title: C. B. Forgotston

paragraphs: Charlton Bath Forgotston, Jr. (January 19, 1945 – January 3, 2016), known as C. B. Forgotston, was an American attorney, political pundit and state government watchdog from Newellton, Louisiana.

paragraphs: For seven years, he was the chief counsel of the Appropriations Committee of the Louisiana House of Representatives. He was an outspoken fiscal conservative and critic of legalized gambling, unconstitutional legislation and political corruption.

paragraphs: Forgotston committed suicide by firearm early in 2016, sixteen days before his 71st birthday in Hammond, Louisiana.


title: Bill Plager

paragraphs: William Ronald "Bill" Plager (July 6, 1945 – January 3, 2016) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. Plager started his National Hockey League career with the Minnesota North Stars in 1967. He also played for the St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Flames. He left the NHL after the 1976 season.

paragraphs: Plager died on January 3, 2016 in Peterborough, Ontario, aged 70.


title: Peter Naur

paragraphs: Peter Naur (25 October 1928 – 3 January 2016) was a Danish computer science pioneer and Turing award winner. He helped the creation of the ALGOL 60 programming language.

paragraphs: He began his career as an astronomer for which he received his PhD degree in 1957. From 1969 to 1998 Naur was a professor of computer science at University of Copenhagen. Naur won the 2005 ACM A.M. Turing Award for his work on defining the ALGOL 60 programming language.

paragraphs: Naur died on 3 January 2016 after a short illness in Herlev, aged 87.


title: Robert Stigwood

paragraphs: Robert Stigwood (16 April 1934 – 4 January 2016) was an English-Australian music entrepreneur and impresario. He was best known for managing Cream and the Bee Gees. He relocated to England in 1954.

paragraphs: In the 1960s and 1970s he was one of the most successful figures in the entertainment world, through his management of music groups like Cream and The Bee Gees, theatrical productions like "Hair" and "Jesus Christ Superstar" and movie productions including the hugely successful "Saturday Night Fever" and "Grease".

paragraphs: Stigwood died on 4 January 2016 in London at the age of 81.


title: Igor Sergun

paragraphs: General Igor Dmitrievich Sergun (28 March 1957 – 3 January 2016) was a Russian military officer. He was Director of the GRU, the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, since December 26, 2011.

paragraphs: He worked in military intelligence since 1984, and served in various positions in the Main Intelligence Directorate. He speaks several foreign languages and was awarded state awards. In 1998 as a colonel, he served as a RF Military Attaché in Tirana, Albania. In December 2011, he was appointed as Head of the Main Intelligence Directorate of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

paragraphs: Sergun died suddenly on 3 January 2016 in Moscow at the age of 58.


title: Michel Galabru

paragraphs: Michel Louis Edmond Galabru (27 October 1922 – 4 January 2016) was a French actor. He was known for his roles in "Subway" (1985), "Belle époque" (1992) and as Abraracourcix in "Asterix & Obelix Take On Caesar" (1999).

paragraphs: Galabru was born in Safi, Morocco to French parents. He was raised near Paris, France. He appeared in over 250 movies mostly directed by Bertrand Blier, Jean-Luc Godard, Luc Besson and Costa-Gavras. Galabru died on 4 January 2016 in his home in Paris, France at the age of 93.


title: Bertrand Blier

paragraphs: Bertrand Blier (born 14 March 1939) is a French screenwriter and movie director. His 1978 movie "Get Out Your Handkerchiefs" won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 51st Academy Awards.

paragraphs: He is the son of famous French actor Bernard Blier. His 1996 movie "Mon Homme" was entered into the 46th Berlin International Film Festival. His 2005 film "How Much Do You Love Me?" was entered into the 28th Moscow International Film Festival where he won the Silver George for Best Director.


title: Safi

paragraphs: Safi (Berber: Asfi, ⴰⵙⴼⵉ; , Portuguese: "Safim") is a city in western Morocco on the Atlantic Ocean. The capital of Safi Province, it has a population of 282,227 (2004 census). Safi is the main fishing port for the country's sardine industry, and also exports phosphates, textiles and ceramics.


title: Shaykh al-Islam

paragraphs: Shaykh al-Islam () ( is a title of respect for outstanding scholars of Islam. The title may also be used for the chief expert in Islamic Law of a city or kingdom.

paragraphs: The title shaykh al-Islam was reserved for very few scholars. Usually those with the greatest merits. Al-Sakhawi defines it as follows:

paragraphs: There were not many scholars known as shaykh al-Islam. The title was used for the following scholars:


title: Alfonso Ribeiro

paragraphs: Alfonso Lincoln Ribeiro, Sr. (born September 21, 1971) is a American actor, television director, dancer, and game show host. He is best known for his roles as Carlton Banks on the sitcom "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" and as Alfonso Spears on the sitcom "Silver Spoons". Ribeiro is the current host of "America's Funniest Home Videos". He took over for former host Tom Bergeron who left after fifteen years.

paragraphs: Ribeiro took part in the nineteenth season of "Dancing with the Stars". He was paired with professional dancer Witney Carson. Ribeiro and Carson were both able to win the competition.


title: Kharkov National Medical University

paragraphs: Kharkov National Medical University (KNMU, , ) is a medical university in Kharkov, Ukraine. It was first known as Kharov State Medical University and then Kharkov Medical State Institute.

paragraphs: At present, over 700 professors teach at the university. Since 1951, the university has been training medical staff for countries of Eastern Europe, China and Mongolia. Since 1961, it has been training students from other countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. At present, there are about 3,400 foreign students in the Kharkiv National Medical University who study at the Preparatory Department, Medical, Nursing and Dental Faculties. They do postgraduate and clinical post-graduate (residency) courses as well as professional probation at departments of the university in Dental, therapy, orthopedics, surgery, oncology, psychiatry, ophthalmology, obstetrics and gynecology, as well as other medical specialties. The University has trained over 5,000 specialists for 86 countries in Europe, Asia, Latin America and the Middle East.

paragraphs: The history of the higher medical school in Kharkiv is more than 200 years long. It is closely connected with the history of University of Kharkiv, because it originated from its Medical Faculty. The University was founded in 1805. A decree about its foundation was signed by the Russian Tsar Alexander I, and the first rules of the university were approved at that time.

paragraphs: The university ranks 481 out of 11,000 universities in the world by 4icu world university ranking. The university takes the 26th general place and the 5th place among higher medical educational establishments of Ukraine in the scientometrical database SCOPUS. It ranks 47th among Ukrainian higher educational establishments by UNESCO Top 200. In 2015, the Order of Honour and Silver Diploma by the rating "Golden Fortune" were awarded to the University. KhNMU became a laureate of the rating of higher educational establishments "Ukraine-2000".

paragraphs: In 2001, Silver Diploma by the VII International Rating "Golden Fortune" in the nomination "The Third Millennium Quality" was awarded to the staff of the University.

paragraphs: In 2010, the University won an honorary title "Leader of Modern Education" at the International Exhibition "Modern Education of Ukraine"; in 2011-2012 – "Leader of National Education" at the International Exhibitions "Education and Career - 2011" and "Education and Career - 2012".

paragraphs: The university has a complex of buildings for teaching. It has 5 hostels. All the students of the graduate and post-graduate stages of training are provided with beds at the hostels.

paragraphs: The university has 65 departments. The departments are equipped with modern classrooms and have all the opportunities for high-quality training of students.

paragraphs: About 40 studies in priority subjects are conducted at the university. These are working out of methods for prevention, diagnosing and treatment of diseases of the cardiovascular, reproductive and musculo-skeletal systems.

paragraphs: The university is a member of the International Association of Universities (an organisation overseen by UNESCO) since 1998. It is on the register of medical universities of the World Health Organization (Avicenna Directories).


title: Gitanjali

paragraphs: Gitanjali is a book of poems written by Rabindranath Tagore. There are 157 poems in the book. All the poems are in the Bengali language. It has been translated into many languages by many writers. "Gitanjali" is a book of song offerings. Rabindranath Tagore won the Nobel Prize for Literature on November 14, 1913 for his book "Gitanjali".it also contains the special poem known as the"mind is without fear".


title: Tim Francis

paragraphs: Harold Huyton "Tim" Francis (1928 – 2 January 2016) was a New Zealand diplomat. He was Permanent Representative to the United Nations from 1978 to 1982. He was also Ambassador to the United States from 1988 to 1991.

paragraphs: Francis was born in Auckland. He was married to Sherrah and had three children.

paragraphs: Francis died from cancer on 2 January 2016 in Wellington. He was 87.


title: Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu

paragraphs: Sabri Yirmibeşoğlu (1 September 1928 – 2 January 2016) was a Turkish army general. He was Secretary-General of the National Security Council from 1988 to 1990. He was said to be behind a failed killing of President Turgut Özal in 1988. He was born in Foça, Izmir.

paragraphs: Yirmibeşoğlu died from kidney failure on 2 January 2016 in Istanbul, aged 87.


title: Irma Grese

paragraphs: Irma Ida Ilse Grese (7 October 1923 – 13 December 1945) was a member of the "Schutzstaffel (SS)", a powerful Nazi military organization, during World War II. She was a guard at the Nazi concentration camps at Ravensbrück and Auschwitz. She was also the warden of the women's part of Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.

paragraphs: Grese was nicknamed "the Hyena of Auschwitz" () by prisoners there because of the cruel ways she treated them. After World War II ended, Grese was put on trial for war crimes at the Nuremberg Trials. She was convicted of crimes against humanity for the things she did at Auschwitz and Bergen-Belsen. She was executed in 1945 at age 22.

paragraphs: Irma Grese was born in Germany in 1923. In 1936, when Grese was 13, her mother killed herself by drinking hydrochloric acid, a poison, after finding out that her husband had an affair (a relationship with another woman). Grese's father probably joined the Nazi Party in 1937, and got married again in 1939.

paragraphs: When she was 14, Grese quit school. By then, she was a member of the League of German Girls ("Bund Deutscher Mädel"), a Nazi group for girls.

paragraphs: Grese volunteered to work in a concentration camp. In 1942, when she was 19 years old, she started working as a guard at Ravensbrück, a concentration camp for women. In March 1943, she was sent to work at Auschwitz-Birkenau. After a year, Grese was promoted to "Rapportführerin" - warden - at Bergen-Belsen. This was the second-highest rank that a woman could reach. In this job, she helped choose which prisoners would be killed in the concentration camp's gas chambers.

paragraphs: When British soldiers were getting close to Bergen-Belsen to liberate it (take it over and free its prisoners), Grese and some other people in the SS decided not to run away. They were captured by the British on 17 April 1945, and taken to prison.

paragraphs: In her famous memoir called "Five Chimneys", Olga Lengyel (who had been a prisoner in a camp where Grese worked) wrote about how Grese acted there. Lengyel wrote that Grese liked hurting prisoners, making them afraid of her, and choosing which ones would be killed in the gas chambers.

