title: Nyssa (Doctor Who)

paragraphs: Nyssa is a fictional character in the long-running British science fiction television series "Doctor Who". She is played by Sarah Sutton. Nyssa came from the planet Traken. Nyssa was created by writer Johnny Byrne for the Fourth Doctor serial "The Keeper of Traken", but the production team later decided that she should join the Doctor on his travels. She returned in the next serial "Logopolis", in which the Fourth Doctor regenerated, and remained as a companion of the Fifth Doctor. She was a regular in the programme from 1981 to 1983. Sutton was the youngest female actor to play a companion in the series.

paragraphs: Nyssa is a alien from the planet Traken, the daughter of Tremas (a consul of the Traken Union) and stepdaughter of Kassia. She helps the Doctor and Adric to defeat Master. During her journeys with Tegan and Adric aboard the TARDIS, Nyssa finds herself trapped in a mathematical equation by the Master – whom she hates as he is, of course, now using "that face" (her father's). She also encounters a race of androids and their insane ruler, helps foil the genocidal plans of a wounded Terileptil and incidentally start the Great Fire of London, and discovers her remarkable resemblance to Ann Talbot.

paragraphs: Nyssa's fate after she leaves the TARDIS is not known, although the spin-off novel "Asylum", by Peter Darvill-Evans, reveals that she eventually leaves Terminus and settles down as an academic in a university on an unspecified planet. In "Asylum", Nyssa shares an adventure with the Fourth Doctor from a time before he met her, leaving the Doctor with the knowledge that he will have to be extremely careful dealing with Nyssa when they eventually meet to avoid changing history.

paragraphs: Since then, Sutton has also voiced Nyssa in several audio plays alongside Peter Davison as the Fifth Doctor, produced by Big Finish Productions.


title: Harry Sullivan (Doctor Who)

paragraphs: Harry Sullivan is a fictional character from the British science-fiction television series "Doctor Who". He was a companion of the Fourth Doctor. Harry Sullivan was played by Ian Marter, the character appears as a regular during the programme's twelfth season in 1974–1975.

paragraphs: Harry is a doctor in the Royal Navy, who is also a medical officer to the United Nations Intelligence Taskforce, the military organisation to which the Doctor works for as a scientific advisor. He is first mentioned (though not seen) in "Planet of the Spiders", when the Brigadier thinks the Third Doctor has gone into a coma. The Brigadier calls "Doctor Sullivan" and asks him to come to the Doctor's laboratory, but tells him not to bother when Sergeant Benton wakes the Doctor by offering him a cup of coffee. In the next serial, "Robot", after the Doctor's third regeneration, Sullivan is called in to help him, and ends up travelling aboard the TARDIS with the Fourth Doctor and Sarah-Jane Smith (played by Elisabeth Sladen) for several adventures.

paragraphs: The character was originally devised by the production team to do any action scenes required in episodes when they had envisioned that the new Doctor would be played by an older actor (Sarah-Jane even jokingly compares Harry to James Bond at one point). When forty year-old Tom Baker was cast, however, this was no longer a concern and the decision was taken to write Harry out — something producer Philip Hinchcliffe later admitted was probably a mistake, as Harry was a likeable and popular character who worked well with both of his fellow leads.

paragraphs: Harry's last regular appearance is in the season thirteen opener "Terror of the Zygons", which had actually been made at the conclusion of the twelfth production block and held over to start the following season. At the conclusion of this story he chooses to return to London by train rather than by TARDIS with the Doctor and Sarah-Jane, who continue their adventures without him. He does, however, reappear three stories later in "The Android Invasion", both as the original Harry and an android double. This is the character's final appearance in the programme.

paragraphs: A photo of Harry can be seen in Sarah-Jane Smith's attic in "The Sarah-Jane Adventures" and in "Invasion of the Bane", Sarah-Jane thought of naming her newly adopted son after him before deciding on Luke.


title: Fire drill

paragraphs: A fire drill is a sudden practice event, where people leave a building. They are practicing what they would do if there was a fire in the building. The event is started when the fire alarm goes off. The fire alarm sound can either be a continuous metal bell, a horn or a two-tone siren. Some old alarms in the UK like the Chloride Gent Warbler will curve between the two tones. The entire building is evacuated and everybody leaves the building using the nearest fire exit. At a school, college or university, the teacher or the lecturer counts the people outside to find out if anyone is missing. Sometimes people are evacuated when a drill is not scheduled by the school. This is called a false alarm. There are rules and regulations in place where fire alarm devices should be tested on a weekly basis. If the fire alarm sounds and the building is not evacuated, this may be due to the a scheduled fire alarm test that people already know about.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, the law recommends that all schools must do a fire drill every term. But with the current UK government laws, any organization in the UK should conduct a fire drill once a year. In addition to sounding the fire alarms for regular fire drills during term time, regular health and safety checks such as testing fire alarm systems and fire extinguishers must be done weekly. During half term holidays and breaks, these tests are often done during the day so that staff who work during term time know what the fire alarm sounds like. The fire alarm in the United Kingdom sounds either a continuous two tone buzzer or a beep similar to an electronic game beeping in test mode. Sometimes depending on the sounder used, the buzzer can curve between the two tones. In the United States, different states have laws that say how often schools must have fire drills. For example, in many states, schools must have one fire drill per month and fire alarms can either be continuous, or set to different codes such as code 3.

paragraphs: Fire drills commonly take place in schools, colleges and public companies. In public transport such as cruise ships, it is called a muster drill. Fire drills aren't done on airplanes, but a safety demonstration that shows the emergency procedures of the aircraft is done instead. If an aircraft is about to perform an emergency landing, the passangers on the aircraft are told to take the safety brace position on hearing the "brace" command.

paragraphs: During fire drills, some schools block exits with a piece of cardboard or something else that is supposed to stand for a fire. This makes people practice finding another way out of the building.


title: Fire alarm

paragraphs: A fire alarm is an electronic sounder or a bell. The alarm makes a loud, high pitched sound to notify people that there is a fire in the building. The sounders can be programmed to sound different tones. Most fire alarm sounders in Europe sound like a siren. The bell makes a continuous ringing sound.

paragraphs: There are also companies like HST Fire and KKmoon which produce fire alarms and pull stations. In every building, the fire alarms are hooked up to a main control panel, which allows the inspector or janitor to preform fire drills, do inspections on pull stations, and more.

paragraphs: Some examples of companies which make fire alarms are Wheelock, Simplex, Edwards, Gentex, Johnson Controls, Fire-Lite, and Notifier(Fire-Lite and Notifier both being owned by Honeywell). There is also Fulleon who are best known for their Roshni electronic sounder. These sounders are often used around Europe and they have 32 user selectable tones. Sometimes, old-fashioned fire alarms are metal bells. Many fire alarm systems also have flashing lights, also known as strobes. These are important for deaf people who cannot hear the fire alarm. There are also special alarms which are less loud for sleeping areas, so that people are not startled, and white fire alarms for dark walls. In larger buildings, There are 2-step systems with a recorded message, which start off by stating the emergency and waiting for the security guards to be sure there is a fire, then asking for the occupants of the building to calmly evacuate. In smaller areas, there is a immediate alarm, without voice.

paragraphs: Fire alarms are often used in schools and other places during fire drills, or in the case of a real fire. If somebody activates a fire alarm for fun or without reason, it is called a "false alarm". Setting off a false alarm is against the law in most places.


title: Jiangxi

paragraphs: Jiangxi is a province of People's Republic of China. Its capital and largest city is Nanchang.


title: In vitro fertilisation

paragraphs: "In vitro" fertilisation (IVF) is a way to let sperm fertilise egg cells outside of the womb. IVF is used so that infertile women may still have children. IVF is done by:

paragraphs: Louise Brown, a female born in 1978 in Manchester, England, was the first ever person to be born as a result of in vitro fertilisation.

paragraphs: Some religious organisations believe that adoption is a better course of action for infertile couples. They think IVF is wrong because it is unnatural.


title: Yehudi Menuhin

paragraphs: Yehudi Menuhin, Baron Menuhin, OM, KBE (22 April 1916 in New York City - 12 March 1999 in Berlin) was a violinist and conductor. As a child he was one of the most extraordinary violin prodigies there has ever been. He was one of the greatest violinists of the 20th century. In later life he also performed a lot as conductor. He was a very influential teacher who started a school, the Yehudi Menuhin School, near London, for musically gifted children. He was born an American citizen, but then became Swiss in 1970, and then took on British nationality in 1985.

paragraphs: Yehudi Menuhin was born in New York City, New York. His parents were Russian Jews who came from what is now Belarus. His sisters were Hephzibah Menuhin who became a pianist, and Yaltah Menuhin who became a pianist, painter and poet. His father, Moshe Menuhin, had been a rabbinical student and writer who oppposed Zionism.

paragraphs: Menuhin had his first violin lessons just after the age of four in San Francisco with the violin teacher Sigmund Anker. He immediately showed extraordinary talent. He continued to study with Louis Persinger, and performed with the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra in 1924. and in New York in 1926. He performed in Paris in February 1927, after which he studied with the Romanian composer and violinist George Enescu. When he played Beethoven’s Violin Concerto with the conductor Fritz Busch in New York in November 1927 he immediately became world famous. He not only had the most amazing technique but he also understood the music just as well as any grown up musician. As a child he made many recordings. One of the most remarkable was a recording made in 1932 of Elgar’s Violin concerto. Elgar, who was then 75 years old, was conducting the orchestra.

paragraphs: During World War II Menuhin gave more than 500 performances for American and allied soldiers. He was the first person to perform in the Paris Opéra after the war and he went with the composer Benjamin Britten to perform for the people who were prisoners in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, after they were made free in April 1945. He returned to Germany in 1947 to perform with the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra with the conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler. Many Jews said he should not have done this, because they said that Furtwängler had played for the Nazis who had killed so many Jews, but Menuhin said it was the right thing to do.

paragraphs: Menuhin continued to give many performances, but there were times when he did not play so well. He may have worked too hard. He had to give himself time off performing and he practised very carefully and studied meditation and yoga to help him get over his problems.

paragraphs: Menuhin continued to perform until he was quite old. He did not just play classical music but explored other kinds of music such as jazz which he often played with the famous jazz violinist Stéphane Grappelli, and he explored Indian music and played with the sitarist Ravi Shankar. He also conducted some of the world’s greatest orchestras and founded his own chamber orchestra.

