin) in 1811. He said it lived in Amurland (in Eastern Siberia), to the east of the Lena River. He added that dholes also lived around the Yenisei River and that they sometimes crossed into China. However, dholes may not still live so far north today.

paragraphs: The British naturalist Brian Hodgson gave the dhole the scientific name "Canis primaevus" ("original/primitive dog") and suggested that it was domesticated to become the pet dog. He later noticed how differently the dhole looked compared to other species in the genus "Canis" (containing wolves, pet dogs, coyotes and jackals) and put it in its own genus, "Cuon", from the Greek word for 'dog'.

paragraphs: The first study on the evolution of the dhole was conducted by paleontologist Erich Thenius, who found that dholes descend from an animal which looked like a golden jackal and which lived in the Pleistocene. The earliest known member of the genus "Cuon" is "Cuon majori", which lived during the Villafranchian period in the early Pleistocene. "C. majori" looked more like other species in the genus "Canis" than modern dholes.

paragraphs: European dholes, which lived during the Late Middle Pleistocene, looked like modern dholes except they were much larger, getting to be as big as the gray wolf. Dholes became extinct in most of Europe during the end of the Ice Age, though they may have survived up until the early Holocene in the Iberian Peninsula and in northern Italy. During the Pleistocene, dholes also lived on islands in Asia where they are now extinct, such as Sri Lanka, Borneo and possibly Palawan in the Philippines. Dholes also lived in North America, with fossils having been found in Beringia and Mexico.

paragraphs: The dhole's distinctive appearance has made it difficult to say which other species in the dog family it is most closely related to. George Simpson suggested the dhole, African wild dog and bush dog were in the same subfamily ("Simocyoninae") because all three species have similar teeth. However, other biologists such as Juliet Clutton-Brock found that dholes' bodies had more similarities with dogs in the genera "Canis", the Falkland Islands wolf, and the Arctic fox than the African wild dog and the bush dog. The similarities dholes share with African wild dogs and bush dogs are coincidental.

paragraphs: Some biologists believe the extinct genus "Xenocyon" was the ancestor of the African wild dog and the dhole. However, later studies showed that the dhole and the African wild dog are closely related to other members of the genus "Canis". This could be true because according to the zoologist Reginald Pocock, there is a record of a dhole and a golden jackal having babies together in an animal collection in Madras.

paragraphs: In 2018, the DNA of all members of the genus "Canis" (except for the black-backed jackal and side-striped jackal), the dhole and the African wild dog were compared. It was discovered that long ago, dholes and African wild dogs bred with each other. Today, these species live very far from each other. Thus, the study suggests that dholes may have once lived in the Middle East, where African wild dogs in North Africa came and bred with the dholes. However, no fossils of dholes have been discovered in either the Middle East or North Africa yet.

paragraphs: In the past, ten subspecies of the dholes were recognised. However, since 2005, only three subspecies of dholes have been recognised:

paragraphs: However, studies on the dhole's DNA show little genetic difference between the subspecies. Dholes in Sumatra and Java may have been brough there by humans.

paragraphs: Dholes have been described as looking like a mixture between a gray wolf and a red fox. They are also "cat-like" because of their slender back and legs, and its head has a shape like a hyena's due to the short snout. Dholes have six molars on their lower jaw, unlike other canids which have seven. Dholes have special teeth which help them to eat the meat from their prey quickly, preventing other animals from stealing their food.

paragraphs: Adult female dholes can weigh from 10 to 17 kg (22 to 37 lb), while adult male dholes may weigh from 15 to 21 kg (33 to 46 lb). Dholes are 43 to 50 cm (17 to 22 in) tall at the shoulder and are 91 cm (3 ft) long, not including the tail. Dholes have oval-shaped ears.

paragraphs: Dholes are usually reddish, and they may become brighter red in winter. The throat, chest, flanks, and belly and the upper parts of the legs are yellowish. The lower parts of the legs are whitish, with dark brownish bands on the front legs. The tail is very fluffy and black. Dholes have shorter and rougher fur in summer. Dholes may moult (shed their fur to grow new fur) from March to May.

paragraphs: Dholes can whistle, although how they whistle is unknown. They whistle to communicate with the rest of the pack while travelling through thick forest. When attacking prey, they emit screaming KaKaKaKAA sounds. Other sounds include whines, growls, screams, chatterings and yapping cries. Unlike wolves, dholes do not howl or bark.

paragraphs: In Central Asia, dholes mainly live in mountainous areas. Dholes which live to the west are mainly found in meadows and steppes, while dholes which live to the east mainly live in the taiga. Dholes may also go to the seashore. In India, Myanmar, Indochina (Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam), Indonesia and China, dholes mainly live in forests in mountains, although they may sometimes live in grasslands.

paragraphs: The dhole might continue to live in the Tunkinsky National Park in southern Siberia near Lake Baikal. Dholes may still live in the Primorsky Krai province in far eastern Russia, where it was considered a rare and endangered species in 2004. There are unconfirmed sightings of dholes in the Pikthsa-Tigrovy Dom protected forest area. Elsewhere in Russia, no sightings of dholes have been reported since the late 1970s.

paragraphs: Dholes are likely extinct in Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan.

paragraphs: In recent years, one dhole was caught in southern China's Jiangxi district. In 2011 to 2013, local government officials and herders reported the presence of several packs of dholes living in high mountains in the Karakoram region of the Xinjiang Autonomous Region. Dholes have also recently been seen in the Altun Mountains near Tibet. Dholes occur in small numbers in Gansu Province, with sightings of several packs in 2006 and again in 2013-2014.

paragraphs: Dholes still live in Tibet and possibly also in North Korea.

paragraphs: Dholes live in most of India south of the Ganges River. In northeast India, it is present in Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal and in the Indo-Gangetic Plain's Terai region. There are very few dholes in the Himalayas and northwest India. In 2011, dhole packs were recorded by camera traps in the Chitwan National Park.

paragraphs: In Bhutan, dholes were poisoned in the 1970s to protect livestock, but the campaign stopped and the population of dholes increased there in the 1990s.

paragraphs: Dholes still live in northeastern and southeastern Bangladesh. However, most sightings of dholes in Bangladesh are of small groups or single dholes, and the dholes in Bangladesh may not continue to breed for long.

paragraphs: The presence of dholes in Myanmar was confirmed by camera-trapping in 11 areas. In 2015, dholes and tigers were recorded by camera-traps for the first time in the hill forests of Karen State.

paragraphs: There are few large packs of dholes in the Malaysian Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Vietnam and Thailand. In 2014, camera-trap videos in the rainforests on mountains in Sumatra showed dholes continue to live there.

paragraphs: In the 1990s, two Turkish scientists claimed to have seen dholes in northeastern Turkey. Some scientists believe they were true, but others question this claim. Also, one dhole may have been shot in the Caucasus Mountains in 2013; its remains (including a skull) were studied by a biologist in May 2015, who decided the skull was from a dhole. In August 2015, researchers from from Sofia, Bulgaria tried to find this population of dholes in Turkey. On October 12, 2015, this research team concluded that there is no clear evidence of dholes continuing to live in Turkey or the Caucasus Mountains.

paragraphs: Dholes were first described in European literature in 1794 by a Russian traveller named Pesterev, who saw dholes during his travels in far eastern Russia. He said that dholes regularly hunt Alpine ibexes in packs, and that it looks like the golden jackal.


title: Tibetan Fox

paragraphs: The Tibetan Sand Fox ("Vulpes ferrilata") is a species of true fox. It is endemic to the high Tibetan Plateau in Nepal, China, and Kashmir, up to altitudes of about 5300 metres. It is sometimes referred to as the Tibetan Fox, or simply as the Sand Fox, but this terminology is confusing because the Corsac Fox (Vulpes corsac), which lives in arid environments north and west of the Tibetan Plateau, is often called the "Sand Fox" as well.


title: Rüppell's fox

paragraphs: Rüppell's Fox ("Vulpes rueppelli"), also spelled "Rueppell's Fox" and also called the Sand Fox, is a species of fox.

paragraphs: It lives in North Africa and the Greater Middle East region, from Morocco to Pakistan. It is named after the German collector Eduard Rüppell. It has an average life expectancy of up to 6 or 7 years in the wild, but can live much longer in captivity.


title: Fraser's dolphin

paragraphs: Fraser's dolphin ("Lagenodelphis hosei") or Sarawak dolphin is a cetacean in the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae).

paragraphs: It is found in deep waters in the Pacific Ocean and to a lesser extent in the Indian Ocean and Atlantic Oceans.


title: Egyptian fruit bat

paragraphs: The Egyptian fruit bat ("Rousettus aegyptiacus") is a species of Old World fruit bat.

paragraphs: It is found throughout Africa, except in the desert regions of the Sahara, and throughout the Middle East, as far east as Pakistan and northern Republic of India.


title: Goitered gazelle

paragraphs: The goitered gazelle, black-tailed gazelle or Persian gazelle ("Gazella subgutturosa") is an antelope. It can run at high speed, without the leaping and bounding seen in other gazelles.

paragraphs: It is found in a large area of Central Asia, including part of Iran and southern west Pakistan in the western end of the range, as well as the Gobi Desert. The specific name means "full below the throat" and refers to the male having an enlargement of the neck and throat during the mating season.


title: Great gerbil

paragraphs: The Great gerbil ("Rhombomys opimus") is a large gerbil. It is found throughout much of Central Asia.


title: Himalayan goral

paragraphs: The Himalayan goral ("Naemorhedus goral"), also known as the gray goral, is a member of the Caprinae subfamily. It is a small, rough-haired, cylindrical-horned ruminant native to the Himalayas. In the past, it was also known as "Urotragus goral".


title: Hog deer

paragraphs: The hog deer or 'Indian hog deer' ("Hyelaphus porcinus") is small deer. It is widespread in Asia. It lives in Pakistan, Kashmir, northern India, Nepal, Bangladesh, southwestern Yunnan Province in China, all the way to western Thailand.

paragraphs: The deer gets its name from the way it runs through the forests with its head hung low so that it can duck under obstacles instead of leaping over them like most other deer. It runs with its tail erect, showing the white underside.


title: Songs About Jane

paragraphs: Songs About Jane is the first album by American pop rock group Maroon 5. It was released on June 25, 2002 under J Records in the United States. The album was re-released on October 14, 2003 under Octone Records. It was produced by Matthew Wallace. The album spawned the singles "Harder to Breathe", "This Love", and "She Will Be Loved."

