title: Egyptian temple

paragraphs: Egyptian temples were buildings for the official worship of the gods in ancient Egypt. These temples were seen as houses for the gods. Sometimes they were specially for the pharaohs (kings). Within these temples the Egyptians performed a variety of rituals of the Egyptian religion. People would give offerings (gifts) to the gods. They would show the stories of the gods through festivals. These festivals would also help normal life to continue. The pharaohs were responsible for providing the temples and caring for the gods. This required a lot of labor and material for building and maintenance. It was necessary for the pharaohs to give this responsibility to priests. Most of the ordinary people did not take part in ceremonies and could not enter special parts of the temple. The temple was an important religious place for all classes of Egyptians. They went there to pray, give offerings, and seek guidance from the god dwelling within.

paragraphs: The most important part of the temple was the sanctuary. The sanctuary was the most secret and special place and usually had a statue of a god. In the early years of Egypt, about 3000 BCE, the temples were small. Priests and pharaohs added more rooms and the temples became bigger. The rooms would have a lot of decoration of the religion. By the time of the New Kingdom (c.1550-1070 BCE) the temples were huge buildings made of stone. The buildings were arranged in special ways for the religion. The temple would have halls, open areas, and very large entrance pillars. Some of these temples still exist today. Beyond the main temple was an outer wall. There would be other buildings inside the walls.

paragraphs: A large temple also had a lot of land and employed thousands of ordinary people to supply its needs. Temples were also economic centers. The priests who managed the temples had a lot of influence. They would sometimes oppose the king.

paragraphs: Temple-building continued in Egypt even when the nation declined and was ruled by the Roman Empire. Christianity brought more pressure on Egyptian religion. The last temple was closed in 550 CE. For hundreds of years, the ancient buildings were damaged and neglected. In the early 19th century, many people in Europe became interested in ancient Egypt. The study of ancient Egypt became known as the science of Egyptology. Egyptologists continue to study the surviving temples and the remains of destroyed ones. They tell us a lot about ancient Egyptian society.

paragraphs: Dozens of temples survive today. Some have become famous tourist attractions that bring money to modern Egypt.


title: Coffee (color)

paragraphs: Coffee is a brownish color that is like the color of a medium roasted coffee beans. Different types of coffee beans have different colors when unroasted--the color coffee represents an average.

paragraphs: The first time "coffee" was used as a color name in English was in 1695.

paragraphs: The source of the color displayed at right is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #58).

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "Cafe au Lait" as a color name in English was in 1839.

paragraphs: The source of the color "Cafe au Lait" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #57).

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "Cafe Noir" as a color name in English was in 1928. The source of the color "Cafe Noir" displayed below is the ISCC-NBS Color List (see Page C, Coffee, color sample #81).


title: Dodge City

paragraphs: Dodge City is the county seat of Ford County, Kansas, United States. Named after nearby Fort Dodge, the city is famous in American culture for its history as a wild frontier town of the Old West. The 2010 census showed the city population was 27,340.

paragraphs: In the 1880s Dodge City became a boomtown, with thousands of cattle passing annually through its stockyards. The peak years of the cattle trade in Dodge City were from 1883 to 1884. During that time the town grew tremendously. Dodge City had more famous (and infamous) gunfighters working at one time or another than any other town in the West, many of whom participated in the Dodge City War of 1883. It also boasted the usual array of saloons, gambling halls, and brothels: they were set up to separate a cowboy from his hard-earned cash. Famous were the Long Branch Saloon and the China Doll brothel.

paragraphs: Meat packing is the main industry in Dodge City. The city also has farm implement manufacturing, and is a supply center for area agriculture. Livestock-raising is a major activity while wheat and sorghum are the area's main crops.

paragraphs: In addition, a local tourism industry, including a casino resort, has developed to capitalize on Dodge City's history as an Old West cowtown. The service sector accounts for much of the rest of the local economy with local government, schools, retail stores, and health care providers as the city's other major employers.

paragraphs: Four U.S. Highways meet in Dodge City: U.S. Route 50, U.S. Route 56, U.S. Route 283, and U.S. Route 400. Dodge City was located on the National Old Trails Road, also known as the Ocean-to-Ocean Highway, that was established in 1912.

paragraphs: Dodge City Regional Airport is about 2 miles (3 km) east of the city. Three railroads serve Dodge City.


title: Juventus Stadium

paragraphs: Juventus Stadium is a sports stadium in Turin, Italy. It is home to the club Juventus FC. It can hold 41,254 people. It was built on the site of the Stadio delle Alpi, and opened in the summer of 2011.


title: Andrea Agnelli

paragraphs: Andrea Agnelli (born December 6, 1975 in Turin) is an Italian businessman. In 2010 he became president of Italian football club Juventus F.C.. He is an Executive Member of the European Club Association. He is also a board member of FIAT and Exor.


title: Princeton, New Jersey

paragraphs: Princeton is a community in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It is best known as the location of Princeton University, which has been sited in the community since 1756. Although Princeton is a "college town", there are other important institutions in the area, including the Institute for Advanced Study, Educational Testing Service (ETS), Opinion Research Corporation, Siemens Corporate Research, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Sarnoff Corporation, FMC Corporation, The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, Amrep, Church and Dwight, Berlitz International, and Dow Jones & Company.

paragraphs: Princeton is roughly same distance from both New York City and Philadelphia. Since the nineteenth century, it has been connected by rail to both cities by the Princeton Branch rail line to the nearby Princeton Junction Station on Amtrak's Northeast Corridor.. Princeton is close to many major highways that serve both cities, and receives some TV and radio broadcasts from each.

paragraphs: The Princeton train station was moved from under Blair Hall to its present location on University Place in 1918. Commuting to New York from Princeton became commonplace after World War II. New Jersey Transit provides shuttle service between the Princeton and Princeton Junction stations; the train is locally called the "Dinky", and has also been known as the "PJ&B" (for "Princeton Junction and Back"). Two train cars, or sometimes just one, are used.

paragraphs: New Jersey's capital is the city of Trenton, but the governor's official residence has been in Princeton since 1945, when Morven in the borough became the first Governor's mansion. It was later replaced by the larger Drumthwacket, a colonial mansion in the township. Morven became a museum property of the New Jersey Historical Society.

paragraphs: In 1783, it was the capital of the United States for a few months.


title: Mugen Motorsports

paragraphs: Mugen Motorsports (M-TEC Co., Ltd) () is a Japanese company. It was formed in 1973 by Hirotoshi Honda and Masao Kimura. Hirotoshi Honda is the son of Honda Motor Company founder Soichiro Honda. Mugen is an engine tuner (performance improvement) and parts builder. They are closely linked with Honda. Mugen has never been owned by Honda. Mugen means "Without Limit", or "Unlimited". It is common to placed word "Power" after Mugen to say "Unlimited Power".

paragraphs: The company tunes and races Honda vehicles in the Super GT championship. They also sell parts to amateur racers. Mugen was involved in Formula 3000 championships in 1990 and 1991. This led Mugen to join Formula One. They supplied engines from 1992 to 2000. They also supplied the only engines for Formula Nippon from 1996 until 2005.

paragraphs: In 1986, Formula 3000 was introduced into Japan. Mugen joined with Honda to build an F3000 engine. It was introduced in the 1987 season and leased to 14 teams. In 1988, Mugen won four of the top five places in the Japanese F3000 championship. In 1989, Mugen entered European F3000 with the MF308 engine. They won the championship with Jean Alesi driving a Reynard. The same year the company produced its own prototype 3.5 L V8 Formula One engine, codenamed MF350.

paragraphs: In 1988, Mugen started tuning Honda engines for use in Formula Three. They won the Japanese series with Akihiko Nakaya, and in 1990 expanded to Europe. Mugen won its first Formula Three championships in Europe. They took the French title with Eric Hélary, and the British crown with Mika Häkkinen. They also won the title in 1991 with Rubens Barrichello.

paragraphs: In 1991, Mugen built Honda V10 engines for Tyrrell. In 1992 the engine was renamed to Mugen MF351H. The engine was used by the Footwork team in 1992 and 1993.

paragraphs: In 1994, Mugen moved to Team Lotus with the new Lotus 109. The team was underfunded and the 109 chassis was late arriving. The car and its engine was scored a single point. At the end of the year, Lotus closed down.

paragraphs: Mugen switched to the Ligier team in 1995. In 1996 Mugen won its first Formula One race. The 3.0 L engine, codenamed MF301H, won at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix with Olivier Panis driving.

paragraphs: Ligier was taken over by Alain Prost in 1997, and renamed Prost Grand Prix. When Prost changed Peugeot engines in 1998, Mugen reached a two-year agreement with Jordan Grand Prix. The 1998 season saw a 1-2 finish at Spa-Francorchamps with Damon Hill and Ralf Schumacher.

paragraphs: In 1999, Heinz-Harald Frentzen won twice and Jorden finished the constuctors championship in third place. In 2000, the Honda Motor Company announced that it would be returning for Formula One. Honda would supply its own engines in 2000 with British American Racing. At the end of the 2000 season, Mugen pulled out of F1.

paragraphs: In 1998, Mugen entered sports car racing. They built several NSX race cars. In 2000, the Mugen/Dome team was champion.

paragraphs: In 2001, in the JGTC, the Mugen NSX won two races. In June, the company announced the a new 4.0 L V8. The MF408S was built for the main prototype class in the 24 Hours of Le Mans and American Le Mans Series.

paragraphs: Mugen has built concept Honda vehicles. Some models are sold in Japanese domestic market.

paragraphs: () (Results in bold indicate pole position; results in "italics" indicate fastest lap.)


title: Iraq at the Olympics

paragraphs: Iraq was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. Since 1980, Iraq has been in every game despite the Iraq War]]. Iraq has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Iraq has been represented by the National Olympic Committee of Iraq since 1948.


title: Japan at the Olympics

paragraphs: Japan at the Olympics is a history which includes 41 games in 22 countries and 3,000+ athletes. Since 1912, athletes of Japan have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Japan is JPN.

paragraphs: The Japanese National Olympic Committee was formed in 1911. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1912. Its first president was Jigoro Kano .

paragraphs: Japan's team first competed at the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm. Japan was not invited to the 1948 Games after World War II; and Japan boycotted of the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow.