paragraphs: Grese was put on trial for war crimes at the "Belsen Trial." Instead of having one big trial with hundreds of defendants, the Nuremberg Trials were separated into smaller trials. For example, people who were accused of committing crimes at Bergen-Belsen were put on trial at the Belsen Trial. Grese was tried there with 44 other people. Her trial lasted from September to November of 1945. She was given a lawyer named Major L. Cranfield.

paragraphs: Grese was accused of treating prisoners in ways that were illegal because of an international law called the Third Geneva Convention. People who had been prisoners in the camps Grese worked at talked about how Grese murdered and tortured prisoners. They said she especially liked to hurt women. They talked about how Grese beat prisoners, let her dogs attack them, whipped them, and shot them. They said she liked to whip women's breasts, and then make the camp doctor, Gisella Perl, do surgery on the women's breasts without anesthetic, because she liked watching them suffer.

paragraphs: Two other female guards were tried at the Belsen Trial. However, Grese was the only woman to get the death penalty.

paragraphs: On Thursday, 13 December 1945, in Hamelin Jail, Grese was executed by hanging.


title: Stephen W. Bosworth

paragraphs: Stephen Warren Bosworth (December 4, 1939 – January 3, 2016) was an American academic and diplomat. He served as U.S. Ambassador three times: Tunisia (1979–1981), Philippines (1984–1987), and South Korea (1997–2001).

paragraphs: Bosworth was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan. He was married and had four children.

paragraphs: Bosworth died from prostate cancer on January 3, 2016 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was 77.


title: Jean-Paul L'Allier

paragraphs: Jean-Paul L'Allier (August 12, 1938 – January 5, 2016) was a Canadian politician and journalist. He was a member of the Quebec Liberal Party. He served as the 38th Mayor of Quebec City from 1989 to 2005. He served in the National Assembly of Quebec for Deux-Montagnes from 1970 to 1976. He also worked for the Montreal newspaper "Le Devoir" in the 1980s. He was born in Hudson, Quebec.

paragraphs: L'Allier died after an illness on January 5, 2016 in Quebec City. He was 77.


title: Paul Bley

paragraphs: Hyman Paul Bley (November 10, 1932 – January 3, 2016) was a Canadian pianist. He was known for his work to the free jazz movement of the 1960s. He began his career in the 1950s and was active until his death in the 2010s. He worked with jazz musicians Lee Konitz, Charlie Haden, Evan Parker, Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Charles Mingus, Ornette Coleman and many others.

paragraphs: Bley was born in Montreal, Quebec. He was adopted and Jewish. He was married to Carla Bley until their divorce.

paragraphs: Bley died on January 3, 2016 in Stuart, Florida. He was 83.


title: Grant Hill

paragraphs: Grant Henry Hill (born October 5, 1972) is an American retired basketball player. Hill was born in Dallas, Texas. He was part of the US basketball team who won the gold medal in the 1996 Summer Olympics. He is the son of Calvin Hill.

paragraphs: He was a selected third overall by the Detroit Pistons in the 1994 draft. He played six seasons, five as an All-star. He then played for the Orlando Magic from 2000-04. Hill played for 5 seasons for the Phoenix Suns. He finally retired from the Los Angeles Clippers after a 19-year career.

paragraphs: He was a seven time NBA All-star. Hill is a part owner of the Atlanta Hawks. He received the 2015 Candle in the Dark award. He is in the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Stella Gibbons

paragraphs: Stella Gibbons was an English author and poet. She won the Prix Femina for her novel "Cold Comfort Farm".


title: Cold Comfort Farm (movie)

paragraphs: Cold Comfort Farm is a British comedy movie from 1995. It was directed by John Schlesinger. It is based on Stella Gibbons' book of the same name. The movie stars Kate Beckinsale, Joanna Lumley, Ian McKellen and Rufus Sewell. It was first shown on the BBC on 1 January 1995.


title: Claude Gagnière

paragraphs: Claude Gagnière (January 20, 1928 – September 12, 2003) was a French writer. He was born in Alès.

paragraphs: He died in Paris. After he died he was awarded the prize of the Bouquinistes for all his work in 2004.


title: Gay bar

paragraphs: Gay bars are drinking establishments that cater to lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender people. The term "gay" is used as an inclusive concept for LGBT communities. Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture. They were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names include "boy bar", "girl bar", "lesbian bar" or "dyke bar".

paragraphs: The Stonewall Inn in New York City is one example of a gay/lesbian bar. The gay rights movement was born there.


title: Stonewall Inn

paragraphs: The Stonewall Inn (or just Stonewall) is a gay/lesbian tavern and recreational bar in New York City. It was also the site of the 1969 Stonewall riots. The original inn closed in 1969. In 1990, a bar named "Stonewall" opened in the western half of the original location.

paragraphs: In June 2015, the Stonewall received an official landmark status from New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission for its role as the catalyst of the LGBT movement. It is the first landmark in New York City that has been recognized due to its status in LGBT history.


title: Dow Chemical

paragraphs: Dow Chemical is a company headquartered in the United States. It is the second-largest producer of chemicals in the world, after BASF.


title: German Academic Exchange Service

paragraphs: The German Academic Exchange Service (, or DAAD) is an organisation in Germany. It is the largest German support organisation in the field of international academic co-operation. It was founded on 1 January 1925. It closed in 1945, but was refounded in 1950.

paragraphs: The DAAD headquarters are in Bonn. There are 15 international regional branch offices. They provide information and advice on study and research opportunities and available grants. The German Academic Exchange Service is mainly funded by the Foreign Office of Germany and the European Union. In 2012, the DAAD received 407.4 million Euro.


title: Jorge Lepra

paragraphs: Jorge Alberto Lepra Loiodice (4 September 1942 – 4 January 2016) was a Uruguayan diplomat and politician. He was Ministry of Industry, Energy and Mining from 2005 to 2008. He was also Ambassador to France from 2008 to 2010. He was born in Montevideo.

paragraphs: Lepra died from heart failure on 4 January 2016 in Montevideo. He was 73.


title: Venice Film Festival

paragraphs: The Venice Film Festival is a festival held in Venice, Italy. It is held every year. It is the world's oldest movie festival. It dates back to 1932.


title: The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

paragraphs: The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is an animated children's television show. It was shown on the Disney Channel from 1988 to 1991. In the opening theme and 1989 and 1991 ending theme (that sounds similar to the opening theme), the Korg DSS-1 patch "Fantasia" (that sounds like the Roland D-50 patch "Fantasia") was heard. This show is on Spacetoon in other countries.


title: Golden Bear

paragraphs: The Golden Bear is the highest prize given at the Berlin International Film Festival (often known as Berlinale).


title: International standard

paragraphs: International standard is a guidance made by international organizations to be considered and used around the world. The standard can be used directly or with small changes to suit the local conditions. International standard is used as one of the way to ease technical differences and barriers for international trading which caused by different regulations about technical aspects by each country.


title: Gandaki Zone

paragraphs: Gandaki zone (), is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal. It is located in the Western Development Region.

paragraphs: Gandaki zone is divided into 6 districts. They are


title: Autotransformer

paragraphs: An Autotransformer (sometimes called autostep down transformer) is a transformer which has only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. The winding acts as both primary winding and secondary winding in a normal transformer. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers. The disadvantage of an autotransformer include not providing electrical isolation between the primary winding and the secondary winding. There is also a higher possibility of short circuits due to low impedance.

paragraphs: Autotransformers are used in power transmission, power distribution, audio, rail transport, etc. Autotransformers are often used to step up (increase) or step down (decrease) voltages in the 110–120 V range and in the 220–240 V range.


title: Silvana Pampanini

paragraphs: Silvana Pampanini (25 September 1925 – 6 January 2016) was an Italian actress. She was Miss Italy in 1946. She began her acting career in 1947. She appeared in over sixty movies, mostly comedies. Her final acting role was in 1999.

paragraphs: Pampanini was born in Rome. She was never married and had no children. She was the niece of Rosetta Pampanini.

paragraphs: Pampanini died on 6 January 2016 in Rome, aged 90.


title: National Archive Department of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: The National Archive Department of the Republic Azerbaijan () is the national archive of Azerbaijan. It is a governmental agency within the government of Azerbaijan in charge of managing, maintaining, protecting and updating national archives of the Azerbaijani nation state. The archive houses documents, maps, stamps, audio tapes, video clips, photographs and special publications. It was established on December 2, 2002. It is in the capital city Baku.


title: Antonio Carrizo

paragraphs: Antonio Carrozzi Abasca (15 September 1926 – 1 January 2016), better known as Antonio Carrizo, was an Argentine radio host, actor and television presenter. He worked for the radio station Radio El Mundo and Radio Rivadavia. He hosted shows on many channels including Canal 7. He appeared in the movies "El barro humano" (1955), "El noveno mandamiento" (1963) and "Muchachos impacientes" (1966).

paragraphs: Carrizo was born in General Villegas, Buenos Aires Province. He had a stoke in 2008. He died on 1 January 2016 in Buenos Aires, aged 89.


title: Tommy Sale (rugby league)

paragraphs: Tommy Sale (21 July 1918 – 3 January 2016) was an English rugby league player. He played for Leigh Centurions and Widnes Vikings. He later coached Leigh.


title: Amby Fogarty

paragraphs: Ambrose Gerald "Amby" Fogarty (11 September 1933 – 3 January 2016) was an Irish football player and manager. He played as a midfielder from 1953 to 1975. He played for Bohemians, Glentoran, Sunderland, Hartlepool United, Cork Celtic, Cork Hibernian and the national team. He also managed Cork Hibernians, Cork Celtic, Drumcondra, Limerick and Athlone Town.

paragraphs: Fogarty was born in Dublin. He died on 3 January 2016 at the age of 82.


title: John Roberts (Welsh footballer)

paragraphs: John Griffiths Roberts (11 September 1946 – 4 January 2016) was an Welsh football player and manager. He played as a defender from 1964 to 1983. He played for Swansea Town, Northampton Town, Arsenal, Birmingham City, Wrexham, Hull City and the national team. He was a player manager of Oswestry Town from 1982 to 1983.

paragraphs: Roberts was born in Abercynon, Rhondda Cynon Taff. He died on 4 January 2016 at the age of 69.


title: S. H. Kapadia

paragraphs: Sarosh Homi Kapadia (29 September 1947 – 4 January 2016) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He served as the 38th Chief Justice of India from 12 May 2010 until 28 September 2012. He was born in Mumbai and was Parsi.

paragraphs: Kapadia died from cardiac arrest on 4 January 2016 in Mumbai, aged 68.


title: Christy O'Connor Jnr

paragraphs: Christy O'Connor Jnr (19 August 1948 – 6 January 2016) was an Irish golfer. He turned professional in 1967. He played in the Ryder Cup twice.

