title: WebCite

paragraphs: WebCite is a service that archives web pages. A user asks WebCite to archive a certain URL, and then WebCite will make a copy of what the page looks like at that time. Authors use this when writing citations. If the webpage changes or is removed ("link rot"), there is still a copy on WebCite. This is very important when writing papers for academic journals or for school. Using the WebCite service is free (it costs no money.)

paragraphs: WebCite saves many kinds of internet content. Some of these are:

paragraphs: It also saves some information ("metadata") about the original content. This information includes the time it was saved, the MIME type, and how long it is. This information is useful because it can prove that the archive version is authentic.


title: JQuery

paragraphs: jQuery is a JavaScript library created to make it easier and simpler to write JavaScript and HTML. It works on most web browsers and was invented by John Resig. The first release was in January 2006 at BarCamp NYC. Today there is a team of developers working on jQuery, which is led by Dave Methvin.

paragraphs: Today, more than 55% of the 10,000 most-visited websites use jQuery, hence it is the most popular JavaScript library being used today. It is free and open source software and licensed under the MIT License.

paragraphs: jQuery's syntax is designed to make it easier to write complicated JavaScript. Some things that are easier to do using jQuery are:

paragraphs: It also allows developers to make their own jQuery plug-ins.

paragraphs: Companies like Microsoft and Nokia have said that they are going to include jQuery on their mobile platforms. In addition, Microsoft is including jQuery in its Visual Studio software to use with the ASP.NET AJAX framework and ASP.NET MVC Framework. Nokia has included it in their Web Run-Time widget development platform. jQuery has also been used in MediaWiki since version 1.16.


title: Little Mix

paragraphs: Little Mix are a girl band with four members. They are the winners of the 2011 series of Britain's television competition "The X Factor". Their winning single was called 'Cannonball'. Their first album was released on 18 November 2012 and is called 'DNA'.

paragraphs: The members are Perrie Edwards, Jesy Nelson, Leigh-Anne Pinnock and Jade Thirlwall.

paragraphs: The band has sold over 3 million records. Little Mix was the first girl band to win "The X Factor".

paragraphs: Little Mix entered the competition as four separate acts in the "Girls" category. They were put together as a group by the judges later on in the competition. They were originally called Rhythmix. Their mentor in the competition was Tulisa Contostavlos, an urban singer best known as part of R&B group N-Dubz. Little Mix won the competition in December 2011, beating Marcus Collins and Amelia Lily in the final.


title: Marbled cat

paragraphs: The marbled cat ("Pardofelis marmorata") is a small wild cat of South and Southeast Asia. Its head and body length is 45 – 62 cm (18 - 24") and it weighs 2 – 5 kg (4 - 11 lb).

paragraphs: Genetic analysis has shown that it is closely related with the Asian golden cat and the bay cat, which diverged from the other felids about 9.4 million years ago. Therefore, it may probably be transferred to the genus "Catopuma".

paragraphs: Its tail is extremely long and bushy. The background color of its fur varies from dark gray-brown through yellowish gray to red-brown. The flanks and back are strikingly marked with large, irregular, dark-edged blotches. The legs and underparts are marked with black dots, and the tail is marked with black spots and rings. There are spots on the forehead and crown, which merge into narrow longitudinal stripes on the neck and irregular stripes on the back.

paragraphs: The marbled cat is found in northern India, Nepal, Guangxi and Yunnan provinces in China, and south through Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra (Indonesia), and Borneo. Throughout its range it is thought to be rare, although it has also been suggested that the perception of the marbled cat's rarity may be caused by its secretive nature and its preference for remote forest areas.


title: Cheng Shuang

paragraphs: Cheng Shuang (; born February 11, 1987) is a Chinese female aerial skier who took part in the 2010 Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: Cheng won the gold medal at the 2011 FIS Freestyle World Ski Championships.


title: American League East

paragraphs: The American League East is a group of baseball teams in the American League of Major League Baseball. It is one of the six divisions in the MLB. There are five teams in this division. Four of the five teams are from the eastern United States, and one team is from Canada.


title: Ugnu–Kuparuk Airport

paragraphs: Ugnu-Kuparuk Airport is a private airport in Kuparuk, Alaska, United States. It is owned by ConocoPhilips Alaska. ConocoPhilips is an energy company that runs the oil field in Kuparuk. It is used for most cargo-transferring and sometimes air-taxi.


title: African golden cat

paragraphs: The African golden cat ("Caracal aurata") is a medium-sized cat. This cat was previously listed as "Profelis aurata". It weighs about on average. The underside of its chest and chin are normally light-colored. In rare cases, they are pure white. This cat is closely related to the caracal.

paragraphs: Its fur color can change over time. This is affected by its age and other factors.

paragraphs: The head of an African golden cat has light spots around the eyes. In the 1960s, studies were done that showed that various colors of the African golden cat (red, brown, silver) were found in equal numbers in most areas of their habitats. Distinctive spots on the back of the cat are only found on cats in West Africa.

paragraphs: Normally, the habitat of the African golden cat is in the tropical rainforests found along the equator in Africa.


title: Hakim Ahmad Shuja

paragraphs: Hakim Ahmad Shuja MBE (1893-1969) was an Urdu poet, playwright, scholar and early movie writer and lyricist of British India, later Pakistan.

paragraphs: He was born in Lahore's old 'walled city'. Shuja wrote about the history and ethos of its Bhaati Gate and Bazaar i Hakiman areas in his memoirs "Lahore ka Chelsea"(circa 1960s). He is accounted to be one of the old city's notable Lahoris.

paragraphs: He is best known today for writing the screenplays for many early Indian and Pakistani movies and for composing romantic lyrics and songs for some of them. His son, Anwar Kamal Pasha, later became a major Pakistani film director and producer.


title: Wide Awake

paragraphs: "Wide Awake" is a song by American pop singer-songwriter Katy Perry. The single was released May 22, 2012, via Capitol Records as the second and final single from "Teenage Dream: The Complete Connection", a re-release of Perry's third studio album, "Teenage Dream". The song was well acclaimed by music critics, many of whom gave the maturity of Perry as a reason for citing. The song hit number 1 in several countries, including Canada, Poland, New Zealand, and Venezuela, while it peaked at number 2 in the United States. The single is among a string of hits by Perry. It is an electronic song about moving on and taking hardships when breaking up. The song was certified quintuple-platinum in the US for sales and streams of over five million copies. It ranked at number 15 on "Billboard"'s Year-End Hot 100 of 2012 in the US.

paragraphs: The video for "Wide Awake" begins with Perry behind the scenes on the set of the music video for "California Gurls". She goes to her dressing room and stares at her reflection in the mirror. Perry is then seen in a dark forest, holding a lantern and trying to escape it like a maze. She meets a younger version of herself and eats a strawberry from a tree, which poisons her. Later, Katy and her younger self exit to find Katy's "Prince Charming" who crosses his fingers behind his back in distrust. Katy punches him, and her younger self is seen riding away on a bike with a name plate reading "Katheryn," Katy Perry's first name. The video ends with Katy singing "Teenage Dream" on the California Dreams Tour.


title: Taufiq Rafat

paragraphs: Taufiq Rafat (1927-1998) was a famous Pakistani poet and writer born in Sialkot, Pakistan.He was pioneer of English language poetry/writing in Pakistan.

paragraphs: His work was included in several early anthologies. His own best known collection of poems was "Arrival of the Monsoon" (1984). He also translated several works of various Punjabi writers into English.

paragraphs: Rafat inspired and mentored many younger poets in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Daud Kamal

paragraphs: Daud Kamal (1935–1987) was a Pakistani poet and academic, from Peshawar city. He was a Professor of English Literature at University of Peshawar.


title: Alamgir Hashmi

paragraphs: Alamgir Hashmi (also Aurangzeb Alamgir Hashmi; born 15 November 1951) is a significant Pakistani poet who writes in English. His poems have received critical acclaim.

paragraphs: He lived many years abroad and is now based in Islamabad, Pakistan.


title: Bapsi Sidhwa

paragraphs: Bapsi Sidhwa (née Bhandara; born 1938 in Lahore) is a Pakistani writer. She writes in English. Sidwa now lives in Houston, Texas, United States.

paragraphs: She is best known for her novels, "The Crow Eaters" (1978), "The Bride" (1982), "Cracking India" (1991), "An American Brat" (1993) and "Water: A Novel" (2006).


title: Gheba tribe

paragraphs: The Gheba tribe are a tribe from the Punjab, mostly located in the Fateh Jang Tehsil of Attock District of Pakistan. They are generally classified as . But some of them claim that they are Barlas Mughals in Census Report 1901

paragraphs: The origins of the Ghebas is subject to some dispute or controversy for quite some time; according to most scholars, historians and early British Indian administrators of their native areas, the Ghebas, like their close kin the Jodhra tribe and Alpial, are of Hindu origins, probably Rajputs. They were at one time spread out over a broader area, in both Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa areas of what is now Pakistan but over time, their main population came to live in Attock and Rawalpindi districts of northern Punjab. They were most probably descended from one Raja Dayanand, a Chauhan Rajput, through Rai Shankar, whose offspring 'Rai Gheba' converted to Islam and was given the title of 'Gheba Khan'. They have been Muslims since then and sizable landowners in the districts they live in.

paragraphs: There is another view, often believed by some Gheba families, that they are not really Rajputs or Jatts but are Barlas Mughals, although this view is not historically substantiated.

paragraphs: Whatever their origins, the Ghebas continue to be among the biggest landowners of northern Punjab, in present-day Pakistan. Their biggest and most important village in Attock area is Kot Fateh Khan, which is part of the "Jagir" estate of the Sardar of Kot,

paragraphs: Most of the Ghebas are landowners and engaged in agricultural activities.


title: Jodhra tribe

paragraphs: The Jodhra are a North Punjabi Rajput tribe closely allied to the Gheba tribe.


title: Deadhorse, Alaska

paragraphs: Deadhorse is a town in North Slope Borough, Alaska, United States. It is an unincorporated community. It is known for its production of oil.

paragraphs: Deadhorse is near Prudhoe Bay, which located along the coastline of Arctic Ocean. The James Dalton Highway connects Deadhorse with Fairbanks. Companies can send oil from Deadhorse, using the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) to the southern part of Alaska.

paragraphs: Tourists can take buses from Fairbanks using the Dalton Highway to get to Deadhorse. The town is in the Arctic Circle. Tourists can see the Sun at midnight in the summer. Kinds of animals, like arctic foxes, can been seen in this area.


title: Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan

paragraphs: Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan (1913–2007) was an early pioneer woman social activist of Pakistan, especially active in promoting women's rights and their access to better educational and health facilities. She briefly remained Pakistan's first woman cabinet minister during the General Ayub Khan regime, between 1962 and 1967, before quitting politics and returning full-time to public service.


