title: Ugni

paragraphs: Ugni is a genus of plants of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae). Four species belong to this genus, all from western America.

paragraphs: They are small evergreen shrubs. The leaves are simple, entire, opposite, elliptical; they are 1–2 cm long and 0.2-2.5 cm broad, dark green, and with a spicy scent if broken into many small pieces.

paragraphs: The solitary flowers are usually hanging; they are 1–2 cm diameter with four or five white or pale pink petals and many short stamens. The fruit is a small red or purple berry, 1 cm in diameter, with many seeds.

paragraphs: The name comes from "Uñi" with which the Mapuches (native people from south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina) name the fruits of the best known species of the genus, "Ugni molinae".

paragraphs: The genus was formerly often included in either "Myrtus" or "Eugenia"; it is distinguished from these two genera by the hanging flowers with stamens shorter than the petals.

paragraphs: The Russian botanist Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow created the genus "Ugni" in 1849.

paragraphs: All species of this genus are found in western South and Central America, native from southern Mexico to central southern Chile and Argentina.

paragraphs: "Ugni molinae" is grown as an ornamental plant and for its edible fruits; these fruits are also used to make jams.


title: Bell X-1

paragraphs: The Bell X-1 is a famous US jet aircraft. It was the first aircraft in the world that reach a speed of Mach 1 in level flight. It was the October 14th 1947. Its pilot was Chuck Yeager.


title: Bell P-63 Kingcobra

paragraphs: The Bell P-63 Kingcobra is a US fighter aircraft of


title: Curtiss C-46 Commando

paragraphs: The Curtiss C-46 Commando is an American cargo aircraft. It was mainly used by US Army Air Force and US Navy for the World War II and after the Korean War. It was called R5C-1 by US Navy. After 1945 many were sold to airlines across the world. It's often confused with the Douglas C-47 Skytrain.


title: Dassault Super Mirage 4000

paragraphs: The Dassault Super Mirage 4000 is a prototype of a fighter aircraft. It was built in France by Dassault Aviation to compete McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle and Panavia Tornado. Its first flight was in 1979, but it was refused by the French Air Force. Since 1995 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace, near Paris.


title: Dassault Falcon 20

paragraphs: The Dassault Falcon 20 is a French twin-turbojet aircraft. It was the first business jet built in France. It can carry two pilots and between eight and twelve passengers.

paragraphs: The United States Coast Guard uses a special variant for search and rescue and reconnaissance called HU-25 Guardian. A similar aircraft is used by French Navy as Gardian for operations in Overseas France.


title: Dassault Falcon 10

paragraphs: The Dassault Falcon 10 is a French light business jet. It's a shorter variant of the Falcon 20. Between 1973 and 1985 a total of 212 examples were built. Some are used by French Navy as training aircrafts.


title: Gloster Gladiator

paragraphs: The Gloster Gladiator is a biplane fighter aircraft of the World War II. It was built in UK and used by Royal Air Force, especially in Malta. Sea Gladiator was a variant, built for operations from an aircraft carrier, and used by Fleet Air Arm. Belgium, Finland, and Norway also used it. It was the last biplane fighter in service in UK.


title: Leduc 0.10

paragraphs: The Leduc 0.10 is an experimental jet aircraft. Built in France, it was the first aircraft in the world to fly powered just by a ramjet. It was built in 1947. In 2013 it is at the Musée de l'Air et de l'Espace.


title: Duke of Norfolk

paragraphs: The Duke of Norfolk is an aristocrat or peer in the United Kingdom. He is Earl Marshal in the House of Lords. He has a family home at Arundel Castle in West Sussex. His family have long been Catholic. They paid for the building of Arundel Cathedral. The title dates to 1397. As of 2013 the holder of the title is the 18th Duke, Edward Fitzalan-Howard. He took the title in 2002.


title: McDonnell FH Phantom

paragraphs: The McDonnell FH Phantom was one of the first U.S. jet fighters. It was used by the US Navy and US Marines Corps from aircraft carriers between 1947 and 1954. Mc Donnell F2H Banshee is a modernized variant.


title: Arundel Cathedral

paragraphs: Arundel Cathedral is a Roman Catholic church in West Sussex in Southern England. It was built in 1868. It is dedicated to Our Lady and Saint Philip Howard, the 20th Earl of Arundel, who died in the Tower of London under Queen Elizabeth I.


title: Jinsei Shinzaki

paragraphs: Kensuke Shinzaki (born December 2, 1966) is a Japanese professional wrestler. He is better known under the ring names, Jinsei Shinzaki and Hakushi.

paragraphs: He started in Gran Hamada's Universal Lucha Libre promotion where he competed under the name Mongolian Yuga.

paragraphs: He competed in the World Wrestling Federation in 1995 where he portrayed a Japanese villain named Hakushi (White Messenger). e debuted in a match against a young Matt Hardy which Hakushi won.

paragraphs: He gained victories over Aldo Montoya and 1-2-3 Kid. He embarked on a short feud with Bret Hart and also competed in the 1996 Royal Rumble but was eliminated by Bret's brother, Owen Hart.

paragraphs: During a match against Justin "Hawk" Bradshaw, Bradshaw hit Hakushi with a branding iron after Bradshaw defeated him and Hakushi had been so humiliated by the branding that he (kayfabe) left the WWF.

paragraphs: After he left the WWF, he competed in a tag team match at Extreme Championship Wrestling's 1998 ECW Heat Wave with Hayabusa for the ECW World Tag Team Championships against Rob Van Dam and Sabu.

paragraphs: Shinzaki owned a restaurant in Japan but his restaurant along with his house were destroyed in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and he was forced to live in his car.


title: Arundel

paragraphs: Arundel is a small town on the River Arun in West Sussex, England. It is the site of Arundel Castle, the seat of the Duke of Norfolk, and the Catholic Arundel Cathedral. It is 10 miles east of Chichester.


title: Flower pot

paragraphs: A flower pot is a container in which flowers and other plants are grown. They are traditionally made from terracotta, but are now often also made from plastic, wood or stone. The flower pot is filled with soil and have a plant planted in them. Often there are holes in the bottom, to allow water to flow out, sometimes into a saucer that is placed under the flowerpot. If the plant becomes too big for the pot, it is moved to a bigger one.


title: Bernadette Lafont

paragraphs: Bernadette Lafont (28 October 1938 – 25 July 2013) was a French actress.

paragraphs: Lafont won the César Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role for her role in "An Impudent Girl" (L'Effrontée) in 1985. For her long service to the French motion picture industry, in 2003 she was awarded an Honorary César.

paragraphs: Lafont was born on 28 October 1938 in Nîmes, Gard, France. She has been married to Gérard Blain from 1957 until they divorced in 1959. Then she was married to Diourka Medveczky until they divorced. She had a daughter, actress Pauline Lafont (1963-1988). Lafont died on 25 July 2013 in Nîmes, Gard, France from cardiac arrest, aged 74.


title: Virginia E. Johnson

paragraphs: Virginia Eshelman Johnson (February 11, 1925 – July 24, 2013) was an American sexologist and psychologist, best known as the junior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team.

paragraphs: Johnson was born on February 11, 1925 in Springfield, Missouri. She studied at Drury University.

paragraphs: Johnson divorced her first husband, with whom she had had two children – Scott Forstall and Lisa Evans – in 1956. Then she was married to William H. Masters from 1971 until they divorced in 1992. Johnson died on July 24, 2013 in St. Louis, Missouri from an illness, aged 88.


title: William H. Masters

paragraphs: William Howell Masters (December 27, 1915 – February 16, 2001) was an American gynecologist, best known as the senior member of the Masters and Johnson sexuality research team. Along with Virginia Eshelman Johnson, he pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions from 1957 until the 1990s.

paragraphs: Masters was born on December 27, 1915 in Cleveland, Ohio. He was married three times, all marriages ended in divorce. Masters died on February 16, 2001 in Tucson, Arizona from Parkinson's disease, aged 85.


title: Married... with Children

paragraphs: Married... with Children is an American sitcom. It aired for 11 seasons. It is about a family living in a fictional Chicago, Illinois, suburb. It stars Ed O'Neill, Katey Segal, Christina Applegate, Ted McGinley, and David Garrison. On April 22, 2012, Fox re-aired the series premiere in honor of its 25th anniversary.


title: According to Jim

paragraphs: According to Jim is an American television sitcom. It stars Jim Belushi as a suburban father of three children (five children starting with the season-seven finale). It originally ran on ABC from October 1, 2001 to June 2, 2009.


title: George Lopez (TV series)

paragraphs: George Lopez (also known as The George Lopez Show) is an American sitcom starring comedian George Lopez. The show originally aired on ABC from March 27, 2002, to May 8, 2007. Emiliano Díez and Belita Moreno also star in the show.


title: Belita Moreno

paragraphs: Aurabela "Belita" Moreno (born November 1, 1949 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress best known for her roles as Benita "Benny" Lopez on the ABC sitcom "George Lopez" and Edwina Twinkacetti/Lydia Markham on "Perfect Strangers".


title: Emiliano Díez

paragraphs: Emiliano Díez (born 26 August 1953 in Havana, Cuba) is a Cuban movie and television actor. He is best known for his role as Victor Palmero in the sitcom "George Lopez", as well as his role as Manny Beltrán in the sitcom "Los Beltrán".


title: Valente Rodriguez

paragraphs: Valente Rodriguez (born February 14, 1964 in Edcouch, Texas) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Ernesto "Ernie" Cardenas on the sitcom "George Lopez". He currently stars as Cesar in the TV Land sitcom "Happily Divorced".


title: Constance Marie

paragraphs: Constance Marie Lopez (born September 9, 1965) is an American actress.

paragraphs: She is known for her role as Angie Lopez on "George Lopez" (2002–2007) and for her role as Marcella Quintanilla (mother of Selena) in the 1997 movie "Selena". She now plays Regina Vasquez on the ABC Family drama "Switched at Birth".


title: Luis Armand Garcia

paragraphs: Luis Armand Garcia, (born March 9, 1992) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Max Lopez on the sitcom "George Lopez".

paragraphs: Garcia was born on March 9, 1992 in LaGrange, Illinois. He moved to Los Angeles, California. He lives in Valencia, California. He graduated from high school in 2010.


title: Aimee Garcia

paragraphs: Aimee Garcia (born November 28, 1978) is an American actress, known for her roles as Veronica Palmero on the sitcom "George Lopez" and Jamie Batista on the Showtime drama "Dexter".


title: Paranoia (2013 movie)

paragraphs: Paranoia is an American drama thriller movie directed by Robert Luketic. The screenplay was written by Barry L. Levy and Jason Dean Hall, based on the 2004 novel of the same name by Joseph Finder. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Gary Oldman, Harrison Ford, Amber Heard and Josh Holloway.


