title: History of Sri Lanka

paragraphs: Most Sinhalese in the island claim that Sri Lanka was ruled by nagas and yakkas before Vijaya( a prince from India ) came to Sri Lanka. The most famous of these legendary kings is Ravana .Most people in the country believe that Ravana is still alive but in deep sleep. But most prominent historians regard Vijaya as Sri lanka's first king. Vijaya is an Indian prince who because of misbehavior was put in a boat with his 700 friends was sent off . He was the son of king Sinhabahu who was in fact the son of a Lion. Hence most Sinhalse clam to be descending from the Lion's blood.

paragraphs: There were several kings who ruled Sri Lanka after Vijya but the most important after that was Pnadukabaya becuase he chose Anuradhapura as the countrys' capital.

paragraphs: The first Portuguese arrived at Sri Lanka in 1505 .

paragraphs: Sri Lanka experienced the Civil war trough years 1983 to 2010. Racial discrimination after the post colonial era was the main reason for civil war as such. The sinhala only act which was passed in 1953 was one of the main reasons for a war as such. This act lead to about 1/3 of the population facing difficulties when performing daily tasks also it gave superior status to the Sinhalese component of the population.

paragraphs: Even though most people criticize the Act, it can be argued as a healthy decision as previously Lanka used colonial English to handle work at courts which limited amout of people understood. So it was really a choice between making more people understand or making the population literate in English.

paragraphs: The war was between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan army. Due to careful planning and expert battling techniques of Sarath Fonseka under the guidance of former president Mahinda Rajapakse and former defence secreatariat Gotabaya Rajapakse , the brutal civil war in May 2010.

paragraphs: Sri Lanka had to gain international confidence after the war.


title: Jew's harp

paragraphs: The Jew's harp (also known as jaw harp or mouth harp) is a small musical instrument. It is held on the mouth and plucked. The person playing the harp changes the pitch and tone of the sound created by changing the shape of their mouth.


title: Mathematics Genealogy Project

paragraphs: The Mathematics Genealogy Project is a web-based database for the academic information of mathematicians. It contains information on many mathematical scientists who contributed to research-level mathematics (Mathematics higher than graduate level). The project entry includes PhD course graduation year, PhD thesis title, "alma mater", doctoral advisor, and doctoral students.


title: Lucy Joan Slater

paragraphs: Lucy Joan Slater (5 January 1922 – 6 June 2008) was a British mathematician who studied mathematical functions. Many mathematical identities have been named after her. For example, there is the Jackson-Slater identity and the Rogers-Ramanujan-Slater identity. She is also known for her books about special functions and Fortran.


title: Marie Anne de Bourbon

paragraphs: Marie Anne de Bourbon, "Légitimée de France" (2 October 1666 – 3 May 1739) was the eldest legitimised daughter ("fille légitimée de France") of King Louis XIV of France and his first well known mistress Louise de La Vallière.


title: LGBT rights in India

paragraphs: Lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people in India may face difficulties from the law and the society. Non-LGBT persons do not commonly face these difficulties. India has removed laws that treated gay sex and transgender people unfairly. But Indian laws do not completely protect from unfair treatment or allow same-sex marriage.

paragraphs: Since 2014, transgender people in India may change their gender without surgery. The constitution also gives them a right to name themselves under a third gender. Some states also protect "hijras", who are traditional third gender people in South Asia, through housing programmes, welfare benefits, pension schemes, and free operations in government hospitals. There are about 4.8 million transgender people in India.

paragraphs: In 2018, the Supreme Court of India said that homosexuality was not a crime. It declared that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code did not follow the constitution when adults had consensual homosexual sex. Homosexuality was never illegal in ancient Indian and traditional codes. It was made a crime by the British during their rule in India.

paragraphs: Though LGBT rights have been spoken for in recent political movements, much homophobia is still present among the people. A poll from 2019 says that around half of Indians object to same-sex relationships. Hindu respondents accept the LGBT community the highest. In 2010s, LGBT people in India gained tolerance and acceptance, especially in large cities. Still, most LGBT people in India remain hidden because they fear unfair treatment from their families who might see homosexuality as shameful.

paragraphs: Marriages between people of the same sex are not allowed in India by law. Same-sex couples are also not given rights of civil union or a household partnership. In 2011, a Haryana court marked a same-sex marriage involving two women as lawful. After marrying, the couple got threats from friends and relatives in their village. Their family finally accepted their marriage.

paragraphs: In October 2017, a group of citizens advised that a new Uniform Civil Code be created. This code would make the same-sex marriage lawful before the Law Commission of India.

paragraphs: There are now many same-sex marriage applications still waiting to be judged by the courts.

paragraphs: Article 15 of the Indian Constitution protects Indian citizens from unfair treatment

paragraphs: The Supreme Court of India has ruled that unfair treatment because of sexual orientation and gender identity did not follow the Constitution.

paragraphs: Even after this, no clear law bans unfair treatment based on both sexual orientation and gender identity. India does not have detailed laws which protect against most unfair treatment and harassment in private jobs. (Such laws exist for sexual harassment though.) Article 15 only covers unfair treatment by government bodies.

paragraphs: In 2019, the "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Bill, 2019" was accepted. The law bans unfair treatment against transgender people in private jobs, education and healthcare.

paragraphs: LGBT activists are reaching out to people who have faced unfair treatment (because of their sexual orientation or gender identity) in private jobs or other non-governmental areas. They are asking such people to question the two rulings in court. They are also fighting for a clear law against unfair treatment. Such a law would also cover private unfair treatment.

paragraphs: LGBT people are banned from working in the Indian military. In December 2018, Member of Parliament Jagdambika Pal (BJP) asked the Indian Parliament to change the "Army Act, 1950", the "Navy Act, 1957" and the "Air Force Act, 1950". His advised change would allow LGBT people to work in the military.

paragraphs: Actor Kamal Rashid Khan was booked by the police on December 9, 2018 for making rude comments against LGBT people.

paragraphs: In February 2014, the Indian Psychiatric Society (IPS) said that homosexuality is not unnatural. It also said that neither science nor rules for psychiatry could prove that homosexuality is a mental illness or a disease. In June 2018, the IPS repeated its stand on the issue. It said that we should not disapprove of people who are not heterosexual, punish them, or remove them from the society.

paragraphs: Even after this, conversion treatments still happen in India. They usually carry out electroshock treatment (which may cause memory loss), hypnosis, drugs causing nausea, or talk therapy. In talk therapy, the person is told that homosexuality happens because they are "not asserting enough" or have "an uncaring father and a strict mother". Conversion treatments can cause depression, anxiety, seizures, drug use and suicidal tendencies.

paragraphs: In July 2019, lawmaker K. T. S. Tulsi introduced the "Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2018" in the Rajya Sabha to amend the Indian Penal Code, the Criminal Procedure Code and the "Indian Evidence Act, 1872" in order to make sexual crimes gender-neutral by including men and transgender people in addition to women. If passed the bill allows for recognition of not only transgender persons defined as the "other" gender under Indian law, but would potentially leave the door open for the recognition of other gender identities.

paragraphs: Problems of intersex people in India are seen as problems of third gender people. The most well-known third gender groups in India are the "hijras". After talking to "hijras" for many years, Serena Nanda wrote a book called "Neither Man Nor Woman: The hijras of India". In the book, she wrote that people in India believed that hijras were born as intersex persons and were taken away by the hijra community at birth or in childhood. However, she found no proof for this belief among the hijras whom she met. They had all joined the group on their own whenthey were teenagers. Sangam literature uses the word "pedi" for people who are born intersex. Other groups in India call intersex people as "mabedi usili" and give them special names.

paragraphs: Intersex persons are not protected from attacks on to their bodies.

paragraphs: Cases where small intersex children have been killed have been reported. Medical reports say that parents in India usually think of small intersex children to be male. Parents choose to have surgery done on children if they can pay for it.

paragraphs: The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India, answered a letter from an activist for intersex rights, Gopi Shankar Madurai. In the answer, they wrote that any surgery, even operations to change sex, are done only after testing the patient completely, designing a proper treatment asking the patient/guardian".

paragraphs: Indian passports are available with an "O" option (for "Other") to name one's sex, apart from Male and Female options.

paragraphs: On 22 April 2019, the Madras High Court made an important judgement. The judgement said that transgender women were allowed to marry. The judgement ordered the state of Tamil Nadu to ban surgeries on small intersex children based on their sex. The court looked at the works of intersex activist Gopi Shankar. The Court found out that compulsory treatments were often done on intersex children. The court also gave examples from Hindu mythology in its judgement, like the story of Iravan.

paragraphs: Many Indian sports-persons have been shamed and treated unfairly after their sex was checked. They have also lost work and their medals. Santhi Soundarajan was a runner who won the silver medal in the 800 metres race at the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar. Her medal was taken away from her and she tried to kill herself later. Another runner, Pinki Pramanik, was blamed by a female roommate of rape. She was later tested and named male, though she and other medical experts do not agree. Yet another Indian runner, Dutee Chand, won a case against the IAAF in 2015. This case helped women runners with more testosterone in their bodies to participate as women because there is no clear proof that testosterone benefits performance. In 2016, some sports doctors said that runners born with a problem of sex development who were raised as females should be allowed to participate as women.

paragraphs: Gopi Shankar Madurai was one of the youngest candidate to run in an Indian election. He was also the first openly intersex and genderqueer candidate. He ran for a seat in the 2016 Tamil Nadu elections.

paragraphs: What people think about LGBT rights in India is difficult to answer. According to a 2016 poll by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association, 35% of Indian people wanted to make same-sex marriage legal. 35% id not want same-sex marriage to be legal. A survey by the Varkey Foundation found that 18-21 year olds supported same-sex marriage more than others.

paragraphs: According to a 2017 poll carried out by ILGA, 58% of Indians agreed that gay, lesbian and bisexual people should have the same rights as straight people. 30% Indians disagreed. Additionally, 59% agreed that they should be protected from unfair treatment at the workplace. But 39% of Indians said that people who are in same-sex relationships should be considered criminals (44% people disagreed with this). 66% people agreed that transgender people should have the same rights as others, 62% believed they should be protected from unfair treatment at work and 60% believed they should be allowed to change their gender before law.

paragraphs: Top government institutes, such as IITs, accept LGBT people more. According to a poll conducted at IIT Delhi in 2015, 72% of respondents agreed that "being homosexual is normal as being heterosexual". Many IITs have their own LGBT clubs, like "Saathi" (English: Friend) at IIT Bombay, "" at IIT Delhi, "Ambar" at IIT Kharagpur, "Unmukt" at IIT Kanpur and more.

