title: Firefly (TV series)

paragraphs: Firefly is an American science fiction television series. It first aired in the United States and Canada on September 20, 2002. It is set in the future, but also has many things about it which would be expected in a story of the American Old West. This combination of past and future gives a unique science fiction setting for the story. It was created by writer and director Joss Whedon, creator of "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Angel". He created it with his production company, Mutant Enemy. Whedon was the executive producer, along with Tim Minear.

paragraphs: "Firefly" was first broadcast on the FOX network. It was cancelled after only eleven of the fourteen episodes were shown. Even though the show did not last long, it sold very well when it was released onto DVD and had great fan support. Because of this, Whedon and Universal Pictures made a movie based on the series, titled "Serenity". The movie was named after the fictional spaceship in the show. It won an Emmy in 2003 for "Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series".

paragraphs: The series is set in 2517 AD. It follows the adventures of the crew of "Serenity", a "Firefly"-class spaceship. The cast play the nine characters who live on "Serenity". Whedon described the show as "nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things". The show looks at the changing lives of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war. It also shows the pioneer culture that is on the edges of their star system. It is a future where the only two superpowers, the United States and China, joined to create a single government. This government was called the "Alliance". This also caused the two cultures to blend into each other. Whedon said that nothing has changed in the future. There are more people with better technology, but they still have the same problems politically, morally and ethically.

paragraphs: Whedon came up with the idea for the show after reading "The Killer Angels", a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war. He wanted to look at their lives after the war on the edges of civilization. It was meant to be the kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a pioneer environment. Whedon wanted to have a show that was about when life was physical and things did not come easy to people. Whedon was also very interested in science fiction and wanted to make something for television that was character-driven and dirty.

paragraphs: For the name of the show, Joss Whedon wanted something that had strength and movement. He felt that the word "firefly" had both. The fact that it was also something small with a powerful name made him like it more. From there, he created the ship in the image of a firefly.

paragraphs: While making the first episode, Whedon was arguing with FOX that the show should be shown in widescreen format. Because of this, he filmed scenes with actors on the edge of both sides so that they would have to show it that way. However, the pilot was turned down by the FOX executives. They thought that it did not have enough action. They also did not like the captain. FOX told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to make a new script by Monday morning or they would not do it. Whedon and Tim Minear spent the weekend writing a new episode, "The Train Job". In this new episode, the captain was more "happy" and they added "larger than life" characters. These characters were the henchman "Crow", and the "hands of blue" men, that also introduced a "X-Files"-type ending.

paragraphs: Production designer Carey Meyer built the ship "Serenity" in two parts. It was built as a complete set. It had ceilings and working lights built in as part of the set that the cameras could use. It also had movable parts. This helped with moving the camera around inside the set. There were other good things about this set design. One was that it let the people watching feel that they were really in a ship. For Whedon, the design of the ship was very important. It defined the known space for the viewer. He wanted to show that it was simple and that it was "beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home". Each room had a feel to it, usually shown by the paint color.

paragraphs: Their small budget was a reason to use the ship for much of telling the story. When the characters did go off of the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and colors. They could not afford to build alien worlds.

paragraphs: The theme song, "The Ballad of Serenity", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes. Whedon wrote the song before the series was approved by Fox. An early recording done by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.

paragraphs: The soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005 by Varèse Sarabande. The musical score matches the blending of cultures in the show. Cowboy guitar blended with an Asian feel was the musical background for the series. Greg Edmonson wrote the music for the series. He said that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.

paragraphs: In casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actor and how they got along with others. All nine cast members were chosen before filming began. However, while filming the original pilot "Serenity", Whedon saw that the actress cast as Inara Serra (Rebecca Gayheart) was not right for the role.Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.

paragraphs: Whedon asked Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds. After telling him the idea for the show and showing him the pilot, Fillion wanted the role. Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.

paragraphs: Alan Tudyk auditioned and was told to come back in to test with the possible Zoes (the character's wife). It was down to him and one other person. The Zoes did not work out and Tudyk was sent home. He got a call telling him he had the part anyway.

paragraphs: Veteran science fiction-fantasy actress Gina Torres ("The Matrix Reloaded", "") did not at first want to do another science fiction show, but "was won over by the quality of the source material." As she recalled, "So you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling. AND NO ALIENS!"

paragraphs: Adam Baldwin grew up watching westerns. The character of Jayne Cobb was a role that was perfect for him.

paragraphs: Canadian actress Jewel Staite has been an actress since age nine. She videotaped her audition from Vancouver. she was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, where she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.

paragraphs: Sean Maher remembers reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam. He said it was Whedon's personality and vision that "sealed the deal" for him. For the role of Simon's sister, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day. Glau had first worked for Whedon on an episode of "Angel". Two weeks later Whedon called her to tell her she had the part. This was Glau's first speaking role.

paragraphs: The veteran television actor Ron Glass ("Barney Miller", "All in the Family"), has said that until "Firefly", he had not thought about a science-fiction western role but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.

paragraphs: The series takes place in the year 2517, on several planets and moons. The television series does not say if these are in one star system. The movie "Serenity" makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system. The characters refer to "Earth-that-was" and in the movie, it is said that long before the events in the series a large population had left from Earth to a new star system: "Earth that was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many." The people settled in this new star system, with "dozens of planets and hundreds of moons." Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble the Earth. The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet livable. Only the most central planets got more treatment. This caused many of the border planets and moons to have environments that fit the Western setting.

paragraphs: The show takes its name from the "Firefly"-class spaceship "Serenity" that the main characters call home. Its tail section lights up during acceleration, looking like the glowing part of a firefly.

paragraphs: The Alliance is shown to control the star system through an organization of "core" planets. DVD commentary suggests that two main "core" planets make up the Alliance. One is mostly Occidental in culture, the other is Asian. This explains the series' mixed linguistic and visual themes. The central planets are under Alliance control, but the outer planets and moons resemble the 19th century American West, with little government control. Settlers people on the outer worlds have relative freedom from the central government. The outer areas also have Reavers, a cannibalistic race.

paragraphs: The captain of the crew of "Serenity" is Malcolm "Mal" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion). The episode "Serenity" shows that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran "Browncoats" of the civil war. A later episode, titled "Out of Gas", shows that Mal bought the spaceship "Serenity" to continue living beyond Alliance control. Much of the crew's work is made up of cargo runs or smuggling. One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher). River was a child prodigy. Her brain was experimented on. She seems to have schizophrenia and often hears voices. It is later found out that she is a "reader", someone with psychic abilities. Simon gave up a very good career as a surgeon to save her from the Alliance. They join the crew in the original "Serenity". Because of this rescue, they are both wanted criminals.

paragraphs: "Firefly" takes place in a multi-cultural future. Because of this, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language. It is used in advertisements, and characters in the show often use Chinese words and curses.

paragraphs: The show also has slang not used in today's culture. There are changes to modern words, or new words ("shiny" is a synonym of "cool"). The Japanese katakana and an Old West dialect are also used.

paragraphs: One of the problems that Whedon had with FOX was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds. FOX wanted Whedon to make his character more "jolly". They felt he was too dark in the original pilot.

paragraphs: "Firefly" had an ensemble cast that played the nine crew members of the ship, "Serenity". These characters fight criminals, Alliance security forces, the insane Reavers, and the mysterious men with "hands of blue" - who seem to work for a secret agency which is part of the huge corporation, The Blue Sun Corporation. The crew needs to get enough income to keep their ship working. While doing this, they must stay hidden from people looking for them.

