title: Quad City Flames

paragraphs: The Quad City Flames were a professional ice hockey team that played in the American Hockey League from 2007 to 2009. They played in Moline, Illinois at the i wireless Center. They were the farm team of the Calgary Flames. They moved to the Quad Cities on May 24, 2007 from Omaha, Nebraska where they were known as the Omaha Ak-Sar-Ben Knights. They moved operation to Abbotsford, British Columbia where they became the Abbotsford Heat.


title: Blouson

paragraphs: A blouson is a coat that is drawn tight at the waist, causing it to hang over the waist. Some of them have a hood. Its modern form is taken from the American flight jacket and police blouson. It is similar to the American Eisenhower jacket. It is now thought of as both sportswear and casual clothing.

paragraphs: In the 1970s it was a skinhead and popular pink jacket style. In 1993, blousons was worn as the clothing of choice at the APEC meeting held in Seattle, Washington in the United States. In the early 2000s, the jacket was popular casual wear in hip hop fashion.

paragraphs: The blouson jacket is worn by several police forces due to its sturdy design and heavy insulation. The United States' NYPD, Austria, New Zealand, Germany and the United Kingdom all use them.


title: Dress boot

paragraphs: Dress boots are short leather boots worn by men. They are built like dress shoes, but with uppers covering the ankle. Dress boots are used instead of shoes in bad weather or rough outdoor situation, and as a traditional option for day time formalwear.


title: Lifford

paragraphs: Lifford (Irish: Leifear) is the county town of County Donegal, part of the Province of Ulster in Ireland. It is the administrative capital of the County and the seat of Donegal County Council. Lifford is in the Finn Valley area of East Donegal where the River Finn meets the River Mourne to create the River Foyle.

paragraphs: The town grew up around a castle established there by Manus O'Donnell in the 16th century, and later became a British Army garrison town until most of Ireland won independence as a dominion in 1922. It is opposite Strabane in Northern Ireland on the other bank of the Foyle and is connected to that town by Lifford Bridge.


title: Strabane

paragraphs: Strabane (Irish: An Srath Ban) is a town in the west of County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. The town lies just east of the border between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland with the town of Lifford, County Donegal, across the River Foyle to the west. Strabane is the second-largest town in the county. It stands roughly half-way between Omagh and Derry and roughly half-way between Omagh and Letterkenny and has a population of 17,000 people. Lifford Bridge connects Strabane with Lifford. The River Mourne flows through the centre of the town, and meets the River Finn to form the River Foyle.


title: Bobigny

paragraphs: Bobigny is a commune. It is in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in France.


title: Évry, Essonne

paragraphs: Évry is a former commune. It is found in the Essonne department in France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Évry-Courcouronnes.

paragraphs: The university "École nationale supérieure d'informatique pour l'industrie et l'entreprise" and le business school Institut Mines-Télécom Business School are located in the city.


title: Communes of the Val-de-Marne department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 47 communes of the Val-de-Marne "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Seine-Saint-Denis department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 40 communes in the Seine-Saint-Denis department in France.


title: Communes of the Hauts-de-Seine department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 36 communes of the Hauts-de-Seine "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Essonne department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 196 communes of the Essonne "département", in France.


title: Pulp (fruit)

paragraphs: The pulp of a citrus fruit are the stringy content of the fruit’s endocarp. The pulp contains the juice of the fruit. The pulp is usually removed from fruit juice by filtering it out.

paragraphs: The color of the pulp can change, depending on the species and the ripening stage. Usually, it has the color of the fruit's peel.

paragraphs: The juiciness of the pulp depends on the species, variety, season, and even the tree on which it grew.


title: Rhytidectomy

paragraphs: A rhytidectomy (commonly called a facelift) is a type of cosmetic surgery procedure used to make a person's face look younger. Rhytidectomy usually involves the removal of excess facial skin, which cause wrinkles, and the redraping of the skin on the patient's face and neck. The tightening of underlying tissues of the face is optional. Nearly 112,955 face lift procedures were performed in the United States in the year 2010 alone according to the American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.


title: Kurt Russell

paragraphs: Kurt Vogel Russell (born March 17, 1951) is an American actor. He currently makes a relationship with Goldie Hawn.


title: Albert Ammons

paragraphs: Albert Ammons (*September 23, 1907 in Chicago, Illinois – †December 2, 1949 in Chicago) was an important American blues and boogie-woogie pianist.

paragraphs: Ammons was the son of a couple which both played piano. So he started at the age of ten with piano lessons. After the First World War, he became interested in blues. He was influenced by Hersal Thomas and Jimmy Yancey. At the beginning of the 1920s, he worked as taxi driver where he met another pianist, Meade Lux Lewis. They formed a team and played at clubs and parties.

paragraphs: In 1934, he formed his own band, Albert Ammons's Rhythm Kings. Their version of Swanee River Boogie sold over a million copies. Later he went to New York where he teamed with another pianist, Pete Johnson. They often played at the Café Society. Sometimes they were joined by Meade Lux Lewis. But they also played there with famous jazz musicians like Benny Goodman or Harry James.

paragraphs: On December 23, 1938, Ammons, Lewis and Johnson played at the "From Spirituals to Swing" concert. This concert was the start of the public interest in boogie-woogie. One visitor was record producer Alfred Lion who started two weeks later Blue Note Records with recordings of Ammons and Johnson, nine Ammons solos including "The Blues" and "Boogie Woogie Stomp", eight by Lewis and a pair of duets.

paragraphs: After the interest in boogie-woogie faded, Albert Ammons still had a lot of work. He went on tours as solo artist. Ammons played at President Harry S. Truman's inauguration in 1949. He died on December 2, 1949 in Chicago.

paragraphs: A lot of pianists like Dave Alexander, Dr. John, Hadda Brooks, Johnnie Johnson, Ray Bryant, Erroll Garner, Katie Webster, Axel Zwingenberger and Jörg Hegemann named Ammons as a main influence. Jörg Hegemann recorded a tribute album, "A Tribute To Albert Ammons", celebrating his 100th birthday in 2007.


title: Cattistock

paragraphs: Cattistock is a village in west Dorset, England, in the upper reaches of the Frome Valley eight miles north west of Dorchester. The village has a population of 440 (2002).

paragraphs: The church was rebuilt in the 19th century, by architects Sir George Gilbert Scott and his son George Gilbert Scott Junior. The Perpendicular-styled tower was the work of the latter, and has led to the church being called the 'Cathedral of the Frome Valley'.


title: Omagh

paragraphs: Omagh ( or ; – ) is the county town of County Tyrone in Northern Ireland, situated where the rivers Drumragh and Camowen meet to form the Strule. The town, which is the largest in the county, had a population of 19,910 at the 2001 Census. Omagh also contains the headquarters of Omagh District Council and the Western Education and Library Board. The town is twinned with East Kilbride (Scotland) and L'Haÿ-les-Roses (France).

paragraphs: In 1768, Omagh replaced Dungannon as the county town of County Tyrone. Omagh acquired railway links to Derry in 1852, Enniskillen in 1853 and Belfast in 1861. The military barracks were built in 1881. The Ulster Transport Authority closed the Omagh-Enniskillen railway line in 1957 and the Portadown-Derry main line in 1965, leaving the town with no rail service. The town's large military barracks, St Lucia Barracks, closed on 1 August 2007.


title: Common buzzard

paragraphs: The common buzzard ("Buteo buteo") is a bird of prey, very widespread in the Old World. It lives in most of Europe and into Asia. It is between 51 and 57 cm in length. The wings are between 110–150 cm (48–60 inch) when spread out. They may be coloured from almost pure white to black. Usually, they are brown.

paragraphs: It breeds in woodlands. It hunts over open land. It eats mainly small prey, such as insects, rodents, small birds and eggs. It may also take prey heavier than itself, like adult grouse, and rabbits. It can be seen walking over recently ploughed fields looking for worms and insects.

paragraphs: Buzzards do not normally form flocks, but several may be seen together on migration or in a good habitat. Pairs mate for life.

paragraphs: Some 16 subspecies have been described and up to 11 may be valid. Some authors accept as few as seven.


title: Lanhydrock

paragraphs: Lanhydrock is a parish centred on a country estate and mansion in Cornwall, United Kingdom. The parish lies south of the town of Bodmin and is bounded to the north by Bodmin parish, to the south by Lanlivery parish and to the west by Lanivet parish. The population was 171 in the 2001 census.

paragraphs: The parish is in the Diocese of Truro. The parish church is dedicated to St Hydrock and stands in the grounds of Lanhydrock House. Parts date back to the late 15th century and the church has a chancel, nave, north and south aisles and three-stage battlemented tower with one bell.

paragraphs: The great house stands in extensive grounds above the River Fowey and is has been owned and managed by the National Trust since 1953. Much of the present house dates back to Victorian times but some sections date from the 1620s. It is a Grade I listed building and is set in gardens with formal areas. The hill behind the house is planted with a fine selection of shrubs and trees.

paragraphs: In 1620 the rich merchant Sir Richard Robartes acquired the estate and began building Lanhydrock House, designed to a four-sided layout around a central courtyard. Robartes died in 1624 but work on the building was continued by his son John Robartes, 1st Earl of Radnor. During the 18th century the east wing of the house was demolished leaving the U-shaped plan seen today. In 1881 a major fire destroyed the south wing and caused much damage to the central section. Of the main house only the north wing, with its 29 metre Long Gallery, and the front porch building survived intact, though the original gatehouse also dates back to the mid 17th century.


title: Common kestrel

paragraphs: The common kestrel ("Falco tinnunculus") is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It is also known as the 'European kestrel', 'Eurasian kestrel', or 'Old World kestrel'. The bird lives all over Europe, Asia, and Africa.

paragraphs: In Britain, where no other brown falcon occurs, it is generally just called 'the kestrel'.

