title: Susan Anton

paragraphs: Susan Anton (born 12 October 1950) is an American actress and beauty contestant. She began her acting career with commercials on television. She later started acting for television. Before that, she was Miss California in 1969 Miss America Pageants. Anton was born in California.


title: Pocket God

paragraphs: Pocket God is a video game application for the iPhone, iPod and iPad. It is a game containing small people that live on an island. The gamer can put the islanders through tasks and games.


title: First Mexican Empire

paragraphs: The Mexican Empire () was the official name of independent Mexico. It was a monarchy from 1821 to 1823. The territory of the Mexican Empire included New Spain and the former Captaincy General of Guatemala. Mexico then declared itself a republic. However, it reverted to a monarchy during the Second Mexican Empire of Maximilian I of Mexico.


title: Daniela Mercury

paragraphs: Daniela Mercuri de Almeida (born July 28, 1965), known by her stage name Daniela Mercury, is a Brazilian singer, songwriter and record producer. She is one of the best known Brazilian female singers, selling over 20 million albums worldwide.

paragraphs: Mercury was born on July 28, 1965, in Salvador, Bahia. Her mother is Liliana Mercuri, a social worker of descent. Her father is António Fernando de Abreu Ferreira de Almeida, a -born industrial mechanic. Her four siblings include Tom, Cristiana, , and Marcos. She attended both the Ana Néri School and the Colégio Baiano.

paragraphs: When Mercury was eight years old, she began taking dance lessons. At age 13, influenced by Elis Regina, she decided to become a singer. She started singing in local bars in 1980. Mercury went to the , where she enrolled in the Dance School in 1984. A year later she married electronic engineer Zalther Póvoas. She has two children in this marriage, Gabriel Almeida Póvoas. and Giovana Almeida Póvoas born in 1985 and 1986 respectively.


title: Yarkon Park

paragraphs: Yarkon Park (, ') is a national park in Tel Aviv, Israel. It is also a very big public urban park in the north of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area. The park is also called the Joshua Gardens () after the 7th mayor of Tel Aviv, Yehoshua Rabinovitz. The park extends along the Yarkon River until the river's mouth next to the Yarkon River Peninsula, where it flows into the Mediterranean Sea near to the Reading Power Station. It finishes in Petah Tikva. The largest part of the park runs along the cities of Ramat Gan and Bnei Brak. The river finishes near to Rosh HaAyin in the Yarkon National Garden. The park has many facilities, such as sports facilities, botanical gardens, an aviary, a water park, two outdoor concert venues and artificial lakes. The Ayalon River flows into the Yarkon River in the park after coming from a channel inside Road 20.


title: Salvador

paragraphs: Salvador (meaning "saviour" in Catalan, Spanish, and Portuguese) may refer to:


title: Elis Regina

paragraphs: Elis Regina Carvalho Costa, known simply as Elis Regina (; Porto Alegre, March 17, 1945 – São Paulo, January 19, 1982) was a Brazilian singer. She is hailed as the best Brazilian singer of all times by many critics, musicians, and commentators.


title: Gloria Trevi

paragraphs: Gloria Trevi (born Gloria de los Ángeles Treviño Ruiz on February 15, 1968) is a Mexican pop-rock singer-songwriter. Called the "Supreme Diva of Mexican Pop" by the music channel VH1, Trevi has sold more than 20 million records.


title: Eutrophication

paragraphs: Eutrophication is what a water-based ecosystem does when too many nutrients are added to it. Eutrophication is mainly caused by two nutrients, phosphorus and nitrogen. These are normally brought to aquatic ecosystems as runoff from fertilized agricultural areas, erosion from river banks, river beds, clearing of land (deforestation), or sewage that ends up in aquatic environments. The major consequence of eutrophication are algal blooms.


title: Ariel Sharon Park

paragraphs: Ariel Sharon Park (also called: Ayalon Park) is a big public urban park that is planned to be built in the south of the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area, around some of the floodplains of the Ayalon River. The Azor River and the Kofer River are connected to the river in the park area. Road 1 and Road 44 run through the planned area of the park. The park is planned to be opened in the year 2020 in southern Tel Aviv and also between the cities of Holon, Azor and Ramat Gan. The park is planned to be connected to the Menachem Begin Park (South Park) in southern Tel Aviv and the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Holon. the park is going to be one of the largest park in Israel and one of the largest in the Middle East.

paragraphs: There are already trails for bicycles in the park.

paragraphs: The park is named after the former Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon.

paragraphs: In the area of the park is the Old City of Bnei Brak, which is mentioned in the Haggadah book in the Jewish holiday of Passover.

paragraphs: Between the years 1952 and 1998, the area was used a garbage dump called Hiriya. In 2002, the Israeli governmant decided to rehabilitate the site and build a big park around the dump with a recycling center. In 2004, a German landscape architect won the job for the new design of the site. In 2007, the Ecological Study Center opened in the recycling park. In 2010, the recycling park won a prize from the European Center of Architecture in the category of "Landscape Architecture" for the best green design for that year.


title: Siri (given name)

paragraphs: Siri is a Scandinavian girl's name. It is a short form of Sigrid and has been widely used since the mediaeval age. It is derived from Old Norse "sigr", which means victory, and "frídr", which means beautiful.


title: United Fruit Company

paragraphs: The United Fruit Company was an American corporation. It dealt with tropical fruits, especially bananas. These fruits were grown on Central and South American plantations. They were sold in the United States and Europe. The company was created in 1899 from Minor C. Keith's banana-trading concerns with Andrew W. Preston's Boston Fruit Company. It grew in the early and mid-20th century. It controlled vast territories and transportation networks in Central America, the Caribbean coast of Colombia, Ecuador, and the West Indies. It competed with the Standard Fruit Company in the international banana trade.

paragraphs: It maintained a monopoly in certain regions that came to be called banana republics.

paragraphs: It had a deep and long-lasting impact on the economy and politics of many Latin American countries. Critics often accused it of neocolonialism. They described it as the example of the influence of a multinational corporation on the internal politics of countries. After a period of financial decline, United Fruit merged with Eli M. Black's AMK in 1970 to become the United Brands Company. In 1984, Carl Lindner, Jr. transformed United Brands into the present-day Chiquita Brands International.


title: Growth hormone

paragraphs: Growth hormone (GH or HGH), also known as somatotropin or somatropin, is a hormone responsible for growth, cell reproduction and regeneration in humans and other animals. It is specific only to certain kinds of cells.

paragraphs: Growth hormone is used as a prescription drug in medicine to treat children's and adults growth disorders. In the United States, it is only available legally by prescription from a doctor. HGH is a very complex hormone, and many of its functions are still unknown.

paragraphs: Synthetic human growth hormone was developed in 1985 and approved by the FDA for specific uses in children and adults. In children, HGH injections are approved for treating short stature of unknown cause as well as poor growth due to a number of medical causes, including:


title: Area code 649

paragraphs: Area code 649 is the local telephone area code of Turks and Caicos Islands. The 649 area code was created during a split from the original Area code 809 area code, which was done in or around May 1997.

paragraphs: Like many Caribbean countries Turks and Caicos Islands uses +1 followed by the area code as the international direct dial phone code.

paragraphs: When in Turks and Caicos Islands, use the seven digits alone. To call from anywhere within North America (the United States, Canada, etc.), simply dial 1(869) followed by the phone number.


title: Azkaban

paragraphs: Azkaban is the jail of wizards in the fiction fantasy series by J.K. Rowling, "Harry Potter". It holds most of the Death Eaters in prison. In "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" Rowling described Azkaban as "Cold, dark, and all your greatest memories you can't remember, and all you can think about are your worst." Dementors are the guards of Azkaban.

paragraphs: Azkaban is very big and very tall. The dementors that guard it have no mercy for whoever goes there. the best way to get sent to azkaban is using one of the three unforgivable curses.


title: First-move advantage

paragraphs: The first-move advantage in chess is the advantage of the player (White) who makes the first move in chess. Statistics of results on chess databases include almost all published games since 1851. In all forms of statistics, White scores better than Black for the main four opening moves 1.e4, 1.d4, 1.c4 and 1.Nf3.

paragraphs: White's overall winning percentage is calculated by taking the percentage of games won by White plus half the percentage of drawn games. Thus, if out of 100 games White wins 40, draws 32, and loses 28, White's total winning percentage is 40 plus half of 32, i.e. 56 percent. It is about the same for tournament games between humans and games between computers. White's advantage is less significant in rapid games or novice games.

paragraphs: Since about 1889, when World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz addressed this issue, the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw.

paragraphs: Recent sources indicate that White scores about 54 to 56 percent. In 2005, GM Jonathan Rowson wrote that "the conventional wisdom is that White begins the game with a small advantage and, holding all other factors constant, scores approximately 56% to Black's 44%". International Master (IM) John Watson wrote in 1998 that White had scored 56% for most of the 20th century, but that this figure had recently slipped to 55%. The website ChessGames.com holds regularly updated statistics on its games database. On March 17, 2008 the database contained

paragraphs: 460,703 games. White won 36.81%, 36.50% were drawn, and Black won 26.69%, resulting in a total White winning percentage of 55.06%.

paragraphs: New In Chess observed in its 2000 Yearbook that of the 731,740 games in its database, White scored 54.8% overall; with the two most popular opening moves, White scored 54.1% in 349,855 games beginning 1.e4, and 56.1% in 296,200 games beginning 1.d4. The main reason that 1.e4 was less effective than 1.d4 was the Sicilian defence (1.e4 c5), which gave White only a 52.3% score in 145,996 games.

paragraphs: Chess Engines Grand Tournament (CEGT) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other, with time controls of forty moves in one hundred and twenty minutes per player (40/120), and also 40/20 and 40/4, and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control. At the slowest time control (40/120), White has scored 55.4% (W34.7 D41.3 L24.0) in games played among 38 of the strongest chess engines (as of May 27, 2009). At 40/20, White has scored 54.6% (W37.0 D35.2 L27.8) in games played among 284 engines (as of May 24, 2009). At the fastest time control (40/4), White has scored 54.8% (W39.6 D30.5 L30.0), in games played among 128 programs (as of May 28, 2009).

paragraphs: Joseph Bertin wrote in his 1735 textbook "The Noble Game of Chess", "He that plays first, is understood to have the attack". This is consistent with the traditional view that White, by virtue of the first move, begins with the initiative and should try to extend it into the middlegame, while Black should strive to neutralize White's initiative and attain equality. Because White begins with the initiative, a minor mistake by White generally leads only to loss of the initiative, while a similar mistake by Black may have more serious consequences. Thus, Sveshnikov wrote in 1994, "Black players cannot afford to make even the slightest mistake ... from a theoretical point of view, the tasks of White and Black in chess are different: White has to strive for a win, Black for a draw!"