paragraphs: In 1959 Menuhin made his home in London. He performed a lot in England, including at the Bath Festival, but also continued to travel all over the world.

paragraphs: In 1962 he started a school for children who had special musical talent. It was called the Yehudi Menuhin School. The school is in Stoke d'Abernon, Surrey, just south of London.

paragraphs: In 1983 he founded together with Robert Masters the Yehudi Menuhin International Competition for Young Violinists. Many of today’s famous violinists won prizes at this competition, including Tasmin Little and Nikolaj Znaider.

paragraphs: In 1991 he was given the Wolf Prize by the Israeli Government. In the Israeli Knesset he gave a speech in which he criticised Israel's occupation of the West Bank. He said that it was not right for the Jews, who have lived by strict moral behaviour for 5000 years, not to let others (meaning the Palestinians) live their lives there too.

paragraphs: Menuhin had many pupils who became famous, including Nigel Kennedy.

paragraphs: Yehudi Menuhin was married twice. He first married Nola Nicholas, daughter of an Australian industrialist, and sister of Hephzibah Menuhin's first husband. They had two children. After their divorce, he married the British ballerina and actress Diana Gould. They had two sons, Gerard and Jeremy, who became a pianist.

paragraphs: The name "Yehudi" means 'Jew' in Hebrew. It means "Thanks to God".

paragraphs: Yehudi Menuhin was given many honours from all over the world. These include the Commander of the Legion d’honneur, a Knight of the Dutch Order of Oranje Nassau, an Hon. KBE, and the Nehru Award for International Understanding. In 1993 he was made a life peer and became Lord Menuhin.

paragraphs: Lord Menuhin died in Berlin, Germany, from bronchitis.

paragraphs: Soon after his death, the Royal Academy of Music was given the Yehudi Menuhin Archive, a very large collection of musical books, letters etc. that had belonged to Yehudi Menuhin.


title: Yehudi Menuhin School

paragraphs: The Yehudi Menuhin School is a private music school in Cobham, Surrey, England. It was started in 1963 by the violinist Yehudi Menuhin.

paragraphs: The school is very small: there are about sixty pupils who are boys and girls between the ages of eight and nineteen. The children must have extremely good musical talent. They all play at least one musical instrument: either a stringed instrument or piano. They are taught other subjects as well, but music is the most important subject, and they are given lots of time to practise their instrument as well as music lessons to help them develop their special musical skills in classical music. Famous musicians who were pupils at the school include Nicola Benedetti, Nigel Kennedy, Tasmin Little and Alina Ibragimova.

paragraphs: Ofsted rate the school as 'outstanding'.


title: Recipe

paragraphs: A recipe is a list of instructions that shows how to prepare or make something such as a food dish.

paragraphs: Modern-day recipes are usually made up of several parts:

paragraphs: Recipes from earlier times often included much less information: Older recipes usually just reminded a person of the ingredients needed.

paragraphs: The earliest known recipes are from 1600 and came from an Akkadian tablet from southern Babylonia. The ancient Egyptians painted hieroglyphics showing the preparation of food. Many recipes are known from ancient Greece. Mithaecus's cookbook was an early one, but most of it has been lost. Athenaeus quotes one short recipe in his Deipnosophistae. Roman recipes are known with some of them starting in the 2nd century B.C with Cato the Elder's De Agri Cultura. Many other authors of this period explained eastern Mediterranean cooking in Greek and Latin.

paragraphs: King Richard II of England asked someone to make a recipe book called "Forme of Cury" in 1390. Around the same time another book was published entitled "Curye on Inglish". Both books give an idea of how food was made and served in the noble classes of England at that time.

paragraphs: By the 1400s, manuscripts appeared, describing the recipes of that time. Many of these give very good information and record the re-discovery of many herbs and spices including coriander, parsley, basil and rosemary. Many of these herbs and spices had been brought back from the Crusades.

paragraphs: During the 1500s and 1600s, printed books appeared. The large houses tried to be better than each other, and books were written on how to manage households and prepare food. In Holland, and England, the noble families competed to see who could make the most splendid foods.

paragraphs: By the 1660s cooks published their own books explaining their recipes, in competition with their rivals. Many of these books have now been translated and can be found online.

paragraphs: In Europe, none had such influence as the top French chefs. They built the haute cuisine which others copied. La Varenne (1615–1678), Carême (1784–1833) and Escoffier (1846–1935) were the great innovators.

paragraphs: By the 1800s, cooking had become a hobby throughout the world. Using the newest technology and using a new publishing idea, Mrs Beeton (1836–1865) published her famous ‘Book of Household Management’, in 24 parts between 1857 and 1861. Around that same time the American cook Fannie Farmer (1857–1915) devoted herself to cooking. She published the book ‘The Boston Cooking School Cookbook’ in 1896 which had 1849 recipes.

paragraphs: The next revolution in popular culture came with introduction of the media cooks. The first was Philip Harben who was first on radio, with newspaper columns and books. Then he was first on British television, before Fanny Craddock.

paragraphs: TV cooking programs brought the recipes of cooks to a new audience who wanted to try out new ways of cooking. In the early days, the recipes were available by post from the BBC and later with the introduction of the CEEFAX text on screen system, they became available on the television. The new companies of Channel 4 and S4C also brought recipes to the television with their own text system called ORACLE. Today the television is still a major source of recipe information, with world-wide cooks and chefs such as Julia Child, Jamie Oliver, Nigella Lawson and Rachael Ray having TV shows and websites giving the details of all their recipes.


title: Lee Hyori

paragraphs: Lee Hyo-ri (b. May 10, 1979) is a South Korean singer and actress. She debuted as a leader of the girl group, 'FIN.KL' on May, 1998. The group was rival with another group named 'S.E.S'.

paragraphs: Lee Hyori became a sole singer in 2003. With her debut, her fashion and activity attracted public attention. She was so popular that 'Lee Hyori syndrome' was the highest keyword in Korea.

paragraphs: Lee Hyori acted the leading part in drama, named 'three-leaf clover'. Despite popularity of Lee Hyori, the acting ability was criticized.

paragraphs: 'U-Go-Girl', her 3rd album's title music, gained public interest. And another music named 'Hey Mr.BiG' also became popular. These made Lee Hyori to the highest position. Now she is member of program which SBS broadcasts. She is a huge asset to the program called "Here come the 'family'", in which she was praised to have shown her cool, honest personality.


title: Pygmalion effect

paragraphs: Pygmalion was a sculptor who lived in Cyprus. Women who lived on Cyprus didn't stay virtuous, so Pygmalion decided to live alone and made a sculpture, Galatea. During the Aphrodite feast, thanks to Pygmalion`s prayers, the sculpture turned into a real person. This was called The Pygmalion effect.

paragraphs: The Pygmalion effect shows that if we want something enough, we'll get it. It is named after the scholar who demonstrated it. It is also called "Rosenthal Effect" and is quoted when we refer to "The power of affirmation" and "The power of praise".

paragraphs: Another example of the Pygmalion effect is in groups. If there are two groups, one group thought that their teacher was "good", the other group thought he was "not good". The teacher treated both groups the same, but the group with a positive expectations had better outcomes than the others; Simply because those with positive expectations made them perform better than other students.

paragraphs: The Pygmalion effect is also an important instrument in management theory. It makes managers be aware, that the success of their employees depends not only on qualification, personal qualities or working environment. Manager always has to believe in his people and expect them to achieve the best results. In such case the subordinates will always feel this trust and demonstrate their best skills and abilities in their work.


title: Jet lag

paragraphs: Jet lag is a physiological condition, often occurring when humans travel from one time zone to another. It happens because of the time difference between two places. Some people suffer from jet lag more than other people do.

paragraphs: If the departure time (the original body clock) is not the same as the destination time, jet lag can occur. Traveling east is more likely to cause jet lag than traveling west. That is because a cycle of the human's biological time is usually more than 24 hours, and going east makes the day shorter, which is a more difficult adjustment.

paragraphs: Jet lag can have several symptoms. It usually takes the form of fatigue and insomnia. Also, headache, depression, even nausea may strike people. Sufferers can use caffeine or sleeping pills as a way of treatment. Using caffeine (such as in tea or coffee) is helpful, either in the morning when going westward or in the afternoon when going eastward. The hormone melatonin is said to help people sleep. Also, doing things like changing sleeping patterns several days before departure may help people adjust to the new time zone.


title: Korean International Circuit

paragraphs: The Korean International Circuit is a racetrack being made in Yeongam County, South Jeolla Province, of South Korea. This is 400 kilometres from the capital, Seoul. This track will be 5.684 km long. This will be the longest track in Asia. The main purpose of this track will be Formula One (F1) races. F1 will race at this track for at least 7 years starting in 2010. It will also be used for local races.

paragraphs: Charlie Whiting, technical delegate for the FIA completed a two-day inspection on 10 October 2010. While much of the circuit facilities are still under construction, the circuit itself is ready for Formula One racing.

paragraphs: Special attention was given to the top layer of asphalt. This final layer was installed the week before the inspection.

paragraphs: FIA rules normally require approval at least 90 days before the race. The FIA had to stretch their own rules to allow the Korean Grand Prix to take place.

paragraphs: German designer Hermann Tilke designed the track. The track has two parts. One permanent part (3.047 km) will be used for local races. One temporary part (2.643 km) will be joined to the permanent part and be used for F1 races. The track has 18 corners. The track will be next to a lake, so some people will be able to see the races from their boats.

paragraphs: A number of problems were uncovered on the first day of practice. Drivers complained about the blind entrance to the pit lane. Jarno Trulli called it "very dangerous". A number of cars have bottomed out at turn 16. Charlie Whiting has asked that the corner be changed. The track was slippery and dusty. Lewis Hamilton said "It was the dirtiest circuit I have ever been on," and "It was so dusty it was incredible." The problems with the turn 16 was fixed before the qualifying session the next day.


title: Kim Hyun-Soo (baseball)

paragraphs: Kim Hyun-Soo (born Jan 12, 1988 in Seoul, South Korea) is a professional baseball player. He plays with the South Korean baseball club Doosan Bears. He bats left handed. He throws right handed.

paragraphs: Hyun-Soo graduated from Ssang-Moon Elementary School, Shin-Il Middle School, and Shin-Il High School. When he was a high school student, he received the Lee Young-Min Award, for being the leading hitter in baseball at the high school level. He was slow for an outfielder. He was not selected in the rookie draft.

