title: Death of Osama bin Laden

paragraphs: Osama bin Laden, the founder and first leader of the Islamist group Al-Qaeda, was killed in Pakistan on May 2, 2011 shortly after 1:00 am PKT (20:00 UTC, May 1) by United States Navy SEALs of the U.S. Naval Special Warfare Development Group (also known as DEVGRU or SEAL Team Six).

paragraphs: The operation, code-named Operation Neptune Spear, was carried out in a CIA-led operation with Joint Special Operations Command. The operation ended a nearly 10-year search for bin Laden, following his role in the September 11 attacks on the United States.

paragraphs: The raid on bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Pakistan was launched from Afghanistan. U.S. military officials said that after the raid U.S. forces took bin Laden's body to Afghanistan for identification, then buried him at sea within 24 hours of his death in accordance with Islamic tradition.

paragraphs: The SEALs encountered the residents in the compound's guest house, in its main building on the first floor where two adult males lived, and on the second and third floors where bin Laden lived with his family.

paragraphs: The second and third floors were the last section of the compound to be cleared. There were reportedly "small knots of children ... on every level, including the balcony of bin Laden's room".

paragraphs: bin Laden was killed in the raid and initial versions said three other men and a woman were killed as well: bin Laden's adult son Khalid, bin Laden's courier Abu Ahmed al-Kuwaiti, al-Kuwaiti's brother Abrar, and Abrar's wife Bushra.

paragraphs: Al-Qaeda confirmed the death on May 6 with posts made on militant websites, vowing to avenge the killing.

paragraphs: The raid was supported by over 90% of the American public, United Nations, NATO, the European Union, along with a large number of governments, but was criticized by two-thirds of the Pakistani public.

paragraphs: Also controversial was the decision not to release any photographic or DNA evidence of bin Laden's death to the public.

paragraphs: In the aftermath of the killing, Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gillani created a commission under Senior Justice Javed Iqbal. The resulting Abbottabad Commission Report, which revealed Pakistani state military and intelligence authorities’ “collective failure” that enabled bin Laden to hide in Pakistan for nine years.


title: Disappearance of Bobby Dunbar

paragraphs: Bobby Dunbar was an American boy whose disappearance at the age of four and apparent return was widely reported in newspapers across the United States in 1912 and 1913.

paragraphs: In August 1912, the Dunbars took a fishing trip to nearby Swayze Lake in St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. On August 23, while on that trip, Bobby Dunbar disappeared.

paragraphs: After an eight-month nationwide search, investigators believed that they had found the child in Mississippi, in the hands of William Cantwell Walters of North Carolina.

paragraphs: Dunbar's parents claimed the boy as their missing son. However, both Walters and a woman named Julia Anderson said that the boy with him was Anderson's son. Julia Anderson could not afford a lawyer, and the court eventually sided for the Dunbars. Percy and Lessie Dunbar retained custody of the child, who proceeded to live out the remainder of his life as Bobby Dunbar.

paragraphs: In 2004, DNA test found that the boy found with Walters and "returned" to the Dunbars as Bobby had not been a blood relative of the Dunbar family. Since the DNA testing is conclusive, the fate of the actual Bobby Dunbar remains unsolved.


title: Operation Eagle Claw

paragraphs: Operation Eagle Claw, known as Operation Tabas () in Iran, was a United States Armed Forces operation ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to try to end the Iran hostage crisis by rescuing 52 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.

paragraphs: Its failure damaged U.S. prestige worldwide. Carter himself blamed his loss in the 1980 U.S. presidential election mainly on his failure to win the release of the hostages.


title: Geoffrey Owens

paragraphs: Geoffrey Louis Owens (born March 18, 1961) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Elvin Tibideaux on "The Cosby Show" (1985–1992).

paragraphs: In 2017, Owens played an Assistant Dean on the FOX drama series "Lucifer".

paragraphs: In September 2018, a customer at a Trader Joe's took a picture of Owens, who worked the cash register. The publication of the photos has been characterized as "job shaming".


title: Thomas Bangalter

paragraphs: Thomas Bangalter (b. 3 January 1975) is a French musician, half of the duo Daft Punk, together with Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo, in the sub-genre known as French House (Filter House/Tekfunk).


title: Los Gatos, California

paragraphs: Los Gatos is a city in Santa Clara County, California, United States. It is in the San Francisco Bay Area, about 70 miles south of San Francisco. It is on the edge of Silicon Valley.

paragraphs: The town grew rapidly in the 1960s, and now has 30,000 inhabitants. California State Route 17 runs through the town from south to north.

paragraphs: Mission Oaks Hospital is the biggest employer, with 2,000 staff. Netflix is an online movie rental service headquartered in Los Gatos.


title: San Ramon, California

paragraphs: San Ramon is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States, located 34 miles east of San Francisco, and within the San Ramon Valley. San Ramon's population was estimated as 76,134 in mid-2015 by the US Census Bureau, making it the 4th largest city in Contra Costa County, after Richmond, Concord and Antioch.


title: Gwoyeu Romatzyh

paragraphs: Gwoyeu Romatzyh (pinyin: "Guóyǔ luómǎzì", literally "National Language Romanization"), abbreviated GR, is a romanization of Mandarin Chinese, or a way to write Mandarin using the Roman alphabet, made by Yuen Ren Chao and some other linguists in the late 1920s. It was made as a way to write Mandarin using tonal spelling, or spelling rules that would change the syllable's spelling depending on its tone. For example, the syllable "chai" would be written as "chai" if it has the first Mandarin tone (or "chāi" in Pinyin), "chair" if it has the second tone ("chái")", chae" if it has the third tone ("chăi")"," and "chay" if it had the fourth tone (chài). Y.R. Chao created GR in order to increase literacy in China because China's illiteracy was very high in the early 20th century. He made it that tones could be written without extra tone markers, which can be long and difficult to add when printing.

paragraphs: Even though many other Asian languages use tonal spelling, like Hmong, they all represent tones by using the same letter each time the tone is used. In Hmong, for example, "-b is always" a high tone, "-s" is always a low tone, "-j" is always high-falling tone. In GR, however, each syllable final has its own spelling rules, and many exceptions exist within these rules. For example, first tone words with the final "-a" as in "bā" is written with just one vowel like "ba", except when the syllable begins with an "l-, m-," or "n-", which then must be written as "lha, mha," and "nha" in that order. This is only one of its many rules and exceptions.

paragraphs: Unsurprisingly, many people thought GR was too difficult to learn. Nonetheless, it still has many supporters, and they would rather learn using GR than Pinyin. While supporters of GR claim that it helps users of GR remember tones better than people who just use Pinyin, studies have not supported this claim. As a matter of fact, one study showed that after one year, the subjects who learned Chinese using Pinyin could more accurately speak Mandarin with tones than those who learned using GR.

paragraphs: After the Communist Party took over China, it tried to replaced all romanizations of Chinese, including GR, with Pinyin. While GR is not an official romanization in Taiwan, it can be seen in several places, including road signs, people's names, and the names of products, even though Hanyu Pinyin is the official romanization of Taiwan.

paragraphs: Even though almost all romanizations in mainland China today are in Pinyin, there are still some exceptions. For example, the name of the province Shaanxi is written in GR rather than in Pinyin, which would be Shǎnxī with tone markers, because there is already another province named Shanxi, which is written as Shānxī with tones. If the Pinyin names were to be written without tone markers (which they often are in everyday Pinyin), they should both be spelled Shanxi. Therefore they would be impossible to tell apart using just Pinyin without tones. Therefore, an exception has been made in this case.

paragraphs: Below are examples of sentences written in Chinese characters, Pinyin, and GR with English translations.


title: Arch of Septimus Severus

paragraphs: The Arch of Septimius Severus () is at the northwest end of the Roman Forum. It is a white marble triumphal arch. It was dedicated in 203 AD after the Parthian victories of Emperor Septimius Severus and his two sons. Two campaigns were fought against the Parthians in 194/195 and 197–199 AD.

paragraphs: The sons were Caracalla and Geta. After the death of Septimius Severus, his sons were initially joint emperors. Caracalla had Geta assassinated in 212; Geta's memorials were destroyed. All images or mentions of him were removed from public buildings and monuments. So, Geta's image and inscriptions were removed from the arch (damnatio memoriae).


title: Flags of cities of the United States

paragraphs: The flags of the cities of the United States exhibit a wide variety of regional influences and local histories, as well as widely different styles and design principles.

paragraphs: Many flags of Floridian cities feature their city seal on a saltire, incorporating elements from the Floridian flag, itself based on the former Spanish flag, into their designs.

paragraphs: Some city flags of New York, such as that of Albany and New York, feature colors from the Dutch Prince's Flag in their designs, due to the prominence of the Netherlands in the history of New York.


title: CBS Television Distribution

paragraphs: CBS Television Distribution (or CTD) is an American television distribution company. It was formed from CBS Paramount Domestic Television and King World Productions.


title: Awk

paragraphs: Awk is a programming language usually used for data extraction—taking data (information) from sources.


title: Vladimir Guerrero

paragraphs: Vladimir Alvino Guerrero (born February 9, 1975), nicknamed Vlad, Vlady and Vlad the Impaler, is a Dominican former professional baseball player who spent 16 seasons in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a right fielder and designated hitter. He played for the Montreal Expos (1996–2003), Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim (2004–09), Texas Rangers (2010), and Baltimore Orioles (2011).

paragraphs: Guerrero is considered one of the greatest batters of all time, and is widely regarded as the best "bad ball" batter of all time (the ability to hit pitches outside of the strike zone). He was well known for putting the ball into play, and particularly on the first pitch. He had exceptional hands at the plate, and would bat without batting gloves. Guerrero was able to hit for both power and average. In the outfield, Guerrero was sometimes considered a defensive liability, prone to making errors, which resulted in him being a designated hitter in the last stage of his remarkable career, but he was also known to have a very powerful throwing arm that allowed him to make outfield assists on base runners.

paragraphs: Many baseball fans and critics believe Guerrero's career was overshadowed by those of other players due to playing for a small fan base in Montreal, and similarly, many believe that he deserved to win the 2000 National League Most Valuable Player (MVP) Award for his remarkable season, an award which instead was won by Barry Bonds.

paragraphs: Guerrero barely missed being elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on the first ballot (first year of candidacy), but he was admitted in on the second ballot.

paragraphs: One of Guerrero's sons, Vladimir Guerrero Jr., plays in MLB.


title: Jalaluddin Haqqani

paragraphs: Mawlawi Jalaluddin Haqqani (1939 – 3 September 2018) was an Afghan militant. He was the leader of the Haqqani network, a fighting group in guerilla warfare against US-led NATO forces.