title: The Conjuring

paragraphs: The Conjuring is a 2013 American supernatural horror movie. The movie is based on the real life events of Ed and Lorraine Warren. It is set in Rhode Island in 1971. It stars Patrick Wilson, Vera Farmiga, Ron Livingston, Lili Taylor, Mackenzie Foy, and Joey King. "The Conjuring" was released in the United States and Canada on July 19, 2013, and in the United Kingdom on August 2, 2013. A prequel titled "Annabelle" was released in October 2014. A sequel, "The Conjuring 2" was released in 2016.


title: Family Weekend

paragraphs: Family Weekend is an American comedy/drama movie. It was the first movie directed by Benjamin Epps. It stars Matthew Modine, Kristin Chenoweth, Olesya Rulin, Joey King, Shirley Jones, and Chloe Bridges. It was released on March 29, 2013.


title: Mick Dodson

paragraphs: Michael James "Mick" Dodson, AM (born 10 April 1950, in Katherine, Northern Territory) is an indigenous Australian activist, lawyer and teacher. He is the director of the National Centre for Indigenous Studies at the Australian National University. He is also a professor of law at the university's College of Law. He was previously director of the Indigenous Law Centre at the University of New South Wales. He was named Australian of the Year in 2009.

paragraphs: Dodson was born in Katherine, in the Northern Territory. He is a member of the Yawuru people, who are the traditional owners of the land around Broome, in Western Australia. His brother is Patrick Dodson, who has become a well-known Aboriginal leader as well. Their parents died when they were still children. When this happened, Mick moved to Monivae College, a boarding school in Hamilton, Victoria. He graduated in law from Monash University in 1974. He was the first indigenous person to graduate from law in Australia.

paragraphs: Dodson has been an important advocate of land rights and other issues affecting Indigenous Australians. He was a commissioner with the Australian Human Rights Commission from April 1993 to January 1998. From August 1988 to October 1990, he worked with the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. He is currently a chairperson of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS).


title: Hume Cronyn

paragraphs: Hume Blake Cronyn, OC (July 18, 1911 – June 15, 2003) was a Canadian-American actor of stage and movie, who enjoyed a long career, often appearing professionally alongside his second wife, Jessica Tandy.

paragraphs: Cronyn was born in July 18, 1911 in London, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Ridley College and at McGill University.

paragraphs: Cronyn was married to Emily Woodruff from 1934 until they divorced in 1936. Then he was married to Jessica Tandy from 1942 until her death in 1994. Then he was married to Susan Cooper from 1996 until his death in 2003.

paragraphs: Cronyn died on June 15, 2003 in Fairfield, Connecticut from prostate cancer, aged 91.

paragraphs: He won three Emmy Awards and one Tony Award.


title: Edward Platt

paragraphs: Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his role as "The Chief" in the 1965-70 NBC/CBS television series "Get Smart". With his deep voice and mature countenance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career.

paragraphs: Platt was born on February 14, 1916 in Staten Island, New York City. He studied at Juilliard School of Music and at Princeton University.

paragraphs: Platt was married to Suzanne Belcher from 1954 until his death in 1974. They had four children. Platt died on March 19, 1974 in Santa Monica, California from a heart attack, aged 58.

paragraphs: However, one of his sons confirmed that Platt committed suicide after two previous attempts while suffering from an undiagnosed and untreated depression that was further sparked by financial troubles. It is also said that Platt's "Get Smart" co-star Don Adams knew the real cause of death.


title: Barbara Feldon

paragraphs: Barbara Feldon (born March 12, 1933) is an American character actress who works mostly in the theatre but is primarily known for her roles on television. Her most well-known role was that of Agent 99 on the 1960s sitcom "Get Smart". She also worked as a model.


paragraphs: Institute of Political Studies in Belgrade is a leading academic institution in Belgrade, Serbia. It is for research of political science.

paragraphs: The institute was started in 1968. It developed out of the research unit of the High School of Political Science. It developed into a modern and independent scientific institution. After separating from the Faculty of Political Science in Belgrade, the Institute for Political Studies was given the status of independent scientific institution. It was given this status in 1978.

paragraphs: The institute does research work in the field of political science. It particularly deals with problems of national importance in Serbia. Beside the scientific work, the institute is for certain fields of education. It offers research services, such as political marketing, consulting services, research of public opinion, and media. One of the main activities of the institute is publishing. It produces monographs, magazines, journals and other publications. The institute's scientific projects are focused on the development of political science as a university subject. The institute carries out numerous projects in the fields of law, political systems, international relations, political economy, sociology and political theory.

paragraphs: The current periodical editions of the Institute are:


title: Christina Cox

paragraphs: Christina Cox (31 July 1971) is a Canadian actress. She acts in television programs and independent movies. She became known for playing Eve Logan in "The Chronicles of Riddick". She is also a stuntwoman who did boxing stunts for Hilary Swank in "Million Dollar Baby". Cox was born in Toronto.


title: Lanu-puisto

paragraphs: Lanu-puisto is a park near Pikku-Vesijärvi in Lahti, Finland. It contains 12 statues by Olavi Lanu, made of concrete. It was built 1988-1992.


title: Headphone amplifier

paragraphs: A headphone amplifier is a sound amplifier that is designed for headphones.


title: Tube amplifier

paragraphs: A tube amplifier is a sound amplifier that uses vacuum tubes instead of transistors to amplify signal. Some people think the sound from tube amplifiers is better than transistor-based amplifiers. Even the measured distortion would be higher with vacuum tubes.


title: Distortion

paragraphs: To distort is to change the shape of something. Distortion may refer to:


title: IRS tax forms

paragraphs: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issues tax forms to people and organisations who pay tax in the United States. These documents are used by taxpayers to report information about their finances. This includes information about income, which is required by the Internal Revenue Code (IRC) in order to calculate how much tax must be paid to the federal government of the United States. There are over 800 forms. The best-known of these is Form 1040 used by individual people.


title: Banana plug

paragraphs: A banana plug is a type of electrical connector used for joining wires to equipment.


title: Division of Aston

paragraphs: The Division of Aston is an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1984 and is named for Tilly Aston. Aston was a blind writer and teacher who helped setup the Library of the Victorian Association of Braille Writers in 1894. Aston is in the eastern suburbs of Melbourne, including Rowville, Scoresby, Knoxfield, Vermont and Wantirna.

paragraphs: In 2013, Alan Tudge was made the Parliamentary Secretary to the Prime Minister, Tony Abbott.


title: Division of Batman

paragraphs: The Division of Batman was an Australian Electoral Division in Victoria. It was created in 1906 and replaced the Division of Northern Melbourne. It was abolished in 2019 and replaced by the Division of Cooper.

paragraphs: It took its name from John Batman, one of the founders of the city of Melbourne. At first it covered the inner suburbs of Carlton and Fitzroy, but as the boundaries changed it moved north. It included Alphington, Clifton Hill, Northcote, Preston, Reservoir and Thornbury.

paragraphs: Brian Howe was the Deputy Prime Minister in the Hawke and Keating governments. Martin Ferguson was the leader of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) before being elected. David Feeney was elected to the Australian Senate in 2007, and resigned to take up a seat in the House of Representatives.


title: Balanced circuit

paragraphs: A balanced circuit is a way to connect electrical signal wires together to avoid interference. To do this, the two or more wires must be in the same cable. Balanced audio cables in studios commonly add a grounded wire, and use XLR connectors or phone connectors. Balanced circuits first became standard practice in early 20th century telephone lines.


title: Rotary switch

paragraphs: A rotary switch is an electric switch. It may have several positions. Its position can be changed by rotating.


title: Commodore VIC-20

paragraphs: Commodore VIC-20 was a home computer released in 1980. It was made by Commodore Business Machines. It was the first computer that sold over million sets.

paragraphs: The Commodore VIC-20 was powered by a 6502 CPU, running at 1 MHz. Though the system reportedly had 5KB of RAM, users only had access to about 3.5KB for BASIC programs. It had no internal, permanent, data storage, but could save programs on standard audio tapes and later, on 5.25 inch floppy disks. In early 1985,this computer was discontinued.


title: Commodore 16

paragraphs: Commodore 16 was a home computer made by Commodore International. It was released in 1984. It was intended to replace VIC-20 computer, but it failed. It was only sold in Europe.


title: The Incredible Burt Wonderstone

paragraphs: The Incredible Burt Wonderstone is a 2013 comedy movie directed by Don Scardino. It stars Jim Carrey, Steve Carell, Steve Buscemi, Alan Arkin, Olivia Wilde, and James Gandolfini. It got positive reviews. It was released on March 8, 2013.


title: Flight (movie)

paragraphs: Flight is a 2012 drama movie directed by Robert Zemeckis. It stars Denzel Washington, Kelly Reilly, Melissa Leo, Don Cheadle, and John Goodman. It got positive reviews. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four out of four stars. It was released on November 2, 2012. It was nominated for two Academy Awards.


title: Kelly Reilly

paragraphs: Jessica Kelly Siobhán Reilly (born 18 July 1977) is an English actress. She is known for her roles in "Eden Lake", "Sherlock Holmes", "After Miss Julie", "", and "Flight".

paragraphs: Reilly was born on 18 July 1977 in Surrey, England. She has been married to Kyle Baughner since 2012.


title: Richard I, Duke of Normandy

paragraphs: Richard I of Normandy (933–996), also known as Richard the Fearless (French, "Sans Peur"), was the "Duke of Normandy" from 942 to 996. Richard made Normandy into a feudal society where he owned all the land. His followers held on to the lands given them by remaining loyal to him. He made Normandy a much stronger a power in western France.

paragraphs: Richard was the son of William Longsword, princeps or ruler of Normandy. His mother's name was Sprota. She was a Breton prisoner captured in war who William later married. William Longsword was told of the birth of a son after the battle with Riouf and other viking rebels. But he kept this a secret until a few years later. When he first met his son he kissed him and made him the heir to Normandy. William then sent Richard to be cared for in Bayeux.

paragraphs: When his father died, Richard was only 10 years old (he was born in 933). King Louis IV of France decided to take charge of Normandy himself. The king placed the young duke in the custody of the count of Ponthieu. Then the king gave the lands in lower Normandy to Hugh the Great. Louis kept Richard a prisoner at Lâon. Fearing the king was going to harm the boy Osmond de Centville, Bernard de Senlis (who had been a companion of Richard's grandfather Rollo), Ivo de Bellèsme, and Bernard the Dane freed Richard.

paragraphs: In 946, Richard agreed to be a ward of Hugh, Count of Paris. He then allied himself with the Norman and Viking leaders. Together they drove Louis out of Rouen and took back Normandy by 947. In 962 Theobald I, Count of Blois, attacked Rouen. But Richard's army defeated them. Lothair king of West Francia stepped in to prevent any more war between the two. For the rest of his reign Richard chose not to make Normandy bigger. Instead he worked on making Normandy stronger.

paragraphs: Richard used marriages to build strong alliances. His marriage to Emma gave him a connection to the Capet family. His wife Gunnor was from a rival Viking group in the Cotentin. His marriage to her gave him support from her family. Her sisters married several of Richard's loyal followers. Also Richard's daughters provided valuable marriage alliances with powerful counts as well as to the king of England. Richard also made sure the church and the great monasteries were doing well. His reign was marked by a long period of peace and tranquility. Richard died in Fecamp, Normandy, on 20 November 996.