title: Leopardus

paragraphs: Leopardus is a genus of small spotted cats that are native to Middle and South America. Very few species belonging to "Leopardus" are in the southern United States. "Leopardus" may be the oldest branch of the Felinae to go into the Americas, followed by the genera "Lynx" and "Puma".


title: Prionailurus

paragraphs: Prionailurus is a genus of four species of small, spotted wild cats found in Asia. They are typically forest-dwelling. Most are able to swim well; some species are actually semi-aquatic and feed mainly on fish and other aquatic animals.

paragraphs: Pocock's classification of "Prionailurus" is widely accepted:


title: Stanley Middleton

paragraphs: Stanley Middleton (1919–2009) was an English writer and novelist, who was a co-winner of the Booker Prize in 1974, along with Nadine Gordimer.

paragraphs: Some of his better-known novels are "A Serious Woman" (1961), "Two's Company" (1964) and "Holiday" (1974).


title: Amir Ahmed Khan

paragraphs: Amir Ahmed Khan, Raja Sahib of Mahmudabad (5 November 1914 – 14 October 1973) was a prominent politician and leader of the All India Muslim League, during the Pakistan Movement. He was against the partition of India. When the Muslim League passed the resolution at Lahore for a separate Pakistan, he stood against it and formed All India Jamhur Muslim League to counter the move. The first session of this party was held at Muzaffarpur, Bihar. Raja Saheb was elected its President and Dr. Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi as General Secretary.

paragraphs: Later on he changed his mind under the influence of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and supported the idea of a separate Muslim state. He said that "...the idea of a separate Muslim state in India [sic] stirred the imagination of the Muslims as nothing else had done before." Khan migrated to Pakistan. He did not like the political turmoil in Pakistan, so he moved to Iraq and finally to England. He was Director of the Islamic Cultural Centre in London. He died in London in 1973. Later on his descendants went back to live in India.


title: Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot

paragraphs: Sir Shahnawaz Khan Mamdot (1883 - March 28, 1942) was a Punjabi landowner and supporter of the All India Muslim League (AIML) in its demand for a separate Pakistan. In March 1940, he was one of the principal hosts for the AIML's famous Lahore Conference.


title: Abdullah Haroon

paragraphs: Sir Abdullah Haroon (1873–1942) was a Muslim League leader from Sindh province of British India, and active in the Pakistan Movement.


title: Muhammad Akram Khan

paragraphs: "Molana" Muhammad Akram Khan (1869–1968) was a Muslim scholar and religious-political figure of British India who supported the Pakistan Movement.


title: Sadullah Khan Umarzai

paragraphs: Saadullah Khan Umarzai (1880-1948) was a Pashtun political figure from the NWFP region of British India and active in the Muslim demand for a separate state of Pakistan.


title: Malik Barkat Ali

paragraphs: Malik Barkat Ali (April 1885 - 5 April 1946) was an Indian politician, lawyer and journalist.

paragraphs: Malik was from Lahore, Punjab, British India.

paragraphs: Ali supported the All India Muslim League at first. Later, he developed more radical and extreme Islamic views.


title: Cross-dressing

paragraphs: Cross-dressing is when someone wears clothes that are commonly associated with the opposite sex.

paragraphs: Cross-dressing is often done to create a transgender identity. It has also been used for disguise, comfort and in the performing arts in modern times and in history.


title: Riemann sphere

paragraphs: The Riemann sphere is a mathematical model of the extended complex plane. The model is named after Bernhard Riemann. The extended complex plane is the plane of the complex numbers, plus a point at infinity. With this model, this point at infinity is "close" to very large numbers in the same way zero is "close" to very small ones. The extended complex numbers are useful for Complex analysis: in certain cases, the division by zero is "well-behaved", in the sense that dividing by zero gives this point at infinity. With this model, it is possible to change certain functions, so that they become continuous, which simplifies calculation.

paragraphs: In geometry, the Riemann sphere is a simple example of a Riemann surface. It is also one of the simplest complex manifolds.


title: Bawdsey

paragraphs: Alderton is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 319 people living in Bawdsey. It has a church called St Andrew.


title: Blaxhall

paragraphs: Blaxhall is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 233 people living in Blaxhall. It has a church called St Peter.


title: Stereographic projection

paragraphs: In geometry, a stereographic projection is a function that maps the points of a sphere onto a plane. The projection is defined on the entire sphere, except for one point, called the "projection point".

paragraphs: Intuitively, the stereographic projection is a way of picturing a sphere as a plane, with some inevitable compromises. Because the sphere and the plane appear in many areas of mathematics and its applications, so does the stereographic projection; it finds use in diverse fields including complex analysis, cartography, geology, and photography. In practice, the projection is carried out by computer or by hand using a special kind of graph paper called a stereonet or Wulff net.

paragraphs: A simple example of such a projection, encountered in everyday life is the sun casting a shadow of a globe onto the ground.


title: Blythburgh

paragraphs: Blythburgh is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 312 people living in Blythburgh. It has a church called Holy Trinity.


title: Boyton, Suffolk

paragraphs: Boyton is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 154 people living in Boyton. It has a church called St Andrew.


title: Bramfield

paragraphs: Bramfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 369 people living in Bramfield. It has a church called St Andrew.


title: Brandeston

paragraphs: Brandeston is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 278 people living in Brandeston. It has a church called All Saints.


title: Bredfield

paragraphs: Bredfield is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 308 people living in Bredfield. It has a church called St Andrew.


title: Brightwell, Suffolk

paragraphs: Brightwell is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 57 people living in Brightwell. It has a church called St John the Baptist.


title: Bromeswell

paragraphs: Bromeswell is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 326 people living in Bromeswell. It has a church called St Edmund.


title: Bruisyard

paragraphs: Bruisyard is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 168 people living in Bruisyard. It has a church called St Peter.


title: Burgh

paragraphs: Burgh is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 191 people living in Burgh.


title: Capel St. Andrew

paragraphs: Capel St. Andrew is a village and civil parish in Suffolk Coastal, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 77 people living in Capel St. Andrew. It once had a church.


title: P.G. Wodehouse

paragraphs: P.G. Wodehouse, in full Sir Pelham Grenville Wodehouse (15 October 1881 - 14 February 1975) was an English comic novelist, short-story writer and playwright, best known as the creator of the 'Jeeves' character and series of novels. He was born in Guildford, Surrey. He died of a heart attack in Southampton, New York.

paragraphs: Wodehouse claims to have gotten inspiration for his characters by being like them: born into a rich family, and inheriting much money, making him rich and financially free.


title: Aurangzeb Khan

paragraphs: "Sardar" Aurangzeb Khan (1899-1965) was a politician from the Dera Ismail Khan district of NWFP, British India. He belonged to the Gandapur Pashtun tribe and belonged to a landowning family.

paragraphs: Khan joined the All India Muslim League party in 1937 and in the same year was appointed to the NWFP Legislative Assembly. In 1940, he was one of the provincial delegates to the Lahore session of the League and was a member of the Working Committee set up there to draft what was to become the 'Lahore Resolution'.

paragraphs: Between 1943-45 he also briefly remained provincial Chief Minister before being removed. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, he served for some time as the new country's ambassador to Burma.


title: Abdus Sattar Essak Saith

paragraphs: Haji Abdus Sattar Essak Saith (1894-1989) was an Indian Muslim politician who served with the All India Muslim League as General Secretary of the Kerala Muslim League. In 1948, he left India and migrated to the new state of Pakistan.


title: Wilkie Collins

paragraphs: Wilkie Collins, in full William Wilkie Collins (1824-1889) was an English novelist and one of the earliest writers of the mystery story. Although he wrote many books, he is best remembered for "The Woman in White" (1860) and "The Moonstone" (1868).


title: Ursus (genus)

paragraphs: Ursus is a genus in the family Ursidae (bears) that includes the widely distributed brown bears, the polar bear, and black bears. The name comes from the Latin "ursus", meaning bear.


title: Savant syndrome

paragraphs: The savant syndrome is a rare condition in which people with neurodevelopmental disorders, notably autism spectrum disorders, and/or brain injuries, demonstrate profound and prodigious capacities and/or abilities far in excess of what would be considered normal. In spite of the name syndrome, it is not recognized as a mental disorder, or as a part of mental disorder. In simple terms these are very gifted individuals with fewer than 50 alive today.

paragraphs: These individuals in some cases may not be able to tie their shoes, however they may memorize an entire book in days.

paragraphs: The following are well-known people with savant syndrome, noted for their talent in their identified fields:


title: Ducat

paragraphs: A ducat is a gold coin that was used for trade in Europe until World War I. The first ducat was made in silver by Roger II of Sicily in 1140. In 1284 the Republic of Venice started making the gold ducat which came to be widely used. The value of a ducat at the beginning of the 20th century was nine shillings and fourpence or a little more than four United States dollars.


title: Love on Top

paragraphs: "Love on Top" is a 2011 song performed by Beyoncé and talking about a man on whosoever she can count. The song is part of Beyoncé's record "4". It undergoes four key changes, during which the singer adopts a high octane.


title: Jason Hughes (sociologist)

paragraphs: Dr Jason Kelly Hughes (born 21 October 1943 in Glastonbury, UK) is currently a senior lecturer at Brunel University in West London. Previously he worked at the Centre for Labour Market Studies at the University of Leicester and is a Prodigious Savant.

paragraphs: Hughes's current research interests include the sociology of emotions; the sociology of the body and health; sociological theory; and organisational sociology. Specifically he has written about emotional reflexivity in the ‘new’ workplace; emotional labour and aesthetic labour; new managerial discourses, particularly emotional intelligence, high performance work practices, knowledge management, and organisational learning. In addition he has also published a book on smoking called “Learning to Smoke.” Hughes has also written extensively about the work of Norbert Elias, social Darwinism and linguistics. His other interests include evolutionary biology, as well as collecting antique clocks, sundials, ear trumpets and other novelties.


title: Run the World (Girls)

paragraphs: "Run the World (Girls)" is a 2011 hit song performed by Beyoncé. It represents female empowerment. It was released as part of Beyoncé's album "4". The song is similar to two earlier Beyonce hit singles.


title: Leslie Lemke

paragraphs: Leslie Lemke (born January 31, 1952) is a blind American, prodigious savant who is autistic. He is best known for his work as a musician.