paragraphs: By 2004, he was directing pro-Taliban militants to launch a holy war in Afghanistan. Within Pakistan, Jalaluddin had a relation with Pakistan but he did not act against the TTP. He was the most experienced Islamist leader in the region. Steve Coll, author of "Ghost Wars", claims that Haqqani introduced suicide bombing in the Afghanistan-Pakistan region.

paragraphs: On 3 September 2018, the Taliban released a statement via Twitter saying that Haqqani died from a terminal illness in his late 70s.


title: Paul Koech

paragraphs: Paul Koech (25 June 1969 – 4 September 2018) was a Kenyan distance and marathon runner. He was known for his competition at the IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in 1998 and finished in first place. He was also a regular competitor in the IAAF World Cross Country Championships with several top-5 positions.

paragraphs: Koech died on 4 September 2018 at a hospital in Nairobi from a cerebral hemorrhage at the age of 49.


title: Marijan Beneš

paragraphs: Marijan Beneš (; 11 June 1951 – 4 September 2018) was a Yugoslav-Bosnian boxer. He was born in Belgrade. He was thought of as one of the best in Yugoslav history.

paragraphs: After an amateur career, he won the gold medal in European Amateur Boxing Championships in Belgrade, he turned professional in 1977, and won the European Boxing Union title in the light welterweight in 1979. Beneš retired from the ring in 1983, after a severe eye injury.

paragraphs: Beneš died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina on 4 September 2018, aged 67.


title: Gloria Jean

paragraphs: Gloria Jean (April 14, 1926 – August 31, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She starred or co-starred in 26 feature movies between 1939 and 1959. Her best known roles were in "The Under-Pup", "Pardon My Rhythm", and "Manhattan Angel".

paragraphs: Jean died of heart failure in Mountain View, Hawaii on August 31, 2018 at the age of 92.


title: Mountain View, Hawaii

paragraphs: Mountain View is a census-designated place (CDP) in Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States located in the District of Puna. The population was 3,924 at the 2010 census.


title: Anita Lindman

paragraphs: Anita Lindman (née Lamm; 14 May 1932 – 31 August 2018) was a Swedish television announcer and producer. She was known for the children's program "Anita och Televinken", which she both produced and announced for. She was a daughter of Uno Lamm and Ingalill Beckman.

paragraphs: Lindman died in Norrtälje on 31 August 2018, aged 86.


title: Johnny Gilbert

paragraphs: John L. Gilbert III (born July 13, 1924) is an American television personality and actor. He worked mainly on television game shows. He was a nightclub singer and entertainer before becoming an announced for television game shows. He is known for his work as the announcer and audience host for the syndicated version of the quiz show "Jeopardy!".

paragraphs: Gilbert was born in Newport News, Virginia.

paragraphs: In 2017 Gilbert was honored by the Guinness Book of World Records for having the longest career as a game show announcer for a single show, after 32 years with Jeopardy.


title: Moira Yip

paragraphs: Moira Yip is a British linguist. She earned her PhD in Linguistics in 1980 from MIT. She retired in 2009 from University College London (UCL). She had been Professor of Linguistics there. At UCL she also was co-director of the Centre for Human Communication. She was also Pro-Provost for China. Before joining UCL, she was Professor of Linguistics and Acting Dean at the University of California-Irvine (1992-1999) and Associate Professor at Brandeis University (1982-1992).

paragraphs: Moira Yip worked on theory of phonology (ideas about how sound is important in language). She was especially interested in phonology of Chinese. Her dissertation on the "Tonal phonology of Chinese" was published in the "Outstanding Dissertations in Linguistics" series (Routledge). In 2002 she published the first modern textbook on tone in the Cambridge University Press linguistics textbook series.

paragraphs: She is married to business academic, George Yip.


title: Junko Itō

paragraphs: Junko Itō is a linguist. She was born in Japan and works in the United States.. She earned her Ph.D. in Linguistics in 1986 at the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Her doctoral supervisor was Alan Prince. She is a professor of linguistics at the University of California, Santa Cruz. She was chair of the department from 1999-2006.

paragraphs: Itō mostly researches phonology and morphology. Her work on syllable structure is well-known. She has studied and written about rendaku in the Japanese language. Her work has been published in Linguistic Inquiry and other peer-reviewed research journals in linguistics. She often works with another UCSC professor, her husband Armin Mester.

paragraphs: She is the daughter of mathematician Kiyoshi Itō.

paragraphs: 2015 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. The perfect prosodic word in Danish. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 38(1). 5-36.

paragraphs: 2015 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Sino-Japanese Phonology. Chapter 7 of Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. ed. by H. Kubozono. pp. 289–312.

paragraphs: 2015 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Word Formation and Phonological Processes. Chapter 9 of Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. ed. by H. Kubozono. pp. 363–395. Mouton de Gruyter Series Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics.

paragraphs: 2013 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Prosodic Subcategories in Japanese. Lingua 124. 20-40.

paragraphs: 2009 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. The onset of the prosodic word. In Parker, Steve, ed. Phonological Argumentation: Essays on Evidence and Motivation. London: Equinox. 227-260.

paragraphs: 2009 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Lexical classes in phonology. In Miyagawa, Shigeru, and Mamoru Saito, eds. Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 84-106.

paragraphs: 2007 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Prosodic adjunction in Japanese compounds. MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 55: Formal Approaches to Japanese Linguistics 4. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 97-111.

paragraphs: 2003 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Japanese Morphophonemics: Markedness and Word Structure. MIT Press Linguistic Inquiry Monograph Series 41. Cambridge, Mass.

paragraphs: 1999 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. The structure of the phonological lexicon. In Tsujimura, Natsuko, ed. The Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. Malden, MA, and Oxford, U.K.: Blackwell Publishers. 62-100.

paragraphs: 1996 Ito, Junko, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, and Armin Mester. Prosodic faithfulness and correspondence. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 5. 217-294.

paragraphs: 1995 Ito, Junko, Armin Mester, and Jaye Padgett. Licensing and redundancy: underspecification in Optimality Theory. Linguistic Inquiry 26. 571-614.

paragraphs: 1995 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. Japanese phonology. In Goldsmith, John, ed.,The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Blackwell. 817-838.

paragraphs: 1986 Ito, Junko, and Armin Mester. The phonology of voicing in Japanese: theoretical consequences for morphological accessibility. Linguistic Inquiry 17.1. 49-73. 1985 Ito, Junko. Consonant Loss in Danish and Phonological Theory, Descriptive and Applied Linguistics 18, 109-120.

paragraphs: 1984 Ito, Junko. Melodic Dissimilation in Ainu, Linguistic Inquiry 15.3, 505-513.

paragraphs: Video: Junko Ito, Armin Mester (UC Santa Cruz), 2013: "Supersized Units": https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=duYc4W4Lhp4


title: Hyperaccumulator

paragraphs: A hyperaccumulator is a plant that can grow in soils with very high concentrations of metals.

paragraphs: Featured by the BBC is a tree on the island of New Caledonia, "Pycnandra acuminata", which grows on soil rich in nickel. Many different plants do this in several different plant families.

paragraphs: The advantage of hyperaccumulation of metals may be that the toxic levels of heavy metals in leaves deter herbivores (defence against herbivory).

paragraphs: Several gene families are involved in hyperaccumulation including absorbing and storing heavy metals. The genes most usually involved are the ZIP gene family. These genes code for membrane receptors for the transport of, for example, zinc molecules.

paragraphs: These hyperaccumulation genes (HA genes) are found in over 450 plant species, including the model organisms "Arabidopsis" and the Brassicaceae. Expression of HA genes allows the plant to uptake and sequester metals such as As, Co, Fe, Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg, Se, Mn, Zn, Mo and Ni in 100–1000 times the concentration found in sister species or populations.


title: Subroutine

paragraphs: In computer programming, a subroutine is a code that is comprised of more codes — just like everything in programming — it's purpose is the same: execute an instruction/command. Because subroutines are shorter, they can be typed faster and therefore be used more by programmers, hence saving time by being able to code faster.

paragraphs: Subroutines are commonly paired with parameter, a type of variable.


title: SDP-Liberal Alliance

paragraphs: The S.D.P-Liberal Alliance was an alliance between the Social Democratic Party (S.D.P) and the Liberal Party. The two British political parties promised to help each other in order to try to win the 1983 and 1987 UK general elections. The alliance won around a quarter of the vote each time. In 1988, the two parties decided to join together to form the Liberal Democrats.


title: Presbyterian Church in Ireland

paragraphs: The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest Presbyterian church in Ireland and the biggest Protestant denomination in Northern Ireland. It has over 225,000 members, represented by over 500 congregations.


title: Fear: Trump in the White House

paragraphs: Fear: Trump in the White House is a book by American Watergate journalist Bob Woodward. The book explains the operations in the Trump White House and quotes important members of the administration including John F. Kelly as "hiding key information from the president in order that he doesn't make impulsive decisions". It also says United States Secretary of Defense James Mattis called the president a "fifth or fourth grader".

paragraphs: On Tuesday 5th September 2018, President Donald Trump called the book "a con on the public" and said that it had infactual information. White House Chief of Staff also released a statement saying he "he is committed to the president".

paragraphs: When the book was leaked by the Washington Post, White House Chief of staff John F. Kelly released a statement saying he "never called the president and idiot".


title: Student Council

paragraphs: The heads of the student council are mostly two pupils who are contact persons for the principal, teachers, students and parents. They represent the interests of all pupils and are in contact with the principal (monthly conversations). Also, they tell teachers about the students’ requests and complaints and try to solve problems. The head of the student council is automatically a member of the student council and convenes their meetings. They are also the leader of these meetings. The head of the student council is responsible for the spreading of information and they have to put the decisions of the student council into practice. But they can also put their own ideas, which they have suggested in their election program, into reality.

paragraphs: They student council has to show an interest in the opinions and the suggestions pupils have for the improvement of the school.

paragraphs: This means that the student representatives work for the interests of the students and bring them to the school management. Specifically, the student representatives have a right to be heard by the school management if the pupils have any concerns. These concerns may include suggestions for improvement in classroom teaching, conflicts with the teaching staff or organizational issues, or any other concerns. The student representatives should take care that not every issue has to be reported directly to the school management. Many problems can also be solved by talking directly to the participants.

paragraphs: Another important task of the student representation is to form working groups and to take over the planning of school projects. For example, if student representatives decide to collect money for an improvement at school, they may set up a committee to organize a sponsorship run or a charity concert.

paragraphs: Every student council has a head with mostly two pupils. Every year pupils can volunteer to stand for election. They have to present their election program. In the election program the candidates present their goals for the school year to the other pupils. All pupils take part in the election and elect the new head of the student council.

paragraphs: The other part of the student council are the class speakers. They are elected by their class mates. All class speakers are automatically in the student council.

paragraphs: In German schools the student council represents the students and their ideas and wishes.