paragraphs: The view that a game of chess should end in a draw given best play prevails. Even if it cannot be proved, this assumption is considered "safe" by Rowson and "logical" by Adorján. Watson agrees that "the proper result of a perfectly played chess game ... is a draw. ... Of course, I can't prove this, but I doubt that you can find a single strong player who would disagree. ... I remember Kasparov, after a last-round draw, explaining to the waiting reporters: 'Well, chess is a draw' ". World Champion Bobby Fischer thought that was almost definitely so.

paragraphs: Modern writers often think of Black's role in more dynamic terms than merely trying to equalize. Rowson writes that "the idea of Black trying to 'equalize' is questionable. I think it has limited application to a few openings, rather than being an opening prescription for Black in general". Evans wrote that after one of his games against Fischer, "Fischer confided his 'secret' to me: unlike other masters, he sought to win with the black pieces from the start. The revelation that Black has dynamic chances and need not be satisfied with mere equality was the turning point in his career, he said". Watson surmised that Kasparov, when playing black, bypasses the question of whether White has an opening advantage "by thinking in terms of the concrete nature of the dynamic imbalance on the board, and seeking to seize the initiative whenever possible". Watson observes that "energetic opening play by Black may ... lead to a position so complex and unclear that to speak of equality is meaningless. Sometimes we say 'dynamically balanced' instead of 'equal' to express the view that either player is as likely as the other to emerge from complications with an advantage. This style of opening play has become prevalent in modern chess, with World Champions Fischer and Kasparov as its most visible practitioners".

paragraphs: Modern writers also question the idea that White has an enduring advantage. Suba, in his influential 1991 book "Dynamic Chess Strategy", rejects the notion that the initiative can always be transformed into an enduring advantage. He contends that sometimes the player with the initiative loses it with no logical explanation, and that, "Sometimes you must lose it, just like that. If you try to cling to it, by forcing the issue, your dynamic potential will become exhausted and you won't be able to face a vigorous counter-attack". Rowson and Watson concur. Watson also observes, "Because of the presumption of White being better, the juncture of the game at which Black frees his game or neutralizes White's plans has often been automatically assumed to give him equality, even though in dynamic openings, the exhaustion of White's initiative very often means that Black has seized it with advantage".

paragraphs: In chess tournaments and matches, the frequency with which each player receives white and black is an important consideration. In matches, the players' colours in the first game are determined by drawing lots, and alternated thereafter. In All-play-all round robin tournaments with an even number of players, each receives one extra white or black. The double-round robin tournament is considered to give the most reliable final standings, since each player receives the same number of whites and blacks, and plays both white and black against each opponent.

paragraphs: In Swiss system tournaments, the tournament director tries to ensure that each player receives, as nearly as possible, the same number of games as white and black, and that the player's colour alternates from round to round.


title: Wix.com

paragraphs: Wix.com is a freemium online platform that allows users to create websites and Facebook pages.

paragraphs: It competes with Webs, Weebly, Yola and other web hosting and creation sites.

paragraphs: Wix was created in 2006 by Avishai Abrahami, Nadav Abrahami and Giora Kaplan. The company is located in Tel Aviv, with offices in San Francisco, New York City and Dnepropetrovsk. It is funded by investors Insight Venture Partners, Mangrove Capital Partners, Bessemer Venture Partners and Benchmark Capital.


title: Kandyan jewellery

paragraphs: Kandyan jewellery comes from Ceylon or Sri Lanka. The Kandyan Kingdom disappeared in 1815 but some jewellery and designs are still being used by Kandyan families today.

paragraphs: Kandyan jewellery is handmade and was originally designed for the royal families. It is a symbol of wealth, solidarity and strength. It is worn by women of royal or noble births and not women of lower castes.

paragraphs: Bridal pieces are the most important pieces of Kandyan jewellery. They are handmade and consist of 26 pieces of jewellery that will be worn by the bride.


title: Pinterest

paragraphs: Pinterest is an internet photo sharing and publishing service that allows users to "Pin" pictures they like and upload their own recommendations to their "pinboards". Users can visit other pinboards, 're-pin' images to their own pinboards, or 'like' photos. The site was created by Ben Silbermann, Paul Sciarra, and Evan Sharp. The site is managed by Cold Brew Labs and funded by a small group of entrepreneurs and inventors. Pinterest has a large female userbase. Pinterest has many different categories, it can range from fashion, recipes, home improvement to quotes, health, and beauty.


title: Milo O'Shea

paragraphs: Milo O'Shea (2 June 1926 – 2 April 2013) was an Irish-American actor and personality. He was known for his role as Leopold Bloom in "Ulysses".

paragraphs: O'Shea was born on 2 June 1926 in Dublin, Irish Free State. He studied at Synge Street. O'Shea was married to Maureen Toal from 1952 until they divorced in 1974. Then he was married to Kitty Sullivan until his death in 2013.

paragraphs: O'Shea starred as Leopold Bloom in Joseph Strick's 1967 "movie" version of Ulysses. Among his other well-known movie roles in the 1960s were as the well-intentioned Friar Laurence in Franco Zeffirelli's "Romeo and Juliet" and as the villainous Dr. Durand Durand (who tries to kill Jane Fonda's character by making her literally die of pleasure) in Roger Vadim's classic "Barbarella" (both movies were released in 1968). In 1984, O'Shea reprised his role as Dr. Durand Durand (credited as Dr. Duran Duran) for the Duran Duran concert movie "Arena", since his character inspired the band's name. He played Inspector Boot in the 1973 Vincent Price horror movie "Theatre of Blood".

paragraphs: He was active in American movies and TV shows, such as his memorable supporting role as the trial judge in the Sidney Lumet's "The Verdict" with Paul Newman, an episode of "The Golden Girls" in 1987, and portraying Chief Justice of the United States Roy Ashland in the TV series "The West Wing". In 1992, O'Shea guest starred in the Season 10 finale of the sitcom "Cheers", and, in 1995, in an episode of the show's spin-off "Frasier". He appeared in the pilot episode of "Early Edition" as Sherman.

paragraphs: He had two sons with Toal, Colm and Steven. He lived in New York City, New York and became a United States citizen. O'Shea died on 2 April 2013 from an short-illness in Manhattan, New York, aged 86.


title: Jesús Franco

paragraphs: Jesús "Jess" Franco (Jesús Franco Manera; 12 May 1930 – 2 April 2013) was a Spanish movie director, screenwriter, cinematographer, and actor. His career began in the 1961 movie "The Awful Dr. Orloff". He was known for his movies "Necronomicon" (1967), "Ninety-Nine Women" (1968) and two Christopher Lee movies, "The Bloody Judge" and "Count Dracula".

paragraphs: Franco was born on 12 May 1930 in Madrid, Spain. He was married to Linda Romay from 2008 until his death 2013. They had no children. Franco died on 2 April 2013 in his home in Málaga, Spain from a stroke, aged 82.


title: Notting Hill (movie)

paragraphs: Notting Hill is a 1999 British-American romantic comedy-drama movie. It is set in Notting Hill, west London. It was written by Richard Curtis. It stars Julia Roberts as Hollywood actress Anna Scott and Hugh Grant as book shop owner Will Thacker.


title: Virtual private server

paragraphs: A virtual private server (VPS) is a virtual machine (something like a computer divided into many smaller machines using special software). They are often used by Internet hosting providers. Multiple VPS's run on the same machine, but they are separated as they will only share hardware resources without interfering on software level. A VPS is dedicated to the customer's needs, has the privacy of a separate physical computer, and can run server software. There are many platforms that can run a VPS. Some of them are VMWare and Xen.


title: Donkey Kong Country Returns

paragraphs: Donkey Kong Country Returns is a platform video game for the Nintendo Wii game console. It was made by Retro Studios and published by Nintendo. It was released in North America on November 21, 2010, in Europe on December 3, 2010, and in Japan on December 9, 2010. It is the first game in the "Donkey Kong Country" series since "" in 1996.

paragraphs: The plot involves the Tiki Tak Tribe hypnotizing the animals of Donkey Kong Island. The hypnotized animals steal Donkey Kong's bananas. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong go on an adventure to take back their bananas from the Tikis.

paragraphs: Many elements of the "Donkey Kong Country" games return. These include the mine cart levels, the ability to collect bananas, and the golden KONG letters. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are once again the main playable characters.

paragraphs: On February 14, 2013, Nintendo announced a Nintendo 3DS port of the game called "Donkey Kong Country Returns 3D". It was released in North America and Europe on May 24, 2013.


title: Michal Handzuš

paragraphs: Michal Handzuš (born March 11, 1977, in Banská Bystrica, Czechoslovakia, now Slovakia) is a Slovak NHL ice hockey centre that played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the St. Louis Blues with the 101st overall pick in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. He has also played for the St. Louis Blues for 3 seasons, Phoenix Coyotes for 2 seasons, Philadelphia Flyers for 2 seasons, Chicago Blackhawks for 8 games, Los Angeles Kings for 4 seasons and the San Jose Sharks for 1 season. He was traded from the Sharks back to the Chicago Blackhawks for a 4th round draft pick on April 1, 2013. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.


title: Pump Up the Volume (movie)

paragraphs: Pump Up the Volume is a 1990 comedy movie. Christian Slater and Samantha Mathis star. The movie received positive reviews from the critics. This movie was released August 22, 1990.


title: Aaron Downey

paragraphs: Aaron Downey (born August 27, 1974 in Shelburne, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger that played 10 seasons in National Hockey League.

paragraphs: He was one of few people that was not drafted by an NHL team or a major junior team. Downey played in the NHL for six teams, the Boston Bruins for 1 game, Chicago Blackhawks for 39 games, Dallas Stars for 2 seasons, St. Louis Blues for 17 games, Montreal Canadiens for 2 seasons, and the Detroit Red Wings for 2 seasons. Since his retirement, he returned to Detroit to become a part-time strength and conditioning coach for the Red Wings and Grand Rapids Griffins.


title: Kernot Range

paragraphs: The Kernot Range is a small mountain range in the south of the Northern Territory, Australia. It is located in the Angas Downs Indigenous Protected Area, near the junction of the Lasseter Highway and Luritja Road. The range consists of a singe ridge of deformed sedimentary rock, running in a northwest-southeasterly direction for about 18 km.

