title: Looe

paragraphs: Looe is a small coastal town and fishing port in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. As of the 2001 census, 5,280 people lived there. Looe is divided into two parts by the River Looe, East Looe and West Looe being connected by a bridge. The town is about 20 miles (32 km) west of the city of Plymouth and seven miles (11 km) south of Liskeard.

paragraphs: The town is around a small harbour and along the steep-sided valley of the River Looe which flows south to the English Channel beside a sandy beach. Off shore to the west is the picturesque Looe Island.

paragraphs: Looe has a railway station at the end of the branch railway line from Liskeard.


title: Lostwithiel

paragraphs: Lostwithiel is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, at the head of the estuary of the River Fowey. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,739. The town is in the Fowey river valley, between the A390 road from Tavistock to Truro and the upper tidal reaches of the river.

paragraphs: Lostwithiel railway station is on the Cornish Main Line from Plymouth to Penzance. It is at the south of the town, just across the medieval bridge which was built in the early 14th century. A branch line takes china clay trains to Fowey.

paragraphs: Lostwithiel's most notable buildings are St Bartholomew's Church and Restormel Castle.


title: Penryn (Cornwall)

paragraphs: Penryn is a small town in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the Penryn River about one mile (1.6 km) northwest of Falmouth. The population was 7,166 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: Penryn was in the Middle Ages an important port but underwent a severe decline after Falmouth had been established in the 17th century. Today it is a busy town and has managed to retain a much of its heritage; a large proportion of its buildings date back to Tudor, Jacobean and Georgian times, the town is an important conservation area, and has more listed buildings than any other town in Cornwall.


title: St Agnes (Cornwall)

paragraphs: St Agnes is a large village on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, and a popular tourist destination. St Agnes is about five miles (8 km) north of Redruth and ten miles (16 km) southwest of Newquay.

paragraphs: St Agnes and the surrounding area were once reliant on the industries of fishing, farming and mining for copper and tin. Mining came to an end in the 1920s and many of these mines are still on view for any tourists.

paragraphs: The coastal area is part of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and St Agnes Beacon is a local landmark.


title: Lillix

paragraphs: Lillix (formerly Tigerlily) is a Canadian pop rock band from Cranbrook, British Columbia. Lillex has five members in the band; the current band members are Tasha-Ray Evin, Lacey-Lee Evin, Eric Hoodicoff, Cameron Brass and Alex Varon. They released their third studio album, Tigerlily on August 24, 2010.


title: Natalia Kills

paragraphs: Natalia Noemi Cappuccini (born 15 August 1986) is an English R&B singer-songwriter, and actress who is better known by her stage name, Natalia Kills. She was born in Bradford, West Yorkshire to a Uruguayan mother and Jamaican father. She released her debut album "Perfectionist" on 1 April 2011 which features the singles, "Mirrors", "Wonderland" and "Free". She will be helping Ke$ha on her UK tour along with LMFAO.


title: Cloaca

paragraphs: The cloaca is a common rear opening in land vertebrates. Through this opening, the animals expel urine and faeces, and carry out reproduction.

paragraphs: The cloaca is a primitive or 'basal' feature of tetrapods. All amphibia, all sauropsids (reptiles and birds) and even monotreme mammals possess a cloaca.

paragraphs: A different method is used by therian mammals, such as marsupials and placentals. They have an anus for defecation, and another opening for urine and sexual reproduction.


title: Whitehurst & Son sundial (1812)

paragraphs: The Whitehurst & Son Sundial was produced in Derby in 1812 by the nephew of John Whitehurst. It is now in the Derby Museum and Art Gallery. This is a precise sundial which tells not only local apparent time but also local mean time using a scale on it. It is accurate to the nearest minute.

paragraphs: The Whitehurst family was known in Derby as skillful mechanics. John Whitehurst (1713–1788) was born in Congleton, but came to Derby where he became a watch and clock maker. He moved to London to assume the post of Inspector of Weights. His nephew continued the business under the name of Whitehurst & Son. The family business was known for their turret clocks.

paragraphs: To construct a sundial, one must understand the geometry of the solar system, and particularly how the sun will cast a shadow onto a flat surface, in this case a horizontal surface. Each day over a yearly cycle the shadow will be different from the day before, and the shadow is specific to the location of the dial, particularly its latitude. The dial is designed to tell local apparent time so the longitude is not important. In this case, noon will be at the point when the sun is highest in sky and due south, and standard time would be when the sun was due south at another point such as the Royal Observatory at Greenwich. Derby is at 1° 28′ 46.2″ West of Greenwich, so the sun is approximately 5 mins and 52.05 s later in reaching noon. And also when telling the time, we must consider the equation of time. That is to say, as the earth moves around the sun in a slight ellipse, day length slightly varies everyday. For example, the difference from the average becomes up to 16 minutes in November and February. This equation of time had been really unknown for a long time until people started comparing sundials with mechanical clocks. If a clock ignores this difference, it measures average time. If a clock is re balanced each day to make them correspond with the natural cycle, it measures local mean time. A fixed noon and fixed day are essential for railways timetabling, so Greenwich Mean Time was adopted. In the case of Midland Railway, it was by January 1848.

paragraphs: This particular bronze sundial is marked "Whitehurst and Son/Derby/1812" and is thought to have been made for George Benson Strutt (who was the younger brother of the cotton spinner William Strutt), for his home Bridge Hill House, in Belper. This has the precise location of 53° 1′ 49.08″ north, and 1° 29′ 26.88″ West of Greenwich, which is slightly different from those of Derby, at 52° 55′ 00″ north, a difference of 6′ 49″. The Longitude is almost same, and gives only a 2 second time difference.

paragraphs: The dial is stoutly made and has one thick style (gnomon, a stick which casts shadow on the plate). The dial plate is not one complete circle but two semicircles separated by the thickness of the style. In this design of sundial, the angle of the style to the dial plate is exactly the same as latitude, which is 53° 1′ 49″ (the latitude of the Bridge Hill House).

paragraphs: The dial plate will be perfectly horizontal there. In case it is placed at different location, slight adjustment for latitude is required by slanting the dial plate. As the dial is now 0° 6′ 49″, or about 1/10th of a degree south- the nose of the gnomon needs to be raised by that amount.

paragraphs: In the "horizontal sundial" (also called a "garden sundial"), the plane that receives the shadow is aligned horizontally. (In the equatorial dial, the style stands vertically against the plate.) Hence, the line of shadow does not rotate uniformly on the dial face. Consequently, the hour lines are spaced according to a calculation.

paragraphs: The dial plate is strictly engraved with hour lines which were calculated using the formula:

paragraphs: where λ is the sundial's geographical latitude (and the angle the style makes with horizontal), θ is the angle between a given hour-line and the noon hour-line (which always points towards true North) on the plane, and "t" is the number of hours before or after noon.

paragraphs: For each of the hours 1 to 6, the formula is calculated. For instance at 3 hours after noon, we substitute the numbers 53.03 and 3 into the formula

paragraphs: The hours before noon are exactly the same, because the dial is symmetrical, so the other lines are mirror images of those above.

paragraphs: In the same manner, the half hours and the minute lines would be calculated. As noon is set exactly on the north-south line, and not 5' and 54" (time difference between Belper and Greenwich) to one side, we can tell that this dial is telling Belper time and not Greenwich time.

paragraphs: Significantly, on the plate we can see a pair of scales that help the observer make the equation of time correction. One scale gives the date in months and days. Along side of it, another scale is engraved with the minutes on that day that the watch would be running faster or slower. Here it is labeled "Watch Slower, Watch Faster. The 15th April is one day when no conversion needs to be made. This dial can be used both to read solar time shown by sundials and also the mean time that is favoured by clocks, with the practical purpose that observers can use the dial to calibrate their pocket watches, which in 1812 would not always run true. By 1820 watches manufacture had improved and the Lever escapement had become popular, so frequent calibration was no longer needed.

paragraphs: Another Whitehurst sundial dated around 1800 sold for £1850 in 2005 in Derby.


title: Chimney

paragraphs: A chimney is a structure used to ventilate hot flue gases or smoke from a boiler, stove, furnace or fireplace to the outside atmosphere. Most chimneys are vertical, or almost vertical, to make sure that the gases flow easily, drawing air into the combustion in what is known as the stack, or chimney, effect. The space inside a chimney is called a "flue". Chimneys may be found in buildings, steam locomotives and ships. In the United States, the term smokestack is also used when talking about locomotive chimneys or ship chimneys, the word funnel can be used too.

paragraphs: The Height of a chimney is really important, when higher, chimney's dispersion of pollutants will not cause too much influence on surrounding areas. Tall chimneys also allow chemicals to self-neutralize in the air before they reach the ground.


title: Home appliance

paragraphs: A Home appliance is any electrical machine use to complete some household task, such as cooking or cleaning. Home appliances can be classified into:

paragraphs: This division is also detectable in the service area of these kinds of products. Most Brown goods require high technical knowledge and skills, while white goods need more practical skills and "brute force" to make the devices work, and heavy tools required to repair them.

paragraphs: The invention of home appliances led to a decline in employment of domestic workers in the 20th century.


title: Stephen Jay Gould

paragraphs: Stephen Jay Gould (September 10, 1941 – May 20, 2002) was an American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, taxonomist, and historian of science.

paragraphs: He was also one of the most influential and widely read writers of popular science of his generation.

paragraphs: Gould spent most of his career teaching at Harvard University and working at the American Museum of Natural History in New York. In the latter years of his life, Gould also taught biology and evolution at New York University near his home in SoHo.

paragraphs: Gould's greatest contribution to science was the theory of punctuated equilibrium, which he developed with Niles Eldredge in 1972. The theory proposes that most evolution is marked by long periods of evolutionary stability, which is punctuated by rare instances of branching evolution. The theory was contrasted against the idea that evolutionary change is marked by a pattern of smooth and continuous change in the fossil record.

paragraphs: Most of Gould's empirical research was based on the snail genera "Poecilozonites" and "Cerion". He also contributed to evolutionary developmental biology, and has received wide praise for his book "Ontogeny and Phylogeny". In evolutionary theory he opposed strict selectionism, sociobiology as applied to humans, and evolutionary psychology. He campaigned against creationism.

