title: Jagjit Singh

paragraphs: Jagjit Singh (8 February 1941 — 10 October 2011) was an Indian singer. He was known as the "Ghazal King". Ghazal is a classical type of song, dating back to ancient Persia. It uses a special rhyming pattern and the words are written using a special pattern of stanzas. The songs are always about love. Singh, and his wife Chitra Singh who is also a ghazal singer, achieved a lot of commercial success in the 1970's and 1980s. He recorded more than 50 albums.

paragraphs: The ghazal is very popular in Pakistan, and Singh was one of the few Indian singers to become a success in that country. His music was described as "...gentle and soothing, and went to your heart." Ghazal was once a classical, elite type of music and poetry. Singh was able to make ghazal popular by singing in many different languages, singing ghazal in movies and music videos. He used modern technology and was the first ghazal singer to use multi-tracking.

paragraphs: He died in Mumbai, after a stroke in 2011.


title: Grete Waitz

paragraphs: Grete Waitz (1 October 1953 – 19 April 2011) was a Norwegian marathon runner and former world record holder. Waitz won nine New York City Marathons between 1978 and 1988, more than any other runner in history. She won a silver medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. She won a gold medal at the 1983 World Championships in Athletics in Helsinki.

paragraphs: Waitz also won the London Marathon in 1983 and 1986. The win in 1986 was her personal best time of 2:24:54). She won the Stockholm Marathon in 1988 at 2:28:24. (As of 2011 this is the Stockholm course record for women).

paragraphs: In 2000, Waitz was inducted into the United States National Distance Running Hall of Fame. She died from cancer in 2011.


title: Ryan Dunn

paragraphs: Ryan Matthew Dunn (June 11, 1977 – June 20, 2011) was an American reality television personality and stuntman. He was best known for being a member of the "Jackass" and "Viva La Bam" television programs. He died in car crash in West Goshen Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania. Police reported that Dunn was the driver. His blood alcohol level was 0.196%. That is more than twice the state's legal limit of 0.08%.


title: Knut Steen

paragraphs: Knut Steen (1924 — 22 September 2011) was a Norwegian sculptor. He spent much of his life living between Sandefjord, Norway, and Carrara, Italy. He began sculpting in 1946 and worked with a range of materials including marble, granite, bronze, steel and concrete. In 2011 a small museum was opened in Sandefjord to display some of his work. The collection holds 12 marble sculptures and four works.


title: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon

paragraphs: Pokémon Mystery Dungeon is a "Pokémon" game where you form a rescue team ("Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Blue" and "Red Rescue Team") or an exploration team ("Pokémon Mystery Dungeon Explorers of Darkness", "Time and Sky"). In the game, the main star is you, and before you start playing, you have to answer a quiz to determine what Pokémon you turn into.


title: Alberto Granado

paragraphs: Alberto Granado Jiménez (8 August 1922 — 5 March 2011) was an Argentine biochemist. He traveled through South America in 1951 with his friend Che Guevara on a motorcycle. They kept a journal about the trip and what they saw. These writings were the basis for Walter Salle's movie, "The Motorcycle Diaries" (2004).

paragraphs: Granado was born in Hernando, Argentina, and later studied chemistry and pharmacology at the University of Córdoba. Active in politics, he spent time in prison after taking part in student protests against the government. He met Che at university, and in 1951 they traveled thousands of miles and finally ended up in Caracas, Venezuela. Che went back home to finish his medical degree, but Granado stayed and worked in a leprosy clinic.

paragraphs: Granada moved to Cuba in 1961 and set up the school of medicine at the University of Santiago. He later moved to Havana and was able to work on scientific research. He died in Havana in 2011. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Cuba, Argentina and Venezuela.


title: Tony Tan Keng Yam

paragraphs: Tony Tan Keng Yam (, born 7 February 1940, in Singapore) is the seventh President of Singapore from 2011 through 2017. Until 1 July 2011, he was Executive Director and Deputy Chairman of the Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (GIC) and Chairman of Singapore Press Holdings Limited (SPH). He previously was Chairman of Singapore's National Research Foundation and Deputy Chairman of the Research, Innovation and Enterprise Council. In the late 1980s, he was Lee Kuan Yew's first choice to succeed him as Prime Minister of Singapore, but he declined. He later returned to Cabinet and as Singapore's Deputy Prime Minister from 1995 to 2005, and Minister for Defence from 1995 to 2003.

paragraphs: In August 2011, Tan won the Singapore presidential election by a narrow 0.34% margin, and was sworn in as the seventh President of Singapore on 1 September 2011.


title: Vo Chi Cong

paragraphs: Võ Chí Công (born Võ Toàn; 7 August 1912 – 8 September 2011) was a Vietnamese politician, a founding member of the Viet Cong and former President of Vietnam.

paragraphs: In 1912, Công was born Võ Toàn in Quảng Nam Province, Vietnam, in 1912.

paragraphs: In 1930, he first became active in politics.

paragraphs: In 1935, he joined the Communist Party of Indochina; and he rose through the ranks of the party.

paragraphs: From 1987 through 1992, he was the Chairman of the Council of State of Vietnam which was like the current office of the President of Vietnam.

paragraphs: Công died in Ho Chi Minh City on 8 September 2011, aged 99. His state funeral was broadcast on television.


title: Nguyen Cao Ky

paragraphs: Nguyễn Cao Kỳ (8 September 1930–23 July 2011) was a South Vietnamese military leader, politician and Prime Minister of the Republic of Vietnam in a military junta from 1965 to 1967.


title: Thriller (song)

paragraphs: "Thriller" is a 1983 song by Michael Jackson. It was on this album "Thriller". It was written by Rod Temperton. The song has been featured on many of his greatest hits albums. It has been covered by other musicians. It was narrated by Vincent Price.

paragraphs: The music video was made by John Landis, George J. Folsey, Jr., and Jackson. It is 13 minutes long and was MTV's first world premiere video. In it Jackson turns into a werecat and a zombie. The video was nominated for six MTV Video Music Awards in 1984. It won Viewers Choice, Best Overall Performance and Best Choreography. It did not win Best Concept Video, Best Male Video, or Video of the Year. In 1985 it won the Grammy Award for Best Video, Long Form.

paragraphs: In 1999 MTV put "Thriller" #1 in their 100 Greatest Music Videos Ever Made list.

paragraphs: In 2009 the video for "Thriller" was added to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress. It was the first music video ever to be added to it.

paragraphs: In 2013 entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 again.


title: Equivalence relation

paragraphs: In mathematics, an equivalence relation formula_1 on a set is a mathematical relation that is symmetric, transitive and reflexive. For a given element formula_2on that set, the set of all elements related to formula_2 (in the sense of formula_1) is called the equivalence class of formula_2, and written as formula_6.

paragraphs: With an equivalence relation, it is possible to partition a set into distinct equivalence classes. As an example, consider the set of all animals on a farm and define the following relation: two animals are related if they belong to the same species. Under this relation, a cow is related to an ox, but not to a chicken. In fact, this relation is an equivalence relation because:

paragraphs: In this example, the set of all animals related to a particular ox forms an equivalence class—it is the set of cattle. In fact, the set of all animals on this farm can be partitioned into different equivalence classes (in this case species).


title: Solid-state drive

paragraphs: A solid-state drive (SSD) is a data storage device, typically used in a computer. It uses flash memory to store data even after power is turned off. SSDs are designed to access data in the same way as traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). A HDD can usually be directly replaced with a SSD.

paragraphs: The best thing about solid state drives is that they have a much faster read/write speed than hard disk drives. They also have no moving parts, which means they don't make noise or break as easily. However, SSDs are can be more expensive than a hard drive. This also means that for the same price, someone can get much more capacity if they select a HDD instead.

paragraphs: A hybrid drive combines the features of an HDD and an SSD into one unit. It contains a large HDD and a smaller SSD cache to improve performance of frequently accessed files. A hybrid drive can offer almost the same performance as an SSD and it can contain more capacity. The price is also lower than of an SSD. The main market for this drive are the laptop users as these devices can accommodate no more than one drive.

paragraphs: The solid state drive technology is improving quickly and new SSD models are being introduced often. However, they have not gained popularity among many users. We still find that HDDs are still dominating the market. Sales of SSDs are expected to escalate and overturn that of HDDs after 2020.

paragraphs: When SSDs were first introduced into the market, manufacturers' made sure that they fit into the slots and bays initially used by the HDDs. As such they had the 3.5 and 2.5 inch form factors. However, as technlogy advances, more form factors emerged. Smaller form factors that directly interfaces with PCIe and NVMe slots emerged. These incuded the mSATA, PCIe and M.2, form factors.


title: Martial Célestin

paragraphs: Martial Lavaud Célestin (October 4, 1913 – February 4, 2011) was the first Prime Minister of Haïti. He was born in Ganthier and worked as a lawyer. President Leslie Manigat made him prime minister in March 1988. A coup removed Célestin from power on 20 June 1988.


title: Norwegian Crusade

paragraphs: The Norwegian Crusade was one of several religious wars in which European countries fought against Muslims in Turkey and the Middle East. The First Crusade was 1095-1099. The Norwegian Crusade was next, from 1107 to 1110. King Sigurd I led the crusade. Sigurd was the first European king to go on crusade to the Holy Land. He did not lose any battles. The Norwegian crusade seems to have been similar to earlier Viking raids.


title: Jumping spider

paragraphs: Jumping spiders belong to the family "Salticidae". These spiders catch their prey by jumping on them.

paragraphs: Species live in many habitats, from leaves lying on the ground, to the tops of trees in the forest, and even way up on Mt. Everest. They are found on every continent in the world except for Antarctica.

paragraphs: At present, 5026 species in 530 genera have been found. They are actually the largest family of spiders, with about 13% of all species.

paragraphs: They are easy to identify because their eye pattern is distinctive. They have eight eyes, two of which are very large, and because their faces form a flat surface, facing where they are going.

paragraphs: They often hunt high up in bushes, or on vertical walls. To save themselves from falling they do something very much like what climbers do to protect themselves in the mountains. Humans tie a rope to the mountain and attach the other end to the harness they wear. Jumping spiders attach silk from their spinnerets to the thing on which they are standing and then they jump. While they are moving through the air they make silk so that there is always a safety rope trailing out behind them.

paragraphs: Jumping spiders can jump long distances for their size, as much as 16 cm. When they jump, they use their hind legs. They raise their front legs to be ready to grab their prey.