paragraphs: The Kernot Range was named by the explorer W. H. Tietkens when he reached the area on 18 July 1889. He named it after William Charles Kernot, a professor at the University of Melbourne. He named Mount Thompson, the highest peak in the north-western end of the range, after a politician from Victoria, H. M. Thompson.

paragraphs: The hills are culturally important to southern Luritja people, many of whom live in the surrounding area. The most important ceremonial site in the Kernot Range is Wilbia (also spelled Wilpia or Wilpiya). This is a clearing at the south-eastern end of the range that contains a soakage. The soak is a reliable source of water and an important place to many families living across the Luritja homeland. The site is connected with similar Dreaming sites at Uluṟu and Kata Tjuṯa. Wilbia is often used for rituals and ceremonies, including initiations.


title: Lasseter Highway

paragraphs: The Lasseter Highway is a highway in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is a sealed road that runs for . It connects Yulara, Kata Tjuṯa and Uluṟu to the Stuart Highway. It is the major access route for tourists heading to Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park. The highway is named after the prospector Harold Bell Lasseter, who claimed to have discovered a rich gold deposit (Lasseter's Reef) west of Kata Tjuṯa.

paragraphs: The highway begins in Erldunda, a roadhouse and hotel, on the Stuart Highway (N87). The Stuart Highway connects Darwin in the north and Adelaide in the south and is therefore one of Australia's major highways. From Erldunda, the Lasseter Highway leads west along the southern side of the Basedow and Kernot Ranges. After about 110 km, next to the Kernot Range, there is the junction with the Luritja Highway (S3), which leads north to Kings Canyon. Another 25 km towards the southwest is a rest area that has a view of Mount Conner. A further 22 km away is the Curtin Springs, a cattle station with a roadhouse. A further 100 km west along the highway is the tourist town Yulara. After Yulara, the road meets the Great Central Road, a dirt road that leads into Western Australia through the Petermann Ranges and across the Gibson and Great Victoria Deserts.

paragraphs: There are petrol stations at Erldunda (at the start of the highway), Mount Ebenezer (km 57) and Curtin Springs (km 245).


title: 2013 San Diego Padres season

paragraphs: The 2013 San Diego Padres season began with two losses to the New York Mets.


title: Tripitaka

paragraphs: The Tripitaka is the collection of main religious text in Buddhism. They are often used alongside various sutras such as the Lotus. It is divided into three categories - the Sutras, the Abhidharma and the Vinaya.


title: Khanqah

paragraphs: A khanqah or khaniqah () is a place where members of the Sufi faith meet and do their spiritual rituals. Today, there are a lot of khanaqahs around the world, especially in muslim countries.


title: 100 Tears

paragraphs: 100 Tears is a 2007 slasher comedy movie. The story is about revenge. This movie was released with an NC-17 rating. The reviews were mainly negative, with a 28% audience score on the Rotten Tomatoes website.


title: Peggy Shannon

paragraphs: Winona Sammon, more well known as Peggy Shannon (January 10, 1907 - May 11, 1941) was an American actress. She acted on stage and in movies during the 1920s and 1930s. She had many movies during her short career. She was born in Pine Bluff, Arkansas. In May 1941, Shannon died in Los Angeles after a heart attack


title: Foreign advisors to the government in Meiji period Japan

paragraphs: The "oyatoi "came from many nations. By the 1870s, they were employed in many projects of the government.

paragraphs: The strategy of employing "oyatoi" was ended in 1899.


title: Reckendorf

paragraphs: Reckendorf is a village of 2000 (2012) in the Upper Franconian region of northern Bavaria. It has a documented history going back more than 1000 years. It is one of the few villages which retains its synagogue structure, which was recently purchased by the village and renovated to be a community center. Some elements of its Jewish heritage were preserved in the renovation. Jews were invited to settle in the village after the decimation of the population of the Thirty Years war.


title: Mega Man Anniversary Collection

paragraphs: Mega Man Anniversary Collection is a compilation video game for the Nintendo GameCube, Playstation 2, and Xbox. It was released on June 23, 2004 for the GameCube and Playstation 2, and on March 15, 2005 for the Xbox. It contains the first eight "Mega Man" games, as well as two spin-off fighting games in the series. It also contains extras such as original artwork and remixed music.

paragraphs: For the first six games, a "Navi Mode" is available. This allows players to get hints from helpers if they are in need of help. It also changes the look of the health and weapon meters, as well as the weapon screen, for the first three games.


title: Stephen Krashen

paragraphs: Stephen Krashen is a linguist and educational researcher. He is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California (USC). Krashen moved from the USC linguistics department to the School of Education in 1994. He is also an activist who works hard to support bilingual education.

paragraphs: Dr. Krashen has published more than 350 papers and books about second-language acquisition, bilingual education, and reading. He introduced several important ideas in the study of learning another language, including the acquisition-learning hypothesis, input hypothesis, monitor hypothesis, affective filter, and the natural order hypothesis. He started the Natural Approach to language learning and teaching with Tracy D. Terrell . More recently, Krashen promotes the use of "free voluntary reading" during second-language acquisition, which he says "is the most powerful tool we have in language education, first and second."

paragraphs: Krashen lives and works in California. Government plans for education there turned against bilingual education. Krashen said that this was a bad idea and responded with research that showed problems with he new policies. He also spoke publicly and wrote many letters to newspaper editors. In 1998, Krashen campaigned very hard against Proposition 227. Though he tried hard, the proposition passed and got rid of most bilingual education in California. Even though he lost, Krashen continues to work hard in support of bilingual education as other states try to get rid of it. His letters often appear in many newspapers. Krashen believes researchers should be more active to educate the public, especially about bilingual education.

paragraphs: Krashen holds a black belt in Tae Kwon Do, and was the winner of the 1978 Venice Beach Open Incline Press. He spent two years in Ethiopia teaching English and science with the Peace Corps.


title: Earth's magnetic field

paragraphs: The Earth’s magnetic field is the magnetic field that surrounds the Earth. It is sometimes called the "geomagnetic field".

paragraphs: The Earth’s magnetic field is created by the rotation of the Earth and Earth's core. It shields the Earth against harmful particles in space. The field is unstable and has changed often in the history of the Earth. As the Earth spins the two parts of the core move at different speeds and this is thought to generate the magnetic field around the Earth as though it had a large bar magnet inside it.

paragraphs: The magnetic field creates magnetic poles that are near the geographical poles. A compass uses the geomagnetic field to find directions. Many migratory animals also use the field when they travel long distances each spring and fall.

paragraphs: The magnetic poles will trade places during a magnetic reversal.

paragraphs: The Earth’s geomagnetic field is created because of two things. The convective motions in the liquid conducting core inside the center of the Earth are important for making the magnetic field. When the convective motions occur with the electrical currents around the Earth, the magnetic field is created. The Earth’s rotation is what keeps the magnetic field up. The interaction between the convective motions and the electrical currents creates a dynamo effect.

paragraphs: The intensity of the magnetic field is greatest near the magnetic poles where it is vertical. The intensity of the field is weakest near the equator where it is horizontal. The magnetic field’s intensity is measured in gauss.

paragraphs: The magnetic field has decreased in strength through recent years. In the past twenty-two years, the field has decreased its strength 1.7%, on average. In some areas of the field, the strength has decreased up to 10%. The fast strength decrease of the field is a sign that the magnetic field might be reversing. The reversal might happen in the next few thousand years. It has been shown that the movement of the magnetic poles is related to the decreasing strength of the magnetic field.

paragraphs: A geomagnetic reversal is when the north magnetic pole and south magnetic pole trade places. This has happened a few times in the history of the Earth. The magnetic reversal happens after the strength of the field reaches zero. When the strength begins to increase again, it will increase in the opposite direction, causing a reversal of the magnetic poles. The time it takes the magnetic field to undergo a reversal is unknown, but can last up to ten thousand years.

paragraphs: The Earth’s magnetic reversals are recorded in rocks, especially in basalt. Scientists believed that the last geomagnetic reversal occurred 780,000 years ago.

paragraphs: The magnetosphere is created by the magnetic field. It is the area around the Earth that acts as a shield against the harmful particles in solar wind. The magnetosphere has many different layers and structures, and solar wind shapes each of these layers. The interaction of solar wind and the magnetosphere also causes the Northern and Southern Lights to appear. The magnetosphere is very important in protecting the Earth against solar storms which increase solar wind activity. Solar storms can cause geomagnetic storms which sometimes have serious affects on the Earth.

paragraphs: The areas in between the north and south magnetic poles are the magnetic field lines. These lines leave the Earth from the vertical point of the South and reenters through the vertical point of the North. These two vertical points are called magnetic dip poles. The magnetic dip poles are commonly referred to as the magnetic poles. The magnetic poles intersect the earth at two points. The north magnetic pole intersects the Earth at 78.3 N latitude and 100 W longitude. This places the north magnetic pole in the Arctic Circle. The south magnetic pole intersects the Earth at 78.3 S latitude and 142 E longitude. This places the south magnetic pole in Antarctica. The magnetic poles are also where the magnetic fields are the strongest.

paragraphs: Like other magnetic fields, the Earth's magnetic field has magnetic poles.

paragraphs: The North Magnetic Pole is the point on the surface of Earth's northern hemisphere where the planet's magnetic field points vertically downwards. There is only one place where this occurs, near to (but distinct from) the Geographic North Pole.

paragraphs: Its southern hemisphere counterpart is the South Magnetic Pole. Since the Earth's magnetic field is not exactly symmetrical, a line drawn from one to the other does not pass through the geometric centre of the Earth.

paragraphs: The North Magnetic Pole moves over time due to magnetic changes in the Earth's core. In 2001, it was near Ellesmere Island in northern Canada at . As of 2015, the pole is thought to have moved east beyond the Canadian Arctic territorial claim to .

paragraphs: The Earth's North and South Magnetic Poles are also known as Magnetic Dip Poles, referring to the vertical "dip" of the magnetic field lines at those points.

paragraphs: Animals which take long migrations may depend on the magnetic field for a guide.

paragraphs: Some migratory animals know their locations by the intensity of the field. They know the time because of circadian rhythms the field produces. Migratory animals are born with a magnetic map in their head that allows them to migrate great distances safely. Their ability to sense the magnetic field is because of magnetic particles. Other animals have a chemical compass based on a radical pair mechanism.


title: Atmosphere (unit)

paragraphs: The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure that refers to the air pressure at sea level. It is defined as equal to 101325 Pa. Since 1982, it has been replaced by the bar, which is equal to exactly 10 Pa. The usage of either unit is discouraged.