paragraphs: They plan school events and their election is a must.

paragraphs: All schools in Norway have to have a student council by law.

paragraphs: The purpose of the student council is to improve their school by encouraging social and cultural events and also events outside of school. The student councils are governed by a management which is either elected directly or by the student council.

paragraphs: Since 1998 in Ireland there has been constant evolution of student councils in primary schools. Schools and staff assist the creation of the student council.

paragraphs: Secondary high schools and vocational schools in Finland have student councils. They include all the students of the institution, but their status is not very important. The act demands that they should be heard in all matters connected to the education in the institution, but this is often not done.

paragraphs: Most Spanish universities have student councils which are regulated by law, however schools don’t have any. Some of the basic points are the 24% of student representation in the board. The council is elected by universal assent of the students.

paragraphs: In Wales a student council, often called different names, is required in every kind of school. The Council has to meet regularly. The head of the students is elected by the students.


title: Chris Stuckmann

paragraphs: Christopher Stuckmann (born April 15, 1988) is an American movie critic, movie director, producer, author, and YouTube star. As of September 2018, he has more than 1.3 million subscribers, and over 360 million total video views. In 2017, he directed, produced, edited, and wrote the short comedic horror movie "Auditorium 6" which earned him multiple awards.


title: Damoh district

paragraphs: Damoh District is a district of Madhya Pradesh state in central India.


title: Phi Tai Hong

paragraphs: Phi Tai Hong () is a ghost of Thai folklore. It is the vengeful and restless spirit of a person who suffered a violent or cruel death.


title: Rhetorical Triangle

paragraphs: The Rhetorical Triangle represents the three rhetorical appeals created by Aristotle. The Greek terms "pathos", "logos", and "ethos" compose the triangle. "Pathos" means appealing to emotions; "ethos" means appealing to ethics; "logos" means logic. The balance of these terms creates a powerful way to convey a message in any communication style.

paragraphs: This is ethos because it refers to reputable sources.

paragraphs: This is pathos because it appeals to emotions of readers.

paragraphs: This is an example of logos because it offers statistics to support a claim.


title: Business writing

paragraphs: Business writing is a form of professional communication that typically consists of memorandums, emails, letters, and other documents. Usually found within a work environment, business writing helps employees communicate efficiently. Business writing is also used for communication with outside sources such as other companies or customers. The goal of business writing is to clearly define to your audience what you are trying to portray.

paragraphs: Based on what kind of audience you are writing to, (boss, coworkers, customers, other companies) certain formats will be expected. Your audience also dictates the content of the document and its tone. In most cases, a professional tone is expected although in some instances, such as with coworkers a more casual tone can be used.


title: Kennedy, Alabama

paragraphs: Kennedy is a town in Alabama in the United States.


title: Jacksons' Gap, Alabama

paragraphs: Jackson's Gap is a town of Alabama in the United States.


title: New Site, Alabama

paragraphs: New Site is a town of Alabama in the United States.


title: Killen, Alabama

paragraphs: Killen is a town of Alabama in the United States.


title: Kinston, Alabama

paragraphs: Kinston is a town of Alabama in the United States.


title: Langston, Alabama

paragraphs: Langston is a town of Jackson County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 270, up from 254 in 2000 census.


title: Villedieu

paragraphs: Villedieu is the name of several communes in France:


title: Parfondeval

paragraphs: Parfondeval is the name of two communes in France:


title: Morcourt

paragraphs: Morcourt is the name of two communes in France:


title: Orgeval

paragraphs: Orgeval is the name of two communes in France:


title: Apache Wave

paragraphs: Apache Wave is the project where wave technology is developed at Apache. Wave in a Box (WIAB) is the name of the main product at the moment, which is a server that hosts and federates waves, supports extensive APIs, and provides a rich web client. This project also includes an implementation of the Wave Federation protocol, to enable federated collaboration systems (such as multiple interoperable Wave In a Box instances).

paragraphs: This page tracks the project's status in the incubator. For more general project status, please see the project website.

paragraphs: 2013-08-03 Ben Laurie and Vincent Siveton step down as Mentors

paragraphs: 2013-06-25 Christian Grobmeier joins as Mentor

paragraphs: 2013-06-18 Andrus Adamchik steps down as Mentor

paragraphs: 2011-04-28 Issues tracking migrated from Google Code to Jira.

paragraphs: 2011-02-19 Wave Project Web Site created.

paragraphs: This is the first phase on incubation, needed to start the project at Apache.

paragraphs: Item assignment is shown by the Apache id. Completed tasks are shown by the completion date (YYYY-MM-dd).

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Make sure that the requested project name does not already exist and check www.nameprotect.com to be sure that the name is not already trademarked for an existing software product.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. If request from anywhere to become a stand-alone PMC, then assess the fit with the ASF, and create the lists and modules under the incubator address/module names if accepted.

paragraphs: 2010-12-22 Check and make sure that the papers that transfer rights to the ASF been received. It is only necessary to transfer rights for the package, the core code, and any new code produced by the project. (received from Dan Peterson (Google)

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Check and make sure that the files that have been donated have been updated to reflect the new ASF copyright.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Check and make sure that for all code included with the distribution that is not under the Apache license, we have the right to combine with Apache-licensed code and redistribute.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Check and make sure that all source code distributed by the project is covered by one or more of the following approved licenses: Apache, BSD, Artistic, MIT/X, MIT/W3C, MPL 1.1, or something with essentially the same terms.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Trim committer list to those actively participating.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Check that all active committers have submitted a contributors agreement.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Add all active committers in the STATUS file.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Ask root for the creation of committers' accounts on people.apache.org.

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Ask infrastructure to create source repository modules and grant the committers karma.

paragraphs: Complete 2010-12-07 Ask infrastructure to set up and archive mailing lists.

paragraphs: Complete 2011-01-02 Ask infrastructure to set up issue tracker (JIRA).

paragraphs: Complete 2011-01-21 Ask infrastructure to set up wiki (Confluence, Moin).

paragraphs: Complete 2011-02-18 Ask infrstructure to create CMS for web site (INFRA-3464)

paragraphs: Complete 2011-02-18 Ask infrstructure to import Jira Issues (INFRA-3596)

paragraphs: ...-..-.. Migrate the project to our infrastructure.

paragraphs: These action items have to be checked for during the whole incubation process.

paragraphs: These items are not to be signed as done during incubation, as they may change during incubation. They are to be looked into and described in the status reports and completed in the request for incubation signoff.

paragraphs: Have all of the active long-term volunteers been identified and acknowledged as committers on the project?

paragraphs: Are there three or more independent committers? (The legal definition of independent is long and boring, but basically it means that there is no binding relationship between the individuals, such as a shared employer, that is capable of overriding their free will as individuals, directly or indirectly.)

paragraphs: Are project decisions being made in public by the committers?

paragraphs: Are the decision-making guidelines published and agreed to by all of the committers?

paragraphs: Are all licensing, trademark, credit issues being taken care of and acknowledged by all committers?

paragraphs: Things to check for before voting the project out.

paragraphs: Organizational acceptance of responsibility for the project

paragraphs: If graduating to an existing PMC, has the PMC voted to accept it?

paragraphs: If graduating to a new PMC, has the board voted to accept it?

paragraphs: Has the Incubator decided that the project has accomplished all of the above tasks?


title: Fouke, Arkansas

paragraphs: Fouke is a city of the state of Arkansas in the United States of America.


title: Dix, Illinois

paragraphs: Dix is a village of Illinois in the United States.


title: Hudson, Illinois

paragraphs: Hudson is a village of Illinois in the United States.


title: Westwood, Iowa

paragraphs: Westwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Winfield, Iowa

paragraphs: Winfield is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stockport, Iowa

paragraphs: Stockport is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 296 at the 2010 census.


title: Natural Bridge, Alabama

paragraphs: Natural Bridge is a town of Winston County in the state of Alabama, in the United States. It is near the intersection of U.S. Highway 278, Alabama Highway 13, and Alabama State Route 5.


title: Strawberry Point, Iowa

paragraphs: Strawberry Point is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: The Lion King (2019 movie)

paragraphs: The Lion King is a 2019 American musical drama movie written by Jeff Nathanson, and directed and produced by Jon Favreau. It is a remake of the 1994 animated movie of the same name and was produced by Walt Disney Pictures.

paragraphs: The movie stars the voices of Donald Glover, Beyoncé, James Earl Jones, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Billy Eichner, Seth Rogen, John Kani, John Oliver, Eric Andre, Florence Kasumba, Amy Sedaris and Alfre Woodard with Keegan-Michael Key.

paragraphs: Hans Zimmer composed the movie score. There is an original song by Elton John.

paragraphs: Much of the main cast signed on in early-2017. Filming of the movie began that summer at a movie studio in Los Angeles. The movie was released on July 19, 2019, the 25th anniversary of the animated classic.


title: Christopher Lawford

paragraphs: Christopher Kennedy "Chris" Lawford (March 29, 1955 – September 4, 2018) was an American writer, actor, producer and political activist. He was a member of the

paragraphs: Kennedy family. He was the son of actor Peter Lawford and Patricia Kennedy Lawford. Lawford was born in Santa Monica, California.

paragraphs: Lawford was known for his roles in "", "Thirteen Days", and "General Hospital".

paragraphs: Lawford died of a heart attack on the night of September 4, 2018 in Los Angeles at the age of 63.


title: Ayanna Pressley

paragraphs: Ayanna Soyini Pressley (born February 3, 1974) is an American politician. She is the member of the United States House of Representatives for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district since January 3, 2019. She defeated incumbent Mike Capuano in the primary election and running unopposed in the November 2018 general election.

paragraphs: She was an at-large member of the Boston City Council in Boston, Massachusetts. She was the first non-White person elected to the council.

paragraphs: Pressley was the 2018 Democratic nominee for Massachusetts's 7th congressional district, after beating incumbent Michael Capuano.

paragraphs: Pressley is member of the "The Squad" along with Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, Ilhan Omar and Rashida Tlaib. In 2020, Pressley endorsed Elizabeth Warren for President.


title: Mike Capuano

paragraphs: Michael Everett Capuano (; born January 9, 1952) is an American politician. He served as the U.S. Representative for until 2019. He is a Democrat.

paragraphs: Before being elected to Congress, he was as an Alderman and Mayor of Somerville, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: In 1998 Capuano won a crowded Democratic primary to replace Joseph Kennedy II in Congress and was re-elected nine times until 2018. In Congress he was a strong liberal and member of the Congressional Progressive Caucus.

paragraphs: Capuano ran in the 2010 special election to fill the seat in the United States Senate made vacant by the death of Ted Kennedy, but lost the primary to Martha Coakley.

paragraphs: In 2018, he was defeated by Ayanna Pressley in a House Democratic primary in an "upset result".


