title: The Michaels Companies

paragraphs: The Michaels Companies, Inc. is an American company that is North America's largest provider of arts, crafts, framing, floral & wall décor, and merchandise for makers and do-it-yourself home decorators.<ref name="SEC 10K 01/28/2017"></ref> The company was founded by Michael J. Dupey in Dallas, Texas in 1973.


title: Marshalls

paragraphs: Marshalls is a chain of American off-price department stores owned by TJX Companies. Marshalls has over 1,000 American stores, including larger stores named Marshalls Mega Store, covering 42 states and Puerto Rico, and 61 stores in Canada.

paragraphs: Marshalls first expanded into Canada in March 2011.

paragraphs: Marshalls is the U.S.'s second-largest off-price family apparel and home fashion retailer, behind its sister company, TJ Maxx.


title: Hobby Lobby

paragraphs: Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., formerly Hobby Lobby Creative Centers, is a private for-profit corporation which owns a chain of American arts and crafts stores with a volume of over $5 billion in 2018.

paragraphs: The store has been criticized over their founder's and owner's anti-homosexuality and extreme religious views.


title: David Green (entrepreneur)

paragraphs: David Green (born November 13, 1941) is an American businessman. He is the founder of Hobby Lobby, a chain of arts and crafts stores. He is a major financial supporter of Evangelical organizations in the United States and funded the Museum of the Bible in Washington, D.C.


title: Museum of the Bible

paragraphs: The Museum of the Bible is a museum in Washington D.C. which shows the history, and impact of the Bible. It opened on November 17, 2017, and has 1,150 items in its permanent collection and 2,000 items on loan from other institutions and collections.


title: TJ Maxx

paragraphs: TJ Maxx is an American department store chain, selling at prices generally lower than other major similar stores. It has more than 1,000 stores in the United States, making it one of the largest clothing retailers in the country.

paragraphs: It sells men's, women's and children's apparel and shoes, toys, bath and beauty, accessories, and home products ranging from furniture to kitchen utensils.


title: George Dayton

paragraphs: George Draper Dayton (March 6, 1857 – February 18, 1938) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was famous for being the founder of Dayton's department store, which later became Target Corporation.


title: Clifton Springs, New York

paragraphs: Clifton Springs is a village located in Ontario County, New York, United States. The population was 2,127 at the 2010 census.


title: Jaime Roldós Aguilera

paragraphs: Jaime Roldós Aguilera (November 5, 1940 – May 24, 1981) was President of Ecuador from 10 August 1979 until his death on 24 May 1981. In his short tenure, he became known for his firm stance on human rights.

paragraphs: Roldós was born in Guayaquil on November 5, 1940. He attended high school at the Vicente Rocafuerte National School. He studied law and social sciences at the University of Guayaquil. He was an excellent student and won many awards, medals and scholarships.

paragraphs: At the age of 37, he ran for president on a populist platform. In the first round, he received the greatest number of votes, but not the 50% plus one needed to avoid a runoff. He won the second round of elections against Sixto Durán Ballén, and assumed office on August 10, 1979.

paragraphs: He was married to Martha Bucaram until his death in 1981.

paragraphs: On May 24, 1981, a plane carrying the President, Minister of Defense, assistants and their spouses crashed into the Huairapungo Mountain, in Celica Canton of Loja Province. The crash left no survivors: killed along with the president were First Lady Martha Bucaram, Minister of Defense Marco Subía Martínez and his wife, as well as two aides-de-camp and three other passengers.


title: Guillermo Rodríguez

paragraphs: Guillermo Rodríguez Lara (born November 4, 1924), known as "Bombita", was the military dictator of Ecuador from February 15, 1972 to January 11, 1976.

paragraphs: As commander of the army, he led a military coup d'état executed by a navy commander named Jorge Queirolo G. and forced president José María Velasco into exile, to Buenos Aires, Argentina.

paragraphs: During his rule, drilling the country's oil reserves funded the construction of hospitals, schools, roads (notably, paving the Quito-Tulcán road), the oil refinery at Esmeraldas, and equipment for the armed services. The military removed him from power in 1976.

paragraphs: Rodríguez was born on November 4, 1924 in Pujilí, Ecuador. He was married to Aída Judith León since 1953.


title: Otto Arosemena

paragraphs: Otto Arosemena Gómez (19 July 1925 – 20 April 1984) was President of Ecuador, November 16, 1966 to September 1, 1968.