title: The 40-Year-Old Virgin

paragraphs: The 40-Year-Old Virgin is a 2005 American romantic comedy movie. It was written, directed and co-produced by Judd Apatow.

paragraphs: Steve Carell plays the eponymous virgin who lives alone and is involuntarily celibate. He works in the stockroom of an electronics store and is socially inept. Carell also wrote the script. The movie got mostly good reviews from critics.


title: Wilga Rivers

paragraphs: Wilga Rivers (13 April 1919 - 23 June 2007) was an Australian academic and writer. She was a Professor Emerita of Romance Languages and Literatures at Harvard University. She studied and wrote about teaching languages. Rivers was an early supporter of the change from the audiolingual method to more communicative and interactive language teaching. Rivers was born in Melbourne, Australia and died in Watertown, Massachusetts.


title: Mount Curdie

paragraphs: Mount Curdie is a mountain in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 958 metres high. It is the highest peak in the Curdie Range, which is a section of the Petermann Ranges. The mountain is located on the southern bank of the Hull River, about southeast of Kaḻṯukatjara. The Great Central Road passes nearby to the north. At the base of the mountain is the valley through which the Hull River flows. The valley contains a place known to local Aboriginal people as Tjunti, where Lasseter's Cave is located.

paragraphs: Ernest Giles named Mount Curdie on 13 March 1874, during his first journey through the Petermann Ranges. He named it after Dr Daniel Curdie, a subscriber to Giles' fund for his expedition. After climbing to the top of Mount Curdie, Giles also gave names to other peaks in the Petermann Ranges, including Mounts Fagan and Miller further to the east.


title: Sarah Caldwell

paragraphs: Sarah Caldwell (born March 6, 1924 - died March 23, 2006) was an American opera conductor and a stage director. She sang, performed and was director of opera music. Sarah was born in Missouri, though was raised in Arkansas. She later died due to heart failure in Portland, Maine at 82.


title: Guangzhou Evergrande

paragraphs: Guangzhou Evergrande is a football club which plays in China. This club has been very successful ever since Evergrande RE took over the club after a match-fixing scandal in 2009, with money flowing in.


title: Amy Madigan

paragraphs: Amy Madigan (September 11, 1950) is an American television and movie actress. She has acted in many notable movies and TV series. These include the 1989 movie "Field of Dreams" and "Uncle Buck" and the series "Grey's Anatomy", "Carnivàle" and "Fringe". She was born in Chicago.


title: Prolog

paragraphs: Prolog is a programming language that uses first order logic. It is the most used logic programming language. It is a declarative programming language. Alain Cormerauer, a French computer scientist created Prolog in the early 1970s.

paragraphs: Prolog is rather different from other programming languages. It uses facts and rules. Given the facts, the rules can be used to figure out new facts.

paragraphs: Prolog uses a paradigm called negation as failure, which means that formula_1 is assumed if formula_2 cannot be derived. This is different from true logical negation. While negation is failure has its benefits, it often confuses people starting to learn Prolog, as they expect true logical negation.

paragraphs: Prolog also uses Horn clauses. It is a turing-complete programming language.


title: Graupel

paragraphs: Graupel is a form of precipitation, which is very similar to snow and hail. However, hail falls almost always during severe thunderstorms. Snow falls during blizzards or snowstorms. Graupel often falls in wintry mixes, and usually falls apart during contact.


title: Horn clause

paragraphs: A Horn clause is a logic disjunction of literals, where at most one of the literals is positive, and all the others are negative. It is named after Alfred Horn who described them in an article in 1951.

paragraphs: A Horn clause with exactly one positive literal is a definite clause; a definite clause with no negative literals is sometimes called a “fact”; and a Horn clause without a positive literal is sometimes called a goal clause. These three kinds of Horn clauses are illustrated in the following propositional example:

paragraphs: In the non-propositional case, all variables in a clause are implicitly universally quantified with scope the entire clause. Thus, for example:

paragraphs: Horn clauses play a basic role in constructive logic and computational logic. They are important in automated theorem proving by first-order resolution, because the resolvent of two Horn clauses is itself a Horn clause, and the resolvent of a goal clause and a definite clause is a goal clause. These properties of Horn clauses can lead to greater efficiencies in proving a theorem (represented as the negation of a goal clause).

paragraphs: Horn clauses are also the basis of logic programming, where it is common to write definite clauses in the form of an implication:

paragraphs: In fact, the resolution of a goal clause with a definite clause to produce a new goal clause is the basis of the SLD resolution inference rule, used to implement logic programming and the programming language Prolog.

paragraphs: In logic programming a definite clause behaves as a goal-reduction procedure. For example, the Horn clause written above behaves as the procedure:

paragraphs: To emphasize this backwards use of the clause, it is often written in the backward form:

paragraphs: The Prolog notation is actually ambiguous, and the term “goal clause” is sometimes also used ambiguously. The variables in a goal clause can be read as universally or existentially quantified, and deriving “false” can be interpreted either as deriving a contradiction or as deriving a successful solution of the problem to be solved.

paragraphs: Van Emden and Kowalski (1976) investigated the model theoretic properties of Horn clauses in the context of logic programming, showing that every set of definite clauses D has a unique minimal model M. An atomic formula A is logically implied by D if and only if A is true in M. It follows that a problem P represented by an existentially quantified conjunction of positive literals is logically implied by D if and only if P is true in M. The minimal model semantics of Horn clauses is the basis for the stable model semantics of logic programs.

paragraphs: Propositional Horn clauses are also of interest in computational complexity, where the problem of finding truth value assignments to make a conjunction of propositional Horn clauses true is a P-complete problem (in fact solvable in linear time), sometimes called HORNSAT. (The unrestricted Boolean satisfiability problem is an NP-complete problem however.) Satisfiability of first-order Horn clauses is undecidable.


title: Venn diagram

paragraphs: A Venn diagram is a diagram that shows the logical relation between sets. They were popularised by John Venn in the 1880s, and are now widely used. They are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science. A Venn diagram uses closed curves drawn on a plane to represent sets. Very often, these curves are circles or ellipses.

paragraphs: Similar ideas had been proposed before Venn. Christian Weise in 1712 ("Nucleus Logicoe Wiesianoe") and Leonhard Euler ("Letters to a German Princess") in 1768, for instance, came up with similar ideas. The idea was popularised by Venn in "Symbolic Logic", Chapter V "Diagrammatic Representation", 1881.

paragraphs: The following example uses two sets, A and B, represented here as coloured circles. The orange circle, set A, represents all living creatures that are two-legged. The blue circle, set B, represents the living creatures that can fly. Each separate type of creature can be imagined as a point somewhere in the diagram. Living creatures that can both fly "and" have two legs—for example, parrots—are then in both sets, and hence correspond to points in the area where the blue and orange circles overlap. That area contains all such (and only) such living creatures.

paragraphs: Humans and penguins are bipedal, and hence are in the orange circle, but since they cannot fly, they appear in the left part of the orange circle, where it does not overlap with the blue circle. Mosquitoes have six legs, and fly, so the point for mosquitoes is in the part of the blue circle that does not overlap with the orange one. Creatures that are not two-legged and cannot fly (for example, whales and spiders) would all be represented by points outside both circles.

paragraphs: The combined area of sets A and B is called the "union" of A and B, denoted by . The union in this case contains all living creatures that are either two-legged, or that can fly (or both).

paragraphs: The area in both A and B, where the two sets overlap, is called the "intersection" of A and B, denoted by . For example, the intersection of the two sets is not empty, because there "are" points that represent creatures that are in "both" the orange and blue circles.


title: Starbuck Island

paragraphs: Starbuck Island (or Volunteer Island) is a coral atoll in the central Pacific. It is part of the Central Line Islands of Kiribati. No one lives on the island.

paragraphs: Starbuck Island is located at . It is east-to-west and north-to-south. The island has a land area of . It is a low, dry, coral limestone island. It has a steep beach.

paragraphs: There is no freshwater on the island. Each year, the island gets about of rain.

paragraphs: Starbuck Island has a large colony of Sooty Terns. It is estimated that 1.5 million pairs of the birds live on the island. The island is also a home to Polynesian Rats, feral cats, Green turtles and about fifteen other species of seabirds.


title: Enrique Peña Nieto

paragraphs: Enrique Peña Nieto (born 20 July 1966) is a Mexican politician. He was the 57th President of Mexico from 2012 to 2018. He became President in 2012. Peña Nieto is a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was Governor of the State of Mexico from 2005 to 2011. Peña Nieto became President-elect after the 2012 general election was found to be valid by the Federal Electoral Tribunal, after some accusations of electoral fraud. He took office on 1 December 2012.


title: Earls Croome

paragraphs: Earls Croome is a village and civil parish in the Malvern Hills District in the county of Worcestershire, England.


title: Johannis de Rijke

paragraphs: Johannis de Rijke (5 December 1842-10 January 1913) was a Dutch civil engineer. He was a foreign advisor to the Japanese government in the Meiji period.

paragraphs: Rijke was born in Noord-Beveland in the Netherlands.

paragraphs: In 1865, Rijke worked the chief construction foreman for water projects near Amsterdam.

paragraphs: Rijke was a government advisor in Japan from 1873 to 1903. He worked on flood control and water management projects. He led projects which improved the ports of Japan, including Tokyo, Yokohama, Nagasaki, Hiroshima (Ujina) and Fukuoka (Hakata).

paragraphs: After 1891, Rijke was an official of the Home Ministry. He became Vice Minister. It was uncommon for a foreigner to be promoted to such high rank in a Japanese government bureaucracy.

paragraphs: In 1876, Rijke worked on Yangtze River projects.

paragraphs: In 1901, worked on the Yellow River flood control project.


title: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7

paragraphs: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7 was the seventh season of the reality television series "America's Next Top Model". It started airing on 20 September 2006. It was the first season to be shown on The CW network.

paragraphs: Amanda and Michelle Babin are identical twins, however they were judged individually.


title: Dopamine reuptake inhibitor

paragraphs: A dopamine reuptake inhibitor (DRI) is a drug. Dopamine is a type of brain chemical called a neurotransmitter. Dopamine has many jobs and responsibilities in the brain. Scientists think dopamine controls movement and the human sense of punishment and reward. Dopamine affects dreams, motivation, and sexual gratification, too.