title: Lydia Clarke

paragraphs: Lydia Marie Clarke (April 14, 1923 – September 3, 2018) was an American actress and photographer. In 1944, she married Academy Award-winning actor Charlton Heston. They had two children and would remain married until Heston's death in 2008. She starred in "The Atomic City", "Bad for Each Other", and in "Will Penny".

paragraphs: She was born in Two Rivers, Wisconsin and died at the Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles on September 3, 2018, aged 95.


title: Two Rivers, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Two Rivers is a city in Manitowoc County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 11,712 at the 2010 census. It is known for having the first ice cream sundae created and sold. It is located along Lake Michigan.


title: Ab McDonald

paragraphs: Alvin Brian "Ab" McDonald (February 18, 1936 – September 4, 2018) was a Canadian ice hockey forward. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Pittsburgh Penguins and St. Louis Blues.

paragraphs: McDonald died from cancer on September 4, 2018 in Winnipeg at the age of 82.


title: Bridge of Spies (movie)

paragraphs: Bridge of Spies is a 2015 historical drama movie directed and co-produced by Steven Spielberg. It was written by Matt Charman, Ethan and Joel Coen. It stars Tom Hanks, Mark Rylance, Amy Ryan, and Alan Alda.

paragraphs: It is set during the Cold War about the story of lawyer James B. Donovan who is trying to release Francis Gary Powers—a U.S. Air Force pilot whose U-2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union in 1960—in exchange for Rudolf Abel, a convicted Soviet KGB spy.

paragraphs: The movie was released by Touchstone Pictures on October 16, 2015, in the United States and distributed by 20th Century Fox in other countries. It was a box office success, grossing $165 million worldwide.

paragraphs: The movie received six Academy Award nominations including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won Best Supporting Actor for Rylance.


title: The BFG (2016 movie)

paragraphs: The BFG (titled onscreen as Roald Dahl's The BFG) is a 2016 American fantasy adventure movie directed and produced by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and based on Roald Dahl’s 1982 novel of the same name.

paragraphs: The movie stars Mark Rylance, Ruby Barnhill, Penelope Wilton, Jemaine Clement, Rebecca Hall, Rafe Spall, and Bill Hader.

paragraphs: This is Spielberg's first movie for Walt Disney Pictures.

paragraphs: The movie was released in the United States in Disney Digital 3-D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D on July 1, 2016.

paragraphs: The movie received positive reviews, but only made $183 million against its $140 million budget making it a box-office bomb.


title: The Post (movie)

paragraphs: The Post is a 2017 American historical-drama-political thriller movie directed and produced by Steven Spielberg and written by Liz Hannah and Josh Singer.

paragraphs: It stars Meryl Streep as Katharine Graham, the first female publisher of a major American newspaper, and Tom Hanks as Ben Bradlee, the executive editor of "The Washington Post", with Sarah Paulson, Bob Odenkirk, Tracy Letts, Bradley Whitford, David Cross, Bruce Greenwood, Carrie Coon, and Matthew Rhys.

paragraphs: It is set in 1971, "The Post" is about the true story of attempts by journalists at "The Washington Post" to publish the "Pentagon Papers", classified documents about the 30-year involvement of the United States government in the Vietnam War.

paragraphs: It was released for a short time on December 22, 2017 until releasing worldwide on January 12, 2018. It made $178 million worldwide. It got good reviews from the critics with an 88% on Rotten Tomatoes.

paragraphs: Many critics called the movie as one of the best movies of 2017.

paragraphs: It was nominated for Best Picture and Best Actress (for Streep) at the 90th Academy Awards.


title: Tracy Letts

paragraphs: Tracy S. Letts (born July 4, 1965) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and actor. He won the 2008 Pulitzer Prize for Drama for his play "" and a Tony Award for his role as George in the revival of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?".

paragraphs: He is also known for his role of Andrew Lockhart in seasons 3 and 4 of Showtime's "Homeland".


title: Ready Player One (movie)

paragraphs: Ready Player One is a 2018 American science fiction adventure movie produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, and written by Zak Penn and Ernest Cline. It is based on Cline's 2011 novel of the same name.

paragraphs: The movie stars Tye Sheridan, Olivia Cooke, Ben Mendelsohn, Lena Waithe, T.J. Miller, Simon Pegg, and Mark Rylance. The movie takes place in 2045 where the rest of humanity uses the virtual reality software OASIS to escape the darkness of the real world.

paragraphs: It was theatrically released by Warner Bros. Pictures in the United States on March 29, 2018, in 2D, Real D 3D, IMAX and IMAX 3D. It made $582 million worldwide. The movie received generally positive reviews.


title: Incredibles 2

paragraphs: Incredibles 2 is a 2018 American computer-animated movie produced by Pixar and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It was directed by Brad Bird. It is the sequel to "The Incredibles" (2004) and second installment of the franchise.

paragraphs: Craig T. Nelson, Holly Hunter, Sarah Vowell and Samuel L. Jackson return in the movie; other stars include Huckleberry Milner (replacing Spencer Fox), Bob Odenkirk, Catherine Keener and Jonathan Banks (replacing Bud Luckey).

paragraphs: "Incredibles 2" was released in the United States on June 15, 2018, in Disney Digital 3-D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX. It received strong positive reviews. The movie made $182.7 million in its opening weekend, setting the record for best debut for an animated movie and has made over $1.1 billion worldwide, making it the second highest-grossing animated movie (behind "Frozen").

paragraphs: Additional Voices, Maeve Andrews, Mark Andrews, Matt Adler, Steve Alterman, Jack Angel, Stephen Apostolina, Kimberly Bailey, Sora Bamis, Bob Bergen, Brad Bird, Nicholas Bird, Steve Blum, Richard Cansino, Kelly Bonbright, Rodger Bumpass, Catherine Cavadini, Doc Kane, Corey Burton, June Christopher, Michael Corbett, Robert Clotworthy, David Cowgill, Andrea Datzman, Jim Cummings, Wendy Culter, Moosie Drier, Rebecca Davis, Debi Derryberry, Bryan Dluhy, Ronnie Del Carmen, Pete Docter, Terri Douglas, Tony Fucile, Greg Dykstra, Jennifer Darling, Paul Eiding, Jeannie Elias, Bill Farmer, Brian Fee, Ted Evans, Dave Fennoy, Billy Otis, John DeMita, Chad Einbinder, Jennifer Crystal Foley, John DiMaggio, Robin Atkin-Downes, Michael Giacchino, Grace Geller, Jeff Fischer, Eddie Frierson, Elisa Gabrielli, Jean Gilpin, Jackie Gonneau, Kyle Hebert, Todd Haberkorn, Justine Huxley, Candy Ibarra, Marieve Herington, Karen Huie, Richard Steven Horvitz, Lex Lang, Christian Lanz, Andrew Kishino, Carole Jeghers, Marsha Kramer, Tom Kenny, Maurice LaMarche, Phil LaMarr, Jeff LaPensee, Patricia Lentz, Marcella Lentz-Pope, A.J. LoCascio, James Taku Leung, Yuri Lowenthal, Angus MacLane, Austin Madison, Anne Lockhart, David Michie, John Lasseter, Sherry Lynn, Jamieson Price, Jeffrey Jones, Scott Menville, Piotr Michael, Edie Mirman, Melanie Minichino, Max Mittelman, Kitty Newton, Teddy Newton, Jonathan Nichols, Nina Ozier, Paul Pape, Patrick Pinney, Juan Pope, Jacqueline Pinol, Michael Ralph, Usher Raymond IV, Nick Pitera, Phil Proctor, Ted Mathot, Jonathan Null, Moira Quirk, Bob Peterson, Bret Parker, Steve Parcell, Guido Quarino, Dan Scanlon, Michelle Ruff, Meredith Salenger, Jean-Michel Richaud, Eric Vale, Josh Petersdorf, Lynwood Robinson, Neil Ross, Stephanie Sheh, Cindy Robinson, Andrew Stanton, Justin Shewkarow, Dennis Singletary, Alyson Stoner, Pepper Sweeney, Shane Sweet, Skip Stellrecht, Cristina Vee, Fred Tatasciore, Paula Tiso, Toya Turner, Kimberly Adair Clark, Diamond White, Scott Whyte, Wally Wingert, Debi Mae West, Marcelo Tubert, Matthew Wood, Lynnanne Zager, Brian Tochi, Joe Zieja, David Zyler, Jim Ward, Dave Wittenberg, Ezra Weisz, Noelle Zuber, Peter Sohn, Lee Unkrich.

paragraphs: Additional Children's Voices, Eli Fucile, Joshua Rush, Raymond Ochoa, Carter Sand, Jadon Sand, Cole Sand, Sarah-Nichole Robles, Gunnar Sizemore, Deaken Somoza.


title: Typhoon Jebi (2018)

paragraphs: Typhoon Jebi, known in the Philippines as Typhoon Maymay, is currently a weakening cyclone over Primorsky Krai, Russia. Jebi was tied as the most intense tropical cyclone of the Northern Hemisphere in 2018, and is thought to be the strongest typhoon to strike Japan since Typhoon Yancy in 1993.

paragraphs: Jebi formed as the twenty-first named storm of the 2018 annual typhoon season on August 28. It reached peak intensity on August 31 after striking the Northern Mariana Islands. Jebi initiated a slow weakening trend on September 2 and made landfall over Shikoku and then the Kansai region of Japan as a very strong typhoon on September 4. It died down on September 7.


title: Aldrich Ames

paragraphs: Aldrich Hazen Ames (; born May 26, 1941) is a former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer turned KGB secret spy. He was convicted of espionage in 1994. He is serving a life sentence without the possibility of parole in the Federal Correctional Institution in Terre Haute, Indiana, United States.

paragraphs: Ames was formerly a 31-year CIA counterintelligence analyst who committed espionage against the U.S. by spying for the Soviet Union and Russia.


title: Robert Hanssen

paragraphs: Robert Philip Hanssen (born April 18, 1944) is a former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agent.

paragraphs: He spied for Soviet and Russian intelligence services against the United States from 1979 to 2001. His espionage was called by the Department of Justice as "possibly the worst intelligence disaster in U.S. history."

paragraphs: He is serving a 15 consecutive life sentences at ADX Florence, a federal supermax prison near Florence, Colorado.


title: Genesis Rodriguez

paragraphs: Genesis Rodriguez (born July 29, 1987) is an American actress.

paragraphs: She began her careers in the Telemundo telenovelas "Prisionera" (2004), "Dame Chocolate" (2007) and "Doña Bárbara" (2008–2009).

paragraphs: Rodriguez played Sarah on "Entourage" (2010–2011) and Jane Walker on "Time After Time" (2017), and has starred in the movies "Man on a Ledge" (2012), "Casa de Mi Padre" (2012), "What to Expect When You're Expecting" (2012), "The Last Stand" (2013), "Tusk" (2014) and "Run All Night" (2015).