paragraphs: In support of the team at the 2012 Summer Olympics, each of the 518 athletes were given hand-carved good luck charm made by schoolchildren from tsunami-hit areas in Tōhoku. These special "medals" were made from driftwood. There were messages from the children on the ribbons which were attached.

paragraphs: Japanese tennis players Ichiya Kumagae and Seiichiro Kashio were the first Japanese athletes to win medals in summer sport. They won silver medals in the 1920 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: The first Japanese medal in a winter sport was in 1956 when Chiharu Igaya earned a silver medal for Alpine skiing.

paragraphs: During the course of 20 summer games, Japanese athletes have won 350+ medals, with the most gold medals won in judo. In the 1928 games in Amsterdam, Japan's first gold medals in summer sports were won by Mikio Oda in the triple jump and by Yoshiyuki Tsuruta in swimming.

paragraphs: Japan has won 37 medals at the winter games. In the 1972 games in Sapporo, Japan's first gold medal in a winter sports was won by Yukio Kasaya in ski jumping.

paragraphs: The youngest Japanese competitor was Etsuko Inada (12 years, 4 days) in the 1936 Winter Olympics. The oldest Japanese Olympian is Hiroshi Hoketsu (67 years, 139 days) in the 2008 Summer Games.

paragraphs: The 1940 Summer Olympics and the 1940 Winter Olympics were planned for Japan, but the organizers withdrew in 1938 because of the Second Sino-Japanese War. These games were later cancelled because of World War II.

paragraphs: Japan was the host country three times, including


title: Hayward, California

paragraphs: Hayward is a city in the East Bay area of Alameda County, California. It has a population of 144,186. Hayward is the sixth largest city in the San Francisco Bay Area and the third largest in Alameda County, It is on the Bay's eastern shore, next to Union City. The San Mateo-Hayward Bridge starts there. Hayward is the 37th biggest city in California by how many people live there. The city was named after William Dutton Hayward, who opened a hotel in the area in 1852.

paragraphs: People first lived in the area as long ago as 4000 B.C.E.. These people were the Native American Ohlone people.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, this area became part of Rancho San Lorenzo, a Spanish land grant to Guillermo Castro in 1740.

paragraphs: Hayward was the home to a big tomato canning company, the Hunt Brothers Cannery. The cannery was opened in Hayward in 1895 by brothers William and Joseph Hunt. The whole city smelled like tomatoes for three months of each year, when the tomatoes were ripe for picking, and they were being cooked for canning. It closed in 1981.

paragraphs: Hayward has many business which make things, and many large companies have their offices there. PepsiCo has a bottling factory there. The Shasta soft drink company is in Hayward. The Role-playing game publisher Chaosium was based there. The High-tech company Dust Networks is in Hayward. The Mervyns department store chain was based in Hayward. It went out of business in 2008. The All Pro Wrestling school puts on shows in Hayward.

paragraphs: The top businesses in the city, which hire 7% of the people in the city, are:

paragraphs: † these are businesses whose main office is based in Hayward

paragraphs: Two businesses which had a lot of people working for them in the years 2000-2001 were Mervyns, with 2,000, and Pacific Bell, with 940.

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 63.7 square miles (165.1 km²). 45.3 square miles (117.4 km²) of it is land and 18.4 square miles (47.7 km²) of it (28.90%) is water. The Hayward Fault Zone runs through Hayward. The United States Geologic Survey has said there will probably be a big earthquake on this fault zone. This earthquake will probably cause a lot of damage. Other cities next to Hayward are Union City, Fremont and Pleasanton.

paragraphs: The 2010 United States Census said that 144,186 people, 45,365 households, and 32,559 families resided in the city. There were 3,181.3 people per square mile (1,228.3/km²). The people in the city were 34.2% White (18.8% not Hispanic), 11.9% African American (11.3% not Hispanic), 1.0% Native American, 22.0% Asian, 3.1% people from islands in the Pacific Ocean, 20.8% from other races, and 7.1% from two or more races. 40.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race.

paragraphs: There were 48,296 houses. 52.8% were lived in by their owner. 47.2% were lived in by people renting the houses.

paragraphs: The mayor of Hayward is Barbara Halliday.

paragraphs: Interstate 880 and Interstate 238 go through Hayward. BART has two stations in Hayward. Amtrak, the US passenger train, has a stop in Hayward. Hayward has a small airport, the Hayward Executive Airport.

paragraphs: The Hayward Hall of Justice is a branch of the California Superior Court. It is the largest courthouse in Alameda County.

paragraphs: California State University, East Bay, once known as California State University, Hayward, is mostly located there. It is part of California State University. Hayward also has Chabot College, a community college where Tom Hanks went to school.

paragraphs: Hayward has four parks in the East Bay Regional Park District: the Don Castro Regional Recreation Area, Dry Creek Pioneer Regional Park, the Hayward Regional Shoreline, and Garin Regional Park. Hayward has a lot of parks. The Hayward Area Recreation and Park District is the biggest in California.

paragraphs: Hayward has two buildings in the National Register of Historic Places: the Green Shutter Hotel and Eden Congregational Church. A third Historic Place, Meek Mansion, is close to the city. The three buildings are also California Historical Landmarks. Ukraina Honcharenko is another Historical Landmark in the city.

paragraphs: Some of the people from Hayward are: the Ukrainian patriot and Greek Orthodox priest Agapius Honcharenko; football coach Bill Walsh; figure skater Kristi Yamaguchi; Treasurer of the United States Rosa Gumataotao Rios; Dwayne Johnson, also known as "The Rock", professional wrestler and actor; and Bill Lockyer, California politician, former Attorney General and State Senator, now the State Treasurer.


title: Dioscoreales

paragraphs: Dioscoreales is a botanical name for an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Dioscoreaceae.


title: Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned

paragraphs: Egon Bondy's Happy Hearts Club Banned is a "studio" album by the czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. It was recorded in 1974-1975 in Houska Castle and in atelier in Prague. It was released in 1978 (France) and in Czech Republic in 2001. The album title is a parody on the name of The Beatles album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band".


title: Milan Hlavsa

paragraphs: Milan "Mejla" Hlavsa (March 6, 1951, Prague, Czechoslovakia - January 5, 2001, Prague, Czech Republic) was a Czech musician and singer. He was founder bassist for the Czechoslovakia underground band The Plastic People of the Universe. In 1999, played in the White House along with Lou Reed.


title: Olympic (band)

paragraphs: Olympic is a rock band from Prague, Czechoslovakia (today Czech Republic). The band's frontman is Petr Janda. Founding members were Petr Janda (solo guitar, vocals), Pete Kaplan (rhythm guitar), František Ringo Čech (drums) and Miroslav Berka (keyboards).


title: Red admiral

paragraphs: The red admiral ("Vanessa atalanta") is a well-known colourful butterfly, found in temperate Europe, Asia and North America. It has a wing span. The species is resident only in warmer areas, but migrates north in spring, and sometimes again in autumn.

paragraphs: In northern Europe, it is one of the last butterflies to be seen before winter sets in, often feeding on the flowers of ivy on sunny days. The red admiral is also known to hibernate, re-emerging individuals showing prominently darker colourings than first brood subjects. The butterfly also flies on sunny winter days, especially in southern Europe.

paragraphs: In North America, the red admiral generally has two broods from March through October. Most of North America must be recolonized each spring by southern migrants, but this species over-winters in south Texas.

paragraphs: The painted ladies are a subgenus "Cynthis" of the red admirals. The topside of their wings is mostly orange in colour.

paragraphs: The painted lady in the UK migrates south in the winter. This has been proved by tracking them on radar. They fly at high altitude on a 9,000-mile migration. It could take up to six successive generations for the species to complete a 9000 mile (14,400 km) round trip from tropical Africa to Europe.

paragraphs: Huge numbers migrate. The radar showed that 11 million painted ladies entered the UK at high altitude in spring 2009. Twenty six million were counted departing in the autumn.


title: Sami Lepistö

paragraphs: Sami Lepistö (born October 17, 1984 in Espoo, Finland) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg of the KHL. He was drafted with the 66th overall pick by the Washington Capitals in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. He first played hockey in the SM-liiga with Jokerit. He played with Jokerit with 4 seasons before being signed by the Washington Capitals on May 31, 2007. He was assigned to the Capitals AHL farm team, the Hershey Bears. He was traded to the Phoenix Coyotes on June 27, 2009. He was sent to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Rostislav Klesla and Dane Byers. On July 15, 2011, He signed a one year deal with the Chicago Blackhawks. He played one season with the Blackhawks before signing a one year contract with the rebuilding Lokomotiv Yaroslavl of the KHL. He played 26 games with them and then signed a contract with Lev Prague. He played 11 games with them and currently plays for Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg.


title: Brian Connelly

paragraphs: Brian Connelly (born June 10, 1986 in Bloomington, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Rockford IceHogs which are the AHL farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks of the NHL.

paragraphs: He played hockey collegically for the Colorado College Tigers for 3 seasons. Connelly also played 3 seasons with the Rockford IceHogs before he was traded to the Calgary Flames by the Blackhawks in exchange for Brendan Morrison on January 27, 2012.

paragraphs: On July 6, 2012, he signed as a two-year, two-way contract with the Minnesota Wild. On February 26, 2014, Connelly was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Brad Winchester.


title: Nick Leddy

paragraphs: Nick Leddy (born March 20, 1991 in Eden Prairie, Minnesota) is a professional ice hockey defenceman that currently plays for the New York Islanders of the NHL.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Minnesota Wild in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he played at the University of Minnesota with the Golden Gophers. He was drafted by the Wild and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks along with Kim Johnsson for Cam Barker on February 12, 2010.

paragraphs: He played his first NHL game on October 8, 2010 against the Colorado Avalanche and scored his first NHL goal on October 11, 2010 against Ryan Miller of the Buffalo Sabres. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.


title: Meadow brown

paragraphs: The meadow brown, Maniola jurtina, is a butterfly found in European meadows, where its larvae feed on grasses.

paragraphs: There is some sexual dimorphism in this species. Males are less colourful, with smaller eyespots and much reduced orange areas on the upper forewings. They are also much more active and range far about, while females fly less and often may not away from the area where they grew up.

paragraphs: The evolutionary significance of the upperwing eyespots is probably attack "deflection". Small, peripherally located eyespots act as attractors to deflect the attacks of predators to non-vital parts of the body.


title: Musk ox

paragraphs: The musk ox ("Ovibos moschatus", muskox) is a large Arctic mammal of the Bovidae family.