paragraphs: Many other kinds of spider hunt at night, but jumping spiders depend on their eyes, so they like to come out in the daytime. Often they will find a sunny spot on a wall or tree trunk.

paragraphs: There are however many variations, and many surprising aspects. For one thing, Salticids do not necessarily follow a straight path in approaching prey. They may follow a circuitous course, sometimes even a course that takes the hunter through places where the prey is not visible. Such complex behaviour is hard to reconcile with an organism that has such a tiny brain. Some spiders in species of "Portia" can take long detours from one bush down to the ground, then up the stem of another bush to capture a prey item on a particular leaf. Such behaviour is the subject of research.

paragraphs: Because they have very good eyes, jumping spiders can see human beings when they approach. Some jumping spiders may run away from approaching humans, and others seem not to be very much afraid. But either way a jumping spider will watch a nearby human being. When they do not run away, but do turn to keep watch over a human being, it may seem that they are interested in us. Some of them will even jump from where they are sitting on branches, rocks, etc. onto a person's finger or camera. These spiders only bite to get something to eat or to defend themselves, so if they jump on somebody's hand they will not bite. People get bitten if they pinch or squeeze a jumping spider.

paragraphs: Jumping spiders are able to climb glass and other very smooth surfaces because besides having two claws on each foot they also have sticky hairs (called "scopulae") that hold onto the surface. Many tiny ends on each hair are held to the glass by Van der Waals forces, the force that will make two very flat sheets of glass stick tightly together without any glue.

paragraphs: Jumping spiders are able to see very clearly. Two of their eight eyes are very large and are complicated inside. The eyes cannot move, so the spider will often move its body to look at what it wants to see. However, it can also move the retinas of its two main eyes on the inside of the eye, so the center of the eye's picture can be moved. So the jumping spider has binocular vision.

paragraphs: Very few kinds of jumping spider make webs; instead they use their silk for their safety rope and also to make a kind of tent where they sleep at night, shed their skins (molt), lay their eggs, and enjoy a long sleep during winter (hibernate). Their silk comes out of their spinnerets (see diagram).


title: William Lipscomb

paragraphs: William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. (December 9, 1919– April 14, 2011) was a Nobel Prize-winning American inorganic and organic chemist. He worked in nuclear magnetic resonance, theoretical chemistry, boron chemistry, and biochemistry.

paragraphs: Lipscomb was born in Cleveland, Ohio. His family moved to Lexington, Kentucky in 1920.He lived there until he earned his Bachelor of Science degree in Chemistry at the University of Kentucky in 1941. Then he earned his Doctor of Philosophy degree in Chemistry from the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in 1946.

paragraphs: From 1946 to 1959, he taught at the University of Minnesota. From 1959 to 1990, he was a professor of chemistry at Harvard University. After 1990, he became a professor emeritus at Harvard.

paragraphs: Lipscomb went to live in Cambridge, Massachusetts until his death in 2011 from pneumonia.

paragraphs: Lipscomb was one of the first people to use nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to study chemical structures. He learned out how to look at NMR data to find what atoms are connected together in a molecule. This is called "chemical shift".

paragraphs: Lipscomb studied molecules. These molecules included boron atoms. Lipscomb used this work to learn basic ideas about how atoms form chemical bonds. Lipscomb and his students created many important ideas in the field of theoretical chemistry. His work on boron compounds won a Nobel Prize in 1976. Three of his students went on to also win separate Nobel Prizes in Chemistry.

paragraphs: Lipscomb's later research was on the atomic structure of proteins. He studied how enzymes work. His group used x-ray diffraction to measure the three-dimensional structure of these proteins. He calculated the exact location of every single atom in these large molecules. Lipscomb then studied these details to learn how the molecules work in biological systems.

paragraphs: Carboxypeptidase A was the first protein structure from Lipscomb's group.

paragraphs: Five books and published collections of writings are dedicated to Lipscomb.


title: I Am Weasel

paragraphs: I Am Weasel (also spelled as I.M. Weasel because of the character) is an American animated television series produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Hanna-Barbera, created by David Feiss and aired on Cartoon Network. The show is about a very smart weasel named I.M. Weasel who uses his talents to help people in all different ways, and because of this is adored by everybody in the world. There is also a stupid baboon named I.R. Baboon who wants to be more admired than the weasel by trying to help people in his own way, but this often has bad results and makes everyone dislike him.

paragraphs: "I Am Weasel" was originally a series of segments in its sister series "Cow and Chicken", usually being aired as the third of three segments in a "Cow and Chicken" episode. The series started on July 15, 1997 and its first four seasons premiered in that format. In 1999, "I Am Weasel" was separated and got its own half-hour show, premiering as an independent series on June 10, 1999. All of the 52 episodes of "I Am Weasel" that originally aired on "Cow and Chicken" began to air in the new independent show, and were later joined by a fifth season with 27 new episodes, for a total of 79 episodes. The series ended in 2000.


title: Hella Haasse

paragraphs: Hélène "Hella" Serafia Haasse (2 February 1918 – 29 September 2011) was a Dutch writer. She was often called "the Grand Old Lady" of Dutch literature.

paragraphs: Many people think her greatest book is "Heren van de Thee" (The Tea Lords). It is famous in many countries around the world. In 1988 Haasse interviewed the Dutch Queen for her 50th birthday.

paragraphs: Haasse has received many awards for her writing. She received the Constantijn Huygens Prize in 1981 and the P. C. Hooft Award in 1984. She also won the Annie Romein Prize, the Dirk Martens Prize, and the Prize of the Public of the NS. She is the only author who has written for "Boekenweek" (Book Week) three times, in 1948, 1959 and 1994.

paragraphs: Many of Haasse's books have been translated into French. The Académie française gave Hasse an award called the "Diplôme de médaille Argent" in 1984. In 2000, she received another award. It was the "Officier dans l’Ordre de la Légion d'Honneur".

paragraphs: The Chilean Ministry of Education gave her a prize in 1996. In 1989 the city of Boston awarded her the Boston Certificate of Recognition for her book "In a Dark Wood Wandering". In 1992, Haasse went to the opening of the IKAPI International (Worldwide) Book Fair in Jakarta and visited Java, where she was born.


title: Derived demand

paragraphs: Derived demand is what happens when someone buys one thing which then makes someone need to buy something else as well. For example if someone bought a car then someone has to buy the metal that is used to build it.


title: Pete Postlethwaite

paragraphs: Pete Postlethwaite OBE (7 February 1946 – 2 January 2011) was a British actor. In 1994, he was nominated for an Oscar for his part in "In the Name of the Father". He was also awarded an OBE by Queen Elizabeth II in 2003.

paragraphs: Postlethwaite was born in Warrington, Lancashire and died of pancreatic cancer in Shrewsbury, Shropshire.


title: IHOP

paragraphs: The International House of Pancakes, better known by its acronym IHOP, is a restaurant chain. IHOP serves mostly breakfast foods but also serves lunch and dinner. There are more than 1,500 restaurants in all 50 states as well as in Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

paragraphs: IHOP was founded in 1958 by Jerry Lapin, Al Lapin and Albert Kallis. The first IHOP opened in Toluca Lake, Los Angeles, California.


title: Otmar Gutmann

paragraphs: Otmar Gutmann (April 24, 1937 in Münstertal - October 13, 1993 in Russikon) was a German television producer, animator and director. He is best known for making the cartoon Pingu.


title: Zwijndrecht, Netherlands

paragraphs: Zwijndrecht is a town and municipality in the province South Holland in the Netherlands. It is between the cities Rotterdam and Dordrecht.

paragraphs: In 2011, about 44,500 people lived there.


Zwijndrecht


title: Kan'ichi Asakawa

paragraphs: He was born in Nihonmatsu, Japan. He studied at Waseda University in Tokyo.

paragraphs: In 1899, he earned a bachelor's degree (B.A.) at Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. He continued his studies at Yale University. He earned a doctor's degree (Ph.D.) in 1902.

paragraphs: He lectured at Dartmouth in 1902. In 1906–1907, he was a professor at Waseda.

paragraphs: In 1907, Asakawa was appointed curator of the East Asian Collection at Yale's Sterling Memorial Library.

paragraphs: Asakawa was an instructor at Yale from 1907 through 1910 when became an assistant professor. He became the first Japanese professor at a major American university. He taught history at Yale for 35 years. Among those he influenced was John Whitney Hall.

paragraphs: Asakawa helped found Japan studies and Asian studies in the United States.

paragraphs: After the end of the Russo-Japanese War, Asakawa began to speak out against the growth of militarism in Japan. In 1941, he tried to prevent war between the US and Japan.

paragraphs: In an overview of writings by and about Kan'ichi Asakawa, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 110+ works in 220+ publications in 5 languages and 2,400+ library holdings.

paragraphs: His works also included contributions to the publications "Japan" edited by Frank Brinkley (1904); the "History of Nations Series" (1907); "China and the Far East" (1910); "Japan and Japanese-American Relations" (1912); and "The Pacific Ocean in History" (1917).

paragraphs: Asakawa lived most of his life in the United States. In the history of the Japanese-Americans, he is considered among the "Issei" who were immigrants born in Japan.

paragraphs: In 2007 the Asakawa Japanese garden at Yale, designed by Shinichiro Abe, was dedicated to mark the centennial of Asakawa's appointment as an instructor of history at Yale.


title: OPERA experiment

paragraphs: The Oscillation Project with Emulsion-tRacking Apparatus (OPERA) is a scientific experiment for detecting tau neutrinos from muon neutrino oscillations. The experiment is a joint effort between the European Centre for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS). In September 2011, OPERA scientists said that they had seen neutrinos appear to travel faster than the speed of light. However, the scientists later found problems in their equipment which had caused the anomaly. The neutrino time of flight was consistent with the speed of light.


title: Ian Nish

paragraphs: Ian Hill Nish CBE (3 June 1926 - ) is a British academic, a specialist in Japanese studies, and Emeritus Professor of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

paragraphs: He is an expert on the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and Japanese foreign policy.

paragraphs: World War II gave opportunity to many young non-Japanese to become specialists in Japanese studies; and Ian Nish was one of them..

paragraphs: He studied at the School of Japanese Studies in Simla and Karachi in British India.

paragraphs: He earned a master's degree (M.A.) at the University of Edinburgh. He was awarded a doctorate degree (Ph.D.) at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS) in London.

