title: Firoza Begum

paragraphs: Firoza Begum (28 July 1930 – 9 September 2014) was a Bangladeshi musician. She was a "Nazrul Geeti" singer. She was considered an icon of the Indian subcontinent. In 1979, she was awarded with the Independence Day Award. She was also awarded the Sheltech Award in 2000.

paragraphs: Begum was born in Faridpur District, British Raj. Her family were Muslim. She was married to music director Kamal Das Gupta. They had three sons: Tahsin, Hamin and musician Shafin Ahmed.

paragraphs: Begum died from heart and kidney failure on 9 September 2014 in Dhaka. She was 84. At the time of her death, she also had jaundice.


title: Indigenous South African marriage

paragraphs: The indigenous African concept of marriage is a socio-legal bond between two clans around a man and a wife and forged through the ukulobola covenant and the delivery of ikhazi goods consisting of cattle and/or other valuables from the husband’s family to the wife’s. This bond binds the two clans to a permanent ‘in-laws’ relationship that gets strengthened by the procreation of children. The wife gets transferred from her clan where she enjoyed her maiden status as a princess inkosazana to her marital home where she is elevated to the status of the queen inkosikazi of the household. She excels in her stature as a paragon of love, care, diligence, reliability and resourcefulness. Symbolically a married woman is seen as a hen that spreads its wings to keep all the clan members including the young, the elderly, the sick and the orphans warm, served and satisfied.


title: Ventricles of brain

paragraphs: The ventricles are hollow spaces in the human brain. They contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). There are four ventricles in a human brain.

paragraphs: This is the ventricular system: it continues as the central canal of the spinal cord. The ventricles are interconnected: this allows the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

paragraphs: The ventricle lining is an epithelium-like membrane. The CSF is produced by cells of this lining.


title: Emilio Botín

paragraphs: Emilio Botín-Sanz de Sautuola y García de los Ríos (1 October 1934 – 10 September 2014) was a Spanish banker and businessman. He was the Executive Chairman of Grupo Santander until his death. The bank is the largest in the Eurozone. He was a billionaire.

paragraphs: Botín was born in Santander, Cantabria. He was married to Spanish nobility Paloma O'Shea, giving Botín an extended title. They had six children: Ana, Carmen, Carolina, Paloma, Javier and Emilio. He was a Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: Botín died from a heart attack on 10 September 2014 in Madrid. He was 79. His eldest daughter Ana now has his job as Chair of Santander.


title: Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs

paragraphs: The Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs is a "Billboard" chart that ranks the top 50 most popular R&B and Hip hop songs in the United States. The chart is ranked by "Billboard". Since it has started, the chart has been renamed many times to accurately reflect the music industry at that time. There is also a chart called the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles which ranks the top 25 songs that are making progress onto the main R&B/hip-hop chart.


title: Barnett Newman

paragraphs: Barnett Newman (January 29, 1905 – July 4, 1970) was an American artist. He is one of the major figures in abstract expressionism, and a leading "color field" painter.

paragraphs: Newman was born in New York City, the son of Jewish immigrants from Poland. He studied philosophy at the City College of New York and worked in his father's business making clothing. He later made a living as a teacher, writer and critic. From the 1930s on he made paintings said to be in an expressionist style. He later destroyed all these works.

paragraphs: Throughout the 1940s he worked in a surrealist vein before developing his mature style. This has areas of pure color separated by thin vertical lines, or "zips" as Newman called them. In the first works featuring zips, the color fields are variegated, but later the colors are pure and flat. Newman himself thought that he reached his fully mature style with the Onement series (from 1948). The zips define the spatial structure of the painting, while simultaneously dividing and uniting the composition.

paragraphs: Newman died of a heart attack in New York City. He was unappreciated as an artist for much of his life, being overlooked in favour of more colorful characters such as Jackson Pollock. He was not a fan of Mark Rothko, his great rival in color field painting. Some critics wrote admiringly about him, but it was not until the end of his life that he began to be taken seriously. He was, however, an important influence on many younger artists.


title: Sunglasses

paragraphs: Sunglasses are eyeglasses that protect the eyes from sunlight. Some of the most popular brands include:


title: New Valley Project

paragraphs: The New Valley Project consists of building a number of canals, to be able to irrigate parts of the desert in Egypt for the purpose of agriculture. The project was started in 1997. Its main canal should cover a distance of . In 2012, it was still away from the oasis it was supposed to reach. Other problems of the project include the fact that the soil is very salty in the desert, and that there are underground aquifers, which are a problem for the canals. When the land is irrigated, the salt would mix with the aquifers and would reduce access to drinking water. The clay minerals found in the soil are posing technical problems to the big wheeled structures moving around autonomously to irrigate the land. Often their wheels get stuck in a little bowl created by wet clay that dried, and the irrigation machines come to a standstill. The only objective met up to April 2012 is the diversion of water from Lake Nasser into what little of the Sheikh Zayed Canal has been built.

paragraphs: The Toshka Lakes are a by-product of the rising level of Lake Nasser and lie in the same general region as much of the New Valley Project.


title: Kelly Lynch

paragraphs: Kelly Lynch (born January 31, 1959) is an American actress. She played Connie in "Three of Hearts" and Madison Carter in "Virtuosity". She was born in Golden Valley, Minnesota.


title: Devil in a Blue Dress

paragraphs: Devil in a Blue Dress is a 1995 crime drama movie. It is set in the summer of 1948 in Los Angeles. It is about a World War II veteran who has been unfairly laid off from an aircraft manufacturer. Denzel Washington plays Ezekiel "Easy" Rawlins, a detective. Jennifer Beals plays Daphne Monet.

paragraphs: This movie was released on September 29, 1995. Most critics liked the movie.


title: Orunamamu

paragraphs: Orunamamu (Mary Beth Washington; 4 April 1921 4 September 2014) was an American-Canadian professional storyteller and teacher. Her storytelling led her on journeys across the United States including Alaska, overseas to the United Kingdom and Egypt. She moved to Canada during her final years.

paragraphs: Orunamamu died at the age of 93 in a hospital in Calgary, Alberta.


title: The Doom Generation

paragraphs: The Doom Generation is a 1995 comedy-thriller movie. It is about teenagers becoming involved in a ménage à trois. Parker Posey plays Brandi. Margaret Cho also stars in the movie.

paragraphs: This movie got mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert gave the movie a "zero star" rating.


title: Rashi Fein

paragraphs: Rashi Fein, Litt.D., Ph.D., (February 6, 1926 – September 8, 2014) was an American economist and professor. He was called the 'Father of Medicare'. He was Professor of Economics of Medicine, Emeritus at Harvard Medical School. He was the author of the book "Medical Care, Medical Costs: The Search for a Health Insurance Policy".

paragraphs: He was the brother of activist Leonard J. Fein.

paragraphs: Fein died in Boston, Massachusetts from unknown causes, aged 87.


title: Harold Shipp

paragraphs: Harold Gordon Shipp (January 21, 1926 - September 7, 2014) was a Canadian businessman and philanthropist. He was the chairman of Shipp Corporation Limited. He was born in East York of Toronto, Ontario.

paragraphs: Shipp died after a short illness at the Trillium Hospital in Mississauga, Ontario on September 7, 2014, aged 88.


title: Howell Evans

paragraphs: Howell Evans (3 March 1928 – 9 September 2014) was a Welsh actor, comedian, and singer. He worked in television and theatre. He worked more than 60 years. He played "Daddy" in the Sky1 TV comedy drama series "Stella".

paragraphs: Evans died on 9 September 2014. He was 86 years old.


title: Bob Suter

paragraphs: Robert Allen Suter (May 16, 1957 – September 9, 2014) was an American ice hockey player. He was a former ice hockey defenseman. He was a member of the Miracle on Ice 1980 U.S. Olympic hockey team won the gold medal.

paragraphs: He was the brother of former National Hockey League (NHL) player Gary Suter and father of current NHL player Ryan Suter and Garrett Suter who plays for the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point in the Northern Collegiate Hockey Association. His nephew Jeremy Dehner is currently playing for KHL team Jokerit.

paragraphs: Suter died on September 9, 2014, of a heart attack suffered at Capitol Ice Arena, aged 57.


title: Richard Kiel

paragraphs: Richard Dawson Kiel (September 13, 1939 – September 10, 2014) was an American actor, voice actor, video game actor and stage actor. He was perhaps best known and remembered for his role as Voltaire to Dr. Miguelito Loveless in the first season episodes of "The Wild, Wild West" (1965-1966). Keil was perhaps most notable and best known for his most prominent role as Jaws in the "James Bond movies" The Spy Who Loved Me and Moonraker. Keil's movie and television acting career had lasted for about and over 50 years.

paragraphs: Kiel was born and raised in Detroit, Michigan. He had since then moved to Fresno, California and had began with his acting career in Hollywood and had lived here then and there on with his whole family until and up to the time of his death in 2014.

paragraphs: Kiel began with his acting career in 1960. His first television role was in the television show "Laramie" and his first movie role was in the 1961 movie "The Phantom Planet".

paragraphs: Kiel also played the role of the tough and steel titanium-toothed Bond villain Jaws in the James Bond movies "The Spy Who Loved Me" (1977) and "Moonraker" (1985) as well as in the James Bond video game "". He also played Mr. Larson in the 1996 comedy film "Happy Gilmore".

paragraphs: In 1986, Kiel was nominated for a Saturn Award for his most prominent role as Jaws in both "The Spy Who Loved Me" and "Moonraker".

paragraphs: Kiel's last television role was in the 2000 television series "Bloodhounds, Inc." and his last movie and voice role was in the 2010 animated movie "Tangled", where and in which he played and provided the voice for the character of Vladimir.

paragraphs: Kiel was originally married to Faye Daniels from 1960 until they divorced in 1973. Then, he was married for a second time to Diane Rogers from 1974 until his death in 2014. Both Kiel and Rogers had 4 children together.

paragraphs: Keil also had acromegaly, which creates too much growth hormones. In 2005, he also wrote his own autobiography ""Making It BIG In The Movies"".

paragraphs: Kiel died on September 10, 2014 in Fresno, California at the age of 74. Kiel died from a heart attack caused by coronary artery disease. He was about just 3 days away from just before turning 75. Prior to his death, Keil had already since then been admitted to a hospital in Fresno after breaking his leg while during over in the previous week.


title: Apple Watch

paragraphs: The Apple Watch is an electronic watch from Apple Inc. It has been available to buy in stores and online since early 2015.