paragraphs: In 2007, Hyun-Soo played 99 games. His batting average was at 0.273. In 2008, he played 126 games, made 168 hits, his on base percentage was 0.509 and his batting average was 0.357. He was given titles for the highest on base percentage, hit and batting average. He also was given the Golden Glove award for outfielders.


title: Dangun

paragraphs: In Korean mythology, Dangun was the grandson of the gods, and the founder of Gojoseon, who set up the capital at Asadal. Legends say that around 4,340 years ago, "Joseon" was the name of the country that became Korea. So Dangun is believed to be an ancestor of the Korean nation. There was also a kingdom called "Joseon" later in Korean history, so Dangun's kingdom is called "Go" (meaning "Ancient") Joseon.

paragraphs: Once upon a time, Hwanung, the god Hwanin`s son, wanted to go down to the human world. Hwanin noticed that and let Hwanung go down to the human world with three amulets. Hwanung went to the Sindansu in Mount Taebaek, with his 3,000 followers. He managed the human world`s agriculture, morals, and 363 other fields of societal work. All these things went well.

paragraphs: One day, two animals visited Hwanung, begging him to change them to human beings. One was a tiger, and the other was a bear. Hwanung gave them an armful of divine wormwood and twenty cloves of divine garlic, and said: "Eat those for 100 days without being exposed to the sunshine. Then you will become human beings."

paragraphs: The two animals went to the cave and followed Hwanung`s orders. But during this process, the tiger could not endure this trial, and rushed out from the cave. On the other hand, the bear endured the trial and became a woman. But nobody was willing to marry her. So the bear woman prayed to conceive a baby at Sindansu. Then Hwanung transformed himself into human being for a while and married her. The bear woman gave birth to a baby. That baby was Dangun.

paragraphs: Dangun managed Gojoseon for 1,500 years, and after that long period, Giza succeeded to the throne. Dangun retired from the world and became a mountain god.


title: Lee Soo-young

paragraphs: Lee Soo-young (born Lee Ji-yeon () April 12, 1979) is a Korean ballad singer. She started her singing career in 1999 in Korea with "I Believe". She is well known for her lyrical and powerful voice. She has earned much popularity in Korea. She sang the song, "얼마나 좋을까" ("Eolmana Joheulkka")which is added to the original soundtrack of Final Fantasy X in 2001. Lee has released 8 studio albums. She is one of the most popular ballad singer in Korea.

paragraphs: Lee was born in Seoul, South Korea. She has a younger brother and a younger sister. Her father died from car accident when she was nine. After this, her mother earned money by working for restaurants and delivering milk bottles. She went to a church and she said it helped her a lot to maintain her life. After her mother died from car accident, she began her career as a singer.

paragraphs: She started to sell her albums in Japan in 2004. She released one studio album, and two single album. With these albums, she got only 125th position in Oricon chart.


title: Entamoeba histolytica

paragraphs: Entamoeba histolytica is an parasitic protozoan, part of the genus "Entamoeba". It infects mainly humans and other primates.

paragraphs: "E. histolytica" is estimated to infect about 50 million people worldwide. About seventy thousand die each year, mostly from liver abscesses or other complications. The disease it causes is known as amoebiasis. A related species, "Entamoeba dispar", may be even more common.


title: Yi Sun-sin

paragraphs: Admiral Yi Sun-sin was born in Geoncheon-dong, Seoul, Josun dynasty(Ancient name of Korea) on March 8, 1545. Owing to the poverty of his family, he moved to and grew up in his mother's hometown, Asan, in Chungcheongnam-do province. He became a warrior at the late age of 32, after failing the exam at the age of 28. When he arrived Jeolla-do province as the navy commander of western part of Jeolla-do province in 1591, he predicted the war with Japan. He disciplined the navy tightly and made the turtle ship, which had at least five different types of cannon and had a fully covered deck with iron spikes to shield from cannon fire and attempt to board the ship, for preparation of the war.

paragraphs: On April 13, 1592, the Imjin War broke out just as Yi had foreseen. Japan occupied nearly all the land of Josun dynasty which was not prepared for war and tried to supply military provisions through the sea route of Jeolla-do province. Yi had already prepared for war, so he led his navy to victory in every engagement he fought during seven years of war with the Japanese. In the battle of Hansan, using 'crane wing' formation he captured and sank fifty nine of the seventy-three Japanese ships. And in the battle of Myongnyang, he defeated 333 enemy ships with 13 ships his own. This victory has regarded as one of the miracle victories of the world.

paragraphs: Through his victories, Josun dynasty prohibited the Japanese warlord Toyotomi Hideyoshi from governing Josun. However Yi Sun-sin was killed by enemy fire during the last battle of the war, Noryang, in 1592.


title: Time Between Dog and Wolf

paragraphs: Time Between Dog and Wolf is a South Korean noir romance drama.


title: Cancer (constellation)

paragraphs: Cancer () is one of the twelve constellations of the zodiac. The name is Latin for crab. Its symbol is (). Cancer is small and the stars are dim. It is between Gemini to the west and Leo to the east, Lynx to the north and Canis Minor and Hydra to the south.


title: Ulleungdo

paragraphs: Ulleungdo is a South Korean island, the main part of Ulleung County, North Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, in East Sea. This island is at 37°30'N 130°52'E. The part of this island is the peak of the mountain. This mountain is a large stratovolcano which rises from seafloor. The formation time of this volcanic mountain is between the Cainozoic Third Era and the Cenozoic Fourth Era. The highest peak of Ulleungdo is Seonginbong peak, 984 meters. There are Nari Basin and Albong Basin which are made by collapsing Caldera crater in the northern slope. Ulleungdo is a pentagon shape. The length of east and west is 10 km and the length of south, and north is 9.5 km, and the total length of seashore is about 56.5 km.

paragraphs: The relics of the Bronze Age like dolmens or patternless earthenwares were unearthed in Hyunpo, Namsu and Judongri. According to Samguk Sagi and Samguk Yusa, there was Usan-guk in Silla. But in June 512, ruler Lee Sa Bu conquered the Usan-guk. In the early 1000's, Japanese called Ulleungdo Uruma. Tribute was continued during the Goryeo. In the early 11 century, after the Usan-guk people who was attacked by Yeojin ran away to the mainland, Ulleungdo and Dokdo became direct controlled territory of the Goryeo. In march 1407, the ruler of Tsushima Island sent envoy, presented the local products and sent back the victims for getting a approval that ruler of Tsushima Island administered the Ulleungdo. But the king of Chosun, Tae Jong, rejected it. In the formal term of Chosun, there were a lot of damages because of Japanese's plunder. So the king of Chosun, Tae Jong, enforced the "empty-island" policy. In Sejong True Record Geographical Feature Papers, there is a record about Ulleungdo which are called Usan-guk. In 1614, the ruler of Tsushima sent a letter that they should look around the Ulleungdo according to the order of Tokugawa Ieyasu. But the king of Chosun, Gwang Hae Gun also rejected it and issued an order that banned Japanese not to come-and-go the Ulleungdo. In 1618, the government of Tokugawa gave the license to Otani and Murikawa Family to go to Ulleungdo. But Chosun people already lived in Ulleungdo. That Families complained about that to the government of Tokugawa, but the government of Tokugawas could not give the practical support to them. After having a controversy about Ulleungdo, the Japan´s feudal government;the shogunate banned Japanese to go to Ulleungdo. In 1787, The LaPerouse Expedition Party of France measured the Ulleungdo at first time and they called the Ulleungdo Dagelet. Finally in 1884, the king of Go Jong removed the "empty island" policy and reclaimed the Ulleungdo.

paragraphs: The vegetation of Ulleungdo is very diverse. There are about 650 species of various plants including aromatic trees, silver magnolia, camellia trees, 39 species of specialties and 6 species of natural monuments. Also there are 50 kinds of birds. 25 species are resident birds and 38 species are migratory birds. About 340 species of insects live in Ulleungdo. In the neighboring waters where the cold current and the warm current are meeting, a lot of cuttlefish, sauries, Alaska pollacks are caught.

paragraphs: In Ulleungdo, there are 3無 5多. In Ulleungdo, there is no environmental pollution, no snakes and there is so much water, wind and so many beauties, stones, aromatic trees.

paragraphs: Ulleungdo county's tree is a silver magnolia. Ulleungdo county's flower is a camellia flower. And Ulleungdo county's bird is a wood pigeon.


title: Dongdongju

paragraphs: Dongdongju is a traditional liquor in Gyeonggi-do, Korea. Dongdongju was named because the grains of boiled rice float to the surface of the drink while it is brewed. It is also called Buryuju(floating alcohol).

paragraphs: There are two ways to brew Dongdongju. One way is to brew with non-glutinous rice, yeast, wheat flour, and water. The other way is to brew with glutinous rice, yeast powder, and water. In the Korean book named "Kyu Gon Si Ui Bang", the making process of Dongdongju is written very precisely.

paragraphs: In 1983, the Korean cultural assets office sent a report of investigation and designated Kwon O soo to the making vocational technician of Kyungi Dongdongju. According to him, with 100 kilogram of glutinous rice, 14L of water (14%), and 15 kg of yeast (15%), 240L of Dongdongju can be brewed about 15~20 days. It can be brewed any time, but especially from September to November is the right time to brew.


title: Obelisk

paragraphs: An obelisk is a stone made monument, much like a column but supporting nothing.

paragraphs: Obelisks were erected by Ancient Egyptians for commemoration. Obelisks were usually made of a single piece of stone.

paragraphs: A bird's eye view of obelisk is square and this structure has gradually tapering four sides and its ends in a pyramidal top.

paragraphs: Obelisks originated with the holy stone of sanctuary which served the sun god, Ra, in Heliopolis. There usually was a pair in front of a gate or sanctuary, and on each side of obelisk there were written hymns and some actions of the of king in hieroglyphics.

paragraphs: There are similar forms of obelisks in Europe and America, and some were taken from Egypt by Europeans and Americans. The Washington Monument is a large, modern, built obelisk.


title: Moonwalk

paragraphs: The moonwalk or backslide is a dance movement that was made popular worldwide by Michael Jackson. The moonwalk is a dance move in which the dancer appears to be moving forwards, but is actually moving backwards. It is Micheal Jackson's signature move, and in an exclusive interview with Oprah Winfrey, he said that he just adapted the moves of little kids he saw dancing. Michael Jackson first performed the Moonwalk onstage at a concert while singing his popular single "Billie Jean"on "" on March 25, 1983. This special was broadcast May 16, 1983.. He said later that after the performance, he was unhappy and cried backstage because he didn't quite master the dance move.


title: Agnostic theism

paragraphs: Agnostic theism is a belief that uses ideas from both agnosticism and theism. Agnostic theists say that one or more gods exist, and so in that respect is not like agnosticism. However, it regards the basis of this belief as unknown.


title: Savannah, Georgia

paragraphs: Savannah is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It is the largest city in Chatham County. It is the largest city in that county.


title: St. Catherines Island

paragraphs: St. Catherines Island is an island off the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia, 50 miles (80 km) south of Savannah. About half the island is marshland and swamp. The island is owned by the St. Catherines Island Foundation, and is not open to the public. It covers an area of 14,640 acres.


title: Hot Wheels

paragraphs: Hot Wheels is a brand of Toy cars from Mattel. It was made from 1968.