paragraphs: Rodriguez was the voice for Honey Lemon in "Big Hero 6" (2014).


title: Billy Eichner

paragraphs: Billy Eichner (born September 18, 1978) is an American comedian, actor, writer, and television personality. He is the star, executive producer and creator of Funny Or Die's "Billy on the Street". Eichner was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Game Show Host" in 2013.

paragraphs: He is also known for playing Craig Middlebrooks on the sitcom "Parks and Recreation".


title: John Kani

paragraphs: Bonisile John Kani (born 30 August 1942) is a South African actor, director and playwright. He is known for his role as T'Chaka in the Marvel studios blockbusters "" and "Black Panther".

paragraphs: His left eye was lost in an incident with the South African police in 1975 and he now wears a prosthetic.

paragraphs: In August 2017, Kani was cast to perform the voice of Rafiki in the 2019 CGI remake of "The Lion King" directed by Jon Favreau.


title: Eric Andre

paragraphs: Eric Samuel Andre (born April 4, 1983) is an American actor, comedian and television host. He is the creator, host, and co-writer of "The Eric Andre Show" on Adult Swim and played Mike on the FXX series "Man Seeking Woman".


title: Rachael Bland

paragraphs: Rachael Bland (née Hodges, 21 January 1978 – 5 September 2018) was a Welsh journalist and a presenter. She worked with BBC Radio 5 Live and "BBC North West Tonight". She was known for her podcast, "You, Me and the Big C", where she talked about living with breast cancer.

paragraphs: Bland was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer in November 2016.

paragraphs: On 3 September, she announced on her Twitter account that her "time had come", and that she only had days left. She died two days later at the age of 40 in Cheshire.


title: Beatriz Segall

paragraphs: Beatriz de Toledo Segall (25 July 1926 – 5 September 2018) was a Brazilian actress. She was known for her role as Odete Roitman on the telenovela "Vale Tudo" (1988). She was born in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Segall died on 5 September 2018 in Rio de Janeiro from respiratory failure at the age of 92.


title: Bhagwatikumar Sharma

paragraphs: Bhagwatikumar Sharma (31 May 1934 – 5 September 2018) was an Indian author and journalist. He wrote in Gujarati. He edited a daily for several years. He wrote novels, short stories, poetry, essays and criticism. He won the Ranjitram Suvarna Chandrak in 1984 and Sahitya Akademi Award in 1988.

paragraphs: He wrote his first poem, on event of Mahatma Gandhi's death, on 31 January 1948.

paragraphs: He joined the editing department of "Gujarat Mitra" in 1955. He was the trustee of Kavi Narmad Yugavart Trust and vice-president of Narmad Sahityasabha, Surat. He also was president of the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad from 2009 to 2011.

paragraphs: Sharma died on 5 September 2018 in Surat, aged 84.


title: Florence Kasumba

paragraphs: Florence Kasumba (born 26 October 1976) is a German-Ugandan actress. She is known for playing Ayo in "", "Black Panther" and "". She also played Senator Acantha in "Wonder Woman". She was also the Wicked Witch of the East in the NBC television series "Emerald City".


title: François Flohic

paragraphs: François Flohic (August 2, 1920 – September 5, 2018) was a retired French admiral. He was born in Ploubazlanec, Brittany, France. He was in the Free French Naval Forces during World War II. Flohic also was a closer advisor and aide-de-camp to General Charles de Gaulle.

paragraphs: Flohic died in Paris on September 5, 2018 from a heart attack at the age of 98.


title: Doxing

paragraphs: Doxing is the process of finding out, digging for or uncovering personal information on a person, group, organization or corporate entity, compiling it in an organized format and posting it online. The end result of doxing is a dox. Doxes are often shared to incite harassment, intimidation, and/or violent acts toward their victims. It can be used to help police or to assist criminals. Typically, a person is doxed for revenge-based reasons, motivating the person who is wronged or who has perceived a wrong to humiliate and expose their target. Doxing is legal in all 50 U.S. states, only if the information is gathered from public websites, is public knowledge and does not contain private information such as SSNs or cell phone numbers.

paragraphs: Doxing was originally started, back in the 1980s to 1990s, by black-hat hackers and penetration testers of the time to silence and/or intimate their hacker rivals in the BBS and internet communities. Doxing is a form of vigilantism and many instances of doxing have led to swatting, years of harassment, people having to move out of their homes and change their phone numbers. Being doxed will also make you more vulnerable to identity theft. In the present day, specifically in the United States, doxing is used as a method of political dissent and political attack, primarily by left-leaning people against those with Conservative leanings. Doxing as well as deplatforming have become an integral part of "Cancel Culture."


title: Affricate

paragraphs: Affricates are consonants that are said with a stop with a fricative immediately afterwards. For example, the 'ch' sound in English (written as /t͡ʃ/ in IPA) is said with an 't' (/t/) sound with an 'sh' (/ʃ/) sound immediately afterwards. Both voiced and voiceless affricates exist; in English, they are /d͡ʒ/ (the 'j' sound) and t͡ʃ (the 'ch' sound) respectively.

paragraphs: In Mandarin Chinese, affricates are told apart by aspiration, or breathiness, since voiced affricates do not exist; aspirated affricates, or breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕʰ/ (written as 'q' in Hanyu Pinyin), /t͡sʰ/ ('c'), and /ʈ͡ʂʰ/ ('ch'), and unaspirated affricates, or non-breathy affricates, are /t͡ɕ/ ('j'), /t͡s/ ('z'), and /ʈ͡ʂ/ ('zh').


title: Aspiration

paragraphs: Aspiration is a feature in languages where saying a consonant gives out a puff of air. For example, if you dangle a piece of paper in front of your mouth, you will see it move if you say an aspirated, or breathy, consonant. If the paper does not move, then it is unaspirated, or not breathy. In English, voiceless stops and fricatives that happen at the beginning of a word are aspirated, which are the sounds 'p', 't', 'k', and 'ch' (which are written as /p/, /t/, /k/, /t͡ʃ/ in IPA in the same order). In IPA, aspirated sounds can be written with an ʰ symbol afterwards, as in /pʰ/, /tʰ/, /kʰ/, and /t͡ʃʰ/. For example, the first sound in the words "pick", "tick", "kick", and "chick" are all aspirated. In IPA, they are written as /pʰɪk/, /tʰɪk/, /kʰɪk/, and /t͡ʃʰɪk/ in the same order. However, voiceless stops and fricatives that appear after the first sound are unaspirated. For example, while the /p/ in "pit" is aspirated, the /p/ in "spit" and the /p/ in "tip" are not, so they would not be marked with an ʰ symbol afterwards. Below are more examples of aspiration.

paragraphs: English has no aspirated voiced sounds, but Hindi does. They are normally written with an 'h' after the consonant letter. An example of this is the name Bhattacharya, in which 'bh' is an aspirated 'b' sound, so it would be written as /bʱ/ in IPA.

paragraphs: In Mandarin Chinese, there are no voiced stops, fricatives, or affricates, so the only way to tell them apart is by aspiration. In Pinyin, aspirated sounds are written like voiceless sounds in English, so the sounds /pʰ/, /tʰ/, and /kʰ/ are written as 'p', 't', and 'k' in the same order, but unaspirated sounds are written like voiced sounds in English, so the sounds /p/, /t/, and /k/ are written as 'b', 'd', and 'g' respectively. For example, the word "Gaokao" would be written in IPA as /kau̯.kʰau̯/. In Wade-Giles spelling, aspirated stops, fricatives, or affricates are written with an apostrophe after the letter instead of using a different letter like in Pinyin, so "Gaokao" would be written as "Kaok'ao" in Wade-Giles.


paragraphs: The National Higher Education Entrance Examination, or the Gaokao, is the People's Republic of China's national-level university entrance exam. All high school students in China must take the Gaokao in their last year of school, and much of their time in high school is spent preparing to take the exam. Like many other Asian countries, such as Japan, South Korea, and India, the Gaokao has been well-known internationally for being a very difficult exam because many students do not get a high enough score to attend university in China.

paragraphs: The required subjects are mathematics, Chinese and English, and the full score of each three subjects is 150 points. For the remaining subjects, there are two choices: the liberal arts comprehensive are history, geography and politics, with a score of 100 for each subject; The science subjects include physics, chemistry and biology, with 100 points for each subject. Students are allowed to choose between science and liberal arts based on their level of study, and each student scored a maximum of 750. Although two kinds of choice means brought the power that examinee learns, but in China, the obtain employment of liberal arts living is more difficult than science living, the score of the university entrance exam also is lower than science living, so the examinee that chooses science department is much more than the examinee that chooses liberal arts.

paragraphs: In the national college entrance examination in June 2018, 9.75 million people took the exam, which shows the great pressure of competition. It is a pity that many people are ruined on their way to university just because of one failure in the exam. One of the disadvantages of Chinese education is that it only takes one exam to select talents. However, because there are too many references, the nation can only select talents through examinations. Facts have proved that this selection method still has some merits.


title: T-Series

paragraphs: T-Series is a record label in India started by Gulshan Kumar in 1983. T-Series is one of the fastest-growing channels on YouTube. In April 2019, T-Series became a YouTube channel with the most subscribers, surpassing PewDiePie. In late May 2019, T-Series officially became the first YouTube channel ever to pass 100 million subscribers.


title: Zafari

paragraphs: ZAFARI is an International animated children's television series created by David Dozoretz. ZAFARI premiered in July 2018 on FranceTV, NatGeoKids in Latin America, MiniMini+ in Poland, Tiny Pop in The UK, Spacetoon in The Middle East, and is being distributed worldwide by NBCUniversal.

paragraphs: Set in a valley at the base of Mount Kilimanjaro, where lives a group of extraordinary animals. The series follows the story of a baby elephant with zebra stripes. A giraffe with peacock feathers and a pink flamingo coloured lion. ZAFARI teaches kids that our differences should not just be tolerated, but celebrated. "ZAFARI" stars the voices of Mark Camacho, Holly Gauthier-Frankel, Brian Froud.

paragraphs: ZAFARI is the first television show created in a real-time game engine, Epic’s Unreal 4 and it won the Infinity Beverly Hills Film Festival Award for Outstanding Achievement in TV via a game engine.


title: Deborah Chester (entrepreneur)

paragraphs: Deborah Chester is a British entrepreneur and inventor based in Auckland, New Zealand. Chester is better known as the CEO of RimPro-Tec, an award-winning wheel protection system with patents. In April 2017, she was named "EY Entrepreneurial Winning Women" by Ernst & Young.

