title: Deal or No Deal

paragraphs: Deal or No Deal is a game show in more than 40 countries on the world created by John de Mol. It began in the Netherlands in 2000.

paragraphs: "Deal or No Deal" involves a contestant, a host/presenter, a banker, and a number of briefcases (or boxes), with each having a different (and initially unknown) value. Each game starts with the contestant selecting one of the cases–this first case's value is not known until the game ends. During the rest of the game, the contestant opens the rest of the cases, one at a time, revealing its value. Each time after a specified number of cases are opened, the banker offers the contestant a certain amount of money to end the game. If the contestant takes an offer, the game ends, otherwise the contestant ends up with the money from the first case.

paragraphs: Since the range of possible values for cases is known at the start of each game, how much the banker offers at any given point changes based on what cases have been eliminated. To promote suspense and lengthen games, the banker's offer usually strays from the expected value dictated by probability theory, particularly early in the game. However it is not uncommon for the bank's offer to exceed the player's expected value very late in the game.

paragraphs: Worldwide, the largest amount offer (in terms of exchange rates) was €1,495,000 (equal to $1,737,250) on the original "Miljoenenjacht", on November 13, 2005 (which was accepted, the contestant's case only had €1,000). Only a few people have ever won the top prize on any version of the show.

paragraphs: All of these were found on the official website.


title: Lightning Hopkins

paragraphs: Sam "Lightnin'" Hopkins (March 15, 1912 - January 30, 1982) was a country blues guitar player and singer. He was from Houston, Texas.


title: Lord Mayor of London

paragraphs: The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor of London is the Mayor of the City of London and head of the Corporation of London. The Lord Mayor of London is not the same person as the Mayor of London; The Lord Mayor is an officer only of the City of London. The Mayor of London governs the much larger area of Greater London.

paragraphs: The Lord Mayor is elected each year at the end of September or the beginning of October, and takes office in November. On the day after taking office, the Lord Mayor's Show is held. The Lord Mayor's role is mostly ceremonial and social, not political, although he does promote London's business credentials abroad. The Lord Mayor of London is also the chancellor of the City University of London.

paragraphs: The Lord Mayor for 2017-2018 is Charles Bowman.

paragraphs: Of the 66 cities in the United Kingdom, the City of London is among the 30 that have Lord Mayors (or, in Scotland, Lord Provosts). The Lord Mayor is entitled to the style The Right Honourable; the same privilege extends only to the Lord Mayors of Bristol, York, Cardiff and Belfast, and to the Lord Provosts of Edinburgh and Glasgow. The style, however, is used when referring to the office and not to the person; "The Rt Hon The Lord Mayor of London" would be correct, while "The Rt Hon John Smith" would be incorrect.

paragraphs: A woman who holds the office is also known as a Lord Mayor. A male Lord Mayor's wife is known as a Lady Mayoress. In speech, a Lord Mayor is referred to as "My Lord Mayor", and a Lady Mayoress as "My Lady Mayoress".

paragraphs: It was once use for Lord Mayors to be created knights when they took office and baronets when they retired. The custom was applied inconsistently from the sixteenth until the nineteenth centuries; creations became more regular from 1889 onwards. From 1964 onwards, the regular creation of hereditary dignities such as baronetcies stopped, but Lord Mayors continued to be granted knighthoods (usually of the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire) until 1993. Since 1993, Lord Mayors have not received any automatic honours upon appointment.


title: Little Richard

paragraphs: Richard Wayne Penniman (December 5, 1932 – May 9, 2020), known by his stage name Little Richard, was an American recording artist, songwriter, and musician. He was one of the early creators of rock and roll music in the 1950s.

paragraphs: In 1951 Little Richard began his music career by making gospel and jazz influenced rhythm and blues. He did not sell many records until 1955 when he added a loud drum beat and loud Gospel-style singing and boogie-woogie piano playing. This new music would come to be known as of rock and roll. Little Richard influenced many rock and roll musicians who started after him.

paragraphs: In 1957, when he was at his most popular point, Little Richard quit rock and roll music. He went to Bible college and became a church preacher. He then went on to play only Gospel music for many years. He returned to playing rock and roll when he was older, and also continued playing Gospel music.

paragraphs: In 1986, Little Richard was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. He was one of the first seven people to be added to the museum.

paragraphs: Little Richard died of bone cancer on May 9, 2020 at his brother's home in Tullahoma, Tennessee at the age of 87. He is survived by his brother, sister and his adopted son Danny.


title: Monterey Pop Festival

paragraphs: The Monterey International Pop Music Festival took place from June 16 to June 18, 1967. Over 200,000 people went, and it is often seen as the beginning of the "rock era", replacing the earlier term "rock and roll". The festival was a cultural inspiration for future events. Many of the performers (like Jimi Hendrix and Janis Joplin) became major celebrities through their appearances, while older acts (like The Beach Boys, who were scheduled to appear but cancelled) were seen as obsolete.


title: I Have a Dream

paragraphs: "I Have a Dream" is the name of a speech Martin Luther King, Jr. gave on August 28,1963 while standing on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C.. In his speech, he spoke of his wish for the future. His wish was that people of different races could live together peacefully in the United States. The speech was given to over 200,000 supporters. He spoke of the discrimination that the black men have faced even though they were to be treated as equals after the great Abraham Lincoln signed the momentous decree; the Emancipation Proclamation. The speech is very famous. Many have called it "the best speech given in the 20th century".

paragraphs: A Simple English Video about the "I Have a Dream" Speech


title: Secret Intelligence Service

paragraphs: The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), commonly known as MI6, is the United Kingdom's intelligence agency which collects intelligence about foreign countries. It is a branch of the Foreign Service, and reports to the Joint Intelligence Committee.

paragraphs: The service was formed in 1909 as the Secret Service Bureau, but its existence was not officially acknowledged until 1994.

paragraphs: The service works with the Security Service (MI5), Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) and the Defence Intelligence (DIS). SIS deal with the United Kingdom's espionage (spying) activities outside the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The headquarters are at Vauxhall Cross in London in a purpose-built building.


title: Banksia

paragraphs: Banksia is a genus of plants common to Australia, they were named after Joseph Banks. The "Banksia" are noted for their unique flowering.

paragraphs: It is a genus of around 170 species in the plant family Proteaceae. As Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants, they are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes and fruiting "cones". They can vary from woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres tall. They are generally found in a wide variety of landscapes: (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts.

paragraphs: They produce plenty of nectar,and are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for all sorts of nectariferous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums and a host of invertebrates. Also, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries.

paragraphs: "Banksia" plants are threatened by land clearing, frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered.


title: Fairy

paragraphs: A fairy or færie (Old English spelling) is a supposed magical being that flies in the air. They are usually depicted as tiny girls or women. Some fairies have certain jobs, such as the Tooth fairy, who gives money or treats under the pillow of small children who have had a tooth fall out.

paragraphs: A fairy tale is a story with a plot involving fairies. These stories are usually for children. Fairies come up in many fictional books such as ""Peter Pan"" and ""The Spiderwick Chronicles"".

paragraphs: Fairies can also be found in folklore. For instance, in Ireland and Scotland, fairies are thought of as creatures that were defeated by the human race thousands of years ago and now live in caverns in the world of Faerie. Sometimes fairies are believed to be a kind of angel.


title: London County Council

paragraphs: London County Council (LCC) was the principal local government body for the County of London, during its whole existence (1889-1965), and the first London-wide general municipal authority that was directly elected. It covered the area today known as Inner London and was replaced by the Greater London Council. The LCC was the largest, most significant and ambitious municipal authority of its day.

paragraphs: The creation of the LCC in 1889, as part of the Local Government Act 1888, was forced by a succession of scandals involving the Metropolitan Board of Works (MBW), its predecessor, which had not been directly elected. While the Conservative government of the day would have preferred not to create a single body covering the whole of London, their election promise to the Liberal Unionists led them to this policy. A later Government created the 28 metropolitan boroughs as lower tier authorities to replace the various local authorities in 1899; they assumed some powers of the LCC and shared others.

paragraphs: The LCC inherited the powers of its predecessor the MBW, but also had wider authority over matters such as education, city planning and council housing. It took over the functions of the London School Board in 1903, and Dr C W Kimmins was appointed chief inspector of the education department in 1904.


title: Denomination (currency)

paragraphs: When dealing with money, denomination is the value of the individual currency.

paragraphs: For example a one dollar bill, a 100 dollar bill, a penny and a quarter are all different denominations of money. A one dollar bill and a one dollar coin are the same denomination as they are the same value.

paragraphs: When countries form a monetary union, redenomination may be required and the conversion ratio is often not a nice even number, or even less than 1.

paragraphs: When countries that had a "pound (£) - shilling (s) - pence (d)" (£sd) currency system converted to a system which had pounds (£) and pennies (p) or dollars ($) and cents (¢) it was called decimalisation. In the £sd system, £1 = 20s and 1s = 12d, so £1 = 240d. However in the new systems £1 = 100p or $1 = 100¢ or 100c - a decimal-based system, hence the word "decimalised".


