title: Hugh Grant

paragraphs: Hugh John Mungo Grant (born 9 September 1960) is an English actor. He won a Golden Globe award in 1995 for his starring role in the movie "Four Weddings and a Funeral". His other movies include: "Nine Months", "Notting Hill", "Mickey Blue Eyes", "Bridget Jones's Diary", "About a Boy", "Love Actually" and "Paddington 2".

paragraphs: Grant was born at Charing Cross Hospital in Hammersmith, London, the second son of Fynvola Susan MacLean (b. Wickham, Hampshire, 11 October 1933; d. Hounslow, London, July 2001) and Captain James Murray Grant (b. 1929). Grant's grandfather, Colonel James Murray Grant,DSO was decorated for bravery and leadership at Saint-Valery-en-Caux during World War II.

paragraphs: Grant's father was trained at Sandhurst, Berkshire and served with the Seaforth Highlanders for eight years in Malaya, Germany and Scotland. He ran a carpet firm, pursued hobbies such as golf and painting watercolours, and raised his family in Chiswick, west London, where the Grants lived next to Arlington Park Mansions on Sutton Lane. His mother worked as a schoolteacher and taught Latin, French and music for more than 30 years in the state schools of west London. She died at the age of 65, 18 months after being diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.

paragraphs: Grant started his education at Hogarth Primary School in Chiswick but then moved to St Peter's Primary School in Hammersmith, Grant was then educated at an independent prep school Wetherby School. From 1969 to 1978, he attended the independent Latymer Upper School in Hammersmith on a scholarship and played 1st XV rugby, cricket and football for the school.

paragraphs: In 1979, Grant won the Galsworthy scholarship to New College, Oxford where he starred in his first film, "Privileged", produced by the Oxford University Film Foundation. He studied English literature and graduated with 2:1 honours. Actress Anna Chancellor, who met Grant while she was still at school, has recalled, "I first met Hugh at a party at Oxford. There was something magical about him. He was a star even then, without having done anything. Grant joined the exclusive Piers Gaveston Society at Oxford, a group with a reputation for debauchery and decadence."

paragraphs: Viewing acting as nothing more than a creative outlet, he joined the Oxford University Dramatic Society and starred in a successful touring production of "Twelfth Night".

paragraphs: Grant has mostly been a comedy (especially a romantic comedy) actor for almost all of his mainstream film career. He also never ventures to play characters who are not British. While some film critics, such as Roger Ebert, have defended the limited variety of his performances, others have dismissed him as a one-trick pony. Eric Fellner, co-owner of Working Title Films and a long-time collaborator of Grant, said, "His range hasn't been fully tested, but each performance is unique."  A majority of Grant's popular films in the 1990s followed a similar plot that captured an optimistic bachelor experiencing a series of embarrassing incidents to find true love, often with an American woman.


title: James Caan

paragraphs: James Langston Edmund Caan (born March 26, 1940) is an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his role of "Sonny Corleone" in 1972's "The Godfather" and for his role as Ed Deline on "Las Vegas". He has been nominated for many awards, including the Academy Award, Emmy and Golden Globe.

paragraphs: He is the son of Sophie (née Falkenstein) and Arthur Caan, Jewish immigrants from Germany.


title: James Coburn

paragraphs: James Harrison Coburn (August 31, 1928 – November 18, 2002) was an American actor. He became famous in the 1960s when he made many Western movies, such as "The Magnificent Seven". But after that, he acted in other different types of roles, and became a more complete and successful actor. He was very ill in the 1980s and he almost did not make any more movies in that decade. However, he got better and started acting again in the 1990s. He won an Academy Award in 1998.


title: 4 Vesta

paragraphs: 4 Vesta () is the second most massive asteroid in the solar system, with an average diameter of about 530 km (around 330 miles) and an estimated mass 9% the mass of the entire asteroid belt. Its size and unusually bright surface makes Vesta the brightest asteroid, and the only one ever visible to the naked eye from Earth. Vesta's astronomical symbol is .

paragraphs: Vesta was discovered by the German astronomer Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807. He allowed the prominent mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss to name the asteroid after the Roman virgin goddess of home and hearth, Vesta.

paragraphs: After the discovery of Vesta in 1807, no asteroids were discovered for the next 38 years. During this time the four known asteroids were counted among the planets, and each had its own planetary symbol. Vesta was normally represented by a stylized hearth (). Other symbols are and . All are simplifications of the original .

paragraphs: Vesta is the second-most massive body in the asteroid belt. Vesta does have a different interior compared to its surface. It is in the Inner Main Belt, at a distance of about 2.50 AU. It is similar to 2 Pallas in volume (although it is not confirmed), but somewhat more massive.

paragraphs: Vesta's shape is close to the shape of a sphere by its own gravity, but the large concavity and lump at the pole (see 'Surface Features' below) did not fit the criteria from being considered a planet under the IAU. In any case, this resolution was rejected by the IAU membership and Vesta will continue to be called an asteroid. However, it is possible that Vesta may be listed as a dwarf planet in the future, if it is convincingly determined that its shape is from hydrostatic equilibrium.

paragraphs: Its rotation is actually fast for an asteroid (5.342 h) and prograde, with the north pole pointing in the direction of right ascension 20 h 32 min, declination +48° with an uncertainty of about 10°. This gives an axial tilt of 29°.

paragraphs: Temperatures on the surface have been thought to be between about -20°C with the Sun overhead, dropping to about -190°C at the winter pole. Typical day-time and night-time temperatures are -60°C and -130°C, respectively. This estimate is for May 6, 1996, very close to perihelion, while details vary somewhat with the seasons.

paragraphs: For Vesta, there is a large collection of possible samples available to scientists, in the form of over 200 HED meteorites, giving insight into Vesta's geologic history and structure.

paragraphs: Vesta is thought to consist of a metallic iron-nickel core, above with a rocky olivine mantle, and a surface crust. From the first appearance of Ca-Al-rich inclusions (the first solid matter in the Solar System, forming about 4567 million years ago), a likely timeline is as follows:

paragraphs: Vesta is the only known intact asteroid that has been resurfaced in this procedure. However, the presence of iron meteorites and achondritic meteorite classes without identified parent bodies indicates that there once were other differentiated planetesimals with igneous histories, which have since been broken by impacts.

paragraphs: Some Vestian surface features have been resolved using the Hubble Space Telescope and ground based telescopes, e.g. the Keck Telescope.

paragraphs: The most notable surface feature is a very large crater that is 460 km in diameter centered near the south pole. Its width is about 80% of the entire diameter of Vesta. The floor of this crater is about 13 km below, and its rim rises 4–12 km above the surrounding area, with total surface relief of about 25 km. A central peak rises 18 km above the crater floor. It is thought that the impact responsible blew up about 1% of the entire volume of Vesta, and it is likely that a group of smaller asteroids known as the "Vesta family" are the remains of this collision. If this is the case, then the fact that 10 km fragments of the Vesta family have survived bombardment until the present indicates that the crater is only about 1 billion years old or younger. It would also be the original site of origin of the HED meteorites. In fact, all the known V-type asteroids taken together account for only about 6% of the ejected volume, with the rest presumably either in small fragments, ejected by approaching the 3:1 Kirkwood gap, or perturbed away by radiation pressure. Spectroscopic analyses of the Hubble images have shown that this crater has penetrated deep through several distinct layers of the crust, and possibly into the mantle which is indicated by spectral signatures of olivine. Interestingly Vesta was not disrupted nor resurfaced by an impact of this magnitude.

paragraphs: Several other large craters about 150 km wide and 7 km deep are also present. A dark feature about 200 km across has been named "Olbers" in honour of Vesta's discoverer, but it does not appear in elevation maps as a fresh crater would, and its nature is presently unknown, perhaps an old basaltic surface. It serves as a reference point with the 0° longitude prime meridian defined to pass through its center.

paragraphs: The eastern and western hemispheres show markedly different terrains. From preliminary spectral analyses of the Hubble Space Telescope images, the eastern hemisphere appears to be have a highly reflective, heavily cratered "highland" terrain with old, dusty rocks, and craters probing into deeper plutonic layers of the crust. On the other hand, large regions of the western hemisphere are taken up by dark geologic units thought to be surface basalts.

paragraphs: Various small solar system objects are believed to be fragments of Vesta caused by collisions. The Vestoid asteroids and HED meteorites are examples. The V-type asteroid 1929 Kollaa has been determined to have a composition akin to cumulate eucrite meteorites, indicating its origin deep within Vesta's crust.

paragraphs: Because a number of meteorites are believed to be Vestian fragments, Vesta is currently one of only five identified Solar system bodies for which we have physical samples, the others being Mars, the Moon, comet Wild 2, and Earth itself.

paragraphs: This is based on data from the Dawn probe which orbited Vesta in the asteroid belt for 10 months.

paragraphs: Vesta is the source of the HED meteorites, which are about 6% of all the meteorites which fall to Earth. These meteorites have pyroxene, which is a mineral rich in iron and magnesium. This has been matched exactly to the mineral signatures on Vesta's surface captured by Dawn's instruments.

paragraphs: Its size and unusually bright surface make Vesta the brightest asteroid, and it is occasionally visible to the naked eye from dark (non-light polluted) skies. Recently, in May and June 2007, Vesta reached a peak magnitude of +5.4, the brightest since 1989.

paragraphs: At that time, opposition and perihelion were only a few weeks apart. It was visible in the constellations Ophiuchus and Scorpius.

paragraphs: Less favourable oppositions during late autumn in the Northern Hemisphere still have Vesta at a magnitude of around +7.0. Even when in conjunction with the Sun, Vesta will have a magnitude around +8.5; thus from a pollution-free sky it can be observed with binoculars even at elongations much smaller than near opposition.


title: Animal liberation movement

paragraphs: The animal liberation movement or animal rights movement (sometimes called the animal personhood movement and animal advocacy movement), is the movement of activists, academics, lawyers, campaigns, and organized groups who oppose the use of non-human animals in research, as food, as clothing, or as entertainment.


title: Sex symbol

paragraphs: A sex symbol is a famous or notable person, male or female, who is found sexually attractive by many people. Many actors, actresses, and popular musicians are considered to be sex symbols by their fans and the public.


title: Cereal

paragraphs: Cereal usually refers to a type of grass that is grown to be eaten. Some, such as wheat, are mostly used to feed people. Some are fed to cattle, and lesser amounts are used for other purposes.