paragraphs: Many of Gould's "Natural History" essays were reprinted in collected volumes.


title: Rich Peverley

paragraphs: Rich Peverley (born July 8, 1982 in Guelph, Ontario) is a former Canadian ice hockey center.

paragraphs: Peverley played hockey in the ECHL for 2 seasons with the South Carolina Stingrays and Reading Royals. He has formerly played for the Nashville Predators for 3 seasons, the Atlanta Thrashers for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. He won the Stanley Cup with the Bruins on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0.

paragraphs: On March 10, 2014, during a game against the Columbus Blue Jackets, he collapsed on the team bench. He has had heart conditions in the past and missed a few games the week earlier when he didn't feel well after a game. He is in stable condition. The NHL released a state on Peverley's health saying: "Dallas player Rich Peverley is doing well and is in stable condition. He was transported to the hospital." As a result of the emotional state of the players on both teams caused by the medical emergency, the game was rescheduled to April 9.


title: Bengali Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Bengali Wikipedia is the Bengali language version of the Wikipedia. Bengali is the language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal, and parts of the Indian states of Tripura and Assam. Bengali is an Indo-Aryan (coming from the region of India and Pakistan) language.


title: Nathan Horton

paragraphs: Nathan Horton (born May 29, 1985 in Welland, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger that currently plays for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Horton played hockey in the OHL for 2 seasons with the Oshawa Generals. He has formerly played for the Florida Panthers for 3 seasons and the Boston Bruins for 3 seasons. During his time with the Bruins, Horton won the Stanley Cup with them on June 15, 2011 when the Bruins defeated the Vancouver Canucks in game 7 by a score of 4-0. On July 5, 2013, Horton agreed to terms on a seven-year contract with the Columbus Blue Jackets.

paragraphs: He is married to Canadian model Tammy Plante who is the great-niece of legendary NHL goaltender, Jacques Plante.


title: Psocoptera

paragraphs: Psocoptera are an order of winged insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. They first appeared in the Permian period, 295–248 million years ago. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the hemipterans. Their name originates from the Greek word "psokos" meaning gnawed or rubbed and "ptera" meaning wings. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in recent years.

paragraphs: They range in size from 1–10 millimeters (0.04–0.4 in) in length.


title: Thrips

paragraphs: Thrips are an order of insects, the Thysanoptera. They are tiny, slender insects with fringed wings.

paragraphs: Other common names for them are thunderflies, thunderbugs, storm flies, thunderblights, and corn lice. The scientific name for the order Thysanoptera comes from the Greek "thysanos" (fringe) and "pteron" (wing).

paragraphs: Thrips feed on a large variety of plants and animals by puncturing them and sucking up the contents. Thrips species are pests if they feed on plants with commercial value.

paragraphs: Thrips found in the British Isles are tiny insects, just 1-2mm long, but in other parts of the world they can be up to 14 mm. They have two pairs of narrow, fringed wings, although some are wingless. More than 6,000 species of thrips are known around the world, with over 300 of these in Europe and about 150 native to Britain.


title: Cymbopogon

paragraphs: Cymbopogon (lemongrass) is a tall perennial plant. Usual names include lemon grass, barbed wire grass, silky heads, citronella grass, and others.

paragraphs: Lemongrass is native to the Philippines. It is a herb. It has a citrus taste and can be dried and powdered, or used fresh.

paragraphs: Lemongrass is used as a flavouring in teas, soups, and curries. It is also used for poultry, fish, beef, and seafood. "Cymbopogon citratus" is used as a tea in African countries such as Togo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Latin American countries such as Mexico.

paragraphs: These species are used for the production of citronella oil, which is used in soaps, as an insect repellent (especially mosquitoes) in insect sprays and candles, and in aromatherapy. The principal chemical constituents of citronella, geraniol and citronellol, are antiseptics, hence their use in household disinfectants and soaps.


title: Judith Rich Harris

paragraphs: Judith Rich Harris (February 10, 1938 – December 29, 2018) researched psychology. She was an independent researcher, and not a university professor. Her most famous book is "The Nurture Assumption". The book asks "Why [do] children turn out the way they do"? Its answer is that "Parents matter less than you think and peers matter more".

paragraphs: Harris graduated from Tucson High School and attended the University of Arizona and Brandeis University, from where she graduated magna cum laude in 1959. In 1961 she received a master's degree in psychology from Harvard University.

paragraphs: Harris's most famous work is "The Nurture Assumption". It was published in 1998. A revised version was published in 2009. Children often act like their parents act. Some psychologists thought this was because of the way that parents raised their children. Harris argues that (some or all of) this similarity is due to genetics. Otherwise, parents are not the most important factor in child development. This book argues that peers are more important. Harris argues that children are socialized by peers.

paragraphs: Harris also wrote "No Two Alike: Human Nature and Human Individuality". It was published in February 2006. Harris attempts to explain why people are so different in personality, even identical twins who grow up in the same home.

paragraphs: George A. Miller was chair of the Department of Psychology which formally dismissed Harris from the PhD program at Harvard, 1960, on the grounds that her 'originality and independence' did not live up to Harvard's standards.

paragraphs: Later, in 1994, she developed a theory of child development, which focussed on the peer group rather than the family. This formed the basis for a 1995 article in the "Psychological Review" for which she received the American Psychological Association's George A. Miller Award for an Outstanding Recent Article in General Psychology.

paragraphs: Harris suffered from a chronic autoimmune disorder, diagnosed as a combination of lupus and multiple sclerosis. She died on December 30, 2018 at the age of 80.

paragraphs: She married Charles S. Harris in 1961; they have two daughters (one adopted) and four grandchildren. Harris suffered from an autoimmune disease; she died December 29, 2018.


title: St Columb Major

paragraphs: St Columb Major is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Often referred to locally as "St Columb", it is about seven miles (11 km) southwest of Wadebridge and six miles (10 km) east of Newquay.

paragraphs: Twice a year the town plays host to the game of "hurling", a medieval game once common in Cornwall but now only played in St Columb and two other towns. It is played on Shrove Tuesday and then again on the Saturday eleven days later. The game involves two teams of several hundred people (the 'townsmen' and the 'countrymen') who attempt to carry a silver ball made of apple wood to goals set two miles (3 km) apart, making the parish the largest pitch for a ball game anywhere in the world.


title: Calstock

paragraphs: Calstock () is a parish and a large village in south east Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the River Tamar near the border with Devon. The village is south west of Tavistock and north of Plymouth.

paragraphs: The parish had a population of 6,095 in the 2001 census. As well as Calstock, other settlements in the parish include Albaston, Chilsworthy, Gunnislake, Harrowbarrow, Latchley and Metherell.

paragraphs: Calstock village is within the Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and lies on the scenic Tamar Valley railway. Mining was formerly an important industry here.


title: River Tamar

paragraphs: The River Tamar is a river in South West England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east) and Cornwall (to the west). The Tamar's source is less than 6 km (4 miles) from the north Cornish coast, but it flows southward. At its mouth, the Tamar flows into the Hamoaze (a wide estuary) before entering Plymouth Sound. Tributaries of the river include the rivers Inny, Ottery, Kensey and Lynher (or "St Germans River") on the Cornish side, and the Deer and Tavy on the Devon side.

paragraphs: King Athelstan of England made the east bank of the River Tamar the boundary between England and Cornwall in the year 936. There are no road bridges over the lower Tamar apart from the modern Tamar Bridge at Saltash which was built to replace the ferry. In 1859 the Royal Albert Bridge was built across the Tamar at Saltash to carry the main railway line into Cornwall. Both bridges connect Saltash with Plymouth.

paragraphs: The Tamar Valley Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty covers around 195 km² (75 square miles) around the lower Tamar (below Launceston) and its tributaries the Tavy and the Lynher. It was first proposed in 1963, but was not designated until 1995.


title: Corinthian order

paragraphs: The corinthian order is one of the three main classical orders ("styles") of ancient Greek and Roman architecture. The other two are the Doric order and Ionic order.

paragraphs: The Corinthian is the most decorative of the three orders. It has thin columns that have grooves running vertically up the sides. The most important difference with the other orders is the big capital ("top part of the column"), which is decorated with leaves and scrolls.

paragraphs: The oldest known example of a Corinthian column is in the Temple of Apollo Epicurius at Bassae in Arcadia, "ca" 450–420 BC. This column stands inside the temple and does not form part of the wall. The oldest use of the Corinthian order on the outside of a structure is the round Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. It was put in place around 334 BC.


title: Wellington Monument, Dublin

paragraphs: Dhe Wellington Monument is an obelisk in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. It is also called "Wellington Testimonial" because it was built while Wellington was still alive.

paragraphs: The monument is in the southeast of the Park. It is near Kilmainham and the River Liffey. The obelisk is tall. It is the largest obelisk in Europe.

paragraphs: The monument was built to celebrate the victories of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington. He was born in Dublin.

paragraphs: It was designed by the architect Sir Robert Smirke. Building was started in 1817. In 1820 they ran out of money. It was not finished until 1861 when it was opened to the public. There were also plans for a statue of Wellesley on a horse in front of it. This was never built.

paragraphs: There are four bronze plaques on the bottom part of the monument. Three have pictures about Wellington's career, the fourth has text. The pictures are 'Civil and Religious Liberty' by John Hogan, 'Waterloo' by Thomas Farrell and the 'Indian Wars' by Joseph Robinson Kirk. The text reads:


title: Ashtown Castle

paragraphs: Ashtown Castle is a towerhouse in the Phoenix Park in Dublin. It is now part of the Phoenix Park Visitor Centre.

paragraphs: It is not clear when the castle was first built. It might date back as far as 1430. The roof dates from the 17th century.

paragraphs: After the building was made bigger and improved, it was used as the house for the Under Secretary of Ireland from 1782. In 1922, it became the house for the first United States ambassador to Ireland. After the ambassador moved to the Chief Secretary's Lodge, the Papal nuncio used the building until 1978 when he moved.

paragraphs: In 1978, the building was in bad shape. It could not be repaired. When they started to break down the building, they found the towerhouse inside the bigger building. It was restored to its old form.