paragraphs: The Apple Watch can do things like measure your heartbeat and works like a walkie-talkie when used together with an iPhone 5 or newer iPhone. It can also access the Internet to download and run apps. Because of this, many people call it a "smartwatch".

paragraphs: The Apple Watch was released on April 24, 2015 and quickly became the best-selling wearable device with 4.2 million sold in the second quarter of the 2015.

paragraphs: The second generation of Apple Watches were released in September 2016: the Apple Watch Series 1 and Apple Watch Series 2, while the first generation was discontinued

paragraphs: The Apple Watch Series 3 was released on September 22, 2017 alongside the discontinuation of the Apple Watch Series 2.

paragraphs: The Apple Watch Series 4 was announced on September 12, 2018, with the Apple Watch Series 1 no longer being made.

paragraphs: The Apple Watch works with Apple Pay, a mobile payment service that allows you to use your Watch to pay for things. It announced at the same event that the watch was announced. It can control the Apple TV, act as a walkie-talkie, and lets you control the iPhone camera.


title: Guilin

paragraphs: Guilin is a prefecture-level city in the northeast of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China. It is on the west bank of the Li River. It borders Hunan to the north. Its name means, "Forest of Sweet Osmanthus". This is due to the large number of fragrant Sweet Osmanthus trees grown throughout the city. It has long been renowned for its scenery of karst rock formations. It has crystal clear (meaning as clear as glass) waters and many caves to explore. Guilin is one of China's most popular tourist destinations. It was the first city open to tourism after 1949. There are many tours including photographic tours.

paragraphs: Guilin covers an area of . It has a total population of about 5.3 million people.


title: Prism (geometry)

paragraphs: A Prism is a three-dimensional shape, which consists of two identical polygons, which do not lie in the same axis. For each side of the polygon, there will be a parallelogram.


title: Sachal Sarmast

paragraphs: Hazrat "Sain" (Saint) Sachal Sarmast (1730-1829), whose real name was Abdul Wahab Faruqi, was a famous mystic poet and Sufi of Sindh (now in Pakistan).

paragraphs: Sachal was a person who loved God and wrote beautiful poems about this special love of his. He spent most of his life teaching that all human beings, of all religions and colours and groups etc, are bound together by the Divine Love.

paragraphs: His shrine is at Daraza village, Ranipur, close to Khairpur, Pakistan.


title: Qutb Shah

paragraphs: Qutb Shah or Qutub Shah was a fictitious person, a Folk hero who never existed in history but according to many stories and legends, he ruled in Herat Afghanistan sometime around 960 AD and then shifted to India.

paragraphs: The actual story of a legendary ruler of Herat, in Afghanistan, was started much later in the 18th or 19th century by some Punjabi tribes, like the Awan tribe, Khokhar, Khattar and others. All these tribes were inter-linked and were of indigenous (native) Indian Hindu origins but they wanted to impress the colonial rulers of British India by claiming to be descended from an Arab who came and settled in India, after ruling in Afghanistan, so they made up a fictitious ancestor who was a 'hero' and won many battles and then left Afghanistan and came to India and married local Hindu women, and had several children who founded these tribes.

paragraphs: In 1860s to 1940s, a number of British rulers came to believe this story too and mentioned it in their books, but more recent historical research by Prof Ahmad Hasan Dani and others has confirmed that there never existed any person in recorded history by that name, at any time, either in Afghanistan or Northern India.


title: Jennie Wade

paragraphs: Mary Virginia "Jennie" (sometimes "Ginnie") Wade (May 21, 1843 – July 3, 1863), was a woman from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. She was the only Gettysburg civilian killed directly during the Battle of Gettysburg. The house where she was killed is now a museum called the "Jennie Wade House."

paragraphs: Wade was born in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. The house where she was born still stands. When she was a young woman, she and her mother worked as seamstresses. They lived in a house on Breckenridge Street. Wade's father was a tailor. He lived in a psychiatric hospital.

paragraphs: Wade may have been engaged to marry Johnston Hastings "Jack" Skelly. He was an officer in the Union Army. His picture was found in her pocket after her death. Skelly was wounded in the Second Battle of Winchester. He died from his injuries on July 12, 1863. He did not know that Wade had died days earlier. Skelly and Wade were childhood friends. Only one letter between the two survived the war. There was nothing in it about a romantic relationship.

paragraphs: The first day of the Battle of Gettysburg was July 1, 1863. Early in the morning, Wade and others went to the house of Wade's sister, Georgia McClellan. They planned to help Georgia with her five-day-old baby.

paragraphs: McClellan's house was at 528 Baltimore Street. That was between the armies of the North (the Union) and the South (the Confederacy). The house was hit by 150 bullets during the battle. An artillery shell went through the roof. It did not explode. It stayed where it fell for the next 15 years.

paragraphs: In the early morning of July 3, 1863, Wade was in the kitchen of her sister's home. She was making biscuits and bread for Union soldiers. A bullet came through two doors and hit Wade. It went through her left shoulder blade and through her heart. It stopped in her corset. She was killed instantly. Nobody knows which side fired the shot. Some writers say it was an unknown Confederate soldier. Jennie Wade was the only Gettysburg civilian killed directly during the Battle of Gettysburg.

paragraphs: Three Union soldiers found Wade's body almost right away. They told the rest of her family. The family took shelter in the cellar. Wade's body was placed in a coffin that was meant for a Confederate officer. She was buried in the back yard of her sister's house. On July 4, Wade's mother finished making the bread from the dough that Wade had prepared. In January 1864, Wade's body was moved to the cemetery of the German Reformed Church on Stratton Street in Gettysburg.

paragraphs: Wade received much attention from newspaper writers after her death. Most writers called her a heroine. Some writers did not have good things to say about her. She was accused of having visitors late at night. Other writers said that she was too friendly with Confederate soldiers.

paragraphs: In November 1865, Wade's body was buried in the Evergreen Cemetery in Gettysburg near Jack Skelly. Gettysburg resident Anna M. Miller designed a monument to Wade. It was put in the cemetery in 1900. This monument includes a Flag of the United States that flies around the clock. The Betsy Ross House in Philadelphia is the only other site devoted to a woman that has a flag flying at all times.


title: Rob Pilatus

paragraphs: Robert Pilatus (also "Rob"; June 8, 1964 or 1965 – April 2, 1998) was an American-German model, dancer and singer. He and musician Fabrice Morvan were the musical group Milli Vanilli.

paragraphs: Pilatus and Morvan released an album called "Girl You Know It's True". This album sold seven million copies. Later people learned that Pilatus and Morvan did not actually sing on the album. When they performed songs from the album on stage, they had lip-synched instead of singing.

paragraphs: After not making a record for a long time, Pilatus and Morvan made the album "Rob & Fab". That album sold only 2,000 copies. The record label went bankrupt shortly thereafter.

paragraphs: Pilatus was born in Munich to a German mother and African-American father. He was adopted as an infant and raised in Munich. He tried to commit suicide many times. He was found dead in a Frankfurt hotel from a mix of alcohol and prescription pill accidental overdose. He was in his early 30s.


title: Frank Farian

paragraphs: Frank Farian (born Franz Reuther 18 July 1941) is a German record producer and songwriter. He is best known as founder of the 1970s disco group Boney M. He created the group Milli Vanilli. He has also been associated with other music groups.


title: Joachim Fuchsberger

paragraphs: Joachim "Blacky" Fuchsberger (pronounced ; 11 March 1927 – 11 September 2014) was a German-Australian actor, television host, lyricist and businessman. He was known for his roles in "08/15", "Der Frosch mit der Maske", "The Dead Eyes of London", "The Black Abbott", and in "Im Banne des Unheimlichen".

paragraphs: Fuchsberger died from multiple organ failure at his German home on 11 September 2014, aged 87.


title: Antoine Duhamel

paragraphs: Antoine Duhamel (30 July 1925 – 11 September 2014) was a French composer, orchestra conductor and music teacher.

paragraphs: Duhamel was born in Valmondois in the Val-d'Oise département of France. Duhamel was the son of French writer Georges Duhamel and actress Blanche Albane. He studied music at the Sorbonne.

paragraphs: He wrote the score for his first movie in 1960. In 2002 he was awarded the Silver Bear at the Berlin Film Festival for his music for the Bertrand Tavernier directed movie, Laissez-passer.

paragraphs: Antoine Duhamel scored several of Jean-Luc Godard's movies, including "Pierrot le Fou" and "Week End".

paragraphs: Duhamel died in Paris, France, aged, 89.


title: Savannah cat

paragraphs: The Savannah cat is a breed of cat. It is the size of a medium dog. The breed is a combination of the serval and the domestic cat. It is a hybrid feline developed by crossing a domestic cat with a serval for a number of generations.

paragraphs: The bodies of Savannahs are long and leggy. When a Savannah is standing, its hind-end is often higher than its shoulders. The small head is taller than wide, and it has a long, slender neck. The backs of the ears have vivid marking, very clear in the first illustration. This is inherited from the serval cat. In the wild this lets kittens know where the mother is heading. In grass the kits can jump up to get a sight of their mothers' ears. This is important because servals can cover a lot of territory very quickly.

paragraphs: Serval cats can jump over 9 feet high from a standing start. Savannahs also jump high, but how high depends on the individual. They sometimes jump on top of doors, or onto shelves. They love the water. They have very few health issues. They make a hissing noise that sounds like a snake. Overall, they are active and intelligent.

paragraphs: The most serval-like cats are the F1 hybrids. Most later crosses are Savannah to Savannah. That, and outcrosses to other breeds, make the cats less distinctive: see second illustration.

paragraphs: These cats are not allowed in Hawaii, Alabama, and some other U.S. states. They are banned from Australia. The reasoning is that their extra size and capability might put even more of its precious native animals at risk.


title: Johnny Ace

paragraphs: John Marshall Alexander, Jr. (also Johnny Ace; June 9, 1929 – December 25, 1954) was an American rhythm and blues singer. He had many hit singles in his career. One of them was "Pledging My Love".

paragraphs: He was born in Memphis, Tennessee. He died after accidentally shooting himself in Houston, Texas. He was 25.


title: Norman Cook

paragraphs: Norman Cook (born Quentin Leo Cook on 16 July 1963), known by his stage name Fatboy Slim, is an English musician, disc jockey, rapper, and record producer. He is known for songs like "Weapon of Choice", "The Rockafeller Skank", "Praise You", "Eat Sleep Rave Repeat", and "Right Here Right Now".

paragraphs: Cook was born in Bromley, Kent. He was raised in Reigate, Surrey. He married Zoe Ball in 1999. The couple have a son and daughter. They separated in 2016.