paragraphs: It is a common breakfast meal. The kind of cereal eaten for breakfast is called breakfast cereal. This is made of grain, and usually eaten with milk in the United States. It is often sweetened with sugar, syrup, or fruit. There are many kinds of cereals. Some names of breakfast cereal include Cheerios, Kellogg's, Cocoa Puffs and various other brands. Most breakfast cereals are made for children, but there are many for adults as well. Some adult cereals are made for diets or other health benefits.

paragraphs: The word "cereal" comes from 'Ceres', the name of the Roman goddess of harvest and agriculture. Grains are called "corn" in the United Kingdom and Ireland, but in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand "corn" means "maize".

paragraphs: In the 19th century, Americans ate meat a lot for breakfast and usually did not eat grains and fiber. But after that, people who were interested in eating more healthy foods began a push for healthy breakfasts.

paragraphs: This brought up the creation of Granula. The name "Granula" comes from "granulates", formed of grain. In 1863 this became the first breakfast cereal and included heavy nuggets made from bran, the outer husk of a grain that is taken out when making flour. The cereal had to be soaked overnight before being eaten. Simply pouring milk over it was not enough to make it eatable.

paragraphs: The cereals eaten today grew out of a health campaign that began in the 1860s. Thin baked dough served to patients in hospitals inspired two men, C.W. Post and W. K. Kellogg. These two men started their own companies, named them after themselves.


title: Sexual attraction

paragraphs: Sexual attraction is an attraction to other members of the same species for sexual or erotic activity. In many species does not always mean a sexual act; indeed, some sexual behavior among primates is mostly a social activity.

paragraphs: What is sexually attractive to humans may change by culture or place. The sexual attraction of one person to another depends on both people.

paragraphs: Much of human sexual attractiveness is physical (see beauty). This involves the impact one's appearance has on the senses, especially in the beginning of a relationship:


title: Cheerios

paragraphs: Cheerios is a popular brand of cereal. It is manufactured by General Mills. It was founded in 1941 as CheeriOats, the first ready-to-eat oat cereal. They are still making cereal, and it is produced worldwide.


title: Rehearsal

paragraphs: A rehearsal is a practice before a concert or play in a theatre or some other performance. The group of will get together to rehearse. They may rehearse together many times before the performance so that they get used to performing with one another.

paragraphs: A dress rehearsal is the last rehearsal before the performance. It is called a 'dress rehearsal' because in a theatre the actors will be wearing their costumes. When an orchestra or other music group have a 'dress rehearsal' this does not mean that they have to dress up. It simply means that it is the last rehearsal, and it will be in the hall where they are going to perform so that everything is as it will be for the performance.

paragraphs: Orchestras often have section rehearsals or sectionals. This means that each group of instruments rehearse separately, e.g. the string sectional will be all the string instruments rehearsing together. This can be useful because they can concentrate on the bits which are particularly difficult for them: the string instruments can talk about the bowing etc.

paragraphs: An open rehearsal is a rehearsal that the public can come and watch. In opera houses the dress rehearsal is often an open rehearsal. The entry may be free or the audience may have to pay, but not as much as for a ticket for a performance. The audience will have to understand that the performance may be stopped if something goes wrong and needs to be rehearsed. Singers will often save their voices by not singing as loudly as they will in the performance (this is called "marking").

paragraphs: A technical rehearsal in a theatre is a rehearsal for practising things such as lighting and using props.


title: London Symphony Orchestra

paragraphs: The London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) is one of the most famous orchestras of the world. They are based in London's Barbican Centre, but they often tour to lots of different countries.

paragraphs: The LSO started in 1904. Most of the players had been members of Henry Wood's Queen's Hall orchestra. They left that orchestra when Henry Wood made a rule that they were not allowed to send deputies to rehearsals or concerts. The LSO was set up as a self governing organization. This means that the players themselves organize everything: they decide how much they are going to be paid, who can be in the orchestra, etc.

paragraphs: The LSO gave its first concert on 9 June 1904 with Hans Richter conducting. He was principal (main) conductor until 1911, when Edward Elgar took over for a year. Some of the world's most famous conductors have conducted the orchestra. Since January 2007 Valery Gergiev has been the LSO's Principal Conductor. André Previn is the Conductor Laureate (Honorary conductor). In 2006, Daniel Harding became the co-principal guest conductor together with Michael Tilson Thomas. Richard Hickox is the Associate Guest Conductor of the LSO. The leader of the orchestra is Gordan Nikolitch.

paragraphs: The LSO was the first British orchestra to play overseas when it went to Paris in 1906. The LSO players all came close to death in 1912 because they were due to sail on the RMS "Titanic" for a concert in New York. Fortunately they had to change the booking at the last minute. They did tour the USA and Canada that year, and were the first British orchestra to do so.

paragraphs: In 1966 the London Symphony Chorus (LSC) was formed to join the LSO for works with choirs.

paragraphs: For many years the LSO refused to allow women to become members because they thought the sound would not be so good.

paragraphs: The LSO made their first gramophone recording in 1920. Since then they have made many recordings.


title: Obtuse angle

paragraphs: An obtuse angle is an angle of greater than 90° and less than 180°. It is bigger than an acute angle. It is smaller than a straight angle, which measures 180°. Angles are measured with a protractor obtuse angle is specifically present in hexagon and pentagon and others.


title: London Philharmonic Orchestra

paragraphs: The London Philharmonic Orchestra (LPO) is one of the major orchestras of the United Kingdom. It is based in the Royal Festival Hall, London.

paragraphs: The orchestra was formed in 1932 by Sir Thomas Beecham, and played its first concert on October 7 1932 at the Queen's Hall, London. The associate conductor at the time was Malcolm Sargent.

paragraphs: At one of the orchestra's early concerts in November 1932 the sixteen-year old Yehudi Menuhin played a programme of violin concertos including the concerto by Elgar which the composer himself conducted.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, when Beecham conducted at the Royal Opera House, the orchestra played for operas there. Beecham made many recordings with the orchestra.

paragraphs: In 1939 the orchestra's sponsors stopped giving money to the orchestra. The orchestra became a self-governing body, which meant that, like the London Symphony Orchestra, the players organized the orchestra themselves, deciding on their pay, their members, what music they should play etc.

paragraphs: During the Second World War they went round the country playing in places where people would not otherwise hear music.

paragraphs: Many of the players' instruments were destroyed when the Queen's Hall was bombed in May 1941, but lots of people gave money for them to buy new instruments.

paragraphs: After the war, Beecham returned to the LPO for eighteen months, but left to start a new orchestra, the Royal Philharmonic. The orchestra continued to play with several guest conductors until Eduard van Beinum was appointed. When he became ill they appointed Sir Adrian Boult who stayed until 1956, although he continued to work with the orchestra and became its President in 1965.

paragraphs: Through the late 1950s the orchestra did not have much money and had to stop paying the players regular salaries. They only got paid for the work they did. In 1958 the LPO appointed William Steinberg as chief conductor. He helped the orchestra to become better again.

paragraphs: In 1964 the LPO became the resident orchestra for Glyndebourne Festival Opera in the summer. They continue to do this today.

paragraphs: In 1967 the LPO appointed Bernard Haitink as its principal conductor. He stayed with the orchestra for 12 years and was followed by Sir Georg Solti.

paragraphs: Vladimir Jurowski is now the principal conductor.


title: Vladimir Jurowski

paragraphs: Vladimir Jurowski (born 4 April 1972 in Moscow) is a Russian conductor. He is one of the most important young conductors of today. Jurowski studied at the Moscow Conservatory. In 1990, he moved with his family to Germany, where he continued to study music in Dresden and Berlin.

paragraphs: In 1995 he conducted at the Wexford Festival and in 1996 at the Royal Opera House. He continued conducting in Berlin and Bologna.

paragraphs: In August 2000, Jurowski was named the Music Director of the Glyndebourne Festival Opera. He is now the Principal Conductor of the London Philharmonic Orchestra.

paragraphs: In May 2007, Jurowski received the 2007 Royal Philharmonic Society Music Award for Conductor of the Year.


title: Surrealism

paragraphs: Surrealism was an art and cultural movement which began in the early 1920s.

paragraphs: The name was first used in 1917. Guillaume Apollinaire wrote the program notes for the ballet "Parade", which was created for the Ballets Russes of Serge Diaghilev. This was a collaborative work by Jean Cocteau, Erik Satie, Pablo Picasso and Léonide Massine. The program notes ran:

paragraphs: The movement grew out of Dadaism. This was, amid the horrors of World War I, a protest at the meaninglessness of civilised life.

paragraphs: At the same time, the work of Sigmund Freud began to filter through, and affect the literary and art worlds. André Breton was trained in psychiatry, and during the war, he worked in a hospital where he used Freud's methods on shell-shock patients. Not surprisingly, Breton influenced many writers and artists after the war.

paragraphs: Freud's work placed emphasis on the subconscious mind, and its role in steering behaviour and emotion. His way of using free association, and dream analysis to get a clue to the subconscious was picked up by the surrealists. They painted dreamlike fantasies, and practised automatic drawing without sight: 'automatism'.

paragraphs: In 1924, Breton wrote a "Surrealist Manifesto", which defined surrealism as:

paragraphs: Breton discussed his first encounter with the surreal, in a description of a hypnagogic state, in which a strange phrase inexplicably appeared in his mind: "There is a man cut in two by the window". This phrase illustrates Breton's view of Surrealism as two distant realities brought together to create a new, uncanny union.

paragraphs: Surrealist works have an element of surprise: unexpected items are placed next to each other for no clear reason. Many Surrealist artists and writers see their work as an expression of the philosophical movement first and foremost. The works are an artifact, and André Breton said that Surrealism was above all a revolutionary movement. From the 1920s in Paris it spread around the globe. It influenced films such as the "Angel's Egg" and "El Topo".

paragraphs: TRANSCENDENTAL SURREALISM Is a new artistic approach, that stands as  the evolution and redefinition of Surrealism in its classical form, as it became internationally known by Andre Bretton's Manifest in the early 20th century. Transcendental Surrealism in Visual Arts, presented in 2018 by the greek visual artist - architect Giorgios (Gio) Vassiliou (b. 1970). It is based on a completely new theory and philosophy that is summarized in  three new foundamental elements, that follow the evolution of ideas, that have emerged so far during the 21st century, in Visual Arts, Psychology, Physics, and the visual perception of the physical world. These three new foundamental elements are:

paragraphs: Max Ernst, Salvador Dali, Man Ray, André Masson, Joan Miró and Marcel Duchamp were some of the best-known surrealist artists.