paragraphs: According to a 2019 survey, the Indian states/union territories which accepted the LGBT community most were Uttar Pradesh (36%), followed by Tamil Nadu (30%) and Delhi (30%). The states which showed accepted same-sex relationships least were Mizoram (87%), followed by Nagaland (63%), Jammu and Kashmir (63%) and Kerala (58%). The states with the most undecided respondents were West Bengal (60%), followed by Assam (40%), Punjab (39%) and Tripura (37%). The Hindu community accepted same-sex relationships the most. Christian respondents opposed same sex-relationships most(70%), followed by Muslims (50%) and both Hindus and Sikhs at 40%.


title: She (TV series)

paragraphs: She is an Indian crime drama based web television series created and written by Imtiaz Ali & author Divya Johry. "She" is directed by Arif Ali and Avinash Das and Window Seat Films production house. This series is starring Aaditi Pohankar, Vijay Varma and Vishwas Kini. It is a story of female constable who goes undercover to bust an underworld gang . "She" wias premiered on Netflix on 20 March, 2020 .

paragraphs: It is a story of female constable (Bhumika Pardeshi) from Indian Police who has been inducted in the Anti Narcotics Group to fight a major drug lord.

paragraphs: Police officer Bhumi goes undercover as a prostitute to bust a drug cartel leader, but when the operation goes awry, she makes an unexpected discovery.

paragraphs: A visit from Bhumi's estranged husband angers her rebellious sister. Sasya agrees to cooperate in a police interrogation - on one condition.

paragraphs: In the wake of an unexpected complication, Fernandez doubts Sasya's loyalty. Caught off guard by a suspicious Nayak, Bhumi drops her own bombshell.

paragraphs: With Nayak now in Mumbai, Bhumi is moved to a hotel under police surveillance, but her first encounter with the kingpin takes the team by surprise.

paragraphs: After going to dangerous lengths to prove herself, Bhumi is recruited into Fernandez's department, and begins to prepare for her risky new role.

paragraphs: The team doubts Bhumi's mettle after Sasya manages to rattle her. Fernandez pushes to keep her as an undercover agent in a plan to nab Sasya's boss.

paragraphs: Newly emboldened, Bhumi seduces an unlikely target. Ahead of Nayak's arrival in Mumbai, Sasya attempts to gain police trust as an informant.


title: Andrew Stanton

paragraphs: Andrew Christopher Stanton (born December 3, 1965) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and voice actor. He works at Pixar since 1990.


title: Anse la Raye Quarter

paragraphs: Anse la Raye is a Quarter on the west coast of Saint Lucia in the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Anse-la-Raye.


title: Castries Quarter

paragraphs: Castries is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Castries.


title: Choiseul Quarter

paragraphs: Choiseul is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. It is on the southwestern side of the Caribbean island. The capital is Choiseul.


title: Dauphin Quarter

paragraphs: Dauphin is a Quarter on the Caribbean island of Saint Lucia. The capital is Dauphin.


title: Dennery Quarter

paragraphs: Dennery is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Dennery.


title: Gros Islet Quarter

paragraphs: Gros Islet is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Gros Islet.

paragraphs: It is the location of the Darren Sammy National Cricket Stadium where both One Day International and Test Cricket is played. Parts of the 2007 Cricket World Cup and 2010 ICC World Twenty20 were played there.


title: Laborie Quarter

paragraphs: Laborie is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Laborie.


title: Micoud Quarter

paragraphs: Micoud is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Micoud.


title: Praslin Quarter

paragraphs: Praslin is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. It is in the eastern part of the Caribbean Sea. The capital is Praslin.


title: Soufrière Quarter

paragraphs: Soufrière is a Quarter in Saint Lucia. The capital is Soufrière.


title: Delano, California

paragraphs: Delano is a city in Kern County, California, United States. It lies at an elevation of .


title: Vieux Fort Quarter

paragraphs: Vieux Fort is a Quarter in the southern part of St. Lucia. The capital is Vieux Fort. Hewanorra International Airport is in Vieux Fort Quarter.


title: Atauro

paragraphs: Atauro in an island of East Timor. It is about 25 km long and 9 km wide, about 140.1 km in area. It had 9,274 people living there at the 2015 Census. The nearest island is the Indonesian island of Liran, 12 km to the northeast.

paragraphs: At 999 m above sea level, Mount Manucoco is the island's highest point.

paragraphs: The island is administratively divided into five "suco"s, each surrounding a village:


title: Jaco

paragraphs: "Jaco" is a common Afrikaans form of Jacob and James. Some of the better known people with this name include:


title: Jaco Island

paragraphs: Jaco Island is an island in East Timor. No people live there. It is within Nino Konis Santana National Park. The Banda Sea and Timor Sea meet at the island.


title: Jaco, West Virginia

paragraphs: Jaco is an unincorporated community in Monongalia County, West Virginia.


title: Oecusse

paragraphs: Oecusse is a Special Administrative Region of East Timor. The capital is Pante Macassar. Oecusse is separated from the rest of East Timor by West Timor.

paragraphs: The province of Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia surrounds Oecusse in all directions except the north, where it borders the Savu Sea.

paragraphs: Oecusse is divided into four administrative posts (formerly sub-districts):

paragraphs: The administrative posts are divided into 18 sucos ("villages") in total.


title: Habiba Msika

paragraphs: Habiba Msika, also spelled Messika (حبيبة مسيكة), (born 1903 Testour – February 21, 1930 Tunis), was a Tunisian singer, dancer and actress. Born Marguerite Msika, she was the niece of singer Leïla Sfez.


title: Municipalities of East Timor

paragraphs: East Timor is divided into 12 municipalities (former districts), and one Special Administrative Region (Oecusse). The municipalities are divided into administrative posts (former subdistricts), and further subdivided into sucos.

paragraphs: The borders between Cova Lima and Ainaro and between Baucau and Viqueque were changed in 2003.


title: Camano Island

paragraphs: Camano Island is a large island in Possession Sound, a section of Puget Sound. It is part of Island County, Washington, and is located between Whidbey Island and the mainland (Snohomish County).

paragraphs: The island has a total area of , making it one of the largest in the state of Washington. It has a year-round population of 15,661 as of the 2010 census. It is an unincorporated area with several small communities.

paragraphs: Camano Island is home to two state parks, Cama Beach and Camano Island State Park, and several county and local parks.


title: Island County, Washington

paragraphs: Island County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. As of the 2010 census, its population was 78,506. Its county seat is Coupeville, while its largest city is Oak Harbor.


title: Coupeville, Washington

paragraphs: Coupeville is a town on Whidbey Island, in Island County, Washington, United States. It is the county seat of Island County. The population was 1,831 at the 2010 census.


title: Oak Harbor, Washington

paragraphs: Oak Harbor is a city located on Whidbey Island in Island County, Washington, United States. The population was 22,075 at the 2010 census.


title: Alojz Uran

paragraphs: Alojz Uran or Alojzij Uran (22 January 1945 – 11 April 2020) was a Slovenian prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Ljubljana from 4 December 2004 till 28 November 2009. He resigned because of health problems. He was born in Ljubljana.

paragraphs: On 16 December 1992, Uran was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Ljubljana and Titular Bishop of "Abula".

paragraphs: Uran died on 11 April 2020 in Ljubljana at the age of 75.


title: Kristin Jacobs

paragraphs: Kristin Diane Jacobs (October 17, 1959 – April 11, 2020) was an American Democratic politician. He was a member of the Florida House of Representatives from 2014 until her death in 2020. She represented the 96th District. She was Mayor of Broward County from 2004 to 2005 and again from 2012 to 2013. Jacobs was born in San Diego, California.

paragraphs: Jacobs died on April 11, 2020 in Coconut Creek, Florida of colon cancer at the age of 60.


title: Colby Cave

paragraphs: Colby Cave (December 26, 1994 – April 11, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played for the Boston Bruins and Edmonton Oilers of the National Hockey League (NHL). His career lasted from 2015 until his death in 2020. He was born in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, Canada.

paragraphs: Cave had a brain bleed caused by a cyst on April 6–7, 2020. He had emergency surgery on April 7 in Toronto. He died while under a medically induced coma in the early hours of April 11, aged 25.


title: Dunfermline, Illinois

paragraphs: Dunfermline is a village in Illinois in the United States.


title: Jymie Merritt

paragraphs: Jymie Merritt (May 3, 1926 – April 10, 2020) was an American jazz bassist, bandleader and composer. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: In the early 1950s he toured with rock and roll musicians Bullmoose Jackson and Chris Powell moving on to work with bluesman BB King from 1955 to 1957. From 1965 to 1968, Merritt worked with the drummer, composer and activist Max Roach. In 1962, Merritt formed and fronted the Forerunners in Philadelphia.

paragraphs: Merritt died on April 10, 2020 of liver cancer in Philadelphia, aged 93.


title: Grantsville, West Virginia

paragraphs: Grantsville is a town in and the county seat of Calhoun County, West Virginia, United States. As of 2010, 561 people live in Grantsville.


title: Garfield County, Washington

paragraphs: Garfield County is a county in Washington in the United States. The county seat is Pomeroy. 2,266 people lived there at the 2010 census which makes it the smallest populous county in Washington; with about , it is also the least densely populated county in Washington.


title: Mateur

paragraphs: Mateur ( "") is a town in northern Tunisia, located 66 kilometers northwest of Tunis. Located in the southwest of the governorate of Bizerte, Mateur is the capital of a delegation with 47,562 inhabitants while the city itself had 34,010 inhabitants in 2014.


title: Rifat Chadirji

paragraphs: Rifat Chadirji ( "Rifa’a al-Khādarjī", also Romanized "Rifa'at Al Chaderchi"; December 6, 1926 – April 10, 2020) was an Iraqi architect, photographer, author and activist. He was born in Baghdad, Iraq. He was often seen as the father of modern Iraqi architecture. He designed more than 100 buildings across the country. His best known work was the The Monument to the Unknown Soldier in Baghdad.

paragraphs: Chadriji died from COVID-19 in London on April 10, 2020, at the age of 93.


title: Gribbohm

paragraphs: Gribbohm is a municipality of the district of Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.


title: Palling

paragraphs: Palling is a municipality of the district of Traunstein in Upper Bavaria in Germany.


title: Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)

paragraphs: The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier or the Tomb of the Unknowns is a monument dedicated to dead U.S. service members whose remains have not been identified. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States.

paragraphs: The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were buried are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. Presidents who went to their funerals.

paragraphs: The monument has no officially designated name.


title: The Monument to the Unknown Soldier

paragraphs: The Monument to the Unknown Soldier () is a monument in central Baghdad built by Italian architect, Marcello D'Olivo, based on a concept by Iraqi sculptor, Khaled al-Rahal. It was constructed between 1979 and 1982.

paragraphs: It was dedicated to the martyrs of the Iran–Iraq War.