paragraphs: Leslie Lemke was born prematurely in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1952. At birth, he was diagnosed with glaucoma, cerebral palsy, and brain damage. Doctors were forced to remove his eyes. His birth mother gave him up for adoption. May Lemke, a nurse, adopted him when he was six months old. To feed him, May had to stroke his throat to make him swallow his food. It was a year before Leslie could chew food on his own. It took seven years of constant care before Leslie showed any progress. During this time, he made no sounds or movements and showed no emotions. He was 12 before he first learned to stand. He was 15 before he learned to walk.

paragraphs: When he was 16, May found Leslie playing Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto no. 1 during the middle of the night. He had recently heard the piece on television. Leslie was soon playing all styles of music, from ragtime to classical.

paragraphs: His adoptive mother encouraged his talent for the piano. By 1980, Leslie was giving concerts in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. Because of his new fame, he was asked to be on many television programs such as CBC's "Man Alive" (hosted by Roy Bonisteel), "CBS Evening News", "60 Minutes", and "That's Incredible!". In 1983, ABC broadcast "The Woman Who Willed a Miracle", a drama about Leslie and his adoptive mother. It stars Cloris Leachman as May Lemke. Leslie is also the subject of Fred Small's song, "Leslie is Different."

paragraphs: Leslie toured the United States, Scandinavia, and Japan and gave free concerts. He was quite animated when he played.

paragraphs: May Lemke developed Alzheimer's disease and died on November 6, 1993.


title: Jonathan Lerman

paragraphs: Jonathan Lerman (born 1987) is an American Prodigious Savant. He is an autistic outsider artist. He was born in Queens, NY. He lives in the Upstate New York suburb of Vestal.

paragraphs: Jonathan Lerman began to lapse into long silences at the age of two. The next year he was diagnosed with autism. His IQ is said to be 53.

paragraphs: Lerman's artistic ability appeared at the age of 10. He drew faces with charcoal. The faces were of people he knows and those he imagines. In 1999 he had his own solo exhibition at the KS Art gallery in New York City.

paragraphs: Lerman has had personal exhibitions. He has also exhibited his work alongside others.

paragraphs: Lerman was also on the MTV television show "True Life" in the episode "True Life: I Have Autism"


title: Aaron Hunt

paragraphs: Aaron Hunt (born 4 September 1986, in Goslar, Germany) is a German football player. He plays as midfielder for Werder Bremen since 2004.

paragraphs: Hunt started playing football at the age of 7 and played for two local clubs in the Harz area during his childhood. In 2002 he joined the youth team of Werder Bremen. Two years late he debuted in the Bundesliga as a substitute against Hannover 96. He shot his first goal against Borussia Mönchengladbach on 12th February 2005, when he also debuted in the first squad.

paragraphs: On 28 November 2007 he shot in first goal in the Champions League against Real Madrid. Before that game he has been injured for 7 months. Bremen won that match 3-2.

paragraphs: In the 2008/09 season he won the DFB-Pokal with Werder, after winning 1-0 in the final against Bayer Leverkusen. His team was also in the final match of the UEFA CUP, but lost against Shakhtar Donetsk 1-2 in the extra time.

paragraphs: In 2010 he renewed his contract until 2014. In 2012 he was made vice captain of his team by his coach Thomas Schaaf. He is the most loyal player in the squad of Werder Bremen.

paragraphs: His mother is from England, so he would have been allowed to play for the national team of England. He played for Germany at the Under-16, Under-17 and Under-21 level, so he refused English offers and decided to play for Germany. In November 2009 he debuted against the Côte d'Ivoire for the a-squad in a friendly. This game was the memorial game for the goalkeeper Robert Enke, who committed suicide. He also made a secound match against Denmark in August 2010. In 2013 has was nominated by national coach Joachim Löw for two matches. In the match against Ecuador has was brought on in minute 59.

paragraphs: Hunt is married to Semra Polatgil, who also played football for TV Jahn Delmenhorst.


title: Thristan Mendoza

paragraphs: Thristan "Tum-Tum" Mendoza (born 1989) is a Filipino Prodigious Savant and marimba prodigy.

paragraphs: Mendoza was born in Quezon City, Philippines. He was enrolled at the Philippine Montessori Center. He was diagnosed as autistic at the age of two and a half. During the same year he began to play.

paragraphs: In 1997 the University of the Philippines presented him as a gifted child prodigy.

paragraphs: He is now a college student majoring in percussion.

paragraphs: He has three siblings (Rainier, Victoria Angela, Victorina Francesca)


title: Boyton, Cornwall

paragraphs: Boyton, Cornwall is a civil parish and village in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. As of 2001, 378 people lived in Boyton.


title: Russell Means

paragraphs: Russell Charles Means (November 10, 1939 – October 22, 2012) was an American Oglala Sioux activist, writer, politician, musician, television and movie actor who is known for his activisim to the American Indian Movement. He is also known for his roles in "Pathfinder", "Thomas and the Magic Railroad" and in "Pocahontas".

paragraphs: In 1983 he agreed to become running mate to Larry Flynt in his unsuccessful run for U.S. President.

paragraphs: Means was born on November 10, 1939 in Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota. He studied at San Leandro High School. Means was married five times, the first four ended in divorce. He has ten children. Means died on October 22, 2012 in Porcupine, South Dakota from esophageal cancer, aged 72.


title: Elizabeth Bowen

paragraphs: Elizabeth Dorothea Cole Bowen (1899-1973) was a British novelist and short story writer.

paragraphs: She was born in an Anglo-Irish family in Dublin, Ireland and wrote many books and stories that are set in Ireland. However, after 1927, she lived mostly in London, England. She began to write at a very young age.

paragraphs: Bowen's works include "Encounters" (1923), "The Hotel" (1927), "The House in Paris" (1935), "The Last September" (1929) , "Seven Winters" (1942), "Bowen's Court" (1942), "The Heat of the Day" (1949) and many others.


title: Awan tribe

paragraphs: Awan are a tribe mostly inhabiting Punjab and other parts of Pakistan. They are probably of mixed, indigenous origins, with a section of the tribe claiming Arab descent from a person called Qutb Shah. However, they are mostly accounted to be of Indo-European ethnicity.


title: John Buchan

paragraphs: John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (1875-1940) was a British statesman and writer, today mostly remembered for his fine adventure stories.

paragraphs: Buchan was educated at the University of Glasgow and Oxford, and began to write and publish stories from his college days. He later qualified as a lawyer and went to South Africa to work there in a government (colonial) job. He later served in many countries as a representative of the British government and was later made Governor-General of Canada. In 1935 the British government honoured him by making him a lord. He died in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1940.

paragraphs: Some of his famous adventure thrillers include "Prester John" (1910), "The Thirty Nine Steps" (1915) and "Greenmantle" (1916). He also wrote some fine historical biographies like "Montrose" (1928) and "Sir Walter Scott" (1932).


title: Karlal

paragraphs: The Karlal (Urdu کرڑال also known as Kard'al, Karaal, Karhral, or Kiraal) is a Hindko-speaking tribe in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The majority of the tribe is found mainly in Abbottabad District, inhabiting the hilly area of the Galyat and the Nara tract. A minority are also settled in the Haripur District. A small number are also found in neighbouring Azad Kashmir, in Kotli District. Many Karlal now prefer the self-designation Sardar which means Sultan Chief in Farsi.

paragraphs: The tribe trace their descent from a Sardar Kallar Shah, son of Sultan Sujann Shah, who is believed to have come from southern Afghanistan. It is believed that he was a descendant of Alexander the Great. In Haripur and Abbottabad, they are known as Sultan Chief Sardars, a name they acquired during the time of the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1296), when the tribal members were made rulers of the galliyat region of Hazara. There is also some argument as to the religion of the Karlal, as whether they were Hindu or not. As some of the oldest inhabitants of Hazara, a region that was largely Hindu till the early 13th Century, it is likely that they were either Hindus, or strongly influenced by Hinduism.

paragraphs: It does seem that throughout the middles ages, the Karlal maintained their independence. During Mughal era (1550-1730), when the Gakkars were trying to extend their authority in the entire lower Hazara from their base in Khanpur in what is now Haripur District, the leader of Karlal tribe Morcha Kulli Khan at that time was able to murder the Ghakkar chief and retained his tribes independence. Similarly the Turks, whose territory lay to the north, were also never able to extend their authority over this tribe although enjoying suzerainty over large portion of Pakhal Sarkar (an old name for Hazara). In the Durrani period (1740-1800), no attempt was made by Afghan rulers to subdue their territory. However, when the Sikhs captured lower Hazara they tried to gain control over entire lower Hazara including Karlal territory.

paragraphs: In 1822, Ranjit Singh sent a large force under famous General Amar Singh Majitta which was defeated by Karlals with great slaughter under their Charismatic chief Sarrdar Hassan Ali Khan . Amar Singh was also murdered by the Karlal s. Lepel Griffin, author of a colonial history of Hazara, writes in his book about this battle of Sumandar Khata. From 1822 to 1845 Karlal tribe fought many battles with Sikhs and were able to retain their independence. In 1844 once again Lahore Darbar sent a large force under Diwan Mulraj and Hari Singh to subdue Karlal country. Taking advantage of the difficult geographical terrain of their country, the Karlals were able to defeat Sikh army at place called Nah and killed more than 150 Sikh soldiers.

paragraphs: At the time of mutiny in 1857, the Karlals tried to revolt against the rule of East India Company, however, British were able to imprison Karlal chief Sardar Hassan Ali Khan Karlal and many mutineers of this tribe were hanged along with some Dhund tribesmen (Mutiny Reports 1857 of Hazara District).

paragraphs: Sardar Hassan Ali khan Karlal was one of the most illustrious military commander and mujahid of early 19th century from Hazara. His historic endeavors for the freedom and struggle against both Sikhs and English have been well preserved in the historical annals. English gazetteers of that era, Wajabul Arz of 1874 and Tarikh Hazara of that time contain detailed accounts of the bravery, courage and military stratagem of this great hero. Karlals were the only tribe which under the sagacious leader ship Sardar Hassan Hassan Ali khan were able to retain their independence by defeating the most powerful army in the entire Northern India at that time.

paragraphs: During Pakistan movement Karlal tribe wholeheartedly supported Muslim League. In 1944 elder of Karlal tribe Capt Sardar Muhammad Zain Khan Karlal joined Muslim league with other notables of this tribe.In same year he was nominated as member of All India Muslim League organizing Committee by Quaid -e Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah.In 1946 elections he was elected as Member NWFP Legislative Assembly from the lone constituency of Abbottabad on All India Muslim League ticket in spite of the strong support of the congress by the more populous tribes of District Hazara. In struggle for Pakistan, Captain Sardar Zain Muhammad khan was able to motivate his entire tribe for cause of the creation of Pakistan. Captain Capt Sardar Zain Muhammad Khan Karlal also had the unique honor of representing entire Hazara District in the historic Delhi All India Muslim Parliamentarians convention held in April 1946 under the chairmanship of Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah which finally voted for the partition of India and creation of Pakistan.