title: The Aviator

paragraphs: The Aviator is a 2004 American biographical epic drama movie directed by Martin Scorsese. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio as Howard Hughes. It was nominated for 11 Academy Awards, and won five, including Best Supporting Actress for Cate Blanchett, who plays Katharine Hepburn. Kate Beckinsale plays Ava Gardner. The movie also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film.

paragraphs: It is about the live of Howard Hughes, his flights and his live as film producer. It ends with his Vision of all plane


title: Mâcon

paragraphs: Mâcon is a "commune" in the Saône-et-Loire department in the Bourgogne-Franche-Comté region in east-central France. It is the "préfecture" (capital) of the department.

paragraphs: Even if Mâcon is the capital of the department, it is only the second largest city in population after Chalon-sur-Saône.

paragraphs: The Celts from the Aedui (people that lived between the Saône and Loire rivers) had an oppidum and a river port in the present place of Mâcon. This settlement was called Matisco by Julius Caesar.

paragraphs: Mâcon is the southernmost capital city in the region of Bourgogne-Franche-Comté. It is at north of Lyon and from Paris.

paragraphs: The city lies on the western (left) side of the Saône river, on the border with the Ain department.

paragraphs: It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: Since 1972, the "commune" of Mâcon is divided in two parts: the southern part, including the old city, and the northern part. Both parts are surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Charnay-lès-Mâcon, less than to the west of Mâcon and where is the local airport, is an "Oceanic climate" (also known as Maritime Temperate climate) and of the subtype "Cfb".

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Charnay-lès-Mâcon is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month, on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Charnay-lès-Mâcon is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Mâcon are known, in French, as "Mâconnais" (women: "Mâconnaises ").

paragraphs: With a population of 33,456, Mâcon has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Mâcon is a prefecture of the Saône-et-Loire department since 1800. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Mâcon and the administrative centre () of two cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Mâconnais Beaujolais Agglomération" ().


title: Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 573 communes of the Saône-et-Loire "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Haute-Saône department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 545 communes of the Haute-Saône "département", in east France.


title: Communes of the Rhône department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 293 communes of the Rhône "département", in France.


title: Chief Secretary for Ireland

paragraphs: The Chief Secretary for Ireland was the British Cabinet minister with responsibility for Irish affairs. It was the second most important politician in Ireland, after the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland. From the late 18th century and early 19th century onwards the Chief Secretary would also sit in the British cabinet. Because of this, he was better connected and became more powerful that the Lord Lieutenant. From 1922, the Irish were no longer ruled by the British king, and the political office disappeared.

paragraphs: They used to live in the Chief Secretary's Lodge in the Phoenix Park.


title: St Mawes

paragraphs: St Mawes is a small town opposite Falmouth, on the Roseland Peninsula on the south coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It lies on the east bank of the Carrick Roads into which the River Fal flows. The town is in the civil parish of St Just in Roseland. It was once a busy fishing port, but the trade declined during the 20th century.

paragraphs: The town of St Mawes is a popular tourist location. There is a ferry service to Falmouth, which is less than a mile away by boat, but about 30 miles away by road. The town takes its name from the Celtic saint Maudez (Mawe), who may have come from Ireland.

paragraphs: St Mawes Castle is a well-preserved coastal fortress from the time of Henry VIII, built to resist invasion from Europe.


title: Roseland Peninsula

paragraphs: The Roseland Peninsula, or just Roseland, is a district of west Cornwall in the United Kingdom. Roseland is in the south of the county and contains the town of St Mawes and villages such as St Just in Roseland and Gerrans. It is a peninsula, separated from the rest of Cornwall by the River Fal (on the east is the English Channel).

paragraphs: There is some disagreement about where the peninsula begins and some include the village of Tregony in Roseland and others do not.


title: Bourbon whiskey

paragraphs: Bourbon is a whiskey that is distilled from grain mash containing at least 51% corn and aged a minimum of two years. It gets its name from Bourbon, Kentucky where most bourbon is produced. Many bourbons are made using a method called "sour mash" where fermentation of each new batch contains a little of the batch before to achieve a consistent quality.

paragraphs: Drinks made from bourbon include Lynchburg Lemonade, Manhattan, and Old Fashioned.


title: Scotch whisky

paragraphs: Whisky made in Scotland is known as Scotch whisky, or simply as "Scotch" (especially in North America).

paragraphs: It means the whisky is distilled in Scotland. It is usually a blend of malt and grain whiskies, and aged in barrels ('casks') for at least three years (four years for exports).

paragraphs: Single malt scotch is made only from malted barley and no other grain, sugar, or fermentable material. They are made at the same distillery and not blended with any other scotch. Most single malt scotches are aged an average of 8 to 12 years.


title: Annecy

paragraphs: Annecy is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Haute-Savoie department.

paragraphs: It is on the northern tip of Lake Annecy. It is 35 kilometres south of Geneva.

paragraphs: It is often known as « la Venise des Alpes » or « the Venice of the Alps ».

paragraphs: Annecy has hosted the "Annecy International Animated Film Festival" since 1960.

paragraphs: Annecy bid to host the 2018 Winter Olympic Games but lost to Pyeongchang.


title: Chambéry

paragraphs: Chambéry is a commune, the prefecture of the Savoie department.


title: Communes of the Haute-Savoie department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 294 communes of the Haute-Savoie "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Savoie department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 305 communes of the Savoie "département", in France.


title: The Change-Up

paragraphs: The Change-Up is a 2011 American comedy movie produced by David Dobkin, Neal H. Moritz, David Furnish and Gary Barber and directed by David Dobkin. "The Change-Up" was released on August 5, 2011 in North America.


title: Aaron Rome

paragraphs: Aaron Rome (born September 27, 1983 in Nesbitt, Manitoba) is a Canadian ice hockey defenseman. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played in the WHL for a combined 8 seasons with the Saskatoon Blades, Kootenay Ice, Swift Current Broncos and the Moose Jaw Warriors. He formerly played in the NHL for the Columbus Blue Jackets, Anaheim Ducks and the Vancouver Canucks. He was on the Anaheim Ducks when they won the Stanley Cup in 2007 but he did not qualify to have his name engraved on the cup. He did however get a Stanley Cup ring and a day to spend with the cup in the off-season.

paragraphs: On June 6, 2011, Rome was given a four-game suspension because of a late hit that he did on Boston's Nathan Horton during game three of the 2011 Stanley Cup finals. The hit gave Horton a concussion and he was sent to the hospital.


title: Ben Smith

paragraphs: Ben Smith (born July 11, 1988) is an American professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the San Jose Sharks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He has also played ice hockey in college at Boston College with the Eagles. He made his NHL debut with the Blackhawks on October 29, 2010 against the Edmonton Oilers. He scored 2 goals on April 15, 2011 against the Vancouver Canucks in his second NHL playoff game.

paragraphs: On April 24, 2011, Smith scored the overtime goal on a rebound by Niklas Hjalmarsson against the Vancouver Canucks' goaltender, Roberto Luongo, to force a Game 7 in Vancouver. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

paragraphs: On March 2, 2015, the Blackhawks traded Smith to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for Andrew Desjardins.


title: Topoisomerase

paragraphs: Topoisomerase is an enzyme that unwinds and winds DNA in order to help the creation of DNA structures.

paragraphs: DNA is in a helix/spiral which helps make the structure of DNA strong and stable. However, when undergoing DNA replication, the spiral needs to be untwisted, and when spirals are being untwisted knots, and breaks can happen. When studying the structure of DNA, James D. Watson and Francis Crick knew that there was need for an enzyme to overcome this problem.

paragraphs: Topoisomerase binds to either side of the DNA strands and allows the DNA to be untangled or unwound.


title: NHL 12

paragraphs: NHL 12 is an ice hockey video game developed by EA Canada and published by EA Sports. It is the twenty-first game in the NHL series. It was released on September 8, 2011 in Australasia, September 9, 2011 in Europe and on September 13, 2011 in North America. The game was featured at the 2011 Electronic Entertainment Expo.

paragraphs: New features in NHL 12 include: the ability to hit goalies, goalie fights, improved Be a Pro mode, more realistic hits, helmets popping off when being hit, knuckleball shots, shattered glass, and more puck movements. Players can also play the 2011 Winter Classic at Heinz Field under snowfall. A new feature called the "Action Tracker" follows the players every move in the game.


title: Rosenery Mello do Nascimento

paragraphs: Rosenery Mello do Nascimento (born 1965 - died June 4, 2011) was a Brazilian celebrity also known as ""fogueteira do Maracanâ"".

paragraphs: She was known for an incident at the football game between the teams of Brazil and Chile (1989) in the Maracanã Stadium, in a match valid for the World Cup qualifiers in 1990.

paragraphs: Soon after, she was on the cover of men's magazine Playboy.

paragraphs: She was born in Rio de Janeiro and died of a brain aneurysm there.


title: Anthony Weiner

paragraphs: Anthony David Weiner (born September 4, 1964) is a former member of the United States House of Representatives. He represented the 9th district of the state of New York. Weiner is a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: After graduating from college at the State University of New York-Plattsburgh in 1985, Weiner began working on the staff of Charles Schumer, who was then a Congressman from New York.

paragraphs: In 1991, Weiner became the youngest person to be elected to the City Council of New York City. Weiner was first elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1999.

paragraphs: In 2011, Weiner became involved in a scandal after his Twitter account sent a woman a picture of a man with an erection. At first, Weiner said that he had not sent the picture and that somebody must have hacked into his account. However, a few days later, he admitted that he had sent the picture and that he had been having sexual conversations with several women through Twitter.

paragraphs: Because of the scandal, Weiner left the House of Representatives. He quit on June 16. In August 2016, Wiener was again blamed for sending a picture of his manbulge.

paragraphs: Weiner married Huma Abedin in 2010. Their son was born in 2011.


title: Democratic Centralism

paragraphs: Democratic Centralism is a Leninist idea which means that the ruling party (in the case of Russia, the Bolsheviks) would discuss an idea to come up with an answer, and then once an answer was decided discussion would never be allowed again. Joseph Stalin used this principle to help him rise to power in the 1920s.