Takashi Shimoda


title: César Sampaio

paragraphs: César Sampaio (born 31 March 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Takeshi Ono (born in 1962)

paragraphs: Takeshi Ono (born 17 August 1962) is a Japanese football manager.


title: Rafael Benítez

paragraphs: Rafael Benítez (born 16 April 1960) is a Spanish former football player. He became a football manager and manages Napoli.


title: Patrick Kluivert

paragraphs: Patrick Kluivert (born 1 July 1976) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


title: Zvonimir Boban

paragraphs: Zvonimir Boban (born 8 October 1968) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia's national team and Croatia's national team.


Yuichi Komano


title: Santiago Cañizares

paragraphs: Santiago Cañizares (born 18 December 1969) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Yahiro Kazama

paragraphs: In 2012, he became coach of Kawasaki Frontale.


Yuki Abe


title: Serhiy Rebrov

paragraphs: Serhiy Rebrov (born 3 June, 1974) is a former Ukrainian football player. He has plays for Ukraine national team.


title: Daeboreum

paragraphs: Daeboreum (Jeongwol Daeboreum) is the 15th day of the first lunar month of the Korean calendar. This is a traditional holiday in Korea. The moonlight is the symbol of light which sends away the dark, disease and misfortune.

paragraphs: When full moon rises to the sky at Daeboreum, it is believed that the first person to see it will have good luck all year.


title: Mashed potato

paragraphs: Mashed potatoes are a way to serve potatoes. Mashed potatoes are made by boiling potatoes, and then mixing them with milk and butter until they are smooth. Vegetable oil, cheese, sour cream, parsley, bacon bits and many other things can be added according to the maker's taste. Dehydrated instant mashed potato mixes are available in many different flavors.

paragraphs: Sometimes gravy is poured on top of mashed potatoes. Mashed potatoes and gravy are usually served with roasts or meat loaf.

paragraphs: Mashed potatoes are part of the traditional American Thanksgiving dinner.

paragraphs: Mashed potato was a running joke in the popular BBC children's series Bodger & Badger which ran from 1989 to 1999.


title: Survival horror

paragraphs: Survival horror is a video game genre based on horror movies where the main character has to survive while in danger and escape, for example during a zombie attack. Survival Horror games are influenced by both Western and Japanese culture.

paragraphs: The name "survival horror" was first used by the horror game "Resident Evil", but there had been some earlier games which created the genre, among them "Alone in the Dark". Survival Horror games are different from other video games because the main character of the games are usually ordinary people and the amount of ammunition and resources the player has is usually not very much: to not be prepared or equipped for the situation is often important for the genre. A few Survival Horror games are "Resident Evil" and "Bioshock".


title: Muster drill

paragraphs: A muster drill (sometimes called lifeboat drill) is a practice event which usually takes place on holiday cruise ships. The purpose of a muster drill is to show passengers what to do if there was a real emergency. The muster station leaders tell passengers about how to put on a life jacket, where the muster stations are and also explains other emergency information on the ship. The drill itself has to be completed before the ship leaves. Muster drills are not required on ferries, but safety announcements are made before the ferry departs. There was a rule where life jackets were needed to be worn at the drill but there has been some changes to the rules and most cruise liners do not require life jackets at the drill.

paragraphs: Before a muster drill starts, the captain announces over a loud speaker 30 minutes before, 15 minutes before and when the emergency alarm signal is about be sounded. The general emergency alarm is seven short blasts followed by one long blast of the ships horn/whistle and alarms that are built into the ship. The alarm inside the ship is usually a musical note which is sometimes joined with another to make a nicer sound.


title: Acute angle

paragraphs: An acute angle ("acute" meaning "small") is an angle smaller than a right angle. The range of an acute angle is between 0 and 90 degrees. Obtuse angles can be from 90 degrees to 180 degrees and it is larger than a right angle


title: Sound film

paragraphs: A sound film is a motion picture (or movie) with sound that has been synchronised with the image. Before sound films, there was only silent film, and dialogue was shown in words on the screen. The first known exhibition of sound movies took place in Paris in 1900. But sound movies were not widely made commercially until a long time later. The first commercial screening of a short sound movie took place in New York City in April 1923. They are now the standard kind of technology for movie making.

paragraphs: The first sound film was THE JAZZ SINGER.


title: Sonny With a Chance

paragraphs: Sonny with a Chance is a Disney Channel original series that premiered on Sunday, February 8, 2009. The show's previous title in the beginning was Welcome to Mollywood about a girl name Molly, but was later changed to Welcome to Holliwood, about a girl name Holli, but was now changed to Sonny With a Chance. The show is a show-within-a-show, with complete fully-produced comedy sketches.

paragraphs: The series follows Sonny Munroe, a smalltown girl from Wisconsin who is the newest member of the show "So Random!"


title: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich

paragraphs: One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich is a novel written by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, first published in November 1962 in the Soviet literary magazine "Novy Mir" ("New World"). Set in a Soviet labour camp in the 1950s, and describes a single day of an ordinary prisoner, Ivan Denisovich Shukhov.

paragraphs: Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn (I Denisovich himself) had first-hand experience in the Soviet labor camps called the Gulag, having been imprisoned from 1945 to 1953 for writing a derogatory comment in a letter to a fellow officer about the conduct of the war by Stalin.


title: Hurricane Lane (2006)

paragraphs: Hurricane Lane was the strongest Pacific hurricane that made landfall in Mexico since Hurricane Kenna. It was the 13th named storm, 9th hurricane, and 6th strong hurricane of the 2006 Pacific hurricane season. Lane began from a tropical wave on September 13, while it was to the south of Mexico. It moved towards the northwest along Mexico, and it quickly gained strength. After turning towards the northeast, Lane reached its peak winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), and it made landfall in the Mexican state of Sinaloa. It quickly weakened and died out on September 17

paragraphs: Near its path, Lane caused four deaths. The damage was worst in Sinaloa. In that area, crops were badly damaged. Moderate flooding happened in Acapulco, which caused mudslides in some areas. Damage in the country totaled to $2.2 billion (2006 MXN, $203 million (2006 USD).


title: Paraceratherium

paragraphs: Paraceratherium is an extinct genus of mammal, a large hornless rhinoceros. It lived in Eurasia during the late Oligocene epoch of the Tertiary period, (34–23 million years ago).

paragraphs: "Paraceratherium" is one of the largest land mammal known. Its exact size is unclear because of the incompleteness of the fossils. The size of adults was about tall at the shoulder, about in length. Estimates of its weight have varied greatly.

paragraphs: It was a herbivore that stripped leaves from trees. It had a long, low, hornless skull and long frontal and nasal bones. Its front teeth had a single pair of incisors in either jaw. They were round, pointed, and so large that they looked like small tusks. The upper incisors pointed straight downwards, while the lower ones jutted outwards. The upper lip was evidently extremely mobile. The neck was very long, the body big and strong, and the limbs long and thick, column-like.

paragraphs: Its exact size is unclear because of the incompleteness of the fossils. Estimates have been based on skull, teeth, and limb bone measurements. However, the known bone elements are from individuals of different sizes. All skeletal reconstructions are composite extrapolations. This resulted in weight estimates from 11 to 20 tonnes. Its shoulder height has been estimated as . Its length was about from front to back. As explained, such figure are only approximations. These figures are of the largest of the three species in the genus.


title: Jaap Stam

paragraphs: Jaap Stam (born 17 July 1972) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


Kazuya Maekawa


title: Roy Makaay

paragraphs: Roy Makaay (born 9 March 1975) is a Dutch football player. He is currently retired.


Keiji Tamada


title: Laurent Blanc

paragraphs: Laurent Blanc (born 19 November 1965) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.


Norio Omura


title: Marco Caneira

paragraphs: Marco Caneira (born 9 February 1979) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal and the Portugal national team.


title: Rubén Baraja

paragraphs: Rubén Baraja (born 11 July 1975) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Valencia.


title: Katsutomo Oshiba

paragraphs: Katsutomo Oshiba (born 10 May 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Héctor Cúper

paragraphs: Héctor Cúper (born 16 November 1955) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


title: Fabio Capello

paragraphs: Fabio Capello (born 18 June 1946) is an Italian former football player. He has played for Italy national team. He was coach to the England national football team from 2008-2012.


