title: Eri Klas

paragraphs: Eri Klas (7 June 1939 – 26 February 2016) was an Estonian conductor, boxer and educator. He was born in Tallinn. He was best known for his work in leading the Netherlands Radio Symphony Orchestra.

paragraphs: He was a professor at Sibelius Academy from 1993 to 1997 and at the Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre from 1997 until his death in 2016. He was honored with the Order of the Lion of Finland and Order of the White Star in 1992. He was a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador. In 1986, he was named a People's Artist of the USSR. He was also a member of the Estonian Olympic Committee.

paragraphs: Klas died in Tallinn on 26 February 2016 from a heart attack. He was aged 76.


title: Gianni Infantino

paragraphs: Gianni Infantino (; born 23 March 1970) is a Swiss-Italian football administrator. He has been the president of FIFA since 26 February 2016. He was the general secretary of UEFA from 2009 through 2016.

paragraphs: On 26 October 2015, Infantino received the full support of the UEFA Executive Committee to stand for the position of president in FIFA's upcoming Extraordinary Congress. On the same day, he confirmed his candidacy. He was elected president at the Congress on 26 February 2016. The Congress was held with the purpose of reforming FIFA.


title: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

paragraphs: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a group of medications. They are usually called SSRIs. They are used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, and some other problems.

paragraphs: In many countries, SSRIs are prescribed more often than any other type of antidepressant.

paragraphs: Examples of common SSRIs are fluoxetine (Prozac), paroxetine (Paxil), citalopram (Celena), and escitalopram (Lexapro).

paragraphs: Antidepressants like SSRIs are a first-choice treatment for people with very bad depression. When a person's depression is not as bad, but counseling has not helped them, antidepressants can help.

paragraphs: Scientists do not agree on whether SSRIs work for mild depression that does not last very long.

paragraphs: SSRIs work well for generalized anxiety disorder. They help decrease people's anxiety. This can help them participate in counseling to learn how to deal with their anxiety.

paragraphs: SSRIs also work well for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). They are the first-choice treatment for people with very bad OCD. Like with depression and generalized anxiety disorder, SSRIs are not a cure; people need to participate in counseling and other treatments too. However, people with OCD who took an SSRI are about twice as likely to do well in treatment than people not taking an SSRI.

paragraphs: Fluoxetine (Prozac) and paroxetine (Paxil) are the only medications the United States Food and Drug Administration has approved for treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Medications alone usually will not cure PTSD; they need to be combined with counseling. Except for Prozac and Paxil, most other SSRIs do not seem to help PTSD.

paragraphs: When a person starts to get treatment for bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder, SSRIs can be a helpful first step. Over short periods of time, they can decrease some of the symptoms of these eating disorders. For example, for a short while, people taking SSRIs do less binge eating. However, SSRIs only seem to help for a short period of time.

paragraphs: SSRIs do not seem to help anorexia nervosa. However, if a person with anorexia also has depression, anxiety, or OCD, SSRIs could help treat those problems.

paragraphs: Research shows that two SSRIs can help treat chronic pain. These SSRIs are paroxetine (Paxil) and citalopram (Celexa). Other SSRIs, like fluoxetine (Prozac), do not help chronic pain.

paragraphs: Another group of antidepressants, called tricyclic antidepressants, treat chronic pain better than SSRIs do. However, tricyclic antidepressants have many more side effects than SSRIs do. Because of this, some doctors prescribe paroxetine or citalopram for chronic pain, because the side effects are not as bad.

paragraphs: Serotonin is an important chemical in the human body. It exists in different parts of the body. In the brain, it helps control a person's mood, appetite, and sleep.

paragraphs: Many researchers think low levels of serotonin in the brain can help cause depression. If a person's brain does not have enough serotonin, the serotonin cannot do its job of controlling their mood. This can make the person depressed. (It can also cause other symptoms of depression, like not having any appetite, not being able to sleep, or sleeping too much - because serotonin controls appetite and sleep too.)

paragraphs: SSRIs increase the amount of serotonin that the brain can use. Researchers think that in depressed people, this brings the amounts of serotonin in their brains back to normal.

paragraphs: However, depression is complicated. So are the other problems SSRIs treat, like anxiety disorders. There is no one cause for these disorders. They are usually caused by a mixture of things. This is why SSRIs are not a cure. Most people also need counseling to help treat the other causes of their depression, anxiety, or other problems.

paragraphs: Each SSRI has its own possible adverse effects (side effects). It is important to remember that every medication has many possible side effects. This does not mean that everyone who takes the medication will have side effects. It only means that "some" people who take these medications have these symptoms.

paragraphs: Here are some examples of adverse effects that SSRIs can cause.

paragraphs: Taking SSRIs makes children and young adults more likely to think about suicide and try to kill themselves. This is true for young adults up to age 24.

paragraphs: In 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) looked at clinical trials on children with major depressive disorder. They found that children taking SSRIs had:

paragraphs: In both the United States and the United Kingdom, only three SSRIs are approved to treat children:

paragraphs: Scientists do not agree on whether SSRIs make adults more likely to think about suicide or try to kill themselves. The FDA says that people over age 24 are not more likely to think about suicide when they take SSRIs.

paragraphs: SSRIs often cause sexual problems. These problems include erectile dysfunction, not being able to have an orgasm, not wanting to have sex, and not enjoying sex.

paragraphs: Sexual problems are one of the most common reasons why people stop taking SSRIs.

paragraphs: When a person takes SSRIs along with anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medications, they are a little more likely to have bleeding problems. For example, the person is more likely to have bleeding in their gastrointestinal tract, or to bleed after they have surgery. Bleeding problems are most likely in people who:

paragraphs: If a person stops taking SSRIs suddenly, they can get serotonin discontinuation syndrome. This can cause:

paragraphs: A person and their doctor should come up with a plan for how to stop taking an SSRI. If possible, the person should slowly decrease the amount of medication they are taking, bit by bit, over a few weeks.

paragraphs: If a person overdoses on an SSRI, they can poison themselves or even die.

paragraphs: It is not safe to take some drugs with SSRIs. Taking these drugs with SSRIs can cause serotonin syndrome. Here are some examples of drugs that cannot be taken with SSRIs:


title: 2016 Republican National Convention

paragraphs: The 2016 Republican National Convention was the 41st national convention held by the Republican Party. It was held in Cleveland, Ohio from 18-21 July 2016. The purpose of the convention is for the delegates, who are people who represent someone, to vote for the 2016 presidential and vice presidential nominee for the United States Republican Party.

paragraphs: The candidates were businessman Donald Trump of New York, U.S. senator Ted Cruz of Texas, and Governor John Kasich of Ohio.

paragraphs: There are 2,472 delegates to the Republican National Convention. A candidate therefore needs a majority of at least 1,237 delegates to win the presidential nomination.

paragraphs: The convention was held on July 18 to 21. After the convention, Donald Trump with his running mate Mike Pence won the presidential nomination for the Republican Party.


title: Arts et Métiers ParisTech

paragraphs: Arts et Métiers ParisTech (ENSAM or École nationale supérieure d'arts et métiers) is a graduate engineering school in France.

paragraphs: It awards the following French & European degrees:

paragraphs: Classes are mainly in French and English. The school has 6300 students from a lot of countries. Most of the students live in dedicated housing buildings nearby.

paragraphs: Research activities at Arts et Métiers ParisTech relate to the following topics:


title: Suomenlinna

paragraphs: Suomenlinna (also called "Viapori" in Finnish) is a fortress in Finland. It is located on six islands in the sea near Helsinki.

paragraphs: Construction of the fortress started in 1748 when Finland was still part of the Kingdom of Sweden. Sweden wanted to defend the sea areas against Russia. They also needed a place to fix their military ships. In 1808 Russia ruled Finland. They made the fortress stronger to defend Helsinki, which was now the capital of Finland.

paragraphs: In 1917 Finland became independent. In 1918 Viapori was taken over by the new Finnish government and was renamed Suomenlinna ( meaning "Castle of Finland"). Some of the islands were used as a navy school. There was also a prison, and prisoners worked to repair the old fortress.

paragraphs: Today, Suomenlinna is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions. It is only a short ferry ride from Helsinki to visit Suomenlinna. It is a Unesco World Heritage site. It is also a living part of Helsinki city. Around 850 people live there.


title: Castries

paragraphs: Castries is the capital city of Saint Lucia. Saint Lucia is an island in the Windward Islands, which is part of the Caribbean. Castries has a population of about 3,600 people, about 16,000 live near the city. Castries is known for its port. The main products shipped from there include bananas, sugarcane and rum.


title: Distance education

paragraphs: Distance education (or distance learning) is a form of education where the teacher and the student(s) are not at the same physical location.

paragraphs: It follows that the teaching must be done via some kind of medium or a collection of media. Print, movie, television, radio, video chat and computer web sources have been used. In 1840 Isaac Pitman began teaching his shorthand by sending and receiving postcards. His success led to the establishment of correspondence schools.


title: Platanus

paragraphs: Platanus is a genus of plants, which mostly occur on the Northern Hemisphere. All of them are trees, which reach heights between and . There are eight to ten recent species of "Platanus", and at least three extinct ones.

paragraphs: In English, these trees are called planes or plane trees. Some North American species are called sycamores, but this name is also used for a species of fig.

paragraphs: The London plane, "Platanus" × "acerifolia", is a hybrid or a cultivar. Exactly what the parents were in uncertain. It was extensively planted on London streets before WWII, but is no longer in favour. The London plane is very tolerant of air pollution and root compaction (small space for roots). For these reasons it was a popular urban roadside tree. Now, however, it is indirectly something of a pest. Aphids in their millions suck sap from its leaves, and drop sugary liquid onto cars parked underneath. Older London streets have virtually no off-road parking.


title: Karl Dedecius

paragraphs: Karl Dedecius (20 May 1921 – 26 February 2016) was a Polish-born German translator. He translated works of Polish and Russian literature. He was born in Łódź, Poland. In 1959, he published his first anthology, "Lektion der Stille" ("Lesson of Silence"). In 1980, he founded the German Poland Institute in Darmstadt. He served as director from 1980 through 1997.

