title: Compensation (psychology)

paragraphs: In psychology, compensation is a way people hide something that they cannot do well, by doing something else really well. They may not even be aware that they are doing it. Compensation can hide real or imagined problems and personal or physical inferiority. However it does not really solve the cause of the problem. Positive compensations may help a person overcome difficulties. But negative compensations do not, and can even make the problems worse.

paragraphs: There are two kinds of negative compensation:

paragraphs: A well-known example of failing overcompensation, can be seen in people going through a mid life crisis. Approaching midlife many people (especially men) lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts.

paragraphs: Alfred Adler, founder of individual psychology, used the word compensation in relation inferiority feelings. In his book "Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation" (1907) he wrote if a person feels inferior (weak) then they will (usually) try to compensate for it somewhere else.

paragraphs: Adler's reason to explore this was from his own experience. He was shy and yet he pushed himself to give lectures.

paragraphs: Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training.

paragraphs: Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, hide their feelings of low self-esteem by:

paragraphs: Narcissistic children try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about:

paragraphs: Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book "The Culture of Narcissism" (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was narcissistic. The narcissistic society:

paragraphs: Therefore, it is "fascinated" with fame.

paragraphs: Consumption can be an example of compensation (see study by Allison J. Pugh: "From compensation to ‘childhood wonder’"). Examples:


title: Shingle beach

paragraphs: A shingle beach is a beach which is formed of pebbles. These beaches strongly resist erosion by waves.

paragraphs: This beach landform is quite common in Western Europe, because the pebbles come from the lines of flint in the chalk. Chesil Bank is an example. When the chalk erodes, the tough flint stays as pebbles.

paragraphs: Other examples are found in Bahrain, North America and in a number of other world regions.

paragraphs: On the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, there are mixed shingle and sand fans amongst braided rivers. The ecosystems formed by this mix of pebbles and sand allow colonization by rare and endangered species.


title: Puddingstone

paragraphs: Puddingstone is a kind of sedimentary rock. It is formed when pebbles, perhaps from a shingle beach, are cemented together by silica coming out of solution.

paragraphs: The rock which forms is extremely hard and resistant to wear. It is used for grindstones and building. The pebbles are usually made of flint, and both they and the matrix are made of silica.


title: Eponym

paragraphs: An eponym is a person's name that is used to name something else. This is common in science, suck as asteroid, politics and medicine.


title: Injective function

paragraphs: In mathematics, a injective function is a function "f" : "A" → "B" with the following property. For every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is at most one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b", or equivalently, distinct elements in the domain map to distinct elements in the codomain.

paragraphs: The term "injection" and the related terms "surjection" and "bijection" were introduced by Nicholas Bourbaki. In the 1930s, he and a group of other mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics.

paragraphs: An injective function is often called a 1-1 (read "one-to-one") function. However, this is to be distinguish from a 1-1 correspondence, which is a bijective function (both injective and surjective).

paragraphs: The element formula_5 is called a pre-image of the element formula_6 if formula_7 . Injections have one or none pre-images for every element "b" in "B".

paragraphs: Cardinality is the "number" of elements in a set. The cardinality of "A"={X,Y,Z,W} is 4. This is written as #"A"=4.

paragraphs: If the cardinality of the codomain is less than the cardinality of the domain, then the function cannot be an injection. For example, there is no injection from 6 elements to 5 elements, since it is impossible to map 6 elements to 5 elements without a duplicate.

paragraphs: Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are real numbers.)

paragraphs: Example: The linear function of a slanted line is 1-1. That is, "y"="ax"+"b" where "a"≠0 is an injection. (It is also a surjection and thus a bijection.)

paragraphs: Example: The polynomial function of third degree: "f"("x")="x" is an injection. However, the polynomial function of third degree: "f"("x")="x" –3x is not an injection.

paragraphs: Example: The quadratic function "f"("x") = "x" is not an injection.

paragraphs: Note: One can make a non-injective function into an injective function by eliminating part of the domain. We call this restricting the domain. For example, restrict the domain of "f"("x")="x"² to non-negative numbers (positive numbers and zero). Define

paragraphs: This function is now an injection. (See also restriction of a function.)

paragraphs: Example: The exponential function "f"("x") = 10 is an injection. (However, it is not a surjection.)

paragraphs: Note: The fact that an exponential function is injective can be used in calculations.

paragraphs: Example: The logarithmic function base 10 "f"("x"):<nowiki>(0,+∞)</nowiki>→ℝ defined by "f"("x")=log("x") or "y"=log("x") is an injection (and a surjection). (This is the inverse function of 10.)

paragraphs: Example: The function "f":ℕ→ℕ that maps every natural number "n" to "2n" is an injection. Every even number has exactly one pre-image. Every odd number has no pre-image.


title: Lorient

paragraphs: Lorient is a commune and seaport in the Morbihan department in Brittany.


title: Surjective function

paragraphs: In mathematics, a surjective or onto function is a function "f" : "A" → "B" with the following property. For every element "b" in the codomain "B", there is at least one element "a" in the domain "A" such that "f"("a")="b". This means that no element in the codomain is unmapped, and that the range and codomain of "f" are the same set.

paragraphs: The term "surjection" and the related terms "injection" and "bijection" were introduced by the group of mathematicians that called itself . In the 1930s, this group of mathematicians published a series of books on modern advanced mathematics. The French prefix "sur" means "above" or "onto" and was chosen since a surjective function maps its domain on to its codomain.

paragraphs: where the element formula_4 is called the image of the element formula_5, and the element formula_5 a pre-image of the element formula_4.

paragraphs: The formal definition can also be interpreted in two ways:

paragraphs: A pre-image does "not" have to be unique. In the top image, both {X} and {Y} are pre-images of the element {1}. It is only important that there be at least one pre-image.

paragraphs: Let "f"("x"):ℝ→ℝ be a real-valued function "y"="f"("x") of a real-valued argument "x". (This means both the input and output are numbers.)

paragraphs: Finding a pre-image "x" for a given "y" is equivalent to either question:

paragraphs: In mathematics, we can find exact (analytic) roots only of polynomials of first, second (and third) degree. We find roots of all other functions approximately (numerically). This means a formal proof of surjectivity is rarely direct. So the discussions below are informal.

paragraphs: Example: The linear function of a slanted line is "onto". That is, "y"="ax"+"b" where "a"≠0 is a surjection. (It is also an injection and thus a bijection.)

paragraphs: Example: The cubic polynomial (of third degree) "f"("x")="x"-3"x" is a surjection.

paragraphs: Example: The quadratic function "f"("x") = "x" is not a surjection. There is no "x" such that "x" = −1. The range of "x"² is <nowiki>[0,+∞) </nowiki>, that is, the set of non-negative numbers. (Also, this function is not an injection.)

paragraphs: Note: One can make a non-surjective function into a surjection by "restricting" its codomain to elements of its range. For example, the "new" function, "f"("x"):ℝ → [0,+∞) where "f"("x") = "x" is a surjective function. (This is not the same as the restriction of a function which restricts the domain!)

paragraphs: Example: The exponential function "f"("x") = 10 is not a surjection. The range of "10" is (0,+∞), that is, the set of positive numbers. (This function is an injection.)

paragraphs: Example: The logarithmic function base 10 "f"("x"):<nowiki>(0,+∞)</nowiki>→ℝ defined by "f"("x")=log("x") or "y"=log("x") is a surjection (and an injection). (This is the inverse function of 10.)

paragraphs: Example: The function "f"(("x","y")):ℝ²→ℝ defined by "z"="y" is a surjection. Its graph is a plane in 3-dimensional space. The pre-image of "z" is the line y="z" in the "x"0"y" plane.


title: Range (mathematics)

paragraphs: In mathematics, the range is a concept which has various meanings in different topics:


title: Organic reaction

paragraphs: Organic reactions are chemical reactions involving organic compounds. The basic organic chemistry reaction types are addition reactions, elimination reactions, substitution reactions, pericyclic reactions, rearrangement reactions, photochemical reactions and redox reactions. In organic synthesis, organic reactions build new organic molecules. Organic reactions produce many man-made chemicals such as drugs, plastics, food additives, and fabrics.


title: Shikasta (novel)

paragraphs: Shikasta is a 1979 science fiction novel. The full title is Re: Colonised Planet 5, Shikasta. British Nobel Prize in Literature-winner Doris Lessing wrote it as the first book in her five-book "Canopus in Argos" series. Alfred A. Knopf published it first in the United States in October 1979. Jonathan Cape published the book in the United Kingdom in November 1979. Shikasta is also the name of the fictional planet featured in the novel.

paragraphs: The book has a subtitle, ""Personal, psychological, historical documents relating to visit by Johor (George Sherban) Emissary (Grade 9) 87th of the Period of the Last Days"". 'The novel is the history of the planet Shikasta under the influence of three galactic empires: Canopus, Sirius, and their shared enemy, Puttiora. The book is a series of reports by Canopean visitors to Shikasta. They record what happens on the planet which is very similar to Earth. The novel shows the Earth's prehistory, how things became worse, the "Century of Destruction" (the 20th-century), and the Apocalypse (World War III).

paragraphs: "Shikasta" uses stories and images from the Old Testament and is influenced by spiritual and mystical themes in Sufism. Lessing had become interested in this Islamic belief system in the mid-1960s. The book was a major shift of focus in Lessing's writing, from realism to science fiction. Many of her readers were unhappy with the change. Critics gave the book both good and bad reviews. Some were impressed by the way the book showed a wide view of humanity and the universe. One reviewer called it a brave "and disturbing work from one of the world's great living writers". Others reviewers disliked the novel because it was depressing and humanity had no free will. People's lives were controlled by galactic empires.

paragraphs: The story of Shikasta is retold in the third book of the "Canopus" series, "The Sirian Experiments" (1980). In that book, the story is told from the point of view of Sirius. Shikasta appears again in the fourth book in the series, "The Making of the Representative for Planet 8" (1982). The Zones that are briefly mentioned in "Shikasta" are the subject of the second book in the series, "The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five" (1980).