Shohei Ikeda


title: Stefano Fiore

paragraphs: Stefano Fiore (born 17 April 1975) is an Italian football player. He has played for Italy national team.


title: Junk food

paragraphs: Junk food is a term for food containing high levels of calories from sugar and/or fat with less protein, vitamins or minerals.

paragraphs: The term describes that a particular food has less nutrition value and contains a lot of fat, sugar, salt and calories. "Junk food" can also refer to high protein food with large amounts of meat. For example, It is prepared with too much saturated fat. Hamburgers, fried chicken, and candies are examples of junk food. Most of the fast food belongs to junk food, and most junk food is fast food, too.

paragraphs: There are concerns about the negative health effects resulting from a junk food-heavy diet. Especially fatness has resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and in restrictions on advertisements and sales in several countries.


title: Tropical Storm Aletta (2006)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Aletta was the first tropical cyclone in the 2006 Pacific hurricane season. Aletta began from a weather system that was located to the south-southwest of the Mexican port of Acapulco, Guerrero. It slowly got stronger, and it was named as a tropical depression early on May 27. Aletta became a tropical storm later that morning. The storm moved very slowly, but it later turned to the west and weakened on May 29. Aletta kept weakening weakening until it died out on May 31. The storm dropped rain along the coast of Mexican. It also caused winds that knocked down trees and caused minor damage.


title: Boldo

paragraphs: Boldo is a kind of tree that can be found in the central part of Chile. It is a big part of the sclerophyllous forests found in the central part of Chile. Boldo has also been introduced to Europe and North Africa, though it is not often seen outside botanical gardens.

paragraphs: Its leaves are used for culinary purposes, mostly in Latin America. They have a strong, woody and slightly bitter flavor and camphor-like aroma. They are used in a similar manner to bay leaves and also used as an herbal tea.


title: 1978 January subtropical storm

paragraphs: Subtropical Storm One gave the 1978 Huricane season a very early start when it became the only Atlantic cyclone to form in the month of January, after it had formed on January 18. It dissipated on the 23rd causing no damage to land and only threatening land briefly. There were two storm in the month of January but they formed in December, they were: Hurricane Alice in 1954 and Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005. Since 1978 there has never another Tropical or Subtropical cyclone to form in the month of January.

paragraphs: Because there was no naming system for Subtropical Storms at the time, this was called Subtropical Storm One, had it been given a name it would be "Subtropical Storm Amelia".


title: Regional Railways

paragraphs: Regional Railways was one of the three passenger sectors of British Rail. It was created in 1982. It finished operation in 1996, two years after privatisation. The sector was originally called Provincial.

paragraphs: Before privatisation, the Regional Railways sector was split into several different franchises ready for privatisation.


title: Berlin Philharmonic

paragraphs: The Berlin Philharmonic (in German: Die Berliner Philharmoniker), is an orchestra from Berlin, Germany. It is one of the greatest orchestras in the world. The conductor of the orchestra is Sir Simon Rattle.

paragraphs: The Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra was founded in Berlin in the spring of 1882. By 1887 they were known by their present name. Hans von Bülow became their conductor that year and made them into a world class orchestra. Other great conductors were also invited to conduct as guests: Hans Richter, Felix von Weingartner, Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Johannes Brahms and Edvard Grieg.

paragraphs: In 1895, Arthur Nikisch became chief conductor, and was followed in 1923 by Wilhelm Furtwängler. The orchestra continued to perform throughout World War II. After Furtwängler fled to Switzerland in 1945, Leo Borchard became chief conductor, but a few months later he was accidentally shot and killed by American forces occupying Berlin. Sergiu Celibidache then took over as chief conductor for seven years, from 1945 to1952. Furtwängler returned in 1952 and conducted the orchestra until his death in 1954.

paragraphs: Herbert von Karajan led the orchestra from 1955 until he resigned in April 1989. He was a very strict conductor who had to be obeyed in everything he did. The orchestra made lots of great recordings with him.

paragraphs: After Karajan, Claudio Abbado became principal conductor. He helped the orchestra to learn new works, not just the well known classical and romantic works but also the more modern 20th century works. He stopped conducting the Berlin Philharmonic in 2002. At the time Germany was being reunited the orchestra had financial problems.

paragraphs: In June 1999, the musicians chose Sir Simon Rattle as their next chief conductor. Rattle made the orchestra into a self-governing body. This meant that they made their own financial decisions and chose the works they would perform and who would be invited to perform with them.

paragraphs: The first concert hall of the orchestra was destroyed during WWII in 1944. Since 1963, the orchestra has had a new concert hall called the Philharmonie. On 20 May 2008, a fire broke out at the Philharmonie. A quarter of the roof was damaged and the orchestra could not play there for some time.

paragraphs: The orchestra have won many awards for their playing.

paragraphs: UNICEF appointed the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra and Sir Simon Rattle as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007.

paragraphs: On 18 December 2008 the Orchestra announced that a Digital Concert Hall would be built. This new internet platform will allow music fans all over the world to see and hear the Philharmonic’s concerts – live or on demand.


title: Poughkeepsie, New York

paragraphs: Poughkeepsie () is a city in New York, which is in the United States. It is the county seat of Dutchess County, New York. The city sits along the Hudson River, between New York City and Albany.

paragraphs: The Poughkeepsie Bridge is in this city. It was an early state capital of New York before the capital moved permanently to Albany.


title: Beacon, New York

paragraphs: Beacon is a city in Dutchess County, New York, in the United States. The 2000 United States census says that the city is home to 13,808 people. Beacon is part of the Poughkeepsie–Newburgh–Middletown, NY Metropolitan Statistical Area. Beacon was named in memory of fires that burned from the summit of the Fishkill Mountains to warn the Continental Army about British troops.


title: Agate

paragraphs: Agate is a kind of quartz and it is a mineral. Agate can come in many different kinds and colors. Agate deposits are primarily found in large rocks such as boulders. agates take 50 million years to form. It is characterized by colored band patterns inside various rocks. Often, agates are also accompanied by Amethyst deposits inside.


title: RNA virus

paragraphs: RNA viruses are viruses that use RNA as their genetic material. In humans, well-known RNA viruses are those that cause SARS, Influenza or Hepatitis C.

paragraphs: Viruses that are not RNA viruses use DNA for their genome and are called DNA viruses.

paragraphs: Viruses have a classification system, invented by David Baltimore, a Nobel Prize winner. The RNA viruses in the Baltimore system are classified as:

paragraphs: "Sense" in RNA means "ready to make proteins, as messenger RNA does". "Antisense" in RNA means "complementary to messenger RNA". In complete complementarity each nucleotide is across from its opposite number, so antisense RNA can produce sense RNA.

paragraphs: Another system is run by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). It uses terms from the familiar Linnaean taxonomy, like orders and families.

paragraphs: RNA viruses have very high mutation rates compared to DNA viruses. This is because viral RNA polymerases lack the proof-reading ability of DNA polymerases. This explains why it is difficult to make effective vaccines to prevent diseases caused by RNA viruses.

paragraphs: Some genes of RNA virus are important to the viral replication cycles and mutations are not tolerated. For example, the bit of the hepatitis C virus genome which encodes the core protein is highly conserved, because it is essential to start translation.


title: DNA virus

paragraphs: DNA viruses use DNA for their genome. An example of a DNA virus is Herpes simplex. Viruses that are not DNA viruses use RNA for their genome and are called RNA viruses.


title: Zygnematales

paragraphs: The Zygnematales also called the Conjugales, are an order of green algae, comprising several thousand different species in genera such as the well-known "Zygnema" and "Spirogyra". All the members of this group develop into unbranched filaments, one cell thick, which grow longer through normal cell division. Most live in freshwater, and form an important component of the algal scum that grows on or near plants, rocks, and various debris.


title: Zygnematophyceae

paragraphs: Zygnematophyceae is a class of green algae. It has two orders: Zygnematales and Desmidiales.


title: Lancaster, Ohio

paragraphs: Lancaster is a city in Fairfield County, Ohio, in the United States. About 35,300 people were living in Lancaster as of the year 2000. It can be found by the Hocking River. Lancaster has an area of 18.1 square miles.


title: Mydoom

paragraphs: The Mydoom virus (also known as a worm and as Win32.Mydoom.A) was a very damaging computer virus that affected Microsoft Windows-based computers. The worm was spread through mass emailing, disguised as badly sent email. It spread very quickly.

paragraphs: The virus was made to be sent in an email with an attachment that carried the virus. When the attachment was opened, the virus would download itself to the computer. The virus can only affect Windows based computers. The virus came with a package that would spam the SCO Group website. SCO had caused arguments within the Linux community for getting copyrights in some open source software. However, only 25% of the infected computers would launch the attack. After the virus has been downloaded, it leaves the computer open to other malware by leaving a "backdoor" open.

paragraphs: Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B, was made to spam Microsoft. It was first found on January 28, 2004.

paragraphs: The virus was found to be a threat on January 26, 2004. The virus quickly spread and proved a threat to the SCO group. To try and get the public to catch the maker of the virus, the SCO group offered $250,000 U.S. dollars as a reward for catching the creator. Another type of the virus, Mydoom.B was found on January 28. Because it was made to attack the Microsoft web site, Microsoft offered a $250,000 U.S. dollar reward if the maker of the virus was caught. This was the third time Microsoft offered a reward for catching a virus creator.

paragraphs: On February 1, 2004, the virus downed the SCO group site with many denial-of-service attacks. On February 3 the virus attacked the Microsoft site and little damage was caused.

paragraphs: Mydoom caused many problems during its lifespan in 2004. It caused web speeds to slow by about 50%. At the peak of the infection, Mydoom made for one in twelve emails sent.


title: Ulvophyceae

paragraphs: The Ulvophyceae or Ulvophytes are class of green algae. Other well-known members include "Ulothrix", "Acetabularia" and "Caulerpa". Others, such as "Cladophora", "Rhizoclonium" and "Pithophora" live in fresh water and in some areas are considered weeds.


title: Davor Šuker

paragraphs: Davor Šuker (born 1 January 1968) is a former Croatian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team and Croatia national team.


title: Zlatan Ibrahimović

paragraphs: Zlatan Ibrahimović (born 3 October 1981) is a Swedish football player. He plays as a Striker for Ac Milan of the Serie A.

paragraphs: Ibrahimovic's mother is Croatian, and his father is Bosniak.