paragraphs: Man Ray made the first surrealist film: "Return to reason" (1923). Luis Buñuel and Dali made two well-known surrealist films: "Un chien andalou" (1929) and "L'Âge d'or" (1930). Jean Cocteau made three films, known as the "Orphic Trilogy": "Le Sang d'un poète" (1930), "Orphée" (1950) and "Testament of Orpheus" (1960), which includes a cameo appearance by Pablo Picasso.


title: Pim Fortuyn

paragraphs: Wilhelmus Simon Petrus Fortuijn, known as Pim Fortuyn (, 19 February 1948 – 6 May 2002) was a Dutch sociologist and politician. He was born in Driehuis. He was the leader of the LPF ("Lijst Pim Fortuyn"), a right-wing political party. He was very popular and was expected to win the 2002 elections. Fortuyn did not agree with some things the religion of Islam does, and did not want to let criminal Muslims from other countries come to the Netherlands. He was Roman Catholic and openly gay.

paragraphs: Nine days before the elections, Fortuyn was assassinated during the 2002 Dutch national election campaign by Volkert van der Graaf, who is an extreme environmentalist and animal rights activist. In court at his trial, van der Graaf said he murdered Fortuyn to stop him from exploiting Muslims as "scapegoats" and targeting "the weak members of society" in seeking political power.

paragraphs: Fortuyn was born on 19 February 1948 in Driehuis, as the third child to a Catholic family. His father worked as a salesman and his mother was a housewife. In 1967 he began to study sociology at the University of Amsterdam but transferred after a few months to the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam. In 1971 he ended his study with the Academic degree Doctorandus. In 1981 he received a doctorate in sociology at the University of Groningen as a Doctor of Philosophy.


title: Cyrus the Great

paragraphs: Cyrus the Great (, Kurosh e Bozorg, c. 590 BC or 576 — August 530 BC), was the founder of the Achaemenid dynasty in Iran. He was chosen as the leader of Persian people in Anshan, he defeated the Medes and was chosen as the Shah of Iran in 599 BC. Cyrus fought with the Lydian Empire and the Babylonian Empire. Before leaving Babylon, Cyrus also freed the Israelites who were imprisoned by Babylonians and allowed Jews to return to their native land.

paragraphs: Cyrus was the first king who put an end to slavery in all his territory. He allowed his people to continue worshipping their own gods. Cyrus died, probably in battle, in Pasargadae. His tomb remains in Pasargadae in Iran. Cyrus was famous for justice and kindness.


title: Rafał Wiechecki

paragraphs: Rafał Sylwester Wiechecki (born September 25, 1978 in Piotrków Trybunalski) is a Polish politician.

paragraphs: He is member of the League of Polish Families. From May 5 2006 to August 13 2007 was the minister of Polish government. He was the youngest cabinet minister in Polish history.


title: Relative density

paragraphs: Relative density is the ratio of the densities of two materials. The term specific gravity is similar but not the same. In specific gravity, the reference material is water. Mathematically, relative density is found with:


title: Čejov

paragraphs: Čajev is small village near Humpolec in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 473 people live there and it has 7,98 km².


title: Satsuma

paragraphs: Satsuma / sat-soo-muh/ .n. is a variety of tangerine with a loose skin.

paragraphs: It is named after the former Satsuma Province of Japan. In the United Kingdom it is often associated with Christmas.


title: Data storage device

paragraphs: A data storage device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy. People have been storing data for thousands of years, by pictures and writing. Modern storage device may hold information, process information, or both. Most often the term is used with computers. Data storage devices can permanently hold data, like files.

paragraphs: "Electronic data storage" is storage which requires electricity to store and get back that data. Most storage devices that do not require visual optics to read data fall into this category. Electronic data may be stored in either an analog or digital signal format.

paragraphs: An organic brain may or may not be considered a data storage device.

paragraphs: All information is data. However, not all data is information.

paragraphs: Any input/output equipment may be considered data storage equipment if it writes to and reads from a data storage medium. Data storage equipment uses either:

paragraphs: The following are examples of those methods:

paragraphs: A recording medium is a physical material that holds data expressed in any of the existing recording formats. With electronic media, the data and the recording medium is sometimes referred to as "software" despite the more common use of the word to describe computer software.

paragraphs: A typical way to classify data storage media is to consider its shape and type of movement (or non-movement) relative to the read/write device(s) of the storage apparatus as listed:


title: Relief

paragraphs: Relief is a way of making sculptures or carvings. You start with a flat stone or wooden base, and take small parts away until you have made the art you want.

paragraphs: Reliefs are found around the world. They can be used to decorate buildings, such as temples. Usually the artist makes reliefs of figures, such as people or animals.

paragraphs: In bas-relief, only a bit of the base is taken away. The figure is quite flat and this is especially common in friezes. An alto-relief is where the artist takes away a lot of the base material. This can be very detailed.


title: Frieze

paragraphs: In architecture the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain or– in the Ionic or Corinthian order – decorated with bas-reliefs.


title: Entablature

paragraphs: An entablature (IPA [ɛnˈtæblətʃə]; Latin, "and tabula", "a tablet") is a major piece of classical architecture. It is the big part of the building made of moldings and bands that sits flat above the columns, resting on their capitals (tops).

paragraphs: The entabulature is an improvement on the older and less advanced lintel, which also sits between two posts and holds up roof rafters.


title: Flickr

paragraphs: Flickr is a photo sharing website and web services suite. It was founded by Stewart Butterfield and Caterina Fake in 2002.It is also an online community platform, which is considered an early example of a Web 2.0 application.

paragraphs: Users can upload any photo to their website. The user will then be asked to release the photo under many licenses available. Some licenses allow other people to reuse it, which makes it possible for Wikimedia Commons to transfer free files from Flickr to their website.

paragraphs: Any person that has a Yahoo! ID can register their Flickr account in a few seconds.

paragraphs: Flickr provides a free service for users to share their photos online with other people. However, free users have a limit of 300 MB of uploads per month, 15 MB per photo and 150 MB per video. However, users can upgrade to the pro account where they can get unlimited uploads at $24.95 per month.

paragraphs: Flickr also has a set of tools for users to upload their photos from their desktops. However, they can only be used on Windows and Mac computers.


title: Norton AntiVirus

paragraphs: Norton AntiVirus (NAV) is a popular product of Symantec Corporation. It is one of the most widely used antivirus programs. Norton AntiVirus is sold as a standalone product. It is also included as part of Norton Internet Security and Norton SystemWorks. There is also a standalone corporate edition version called Symantec AntiVirus Corporate Edition.


title: Haemophilia

paragraphs: Haemophilia is a blood condition that means bleeding does not stop. The bleeding occurs because the blood does not clot. People with hemophilia lack proteins in the blood that make scabs and blood clots. A person with a small cut or internal bleed (bruise) could bleed to death. They do not bleed more than a normal person, but they bleed for much longer. The word comes from the Greek words "haima" ("blood") and "philia" ("to love"). To treat this, an affected person can get a blood donation from someone without hemophilia. The donor’s blood has the clotting proteins and can temporarily make a normal scab. 30% of hemophilia A and B cases are the first person in their family to have hemophilia which is the result of an unexpected mutation (this means that there is an unexpected change in the body).

paragraphs: It usually affects males. It is passed from mother to child through genes.

paragraphs: Haemophilia A happens in about 1 in 5,000–10,000 male births. Haemophilia B happens in about 1 in every 20,000–34,000 male births.

paragraphs: Genetic defects on the X chromosome affect males because they have only one X chromosome. In females, a recessive gene is usually masked by a normal gene on the other X chromosome. The Y chromosome does carry some genes, but far fewer than the X chromosome. Defects of this type are called "sex-linked" in genetics. There is no cure for this disease but there are different treatments available around the world.

paragraphs: A person with haemophilia is called a haemophiliac.


title: Otis Bowen

paragraphs: Otis R. Bowen, M.D. (February 26, 1918 – May 4, 2013), was the governor of the American state of Indiana from 1973 to 1981. He was the first governor of Indiana to serve two consecutive terms. He was also the United States Secretary of Health and Human Services on the cabinet of President Ronald Reagan.

paragraphs: Bowen was born in a farmhouse in Fulton County, Indiana. He raised his family, practiced medicine, and began his political career while living in Bremen, Indiana, where he still lives today.

paragraphs: On Labor Day weekend in September 1973, Governor Bowen declared amnesty for a group of inmates that took hostages and rioted at the Indiana State Prison. Although his decision to give "blanket amnesty" was a controversial one, it proved to be the correct decision as all the hostages, who were not only guards, but also a few select inmates who were otherwise weak and preyed upon, were released without harm. The guards who were subsequently released after a short meeting took place between the leaders of the riot and Governor Bowen in front of b-block...the inmate negotiation took only a few minutes between the governor and a group of inmates led by one Thomas D Brown (ISP#37151) serving 10 years for armed robbery, and was compelling enough to cause Gov. Bowen to declare a successful "blanket amnesty".

paragraphs: The governor's action preceded a "domino effect" of changes made in all aspects of the Indiana Department of Corrections. The changes involved personnel, regulations and conditions within areas of the system, e.g. medical, food, access to media, and disciplinary aspects of every day life.

paragraphs: Bowen died on May 4, 2013 in his home in Donaldson, Indiana at the age of 95. The cause of death has not been disclosed.


title: Guacamole

paragraphs: Guacamole (called Guacamol in Central America and Cuba) is a Mexican dip made of avocados, salt and sometimes tomatoes. Various herbs can be added too, such as chives. It is depicted as a green, creamy dip or garnish. It is often served as a dip or garnish with Mexican foods such as tacos and tortilla chips.


title: Gordan Nikolitch

paragraphs: Gordan Nikolitch (born 1968) is a Serbian violinist. He is the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra.

paragraphs: Gordan Nikolitch began playing the violin when he was seven. He studied at the Musikhochschule (music conservatoire) in Basel, Switzerland. He worked with many famous people including the composers Witold Lutosławski and György Kurtág. He became particularly interested in Baroque music and contemporary music.