paragraphs: It has a thick coat, and was common in the northern hemisphere during the Pleistocene ice age. The males give off a strong odour, hence its name. This musky odour is used to attract females during mating season. Muskoxen travel in herds of females and their young led by one or two strong males. Male oxen fight over who will be leader by butting their thick heads and horns against each other. The musk oxen's long, curved horns keep away predators. When a herd smells nearby wolves, all the musk oxen form a circle and face out. They lower their heads to show off their horns.

paragraphs: Muskoxen live in Arctic North America and Greenland, with small introduced populations in Sweden, Siberia and Norway.

paragraphs: Muskoxen are herbivores which graze on grasses, leaves, and some Arctic flowers. They are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. Later, they regurgitate the food (called a cud) and chew it. Muskoxen, like other ruminants, have a stomach with four sections.

paragraphs: Fossil DNA evidence suggests muskoxen were not only more geographically widespread during the Pleistocene, but also more genetically diverse. During that time, other populations of muskoxen lived across the Arctic, from the Ural Mountains to Greenland. Together with the bison and the pronghorn, the muskox was one of a few species of Pleistocene megafauna in North America to survive the Pleistocene/Holocene extinction event and live to the present day.


title: The Primitives Group

paragraphs: The Primitives Group was a Czech psychedelic rock group, founded in 1967, broke up two years later, in 1969. Primitives Group played songs, among others, by The Doors, The Fugs, Pretty Things and The Velvet Underground. Guitarist Josef Janíček currently playing with The Plastic People of the Universe.


title: Milan Smrčka

paragraphs: Milan Smrčka; best known as Záviš (September 27, 1956 in Citonice, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech musician, guitarist, vocalist, songwriter and poet.


title: Netsplit

paragraphs: In computer networking, mainly Internet Relay Chat (IRC), netsplit is the event when two servers disconnect. Because how IRC networks are built, a disconnection between two servers splits the entire network into two parts. This makes it look like people on the other half of the network have quit from IRC.

paragraphs: Below is an example of typical netsplit. When two servers split, a user sees this as large number of users quitting. After the servers are reconnected, a user sees the other users rejoining.


title: Annie Oakley

paragraphs: Annie Oakley (August 13, 1860 – November 3, 1926), born Phoebe Ann Mosey, was an American sharpshooter (skilled with guns). She was a star in "Buffalo Bill's Wild West" show. Oakley was born in Ohio to Jacob and Susan Mosey. On June 20, 1882 she married Frank E. Butler, another skilled shooter. The couple joined Buffalo Bill's show in 1885. Oakley performed before several European heads of state, including Queen Victoria and Kaiser Wilhelm II. She left the show in 1902 and began acting. Oakley died in 1926 of pernicious anemia (a type of blood disorder). She was buried in Greenville, Ohio. Frank Butler died 18 days later.


paragraphs: The Women's Professional Billiard Association (WPBA) is a professional sports group. It organizes women's billiards in the United States. Pool players Madelyn Whitlow and Palmer Byrd started the group in 1976 as the Women's Professional Billiard Alliance with Larry Miller. Miller was the editor of the "National Billiard News".


title: Audi Cup 2009

paragraphs: The Audi Cup 2009 (the first edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Germany. The tournament featured four teams, AC Milan, Boca Juniors, Bayern Munich and Manchester United. The winners of the tournament were Bayern Munich, defeating Manchester United 0(7) - 0(6). Boca Juniors took third place, defeating AC Milan 1(4) - 1(3).


title: Audi Cup

paragraphs: The Audi Cup is a two-day football tournament. It happens at the Allianz Arena in Munich, Germany. The first edition of the Audi Cup was won by Bayern Munich. The 2019 champions are Tottenham Hotspur. Bayern Munich has won the tournament the most times. Since Bayern is the host of this competiton, they are the permanent particippant in the Audi Cup, while three other teams are chosen based on their strength.

paragraphs: The Audi Cup was created in 2009 to remember Audi's 100th year of trading and the hosts, Bayern Munich, won the tournament. It replaced the Franz Beckenbauer Cup for the year.


title: Audi Cup 2013

paragraphs: The Audi Cup 2013 (the third edition of the Audi Cup) was a two-day tournament that took place in Munich, Germany. The participating teams were Bayern Munich, Manchester City, Milan and São Paulo.


title: 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup

paragraphs: The 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was the sixth FIFA Women's World Cup tournament. The tournament was on June 26 to July 17. The champions were Japan, beating United States 2(3)-2(1) with penalty shots. Because of Japan's victory, Japan became the first Asian team to win any FIFA World Cup!

paragraphs: The final was played in the Commerzbank Arena in Frankfurt, Germany. The defending champions, Germany, lost to Japan during the quarter-finals.


title: Hope Solo

paragraphs: Hope Amelia Solo (born July 30, 1981, in Richland, Washington) is an American soccer goalkeeper. She plays for the United States women's national soccer team, and for the Seattle Reign FC of the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL), the top division of women's soccer in the United States

paragraphs: During the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup, she got 2 official awards. The Bronze Ball and the Best Goalkeeper award. Her father Jeffrey, died on June 15, 2007, because of heart failure. She was part of the USA women's soccer team that won gold at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.


title: Melissa McCarthy

paragraphs: Melissa McCarthy (born August 26, 1970) is an American movie and television actress and comedienne. She is well known for her role as Sookie St. James on The WB television show "Gilmore Girls" and "Dena" on "Samantha Who?". She starred in the CBS sitcom "Mike & Molly", from 2010-2016.

paragraphs: She also starred in the movies "Bridesmaids" (for which she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress), "Identity Thief", "Spy" and "Life of the Party".


title: MLS Cup

paragraphs: The Major League Soccer Cup (usually called the MLS Cup) is a tournament that determines the Major League Soccer champion. Toronto FC are the current champions after beating the Seattle Sounders 2-0 in MLS Cup 2017. The most successful club is the Los Angeles Galaxy, with 5 titles. The Galaxy's last title was in MLS Cup 2014 when they beat the New England Revolution 2-1.

paragraphs: The MLS Cup was founded in 1994, and the cup is every year. The first champions ever were D.C. United.


title: FieldTurf

paragraphs: FieldTurf is a type of "fake" grass used in stadiums. It was created by FieldTurf Tarkett division of Tarkett Inc., a company from Calhoun, Georgia, USA. In the 1990's, the design was to replicate real grass. Eventually, the FieldTurf became the best in the industry.

paragraphs: FieldTurf is made by many fibers, and the bottom is made of silica sand, which is a mixture of sand and ruber.

paragraphs: The first major use was for American football at the University of Nebraska's Memorial Stadium in 1999. After that, other famous stadiums began using it. Association football's first use of FieldTurf was in January 1997 when the English club of Middlesbrough used for it for their training ground. "Fake" grass such as FieldTurf is not liked by major association football companies. No Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) World Cup match has been played on FieldTurf. Saprissa Stadium in Costa Rica used FieldTurf for a FIFA World Cup qualifying round. 50% of the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup stadiums had FieldTurf. Many players do not like playing on FieldTurf, but FIFA has said that FieldTurf will be widely used one day.


title: Elf Aquitaine

paragraphs: Total S.A. is a French multinational integrated oil and gas company and one of the seven "Supermajor" oil companies in the world. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading.

paragraphs: Total is also a large scale chemicals manufacturer. Total is a major player in low-carbon energies.

paragraphs: Total has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.

paragraphs: Elf Aquitaine was a French oil company. They merged with TotalFina to form TotalFinaElf. The new company changed its name to Total in 2003. The name Elf has been kept as a brand of Total.

paragraphs: Elf Aquitaine's came from three French oil companies: Régie Autonome des Pétroles (RAP), Société Nationale des Pétroles d'Aquitaine (SNPA), and Bureau de Recherches de Pétroles (BRP). The three companies were formed after the discovery of a gas field in Saint-Marcet in the Aquitaine region of south-western France. In December 1965 RAP and BRP merged to form Entreprise de Recherches et d'Activités Pétrolières (ERAP).

paragraphs: On April 28, 1967 the company's different brand names and products were combined under the Elf brand. Elf stood for Essence Lubricants France. In 1976 Elf-ERAP merged with Antar Pétroles de l'Atlantique and became Société Nationale Elf Aquitaine (SNEA). Later it became known as Elf Aquitaine. Elf Aquitaine was listed on the NYSE in 1991. In 2000 Elf Aquitaine merged with Total Fina to form TotalFinaElf. In 2003, the name was changed to Total.

paragraphs: The Elf scandal came to light in 1994 in France. According to "The Guardian", it was 'the biggest fraud inquiry in Europe since the Second World War... Elf became a private bank for executives who spent £200 million on political favors, mistresses, jewellery, fine art, villas and apartments'. Iraqi-born Nadhmi Auchi, received a 15-month suspended sentence and a £1.5m fine for his involvement taking illegal commissions.

paragraphs: From its beginnings, Elf used motor racing as a means of promotion. It had four-year deal with Matra starting in the French Formula 3 series. In 1969 the combination won the Formula One World Championship with Tyrrell and Jackie Stewart. By this time, Elf was owned by the French government. They began a new long-term relationship with Renault, which was also owned by the French government at the time. The Renault F1 racing cars carried Elf sponsorship until 2009. The Elf logos were replaced with Total logos.


paragraphs: The United States women's national soccer team is the United States women's team that is controlled by the United States Soccer Federation. The United States team has for a long time been a great team, and is currently ranked the second best team, by FIFA. The team has won three Women's World Cup titles (1991, 1999, 2015); four Olympic Women's Gold Medals (1996, 2004, 2008 and 2012) and eight Algarve Cups (2000, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2010 and 2011).

paragraphs: The team was also selected as the U.S. Olympic Committee's Team of the Year (1997 and 1999). Sports Illustrated chose the team as the Sportspeople of the Year (1999).

paragraphs: The United States lost to Japan in the finals, so United States finishes as runner-up (for the first time). They also beat Brazil, which had beaten them in the semifinals of the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup.

paragraphs: The United States won their second title on this year. After they defeated China 5-4 in the penalty kicks, a lot more people began to watch Women's football. Also, after Brandi Chastain made the last penalty, she randomly slid on the grass and ripped of her shirt. This brought a lot of attention, but Brandi Chastain said "Momentary insanity, nothing more, nothing less. I wasn’t thinking about anything. I thought, ‘This is the greatest moment of my life on the soccer field."