paragraphs: A lack of dopamine is responsible for many diseases and conditions. Sometimes dopamine does not work correctly in the brain. Sometimes the brain does not have enough dopamine. Doctors prescribe dopamine reuptake inhibitors (DRI's or DARI's) to help control symptoms. Psychostimulants and antidepressants are types of DRI's. DRI's help manage symptoms of ADHD, narcolepsy, Parkinson's Disease, obesity, substance abuse withdrawal and some mood disorders. Users can become addicted to DRI's sometimes.

paragraphs: DRI's do not have dopamine inside the pills. They help the body make more dopamine, and they change the way dopamine is re-used in the brain.


title: Millettia laurentii

paragraphs: Millettia laurentii is a legume tree that is native to central Africa. The species is listed as endangered in the IUCN Red List, mostly because people are destroying its habitat and over harvesting the tree for timber. The wood that comes from the tree is called "wenge". It is a dark-coloured hardwood.


title: Commodore BASIC

paragraphs: Commodore BASIC is also known as PET BASIC. It is a BASIC programming language. It was used in Commodore International's 8-bit home computers. It started with the PET computer in 1977. The last computer to use Commodore BASIC was Commodore 128 of 1985. The core was based on 6502 Microsoft BASIC. It shares many characteristics with other 6502 BASICs like Applesoft BASIC.

paragraphs: Commodore licensed BASIC from Microsoft on a "pay once with no royalties" basis after Jack Tramiel turned down Bill Gates' offer of a $3 per unit fee stating "I'm already married", and would pay no more than $25,000 for a perpetual license.


title: Gauss (unit)

paragraphs: The gauss (symbol G) is the CGS unit used to measure magnetic fields. One gauss is defined as one maxwell per square centimeter. The tesla (symbol T) is the SI derived unit used to measure the strength of magnetic fields. There are 10,000 (10) gauss in one tesla.

paragraphs: The unit is named in honor of the German mathematician and physicist Carl Friedrich Gauss.


title: Loppers

paragraphs: Loppers are a long-handled cutting tool. It has two handles, one connected to a blade and the other to a blunt surface that holds the object being cut. Like the word "scissors", is always used as a plural (one pair of loppers is shown in this image).

paragraphs: It is used for cutting thick plants, even saplings (young trees) or branches that are less than an inch (2.5 cm) thick (about as thick as a person's thumb). It is used in gardening, tree care, and prairie restoration. It can cut things that are too big for gardening clippers or pruners. If the branch or tree is too big for loppers, then a saw is needed.


title: Tiny Toon Adventures

paragraphs: Tiny Toon Adventures, also known as Steven Spielberg Presents Tiny Toon Adventures, is an American animated comedy sitcom adventure television series. It aired from September 24, 1999 to July 18, 2001. It follows a group of young cartoon characters who attend Acme Looniversity in the town of Acme Acres to become the next generation of "Looney Tunes" characters. The series premiered airs at 7:30 p.m. ET/PT time on September 24, 1999 on Cartoon Network in the United States. then in developed for 2020 as the new spin-off reboot called, Tiny Toon Looniversity by HBO MAX.


title: Pruners

paragraphs: Pruners are a cutting tool for pruning plants. A common form is held in one hand; it is also called "snippers" or "secateurs". It has two handles, one connected to a blade and the other to a blunt surface. Like the word "scissors", "pruners" is used as a plural.

paragraphs: A pole pruner is like a pair of pruners, but at the end of a pole. It is operated by pulling on a rope.

paragraphs: Pruners are used for cutting plants and small branches, such as roses and grapevines. Stems thicker than a pencil will need to be cut with loppers or a saw instead.


title: Mount Morris

paragraphs: Mount Morris is a mountain in the far north of South Australia. It is about high, and is the second-highest peak in South Australia after nearby Mount Woodroffe (1,435 m). Both are in the Musgrave Ranges, near the border with the Northern Territory. The rock is mostly made up of granite.

paragraphs: Mount Morris is located about west of the community of Amaṯa. It was given its name by the explorer William Gosse, who first saw it in July 1873.


title: Mount Crombie

paragraphs: Mount Crombie () is a mountain in the northwest of South Australia. It is a outcrop of granitic rock. It is located about south of Amaṯa. The mountain is part of the traditional country of the Pitjantjatjara people, and there are several examples of rock art in the area.

paragraphs: The last recorded specimen of the lesser stick-nest rat, which used to be found throughout central Australia, was captured here in 1933.


title: Mount Kintore

paragraphs: Mount Kintore is an inselberg in northwest South Australia. It is about above sea level. It is located about halfway between the remote communities of Amaṯa and Watarru. The mountain is made up mostly of metamorphic beds of gneisses and quartzite, which are split with diorite dykes. The beds have been thrown into a series of simple folds. These can be clearly seen on the northern face of the mountain. The rock has been weathered into ridges, and heavy erosion can be seen along the folds. At the western end of the mountain, the gneiss is replaced by granite.

paragraphs: Mount Kintore is part of the traditional country of the Pitjantjatjara people. An important rock hole is located about to the west, called Kunamata.


title: Prairie restoration

paragraphs: Prairie restoration is a type of habitat conservation, for prairies and habitats that lived alongside prairies. It is the act of restoring land that was once native prairie to how it once was. In North America this is usually defined as "pre-settlement", meaning before Europeans arrived. Much of this land is good for farming and has been plowed for planting crops or turned into pastures. In Illinois, there was once 22 million acres (9 million hectares), now there are less than 2300 acres (920 hectares) of high-quality original prairie remaining.

paragraphs: Invasive species are a big problem with prairies. Since fires cannot burn freely, many new species are taking over, and preventing sunlight from reaching shorter plants. In the United States, European buckthorn is a common problem. Garlic mustard is another. Often areas that once held a hundred different species of plants now only has three or four species.


title: Mount Sir Thomas

paragraphs: Mount Sir Thomas is a mountain in northwest South Australia. It in the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area, about southwest of Watarru. It is in the Birksgate Range, which is part of the traditional country of the Pitjantjatjara people. An important rock hole is located near the base of the mountain, called (sometimes written ), meaning "Emu Water". It is a major sacred site for the (Emu Dreaming).

paragraphs: The mountain was given the name "Sir Thomas" by a team of European explorers in 1891. They were on the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition, which travelled across the Great Victoria Desert between April 1891 and March 1892. The mountain was named after Sir Thomas Elder, the philanthropist who funded and equipped the expedition. The surrounding range is named after Elder's home in Adelaide, a large house called "Birksgate". Mount Lindsay, to the northeast, was named after the leader of the expedition, David Lindsay.


title: History of salvation

paragraphs: Salvation history, especially in the context of Christian theology, is an approach to understand events as part of the working of God's will to save humans.

paragraphs: These events begin with the Fall of Man at the beginning of history (Book of Genesis) and include the covenants between God and Noah, Abraham, and Moses, the establishment of King David's dynasty etc.

paragraphs: These and others are seen as necessary preparations for the salvation (Christianity) of all by Christ's crucifixion and resurrection.


title: Thomas Elder

paragraphs: Sir Thomas Elder (August 5, 1817—March 6, 1897) was a Scottish businessman who moved to South Australia and set up the largest wool selling company in the world.

paragraphs: Elder came to South Australia in 1854. He worked with his brother George, and then became a business partners with Edward Stirling, Robert Barr Smith and John Taylor. They spent money setting up the copper mines at Moonta and Wallaroo which made them all very rich. When Stirling and Taylor retired, Elder and Smith became Elder Smith and Company. This company became the biggest wool selling company in the world.

paragraphs: Elder spent money buying large properties for sheep in outback South Australia, Queensland and Western Australia. Some of these included Paratoo, Umberatana, Mount Lyndhurst, Blanchewater and Beltana. He had ridden camels while on holiday in Palestine, and thought they would be good for use in the Australian deserts. He brought 124 camels and Afghan people to breed camels at Beltana. These were used for the building of the Australian Overland Telegraph. Elder provided money and camels for exploration by Peter Egerton Warburton (1872-73), Ernest Giles (1875), John Ross (1874), Lewis (1875), and the Royal Geographical Society of South Australia (1891).

paragraphs: He became a member of the South Australian Parliament Legislative Council in 1863-69 and 1871-78. He became interested in horse racing and set up stables at Morphetville. He built a grand Scottish style house at Mount Lofty, which was where he died in 1897.

paragraphs: He was a very rich man, and gave money to many organizations in South Australia. This included £26,000 for the University of Adelaide, £20,000 for mathematics and general science, £31,000 to the Medical School, and £21,000 to the School of Music. In his will he gave £10,000 to the Presbyterian Church, £4000 for the Church of England cathedral, £4000 for the Methodist Prince Alfred College, £25,000 to set up a Working Men's Home, and £16,000 to the hospital.


title: Mir Sultan Khan

paragraphs: Malik Mir Sultan Khan (1905 – 25 April 1966) was the strongest chess master of his time from Asia. He was a manservant from British India who travelled with his master, Colonel Nawab Sir Umar Hayat Khan, to Britain, where he took the chess world by storm.

paragraphs: In an international chess career of less than five years (1929–33), he won the British Chess Championship three times in four tries (1929, 1932, 1933), and had tournament and match results that put him among the top ten players in the world. Sir Umar then brought him back to his homeland, where he gave up chess and returned to his humble life. He has been called "perhaps the greatest natural player of modern times". He was generally recognised as a grandmaster, but when FIDE took over control of chess, he was forgotten. At the FIDE 1948 meeting, a number of former players were given retrospective titles, but not Khan.

paragraphs: Sultan Khan learned the Indian form of chess from his father at the age of nine. This was a form of chess which was similar to modern chess, but still had some features of the old Arabic chess. The main feature was that pawns did not move two squares on their first move. Therefore, the role of opening theory was less important, and gemes developed more slowly.

paragraphs: By the time Sultan Khan was 21 he was the strongest player in the Punjab. At that time, Sir Umar took him into his household with the idea of teaching him the European version of the game and introducing him to European master chess. In 1928, he won the all-India championship, scoring eight wins, one draw, and no losses.

paragraphs: After some training with British masters, Khan entered the British Chess Championship. To everyone's surprise, he won. Next year, in May 1930, Sultan Khan began an international chess career in which he defeated many of the world's leading players. His best results were second to Savielly Tartakower at Liège 1930; third at the Hastings International Chess Congress 1930–31 behind future World Champion Max Euwe and former World Champion José Raúl Capablanca; fourth at Hastings 1931–32; fourth at Bern 1932; and a tie for third with at London 1932, behind World Champion Alexander Alekhine and Salo Flohr.

paragraphs: Sultan Khan again won the British Championship in 1932 and 1933. In matches he defeated Tartakower in 1931 (four wins, five draws, and three losses) and narrowly lost to Flohr in 1932 (one win, three draws, and two losses).