paragraphs: Nish taught in the history department of the University of Sydney from 1957 to 1962.

paragraphs: From 1962 through 1991, Nish taught at the London School of Economics in London. He retired in 1991.

paragraphs: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Ian Nish, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 200+ works in 300+ publications in 4 languages and 7,000+ library holdings.

paragraphs: Nish argues that "a foreign scholar of Japan is often only a middleman attempting to distill the ideas of Japanese scholars".


title: Reggaeton

paragraphs: Reggaeton is a form of urban music that first became popular with Latin American youths in the early 1990s. Reggaeton's predecessor originated in Panama as Reggae en Español. After the music's gradual exposure in Puerto Rico, it eventually evolved into reggaeton. It blends British West reggae and dancehall with Latin American genres, as well as hip hop. Modern reggaeton beats follow the structure of the Dem Bow Riddim, a beat created by Jamaican producers Steely & Clevie in the late 80s and early 90s. However, over the years, it has been losing every noticeable similarity with its original reggae origins.


title: First Kashmir War

paragraphs: The India-Pakistan War of 1947-48 is also known as the First Kashmir War. It was fought between the Dominion of India and Dominion of Pakistan over the former Princely state of Kashmir and Jammu from 1947 to 1948.

paragraphs: This was the first of four wars fought between the two newly independent nations. The result of the war still affects the geopolitics of both the countries. The result of the war was inconclusive. However, neutral assessments seem to agree that India was the victor of the war because it was able to successfully defend about two-thirds of the Kashmir, including Kashmir valley, Jammu and Ladakh.


title: Indo-Pakistani War of 1965

paragraphs: The Indo-Pakistani Fight of 1965 was a war that took place between April 1965 and 23 September 1965 between Islamic Republic of Pakistan and the Republic of India. This conflict became known as the Second Kashmir War. Both countries fought over the disputed Himalayan region of Kashmir. The first Kashmir War took place in 1947. The war began after Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar. In this operation, Pakistan wanted to bring forces into Indian-held Jammu and Kashmir to conquer the area of Kashmir ruled by India. The five-week war caused thousands of deaths on both sides. It ended when India asked the United Nations (UN) for ceasefire.

paragraphs: The war was fought on the western front after Pakistan launched "Operation Gibraltar" - a covert offensive in which up to 30,000 fighters were pushed across the ceasefire line into Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. India retaliated by crossing the international border at Lahore.At midnight on 6 September, India crossed the international border between India and Pakistan and attacked Lahore and Kasur. The Pakistan Army and Air Force prepared for war in a hurry and started attacks on India. The attacks also started in the areas of Jammu and Kashmir. The war was fought on the border until 22 September when India asked for ceasefire. On 8 September, Pakistani pilot Muhammad Mahmood Alam (M.M.Alam) shot down five Indian jets in less than a minute and held the record. Pakistan very small army defended it's second largest city against a huge indian army.

paragraphs: The war affected a lot of people and the thousands of Indian families had to leave their house and belongings and move to safer areas.

paragraphs: It has been a real confusion on who won the war. Both nations believe it has been won by them but no one is sure who really won the war.

paragraphs: Some Indians believe they won the war they occupied 690 sq km while Pakistan occupied 250 sq km in Kashmir and Rajasthan. The Indian army killed 3,800 Pakistanis and Pakistan army killed 3,000 Indian soldiers.

paragraphs: Most Pakistanis believe that Pakistan was victorious because Indian Army accepted defeat and asked the United Nations for ceasefire. The Pakistan Air Force is praised for its performance as it destroyed between 90 and 105 IAF aircraft while it lost 19-20 of its own. In Pakistan, it is celebrated as a public holiday known as Defense Day on 6 September.


title: Nusrat Bhutto

paragraphs: Begum Nusrat Bhutto (, , March 23, 1929 – October 23, 2011) was an Iranian-Pakistani who was the former First Lady of Pakistan and widow of former Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. She became her husband's successor as the chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) from 1979 to 1983. The couple had four children: PPP chairman and the first and only female Pakistani Prime Minister, Benazir Bhutto (1953-2007), Murtaza Bhutto (1954-1996), Sanam Bhutto (born 1957) and Shahnawaz Bhutto (1958-1985). She died on October 23, 2011.


title: Japan studies

paragraphs: Japanese studies (or Japanology) is a term generally used to describe the historical and cultural study of Japan. In North America, the academic field is usually referred to as Japanese studies. The term "Japanology" is more often used in Europe.

paragraphs: Japanology is the study of many subjects, including

paragraphs: The roots of Japanology begin with the Dutch at Dejima, Nagasaki in the Edo period.

paragraphs: Japanology was encouraged by the Asiatic Society of Japan at Yokohama which was established in 1872.


title: Blind Fool Love

paragraphs: Blind Fool Love is a post-hardcore Italian band, made in Toscana, Italy in 2005. In 2007 the band released their first demo, followed by the EP "Il pianto" in May 2011. The first studio album is called "La strage di Cupido" and was released in September 27, 2011, by Sony Music.


title: Codelco

paragraphs: Codelco-Chile () is a state mining company in Chile that uses and exploits copper.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1955 like the "Copper Office". In 1966, under President Eduardo Frei Montalva, the Copper Office changes the name to "Copper Corporation of Chile (Codelco)". It was nationalized on July 11, 1971 under Salvador Allende. In 1976 was created the "Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile" under the Augusto Pinochet administration.

paragraphs: Considering the size of installations and volume of production, it is considered one of the largest mining companies in the world.


title: Planet Dinosaur

paragraphs: Planet Dinosaur is a six-part documentary television series produced by the BBC, narrated by John Hurt, first aired in the United Kingdom in 2011, produced by VFX studio Jellyfish Pictures. It is the first major dinosaur-related series for BBC One since "Walking with Dinosaurs". There are more than 50 different prehistoric species featured, and they and their environments were created entirely as computer-generated images, for only a third of the production cost that was needed a decade earlier for "Walking with Dinosaurs". By the time the third episode aired, the companion book to the series was released accompany it. The DVD will be released after the series finishes.

paragraphs: CBBC aired a spin-off, "Planet Dinosaur Files", from 29 September, 2011, hosted by Jem Stansfield. Each episode compares three Mesozoic creatures and involves practical tests to replicate certain behaviours in an attempt to find out which creature holds a certain title, such as the "most powerful" theropod.

paragraphs: Tom Sutcliffe in the "Independent" found that it was visually "polished and jazzed up" but that the "knowledge and science generally take second place to B-movie spectacle".


paragraphs: On July 28, 2011, the United States House Judiciary Committee passed the Protecting Children from Internet Pornographers Act of 2011 (HR 1981). The bill passed by a vote of 19-10. Next the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives. Some people are against this bill because it gives a lot of access to personal information. Some people have said that the bill will not become a law, but the Congressional Budget Office put out a report on October 12, 2011, with the cost of making the changes in the bill. The next step is that the bill will be discussed in the House of Representatives.

paragraphs: On May 25, 2011, Representative Lamar Smith of Texas introduced the bill. It was co-sponsored by 25 other Representatives of the House. On July 28, 2011 the bill was passed by the House Judiciary Committee. It has to go through more approvals before it becomes a law.

paragraphs: The purpose of the bill is to protect children. The bill would give the police more access to information in order to find and catch people who make and/or distribute child pornography.

paragraphs: This bill would create laws that give bigger punishments for people charged with child pornography. The bill also makes companies that people in the United States get internet service from (internet service providers or ISPs) keep records of all of their customers' internet use for twelve months. They would have to keep this information in case it needs to be used to investigate people.

paragraphs: On October 12, 2011 a report on the costs of the bill was released. This report said that the cost to the government would be very small and that the internet service companies would have to pay more than $200 million. That money includes the cost of storing the extra information about their customers.

paragraphs: Some say that because of the Patriot Act, this law could mean that people could lose some of their civil rights. Representative Zoe Lofgren, (D-Calif.) is very against the bill and asked for it to be renamed the "Keep Every American's Digital Data for Submission to the Federal Government Without a Warrant Act." She believes that people will have a lot less privacy if this is passed.

paragraphs: People who are in favor of the bill say that the police and other law enforcers need to be able to go back and look at the records of IP addresses, because these addresses can change over time. So the police need to be able to check the records in order to catch people. occurred. Lamar Smith, the bill's sponsor, said that: ""Some Internet service providers currently retain these [IP] addresses for business purposes. But the period of retention varies widely among providers, from a few days to a few months. The lack of uniform data retention impedes the investigation of Internet crimes." Smith said that the number of child pornography cases grew by 150% a year every year for the past ten years.


title: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan

paragraphs: Aishwarya Rai Bachchan (born 1 November 1973) is an Indian actress. She won the Miss World 1994 pageant. Her acting has made her one of the most popular celebrities in India. She has won many awards, including two Filmfare Awards. Bachchan also was given the Padma Shri by the Government of India in 2009 and the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the Government of France in 2012. Some parts of the media have called her "the most beautiful woman in the world".


title: Mariner 9

paragraphs: Mariner 9 was a NASA spacecraft. It was the ninth spacecraft in the Mariner programme. It was sent to study and orbit the planet Mars. It was the first spacecraft to orbit another planet. Mariner 9 was launched on May 30, 1971 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. Mariner 9 reached Mars on November 13, 1971, after a ~170 day flight. The spacecraft was sent to map 70 % of the surface of Mars and to study the temperature changes of the Martian atmosphere and surface. When it arrived, a dust storm hid the surface of Mars. After a few months the dust settled and Mariner 9 discovered the Valles Marineris.


title: Flemming Jørgensen

paragraphs: Flemming "Bamse" Duun Jørgensen (7 February 1947 – 1 January 2011) was a Danish pop singer and actor. He was the lead singer of the band Bamses Venner () and also released solo albums. As an actor he received a Robert Award for best male supporting actor in 1986 for the movie "Ofelia kommer til byen" (). Jørgensen died of a cardiac arrest on New Year's Day in 2011.


title: William George Aston

paragraphs: William George Aston (9 April 1841 – 22 November 1911) was a British diplomat, author and scholar-expert in the language and history of Japan and Korea.

paragraphs: Aston was born near Londonderry in Ireland. In 1859-1863, he studied at Queen's College in Belfast, which is now Queen's University Belfast.