paragraphs: Kestrels are 32–39 cm (13–15 in) from head to tail. Their wings are 65–82 cm (26–32 in) when spread out. Females are larger. They are small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds. Like the other "Falco" species, they have long wings and a long tail.

paragraphs: Their feathers are mainly light brown with black spots on the top and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside.

paragraphs: When hunting, kestrels hover about 10–20 m (c.30–70 ft) above the ground. They can see the slightest movement. They can see small prey from a distance. Once they see the prey, the bird makes a short, steep dive. Kestrels eat almost any mouse-sized mammals like voles. They also eat shrews and true mice. Small birds are also eaten, mostly in the summer when young birds are born. The bird also eats spiders and beetles when it finds them.


title: Phoenix Cricket Club

paragraphs: Phoenix Cricket Club is a Dublin-based cricket club. It has five men's teams, one women's team several youth teams and a Tavern team in 2011.

paragraphs: Phoenix Cricket Club was founded in 1830, by John Parnell, the father of Charles Stewart Parnell. It is the oldest cricket club in Ireland.

paragraphs: The club has been based in Dublin's Phoenix Park for nearly its entire history, apart from 1835–1853. During those years, Phoenix played their home games in fields near what is now the Grand Canal.

paragraphs: The Phoenix grounds have a pavilion, a square, full nets facilities, a bar, dressing room areas and car parking.


title: Citizens Bank Park

paragraphs: Citizens Bank Park is a Major League Baseball sporting venue in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the home of the Major League Baseball team called the Philadelphia Phillies. It opened on May 3rd, 2004 and the first game played there was on April 12th, when the Phillies lost to the Cincinnati Reds. It seats 43,647 people and replaced the now demolished Veterans Stadium. It is part of the South Philadelphia Sports Complex.


title: Janko keyboard

paragraphs: The Jankó keyboard is a musical keyboard layout for a piano designed by Paul von Jankó in 1882.

paragraphs: It is a 6-plus-6-keyboard with six rows. So there is the same fingering in all scales and the thumb has its own rows for a better moving on the keyboard.

paragraphs: For an 88 note (full size) keyboard, there would be 264 keys in total, with each note playable by 3 keys in vertical alignment. In the picture, the white keys have been coloured to show how the keys are interconnected.

paragraphs: Now the Jankó keyboard is used for an electronic keyboard, the Chromatone 312.


title: Paul von Jankó

paragraphs: Paul von Jankó (June 2, 1856 – March 17, 1919) was a Hungarian pianist and engineer.

paragraphs: He first studied mathematics and music in Vienna, where he was a pupil of H. Schmitt, J. Krenn and Anton Bruckner. He then moved to Berlin where he during the years 1881 and 1882 studied mathematics at the city's University, and piano with H. Erlich. In 1882 Jankó invented the Janko keyboard, a 6-plus-6-keyboard with 6 rows of keys.


title: Egypt at the Olympics

paragraphs: Egypt was first at the Olympic Games in 1912.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Egypt is EGY.

paragraphs: Egypt has sent athletes to most of the Summer Olympic Games since then. Egypt did was not at the 1976 Summer Olympics because of the African boycott. Egypt was at the Winter Olympic Games with a single alpine skier in 1984.

paragraphs: Egyptian athletes have won a total of 24 medals.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Egypt was formed in 1910.


title: Equatorial Guinea at the Olympics

paragraphs: Equatorial Guinea was first at the Olympic Games in 1984. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2011, no athlete from Equatorial Guinea has ever won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Equatorial Guinea was formed in 1980 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1984.


title: Eritrea at the Olympics

paragraphs: Eritrea (ERI) was first at the 2000 Summer Olympic Games in Sydney, Australia. Four years later, four athletes from Eritrea were sent to the 2004 Games in Athens. Zersenay Tadese won the country's first ever medal in the men's 10000 meters.

paragraphs: As of 2010, Eritrea has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Eritrea was formed in 1996. They were recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1999.


title: Ethiopia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Ethiopia was first at the Olympic Games in 1956.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Ethiopia is ETH.

paragraphs: There have been competitors from Ethiopia in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the 1976, 1984 and 1988 Games. Ethiopia was also in the Winter Olympic Games for the first time at the 2006 Games in Turin.

paragraphs: Ethiopian athletes have won a total of 45 medals, all in athletics.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Ethiopia is the Ethiopian Olympic Committee. It was formed in 1948.


title: Gabon at the Olympics

paragraphs: Gabon has been in nine Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.


title: Gambia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Gambia (GAM) has been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1984. The country has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from The Gambia have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Gambia was formed in 1972. The International Olympic Committee recognized them in 1976.


title: Ghana at the Olympics

paragraphs: The first time that Ghana was at the Olympic Games was in 1952.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Ghana is GHA.

paragraphs: Ghana was known by the colonial name of Gold Coast. The nation has been in most Summer Olympic Games since then, missing the 1956 Summer Olympics, boycotting the 1976 Games and the 1980 Summer Olympics. Ghana was at the 2010 Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Ghana was formed in 1952 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.


title: Guinea at the Olympics

paragraphs: Guinea has been to every Summer Olympic Games since 1968 except for 1972 and 1976. The country has never won an Olympic medal. Guinea has never been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee was formed in 1964 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1965.


title: Guinea-Bissau at the Olympics

paragraphs: Guinea-Bissau has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1996, although the country has never won a medal. No athletes from Guinea-Bissau have competed in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Guinea-Bissau was formed in 1992. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1995.


title: Kenya at the Olympics

paragraphs: Kenya at the Olympics is a history which began in 1956.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Kenya is KEN.

paragraphs: Teams from Kenya have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the boycotted 1976 and 1980 Games. Kenya participated in the Winter Olympic Games in 1998, 2002 and 2006. Kenyan athletes have won a total of 75 medals, all in athletics and boxing.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Kenya is the "National Olympic Committee Kenya", and was founded in 1955.


title: Lesotho at the Olympics

paragraphs: Lesotho was first at the Olympic Games in 1972. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, but they boycotted the 1976 Summer Olympics. Lesotho has not been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2011, no athlete from Lesotho has won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Lesotho was formed in 1971. They were recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.


title: Liberia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Liberia at the Olympics is a history which began in 1956.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liberia is LBR.

paragraphs: Teams from Liberia has been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1956, except for 1968, 1976 and 1992. The country has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Liberia have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Liberia was formed in 1954. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1955.


title: Libya at the Olympics

paragraphs: Libya at the Olympics is a history which began in 1956.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Libya ("Libya Jamahiriya") was LYA. It is now LBA.

paragraphs: A teams from Libya was first at the Olympic Games in 1964. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation boycotted the 1976 Games along with most other African nations, and also boycotted the 1984 Games. Libya has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2011, no Libyan athlete has ever won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Libya was created in 1962 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1963.


title: Madagascar at the Olympics

paragraphs: Madagascar at the Olympics is a history which starts in the 1960s.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Madagascar was MAG. It is now MAD.

paragraphs: Madagascar was first at the Olympic Games in 1964. They have been to every game since except for 1976 and 1988. They have never won a medal. 2006 was the first time at the Winter Olympics.


title: Malawi at the Olympics

paragraphs: Malawi has been in eight Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympics. Malawi boycotted the 1976 and 1980 Summer Olympics.


title: Mali at the Olympics

paragraphs: Mali at the Olympics is a history which started in the 1960s. Since 1962, Mali has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Mali is MLI.

paragraphs: Mali has taken part in the Summer Olympic Games held in 1964, 1972, and every Olympics since 1980. The country has never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Mali have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Mali was formed in 1962 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1963.


title: Mauritania at the Olympics

paragraphs: Mauritania (MTN) has been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1984. They have never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Mauritania have been in any Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee was formed in 1962 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1979.


title: Peer group

paragraphs: A peer group is a group of people who are equal in some way. Those in a peer group have the same status and are about the same age. They often interact with the group as a whole. Members of a peer group often have similar interests and backgrounds.

paragraphs: Developmental psychologists, Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, and Harry Stack Sullivan, argued that peer relationships are important in a person's development, and teach about equality, reciprocity, cooperation, and intimacy. Modern research also shows that social and emotional gains are indeed provided by peer interaction.

paragraphs: Judith Rich Harris, in "The Nurture Assumption," argues that an individual's peer group significantly influences their intellectual and personal development. Several long-term studies also claim that peer groups improve school work.


title: Georg Holtzendorff

paragraphs: Georg Holtzendorff was a 19th-century German landscape painter from Saxony. He moved to England because of the Franco-Prussian War.

paragraphs: Holtzendorff worked for the Royal Crown Derby Porcelain Company. He sketched the landscape of Derbyshire and these were used as designs for porcelain.

paragraphs: His main work was the decoration of the "Gladstone Dessert Service", presented by the Liberal Working Men of Derby to Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone in 1883. Watercolour by Holtzendorff, with a view of Becket Street, Derby, with the Derby Museum and Art Gallery in the background, is the only remaining study on paper linked to the "Gladstone service".


title: Mauritius at the Olympics

paragraphs: Mauritius was first at the Olympic Games in 1984. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Mauritius also supported the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Mauritius was formed in 1971 by Ram Ruhee, who remained its Secretary General until 2008. It was officially recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.


title: Morocco at the Olympics

paragraphs: Morocco at the Olympics is a history which began in 1959.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Morocco is MRC.

paragraphs: A team from Morocco was first at the Olympic Games in 1960. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Morocco also boycotted the 1976 Games, withdrawing after having initially sent a delegation. Only one Moroccon representative had time to compete before his country's withdrawal: Abderahim Najim took part in the Men's Light Flyweight event in boxing, and lost his first and only match.

paragraphs: Morocco has been in the Winter Olympic Games four times since 1968, but not since 1992.

paragraphs: Moroccan athletes have won a total of twenty two medals, nineteen in athletics and three in boxing.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Morocco was formed in 1959.


title: Mozambique at the Olympics

paragraphs: Mozambique has been in 7 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee was formed in 1979 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.