paragraphs: Dedecius died in Frankfurt on 26 February 2016. He was aged 94.


title: Tajik language

paragraphs: The Tajik language is the official language of Tajikistan. It is a dialect of the Persian language. It was written in the Persian alphabet until 1928. From 1928 to 1939, it was written mostly in the Latin alphabet until the Soviet government forced Tajiks to write their language in Cyrillic in 1939. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajik continues to be written in Cyrillic, although now it can also be written in the Latin alphabet.


title: Francisco Rubio Llorente

paragraphs: Francisco Rubio Llorente (25 February 1930 – 23 February 2016) was a Spanish judge and law professor. He was President of the Spanish Council of State between 2004 to 2012. His predecessor and successor was José Manuel Romay Beccaría. He was judge on the Constitutional Court of Spain between 1980 to 1992. He spent the last three of those years as Vice President.

paragraphs: Llorente died in Madrid on 23 February 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 85.


title: Jack's Big Music Show

paragraphs: Jack's Big Music Show is a children's musical television series that is shown on Nick Jr. It involves a guitarist named Jack, his best friend Mary, and his dog Mel. Each of the characters play music together, as well as music guests who are willing to join in. The Schwartzman Quartet, however, also appear in various episodes.


title: 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

paragraphs: The 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A was the 58th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. Cruzeiro, the defending champions, won the title for the second time in a row and fourth overall. The championship had a break between the ninth and tenth rounds due to the 2014 FIFA World Cup, which was held between June and July in Brazil. Cruzeiro took the lead in round 6 and from then on, staying in that position, winning the title after a 2-1 victory over Goiás in the Mineirão stadium, in round 36.

paragraphs: On the other side of the table, Criciúma, that had been in the relegation zone since round 17, and held the last place since round 30, was relegated after a 1-1 draw against Flamengo, also in round 36. In the following round, Botafogo was relegated after losing to Santos by 2-0. In the last round, Palmeiras, despite only obtaining a draw in its last match, against Atlético Paranaense, guaranteed its survival in the first division after defeats of its competitors, Vitória and Bahia.


title: 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the first round of 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: Constitutional right

paragraphs: A constitutional right is a right or freedom which is guaranteed to citizens by that country's constitution. In the United States constitutional rights are guaranteed by the United States Constitution. Most of these rights are contained in the Bill of Rights, the first ten amendments to the US constitution.

paragraphs: For example, nearly half of all the countries in the world have some form of guaranteed right to health care protected by their country's constitution. However, a right to health care is not a constitutional right in the United States. Besides the US, Guatemala, Haiti, Mexico, Bolivia, Costa Rica, Colombia, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Liberia are among those countries where citizens all have a constitutional right to own firearms. But only Guatemala's rights are as broad as the Second Amendment's rights in the United States. The constitutions of about 182 countries guarantee some form of Freedom of religion. The constitutional rights granted by the First Amendment, including freedom of the press, freedom of speech, the right to petition and the freedom of assembly, are almost unique to the United States.


title: Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

paragraphs: The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It helps explain the concept of federalism, the relationship between federal and state governments. The Tenth Amendment clearly states that any remaining powers not delegated to the federal government by the Constitution are reserved for the states or for the people.

paragraphs: The single point of the Tenth Amendment was to clearly show the balance of power between the federal and state governments as established by the Constitution. It was intended to put to rest any fears the new national government would seek additional powers that the states could then could not fully use.

paragraphs: In "Bond v. United States" (2011), Carol A. Bond had been convicted under the federal Chemical Weapons Implementation Act of 1998 for a local assault using a chemical irritant (a chemical that causes skin burns). Bond's attorneys argued the federal law was intended for terrorists and rogue states. Instead, should have been prosecuted under state law. In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court reversed the decision by the lower court and sent the case back. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote: "Bond has standing to challenge the federal statute on grounds that the measure interferes with the powers reserved to States..., etc."


title: Noble metal

paragraphs: A noble metal is a metal that is resistant to both corrosion and oxidation when exposed to air. Metals such as gold, silver, platinum, iridium and palladium are such examples. Sometimes, mercury and copper can be regarded as noble metals but some metals like titanium are not even though they are resistant to corrosion. They are known to be very valuable because they are not commonly found in the Earth's crust and have many uses in everyday things from technology to jewelry.


title: Title IX

paragraphs: Title IX (pronounced "title nine") is a portion of the United States Education Amendments of 1972. It was co-authored and introduced by Senator Birch Bayh after the wave of feminist activism led by Bernice Sandler. It was renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act in 2002, after its late House co-author and sponsor. Title IX is a federal law that makes it illegal to discriminate against a person on the basis of sex in any federally funded activity. But even after Title IX was passed by Congress, women's athletic and academic opportunities in American schools still did not equal men's programs.


title: 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the second round of 2014 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: Immigration and Naturalization Service

paragraphs: The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was an agency of the Department of Justice from 1933 to 2003. The agency ceased to exist under that name on March 1, 2003. This is when most of its responsibilities were transferred to three new agencies. These were the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). All were within the newly created Department of Homeland Security, as part of a major government reorganization following the September 11 attacks of 2001.

paragraphs: In 1890, the federal government, rather than the individual states, regulated immigration into the United States. The Immigration Act of 1891 established a Commissioner of Immigration in the Treasury Department. Immigration was transferred to the the United States Department of Commerce and Labor after 1903 and the Department of Labor after 1913. In 1940, with increasing concern about national security, immigration and naturalization was organized under the authority of the Department of Justice.

paragraphs: In 2003 the administration of immigration services became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for a short time before changing to its current name, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS).


title: Salman Natour

paragraphs: Salman Natour (July 3, 1949 – February 15, 2016) was a Druze-Palestinian writer and novelist. He was a citizen of Israel. Natour published many books and plays. He wrote in both Hebrew and Arabic. He was mainly known for his work "Granta".

paragraphs: He was born in Daliyat al-Karmel south of Haifa in 1949. He graduated from high school in his hometown, and then went on to university in Jerusalem and later in Haifa. He died on the morning of February 15, 2016 after a severe heart attack.


title: William O'Brien (Royal Navy officer)

paragraphs: Admiral Sir William Donough O'Brien (13 November 1916 – 19 February 2016) was a British military leader. He was the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet. He was then appointed Naval Secretary in 1964. He was appointed Flag Officer Aircraft Carriers in 1966, Commander-in-Chief of the Far East Fleet in 1967 and Commander-in-Chief of the Western Fleet in 1970. He retired in 1971.

paragraphs: O'Brien died on 19 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. He had also been suffering from Alzheimer's disease. He was 99.


title: Rajesh Pillai

paragraphs: Rajesh Raman Pillai (10 July 1974 – 27 February 2016) was an Indian movie director. He was best known for his work in Malayalam cinema. He was known for his movie "Traffic" (2011).

paragraphs: Pillai died on 27 February 2016 at a hospital in Kochi, India. He had liver disease. He was aged 41.


title: Frank Kelly

paragraphs: Frank Kelly (né Francis O'Kelly; 28 December 1938 – 28 February 2016) was an Irish actor, singer and writer. He worked in television, radio, theatre, music, screenwriting and movies. He played Father Jack Hackett in the Channel Four sitcom "Father Ted". He also played Dermont in "Emmerdale".

paragraphs: Kelly died on 28 February 2016 from a heart attack. The heart attack was a complication of Parkinson's disease. He was 77. He was recovering from bowel cancer and survived skin cancer.


title: Everest Base Camp

paragraphs: Everest Base Camp is a campsite at the bottom of Mount Everest. There are two of them, located on opposite sides of the mountain. They are used as bases by mountain climbers. The climbers usually rest at base camp for several days to acclimatise. This lowers the risks and severity of altitude sickness. Climbing starts from one of these two camps.

paragraphs: Food and equipment are brought to the South Base Camp by Sherpas or porters, with the help of animals like yaks. The North Base Camp has a track that vehicles can access, but usually only during summer.


title: Lochner v. New York

paragraphs: Lochner v. New York, (1905), was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The Court ruled a New York State law that set the maximum numbers of hours bakers could work per week was unconstitutional. The Court held that the right of a person to make a contract as a part of his or her business is a liberty protected by the Fourteenth Amendment. With few exceptions this included the right to buy and sell labor. The decision was controversial and it made the Supreme Court an adversary to legislatures for over 30 years. Repeatedly, the Court struck down laws that regulated labor saying they violated the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This was called the "Lochner Era"; so-named for this decision.

paragraphs: A statute was enacted by the State of New York which limited the number of hours bakers could work to 10 hours a day or 60 hours a week. The law was a part of the Bakershop Act passed in 1895. The Journeymen Bakers’ Union wanted to limit the number of hours a day union bakers could work. Bakers were then typically paid by the day. The work had a number of health and safety risks due to dust, fumes, the heat of the ovens, etc. The lobbying was successful and in May 1895 the Governor of New York signed the bill into law.

paragraphs: Joseph Lochner, a baker in Utica, New York, found the law made it hard to operate his business. He and his bakers often had to work more than 60 hours a week. Lochner was charged with violating the state law. He filed the appeal because he felt the law was unconstitutional because it violated his Civil liberties of "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness". The case went before the Supreme Court on February 23rd and was decided on April 17, 1905. The is considered one of the most groundbreaking cases in United States history.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

paragraphs: Doom (2016), known during development as Doom 4, is a first-person shooter game in the Doom series. The game is the second reboot of the Doom series and features gameplay similar to the original Doom. The way "Doom (2016)" was designed was very different from "Doom 3", which was more survival-horror-based and slower paced rather than the usual action-based, faster pace games of "Doom" and "Doom II". It was released on May 13, 2016. The game can be played on the PC, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.