title: Politburo

paragraphs: In Communist parties the politburo (short for "political bureau") was the group of people that made all decisions of the party. The Central Committee elected its own members to the Politburo at meetings. The leader of the politburo was called the General Secretary, and this person was the most powerful person in the party.


title: Secretariat

paragraphs: A secretariat is the body that keeps a large organization organized. The Secretariat is the office of the secretary. Organizations that have secretariats include the US Navy and Interpol. The European Union's Council of Ministers has a secretariat that employs about 2,300 people. They provide a range of services including secretarial work, translation, and legal advice.


title: Vanguard

paragraphs: A vanguard is a (usually small) group of people who lead a movement. It comes from two old French words, "avant" (front) and "garde" (guard). In military terms, a vanguard is a group of soldiers who scout ahead to protect an army from surprise attacks.

paragraphs: In the political philosophy of Leninism "vanguard" refers to the "vanguard party". This would be a small group of dedicated revolutionaries who would lead the Communist movement in Russia.


title: Communist Party of Vietnam

paragraphs: The Communist Party of Vietnam is the political party that controls Vietnam.

paragraphs: The Party was founded in 3 February 1930 by Ho Chi Minh as the Indochinese Communist Party. Ho led the party to power in 1945. In 1954, the country was divided into two at the Geneva Conference. After that, the party ruled only North Vietnam until 1975, when the party once again ruled over a united Vietnam.


title: Charly García

paragraphs: Carlos Alberto García Moreno (born in Buenos Aires, October 23, 1951) musician, composer and Latin American rock producer.


title: Keith McCready

paragraphs: Keith McCready (born April 9, 1957) is an American professional pool player. He was born in Elmhurst, Illinois. His nickname is Earthquake.

paragraphs: He spent much of the 1970s and 1980s traveling throughout the United States as a tournament competitor and hustler. McCready started competing professionally when he was 21 in his homestate of California. Although he was losing, McCready played straight through nine racks of balls in nine-ball in the finals. He didn't miss any shots. He defeated Larry Hubbart, 11-6, to win the Sacramento Open Nine-ball Tournament.

paragraphs: On St. Patrick's Day in 1984, McCready won the Clyde Childress Memorial Nine-ball Tournament at The Maverick Club in Richmond, Kentucky against many famous players.

paragraphs: In 1986, McCready starred as the character Grady Seasons, with Paul Newman and Tom Cruise in Martin Scorsese's Academy Award-winning film "The Color of Money",


title: Fowey

paragraphs: Fowey is a small town and cargo port at the mouth of the River Fowey in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 2,273.

paragraphs: Fowey is in the South Coast (Eastern Section) of the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. It lies at the end of the Saints' Way a long-distance footpath and has ferries across the river to Polruan (foot) and Bodinnick (vehicle). There are many historic buildings in the town, including the ruins of St Catherine's Castle, while Readymoney Cove has a local beach.


title: River Fowey

paragraphs: The River Fowey is a river in Cornwall, United Kingdom, which follows an irregular course across Bodmin Moor and enters the English Channel at Fowey.

paragraphs: There is a ferry between Fowey and Bodinnick. The first road crossing going upstream is in Lostwithiel. The river has seven tributaries, the largest being the River Lerryn. The part of the Fowey Valley between Doublebois and Bodmin Parkway railway station is known as the Glynn Valley (from Glynn House, Cardinham). The valley is the route of both the A38 trunk road and the railway line (built by the Cornwall Railway in 1859).

paragraphs: The catchment area of the River Fowey covers a total of consisting of various types of rock.


title: Chief Secretary's Lodge

paragraphs: The Chief Secretary's Lodge is a house in the Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland. It is also called "Deerfield House" or the "U.S. Ambassador's Residence". It is used as the home for the U.S. Ambassador to Ireland. The size of the property and the land around it is about . It also includes three cottages and a gate lodge.

paragraphs: The building was completed in 1776. It was built by Col. John Blaquiere, Chief Secretary for Ireland of the British government. He was also the bailiff of the Phoenix Park. It was used as the house for the Chief Secretary until 1922, when the Irish Free State was formed.

paragraphs: In 1927, the American government started to use the building for the embassy and as house for the ambassador to Ireland. Later the embassy was moved out. In 1952, the American government improved the house and lands around it.


title: Perranzabuloe

paragraphs: Perranzabuloe is a coastal civil parish and a hamlet in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The hamlet (containing the parish church) is just over a mile (2 km) south of the main settlement of the parish, Perranporth and seven miles (11 km) south-southwest of Newquay. The parish population was 5,382 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: The name of the parish comes from the medieval Latin "Perranus in Sabulo" meaning Piran in the sand. Piran (the patron saint of Cornwall) was a Christian evangelist who founded a church in the seventh century near the coast north of Perranporth. The ruins of this church were rediscovered in the 20th century. The medieval parish church of Perranzabuloe was over a long period completely lost in sand dunes. A new church had to be built further away from the coast.


title: Perranporth

paragraphs: Perranporth is a small seaside resort on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is six miles (10 km) southwest of Newquay and seven miles (11.3 km) northwest of Truro. Perranporth has a population of 3,066. and is the largest settlement in the parish of Perranzabuloe.

paragraphs: The village's name is Cornish for "Saint Piran's cove". It is believed that Saint Piran founded a church at Perranzabuloe near Perranporth in the seventh century. Buried under sand for many centuries, it was unearthed early in the 20th century, but again abandoned in the sands in the 1970s.


title: Marazion

paragraphs: Marazion is a town in west Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the shore of Mount's Bay, two miles (3 km) east of Penzance.

paragraphs: St Michael's Mount is half-a-mile offshore from Marazion. At low water a causeway links it to the town and at high water passenger boats carry visitors between Marazion and St Michael's Mount.

paragraphs: Marazion is a tourist resort with an active community of artists who produce and sell paintings and pottery in the town's many art galleries.

paragraphs: Marazion is one of the towns claiming to be Britain's oldest town. Marazion was recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086 and is the oldest chartered town in Britain, having been granted this status by King Henry III in 1257.


title: Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset

paragraphs: Lionel Cranfield Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, PC (18 January 1688 - 10 October 1765) was an English politician and Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.

paragraphs: Dorset was Lord Lieutenant of Ireland twice. First from 1731 to 1737 and then again from 1751 to 1755.


title: Christmas Raid

paragraphs: The Christmas Raid or "Magazine fort raid" happened on the 23 December 1939. The Irish Republican Army (IRA) stole a lot of weapons and ammunitions ("bullets") from the Irish Army. Although the theft from the Magazine Fort building in Phoenix Park was successful, most of what was stolen was recovered by the Irish Army a few days later. Several IRA volunteers were arrested.

paragraphs: The reason for the raid was that the IRA had many Thompson submachine guns. They found it hard to get the .45 ACP bullets used in these guns in Europe. Because the Irish Army also used the Thompson and had large supplies of bullets, the IRA decided to steal some.

paragraphs: Around 2030 the gate bell rang, and the Military Police officer on guard opened the gate a little for a civilian who said he had a parcel to deliver to the officer-in-charge. The unidentified man told the MP to open the gate fully and put his hands up. At this point the IRA team appeared from both inside and outside the fort, confiscating the weapons of the sentry and MP.

paragraphs: The two hostages were then forced to act as human shields for the two intruders to the guardroom where the remaining soldiers were caught by surprise and gave up without a fight. The captives heard 'many' heavy lorries coming and going from the depot. At 2210 hrs the IRA locked the prisoners in the so-called 'C' Magazine area which the raiders had completely emptied.

paragraphs: It was 2250 by the time a party of soldiers was sent from Portobello Barracks to find out what was happening at the fort. They managed to catch two of the raiders.

paragraphs: A total of 1,084,000 rounds of ammunition had been taken and removed in thirteen lorries with no casualties.

paragraphs: Over the next three to four days a large, nationwide hunt was organised to find the stolen items.

paragraphs: On 1 January 1940 it was reported that almost three-quarters of the ammunition had been found, a total of 850,000 rounds;

paragraphs: In addition, some IRA volunteers who were caught storing the ammunition were arrested.

paragraphs: The raid was not good for the IRA. The massive hunt to find what was stolen turned up all and more. It caused IRA Volunteers to be arrested.

paragraphs: The day after the raid the Irish Minister for Justice, Gerald Boland, at an emergency meeting of the Dáil ("government") introduced the Emergency Powers bill to allow internment ("taking prisoner"), Military Tribunal, and executions for IRA members. It became the Emergency Powers Act.


title: Vestigial organ

paragraphs: Vestigial organs are organs of the body which are smaller and simpler than those in related species. They have lost, or almost lost their original feature.

paragraphs: Vestigiality is evidence for evolution, since they only make sense if evolution has occurred. They were one of the puzzles of pre-Darwinian natural history. The puzzle vanished once biologists realised they once were working adaptations, in the ancestors of present-day animals.

paragraphs: They occur in animals (and plants) which have changed their style of life from their ancestors. Thus snakes lost their legs as their system of movement changed. But one type of snake – the boas – have vestigial rear legs and pelvis. The human vermiform appendix is another example. That was much larger, and stored microbes which produced cellulase to break down plant cell walls. Leaves are the main diet of apes, but they are not a main part of man's diet. Cellulose cannot be digested by our species.

paragraphs: An unused organ usually degenerates, and becomes smaller or vanishes altogether. Thus amphibia living in dark caves lose their sight and their body colour. Mutations pile up. All structures need energy for their development, maintenance, and weight. This, and the risk of disease in the part (e.g., infection, cancer), provide some selection for the removal of parts which no longer help an organism's fitness.

paragraphs: The human appendix had selection against it because of deaths from appendicitis. Appendicitis was untreatable until modern times. The selection pressure was probably weak, because most cases occur after the age of peak fertility.

paragraphs: Observations on the cave-dwelling amphipod "Gammarus minus" showed active selection against their vestigial eyes. When mating, the males remain on their females for a week or so after fertilisation, guarding them against other males. The eye sizes of paired males were compared with those of unpaired males. The eye sizes of paired males were smaller than the unpaired ones. Obviously, on average, the paired males would have higher fertility than the unpaired males. The selection gradient was estimated as –0.30, which means the selection for small eyes was quite strong. The researchers supposed that the loss of sight freed more of the nervous system to process other sensory inputs.