Episcopalian


title: Simulation

paragraphs: A simulation is a way of seeing a thing happen without it actually taking place in the same way. A simulation can be used to predict what might happen without doing it, in case it is dangerous or too expensive or difficult. It can also be used to show people what will happen next, or what happened in the past. It can also show what people believe is happening in a place or time where it is impossible to know what really happens.

paragraphs: There are research institutions just devoted to simulations, like, e.g., "The George E. Brown, Jr. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation" or NEES.

paragraphs: Simulations are used for many purposes, because in a simulation things can be controlled that might not be easy to control in real life. They can use smaller versions of an object or system for testing or practice. Smaller versions of things, like space ships or rooms, can simulate the real thing. They can also be safer, in place of a thing that is dangerous, like when astronauts practice in a swimming pool rather than in outer space. Astronauts practiced in simulations of the moon before they went and landed there. They use simulations of spaceships that move the way real spaceships do. Simulations often use computers. Computers are used to make simulations of what a spaceship's route might be on the way to the moon, to help plan the mission.

paragraphs: One type of video game is called "simulator games". These games let the player simulate doing different things. For example, in the game "Theme Hospital", players perform simulated surgery. "SimCity" lets players design and build their own simulated city.


title: Peter, Paul and Mary

paragraphs: Peter, Paul and Mary were an American folk music group, most famous during the 1960s. The members are Peter Yarrow, Paul (Noel) Stookey and Mary Travers.

paragraphs: Their songs include "If I Had a Hammer" (also called "The Hammer Song"), "Puff, the Magic Dragon", "Leavin' On a Jet Plane" written by John Denver, and "Blowin' in the Wind", written by Bob Dylan. They recorded other Dylan songs, helping his early career. They made records, toured to perform, and appeared on television shows, including "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour".

paragraphs: Peter, Paul and Mary disbanded in 1970, but reunited later, made tours and recorded new music.

paragraphs: Mary Travers died on September 16, 2009, after chemotherapy treatments for leukemia.


title: Jennifer Warnes

paragraphs: Jennifer Warnes is an American singer. She first became famous during the late 1960s, and was a regular performer on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". She performed alongside Leonard Cohen in his 1984 album "Various Positions".

paragraphs: In the late 1970s, she had hit records including "Right Time of the Night" and "I Know a Heartache When I See One". In the 1980s, she sang with Joe Cocker ("Up Where We Belong") and Bill Medley ("(I've Had) The Time of My Life"), which were also hits. The singer was born March 3, 1947.


title: Super Friends

paragraphs: Super Friends is an American cartoon television series about a team of superheroes which ran from 1973 to 1986 on ABC as part of its Saturday morning cartoon lineup. It was produced by Hanna-Barbera and was based on the Justice League of America and related comic book characters published by DC Comics.


title: Warrabah National Park

paragraphs: Warrabah is a national park in New South Wales (Australia), 371 km north of Sydney.


title: Shepreth

paragraphs: Shepreth is a small village in South Cambridgeshire on the main line between Cambridge and London.

paragraphs: It contains a wildlife park (Willers Mill, a.k.a. Shepreth Wildlife Park), a nature reserve (Shepreth L-Moor) and one of the UK's only insect research laboratories.


title: Everest College

paragraphs: Blair College is now Everest College a for-profit college in Colorado Springs, Colorado. Everest College offers career college programs in many areas. The College was founded in Pueblo, Colorado as Brown's School of Business in 1897, changing its name to Blair's Business College in 1918. In 1981, Blair Business College changed its name to Blair Junior College. In 1996, the College was bought by Rhodes Colleges, Inc., a division of Corinthian Colleges, Inc. and the name was changed to Blair College. In 2006, the name was finally changed to the current Everest College.


title: Ilocos

paragraphs: Ilocos Region is a region in the Philippines. Its regional center is San Fernando, La Union. The region has four provinces: Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union and Pangasinan.

paragraphs: Inhabitants are called "Ilocanos" and they speak the Ilocano language.

paragraphs: The term Ilocos Region is derived from this term. However, the designation of Ilocos as the basis of the name of the region promotes the wrong notion that all the residents of Region 1 are Ilocanos. Because 28% of the inhabitants are Pangasinan people, who belong to a different ethno-linguistic group from the Ilocanos.


title: Bill Medley

paragraphs: Bill Medley (born September 19, 1940 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer and songwriter. He was a founding member of the Righteous Brothers. He also had a solo career.

paragraphs: In 1987, Medley had a hit record with a he sang with Jennifer Warnes, "(I've Had) The Time of My Life". It was the theme to a popular movie, "Dirty Dancing".


title: Adventure

paragraphs: An adventure is something exciting that happens to someone. An adventure can be a made-up story, or it can be something that happens in real life.

paragraphs: People often like stories about a person or a group of people who go off and have an adventure. There is often some danger in the story. Enid Blyton and Edgar Rice Burroughs wrote stories about people who have exciting adventures. Harry Potter has lots of adventures: he meets strange people and gets into lots of dangerous situations.

paragraphs: People in real life like to have adventures. They may be explorers who like to go to far-away places where no one has ever been before.

paragraphs: Adventure sports are sports that are exciting and can be rather dangerous. Skydiving, gliding and rock climbing are adventure sports.

paragraphs: An adventure playground is a playground for children where they can climb, swing and jump on things. They have been made by adults for children to use and are normally quite safe.

paragraphs: An adventurer is someone who goes on adventures or does things that are risky.

paragraphs: Space travel is an example of a modern adventure.

paragraphs: An adventure game is a video game about adventures.

paragraphs: The word venture is a short form of "adventure". A "business venture" is a business project in which there is a lot of risk. "Venture" can also be a verb: "They ventured out into the storm".


title: Broom (shrub)

paragraphs: Brooms are a group of evergreen, semi-evergreen, and deciduous shrubs.

paragraphs: All the brooms and their relatives (including "Laburnum" and "Ulex") grow in Europe, north Africa and southwest Asia. The greatest diversity one can find in the Mediterranean region. Many brooms (though not all) are fire-climax species, adapted to regular stand-replacing fires which kill the above-ground parts of the plants, but create conditions for regrowth from the roots and also for germination of stored seeds in the soil.

paragraphs: The most familiar is common broom, that grows in northwestern Europe. One can find it in sunny sites, usually on dry, sandy soils. Like most brooms, it has apparently leafless stems that in spring and summer are covered with golden-yellow flowers. In late summer, its pea-pod like seed capsules burst open, often with an audible pop, spreading seed from the parent plant. It makes a shrub about 1–3m tall, rarely to 4m. It is also the hardiest broom, tolerating temperatures down to about -25 °C.

paragraphs: The brooms belong to the subfamily Faboideae of the legume family Fabaceae, mainly in the three genera Chamaecytisus, Cytisus and Genista, but also in five other small genera (see box, right). All genera in this group are from the tribe Genisteae (syn. Cytiseae). These genera are all closely related and share similar characteristics of dense, slender green stems and very small leaves, adaptations to dry growing conditions. Most of the species have yellow flowers, but a few have white, orange, red, pink or purple flowers.

paragraphs: A traditional rhyme from Sussex says: "Sweep the house with blossed broom in May/sweep the head of the household away." Despite this, it was also common to include a decorated bundle of broom at weddings. Ashes of broom were used to treat dropsy, while its strong smell was said to be able to tame wild horses and dogs.


title: Broom

paragraphs: A broom is a cleaning tool. It consists of stiff fibres attached to, and roughly parallel to, a cylindrical handle, the broomstick. In the context of witchcraft, "broomstick" is likely to refer to the broom as a whole. A smaller whisk broom or brush is sometimes called a duster.

paragraphs: Brooms have changed very much in their construction, since they developed from ad-hoc use of branches and bundles of several natural fibres. Originally, all brooms were round, a shape that is easy to construct but inefficient for actually sweeping. Brooms could be attached to a handle, either short for a whisk broom, or long for a broom used to sweep the floor or fireplace. The word for the tool was originally "besom", "broom" simply being the material of which it was normally made. The fibres used in modern brooms are from broom corn. They are long, straight, durable, and bound together in the plant. The newest major change is the "flat broom", invented by the Shakers in the 1800s, which has far more width for pushing dirt and nearly all brooms produced today are flat brooms.

paragraphs: Brooms have long been connected with witchcraft, almost universally portrayed as medieval-style round brooms and associated with female witches. Despite the association with women, in 1453, the first known case of claiming to have flown on a broomstick is recorded, confessed by the male witch Guillaume Edelin.


title: Cleanliness

paragraphs: Cleanliness means that there is no dirt, no dust, no stains, no bad smells.

paragraphs: The goals of cleanliness are health, beauty, no offensive odor and to avoid the spreading of dirt and contaminants to oneself and others. In the case of glass objects such as windows or windshields, the purpose can also be transparency. Washing is one way of achieving cleanliness, usually with water and often some kind of soap or detergent.

paragraphs: Since the germ theory of disease, it has also now means no germs and other waste. In industry, certain processes need conditions of exceptional cleanliness which are achieved by working in "cleanrooms".

paragraphs: A very new idea is that ‘dirt’ may play a useful role in our immune systems. It is estimated that washing hands with soap and water could reduce diarrheal disease-associated deaths by up to 50%. A large percentage of foodborne disease outbreaks are spread by contaminated hands. Appropriate hand washing practices can reduce the risk of foodborne illness and other infections. It is estimated that washing hands with soap and water could reduce diarrheal disease-associated deaths by up to 50%. A large percentage of foodborne disease outbreaks are spread by contaminated hands. Appropriate hand washing practices can reduce the risk of foodborne illness and other infections.


title: Washing

paragraphs: Washing is one way of cleaning, with water and often some kind of soap or detergent. Washing is an essential part of good hygiene and health.

paragraphs: Soaps and detergents help to spread the oils and dirt particles through the water, so they can be washed away. The spreading of oil through water is called emulsification.

paragraphs: People usually wash themselves periodically.


title: The Wash

paragraphs: The Wash is the square-mouthed estuary on the northwest margin of East Anglia on the east coast of England, "where Norfolk meets Lincolnshire". It is among the largest estuaries in the United Kingdom. It is listed as a Ramsar site as being an important wetland area.

paragraphs: The Wash looks on the map like a large bite out of the coastline of eastern England. It separates the curved coast of East Anglia from Lincolnshire. It is formed by a large bay with three roughly straight sides meeting at right angles, each about 25 kilometres (15 miles) in length. All the eastern coast of the Wash is in Norfolk, and goes from Hunstanton in the north to the mouth of the River Great Ouse at King's Lynn in the south. The coast on the opposite side goes from Gibraltar Point to the mouth of the River Welland and is all in Lincolnshire. The southern coast goes roughly northwest-southeast, joining these two river mouths. In the middle is the mouth of a third river, the River Nene.

paragraphs: The most famous thing that people remember about the Wash is that "King John lost his crown in the Wash". This is because, according to reports from the time, King John travelled from Spalding in Lincolnshire to Bishop's Lynn, in Norfolk in the year 1216. He became ill and decided to go back. While he took the longer route through Wisbech, he sent his luggage, including his crown jewels, along the seashore and across the mouth of the Wellstream where the water was not deep. This route was only safe when the tide was low. The horse-drawn wagons moved too slowly for the incoming tide, and many were lost. The whole area at the time was an extensive wetland known as The Fens, which was later drained. It is close to sea level.