title: HOMO/LUMO

paragraphs: HOMO stands for highest occupied molecular orbital. LUMO stands for lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The energy difference between the HOMO and LUMO is termed the HOMO-LUMO gap. HOMO and LUMO are sometimes referred to as frontier orbitals.

paragraphs: Each molecular orbital has a calculated energy level. Chemists sort the molecular orbitals (MOs) by energy levels. Chemists assume that the electrons will occupy the lowest energy level MOs first. For example, if a molecule has enough electrons to fill 15 MOs, the 15 MOs with the lowest energy levels will be occupied. The 15th MO on the list would be called the "highest occupied molecular orbital" (HOMO) and the 16th MO on the list would be the "lowest unoccupied molecular orbital" (LUMO). The difference in the HOMO's energy level and the LUMO's energy level is called the band gap. The band gap can sometimes serve as a measure of the excitability of the molecule: the smaller the energy, the more easily a molecule's electrons will be excited. For example, this can help predict whether a substance will have luminescence.

paragraphs: A SOMO is a "singly occupied molecular orbital" such as half-filled HOMO of a radical.


title: Roald Hoffmann

paragraphs: Roald Hoffmann (born July 18, 1937) is a Polish-born American theoretical chemist of Jewish descent. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. He currently teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

paragraphs: He was born in Zloczov, Poland (now Ukraine)

paragraphs: Hoffmann survived The Holocaust and moved to the United States in 1949.


title: Substituent

paragraphs: In organic chemistry and biochemistry, substituent is the name for a single atom or for a group of atoms that take the position of another atom in a molecule. They replace this atom. This reaction is called a substitution reaction. The atom or group of atoms that gets replaced is called the leaving group.

paragraphs: The terms substituent, side chain, group, branch, or pendant group are used in the same way to describe branches from a parent structure. These terms have different meanings in polymer chemistry. In polymers, side chains extend from a backbone structure, while they are attached to the alpha carbon atoms of the amino acid backbone in proteins.

paragraphs: Organic chemistry has rules for naming compounds with substituent groups. The substituent group is listed first with a suffix to describe how it is attached to the main carbon chain. The suffix -yl is used when naming organic compounds that contain a single bond replacing one hydrogen. -ylidene and -ylidyne are used for double bonds and triple bonds respectively. When naming hydrocarbons that contain a substituent, position numbers may be used. These number will indicate which carbon atom the substituent is attached to. One case where this information is needed is that of isomers.

paragraphs: The phrases most-substituted and least-substituted are often used to describe molecules and predict their products. For example:

paragraphs: In a structural diagram or formula, the letters R or X are used to represent a substituent group. An organic substituent such as methyl, ethyl, aryl can be written as R (or R, R, etc.) This is a generic placeholder. The "R" derived from "radical" or "rest". The R can represent as many atoms as the author wants. The first to use this symbol was Charles Frédéric Gerhardt in 1844.

paragraphs: The symbol X can represent electronegative substituents such as the halides.


title: Greater rhea

paragraphs: The greater rhea, "Rhea americana", is a flightless bird found in South America. The greater rhea is also known as grey, common rhea, or the American rhea. The species, first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay.

paragraphs: The greater rhea takes its scientific name from the Greek goddess Rhea and the Latin word for "America".

paragraphs: It has a length of and a wingspan of . Weighing , the greater rhea is the largest bird in South America.


title: Petr Kalandra

paragraphs: Petr Kalandra (March 10, 1950 – September 7, 1995) was a Czech musician, guitarist, harmonica player, vocalist and songwriter. He was member of A.S.P.M., Blues Session and Marsyas. He died in September 1995. In 2006 he was inducted into the Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).


title: Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks

paragraphs: Till Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks (German: "Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche") is a very well-known piece of music for orchestra by Richard Strauss. It is a tone poem (a piece of music which tells some kind of story). In this work, Richard Strauss describes the adventures of Till Eulenspiegel who was the character in a series of stories written in Germany many years ago. Till Eulenspiegel was a kind of folk hero. He was a naughty boy who got up to all kinds of tricks. The music is very humorous and describes his adventures.

paragraphs: The music is played by a large orchestra. There is a small clarinet (normally an E flat clarinet, although in Strauss's day he used a D clarinet) that describes the character of Till. Till is also represented by a French horn.

paragraphs: The music starts with the main theme, which is like saying: 'Once upon a time'. The horn plays one of Till's themes and this is taken up by the orchestra. The small clarinet is then heard, sounding like Till laughing. He rides his horse through the market and knocks lots of things off the stalls, then flirts with the girls (the first violin plays a theme which suggests love).

paragraphs: Till gets on his horse again. Then suddenly there is a funeral march. Till has been caught and he is sentenced to death. Till pleads to be let free and tries to joke his way out of his troubles, but the executioner takes no notice. Till is taken to the gallows (small clarinet), the flutes rattle as he reaches the top. The small clarinet describes his death scream, and then he is executed (strings playing pizzicato. There is a short silence, then the music returns to the opening 'Once upon a Time' theme, but the music finishes with a little joke, as if saying that someone like Till can never be destroyed.


title: Beatová síň slávy

paragraphs: Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame or shortly BSS) is something like the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Czech Radio Beat honors the greatest legends of Czech rock music.


title: Extranet

paragraphs: The extranet is a part of intranet that selected people outside the company can use.


title: Thomson's gazelle

paragraphs: The Thomson's gazelle ("Gazella thomsonii") is the most common gazelle in East Africa. It is a kind of small antelope. It is named after explorer Joseph Thomson and, as a result, is sometimes referred to as a "tommie". They can be found on ranches and farmland throughout East Africa, and survive long after other species have been killed off or migrated away.

paragraphs: Thomson's gazelles are commonly referred to as "tommies". Tommies stand at about half a meter (22-26 inches) tall and weigh in between 15 and 25 kilograms (35-55 pounds). Although very similar in appearance to the Grant's gazelle, they have some distinguishing features.

paragraphs: The tommy has adapted to drier life on the open grass plains of East Africa, mainly southern Kenya and northern Tanzania. Although tommies have many predators, including cheetahs, lions, leopards, crocodiles and hyenas, they are frequently the last animals left on an abandoned ranch or farmland.

paragraphs: Their major predators are cheetahs, which can run faster, but gazelles can outlast them in long chases and are able to make turns more speedily. This small antelope-gazelle can run extremely fast, from , to 96 km/h (60 mph) and zigzag, a peculiarity which often saves it from predators.

paragraphs: Sometimes they are also chased by leopards, lions and hyenas, but the gazelles are faster and more agile; these predators attack especially the young or infirm individuals. They can also be devoured by crocodiles and pythons, and their fawns are sometimes the prey of eagles, jackals, and baboons. A noticeable behaviour of Thomson's gazelles is their bounding leap, known as stotting or pronking, used to startle predators and display strength.


title: Mack Robinson (athlete)

paragraphs: Matthew MacKenzie Robinson (July 18, 1914 – March 12, 2000) was an American track athlete. He was the older brother of professional baseball player Jackie Robinson. Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia. He moved to Pasadena, California when he was young and lived there most of his life. He ran track in high school and college. While at Pasadena City College, he set junior college records in several events. He won a silver medal at the 1936 Summer Olympics. He came in second to Jesse Owens in the 200m. Robinson later ran for the University of Oregon. While there, he won National Collegiate Athletic Association and Amateur Athletic Union titles. He is a member of the Oregon Sports Hall of Fame. Robinson spent his later years working for the city of Pasadena as a garbage collector and mailman. He tried to stop crime in the black neighborhoods of Pasadena. Robinson died in Pasadena in 2000. Several landmarks in Pasadena honor both Jackie and Mack Robinson, including the stadium at PCC.


title: Diene

paragraphs: In organic chemistry, a diene ( ) or diolefin ( ) is a hydrocarbon that contains two carbon pi bonds.

paragraphs: Conjugated dienes are functional groups, with a general formula of CH. Dienes and alkynes are functional isomers. Dienes occur occasionally in nature but are widely used in the polymer industry.

paragraphs: Dienes can be divided into three classes, depending on the relative location of the double bonds:

paragraphs: Compounds that contain more than two double bonds are called polyenes. Polyenes and dienes, share many of their properties.

paragraphs: An important reaction for conjugated dienes is the Diels–Alder reaction. Many specialized dienes have been developed to exploit this reactivity for the synthesis of natural products, e.g. Danishefsky’s diene.


title: Conjugated system

paragraphs: In chemistry, a conjugated system is a system of connected p-orbitals with delocalized electrons. Conjugated systems are created by several multiple bonds, each separated by single bonds. In general, conjugated systems may lower the overall energy of the molecule and increase how steady it is. They can contain lone pairs, radicals or carbenium ions. The compound may be cyclic, acyclic, linear or mixed. In most cases, the atoms in a molecule are held together by single bonds (where orbitals from adjacent atoms overlap). Molecules which have a conjugated system have unique properties different from normal compounds created by the sharing of the delocalized electrons among many atoms.

paragraphs: Conjugation is the overlap of one p-orbital with another across a sigma bond (or single bond) that is in between. (The d-orbitals of larger atoms can also contribute to a conjugated system).

paragraphs: A conjugated system has a region of overlapping p-orbitals, bridging the single bonds that are between. They allow a delocalization of pi electrons across all the adjacent aligned p-orbitals.

paragraphs: The pi electrons do not belong to a single bond or atom, but rather to a group of atoms.

paragraphs: The largest conjugated systems (with the greatest number of shared electrons) are in graphite, conductive polymers, and carbon nanotubes.