paragraphs: All nine major characters are in every episode, with one exception: Book is absent from "Ariel".


title: Canute

paragraphs: Canute (or Cnut the Great) (ca. 995–12 November 1035) was a Viking King of England, Denmark, Norway, part of Sweden and governor or overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania. Danish influence in the North Sea region was never greater than in his time. He had treaties with the Holy Roman Emperors, Henry II and Conrad II and good relations with the popes of his time.

paragraphs: Canute was the only man to be King of England, Denmark and Norway. He also ruled part of Sweden.

paragraphs: In the summer of 1015, Canute's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships. Cnut was at the head of an array of Vikings from all over Scandinavia. The invasion force was to be in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against Aethelred's son, Edmund Ironside.

paragraphs: After ascending the throne in 1016, Canute executed many of Edmund's followers, to make his crown safe.

paragraphs: Canute, a Christian, had two wives. His first wife, or perhaps concubine, was called Ælfgifu. She was a handfast wife, meaning the marriage was made by joining hands, not by a church ceremony. This was legal at that time. She became his northern queen.

paragraphs: His second wife was Emma of Normandy, who was also called Ælfgifu in Old English. Their wedding was a Christian wedding. She was kept in the south, with an estate in Exeter.

paragraphs: Both wives bore sons who became kings of England. Canute kept the Church sweet with many gifts.

paragraphs: There is a story that Canute sat on his throne ordering the sea to turn back. We do not know whether this really happened. It seems to come from Henry of Huntington (c. 1088 – c. 1154). He relates it as follows:

paragraphs: "When King Cnute had reigned for twenty years, he departed this life at Shaftesbury and was buried at Winchester in the Old Minster. A few words must be devoted to the power of this king. Before him there had never been in England a king of such great authority. He was lord of all Denmark, of all England, of all Norway, and also of Scotland. In addition to the many wars in which he was most particularly illustrious, he performed three fine and magnificent deeds...The third, that when he was at the height of his ascendancy, he ordered his chair to be placed on the sea-shore as the tide was coming in. Then he said to the rising tide, 'You are subject to me, as the land on which I am sitting is mine, and no one has resisted my overlordship with impunity. I command you, therefore, not to rise on to my land, nor to presume to wet the clothing or limbs of your master.' But the sea came up as usual, and disrespectfully drenched the king's feet and shins. So jumping back, the king cried, 'Let all the world know that the power of kings is empty and worthless, and there is no king worthy of the name save Him by whose will heaven, earth, and sea obey eternal laws.' Thereafter King Cnut never wore the golden crown on his neck, but placed it on the image of the crucified Lord, in eternal praise of God the great king. By whose mercy may the soul of King Cnut enjoy rest."

paragraphs: Henry of Huntingdon, "Historia Anglorum (VI.17)"


title: Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraphs: Saint Henry II (972 – 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty.


title: Internet protocol suite

paragraphs: When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.

paragraphs: The TCP/IP model and other related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC.

paragraphs: • Internet Society: http://www.internetsociety.org

paragraphs: • Internet Engineering Task Force: http://www.ietf.org/

paragraphs: • World Wide Web Consortium: http://www.w3.org/

paragraphs: • HowStuffWorks-How Internet Infrastructure Works: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet-infrastructure.htm

paragraphs: • HowStuffWorks-How Web Servers Work-Protocols: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-server9.htm

paragraphs: • HowStuffWorks-How the Internet works: http://computer.howstuffworks.com/internet/basics/internet.htm

paragraphs: • Internet Protocol Suite: https://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Internet_Protocol_Suite.html

paragraphs: • About.com Networking-TCP/IP: http://compnetworking.about.com/cs/basictcpip/g/bldef_tcpip.htm


title: Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraphs: Conrad II (c. 990 – June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.

paragraphs: During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enough that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone.


title: Ottonian dynasty

paragraphs: Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member "Liudolf" and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.

paragraphs: Although he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire.

paragraphs: After the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor.

paragraphs: Some other famous members of the Liudolfing or Ottonian House:


title: Copernicium

paragraphs: Copernicium (former Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.

paragraphs: The element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.

paragraphs: Using periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury.

paragraphs: Copernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.

paragraphs: The element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.

paragraphs: In May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of ununbium.

paragraphs: In February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.


title: Otto I the Great

paragraphs: Otto I the Great (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor. He won a big war against the Magyars and later conquered northern Italy.


title: Tropic of Capricorn

paragraphs: The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23° 26′ 22″ south of the Equator.

paragraphs: It marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead. This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.

paragraphs: The Tropic of Capricorn goes through these countries, starting at the prime meridian and going west:

paragraphs: The Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes. The word "tropic" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning "turn". This refers to the fact that the sun appears to "turn back" at the solstices.


title: Edward III of England

paragraphs: Edward III (13 November 1312–21 June 1377) was a King of England. He ruled for 50 years.

paragraphs: He made England the strongest military power in Europe.

paragraphs: Edward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate. After his victory against the Scots, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, and so started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England; the victories of Crécy and Poitiers led up to the Treaty of Brétigny, by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health. He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.

paragraphs: Edward also established the Order of the Garter, and developed legislature and government. However, during his reign there was the Black Death.

paragraphs: Edward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children and, as they traveled, the children were generally known by where they were born (though the oldest son, Edward "of Woodstock," became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince). Prince Edward died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward "of Angouleme," had died a child, so younger son Richard "of Bordeaux" succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England before being deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John "of Gaunt", had married the heiress of Lancaster. His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses with the House of York descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel "of Antwerp" (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king.

paragraphs: In his own time and for centuries after Edward III was praised a lot, but by Whig historians he was seen as an irresponsible adventurer. This view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was.


title: Wicked Science

paragraphs: Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series. It takes place in Sandy Bay. It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.

paragraphs: Toby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager. Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet. Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony. She has liked Tony from her childhood. One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school. They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses. But they do not know why. The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.

paragraphs: On the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris. They quickly became friends. During science class, they were chatting. When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault. He was to be punished with Russ. The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer. He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work. Elizabeth accepted. That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory. Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones. Russ had a bad idea. He tried to use his mouth to change the water. He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground. A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine. The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth.


title: Harold Wilson

paragraphs: James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 – 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He was an MP from 1945-1983. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974) — but only once with a clear majority (1966).

paragraphs: Wilson resigned as Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party in 1976. He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995.


title: Labour Party (UK)

paragraphs: The Labour Party is the main centre-left political party in the United Kingdom. It is a social democratic party. It has been one of the UK's two main political parties from the early 20th century to the present day. It is currently the second largest party in the British House of Commons, with 262 out of 650 seats. It forms the Official Opposition. Its last leader was Jeremy Corbyn. The current Labour Party leader is Sir Keir Starmer. He was elected on 4 April 2020.

paragraphs: The Labour Party was in power in the United Kingdom government from 1997 to 2010. Now it sits in opposition. It was in power in the Scottish Parliament (in coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats) until 2007. It is the largest group in the London Assembly, although until May 2016 the Mayor of London was a Conservative party member. It is also the second largest party in local government.