paragraphs: O'Connor was born in Galway, County Galway. He was married to Ann and had three children. His uncle was golfer Christy O'Connor Snr, who died in May 2016.

paragraphs: O'Connor died on 6 January 2016 in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, aged 67.


title: British Rail Class 800

paragraphs: The Class 800 "Hitachi Super Express" is a new train built by Hitachi to replace old InterCity 125 and InterCity 225. The class 800 will use diesel fuel and electricity. The 801 trains will be electric-only. The trains can run at a speed of 125mph (200kmph). They can reduce the travel time between London, Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh by as much as 18 minutes. One train, a test version of the Hitachi Class 800 Super Express, has arrived from Japan. A new Manufacturing plant will produce 122 trains in the coming years. It will create 730 new jobs. In 2017 the first trains will run on the Great Western Railway main line. In 2018 they will run on the East Coast Main Line.


title: Masaryk University

paragraphs: Masaryk University (; ) is a university in Brno, Czech Republic. It was created in 1919. It is named for Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, the first president of Czechoslovakia. He wanted to have a second Czech university (until then, the only Czech university was Charles University in Prague). The Palacký University in Olomouc had been closed. The university has nine faculties and about 35,000 students. Between 1960 and 1990, the university used the name of Jan Evangelista Purkyně, a Czech scientist. Masaryk University is member of the Compostela Group and the Utrecht Network of universities.


title: Nino Manfredi

paragraphs: Saturnino "Nino" Manfredi (; 22 March 1921 – 4 June 2004) was an Italian actor. He was born in Lazio, Italy. He was also a movie and stage director, screenwriter, playwright, comedian, singer, author, radio and television presenter.

paragraphs: During his career he won many awards, including six David di Donatello awards, six Nastro d'Argento awards and the Prix de la première oeuvre (Best First Work Award) at the 1971 Cannes Film Festival for "Between Miracles". He is thought to be the greatest Italian actor of all time.

paragraphs: Manfredi died from complications from a stroke at his home in Rome, Italy, aged 83.


title: Andres Rodríguez

paragraphs: Andres Rodríguez (11 May 1984 – 4 January 2016) was a Venezuelan businessman and an international show jumping competitor. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela.

paragraphs: His achievements included the team silver medal at the 2005 Bolivarian Games, the team bronze medal at the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games, an individual silver medal at the 2015 Pan American Games of Toronto, and was qualified to the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, but died before the event.

paragraphs: Rodríguez was killed in a car crash near Wellington, Florida, aged 31.


title: Marvin Minsky

paragraphs: Marvin Lee Minsky (August 9, 1927 – January 24, 2016) was an American cognitive scientist in the field of artificial intelligence (AI). He was the co-founder of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's AI laboratory, and author of several texts on AI and philosophy. He won the Turing Award in 1969.

paragraphs: Minskey was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Phillips Academy, Harvard University and at Princeton University. Minskey died in Boston, Massachusetts of a cerebral hemorrhage on January 24, 2016 at the age of 88. His body is chronologically frozen in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Charles Bachman

paragraphs: Charles William "Charlie" Bachman III (December 11, 1924 – July 13, 2017) was an American computer scientist. He spent his entire career as an industrial researcher, developer, and manager rather than in academia. He is particularly known for his work in the early development of database management systems. The Bachman diagrams are named after him. He won the Turing Award in 1973.

paragraphs: Bachman died on July 13, 2017 at his home in Lexington, Massachusetts of Parkinson's disease at the age of 92.


title: Turing Award

paragraphs: The ACM A.M. Turing Award is an annual prize given by the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) to "an individual selected for contributions of a technical nature made to the computing community". It is named after Alan Turing and is given each year in New York City. It is the highest award that could be given to a computer scientist. and the "Nobel Prize of computing".

paragraphs: The first Turing Award was given in 1966 to Alan Perlis, a teacher at Carnegie Mellon University. It has been given every year since.

paragraphs: The first recipient, in 1966, was Alan Perlis, of Carnegie Mellon University. Frances E. Allen of IBM, in 2006, was the first female recipient in the award's forty-year history.


title: Niklaus Wirth

paragraphs: Niklaus Emil Wirth (born 15 February 1934) is a Swiss computer scientist. He is best known for designing several programming languages, including Pascal, and for pioneering several classic topics in software engineering. In 1984 he won the Turing Award, generally recognized as the highest distinction in computer science, for developing a sequence of innovative computer languages.


title: Richard M. Karp

paragraphs: Richard Manning Karp (born January 3, 1935) is an American computer scientist and computational theorist at the University of California, Berkeley. He is known for his research in the theory of algorithms, for which he received a Turing Award in 1985, The Benjamin Franklin Medal in Computer and Cognitive Science in 2004, and the Kyoto Prize in 2008.

paragraphs: He work includes solving problems of combinatorial optimization (mostly network flow), asking questions about what an efficient algorithm looks like, and works about algorithmic complexity theory.


title: William Kahan

paragraphs: William Morton Kahan (born June 5, 1933) is a Canadian mathematician and computer scientist. He received the Turing Award in 1989 for ""his fundamental contributions to numerical analysis"." He was named an ACM Fellow in 1994, and added to the National Academy of Engineering in 2005.


title: Fernando J. Corbató

paragraphs: Fernando José "Corby" Corbató (July 1, 1926 – July 12, 2019) was an American computer scientist. He was known as a pioneer in the development of time-sharing operating systems and for creating the password system for computers.

paragraphs: Among many awards, Corbató received the Turing Award in 1990, "for his pioneering work in organizing the concepts and leading the development of the general-purpose, large-scale, time-sharing and resource-sharing computer systems".

paragraphs: In 2012, he was made a Fellow of the Computer History Museum "for his pioneering work on timesharing and the Multics operating system".

paragraphs: Corbató died on July 12, 2019 in Newburyport, Massachusetts from problems caused by diabetes at the age of 93.


title: Juris Hartmanis

paragraphs: Juris Hartmanis (born July 5, 1928) is a Latvian-born American computer scientist and computational theorist. Hartmanis with Richard E. Stearns, received the 1993 ACM Turing Award "in recognition of their seminal paper which established the foundations for the field of computational complexity theory".


title: Fred Brooks

paragraphs: Frederick Phillips Brooks, Jr. (born April 19, 1931) is an American computer architect, software engineer, and computer scientist.

paragraphs: He is best known for managing the development of IBM's System/360 family of computers alongside Gerrit Blaauw and Gene Amdahl and the OS/360 software support package, then later writing candidly about the process in his seminal book "The Mythical Man-Month". Brooks has received many awards, including the National Medal of Technology in 1985 and the Turing Award in 1999.

paragraphs: Brooks was born in Durham, North Carolina. He studied Duke University, graduating in 1953 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics, and he received a Ph.D. in Applied Mathematics (Computer Science) from Harvard University in 1956, supervised by Howard Aiken.


title: Frances E. Allen

paragraphs: Frances Elizabeth "Fran" Allen (August 4, 1932 – August 4, 2020) was an American computer scientist and pioneer in the field of optimizing compilers. Her achievements include seminal work in compilers, code optimization, and parallelization. She also had a role in intelligence work on programming languages and security codes for the National Security Agency.

paragraphs: Allen was the first female IBM Fellow and in 2006 became the first woman to win the Turing Award.

paragraphs: Allen died on her 88th birthday on August 4, 2020 in Schenectady, New York from Alzheimer's disease-related problems.


title: Alexandra Daddario

paragraphs: Alexandra Anna Daddario (born March 16, 1986) is a American actress and occasional model.

paragraphs: She was born in New York City. She was raised on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. Her brother is actor Matthew Daddario. Her paternal grandfather was politician Emilio Q. Daddario. She lives in Los Angeles.

paragraphs: Daddario is perhaps known best for playing the character Annabeth Chase in "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" and Blake in the movie "San Andreas". She has also played Heather Miller in the 2013 movie "Texas Chainsaw 3D" and Summer Quinn in "Baywatch" (2017).


title: Tom Allin

paragraphs: Thomas William "Tom" Allin (27 November 1987 – 4 January 2016) was an English cricketer. He was a right-arm medium-fast pace bowler who also batted right-handed. He played for Warwickshire. He was born in Bideford, Devon.

paragraphs: Allin died on 4 January 2016 in Bideford, aged 28. He jumped to his death off a bridge.


title: Nivaria Tejera

paragraphs: Nivaria Tejera (30 September 1929 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban poet and novelist. She was awarded the Seix Barral Biblioteca Breve prize in 1971 for her novel "Sonámbulo del sol". Her book, "The Ravine" (2007), is based on her early life.

paragraphs: Tejera was born in Cienfuegos, Cienfuegos Province. Her mother was Cuban and her father was Spanish. She grew up in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain. She lived in Paris, France until her death.

paragraphs: Tejera died from pancreatic cancer on 6 January 2016 in Paris, aged 86.


title: Percy Freeman

paragraphs: Ronald Peter "Percy" Freeman (4 July 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an English footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Lincoln City, West Bromwich Albion, Reading, Stourbridge and Boston United. He was born in Newark-on-Trent, Nottinghamshire.

paragraphs: Freeman died after an illness on 5 January 2016, aged 70.


title: Sonderkommando photographs

paragraphs: The "Sonderkommando" photographs are four blurry pictures, taken secretly in August 1944 inside the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II. The photographs were taken by a prisoner in Auschwitz II-Birkenau. This was Auschwitz's extermination camp - a place where people were sent to be killed in gas chambers. These are some of the only known photos that show what happened around the gas chambers.

paragraphs: The photographer was a member of the "Sonderkommando", a group of inmates forced to work in and around the gas chambers. He took two photos from inside one of the gas chambers and two from outside. To keep from being caught, he had to aim the camera from his hip and was not able to focus the camera. The Polish resistance (a movement of Polish people fighting against the Nazis) snuck the camera film out of the camp in a toothpaste tube.

paragraphs: The photographs were numbered 280–283 by the Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum. Numbers 280 and 281 show the cremation of dead bodies in a fire pit. Number 283 just shows trees (since the photographer could not see where he was aiming the camera, he aimed too high for this photo). Number 282 shows a group of naked women just before they went into the gas chamber.

paragraphs: Nobody knows for sure who took the photographs. Many records say he was called "Alex," and was a Jewish inmate from Greece. "Alex" may have been Alberto Errera, an officer from the Greek navy; he was shot and killed after hitting an SS officer. (The SS - "Schutzstaffel" - were the Nazi military organization that ran the concentration camps.)

paragraphs: Other members of the "Sonderkommando" in the camp's crematorium helped get and hide the camera Alex used. They were also look-outs (they watched the SS to find the safest time for Alex to take the pictures.)

