title: Don Howe

paragraphs: Donald "Don" Howe (12 October 1935 – 23 December 2015) was an English football player, coach, manager and pundit. He was born in the Springfield area of Wolverhampton.

paragraphs: Howe spent most of his playing career at West Bromwich Albion.

paragraphs: Howe joined the West Bromwich Albion ground staff after leaving school, joining the club as a youth player in December 1950. He turned professional in November 1952, but did not make his debut until 1955, against Everton.

paragraphs: A full back, he played nearly 350 games for the Baggies in twelve years, as well as becoming a regular in the England team; he played in the 1958 FIFA World Cup, and won 23 caps in total.

paragraphs: Howe was signed by Billy Wright's Arsenal in 1964, and was made club captain. However, in March 1966 he broke his leg playing against Blackpool and never recovered well enough to play in the first team again.

paragraphs: Howe retired from coaching in the summer of 2003 after more than 30 years. He occasionally wrote as a pundit for the BBC Sport website. He also had a regular column in the official Arsenal magazine. Right up until his death he ran youth coaching schemes across the United Kingdom.


title: Pazyryk rug

paragraphs: The Pazyryk rug is one of the oldest carpets in the world, dating around 5th c. BC, now in the Hermitage Museum in St. Petersburg, Russia. The Pazyryk rug was found in 1949 in the grave of a Scythian nobleman in the Bolshoy Ulagan dry valley of the Altai Mountains in Kazakhstan. The Pazyrk rug had been frozen in the ice and it was very well preserved. The rug has a ribbon pattern in the middle, and a border which has deer, and warriors riding on horses. All parts of the rug are made of wool, including the pile and the base.

paragraphs: Being produced either in Ancient Armenia, Persia, or Central Asia, this carpet has 3600 symmetrical double knots per dm² (232 per inch²), in modern terminology also called "Ghiordes knot (or "Turkish knot"). The design and the systematic motifs of the Pazyrk rug would later be found in similar Turkmen carpets, carpets of the early Seljuq period, and subsequently modern Turkish carpets and kilims.

paragraphs: The origin of the rug is unknown. There are different theories regarding the origin of the carpet. While a number of scholars presume a Oghuz-Turkic origin, Volkmar Gantzhorn assumes a Urartian and Phrygian-Armenian origin of the rug. A Persian theory also exists, but has not been further elaborated; The rug may have originated between the Iranian-Altaian corridor through ancient contacts. Some authors assume that the wool, the artistic conception, as well as the workmanship, may have been provided by Armenians of the Near East; The rug itself is considered as a Sakic funeral accessory. Although a previous study in 1983/1985 did not support an involvement of Armenian cochineal, a Soviet-based conference held in Riga (1987) still maintained the claim that the red threads of the rug resemble those of the Armenian cochineal type. Later it was found by an American research center (Bard Graduate Center, 1991) that the bluish-red color used for the rug and other felts was actually made from Polish cochineal ("Porphyrophora polonica"), a scale insect native to Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Western Siberia, or from one of the Porphyrophora species recently discovered in Kazakhstan: "P. Altaiensis", "P. Turaigiriensis" (Jashenko, 1988), "P. Akirtobiensis" (Jashenko, 1988), "P. eremospartonae" (Jashenko, 1989), and "P. matesovae" (Jashenko, 1989). Armenian authors, however, still insist in the Soviet-based perception of 1987. Further confirmation on the nature of "Ararat Kermes" of the Armenian cochineal gained by the analysis of "Porphyrophora hameli" insects in 1990 by Harald Böhmer, has shown that the Pazyryk rug cannot have been dyed with this insect.

paragraphs: The numerical values of the carpet show striking genealogical parallels to the Oghuz-Turkic legend, perhaps based on an older version of the Massageteans. This genealogy is shown in the way the pattern is divided into 24 tribes. On the left and right their are groups of 12 tribes in each. According to Rashid-al-Din Hamadani, the founder of the Oghuz tribes had six sons, with each having four sons. As mentioned in the “Shiji” (“Historical Records”) of Sima Qian this scheme was a result of the military administrative reform of the Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu in 209/206-174 BC which in turn originated from the Turkic primordial ancestor Oghuz Khagan. Many Turkic cultures today use his legend to describe their ethnic origins. Historian Sergei Tolstov writes that this scheme “...was preserved by the Aral foreland Huns, the Kidarites-Hephthalites, and was inherited by their descendants, the tribes of the Oghuz alliance in the 10th – 11th centuries AD and, finally, by the Turkmens of the 19th century AD – beginning of the 20th century AD.”

paragraphs: Gantzhorn supports the view that the Pazyryk rug is of Phrygian-Armenian origin. He put forward the hypothesis that the rug is actually not depicting Scythians, but Armenians. He found similarities at the ruins of Persepolis in Iran where various nations are depicted as bearing tribute, the horse design from the Pazyryk carpet is the same as the relief depicting part of the Armenian delegation.


title: George Clayton Johnson

paragraphs: George Clayton Johnson (July 10, 1929 – December 25, 2015) was an American science fiction writer. He was most famous for co-writing the novel "Logan's Run" with William F. Nolan, the basis for the 1976 movie.

paragraphs: He was also known for his television screenplays for "The Twilight Zone" (such as "Nothing in the Dark", "Kick the Can", "A Game of Pool", and "A Penny for Your Thoughts"), and the first episode of "", "The Man Trap". He also wrote the story on which the 1960 and 2001 movie "Ocean's Eleven" were based.

paragraphs: Johnson died of bladder and prostate cancer on December 25, 2015 at a hospital in North Hills, Los Angeles, California at the age of 86. His death was falsely reported on December 22.


title: Jason Myers

paragraphs: Jason Myers (born May 12, 1991) is an American football placekicker for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He was born in Chula Vista, California. He played college football at Marist College in Poughkeepsie, NY. In 2014 Myers played for the Arizona Rattlers and the San Jose SaberCats of the Arena Football League. On March 3, 2015, Myers signed with the Jacksonville Jaguars. On August 31, 2015, the Jaguars announced that Myers had earned the placekicker role on the team. Veteran Josh Scobee was traded to the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Trams in Malmö

paragraphs: The Malmö tramway is a former tramway network in the city Malmö of Sweden. It remains a network about 2 km as a historic line.

paragraphs: The Malmö tramay existed between 1887 and 1973. It started service as a horse car. The horse cars had been replaced by electric trams since 1906. The last electric tram has been replaced by bus in 1973.

paragraphs: Originally the service had been provided by two-axle motor cars. From 1949, they had been replace by newer ones.

paragraphs: At a length of 2 km, there still remains a line for historical purpose, it starts at Malmöhus and ends at the museum.


title: Freda Meissner-Blau

paragraphs: Freda Meissner-Blau (March 11, 1927 – December 22, 2015) was an Austrian politician and activist. She was an important figure in the Austrian environmental movement. She was a founder and the federal spokesperson of the Austrian Green Party. She was born in Dresden, Germany.

paragraphs: Meissner-Blau died in Vienna, Austria from complications following a stroke at the age of 88.


title: Jean-Marie Pelt

paragraphs: Jean-Marie Pelt (24 October 1933 – 23 December 2015) was a French biologist, botanist and pharmacist with degrees in both Biology and Pharmacy. He was professor at the University of Lorraine. As municipal councilor of Metz between 1971 and 1983, Jean-Marie Pelt pioneered a policy of urban ecology. Pelt was born in Rodemack, France.

paragraphs: Pelt died in Metz, France from a heart attack, aged 82.


title: Lennart Johansson

paragraphs: Nils Lennart Johansson (5 November 1929 – 4 June 2019) was a Swedish sports official. He was the fifth and, to date, the longest serving president of UEFA, the Union of European Football Associations, from his election at UEFA's Malta Congress in 1990 until his retirement in 2007. He was made honorary president shortly afterwards.

paragraphs: He started as a leader in the sport of bandy in Sweden for his hometown team AIK. Johansson then came through the ranks in the Swedish Football Association, and served as the association's president between 1984 and 1991.

paragraphs: Johansson died on 4 June 2019 in Stockholm, aged 89.


title: Peter Lundblad

paragraphs: Gustaf Peter Lundblad (26 August 1950 - 22 December 2015) was a Swedish singer and songwriter. He was known for his 1986 song "Ta mig till havet". Lundblad started his career in the band 'The most Remarkable Nailband'.

paragraphs: Lundblad died of prostate cancer on 22 December 2015 in Stockholm at the age of 65.


title: Ray Mathews

paragraphs: Raymond Dyral Mathews (February 26, 1929 – December 20, 2015) was an American football running back and wide receiver in the National Football League for the Pittsburgh Steelers (1951-59) and the Dallas Cowboys (1960). He played college football for Clemson University. He was born in Dayton, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Mathews died at his house in Marion, Pennsylvania from complications of Alzheimer's disease at the age of 86.


title: Bronchodilator

paragraphs: A bronchodilator is a substance that (opens up) the bronchi and bronchioles which increases airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators may be endogenous (originating naturally within the body), or they may be medications taken to treat breathing difficulties. They are most useful in obstructive lung diseases. Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are the most common such conditions. They are also used to treat respritory blockages that usaully occur when you have the common cold. They are well prescribed by doctors and are really common in house holds. Although this remains somewhat controversial, they might be useful in bronchiolitis and Bronchiectasis.They are often prescribed but of unproven significance in restrictive lung diseases.

paragraphs: Bronchodilators are either short-acting or long-acting. Short-acting medications provide quick or "rescue" relief from acute bronchoconstriction. Long-acting bronchodilators help to control and prevent symptoms. They are used along with inhaled steroids for control of asthma symptoms on a long-term basis. The three types of prescription bronchodilating drugs are β2-agonists (short- and long-acting), anticholinergics (short-acting), and theophylline (long-acting).

paragraphs: The bronchodilators are divided in short- and long-acting groups:


title: Osmany Juantorena

paragraphs: Osmany Juantorena Portuondo (born 12 August 1985) is a Cuban volleyball player with Italian citizenship, a member of Cuba national volleyball team in 2003–2006 and current member of Italy national volleyball team and Italian club Cucine Lube, bronze medalist of the World League 2005. He is a multiple winner of the CEV Champions League and Club World Championship with the Italian club Trentino.


title: Henri Ducard

paragraphs: Henri Ducard is a fictional character in the "Batman" comic book universe. He was created by Sam Hamm. Ducard's first appearance was in "Detective Comics" #599 (April 1989), part of the "Blind Justice" story arc that Hamm, the screenwriter of the 1989 "Batman" movie, was asked to guest-write for "Detective Comics" by "Batman" editor Denny O'Neil.