paragraphs: Chester was born in Nottingham. She was raised in a small town in Lincolnshire, England. In 2003, her family moved to New Zealand’s North Island. In 2007, she co-founded RimPro-Tec, a manufacturer of rim protection and wheel style products. Notably in October 2011, Chester was a Bayer award Finalist Innovation 2011. She is also known for developing a vitamin pet product called "K9H20" with Massy University.


title: Legalism (Chinese philosophy)

paragraphs: Legalism () is one of Sima Tan's six schools of thought in Chinese philosophy.

paragraphs: This tradition emphasises practicality, and avoids moral questions. It has been compared to Realpolitik and Machiavelli. It has influenced Taoism and Confucianism, and is still influential today.

paragraphs: Shang Yang (390–338 BC) was a leading reformer of his time. His ideas lay behind legalism.


title: Wallace Carothers

paragraphs: Wallace Hume Carothers (; April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist and inventor. He was the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont. He is known for the invention of nylon.

paragraphs: Carothers went to the University of Illinois to study for his Ph.D. under Roger Adams. His degree was awarded in 1924. After receiving his Ph.D., he taught at several universities before joining DuPont. He was a group leader at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory. The laboratory was near Wilmington, Delaware and it was where most polymer research was done.

paragraphs: He married Helen Sweetman on February 21, 1936. On April 28, 1937 he committed suicide by drinking potassium cyanide. His daughter, Jane, was born on November 27, 1937.


title: Lauffohr

paragraphs: Lauffohr is a village in the Swiss canton of Aargau. It used to be an independent municipality before merging on 1 January 1970 to become part of Brugg.


title: Stockton, Iowa

paragraphs: Stockton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Storm Lake, Iowa

paragraphs: Storm Lake is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Story City, Iowa

paragraphs: Story City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stout, Iowa

paragraphs: Stout is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stratford, Iowa

paragraphs: Stratford is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Struble, Iowa

paragraphs: Struble is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stuart, Iowa

paragraphs: Stuart is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sully, Iowa

paragraphs: Sully is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sumner, Iowa

paragraphs: Sumner is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Superior, Iowa

paragraphs: Superior is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sutherland, Iowa

paragraphs: Sutherland is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Swaledale, Iowa

paragraphs: Swaledale is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Swan, Iowa

paragraphs: Swan is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Swea City, Iowa

paragraphs: Swea City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Izmailovo Kremlin

paragraphs: The Izmailovo Kremlin (Кре́мль в Изма́йлово) is a cultural, commercial and entertainment complex in north-east of Moscow built in the years 1998-2007. It is a wooden building, stylized for Russian architecture. the complex have seven museums and exhibition grounds: the Museum of Russian Folk Toys, the Museum of the Founding of the Russian Navy, the Museum of the History of Russian Vodka, the Museum of Bread, the Museum of Chocolate, the Museum of Miniatures - "World History in Plasticine," the Moscow Museum of Animation, and also a exhibitions "Japan. Dolls, fairy tales, legends.


title: Swisher, Iowa

paragraphs: Swisher is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Johnson County.


title: Tabor, Iowa

paragraphs: Tabor is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tama, Iowa

paragraphs: Tama is a city in Tama County, Iowa, United States. The population was 2,877 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Tama is situated two miles south of Toledo, the county seat.


title: Tama County, Iowa

paragraphs: Tama County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In 2010, 17,767 people lived there. The county seat is Toledo.


title: Toledo, Iowa

paragraphs: Toledo is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Tama County.


title: Templeton, Iowa

paragraphs: Templeton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Willey, Iowa

paragraphs: Willey is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tennant, Iowa

paragraphs: Tennant is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Terril, Iowa

paragraphs: Terril is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Thayer, Iowa

paragraphs: Thayer is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Thompson, Iowa

paragraphs: Thompson is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Winnebago County, Iowa

paragraphs: Winnebago County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 10,866. The county seat is Forest City. The county was founded in 1847 and named after the Native American tribe.


title: CBS Productions

paragraphs: CBS Productions is a company that has TV shows like "", "", "", "Yes, Dear", "Still Standing", and "The King of Queens".


title: Ñuble Region

paragraphs: The Ñuble Region () is one of Chile's 16 first order administrative divisions. Its capital is Chillán.

paragraphs: It was founded the 6th of september of 2018 when the Ñuble Province was separated in order to create the new region and 3 new provinces.

paragraphs: The region is named after the Ñuble river.

paragraphs: It borders the Maule region to the north, Argentina to the east, the Bío Bío region to the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

paragraphs: The highest mountains are in the Andes, in the eastern part of the region; these mountains are the Nevados de Chillán.

paragraphs: The climate in Chillán is a Mediterranean climate, Csb in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Chillán is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Chillán is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 438,103 people living in the region, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km². The urban population was 285,108 persons ( of the total).

paragraphs: The largest city of the province, in 2002, is its capital, Chillán, with 146,701 inhabitants. Other cities are San Carlos (29,359 inhabitants) and Chillán Viejo (18,827 inhabitants).

paragraphs: The Ñuble Region has 3 provinces and 21 communes.


title: István Bethlen

paragraphs: István Bethlen (19 June 1946 – 4 September 2018) was a Hungarian economist and politician. He was a member of the National Assembly (MP) from MDF Budapest Regional List between 1990 and 1994. He was born in Cluj, Romania.

paragraphs: Bethlen died on 4 September 2018 in Budapest at the age of 72.


title: Mike Hogewood

paragraphs: Michael "Mike" Hogewood (September 13, 1954 – September 5, 2018) was an American sportscaster. He was born in Greensboro, North Carolina.

paragraphs: He was a freelance play-by-play announcer. He worked with Raycom Sports. Hogewood was best known for his work on ACC football games, ACC men's and women's basketball, as well as for anchoring Raycom's coverage of Nextel Cup NASCAR races.

paragraphs: Hogewood did play-by-play for FSN South, Sun Sports, New England Sports Network, Comcast SportsNet, HDNet and the Speed Channel. He later worked for WFMY-TV Channel 2 (1987–2001).

paragraphs: Hogewood worked for NBC affiliate WXII-TV in Winston-Salem, North Carolina in the early 2000s on a series called "Hog's Heroes".

paragraphs: Hogewood retired in 2013 after 26 years as a sports broadcaster.

paragraphs: Hogewood died on September 5, 2018 in Greensboro from a heart attack at the age of 63.


title: Liz Fraser

paragraphs: Liz Fraser (born Elizabeth Joan Winch; 14 August 1930 – 6 September 2018) was an English actress. She was best known for her comedy roles as a provocative "dumb blonde" in British movies of the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s. She was born in London.

paragraphs: Fraser was known for her roles in "I'm All Right, Jack", "Carry On Regardless", and in "Dad's Army".

paragraphs: Fraser died at a London hospital from complications of cancer-related surgery on 6 September 2018 at the age of 88.


title: Arif Alvi

paragraphs: Arif-ur-Rehman Alvi (; born 29 August 1949) is a Pakistani politician. He is the 13th and current President of Pakistan since 9 September 2018.<ref name="nawaiwaqt/3sept2018"></ref><ref name="pildat/dob"></ref>

paragraphs: He was a member of the National Assembly of Pakistan from June 2013 to May 2018 and again from August to September 2018. He was a founding member of Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI).

paragraphs: Alvi was elected as President of Pakistan on 4 September 2018 following the presidential election.


title: 2018 Hokkaido Eastern Iburi earthquake

paragraphs: An earthquake measuring 6.6 M on the moment magnitude scale struck Iburi Subprefecture in southern Hokkaido, Japan, on 6 September 2018 at 3:08 a.m. Japan Standard Time.

paragraphs: The earthquake's epicenter was near Tomakomai. The Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) registered a magnitude of 6.7 M and a maximum intensity of 7 on the shindo scale.

paragraphs: The earthquake's effects was felt strongly in Hokkaido and Aomori Prefecture. The earthquake left 5.3 million residents without power.

paragraphs: As a result of the quake 41 people were left dead and 691 had injuries.


title: Claudio Scimone

paragraphs: Claudio Scimone (23 December 1934 – 6 September 2018) was an Italian conductor. He was born in Padua, Italy. Scimone was the founder of I Solisti Veneti (the ensemble with which most of his recordings have been made) and at the time of his death was the honorary conductor of the Gulbenkian Orchestra in Lisbon, Portugal. He also gave the modern premieres of "Moses in Egypt" and "Oedipus at Colonus" by Rossini, and "The Last Judgement" by Salieri.

paragraphs: Scimone died on 6 September 2018 in Rome at the age of 83.


title: Olivia Olson

paragraphs: Olivia Rose Olson (born May 21, 1992) is an American actress and singer-songwriter. She is mostly known for her voice roles as Vanessa Doofenshmirtz in "Phineas and Ferb" and Marceline the Vampire Queen in "Adventure Time", Nutri Ventures, Bliss from Craig McCracken's "The Powerpuff Girls" franchise. She also played the character of Joanna in the 2003 movie "Love Actually" and its 2017 short sequel "Red Nose Day Actually".

paragraphs: Her father is comedy writer Martin Olson.


title: Hynden Walch

paragraphs: Heidi Hynden Walch (born February 1, 1971) is an American actress, writer, and singer. She is best known for voicing Princess Bubblegum in "Adventure Time" and Starfire in "Teen Titans" and "Teen Titans Go!", "The Powerpuff Girls".


title: Ada Township, Michigan

paragraphs: Ada Township () is a General Law Township within Kent County, Michigan. It is an upscale suburb of Grand Rapids. As of the 2010 census, the township population was 13,142. Ada is the corporate home of Alticor and its smaller companies Quixtar and Amway.


title: Rita Wilson

paragraphs: Margarita Ibrahimoff (born October 26, 1956) better known as Rita Wilson is an American actress, singer, and producer. She is best known for her roles in "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993), "Now and Then" (1995), "Jingle All the Way" (1996), "The Story of Us" (1999) and "Runaway Bride" (1999). She and her husband Tom Hanks produced the movie "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" (2002).

paragraphs: On March 12, 2020, Tom Hanks announced that he and Wilson had tested positive for COVID-19 while Hanks was shooting "Elvis" in Australia.


title: Colin Hanks

paragraphs: Colin Lewes Hanks (born Colin Lewes Dillingham; November 24, 1977) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for his roles such as Shaun Brumder in "Orange County", Preston in "King Kong", Oliver in "The House Bunny", and Troy Gable in "The Great Buck Howard".

paragraphs: He is the oldest son of actor Tom Hanks.


title: Wilson Moreira

paragraphs: Wilson Moreira (December 12, 1936 – September 6, 2018) was a Brazilian "sambista" singer-songwriter. He was especially known for his melody lines. He was born in the neighborhood of Realengo, in Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Moreira was known for his works with Nei Lopes. One of their greatest hits is the song "Senhora Liberdade", which became an anthem in the Brazilian "Diretas" movement. Some other famous songs from the duo are "Gotas de Veneno", "Sandália Amarela" and the non-samba "Candongueiro".