paragraphs: Aston was an interpreter in the British Legation in Japan in 1864. He studied with Ernest Mason Satow.

paragraphs: Aston worked in the British consular service in Tokyo, Kobe and Nagasaki. He retired in 1889.

paragraphs: Along with Satow and Basil Hall Chamberlain, Aston was one of three major British Japanologists during the 19th century.

paragraphs: Aston was the first translator of the "Nihongi" into the English language (1896).

paragraphs: In 1884, Aston was the first Western diplomat to live in Korea.

paragraphs: Aston donated his translations of Korean folk tales to the Asiatic Museum in St. Petersberg, Russia and they were published in 2004. This part of Aston's personal collection is now at the Academy of Sciences in St Petersburg.

paragraphs: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about William George Aston, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 200+ publications in 4 languages and 3,000+ library holdings.


title: Emperor Junna

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was .

paragraphs: Junna had six Empresses and Imperial consorts and 13 Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Junna is in Nishikyō-ku, Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

paragraphs: The years of Junna's reign are identified by more than one era name ("nengō").


title: Stye

paragraphs: Styes (), also hordeolum () are infections at the base of a human eyelid or the eyelash. They are usually formed in the lids and are small red bumps; these styes can be either external or internal. Styes are small-sized and rather short in duration. They happen particularly often in infants, although people of all ages can get it. They're triggered by eye rubbing or poor nutrition. They often last four days under treatment to two weeks without.


title: Isaac Titsingh

paragraphs: Isaac Titsingh FRS (10 January 1745 in Amsterdam – 2 February 1812 in Paris) was a Dutch surgeon, scholar, merchant-trader and ambassador.

paragraphs: At Dejima Island in Japan, Titsingh was the head of the Dutch East India Company("Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie" or "VOC" in Dutch) during 1779-1780, 1781–1783, and 1784. In these years, the Japanese policy of seclusion of isolation ("sakoku") limited all contact with non-Japanese.

paragraphs: In this highly-controlled context, the VOC traders became the sole official conduit for trade and for scientific-cultural exchanges between Japan and the West.

paragraphs: Titsingh is believed to have been the first Freemason in Japan.

paragraphs: In 1785, Titsingh was appointed Director of the VOC trading post at Chinsura in Bengal. He formed a friendship with William Jones, the philologist and Bengal jurist.

paragraphs: Titsingh’s return to Batavia (now Jakarta, Indonesia) led to new VOC positions as "Ontvanger-Generaal" (Treasurer) and later as "Commissaris ter Zee" (Maritime Commissioner).

paragraphs: In Batavia, Titsingh met with the British Ambassador do China, Lord Macartney who was travelling to the Imperial Court in Peking. Titsingh encouraged McCartney to abandon a planned expedition to Japan in 1793.

paragraphs: Titsingh was appointed Dutch Ambassador to the court of the Emperor of China. He was in Peking for the celebrations of the sixtieth anniversary of the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. In Peking, the Titsingh delegation included Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest and Chrétien-Louis-Joseph de Guignes.

paragraphs: Titsingh is believed to have been the first Freemason in China. and the only to be received personally in the court of the Qianlong emperor.

paragraphs: Among the Japanese books brought to Europe by Titsingh, was a copy of by Hayashi Shihei (1738–93). This book, which was published in Japan in 1785, deals with Chosen (Korea) and the kingdom of Ryukyu (Okinawa) and Ezo (Hokkaido). In Paris, the text represented the first appearance of Korean han'gŭl in Europe.

paragraphs: Titsingh died in Paris (February 2, 1812), and he is buried in Père-Lachaise cemetery.

paragraphs: After Titsingh's death, the printed original and Titsingh's translation were purchased by Jean-Pierre Abel-Rémusat (1788–1832) at the Collège de France.

paragraphs: In 1832, Julius Klaproth (1783-1735) at the "Institut Royal" publish his edited version of Titsingh's translation.

paragraphs: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Seki Takakau, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 90+ works in 150+ publications in 7 languages and 1,600+ library holdings.


title: Morrison Formation

paragraphs: The Morrison Formation is a geological formation laid down in the Upper Jurassic. It is a distinctive sequence of sedimentary rock in the western United States, and is named after Morrison, Colorado. It has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America.

paragraphs: It is composed of mudstone, sandstone, siltstone and limestone. Its colour is light grey, greenish gray, or red. Most of the fossils occur in the green siltstone beds and lower sandstones, relics of the rivers and floodplains of the Jurassic period.

paragraphs: The formation is in Wyoming and Colorado, with outcrops in Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the panhandles of Oklahoma and Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah, and Idaho. Equivalent rocks under different names are found in Canada. It covers an area of 1.5 million square km (600,000 square miles), although only a tiny fraction is exposed and accessible to geologists and paleontologists. Over 75% is still buried under the prairie to the east and much of the rest was destroyed by erosion as the Rocky Mountains rose to the west.

paragraphs: The first fossils were discovered by Arthur Lakes in 1877. That same year, it became the center of the Bone Wars, a fossil-collecting rivalry between early paleontologists Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope.

paragraphs: In Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, the Morrison Formation was a major source of uranium ore.

paragraphs: According to radiometric dating, the Morrison Formation dates from 156.3 ± 2 million years old at its base, to 146.8 ± 1 million years old at the top, which places it in the later Jurassic. This is similar in age to the Solnhofen Limestone Formation in Germany and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania. Throughout the western USA, it lays over the Middle Jurassic Summerville, Sundance, Bell Ranch, Wanakah, and Stump Formations.

paragraphs: At the time, the supercontinent of Laurasia had recently split into the continents of North America and Eurasia, although they were still connected by land bridges. North America moved north and was passing through the subtropical regions.

paragraphs: The area was low-lying, and sediments were laid down in rivers, lakes, shallow water of various kinds. The details varied from time to time.

paragraphs: The Morrison Basin, which stretched from New Mexico in the south to Alberta and Saskatchewan in the north, was formed when the early pre-Rocky Mountains started pushing up to the west. Streams and rivers in the east-facing drainage basin swept sediment down from the heights. The sediment was dropped in swampy lowlands, lakes, river channels and floodplains. In the course of time, this became the Morrison Formation.

paragraphs: In the north, the Sundance Sea, an extension of the Arctic Ocean, stretched through Canada down to the United States. Coal is found in the Morrison Formation of Montana, which means that the northern part of the formation, along the shores of the sea, was wet and swampy, with much vegetation. Aeolian, or wind-deposited sandstones are found in the southwestern part, which indicates it was much more arid — a desert, with sand dunes.

paragraphs: Dinosaur National Monument is a National Monument on the southeast flank of the Uinta Mountains on the border between Colorado and Utah at the confluence of the Green and Yampa Rivers. The "Dinosaur Quarry" is in Utah just to the north of the town of Jensen, Utah. This park has fossils of dinosaurs including "Allosaurus", "Abydosaurus" (a nearly complete skull, lower jaws and first four neck vertebrae of the specimen DINO 16488 was found here) and various long-neck, long-tail sauropods.

paragraphs: The dinosaur fossil beds (bone beds) were discovered in 1909 by Earl Douglass, a paleontologist working and collecting for the Carnegie Museum. He and his crews excavated thousands of fossils and shipped them back to the museum in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania for study and display. President Woodrow Wilson proclaimed the dinosaur beds as Dinosaur National Monument in 1915. The monument boundaries were expanded in 1938 from the original tract surrounding the dinosaur quarry in Utah, to its present extent of over 200,000 acres (800 km²) in Utah and Colorado, including the spectacular river canyons of the Green and Yampa.

paragraphs: The roster of dinosaurs from the Morrison is impressive. Among the theropods, "Allosaurus", "Saurophaganax", "Torvosaurus", "Ceratosaurus", "Coelurus", "Ornitholestes", "Tanycolagreus", "Stokesosaurus", and "Marshosaurus" are found in the Morrison. An abundance of sauropods has been found there, including "Apatosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Barosaurus", "Brachiosaurus", "Camarasaurus", and "Amphicoelias", which is possibly the largest known dinosaur ever to exist. Two genera of stegosaurs, "Stegosaurus" and "Hesperosaurus", have been found there. Finally, ornithopods found in the Morrison include "Dryosaurus", "Camptosaurus", "Drinker", "Othnielia", and "Othnielosaurus".


title: Ichinobe-no Oshiwa

paragraphs: No firm dates can be assigned to the lives or reigns of this period, but the reign of Emperor Ankō is considered to have lasted from 456 to 479; and Oshiwa died during Ankō's reign.

paragraphs: According to the "Nihonshoki", Oshiwa was killed in a hunting accident by Emperor Yūryaku. His sons were adopted as heirs by Emperor Seinei. They are known as Prince Woke (or Kenzō"-tennō") and as Prince Oke (or Ninken"-tennō").


title: Dinosaur Ridge

paragraphs: Dinosaur Ridge is part of the Morrison Formation, just west of Denver.

paragraphs: The Dinosaur Ridge area is one of the world's most famous dinosaur fossil localities. In 1877, some of the best-known dinosaurs were found here, including "Apatosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Stegosaurus", and "Allosaurus".

paragraphs: In 1973, the area was recognized for its uniqueness as well as its historical and scientific significance when it was designated the Morrison Fossil Area National Natural Landmark by the National Park Service. In 1989, the Friends of Dinosaur Ridge formed to address increasing concerns regarding the preservation of the site and to offer educational programs on the area's resources.

paragraphs: The rocks on the west side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the widespread Morrison Formation of Jurassic age. It is in these rocks, where Arthur Lakes discovered the dinosaur bones in 1877. Fifteen quarries were opened along the Dakota hogback in the Morrison area in search of these fossils.

paragraphs: The rocks on the east side of Dinosaur Ridge are part of the Cretaceous Dakota Formation. When Alameda Parkway was being constructed in 1937 to provide access to Red Rocks Park, workers discovered hundreds of dinosaur footprints. These were found to include mostly "Iguanodon"-like footprints. Carnivorous theropod tracks are also present.

paragraphs: The site features the Dinosaur Ridge Exhibit Hall with displays about the dinosaurs found at the site. Additionally, Dinosaur Ridge has interpretive signs at trail locations that explain the local geology, a volcanic ash bed, trace fossils, paleo-ecology, economic development of coal, oil and clay, and many other geologic and paleontological features.