title: Thar Desert

paragraphs: The Thar Desert (, ), also known as the Great Indian Desert, is a desert. About 85 per cent is in western Republic of India and the rest in southeastern Pakistan.

paragraphs: It is mostly in the Indian state of Rajasthan. It extends into the southern portion of Haryana and Punjab states and into northern Gujarat state. In Pakistan, the desert covers eastern Sindh province and the southeastern portion of Pakistan's Punjab province. In Pakistan's Punjab province it is known as the Cholistan desert. Tharparkar District of province Sindh Pakistan is also a part of Thar desert. The Thar Desert is bounded on the northwest by the Sutlej River, on the east by the Aravalli Range, on the south by the salt marsh known as the Rann of Kachchh (parts of which are sometimes included in the Thar), and on the west by the Indus River.

paragraphs: Its boundary to the large thorny steppe to the north is not well defined. Depending on what areas are included or excluded, the nominal size of the Thar can vary.


title: Thyme

paragraphs: Thyme ("Thymus") (pronounced "time") is a genus of perennial plants. There are about 350 different species of thyme. They are herbaceous plants and sub-shrubs. They can grow to about 40 cm tall. They are the family Lamiaceae and native to Europe, North Africa and Asia.

paragraphs: The stems are usually narrow, sometimes even wiry. The leaves are evergreen in most species. They are arranged in opposite pairs, oval, entire, and small, 4–20 mm long. The flowers are in dense terminal heads, with an uneven calyx, with the upper lip three-lobed, and the lower cleft; the corolla is tubular, 4–10 mm long, and white, pink or purple.

paragraphs: "Thymus" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including "Chionodes distinctella" and "Coleophora" species.

paragraphs: Ancient Egyptians used thyme for embalming. The ancient Greeks used it in their baths and burnt it as incense in their temples. They believed that thyme was a source of courage. It was thought that the spread of thyme throughout Europe was thanks to the Romans, as they used it to purify their rooms. In the European Middle Ages, the herb was placed under pillows. This was done to help sleep and ward off nightmares. (Huxley 1992). In this period, women would also often give knights and warriors gifts that included thyme leaves. People believed it would bring courage to the bearer. Thyme was also used as incense and placed on coffins during funerals as it was supposed to assure passage into the next life.

paragraphs: Thyme is widely grown as a herb. Usually it is grown for its strong flavour, which is due to its content of thymol.

paragraphs: Thyme likes a hot sunny location with good-draining soil. It is planted in the spring and later grows as a perennial. It can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or by dividing rooted sections of the plant. It tolerates drought well.

paragraphs: Thyme keeps its flavour on drying better than many other herbs.

paragraphs: Thyme is widely used for cooking. Thyme is a basic ingredient in French and Italian cuisines, and in those derived from them. It is also widely used in Caribbean cuisine.

paragraphs: Thyme is often used to flavour meats, soups and stews. It has a particular affinity to and is often used as a primary flavour with lamb, tomatoes and eggs.

paragraphs: Thyme, while flavourful, does not overpower and blends well with other herbs and spices. In French cuisine, along with bay and parsley it is a common component of the "bouquet garni", and of "herbes de Provence". In some Middle Eastern countries, the condiment "za'atar" contains thyme as a vital ingredient.

paragraphs: Thyme is sold both fresh and dried. The fresh form is more flavourful but also less convenient; storage life is rarely more than a week. While summer-seasonal, fresh thyme is often available year-round. Fresh thyme is commonly sold in bunches of sprigs. A sprig is a single stem snipped from the plant. It is composed of a woody stem with paired leaf or flower clusters ("leaves") spaced ½ to 1" apart. A recipe may measure thyme by the bunch (or fraction thereof), or by the sprig, or by the tablespoon or teaspoon. If the recipe does not specify fresh or dried, assume that it means fresh.

paragraphs: Thyme retains its flavour on drying better than many other herbs. Dried, and especially powdered thyme occupies less space than fresh, so less of it is required when substituted in a recipe. As with bay, thyme is slow to release its flavours so it is usually added early in the cooking process.

paragraphs: The essential oil of common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) is made up of 20-55% thymol. Thymol, an antiseptic, is the main active ingredient in Listerine mouthwash. Before the advent of modern antibiotics, it was used to medicate bandages. It has also been shown to be effective against the fungus that commonly infects toenails.

paragraphs: A tea made by infusing the herb in water can be used for cough and bronchitis. Medicinally thyme is used for respiratory infections. Because it is antiseptic, thyme boiled in water and cooled is very effective against inflammation of the throat. The inflammation will normally disappear in 2 – 5 days. Other infections and wounds can be dripped with thyme.

paragraphs: In traditional Jamaican childbirth practice, thyme tea is given to the mother after delivery of the baby. Its oxytocin-like effect causes uterine contractions and more rapid delivery of the placenta but this was said by Sheila Kitzinger to cause an increased prevalence of retained placenta.

paragraphs: "Thymus vulgaris" (common thyme or garden thyme) is a commonly used culinary herb. It also has medicinal uses. Common thyme is a Mediterranean perennial which is best suited to well-drained soils and enjoys full sun.

paragraphs: "Thymus herba-barona" (caraway thyme) is used both as a culinary herb and a groundcover, and has a strong caraway scent due to the chemical carvone.

paragraphs: "Thymus × citriodorus" (citrus thyme; hybrid "T. pulegioides" × "T. vulgaris") is also a popular culinary herb, with cultivars selected with flavours of various "Citrus" fruit (lemon thyme, etc.)

paragraphs: "Thymus pseudolanuginosus" (woolly thyme) is not a culinary herb, but is grown as a ground cover.

paragraphs: "Thymus serpyllum" (wild thyme) is an important nectar source plant for honeybees. All thyme species are nectar sources, but wild thyme covers large areas of droughty, rocky soils in southern Europe (Greece is especially famous for wild thyme honey) and North Africa, as well as in similar landscapes in the Berkshire Mountains and Catskill Mountains of the northeastern US.

paragraphs: There are a number of different cultivars of thyme with established or growing popularity, including:


title: Distribution

paragraphs: The word distribution has several meanings:


title: Distributed computing

paragraphs: Distributed computing is a word from computer science, about using many computers to solve a big problem. One way to solve a big problem is to use a very fast computer called a supercomputer. Supercomputers are very expensive, and many scientists can not buy them. A cheaper way to solve a big problem is to split it into smaller problems, when possible. These smaller problems can then be solved by different computers (or processors), which talk to each other over a computer network. Because many computers work together, this makes them as powerful as a supercomputer. One example where distributed computing is used is the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search.


title: Thymus

paragraphs: The thymus is a specialized lymphoid organ of the immune system. The thymus is in front of the heart and behind the sternum.

paragraphs: In the thymus, T cells or T lymphocytes mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, where the body adapts specifically to foreign invaders.

paragraphs: The thymus is where T cells develop from hematopoietic (blood-forming) cells. In addition, this is where the T cells get tolerant to cells of the body.

paragraphs: The thymus is largest and most active during the newborn and pre-adolescent periods. By the early teens, the thymus begins to slow down. However, it continues to make lymphocytes throughout adult life.


title: Frequency distribution

paragraphs: In statistics, a frequency distribution is a list of the values that a variable takes in a sample. It is usually a list, ordered by quantity. It will show the number of times each value appears. For example, if 100 people rate a five-point Likert scale assessing their agreement with a statement on a scale on which 1 denotes strong agreement and 5 strong disagreement, the frequency distribution of their responses might look like:

paragraphs: This simple table has two drawbacks. When a variable can take continuous values instead of discrete values or when the number of possible values is too large, the table construction is difficult, if it is not impossible. A slightly different scheme based on the range of values is used in such cases. For example, if we consider the heights of the students in a class, the frequency table might look like below.

paragraphs: Managing and operating on frequency tabulated data is much simpler than operation on raw data. There are simple algorithms to calculate median, mean (statistics), standard deviation etc. from these tables.

paragraphs: Statistical hypothesis testing is based on the assessment of differences and similarities between frequency distributions. This assessment involves measures of central tendency or averages, such as the mean and median, and measures of variability or statistical dispersion, such as the standard deviation or variance.

paragraphs: A frequency distribution is said to be skewed when its mean and median are different. The kurtosis of a frequency distribution is the concentration of scores at the mean, or how peaked the distribution appears if depicted graphically—for example, in a histogram. If the distribution is more peaked than the normal distribution it is said to be leptokurtic; if less peaked it is said to be platykurtic.

paragraphs: Frequency distributions are also used in frequency analysis to crack codes and refer to the relative frequency of letters in different languages.


title: British overseas territories

paragraphs: A British Overseas Territory is one of fourteen territories which the United Kingdom considers to be under its sovereignty, but not as part of the United Kingdom itself.

paragraphs: Before 1981 the territories were known as colonies or "Crown colonies". The British Overseas Territories are also referred to as overseas territories of the United Kingdom, UK overseas territories, or when the context is clear, simply the Overseas Territories.

paragraphs: The territories of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man, though also under the sovereignty of the British Crown, have a slightly different constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, and are consequently classed as Crown dependencies rather than Overseas Territories.

paragraphs: Territories and dependencies are distinct from the Commonwealth of Nations, a voluntary association of former British colonies.

paragraphs: In a historical context, colonies should be distinguished from protectorates and protected states, which though under British control, were nominally independent states, whereas colonies were part of the British state. They should also not be confused with Dominions, which, known collectively as the "Commonwealth", were independent states, held to be equal in sovereign status to the United Kingdom within the Empire and Commonwealth after the Statute of Westminster in 1931. Crown colonies, such as Hong Kong, were differentiated from other colonies in being administered directly by the Crown, without the degree of local autonomy found in self-governed colonies and other British overseas territories such as Bermuda.

paragraphs: The head of state in the Overseas Territories is the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. The Queen's role in the territories is in her role as Queen of the United Kingdom, and not in right of each territory. The Queen appoints a representative in each territory to exercise her executive power.

paragraphs: All the Overseas Territories have their own system of government, and localised laws. The structure of the government appears to be closely correlated to the size and political development of the territory.

paragraphs: Each Overseas Territory has its own legal system independent of the United Kingdom. The legal system is generally based on English common law, with some distinctions for local circumstances. Each territory has its own Attorney General, and court system. For the smaller territories, the UK may appoint a UK-based lawyer or judge to work on legal cases. This is particularly important for cases involving serious crimes and where it is impossible to find a jury who will not know the defendant in a small population island.