paragraphs: William married first (960)to Emma, daughter of Hugh "The Great" of France. They were promised to each other when both were very young. She died after 19 March 968, before they had any children.

paragraphs: Richard had children with his concubine Gunnora. Richard later married her to make their children legitimate:

paragraphs: Richard was known to have had several other concubines and had children with many of them.


title: Betsy Ross

paragraphs: Betsy Ross (January 1, 1752 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania – January 30, 1836 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania), born Elizabeth Griscom and also known by her second and third married names Elizabeth Ashburn and Elizabeth Claypoole, is widely known as making the first American flag. There is, however, no evidence that the story is true.


title: Douglas A-1 Skyraider

paragraphs: The Douglas A-1 Skyraider is an attack aircraft designed and built in the United States. Its first flight was in 1945, but it was too late to be flown in World War II. Originally designed for the US Navy, it was also used by the US Air Force, Fleet Air Arm and French Air Force. It was used by US pilots in the Korean War and Vietnam War, and by the French in the Algeria War. Some were modified for reconnaissance or electronic warfare. Before 1962, the US Navy's A-1 were called AD.


title: North American Rockwell OV-10 Bronco

paragraphs: The North American Aviation OV-10 Bronco is a twin-turboprop reconnaissance and light attack aircraft. It was designed and built in the United States. The US Air Force, US Marines Corps, and US Navy used it in the Vietnam War. It was also used by the German and Indonesian air forces.


title: Spherical geometry

paragraphs: Spherical geometry is the use of geometry on a sphere. It was started for cartography, as well as for making maps of stars. It is different from Euclidean geometry (which is always on a plane), and Non-Euclidean geometry. Points are defined in the same way as they are in Euclidean geometry: A point is at a defined location on the sphere. A "staight line" is different though: It is the shortest path between two points, which stays on the surface of the plane. Some theorems of Euclidean geometry cannot be used on the sphere, many of them have been adapted though.


title: SPAD S.XIII

paragraphs: The SPAD S.XII is a French fighter aircraft of World War I. It was used by French pilots, but also by Belgians, British, and American pilots. More than 8400 examples were built.


title: Photobleaching

paragraphs: Photobleaching is when a dye or a fluorophore (a chemical that re-emits light) breaks down from exposure to strong light; similar to how the detergent chemical bleach breaks down dye in clothing.


title: Cotentin Peninsula

paragraphs: The Cotentin Peninsula (\kō-ˌtäⁿ-ˈtaⁿ\), also known as the Cherbourg Peninsula, is a peninsula in Normandy that is part of the coast of France. It extends in a northwest direction into the English Channel. To its west are the Channel Islands and to the southwest is the Brittany Peninsula. It is in the Departement of Manche, in the region of Normandy. The largest town is Cherbourg on the north coast. Cherbourg is a major port on the English Channel. The west coast of the Cotentin known as "Côte des Îles" ("Islands Coast") faces the Channel Islands. Ferry links serve Carteret, and the islands of Jersey, Guernsey and Alderney from the port of Dielette.

paragraphs: The peninsula formed part of what the Romans called Armorica. Coutances was the capital of the Unelli, a Gaulish tribe. It got its name "Constantia" in 298 during the reign of Roman emperor Constantius Chlorus. Under the Carolingians it became known as the Cotentin and was controlled by viscounts. For some time these were members of the Saint-Sauveur family. They lived at Saint-Sauveur on the Douve river.

paragraphs: In the ninth century, Vikings settled the Cotentin, which became part of Normandy in the early tenth century. Many place names there come from the Norse language. Examples include La Hague, and La-Hougue both derived from the Old Norse word "haugr" meaning a hill or mound. Until the construction of modern roads, the peninsula was almost inaccessible in winter because of marshland cutting off the higher ground. This explains occasional historical references to the Cotentin as an island.

paragraphs: King Alan the Great of Brittany waged war successfully on the Norsemen. As the result of his conquests, the Cotentin Peninsula was included in the territory of the Duchy of Brittany. After his death, the Norsemen invaded and occupied Brittany from 907 to 939. While they were eventually expelled by Alan's grandson, Alan II, Duke of Brittany, the subsequent rulers of Brittany were weaker than Alan the Great. The succeeding Dukes of Brittany suffered continuing Norse invasions and Norman raids. Eventually the Cotentin Peninsula was lost to the Brittany, and became part of Normandy.

paragraphs: In 1088 Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy, gave the Cotentin to his brother Henry, later King Henry I of England. Henry, as count of the Cotentin, established his first power base there and in the adjoining Avranchin to the south During the Hundred Years' War, King Edward III of England landed in the bay of La Hogue, and then came to the Church of Quettehou in Val de Saire. It was there that Edward III knighted his son Edward, the Black Prince. A remembrance plaque can be seen next to the altar. The naval Battle of La Hogue in 1692 was fought off Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue near Barfleur.

paragraphs: The town of Valognes was, until the French Revolution, a provincial social resort for the , nicknamed the "Versailles of Normandy". The social scene was described in the novels of Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly (himself from the Cotentin). The grand houses and châteaux; were destroyed during World War II.

paragraphs: During World War II, part of the 1944 Battle of Normandy was fought in the Cotentin. The westernmost part of the D-Day landings was at Utah Beach, on the southeastern coast of the peninsula. What followed was a campaign to occupy the peninsula and take Cherbourg.

paragraphs: The main economical resource is agriculture. Dairy farming is a prominent activity. Along the west coast, renowned vegetables are grown, such as the carrots of Créances. The renowned trademark "Florette" was created in Lessay. The region is also famous for its shellfish culture. These include oysters from Saint-Vaast-la-Hougue and Pirou. Other products are alcoholic beverages like cider and calvados, made from locally grown apples and pears.

paragraphs: The region hosts two important Nuclear power plants. At Flamanville there is the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant. The other is the COGEMA La Hague site. It is a large nuclear waste reprocessing and storage complex operated by Areva NC. The nuclear power industry provides many jobs in the region. The roads used for transport of nuclear waste have been blocked many times in the past by environmental action group Greenpeace. Local environmental groups have voiced concerns about the radioactivity levels of the cooling water of both these nuclear sites. These are being flushed into the bay of Vauville. However, the radioactivity is much lower than the natural background levels and does not pose any hazard.

paragraphs: There are two important naval shipyards in Cherbourg. The state-owned shipyard DCNS has built French nuclear submarines since the 1960s. Privately owned CMN builds frigates and patrol vessels for various states, mostly from the Middle East. Tourism is also an important economic activity in this region. Many tourists visit the D-Day invasion beaches, including Utah Beach in the Cotentin. At Sainte-Mère-Église a few miles away from the beach, there is a museum dedicated to the 82nd Airborne Division and the 101st Airborne Division. The "Cité de la Mer" in Cherbourg is a museum of oceanic and underseas subjects. The main attraction is "Redoutable", the first French nuclear submarine, launched in 1967.

paragraphs: Due to its relative isolation the Cotentin is one of the last remaining places the Norman language is spoken. The Norman language writer Alfred Rossel, native of Cherbourg, composed many songs which form part of the heritage of the region. Rossel's song "Sus la mé" ("on the sea") is often sung as a regional patriotic song.


title: Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama

paragraphs: The Aérospatiale SA-315 Lama is a French helicopter designed and built for operations in mountains. It is used by both civilians and the military. It is a fuselage of Alouette II which was assembled an Alouette III's turboshaft. Many were built in India as Cheetah.


title: George H. Hitchings

paragraphs: George Herbert Hitchings (April 18, 1905 – February 27, 1998) was an American doctor. He shared the 1988 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Sir James Black and Gertrude B. Elion for their discoveries of important steps for drug treatment.


title: Amazon Standard Identification Number

paragraphs: The Amazon Standard Identification Number (ASIN) is number used by Amazon.com to identify books. When there is a ten-digit ISBN code, the ASIN is usually the same number. The ASIN can be useful to use when a book is old and has no ISBN code.


title: Fuji Television

paragraphs: Fuji Television is a Japanese broadcasting company. It is part of a large media company that also owns the record label and film group Pony Canyon, the newspaper "Sankei shinbun", and other TV networks.


title: Division of Northern Melbourne

paragraphs: The Division of Northern Melbourne was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It was one of the first 75 divisions set up for the first Federal election in 1901. It was located in the inner northern suburbs of Melbourne, including the suburbs of Carlton, North Melbourne and Fitzroy. It was abolished in 1906 when the boundaries were redrawn and mostly replaced by the Division of Batman.

paragraphs: The division was held by one member, H. B. Higgins. Higgins was Attorney General from 1904 to 1905. He was appointed a Justice of the High Court of Australia in 1906. Isaac Selby, who was an unsuccessful candidate in the 1901 election, became famous in 1905 when he tried to shoot a judge during a court case in San Francisco.


Hardware


title: Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy

paragraphs: Fedor Jeftichew, better known as Jo-Jo the Dog-Faced Boy (1868 - January 31, 1904) was a Russian sideshow performer. Like his father, Adrien, with whom he performed, Jo-Jo was afflicted with hypertrichosis, an abnormal growth of hair over the face and body. Jo-Jo was covered with long, silky hair and was said to resemble a Skye terrier.

paragraphs: Jo-Jo was born in St Petersburg, Russia in 1868. He began touring Europe in 1873. He was five feet eight inches tall, had only four or five teeth, and spoke Russian, German, and a little English. He dressed like a Russian cavalryman. He would bark at an audience, and would perform as often as 23 times a day. In 1886, he was making US$500 a week.

paragraphs: Jo-Jo toured Europe and Russia, playing in fairgrounds. He was discovered by Charles Reynolds in London, England. Jo-Jo was performing with his father, Adrien, who resembled a poodle. Reynolds realized the Dog-Faced Boy could be presented in a more professional manner. He took the boy to the United States on the "City of Chicago" on 12 October 1884.

paragraphs: A press conference was called. Journalists were allowed to pull Jeftichew's hair to be assured it was real and not pasted on. The "New York Herald" described Jeftichew as "the most extraordinary and absorbingly interesting curiosity that has ever reached these shores."

paragraphs: In 1884, Jeftichew signed with P. T. Barnum. Barnum stated (falsely) that Jo-Jo was captured by a hunter in the wilds of central Russia. Barnum advertised him as "the most prodigious paragon of all prodigies secured by P. T. Barnum in fifty years. The Human Skye Terrier, the crowning mystery of nature's contradictions."

paragraphs: He toured Europe with Barnum and Bailey's Greatest Show on Earth in 1901 and 1902. He died in Greece in 1904 while on tour of pneumonia. He was the subject of a song recorded by Annette Funicello in the 1960s and was a character in an episode of the television series, "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".


title: Epiphany (holiday)

paragraphs: Epiphany is a Christian holiday or festival on January 6. It celebrates the revelation of the Christ child to the Gentiles, when the Magi or wise men visited Bethlehem to see Jesus, by following a star. It is recorded in the Gospel of Matthew, chapter 2.