paragraphs: One of these men was Alter Fajnzylberg, who had worked the camp's crematoria since July 1943. He once described how the photos were taken:

paragraphs: The film was snuck out of the camp by the Polish resistance. It was hidden inside a tube of toothpaste by Helena Dantón, who worked in the SS canteen (camp store). Attached to the film was a note dated 4 September 1944, asking that the film be developed right away.

paragraphs: The "Sonderkommando" photographs were one in many acts of resistance against the Nazis and the war crimes they committed during the Holocaust.


title: Mustafa al-Maraghi

paragraphs: Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi (1881–1945; ) was an Egyptian modernist reformer and rector of al-Azhar in the 1930s. He was one of the students of Muhammad 'Abduh. He called for social, legal and educational changes and pursued a strong campaign - begun by Muhammad 'Abduh and finished by Mahmoud Shaltout - to include the modern sciences in al-Azhar's curriculum. To that end he organised committees to reform the university's regulations and curriculum and created a supervisory department for research whose responsibilities included publishing and translation.

paragraphs: Mustafa al-Maraghi was the link between the reforms of his mentor Muhammad Abduh and such subsequent leaders of al-Azhar as Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, Abdel-Halim Mahmoud and Mahmoud Shaltout. As a reformer, al-Maraghi believed in Islam's flexibility and ability to adapt to the needs of modernity. He called for the exercise of ijtihad (independent reasoning/interpretation), reinterpretation, and opposed taqlid (imitation or emulation), the blind following of tradition. And he attributed the religious, moral, intellectual, and political decline of Islamic peoples to the adherence to taqlid and the lack of ijtihad. He said that after the first three centuries, ijma' (consensus of the Muslim community or scholars for resolving legal questions) was impossible, because scholars were so scattered in the East and West that usually it was not possible to collect their opinions.


title: Mufti Mohammad Sayeed

paragraphs: Mufti Mohammad Sayeed (12 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP). He served as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir from 2 November 2002 until 2 November 2005 and, again, from 1 March 2015 until his death.

paragraphs: Sayeed was born in Bijbehara, Kashmir and Jammu. He was a Kashmiri Muslim. He was married and had three children.

paragraphs: Sayeed died from multiple organ failure on 7 January 2016 in New Delhi, aged 79.


title: Sergey Shustikov

paragraphs: Sergey Viktorovich Shustikov (; 30 September 1970 – 7 January 2016) was a Russian football player and manager. He played for Torpedo Moscow, Racing de Santander, CSKA Moscow, Osasuna and Moscow. He managed FC Solyaris Moscow from 2014 until his death.

paragraphs: Shustikov was born in Moscow. He is the son of Viktor Shustikov. His son Sergey (born 1989) is a footballer.

paragraphs: Shustikov died on 7 January 2016 at the age of 45.


title: Michael Purcell

paragraphs: Michael Peter "Mick" Purcell (6 September 1945 – 5 January 2016) was an Australian rugby union player. He played as a flanker and lock. He played three games for the Wallabies in 1966. He also played for the Queensland Reds.

paragraphs: Purcell was born in Brisbane, Queensland. He was married and had two children.

paragraphs: Purcell died on 5 January 2016 in Brisbane, aged 70.


title: Agathemera

paragraphs: Agathemera (the chinchemolle) is a phasmid insect from Chile and Argentina. It is famous for its intense odor, which is its main defence.

paragraphs: It is notable for its sexual dimorphism. Females are much bigger than males, at 75mm long and 16mm wide in the thorax.

paragraphs: This phasmid is an evolutionary isolate. It is alone in its suborder, and there are few publications about it.


title: Hyundai Veracruz

paragraphs: Hyundai Veracruz is a mid-size CUV sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It was introduced in South Korea on October 12, 2006. The Veracruz went on sale in March 2007 and is Hyundai's largest crossover (CUV). It replaced the mid-size SUV, the Hyundai Terracan. The Veracruz is built on a Hyundai Santa Fe platform. The revamped 2011 Veracruz was based on the same platform as the Kia Sorento.

paragraphs: The Veracruz offered third row seating and came with all-wheel drive. Hyundai discontinued the Veracruz internationally in 2013 and introduced a long wheelbase version of the Santa Fe.


title: Thameslink and Great Northern

paragraphs: Thameslink and Great Northern is a train company managed by Go-Ahead and Keolis that run the Thameslink line and the Great Northern routes. The routes were previously operated by First Capital Connect.


title: Cubic inch

paragraphs: The cubic inch is a unit of measurement for volume in the Imperial units and United States customary units systems. It is the volume of a cube with each of its three dimensions (length, width, and depth) being one inch long.

paragraphs: The cubic inch and the cubic foot are still used as units of volume in the United States. One popular use is for engine capacity, also called cubic inch displacement. The common SI units of volume, the liter, milliliter, and cubic meter, are also used, especially in manufacturing and high technology. One cubic foot is equal to exactly 1,728 cubic inches because 12 = 1,728. One cubic inch equals 16.39 cubic centimeters.


title: United States Forest Service

paragraphs: The United States Forest Service (USFS) is an agency of the U.S. Department of Agriculture that administers the nation's 154 national forests. They also manage 20 national grasslands, which encompass . Major divisions of the agency include the National Forest System, State and Private Forestry, Business Operations, and the Research and Development branch. Managing approximately 25% of federal lands, it is the only major national land agency that is outside the U.S. Department of Interior.

paragraphs: In 1876, Congress created the office of Special agent in the Department of Agriculture to find out the quality and conditions of forests in the United States. Franklin B. Hough was appointed the head of the office. In 1881, the office was expanded into the newly formed Division of Forestry. The Forest Reserve Act of 1891 authorized withdrawing land from the public domain as "forest reserves," managed by the Department of the Interior. In 1901, the Division of Forestry was renamed the Bureau of Forestry. The Transfer Act of 1905 transferred the management of forest reserves from the General Land Office of the Interior Department to the Bureau of Forestry. It was from that time on known as the United States Forest Service. Gifford Pinchot was the first United States Chief Forester in the Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt.

paragraphs: Significant federal legislation affecting the Forest Service includes the Weeks Act of 1911, the Multiple Use – Sustained Yield Act of 1960, P.L. 86-517; the Wilderness Act, P.L. 88-577; the National Forest Management Act, P.L. 94-588; the National Environmental Policy Act, P.L. 91-190; the Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act, P.L. 95-313; and the Forest and Rangelands Renewable Resources Planning Act, P.L. 95-307.

paragraphs: In February 2009, the Government Accountability Office decided whether the Forest Service should be moved from the Department of Agriculture to the Department of the Interior, which already includes the National Park Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, managing some of public land.


title: Dodge Power Wagon

paragraphs: The Dodge Power Wagon was a four wheel drive light truck that was produced in various model series from 1945 to 1981 by Dodge. It was also produced as a nameplate for the Dodge Ram from 2005 to 2013, and, most recently, as an individual model marketed by Ram Trucks.

paragraphs: The original version was based on Dodge's 3/4 ton WC series of World War II military trucks. The civilian Power Wagon continued the production of four wheel drive trucks from the 1930s. It is a significant predecessor to the many four wheel drive trucks in modern use today.

paragraphs: As a version of the Dodge 3/4 ton WC series World War II military trucks, the Power Wagon was introduced in 1946 as the first civilian 4×4. It was meant to compete with military-based Ford/Marmon-Herrington and GMC trucks. The Power Wagon had an enclosed all-weather cab and an 8-foot cargo bed. It had a 126 inch (3,200 mm) up to a 147" wheelbase chassis. The Power Wagon had a 230 cubic inch flathead inline-six engine. It had a two-speed transfer case. It came with a 4-speed manual transmission with a power take off (PTO) which would send power front or rear for operating auxiliary equipment. It had 9.00/16-8 ply tires on 16×6.50 inch 5-bolt wheels. In 1961 the 230 engine was replaced with the 251 cubic-inch flat head six.

paragraphs: The one-ton rated Power Wagon's gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) was 8,700 pounds. Its maximum payload was 3,000 pounds. It was discontinued in 1968 (against the wishes of the United States Forest Service) due to the expense of new safety and emission requirements. But they were exported until 1978.

paragraphs: In 1967 Dodge released a Power Wagon pickup version better suited for the pickup truck market. It was based on Dodge's pickup truck line. A big-block 383 V8 engines became an option starting in 1967. From 1961 to 1971 the body was called the "Sweptline". It then offered a more modern body image from 1972 through 1980 with varied grilles and paint colors. In 1975 the 4-wheel drive became full-time with a 2-speed transfer case. This was changed back to part-time 4-wheel drive in 1980 due to the energy crisis. A huge boost in sales followed the 1974 release of the extended "Club Cab," popular with families and camper towing. The 4-door Crew Cab was far less common and is quite desirable for collectors. Utility and function was unmatched by few competing models, as the towing, payload, and snow plowing capacity of the Power Wagon equipped with "Dana 60" 8-lug axles was very popular with road maintenance crews.

paragraphs: The Power Wagon was sold through the 1980 model year. A number of engineering and styling improvements were made over the years as the truck grew in size and weight. But the basic truck remained generally constant throughout its life and underwent one last major body change in 1972.

paragraphs: For 2005, Dodge brought back the Power Wagon name on a version of the Dodge Ram 2500. It was a special off-road version of the Ram 2500 with a 5.7L Hemi V8 as the only engine option. The truck interior remain similar to standard production Ram. As of 2010, the Power Wagon was only available as a Crew Cab Short Bed model. As of 2014, the engine was upgraded to a 6.4L Hemi. The 2014 RAM 2500 Power Wagon got coil springs at all four corners. It is available only with the six-speed automatic transmission.


title: Chrysler Hemi engine

paragraphs: The Chrysler Hemi engine, known by the trademark Hemi nickname, is a series of V6 and V8 engines built by Chrysler with a hemispherical combustion chamber. Three different types of Hemi engines have been built by Chrysler for automobiles. The first (known as the Chrysler FirePower engine) from 1951 to 1958. The second type was made from 1964 to 1971. The third beginning in 2003. Although Chrysler is most identified with the use of "Hemi" as marketing term, many other auto and truck manufacturers have used similar designs. In general the Hemi engines are smaller and more powerful than older engine designs. They are also less expensive to build. They can produce a great amount of torque and horsepower for their size.

paragraphs: During the 1970s and 1980s, Chrysler also used the "Hemi" name for their Australian-made Hemi-6 Engine and applied it to the 4-cylinder Mitsubishi 2.6L engine. It was installed in various North American market vehicles.


title: Severnaya Zemlya

paragraphs: Severnaya Zemlya is an group of islands of about 30 islands in the Arctic Ocean. The islands were known as "Emperor Nicholas II Land". Severnaya Zemlya was first noted in 1913 and first charted in 1930–32, making it the last group of islands on Earth to be discovered. Politically, the islands are part of Russia's Krasnoyarsk Krai region, but are uninhabited by humans except for an Arctic base. There is a meteorological station on Golomjanny island. Scientists live there for some months of the year.

