title: Isadora Duncan

paragraphs: Isadora Duncan (May 27, 1877 – September 14, 1927) was an American dancer. She was an inspiration for modern dance.

paragraphs: Duncan was born in San Francisco, California. She preferred natural movement, instead of what she called the artificial movements of ballet. Her 'free dance movement' was based on simple, flowing movements of the body. It was inspired by nature, and by ancient Greek sculptures. Costumes were flowing and transparent. Dances involved simple runs, skips and jumps, big gestures and mime.

paragraphs: Duncan was wildly unconventional. A bisexual who had two children but did not marry either of their fathers, she became a communist, and boasted about it. She went to the Soviet Union in 1922, but left in less than two years. At different times she lived in Paris, London and other European cities. She started dance schools in Moscow, Berlin and Paris. The schools did not last long, but Duncan had admirers who have continued her influence to the present day.

paragraphs: Duncan's private life was tragic. Both her children were killed in a strange accident on the River Seine in 1913. The children were in a car with their nanny when the car stalled as the driver tried to avoid a collision. He got out to hand-crank the engine, but forgot to put the brake on. The car rolled across the road, down the bank and into the river. The children and their nanny drowned. Duncan married poet Sergei Yesenin (1895–1925) in 1922. He left her in 1923, and hanged himself two years later.

paragraphs: Duncan liked long, flowing scarves. One of these scarves caused her own death. As "The New York Times" noted in its obituary: "Isadora Duncan, the American dancer, tonight met a tragic death at Nice on the Riviera. According to dispatches from Nice, Miss Duncan was hurled in an extraordinary manner from an open automobile in which she was riding and instantly killed". At her death, Duncan was a Soviet citizen.

paragraphs: Born in the United States, she lived in Europe from the age of 22 until her death at age 50. In the United States she was popular only in New York, and then only later in her life.

paragraphs: Her work was continued by some of her six adopted daughters. They were her pupils, the Isadorables, who continued to teach her methods after her death. There have been several revivals of interest in Duncan. There was a film, "Isadora" (1969) by Karl Reisz. There were two ballets. "Five Brahms Waltzes in the Manner of Isadora" by Frederick Ashton had its first show in 1976. Kenneth Macmillan created a two-act ballet "Isadora" for the Royal Ballet (1981).

paragraphs: In New York her tradition has passed to third generation Duncan dancer Lori Belilove. She founded The Isadora Duncan Dance Foundation in 1979 and The Isadora Duncan Dance Company in 1989.

paragraphs: Her ideas on natural dance influenced a wide range of other dancers. Some of the ideas of the Denishawn School of Dancing are quite Duncanesque, and the growth of modern dance in general owes something to her.


title: Berat District

paragraphs: The District of Berat is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Berat County. About 117,066 people live in the district. The capital is Berat. Other cities in this district are Polican and Ura Vajgurore.


title: Kuçovë District

paragraphs: The District of Kuçovë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Berat County. About 34,907 people live in the district. The capital is Kuçovë.


title: Bulqizë District

paragraphs: The District of Bulqizë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Dibër County. About 28,374, people live in the district.The capital is Bulqizë.


title: Delvinë District

paragraphs: The District of Delvinë or District of Delvina is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Vlorë County. About 11,985 people live in the district. Many of them are Greek. The capital is Delvinë.


title: Devoll District

paragraphs: The District of Devoll is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Korçë County. The name is from the Devoll River flowing through the valley. About 33,785 people live in the district. The capital is Bilisht.


title: Dibër District

paragraphs: The District of Dibër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Dibër County. About 62,825, people live her. The capital is Peshkopi.


title: Raveena Tandon

paragraphs: Raveena Tandon (born 26 October 1974) is an Indian Bollywood actress, and producer. She used to be a model. Her first acting role was in the movie "Pathhar Ke Phool" in 1991. Since then has starred in many movies.


title: Myles Standish

paragraphs: Myles Standish (1584 1656) was an English military officer who was selected to defend the Pilgrims in the New World He travelled on the Mayflower in 1620 and signed the Mayflower Compact. Standish became a assistant governor, and a treasurer of Plymouth Colony.

paragraphs: Standish's place of birth is uncertain. In his will he mentions Lancashire. Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth Colony, wrote that Standish was born in Lancashire.

paragraphs: Standish was a soldier and fought against the Spanish in the Eighty Years' War.

paragraphs: Standish and his wife did not believe in the Church of England and in 1608 they moved to Leiden Netherlands. After some years, they became concerned because their children were losing their English customs and culture. Since their religion was outlawed in England, they decided to travel to the New World.

paragraphs: There were many people in Leiden who did not believe in the Church of England and they also wanted to travel to the New World. They looked to employ someone who would protect them in the New World. They first asked John Smith. Smith was one of the founders of the English colony at Jamestown, Virginia. He had explored and made a map of the North American coast. Smith's experience would have helped them but he asked for too much money. He was also too bold and they feared he might try to rule over them. They asked Standish instead and he agreed to help protect them. They decided to hire the ship "Mayflower" to take them on their long voyage.

paragraphs: The "Mayflower" left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" saw land. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other.

paragraphs: While the Mayflower was anchored off Cape Cod, Standish took some men ashore to find a good place for all to live.

paragraphs: William Bradford wrote of one of the exploration missions. They were Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish, Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty set off in small boats. Hopkins was the most experienced because he had seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. Bradford said they set off in below freezing temperatures. Many of the men were ill, and when they left the salt spray froze on their coats. During their trip they saw Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a whale which was very large. When they saw the men approaching the Indians fled. At night they tried to protect themselves from the cold and the Indians.

paragraphs: After more trips in late December 1620 they picked a place to live. Standish gave good advice and they built a small fort and placed cannon for protection against any who might try to harm them. Standish's wife, Rose, died in January.

paragraphs: Many passengers were sick but Standish stayed healthy. Standish was a source of great comfort and strength to those who suffered. Standish helped to care Bradford when he was sick and they became good friends. Bradford held the position of governor for most of his life and worked closely with Standish.

paragraphs: In March of 1621, a Native American named Samoset came to the colony and spoke to the people in English. He stayed one day and talked with the leaders about many things. When he returned he brought the tribe leader Massasoit to meet with the Pilgrims. Governor John Carver, signed a treaty with this chief and they became friends. They all promised to help and defend each other.

paragraphs: In August 1621 a leader named Corbitant tried to turn the people of Nemasket against Massasoit. Standish led a group of ten men to kill Corbitant. Three Native Americans, Squanto, Hobomock and Tisquantum went with them. When Tisquantum and Hobbamock went to Nemasket, Corbitant took Tisquantum captive and threatened to kill him. Hobbamock got away and warned the people of Plymouth.

paragraphs: Standish planned an attack. Standish and Hobbamock went to where they thought Corbitant would be sleeping but he had already fled the village. They did not kill Corbitant but because the colonist were willing to fight, if necessary, nine other leaders, and Corbitant, signed a treaty with the leaders of Plymouth.

paragraphs: In November 1621, a Narragansett messenger came to Plymouth with a bundle of arrows wrapped in a snakeskin. The Pilgrims were told by Tisquantum and Hobbamock that this was a threat and an insult from the Narragansett leader who was called Canonicus. This was one of the more powerful tribes in the area. Bradford sent back the snakeskin filled with gunpowder to show them they were not afraid. Standish told the colonists to prepare for a possible fight. The ship "Fortune" had brought some more men to the colony but there were still not very many men. Standish put one man to each wall and gave them orders on how to protect themselves and the people in case of an attack.

paragraphs: Bradford called a public meeting. The Pilgrims decided to send Standish and a small group of eight, including Hobbamock, to Wessagusset to kill the leaders who wanted kill them. The day after Pecksuot, a Massachusett warrior and leader of the group who threatened Wessagusset, came to the settlement with other warriors. Pecksuot approached Standish and, looking down on him, said, "You are a great captain, yet you are but a little man. Though I not a chief, I am of great strength and courage." He said this to make Standish afraid of him. The next day, Standish attacked Pecksuot, and stabbed him with the Native American's own knife. Standish returned to Plymouth. The leaders who wished them harm had been killed and there was no more threat. The attack also caused many of the unfriendly Native Americans to leave the area.

paragraphs: Standish showed great courage and skill as a soldier but sometimes was too harsh with the Native Americans. This would make both the Native Americans and the members of the colony angry.

paragraphs: By the 1640s, Standish was leading a quiet life on his farm in Duxbury. Standish also served as a surveyor of highways, as Treasurer of the Colony from 1644 to 1649. In 1642, his old friend Hobbamock, who had been part of his household, died and was buried on Standish's farm in Duxbury.

paragraphs: Standish put Lieutenant William Holmes in charge of training the men. He died in his home in 1656. He was buried in Duxbury's Old Burying Ground, now known as the Myles Standish Burial Ground.

paragraphs: Standish's first wife, Rose, died in 1621. She was buried in an unmarked grave at Cole's Hill as were many others who died the first winter and named on the Pilgrim Memorial Tomb as "Rose, first wife of Myles Standish".

paragraphs: Standish then married Barbara who died in 1659 They had seven children and her burial place is unknown. Their children were named, Charles, John, Myles, Loara, and Josiah and (again) Charles. The first child named Charles died.

paragraphs: There are two monuments to Myles Standish. One is placed over his grave at the Myles Standish Burial Ground.

paragraphs: The site of Myles Standish's house is now in a small park in the town of Duxbury, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Standish, Maine, is named after Myles Standish. There are two forts named after Standish: a fort on Plymouth's Saquish Neck built during the American Civil War and a larger fort built in Boston Harbor in 1895.


title: Scientific revolution

paragraphs: The scientific revolution was a time (1550-1700) following the Middle Ages and the Renaissance when many discoveries were made. During this time, new ideas and discoveries fundamentally changed the way people thought; they also forced people to think differently, and started what is called science today. Better printing presses after Johannes Gutenberg's time caused a great rise in publishing. This period roughly lasted from the 16th to the 18th century.

paragraphs: Galileo Galilei invented kinematics and disproved Aristotle's old theory of gravity. One of his students said he dropped two balls of iron (one weighing one pound, the other a hundred) off the leaning tower of Pisa. The objects fell at the same speed which brought about new methods of thinking in that time period. In 1542, Nicolaus Copernicus published his work "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres", in which he said that not the earth, but the sun was at the center of the universe. This theory is known as Heliocentrism today. In the same year, Andreas Vesalius pubilshed his work "On the Structure of the Human Body". This book is about the anatomy of the human body.