paragraphs: Different types of molecular structures can result in conjugation. For conjugation, all the neighboring atoms in a chain must have an available p-orbital. In many cases, conjugated systems are a series of a single bonds each followed by a double bond. Other systems exist. For example, furan (see picture) is a five-membered ring with two alternating double bonds and an oxygen in position 1. The Oxygen in furan has two lone pairs, one of which fills a p-orbital on that position. The lone pair electron makes conjugation possible on a five-membered ring. The presence of a nitrogen in the ring can be a source of pi orbitals needed for conjugation. Also, pi orbitals needed for conjugation can come from substituent groups α to the ring like: a carbonyl group (C=O), an imine group (C=N), a vinyl group (C=C), or an anion.

paragraphs: Conjugated systems are the main things that make up chromophores. Chromophores are light-absorbing parts of a molecule that can cause a compound to have a visible color. Chromophores are often present in various organic compounds and sometimes present in polymers that are colored or glow in the dark. Chromophores often consist of a series of conjugated bonds and/or ring systems, which can include C-C, C=C, C=O, or N=N bonds. Many times, chromophores have aromatic rings.


title: Prince Fielder

paragraphs: Prince Semien Fielder (born May 9, 1984 in Ontario, California) is an American Major League Baseball player. He currently plays for the Texas Rangers. He debuted in the MLB for the Milwaukee Brewers on June 13, 2005 when he was called up from the minor league Nashville Sounds. He was sent back down but was called up again on August 17, 2005 where he finished the season with the Brewers and was used as a pinch-hitter. Fielder is a 3-time All Star and is also one of 26 players in the 50 home run club.


title: Kurt Alder

paragraphs: Kurt Alder (July 10, 1902 – June 20, 1958) was a German chemist and Nobel laureate.

paragraphs: Alder was born in the industrial area of Königshütte, Silesia (modern day Chorzów, Upper Silesia, Poland). He received his early schooling there. Alder left the area for political reasons when Königshütte became part of Poland in 1922. He studied chemistry at the University of Berlin from 1922, and later at the University of Kiel where his earned a PhD in 1926 for work supervised by Diels.

paragraphs: In 1930 Alder was appointed reader for chemistry at Kiel, and promoted to lecturer in 1934. In 1936 he left Kiel to join I G Farben Industrie at Leverkusen, where he worked on synthetic rubber. In 1940, he was appointed Professor of Experimental Chemistry and Chemical Technology at the University of Cologne and Director of the Institute of Chemistry there. Throughout this time and despite the many obstacles to original research in Europe at the time, he continued a systematic program of investigations of his particular interests in the synthesis of organic compounds. In all he published more than 151 papers in this field.

paragraphs: Alder received several honorary degrees and other awards, most famously the 1950 Nobel Prize in Chemistry which he shared with his teacher Diels for their work on what is now known as the Diels–Alder reaction. The lunar crater Alder is named in his honour. The insecticide aldrin, created through a Diels–Alder reaction, is also named for him.


title: Kenichi Fukui

paragraphs: Kenichi Fukui (October 4, 1918–January 9, 1998) was a Japanese chemist. He won the 1981 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

paragraphs: Fukui was the oldest of three sons of Ryokichi Fukui, who was a merchant. He was born in Nara, Japan.

paragraphs: He graduated from Kyoto Imperial University in 1941.

paragraphs: Fukui worked at the Army Fuel Laboratory of Japan during World War II.{

paragraphs: In 1943, he was appointed a lecturer in fuel chemistry at Kyoto Imperial University.

paragraphs: He was professor of physical chemistry at Kyoto University from 1951 to 1982.

paragraphs: He was president of the Kyoto Institute of Technology between 1982 and 1988.

paragraphs: Fukui shared the 1981 Nobel Prize with Roald Hoffmann. Fukui and Hoffmann worked separately on the mechanisms of chemical reactions. Fukui explained in his Nobel lecture that,


title: Woodward's rules

paragraphs: Woodward's rules are a set of rules about how organic chemical compounds absorb ultraviolet light.

paragraphs: They give information about the wavelength of the absorption maximum (symbol λ ) in an ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectrum of a compound. The rules are named after Robert Burns Woodward. He was a Harvard University professor who won the 1965 Nobel Prize in chemistry. The rules are sometimes called the Woodward-Fieser rules, to also honor Louis Fieser.

paragraphs: The rules build the prediction on the type of chromophores present, the substituents on the chromophores, and changes due to the solvent. Examples are conjugated carbonyl compounds, conjugated dienes, and polyenes.

paragraphs: One set of Woodward-Fieser rules for dienes is shown in table one. A diene is either homoannular with both double bonds contained in one ring or heteroannular with two double bonds distributed between two rings.

paragraphs: These rules predict the UV absorption maximum of compounds. Here are two examples:

paragraphs: In the compound on the left the base value is 214 nm (a heteroannular diene). This diene group has 4 alkyl substituents (labeled 1,2,3,4) and the double bond in one ring is exocyclic to the other (adding 5 nm for an exocyclic double bond). In the compound on the right, the diene is homoannular with 4 alkyl substituents. Both double bonds in the central B ring are exocyclic with respect to rings A and C.


title: Lemon shark

paragraphs: The Lemon shark is a shark that gets its name from its deep yellow back. Its belly is off-white. Lemon sharks are usually eight to ten feet long. They have long, sharp teeth for catching slippery fish. Lemon sharks are common on the southeast coast of the United States of America.

paragraphs: The Lemon shark gets its name from the fact that it is yellow in colour. The underside is usually white or a lighter yellowish colour. Besides yellow, the Lemon shark is also brown and olive grey in colour. The Lemon shark is stocky, blunt-nosed, and has two dorsal fins of similar size and shape. The first dorsal fin is low and positioned at the back of the pectoral fins, and the second dorsal is of similar shape and size and positioned at the front of the anal fin. The pelvic fin weakly concave (curving inwards) rear margins, and the pectoral fin's outer margin is slightly convex (curving outwards), and both fins are weakly falcate. The snout is round and shorter than the width of the mouth. There is no mid-dorsal ridge present on this species.

paragraphs: The upper teeth are narrow and broad with triangular smooth-edged cusps and finely serrated bases. These teeth get more oblique as they get closer to the corner of the mouth. The lower teeth are narrow and triangular with smooth-edged cusps.

paragraphs: Lemon shark scales are large and overlapping with 3 to 5 ridges. The middle ridge is high, sharp and separated by deep furrows, and the back margins are opposite the primary ridges. The basal plates and pedicels are broad.

paragraphs: Lemon sharks usually range between the lengths of , and have a growth rate of 0.21 inches per year (0.54 cm per year). The maximum length that can be reached by this species is between . Pups are between 24-26 inches (60-65 cm) at birth.

paragraphs: The Lemon shark is viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. After a gestation period of 10 to 12 months, pregnant females enter shallow nursery areas in spring and summer to give birth to litters of 4 to 17 pups. The pups have a very slow growth rate and remain within nursery grounds for quite a long time, where they are in less danger from predators. The mangroves that the young mainly inhabit are highly productive waters, creating an excellent area for feeding, but also an area of very low oxygen content. However, the Lemon shark has many adaptations that increase oxygen uptake, such as blood with an unusually high affinity for oxygen. As they grow, their range increases dramatically, from up to around . Maturity is reached at about 6 and a half years of age, and it is believed that the Lemon shark lives for up to 27 years.

paragraphs: When it comes to hunting, the Lemon shark is known to be very patient. They are able to use their yellow coloring to help them successfully hide in their natural habitat. They are often found swimming along the sand of the bottom of the water so they blend in easily. This makes it easy to hide from predators and also to be able to find prey.

paragraphs: It is believed that this shark has a special set up with the retina. This enables them to be able to see very clearly even in the murky depths under the water. The Lemon Shark can be aggressive to humans, and is known to have a powerful bite. Most of the attacks that have been noted were provoked, but not all. Since Lemon sharks can blend into their surroundings so well, it is easy for someone to accidentally disrupt the shark.

paragraphs: What is encouraging about the Lemon Shark is that they are able to do fairly well in captivity. That is not usually the case with species of sharks. Still, many experts worry that they won’t copy all they do in the wild in captivity so they don’t usually rely on such details and observations as facts if they can’t also be confirmed in the wild. They are very social, and they develop a hierarchy based on gender and size that is very complex.

paragraphs: The Lemon Shark is gentle in nature and doesn’t seem to be aggressive towards people, including divers. They have been known to bite humans but it is believed this is due to being provoked. They aren’t seen as a major threat to sharing the waters with humans.

paragraphs: The Lemon shark's diet consists mainly of bony fish and crustaceans. Catfish, mullet, jacks, croakers, porcupine fish, cowfish, guitarfish, stingrays, eagle rays, crabs and crayfish make up most of the Lemon shark's diet. Also, this species will eat sea birds and smaller sharks. Lemon sharks will eat until full with the rate of digestion dependent on the amount of food consumed at a single time.

paragraphs: The Lemon shark lives in the tropical and subtropical waters of the coastal areas of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. They stay in moderately shallow water, normally going no deeper than 80 meters (roughly 260 feet). They are often found in shallow waters near coasts and islands, by coral reefs, mangroves, bays, and sometimes even river mouths.

paragraphs: These sharks represent a small threat to humans. According to the International Shark Attack File, there have been only 10 unprovoked attacks by Lemon sharks, all occurring in Florida and the Caribbean. There have been no fatal attacks from this species. The Lemon shark does inhabit coastal waters which swimmers, surfers and divers commonly swim in. The low number of attacks by this species shows that it is a small threat to humans.

paragraphs: The Lemon shark is targeted by commercial and recreational fishermen along the U.S, Atlantic Ocean, Caribbean, and in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The US bottom longline fishery commonly targets this species and it is also caught as by-catch in both pelagic and gillnet fisheries. Their fins are highly prized and are exported to Asia for shark fin soup. Their skin may be used for leather and their meat is eaten by humans. There is some concern that populations in the western north Atlantic and eastern Pacific Ocean are in danger due to over-fishing.


title: Spined pygmy shark

paragraphs: The spined pygmy shark is one of the smallest sharks in the world. It is only seven to eight inches long on average. Spined pygmy sharks are dark gray or black on top. Their bellies glow in the dark. These sharks live very deep in the water (down to 6,500 feet) but they migrate up to about 650 feet at night, to hunt.