title: Pickford's House Museum

paragraphs: Pickford's House Museum of Georgian Life and Costume, No 41 Friar Gate Derby, is a nice Georgian house built by the great architect Joseph Pickford in 1770 for his own family. Pickford had a number of notable customers. One of them was a painter Joseph Wright, whose works can be found in local Derby Museum. The Pickford's museum that was set up in 1988 shows the housing of a late Georgian professional person. The ground floor is furnished as it might have been in Pickford's time together with displays of eighteenth and nineteenth century costume. It is owned and run by the Derby City Council.

paragraphs: "Pickford's House" was intended to showcase his work, with the intention of securing new contacts. It was also his residence. At the rear of the property Pickford had his builder's yard, access being by a driveway to the right of the property.

paragraphs: Article contains a text transported from on the English Wikipedia.


title: Namibia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Namibia at the Olympics is a history of which includes six games in six countries and 34 athletes. Since 1991, sportsmen of Namibia have taken part the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Namibia is NAM.

paragraphs: The Namibian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1990 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.

paragraphs: Teams from Namibia have competed in every Summer Olympic Games since the 1990s.

paragraphs: Namibia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.


title: Niger at the Olympics

paragraphs: Niger at the Olympics is a history which began in 1964.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Niger was NGR. It is now NIG.

paragraphs: Teams from Niger have been to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964 except for 1976 and 1980. No athletes from Niger have been in any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Nigeria at the Olympics

paragraphs: Nigeria was first at the Olympic Games in 1952. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for the boycotted 1976 Summer Olympics. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Nigeria was formed in 1951.


title: Rwanda at the Olympics

paragraphs: Rwanda has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Olympic Winter Games.

paragraphs: Rwanda has never won an Olympic medal. Jean de Dieu Nkundabera won a Paralympic bronze medal for Rwanda in wheelchair racing at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens.


title: Dinosaur (movie)

paragraphs: Dinosaur is a 2000 prehistoric fantasy-adventure movie produced by Pam Marsden, and was directed by Ralph Zondag and Eric Leighton. It was created by Walt Disney Feature Animation. The movie was released on May 19, 2000 and received positive reviews with 65% ratings on Rotten Tomatoes and a 56 out of 100 on Metacritic. A video game adaptation was released in the same year.


title: São Tomé and Príncipe at the Olympics

paragraphs: São Tomé and Príncipe has been in four Summer Games. The first appearance was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta. They have never been in the Winter Games. The country has never won a medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for São Tomé and Príncipe was formed in 1979. The International Olympic Committee recognized them in 1993.


title: Senegal at the Olympics

paragraphs: Senegal at the Olympics is a history which began in 1954.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Senegal was SGL. It is now SEN.

paragraphs: Senegal has been to all Summer Olympic Games held since 1964. Unlike most surrounding nations, Senegal has never missed any Summer Olympics since its independence.

paragraphs: Senegal is among the small group of tropical countries that have been in the Winter Olympic Games. Its winter athletes have been in four Winter Olympics since 1984


title: Seychelles at the Olympics

paragraphs: Seychelles was first at the Olympic Games in 1980. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then, missing only the 1988 Games in support of North Korea. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2011, no Seychellois athlete has won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Seychelles was created in 1979. They were recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.


title: Sierra Leone at the Olympics

paragraphs: Sierra Leone at the Olympics is a history which began in 1968.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Sierra Leone is SLE.

paragraphs: Teams from Sierra Leone have been to every Summer Olympic Games held since 1968, with the exception of 1972 and 1976. They have never won an Olympic medal. No athletes from Sierra Leone have been in any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Somalia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Somalia was first at the Olympic Games in 1972. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. Somalia has never been in any Winter Olympic Games. The nation boycotted the 1976 Games along with most other African nations, and also joined the boycott in 1980. Despite the ongoing Somali Civil War, the nation has been able to send small contingents to each Games since 1996.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Somalia was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1972.


title: John Surtees

paragraphs: John Surtees CBE (11 February 1934 – 10 March 2017) was a British racing driver on both motorcycles and in Formula One. He was the only person to win the Drivers' Championship in both Formula One and in the 500cc Motorcycle Championship, which is the top level in motorcycling racing.

paragraphs: He started racing in motorcycling in 1952, won his first race in 1956, as well as winning the 500cc Motorcycle Championship in 1956, as well as 1958, 1959 and 1960. Surtees moved on to Formula One in 1960, earning his first podium position by placing second in the British Grand Prix, and earning pole position in the Portuguese Grand Prix. He joined Ferrari in 1963, placing fourth in the championship. Surtees won the Drivers' Championship in 1964 by one point. He stayed with Ferrari in 1965 but left midway through 1966, joining Cooper and eventually placing second in the Drivers' Championship. After that, Surtees joined Honda Racing (not to be confused with the Honda Racing team that ran from 2006-2008).

paragraphs: Surtees eventually made his own team, simply named Surtees. He raced with the team until his retirement in 1972. After that, he simply ran the team, until the team left Formula One in 1978. His team also ran in the Formula 2 Championship, which in 1972, Mike Hailwood won the Formula Two Championship.

paragraphs: Surtees died on 10 March 2017 in a hospital in London from respiratory failure, aged 83.


title: South Africa at the Olympics

paragraphs: South Africa was first at the Olympic Games in 1904, and sent athletes toevery Summer Olympic Games until 1960. After the passage of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1761 in 1962 in response to South Africa's policy of apartheid, the nation was barred from the Games.

paragraphs: After the negotiations to end apartheid in 1990, the nation re-joined the Olympic movement. The "South African Sports Confederation and Olympic Committee" was formed in 1991, and South Africa returned to the Games at the 1992 Summer Olympics (and the 1992 Summer Paralympics). South Africa was also in the Winter Olympic Games in 1960, and since 1994.


title: Portland Timbers

paragraphs: The Portland Timbers are a soccer team in Portland, Oregon, United States. In 1975, the team took the name "Timbers" because Oregon is known for logging and forestry. The team colors are green and gold (yellow). At every Timbers game in Portland, the Timbers Army are a large group of the loudest and proudest Timbers fans.

paragraphs: Today, the team plays in Major League Soccer. The team played in the USL First Division before they joined Major League Soccer in 2011.

paragraphs: The team's name may also be inspired by a club of the same name based in the same city that competed in the original NASL in the 70's and early 80's.


title: Crash (1996 movie)

paragraphs: Crash is a Canadian-British drama movie set in Toronto, Ontario. It was written and directed by David Cronenberg. The movie is based on the 1973 novel of the same name. The movie is about people taking sexual pleasures from vehicle accidents. The movie stars James Spader, Deborah Kara Unger, Elias Koteas, Holly Hunter and Rosanna Arquette. It is rated NC-17 as a result of graphic language and explicit sexual content. Crash was released in 1997 in the U.S. It created strong controversy when it was released.


title: Diet soft drink

paragraphs: Diet sodas (or diet pop, diet, sugar-free, or light soft drinks, refreshments, or carbonated beverages) are usually sugar-free, artificially sweetened, non-alcoholic carbonated beverages targeted towards health-conscious people, diabetics, athletes, and other people who want to lose weight, improve physical fitness, or reduce how much sugar they eat.

paragraphs: Different artificial sweeteners are used instead of sugar to give diet soda a sweet taste and some are often used combined with one another.

paragraphs: Aspartame, commonly known by the brand name NutraSweet, is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. When aspartame-sweetened Diet Coke was released in 1982 it make aspartame more popular. Today, at least in the United States, when the word "diet" is seen or heard it is assumed to be aspartame.

paragraphs: The first artificial sweeteners used in diet soda were cyclamates (often synergistically with saccharin). While many say these cyclamate-sweetened soda had a better taste than the diet soda that came after them, in 1970 the Food and Drug Administration banned cyclamates in the United States because there was proof that they caused cancer in lab rats. Cyclamates are still used in many countries around the world, including for diet soda.

paragraphs: Once cyclamates were banned, American producers turned to saccharin. Saccharin alone was often criticized for having a bitter taste and "chemical" aftertaste. Some manufacturers, such as Coca-Cola with Tab, attempted to rectify this by adding a small amount of sugar. In 1977, the FDA was petitioned to ban saccharin, too, as a carcinogen, but a moratorium was placed on the ban until studies were conducted. The ban was lifted in 1991, but by that time, virtually all diet soda production had shifted to using aspartame. Perhaps the most notable holdout is Tab, which nevertheless also uses some aspartame in its formula.

paragraphs: Recently two other sweeteners, sucralose (marketed as Splenda) and acesulfame potassium ("Sunett" or "Ace K" (the K is the chemical symbol for potassium) which is usually used in conjunction with aspartame, sucralose, or saccharin rather than alone) have come into growing use, particularly by smaller beverage producers (e.g. Big Red). Diet Rite is the non-aspartame diet soda brand with the highest sales today; it uses a combination of sucralose and acesulfame potassium.

paragraphs: Advocates say drinks employing these sweeteners have a more natural sugar-like taste than those made just with aspartame, and do not have a strong aftertaste. The newer aspartame-free drinks can also be safely consumed by phenylketonurics, because they do not contain phenylalanine. Critics say the taste is not better, merely different, or note that the long-term health risks of all or certain artificial sweeteners is unclear.

paragraphs: The widespread, though not universal, agreement that the newest formulations taste much more "normal" (sugar-like) than the older diet sodas have prompted some producers, such as Jones Soda, to abandon the "diet" label entirely in favor of "sugar-free soda," implying that the taste is good enough to drink the soda even when not trying to lose weight. (This idea was first floated by Diet Coke in 1984, with the tagline, "Just For the Taste of It.")

paragraphs: In 2005, the Coca-Cola Company announced it would produce a new formulation of Diet Coke sweetened with sucralose, to be called Diet Coke with Splenda, but it would continue to produce the aspartame version as well. There were also rumors that a sugar-free version of Coca-Cola Classic, also sweetened with sucralose, was being formulated as well. This formulation was eventually called Coca-Cola Zero, though it is sweetened with aspartame in conjunction with acesulfame potassium.