paragraphs: Gordan has been the leader of the Orchestre d’Auvergne and the Orchestre de Chambre de Lausanne before becoming the leader of the London Symphony Orchestra. He has made many recordings, especially of violin music which is not well known. He often plays chamber music. The violin he plays was made in Cremona in 1776 by a violin maker called Lorenzo Storioni.


title: Literal translation

paragraphs: Literal translation is the translation of text from one language to another "word-for-word", rather than giving the sense of the original. For this reason, literal translations usually mis-translate idioms. For example, a literal English translation of the German word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in English the expression refers to the school year between pre-school and first grade.


title: Machine translation

paragraphs: Machine translation, sometimes referred to by the acronym MT, is part of computational linguistics. It looks at the use of computer software to translate text or speech from one natural language to another.

paragraphs: At its basic level, MT performs simple substitution of words in one natural language for words in another (see: Literal translation).

paragraphs: Current machine translation software often allows to adapt the translation to subject or profession (such as weather reports) — to improve output by limiting the allowable substitutions. This technique is very effective in domains where formal or formulaic language is used. It follows then that machine translation of government and legal documents more readily produces usable output than conversation or less standardised text.

paragraphs: In the words of the European Association for Machine Translation (EAMT):


title: Interlinear text

paragraphs: Interlinear text is text on several lines where additional lines give explanations of the main text. That can be a transliteration or a translation of each word of the main line (literal translation) or a free translation of the entire main text line.

paragraphs: Interlinear text is usually used to translate or explain the main text. It is used frequently in foreign language learning material and linguistic literature. Latin text books and Greek or Hebrew Bibles with interlinears are common examples.


Transcription


Transcript


title: Transcription (linguistics)

paragraphs: Transcription is the conversion of a text from another medium.

paragraphs: That can be the conversion of human speech into written, typewritten or printed form. But it can also mean the scanning of books and making digital versions. A transcriber is a person who performs transcriptions.

paragraphs: Transcription as going from sound to script must be distinguished from transliteration, which creates a mapping from one script to another that is designed to match the original script as directly as possible.

paragraphs: Standard transcription schemes for linguistic purposes include the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), and its ASCII equivalent, SAMPA. See also phonetic transcription

paragraphs: In this table IPA is an example of phonetic transcription of the name of the former Russian president known in English as Boris Yeltsin, followed by accepted hybrid forms in various languages. Note that 'Boris' is a transliteration rather than transcription in strict sense.

paragraphs: The same words are likely to be transcribed differently under different systems. For example, the Mandarin Chinese name for the capital of China is "Beijing" in the commonly-used contemporary system Hanyu Pinyin, and in the historically significant Wade Giles system, it is written "Pei-Ching".

paragraphs: Practical transcription can be done into a non-alphabetic language too. For example, in a Hong Kong Newspaper, George Bush's name is transliterated into two Chinese characters that sounds like "Bou-sū" (布殊) by using the characters that mean "cloth" and "special". Similarly, many words from English and other Western European languages are borrowed in Japanese and are transcribed using Katakana, one of the Japanese syllabaries.

paragraphs: After transcribing a word from one language to the script of another language:

paragraphs: This is especially evident for Greek loan words and proper names. Greek words are normally first transcribed to Latin (according to their old pronunciations), and then loaned into other languages, and finally the loan word has developed according to the rules of the goal language. For example, "Aristotle" is the currently used English form of the name of the philosopher

paragraphs: whose name in Greek is spelled ("Aristotélēs"),

paragraphs: which was transcribed to Latin "Aristóteles", from where it was loaned into other languages

paragraphs: and followed their linguistic development.(In "classical" Greek of Aristotle's time, lower-case letters were not used, and the name was spelled .)

paragraphs: When this process continues over several languages, it may fail miserably in conveying the original pronunciation.

paragraphs: One ancient example is the Sanskrit word "dhyāna" which transcribed into the Chinese word "Ch'an" through Buddhist scriptures. "Ch'an" (禪 Zen Buddhism) was transcribed from Japanese (ゼン "zen") to "Zen" in English. "dhyāna" to "Zen" is quite a change.

paragraphs: Another complex problem is the subsequent change in "preferred" transcription.

paragraphs: For instance, the word describing a philosophy or religion in China was popularized in English as Tao and given the termination -ism to produce an English word Taoism.

paragraphs: That transcription reflects the Wade-Giles system.

paragraphs: More recent Pinyin transliterations produce Dao and Daoism.


title: Sumgait pogrom

paragraphs: The Sumgait pogrom was a pogrom by the local Azerbaijanis that targeted the Armenian population living in the Azerbaijani seaside town of Sumgait on February 1988. An estimated 30 were killed. But most say 200.


title: Momijigari

paragraphs: Many people in Japan do this. The cities of Nikkō, Tochigi and Kyoto are very popular. The tradition started in the Heian era.


title: Bloom

paragraphs: The term bloom mostly means one or more flowers on a flowering plant. The word may also be used as a metaphor for young people at the peak of their beauty or health. See also Blossom.


title: Ancient

paragraphs: Ancient means very old. The word can also be used in these ways:


title: Calm

paragraphs: Calm is an adjective meaning peaceful, quiet; particularly used of the weather, free from wind or storm, or of the sea, opposed to rough. The word appears in French "calme," through which it came into English, in Spanish, Portuguese and Italian "calma."


title: Himeji Castle

paragraphs: It is a Japanese National Cultural Treasure. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: Along with Matsumoto Castle and Kumamoto Castle, it is one of Japan's "Three Famous Castles", and is the most visited castle in Japan.

paragraphs: Several movies have been filmed at the castle, like Akira Kurosawa's "Kagemusha" and "Ran"; "The Last Samurai" starring Tom Cruise; and the "Shogun" 1980 TV-miniseries/movie starring Richard Chamberlain.

paragraphs: In 2009, Himeiji Castle was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period.


title: Tang Dynasty

paragraphs: The Tang Dynasty (Chinese: 唐朝; Pinyin: Táng Cháo) (18 June 618 – 4 June 907) was an imperial dynasty of China that came after the Sui Dynasty and was followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li (李) family, who came to power during the fall of the Sui Empire. The dynasty was interrupted for a short time by the Zhou Dynasty (周) (16 October 690 – 3 March 705) founded by Empress Wu Zetian who managed to claim the throne, becoming the first and only Chinese Empress.

paragraphs: The Tang Dynasty, with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), the biggest city in the world at the time, is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization—maybe even greater than the earlier Han Dynasty—as well as a golden age of culture.

paragraphs: Empress Wu, the first woman to ever rule in China, was also included in the Tang Dynasty. Her methods were sometimes vicious, but she was very intelligent and talented.


title: Divination

paragraphs: Divination (Greek μαντεια, from μαντις "seer") is an attempt to get information through omens or supernatural things. The verb form is "to divine", but this should not be confused with the adjective "divine". Divining the outcome of things has been done by many different methods, such as the ones listed below.

paragraphs: Divination is different from fortune-telling. Divination is more ritual, usually religious. Fortune-telling is more for personal things.


Offering


title: Emperor Saga

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was . He was the son of Emperor Kammu, and he was the younger brother of Emperor Heizei by the same mother.

paragraphs: He had nine Empresses and consorts; and 47 Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraphs: Saga was known as a good writer. He sponsored the first imperial poetry competitions ("naien"). According to legend, he was the first Japanese emperor to drink tea.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for three years.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Heizei is near Daikaku-ji in Ukyō-ku, Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

paragraphs: The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name ("nengō").

paragraphs: In ancient Japan, there were four noble clans, the "Gempeitōkitsu" (源平藤橘). One of these clans, the Minamoto clan are also known as Genji (源氏). The Saga Genji (嵯峨源氏) are said to be descended from Emperor Saga.


title: Murder of Kriss Donald

paragraphs: Kriss Donald (2 July 1988 – 15 March 2004) was a Scottish boy who was kidnapped, tortured and stabbed to death by five Pakistani Muslims because he was white. The murderers were later convicted of his murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Imperial Court in Kyoto

paragraphs: Imperial Court in Kyoto was the government of Japan from 794 AD until the Meiji Era, in which the court was moved to Tokyo. It was moved by Empress Gemma.

paragraphs: Since Minamoto no Yoritomo started the shogunate, the true power had been in the hand of the Shoguns, who were mistaken several times for the Emperors of Japan by the Chinese government.


title: Uhorilka

paragraphs: Úhořilka is a small village in the Havlíčkův Brod District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. 51 people live in Úhořilka. It covers 2,52 km². It was first documented in 1454.


title: Temporary

paragraphs: Temporary is a term that shows a finite period of time, with a clear beginning and an end. It is derived from the Latin "temporarius" "of seasonal character, lasting a short time," from "tempus" (gen. "temporis") "time, season." It is the opposite of "permanent". It could also mean any of the following:


title: Ukiyo-e

paragraphs: , "pictures of the floating world", is a genre of Japanese woodblock prints. They were produced between the 17th and the 20th centuries, that showed landscapes, tales from history, the theatre, and brothels. It is the main artistic genre of woodblock printing in Japan.

paragraphs: Ukiyo-e were cheap because they could be mass-produced. They were meant for mainly townsmen, who were generally not rich enough to pay an original painting. The original subject of ukiyo-e was city life, in particular activities and scenes from the entertainment district. Beautiful courtesans, big Sumo wrestlers and popular actors would be portrayed while doing interesting activities. Later on landscapes also became popular. To this day, Ukiyo-e is still very popular across the world.

paragraphs: A novelist of the time period, Asai Ryōi, in his , gives an insight into the idea of the floating world:


title: Hiroshige

paragraphs: , also called Hiroshige, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

paragraphs: Ukiyo-e from "Kachō-ga : Pictures of Flowers and Birds":

paragraphs: Some Ukiyo-e from "53 Statuibs if the Tōkaidō"

paragraphs: Some Ukiyo-e from "One Hundred Famous Views of Edo"


title: Forecasting

paragraphs: Forecasting is studying and saying what is likely to happen in the future. It is similar to predicting, but usually forecasting is done with scientific methods. Forecasting can be done for many different things, like weather forecasting (predicting the weather) or economy forecasting. Science cannot know the future for sure, so forecasters try to identify the most probable events, and sometimes they are wrong.