Naotake Hanyu


Shinji Murai


title: Marco Di Vaio

paragraphs: Marco Di Vaio (born 15 July 1976) is an Italian football player. He plays for Bologna.


title: Emmanuel Petit

paragraphs: Emmanuel Petit (born 22 September 1970) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.


title: Giovanni van Bronckhorst

paragraphs: Giovanni van Bronckhorst (born 5 February 1975) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Feyenoord Rotterdam and Netherlands national team.

paragraphs: Van Bronckhorst was born in Rotterdam to an Indonesian mother and Indo father.


title: Kakha Kaladze

paragraphs: Kakha Kaladze ( born 27 February 1978) is a Georgian football player. He plays for Milan and Georgia national team.


title: Marcello Lippi

paragraphs: Marcello Lippi (born 11 April 1948) is a former Italian football player.


title: Francesco Toldo

paragraphs: Francesco Toldo (born 2 December 1971) is an Italian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano.


title: F.C. Sète 34

paragraphs: F.C. Sète 34 is a football club which plays in France.


title: F.C. Sochaux-Montbéliard

paragraphs: F.C. Sochaux-Montbéliard is a football club which plays in France. It currently plays in Ligue 2, the second division of the French football system.


title: Racing Club de France Football

paragraphs: Racing Club de France Football is a football club which plays in France.


title: C.O. Roubaix-Tourcoing

paragraphs: C.O. Roubaix-Tourcoing is a former football club which plays in France.


title: Stade de Reims

paragraphs: Stade de Reims is a football club which plays in France.


title: OGC Nice

paragraphs: O.G.C. Nice is a football club which plays in France.


title: A.S. Saint-Étienne

paragraphs: A.S. Saint-Etienne is a football club which plays in France.


title: F.C. Nantes

paragraphs: F.C. Nantes is a football club which plays in Nantes, France.


title: RC Strasbourg Alsace

paragraphs: R.C. Strasbourg is a football club which plays in France.


title: Paris Saint-Germain F.C.

paragraphs: Paris Saint-Germain Football Club, commonly known to as Paris Saint-Germain, Paris SG, Paris or PSG, is a French professional football club based in Paris. Founded in 1970, they compete in Ligue 1, the top division of French football. Their home stadium is the Parc des Princes. PSG have a long-standing rivalry with Olympique de Marseille. The rivalry is known as "Le Classique". According to Forbes, PSG are worth $1.092b.


title: AJ Auxerre

paragraphs: A.J. Auxerre is a football club which plays in France.


title: R.C. Lens

paragraphs: R.C. Lens is a football club which plays in France.


title: Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research

paragraphs: The Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Research (LINEAR) project is a project that is used for the finding and tracking of near-Earth asteroids. The project is done together by the United States Air Force, NASA, and MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. LINEAR has found most of the asteroids since 1998. LINEAR has found 226,193 new objects since it started. Out of those, 2,019 were near-Earth asteroids and 236 were comets. LINEAR uses robotic telescopes to help them find asteroids. LINEAR is credited with the finding of 67,208 asteroids as of June 13, 2006. LINEAR has also found these comets: 11P/Tempel-Swift-LINEAR, 146P/Shoemaker-LINEAR, 148P/Anderson-LINEAR, 156P/Russell-LINEAR, 158P/Kowal-LINEAR, 160P/LINEAR (LINEAR 43), 165P/LINEAR (LINEAR 10), and 176P/LINEAR.


title: Spacewatch

paragraphs: Spacewatch is a project at the University of Arizona that studies minor planets, as well as asteroids and comets. The person in charge of Spacewatch is Dr. Robert S. McMillan. They are credited with the finding of a moon of Jupiter. It is called Callirrhoe.

paragraphs: Some of Spacewatchs' notable finds include: 60558 Echeclus, 5145 Pholus, 20000 Varuna, 9965 GNU, , and , as well as the comet 125P/Spacewatch.


title: Kitt Peak National Observatory

paragraphs: The Kitt Peak National Observatory (KPNO) is an observatory in the United States. It is southwest of Tucson, Arizona.


title: Hurricane Nate (2005)

paragraphs: Hurricane Nate was an Atlantic hurricane in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. It came close to Bermuda, but did not land there. Nate was the 14th named storm and 7th hurricane of the 2005 season. It started southwest of Bermuda on September 5. It then moved northeast very slowly. It passed south of Bermuda and moved into colder waters. Then, it began to weaken. Nate later became part of a larger weather system.

paragraphs: The storm caused no damage because it stayed at sea. However, one person was killed from rip currents that were caused by the storm. Nate caused light rainfall and gusty winds on Bermuda. Canadian Navy ships that were carrying supplies to help people after Hurricane Katrina were slowed down because of Nate.


title: Chromalveolate

paragraphs: Chromalveolata is a eukaryote supergroup first proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith as a refinement of his kingdom Chromista, which was first proposed in 1981.

paragraphs: The origin of the Chromalveolata was thought to be a secondary endosymbiosis between a bikont (cell with two flagella) and a red alga. This union led to plastids containing chlorophyll c. In Cavalier-Smith's classification, the Chromalveolata was one of the six major groups within the eukaryotes.


title: Hurricane Irene (2005)

paragraphs: Hurricane Irene was an Atlantic hurricane that formed in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm formed near the Cape Verde Islands on August 4. It moved across the Atlantic Ocean, and it turned northward around Bermuda. The storm lost its name as a tropical cyclone to the southeast of Newfoundland. Irene lasted for 14 days as a tropical system. That is the longest time of any storm of the 2005 season.

paragraphs: Irene was a hard storm to forecast. The storm almost died out on August 10, but it gained back its strength. Irene reached Category 2 hurricane strength on August 16. Because the storm stayed far away from land, no tropical cyclone warnings were declared. Also, Irene did not cause any bad damage. However, it caused strong waves along the East Coast of the United States. Because of the waves from Irene, a 16-year-old boy drowned after being caught in a rip current near Long Beach, New York. Lifeguards at one beach made over 100 rescues. The name "Irene" was used again in 2011.


title: Ciliate

paragraphs: The ciliates are a group of protists characterized by the presence of hair-like organelles called cilia, which are identical in structure to flagella but typically shorter and present in much larger numbers with a different undulating pattern than flagella. Cilia occur in all members of the group (although the peculiar suctoria only have them for part of the life-cycle) and are variously used in swimming, crawling, attachment, feeding, and sensation.


title: Apicomplexa

paragraphs: The Apicomplexa are a large group of protists (protozoa) which are parasitic. They have developed some extraordinary adaptations which fit them in their parasitic life. They are all single-celled, they are all parasites of animals, and they all form spores.

paragraphs: They have a unique organelle, a plastid called an apicoplast, and an apical complex structure which gets them into a host's cell. They do not have structures such as flagella or pseudopods except in certain gamete stages. Body movement is by flexing or gliding.

paragraphs: The group were once called the Sporozoa, but this name is now discouraged.

paragraphs: Apicomplexans have complex life cycles, and there is much variation among different apicomplexan groups. Both asexual and sexual reproduction occur. Cell nuclei are haploid.

paragraphs: This is a diverse group including organisms such as coccidia, gregarines, piroplasms, haemogregarines, and malarias. Diseases caused by apicomplexan organisms include:

paragraphs: Most members have a complex life-cycle, with both asexual and sexual reproduction. A host is infected by an active invasion by the parasites. The parasites divide to produce "sporozoites" which enter its cells. Eventually, the cells burst, releasing "merozoites", which infect new cells. Eventually, gametes are produced, and they fuse to create new cysts. There are many variations on this basic pattern, however, and many Apicomplexa have more than one host.

paragraphs: The apical complex includes vesicles which open at the front of the cell. They secrete enzymes that allow the parasite to enter other cells. The tip is surrounded by a band of microtubules, called the "polar ring", and among the Conoidasida there is also a funnel of tubulin proteins called the "conoid".

paragraphs: The presence of alveoli and other traits place the Apicomplexa among a group called the alveolates. Several related flagellates, such as "Perkinsus" and "Colpodella", have structures similar to the polar ring and were formerly included here, but most appear to be closer relatives of the dinoflagellates. They are probably similar to the common ancestor of the two groups.

paragraphs: Another similarity is that many apicomplexan cells contain a single plastid, called the apicoplast, surrounded by either 3 or four membranes. Its functions are thought to include tasks such as lipid and haem biosynthesis. It appears to be necessary for survival. The plastids are thought to have a common origin with the chloroplasts of dinoflagellates, and evidence points to an origin from red algae rather than green.


title: GarageBand

paragraphs: GarageBand is music software made by Apple Inc. It allows you to make your own music and even make music with a MIDI keyboard. GarageBand includes hundreds of beats and audio loops.

paragraphs: The newest version, Version 10.0.2, has a new presentation of looks and with more music and sounds.


title: Raja Dahir

paragraphs: Raja Dahir ( b. 679, d. 712) was a Sindhi Hindu ruler. He was the last Sindi Hindu in Sindh and parts of Punjab in what is Pakistan today. In the early part of the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, Muhammad bin Qasim al-Thaqafi took control of Dahir's kingdom for the Umayyad Caliphate.


title: Aconoidasida

paragraphs: The Aconoidasida are a class of apicomplexan parasites. The class has two orders: Haemosporinidae and Piroplasmorida.


title: Schelte J. Bus

paragraphs: Schelte John "Bobby" Bus (born in 1956) is an astronomer at the University of Hawaii Institute for Astronomy.

paragraphs: Bus has found or co-found over 1,000 asteroids as well as the comet 87P/Bus. 3254 Bus was named after him by Edward L. G. Bowell when he found it in 1982.


title: Siding Spring Observatory

paragraphs: Siding Spring Observatory is an observatory near in Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the Australian National University.


title: David Rosenhan

paragraphs: David L. Rosenhan (1929 – February 6, 2012) was an American psychologist. He was best known for the Rosenhan experiment. This was a study which looked at how valid psychiatry diagnoses were.

paragraphs: Rosenhan got his Bachelor of Arts degree from Yeshiva University. At Columbia University in 1953 he earned his master's degree. Five years later, he earned a Ph.D in psychology. Rosenhan was an expert on psychology and law.

paragraphs: In 1973 Rosenhan published "On Being Sane in Insane Places". This was one of the most-read pieces of writing in psychology. The article talks about the Rosenhan experiment. The experiment was that eight people with no history of psychopathology would try to get into twelve psychiatric hospitals. All of these people were allowed in, and were diagnosed with either schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Psychiatrists then tried to cure the people using psychiatric medicines. All eight were allowed to leave within 7 to 52 days, but only when they had said that they accepted the illness they had been diagnosed with. Later in the study, a research and teaching hospital challenged Rosenhan to run a similar experiment with its own diagnoses and rules for letting people in to the hospital. Psychiatric staff were warned that at least one pseudo-patient might be sent to their hospital. At least one staff member thought that 83 out of the 193 new patients were actors. In fact, Rosenhan sent no actors. The study showed that the ways diagnosis was done was very inaccurate in telling people with mental disorders and people without mental disorders apart. The paper made a lot of controversy. Some people are not sure of how valid and credible the study was, but say that psychiatric diagnoses need to be improved.

paragraphs: Professor Rosenhan worked with the Stanford University Department of Psychology. Later, he became professor emeritus at Stanford University. He died on February 6, 2012, aged 82.


title: Leniniana

paragraphs: Leniniana is a topic for collecting postage stamps that tell about the life and story of Lenin (1870–1924) or people, places, etc. connected with him. The topic was common in the Soviet Union.


title: Iranian rial

paragraphs: The rial (IRR") is the name of Iran's currency. It was first introduced in 1798. One toman"' equals 10 rials.

paragraphs: The toman (تومان tumân) is no longer an official unit of Iranian currency, but Iranians usually quote money and prices of goods in tomans. For this purpose, one toman equals 10 rials.