paragraphs: Moreira died of multiple organ failure on September 6, 2018 in Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81.


title: Greenwood, Mississippi

paragraphs: Greenwood is a city in the U.S. State of Mississippi. The city is in west-central Mississippi. At the 2010 census, there were 15,205 people living there.


title: Aishwarya Pisse

paragraphs: Aishwarya Pisse is an Indian actress. She works mainly on Kannada, Telugu and Tamil television series. She is recognised for her roles in the following shows: "Punar Vivaha" (Kannada), "Anuroopa" (Kannada), "Ninaika Therintha Manamae" (Tamil), and "Agnisakshi" (Telugu). She also appeared in a two Kannada Movies named "Srikanta" and "Santhu Straight Forward."

paragraphs: She played the role of Gowri in "Agnisakshi" (Telugu)


title: Captain D's

paragraphs: Captain D's is an American seafood restaurant company. They make fish, shrimp and fries. Captain D's was established in 1969 in Tennessee.

paragraphs: Captain D's is in many states, including Virginia, Texas, Illinois, Missouri, Georgia, Arkansas and Alabama.

paragraphs: In 2015, Captain D's had record-breaking success. The success came from its seafood expertise and product innovation. It introduced new menu items, such as Creamy Shrimp Scampi, Homestyle Fish Tenders and Crusted Tilapia.


title: Crimean Tatar Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Crimean Tatar Wikipedia () is the Crimean Tatar language edition of the free online encyclopedia Wikipedia. The articles were originally written in Wikimedia Incubator, and the Crimean Tatar Wikipedia was created on January 12, 2008. As of ( 2021), Crimean Tatar has articles.

paragraphs: As of 2021, Crimean Tatar Wikipedia has articles.

paragraphs: The main problem of the project is a lack of volunteers. The vast majority of edits are made by several volunteers, none of whom is a native speaker.


title: Thor, Iowa

paragraphs: Thor is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Thornburg, Iowa

paragraphs: Thornburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Thornton, Iowa

paragraphs: Thornton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Thurman, Iowa

paragraphs: Thurman is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tiffin, Iowa

paragraphs: Tiffin is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tingley, Iowa

paragraphs: Tingley is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tipton, Iowa

paragraphs: "This is about the town in Iowa, USA. For other towns called Tipton, see Tipton (disambiguation)."

paragraphs: Tipton is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Cedar County.


title: Titonka, Iowa

paragraphs: Titonka is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Toronto, Iowa

paragraphs: Toronto is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Traer, Iowa

paragraphs: Traer is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Treynor, Iowa

paragraphs: Treynor is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Tripoli, Iowa

paragraphs: Tripoli is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Truesdale, Iowa

paragraphs: Truesdale is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Truro, Iowa

paragraphs: Truro is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Turin, Iowa

paragraphs: Turin is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Udell, Iowa

paragraphs: Udell is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Underwood, Iowa

paragraphs: Underwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Union, Iowa

paragraphs: Union is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Whitten, Iowa

paragraphs: Whitten is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Unionville, Iowa

paragraphs: Unionville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: University Heights, Iowa

paragraphs: University Heights is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: University Park, Iowa

paragraphs: University Park is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Urbana, Iowa

paragraphs: Urbana is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ute, Iowa

paragraphs: Ute is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Vail, Iowa

paragraphs: Vail is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Westside, Iowa

paragraphs: Westside is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Vinton, Iowa

paragraphs: Vinton is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Benton County.


title: Benton County, Iowa

paragraphs: Benton County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 26,076. The county seat is Vinton. The county is named for Thomas Hart Benton, a U.S. Senator from Missouri.

paragraphs: Benton County was founded on December 21, 1837.


title: Van Horne, Iowa

paragraphs: Van Horne is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Gianuario Carta

paragraphs: Gianuario (Ariuccio) Carta, (1 January 1931 – 14 February 2017) was an Italian politician of the Christian Democracy political party. Carta served as Deputy and Senator of Italian Parliament from 1968 to 1983 and was minister of the Merchant Navy from 1983 to 1986 in the Craxi I Cabinet. He was born in Bitti, Sardinia.

paragraphs: Carta died on 14 February 2017 in Cagliari at the age of 86.


title: John Wesley Hardin

paragraphs: John Wesley Hardin 1853-1895 was a Texas killer, outlaw gambler and lawyer.


title: Tuzla

paragraphs: Tuzla is the third largest city of Bosnia and Herzegovina. As of 2013, it has about 110,000 people lived there.


title: Chester, Connecticut

paragraphs: Chester is a town in Middlesex County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 3,743 at the 2000 census.


title: Law of the Minimum

paragraphs: The Law of the minimum, also called Liebig's law of the minimum, is a law about the growth of plants. Its states that the growth of a plant is limited by the resource, which is most scarce, and nor by the total amount of resources available. The law has also been used to predict the growth of populations.

paragraphs: Wassily Leontief (1905-1999) formulated a similar rule for economics: It is known as Leontief production function today.

paragraphs: Dobenecks used the image of a barrel — often called "Liebig's barrel" — to explain Liebig's law. In a barrel, with staves of unequal length, the capacity of the barrel is determined by the shortest stave. This is also true for the growth of a plant: it is limited by the nutrient in shortest supply.

paragraphs: If a system satisfies the law of the minimum then adaptation will equalize the load of different factors because the adaptation resource will be allocated for compensation of limitation. Adaptation systems act as the cooper of Liebig's barrel and lengthens the shortest stave to improve barrel capacity. Indeed, in well-adapted systems the limiting factor should be compensated as far as possible. This observation follows the concept of resource competition and fitness maximization.

paragraphs: Due to the law of the minimum paradoxes, if we observe the Law of the Minimum in artificial systems, then under natural conditions adaptation will equalize the load of different factors and we can expect a violation of the law of the minimum. Inversely, if artificial systems demonstrate significant violation of the law of the minimum, then we can expect that under natural conditions adaptation will compensate this violation. In a limited system life will adjust as an evolution of what came before.


title: ELife

paragraphs: eLife is a scientific journal for the biomedical and life sciences. It is peer-reviewed and open access. It was established at the end of 2012 by the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Max Planck Society, and Wellcome Trust. These organizations gave the money for the journal's business and publishing operations.

paragraphs: The editor-in-chief is Randy Schekman (University of California, Berkeley). Editorial decisions are made largely by senior editors and members of the board of reviewing editors, all of whom are active scientists working in fields ranging from human genetics and neuroscience to biophysics and epidemiology.

paragraphs: The journal charges authors USD$2,500 for their papers to be published in the journal. It started doing this in 2017.

paragraphs: The journal is indexed in Medline, BIOSIS Previews, Chemical Abstracts Service, Science Citation Index Expanded, and Scopus.

paragraphs: In 2016, the journal had an impact factor of 7.725. The journal claims that it will not advertise its impact factor.

paragraphs: Most articles in the journal have an "eLife digest". This is a short version of the article for people who aren't scientists. Since December 2014, the journal has been sharing some of the digests on Medium.


title: Naomi Osaka

paragraphs: Osaka is Haitian-American-Japanese. She was born in Chūō-ku, Osaka. Her father is Haitian-American and her mother is Japanese. She grew up in the United States. She has both Japanese and American citizenship.


title: John H. Cox

paragraphs: John Herman Cox (born July 15, 1955 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American accountant, businessman, broadcaster, attorney, and politician. He ran for governor of California as a Republican in the 2018 election, but lost to Gavin Newsom in the general election.

paragraphs: Cox voted for Gary Johnson in the 2016 presidential election. He later said that he made a "mistake" in voting for Johnson. He was endorsed by Donald Trump in May 2018.

paragraphs: Cox is pro-life, meaning that he is against abortion. He said, ”abortion is murder--plain and simple--and that should be regulated by state law.”

paragraphs: He supports medical cannabis. He has suggested that Marijuana users should be hospitalized instead of sent to prison.

paragraphs: Cox is strongly against the "gas tax." The gas tax was passed in April 2017, and increased the cost of gas and diesel in California.


title: Sebastian Janikowski

paragraphs: Sebastian Paweł Janikowski (; born March 2, 1978) is a Polish-born American football kicker. He played for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL).


title: Crystal field theory

paragraphs: Crystal Field Theory (CFT) is a scientific representation of how metals behave when dissolved in water to form a special type of chemical called a complex. This model may be used to predict the colors of certain metal containing chemicals when dissolved in water, as well as their reactions when placed near a magnet. It may also be use to predict the shape of the chemicals. CFT does not predict the connections between atoms. CFT was created by physicists Hans Bethe and John Hasbrouck van Vleck in 1930. It was later combined with the molecular orbital theory to create the ligand field theory, which does describe the connections between atoms.


title: Commissioner of Internal Revenue

paragraphs: The Commissioner of Internal Revenue (or IRS Commissioner) is the head of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), an agency within the United States Department of the Treasury.

paragraphs: The office of Commissioner was created by Congress by the Revenue Act of 1862. Their job is to administer and supervise the execution and application of the internal revenue laws. The Commissioner is appointed by the President, with the consent of the Senate, for a five-year term.

paragraphs: The current commissioner is Charles P. Rettig. He appeared before the Senate Finance Committee on June 28, 2018 for his confirmation hearing. The committee approved his nomination on July 19, 2018. His nomination was approved by the full senate on September 12, 2018.


title: David Kautter

paragraphs: David Kautter is an American lawyer and tax policy advisor. He is the Assistant Secretary of the United States Treasury for Tax Policy. He was a partner at accounting firm RSM International.

paragraphs: Kautter was a partner at Ernst & Young and served as tax legislative counsel for former U.S. Senator John Danforth.

paragraphs: On October 26, 2017, President Donald Trump announced the designation of Kautter to be the acting commissioner of the Internal Revenue Service effective November 13, 2017.


title: Charles P. Rettig

paragraphs: Charles P. Rettig (born November 18, 1956) is the United States Commissioner of Internal Revenue for the term expiring November 12, 2022.

paragraphs: He was a partner at the Beverly Hills tax law firm of Hochman, Salkin, Rettig, Toscher & Perez, P.C., "known in the industry as a controversy firm" according to the Los Angeles Times.


title: Sheldon S. Cohen

paragraphs: Sheldon S. Cohen (June 28, 1927 – September 4, 2018) was an American attorney. He was the Commissioner of Internal Revenue from 1965 to 1969 during the Lyndon B. Johnson administration. He was born in Washington, D.C..

paragraphs: Cohen died of heart failure on September 4, 2018, in Chevy Chase, Maryland at age 91.