paragraphs: The album peaked at number-six on the Billboard 200 albums chart selling a round-up of 3 million album sales. By the time 2004 concluded, the album was titled multi-platinum in sales in several different countries.

paragraphs: On May 22, 2012 the band announced on their website that they would be celebrating the ten year anniversary of the album on by releasing a limited edition re-issue. The re-issue was released on June 5, 2012. 2 Disc CD Re-issue of 'Songs About Jane', featuring Original Demos, Unreleased Material and videos and a limited edition Lithograph incorporating original art inspired by each song and 'Songs About Jane' Album art.

paragraphs: All songs written by Jesse Carmichael and Adam Levine, except where noted.


title: Harder to Breathe

paragraphs: "Harder to Breathe" is the first single and the first track of Maroon 5's first album "Songs About Jane". The single was released in 2003.

paragraphs: The video features the band in a factory playing the song while objects keep disappearing and appearing as lead singer Adam Levine is found playing a guitar and walking down hallways.


title: She Will Be Loved

paragraphs: "She Will Be Loved" is the third single off the debut album by rock band Maroon 5 called "Songs About Jane". The song is also the fourth track off the album. The song was released in June 2004.

paragraphs: The video features Adam Levine (lead singer of Maroon 5) who falls in love with his girlfriend's mother. She is played by Kelly Preston and is being victimized by her husband. The band is briefly shown in the video.

paragraphs: "She Will Be Loved" ranked No. 4 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks and No. 5 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Sunday Morning (Maroon 5 song)

paragraphs: "Sunday Moring" is a The music video was filmed at Abbey Road Studios in London. It features Maroon 5 performing the song, interspensed with scenes of numerous people singing it at a karaoke bar. The song has also been featured on the soundtracks of "Something's Gotta Give" and "Love Actually" (although the latter was the "1.22.03.Acoustic" version). The song is also featured in the 2005 film "Cheaper by the Dozen 2". Additionally, it is featured on the Xbox 360 karaoke game "Lips", as downloadable content. Andrew Garcia covered the song on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" after his 2010 elimination from "American Idol".

paragraphs: "Sunday Morning" was released by the pop/rock band Maroon 5. The single is the 4th single off the album Songs About Jane and is the 8th track as well. The video features the band performing at Abbey Road Studios and as the video starts at the beginning the second single by Maroon 5 called This Love was features while people were singing solos, and duets to the single. Sunday Morning was released in 2004.


title: J.A.R.

paragraphs: "J.A.R." is a song by American punk rock band Green Day. The song is on the motion picture soundtrack, "Angus". It stands for Jason Andrew Relva.


title: Angus (movie)

paragraphs: Angus is a 1995 comedy-drama movie directed by Patrick Read Johnson and written by Jill Gordon.


title: Kharkov

paragraphs: Kharkiv (, ; , Kharkov) is a city in Ukraine and is the second largest city in Ukraine. It is in the east of Ukraine and has a very well developed economy. It was founded in 1655 and the population as of 2010 is 1,449,000. The mayor of Kharkiv is Hennadiy Kernes.

paragraphs: Kharkiv was also the first city in Ukraine where the Soviet power was proclaimed and Soviet government was formed.


title: Opeth

paragraphs: Opeth is a heavy metal band from Stockholm, Sweden. The band name came from the word "Opet", which was the name of a city in the Wilbur Smith novel "Sunbird". Opeth play "progressive death metal" (which comes from combining "progressive rock" and "death metal"). Opeth are also influenced by progressive rock, blues rock and jazz, and their songs often have both electric and acoustic parts. Opeth went on their first world tour after the release of their album "Blackwater Park". The band's members have changed many times since Opeth started in 1990, but band member Mikael Åkerfeldt has always been present. Although he did not start the band, Åkerfeldt is the only band member to perform in every album. Opeth has released seven studio albums, two live albums, two box-sets, and two DVDs.

paragraphs: Opeth was formed in 1990 by David Isberg. Isberg asked Mikael Åkerfeldt to play bass guitar for Opeth without telling any of the other Opeth band members. When Åkerfeldt showed up to play with the band the next day, the band members refused to throw out their bass player for Åkerfeldt and all band members but Isberg and Åkerfeldt left to form a new band. Lots of new band members joined and left the band. Anders Nordin joined Opeth to play drums, Nick Döring to play bass guitar and Andreas Dimeo to play electric guitar. Döring and Dimeo left the band after one show and were replaced by Kim Pettersson on electric guitar and Johan DeFarfalla on bass guitar. DeFarfalla and Pettersson left Opeth after their next two shows and Peter Lindgren joined to play electric guitar.

paragraphs: Isberg quit in 1992 and joined the band Liars in Wait. Now, Opeth only had Åkerfeldt singing, Nordin on bass guitar and Lindgren on electric guitar. These three members began writing new songs sounding less like typical death metal, and started using acoustic guitars and guitar harmonies, making Opeth a more progressive death metal band. Johan DeFarfalla began playing bass guitar again for Opeth and these four members recorded their first album, "Orchid".

paragraphs: After touring the United Kingdom Opeth began to record their second album, "Morningrise". The album had only five songs but was 66 minutes long. "Morningrise" was a big success, and the band toured the UK and Scandinavia playing songs from both albums. They signed a contract with Century Media, who re-released these two albums again in 1997. After the tour, Åkerfeldt and Lindgren fired DeFarfalla for personal reasons, which made Nordin, who was on a vacation in Brazil, leave the band and stay in Brazil. Martin Lopez, who played for Amon Amarth, joined Opeth in 1997 as well as bassist Martin Mendez just before recording their third album, "My Arms, Your Hearse". However, Åkerfeldt had to play bass on some songs from "My Arms, Your Hearse". The album was released on August 18, 1998, and was another big success. The album focused less on guitar harmonies and more on progressive metal riffs.

paragraphs: In 1999, Opeth signed with UK label Peaceville Records in Europe, which was distributed by Music For Nations. Opeth began work on their next album, but because of delays, the band was only able to rehearse twice before recording the album. Eventually, "Still Life" was released on October 18, 1999 (not in the United States until February 2001)). "Still Life" was the first album recorded with Mendez, and was also the first Opeth album to have the band's logo on the front cover. "Still Life" is a concept album, and Åkerfeldt explains that the album is about someone who "is kind of banished from his hometown because he hasn't got the same faith as the rest of the inhabitants there. The album pretty much starts off when he is returning after several years to hook up with his old 'babe'. The big bosses of the town know that he's back... A lot of bad things start happening."

paragraphs: After a few live shows in Europe, Opeth returned to work on their next album, with Porcupine Tree's Steven Wilson producing. "This time it was tough", Åkerfeldt said, "I feel pleasantly blown away by the immense result, though. It was indeed worth the effort." Wilson also pushed the band to use new sounds and production techniques. "Steve guided us into the realms of 'strange' noises for guitars and voice", Åkerfeldt said. Opeth released its fifth studio album, "Blackwater Park", on February 21, 2001. This release encouraged Opeth to go on their first world tour, headlined Europe and playing to a crowd of 60,000 at the 2001 Wacken Open Air festival in Germany.

paragraphs: After touring in support of "Blackwater Park", Opeth returned home and began writing for the next album, but Åkerfeldt had trouble coming up with new material: "I wanted to write something heavier than we'd ever done, still I had all these great mellow parts and arrangements which I didn't want to go to waste." Jonas Renkse of Katatonia, a long-time friend of Åkerfeldt, suggested writing music for two separate albums — one heavy and one soft. Excited about the idea, Åkerfeldt agreed without asking his band mates or record label. While his band mates liked the idea of recording two separate albums, Åkerfeldt had to convince the label: "I had to lie somewhat... saying that we could do this recording very soon, it won't cost more than a regular single album". With most of the material written, the band rehearsed just once before entering the studio, again with producer Steven Wilson in Studio Fredman. Under pressure to complete both albums at the same time, Åkerfeldt said the recording process was "the toughest test of our history." After recording basic tracks, the band moved production to England to mix the heavy album, "Deliverance", with Andy Sneap at Backstage Studios. ""Deliverance" was so badly recorded, without any organisation whatsoever," Åkerfeldt claimed, that Sneap "is credited as a 'saviour' in the sleeve, as he surely saved much of the recording."

paragraphs: "Deliverance" was released on November 4, 2002, and debuted at number 19 on the US Top Independent Albums chart, marking the band's first US chart appearance. Allmusic stated, ""Deliverance" is altogether more subtle than any of its predecessors, approaching listeners with haunting nuances and masterful dynamics rather than overwhelming them with sheer mass and complexity." Opeth played a single concert in Stockholm, then returned to the UK to finish recording vocals for the second of the two albums, "Damnation", at Steve Wilson's No Man's Land Studios. Although Åkerfeldt first believed the band could not finish both albums, Opeth completed "Deliverance" and "Damnation" in just seven weeks of studio time, which was the same amount spent on "Blackwater Park" alone. "Damnation" was released on April 14, 2003, and gained the band its first appearance on the US "Billboard" 200 at number 192. The album also won the band a 2003 Swedish Grammy Award for "Best Hard Rock Performance". The band launched its biggest tour yet, playing nearly 200 shows in 2003 and 2004. Opeth performed three special shows in Europe with two song lists each — one acoustic set and one heavy set. The band recorded its first DVD, "Lamentations: Live at Shepherd's Bush Empire 2003", at Shepherd's Bush Empire in London. The DVD featured a two-hour performance, including the entire "Damnation" album, as well as several songs from "Deliverance" and "Blackwater Park", and a one-hour documentary about the recording of "Deliverance" and "Damnation". The DVD was certified Gold in Canada.

paragraphs: Opeth was scheduled to perform in Jordan in late 2003 without a crew due to the fear of terrorist attacks in the Middle East. Opeth's tour manager distributed 6,000 tickets for the concert, but before the band left for Jordan, Lopez called Åkerfeldt saying he was having an anxiety attack and could not perform, forcing the band to cancel the show. In early 2004, Lopez was sent home from Canada after more anxiety attacks on tour. Opeth decided not to cancel the rest of the tour, and Lopez's drum tech filled in for two concerts. Opeth asked drummer Gene Hoglan of Strapping Young Lad to fill in. Lopez eventually returned to Opeth for the Seattle show on the final leg of the "Deliverance" and "Damnation" tour. Per Wiberg also joined the band on keyboards, and after more than a year on tour, Opeth went back home to start writing more new songs in 2004.