title: Pseudomonas

paragraphs: Pseudomonas is a genus of gammaproteobacteria. They are in the family of pseudomonads. "Pseudomonas" bacteria can be found in many different environments, such as soil, water, and plant and animal tissue.

paragraphs: There are many "Pseudomonas" species. Some are parasitic and invade animal tissues. In humans, pathogenic "Pseudomonas" thrive, especially after antibiotic treatment: once they are able to multiply rapidly they can be harmful.


title: Giant magnetoresistance

paragraphs: Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a very small magnetic effect found in thin layers of iron and other materials. It is used to read and write information in hard drives.

paragraphs: The GMR effect can be measured when a magnet is used to change the flow of electricity. The 2007 Nobel Prize in physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.

paragraphs: GMR was discovered in layers iron, chrome and ferrite by Peter Grünbergs research team of the Jülich Research Centre (Germany) in 1988. Peter Grünberg owns a patent for the technology. It was also discovered by Albert Ferts research group of the University of Paris-Sud (France) in layers ferrite and chrome. The Fert group were first to see what they thought of as a "large" effect which is why they gave the name "Giant". The Fert group were also first to explain the correct physics of GMR. The discovery was the beginning of the science spintronics. Grünberg and Fert have been given prizes and awards, including the 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics, for this discovery and other spintronics work.

paragraphs: In multilayer GMR, two or more magnetic layers are separated by a very thin (about 1 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. Ferrite, a form of iron, is a magnetic layer and chrome is an insulating layer. At certain thickness, the strength of magnetism between the layers becomes easy to measure and adjust. The strength of electrical current between the layers can change by up to 10%.

paragraphs: The GMR effect was first observed in stacks of 10 or more layers.

paragraphs: In spin valve GMR, two magnetic layers are separated by a thin (~3 nm) non-magnetic (insulating) layer. It is possible to measure and adjust the strength of magnetism between these layers.

paragraphs: It is hoped that research into spinning electrons will improve spin valves.

paragraphs: Materials used in spin valves are copper and an alloy of nickel and iron.

paragraphs: Spin valve GMR is the most useful sort for hard drives and is tested carefully to meet industry standards.

paragraphs: Granular GMR is an effect found in copper containing grains of cobalt. It is not possible to control the strength of granular GMR in the same manner as Multilayer GMR.

paragraphs: GMR is used in modern hard drives and magnetic sensors. Another use of the GMR effect is in magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM). GMR has begun a new science of electronics called spintronics.


title: Keiju Karashima

paragraphs: Keiju Karashima (born 24 June 1971) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Grigoris Georgatos

paragraphs: Grigoris Georgatos (born 31 October 1972) is a former Greek football player. He has played for Greece national team.


title: Angelos Charisteas

paragraphs: Angelos Charisteas (born 9 February 1980) is a Greek football player. He plays for Nürnberg and Greece national team.


title: Bogdan Stelea

paragraphs: Bogdan Stelea (born 5 December 1967) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.


title: Emmanuel Olisadebe

paragraphs: Emmanuel Olisadebe (born 22 December 1978) is a Polish football player. He has played for Poland national team.


title: Tamotsu Suzuki

paragraphs: Suzuki was coach of the Japan women's national football team in 1991 and 1995.


title: Shinobu Ikeda

paragraphs: Ikeda was the head coach of the Japan women's national football team in 2000-2001.


title: Satoshi Miyauchi

paragraphs: Suzuki was coach of the Japan women's national football team in 1997 and 1999.


Akinori Nishizawa


Kazuo Ozaki


title: Takenori Hayashi

paragraphs: Takenori Hayashi (born 14 October 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.


title: Dario Šimić

paragraphs: Dario Šimić (born 21 November 1975) is a retired Croatian football player. He played for Monaco.


Mitsuo Ogasawara


title: Bill Evans

paragraphs: William John "Bill" Evans (August 16, 1929 – September 15, 1980) was an American jazz piano player. His career lasted 25 years. He was known for playing close groups of chords in his left hand, while playing melodies with his right hand. He was also known for playing in groups that featured him, a bass player, and a drummer. The groups dealt more with interaction and group-improvisation than jazz bands before them.


title: Link reaction

paragraphs: The Link reaction, also known as pyruvate decarboxylation forms an important link between the metabolic pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid or Krebs cycle.

paragraphs: In eukaryotes, the reaction takes place only inside the mitochondrial matrix; in prokaryotes similar reactions take place in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane.

paragraphs: Acetyl CoA is then ready for use in the Krebs Cycle.

paragraphs: The Link reaction is important as acetyl-CoA is needed for the Krebs cycle to happen.


title: Rift (geology)

paragraphs: In geology, a rift is caused by tectonic plates in the Earth's lithosphere moving apart. Rifts are usually accompanied by orogeny (mountain building), volcanoes and earthquakes. Rifting often makes a rift valley, which may hold a rift lake. The Great Rift Valley in East Africa is an example.

paragraphs: A rift is the result of the pulling apart or extension of the crust and lithosphere. Mantle upwelling brings hotter asthenosphere up into the colder lithosphere. Sometime it comes out as lava. This rise occurs with the thinning and stretching of the lithosphere.


title: Yo-Yo Ma

paragraphs: Yo-Yo Ma (born 7 October 1955) is a French-born Chinese American cellist. His family name is “Ma”, so his full Chinese name is “Ma Yo-yo”. Yo-Yo Ma is one of the world’s greatest cellists. He plays many kinds of music, not just classical, and he has performed for three presidents of the United States.

paragraphs: Yo-Yo Ma was born in Paris. His parents were Chinese. His mother, Marina Lu, was a singer, and his father, Hiao-Tsiun Ma, was a professor of music. His family moved to New York when he was four years old.

paragraphs: Ma began studying violin when he was very small. He also played the viola for a short while, then, at the age of four, he started the cello. He was a child prodigy and began performing to audiences at the age of five. When he was seven he performed to President John F. Kennedy . At the age of eight he appeared on American television in a concert conducted by Leonard Bernstein. By the time he was fifteen, Ma had graduated from Trinity School in New York and appeared as a soloist with the Harvard Radcliffe Orchestra playing Tchaikovsky’s 'Variations on a Rococo Theme".

paragraphs: Ma studied at the Juilliard School of Music. His teacher was Leonard Rose. He went to Columbia University and then Harvard University. At one time he had doubts about whether he should continue his studies, but in the 1970s he was inspired by the recordings of Pablo Casals.

paragraphs: By this time he had played with several of the world's great orchestras. His recordings and performances of the "Johann Sebastian Bach: Cello Suites" recorded in 1983 and again in 1994-1997 have been particularly praised. He has also played lots of chamber music, often with the pianist Emanuel Ax whom he had met at the Julliard School of Music.

paragraphs: Ma married in 1977. The couple have two children. They live in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Ma is interested in music from different cultures. He has a group called Silk Road Ensemble which tries to bring together musicians from different countries which are historically linked by the Silk Road. H records on the Sony Classical label.

paragraphs: Yo-Yo Ma has owned several beautiful cellos. The cello called "Domenico Montagnana 1733" cello (nicknamed "Petunia") was made in 1733 in Venice. It is worth more than US$2.5 million. In 1999 he accidentally left it in a taxi but fortunately it was found again. Another of Ma's cellos, the "Davidov Stradivarius", was once owned by Jacqueline du Pré who left it to him when she died.

paragraphs: He also owns a cello made of carbon fiber by the Luis and Clark company of Boston.

paragraphs: Yo-Yo Ma has played for the soundtracks of many famous movies. He also has made over 75 albums, 15 of which are Grammy Award winners.

paragraphs: Ma has appeared in an episode of the animated children's television series, "Arthur" (in which D.W. kept calling him "Yo Ma-Ma") as well as several other television programmes including "The Simpsons". Ma performed a duet with Condoleezza Rice at the presentation of the 2001 National Medal of Arts and National Humanities Medal Awards. He made a programme about "Bach: Six Suites for Unaccompanied Cello".

paragraphs: On 11 September, 2002, a year after the attack on the World Trade Center, he played his cello on the site of the building while the first of the names of the dead were read in remembrance. Ma was named Peace Ambassador by the United Nations in January 2006.

paragraphs: He performed John Williams' "Air and Simple Gifts" at the inauguration ceremony for Barack Obama on January 20, 2009 together with the violinist Itzhak Perlman, the pianist Gabriela Montero and the clarinettist Anthony McGill.

paragraphs: In 2018, he appeared in the Fred Rogers documentary titled "Won't You Be My Neighbor?".


title: Gabriela Montero

paragraphs: Gabriela Montero (born 10 May 1970) is a Venezuelan classical pianist.

paragraphs: Gabriela Montero was born in Caracas, Venezuela. She first played the piano in public when she was five. When she was eight she played with the Venezuelan Youth Orchestra conducted by José Antonio Abreu. She was given a scholarship from the Venezuelan government to study in the USA. When she was twelve she won the Baldwin National Competition and AMSA Young Artist International Piano Competition, performing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No.1 with the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra.

paragraphs: She studied at the Royal Academy of Music in London. Gabriela has won international prizes including the Bronze Medal at the 13th International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition in Warsaw in 1995.

paragraphs: Gabriela has played in recitals all over the world. She is also a very good improviser.

paragraphs: Gabriela played at Barack Obama's presidential inauguration on 20 January 2009 together with the cellist Yo-Yo Ma, the violinist Itzhak Perlman, and clarinetist Anthony McGill. Together they performed "Air and Simple Gifts," a new arrangement by John Williams based on the Shaker hymn "Simple Gifts".


title: Anthony McGill

paragraphs: Anthony McGill is an American clarinetist. He is the principal clarinetist for the Metropolitan Opera.

paragraphs: McGill grew up in Chicago, Illinois. He went to the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He teaches at the Peabody Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland.

paragraphs: Together with Itzhak Perlman (violin), Yo-Yo Ma (cello), and Gabriela Montero (piano), he recorded and performed "Air and Simple Gifts" by John Williams, for Barack Obama's inauguration ceremony on 20 January 2009.


title: Kyjov

paragraphs: Kyjov is a town in the Czech Republic. About 11 548 people live there (2012). It is in the southeast of the historical region Moravia. It was first mentioned in 1126 in a chronicle.


title: Thirteen-lined ground squirrel

paragraphs: The Thirteen-lined ground squirrel is a kind of Squirrel. It lives in North America from Alberta, Canada to Ohio and Texas, USA.