title: Promenade concert

paragraphs: The word Promenade Concert today usually refers to one of the concerts in the series started by Henry Wood in 1895, known today as the BBC Proms. However, before these concerts started there had for many years been promenade concerts in the parks of London. These concerts took place in the leisure gardens (parks) where people could walk about while listening to the music (French se promener = to walk).

paragraphs: People had to pay to go into the leisure gardens. There were lots of entertainments there, e.g. fireworks, dancing, acrobatics and music. The music was played by orchestras. Sometimes these orchestras played in bandstands, sometimes in proper buildings.

paragraphs: Vauxhall Gardens and Ranelagh Gardens were the most famous of these gardens. The composer George Frideric Handel had his music played there in the 18th century. The gardens were very fashionable until the 19th century. Aristocratic people, royalty and ordinary people all mixed there. Handel's "Music for the Royal Fireworks" was performed in Vauxhall Gardens to celebrate the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. The composer Dr Thomas Arne was appointed composer of Vauxhall Gardens in 1745. It was here that many of his songs became popular, including "Rule Britannia". Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Joseph Haydn performed in Ranelagh Gardens on their visits to London.

paragraphs: In the 19th century concerts of classical music became very popular. The conductor Louis Antoine Jullien conducted many concerts. His orchestra were even joined by the bands of the Royal Artillery or drummers from the French National Guard. Concerts were also given in Crystal Palace, the huge glass building which was built for the Great Exhibition in 1851.

paragraphs: Many English composers had their music played in these parks. The music was often long songs (ballads), or drinking songs. Sometimes choirs sang choruses from oratorios by Handel. Later in the 19th century the programmes included more music by famous composers such as Brahms, Liszt, Mendelssohn, Schubert, Schumann, Smetana and Wagner.

paragraphs: In 1895 Henry Wood started his series of promenade concerts. He wanted to educate audiences so that they liked good music. This series of concerts continues today in the Royal Albert Hall as the BBC Proms.


title: National Air Traffic Services

paragraphs: The United Kingdom's National Air Traffic Services (NATS) is a company set up in 2001 to run air traffic control services. This means that NATS makes sure aircraft can fly safely across Britain, and that aircraft can take-off and land safely at British airports.

paragraphs: NATS is a private company, but the government owns 49%, just under half.

paragraphs: Before 2001 the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) handled air traffic control.


Gal


title: Czech Airlines

paragraphs: Czech Airlines was started as Czechoslovak State Airlines on 6 October 1923. This was when the Czech Republic and the Slovakia were one country.

paragraphs: The company started flying "domestically" (only inside Czechoslovakia) in 1924. In 1930 they made their first international flight.

paragraphs: CSA stopped flying between 1938 and 1945 when the country was occupied by Germany.

paragraphs: When Czechoslovakia split into two countries, all of the Czechoslovak State Airlines stayed in the Czech Republic and became Czech Airlines. That is why Czech Airline's logo still says CSA : Czech Airlines


title: Arika Yumemiya

paragraphs: Arika Yumemiya is a fictional protagonist from the anime "My-Otome".

paragraphs: Arika lived with just her grandmother, who died when Arika became 15. The grandmother told Arika that her mother was an otome, and gives Arika a necklace from her mother. Wanting to find out more about her mother, and to become an otome like her, Arika walks to Garderobe (a school in Windbloom for training otomes). She meets a girl called Nina Wang, who is from Garderobe.

paragraphs: Arika is from the countryside, so she does not know much about the city of Windbloom. Nina soon becomes angry with Arika's clumsiness. When Arika tells Nina that she also wants to find Garderobe to become an otome, like Nina, Nina does not agree to tell her where Garderobe is, because she thought that Arika was not good enough to be an otome.

paragraphs: They save a girl who is called Mashiro from some men, and Mashiro leads Nina and Arika to Garderobe in return. But they are attacked by a robot called a Slave monster. Nina then makes a temporary contract with Mashiro to protect her, so that she can prove that she was a good otome. Arika finds this very interesting, when the Slave Monster defeats Nina.

paragraphs: They all run to a plane, and Arika's necklace shines, making the plane fly by itself. Nina sees the necklace and thinks that she might be Rena Searrs's daughter. A Five Pillar called Shizuru and an otome called Akane saves them, and leads them to Garderobe. Arika thinks that the otomes are good, and asks the headmaster of Garderobe, Natsuki, that she wants to become an otome as well. Natsuki agrees.

paragraphs: Arika is very cheerful, and seems to be a good potential for an otome, because she is strong. For example, when she saves Mashiro with Nina, she attacks the men with skill. When the nanomachine is put to her so that she can fight with Nina later on, she does not get tired easily. Her power might have come from her mother, Rena Searrs, who was a very strong otome.

paragraphs: But when she sometimes does not understand what is happening, she cries easily, but hides it from the others. She always tries to listen to what her grandmother said before she died. For example, the grandmother once said to her "never to give up hope in a dream," so she does not give up her dream to become an otome.

paragraphs: "Arika" in Japanese means a "place". "Yume" in her surname, Yumemiya, means "dream". Together, it means that Arika's dream is to become an otome, and she tries to find a place (Garderobe) where she can have her dreams come true.


title: Protagonist

paragraphs: A protagonist is the main character of a story. It can be used for any kind of story: in literature, a movie, a television show or a play. The protagonist is also called the central character or main character and is often the hero of the story.

paragraphs: Protagonists are usually moral and benevolent, helping other characters to change their badness to become good again, or defeating the bad characters. This is not always the case. For example, the protagonist in Psycho is a serial killer.

paragraphs: The protagonist's name can sometimes be in the title of the fiction he or she is in, for example:


title: That's So Raven

paragraphs: That's So Raven is an original Disney teen television comedy series. The main character is a teenage girl, Raven Baxter, played by actress Raven-Symoné. The original character name was Dawn Baxter. Then it was changed to Mariah Baxter, then to Raven Baxter when Raven Symone won the part.

paragraphs: Raven Baxter is a psychic teenager who can see the future. She sees the future in visions. She has to try to understand her visions. Sometimes, she tries to keep them from coming true.


title: Russian Armenia

paragraphs: Russian Armenia () is the time of Armenia's history under Russian rule from 1829, when Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire to the start of the Democratic Republic of Armenia in 1918.


title: Ruben Studdard

paragraphs: Ruben Studdard (born September 12, 1978) is an African-American singer. He won season 2 of American Idol. His runner up is Clay Aiken.

paragraphs: Ruben has songs on an album that put together from songs on other albums


title: Monocotyledon

paragraphs: Monocotyledons are a class of flowering plants (angiosperms), whose embryo (seed) store only one cotyledon.

paragraphs: The APG II system recognises a clade called "monocots" but does not assign it to a taxonomic rank.

paragraphs: You can recognize a monocot by its leaves: they have long parallel veins running down the leaf. In contrast, dicot plant leaves have a complex netted vein pattern on their leaves.

paragraphs: Monocots usually have a fibrous root system.


title: Hornsby, New South Wales

paragraphs: Hornsby is a suburb and shire in the northern part of Sydney.

paragraphs: The name 'Hornsby' comes from a convict who became a constable. His name was Samuel Henry Horne, and he was given some land for helping catch two bushrangers, whose names were Dalton and MacNamara. He named the land he was given 'Hornsby Place' after himself.

paragraphs: Hornsby shire is one of the biggest Local Government areas of Sydney, with a population of 155,971. It consists of the following suburbs:

paragraphs: Hornsby station, Hornsby Westfield, Hornsby Library and many business buildings are in the centre of the suburb. The eastern side of the train line is often called the 'modern part' of Hornsby, and Westfield and the Hornsby Library are here, with many new towering apartment blocks. The western side of the railway line is home to Hornsby's main post office, court house, police station, council office, public swimming pool, TAFE college and many older shops and businesses. There is also an industrial area on the far western part of Hornsby, with many large warehouses and factories.

paragraphs: Hornsby Hospital and Mt Wilga Rehabilitation Hospital are two hospitals in Hornsby.

paragraphs: Hornsby is a place of many cultures, and many people from around the world live there.

paragraphs: The current population of Hornsby is 18,702.


title: Glen Campbell

paragraphs: Glen Travis Campbell (April 22, 1936 – August 8, 2017) was an American musician, singer and actor. He was born in Billstown, Arkansas. Almost all of his solo works have been in the country music genre. Before his solo career, he played guitar on rock and pop music records, including "Mary, Mary" by The Monkees. Campbell joined The Beach Boys for a short time, when Brian Wilson became ill.

paragraphs: Campbell guest-starred on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". Later he hosted a series of his own, "The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour".

paragraphs: Campbell's hits include "Galveston", "By The Time I Get to Phoenix", "Wichita Lineman", "Try a Little Kindness", "Gentle On My Mind", "Sunflower", and "Hey Little One". Many of his hits were written by Jimmy Webb. In 1975, Campbell had his biggest hit, "Rhinestone Cowboy". The song became a phenomenon, and rhinestone-covered clothing became a fad.

paragraphs: Campbell had more hits, including "Country Boy (You Got Your Feet in L. A.)" and "Can You Fool?". His career slowed down in the late 1970s. He seemed to suffer from public overexposure. His romance with Tanya Tucker, a much younger country singer, did not help the way many people saw Campbell. He stopped recording, and cut back on his public appearances.

paragraphs: Years later, Campbell returned to recording and appearing on television. In the 1990s, people were again interested in his music and career. Personal problems, though, seemed to get as much attention as his career, for example, when Campbell was arrested for drunk driving. His music is still popular with fans, and is part of popular culture.

paragraphs: Campbell discovered in late 2010 that he had Alzheimer's disease. He announced the diagnosis in June 2011. He released his final album that year. He completed his last concert tour in November 2012. He died of the disease on August 8, 2017 in Nashville, Tennessee at the age of 81.


title: Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" (Shostakovich)

paragraphs: Symphony No. 7 in C major "Leningrad", Op. 60 is a famous symphony by Dmitri Shostakovich. It was composed in 1941. It is a very long work, lasting about 75 minutes. The symphony was first performed by the Bolshoi Theatre Orchestra on 5 March 1942. Shostakovich was awarded a Stalin Prize by the Soviet government for the symphony.