paragraphs: The character was the undercover name of Ra's al Ghul which appeared in the movie "Batman Begins" played by Liam Neeson.


title: Ron Jacobs

paragraphs: Ron Jacobs (December 27, 1942 – December 24, 2015) was an American basketball coach. He was born in Marion, North Carolina. He coached for college basketball teams such as Loyola Marymount University and for Northern Cement. He also coached the Philippine national team.

paragraphs: Jacobs moved to Pasig City, Philippines during the 1980s. He suffered a major stroke in 2001 which left him in a wheelchair. Jacobs died in Makati, Philippines from complications following the stroke at the age of 72.


title: Carpetbagger

paragraphs: Carpetbagger is a term from the United States political history. A carpetbagger was a northerner who moved to the South after the American Civil War. This period is called the "reconstruction era".

paragraphs: White southerners feared they would loot the defeated South. Sixty carpetbaggers were elected to Congress. Among them were most Republican governors in the South during reconstruction. A historian said:

paragraphs: "Carpetbagger" referred to the cheap carpet bags (a form of luggage) which many of the newcomers carried. The term came to be associated with opportunism and exploitation by outsiders. It is used today for a "parachute candidate": a political candidate for public office in an area far from home.


title: The Sims (video game series)

paragraphs: The Sims is a series of sandbox games in which you have a life and job. The game developed by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts. The games also have expansion packs which you can download. If you download them you get extra content.

paragraphs: There is also a series of SimCity games listed here


title: Battle of Cannae

paragraphs: The Battle of Cannae ( or ) was a major battle of the Second Punic War. It took place on 2 August 216 BC in Cannae, Apulia, in southeast Italy. The army of Carthage, under Hannibal, defeated a larger Roman army. The Romans were led by the consuls Lucius Aemilius Paullus and Gaius Terentius Varro. Hannibal's victory was one the greatest tactical feats in military history. It was also one of the worst defeats in Roman history.

paragraphs: After recovering from their losses at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), the Romans decided to fight Hannibal at Cannae. The Roman army had about 70,000 soldiers. The Romans massed their heavy infantry in a deeper formation than usual. Hannibal attacked using a double-envelopment tactic. This was so successful that the Roman army was destroyed as a fighting force by an army half its size. About 45,500 Roman and allied soldiers were killed. Also killed were 2,700 Roman cavalry. About 17,000 were taken prisoner. Hannibal lost a total of about 4,000 men. Following the defeat, many of Rome's allies changed sides and allied themselves with Carthage.


title: Roberto Rossellini

paragraphs: Roberto Gastone Zeffiro Rossellini, (8 May 1906 – 3 June 1977), was an Italian movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Rome. He was best known for his movies "Rome, Open City" (1945), "Paisà" (1946) and "Germany, Year Zero" (1948).

paragraphs: Rossellini died from a heart attack in Rome, Italy, aged 71.


title: Kicker

paragraphs: The kicker, also called aplacekicker, is the player in American and Canadian football who is responsible for the kicking duties of field goals and extra points. In many cases, the placekicker also serves as the team's kickoff specialist or, more rarely, punter, as well. A kicker is often called the most valuable player on the team. This is because in many cases, he scores the most points in a game. Each time his team gets to the 35 yard line or closer, they have a chance to score 3 points. Each time their team makes a touchdown, the kicker comes in to make the extra (1) point. A kicker is a member of the special teams.

paragraphs: To be a kicker in the NFL requires strong legs. The kicker also needs excellent concentration and coordination. A kicker is the only member of a team who can move the ball with their feet. But the kicker is often the smallest member of the team. Probably the most important requirement is "nerves of steel". You have to kick the ball perfectly while being rushed by the other team.

paragraphs: The kicker is the only player on a team who has the opportunity to score points each time he goes out on the field. Kickers today often use a soccer-style kick instead of a straight ahead kick. If he makes a great kick he is a hero. If he misses he is a chump|. An entire game can be won or lost by the kicker. A kicker cannot afford to miss too many field goals or they can find themselves traded off the team.


title: Ali Eid

paragraphs: Ali Eid (14 July 1940 – 25 December 2015) was a Lebanese politician. He was the leader of the Alawite Community. He founded the Arab Democratic Party in 1972 and until his death served as General Secretary of the Arab Democratic Party. He was born in Tripoli.

paragraphs: On 25 December 2015, it was announced that Eid died in Damascus, Syria at the age of 75.


title: Coptic calendar

paragraphs: Coptic calendar (also known as Alexandrian calendar) is a calendar used by the Coptic Church in Egypt. It is based on the Egyptian calendar which was first introduced in 238 BC.


title: Jacques Santer

paragraphs: Jacques Santer (born 18 May 1937 in Wasserbillig) is a Luxembourgian politician.

paragraphs: He was finance minister of Luxembourg from 1979 until 1989. He was the 22nd Prime Minister of Luxembourg serving from 1984 to 1995. He was a member of the Christian Social People's Party, which has been the leading party in the Luxembourg government since 1979.

paragraphs: As Prime Minister of Luxembourg he also led the negotiations on the Single European Act, which effectively set aside the 20-year-old Luxembourg Compromise. He was the President of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999.


title: Egyptian calendar

paragraphs: The ancient civil Egyptian calendar was a calendar used by the ancient Egyptians. At first it had a year that was 365 days long. The year was made up of 12 months each having 30 days. At some point during the First Dynasty five additional days were added (sometime around 3000 BC). Egyptian astronomers observed that the annual flood of the Nile River fell very close to the first visibility of the star Sirius in the morning sky just before sunrise. This calendar would drift by 1 day every four years. But this drift was not enough to cause any problems. Even if a person lived to be 60 years old the drift between solar and civil calendars would only be 15 days. In 238 BC the Decree of Canopus added a sixth day every four years to correct this. But it was largely ignored. In 30 BCE the Roman Emperor Augustus reformed the Egyptian calendar by adding a leap day to every fourth year. This brought the Egyptian calendar in line with the Julian calendar used at the time in Rome.


title: Ukrainian National Union

paragraphs: The Ukrainian National Union () is nationalist paramilitary political party in Ukraine. Started as a political organization in 2009 and became a political party in 2013.

paragraphs: The organisation was founded in 2009 by Oleg Goltvyansky and a group of sympathisers. Since July 15, 2012 the head of organisation became Vitaly Krivosheev. In April 27, 2013, the Ukrainian National Union leaders proclaimed their intention to create a political party. Рarty is one of the organisers of the "Euromaidan". Activists of the Ukrainian National Union takes part in the war in Eastern Ukraine


title: West Berlin discotheque bombing

paragraphs: On April 5, 1986 three people were killed and around 230 injured when "La Belle" discothèque was bombed in West Berlin. The entertainment venue was commonly used by United States soldiers, and two of the dead and 79 of the injured were American servicemen.

paragraphs: A bomb placed under a table near the disk jockey's booth exploded at 1:45 am CET instantly killing Nermin Hannay, a Turkish woman, and US Army sergeant Kenneth T. Ford. A second American Army sergeant, James E. Goins, died from his injuries two months later. Some of the victims were left permanently disabled due to the injuries caused by the explosion.

paragraphs: Libya was accused by the US government of sponsoring the bombing, and US President Ronald Reagan ordered strikes on Tripoli and Benghazi in Libya ten days later. The strikes reportedly killed 15-30 people, including Colonel Gaddafi's adopted daughter. Reagan's actions were condemned by the United Nations General Assembly.

paragraphs: A 2001 trial in the US found that the bombing had been "planned by the Libyan secret service and the Libyan Embassy."


title: Malta Summit

paragraphs: The Malta Summit comprised a meeting between U.S. President George H. W. Bush and U.S.S.R. leader Mikhail Gorbachev. It took place between December 2-3, 1989, just a few weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall. It was their second meeting following a meeting that included then President Ronald Reagan, in New York in December 1988.

paragraphs: During the summit, Bush and Gorbachev would declare an end to the Cold War, although whether it was truly such is a matter of debate.


title: Germany national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Germany men's national volleyball team is the national team of Germany. It is governed by the DVV (Deutscher Volleyball-Verband). It takes part in international volleyball competitions. Germany won the gold medal in World Championship 1970 under East Germany. It won the bronze medal in the 2014 World Championships.

paragraphs: After German reunification, West Germany (1949–1990) was renamed Germany and they absorbed East Germany (1949–1990) with the records.


title: Italy national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Italy men's national volleyball team is the volleyball national team of Italy. It dominated international volleyball competitions in the 1990s and early 2000s, by winning three World Championships in a row (1990, 1994 and 1998), six European Championships, one World Cup (1995) and eight World League (1990, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1995, 1997, 1999 and 2000).


title: Brazil national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Brazil men's national volleyball team is the national team of Brazil. It is governed by the Confederação Brasileira de Voleibol "(Brazilian Volleyball Confederation)" and takes part in international volleyball competitions. Brazil has two gold medal at the Olympic Games, won three times the World Champioship and nine times the World League. Brazil is the #1 team on the FIVB World Rankings. The team is often referred to as volleyball's "Dream Team" due to its success under coach Bernardo Rezende.


title: Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)

paragraphs: The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a United States trade union. It ran from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following an illegal strike that was broken by the Ronald Reagan Administration. The 1981 strike and defeat of PATCO was called "one of the most important events in late twentieth century U.S. labor history" by labor historian Joseph A. McCartin.


title: Eugenia Charles

paragraphs: Dame Mary Eugenia Charles, DBE (15 May 1919 – 6 September 2005) was a Dominican politician and lawyer. She was the Prime Minister of Dominica serving from 21 July 1980 until 14 June 1995. She was Dominica's first, and to date only, female prime minister, as well as the nation's longest-serving prime minister.

paragraphs: Charles died in Fort-de-France, Martinique from a pulmonary embolism caused by hip surgery that she had a few days before. She was 86 years old.


title: Cranial nerve

paragraphs: A cranial nerve is any nerve which is attached directly to the brain or brainstem. This is different from spinal nerves which are attached to segments of the spinal cord. Cranial nerves relay information more directly between the brain and body (mostly parts of the head and neck).

paragraphs: Each cranial nerve exists as a pair and is present on both sides of the central nervous system. All cranial nerves appear above the first vertebra in the neck (cervical vertebra).

paragraphs: In humans there are twelve cranial nerves pairs. They are numbered using Roman numerals I–XII based on their order from the front of the brain to the back, where the brainstem is.