title: Bangor, New York

paragraphs: Bangor is a town in Franklin County, New York, United States. There were 2,224 people living in Bangor at the 2010 census. The town was founded around 1806. It is named after Bangor in Wales.


title: Korpilahti

paragraphs: Korpilahti is a former municipality of Finland. It was merged with Jyväskylä on 1 January 2009.


title: Ranua

paragraphs: Ranua is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, almost 4,200 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Ii, Simo, Tervola, Rovaniemi, Posio and Pudasjärvi. As of January 2014, there were almost 4,150 people living in Ranua.

paragraphs: Simojärvi, Näskäjärvi, Penämönjärvi, Impiönjärvi and Ranuanjärvi. There is also many smaller lakes in the area.


title: Posio

paragraphs: Posio is a municipality in Finnish Lapland. As of January 2014, about 3,660 people lived there.

paragraphs: The settlements Rovaniemi, Kemijärvi, Ranua, Salla, Kuusamo, Taivalkoski and Pudasjärvi are near to Posio.


title: Magi

paragraphs: The Magi were "wise men from the east" who came to Jerusalem during the reign of Herod : 'saying, Where is he that is born King of the Jews?' ( Gospel of Matthew chapter 2 verse 1) Their visit to Jesus, guided by the Star of Bethlehem is celebrated every year at Epiphany on January 6, just after Christmas.

paragraphs: The Epiphany marks the end of the liturgical season 'Christmas'.


title: Tornio

paragraphs: Tornio ("") is a town in Lapland, Finland. As of January 2014, the municipality had a population almost of 22,400. Neighbouring municipalities are Kemi, Keminmaa, Tervola and Ylitornio. Bordering Tornio in Sweden is Haparanda.

paragraphs: Lot of discusion have been about waste water systems with Haparanda.


title: Kozienice

paragraphs: Kozienice is a city in Poland. In 2009 its population was 18,075. Through the city swims a river Zagożdżonka.


title: Kemi

paragraphs: Kemi is a town in Finnish Lapland, Finland. As of 2013, the municipality had a population of about 22,150. Neighbouring municipalities are Keminmaa, Simo and Tornio.


title: Inari, Finland

paragraphs: Inari is a municipality in Lapland. As of 2013, about 6,730 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Enontekiö, Kittilä, Sodankylä and Utsjoki. The largest urban area in Inari is Ivalo.

paragraphs: Inari covers more area than any other municipality in Finland. Lake Inari is in Inari. There are also over 8,000 other lakes. That is why the size of the municipality is so large. The River Vaskojoki is located in western Inari. It flows to the lake Paateri.


title: Pello

paragraphs: Pello is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, about 3,800 people lived there.


title: Sample

paragraphs: In statistics, a sample is part of a population. The sample is carefully chosen. It should represent the whole population fairly, without bias.

paragraphs: When treated as a data set, a sample is often represented by capital letters such as formula_1 and formula_2, with its elements being represented in lowercase (e.g., formula_3), and the sample size being represented by the letter formula_4.

paragraphs: The reason samples are needed is that populations may be so large that counting all the individuals may not be possible or practical. Therefore, solving a problem in statistics usually starts with sampling. Sampling is about choosing which data to take for later analysis. As an example, suppose the pollution of a lake should be analysed for a study. Depending on where the samples of water were taken, the studies can have different results.

paragraphs: As a general rule, samples need to be random. This means the chance or probability of selecting one individual is the same as the chance of selecting any other individual.

paragraphs: In practice, random samples are always taken by means of a well-defined procedure. A procedure is a set of rules, a sequence of steps written down and exactly followed. Even so, some bias may remain in the sample. Consider the problem of designing a sample to predict the result of an election poll. All known methods have their problems, and the results of an election are often different from predictions based on a sample. If you collect opinions by using telephones, or by meeting people in the street, you won't ask people who don't answer phone calls or who don't walk on the street. Therefore, in cases like this a completely neutral sample is never possible. In such cases a statistician will think about how to measure the amount of bias, and there are ways to estimate this.

paragraphs: A similar situation occurs when scientists measure a physical property, say the weight of a piece of metal, or the speed of light. If we weigh an object with sensitive equipment we will get minutely different results. No system of measurement is ever perfect. We get a series of estimates, each one being a measurement. These are samples, with a certain degree of error. Statistics is designed to describe error, and carry out analysis on this kind of data.

paragraphs: The way the sampling is obtained, along with the sample size, will have an impact on how the data is viewed.

paragraphs: If a population has obvious sub-populations, then each of the sub-populations needs to be sampled. This is called "stratified sampling". Stratified sampling is also known as "stratified random sample". Stratified sampling is often represented as proportion, such as percent (%).

paragraphs: Suppose an experiment set out to sample the incomes of adults. Obviously, the incomes of college graduates might differ from that of non-graduates. Now suppose the number of male graduates was 30% of the total male adults (imaginary figures). Then you would arrange for 30% of the total sample to be male graduates picked at random, and 70% of the total to be male non-graduates. Repeat the process for females, because the percentage of female graduates is different from males. That gives a sample of the adult population stratified by sex and college education. The next step would be to divide each of your sub-populations by age groups, because (for example) graduates might gain more income relative to non-graduates in middle age.

paragraphs: Another type of stratified sample deals with variation. Here larger samples are taken from the more variable sub-populations so that the summary statistics such as the means and standard deviations, are more reliable.


title: Enontekiö

paragraphs: Enontekiö is a municipality in Lapland, Finland. As of 2013, about 1,890 people lived there. Neighbouring municipalities are Inari, Kittilä and Muonio.

paragraphs: Enontekiö shares a border with Norway and Sweden. The point where the borders of Finland, Norway and Sweden meet is Treriksröset. This is located about 10 km west of Kilpisjärvi village. A monument was built at Treriksröset in 1926. It replaced an earlier monument built of stone in 1897.


title: Pukkila

paragraphs: Pukkila is a municipality in Finland. As of 2013, about 2,040 people lived there. The municipalities next to it are Orimattila, Myrskylä, Askola and Mäntsälä. The municipality of Pukkila was established in 1898.

paragraphs: Kantele, Naarkoski, Savijoki (Pukkila), Syvänoja (Pukkila) and Torppi (Pukkila).


title: Kerava

paragraphs: Kerava is a town in Finland. It is in the province of Southern Finland and is part of the Uusimaa. The town has a population of 34,601 (28 February 2013). The municipalities next to it are Vantaa, Tuusula and Sipoo.


title: Sound level meter

paragraphs: A sound level meter (or sound meter) is a device used to measure sound pressure levels. It is often used to study and measure different kinds of noise, especially industrial and transport noise. The display indicates sound level in decibel units.


title: 2012 Pacific hurricane season

paragraphs: The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was started on 15 May 2012 in the eastern Pacific, and on 1 June 2012 in the central Pacific. It ended on 30 November. These dates are usually the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, Tropical Storm Aletta formed on 14 May.

paragraphs: Hurricane Bud was the first major hurricane of the season. It was one of three storms to turn into a hurricane during the month of May. In the middle of June, Hurricane Carlotta came ashore near Puerto Escondido, Mexico. Seven people were killed by Carlotta and caused damage costing about MX$1.4 billion (US$107.7 million). Hurricane Paul caused major damage to Baja California Sur. Hurricane Emilia was the only Category 4 hurricane. It started as a Tropical Depression near the coast of Mexico. It then intensified into a Category 3 hurricane, and later into a Category 4.


title: Porvoo

paragraphs: Porvoo () is a town in Uusimaa, Finland. It has a lot of old buildings. Neighbouring municipalities are Askola, Loviisa, Myrskylä, Pornainen and Sipoo.


title: Trinity Church, Halmstad

paragraphs: Trinity Church () is a Roman Catholic Catholic church in Halmstad in Sweden. It's part of Saint Mary Catholic Parish within the Catholic Diocese of Stockholm.


title: Helsingborg Municipality

paragraphs: Helsingborg Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Helsingborg.


title: Landskrona Municipality

paragraphs: Landskrona Municipality () is a municipality in Skåne County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Landskrona.


title: Åre Municipality

paragraphs: Åre Municipality () is a municipality in Jämtland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Järpen.


title: Åre

paragraphs: Åre is a locality in Åre Municipality in the county of Jämtland in northern Sweden. It is a famous ski resort, and hosted the Alpine Skiing World Championships in the years of 1954 and 2007. Alpine skiing world cup competitions are often held here.


title: Church of Sweden Abroad

paragraphs: The Church of Sweden Abroad () serves under the Diocese of Visby within the Church of Sweden, and consists of congregations within the church, located outside Sweden.


title: Swedish Evangelical Mission

paragraphs: The Swedish Evangelical Mission (SEM) () ("EFS") is an independent organization within the Church of Sweden. It was established on 7 May 1856.


title: Evangelical Free Church in Sweden

paragraphs: The Evangelical Free Church in Sweden (), "EFK", is a Christian Protestant denomination in Sweden. It was established in 1997 as a merger out of Örebro Mission ("Örebromissionen", founded in 1892 as Örebro Missionary Society), the Free Baptist Union ("Fribaptistsamfundet", founded in 1872) and the Sanctification Union ("Helgelseförbundet", founded in 1887).


title: Dansbandskampen

paragraphs: Dansbandskampen was a Swedish television show. It was created by Peter Settman and his production company Baluba. Peter Settman was also the show host. It was broadcast over Sveriges Television, with season one airing October–December 2008.

paragraphs: The show was a music competition with dansbands.

paragraphs: There were talks of spreading the concept outside Sweden, with a disco/folk music version in Poland and a country music version in the USA.


title: Svensktoppen

paragraphs: Svensktoppen is a Swedish music chart on the radio. It was established in 1962. The chart has traditionally been dominated by dansband and schlager music, and lighter pop and rock music. In 2003, it allowed songs performed in English to be included. Since then, the chart became more oriented to modern pop and rock music.


title: Vuorenkylä

paragraphs: Vuorenkylä is a village in Hartola, Finland. It is in the northeast of Päijänne Tavastia. There is a mountain, Purnuvuori where people ski.


title: Sveriges Radio

paragraphs: Sveriges Radio is the government-operated radio station in Sweden. Regular broadcast began on 1 January 1925.


title: Sveriges Television

paragraphs: Sveriges Television is the government-operated television station in Sweden. Regular broadcast began on 4 September 1956.


title: Aftonbladet

paragraphs: Aftonbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 6 December 1830 by Lars Johan Hiertha. It was originally liberal, before being bought by the Swedish Social Democratic Party/trade union movement in early October 1956.


title: Swedish Americans

paragraphs: A Swedish American () is an American person of Swedish descent. They usually come from the great migration from Sweden to the United States in the 19th century. Many of them settled down in Minnesota.


title: Expressen

paragraphs: Expressen is a newspaper in Sweden. It was started on 16 November 1944. It is well known for its wasp symbol.