paragraphs: Sultan Khan played three times on first board for England at Chess Olympiads. At the 3rd Chess Olympiad, Hamburg 1930, he scored nine wins, four draws, and four losses (64.7%). At the 4th Chess Olympiad, Prague 1931, he faced a much stronger field. He had an outstanding result, scoring eight wins, seven draws, and two losses (67.6%). This included wins against Flohr and Akiba Rubinstein, and draws with Alekhine, Kashdan, Ernst Grünfeld, Gideon Ståhlberg, and Efim Bogolyubov. At the 5th Chess Olympiad, Folkestone 1933, he had his worst result, an even score, winning four games, drawing six, and losing four. Once again, his opponents included the world's best players, such as Alekhine, Flohr, Kashdan, Tartakower, Grünfeld, Ståhlberg, and Lajos Steiner.

paragraphs: In December 1933, Sir Umar took him back to India. In 1935, he won a match against V.K. Khadilkar, yielding just one draw in ten games. After that, he was never heard of by the chess world again.


title: Watarru Indigenous Protected Area

paragraphs: The Watarru Indigenous Protected Area is an area of 1.2 million hectares in the north west corner of South Australia. It is in the Great Victoria Desert. It is the traditional land of the Pitjantjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra and Yankunytjatjara peoples. These people are known as Anangu.

paragraphs: The area was made an Indigenous Protected Area in June 2000. It is managed by the Anangu according to their traditional laws and practices known as Tjukurpa. The environment has not been damaged by cattle grazing or other farming practices. The Anangu are working with scientists to develop ways of dealing with feral animals including cats, foxes and camels.


title: Indigenous Protected Area

paragraphs: An Indigenous Protected Area, or IPA, is an area of land or sea owned by the Indigenous peoples of Australia. In an IPA the owners have made an agreement with the Australian Government to protect biodiversity and cultural resources.

paragraphs: There are over 50 IPAs covering an area of more than 36 million hectares. It is planned to increase this area by another 8 million hectares by 2018. In July 2012, the southern Tanami Indigenous Protected Area was declared, covering 10 million hectares in the Northern Territory. This is the traditional home of the Warlpairi, and includes the communities of Yuendumu, Willowra and Nyrripi.

paragraphs: Each IPA is managed by its traditional owners. Plants, animals and cultural sites are protected. The owners work with the government to control weeds, feral animals, bushfires, and visitors.


title: Virginia Bruce

paragraphs: Virginia Bruce (September 29, 1910 - February 24, 1982) was an American actress who played in movies and television. She was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. She died from cancer, aged 71, in California.


paragraphs: The Military radio station of Pierre-sur-Haute is a site used for French military communications. It is located in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region. It also hosts a civilian radio relay, which is used by Télédiffusion de France.

paragraphs: In the beginning of 2013, the radio station became famous world-wide after the French intelligence agency Direction centrale du renseignement intérieur (DCRI) reportedly attempted to have the article removed from the French Wikipedia. This request was denied by the Wikimedia Foundation in March 2013. After this denial, the DCRI had forced a contributor to the French Wikipedia to remove it leading to world-wide media coverage. The deleted French Wikipedia article was soon restored, because there were no reasons for deletion according to the Wikipedia standards visible. Meanwhile, the article has been translated into 23 other languages, still counting.

paragraphs: In 1913, a semaphore telegraph was built where the military radio station is now. At the time, it was only a small stone building, with the semaphore on top.

paragraphs: In 1961, NATO asked the French army to extend the site. Since then, it is one of the 82 NATO transmission stations in Europe. This network is known as ACE High system. In this network, the Pierre-sur-Haute station, served as a relay between the Lachens station to the south, and the Mont-Août station to the north. It used four 10 kW transmitters and sixteen receivers. In 1974, the French Air Force took control of the station. In 1988, NATO began to decommission the ACE High system.

paragraphs: The site is owned by the French Air Force. It is controlled from a site near Lyon, about away. It has a heliport, and accessible by helicopter. There is also a private road, which starts at the Col du Béal. This road cannot be used when there is heavy snow of more than . Another option is using a hiking trail, which can be used by tracked vehicles. Since the site is of strategic importance to the French army, it has been "hardened". This means that it has its own power supply and can withstand an attack.

paragraphs: There are about twenty people on site. The main purpose of the site is to analyse and relay signals.


title: Seattle Metropolitans

paragraphs: The Seattle Metropolitans were an American professional ice hockey team in the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHL), based in Seattle, Washington from 1915 to 1924.

paragraphs: In 1917, The Metropolitans became the first American team to win the Stanley Cup when they defeated the Montreal Canadiens 3 game to 1. They played their home game at the Seattle Ice Arena.


title: Edward Brooke

paragraphs: Edward William Brooke III (October 26, 1919 – January 3, 2015) was an American politician. He was elected to the United States Senate as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966. He beat his Democratic rival Endicott Peabody by many votes.

paragraphs: He served for two terms, and lost to Paul Tsongas in the 1978 Senate election. Brooke was the oldest living former Senator since Harry F. Byrd, Jr.'s death on July 30, 2013.

paragraphs: Brooke was born on October 26, 1919 in Washington, D.C. He was raised in Washington, D.C. and Boston, Massachusetts. Brooke studied at Howard University and the Boston University School of Law. He was a United States Army officer in Italy during Wold War II.

paragraphs: Brooke was the first African-American politician to be popularly elected to the Senate. He was the only person of African heritage sent to the Senate in the 20th century until Democrat Carol Moseley Braun of Illinois in 1993. Brooke was also the first African-American senator since the Reconstruction Era.

paragraphs: Brooke was the last Republican Senator elected from Massachusetts until Scott Brown was elected in 2010. Brooke was also the oldest living former Republican Senator and oldest living former Senator after the death of Harry F. Byrd, Jr. in July 2013. Byrd was Senator around the same time as Brooke.

paragraphs: He married Remigia Ferrari-Scacco in 1947. They had two children. They divorced in 1979. He married Ann Fleming in 1979. Their marriage would last until Brooke's death in 2015. They had one child. He wrote a book about his life, "Bridging the Divide: My Life", in 2007. He lived in Coral Gables, Florida.

paragraphs: In September 2002, he was diagnosed with breast cancer. He worked at raising awareness of the disease among men.

paragraphs: On January 3, 2015, Brooke died at his home in Coral Gables, Florida at the age of 95 from natural causes.


title: Brandon Saad

paragraphs: Brandon Saad (born October 27, 1992, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) is an American professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Columbus Blue Jackets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 43rd overall pick in the 2011 NHL Entry Draft. Saad scored his first career NHL goal on February 5, 2013, against Antti Niemi of the San Jose Sharks. Before going to the NHL, he played 2 seasons with the Saginaw Spirit of the Ontario Hockey League. He won the gold medal with the United States at the 2010 IIHF World U18 Championships. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

paragraphs: On June 30, 2015, the Blackhawks traded Saad along with Alex Broadhurst and Michael Paliotta, to the Columbus Blue Jackets in exchange for Jeremy Morin, Marko Daňo, Artem Anisimov, Corey Tropp and a fourth-round draft pick in 2016.


title: Harry F. Byrd Jr.

paragraphs: Harry Flood Byrd, Jr. (December 20, 1914 – July 30, 2013) was an American politician. He represented Virginia in the United States Senate from 1965 to 1983.

paragraphs: Byrd was born in Winchester, Virginia. He served in the United States Army during World War II from 1941 to 1945.

paragraphs: Byrd is best known for leaving the Democratic Party in 1970 and becoming an Independent, although he continued to support the Democratic Party. He is the son of Harry F. Byrd, Sr., whom he replaced as senator. He retired in 1982.

paragraphs: Byrd died from heart disease at the age of 98 on July 30, 2013.

paragraphs: Byrd was born on December 20, 1914 in Winchester, Virginia. He studied at the Virginia Military Institute and at the University of Virginia.

paragraphs: Byrd served in the Senate of Virginia from 1948 to November 1965. In November 1965, Byrd's father resigned from the U.S. Senate for health reasons. At Harry, Sr.'s suggestion, Harry, Jr. was appointed to succeed him by Virginia Governor Albertis S. Harrison Jr.. He won a special election as a Democrat to serve the remainder of his father's term in 1966.

paragraphs: Byrd was the first Independent politician to be elected to the U.S. Senate by a majority of the popular vote.

paragraphs: In 1971, Byrd proposed a bill to allow the importation of various metals from Rhodesia. This was called the Byrd Amendment. It went against the position of the President and the United Nations Security Council. They didn't allow most forms of trade or financial exchange with Rhodesia, which had a white-controlled government. The bill passed. It allowed Rhodesia to trade with the U.S. until it was repealed in 1977.

paragraphs: Byrd easily won reelection in 1976. He defeated Democrat Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr. The Republicans concentrated in carrying Virginia knstead of running a candidate that year.

paragraphs: Even as a senator, Byrd wrote regular editorial content for his newspapers. His writing mixed journalism and politics. Two months after his death, Byrd left $760,000 in his will to newspaper employees in his hometown of Winchester.

paragraphs: Byrd did not run for reelection in 1982. He moved back to his hometown of Winchester. He was succeeded by U.S. Representative Paul S. Trible, Jr.. Trible served only one term and did not seek reelection in 1988.

paragraphs: Byrd married Gretchen Bigelow Thomson in 1941. They had three children. Thomson died in 1989. Byrd lived in Harrisonburg, Virginia.

paragraphs: On October 20, 2009, retired U.S. Senator Clifford P. Hansen died. After that, Byrd was the oldest living former senator until his death in 2013 at the age of 98. Former United States Senator of Massachusetts Edward Brooke became the oldest living former Senator.

paragraphs: On July 30, 2013, Byrd died at his home in Winchester, Virginia. He died from heart disease. He was 98.


title: Heinrich Wilhelm Schott

paragraphs: Heinrich Wilhelm Schott was an Austrian botanist well known for his extensive work on aroids (Family Araceae).

paragraphs: He was born on 7 January 1794 in Brno, a city in Moravia that in those years was part of the Austrian Empire and that now is part of the Czech Republic. As a young boy, he came to live in Vienna, where his father was the chief gardener of the botanical garden of the university.

paragraphs: He studied botany, agriculture and chemistry at the University of Vienna, where he was a student of the botanist Joseph Franz von Jacquin (1766-1839). In 1815 he became gardener at the garden for the Austrian flora at the Belveder palace.