paragraphs: Cranial nerves provide motor and sensory stimulation mainly to places within the head and neck. This sensory stimulation includes sensations such as temperature, touch, taste, vision, smell, balance and hearing.

paragraphs: The olfactory nerve (CN 1) sends information about smells from the nose up to the brain. In the brain, this information is processed and becomes olfaction, or our sense of smell. The olfactory nerve is an is an afferent sensory nerve, meaning it takes in information from the outside world and sends it to the central nervous system.

paragraphs: The olfactory nerve is the shortest cranial nerve. It is one of two cranial nerves that does not connect to the brain stem, the other being the optic nerve (CN 2).

paragraphs: The olfactory nerve is not just one nerve, but a group of neurons working together to perform the same task. The olfactory neurons start branched out in the nasal cavity. From here, they reach up through the roof of the nasal cavity and connect to the olfactory bulb.

paragraphs: The olfactory nerve is unique because it is the only cranial nerve that can regenerate parts of itself if it is damaged.

paragraphs: Smell molecules called aromatics come up the nose and into the nasal cavity. Here, they are detected by olfactory neurons. These neurons are branched out along the lining of the nasal cavity. Olfactory neurons take in the signal from the smell molecules and make electric signals called action potentials. The action potentials move up the olfactory neurons through the roof of the nasal cavity, also known as the cribiform plate. After passing through the cribiform plate, the olfactory neurons send the action potentials to the olfactory bulb. From here, signals are sent through the olfactory tract and out to different parts of the brain. For example, some signals are sent to the frontal lobe, where smells are identified and labeled.

paragraphs: Damage to this path can cause anosmia, or loss of the ability to smell.

paragraphs: The optic nerve (CN II) transmits visual information from the retina to the brain.

paragraphs: The oculomotor nerve (CN III) controls most of the muscles related to the movement of the eye, including the eyelids and control of the pupil. The trochlear nerve (CN IV) and abducens nerve (CN VI) are each responsible for their own single eye muscles.

paragraphs: The trigeminal nerve (CN V) is called "trigeminal" because it is made of 3 parts. Together, all these parts are responsible for sensation in the face and larger facial movements such as biting and chewing.

paragraphs: The facial nerve (CN VII) controls the muscles of facial expression, and helps carry taste sensations from the back of the tongue and mouth.

paragraphs: The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII) transmits sound and equilibrium (balance) information from the inner ear to the brain.

paragraphs: The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) is a mixed nerve that carries a wide range of sensory and motor information.

paragraphs: The vagus nerve (CN X) allows for parasympathetic control of the heart and digestive tract. It is the longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system in the human body.

paragraphs: The accessory nerve (CN XI) is a cranial nerve that controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.

paragraphs: The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing.

paragraphs: After leaving the brain, the cranial nerves travel inside the skull. Some must leave this bony compartment to reach their destinations. Often the nerves pass through holes in the skull, called foramina. Other nerves pass through bony canals, longer pathways enclosed by bone. These foramina and canals may have more than one cranial nerve, and may also contain blood vessels.


title: Volleyball at the Summer Olympics

paragraphs: Volleyball has been played at the Summer Olympics ever since the 1964 Summer Olympics. The history of Olympic volleyball can be traced back to the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris, where volleyball was played as part of an American sports demonstration event. It was only added as an Olympic sport, however, after World War II. This was when the FIVB was founded and of some of the continental confederations. In 1957, a special tournament was held at the 53rd IOC session in Sofia, Bulgaria, to support such request. The competition was a success, and the sport was officially introduced in 1964. The Olympic Committee initially dropped volleyball for the 1968 Olympics, meeting protests.


title: John Boyega

paragraphs: John Adedayo B. Adegboyega (born 17 March 1992), better known as John Boyega, is a British actor. He is best known for playing Finn in "" (2015), "" (2017) and "" (2019). He has also appeared in "Attack the Block" (2011), "Detroit" (2017) and "" (2018). He won the 2016 BAFTA Rising Star Award.

paragraphs: Boyega was born in Peckham, London. His parents are Nigerian.


title: Daisy Ridley

paragraphs: Daisy Jazz Isobel Ridley (born 10 April 1992) is a British actress. She is best known for playing Rey in "" (2015), "" (2017) and "" (2019). She also appeared in "Casulty" and "Silent Witness".

paragraphs: Ridley was born in Westminster, London. Her great-uncle was "Dad's Army" actor Arnold Ridley.


title: Adriana Olguín

paragraphs: Adriana Olguín de Baltra (born Luz Adriana Margarita Olguín Buche) (18 November 1911 – 24 December 2015) was a Chilean lawyer and politician. She was born in Valparaíso, Chile. Olguín served as Chile's Minister of Justice serving from 29 July 1952 through 3 November 1952 under the Gabriel González Videla administration. She was the first woman to hold a position in any presidential cabinet in Latin American history.

paragraphs: Olguín died in her home in Viña del Mar, Chile from natural causes at the age of 104.


title: Daddy's Home (movie)

paragraphs: Daddy's Home is a 2015 American comedy movie directed and written by Sean Anders. It was produced by Will Ferrell and Adam McKay. It stars Ferrell, Mark Wahlberg, Linda Cardellini, Thomas Haden Church with John Cena. It was filmed in New Orleans, Louisiana, but the movie takes place in California. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2015. It was rated M in Australia and New Zealand for violence, sexual references and offensive language.


title: Dalton Trumbo

paragraphs: James Dalton Trumbo (December 9, 1905 – September 10, 1976) was an American screenwriter and novelist.

paragraphs: Trumbo was one of the Hollywood Ten, he refused to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) in 1947 during the committee's investigation of Communist influences in the motion picture industry.

paragraphs: Trumbo won two Academy Awards while blacklisted; one (for "Roman Holiday") was originally given to a front writer, and one (for "The Brave One") was awarded to "Robert Rich", Trumbo's pseudonym.

paragraphs: Trumbo died of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California on September 10, 1976 at the age of 70.

paragraphs: On December 19, 2011, the Writers Guild of America announced that Trumbo was being given full credit for his work on the screenplay of the 1953 romantic comedy "Roman Holiday", almost sixty years after the fact.

paragraphs: Actor Bryan Cranston plays Trumbo in the 2015 biopic "Trumbo" directed by Jay Roach.


title: Run-Around

paragraphs: "Run-Around" is a song by American jam band, Blues Traveler. It was released on the 1994 album "Four". It won the band's first Grammy Award in 1995, for "Best Rock Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group.

paragraphs: The song was the band's first successful single, peaking at #8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Trumbo (movie)

paragraphs: Trumbo is a 2015 American biographical-drama movie directed by Jay Roach. It was written by Michael London. The movie is about when screenwriter Dalton Trumbo is blacklisted as a communist for his support of the Communist Party of the USA during the 1950s.

paragraphs: It stars Bryan Cranston as Trumbo with Diane Lane, Helen Mirren, Louis C.K., Elle Fanning, Michael Stuhlbarg, and John Goodman. It was released to positive reviews on November 6, 2015.


title: Jim O'Toole

paragraphs: James Jerome "Jim" O'Toole (January 10, 1937 – December 26, 2015) was an American professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds (1958–1966) and Chicago White Sox (1967). He was left-handed.

paragraphs: O'Toole was born in Chicago, Illinois. He married Betty Wall on July 2, 1960. They had 11 children.

paragraphs: O'Toole died from cancer on December 26, 2015 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He was 78.


title: Dichen Lachman

paragraphs: Dichen Lachman (born 22 February 1982) is a Nepalese-born Australian actress and movie producer. She is best known for her roles in the television series "Neighbours", "Dollhouse", "", "Hawaii Five-0", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." and "".

paragraphs: Lachman was born in Kathmandu. Her mother is Tibetan and her father is an Australian of German ancestry. She grew up in Adelaide, South Australia. She moved to the United States in 2007 and lives in Los Angeles, California. She is married to Max Osinski and has one child.


title: Dami Im

paragraphs: Dami Im (, born 17 October 1988) is a South Korean-born Australian singer. She is best known for winning the fifth season of "The X Factor" in 2013. Her first album was an ARIA number one. She has three studio albums, two extended plays, nine singles, two album appearances, and four music videos. She represented Australia at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, coming second with "Sound of Silence".

paragraphs: Im was born in Incheon. She grew up in Brisbane, Queensland. She is married and lives in Daisy Hill, a suburb of Logan City, Queensland. She is a Christian.


title: Haskell Wexler

paragraphs: Haskell Wexler, A.S.C. (February 6, 1922 – December 27, 2015) was an American cinematographer, movie producer, screenwriter and director. He was born in Chicago, Illinois. He won an Academy Award for Best Cinematography in 1966.

paragraphs: Wexler was known for his works "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "Medium Cool", "In the Heat of the Night", "Days of Heaven" and for "Matewan". He was said to be one of film history's ten most influential cinematographers in a survey of the members of the International Cinematographers Guild.

paragraphs: Wexler died in his sleep at the age of 93 on December 27, 2015 at his home in Santa Monica, California.


title: Dave Henderson

paragraphs: David Lee Henderson (July 21, 1958 – December 27, 2015), nicknamed Hendu, was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Seattle Mariners, Boston Red Sox, San Francisco Giants, Oakland Athletics, and Kansas City Royals during his 14-year career. He was born in Merced, California.

paragraphs: Henderson died of a massive heart attack in Seattle, Washington, one month after receiving a kidney transplant, at the age of 57.


title: Jose Offerman

paragraphs: Jose Offerman was a Major League Baseball player who played for the Boston Red Sox among other teams.


title: Jim Klobuchar

paragraphs: James John "Jim" Klobuchar (born April 9, 1928) is an American journalist, author, and tour guide. He wrote for the "Star Tribune" in Minneapolis for thirty years. He now writes an occasional column for the "Christian Science Monitor". He is the father of U.S. Senator Amy Klobuchar. He was born in Minneapolis.


title: Mark Warner

paragraphs: Mark Robert Warner (born December 15, 1954) is an American politician and the senior United States Senator from Virginia, in office since 2009. He is a member of the Democratic Party. Warner was the 69th Governor of Virginia, holding the office from 2002 to 2006.


title: Ellsworth Kelly

paragraphs: Ellsworth Kelly (May 31, 1923 – December 27, 2015) was an American painter, sculptor, and printmaker. He worked with hard-edge painting, Color Field painting and the minimalist school. His works showed unique techniques showing simplicity of form, similar to the work of John McLaughlin and Kenneth Noland.

paragraphs: Kelly died in Spencertown, New York on December 27, 2015 of respiratory failure at the age of 92.