paragraphs: The beginning of the diet soda or refreshment era was in 1952, when Kirsch Bottling in Brooklyn, New York launched a sugar free ginger ale called No-Cal. It was designed for diabetics, not dieters, and distribution remained local. Royal Crown Cola placed an announcement in an Atlanta newspaper in 1958 announcing a diet soda product, Diet Rite. In 1962, Dr Pepper released a diet(etic) version of its soda, although it sold slowly due to the misconception that it was meant solely for diabetic consumption. In 1963, the Coca-Cola Company joined the diet soda market with Tab, which proved to be a huge success. Tab was originally sweetened with cyclamates and saccharin.

paragraphs: Tab, Diet Rite, and Fresca (a grapefruit-flavored soda introduced by Coca-Cola) were the only brand-name diet refreshments on the market until Pepsi released Diet Pepsi in the 1960s (initially as Patio Diet Cola). Diet 7 Up was also released in 1963 under the name Like. It was discontinued in 1969 due to the US government ban of cyclamate sweetener. After reformulation, it was reintroduced as Diet 7 Up in 1970. It was renamed Sugar Free 7 Up in 1973 then back to Diet 7 Up in 1979. Coca-Cola countered by releasing Diet Coke in 1982. After the release of Diet Coke, Tab took a backseat on the Coca-Cola production lines; Diet Coke could be more easily identified by consumers as associated with Coca-Cola than Tab. Additionally, a study was released claiming that saccharin was a possible carcinogen, leading to Coca-Cola's decision to decrease production of Tab. Prompted by the rising popularity of soft drinks, in the mid-1980s some of those in the alcohol industry began to follow their lead with some beer companies putting sugar-free beer on the market.

paragraphs: By the early 1990s, a wide array of different companies had their own diet refreshments on supermarket shelves. Tab made a comeback during the late 1990s, after new studies demonstrated that saccharin is not an important factor in the risk of cancer. Nevertheless, the Coca-Cola Company has maintained its 1984 reformulation, replacing some of the saccharin in Tab with NutraSweet.

paragraphs: By 2002, some soda companies had diversified to include such flavors as vanilla and lemon among their products, and diet sodas were soon being produced with those flavors as well (see Diet Vanilla Coke, Diet Pepsi Vanilla). By 2004, several alcohol companies had released sugar-free or "diet" alcoholic products too.

paragraphs: There are possible health concerns of sugar substitutes and caffeine overuse. Also, the effectiveness of diet soda as a weight loss tool should also be considered.

paragraphs: Changing the food energy intake from one food will not necessarily change a person's overall food energy intake, or cause a person to lose weight. One study, at the University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, reported by Sharon Fowler at the ADA annual meeting, actually suggested the opposite, where consumption of diet soda was correlated with weight gain. While Fowler did suggest that the undelivered expected calories from diet soda may stimulate the appetite, the correlation does not prove that consumption of diet soda caused the weight gain. The ADA has yet to issue an updated policy concerning diet soda.

paragraphs: An independent study by researchers with the Framingham Heart Study in Massachusetts, has turned up results which indicate that the consumption of diet soda correlates with increased metabolic syndrome. Of the 9,000 males and females studied, findings stated that 48% of the subjects were at higher risk for weight gain and elevated blood sugar. The researchers also acknowledged that diet soda drinkers were less likely to consume healthy foods, and that drinking diet soda flavored with artificial sweeteners more than likely increases cravings for sugar flavored sweets.

paragraphs: A preliminary abstract presented by the University of Miami's Hannah Gardener linked daily consumption of diet soda to a 61% higher incidence of "vascular events" such as strokes and heart attacks, although Gardener acknowledged that these results could not be conclusively linked to harmful effects of diet soda itself, and may be the result of other behaviors. The author stated confirmation was required prior to drawing conclusions. These studies were published as abstracts and presented at a conference. These data and conclusions should be considered to be preliminary until published in a peer-reviewed journal

paragraphs: Among individuals who drink several regular sodas per day, diet soda may be a better choice, according to a website on dieting. Studies have also indicated that body mass gain is an unlikely consequence of artificial sweetener consumption.

paragraphs: Animal studies suggest that artificial sweeteners cause body weight gain, theoretically because of a faulty insulin response, at least in cattle and rats. Rats given sweeteners have steadily increased caloric intake, increased body weight, and increased adiposity (fatness). Adding saccharin to the food of calves increases their body weight as well.

paragraphs: In some countries outside the United States and Canada, the term "light" is often used instead of "diet".

paragraphs: In an effort to cash in on the surging popularity of low-carbohydrate diets, in 2004 both Coca-Cola and Pepsico released reduced-calorie versions of their flagship sodas that contain approximately half the sugar of the regular version. The Pepsi variant, Pepsi Edge, is sweetened with sucralose and corn syrup. The sweetening of the Coca-Cola variant, Coca-Cola C2, is a combination of corn syrup, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, and sucralose. Pepsi discontinued Edge in 2005, citing lackluster sales. Coca-Cola soon followed suit.

paragraphs: Half the sugar of a can of regular cola is still more sugar than many people on popular low-carbohydrate diets are permitted to have in a day. It is possible that these sodas are targeted, instead, at so-called "carb-conscious consumers" who are paying attention to, but not trying to drastically reduce, their carbohydrate intake.


title: Zulu language

paragraphs: Zulu or isiZulu ( "isiZulu") is the language of the Zulu people. 10 million people speak Zulu, and most of them (95%) live in South Africa. It is the most common home language in South Africa, where 24% of people speak it at home. Over 50% of the population also speak and understand the language.

paragraphs: In 1994, it became one of South Africa's 11 official languages. Like other Bantu languages, Zulu is written using the Latin alphabet.

paragraphs: Zulu belongs to the Nguni group of Bantu languages. Zulu migrants (people who move from place to place) have taken the language to other regions. There are now Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, Malawi, and Swaziland.

paragraphs: Zulu speakers in Zimbabwe speak a dialect called "Northern Ndebele language."

paragraphs: People who speak Xhosa can understand most Zulu. The opposite is also true: Zulu speakers can understand Xhosa. Xhosa language is the most common language spoken in the Eastern Cape of South Africa.

paragraphs: The Zulu, Xhosa, and other Nguni people have lived in South Africa for a long time. The Zulu language has a lot of click sounds common in Southern African languages. These click sounds are not found in the rest of Africa. The Nguni people have lived together with other Southern tribes like the San and Khoi.

paragraphs: Zulu and all other native Southern African languages was at first an oral language. It was not written down until missionaries came from Europe. These missionaries used the Latin alphabet to write the Zulu language. The first Zulu grammar book was published in Norway in 1850 by Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder.

paragraphs: The oldest document written in Zulu is a Bible from 1883. John Dube, a Zulu from Natal, wrote the first Zulu novel, "Insila kaShaka", in 1933. Another important Zulu author was Reginald Dhlomo. Dhlomo wrote "U-Dingane" (1936), "U-Shaka" (1937), "U-Mpande" (1938), "U-Cetshwayo" (1952) and "U-Dinizulu" (1968). Other important Zulu writers are Benedict Wallet Vilakazi and Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali.

paragraphs: Before 1994, the Zulu language was controlled by the Zulu Language Board in KwaZulu-Natal. Today, the Pan South African Language Board supports the use of all 11 official languages of South Africa.

paragraphs: Before 1994, the official languages of South Africa were English, Dutch, and Afrikaans. During Apartheid, Zulu was spoken commonly in the Kwazulu bantustan. All education, however, at the high school level was in English or Afrikaans.

paragraphs: After Apartheid ended in 1994, Zulu became one of the official languages in South Africa. The SABC first started showing Zulu-language television and news programs in the 1980s. There are many Zulu radio stations and newspapers available, mostly in the Kwazulu-Natal province and Johannesburg. The first full-length feature film in Zulu was "Yesterday". It was made in 2004 and nominated for an Academy Award (Oscar).

paragraphs: In "The Lion King" movie, the "Circle of Life" song has many Zulu phrases in it. Some of these phrases are:

paragraphs: Other "Lion King" songs also had Zulu phrases in them.

paragraphs: There are two main types of Zulu. One type is called standard Zulu, and it is taught in schools. Standard Zulu is also called "deep Zulu" (). Standard Zulu is a purist language. This means that new ideas are described using words that are derived from other Zulu words.

paragraphs: The other type of Zulu is called urban Zulu (). Urban Zulu is the kind of Zulu spoken by people who live in cities. Urban Zulu uses loan words borrowed from other languages to describe new ideas. Most of these loan words come from English.

paragraphs: Some of these different words for new ideas in Standard and Urban Zulu are listed here:

paragraphs: These two different types of Zulu language make problems in learning and education. Young people speak urban Zulu and do not often understand standard Zulu.

paragraphs: Zulu place names occur in the "locative" form most of the time. A place name is both a preposition and a name. Changing the prefix of the place name changes the preposition.

paragraphs: For example, the Zulu name for Johannesburg is "iGoli." The word "eGoli" means to/at/in/from Johannesburg. The root word "Goli" means "Johannesburg," but doesn't mean anything by itself in Zulu.

paragraphs: Most of the time, changing the "i-" or "u-" prefix to the "e-" prefix changes the meaning like this. In some cases, like with Durban, the name changes too.

paragraphs: The Zulu name for the language is "isiZulu". The "isi-" prefix means "language." (It also means other things, but here it means language.) For example, "isiNgisi" means English, "isiXhosa" means Xhosa, "isiBhunu" means Afrikaans, and "isiJalimane" means German.