paragraphs: The United States won their first title on this year. They defeated Norway 2-1.

paragraphs: The U.S. women's team boasts the first six players in the history of the sport to have appeared 200 times for their national team. One of them, Kristine Lilly, is the only player of either sex with 300 or more appearances.


title: Pavel Sedláček

paragraphs: Pavel Sedláček (born July 4, 1941 in Prague, Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, today Czech Republic) is a Czech rock and roll singer, songwriter and guitarist.


title: Aleš Brichta

paragraphs: Aleš Brichta (born August 9, 1959 in Prague, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech heavy metal singer. He is a founding member of Arakain, from which he left and now plays with "Aleš Brichta Band". In 2008 he was inducted to Beatová síň slávy (Beat Hall of Fame).


title: Plover

paragraphs: Plovers are water birds birds belonging to the subfamily Charadriinae. There are about 40 species, most of them called 'plover' or 'dotterel'. The closely related lapwing subfamily, Vanellinae, has another 20-odd species.

paragraphs: Plovers are found throughout the world, and have short bills. They wade in the water, and hunt by sight, rather than by feel as longer-billed waders like snipe do.

paragraphs: They feed mainly on insects, worms or other invertebrates. They use a run-and-pause technique, rather than the steady probing of some other waders.

paragraphs: The plover group of birds has a defence against predators called "false brooding". They sit on an imaginary nest site, changing position sometimes as if real eggs were under them.

paragraphs: The plover has been known to attack when the young are threatened. The birds secrete an acidic compound from a gland located in their mouth. On contact with skin causes a burning sensation.


title: Gay Nigger Association of America

paragraphs: The Gay Nigger Association of America (often referred to as the GNAA) is an anti-blogging and Internet trolling group (a group that likes causing trouble on the Internet). The group takes their name from the 1992 Danish movie "Gayniggers from Outer Space", and the words gay and nigger. They have trolled (made trouble for) many popular websites and Internet people. They have trolled many bloggers, and sites including Slashdot, Wikipedia, and CNN. They have also released software and made available secret information about operating systems. In addition, they maintain a wiki-based site that makes fun of Slashdot posts and have a software archive that has many GNAA coding projects.

paragraphs: Members of the GNAA also started Goatse Security, a grey hat computer safety group. Members of Goatse Security told media groups in June 2010 about a problem located on AT&T's website that made the privacy of people who pre-ordered the iPad public. After the mistake in the website was talked about, the then-president of the GNAA, "weev", and GNAA member "JacksonBrown" were arrested by the police.

paragraphs: The group says that it was started in 2002. There is not much information about the group's structure. Researcher Andrew Lih has said that it is not clear if there was a actual group of GNAA members at the start. Also not known is if the first members of the GNAA were online pranksters who used the name in order to disturb or disrupt websites.

paragraphs: The group's name has been causing trouble (known as trolling) on the Internet, having been described as causing "alarm in anyone with [even a little bit] of good taste", and as being "[amazingly] offensive." However, the group claims that it is neither racist nor homophobic (fear of or hatred of gay people). GNAA members deny it when people say that they are racist. They say that these words are said only to get people to make angry responses and to undermine or challenge long-standing social norms, and say that the name of the group came from the 1992 Danish satirical blaxploitation movie (an exploitation movie made specifically for an urban, black people audience) "Gayniggers from Outer Space".

paragraphs: The GNAA uses more than one way of disrupting the Internet. One way is flooding (making many requests at once) weblogs with a very big amount of words and sentences, called "crapflooding". They have also made shocking websites that have malware that infects people who visit the sites. One website, "Last Measure", had malware that opened up pop-up windows that had shocking pictures. On Wikipedia, the group made a page about itself, while following every rule of Wikipedia in order to use the rules against themselves.

paragraphs: They have also attacked many Internet Relay Chat channels using IRC flooding. GNAA used an old but little known way to force users of the Freenode IRC network to flood IRC channels after going to websites that have malware. They also have used bugs in Firefox to crapflood IRC channels. They have also shown people new bugs and problems. These actions have sometimes stopped the day-to-day working of big websites such as Slashdot, even making some websites (like 4chan) to shut down for a little bit of time.

paragraphs: In July 2004, two GNAA members sent secret pictures of the future operating system Mac OS X v10.4 to the popular Apple Macintosh news website MacRumors, which read "With WWDC just days away, the first Tiger information and [pictures] appears to have been leaked. [Sources say] Apple [might give our coders] ... a Mac OS X 10.4 preview copy at WWDC on Monday. The [pictures] were [said to have] come from this [future coder sneak-peek]." Later, when people said that the images were fake, the GNAA made a press release which said that the screenshots were real and said that they had "trolled" the Apple websites.

paragraphs: In June 2005, the GNAA said that they had made a Mac OS X Tiger release for Intel x86 processors which made media stories from many sources. The next day, the suspicious leak and was talked about on the G4 show "Attack of the Show". The DVD put on BitTorrent just showed an image of Goatse when you started your computer and not the OS X Tiger as many people were led to believe.

paragraphs: On February 3, 2007, the GNAA tricked CNN reporter Paula Zahn into thinking that "one in three Americans" think that the September 11, 2001 terror attacks were done by Israeli agents. CNN then decided to publish a story, not truthfully reporting this, adding pictures of the GNAA-owned website jewsdidwtc.com The story had a round-table talk about people who hate Jews and a talk with the father of a Jewish 9/11 victim. The GNAA-owned website had claims that "over 4,000" Jews were not at work at the World Trade Center on 9/11.

paragraphs: Many members of the GNAA with experience in grey hat computer safety research began giving out details about security problems under the name "Goatse Security." Goatse Security takes its name from a shock site called goatse. They chose a new name to publish their work under because they were afraid that their work would not get talked about if given out by the "Gay Nigger Association of America."

paragraphs: In June 2010, Goatse Security got much attention from the media for their finding of 114,000 email addresses owned by people who pre-ordered Apple's 3G iPad. The data was retrieved from AT&T's own servers. The FBI soon investigated the event. This search for the truth led to the arrest of then-GNAA President, Andrew 'weev' Auernheimer, on drug charges that happened because of an FBI search of his house, and were not having anything to do with his hacking.


title: Pickett's Charge

paragraphs: Pickett's Charge was an infantry attack ordered by Confederate General Robert E. Lee against Maj. Gen. George G. Meade's Union positions. The attack took place on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863. It was part of the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. Lt. Gen. James Longstreet (who was in charge of attack) believed that it would fail. The farthest point reached by the attack has been called the high-water mark of the Confederacy.

paragraphs: The charge is named after Maj. Gen. George Pickett. Pickett was one of three Confederate generals who led the attack under Longstreet.

paragraphs: Lee hoped to attack the Union center on the third day of the Battle of Gettysburg. Confederate attacks on both Union sides had failed the day and night before. On the night of July 2, General Meade said at a council of war that he thought Lee would try an attack on his lines in the center the next day.

paragraphs: A large attack by artillery took place before the infantry charge. The Confederates hoped the artillery attack would make the Union weaker. It did not work well. About 12,500 men in nine infantry brigades marched over open fields for three-quarters of a mile under heavy Union artillery and rifle fire. Some Confederates were able to get past the low stone wall that many of the Union defenders hid behind. However, they could not hold this area. The Union pushed the Confederates back. Over 50% of the Confederate soldiers on the charge suffered casualties. This defeat ended the three-day battle and Lee's campaign into Pennsylvania. Years later, when asked why his charge at Gettysburg failed, General Pickett said: "I've always thought the Yankees had something to do with it."


title: The Drug in Me Is You

paragraphs: The Drug in Me Is You is the first album of the post-hardcore band Falling in Reverse. It was released on July 26, 2011. The album was produced for Michael Baskette, recorder in Orlando, Florida, by Epitaph Records.

paragraphs: The song "Raised by Wolves" was released in May 28, and officially released June 7. The music video from "The Drug in Me Is You" was released June 28.

paragraphs: The album sold 20.000 copies in the first week.


title: Romance of the Three Kingdoms

paragraphs: Romance of the Three Kingdoms is one of the Four Great Classical Novels of China. It was written by Luo Guanzhong in the 14th century. Nowadays, it is still hugely popular in East Asia.


title: Ragtime

paragraphs: Ragtime (or rag-time) is a musical genre which enjoyed its peak popularity between 1897 and 1918.

paragraphs: Its main characteristic trait is its syncopated, or 'ragged', rhythm. It began as dance music in the red-light districts of American cities such as St. Louis and New Orleans years before being published as popular sheet music for piano.

paragraphs: Ragtime was a modification of the march made popular by John Philip Sousa, with additional polyrhythms typical of African music. The ragtime composer Scott Joplin became famous through the publication in 1899 of the "Maple Leaf Rag" and a string of ragtime hits that followed. For at least 12 years after its publication, the "Maple Leaf Rag" heavily influenced subsequent ragtime composers with its melody lines, harmonic progressions or metric patterns.

paragraphs: Ragtime fell out of favor as jazz claimed the public's imagination after 1917, but there have been numerous revivals since. First, in the early 1940s many jazz bands began to include ragtime in their repertoire and put out ragtime recordings on 78 rpm records. A more significant revival occurred in the 1950s as a wider variety of ragtime styles of the past were made available on records, and new rags were composed, published, and recorded.

paragraphs: In 1971 Joshua Rifkin brought out a compilation of Scott Joplin's work which was nominated for a Grammy Award. In 1973, the motion picture "The Sting" brought ragtime to a wide audience with its soundtrack of Joplin tunes. Subsequently, the film's rendering of Joplin's 1902 rag "The Entertainer" was a Top 5 hit in 1974.

paragraphs: Ragtime (with Joplin's work in the forefront) has been cited as an American equivalent of minuets by Mozart, mazurkas by Chopin, or waltzes by Brahms. Ragtime influenced classical composers including Erik Satie, Claude Debussy and Igor Stravinsky. Ragtime was included in the dance styles of Vernon and Irene Castle, and influenced the English ballroom dances, the foxtrot and the quickstep.


title: Army of the Potomac

paragraphs: The Army of the Potomac was the main Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War From 1861 to 1865. The army was also known as Mr. Lincoln's Army due to the close involvement by President Abraham Lincoln. It had two missions. The first was to protect Washington, D.C.. The second mission was to defeat the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. The generals who led the Army of the Potomac remain some of the most controversial military leaders in history. Under Irvin McDowell, George McClellan, Joseph Hooker and George G. Meade, the army had more defeats than victories.