paragraphs: Occasionally, selection turns vestigial organs to a new function. Thus the mammalian ear ossicles were once bones in the jaw of early proto-mammals, the Therapsida. The halteres of flies is a perfect example. The word exaptation was coined for this phenomenon.

paragraphs: All functions and structures develop and change because they affect the biological fitness of the organism. They make it more or less likely that individuals reproduce and contribute genes to the next generation. So, for example, an ability of a frog to survive the bite of its local venomous snake increases its fitness. But if it lives in an area where the snake does not, then it reduces its fitness. This is because it bears the "cost" of a complicated mechanism without getting any advantage in survival and reproduction. It works the other way round, too. Snakes which eat toxic prey have to use ways to survive the prey's toxins. The snake's digestion and metabolism is slower, and they move around more slowly. See rough-skinned newt and garter snake.

paragraphs: Everything has a cost: either it uses up energy or its structure occupies space that might be used differently.


title: Boscastle

paragraphs: Boscastle is a village and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom, and 14 miles (23 km) south of Bude and 5 miles (8 km) north-east of Tintagel.

paragraphs: The name of the village derives from Bottreaux Castle, a 12th-century fortress, of which little survives. There is no church in Boscastle but there are churches at Forrabury and Minster. Boscastle harbour is a natural inlet protected by two stone harbour walls built in 1584 by Sir Richard Grenville. The oldest part of Boscastle surrounds the harbour; more modern residential building extends up the valleys of the Rivers Valency and Jordan.

paragraphs: A flash flood on 16 August 2004, caused extensive damage to the village. Residents were trapped in houses and elsewhere as the roads turned into rivers. In the largest peacetime rescue operation ever launched in the UK, 91 people were rescued and there were no deaths.


title: Richard Grenville

paragraphs: Sir Richard Grenville (1542 – 1591) was an English sailor, sea captain and explorer. He took part in the early English attempts to settle the New World. He was in the fight against the Spanish Armada. He died in 1591 at the Battle of Flores, fighting against overwhelming odds, and refusing to surrender his ship, the "Revenge", to the far more numerous Spanish.

paragraphs: Sir Richard Grenville was a British naval commander.

paragraphs: He was born of an old Cornish family in about 1541.

paragraphs: His grandfather, Sir Richard, was a marshal of Calais during the time of Henry VIII.

paragraphs: Richard Grenville's father commanded and lost his life in the "Mary Rose" in 1545.

paragraphs: At an early age Richard Grenville served in Hungary under the emperor Maximilian against the Turks.


title: Tintagel

paragraphs: Tintagel, formerly Trevena, is a civil parish and village on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about 5 miles from Boscastle and 6 miles from Camelford. The population of the parish is 1,820 people. The village and nearby Tintagel Castle are associated with the legends surrounding King Arthur and the knights of the Round Table. The village has, in recent times, become attractive to tourists from many parts of the world and is one of the most-visited places in Britain. The modern-day village of Tintagel was known as Trevena until the Post Office decided to call it 'Tintagel' in the mid 19th century (until then Tintagel had always been the name of the headland and of the parish).

paragraphs: In the village is the 'Old Post Office', which dates from the 14th century. It became a post office during the 19th century, and is now owned by the National Trust. There are three churches in Tintagel, the Anglican church of St Materiana on the cliffs, and Methodist and Roman Catholic churches in the village.

paragraphs: Scholars have found it hard to explain the origin of 'Tintagel' as a name: the most likely one to be correct is from Norman French, rather than from Cornish.


title: Camelford

paragraphs: Camelford is a small town in north Cornwall, United Kingdom, in the River Camel valley northwest of Bodmin Moor. The town is about ten miles (16 km) north of Bodmin and is governed by a town council.

paragraphs: Lanteglos-by-Camelford is the ecclesiastical parish which includes the town. The A39 road goes through the town centre. Camelford railway station on the line to Padstow was some distance from the town and closed in 1966.

paragraphs: In July 1988, the water supply to the town and the surrounding area was contaminated when 20 tons of aluminium sulphate was poured into the wrong tank at the nearby Lowermoor Water Treatment Works on Bodmin Moor. An independent inquiry into the incident (the worst of its kind in British history) was started in 2002, and a draft report issued in January 2005, but there is still concern about long-term effects on the health of local people.


title: Classified (rapper)

paragraphs: Luke Boyd (born December 13, 1977), whose stage name is Classified, is a Canadian hip hop artist and producer from Enfield, Nova Scotia.


title: Uppsala University

paragraphs: Uppsala University is a research university in Uppsala, Sweden, and the oldest university in Scandinavia, founded in 1477. The university rose to importance during the rise of Sweden as a great power at the end of the 16th century and was then given relative financial stability by the large gift from King Gustavus Adolphus in the early 17th century. Uppsala also has an important historical place in Swedish national culture, identity and for the Swedish establishment.

paragraphs: Uppsala belongs to the Coimbra Group of European universities. The university has nine faculties in three 'disciplinary domains'. It has about 20,000 full-time students, and about 2,000 doctoral students. It has a teaching staff of 4,000 (part-time and full-time) out of a total of 6,000 employees.


title: Algeria at the Olympics

paragraphs: Algeria was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Algeria is ALG.

paragraphs: Since 1964, there has been an Algerian team in every Summer Olympic Games since, except for the boycotted 1976 Summer Olympics. Algeria has also sent athletes to the Winter Olympic Games two times.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Algeria is the "Comité Olympique Algérien" started in 1963.


title: Auguste Chabaud

paragraphs: Auguste Chabaud (born 3 October 1882 in Nîmes, Gard, died 23 May 1955 in Graveson, Bouches-du-Rhône) was a French artist and sculptor.

paragraphs: Chabaud was born in Nîmes. He began studying arts in Avignon, aged 14. In 1899, he went to Paris and continued studying arts. In his early phase, his paintings were fauvistic. In 1919, he moved to the village of Graveson and stayed there for the rest of his life. Since 1920, he only used Prussian blue for his paintings. In 1955, he died in Graveson. The "Musée Auguste Chabaud" was opened in this village in 1992.


title: Kee Thuan Chye

paragraphs: Kee Thuan Chye (born May 25, 1954; age ) is a well-known Malaysian actor, journalist and author. He has acted in theatre, movies and on television for more than 30 years and still do so. movie roles include: (1) "Entrapment"; (2) "Anna and the King"; (3) "Marco Polo", a Hallmark TV-movie; and (4) "Secrets of the Forbidden City" for the BBC and the History Channel.

paragraphs: Kee Thuan Chye received his Master's degree in drama from Essex University in 1988. He was given a British Council Fellowship to study in England. He wrote many plays and poems. Two of his plays have been shown at UK Festivals:

paragraphs: His play, "1984 Here and Now", is included in an international collection of poems called "Postcolonial Plays". It was published by Routledge, United Kingdom. Kee's short story, "A Sense of Home", is included in "New Writing 10". This short story was published by Picador, also in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Kee Thuan Chye is also a well-known civil rights fighter. Because the Malaysian government does not allow newspapers to criticize her, Kee would write what he wants to say in his plays when he cannot write them in newspapers. And because he dares to speak out, Kee was named as one of the "The Annexe Heroes" when The Annexe Heroes Freedom of Expression Awards was started in 2008.

paragraphs: In 2010, he was named the 34th Most Trusted Malaysian by Reader's Digest.


title: Lust, Caution

paragraphs: Lust, Caution is a 2007 movie set mostly in Hong Kong during 1938 and in Shanghai during 1942. The movie depicts a group of students from a Chinese university who plot to murder a high ranking agent. The director of "Lust, Caution" is Ang Lee. This motion picture is rated NC-17 by the MPAA due to explicit sex scenes. This was released in the United States in September 2007.


title: Altarnun

paragraphs: Altarnun is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom, on the north-eastern edge of Bodmin Moor at .

paragraphs: The parish of Altarnun includes the village of Fivelanes and the hamlets of Bolventor, Treween and Trewint, and had a population of 976 according to the 2001 census. The moorland area of the parish is large and lies west of the village towards Rough Tor and southwards towards Dozmary Pool. The village is in the valley of the Penpont Water and the parish is divided by the A30 trunk road which passes through Fivelanes.


title: Reader's Digest

paragraphs: Reader's Digest is a family magazine for general interest. It is published 10 times a year. Reader's Digest has 50 editions in 21 languages. Because of that, it has an additional 40 million readers in more than 70 countries. It is also published in Braille, digital, audio, and a version in large type called "Reader's Digest Large Print". The magazine is small in size. Its pages is roughly half the size of most American magazines. Because of that, its U.S. edition adopted the motto, "America in your pocket", in 2005. However, it was then changed to "Life well shared" in January 2008. Reader's Digest has a total sales of 17 million copies, making it the largest paid circulation magazine in the world. Its headquarters was at first in Chappaqua, New York, but it is now in New York City. It was founded by DeWitt Wallace and Lila Bell Wallace in 1922. For many years, Reader's Digest was the best-selling consumer magazine in the United States until it lost to "Better Homes and Gardens" in 2009.


title: Master's degree

paragraphs: A master's degree is the certificate that students get after they complete their bachelor's degree and continue to study in a university in some specific field. In other words, a person must first get a bachelor's degree before they can get a master's degree. People with this degree are considered to possess more advanced knowledge of the field that they had studied, as compared to those who only get a bachelor's degree. There has recently been an increase in programs leading to these degrees in the United States. More than twice as many such degrees are now awarded, as compared to the 1970s. In Europe, most countries offer master's degrees in all fields.


title: Bachelor's degree

paragraphs: A bachelor's degree is the certificate given to a university student after he or she has succeeded in an end of course examination. In England and Wales the degree requires three years of study; in North America and some other countries four years are required.

paragraphs: In many countries there are other qualifications after school attendance is ended. Most of these are below degree level, and based on practical skills, but details vary according to the country.