paragraphs: The philosopher Alexandre Koyré (18921964) first used the term 'scientific revolution' for this time period.


title: Jack the Giant Slayer (movie)

paragraphs: Jack the Giant Killer is a 2013 fantasy/adventure movie. It stars Nicholas Hoult as the title character. This movie is based on the fairy tale of the same name.


title: Dick Jones

paragraphs: Richard Percy "Dick" Jones (February 25, 1927 – July 7, 2014) was an American actor. He voiced Pinocchio in the second animated Disney movie, "Pinocchio".

paragraphs: Jones died at his home on July 7, 2014 from complications from a fall at the age of 87.


title: Carolyn Hennesy

paragraphs: Carolyn Hennesy (born June 10, 1962) is an American actress. She was the voice of Bambi's mother in the movie "Bambi II".


title: Durrës District

paragraphs: The District of Durrës is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Durrës County. There are 242,801 people who live here. The capital is Durrës.


title: Elbasan District

paragraphs: The District of Elbasan is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Elbasan County. There are 224,689 people who live in the district. The capital is Elbasan.


title: Fier District

paragraphs: The District of Fier is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Fier County. There are199,442 people who live here. The capital is Fier.


title: Gjirokastër District

paragraphs: The District of Gjirokastër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. There are about 56,720 people. Many of its people are Greek. The capital is Gjirokastër. It is part of Gjirokastër County.


title: Gramsh District

paragraphs: The District of Gramsh is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Elbasan County. There are 24,230 people. The capital is Gramsh.


title: Has District

paragraphs: The District of Has is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is one of the smallest districts. There are 17,419 people.It is part of Kukës County. The capital and only municipality is Krumë.


title: Kavajë District

paragraphs: The District of Kavajë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Tirana County. There are 82,921 people. The capital is Kavajë.


title: Kolonjë District

paragraphs: The Kolonjë District is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Korçë County. There are 14,318 people. The capital is Ersekë.


title: Korçë District

paragraphs: The District of Korçë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is the second-largest district. 138,898 people live in the Korce District. The capital is Korçë.


title: Krujë District

paragraphs: The District of Krujë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Durrës County. There are 67,698 people. The capital is Krujë.


title: Kukës District

paragraphs: The District of Kukës is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. There are 45,616 people. The capital is Kukës.


title: Kurbin District

paragraphs: The District of Kurbin is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Lezhë County. There are 54,977 people. The capital is Laç.


title: Lezhë District

paragraphs: The District of Lezhë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Lezhë County. There are 77,184 people. The capital is Lezhë.


title: Librazhd District

paragraphs: The District of Librazhd is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Elbasan County. There are 63,192 people. The capital is Librazhd.


title: Lushnjë District

paragraphs: The District of Lushnjë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Fier County. There are 143,276 people. The capital is Lushnjë.


title: American Bandstand

paragraphs: American Bandstand is an American music and amateur dance show. It was televised in various versions from 1952 to 1989. It was hosted from 1956 until its final season by Dick Clark. He was also its producer. The show "starred" teenagers off the street dancing to Top 40 hits introduced by Clark. At least one popular musical act would usually appear in person to lip sync one of their latest hits. Dick Clark became an American media mogul as a result of the show. It also inspired similar music programs, such as "Soul Train" and "Top of the Pops".


title: Malësi e Madhe District

paragraphs: The Malësi e Madhe District is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Shkodër County. There are 36,091 people. The capital is Koplik.


title: Mallakastër District

paragraphs: The District of Mallakastër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Fier County. There are 31,356 people. The capital is Ballsh.


title: Mat District

paragraphs: The District of Mat is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Dibër County. It is named after the Mat River, that flows through the district. There are 48,803 people. The capital is Burrel.


title: Mirditë District

paragraphs: The District of Mirditë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Lezhë County. There are 26,668 people. The capital is Rrëshen.


title: Peqin District

paragraphs: The District of Peqin is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Elbasan County. There are 31,004 people. The capital is Peqin.


title: Përmet District

paragraphs: The District of Përmet is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Gjirokastër County. There are 22,029 people. The capital is Përmet.


title: Pogradec District

paragraphs: The District of Pogradec is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Korçë County. There are 70,575 people. The capital is Pogradec.


title: Pukë District

paragraphs: The District of Pukë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Shkodër County. There are 24,323 people. The capital is Pukë.


title: Sarandë District

paragraphs: The District of Sarandë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is in Vlorë County. There are 48,474 people. The capital is the city of Sarandë.


title: Shkodër District

paragraphs: The District of Shkodër is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Shkodër County. There are185,646 people. The capital is Shkodër.


title: Skrapar District

paragraphs: The District of Skrapar is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Berat County. There are 10,200 people. The capital is Çorovodë.


title: Tepelenë District

paragraphs: The District of Tepelenë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Gjirokastër County. There are 23,800 people. The capital is Tepelenë.


paragraphs: Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve with Ryan Seacrest (which was earlier called Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve) is a New Year's show that was originally hosted by Dick Clark until he had a stroke during 2004. It airs on ABC. It takes place in Times Square on December 31 of every year. It shows the yearly New Year's Eve ball drop. On December 31, 2004, Regis Philbin hosted the show because of Clark's stroke. The show has been hosted by Ryan Seacrest on New Year's Eve since December 31, 2005. Seacrest hosted with Clark until Clark's death in 2012.

paragraphs: Singer-songwriter Fergie and actress Jenny McCarthy have reported for this show from Los Angeles and Times Square, respectively.

paragraphs: In the December 31, 1999 show, it was called "ABC 2000 Today" because 2000 would mark a new millennium. Peter Jennings hosted this show.


title: Tirana District

paragraphs: The District of Tirana is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Tirana County. There are 717,426 people. The capital is Tirana.


title: Tropojë District

paragraphs: The District of Tropojë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Kukës County. There are 16,260 people. The capital is Bajram Curri.


title: Vlorë District

paragraphs: The District of Vlorë is one of the thirty-six districts of Albania. It is part of Vlorë County. There are 151,314 people. The capital is Vlorë.


title: Albanian Armed Forces

paragraphs: The Albanian Armed Forces were formed after the declaration of independence in 1912. There is the General Staff, the Albanian Army, the Albanian Air Force and the Albanian Naval Defense Forces.

paragraphs: The Albanian Army is helped by the United States, Germany, the Netherlands, Italy, the United Kingdom, Greece, Turkey, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium.

paragraphs: There are 14,500 troops and 2,000 civilians, trained to NATO standards.


title: Mount Korab

paragraphs: Mount Korab is the highest mountain of North Macedonia and Albania. Its peak is a border between the two countries.

paragraphs: Mount Korab is pictured in the Coat of arms of North Macedonia.


title: Albanian lek

paragraphs: The lek is the money used in Albania. For values higher than 1 it is called "lekë". 100 qindarka make 1 lek but qindarka are not used any more.


title: Principality of Arbër

paragraphs: The Principality of Arbër, also known as Arbanon or Arbëria, was the first Albanian state. It existed during the Middle Ages. It was formed around 1190. The Principality ended in 1255.


title: League of Lezhë

paragraphs: The League of Lezhë (2 March 1444 – 25 April 1479) was a group of Albanian principalities. It was formed in Lezhë on 2 March 1444. It was the first time all of Albania was together as a country. It was started by Skanderbeg to fight the Ottoman Armies.


title: Yttrium(III) oxide

paragraphs: Yttrium oxide is YO. It is an air-stable, white solid substance. Yttrium oxide is used as a common starting material for both materials science as well as inorganic compounds.


title: Karen Allen

paragraphs: Karen Allen (born October 5 1951 in Carrollton, Illinois) is a theatre and movie actress. Mainly a stage actress, she started by playing small parts in movies. She is best known as Marion Ravenwood in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981). Allen also costarred in the sequel "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" (2008).


title: Bullet to the Head

paragraphs: Bullet to the Head is a 2012 action thriller movie. Sylvester Stallone and Christian Slater star. The earlier plays a hitman.

paragraphs: In New Orleans, hitman Jimmy Bobo and his partner Louis Blanchard kill a corrupt former Washington, D.C. policeman, Hank Greely. Bobo leaves a prostitute, Lola, alive. Later, at a bar, Blanchard is murdered by a man named Keegan. The man also threatens to kill Bobo.

paragraphs: Bobo and Detective Taylor Kwon meet each other in a bar. Kwon informs Bobo he knows Bobo and Blanchard killed Greely. Bobo leaves, and Kwon tries to follow him. Kwon is attacked by corrupt cops who were ordered by a man named Robert Morel to prevent Kwon from further investigating about Greely. Bobo rescues Kwon and takes him to a tattoo parlor. There, Bobo's estranged daughter, Lisa, treats Kwon's wounds. They later go to a massage parlor, where Bobo interrogates a middleman named Ronnie Earl, the man who hired Bobo and Blanchard on Morel's behalf. Ronnie Earl tries to kill Bobo. Bobo then kills Ronnie Earl, though his gun jams.

paragraphs: Bobo and Kwon agree to work together. They kidnap Morel's lawyer Marcus Baptiste and take him to Bobo's house. Baptiste is forced to give them a USB flash drive, which details Morel's plans to acquire housing projects and demolish them. Baptiste reveals Keegan is an ex-mercenary hired to be Morel's enforcer. After that, Bobo shoots him in the head.

paragraphs: Rotten Tomatoes gave "Bullet to the Head" a 47% rating. Metacritic gave the movie a 48 score, meaning "mixed or average reviews". Jay Weissberg of "Variety" magazine called it a "kickass actioner driven by personality rather than plot."

paragraphs: "Bullet to the Head" was Stallone's worst opening weekend box office in 32 years. The movie only took in almost $22 million, failing to bring back its $55 million budget.

paragraphs: Stallone was nominated for a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actor in this movie.


title: Christian Slater

paragraphs: Christian Slater (born August 18 1969) is an American movie actor. He has acted in many movies, which include "Broken Arrow", "" and "Heathers".