paragraphs: Opeth's European label, Music for Nations, closed its doors in 2005 and the band signed with Roadrunner Records. After writing material for their eighth album in late 2004, the band rehearsed for three weeks before entering the studio, the first time they rehearsed since the 1998 album, "My Arms, Your Hearse". Opeth recorded at Fascination Street Studios in Örebro, Sweden, from March 18 to June 1, 2005, and released the album "Ghost Reveries" on August 30, 2005, again to critical and commercial success. The album debuted at number 64 in the US, and number nine in Sweden, higher than any other Opeth release. Keith Bergman of Blabbermouth.net gave the album 10 out of 10, one of only 17 albums to achieve a perfect rating from the site.

paragraphs: On May 12, 2006, Martin Lopez announced that he had officially parted ways with Opeth due to health problems, and he was replaced by Martin Axenrot. Opeth toured on the main stage of Gigantour in 2006, alongside Megadeth. "Ghost Reveries" was re-released on October 31, 2006, with a bonus cover version of Deep Purple's "Soldier of Fortune" and a DVD of the making of the album. A recording of Opeth's live performance at the Camden Roundhouse, in London, on November 9, 2006, was later released as the double live album "The Roundhouse Tapes". On May 17, 2007, Peter Lindgren stated he was leaving Opeth after 16 years. "The decision has been the toughest I've ever made but it is the right one to make at this point in my life," Lindgren said. "I feel that I simply have lost some of the enthusiasm and inspiration needed to participate in a band that has grown from a few guys playing the music we love to a worldwide industry." Ex-Arch Enemy guitarist Fredrik Åkesson replaced Lindgren, as Åkerfeldt explained, "Fredrik was the only name that popped up thinking about a replacement for Peter. In my opinion he's one of the top three guitar players out of Sweden. We all get along great as we've known each other for maybe four years and he already has the experience to take on the circus-like lifestyle we lead as members of Opeth."

paragraphs: In November 2007, after nearly 200 performances in support of "Ghost Reveries", Opeth entered Fascination Street Studios with Åkerfeldt producing. By January 2008, Opeth had recorded 13 songs, including three cover songs. The finished album, "Watershed", was released on June 3, 2008, and has seven tracks with cover songs included as bonus tracks on some versions. The album has since debuted at number 23 on the US "Billboard" 200, making it their highest-charting album yet. It enjoyed success in many other countries as well, entering the Australian ARIA album charts at number seven, while debuting at number one on Finland's official album chart. Opeth planned extensive touring in support of "Watershed", but some shows in Europe had to be cancelled because of some music festival cancellations and Åkerfeldt coming down with chicken pox. On January 25, 2009, Opeth played their first show in India at IIT Madras's cultural festival Saarang. On March 06, 2009 the band played in the Middle East at the annual Dubai Desert Rock Festival in Dubai. On March 26, 2009 it was announced that Opeth would take part in the first European Progressive Nation tour with bands Dream Theater, Bigelf and Unexpect. On April 24, 2009, Opeth headlined the first day of Metal Hammer Magazine's first UK metal music festival HammerFest.

paragraphs: Mikael Åkerfeldt began writing for Opeth's tenth studio album sometime of September 2010 along with Fredrik Åkesson (who co-wrote one song). The band recorded the album titled "Heritage" between 31 January-21 February 2011 and released on 14 September 2011 in Japan, following other release dates in various parts of the world.

paragraphs: Although he was not the founder of the band, Mikael Åkerfeldt is the only member to appear on every release. He is Opeth's main songwriter and lyricist and has defined much of the band's sound. Åkerfeldt was influenced at a young age by heavy metal bands such as Slayer, Death, Black Sabbath, Celtic Frost, King Diamond and Morbid Angel. Åkerfeldt was later influenced by progressive rock and folk music, both of which had a strong impact on the sound of the band. Opeth's distinct sound combines elements of heavy metal with acoustic passages and elements of progressive metal and progressive rock. Åkerfeldt commented on the diversity of Opeth's music:

paragraphs: I don't see the point of playing in a band and going just one way when you can do everything. It would be impossible for us to play just death metal; that is our roots, but we are now a mishmash of everything, and not purists to any form of music. It's impossible for us to do that, and quite frankly I would think of it as boring to be in a band that plays just metal music. We're not afraid to experiment, or to be caught with our pants down, so to speak. That's what keeps us going.

paragraphs: Opeth's earlier works often made use of twin-guitar harmonies, but they were abandoned in the band's later work. "I got tired of it, the whole harmony guitar thing", Åkerfeldt said. "It got out of hand in the mid-90s. Every band was doing that thing." Most of the band's songs exceed 10 minutes in length, which Aaron Burgess of "Alternative Press" magazine criticized, stating, "you can't really be a casual Opeth fan. It takes enough as a listener just to get past the band's epic song lengths." Vocally, Åkerfeldt shifts between growling death metal vocals for heavy sections, and clean, sometimes whispered vocals over acoustic passages. While death growls were dominant on the early albums, later releases used more clean vocals, such the 2003 release "Damnation" which had only clean singing. The band's lyrics often reflect a bleak outlook on life, with subjects such as failed relationships, nature, death, and depression. Some of the band's albums also have a consistent theme or concept throughout, such as "Still Life" and "My Arms, Your Hearse". The songs were put together as one continual piece, with the last word or phrase of each song becoming the title of the next.


title: It Won't Be Soon Before Long

paragraphs: It Won't Be Soon Before Long is the second studio album by American pop rock group Maroon 5. It was released under A&M/Octone Records on May 22, 2007 in the United States. It debuted atop the Billboard 200 albums chart and on the Billboard Digital Albums chart. The lead single off the album "Makes Me Wonder" was released on March 27, 2007 and peaked atop the Billboard Hot 100 songs chart. The album includes other singles such as "Wake Up Call", "Won't Go Home Without You", "If I Never See Your Face Again", and "Goodnight Goodnight."

paragraphs: An expanded version of "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" was issued on June 29, 2008 in Australia and July 8, 2008 for the rest of the world. The album has the 12 original tracks from the original version, plus a bonus DVD with four music videos and a full concert recorded on June 13, 2007 in Montreal.

paragraphs: A chorus from the song called "Nothing Lasts Forever" (the 7th track off "It Won't Be Soon Before Long") was featured in a song by Kanye West. The Kayne West song, featuring the lead singer Adam Levine, was called "Heard 'Em Say". It was released in 2005 on the album "Late Registration". The first track off the album, called "If I Never See Your Face Again", was released as a remix in May, 2008. This track had been worked on with help from Rihanna. The song turned out to be a music video and ranked #51 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Makes Me Wonder

paragraphs: "Makes Me Wonder" is the lead single off the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long" by American rock band "Maroon 5". The single hit #1 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart in April of 2007. The single was released on March 27, 2007 for digital download and was released for radio mainstream on April 1, 2007. The song was produced by Matt Wallace and Mark Endert.

paragraphs: The video was shot at the Los Angeles International Airport. The video features the band on an airplane.


title: Wake Up Call (Maroon 5 song)

paragraphs: "Wake Up Call" is the second single off the second studio album by Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song is also the 4th track on the album. The music video deals with the band committing crimes and Levine acting as a murderer because of the murder of his girlfriends ex-boyfriend.

paragraphs: A remix version of the song was released in 2007 by Mark Ronson. The remix song was originally released on iTunes Store on November 13th, 2007. The song later appeared in the hit remix album by Maroon 5 called "".


title: EMI

paragraphs: EMI was a music company based in London and New York. It is in charge of a record label, EMI Music. EMI is one of the "big four" record labels; labels not part of the "big four" are called . It started in 1931, when it was called "Electric and Music Industries". In 1957, it took over Capitol Records, an American record company.

paragraphs: In 1962, The Beatles signed a contract with EMI's Parlophone Records, and they became the company's most successful musicians. The Beatles made nearly all their recordings at Abbey Road Studios, EMI's main recording studios in London.

paragraphs: In 1992, EMI bought Virgin Records, which had been owned by Richard Branson. It almost bought Universal Records in 1998, also. In 2007, EMI was taken over by a group called Terra Firma, after it said no to a bid from Warner Music Group.

paragraphs: Other famous musicians that were with EMI include Prince, Pink Floyd, Spice Girls, and Coldplay.

paragraphs: In 2012, Universal Music Group bought EMI, but the European Commission told Universal to sell some of EMI's record labels. Parlophone, the oldest EMI label, was sold to Warner Music Group; while BMG bought Mute Records. EMI's music publishing business was sold to a group that included Sony/ATV Music Publishing.


title: Menstrual cycle

paragraphs: The menstrual cycle is a process that adult human women can go through. The menstrual cycle for a woman will repeat every 28 days while they are not pregnant. During this time, the women's ovaries create a mature ovum (egg). Then the woman's body prepares for pregnancy by thickening the walls of the uterus. If the woman does not become pregnant during this time, the egg and the lining of the uterus come out of the woman's body during menstruation.

paragraphs: The menstrual cycle process is controlled by four major hormones: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone); LH (luteinising hormone); estrogen; and progesterone. These hormones prepare the uterus to receive a fertilized egg and control its development.

paragraphs: The menstrual cycle has three stages: the Follicular stage, Ovulation, and the Luteal (or premenstrual) stage. The cycle will stop if the woman gets pregnant (if a fertilized egg implants itself into the lining of the uterus).

paragraphs: This stage is the start of the menstrual cycle, and is counted as day one of the cycle. This stage starts when the amount of progesterone and estrogen in a woman's blood drop. This causes the endometrium - the thick lining of the uterus - to leave the woman's body through menstruation. It will appear as bleeding from the vagina. This stage lasts from 4–6 days.

paragraphs: At the start of this stage, the pituitary gland will begin to release more FSH. This will continue for 3-4 days. The FSH makes several follicles grow in one of the ovaries. Each follicle contains an immature ova (egg). These follicles create estrogen.