paragraphs: To make both fans of the first game and modern gamers happy, the game developers kept many of the old gameplay features and added some new ones as well. Older gameplay features include never reloading your weapon, having all weapons on you at all times rather than just two weapons, having a traditional health bar rather than health regeneration, running at full speed at all times, rewarding offensive gameplay rather than defensive gameplay, and defense being based on strafing (moving out of the way) rather than taking cover. Gameplay features that are new to the series include melee-based finishing moves called Glory Kills, most weapons having two different secondary firing modes that can be bought and switched out at any time, platforming similar to the games, weapon challenges to upgrade your weapons, and arcade-style challenges to upgrade your suit. The art style is also a mix of "Doom" and "Doom 3".

paragraphs: The game has all the weapons from "Doom" and "Doom 2". It also has the Heavy Assault Rifle, which was based on the Assault Rifle in Doom 3. There is also a completely new weapon, the Gauss Cannon. The Chainsaw now has fuel limits, unlike the other Doom games, but it can kill most enemies in one hit, and it also gives the player more ammo pick-ups when he or she is low on ammo. The BFG-9000 also has its own ammo, which can kill every non-boss enemy you can see on-screen. Six weapons have two different mods that can be switched in battle. For example, the Shotgun has both Burst Shot and Grenade Launcher mods.

paragraphs: Like in earlier Doom games, certain weapons share ammo. The Chaingun and Heavy Assault Rifle share bullets, the Combat Shotgun and Super Shotgun share shotgun shells, and the Plasma Rifle and Gauss Cannon share energy cells.

paragraphs: The game begins with the player, the Doom Slayer, wakes up chained to a coffin after hundreds of years being trapped in Hell. A zombie comes to kill the Doom Slayer, but he breaks free from his chains, kills the approaching zombie, and kills the rest of them with the Pistol. In the next room, the Doom Slayer finds his suit of armor, the Praetor Suit, and puts it on. Right after that, the Doomslayer learns that the UAC lab on Mars has been overrun with demons, and that almost everyone on the base is either dead or they turned into zombies or demons. This is the result of leading scientist Olivia Pierce and her followers performing rituals to literally unleash Hell on Mars.

paragraphs: The CEO of UAC, Samuel Hayden, tells the Doom Slayer that the UAC was sending workers to Hell to get Argent Energy, an extremely powerful and efficient source of energy, and to do research on captured demons. He says it is absolutely needed to solve Earth's energy shortage. However, it was not his plan to unleash Hell. He tells the Doom Slayer that Pierce went insane and went too far. While the Doom Slayer agrees to help Hayden stop the demons coming on Mars, he also tries to destroy the Argent Energy production as well, which makes Hayden unhappy.

paragraphs: Despite the Doom Slayer's best efforts, Pierce was able to open up the Well, a very large portal of Hell on the UAC base, so that Hell will be unleashed on Mars forever. Even though the Doom Slayer gets sent to Hell, Hayden created a tether system that allows the Doom Slayer to be teleported out of Hell at anytime. Hayden tells the Doom Slayer that there is only one way to shut down the Well, go back to Hell to get a key called the Crucible.

paragraphs: Doom Slayer goes back to Hell by fighting the Cyberdemon, who teleports himself and the Doom Slayer there in the middle of the boss fight. When the Doom Slayer finds the Crucible, it was being guarded by demons called the Argent Guards. The Doom Slayer kills them and gets the Crucible. The Doom Slayer then uses the Crucible to close the portal. After that, he fights Pierce, who has turned into the Spider Mastermind. After he kills Pierce, Hayden teleports him right back to Mars and takes the Crucible from him. With the Crucible, Hayden can restart Argent Energy production. Hayden then teleports the Doom Slayer to an unknown place, and right afterwards, the game's credits are shown.


title: At sign

paragraphs: The at-sign (@) is a symbol. It is used in bills, emails and programming. In email, it is used to show a specific domain of an email address. In bills, it used to mean "at a rate of"; for example, "7 widgets @ £2 = £14". In programming, the at-sign has been used in a wide range of programming languages. It was invented by Ray Tomlinson.

paragraphs: The sign is one of several special symbols on the standard English keyboard.


title: Humboldt Current

paragraphs: The Humboldt Current is a cold, low-salinity ocean current. It flows north along the west coast of South America from the southern tip of Chile to northern Peru. Also called the 'Peru Current', it flows in the direction of the equator. It extends 1,000 kilometers offshore.

paragraphs: The Humboldt Current is a large marine ecosystem, named after the Prussian naturalist Alexander von Humboldt. It is one of the major nutrient systems of the world, bringing nutrients up into the surface waters of the ocean. This supports an extraordinary abundance of marine life. Upwelling occurs off Peru year-round but off Chile only during the spring and summer. This is because the subtropical center of high pressure is displaced during the summer.

paragraphs: About 18-20% of the world’s fish catch comes from the Humboldt Current. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. This high productivity supports other important fishery resources as well as marine mammals (eared seals and cetaceans) and seabirds. The cold, nutrient-rich water upwelling to the surface drives the system’s extraordinary productivity.

paragraphs: The Humboldt Current is part of a much larger system, the South Pacific Gyre.


title: 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

paragraphs: The 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Petrobras 2011 for sponsorship reasons) was the 55th edition of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top-level of professional football in Brazil. It began on May 21 and was scheduled to end on December 4. Fluminense comes in as the defending champion having won the 2010 season.


title: 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the first round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the second round of 2011 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: Deaths in March 2016

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2016. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Months". Names under each date are reported in alphabetical order by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are reported here also if notable.


title: Crimes against humanity

paragraphs: Crimes against humanity are crimes that are committed against a large group of people who have not done anything wrong. Groups who commit crimes against humanity do not hurt just one person, or just a few people. They want to hurt an entire group of people that they do not like. For example, in Nazi Germany during The Holocaust, the Nazis tried to kill all of the Jewish people in Europe. This is an example of a crime against humanity.

paragraphs: Unlike war crimes, crimes against humanity can happen during peace or war.

paragraphs: Not every crime committed against a big group is a crime against humanity. To be crimes against humanity, crimes must be:

paragraphs: Crimes against humanity must also be committed against a civilian population (people who are not soldiers).

paragraphs: Today, crimes against humanity can include:

paragraphs: However, in the past, not all of these things were thought of as crimes against humanity. For example, crimes against humanity were first listed in 1945. However, it was not until 2002 that many forms of sexual abuse (like sexual slavery) were included as crimes against humanity.

paragraphs: The words "crime against humanity" were first used after the Armenian Genocide. In 1915, the government of the Ottoman Empire killed up to 1.5 million Armenian people. The government killed men or made them do forced labor. They also forced Armenian women and children to leave their homes. On the way, the Ottoman military raped, robbed, and killed civilians.

paragraphs: On May 24, 1915, Britain, France, and Russia accused the Ottoman Empire of committing "a crime against humanity."

paragraphs: After World War II ended, many people who participated in The Holocaust were captured and put on trial at the Nuremberg Trials. However, the people running the Trials had to figure out how to deal with the crimes these people had committed during the Holocaust. At that time, courts could try people for war crimes. But the courts had never seen a case where a government committed such awful crimes against its own citizens.

paragraphs: To allow the court to charge the Nazis for these crimes, the court passed a law. This law said that the court could put people on trial for crimes against humanity as well as war crimes. It defined "crimes against humanity" as:

paragraphs: Apartheid is a system of keeping one race separate from another. One race has all the power, and the other race has none. This continues through racist laws and attitudes.

paragraphs: South Africa practiced apartheid for decades. The government passed laws saying that different races could not live in the same areas, have sex, get married, go to school together, go to the same beaches, or even go to the same hospitals. The schools, hospitals, and other places where non-white people were allowed to go were much worse than the places for white people.

paragraphs: In 1976, the United Nations General Assembly ruled that apartheid is a crime against humanity. Part of its ruling said:

paragraphs: "Considering ... that all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights and that everyone is entitled to all ... rights and freedoms ... [we] declare that apartheid is a crime against humanity."

paragraphs: No one has ever been tried for apartheid-related crimes against humanity.

paragraphs: The International Criminal Court (ICC) opened in 2002. Its job is to look into war crimes and crimes against humanity. If possible, it tries and punishes people for these crimes. When the ICC was formed, it created a new list of crimes against humanity. This was the first time that any type of sexual abuse, other than rape, was included as a crime against humanity. The ICC includes all of these as crimes against humanity:

paragraphs: The ICC also includes all of these crimes as war crimes, if they happen as part of a war.

paragraphs: In 2008, the United Nations Security Council ruled that “rape and other forms of sexual violence can [be] war crimes, crimes against humanity or a [part of] genocide.”


title: Donald E. Williams

paragraphs: Captain Donald Edward "Don" Williams (February 13, 1942 – February 23, 2016) was a American naval officer and aviator, test pilot, mechanical engineer and NASA astronaut. He has a recorded total of 287 hours and 35 minutes in space. He was born in Lafayette, Indiana.

paragraphs: Williams died on February 23, 2016 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida from complications of a stroke. He was 74 years old.


title: Louise Rennison

paragraphs: Louise Rennison (11 October 1951 – 29 February 2016) was an English author. She wrote the "Confessions of Georgia Nicolson", which was a series for teenage girls. This series records the life of a teenage girl, Georgia Nicolson, and her best friends, the Ace Gang.

paragraphs: Rennison was born in Leeds. She grew up on a council estate in Seacroft. She lived in New Zealand for part of her teens. During that time she had daughter, whom she gave up for adoption.

paragraphs: Her first and second novels, "Angus, Thongs and Full-Frontal Snogging" and "It's OK, I'm Wearing Really Big Knickers" were made into a movie called "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging". She also wrote a series of books about Georgia's younger cousin, "The Misadventures of Tallulah Casey".

paragraphs: Rennison never married. She died on 29 February 2016.


title: Vorkuta mine explosion

paragraphs: The Vorkuta mine explosion was an explosion that happened in a mine in Vorkuta, Komi Republic, Russia. It killed 36 people in February 2016.