paragraphs: In the British tradition there is a distinction between general degrees, and honour degrees or special degrees. In Scotland, for example, a general degree takes three years, while an honours degree takes four years.

paragraphs: The content of a bachelor's degree varies according to the Faculty, the part of the University which does the teaching. In a Faculty of Arts or Humanities a student studies for the Bachelor of Arts. Other traditional Faculties are those of Science, Mathematics, Engineering, and so on. Honours degrees are always labelled by their content, so BSc is a Bachelor of Science, BA a Bachelor of Arts, and so on. Medical degrees are labelled variously. London University awards MB, ChB (bachelor of medicine and surgery) as the basic degree; Edinburgh University awards the MD as the basic qualification.

paragraphs: Higher degrees than the bachelor are possible. Again, regulations vary, but often the next two steps are usually the Master's degree and the PhD degree.


title: Angola at the Olympics

paragraphs: Angola has been in seven Summer Games and no Winter Games. They have never won an Olympic medal.


title: Benin at the Olympics

paragraphs: Benin has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1980. Benin has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Benin have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Benin is BEN. In 1964, it was DAY for Dahomey.


title: University of Essex

paragraphs: The University of Essex is a university in Colchester, England. It was started in 1963. The university's main campus is at Wivenhoe Park in Essex. It is less than one mile (1.6 km) from the town of Wivenhoe and 2 miles (3.2 km) from the town of Colchester.

paragraphs: Apart from this main campus, there are also branch campuses in Southend, Loughton (home of the East 15 Acting School), and Ipswich. The campus in Ipswich is called University Campus Suffolk. It is a joint-venture with the University of East Anglia. Altogether, the University of Essex has 18 main teaching departments and 36 centres and institutes, teaching a wide range of subject. Its motto is "Thought the harder, heart the keener". The motto comes from the East Saxon poem, "The Battle of Maldon".


title: Botswana at the Olympics

paragraphs: Botswana has been in nine Summer Olympics. The first time was in 1980. They have never been in the Winter Olympics. Botswana's first and only medal was won by Nijel Amos in 2012 in London.


title: Burkina Faso at the Olympics

paragraphs: Burkina Faso has been in every Summer Olympic Games held since 1988. Under its old name of Upper Volta, the country also was at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Burkina Faso has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Burkina Faso have been at the Winter Olympic Games.


title: Soho Theatre

paragraphs: Soho Theatre is a theatre in the Soho district of the City of Westminster in London, England. It presents new works of theatre, together with comedy and cabaret. The Soho Theatre was formed in 1969 by Verity Bargate and Fred Proud at Old Compton Street in Soho. It shifted many times before finally settling at Dean Street, also in Soho, in 2000. The present building has a 140-seat hall and an 85/100-seat studio. The theatre is also home to a Writers' Centre which helps to develop new writers to work in theatre, as well as film, television, and radio. The Centre accepts scripts from new writers.


title: Burundi at the Olympics

paragraphs: Burundi was first at the Olympic Games in 1996. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Burundi was started in 1990 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.


title: Cameroon at the Olympics

paragraphs: Cameroon was first at the Olympic Games in 1964.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cameroon is CAM.

paragraphs: There have been competitors from Cameroon in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation left the 1976 Summer Olympics after three days. Cameroon has also been at the Winter Olympic Games one time in 2002.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Cameroon was formed in 1963.


title: British Council

paragraphs: The British Council is an organization in the United Kingdom which specializes in international educational and cultural opportunities. Its main activities are 'Learning/Teaching, the Arts, Science and Society'. Its headquarters is in Spring Gardens near Whitehall in Central London. There are other branch offices in Belfast, Cardiff, Manchester and Edinburgh. Its overseas network covers 233 locations in over 100 countries. The British Council is registered as a charity, both in England and Wales, and in Scotland. It receives grants from the British government. The rest is earned from teaching English to individuals and organizations, conducting examinations, and providing consultancy.

paragraphs: The British Council was founded in 1934 as the "British Committee for Relations with Other Countries". The idea came from Sir Reginald ("Rex") Leeper who recognizes the importance of "cultural propaganda" in promoting British interests. He was encouraged by the success of the official cultural organizations of France, Germany and Italy. The British Council's 'sponsoring department' is the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the British government, although it runs its day-to-day activities independently. In September 2009, its Director of Arts, Rebecca Walton, said: "We want people to become more inclined towards the UK and more sensitive to the positive benefits of the UK in the world".


title: Routledge

paragraphs: Routledge is a British publisher. It has changed names and owners many times since it was first formed by George Routledge (1812–1888) in 1836. The firm continued to grow until 1902 when it almost became bankrupt. However, it managed to recover after refinancing and began to buy up and merge with other publishing companies. From 1912 onwards, it increasingly focuses on academic publishing. It soon became well known for its books in humanities and social sciences. Taylor & Francis bought Routledge in 1998.


title: Cut Bank, Montana

paragraphs: Cut Bank is a city in Glacier County, Montana, United States. The population of Cut Bank was 2,869 in 2010.

paragraphs: The Cut Bank Creek flows past the city. The Cherokee Trail, which was a historic overland trail, ended in Cut Bank. The Blackfeet Indian Reservation is located just west of the city.

paragraphs: The mayor of Cut Bank is Dan Raemaeker. The city of Cut Bank turned 100 years old on May 11, 2011.


title: Picador (imprint)

paragraphs: Picador is an imprint (trade name) of Pan Macmillan in the United Kingdom (UK) and Australia, as well as of Macmillan Publishing in the United States. Both companies are owned by Georg von Holtzbrinck Publishing Group. Picador was started in the UK in 1972 with the aim of publishing outstanding international writing in paperback. Picador authors have included Jonathan Franzen, Michael Chabon, Angela Carter, Thomas Pynchon, Bret Easton Ellis, and Salman Rushdie.


title: American Pie (movie)

paragraphs: American Pie is a 1999 American teen sex comedy movie that was produced by Chris Moore, Chris Weitz, Warren Zide and Craig Perry and was the directorial debut for directors Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz. "American Pie" is set in Michigan.

paragraphs: It deals with a group of teenage boys deciding to try to lose their virginity before graduation from high school. It was released on July 9, 1999 in North America. The movie is the first in the "American Pie" movie series. It gained mixed reviews with a 58% on Rotten Tomatoes and a 58 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: American Pie 2

paragraphs: American Pie 2 is a 2001 American teen sex comedy movie set in Michigan. It was produced by Chris Moore, Warren Zide and Craig Perry and was directed by James B. Rogers. "American Pie 2" was released on August 10, 2001 in North America. The movie is the second in the "American Pie" movie series. It gained mixed reviews with a 52% on Rotten Tomatoes and a 43 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Entrapment (movie)

paragraphs: Entrapment is a 1999 American crime thriller movie, starring Sean Connery and Catherine Zeta-Jones. It is directed by Jon Amiel.

paragraphs: Zeta-Jones plays a character who works for an insurance company. She is sent to help capture an art thief. The art thief is played by Sean Connery. But she herself is also a thief. Soon, the two of them worked together to pull off the biggest theft of the millennium.


title: Largest cities in Southern California

paragraphs: This is a list of the 60 largest cities in Southern California by the number of people.


title: San Diego County

paragraphs: San Diego County is a large county in the southwest area of California. The county borders Mexico. The population of San Diego County was about 3,095,313 in 2010, which makes San Diego County the second most populated county in California

paragraphs: San Diego County has about 70 miles (110 km) of coastline. Most people live near the coast, for example in San Diego, California.

paragraphs: Also in this county there are 16 military locations of the United States Navy, U.S. Marine Corps and the U.S. Coast Guard, including Naval Base San Diego, Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton, Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, and Naval Air Station North Island.


title: Anna and the King

paragraphs: Anna and the King is a 1999 movie, loosely based on "Anna and the King of Siam". The movie was directed by Andy Tennant and stars Jodie Foster and Chow Yun-fat. It was mostly shot in Malaysia. It was an Academy Award nominee in 2000 for Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. The movie tells the story of the romance between the King of Siam (now Thailand) and the widowed English schoolteacher, Anna Leonowens, during the 1860s. It is the true story of Anna Leonowens' experiences.


title: Marco Polo (TV movie)

paragraphs: Marco Polo is a 2007 TV mini series, starring Ian Somerhalder, B.D. Wong, and Brian Dennehy. It is directed by Kevin Connor. Marco Polo is a Venetian trader who was imprisoned in Genoa in the 13th century. He tells a fellow prisoner who is dying about his days as a young man in China. He talks about his fantastic adventures, his rise to governorship in Kublai Khan's (Brian Dennehy) court in Mongolia, his love for a kidnapped bride, and his escape back to Italy as a rich man.


title: History (TV channel)

paragraphs: History is an international satellite and cable TV channel that broadcasts historical programs, both fictional and non-fictional. The TV channel is available in many countries. It is seen by more than 80 million households. Because it shows a lot of programs on World War II, it has been jokingly called "The Hitler Channel". It also broadcast programs that try to foretell the future. The History Channel was started by A&E Television Networks on January 1, 1995. A&E Television Networks is a joint-venture between:

paragraphs: On March 20, 2008, The History Channel dropped "The" and "Channel" from its name to become simply "History".


title: Niort

paragraphs: Niort is a "commune" in the Deux-Sèvres department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in western France. It is a prefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department. It is also the capital of the "arrondissement" of Niort.

paragraphs: Niort is to the southwest of the Deux-Sèvres department on the left side of the Sèvre Niortaise river. The city is the main place to get into the Marais Poitevin, a large area of marshland in western France.

paragraphs: Niort is at about from Parthenay and about from Bressuire, the two subprefectures of the department.

paragraphs: The city is also at about from Bordeaux, from Paris, from Marseille and from Toulouse.

paragraphs: The "commune" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The "commune" of Niort is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The climate of Niort is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Niort is . The month with the most precipitation on average is September with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Niort is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Niort are known, in French, as "Niortais" (women: "Niortaises").