paragraphs: Usually, the amount of FSH in the body peaks during the third or fourth day of menstruation. All but one of the follicles dies off. The one that is left releases even more estrogen. Once again, the lining of the uterus thickens. Near the end of the stage, a woman's estrogen levels peak. This causes the pituitary gland to release LH, which also peaks at this time.

paragraphs: Ovulation happens roughly every 14 days. This is when the mature egg is released into the oviduct (or fallopian tube) ready for fertilisation.

paragraphs: Ovulation happens if there is both a rise in estrogen and a peak in LH at the end of the follicular stage. The rising levels of LH make the ovum mature. The follicle that contains the ovum swells and breaks open. (In the next stage, the leftover cells of the follicle turn into an important structure called the corpus luteum.) The ovum is released into the Fallopian tube.

paragraphs: During ovulation, a woman's body temperature is usually about 0.5 degrees Celsius over normal.

paragraphs: The follicle cells that used to hold the ovum now release progesterone into the body. This causes the endometrium to get even thicker.

paragraphs: If an ovum is going to be fertilized, it happens during this step. A woman becomes pregnant when a man's sperm fertilizes one of her ova, which then plants itself into the lining of the uterus.

paragraphs: If the ovum is fertilized during Ovulation, it will become a zygote. It will start to copy itself over and over again through mitosis. It will also move from the ovarian duct into the uterus. The levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body remain high. The zygote grows into an embryo and implants itself into the endometrium tissue of the uterus. This forms a placenta, which starts to mature.

paragraphs: After fertilization, the menstrual cycle stops so the embryo can continue to mature for the next 9 months. Progesterone and estrogen levels will stay high until the fetus is ready to be birthed.

paragraphs: Eventually, after giving birth, a woman's menstrual cycle will return to the way it was before she got pregnant.

paragraphs: Until around day 22, estrogen levels increase a little. However, after day 22, the corpus luteum stops making progesterone, and the levels of both progesterone and estrogen in the body start to drop. The amount of progesterone and estrogen in the body are at their lowest around the 28th day of the menstrual cycle.


title: Won't Go Home Without You

paragraphs: "Won't Go Home Without You" is the third single off the album by pop-rock band Maroon 5 called "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song is also the 5th track on the album. The music video for the song has to do with Adam Levine (lead singer) trying to get one more chance for his ex-girlfriend to come back to him, but she was already taken by another man.

paragraphs: "Won't Go Home Without You" peaked #1 in Israel, #16 in Canada's Hot 100, and #3 on the U.S. "Billboard" Adult Top 40.


title: Richard Branson

paragraphs: Sir Richard Charles Nicholas Branson (born 18 July 1950 in Blackheath, London, England) is a British businessman. He is the chairman of the Virgin Group, a group of companies including Virgin Atlantic Airways and Virgin Records. Branson started Virgin people, a private company that is trying to get people in space. According to Forbes, Branson was the 245th richest person in the world in 2008.

paragraphs: Branson has been diagnosed with Dyslexia and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. He lives on an island called Necker, he owns this island in the Caribbean.


title: SUNY Downstate Medical Center

paragraphs: The State University of New York Health Science Center at Brooklyn (also called SUNY Downstate Medical Center), is a medical center in the Borough of Brooklyn in New York City. It teaches medical students and has a teaching hospital.


title: If I Never See Your Face Again

paragraphs: "If I Never See Your Face Again" is the fourth single by Maroon 5. The song is the first track on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song was remixed to feature Rihanna. The music video takes place in what looks like a 19th century room while Rihanna and Levine seem to be arguing over a romantic relationship.

paragraphs: "If I Never See Your Face Again" was performed at Quebec to be the opening song of the live album by Maroon 5 called "Live from Le Cabaret". The song was not performed in its single version (with Rihanna).


title: Po

paragraphs: PO is also an acronym or abbreviation which may stand for:


title: Goodnight Goodnight

paragraphs: Goodnight Goodnight is the fifth single by pop-rock band Maroon 5 on the album "It Won't Be Soon Before Long". The song was released August 2008. The song is also the 8th track off the album.

paragraphs: The music video was releasd August 21st, 2008. The video deals with a "before and after" sequence of a relationship between Levine and his girlfriend, Bailey. In the "before" part she was beautiful and in the "after" one they set apart, but he is still in love with her.


title: Gavin DeGraw

paragraphs: Gavin DeGraw (born February 1977) is an American rock singer-songwriter. He has released major singles like "I Don't Want to Be", "Chariot", and "In Love with a Girl". He has released 2 studio albums, and 1 live indie release album.


title: I Don't Want to Be

paragraphs: "I Don't Want to Be" is the debut single by Gavin DeGraw on his first album "Chariot". The single was released in 2004. The song is in the Alternative rock genre.

paragraphs: U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 gave the single "I Don't Wanna Be" a ranking of #10, U.K. Singles Chart gave the single a ranking of #32, and Dutch Singles Chart ranked it at #9.


title: Chariot (album)

paragraphs: Chariot is an album by rock singer Gavin DeGraw. The album features singles "I Don't Want to Be", "Chariot", and "Follow Through". The album was released in 2004. "Chariot" also was re-released in 2005 as a live acoustic album.


title: Chariot

paragraphs: "This article is about the mode of transport, for the album see Chariot (album)"

paragraphs: A chariot is a type of transport used by many ancient civilisations and people. A chariot is horse-drawn, meaning that is pulled along by horses. A person who rides a chariot is called a charioteer.

paragraphs: Ancient Greek myths says that Poseidon, god of the sea, and Athena, goddess of wisdom, created the chariot together. Poseidon created the horses like waves, and Athena made the chariot. The two gods worked together.


title: Market share

paragraphs: Market share, in business and marketing, is the portion ('share') of the targeted consumer base ('market') that a company actually reaches, for a particular service or product.

paragraphs: For example, it can be shown as the amount of money a company brings in (revenue) from its consumers, divided by the total amount of money paid from all consumers for that service or product.

paragraphs: It can also be shown as the amount of products/services sold ('unit sales volume') by a company divided by the total volume sold to all the consumers in that market.

paragraphs: It is necessary to commission (hire) market research (generally desk/secondary research, although sometimes primary research) to estimate the total market size and a company's market share.

paragraphs: Increasing market share is one of the most important objectives in business. The main advantage of using market share is that it removes the effects of industry-wide macroenvironmental variables such as the state of the economy, or changes in tax policy. For example, if you were one of only two psychiatrists in Chicago, then it would not matter how bad the economy was because you would always have a huge slice of the consumer-base "pie" for your service. If your service was less needed, then advertising more would help increase your market share.

paragraphs: The market shares for different companies tends to change over time, causing change in the market share values; the reason can be political ups and downs, a disaster, etc.

paragraphs: In finance a share is a unit of account for various financial instruments including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REIT's. In British English, the usage of the word share alone to refer solely to stocks is so common that it almost replaces the word stock itself.

paragraphs: In simple words, a share or stock is a document issued by a company, which entitles its holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a company or can be purchased from the stock market.

paragraphs: By owning a share you can earn a portion and selling shares you get capital gain. So, your return is the dividend plus the capital gain. However, you also run a risk of making a capital loss if you have sold the share at a price below your buying price.

paragraphs: A company's stock price reflects what investors think about the stock, not necessarily what the company is "worth." For example, companies that are growing quickly often trade at a higher price than the company might currently be "worth." Stock prices are also affected by all forms of company and market news. Publicly traded companies are required to report quarterly on their financial status and earnings. Market forces and general investor opinions can also affect share price.


title: OpenOffice Impress

paragraphs: OpenOffice Impress, a part of the OpenOffice office suite package and created by Sun Microsystems, is a presentation program similar to Microsoft PowerPoint. In addition to being able to create PDF files from presentations, it is also able to export presentations to SWF files, allowing it to be played on any computer with a Flash player installed. It is able to view, edit and save files in many file formats, including the .ppt format, which is used by Microsoft PowerPoint. Impress is distributed (spread) under an open source licence so people can download it as free software. It released under the terms of the Apache License.

paragraphs: OpenOffice Impress users can install the Open Clip Art Library, which adds a large amount of images for general presentation and drawing projects. Linux distributions Debian, Gentoo, Mandriva and Ubuntu have given the ready-to-use "openclipart" package for download and install from their online software repositories.


title: Oval Office

paragraphs: The Oval Office is the official office of the President of the United States currently that is Donald Trump. The office is located in the West Wing of the White House and it was first used by President Taft. It was built in 1909.


title: Scars on Broadway

paragraphs: Scars on Broadway is an American metal band featuring three old members from System of a Down.


title: Church of Satan

paragraphs: The Church of Satan is a religious group that encourages people to accept their human nature and build their ego, as it is told in "The Satanic Bible", written in 1969 by Anton LaVey. They do not worship or believe in Satan and they do not believe in God. "Satan" is just a symbol of freedom and the ego.

paragraphs: The Church of Satan started in San Francisco, California, on Walpurgis night April 30, 1966, by Anton Szandor LaVey, who was the Church's High Priest until he died in 1997.

paragraphs: In the 1950s Anton LaVey made a group called the Order of the Trapezoid, who later became the leaders of the Church of Satan. Some of the people at the events were: “The Baroness” Carin de Plessen (who grew up in a Royal Palace in Denmark), Dr. Cecil Nixon (magician, Odd person, and maker of robot), underground filmmaker Kenneth Anger, City Assessor(someone who figures out values of city property) Russell Wolden, Donald Werby (one of San Francisco’s most influential property owners), anthropologist(a person who studies culture and human development) Michael Harner, and writer Shana Alexander. Other friends of LaVey at this point were famous Science Fiction and Horror writers Anthony Boucher, August Derleth, Robert Barbour Johnson, Reginald Bretnor, Emil Petaja, Stuart Palmer, Clark Ashton Smith, Forrest J. Ackerman, and Fritz Leiber Jr.

paragraphs: In its first year, the Church of Satan was in the news a lot because they performed a Satanic marriage of Judith Case and journalist John Raymond. The ceremony was photographed by Joe Rosenthal, who took the famous photograph "Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima" during World War II. Another event was the public funeral of Church of Satan member and Naval Officer Edward Olson, as his wife had asked.