paragraphs: Severnaya Zemlya splits the Arctic sea into an western part, called Laptev Sea, and an eastern part, called Kara Sea.

paragraphs: A phenomenon called Arctic sea ice decline can be shown on the islands: In the 20th century, the islands were a portion of Eurasia which was always covered by ice. Even as the ice melted in summer, some of the ice remained, and blocked what is called the Northeast Passage. If it were ice free the Northeast passage would permit to naviagate from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean easily. By the late summer of 2012, the permanent ice had reached a record low extent and open water appeared to the north of the archipelago.


title: Hyundai Elantra

paragraphs: Hyundai Elantra is a compact car sold by Korean automaker Hyundai. It has been sold since 1990. The Elantra is also sold as the Avante in other parts of the world. The car is now in its sixth generation. Beginning in 2012 it was also offered as a coupé model.


title: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros

paragraphs: Alfredo "Chocolate" Armenteros (4 April 1928 – 6 January 2016) was a Cuban trumpeter. He has played with artists such as Arsenio Rodríguez, Generoso Jiménez, Chico O'Farrill, Orchestra Harlow, Eddie Palmieri and Cachao. He was known for making Afro-Cuban jazz, Latin jazz and salsa more popular in the United States where he lived. He was sometimes called "Cuban Louis Armstrong".

paragraphs: Armenteros was born in Santa Clara, Las Villas. He was married eight times, and had nine children, one son and eight daughters.

paragraphs: Armenteros died from prostate cancer on 6 January 2016 in New York City. He was 87.


title: Kitty Kallen

paragraphs: Kitty Kallen (born Katherine Kalinsky; May 25, 1921 – January 7, 2016) was an American popular singer whose career spanned from the 1930s to the 1960s—to include the Swing era of the Big Band years. She was best known for her 1954 solo recording '"Little Things Mean a Lot".

paragraphs: Kallen died on January 7, 2016 at her home in Cuernavaca, Mexico at the age of 94.


title: Florence King

paragraphs: Florence Virginia King (January 5, 1936 – January 6, 2016) was an American novelist, essayist and columnist. She was born in Washington, D.C.. She was known for writing about the American South and worked for the "National Review". She was a conservative columnist.

paragraphs: King died one day after her birthday on January 6, 2016 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 80.


title: Pat Harrington, Jr.

paragraphs: Daniel Patrick "Pat" Harrington, Jr. (August 13, 1929 – January 6, 2016) was an American voice, stage, and television actor. He was best known for his role as building Superintendent Schneider on the CBS sitcom "One Day at a Time". He won an Emmy Award for the role.

paragraphs: Harrington was born in New York City. His father, Pat Harrington, Sr., was also an actor. He was married twice. He had Alzheimer's disease.

paragraphs: Harrington fell in early November 2015. He had a small brain hemorrhage. He died on January 6, 2016 in Los Angeles, California, aged 86.


title: Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov

paragraphs: Lev Nikolayevich Korolyov (also Korolev, ; September 6, 1926 – January 5, 2016) was a Soviet-born Russian computer scientist. He was a corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He was involved in the development of the first Soviet computers.

paragraphs: Korolyov was born in Podolsk, Russia. He studied at Moscow State University. Korolyov died at his home in Moscow, Russia at the age of 89.


title: Marc Alaimo

paragraphs: Marc Alaimo (born Michael Anthony Alaimo; May 5, 1942) is an American actor. He is known for his villainous roles. He is best known for his role as recurring villain Gul Dukat in the TV series "". He guest-starred in a "Family Guy" episode in which he played "The Dean".

paragraphs: Alaimo was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


title: Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley

paragraphs: Henry Stewart or Stuart, Duke of Albany (7 December 1545 – 10 February 1567), styled Lord Darnley before 1565, was king consort of Scotland from 1565 until his murder at Kirk o' Field in 1567. He is usually called Lord Darnley.

paragraphs: Darnley was the second son of Matthew Stewart, 4th Earl of Lennox, and his wife, Lady Margaret Douglas. He was their oldest surviving son. Darnley's maternal grandparents were Archibald Douglas, 6th Earl of Angus, and Margaret Tudor, widow of James IV of Scotland. It is the common belief that Henry Stewart was born on 7 December, but this is disputed. He was a first cousin and the second husband of Mary, Queen of Scots, and was the father of her son James VI of Scotland, who succeeded Elizabeth I of England as James I.

paragraphs: Darnley was found dead outdoors, dressed for bed, after an explosion near his bedroom. Many people thought the Queen had arranged his murder.


title: Klaas Bakker

paragraphs: Klaas Bakker (22 April 1926 – 7 January 2016) was a Dutch footballer. He played as a midfielder and striker. He played for De Volewijckers between 1943 and 1951. He later played for Ajax until 1957. He was born in Amsterdam, North Holland.

paragraphs: Bakker died on 7 January 2016 in Amstelveen, aged 89.


title: Sol Polansky

paragraphs: Sol Polansky (November 7, 1926 – January 6, 2016) was an American diplomat. He served as the Ambassador to Bulgaria from 1987 until 1990. He joined the United States Foreign Service in 1957. While in the Foreign Service, he was stationed in the Soviet Union, Poland, West Germany, East Germany and Austria.

paragraphs: Polansky was born Newark, New Jersey. He studied at the University of California, Berkeley and Columbia University.

paragraphs: Polansky died after a long illness on January 6, 2016, aged 89.


title: Valerio Zanone

paragraphs: Valerio Zanone (22 January 1936 – 7 January 2016) was an Italian politician. He was secretary and president of the Italian Liberal Party. He was also a senator of the Democratic Party. He was mayor of Turin from 30 July 1990 until 31 December 1991. He was born in Turin, Piedmont.

paragraphs: Zanone died on 7 January 2016 in Rome, aged 79.


title: Yves Vincent

paragraphs: Yves Fred Vincent (5 August 1921 – 6 January 2016) was a French movie and television actor. He appeared in "Sins of Rome" (1953), "Babette Goes to War" (1959), "Muriel" (1963), "Le gendarme se marie" (1968) and "Hibernatus" (1969).

paragraphs: Vincent was born in Thônes, Haute-Savoie. He spent much time growing up in Algiers, Algeria. He was married twice and had three children.

paragraphs: Vincent died on 6 January 2016 at the age of 94.


title: Sian Blake

paragraphs: Sian Samantha Blake (13 September 1972 – 14 or 15 December 2015), also known as Syan Blake, was a British actress. She was best known for playing Frankie Pierre on the television show "EastEnders", appearing in 56 episodes between 1996 and 1997. She also appeared "Casualty", "The Bill" and "Skins". She voiced Yugiri in the 2015 video game "".

paragraphs: Blake was born in Walthamstow, London. She had two sons with her partner Arthur Simpson-Kent. She had motor neurone disease.

paragraphs: Blake, aged 43, went missing in December 2015 with her sons. Their dead bodies were found on 5 January 2016 in Erith, London. They all died from head and neck injuries. In February 2016, Simpson-Kent was charged with three counts of murder and was remanded in custody.


title: White-bellied sea eagle

paragraphs: The white-bellied sea eagle ("Haliaeetus leucogaster"), is also known as the white-breasted sea eagle. It is a large daytime bird of prey in the family Accipitridae. It is closely related to Sanford's sea eagle of the Solomon Islands.

paragraphs: It is a distinctive bird, with a white belly, white head, breast, under-wing coverts and tail. The upper parts are grey. The black under-wing flight feathers contrast with the white coverts. The tail is short and wedge-shaped as in all "Haliaeetus" species. Like many raptors, the female is slightly larger than the male, and can be long with a wingspan of up to , and weigh . Immature birds have brown plumage, which is gradually replaced with white by the age of five or six years. Its call is a loud goose-like honking.

paragraphs: The bird lives in India and Sri Lanka through Southeast Asia to Australia on coasts and major waterways. It breeds and hunts near water, and fish form around half of its diet.

paragraphs: Opportunistic, it eats carrion and a wide variety of animals. Although rated of "Least Concern" globally, it has declined in parts of southeast Asia. It is ranked as "Threatened" in Victoria and "Vulnerable" in South Australia and Tasmania. Human disturbance to its habitat is the main threat. The white-bellied sea eagle is revered by indigenous people in many parts of Australia, and is the subject of various folk tales throughout its range.


title: Off-road vehicle

paragraphs: An off-road vehicle is generally any type of vehicle which can be used for driving on and off paved or gravel surface. Off-road vehicles generally have large tires with deep, open treads and a flexible suspension. Off-road vehicles should not be confused with off-highway vehicles. These are not designed to be used on highways and are capable of traveling cross-country over rough land, marsh, swamps, ice or snow.

paragraphs: Off-road vehicles have a large following because of their many uses and versatility. Several types of motorsports involve racing off-road vehicles. The three largest "4-wheel vehicle" off-road types of competitions are mud racing, desert racing, and rockcrawling. The most common use of these vehicles is for sight seeing in areas distant from paved roads. The use of higher clearance and higher traction vehicles allows access on trails and forest roads that have rough and low traction surfaces.

paragraphs: Rockcrawling is an extreme form of off road driving. Drivers use vehicles anywhere from stock to highly modified to overcome obstacles (usually rocks). In rock crawling, drivers drive highly modified four-wheel drive vehicles such as trucks, Jeeps, and "buggies" over very harsh terrain. Driving locations include boulders, mountain foothills, rock piles, mountain trails, etc. Rock crawling is about slow-speed, careful driving. Rock crawlers often drive up, down and across obstacles that would appear impassable. Such vehicles to rock climb are primarily 4x4s.

paragraphs: Rock crawling competitions range from local events to national series. A rock crawling competition consists of obstacle courses that are about 100-200 yards long. Each obstacle is set up with gates, similar to a ski course.

paragraphs: In the United States and elsewhere off-road vehicles should be ridden only on roads, trails and areas open to off-road travel. At the request of the United States Forest Service, Tread Lightly! created the "RIDE ON" program reminding off-roaders to “RIDE ON Designated Routes”. This was to prevent unregulated motor vehicle travel on public lands. Most US states and other Federal government agencies have similar laws and regulations to safeguard the environment. Tread Lightly!s message of traveling only on existing roads or trails is also designed to prevent social conflicts such as having entire areas closed to off-road travel.


title: RAM Rebel truck

paragraphs: The Ram Rebel is a full-size pickup truck made by FCA US LLC (formerly Chrysler Group LLC). The Rebel is a new model for 2015. It has a new grille and tailgate which are different than the regular Ram Trucks. The Ram 1500 Rebel is not just a decal package. It is designed for use both on-road and off-road. The Rebel has features that are standard that would otherwise have to be added by the owner for off-road performance.