paragraphs: With a population of 58,311, Niort has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Niort forms, with other 3 "communes", the urban area of Niort with a population of 71,127 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Niort, formed by 76 "communes" with a population of 154,160 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

paragraphs: Niort is the prefecture of the Deux-Sèvres department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Niort and the administrative centre () of three cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Le Niortais" ().


title: Communes of the Deux-Sèvres department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 305 communes of the Deux-Sèvres "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Seine-Maritime department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 745 communes of the Seine-Maritime "département", in France.


title: Blisland

paragraphs: Blisland is a village and parish in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is about five miles northeast of Bodmin. According to the 2001 census, the parish had a population of 565.

paragraphs: The parish is rural in character, the northeast being moorland and the southwest lower lying farmland. The parish is bordered to the north by St Breward parish; to the west by St Mabyn and Helland parishes; to the south by Cardinham, Warleggan, and St Neot parishes; and to the northeast by Altarnun parish.


title: St Breward

paragraphs: St Breward is a parish and village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is on the western side of Bodmin Moor about 6 miles (10 km) north of Bodmin.

paragraphs: The parish name derives from Saint Branwalader. In the 17th century St Breward was two separate villages, Churchtown (higher) and St. Breward (lower). More houses were built and slowly the villages merged into one. There are several main parts to the village: Churchtown, Rylands, Limehead, Wenford, Penvorder, Higher Penquite and Lower Penquite. The parish includes a moorland area which contains Rough Tor and Brown Willy, which is the highest point in Cornwall.


title: Communes of the Tarn department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 324 communes of the Tarn "département" in France.


title: One Unit Policy

paragraphs: One-Unit was the title of a scheme launched by the federal government of Pakistan to merge the four provinces of West Pakistan into one homogenous unit, as a counterbalance against the numerical domination of the ethnic Bengalis of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). The One Unit policy was announced by Prime Minister Muhammad Ali Bogra on 22 November 1954. On 5 October 1955 Iskander Mirza (Acting Governor General of Pakistan) passed an order unifying all of West Pakistan in what became known as the 'One Unit Scheme'.

paragraphs: The province of West Pakistan was created on 14 October 1955 by the merger of the provinces, states and Tribal Areas of the western wing. The province was composed of twelve divisions and the provincial capital was established at Lahore. The province of East Bengal, (now Bangladesh) was renamed East Pakistan with the provincial capital at Dacca. The federal government moved the country's capital in 1959 from Karachi to Rawalpindi (serving as provisional capital until Islamabad was finished), whilst the federal legislature moved to Dacca.

paragraphs: West Pakistan formed a single and united political entity but with marked linguistic and ethnic distinctions. The One Unit policy was regarded as an administrative reform that would reduce expenditure and help eliminate ethnic and parochial prejudices. However, with the military coup of 1958, trouble loomed for the province when the office of Chief Minister was abolished on July 1, 1970 by President General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan


title: Bodmin Moor

paragraphs: Bodmin Moor is a granite moorland in northeastern Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is in size, and originally dates from the Carboniferous period of geological history.

paragraphs: Bodmin Moor is one of five granite plutons (underground masses of igneous rock) in Cornwall.

paragraphs: The name 'Bodmin Moor' is fairly recent, invented in 1813. It was formerly known as Fowey Moor after the River Fowey which rises within it. Since the mid 18th century Bodmin Moor has been crossed by the trunk road now known as the A30.

paragraphs: Dramatic granite tors rise from the rolling moorland: the best known are Brown Willy, the highest point in Cornwall at , and Rough Tor at . Considerable areas of the moor are poorly drained and form marshes (in hot summers these can dry out). The rest of the moor is mostly rough pasture or overgrown with heather and other low vegetation.

paragraphs: The Moor contains about 500 farm holdings with around 10,000 beef cows, 55,000 breeding ewes and 1,000 horses and ponies. Most of the moor is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and has been officially designated an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), as part of Cornwall AONB.

paragraphs: Bodmin Moor is the source of several of Cornwall's rivers: they are mentioned here anti-clockwise from the south.

paragraphs: Inland waters on the moor include Dozmary Pool (Cornwall's only natural inland lake) and

paragraphs: three reservoirs, Colliford Lake, Siblyback Lake and Crowdy reservoir which supply water for a large part of the county's population.


title: Amphipod

paragraphs: The Amphipods are an order of malacostracan crustaceans. They have no carapace.

paragraphs: The name "amphipoda" means "different-footed". Unlike isopods, where all the legs are alike, amphipods have different appendage types.

paragraphs: Of the 7,000 species, 5,500 are classified into one suborder, the Gammaridea. The rest are in two or three other suborders.

paragraphs: Amphipods range in size from 0.1 to 34 centimetres (0.04 to 13 inches) and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. They live in almost all aquatic environments; 750 species live in caves and the order also includes terrestrial animals and sandhoppers such as "Talitrus saltator". The largest amphipods live on the sea floor, seven kilometres down.

paragraphs: Mature females bear a "marsupium", or brood pouch, which holds her eggs while they are fertilised, and until the young are ready to hatch. As a female ages, she produces more eggs in each brood. Mortality is around 25%–50% for the eggs. There are no larval stages; the eggs hatch directly into a juvenile form, and sexual maturity is generally reached after 6 moults.


title: Converter (metallurgy)

paragraphs: A converter is a chemical reactor which turns raw iron into steel.

paragraphs: Raw iron called "pig iron" which is the product of blast furnace, contains up to 4% of carbon. It is too hard and brittle for meaningful use. The carbon must first be burned off the iron to produce steel. This process is called "conversion" and the reactor a "converter".

paragraphs: The first converter was invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in 1856. He built a pear-shaped large vessel with nozzles (tuyeres) for air in the bottom. Hot molten pig iron from blast furnace was poured in the converter, and then air was pumped in at the bottom with high pressure. The result was a loud noise and a flame of up to 20 metres off the mouth of the converter. After ten minutes all the pig iron had become steel. The Bessemer converter was the first successful reactor on converting pig iron into steel, and the era of steel began. Steel was now plentiful and cheap.

paragraphs: However, steel becomes better if only oxygen is blown in. Air contains nitrogen, which is harmful for some steel grades. A modern converter called basic oxygen furnace uses pure oxygen instead of air. It was invented 1949 in Austria.

paragraphs: The modern basic oxygen converter is a large pumpkin-shape vessel which is made from steel and lined with refractories such as calcium oxide and magnesium oxide line so the vessel can withstand the high temperature of molten metal.

paragraphs: Molten pig iron and scrap are loaded in the converter. The scrap usually is rusty and contains oxygen, so some of the rust reacts with the pig iron, burning the carbon away and creating heat which melts the scrap. Once all scrap has melted, a special pipe called "oxygen lance" is lowered in the pig iron, and a very fast and sharp blow of oxygen is blasted in. The oxygen burns all the carbon away and mixes the liquid steel thoroughly. Once all carbon has been burned away, some extra carbon is inserted to raise the contents to desired level. The result is liquid steel, which is then tapped away and taken to rolling mill to produce steel products.


Fellowship


title: Tuning fork

paragraphs: A tuning fork is a sound resonator which is a two-pronged fork. The prongs, called tines, are made from a U-shaped bar of metal (usually steel). This bar of metal can move freely. It resonates at a specific constant pitch when set vibrating by striking it against an object. It sounds a pure musical tone after waiting a moment to allow some high overtone sounds to die out. The pitch depends on the length of the two prongs. Its main use is as a standard of pitch to tune other musical instruments, and in some tests of hearing.

paragraphs: The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by British musician John Shore. He was the Sergeant Trumpeter to the court, who had musical parts written for him by the composers George Frideric Handel and Henry Purcell.

paragraphs: The fork shape produces a very pure tone. Most of the vibrational energy is at the fundamental frequency, with very few overtones (harmonics). This is not the case with other resonators. The reason for this is that the frequency of the first overtone is about 5/2 = 25/4 = 6¼ times the fundamental (about 2½ octaves above it). By comparison, the first overtone of a vibrating string is only one octave above the fundamental. So when the fork is struck, little of the energy goes into the overtone modes; they also die out correspondingly faster, leaving the fundamental. It is easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone, when listening to compare with the tone of each other instrument.

paragraphs: Another reason for using the fork shape is that, when it vibrates in its principal mode, the handle vibrates up and down as the prongs move apart and together. There is a node (point of no vibration) at the base of each prong. The handle motion is small, allowing the fork to be held by the handle without damping the vibration, but it allows the handle to transmit the vibration to a resonator (like the hollow rectangular box often used), which amplifies the sound of the fork. Without the resonator (which may be as simple as a table top to which the handle is pressed), the sound is very faint. The reason for this is that the sound waves produced by each fork prong are 180° out of phase with the other, so at a distance from the fork they interfere and largely cancel each other out. If a sound absorbing sheet is slid in between the prongs of a vibrating fork, reducing the waves reaching the ear from one prong, the volume heard will actually increase, due to a reduction of this cancellation.

paragraphs: Commercial tuning forks are normally tuned to the correct pitch at the factory, but they can be retuned by filing material off the prongs. Filing the ends of the prongs raises the pitch, while filing the inside of the base of the prongs lowers it.

paragraphs: The most common tuning fork sounds the note of A = 440 Hz. This is the standard concert pitch, used as tuning note by some orchestras. It is the pitch of the violin's second string, the first string of the viola, and an octave above the first string of the cello, all played open. Tuning forks used by orchestras between 1750 and 1820 mostly had a frequency of A = 423.5 Hz, although there were many forks and many slightly different pitches. Standard tuning forks are available for all the musical pitches within the central octave of the piano, and other pitches. Well-known manufacturers of tuning forks include Ragg and John Walker, both of Sheffield, England.

paragraphs: The frequency of a tuning fork depends on its dimensions and the material from which is made:

paragraphs: Forks have traditionally been used to tune musical instruments, although electronic tuners are replacing them in many applications. Tuning forks can be driven electrically, by placing electromagnets close to the prongs that are attached to an electronic oscillator circuit, so that their sound does not die out.

paragraphs: A number of keyboard musical instruments using constructions similar to tuning forks have been made, the most popular of them being the Rhodes piano, which has hammers hitting constructions working on the same principle as tuning forks.