title: Galaxy Nexus

paragraphs: The Galaxy Nexus is a smartphone made by Google and Samsung, using the Android operating system. The phone started being sold on November 17, 2011.

paragraphs: The Galaxy Nexus is designed to be a developer-friendly phone. It is very easy to unlock and root. To unlock the bootloader, boot the phone into fastboot mode by holding down both volume keys while powering the phone on, and connect the phone to a computer with the Android SDK installed and run the command "fastboot oem unlock". This is in contrast to most other mobile phones which are designed to be difficult to unlock. This phone uses NFC, which allows it to communicate wirelessly with other Android devices.


title: The Social Network

paragraphs: The Social Network is a 2010 American movie about the beginning of Facebook. Jesse Eisenberg played Mark Zuckerberg in the movie. David Fincher directed the movie. Adam Sorkin wrote the screenplay. The movie was very popular and won many awards, but did not win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The story happens in Massachusetts and California from 2003-2005.


title: Chaz Bono

paragraphs: Chaz Salvatore Bono (Born Chastity Sun Bono; March 4, 1969) is an American actor and is a spokesperson for the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. He danced on ABC's "Dancing With the Stars".

paragraphs: In 1995, Chaz, who still appeared female at the time, told The Advocate that he was a lesbian.

paragraphs: In 2008 Bono started her gender transition from female to male.

paragraphs: He is the son of Sonny and Cher Bono. He is a female-to-male transgender person. A documentary on Bono's experience, "Becoming Chaz", was at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. It was later on the OWN: Oprah Winfrey Network.


title: Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)

paragraphs: "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" is a single performed by American recording artist Katy Perry. It is the fifth single from her third album "Teenage Dream". The song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in the US. It reached the top in Canada as well. It climbed to the top five in Australia and New Zealand and the top ten in Austria and the UK. It was released June 6, 2011. A remix was later released featuring rapper Missy Elliott.

paragraphs: The song became Perry's fifth number-one single from "Teenage Dream". This was a first for a female artist. Only Michael Jackson also had five chart-toppers from one album with "Bad" in 1987.


title: Ying Yang Twins

paragraphs: The Ying Yang Twins are an American crunk rap group based in Atlanta. The group debuted in 2000 and rose into mainstream with the song "Get Low" almost three years later. They've had several hit albums and hit songs.


title: Dip slope

paragraphs: Dip slopes are the geological formations of tilted strata. They're found on homoclinal ridges, one side being steep and irregular and the other (the dip slope) being parallel to the bedding.


title: Mariner program

paragraphs: The Mariner program was a program of spacecraft launched by NASA between 1963 and 1973. The spacecraft studied the planets Mars, Venus and Mercury. There were 10 spacecraft in the Mariner programme, named Mariners 1-10. Seven were successful but three were lost. The program included spacecraft doing things that spacecraft had never done before. These things included the first planetary fly-by, the first pictures from another planet, the first planetary orbiter, and the first gravity assist maneuver. Other spacecraft in the Mariner program were planned but they were changed into other spacecraft with different names. For example, Mariner 11 and Mariner 12 were planned but changed into Voyager 1 and Voyager 2.


title: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport

paragraphs: Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport is a large airport in France. It is in the outskirts of Paris. In 2010, it handled 58,164,612 passengers.

paragraphs: The head of the airport is Marc Houalla.


title: Pouzolles

paragraphs: Pouzolles () is a commune in the Hérault department and Occitanie in southern France.

paragraphs: The village has a small collection of shops (bakery, superette, tobacconist) and several "chambres d'hôtes". There are other activities, such as a post office, a nearby paintball, a seasonal gallery and of course the local wine industry.


title: Harima Province

paragraphs: , also known as , was an old province of Japan in area of Hyōgo Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

paragraphs: The province had borders with the provinces of Tajima, Tamba, Settsu, Bizen, and Mimasaka.

paragraphs: The provincial capital city was Himeji on the Ishikawa River.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Harima Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Iwa jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Harima.


paragraphs: The Communauté de communes Coteaux et Châteaux was a group of communes in the Hérault departement and Languedoc-Roussillon region of France.

paragraphs: It was created on December 31, 1997, by decision of the Prefecture, and dissolved on January 1, 2013 upon merging with surrounding "communauté de communes" to form the Communauté des communes des Avant-Monts du Centre Hérault.

paragraphs: The name comes from the local "coteaux" (vineyards) and "chateaux" (castles), prominent features of the countryside.

paragraphs: "Coteaux et Chateaux" contained the following communes:


title: Lord of the Flies

paragraphs: Lord of the Flies is a novel written by William Golding. It was published in 1954. The title is a literal translation of Beelzebub, a Semitic deity which was worshipped in the Philistine city of Ekron.

paragraphs: Golding based this novel on two personal experiences: his time teaching at boys' public schools and his experiences in World War II. He had read books like "Coral Island" which showed young boys getting stranded on desert islands and living in perfect Utopia. He wanted to write about what he thought would really happen in this situation.

paragraphs: The book portrays their descent into savagery. Left to themselves, far from modern civilisation, the well-educated children revert to a primitive state.

paragraphs: The central theme is the conflicting human impulses toward civilization living by rules, peacefully and in harmony and toward the will to power. Themes include the tension between groupthink and individuality, between rational and emotional reactions, and between morality and immorality. How these play out is the story of Lord of the Flies.

paragraphs: A group of boys of different ages, from different schools and backgrounds, are stranded on an island after their plane is brought down. The country they came from has been hit with a atom bomb and all the adults on their plane have died. There is no one else on the island and no one knows where they are. On Piggy's advice, Ralph blows a conch shell to gather the boys from across the island to a meeting. There they are introduced to Merridew (Jack) who is head of the Choir and various other characters.

paragraphs: A vote is called for leader, which is won by Ralph. He gives the task of registering the boys to Piggy, while he, Jack and Simon (a member of the choir) go to explore the island. They discover that they are truly alone on the island and that it is an island. On the way back they walk through a the forest and come across a pig. Jack pulls out a knife and makes to kill it, but is unable to. He swears to kill the next one he finds.

paragraphs: The three return to the beach where the first meeting was held and discover that Piggy was unable to take the register. During a meeting concerns are raised by one of the younger children about a "beastie" or "snake-thing". Ralph and the other older boys are quick to dismiss this theory. All the same, fear from some of the younger boys spreads. Ralph suggests that they build a signal fire; the group is instantly excited by this idea and rush to the top of the mountain to pile wood. They discover they have no way of igniting it, then Piggy arrives with the conch (essential for meetings, whoever has the conch talks). They use his glasses to start a fire which burns well, then ignites a large portion of forest, possibly killing a young child.

paragraphs: Jack and half of his choir hunt while the other half is assigned to tending the signal fire. Jack becomes obsessed with the idea of a kill while Ralph is still more interested in building shelters (with Simon's help) and escaping the island, something Jack does not seem bothered about anymore. He wants to kill a pig.

paragraphs: Jack eventually gets angry with Ralph and goes and forms his own tribe. They steal piggy's glasses so they can start a fire. Simon is killed by the boys because they thought he was the beast. Only Ralph, Piggy and Sam and Eric are left in the original tribe. They go to the top of the mountain where Jack's tribe are. Jack and Ralph fight and Roger sends a boulder tumbling down that narrowly misses Ralph but kills Piggy and breaks the Conch. Sam and Eric are taken by Jack's tribe and Ralph runs away. Ralph goes up to the mountain again to see Sam and Eric and they tell him that Jack plans on hunting him down. He goes and hides but is soon found by the tribe. A fire is created to smoke him out. He runs for it down onto the beach being chased by the tribe holding spears. Ralph runs into a navy officer who saw the smoke from the fire and has come to rescue them. It is ironic because Jack only wanted to hunt for food and not bother keeping the fire going but he ends up starting the fire that gets them rescued...


title: Child support

paragraphs: Child support is continued payment performed by a parent for the financial benefits of children following marital separations, divorces or ends of civil unions. Child maintenance is paid either directly or indirect by obligors toward an obligee for care and support of children from terminated marriages, civil unions or other relationships. The obligor is the non-custodial parent; the obligee is either the custodial parent, a caregiver, a guardian or the state.

paragraphs: Support orders end based on local laws and the facts of each case. Support orders usually end when the child reaches the age of majority. (This can be an age from 16 to 21 (New York State) or graduates from high school.) Some countries and states have laws that make support continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, the payments must continue until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child.

paragraphs: Several factors can end a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.


title: Emperor Ninmyō

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was .

paragraphs: Ninmyō was the second son of Emperor Saga and the Empress Tachibana no Kachiko.

paragraphs: Ninmyō had nine Empresses, Imperial consorts, and concubines ("kōi"); and he had 24 Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraphs: Emperor Ninmyō is traditionally venerated at his tomb; the Imperial Household Agency designates , in Fushimi-ku, Kyoto, as the location of Ninmyō's mausoleum.

paragraphs: Ninmyō was sometimes posthumously referred to as "the Emperor of Fukakusa," because that was the location of his tomb.

paragraphs: The years of Ninmyō's reign are identified by more than one era name ("nengō").


title: Natural deduction

paragraphs: Natural deduction is a branch of mathematical logic developed in Poland in the 1920s and 30s. It is meant to express inference rules closely related to the "natural" way of reasoning.

paragraphs: Spurred on by a series of seminars in Poland in 1926 by Łukasiewicz that advocated a more natural treatment of logic, Jaśkowski made the earliest attempts at defining a more natural deduction. In 1929 he first suggested in 1929 using a diagrammatic notation, and later updated his proposal in papers in 1934 and 1935.


title: John McCarthy

paragraphs: John McCarthy (1927-2011) was an American scientist. He is mostly known for the work he did in the field of logic.

paragraphs: McCarthy was the first to use the term artificial intelligence, in an article he wrote in 1955. He invented LISP to be able to do logic programming, in 1958. This makes LISP the second-oldest high-level programming language that is still in use; FORTRAN is older. McCarthy studied mathematics. He invented Garbage collection to solve some of the problems LISP had. McCarthy's work received many awards, the Turing Award for his work on Artificial Intelligence, in 1971, or the National Medal of Science in 2003 are among them.


title: Hurricane Karl (2010)

paragraphs: Hurricane Karl was the fifth and final major hurricane of 2010's Atlantic hurricane season. It became the most damaging hurricane to ever impact the Mexican state of Veracruz. As of September 23, 22 people have been confirmed killed, most of which were in the state of Veracruz. Preliminary losses from the storm are estimated at 70 billion MXN ($5.6 billion USD). Despite the destruction, the name Karl was not retired.