title: City Slickers

paragraphs: City Slickers is a 1991 western-comedy-drama movie. It stars Billy Crystal, Daniel Stern, Bruno Kirby, Patricia Wetting, Jeffrey Tambor, Phill Lewis, and Jack Palance. For his performance as Curly Washburn, Palance won an Academy Award for his role.

paragraphs: This movie got mostly positive review from critics. It was released on June 7, 1991.


title: Ayaan Hirsi Ali

paragraphs: Ayaan Hirsi Ali (born 13 November 1969) is a Dutch-American activist who was born in Somalia. She is known for being critical of female genital mutilation and Islam. She is the daughter of Somali politician Hirsi Magan Isse. In 2005 Hirsi Ali was in "Time" magazine's list of the 100 most influential people in the world. Hirsi Ali became an American citizen in 2013. She is married to British historian and public commentator Niall Ferguson.

paragraphs: Hirsi Ali was born as Ayaan Hirsi Magan in 1969 in Mogadishu, Somalia. Her father Hirsi Magan Isse was put in prison when Hirsi Ali was a baby. She had female genital mutilation done to her when she was five years old. Hirsi Ali's family moved with her to Saudi Arabia then Ethiopia. In 1980 they moved again to Nairobi, Kenya. Hirsi Ali studied at a Muslim Girls' Secondary School.

paragraphs: In 1992 Hirsi Ali moved to the Netherlands. Between 1995 and 2001 she worked as a translator.

paragraphs: She started working as a researcher for the Wiardi Beckman Foundation in 2001.

paragraphs: In 2002 she became an atheist. She became a member of the Dutch parliament in 2003. Hirsi Ali wrote the script for a short film directed by Theo Van Gogh called "Submission". It was released in 2004. Mohammed Bouyeri killed Van Gogh on 2 November 2004. He left a note on Gogh's body. The note was a death threat to Hirsi Ali. In 2006 Hirsi Ali's second book translated in English, "The Caged Virgin: An Emancipation Proclamation for Women and Islam", was published.

paragraphs: In 2013 Hirsi Ali became a naturalized US citizen.

paragraphs: In 2014 Brandeis University decided to give Hirsi Ali an honorary degree. Then she was not given the degree because of a campaign.

paragraphs: Hirsi Ali supports Israel in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

paragraphs: In 2007 Hirsi Ali started the AHA Foundation. The foundation is for women's rights.


title: Ginger Snaps

paragraphs: Ginger Snaps is a 2000 horror movie. It is about two teenage sisters who have a fascination for death. Katharine Isabelle plays Ginger.

paragraphs: The movie was released in 2000. Critics liked it.


title: Bob Crewe

paragraphs: Stanley Robert "Bob" Crewe (November 12, 1931 – September 11, 2014) was an American singer-songwriter, dancer, manager, record producer and fine artist. His main genre of musical work was rock, pop, R&B and soul. He was best known for his work with "Jersey Boys" and The Four Seasons. His work with Frankie Valli and Bob Gaudio, made a string of Top 10 singles for The Four Seasons. He was also known for his hit recordings with Freddy Cannon, Lesley Gore, Michael Jackson, Bobby Darin, Roberta Flack and Patti LaBelle.

paragraphs: Crewe was born in Newark, New Jersey and raised in Belleville.

paragraphs: Crewe died on September 11, 2014 at his nursing home in Scarborough, Maine. He was 82.


title: Software as a service

paragraphs: Software as a service is the idea that clients access and use software using a thin client or a web browser. The software itself is running on computers accessible through the Internet ("in the cloud"). Clients usually pay a fee to get access to the software. The benefit of this approach is that clients do not need to manage the software installation, and that they also do not need expensive hardware. One of the problems is that the data is also on the site of the company running the software - that is "in the cloud". Getting the data may be difficult, if the software vendor goes bankrupt.


title: Donald Sinden

paragraphs: Sir Donald Alfred Sinden (9 October 1923 – 11 September 2014) was a British actor and writer. He got early fame as a Rank Organisation movie actor in the 1950s. He later became a Shakespearian and West End theatre actor and television sitcom star. He starred in "The Day of the Jackal" (1973). He appeared in the television series "Two's Company" with American actress Elaine Stritch from 1975 until 1979. He and actor Windsor Davies starred in "Never the Twain" from 1981 until 1991. His final acting credit was in 2012.

paragraphs: Sinden was born at St Budeaux in Plymouth, Devon. He grew up in Ditchling, Sussex. He was married to actress Diana Mahony from 3 May 1948 until her death from cancer on 15 September 2004, aged 77. They had two sons, actor Jeremy Sinden (1950–1996) and producer Marc Sinden (born 1954). Jeremy died from lung cancer, aged 45.

paragraphs: Sinden died from prostate cancer on 11 September 2014 in Romney Marsh, Kent, aged 90.


title: Atef Ebeid

paragraphs: Atef Muhammad Ebeid (<nowiki></nowiki>; 14 April 1932 – 12 September 2014) was an Egyptian politician. He was a member of the National Democratic Party. He served as the Prime Minister of Egypt from 5 October 1999 until 14 July 2004. Ahmed Nazif became PM after Atef Ebeid. He was sentenced to ten years in jail on 1 March 2012 for squandering public funds. He was acquitted in January 2013.

paragraphs: Ebeid was born in Tanta, Gharbiya Governorate to a Muslim family. He went to Cairo University and later became a teacher there.

paragraphs: Ebeid died on 12 September 2014 in Cairo, aged 82.


title: Annie Khalid

paragraphs: Annie Khalid or just Annie (or real name Noor al Ain Khalid) (born 1987) is a British-Pakistani music star and diva. She started her career in 2006. She sings songs in Urdu, Punjabi and English languages.

paragraphs: Her major hit singles so far include "Mahiya" (2007), "Awarapan" (2007), "By my Baby" (2010), "Vari vari jawan" (2011) and "Tharki sala" (2014). Her best-selling album so far is "Princess".

paragraphs: Annie was for a short time married to a criminal multi-millionaire Pakistani, settled in Dubai, called Malik Noureed Awan. But this man was very violent and he used to beat and abuse her, so she left him.

paragraphs: She is working on a new album to be released soon.


title: Indian Military Historical Society

paragraphs: The Indian Military Historical Society is an organisation in the United Kingdom (UK).It was made in 1983.

paragraphs: The main purpose of the Society is to encourage research and study of the history of the old colonial British Indian Army, although some study is also done on the present day Indian Army and Pakistan Army too. Members of this organisation belong to the UK, and many countries from the British Commonwealth of Nations. It also publishes a well-known journal, "Durbar", in which many historians and scholars print their research work.


title: Royal Asiatic Society

paragraphs: The Royal Asiatic Society (RAS), in full the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland was made in 1824, under a Royal Charter.

paragraphs: The main aim of this Society is to study and to do research on all kinds of subjects about Asia. The members (called 'Fellows') live in the United Kingdom and many other countries of the world, and they write 'FRAS' after their names, to show they are its members.

paragraphs: The Society also publishes the famous journal, "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society".


title: Niscemi

paragraphs: Niscemi is a town and "comune" in the province of Caltanissetta, Sicily, Italy. It has a population of 28,152.


title: John Bardon

paragraphs: John Michael Jones, better known as John Bardon (25 August 1939 – 12 September 2014), was an English stage and movie actor. He was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award in 1988 (1987 season) as 'Best Actor in a Musical' for "Kiss Me, Kate". Bardon was known for his role as Jim Branning on the popular BBC television series, "EastEnders".

paragraphs: On 12 September 2014 the BBC announced that Bardon had died at the age of 75 in Hitchin, Hertfordshire, England.


title: Stefan Gierasch

paragraphs: Stefan Gierasch (February 5, 1926 – September 6, 2014) was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles in "The Hustler", "Jeremiah Johnson", "What's Up Doc?" "High Plains Drifter", and "Carrie".

paragraphs: Gierasch died on September 6, 2014 in Santa Monica, California at the age of 88.


title: Delayed sleep phase disorder

paragraphs: Delayed sleep phase disorder is a circadian rhythm sleep disorder. It affects the timing of sleep. It has an effect on the time when a person is most alert during the day. It also affects core body temperature rhythm and other daily rhythms. People with DSPD generally fall asleep after midnight. They have difficulty waking up in the morning. Affected people usually have normal need for sleep. This condition usually develops in childhood or adolescence. DSPD is a life-long condition.


title: Napoleonic Code

paragraphs: The Napoleonic Code ‒ or Code Napoléon, officially the Code civil des Français ‒ is the French civil code established under Napoléon I in 1804. Four judges wrote the Code for Napoleon, to replace the many different kinds of law in different places. It did not allow privileges based on birth (such as nobility). It allowed freedom of religion. It also set up a system of Civil service where government jobs would go to the most qualified.

paragraphs: Due to the Napoleonic Wars the Napoleonic code became an influence on most of Europe. In particular, it influenced countries such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, Latin American countries, the province of Quebec and the state of Louisiana in the United States. It influenced all other former French colonies which base their civil law systems on the Napoleonic Code. The code of 1804:


title: Denny Miller

paragraphs: Denny Scott Miller (born Dennis Linn Miller; April 25, 1934 – September 9, 2014) was an American actor. He was best best known for his role as Tarzan in the movie "Tarzan, the Ape Man" (1959). He also appeared in many television series such as "Wagon Train", "Gilligan's Island", "Magnum, P.I.", "The Brady Bunch" and "Gunsmoke".

paragraphs: Miller was born in Bloomington, Indiana. He was married to Kit Smythe until their divorce. He was later married to Nancy Miller until his death.

paragraphs: Miller died from Lou Gehrig's disease on September 9, 2014 in Las Vegas, Nevada. He was 80. He was also diagnosed with the disease in January 2014.


title: Gerrit Kouwenaar

paragraphs: Gerrit Kouwenaar (9 August 1923 – 4 September 2014) was a Dutch journalist, translator, poet and prose writer. He began working in 1941. He was a member of the Dutch poetry group known as the Vijftigers. He worked for magazines and newspapers such as "Vrij Nederland", "De Waarheid" and "Het Vrije Volk". During the mid-1940s, he worked for the illegal newspaper "Parade der Profeten". He was arrested for this and sentenced to half a year in jail. In 1970, he was given the P. C. Hooft Award.

paragraphs: Kouwenaar was born in Amsterdam, North Holland. He was a resistance fighter during World War II. The painter and poet David Kouwenaar (1921–2011) was an older brother his. He retired in 2008.