title: Allsång på Skansen

paragraphs: Allsång på Skansen is a sing-along event at Skansen in the town of Stockholm in Sweden, which first started on 26 May 1935. Originally broadcast over Sveriges Radio, broadcasts on Sveriges Television began on 3 August 1979.


title: Skansen

paragraphs: Skansen is an open air museum and zoo on the island Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1891, on the initiative of Artur Hazelius (1833–1901).


title: Djurgården

paragraphs: Djurgården () is an island in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. Attractions here are the amusement park Gröna Lund and the open air museum, Skansen.


title: Gröna Lund

paragraphs: Gröna Lund is an amusement park on the island of Djurgården in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened in 1883.


title: Essingeleden

paragraphs: Essingeleden is a motorway in central Sweden. It runs from Solna to Stockholm. It crosses the islands of Kungsholmen, Lilla Essingen and Stora Essingen. It was opened on 21 August 1966.


title: Bollebygd Municipality

paragraphs: Bollebygd Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Bollebygd. It was broken out of Borås Municipality in 1995.


title: Borås Municipality

paragraphs: Borås Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Borås.


title: Atlantic Division (NBA)

paragraphs: The Atlantic Division is group in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Southeast Division and the Central Division.This division members are the Boston Celtics, Brooklyn Nets, New York Knicks, Philadelphia 76ers, and the Toronto Raptors.


title: Nykvarn Municipality

paragraphs: Nykvarn Municipality () is a municipality in Stockholm County in central Sweden. The seat is in Nykvarn.

paragraphs: The municipality was established on 1 January 1999. It was broken out of Södertälje Municipality.


title: Uppvidinge Municipality

paragraphs: Uppvidinge Municipality () is a municipality in Kronoberg County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Åseda.


title: Ystad Municipality

paragraphs: Ystad Municipality () is a municipality in Scania County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Ystad.


title: Central Division (NBA)

paragraphs: The Central Division is one of three divisions in the Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association, along with the Southeast Division and the Atlantic Division. The division consists of the Chicago Bulls, Cleveland Cavaliers, Detroit Pistons, Indiana Pacers, and the Milwaukee Bucks.


title: Sandviken Municipality

paragraphs: Sandviken Municipality () is a municipality in Gävleborg County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Sandviken.


title: Ystad

paragraphs: Ystad is a town in the county of Scania in southern Sweden. It is the seat of Ystad Municipality.


title: Ljungarum Church

paragraphs: Ljungarum Church () is a church in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden. The building dates back to the 13th century.


title: Sofia Church, Jönköping

paragraphs: Sofia Church () is a church in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Sofia-Järstorp Parish of the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 8 April 1888. That day was the Octave of Easter.


title: Christina Church

paragraphs: The Christina Church () is a church in eastern parts of the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It belongs to Jönköping Christina-Ljungarum Parish of the Church of Sweden and was opened on 20 April 1673.


title: Friends Arena

paragraphs: Friends Arena is a sports stadium in Solna in Sweden. It was opened in 2012, and mainly hosts soccer games.


title: Stockholm Olympic Stadium

paragraphs: Stockholm Olympic Stadium () is a sports stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened in 1912, in time for the 1912 Summer Olympics.


title: Scandinavium

paragraphs: Scandinavium is an indoor sports stadium in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. It was opened in on 18 May 1971. The stadium mainly hosts Frölunda HC ice hockey home games.


title: Stockholm Globe Arena

paragraphs: Stockholm Globe Arena () is an indoor sports stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened on 19 February 1989. It mainly hosts ice hockey games.


title: Råsunda Stadium

paragraphs: Råsunda Stadium () was a soccer stadium in Solna in Sweden. It was opened in April 1937, and closed down in November 2012. Its demolition began in January 2013.


title: Söderstadion

paragraphs: Söderstadion was a soccer and bandy stadium in Stockholm, Sweden. It was opened in 1966. It closed in June 2013, being prepared for demolition.


title: Johanneshovs isstadion

paragraphs: Johanneshovs isstadion is an indoor ice hockey stadium in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It was opened on 4 November 1955.


title: Shiloh

paragraphs: Shiloh is a children's book written by Phyllis Reynolds Naylor in 1991. It won the 1992 Newbery Medal. It is about a dog that is given abuse and a boy named Marty P. that tries to save him. he took the dog on day he raised the dog Finley until one night when a German Shepard from the bakers almost kills the dog. Marty kept it a secret that he had the dog. His dad knew the dog owner (Judd) and they took the dog to the doctor's office. The whole family raised it for a week. Judd wanted the dog soon. Marty saw Judd shooting a doe out of season. He tried to blackmail him, but they worked out a bargain that Marty would work for him for 20 hours. Then Marty and the family got the dog and everything went back to normal.


title: Hugh the Great

paragraphs: Hugh the Great or Hugues le Grand (895–16 June 956) was duke of the Franks and count of Paris.

paragraphs: Hugh was the son of King Robert I of France and Béatrice of Vermandois. She was the daughter of Herbert I, Count of Vermandois. Hugh was born in 895 in Paris, France. His eldest son was Hugh Capet who became King of France in 987. Hugh was a member of the family known as the Robertians.

paragraphs: In 922 the barons of western Francia revolted against the Carolingian king Charles the Simple. In his place they elected Robert I, Hugh's father, as King of Western Francia. Robert I died in battle at Soissons in 923. When Hugh refused the crown it went to his brother-in-law, Rudolph of France. Charles the simple asked his cousin Herbert II, Count of Vermandois for help in getting back his crown. But instead of helping the king he put him in prison. Herbert then used the threat of releasing his prisoner to get what he wanted. But Charles died in 929. From then on Hugh the great, acting for King Rudolph, had to struggle with Herbert II. Finally Rudolph and Herbert II came to an agreement in 935.

paragraphs: At the death of King Rudolph in 936, Hugh possessed nearly all of the region between the Loire and the Seine. This was the same territory as Neustria with the exceptions of Anjou and of Normandy. Hugh was one of those who brought Louis IV ("d'Outremer") from the Kingdom of England in 936. In 937 Hugh married Hedwige of Saxony, a daughter of Henry I the Fowler of Germany and Matilda of Ringelheim. Very soon however Hugh was quarrelling with King Louis.

paragraphs: In 939 king Louis attacked Hugh the Great and William I, Duke of Normandy. But soon after they made a truce which lasted until June. That same year Hugh, along with Herbert II of Vermandois, Arnulf I, Count of Flanders and Duke William Longsword paid homage to the Emperor Otto the Great. They supported him in his struggle against Louis. When Louis fell into the hands of the Normans in 945, he was handed over to Hugh in exchange for their young duke Richard. Hugh released Louis IV in 946 but made him surrender the fortress of Laon. In 948 at a church council at Ingelheim the bishops excommunicated Hugh even though he was not there. Hugh's response was to attack Soissons and Reims. Hugh finally changed his mind and made peace with Louis IV, and the church.

paragraphs: When Louis IV died Hugh was one of the first to recognize Lothair as his successor. For helping to have him crowned the new king gave Hugh Burgundy and Aquitaine. In the same year Giselbert, Duke of Burgundy acknowledged Hugh as his overlord and gave his daughter in marriage to Hugh's son Otto-Henry. On 16 June 956 Hugh the Great died in Dourdan.

paragraphs: In 922 Hugh married Judith, the daughter of Roger, Count of Maine and Rothilde. She died childless in 925.

paragraphs: Hugh's second wife was Eadhild, daughter of Edward the Elder, king of the Anglo-Saxons. They married in 926 and she died in 938, childless.

paragraphs: Hugh's third wife was Hedwig of Saxony, daughter of Henry the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim. She and Hugh had:


title: Mini-DIN connector

paragraphs: The mini-DIN connectors are a type of electrical connector. They are similar to the older and larger DIN connector.


title: Reed switch

paragraphs: A reed switch is an electrical switch that changes its position via magnetism. It is turned on by bringing a magnet near to the switch. Once the magnet is pulled away from the switch, the reed switch will go back to its original position. If the magnet is an electromagnet, it is a reed relay. The reed switch was invented at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1936 by W. B. Ellwood.


title: Mando Diao

paragraphs: Mando Diao is a rock band from the town of Borlänge in Sweden. The band was started in 1999.


title: Borlänge Municipality

paragraphs: Borlänge Municipality () is a municipality in Dalarna County in central Sweden. The seat is in Borlänge.


title: Doomwyte

paragraphs: Doomwyte is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 2008. It is the 20th book in the Redwall series.

paragraphs: A young mouse named Bisky who lives at Redwall Abbey figures out riddles with his friends to find four beautiful jewels that had been hidden in Redwall a long time ago. But at the same time an evil raven is trying to find the gems too, because they had belonged to his kingdom a long time ago.


title: Richard II, Duke of Normandy

paragraphs: Richard II († 1026), called the Good (French: "Le Bon"), was the Duke of Normandy from 996 to 1026. He was the first to assume the title of duke and built up his court to resemble that of a king. He commissioned Dudo of Saint-Quentin to write a detailed history of the Norman Dukes showing their and Christian patronage.

paragraphs: Richard II was the oldest son of Richard I the Fearless and Gunnora. He succeeded his father as Duke of Normandy in 996. During his minority, which was the first five years of his reign, his was his uncle Count Ralph of Ivrea. Ralph put down a peasant revolt at the start of Richard's reign.

paragraphs: Richard was very religious like his overlord king Robert II of France. Richard used his army to support the king against the duchy of Burgundy. He formed a marriage alliance with Brittany by marrying his sister Hawise of Normandy to Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany. It became a double alliance when he married Geoffrey's sister, Judith of Brittany.

paragraphs: In the 980s the Vikings had been raiding England again. They would then cross the English Channel to Normandy to sell their plunder. Norman and Viking relations were good. Richard's father had hired Viking mercenaries in the 960s. He also allowed them safe haven in Normandy. This caused problems in England and with the Pope in Rome. In 990 representatives of the Pope negotiated a treaty between England and Normandy. Richard I agreed not to aid enemies of England (including Vikings). From 997 to 1000 a great Viking army attacked Wessex a number of times. In 1000 they came to Normandy and were allowed to land by Richard II. This broke the treaty between his father and the English king. In 1000-1001 the English attacked Normandy on the Cotentin Peninsula. The raid was led by king Ethelred the Unready of England. Ethelred had given orders that Richard be captured, shackled and brought to England. But the English were not prepared for the rapid response of the Norman cavalry and were quickly defeated.

paragraphs: Richard wanted to make peace with the English king. He gave his sister Emma of Normandy in marriage to King Ethelred. Ethelred gave Emma the city of Exeter as a dowry. This turned out to be an important marriage as it later gave Richard's grandson, William the Conqueror, a claim to the throne of England. In 1013 when Sweyn Forkbeard invaded England, Emma with her two sons Edward and Alfred fled to Normandy. After losing his throne King Ethelred followed shortly. Soon after the death of Ethelred, Cnut, King of England forced Emma to marry him. Duke Richard was forced to recognize the new regime as his sister was again Queen.