title: Japan Meteorological Agency

paragraphs: The or JMA, is the Japanese government's weather service. It has the duty of getting the information on the weather and making the weather forecasts in Japan. It also must observe and warn about earthquakes, typhoons, tsunamis and volcanic eruptions.

paragraphs: The central office of the agency is in Tokyo, and it has six smaller offices at other regions of Japan.


title: Ariwara no Narihira

paragraphs: Ariwara no Narihira (, 825 - 9 July 880) was a Japanese poet and noble. He was the fifth son of Prince Abo, a son of Emperor Heizei. His mother Princess Ito was a daughter of Emperor Kammu, so he was family to Emperor Kammu by both his mother and father. Along with his other brothers, he was forced to have a civilian life and did not live in the Imperial Court, getting a new clan name, Ariwara.


title: Yoshino, Nara

paragraphs: Yoshino (吉野町; -cho) is a town in Yoshino District, Nara Prefecture, Japan.

paragraphs: As of 2003, the town had an about 10,550 people living there and a density of 110.61 people per km². The total area was 95.65 km².

paragraphs: Mt. Yoshino is famous for its 500,000 sakura trees. They are planted in three gardens at different altitude so that they bloom at different times of the spring.


title: Daigo, Ibaraki

paragraphs: Daigo (大子町; -machi) is a town in Kuji District, Ibaraki, Japan.

paragraphs: In 2003, about 22,813 people lived there, 70.03 people per km². The total area is .


title: Ueno Park

paragraphs: Ueno Park was created through an imperial land grant to the city of Tokyo by Emperor Taishō in 1924. The official name of the park is , which can be translated as "Ueno Imperial Gift Park".

paragraphs: A famous statue of Saigō Takamori walking his dog is in this park.


title: Mansa Musa

paragraphs: Mansa Musa (about 1280 – about 1337) was an emperor ("manse") of the Mali Empire during the 14th century. He became emperor in 1312. He was the first African ruler to be widely known throughout Europe and the Middle East, and is regarded as the richest person to have ever lived. His wealth greatly surpassing anyone today.

paragraphs: Mansa Musa was the great nephew of Sundiata Keita, who was founder of the empire. He is famous for his Hajj (1324–5). His caravan was said to consist of 60,000 people carrying supplies and bags, 500 slaves each carrying a gold staff, and 80 to 100 camels each carrying 300 pounds of gold dust. On his journey, he is said to have given out millions of dollars worth of gold. He gave out so much gold in Cairo that the value stayed relatively low for many years. Mansa Musa stopped at multiple locations during his journey. These placed include Timbuktu, Gao, and Mecca.

paragraphs: In Timbuktu, Mansa Musa made it a center of trade, culture, and Islam, which also helped increase the spread of Islam throughout Western Africa.

paragraphs: Mansa Musa also helped to spread Islam. He was a devoted Muslim, and built many schools based on the teachings of the Qur'an, there also is a saying that every Friday when he stopped, while on his Hajj, he ordered a Mosque to be built, because that is a Muslim holy day. He sent students to Islamic universities in northern Africa was fames sens 1345.

paragraphs: After his Hajj, European cartographers began to draw Mansa Musa on maps. As the empire of Mali fell apart Mansa Musa's reputation did as well; he was no longer drawn as a noble king on maps, but instead more uncivilized. He was drawn as a parody of European royalty, and a normal person with a crown. Mansa Musa was married to Inari Kunate. Mansa Musa, at his time worth $900 billion is still the richest man to date.


title: Macon, Georgia

paragraphs: Macon is a city in central Georgia, USA. It is among the largest metropolitan areas in Georgia, and the county seat of Bibb County. It is near the center of Georgia, more or less 75 miles (129 km) south of Atlanta, that's why the city's called the "Heart of Georgia". As of the 2000 census, Macon had a population of 97,255. Macon is the sixth-largest city by population of the state.


title: The Tale of Genji

paragraphs: It is believed to have been written by the Japanese noblewoman Murasaki Shikibu at the beginning of the 11th century, around the highest point of the Heian Period. The form of the language used at that time is called Late Old Japanese. "The Tale of Genji" is sometimes called the world's first novel, the first modern novel, or the first novel to still be considered a classic, but many readers do not agree on this.

paragraphs: Japanese cultural scholar Motoori Norinaga first used the term Mono no aware in his review of the book. This term in now important in understanding Japanese literature.

paragraphs: The first translation of part of "Genji Monogatari" into English was by Suematsu Kencho. It was notably translated by Japanese nun Jakucho Setouchi in 1998. Arthur Waley made a free translation of the work, except for one chapter. Edward Seidensticker made the first complete translation into English, using a more literal way than Waley. The most recent English translation, by Royall Tyler (2002), also tries to respect the original text.


title: Tokugawa Yoshimune

paragraphs: Yoshimune was the son of Tokugawa Mitsusada, the grandson of Tokugawa Yorinobu, and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

paragraphs: Yoshimune was the eighth shogun of the Tokugawa shogunate.

paragraphs: Yoshimune's government worked to control the price of rice. This earned him the nickname "Rice Shogun" or "Shogun of Rice" ("kome-shōgun").


title: Toyotomi Hideyoshi

paragraphs: Toyotomi Hideyoshi made many changes in laws and culture. For example, he made a law that only the samurai could carry weapons.


title: Motojirō Kajii

paragraphs: He died at young age and wrote few works, but his stories have become influential in Japanese culture. For example, many high school students imitate the protagonist of his short story ""Lemon"", leaving a lemon in a department store. And his first line is usually said by Japanese people about the cherry-blossoms-watching custom of hanami.


title: Staff

paragraphs: The plural of “staff” is staves. The word stave can also be used as a singular noun to mean:


title: Dumpling

paragraphs: Dumplings may be any of a wide variety of dishes, both sweet and salty, in several different cuisines. They are either made from balls of dough or are small bits of food put into pastry, dough, batter, or leaves.


title: Hank Williams

paragraphs: Hank Williams, Sr. (September 17, 1923 – January 1, 1953), born Hiram King Williams, was an American singer-songwriter and musicians. Williams is known as "the Father of Country and Western Music", because his songs were some of the first to come from that . As with many musical , Williams did not set out to create a new kind of music. He simply wanted to make music that his listeners would enjoy, that he would also enjoy making for them.

paragraphs: Some of Williams's songs are "Your Cheatin' Heart", "Hey Good Lookin'", "Jambalaya", and "Cold, Cold Heart". The songs were easy to remember, and many fans sang along when they heard them. Other singers began to include Hank Williams songs in their . Williams made recordings, performed on radio and early television, and also made live appearances.

paragraphs: Williams's parents, Elonzo Huble "Lon" Williams and Jessie Lillybelle "Lillie" Skipper married on November 12, 1916. Hank Williams was of English-American ancestry. Elonzo Williams worked as an engineer for the railroads of the W.T. Smith lumber company. He was drafted during World War I, serving from July 1918 until June 1919. He was severely injured after falling from a truck, breaking his collarbone and sustaining a severe hit to the head. After his return, the family's first child, Irene, was born on August 8, 1922. Another son of theirs died shortly after birth. Their third child, Hiram, was born on September 17, 1923, in Mount Olive. Since Elonzo Williams was a Mason, and his wife was a member of Order of the Eastern Star the child was named after Hiram I of Tyre (one of the three founders of the Masons, according to Masonic legend), but his name was misspelled as "Hiriam" on his birth certificate.

paragraphs: As a child, he was nicknamed "Harm" by his family and "Herky" or "Poots" by his friends.

paragraphs: Williams was one of the first to have problems with alcohol and drugs. Well-meaning fans and friends would buy Williams drinks, or invite him to parties, and he would lose control. He began to miss shows, and to give bad performances because of the effects of drugs and alcohol. He lost many of his best engagements, and his suffered.

paragraphs: Williams died at age 29 on January 1, 1953, after a of alcohol drinking. He left behind a wife and son, Hank Williams Jr., who also grew up to become a country musician. Williams' songs are still popular, and sung by many musicians. Hank Jr. performed his father's music for many years, but later found success with songs of his own.


title: Sui Dynasty

paragraphs: The Sui Dynasty ( Suí cháo; 581-618) was an imperial dynasty of China. It followed the "Jin Period" and was followed by the Tang Dynasty. It ended nearly four centuries of division between rival regimes.

paragraphs: The Sui Dynasty was founded by Emperor Wen, or "Yang Jian". Its capital was Chang'an (present-day Xi'an). The dynasty is important because it reunited Southern and Northern China and the Grand Canal was built in that time.


title: Bento

paragraphs: Bento can be very elaborate, aesthetically pleasing cuisine arrangements. Often the food is arranged in such a way as to resemble other objects: dolls, flowers, leaves, and so forth. For some special occasions like hanami, more elaborate and bigger bentos are prepared. People often take bento for a picnic.

paragraphs: Bento are often sold in train stations. These are called ekiben (駅弁). Also,Bento are sold in airports. These are called Soraben (空弁).Kyaraben (キャラ弁), is a shortened form of the two words "character" and "bento" and is becoming more popular.

paragraphs: Here are some foods that are often contained in bento:


title: Clown

paragraphs: A clown is a kind of entertainer, or performance artist, who performs physical comedy and stunts to amuse others. They usually wear grease paint makeup that hides their real face, a large wig with brightly-colored hair, and baggy, padded clothing. Clowns pretend to be clumsy, but must be agile and athletic in real life, to perform their job well.

paragraphs: Many clowns belong to a circus, while others freelance or have a talent agent who helps them find work. Some clowns study at a clown college or clown school, where they learn acrobatics, juggling and other physical skills, and ways to interact with an audience. Others learn from experienced clowns, or through study and practice.

paragraphs: Clowns are sometimes mentioned in other forms of entertainment. "Pagliacci" is an opera by Ruggero Leoncavallo, about clowns. This theme was borrowed by Smokey Robinson, when he wrote "The Tears of a Clown" working with Stevie Wonder. Red Skelton was a popular entertainer, who performed clown routines on television.

paragraphs: Ronald McDonald is a clown character who is the mascot of McDonald's restaurants. (Jeff Giuliano, who performed Ronald for many years on television, later became a vegetarian.)

paragraphs: In many different media, clowns are often villains due to the possibility of them being creepy. Examples are Pennywise from Stephen King's It and the Joker from the Batman universe.