paragraphs: In 1986 the national square of Iraq, Great Celebrations square, was built near the monument, and two other monuments were built close to the square in memory of the matyrs.

paragraphs: In 1983, the Al-Shaheed Monument on the River, was opened and in 1989 the newly built Victory Arch became the entrances to the square. The monument also has an underground museum.


title: Tunisian Arabic language

paragraphs: Tunisian Arabic, or simply Tunisian, is a set of dialects of Maghrebi Arabic spoken in Tunisia. It is known among its over 11 million speakers "Tounsi" , "Tunisian" or "everyday language" to distinguish it from Modern Standard Arabic, the official language of Tunisia.


title: Bell, Mayen-Koblenz

paragraphs: Bell is a municipality of the district of Mayen-Koblenz in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 1,309 people lived there.


title: Peter Ecklund

paragraphs: Peter Ecklund (September 27, 1945 – April 8, 2020) was an American jazz cornetist. He was born in Woodbridge, Connecticut. In 1967, Ecklund received a degree from Yale University. He went on tour with singer Paula Lockheart. He started a jazz band and worked with many pop and rock bands in the 1970s and 1980s. He became a substitute for the Nighthawks Orchestra led by Vince Giordano. He was a member of the Orphan Newboys led by Marty Grosz.

paragraphs: Ecklund died on April 8, 2020 from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 74.


title: Woodbridge, Connecticut

paragraphs: Woodbridge is a town in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States. The population was 8,990 at the 2010 census.


title: Lars-Eric Lundvall

paragraphs: Lars-Eric Lundvall (3 April 1934 – 8 April 2020) was a Swedish ice hockey player and coach. Between 1956 and 1965 he played 195 international matches and scored 79 goals. He played for the national team and for Frölunda. He won the world championship in 1962 and a silver medal during the 1964 Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: Lundvall died on 8 April 2020 at the age of 86.


title: Francesco La Rosa

paragraphs: Francesco La Rosa (; 9 December 1926 – 8 April 2020) was an Italian footballer. He played as a forward. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1952 Summer Olympics. He played for the national team in 1952.

paragraphs: Rosa was born in Messina, Italy. died on 8 April 2020 in Milan of COVID-19 at the age of 93.


title: Jim Bolger (baseball)

paragraphs: James Cyril Bolger (February 23, 1932 - April 9, 2020) was an American professional baseball outfielder. He was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. He appeared in 312 games over all or parts of seven Major League Baseball (MLB) seasons. He played for the Chicago Cubs, Cincinnati Reds, Cleveland Indians and Philadelphia Phillies.

paragraphs: Bolger died on April 9, 2020 at the age of 88.


title: Lawson (store)

paragraphs: Lawson, Inc is a chain of convenience stores that in Japan. It can also be found in other Asian countries, like Thailand, China, the Philippines, South Korea and Indonesia. There are only two stores in the United States. Both of these stores are in Hawaii. Lawson is the third biggest chain of convenience stores in Japan. 7-Eleven is the biggest chain and FamilyMart is the second biggest . Lawson has more than 11,000 stores.

paragraphs: Lawson was started in the United States in 1939 in Ohio.


title: Local extinction

paragraphs: Local extinction, or extirpation, is when a species or other taxon becomes extinct in a certain area. This is different from being extinct across the world (global extinction) because these species still exist outside of that area. Sometimes when this happens, it can have a very large effect on how the ecosystem works. This might be because that species was important in the food web. The species disappearing might cause more species to go locally extinct or the balance of biomass to change.

paragraphs: There have been many cases when species have been added back, or reintroduced, to that area after going locally extinct. If a species is reintroduced after a long amount of time, this might mean there will be larger effects on the ecology of that area. An example of a species being reintroduced are grey wolves in Yellowstone National Park.


title: Liu Dehai

paragraphs: Liu Dehai (; 13 August 1937 – 11 April 2020) was a Chinese pipa player. He was born in Shanghai.

paragraphs: Liu studied and began played at the Central Conservatory of Music. He became a professor there in 1957. In 1964 he was transferred to the China Conservatory of Music. He also performed for the Boston Symphony Orchestra. His works include "Little Sisters on the Grassland" (, pipa concerto), "Music at Sunset Time" (, symphonic poem for a pipa player and a symphony orchestra) and other pieces.

paragraphs: Liu died on 11 April 2020 in Beijing at the age of 82.


title: Peeps

paragraphs: Peeps are marshmallows sold in the United States and Canada. They are known because they are shaped like ducks, bunnies, and other animals. There are also different shapes used for many holidays.

paragraphs: Peeps are used to fill Easter baskets. In recent years, they have been advertised as "Peeps - Always in Season". They are now used to celebrate Halloween, Christmas and Valentine's Day.

paragraphs: They are made from sugar, corn syrup, gelatin, various food dyes (never blue dye), and a pinch of salt.


title: Charlotte Le Bon

paragraphs: Charlotte Le Bon (born 4 September 1986) is a Canadian actress and artist. She is known for her work in the Canal+ talk show "Le Grand Journal", and the movies "Yves Saint Laurent", "The Hundred-Foot Journey", and "The Walk".


title: Caitlin Gerard

paragraphs: Caitlin Beverly Gerard (born July 26, 1988) is an American actress. She had a leading role in the first season of the drama series "American Crime" (2015). She starred as Ashleigh in the 2010 drama "The Social Network" and as Ashley in 2012 horror movie "Smiley".

paragraphs: Gerard was born in Los Angeles, California.


title: Aileu Municipality

paragraphs: Aileu is a municipality of East Timor. The municipality's capital is also named Aileu.

paragraphs: The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:


title: Ainaro Municipality

paragraphs: Ainaro is a municipality of East Timor. Its capital is the city of Ainaro.

paragraphs: Ainaro has the highest point in East Timor, Mount Ramelau (2,960 m).


title: Bobonaro Municipality

paragraphs: Bobonaro Municipality is a municipality in East Timor. The capital city is Maliana.

paragraphs: The Savu Sea is to the north of Bobonaro.

paragraphs: The administrative posts are divided into 50 sucos ("villages") in total.


title: Cova Lima Municipality

paragraphs: Cova Lima is a municipality in East Timor. The capital of the municipality is Suai.

paragraphs: Cova Lima borders the Timor Sea to the south.

paragraphs: The administrative posts of Cova Lima are:


title: Ermera Municipality

paragraphs: Ermera is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is Gleno.

paragraphs: The administrative posts are divided into 52 sucos ("villages") in total.


title: Lautém Municipality

paragraphs: Lautém is one of the municipalities of East Timor. Its capital is Lospalos.

paragraphs: To the north lies the Banda Sea, and to the south the Timor Sea. Lautém includes the small island of Jaco.


title: Liquiçá Municipality

paragraphs: Liquiçá is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor. Its capital is also named Liquiçá.

paragraphs: The administrative posts are divided into 23 sucos ("villages") in total.


title: Chynna Rogers

paragraphs: Chynna Marie Rogers (August 19, 1994 – April 8, 2020), known mononymously as Chynna, was an American rapper, disc jockey, and model. She was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Rogers was signed by Ford Modeling Agency at the age of 14 and worked with the ASAP Mob.

paragraphs: Rogers released the singles "Selfie" (2013) and "Glen Coco" (2014). These were followed by her first EP 'I'm not Here. This isn't happening' (2015), Music 2 die 2 (2016). Her final EP 'In case I die first' was released in 2019.

paragraphs: Rogers was found dead on April 8, 2020, of an accidental drug overdose in Philadelphia, aged 25.


title: Amroha

paragraphs: Amroha is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Amroha is located north-west of Moradabad city. As per Census 2011 India, the population of the city is 198,471 out of 103,097 are males and 95,374 are females.

paragraphs: Amroha is known for the production of different types of mangoes. Some of the industries in Amroha includes sugar milling, cotton & textiles, hand-loom weaving and pottery making.


title: Saharanpur

paragraphs: Saharanpur is a city in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It is the administrative headquarters of Saharanpur district.

paragraphs: Saharanpur is declared as one of the 100 Smart Cities in India by Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs as a part of Smart Cities Mission.


title: RWBY

paragraphs: RWBY (pronounced "Ruby") is an American anime-style science fantasy web series created by the late Monty Oum for Rooster Teeth. The series is a follows four girls named Ruby Rose, Weiss Schnee, Blake Belladonna, and Yang Xiao Long (collectively known as Team RWBY) who grow up in the supernatural world of Remnant and fight monsters called Grimm. Seven seasons called "volumes" have been uploaded on Rooster Teeth.

paragraphs: A Japanese dub of "RWBY" is distributed in Japan by Warner Bros. and airs on Animax.


title: Chung Sye-kyun

paragraphs: Chung Sye-kyun () is a South Korean politician. He is the 42nd and current Prime Minister of South Korea since January 2020. From 2016 to 2018, he was Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea.


title: National Assembly (South Korea)

paragraphs: The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea, often shortened to the National Assembly, is the 300-member unicameral national legislature of South Korea. Elections to the National Assembly are held every four years.

paragraphs: The latest legislative elections were held on 13 April 2016. It is made up of 253 of the assembly's seats, while the remaining 47 are picked by proportional representation. Members serve four-year terms.


title: Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea

paragraphs: The Speaker of the National Assembly () is the presiding officer of the National Assembly of South Korea.


title: Moon Hee-sang

paragraphs: Moon Hee-sang (Korean: 문희상; Hanja: 文喜相; born 3 March 1945) is a South Korean politician. He is a member of the National Assembly and was the interim leader of New Politics Alliance for Democracy from 2014 to 2015.

paragraphs: On 13 July 2018, he was elected as the new Speaker of the National Assembly.


title: John A. Rocco

paragraphs: John A. Rocco (June 25, 1936 – April 8, 2020) was an American Republican politician. He was a member of the New Jersey General Assembly from 1980 to 1998. He represented the 6th Legislative District. Rocco also was Mayor of Cherry Hill, New Jersey from 1975 to 1977. Rocco was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Rocco died on April 8, 2020 in Voorhees Township, New Jersey of respiratory failure at the age of 83.


title: Thotsakan Game

paragraphs: The Thotsakan Game (เกมทศกัณฐ์ in Thai, named for the 10-faced of Ravan, giant in the Ramayana story) is a Thai game show produced by Workpoint Entertainment. It was the 2003 runner-up, and the 2005 winner, of the "best game or quiz show on Asian television" award.

paragraphs: In the original format, a contestant was shown 10 faces. They have to name them all in order to win 10 million baht. It was the first game show to have a ten million baht jackpot, the highest at the time.

paragraphs: The show has won a number of awards from many institutions in Thailand and Asia, including runner-up and highly commended of best game or quiz programme in the Asian Television Awards of 2003 and 2005, respectively.