paragraphs: Kouwenaar died on 4 September 2014 in Amsterdam, aged 91.


title: Sun Tower

paragraphs: The Sun Tower is a Beaux-Arts building at 128 West Pender Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The building is known for its faux-patina steel dome painted to imitate copper cladding.

paragraphs: The building was commissioned by L. D. Taylor to house his newspaper, The Vancouver World. It was designed by W. T. Whiteway, who was also the designer for the original Woodward's building nearby. After the building was finished in 1912, it was called The World Building. It became the tallest building in the British Empire at 82 m (269 ft). It surpassed the former record-holder, the Dominion Building which is located just around the corner. It was also the tallest building in Canada for two years until Toronto's 20-story Optima Business Centre opened in 1914 and surpassed it. In 1918, many Vancouverites turned out to watch Harry Gardiner, the "Human Fly", scale the outside of the building.

paragraphs: The building was bought by The Vancouver Sun in 1937 and was it was renamed. Although The Vancouver Sun newspaper had long since moved, first to South Granville then to Granville Square, the building has kept the name. The outside of the building was used as the Watchtower in Smallville. The tower had to be digitally enhanced to look taller. In some of the shots, the tower is the highest building in Metropolis. The building was also used as Chance's and Winston's office in the television show Human Target.

paragraphs: On March 19, 2008, it was announced that Sun Capital had bought the building on March 17. After they bought it, they overhauled the fabric and interiors of the building. In turn, the building was sold to the current owners Allied Properties REIT in August 2011. The heritage building is promised to be restored by the new owners.


title: Kendall Francois

paragraphs: Kendall Francois (July 26, 1971 – September 11, 2014) was an American serial killer. Francois was born in Poughkeepsie, New York. He killed eight female prostitutes between October 1996 and August 1998 in Poughkeepsie, New York. He would strangle his victims and hide their dead bodies inside his home. The victims were aged between 25 and 51. For these crimes, he was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole on August 11, 2000. He served his jail time at the Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York.

paragraphs: Francois died from apparent natural causes on September 11, 2014 at the Wende Correctional Facility, aged 43.


title: William Dalrymple

paragraphs: William Hamilton Dalrymple (b. 1965) is a British writer and historian.

paragraphs: He has written a number of books, especially on the history of India, like "The Age of Kali" (1998), "The White Mughals" (2002), "The Last Mughal" (2006) and some others.


title: Richard Francis Burton

paragraphs: Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821-1890) was a famous English explorer, writer, translator, ethnologist, spy and soldier.

paragraphs: He traveled a lot in Asia, Africa and the Americas. As a spy for the British government, he was also among the very few Western Christian people who secretly managed to visit the Islamic holy city of Mecca, in Arabia, at the time of the Hajj

paragraphs: He is also famous for his English language translation of the Arabic book, "One Thousand and One Nights" (also called "The Arabian Nights").


title: Margaret Palm

paragraphs: Margaret Palm (born ca. 1836) was an African-American woman. She lived in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania with her husband and son during the middle nineteenth century. She was a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad. She was called "Maggie Bluecoat" for the blue military uniform coat (ca. 1812) she wore while guiding slaves to safety. She always carried a gun to protect herself and her passengers.

paragraphs: Palm was so notorious for helping slaves escape that on several occasions slave-owners from Maryland attempted to kidnap her and sell her into slavery to put an end to her practices. David Schick, whose father was Palm’s employer, recounted one of these episodes:

paragraphs: “She lived up Long Lane, back of the old fair grounds. On this occasion she was attacked by a group of men who made the attempt to kidnap her and take her south where they expected to sell her and derive quite a profit. She was a powerful woman, and they would have, from the sale, derived quite a profit. These men succeeded in tying Mag’s hands...She was fighting them as best as she could with her hands tied. She would attempt to slow them and succeeded in one instance in catching [an attacker’s] thumb in her mouth and bit the thumb off. John Karseen, who was crippled and ran a novelty shop on Baltimore Street, happened along at just the right time and by using his crutch was able to assist Mag in her fight with these kidnappers and drove them off and freed her from her bonds.” She escaped. When she heard the two strangers had returned to Gettysburg, she ran home and got a shotgun.


title: Joe Sample

paragraphs: Joseph Leslie "Joe" Sample (February 1, 1939 – September 12, 2014) was an American pianist, keyboard player and composer. He was one of the founding members of the Jazz Crusaders.

paragraphs: Sample died in Houston, Texas, on September 12, 2014. He was 75 years old.


title: Kamal Ganzouri

paragraphs: Kamal Ganzouri (, born 12 January 1933) is an Egyptian economist and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Egypt from 7 December 2011 to 2 August 2012. He previously served as Prime Minister from 1996 to 1999.


title: Wild at Heart

paragraphs: Wild at Heart is a 1990 American crime thriller movie. It is about a young couple from Cape Fear, North Carolina who go on the run. Nicolas Cage plays Sailor, Laura Dern plays Lula Fortune, Diane Ladd plays Marietta, Isabella Rossellini plays Perdita.

paragraphs: This movie was released on August 17, 1990. It got mostly good reviews by the critics.


title: Wild Camp

paragraphs: Wild Camp (French title: "Camping sauvage") is a 2005 French drama movie. It was released on DVD on February 13, 2007. It is about Camille, a 17 year old girl who lives in a holiday camp with her family and her boyfriend Fred.

paragraphs: This movie was nominated for a Golden Zenith at the Montréal World Film Festival.


title: Sarah Grimké

paragraphs: Sarah Moore Grimké (November 26, 1792 – December 23, 1873) was an American abolitionist and feminist. Grimké was born in South Carolina. She died in 1873.


title: Joseph Shivers

paragraphs: Joseph Clois Shivers, Jr. (November 29, 1920 – September 1, 2014) was an American textile chemist. He was from West Chester, Pennsylvania. Shivers was best known for developing Spandex.

paragraphs: On September 1, 2014, Shivers died in Venice, Florida, aged 93.


title: Adam Berti

paragraphs: Adam Berti (born July 1, 1986) is a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. Berti played 2 games in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played with the Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Berti played 4 seasons with the Oshawa Generals and 1 season with the Erie Otters of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). He was drafted with the 68th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft. On May 26, 2006, the Blackhawks signed Berti to a three-year contract.

paragraphs: He was assigned to the Blackhawks' AHL-affiliate, Norfolk Admirals. He played 1 season with them. When the Blackhawks switched their affiliate to the Rockford IceHogs, he was assigned to them. On April 4, 2008, the Blackhawks recalled Berti from the IceHogs. He played 2 games with them and was assigned back to the IceHogs on April 8, 2008. Berti now plays in the ECHL. He played 1 season with the Fresno Falcons and 2 seasons with the Gwinnett Gladiators.


title: Arch A. Moore Jr.

paragraphs: Arch Alfred Moore, Jr. (April 16, 1923 – January 7, 2015) was an American politician and former lawyer. He began his political career as a state legislator in 1952. He was elected the 28th and 30th Governor of West Virginia from 1969 until 1977 and again from 1985 until 1989. He was a member of the Republican Party. His daughter, Shelley Moore Capito, is the current senator of West Virginia.


title: John Franzese

paragraphs: John "Sonny" Franzese, Sr. (February 6, 1917 – February 24, 2020) was an Italian-American longtime member and underboss of the Colombo crime family. Franzese was famous as the oldest active member of the American Mafia. Franzese was an associate producer of the 2002 movie "This Thing of Ours".

paragraphs: Franzese was born in Naples and raised in New York City.

paragraphs: Franzese was released from the Federal Medical Center in Devens, Massachusetts on June 23, 2017, at the age of 100.

paragraphs: Franzese died on February 24, 2020, in a New York City hospital at the age of 103.


title: Gisèle Casadesus

paragraphs: Gisèle Casadesus (14 June 1914 – 24 September 2017) was a French actress. She was known for her roles in "Du Guesclin", "Verdict", "The Children of the Marshland", "What Love May Bring", and in "My Afternoons with Marguerite".

paragraphs: She was an honorary member of the Sociétaires of the Comédie-Française, Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor, Officer of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and "Grand-Croix" of the National Order of Merit. Her career has lasted for nearly 80 years.

paragraphs: Casadesus died on 24 September 2017 in Paris of respiratory failure at the age of 103.


title: Diane Birch

paragraphs: Diane Birch (born January 24, 1983) is an American singer-songwriter. Her album, "Bible Belt", was released in 2009. Her second album, "Speak a Little Louder", was released in 2013.


title: Adrianne Palicki

paragraphs: Adrianne Palicki (born May 6, 1983) is an American actress. She was born in Toledo, Ohio.

paragraphs: Palicki has acted in both television series and movies. She was in the television series "Friday Night Lights" (2006–2011) and "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." (2014–2016). She acted in "Legion" (2010), "Red Dawn" (2012), "" (2013), and "John Wick" (2014).


title: Betty Azar

paragraphs: Betty Schrampfer Azar is an expert on teaching and learning English grammar. She wrote the "Azar Grammar Series" for students of English as a second or foreign language. This series is used by teachers and students all over the world. It has been very popular for more than thirty years.

paragraphs: Azar thinks teaching grammar is a good way to teach a new language. Students should start by learning about grammar, and that will help them learn all language skills — speaking, listening, writing, and reading.

paragraphs: There are four editions of Azar's book series. Stacy A. Hagen became Azar's co-author 2006, so now the books are called the "Azar-Hagen Grammar Series".

paragraphs: There are three main textbooks in the series:


title: American Bobtail

paragraphs: The American Bobtail is a breed of cat. It has a short "bobbed" tail about one-third to one-half the length of a normal cat's tail. This is because of a genetic mutation that affects the way their tail develops. This mutation also happens with the Manx cat.

paragraphs: The American Bobtail looks like the Japanese Bobtail, but they are not in the same cat breed family. The genetic mutations for their bobbed tails are different because the gene for the American Bobtail's tail is dominant and the Japanese Bobtail's is recessive.

paragraphs: American Bobtails can have either short or long-haired fur coats. Their coat is shaggy instead of fluffy. They can have any color of eyes and coat. They look like a "wild" tabby cat. Their eyes are almond shaped. They have a long and strong body. Their tail is short, but the end of it can be seen above their back. It can be straight or curved, slightly knotted or may have bumps. These cats take two to three years to grow from kittens into adult cats.

paragraphs: American Bobtails are playful and have a lot of energy. They are friendly and are not shy. These cats are intelligent. Some have been clever enough to escape from rooms and cages with closed and latched doors. Since they are playful and want attention, they will beg for it by meowing or just by hopping into laps.