title: Respirator

paragraphs: A respirator is a kind of mask that is used to protect someone from breathing in dusts, fumes, or gases that might hurt them. Respirators come in many types and sizes. They are used by the military and industrial workers.


title: Small shelly fossils

paragraphs: Small shelly fossils (SSF), or small shelly fauna, are tiny fossils, many only a few millimetres long. They have a record from the latest stages of the Ediacaran to the early Cambrian period. Almost all are from earlier rocks than more familiar fossils such as trilobites. Most SSFs were preserved by being covered quickly with phosphate. This method of preservation is mainly limited to the later Ediacaran and early Cambrian periods, so the animals that made them may have arisen earlier and continued after this time.

paragraphs: Some of the fossils represent the entire skeletons of small organisms, including the mysterious "Cloudina" and some snail-like molluscs. However, the bulk of the fossils are fragments or parts of larger organisms, including sponges, molluscs, slug-like halkieriids, brachiopods, echinoderms, and onychophoran-like organisms that may have been close to the ancestors of arthropods.

paragraphs: One of the early explanations for the appearance of the SSFs – and the evolution of mineralized skeletons – is a sudden increase in the ocean's concentration of calcium. However, many SSFs are made of other minerals, such as silica. The first SSFs appear around the same time as organisms first started burrowing to avoid predation, so it is likely that they represent early steps in an evolutionary arms race between predators and increasingly well-defended prey. Nevertheless it is still true that the animals used minerals that were most easily accessible.

paragraphs: The small size and (usually) broken nature of SSFs makes them difficult to identify and classify. However, they provide evidence for how the main groups of marine invertebrates evolved, and for the pace and pattern of evolution in the Cambrian explosion. They include the earliest known representatives of some modern phyla, and they have the great advantage of presenting a nearly continuous record of early Cambrian organisms whose bodies include hard parts.


title: Bo Bice

paragraphs: Harold Elwin "Bo" Bice, Jr (born November 1, 1975) is an American singer. He was a runner-up on "American Idol".

paragraphs: In 2003, Bice was arrested for possession of marijuana, drug paraphernalia and public intoxication. He avoided jail time by agreeing to enter a drug program.


title: Walter Pidgeon

paragraphs: Walter Pidgeon (September 23, 1897 – September 25, 1984) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada. He starred in many movies, including "Forbidden Planet". He died in Santa Monica, California.


title: Greeks in Albania

paragraphs: The Greeks of Albania are ethnic Greeks who live in Albania. They are mostly in the south of the country.

paragraphs: The Greek language can only be spoken in 'minority zones'.


title: Treaty of London (1913)

paragraphs: The Treaty of London was a treaty signed on 30 May. It was to move the borders of countries after the First Balkan War.

paragraphs: The Balkan League won the war from the Ottoman Empire. The Balkan League was Serbia, Greece, Kingdom of Bulgaria, and Montenegro. One important border to decide was Albania. There was a declaration of independence by Albania on 28 November 1912. All of the Ottoman Empire, except Albania, was given to the Balkan League.

paragraphs: Because not everyone was happy with the Treaty of London, the Second Balkan War started on June 13. Peace came after theTreaty of Bucharest on 12 August 1913.


title: Loretta Young

paragraphs: Loretta Young (born Gretchen Michaela Young, January 6, 1913 - August 12, 2000) was an American actress. Young was born in Salt Lake City, Utah, and moved to Hollywood, Los Angeles, California when she was three. Her sisters were actresses Polly Ann Young (1908-1997) and Sally Blane (1910-1997).

paragraphs: Young won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in "The Farmer's Daughter". She won three Emmy Awards in the 1950s and a Golden Globe Award in 1986.

paragraphs: She was a devout Roman Catholic. She died of ovarian cancer in Los Angeles.


title: Constitution of Albania

paragraphs: The Constitution of Albania started on 28 November 1998. It made Albania a parliamentary republic. The constitution makes 140 deputies who elect the President of Albania and the Council of Ministers. The Council is the Prime Minister, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister.


title: President of Albania

paragraphs: The president of Albania (), officially styled President of the Republic of Albania () is the head of state, commander-in-chief of the military and the representative of the unity of the Albanian people.

paragraphs: The president has the power to set the date of the elections for the Parliament as well as referendum, grants pardons and awards.


title: Prime Minister of Albania

paragraphs: The prime minister of Albania (), officially styled Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania (), is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and as well the most powerful and influential person in Albanian politics.

paragraphs: The prime minister holds the executive power of the nation and represents the Council of Ministers and chairs its meetings.

paragraphs: The prime minister is appointed by the President of Albania.

paragraphs: The 33rd and current officeholder is Edi Rama, who started his first four-year-term on 15 September 2013.


title: Napa, California

paragraphs: Napa is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is the county seat of Napa County.


title: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts

paragraphs: Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, is part of The Walt Disney Company. It includes:


title: Madeleine Astor

paragraphs: Madeleine Astor (1893 –1940) survived the sinking of the RMS Titanic.


title: Civil Rights Act of 1964

paragraphs: The Civil Rights Act was a law passed in the United States in 1964 by President Lyndon B Johnson. The law made it illegal to discriminate against someone based on their race or gender. It also ended segregation in schools and workplaces, along with social life.


title: Voting Rights Act of 1965

paragraphs: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a law of the United States. It made it easier for African-Americans and non-English speaking citizens to vote. In some parts of the United States, people were forced to pay a poll tax or take a literacy test before being allowed to vote. This process kept many African-Americans from voting. The Voting Rights Act made all of those practices illegal.


title: Bok choy

paragraphs: Bok choy (also known as pak choi, boc choy, and pok choi) is classified as a Chinese cabbage. It does not look like the round European cabbages found in western supermarkets, or to Napa cabbage. While its white stalks may look like celery, it's part of the cabbage family and does not have the same stringiness. The dark green, crinkly leaves of the most common type are like Romaine lettuce.

paragraphs: The Chinese, who have been cultivating the plant for more than 5000 years, commonly refer to bok choy as pak choi or "white vegetable." Another common name is white cabbage.


title: Amadora

paragraphs: Amadora () is a city and a municipality in Portugal. The city and municipality has 175,872 people in eleven "freguesias" (parishes). It has an area of 23.77 square kilometres. It is the most densely populated municipality of Portugal.

paragraphs: It is a suburb of Lisbon, and both cities share the same subway, bus and train network. It is a residential city, and the landscape includes apartments, parks and industrial areas. Amadora also has immigrants from Angola, Cape Verde and Brazil.

paragraphs: Each year, Amadora organizes the Amadora International Comics Festival.


Magica


title: Symphonic metal

paragraphs: Symphonic metal is a genre that combines heavy metal with symphonic music.


title: Lucien Petipa

paragraphs: Joseph Lucien Petipa (22 December 1815 7 July 1898) was a French ballet dancer and choreographer. He was born in Marseille, France to choreographer and dancer Jean Petipa. He was the brother of Ballet Master of the Russian Imperial Ballet, Marius Petipa. Lucien made his Paris debut on 10 June 1840 in "La Sylphide" with Fanny Elssler. He partnered Carlotta Grisi in the first "Giselle", the first "Paquita", and many other ballets of the 1840s. He choreographed his first full-length ballet, "Sacountala", in 1858. He choreographed a few other ballets, but devoted himself mostly to developing dancers. Between 186068, he was Ballet Master at the Paris Opéra Ballet, and later Professor of Mime at the Conservatory. In 1882, he produced his most popular and most successful ballet "Namouna". He died in Versailles.


title: Bob Brown

paragraphs: Robert James Brown, also known as Bob (born 27 December, 1944), is a former Australian Greens Senator and former Parliamentary leader of the Australian Greens. He was the first openly gay member of the Parliament of Australia and the first openly gay leader of a political party in Australia. Prior to that, he served as a member for Denison in the Tasmanian House of Assembly from 1983 to 1993 and Leader of the Tasmanian Greens from their foundation in 1992 to 1993. On 13 April, 2012, Brown resigned as Greens leader and was succeeded by his deputy Christine Milne and indicated his intention to resign from the Senate in June. In May 2012 the replacement was selected and has been named as Peter Whish-Wilson who is an economist and winemaker who has previously stood fro the greens and assumed office on 21 June 2012 and Senator Brown resigned on 15 June 2012.


title: Basketball court

paragraphs: A basketball court is a place on which people play basketball. They are found within sports buildings and outside, and usually in front of people watching.

paragraphs: Basketball courts can be different sizes. An National Basketball Association court is .


title: Archaeometallurgy

paragraphs: Archaeometallurgy is a kind of archaeology. It is the study of metals in the past, specifically the content, production, and use of metals.

paragraphs: Archaeometallurgy research is the analysis and comparison of the chemical composition of samples.


title: Barry O'Farrell

paragraphs: Barry Robert O'Farrell (born 24 May 1959) is a former Australian politician. He was 43rd Premier of New South Wales and Minister for Western Sydney. He was the Leader of the New South Wales Liberal Party from 2007 to 2014. On 16 April 2914, O'Farrell announced his resignation as Premier after giving misleading evidence to the Independent Commission Against Corruption. He resigned on 17 April 2014. Mike Baird was elected new NSW Liberal Leader and was sworn in as the new Premier of New South Wales on 23 April 2014.

paragraphs: On 24 November 2014, O'Farrell announced his intention not to stand for re-election at the 2015 NSW election and to retire from politics. The Liberal candidate Alister Henskens was elected to succeed O'Farrell.


title: Friend of Dorothy

paragraphs: In gay slang, a "friend of Dorothy" (occasionally abbreviated FOD) is a term for a gay man. The phrase dates back to at least World War II, when homosexual acts were illegal in the United States. Stating that, or asking if, someone was a "friend of Dorothy" was a euphemism used for discussing sexual orientation without others knowing its meaning.

paragraphs: The origin of the phrase is most commonly attributed to the movie, "The Wizard of Oz" because Judy Garland, who starred as the main character Dorothy, is a gay icon. In the film, Dorothy is accepting of those who are different. For example the "gentle lion" living a lie, "I'm afraid there's no denyin', I'm just a dandy lion." Others claim that the phrase refers to celebrated humorist and critic Dorothy Parker, who included some gay men in her famous social circle.