title: Dango

paragraphs: "Dango" are eaten throughout the year, but the different types are traditionally eaten in certain seasons. Three to four "dango" are often served on a skewer. One variety of "dango" from Hokkaidō is made from potato flour and baked with "shoyu" (soy sauce).

paragraphs: A common Japanese proverb is related to the custom of cherry blossom viewing ("hanami").

paragraphs: There are many different varieties of "dango" which are usually named after the various seasonings served on or with it.


title: Music stand

paragraphs: A music stand is something musicians can use to put sheet music on when they are performing.

paragraphs: There are several different sorts of music stand, but almost all of them can be adjusted in height so that they can be used by tall or short players, and by players whether they are sitting down or standing up.

paragraphs: The most popular type of music stand is the metal one that can be folded up so that it is easy to carry about. Some music stands are made of wood. These are sometimes very and therefore quite expensive.

paragraphs: Orchestras usually give their players very heavy metal music stands. This is because the light, fold-up ones are easily knocked over. It is also very difficult to write on music on a fold-up metal stand because there is nothing to press against (in rehearsals musicians often have to write fingering, bowing and other markings in the music).

paragraphs: There are also very small music stands that do not have legs and are designed to be put on a table. These can be used for any kind of instrument that can be played sitting at a table.

paragraphs: There are also small ones that can be attached to the instrument itself. These are used in marching bands. Thomas Jefferson, former president of the United States, invented a revolving music stand which he never patented because he wanted people to be able to use his invention for free.

paragraphs: There are also digital music stands. When the violinist Tasmin Little played the Ligeti"Violin Concerto" at a Prom in 2003 she used a special, computerized music stand that had been made for her. There were no gaps in the music where she could have turned the pages of an ordinary music score. Instead, the music was on a computer screen, and she moved to the next page by pressing a pedal with her foot. There was also another pedal for turning back a page which was important to have when practising and for rehearsal.


title: Cumulative voting

paragraphs: Cumulative voting is a system for doing an election. There are a certain number of choices. Each voter has a certain number of points he or she can spread over the choices. That way it is possible to choose more than one option, and to weigh the choices. Usually, this applies when there is more than one position being elected at the same time. For example, it can be used to elect more than one member of a governing board. In cumulative voting, if five positions are to be elected, a voter could cast one vote for each of five different candidates, or the voter could give all five of his votes to one candidate, or two votes to one candidate and three votes to a different candidate. Bullet voting is giving all of the votes to one candidate.

paragraphs: Cumulative voting is used to elect representatives in many companies. It is also used to elect some governments. Switzerland and Germany use it for some elections.

paragraphs: It will lead to a proportional representation.


title: Proportional representation

paragraphs: Proportional representation is a system used to elect a country's government. If proportional representation is used in an election, a political party that wins 10% of the vote, will win 10% of the seats in parliament and a party that wins 20% of the vote, will win 20% of the seats.

paragraphs: If a party wins over 50% of the vote, it wins over 50% of the seats and can form a government, however this does not happen very often because most countries have lots of different political parties. If no party wins over 50% of the vote, then a coalition government usually has to be formed, where a government is formed from two or more different political parties, who together have over 50% of the seats in parliament.

paragraphs: Countries which use proportional representation include: Austria, Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland and Turkey.

paragraphs: Countries which have systems that are similar or use semi-proportional representation include: Australia, Germany, Hungary, India, Republic of Ireland, Italy, Japan, Mexico, New Zealand,Scotland, Thailand and Wales. India is one of the most successful examples of a country with proportional representation.


title: Smokey Robinson

paragraphs: William ("Smokey") Robinson (born February 19, 1940 in Detroit, Michigan) is an American R&B singer-songwriter. Most of his hit records were on Motown Records or one of its labels, and many of them were performed with The Miracles, his longtime band.

paragraphs: Robinson is an African American. His mother died when he was young; his sister raised him afterwards. Robinson met Berry Gordy when Motown first became famous. He showed Gordy the lyrics to a song he had written. When Gordy asked if Smokey had any other songs, the young man pulled out a notebook with nearly a hundred of them. Few of the songs had potential, but Gordy liked what he saw in Robinson, and signed him and his band to Motown. Gordy helped Robinson become a better songwriter, and sometimes they wrote together. Some of Robinson's songs, like "My Girl" and "My Guy", were hits for other Motown artists.

paragraphs: Robinson's hits with the Miracles included "Goin' to a Go-Go", "You Really Got a Hold On Me", "Shop Around", "Ooh Baby Baby", "Mickey's Monkey", and "Baby, Baby Don't Cry". Stevie Wonder gave Robinson an unfinished song he'd begun in the studio, to see if he could add lyrics and a tune. The song reminded Robinson of music, and he remembered "I Pagliacci", an opera about clowns. The finished song was called "The Tears of a Clown", and it became another hit.

paragraphs: Robinson left the Miracles during the 1970s, and began a solo career. The Miracles still had hits (like "Love Machine"), and so did Robinson, with songs like "Cruisin'" and "Being With You".

paragraphs: In the 2000s, Robinson went into the business, with a line of and similar .


title: Andrew Davis

paragraphs: Sir Andrew Frank Davis CBE (born 2 February 1944) is a British conductor.

paragraphs: Andrew Davis was born in Ashridge in Hertfordshire to Robert J. Davis and his wife Florence J. (née Badminton), Davis grew up in Chesham, Buckinghamshire, and in Watford. He studied at the Royal College of Music, King's College, Cambridge where he was organ scholar, and in Rome with Franco Ferrara.

paragraphs: In 1970 he took his first important job: associate conductor of the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, he took the job of principal conductor with the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He gave up this job in 1988, but has continued to be called their Conductor Laureate (honorary conductor).

paragraphs: In 1988, Davis became music director at Glyndebourne, where he met the American soprano Gianna Rolandi, whom he later married. Davis returned to the BBC in 1989 to become chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra, where he held the post until 2000.

paragraphs: Queen Elizabeth II made Davis a CBE in May 1992. In January 1999, she appointed him a Knight Bachelor in the New Year Honours List. In 2002, he conducted the Prom at the Palace concert, held in the gardens of Buckingham Palace as part of the celebrations for the Queen's Golden Jubilee.

paragraphs: Davis became the music director and principal conductor of the Lyric Opera of Chicago in 2000. In 2005, he took on the post of Music Advisor to the Pittsburgh Symphony Orchestra for three years.

paragraphs: Davis has conducted lots of music. He is especially fond of music by British composers such as Michael Tippett and Harrison Birtwistle. He was a great favourite at the BBC Proms during his years with the BBC Symphony Orchestra. He often conducted the Last Night of the Proms and made a witty speech.

paragraphs: Sir Andrew Davis is not related to the conductor Sir Colin Davis


title: Haiku

paragraphs: The traditional hokku usually was written in six verses or more or less 5, 7, 5 syllables and they had to follow ("on-ji"). The Japanese word "cow", meaning "sound", corresponds to a "mora", a phonetic unit similar but not identical to the syllable of a language such as English. A haiku has a special "season word" (the "kigo") to represent the season in which the poem is set, or a reference to the natural world.

paragraphs: Haiku usually breaks in three parts, called "kireji", normally placed at the end of the first five or second seven "morae". In Japanese, there are actual kireji words. In English, kireji is often replaced with commas, hyphens, elipses, or breaks in the haiku. Japanese haiku are normally written in one line, while English language haiku are traditionally separated into three lines.

paragraphs: In Japanese, nouns do not have different singular and plural forms, so "haiku" is used as both a singular and plural noun in English as well.

paragraphs: Japanese hokku and haiku are traditionally printed in one vertical line.

paragraphs: All of the poets below have some haiku. However, only Hackett and Virgilio are known for writing haiku. Richard Wright wrote some 4000 haiku in the last eighteen months of his life. Amiri Baraka recently wrote a collection of what he calls "low coup." This is his own version of haiku. Poet Sonia Sanchez is also known for putting together haiku and the blues musical genre.


title: Gennady Rozhdestvensky

paragraphs: Gennady Rozhdestvensky (4 May 1931, Moscow – 16 June 2018) was a Russian conductor. Rozhdestvensky was born into a musical family. His name at first was Gennady Nikolayevich Anosov. When he started his musical career, he took his mother's maiden name.

paragraphs: Rozhdestvensky studied conducting with his father Nikolai Anosov at the Moscow Conservatory. He studied piano with the great pianist Lev Oborin. When he was 20 years old, he conducted Tchaikovsky's "Nutcracker" ballet at the Bolshoi Theatre. He soon became famous. He gave the first performances of many works of Soviet composers, as well as the first Russian performance of Benjamin Britten's "A Midsummer Night's Dream".

paragraphs: Rozhdestvensky has conducted many orchestras and made many recordings.

paragraphs: In 1969, he married the pianist Viktoria Postnikova.

paragraphs: Rozhdestvensky is known for keeping his rehearsals short. He does this so that the orchestra do not get tired and are fresh for the performance. Sometimes he walks about the stage while he conducts. He does not stand on a podium (a raised platform).

paragraphs: He has also conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras, including the Berlin Philharmonic, the Royal Concertgebouw, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, and the London Symphony Orchestra.


title: Waka

paragraphs: Waka () or Yamato uta is a genre of Japanese poetry. Waka literally means""Japanese poem"" in Japanese. The word "waka" was originally created by poets during the Heian Period to make clear the difference between native Japanese poetry and the "kanshi" (, "Chinese poems"). This meant that they put together several different styles, one of them being tanka ( lit. "short poem") and the other chōka ( lit. "long poem"). There are others: bussokusekika ( lit. "rock of the Buddha's footprint poem"), sedōka ( lit. "whirling head poem") and katauta ( lit. "poem fragment").

paragraphs: These last three forms were no longer used at the beginning of the Heian Period, and "chōka" also disappeared a short time after. So, the term "waka" came in time to mean the same as "tanka". Tanka is a much older form of Japanese poetry than haiku.

paragraphs: Waka did not follow any rules of rhyme, nor line; it was a free style kind of poetry. This can be seen in this example of tanka written by poet Yamanoue no Okura (660 - 733)


title: Amiri Baraka

paragraphs: Amiri Baraka (October 7, 1934 – January 9, 2014) was an American writer. He has written poetry, drama, essays and music criticism. He is also the father of Newark city mayor Ras Baraka.