title: Robert Pierpoint

paragraphs: Robert Pierpoint (May 16, 1925 – October 22, 2011) was an American broadcast journalist who worked for CBS.

paragraphs: He was born in Redondo Beach, California. Pierpoint served in the United States Navy during World War II. In 1948, he graduated from University of Redlands. Pierpoint covered the Korean War. He appeared on the first edition of "See It Now" in 1951. He also covered the State Department for CBS. He was often on Charles Kuralt's "Sunday Morning" broadcasts until his retirement.

paragraphs: He learnt many of his radio and television skills from Edward R. Murrow, and was known as one of Murrow's boys. He is also remembered for playing himself, on the radio, in the final episode of "M*A*S*H."

paragraphs: Pierpoint served as White House correspondent for six presidents, from Eisenhower to Carter. His wrote about this in his book, "At the White House" (1981). He was known for his verbal sparring with President Richard Nixon. He died in Santa Barbara, California, in 2011.

paragraphs: One time, Pierpoint was playing tennis when he was called to go on the air. He gave his report wearing a suit coat, tie, and tennis shorts. The television image showed only his chest and above. But a photograph was taken that showed his legs. To recall this incident, Pierpoint's wife said that he will be buried wearing a suit coat and tennis shorts.


title: Emperor Montoku

paragraphs: His reign started in 850 and ended in 858.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was . He was also known as "Tamura-no-mikado" or "Tamura-tei".

paragraphs: He was the eldest son of Emperor Ninmyō.

paragraphs: Montoku had six Imperial consorts and 29 Imperial sons.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for 8 years.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Montoku is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location. The site is formally named "Tamura no misasagi".

paragraphs: The years of Montoku's reign are identified by more than one era name or "nengō".


title: Xavier Tondo

paragraphs: Xavier Tondo Volpini (5 November 1978 – 23 May 2011) was a Spanish professional bicycle racer. He mainly participated in bicycle races up the mountain.

paragraphs: On 23 May 2011, while he was getting his bicycle ready for a ride, Tondo was trapped between his own garage door and car. He was crushed by the door. One of his teammates, Beñat Intxausti, was with him during the accident.


title: Edmundo Ros

paragraphs: Edmundo Ros (7 December 1910—21 October 2011) was a British bandleader from Trinidad who helped make Latin American dance music popular in London and throughout the Commonwealth. He ran a series of nightclubs in the Soho area of London, and had weekly radio shows on the BBC during World War II and for many years afterwards. He was regularly featured on BBC television in his show "Casa de Salta". He was one of the biggest names in recorded Latin music.

paragraphs: Ros's music featured three main types of music: Cuban music, Brazilian music and Caribbean calypsos. Of these genres, Cuban music was the most varied: it included the conga, the ballroom rumba, the mambo, and the cha-cha-cha. Ros introduced the Brazilian samba to England, and it became hugely popular. His "Wedding Samba" sold three millions copies in 78rpm, for example. He was very popular during the 1950s and 60's.

paragraphs: The orchestrations for his band were designed to smooth the rough edges of Latin music. Ros emphasised the melodic aspects of the music, which he felt was necessary for his audiences. This is something he talked about after his retirement.

paragraphs: He was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad in 1910. He was brought up in Venezuela and went to a military college when he was 18. He learned to play the saxophone, euphonium and the drums. He played with the Venezuelan State Opera, and then won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music in London. He studied to be a conductor at the college in 1937. To earn extra money he played on recordings by other people, including Fats Waller, before starting his own band.

paragraphs: During the war he continued with his music, but also worked as an ambulance driver. After the war he opened the "Edmundo Ros Dinner and Supper Club". He recorded more than 50 albums, the most successful was "Rhythms Of the South" (Decca 1958), which sold more than a million copies.

paragraphs: He retired to Alicante, Spain in 1975, and made no more recordings. He received the OBE in 2000. He died in 2011 at the age of 100.


title: Liz Claiborne (fashion designer)

paragraphs: Anne Elisabeth Jane "Liz" Claiborne (March 31, 1929 – June 26, 2007) was a Belgian-born American fashion designer and entrepreneur.

paragraphs: Claiborne was born to American parents in Brussels, Belgium. She moved to New Orleans, Louisiana in 1939. She went on to found the clothing company, which was named Liz Claiborne, Inc. She was the first female CEO and chairperson of a Fortune 500 company.

paragraphs: Claiborne died in New York City from cancer of the lining of the abdomen.


title: Liz Claiborne

paragraphs: Liz Claiborne, Inc. is a fashion company based in New York City and founded in 1976 by a fashion designer of the same name. The organization markets clothing and fragrances. In the 1980s it was the first company from a female to hit the "Fortune 500" mark.

paragraphs: The company was created by Liz Claiborne the person.


title: Electrical outlet

paragraphs: An electrical outlet or receptacle is a socket that connects an electrical device to an electricity supply. In buildings, electrical outlets are usually installed in the wall, although they can also be installed in the floor. Occasionally, they are found in the ceiling for powering devices such as garage door openers or neon signs in storefront windows. Different countries often have different outlet types and voltages. Adapters are available to convert between the different types.


title: Anemometer

paragraphs: An anemometer is a device used to measure wind speed. It is found in most weather stations. The word comes from the Ancient Greek word "ἄνεμος ", meaning "wind". It describes any airspeed measurement instrument used in meteorology or aerodynamics. Leon Battista Alberti described an anemometer for the first time around 1450.


title: Nuclear magnetic resonance

paragraphs: Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is the physical phenomenon in which magnetic nuclei in a magnetic field absorb, then re-emit electromagnetic radiation. This energy is of a specific resonance frequency that depends on the magnetic field strength, and the magnetic properties of the isotopes of the atoms. Many scientific techniques exploit the NMR phenomena to study molecular physics, crystals and non crystalline materials through NMR spectroscopy. NMR is also used for advanced medical imaging techniques, for example, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

paragraphs: All isotopes that contain an odd number of protons and/or of neutrons (see Isotope) have an intrinsic magnetic moment and angular momentum, in other words a nonzero spin, while all nuclides with even numbers of both have a total spin of zero. The most commonly studied nuclei are H and C, although nuclei from isotopes of many other elements (e.g. H, Li, B, B, N, N, O, F, Na, Si, P, Cl, Cd, Xe, Pt) have been studied by high-field NMR spectroscopy as well.

paragraphs: A key idea of NMR is that the resonance frequency of a particular substance is directly proportional to the strength of the applied magnetic field. This resonance is used in imaging techniques. If a sample is placed in a non-uniform magnetic field then the resonance frequencies of the sample's nuclei depend on where in the field they are located. Scientists try to use the highest possible magnetic fields to get the best image quality.

paragraphs: The principle of NMR usually involves two sequential steps:

paragraphs: The constant field and the pulse field are usually set perpendicular to each other. This maximizes the NMR signal strength. The resulting response by the total magnetization (M) of the nuclear spins is the phenomenon that is used in NMR spectroscopy and magnetic resonance imaging. Both use intense applied magnetic fields (H) in order to achieve dispersion and very high stability to deliver spectral resolution. Scientist explain their readings as chemical shifts, the Zeeman effect, and Knight shifts (in metals).

paragraphs: NMR is used in low-field NMR, NMR spectroscopy and MRI in the Earth's magnetic field (referred to as Earth's field NMR), and in several types of magnetometers.

paragraphs: Nuclear magnetic resonance was first described and measured in molecular beams by Isidor Rabi in 1938. In 1944, Rabi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this work. In 1946, Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell expanded the technique for use on liquids and solids. They shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1952 for this discovery.

paragraphs: Purcell had worked on the development of radar during World War II at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Radiation Laboratory. His work during that project on the production and detection of radio frequency power and on the absorption of such RF power by matter laid the background for Rabi's discovery of NMR.

paragraphs: Rabi, Bloch, and Purcell noticed that magnetic nuclei, like H and P, could absorb RF energy when placed in a magnetic field of a strength specific to the identity of the nuclei. When this absorption occurs, the nucleus is described as being "in resonance". Different atomic nuclei within a molecule resonate at different (radio) frequencies for the same magnetic field strength. The observation of such magnetic resonance frequencies of the nuclei present in a molecule allows any trained user to discover essential, chemical and structural information about the molecule.

paragraphs: After World War II, the development of NMR as a technique in analytical chemistry and biochemistry happened at the same time as the development of electromagnetic technology and advanced electronics and their introduction into civilian use. In the 1960s, William Lipscomb was a pioneer in using NMR to study chemical structures. He worked out how to look at NMR data to tell what atoms are connected together in a molecule. This is called chemical shift.


title: Herbert A. Hauptman

paragraphs: Herbert Aaron Hauptman (February 14, 1917 – October 23, 2011) was an American mathematician. He won a Nobel Prize. He made a mathematical method to find a molecular structures based on the X-ray patterns of crystallized materials. With Jerome Karle, he won the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.

paragraphs: He was born in New York City. He was the oldest child of Israel Hauptman and Leah Rosenfeld, and of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: Hauptman was interested in science and mathematics from an early age. He studied at Townsend Harris High School. He graduated from the City College of New York (1937). He earned an M.A. degree in mathematics from Columbia University in 1939. He married Edith Citrynell on November 10, 1940, and had two daughters.

paragraphs: After World War II, he began working together with Jerome Karle, a physical chemist, at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington, D.C.. He also enrolled in the Ph.D. program at the University of Maryland, College Park. They used their mathematics and physical chemistry skills to solve the phase problem of X-ray crystallography. By 1955, he had received his Ph.D. in mathematics, and they had worked out the direct methods in X-ray crystallography. Their 1953 article, "Solution of the Phase Problem I. The Centrosymmetric Crystal", contained the main ideas, the most important of which was the introduction of probabilistic methods.

paragraphs: In 1970 he joined the Medical Foundation of Buffalo, becoming its Research Director in 1972. At this time he developed the neighborhood principle and extension concept. These theories were further developed during the following years.

paragraphs: Hauptman who was an atheist, signed with 21 other Nobel laureates the Humanist Manifesto in 2003.