paragraphs: In the early 1980s, the Naval Investigative Service was investigating homosexuality in the Chicago area. Agents discovered that gay men sometimes referred to themselves as "friends of Dorothy." Unaware of the historical meaning of the term, the NIS believed that a woman named Dorothy was at the center of a massive ring of homosexual military personnel. The NIS launched an enormous hunt for Dorothy, hoping to find her and convince her to reveal the names of gay servicemembers.


title: I Could Go On Singing

paragraphs: I Could Go On Singing is a 1963 movie starring Judy Garland and Dirk Bogarde. It was Garland's last movie. It was not a huge box office success, but it won Garland much praise for her performance. In Bogarde's autobiographies and in the 2004 biography, it is recounted that Judy Garland's lines were substantially rewritten by Bogarde (with Garland's consent).

paragraphs: Judy Garland plays a superstar singer named Jenny Bowman. She had met a man 15–16 years before. He is now a prominent physician, played by British actor Dirk Bogarde. They had a child whom she let his father raise in England. Jenny wants to finally see him, but in the end is left to her true home, the stage. Originally titled "The Lonely Stage", it was renamed "I Could Go On Singing", so that audiences would know it was the first time Garland sang in a movie since "A Star Is Born" in 1954.

paragraphs: "Either you are or you aren't - a Judy Garland fan that is. And if you aren't, forget about her new movie, "I Could Go On Singing", and leave the discussion to us devotees. You'll see her in close-up...in beautiful, glowing Technicolor and striking staging in a vibrant, vital performance that gets to the essence of her mystique as a superb entertainer. Miss Garland is - as always - real, the voice throbbing, the eyes aglow, the delicate features yielding to the demands of the years - the legs still long and lovely. Certainly the role of a top-rank singer beset by the loneliness and emotional hungers of her personal life is not an alien one to her..."

paragraphs: - "Judith Crist", "The New York Herald Tribune"

paragraphs: "3 stars...Judy Garland is back on screen in a role that might have been custom-tailored for her particular talents. A new song, "I Could Go On Singing", provides her with a little clowning, a chance to be gay, a time for wistfulness, an occasion for tears. She and Dirk Bogarde play wonderfully well together, even though the script itself insists on their being mismatched..."

paragraphs: - "Dorothy Masters", "The New York Daily News"

paragraphs: It was released on video in 1989, and on DVD in 2004. The soundtrack album was released at the time of the original movie release, and appeared on CD in 2002 along with the Garland album "That's Entertainment!"


title: Tassili n'Ajjer

paragraphs: Tassili n'Ajjer is a mountain range in the Algerian part of the Sahara Desert. The name means "Plateau of the Rivers". It 72,000 km. large. The range is mostly made of sandstone.

paragraphs: It is known for the prehistoric rock art. The art has herds of cattle, large wild animals including crocodiles, and human activities such as hunting and dancing.

paragraphs: The nearest town is Djanet. It is about 10 km southwest of the range.


title: Tipaza

paragraphs: Tipaza is a town on the coast of Algeria. It is the capital of the Tipaza Province. It was formed in 1857. It is known for its sandy beach and ancient ruins.


title: Barbary Coast

paragraphs: The Barbary Coast, or Berber Coast, was the land of the Berber people. It was the name used by Europeans from the 16th to the 19th century. It was the coast of North Africa – what is now Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya.

paragraphs: This area was used by pirates. They attacked ships and coastal towns. They stole goods and people to sell as slaves from Europe, America and sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Kameyama, Mie

paragraphs: In the Edo period, "Kameyama-juku", "Seki-juku" and "Sakanoshita-juku" were the 46th, 47th and 48th of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations ("shuku-eki") along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto. All three Tōkaidō rest stops are within the boundaries of modern Numazu.


title: National Liberation Front

paragraphs: The National Liberation Front is a socialist political party in Algeria. It was formed on November 1, 1954 from several smaller groups. It was started to get independence for Algeria from France.


title: Ahmed Ben Bella

paragraphs: Ahmed Ben Bella (25 December 1918 – 11 April 2012) was an Algerian soldier. He was the first President of Algeria from 1963 to 1965.

paragraphs: He was born in Maghnia, Algeria. He was a Sunni Islam. Ben Bella joined the French Army in 1936.

paragraphs: He went to prison for forming a group to fight French rule. He escaped and went to Tunisia. He was arrested again in 1956 and got out of prison in 1962.

paragraphs: He became President in 1963. In 1965, Houari Boumédiènne made him stop being Presindent. He was under house arrest until 1980. He was allowed to live in Switzerland. He lived for 10 years in Lausanne. In 1990 he was able to return to Algeria.


title: Elizabeth Banks

paragraphs: Elizabeth Banks (born February 10 1974) is an American television and movie actress. She was born in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. Her movies include the "Spider-Man" franchise, 2008's comedy "Zack and Miri Make a Porno", "Invincible", "The Hunger Games", and in "The Lego Movie" and sequel "". Banks is a Democrat. She attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention to support President Obama's re-election.


title: Flag of Algeria

paragraphs: The national flag of Algeria has two equal vertical bars, green and white. In the center is a red star and crescent. The white color is for peace. Green is for the beauty of nature. Red is for the blood of those killed fighting for independence in the Algerian War (1954 to 1962). The star and crescent are for Islam.


title: Movie 43

paragraphs: Movie 43 is an American comedy movie in which Emma Stone, Halle Berry, Hugh Jackman, Uma Thurman, Elizabeth Banks, Chris Pratt, Naomi Watts, Seth MacFarlane, Josh Duhamel, Anna Faris, Greg Kinnear, Dennis Quaid, Kate Winslet, Gerard Butler, Richard Gere, Johnny Knoxville, Justin Long, and many other actors star. Its release date was January 25, 2013.


title: Justin Long

paragraphs: Justin Jacob Long (born June 2, 1978) is an American movie actor. He has acted in many movies, including "Live Free or Die Hard" (a 2007 movie that stars Bruce Willis).


title: Australian Convict Sites

paragraphs: "Australian Convict Sites" is a World Heritage Site which includes the remains of 11 places used in the transportation of convicts to Australia. This was a plan by the British government to move thousands of prisoners from England to Australia. It started with the sending of the First Fleet to Sydney in 1788 and continued for about eighty years. The Australian Convict Sites include places in Sydney, Tasmania, Norfolk Island, and Fremantle. These are representing:

paragraphs: " .. the best surviving examples of large-scale convict transportation and the colonial expansion of European powers through the presence and labour of convicts."

paragraphs: All the sites were all individually included on the Australian National Heritage List before being put on the World Heritage list.

paragraphs: The 11 penal sites making up the Australian Convict Sites World Heritage listed property are

paragraphs: There are over 3000 convict sites remaining in Australia. The Australian Convict Sites were selected as the best examples of the world's convict era. This met World Heritage Selection Criteria IV & VI:

paragraphs: "an exceptional example of the forced migration of convicts - an important stage of human history"

paragraphs: "an extraordinary example of global ideas and developments associated with the punishment and reform of the criminal elements of humanity during the Age of Enlightenment and the modern era


title: Sequoia National Park

paragraphs: Sequoia National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of California. It was created on September 25, 1890. The park covers . The park contains the highest point in the contiguous 48 United States, Mount Whitney, at above sea level. The park is next to Kings Canyon National Park. The two parks are managed together by the National Park Service.

paragraphs: The park is famous for its giant sequoia trees. One of these trees is the General Sherman tree, one of the biggest trees on Earth. The General Sherman tree is in the Giant Forest, which has five of the ten biggest trees in the world.


title: Summer Stock

paragraphs: Summer Stock is a Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer musical movie made in 1950. It was directed by Charles Walters and stars Judy Garland, Gene Kelly, Eddie Bracken, Gloria DeHaven, Marjorie Main, and Phil Silvers. Nicholas Castle Sr. was the choreographer.

paragraphs: Judy Garland struggled with many personal problems during filming, and "Summer Stock" was her last MGM movie. It was also her last pairing with Gene Kelly onscreen. MGM terminated Garland's contract - by mutual agreement - in September 1950.

paragraphs: Jane Falbury (Garland) is a farm owner. Her actress sister Abigail (DeHaven) arrives at the farm with her theater troupe. They need a practice stage, and Jane and her housekeeper Esme (Main) reluctantly agree to let them use their barn. The actors and actresses, including the director Joe Ross (Kelly), repay her hospitality by doing chores around the farm. Although Joe is engaged to Abigail, he begins to fall in love with Jane after Abigail leaves him in an angry fit. Jane is engaged to Orville (Bracken), but falls in love with Joe. The movie ends with a spectacular show in the barn itself, with the new leading lady, Jane.

paragraphs: All songs were written by Harry Warren (music) and Mack Gordon (lyrics) except where noted. Orchestration chores were divided between Conrad Salinger and Skip Martin.

paragraphs: Shooting this movie was sometimes a struggle for Garland. She was coping with many pressures in her personal life, including a heavy reliance on prescription medication.

paragraphs: Audiences noticed that in the last number "Get Happy" she appears thinner than in the rest of the movie. Before shooting the number, she had taken two months off and lost between 15-20 pounds. Garland finished the movie, and embarked on a long promised vacation from the studio. Soon, however, she was called back to star with Fred Astaire in the upcoming movie "Royal Wedding". Once again, Garland struggled to perform at her absolute best in the face of exhaustion and overwork. She was fired from the movie, and her contract with MGM was terminated through mutual agreement. Even though "Summer Stock" took six months to film, it was a box-office success.

paragraphs: The film's most famous scene is the final song-and-dance number "Get Happy" performed by Judy Garland in a tuxedo jacket, black fedora, and black nylons to an arrangement by Skip Martin. This sequence was choreographed by Charles Walters and filmed two months after the rest of the movie, after Garland sought the help of a hypnotist in Santa Barbara and lost 20 pounds. With the sedative-hypnotic paraldahyde reportedly on her breath, which the number's male dancers described as sickeningly sweet, Garland performed the number perfectly in just a couple of takes, and the rest is history. According to "New York Times" critic Bosley Crowther: " 'Get Happy' finds Miss Garland looking and performing her best."

paragraphs: In another notable sequence, Kelly performs a solo dance in a darkened barn, using a newspaper and a creaky board as partners and props; the musical accompaniment reprises "You Wonderful You". The dance "turned out to be one of the breakthrough numbers" of his career.