paragraphs: Most Labour Party supporters believe in the following things:

paragraphs: The party was officially formed in 1906, just after the general election, as a successor of the Labour Representative Committee formed in 1900. In 1918, the party made a new constitution with the commitment to socialism, or the socialization of the industry. This could be found in Clause 4.

paragraphs: The Labour Party won the general election in 1945 for the first time. From 1951 Labour was in opposition for thirteen years, during which there were serious fights between the left and right wings of the party. The leader of the left wing was Aneurin Bevan. His supporters were called the ""Bevanites"". They wanted a less confrontational policy in foreign affairs and more socialist actions. The leaders of the right wing were Clement Attlee and Hugh Gaitskell. They believed that Western capitalism had changed a lot and that socialism and public ownership was not so important. Gaitskell tried to remove Clause 4 from the party constitution at the 1959 conference, but he could not.

paragraphs: In 1994, Tony Blair forced the Labour Party to drop Clause 4. This was an important step to change the party into "New Labour".

paragraphs: In 2015, dark horse candidate Jeremy Corbyn announced his candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party. At the beginning, he was thought of as a socialist fringe candidate, but he later became the lead candidate in polls and got the support of the majority of trade unions affiliated to the Labour Party, along with those of three non-affiliated unions. On 12 September 2015, he was elected Leader of the Labour Party, with a majority vote of 59.5% in the first round of the ballot.


title: Cyperus papyrus

paragraphs: Cyperus papyrus (also known as Papyrus sedge, Bulrush or Paper reed) is a plant. It is a sedge. They grow tall. The plant is perennial (grows every year) and originally comes from Africa. It was used to make a fabric much like paper. This was called papyrus, and served much the same purpose that paper does today. Its roots were also used as fuels. Also makes rope and sandals too.

paragraphs: It is almost extinct along the shores of the river Nile where it was originally cultivated.


title: Georgia Institute of Technology

paragraphs: The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university (school for after high school) in Atlanta, Georgia. It is also known as Georgia Tech.

paragraphs: It focuses primarily on engineering, science and computer science, but also has schools of management, architecture, and liberal arts.

paragraphs: When it opened in 1885, the school's main focus was on practical experience (learning things by doing them); students spent half of their time in class, and half in the shop.

paragraphs: In 1961, it was the first university in the South to integrate (let people of different races go to school together) without a court order.

paragraphs: The school's colors are white and old gold (mustard yellow). Their mascot is Buzz, a Yellow Jacket (a kind of bee-like wasp).


title: Dissident

paragraphs: A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes.


title: Josiah

paragraphs: Josiah was a child king of Judah. He was born around 648 BC. Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, Amon, died. Josiah was thought of as a good king. He following in the steps of his ancestor King David.

paragraphs: Josiah ruled for 31 years in Jerusalem and died in 609 BC. He was killed by King Necho of Egypt while Josiah was helping the king of Assyria fight off the attacks of the Egyptian. Josiah's son Jehoahaz became the new King of Judah.


title: Jehoahaz of Judah

paragraphs: Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt. Necho. He only ruled for 3 months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt.


title: Antarctic Circle

paragraphs: The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. It is the parallel of latitude at 66° 33′ 39″ south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.

paragraphs: In the Antarctic Circle, all places have twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December. In June on the Winter Solstice all places have twenty-four hours of night. There is a minimum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.

paragraphs: The area south of this circle is named the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone.

paragraphs: The continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle. The South Pole is in the center of the Antarctic Circle.

paragraphs: There is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle. There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica. Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year. In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica. It is one of the coldest places on earth.The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was recorded in Antarctica (-129.3)


title: Toast

paragraphs: Toast is bread which has been grilled until hot and crispy. A toaster, grill or open fire is used. Toasted bread is both darker in color and crunchier than normal bread. Toast can be eaten with a range of condiments spread on the surface, such as butter, jam, honey, and cheese to make cheese on toast, though these are optional as some people prefer their toast without condiments (dry toast).

paragraphs: Toast can also be used to make 'toasties', where a filling is compressed and heated between two slices of buttered bread in a toastie maker. Popular fillings include cheese, jam, peanut butter and chocolate spread.

paragraphs: Before the invention of modern cooking appliances such as toasters and grills, bread has been produced in ovens for millennia. Toast can be made in the same oven.

paragraphs: Many brands of sliced bread are available, some specifically marketing their suitability for toasting.


title: Toaster

paragraphs: A toaster is a machine that cooks bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted. The pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1919.


title: Swiss cheese

paragraphs: Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that resemble Swiss Emmental cheese. This is especially true for the United States and Canada. In most cases, these cheeses are made in the US or Canada, and only resemble Emmental cheese. Like Emmental, they have holes.These holes are created by the bacteria which change milk to Swiss cheese. "Propionibacterium" uses the lactic acid which is produced by other bacteria, and produces carbon dioxide gas; the gas slowly forms bubbles which makes the holes. The holes of the cheese are called the "eyes", and a Swiss cheese which does not have holes is called a "blind" cheese.

paragraphs: In general, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste. This is because the same factors that make the eyes larger, make the taste of the cheese better too. These factors include longer time and higher temperature given to the cheese to form.

paragraphs: Emmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany and Austria for a long time. For this reason, the name Emmental, or Swiss Cheese can refer to kinds of cheese which are similar, but which are not produced in the Emmental in Switzerland.


title: Henry VI of England

paragraphs: Henry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England upon the death of Henry V on 31 August 1422 to 1461 and then from 1470 to 21 May 1471. He was also the King of France from 1422 to 1453.

paragraphs: Henry was the only child of King Henry V of England and was his heir. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor. He became king at the age of nine months on 31 August 1422, when his father died. His mother, Catherine of Valois, was then only twenty years old. Because she was the daughter of King Charles VI of France, and France had been the enemy of England, the English people did not trust her and she was not allowed to have a large part in raising her son.

paragraphs: Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry IV's youngest son, was given the position of "Protector and Defender of the Realm and the Church" (Regent of England) until the King was old enough to rule. His job was to keep the peace and deal with Parliament. Henry IV's oldest living son, John, Duke of Bedford, was made the Regent of France. He was in charge of running the war that was happening. Bedford also replaced Gloucester as Regent of England whenever he was in England.

paragraphs: Henry was eventually made King of England at Westminster Abbey on 6 November 1429 a month before his eighth birthday. He was made King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431. Because he was a child he was not allowed to control the government until he was declared of age on his sixteenth birthday in 1437, the same year his mother died.

paragraphs: Because of his success in the Hundred Years' War, Henry V had left England with a lot of land in France. Since Henry VI was still a child, and England was ruled by a Regent, much of the land his father gained was lost. Diplomatic mistakes as well as military failures caused the loss of most of the English land in France.

paragraphs: Henry VI was a deeply spiritual man and was not very interested in politics. He let his court be controlled by a few noblemen who were called his "favourites". The people who wanted to end the war in France became more powerful, and Henry went along with them. Henry VI was told that the best way of get peace with France was to marry Margaret of Anjou, who was a niece of King Charles VII of France. Charles agreed to let Henry marry Margaret as long as he did not have to give her a dowry and was given the lands of Maine and Anjou by the English. Henry agreed, but did not let Parliament know about giving away Maine and Anjou, thinking that the English people would not be happy to know that the land was being given away to France.