paragraphs: The Church of Satan was in many books, magazine and newspaper articles in the 1960s and 1970s. A whole documentary, "Satanis" was also made about it in 1970. LaVey was also in Kenneth Anger’s film "Invocation of my Demon Brother", and helped as a technical adviser in "The Devil's Rain", which starred Ernest Borgnine, William Shatner, and first showed John Travolta. The Church of Satan was also shown in Luigi Scattini’s film "Angeli Bianchi, Angeli Neri", which in the United States was known as "Witchcraft ‘70".

paragraphs: In 1975 LaVey argued within the Church of Satan by stopping the Church’s “Grotto” system(having Satanic rituals in caves) and removing people he thought were using the Church instead of doing things in the outside world. After that, LaVey hoped success in society would decide who did well in the Church of Satan. LaVey chose to do less interviews. People thought the Church might have ended, or even that LaVey might have died.

paragraphs: In the 1980s some Christians, therapists who believed in recovered memories, and the news were saying Satanists were a criminal group. Members of the Church of Satan, such as Peter H. Gilmore, Peggy Nadramia, Boyd Rice, Adam Parfrey, Diabolos Rex, and musician King Diamond, were active in the news to deny the Church of Satan were criminals. These stories became known as the Satanic panic. The FBI later made a report saying these conspiracy theories were untrue.

paragraphs: In the 1980s and 1990s the Church of Satan made many movies, music, films, and magazines about Satanism. Adam Parfrey’s Feral House publishing, the music of Boyd Rice, and the films of Nick Bougas, including his documentary "Speak of the Devil: The Canon of Anton LaVey". They were also frequently in the newspapers.

paragraphs: After Anton Szandor LaVey's death, his partner Blanche Barton became head of the Church of Satan. Barton is still in the Church; however, in 2001 she gave her position to long-time members Peter H. Gilmore and Peggy Nadramia, the current High Priest and High Priestess and publishers of "The Black Flame", the magazine of The Church of Satan. The Central Office of the Church of Satan has also moved from San Francisco to New York City's Hell's Kitchen neighborhood, where the couple live. The Church of Satan does not recognize any other organizations as being Satanist though it does recognize that one does not need to be a member of the Church of Satan to be a Satanist.

paragraphs: Some public figures have been involved with the Church of Satan, including Kenneth Anger, King Diamond, Teresa Hidy, David Vincent, Marilyn Manson, Aaron Joehlin, Boyd Rice, Marc Almond, Alkaline Trio guitarist and singer Matt Skiba and drummer Derek Grant, professional wrestler Balls Mahoney, professional wrestler Sterling James Keenan, journalist Michael Moynihan, death metal guitarist Matthew McRaith, Sammy Davis Jr. and the artist Coop. As the Church of Satan does not let people see the membership records, it is not known how many members they have.

paragraphs: In October 2004 the Royal Navy officially recognised its first registered Satanist, twenty-four year old Chris Cranmer, as a technician on the HMS Cumberland.

paragraphs: On June 6, 2006 The Church of Satan held the first public ritual Satanic Mass in 40 years at the Steve Allen Theater in the Center for Inquiry in Los Angeles. The ritual, based on The Satanic Bible and The Satanic Rituals, was led by Reverend Bryan Moore and Priestess Heather Saenz.

paragraphs: In December 2007 the Associated Press reported that a teenager had sent an e-mail to the Church of Satan administration saying he wanted to "kill in the name of our unholy lord Satan." The Church told the Federal Bureau of Investigation about the message, which then told local police who arrested the teenager.

paragraphs: The Church of Satan has two types of members: Registered Members and Active Members. Registered Members just have to pay $200 to the Church, and are given a red card to show they are a member. An Active Member has to be involved with the Church and local members. Active Membership is divided into five Degrees:

paragraphs: Active Members begin at the First Degree. They must be approved for an Active Membership, and this is based on their answers to a long list of questions. Members cannot apply for higher Degrees, and the requirements for each degree are not open to the public. Promotion to a higher degree is only by being invited. Members of the Third through Fifth degrees are the Priesthood and may be called "Reverend." Members of the Fifth degree are sometimes called "Doctor," although ""The" Doctor" usually means Lavey. Some Active Members are called Agents, qualified to explain the Church of Satan and the philosophy of Satanism to the media and others who are interested.

paragraphs: People seeking membership must be old enough to be seen as adults in the country where they live. The only exception made is for children of members who show they understand the Church philosophy and practices who wish to join. What they can do is limited until they reach adulthood.

paragraphs: Memberships may be ended through a decision of the ruling body of the Church of Satan consisting of the High Priest, the High Priestess and the Council of Nine.

paragraphs: Over the years, the Church of Satan has stopped then restarted the use of Grottoes -small groups for people who live near each other to work on projects or do ritual together, or be friends. Now that most people have the internet, the Church of Satan has decided people do not need to join Grottoes to meet other Satanists. If a group of Church of Satan members now wish to form a “magic circle” for something more than simple friendship and ritual, and can keep it active for a year and a day, the leader of the group can apply to have it called a Grotto and the leader called a Grotto Master. A grotto is expected to be secret, and only those they think are worthy are supposed to know about it. If a Grotto stops being useful it will be closed, as the Church of Satan has always done. Grotto Masters and Grottos do not represent the Church of Satan unless they have other authority to do so.

paragraphs: Members of the Priesthood have the titles “Priest”/“Priestess,” “Magister”/“Magistra,” or “Magus”/“Maga.” The Council of Nine, which is the ruling body of the Church of Satan, and the Order of the Trapezoid who help in the administration of the Church of Satan are part of the priesthood. The High Priest and Priestess act as administrative chiefs and the two main public representatives. The current High Priest is Peter H. Gilmore, the current High Priestess Peggy Nadramia.

paragraphs: The Church of Satan say they judge whether Active Members can join the Priesthood by their accomplishment in society and recognition within a profession rather than knowledge of the occult. They are expected to be able to speak about the Satanic philosophy, but do not have to represent the Church of Satan publically, and might choose to keep their membership secret so they can do what they want in the world, meet their own goals and those of the Church. Membership in the Priesthood is by invitation only.

paragraphs: Zeena Lavey, Anton LaVey's daughter, was not a High Priestess of the Church and has left it.

paragraphs: Satanists within the Church of Satan follow these rules on how to live. But Satanists do not view the Satanic sins, statements, and rules of the earth as things that someone has to "try" to do. They think it's human nature, rather than a Jew or Christian who the Church of Satan think have to try hard to fit in with the rules of their religion.

paragraphs: The Nine Satanic Statements outline what "Satan" represents in the Church of Satan.

paragraphs: Pentagonal Revisionism is a plan consisting of five major goals written in 1988 by founder Anton Szandor LaVey:

paragraphs: These goals have another purpose, as said by the author, to let non-Satanists see how much they agree with Satanic views. Pentagonal Revisionism is the application of Satanist beliefs to society and economics with five goals to encourage members. Other books, such as "The Satanic Bible",say more about Satanic dogma.


title: Kung Fu Panda

paragraphs: Kung Fu Panda is a 2008 American computer-animated action comedy movie made by DreamWorks. It was directed by John Stevenson and Mark Osborne. It tells the story about a big fat panda (Jack Black), a kung fu fan who becomes a kung fu master. It received critical acclaim and became a box office success. A successful sequel, "Kung Fu Panda 2" was released in 2011. Another sequel, "Kung Fu Panda 3" was released in 2016. There is also two short , a Christmas special, and a .

paragraphs: A big, fat panda named Po the panda dreams of becoming a kung fu master, but he doesn't know kung fu. One day, kung fu teacher Master Shifu holds a contest to see who will become the Dragon Warrior, the most powerful kung fu master in the land. Everyone thinks one of Shifu's students, the Furious Five will become the Dragon Warrior, but Po is chosen instead and begins learning kung fu. Shifu and the Furious Five don't like Po the panda and try to make him quit, but he becomes friends with them. When Master Shifu learns that the evil Tai Lung the snow leopard is coming to the land, he quickly teaches Po kung fu so he can be given the Dragon Scroll that will help him beat Tai Lung. Nothing is written on the scroll, but Po finds out that he doesn't need the scroll to be the Dragon Warrior and beats Tai Lung without it. Po becomes a kung fu master and Dragon Warrior loved by everyone and peace returns to the land.


title: Forrest Gump (novel)

paragraphs: Forrest Gump is a 1986 novel by Winston Groom. The novel tells the story of Forrest Gump, a man with an IQ of 75, and his epic journey through life, meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture and experiencing first-hand historic events while largely unaware of their significance, due to his lower than average intelligence. The movie adaptation differs substantially from the book on which it was based.

paragraphs: "Forrest Gump" was made into a movie starring Tom Hanks. The movie, however, covers a slightly different version of the later chapters, which deal with Gump's shrimp business and his meeting of his son Forrest, Jr. Also, Gump marries Jenny in the movie. Gump and Forrest Jr. do not have the loving relationship that the end of the movie features - in the movie, they actively tell each other that they love one another in their last conversation.

paragraphs: In addition, the movie invented one of its most famous scenes, in which Forrest chooses to run across America repeatedly over a three year period, before his meeting of Forrest, Jr.


title: Appendicitis

paragraphs: Appendicitis is the inflammation of the appendix. The appendix is a pouch at the start of the large intestine. Symptoms usually include a sharp pain in the lower right abdomen. Also, nausea, vomiting, and decreased appetite are common. However, about 40% of people do not have these typical symptoms. If the appendix ruptures (splits) the result is painful peritonitis, and sepsis. Therefore immediate treatment in hospital is needed for appendicitis. Usually the infected appendix is taken out.

paragraphs: The function of the appendix in apes is the digestion of vegetable matter such as leaves. Humans do not digest leaves, but we inherited some of the apes' vegetarian apparatus. Our appendix is much smaller than that of present-day apes, and for some reason our immune system does not serve it well. An infection there is not eliminated as it might be elsewhere in the body.

paragraphs: The causes of appendicitis include blocking in the appendix, or bacterial infections. If it is not treated, it may lead to peritonitis and shock. Most serious appendicitis happens to younger children and elder adults. Appendicitis is common between the ages of ten and fourteen for males, and fifteen and nineteen for females. The most usual treatment is an appendectomy which means removing the appendix. Sometimes, it gets better without surgery. Some people think that eating vegetables will help, but no chances should be taken. "Seek medical advice" if in doubt.