paragraphs: Richard II commissioned Dudo of Saint-Quentin, his clerk and priest, to write about his ancestors. He was to tell the story of the Norman dukes in a way that showed their Christian morals. He wanted them shown to be good and upright leaders who built Normandy despite the bad behavior of their Frankish neighbors. It has been called by some historians a work of propaganda. While it contains a number of stories and legends, nowhere did Dudo claim the stories to be facts. When he wrote his work on the Customs and Deeds of the First Dukes of the Normans, Dudo seems to have met his goal "to tell in the noblest style the story of a noble destiny."

paragraphs: In 1025 and 1026 Richard confirmed gifts of his ancestor Rollo to Saint-Ouen at Rouen. He gave many other gifts to Monasteries. Their names show the areas over which Richard had ducal control: Caen, the Éverecin, the Cotentin, the Pays de Caux and Rouen.

paragraphs: He married firstly, , Judith (992–1017), daughter of Conan I of Brittany, by whom he had the following issue:

paragraphs: Secondly he married Poppa of Envermeu. They had the following children:


title: The Sable Quean

paragraphs: The Sable Quean is a children's fantasy novel. It was written by Brian Jacques in 2010, and it's the twenty-first book in the Redwall series.

paragraphs: The evil Vilaya, who's a sable (that's a kind of animal) queen, wants to take over Redwall Abbey. To do this, she kidnaps children from the Abbey and the area around it, so that if the woodlanders want their kids back, they'll have to give her their abbey.

paragraphs: Luckily, several good guys come to the rescue. But will the good guys and the good Redwallers be able to win against the Sable Quean?


title: Saint Joachim

paragraphs: Saint Joachim was the father of the Virgin Mary and the grandfather of Jesus. Joachim means "Yahweh prepares".

paragraphs: According to tradition, Joachim wanted to pray in the temple but was turned away because of his childlessness. He went to a mountaintop to pray to God. An angel appeared to him and his wife, Anna. The angel told Joachim that the Lord heard their prayers and that Anna was with child.

paragraphs: It is believed that Anna and Joachim gave Mary to the service of the Temple when she was three years old.

paragraphs: St. Joachim and Saint Anna's feast day is July 26.


title: Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities by area

paragraphs: This is a ranked list by area for Spain's autonomous communities, as well as for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.


title: Golden Gate (Jerusalem)

paragraphs: The Golden Gate (, ; Arabic: ) is one of the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. It is in the western side of the walls and the main gate that was connected the Temple Mount to outside the old city. According to the Jewish tradition, the Messiah will come through this gate to the Temple. In the 16th century, the gate was blocked by the Ottoman Sultan and a Muslim cemetery was created to insure that Messiah will never come through this gate. According to the Christian tradition, Jesus came into this gate to Jerusalem.

paragraphs: The Hebrew name for the gate translates to the "Gate of Mercy". In ancient times the gate was known as the "Beautiful Gate".


title: Luhanka

paragraphs: Luhanka () is a municipality in Central Finland, Finland. About 765 people lived there in February 2014. The municipalities located next to Luhanka are Hartola, Joutsa, Jyväskylä, Jämsä, Kuhmoinen and Sysmä. Originally Luhanka was part of Sysmä. Later it was made into its own municipality in 1864. Luhanka is a popular place for summer cottages.


title: Laukaa

paragraphs: Laukaa () is a municipality in Finland. About 18,573 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hankasalmi, Jyväskylä, Konnevesi, Toivakka, Uurainen and Äänekoski.


title: Sahara Hotnights

paragraphs: Sahara Hotnights is a female rock band from Robertsfors in Sweden.


title: Uurainen

paragraphs: Uurainen is a municipality in central Finland. In 2013, about 3,554 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Jyväskylä, Laukaa, Multia, Petäjävesi, Saarijärvi and Äänekoski.


title: Melody Club

paragraphs: The Melody Club is a pop band from the town of Växjö in Sweden. The band was started in 2000, and participated at Melodifestivalen in 2011 with the song "The Hunter".


title: Takida

paragraphs: Takida is a rock band from Ånge in Sweden. The band was established in the year of 1999.


title: Nastola

paragraphs: Nastola is a former municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. It was merged with the city of Lahti on 1 January 2016. In 2013, about 15,107 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Heinola, Hollola, Iitti, Lahti and Orimattila.


title: Orimattila

paragraphs: Orimattila is a town in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. As of 2010, about 16,350 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hollola, Iitti, Kärkölä, Lahti, Lapinjärvi, Myrskylä, Mäntsälä, Nastola and Pukkila.


title: Hollola

paragraphs: Hollola is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 22,092 people lived there in 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenkoski, Kärkölä, Lahti, Nastola and Orimattila. On 1 January 2016, Hämeenkoski is a part of Hollola.


title: Kärkölä

paragraphs: Kärkölä is a municipality in Finland. In 2013, about 4,776 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Hausjärvi, Hollola, Hämeenkoski, Hämeenlinna, Mäntsälä and Orimattila.

paragraphs: Järvelä, Hevonoja, Hongisto, Hähkäniemi, Iso-Sattiala, Karvala, Kirkonkylä, Lappila, Maavehmaa, Marttila, Uusikylä and Vähä-Sattiala.


title: Hämeenlinna

paragraphs: Hämeenlinna is a town in Finland. As of January 2014, about 67,750 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Akaa, Asikkala, Hattula, Hausjärvi, Hämeenkoski, Janakkala, Kärkölä, Loppi, Padasjoki, Pälkäne, Tammela, Urjala and Valkeakoski.


title: Padasjoki

paragraphs: Padasjoki is a municipality in Päijänne Tavastia, Finland. About 3,319 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hämeenlinna, Kangasala, Kuhmoinen, Pälkäne and Sysmä.

paragraphs: People lived in the area of Padasjoki during the Stone Age. There is hill fort around the town.


title: Kuhmoinen

paragraphs: Kuhmoinen is a municipality in Central Finland. Almost 2,400 people lived there as of January 2014. Nearby municipalities include Jämsä, Kangasala, Luhanka, Orivesi, Padasjoki and Sysmä.

paragraphs: Harjunsalmi, Harmoinen, Kirkonkylä, Kissakulma, Kylämä, Patavesi, Pihlajakoski, Poikkijärvi, Puukkoinen, Päijälä, Ruolahti amd Sappee.


title: Pori

paragraphs: Pori is a city in Finland. The city had a population of 83,364 as of 31 August 2012. It covers without sea-areas.

paragraphs: Yyteri, a sand beach, is located at Pori.


title: Särkänniemi

paragraphs: Särkänniemi is a theme park in Tampere, Finland. It covers . It opened in 1969.


title: Matti Nykänen

paragraphs: Matti Nykänen (17 July 1963 in Jyväskylä – 4 February 2019 in Lappeenranta) was a Finnish ski jumper and singer. He won five Olympic medals (four gold), nine World Championships medals (five gold) and 22 Finnish Championships medals (13 gold). He won three gold medals at the 1988 Winter Olympics, which made him one of the two most successful athletes at those games.

paragraphs: Nykänen died in the early hours of 4 February 2019 from complications of diabetes, at the age of 55.


title: Heinola

paragraphs: Heinola is a town in Finland. About 19,997 people lived there as of 31 May 2013. Nearby municipalities include Asikkala, Hartola, Iitti, Kouvola, Mäntyharju, Nastola, Pertunmaa and Sysmä.

paragraphs: The newspaper "Itä-Häme" is published in Heinola and neighbouring towns.

paragraphs: Tuusjärvi, Hirvisalo, Hujansalo, Härkälä, Imjärvi, Komeankylä, Korkee, Lauhjoki, Lusi, Läpiä, Kausa, Marjoniemi, Myllykylä, Onali, Paaso, Paistjärvi, Pääsinniemi, Rihu, Taipale, Vaippilainen (Vaippila), Vierumäki and Jyränkö.


title: Olavi Lanu

paragraphs: Olavi Lanu (10 July 1925 – 11 May 2015) is a Finnish sculptor and professor. One of Lanu's sculptures is in Lanu-puisto, Lahti, Finland. His most famous sculptures are quite big. The surfaces of his sculptures imitate nature.


title: The Well-Tempered Clavier

paragraphs: The Well-Tempered Clavier (also known as WTC, BWV 846–893) is the title of two collections of musical works for solo keyboard instruments by the Baroque composer Johann Sebastian Bach. The first collection was written in 1722 and the second was written in 1742, but they were not published until 1801, fifty years after Bach died. Although the music was written for the harpsichord, which was popular at the time, today it is usually played and heard on a piano.

paragraphs: Both collections have 24 short preludes and 24 fugues to go along with it. All of them contrast with each other: some of them are easy to learn, while others are hard to follow (because there are many different melodies going on at the same time, which is called counterpoint). What is special about them is that each prelude and fugue is written in a different major or minor key. They appear in the book so that they go up by semitones. That is, the first prelude and fugue is in C major, the second is in C minor, the third in C-sharp major (or D-flat major), the fourth in C-sharp minor, and so on, until the last two preludes and fugues are in B major and B minor, in that order.

paragraphs: Other composers would later write music that is also in all 24 major and minor keys. The best known of these are the Preludes by Frédéric Chopin, but this would also later be done by Charles-Valentin Alkan, Sergei Rachmaninoff, and Dmitri Shostakovich, to name a few.

paragraphs: Some of the music that appears in "The Well-Tempered Clavier" has become famous. For example, the French Romantic composer Charles Gounod wrote a setting of Ave Maria that is based on the melody of the first Prelude in C Major in the "WTC".


title: Pottiputki

paragraphs: A pottiputki is a planting tool for putting plants to ground It makes planting faster. The worker strikes the tool into the ground, and then stamps on the mechanism and the pottiputki makes a hole in the ground. A plant is then dropped in the tube of the tool, and falls into the hole.


title: Ranked list of Spanish autonomous communities by population

paragraphs: This is a ranked list by population, as for 1 January 2012, for Spain's autonomous communities, as well as for the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla.