title: The Babadook

paragraphs: The Babadook is a 2014 Australian-Canadian psychological horror drama movie, written and directed by Jennifer Kent as her directorial debut. It is about a woman and her son being tortured by an evil spirit based on a child's book. The movie stars Essie Davis and Noah Wiseman, while Daniel Henshall, Hayley McElhinney, Barbara West, and Ben Winspear appear in supporting roles.

paragraphs: "The Babadook" was produced by Causeway Films (Kristina Ceyton) and is based on the short movie "Monster" (2005), also written and directed by Kent. The movie was shown at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and received positive reviews. On Rotten Tomatoes' aggregation, it was ranked as the third most-liked movie of the year.


title: Alfredo Pacheco

paragraphs: Alfredo Alberto Pacheco (1 December 1982 – 27 December 2015) was a Salvadoran footballer. He played for FAS and the New York Red Bulls. He also had the record for most appearances for his national team, playing 86 times.

paragraphs: Pacheco was born in Santa Ana. He was married with five children and lived in the United States.

paragraphs: Pacheco was shot and killed on 27 December 2015 in Santa Ana, aged 33.


title: Fetal alcohol syndrome

paragraphs: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a group of mental and physical problems that can happen when a mother drinks alcohol while she is pregnant. A "syndrome" is a group of symptoms. "Fetal" means anything that has to do with a fetus. Fetal alcohol syndrome includes ways a fetus is hurt by alcohol while it is still in its mother's womb.

paragraphs: Fetal alcohol syndrome is caused by a mother drinking alcohol while she is pregnant. When a mother drinks while she is pregnant, the alcohol goes through the umbilical cord to the fetus. This is why doctors say "when a [pregnant] woman drinks alcohol, so does her baby."

paragraphs: Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage. This can cause many other problems once the baby is born.

paragraphs: Alcohol can cause problems with the way the fetus develops at any time during a pregnancy. This includes the earliest part of pregnancy, when the mother might not even know she is pregnant.

paragraphs: A fetus is most likely to develop fetal alcohol syndrome if its mother:

paragraphs: It does not matter whether the mother drinks beer, wine, hard liquor, or any other kind of alcohol. One kind is not safer than any other. They are all equally likely to cause FAS.

paragraphs: To be diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome, a child must have problems in three different areas.

paragraphs: Having "abnormal facial features" means that parts of the child's face look different than a child without FAS. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have:

paragraphs: Children with FAS do not grow as well as children without FAS. These growth problems can start even before birth, so many babies with FAS are born weighing less than other babies.

paragraphs: To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have a height, weight, or both that are lower than normal. Their height or weight must be in the 10th percentile or lower, meaning 90% of all other children are taller or heavier.

paragraphs: The central nervous system controls everything in the body. When it is damaged by alcohol during pregnancy, the damage can cause many different problems. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child must have three different kinds of central nervous system problems:

paragraphs: "Structural" problems are problems with the shape of the head or the brain. For example:

paragraphs: Neurological problems are problems with the way the brain and nerves control the body. For example:

paragraphs: "Functional" problems are problems doing everyday tasks. To be diagnosed with FAS, a child has to have a lot more trouble doing everyday things than other children his age. The child has to have a low IQ or developmental delay, or problems in three of these areas:

paragraphs: In the United States, alcohol is the most common cause of birth defects that can be prevented. Fetal alcohol syndrome can be prevented in every pregnancy if the mother drinks no alcohol while she is pregnant.

paragraphs: Doctors suggest that women who are trying to get pregnant should also drink no alcohol. This is because a woman may not know she is pregnant for the first 4–6 weeks of her pregnancy. Some women drink alcohol during this time, since they do not realize they are pregnant. But drinking during the earliest part of a pregnancy can cause severe FAS because the earliest part of the pregnancy is when the fetus's brain starts developing. This is why it is safest not to drink any alcohol if a woman thinks she might get pregnant.


title: Stein Eriksen

paragraphs: Stein Eriksen (11 December 1927 – 27 December 2015) is a Norwegian-American alpine skier. He won gold and two silvers at the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo. He retired in 1954.

paragraphs: Eriksen was born in Oslo. His parents were Marius Eriksen (1886–1950) and Birgit Heien (1900–1996). He lived in the United States for six decades.

paragraphs: Eriksen died on 27 December 2015 in Park City, Utah. He was 88.


title: Meridian arc

paragraphs: In geodesy, a meridian arc is the distance between two points with the same longitude. In geometry it is an arc: a segment of a curve. The length of an imaginary rope laid over the globe would be that distance.

paragraphs: Two or more such measurements at different places get the shape of the reference ellipsoid which is most like the shape of the geoid. This process is called "the determination of the figure of the Earth". The earliest determinations of the size of a spherical Earth used a single arc. The latest determinations use astro-geodetic measurements and the methods of satellite geodesy to get the reference ellipsoids.

paragraphs: The Alexandrian scientist Eratosthenes about 240 BC, first calculated a good value for circumference of the Earth. He knew that on the summer solstice at local noon the sun goes through the zenith in the ancient Egyptian city of Syene (Assuan). He also knew from his own measurements that, at the same moment in his hometown of Alexandria, the zenith distance was 1/50 of a full circle (7.2°). Assuming that Alexandria was due north of Syene, Eratosthenes concluded that the distance between Alexandria and Syene must be 1/50 of Earth's circumference.

paragraphs: In 1687 Newton published in the "Principia" a proof that the Earth was an oblate spheroid of flattening equal to 1/230.


title: Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt

paragraphs: Philip of Hesse-Darmstadt (July 20, 1671 in Darmstadt – August 11, 1736 in Vienna) was a Prince of Hesse-Darmstadt, Imperial Field Marshal and Governor of Mantua.

paragraphs: Philip was a younger son of Louis VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt (1630–1678) and his second wife Elisabeth Dorothea of Saxe-Coburg (1640–1709), daughter of Ernest II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha.

paragraphs: Philip fought for the Habsburgs in the Spanish War of Succession. In 1708 he became Field Marshal and Supreme Commander of the Imperial troops in newly conquered Naples. After the war in 1714, under influence of Prince Eugene of Savoy, he became governor of the former Duchy of Mantua until his death.

paragraphs: Philip was a great lover of music. When he was with his soldiers in Naples, he was patron of Nicola Porpora. When he was governor of Mantua, he made Antonio Vivaldi "Maestro di Cappella" of his court. Vivaldi wrote the opera Tito Manlio to celebrate Philip's wedding to Princess Eleanora of Guastalla, however the wedding never took place.

paragraphs: On March 24, 1693, Philip married Marie Therese of Croÿ (1673–1714), daughter of Ferdinand François Joseph, Duke of Croy-Havré. He had to beome a Catholic for the wedding, which made his mother very upset.


title: Sean Hayes (actor)

paragraphs: Sean Patrick Hayes (born June 26, 1970) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He is best known for his role as Jack McFarland on the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace". During the series he won an Emmy Award, four SAG Awards, and one American Comedy Award, and earned six Golden Globe nominations. After "Will & Grace" he guest starred in programs such as "30 Rock", "Portlandia" and "Parks and Recreation".


title: Robert Spitzer (psychiatrist)

paragraphs: Robert Leopold Spitzer (May 22, 1932 – December 25, 2015) was an American psychiatrist. He was a professor of psychiatry at Columbia University in New York City. He was a major figure in the development of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). He helped remove homosexuality as a mental disorder.

paragraphs: Spitzer was born in White Plains, New York. He studied at Cornell University and at New York University School of Medicine. He worked at Columbia University until his retirement in 2010. Spitzer died of heart disease at his home in Seattle, Washington at the age of 83.


title: Mujaddid

paragraphs: Mujaddid () in Islam is a reformer who is given the task of removing errors that have occurred among Muslims. Their job is to show people the great religious truths which the Muslim community will be asked to face. According to the popular Muslim tradition, it refers to a person who appears at the turn of every century of the Islamic calendar to revive Islam, cleansing it of extraneous elements and restoring it to its pristine purity. In contemporary times, a mujaddid is looked upon as the greatest Muslim of a century.

paragraphs: Ikhtilaf (disagreements) exist among vatious hadith specialists. Scholars and historians like Al-Dhahabi and Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani have interpreted that the term mujaddid can also be understood as plural, thus referring to a group of people.

paragraphs: The Arabic word mujaddid means "reformer", "renovator", "reviver", "renewer" or "regenerator". It is someone who revives and renovates the religion. The concept of tajdid (renewal or revival) and the term mujaddid come rather from a hadith, a statement of the Prophet Muhammad. This hadith was written down by Abu Dawood in his Sunan, one of the six authoritative Sunni collections of the Prophet's statements. In this hadith, the Prophet says:

paragraphs: This means reform is in the essential nature of Islam and Muslims are called all the time to work hard to make new ideas cope with tradition. It also means that not everything in the Muslim tradition is useful and good for this modern age; there are certain things that were possible in the past but are no longer relevant today. Slavery would be a prime example.

paragraphs: Tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought means renewing the ideology representing the intellectual product of Muslims in the fields of science, knowledge and ijtihad to interpret Islam and understand and explicate its rulings.

paragraphs: Al-Suyuti mentioned in his book Al-Jami' al-Sagheer, "Renewing religion means renewing its guidance, clarifying its truth and precedence, refuting the innovations and extremism presented to its followers or their reluctance in upholding it, and following its rules in managing the interests of the people and the law of society and civilization."

paragraphs: Among the most manifest aspects of tajdid (renewal) in Islamic thought is the renewal of Islamic sciences as follows:

paragraphs: "Mujaddids" can include prominent scholars, pious rulers and military commanders.

paragraphs: There is no formal mechanism for designating a mujaddid. The persons of this list are claimed to be Mujaddid.

paragraphs: While there is no formal mechanism for designating a "mujaddid" in Sunni Islam, there is often a popular consensus. The Shia and Ahmadiyya have their own list of mujaddids.


title: Eleanor Coen

paragraphs: Eleanor Coen (October 21, 1916 – July 9, 2010) was an American painter. She was born in Normal, Illinois. Coen worked at the Art Institute of Chicago. Coen's work is displayed at the Smithsonian American Art Museum and Art Institute of Chicago.

paragraphs: Coen died of heart failure at the age of 93 in Evanston, Illinois.


title: Martin Bell (director)

paragraphs: Martin Bell (born January 16, 1943) is an American movie director. He was best known for his movies such as "Streetwise" and "American Heart". His career began in 1971 wile making short movies. He was married to Mary Ellen Mark until her death in 2015.