paragraphs: Shostakovich gave the symphony its title because it is about what was happening in Leningrad in 1941. It was during the World War II and the German army had invaded the Soviet Union and blocked communication between the city of Leningrad (now called St Petersburg) and the rest of the world. Conditions were terrible: the people hardly had any food to eat and they were very cold in the winter. About a million people died during the siege.

paragraphs: Shostakovich lived in fear most of his life because if Josef Stalin, the Soviet dictator, did not like his music he could have been sent to prison or put to death. Sometimes Shostakovich was made a hero by the government and sometimes he was told that his music was not good because it was not in the style that the government thought he should write it in. The symphony was very popular at first in countries that fought on the same side as Russia in World War II, as well as in Russia. It was performed many times in the United States and the United Kingdom. Many people in these countries liked the symphony because it seemed to show the Russians as heroes fighting to save their city from the Germans. Later, during the Cold War, many people in these same countries did not like the work very much, because the Russians were now their enemies and they thought that music written there was propaganda meant to show Russia and its leaders as better than other countries and their leaders. In more recent years, people have once more changed their minds about the meaning of the music. The music is now thought by some people who study music to show how cruel Stalin was as well as the terror of the Nazi invasion. Other people still think it was meant to support the Russian government and army as they fought the Germans, and to remember the people who died fighting.

paragraphs: One of the reasons it is so hard to know what the symphony means is that people disagree about when Shostakovich started writing it. If he started it before the war began, it is probably at least partly about the Soviet government, but if he started it during the war, it might be only about the war.

paragraphs: After the first performance on 5 March 1942 in Kuybïshev (now called Samara), it was soon performed in Moscow, and then in Leningrad, which was still surrounded by the German army at the time. A copy of the music was out to the West on microfilm. It was performed by Sir Henry Wood in London at the BBC studios on 22 June and the next week at a Promenade Concert. On 19 July it was played in New York by the NBC Symphony Orchestra conducted by Arturo Toscanini in a studio concert played on the radio throughout the United States.

paragraphs: The first movement is a long, dramatic movement. The middle part of this movement is a march, with a repeated rhythm on the snare drum, starting very softly, with the tune first heard in the strings who are playing "pizzicato" (plucking the string instead of playing with the bow). Each time the tune is played it becomes louder. People used to think that this theme was about the invading German Nazi army, but now some people think it might instead be about the way the Soviet government changed the city of Leningrad, or about both of these things. The second movement is called a scherzo. It is a more light-hearted movement after the tension of the first movement. The third movement is slow and full of strong emotions. The composer said that it was supposed to show the city of Leningrad at sunset. The last movement is faster again, and brings back parts of the music from earlier in the piece, but it is not clear whether the ending is serious or not.

paragraphs: The orchestra is very large and has parts for the flute, piccolo, oboe, cor anglais, clarinet, bass clarinet, bassoon, contrabassoon, French horn, trumpet, trombone, tuba, piano, harp, violin, viola, cello, and double bass, as well as many percussion instruments.


title: Persian Armenia

paragraphs: Persian Armenia means the Armenian land ruled by Persia in some time. The size of Persian Armenia changed over time.


title: Iuridictum

paragraphs: Iuridictum is an encyclopedia about law in Czech language made with a wiki, which means that anyone can change the encyclopedia or create new articles. The project was started in 2005 by Tomáš Pecina, former administrator of Czech Wikipedia.


Potential


title: Rena Searrs

paragraphs: Rena Searrs, in the fictional anime My-Otome, was a powerful otome of the king of Windbloom, but she died from a war 14 years ago. She is later revealed to be the mother of Arika Yumemiya.

paragraphs: Her Gem (jewel) is the Blue Sky Sapphire.


title: Nina Wang

paragraphs: Nina Wang is a fictional character from the anime My-Otome.

paragraphs: Nobody knows of Nina's past, just that she was kidnapped by assassins when she was young. She trained to become an assassin with other young children, until a man called Sergay Wang came to kill the assassins. Sergay sees Nina, and decides to adopt her. Nina trains in Garderobe from then on, to become Nagi's (Sergay's master) otome. She grows to love her stepfather more than loving a father, and is jealous when she finds that Sergay loved a woman called Rena Searrs from a photo album.

paragraphs: When she first meets Arika, she is angry at Arika for embarrassing her. This is because Arika tried to catch a drink from falling and landed on Nina instead. Nina fell down, showing the inside of her skirt, and she felt embarrassed in front of other people who were there, for example, Sergay. It is her dream to please Sergay and so she pretends that her dream is to become an otome, because Sergay would be proud.


title: Kidnapping

paragraphs: Kidnapping is an illegal act of stealing people. It has been around for a long time. For example, there were slave traders in Ancient Rome who kidnapped people and sold them as slaves. If a parent steals a child without the other parent's consent it is known as parental abduction. Sometimes, kidnapping is done for ransom. Many times, people kidnap children, an example is Amber Hagerman.


title: Gurkha

paragraphs: Gurkhas (Gorkhas) are Nepali citizens of Khas origin recruited into the British Army, and now also recruited into the modern Nepali and Indian Armies. They come from the mountains of Nepal and are best known for their courage, honesty, and loyalty.

paragraphs: The Brigade of Gurkhas are a part of the British Army. They have fought with the British for the past 200 years. The Gurkha unit in the British army has won 26 Victoria Cross medals and many other medals. The Gurkhas also work in the security forces of Brunei, Singapore, India and other countries.

paragraphs: Their symbol is the kukri or khukuri, the curved knife which they use as a weapon and a tool.


title: Moses of Chorene

paragraphs: Moses of Chorene () is known as the author of the most important mediaeval Armenian history. He is known as the first Armenian historian.


title: Decimal

paragraphs: The decimal numeral system is the most usual way of writing numbers. It has ten as a starting point, or base. It is sometimes called the base ten or denary numeral system. The word "decimal" is also used instead of the word "period" to mean the dot (".") that is sometimes used to separate the positions of the numbers in this system. Indeed, the dot is the default decimal separator in English-speaking countries.

paragraphs: Decimal notation is the writing of numbers in the base-ten numeral system, which uses various symbols (called digits) for no more than ten distinct values (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9) to represent any numbers, no matter how large. These digits are often used with a decimal separator(such as "." or ","), which indicates the start of a fractional part, and with one of the sign symbols + (positive) or − (negative) in front of the numerals to indicate sign.

paragraphs: There are only two truly positional decimal systems in ancient civilization: the Chinese counting rods system and Hindu-Arabic numeral system. Both required no more than ten symbols, while other numeral systems, such as Babylonian base-60 system, require more symbols.

paragraphs: Any rational number can be expressed as a unique decimal expansion. It may have to end with recurring decimals.

paragraphs: Ten is the product of the first and third prime numbers, is one greater than the square of the second prime number, and is one less than the fifth prime number. This leads to plenty of simple decimal fractions:

paragraphs: A straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as "ten-one" and 23 as "two-ten-three", is found in Chinese languages except Wu, and in Vietnamese with a few irregularities. Japanese, Korean, and Thai have imported the Chinese decimal system. Many other languages with a decimal system have special words for teens and decades.

paragraphs: Incan languages such as Quechua and Aymara have an almost straightforward decimal system, in which 11 is expressed as "ten with one" and 23 as "two-ten with three".

paragraphs: Some psychologists suggest irregularities of numerals in a language may hinder children's counting ability .


title: Numeral system

paragraphs: A numeral system (or system of numeration) is a way to write numbers. Roman numerals and tally marks are examples. "11" usually means eleven, but if the numeral system is binary, then "11" means three.

paragraphs: A numeral is a symbol or group of symbols, or a word in a natural language that represents a number. Numerals differ from numbers just as the word "rock" differs from a real rock. The symbols "11", "eleven" and "XI" are different numerals, all representing the same number. This article tries to explain the different systems of numerals. Greek numerals and Roman numerals are among the systems that were long used, before the Hindu–Arabic numeral system largely replaced them.

paragraphs: Various symbols are used as numerals to make numbers. A system with base 10 (the normal decimal system), normally uses the symbols "0","1","2", "3", "4", "5","6", "7", "8", and "9". The numbers 0 to 9 can be written as one symbol, "0" ... "9". To count past 9, symbols have to be put together. "10" can be seen as "1" in the tens' place and "0" in the ones' place, or as "1 times 10 plus 0 times 10". With a base of 2, only the symbols "0" and "1" are used. "10" in base 2 notation is therefore "1 times 2 plus 0 times 2". This is the same as 2, in the base 10 notation.

paragraphs: For bases bigger than 10, capital letters are used as symbols.

paragraphs: For example, the hexadecimal numeral system (base 16) uses the numerical digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F.

paragraphs: Today, mainly base 10 is in use. Computers use binary and people who study computers often use octal and hexadecimal numeral systems. Ancient Sumer used sexagesimal (base 60). Mesoamerica used base 20.

paragraphs: Most electronic calculations are done in binary (base 2), but most people do calculations in decimal (base ten).


title: Mashiro Kazahana

paragraphs: Mashiro Kazahana is a main character in the anime My-HiME. Mashiro Blanc de Windbloom is her name in My-Otome.

paragraphs: Mashiro first meets Mai Tokiha when Mai is trying to find Mikoto Minagi, and Mashiro is seen in a rose garden with a maid. When she later meets Mai, Mai finds out that Mashiro is the chairwoman of the Fuuka Academy. She is calm and seems to know more than the people of her age, even though she is just 14. She knows about the Himes, feeling sorry for them as if it was her own fault that the Himes were created.

paragraphs: Mashiro Blanc de Winbloom is the queen of Windbloom, who is only 15. She is bossy and loud, parallel to Mashiro Kazahana. She gets angry easily, and when people say that she is a fake princess, she is surprized because she wants to be a queen so much. But a rumour says that the real princess was floated away in a casket, and that Mashiro was just a replacement for not finding the real princess. Mashiro does not look like the last rulers of Winbloom as well.


title: Chairperson

paragraphs: A chairperson is a person who presides over meetings, such as a board of directors for a corporation, or any other meeting. The chairman of a corporation is not the chief executive officer, and only conducts the meetings in most companies.