title: Viking program

paragraphs: The Viking program was a NASA mission that sent two spacecraft to the planet Mars. These spacecraft were called Viking 1 and Viking 2. Each spacecraft was made of an orbiter and a lander. The orbiters took pictures of Mars from their orbit and sent information to Earth. The landers gathered scientific data on the surface of the planet.

paragraphs: Both Viking spacecraft were launched in 1975 and both reached Mars in 1976. Scientists chose landing places for both landers from the pictures that the orbiters had taken. Then the landers were released from the orbiters and they went down to their landing places. The orbiters continued to take pictures while the landers studied the surface of the planet and did other things. All of the spacecraft, including both orbiters and both landers, kept working for longer than they had been planned to. Eventually, they broke down. Viking 2 Orbiter stopped working in 1978, Viking 1 Orbiter and Viking 2 Lander in 1980, and Viking 1 Lander in 1982.

paragraphs: The Viking program was the most expensive and difficult mission ever sent to Mars. The program cost a total of US$1 billion. The program was very successful. Most of the knowledge about Mars until the late 1990s came from the Viking mission.


title: Piculet

paragraphs: The piculets are a subfamily of small woodpeckers which are mostly in tropical South America, with just three Asian and one African species.

paragraphs: Like true woodpeckers, piculets have large heads, long tongues to get their insect prey and zygodactyl feet, with two toes pointing forward, and two backwards. However, they lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk.

paragraphs: They eat insects and grubs mainly from decaying wood. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.

paragraphs: There are 30 species in all. It is known that they split off from mainstream woodpeckers in the middle Miocene about 15 million years ago (mya). Splits between the three genera happened about 7.9 mya.

paragraphs: Typically these birds have grey or dull green upperparts and dark-streaked white underparts.


title: Fallin' for You

paragraphs: "Fallin' for You" is a song by the recording artist Colbie Caillat. The song was released June 29, 2009 as the lead single off her album "Breakthrough", which was also released in 2009. The lyrics speak of someone falling for a guy with whom they are friends.


title: Moulting

paragraphs: Moulting (or molting) is the manner in which an animal routinely casts off part of its body (usually the outer layer or covering) at particular times of year, or at specific points in its life cycle. Moulting is also known as sloughing, shedding, or for some species, ecdysis.

paragraphs: Moulting can involve the epidermis (skin), and hair, fur, wool, or other external layer. In some species, other body parts may be shed, for example, wings in some insects. Examples include old feathers in birds, old hairs in mammals (especially dogs and other canidae), old skin in reptiles, and the entire exoskeleton in arthropods.

paragraphs: In arthropods, such as insects, arachnids and crustaceans, moulting is the shedding of the exoskeleton (or shell).

paragraphs: This process of moulting is called ecdysis. It is the defining feature of a whole group of invertebrates, the clade Ecdysozoa. This group includes the arthropods, nematodes, velvet worms, horsehair worms, rotifers, tardigrades and Cephalorhyncha. Since the cuticles of these animals often forms an inelastic exoskeleton, it is shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed. Amongst fossils, trilobites and eurypterida used ecdysis.

paragraphs: Ecdysis is part of the whole process of metamorphosis. The different stages (called 'instars') and the development of new 'apparatus' (such as sense organs) is necessary as the creature moves from one form to another. The new exoskeleton is initially soft but hardens after the moulting of the old exoskeleton.


title: Detention (imprisonment)

paragraphs: Detention is a depriving of liberty of a person by the authority of a government or a country, usually the police. Such depriving liberty is allowed only in the case that the person can considered to have committed a crime. Other depriving liberty is called arbitrary detention and prohibited by article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. And even detention is done legally, the person must be treated with humanity and respected the person's dignity according to the Convention against Torture.


title: Charles III of Spain

paragraphs: Charles III (20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was a king of Spain and the oldest son of Philip V and Elisabeth Farnese. He ruled Spain from 1759 until his death in 1788. After he died, his son, Charles IV, became king. He was also the king of Naples and Sicily from 1734 until 1759. In those places he was known as Charles VII of Naples and Charles V of Sicily. He was the builder of the Palace of Caserta as well as the Royal Palace of Madrid.

paragraphs: Charles III grew up in Madrid. When he was 16 years old, he went to live in Parma, a city in Italy. He ruled that city, and the nearby city of Piacenza as their Duke from 1731 until 1734. In 1738 he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony. They had 13 children. Only 8 of them lived to be adults.


title: Pope Paul V

paragraphs: Pope Paul V (; Rome, 17 September 1552 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 234th Pope from 16 May 1605 until his death.

paragraphs: He was born in Rome. He was a son of the noble Borghese family of Siena.

paragraphs: Cardinal Borghese was elected pope in 1605; and he chose to be called Paul V.

paragraphs: Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: In October 1615, Paul V received a diplomatic mission from Japan. The embassy was led by Hasekura Tsunenaga.

paragraphs: Paul V financed work on the unfinished St. Peter's Basilica. He enlarged the Vatican Palace and Quirinale Palace, restored the Church of Santa Maria Maggiore, constructed or repaired aqueducts. He also made additions to the Vatican library.

paragraphs: Paul V canonised Charles Borromeo and Frances of Rome. He beatified Ignatius Loyola, Philip Neri, Theresa of Avila and Francis Xavier.


title: Beavis and Butt-head

paragraphs: Beavis and Butt-head is an American animated television sitcom by Mike Judge which ran for 7 seasons from March 8, 1993 and ended on November 28, 1997 on MTV. In 1996 the series was adapted into a movie titled "Beavis and Butt-Head Do America". The eighth season was shown in 2011. The title characters are hard rock/heavy metal-loving teenagers from the fictional town of Highland, Texas.


title: 1. Oberndorfer Sportklub 1920

paragraphs: The 1.Oberndorf Sportklub 1920 (also known as Oberndorfer SK 1920) is a football club from Oberndorf, Salzburg, in Austria.

paragraphs: In March 1920, Hermann Rasp created the club. By 1921, they made the Salzburg football association. Before World War II Oberndorf played in different levels in Salzburg but they did not play during the war. In 1946, the club restarted again. The most successful years were the 1960s when the club played two times in the Tauern Liga which was then the second division in Austrian league system.

paragraphs: Since 1990 the club was part of the highest league in Salzburg. In 2007 they were relegated and the next season again. So they play in the 2011/12 season in the 1.class north.

paragraphs: Oberndorf is well known for its youth teams. Over 100 young players play in seven youth teams. Famous players who started their career in Oberndorf were Hermann Stadler, who played as professional for Austria Salzburg and Rapid Wien and Gerald Baumgartner who also played for Austria Salzburg and for Austria Wien in the Austrian Bundesliga.


title: Voynich manuscript

paragraphs: The Voynich manuscript is a manuscript named after Wilfrid Michael Voynich who bought it in the early 20th century. The manuscript is made up of about 240 vellum pages, and was probably written in the early 15th century in northern Italy. Today, it is in the library of Yale University.

paragraphs: Many pages contain illustrations. Although many authors have been thought to have written this manuscript, the author remains unknown. The text is written in an unknown language, in an unknown writing system. It looks like there are no errors in the text. There are no corrections to it. The text is probably some ciphertext; many people working in cryptography have tried to break its code, both amateur and professional cryptographers. Much less attention has been given to the illustrations, which seem to show plants, anatomic or astronomic links. It has been described as "the world's most mysterious manuscript".

paragraphs: In 2009, University of Arizona researchers performed radiocarbon dating on the manuscript's vellum, which they say (with 95% confidence) was made between 1404 and 1438. In addition, the McCrone Research Institute in Chicago found that much of the ink was added not long afterwards, confirming that the manuscript is an authentic medieval document.

paragraphs: As the text has not been translated yet, it has been sectioned based on the images. The sectioning is usually the following:

paragraphs: The very last page seems to have some sort of "key": three lines of text, with a script resembling that used in 15th-century Germany.

paragraphs: The manuscript consists of quires. A quire is made of folded parchment. The quires consist of folios, with text or illustrations on both sides of the folio. The quires are numbered from 1 to 20, the folios from 1 to 116. Some of the fold-outs have unusual shapes. Depending on the way of counting, this gives a total of 240 pages. As there are gaps in the numbering, it seems likely that some pages were lost; the manuscript probably had at least 272 pages. The gaps were already there when Voynich bought the manuscript in 1912.

paragraphs: A quill pen was used for the text and figure outlines. The figures were colored with paint, possibly at a later date. There is strong evidence that many of the book's folios were reordered at various points in its history, and that the original page order may well have been quite different from what we see today.

paragraphs: The text is written from left to right, because there are irregular margins on the right. There is no obvious punctuation. The person or people writing the text seem to have been fluent in the language. There probably was another "source" they copied from. The flow of the text is smooth, which gives the impression that the symbols were not enciphered.

paragraphs: In total there are about 170,000 glyphs. Given the space between these, there seem to be "words" and "paragraphs". It is difficult (and a question of debate) to determine the alphabet used in the text; some glyphs may be variations of others, and some may simply be two glyphs joined together. The text can probably be represented with an alphabet of between twenty and thirty characters.

paragraphs: There are about 35,000 "words", made of glyphs or characters. A statistical analysis has been done, and the "words" resemble "natural language":

paragraphs: The purpose of the book was probably to serve as a manual to make drugs, or as a book about medicine. The first section is almost certainly a herbal. A herbal is a collection of plants, with their description. An identification of the plants, based on the images has mostly failed, though. Two plants can be guessed, with some certainty: the Wild pansy and the Maidenhair fern. Many of the plant pictures are composite: they combine parts of plants; the root of one plant is added to the leaves of another; the flowers may be from a third species. The leaves and fruit of the Castor oil plant have been identified, as well.

paragraphs: Because of the tubes in the biological section, the text may be related to alchemy. This would also make sense, if the text was about making certain kinds of medicine. The problem with that theory is that alchemy books of the time all use a common set of motifs for their pictures; these motifs cannot be found the manuscript.

paragraphs: Another idea is that the book is about astrology; practices common at the time, such as bloodletting were often connected with astrology. The problem with this approach is, that except for the signs of the zodiac, and one diagram possibly showing the classical planets, no one has shown that the symbols are found in other astrological traditions.


title: Fixed point

paragraphs: A value "x" is a fixed point of a function "f" if and only if "f"("x") = "x".

paragraphs: 1 is a fixed point of formula_1 because formula_2. Some functions do not have fixed points. For example formula_3 does not have one because formula_3 is never equal to "x".