paragraphs: An urban legend says that Bobtail cats began by cross mating a domestic tabby cat and a wild bobcat. Their unusual tail is really an accidental genetic mutation in the cat world. It may be related to the Manx gene, which is also dominant. The first Bobtail cat's parents were a short-tailed brown tabby cat male named Yodie and a seal point Siamese female in the late 1960s. This cat was born in Arizona near an American Indian reservation. Yodie's family breed was not known. It was thought to have been a bobcat and domestic cat hybrid because of its stubby tail.

paragraphs: The breed was first recognized by The International Cat Association in the United States, in 1989.


title: Meghan Trainor

paragraphs: Meghan Elizabeth Trainor (born December 22, 1993) is an American singer-songwriter and musician. She was born and raised in Nantucket, Massachusetts. The president of Epic Records, L.A. Reid, discovered Trainor and signed her to a record contract. She became famous through her song "All About That Bass", which reached number one in several countries around the world, including the US, UK, Canada, and Australia. Trainor's debut major label album, "Title", spawned three other successful singles: "Lips Are Movin'", "Dear Future Husband", and "Like I'm Gonna Lose You" which features R&B singer John Legend. Trainor also recorded, co-wrote, and co-produced the song "Better When I'm Dancin'", which is featured during the closing credits of "The Peanuts Movie". She was featured on singer-songwriter Charlie Puth's single "Marvin Gaye".

paragraphs: At the 2016 Grammy Awards, Trainor won the award for Best New Artist. On March 5, 2016, she released the lead single from her second major-label album, "Thank You", titled "No". "Thank You" was released on May 13, 2016. "Me Too" was released on May 5, 2016, as the second single from the album.

paragraphs: In 2017, she became engaged to actor Daryl Sabara, who is known for his role in the movie "Spy Kids", after dating since 2016. In 2018, she released the single "No Excuses" and announced that she was working on a new album.


title: Sarah Waters

paragraphs: Sarah Waters (born 21 July 1966) is a Welsh novelist. She is known for novels set in the Victorian era and featuring lesbian protagonists. Her books include "Tipping the Velvet" and "The Night Watch".

paragraphs: She was born in Neyland, Pembrokeshire, Wales. She is openly lesbian and lives in London.


title: Stefan Löfven

paragraphs: Kjell Stefan Löfven (born 21 July 1957) is the Prime Minister of Sweden. He was a leader of Swedish trade union from 2006 to 2012. And he has been the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party since 2012. On 14 September 2014. he lead his party in the 2014 Swedish general election to become Sweden's new Prime Minister. Löfven was elected Prime Minister and took office in October 2014.

paragraphs: Löfven lost a vote of no-confidence on September 25, 2018, and is currently the acting Prime Minister while a new government (which may be led by Löfven himself) is being formed.


title: Alter Echo

paragraphs: Alter Echo is a third-person action video game published by THQ and developed by Outrage Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox. It was released on August 19, 2003 in North America and on October 3, 2003 in the PAL region.

paragraphs: The received mixed reviews from critics. IGN rated the game a 6.8 out of 10.

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 7.5 out of 10 and Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot wrote that "It would have been nice to have seen some more variety in the environments, and the instances of backtracking through areas you've already visited are disappointing. But the game's exciting, free-form combat makes up for those deficiencies."


title: Anwar Kamal Pasha

paragraphs: Anwar Kamal Pasha (1927-1987) was a famous early Pakistani film director and producer from Lahore. He dominated the first 20 years of Pakistani cinema. He was the son of noted poet and scholar, Hakim Ahmad Shuja who named him after the Turkish leader Enver Kemal Pasha.

paragraphs: Some of Pasha's top hit films were "Do Ansoo" (1949), "Gumnaam" (1954), "Qatil" (1955), "Sarfarosh" (1956) and "Anarkali" (1958). From the 1960s, he gradually started making less films and his popularity grew less.


title: Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic

paragraphs: The State Anthem of the Azerbaijan SSR () was the national anthem of Azerbaijan when it was a republic of the Soviet Union. It was then known as the Azerbaijan SSR.

paragraphs: The anthem was used from 1944 to 1992. It was composed by Uzeyir Hajibeyov, who also composed the March of Azerbaijan, the current national anthem of Azerbaijan. Suleyman Rustam, Samad Vurgun and Huseyn Arif wrote the lyrics which were changed in 1978 to remove mentions of Joseph Stalin. Like many national anthems of the republics of the Soviet Union, this song praised Vladimir Lenin (and formerly Joseph Stalin as well), the October Revolution and Communism. It also praised the friendship of the republics of the Soviet Union. It was the anthem of Azerbaijan when it gained independence until 1992 when the March of Azerbaijan was restored.


title: Yoshiko Ōtaka

paragraphs: Ōtaka died at the age of 94 in Tokyo, Japan from heart failure.


title: Marvin Cheung

paragraphs: Marvin Cheung Kin-tung, GBS (2000), OBE (1994), JP (20 November 1947 – 13 September 2014) was a Hong Kong businessman and civil servant. He was a Non-official Member of the Executive Council of Hong Kong. He was the Chairman of the Airport Authority Hong Kong and a Council Member of the Open University of Hong Kong.

paragraphs: Cheung died in Hong Kong at the age of 67 from leukemia.


title: Milan Galić

paragraphs: Milan Galić (; 8 March 1938 – 13 September 2014) was a Serbian footballer. He scored 37 international goals in 51 matches for the Yugoslavia national football team. He participated in the 1960 Summer Olympics, winning the gold medal, the 1960 UEFA European Football Championship, where Yugoslavia finished second (despite his goal in the final), and the 1962 FIFA World Cup, where Yugoslavia finished fourth.

paragraphs: Galić died in Belgrade, Serbia from unknown causes, aged 76.


title: Frank Torre

paragraphs: Frank Joseph Torre (December 30, 1931 – September 13, 2014) was an American baseball player. He was first baseman in Major League Baseball. Torre who batted and threw left-handed. He played for the Milwaukee Braves (1956–60) and Philadelphia Phillies (1962–63). He was the older brother of Hall of Famer Joe Torre.

paragraphs: Torre died in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida from cardiac arrest, aged 82.


title: 100,000-year problem

paragraphs: The amount of incoming solar radiation, also called insolation determines the temperature on Earth. This temperature rises and falls according to the strength of radiation given off by the sun, the distance from the earth to the sun, and the tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. However, the recent change between glacial and inter-glacial states that occurs on a circa 100,000 year (100 ka) timescale, does not correlate well with these factors. This is known as the 100,000 year problem.

paragraphs: Due to variations in the Earth's orbit, the amount of insolation varies; there are periods of around 21,000, 40,000, 100,000, and 400,000 years. Variations in the amount of solar energy drive changes in the climate of the Earth, and are recognised as a key factor in the timing of start and termination of glaciations. Looking at strata, isotope analysis can be performed. One of the most precise methods consist in using Oxygen-18. The amount of oxygen 18 mainly depends on the amount of ice that can be found and on the temperature of the planet.

paragraphs: There are different hypotheses to explain the phenomenon:


title: Scottish independence referendum

paragraphs: The Scottish independence referendum, 2014 is a referendum which decided whether Scotland would be an independent country or would stay a member of the United Kingdom. The voting took place on 18 September 2014.

paragraphs: The result was that Scotland should stay as part of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The YES campaign was led by the Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond. He resigned after the vote. Supporters of the YES campaign wanted Scotland to be an independent country.

paragraphs: Supporters of the NO campaign wanted Scotland to stay a part of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron, deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg and Leader of the Opposition Ed Miliband all wanted Scotland to remain part of the United Kingdom. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown has also been campaigning for Scotland to remain part of the UK.

paragraphs: "Should Scotland be an independent country?"

paragraphs: Result: Scotland remains part of the United Kingdom.


title: Nickelodeon Arabia

paragraphs: Nickelodeon Arabia is a satellite, free-to-air channel for Arab children, teens and adults. It was the official Arab arm of Nickelodeon. Viacom started broadcasting Nickelodeon Arabia in 2007.


title: Azerbaijani Chess Championship

paragraphs: The Azerbaijani Chess Championship is usually held in Baku, Azerbaijan. It is organised by the Azerbaijan Chess Federation (ACF). The first championship was played in 1934, when Azerbaijan was a part of the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. Championships were not held every year in the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic until 1945. Since then they were held every year, which has continued today in independent Azerbaijan.


title: Bell Biv DeVoe

paragraphs: Bell Biv DeVoe is an American R&B, hip hop and new jack swing group. It was formed by members of the group New Edition. The group's most successful song was "Poison" in 1990.

paragraphs: The group had other hit singles early in their career. One of them was "Do Me!"


title: Azerbaijan Chess Federation

paragraphs: The Azerbaijan Chess Federation (, "AŞF") is the national chess organization in Azerbaijan and is a member of the World Chess Federation FIDE. The Azerbaijan Chess Federation was founded in 1920 when Azerbaijan became a member of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR the same year. It was reorganized in 1992, after Azerbaijan gained its independence with the dissolution of the Soviet Union, and became a member of FIDE the same year. The headquarters of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation is in the capital city, Baku.

paragraphs: Dr. Elman Rustamov is the President of the Azerbaijan Chess Federation since 2007.

paragraphs: The federation organizes the following chess competitions:


title: Jaimie Alexander

paragraphs: Jaimie Alexander (born March 12, 1984) is an American actress. She played Tammy in "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia". She also played Jenna York in "CSI: Miami".

paragraphs: The actress was born in Greenville, South Carolina.


title: Benjamin Adekunle

paragraphs: Benjamin Adesanya Maja Adekunle (26 June 1936 – 13 September 2014) was a Nigerian Army leader. He served as general during many important Nigerian battles. Some of which, he is known for fighting at the Congo Crisis battles and fought during the Nigerian Civil War. He began his service years in 1958. He retired in 1974.

paragraphs: Adekunle died in Lagos, Nigeria, aged 78.


title: Tony Auth

paragraphs: William Anthony Auth Jr. (May 7, 1942 – September 14, 2014), better known as Tony Auth, was an American cartoonist. He was best known for serving as an editorial cartoonist for "The Philadelphia Inquirer" from 1971 to 2012. His other work includes the comic strip "Full Disclosure", which he worked on in 1982 and 1983, and "Norb", which he worked on in 1989. He won the Pulitzer Prize in 1976 and the Herblock Prize in 2005. Auth was born in Akron, Ohio.

paragraphs: Auth died of brain cancer on September 14, 2014 at the age of 72 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Cruis'n USA

paragraphs: Cruis'n USA is an arcade racing video game published and distributed by Nintendo and was developed by Midway Games. It is the first game in the "Cruis'n" series. The game was released as an arcade system in North America in November 1994, on the Nintendo 64 on December 3, 1996 in North America and on April 12, 1998 in Europe, and was released on the Wii's Virtual Console on March 28, 2008 in Europe and on March 31, 2008 in North America. The Virtual Console release was the first third party developed Nintendo 64 game to be released on the service.

paragraphs: The game, along with "Killer Instinct", was originally planned as a launch title for the Nintendo 64. Both games did not make it out for Nintendo 64's launch, however, it was primarily because the arcade versions of both the games were done on hardware that was different and a little more powerful than the console. The game was impressive in arcades but was criticized when it came to the Nintendo 64 in 2996 because the port was less polished than the arcade version and its technology had already been surpassed by other games. The game was also delayed before its console release because of censorship issues.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 4 out of 10 and said "Ignoring the dated gameplay and less than impressive physics and handling, at least graphical problems like pop-up and low framerates should have been fixed."