paragraphs: The marriage happened in 1445. Margaret was much the opposite of Henry. She was ready to take decisions and lead while he was happy to be led by her. Margaret was a stronger ruler than Henry ever was, even though she was only sixteen at that time.

paragraphs: Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was murdered on 21 May 1471. Popular legend said that Richard, Duke of Gloucester was guilty of his murder, as well as the murder of Henry VI's son Edward of Westminster.

paragraphs: King Henry VI was originally buried in Chertsey Abbey. In 1485, his body was moved to St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle.

paragraphs: He was succeeded by Edward IV, son of Richard, Duke of York.


title: Saint-Fons

paragraphs: Saint-Fons is a French city next to Lyon. About 15.000 people live there. The name of the city does not come from a saint. It is because there are many fountains near the city. Originally the place name was "Cent Fonts" ( 100 sources), which was changed into the current city name. The city split from Vénissieux in the middle of the 19th century. The main reason for splitting was because of the chemical industry in the spot.


title: Incidental music

paragraphs: Incidental music is music which has been written for a play. It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through. Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors. It is called “incidental” because the music is not as important as the play.

paragraphs: Incidental music was used as long ago as the time of Ancient Greece. It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs. At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies. Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars. In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing. People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music. The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.

paragraphs: In later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama. Sometimes large orchestras were used. Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays. A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare’s “A Midsummer Night's Dream” composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842. Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller. Beethoven wrote music for Goethe’s play "Egmont". This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about. Schubert’s famous "Rosamunde" overture comes from a play called "Die Zauberharfe" ("The Magic Harp"). Schumann’s music for "Manfred" is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann’s imagination. Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck’s play "Pelléas et Mélisande") and Grieg (for Ibsen’s play "Peer Gynt").

paragraphs: In all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play. Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.

paragraphs: Incidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music. Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays. Their music for Brecht’s plays is similar to cabaret music.

paragraphs: Nowadays electronic music is often used in plays.


title: Kayak

paragraphs: A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower. It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler. The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Inuit, Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland. Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.

paragraphs: Kayaks typically are built for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat. The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, so that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore, in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.

paragraphs: Kayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are craft propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak. Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland.


title: Canoe

paragraphs: A canoe is a small boat, that is often driven by manpower or womanpower, but also commonly sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top, but can be covered. Canoes are known as "Paddle boats" in some small towns in the south of Australia. The use of a paddle or "salvatore" is used to propel the vehicle. The most famous of rowers include the Szwedo of Luke in which he was the first man to complete 4 laps the woodend river in less than 3 days, beating the record of 4 laps in 4 days.

paragraphs: The canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of the canoe (most commonly 2). Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated or kneeling. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed.


title: Paddle

paragraphs: A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.

paragraphs: Paddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the "shaft") with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the "blade") on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles.


title: Mahdi

paragraphs: The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yaum al-Qiyamah ("Day of the Resurrection").

paragraphs: In particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later.


title: Propulsion tools

paragraphs: Propulsion is the use of force to make movement.

paragraphs: For ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.

paragraphs: For water propulsion pole, paddle, oar and sail have been used. Nowadays the most common types are underwater propellers. Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships.

paragraphs: For air propulsion, the most common types are propeller and jet engine. Others have been used experimentally.


title: Oar

paragraphs: An oar is a tool used to move a boat through water. Oars have a flat blade at one end. The oarsmen grasp the oar at the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel. Oars generally are fastened to the vessel. The use of oars is called rowing. An oar used at the stern (rear) of a boat to steer is called a steering oar.


title: Drama

paragraphs: Drama is a type of literature. A drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning "action", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time. Drama is full of sensational action, dialogue, incidents etc.


title: Ribes

paragraphs: Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants. They are native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized.

paragraphs: Sometimes "Ribes" is instead put in the family Saxifragaceae. A few taxonomists place the gooseberry species in a separate genus of "Grossularia".

paragraphs: The genus "Ribes" includes the edible currants (blackcurrant, redcurrant, white currant), gooseberry, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currant used in cakes and puddings, which is a cultivar of small grape (Zante currant). "Ribes" gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.

paragraphs: The genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance "R. sanguineum".


title: Mast

paragraphs: The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.

paragraphs: Until the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together.


title: Juan Manuel Fangio

paragraphs: Juan Manuel Fangio (June 24, 1911 - July 17, 1995) was a race car driver. He was often called The Maestro, because he won the Formula One drivers' championship five times. Those five times were 1951, and from 1954 to 1957. (1954, 1955, 1956 and 1957).


title: Trunk (botany)

paragraphs: The trunk is the main stem or "main woody axis of a tree". In the lumber trade a severed trunk is a log. In botany it means the main structural member of a tree that is directly connected to the roots and which supports the branches. The trunk is also often called the bole. The trunk is covered by the bark, which protects the tree against damage and often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species. The trunk, or bole, is the most important part of the tree for timber production. The tree trunk can be separated into five different layers: the heartwood, the sapwood, the vascular cambium, the inner bark, and the outer bark.


title: Ziziphus

paragraphs: Zizhiphus is a type of tree that grows fruit. The species "Z. mauritianis" is known as the Indian jujube, and the species "Ziziphus jujuba" is known as the red date. They are mostly found in Asia.


title: Cayenne pepper

paragraphs: The Cayenne pepper is a type of Chili pepper. It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula.


title: Tsaagan

paragraphs: Tsaagan meaning "white" is a dinosaur related to "Velociraptor". It is in the family Dromaeosauridae. It lived in Asia about 75 million years ago. It was discovered in the Djadokhta Formation of the late Cretaceous of Mongolia.

paragraphs: When it was discovered, it was thought to be a species of "Velociraptor". After a CAT-scan in 1998, scientists found that it represented a new genus. In 2010 it was discovered that it was closely related to "Linheraptor". They are probably in the same genus.


title: Edward II of England

paragraphs: Edward II (April 25, 1284–1327) of Caernarfon, was King of England from 1307 until he was removed from the throne in January 1327. His tendency to ignore his nobility, in favour of low-born favorites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. He is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder, which was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality.


title: Richard III of England

paragraphs: Richard III (1452–1485) was an English king. He reigned from 1483 until 1485, as the last king from the House of Plantagenet.

paragraphs: Richard was part of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses. He was the younger brother of King Edward IV. When Edward IV died, his 12-year-old son became King Edward V. Richard was give the role of "Protector", meaning he would run the country until Edward V became an adult. But Richard III took the throne for himself. Soon after, Edward V and his younger brother disappeared while living in the Tower of London.

paragraphs: Many people started saying that Richard had ordered for the boys to be killed. Historians are not sure about this. Many of the House of York's supporters believed he had done it, and turned against him. He managed to put down a rebellion by his old friend the Duke of Buckingham, but faced another rebellion by Henry Tudor. This led to the Battle of Bosworth Field, in which Richard was killed and his army was lost. His body was buried quickly in a church in Leicester. In 2012, the body was rediscovered beneath a car park. It was reburied in Leicester Cathedral in 2015.

paragraphs: For many years, Richard III was seen as a villain. The Tudor kings and queens encouraged this, as did Shakespeare's famous play "Richard III". Almost all writers at the time saw him as either a hero or a villain. In both the past and the present, some writers say that Richard III made many good laws despite being ruthless. Others argue that his ruthless behaviour was common for the powerful people of that time.