paragraphs: In the civil disobedience movement started by Muslim League in NWFP now Khyber Pukhtunkhaw against Congress government Capt Sardar Zain Muhammad khan along with many Karlal tribesmen was imprisoned in February 1947.After the creation of Pakistan Capt Sardar Zain Muhammad Khan also served as Parliamentary Secretary for Revenue in NWFP government.


title: Haasts Bluff, Northern Territory

paragraphs: Haasts Bluff (Pintupi–Luritja: "Ikuntji"), is an Aboriginal Australian community in the Northern Territory. The town is about west of Alice Springs. The closest neighbouring town is Papunya, about north. In the 2006 census, 207 people were recorded to live in the town and in nearby outstations.

paragraphs: The town is named after the nearby rocky outcrop. The outcrop was given this name in 1872 by the explorer Ernest Giles, who named it after the New Zealand geologist, Julius von Haast. The name in the local Aboriginal language is Ikuntji, which means "where the creeks cross".

paragraphs: The town was established as a Lutheran mission in 1946. It is home to Western Arrernte, Pintupi and Pitjantjatjara people. Many of these people work as artists in the local artist co-operative, Ikuntji Artists.


title: Currimbhoy Ebrahim

paragraphs: Sir Currimbhoy Ebrahim (or Currimbhoy Ebrahim), 3rd Baronet, JP (born 1903- died 1952), was a prominent businessman, philanthropist and political leader from Bombay, British India.

paragraphs: He succeeded his father Sir Mohamedbhoy Ebrahim as Baronet, and as managing director of many family-owned firms. He also became director or chairman of many charitable trusts in the Bombay area and in 1936, also started the Muslim Peace and Relief Committee. In the same year, he became a member of the All India Muslim League and an active political leader of this party.


title: Muhammad Ismail Khan

paragraphs: Nawab Muhammad Ismail Khan (1886–1958) was a senior All India Muslim League leader, a former Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University and a member of the UP legislative assembly in British India.


title: Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi

paragraphs: Ali Muhammad Khan Dehlvi JP (born 1875) was a political leader, lawyer and journalist of British India. He organised several Muslim educational and political conferences at Karachi and Hyderabad, Sindh, and later was a delegate to the famous All India Muslim Leagues Lahore session of 1940.


title: MacDonnell Shire

paragraphs: The MacDonnell Shire is a local government area of the Northern Territory, Australia. It was created on 1 July 2008 as part of the restructuring of the Territory's local government areas. It was created by merging over a dozen smaller community council areas and a large zone of unincorporated area. The most recent elections for the shire council were in March 2012. The current President of the MacDonnell Shire is Sid Anderson.

paragraphs: The shire has an area of over 268,784 square kilometres. It covers the south of the Territory, bordering with South Australia. Alice Springs and Yulara are enclaves within the shire (they are not part of it, but are surrounded by it).

paragraphs: There were about 7,142 people living there in 2009.

paragraphs: The MacDonnell Shire Council is divided into four wards. There are 12 council members. Below each ward is listed the towns that fall within those wards. Population figures are as they were recorded on 30 June 2007.


title: Aputula, Northern Territory

paragraphs: Aputula is a remote Aboriginal community in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is south of Alice Springs, near the border with South Australia. It is east of the Stuart Highway. About 250 people live there. They are Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Luritja, and Lower Southern Arrernte people. The Finke River passes nearby the town, but it is dry for most of the year, except during floods.

paragraphs: The town was called Finke until the 1980s. It began as a trading stop on the Central Australian Railway. Local Aborigines traded dingo scalps, artefacts and tools for European goods. In the 1950s and 1960s, White farmers set up cattle stations around the town. Most of the Europeans left Finke when the railway line was moved westwards in the late 1970s. This was done because the track was damaged during huge floods in 1973 and 1974, so it was moved away from the river. The Aboriginal people living in the town did not move, and the town came to be known as Aputula. The name comes from a place called Putula near the town, which used to be the site of a water soak. Putula is an Arrernte word. Arrernte people used to get their water there, before the white people and the railway line came to the area.

paragraphs: Aputula holds the record of having the hottest day ever recorded in the Northern Territory— on 1 and 2 January 1960.


title: Jimmy James

paragraphs: Jimmy James OAM (1913 – 1991) was an Aboriginal Australian tracker. He helped the police of South Australia in tracking criminals. He worked with the police for 40 years.

paragraphs: James was born near Ernabella (now Pukatja) in central Australia, and was a member of the Pitjantjatjara people. He went to school at the Ooldea Mission. In 1945, he was wrongfully arrested and left the mission. James began his career as a tracker for police in 1948. He became well known for tracking criminals (including arsonists, poachers and escapees) and lost persons. He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in 1984 and was the first South Australian Aboriginal Person of the Year in 1983. After his death, a memorial to Jimmy James was erected in Berri, South Australia.


title: Bubbly

paragraphs: "Bubbly" is a single by the singer Colbie Caillat. It was released to radio on May 15, 2007. "Bubbly" was the biggest song so far by Caillat. The song is from her first record "Coco".


title: Gordon Briscoe

paragraphs: Dr Gordon Briscoe OAM (born in 1938) is an Aboriginal Australian activist and a retired football player. He is a member of the Stolen Generations.

paragraphs: Briscoe was born in Alice Springs. He is descended from the Marduntjara and Pitjantjatjara nations of Central Australia. He was taken away from his mother as a child and was taught at a Christian mission in Adelaide. Briscoe played football (soccer) for Adelaide in the South Australian league. He played alongside his schoolmate Charles Perkins. In 1958, he moved to England with the hope of playing professional football. He had small jobs with Barnet and Preston North End, but he did not make a first team appearance. He went back to Australia at the suggestion of Perkins. The two of them later played recreational football with the Australian National University from 1968 to about 1972.

paragraphs: Briscoe began studying at ANU in 1981. His focus was on the indigenous history of Australia. He was involved in the production of the SBS documentary "First Australians". He got his PhD in 1997.

paragraphs: Briscoe also worked as an activist for indigenous Australians. He was involved in the establishment of the Aboriginal Progress Association in the 1950s, the Aboriginal Legal Service in the 1960s and the Aboriginal Medical Service


title: Mount Woodroffe

paragraphs: Mount Woodroffe is South Australia's highest peak. It is above sea level. The mountain is known to Pitjantjatjara speakers as Ngarutjaranya. In their Dreaming, the mountain represents the spirit being Ngintaka.

paragraphs: Mount Woodroffe is in the far northwest of South Australia, in the Musgrave Ranges. The mountain range rises about 700–800 metres above the plains around it. The rock is mostly granite and gneiss.

paragraphs: Mount Woodroffe was named by William Gosse, who first saw it on 20 July 1873. He named it after George Woodroffe Goyder, another early explorer of South Australia and the Northern Territory. Access to the mountain is restricted. Permission is needed to enter the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands.


title: Rhind Mathematical Papyrus

paragraphs: The Rhind papyrus in the British Museum is the best example of Egyptian mathematics. It is named after Alexander Henry Rhind, a Scottish antiquarian. He bought the papyrus in 1858 in Luxor, Egypt. It was found during illegal excavations in or near the Ramesseum. It was written about 1650 BC.

paragraphs: The papyrus has work and writing on arithmetic, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, and fractions. It, and the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, are the main sources of knowledge about mathematics in Ancient Egypt. The Rhind papyrus dates to about 1550 BC. The museum bought both the Rhind papyrus and the Egyptian Mathematical Leather Roll from Rhind. The Rhind papyrus is larger than the Moscow mathematical papyrus, but the Moscow papyrus is older.

paragraphs: The Rhind papyrus dates to the Second Intermediate Period of Egypt. It was copied by the scribe "Ahmose" from a now-lost text from the reign of Amenemhat III (12th dynasty). Written in the hieratic script, this Egyptian manuscript is made up of parts that are each 33 cm tall. In total it is over long. It was transliterated and the mathematics was translated in the late 19th century. The mathematical translation is still incomplete in some respects. The document is dated to year 33 of the Hyksos king Apophis and also contains a separate later Year 11 on its verso likely from his successor, Khamudi.

paragraphs: In the opening paragraphs of the papyrus, Ahmose presents the papyrus as giving "Accurate reckoning for inquiring into things, and the knowledge of all things, mysteries... all secrets". He continues with:

paragraphs: This book was copied in regnal year 33, month 4 of Akhet, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Awserre, given life, from an ancient copy made in the time of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt Nimaatre (?). The scribe Ahmose writes this copy.

paragraphs: Several books and articles about the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus have been published, and a handful of these stand out. The Rhind Papyrus was published in 1923 by Peet and contains a discussion of the text that followed Griffith's Book I, II and III outline Chase published a compendium in 1927/29 which included photographs of the text. A more recent overview of the Rhind Papyrus was published in 1987 by Robins and Shute.


title: Musgrave Ranges

paragraphs: Musgrave Ranges is a mountain range in Central Australia. It covers the boundary of South Australia (Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara) and the Northern Territory (MacDonnell Shire). It separates the Great Victoria Desert to the south and the Gibson Desert to the north. The range has a length of . Many of its peaks have a height of more than . The highest peak is Mount Woodroffe at .

paragraphs: The mountains were originally the home of Yankunytjatjara people. The first European to find them was the English explorer William Gosse in the 1870s. He named them after Anthony Musgrave, the Governor of South Australia at the time. At the start of the 20th century, Yankunytjatjara people began migrating east, setting up camps along the Alberga River and moving into the mission at Ernabella. From 1917, they also began a movement southward to Ooldea. Groups of Pitjantjatjara were forced to move to the Musgrave region because of a long drought in their territory, the Mann and Tomkinson Ranges in the west. Today, most of the families in the communities of Amata and Kaltjiti identify as Pitjantjatjara.

paragraphs: The South Australian part of the Musgrave Ranges was granted to the Pitjantjatjara people in the Pitjantjatjara Land Rights Act 1980. Since then, most people have moved into settlements in more hospitable areas.


title: Cornish National Party

paragraphs: The Cornish National Party (CNP) is a social democratic political party in Cornwall. It wants Cornish independence from the United Kingdom.


paragraphs: The Unité de formation et de recherche médicale Paris Île-de-France Ouest (in English Paris Île-de-France West Medical Research and Training Departement; also called PIFO or Paris Ouest) is a department of the Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines focus on research and training activities in medicine.


title: West India

paragraphs: Western India is a region of the Republic of India, it includes Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra.