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 6.1 out of 10 and said "Ultimately, Cruis'n USA is a dead conversion of a dead arcade game."


title: Post Bahadur Bogati

paragraphs: Post Bahadur Bogati (18 July 1953 – 15 September 2014) was a Nepalese politician. He was a member of the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). He was also the vice chairman of the political party. He was the Minister for Information and Communications as well as Minister for Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation.

paragraphs: Bogati was born in the Nuwakot District. He was married and had three children: two daughters and a son.

paragraphs: Bogati died from a brain haemorrhage caused by a cardiac arrest on 15 September 2014 in Kathmandu. He was 61.


title: Berks County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Berks County is a county located in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 411,442. The county seat is Reading.

paragraphs: It was named after the English county of Berkshire where William Penn's family had large estates. Berkshire is often abbreviated as Berks. Reading developed during the 1740s. At that time the people living in northern Lancaster County sent several petitions requesting that a separate county be made. With the help of German immigrant Conrad Weiser, the county was formed on March 11, 1752. It was made from parts of Chester County, Lancaster County, and Philadelphia County.


title: Vladimír Sobotka

paragraphs: Vladimír Sobotka (born July 1, 1986) is a Czech professional ice hockey center. He currently plays for Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He has also played for HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga, as well as the Boston Bruins and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Sobotka started his ice hockey career with HC Slavia Praha of the Czech Extraliga. He played 96 games throughout 4 seasons with them, scoring 10 goals and recording 19 assists. He was drafted with the 106th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: On November 24, 2007, Sobotka played in his first NHL game in a 2-1 loss to the New York Islanders. On February 13, 2008, Sobotka was able to score his first NHL goal and the game-winning goal against Ty Conklin of the Pittsburgh Penguins in a 2-1 win. On June 26, 2010, Sobotka was traded to the St. Louis Blues for the rights to Boston University defenseman David Warsofsky.

paragraphs: Sobotka's first goal as a member of the Blues came on November 6, 2010 against his former team, the Boston Bruins, beating Tuukka Rask after the puck was turned over in the Bruins' zone. On June 15, 2011, he re-signed to a three-year contract with the Blues. On March 9, 2013, he scored his first NHL hat trick against the San Jose Sharks in a 4-3 overtime win.

paragraphs: On January 6, 2014, he was named to the Czech Republic's men's Olympic team roster, but he suffered a leg injury on January 31 which prevented him from being able to take part in the Olympics. The Blues placed Sobotka on the injured reserve list and he missed the 2014 Olympic Winter Games.

paragraphs: After the 2013-2014 season ended, he became a restricted free agent. Sobotka decided not to resign with the Blues and instead he was signed to a three-year contract by Avangard Omsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). When the possibility of Sobotka playing in the KHL became clear, the Blues filed for salary arbitration in the NHL. On July 21, 2014, Sobotka received a one-year, $2.725 million award from an arbitrator. The result of the arbitration award is if Sobotka decides to return to the NHL at a later date, the Blues will retain his rights for a year at the amount that was awarded by the arbitrator. At the end of that year, Sobotka will become an unrestricted free agent in the NHL.


title: Marthasville, Missouri

paragraphs: Marthasville is a city in Warren County, Missouri, United States. The population was 1,136 at the 2010 census. The Katy Trail, a 225-mile long bike path, passes through Marthasville. Because of the many wineries from here east to Defiance, Marthasville is considered to mark one end of the "Missouri Rhineland".

paragraphs: Daniel Boone and his family came to the area later known as Marthasville in 1799. At the time there was only a French trading post there called LaCharette. Flanders Callaway and his wife Jemima Boone (Daniel and Rebecca's daughter), built a house just outside the present city limits. In 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition camped here near LaCharette. On their return 20 September 1806 they were greeted by the area residents, the first civilization they had seen since leaving. Rebecca Boone died in 1813 at Jemima’s home and was the first burial in the family cemetery of the Bryans and Boones (now Marthasville cemetery).

paragraphs: In 1817 the city of Marthasville was established by Dr. John Young of Kentucky. He named it after his wife Martha. A year later Montgomery County was formed with Marthasville being the only town. In 1833 the area became Warren County.

paragraphs: The original graves of Daniel Boone and his wife Rebecca were located there. In 1845, Boone's remains and those of his wife Rebecca were dug up and taken to Kentucky for reburial. Resentment in Missouri about the removal of the bodies grew over the years. A legend was that Boone's remains never left Missouri. A modern forensic anthropologist believes the body removed from Missouri was probably a black slave and not Daniel Boone.

paragraphs: In 1850, during the California Gold Rush, a number of people left Marthasville to find gold. The group was led by one of Daniel Boone's grandsons, M. Jackson Lamme. Others in the group were also descendants of Boone. They settled in California and have many descendants there today.

paragraphs: In 1892, The Missouri, Kansas and Eastern Railroad ran through Marthasville. It was taken over by the Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad (MKT) in July of 1893.

paragraphs: During the 1800s the area was settled by winemakers and workers from Germany. This part of the Missouri River Valley has become known as the Missouri Rhineland. The wines from this part of Missouri soon gained a worldwide reputation. At the 1851 Vienna World Exposition, Missouri wines took 8 of the 12 gold medals. French winemakers took notice and started importing the Norton/Cynthiana vines into France. But they were infected with a louse called Phylloxera. The louse had no effect on the Missouri rootstock, but in France it destroyed almost all of France's grapes. Two Missourians found a cure for the blight and the French vines were saved.


title: Pointer (computer programming)

paragraphs: In computer science, a pointer is a variable whose value is a location in the computer's memory. If Rick stands in a room and points to his friend Sally, then Rick is a pointer whose value is Sally's location. A programmer must "dereference" the pointer to retrieve the object it points to. Pointers do not take up much memory (RAM). Copying a pointer to a large object is faster than copying the large object itself because only the location needs to be copied, instead of the whole object.

paragraphs: Pointers are used in linked lists. Each record of a linked list has a pointer to the next record. These pointers chain the records together. This means that the records in a linked list can be sorted and arranged by changing their pointers.


title: Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia

paragraphs: Nicholas Romanovich Romanov, Prince of Russia (; 26 September 1922 – 15 September 2014) was a claimant to the headship of the House of Romanov and President of the Romanov Family Association.

paragraphs: Although he is related to the Tsar Nicholas I of Russia, his claimed titles and official membership in the former Imperial House are disputed by those who maintain that his parents' marriage violated the laws of Imperial Russia.


title: Angus Lennie

paragraphs: Angus Lennie (18 April 1930 – 14 September 2014) was a Scottish actor. He was best known for his movie appearance as Steve McQueen's friend Archibald Ives in the 1963 movie "The Great Escape". He was also known for being in the television soap opera "Crossroads".


title: Charles Kingsford Smith

paragraphs: Sir Charles Edward Kingsford Smith (February 9, 1897 - November 8, 1935) was a famous Australian airplane pilot. He is famous for being the first person to fly across the Pacific Ocean from the United States to Australia. He was also the first person to fly non-stop across the entire country of Australia. He made the first flight from Australia to New Zealand. In another famous flight, he flew from Australia to London, England, in ten and a half days, which was a new record at that time.

paragraphs: Smith was born on February 9, 1897, in Hamilton, Brisbane (the capital city of Queensland, a state in Australia). He went to school at St. Andrew’s Cathedral Choir School and Sydney Technical High School. When he turned 16, Smith became an apprentice at Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd., where he got training in engineering.

paragraphs: In 1915, Smith joined the 1st Australian Imperial Force (AIF), the main branch of the Australian Army that fought outside of Australia in World War I. In the AIF he was a sapper (someone who builds and repairs roads and bridges) and a motorcycle dispatch rider (someone who delivers important messages). In 1916 he transferred to the Royal Flying Corps (RFC), where he became a pilot and a second lieutenant.

paragraphs: In 1917, Smith's plane was shot down during battle. He survived, but was injured and had to have part of his left foot amputated (removed by surgery). He received the Military Cross for his bravery in battle. Because of his injuries, Smith was made an RFC flying teacher.  He was also promoted to Captain.  In April of 1918, Smith was assigned to the Royal Air Force, which had just been created.

paragraphs: After finishing his military service in 1919, Smith created Kingsford Smith, Maddocks Aeros Ltd., flying a joy-riding service (which sold plane rides to customers for entertainment). He flew mostly in the North of England.  Later, he worked in the United States as a barnstormer, entertaining people by doing tricks in his airplane.  In 1921, he returned to Australia.  There he kept working as a barnstormer and also flew airmail services (he delivered mail by airplane).

paragraphs: On June 2, 1921, Smith applied for a commercial pilot’s license.  He became one of Australia’s first airline pilots after he was hired to fly for the newly created West Australian Airways.

paragraphs: On June 6, 1923, Smith married Thelma Eileen Hope Corboy.

paragraphs: Smith became famous for setting flying records. He was very famous for all of his flights around the world. His famous flights included:

paragraphs: The same year as his 10,000-mile flight, Smith married Mary Powell. Together they had a son called Charles.

paragraphs: In 1935, Smith and a co-pilot, Tommy Pethybridge, left from England to fly to Australia. This was Smith's last flight. He died on November 8, 1935.


title: Caroline Chisholm

paragraphs: Caroline Chisholm (May 30, 1808 - March 25, 1877) was an English humanitarian. She was known for her involvement with female immigrant welfare in Australia. She was named a saint of the Church of England. Her day is May 16 in the Calendar of saints.