title: Jack Ma

paragraphs: Ma Yun (, ; born 10 September 1964), known professionally as Jack Ma, is a Chinese business magnate, investor, and philanthropist. He is the co-founder and executive chairman of Alibaba Group. As of August 2018, he is one of China's richest men with a net worth of US$38.6 billion, as well as one of the wealthiest people in the world.

paragraphs: Ma announced he will retire from Alibaba on 10 September 2018 and focus on educational charity work.


title: Irving Petlin

paragraphs: Irving Petlin (December 17, 1934 – September 1, 2018) was an American artist and painter. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. Petlin was known for his mastery of the pastel medium and collaborations with other artists. He was a member of the Chicago Imagists.

paragraphs: Petlin died of liver cancer in Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts on September 1, 2018 at the age of 83.


title: Lori Lightfoot

paragraphs: Lori Elaine Lightfoot (born August 4, 1962) is an American lawyer and politician. Lightfoot is the 56th Mayor of Chicago since 2019. On April 2, 2019, Lightfoot was elected mayor. She is the first African-American woman and first LGBT individual elected to the position.

paragraphs: Lightfoot was born in Massillon, Ohio. She studied at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor and University of Chicago. Lightfoot took jobs working for Congress members Ralph Regula and Barbara Mikulski.

paragraphs: Lightfoot had several different jobs working for the government in Chicago. She used to be Chief of Staff and General Counsel of the Chicago Office of Emergency Management and Communications (OEMC). She also used to be First Deputy of the Chicago Department of Procurement Services. Lightfoot was President of the Chicago Police Board and Chair of the Chicago Police Accountability Task Force.

paragraphs: A lawyer, she worked for the Senior Equity Partner in the Litigation & Conflict Resolution Group at Mayer Brown LLP.

paragraphs: On May 10, 2018, Lori Lightfoot announced her candidacy for Mayor of Chicago in the 2019 Mayoral Election. Lightfoot is the first openly-lesbian candidate in the history of Chicago. She, along with Toni Preckwinkle, advanced to the runoff election on April 2. Some activists were against her becoming mayor because she worked with the police.

paragraphs: On April 2, 2019 Lori Lightfoot won the election, becoming the first African-American woman and openly lesbian individual to be mayor of Chicago. She got 77% of the vote while Preckwinkle got 23%.

paragraphs: Lightfoot took office on May 20, 2019. A few days later, Lightfoot picked Tom Tunney as Vice Mayor. People continued to protest against her, especially when the Black Lives Matter movement became even bigger after George Floyd was killed.

paragraphs: Lightfoot lives in the Logan Square neighborhood on Chicago's North Side and is married to Amy Eshleman. They have an adopted daughter named Vivian who was eleven when Lightfoot was elected.


title: Ina Isings

paragraphs: Clasina Isings (15 February 1919 – 3 September 2018) was a Dutch professor of classical archeology. From 1961 to 1995, she managed the collection of the Provincial Utrecht Society of Arts and Sciences (PUG). She was born in Soest, Netherlands. She also worked at University of Utrecht.

paragraphs: Isings died in Bilthoven, Netherlands on 3 September 2018 at the age of 99.


title: Fenn treasure

paragraphs: The Fenn Treasure is a treasure worth over a million dollars was supposedly hidden by art dealer and author Forrest Fenn (August 22, 1930 – September 7, 2020) in the Rocky Mountains.

paragraphs: Fenn said he was going to go back and get it when the value given by newspapers is inflated to 10 million dollars. When asked why he created the treasure hunt, Fenn said he "just wanted to give people some hope."

paragraphs: Many people have claimed to have found the treasure, but no one has provided any evidence to him supporting their claim. As of July 2017, Fenn has stated "The treasure remains where I hid it about 7 years ago". Many searchers have been within 200 feet (60 m) of the treasure and many within 500 feet (150 m).

paragraphs: Four people are known to have died while searching for the treasure. New Mexico police have tried to pressure Fenn into ending the hunt.

paragraphs: The treasure was found by an unknown person in June 2020.

paragraphs: Fenn was born in Temple, Texas. He died on September 7, 2020 in Santa Fe, New Mexico at the age of 90.


title: Yang Side

paragraphs: Yang Side (; 11 December 1921 – 7 September 2018) was a Chinese major general of the Chinese People's Liberation Army. He was Minister of the Taiwan Affairs Office of the CPC Central Committee.

paragraphs: Yang was Vice Minister of the Liaison Department of the General Political Department, Minister of the Central Taiwan Affairs Office, member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, executive deputy director of the Macau, Taiwan and Hong Kong Liaison Committee, among other positions.

paragraphs: Yang died in Beijing on 7 September 2018 at the age of 96.


title: Billy Long

paragraphs: William H. Long II (born August 11, 1955) is an American auctioneer and politician. He is the U.S. Representative for Missouri's 7th congressional district since 2011. He is a Republican.


title: Halloween (2018 movie)

paragraphs: Halloween is a 2018 American slasher horror movie directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the "Halloween" franchise. It is a direct sequel to the 1978 movie of the same name.

paragraphs: Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle star as their roles as Laurie Strode and Michael Myers, respectively. The movie also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, Toby Huss and Virginia Gardner.

paragraphs: It was released on October 19, 2018, a week before the 40th anniversary of John Carpenter's original "Halloween". The movie received strong positive reviews from critics and fans. A sequel, "Halloween Kills", will be released in 2020.


title: Disclosure (band)

paragraphs: Disclosure are an English electronic music duo. The duo are brothers Howard (born 11 May 1994) and Guy Lawrence (born 25 May 1991). They grew up in Reigate, Surrey. Their first album, "Settle", released on 3 June 2013, by PMR Records, was nominated for Best Dance/Electronica Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards. Their second album, "Caracal" (2015) was also nominated for Best Dance/Electronica Album at the 2016 Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: The group had their first UK hit in October 2012 with "Latch". This recording was a collaboration with other musicians, co-written with Jimmy Napes and featuring the vocals from Sam Smith. It reached number 11 in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: In 2013 they were voted into the BBC Radio 1xtra 'Hot Ten For 2013' and had two consecutive top 10 hit singles in "White Noise" (number two) (with AlunaGeorge) and "You & Me" (number 10) (with Eliza Doolittle).


title: Benjamin Civiletti

paragraphs: Benjamin Richard Civiletti (born July 17, 1935) is an American politician. He was the United States Attorney General during the last year and a half of the Carter administration, from 1979 to 1981. He was the first Italian American to serve as Attorney General.

paragraphs: Since 2001, Civiletti is one of the three members of the Independent Review Board, a board that the International Brotherhood of Teamsters union must answer to when allegations of corruption or organized crime.


title: Oganesson

paragraphs: Oganesson is a synthetic chemical element with symbol Og and atomic number 118.

paragraphs: The element is named in honor of Yuri Oganessian.

paragraphs: It was first created in 2002 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) in Dubna, Russia by a joint team of Russian and American scientists.

paragraphs: In December 2015, it was recognized as one of four new elements by the Joint Working Party of the international scientific bodies IUPAC and IUPAP. It was formally named on 28 November 2016.


title: Eunice aphroditois

paragraphs: Eunice aphroditois is an ambush predator of the sea floor. It is a polychaete worm dwelling in a burrow on the ocean floor. It buries its long body into the ocean bed of gravel, mud, or corals. It waves a few feelers (antennae) as a kind of lure.

paragraphs: When it feels a stimulus to one of its feelers, it attacks if it senses prey. Armed with sharp pincers, it attacks with such speed and ferocity that its prey is sometimes sliced in half. Usually, it drags the prey down into its burrow, and eats it there.

paragraphs: The procedure is well captured on YouTube, where the worm goes by the name of bobbit worm.


title: Zenani Mandela-Dlamini

paragraphs: Princess Zenani Mandela-Dlamini (born 4 February 1959) is a South African diplomat. She is the elder daughter of Nelson Mandela and his second wife, Winnie Mandela.

paragraphs: She was born in 1959. When she was four her father was sent to prison. She was not able to visit him until she was 16 years old.

paragraphs: Mandela-Dlamini studied at Waterford Kamhlaba United World College of Southern Africa and science at Boston University. At Boston she met Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini, elder brother of the King of Swaziland, Mswati III and of Queen Mantfombi of the Zulus). They married in 1973 and had four children – Zaziwe (born 1977), Zamaswazi (1979), Zinhle (1980) and Zozuko (1992) – but are currently separated. They are co-owners of Mandela, Dlamini and Associates (International Business Consultants).

paragraphs: She was appointed ambassador for South Africa to Argentina in July 2012. She was the first of Mandela's children to enter public service. She served in this position until 2017, when she was appointed South African high commissioner to Mauritius.

paragraphs: After Mandela was elected president and his divorce to Winnie, Zenani accompanied her father to his inauguration. She become the stand-in First Lady of South Africa until her father remarried.


title: Wapello, Iowa

paragraphs: Wapello is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Louisa County.


title: Louisa County, Iowa

paragraphs: Louisa County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In 2010, 11,387 people lived there. The county seat is Wapello.


title: Washington, Iowa

paragraphs: Washington is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Washington County.


title: Appanoose County, Iowa

paragraphs: Appanoose County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 12,884. The county seat is Centerville.


title: Waukon, Iowa

paragraphs: Waukon is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Allamakee County.


title: West Union, Iowa

paragraphs: West Union is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Fayette County.


title: Fayette County, Iowa

paragraphs: Fayette County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,880. The county seat is West Union.


title: Valeria, Iowa

paragraphs: Valeria is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Jasper County, Iowa

paragraphs: Jasper County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 36,842. The county seat is Newton. The county was founded in 1846 and is named after Sergeant William Jasper, a American Revolutionary War hero.


title: Van Meter, Iowa

paragraphs: Van Meter is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States. It is along the Raccoon River. The population was 1,016 at the 2010 census, with an estimated population in 2014 of 1,133.


title: Dallas County, Iowa

paragraphs: Dallas County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2010 census, 66,135 people lived there. The county seat is Adel.


title: Van Wert, Iowa

paragraphs: Van Wert is a city in Decatur County, Iowa, United States. The population was 230 at the 2010 census.


title: Decatur County, Iowa

paragraphs: Decatur County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2010 census, 8,457 people lived there. The county seat is Leon.


title: Audubon County, Iowa

paragraphs: Audubon County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,119, making it Iowa's third-least populous county. The county seat is Audubon. The county was founded on January 15, 1851 and named after John James Audubon, the naturalist and artist.


title: Varina, Iowa

paragraphs: Varina is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pocahontas County, Iowa

paragraphs: Pocahontas County is a county in the U.S. state of Iowa. In the 2010 census, 7,310 people lived there. The county seat is Pocahontas.


title: Ventura, Iowa

paragraphs: Ventura is a city in Iowa in the United States.