paragraphs: Spined pygmy sharks are harmless to humans.


title: Nurse shark

paragraphs: The Nurse shark ("Ginglymostoma cirratum") is a bottom-dwelling shark, and is the only known species in the genus Ginglymostoma. They range in length from , and weigh .

paragraphs: Nurse sharks feed on crustaceans, mollusks, sea snakes, fish, coral, and tunicates.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks are nocturnal, and are very sluggish and are harmless unless bothered.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks have two spineless, rounded dorsal fins, with the first dorsal fin being much larger than the second, and they have one anal fin. The first dorsal fin is located over the pelvic fins. The caudal fin is more than one quarter of the total shark's length. The sub-terminal mouth is placed well in front of the eyes, the spiracles are small, and there are long barbels on the mouth. The Nurse shark has nasoral grooves, but there is no perinasal groove.

paragraphs: Adult Nurse sharks are usually light yellow to dark brown in colour. The young that are up to 60 cm (24 inches) long have small black spots, with an area of lightness surrounding each spot, covering the entire body. Larger young which are 70-120 cm long (28-47 inches) are capable of limited colour changes. Studies show that Nurse sharks kept out of sunlight become slightly lighter in colour, as compared to Nurse sharks which are exposed to sunlight. Nurse sharks with unusally colours (such as brilliant yellow or milky white) have been reported several times.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks have the simplest type of tooth arrangement found in sharks. This means that there is no overlapping between the teeth, and that forward movements of teeth leading to shedding does not depend on other teeth. With sharks that have many overlapping teeth, the replacement of teeth cannot take place until the outer blocking teeth are lost. Young Nurse sharks can replace their teeth quicker than adults. Also, teeth replacing occurs faster in summer, when water temperatures are higher. Averaging 2.2-2.7 metres (7.2-9 feet) in total length, and weighing 75-105 kg (165-232 pounds), adult females reach a larger size than adult males which are around 2.1-2.6 metres (7-8.5 feet) long, and weigh around 90-120 kg (198-265 pounds). Females reach maturity at about 2.3 metres (7.6 feet), and males reach maturity at about 2.1 metres (7 feet). New-born Nurse sharks range in length from 28 to 30 cm (11 to 12 inches), with growth rates of 13 cm (5 inches) and 2.3 kg (5 pounds) per year. Once the Nurse sharks reach maturity, their growth rates usually become much lower.

paragraphs: The Nurse shark is common in the coastal tropical and subtropical waters of the eastern Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. In the Atlantic, it ranges from Senegal to Gabon, Rhode Island to southern Brazil, and Mexico to Peru. Also, some Nurse sharks have been reported in the Gulf of Gascogne, in southwest France. This species is common in shallow waters throughout the West Indies, south Florida and the Florida Keys.

paragraphs: The Nurse shark is a nocturnal animal that rests on sandy bottoms or in caves or crevices in shallow waters during the day. They are usually found in groups of up to 40, as they lie very close together, sometimes even piling on one another.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks are very active during the night. In addition to swimming near the bottom, the Nurse shark can move around on the sea floor, using its flexible, muscular pectoral fins as limbs. Large juveniles and adults are usually found around deep coral reefs, and rocky areas at depths of up to 3-75 metres (10-246 feet) during the daytime, and then they migrate into shallower waters of less than 20 metres (66 feet) deep after darkness.

paragraphs: Young Nurse sharks up to 1.7 metres (6 feet) are usually found around shallow coral reefs, grass flats or mangrove islands in waters which are 1-4 metres (3-13 feet) deep. They often lie in groups within limestone holes or under rock ledges.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks have been known to repeatedly return to the same caves and crevices in which they have rested before.

paragraphs: Nurse sharks are sluggish, and are not aggressive towards humans and will not attack unless they are provoked. If they are provoked, then they usually bite, but their bites are not deadly.

paragraphs: The Nurse shark is a nocturnal predator, and hunts alone. They feed on fish (such as catfish, mullets, and pufferfish) stingrays, mollusks (such as octopuses, squids, and clams), sea snakes, and tunicates. They move very slowly as they hunt along the bottom. They also consume algae, coral, crustaceans (such as lobsters, shrimps, and crabs), sea urchins, snails and bivalves.

paragraphs: The Nurse shark is one of the few species of sharks that can remain motionless in the water when it wants to. This not only helps it to conserve energy, it gives the Nurse shark an advantage when it comes to hunting. As it stays motionless, it's prey usually donesn't notice it, giving the Nurse shark a chance to ambush it's prey.

paragraphs: The mating season occurs once every 18 months, and lasts from the end of June till the end of July. They are ovoviviparous, with the gestation period lasting 6 months. Females can give birth to 21-29 pups at a time. However, sometimes the larger pups will feed on the smaller pups. As a result, only a small number of pups from each litter will live to the age of maturity. The young are born with spots, which fade as the sharks grow older. The average lifespan in the wild for these sharks is from 25 to 30 years.

paragraphs: Although the Nurse shark has no real predator, remains of Nurse sharks have been found in the stomachs of Tiger sharks, and Lemon sharks. Also, there have been reports of Bull sharks, and Great white sharks feeding on Nurse sharks.


title: Spiny dogfish

paragraphs: The spiny dogfish ("Squalus acanthias") is one of the most common and well known species of dogfish. It is a small species of shark, with an average length of 28-39 inches (70–100 cm), and reaching a maximum weight of 9.8 kg.

paragraphs: The dogfish is found in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, and can be found from the surface to depths as deep as 1,460 metres. The spiny dogfish feeds mainly on pelagic fish such as herring, menhaden, capelin, sand lance, and mackerel.

paragraphs: The spiny dogfish has a slim, long body and a flattened head. The snout is narrow, with a pointed tip. The eyes of this species are quite large. The first dorsal fin is located about halfway between the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins. The second dorsal fin is about two-thirds the size of the first one and is located behind the pelvic fins.

paragraphs: On the front of each dorsal fin there is a sharp spine attached to them, giving the spiny dogfish its name. The first spine is about half as long as the second spine. The pectoral fins form nearly perfect equilateral triangles, with rounded rear tips, and slightly concave rear margins. The pelvic fins are closer to the second dorsal fin than to the first dorsal fin. One the caudal fin, there is no notch on the upper lobe and the lower lobe is not well-developed. There is no anal fin on the Spiny dogfish.

paragraphs: The dorsal surface of the dogfish is slate-coloured and may have a brownish cast. There are rows of white spots along each side, from above the pectoral fins to above the pelvic fins. These spots are more visible on immature spiny dogfish, and they fade as the shark matures. With some individuals, the spots completely disappear. The edges of the dorsal fins and the caudal fin have a dusky-colour at birth, but this colour quickly fades. The ventral surface of the dogfish ranges from pale grey to pure white.

paragraphs: The average length of the spiny dogfish is 28-39 inches (70–100 cm), with adult males ranging from 24-35 inches (60–90 cm), and adult females ranging from 30-42 inches (76–107 cm). The maximum reported length of males is 39 inches (100 cm), and females is 49 inches (124 cm). Mature females can weigh as much as 3.2-4.5 kg (7-10 pounds), with a maximum recorded weight of 9.8 kg (22 pounds). The all-tackle game fish record is 7.14 kg (16 pounds), and was caught off the coast of Ireland in 1989.

paragraphs: In the western Atlantic, the spiny dogfish ranges from Greenland to Argentina, and in the eastern Atlantic it is found from Iceland and the Murmanski Coast (Russia) to South Africa, including the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea. In the western Pacific, the dogfish occurs from the Bering Sea to New Zealand, while in the eastern Pacific, this species is found from the Bering Sea to Chile.

paragraphs: Spiny dogfish are benthopelagic, meaning that they are found just above the bottom of the ocean. They are found from the surface to depths as deep as 1,460 metres. Spiny dogfish can be found in brackish water, but prefer seawater, and are commonly found in waters with the temperature of 7-15 °C. Spiny dogfish are found inshore and offshore, over continental and insular (island) shelve, and upper slopes. They are often found in enclosed bays and estuaries. They have been reported to enter freshwater but cannot survive there for more than a few hours.

paragraphs: Spiny dogfish have been found in the stomachs of cod, red hake, and goosefish, as well as other dogfish. Larger species of sharks, as well as seals and Killer whales also feed on the spiny dogfish. To defend itself, the dogfish curls into a ball, and strikes at predators with its spines on the dorsal fins.

paragraphs: The spiny dogfish usually feeds in groups. They feed mainly on pelagic fish such as herring, menhaden, capelin, sand lance, and mackerel, often consuming large numbers of them. They have been known to bite through fishing nets to be able to feed on the caught fish, usually releasing most of the fish. This has given the dogfish a bad reputation among fishermen. Other food items of this species includes molluscs (such as squid and octopus), crustacea (such as shrimp and crab), jellyfish, sea cucumber, algae, smaller sharks, and shark egg cases.

paragraphs: The gestation period of the spiny dogfish lasts up to 2 years. Spiny dogfish are ovoviviparous, meaning that the embryos develop inside eggs inside the female, and are nourished by yolk-filled sacs. Finally, the female gives birth to 1-20 pups, each one measuring around 20 to 33 centimeters. The spiny dogfish lives to the age of 20–75 years.

paragraphs: The dogfish poses little threat to humans, but if it is not handled properly, the spines on its dorsal fins can give a harmful wound. Also, the spiny dogfish has earned itself a bad reputation among fishermen due to its habit of biting through fishing nets to get at any fish which is caught in the nets.

paragraphs: The spiny dogfish is the most common living shark, yet two populations in the northwest and northeast Atlantic are at great risk due to overfishing. This shark is caught for food, liver oil, and is used to make sand paper, vitamins, leather, fertiliser, and pet food. Between 1900 and 1910, when the dogfish was at its peak abundance, it was estimated that up to 27 million spiny dogfish were caught off the Massachusetts coast every year.