paragraphs: Caroline Jones was born in Northampton, England. She came from a very large family. Her father, William Jones, had been married four times. All his previous wives had died in childbirth. Caroline was William's sixteenth child and the youngest of the seven who lived. William died when Caroline was six years old. His death left the family with little money. She lived with her family at 11 Mayorhold. In 1822, when Caroline was 22, she married Archibald Chisholm. Archibald was a Roman Catholic. He was ten years older than she was. He served with East India Company Army. It is believed that Caroline converted to her husband's faith at this time. They were married at the Anglican Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Northampton. They were married from 1832 to 1877.

paragraphs: Archibald returned to his regiment in Madras, India in January 1832. Caroline joined him 18 months later. When she saw the bad behaviour of some of the girls, she asked the Governor of Madras to help her set up a school. In 1834, Caroline founded the Female School of Industry for the Daughters of European Soldiers. The school provided a practical education for the girls. They were taught to read and write and about religion, cooking, housekeeping, and nursing. Caroline gave birth to two sons, Archibald and William, and she followed her husband around in his travels.

paragraphs: In 1838, Archibald became sick. Rather than go back to England, they moved to Australia because they thought the weather would be good for his health. They sailed for Sydney. They arrived there in October 1838. They settled at Windsor. On trips to Sydney, Caroline and Archibald learned about the hard lives of emigrants arriving in the colony. They were particularly concerned for the young women who were arriving without any money. The women did not have any friends or family or jobs to go to. Many women ended up working as prostitutes. Archibald returned to his regiment in 1840. He encouraged his wife to continue her philanthropic efforts.

paragraphs: Chisholm originally set up a home for young women in Sydney, and she organised other homes in several rural centres. These places soon started to help families and young men. During the seven years Caroline was in Australia, she placed over 11,000 people in homes and jobs. People came to see her as a very good person. Two Legislative Council Committees asked her to give evidence for them. Caroline carried out her work in New South Wales without taking money from individuals or individual organisations because she wanted to act independently and did not want to be dependent upon any religious or political group. The girls and families Caroline helped came from different backgrounds and held different religious beliefs. Money was raised for the homes through subscription. Archibald was released from the Army because of his poor health and returned to Australia in 1845.

paragraphs: In 1849, with the support of a few important people, Caroline founded the Family Colonization Loan Society from her home. The Society's aim was to lend people who wanted to go to Australia half the cost of the fare, the emigrant finding the other half of the cost, which was to be refunded after two years in Australia. By 1854, the Society had helped more than 3,000 people travel to Australia. Caroline had an audience with Pope Pius IX, who gave her a Papal Medal and bust of herself.

paragraphs: The family moved to Victoria. Chisholm continued to help the poor, mainly around Ballarat and the Goldfields. After some time, she became very ill and the family had to move back to Sydney in 1858. Her health improved at the end of 1859.

paragraphs: Archibald senior took the younger children back to England in 1865. Archibald junior went with his mother back home in 1866. Caroline died on March 25, 1877, in Highgate, United Kingdom. Archibald died in August of that year. Five of their eight children survived.


title: Moira Kelly

paragraphs: Moira Kelly (born March 6, 1968) is an American actress. She was born in Queens, New York. She is best known for portraying Kate Moseley in the 1992 movie "The Cutting Edge", as well as single mother Karen Roe on the teen drama "One Tree Hill". She is also known for playing the role of Donna Hayward in "Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me", replacing Lara Flynn Boyle in the prequel to the 1990 TV series "Twin Peaks". Other roles include Dorothy Day in "Entertaining Angels: The Dorothy Day Story", White House media consultant Mandy Hampton in the first season of "The West Wing", and the voice of Simba's love interest Nala in "The Lion King" and its sequel "". She also played Hetty Kelly and Oona O'Neill in "Chaplin".


title: Edward Hargraves

paragraphs: Edward Hargraves (October 7, 1816 – October 29, 1891) was famous for starting the Australian gold rush. He found gold in Sydney in 1851. He was a shopkeeper, sailor and adventurer. He first started looking for gold in California, but was not successful.

paragraphs: When he arrived in Sydney, he didn’t even visit his family. He went straight to the Blue Mountains to look for gold. After his first discovery, Australia became more popular due to the gold rush. Although Hargraves was very famous and rich, he lived so lavishly that he became broke by 1860.

paragraphs: Hargraves' mother (Elizabeth Nee Whitcombe) and father (John Edward Hargraves) sent Hargraves to Brighton Grammar School in England. When he was 14, he travelled over water to Sydney, Australia. He arrived in Sydney in 1832. He worked on a property at Bathurst, collecting tortoise shells. Before Hargraves became famous, he left his wife (Elizabeth Hargraves) and bought his own piece of land on Manning River. He took over a shop near his property.

paragraphs: Hargraves' main achievement was discovering a large amount of gold, starting the gold rush of Australia. He believed that the geography of Bathurst was the same as California, so he began his search for gold there. John Lister, who had already found gold in California, helped Hargraves to find gold in Australia.

paragraphs: The two of them travelled to Summerhill Creek, where Hargraves first discovered gold. After the government found out about Hargraves’ discovery, they appointed him ‘Commissioner of Land’. They rewarded him with 10,000 pounds and a life pension, in exchange for the gold he discovered. The government of New South Wales made the announcement that gold was discovered on May 22, 1851. Hargraves was also responsible for conducting the gold mining in Ballarat, when the gold rush became more popular.

paragraphs: Between the years of 1853-1854, Hargraves travelled back to England, rich from his findings. When he was in England he met Queen Victoria and wrote a book (published in 1855) called "Australia and its Gold Fields". Hargraves lived such a luxurious life that he was soon very poor. Hargraves travelled back to Australia, seeking the help of the government to help with his financial situation, but no one he asked would give him money.

paragraphs: Hargraves had two sons and three daughters. He died in Sydney in 1891.


title: David Fleay

paragraphs: David Fleay (January 6, 1907 - August 7, 1993) was an Australian naturalist (someone who studies nature). He was one of the first people to come up with the idea of breeding endangered species in captivity, so they would not go extinct in the wild. He was also the first person to succeed in breeding platypuses in captivity.

paragraphs: Fleay now has a wildlife park named after him in Queensland.

paragraphs: Fleay was born in Ballarat, Victoria, in Australia. His parents were William and Maude Fleay.

paragraphs: As a young child, David became interested in the Australian bush and its wildlife at an early age. His mother was also interested in these things, but his father did not want David to spend his time thinking about Australian wildlife.

paragraphs: Fleay was educated at Pleasant Street State School and Balart Grammar School. His first job was at his father’s pharmacy.

paragraphs: Fleay then taught at Balart Church of England Grammar School until 1927, when he moved to Melbourne. There, he taught while studying for a Bachelor of Science degree and a Diploma of Education at Melbourne University.

paragraphs: While at Melbourne University, Fleay met a science student named Mary Sigrid Collie. They got married in 1931.

paragraphs: In the early 1930s, Fleay went to Tasmania to try to capture Thylacines (also called Tasmanian tigers). He was not able to find any Thylacines in the wild. So he decided to run a breeding program with Thylacines in zoos. He wanted to breed more Thylacines to save them from becoming extinct. But the Tasmanian government did not allow Fleay to run this program. We now know that the last definite sight of a Thylacine in the wild was in 1930. By 1936, the last Thylacine living in a zoo died, and this species was extinct.

paragraphs: By 1934, Fleay was very well known as a 'wildlife man.' He was chosen to design and direct a new section at the Melbourne Zoo. He worked there for three years, and achieved some important scientific 'firsts.' He was the first person to breed, in captivity, several types of endangered animals, including:

paragraphs: In 1958, Fleay brought three platypuses to New York's Bronx Zoo. Later that year, he was given some money by the New York Zoological Society, and used it to build a new, better platypusary (a place to take care of platypuses) in West Burleigh, Australia.

paragraphs: Fleay wrote a book called "Living with Animals", which was published in 1964.

paragraphs: Fleay was given many awards for his work and research.

paragraphs: In 1960, he was named a member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE), an award given by the British King or Queen to reward work in the arts and sciences.

paragraphs: Fleay was chosen to be an Associate of the Queensland Museum in 1978.

paragraphs: In 1980, he was named a member of the Order of Australia (AM), an award given by the Queen of Australia for doing important work in Australia.

paragraphs: Fleay's wife, Mary, died in 1987. Later, Fleay got married again. He had a daughter and two sons.

paragraphs: Fleay died in Brisbane, Australia, at the age of 85. In an obituary, the New York Times wrote: "As a conservationist, [Fleay] was outspoken and, as "The Daily Telegraph" put it, he 'strove to preserve native Australian fauna in the days when even koala bears were slaughtered in vast numbers for their fur.'"


title: Archie Roach

paragraphs: Archie Roach (Archibald William Roach), was born in 1956 at Mooroopna, Victoria, Australia. He is an aboriginal-Australian singer and songwriter. His songs are popular in the Australian Aboriginal community.

paragraphs: At the age of three or four, Roach was taken from his family by the Australian government. His two sisters were also taken away. After spending time in an orphanage, he was raised in Melbourne, Australia, by a white family, who had moved to Melbourne from Scotland.

paragraphs: As a teenager, Roach ran away from home to look for his biological parents. After running away, while homeless and abusing alcohol, Roach met his wife, musician Ruby Hunter. During the late 1980s, Roach and Hunter created a band named “Altogether” with other Aboriginal musicians.

paragraphs: In mid-2011, Roach was diagnosed with early lung cancer, and had one of his lungs removed. While recovering, he released his hit album “Into the Bloodstream.”

paragraphs: His album "Charcoal Lane" won an ARIA Award as the Best Indigenous Album of the Year. He was given an ARIA Award as the Best New Talent. The Rolling Stone Magazine listed it in the Top 50 Albums of 1992. "Looking for the Butter Boy" won three ARIA Awards in 1998.

paragraphs: In 2013, Roach won a Deadly Award for Album of the Year. He has also won two ARIA awards and a national Human Rights Award for his songs “Took the Child Away” and “Charcoal Lane.” Many of his songs talk about his experiences and the difficulties he has faced as an Aboriginal Australian.

paragraphs: In 2015 Roach was made a member of the Order of Australia.


title: John Flynn

paragraphs: John Flynn OBE (25 November 1880 – 5 May 1951) was an Australian Presbyterian minister. He began the Presbyterian Church of Australia. He also started the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, which brings medical care to people who live far away from doctors or hospitals. Flynn's portrait is on one side of the Australian 20 dollar note.