paragraphs: The Army of the Potomac had its beginnings when President Lincoln called for 75,000 militia from Northern states. This was just a day after the garrison at Fort Sumter surrendered to Confederate forces. These units were to serve for 90 days and each state governor was given a quota. At the time 90 days was the maximum time militia units could serve under the Militia Act of 1795. In 1861, the regular U.S. Army only had 16,367 officers and men. They were organized into 197 companies, 179 of which were scattered in frontier duty in the west. East of the Mississippi River the remaining 18 companies were all artillery. In total there were only six generals including the General-in-Chief, Winfield Scott.

paragraphs: There was an urgency to gathering an army together as quickly as possible. Washington was being threatened by the presence of 20,000 Confederate troops camped just 25 miles away near Manassas, Virginia. During the months of April, May and June of 1861, volunteers were everywhere. Almost daily a new group arrived by train. They camped everywhere, even on the White House lawn. On May 24, 1861, Brigadier general Irwin McDowell took command of the new army, called the Army of Northeastern Virginia. With training still incomplete McDowell was ordered to engage the Confederate forces at Manassas. He moved south very slowly which allowed the Confederate commander, P. G. T. Beauregard, enough time to call for reinforcements from his fellow general, Joseph E. Johnston. The engagement that followed was called the First Battle of Bull Run.

paragraphs: Also called the First Battle of Manassas, fought on July 21, 1861 it was the first large battle of the American Civil War. McDowell started marching part of his army around the left end of the Confederate army attempting a flanking maneuver. The two armies started shooting at each other about 6 a.m. near Matthews Hill. The Confederates did not expect the Union army to attack but they moved brigades to their left flank. The Union army pushed the Confederates back from Matthews Hill about 11 a.m. The Confederates retreated back to another hill called Henry House Hill. On the hill was Thomas J. Jackson's brigade. Another Confederate general was trying to regroup his men. When Jackson rushed forward to fill a gap in the Confederate line the general said, "Look men, there is Jackson standing like a stone wall!" After the battle Jackson would be called "Stonewall Jackson". All the Union attacks on the Confederate lines failed. In the afternoon the Confederates made an attack of their own. This drove the Union army back towards Washington, D.C. The Confederates were too tired to chase after them.

paragraphs: Four days later, McDowell was replaced by Major general George B. McClellan. A month later the name was changed to the Army of the Potomac. McClellan began training McDowell's raw troops. He organized the army and made sure they were well equipped. For several months, Lincoln urged MaClellan to take the Army of the Potomac and go on the offensive. Finally Lincoln demanded he take action against the Confederate army.

paragraphs: In March 1862, the Army of the Potomac began its first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. McClellan landed his army at Fort Monroe. The Army then moved northwest, up the Virginia Peninsula. The Confederate defensive position on the Warwick Line caught McClellan by surprise. McClellan ordered his army to prepare for a siege of Yorktown, Virginia. Before the Union army was ready, the Confederates began a withdrawal toward Richmond. The first heavy fighting of the campaign happened in the Battle of Williamsburg. The Union troops managed some small victories, but the Confederates continued their withdrawal. An amphibious flanking movement cut off the Confederate retreat. In the Battle of Drewry's Bluff, an attempt by the U.S. Navy to reach Richmond by way of the James River failed.


title: Army of Northern Virginia

paragraphs: The Army of Northern Virginia was the most successful of any Confederate army during the American Civil War. It was the main Confederate fighting force in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. The army often fought against the Union Army of the Potomac. The army was led by several generals during its early history, but was best known for its final leader, General Robert E. Lee, who took over in June of 1862. For that reason it was often called "Lee's army".

paragraphs: The army, when first organized was called the (Confederate) Army of the Potomac. It was formed October 22, 1861. Confederate General P. G. T. Beauregard was first given command of what was called the "Alexandria Line" on May 31, 1861. He joined his troops near Manassas, Virginia on June 2. He planned an attack on Washington, D.C. which first required pushing the Union army back behind Bull Run. He called for additional support from Joseph E. Johnston's army in the Shenandoah Valley. On the morning of July 21, 1861, Beauregard planned a surprise attack on the Union forces that failed. He was driven back until the afternoon, when Johnston's troops arrived by train. The Confederates were then able to push the Union forces back and created a victory out of a near-disaster. Both Beauregard and Johnston were full generals. But Johnson took over command of the two armies which were now merged into one. Confederate President Jefferson Davis did not like or agree with Beauregard. There was a series of verbal disputes with Beauregard following Johnston taking command. Possibly as a result, Beauregard was sent west in January 1862 to serve as second in command in the Army of Mississippi.

paragraphs: In the Battle of Seven Pines, Johnston was wounded. Jefferson Davis appointed Lee to take over command. In June 1862, when Lee took over, the army was a collection of various commands in Virginia and North Carolina. This is also when the army reached its peak strength of 90,000 soldiers. When he replaced Johnston, his orders had the heading "Department of Northern Virginia," and the "Army of Northern Virginia". From that time on that was the name it was known by.

paragraphs: Lee wanted to inspire his troops telling them "every man has resolved to maintain the ancient fame of the Army of Northern Virginia and the reputation of its general and to conquer or die in the approaching contest." There was no ancient history, it was a newly formed army. But Lee got the idea across. The first first series of battles under Lee, called Seven Days Battles, defined Lee's army. His soldiers were tough, dedicated men willing to inflict and suffer great casualties in order to win battles. Between 1861 and 1865, the Army of Northern Virginia fought in dozens of battles. Some of the better known are the Battle of Antietam, the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg. In the Battle of Fredericksburg his army managed to inflict 12,653 casualties on the Union army while losing only 5,377 men. In December 1861, Lee corrected one of his officers after a fight saying "you allow these people to get away". "Go after them, and damage them all you can!" In the months following Lee's takeover of the Army of Northern Virginia, as they drove the Union army away from Richmond, Virginia, and out of Virginia, he became a hero to his soldiers and the people of Virginia.

paragraphs: Antietam was the third of four battles in Lee's Maryland Campaign. It fought on September 17, 1862 and was the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War. Exact numbers are unknown, but official records show the Army of Northern Virginia suffered 10,320 casualties (killed, wounded or missing). The Union Army of the Potomac suffered 12,400 casualties.

paragraphs: Lee's goal was for the Army of Northern Virginia to invade the Northern states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. That way he could threaten the cities of Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. By a series of decisive victories Lee thought that the South could gain recognition from England and France and get them to support the Southern cause. The hope was if Lee's army was victorious, it might cause Abraham Lincoln to sue for peace. During the month of September Lee had moved his army north. They captured the garrison at the Battle of Harpers Ferry. Lee's army was driven back at the Battle of South Mountain and withdrew again after a day of heavy fighting at Antietam. Retreating back into Virginia, Lee managed to reinforce General George B. McClellan's overly-cautious nature with a successful rearguard action at the Battle of Shepherdstown. It stopped the Union Army of the Potomac from chasing the Army of Northern Virginia back into Virginia. From a military standpoint, Antietam was a draw. But it gave Lincoln the opportunity he needed to claim a victory and use it to deliver his Emancipation Proclamation.

paragraphs: At Chancellorsville, Lee's army defeated the Army of the Potomac once again, this time inflicting 16,800 casualties while losing 13,000 men. The victory at Chancellorsville brought new hope to the South. It reinforced the idea that a single blow to the North could win the war. His soldiers and officers held Lee in the highest regard. They trusted his judgment and believed him to be a military genius. At this same time the Union Army of the Potomac was suffering poor morale under General Joseph Hooker. Time and again the Army of Northern Virginia, which had fewer men and far fewer resources, defeated the larger Army of the Potomac. Lee carefully monitored events in the Northern newspapers for any and all information about his enemy.

paragraphs: Gettysburg was Lee's next chance to strike a final blow that would win the war. The battle was fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863. This time Lee suffered more casualties than he could afford. The standoff that was Gettysburg ended Lee's invasion of the north and nearly destroyed the Army of Northern Virginia. Now the war was turned around for the Union.

paragraphs: The battle revealed the Army of Northern Virginia had another agenda. As the Confederate army swept northward into Pennsylvania, the soldiers rounded up escaped slaves and free blacks. African-Americans, men, women and children were gathered up and taken with the army as they marched north. When the Army of Northern Virginia retreated, they took the captured black people, estimated to be over a thousand, back to Virginia. There those who had escaped slavery were returned to their slaveowners. Others were sold at auction or imprisoned. Lee may not have ordered the "slave hunt". Once in Pennsylvania he told his troops "no greater disgrace could befall the army," or discredit the Confederate cause, "than the perpetuation of the barbarous outrages upon the unarmed and defenceless [sic] and the wanton destruction of private property that have marked the course of the enemy in our own country." This did not stop his officers and men from rounding up blacks. In one case at Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, soldiers threatened to burn "every house which harbored a fugitive slave". They gave the people in their homes 20 minutes to give up any black people.

paragraphs: In mid-May, 1864, rumors were going around that the Army of Northern Virginia was beaten. A Union officer on General George G. Meade's staff corrected the idea. He said "Lee is a brave and skillful soldier and he will fight while he has a division or a day's rations left." Of Lee's soldiers Lyman said "These rebels are not half-starved and ready to give up—a more sinewy, tawny, formidable-looking set of men could not be". Lyman knew they were still a deadly fighting force even after three years of hard war against a larger and better equipped army. Not surprisingly, it would take another 11 months of hard fighting before the Army of Northern Virginia finally surrendered at Appomattox.


title: Stenhousemuir F.C.

paragraphs: Stenhousemuir FC is a Scottish football club from Stenhousemuir. The club is a member of the Scottish Football League and currently plays in the Scottish Second Division.

paragraphs: Through much of its history the team has competed in the lower leagues of Scottish football, spending the 2006–07 season in the Third Division. In 2008–09, despite earning 4th place, the club won the promotion play-offs and returned to the Scottish Second Division.

paragraphs: In September 2009, Stenhousemuir Football Club, Ltd. was re-registered as a Community Interest Company.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1884 following a break away from a local team called "Heather Rangers". In 1890, the Warriors moved to Ochilview Park following spells at Tryst Park and Goschen Park. In the early 20th century the club had a brief spell of success, winning the Scottish Qualifying Cup twice in 1901 and 1902. In 1902–03, the club reached the Scottish Cup semi-final, losing 1–4 at home to Rangers. The 1921–22 season saw Stenhousemuir compete for the first time in senior Scottish League Football.