title: Aaron T. Beck

paragraphs: Aaron Temkin Beck (born July 18, 1921) is an American psychiatrist and a professor emeritus in the department of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania. He is thought to be as the father of cognitive therapy, and his theories are widely used in the treatment of clinical depression.

paragraphs: Beck was born in Providence, Rhode Island to a family of Russian Jewish immigrants. He studied at Brown University and at Yale Medical School.

paragraphs: Beck also developed self-report measures of depression and anxiety including Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Hopelessness Scale, Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Youth Inventories. Beck is known for his research in psychotherapy, psychopathology, suicide, and psychometrics, which led to his creation of cognitive therapy and the BDI, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring depression severity.

paragraphs: Beck worked with psychologist Maria Kovacs in the creation of the Children's Depression Inventory, which used the BDI as a model. Beck's work at the University of Pennsylvania inspired Martin Seligman to create his own cognitive techniques and exercises, and later work on learned helplessness.

paragraphs: Beck is the President Emeritus of the non-profit Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy and the Honorary President of the Academy of Cognitive Therapy, which certifies qualified cognitive therapists.

paragraphs: Beck married judge Phyllis W. Beck in 1950. Together, they have four children. He lives in suburban Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Ralph Torres

paragraphs: Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (born August 6, 1979) is an American Republican politician from Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands. He is serving as the 9th Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands upon the death of governor Eloy Inos on December 28, 2015. He previously served as the 10th Lieutenant Governor. He was elected to this position in the 2014 election.


title: William Waad

paragraphs: Sir William Waad (also Wade or Wadd) (1546 - 1623) was an English diplomat and administrator. He served as a special diplomatic agent for Elizabeth I of England. She sent him to France to collect papers which were used to convict her sister, Queen Mary. Waad also carried out the questioning and interrogations of political prisoners, often using torture to get the answers. He was involved in questioning Sir Walter Raleigh, members of the Gunpowder Plot, and the Essex rebellion among others.


title: Carlos Romero Barceló

paragraphs: Carlos Antonio Romero Barceló (born September 4, 1932) is a Puerto Rican politician. He served as the fifth Governor of Puerto Rico. He was the second governor to be elected from the New Progressive Party (PNP) and also Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico from 1993 to 2001.

paragraphs: On July 3, 2017, he was appointed by Governor Ricky Rosselló as Puerto Rico's first United States Shadow Senator to the U.S. Senate.


title: Coronagraph

paragraphs: Coronagraph is a telescope to see things around the sun. The telescope uses a disk to block the bright surface of the sun, exposing bright objects around the sun to be visible to human eyes.


title: James Braid

paragraphs: James Braid (1795 - 1860) was a Scottish surgeon and hypnotist.

paragraphs: He was born in Portmoak, Scotland. He died in of an illness in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester.

paragraphs: Braid saw a demonstration of mesmerism by Charles Lafontaine in 1841 and began to explore and research the subject for himself. He argued that the trance like state that a person went into, which he called hypnotism, was a state of mind. He said it was not caused by the transferring "mesmeric fluid" or "animal magnetism". He believed a hypnotic state could be caused by having a person stare at a small bright object. When a person was in a hypnotic state, they could be given suggestions which they did not remember when fully awake. He also noted changes in pulse and blood circulation, which he believed were able to cure some illnesses. He began using hypnotism and suggestion as way of treating some of his patients.

paragraphs: His ideas were later developed by a group of doctors in Paris, who were called "Braidists". Led by the neurologist J. M. Charcot, their work made it scientifically acceptable to study hypnotism.

paragraphs: Braid wrote a book and several articles about his research and his ideas:


title: Colin Dexter

paragraphs: Norman Colin Dexter, OBE, (29 September 1930 – 21 March 2017) was an English crime writer. He was known for his Inspector Morse novels, which were written between 1975 and 1999 and adapted as a television series from 1987 to 2000.

paragraphs: In 2000 Dexter was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire for services to literature. In 2001 he was awarded the Freedom of the City of Oxford.

paragraphs: Dexter died in his sleep at his home in Oxford on 21 March 2017, aged 86.


title: Sheila Mercier

paragraphs: Sheila Mercier (1 January 1919 – 4 December 2019) was an English actress. She was born in Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. She played Annie Sugden in "Emmerdale" for over 20 years between 1972 and 1994, she made 3 further appearances in 1995, 1996 and 2009.


title: Buick Rendezvous

paragraphs: The Buick Rendezvous was a midsize crossover SUV. It was built by General Motors from 2002 to 2007. The Rendezvous was built on a short wheelbase of the GM U platform similar to the Pontiac Aztek. It slotted between the Rainier and the Terraza. From 2002 to 2006, it offered the option of front-wheel-drive or all-wheel drive. This was dropped for the final model year. The Rendezvous was later discontinued due to a drop in sales and replaced by the slightly larger Buick Enclave CUV which also replaced the Rainier and Terraza.


title: Stuck in the Middle (TV series)

paragraphs: Stuck in the Middle is a Disney Channel Original Series. It was created by Alison Brown and executive producer Linda Videtti Figueiredo. The series stars Jenna Ortega as Harley Diaz.. The series aired on February 14, 2016. The main character of the show is one year older than Lincoln Loud from The Loud House.

paragraphs: The series is about a family of 9, seen through the point of view of Harley Diaz, a 12-year-old inventor who just so happens to be the middle kid in a large family,

paragraphs: The Disney Channel series "Stuck in the Middle" started airing on February 14, 2016. The series premiered on March 11, 2016. Production began on November 30, 2015.


title: Budō

paragraphs: Budō is a Japanese term describing modern Japanese martial arts. Budō, which means "the martial ways", has its origins in bushidō, "the way of the warrior". The budō arts include aikido, judo, jūkendō, Kendo, Kyūdō, naginata, shorinji kempo and sumo. In battle, budō teaches defense with the ideas of nonviolence and spiritual enlightenment. Originally designed for warfare, budō became a way of self-defense. From his book "Meditations on Violence", Rory Miller wrote:

paragraphs: "It is better to avoid than to run; better to run than to de-escalate; better to de-escalate than to fight; better to fight than to die. Budō is based on the principles of Zen. The term budō is often used in another sense to refer to specific martial arts such as Akai Budo, Judo and Kendo.


title: Rearguard

paragraphs: A rearguard is a part of a military force that protects the main force from attack from the rear. This is either during an advance or withdrawal. The term can also be used to describe forces protecting lines of communication behind an army. In modern armies the rearguard may be used to delay an enemy, to keep supply routes open or may also gather intelligence on an enemy approaching from the rear. One of the best recorded examples of a rearguard action is found in The Song of Roland. It is based on the historical events of the attack on the rearguard of Charlemagne's army in the Pyrenees. It was written in the 11th century, three hundred years after it happened.


title: The Song of Roland

paragraphs: The Song of Roland () is an epic poem based on the Battle of Roncevaux in 778 during the reign of Charlemagne. It is the oldest surviving major piece of French literature. It exists in different manuscript versions which shows its great popularity in from the 12th to 14th centuries.

paragraphs: The date of poem is somewhere between 1040 and 1115. An early version began around 1040. Additions and changes were made up until about 1115. The final text has about 4,000 lines of poetry. These are further divided into 298 poetic units called laisses. It was written to be performed, possibly to music. The author of the poem is unknown.

paragraphs: The epic poem is the oldest example of the "chanson de geste". This was a literary form popular between the 11th and 15th centuries. It was all about legendary deeds and heroes.

paragraphs: The poem is about an actual historical event that happened centuries earlier. In 778 Charlemagne invaded Spain. On his way through the Pyrenees he looted and plundered Basque lands. He found little resistance in Spain until he reached the city of Zaragoza. Charlemagne demanded they surrender. The city governor, Hussain Ibn al-Ansari, refused. Charlemagne then laid siege to the city but with little success. Finally the governor paid Charlemagne a large amount of gold in return for Charlemagne's army leaving the area. Charlemagne had a pending Saxon revolt at home so he needed little persuasion to leave.

paragraphs: As Charlemagne marched north back to France he again passed through Basque territory. His large army was deep in the Pyrenees in a long column on August 15, 778. His rearguard was commanded by Roland, one of Charlemagne's most trusted leaders. The rearguard was attacked starting the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Basques using their knowledge of the terrain were able to overcome the Frankish rearguard. But their job was to protect the main army so they fought to the last man. The Basques plundered the baggage trains and captured the gold Charlemagne was paid at Zaragoza. Before the Frankish army could turn to fight the Basques, they had gone. Roland and his men died as heroes.


title: Chumar

paragraphs: Chumar is a place in the provences of Jammu and Kashmir, India. The area is claimed by both China and India. According to China's Ministry of Defence "the two countries’ border, to this day, has not been designated". The problem is that for centuries, the sparsely inhabited mountainous region existed as a buffer zone between empires. A border war broke out in 1962 that has to date killed thousands of soldiers. The tension between the two countries has come and gone but is now raised again.


title: Elżbieta Krzesińska

paragraphs: Elżbieta Maria Krzesińska née Duńska (November 11, 1934 – December 29, 2015) was a Polish track and field athlete from Warsaw.

paragraphs: She competed in the long jump. She competed for her native country at the 1956 Summer Olympics held in Melbourne, Australia where she won the gold medal in the Women's Long Jump. She returned to the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome but failed to defend her title, finishing second behind Soviet Vera Krepkina.

paragraphs: Krzesińska died after a long-illness at her home in Warsaw at the age of 81.


title: Pavel Srníček

paragraphs: Pavel Srníček (10 March 1968 – 29 December 2015) was a Czech professional footballer. He played as a goalkeeper from 1990 to 2007, mainly for Newcastle United.

paragraphs: He represented Sheffield Wednesday, Portsmouth and West Ham United in England, and also played in Italy for Brescia and Cosenza, in Portugal for Beira-Mar, and in his native country for Banik Ostrava. After retiring, he worked as a goalkeeping coach for his own private school and for Sparta Prague.

paragraphs: Srníček played internationally for the Czech Republic from 1994 to 2001, earning a total of 49 caps. He was part of their squad that came runners-up at UEFA Euro 96, and was their first-choice goalkeeper when they came third at the 1997 FIFA Confederations Cup and contested UEFA Euro 2000.

paragraphs: On 4 January 2012, Sparta Prague confirmed the appointment of Srníček to their coaching staff.

paragraphs: Srníček suffered a massive heart attack while out jogging on 20 December 2015. He was put into an induced coma at a hospital in his native Ostrava. He died nine days later at the age of 47, when his life support was turned off due to irreversible brain damage.