Pentti Vuorio


title: Imperiet

paragraphs: Imperiet was a rock band from Stockholm in Sweden. It was active from 1983 to 1988.


title: BWO

paragraphs: BWO was a synthpop group from Sweden. It was established in 2003, and broke up in 2010. Up to 2009, the group was known under the full name Bodies Without Organs.

paragraphs: BWO participated at Melodifestivalen in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009.


title: Stiftelsen

paragraphs: Stiftelsen is a rock band from Sweden. The band was established in the year of 2010, and broke through in 2012 with the song "Mitt hjärta slår".


title: Soviet submarine S-363

paragraphs: Soviet submarine "S-363" (unofficial Swedish name: U137) was a Soviet submarine that ran aground outside the town of Karlskrona in Sweden on 27 October 1981. On 5 November the same year, it was led out of Swedish territorial waters.


title: Folkhemmet

paragraphs: Folkhemmet (literally, People's Home) is a political term in Swedish. It was first used by Rudolf Kjellén in the early 20th century. It was adopted by the Swedish Social Democratic Party in the 1920s. On 18 January 1928, Swedish social democrat Per Albin Hansson delivered a speech including the word. His meaning referred to equality and cooperation. The speech made the term popular.

paragraphs: Nowadays the term may not only refer to Per Albin Hansson's visions but also works as a poetic name for the Swedish welfare state.


title: Bell 214

paragraphs: The Bell 214 is an American helicopter. It is a more powerful variant of the Bell 205. It was developed for both civilian and military use. Bell 214ST is a bigger variant. Iran was the main military operator of the Bell 214.


title: Lockheed MC-130

paragraphs: The Lockheed MC-130 is a US military cargo aircraft. It is a very specialized variant of the famous C-130 Hercules, used exclusively by U.S. special forces. It can fly on low altitude. MC-130 are only used by US Air Force.

paragraphs: The MC-130J, which became operational in 2011, is the new-production variant that is replacing the other special operations MC-130s. As of May 2016, the Air Force has taken delivery of 33 of the planned 37 -J models.


title: Catalina affair

paragraphs: The Catalina affair () was a military confrontation and diplomatic crisis in June 1952 between the USSR and Sweden. It was during the Cold War. Soviet fighter aeroplanes shot down two Swedish Air Force aeroplanes over the Baltic Sea. Both aircrafts were found in 2003.


title: The Redwall Cookbook

paragraphs: The Redwall Cookbook is a cookbook written by Brian Jacques with recipes for food from the Redwall book series, from Deeper'n'Ever Pie and Summer Strawberry Fizz, to Abbot's Special Abbey Trifle and Shrimp'n'Hotroot Soup.


title: Massa's in de Cold Ground

paragraphs: "Massa's in de Cold Ground" is a minstrel song by Stephen Foster. It was one of only four songs Foster published in 1852. It sold hundreds of copies. Foster received only a 2 cent royalty on each copy sold, but the song earned him US$900 within five years of its publication.

paragraphs: The song is written in D major to 4/4 time. An initial phrase is repeated five times, beginning every line except one. The phrase ends with a octave leap upwards in the melody. "Massa" is a slow, sad song in dialect written for the minstrel stage.

paragraphs: The song tells of slaves weeping at the grave of their deceased European-American master. After the American Civil War, another 'Cold' was entered in the title, the title then becoming, "Massa's in de Cold, Cold Ground".

paragraphs: When the novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was first performed as a dramatic adaptation in November 1852 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Foster's home town), "Massa's in de Cold Ground" and two other Forster melodies were inserted into the production.


title: Järvenpää

paragraphs: Järvenpää is a town in southern Finland. On 31 May 2013, about 39,734 people lived there. It covers an area of .


title: Kokkola

paragraphs: Kokkola (, previously "Gamlakarleby") is a town in Central Ostrobothnia, Finland. As of January 2014, over 47,000 people lived there. It covers an area of , not including the sea area. Nearby municipalities are Halsua, Kalajoki, Kannus, Kaustinen, Kruunupyy, Lestijärvi, Luoto and Toholampi.

paragraphs: Kokkola was established in 1620. The people speak two languages: Finnish and Swedish.


title: Kouvola

paragraphs: Kouvola is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, there were 87,254 people living there. Its current form was established in 2009. Six other municipalities closed and joined to form Kouvola.


title: Hamina

paragraphs: Hamina () is a town in Kymenlaakso, Finland. As of 31 May 2013, 21,252 people lived there. Nearby municipalities are Kotka, Kouvola, Luumäki, Miehikkälä and Virolahti. Writer Laila Hietamies wrote a book about Hamina.

paragraphs: The town plan of Hamina differs from what is usual in Finland. It is rare in other countries too. Another town with a similar plan is Palmanova, in Italy.

paragraphs: A local museum is located on the island of Tammio, near to the town.

paragraphs: Hamina was established 1653. In writing, it was mentioned as a trading centre in the 1300s.


title: Taka Michinoku

paragraphs: Takao Yoshida (born October 26, 1973) is a Japanese professional wrestler and former mixed martial artist who is currently working for New Japan Pro Wrestling under the ring name, Taka Michinoku.

paragraphs: Michinoku has competed for many professional wresting companies during his career including Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), CMLL, World Wresting Federation (WWF), Kaientai Dojo and All Japan Pro Wrestling.

paragraphs: During his time in the WWF, Michinoku became the first ever WWF Light Heavyweight Champion when he defeated Brian Christopher at .

paragraphs: Michinoku faced Keiichiro Yamamiya at Pancrase: Alive 4 on April 27, 1997 but was defeated 7:36 in the first round from submission by keylock.


title: Repovesi National Park

paragraphs: Repovesi National Park is national park near Kouvola and Mäntyharju in Finland. It was established in January 2003. The area is . There are many paths for visitors.


title: Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh

paragraphs: Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh () is a Punjabi feature movie from 1999. It was directed by Manoj Punj. It is also spelled "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat" for short. The movie is based on the real-life love story of Boota Singh and Zainab. It is set in the Punjab region during the time of the partition of India. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as Zainab. Arun Bakshi, Gurkirtan and B. N. Sharma played the supporting roles.

paragraphs: The movie was an international success. It was shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival, International Film Festival of India and many more. The movie won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi at the 46th National Film Awards. This movie was produced by Manjeet Maan. It is the first movie by Maan's home production company, Sai Productions.


title: Boota Singh

paragraphs: Boota Singh (Gurmukhi: ਬੂਟਾ ਸਿੰਘ; Shahmukhi: بوٹا سنگھ), sometimes spelled as Buta Singh, was a Sikh soldier in the British Army. He served in Burma during World War II, under the command of Lord Mountbatten. He is very well known in India and Pakistan. He is famous for his tragic love story with Zainab, a Muslim girl who he rescued from the riots during the partition of India in 1947.

paragraphs: Both fell in love and got married. Later, Zainab was deported (sent back) to Pakistan. Boota illegally entered Pakistan to find her. Zainab stayed away from him due to pressure from her family. Because of this, he killed himself by jumping in front of a moving train near Shahdara railway station in Pakistan. He did this with his daughter, but she survived.

paragraphs: The love story of Singh's life has been adapted to movies and books, from both India and Pakistan. A Punjabi movie "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh" (1999) is entirely based on the story. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a book, "Muhabbat", based on the story. The story also influenced many other movies including "Partition", a Hollywood movie from 2007.

paragraphs: Singh lived in a village of Jalandhar district in British Punjab. When he returned home from fighting in Burma, his youth was over. All his friends were married with their own families, but he was still not married. He found no woman to marry him. Once a trader offered to sell Singh a bride from Uttar Pradesh or Bihar for rupees 2000/-. From this day onward, he started saving all his money for the dowry.

paragraphs: His uncle and cousins were wanting him to die unmarried, so that they could inherit his share of the family's land.

paragraphs: In his suicide note, Singh expressed his last wish to be buried as a Muslim in Noorpur village near Barki. This is where Zainab's parents had resettled after the Partition. The autopsy of Singh's body was done in an hospital in Lahore. It was taken to the village on 22 February 1957 for burial. However, the villagers did not allow him to be buried there. Instead, Singh was buried at Miani Sahib Graveyard of Lahore.

paragraphs: In 1999, Manoj Punj directed a Punjabi feature movie, "Shaheed-e-Mohabbat Boota Singh", entirely based on the life story of Boota Singh. The movie stars Gurdas Maan as Boota Singh and Divya Dutta as Zainab. The music was composed by Amar Haldipur. It was a success internationally. It won the "National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi" at the 46th National Film Awards. It was also shown at many national and international movie festivals, including the 1999 Vancouver International Film Festival and the International Film Festival of India. Ishrat Rahmani wrote a novel on the love story, titled "Muhabbat". The story also featured in an English book, "Freedom at Midnight", by Larry Collins and Dominique Lapierre.


title: Geometric topology

paragraphs: Geometric topology is a discipline of mathematics. It looks at manifolds and embeddings. Examples are the Knot theory and Braid groups. Since 1945, the field of Topology has developed further:


title: Lake Gałęziste

paragraphs: Lake Gałęziste is a lake in Poland. It is in Wigry National Park. It is deep.


title: Riksdag

paragraphs: The Parliament of Sweden () is the legislative government of Sweden. The parliament building is on the Stockholm island of Helgeandsholmen. The parliament has 349 seats since 1976 (350 between 1971 and 1976). Between 1867 and 1971, the parliament had two chambers, but has been reduced to one. Elections are held in September every fourth year (third year between 1970-1994).


title: Hawker Hunter

paragraphs: The Hawker Hunter is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as fighter aircraft for the Royal Air Force. But it was used by many other operators as Fleet Air Arm, or foreign air forces. Belgium, Iraq, Sweden, and Switzerland are among the operators of this aircraft.


title: Noice

paragraphs: Noice was a rock music group from Gustavsberg in Sweden. It was established in 1977.


title: Freestyle

paragraphs: Freestyle was a Swedish pop music group. It was active from 1980 to 1983.


title: Style (band)

paragraphs: Style was a Swedish pop music group. They were active from 1983 to 1989. The band was reunited in 1998, 2003, 2009 and 2010.


title: Dag Vag

paragraphs: Dag Vag is a Swedish pop, reggae, and punk band. It was formed in 1978. The lead singer was Per Odeltorp (1948-2012), popularly known as Stig Vig.


title: Eldkvarn

paragraphs: Eldkvarn was a gristmill in central Stockholm in Sweden, that was destroyed by a fire on 31 October 1878. In its place today is the Stockholm City Hall. The mill was built in 1805 for Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz with a steam engine built by Samuel Owen.


title: Eldkvarn (band)

paragraphs: Eldkvarn is rock band from the town of Norrköping in Sweden. The band was founded in 1971.


title: Kikki, Bettan & Lotta

paragraphs: Kikki, Bettan & Lotta was a supertrio from Sweden. They were active from 2001 to 2004. It consisted of Kikki Danielsson, Elisabeth Andreassen and Lotta Engberg.


title: Matz Bladhs

paragraphs: Matz Bladhs is a dansband from the town of Falkenberg in Sweden. The band was founded in 1968.


title: Hawker Sea Hawk

paragraphs: The Hawker Sea Hawk is a British military jet aircraft. It was designed and built as a fighter aircraft for the Royal Navy. It was designed and built for operations from the British aircraft carriers. Foreign operators were Germany, India, and Netherlands.

paragraphs: Hawker Sea Hawk were used by British in the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, and by Indians in Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.


title: Family Four

paragraphs: Family Four was a band from Sweden. They represented Sweden in the Eurovision Song Contest 1971 with "Vita vidder" and at Eurovision Song Contest 1972 with "Härliga sommardag".


title: Frequency response

paragraphs: Systems respond differently to inputs of different frequencies. Some systems may amplify frequencies of certain range and attenuate the other frequencies. The way that the system output is related to the input for different frequencies is called frequency response. Frequency response means a graph where can be seen how something changes in different sound frequency. It is typically used in loudspeakers. Also audio crossovers way to function can be shown with frequency response.