title: Qazi Muhammad Isa

paragraphs: Qazi Muhammad Isa (17th of July 1914- 19th of June 1976)[1] was a leader of the All India Muslim League party in British India and later a senior governmental official in Pakistan.

paragraphs: Qazi Isa was born in Pishin, Baluchistan (Chief commissioners province). He joined the League in 1939 and was nominated to represent his province at the League's Lahore session in March 1940.

paragraphs: After the creation of Pakistan, he served the new country in various positions, and for a time was also its ambassador to Brazil (1951-54).

paragraphs: 1. Kausar. Prof. Dr. Inamul Haq. "Tehreek-e-Pakistan Balochistan Main". Lahore. 1988. Maktaba-e-Aaliya. p.21


title: Sundanese Wikipedia

paragraphs: Sundanese Wikipedia (Sundanese "Wikipedia basa Sunda") is the edition of Wikipedia in the Sundanese language. The article count of the wiki is 17,084 articles (as of 16 April 2012)


title: William Somerset Maugham

paragraphs: William Somerset Maugham (25 January 1874– 16 December 1965) was an English novelist, short story writer and playwright. He was born at the British Embassy in Paris. He was the highest paid author of the 1930s.

paragraphs: Maugham trained as a medical doctor at St. Thomas's hospital's medical school, London, but then decided to become a full time writer. He wrote many works including such well-known ones as "Liza of Lambeth" (1897), "The Magician" (1908), "Of Human Bondage" {1915), "The Moon and Sixpence" (1919), "Cakes and Ale" (1930) and "The Razor's Edge" (1944).

paragraphs: Maugham died on 16 December 1965 in Nice, Alpes-Maritimes, France from pneumonia at the age of 91.


title: Aboriginal Provisional Government

paragraphs: The Aboriginal Provisional Government (APG) is an Indigenous Australian activist group. It campaigns for indigenous sovereignty over Australia. It was formed by elders from several communities across Australia, including the Pitjantjatjara, Wiradjuri, Yolngu and Eora. The founders of the APG were Bob Weatherall, Geoff Clark, Josie Crawshaw, Michael Mansell, Kathy Craigie and other representatives from all states of Australia.

paragraphs: It was officially created on 16 July 1990. Its stated purpose is to establish its own government and an Aboriginal nation state. The APG argues that the indigenous people of Australia never gave up their sovereignty and therefore Australian law and title over the country is void (means nothing).


title: Peter Ackroyd

paragraphs: Peter Ackroyd CBE (born 5 October 1949) is an English novelist, critic, poet, television writer, historian and scholar.

paragraphs: Ackroyd was born in East Acton, London. He graduated in English from Clare College, Cambridge. He later studied at Yale University. He is openly gay.


title: Private prison

paragraphs: A private prison is a prison run by a private company instead of the government. The government hires the private prison company to perform all the services needed to keep the convicts locked up while they serve out their sentences.

paragraphs: In the twenty-first century, many industries that were government-run before have become more privatized.

paragraphs: Reasons why some governments run private prisons are:

paragraphs: However, many people do not like the idea of private prisons. The main reasons for this are:


title: Jerome K. Jerome

paragraphs: Jerome K. Jerome (in full Jerome Klapka Jerome) (1859-1927) was an English novelist, playwright and humorist. He wrote books that were very funny and won him a wide public following.


title: Ramna Kali Mandir

paragraphs: The Ramna Kali Mandir (), also known as the Ramna Kalibari (house of the Hindu goddess Kali) was one of the most famous Hindu temples of the Indian subcontinent. It was believed to be over a thousand years old. The temple was in Dhaka (the capital of present day Bangladesh) near the Ramna Park (now renamed as Suhrawardy Udyan).

paragraphs: The temple was bulldozed by the Pakistan Army on 27 March 1971 during the genocide during the Bangladesh Liberation War


title: Federal Cabinet of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Cabinet of Pakistan is headed by the Prime Minister. It plays an important role in the Government of Pakistan.


title: John Walsh

paragraphs: John Edward Walsh (born December 26, 1945) is an American television personality, criminal investigator, human and victim rights advocate and the host of "America's Most Wanted". He began his crime investigation career when his son, Adam Walsh was murdered by Ottis Toole in 1981.

paragraphs: Walsh was born on December 26, 1945 in Auburn, New York. He studied at the University of Buffalo. He has been married to Revé Drew since 1971. He had four children; Adam, Meghan, Callahan, and Hayden Walsh. In 2008, Walsh was awarded the Operation Kids Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Robert Ripley

paragraphs: Robert LeRoy Ripley (December 26, 1890 – May 27, 1949) or Mr. Ripley was an American cartoonist, entrepreneur and amateur anthropologist, who created the world famous "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" newspaper panel series, radio show, and television show which feature odd 'facts' from around the world.

paragraphs: Ripley was born on December 26, 1890 in Santa Rosa, California. He was married to Beatrice Roberts from 1919 until they divorced in 1926. Ripley lived in New York City, New York, Los Angeles, California, Chicago, Illinois, Miami, Florida, Bedford, Iowa, and in Santa Rosa, California. Ripley died on May 27, 1949, in New York City, New York from a heart attack, aged 58.


title: Jonathan Goldsmith

paragraphs: Jonathan Goldsmith (born September 26, 1938) or Jonathan Lippe is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He is known for playing "The Most Interesting Man in the World" in the Dos Equis commercials starting in 2007.

paragraphs: Goldsmith was born in September 26, 1938 in New York City, New York to a Jewish family. He studied at Boston University. He was married to Barbara Goldsmith since 2006. He now lives in Marina del Rey, California and in Manchester, Vermont.


title: Synodontis courteti

paragraphs: Synodontis courteti is a species of upside-down catfish. It lives in the countries of the Niger and Chad Basins. This species grows to a length of SL.


title: Abdul Mateen Chauhdry

paragraphs: Abdul Mateen Chowdhury (1895-1948) was a lawyer and Bengali political leader, who was active in the All India Muslim Leagues Pakistan Movement.

paragraphs: He died in 1948 in Karachi, Pakistan, a year after the achievement of Pakistan.


title: Aldehyde

paragraphs: An aldehyde () is an organic compound. It contains a formyl group. A formyl group is a part of a molecule with the structure R-CHO. It is made of a carbon double bonded to oxygen. The carbon is also bonded to hydrogen and an R group. A side chain is the rest of the molecule.

paragraphs: The group without the side chain is called the aldehyde group or formyl group. Aldehydes are different from ketones because the formyl group is at the end of the molecule in an aldehyde. Ketones have the formyl group in the middle of the molecule. Aldehydes are common in organic chemistry. Many fragrances (smell producing compounds) are aldehydes.

paragraphs: Aldehydes have a carbon double bonded to an oxygen. Because of this, they are slightly polar. This causes aldehydes to have a number of properties. One of the most important of these is solubility in water.

paragraphs: The common names for aldehydes are not always the official names. The IUPAC names are useful, however. IUPAC recommends the following nomenclature for aldehydes:

paragraphs: The word "aldehyde" comes from Latin. It was shortened from "alcohol dehydrogenatus" (dehydrogenated alcohol). The word aldehyde was created by Justus von Liebig. In the past, aldehydes were sometimes named after the corresponding alcohols, for example, "vinous aldehyde" for acetaldehyde. ("Vinous" is from the Latin word for wine, which is the traditional source of ethanol.)

paragraphs: The term "formyl group" comes from the Latin or Italian word "formica" which means ant.

paragraphs: Aldehydes have many different properties. These properties change a lot if the rest of the molecule changes. Smaller aldehydes are more soluble in water. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are completely soluble in water. Many aldehydes have strong smells. Aldehydes will break down in air.

paragraphs: Two of the most important aldehydes, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, tend to form long chains. This is called polymerization.

paragraphs: Many aldehydes are found in essential oils and are the reason for their smells. Cinnamaldehyde, cilantro, and vanillin all get their smells from aldehydes.

paragraphs: Aldehydes are highly reactive and participate in many reactions." In industry, aldehydes are used to prepare plasticizers, polyols, and alcohols. In biology, aldehydes are used to replace amine groups and form sugars.

paragraphs: A dialdehyde is a molecule with two aldehydes. The names of dialdehydes have the ending -dial or -dialdehyde. Some dialdehydes are named after the acid that they are similar to. An example is butanedial, which is also called succinaldehyde (from succinic acid).

paragraphs: Of all aldehydes, formaldehyde is produced the most. About 6 million tons per year are made. It is mainly used to make resins when mixed with urea, melamine, and phenol. Bakelite is made like this. Another commonly made aldehyde is butyraldehyde. 2 and a half million tons per year are made. A lot of acetaldehyde once was once made, but much less is made today. This is because chemicals that used to be made from acetaldehyde are now made in other ways.


title: Pig-nosed turtle

paragraphs: The pig-nosed turtle ("Carettochelys insculpta"), also known as the pitted-shelled turtle or Fly River turtle, is a species of turtle native to northern Australia and southern New Guinea.

paragraphs: The Pig-nosed turtle is a very large freshwater turtle, with a shell length of 60-70 centimetres. It is grey to greyish brown in colour on the upper surface, and white to yellow in colour on the lower surface. It has broad paddle-like flippers, each with two claws. Its shell is covered by a soft-pitted skin, instead of the hard scutes that cover the shells of most turtles.


title: Muhammad Hayat Khan

paragraphs: Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, CSI (1833–1901), Khattar was an Indian Muslim administrator who had a distinguished career in British India. He belonged to Wah area of Northern Punjab.

paragraphs: Muhammad Hayat Khan was a son of Karam Khan, a Punjabi Muslim chieftain of the Khattar tribe who was against Sikh rule in his area and wished to remove it.

paragraphs: He thus sided with the British East India Company and was killed in 1848. His sons, including Muhammad Hayat, were raised and educated by the British Indian officers like John Nicholson and James Abbott.

paragraphs: He was eventually selected to become Nicholson's orderly and Persian language interpreter. In 1857, when the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) broke out, he accompanied Nicholson and his military force to Delhi to counter the rebels there, who were trying to win over the last Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah II, to their cause.

paragraphs: In September 1857, when John Nicholson was mortally wounded on an assault on Delhi by the British, Muhammad Hayat looked after him until he died. Before dying, Nicholson recommended him to Sir John Lawrence, Chief Commissioner of the Punjab and later its first Governor. Muhammad Hayat was thus given a series of important civil appointments in the Punjab province by the grateful British, and after serving as an Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Commissioner and then Sessions Judge, he eventually became the first Muslim native to be appointed as a member of the Punjab Legislative Council.

paragraphs: In 1899 he was given a CSI award and given the title of 'Nawab' in recognition of his long and meritorious services to the British Raj. He was also a close friend of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and a firm supporter of the Aligarh Movement for Muslim education, which resulted in the foundation of the MAO College (later Aligarh Muslim University) in India.