paragraphs: Although "chairman" has been used for both men and women, some prefer to use the terms "chairperson", "madame chairman" or "chairwoman." The conduct of meetings is governed by the organization's by-laws or charter, or, more formally, Parliamentary procedure for government organizations or large meetings generally. Rarely the chairperson is called the "chair," though in educational institutions a "chair" indicates a specific endowed position on a faculty.


title: NEXTSTEP

paragraphs: NEXTSTEP was a computer operating system made by a company called NeXT. NeXT was run by Steve Jobs, who was the CEO of Apple until his death in 2011. NEXTSTEP was based on UNIX and used source code from BSD. It had a graphical user interface and it let people write computer programs using object-oriented programming. NEXTSTEP ran only on computers made by NeXT. Later on, NEXTSTEP was changed so that it could run on other computers. This new operating system was called OPENSTEP. In 1997, Apple bought the NeXT company and used NEXTSTEP to make Mac OS X.


title: Darwin (operating system)

paragraphs: Darwin is a free, open source, Unix operating system made by Apple Inc. It is named after Charles Darwin. Darwin is used as the base of Mac OS X, but it cannot run Mac OS X programs by itself.


title: Mashiro

paragraphs: Mashiro is a Japanese name meaning white. Mashiro may refer to:


title: Graduation

paragraphs: Graduation is the confirmation of the finishing of an academy. Graduation is celebrated in a ceremony done at the day of that confirmation; the name of that ceremony is usually the degree day. This is also called commencement, invocation, or convocation.

paragraphs: Graduation also means the moving of a student from one grade to another higher grade.


title: Loyalty

paragraphs: Loyalty is a devotion for someone or something. Someone who is loyal can be trusted, because they never betray the people they are loyal to.

paragraphs: Being loyal can also bring good to business because the boss, or person in control, may let the person do something difficult but greatly paid. This is because loyal people are expected and trusted to behave responsibly.

paragraphs: Some firms (e.g. insurance brokers) may give "loyalty discounts" to customers who stay with them for a long time (who are loyal to the firm). Some stores may offer their customers "loyalty cards" to get some money off their purchases.


Loyal


title: ITunes

paragraphs: iTunes is a media player made by Apple. It came out on January 10, 2001, at the Macworld Expo in San Francisco. iTunes is used for playing and sorting music and video files. It also lets users see and change what is on their iPod or iPhone.

paragraphs: iTunes is a free download for Mac OS X and Microsoft Windows from Apple's website. The download is also included with QuickTime, a program used to play videos. It also comes with all Apple Macintosh computers, and some HP and Dell computers.

paragraphs: The iTunes Store is an online store built into iTunes. iTunes can connect to the iTunes Store if there is an internet connection to buy and download music, music videos, television shows, iPod games, audiobooks, podcasts, and movies. The files from the iTunes Store used to use Digital Rights Management (DRM) to prevent piracy. However, iTunes now sells music and videos called iTunes Plus, which are higher quality and have no DRM.

paragraphs: Some singers and bands do not have most of their music on iTunes yet: The KLF, Garth Brooks, Bob Seger, Def Leppard, King Crimson and Tool.

paragraphs: For a long time, you could not get music by The Beatles on iTunes due to a legal conflict between Apple Inc. and Apple Records. Starting in November 2010, you can now get music by the Beatles. It is very popular nowadays. There is a lot of advertisement by Apple for Beatles music.

paragraphs: Bill Kincaid had developed SoundJamMP which was released later in the year of 1999. It was later renamed iTunes which was then purchased by Apple in 2000.

paragraphs: As SoundJam was being worked on throughout the years, the interface of the site was changed to make it easier for people to understand how to use it. And added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.

paragraphs: On January 9, 2001, iTunes 1.0 was released at Macworld San Francisco. Macintosh users immediately began to dig through iTunes’s resource fork where they discovered that there were so many other strings and other resources that indicated iTunes was a re-engineered SoundJam MP. Casady & Greene ceased distribution of SoundJam MP on June 1, 2001 at the request of the developers.


title: AAC

paragraphs: AAC is a file format for storing music or other sounds. It stands for Advanced Audio Coding or Advanced Audio Codec. It is used by Apple Inc. in the iPod and iTunes. AAC is one of the standard formats that comes from the MPEG organization, the same people who invented MP3.

paragraphs: There are several flavors of AAC. These are the most popular:

paragraphs: Here are some common AAC file name endings:

paragraphs: An AAC file that has only music and information could have a name that ends with either .m4a or .mp4.

paragraphs: A KDE/Qt application for Linux/Unix called easytag will edit metadata about AAC-encoded files as long as they end with the .m4a extension. Typically, renaming files to .m4a and back to the original extension after editing is sufficient. This method can be used to configure typical ID3v2 metadata including cover art. This cover art is used by Apple's iTunes and their media players. Note that easytag does not have the ability to add chapter points into Audiobooks (.m4b).


title: WMA

paragraphs: WMA is a file format for storing music. It was made by Microsoft. It stands for Windows Media Audio. It is used in Windows Media Player and many portable music players.

paragraphs: I am an amazing person who knows all about WMA but am not going to tell you anything


Hidden


title: Regatta

paragraphs: A regatta is a term used to describe either a boat race, or series of boat races.

paragraphs: Although the term typically describes racing events of unpowered watercraft, some powerboat race series are also called "regattas". Most commonly, a "regatta" is either a series of rowing, sailing or yacht racing.

paragraphs: Although "regattas" are typically amateur competitions, they are usually very highly organized, formally structured events, with complex rules precisely describing the schedule and procedures of the event.


title: Touchscreen

paragraphs: A touchscreen is a computer screen that can be used by touching it with a finger or a stylus pen, instead of using a mouse and keyboard. It can be described as a touchpad with a screen built-in to it.

paragraphs: Today, all kinds of devices, both big and small, make use of touchscreens. However, tablet computers and smartphones have made them popular and are the most widely known and used products that use touchscreens.

paragraphs: In 1965, E.A Johnson of England’s Royal Radar Establishment, invented the first touchscreen that was used in the U.K for air traffic control up until around 1995. The first resistive touch screen was invented by G. Samuel Hurst in 1975, and produced in 1982. Back in 1970, Hurst and nine friends discovered that a touchscreen on a computer monitor made for an excellent method of interaction. Pressure on the cover sheet allowed voltage to flow between the X wires and the Y wires, which could be measured to indicate coordinates. This discovery helped found what we today refer to as resistive touch technology (because it responds purely to pressure rather than electrical conductivity, working with both a stylus and a finger).

paragraphs: Much later in 2005, three friends from France created a multi-touch screen capable of tracking any numbers of fingers. By 2005, their company named JazzMutant released the Lemur, a music controller with a multi-touch screen interface. This new technology helped influenced the TactaPad also made in 2005. Two years later, in January 2007, the iPhone was released, which was controlled entirely by a multi-touch screen. It, and the iPad which came out in September 2010, were very successful and would eventually lead to more companies adding touchscreens to their products. They included Samsung, Sony, Motorola, and many companies who adopted the touch-friendly Android operating system.

paragraphs: In response to the popularity of touchscreens, Microsoft, maker of the Windows family of operating systems for personal computers, would introduce a new interface in Windows 8 in 2011, which has large tiles that are meant to be easily usable with touch technology like those on tablets. It would come out the next year, along with the Microsoft Surface tablet.

paragraphs: Because of how easy they are to use, touchscreens can be found in many places. Along with general computing and consumer electronics devices such as smartphones, tablets, smartwatches and personal computers, touchscreens are also widely used on kiosks, which are used for information systems in cities and museums. They are also found on machines including Automatic Teller Machines (ATMs), cash registers and retail point-of-sale terminals, GPS navigation systems such as those in cars and other vehicles, medical equipment and industrial control panels. The touchscreen built into kiosks use simple point and click interaction. Interactive whiteboards, which can be found in many schools, also use a simple form of touch technology.

paragraphs: Different kinds of touchscreens work in different ways. There are two main technologies used for touchscreens:

paragraphs: Unlike resistive screens, capacitive screens don’t work if you touch them with a plastic stylus because the plastic acts as an insulator. Some stylus pens, such as the Apple Pencil for the iPad Pro, are made to work with capacitive screens. They are pressure sensitive and let you to do different things by pushing harder or more gently. For example, you can draw a wider or narrower line in programs like Microsoft OneNote and Adobe Photoshop.


title: My-HiME

paragraphs: My-Hime (舞-HiME, Mai-Hime) is an anime made by the Sunrise Inc. My-Otome is the parallel sequence to this story.

paragraphs: Mai Tokiha, the protagonist, is once of the Himes (Princesses) who are girls with power who fight against monsters and an evil organisation.


title: Zodiac

paragraphs: The Zodiac is the twelve constellations in the form of animals or humans.

paragraphs: The modern astrological signs are the simplified pictures of the signs used in the Hellenistic times. These are the twelve animals the signs represent:

paragraphs: The Zodiacs were determined whether your birthday falls on.

paragraphs: In the Chinese Zodiac, years match twelve animals in turn.


title: Artemis Fowl

paragraphs: Artemis Fowl is a series of books about a young criminal mastermind. The books were written by Irish author Eoin Colfer. The series currently has eight main books and two short stories. The first two books are have been made into graphic novels.

paragraphs: LEPrecon comes before Artemis Fowl, and is about one of the main characters, an elf called Holly Short. It tells how she moves to a unit in the fairy 'police' called LEPrecon (a word-play on leprechaun).

paragraphs: The Seventh Dwarf comes between Artemis Fowl and Artemis Fowl and the Arctic Incident. The Seventh Dwarf is about when two of the characters are trying to steal a tiara. They do not originally know they are both trying. They meet, and end up helping each other.

paragraphs: As the books advance, more attention is given to the moral progressiveness of the main character, Artemis Fowl II. In the first book he is shown as the bad guy, but further on in the series he is shown as a goodie.


title: Lee Hazlewood

paragraphs: Barton Lee Hazlewood (July 9, 1929 – August 4, 2007) was an American country singer, songwriter, and record producer. He was most famous for writing the song "These Boots Are Made For Walking" for Nancy Sinatra. He was born in Mannford, Oklahoma.

paragraphs: Hazlewood died of kidney cancer on August 4, 2007 in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 78.