paragraphs: He was a participant in the Austrian Brazil Expedition from 1817 to 1821. While in Brazil from mid-1817 through 1821, Schott established and managed an introduction garden for accustoming living plants to more temperate climates in order to have them brought to Europe at a later date, made field trips, and prepared many notes concerning the plants and animals he saw.

paragraphs: In 1821 Schott returned to Vienna, where he worked as gardener again. In 1828 he was appointed "Hofgärtner" (Royal Gardener) in Vienna, later serving as director of the Imperial Gardens at Schönbrunn Palace (1845). In 1852 he was in charge of transforming part of palace gardens in the fashion of an English garden. He also enriched the Viennese court gardens with his collections from Brazil.

paragraphs: He was interested in plants that grow in high mountains, above the tree line, He developed a garden with that kind of plants (an alpine garden) at Belvedere in Vienna.

paragraphs: He died at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, on 5 March 1865.

paragraphs: Other botanists named plants in honour of Schott; some of them are:


title: Kol Yisrael

paragraphs: Kol Yisrael (; lit. "Voice of Israel", also "Israel Radio") is the national radio station in Israel. It is operated under the Israel Broadcasting Authority, which is the country's public broadcasting service. Kol Yisrael is an international radio station that broadcasts in several languages.


title: Israel Broadcasting Authority

paragraphs: Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA; , ) is the public broadcasting authority of Israel. It is in charge of radio and television in Israel.


title: Mount Carmel

paragraphs: Mount Carmel is a mountain in northern Israel. The mountain is a north-west branch from the Samaria Mountains to Haifa and the Mediterranean Sea. The city of Haifa is located at the base of the mountain and the connection to the sea. The mountain is 546 metres (2,710 ft) above the sea.

paragraphs: The name in Hebrew is ' (), which means "God's vineyard". In Arabic it is , ' or "", "Mount Saint Elias".


title: Mount Tabor (Israel)

paragraphs: Mount Tabor ( "", ) is a mountain in northern Israel, in the Galilee Mountains in the eastern edge of the Jezreel Valley. Mount Tabor is 575 metres (1,886 ft) above sea level.


title: Coobool Creek

paragraphs: Coolbool Creek is an archaeological site site near the Wakool River in New South Wales, Australia. It is about half way between Swan Hill and Deniliquin. The site is near Doherty's Hut at Coobool Crossing, although the exact spot is unknown.

paragraphs: G. M. Black found 126 skulls at the site in 1950. It has been difficult to give an exact age for the skulls, but one has been dated to 14,300 years ago. Some of the skulls also show artificial cranial deformation. The age, location, and deformities make the site similar to another Pleistocene site at Kow Swamp. Some scientists have said that this shows they were part of the same population, but others have disagreed. Because Coolbool Creek skulls were found on the surface it is difficult to date them, and other scientists have argued that they might be much older.

paragraphs: The skulls were kept at the University of Melbourne until 1984. They were returned to the local Aboriginal communities and reburied.


title: Brontotheriidae

paragraphs: Brontotheres are extinct mammals. The Brontotheriidae, also called Titanotheriidae, is a family of extinct mammals belonging to the order Perissodactyla. This is the order that includes horses, rhinoceroses, and tapirs. On the outside, Brontotheres looked rather like rhinos, but they were actually more closely related to horses. They lived around 56–34 million years ago, until the end of the Eocene.

paragraphs: Later brontotheres were huge, up to 2.5 m (8.2 ft) in height with bizarre horn-like skull appendages.


title: Brandon Bollig

paragraphs: Brandon Bollig (born January 31, 1987, in Saint Charles, Missouri) is an American ice hockey center. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He was not drafted by a team but the Blackhawks signed Bollig to a two-year entry-level contract and put him on their AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. He played 2 seasons with the IceHogs and was called up to the Blackhawks on February 28, 2012. He scored his first NHL goal on April 14, 2012, against Mike Smith of the Phoenix Coyotes in a playoff game. Bollig also portrayed Will Cross, age 12 in the 2002 film Defiance. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

paragraphs: On June 28, 2014 at the 2014 NHL Entry Draft, the Blackhawks traded Bollig to the Calgary Flames in exchange for the 83rd overall pick in the draft.


title: Birksgate Range

paragraphs: The Birksgate Range is a scattered group of mountains in the northwest of South Australia. It is on the northeast edges of the Great Victoria Desert. It spreads for about from Iltur in the southeast to Watarru in the northwest. The northern portion of it is protected in the Watarru Indigenous Protected Area. The range consists of granitic rock protrusions that have been weathered into rounded and rugged hills. They are not visibly connected to each other. Each are separated by flat plains and sand dunes. The mountains are fairly low in elevation; they are highest at the northern end.

paragraphs: Prominent peaks in the range include the following: Mounts Lindsay (819 m) and Wooltarlinna are at the northeastern end of the range, near Watarru. Further southwest are Mounts Holder and Sir Thomas (773 m). From here the range spreads southeast along the edge of the desert and the hills generally become lower and more widely dispersed. Mount Poondinna (678 m) is the highest peak in the central part of the range. Mounts Cheesman and Yaroona (also spelled Yaruna) are further to the southeast. The southern end of the range is at Iltur (Coffin Hill).

paragraphs: The Birksgate Range was named by the explorer David Lindsay, who led the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition across the Great Victoria Desert between April 1891 and March 1892. He named the range for the man who funded and equipped their expedition, Sir Thomas Elder. "Birksgate" was the name of Elder's house in Adelaide.


title: NES Zapper

paragraphs: The NES Zapper is a light gun accessory for the Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It was released with the console's launch in North America in 1985. It allows players to aim at the screen and hit targets such as ducks, clay pigeons, and criminals. To hit targets, players have to point the device at the television and pull the trigger. It is used on supported NES games such as "Duck Hunt" and "Wild Gunman". It looks like a futuristic science fiction ray gun with the colors matching the NES console. The Zapper can only be used on CRT displays and will not work on LCDs, plasma displays or other flat panel displays due to display lag.


title: APK (file format)

paragraphs: APK is the file format that software for Android is distributed in. It is an extension of the ZIP file format. An APK file contains bitcode for Android's Dalvik Virtual machine, resources used by the program (such as images and sounds), and sometimes native executable code, usually for the ARM processor.

paragraphs: APK Packages can be downloaded from various websites available online:


title: Yuki people

paragraphs: The Yuki are a Native American group of California. Their traditional territory is around Round Valley, in what is now Mendocino County. The Yuki call themselves the Ukomno'm, meaning "Valley People." European Americans learned and adopted the name "Yuki" from the their neighbours, the Nomlaki, who called them "enemy" in the Wintu language. "Yuki" is an exonym, a name by another group.


title: Johnny Oduya

paragraphs: David Johnny Oduya (born October 1, 1981) is a Swedish professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars. He has also played for the New Jersey Devils, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, and Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Washington Capitals with the 221st overall pick in the 2001 NHL Entry Draft. He first played in the NHL for the New Jersey Devils. He played 4 seasons with the Devils before he was traded to the Atlanta Thrashers on February 4, 2010 along with Niclas Bergfors, Patrice Cormier and a 1st round draft pick in the 2010 NHL Entry Draft for Ilya Kovalchuk and Anssi Salmela. He played 3 seasons with the Atlanta Thrashers/Winnipeg Jets and was traded to the Chicago Blackhawks for a 2nd round pick and a 3rd round pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On June 24, 2013, He won the Stanley Cup with the Blackhawks after they defeated the Boston Bruins 4 games to 2 in the 2013 Stanley Cup Finals.

paragraphs: On July 15, 2015, Oduya signed a two-year contract with the Dallas Stars.


title: Judaean Mountains

paragraphs: The Judaean Mountains, ( "Harei Yehuda"; "Jibal al-Khalil"), also known as the Judaean Hills and Hebron Hills, is a mountain range in Israel and Palestine. It spreads across the borders of Israel and the West Bank, where Jerusalem and several other ancient cities are located. The mountains reach a height of 1,000 metres above sea level.


title: Mount of Temptation

paragraphs: The Mount of Temptation is said to be the hill in the Judean Desert where Jesus was tempted by Satan. The exact location is unknown. It is generally identified with Mount Quarantania, a limestone mountain about 366 metres (1,200 feet) high, located about northwest of the town of Jericho.


title: Black Gives Way to Blue

paragraphs: Black Gives Way to Blue is the fourth studio album by American rock band, Alice in Chains. "Black Gives Way to Blue" was released on September 25, 2009. The album featured the singles "A Looking in View", "Check My Brain", "Your Decision" and "Lesson Learned". It has sold a million copies around the world.

paragraphs: "Black Gives Way to Blue" was the first Alice in Chains album to feature new vocalist/guitarist William DuVall, who took over after the death of former lead singer Layne Staley. The album was also the first studio album made by Alice in Chains since their self-titled album was released in 1995. It is the band's first album to be released on Virgin Records.

paragraphs: The album got mainly good reviews. It was voted number 2 in Kerrang!'s top twenty albums of 2009.

paragraphs: Music videos were released for "A Looking in View", "Check My Brain", "Your Decision", "Acid Bubble" which is available as an interactive video on AliceinChains.com), "Last of My Kind" and "Lesson Learned".

paragraphs: The song "Check My Brain" was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2010 Grammy Awards. Their song "A Looking in View" was also nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards.


title: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here

paragraphs: The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here is the fifth studio album by American rock band, Alice in Chains. "The Devil Put Dinosaurs Here" was released on May 28, 2013. The album features the singles "Hollow", "Stone", and "Voices".

paragraphs: Guitarist Jerry Cantrell said about the album, "I don't think you'll be surprised by anything you hear. ... It's us. But it's also really unique. It's got all the elements of any record we've put out, but it's unlike any record we've put out. Basically, it's the next chapter in the Alice in Chains book, and it's going to be a big one."


title: Tipu Sultan

paragraphs: Tipu Sultan (20 November 1750 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1782 to 1799. He was also a scholar, soldier and poet. Tipu was the eldest son of Sultan Hyder Ali of Mysore and his wife Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa. Tipu Sultan born in a Muslim family. His ancestors are said by different sources to be from Persia, Afghanistan, Arabia, and Ferghana in present day Uzbekistan.

paragraphs: Tipu introduced several new laws, including new coinage, a new lunisolar calendar and a new land revenue system. He started the growth of the silk industry in Mysore. Tipu inherited a large kingdom bordered by the Krishna River in the south, the Eastern Ghats in the east and the Arabian Sea in the west. At the request of the French, he built a church, the first in Mysore. With French help, Tipu Sultan fought against the British to keep Mysore's independence.