title: Progeria

paragraphs: Progeria (), also called Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome and HGPS progeria syndrome is a very rare genetic disorder. Children born with progeria show symptoms which are like aging. This can include skin wrinkles and grey hair or baldness. Progeria is one of several progeroid syndromes. The word "progeria" comes from the Greek words "pro" (πρό), meaning "before" or "premature", and "gēras" (γῆρας), meaning "old age".

paragraphs: It is very rare, only 1 child in every 8 million live births. People with progeria usually only live to their mid teens to early twenties. It is a genetic condition that occurs as a new mutation. It is rarely inherited, as people with the condition do not usually live long enough to have children.

paragraphs: Scientists are studying progeria because it might reveal clues about the normal process of aging. Progeria was first described in 1886 by Jonathan Hutchinson. It was also described independently in 1897 by Hastings Gilford. The condition was later named Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome.


title: Antony Booth

paragraphs: Anthony George Booth (9 October 1931 – 25 September 2017), later known as Tony and Antony) was a retired English actor. He is best known for his role as Mike Rawlins in the BBC series "Till Death Us Do Part".

paragraphs: Booth is the father-in-law of former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Tony Blair. Blair is married to Booth's daughter Cherie Booth.

paragraphs: Booth suffered a stroke in 2010. He was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease in 2004. He died of the disease in London on 25 September 2017 at the age of 85.


title: Bob Cerv

paragraphs: Robert Henry Cerv (May 5, 1925 – April 6, 2017) was a former American baseball player. Before his professional career, he was a collegiate baseball and basketball player at the University of Nebraska. He was born in Weston, Nebraska.

paragraphs: Cerv signed with the New York Yankees in 1950 and was a little-used reserve outfielder on the Yankee teams of the early 1950s. Cerv played for the Yankees from 1951 through 1956, again in 1960, and lastly from 1961 through 1962. He also played for the Kansas City Athletics (1957-1960), Los Angeles Angels (1961), and the Houston Colt .45s (1962).

paragraphs: Cerv died on April 6, 2017 in Blair, Nebraska from a stroke, aged 91.


title: Robin Williams (canoeist)

paragraphs: Robin Williams is a British slalom canoeist who competed in the 1980s. He won two medals in the C-2 team event at the ICF Canoe Slalom World Championships with a gold in 1981 and a bronze in 1983.


title: Florida A&M University

paragraphs: Florida A&M University or FAMU, is a public, historically black university in Tallahassee, Florida. Its official name is Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University. Florida A&M University was built on the highest of seven hills in Tallahassee. It opened on October 3, 1887.

paragraphs: It is one of the largest historically black universities in the United States, in number of students. It awards bachelor's, master's and doctorate degrees.

paragraphs: FAMU's main campus is in Tallahassee. It is close to the State Capitol and the campus of Florida State University. The university also has campuses in Orlando, Miami, Jacksonville, Tampa and Crestview.

paragraphs: has 132 buildings that spread out over . Part of the campus is listed on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places. This is named the Florida Agricultural and Mechanical College Historic District. It was placed on the list on May 9, 1996.

paragraphs: The district is in the center of the campus. In the National Register, it covers . It includes 14 historic buildings and 1 object. One campus building, the old Carnegie Library, is listed separately on the National Register.

paragraphs: On April 18, 2012, the AIA's Florida Chapter put Lee Hall at Florida Agricultural & Mechanical University on its list of "Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places".


title: Frank Malzone

paragraphs: Frank James Malzone (February 28, 1930 – December 29, 2015) was an American baseball player. He was a former Major League Baseball third baseman and right-handed slugger who played for the Boston Red Sox (1955–65) and California Angels (1966). He was born in The Bronx, New York.

paragraphs: Malzone died in Needham, Massachusetts of natural causes at the age of 85.


title: Over and Over Again (song)

paragraphs: "Over and Over Again" is a song by English recording artist Nathan Sykes. The song was written by Sykes and was released in the United Kingdom on 20 November 2015 as the second single from his debut studio album. The song peaked to number 8 on the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: Sykes performed the song live on "The X Factor" on 22 November 2015.


title: Kim Yang-gon

paragraphs: Kim Yang-gon (; 24 April 1942 – 29 December 2015) was a North Korean politician. He was a member of the ruling party Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). He served as head of relations with South Korea from 2007 until his death, under both Kim Jong-il and later Kim Jong-un. He was born in Anju, South Pyongan Province.

paragraphs: Kim died in a car accident on 29 December 2015, aged 73.


title: Rufous-tailed lark

paragraphs: The rufous-tailed lark ("Ammomanes phoenicura") is a passerine bird. It is native to India and northeast Pakistan.


title: Terpenoid

paragraphs: Turpenoids, or isoprenoids, are a large group of organic compounds. They are built of five-carbon isoprene units put together and modified in thousands of ways.

paragraphs: They are lipids, and are found in all classes of living things. They are the largest group of natural products. About 60% of natural products are terpenoids.

paragraphs: Plant terpenoids are often used for their scent. They are used in traditional herbal remedies. Terpenoids help the scent of eucalyptus, the flavors of cinnamon, cloves, and ginger, the yellow color in sunflowers, and the red color in tomatoes. Well-known terpenoids include citral, menthol, camphor, salvinorin A in the plant "Salvia divinorum", the cannabinoids found in cannabis, ginkgolide and bilobalide found in "Ginkgo biloba", and the curcuminoids found in turmeric and mustard seeds.

paragraphs: The steroids and sterols in animals are biologically produced from terpenoid precursors.


title: Bad Orb

paragraphs: Bad Orb is a spa town located in Hesse, Germany.


title: Astrocyte

paragraphs: Astrocytes are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord. They are also known collectively as astroglia.

paragraphs: The proportion of astrocytes in the brain varies. Studies have found that the astrocyte proportion varies by region from 20% to 40% of all glia.

paragraphs: Astrocytes do many things. They help the endothelial cells of the blood–brain barrier, provide nutrients to the nervous tissue, keep extracellular ions in balance. They also help repair the brain and spinal cord after traumatic injuries.

paragraphs: Research since the mid-1990s has shown that astrocytes release Ca ions, and adjust brain functions. Such discoveries have made astrocytes an important area of research in neuroscience.


Natoli


title: Mangesh Padgaonkar

paragraphs: Mangesh Keshav Padgaonkar (Devanagari: मंगेश केशव पाडगांवकर; 10 March 1929 – 30 December 2015) was a Indian poet from Maharashtra, India. He was born on 10 March 1929 in Vengurla, Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra.

paragraphs: Padgaonkar has 40 publications to his credit. He began writing at the age of 14. The United States Library of Congress has 31 of his publications in their collection. He has also translated works of Kabir and Surdas in Marathi along with Shakespeare's plays "The Tempest", "Julius Caesar" and "Romeo and Juliet". In 2008, his translation of the Bible was released.

paragraphs: Padgaonkar died in Mumbai from a short illness at the age of 86.


title: Joe Houston

paragraphs: Joe Houston (July 11, 1926 – December 28, 2015) was an American tenor saxophonist. He played jazz and rhythm and blues. He was born in Bastrop, Texas. His career began in the 1940s in Kansas City, Missouri.

paragraphs: Houston formed his own band The Rockets, and moved to Los Angeles in 1952. He scored his only two chart hit singles in 1952 with "Worry, Worry, Worry" and "Hard Time Baby" both of which peaked at #10 on "Billboard's" R&B singles chart.

paragraphs: Houston's musical career ended after he suffered a stroke in 2005. He died on December 28, 2015 in Long Beach, California, following a series of strokes, aged 89.


title: Apgar score

paragraphs: The Apgar score is used in medicine. It is a quick way of measuring how healthy a newborn baby is.

paragraphs: Virginia Apgar invented the Apgar score in 1952. She was an anesthesiologist, and created the score to measure how babies were affected by anesthesia given to their mothers during childbirth.

paragraphs: Today, the Apgar score is very commonly used by doctors, nurses, midwives, emergency medical technicians (EMTs), and other medical professionals. One of the reasons it is so popular is that doing an Apgar test is very quick. It usually takes less than a minute, sometimes just seconds.

paragraphs: When an Apgar test is done, five simple things about the newborn baby are checked. The newborn gets a score of 0, 1, or 2 on each of these give things. The scores are added up, and the total is the newborn's Apgar score.

paragraphs: "Apgar" is the name of the woman who invented the Apgar scale. But "APGAR" is also a backronym that stands for the things the Apgar scale checks. These are Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, and Respiration.

paragraphs: The Apgar test is usually done one minute after birth, and again five minutes after birth. It may be repeated later if the score is low and stays low.

paragraphs: The main goal of the Apgar score is to see whether the newborn needs medical help. Usually:

paragraphs: If a newborn has a low Apgar score one minute after birth, this does not mean the baby is going to have long-term health problems. This is especially true if the Apgar score is better five minutes after birth.

paragraphs: But an Apgar score that stays below 3 at later times—like 10, 15, or 30 minutes after birth—may show that the newborn has brain damage. These newborns are a little more likely to have cerebral palsy. However, the Apgar test cannot predict (say for sure) whether a baby will have long-term health problems.


title: Neheb

paragraphs: Neheb is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Neheb may be a mythical king only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.


title: Doug Atkins

paragraphs: Douglas Leon Atkins (May 8, 1930 – December 30, 2015) was a former American football defensive end. He played for the Cleveland Browns, Chicago Bears and New Orleans Saints in the National Football League. He played college football at the University of Tennessee under legendary head coach Robert Neyland. He is a member of the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was born in Humboldt, Tennessee.

paragraphs: Atkins died in Knoxville, Tennessee on December 30, 2015 at the age of 85.


title: Jerzmanice-Zdrój

paragraphs: Jerzmanice-Zdrój is a small village in Lower Silesia, Poland. The first time it appeared in sources in 1253 as Hermanstorph. The village administrator is Edward Janiec.

paragraphs: Jerzmanice-Zdrój was a health resort from 1881, when a doctor from the nearby town Złotoryja made a small place for sick people called "Hermsdorf Bad". This lasted until World War II. After the war, the health resort did not re-open.

paragraphs: The origin of "Jerzmanice" is unknown. One theory is that this part of the name is a Polish crack from German name "Hermsdorf" or "Hermannsdorf". These names are an earlier name of Jerzmanice-Zdrój. The origin of "zdrój" is means "spring" or "spa" in English.