title: Decimal separator

paragraphs: The decimal separator is a symbol used to mark the border between the integral and the fractional parts of a decimal numeral. This symbol can be a period ("."), as is common in United States and other English-speaking countries, or a comma (","), as in continental Europe. Decimal point and decimal comma are also common names for the decimal separator. For example, 9.5 means nine and one half in English speaking countries, while in many European countries, the same number might be written as 9,5.


title: Moving Picture Experts Group

paragraphs: The Moving Picture Experts Group, or MPEG for short, is a group of people that figure out ways to put music and video onto computers. Then they publish this information for people to use.

paragraphs: MPEG invented a number of file formats for music and video.

paragraphs: MP3 and AAC, which are two of MPEG's music formats, are very popular. The MPEG-2 video format, used in DVDs, is also very popular.

paragraphs: Companies like Apple use MPEG formats in iTunes and the iPod. Many YouTube videos use the MPEG-4 format, which sometimes goes by the brand names DivX™ or Xvid.


title: Princess Iman bint Al Hussein

paragraphs: Princess Iman bint Al Hussein (born April 24, 1983) is the daughter of the late King Hussein of Jordan and Queen Noor. She is the half-sister of the present Jordanian king, Abdullah II. Princess Iman was educated at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst in England.


title: Clannad

paragraphs: Clannad are a musical group from Gweedore, in County Donegal, which is in the north-west of Ireland. They are very famous for their haunting sound that has been used in many Hollywood movies. They have sold over 20 million albums all over the world and won a Grammy award in 1999. They are brothers and sisters Máire, Ciarán, and Pól Brennan and their uncles Noel and Pádraig Duggan. Their younger sister Enya was once part of the group.

paragraphs: Their first language is Gaelic and many of their songs are sung in that language.


title: Nicole Vaidišová

paragraphs: Nicole Vaidišová (born 23 April 1989 in Nuremberg) is a Czech professional female tennis player.

paragraphs: She became a tennis professional in 2003, and debuted in several ITF tournaments. She measures at and weighs . She enjoys reading, watching movies, yoga, and bike riding. Her favorite city is New York City. She speaks German, English, Czech, and is learning French.


title: Tatiana Golovin

paragraphs: Tatiana Golovin (born 25 January 1988 in Moscow, Russia) is a professional female tennis player. She moved to Paris, France and earned French citizenship. She won the 2004 French Open mixed-doubles event with Richard Gasquet. She currently resides in Miami, Florida. She speaks English and French.


title: Home row

paragraphs: On a QWERTY keyboard, the letters "ASDFGHJKL" and the semicolon (;) are called the home row, or sometimes the home keys.

paragraphs: The home keys A, S, D, F, J, K, L and semicolon are where the fingers are placed, with both thumbs resting on the space bar. The pinkies (plural of pinky) go on the A and ; keys, the ring fingers (fingers closest to the pinkies) on S and L, middle fingers on D and K, and the index fingers (those closest to the thumb) on F and J. Some computers have little bumps on the F and J letters to help the user tell where the home keys are. When the fingers are placed on the home keys, almost every key should be reachable from that position.


title: Arzashkun

paragraphs: Arzashkun () was a capital city of the Kingdom of Urartu in the 9th century B.C. It is thought that the city was located north of Lake Van in what is now eastern Turkey. The city had two walls and towers. It was protected from attack, by a thick forest. An army could not easily travel through this forest.

paragraphs: The nation of Urartu was at the headwaters of the river Tigris in the 9th century B.C. Shalmaneser III, king of Assyria thought that Urartu was a danger to Assyria. He started an expedition to Urartu in 857. He said that he destroyed the capital, Arzashkun. He also claimed that he traveled as far as Lake Van and left his inscription on Mount Irritia.

paragraphs: It is believed that the name "Arzashkun" is the Assyrian form of an Armenian name.


title: Caucasus Mountains

paragraphs: The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range in Eurasia. They are in the Caucasus region between the Black Sea in the west and the Caspian Sea in the east. The Greater Caucasus divide Europe from Asia. The Lesser Caucasus are south of there.


title: Hayk

paragraphs: Hayk (Armenian:Հայկ, also known as Haik), in Armenian legend, was the founder of the Armenian nation. His story is found mostly in the 5th century historian Moses Khorenatsi's book "History of Armenia".

paragraphs: According to Moses Khorenatsi, Hayk is the son of Torgom (Togarmah), the son of Gomer, the son of Japheth. Hayk is also called the founder of the Haykazuni dynasty. According to the historian Juansher, Hayk "was prince of the seven brothers and stood in service to the giant Nimrod (Nebrovt') who first ruled the entire world as king."

paragraphs: Hayk is also the name of the constellation Orion in the Armenian Bible (Job 38:31)

paragraphs: According to Moses Khorenatsi, after Hayk the son of Torgom became father to Armeneak while living in Babylon, because the arrogant Titan Bel (who is Nimrod, according to Moses) has made himself king of the world, Hayk moves with his family and 300 others to the land of Ararat, and starts a village called "Haykashen". On the way, he leaves one area for his grandson, Cadmus. Bel sends one of his sons to give Hayk a message, saying that he must return to Babylon, but Hayk answers that he will not. Then Bel marches against him with a great army, but Cadmus warns Hayk that he is coming. Hayk gathers his own army on the shore of Lake Van and tells them they must either defeat Bel or die trying, so they will not become his slaves.

paragraphs: After that, he finds Bel's army on a mountain. Moses says this mountain is found at Dastakert. Bel himself is seen in front of his army. In the middle of the battle, Hayk kills Bel with a lucky arrow and Bel's army becomes confused and defeated.

paragraphs: According to other writers, this battle was fought at Dyutsaznamart around Julamerk, southeast of Lake Van, in the year 2501 BC. Hayk builds a castle called "Haykaberd" and the village of Haykashen. He names the country where the battle was fought "Hayk" after himself, and today the name of Armenia is called "Hayastan" and the Armenian people are called "Hay", in their language. Also, in the ancient writings of the Hittites, there was a country called Hayasa in the area.


title: Mol

paragraphs: Mol is a municipality in the Belgian province of Antwerp.


title: Maya (software)

paragraphs: Autodesk Maya (), commonly shortened to Maya, is 3D computer graphics software that runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS and Linux, originally developed by Alias Systems Corporation (formerly Alias|Wavefront) and currently owned and developed by Autodesk, Inc. It is used to create interactive 3D applications, including video games, animated film, TV series, or visual effects. The product is named after the Sanskrit word "Maya" ( ""), the Hindu concept of illusion.


title: Gerry Adams

paragraphs: Gerard 'Gerry' Adams () (born 6 October, 1948 in Belfast, Northern Ireland) is an Irish politician who was the president of Sinn Féin, a political party that wants Northern Ireland to join the Republic of Ireland. He was a member of the Northern Ireland Assembly in Belfast and is a member of the British Parliament for Belfast West. He does not go to Parliament because he does not believe that Britain should control Northern Ireland, this is called abstensionism.

paragraphs: Adams is a spokesman for the "Irish republican movement" or the "Provisional movement". This includes Sinn Féin and the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA). The IRA is illegal in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, because it is called as a terrorist group by both governments. Adams is thought to have persuaded the IRA to give up its "war" against the UK in return for devolved government for Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: From the late 1980s, Adams was an important figure in the Northern Ireland peace process, started when he met first the SDLP (Social Democratic and Labour Party’s) leader John Hume and later the Irish and British governments, and then other parties. In 1995 the IRA stopped fighting, and in 2005 the IRA said the war was over.

paragraphs: Adams retired from politics in February 2018.

paragraphs: Gerry Adams was born in West Belfast. He has 4 brothers and 5 sisters.

paragraphs: His parents, Gerry Adams Sr. and Annie Hannaway, came from strong republican backgrounds. Adams's grandfather, also named Gerry Adams, had been a member of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) during the Irish War of Independence. Two of Adams's uncles, Dominic and Patrick Adams, had been interned (jailed without a trial) by the governments in Belfast and Dublin. His uncle Dominic was a senior figure in the IRA of the mid-1940s, but not the chief of staff as some people say. Gerry Sr. joined the IRA when he was sixteen.

paragraphs: Adams's mother’s grandfather, Michael Hannaway, was a member of the Fenians during their dynamiting campaign in England in the 1860s and 1870s. Michael's son, Billy, was election agent for Éamon de Valera in 1918 in West Belfast but refused to follow de Valera into democratic and constitutional politics upon the formation of Fianna Fáil. Annie Hannaway was a member of Cumann na mBan, the women's branch of the IRA. Three of her brothers (Alfie, Liam and Tommy) were also IRA members.

paragraphs: In the late 1960s, a civil rights campaign started in Northern Ireland, to get equal treatments for Roman Catholics Adams was an active supporter and joined the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association in 1967. Instead of leading to change, the civil rights movement there were protests counter-demonstrators called Loyalists. In August 1969 there was rioting in Northern Ireland’s big cities of Belfast and Derry, and the Government of Northern Ireland asked for the British army to help keep control.

paragraphs: This is when the IRA and its political counterpart in Sinn Féin, restarted. Gerry Adams was active in Sinn Féin at this time. In 1970 the republican movement (that is the peaceful politicians and the fighters like the IRA who all want the United Kingdom not to control Northern Ireland) split. Adams aligned himself with the active "Provisional" part based in Belfast. The "Official" part based in Dublin was not interested in fighting for people in Belfast, and the "Official" Sinn Féin was more interested in spreading Marxism rather than making Ireland united.

paragraphs: In August 1971, internment without trial was introduced in Northern Ireland. Adams was arrested in March 1972 and interned HMS Maidstone, but was set free in June to take part in secret talks in London. There was a short-lived truce and some members of the IRA met with William Whitelaw the British government minister in charge of Northern Ireland. The IRA delegation included Sean Mac Stiofain (Chief of Staff), Daithi O'Conaill, Seamus Twomey, Ivor Bell, Martin McGuinness and Gerry Adams. The IRA insisted Adams be included in the meeting and he was released from internment to participate. Following the failure of the talks he helped to plan a bombing campaign in Belfast known as Bloody Friday. He was re-arrested in July 1973 and interned at Long Kesh internment camp, which was later called the Maze Prison. After attempting to escape he was sentenced to imprisonment, which was also served at the Maze.