title: Commission nationale de la certification professionnelle

paragraphs: The (CNCP, ) is a French inter-ministerial commission, interprofessional and interagency. It has been created by the social modernization law (No. 2002-73). It is under the authority of the Minister responsible for vocational training.


title: Kupiškis

paragraphs: Kupiškis is a city in the northeast part of Lithuania.


title: Greater Blue Mountains Area

paragraphs: The Greater Blue Mountains Area is a World Heritage Site in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales, Australia. It was added to the World Heritage List at meeting of the World Heritage Committee, held in Cairns in November 2000.

paragraphs: This area is one of rugged tablelands, cliffs, deep valleys and rivers and lakes. There are many rare and different plants and animals which tell the story of Australia's great age. It shows the story of the evolution of Australia's unique eucalypt trees and the other plants and animals which live among them.

paragraphs: The Greater Blue Mountains Area covers about 10,300 square kilometres. It is mainly forest on a sandstone plateau 60 to 180 kilometres inland from central Sydney. The area includes large areas of wilderness and is about one third the size of Belgium, or twice the size of Brunei.

paragraphs: The Blue Mountains are a blue color. This is because rising air temperature makes the oil of Eucalypts evaporate into the air. This makes the mountains seem bluish.

paragraphs: The World Heritage Site includes eight protected areas. These are in two main blocks separated by land set aside for transport and housing. These areas are the:

paragraphs: The Blue Mountains are not really mountains, but a sandstone plateau rising from less than 100 metres above sea level to 1300 metres at the highest point. The plateau is cut through with deep valleys. There are basalt outcrops on the higher ridges. There are many different plants and animals which probably survived because they found shelter from climatic changes during recent geological history.

paragraphs: The area is famous for its many different eucalypt habitats, from wet and dry sclerophyll grasslands, mallee heathlands, as well as swamps and wetlands. There are 91 species of eucalypts, 13% of all eucalypts, in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. Of these, 12 only grow here.

paragraphs: The area has been described as a natural laboratory for studying the evolution of the eucalypts. This is because there are so many of the different types growing in the Greater Blue Mountains Area. The area shows examples of how the eucalypts have changed to grow in the different Australian environments. These vary from tall forests at the margins or rainforest in the deep valleys, through open forests and woodlands, to shrublands of stunted mallees on the exposed tablelands.

paragraphs: As well as the eucalypts, the Greater Blue Mountains Area also contains ancient, relict species of world wide importance. The most famous of these is the recently discovered Wollemi pine. This tree is a "living fossil" dating back to the age of the dinosaurs. Thought to have been extinct for millions of years, the few surviving trees of this ancient species are known only from three small groups located in remote valleys within the area. The Wollemi pine is one of the world's rarest species.

paragraphs: More than 400 different kinds of animals live within the valleys and tablelands of the Greater Blue Mountains Area. These include threatened or rare species such as the tiger quoll, the koala, the yellow-bellied glider and the long-nosed potoroo. There are also rare reptiles and amphibians including the green and golden bell frog and the Blue Mountain water skink.

paragraphs: The largest predator of the area is the dingo. These wild dogs hunt for grey kangaroos and other prey.

paragraphs: The Greater Blue Mountains Area has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). It has many of the world's rockwarblers, as well as flame robins, diamond firetails and pilotbirds. The endangered regent honeyeater is seen there regularly. It is also a migration bottleneck for yellow-faced honeyeaters.

paragraphs: The Greater Blue Mountains Area was listed as a World Heritage Area by UNESCO on 29 November 2000. It was the fourth area in New South Wales to be listed.

paragraphs: The reason why this site was chosen to be included on the World Heritage list is quoted below:


title: Blaenavon Industrial Landscape

paragraphs: Blaenavon Industrial Landscape is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Blaenavon, Wales. It includes coal and ore mines, quarries, a primitive railway system, furnaces, workers' homes, and the social infrastructure of the community.

paragraphs: The town of Blaenavon and 3,290 hectares in the region of the town were named a World Heritage Site in 2000. The area around Blaenavon shows of the importance of South Wales as the world's major producer of iron and coal in the 19th century.


paragraphs: The Groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales (GIFAS, in English Group of French aerospace industries) is a French aerospace industries association created in 1908, featuring more than 260 members. The first name of the association was "Association des Industries de la Locomotion Aérienne". It acquired its current name in 1975.

paragraphs: The current president of the GIFAS is Éric Trappier, the CEO of Dassault Aviation.


title: Esquire (magazine)

paragraphs: Esquire is a men's magazine, published in the U.S. by the Hearst Corporation. Founded in 1932, it flourished during the Great Depression under the guidance of founder and editor Arnold Gingrich.


title: UniverSud Paris

paragraphs: UniverSud Paris is a grouping of higher education institutes in France. It groups 21 public universities and the national research center. These places teach nearly all subjects of sciences (fundamental, engineering, business).

paragraphs: In 1991, the French government decided to create the "French Poles of Research and Higher Education". In 2007, its status changed to a public establishment for scientific cooperation ("établissement public de coopération scientifique").

paragraphs: The member universities and institutes are :


title: Charity (practice)

paragraphs: Charity is the act of giving help to those in need of it. It is a humanitarian act. It involves giving money, goods or time and effort to those who need it. It is done without expecting something in return. Giving money or food to poor people is an example of charity. Poor, sick or injured people are generally considered the proper people to whom charity should be given. When such people are not supported, they often begin begging, which is directly asking for help from people they do not know. Others may rely on support from charitable organisations. These organisations collect money and goods and then give them to those in need.

paragraphs: Most charities are concerned with providing basic needs, such as food, water, clothing, health care and shelter. The most common form of charity is donating money. The money is then used to buy these basic needs. However, there are many other actions that may be performed as charity, such as teaching orphans, donating blood, or money to help fund medical research.

paragraphs: Charitable giving can be a responsibility in many religions. This kind of charity is called almsgiving or alms. In Islam, for example, it is called "zakat". It is one of the five most important duties of being a Muslim.


title: Daphnia

paragraphs: Daphnia are small, planktonic crustaceans, between 0.2 and 5 mm in length. "Daphnia" are members of the order Cladocera. They are one of the several small aquatic crustaceans often called water fleas because of their jumpy swimming style. They live in various aquatic environments ranging from acidic swamps to freshwater lakes, ponds, streams and rivers.

paragraphs: "Daphnia" have open circulatory systems. Instead of having blood vessels, the daphnia have a fluid called haemolymph. The haemolymph is pumped throughout the body cavity (which is called a haemocoel).

paragraphs: The "Daphnia"’s nervous system consists of a brain that has two or three pairs of ganglia. Ganglia are nerve cells that tend to cluster up. The nervous system also has nerve rings that go round the oesophagus. Last of all, it has a paired ventral nerve cord.

paragraphs: The "Daphnia" reproductive system is parthenogenetic. The female daphnia produce eggs without mating. That means that their eggs can grow without being fertilized. The female daphnia carries its 50 or so eggs in the brood chamber, until they are ready to hatch. "Daphnia" can still mate, the only difference is that the “mated” eggs have an extra hard shell that can protect them from harsh conditions for a long time. These eggs are called cysts, and they can hatch when conditions are favorable again, which is usually around spring.

paragraphs: "Daphnia" spp. are a popular live food in tropical and marine fish keeping.


title: President of Algeria

paragraphs: The President of Algeria is the head of state of Algeria. The President is also in charge of the Algerian armed forces.

paragraphs: As of 19 December 2019, there are three living former presidents, including the acting head of state of Algeria:


paragraphs: From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs (or need) is a slogan that Karl Marx made popular in his writing "Critique of the Gotha program", published in 1875. The German original is "Jeder nach seinen Fähigkeiten, jedem nach seinen Bedürfnissen". According to Marx, once a communist society has been established, it will produce enough goods and services so that everyone's needs can be satisfied.

paragraphs: Even though the phrase is commonly attributed to Marx, he was not the first to use it. The slogan was common within the socialist movement. Louis Blanc first used it in 1839, in "The organization of work". The origin of this phrasing has also been attributed to the French communist Morelly, who proposed in his 1755 "Code of Nature" "Sacred and Fundamental Laws that would tear out the roots of vice and of all the evils of a society" including the following:


title: Kassaman

paragraphs: Kassaman or Qassaman (We Pledge) is the national anthem of Algeria. Mufdi Zakariah wrote the lyrics in 1956. He did this while in jail by the French. The composer of the music is Mohamed Fawzi, from Egypt. He wrote the lyrics on the walls of a French prison with his blood.


title: San Francisco row houses

paragraphs: The San Francisco row houses, also known as Painted Ladies are Victorian and Edwardian buildings painted in three or more colors. The style used is sometimes called "polychrome".


title: Emblem of Algeria

paragraphs: The national emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government. Other states use coats of arms. The current emblem began in 1976. The difference was changing the motto from French to Arabic. On the emblem is the crescent that is also found on the Flag of Algeria. It is a symbol of Islam. The text says "The People's Democratic Republic of Algeria".

paragraphs: The Hand of Fatima is in front of the Atlas Mountains. It is below a rising sun to show a new era. Buildings are for industry and plants for agriculture.


title: Abdelaziz Bouteflika

paragraphs: Abdelaziz Bouteflika (born 2 March 1937) is an Algerian politician. From 1999 to 2019, he was the ninth President of Algeria. He was President at the end of the bloody Algerian Civil War in 2002. He ended emergency rule in February 2011 during Arab Spring.

paragraphs: He has also been President of the United Nations General Assembly.

paragraphs: Bouteflika resigned on 2 April 2019 after months of massive protests.


title: Prime Minister of Algeria

paragraphs: The Prime Minister is the head of government of Algeria.

paragraphs: The President of Algeria chooses the Prime Minister. The People's National Assembly must okay the choice. There are no limits on a Prime Minister's term. The person who was Prime Minister the longest was Mohamed Ben Ahmed Abdelghani. He did the job from 1979 to 1984.


title: Ahmed Ouyahia

paragraphs: Ahmed Ouyahia (born July 2, 1952) is an Algerian politician. He was the Prime Minister of Algeria from August 16, 2017 to March 12, 2019.

paragraphs: Ouyahia was already Prime Minister from 1995 to 1998, from 2003 to 2006, and from 2008 to 2012.

paragraphs: He was also Minister of Justice for a time. He formed and was president of the RND party.