paragraphs: Due to their long gestation period and the low number of pups they give birth to at a time, the spiny dogfish must be managed carefully. This species is extremely vulnerable to overfishing and is currently on the brink of collapse.

paragraphs: Commercial fishermen target mature females because they grow to larger sizes than males. The fishing of spiny dogfish increased dramatically in the U.S.A during the 1990s, resulting in the population of mature females to decrease by 75%, leading to low number of pups. In 2001, the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission (ASMFC) voted to extend an emergency action that closes state waters to fish for the vulnerable dogfish. This was in response to heavy fishing that devastated dogfish populations during the 1990s.

paragraphs: In late 2000, a fishery management plan for the spiny dogfish began to develop, followed by its approval in November 2002. Federal and state recovery plans are currently in place but are continually challenged. The National Marine Fisheries Service, with new data predicting the collapse of the spiny dogfish populations, closed federal waters to dogfish fishing in July 2003. The spiny dogfish is currently listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN.


title: Tiger beetle

paragraphs: The tiger beetles are a large group of beetles in the family Carabidae. About 2,600 species and subspecies are known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.

paragraphs: They are known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest species of tiger beetle can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph), which, relative to its body length, is about 22 times the speed of an Olympic sprinter, the equivalent of a human running at .

paragraphs: Tiger beetles live everywhere in the world except the Antarctic and Tasmania. They have powerful jaws, called mandibles, which they use to hold and crush their prey. They have long legs, big eyes, and a wide head. All are colourful. Their elytra are usually bright and have bold markings.


title: The Plastic People of the Universe

paragraphs: The Plastic People of the Universe (or shortly PPU) is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (Today Czech Republic). In 60s and 70s was frontman bass player Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (*1951-†2001) and current frontman is saxophonist Vratislav Brabenec (*1943). On his "debut" album "Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned", the group set to music poems by Egon Bondy. The band became famous when it was put in prison by the communist government.


title: Vratislav Brabenec

paragraphs: Vratislav Brabenec (born April 28, 1943, Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech musician, saxophonist, clarinetist a vocalist. He is member of Czech underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. Brabanec joined the Plastic People in 1972. He insisted that they no longer play songs by groups like the Velvet Underground. Brabenec wanted them to play their own songs and perform them in the Czech language. The band became famous in 1972 when some of the members were put in prison by the communist government. Brabenec was sent to prison for eight months because his music was "antisocial", he was disturbing the peace, and he his music was corrupting Czech youth.


title: Robert Fripp

paragraphs: Robert Fripp (born 16 May 1946, Wimborne Minster, Dorset, England) is an English guitarist, songwriter and record producer. He was ranked 42 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's 2003 list of the "100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". He is founder member of rock band King Crimson.

paragraphs: Fripp has been married to Toyah Willcox since 1986. His uncle was Alfie Fripp.


title: Nico

paragraphs: Nico (born Christa Päffgen; 16 October 1938 – 18 July 1988) was a German singer, songwriter, actress, and Warhol Superstar. She is featured on the first album by the New York rock band The Velvet Underground, "The Velvet Underground & Nico".

paragraphs: She was born in Cologne. She grew up in Brandenburg and Berlin.

paragraphs: She died on holiday in the Spanish island of Ibiza, of a cerebral hemorrhage while riding her bicycle.

paragraphs: Nico was born Christa Päffgen. When she was 16 the photographer Herbert Tobias gave her the name Nico. Nico moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, and other fashion magazines.


title: U.S. Route 4

paragraphs: U.S. Route 4 is a highway in the United States It travels from East Greenbush, New York, near Albany to Portsmouth, New Hampshire. It passes through the state of Vermont. It has a total length of 250 miles. Before being a US highway, Route 4 was part of several New England highways.


title: Karel Kryl

paragraphs: Karel Kryl (April 12, 1944 Kroměříž, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic – March 3, 1994 Passau, Germany) was a Czech singer-songwriter and poet. Kryl is sometimes called a "Básník s kytarou" "(poet with a guitar)".


title: Shoaling and schooling

paragraphs: Schooling and shoaling is a kind of collective animal behaviour by fish.

paragraphs: Any group of fish that stays together for social reasons is said to be shoaling, and if the shoal is swimming in the same direction together, it is schooling. About one quarter of fish shoal all their lives, and about one half of fish shoal for part of their lives.

paragraphs: Fish get many benefits from shoaling. These include defence against predators: if fish swim in schools, it is less likely any one of them will be eaten. Also, it may help a fish find food, and a mate. The school may even swim faster than a lone fish.

paragraphs: Fish generally prefer larger shoals, shoalmates of their own species, shoalmates similar in size and appearance to themselves, healthy fish, and kin (when recognized).

paragraphs: Any shoal member which stands out in appearance may be targeted by predators. This may explain why fish prefer to shoal with individuals that resemble themselves. This is called the oddity effect.

paragraphs: Some fish spend most of their time schooling. Tuna, herring and anchovy, spend all of their time shoaling or schooling, and become agitated if separated from the group. Others, such as Atlantic cod, school only some of the time.

paragraphs: Shoaling fish can shift into a disciplined and coordinated school, then shift back to an amorphous shoal within seconds. Such shifts are triggered by changes of activity from feeding, resting, travelling or avoiding predators.

paragraphs: When schooling fish stop to feed, they break ranks and become shoals. Shoals are more vulnerable to predator attack. The shape a shoal or school takes depends on the type of fish and what the fish are doing. Schools that are travelling can form long thin lines, or squares or ovals or amoeboid shapes. Fast moving schools usually form a wedge shape, while shoals that are feeding tend to become circular.

paragraphs: Forage fish are small fish which are preyed on by larger fish, seabirds and marine mammals (Cetacea). Small fish form schools, and may swim with their mouths open to filter feed on plankton. These schools can become huge, moving along coastlines and migrating across open oceans. The shoals are concentrated fuel resources for the great marine predators.

paragraphs: These immense gatherings fuel the ocean food web. Most forage fish are pelagic fish, which means they form their schools in open water, and not on or near the bottom (demersal fish). The predators are keenly focused on the shoals, acutely aware of their numbers and whereabouts, and make migrations themselves, often in schools of their own, that can span thousands of miles to connect with, or stay connected with them.

paragraphs: Herring are among the more spectacular schooling fish. They aggregate together in huge numbers. The largest schools are often formed during migrations by merging with smaller schools. “Chains” of mullet schools one hundred kilometres long have been seen migrating in the Caspian Sea. Radakov estimated herring schools in the North Atlantic can occupy up to 4.8 cubic kilometres with fish densities between 0.5 and 1.0 fish/cubic metre. That is about three billion fish in one school. These schools move along coastlines and cross the open oceans. Herring schools have very precise arrangements which allow the school to maintain relatively constant cruising speeds. Herrings have excellent hearing, and their schools react very fast to a predator. The herrings keep a certain distance from a moving scuba diver or cruising predator like a killer whale, forming a space which looks like a doughnut from a spotter plane.

paragraphs: Many species of large predatory fish also school, including many highly migratory fish, such as tuna and some ocean going sharks. Cetaceans such as dolphins, porpoises and whales, operate in organised social groups called pods.

paragraphs: Schooling behaviour is generally described as a trade-off between the anti-predator benefits and the costs of increased competition for food.

paragraphs: Schooling is a classic example of 'emergence', where there are properties that are possessed by the school but not by the individual fish. Emergent properties give an evolutionary advantage to members of the school which non-members do not receive.

paragraphs: Fish are in danger of being eaten if they are separated from the school. Several anti-predator functions of fish schools have been proposed.

paragraphs: Schooling forage fish are subject to constant attacks by predators. An example is the attacks that take place during the African sardine run. The African sardine run is a spectacular migration by millions of silvery sardines along the southern coastline of Africa. In terms of biomass, the sardine run could rival East Africa's great wildebeest migration.

paragraphs: Sardines have a short life-cycle, living only two or three years. Adult sardines, about two years old, mass on the Agulhas Bank where they spawn during spring and summer, releasing tens of thousands of eggs into the water. The adult sardines then make their way in hundreds of shoals towards the sub-tropical waters of the Indian Ocean. A larger shoal might be 7 kilometres (4 mi) long, 1.5 kilometres (1 mi) wide and 30 meters (100 ft) deep. Huge numbers of sharks, dolphins, tuna, sailfish, Cape fur seals and even killer whales congregate and follow the shoals, creating a feeding frenzy along the coastline.

paragraphs: When threatened, sardines instinctively group together and create massive bait balls. Bait balls can be up to 20 meters (70 ft) in diameter. They are short lived, seldom lasting longer than 20 minutes.

paragraphs: The fish eggs, left behind at the Agulhas Banks, drift north west with the current into waters off the west coast, where the larvae develop into juvenile fish. When they are old enough, they aggregate into dense shoals and migrate southwards, returning to the Agulhas banks in order to restart the cycle.


title: U.S. Route 40

paragraphs: U.S. Route 40 is a federal highway from Park City, Utah to Atlantic City, New Jersey. It is 2,286 miles long and passes through twelve states. It used to go from Park City to Reno, Nevada and San Francisco, California, but that route is now part of Interstate 80. Much of the eastern part of U.S. Route 40, from Vandalia, Illinois to Cumberland, Maryland (or from St. Louis, Missouri to Baltimore) was part of the National Road. This part has been around since 1839. Part of U.S. Route 40 was also called the "Lincoln Highway".

paragraphs: U.S. Route 40 passes or passed through many cities. Some of these are:

paragraphs: The current capitals are Denver, Topeka, Indianapolis, and Columbus. Vandalia was a former capital of Illinois, Zanesville was a former capital of Ohio, and Wheeling was a former capital of West Virginia.


title: Physical chemistry

paragraphs: Physical chemistry uses physics to study chemical systems. It studies them at macroscopic, atomic, subatomic, and particulate levels. It looks at concepts like motion, energy, force, time, thermodynamics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics and dynamics.