paragraphs: The Rebel is available only in the 1500 (half-ton) truck series. It features a blacked-out grille with a large "RAM" letter badge. It stands out as being very different from the RAM truck's iconic "cross-hair" design grilles. Standard equipment includes an off-road powder coated front bumper, skid plates, tow hooks and fog lights. It has projector headlamps with LED marker lights. The aluminum sports hood is distinct to the Rebel.

paragraphs: The Rebel is standard with an air suspension that rides higher than other RAM 1500s. It has new 17-inch aluminum wheels with black accents. It comes with 33-inch (LT285/70R17E) Toyo Open Country A/T all-terrain tires, Bilstein shock absorbers, and has a different steering and stability-control system than a stock RAM. The Rebel is not intended to be a competitor to the Ford Raptor or the RAM Power Wagon although it is often compared to them.

paragraphs: The standard engine in the Rebel is a 3.6-liter Pentastar V-6 engine that makes 310 horsepower, 269 pound-feet of torque. It is capable of getting 25 mpg on the highway. The optional V-8 engine is a 5.7-liter HEMI that produces 395 horsepower and 410 pound-feet of torque. It is rated at 15 mpg in the city, 21 mpg on the highway.


title: Oswald Avery

paragraphs: Oswald Theodore Avery Jr. FRS (October 21, 1877 – February 20, 1955) was a Canadian-born American physician and medical researcher. Most of his career was spent at the Rockefeller University Hospital in New York City.

paragraphs: Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and one of the first people to study immunochemistry.

paragraphs: He is best known for the experiment (published in 1944 with his co-workers Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty) which proved that DNA is the material from which genes are made.

paragraphs: The Nobel laureate Arne Tiselius said that Avery was the most deserving scientist to not receive the Nobel Prize for his work, even though he was nominated for the award several times during the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s.

paragraphs: Oswald Avery was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia. His father was a Baptist minister. In 1887, his father was asked to move to New York City to lead a church. Avery received his A.B. degree in 1900 from Colgate University. He earned an M.D. degree from the Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons in 1904. He practiced medicine in New York City until 1907 when he became a researcher at Hoagland Laboratory in Brooklyn, New York. As an adult, Avery had hyperthyroidism (Graves' disease) and he had thyroid surgery in 1934. He was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1936.

paragraphs: For many years, genetic information was thought to be in cell protein. Continuing the research done by Frederick Griffith in 1927, Avery worked with MacLeod and McCarty on the mystery of inheritance. He got emeritus status from the Rockefeller Institute in 1943, but continued working for five years, though by that time he was in his late sixties.

paragraphs: In this early experiment dead "Streptococcus pneumoniae" of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected together with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci.

paragraphs: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase took Avery's research further in 1952 with the Hershey–Chase experiment. These experiments paved the way for Watson and Crick's discovery of the helical structure of DNA, and thus the birth of modern genetics and molecular biology. Of this event, Avery wrote in a letter to his youngest brother Roy, a bacteriologist at the Vanderbilt School of Medicine: "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone else tries to".

paragraphs: Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally".

paragraphs: The collected papers of Avery are stored in two locations: the Tennessee State Library and Archives, and the Rockefeller Archive. Many of his papers, poems, and hand written lab-notes are available at the National Library of Medicine in the Oswald T. Avery Collection, the first of their "Profiles in Science" series.


title: Princess Ashraf of Iran

paragraphs: Princess Ashraf Pahlavi (Persian: اشرف پهلوی / Aŝraf Pahlawi, 26 October 1919 – 7 January 2016), was the twin sister of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran (Persia) and a member of the Pahlavi Dynasty. She was born in Tehran. She was thought to be the "power behind her brother" and was instrumental in the 1953 coup which led to him taking the throne. She served her brother as a palace adviser and was a strong advocate for women's rights.

paragraphs: Her brother was Gholamreza Pahlavi, who also lived in exile in Paris until his death in 2017. Her half-brother was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran.

paragraphs: Following the Iranian Revolution in 1979, she lived in exile in New York City, Paris and Monte Carlo and remained outspoken on her country's politics.

paragraphs: Pahlavi died in Monte Carlo, Monaco at the age of 96.


title: Judith Kaye

paragraphs: Judith Ann Kaye (née Smith; August 4, 1938 – January 7, 2016) was an American lawyer and jurist. He was the longtime Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals, serving in that position from March 23, 1993 until December 31, 2008. She was the first woman to serve as chief judge, the highest judicial office in the New York state, and the longest-serving chief judge in New York history.

paragraphs: Kaye died on January 7, 2016, at her home in Manhattan, New York from cancer, aged 77.


title: Mahmoud Shaltout

paragraphs: Mahmoud Shaltout or Mahmud Shaltut (1893–1963) () was an Egyptian Islamic jurist and scholar. He was a reformer of al-Azhar, a center of Islamic learning in Cairo. He was the highest religious authority in Egypt during the 1960s. He was received his elementary religious education in Alexandria, Egypt. He then spent many years at al-Azhar University in Cairo. There he rose to become rector of the university. Shaltut was a very active writer on the sharia and on tafsir (explaining texts). Some consider him to be the best example of the intellectual and scholarly project of Imam Muhammad Abduh.

paragraphs: He was born in a farming village in Lower Egypt. Shaltut distinguished himself as a student at the religious institute of Alexandria and later at al-Azhar. He became an instructor of Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) at al-Azhar in 1927. The following year, the reform-minded Muhammad Mustafa al-Maraghi was appointed shaykh al-Azhar (rector). Shaltut was one of his best supporters. When al-Maraghi was forced out of office the following year, Shaltut continued pressing for reforms.

paragraphs: Shaltut himself took many progressive stands. He wanted translating of the Quran. He was in favor of re-establishing relations with Shia Muslims. He suggested sending Azhari students to Europe for graduate studies. He wanted to admit women. He also wanted to add scientific and technical studies to al-Azhar. Yet he survived as a reformer within al-Azhar. This was unlike such former Azhari modernists as Taha Hussein, Ali Abd al-Raziq, and Mustafa Abd al-Raziq, who ended up on the outside. Out of favor with King Faruq, Shaltut helped deliver Azhari support to Nasser against the Muslim Brothers.

paragraphs: In an effort bring together Sunnis and Shiites worldwide, Shaltut issued a fatwa (religious injunction). It recognized (Twelver) Shiite law as a fifth school alongside the four Sunni schools. He recognized the Ja'fari school of law (called Ithna Ashariyya, or the Twelvers, the largest group in Shia Islam) as one of the five mainstream schools of thought in Islam. This was an important achievement in attempting to unite Muslims around the world.

paragraphs: The term "Ja'fari" relates to Imam Ja'far al-Sadiq (d. 765). Ja'fari became increasingly used during the twentieth century in the efforts to add Shi'ism as a fifth school of law (madhhab) along with the four established Sunni schools. This led to an interview (and later a fatwa) given by the Shaikh al-Azhar Mahmud Shaltut in 1959. Shaltut went as far as declaring that Muslims are free to attach themselves to any of the five schools.

paragraphs: The fatwa of Mahmud Shaltut was published (in 1959) under the title "Islam: the religion of unity." It was introduced by two arguments. The historical argument about mutual respect and tolerance between different legal schools of Sunnis as well as the Shi'i school. The other was an argument about the harmful effects of prejudice between Muslim schools of fiqh. It was argued that the spirit of ijtihad had turned into antagonism and they were no longer having discussions. Shaltut feels that all schools of fiqh should be ready to accept from one another. They should accept any idea which follows Islamic principles and that ensures the welfare of family and society. As a first step the Ja'fari school of fiqh was included in the curriculum of al-'Azhar.

paragraphs: Shaltut is of the opinion that disbelief in Islam (kufr) is itself not a cause for killing the disbeliever. The apostate should not be killed, since the punishment for apostasy is hellfire and the apostate has no penalty in this world. Mahmud Shaltut believes this based on relevant Qur'anic evidence and concludes that apostasy carries no worldly penalty because it speaks only of punishment in the afterlife.


title: Troy Shondell

paragraphs: Troy Shondell (born Gary Wayne Schelton; May 14, 1939 – January 7, 2016) was an American singer. His career began in 1957 and he was most famous during the 1960s. He was best known for his 1961 rock and roll single "This Time (We're Really Breaking Up)". The song made the record charts in both the United States and the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Shondell was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana. He was married to Trina Shondell.

paragraphs: Shondell had Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. He died from problems caused by the diseases on January 7, 2016 in Picayune, Mississippi. He was 76.


title: Jenean Hampton

paragraphs: Jenean M. Hampton (born May 12, 1958) is an American politician. She is a graduate of Wayne State University in Detroit, Michigan with a degree in Industrial Engineering. Hampton was a captain in the United States Air Force and a veteran of Operation Desert Storm. After her service in the Air Force she was a manufacturing plant manager for 19 years. She entered politics in 2014 with an unsuccessful run for state representative in Kentucky. Hampton became the Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky in 2015, under Governor Matt Bevin. She is a Republican and a tea party supporter. Hampton is the first African American Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky.


title: Automotive lighting

paragraphs: The lighting system of a motor vehicle consists of lighting and signalling devices mounted on the front, rear, sides, and in some cases on the top of a motor vehicle, and lights the roadway for the driver. The lighting system also makes the vehicle more visible, especially in low light conditions. It gives warning to other drivers and pedestrians of a vehicle's presence and direction of travel. Emergency vehicles usually carry distinctive lighting equipment to alert drivers and pedestrians of their rapid movement during an emergency.

paragraphs: Vehicles have had lights for well over a hundred years. Candles lit Horse-drawn carriages. The first cars, then called "horseless-carriages" were lit by gas lights. By 1908 electric lighting began to be used on motor vehicles. Red tail lights and yellow brake lights were in use by 1915. Sealed beam headlights were used starting in 1936. By 1940 turn signals were used. Before 1939, headlight design was not standardised. Between 1940 and 1956, all vehicles built in the U.S. were required to have 7’’ round headlights (sealed beams). As of 1956 and up, it became possible to install 4 headlights on 1 vehicle (2 lights per 1 side). In 1960 the first halogen lights were used on European cars and the technology came to the US by 1979. Replaceable car light bulbs were in use in the US beginning in 1983.


title: Qui-Gon Jinn

paragraphs: Qui-Gon Jinn is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" saga. He is played by Liam Neeson in the 1999 movie "". Qui-Gon is an important character in the first episode of the prequel trilogy. He is a wise and powerful Jedi Master and the mentor of Obi-Wan Kenobi. Jinn is killed by Darth Maul who pierced his body with lightsaber.


title: Boba Fett

paragraphs: Boba Fett is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" series. In "The Empire Strikes Back" and "Return of the Jedi", he is a bounty hunter hired by Darth Vader. He was also added briefly to the earlier movie "Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope" when the movie was digitally remastered.