title: Adrar Province

paragraphs: Adrar is a province in southwestern Algeria. It is named for its capital Adrar. It is the second-largest province. There are 402,197 people.

paragraphs: The province has 11 districts and 28 communes or municipalities.


title: Carlton Gardens, Melbourne

paragraphs: The Carlton Gardens is a World Heritage Site in the suburb of Carlton. It is very close to the centre of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

paragraphs: The site has the Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne Museum and Imax Cinema, tennis courts and an award winning children's playground. The site is a rectangle shape. From the Exhibition building the gardens gently slope down to the southwest and northeast. The World Heritage listing says the Royal Exhibition Buildings and Carlton Gardens are ""of historical, architectural, aesthetic, social and scientific (botanical) significance to the State of Victoria.""

paragraphs: The gardens are one of the best examples of a Victorian era public garden. There are large grass areas with a mix of European and Australian trees. These include deciduous trees such as English oaks, White Poplar, Plane trees, Elms, Conifers, Cedars, Turkey Oaks, Araucarias and evergreens such as Moreton Bay Figs, combined with flower beds of flowers and shrubs. Tree lined paths make formal avenues which lead to the fountains and architecture of the Exhibition buildings. There are two small lakes in the southern section of the park. The northern section contains the Museum, tennis courts, machinery and work area, managers's house, and the children's playground designed as a Victorian maze.

paragraphs: The listing in the Victorian Heritage Register says in part:

paragraphs: Wildlife includes possums, ducks and ducklings in spring, Tawny Frogmouths, Kookaburras, flying foxes, and other urban environment birds and bats.

paragraphs: The gardens have three important fountains: the Exhibition Fountain, designed for the 1880 Exhibition by sculptor Joseph Hochgurtel; the French Fountain; and the Westgarth Drinking Fountain.

paragraphs: The Exhibition Building is still used for exhibitions, including for the annual Melbourne International Flower and Garden Show. It also used for exams by the University of Melbourne in recent years. The Melbourne Exhibition and Convention Centre, opened in 1996 at Southbank, provides more modern facilities and has become Melbourn'e main space for exhibitions and conventions.


title: Chlef Province

paragraphs: Chlef is a province in Algeria. There are about 1 million people. The capital is Chlef.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 13 districts. There are also 35 communes or municipalities.


title: Laghouat Province

paragraphs: Laghouat is a province ("wilaya") in central Algeria. The name means "the oases". The capital is Laghouat. Other localities include Aflou, Ain Madhi, Kourdane and Makhareg.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 10 districts. There are also 24 communes or municipalities.


title: Crater Lake National Park

paragraphs: Crater Lake National Park is a national park in the U.S. state of Oregon. It was created in 1902. It is the only national park in Oregon. The park includes the caldera of Crater Lake, the remains of the destroyed volcano Mount Mazama, and nearby hills and forests.

paragraphs: The lake is deep. It is the deepest lake in the United States, the second deepest in North America and the ninth deepest in the world. The lake is so deep because of the caldera it is in.

paragraphs: Crater Lake has no streams flowing into or out of it. All water that enters the lake is eventually lost from evaporation or flowing away underground. The lake is re-filled only from snow and rain.


title: Oum El Bouaghi Province

paragraphs: Oum El Bouaghi or Oum el-Bouaghi is a province of Algeria. The capital is Oum el-Bouaghi.

paragraphs: The province is divided into 12 districts. There are also 29 communes or municipalities.


title: Bob Carr

paragraphs: Robert John "Bob" Carr (born 28 September 1947) was a Labor member of the Australian senate from 6 March 2012 to 24 October 2013 and Foreign Minister 13 March 2012 to 18 September 2013. Before that, he was Premier of New South Wales from 1995 to 2005.


title: The Dark Knight Rises

paragraphs: The Dark Knight Rises is a 2012 British-American superhero movie, and a sequel to "The Dark Knight" and a second sequel to "Batman Begins". It was the last movie in "The Dark Knight Trilogy".

paragraphs: Eight years after Harvey Dent's death and the defeat of the Joker, the Dent Act grants the Gotham City Police Department to organized crime. Feeling guilty for covering up Dent's crimes, Police Commissioner James Gordon writes a resignation speech telling the truth, but decides not to tell because it was not the right time. Batman has disappeared, with Bruce Wayne becoming an outcast. Cat burglar Selina Kyle steals Bruce's fingerprints from his home, kidnaps a congressman, then disappears. Selina hands Bruce's fingerprints to Phillip Stryver, an assistant to Bruce's business rival John Daggett, in hope of having her criminal record erased. Stryver double crosses Selina, but she uses the congressman's stolen phone to alert the police of their location. Gordon and the police arrive to find the congressman, then chase the criminals into the sewers while Selina escapes. A masked man called Bane who had escaped from a hijacked CIA Plane captures Gordon. Gordon escapes, and is found by John Blake, a patrol officer who grew up as an orphan and has known Batman's true identity from their similar backgrounds. Gordon promotes Blake to detective, with Blake reporting directly to him.

paragraphs: Wayne Enterprises is on the point of becoming bankrupt after Bruce wasted almost all of the companies money on a fusion reactor project when he learns that the core could be weaponized. Later, Bane attacks the Gotham Stock Exchange, using Bruce's fingerprints to bankrupt Wayne Enterprises. Alfred Pennyworth, concerned that Bruce has not moved on from being Batman, reveals to him that Rachel Dawes had intended to marry Dent before she died, and resigns in an attempt to dissuade him. Fearing that Daggett, Bane's employer, would gain access to the reactor, Bruce and Lucius Fox asks board member Miranda Tate to take over his company. Bane later kills Daggett. After being promised to erase her records, Selina agrees to take Batman to Bane, but instead betrays him to a trap. Bane appears and reveals that he intends to fulfill Ra's al Ghul's mission to destroy Gotham with the League of Shadows. He breaks Batman's back and takes him to a foreign, well-like prison where escape is impossible. The inmates tell Bruce the story of Ra's al Ghul's child, born in the prison and cared for by a fellow prisoner before escaping, the only prisoner to have ever done so; Bruce thinks the child is Bane.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, Bane had kidnapped Fox, Tate, and Fredricks in order to turn on the bomb. While in the stadium, Bane triggers bombs under Gotham that causes the tunnels to collapse and traps most of the Gotham's police underground. He kills Mayor Anthony Garcia and forces an abducted physicist, Dr. Leonid Pavel, to convert the reactor core into a nuclear bomb before killing him. Bane uses the bomb to hold the city hostage and isolate Gotham from the world. Using Gordon's stolen speech, Bane reveals the cover-up of Dent's crimes and releases the prisoners of Blackgate Prison, causing a revolution. The wealthy and powerful have their property destroyed or taken, are dragged from their homes, and given show trials presided over by Dr. Jonathan Crane, where any sentence likely means death.

paragraphs: After months of recovery and re-training, Bruce escapes from the prison; thanks to the prison doctor, and enlists Selina, Blake, Tate, Gordon, and Fox to help stop the bomb's detonation. While the police and Bane's forces fight at Gotham City Hall, Batman defeats Bane, but Tate later stabs Batman, revealing herself to be Talia, Ra's al Ghul's child, who escaped the prison thanks by her fellow prisoner, Bane. She plans to complete her father's work by activating the bomb and destroying Gotham, but Gordon blocks her signal, which makes the remote of detonation useless. Talia, then leaves to find the bomb. Bane prepares to kill Batman, but Selina kills Bane using the Batpod. Batman pursues Talia with the Bat, an aircraft created by Fox, to bring the bomb back to the reactor, where it can be stabilized. Talia's truck crashes, but she remotely destroys the reactor before dying. With no way to stop the detonation, Batman uses The Bat to haul the bomb over the bay, where it detonates.

paragraphs: In the months after, Batman is thought to be dead but is honored a hero. With Bruce also presumed dead, Wayne Manor is left to the city to become an orphanage, and Wayne's remaining estate is left to Alfred. Fox discovers that Bruce had fixed The Bat's autopilot, and Gordon finds the Bat-Signal refixed. While visiting in Florence, Italy, Alfred saw Bruce and Selina together. Blake resigns from the police force and finds the Batcave.

paragraphs: The movie is based on DC Comics character Batman. It is distributed under Warner Bros.. The movie was directed by Christopher Nolan and produced by Emma Thomas. The music was scored by Hans Zimmer. The cast includes Christian Bale, Michael Caine, Gary Oldman, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Tom Hardy, Morgan Freeman, Anne Hathaway, Marion Cotillard, Matthew Modine, Cillian Murphy, Nestor Carbonell, Ben Mendelsohn, Liam Neeson, Tom Conti, Joey King, Juno Temple, and Alon Abutbul. The locations of filming were in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Newark, New Jersey, Los Angeles, California, and in New York City, New York.

paragraphs: "The Dark Knight Rises" was released on July 20, 2012, on which same day a shooting happened in Aurora, Colorado during the movie's premiere inside an area theater. The movie is the 3rd highest grossing movie in the world with $1,081,041,287 worldwide. "The Dark Knight Rises" currently ranks #7 in the list of the highest-grossing movies in history. "The Dark Knight Rises" came out on DVD and Blu-ray on December 4, 2012. It was one of the top movies on AFI in 2012.


title: Total Recall (1990 movie)

paragraphs: Total Recall is a 1990 American science fiction action movie directed by Paul Verhoeven. It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Rachel Ticotin and Sharon Stone. It is set in the year 2084. The movie was released in June 1990. The story of the movie came from ""We Can Remember It for You Wholesale"" by Philip K. Dick.


title: That's the Way (I Like It)

paragraphs: "That's the Way (I Like It)" is a disco-pop song released during late 1975 by the group KC & the Sunshine Band. It was at the time because of certain lyrics. This single has been covered and sampled by various artists through the years.


title: Hefei

paragraphs: Hefei () is a city and municipality () in eastern China. Hefei is the capital the Anhui province. It is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. It is located in the central portion of the province, and it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. Hefei has 7.06 million people, 2.18 million of whom lives in the urban area.

paragraphs: From the 8th to the 6th centuries BC, there were many small states in Hefei. The area later became a part of the Chu kingdom. Many archaeological finds dating from this period have been made. In the 2nd century BC, the name 'Hefei' was first given to the county set up in the area under the Han dynasty.