paragraphs: A lot of people do not say "Jerzmanice-Zdrój", only "Jerzmanice". The earlier names of Jerzmanice are: Bad Hermsdorf, Hermsdorf, Hermannsdorf, Hermanstorph, Hermsdorf am Katzbach. In 1946 the name "Jerzmanice Zdrój" was established.

paragraphs: The highest point in Jerzmanice is Goleń Hill. It is above sea level. It is in the valley of Kaczawa.

paragraphs: The village has a primary school and public library.

paragraphs: Through Jerzmanice run few streets: DW364 and DW328. The most popular way of travel is private transportation.

paragraphs: Most citizens are Roman Catholics, but only about 20% practise it. Some people are Jehovah's Witnesses or atheists.


title: Gino Marchetti

paragraphs: Gino John Marchetti (January 2, 1926 – April 29, 2019) was an American professional football player in the National Football League and businessman. A defensive end, he played in 1952 for the Dallas Texans and from 1953 to 1966 for the Baltimore Colts.

paragraphs: Marchetti was born in Smithers, West Virginia. He was raised in Antioch, California. Marchetti studied at Modesto Junior College and at the University of San Francisco.

paragraphs: In 2004, Marchetti was voted to the East-West Shrine Game Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Marchetti died of problems caused by pneumonia on April 29, 2019 at a hospital in Paoli, Pennsylvania at the age of 93.


title: Mekh

paragraphs: Mekh is listed on the Palermo Stone as a Predynastic ancient Egyptian king who ruled in the Lower Egypt. There is no other evidence of such ruler. Mekh may be a mythical king who is only remembered in unwritten stories, or may even be completely fictitious.


title: Reign

paragraphs: A reign is the period of time that a monarch (a king, queen, emperor, etc.) rules over a country. It can also be the period of time that a spiritual leader rules in a particular office. For example, the reign of a pope, dalai lama, patriarch etc. A reign can also be used for an office or championship. In many cases a reign lasts until the monarch (or leader) resigns, dies, or is removed. A monarch's reign was sometimes used to mark time officially. In Anglo-Saxon England for example, many royal documents were dated by the regnal year of the king. This lasted until about the 10th century.

paragraphs: Some of the longest reigning current monarchs are:

paragraphs: Some of the longest reigning monarchs of all time are:

paragraphs: Some of the shortest reigns in history are:


title: Double Falcon

paragraphs: Double Falcon (also possibly Dju and Nebwy) was a Predynastic pharaoh of Lower Egypt belonging to Dynasty 0. The exact timeline of his reign is unknown, although it is estimated to be during the 33rd century BCE. The length of his reign is unknown.

paragraphs: In 1910 M. J. Clédat, an Egyptologist, discovered the first evidence for king Double Falcon. A farmer at el-Mehemdiah in the north-eastern delta brought him a jar and some incised fragments found while planting a palm-grove in nearby el-Beda. Clédat soon discovered four serekhs of king Double Falcon.

paragraphs: In 1912 Hermann Junker found a tomb at Tura, which contained a complete jar with a serekh topped by two falcons.

paragraphs: More serekhs of king Double Falcon have been found in the Sinai, in Tell Ibrahim Awad in the eastern delta, in Adaima and Abydos in Upper Egypt, and in the Palmahim quarry in southern Israel. Because these finds have mainly been in Lower Egypt and north-western Sinai, it shows Double Falcon may have only ruled over these areas. However as some of his serekhs have been found in Upper Egypt and Canaan, it shows that the power of the Dynasty 0 kings was spreading. This had already begun towards the end of the Naqada III period, through trading or warfare.

paragraphs: The serekh of Double Falcon is unique. Firstly, it is the only one topped by two Horus falcons, facing each other. Secondly, the serekh does not have a place for the name. Instead this space is filled by vertical lines which usually represent the niched facade of a palace. The serekh does not have the horizontal line that separates the palace facade from the name of the ruler above. Finally, each falcon stands on its own peak. Experts believe that these features are symbolic. The two falcons could represent Lower Egypt and the Sinai, as it seems that Double Falcon reigned over both regions. Dreyer believes that the falcons stand on a on a sign meaning "mountain" which is N26 of Gardiner's sign list: N26 He reads the name as "Dju" ('), so that the name of the king is shown by a pair of falcons on mountains above a plain serekh. But another expert, van den Brink, reads the name as "Nebwy" ('), meaning "the two lords", and similar to a much earlier palette on display in the Barbier-Mueller Museum of Geneva.


title: Alcohol withdrawal

paragraphs: Alcohol withdrawal (also called alcohol withdrawal syndrome) is medical problem. It is a set of symptoms that can happen when a person who has drunk alcohol for a long time stops drinking. It can also happen when a person starts drinking less than they used to.

paragraphs: Alcohol withdrawal can be very dangerous. In the worst cases, it can even kill a person. This is why it is dangerous for people who drink a lot to stop drinking without talking to a doctor first.

paragraphs: Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant. This means that alcohol slows down the activity in some parts of the brain. This can create good feelings, like feeling relaxed and happy.

paragraphs: If a person drinks a lot of alcohol, eventually their body will get used to the alcohol. After a while, the person will need to drink more and more alcohol to feel drunk and to slow down parts of their brain. This is called "tolerance".

paragraphs: Once the body is used to having alcohol (and having parts of the brain slowed down), suddenly taking away the alcohol will cause withdrawal symptoms. The central nervous system is used to being slowed down by alcohol. So without alcohol, the central nervous system gets very excited and over-active.

paragraphs: A person who gets tolerant to alcohol, and gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking, is "physically dependent" on alcohol. This is also called "physical addiction."

paragraphs: Not everybody who drinks a lot of alcohol gets withdrawal symptoms when they stop. No one knows why some people get withdrawal symptoms and others do not.

paragraphs: About half of people with alcoholism will get withdrawal symptoms if they drink less than usual. About 5% to 20% of patients withdrawing from alcohol will get the most dangerous form of alcohol withdrawal: delirium tremens. About 1/3 (one out of three) people who have withdrawal seizures will get delirium tremens.

paragraphs: Symptoms of alcohol withdrawal are mostly caused by a central nervous system that is over-excited and working too hard.

paragraphs: Everybody has a different set of withdrawal symptoms. Some people have only mild symptoms, like being unable to sleep or feeling anxious. Other people have very bad, life-threatening symptoms, like delirium, hallucinations, very high blood pressures, and very high fevers.

paragraphs: Withdrawal usually begins 6 to 24 hours after a person takes their last drink. Acute withdrawal can last for up to one week.

paragraphs: To be diagnosed with alcohol withdrawal syndrome, patients must have at least two of these symptoms:.

paragraphs: Many things affect how bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms can be. The most important things are:

paragraphs: Symptoms are also grouped together and put into categories based on how bad they are:

paragraphs: Every person goes through alcohol withdrawal differently. Even the worst of alcohol withdrawal symptoms can happen as soon as 2 hours after a person stops drinking. Because of this, it is best to talk to a doctor, go into the hospital, or get treatment before a person stops drinking alcohol. In many people, however, symptoms usually happen in this order:

paragraphs: "Twelve to 24 hours after the last drink:"

paragraphs: Usually, people will start to feel better after 48 hours. But sometimes, after 48 hours, alcohol withdrawal can still get worse and turn into delirium tremens. Delirium tremens can last anywhere from 4 to 12 days.

paragraphs: Acute alcohol withdrawal usually lasts only a week. But many alcoholics have what is called Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome (PAWS) (also called "protracted alcohol withdrawal syndrome). This means that some withdrawal symptoms continue beyond the acute withdrawal stage. Some withdrawal symptoms can last for at least a year after a person stops drinking.

paragraphs: Symptoms of post-acute withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) can include:

paragraphs: Insomnia is also a common symptom of PAWS. It often keeps happening after acute (immediate) alcohol withdrawal. Research has showed that people with insomnia are more likely to relapse (start using alcohol again). Studies have found that magnesium or trazodone can help treat insomnia in recovering alcoholics.

paragraphs: For some people, the acute phase of alcohol withdrawal can last longer than usual. Protracted (longer than usual) delirium tremens has been reported in medical research, but is not common.

paragraphs: People with bad alcohol withdrawal symptoms often need to go into a hospital to make sure they are safe while they are withdrawing from alcohol.

paragraphs: Many different medicines can help with the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal:

paragraphs: Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medication for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. They can help decrease alcohol withdrawal symptoms and prevent seizures.

paragraphs: The most commonly used benzodiazepines are long-acting (medications whose effects last a long time), like chlordiazepoxide and diazepam (Valium). These seem to be the best medicines for treating delirium, and do not have to be given as often.

paragraphs: Although benzodiazepines work very well at treating alcohol withdrawal, they should be carefully used. Benzodiazepines should only be used for short periods in alcoholics. This is because alcoholics are more likely to get addicted to benzodiazepines. There is a risk of replacing an alcohol addiction with benzodiazepine dependence or adding another addiction. Also, both alcohol and benzodiazepines are depressants. If a person takes both at the same time, they are more likely to get depression or become suicidal.

paragraphs: Alcoholics often do not have enough of certain vitamins in their bodies. One of these important vitamins is thiamine. If a person does not have enough thiamine in their body, they can get serious health problems and even brain damage.

paragraphs: When a person is going through alcohol withdrawal, the most important vitamins are thiamine and folic acid. If an alcoholic who stops drinking does not have enough of these vitamins, they can get Wernicke syndrome, a very serious brain problem. To keep this from happening, people who have stopped drinking alcohol are often given thiamine and folic acid intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein). They may also be given other vitamins. This can help prevent Wernicke syndrome.

paragraphs: Sometimes, anticonvulsant (anti-seizure) medicines are given to try to prevent seizures.

paragraphs: Some evidence says that topiramate (Topamax), carbamazepine (Tegretol), and other anticonvulsants are helpful in treating alcohol withdrawal; however, research is limited.

paragraphs: Other studies have shown that benzodiazepines work just as well as anticonvulsants.

paragraphs: Clonidine may be used along with benzodiazepines to help some of the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

paragraphs: Antipsychotic medicines, such as haloperidol, are sometimes used along with benzodiazepines to control agitation or psychosis. However, antipsychotics have to be used carefully. They can make alcohol withdrawal worse, since they make it more likely for a person to have a seizure.

paragraphs: If alcohol withdrawal is not treated correctly, people can die or have permanent brain damage.

paragraphs: Alcoholics often cannot stop drinking alcohol after their withdrawal symptoms are over. Often, they need support for months or years after withdrawal is over.