paragraphs: In the one-on-one game, a player tries to score as many points as possible by telling the name of the given face within one minute. The game continues as far as player gives correct answers, then the other contestant starts. The minimum prize is one million baht when one month later the prize will be add another million until maximum prize of 10 million. Later, the jackpot was fixed at 10 million.

paragraphs: In 2005, the show invited several former long-running champions of the original format to compete one-on-one. The trophy was a large golden mask in the shape of a face, hence the title. And the maximum prize is one million.

paragraphs: A three-person team selects a representative to compete one-on-one with the opponent. A player will be eliminated if they give a wrong answer. They are replaced by a member of their own team. This continues until the three members of a team are out. The maximum prize is 30 million bath

paragraphs: A team that wins 10 consecutive games plays for the jackpot worth 30 million baht maximum ($1,000,000), that making the show is the highest game show prize in Asia. However, the most that was actually won in the jackpot round was 100,000 baht. The jackpot round had the contestant(s) being shown a 1/5 of a picture, with less money given for each extra piece shown.

paragraphs: The show returned to single contestant format in this version, in which a keyword (sometimes cryptic) was shown alongside two faces, and the contestant had to guess which face related to the keyword. Originally, the game ended on a wrong answer, resulting in a few instances where a contestant won without playing a single face, so it was changed to so that the game ended when one contestant gave a wrong answer and the other gave a correct answer on their respective turns. The jackpot round was similar to the Tag Team format, with a keyword being given along with each piece.

paragraphs: Between May 2007 and February 2008, celebrities answered questions about various people and things to earn money for charity, to help teachers in the South of Thailand.

paragraphs: The current format began in late February 2008, where teams representing each province of Thailand answer questions about various aspects of the culture of Thailand in a knockout competition. The eventual winner will receive 10 million baht. A name change in April saw the Tod Sa Gun being dropped from the show's title because the questions generally no longer involve displaying a picture of someone's face.

paragraphs: Children play on their own rather than against each other. They have to match the correct face with a given name. The player will receive a scholarship worth up to one million baht. The game will go on until a wrong answer is given.

paragraphs: A later format change, perhaps due to the controversy (see below), saw teams of three different ages, and then single players, playing for charity in a similar format to the Southern Teachers version, before the kids' edition was discontinued altogether in June 2008, which, combined with the renaming of Yok Siam (above), meant an end to the Tod Sa Gun name after just over 5 years.

paragraphs: While the show is popular, it has faced accusations that the programme is rigged. Internet webboard posters, such as in Pantip.com, have alleged that the game is set up to make more appealing players win (like in the 1950s American quiz show scandals.) The allegation first started after a woman had scored almost 50 consecutive wins. In 2006, the accusation started again after a young boy had 200 wins in the kids edition. It was noted that Phanya Nirunkul, the show's host and Workpoint's owner, gave a lot of support to the child. For example, Phanya gave the boy a green suit of his own (at the time, the host wore a green suit). There was a pocketbook written about the boy's success in the game published by Phanya's company, even before he had reached his 200 wins. After the boy was done with the quiz show, he became a co-host of a variety show under Workpoint. All in all, it look like a big setup to promote an unknown boy to fame and reap a long-term rating from his popularity. A young girl has also had 200 consecutive wins in the kids edition, and the allegation has started flying around internet webboards once again.

paragraphs: Fan Pan Tae, another Workpoint's quiz show by Phanya, is also criticized about inaccuracy. A more serious allegation includes the show gives unfair advantages to famous competitors over unknown ones.


title: Singha

paragraphs: Singha (; ) is a beer brand. It is manufactured in Thailand by the Singha Corporation Co. Ltd.. Singha corp is a subsidiary of its parent company, Boon Rawd Brewery.

paragraphs: Praya Bhirom Bhakdi received a license to brew beer from the Thai government. In May 1933, construction of a brewery began. Boon Rawd Brewery was founded on 4 August 1933. In March 1934, production was started. Three beers were brewed: Golden Kite, Singha, and Stupa.

paragraphs: A royal warrant was bestowed on 25 October 1939. Boon Rawd is the only brewery permitted to display the royal Garuda. The Singha is a powerful mythological lion, found in ancient South Asian and Thai mythology.

paragraphs: Boon Rawd bought two German breweries at Hartmannsdorf and Mittweida, Saxony in 1994. Some Singha beer is brewed in Germany by Schlossbrauerei Au-Hallertau under licence from Singha Corporation Co., Ltd..

paragraphs: Beginning in September 2007, a 5.0% (abv) version of Singha replaced the 6.0% (abv) original. This new version, while still brewed in Thailand by Pathum Thani Brewery Co. Ltd., states on its label to have been brewed under the supervision of Singha Corporation Co. Ltd., instead of Boon Rawd.

paragraphs: From 2013, some Singha beer has reportedly been produced at Carlsberg's Russian plant for distribution in some markets. Singha is also said to use eight Carlsberg plants in Asia for production, as part of an agreement to share each other's production facilities and markets.

paragraphs: Singha Corporation, established in 2001, is a subsidiary of Boon Rawd Brewery, tasked with managing of all of Boon Rawd's 150-plus subsidiary companies. It reports directly to Boon Rawd's Board of Directors.

paragraphs: Besides Singha beer, the company manufactures Singha Light, Leo beer, U Beer, bottled and soda water, and packaged foods.

paragraphs: In 2017, Singha Corporation sold 1.32 billion litres of Singha, Leo, and U Beer and retained a 62 percent market share in Thailand. The firm intends to sell 1.4 billion litres in 2018 and up its market share to 65 percent.

paragraphs: Singha was the title sponsor of Francesco Cantando's Formula 1 Powerboat team from the mid 1990s up until the end of the 2013 season, making it one of the longest partnerships in the history of the sport. For 2014, Motorglass.it replaced Singha as Cantando's team's new title sponsor.

paragraphs: In 2010, Singha formed a four-year partnership with Premier League football club Chelsea. The company already had a similar partnership with Manchester United.

paragraphs: In the 2010 Formula One season, Singha's logo was seen on the Red Bull Racing team's livery.

paragraphs: In 2014, Singha became the first Official Beer of the FIM MotoGP™ World Championship and official sponsor of the Professional Darts Corporation Grand Slam of Darts.

paragraphs: In 2015, Singha became a personal sponsor of Formula One driver Kimi Räikkönen.

paragraphs: In 2018 Singha became an official partner of ROK Cup International Final.- karting CIK Homologated international competition organized by Vortex Engines (VORTON Srl.)

paragraphs: In 2018 Singha became the official sponsor of Oxford United Football Club.

paragraphs: Singha is a title sponsor the Alfa Romeo Formula One team for the 2019 Formula One World Championship Season.


title: Muhiuddin Khan (Quran)

paragraphs: Maulana Muhiuddin Khan (Bengali: মাওলানা মুহিউদ্দীন খান; April 19, 1935, Pakundia - June 25, 2016, Kishoreganj), known also as Muhiuddin Khan of the Quran, was a Bangladeshi Muslim politician, scholar and author who wrote numerous books on Islam in Bengali and also noted for the famous Bengali translation of the Quran through the Maariful Quran. He was major in Bengali, Urdu, Persian and Arabic.

paragraphs: He was much respected and regarded by the country during the death on June 25, 2016, at the age of 81. His main work which remains until present time is the Bengali work of Maariful Quran.

paragraphs: This is not confused with Muhiuddin Khan (politician), who was born in 1942.


title: Zohurul Hoque

paragraphs: Zohurul Hoque (Bengali: জহুুুুুুুুুুুুরুুল হক; Assamese: জহৰুুুুুুুুুুুুুুুুল হক; October 11, 1926 - January 18, 2017), was an Indian Muslim figure from Assam who is the only figure noted for the translation of the Quran in three languages, which is: Bengali, Assamese and English. Along with the translation by Muhiuddin Khan, his Bengali translation of the Quran is one of the most used, but it is not famous in terms of built-up structure of the translation of the certain verses in the Quran, unlike Muhiuddin Khan who did.


title: Trial in absentia

paragraphs: Trial in absentia (literally "in absence" in the Latin language) means a person is held responsible for a crime and tried although he or she is not present during the proceedings. It may be because the person is at an unknown location or has escaped justice, for example after paying bail and then refused to return to the court on the date set anyway, or because the person may not be even alive (a famous case is Martin Bormann, who most likely died in May 1945 and was sentenced to death in November 1946, as part of the Nuremberg Trials). It is controversial, especially if a person is convicted and sentenced to a hard punishment, because the basic premise of a trial is thus violated, and everyone has a right to defend oneself. Others point out, however, that this right is waived when one doesn't show up without a good reason and that the court must make its best, through appointing a defender for instance, to determine guilt or innocence even if the person is not present. Most defendants make their case through a defender anyway, especially when the crime is serious.

paragraphs: Another case is when a court or committee must determine whether a person, such as a suspected terrorist, is going to be surveilled or wire-tapped, and whether there is enough suspicion of criminal activity or intent to do so. In that case, the person himself can of course not be asked to appear, as the idea is to hold the surveillance secret. In that case, a defender is appointed to make the case that the suspected person does not want to and does not deserve to be subjected to surveillance and that it should not be permitted, although he/she doesn't know of the proceedings. Most of such hearings, however, are not a trial in the technical sense of the term, though they may involve a judge and lawyer and so on.


title: Letter bomb

paragraphs: A letter bomb is a bomb concealed within a letter or package, which is then sent or left for the recipient to find, typically with his or her name and address on, to be opened and then exploded, or exploded within a certain time.

paragraphs: The first known case of a "modern" letter bomb was the Swedish bombmaker Martin Ekenberg in August 1904. He built a bomb and sent it to a factory owner in Stockholm called Karl Fredrik Lundin. The bomb exploded but nobody was seriously injured. He sent a total of four bombs until 1907 before he was discovered.

paragraphs: There had been many injuries caused by letter bombs. A very famous letter bombmaker is Ted Kaczynski, the so-called "Unabomber", who sent a series of letter bombs between 1978 and 1995, killing three people (all men) and injuring 23. One package, however, exploded onboard an airplane, which could have killed all the passengers and personnel, but it only caused an emergency landing. He stopped sending bombs after the New York Times accepted to publish a text he had written called "Industrial Society and its Future".

paragraphs: Unfortunately for him, his brother recognised the writing style and alerted the police, which ultimately captured Kaczynski and he was sentenced to life imprisonment. The bombs were very well made and had no evidence from the sender, but typically of letter bombs, they are too small to case significant damage, and in most cases did not even kill the person who opened the package (this was also the case with Ekenberg, who failed to kill a single person). For this reason, and because most important government departments X-rays packages, the method is not very efficient.