paragraphs: In the 3rd century AD, the Battle of Xiaoyao Ford was fought at Xiaoyao Ford () in Hefei. Zhang Liao, a general of the Wei state, led 800 picked cavalry and defeated the 200,000-strong army from Wu. After this battle, Wu and Wei fought for several decades in Hefei.

paragraphs: Hefei Municipality is divided into 4 districts, 4 counties and 1 city.


title: Anhui

paragraphs: Anhui (; ) is a province in the east of China. The capital is Hefei. The area of Anhui is 139,400 km, the population of it is roughly 62,548,000 (2017).

paragraphs: Anhui is divided into seventeen prefecture-level divisions:


title: Australian Fossil Mammal Sites (Riversleigh / Naracoorte)

paragraphs: The Australian Fossil Mammal Sites is the UNESCO World Heritage Site in Queensland and South Australia.

paragraphs: The UNESCO listing is for two separate areas where fossils from the Cainozoic era have been found. Riversleigh is in the north west corner of Queensland and Naracoorte is in the south east corner of South Australia. The Riversleigh site is part of the Lawn Hill National Park.

paragraphs: The sites are important for their extinct marsupials. The fossils show the evolution of mammals in Australia over the last 20 million years. The Naracoorte site is part of the Naracoorte Caves National Park. Its fossils show the way marsupials adapted to the great climate changes that have affected the world over the last 170,000 years.


title: Indian Armed Forces

paragraphs: The Indian Armed Forces are the military of India. It is made up of an Army, Navy, Air Force and Coast Guard. There are other parts like Paramilitary and Strategic Nuclear Command.

paragraphs: The President of India is its Commander-in-Chief. However, it is managed by the Ministry of Defence.

paragraphs: In 2010, the Indian Armed Forces had 1.32 million active personnel. This makes it one of the largest militaries in the world.

paragraphs: Currently, the Indian Army is becoming more modern by buying and making new weapons. It is also building defences against missiles of other countries. In 2011, India imported more weapons than any other nation in the world.

paragraphs: From its independence in 1947, India fought four wars with Pakistan and one war with China.

paragraphs: Every year, 7 December is celebrated as Armed Forces Flag Day.


title: Na Hye-sok

paragraphs: Na Hye-sok (1896-1948) was a Korean independence activist and artist, poet, novelist, and feminist activist. She was a famous woman among early 20th century oil painters. Her nickname was Jeongwol.


title: Indian Army

paragraphs: The Indian Army is the part of the Indian Military which operates on land. It is the largest part of the Indian Military.

paragraphs: In 2010, Indian Army had 1,128,000 active personnel and 960,000 personnel. It is has a bigger number of troops than any other nation except China and the U.S.


title: Old City (Jerusalem)

paragraphs: The Old City (, "al-Balda al-Qadimah", , "Hin K'aghak", , "Ha'Ir Ha'Atiqah") of Jerusalem is the oldest part of the city located in Palestine. It is an area that is surrounded by walls. It contains some of the most important places for three major religions. These include the Church of the Holy Sepulchre for Christians, the Temple Mount for Jews, and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque for Muslims. The Old City formed the whole city of Jerusalem until 1860, when a Jewish neighborhood was built outside the Western Wall.

paragraphs: The Old City is historically divided into four quarters, although the current quarters were introduced only in the 19th century. Today, the Old City is divided into the Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Jewish Quarter and the Armenian Quarter. After the war in 1948, the Old City was occupied by Jordan and the Jewish people living in the city were forced to move out. During the Six Day War in 1967, Israel occupied the Old City and the rest of East Jerusalem. Today, Israel still controls the whole area, which it says is part of its national capital.

paragraphs: In 1980, Jordan asked UNESCO to make the Old City a World Heritage Site. It was added to the World Heritage list in 1981. Because of the conflict over the territory, it was added to the list of sites in danger in 1982. UNESCO policy is that East Jerusalem, including the Old City, is part of the occupied Palestinian territory.


title: Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary

paragraphs: The Djoudj National Bird Sanctuary () is a World Heritage Site in Senegal. It is on the Senegal River. It has different wetland areas that are used by many migrating birds. Some birds use the wetland after they cross the Sahara desert. There are almost 400 kinds of birds. Some of the most common are pelicans and flamingos. Many different kinds of animals also live in the park.


title: Refining

paragraphs: Refining is the name for a number of processes that purify or concentrate a substance. The name is used for natural resources, food and technical products. The place where this is done, is often called a refinery.

paragraphs: Petroleum contains hydrocarbons. After distillation, it still contains chemical compounds with sulfur, oxygen and Nitrogen as well as other unwanted compounds, such as Alkalenes. Processed petroleum is used for lubricants; the substances mentione are unwanted in lubricants as they can speed up the aging process. For this reason, they are extracted using a process called hydrogenation. In hydrogenation, Hydrogen sulfide and ammonia gases are produced. These gases require special handling, as they are very toxic.

paragraphs: Vegetable oils and fats are produced by chemical or mechanical extraction from plants. This produces a kind of oil that still has many unwanted substances, such as pigments and smell, which influence the quality of the refined product. In essence, the factors influenced are taste, shelf life, smell and color, as well as the ability to use the oil for further technical transformations. Depending on the process, between four and eight percent of usable vegetable oil is lost. There are two basic procedures to refine vegetable oil, chemical refining, and physical refining.

paragraphs: Sugar is washed, and treated with concentrated syrup. Its colored because most customers expect sugar to be white. The white sugar sold in shops in almost pure sucrose. It has an extent of 99,8 percent of its weight.

paragraphs: There are two basic processes to refine metals: Refining by fire, and refining by electrolysis. Higher grades of purity require both processes, lower grades use only the first process.

paragraphs: Salt that is gained through evaportation of seawater needs to be cleaned; this is done by dissloving it in brine and then forcing it to crystallize. After the process, it is no lnoger possible to distinguish it from the salt extracted from rocks, by a mining process. Depending on the country, table salt for common use as a food additive may have iodine added. Sometimes Potassium fluoride is added as well.


title: American cheese

paragraphs: American cheese is a kind of pasteurized processed cheese. Usually, it has a mild taste. Originally, it was white, and made by mixing other kinds of cheese, most often Cheddar cheese and Swiss.

paragraphs: It is no longer produced by mixing existing kinds of cheeses, but by using a number of ingredients. In many countries, including the US, processed cheese is licensed differently to "real" cheese. American cheese may therefore not be sold as "cheese", but as "processed cheese".

paragraphs: On the label, the word cheese is often left out, and the product is labeled "American slices", "slices" or similar. Since this kind of processed cheese is very common in the United States, it is often used to refer to all kinds of processed cheese. All the same, the term "American cheese" does have a legal definition in the American Code of Federal Regulations.


title: Fraser Island

paragraphs: Fraser Island is the UNESCO World Heritage Site of the east coast of Queensland in Australia.

paragraphs: Fraser Island is long. It is the largest sand island in the world. It has large shifting sand dunes, and highly coloured sand cliffs. The World Heritage Site covers .

paragraphs: The island has a range of plants including patches of rainforest. There are also perched freshwater lakes. These are lakes that are not connected to the groundwater, but sit above them. Half of the perched lakes in the world are found on Fraser Island. The water in the lakes is very clear.

paragraphs: The endangered cooloola sedge frog lives on Fraser Island. Fraser Island is one of only three places where this frog lives.


title: Village Voice

paragraphs: The Village Voice is a free weekly newspaper and news and features website in New York City. It features investigative articles, analysis of current affairs and culture, arts and music coverage, and events listings for New York City. It is also distributed throughout the United States on a pay basis. It was the first of the big-city tabloids that came to be known as alternative weeklies.

paragraphs: The "Voice" was launched by Ed Fancher, Dan Wolf, and Norman Mailer on October 26, 1955 from a two-bedroom apartment in Greenwich Village. This was its initial coverage area. It expanded to other parts of the city by the 1960s. The offices in the 1960s were located at Sheridan Square. They are now at Cooper Square in Manhattan in the East Village.


title: Purnululu National Park

paragraphs: Purnululu National Park is an Australian national park in the north east of Western Australia. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

paragraphs: The site covers and includes the Bungle Bungle Ranges. The ranges are made from Devonian era sandstone and have been eroded over 20 million years into shapes like towers and cones. The sandstone has horizontal stripes of orange coloured by iron oxide which dry out quickly, and dark strips where bacteria are growing in damp layers of stone. Other areas of the park include the sand plains which surround the Bungle Bungles; the Ord River valley, and limestone ridges.


title: Indian cinema

paragraphs: The cinema of India includes movies produced in India. It has been around since the early 20th century. Movies made in India are popular in the Middle East, South Asia, and Western countries like the United Kingdom and the United States as well as India. In 2010 India produced the most films, with Hollywood and China behind them. Bollywood (Hindi cinema) and Jollywood (Sanskrit cinema) are considered to be the national cinema of India.


title: Lord Howe Island Group

paragraphs: The Lord Howe Island Group is a group of 28 small islands and rocks about north east of Sydney. The islands are governed by New South Wales. The islands became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

paragraphs: The islands were formed by a volcano which erupted for a period of about 500,000 years during the Miocene era, about 7 million years ago. This volcano is about under the sea, and the islands are the tops of the volcano's peak. The main islands of the World Heritage Site are:


title: Lord Howe Island

paragraphs: Lord Howe Island is a small island about north east of Sydney. It is governed by New South Wales. About 70% of the island is part of the Lord Howe Island Group which became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982. The island was first discovered in 1788 by Lieutenant Henry Lidgbird Ball, who was captain of the HMS Supply. He was taking convicts from Sydney to start a new prison colony on Norfolk Island.


title: Islam in Iran

paragraphs: The Islamic conquest of Persia (637-651) led to the end of the Sassanid Empire and the eventual decline of the Zoroastrian religion in Persia. However, the achievements of the previous Persian civilizations were not lost, but were to a great extent absorbed by the new Islamic polity. Islam has been the official religion of Iran since then, except short duration after Mongol raid and establishment of Ilkhanate. Iran became an Islamic republic after the Islamic Revolution of 1979.