paragraphs: Richard was the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York. He had three elder brothers, Edward, Edmund and George. Richard, Duke of York, and his second son, Edmund, were both killed in battle during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son, Edward, was a very good soldier, and won the throne of England in battle against the reigning king, King Henry VI. Edward then became King Edward IV of England and his two brothers, George and Richard, became very powerful men.

paragraphs: Richard married Anne Neville, whose father had once been a friend of the family. Richard and Anne had known each other since they were children, but Anne had been taken to France, where she had married the Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VI. When the Prince of Wales was killed in battle, Anne became a widow, and soon she was married to Richard, even though he had been her husband's enemy. Richard and Anne lived at Middleham Castle in North Yorkshire. They had one son, who was named Edward after Richard's brother, King Edward. Richard quarrelled frequently with his brother George, who was married to Anne's sister, Isabel. King Edward became so angry that he put George in prison, where he died.

paragraphs: King Edward married a woman called Elizabeth Woodville, who had been married before and had many relatives. Soon, her relatives became very rich and powerful, causing bad feeling among those who had been in the king's favour before the marriage. Edward and Elizabeth had several children, including two sons, who were named Edward and Richard.

paragraphs: When Edward IV suddenly died in April 1484, his elder son became King Edward V, but he was still a boy. Richard had been asked by his brother the king to look after the two boys. He was worried that the new young king would not be able to rule the country properly. He was also worried that the Woodville family would soon be telling the king what to do and ruling the country for themselves.

paragraphs: Richard took the throne from his nephew two months later. He claimed that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was not a proper marriage, and that this meant Edward V could not be king. Parliament then passed a law that agreed with this. He was crowned as Richard III on 3 July.

paragraphs: Richard sent Edward and his brother to live in the Tower of London. A few months later, the princes in the tower disappeared and were never seen again. This became the mystery of the Princes in the Tower. At the time, many people believed that King Richard had ordered someone to kill them. Many historians agree, but there is no way to be certain. Richard was not in London at the time, but the boys were guarded by men who were loyal to him. As people started to believe that Richard had ordered the boys to be killed, many people turned against him. One of them was Richard's friend the Duke of Buckingham, who started a rebellion that failed. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the House of Lancaster, then became Richard's main enemy. He returned to England and raised an army.

paragraphs: Richard and Henry's armies fought each other at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry won the battle and became the next King of England, as Henry VII. Richard was killed in the battle, though probably not by Henry himself. He was the last English king to die in battle. He suffered two head wounds that would have killed him almost immediately. After the battle, his body was stripped of clothing and carried naked on the back of a horse to Leicester. He was buried in Greyfriars Church.

paragraphs: Greyfriars church was later demolished and the site became part of the garden of a large house. For about 200 years, a stone pillar marked the site of the grave. This had disappeared by 1844. Other buildings were added to the site over the years. By 1944, the area around the grave had become a car park for the nearby council offices. For a while, people thought that the body had been thrown into the river. There is a sign by the Bow Bridge in Leicester that tells this story, but it was not true.

paragraphs: In 2012, archaeologists began a project to try to find the body. On 24 August 2012, they started digging in the car park and found a skeleton on the first day. On 12 September, they suggested that the skeleton was that of Richard III. On 4 February 2013, they announced that they were sure it was him. They had used DNA testing to make sure. His skeleton shows that he had been killed by two head wounds, which similar to how 15th century writers had said he had died. It also shows that the body was further damaged after his death.

paragraphs: On 26 March 2015, Richard III's body was reburied. It now lies in a tomb in Leicester Cathedral.

paragraphs: There has been discussion for many years about whether Richard III was a good king or a bad king. During his reign, which lasted only two years, he was very popular in parts of the country, especially the north of England. However, there were enough people who hated him to make sure that his enemies were able to raise a big army against him and defeat him in battle.

paragraphs: It is often said that "history is written by the winners". After Henry VII won, Richard III was often treated as a villain in writings and stories. For example, in Shakespeare's play "Richard III", he is shown to be totally evil. On the other hand, some writers from the time of Richard's reign make him a hero and ignore his flaws.

paragraphs: In 1605, William Camden wrote "he lived wickedly, yet made good laws." Modern historians also try to be careful when judging Richard III. For example, some historians have praised him for giving ordinary people more rights. However, many also think that he really did order the killing of the Princes in the Tower.

paragraphs: Among the laws Richard III made were removing limits on the printing and sale of books, more rights to people accused of a crime, laws to protect people from fraud when land was sold, bans on other types of fraud and changing the law from French into English. He created the Council of the North, which for the next 150 years would help solve problems in Northern England.


title: Tampa Bay Rays

paragraphs: The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. They play in the American League East division. From 1998 until November 2007, They were known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2008, the team changed their name to the "Rays". Their home stadium is Tropicana Field located in St, Petersburg.

paragraphs: The Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers (as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays), which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball. They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008. The Rays returned to the World Series in 2020, and will face the Los Angeles Dodgers.

paragraphs: On November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays. The "Devil Ray" mascot was a type of stingray. While this is still a mascot of theirs, the new "Rays" name is said to represent the sunshine in Florida.

paragraphs: The Rays have rivalries with two teams. The Boston Red Sox is one due to the 2008 American League Championship Series, the other is the Florida Marlins due their in-state location. When the Rays and Marlins meet during inter-league play (when the American League (Rays) and National League (Marlins) play each other) it is known as the "Citrus Series".


title: Flux Of Pink Indians

paragraphs: Flux of Pink Indians was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album "Neu Smell" soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with "Johnny Kidd".

paragraphs: Upon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album "Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible". Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up "The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks" was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying "obscene articles for publication for gain." A long time off followed before the group - now known as Flux - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental "Uncarved Block". They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later the One Little Indian label.


title: Canadian Football League

paragraphs: The Canadian Football League (CFL; , LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. They play Canadian football and are they highest level of competition for the sport. The CFL is the second most popular sports league in Canada after the NHL. There are 9 teams; 4 in the Eastern Division and 5 Western Division. The Grey Cup is the championship for the CFL. The league was founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest professional gridiron football league in North America that still operates.

paragraphs: However, several of its teams played for many years before the modern league was formed. One current team, the Toronto Argonauts, was formed in 1873, and four other teams claim descent from teams that played before 1900.


title: Shorts

paragraphs: Shorts are a short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women. Shorts are worn either as outer garment or as underwear. They are called "shorts" because they are a shortened version of "trousers" (as they are called in British English, or "pants" in American English) which cover the entire leg.


title: Swimsuit

paragraphs: A swimsuit, bathing suit (sometimes shortened to bathers), or swimming costume (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is clothing designed to be worn for swimming.

paragraphs: Swimming trunks are a pair of shorts or briefs worn for swimming or bathing.

paragraphs: In New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the Commonwealth where it can also refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting and range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.


title: Pangram

paragraphs: Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.

paragraphs: The most common example in English is "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog."


title: Binary

paragraphs: Binary is base 2 number system. It is base 2 because it uses two possible numbers: 0 and 1. Decimal, the system most of the world uses for daily life, is a base 10 system – it uses 10 characters (0–9). When binary numbers are written, a subscript "(2)" is added to distinguish them from the same number in base 10.

paragraphs: Computers work in binary, because wires can store information in two different ways: by being powered, or not being powered. Sets of binary numbers can be used to represent any information, such as text, audio, or video.

paragraphs: When being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how base 10 or decimal numbers work. Consider the number 1101 (base 10). We identify this number as one-thousand, one-hundred, one because it has a 1 in the thousands place, a 1 in the hundreds place, and a 1 in the ones place. But since the places represent 8, 4, 2, and 1 in binary, instead of 1000, 100, 10, and 1, the value converted to decimal (base 10) would be 8 + 4 + 1 = 13.

paragraphs: For another example, the binary number 101 is 5 in decimal. The bit on the right is 1 and has a value of 1 (2^0). The middle bit has a value of 2 (2^1 or just 2), but it is a 0, so it is not added. The bit on the left is 1 and has a value of 4 (2^2 or 2 * 2). The bits that are 1s have values of 1 and 4. 1 + 4 = 5.

paragraphs: All computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.

paragraphs: With computers, eight binary bits together is called a "byte". The size of files is commonly measured in "kilobytes" or "megabytes" (sometimes in "gigabytes"). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a "kibibyte", 1024 kibibytes in a "mebibyte", and 1024 mebibytes in a "gibibyte".