paragraphs: When the word Zulu has a prefix that is "not" "isi-", it means a lot of different things. This is a table that shows how the meanings of the word changes:

paragraphs: Many Zulu words are used in South African English. Some words, like the names of local animals, are used in standard English. "Impala" and "mamba", for example, are zulu words. Some Zulu words used in South African English are:


title: Antichrist (movie)

paragraphs: Antichrist is a 2009 supernatural horror movie. It was directed by Lars von Trier. The movie stars Willem Dafoe and Charlotte Gainsbourg. This movie caused serious controversy upon its release in multiple countries during 2009. The movie was not submitted to the MPAA because of fear that it would be rated NC-17 for graphic violence.


title: Zulu people

paragraphs: The Zulu are the largest ethnic group in South Africa. There are 10-11 million Zulu living in South Africa, mostly in KwaZulu-Natal province. However, a small number of Zulu also live in Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Mozambique. The Zulu language, called , is a Bantu language of the Nguni subgroup.

paragraphs: The Zulu Kingdom was very important in South African history during the 1800s and 1900s. During Apartheid, the Zulu people were third-class citizens and suffered from official discrimination. Today the Zulu people are the largest ethnic group in South Africa and have equal rights.

paragraphs: The Zulu were originally a major clan in the area that is today Northern KwaZulu-Natal. The Zulu clan was started around the year 1709 by Zulu kaNtombhela. In the Nguni languages, the words "iZulu", "iliZulu", and "liTulu" mean "heaven", or "sky."

paragraphs: In the early 1700s, many large Nguni communities and clans lived in the area. These groups were called "isizwe" (nations) and "isibongo" (clans). These Nguni communities had migrated down the East coast of Africa over thousands of years. These movements of people were called the Bantu migrations. They probably arrived in what is today South Africa in the 800s.


title: National Trust

paragraphs: The National Trust, more fully the National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty, is a conservation organisation in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The Trust does not work in Scotland, as they have a different National Trust.

paragraphs: The trust owns many historic houses and gardens, as land such as beauty spots. To visit the place the National Trust owns, there is often a entry charge, but most beauty spots are free. The National Trust is one of the largest charities in the United Kingdom, and also one of the largest UK land owners.


title: Linkinhorne

paragraphs: Linkinhorne is a parish and village in southeast Cornwall, United Kingdom. The village itself is at and is approximately four miles (6.5 km) northwest of Callington and seven miles (11 km) south of Launceston.

paragraphs: As well as Linkinhorne itself, other settlements in the parish include Bray Shop, Caradon Town, Downgate, Henwood, Ley Mill, Minions, and Upton Cross.

paragraphs: The area is bordered by the River Inny in the north-east and Bodmin Moor to the west. The valley of the River Lynher runs through the parish. The parish is largely rural but west of the B3254 road from Launceston to Liskeard it includes part of Caradon Hill, once an industrialised mining area.

paragraphs: The parish church of St Melor is built of granite and dates from the 15th century.


title: Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)

paragraphs: The Gordon Bennett Cup for auto racing was set up by James Gordon Bennett, Jr.. He was the millionaire owner of the "New York Herald". The award was first given in 1900 in France. It was an car-racing event between teams from different countries.

paragraphs: In 1900, the Automobile Club de France (ACF) was given the trophy ("prize"). The trophy could be won in a race between automobile clubs from different countries. The trophy was given out every year until 1905. After that, the ACF held the first Grand Prix motor racing event at the Circuit de la Sarthe, in Le Mans.

paragraphs: The British Racing Green was first used in the 1903 Gordon Bennet Cup in Ireland.

paragraphs: The Gordon Bennett Cup auto races included racing drivers from across Europe. There were also drivers from the United States like Alexander Winton, who drove his Winton automobile.

paragraphs: The rules were that the races were done in the country of the winner of the year before. The races were between national teams. Because of this, the national racing colours had to be set for each country. Great Britain had to choose a different colour to red, white or blue (the colours of the flag) because they had been taken by Italy, Germany and France. They choose shamrock green because the race that year was run in Ireland. This became known as the British racing green.


title: Great Ireland Run

paragraphs: The Great Ireland Run is an 10-kilometre road running competition which is held in Phoenix Park, Dublin, Ireland in mid-April. It is held every year since 2003.

paragraphs: It is part of the Great Run series of athletics competitions. It has IAAF Bronze Label Road Race status. It is sponsored by SPAR and features both an elite race ("for sportspeople") and a popular race ("for the general public"). There is also a 2.5 km fun run for 8–15-year-old runners.

paragraphs: The 10 km race course begins at Chesterfield Avenue. It goes around in a clock-wise route to finish on Furze Road. Over 10,000 people took part in the day's events in 2011.

paragraphs: People who have run the race include former marathon world record holder Paul Tergat, and World Championship medallist Meselech Melkamu, as well as some of Ireland's foremost athletes such as 1995 World Champion Sonia O'Sullivan and cross country specialist Catherina McKiernan.


title: Prêt-à-Porter (movie)

paragraphs: Prêt-à-Porter (United States title Ready to Wear) is a 1994 movie. It stars Julia Roberts, Sophia Loren and Lauren Bacall. The movie is about fashion modeling. There are many cameos by other celebrities. The movie was released in December 1994.


title: Office of Public Works

paragraphs: The Office of Public Works (OPW) () is a public service of the Republic of Ireland. It is part of the government's Department of Finance. The job of the office is mainly to look after historical buildings in Ireland. The buildings they look after are owned by the government.

paragraphs: They also assist in during elections, help with buying supplies and offer printing services for the government. The office is in charge of the "Government Supplies Agency". They print the Irish Statute Book and the "Iris Oifigiúil" magazine.

paragraphs: The office was created on 15 October 1831. It was then known as the "Board of Works". It put together the Office of the Surveyor-General for Ireland, the Barracks Board, and Navigation Board.

paragraphs: Before 1996, the OPW was also responsible for a lot of heritage sites in Ireland. In 1996, the management of the sites were taken over by a separate agency, Dúchas - The Heritage Service.

paragraphs: The Minister for Finance has overall responsibility for the organisation. The people working for the office are civil servants.


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title: Irish Independent

paragraphs: The Irish Independent is an Irish daily newspaper. It is published in both compact and broadsheet sizes. It is the main publication of Independent News and Media. It is also called "The Independent" or "Indo" for short.

paragraphs: The "Irish Independent" was formed in 1905. Before then, there was a paper called Daily Irish Independent. This was an 1890s pro-Parnellite newspaper.

paragraphs: The Irish Independent was launched by William Martin Murphy. He was a controversial Irish nationalist businessman. He was against Charles Stewart Parnell.

paragraphs: During the 1913 Lockout of workers, Murphy was the leader among the employers. His paper, "Irish Independent", published news reports and opinion pieces that were against the workers who were on strike. It wrote that the union's would lose that fight.

paragraphs: The "Irish Independent" said about the 1916 Easter Rising that it was ""insane and criminal"". It famously called for the shooting of its leaders.

paragraphs: In December 1919, during the Irish War of Independence, a group of twenty IRA men destroyed the printing works of the paper. They did this because the paper was not writing good things about the Irish Republican Army. They said the paper was pro-British and had a Unionist stance.

paragraphs: In 1924, the traditional nationalist newspaper, the "Freeman's Journal", merged with the "Irish Independent".

paragraphs: In the 1970s, it was taken over by former Heinz chairman Tony O'Reilly.


title: Santa Clara, California

paragraphs: Santa Clara is a city in California. It is very close to the San Jose International Airport. It also has a light rail station, called the Lick Mill.


title: Montclair, New Jersey

paragraphs: Montclair is a township in New Jersey. It is known for its parks. Montclair about 6 sq mi and is located 12 miles outside of NYC. It is known for its diversity and liberal values.


title: Cheyney, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Cheyney is an unincorporated community in Pennsylvania. Cheyney University of Pennsylvania is nearby.


title: PlayStation Network

paragraphs: The PlayStation Network is where you can sign up for free to play games. At one time hackers shut down the network, but later PlayStation Network returned online.


title: Dietmar Constantini

paragraphs: Dietmar "Didi" Constantini (born 30 May, 1955 in Innsbruck, Austria) is a former Austrian football player and coach.

paragraphs: Constantini started playing with FC Wacker Innsbruck. With the team he won the Austrian Championship two times. After one year with LASK Linz, he went to Greece. This was the only time he spent with a squad from abroad. In 1982, he came back to Austria and played with different clubs from the first and second league. After his time with the Wiener Sportclub, he ended his career as player.

paragraphs: He played 198 league matches (5 goals, 2*Austrian football champion, 1 Austrian Cup). He played matches for the Austrian Under 18 team and the amateur national team.

paragraphs: His first experiences as coach was in Saudi-Arabia and for SK Rapid Wien as assistant coach. Then he went to the ÖFB where he became coach of the Under 21 national team and at the same time assistant coach with the national team. After the demotion of head coach Alfred Riedl he did not become coach of the team, so he went on to different clubs in Austria and Germany. (FSV Mainz 05, LASK, Admira Wackerand FC Tirol Innsbruck.)

paragraphs: In 1998, he started football camps for children so he could not became coach of a team. He was only caretaker for FK Austria Wien, FC Kärnten and manager of SV Austria Salzburg. He worked in the meantime as expert for the football broadcast of ATV and organized his camps. In 2006/07, he was coach of FC Superfund Pasching.

paragraphs: On 4 March 2009, Constantini became coach of the Austrian national football team. In the six last qualification matches the team made 10 points but could not qualify for the 2010 World Cup. In September the contract was prolonged till 2012. Constantini had troubles with some players but he also gave young players a chance to play in the team (Aleksandar Dragović, Yasin Pehlivan, Julian Baumgartlinger or Jakob Jantscher).

paragraphs: After the first matches in the qualification for the EURO 2012 Austria is third in their group but it is likely that they can not qualify.


title: Charles Felix of Sardinia

paragraphs: Charles Felix (Carlo Felice Giuseppe Maria; 6 April 1765 – 27 April 1831) was born a Prince of Savoy and was later the last mainline Savoyard monarch of Sardinia. He was a nephew of Charles III of Spain and cousin of Maria I of Portugal as well as son in law of Maria Carolina of Austria. He was King of Sardinia from 1821 to 1831.