paragraphs: The Accutron, an electromechanical watch developed by Max Hetzel and manufactured by Bulova beginning in 1960, used a 360-hertz steel tuning fork powered by a battery as its timekeeping element. The fork allowed it to achieve greater accuracy than conventional balance-wheel watches. The humming sound of the tuning fork could be heard when the watch was held to the ear.

paragraphs: Tuning forks, usually C-512, are used by doctors to check a patient's hearing. Lower-pitched ones (usually C-128) are also used to check vibration sense as part of the examination of the peripheral nervous system.

paragraphs: Tuning forks are also used in alternative medicine, such as sonopuncture and polarity therapy.

paragraphs: A radar gun, used to measure the speed of cars or balls in sports, is usually calibrated with tuning forks.

paragraphs: Instead of the frequency, these forks are labeled with the calibration speed and radar band (e.g. X-Band or K-Band) for which they are calibrated.

paragraphs: Doubled and H-type of tuning forks are used for tactical-grade Vibrating Structure Gyroscopes, like QuapasonTM and different types of MEMS.


title: St Neot (Cornwall)

paragraphs: St Neot is a parish and village in Cornwall, United Kingdom. It is between the towns of Bodmin and Liskeard. The parish is named after the Saxon monk, Saint Neot (who also gives his name to St Neots in Cambridgeshire). On the northern side the parish includes part of Bodmin Moor and hamlets in the parish include Draynes, Ley and Pantersbridge.

paragraphs: During the English Civil War St Neot was staunchly Royalist. To commemorate this, each year on Oak Apple Day (29 May), an oak branch is mounted on the top of the church tower.

paragraphs: The early medieval church building must have been smaller than the one in existence today and the church was rebuilt in granite in the 15th century. The fine stained glass windows are from about 1500.

paragraphs: The stained glass is partly original and partly from a restoration done by John Hedgeland, ca. 1830.


title: Lombe's Mill

paragraphs: Lombe's Mill was the first successful silk throwing mill in England. It was built in an island on the River Derwent in Derby. John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1717 and studied details of the Italian silk throwing machines- the "filatoio", and the "torcitoio". Then, he returned to England with some Italian craftsmen, and built the mill. George Sorocold designed the building.

paragraphs: Lombe's Mill was built next to Thomas Cotchett's 1704 mill on the west bank of the River Derwent in Derby. At this point a weir had been constructed across the river and the mill was built on an island downstream, which separated the river from the tail race of three corn mills. Derby was an important place, because the river had a fast flow and A6 road (from London to Carlisle) crossed the river here.

paragraphs: This mill is significant as it was the first successful silk throwing mill in England, and probably the first fully mechanized factory in the world.

paragraphs: Thomas Cotchett built the first mill in Derby in 1704, but it was unsuccessful. So John Lombe visited Piedmont in 1716 to see the successful silk throwing mill there. This was an early example of industrial spying. He returned to Derby with the knowledge and a group of Italians. He and his half brother Thomas Lombe (born 1685) instructed George Sorocold to build a mill to his design and fitted it with the new machines. It was built to the south of Cotchetts Mill. Thomas Lombe was given a 14 year patent to protect the design of the throwing machines he used. This displeased the King of Sardinia, and he stopped exporting suitable raw silk. It is speculated that he was responsible for John Lombes mysterious death six years later in 1722. His elder brother, Thomas Lombe took over the business. When the patents lost effect in 1732, other mills were built in Stockport and Macclesfield. To the north of the powered Italian Works an unpowered Doubling Shop was built- this happened before 1739. The mill was sold in 1739 to Thomas Wilson, and an inventory of this time is still exists.

paragraphs: Most of the building was rebuilt in after years, and little of the original mill remain. It is known from written sources that it was five storeys high rectangular in plan. It was 17m high, 33.5m long, and 12m wide. The roof was slightly sloped. It was built of brick in Flemish bond, on a series of stone arches that allowed the waters of the River Derwent to flow through. The throwing machines were two storeys high, and fastened on the first floor. The winding machines were placed on the top three floors. All the machines were powered by Sorocolds external undershot water wheel. It was 7m in diameter and 2m in width. Its stem entered the mill through a hole at first floor level. It drove a vertical shaft which was 0.45m square. This drove a line shaft (horizontal shaft or lay shaft) that ran the length of the mill. The "torcitoios" and "filatoios" took their power from this shaft. The vertical shaft was extended to a further vertical shaft that reached the top 3 floors to drive the winding machines. The mill needed to be heated in order to process the silk and this was explained in the 1718 patent. It was reported in 1732 that Lombe used a fire engine (steam engine) to pump hot air round the mill. The stair column was 19.5m high, but its layout is unknown. There is no information on how materials were carried up and down between the floors.

paragraphs: The main range was three storeys high, 42.4m by 5.5m. Each floor was used for doubling- and there were 306 doubling machines.

paragraphs: In 1700, the Italians were the most technologically advanced in silk throwing in Europe, and they had developed two machines capable of winding the silk onto bobbins while putting a twist in the thread. They called the throwing machine, a "filatoio", and the doubler, a "torcitoio". There is an illustration (drawn in 1487) of a circular handpowered throwing machine with 32 spindles. The first evidence of a externally powered filatoio comes from the thirteenth century, and the earliest illustration from around 1500. Filatorios and torcitoios contained parallel circular frames that revolved round each other on a central axis. The speed of the relative rotation determined the twist. Silk would only cooperate in the process if the temperature and humidity were high, in Italy the temperature was elevated by sunlight but in Derby the mill had to be heated, and the heat evenly distributed.

paragraphs: The mill then passed through several hands and has been rebuilt several times, but the modified structure still exists and has been restored to house the Derby Industrial Museum. A Bas relief sculpture of John Lombe may be found at the nearby Exeter Bridge.


title: The Lizard

paragraphs: The Lizard is a peninsula in south Cornwall, United Kingdom. The most southerly point of the British mainland is near Lizard Point at . Lizard village, the most southerly village on the British mainland, is in Landewednack, the most southerly parish.

paragraphs: The peninsula measures approximately x . It is southwest of Falmouth ten miles (16 km) east of Penzance.

paragraphs: The name "Lizard" is most probably a corruption of the Cornish name "Lys Ardh", meaning "high court". The name is not connected to the rock called serpentinite which is found here.

paragraphs: The Lizard's coast is particularly hazardous to shipping and the seaways round the peninsula were historically known as the "Graveyard of Ships". The Lizard Lighthouse was built at Lizard Point in 1752 and the RNLI operates The Lizard lifeboat station.

paragraphs: The parishes on the peninsula proper are (west to east):

paragraphs: Four parishes and part of a fifth in the northeast belong to a district known as the Meneage (pronounced to rhyme with "vague"); from west to east these are Mawgan-in-Meneage (part), St Martin in Meneage, Manaccan, St Anthony-in-Meneage, and (south of the Helford River) St Keverne.

paragraphs: The peninsula's geology is the best preserved example of an exposed ophiolite in the United Kingdom. An ophiolite is a group of geological formations which represent a slice through a section of ocean crust thrust onto the continental crust. Geologists have identified these three parts of the rock: the serpentinites, the "oceanic complex" and the metamorphic basement.

paragraphs: Several nature sites exist on the Lizard Peninsula including Predannack nature reserve, Mullion Island, and Goonhilly Downs. An area of the Lizard coverning is designated a National Nature Reserve because of its coastal grasslands and heaths and inland heaths.

paragraphs: The Lizard contains some of the most specialised plants of any area in Britain, including many endangered species.


title: St Blazey

paragraphs: St Blazey is a small town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, in the civil parish of St Blaise. The name St Blaise is also used by the town council. The population in the 2001 census was 6632.

paragraphs: St Blazey is east of St Austell. Once an important engineering centre for the local mine and railway industries, the parish is now dominated by the Eden Project.

paragraphs: Historically copper and tin were mined in and around the parish, whilst more recently china clay has been the principal commodity mined. The port of Par Harbour, which is in the parish, was built to make transporting these minerals easier. The Cornwall Minerals Railway, which had a depot and station in the town, was also used to move them.

paragraphs: The Eden Project is within the civil parish, and about from the centre of the town. The large number of visitors this attracts has led to the development of tourism in the town.


title: The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus

paragraphs: The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus is a painting by Joseph Wright of Derby which was finished in 1771, then redone 1795. The full title of the painting is ""The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher’s Stone, Discovers Phosphorus, and prays for the successful Conclusion of his operation, as was the custom of the Ancient Chymical Astrologers"".

paragraphs: The picture shows an alchemist trying to produce the rare Philosopher's Stone, which could turn metal into gold, but instead, to his surprise, he finds phosphorus. The picture has provoked many different understandings. The picture moved with Wright to Italy in 1773-1775, came back to England, was redone in 1795, but was only sold four years after his death. It is on show at the Derby Museum and Art Gallery. A story was often printed in popular chemical books in Wright’s lifetime, and was widely known.


title: Communes of the Vienne department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 281 communes of the Vienne "département" in France.


title: Épinal

paragraphs: Épinal is a commune. It is the prefecture of the Vosges department in the Lorraine region.


title: Window (computing)

paragraphs: In computing, a window is an area on a computer screen. This area usually shows an application or folder. Windows can be made bigger or smaller, and can be opened or closed. They can also be minimized. They are usually in the shape of a rectangle.

paragraphs: Windows are very obvious in graphical user interfaces as they are the main means of displaying information to users. The most famous of these is the appropriately named "Windows" operating system made by Microsoft.


title: Communes of the Vosges department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 515 communes of the Vosges "département" in France.


title: Cergy

paragraphs: Cergy is a commune. It is found in the Val-d'Oise department in France.


title: Communes of the Val-d'Oise department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 185 communes of the Val-d'Oise "département" in France.


title: LMFAO (group)

paragraphs: LMFAO is an American electro hop band. The members are Redfoo and SkyBlu. Redfoo is the eighth and youngest son of Berry Gordy, Jr. who is the founder of Motown and SkyBlu is Gordy, Jr.'s grandson. They commonly refer to their music as "party rock". Their group name comes from the acronym LMFAO which means "Laughing My Fucking Ass Off".