paragraphs: Physical chemistry is not the same as chemical physics. Physical chemistry is mostly a macroscopic or supra-molecular science. The majority of physical chemistry concepts relate to bulk properties rather than to molecular/atomic structure alone. These include chemical equilibrium and colloids.

paragraphs: Some of the relationships that physical chemistry tries to resolve include the effects of:

paragraphs: The term "physical chemistry" was first used by Mikhail Lomonosov in 1752. He presented a lecture course with the title "A Course in True Physical Chemistry" (Russian: «Курс истинной физической химии») to the students of Petersburg University.

paragraphs: Modern physical chemistry was developed in the 1860s to 1880s with work on chemical thermodynamics, electrolytes in solutions, chemical kinetics and other subjects. In 1876, Josiah Willard Gibbs wrote an article called, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances". This paper introduced many of the main parts of physical chemistry, such as Gibbs energy, chemical potentials, Gibbs phase rule. Other important discoveries include Heike Kamerlingh Onnes' work on enthalpy and macromolecular processes.

paragraphs: The first scientific journal about physical chemistry was the German journal, "Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie". It was founded in 1887 by Wilhelm Ostwald and Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff. The two chemists and Svante August Arrhenius were the leading men in physical chemistry in the late 19th century and early 20th century. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

paragraphs: Important discoveries were made in the 20th century. These include applying statistical mechanics to chemical systems and Irving Langmuir's work on colloids and surface chemistry. In the 1930's, Linus Pauling and others applied quantum mechanics to develop quantum chemistry. Chemical theories have grown with new experimental discoveries. New forms of spectroscopy started in the 20th century including: infrared spectroscopy, microwave spectroscopy, EPR spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy.

paragraphs: Physical chemistry also improved with discoveries in nuclear chemistry, especially in isotope separation. This happened around the time before and during World War II. Chemists discovered important facts in astrochemistry.

paragraphs: These journals cover physical chemistry:

paragraphs: A historical journal that covered both chemistry and physics was Annales de chimie et de physique. It started in 1789 and was published under the name given here from 1815–1914.


title: Mojo Blues Band

paragraphs: The Mojo Blues Band is a blues band from Austria which was formed in 1977 by guitarist Eric Trauner and pianist Joachim Palden. The name of the band is derivated from "mojo", a talisman in the voodoo cult.

paragraphs: The founders of the band played before 1977 in clubs of Vienna. In 1977 Palden won a boogie woogie contest. The first prize was a record contract. They decided to form a band, which they named "Mojo Blues Band". The line up was:

paragraphs: Being the only blues band in Vienna they were often booked as backing band for blues artists who were touring in Austria. They played for example with Johnny Shines, J. B. Hutto, Charlie Musselwhite, Louisiana Red, Sunnyland Slim, Champion Jack Dupree, Homesick James, Honeyboy Edwards, Leon Thomas, Katie Webster, Hal Singer, Jan Harrington and Eddie Clearwater. They also played together with Axel Zwingenberger. This is documented on CDs.

paragraphs: In 1980 they teamed with Dana Gillespie and changed their style more to Rhythm ´n Blues. At the early 1990s their song Alligator Walk became a hit in the US Shag 8 a special dance) scene. Following this they toured North- and South Carolina. 1989 they visited Chicago and came back with 16 hours material they have recorded with musicians from Chicago. The CD "The Wild Taste of Chicago" was made out of this tapes. 1993 Christian Dozzler left the band to form his own group. So Eric Trauner had to learn playing the harp.

paragraphs: 2001 the band played her last concert consisting of:

paragraphs: Peter Müller founded the label Styx Records. But soon Trauner formed the band again. Members are:


title: Ozone depletion

paragraphs: Ozone is a gas that is present in the ozone layer in the stratosphere of the Earth. There, it will absorb almost all ultraviolet light which is harmful to many organisms. The term Ozone depletion can refer to a number of distinct, but related phenomena:

paragraphs: The details of polar ozone hole formation differ from that of mid-latitude thinning, but the most important process in both is catalytic destruction of ozone by atomic halogens. The main source of these halogen atoms in the stratosphere is photodissociation of man-made halocarbon refrigerants (CFCs, freons, halons.) These compounds are transported into the stratosphere after being emitted at the surface.

paragraphs: Both types of ozone depletion were observed to increase as emissions of Halocarbons increased.

paragraphs: CFCs and other substances contributing to this effect are referred to as ozone-depleting substances (ODS). Since the ozone layer prevents most harmful UVB wavelengths (280–315 nm) of ultraviolet light (UV light) from passing through the Earth's atmosphere, observed and projected decreases in ozone have generated worldwide concern. As a result, the Montreal Protocol has been adopted. The treaty bans the production of CFCs, halons as and other ozone-depleting chemicals such as carbon tetrachloride and trichloroethane. The biological consequences of this change in ozone levels may include an increases in skin cancer, cataracts, damage to plants, and the reduction of plankton populations in the ocean.

paragraphs: Estimates of how quickly the ozone layer will regenerate vary by about two decades. NASA estimated in 2006, that it wil take to 2068 for the ozone layer in Antarctica to recover to the level before human-induced thinning. According to the World Meteorological Organization, the state of the ozone layer over Antarctica will not change noticeably in the next twenty years. The state before 1980 will be reached between 2060 and 2075, 25 years later than predicted in 2002. Over the Arctic, there will be bigger losses in ozone over the next fifteen years, esp. in cold winters. For the Arctic regions, the state before 1980 will be reached around 2050.


title: Photodissociation

paragraphs: Photodissociation, photolysis, or photodecomposition is a chemical reaction in which a chemical compound is broken down by photons. One or more photons interact with the target molecule.

paragraphs: Photodissociation is not limited to visible light. Any photon with sufficient energy can affect the chemical bonds of a chemical compound. Since a photon's energy is inversely proportional to its wavelength, electromagnetic waves with the energy of visible light or higher, such as ultraviolet light, x-rays and gamma rays are usually involved in such reactions.

paragraphs: One example where this is used is the Light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis. Far more enegetic photons of ultraviolet light (240 nm and shorter) can break the bonds of oxygen molecules. The newly independent oxygen atoms create ozone in the ozone layer.


title: Audi Cup 2011

paragraphs: The Audi Cup 2011 (the second edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, S.C. Internacional, FC Bayern Munich and FC Barcelona. The winners of the tournament were FC Barcelona, defeating Bayern Munich 2-0. S.C. Internacional took third place, defeating AC Milan 2(2) - 2(0).


title: UEFA Euro 2008

paragraphs: The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship (or the Euro 2008) was the 13th UEFA European Championships. It was hosted by Austria and Switzerland during June 7 and June 29, 2008. The winners were Spain, defeating Germany 1-0. Spain was also the first team since Germany in 1996, to win undefeated.

paragraphs: Greece, the UEFA Euro 2004 champions, recorded the worst finish in the UEFA Euro 2008. They got the least amount of money, and no points for the Group Stage.


title: Juanes

paragraphs: Juan Esteban Aristizábal Vásquez (born 9 August 1972), known as Juanes, is a one-time Grammy Award-winning and nineteen-time Latin Grammy Award-winning Colombian singer, songwriter, instrumentalist, record producer. He was a member of heavy metal band Ekhymosis and is now a solo artist. Juanes has sold more than 15 million albums worldwide.

paragraphs: Raised in Medellín, Colombia, Juanes began playing guitar at age seven.


title: Vector calculus

paragraphs: Vector calculus is a branch of mathematics that investigates vector fields and how they change over time. Vector calculus usually studies two- or three-dimensional vector fields, but can be used in higher dimensions, too. It is a part of the study of multivariable calculus. Vector calculus is useful in physics and engineering because of how it can look at "electromagnetic" and "gravitational" fields.


title: Vector field

paragraphs: A vector field is a function that assigns to every point in space a vector. It can be imagined as a collection of arrows, each one attached to a different point in space. For example, the wind (the velocity of air) can be represented by a vector field. This is because in every point one can write an arrow showing the direction of the wind and its strength.

paragraphs: Vector calculus is the study of vector fields.

paragraphs: In everyday life, gravity is the force that makes object fall down. More generally, it is the force that pulls objects each other. If we describe for each point in space the direction and strength of the earth's pull, we will get a gravity vector field for the Earth.

paragraphs: The theory dealing with electricity and magnetism in physics is called electromagnetism. One of the basic assumptions is that there are two vector fields in all space which govern electric and magnetic forces. One is the electric field, which is often written as formula_1 and the second is the magnetic field, which is often written as formula_2.

paragraphs: Atmospheric circulation can be represented by a vector field. The more precisely the vector field describes the actual flow, the better the resulting weather forecast.


title: Multivariable calculus

paragraphs: In calculus, multivariable calculus is the extension of regular, one-dimensional calculus to more than one dimension. Most of the concepts from calculus, such as continuity and chain rule, still work in more than one dimension, though sometimes with greater complexity and counter-intuitive result.

paragraphs: Special multivariable uses include "partial derivatives", or differentiation with only one dimension at a time, and "multiple integration", or integrating over more than one dimension. The gradient operator formula_1, defined in terms of partial derivatives, is used to defined higher concepts such as Laplace operator, divergence and curl. By integrating a multivariable function over several variables, one can define an integral over an area, surface or volume as well.


title: Hockenheim

paragraphs: Hockenheim is a German town in northwest Baden-Württemberg, about 20 km south of Mannheim. It is in the Upper Rhine valley on the tourist routes of the "Baden Asparagus Route" () and the "Bertha Benz Memorial Route". The town is known for its motor racing circuit, the Hockenheimring.

paragraphs: Hockenheim is one of the six largest towns in the Rhein-Neckar-Kreis district. Since 1999, the population has exceeded the 20,000, and Hockenheim received the status of a regional central town () in 2001.