paragraphs: Baraka's writings have made controversy over the years, mostly because of his advocacy of rape and violence towards (at many times) women, gay people, white people, and Jews. Critics of his work have said such words are examples of racism, sexism, homophobia, and anti-Semitism in his work.

paragraphs: Most American white men are trained to be fags. For this reason it is no wonder their faces are weak and blank. … The average ofay [white person] thinks of the black man as potentially raping every white lady in sight. Which is true, in the sense that the black man should want to rob the white man of everything he has. But for most whites the guilt of the robbery is the guilt of rape. That is, they know in their deepest hearts that they should be robbed, and the white woman understands that only in the rape sequence is she likely to get cleanly, viciously popped.

paragraphs: Baraka died January 9, 2014 in Newark, New Jersey after being hospitalized in the facility's intensive care unit for one month prior to his death. He was 79 years old. The cause of death was complications of surgery. Baraka had diabetes.


title: Jorge Luis Borges

paragraphs: Jorge Luis Borges (August 24, 1899 – June 14, 1986) was an Argentine writer. He was best known in the English-speaking world for his short stories and fictive essays. Borges was also a poet, critic, translator and man of wisdom.

paragraphs: He was influenced by authors such as Dante Alighieri, Miguel de Cervantes, Franz Kafka, H.G. Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Arthur Schopenhauer and G. K. Chesterton.


title: Billy Collins

paragraphs: William J. "Billy" Collins (born March 22, 1941) is a poet who served two terms as the 11th Poet Laureate of the United States. He served from 2001 to 2003. In his home state, Collins has been recognized as a Literary Lion of the New York Public Library (1992) and selected as the New York State Poet for 2004.


title: Wind power in Texas

paragraphs: Wind power in Texas consists of many wind farms with a total installed generating capacity of 9,410 MW from over 40 different projects. Texas produces the most wind power of any U.S. state, followed by Iowa with 3,670 MW.

paragraphs: Several forces are working to the advantage of wind power in Texas: the wind resource in many areas of the state is very large, large projects are relatively easy to site, and the market price for electricity is relatively high because it is set by natural gas prices. The wind power industry is also creating many jobs and farmers may earn extra income by leasing their land to wind developers.

paragraphs: The Roscoe Wind Farm (781 MW) is the world's largest wind farm. Other large wind farms in Texas include: Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center, Sherbino Wind Farm, Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm, Sweetwater Wind Farm, Buffalo Gap Wind Farm, King Mountain Wind Farm, Desert Sky Wind Farm, Wildorado Wind Ranch, and the Brazos Wind Farm.

paragraphs: Wind power has a long history in Texas. West Texas State University began wind energy research in 1970 and led to the formation of the Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) in 1977. AEI has been a major information resource about wind energy for Texas.

paragraphs: Texas is firmly established as the leader in wind power development in the USA, ahead of Iowa and California. The expanding wind power market will help Texas meet its 2015 renewable energy goal of 5,000 new megawatts of power from renewable sources.

paragraphs: The table below lists the larger wind farms in Texas, currently operating or under construction. Wind farms which are smaller than 120 MW in capacity are not shown.

paragraphs: Several forces are driving the growth of wind power in Texas: the wind resource in many areas of the state is very large, large projects are relatively easy to site, and the market price for electricity is set by natural gas prices and so is relatively high. The broad scope and geographical extent of wind farms in Texas is considerable:

paragraphs: "Wind resource areas in the Texas Panhandle, along the Gulf Coast south of Galveston, and in the mountain passes and ridge tops of the Trans-Pecos offer Texas some of the greatest wind power potential in the United States. Currently there are over 2,000 wind turbines in West Texas alone. Most of the new wind capacity added in the last two years has been in the Abilene-Sweetwater area. The Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center is the largest wind power facility in the nation with a total capacity of 735 MW. It is spread across approximately 47,000 acres in Taylor and Nolan County near Abilene."

paragraphs: Wind is a highly variable resource, but with proper understanding it can be readily incorporated into an electric utility's generation mix. Many areas contain areas with winds presently suitable for electric power generation. The number of commercially attractive sites will expand as wind turbine technology improves and development costs continue to drop.

paragraphs: Texas farmers may lease their land to wind developers for either a set rental per turbine or for a small percentage of gross annual revenue from the project. This offers farmers a fresh revenue stream without impacting traditional farming and grazing practices. Although leasing arrangements vary widely, the U. S. Government Accountability Office reported in 2004 that a farmer who leases land to a wind project developer can generally obtain royalties of $3,000 to $5,000 per turbine per year in lease payments. These figures are rising as larger wind turbines are being produced and installed.

paragraphs: The wind power industry is also creating thousands of jobs for communities and for the state. Wind technology and the various aspects of producing electricity from wind power can help to keep employment in Texas after the rigs stop producing oil.

paragraphs: Terrorism and industrial accidents can be potential threats to the large, centrally located, power plants that provide most of Texas’ electricity. Should one of these plants be damaged, repairs could take more than a year, possibly creating power shortages on a scale that Texans have never experienced before. Coal trains and gas pipelines are also vulnerable to disruption. However, wind power plants are quickly installed and repaired. The modular structure of a wind farm also means that if one turbine is damaged, the overall output of the plant is not significantly affected.


title: Yu Suzuki

paragraphs: Both of Suzuki's parents were school teachers. When Suzuki was growing up, he wanted to be a dentist. But he could not pass the test, so he decided to study computers instead. In 1983 he started working at Sega. In 1993 he wrote a famous game called Virtua Fighter. It was so famous, that it was added to the Smithsonian museum in Washington DC, as an example of an important game.

paragraphs: Suzuki said in an interview that he greatly enjoys creating games. However, he has doesn't care much about playing them. he would rather spend his free time watching movies and visiting theme parks.


title: Isra and Mi'raj

paragraphs: The Isra and Mi'raj are two parts of a story that Muslims tell about Muhammad. They say that in the year 621, while he was resting in the Kaaba in Mecca, an angel came to him, with an animal called a Buraq. The Buraq carried Muhammad to a mosque that was far away, and then the Buraq took Muhammad up into heaven. While in Heaven, Muhammad met Adam and Moses and Allah (God), and then came back down to Earth.

paragraphs: Every year, Muslims hold a festival for the Isra and Mi'raj. They bring their children to the mosques, where the children can hear the story, and then pray with the grownups. Afterwards there is a feast and everyone can eat.


title: Fustat

paragraphs: Fustat was the first Arab capital in Egypt. It was founded in 641 AD, after the Arabs conquered Alexandria. The Arabs did not want their capital to be so far away as Alexandria, which is why they made Fustat, which was closer, and was on their side of the Nile river.

paragraphs: Fustat became a beautiful and powerful city for over 500 years, but then it was destroyed during a war, when its vizier Shawar told his army to burn the city. Shawar did not want anyone else to capture the city, so he burned it instead.

paragraphs: Today there is not much left of Fustat, but some buildings can be seen in Old Cairo.


title: Vizier

paragraphs: A vizier is an Arabic word for a kind of government official. A vizier would usually work for a Muslim monarch like a Caliph or a Sultan.


title: Hank Williams Jr.

paragraphs: Randall Hank Williams (born in 1949 in Louisiana) is an American musician and songwriter. He is the son of country music legend Hank Williams. His nickname is "Bocephus", given to him by his father. He has a half-sister, named Jett Williams.

paragraphs: From his boyhood, Hank Jr., performed his father's music publicly, because many people were still interested in it, and Hank Sr.'s career was cut short by alcohol and drug abuse. Young Williams wanted to perform music of his own, and to have his own musical career apart from his father's, but it was hard to "get out from his father's shadow", and be recognized for his own talents.

paragraphs: In time, Williams met musicians who liked him for his own ideas, and helped him to develop his own kind of music. He was able to become an original writer and performer, while still being proud to be Hank Sr.'s son. Some of his father's fans were sad that he wanted to do this, but others understood. He also gained new fans, performing his new music.

paragraphs: Some of Williams's songs are "Eleven Roses", "Family Tradition", "Whiskey Bent and Hell Bound", "All My Rowdy Friends", and "A Country Boy Can Survive". Even though he had hit records and many fans, it took years for people in country music to accept him and his chosen style. Williams lost out on many awards he could have earned. Finally in the 1980s, he began to win awards as a country performer.

paragraphs: In the 1990s, Williams recorded a with his father, by using an old recording, and the two appeared together in a music video through electronic editing.

paragraphs: In 2005, Williams donated $125,000 to relief efforts in Mississippi, after Hurricane Katrina. He continues to record and to perform.


title: Utagawa Kunisada

paragraphs: , also called or Kunisada, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.


title: Tsukioka Yoshitoshi

paragraphs: , also called or Yoshitoshi, was a Japanese artist. He was a master of the ukiyo-e style of woodblock prints and painting.

paragraphs: His adopted son was Tsukoka Kōgyō (1869-1927), who was also an artist.


title: Odawara Castle

paragraphs: Odawara Castle was destroyed by the Meiji government. However, present Odawara Castle was rebuilt in 1960. It serves as a museum and is designated as an important historical monument. Odawara Castel premise is a park, and there are zoo and small amusement park in addition to historical site such as Castel tower. It is voted the 100 best historic park in Japan in October, 2006.


title: Ab urbe condita

paragraphs: Ab urbe condita is a way to measure time.

paragraphs: The phrase is Latin. It literally means "from when the city was founded". The city talked about is the city of Rome. This way of measuring time was not used in Classical antiquity. The first to have used it was the historian Orosius, about 400 AD.

paragraphs: Marcus Terentius Varro found out that the city of Rome was founded 440 years after the fall of Troy. Romulus and Remus founded it. Varro thought that was in the spring of 753 BC.

paragraphs: Marcus Porcius Cato Censorius thought that Rome was founded one year after the 7th Olympic Games. That would have been in 752 BC.

paragraphs: Ab urbe condita is also the main work of Titus Livius, a Roman historian.


title: Mesosphere

paragraphs: The mesosphere is a part of the atmosphere. It is between the stratosphere and the thermosphere. On Earth, the mesosphere starts at 50 kilometers above the planet to about 90 km above the planet.