paragraphs: In 1925–26, Stenhousemuir goalkeeper Joe Shortt was offered a £50 bribe to throw a match against Broxburn, but he rejected the offer and the Warriors won the match 6–2. A bookmaker from Bainsford, a small village on the outskirts of Falkirk, was subsequently jailed for attempted match fixing.

paragraphs: In 1928, the wooden grandstand at Ochilview Park burnt down in a fire, which lead to a new stand being built in its place, although staircases had to be added later due to planning errors. During the 1936–37 season saw the club record a record victory – a 9–2 win against Dundee United. More than a decade later in 1949–50, a Scottish Cup quarter-final tie against East Fife drew a record crowd of 12,500 – the highest ever at Ochilview Park.. In November 1951, the first floodlit game between two Scottish senior teams occurred at Ochilview Park, between Stenhousemuir and Hibernian.

paragraphs: In the summer of 1964, Rangers FC revealed a plan to The Scottish Football League to remove the Warriors from the league, along with four other clubs, on the basis that they were poorest-supported clubs over the previous three seasons. Four years later, Stenhousemuir, along with Albion Rovers, Berwick Rangers, Brechin City and Stranraer, with support from a number of clubs, including Celtic F.C., Hamilton Academical F.C. and Airdrieonians F.C., successfully defeated this plan.

paragraphs: In 1972–73, the Warriors defeated Rangers 2–1 at Ibrox Stadium in the Scottish League Cup. Notably, Rangers were the holders of the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup at the time.

paragraphs: In 1992–93, the team allowed their rivals Stirling Albion to share their stadium Ochilview Park. In the 1993–94 season, the Warriors moved out of the bottom league for the first time, due to the formation of the Scottish Third Division. The mid-90s was one of the club's most successful periods in its history; in 1994–95 they defeated St. Johnstone 4–0 and Aberdeen 2–0, both higher league opposition, en-route to the Scottish Cup quarter finals. In the 1995–96 season, Stenhousemuir won the Scottish Challenge Cup, defeating Dundee United 5–4 on penalties after a goalless 90 minutes and extra time. In the process, reaching their first national semi-final since 1902.

paragraphs: Stenhousemuir was relegated from the Scottish Second Division to the Scottish Third Division for the first time in the history of the club. However, the next season winning promotion back to the Second Division, also a first in its history.

paragraphs: In 2006–07, the club announced a plan to lay 'fake' grass at Ochilview Park. It became the first in the UK to pass the FIFA 2 Star category accreditation.

paragraphs: Stenhousemuir were promoted to the Scottish Second Division after defeating Cowdenbeath 5–4 on penalties after drawing 0–0 on aggregate in the play-off final at the end of the 2008–09 season. The 2010–11 season saw the club narrowly avoid relegation after spending most of the season in the relegation zone. On the final day of the season the club defeated Peterhead 3–0 to move above Alloa Athletic and therefore avoided the relegation play-offs.

paragraphs: For the 2011/2012 Season, the Home Kit is sponsored by Figure 11 Communications Ltd, the Away Kit is sponsored by Apex Hotels, and the rear of kit sponsor is Wright & MacLennan.

paragraphs: Stenhousemuir Supporters' Club is the official supporters' club of Stenhousemuir FC. It is a democratic organisation based on one vote per person, and its committee is elected every year by the members. It is the largest shareholder in the club with about 11 % of the shares with the aim to increase the shareholding so that no individual(s) can take control of the club away from its supporters.

paragraphs: The Kriss Akabusi Loyal is a band of traveling supporters. It has a democratically-elected representative on the Stenhousemuir FC Board to relay supporter's ideas and wishes. This person serves two years on the Board before being replaced by another member of the committee.

paragraphs: The club also has many foreign supporters: the Norwegian Supporters' Club is a small supporters' organisation based in Oslo, Norway). The Supporters Club was founded on New Year's Eve 1992 by Rolf Erik Wulff, Christian Wulff and Kjell Jarslett. In 1996 it was given one share of Stenhousemuir F.C. as a recognition of their support and promotion of the club. As of today, the supporters club and its members owns about 5% of the shares in Stenhousemuir. Also the Stenhousemuir FC Danish Support. The Denmark based supporters club is an unofficial Warriors fan club founded and established in the summer 2000. The fan club has approximately 30 members.

paragraphs: Stenhousemuir Supporters Trust also The 'Warriors Supports Trust' is registered with the Financial Services Agency as a not-for-profit Industrial and Provident Society. It was established in 2003. It works with the Board of the football club and the Supporters Club to develop a more successful football club. The annual membership subscription of the Trust is £5 but Trust members can take out either a 'silver' membership of £5 a month, or a 'gold' membership of £10 a month. The cash obtained from membership of the Trust is used to buy shares the football club has for sale, and hence the club benefits financially. Since its inception the Trust has given money to the club and its members have given their time and labour towards several projects. The current Chairman of the Stenousemuir Supporters Trust is Graeme Wallace who is also the stadium announcer at Ochilview


title: Great Attractor

paragraphs: The Great Attractor (GA) is a gigantic mass in space which pulls our Milky Way galaxy, and many other galaxies towards it.

paragraphs: The Great Attractor is known by its effect on the movement of galaxies across hundreds of millions of light years (mly). Its mass is equivalent to the mass of tens of thousands of Milky Ways.

paragraphs: All the galaxies in the GA are redshifted, in accordance with the expansion of the Universe. They are receding relative to us and to each other, but the variations in their redshift show the existence of the Attractor. The variations in their redshifts range from about +700 km/s to -700 km/s, depending on where they are in relation to the Great Attractor.

paragraphs: The position of the Great Attractor was finally worked out in 1986. It is between 150 and 250 million light years (47–79 million parsecs) away. Objects in that direction lie in the Zone of Avoidance, which is the part of the night sky obscured by the Milky Way galaxy. Because of this, they are difficult to study with visible light. However, X-ray observations have revealed that the region of space is dominated by the Norma Cluster, a massive cluster of galaxies, with large, old galaxies, many of which are colliding with their neighbours, and/or radiating large amounts of radio waves.

paragraphs: In 2005, astronomers conducted an X-ray survey of part of the sky known as the Clusters in the Zone of Avoidance. The survey confirmed earlier theories that the Milky Way galaxy was in fact being pulled towards a much more massive cluster of galaxies near the Shapley Supercluster, which is beyond the Great Attractor.


title: Cubs Win Flag

paragraphs: The Cubs Win Flag is a flag that is flown at Wrigley Field after every Chicago Cubs home win. The flag is called by about a dozen names. These names usually include several of the following words; either Cubs or Chicago Cubs; Win, W, White, White W, or W Win; and flag, banner or banner flag. Other common names for the symbol include Cubs Win Banner Flag. It has become an important symbol for fans. Days when the win flag is flown are known as "White Flag Days". The tradition of flying a win or loss flag over the stadium began soon after the scoreboard was built in 1937.

paragraphs: The flag has used two different colors with the letter "W" on a solid background. The flag used now is white with a blue "W." There is a flag used for losses with a letter "L". This flag is blue with a white "L" on it. Additionally, lights are shone on the flags that show if it was a win or loss. A new flag is used for each win. Some stores sell versions of the flag that also have the Cubs logo at the bottom.


title: Wrigley Field

paragraphs: Wrigley Field is a sports stadium, the baseball park where the Chicago Cubs play in Major League Baseball. The ballpark is in Chicago, Illinois. The Cubs have been playing there since 1916.

paragraphs: The ballpark is on the north side of Chicago. It is on a block bounded by Addison Street, Clark Street, Waveland Avenue, and Sheffield Avenue. It was built in 1914 for the Chicago Whales of the Federal League. The Federal League disbanded after the 1915 season. The Cubs moved from their previous home, West Side Park, to this ballpark in 1916.

paragraphs: The Chicago Bears of the National Football League played their home games at Wrigley Field from 1921 through 1970. They moved to Soldier Field in 1971.

paragraphs: Wrigley Field has also hosted events such as soccer and hockey. It has also been used as a filming location for some Hollywood movies.

paragraphs: The ballpark has a "cozy" feel. Fans often call it "The Friendly Confines". That nickname was made famous by former Cubs player Ernie Banks.

paragraphs: There was also a Wrigley Field in Los Angeles, built by the same people who built Wrigley Field in Chicago.


title: Zone of Avoidance

paragraphs: The Zone of Avoidance (ZOA) is the area of the night sky that is obscured by our own galaxy, the Milky Way.

paragraphs: Dust and stars in the plane of the Milky Way (the galactic plane) block our view of about 20% of the sky at visible wavelengths. As a result, optical galaxy catalogues are usually very incomplete close to the galactic plane.

paragraphs: In more recent years, many projects have attempted to bridge the gap in our knowledge caused by the Zone of Avoidance. However, the effects of the Zone drops at longer wavelengths, such as the infrared, and the Milky Way is effectively transparent at radio wavelengths. Surveys in the infrared have given us a more complete picture of the extragalactic sky. Indeed, two very large nearby galaxies, Maffei 1 and Maffei 2, were discovered in the Zone of Avoidance by Paolo Maffei by their infrared emission in 1968. Even so, about 10% of the sky remains difficult to survey because extragalactic objects (for example, distant galaxies) can be confused with stars in the Milky Way.

paragraphs: Projects to survey the Zone of Avoidance at radio wavelengths have detected many galaxies that could not be detected in the infrared. Examples of galaxies detected from their HI emission include Dwingeloo 1 and Dwingeloo 2.

paragraphs: Important superclusters of galaxies lying hidden or partly hidden by ZOA are The Great Attractor and the Norma Cluster.


title: Norma Cluster

paragraphs: The Norma Cluster (ACO 3627 or Abell 3627) is a rich of galaxies near the center of the Great Attractor.

paragraphs: It is both nearby and bright; but it is difficult to observe because it is in the Zone of Avoidance. This is a region near the plane of the Milky Way, which obscures our view. The cluster is hidden by interstellar dust at optical wavelengths. Its mass is estimated to be on the order of 10 solar masses.