paragraphs: The frequency response will be represented by two numbers and measured in Hertz (Hz) which is the unit of measurement for one frequency cycle. The first number represents the lowest bass frequency while the second number indicates the highest high-frequency an audio product can produce.


title: Sukhoi Su-25

paragraphs: The Sukhoi Su-25 is an attack aircraft designed and built in the USSR, and after in Russia. It was used by Soviets militaries during the war in Afghanistan. Foreign operators are mainly former Warsaw Pact countries and states near the communist regimes. NATO called it "Frogfoot". First designed by Haydn Douglas Griffiths of the soviet Air force research and development. Then The idea was expanded on by Eryk Deryniowski who then Went to transfer the idea on to Sukhoi.


title: Audio crossover

paragraphs: Audio crossover is an electric circuit that separates low and high audio frequencies in a signal. It is needed because very small loudspeakers (tweeters) would break if fed by low frequencies. Likewise, bigger speakers (subwoofers) are not able to play higher frequencies purely.

paragraphs: Audio crossovers are divided to passive or active crossovers. Typical components used with passive crossovers are capacitors inductors and resistors. If passive crossover uses resistors to adjust loudness, those generate heat. Instead, active devices typically use resistors and capacitors with other audioelectronic components and those typically don't consume so much electric power. Also, active crossovers are easily built to be adjustable. Still, that doesn't mean that using passive crossover means low quality.


title: Hawker Hurricane

paragraphs: The Hawker Hurricane is a famous British military aircraft of World War II. This was the main fighter used by the RAF during the Battle of Britain. It was later outclassed by the Supermarine Spitfire. "Sea Hurricane" was a navalized variant, used by Fleet Air Arm.


title: Hawker Siddeley HS-748

paragraphs: The Hawker Siddeley HS-748 is a British civilian aircraft. Designed and built as an airliner it was also used by militaries as cargo aircraft and for aerial test support.

paragraphs: It can carry between 45 and 50 passengers. Andover is a modified military variant.


title: Airbus A318

paragraphs: The Airbus A318 is a European airliner designed and built from the Airbus A319. It is the smallest aircraft built by Airbus. It can carry between 107 and 132 passengers. Air France was in 2013 the biggest operator with 18 examples.


title: CASA C-212 Aviocar

paragraphs: The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a Spanish twin-turboprop aircraft. Designed and built as a cargo aircraft, it is also a light airliner. It is used both by civilians and militaries. US Air Force use some as C-41 to support special forces. Some variants are built for reconnaissance and maritime patrol.


title: Eu, Seine-Maritime

paragraphs: Eu is a commune of Seine-Maritime near Le Tréport. By the river "Bresles", it marks the border with Picardie. This commune is famous for its castle and for its Collegiate church.


title: Akaa

paragraphs: Akaa is a city in Finland. About 17,000 people live there. Nearby municipalities include Hämeenlinna, Lempäälä, Urjala, Valkeakoski and Vesilahti. In Akaa is the biggest mämmi factory in world. There were mämmi-eating competitions in 2005 and 2007.


title: Mämmi

paragraphs: Mämmi is a traditional Finnish food. It is similar to porridge. Originally, it was eaten only in western Finland. It is served cooled with cream and sugar.


title: Hanko

paragraphs: Hanko () is a city in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, about 9,100 people lived there. More people come to live in Hanko during the summer. Hanko is the most southern municipality in Finland. The municipilaty is surrounded by sea on three sides. Many of the people in Hanko speak Swedish instead of Finnish. Nearby municipalities include Kemiönsaari and Kemiönsaari.


title: Rosvopaisti

paragraphs: Rosvopaisti is a traditional Finnish food. It is cooked in a 50 cm-deep hole. At the bottom of the hole is put a camp fire. It is cooked there for 3-4 hours. After that, a steak is put in the hole. Cooking takes about 8-12 hours.


title: Gunnora

paragraphs: Gunnora (or Gunnor) (–), "Duchess" of Normandy, was the wife of Richard I, Duke of Normandy. She was an important figure in his reign and those of her sons.

paragraphs: Gunnora belonged to a family from the Pays de Caux area in Normandy. Gunnora was probably born . Her family was very influential in western Normandy and Gunnora was said to be very wealthy. Her marriage to Richard I was of great political importance. It allied him with a powerful rival family in the Cotentin. Her brother, Herfast de Crepon, was the of a great Norman family. Her sisters and nieces married some of the most important nobles in Normandy.

paragraphs: At the time the Normans were used to more than one kind of marriage. Richard I wanted his son Robert to become the Archbishop of Rouen. He was told the church would not allow it because he and Gunnora were not married in a Christian ceremony. So he married Gunnora "according to the Christian custom", making their children legitimate in the eyes of the church.

paragraphs: Gunnora signed many ducal charters up into the 1020s. She was skilled in languages and had an excellent memory. She was a source of information on Norman history for Dudo of St. Quentin. Her husband depended on her as is shown in the couple's charters where she held several important positions. She was at times regent of Normandy, a and a judge. In a typical roll for a medieval aristocratic mother, she was an between her husband and their oldest son Richard II. As Richard I's widow she is mentioned as being active in her sons' careers.

paragraphs: Gunnora was a founder and of Coutances Cathedral and laid its first stone. In one of her own charters after Richard's death she gave two pieces of land (called allods) to the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel. These were Britavilla and Domjean which were part of her dowry. She gave them for the soul of her husband, for her own soul and that of her sons "count Richard, archbishop Robert, and others..." She also signed a charter, , to that same abbey as "Gonnor matris comitis" (Gunnor, mother of the count). Gunnora, as wife and countess, was able to use her influence to see her kin favored, and several of the most prominent Anglo-Norman families on both sides of the English Channel are descended from her, her sisters and her nieces. Gunnora died .

paragraphs: Richard and Gunnora were parents to several children:


title: Stockholm City Hall

paragraphs: The Stockholm City Hall () is the municipal building in Stockholm in Sweden. It is on the island of Kungsholmen. It was built between 1911 and 1923, with Ragnar Östberg being the architect. The Stockholm Municipality council meetings are held here. Each year on 10 December, the Nobel Prize party is held here.


title: Stockholm Palace

paragraphs: The Stockholm Palace () is the royal castle in Stockholm in Sweden. It was built in the 18th century, after a fire in 1697 destroyed the old castle Tre kronor.


title: Riddarholmen Church

paragraphs: The Riddarholmen Church () is a church building in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It is on the island of Riddarholmen. Several Swedish monarchs are buried here.

paragraphs: It is one of the oldest building in Stockholm, and dates back to the Middle Ages.


title: Royal Chapel, Stockholm

paragraphs: The Royal Chapel () is a church inside the Stockholm Palace. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened in 1754.


title: Adolf Fredrik Church

paragraphs: Adolf Fredrik Church () is a church building in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 27 November 1774. In its graveyard, former Swedish prime ministers Hjalmar Branting and Olof Palme have been buried.


title: Hedvig Eleonora Church

paragraphs: Hedvig Eleonora Church () is a church in Stockholm, Sweden. It belongs to the Church of Sweden. It was opened on 21 August 1737.


title: Sweden women's national ice hockey team

paragraphs: The Sweden women's national ice hockey team () represents the country of Sweden in women's ice hockey. The team started in 1987. It won bronze medals at the world championships in the years 2005 and 2007, Olympic bronze medal in 2002, and an Olympic silver medal in 2006.


title: Svenska Dagbladet

paragraphs: Svenska Dagbladet is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in Stockholm. It was started on 18 December 1884.


title: Kitee

paragraphs: Kitee is a city in North Karelia, Finland. As of January 2014 over 11,200 people lived there. Nearby municipalities include Parikkala, Rääkkylä, Savonlinna and Tohmajärvi.

paragraphs: Kitee was established 1631 and it came to be a city in 1992.

paragraphs: Orivesi, Karjalan Pyhäjärvi, Kiteenjärvi, Ätäskö, Heinäjärvi, Pieniheinäjärvi, Särkijärvi, Hyypii, Pitkäjärvi, Säynejärvi, Lautakko, Paasselkä (Paasivesi) and Piimäjärvi.


title: FC Groningen

paragraphs: FC Groningen is a football club from Groningen, Netherlands. It was founded in 1971. It plays in the highest division of the Netherlands, the Eredivisie. Their home kit is green and white.


title: Jönköpings-Posten

paragraphs: Jönköpings-Posten (JP) is a newspaper in Sweden. It is based in the town of Jönköping. It was started on 17 January 1865.


title: Stadsparksvallen

paragraphs: Stadsparksvallen is a sports ground in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. Opened in 1902, it is the home ground for the Jönköpings Södra IF soccer club.


title: Joutseno

paragraphs: Joutseno is a former town and municipality of Finland. It is now part of Lappeenranta. Joutseno had a population of 10,821 in 2004. It covers an area of , of which about is water.


title: Norrahammar

paragraphs: Norrahammar is a part of the Jönköping locality ("town"). It has been part of the town since the 1970s. It is located within the Jönköping Municipality in the county of Jönköping in Sweden.


title: Tenhult

paragraphs: Tenhult is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Jönköping Municipality.


title: Smålandsstenar

paragraphs: Smålandsstenar is an urban area in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Gislaved Municipality.


title: Gislaved Municipality

paragraphs: Gislaved Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gislaved.


title: Vaggeryd Municipality

paragraphs: Vaggeryd Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is both in Skillingaryd and Vaggeryd.


title: Värnamo Municipality

paragraphs: Värnamo Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Värnamo.


title: The Rogue Crew

paragraphs: The Rogue Crew is a children's fantasy book, written by Brian Jacques in 2011. It is the 22nd book in the Redwall series. It is the last book in the series too, because Jacques died in 2011.

paragraphs: An evil animal called a Wearat is coming to take over Redwall Abbey. The hares of the Long Patrol army and the sea otters called the Rogue Crew have to fight this horrible creature and save the land of Mossflower.


title: Skillingaryd

paragraphs: Skillingaryd is a settlement in the county of Jönköping in Sweden. It is in the Vaggeryd Municipality. Together with Vaggeryd, it consists of the municipal seat.


title: Gnosjö Municipality

paragraphs: Gnosjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Gnosjö.


title: Eksjö Municipality

paragraphs: Eksjö Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Eksjö.


title: Aneby Municipality

paragraphs: Aneby Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Aneby.


title: Tranås Municipality

paragraphs: Tranås Municipality () is a municipality in Jönköping County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Tranås.


title: Karlsborg Municipality

paragraphs: Karlsborg Municipality () is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in southern Sweden. The seat is in Karlsborg.


title: Håbo Municipality

paragraphs: Håbo Municipality () is a municipality in Uppsala County in central Sweden. The seat is in Bålsta.


title: Bålsta

paragraphs: Bålsta is a locality, and the seat of Håbo Municipality, in the county of Uppsala in central Sweden.


title: Kalix Municipality

paragraphs: Kalix Municipality () is a municipality in Norrbotten County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Kalix.


title: Ånge Municipality

paragraphs: Ånge Municipality () is a municipality in Västernorrland County in northern Sweden. The seat is in Ånge.