paragraphs: In "", it tells his origin as an unaltered clone of the bounty hunter Jango Fett raised as his son. His aura of danger and mystery has created a cult following for the character.


title: BB-8

paragraphs: BB-8 is a robot character in the "Star Wars" franchise, first appearing in the 2015 movie "". It is a sphere-shaped robot with a free-moving domed head. BB-8 is portrayed by both a rod puppet and a remote-controlled robotic unit. It is similar to R2-D2. It's owner is Poe Dameron. It is voiced by Bill Hader.


title: Rey (Star Wars)

paragraphs: Rey Palpatine is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise, played by Daisy Ridley. She is the main protagonist of the "Star Wars" sequel trilogy.

paragraphs: She first appeared as one of the lead characters in "". Rey is a scavenger who was left behind (for protection) on the planet Jakku when she was a child, and soon becomes involved with the Resistance's conflict with the First Order after meeting Finn, a former Stormtrooper, and BB-8, the droid of ace Resistance pilot Poe Dameron.

paragraphs: Although her background was unknown in the first two movies and her last name was not said as a decision by J. J. Abrams, it was revealed in The Rise of Skywalker that she is the granddaughter of Emperor Palpatine. This disproved fan theories,

paragraphs: saying that she is the daughter of Han Solo, Princess Leia or Luke Skywalker or even Obi-Wan Kenobi's granddaughter.


title: Finn (Star Wars)

paragraphs: Finn (originally called FN-2187) is one of the main characters in the 2015 movie "". In the movie, he is a Stormtrooper for the First Order who escapes after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. He is played by English actor John Boyega.

paragraphs: Finn became a member of the resistance after he became friends with resistance pilot Poe Dameron. He becomes romantically attached to Rey.


title: Poe Dameron

paragraphs: Poe Dameron is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. He was introduced in the 2015 movie "". He was played by Oscar Isaac.

paragraphs: Poe is an X-wing fighter pilot for the Resistance who brings renegade stormtrooper Finn and Jakku scavenger Rey into the fight against—and eventually a victory over—the sinister First Order. He is the master of the loving android BB-8.

paragraphs: He is featured in "The Force Awakens" media and merchandising, and will appear in the movie's forthcoming sequel, "". Isaac and the character have received positive reviews, with Poe being compared to the characterization of Han Solo (Harrison Ford) in the original "Star Wars" movie trilogy.


title: Brad Fittler

paragraphs: Bradley Scott Fittler (born 5 February 1972), sometimes nicknamed "Freddy", is an Australian professional rugby league coach and former player. He is the current head coach of the New South Wales State of Origin team. He played mostly as a five-eighth. His career lasted from 1989 to 2004. He played for the Penrith Panthers until 1995 and later for the Sydney Roosters. He also coached the Roosters from 2007 to 2009.

paragraphs: Fittler was born in Auburn, New South Wales. He is of German ancestry. He has three children; two of whom with his partner Marie Liarris.


title: Red Simpson

paragraphs: Red Simpson (March 6, 1934 – January 8, 2016) was an American country singer-songwriter. He was best known for his trucker-themed songs such as the 1971 single "I'm a Truck". The song reached fourth on the U.S. and Canadian country charts. He began his career in 1966.

paragraphs: Simpson was born in Higley, Arizona. He grew up in Bakersfield, California.

paragraphs: In December 2015, Simpson had a heart attack and was taken to hospital. He died from problems caused by the heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Bakersfield. He was 81.


title: Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska

paragraphs: Maria Garbowska-Kierczyńska (3 December 1922 – 2 January 2016) was a Polish actress. She began her career in 1946. She appeared in movies such as "Job, czyli ostatnia szara komórka" (2006) and "Aftermath" (2012). Her television credits included "Plebania" and "Ojciec Mateusz". She was a member of the National Theatre in Warsaw from 1969 to 1979. She was born in Garbów.

paragraphs: Garbowska-Kierczyńska died on 2 January 2016 in Konstancin-Jeziorna, aged 93.


title: Achim Mentzel

paragraphs: Achim Mentzel (15 July 1946 – 4 January 2016) was a German musician, television presenter and actor. He was best known for hosting his show "Achims Hitparade" from 1989 to 2006. He released 23 singles and seven albums between 1978 and 2010. He was a member of the cover band, Fritzens Dampferband (), together with Nina Hagen. He appeared in the films "The Legend of Paul and Paula" (1973) and "Der Wixxer" (2004). He also appeared in the television shows "Das Amt" and "SOKO Leipzig".

paragraphs: Mentzel was born in Berlin. He was married four times and had eight children.

paragraphs: Mentzel died on 4 January 2016 in Cottbus, Brandenburg, aged 69. It is believed the cause was a heart attack or stroke.


title: Distributive property

paragraphs: Distribution is a concept from algebra: It tells how binary operations are to be handled. The most simple case is that of addition and multiplication of numbers.

paragraphs: In the left-hand side of the first equation, the 2 multiplies the sum of 1 and 3; on the right-hand side, it multiplies the 1 and the 3 individually, with the products added afterwards.

paragraphs: Because these give the same final answer (8), it is said that multiplication by 2 "distributes" over addition of 1 and 3.

paragraphs: Since one could have put any real numbers in place of 2, 1, and 3 above, and still have obtained a true equation, we say that multiplication of real numbers "distributes" over addition of real numbers.

paragraphs: Given a set and two binary operators ∗ and + on , we say that the operation:

paragraphs: ∗ is "left-distributive" over + if, given any elements , and of ,

paragraphs: ∗ is "right-distributive" over + if, given any elements , and of ,

paragraphs: ∗ is "distributive" over + if it is left- and right-distributive.

paragraphs: Notice that when ∗ is commutative, the three conditions above are logically equivalent.

paragraphs: The distributive property can also be applied to:


title: Antônio Pompêo

paragraphs: Antônio Pompêo (23 February 1953 – 5 January 2016) was a Brazilian actor. He appeared in the television shows "Balacobaco", "Rebelde", "A Casa das Sete Mulheres", "O Rei do Gado", "Mulheres de Areia" and "Pedra sobre Pedra". He also appeared in the movies "Xica" (1976), "A Samba for Sherlock" (2001) and "Que sera, sera" (2002). He was born in São José do Rio Preto or São José do Rio Pardo, São Paulo.

paragraphs: Pompêo was found dead on 5 January 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 62.


title: Ioannis Petridis

paragraphs: Ioannis Petridis (; 18 August 1931 – 6 January 2016) was a Greek economist and politician. He was a member of the New Democracy party. He served as an MP for Pieria from 1985 to 1989. He was born in Katerini.

paragraphs: Petridis died on 6 January 2016 in Athens, aged 84.


title: Anton Srholec

paragraphs: Anton Srholec (12 June 1929 – 7 January 2016) was a Slovak Roman Catholic priest, Salesian and writer. He was ordained by Pope Paul VI in 1970 but was banned under communism rule in Czechoslovakia and was jailed for ten years. He was best known for his work charity work as head of the Resota Center for homeless people in Bratislava. He was born in Skalica.

paragraphs: Srholec died from lung cancer on 7 January 2016 in Bratislava. He was 86.


title: William Astbury

paragraphs: William Thomas Astbury FRS (Bill Astbury, 25 February 1898, Longton – 4 June 1961, Leeds) was an English physicist and molecular biologist.

paragraphs: Astbury made early X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules. His work on keratin helped Linus Pauling discover the alpha helix. He also studied the structure for DNA in 1937 and made the first step in working out its structure.

paragraphs: In 1937 Torbjörn Caspersson of Sweden sent him well-prepared samples of DNA from calf thymus. The fact that DNA produced a diffraction pattern showed it had a regular structure. Astbury reported that DNA's structure repeated every 2.7 nanometres and that the bases lay flat, stacked, 0.34 nanometres apart. At a symposium in 1938 at Cold Spring Harbor, Astbury pointed out that the 0.34 nanometre spacing was the same as amino acids in polypeptide chains. Actually, the spacing of the bases in the B-form of DNA is 0.332 nm.

paragraphs: In 1946 Astbury presented a paper at a symposium in Cambridge in which he said: "Biosynthesis is supremely a question of fitting molecules or parts of molecules against another... one of the great biological developments of our time is the realisation that probably the most fundamental interaction of all is that between the proteins and the nucleic acids". He also said that the spacing between the nucleotides and the spacing of amino acids in proteins "was not an arithmetical accident".

paragraphs: Astbury was unable to propose the correct structure of DNA from his data. However in 1952 Linus Pauling used Astbury's insufficient data to propose a structure for DNA, which was also incorrect. Nevertheless Astbury's work encouraged Maurice Wilkins, Raymond Gosling and Rosalind Franklin at Kings College, London. Their X-ray crystallography results were used by Francis Crick and James D. Watson to identify the structure of DNA in 1953.


title: Karan Brar

paragraphs: Karan Brar "(born January 18, 1999)" is a teenage American actor. He is known from his role as "Shirag Gupta" in the movie series "Diary of a Wimpy Kid". He is also known for co-starring role as "Ravi Ross" on the Disney Channel Original Series "Jessie" and its spinoff series "Bunk'd".


title: Gary Johnson 2016 presidential campaign

paragraphs: Former Governor Gary Johnson of New Mexico declared his candidacy for the Libertarian Party (LP) nomination for President of the United States on January 6, 2016.

paragraphs: Johnson ran as the Libertarian presidential nominee in the 2012 election. In that race, he finished with the third highest popular vote total, nearly 1.3 million votes, and garnered nearly 1% of the popular vote.

paragraphs: Johnson formally announced his candidacy for the 2016 Libertarian presidential nomination in an interview with Neil Cavuto on the Fox Business Network program "Coast to Coast" on January 6, 2016.

paragraphs: A poll done by Monmouth University to show who people wanted to win the election showed that Johnson was at 11%.


title: Otis Clay

paragraphs: Otis Clay (February 11, 1942 – January 8, 2016) was an American R&B and soul singer, who started in gospel music. He was known for his songs "Tryin' to Live My Life Without You" and "The Only Way Is Up". He was born in Bolivar County, Mississippi, but raised in Muncie, Indiana.

paragraphs: In 2013, Clay was inducted to the Blues Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Clay died of a heart attack on January 8, 2016 in Chicago, Illinois at the age of 73.


title: Maria Teresa de Filippis

paragraphs: Maria Teresa de Filippis (11 November 1926 – 9 January 2016) was an Italian racing driver. She was known as being the first woman to race in Formula One. She was born in Naples. She participated in five World Championship Grands Prix, debuting on 18 May 1958, but scored no championship points.

paragraphs: Though largely unsuccessful in her Formula One racing career, she won races in other series and is remembered as a pioneer in the sport.