Electronic


title: Great Northern Diver

paragraphs: The Common Loon or Great Northern Diver is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres.

paragraphs: The Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.

paragraphs: This species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater. It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60 m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch, sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.

paragraphs: The female lays 1 to 3 eggs on a hollowed-out mound of dirt and vegetation very close to water. Both parents build the nest, sit on the egg or eggs, and feed the young.


title: Ziziphus mauritiana

paragraphs: Ziziphus mauritiana (or Indian jujube) is a type of fruit tree. It is most often found in south-east Asia, usually India.


title: Azuki bean

paragraphs: The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking.Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world. Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes.

paragraphs: "Azuki" beans are very famous red beans in Japan. Excavations suggest that people have been eating "Azuki" beans since the Jomon period. At that time, "Azuki" beans were called ""shozu"".

paragraphs: "Azuki" beans have been grown since the "Yayoi" period. The first time the word ""Azuki"" was used was in the book ""Koziki"". Old Japanese said ""Aka"" for red. And "Azuki" beans were called ""zuki"" because " Azuki" beans get soft when they are boiled. ""Aka"" plus ""zuki"" is ""Azuki"" and this is the origin of "Azuki" bean's name. Another "Azuki" beans has many origins.

paragraphs: "Azuki" beans are red, so many old people believed "Azuki" beans were a good luck charm. "Azuki" beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea. In the "Edo" period, people made rice mixed with "Azuki"

paragraphs: beans. This was called sekihan and many people gave "sekihan" at ceremonies. "Azuki" beans were used as medicine, because "Azuki" beans are nutritious. Now many people eat "sekihan" when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition "Azuki" beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use "Azuki" raw materials for the taste and colour. So "Azuki" beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.

paragraphs: Azuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.

paragraphs: First, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added. The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.

paragraphs: Azuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese.


title: Jalapeño

paragraphs: The jalapeño is a type of Mexican pepper. It is related to the family of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced "hala-PAYN-nyo" or "hala-PEE-nyo". It is a reasonably spicy pepper.


title: Gooseberry

paragraphs: The gooseberry is a type of fruit. It has a greenish color. It looks like an ungrown clementine. It belongs to the same family as the currant. Gooseberries are sometimes informally called goosegogs in the British Isles.


title: Quince

paragraphs: The quince is a fruit that grows on small trees. It is in the same family as apples and pears. It starts green colored and then ripens to a bright golden yellow color, and looks like a bumpy lemon.

paragraphs: The quince fruit is too hard to eat. It can be cooked to make it soft, or it can be left out on purpose to rot. If it is damaged by frost, that helps start the process of making it soft and good to eat. Quinces are mainly used for making jelly and jam. The interior of a quince is white when it is raw, but it becomes pinkish orange when it is cooked. When the jam is made it will be these colors


title: Açaí palm

paragraphs: The Açaí palm (Assai palm) is a type of palm tree. There are seven different types of Açaí palms. The tree grows in Central and South America. It has a black-purple fruit about the size of a grape called a "euterpe". The seed inside is very big. The fruit grows in bunches of 700 to 900 fruits.

paragraphs: The palms are mainly used for two things: First, salads called palmitos (heart of palm) can be made from the leaves; for this, the tree needs to be cut down. Secondly, the fruits can be made into a fruit juice that is said to be very healthy.


title: Pomegranate

paragraphs: The pomegranate, botanical name Punica granatum, is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree that grows between tall. The pomegranate originated in the region extending from Iran to northern India or Middle East.

paragraphs: Although previously placed in its own family Punicaceae, recent phylogenetic studies have shown that "Punica" belongs in the family Lythraceae, and it is classified in that family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.

paragraphs: Today, it's widely cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries.

paragraphs: Pomegranate has been used foe thousands of years. Ancient people use for high blood pressure, athletic performance, heart disease and diabetes. It's Greek, Hebrew, Buddhist and Christian mythology and writings. It's described in records dating from around 1500 BCE as a treatment for tapeworm and other parasites. Pomegranate is on of the "seven kind" mentioned in the Bible which Israel was blessed with long ago. It grew in the region for thousand of years and is very much adapted to:it sheds its leaves in the cold of our winters, while it sprouts in early spring when temperature rise. It ripens at the end of the summer, very close to the beginning of the Jewish New Year. it was and is used for decoration and blessing in ceremonies of the New Year celebration and the later holidays. It decorated temples in the past and appeared on ancient coins. Because of its decorative value in Israel, its selection was done mainly for external appearance , not so much for eating quality. Nice colour and crown are very important characteristics of the fruit. It was found in Indus Valley so early. It was cultivated in Egypt before the time of Moses. Arab caravans, many emanating from the lush oasis that was ancient Baghdad, probbably spread its use.

paragraphs: The pomegranate tree is native from Iran to Himalayas in Northern India and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region of Asia, Africa and Europe. The most important growing regions are Egypt, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, India, Burma, Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia. There are some commercial orchards in Israel on the coastal pain and in Jordan Valley.

paragraphs: The name "pomegranate" comes from medieval Latin "pōmum" "apple" and "grānātum" "seeded".

paragraphs: The French term for pomegranate, "grenade", has given its name to the military grenade.

paragraphs: Common names in some other languages are:

paragraphs: "Punica granatum", the scientific name of the pomegranate, was given by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753 in "Species Plantarum" (Vol. 1, page 472). "Punica" comes from the Latin name for the pomegranate, "malum punicum", meaning "apple from Carthage", and "granatum" from medieval Latin meaning "seeded", "with seeds".

paragraphs: The pomegranate is a shrub or small tree that could grow up to 10 meters of height with many branches with spines. Leaves are opposite long and broad. The flowers are yellow to bright red and in diameter, with three to seven petals.

paragraphs: Fruits are berries with a strong skin, like leather, intermediate in size between a lemon and a grapefruit, in diameter. Fruits have many seeds with and edible coats (called sacrotesta). The number of seeds in a pomegranate can vary from 200 to about 1400.

paragraphs: "P. granatum" var. "nana" is a dwarf variety of "P. granatum" popularly planted as an ornamental plant in gardens and larger containers, and used as a bonsai specimen tree.

paragraphs: The pomegranate originated in the region of modern-day Iran, and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region and northern India. It was brought into America in the late 16th century, including California, by Spanish settlers.