paragraphs: Several government agencies have used letter bombs to target persons outside their jurisdiction. One victim of a letter bomb was German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer, who was sent a letter bomb by the so-called Stern gang and Israeli politician (and later Prime Minister) Menachem Begin in the 1950s.

paragraphs: Begin's reasons, as he explained, was that Adenauer and all Germans were responsible for the deaths of millions of Jews during the Holocaust, although Adenauer had been imprisoned by the Nazi regime which committed these crimes. The same group also sent several bombs to US President Harry S. Truman. The South African apartheid regime used letter bombs, including to activist Ruth First, who died when opening one in 1982.


title: Drancy internment camp

paragraphs: Drancy internment camp was a concentration camp in France during its occupation by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was organised in 1941 to collect French Jews and particularly foreign Jews who had escaped to France before the invasion by the Germans. After that, they were put on railroad carts and sent east, to concentration camps, from which most did not return alive. Nearly 70,000 people were rounded up, including resistance fighters, Roma people, and others considered "undesirable". Until 1943, the camp was administered by French police under German supervision. After this, the French were removed and replaced by German SS men led by Alois Brunner, which increased the efficiency of the deportations.

paragraphs: When the camp was liberated in 1944, about 1,500 people remained. Brunner was later tried (in absence) and sentenced to death, but remained at large until his death in 2010.


title: History of the Jews in Europe

paragraphs: Jews have lived in Europe for thousands of years, and their dispersal and relations with governing authorities and peoples have changed greatly. Originally, in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire, there was a Jewish minority which had varying rights and relations with the Romans. After the Roman-Jewish wars in the first and second centuries and the destruction of the Temple, Jews were expelled from Palestine, which greatly increased their numbers in Europe (and North Africa and Asia). In the Middle Ages, with the spread of Christianity and Christian anti-Semitism, conditions were generally bad, and Jews were forbidden from integrating (mingling) with Christians, working most jobs and were often secluded to particular parts of cities, called ghettos. They were allowed to do certain jobs that Christians were not allowed to, such as lending money to people for interest, which was a necessary part of modern economies but considered foul or bad for Christians. This made several Jews wealthy but also increased resistance and persecutions.

paragraphs: Jews were eventually welcomed in Poland, whose king declared the Statute of Kalisz to protect them. For example, Christians could not testify against Jews for committing crimes, which commonly had led to unjust accusations and punishments. For many Christians, however, this protection increased their resistance. Many Jews, so-called "Ashkenazim", gathered in Eastern Europe because of this, however. In Spain and Portugal under Muslim rule, the so-called Al Andalus period, Jews were generally accepted although they could not take part in the government. After Christian rule was re-established on the Iberian peninsula, Jews were rejected and persecuted if they stayed. Some sought refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which was then relatively tolerant to Jews and Christians and allowed them to have their own courts and laws, as long as they payed taxes and did not resist Ottoman rule.

paragraphs: After the Renaissance and the Early Modern Period, Jews were integrated increasingly and permitted to live openly as Jews in more and more countries. After the French Revolution, France and other European countries affected by French rule through Napoleon I introduced secular laws aimed at abolishing religion in the public sphere and assimilating Jews, i.e. treating them more openly as citizens and members of the public, who could believe whatever they wanted privately and still be members of the community. Other Jews began to discard their religion too, or integrated willingly into the larger community, such as by becoming Christians, like British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli's father, Isaac d'Israeli. Many European countries had restrictions on Jews until the 19th and 20th centuries, however, such as banning them from certain professions or holding public offices. Many Jews became prominent scientists or public intellectuals, however, such as Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud and Albert Einstein. Only one hundred years before, this would have been impossible.

paragraphs: With the modern time and the gradual establishment of republics and constitutional monarchies across Europe, conditions were considered much better for Jews. Some preferred to emigrate to the United States and other American countries, however, including Argentina, which to this day has a large Jewish community. Eventually, the United States gathered the largest Jewish population outside of the Russian Empire. After Poland became an independent country again after the Treaty of Versailles, it had the largest Jewish population in Europe, of about 3,000,000 Jews. The Soviet Union, which came about in 1922, had nearly as many. With Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, there was again increased emigration, to the Western European countries and to the United States, supported by the Germans who did not want Jews in German-governed territory. More Jews emigrated to Palestine, which had been taken from the Ottoman Turks by the United Kingdom in 1917, to establish a Jewish homeland for Jews. Hitler temporarily supported this migration, but the British were sceptic, as the greater number of Jews meant conflicts with the local Arabs, who resisted Jewish immigration, and several bloody rebellions were fought between them and the British troops in the region. With World War II, the Nazi-controlled German armies occupied most of Europe and started to deport Jews east, eventually adopting a policy of mass murder known as the Holocaust. After 1942, all Jews under German control (with very few exceptions) would be sent to Eastern Europe and killed or worked to death. In the end, before Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945, this killed about two thirds of the Jewish population in Europe. Only the Jewish communities of Albania, Denmark, Sweden, Switzerland, Spain, Portugal, Britain and Ireland were untouched, and those of Italy, Yugoslavia and Romania much less affected. Many remaining Jews migrated to the United States and Palestine, where Israel was created in 1948 as a Jewish-majority state, which resulted in Europe losing most of its Jewish population and the United States becoming the most Jewish country. Also, later persecution in Communist Poland and other countries led to more refugees. Of the 3,000,000 Jews in Poland, less than 3,000 remain today. In France, the United Kingdom and Russia, however, there are significant communities left comparable to before the war.


title: Manatuto Municipality

paragraphs: Manatuto is one of the municipalities (formerly districts) of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is also named Manatuto.

paragraphs: To the north is the Strait of Wetar, to the south is the Timor Sea.

paragraphs: The municipality's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:

paragraphs: The administrative posts are divided into 31 sucos ("villages") in total.


title: Manufahi Municipality

paragraphs: Manufahi is one of the municipalities of East Timor. The capital of the municipality is Same.

paragraphs: Manufahi's administrative posts (formerly sub-districts) are:


title: Bolívar Province, Ecuador

paragraphs: Bolívar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Guaranda.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population as of the 2010 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.


title: Shibuya

paragraphs: Shibuya is famous for its scramble crossing, called Shibuya Crossing.


title: Cañar Province

paragraphs: Cañar is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Azogues.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 7 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the time of the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.


title: Hédi Jouini

paragraphs: Hédi Jouini (Arabic:هادي الجويني)( November 1909 – 30 November 1990) was a Tunisian singer, oud player, and composer. In his long career, Jouini composed close to 1,070 songs and 56 operettas. His songs are inspired by the Andalusian art of flamenco, and found great popularity in Tunisia and the countries of the Mashriq.


title: Carchi Province

paragraphs: Carchi is a province in Ecuador. The capital is Tulcán. The Carchi River forms the boundary between Colombia and Ecuador.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 6 cantons. The following table lists each with its population at the 2019 census, its area in square kilometres (km²), and the name of the canton seat or capital.


title: Leïla Sfez

paragraphs: Leïla Sfez (Arabic: ليلى سفاز), (born 1874 –1944 Tunisia), was a Jewish Tunisian singer and composer She is also the aunt of the famous Habiba Msika to whom she will pass on her musical education. Sh became a celebrated café-concert performer in Tunis in the 1920s. She sang music in both the "ma'luf" and "charqui" genres.


title: Feuchtwangen

paragraphs: Feuchtwangen is a city in the Middle Franconia in Bavaria, Germany. It can be found in the district of Ansbach.

paragraphs: Feuchtwangen has about 12,000 inhabitants.


title: Central Province, Zambia

paragraphs: Central Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kabwe.


title: Eastern Province, Zambia

paragraphs: Eastern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Chipata.


title: Luapula Province

paragraphs: Luapula Province is a province in northern Zambia. The capital is Mansa. It is named after the Luapula River.


title: Lusaka Province

paragraphs: Lusaka Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Lusaka, which is also the national capital. It is the smallest province in Zambia, with an area of 21,896 km². It is also Zambia's most populated and most densely populated province, with a population of 2,191,225 and density of 100 persons per km² as of 2010.

paragraphs: The province is bordered by Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and separated by the Lower Zambezi National Park. Kenneth Kaunda International Airport (in Chongwe District) and Lusaka City Airport (in Lusaka) are the two airports in the province.


title: Northern Province, Zambia

paragraphs: Northern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Kasama.


title: North-Western Province, Zambia

paragraphs: North-Western Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Solwezi. It is the most sparsely populated province in the country.


title: Southern Province, Zambia

paragraphs: Southern Province is a province in Zambia. The capital is Choma. Until 2011, the capital was Livingstone. Victoria Falls is located along that boundary.


title: Muchinga Province

paragraphs: Muchinga Province is a province in northeastern Zambia. The capital is Chinsali. It borders with Tanzania in the north, Malawi in the east, Eastern Province in the south, Central Province in the southwest, Luapula Province in the west, and Northern Province in the northwest.


title: TD Place Stadium

paragraphs: TD Place Stadium (originally Lansdowne Park and formerly Frank Clair Stadium) is a stadium in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. It is the home to the Ottawa Redblacks of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and Atlético Ottawa of the Canadian Premier League (CPL). It has a capacity for 24,000 people.


title: Dominique Dunne

paragraphs: Dominique Ellen Dunne (November 23, 1959 – November 3, 1982) was an American actress. She was born in Santa Monica, California. Her parents were Dominick Dunne and Ellen Griffin Dunne. She was best known for her role as Dana Freeling in the 1982 horror movie "Poltergeist".

paragraphs: On October 30, 1982, Dunne was strangled by her ex-boyfriend, John Thomas Sweeney, in the driveway of her Los Angeles home. She went into a coma and died five days later, aged 22. Sweeney was convicted of voluntary manslaughter in Dunne's death and went to prison for three and a half years.


title: Bad Hersfeld

paragraphs: Bad Hersfeld is the capital of the district Hersfeld-Rotenburg, in the state of Hesse in Germany. It is a well-known festival and spa town. Every summer, the "Bad Hersfelder Festspiele" (festival) are held here in 1951 at the monastery ruins. It is the largest Romanesque church ruin in Europe.


title: Helmut Krauss

paragraphs: Helmut Krauss (11 June 1941 – 26 August 2019) was a German voice actor.


title: Jane Carr

paragraphs: Jane Carr (born August 13, 1950) is a voice actor.


title: Teefa in Trouble

paragraphs: Teefa in Trouble is an Urdu language Pakistani movie, directed by Ahsan Rahim.


title: Potsdam Declaration

paragraphs: The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II.

paragraphs: On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Chairman of China Chiang Kai-shek issued the document. It talked about the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan. These terms were first talked about during the Potsdam Conference.

paragraphs: The declaration said if Japan did not surrender, it would face "prompt and utter destruction."