paragraphs: During the Hunger Strikes of 1981, Adams played an important policy-making role. The hunger strikes saw Sinn Féin become more important as a political force. In 1983 he was elected president of Sinn Féin and became the first Sinn Féin MP elected to the British House of Commons since the 1950s. Following his election (as MP for Belfast West) the British government lifted a ban on him travelling to Britain. In line with Sinn Féin policy, he refused to sit in the House of Commons.

paragraphs: On 14 March 1984, Adams was seriously wounded in an assassination attempt when several Ulster Freedom Fighters (UFF) gunmen fired about twenty shots into the car in which he was travelling. After the shooting, undercover plain-clothes police officers seized three suspects who were later convicted and sentenced. One of the three was John Gregg. Adams claimed that the British army had prior knowledge of the attack and allowed it to go ahead.

paragraphs: Adams has often said that he has never been a member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA). However, several writers and journalists such as Ed Moloney, Richard English, Peter Taylor and Mark Urban have all said Adams was part of the IRA leadership during the 1970s. Adams has called Moloney's claims "libellous."

paragraphs: In 1978, Gerry Adams became joint-vice-president of Sinn Féin and he led a challenge to the Sinn Féin leadership of President Ruairí Ó Brádaigh and joint-Vice President Dáithí Ó Conaill. Others who supported Adams and were from Belfast included Jim Gibney, Tom Hartley, and Danny Morrison. Some say Ruairí Ó Brádaigh was a more traditional Irish nationalist and that the northern leadership which surrounded Adams wanted to act faster and in different ways if they had to.

paragraphs: The 1975 IRA-British truce is often viewed as the event that began the challenge to the original Provisional Sinn Féin leadership, which was said to be Southern-based and dominated by southerners like Ó Brádaigh and Ó Conaill. However, the Chief of Staff of the IRA at the time, Seamus Twomey, was a senior figure from Belfast. Others in the leadership also lived in the North, including Billy McKee from Belfast. Adams was supposed to have become the most senior figure in the IRA Northern Command because he wanted only military action, but during his time in prison Adams came to thought about his ideas and became more political.

paragraphs: It is alleged that "provisional" republicanism was founded on its opposition to the communist-inspired "broad front" politics of the Cathal Goulding-led Official IRA, but this too is disputed.

paragraphs: Some of the main reasons that the Provisional IRA was founded in December 1969 and provisional Sinn Féin was founded in January 1970, was that people like Ó Brádaigh, O'Connell, and Billy McKee wanted new political bodies and did not want to work in or with the existing bodies such as the Parliament in London. Another was the failure of the Goulding leadership to defend of nationalist areas against attacks by Loyalists and sometimes even the police. At the December 1969 IRA convention and the January 1970 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (the Irish words for a party conference or convetion) the delegates voted to participate in the Dublin (Leinster House), Belfast (Stormont) and London (Westminster) parliaments, the organisations split into Provisional and Official parts. Gerry Adams, who had joined the Republican Movement in the early 1960s, did not go with the Provisionals until later in 1970.

paragraphs: Republicans like Ruairí Ó Brádaigh said that the only legitimate country in Ireland was the Irish Republic declared in 1916. They said the legal government was the IRA Army Council because the last remaining anti-Anglo-Irish Treaty deputies of the Second Dáil made them the government. (Adams agreed to this idea of republican political legitimacy until quite recently - however in his 2005 speech to the Sinn Féin Ard Fheis he rejected it.)

paragraphs: When Sinn Féin any won seats in the British or Irish parliaments they never went to the parliaments. At its 1986 Ard Fheis, Sinn Féin changed its and constitution to allow its members to sit in the Dublin parliament (Leinster House/Dáil Éireann). This made Ruairí Ó Brádaigh lead a small walkout, just as he had done years earlier to create Provisional Sinn Féin. This minority which still believed in abstentionism, called themselves Republican Sinn Féin (or Sinn Féin Poblachtach in Irish), and says that they are the true Sinn Féin.

paragraphs: Adams' leadership of Sinn Féin was supported by a Northern-based group that included Danny Morrison and Martin McGuinness. Adams and others, over time, pointed to Sinn Féin election wins in the early and mid-1980s, when hunger strikers Bobby Sands and Kieran Doherty were elected to the British House of Commons and Dáil Éireann, and they pushed to get Sinn Féin become more political and less paramilitary . This policy was a success and Adams and McGuinness, and others, were elected to the House of Commons, but never attend. Sinn Féin still abstains from Westminster.

paragraphs: At this time most ordinary people in Britain knew about Adams because they could not hear him. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher banned radio and television stations from broadcasting his voice. All Irish republican organisations and loyalist terrorist organisations were banned like this, but Adams was the only person important enough to appear regularly on TV. This ban was imposed after the BBC interviewed Martin McGuinness. and the British Government thought that some groups were getting too much publicity.

paragraphs: A similar ban, known as Section 31, had been law in the Republic of Ireland since the 1970s. However media outlets soon found ways around the ban, first by the use of subtitles, and later and more commonly by using actors to read his words over the pictures of him speaking.

paragraphs: This ban was made fun of in cartoons and satirical TV shows, notably "Spitting Image", and in "The Day Today". It was also criticized by freedom of speech organisations worldwide and British media personalties, including BBC Director General John Birt and BBC foreign editor John Simpson. The ban was lifted by Prime Minister John Major on 17 September 1994.

paragraphs: Sinn Féin continued its policy of refusing to sit in the Westminster parliament even after Adams won the Belfast West constituency. He lost his seat to Joe Hendron of the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) in the 1992 general election. However, he easily regained it at the next election in May 1997.

paragraphs: Under Adams, Sinn Féin moved away from being a political voice of the Provisional IRA to becoming a professionally organised political party in both Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland.

paragraphs: SDLP leader John Hume MP realised that a negotiated settlement might be possible and began secret talks with Adams in 1988. These discussions led to unofficial contacts with the British Northern Ireland Office under the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, Peter Brooke, and with the government of the Republic under Charles Haughey – although both governments maintained in public that they would not negotiate with "terrorists" .

paragraphs: These talks provided the basis for what was later to be the Belfast Agreement, as well as the Downing Street Declaration and the Joint Framework Document.

paragraphs: These negotiations led to the IRA ceasefire in August 1994. The new Irish Taoiseach (prime minister) Albert Reynolds had played a key role in the Hume/Adams talks through his Special Advisor Martin Mansergh, thought the ceasefire as permanent. However the IRA ended its ceasefire because of the slow pace of developments, partly because British prime minister John Major needed the votes of the Ulster Unionist Party in the House of Commons.

paragraphs: Later there was a new ceasefire, and there were talks between teams from the British and Irish governments, the Ulster Unionist Party, the SDLP, Sinn Féin and representatives of loyalist paramilitary organizations, under the chairmanship of former United States Senator Mitchell. The talks produced the Belfast Agreement (also called the "Good Friday Agreement" as it was signed on Good Friday, 1998). Under the agreement, structures were created to show that some people on the island of Ireland were Irish and others wanted to be British. A British-Irish Council and the Northern Ireland Assembly were set up.

paragraphs: Articles 2 and 3 of the Republic's constitution, "Bunreacht na hÉireann", which claimed sovereignty over all of Ireland, were reworded, and a power-sharing Executive Committee was provided for. As part of their deal Sinn Féin agreed to abandon its abstentionist policy regarding a "six-county parliament", and took its seats in the new Assembly based at Stormont Sinn Féin ran the and running the health and social services and the education ministries in the power-sharing government.

paragraphs: Opponents in Republican Sinn Féin accused Sinn Féin of "selling out" by agreeing to participate in what it called "partitionist assemblies" in the Republic and Northern Ireland. However Gerry Adams insisted that the Belfast Agreement provided a way to make Ireland united by non-violent and legal means, much as Michael Collins had said of the Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1922

paragraphs: When Sinn Féin came to nominate its two ministers to the Executive Council, the party, like the SDLP and the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) did not to include its leader among its ministers. (When later the SDLP chose a new leader, it selected one of its ministers, Mark Durkan, who then opted to remain a minister.)

paragraphs: Adams remains the President of Sinn Féin, with Caoimhghín Ó Caoláin serving as Sinn Féin parliamentary leader in Dáil Éireann, and Martin McGuinness the party's chief negotiator and effective party head in the Northern Ireland Assembly. His son, Gearoid is a primary school teacher and has represented County Antrim in gaelic football.

paragraphs: On 8 March 2007 it was Adams was re-elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly.

paragraphs: On 26 March 2007, he met with DUP leader Ian Paisley face-to-face for the first time, and the two came to an agreement regarding the return of the power-sharing executive in Northern Ireland.


title: Northern Ireland Assembly

paragraphs: The Northern Ireland Legislative Assembly was set up after the Belfast Agreement to allow the people of Northern Ireland to run their own government and pass some laws. The United Kingdom parliament can still abolish the assembly, because Northern Ireland is not an independent country, but a part of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: The assembly is elected using a form of proportional representation voting. The seats of each party after the 2017 election is shown in this table:


title: Northern Ireland Office

paragraphs: The Northern Ireland Office was set up in 1971. It is a ministry in the British Government which looks after the affairs of Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: It head of the Office is called the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: The job of Secretary of State is less important now because the Northern Ireland Assembly and the ministers in the assembly do a lot of the work of the Northern Ireland Office.


title: Cyprian

paragraphs: Saint Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus) was bishop of Carthage. he was an important early Christian writer. He was probably born at the beginning of the 3rd century in North Africa, perhaps at Carthage. At Carthage, he learned about classical (Paganism). After becoming a Christian, he became a bishop (249). he eventually died a martyr at Carthage.


title: Flag of Cyprus

paragraphs: The flag of Cyprus is the flag of the European country Cyprus. It features a map of the whole island, with two olive branches below the map (a symbol of peace) on a white background. The map on the flag is a copper-yellow color to show Cyprus has large amounts of copper. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus uses a different flag similar to the flag of Turkey.


title: Simon Barere

paragraphs: Simon Barere (September 1, 1896–April 2, 1951) was a Russian pianist. He was born in Odessa, Ukraine.

paragraphs: Barere died of a massive bleeding in brain during a performance of Grieg's Piano Concerto at Carnegie Hall with Philadelphia Orchestra.