paragraphs: Today, it is widely cultivated throughout the Middle East and Caucasus region, north and tropical Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, the drier parts of southeast Asia, and parts of the Mediterranean Basin. It is also cultivated in parts of Arizona and California.


title: Punt (boat)

paragraphs: A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.

paragraphs: Punts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames.

paragraphs: Poles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12–16 feet (4–5 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.

paragraphs: The bottom of the pole has a metal "shoe", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail.


title: Horizontal

paragraphs: Horizontal is a direction perpendicular to the vertical. That is, it goes in all directions except up and down. The term comes from the horizon.


title: Moat

paragraphs: A moat is a body of water around a castle or town to keep people out. The moat was introduced in 1154 - 1485. At first, moats were simple and used only for protection. Later on, moats became more complicated and were used for show.

paragraphs: Moats are deep, wide ditches filled with water. They were usually built near sources of water that flowed into the moats, filling them with water. The moats were filled with water for a few reasons. It made enemies swimming across the moat easy targets. It also made it impossible for enemies to dig underneath the castle walls, which was a common method of attack. It also prevented fires from destroying the castle.

paragraphs: The word "moat" comes from the French word "motte", which means hill. Moats were first used in the Medieval period, from 1016 to 1164. Castles were built on the top of high hills. The area at the bottom of the hill was eventually called the moat.

paragraphs: Castle moats were usually between 5 and 40 feet deep, and they were not always filled with water. Not all moats contained water, as a simple dry, wide ditch could prove an obstacle. These were called dry moats.

paragraphs: In many stories, moats are filled with alligators or crocodiles. This is a myth. However, moats were sometimes filled with fish or eels for food.


title: Filter (internet)

paragraphs: A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content. This can be to stop the user viewing the unwanted content. It can also be to stop the user posting content the site does not want. Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words being used. Filters to stop other content, such as certain kinds of pictures, can also be used. A filter can be used to only stop a certain kind of user seeing the content, children for example.

paragraphs: Filters are very common in e-mail systems. Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too.

paragraphs: In the USA, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch.

paragraphs: The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:


title: Online and offline

paragraphs: "Online" and "offline" are terms used in telecommunications. If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be "online". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet.

paragraphs: If something is not online, it is said to be "offline". If a system is offline, it is in a disconnected state.

paragraphs: Online can also mean that something is set up correctly and ready to what it is supposed to do. For example:


title: Snowman

paragraphs: A snowman is a statue of a person made of snow. Snowmen are usually made when people make three balls of snow that are different sizes.(In Japan, snowmen are made by two snowballs) They will stack the balls on top of each other to make a snowman, and stick some things in it to make it look more like a person like a scarf, pebbles, buttons and a carrot (for the nose).

paragraphs: The biggest snowman in the US was built on February 26, 2008, which was 122 feet and 1 inch long.


title: Sand castle

paragraphs: Sand castles are castles made of sand and water. People have taken making sand castles and turned it into an type of art called sand sculpture. Sand castles are often made on a sandy beach or in a sandpit.


title: Utility pole

paragraphs: A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power pole, or telegraph post is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. Similar poles are often used for electricity cables (with pylons being used for only the higher voltage applications) and frequently a pole will share both power and communications lines. Telegraph poles first became commonplace in the middle 19th century. At first they had only one wire, then in urban areas many. In Canada, the poles are commonly referred to as hydro poles, as the electric companies commonly have "Hydro" in their name.

paragraphs: Utility poles are usually wooden, but vary greatly from nation to nation. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites (fibreglass) becoming used more often. In some countries, for example the UK, poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds for those working on the equipment or connections atop the pole.


title: High School Musical

paragraphs: High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is "High School Musical 2".

paragraphs: The story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends.


title: Redcurrant

paragraphs: A Redcurrant ("Ribes rubrum") is a type of fruit. It is related to the Blackcurrant. They are in the same genus "Ribes". They can be found growing in the wild in western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and northern Italy).

paragraphs: The redcurrant is more tart than the blackcurrant. Redcurrants are used in jams and other cooked foods.


title: Alex Trebek

paragraphs: George Alexander "Alex" Trebek (born July 22, 1940) is a Canadian-American television game show host. He is best known as the host of "Jeopardy!" which he has hosted since 1984. He was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. In 2011, he snapped his achilles tendon while trying to stop a thief trying to rob his San Francisco hotel room.

paragraphs: In March 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer.


title: Clementine

paragraphs: A clementine is a type of citrus fruit. It has a bright orange rind. They have a diameter of about 3 to 5 inches. Clementines are easy to peel and have no seeds. They are grown in California, and are usually available from November to January.

paragraphs: They were more popular outside the United States than inside, but in 1997, there were not many Florida oranges available because it was very cold. People bought clementines instead, which made them more popular. They are still popular today.

paragraphs: Clementines are popular in the winter months. They are usually found in wooden crates in the supermarket. A popular clementine brand is called Cuties.

paragraphs: They are named after a French monk, Père Clément Rodier, who lived in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. He either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange, which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia.


title: Ugli fruit

paragraphs: An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon family. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families.


title: Duralumin

paragraphs: Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5–1% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.

paragraphs: It is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry.duralumin is a metal which is very light and made up of 96% aluminium and 4% copper.🏒


title: Mango

paragraphs: A mango is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics.It is harvested in the month of march (summer season) till the end of May.

paragraphs: Pakistan and India share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their "National fruit".

paragraphs: Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of western India.

paragraphs: These mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes.

paragraphs: The tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis. It was the state tree of Junagadh State.


title: Shuttlecock

paragraphs: A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.

paragraphs: Shuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.

paragraphs: In North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.

paragraphs: It is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and better play is needed to hit feather shuttles.

paragraphs: In school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center.


title: Janne Da Arc

paragraphs: Janne Da Arc formed on May 9, 1996. In early time, they put on make-up like X Japan. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji. The origin of the band name is a character of Japanese comic, ""Devilman"".

paragraphs: Fans were called "Darcar" in the days of the early days. Now they are called "Janner".

paragraphs: Their song "Gettkouka" was used as the opening music for the cartoon "Black Jack" on television, so this song is famous.

paragraphs: Janne Da Arc stopped making music in 2006. Yasu formed a new band, Acid Black Cherry.