paragraphs: Reginald Fitz first described acute appendicitis in 1886. It is one of the leading causes worldwide of "pain in the abdomen", a term used in medicine and surgery to cover a wide range of causes.


title: Chandpur District

paragraphs: Chandpur (চাঁদপুর)is a district in east-central Bangladesh. It is at the mouth of the Meghna River. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The town of Chandpur is at the end of a Bangladesh Railways line.

paragraphs: Chandpur district has a total area of 1704.06 square kilometres. It is bordered by Munshiganj District and Comilla District on the north, Noakhali District, Lakshmipur District and Barisal District on the south, Comilla District on the east, and Meghna River, Shariatpur District and Munshiganj District on the west.

paragraphs: Chandpur is where two of the biggest rivers of Bangladesh meet, the Padma River and the Meghna River.

paragraphs: Chandpur has 6 municipalities, 60 wards, 195 mahallas, 8 upazilas, 1 thana, 87 union parishads and 1226 villages. The municipalities are Chandpur Sadar, Shahrasti, Matlab, Changer Char and Hajiganj. The administrative subdivisions called upazilas are:

paragraphs: In 1991 the religions of the people of this district were recorded as being:

paragraphs: Muslim - 92.55%, Hindu - 7.18%, Buddhist - 0.06%, Christian - 0.07% and Others - 0.14%.


title: Chittagong District

paragraphs: Chittagong District () is a district in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. It is a part of the Chittagong Division. The port city of Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, is in this district.

paragraphs: Because of its harbour, Chittagong had been an important place for trade, bringing Arab traders as early as the 9th century CE. The region fell under the rule of kings from Arakan in the 16th and 17th centuries, but later, the Mughal army under Islam Khan conquered Chittagong. During the 17th century, the region also faced a lot of attacks by Portuguese pirates. The Mughals established Chittagong as a district in 1666. The Chittagong Hill Tracts were separated from Chittagong in 1860. Cox's Bazar was separated into a district in 1984.

paragraphs: According to the 1991 census, the religion of the people are:

paragraphs: Religious composition (1991): Muslim - 83.92%, Hindu - 13.76%; Buddhist - 2.01%, Christian - 0.11% and Others - 0.2%.


title: Banglapedia

paragraphs: Banglapedia, or the "National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh", is the first Bangladeshi encyclopedia. It is available in print, CD-ROM format and online, in both Bangla and English. The print version comprises has 500-page volumes. The first edition was published in January 2003 by the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, with a plan to update it every two years.

paragraphs: "Banglapedia" is not a general encyclopaedia but one that covers Bangladesh-related topics. Although Bangladesh is a new country, there is a lot of history going back many, Banglapedia uses the word Bangladesh to include the territory of ancient Eastern India, Suba Bangla, Shahi Bangalah, Mughal Suba Bangla, Bengal Presidency, Bengal Province, East Bengal, East Pakistan, and the independent Bangladesh.


title: Bengal Presidency

paragraphs: The Bengal Presidency was a colonial region of British India; it was made up of undivided Bengal. This area of Bengal is today split into Bangladesh as well as following states of India:

paragraphs: However the Bengal Presidency also later included other areas that are now part of Pakistan and India. The areas of India that used to be part of the presidency include, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh as well as parts of Chhatisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra. It also included the North-West Frontier and British Punjab provinces of Pakistan as well as Burma. Penang and Singapore were also considered to be part of the Presidency until they became part of the Crown Colony of the Straits Settlements in 1867.


title: Veterinarian

paragraphs: A veterinarian or a vet, is someone who gives animals Veterinary medicine or medical treatment. They are doctors for animals. There are many different types of veterinarians; some work with small animals, large farm animals, or wild animals. Veterinarians learn to treat all animals, but sometimes work with a specific type. Other veterinarians specialise in a particular type of medicine - for example, veterinary dermatologists work with animals with skin problems. Finally, some veterinarians do research on animal or human diseases.

paragraphs: To become a vet in North America, you must go to college for at least 2 or 3 years, and take several required classes, including many science classes. You then apply to veterinary school. If you are accepted, you are in veterinary school for 4 years, and then graduate with the degree Doctor of Veterinary Medicine. In the United States and Canada, you have to pass a test (called the NAVLE or North American Veterinary Licensing Exam) before you can practice as a veterinarian. In other countries such as Australia, veterinary schools are 5 years long and take students that have finished high school. In iraq, veterinary schools are 5 years long and take students that have finished high schools.


title: James Abbott

paragraphs: General Sir James Abbott (12 March 1807 – 6 October 1896) was a British army officer in colonial India. He became famous in the northwest frontier region of India in the middle part of the 19th century (today this is the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). He was one of Henry Lawrence's 'advisers' to the Sikhs, after the First Anglo-Sikh War (1846), and then became the first deputy commissioner of Hazara (1849 - 1853).

paragraphs: As part of the Treaty of Lahore signed after the defeat of the Sikhs in the First Anglo-Sikh War, Hazara and Kashmir were going to be transferred to Gulab Singh, Hazara however stayed under the Lahore government and governed by James Abbott. The Pakistani city of Abbottabad was founded by him in January 1853 and is named after him.

paragraphs: James Abbott was the brother of Augustus Abbott and Frederick Abbott, who also served as officers in the forces of the East India Company. His picture was created by the artist B. Baldwin, this picture is located in the National Portrait Gallery in London, though it is not currently on display.


title: North Ossetia-Alania

paragraphs: The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania () is a small republic in the north of the Caucasus which is part of Russia.

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages it was called “Alania”. Since 1804 it has been under Russian control. When the Soviet Union was breaking up in the early 1990s there was a lot of nationalistic feeling in the area. Some Ossetian people wanted to call the country Alania again. In November 1994 the name of Alania was added to the republican title (Republic of North Ossetia-Alania).

paragraphs: A lot of people have come to North Ossetia as refugees because of the wars in neighbouring countries of Chechnya and South Ossetia.


title: Bernard Fanning

paragraphs: Bernard Fanning born August 15, 1969, is the singer, guitarist and writes songs for the Australian rock band Powderfinger.

paragraphs: Born in Brisbane, Fanning joined the band Powderfinger after finishing high school in 1989. He was asked to join by singer and guitar player Ian Haug. He had met Haug while studying journalism at the University of Queensland. He also appeared in the movie Ned Kelly which starred Heath Ledger. Fanning has a small role as a musician in the hotel. He also wrote several songs for the movie, including the title song, "Shelter for My Soul."

paragraphs: Powderfinger have released six albums. Fanning has made a solo album, "Tea and Sympathy" in 2005. His music has been described as a mixture of blues and acoustic folk. As well as singing, Fanning plays guitar, piano, keyboards and harmonica.

paragraphs: This album was recorded in 2005 while Powderfinger were having a break. Ten of the songs were recorded at Peter Gabriel's Real World studios at Bath, Somerset. The other four tracks where recorded in Brisbane. All the songs were written by Bernard Fanning. Other musicians on the album are John Bedggood, John Marotta, Keith Duffy, Duane Billing, Matt Englebrecht, Chris Bosely, Tchad Blake, Ben Quinn and Stu Miller.


title: SWAT team

paragraphs: A SWAT team is a group of highly trained police officers who deal with very dangerous criminals. SWAT is an acronym that means Special Weapons And Tactics. SWAT officers carry weapons of higher caliber than most police officers do, such as machine guns, shotguns, and sniper rifles. Usually, police departments use SWAT teams to catch people who sell illegal drugs or try to hold people hostage. They also respond to serious crimes like bank robberies when normal police officers cannot control the criminals.

paragraphs: The SWAT teams are usually called to deal with hostage situations. They plan the entry into the building where the hostages are being held. They look closely at all building entrances to choose the best option. They make use of equipment such as rappelling ropes, nightvision goggles, thermalvision goggles, a tactical shield, flashbang and smoke grenades, snake cameras small cameras that fit under doors and into very small holes, among others.

paragraphs: SWAT officers act as paramilitary units that tackle situations beyond the capability of conventional police forces. SWAT teams are called in when an incident presents significant risk to law enforcement officers or the public, as in:

paragraphs: While all SWAT officers are expert marksmen with in-depth training in close combat, most play a specialized role within the team. Some serve as negotiators or medics while others are experts in handling assault vehicles or weapons. Each team includes several tactical officers who coordinate and carry out assaults on barricaded positions and apprehend armed suspects.

paragraphs: When not responding to crises, SWAT officers perform more routine duties. Many spend a majority of their time in conventional policing activities such as patrol and traffic enforcement. In some areas, they use their specialized tactical knowledge to conduct crime suppression exercises that ferret out dangerous offenders.


title: Commando

paragraphs: Commandos are military soldiers who have been highly trained in combat. In many armies, they are used to rescue hostages and board enemy ships.British commandos are royal marines commandos


title: White Nights Festival

paragraphs: The White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg, Russia is an international cultural festival which is held every year. There are classical ballet, opera and music events. Many famous Russian dancers, singers, musicians and actors, take part, as well as famous international guest stars. The Scarlet Sails celebration is the big climax of the White Nights season, the largest public event anywhere in Russia. About a million people visit the festival.

paragraphs: The middle of summer in St Petersburg is known as the "White Nights" because, as it is so far north, the sky does not get completely dark during the short night.

paragraphs: The festival begins in May with the "Stars of the White Nights" at Mariinsky Theatre and ends in July. However there are some performances that take place before and after the official dates.

paragraphs: The "Stars of the White Nights" is a series of classical ballet, opera and orchestral performances at the Mariinsky Theatre and the Mariinsky Concert Hall. The artistic director of the festival is Valery Gergiev.

paragraphs: The "Stars of the White Nights" festival was originally started by the first mayor of St. Petersburg, Anatoly Sobchak, and has been held every year since 1993. Some of the stars who performed here include Plácido Domingo, Olga Borodina, Alfred Brendel, Anna Netrebko, Carlo Maria Giulini, Yuri Temirkanov, Gidon Kremer, Esa-Pekka Salonen, Alexander Toradze, Deborah Voigt, James Conlon and many other classical performers.

paragraphs: A series of carnivals take place during the White Nights Festival in St. Petersburg. In one of the carnivals the actors dress in period costumes from the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. Old carriages are ridden around the Peterhof park.