paragraphs: John Flynn was born in Moliagul in Victoria, Australia on November 25, 1880. His parents were Thomas Eugene Flynn and Rosetta Forsyth. Because his mother died while giving birth to him, John was raised by his mother’s sister in Sydney, Australia.

paragraphs: When he was 16, Flynn decided that he wanted to become a Presbyterian minister and study theology (religion) at the University of Melbourne. In 1911, he finished his training for the Presbyterian ministry and was officially ordained into the Presbyterian Church. He went to live and work in the Australian Outback, where many people had little access to medical care because they lived so far from large cities, doctors, and hospitals. In 1912, he created the Australian Inland Mission, which gave medical, spiritual, and other care to people in the Outback.

paragraphs: For many years, Flynn worked to get the support and money he needed to start an organization that would bring doctors and medical care by plane to people living in the Outback. With the help of Alf Traeger, Flynn was able to create the Aerial Medical Service in 1928. (Its name was later changed to the Flying Doctor Service, and then changed again to the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia). In its first year, the Aerial Medical Service flew 50 flights to 26 different places, giving medical care to 225 people. Over the next few years, Flynn worked to get the support the Aerial Medical Service needed to provide "flying doctors" to every part of Australia. By 1939, every state in Australia had an Aerial Medical Service. Now called the Royal Flying Doctor Service, the organization still exists today and has 21 bases throughout every part of the country. It provides medical care to 290,000 people every year.

paragraphs: Flynn became an officer of the Order of the British Empire on June 3, 1933.


title: Sidney Myer

paragraphs: Sidney Myer created Myer’s, one of the biggest department stores in Australia. He emigrated from Russia at the age of 20 and started off as a small merchant and went on to be the owner of a large chain store.

paragraphs: Simcha (Sidney) Myer Baevski was born on the February 8, 1878, in the Jewish section of Kritchev, Russia. He was the youngest of eleven children. He attended a primary school for Jewish children. While at school, he managed his mother’s shop and helped the shop be very successful.

paragraphs: When Myer was 20, he and his older brother, Elcon, moved to Australia. Myer arrived in Melbourne, Australia, as a Jewish refugee in August of 1899. He did not know English, and had almost no money and no visa. Soon after arriving, he changed his name to Sydney Myer in order to be more Australian.

paragraphs: The Myer brothers moved to Bendigo, a city in Victoria, Australia. There they started a small drapery business, where they sold fabrics of all different styles, colors, and sizes. Because they disagreed about whether their store should be open on Sundays, the brothers decided to stop working together. Sidney bought his brother's share of the business, and Elcon moved on to Melbourne.

paragraphs: As Myer's business became more successful, he opened a larger store in Bendigo, and new stores in Melbourne and Adelaide. Today, Myer's is one of Australia’s biggest department stores. Myer's is known for having fashionable clothing made by many different designers.

paragraphs: After he went to a performance at the Hollywood Bowl, a famous outdoor theater in California, Myer created the Sidney Myer Music Bowl. In 1929, Myer began to arrange free outdoor concerts by the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, held at the Music Bowl. These free concerts are still held today, and are very popular.

paragraphs: Myer died on September 5, 1934. After his death, Myer's family set up the Myer Foundation, which receives millions of dollars every year from the Myer family. The Foundation supports programs that benefit Australia and help Australians in need.


title: Marcus Oliphant

paragraphs: Sir Marcus “Mark” Laurence Elwin Oliphant, commonly known as Marcus Oliphant, was an Australian physicist and humanitarian. He helped to develop nuclear weapons. He was involved with the first experimental demonstration of nuclear fusion.

paragraphs: Oliphant was born on October 8, 1901 in Kent Town, Adelaide, Australia. His father, Harold George “Baron” Oliphant, was a civil servant. His mother, Beatrice Edith Fanny Oliphant, was an artist.

paragraphs: After graduating from Adelaide High School in 1918, he was unable to get money to pay for university. He got a job cleaning floors at a jewellery store. He was soon able to study at the University of Adelaide. He was interested in medicine, but Kerr Grant, the physics professor, offered him a place in the Physics Department. He received his Bachelor of Science degree in 1921.

paragraphs: Oliphant attempted to build a cyclotron at the University of Birmingham. The completion of it was postponed by the World War II in Europe in 1939.

paragraphs: He was involved with the development of radar with John Randall and Harry Boot. They created a completely new design, the cavity magnetron, which made microwave radar possible.

paragraphs: His most important achievement was being involved with the development of the atomic bomb. He reported that it was possible, and achievable as early as 1943. He spread his research in the United States, which led to the development of the Manhattan Project, led by physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer.

paragraphs: Oliphant died on July 14, 2000 in Canberra, Australia.

paragraphs: Many places and things are named after Oliphant. There is the Oliphant building at the Australian National University, the Mark Oliphant Conservation Park, a South Australian high schools science competition, the Oliphant Wing of the Physics Building at the University of Adelaide, and a high school in Munno Para West, South Australia.

paragraphs: He is known for the co-discovery of deuterium, tritium, helium-3 and nuclear fusion and for the development of microwave radar.

paragraphs: He achieved many awards over the course of his life.


title: Edward Dunlop

paragraphs: Sir Ernest Edward "Weary" Dunlop, AC, CMG, OBE (12 July 19072 July 1993) was an Australian surgeon. He was known for his leadership while being held as a Prisoner of war by the Japanese during World War II.

paragraphs: Ernest Edward Dunlop was born 12 July 1907 in Wangaratta, Victoria, Australia. Dunlop grew up in the Wangaratta area. He was the son of James and Alice Dunlop and younger brother of Alan. His mother became ill after his birth, so his two twin aunts cared for him. He worked on the family farm at Sheepwash Creek. He then became a school cadet. He continued his part-time military service until 1929. In 1928 Dunlop qualified as a pharmacist and earned many awards. In 1934 he qualified as a doctor with first class honours. It was then earned his nickname ‘Weary’. He then worked in The Royal Melbourne Hospital. In 1937 he worked in the Royal Children's Hospital.

paragraphs: Growing up, Dunlop was very good at most sports. This included rugby and boxing. He became the first Victorian player in the national rugby union team, the Wallabies. He was the only Victorian in the Australian Rugby League Hall of Fame. He later became a very successful boxer.

paragraphs: In 1937, he met his future wife Helen Ferguson. Since she a student he went to England to take up postgraduate studies. When World War II broke out Dunlop became a specialist surgeon to the Emergency Medical Services. He then enlisted in the Australian Army Medical Corps, rising to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel. While Dunlop was in the Middle East, Helen joined him and they became engaged. In 1943, Ernest became imprisoned in Singapore. He was then sent to Thailand by the Japanese. In Thailand he worked at the Burma Railway as a medical officer. After the war he got married.

paragraphs: In World War Two, Dunlop was posted to the Middle East. There he developed a mobile surgical unit that could move around to treat wounded soldiers. He also served in Crete and Greece. He fought in the battle of Tobruk. In 1942, Dunlop was sent to Java in Indonesia to treat wounded allied soldiers. Three years later, he was captured by the Japanese and became a prisoner of war. Dunlop was sent to Thailand-Burma Railway (AKA the death railway) between Bangkok and Rangoon. His medical skills, compassion and incredible courage in standing up to the Japanese inspired his fellow Prisoners Of War to keep going.


title: John H. Sununu

paragraphs: John Henry Sununu (born July 2, 1939) served as the 75th Governor of New Hampshire (1983–89) and later White House Chief of Staff under President George H. W. Bush.

paragraphs: He is the father of John E. Sununu, a former senator from New Hampshire and Chris Sununu, the Governor of New Hampshire. Sununu was the chairman of the New Hampshire Republican Party from 2009 to 2011.


title: Brian Schweitzer

paragraphs: Brian David Schweitzer (born September 4, 1955) is an American politician. He served as the 23rd Governor of Montana from January 5, 2005 to January 7, 2013. Schweitzer formerly served as chair of the Western Governors Association as well as the Democratic Governors Association. He also served as president of the Council of State Governments.


title: Roy Romer

paragraphs: Roy R. Romer (born October 31, 1928, in Garden City, Kansas, United States) is an American politician. He was the 39th Governor of Colorado. He also served as the superintendent of the Los Angeles Unified School District from 2001 to 2006.


title: Richard Lamm

paragraphs: Richard Douglas "Dick" Lamm (born September 12, 1935) is an American politician, writer, Certified Public Accountant, college professor, and lawyer. He served three terms as 38th Governor of Colorado as a Democrat (1975–1987) and ran for the Reform Party's nomination for President of the United States in 1996.

paragraphs: He is currently the Co-Director of the Institute for Public Policy Studies at the University of Denver.


title: Walter Dale Miller

paragraphs: Walter Dale "Walt" Miller (October 5, 1925 – September 28, 2015) was an American politician with the Republican Party. He served as 29th Governor of South Dakota from 1993 to 1995. He assumed the duties of the governorship upon the death of George S. Mickelson.


title: Frank Farrar

paragraphs: Frank Leroy Farrar (born April 2, 1929) is a former American politician. He was the 24th Governor of South Dakota. A Republican. He served as the state's attorney general from 1963 to 1969, and as governor from 1969 to 1971.


title: Philip H. Hoff

paragraphs: Philip Henderson Hoff (June 29, 1924 – April 26, 2018) was an American politician. He is from the U.S. state of Vermont. He served as the 73rd Governor of Vermont from 1963 to 1969. At the time of his election, he was the first Democrat elected Governor of Vermont in 108 years.

paragraphs: Hoff was born in Turners Falls, Massachusetts. His father worked in the insurance industry and at the Massachusetts General Court. Philip was a star high school football player at Turners Falls High School.

paragraphs: Hoff went to Williams College and Connecticut College and graduated cum laude in 1948. Hoff married Joan Brower in 1948. He later attended Cornell Law School, graduating in 1951. The Hoffs moved to Burlington, Vermont in 1951.

paragraphs: Hoff died at a retirement center in Shelburne, Vermont on April 26, 2018 at the age of 93.


title: F. Ray Keyser Jr.

paragraphs: Frank Ray Keyser (August 17, 1927 – March 7, 2015) was an American lawyer and politician from Vermont. He served as Speaker of the Vermont House of Representatives from 1959 to 1961, and 72nd Governor of Vermont from 1961 to 1963.


title: Emerson, Lake and Powell (album)

paragraphs: Emerson, Lake & Powell is the debut and only studio album by Emerson, Lake & Powell. The album was released in 1986.