paragraphs: He died in December 1901, at his native village Wah, North Punjab, British India. Two of his sons, Sir Liaqat Hayat and Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan went on to be famous in their own right.


title: Thomas Moore

paragraphs: Thomas Moore (28 May 1779 – 25 February 1852) was an Irish writer, poet and music composer.

paragraphs: His most famous works in include "Irish Melodies" and "Lalla Rookh". He also edited a volume of the "Letters and Journals of Lord Byron" in 1830.


title: T. E. Lawrence

paragraphs: Colonel T.E. Lawrence (in full Thomas Edward Lawrence), better known in history as Lawrence of Arabia (16 August 1888 - 19 May 1935), was a British Army officer, explorer, scholar, writer, military strategist and linguist. He was born in Tremadog, Caernarfonshire, Wales. He studied History at University of Oxford. He joined the Army by taking part in the Officers' Training Corps at Oxford. He is best known for having helped the Arabs organize themselves against the Turks during the First World War.

paragraphs: His memoirs of the time spent with the Arabs, "The Seven Pillars of Wisdom" (1926), is a well-known work of literature. He died in 1935 in a motorcycle accident in Dorset.


title: Richard Lovelace

paragraphs: Richard Lovelace (1618-1657) was an English writer, poet, soldier and Royalist, who is considered by many to be the 'perfect Cavalier'.

paragraphs: Educated at Charterhouse and Oxford University, he took part in expeditions by the troops of King Charles I against various rebels from 1639 to 1642. In 1642, returning to his estates, he was nominated to present a Royalist petition to a hostile Parliament, for which he was ordered to prison by this elected body. During his short term in prison, he wrote one of his most famous poems, 'To Althea, from Prison'. He later spent many years fighting in France and Spain.


title: Elizabeth Barrett Browning

paragraphs: Elizabeth Barrett Browning, born on 6 March 1806, was an English poet of the Victorian era, who began writing poetry at the age of six. She was born in Kelloe, County Durham. Her parents were Edward Barrett Moulton Barrett and Mary Graham Clarke.

paragraphs: Her first adult collection of poems was published in 1838 and she wrote prolifically between 1841 and 1844. Elizabeth's volume Poems of Sonnets (1844) brought her great success, attracting the admiration of the writer Robert Browning, which led to their marriage. She also made efforts to abolish slavery and child labour.

paragraphs: She died on 29 June 1861 in Florence, Italy (where she was living with her husband) at the age of 55. She suffered from many illnesses from the age of 15.


title: John Nicholson

paragraphs: Brigadier-General John Nicholson (1822-1857) was a British officer of the East India Company, who served and died in British India. He is especially famous today and remembered as the 'Saviour of Delhi' who gave his life and died at Delhi, in September 1857 during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence), so that the British empire might be saved.

paragraphs: Nicholson was a very strict and honest administrator, and always took stern action to check crime and dishonesty. Because of this, he was deified (made into a deity, or god) by some Indian people in his lifetime. The people who worshiped him were called "Nikal Saynis".

paragraphs: Nicholson was buried near Delhi when he died but there is a famous monument, the Nicholson Memorial (also called Nicholson's Obelisk) near Taxila in Pakistan. This was made here by the British people ruling here many years ago, because Nicholson had spent a lot of time in that area.


title: Herbert Benjamin Edwardes

paragraphs: Herbert Benjamin Edwardes KCB, KCSI (1819-1868) was an English administrator, soldier and statesman of British India. He served mostly in the Punjab and the Punjab Frontier (later renamed the North-West Frontier Province, and today the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan). His name lives on there in the Edwardes College, Peshawar.


title: Henry Lawrence

paragraphs: Sir Henry Lawrence (in full Henry Montgomery Lawrence) (28 June 1806-4 July 1857) was a senior British officer and administrator of British India. He was the first Chief Commissioner of the Punjab after its annexation by the British, following the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He died whilst defending Lucknow against a force of rebels, during the Indian Mutiny (or First Indian War of Independence) in July 1857.

paragraphs: His younger brother, Sir John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence, later succeeded Sir Henry in the Punjab and became the province's first Lieutenant-Governor.


title: Edward James Corbett

paragraphs: Edward James Corbett (popularly known as Jim Corbett) (1875-1955) was a British hunter, author and naturalist. He is famous for his hunting exploits in British India, which he recorded in his books.

paragraphs: Edward James Corbett was born of Irish ancestry in the town of Nainital in the Kumaon of the Himalaya (now in the Indian state of Uttarakhand). Jim grew up in a large family of 13 children and was the eighth child of Willam Christopher and Mary Jane Corbett. His parents had moved to Nainital in 1862, after Christopher Corbett had been appointed postmaster of the town.


title: Campervan

paragraphs: Campervans are self-propelled vehicles that can provide transport and sleeping accommodation. The term "campervan" mainly represents vans which are fitted out, with a custom built body for use as accommodation. In the United States, the vans are also known as "recreational vehicles" or RVs and are larger than in Europe. Such vehicles sometimes have a refrigerator, microwave oven, showers and televisions.


title: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti

paragraphs: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti (Alexandria 21 December 1876 – Bellagio 2 December 1944) was an Italian poet and writer. He is famous as the founder of Futurism.


title: Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa

paragraphs: Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa (Palermo, 23 December 1896 – Rome, 23 July 1957) was an Italian writer. He is most famous for his only novel, "The Leopard" ("Il Gattopardo"), which is set in Sicily during the Risorgimento.


title: Mute swan

paragraphs: The mute swan ("Cygnus olor") is a species of swan, and thus a member of the duck, goose and swan family Anatidae. It is native to much of Europe and Asia, and (as a rare winter visitor) the far north of Africa. It is also an introduced species in North America, Australasia and southern Africa.

paragraphs: Measuring 125 to 170 centimetres (49 to 67 in) in length, this large swan is wholly white in plumage with an orange bill bordered with black. It is recognisable by its pronounced knob atop the bill.

paragraphs: When swimming, the mute swan holds its neck in a graceful "S" curve with its bill pointing downward. The whooper swans usually carry their bill level with their neck erect. The male frequently arches his secondary wing feathers over his back in an aggressive display posture.


title: Endothelium

paragraphs: Endothelium is a layer of cells that line the walls of the circulatory system which carries blood around the body. The cells form a membrane so that certain substances, such as nutrients, can move through the walls. In an adult human there is about 1 kg of endothelium cells, which would cover an area of about 7m. The endothelium plays an important part in controlling the flow of blood around the body.


title: Hurricane Sandy (2012)

paragraphs: Hurricane Sandy was an Atlantic tropical cyclone which affected parts of the Caribbean, Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern United States in late October 2012, and became the largest Atlantic hurricane in diameter, with winds spanning 1,100 miles (1,800 km). It made landfall on the East Coast of the United States and Eastern Canada (Nova Scotia). Sandy was the eighteenth tropical cyclone, eighteenth named storm, and tenth hurricane of the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm developed from a tropical wave in the western Caribbean Sea on October 22. It quickly got bigger and stronger after becoming a tropical depression. It was then upgraded to a tropical storm six hours later. Sandy moved slowly northward toward the Greater Antilles and got stronger. On October 24, Sandy made landfall in Jamaica and was upgraded to a hurricane. Sandy made a second landfall in Cuba, where it became a Category 3 hurricane.

paragraphs: At least 43 people were killed: 40 in the Caribbean and three in the Bahamas. On October 25, Sandy got weaker and became a Category 1 hurricane. On October 27, Sandy became a tropical storm for a few hours. It then became a Category 1 hurricane again that morning. On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency for the nation's capital. That same day the governors of Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania and Virginia also declared a state of emergency. Landfall in New Jersey came on October 29. Damage was extensive there and in New York. It was the 2nd costliest hurricane behind Hurricane Katrina (2005).

paragraphs: On October 19, a tropical wave was moving westward through the eastern Caribbean Sea. It had an extended low pressure area. It was expected to become better organized. On October 20, the system became better organized as expected. The National Hurricane Center (NHC) reported that it had a high potential for it to become a tropical cyclone within 48 hours. The next day, thunderstorms were small. Although, barometric pressure in the area remained low. Because of this, the system had potential for development. The thunderstorms got bigger, while the system slowed and eventually stopped moving. At 1500 UTC on October 22, the NHC gave out advisories on Tropical Depression Eighteen. The NHC reported that the storm was 320 mi (515 km) south of Kingston, Jamaica.

paragraphs: When the tropical depression formed, it was in an area of weak steering currents. This was located south of a ridge extending eastward from the Gulf of Mexico. The system was in an area favorable for strengthening. Late on October 22, a Hurricane Hunters flight found winds of in a rainband. This made NHC to upgrade the depression to Tropical Storm Sandy. Because of the moist atmosphere, the storm got better organized. Early on October 24, an eye began to develop. By that time, Sandy was moving slowly northward. At 11:00 am EDT (1500 UTC) on October 24, the NHC upgraded Sandy to hurricane status. This was because the Hurricane Hunters found winds of . At the time, Sandy was located about south of Kingston, Jamaica.

paragraphs: Sandy made landfall near Kingston at 3:00 p.m EDT (1900 UTC) on October 24. It had winds of about . Before making its second landfall, Sandy got stronger and became a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson scale with 110 mph (175 km/h). At 1:25 am EDT (0525 UTC), Sandy made landfall in Cuba just west of Santiago de Cuba. When it made landfall in Cuba, Sandy had a visible eye of over in diameter. At the time, winds reached 135 mph (216 km/h). While over land, the storm weakened and the eye was no longer visible. After Sandy left Cuba, dry air and increasing shear caused the storm to be disorganized. A mid-level low over Florida turned the hurricane toward the north-northwest. By early on October 26, most of the storm was to the north of the center. This caused the storm to get larger. By the next day, the NHC reported that Sandy was starting to become more of a hybrid cyclone. On October 27, Sandy weakened to a tropical storm. A few hours later, it got stronger and became a Category 1 hurricane again.

paragraphs: After Sandy developed into a tropical cyclone on October 22, the Government of Jamaica issued a tropical storm watch. Early on October 23, the watch became a tropical storm warning. That same day, a hurricane watch was issued for Jamaica. On that same day at 1500 UTC, the hurricane watch was upgraded to a hurricane warning.

paragraphs: The Government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch for Haiti. By late October 23, it was upgraded to a tropical storm warning. There was a hurricane watch issued for the Cuban Provinces of Camagüey, Granma, Guantánamo, Holguín, Las Tunas, and Santiago de Cuba at 1500 UTC on October 23. Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning. Only three hours later, the hurricane watch was switched to a hurricane warning.