title: Adriana Benetti

paragraphs: Adriana Benetti (12 December 1919 – 24 February 2016) was an Italian actress. She was known for her roles in "Quattro passi fra le nuvole", "C'è sempre un ma!", "Uno tra la folla" and "Avanti c'è posto...". She was born in Ferrara, Italy.

paragraphs: Benetti died in Rome on 24 February 2016 from complications of pneumonia. She was 96 years old.


title: Alan Grayson

paragraphs: Alan Mark Grayson (born March 13, 1958) is an American politician. He is the United States Representative for . He is a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: He last served as Representative for from 2009 to 2011. He was defeated for re-election in 2010 by Republican Daniel Webster. He was then elected in 2012 for another term in the House of Representatives, defeating Republican Todd Long.

paragraphs: In 2014 he defeated Republican challenger Carol Platt to win re-election.

paragraphs: On July 9, 2015, Grayson announced his intentions to run in the United States Senate election in Florida, 2016 to replace Marco Rubio. In 2016, Grayson said he supported Bernie Sanders to be the Democratic nominee for President of the United States.


title: Tulsi Gabbard

paragraphs: Tulsi Gabbard (born April 12, 1981) is an American politician. She was a member of the Democratic Party. She has been the United States Representative for Hawaii's second congressional district since 2013. She was also a vice-chair of the Democratic National Committee until 28 February 2016. She resigned in order to support Senator Bernie Sanders for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.

paragraphs: Gabbard was elected in 2012. She is the first American Samoan and the first Hindu member of the United States Congress. Along with Tammy Duckworth, she is also one of its first female combat veterans.

paragraphs: In January 2019, Gabbard announced her plans to run for President of the United States in the 2020 presidential election. On October 25, 2019, Gabbard announced that she will not seek another term in Congress. She dropped out from the primaries on March 19, 2020 and announced her support for Joe Biden.

paragraphs: Gabbard was born on April 12, 1981, in Leloaloa, American Samoa, the fourth of five children. Her father, Mike Gabbard, is of American Samoan descent. She graduated from Hawaii Pacific University with a Bachelor of Science degree in Business Administration in 2009.

paragraphs: In 2002, Gabbard ran to represent the 42nd House District of the Hawaii House of Representatives. She won the four-candidate Democratic primary with a plurality of 48% of the vote over Rida Cabanilla (30%), Dolfo Ramos (18%), and Gerald Vidal (4%). Gabbard then defeated Republican Alfonso Jimenez in the general election, 65%–35%. In 2002, at the age of 21, Gabbard had become the youngest legislator ever elected in Hawaii's history and the youngest woman ever elected to a U.S. state legislature. She represented the Oahu 42nd District, which covers Waipahu, Honolulu, and Ewa Beach.

paragraphs: Gabbard strongly supported legislation to promote clean energy. Regarding the environment, Gabbard supported legislation to better protect air quality and the water supply.

paragraphs: After returning home from her second deployment to the Middle East in 2009, Gabbard ran for a seat on the Honolulu City Council. Gabbard finished first with 33% of the vote in the primary. In the November 2 runoff election, she defeated Sesnita Moepono, 58%–42%, to win the seat. Gabbard introduced a measure to help food truck vendors by loosening parking restrictions. She also introduced Bill 54, a measure that authorized city workers to confiscate personal belongings stored on public property with 24 hours' notice to its owner.

paragraphs: In early 2011, Mazie Hirono, the incumbent Congresswoman in Hawaii's second congressional district, announced that she would run for a U.S. Senate seat. Soon after that, in May 2011, Gabbard announced her candidacy for the House seat. Gabbard won with 62,882 votes or 55% of the total. The "Honolulu Star-Advertiser" described her win as an "improbable rise from a distant underdog to victory." Gabbard resigned from the City Council on August 16 to prevent the cost of holding a special election.

paragraphs: Gabbard traveled to Charlotte, North Carolina and spoke at the 2012 Democratic National Convention.

paragraphs: In December 2012, Gabbard was highly thought to be the frontrunner replaced for the U.S. Senator from Hawaii after Daniel Inouye died.

paragraphs: Gabbard was reelected on November 8, 2016, defeating her Republican opponent, Angela Kaaihue, by about 130,000 votes, or 170,848 to 39,668 votes (81.2%–18.8%). Gabbard was overwhelmingly reelected in 2018. She defeated her Republican opponent, Brian Evans, by around 110,000 votes, or 153,271 to 44,850 votes (77.4%–22.6%).

paragraphs: Gabbard is the first Samoan American member of the United States Congress and the first Hindu member of the United States Congress.

paragraphs: In October 2019, Gabbard announced her retirement from congress.

paragraphs: Gabbard, a vice-chair of the Democratic National Committee, was critical of the decision by DNC chairwoman Debbie Wasserman Schultz to hold only six debates during the 2016 Democratic Party primary season, compared with 26 in 2008 and 15 in 2004.

paragraphs: Gabbard resigned as DNC vice-chair on February 28, 2016, in order to endorse Senator Bernie Sanders for the Democratic presidential nomination. She was the first female U.S. Representative to endorse Sanders. At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, Gabbard gave the nominating speech putting his name forward.

paragraphs: On October 19, 2018, Politico announced that Gabbard was "weighing a 2020 presidential bid", and would wait until after the 2018 midterms for an official announcement. On January 11, 2019 interview with CNN, Gabbard confirmed her plans to seek the Democratic nomination and officially announced her candidacy the following week.

paragraphs: After failing to qualify in recent debates or winning any primary contests, Gabbard left the race on March 19, 2020 and supported Joe Biden.

paragraphs: In 2002, Gabbard was a martial arts instructor.

paragraphs: In 2002, Gabbard married Eduardo Tamayo. The couple divorced in 2006. In February 2015, Gabbard got engaged to Abraham Williams, and the two married on April 9, 2015.


title: Writing's on the Wall (Sam Smith song)

paragraphs: "Writing's on the Wall" is a song by British singer Sam Smith. It was the theme song for the "James Bond" movie "Spectre" in 2015. The song was released as a digital download on 25 September 2015. The song was written by Smith and Jimmy Napes, and produced by Napes, Steve Fitzmaurice and Disclosure. It was released on 25 September 2015.

paragraphs: "Writing's on the Wall" received mixed reviews, especially when compared to other Bond theme songs. The mixed reception to the song led to Shirley Bassey being a popular topic on Twitter on the day it was released.

paragraphs: The single became the first Bond movie theme to reach number 1 in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached the Top 10 in a few other European countries. Unlike other James Bond themes, it was not as successful outside Europe. It only peaked at Number 43 in Canada and Australia and Number 71 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Only the instrumental version of the song appeared on the movie's official soundtrack album.

paragraphs: The song won the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards and the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 88th Academy Awards.


title: Betsy Jochum

paragraphs: Betsy Jochum "Sockum" (born February 8, 1921) is a former American baseball player. She played as an outfielder and pitcher. She played from 1943 to 1948 in the All-American Girls Professional Baseball League. She was listed at , . She batted and threw right-handed. Jochum played for the South Bend Blue Sox during her whole career.

paragraphs: Jochum was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She was raised in South Bend, Indiana.


title: Repeating decimal

paragraphs: Repeating decimal (or recurring decimal) is a decimal where the number or pattern repeats forever. Repeating decimal is resulted when dividing a number by a number that is not divisible except for certain cases like dividing any number by 5. For example, dividing 7 by 3 would result in a repeating decimal, which is 2.333... or 2.. The number or group of numbers that repeats is called a repetend or reptend and the number of numbers in the repetend is called the period length. For 2., 3 is the repetend and the period length is 1.


title: Azerbaijani wine

paragraphs: Azerbaijani wines are wines made in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan is one of the oldest wine-making regions in the world. Azerbaijani wine is made in several areas throughout Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: Azerbaijan has a successful wine industry that dates back to the 2nd millennium BC. Azerbaijan's long history of wine-making was rediscovered at archaeological digs of settlements in Kültəpə, Qarabağlar and Galajig. Archaeologists discovered stone fermentation and storage containers that included remnants and grape seeds dating back to the 2nd millennium BC. The Ancient Greeks were well aware of wine production in the area by at least the 7th century BC according to Herodotus. Later Strabo would comment in the 1st century BC about an Azerbaijani wine known as "Albania". Arabic historians and geographers described the extensive viticulture around Ganja and Barda that was taking place even after Islamic conquest of the area.

paragraphs: Since the end of the Soviet Union and the independence of Azerbaijan, many attempts have been made to revive and modernize the Azerbaijani wine industry. Today vineyards are found in the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains and the Kur-Araz lowlands near the Kura River. In the 21st century, Ganja, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan have emerged as centers of wine production in the region.


title: Urinogenital

paragraphs: Urinogenital is a term for the common urinal and sex passage (opening) in mammals. In females it is called the vagina, and in males it is called the penis. Mammals have a sepate opening for waste (defaecation) called the anus.

paragraphs: The term contrasts with that of reptiles and birds, which have one common opening for sex, urine and defaecation. This is called the cloaca.


title: Economic system

paragraphs: An economic system is a man-made and malleable system to regulate the production, resource allocation, exchange, and distribution of goods and services in a society or a geographic area.

paragraphs: Trade, money, markets, banks, laws and regulations are all part of an economic system. Examples of economic systems include:


title: 1066 Harold's Way

paragraphs: 1066 Harold’s Way is a long-distance path in South East England. It was developed in 2013.

paragraphs: The path goes from Westminster Abbey to Battle Abbey. It goes through London, Kent and East Sussex. The route includes parts of the Thames Path, the Green Chain Walk, the Kent Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) and the High Weald AONB.

paragraphs: 1066 Harold’s Way commemorates King Harold II’s march to the Battle of Hastings on 14 October 1066. It is based on the Roman road network that was still being used in 1066. That went from London to Rochester along Watling Street and then south through Maidstone, Staplehurst, Sissinghurst, Benenden and Bodiam, a clear route through the former Forest of the Andreasweald and a route that offers some of the best scenic views for walkers.