title: Lewis acid

paragraphs: The concept of Lewis acid and Lewis base is one of acids and bases, which is independent of the idea of protons. developed this idea in the early 20th century. In this concept, a Lewis acid can accept and bind electrons. Lewis acid is a substance that accepts two electrons to form a covalent bond. A Lewis base is a substance that gives two electrons in the bonding. A Lewis acid together with a Lewis base will react to make a compound called a Lewis adduct.


title: Shamrock Rovers F.C.

paragraphs: Shamrock Rovers Football Club ("Irish: Cumann Peile Ruagairí na Seamróige") is a football club from Dublin, Ireland. They play in the Premier Division of the League of Ireland. The club is the most successful in Ireland's football history.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1901 and is named after Shamrock Avenue in Dublin, the place where the club was founded. They started playing friendly matches. In 1904/05 they began to play in a league. From 1907 till 1914 they were not allowed to play because they had no home ground. In 1921 they missed the founding of the league of Ireland, but the next season they played in this league and won the title. The next decades the Rovers were very successful. In 1967, they played as Boston Rovers one season in the United Soccer Association in the USA.

paragraphs: In 1987 Glenmalure Park, the home ground was sold by the club owners as building area. The club started to build a new stadium in Dublins suburb Tallaght but came into financial troubles. The County South Dublin finished the construction in 2009 and so the Rovers have a new homeground. During the troubles the club was also relegated to the first division of the League of Ireland in 2005 but in 2007 they won and were again promoted to the Premier Division.

paragraphs: Through a 2:1 after extra time against (home 1:1) the Rovers are qualified for the UEFA-Europa League group stage 2011/12. They will play in group A versus Tottenham Hotspur, Rubin Kasan and PAOK Saloniki.


title: Galactic plane

paragraphs: The galactic plane is the plane in which most of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies.

paragraphs: The directions perpendicular to the galactic plane point to the galactic poles. In actual use, the terms "galactic plane" and "galactic poles" usually refer specifically to the plane and poles of the Milky Way, the galaxy where the Earth is.

paragraphs: Some galaxies are irregular and do not have any well-defined disk. Even in the case of a spiral galaxy like the Milky Way, defining the galactic plane is imprecise since the stars are not perfectly in the plane.


title: CfA2 Great Wall

paragraphs: The Great Wall is one of the largest known super-structures in the Universe.

paragraphs: It is a huge group of galaxies about 200 million light-years away. The Great Wall is like a long, thin line filament: it is over 500 million light-years long, 300 million light-years wide, but only 15 million light-years thick. It was discovered in 1989 from redshift survey data.

paragraphs: We do not know how much farther the wall extends. Our view is blocked by the galactic plane of the Milky Way. The gas and dust from the Milky Way (known as the Zone of Avoidance) obscures the view of astronomers. This makes it impossible to find out if the wall ends or continues on further.

paragraphs: In the standard model of the evolution of the universe, such structures as the Great Wall form along and follow web-like strings of dark matter. It is thought that this dark matter dictates the structure of the Universe on the grandest of scales. Dark matter gravitationally attracts baryonic matter, and it is this 'normal' matter that astronomers see forming long, thin walls of super-galactic clusters.


title: Local Group

paragraphs: The Local Group is the group of galaxies that includes our galaxy, the Milky Way.

paragraphs: The group has more than 50 galaxies (including dwarf galaxies). Its center of mass is somewhere between the Milky Way and the Andromeda galaxy. The galaxies of the Local Group cover a 10 million light-year diameter and have a binary (dumbbell) shape. The group has a total mass of about (1.29 ± 0.14)M.

paragraphs: The group itself is part of the Virgo Supercluster (also called the Local Supercluster).

paragraphs: The term "Local Group" was introduced by Edwin Hubble in 1936. He describes it as "a typical small group of nebulae which is isolated in the general field". He listed the galaxies, by decreasing luminosity, as the Andromeda galaxy, the Milky Way, Triangulum galaxy, the Large Magellanic Cloud, the Small Magellanic Cloud and half-a-dozen others.

paragraphs: By 2003, the number of known Local Group members has increased from his initial twelve to thirty-six, by way of the discovery of almost two dozen low-luminosity galaxies.

paragraphs: The Milky Way, Andromeda, and the whole Local Group are being pulled by the gravitational attraction of the most massive structure in the observable universe. They are being pulled by the Shapley attractor, which is a dense supercluster of galaxies some 750 million light years from the Milky Way.

paragraphs: At the same time, the Local Group is being pushed by an almost empty region of space called the "dipole repeller".


title: Hydron

paragraphs: In chemistry a proton is a positively charged hydrogen ion. According to IUPAC, the name hydron should be used for such a particle. In this sense, a "hydron" can be a proton in the sense of physics, a "deuteron" or a "triton". A deuteron is the ion of deuterium, a triton that of tritium. (So chemists use the term "hydron" because it covers all three hydrogen ion isotopes.) In 1923, Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Lowry used hydrons to describe acids and bases. They defined acids as proton donors and bases as proton acceptors.


title: Hexactinellid

paragraphs: Hexactinellid sponges are sponges with a skeleton made of four- and/or six-pointed silaceous spicules, often referred to as glass sponges. They are usually classified along with other sponges, but some researchers consider them sufficiently distinct to deserve their own phylum, Symplasma.


title: Demosponge

paragraphs: The Demospongiae are the largest class in the phylum Porifera. Their skeletons are made of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges.


title: University Finis Terrae

paragraphs: University Finis Terrae () is a private autonomous university in Santiago de Chile.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1988. In 1999, this university was subscribed to an agreement of association with the Congregation of the Legionaries of Christ, it means a greater progress in terms of infrastructure, institutional development and extension and the open of new study plans.


title: Universidad Mayor, Chile

paragraphs: Universidad Mayor is a private autonomous university in Chile with headquarters in Santiago and a secondary campus in Temuco.


title: University of the Pacific

paragraphs: University of the Pacific () is a private autonomous university in Chile. It has three headquarters in Santiago, one in Melipilla, and an office in Concepción.


title: Tentaculata

paragraphs: Tentaculata is a class of comb jellies. The common feature of this class is a pair of long, feathery, contractile tentacles, which can be retracted into specialised ciliated sheaths. In some species, the primary tentacles are reduced and they have smaller, secondary tentacles. The tentacles have colloblasts, which are sticky-tipped cells that trap small prey.


title: Shōchū

paragraphs: Shōchū is a typical Japanese alcoholic drink. It is usually around 25 - 37 % alcohol. Shōchū is made often from barley, rice, sweet potato, buckwheat, and sugar cane. It is made in many places in Japan, but started in Kyūshū. People drink it mixed with cool or hot water, over ice, in cocktails, or straight. Shōchū is different from "nihonshu", or sake. Rice shōchū is made from sake by increasing the purity of alcohol. Shochu comes in a wide variety flavors according to ingredients.


title: Awamori

paragraphs: Awamori is an alcoholic drink from Okinawa, Japan. Awamori is made from rice. It is fermented and distilled. Awamori is similar to shōchū, but very different from "nihonshu", or sake. The amount of alcohol in Awamori is usually between 30% and 43% and sometimes up to 60%. After distillation, the drink is ready for bottling and drinking, but as a rule it is aged in ceramic containers for better taste. Ordinary varieties Awamori, are aged about 6 months, but are made and much more aged varieties - 20 and 25 years of aging. Small amounts of drinks made with addition of various spices, ginseng, and even canned snake.

paragraphs: People in Okinawa enjoy drinking Awamori with friends, families and so on. It is popular with tourists as a souvenir.

paragraphs: Most of the people in Okinawa drink Awamori with ice and water. Some people drink with it Jasmine tea, which is called Sanpincha in Okinawa. It makes the taste of Awamori better.

paragraphs: Awamori can improve if its maker takes time to let it mature. If it is matured a long time, the taste becomes mellow and its smell becomes sweet.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, ships from England, France and the United States reached the Ryūkyū Islands, and awamori was served to the crews.


title: Greyson Chance

paragraphs: Greyson Michael Chance (born August 16, 1997) is a musician and a pianist. He became famous for his cover (his version) of the song "Paparazzi" by Lady Gaga in a sixth-grade music festival. The cover reached about 700 million views on Youtube in April 2010. He was later discovered by Ellen DeGeneres and was a guest on her show 2 times. His first debut single is "Waiting Outside the Lines" which was released on October 2010. His first debut album called "Hold on 'till the Night" was later released on August 2, 2011.

paragraphs: Chance was born on August 16, 1997 in Wichita Falls, Texas. He currently lives in Edmond, Oklahoma. He is the youngest child of Scott and Lisa Chance. He has a sixteen-year-old sister, Alexa, and a nineteen-year-old brother, Tanner. Both Alexa and Tanner also play music. Chance began playing the piano at the age of 8 and has had three years of piano lessons. He has never had vocal (singing) lessons. when he was at the age of 7 he moved to Jacksonville Florida and had been applied for the elementary school John N.C. Stockton.


title: Eephus pitch

paragraphs: An Eephus pitch is a kind of pitch in baseball. It is a kind of "junk pitch" (trick pitch). An Eephus pitch is very slow and is used to catch the batter off guard. The pitch was invented by Rip Sewell of the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1940s. The name "Eephus pitch" comes from the Hebrew word "", which means "nothing." Pirates manager Frankie Frisch claimed that the pitch was named by outfielder Maurice Van Robays. Van Robays explained that "Eephus ain't nothing, and that's a nothing pitch."

paragraphs: The Eephus pitch is thrown overhand, like other pitches in baseball. It is unusually slow, and has a high arc trajectory (the ball travels along a high curve.) The trajectory (the path the ball travels) looks more like a pitch from slow-pitch softball than baseball.

paragraphs: The Eephus pitch is unusually slow. It appears to move in slow motion. The ball travels or less. Baseball pitches in Major League Baseball usually travel between . The Eephus pitch is considered a trick pitch because it is so slow.

paragraphs: The Eephus pitch is sometimes called by other names. These names usually refer to an Eephus pitch thrown by a specific pitcher. Some of the most famous of these names are:

paragraphs: Some other nicknames are bloop curve and gravity curve. It is sometimes also called the Bugs Bunny curve. This name comes from a Bugs Bunny cartoon called "Baseball Bugs." In the cartoon, batters swing three times at a very slow pitch before it reaches home plate.