paragraphs: Tipu Sultan, prominently known as Sher-e-Mysore (Tiger of Mysore) is also given the sobriquet of Sher-e-Hind and Sher-e-Mashriq (Tiger of the East). He opposed British rule in South India and played a major role in keeping the British forces away. He was one of the few rulers who challenged British India.

paragraphs: Tippoo Sahib (as addressed by British) won the first and Second Anglo-Mysore Wars, and dictated terms to the British in the subsequent Treaties of Madras and Mangalore respectively.

paragraphs: Tipu was born in the Bangalore area of Devanhalli to a military officer Hyder Ali in the kingdom of Mysore in the year 1750. Hyder Ali and his wife Fatima Fakhr Un Nisa named their baby as Fateh Ali but often called him Tipu after the local saint Tipu Mastan Aulia. Tipu Sultan’s full name was Sultan Fateh Ali Khan Shahab. Soon, Hyder Ali’s career progressed and in 1761 he became the ruler of Mysore. Hyder Ali had a political alliance with the French, and Tipu studied military tactics and strategies from the French.

paragraphs: He had some of the best tutors to teach him various subjects like shooting, riding and swordsmanship and joined his father in the 1766 invasion of Malabar. Tipu at age 15 with a force of only two to three thousand men captured the family of the Malabar chief. The Malabar ruler surrendered to Hyder Ali because of Tipu’s successful invasion.

paragraphs: Ghazi Khan, a high officer in the military of Hyder Ali and a great warrior himself, tutored Tipu Sultan. This military education made Tipu a great soldier and a general.

paragraphs: After Hyder Ali died in the year 1782, Tipu became the new ruler of Mysore. He had already fought in two victories wars – the First Anglo Mysore and the Second Anglo Mysore War, under the leadership of his father. He knew that British forces were a great threat to his kingdom. He therefore focused more on military advances especially Mysorean rockets which were successfully used by his father in the Second Anglo Mysore War against the British.

paragraphs: Mysorean missiles were iron cased rockets fitted with swords in them. These rockets used to travel long, covering various kilometres up in the air before launching down – attacking the enemies with swords. Although there were missiles in the Europe, Mysorean Missiles became famous due to their coverage and destructive capacity. Hyder Ali’s Mysore rockets, undoubtedly, were very advanced missiles than what the British had seen. Tipu Sultan had written a Military Manual Fathul Mujahidin in which he explained the operation of these Mysore Rockets. This was mainly due to the strong iron tubes which were used for holding the rocket propellant. They enabled greater thrust and extended distance up to 2 km.

paragraphs: In the year 1801, several of the Mysore rockets were sent to England in the Royal Arsenal lab for R&D by Col. (Later Sir) William Congreve. Roughly, 4 years later in the year 1805, Royal Arsenal came up with their first Congreve rocket only due to the Technology devised by Haider Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. These Congreve Rockets helped the British troops in the Napoleonic Wars and also in the War of 1812. Not to forget, the Battle of Baltimore in the year 1814 was won mainly due to these rockets.

paragraphs: Bangalore Fort though built by Kempe Gowda of Vijaynagar Empire in the 16th century, was renovated and made into a stone fort by Hyder Ali in 1761. At one point in time when the British bombed the fort, Tipu Sultan repaired it completely. However, the fort was captured by the British after the third Anglo Mysore War. Currently, Delhi Gate and remnants of bastions are the only two parts remaining of this once so powerful fort.

paragraphs: Within the Bangalore fort, there is a palace made of wood famously known as Tipu Sultan’s Summer Palace which though started during the period of Hyder Ali ended during the reign of Tipu Sultan. An example of Indo-Islamic architecture, the walls of the palace are embellished by pretty flower motifs. Currently, the fort is a tourist place in Bangalore near the Kalasipalyam Bus Stand.

paragraphs: Tipu Sultan in his tenure also finished the construction of Lal Bagh Botanical Garden in the Bangalore area which was started by his father Haider Ali. The garden has a large collection of tropical plants as well as a lake and an aquarium. Located in South Bangalore, it is one of the major hot spot of Bangalore. The garden is made in the Mughal style and comprises several plants and trees from various nations.

paragraphs: Srirangapatnam, the island fortress was the capital of Mysore during the 19th century. It was so well organized with good trade routes that British feared terrible consequences. In addition, the ruler of Mysore had an army as effective as that of British. This led to four consecutive wars. Although the first two were won by the Ruler of Mysore, the third had dire consequences – Tipu’s two sons aged 8 and 10 were detained by the British forces. Finally, in the fourth, Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore, breathed his last on 4th May 1799 at Srirangapatnam.


title: Barabbas

paragraphs: Barabbas is a person from the Bible who lived around the time of Jesus (33 AD). He has a bad reputation for being a liar, thief, insurrectionist and zealot. He was released by Pontius Pilate the Roman governor of Judea who presided over Jesus' trial. The most notable thing about Barabbas is that this name was his surname (last name), but his first name was also Jesus. So when Pilate — who was warned by his wife to leave this Holy man alone — offered to set free one of the prisoners, he was offering the crowd in Jerusalem two Jesuses to choose from: Jesus Barabbas or Jesus of Nazareth. Pilate released Barabbas and ordered Jesus, "King of the Jews", to be crucified.


title: Wolf–Rayet star

paragraphs: Wolf–Rayet stars (WR stars) are evolved, massive stars (over 20 solar masses initially). They are losing mass rapidly by means of a very strong stellar wind, with speeds up to 2000 km/s. While our own Sun loses about 10 solar masses every year, Wolf–Rayet stars typically lose 10 solar masses a year.

paragraphs: Wolf–Rayet stars are extremely hot, with surface temperatures in the range of 30,000 K to around 200,000 K that make them look blue in color. They are also highly luminous, from tens of thousands to several million times the bolometric luminosity of the Sun, although not exceptionally bright visually since most of their output is in far ultraviolet and even "soft" X-rays.

paragraphs: In astronomy, luminosity is not quite the same thing as brightness. Luminosity measures the total amount of energy emitted</u/l> by a star or other astronomical object in SI units of joules per second, which are watts. A watt is one unit of power, and just as a light bulb is measured in watts, so is the Sun, which has a total power output of 3.846×10 W. This number is the basic metric used in astronomy: it is known as 1 solar luminosity, the symbol for which is formula_1.

paragraphs: Radiant power, however, is not the only way to conceptualize brightness, so other metrics are also used. The most common is apparent magnitude, which is the perceived brightness of an object from an observer on Earth at visible wavelengths. Other metrics are absolute magnitude, which is an object's intrinsic brightness at visible wavelengths, irrespective of distance. The measure of luminosity is "bolometric magnitude", the total power output across all wavelengths.


title: Star formation

paragraphs: Star formation means the earliest stages in a star's life. Dense regions of particles exist in molecular clouds known as "stellar nurseries". The clouds collapse under gravitation into spheres of plasma to form stars.

paragraphs: High density regions of the interstellar medium (ISM) form clouds, or "nebulae", where star formation takes place.

paragraphs: In the dense nebulae where stars are produced, much of the hydrogen is in the molecular (H) form, so these nebulae are called molecular clouds. The largest such formations, giant molecular clouds, have densities of 100 particles per cm, diameters of , and masses up to 6 million solar masses, and an average interior temperature of 10 K. About half the total mass of the galactic ISM is found in molecular clouds. In the Milky Way there are about 6,000 molecular clouds, each with more than 100,000 solar masses. The nearest nebula to the Sun where massive stars are being formed is the Orion nebula, away. However, lower mass star formation is occurring about 400–450 light years distant in the ρ Ophiuchi cloud complex.

paragraphs: A more compact site of star formation is the opaque clouds of dense gas and dust known as Bok globules; so named after the astronomer Bart Bok. The Bok globules are typically up to a light year across and contain a few solar masses. They can be seen as dark clouds against bright emission nebulae or background stars. Over half the known Bok globules have been found to contain newly forming stars.

paragraphs: A spiral galaxy like the Milky Way contains stars, the remains of stars (stellar remnants) and a diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) of gas and dust. The interstellar medium consists of 10 to 10 particles per cm usually of about 70% hydrogen by mass, with most of the remaining gas consisting of helium. This medium is chemically enriched by trace amounts of heavier elements that were ejected from stars as they passed beyond the end of their main sequence lifetime.

paragraphs: In contrast to spirals, an elliptical galaxy loses the cold component of its interstellar medium within about a billion years. This hinders the galaxy from forming diffuse nebulae except through mergers with other galaxies.

paragraphs: This is a massive protostar about 300 times brighter than our Sun. Astronomers have caught a key stage in the birth of a very heavy star. They used two radio telescope views of the process 18 years apart. The young star is 4,200 light-years from Earth and is surrounded by a doughnut-shaped cloud of dust.

paragraphs: The first observation was in 1996. By 2015 its stellar wind changed from a compact spherical form to a larger, ionized elliptical shape. This gave information about what happens as a massive star forms. Being able to observe its rapid growth is unique, according to Huib van Langevelde of Leiden University, one of the authors of a study of the object.


title: Indulkana Range

paragraphs: The Indulkana Range is a range of hills in the northwest of South Australia. It is sometimes called the Mount Chandler Range after its highest peak. It is located to the southwest of Indulkana, on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara lands. The mountains of the Indulkana area are part of the traditional country of the Yankunytjatjara and Antakarinya.

paragraphs: The range consists of a series of parallel ridges running east to west. The southern side of the range ends in an escarpment, the most prominent point of which is Chambers Bluff. The rock is made up of quartzite and sandstone rock, resting on slates of kaolinised clay. At the eastern end of the range is Mount Chandler, which overlooks the settlement of Indulkana and the Indulkana Creek. It rises about from its base. It is made up of quartzite, quartz sandstone and sandstone. Slightly north of the escarpment, and following its path from east to west, is a series of gorges that split the hills. The gorges contain several reliable springs.


title: Hydrazone

paragraphs: A hydrazone is the functional group with structure RRC=NNH. They are like aldehydes or ketones, with an NNH group instead of the oxygen atom.

paragraphs: They are made by reacting hydrazines with ketones or aldehydes:

paragraphs: Hydrazones are very useful molecules to do some reactions. For example, a ketone can be reduced down completely if made into a hydrazine and then treated with sodium ethoxide (Wolff–Kishner reduction). Hydrazones are very important intermediates in many reactions, such as the Fischer indole synthesis. This makes indoles, groups which are found in many drugs.