title: National anthem of Russia

paragraphs: The State Anthem of the Russian Federation (), sometimes just called the Anthem of Russia (), is the name of the national anthem of Russia. First used in 2001, its music is the same as that of the former national anthem of the Soviet Union, which was written by Alexander Alexandrov in 1938. The words were newly written by Sergey Mikhalkov in 2000, who also wrote the words for the Soviet national anthem back in 1943.

paragraphs: What is today the Russian Federation has had several different anthems over the years. The earliest of these, called "Let the Thunder of Victory Rumble!" () was used in the late 18th to early 19th century. In 1816, the Russian Empire adopted "The Prayer of the Russians" (), whose melody was that of the British anthem God Save the King. This anthem was used until 1833, when a new composition called "God Save the Tsar!" () was chosen by Nicholas I, but did not became popular until 1837. Its melody became used in classical music such as Beethoven's Wellington's Victory and Tchaikovsky's 1812 Overture.

paragraphs: "God Save the Tsar!" continued to be the national anthem until the February Revolution in March 1917, when an adaptation of the French national anthem, known as the "Worker's Marseillaise" (), was used for a short time. Later that year, when the October Revolution happened, the Bolsheviks adopted a Russian translation of "The Internationale", which became the national anthem of the Soviet Union when it was founded in 1922. This was replaced by the "State Anthem of the Soviet Union" with Alexandrov's music and Mikhalkov's lyrics in 1944. The lyrics were removed in 1953 after the death of Joseph Stalin, but a new set of lyrics were added in 1977.

paragraphs: While the republics of the Soviet Union had their own anthems during this time, the Russian SFSR did not, instead using the Soviet national anthem. However, in 1990, the Russian SFSR adopted a composition by Mikhail Glinka, known as "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" (), as its state anthem. There were never any official words to this song. After the Soviet Union broke down in 1991, the president of the newly-formed Russian Federation, Boris Yeltsin, continued to use "Patrioticheskaya Pesnya" as the country's national anthem. When he was replaced by Vladimir Putin in 2000, the new president began to push for the melody of the old Soviet anthem to be brought back. Finally, in December of that year, the State Duma voted in favour of the music of the Soviet anthem, together with new lyrics by Mikhalkov, to be adopted as the national anthem, and the new anthem was performed for the first time during a ceremony at the Great Kremlin Palace just before the New Year.

paragraphs: Oh Russia – thou art our beloved country.

paragraphs: 𝄆 "Oh land of the free, glorious shalt thou be"

paragraphs: "Shine bright, oh country! Glad are we for thee!" 𝄇

paragraphs: From the southern seas to the polar lands,

paragraphs: Unique thou art, the one and only on Earth –

paragraphs: Spaces far and wide for dreams and for living


title: Newton's law of universal gravitation

paragraphs: Newton's universal law of gravitation is a physical law that describes the attraction between two objects with mass. It is talked about in Isaac Newton's "Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica". The law is part of classical mechanics.

paragraphs: In SI units, is measured in newtons (N), and in kilograms (kg), in metres (m), and the constant is approximately equal to .


title: Campagna

paragraphs: Campagna is a small town in the region of Campania in Italy.

paragraphs: The town, located in a mountainous district, gradually lost importance in the 20th century. All its district offices have been moved to other cities since the 1930s, and the Diocese of Campagna merged with the Archdiocese of Salerno in 1973.

paragraphs: During World War II, Campagna was the site of an internment camp. The Bishop Giuseppe Maria Palatucci turned the camp into a shelter for Italian and foreign Jews, many of them sent there for protection by his nephew Giovanni Palatucci; Giovanni was later honored as a Righteous Among the Nations by the Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial.


title: Denial-of-Service attack

paragraphs: A Denial-of-Service attack (DoS) is when someone arranges for multiple computers to open a website. This then stops the ability for everyone else to access the website as there is too much traffic flowing to it. People who have slower internet connections, such as dial-up, are affected more by attacks.

paragraphs: There are different kinds of DoS attacks:

paragraphs: In the 1990s and early 2000s, many web companies were hit by DoS attacks. For example, Microsoft was affected by DoS attacks in early 2001. Many users were unable to access the Microsoft website and many Microsoft services. On June 10, 2014, Evernote was targeted by a DDoS attack for 24 hours.


title: Pat Paulsen

paragraphs: Patrick Layton "Pat" Paulsen (July 6, 1927 – April 24, 1997) was an American comedian and actor. His longest-running role was as a frequent "candidate" for President of the United States.

paragraphs: Paulsen was born in South Bend, Washington. Paulsen had served in the United States Marines during World War II. After the war, he went to college, and worked a variety of jobs (as a salesman, an , a truck driver, and others) before starting a comedy with his brother. After the troupe broke up, Paulsen started performing on his own. He played at many of the same as the Smothers Brothers, before they became famous.

paragraphs: After the Smothers Brothers began a television variety show ("The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour") in 1967, they invited Paulsen to join their regular cast. He wrote for the show, and also appeared on camera in different roles. He began a series of mock editorials, that became very popular, by both poking fun at extremist opinions, and giving people reasons to think and talk about important issues (the First Amendment, gun control, drugs, and other matters). Hundreds of viewers wrote to CBS, who broadcast the "Comedy Hour", to ask for copies of the editorials.

paragraphs: During 1968 (an election year in the United States), Paulsen began a pretend "campaign" for President, and used the campaign to show the humor and irony in American politics. He did many of the things a real candidate would do, making public appearances, giving speeches, granting media interviews, and making his "stand on the issues" well known. When Election Day came, people in many places around the United States really did vote for Paulsen, as a candidate, because they were not satisfied with what the real candidates (Republican Richard M. Nixon, Democrat Hubert Humphrey, Alabama governor George Wallace, and others) promised to do as President.

paragraphs: After "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour" ended in 1969, Paulsen continued to work as a comedian and actor. Instead of just making people laugh, he often drew their attention to problems in American society, such as pollution, prejudice, and poor government. During the 1970s, he bought the Cherry County Playhouse, a theater in Traverse City, Michigan that showed .

paragraphs: Paulsen sometimes reunited with the Smothers Brothers, and usually staged another pretend campaign every election year. In 1992 he chose singer Tiny Tim as his , to become his Vice President. Paulsen died on April 24, 1997 from pneumonia from complications of brain and colon cancer, during medical treatment in Tajuana, Mexico, he was 69 years old. He is survived by his wife Noma Paulsen.


title: Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In

paragraphs: Laugh-In was an American television series, which ran on NBC from 1968 until 1974. Its hosts were comedians Dan Rowan and Dick Martin. The show's name came from a trend of naming public events with an "-In", such as the Human Be-In of 1967.

paragraphs: Begun as a one-time television , the first "Laugh-In" was so popular that it became a regular show in 1968. Hosts Rowan and Martin dressed in tuxedos, and played to the other performers on the show. Radio host Gary Owens played the show's . Producers George Schlatter and Ed Friendly worked behind the scenes, and did not appear on camera.

paragraphs: "Laugh-In" featured " humor", with most of its comedy based on current events. The show mocked contemporary trends and fashions, and imitated popular styles of the time. Regular features were "the Party", where performers told about current issues in a party setting, ""Laugh-In" Looks at the News", a mock news broadcast, and the "Joke Wall", where the cast ran from door to door in a specially-built wall, and told old jokes. The show also used , including "Sock it to me!", "You bet your bippy!" and "Look that up in your !"

paragraphs: The show featured a large cast of performers, including many who were new to television. These included Goldie Hawn, Arte Johnson, Lily Tomlin, Henry Gibson, Ruth Buzzi, Dave Madden, Joanne Worley, Alan Sues, Chelsea Brown, Judy Carne and others. Several of the performers went on to longtime comedy and acting careers. British actor Jeremy Lloyd and "Hogan's Heroes" cast members Richard Dawson and Larry Hovis also appeared on the show for a time.

paragraphs: Guests on "Laugh-In" included Tiny Tim, The Monkees, Ringo Starr, and other famous singers and actors. Some were veterans of , while others were newly famous, or became famous partly through appearing on the show. Dewey "Pigmeat" Markham, an African-American comedian not known to white audiences, was first imitated on the show by Sammy Davis, Jr., then appeared himself, becoming a surprise hit with the same Judge routine he had played for years on the "chitlin' circuit". ("Here come the Judge!" became another show catchphrase.) Richard M. Nixon appeared in a short segment on the show, when he was campaigning for President of the United States, and some people believed this helped him get elected.

paragraphs: The series became less popular as time went on, and ended in 1974, with the show's producers explaining that they had "run out of things to parody" (make fun of). A reunion special in 1979 led to a short revival of the show as a "summer replacement" series, featuring guests like Robin Williams.


title: Very High Bitrate Digital Subscriber Line

paragraphs: VDSL or VHDSL (Very High Bitrate DSL) is a DSL technology providing faster data movement. This works over a single flat untwisted or twisted pair of copper wires. These fast speeds mean that VDSL can move data for digital television, as well as telephone services (Voice over IP) and Internet. It can do all these things on a single connection, using existing wiring used for POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service).


title: Red algae

paragraphs: Red algae are members of the phylum Rhodophyta. This is a large group of aquatic algae with about 6000 species. The red algae have reddish phycobilin pigments—phycoerythrin and phycocyanin.

paragraphs: The red algae form a distinct group. They have eukaryotic cells without flagella and centrioles. Their chloroplasts lack external endoplasmic reticulum. These chloroplasts have unstacked (stroma) thylakoids. Phycobiliproteins are accessory pigments, which give them their red color. What these pigments do is the same as what chlorophyll does: absorb sunlight as energy, which is then used to fuel the building of organic compounds.

paragraphs: Red algae store sugars as a type of starch outside their plastids.

paragraphs: Most red algae are also multicellular, macroscopic, marine, and reproduce sexually. The red algal life history is typically an alternation of generations that may have three generations rather than two.

paragraphs: Chloroplasts evolved following an endosymbiotic event between an ancestral, photosynthetic cyanobacterium and an early eukarytoic phagotroph.

paragraphs: Most species grow near tropical and subtropical shores below the low-tide mark. A few are found in fresh water. Red algae is used to make the food "Nori".


title: Gilan Province

paragraphs: Guilan is a small province in Iran. It covers about 1% of the total area of Iran (14711 kms). Guilan has a population of 2,410,523 and the population density is 172 people per square kilometer. There are many cities in Guilan, including Rasht (at its center), Lahidjan, Anzali, and Rudsar. The Caspian Sea borders the North of Guilan.