title: M. C. Gainey

paragraphs: Michael Connor Gainey (born January 18, 1948) is an American actor whose distinctive mustache, 6'2" height, and intimidating appearance have landed him supporting roles as Southern or Southwestern thugs and criminals. He is known for playing a major role in the 1997 "Con Air" action movie.


title: Rob McElhenney

paragraphs: Robert McElhenney III (born April 14, 1977) is an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter. He is known for his role as Mac on the FX/FXX comedy series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia".


title: Eugene Koffi Adoboli

paragraphs: Eugene Koffi Adoboli (born 3 October 1934) is a Togolese politician. He was Prime Minister of Togo from 21 May 1999 to 31 August 2000.

paragraphs: In 2011 he was sentenced to five years in jail in absentia for corruption.


paragraphs: The Chairperson of the African Union Commission is the head of the African Union Commission. On January 30, 2017, it was announced that Chad's Moussa Faki would become the further Chairperson.


title: Central Africa

paragraphs: Central Africa is a subregion of the African continent. It is made up of many countries.

paragraphs: These countries are members of the Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS).


title: Moussa Faki

paragraphs: Moussa Faki Mahamat ( "", born 21 June 1960) is a Chadian politician and diplomat. He has been Chairperson of the African Union Commission since 14 March 2017. He was Prime Minister of Chad from 24 June 2003 to 4 February 2005 and Minister of Foreign Affairs from April 2008 to January 2017.

paragraphs: On 30 January 2017, he was elected as Chairperson of the African Union Commission.


title: Jean Ping

paragraphs: Jean Ping (; born 24 November 1942) is a Gabonese diplomat and politician.

paragraphs: He was the Minister of State and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Cooperation and Francophonie of the Gabonese Republic from 1999 to 2008, and was President of the United Nations General Assembly from 2004 to 2005 and Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union from 2008 to 2012.

paragraphs: Ping was a candidate in the 2016 Gabonese presidential election against the outgoing president Ali Bongo.


title: Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma

paragraphs: Nkosazana Clarice Dlamini-Zuma (born 27 January 1949), sometimes known by her initials NDZ, is a South African politician and anti-apartheid activist. She has been the Minister of Cooperative Governance and Traditional Affairs since May 2019 during the Cyril Ramaphosa presidency. She also had cabinet jobs during the presidencies of Nelson Mandela, Thabo Mbeki, Kgalema Motlanthe and Jacob Zuma (her ex-husband).

paragraphs: From 1982 to 1998, she was married to Jacob Zuma.


title: Edem Kodjo

paragraphs: Édouard Kodjovi Kodjo, better known as Edem Kodjo (May 23, 1938 – April 11, 2020), was a Togolese politician and diplomat. He was Secretary-General of the Organisation of African Unity from 1978 to 1983; later. He was Prime Minister from 1994 to 1996 and again from 2005 to 2006.

paragraphs: Kodjo was President of the Patriotic Pan-African Convergence (CPP).

paragraphs: Kodjo died on April 11, 2020, in Paris at the age of 81.


title: Emmanuel Bodjollé

paragraphs: Emmanuel Bodjollé (born 1928) is a Togolese politician. He was Chairman of the nine-member Insurrection Committee that overthrew the government of Togolese President Sylvanus Olympio on 13 January 1963. For two days in January 1963, he was the interim President of Togo.


title: Christian Poncelet

paragraphs: Christian Poncelet (24 March 1928 – 11 September 2020) was a conservative French politician. He was a member of President Nicolas Sarkozy's Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). He was President of the Senate from 1998 to 2008. He was Mayor of Remiremont (Vosges) and has been the President of the General Council of Vosges. From 1979 to 1980, he was a member of the European Parliament.

paragraphs: Poncelet died on 11 September 2020 in Remiremont, France at the age of 92.


title: Senate (France)

paragraphs: The Senate (; pronunciation: ) is the upper house of the French Parliament. It represents territorial collectivities of the Republic and French citizens living abroad. The Senate does not have as much power as the lower house, the directly elected National Assembly. Senators had been elected in thirds every three years; this was also changed to one half of their number every three years.


title: French Parliament

paragraphs: The French Parliament () is the bicameral legislature of the French Republic. It is made up of the Senate () and the National Assembly (). Each assembly has legislative meetings at different places in Paris: the for the Senate and the for the National Assembly.

paragraphs: The National Assembly has more power than the Senate.


title: Silversmith

paragraphs: A silversmith is a person who makes things out of the element silver or creates silverware. Silversmiths are similar to goldsmiths, who make things out of gold or things similar to gold. Silversmithing means making something out of silver. There have been silversmiths since ancient times.


title: Johannes van Knobelsdorff

paragraphs: Johannes van Knobelsdorff (19 September 1917 – 2 April 2020) was a Dutch politician. He was born in The Hague. He was mayor of Goedereede and Stellendam from 1947 to 1961. He was also Mayor of Sassenheim from 1961 to 1974. He was also Dijkgraaf.

paragraphs: Knobelsdorff died on 2 April 2020 at the age of 102.


title: Miguel Ángel Tábet

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel Tabet Balady (December 24, 1941 – April 7, 2020) was a Venezuelan theologian, Catholic priest, author, and exegete. He was born in Caracas, Venezuela. Tábet lived and worked in Rome, Italy. He was a professor of biblical hermeneutics, the study of the principles of the Bible, at the Pontifical University of the Holy Cross in Rome.

paragraphs: Tabet died from COVID-19 during the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic in Rome, Italy, on April 7, 2020, at the age of 78.


title: Paul Gilissen

paragraphs: Paulus Petrus Maria “Paul” Gilissen (28 August 1934 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch KVP and later CDA politician. Gilissen was born in Amsterdam. He was mayor of Valkenburg-Houthem from 1976 to 1982 and Valkenburg aan de Geul from 1982 to 1990 and again in 1991.

paragraphs: Gilissen died in Maastricht on 9 April 2020, aged 85.


title: Bert van de Kamp

paragraphs: Bert van de Kamp (8 March 1947 – 9 April 2020) was a Dutch music journalist. He was known for his interviews with pop stars in the Dutch Muziekkrant OOR. He was born in Rotterdam. In 1972 van de Kamp won the prize: "Wordt Popjournalist en Vlieg naar Londen!".

paragraphs: From 1973 to 1977 he was writer of Muziekkrant OOR. He wrote about many music styles; of hardrock to singer-songwriters. From 1977 to 1980 he was correspondent in London for Muziekkrant OOR and the KRO radio and television magazine Studio. In 1995 he won the first .

paragraphs: Kamp died in Utrecht on 9 April 2020, aged 73.


title: Iris M. Zavala

paragraphs: Iris M. Zavala (27 December 1936 – 10 April 2020) was a Puerto Rican author, scholar, and poet. She had written over 50 works. Her best known work was ""Nocturna, mas no funesta"", build on and express this belief.

paragraphs: She was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico. In Spain she was a UNESCO fellow at the University Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, and a Ramón LLul fellow at the University of Mallorca. She also taught at the University of Minnesota.

paragraphs: Zavala died from COVID-19 in Madrid during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, at the age of 83.


title: Gus Rodríguez

paragraphs: Gustavo Rodríguez (May 27, 1960 – April 11, 2020) was an actor, screenwriter, producer, director, gamer, and video game journalist. He was born in Mexico City. He was a known person in video game journalism in Latin America.

paragraphs: In December 1991, he founded one of the most important video game magazines in the region, "Club Nintendo". The magazine made more than 200 issues, publishing monthly until February 2019.

paragraphs: He dubbed roles in "Wreck It Ralph", "Shrek 2", "Ghostbusters", "Pixels" and "".

paragraphs: In 2019, Rodríguez was diagnosed with lung cancer. He died on April 11, 2020 of the disease in Mexico City, aged 59.


title: Tsvetan Teofanov

paragraphs: Tsvetan Teofanov (Bulgarian: Цветан Теофанов; born July 12, 1952), is a Bulgarian figure who has noted for the very first known and famous Bulgarian translation of the Quran, numerous Bulgarian Islamic religious books, and an Arabist. His rise causes his translation of the Quran the most used in the Balkans that was then known throughout the world.

paragraphs: He has a degree in Arabic Philology from the University of Baghdad, and a specialization at the University of Cairo. He defended his doctoral (PhD) thesis at the Moscow Institute.

paragraphs: He lectures on Arabic literature, Quran and the Hadith (the science of the Prophet's tradition) as well on the phenomenology of prophecy. Doctor of Philology. He was the Dean of the Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology of Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, as well as the Deputy Dean, Director of the Centre of Oral Languages and Cultures and Head of the Department of Arabic and Semitology.

paragraphs: The rise of his Quran translation makes his translation the most used in the Balkans and the only translation of the Quran from the Balkans that was known throughout the world. His translation is also famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses. The country has much praised him for the Quran translation, and is more famous and authentic in built-up structure of certain verses.


title: Gregory W. Carman

paragraphs: Gregory Wright Carman (January 31, 1937 – April 5, 2020) was an American judge and politician. He was a United States Judge of the United States Court of International Trade from 1983 to 2014. He was nominated by President Ronald Reagan. He was a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from New York from 1981 to 1983.

paragraphs: Carman was born in Farmingdale, New York. He died on April 5, 2020 in Melville, New York, aged 83.


title: Farmingdale, New York

paragraphs: Farmingdale is an incorporated village on Long Island within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 8,189 at the 2010 Census.


title: Melville, New York

paragraphs: Melville is an affluent hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Huntington in Suffolk County on Long Island, New York, in the United States. The population was 18,985 at the 2010 census.


title: Carole Baskin

paragraphs: Carole Baskin ("née" Stairs Jones; born June 6, 1961) is an American animal rights activist. She is the owner of Big Cat Rescue.

paragraphs: Baskin became well known when she was featured in the 2020 Netflix documentary series "" about Oklahoma-based private zoo operator Joe Exotic. Following the series' release, Baskin has been targeted by Internet memes related to the disappearance of Don Lewis, her second husband.


title: Disappearance of Don Lewis

paragraphs: Jack Donald Lewis (April 30, 1938 – August 19, 2002) is an American missing person who disappeared on August 18, 1997, after leaving his home in Tampa, Florida. The investigation into his disappearance has led from Lewis's Wildlife on Easy Street sanctuary in Tampa, co-owned by his second wife Carole Baskin, to land owned by Lewis in Costa Rica.

paragraphs: No evidence of Lewis being killed has been found, but investigators believe it is unlikely that he disappeared on his own. Lewis left behind over $5 million. He was declared legally dead in 2002.

paragraphs: As of 2020, the case is still open. Lewis's disappearance was covered in 2020 crime documentary series "", which focused on a fight between Baskin and Joe Exotic.