paragraphs: The Government of the Bahamas issued a tropical storm watch for the Acklins, Cat Island, Crooked Island, Exuma, Inagua, Long Cay, Long Island, Mayaguana, Ragged Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador Island. Later that day, another tropical storm watch was issued for Abaco Islands, Andros Island, the Berry Islands, Bimini, Eleuthera, Grand Bahama, and New Providence. By early on October 24, the tropical storm watch for Cat Island, Exuma, Long Island, Rum Cay, and San Salvador was upgraded to a tropical storm warning.

paragraphs: At 11:15 a.m. EDT (1515 UTC) on October 26, the Bermuda Weather Service issued a tropical storm watch for Bermuda. This was because of the size of the storm and its possible effect on the island.

paragraphs: Many public schools on the Treasure Coast and in Palm Beach County, Florida were closed for Friday October 26. FEMA announced that they will monitor Sandy and help those in need.

paragraphs: Government weather forecasters said there is a 90% chance that the East Coast of the United States get "slammed". Utilities and governments along the East Coast prepared for long-term power failures. In New Jersey, where the storm was expected to come ashore, utilities told employees to be prepared for longer shifts.

paragraphs: On October 26, North Carolina Governor Beverly Perdue declared a state of emergency for 38 counties. The emergency took effect on October 27. GOP presidential candidate Mitt Romney cancelled a campaign in Virginia Beach because of Sandy. Joe Biden also cancelled his campaign because of Sandy. The US Navy sent more than two dozen ships to sea from Norfolk Naval Base, for their protection. On October 26, Washington, D.C. Mayor Vincent Gray declared a state of emergency for the nation's capital. That same day the governors of Pennsylvania, Maryland and Virginia also declared a state of emergency.

paragraphs: In Cape May County, New Jersey, officials ordered residents on barrier islands to evacuate

paragraphs: Philadelphia's Mayor Michael Nutter asked residents in low lying areas to leave their home by 2 p.m October 28.

paragraphs: In New York City, officials activated the city's coastal emergency plan. The subways closed. There were also evacuations for residents in areas where Hurricane Irene made landfall in August 2011. Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that some residents should prepare to evacuate. New York Governor Andrew Cuomo declared a state of emergency for every county in the state. On Long Island, Suffolk County officials ordered a mandatory evacuation of Fire Island residents. Cuomo went on to declared that Hurricane Sandy had been “more impactful” than Hurricane Katrina.

paragraphs: Connecticut's Governor Dan Malloy opened the state's Emergency Operations Center on October 26. Malloy signed a Declaration of Emergency the next day.

paragraphs: Massachusetts Governor Deval Patrick declared a state of emergency.

paragraphs: The Canadian Hurricane Centre issued its first statement of Sandy on October 25, 2012. One model suggested that Sandy would make a landfall in the East Coast of the United States, possibly affecting Southern Ontario.

paragraphs: At least 253 people were confirmed killed across the United States, the Caribbean, Canada, and the Bahamas, as a result of the storm. The New York City Subway was shut down for days, and parts of it for months. Large areas lost electric power distribution for days. Thousands of houses were damaged by wind and flood, and hundreds burned because firefighters could not reach them.


title: Mir Masjidi Khan

paragraphs: Sahibzada Mir Masjidi Khan (died 1841) was a leader in the Kohistan region of Afghanistan. He opposed the occupation of Afghanistan by the Government of British India during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Leaders in the Kohistan region including Mir Masjidi Khan, refused to pay taxes to the British, and began to organize their soldiers in July 1840. After attacks by British soldiers he and Sultan Muhammad Khan joined forces with Dost Muhammad Khan and fought a major battle with British at Parwan on 2 November 1840. After the battle Mir Masjid Khan continued to attack the British, while Dost Muhammad Khan surrendered. Mir Masjidi was later given poison by the British and he died.

paragraphs: He is remembered by the Mir Masjidi Khan Medal, the second highest civilian award in Afghanistan. Winners have included the boxer Hamid Rahimi, truck driver Adam Khan, Olympic games coach Bashir Taraki and teacher Attaullah Wahidyar.


title: Olaf Caroe

paragraphs: Sir Olaf Caroe (or in full, Olaf Kirkpatrick Kruuse Caroe), KCSI, KCIE (1892-1981) was an administrator in 'British India. He remained Governor of the North-West Frontier Province from 1945 to 1947.


title: Black rhinoceros

paragraphs: The black rhinoceros ("Diceros bicornis"), is a species of rhinoceros. It lives in eastern and central Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, South Africa, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Angola. The black rhinoceros is not actually black, but dark. It is a browser, with lips that help eating from low branches.

paragraphs: The other African rhinoceros is the white rhinoceros ("Ceratotherium simum"). The white rhinoceros is not white, but lighter coloured.

paragraphs: There is a type of bird called an oxpecker in English that likes to sit on the rhino's back and eat insects and other small animals that bite the rhino's skin. Because the birds also peck at the rhinos' skins with their beaks and hurt it, scientists wondered why the rhinos do not shake the birds off their backs. One team of scientists from California State University and Victoria University in Australia found that the black rhinoceros listens for the noises the oxpecker makes. Rhinoceros cannot see well but oxpeckers can. Oxpeckers make a noise when they see humans nearby that is different from their other noises. The rhinos hear this noise and then either look for the human or run away. The scientists performed an experiment: A human would slowly walk toward a rhino. Rhinos without oxpeckers on their backs only noticed the human one out of five times, but rhinos with oxpeckers noticed the human every time and from much further away. The scientists wondered if bringing flocks of oxpeckers to groups of rhinoceros without them would help the rhinos avoid human hunters.

paragraphs: The scientists had the idea for this experiment because the Swahili language word for oxpecker is "Askari wa kifaru," which means "the rhino's guard" in English. One of the scientists said it was important to listen to indigenous peoples when studying things in the places where those people live. "We too often dismiss the importance of indigenous people and their observations," said ecologist Roan Plotz, who worked on this study. "While western science has been incredibly useful, there are many insights we can learn from indigenous communities."


title: Philip Mason

paragraphs: Philip Mason (also known by his pseudonym of Philip Woodruff) OBE (1906-1999) was a civil servant in British India and the author (under his pen-name) of a well-known book, "The Men Who Ruled India".


title: Mafdet

paragraphs: Mafdet was a goddess in early Egyptian mythology. She protected against snakes and scorpions and was often shown as either some sort of feline or mongoose.

paragraphs: In art, Mafdet was shown as a feline, a woman with a feline head, or a feline with the head of a woman.


title: Majed Abdullah

paragraphs: Majed Ahmed Abdullah Al-Mohammed (; born 1 November 1958 in Jeddah) is a retired Saudi Arabian football (soccer) player. He played as a striker. He has scored more goals for the Saudi national team than any other player. He was nicknamed the Arabian Pelé. Abdullah was voted as the best football player in the history of Saudi Arabia in a poll by IBOPE Zogby International.


title: Two wrongs make a right

paragraphs: The phrases, "Two wrongs make a right" and "two wrongs don't make a right" are English phrases that denote philosophical norms.

paragraphs: The key idea is based on the "two wrongs" phrase which consider the two things as wrong.

paragraphs: “Two wrongs don't make a right”, is a proverb used to rebuke or renounce wrongful conduct as a response to another's assumed transgression.

paragraphs: “Two wrongs make a right” in which an allegation of wrongdoing is countered with a similar allegation. In English language, it might be considered as a fallacy of relevance.

paragraphs: “Two wrongs make a right” might be considered as a fallacy of relevance when assuming that, if one wrong is committed, then another wrong will cancel it out.

paragraphs: This phrase considers the two actions are wrong. for this reason it is not used by a wrongdoer which does not consider its action as wrong.

paragraphs: This phrase considers breaking the law (or the wrong) is justified, as long as the other party also does so.

paragraphs: Two wrongs don't make a right is a proverb which means that a wrongful action is not a appropriate way to correct or cancel a previous wrongful action, in regard to a norm.

paragraphs: Additionally, it alleges the first action is also wrong.

paragraphs: When both actions are considered wrong, the two phrases might be opposed to each other.

paragraphs: Common use of the term has been criticized by scholar Gregory S. Kavka writing in the "Journal of Business Ethics". Kavka refers back to philosophical concepts of retribution by Thomas Hobbes. He states that if something supposedly held up as a moral standard or common social rule is violated enough in society, then an individual or group within society can break that standard or rule as well since this keeps them from being unfairly disadvantaged. As well, in specific circumstances violations of social rules can be defensible if done as direct responses to other violations. For example, Kavka states that it is wrong to deprive someone of their property but it is right to take property back from a criminal who takes other's property in the first place. He also states that one should be careful not to use this ambiguity as an excuse to recklessly violate ethical rules.

paragraphs: Conservative journalist Victor Lasky wrote in his book "It Didn't Start With Watergate" that while "two wrongs don't make a right", if a set of immoral things are done and left un-prosecuted, this creates a legal precedent. Thus, people who do the same wrongs in the future should rationally expect to get away as well. Lasky analogizes the situation between John F. Kennedy's wiretapping of Martin Luther King, Jr. (which lead to nothing) and Richard Nixon's actions in Watergate (which Nixon thought would also lead to nothing).

paragraphs: The phrase "two wrongs infer one right" appears in a poem dated to 1734, published in "The London Magazine".


title: Siegfried Sassoon

paragraphs: Siegfried Sassoon (8 September 1886 - 1 September 1967) was an English poet and novelist, who became widely known as a result of a protest against the First World War that he made in 1917.

paragraphs: Sassoon's father, Alfred, came from a very rich family, but they did not approve of his marriage and as a result he did not inherit any of the family fortune. Sassoon's mother, Theresa, came from a family of artists. She and Alfred had three sons: Michael, Siegfried and Hamo, but Alfred left her when the children were still very young. Alfred himself died not long afterwards, leaving Theresa to bring up the three boys. Although they were not as wealthy as Alfred's family, they were able to live comfortably in a large house near the village of Matfield in Kent.

paragraphs: As a young man, Siegfried could afford to keep a horse and became a very inspiring and a very good professional rider, but his greatest ambition was to be a millionaire poet person. He did not succeed in finding a publisher for any of his work until just before the First World War broke out. At that point, he joined the army. He chose the Sussex Yeomanry, in order that his horse could go with him rather than being taken by the authorities for other uses. As a result of a riding accident during training, he was out of action for a while, and he then decided to join an infantry regiment and become an officer. The regiment he joined was the Royal Welch Fusiliers, and he began with the rank of lieutenant.