title: Pilot Butte, Saskatchewan

paragraphs: Pilot Butte is a town in Saskatchewan, Canada. It has over 2,100 people living in it. Most people live in town but drive into the nearby city Regina to work. The town got its name after the hill (or butte) that it surrounds. Pilot Butte is sometimes known as the "Sand Capital of Canada" because of all of the sand and gravel it has. The Pilot Butte Storm are a junior ice hockey team that play in Pilot Butte.


title: Basidium

paragraphs: A basidium (pl., basidia) is a microscopic type of spore-producing cell found on certain fungi. Most often the basidia are elongated and club shaped. But there is variation in the shape. A basidium usually bears four sexual spores called basidiospores.


title: Comedic genre

paragraphs: Comedy may be divided into many genres. The genre may depend on the source of humor, how the joke is told, and context.


title: Cocaine withdrawal

paragraphs: Cocaine withdrawal happens when a person who uses a lot of cocaine stops using cocaine. It can also happen when a person who uses a lot of cocaine starts using less cocaine than they did before.

paragraphs: Cocaine (also called coke) is a powerful stimulant. It is an illegal drug outside of hospital usage. It makes people feel very happy, talkative, energetic, and not want to eat as much food.

paragraphs: Cocaine's most dangerous side effects include:

paragraphs: After using cocaine regularly, some users will become addicted. When a person who is used to using cocaine stops right away, they will go through what is called a "crash" along with many of other cocaine withdrawal symptoms, like:

paragraphs: Some cocaine users also report having similar symptoms to schizophrenia patients and feel that their mind is lost. Some users also report formication: feeling like things are crawling on the skin (also called, "coke bugs" or "spiders"). These symptoms can last for weeks or, in some cases, months.

paragraphs: Even after many withdrawal symptoms go away, most users feel like they need to keep using cocaine. This feeling can last for years and may get worse during times of stress. About 30-40% of cocaine addicts start using other kinds of drugs or alcohol after they stop using cocaine.

paragraphs: "Twelve-step programs" like Cocaine Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous) have been widely used to help people addicted to cocaine. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Motivational Therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12-step programs in treating cocaine dependency. However, both of these approaches have a fairly low success rate.

paragraphs: Ibogaine has been researched a treatment for cocaine dependency. It is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands, and Canada, but it cannot be used legally in the United States.

paragraphs: Non-drug treatments like acupuncture and hypnosis have been studied. However, these studies have not clearly shown that acupuncture or hypnosis helps with cocaine withdrawal.

paragraphs: Cocaine addiction continues to be the second-most difficult addiction to manage, behind heroin addiction.

paragraphs: Medications that have been studied to treat cocaine withdrawal include acetylcysteine, baclofen, bupropion, vanoxerine, and vigabatrin.

paragraphs: Kim Janda has been working for years on a vaccination that would treat cocaine use disorders.

paragraphs: The anti-depressant desipramine, and the stimulants methylphenidate and pemoline, have been used to treat cocaine dependence in people who also have a mental illness.

paragraphs: Several drugs have been used to treat cocaine withdrawal and cravings:

paragraphs: Finally, drugs have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" (a very bad reaction) when given with cocaine. The most common of these drugs is phenelzine.

paragraphs: On February 14, 2011, two Swiss psychologists published two years' research on cocaine addiction. They found that addicts who gambled were less likely to use cocaine or to relapse on cocaine. They think gambling may refocus the brain's "reward center" from cocaine to gambling. They said that psychotherapy should be used along with gambling. More research is being done on long-term relapse rates (the number of people who eventually start using cocaine again).

paragraphs: However, a more recent study looked at prize-based contingency management: a treatment method that offers addicts chances to win prizes if they do not use cocaine. This study found that prize-based contingency management helped cocaine addicts stay off cocaine, whether or not they had gambled recently. This suggests that it is the chance of a reward, not the gambling itself, that helps cocaine addicts stay off of cocaine.


title: Naloxone

paragraphs: Naloxone (often called Narcan), is a medication. It is used to reverse the effects of opioid painkillers, especially when a person has overdosed on opioids. Examples of opioids include:

paragraphs: These painkillers are central nervous system depressants. This means they slow down certain areas of the brain. If a person takes too many opiates, this can shut down the part of the brain that controls breathing. The person may become unable to breathe and die.

paragraphs: When a person has taken too much of one of these painkillers, naloxone can reverse the painkillers' effects and save the person's life.

paragraphs: Naloxone may be mixed into the same pill as an opioid painkiller to decrease the risk of misuse.

paragraphs: When given intravenously (into a needle placed into a vein), naloxone works within two minutes. When injected into a muscle, it works within five minutes. The medication may also be shot up the nose.

paragraphs: The effects of naloxone last about half an hour to an hour. Since most opioids last longer than naloxone, a person may need several doses of naloxone to fight the effects of an overdose.

paragraphs: When a person takes opioids, the opioids have to attach to certain receptor sites in the brain in order to work, like a lock in a keyhole. Once the opioids attach to these opiate receptor sites - like a lock fitting into a keyhole - the opiates start to work. They kill pain, create euphoria, and make people feel calm and relaxed. But if a person takes too many opiates, they can also make it impossible to breathe.

paragraphs: Naloxone fits better onto these opiate receptor sites than actual opiates do. If a person takes naloxone, the naloxone will throw any opiate off of the opiate receptor sites (like a key getting taken out of a door). Naloxone will stay attached to these opiate receptor sites. This reverses the effects of the opiates that the person took.

paragraphs: Naloxone reverses the effects of opiates. Because of this, if a person who is addicted to opiates gets naloxone, they will have symptoms of opioid "withdrawal". People have withdrawal symptoms when their body gets used to having opiates all the time.

paragraphs: Because naloxone reverses the effects of opiates, the side effects of naloxone can include restlessness, agitation, nausea, vomiting, a fast heart rate, pain, and sweating. To prevent this, small doses every few minutes can be given until the desired effect is reached.

paragraphs: Naloxone has to be given carefully to people with heart disease. Naloxone can cause more heart problems, like changes in the rhythm of the heart beat, in these people.

paragraphs: Naloxone seems to be safe in pregnant women. Naloxone is a pure opioid antagonist.

paragraphs: In rare cases, naloxone causes seizures and pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs).

paragraphs: Naloxone was patented in 1961 by Jack Fishman, Mozes J. Lewenstein, and the company Daiichi Sankyo. The drug was approved for opioid overdose by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1971. It is on the World Health Organization's Model List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.

paragraphs: Naloxone is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive. Its wholesale price is between $0.50 and $5.30 USD per dose.

paragraphs: Naloxone can be used to reverse opioid overdose and to reduce the slowed breathing or mental depression that opioids can cause.

paragraphs: Naloxone is included as a part of emergency overdose response kits distributed to heroin and other opioid drug users. This has been shown to reduce deaths due to overdose.

paragraphs: A prescription for naloxone is recommended if a person is:

paragraphs: If naloxone is prescribed to a person, that person should also be taught about how to prevent, identify, and react to an overdose, including how to perform rescue breathing, CPR, and how to call an emergency telephone number like 9-1-1.

paragraphs: Naloxone may be mixed with a number of opioids like buprenorphine. (Buprenorphine mixed with naloxone is called Suboxone.) Buprenorphine is used to decrease cravings for opiates. When buprenorphine and naloxone are mixed, and taken by mouth, only buprenorphine has an effect. But if a person misuses Suboxone by injecting it or taking large doses, the naloxone blocks the effect of the opioid. This combination is used to try to prevent abuse.


title: Pulmonary edema

paragraphs: Pulmonary edema (pulmonary oedema in British English) is fluid in the lungs ("Pulmonary" means "lungs"; "edema" means "swelling" or "fluid"). Normally, the lungs fill with air when a person breathes in. From the alveoli in the lungs, oxygen goes into the blood. The blood then carries oxygen to the entire body. Every part of the body needs oxygen to survive.

paragraphs: When a person has fluid in their lungs (pulmonary edema), there is not enough space left for air to get into the lungs. The person will not be able to breathe in as much air. This means not as much oxygen will get into the blood, and the body will not get the oxygen it needs.

paragraphs: The most common cause of pulmonary edema is heart failure on the left side of the heart. The left side of the heart is supposed to pump blood to the entire body. If the left side of the heart is too weak to do this, blood will back up into the lungs. This is called "cardiogenic pulmonary edema". ("Cardiogenic" means "caused by the heart.")

paragraphs: Other, "non-cardiogenic" causes of pulmonary edema include:

paragraphs: Symptoms of pulmonary edema may include:

paragraphs: Flash pulmonary edema is a medical emergency. It is pulmonary edema that comes on very quickly. Usually pulmonary edema takes a few hours to develop. But in the worst cases of flash pulmonary edema, a person's lungs can fill completely with fluid in minutes. Flash pulmonary edema can also be caused by moving a person with pulmonary edema, or lying them down.

paragraphs: No matter what the cause is, pulmonary edema can be treated by:

paragraphs: Other treatments can focus on the cause of the pulmonary edema. For example, if a person with kidney failure has had too much salt or fluid, they can have dialysis to take away the extra fluid and salt.


paragraphs: Armand Hammer United World College of the American West (UWC-USA) is an independent boarding school for students in high school in Montezuma, New Mexico, USA. UWC-USA was opened in 1982. Classes take place in a historic hotel and students live in buildings nearby. It is branch of an international school called United World College. UWC-USA is a high school that focuses on active learning and a worldwide community. People from all over the world study at this college. There are 200 students at the school in grades 11 and 12.


title: Serekh

paragraphs: A serekh was an important type of heraldic crest used in Ancient Egypt.

paragraphs: A serekh was a symbol which combined a view of a palace facade and a plan (top view) of the royal courtyard. The word "serekh" comes from the Egyptian word for "facade". There are many different serekhs on different types of objects. Many different decorations and details of the facade are shown in many different examples. It seems that there were no strict rules for the design of the serekh.

paragraphs: A serekh was normally used as a royal crest, showing the name of the pharaoh. They have been found as far back as the predynastic Naqada II (Gerzean) period (ca. 3400 BC.). The hieroglyphs forming the king's name were placed inside a rectangular area above the serekh. This represented the royal courtyard. Additionally, the falcon of the god Horus, or in a few cases the chimera of Seth, is on top the serekh.

paragraphs: From the Old Kingdom period onward, the word serekh appears in old papyri.


title: Dwight Gayle

paragraphs: Dwight Gayle (born 17 October 1990) is an English footballer who plays for Newcastle United as a striker. He started his career at in their academy, a team for their very young players. He had played for Dagenham & Redbridge, Bishop's Stortford, , and .