paragraphs: The Hillsborough County Sheriff's Office has used the popularity of "Tiger King" to help investigate the disappearance. A theory is that his ex-wife Carole fed him to tigers.


title: Muskingum County, Ohio

paragraphs: Muskingum County is a county located in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2010 census, the population was 86,074. Its county seat is Zanesville.


title: Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron

paragraphs: Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron (; 1941 – April 12, 2020) was an Israeli rabbi. He was "Rishon LeZion" (Chief Rabbi of Israel) from 1993 to 2003. He was Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Bat Yam from 1972 and Sephardi Chief Rabbi of Haifa from 1972 to 1990. He was born in Jerusalem.

paragraphs: Bakshi-Doron died on April 12, 2020 of COVID-19 in Jerusalem.


title: Glenn Beckert

paragraphs: Glenn Alfred Beckert (October 12, 1940 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional baseball player. He played in Major League Baseball as a second baseman for the Chicago Cubs for nine seasons from 1965 to 1973. He ended his career with the San Diego Padres in 1975. He was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Beckert died on April 12, 2020 in Florida at the age of 79.


title: Tim Brooke-Taylor

paragraphs: Timothy Julian Brooke-Taylor OBE (17 July 194012 April 2020) was an English comedian and actor. He was born in Buxton, Derbyshire, England.

paragraphs: Brooke-Taylor became known for his work on BBC Radio with "I'm Sorry, I'll Read That Again". He later moved into television with "At Last the 1948 Show". He was best known as a member of The Goodies, starring in the television series throughout the 1970s. He was a panellist on "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue" for almost 50 years.

paragraphs: Brooke-Taylor died of problems from COVID-19 on 12 April 2020, aged 79.


title: Louis van Dijk

paragraphs: Louis van Dijk, also spelled Louis van Dyke (27 November 1941 – 12 April 2020), was a Dutch pianist. He was born in Amsterdam. He played with Pim Jacobs and Pieter van Vollenhoven under the name "De Gevleugelde Vrienden" ("The Winged Friends").

paragraphs: In September 2005, he played at a charity concert at the Concertgebouw to raise funds for New Orleans after the city was hit by Hurricane Katrina. He was awarded the honorary title of Knight of the Order of the Netherlands Lion.

paragraphs: Dijk died in Laren on 12 April 2020 of cancer, aged 78.


title: Alexandria Bay, New York

paragraphs: Alexandria Bay is a village in Jefferson County, New York, United States, within the town of Alexandria. It is in the Thousand Islands region of northern New York. The population of the village was 1,078 at the 2010 United States Census.


title: Ted Evans (public servant)

paragraphs: Edward Alfred Evans (4 March 1941 – 12 April 2020) was an Australian senior public servant and economist. He was born in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. He was a Secretary of the Department of the Treasury from 24 May 1993 through 26 April 2001.

paragraphs: As secretary of the Treasury, he was "ex officio" member of the boards of several financial institutions. He was a director of the Commonwealth Bank of Australia between 1993 and 1996, and a member of the board of the Reserve Bank of Australia from 10 May 1993 to 26 April 2001.


title: Doug Sanders

paragraphs: George Douglas Sanders (July 24, 1933 – April 12, 2020) was an American professional golfer. He won 20 events on the PGA Tour and had four runner-up finishes at major championships. He was born in Cedartown, Georgia. He was a member of the U.S. Ryder Cup team in 1967, which won in Houston.

paragraphs: Sanders died in Houston on April 12, 2020 from dementia-related problems, at the age of 86.


title: Cedartown, Georgia

paragraphs: Cedartown is a city in Polk County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 9,750. The city is the county seat of Polk County.


title: Polk County, Georgia

paragraphs: Polk County is a county in the northwestern part of the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 41,475. The county seat is Cedartown. The county was created on December 20, 1851.


title: Wynn Handman

paragraphs: Wynn Handman (May 19, 1922 – April 11, 2020) was an American educator, producer, director and artist. He was the Artistic Director of The American Place Theatre, which he co-founded with Sidney Lanier and Michael Tolan in 1963. He was born in New York City.

paragraphs: He was a teacher for over 50 years, in his professional acting classes, Handman has trained many actors including: Alec Baldwin, James Caan, Chris Cooper, Michael Douglas, Sandy Duncan, Mia Farrow, Richard Gere, Joel Grey, Allison Janney, Raul Julia, Frank Langella, John Leguizamo, Susan Lucci, Donna Mills, Burt Reynolds, Mira Sorvino, Christopher Walken, Denzel Washington, Lauren Graham and Joanne Woodward.

paragraphs: Handman died on April 11, 2020 in New York City of pneumonia caused by COVID-19 at the age of 97.


title: Everett Lee

paragraphs: Everett Lee (born August 31, 1916) is an American conductor and violinist. He was the first African-American to conduct a Broadway musical. He was also the first African-American to conduct a performance by a major US opera company. In September 1945, he became the main conductor of the musical "On the Town". He later conducted at Tanglewood. He served as director of Columbia University's opera department in the early 1950s.

paragraphs: Lee was born in Wheeling, West Virginia. In 1927, he moved with his parents to Cleveland, Ohio. He married Sylvia Olden Lee in 1944. The couple later divorced. He later married his second wife. He lives in Sweden. He turned 100 in 2016.


title: Camillo Ballin

paragraphs: Camillo Ballin (June 24, 1944 – April 12, 2020) was an Italian Roman Catholic bishop, writer, missionary, and educator. He was the Roman Catholic Vicar Apostolic of the Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Arabia from 2001 until his death. He was born in Padua, Italy.

paragraphs: Ballin died on April 12, 2020 at the age of 75.


title: M. V. Rajasekharan

paragraphs: Shri M.V. Rajasekharan (12 September 1928 – 13 April 2020) an Indian politician. He was a member of the Indian National Congress party. He was a member of the Legislative Council Karnataka in the upper house of the Government of Karnataka. He also was a member of the Rajya Sabha.

paragraphs: Rajasekharan died on 13 April 2020 at a hospital in Bangalore at the age of 91.


title: Marion Hartzog Smoak

paragraphs: Marion Hartzog Smoak (July 8, 1916 – May 4, 2020) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a Republican. He was Chief of Protocol of the United States under President Richard Nixon from 1972 to 1974. He was a member of the presidential campaign staff and transition team for Ronald Reagan in 1980. He also served as member of the South Carolina Senate from 1967 to 1968.

paragraphs: Smoak was born in Aiken, South Carolina. His wife Mary Frances Meister died in 2015. The couple had three children. He turned 100 in 2016. Smoak died on May 4, 2020, in Palm Beach, Florida. He was 103.


title: George Shapiro

paragraphs: George Shapiro (born May 18, 1931) is an American talent manager and television producer. He is the most successful managers in show business. He is best known for representing Jerry Seinfeld, Carl Reiner and Andy Kaufman. He was a producer for the sitcom "Seinfeld". He was born in New York City.


title: Charles Miossec

paragraphs: Charles Miossec (25 December 1938 – 12 April 2020) was a French politician. He served as a Deputy from 1978 to 2002. He was born in Lanhouarneau, Finistère.

paragraphs: Miossec died on 12 April 2020 at the age of 81.


title: Cloth facemask

paragraphs: A cloth facemask is a face covering which is used to cover the mouth and nose. As the name suggests, these masks are made of textiles. Cotton is commonly used. Starting with the 19th century, such masks have been used by healthcare professionals. They are also used to protect against air pollution, although they may not be very effective in protecting against air pollution.

paragraphs: Depending on the design, they can be effective stopping the transmission of disease spread by droplets of liquid. Today, healthcare professionals often use surgical masks or respirators, which offer better protection. A study done in 2010 found that 40 to 90 percent of particles pass through a cloth facemask.

paragraphs: Cloth face masks were commonly used during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, especially when surgical and other medical face coverings were not available.


title: George Bass

paragraphs: George Bass (30 January 1771 – after 5 February 1803) was a British naval surgeon and explorer of Australia.

paragraphs: Bass was born on 30 January 1771 at Aswarby, near Sleaford, Lincolnshire. His father, George, was a tenant farmer, George Bass, and his mother a local beauty named Sarah (née Newman). His father died in 1777. He went to Boston Grammar School and later studied medicine at the hospital in Boston, Lincolnshire. At the age of 18, he was accepted in London as a member of the Company of Surgeons, and in 1794 he joined the Royal Navy as a surgeon.

paragraphs: He arrived in Sydney in New South Wales on HMS "Reliance" on 7 September 1795.

paragraphs: Also on the voyage were Matthew Flinders, John Hunter, Bennelong, and his surgeon's assistant William Martin.

paragraphs: Bass brought a small boat to Australia. It had an keel and beam, which he called the Tom Thumb on account of its size. In October 1795 Bass and Flinders, accompanied by William Martin sailed to Botany Bay and explored the Georges River. Their reports on their return led to the settlement of Banks' Town.

paragraphs: In March 1796 they went on a second voyage in a larger small boat, which they called the Tom Thumb II. They travelled down the coast to Lake Illawarra, which they called Tom Thumb Lagoon. They explored Port Hacking.

paragraphs: Later in 1796 Bass discovered good farming land near Prospect Hill;found cattle which had been lost since 1788, and tried to cross the Blue Mountains.

paragraphs: In 1797 Bass and six crew sailed an open whaleboat to Cape Howe, the farthest point of south-eastern Australia. From here they kept going went west as far as Western Port. He believed that Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) was not joined to mainland Australia. Watching the tides and the long south-western swell at Wilson's Promontory convinced him that his idea was right.

paragraphs: Bass visited the Kiama area on the south coast of New South Wales. He made notes on the many plants and the amazing natural phenomenon, the Kiama Blowhole.

paragraphs: In 1798, Bass and Flinders, sailed the "Norfolk", around Van Diemen's Land, proving that it was an island. They visited the estuary of the Derwent River, found and named by Captain John Hayes in 1793. Bass made a report which led to it being chosen for the future city of Hobart in 1803. When they got back to Sydney, Flinders recommended to Governor John Hunter that the passage between Van Diemen's Land and the mainland be called Bass Strait.

paragraphs: "This was no more than a just tribute to my worthy friend and companion," Flinders wrote, "for the extreme dangers and fatigues he had undergone, in first entering it in a whaleboat, and to the correct judgement he had formed, from various indications, of the existence of a wide opening between Van Diemen's Land and New South Wales."

paragraphs: Bass sent some of his botanical discoveries to Sir Joseph Banks in London. "In this voyage of fourteen weeks I collected those few plants upon Van Diemen's Land which had not been familiar to me in New South Wales," he wrote to Banks, "and have done myself the honour of submitting them to your inspection." He was made an honorary member of the Society for Promoting Natural History, which later became the Linnean Society. Some of his reports were published in the second volume of David Collins's "An Account of the English colony in New South Wales." He was one of the first to describe the Australian marsupial, the wombat.