paragraphs: Every summer in St. Petersburg the Palace Square becomes a stage for international stars of popular music. This wide square has been used for official military parades and massive demonstrations, as well as for political events and large-scale shows and other entertainment. Recent performers have been Paul McCartney, the Rolling Stones, Scorpions and other stars.


title: Infantry

paragraphs: Infantry is the branch of a country's army that fights on foot. A member of the infantry is called an infantryman. Infantrymen are also called foot soldiers or footmen. Infantry is different than cavalry because infantry members fight on their own two feet, without vehicles or animals to ride on. Historically, infantrymen were trained to use spears, swords and shields. Modern infantrymen are trained to use many different kinds of weapons, including rifles, grenades, rocket launchers, pistols, sniper rifles, and machine guns. It is one of the most dangerous jobs in any country's military. Since the end of World War II, 81% of Americans killed in battle were infantrymen. This is despite the fact that the infantry made up only about 4% of the US military. The infantry is the backbone of the military and the most important branch of the army.


title: Bryan Clay

paragraphs: Bryan Ezra Tsumoru Clay (born January 3, 1980) is an American decathlete – the 2008 Olympic gold medalist and 2004 Olympic silver medalist.

paragraphs: Clay was born in Austin, Texas. He was raised in Hawaii.


title: Monarch Airlines

paragraphs: Monarch Airlines was a budget airline which is based in the United Kingdom. It was created on 5 June 1967. Its first flight was on 5 April 1968 from Luton in England to Madrid in Spain. Monarch flew to many different places around the world, and usually to holiday resorts. The airline stopped flying on 2 October 2017.

paragraphs: Monarch's fleet consisted of 35 aircraft: 9 Airbus A320 aircraft, 25 Airbus A321 aircraft and 1 Boeing 737-800 aircraft.

paragraphs: Monarch had ordered 45 Boeing 737 MAX aircraft which were due to be delivered in 2018.

paragraphs: Monarch Airlines has had 2 accidents. Nobody was killed. On 22 May 2002, one of Monarch's Boeing 757s suffered broken landing gear at Gibraltar Airport because the pilot pushed the front wheels down too hard on landing.

paragraphs: On 17 March 2006, the flightdeck crew of a Boeing 757-200 lost visual contact with the runway while attempting to land at Gibraltar Airport. During the subsequent go-around, the crew nearly crashed into the Rock of Gibraltar. The aircraft diverted to Malaga to prevent a similar problem.


title: Budget airline

paragraphs: A budget airline or low-cost carrier is an airline which tries to keep its prices and fares lower than competitors. It usually does this by not offering services like free food and drink on a flight and keeping fines from airports low by keeping on time. They also usually only use one type of aircraft. Budget airlines were made famous by Southwest Airlines in the USA which only use Boeing 737 aircraft.


title: Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa

paragraphs: Madagascar 2 - Escape to Africa is a 2008 American computer-animated movie and the sequel to the "first movie" about the same characters. It is directed by Eric Darnell and written by Thomas "Tom" McGrath. It stars the voices of Ben Stiller, Chris Rock, Jada Pinkett Smith, David Schwimmer, Sacha Baron Cohen, Cedric the Entertainer and Andy Richter. Also providing voices are Alec Baldwin, will.i.am, Bernie Mac and Sherri Shepherd. It was made by DreamWorks Animation and was released in 2008.

paragraphs: In the movie, the New York Zoo Animals, Alex the Lion, Marty the Zebra, Melman the Giraffe and Gloria the Hippo, still stranded on Madagascar, started to leave the island. All of the sudden, they landed in the wilderness of Africa. There, Alex soon meet the rest of his family and starting to have trouble communicating with them after much of his time at the Central Park Zoo. It was followed by "".


Wake Up Call


title: Convention People's Party

paragraphs: The Convention People's Party (CPP) is a political party in Ghana. It was started by Kwame Nkrumah in 1949. It was formed as a split from the United Gold Coast Convention, which, before the forming of the CPP, Nkrumah became general secretary of in 1947. Nkrumah split from the UGCC because Nkrumah did not agree with the UGCC's beliefs and ways. The party continues to exist today.


title: Violet Baudelaire

paragraphs: Violet Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. Violet is the oldest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her younger siblings are her brother Klaus and her sister Sunny. She is an inventor. She puts her hair up when she is inventing.

paragraphs: In the 2004 movie she is played by Emily Browning. In the TV series made in 2017-2018 she is played by Malina Weismann.


title: Flat Earth

paragraphs: The idea of a flat Earth is that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane). Belief in a flat Earth is found in the oldest writings. Early Mesopotamian maps showed the world as a flat disk floating in the ocean.

paragraphs: This was a common belief until the Classical Greeks began to discuss the Earth's shape about the 4th century BC. Eratosthenes (276 –194 ) calculated the circumference of the Earth quite well. From then on, few educated people ever believed in its being flat. People first started having the thought that the Earth is round in around 6th century BC. Then, Aristotle proved the Earth was round in around 330 BC.

paragraphs: The large-scale shape of the Earth only matters when considering large distances. Therefore in the Ancient world only sailors, astronomers, philosophers, and theologians would have cared about the Earth's large-scale shape.

paragraphs: The following authors argued for a spherical or ball shaped earth: King Alfred of the Anglo-Saxons, Hildegard von Bingen, Thomas Aquinas, Snorri Sturluson, Marco Polo, Dante Alighieri, Christopher Columbus

paragraphs: Portuguese people explored Africa and Asia, Columbus sailed to the Americas (1492) and Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigated (sailed all round) the earth (1519-21). This proved finally, in a practical way that the Earth is a globe.

paragraphs: During the 19th century, the Romantic ideas about a European "Dark Age" made the Flat Earth model look much more important than it ever had been in history.

paragraphs: The widely circulated woodcut is of a man poking his head through the firmament of a flat Earth to see the machines working the spheres. It was made in 16th century style but cannot be traced to an earlier time than Camille Flammarion's "L'Atmosphère: Météorologie Populaire" (Paris, 1888, p. 163). The woodcut illustrates the statement in the text that a missionary in the middle Ages claimed that "he reached the horizon where the Earth and the heavens met". That story may be traced back to Voltaire, but not to any known source in the Middle ages. The original woodcut had a decorative border that places it in the 19th century; in later publications, some claimed that the woodcut dated from the 16th century and the border was removed. According to an unproved story Flammarion ordered the woodcut himself; certainly no source of the image earlier than Flammarion's book is known.

paragraphs: An early mention in literature was Ludvig Holberg's comedy "Erasmus Montanus" (1723). A great many people disagree with Erasmus Montanus when he claims the Earth is round, since all the peasants believe it is flat. He is not allowed to marry his fiancée until he cries "The earth is flat as a pancake". In Rudyard Kipling's "The Village that Voted the Earth was Flat", the main characters spread the rumor that a Parish Council meeting had voted in favor of a flat Earth.

paragraphs: Fantasy fiction often imagines a flat Earth. In C. S. Lewis' "The Voyage of the Dawn Treader" the fictional world of Narnia is "round like a table" (i.e., flat), not "round like a ball", and the characters sail toward the edge of this world. Terry Pratchett's Strata and Discworld novels (1983 onwards) are set on a flat, disc-shaped world resting on the backs of four huge elephants which are in turn standing on the back of an enormous turtle.


title: John Gilbert (bushranger)

paragraphs: John HAPPY JACK Gilbert (1842 – 1865) was a famous Australian bushranger.

paragraphs: He was born in Hamilton, Canada. He came to Australia in 1852 when he was 10 years old. His family came to dig gold in Victoria, Australia. When he was 12 years old he got a job working with horses

paragraphs: When he was about 20 years old, Gilbert was living in New South Wales near Forbes. He became a member of a gang which was led by Frank Gardiner. Another member of the gang was Ben Hall. With Gardiner and Hall, Gilbert was involved with the biggest gold robbery in Australia's history: in 1862 the gang robbed a coach carrying gold at Eugowra. After the robbery, Gardiner went to Queensland to hide from the police. John Gilbert went to New Zealand. When he came back in May 1863, he started a new gang with Ben Hall.

paragraphs: The Ben Hall gang robbed travelers on the roads, the mail coaches, the gold escorts, hotels, farm houses and even held up whole towns. The police seemed to be unable to stop the gang. At first people thought this was fun, the police being made to look like fools. Gilbert and John O'Meally did the first daylight bank robbery in Australia in July 1863. They rode into the town of Carcoar and tried to take money from the bank. The man working at the bank grabbed his gun and fired it twice. Gilbert and O'Meally ran out of the bank, quickly got on to their horses and rode away.

paragraphs: But as the number of robberies continued, people became scared and wanted the government to do something. In 1864, Gilbert killed a policeman, Sergeant Edmund Parry, during a robbery near Jugiong. The police search for Gilbert became urgent.

paragraphs: At Springfield, near Goulburn, Gilbert tried to rob four young brothers. The boys fired their guns and kept the bushrangers back. Gilbert tried to shoot one of the boys, but his stolen race horse (called "Young Waverly") got in the way. The horse died immediately and Gilbert was trapped under the dead horse. People thought that this was very funny; a dangerous bushranger being made to look like a fool by a group of boys.

paragraphs: In 1865 another another policeman was killed by another member of the gang, John Dunn. Members of the gang were declared outlaws. This meant they could be killed by anyone at anytime. The police shot Ben Hall dead near Forbes on May 5, 1865. On May 13, 1865 Gilbert and Dunn went to hide at John Kelly's (Dunn's grandfather) house. Kelly told the police at Binalong where the two bushrangers were hiding so he could get the reward money. The police went to the house, but Gilbert and Dunn climbed out a window and ran down to Billabong Creek to escape into the bush. Constable King was shot in the foot, and Dunn was shot in the arm. Gilbert was shot dead when he stopped to shoot back at Constable John Bright. After an inquest to record how he died, he was buried at Binalong, in the field where the police kept their horses. Gilbert was a bad criminal. He had been in 630 robberies. Dunn escaped but was captured six months later. He was hanged in Sydney in March 1866.

paragraphs: The story of John Gilbert was told in a poem, "How Gilbert Died", by Australian poet, Banjo Paterson. Paterson had lived in Binalong when he was a young boy.


title: Sunny Baudelaire

paragraphs: Sunny Baudelaire is one of the main characters from Lemony Snicket's series of books, "A Series of Unfortunate Events". In the film she is portrayed by Kara and Shelby Hoffman.