paragraphs: "Carlo Felice" was born in Turin as the eleventh child and fifth son born to Victor Amadeus III and Maria Antonia of Spain. From birth he was titled as the Duke of Genoa and the Marquis of Susa from 1796. He was a younger brother of Charles Emmanuel IV and Victor Emmanuel I. He spent his childhood with his sister Maria Carolina, the Count of Moriana, living at the Castle of Moncalieri. He had a very closed character.

paragraphs: He was married by proxy to Princess Maria Cristina of Naples and Sicily on 7 March 1807. She was a daughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies and Maria Carolina of Austria, sister of "Marie Antoinette".

paragraphs: He was not expected to ever succeed to the throne. However Charles Emmanuel never had any children and abdicated the throne on June 4, 1802. Victor Emmanuel I had four living daughters when he abdicated the throne in 1821. As the succession was regulated by the Salic Law, Charles Felix succeeded his brother on the throne. He and his wife died without issue after a reign of ten years. He was succeeded by the senior male of his House as Charles Albert of Savoy after he died in Turin at the Palazzo Chablais which had been given to him by his sister Princess Maria Anna.

paragraphs: The Teatro Carlo Felice in Genoa was named after him as well as the main road of the island of Sardinia, the Strada statale 131 Charles Felix, that connects the towns of Cagliari and Sassari-Porto Torres, realised in 19th century, is entitled to him.


title: Madison Avenue

paragraphs: Madison Avenue is a north-south street in the borough of Manhattan in New York City (U.S.) which carries northbound one-way traffic. It runs from Madison Square (at 23rd Street) to the Madison Avenue Bridge across the Harlem River (at 138th Street). In doing so, it passes through Midtown Manhattan, the Upper East Side (including Carnegie Hill), Spanish Harlem, and Harlem. It is named after Madison Square, which is itself named after James Madison, the fourth President of the United States. Since the 1920s, the street's name has been synonymous with the American advertising industry.

paragraphs: Madison Avenue was not part of the original New York City street grid established in the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, and was carved between Park Avenue (formerly Fourth) and Fifth Avenue in 1836, due to the effort of lawyer and real estate developer Samuel B. Ruggles. Ruggles was a graduate of Yale University who had previously purchased and developed New York's Gramercy Park in 1831, who was in part responsible for the development of Union Square and who also named Lexington Avenue.

paragraphs: Madison Avenue carries one-way traffic uptown (northbound) from 23rd Street to 135th Street, with the change from two-way traffic having taken place on January 14, 1966, at which time Fifth Avenue was changed to one way downtown (southbound).

paragraphs: One lane of Madison Avenue in Midtown is limited to turns made by city buses or taxicabs, at some hours of the day. Based on Section 4-12(m) of the New York City Traffic Rules, driving a vehicle, other than a bus, is prohibited in the bus lane on Madison Avenue to turn right during the restricted hours specified by sign between 42nd Street and 59th Street. All vehicles are allowed at 60th Street, but a taxicab carrying a passenger may use the bus lane to turn right at 46th Street.

paragraphs: The term "Madison Avenue" is often used to mean "advertising". Madison Avenue became identified with the advertising industry after the quick growth along the avenue during the 1920s.

paragraphs: According to "The Emergence of Advertising in America", by the year 1861 there were twenty advertising agencies in New York City. In 1911, the New York City Association of Advertising Agencies was founded, as years ahead of the establishment of the American Association of Advertising Agencies.

paragraphs: Among various depictions in popular culture, the portion of the advertising industry which centers on Madison Avenue serves as a backdrop for the AMC television drama "Mad Men", which focuses on industry activities during the 1960s.

paragraphs: Late in the 20th century, many agencies left Madison Avenue. Some moved further downtown and others moved west. Today, only a few agencies are still located in the old business cluster on Madison Avenue, including Young & Rubicam, StrawberryFrog, TBWA Worldwide and Doyle Dane Bernbach. However, the term is still used to describe the agency business as a whole and the large, New York–based agencies in particular.


title: Windows 8

paragraphs: Windows 8 is a version of Microsoft's Windows computer operating system. The final version for everyone was released everywhere on October 26, 2012. The president of the Windows Division, Steven Sinofsky, said: "With this system we shall make the biggest change from Windows 95", as they have removed the "Start" button and designed a new tile-based user interface to replace the "Start" menu (which first appeared in Windows 95).

paragraphs: Several versions of Windows 8 were made available to software developers well before the final release. The first of these, the Developer Preview, came out in September 2011. On February 29, 2012, Microsoft released a beta version of Windows 8.0 known as the Consumer Preview. Anyone could register online to download this version for free. After the Consumer Preview, a final preview named "Release Preview" was released on May 31, 2012.

paragraphs: On October 26, 2012, Windows 8, as well as a version for devices using ARM processors, called Windows RT and unable to run most Windows applications, both became available to the general public. On the same day, Microsoft also put new devices running Windows 8, including its newly-created Surface tablets up for sale in stores and online.

paragraphs: An update for Windows 8 with new features, such as the return of the "Start" button, was released on October 17, 2013 and is called Windows 8.1. During development, it was known as "Windows Blue", while the original version, Windows 8.0, was codenamed "Midori".

paragraphs: Windows 10 was developed to replace Windows 8 and 8.1, and it came out on July 29, 2015. Users of Windows 7 with Service Pack 1 installed and Windows 8.1 were able to upgrade to Windows 10 for free until July 29, 2016.

paragraphs: New features include a Windows Store where users can buy computer programs or download them for free. Windows To Go allows users to run the complete Windows system from a USB drive.

paragraphs: Windows 8 provides a new graphic user interface – Modern (also called Metro) UI (suitable for phone, tablet, notebook and classic PCs). This interface shows “tiles” which work as links and also as interactive widgets (tools like RSS, weather, e-mails). Modern UI is best used with a touchscreen, but can be controlled by mouse and keyboard. Windows 8 still offers the classic desktop interface as an option.

paragraphs: Microsoft reworked the booting process, replacing classic BIOS with a new system called UEFI. This provides secure boot, which is protection against viruses.

paragraphs: Although Windows 8 is faster than Windows 7, it demands more pixels on the screen. The minimum is 1366 x 768 pixels, which affects many users of laptops that have a maximum resolution of 1024 x 600 pixels. Some users with old hardware have for that reason continued to use Windows 7. Windows 8 will work on resolutions lower than this, but some features will be unavailable.

paragraphs: File Explorer, formerly called Windows Explorer, has a new ribbon bar interface. It can stop and restart a file transfer, and makes it easier to save files that have the same name.

paragraphs: Windows 8 lets users log in using face detection, voice control, or hand gestures using a camera.

paragraphs: Two months after Windows 8 was released, there were rumors that Microsoft were making a major update to be codenamed "Blue". In May 2013, Microsoft announced that "Windows Blue" was the codename for Windows 8.1.

paragraphs: On June 26 2013, Microsoft released build 9431 as the Windows 8.1 Preview, which could be downloaded.

paragraphs: On August 14 2013, Microsoft announced that Windows 8.1 would be released digitally on October 17 and released in stores and in new computers on October 18. It included greater customization and new bundled apps such as a calculator, sound recorder, and file manager.

paragraphs: In April 2014, Microsoft released an update for Windows 8.1 with improvements for keyboard and mouse users. The update pins the Windows Store on the task bar. Each modern app has a bar at the top, and can be closed the same way desktop apps are closed.


title: Windows To Go

paragraphs: Windows To Go is a feature in Windows 8 and later that allows the entire system to run from a USB flash drive or external USB Hard Drive.

paragraphs: In September 2011 Microsoft officially announced Windows To Go at the Build Conference, and gave out bootable USB Flash drives. These could hold 32GB of information. They also had Windows To Go pre-installed.


title: Dardistan

paragraphs: Dardistan (Perso-Arabic: داردستان) is a name for the northern Pakistan, and Kashmir in the upper Indus valleys and parts of north-eastern Afghanistan. It is inhabited by the Dards speaking Dardic languages.


title: Lahore Stock Exchange

paragraphs: Lahore Stock Exchange (Guarantee) Limited (LSE) is Pakistan's second-largest stock exchange after the Karachi Stock Exchange. It is in Lahore.


title: M25 motorway

paragraphs: The M25 motorway, or London Orbital, is a orbital motorway around Greater London.

paragraphs: The motorway was first suggested early in the 20th century, and a few sections were built in the early 1970s. The M25 was completed in 1986: is one of the world's longest orbital roads.

paragraphs: It is one of the busiest and most congested parts of the British motorway network. 196,000 vehicles were recorded in a single day near London Heathrow Airport. The M25 is a cruclial link between the four main London airports: Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted and Luton.

paragraphs: Bearing in mind that no motorways go through the centre of London, the M25 is a main route connecting north with south, and east with the west of England.

paragraphs: The motorway was originally built with only six lanes (three each way), despite research which suggested eight lanes were necessary. Now a fourth lane exists over most of the motorway, and more in special sections (see diagram). Plans were scaled back in 2009 in response to rising costs, but work is still going on.

paragraphs: Public enquiries continued through the 1970s and 1980s. Each section had its own enquiry, where local citizens and interest groups could question the plans. In all, "39 public inquiries before independent Inspectors were held, taking over 700 sitting days – with many more working days (and nights) preparing evidence". Objectors could put forward alternatives, and each of these had to be answered with presentation of evidence. Evidence included predictions of traffic and events which would affect growth of traffic. Enquiries and evidence were open to public scrutiny and debate.

paragraphs: Some enquiries lasted a day, and one one lasted 97 sitting days over 13 months. Proposals had to go before Parliament, and a special Act was needed to authorise the crossing of the northern tip of Epping Forest by the route in tunnel.