paragraphs: The total length of 1066 Harold’s Way is 160 km (100 miles), mainly along Public Footpaths and Public Rights of Way (PRoW) and as a result, is unsuitable for cyclists or riders on horseback.

paragraphs: The route is mixed-category in that it varies throughout the length from footpath (80%) to bridleway, byway and road. Some 15% of 1066 Harold’s Way is along roads, of which almost all are on minor lanes. The route is accessible by public transport.

paragraphs: 1066 Harold’s Way links with the 1066 Country Walk.

paragraphs: From Westminster Abbey, 1066 Harold’s Way follows the Embankment and the Thames Path to Greenwich, the O2Arena and the Thames Barrier. It continues to Erith along the Green Chain Walk through Marryon Park, Charlton Park, Plumstead Common, Bostall Woods, and Lesnes Abbey Woods. After Cray Marshes, the path follows the River Darent through Dartford to climb up to the North Downs at Beacon Hill Country Park. It continues through Jeskyn’s Country Park, past the Darnley Mausoleum to join the North Downs Way. It then goes to Rochester along the Strood Community Trail. It ends at Rochester Castle (English Heritage).

paragraphs: 1066 Harold’s Way leaves Rochester by the Medway Valley Walk. It joins the North Downs Way (NDW) to go up to Bluebell Hill with views south over the Medway Valley towards Maidstone. Going downhill, it passes Kit's Coty House (English Heritage). It leaves the NDW to follow the path through Cobtree Manor Park joining the River Medway, close to Allington Lock, for the final walk, along the Medway Valley Walk, to Maidstone and The Archbishop’s Palace. The route continues through the Loose Valley Conservation Area up onto the ragstone ridge to join the route of the old Roman road on the descent into the Low Weald. It continues through Staplehurst, Hocker Edge, Sissinghurst Castle (National Trust), Sissinghurst, Benenden, Iden Green and Sandhurst joining the Sussex Border Path to Bodiam Castle (NT). 1066 Harold’s Way finishes at Battle Abbey (EH) where it links with 1066 Country Walk from Pevensey to Rye.

paragraphs: 1066 Harold’s Way passes by or overlooks some of the key battle sites in English History including:


title: Chisholm v. Georgia

paragraphs: Chisholm v. Georgia, , is considered the first great decision by the United States Supreme Court. Given its early date, there was little available legal precedent in American law. It was almost immediately superseded by the Eleventh Amendment.

paragraphs: In 1777, needed supplies for the Revolutionary War were purchased from a South Carolina businessman by the Executive Council of Georgia. The supplies were delivered but Georgia never paid as they had promised. After the businessman's death, Alexander Chisholm, the executor of his estate, took the case to court trying to collect from the state of Georgia. Georgia maintained it was not under the jurisdiction of the federal courts.

paragraphs: United States Attorney General Edmund Randolph argued the case for the plaintiff before the court. The defendant, Georgia, refused to appear, claiming that, as a sovereign state, it could not be sued without granting its consent to the suit.

paragraphs: In a four to one decision, the court ruled in favor of the plaintiff, with Chief Justice John Jay and associate justices John Blair, James Wilson, and William Cushing constituting the majority. Only Justice Iredell dissented. The court ruled that did not allow the states' sovereign immunity. In short, the Court ruled that Georgia was subject to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Supreme Court. It granted federal courts the power to hear disputes between private citizens and states.

paragraphs: The resulting public sentiment in favor of states' rights led directly to the passage of the Eleventh Amendment in 1795. In "Hollingsworth v. Virginia" (1798), the court ruled that pending court actions from "Chisholm" were dismissed due to passage of the Eleventh Amendment. This removed federal jurisdiction in cases where citizens of one state or of foreign countries attempt to sue another state.

paragraphs: "Chisholm" is one of only four decisions by the Supreme Court that were overturned by an amendment to the United States Constitution. The other three are:


title: Avezzano

paragraphs: Avezzano is a city in central of Italy located in the Province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo Region. About 42,000 people live in Avezzano.


title: 2016 Democratic National Convention

paragraphs: At the 2016 Democratic National Convention, delegates of the United States Democratic Party chose their nominees for President of the United States and Vice President of the United States in the 2016 national election. It was held July 25–28, 2016, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center, beginning exactly one week after the 2016 Republican National Convention. The candidates were former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton of New York, and United States senator Bernie Sanders of Vermont.

paragraphs: There are 4,764 delegates to the Democratic National Convention, so a candidate needs a simple majority of 2,383 delegates including "superdelegates" to win the presidential nomination. On June 6, 2016, Clinton won the Democratic Party presidential primaries, 2016, becoming the presumptive candidate.


title: Jim Clark (movie editor)

paragraphs: Jim Clark (24 May 1931 – 25 February 2016) was a British movie editor with more than forty feature-movie credits from 1956 to 2008. Clark has also directed eight features and short movies. His best-known works are "Midnight Cowboy" (as creative consultant-1969), "Marathon Man" (1976), "The Killing Fields" (1984), and "Vera Drake" (2004). In 2011, Clark published "Dream Repairman: Adventures in Film Editing", which is a memoir of his career.


title: 2016 Democrats Abroad primary

paragraphs: The 2016 Democratic Party global presidential primary for Democrats Abroad will take place on March 1–8, 2016. E-mail, fax, and postal voting is being carried out beginning January 11, and ending March 8.

paragraphs: Voters may only vote once for a presidential candidate: either through Democrats Abroad, or through their home state. Those who vote in the Democrats Abroad global presidential primary may continue to be in their home state's primary or caucus for all other candidates for the United States Senate and United States House of Representatives, and also for state and local elections and ballot measures, but they cannot vote twice for a presidential candidate.

paragraphs: Sanders won the primary by 69% to Clinton's 31% winning 44 out of the 45 international cities.

paragraphs: A number of cities will host walk-in Voting Centers, and an official list of locations and open hours are available as of February 6.

paragraphs: Voters in Wellington, New Zealand will cast the first votes, at midnight on Super Tuesday, March 1.

paragraphs: Provisional results are the ballot counts for individual walk-in voting centers. Ballots sent by post, fax, and e-mail are not included.


title: Tasmanian oak

paragraphs: Tasmanian oak (or Australian oak) is hardwood timber made from some types of "Eucalyptus" trees in Tasmania. The trees for making Tasmanian oak are "Eucalyptus regnans", "Eucalyptus obliqua" or "Eucalyptus delegatensis". It is a light-coloured type of wood. It is used for building, furniture and paper.

paragraphs: Wood from the same species of trees in Victoria is called Victorian ash.


title: Drush

paragraphs: Drush is a free and open source software application that allows people to install and change drupal websites. The name "drush" means ""dru"pal "sh"ell". People who install drush can do all these things using the command line, or terminal of a computer. This makes managing a website that uses drupal faster and more efficient. According to GitHub, drush has been downloaded more than 788,000 times as of March, 2016.


title: Drupal

paragraphs: Drupal is a free and open source software application that is installed on servers. When installed and configured, Drupal helps people make websites that are secure, safe, and stable. Drupal also allows users to share modules with each other. Modules are like building blocks that when installed make new features available.

paragraphs: As of February 2016, more than 1.3 million websites use Drupal.

paragraphs: Drupal is well supported, and many high level websites are built with it including whitehouse.gov.


title: Majority opinion

paragraphs: In law, a majority opinion is a judicial opinion agreed to by more than half of the members of a court. A majority opinion becomes the decision of the court in a matter. It also gives an explanation of the reasons for the court's decision.

paragraphs: A dissenting opinion is an opinion written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court. Very similar to a majority opinion is a plurality opinion. In this instance, a majority of Justices agree on the result of a case, but do not all agree on the reasons for the result.

paragraphs: In the United States Supreme Court, a majority of the Justices have to agree with all of the contents of the Court's opinion before it can be published. In a few cases, after reading drafts of the opinions, Justices may switch their votes and what was the minority opinion becomes the majority opinion. No opinion is considered official until it is read in open court or made available publicly.

paragraphs: Normally, appellate courts (or panels) are staffed with an odd number of judges to avoid a tie vote. Sometimes and in some jurisdictions, when judicial positions are vacant or a judge has recused (excuse) himself or herself from the case, the court may be stuck with a tie. In this situation the decision of the lower Court stands.


title: Writ

paragraphs: In English common law, a writ is a formal written order issued by a body with administrative or judicial jurisdiction. In modern use this generally is a court. Writs are issued by courts directing the person to whom they are addressed to do something or to not do something. Writs may also be used to direct other courts or public authorities. The authority for a court to issue a writ is given by the All Writs Act which is a United States federal statute originally a part of the Judiciary Act of 1789.

paragraphs: In its earliest form a writ was simply a written order made by the English king to a specified person to undertake a specified action. For example in the feudal era a military summons by the king to one of his tenants-in-chief to appear dressed for battle with his knights at a certain place and time. An early usage survives in the United Kingdom. Also in Canada in a writ of election. This was is a written order issued on behalf of the monarch (in Canada, the Governor General) to local officials (High Sheriffs of every county in historical UK) to hold a general election. Writs were used by the medieval English kings to summon persons to Parliament.

paragraphs: There have been a great many kinds of writs. Some of the more common types still in use are:


title: Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

paragraphs: The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794 and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795. It deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in "Chisholm v. Georgia".

paragraphs: The idea of sovereign immunity originated in English common law. It was also proposed by political theorists like Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin. The founding fathers of the Constitution were aware of the traditional doctrine that states were immune from private lawsuits. Several Anti-Federalists were afraid that Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution, which declares that the federal judicial power extends to suits "between a State and Citizens of another State", would override that doctrine.

paragraphs: The Eleventh Amendment was a direct reaction to an unpopular ruling by the Supreme Court in "Chisholm v. Georgia" (1793). In "Chisholm" the Court said federal courts had the power to hear lawsuits brought by citizens against US states. Also, that states were not immune to these cases. The Eleventh Amendment reversed this decision and does not allow cases brought against a state by a citizen of another state or country. It says nothing about a citizen bringing a suit against their own state.