paragraphs: Before the Islamic conquest, the Persians had been mainly Zoroastrian, however, there were also large and thriving Christian and Jewish communities. Eastern Iran (what is now Afghanistan) was predominantly Buddhist. There was a slow but steady movement of the population toward Islam. When Islam was introduced to Iranians, the nobility and city-dwellers were the first to convert, Islam spread more slowly among the peasantry and the "dihqans", or landed gentry. By the late 11th century, the majority of Persians had become Muslim, at least nominally.

paragraphs: Though Iran is known today as a stronghold of the Shi'a Muslim faith, it did not become so until much later, around the 15th century. The Safavid dynasty made Shi'a Islam the official state religion in the early sixteenth century and aggressively proselytized on its behalf. It is also believed that by the mid-seventeenth century most people in Iran had become Shi'as, an affiliation that has continued. Over the following centuries, with the state-fostered rise of a Persian-based Shi'ite clergy, a synthesis was formed between Persian culture and Shi'ite Islam that marked each indelibly with the tincture of the other.

paragraphs: Nowadays Islam is the religion of 98% of Iranians, approximately 90% of Iranians are Shi'a and 8% are Sunni, mostly Turkomen, a minority of Arabs (mainly in Hormozgan Province), Baluchs, and Kurds living in the south, southeast, northeast and northwest. Almost all of Iranian Shi'as are Twelvers.


title: Jaú National Park

paragraphs: The Jaú National Park ('Parque Nacional do Jaú') is in the heart of the Amazon rainforest in the Amazonas state of Brazil.

paragraphs: It is the largest forest reserve in South America, covering an area over 6 million acres (23,000 km²). Entry into the park is restricted; express permission from the Brazilian government is required to enter the reserve.

paragraphs: The park is a good example of tropical rainforest conservation in the Amazon. Its forests, lakes and channels are a "constantly evolving aquatic mosaic that is home to the largest array of electric fish in the world". The site protects key threatened species, including giant arapaima fish, the Amazonian manatee, the black caiman and two species of river dolphin and the jaguar. There are many other species of animals and plants.

paragraphs: The park is in the lower reaches of the Rio Negro branch of the Amazon. This branch is black with the organic matter picked up by the river. It has white-sand beaches during the dry season and flooded forest during the wet season. The streams turn into a 'ria' lake in the wet season, flooding huge areas of land, typical of all large rivers in the Amazon region. The site contains the nine-tier waterfall of the Carabinani River.

paragraphs: The Rio Negro flows through the eastern edge of Brazil’s Jau National Park. The river is the big strip of blue running from left to right across the image, and the other blue ribbons are tributaries. It starts at the border of Venezuela and Brazil, and meets up with the Amazon in central Brazil. Half-submerged islands can be seen in the center of the river. Between November and April when the river is at its peak, many of these islands disappear.

paragraphs: There is a high diversity of vertebrates in the park, with 120 species of mammals, 411 birds, 15 reptiles and 320 fishes. The site is home to relics of past human occupation of the Amazon region.


title: Batna Province

paragraphs: Batna is a province of Algeria. The capital is Batna. Other important towns are Barika, Merouana and Timgad. Belezma National Park is there.

paragraphs: Batna Province has 22 districts. There are also 61 Communes.


title: Béjaïa Province

paragraphs: Béjaïa is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Béjaïa. Gouraya National Park is there. The endangered primate, Barbary Macaque is found in the province's Gouraya National Park.

paragraphs: The province has 19 districts. There are 52 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Biskra Province

paragraphs: Biskra is a province of Algeria. The capital city is Biskra.

paragraphs: The province has 12 districts. There are 33 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Béchar Province

paragraphs: Béchar is a province in Algeria. It is named after its capital Béchar. A large part of the province has sand dune fields that no one can live in.

paragraphs: The province has 12 districts. There are 21 municipalities.


title: Blida Province

paragraphs: Blida is a province in Algeria. The capital is Blida. The Chréa National Park is here.

paragraphs: The provinces has 10 districts. There are also 25 municipalities.


title: Bouïra Province

paragraphs: Bouïra is a province in Algeria. The capital is also Bouïra.

paragraphs: The province has 12 districts. There are also 45 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Tamanghasset Province

paragraphs: Tamanrasset or Tamanghasset is the largest province in Algeria. It was named after its capital Tamanrasset. The Province has two National parks: Tassili n'Ajjer National Park and Ahaggar National Park. The province makes up almost a quarter of the country's area.

paragraphs: The province has 7 districts. There are also 10 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Tébessa Province

paragraphs: Tébessa is a province of Algeria. Tébessa is also the name of the capital. Another important city is El Ouenza. Tebessa is only 20 kilometers west from Tunisia border.

paragraphs: The province has 12 districts. There are also 28 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Tlemcen Province

paragraphs: Tlemcen is a province in northwestern Algeria. The Tlemcen National Park is there.

paragraphs: The province has 20 districts. There are also 53 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Patti Austin

paragraphs: Patti Austin (born August 10, 1950) is an American R&B singer and songwriter. She was very popular in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Austin has had many hits on several music charts. Some sources mention Austin as being born in 1948 while others say that either 1949 or 1950 is her actual birth year.


title: Tiaret Province

paragraphs: Tiaret is a province of Algeria. The capital is Tiaret.

paragraphs: The province has 14 districts. There are also 42 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Tizi Ouzou Province

paragraphs: Tizi Ouzou is a province in Algeria. It is named after its capital.

paragraphs: The province has 21 districts. There are also 67 communes or municipalities.


title: Algiers Province

paragraphs: Algiers is a province in Algeria. It is named after the capital, Algiers, which is also the national capital. There are about 3 million people.

paragraphs: Algiers province has 13 districts and 57 "communes" or municipalities.

paragraphs: The districts, listed according to official numbering (from west to east), are:


title: Djelfa Province

paragraphs: Djelfa is a province of Algeria. The capital is Djelfa. There are over 1.2 million people. Important towns are Tadmit, El Khemis, and Selmana.

paragraphs: The province has 12 districts. There are also 36 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Jijel Province

paragraphs: Jijel is a province in Algeria. It is on the eastern Mediterranean coast. The capital is Jijel. Taza National Park is there.

paragraphs: The province has 11 districts and 28 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Lactarius torminosus

paragraphs: Lactarius torminosus, commonly known as the woolly milkcap or the bearded milkcap, is a mushroom in the genus "Lactarius". It is a common and widely distributed fungus, found in North Africa, northern Asia, Northern Europe, and North America. "L. torminosus" associates with various trees, most commonly birch, and the mushrooms grow on the ground singly or in groups in mixed forests. Although it is valued for its peppery flavor and eaten after suitable preparation in Russia and Finland, it is highly irritating to the digestive system when eaten raw. The toxins responsible for the acrid taste are destroyed by cooking.

paragraphs: The caps of "L. torminosus" mushrooms are convex with a central depression, and attain a diameter of up to . Its color is a blend of pink and ochre hues, sometimes with circular zones of darker shades. The edge of the cap is rolled inwards, and shaggy when young. On the underside of the caps are narrow flesh-colored gills crowded closely together. It is on these fertile gill surfaces that the spore-bearing cells, the basidia are found. The cylindrical stem is a pale flesh color with a downy surface, reaching a length of up to and a thickness of . When cut or injured, the fruit bodies ooze a white latex that does not change color upon exposure to air. The variety "normandensis", in contrast, has latex that changes from white to yellow.


title: Sétif Province

paragraphs: Sétif Province is a province in north-eastern Algeria. The capital and largest city is Sétif. Another large city is El Eulma. There is also the World Heritage Site of Djémila there.

paragraphs: The province has 20 districts. There are also 60 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Saïda Province

paragraphs: Saïda is a province of Algeria. It is named after its capital.

paragraphs: The province has 6 districts and 16 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Skikda Province

paragraphs: Skikda is a province of Algeria. It is on the Mediterranean coast.

paragraphs: The province has 13 districts and 38 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Sidi Bel Abbès Province

paragraphs: Sidi Bel Abbès is one of the provinces of Algeria. The name is from the city of Sidi Bel Abbès. It is in the northwestern part of the country.

paragraphs: The province has 15 districts and 52 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Annaba Province

paragraphs: Annaba is a small province in the north-eastern corner of Algeria. Its capital, Annaba is Algeria's main port for mineral exports.

paragraphs: The province has 6 districts and 12 municipalities.


title: Guelma Province

paragraphs: Guelma Province is a province in eastern Algeria. The name is from the largest city Guelma. There are 429.998 people who live here.

paragraphs: The province has 10 districts and 34 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Constantine Province

paragraphs: Constantine is one of the 48 provinces of Algeria. The capital is Constantine.

paragraphs: The province has 6 districts and 12 communes or municipalities.


title: Médéa Province

paragraphs: Médéa is a province of Algeria. The capital is Médéa.

paragraphs: The province has 19 districts and 64 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Mostaganem Province

paragraphs: Mostaganem is a province of Algeria. The capital is Mostaganem.

paragraphs: The province has 10 districts and 32 "communes" or municipalities.


title: M'Sila Province

paragraphs: M'Sila (also spelled Msila, M'sila or MSila) is a province of northern Algeria. It has 1 million people. The capital is also called M'sila. M'Sila is mostly known for its farming.

paragraphs: The province has 15 districts and 47 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Mascara Province

paragraphs: Mascara is a province in Algeria. There was an earthquake in the capital Mascara City on 18 August 1994. The name means "military garrison" in Arabic. Another important town is Sig.

paragraphs: The province has 16 districts and 47 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Ouargla Province

paragraphs: Ouargla or Warqla is a province in eastern Algeria. Its capital is Ouargla. Other important towns are Temacine, Touggourt, and Hassi Messaoud. It contains the Issaouane Erg desert.

paragraphs: The province has 10 districts and 21 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Oran Province

paragraphs: Oran is a province in Algeria. The capital is Oran. There are 1,584,607 people.

paragraphs: As of 1984, the province has 9 districts and 26 "communes" or municipalities.


title: El Bayadh Province

paragraphs: El Bayadh is a province in Algeria. It is named after its capital El Bayadh.

paragraphs: The province has 8 districts, and 22 "communes" or municipalities.


title: Illizi Province

paragraphs: Illizi is a province in the south-eastern corner of Algeria. It is named after its capital Illizi.

paragraphs: The province has 3 districts and 6 "communes" or municipalities. The area has lots of natural gas.