paragraphs: As predicted by research, soon after the motorway opened in 1986 traffic levels exceeded maximum designed capacity. In 1990 the Secretary of State for Transport announced plans to widen the whole of the M25 to four lanes. By 1993 the motorway that was designed for a maximum of 88,000 vehicles per day was carrying 200,000. 15% of UK motorway traffic volume was on the M25 and there were plans to add 6 lanes to the section from Junction 12 to 15 as well widening the rest of the motorway to 4 lanes.

paragraphs: In 1995 a contract was awarded to widen the section between junctions 8 and 10 from six to eight lanes for a cost of £93.4 million and a 'Motorway Incident Detection and Automatic Signalling' (MIDAS) system was introduced to the M25 from junction 10 to junction 15 at a cost of £13.5m in 1995 and then extended to junction 16 at a cost of £11.7m in 2002. This consists of a distributed network of traffic and weather sensors, speed cameras and variable-speed signs that control traffic speeds with little human supervision. The system has improved traffic flow slightly, and reduced the amount of start-stop driving. The use of variable speed limits makes this a "controlled motorway", and if hard shoulders are used at peak times it becomes a "managed motorway".

paragraphs: In 1995 there was a proposal to widen the section close to Heathrow Airport to 14 lanes. This attracted fierce opposition from road protesters opposing the Newbury Bypass and other schemes, and it was cancelled shortly afterwards. However, in 1997 the Department of Transport announced new proposals to widen the section from junction 12 (M3) and junction 15 (M4) to 12 lanes. At the Terminal Five public inquiry a Highways Agency official said that the widening was needed to accommodate traffic to the proposed new terminal, however the transport minister said that no such evidence had been given. Environmental groups objected to the decision to go ahead without holding a public inquiry. A decision to go-ahead was given for a 10-lane scheme in 1998, and the £148 million 'M25 Jct 12 to 15 Widening' contract was awarded to Balfour Beatty in 2003. The scheme was completed in 2005 as dual-five lane between junctions 12 to 14 and dual six lanes from 14 to 15.

paragraphs: The road cost £1 billion (in 1980s money) and took 11 years to build. It used two million tons of concrete and 3½ million tons of asphalt.

paragraphs: Traffic bottleneck at the Dartford Crossing in the east is the greatest problem on the motorway at present, even though the crossing is technically not part of the M25. At present the crossing is by bridge from the north, and by tunnel from the south. There are usually long tailbacks in both directions.

paragraphs: On its 25th birthday the BBC listed some of its effect on life near the capital:

paragraphs: !scope=col| Clockwise exits (A carriageway)

paragraphs: !scope=col| Anti-clockwise exits (B carriageway)


title: Harold Urey

paragraphs: Harold Clayton Urey (April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist. His pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934. He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb, and he had ideas on the development of organic life from non-living matter.

paragraphs: Urey earned a degree in zoology from the University of Montana and a Ph.D. in chemistry, studying thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraphs: At Berkeley, Urey was influenced by the work of physicist Raymond T. Birge and soon joined Niels Bohr in Copenhagen to work on atomic structure at the Institute for Theoretical Physics.

paragraphs: On his return to the U.S. and between 1924 and 1928, he taught at The Johns Hopkins University as 'Associate in Chemistry', and then at Columbia where he assembled a team of associates. He wrote (with Arthur Ruark), "Atoms, quanta and molecules", one of the first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems.

paragraphs: He discovered deuterium, isolating it by repeatedly distilling a sample of liquid hydrogen. In 1931, he and his associates went on to demonstrate the existence of heavy water. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for this work.

paragraphs: During World War II, Urey's team at Columbia worked on a number of research programs that contributed towards the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb for the United States. Most importantly, they developed the gaseous diffusion method to separate uranium-235 from uranium-238. In autumn 1941, Urey, with G.B. Pegram, led a diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on the development of the atomic bomb.

paragraphs: Isaac Asimov, a student at Columbia at this time, remembers Urey lamenting, perhaps too strongly, how pained he was that he could do nothing to help the war effort. Asimov pointed out innocently that perhaps the enriched uranium kept at Columbia may have had something to do with the war effort. Urey reddened and changed the subject. Urey had worried about the German atomic bomb while working on uranium separation at Columbia during the war, and now referred to "the most dangerous situation that humanity has ever faced in all history".

paragraphs: After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies, then Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago before moving to the University of California, San Diego. A UCSD building was named in his honor in the early 1960s, during a time when nearly all buildings other than student dormitories had only generic names. The name of the building is actually the "Frieda and Harold Urey Hall". Urey would have rejected the honor, he hated the architecture of the building, but since it also honored his wife he accepted.

paragraphs: In later life, Urey helped develop the field of 'cosmochemistry' and is credited with coining the term. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on Earth and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. This work was among the pioneering paleoclimatic research. Urey summarised his work in the book "The planets: their origin and development" (1952). Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was probably composed of ammonia, methane and hydrogen; it was one of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller, who showed that, if such a mixture be exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids, commonly called the "building blocks of life" ("see Miller-Urey experiment").

paragraphs: Urey died at La Jolla, California, and is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana. While working at Columbia University, Urey was a resident of Leonia, New Jersey.


title: German Reich

paragraphs: German Reich () was the official name for Germany from 1871 to 1945.

paragraphs: The history of Germany during the time of the German Reich is usually broken into three parts:


title: Trịnh Công Sơn

paragraphs: Trịnh Công Sơn (February 28, 1939 – April 1, 2001) was a Vietnamese composer, musician, painter and songwriter.

paragraphs: He, along with Pham Duy and Van Cao, is widely considered one of the three salient figures of modern (non-classical) Vietnamese music.


title: Constituent Assembly of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was Pakistan's first parliament and first met on 10 August, 1947. The next day Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876-1948), was elected as the President of the assembly and the new national flag was approved. On 14 August, 1947, Jinnah gave a speech which outlined the important principles of the future government of an independent Pakistan. Jinnah was chosen as the first Governor-General of Pakistan. The assembly's main task was to write a new constitution for Pakistan.

paragraphs: This was a difficult task, however the assembly did agree on the "Objective Resolution" on 12 March, 1949. A special committee of 24 members of the Constituent Assembly worked on a constitution based on the ideas in the Objective Resolution. The Governor-General, Ghulam Muhammad, shut down the assembly on 24 October 1954, before the draft constitution could be presented. The President of the Assembly, took legal action as he believed that shutting down the assembly was illegal. He lost the case in the Federal Court.

paragraphs: A second Constituent Assembly of Pakistan was formed on 28 May 1955. They wrote the new constitution which came into force on 23 March 1956.


title: Piranha 3D

paragraphs: Piranha 3D is a 3-D movie directed by Alexandre Aja. It stars Elisabeth Shue, Steven R. McQueen, Jessica Szohr, Jerry O'Connell, Kelly Brook, Riley Steele, Gianna Michaels, Christopher Lloyd, Ving Rhames, Roberto Chavira, Dina Meyer, Sage Ryan, Brooklynn Proulx and special starring Richard Dreyfuss.

paragraphs: In Lake Victoria, an earthquake forms a underwater fault line. Hungry piranhas come out. In the city of Lake Victoria (named for the lake), spring break has just started and some guys go into the lake celebrate and swim.

paragraphs: Dimension Films has announced that a sequel will be released in November 2011 due to the success of this and the sequel will be called "Piranha 3DD".

paragraphs: Richard Dreyfuss makes a cameo in the movie when he sings the song "Show Me The Way To Go Home".

paragraphs: Dreyfuss sang the same song in Steven Spielberg's "Jaws".


title: You Lost Me

paragraphs: "You Lost Me" is a song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her 2010 album "Bionic". The song was written by Aguilera, Samuel Dixon and Sia Furler. It's a slow melody pop-ballad song that talks about a cheating boyfriend, who has left the world in Aguilera's view as "infected". It was released on July 6, 2010 as the third single from Aguilera's "Bionic" album.


title: Metric system

paragraphs: The metric system is a number of different systems of measurement with length based on the metre, mass on the gram, and volume on the litre. This system is used around the world. It was developed in France and first introduced there in 1795, 2 years after the execution of Louis XVI. The metric units are based on decimal groups (multiples of ten). At first the metric system was based on two quantities: length and weight. The basic units were called the "metre" and the "gramme".

paragraphs: In 1866, the United States started to use the metric system, and is widely used except by the public. By 1875, many countries in Europe and in Latin America had changed to using the metric system. In 1875, seventeen countries signed the Metre Convention agreeing to share responsibility for defining and managing the metre and kilogram standards. The prototype copies of the metre and of the kilogram were called the "international prototype metre" and "international prototype kilogram". A new organization called the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) was set up. The international prototype metre and kilogram were kept at the BIPM headquarters. In 1960, the rules for the metric system were revised. The revised system was called the "International System of Units" (which is often called for short). The definition of SI also included rules for writing SI quantities. These rules are the same for all countries. In the 1970s, many people in the United Kingdom and the rest of the Commonwealth started using the metric system in their places of work.

paragraphs: The metric system is a decimal-based system of measurement. The system has units of measure for each quantity. The names of most units of measure in the metric system have two parts. One part is the unit name and the other part is the prefix. For example, in the name "centimetre", the word "centi" is the prefix and the word "metre" is the unit name. Sometimes, as with metre, litre and gram, there is no prefix.

paragraphs: In the metric system, all units have a "symbol". Symbols are a shorthand way of writing the names of units. All the countries in the world use the same symbol for a unit, even though they might have different ways of writing out the unit name in full. For example

paragraphs: The metric system was first developed in France during the French Revolution. A French law passed in 1795 defined five units of measure. Three of these names are still in use today. They are the metre which is the unit of length, the gram which is the unit of mass and the litre which is the unit of volume. Since then many other units of measure have been developed and many definitions changed. The metric system now has units of measurement for energy, power, force, electric current, radioactivity and many others. The most commonly used units of measure in the metric system are listed below.