paragraphs: Eventually Sassoon was sent out to France to fight on the Western Front and was shocked by his experiences there. He became friends with another poet, Robert Graves, who, although younger than Sassoon, had been at the Front for longer and had grown used to it. He suggested that Sassoon's poetry could be improved if he began to write in a more realistic way about the things he saw and experienced in France, and Sassoon took his advice and changed his style a lot.

paragraphs: By 1917, many of Sassoon's friends, and his brother, had been killed and he had become very angry about the war. As a result of several acts of bravery, he had been awarded the Military Cross, but he did not see this as a great honour. When he was sent home to recover from a wound, he met people who were opposed to the war, and, after listening to their arguments, he began to believe that the politicians were deliberately making the war last longer than it needed to, instead of taking opportunities to make peace with the Germans. He decided not to return to his regiment at the end of his leave, and, feeling very depressed, he tore the ribbon of his medal off his uniform and threw it in a river. He then wrote a letter to his commanding officer, explaining that he was not coming back because he wanted to protest about the war.

paragraphs: When soldiers acted against orders like this, they were normally made to appear at a court-martial. However, because of Sassoon's good record as a soldier, he was given a chance to change his mind. His friend Robert Graves told the senior officers how depressed Sassoon was and said that he was too ill to fight. It was decided to send him to a hospital in Edinburgh, which specialised in dealing with officers who were suffering from mental illness. Sassoon did not like being there, because he felt that he was not really ill. He was greatly influenced by his doctor, W. H. R. Rivers, who became a kind of father figure to him. While he was a patient in Edinburgh, he met another young officer, called Wilfred Owen. Owen admired Sassoon's poetry and the two became close friends. Sassoon helped Owen to write better poetry; this is known because the manuscript of one of Owen's greatest poems, "Anthem for Doomed Youth", still exists showing corrections in Sassoon's writing. Sassoon and Owen were separated after a few months, when Sassoon came to the end of his time at the hospital and agreed to go back to his regiment.

paragraphs: Sassoon was not sent back to France immediately, but fought for a few months in Palestine, where the troops were in less danger of being killed. After that, he returned to France, but after only a short time he was wounded again, and this time it was serious enough to stop him from being sent back. He stayed in touch with Wilfred Owen. While Sassoon was away fighting, Owen had also been released from hospital, and was being sent back to his regiment in France. Several days before the end of the war, Owen was killed.

paragraphs: During the war, Sassoon's poetry had become very successful. After the war, however, he went through a period of great unhappiness. His friend Rivers died suddenly, and he felt he had nothing left to write about. He realised that he was homosexual, but he was unable to find a partner he could rely on. He thought of becoming a politician, but began writing for the newspapers instead. After a few years, a friend suggested that he should write about his experiences in a novel. Sassoon did so, writing about his early life and calling the book "Memoirs of a Fox-Hunting Man" (1928). He published the book anonymously, because he was well known as a poet and had doubts about his ability to write prose. To disguise his identity, he called the hero "George Sherston", but the character was based on Sassoon himself. The book turned out to be a huge success, and Sassoon wrote two sequels to it. He later wrote three more prose books about his life, this time without disguising any of the characters, and these were also very successful.

paragraphs: At the age of 47, after several homosexual love affairs, Sassoon married. His wife, Hester, was much younger than him, but Sassoon was desperate to become a father. They moved into Heytesbury House in Wiltshire, a large house that he had bought with money inherited from his aunt, Rachel Beer. Two years after their marriage, Hester became pregnant with their son George (1936-2006). Hester did not want to have any more children, and this became the cause of many quarrels between the couple, until, after the Second World War, they agreed to divorce, and Hester went to live in Scotland, taking George with her. Siegfried continued to see his son, but he was unable have the close relationship with George that he would have liked.

paragraphs: He continued to be a respected writer until his death, and had many friends in the world of literature, including another poet, Edmund Blunden, whom he had met during the 1920s. In 1951, he was awarded the CBE and in 1957 the Queen's Gold Medal for Poetry.

paragraphs: Sassoon had been brought up by his mother in the Church of England, although his father was Jewish. His war experiences made him doubt the existence of God, and he was not interested in religion until towards the end of his life. In 1957, after much heart-searching, he became a Roman Catholic, and remained so until his death at the age of eighty. He was buried in the churchyard at Mells in Somerset.


title: Evelyn Underhill

paragraphs: Evelyn Underhill (married name "Evelyn Moore") (1875–1941) was an English mystical poet and writer, who is best known for her several mystical theological works.


title: G. K. Chesterton

paragraphs: G. K. Chesterton (in full Gilbert Keith Chesterton; 1874–1936) was an English author and critic who wrote a large and varied number of works, including essays, poems, novels, short stories and more. He is perhaps best remembered today for his delightfully mysterious yet humorous Father Brown stories, based on his very popular, imaginary priest-detective.


title: Maki Kureishi

paragraphs: Maki Kureishi (1927–1995) was a Pakistani poet writing in English, known for her delicate and highly sensitive poetry. She taught for many years at the University of Karachi in Karachi, Pakistan. She was the aunt of English writer Hanif Kureishi.


title: Anna Molka Ahmed

paragraphs: Anna Molka Ahmed (1917–1994) was a Pakistani artist, art writer and poet who played a major role in starting the Department of Fine Arts at the University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.


title: Kaleem Omar

paragraphs: Kaleem Omar (1937–2009) was a Pakistani poet and journalist.


title: Tariq Rahman

paragraphs: Dr Tariq Rahman (born 4 February 1949), is a Pakistani linguist, academic, writer and journalist. He taught for many years at the Quaid i Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.


title: Bart Willoughby

paragraphs: Bart Willoughby (born on 12 September 1960) is an Aboriginal Australian musician. He became notable during the 1980s for introducing a unique style of music, mixing aboriginal music with reggae and rock music. Willoughby is often seen as a pioneer for modern indigenous musicians in Australia. He was the first Aborigine to sign a record contract and the first to compose the music for a movie. His band No Fixed Address was the first indigenous band to tour overseas.

paragraphs: Since then, Willoughby has performed with many famous musicians and bands, including Midnight Oil, Cold Chisel, Peter Tosh, Shane Howard and Yothu Yindi. Willoughby is now known as one of Australia's leading Aboriginal rock composers and performers. His song "We Have Survived", composed when he was 18, is often seen as a kind of anthem by indigenous Australians. Others of his more well known songs include "Black Man's Rights", "Aboriginal Woman" and "My Father is an Aboriginal Man".

paragraphs: Willoughby was born in 1960 in South Australia. His father was Kokatha, with relations to the Pitjantjatjara and Warlpiri nations; and his mother was a member of the Mirning people, from the Nullabor Plain. Willoughby grew up at Koonibba, which was a Lutheran mission at the time. When he was 15 years old, he began learning at the Centre for Aboriginal Studies in Music at the University of Adelaide. Here he was introduced to drumming, guitars and Western music. Over the next few years there, he developed an unusual style of music by mixing traditional indigenous music with modern Western music styles, particularly reggae.

paragraphs: In 1978, Willoughby formed his first band, No Fixed Address. This was Australia's first indigenous rock band. The band played its first big concert in 1979, and held several gigs over the next few years. They mostly played at concerts that promoted political and social causes. The band signed a recording contract in 1982, with Rough Diamond Records. It was the first record deal with an Aboriginal musical act in Australia. The deal produced the band's first extended play, "From My Eyes", which began with the song "We Have Survived". Its sale was launched in Sydney by the Prime Minister Bob Hawke.

paragraphs: Later in the year, Willoughby and his band toured Australia as the opening act for Peter Tosh. Willoughby also played drums with Shane Howard and Goanna during their own tours of the country. The success from Tosh's tour led the Aboriginal Arts Board to give No Fixed Address a grant, to be used for a tour of their own overseas. The band toured England, in 1984. It was the first Aboriginal band to travel and play overseas. They played in nine cities, including London, Bristol, Leeds, Plymouth and Manchester. They also played at the Elephant Fayre festival in Saint Germans, Cornwall, and at a benefit concert for the miners' strikes.

paragraphs: After coming back to Australia, Willoughby joined his cousin's new band Coloured Stone. He played with this group from 1984, including during its tour of Scotland in 1986. They played at that year's Edinburgh Festival. They returned to Australia for the Australian Music Awards at the end of the year, and won the Best Indigenous Album award for "Human Love".

paragraphs: Willoughby reformed No Fixed Address in 1987, and the band toured Europe during 1987–1988.

paragraphs: Late in 1988, Willoughby was asked to join the newly formed Yothu Yindi as drummer on their tour for the album "Diesel & Dust". The tour visited 73 cities in the United States. Willoughby left Yothu Yindi in 1989 after the tour, and formed a new band Mixed Relations. This is the band he currently plays with. They have toured many Aboriginal communities and Australian cities, as well as several countries in the Pacific Islands.

paragraphs: In 1989, the band performed as the closing act for the very first Invasion Day (an alternative to Australia Day) concert at La Perouse in Sydney. They returned every year after that until the concerts stopped in 1994. They also represented Australia at the South Pacific Music Festival in 1990 and 1992, and at the Asian Music Festival in 1990 and 1992.

paragraphs: In 1980, Willoughby starred with another indigenous band (Us Mob) in a movie called "Wrong Side of the Road". It was a biographical drama movie about racism against Aboriginal musicians in rural towns. The movie won an award from the Australian Film Institute (AFI) in 1981. In 1990, Willoughby was cast in a small role in "Until the End of the World". The movie starred William Hurt and Sam Neill, as well as indigenous actors Ernie Dingo, David Gulpilil and Jimmy Little.

paragraphs: Willoughby also composed and recorded the soundtracks for several movies (mostly documentaries). These were done with No Fixed Address, and included "Always Was, Always Will Be" in 1988 and "Special Treatment: Locking up Aboriginal Children" in 1991. In 1992, he became the first Aboriginal to compose, play and direct the music track of a feature film. The movie was "Jindalee Lady", directed by Brian Syron. The movie was shown as part of the International First Nations Art and Film Festival in Edmonton, Canada, and the Hawaii International Film Festival.

paragraphs: Willoughby was given the very first Indigenous Australian Music Lifetime Achievement Award in 1993 for his contribution to the growth of indigenous music in Australia. Sol Bellear, Commissioner of the Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) said that Willoughby had been an "innovator" for indigenous musicians in Australia:

paragraphs: In the same year, Willoughby began teaching music to children at a Pitjantjatjara school in Yalata.

paragraphs: In 1997, Willoughby signed a contract as a solo artist with CAAMA Music. His first album was "Pathways". It was nominated for an award by the Australian Performing Rights Association (APRA). In 2011, both No Fixed Address and Coloured Stone were put in the National Indigenous Music Awards Hall of Fame.