paragraphs: Hockenheim is in the Upper Rhine valley. It is on an old trade route that ran from Frankfurt to Basel. The river Kraichbach flows through the town, and divides Hockenheim in an eastern and a western area. Hockenheim covers 34.84 km². About 28.2 percent is used for settlement and transportation. About 47.5 percent is used for agriculture. About 2.3 percent of the area are waterways, and 21.1 percent are forests.

paragraphs: The town is divided into two large natural areas. The "Rheinaue" to the west and the "Niederterrasse" to the east. The "Hockenheimer Rheinbogen" is an area of the Rhine. 656 hectares of the area is a nature conservation.

paragraphs: The central urban area forms one unit. It is divided into five districts for statistical reasons.

paragraphs: In 1984, an old brick kiln was found during an excavation in Hockenheim. The kiln had stamped bricks inside it from the Roman Empire. The Roman Legio XIV Gemina was near Mainz from 71 AD until 92 AD. The bricks indicate an early settlement in the Hockenheim area.

paragraphs: Hockenheim was first mentioned 769 as "Ochinheim" in a document of the Lorsch Codex (a list of early monastery gifts). The name "Hockenheim" was first used in official documents in 1238. During the Middle Ages, Hockenheim was owned by several local authorities.

paragraphs: In the 17th century, Hockenheim was severely destroyed twice by French troops. In 1644 during the Thirty Years' War, and in 1674 during the Franco-Dutch War. Tobacco was brought to the area by the French. During this time, the growing of hops started to be replaced with tobacco. In 1803 Hockenheim was merged into Baden. The tobacco crop grew well and prospered, and Hockenheim was awarded town rights on 22 July 1895.

paragraphs: At the beginning of the 20th century, asparagus growing replaced most of the remaining hops growing. On 29 May 1932 the Hockenheimring opened with a motorcycle race. In January 1973, Hockenheim was assigned to the new Rhein-Neckar-Kreis (district).

paragraphs: The town is led by the Lord Mayor (). The Lord Mayer is elected every 8 years by the population. This office has been held by Dieter Gummer (SPD) since 2004. The local council of Hockenheim consists of 22 members, and the Lord Mayor presiding the council.

paragraphs: In 1975 the Hockenheim government agreed upon a municipal association () with the neighboring villages Altlußheim, Neulußheim and Reilingen.

paragraphs: Adopted in 1609, the coat of arms of Hockenheim has diagonally crossed silver hooks in a sign, below a crowned golden lion. The lion is the animal of the Electorate of the Palatinate, to which Hockenheim belonged; the hooks are probably derived from the place name. The form of the symbols was changed several times, but has been specified in its current form by municipal law since 1895.

paragraphs: The Hockenheimring, a motor racing course built in 1932. It has become on of the two home circuits of the Formula One German Grand Prix (the other is the Nürburgring). It has hosted this F1 event over 30 times since 1970.

paragraphs: A museum for tobacco cultivation (growing) was founded in 1984. It was the first of its kind in Baden-Württemberg. The motorsport museum opened near the Hockenheimring in 1986 with over 200 historical motorcycles and engines. The was created in 1991 to host the State Horticultural Show. With an area of 16 ha, Hockenheim's largest park.

paragraphs: The town's water tower was built in 1910 in Art Nouveau. It is the landmark of the town. Other historic buildings include the Protestant town church, a 1906 Neo-baroque building by architect Hermann Behaghel, and the 1910 Catholic church, done in Art Nouveau with a high tower, by Johannes Schroth. The old Catholic church (1817), with a late Gothic choir tower in classical hall construction, serves as a community center today.


title: PFC CSKA Moscow

paragraphs: PFC CSKA Moscow (Russian: Профессиональный футбольный клуб - ЦСКА, or English: Professional Football Club — Central Sports Club of Army [Moscow]) is a Russian football club from the capital city of Moscow. The team was more successful during the Soviet Union. Their biggest rival is Spartak Moscow. But PFC CSKA Moscow has the most fans. PFC CSKA Moscow was also the first Russian team to win the UEFA Cup (UEFA Europa League).

paragraphs: 1911-1922 - "Общество Любителей Лыжного Спорта (English: Amateur Society of Skiing Sports)"

paragraphs: 1923 - "Russian: Опытно-Показательная Площадка Всеобуча) (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Education Association)"

paragraphs: 1924-1927 - "Опытно-Показательная Площадка Военведа (English: Experimental & Demonstrational Playground of Military Administration)"

paragraphs: 1928-1950 - "Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Красной Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Red Army)"

paragraphs: 1951-1956 - "Спортивный Клуб Центрального Дома Советской Армии (English: Sports Club of Central House of the Soviet Army)"

paragraphs: 1957-1959 - "Центральный Спортивный Клуб Министерства Обороны (English: Central Sports Club of the Ministry of Defense)"

paragraphs: 1960–Present — "Центральный Спортивный Клуб Армии (English: Central Sports Club of Army)"


title: Leopard seal

paragraphs: The Leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx") is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the Southern Elephant Seal). It is most common in the southern hemisphere along the coast of Antarctica and on most sub-Antarctic islands, but can also be found on the coasts of southern Australia, Tasmania, South Africa, New Zealand, Lord Howe Island, Tierra del Fuego, the Cook Islands, and the Atlantic coast of South America. It can live twenty-six years, possibly more. Killer whales, and large sharks are the only natural predators of leopard seals. They eat Crabeater seals, consuming 80% of their young. They are large and strong. They have a dark grey back and a light grey stomach. Its neck is a little bit white with black spots, which is the pattern of a leopard's coat. That is how it got its name. Leopard seals are carnivores. It eats penguins, seagulls, fish, squid, octopuses, krill, shrimps, crabs and even other seals.


title: Loudoun County, Virginia

paragraphs: Loudoun County ( ) is a county in the Commonwealth of Virginia. It is part of the Washington Metropolitan Area. The 2010 U.S. Census said 312,311 people live there. The number of people grew 84 percent over the 2000 census of 169,599. Its county seat is Leesburg.

paragraphs: As of 2007, Loudoun County has the highest median household income of any county in the United States ($107,207). This is higher than nearby Fairfax County, Virginia ($105,241).


title: F.C. Saturn Ramenskoye

paragraphs: FC Saturn Ramenskoye (, or English: State-Owned Enterprise of the Moscow Region Football Club Saturn Moscow Region) is a Russian football team near the Moscow area of Ramenskoye. It was also known as FC Saturn Moscow Region. In 2006, the club broke the record for the most draws in a Russian Premier League season, 16 draws. The club closed down in 2011, as there were bad financial problems. However, it was revived on the base of their former farm club FC Saturn-2 Moscow Region.

paragraphs: The club's past names were Krylya Sovetov (1946-1957), Trud (1958-1959) and Saturn Ren-Tv (2002-2004).


title: FC Rubin Kazan

paragraphs: FC Rubin Kazan (Russian: Футбольный клуб Рубин Казань, or English: "A Ruby") is a Russian football team from Kazan. Rubin only won the Russian Premier League in 2008 and 2009.

paragraphs: Rubin was previously called Iskra (1958 - 1964) and Rubin-TAN (1992 - 1993).

paragraphs: Rubin never played in the Soviet Top League, but went to the Russian First Division in 1992, and then went to Russian Second Division in 1994. The mayor of that time, purchased the team, and the on the same year Rubin won the Second Division in 1997. Rubin then went back to Russian First Division and the games went on until Rubin was promoted to the Russian Premier League in 2003.


title: PFC CSKA Sofia

paragraphs: PFC CSKA Sofia (), commonly known as CSKA or CSKA Sofia, is a Bulgarian football team from Sofia, Bulgaria. Since CSKA Sofia was created, the club has won 31 A PFG titles, more than any team in Bulgaria, ever. Also, CSKA Sofia has reached two European Cup semi-finals, four European Cup quarter-finals and one Cup Winners' Cup semi-final, making the team the best in Bulgaria.


title: First Professional Football League (Bulgaria)

paragraphs: The First Professional Football League (), known in short as Parva Liga (), is the top-level league of men's association football in Bulgaria. The league was founded in 1924 as the Bulgarian State Football Championship, and was later known by several other names, most recently Bulgarian A Professional Football Group from 2003 to 2016. The current name was adopted for the 2016–17 season.

paragraphs: The current champions are Ludogorets Razgred, who have won the last seven titles (2012 to 2018).


title: Luzhniki Stadium

paragraphs: The Grand Sports Arena of the Luzhniki Olympic Complex (, also known as Luzhniki Stadium) is the biggest sports stadium in Russia. The stadium is in Moscow.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup

paragraphs: The 2018 FIFA World Cup was the 21st FIFA World Cup, which is a men's football tournament that takes place every four years and is organized by FIFA. The tournament took place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018, after the country was awarded the hosting rights on 2 December 2010. This was the first World Cup taking place in Eastern Europe.

paragraphs: The defending champions were Germany. France won the tournament after defeating Croatia 4–2. This was France's 2nd World Cup title. France qualified for the 2021 FIFA Confederations Cup.

paragraphs: Russia is the host country, so the Russian team automatically qualified.

paragraphs: The draw was held in Moscow at 18:00 MSK, on Friday 1 December 2017

paragraphs: The teams were divided into 4 pots, 8 teams each. The number in parenthesis show positions in the FIFA World Rankings prior to the tournament.

paragraphs: The top two teams of each group advance to the round of 16. Matches are played on a round-robin basis.

paragraphs: The rankings of teams in each group are determined as follows (regulations Article 32.5):

paragraphs: If two or more teams are equal on the basis of the above three criteria, their rankings are determined as follows:

paragraphs: A player is automatically suspended for the next match for the following offences:

paragraphs: The following suspensions were served during the tournament:

paragraphs: Prize money amounts were announced in October 2017.