paragraphs: The definitions of the units are often being changed. In 1960 the definition of the metre was changed. Since then it has been defined in terms of the speed of light. In 2019, the kilogram is redefined in terms of the Planck constant.

paragraphs: If the numbers are too big or too small, the metric system uses prefixes to make it easier to understand the numbers.

paragraphs: There are a lot of other prefixes. Some of them are:

paragraphs: These tables will help one to estimate the size of different lengths or masses in the metric system. In these tables:

paragraphs: Some names in the metric system are spelt differently in British English and in American English.

paragraphs: In 1875 representatives from the governments of twenty different countries met in Paris to discuss weights and measures. Seventeen of the countries signed a treaty about weights and measures. The treaty was called ""The Convention of the Metre"". The countries that signed were: Argentine Confederation, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden and Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, United States and Venezuela. They agreed:

paragraphs: The United Kingdom and the Netherlands went to the conference but did not sign the treaty at that time. After further consideration, the United Kingdom did sign the treaty in 1884 and the Netherlands became a member in 1929.

paragraphs: In 1889 the copies of the kilogram and the metre were ready to be given to the different countries that signed the treaty.

paragraphs: The United States Congress ratified the treaty in 1878. The United Kingdom signed the treaty 1884. Neither country passed laws making it compulsory to use the metric system.

paragraphs: In 1921 the Metre Convention was extended to include all physical measurements including time, electricity and temperature.

paragraphs: In 1960 the BIPM published the ""International System of Units"" (or SI). SI clarified a number of areas of the metric system, particularly in science and in engineering. The BIPM also standardized the way in which SI was written making it the same for all languages.

paragraphs: There are 16 US fluid ounces in a US pint but there are 20 imperial [UK] fluid ounces in an imperial pint. The US fluid ounce is larger than the imperial fluid ounce, but the imperial pint is larger than the US pint. In the 1700's this type situation was common across Europe. Each country measured length, weight/mass and volume in its own way. Sometimes different countries or cities used the same name for different measurements. Sometimes different cities in the same country had different ways of measuring things. In 1789 there were a quarter of a million different units of weight and measure in France.

paragraphs: During the French Revolution, French scientists decided that it would be better to have a new system of weights and measures. The system would be the same in all French provinces and cities. They also decided that it would be easier if the new system used 10's instead of 12's, 16's or 20's, because people normally count in 10's. The new system became the official system of measurement in France in 1799. One of the French leaders, the Marquis de Condorcet declared that "[the metric system] is for all people for all time".

paragraphs: They decided that the new system would be for everybody on Earth and that the new unit of length would be called a "metre". They decided there would be between the North Pole and the equator. Between 1791 and 1798 two surveyors, Pierre Méchain and Jean-Baptiste Delambre, measured the distance between the cities of Dunkirk to Barcelona using old French units, and used the stars to measure their latitudes. They used this information to work out that the length of the metre should be 443.296 "lignes". In 1798 the French scientists made a bar of platinum that was exactly one metre long. They stored this bar in the French archives. It was called the "metre des archives". People who made one metre rulers were able to check that their rulers were the same length as the "metre des archives". Other scientists made a kilogram weight from platinum which was also put in the archives. This weight was called the "kilogram des archives".

paragraphs: In 1799 the metric system was made compulsory, meaning people were made to use it by law, in the region around Paris. This caused a lot of confusion because the police enforced the new measures but customers preferred the old ones. So shopkeepers had to have both. People became worried the new measures were used to cheat them. Politicians tried to educate and convince people to use metric, but the people rejected the metric system. In 1800 the government tried to make the system acceptable by changing the names of the units back to the simpler names used before metrication. For example, the decimetre, centimetre, and millimetre were renamed to "palme" (hand), "doigt" (finger) and "trait" (trace).

paragraphs: In 1799 Napoleon became the leader of France. By 1812 he had conquered most of Europe. He introduced the metric system to the countries that he conquered. In 1815 he was defeated at the Battle of Waterloo. After Napoleon was defeated, most of the countries started using their old systems of measurement again.

paragraphs: During this time, the metric system was still the official system of measurement in France. And it still had simplified unit names. But the French people continued to use the measures they were used to. The French government tried to persuade the people to convert. They mass-produced metric rulers. They tried to teach the people to use metric measures, and commanded the police to punish people who would not cooperate. Eventually the government stopped trying and withdrew the metric system.

paragraphs: On 12 February 1812, France stopped using the metric system and started using a new system called "mesures usuelles". The new system was based on many of the old pre-metric units. The old units were redefined to be round numbers or fractions of the withdrawn metric units. For example the "livre" (pound) was reintroduced and changed from 489 grams to 500 grams. The "toise" was redefined as 2 metres. The "toise" contained 6 "pied" (feet), changed from 324.8 mm to of a metre (333.33 mm). The "pied" had 12 "pouces" (inches) and the "pouce" had 12 "lignes".

paragraphs: In 1837 the metrication laws were revived in France. And in 1840, the system did become compulsory throughout France, almost 50 years after it was first introduced.

paragraphs: During the nineteenth century many small countries started cooperating with each other. In 1815 the Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed from seventeen small states. Each state had its own system of measurement. In 1820 they decided that it would be better if everybody used the metric system.

paragraphs: In 1815 the German Confederation was formed. It was an association of 39 different states. Each state had its own system of measurements. In 1834 the German Confederation formed a customs union called the "Zollverein". In 1851 the "Zollverein" decided to use metric units for trade between the various states. In 1871, most of the states in the German Confederation were joined together to form the German Empire. The German Empire continued to use the metric system.

paragraphs: In the same year, Italy was also formed from a large number of small states. Italy also decided to use the metric system rather than choosing one of the old systems of measurement.

paragraphs: By 1875 many European and Latin American counties were already using the metric system. These countries included France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Peru and Columbia. Between 1875 and 1914 many more countries including Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Paraguay, Philippines and Vietnam started to use the metric system. In 1917, during the Bolshevik Revolution, the USSR (now Russia) adopted the metric system. By the start of the Second World War most non-English speaking countries had adopted the metric system.

paragraphs: In 1866, after most of the South American countries started to use the metric system, the United States passed a law that allowed people to use either the metric system or United States customary units for trade. Before 1893 the yard was defined as the length of the "standard yard" which was kept by the United States Treasury. The pound was defined as being the mass of the "standard pound". In 1893 the United States Congress passed the Mendenhall Order. This order defined the yard as being exactly metres and the pound as being exactly 0.4535924277 kilogram. The order only changed the definitions of the pound and the yard. It had no other effect on people's lives.

paragraphs: In 1975 the Metric Conversion Act started a formal metrication process. Metrication was to be voluntary. It was to be coordinated by the U.S. Metric Board. In 1988 the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act said that metric units had to be used for all federal projects. The Act did not apply to state projects. Some states demanded that metric units be used but other states did not. Some industries changed to using metric units but others did not. Soft drinks are sold in metric quantities. Milk is sold in customary units. Metric units are widely used in the design of motor cars. Aircraft such as the Boeing 787 Dreamliner were designed using mainly customary units.

paragraphs: Some people in the United States want to complete the change-over to the metric system. They say that it will make things easier for everybody. Other people say that it will cost too much money.

paragraphs: Some people want to use the metric system because it will make it easier to export goods. Other people say that metrication can only work if all fifty states metricate at the same time. This will not happen unless the Federal Government takes the lead.

paragraphs: In 1897 the United Kingdom passed a law allowing people to use either the metric system or Imperial units for trade. By the late 1960s three quarters of British exports were to countries that used the metric system. However people in the United Kingdom still used imperial units. The Metrication Board was set up in 1969 to help Britain change to the metric system. Each company had to pay their own expenses. Some companies saved a lot of money by changing to the metric system because they could make the same goods for export as they made for sales in the United Kingdom. For example, almost all motor cars use metric-sized nuts and bolts. Other companies lost money because they had to make many changes but did not have any benefit from the changes.

paragraphs: When the Metrication Board was closed down in 1981 most of government and industry had changed to the metric system but a lot of everyday things like road signs had not been changed. A survey taken in 2013 showed that metric units and imperial units were both widely used by British people in their private lives.


title: Piranha 3DD

paragraphs: Piranha 3DD is a 2011 movie directed by John Gulager taken from the subject by Alexandre Aja.

paragraphs: The movie is the sequel to "Piranha 3D". It stars Ving Rhames and Christopher Lloyd.

paragraphs: Is now one year after the attack of piranhas in Lake Victoria and everything now seems back to normal.

paragraphs: Instead, it turns out that not all piranhas are dead.

paragraphs: Lake Victoria has just opened a water park in the lake and the piranhas are hungry...

paragraphs: Fallon was seemingly dead in the first chapter.

paragraphs: Perhaps the movie is a reboot, or Fallon was not dead as it seemed.


title: Matisyahu

paragraphs: Matthew Paul Miller (born June 30, 1979), better known by his Hebrew name and stage name Matisyahu, is a Jewish, Hasidic, rapper. His more famous songs are ""King Without a Crown"", ""Jerusalem"", and ""One Day"". He has collaborated with Akon, The Crystal Method, and Infected Mushroom. He has 3 studio albums, as well as 2 live albums, 2 remix albums, and 2 DVDs with live concerts.


title: Tom Waits

paragraphs: Thomas Alan "Tom" Waits (born December 7, 1949) is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and composer. He is known for his distinct voice, electric instrumentation, and occasionally surreal lyrics. His work often includes elements of the blues, jazz, and musical theatre.


title: Allama Iqbal International Airport

paragraphs: Allama Iqbal International Airport in Lahore is the second-largest civil airport in Pakistan, serving the capital of Punjab province. It has both international and domestic air traffic. It was first called the Lahore International Airport, but it was renamed in 2003 for Allama Sir Muhammad Iqbal. He was the Islamic poet-philosopher who was a major supporter for the creation of the state of Pakistan. The airport can has parking for 20 aircraft, and the airport terminal can handle up to five million passengers a year.