paragraphs: She is the youngest of the Baudelaire orphans. Her two elder siblings are Violet and Klaus Baudelaire. She is described as being an infant throughout much of the series, and as a young (albeit advanced) child toward the end. Sunny cannot talk quite as well as the others because she's only a baby, but the baby noises that she makes are often very well translated into common English words by her older siblings. As the series progresses, her speech begins to grow and by the end of the series she is speaking in full sentences. Sunny's favorite book is "From Molars to Incisors: A Pictorial History of the Tooth", and she hates limp food. Her love of biting is not as common late in the series, though, when she develops a love of cooking.


title: Klaus Baudelaire

paragraphs: Klaus Baudelaire is a fictional character in the popular children's book series, "A Series of Unfortunate Events" by Lemony Snicket. His first name is possibly derived from Claus von Bülow.

paragraphs: Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series, and turns thirteen in "The Vile Village". He is fourteen by the end of the series.


title: Chris Paul

paragraphs: Christopher Emmanuel Paul (born May 6, 1985) is a professional basketball player who currently plays point guard for the Oklahoma City Thunder of the NBA. He has also played six seasons with the New Orleans Hornets. His nickname is CP3. In 2008, Paul won an Olympic gold medal as part of the United States basketball team.

paragraphs: Paul played college basketball at Wake Forest University.


paragraphs: The USA Basketball Men's National Team, commonly known as the United States men's national basketball team, is the most successful team in international competition, winning medals in all eighteen Olympic tournaments it has entered, including fifteen golds. The team won Olympic gold medals in the professional time in 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008, 2012, and 2016.

paragraphs: In 1989, FIBA, international basketball's governing body, allowed professional NBA players to participate in the Olympics for the first time. Before the 1992 Summer Olympics, only European and South American professionals were allowed to play in the Olympics.


title: Nastia Liukin

paragraphs: Anastasia Valeri'yevna "Nastia" Liukina (simply credited as Nastia Liukin, born 1989, Moscow, Russia, USSR) is a Russian born American artistic gymnast. She is daughter of Anna Kotchneva, former rhythmic gymnast and Valeri Liukin, a former artistic gymnast. He is also her coach. The family moved to America when Nastia was a baby. She trains in Texas. Liukin won the all-around Olympic gold medal in the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics. She is fluent in both Russian and American English.


title: Shawn Johnson

paragraphs: Shawn Machel Johnson East (born January 19, 1992) is an American artistic gymnast. She is the 2008 Olympic women's balance beam gold medalist.

paragraphs: Johnson East is the daughter of Doug and Teri Johnson. Her parents put her in a gymnastics class after they saw her climbing up cabinets and jumping down from tables. When she was six, Liang Chow opened a gymnastics school in her city. She was one of Chow's first students when he opened the school.


title: Neuschwanstein Castle

paragraphs: Neuschwanstein Castle (in German Schloss Neuschwanstein) actually means New Swan Stone Castle. It is a Romanesque palace that was made in the 19th century by King Ludwig II of Bavaria. The palace is in Bavaria in southern Germany. It is one of the most famous sites among tourists.


title: Paul Kelly (musician)

paragraphs: Paul Maurice Kelly was born on 13 January 1955 in Adelaide, South Australia. Kelly is an Australian rock music singer-songwriter, guitarist and harmonica player. Kelly has led many groups including Paul Kelly and the Dots, Paul Kelly and the Coloured Girls and Paul Kelly and the Messengers. Kelly is one of Australia's most well-known singer-songwriters. His importance was recognised in 1997 when he was added to the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Kelly writes and plays in many music styles, from bluegrass to reggae. His main styles are folk, rock, and country. Kelly's Top 40 singles on the National charts were his 1980s songs "Billy Baxter", "Before Too Long", "Darling it Hurts", "To Her Door", "Dumb Things", and his 2000 single "Roll on Summer". "To Her Door", written by Kelly, was his best local hit. It got to Number 14 on the Australian singles charts in 1987. "Dumb Things" got to Number 16 on the US "Billboard" Modern Rock chart in 1988. He has also had success with his albums with Top 20 hits on the National charts for "Gossip", "Under The Sun" and "So Much Water So Close To Home" from the 1980s; "Comedy", "Wanted Man", "Songs from the South: Paul Kelly's Greatest Hits" and "Words and Music" from the 1990s; and "Nothing But A Dream", "Ways & Means" and "Stolen Apples" from the 2000s. The compilation album "Songs from the South" got to Number 2 in 1997. His highest charting studio album was "Nothing But A Dream" which got to Number 7 in 2001.


paragraphs: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or attention deficit disorder (ADD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder. It affects how people think and act.

paragraphs: People with ADHD may be too active; they may have trouble sitting still or being quiet. They may be rather impulsive.

paragraphs: They usually have problems focusing and remembering what is said or done around them. ADHD is called a "neurological developmental disorder" because it affects how people's nervous systems develop.

paragraphs: Experts think that, throughout the world, about one in twenty children (5%) has ADHD. Some countries have more people with ADHD than others, and not everyone uses the same tests. Psychologists have found more people with ADHD in North America than in Africa and the Middle East. In the United States, about one in every fourteen children has ADHD (7%), including one in every ten boys (10%) and one in every twenty-five girls (4%). This could be because more boys get ADHD, or because fewer girls take ADHD tests.

paragraphs: ADHD is most common in children: fewer adults have ADHD.

paragraphs: Some (less than half) people with ADHD in childhood find things get better when they are adults. Their symptoms are less noticeable. In some cases the symptoms go away entirely when they reach adulthood.

paragraphs: People with ADHD can have trouble paying attention, be overly active, or be impulsive. There are three types of ADHD, based on which of the three symptoms is most common. Someone who usually has trouble paying attention may have some or all of these symptoms:

paragraphs: Someone who usually is overly active may have some or all of these symptoms:

paragraphs: People who are overly active usually lose these symptoms as they get older.

paragraphs: Someone who usually is impulsive may have some or all of these symptoms:

paragraphs: People with ADHD may have trouble making and keeping friends. They may also have trouble controlling their anger. While children with ADHD may have trouble doing some things, many children with ADHD will not have trouble paying attention to something they enjoy or think are interesting.

paragraphs: Most people who have ADHD also have other mental disorders, most often oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, dyslexia, Tourette syndrome, anxiety disorders (especially obsessive-compulsive disorder), mood disorders, substance use disorders, eating disorders and personality disorders (especially antisocial, borderline, histrionic, passive-aggressive and avoidant).

paragraphs: It is believed that the main difference between neurotypical brains and the ones with the ADHD is the deficit in amount of dopamine receptors release within the synapses in the brain. This deficit is said to be the main factor in regulating motivation and sustaining attention.

paragraphs: Research of twins has shown that about three in four cases of ADHD are caused by one or both parents having ADHD. Siblings of children with ADHD are three to four times more likely to develop the disorder than siblings of children without the disorder. Genetic factors are also believed to be involved in determining whether ADHD lasts into adulthood. Some scientists think that ADHD is common because when humans were first developing, it was good to be overly active. Others think that, because ADHD is more common in children when the mother is anxious, ADHD developed to help children in dangerous places.

paragraphs: There are other possible causes for ADHD. If a pregnant person drinks alcohol, it can cause fetal alcohol syndrome, which can include ADHD. ADHD can also happen if a mother smokes tobacco while she is pregnant. Lead, low birth weight, premature birth, and some infections can increase the risk of a child having ADHD.

paragraphs: There is no cure for ADHD. People with ADHD can be helped with therapy or medication. Therapy is recommended for children who do not have bad symptoms or are very young. Therapy for people with ADHD helps with attention and behavior. There is also education for parents and teachers to help children with ADHD. Some physical exercise has been shown to help people with ADHD.

paragraphs: The first line treatment for ADHD includes cognitive behavioral therapy and use of stimulants. Stimulants increase the amount of a chemical called dopamine in the brain, which helps with paying attention, planning, organization, and management of being overly active. These medications should not be given to children below the age of 6.

paragraphs: People do not agree about the diagnosis of ADHD. The number of people with ADHD has increased in the last several years. Some people think this is because doctors are diagnosing too many people. Others think it is because doctors are getting better at finding people with ADHD. Some people think that ADHD is made-up and not a real illness, even though it's the most researched condition in psychiatry. Most studies suggest that ADHD is mostly caused by problems with genes.

paragraphs: Several famous people have spoken about the rise in ADHD diagnoses. Actor Tom Cruise said that the medicines usually given to people with ADHD were like illegal drugs. Others disagreed with him because the amount of medicine given to people with ADHD does not cause addiction. There have been many studies about the effectiveness of the medicines used with ADHD. One certain study found that the medicine did help over a long time, but did not help more than other types of treatment.


title: Prevalence

paragraphs: Prevalence is a measure from the statistics of epidemiology. The prevalence of a disease in a certain population tries to answer the question of how common the disease is. A simple way to do this is to see how many members of the population have the disease, and divide by the total number of people in the population.


title: Apologetic proverb

paragraphs: Apologetic proverbs (also known as wellerisms), make fun of proverbs by showing that they are wrong, in some situations.


title: Ozone

paragraphs: Ozone, or trioxygen, is a chemical with the symbol O. This means one molecule of ozone is made of three oxygen atoms. Ozone is rarely called "trioxygen", even though this is its IUPAC systematic name. Ozone is formed from oxygen gas (O) by the action of ultraviolet light and also atmospheric electrical discharges. It is present in low concentrations throughout the Earth's atmosphere. In total, ozone makes up only 0.6 ppm (parts per million) of the atmosphere by volume.

paragraphs: Ozone is important to life on planet Earth. There is a portion of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone, called the ozone layer. The ozone layer filters out damaging ultraviolet radiation from the Sun, like a kind of sun screen. Without this ozone layer things would not have been able to live on the surface of our planet. The ozone layer also absorbs a lot of heat from the sun's rays.

paragraphs: However, ozone is toxic to animals and plants above concentrations of about 0.1 ppm. In humans, it can cause nasal and throat irritation, and nausea. Extended exposure can cause lung oedema. 0.100 ppm is the maximum allowable limit for industrial, public, or occupied spaces in England, Japan, France, the Netherlands and Germany. The Ozone layer is in the 10 to 50 kilometer range of the Earth's atmosphere.