paragraphs: On 8 October 1800, George married Elizabeth Waterhouse at St James's Church, Westminster. She was the sister of Henry Waterhouse, Bass's former shipmate, and captain of the "Reliance". In January 1801 Bass set sail again for Australia, leaving Elizabeth behind. The couple wrote to each other, they did not meet again, as Bass never returned from this journey.

paragraphs: Bass and a group of friends had invested some £10,000 in the copper-sheathed brig , and a cargo of general goods to sell in Port Jackson.

paragraphs: On the voyage, the ship passed through Bass Strait. He recorded it simply as Bass Strait, like any other geographical feature. His modesty meant he felt no need to say "discovered by me" or "named after me".

paragraphs: On arrival Bass that others had brought out goods as well, and he was unable to sell his cargo. Governor King was trying to save money and would buy the cargo, even at a 50% discount. King did ask Bass to get salt pork from Tahiti. Food was scarce in Sydney at that time and prices were high, yet there were plenty of pigs in the Society Islands. King said he would pay Bass six pence a pound, half the current price in Sydney. This deal suited both men. With his partner Charles Bishop, Bass sailed from Sydney in the "Venus" for Dusky Sound in New Zealand. They spent 14 days taking iron from the wreck of Captain Brampton's old ship the "Endeavour". This was made into axes which were used to trade for the pork in Tahiti. They returned to Sydney in November 1802.

paragraphs: In January 1803 Bass asked King for the rights to all the fish along the South Island of New Zealand, from Dusky Sound to Otago Harbour – now the site of the city of Dunedin. He also wanted to include all the lands and seas to the south, notably the Antipodes Islands. His brother-in-law, Waterhouse, had discovered the islands, and probably told him about the excellent prospects for fishing.

paragraphs: Bass set sail on his last voyage in the "Venus" on 5 February 1803, but he and his crew were never seen again. His plan was to go to Tahiti and perhaps on to the Spanish colonies on the coast of Chile to buy provisions and bring them back to Sydney.

paragraphs: Bass may also have planned to smuggle goods into Chile. Spain would only allow Spanish ships and merchants to bring goods into the country. But the colonists in Chile needed more than they could supply and shortages and heavy taxation caused high prices. This made smuggling profitable. Port Jackson was described by some 19th-century historians as a base for such smuggling Britain's strained relationship with Spain at that time meant British authorities were unconcerned.

paragraphs: Bass still had much of the general cargo he had brought to Sydney in 1801 and he may well have been tempted to try and sell it in Chile. Two of his last letters have hints at a venture which he could not name. He set off in 1803, with a diplomatic letter from Governor King attesting his bona-fides and that his sole purpose if he were on the West coast of South America would be in procuring provisions.

paragraphs: He was never heard from again, and Governor King and Bass's friends in Sydney were forced to accept that he had met some misfortune. In England in January 1806 Bass was listed by the Admiralty as lost at sea. His wife Elizabeth was given money from the widows' fund, back dated to when Bass's half-pay had ended in June 1803. Bass had made the usual contributions to the fund from his salary.

paragraphs: There are many ideas about what may have happened to Bass. One story, by William Campbell of the brig "Harrington", said that Bass was captured by the Spanish in Chile and sent to the silver mines. The "Harrington" was also involved in smuggling and returned to Sydney some three months after Bass's departure. But this story dates from 1811 in a report by William Fitzmaurice. Campbell did not mention Bass in either 1803, or in 1805 when he captured a Spanish ship. Three months is too short for Bass to have reached Chile and then the "Harrington" to get back to Sydney.

paragraphs: Also all British prisoners held by the Spanish in Chile and Peru were freed in 1808 and returned to Europe. If the crew of the "Venus" had been captured then none of the 25 survived.

paragraphs: Adventurer Jorgen Jorgenson wrote about Bass in 1835. He said Bass had attempted forced trade at gunpoint in Chile, and was captured when he let his guard down. Jorgenson probably met Bass, but this story is almost certainly not true. Jorgenson's writing, though entertaining, was often far from factual.

paragraphs: A search of Spanish archives in 1903 by scholar Pascual de Gayangos and a search of Peruvian archives in 2003 by historian Jorge Ortiz-Sotelo found no mention of Bass. His ultimate fate remains a mystery.

paragraphs: In 1963 Bass was honoured on a postage stamp issued by Australia Post, and again in 1998 with Matthew Flinders.

paragraphs: A re-enactment of the whaleboat voyage was made on the 200th anniversary of Bass's voyage. It arrived at Western Port on 5 January 1998, using a "Elizabeth" skippered by Bern Cuthbertson.

paragraphs: The following places were named after Bass:


title: Zdeněk Jičínský

paragraphs: Zdeněk Jičínský (26 February 1929 – 9 April 2020) was a Czech lawyer and politician. He served as a member of the Chamber of Deputies of the Czech Republic from 1996 to 2002 and from 2003 to 2010. He was also a member of the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia (1969, 1990–92). He was born in Ostřešany.

paragraphs: Jičínský died on 9 April 2020 at the age of 91.


title: Jan Reijnen

paragraphs: Johannes Andreas Maria "Jan" Reijnen (3 February 1927 – 7 April 2020) was a Dutch politician of the Catholic People's Party and its successor the Christian Democratic Appeal. He served as a Senator from 1972 to 1977. He was also mayor of Wervershoof (1964–1969), Oldenzaal (1969–1976) and Heerlen (1976–1986). He was born in Kaatsheuvel, North Brabant.

paragraphs: Reijnen died in Vught, North Brabant on 7 April 2020. He was 93.


title: Respiratory droplet

paragraphs: A respiratory droplet is a droplet of liquid, which is expelled during respiration. They are also produced when sneezing, coughing, or vomiting. They can also be produced artificially. Certain diseases can be transmitted with respiratory droplets.


title: President of the Congress of Deputies

paragraphs: The president of the Congress of Deputies () is the speaker of the Congress of Deputies, the lower house of the Cortes Generales (the Spanish parliament). The president is elected among the members of the Congress and it is, after the king and the prime minister, the highest authority in Spain.


title: Cortes Generales

paragraphs: The Cortes Generales (; ) are the bicameral legislative chambers of Spain. It is made up of the Congress of Deputies (the lower house), and the Senate (the upper house).

paragraphs: The Congress of Deputies meets in the Palacio de las Cortes. The Senate meets in the Palacio del Senado. Both are in Madrid.

paragraphs: The members of the Cortes Generales serve four-year terms, and they are representatives of the Spanish people.


title: Senate of Spain

paragraphs: The Senate () is the upper house of the Cortes Generales of Spain. It is part of the Cortes Generales along with the Congress of Deputies—the lower chamber. The Senate meets in the Palace of the Senate in Madrid.

paragraphs: The Senate is made-up of senators, each of whom represents a province, an autonomous city or an autonomous community.


title: Meritxell Batet

paragraphs: Meritxell Batet Lamaña (born 19 March 1973) is a Spanish jurist and politician. She is a member of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia. In May 2019, she was elected as President of the Congress of Deputies. Before this, she was Minister for Territorial Policy and Civil Service of the Government of Spain between June 2018 and May 2019.


title: President of the Senate of Spain

paragraphs: The President of the Senate of Spain is the speaker of the Spanish Senate, the upper house of Spain's Cortes Generales. It is the fourth leading political figure of the country after the Monarch (Head of State), the Prime Minister (Head of Government) and the President of the Congress of Deputies (Speaker of the Lower House).

paragraphs: He/She is elected by members of the Senate.

paragraphs: As of the 14th term of the Cortes Generales, the current officeholder is Pilar Llop, a member of the Socialist Parliamentary Group representing Madrid.


title: Pilar Llop

paragraphs: María Pilar Llop Cuenca (born 1973) is a Spanish judge and politician. In December 2019, she was elected President of the Senate of Spain. She was member of the Assembly of Madrid from 2015 to 2018 and Government Delegate for Gender Violence of the Government of Spain from 2018 to 2019.

paragraphs: She entered the judicial career in 1999 and became a magistrate in 2004.


title: Juan José Lucas

paragraphs: Juan José Lucas Giménez (born 10 May 1944) is a Spanish attorney, professor and politician. He is a member of the People's Party. Lucas was born in Burgo de Osma, Soria, Spain. In 2002, he was elected to the Senate of Spain. Before, he was a member of the Congress of Deputies from 1986 to 1987 and again from 1989 to 1991. From 2002 to 2004, Lucas was the President of the Senate of Spain.


title: Monarchy of Spain

paragraphs: The monarchy of Spain (), known as The Crown (), is a constitutional institution and the highest office of Spain.

paragraphs: The Spanish monarchy is currently represented by King Felipe VI, Queen Letizia, and their daughters Leonor, Princess of Asturias, and Infanta Sofía.


title: Ahfazur Rahman

paragraphs: Ahfaz-ur-Rahman ( ) (4 April 1942 – 12 April 2020), was a Pakistani journalist, writer and poet. His works were supportive for freedom of the press and for the rights of working journalists in Pakistan. Rahman wrote many books and translations about the corruption in Pakistan and why freedom of the press should be a law there.

paragraphs: Rahman died on 11 April 2020 in Karachi, aged 78.


title: Juan Cotino

paragraphs: Juan Gabriel Cotino Ferrer (26 January 1950 – 13 April 2020), known as Juan Cotino, was a Spanish businessman and politician. He was a member of the People's Party. He was born in Xirivella, Valencia. Cotino was a member of the Congress of Deputies from 2007 to 2014. From 2011 to 2014, he was President of Corts Valencianes. From 1996 to 2002, Cotino was Directorate-General of the Police.

paragraphs: Cotino died of COVID-19 on 13 April 2020 in Spain, aged 70.


title: Ashok Desai

paragraphs: Ashok H. Desai ( – 13 April 2020) was an Indian politician and lawyer. He was the Attorney General of India from 9 July 1996 to 6 May 1998. He also was the Solicitor General of India from 18 December 1989 to 2 December 1990 . He was awarded the Padma Bhushan.

paragraphs: Desai died on 13 April 2020 at the age of 77.


title: Landelino Lavilla Alsina

paragraphs: Landelino Lavilla Alsina (6 August 1934 – 13 April 2020) was a Spanish lawyer and politician. He was born in Lerida, Spain. Lavilla Alsina was a member of the Union of the Democratic Centre.

paragraphs: Lavilla Alsina was the Minister of Justice from 1976 to 1979. He was a Senator from 1977 to 1979. He was also a member of the Congress of Deputies from 1979 to 1983 and President of the Congress of Deputies from 1979 to 1982.

paragraphs: Lavilla Alsina died in Madrid of a long-illness on 13 April 2020, aged 85.