Olive


title: Olive (fruit)

paragraphs: The olive ("Olea europaea") is the fruit of the olive tree. It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate.

paragraphs: It is a healthy food but rather fatty. It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils). Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil.

paragraphs: In Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: "extending the olive branch". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat).

paragraphs: The raw olives are very bitter. They are "cured" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical "oleuropein", a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called "Erkence" which grows around Karaburun region near İzmir. Erkence produces "hurma" olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste.


title: Star Trek: Voyager

paragraphs: Star Trek: Voyager was the fourth television series based in the "Star Trek" universe. It features a starship, "Voyager", lost on the other side of the galaxy. It also has the first important female ship's captain.


title: Killamery

paragraphs: Killamery is a village in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It was the site of a monastery which was built in about 632 and has a High Cross.


title: Speed limit

paragraphs: A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a road vehicle can be driven. Some roads also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.

paragraphs: Reducing speed allows to reduces the number of accidents by giving more time to the driver to manage its vehicle, and reduces the consequences of an accident by reducing the energy involved in that crash.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles per hour, which is about 50 km/h, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles per hour, which is about 105 km/h. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is about 80 miles per hour. Also, in the United States, most highways are from 65 to 70 miles per hour, and freeways are from 55 to 80 miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 km/h. In Australia the speed limit on freeways is between 100 and 120 kilometres per hour, and in towns and cities between 40 and 60 km/h.

paragraphs: Nowadays, in the European Union, speed limit may vary from country to country or from region to region. Typical speed limits are 130 km/h or 120 km/h on rural motorways, between 80 and 100 km/h for rural roads, 70 km/h on point requiring a reduced speed, 50 km/h in main urban roads, and 30 km/h on residential urban areas.

paragraphs: Germany does not have a general speed limit for motorways, but a recommended speed of 130 km/h.


title: Pure Pwnage

paragraphs: Pure Pwnage is an Internet video series. It is about a man named Jeremy who spends his days playing video games and making fun of other people, or as he calls them, "n00bs". The first season of the show had 12 episodes. The people who make the show are planning to make at least two more seasons and maybe a full length movie. The first season ends with a cliffhanger that leads into the second season. The second season is expected to be put online in 2007.

paragraphs: The show started when two friends got together and made a short video of the main character talking about video games. Inspired by the cultural phenomenon that online video gaming has become, and the series creators' personal online experiences; the series actually spawned from a project for film school. After they uploaded the video onto the Internet, it got downloaded a few thousand times, so they made "Episode 1: Life of a Pro Gamer". The character 'Jeremy'(Played by Jarett Cale), also known as 'teh_pwnerer', was designed to comically represent, and almost stereotype, online gamers around the world. This concept was based loosely around the idea of a person who had grown up doing nothing but online gaming; whose entire vocabulary and social mannerisms were molded solely by internet interactions. As such, the episode was supposed to be a mockumentary of sorts, as Jeremy is followed and filmed by younger brother 'Kyle'(Geoff Lapaire) (Played depicting "A day in the life of a ProGamer". After this became very popular, they made episodes 2 and 3. When episode 4 was downloaded roughly 3000 times, they decided that they should pursue this full-time. Throughout the series, the characters make use of many expressions in videogame terminology, including "noob", "uber-micro" and of course "pwnage".

paragraphs: The series has introduced several other recurring characters, such as:

paragraphs: The series has also adopted a dynamic storyline in favour of its original, pseudo-casual style of interviews. Despite the additional casting and switch towards plot driven episodes, the series remains true to its satirical view of current trends in the gaming industry and the greater online community. The series has quickly developed a large fan base, spanning across multiple continents, and only continues in its success as its 2nd season comes to a close.


Support


title: West Africa

paragraphs: West Africa or Western Africa is the west part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:


title: Nun

paragraphs: Nun is a woman who made a special vow (or promise) dedicating herself to a religious life. Catholic nuns are said to "take the veil" as a symbol of their new life. Roman Catholic nuns are the most commonly thought of nuns in the West, but nuns are found in different forms of Christianity as well as non-Christian religions such as Buddhism. A fully ordained Buddhist nun is called a bhikkhuni or bhiksuni; ordained novices are sāmaṇerī. A nun is the female version of a monk.


title: Henry I the Fowler

paragraphs: Henry I the Fowler (German: "Heinrich der Finkler" or "Heinrich der Vogler"; Latin: "Henricius Auceps") (876–2 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called "the Fowler" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king.


title: Propeller

paragraphs: A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick. The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades.


title: Fluid

paragraphs: A fluid is a substance that can move easily and change shape such as water (liquids), or air (gases), or plasmas. They can 'flow'- flow and fluids both come from the same English word roots (Latin: "fluere" "to flow") and are pronounced similarly. The physics of fluids is called fluid mechanics.

paragraphs: Fluids usually take on the shape of their containers, in contrast to solids which maintain their own shape.

paragraphs: Some things are not exactly fluid and not exactly solid, such as Silly Putty. Powders are made up of small solids that appear to flow but don't actually.

paragraphs: Most fluids have a freezing point. At this temperature it becomes solid.


Ebony


title: Shelter

paragraphs: A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that "shelters" (s) them from any danger such as the weather.

paragraphs: There are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.

paragraphs: Currently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries. In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time). They are put into a support group and given a counselor. There is a high success rate in this type of place.


title: Zaiger's Genetics

paragraphs: Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).

paragraphs: They are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.

paragraphs: In 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the "top ten most creative people in food" by Fast Company.

paragraphs: Zaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in "Western Fruit Grower" titled "Wednesdays With Floyd" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family.


title: Almond

paragraphs: The almond, Prunus dulcis, is a small tree in the family Rosaceae. "Almond" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated 'nut' of this tree.

paragraphs: The fruit of the almond has an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed or nut inside. Shelling almonds means removing the shell to get the seed. Almonds are sold either shelled or unshelled.

paragraphs: The almond is a small tree. It grows from four and 10 meters tall. It has a trunk 30 centimetres wide. The young twigs are green at first. When they are in their second year, they turn gray. The leaves are three to five inches long. The flowers are white or light pink, 3–5 cm wide with five petals.


title: Prunus

paragraphs: Prunus is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae. It includes plums, peaches, almonds, apricots and cherries.


title: Yellow avens

paragraphs: Yellow avens is a type of flowering plant It is found in the warmer areas of North America, Asia and Europe. It is 1 meter (3 feet) tall.


title: Water avens

paragraphs: Water avens is a type of flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water.


title: Ume

paragraphs: An ume ("Prunus mume") is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called "ume" in Chinese.

paragraphs: A lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it.

paragraphs: Plum is usually open in winter and spring, in the traditional Chinese culture, and blue, bamboo, chrysanthemum together as a "four gentleman", also with pine and bamboo together as "cold three friends." And the so-called "Chunlan flower, summer lotus flower, autumn plum blossom, winter plum blossom", plum with cold characteristics, become the representative of the winter flowers, but also the Chinese people's national flower, due to plum blossom cold winter (more cold and more flowering), Fortitude, holiness, on behalf of the Chinese people's national spirit, so was selected as the national flower.

paragraphs: China has the word "Meiyu" because the plum matures, Jiangnan is in the rainy season. In the Chinese circle for the traditional flower, and in the People's Republic of China, plum is peony, Qi is regarded as the most competitive flower selection of flowers. Also in the folk often used as a woman's name. "摽 梅" means that the woman has reached the age of marriage, "the Book of Songs called South 摽 摽 Mei": "摽 has plum, in fact, seven Come.

paragraphs: In the West, plum, lime and apricot are often confused. Translator often "plum" translation of the word [source request], for example, Google translation is the case, but this word is Lee. Mei official name more known as "Japanese apricot" or "ume", ume is the plum in Japanese pronunciation, rumored [who? This is because the plum is introduced from Japan to the West.

paragraphs: In addition, plum blossom and plum is two completely unrelated plants. Plum is a family of Rosaceae, Chimei high up to only three meters, and spend mostly yellow. For the thin spindle type, which is different with the plum.


title: Filipendula

paragraphs: Filipendula is a family of 12 flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Their flowers are mostly white. These plants are adapted to moist woodland conditions with partial shade preferred.


title: Mountain-mahogany

paragraphs: Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters.

paragraphs: Mountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk.


title: Dryas (plant)

paragraphs: Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.