title: University of Antofagasta

paragraphs: The University of Antofagasta () is a university in Antofagasta, Chile. It is one of the universities in the north of Chile.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1981 thanks to the fusion of the TUS of Antofagasta and the Regional Headquarter of the University of Chile, it was the point of start of the actual university.


title: Siméon Denis Poisson

paragraphs: Siméon Denis Poisson ( 21 June 1781 in Pithiviers - 25 April 1840 in Sceaux, near Paris) was a French mathematician and physicist. From 1798 he studied mathematics at the École Polytechnique, where he met Pierre-Simon Laplace and Joseph-Louis Lagrange. In 1802 he became professor, in 1806 he took the position Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier had before him. Napoleon sent Fourier to Grenoble. Poisson was a disciple of Laplace. Poisson worked on the mathematical bases of wave theory, acoustics, elasticity, electricity and heat. He was also interested in the electric properties of solids. In 1812, he published his extension of Laplace's equation, which allowed its use for electric charge at the surface of solids. In the year 1818, he predicted the existence of a phenomenon called the Poisson spot, in the case that light should have the character of a wave. Poisson thought that was not the case and that it had the character of particles. He had long discussions with Augustin-Jean Fresnel, who thought that light was indeed a wave. This discussion only ended when Fresnel could show the existence of the spot Poisson had predicted in an experiment. In 1838, Poisson published his ideas on probability theory, which also included what is now known as Poisson distribution. This distribution was already known to Abraham de Moivre.

paragraphs: The relation between pressure and volume in the adiabatic process is constant, this is known as "Poisson's Law" today. In thermodynamics, the same relation is formulated as a number of equations, which are known as "Poisson's equations". Poisson's ratio which gives the amount an object is stretched under load, is also named after him.

paragraphs: His name is one of 72 honored on the Eiffel tower.


title: Rotavirus

paragraphs: Rotavirus is a virus that causes diarrhoea. Most of the time only children who are younger than five years old get the disease. The signs of the disease are severe diarrhoea and vomiting, which start suddenly and last for two or three days. Rotavirus also causes diarrhoea in animals. A vaccine, which prevents children from getting the disease is available in many countries.

paragraphs: Like most viruses, rotaviruses are made from RNA and protein. The RNA carries the genes that are used to make more rotaviruses. They are called rotaviruses because they sometimes look like little wheels and "rota" is the latin word for "wheel". Rotaviruses get into the body through the mouth and are not present in the air like the viruses that cause colds. The disease is most often spread by dirty hands and things used for cooking, but the viruses can contaminate water. Rotaviruses are very small. They are a lot smaller than bacteria and can only be seen using an electron microscope.

paragraphs: Children who have not been vaccinated usually get infected more than once. But when children are about five years old they are usually immune and cannot get it any more. This is because their bodies have become resistant to the viruses.

paragraphs: Rotaviruses infect the cells that the small intestine is made from. This makes it difficult for the body to digest food. Children usually make a complete recovery from the infection. But it is very important to make sure they drink enough water to replace what they are losing. In many countries the medicine used is called "oral rehydration solution". This comes in a small packet that is added to drinking water. It contains salt and sugar, which helps the body take up the water.

paragraphs: Rotaviruses were discovered in the 1970s. Since then doctors and scientists have shown that they are a problem to children all over the world. More than 500,000 children die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation are helping to pay for rotavirus vaccines in countries that cannot afford to buy them. Between 2006 and 2011 he gave more than 82 million US dollars.


title: Croatian National Resistance

paragraphs: The Croatian National Resistance () was a terrorist Ustaše emigrant organization. The goal of this organization was to destroy Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia, following the vision of Ustaše leader Ante Pavelić and ideology of Mile Budak. It was founded in 1955 by escaped Ustaše war criminal Vjekoslav Luburić, a chief guard of the Jasenovac concentration camp.

paragraphs: While Luburić was the head of this organization, Odpor maintained regular contacts with associations of Nazi war veterans in Germany and Spain. Very close relations were established with fascist Spanish "Blue Guard" veterans. Odpor had stated that:

paragraphs: "[We] regard Yugoslavism and Yugoslavia as the greatest and only evil that has caused the existing calamity [...] We therefore consider every direct or indirect help to Yugoslavia as treason against the Croatian nation [...] Yugoslavia must be destroyed - be it with the help of the Russians or the Americans, of Communists, non-Communists or anti-Communists - with the help of anyone willing the destruction of Yugoslavia: destroyed by the dialectic of the word, or by dynamite - but at all costs destroyed."

paragraphs: Odpor had its Australian branch based in Melbourne. It was linked to the Odpor headquarters in Spain and to other arms of the Ustashe movement around the world. The Australian branch was led by Ustashe Srecko Blaz Rover

paragraphs: Odpor was heavily involved in racketeering, attempted murder, extortion, hijacking, terrorist bombing, and other violent crimes. After Luburić's death, his successors on the organization commanding post, sought out criminal organization ties with La Cosa Nostra, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and the Croatian Mafia in San Pedro.

paragraphs: Odpor most spectacular action was the 10 September 1976 hijacking of Trans World Airlines flight, en route from New York to Chicago. Odpor's five hijackers diverted the plane to Newfoundland, from there to Iceland, and ultimately to Paris with passengers aboard. The terrorists had planted a bomb in Grand Central Station. After authorities met the terrorists' demands, the bomb location was revealed. The bomb deactivation killed one policeman and another three wounded, when they tried to deactivate it. After terrorists learned that the bomb in New York had exploded and killed a policeman, they surrendered to French police.

paragraphs: The leaders of the hijackers of TWA Flight 355, Zvonko Bušić and his wife, Julienne Bušić, were both convicted on U.S. federal charges of air piracy and murder in May 1977 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

paragraphs: Julienne Bušić was released from prison on lifelong parole in 1989. Zvonko Bušić briefly escaped from prison on 16 March 1987 but was quickly captured two days later. Julienne Bušić was appointed by President Franjo Tudjman to the diplomatic post of adviser to the Croatian ambassador to the United States. This appointment of a convicted terrorist to a diplomatic post within the United States drew protests in December 1994 from the New York Patrolmen’s Benevolent Association as well as from Kathlyn Murray, the widow of the police officer killed by the bomb in Grand Central Station in 1976.

paragraphs: Her husband, Zvonko Bušić, was paroled in July 2008 and expelled from the U.S. to Croatia.

paragraphs: In 1980es Odpor carried out five bombings in the United States. Bombed were (causing no injuries):

paragraphs: Odpor was banned in Germany for terrorist activities and operated between legitimate emigre functions and a thuggish underworld. Its leaders tried to distance the organization from the acts of the so-called renegade elements that hijacked international flights and served prison sentences for extortion. It embraced a radical nationalist ideology that differed only marginally from Ustaše ideology.

paragraphs: A number of terrorist attacks against Yugoslavia were organized by this Ustaše organization. They were Miro Barešić's killing of ambassador Vladimir Rolović, bomb attacks in Belgrade cinemas, terrorist group actions in Krajina region during the Croatian Spring of 1971, and the JAT Flight 367 bombing of 1972.

paragraphs: The organization published its own magazine, "Drina". Odpor was dissolved in 1991.


title: Karel Plíhal

paragraphs: Karel Plíhal (born August 23, 1958 in Přerov, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech folk musician, singer, songwriter, poet and record producer.


title: D.C. United Academy

paragraphs: The D.C. United Academy is a program for young soccer players that is run by D.C. United, a pro soccer team that plays in Major League Soccer. The "Academy" trains these young soccer players to possibly one day play soccer either in a pro league or in college.

paragraphs: D.C. United's Academy has several different levels, including, a U-23 team, a U-18 team, a U-16 team and then "Pre-Academy" teams. Pre-Academy teams are for players who are not yet part of the Academy on a normal schedule.

paragraphs: The teams compete in the United States Soccer Federations' Development Academy league.


title: Bat-and-ball games

paragraphs: Bat-and-ball games are field games played by two teams. They are also known as safe haven (safe zone) games, because players generally score points and take risks by running between various safe zones in the field. These teams take turns "batting" and "fielding." The team that is batting can score. The team that is fielding is defending. Both teams have equal chances batting and fielding. Bat-and-ball games are not timed, but are counted (such as by number of "innings" or "rounds".)

paragraphs: The name bat-and-ball games comes from some common parts of most of these games. In most games, a player on the fielding team puts a ball into play, mostly by throwing the ball. (How the player does this depends on the game's rules.) Then a player on the batting team tries to hit the ball, usually with a "bat." A bat is a kind of club, though the size and shape depend on the rules. This player can then run between the safe zones in the field to score points, though the fielding team can use the ball on the player from the batting team, or a target in one of the safe zones, to get the player "out" if they are not in a safe zone. (In cricket, a player who is out can not score points for the rest of their team's scoring turn, while in other bat-and-ball sports, they might have to wait before batting again.) Thus, the further the batting player can hit the ball away from the defensive players, the more points they are likely to be able to score.

paragraphs: The two most popular bat-and-ball games in the world are cricket and baseball. Games like golf and hockey, which also use clubs, are "not" bat-and-ball games. (In golf, there are no teams. In hockey, the teams do not take turns "batting" and "fielding.")

paragraphs: Here are some things many bat-and-ball games have:


title: Virus classification

paragraphs: Virus classification is the way viruses are put into groups by scientists.

paragraphs: There are many different kinds of viruses. Scientists classify viruses to make it easier to learn about them. Classification also helps scientists to remember viruses and the diseases they cause. The International Committee of Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) is in charge of virus classification.

paragraphs: Sometimes different viruses have things in common. This is used in classification. For example, if they are made from DNA and protein, or RNA and protein. Other things that are taken into account are the size and shape of the viruses and the diseases they cause.

paragraphs: Similar viruses are first put into "families". Each family has a name. This family name always ends with ""-viridae". For example, rotaviruses are in the "Reoviridae" family and herpes viruses are in the "Herpesviridae" family.

paragraphs: Viruses in any one family that are almost the same are then put in a smaller group called a "genus".

paragraphs: Another way of classifying viruses is called the Baltimore Classification. This is different from the ICTV one. Some scientists prefer the Baltimore Classification because it is based on how viruses grow in cells.


title: Enterovirus

paragraphs: Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that usually live in the gut of humans and other mammals. Most do not cause disease there. They can cause a mild form of meningitis, which is an infection near the brain. Some members of this group of viruses, such as poliovirus, can sometimes be more dangerous. They are viruses made for RNA and there are many different kinds of them.