paragraphs: In "Ex parte Young", the Supreme Court decision allowed suits in federal courts against officials acting on behalf of states of the union to proceed despite the State's sovereign immunity, when the State acted unconstitutionally.

paragraphs: The Eleventh Amendment is one of five amendments that overturned earlier Supreme Court decisions.


title: Johnnie Cochran

paragraphs: Johnnie L Cochran, Jr. (October 2, 1937 – March 29, 2005) was an American lawyer. He is best known for his part in the acquittal of O. J. Simpson for the murder of Simpson's ex-wife Nicole Brown Simpson and her friend Ronald Goldman. Cochran also represented many different celebrities and victims. Cochran became known as an early advocate for the victims of police brutality. Cochran helped Sean Combs win an acquittal after being indicted on stolen weapons charges and bribery in 2001. After the case, he decided to retire.

paragraphs: On March 29, 2005, Cochran died from a brain tumor in his home in Los Angeles, aged 67.


title: Crypt

paragraphs: A crypt is a room, or group of rooms, underneath a church where bodies are put after a person dies. It usually has coffins, religious items, and other trinkets for the dead.


title: Pokémon Sun and Moon

paragraphs: On February 25, the games' existence was leaked after the trademarks were found on the EU's Office for Harmonization in the Internal Market's website. "Sun" and "Moon" were officially announced in a Pokémon Nintendo Direct.

paragraphs: Pokémon Sun and Moon take place in a region called Alola. Alola has warm weather and is made up of four large islands. The player is given a Pokémon and goes on a journey around Alola. The player can catch and raise other Pokémon as they explore. While exploring, the player sometimes has to fight Team Skull. Team Skull are a group of people who want to destroy things and cause trouble. And some Pokémon have a special Alolan form!


title: Prince Johann Georg of Hohenzollern

paragraphs: Johann Georg, Prince von Hohenzollern ("Johann Georg Carl Leopold Eitel-Friedrich Meinrad Maria Hubertus Michael"; 31 July 1932 – 2 March 2016) was a German prince. Through his marriage to Princess Birgitta of Sweden, he was brother-in-law of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.

paragraphs: Prince Johann Georg was the sixth child of Frederick, Prince of Hohenzollern (30 August 1891 – 6 February 1965) and his wife Princess Margarete Karola of Saxony (24 January 1900 – 16 October 1962).

paragraphs: Goerg died on 2 March 2016 in Munich. He was 83 years old.


title: Stuart Beck

paragraphs: Stuart Jay Beck (December 23, 1946 – March 1, 2016) was an American law practitioner and a diplomat for Palau.

paragraphs: Beck was born in Manhattan. He was raised in Brooklyn.

paragraphs: As a lawyer, Beck helped negotiate the Compact of Free Association, which established Palau as an independent nation in free association with the United States in 1994. He was granted honorary citizenship.

paragraphs: In 2003, he accepted the job as Palau's first Permanent Representative to the United Nations. He had this job until 2013. In 2013, he was appointed as Palau's first ever United Nations Ambassador for Oceans and Seas.

paragraphs: Beck died of kidney cancer on March 1, 2016 in Manhattan, at the age of 69.


title: Wage

paragraphs: A wage is money that is paid by an employer to an employee in exchange for work. The amount may be fixed for each task completed (this is called piece rate); or it may be based on time or other measurable quantity of work done.

paragraphs: Work for wages is the most common form of work. Because of this, the term "wage" sometimes refers to all forms of employee payment. However, a wage is different to a salary or commission. A salary is where the employer pays an arranged amount at regular intervals (such as a week or month) regardless of hours worked or amount of work done. Commission is usually an extra payment based on the performance of the worker or product. Waged employees may also receive "tips" paid directly by clients. They will usually not get the same benefits as those paid with a salary, such as annual leave and sick leave.

paragraphs: Wages are usually paid by the hour. This is called an hourly wage. Wages paid by the day are still common. Wage rates may be influenced by market forces (supply and demand), laws, and tradition. Market forces are perhaps more dominant in the United States, while tradition, social structure and seniority, perhaps play a greater role in Japan. In many countries, laws set a minimum wage that all employers must pay their workers. This means that employers cannot pay workers a lower rate than the minimum wage; however, they can pay them a higher rate. The minimum wage rate is there to protect the working class.

paragraphs: Wages were paid in the Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome.


title: Aubrey McClendon

paragraphs: Aubrey Kerr McClendon (July 14, 1959 – March 2, 2016) was an American businessman. He was the founder and chief executive officer of American Energy Partners. He was also the co-founder and retired chief executive officer and chairman of Chesapeake Energy. He was an outspoken supporter for natural gas as a cleaner and safer alternative to oil and coal fuels. He was born in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

paragraphs: McClendon was a part-owner of the Oklahoma City Thunder of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and was part of the ownership that moved the team to Oklahoma City in 2008.

paragraphs: On March 1, 2016, McClendon was charged by the United States Department of Justice of conspiring "to rig bids for the purchase of oil and natural gas leases in northwest Oklahoma". He died the following day in a car crash near Oklahoma City. He was 56 years old.


title: Dionysian Mysteries

paragraphs: The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome celebrating Dionysus. The ritual involved intoxicants (like alcohol) and dancing to music to remove inhibitions and social constraints. It gave freedom to those marginalized by Greek society such as women, slaves and foreigners.


title: Fetty Wap

paragraphs: Willie Maxwell II (born June 7, 1991), known professionally as Fetty Wap, is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He rose to prominence after his debut single "Trap Queen", reached number two on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 chart in May 2015. This helped Fetty Wap secure a record deal with 300 Entertainment. He subsequently released two Top 10 singles in the U.S., "679" and "My Way". Fetty Wap's eponymously titled debut album was released in September 2015 and reached number one on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 chart.

paragraphs: Fetty Wap's commercial debut single, titled "Trap Queen", was released in early 2014. He recorded the song in February 2014. However, it did not gain major recognition until mid-November 2014, and since then it has become a platinum record and has over 130 million plays on SoundCloud. In November 2014, Fetty Wap represented by Attorney Navarro W. Gray secured a recording contract with 300 Entertainment, the imprint was founded by Lyor Cohen, Kevin Liles, Roger Gold and Todd Moscowitz, as well as a distribution deal with Atlantic Records. The song "Trap Queen" is about a woman dealing and cooking crack cocaine. His debut mixtape, "Fetty Wap: The Mixtape" was originally set for release in February 2015 but was delayed because he continued to create new songs. In June 2015, Wap was included in "XXL"'s 2015 Freshman Class.

paragraphs: On June 29, 2015, Wap released his second single "679". The song's accompanying music video premiered on YouTube in May, before being commercially released. 679 had an original version with Monty only and an added verse by Wap. The Remy Boyz Version was removed from the album His next single, "My Way", became his second top 10 entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Later, Drake remixed My Way and created the version that was then played on radio. Afterwards, "679" reached the Hot 100 top 10 peaking at number four.

paragraphs: During the week of July 26, 2015 to August 1, 2015, the rapper matched Billboard marks by hip-hop prominent artists Eminem and Lil Wayne. He became the first male rapper with three songs occupying the top 20 spots on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart since Eminem did so in 2013. He also became the first male rapper in four years to have concurrent singles reach the top 10 of the same chart since Lil Wayne did so in 2011. With his fourth single "Again", Wap became the first act in the Hot Rap Songs chart's 26-year history to chart his first four entries in the top 10 simultaneously.

paragraphs: Wap's debut studio album "Fetty Wap" was released on September 25, 2015. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, with 129,000 equivalent album units (75,484 in pure album sales). Wap subsequently released two mixtapes for streaming only: "Coke Zoo" in collaboration with French Montana and "ZOO 16: The Mixtape" with Zoo Gang. Wap received two nominations at the 58th Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: On February 5, 2016, Fetty Wap released a new single titled "Jimmy Choo". On April 26, 2016, it was announced that Fetty Wap would be getting his own mobile racing game available on phone, tablet, and Apple TV starting on May 3. The game is offshoot of mobile game Nitro Nation Stories. A street racing game, it has multi-player, car customization, and different storylines to choose. It has partnered with automotive brands like BMW, Nissan, and Cadillac. The Fetty Wap version will include Fetty Wap and Monty into the storyline.

paragraphs: Wap was featured on the Fifth Harmony 2016 single "All in My Head (Flex)". He released the single "Wake Up" in April 2016. The official music video for the song was filmed at his alma mater, Eastside High School. His single "Make You Feel Good" was released in August 2016.

paragraphs: On November 21, 2016, he released a 19 track mixtape titled "Zoovier".

paragraphs: His song "Like a Star" features Nicki Minaj and was released in December 2016.

paragraphs: On January 4, 2017, he released the song "Way You Are" featuring Monty, and the song "Flip Phone" on February 10, 2017. He walked in Philipp Plein's runway show during New York Fashion Week in February 2017.

paragraphs: Wap released the single "Aye" on May 12, 2017. He released the mixtape "Lucky No. 7" on June 7, 2017. On August 18, 2017, the single "There She Go" featuring Monty was released. In October 2017, Wap featured in Cheat Codes' single "Feels Great" with CVBZ.

paragraphs: At 1:20 AM on November 2, 2017, Wap was arrested after being pulled over on a Brooklyn highway. He was subsequently charged with reckless endangerment, drunk driving, aggravated unlicensed operation of a motor vehicle, illegally changing lanes, and drag racing.

paragraphs: On January 19, 2018, Wap released the EP "For My Fans III: The Final Chapter". He released the mixtape "Bruce Wayne" in June 2018.

paragraphs: Fetty Wap is the father of seven children. They include Aydin Zoovier (born 2011) with childhood girlfriend Ariel Reese, Eliza "ZaZa" Zaviera (born 2015) with Lehzae Zeona, Amani (born 2016) with Elaynna Parker, Khari (born 2016) with "" star Masika Kalysha, Lauren (born 2016) with exotic dancer Turquoise Miami, and Alaiya (born 2018) with ex-girlfriend Alexis Skyy. Lezhae Zeona gave birth to her second child with Fetty in 2018, a boy named Zy.