title: Emperor Seiwa

paragraphs: This prince's personal name ("imina") was before he became the monarch. In the Imperial House of Japan, Korehito was the first to have the suffix "-hito" 仁 in his name.

paragraphs: Korehito was the fourth son of Emperor Montoku. His mother was the daughter of Fujiwara no Yoshifusa (藤原良房), who was regent and great minister of the council of state.

paragraphs: Prince Korehito became emperor at the age of 8, but the real power was held by his grandfather, Yoshifusa.

paragraphs: The actual site of Seiwa's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Kyoto. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Seiwa's mausoleum. It is formally named "Minooyama no misasagi". From the site of his tomb, he was sometimes referred to as Mizunoo (水尾).

paragraphs: The "kami" of Emperor Seiwa is venerated at Seiwa-tennō-sha in Saga, Yamashiro province.

paragraphs: The years of Seiwa's reign are identified by more than one era name or "nengō".


title: Standard ML

paragraphs: Standard ML is a functional programming language which is a dialect of ML (programming language). It is sometimes used for writing compilers and in theorem provers.

paragraphs: Here is an example of a factorial function written in a simple, non-tail recursive, style.


title: Droste effect

paragraphs: The Droste Effect is the name for a picture which contains a smaller image of itself, which in turn contains a smaller image of itself, etc. It is named after an advertisement. It is an example of recursion. In art, this is known as mise en abyme. In theory, the recursion goes on forever, but in practice, the number of recursions is limited by the resolution of the image. In practice, there are few iterations, until the size falls below 1 x 1 = 1 px. The reason for this is that this is a geometric progression, and each iteration reduces the size of the image. It is a visual example of a strange loop, a self-referential system of instancing which is the cornerstone of fractal geometry.


title: Already Gone

paragraphs: "Already Gone" is a song by the recording artist Kelly Clarkson from her 2009 record "All I Ever Wanted". This was the third single from that album to be released. The song is about the breakup of a relationship. Its release was surrounded by controversy: Clarkson said the arrangement used for the song was strongly similar to the 2008 song "Halo" from singer Beyoncé and feared the public would say Clarkson had stolen it. Despite this, however, the song received strong praise from critics, and "Already Gone" became one of the highlights from "All I Ever Wanted". On the "Billboard" Hot 100 the single peaked at #13.


title: De Morgan's laws

paragraphs: In boolean algebra, DeMorgan's laws are the laws of how a NOT gate affects AND and OR statements:

paragraphs: They can be remembered by "break the line, change the sign".

paragraphs: The following truth tables prove DeMorgan's laws.


title: Tiberius Gracchus

paragraphs: Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus (163/162 BC- 133 BC) was an important Roman Tribune of the plebs. He proposed a reform called the "Lex Sempronia Agraria". This was meant to reduce the number of poor and homeless people by allowing the rich to have only a certain amount of land. The rest of the land would be given to homeless veterans of the Roman military. But the Roman Senate did not like his plan. They convinced another tribune, named Marcus Octavius, to oppose Tiberius Gracchus. Eventually, enough tension built up that some of the Senators beat Tiberius to death with their chairs and threw his dead body into the Tiber. Tiberius' death is seen as the first death caused by political problems in the Roman government.

paragraphs: Tiberius' brother, Gaius Gracchus, also tried to reform the Roman government and was also killed. Together, the two are called the Gracchi. Their attempts at reform had a lasting effect on Rome, because later on the Senate used some of the ideas from their reforms in their own laws.


title: Random walk

paragraphs: A random walk is made by taking random steps.


title: Constrictor knot

paragraphs: A constrictor knot is a type of knot that is tied around another rope. It is a secure knot, but it can be difficult to untie after it is tightened.


title: Waiting to Exhale

paragraphs: Waiting to Exhale is a 1995 American romance movie. It came out in December 1995. The cast for the movie includes Angela Bassett and Whitney Houston. The movie is about four women who live in Phoenix, Arizona and their relationships with men. "Waiting to Exhale" is unusual because it has an all African-American cast.


title: Soho

paragraphs: Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and the West End of London. It is long established as an entertainment district. For much of the 20th century Soho had sex shops, prostitutes, jazz clubs, bars, night clubs, theatres and the movie industry.

paragraphs: Since the early 1980s, the area has changed greatly: it has moved upmarket. It now is a fashionable district of expensive restaurants and media offices, with only a few sex industry venues. Some music venues survive, such as Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club. The area includes Carnaby Street, the centre of the 'Swinging London' fashion scene of the 1960s, and Wardour Street, a centre of the movie and entertainment industry.

paragraphs: Soho was never an administrative unit with formal boundaries. It is an area of about a square mile, bounded by Oxford Street to the north, Regent Street to the west, Leicester Square to the south and Charing Cross Road to the east. Apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements.

paragraphs: The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St James's. According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, although some consider it a separate area.

paragraphs: A significant event in the history of epidemiology and public health was Dr. John Snow's study of an 1854 outbreak of cholera in Soho. He identified the cause of the outbreak as water from the public water pump located at the junction of Broad Street (now Broadwick Street) and Cambridge Street (now Lexington Street), close to the rear wall of what is today the "John Snow" public house.

paragraphs: John Snow mapped the addresses of the sick, and noted that they were mostly people whose nearest access to water was the Broad Street pump. He persuaded the authorities to remove the handle of the pump, thus preventing any more of the infected water from being collected. The spring below the pump was later found to have been contaminated with sewage. This is an early example of epidemiology, public health medicine and the application of science–the germ theory of disease.

paragraphs: Science writer Steven Johnson describes the 2006 appearance of places related to the Broad Street Pump cholera outbreak:

paragraphs: A replica of the pump, with a memorial plaque and without a handle (to signify John Snow's action to halt the outbreak) was erected near the location of the original pump.

paragraphs: Soho is near the heart of London's theatre area, and is a centre of the independent movie and video industry as well as the television and movie 'post-production' industry. It is home to Soho Theatre, built in 2000 for new plays and stand-up comedy. The British Board of Film Classification, formerly known as the British Board of Film Censors, can be found in Soho Square.

paragraphs: Soho is criss-crossed by a rooftop telecommunication network, and below ground level with fibre optics making up Sohonet, which connects the Soho media and post-production community to British movie studios such as Pinewood Studios and Shepperton Studios, and to other major production centres (such as Rome, New York City, Los Angeles, Sydney and Wellington, New Zealand.

paragraphs: There are also plans by Westminster Council to deploy high-bandwidth Wi-Fi networks in Soho as part of a programme to further encourage the development of the area as a centre for media and technology industries.


title: Herbert Art Gallery and Museum

paragraphs: Herbert Art Gallery and Museum is a is a museum, art gallery, archive, learning centre and creative arts facility in Jordan Well, Coventry, United Kingdom.

paragraphs: It is named after Sir Alfred Herbert, a local business owner who gave money for the original building. Work on it began in 1939, with an interruption by the Second World War, and The Herbert opened in 1960. In 2008 it reopened after a £20 million refurbishment.

paragraphs: It is free to get in and the museum in run by a charity. Its only income is from donations, sales at the museum shop, and hiring out the buildings the charity owns. In 2010, the museum had over 300,000 visitors. This makes it one of the most popular free tourist attractions in the West Midlands.


title: Zipf's law

paragraphs: Zipf's law is an empirical law, formulated using mathematical statistics, named after the linguist George Kingsley Zipf, who first proposed it.

paragraphs: Zipf's law states that given a large sample of words used, the frequency of any word is inversely proportional to its rank in the frequency table. So word number "n" has a frequency proportional to 1/"n".

paragraphs: Thus the most frequent word will occur about twice as often as the second most frequent word, three times as often as the third most frequent word, etc. For example, in one sample of words in the English language, the most frequently occurring word, "the", accounts for nearly 7% of all the words (69,971 out of slightly over 1 million). True to Zipf's Law, the second-place word "of" accounts for slightly over 3.5% of words (36,411 occurrences), followed by "and" (28,852). Only about 135 words are needed to account for half the sample of words in a large sample.

paragraphs: The same relationship occurs in many other rankings, unrelated to language, such as the population ranks of cities in various countries, corporation sizes, income rankings, etc. The appearance of the distribution in rankings of cities by population was first noticed by Felix Auerbach in 1913.

paragraphs: It is not known why Zipf's law holds for most languages.


title: Steve Jones

paragraphs: Stephen Philip "Steve" Jones (born 3 September 1955) is an English rock guitarist, singer and actor, best known as the guitarist and founding member of the punk rock band the Sex Pistols.


title: Peter Tatsuo Doi

paragraphs: Doi was born in Sendai. He studied in Rome.

paragraphs: In 1934, he was made Secretary of the Apostolic Delegation to Japan.

paragraphs: He was Apostolic Administrator of Roman Catholic Diocese of Yokohama from 1945 to 1947.

paragraphs: In 1960, Pope John XXIII created him Cardinal of Sant'Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana.

paragraphs: In 1965, Doi was among those who read the closing messages of the Second Vatican Council.


title: Stronger (Kelly Clarkson album)

paragraphs: Stronger is the fifth studio album by recording artist Kelly Clarkson. The album had been originally planned for a release in 2010, however the release date was pushed back multiple times, and the album was released in late October 2011. The hit single "Mr. Know It All" was released on September 5, 2011.


title: Henry Cooper

paragraphs: Sir Henry Cooper OBE KSG KB (3 May 1934–1 May 2011) was an English heavyweight boxer known for the power of his left hook. People called it "Enry's 'Ammer" (Henry's hammer). He knocked down Muhammad Ali early in Ali's career. Cooper held the British, Commonwealth and European heavyweight titles several times. He unsuccessfully challenged Ali for the world heavyweight championship in 1966.

paragraphs: After he retired from boxing, Cooper was a television and radio personality. He was popular in Britain. He was the first (and is today one of just three people) to twice win the public vote for BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award. He is the only boxer to be awarded a knighthood. He is also named as one of the great Londoners in the "London Song" by Ray Davies on his 1998 album The Storyteller.

paragraphs: Cooper married an Italian Catholic woman and converted to her faith.


title: Sierpinski triangle

paragraphs: A Sierpinski triangle or Sierpinski triangle gasket is a fractal resulting from doing the following:

paragraphs: If this is done, the first few steps will look like this:

paragraphs: If this is done an infinite number of times, its area will be 0.