title: 2022 FIFA World Cup

paragraphs: The 2022 FIFA World Cup will be the 22nd FIFA World Cup that will be hosted in Qatar from November and December 2022. It will be the first World Cup to be held in the Arab world In May 2011, FIFA officials were accused of being corrupt during the bidding process, and the event raised questions. Some believed that Qatar got the World Cup through bribes from Mohammed bin Hammam who was the Asian Federation Confederation president. Qatar denied all of the rumors. In May 2014, Sepp Blatter admitted that giving the FIFA World Cup to Qatar was a mistake because of the extreme heat.

paragraphs: Qatar automatically qualifies, but the other qualification process has not been announced yet. All teams are allowed to join when ever they want.

paragraphs: Currently, only three stadiums are close to being done (but they are going to be expanded):


title: Elze

paragraphs: Elze is a town in district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is next to the river Leine, approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) west of Hildesheim. Elze is also one oldest city in the area, and its name comes from Latin : "aula caesaris"


title: FC Spartak Moscow

paragraphs: FC Spartak Moscow (Russian: Футбольный клуб Спартак Москва) is a Russian football club from Moscow. The club is the most successful in Russia, winning 9 or 19 of the Russian Premier League championships. The team used to be part of the Spartak Moscow sports society, but left and declared to be an independent organization. Their biggest rival is PFC CSKA Moscow.


title: Ramenskoye

paragraphs: Ramenskoye is a city in Moscow Oblast, and was home to the football club Saturn Moscow Oblast. About 82,074 people lived there as of 2002.


title: Kreayshawn

paragraphs: Natassia Gail Zolot (born September 24, 1989 in San Francisco, California), known by her stage name, Kreayshawn, is an American rapper, editor and music video director. She has directed videos for rapper Lil B and is also a member of the group White Girl Mob. She is known for the song "Gucci Gucci" which gained three million YouTube views in just three weeks. She is currently signed to Columbia Records. She is set to direct the music video for "The Adventures of Rain Dance Maggie" which is the first song by Red Hot Chili Peppers on their album, I'm with You. She is nominated for "Best New Artist" at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Rostislav Olesz

paragraphs: Rostislav Olesz (born October 10, 1985 in Ostrava, Czechoslovakia) is a professional Czech ice hockey left winger and center. He currently plays for SC Bern of the National League A (NLA).

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Florida Panthers with the 7th overall pick in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He also played in the NHL for the Florida Panthers for 6 seasons. He was traded by the Florida Panthers to the Chicago Blackhawks for defenceman Brian Campbell on June 24, 2011.

paragraphs: He played 6 games with the Blackhawks and played a season with their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. On July 5, 2013, Olesz signed a 1 year deal with the New Jersey Devils. On November 21, 2013, he signed a contract with SC Bern of the NLA.


title: Jamal Mayers

paragraphs: Jamal Mayers (born October 24, 1974 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played a total of 15 seasons in the NHL. He currently works as an analyst for the NHL Network.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 89th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft. He made his NHL debut with the Blues during 1998-99 NHL season. He went on to play 10 seasons with the St. Louis Blues before he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for a 3rd round pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: He played 2 seasons with the Maple Leafs before being traded to the Calgary Flames along with Matt Stajan, Niklas Hagman and Ian White in exchange for Dion Phaneuf, Fredrik Sjöström and prospect Keith Aulie. At the end of the 2009-10 he signed a one-year contract with the San Jose Sharks.

paragraphs: He was not resigned by the Sharks for the 2011–2012 season and he signed a one-year contract with the Chicago Blackhawks on July 1, 2011. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

paragraphs: On December 13, 2013, he announced that he was retiring from the National Hockey League.


title: 27 Club

paragraphs: The 27 club is the name given to a group of musicians who died at age 27. The members or number of members of this group is not fixed.


title: Ophiotaurus

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, the Ophiotaurus was a creature that was part bull and part serpent. Ovid's poem, "Fasti" (3.793 "ff") is the only work where it is mentioned. There, it is said that when the creature's entrails were burnt, the person to do so could defeat the gods.

paragraphs: The Ophiotaurus appears in the third book in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, The Titan's Curse. Percy Jackson first thinks it is a female and names it "Bessie". It reappears in Battle of the Labyrinth and The Last Olympian.


title: From First to Last

paragraphs: From First to Last (formerly named First Too Last) is an American post-hardcore band from Los Angeles, originally from Georgia and Florida.

paragraphs: The band formed in 1999 under the name First too Last. In 2004, 15 year old Sonny Moore joined the band. The first album, "Dear Diary, My Teen Angst Has a Bodycount", was released on June 29, 2004. "Heroine", the band's second album, was recorded in 2005 with Limp Bizkit guitarist Was Borland on the bass. Heroine was released on March 21, 2006. Moore left the band in early 2007 and guitarist Matt Good took over the lead vocals. In 2008, the band released their third album, named "From First to Last", with Interscope Records.

paragraphs: Guitarist–screamer Travis Richter left the band in 2009, becoming lead vocalist in the metalcore band The Human Abstract in 2010. In March 16, 2010, the band released their fourth album, "Throne to the Wolves", with guitarist Blake Steiner and label Rise.

paragraphs: The band was disbanded on July 29, 2010, but was brought back together in November 2013, with Sonny Moore returning


title: Falling in Reverse

paragraphs: Falling in Reverse is a post-hardcore band formed in 2008 at Las Vegas, Nevada by Ronnie Radke, the former lead singer of Escape the Fate.

paragraphs: The band formed in December 2008, by Ronnie Radke with the aid of Nason Schoeffler , under the name "From Behind These Walls". This name was changed in August of 2009 due to copyright problems. In 2009, Radke released the demos "Listen Up", "The Worst Time", and "The Departure", which in fact were not recorded by the band, but rather Radke himself alone in 2002.

paragraphs: In December 12, 2010, Ronnie Radke was released from prison. Several months after his release, Radke and the rest of the band began to record their album. The album was quickly finished by February of 2011.

paragraphs: Falling In Released two single to promote their album. The first single, "Raised by Wolves", was released July 7, 2011. "The Drug in Me Is You" was released shortly after on July 27. The full-length album was released July 26, 2011, named "The Drug in Me Is You", with Epitaph Records.

paragraphs: The band participated in the 'Warped Tour 2011', from August 10 to August 14.


title: Ronnie Radke

paragraphs: Ronald Joseph Radke (born December 15, 1983 in Las Vegas, Nevada) is an American singer. He was the founder and singer in the band Escape the Fate from 2004 to 2008. As of december 2008, he is the founder and singer in the band Falling in Reverse.

paragraphs: Ronald Joseph Radke was born on December 15, 1983 at Saint Rose Hospital, Las Vegas, Nevada. He has Native American ancestry. His mother left him at a very young age, but later in life he was able to meet her. She was working as a dog groomer at this point. She ended up leaving him again due to her troubles with addiction. He was raised by his father who also had a drug problem but later became a born again Christian, and sober. Around this time his father also became the president of a motorcycle club.

paragraphs: Radke grew up very poor. Focusing was a struggle for him during school. He often wore girls' jeans with his friend Mich because his favorite skateboarders wore similar clothes. Ronald has stated that he got them mostly from girls' houses.

paragraphs: He learned to skateboard, and he can still ride to this day. In high school, he was bullied by the kids for his unique style of wearing tight clothes and very small shirts. Despite this he also got along with some of his classmates because of his interest in rapping. Radke dropped out of high school twice.

paragraphs: Radke started forming bands during his high school years. His first band was called 3.0. The logo of this band was made in Microsoft Paint and resembled the Ninja Turtles logo. His second band, named Lefty (with Robert Ortiz), competed in the high school talent contest. While on stage, Radke's microphone fell and Max Green (who was in a band called Almost Heroes at the time) picked it up for him and they almost instantly became friends. Together, they formed a band called True Story. Their interest shifted out of the pop punk scene and got into bands like Trice. Radke started playing piano and guitar. He played left-handed guitar, but still played a normal right-handed guitar when he played Blink 182 songs. At age 21, Radke along with Max Green founded the band Escape the Fate. He made two albums with the band and two EPs. The more popular was "Dying Is Your Latest Fashion",it was released September 26, 2006. In late 2008 Radke left Escape the Fate. Radke then founded the band Falling in Reverse and continues to make music. N

paragraphs: He has several lead singles from the album "The Drug In Me is You" released.


title: Park City, Utah

paragraphs: Park City is a city in Utah in the United States. It was settled by Mormons in the 1840s and 1850s. There was a lot of mining there in the 1860s. Today, it is a ski resort. It has a population of 7,731 and is at an elevation of 7,000 feet. It is where the Sundance Film Festival takes place. Some of the events of the 2002 Winter Olympics were held in or near Park City.


title: Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau

paragraphs: Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau (1873–1919) was a French painter from Angers. He was born in Angers in 1873, and died there in 1919. He is associated with the Fauvist movement.


title: Alesana

paragraphs: Alesana (pronounced Alice-Anna) is a emo band formed in Raleigh, North Carolina, in the year 2004.

paragraphs: In June 2005, the band released the first EP, "Try This with Your Eyes Closed", with Tragic Hero Records. In June 6, 2006, Alesana released the first album, "On Frail Wings of Vanity and Wax", this album was reissued on Fearless Records in 2008, next to the first EP. In 2007, the band released the video to the song "Ambrosia".

paragraphs: In June 3, 2008, with Fearless, the band released the album "Where Myth Fades to Legend". The third studio album, "The Emptiness", was released January 26, 2010. The fourth album, "A Place Where The Sun Is Silent" will released October 19, 2011, with Epitaph Records.


title: Amateur Athletic Union

paragraphs: The Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) is a sports organization in the United States. It was founded in 1888. It holds meets in many sports for amateur athletes (athletes who do not get paid) of all ages. These sports include baseball, basketball, football, golf, and track. A long time ago, when most athletes were amateurs, winning an AAU title meant that you were one of the best in your sport. In the United States, AAU meets used to also be trials for the Olympic Games. Since 1978, the AAU has lost most of its power. This is due to the Amateur Sports Act of 1978 and the fact that many good athletes are no longer amateurs. It is currently based in Lake Buena Vista, Florida at Disney's Wide World of Sports.