paragraphs: Wap appeared on the third season on VH1's "", which documented his strained relationship with Masika. He will appear on the 9th season of documenting his strained relationship with Alexis Skyy.


title: Kentucky State University

paragraphs: Kentucky State University (KSU) is a public university for men and women. It is in Frankfort, Kentucky. The school was founded in 1886. Its original name was the State Normal School for Colored Persons.

paragraphs: The university has four colleges. It offers four associate degrees, 55 undergraduate degrees and six post-graduate programs.


title: Golden Gate (Gdańsk)

paragraphs: The Golden Gate is a historical gate in Gdańsk, Poland. It is a stone building with an archway leading into the Old Town. It was built in 1612. It was created in the place of an older 13th-century Gothic gate called the Brama Długouliczna.


title: Valley of the Queens

paragraphs: The Valley of the Queens ( ) is a place in Egypt where wives of Pharaohs were buried in ancient times. In ancient times, it was known as Ta-Set-Neferu, meaning –"the place of beauty".

paragraphs: The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known. The place is near the worker's village in Deir el-Medina and the Valley of the Kings. Another consideration may be the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley. This grotto may be associated with rejuvenation for the dead.

paragraphs: The main wadi contains 91 tombs and nearby valleys add another 19 tombs.


title: Emergency department

paragraphs: The emergency department (ED) is a part of a hospital for treating people who have just come to the hospital, need to be treated quickly even without an appointment. These people may have been hurt, or they may have suddenly become very ill.

paragraphs: Patients come to an emergency department with little warning. Many come in an ambulance. Emergency departments often have staff working all day and all night, on every day of the week. This is because patients can arrive at any time. To work in those places, doctors and nurses must be trained in emergency medicine.

paragraphs: There are many different names for an emergency department. They are often called an emergency room (ER), even if they are bigger than one room. They may also be called an emergency ward (EW) or emergency unit. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, they are usually called accident & emergency department (A&E) and less often as a casualty department.

paragraphs: A 2005 patient study found an average emergency room wait time from 2 hours in Iowa to more than 5 hours in Arizona. The Midwest had the highest number of emergency room visits (460 per 1,000 people). The West had the lowest number.


title: Gynecology

paragraphs: Gynecology (also spelled gynaecology) is the part of medicine that deals with the female reproductive system (vagina, uterus, ovaries) and breasts. Outside medicine, it means "the science of women."

paragraphs: Women have started to outnumber men in the study and practice of gynecology.


title: Transantarctic Mountains

paragraphs: The Transantarctic Mountains are a mountain range in the continent of Antarctica. It divides the continent into eastern and western region. It extends for over 3200 km.

paragraphs: The Antarctic Peninsula to the west is not part of this range.

paragraphs: Life in the interior of the Transantarctic Range is limited to bacteria, lichens, algae and fungi.

paragraphs: The name "Transantarctic Mountains" was first used in 1960, in a paper by geologist Warren Hamilton.


title: John Singer Sargent

paragraphs: John Singer Sargent (January 12, 1856 – April 14, 1925) was an American artist. He was the leading portrait painter of his day.

paragraphs: During his career, he created about 900 oil paintings and more than 2,000 watercolors, as well as many sketches and charcoal drawings. He travelled worldwide. His parents were American, but he was trained in Paris, and then moved to London.

paragraphs: His "Portrait of Madame X" resulted in scandal, though today it is hard to see why. She was thought to be somewhat loose sexually. In the original portrait as exhibited, one strap of her gown had fallen down her right shoulder. This suggested to some the possibility of further revelation; "One more struggle", wrote a critic in "Le Figaro", "and the lady will be free".

paragraphs: Sargent visited Spain, studied Velázquez, and was entranced with Spanish music and dance. He understood what the Impressionists were doing, and adopted their habit of painting "en plein-air". He was a big fan of Monet, and bought four of his works. His portrait of Monet shows he understood what was going on in French art at the time.

paragraphs: Sergent kept his American citizenship, and went back there four times. However, he remained living in London to the end of his life.


title: École nationale de la météorologie

paragraphs: École nationale de la météorologie (ENM, French Meteorology University) is a graduate engineering school in France. It has its own campus and also operates on the French Civil Aviation University campus for aviation activities.

paragraphs: It awards the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: Classes are mainly in French language. The school has 350 students from a dozen countries. Most of the graduate engineer students live in dedicated housing buildings.

paragraphs: Research at the school relate to the following topics:


title: Two-body problem

paragraphs: The two-body problem is a problem from classical mechanics: there are two bodies which influence each other. Very often they attract or repel each other. In many cases they rotate. The problem uses bodies which are circles, or spheres. Solving the problem is possible for many situations, but it usually involves higher level mathematics.

paragraphs: When one of the two bodies has a mass that is much smaller, the influence of this smaller body on the larger one is very small, and can be disregarded. In such a case, the problem can be reformulated as a one-centre problem, where there is a stationary big body in the centre, and a small body orbiting around the big one. This setting is very comon. Johannes Kepler was the first person to formulate and solve it. For this reason, it is also known as Kepler problem.

paragraphs: Isaac Newton was the first person to solve to the general two-body problem.

paragraphs: Looking at the generalizations, there are two other problems which are related:


title: Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution

paragraphs: The Twelfth Amendment (Amendment XII) to the United States Constitution was proposed in Congress on December 9, 1803. It was ratified by the state legislatures on June 15, 1804. It provided new procedures for electing the President and Vice President. Before the amendment, each member of the Electoral College cast a single vote. The candidate who received the largest number of votes became the President. The candidate receiving the next highest number of votes became the Vice President. The Twelfth Amendment changed the process to the current system whereby one vote is cast for the President and one for the Vice President.

paragraphs: The Constitutional Convention of 1787 went over several different proposals for electing the President. Some wanted Congress to choose the President. Other suggestions included selection by the state legislatures, by the state governors or by a congressional committee. Near the end of the convention the question was turned over to a committee called the Committee of Eleven for leftover business. They devised a system called the Electoral College. The plan was accepted and was added to the Constitution.

paragraphs: In 1789 the Electoral College unanimously elected George Washington as the first president. He was reelected in 1792. In both cases he was the only president to receive all of the electoral votes. In the 1796 election, Washington declined to run. His Vice President, John Adams, and his running mate Thomas Pinckney ran for President and Vice President respectively. Alexander Hamilton tried to use his influence to get Pinckney more votes, making Adams the Vice President again. But the scheme backfired when Thomas Jefferson got more votes than Pinckney, but Adams won more of the electoral votes. This made Adams the President and Jefferson the Vice President.

paragraphs: The 1800 Presidential election showed the deep problems in the electoral college system. Jefferson ran against Adams again. Both had running mates. Pinckney was again the running mate of Adams for the Federalist Party. Aaron Burr was Jefferson's running mate for the Democratic-Republican Party. Jefferson and Burr received the same number of votes creating a tie between two candidates from the same political party. Under the Constitution, the matter was to be decided by the House of Representatives. In the House, the two tied again in 35 votes. Only on the 36th ballot was the deadlock broken and Jefferson was elected president.

paragraphs: The solution to the problem became the Twelfth Amendment. It was proposed by Congress on December 9, 1803. Three days later it was submitted to the states for ratification. Fourteen of the seventeen states (at the time) ratified it and the amendment was added to the Constitution on September 25, 1804.

paragraphs: The Electoral College remained much the same under the Twelfth Amendment. But the process for choosing a president and vice president changed. Under the Twelfth Amendment an elector must cast separate votes for the President and Vice President. If nobody gets the majority of the votes, the process remains the same as before; the House of Representatives decides.


title: South by Southwest

paragraphs: South by Southwest (SXSW) is a set of festivals and conferences. They are about movies, interactive media, and music. It takes place every year in March in Austin, Texas, United States. It began in 1987. It has continued to grow in both scope and size every year.

paragraphs: South by Southwest is run by the company SXSW, Inc.

paragraphs: SXSW Music is the largest music festival in the world. It had more than 2,000 performances in 2014.

paragraphs: In 1987, 700 people attended the music event. In 2009, there were over 32,000 registrants.

paragraphs: Bands must pay for their own travel and lodging at the event. All performers get a cash payment ($100 for solo musicians or $250 for bands) or a wristband that gives them access to all music events.

paragraphs: SXSW Film Conference lasts for five days. There are speakers, workshops, mentor sessions and more, with expert filmmakers and industry leaders.

paragraphs: In 2015, there were over 250 sessions with 735 speakers. Important speakers in the past include Lena Dunham, Jon Favreau, Mark Duplass, Ava DuVernay, Ryan Gosling, Nicolas Cage, Alejandro Jodorowsky, Tilda Swinton, Amy Schumer, Sally Field, Joss Whedon, Christine Vachon, RZA, Matthew McConaughey, Danny Boyle, Seth MacFarlane, Catherine Hardwicke, Richard Linklater, David Gordon Green, Harmony Korine, Henry Rollins, Sarah Green and Robert Rodriguez.

paragraphs: The SXSW Film Festival runs nine days. The SXSW Film Awards is on the last day of the Film Conference.

paragraphs: In 2015, the SXSW Film Festival showed 150 feature movies and 106 short movies. They were selected from 7,361 submissions. Past movies that premiered at SXSW include "Furious 7", "Neighbors", "Chef", "21 Jump Street", "The Cabin in the Woods", "Bridesmaids" and "Insidious", and the TV series "Girls", "Silicon Valley" and "Penny Dreadful".

paragraphs: Although the film festival often shows independently produced movies, studios have often shown their comedies there before they are released. They do this to get an idea of how popular the movie will be in theaters.

paragraphs: SXSW Interactive is about new technology. The festival includes a trade show, speakers, parties, and a startup accelerator. According to a festival organizer Louis Black, SXSW Interactive "has probably been the biggest of its kind in the world" since 2007.