paragraphs: De Filippis died in Scanzorosciate, Lombardy, in January 2016 at the age of 89.


title: Ed Stewart

paragraphs: Ed "Stewpot" Stewart (23 April 1941 – 9 January 2016) was a British broadcaster. He was known for his work as a DJ on BBC Radio 1 (particularly the Saturday morning "Junior Choice") and BBC Radio 2 and as a presenter for "Top of the Pops" and "Crackerjack" on BBC Television.

paragraphs: Stewart died in Bournemouth, Dorset from a stroke at the age of 74.


title: Theodor Morell

paragraphs: Theodor Gilbert Morell (22 July 1886 – 26 May 1948) was Adolf Hitler's personal doctor. For years, Morell treated Hitler with many different drugs. He helped Hitler with almost everything Hitler did. Morell escaped from Hitler's bunker just a few hours before Hitler killed himself there.

paragraphs: Morell was born in a small village called Trais-Münzenberg, in Upper Hesse, Germany. His family was half Jewish. Morell studied medicine in France. Then he trained in obstetrics and gynecology in Munich, Germany. He became a doctor on 23 May 1913.

paragraphs: Morell worked as a ship's doctor for a year. Then, in 1914, when Germany was fighting World War I, he volunteered to be a doctor for the German army. He worked as a doctor in a German army battalion until 1917. By 1918, Morell had opened his own doctor's office in Berlin. He became popular for treating his patients' illnesses in unusual ways. Both the Shah of Persia and the King of Romania asked Morell to be their personal doctors, but Morell refused.

paragraphs: In 1920, Morell married Hannelore Moller, a rich actress.

paragraphs: Morell joined the Nazi Party when Hitler became the Chancellor (leader) of Germany in 1933. In 1935, Morell treated Hitler's personal photographer, Heinrich Hoffmann. Hoffmann told Hitler that Morell had saved his life. In 1936, Hitler met Morell for the first time. Hitler was having very bad stomach pain, and also had a rash on his leg. Morell was able to cure both problems with medicines. After this, Hitler asked Morell to be his personal doctor. Soon, Hitler decided Morell was a medical genius. Morell became one of Hitler's closest friends. Morell began to treat Hitler with a drug he called "Vitamultin" when Hitler felt tired in the morning. Right after he got a shot of Vitamultin, Hitler would feel awake and have a lot of energy. Ernst-Günther Schenck, a doctor in the SS, had some Vitamultin tested. It had methamphetamine in it.

paragraphs: In 1938, Hitler demanded control of part of Czechoslovakia. While Hitler was meeting with the Czechoslovak president, Emil Hacha, Hitler began yelling at Hacha. Hacha became so scared of Hitler that he fainted. Morell injected stimulant drugs into Hacha to wake him up. Morell said these drugs were only vitamins, but they may have included methamphetamine. Soon after Morell gave him the drugs, Hacha agreed to do what Hitler wanted.

paragraphs: Morell began treating Hitler with more and more drugs. Most were medicines sold in stores, but some were Morell's own mixes. Many of the things Morell gave Hitler are toxic (poisonous). Because of this, some historians think Morell accidentally made Hitler's bad health even worse.

paragraphs: Morell kept a medical diary of the drugs, vitamins and other chemicals he gave Hitler. The diary lists 74 different drugs, in 28 different mixtures. These drugs include psychoactive drugs like heroin, and things sold as poisons. Some of the other drugs Morell gave Hitler were:

paragraphs: Many of Hitler's other close friends did not like Morell. For example, Herman Göring, the Vice-Chancellor of Germany, called Morell "Der Reichsspritzenmeister" ("Injection Master of the German Reich") and "The Master of the Imperial Needle." Both nicknames meant the same thing: that Morell used injections (shots of medicine) to fix every problem.

paragraphs: Morell often argued with Dr. Karl Brandt, who had been Hitler's personal doctor since 1933. Eva Braun, Hitler's girlfriend, called Morell's office a "pig sty" and refused to see him.

paragraphs: On 20 April 1945, during the Battle of Berlin, Hitler was hiding in his bunker in Berlin with Morell and some of his other personal workers. Hitler told Morell and some other workers to fly from Berlin to the Obersalzberg (Hitler's home in the mountains). Morell flew out of Berlin on 23 April.

paragraphs: Morell was soon caught by the Americans. He was interrogated on 18 May 1945. He was kept in jail in an American prison camp, in the same place that the Nazi concentration camp called Buchenwald used to be. However, he was never charged with a crime.

paragraphs: Morell died on 26 May 1948, in a hospital in Bavaria, Germany. He was very obese and had many health problems when he died.


title: Triple Nine Society

paragraphs: The Triple Nine Society (or just TNS) is a large and famous group for people with a high intelligence quotient. The non-profit organization only has members with high IQs. They must score at the 99.9th percentile or higher on a standard intelligence test. In many cases, people need an IQ of 146 or higher to join. There are now over 1,600 members in 50 countries.

paragraphs: TNS publishes a journal named "Vidya." Members write articles and poetry. Vidya also has other official business of the society. TNS members communicate with one another online through email lists, a Facebook group two Yahoo! Groups, a LinkedIn group and a scheduled weekly IRC chat. European members have established a group in XING and a French language Members-only Yahoo! Group. TNS has meetings in the US every Fall ("ggg999") and meetings in Europe every Spring ("egg999").

paragraphs: The Triple Nine Society started in 1978. It has democratic principles. TNS wants members to freely speak about their views in keeping with the Society's commitment to friendship and intellectual growth.


title: Lyudvig Chibirov

paragraphs: Lyudvig Alekseyevich Chibirov ("Cybyrty Aleksejy fyrt Ljudvig", , ; born November 19, 1932) is a Ossetian politician. He was born in Tskhinvali. He was the first elected-President of South Ossetia serving from 1993 through 2001.


title: Merab Chigoev

paragraphs: Merab Ilyich Chigoev (; 15 February 1950 – 9 January 2016) was a South Ossetian politician. He was the former Prime Minister serving from August 1998 until June 2001. He was also Minister of Justice in Yury Morozov's cabinet. He was born in Leningor district, South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast, Georgian SSR, Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Chigoev was killed in a car crash in Tskhinvali, South Ossetia on 9 January 2016 at the age of 65.


title: Bob Oatley

paragraphs: Robert Ian "Bob" Oatley (11 June 1928 – 10 January 2016) was an Australian businessman, winemaker and yachtsman. He was perhaps best known for owning the Sydney to Hobart-winning yacht "Wild Oats XI". He bought Hamilton Island, Queensland in 2003 for $200 million. He was also responsible for the Rosemount winery, which he founded in 1969.

paragraphs: Oatley was born in Mosman, Sydney, New South Wales. He was married with three children. His granddaughter is equestrian Lyndal Oatley.

paragraphs: Oatley died after an illness on 10 January 2016 in Sydney, aged 87.


title: Angus Scrimm

paragraphs: Lawrence Rory Guy (August 19, 1926 – January 9, 2016), better known as Angus Scrimm, was an American actor and writer. He best known for playing the Tall Man in the horror movie "Phantasm" (1979) and its sequels, "Phantasm II" (1988), "" (1994), "" (1998), and his final movie "" (2016). He also appeared in the television series "Alias". He wrote liner notes for musician such as Frank Sinatra to The Beatles. He won a Grammy Award for his liner notes.

paragraphs: Scrimm was born in Kansas City, Kansas. He studied at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Scrimm died on January 9, 2016 in Los Angeles, aged 89.


title: Jim Ross (ice hockey)

paragraphs: James "Jim" Ross (May 20, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was a Scottish-Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a defenceman from 1944 until 1955. He played 62 games in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Rangers.

paragraphs: Ross was born in Edinburgh. He later moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada. His wife, Margaret, died in 2008. They had four children.

paragraphs: Ross died on January 1, 2016 in Woodstock, Ontario, aged 89.


title: José María Rivas

paragraphs: José María Rivas (12 May 1958 – 9 January 2016) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for Independiente, Atlético Marte, San Pedro, Huracán and Cojutepeque. He played for his national team 22 times. He was born in San Salvador.

paragraphs: Rivas died from leukemia on 9 January 2016, aged 57.


title: École de l'Air

paragraphs: The École de l'Air is a military school and grande école training line officers in the French Air Force. It is located at Salon-de-Provence Air Base in Salon-de-Provence, France.

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees:

paragraphs: It trains fighter pilots, military engineers and technicians.


title: Peter Powell (kite)

paragraphs: Peter Trevor Powell (c. 1932 – 3 January 2016) was an English kite maker. He developed a steerable kite in 1972, using dual lines. Powell's kites had spars made of Gonystylus which were later replaced with aluminium tubing and, later still, by glass fibre spars.

paragraphs: Powell's kites came with a long, hollow polyethylene tail that was inflated by the wind. The tail added stability as well as looking good when performing stunts. He was born in Gloucester, Gloucestershire.

paragraphs: Powell died from a stroke in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire at the age of 83.


title: Royal Parker

paragraphs: Royal Pollokoff (April 8, 1929 – January 8, 2016), better known by the stage name Royal Parker, was an American television personality. He began his career in the 1940s and would last until his retirement during the 1990s. He appeared in many roles on television, becoming a staple on television screens.

paragraphs: Parker was born in Baltimore, Maryland He studied at Baltimore City College. Parker began his career in radio. During his career he announced Dwight D. Eisenhower's victory in the U.S. presidential election, 1952, the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Richard Nixon's resignation, the Iran hostage crisis and the near assassination of Ronald Reagan.

paragraphs: After leaving broadcasting, he ran for a seat in the Maryland House of Delegates in 1994, but lost in the primary election.

paragraphs: Parker died of congestive heart failure in Pikesville, Maryland at the age of 86.


title: Dermot Mulroney

paragraphs: Dermot Mulroney (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, musician and director. He has been acting since the 1980s. He was born in Alexandria, Virginia.

paragraphs: He is known for his roles in the movies "Young Guns", "Where the Day Takes You", "My Best Friend's Wedding", "The Last Outlaw", "About Schmidt", and "". Mulroney played the main villain of NBC's "Crisis", Francis Gibson.


title: Sam Rockwell

paragraphs: Sam Rockwell (born November 5, 1968) is an American actor. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 2018.

paragraphs: He is known for his leading roles in "Lawn Dogs" (1997), "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind" (2002), "Matchstick Men" (2003), "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" (2005), "Choke" (2008), "Moon" (2009) and "Seven Psychopaths" (2012), as well as for his supporting roles in "The Green Mile" (1999), "Galaxy Quest" (1999), "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford" (2007), "Frost/Nixon" (2008), "Conviction" (2010), "Iron Man 2" (2010), "Cowboys & Aliens" (2011), "The Way, Way Back" (2013) and "Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri" (2017).

paragraphs: Rockwell was born in San Mateo, California.