paragraphs: The mesosphere is the most poorly understood part of the atmosphere. The mesosphere lies above the highest point for flying a plane, but below the lowest point for flying a spaceship. It also has a layer of electrically charged particles called the ionosphere.


title: Magnetosphere

paragraphs: A magnetosphere is a region around an astronomical object, such as a planet. It is the region where charged particles are affected by the object's magnetic field. The magnetosphere of the Sun is called the heliosphere. Ions and electrons of the solar wind are deflected by the heliosphere.

paragraphs: Since a magnetosphere is magnetic, it is invisible. However, the Earth's magnetosphere makes the Aurora Borealis. This is what causes the "Northern Lights" that shimmer in the night sky near the North Pole.


title: Dorus Rijkers

paragraphs: Theodorus "Dorus" Rijkers (January 27, 1847 in Den Helder – April 19, 1928 in Den Helder) was a famous Dutch lifeboat captain and folk hero, he is most famous for his sea rescues of 487 shipwrecked victims over a total of 38 rescue operations and at least 25 before joining the lifeboat-service.

paragraphs: Dorus received his nickname "Grandpa" (Dutch:"Opa") while still a young man. He had married Neeltje Huisman, a fisherman's widow who already had 6 children. Shortly after the marriage, the oldest of Neeltje's daughters had a child of her own, and so at only 23 years old Dorus became known as "Opa" in Den Helder where he lived. Although the nickname began as a joke, Dorus soon started acting and looking like a grandpa, and from that time on he became primarily known by his nickname.

paragraphs: Dorus gained most of his fame as a result of his service to the Noord- en zuid-Hollandsche Redding Maatschappij (NZHRM), one of the two main Dutch lifeboat-societies at the time. The NZHRM would later become the Koninklijke Nederlandse Redding Maatschappij (KNRM).

paragraphs: However his life-saving career began in 1872 before he joined the NZHRM, while acting as captain of his own boat. While at sea, he saved all 25 crew members of the barque "Australia" from drowning at sea. Because of this incident, Dorus gained a reputation as a rescuer, which preceded his joining the NZHRM as a volunteer. On the basis of his reputation, he was granted the position of coxswain upon joining the NZHRM without having to prove his qualifications. His rank of coxswain entitled him to immediately command his own boat and crew.

paragraphs: Although Dorus joined the NZHRM as a volunteer, he worked so many hours that it precluded him from taking on other paid work. Dorus and all of his crew members received a sum for each trial and each service.

paragraphs: During his nearly 30 years service with the NZHRM, Dorus saved hundreds of people from drowning at sea, becoming legendary long before his retirement. In the waters where he served, he saved such large number of people with such effectiveness that the survival statistics increased dramatically. At the end of his career, although he remained active, his role became more symbolic in nature.

paragraphs: In 1888, Dorus Rijkers met King William III of the Netherlands after rescuing sailors from the German barque "Renown". The King gave Dorus a gold medal of honor and smoked a pipe with him.

paragraphs: In 1911, Dorus retired at age 64, after which he received only a very small pension. He struggled to make ends meet by eating simple food and living plainly.

paragraphs: During an October 1922 interview with Dr. L.A. Rademaker, editor of the Hague newspaper 'Het Vaderland', Dorus complained about his situation. He claimed that he had been forced to sell the gold medal of honour in order to buy himself a bicycle. The Helden der Zee Fonds 'Dorus Rijkers' (Dorus Rijkers Fund for the Heroes of the Sea) was created after Dorus' plight and that of other retired life-savers were chronicled in 'Het Vaderland'.

paragraphs: In April 1928, Dorus Rijkers died at the age of 81. He was given a funeral that was so grand that it resembled a state funeral in size and style. There was music, a big parade, thousands who came to pay their last respects including a large number of Marine Officers, also high ranking government officials, among them representatives of the Ministry of the Marine. The grandeur of his funeral showed the great public esteem in which Dorus was held at the time. Dorus Rijkers had become a national hero and was by far the most popular Dutchman of those years (according to a poll that surveyed many people in the Netherlands during the 1920s).

paragraphs: There is a very large statue in honor of all the Netherlands sea-rescuers, opened in 1935. This statue is sometimes mistakenly assumed to be in honor of Dorus. In fact, a separate, smaller statue of Dorus was erected in 1939 One of the rescue boats of the KNRM still carries his name with pride. Dorus is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest rescuers of all time.


title: Prince of Wales

paragraphs: Prince of Wales is a royal title. It is usually held by the eldest son of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. The title is not automatic, but is given by the reigning monarch.

paragraphs: When a person becomes King or Queen, their eldest son immediately becomes Duke of Cornwall and Duke of Rothesay. The current Prince of Wales, Prince Charles, was born in 1948, and was known as "Prince Charles of Edinburgh" (his father is The Duke of Edinburgh). In 1952, his mother became Queen, and he became "The Duke of Cornwall" (in Scotland he was called "The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay"). In 1969, the Queen made him "Prince of Wales", and he is now called Prince of Wales, except in Scotland, where he is still The Prince Charles, Duke of Rothesay.

paragraphs: King George II created his son, Prince Frederick, Prince of Wales. When Frederick died, the King made Frederick's eldest son, George, Prince of Wales.


title: Massachusetts Institute of Technology

paragraphs: The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. MIT has five schools and one college, and it has 32 academic departments, and gives much importance to scientific and technological research. MIT students, graduates, and faculty members are famous for being given many awards, including 76 Nobel Prizes. In 2013 QS ranked MIT as the best university in the world. It started in 1861. It is one of the most selective universities. It accepted 8.9% of people who applied for class of 2016. Nine months' tuition and fees for 2012–2013 is $42,050. MIT gives financial aid so that anyone who is good enough can pay. In 2011-2012 64% of undergraduates had some kind of financial aid. The student:faculty ratio is 8:1. 45% of undergraduates are women. The most popular major is engineering.


title: The Colbert Report

paragraphs: The Colbert Report was an American television talk show starring Stephen Colbert.

paragraphs: It was aired on Comedy Central Monday to Thursday, starting October 17, 2005. The last episode aired on December 18, 2014. It was a spin-off of "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart". Colbert acts as if he is very conservative, as a parody. His show makes fun of different conservative political commentary shows, especially Bill O'Reilly's show "The O'Reilly Factor" on Fox News. The show also has many guests, usually one each night on the last part of his show. They are authors, actors, politicians, musicians and others. He also sometimes has other guests in other segments in his show, such as Congress members in his "Better Know a District" segment. The show is directed by Jim Hoskinson.

paragraphs: Colbert has also written three books with the writers of his show. The first book from 2007 is called "I Am America (And So Can You!)" as the character he plays on television.

paragraphs: The show is aired in Canada on The Comedy Network, The Comedy Channel in Australia, and Comedy Central in New Zealand.

paragraphs: The show won two Emmy Awards in 2013. It ended in December 2014.


title: Cid Corman

paragraphs: Cid (Sidney) Corman (June 29, 1924 – March 12, 2004) was an American poet well known for editing the magazine "Origin".


title: Lenard Moore

paragraphs: Lenard Duane Moore (born February 13, 1958) is an American writer. He was born in Jacksonville, North Carolina. He has written more than 20 forms of poetry, drama, essays and literary criticism. He has been writing and publishing haiku for 25 years.

paragraphs: Lenard's poetry has been translated into several languages. He has written the following:


title: Octavio Paz

paragraphs: Octavio Paz Lozano (March 31, 1914 – April 19, 1998) was a Mexican writer, poet, and diplomat. He won the 1990 Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraphs: On April 19, 1998, Paz died of cancer in Mexico City, Mexico.


title: Raymond Roseliep

paragraphs: Raymond Roseliep (August 11, 1917 – December 6, 1983) was a poet. He wrote haiku. He was a Catholic priest. He has been described as "the John Donne of Western haiku".


title: Kenneth Rexroth

paragraphs: Kenneth Rexroth (December 22, 1905 – June 6, 1982) was an American writer. He was one of the first poets in the United States to write in traditional Japanese poetic forms such as haiku. Rexroth is known as one of the main figures in the San Fransisco Renaissance.


title: Sonia Sanchez

paragraphs: Sonia Sanchez is an African-American poet. She is known for being part of the Black Arts Movement.

paragraphs: Sanchez was born Wilsonia Benita Driver in Birmingham, Alabama on September 9, 1934. She studied at Hunter College, and New York University. She founded the Black Studies program at San Francisco State University. She was poet-in-residence at Temple University.

paragraphs: She has written over twelve books of poetry. She has also written plays and children's books.


title: Gary Snyder

paragraphs: Gary Snyder (born May 8, 1930) is an American writer. He is also an essayist, lecturer, and environmental activist. Snyder is a winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. Since the 1970s, he has often been called the "laureate of Deep Ecology." Since the 1950s, he has published travel-journals and essays.


title: Genpei Akasegawa

paragraphs: He used another pen name for novels. He won the Akutagawa Prize in 1981 for a short story called "Chichi ga kieta".


title: Aries

paragraphs: Aries is the astrological Zodiac sign that s the constellation Aries. In the tropical zodiac, Aries is from March 21 to April 20 beginning at the vernal equinox. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from April 15 to May 15. The opposite sign to Aries is Libra. The corresponding month in the Babylonian calendar is "Arax Nisânu", which is made for Anu.

paragraphs: This sign for Aries was made from many stars which made up the head of the Aries (constellation) . The head of Aries is called "Aluathay" or "Salhay" and it is made up of four stars.

paragraphs: In mythology Aries is related to Greek myth of the ram which carried Athamas's son Phrixus and daughter Helle to Colchis away from their evil stepmother Ino. This ram is also related to Theseus, from the Greek myth of the Minotaur.

paragraphs: Astrologers broadly agree that the following are the characteristics of Aries:

paragraphs: In astrology Aries is ruled by the planet Mars.

paragraphs: The Indian equivalent of Aries is Mesha, the Chinese equivalent is the Dragon.

paragraphs: It is said that people born in Aries can have jobs where initiative (being able to act first) and enterprise (being brave and taking risks) are needed. For example; soldiers, surgeons, engineers, psychologists, sportspeople, leaders of organizations, explorers, firefighters and sculptors.

paragraphs: In medical astrology and anatomy, Aries is said to rule the cranium, mouth, bones on the face, lungs, brain, upper teeth, carotid arteries, and the nerve. Physically, Aries are high in jobs, and look sporty.