title: Janusz Bolonek

paragraphs: Januariusz Mikołaj "Janusz" Bolonek (6 December 1938 – 2 March 2016) was a Polish Roman Catholic bishop. He was born in Huta Dłutowska, Poland. He worked in diplomacy for the Pope. Among other positions, has served as nuntius in Uruguay, Bulgaria, Romania, and in North Macedonia.

paragraphs: Bolonek was made a priest in 1961 in Łódź, Poland. He retired as Apostolic Nuncio in 2013. He died in Łódź on 2 March 2016 of cancer. He was aged 77.


title: Benoît Lacroix

paragraphs: Benoît Lacroix (8 September 1915 – 2 March 2016) was a Canadian theologian, philosopher, and Dominican priest. He was a professor in Medieval studies and historian of the Mediaeval period. He was the author of almost 50 works and a great number of articles. He was born in Saint-Michel-de-Bellechasse, Quebec.

paragraphs: Lacroix died in Quebec on 2 March 2016 from problems caused by pneumonia. He was 100 years old.


title: Ashok Ghosh

paragraphs: Ashok Ghosh (2 July 1921 – 3 March 2016) was an Indian Bengali politician. He was the senior leader of All India Forward Bloc political party. He held the position of the state general secretary of Forward Bloc in West Bengal from 1946 until his death in 2016.

paragraphs: Ghosh died in Kolkata from multiple organ failure on 3 March 2016. He was 94 years old.


title: Natalia Krachkovskaya

paragraphs: Natalia Leonidovna Krachkovskaya (, maiden name - Belogortseva, 24 November 1938 – 3 March 2016) was a Soviet and Russian actress. She was awarded the Meritorious Artist in 1998. She was born in Moscow. She became famous during the 1970s with roles in the movies "The Twelve Chairs" and "".

paragraphs: Krachkovskaya died on 3 March 2016 in a hospital in Moscow from a heart attack. She was aged 77.


title: École nationale supérieure de Bordeaux

paragraphs: École nationale supérieure d'électronique, informatique, télécommunications, mathématiques et mécanique de Bordeaux (ENSEIRB - MATMECA) is a graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus at Talence (West France).

paragraphs: It awards the following French & European degree :

paragraphs: Classes are mainly in French and English. The school has 1200 students from a dozen nationalities. Most of the students at ENSEIRB live in dedicated housing buildings nearby research labs.

paragraphs: Research activities at ENSEIRB - MATMECA relate to the following topics:


title: Arjun Bijlani

paragraphs: Arjun Bijlani (born 31 October 1982) is an Indian television actor. He played Aalekh in "Right Left" and Mayank Sharma in "Miley Jab Hum Tum". His other work includes "Jo Biwi Se Kare Pyaar". In April 2015, Bijlani played Shikhar Mehra in "Meri Aashiqui Tumse Hi". He plays the lead role of Hritikh in the television drama "Naagin".

paragraphs: Bijlani was born on 31 October 1982. He has appeared in many advertisements, including LG, Samsung and BPL Mobile. He has been in many music videos. He was in "Kartika", a Disney Channel show, with Jennifer Winget. He has been in many serials, including "Miley Jab Hum Tum,Pardes Mein Mila Koi Apna". He also hosted a show named "Road Diaries".

paragraphs: He is married to Neha Swami and they have one children Ayaan Bijlani.


title: Torres Strait Islands

paragraphs: The Torres Strait Islands are a group of at least 274 small islands. Most of the islands are part of the state of Queensland, Australia. A small number are part of Papua New Guinea. The islands are in the Torres Strait. The indigenous people of the islands are Torres Strait Islanders. In 2011, the population was 4,248. The island with the most people is Thursday Island.


title: Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

paragraphs: Adopted on March 30, 1870, the Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution granted African-American men the right to vote. It was one of the Reconstruction Amendments.

paragraphs: Nowhere in the original Constitution or the Bill of Rights were Americans given the right to vote. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American men the right to vote. But not until the 1960s did judicial interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment conclude the right to vote was a fundamental right of all citizens.

paragraphs: The reasons behind the omissions of voting rights in the Bill of Rights and Constitution is that including them would have been too controversial at the time. Each state had different rules for who could vote. Some allowed free blacks the right to vote. Others allowed women the right to vote. A few states required ownership of property in order to vote.

paragraphs: In the Election of 1868, Republican Party candidate, Ulysses S. Grant, won the presidency by only a narrow majority of the popular vote. He received support from free black voters in the South. Without that support, he probably would have lost the election. At the time blacks could not vote in the Northern states. The Republican party needed help to stay in power and thought that black votes would help. At the time Republicans controlled both the Senate and House. The proposed amendment was passed by Congress in 1869 and sent to the states for ratification. It was quickly ratified by three-quarters of the states in early 1870. Part of the reason why is that Republicans also controlled the state governments in the South. Southern Democrats were not able to block the measure.

paragraphs: After passage, the Fifteenth Amendment did not have much of any impact on black voting in the South for nearly a century. Southerners used various methods including terrorism, poll taxes and grandfather clauses to prevent blacks from voting. Congress and the Supreme Court repeatedly struck down voting restrictions. For example, in a landmark decision in "Smith v. Allwright" (1944), The Court decision made it unconstitutional to keep African-Americans from voting in a Democratic Party primary in Texas. Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1957 which stated that all Americans had the right to vote, including African-Americans. But overcoming these problems on a case-by-case basis was proving to be unsuccessful. As soon as one form of discrimination was stopped, a new one appeared in its place. The Voting Rights Act of 1965, removed further barriers to minorities voting. It was amended five times by Congress to extend its protections as needed.


title: Solar eclipses on Mars

paragraphs: The two moons of Mars—Phobos and Deimos—are much smaller than the Moon, greatly reducing solar eclipses on that planet..

paragraphs: Phobos is only 20 by 25 km (12 by 16 mi) and has a rapid orbital motion, so someone on Mars would only see the solar eclipse for no longer than about thirty seconds. Phobos also takes only 7 hours 39 minutes to orbit Mars, while a Martian day is 24 hours 37 minutes long, meaning that Phobos can create two eclipses per Martian day.

paragraphs: Deimos is too small, 15 by 10 km (9.3 by 6.2 mi), to cause an eclipse. The best someone on Mars would see would be a small object passing the Sun.

paragraphs: Both moons are too small to cast a shadow on Mars that can be seen from Earth. However, since the creation of artificial satellites, the shadow of Phobos on Mars has been seen.


title: War of the Oranges

paragraphs: The War of the Oranges, or the War of the grapefruit was a brief conflict in Alentjo in 1801. French and Spanish troops invaded Portugal.


title: Deadpool (movie)

paragraphs: Deadpool is a 2016 American superhero movie. It is based on the Marvel Comics's character Deadpool. The movie was directed by Tim Miller and it was produced by Simon Kinberg, Ryan Reynolds, and Lauren Shuler Donner. It was Miller's first movie as a director. A sequel movie titled "Deadpool 2" has been released in 2018.

paragraphs: "Deadpool" was first premiered at Le Grand Rex in Paris on February 8, 2016. It was released in North America on February 12, 2016. Principal photography for the movie started in Vancouver on March 23, 2015 and ended on May 29, 2015.

paragraphs: The movie got positive reviews from critics and audiences. It has a 83% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" said that the movie was "party time for action junkies" and also that Reynolds may have found the role that defines his career.


title: Bud Collins

paragraphs: Arthur Worth "Bud" Collins, Jr. (June 17, 1929 – March 4, 2016) was an American journalist and television sportscaster. He was best known for his tennis commentary. Collins was born in Lima, Ohio. For several years with the "Boston Globe", he was a general and political columnist. In 1967, he was a candidate for mayor of Boston.

paragraphs: Collins died on March 4, 2016 in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was aged 86.


title: Sophie Dessus

paragraphs: Sophie Dessus (24 September 1955 – 3 March 2016) was a French Socialist politician. She was born in Suresnes, France. She represented Corrèze's First Constituency in the National Assembly, the first woman to represent Corrèze in the National Assembly. She served from 20 June 2012 until her death in 3 March 2016.

paragraphs: Dessus died in Limoges, France of cancer on 3 March 2016. She was aged 60.


title: Abbas Vaez-Tabasi

paragraphs: Ayatollah Abbas Vaez Tabasi (, 25 June 1935 – 4 March 2016) was an Iranian cleric. He holds memberships at different institutions. He was the Grand Imam and Chairman of the Astan Quds Razavi board from 1979 until his death in 2016. He was born in Tabas, Mashhad.

paragraphs: Tabasi died from respiratory failure in Mashhad, Iran on 4 March 2016. He had lung cancer. Tabasi was aged 80.


title: P. A. Sangma

paragraphs: Purno Agitok (P. A.) Sangma (1 September 1947 – 4 March 2016) was an Indian politician. He was born in Assam, India. He served as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha from 1996 to 1998 and Chief Minister of Meghalaya from 1988 to 1990.

paragraphs: Sangma died on 4 March 2016 in New Delhi, India from a heart attack. He was aged 68.


title: Hayabusa (wrestler)

paragraphs: Ezaki debuted for New Japan Pro Wrestling (NJPW) at the 1994 Super J Cup, losing in the first round to Jushin Thunder Liger. He started wrestling under the Hayabusa gimmick in 1993 while he was working in Mexico.

paragraphs: In October 2001, Ezaki suffered a career-ending injury when he tried to perform a springboard moonsault off the middle rope, lost his footing, landed on his head, and cracked two of his vertebrae which left him paralyzed. In 2015, Ezaki had regained the use of his legs and was able to stand on his own and walk with a cane.

paragraphs: On 3 April 2015, Hayabusa took part in a press conference which announced the return of FMW. He had served as the executive producer of the promotion.

paragraphs: On 3 March 2016, Ezaki died from a subarachnoid hemorrhage at age 47. He was found dead in his home by the owner of a tavern that he was supposed to do a small concert for that day, but did not show up.