paragraphs: His government, though short, greatly increased Ecuador's development and ensured the consolidation of democracy. In accordance with the law, he called presidential elections, and Velasco Ibarra won for his fifth and final time. Arosemena finished his term on August 31, 1968.

paragraphs: In 1965, when the country was facing one of its worst political, social, and economic crises—a result of dictatorial misrule—he founded a new political party in Quito called the Democratic Institutionalist Coalition (Coalición Institucionalista Demócrata, CID).

paragraphs: One year later, he was elected Deputy of the Constituent Assembly held by "President" Yerovi Indaburu. The Constituent Assembly elected Arosemena President of Ecuador on November 16, 1966.

paragraphs: Arosemena's political adversaries later attacked his policies, particularly with respect to oil policy. He responded by writing the book Infamy and Truth (Infamia y verdad), in which he addresses his administration's oil policy.

paragraphs: Arosemena was born on 19 July 1925 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He studied at University of Guayaquil. Arosemena died on 20 April 1984 in Salinas, Ecuador from complications of a fall, aged 58.


title: Clemente Yerovi

paragraphs: Clemente Yerovi Indaburu (August 10, 1904 – July 19, 1981) was a politician and the interim president of Ecuador from March 30, 1966, to November 16, 1966.

paragraphs: Yerovi was born in Barcelona, Spain, where his parents Clemente Yerovi Matheus and María Indaburu Seminario lived temporarily as consul general of Ecuador.

paragraphs: Yerovi studied at Vicente Rocafuerte High School in Guayaquil, and then at San Gabriel High School in Quito. He married Victoria Gómez Ycaza and had four children. Yerovi died on July 19, 1981 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from heart failure, aged 76.


title: Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy

paragraphs: Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy (24 August 1919 – 5 March 2004) served as Vice President of Ecuador and due to the ousting of President José María Velasco Ibarra, became President of Ecuador from 7 November 1961 to 11 July 1963.

paragraphs: He was born in Guayaquill on 24 August 1919. He was the son Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola, also former president of Ecuador and Laura Monroy Garaycoa.

paragraphs: Arosemena disgraced himself by getting drunk at a banquet Wednesday night in honor of the president of the Grace Lines, retired U.S. Adm. Wilfred McNeil. Guests at the reception said the president shouted abuse at U.S. Ambassador Maurice Bernbaum, vomited in front of the gathering and committed 'even more indecorous acts.

paragraphs: Arosemena died on 5 March 2004 from natural causes, aged Guayaquil, Ecuador.


title: Camilo Ponce Enríquez

paragraphs: Camilo Ponce Enríquez (January 31, 1912 – September 13, 1976) was an Ecuadorian political figure. He served as the president of Ecuador between 1956 and 1960. He was married to María de las Mercedes de Gangotena Jijón.

paragraphs: In 1951 Camilo Ponce, along with Sixto Durán Ballén founded the Movimiento Social Cristiano (MSC), which later became the Partido Social Cristiano (PSC). In 1956 Ponce won the presidential elections and named Durán Ballén minister of public works.


title: Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola

paragraphs: Carlos Julio Arosemena Tola (12 April 1888 – 20 February 1952) was President of Ecuador 15 September 1947 to 1 September 1948. He was also the father of future president Carlos Julio Arosemena Monroy.

paragraphs: Tola was born on 12 April 1888 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He died from a stroke he had several months before on 20 February 1952 in Quito, Ecuador, aged 63.


title: Mariano Suárez Veintimilla

paragraphs: Mariano Suárez Veintimilla (8 June 1897 – 23 October 1980) was Ecuadorian politician.

paragraphs: He served as Velasco's Vice President from 1946 until he was ousted in 1947 by Carlos Mancheno Cajas. Soon Mancheno was ousted and Suárez served briefly as President of Ecuador from 2 September 1947 to 15 September 1947.

paragraphs: Veintimilla died on 23 October 1980 in Quito, Ecuador from natural causes, aged 83.


title: Carlos Mancheno Cajas

paragraphs: Carlos Mancheno Cajas (October 9, 1902 - October 11, 1996) was President of Ecuador from 23 August 1947 to 2 September 1947.

paragraphs: Mancheno assumed control after a coup d'état he led deposed President José María Velasco. Velasco left the country, returning later both to Ecuador and the to presidency. Mancheno himself was removed only ten days after taking control, and Velasco's vice-president, Mariano Suárez Veintimilla, assumed the presidency.

paragraphs: Mancheno died on October 11, 1996 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from natural causes, aged 94.


title: Cortex

paragraphs: Cortex is a word that comes from Latin language, and that is usually translated as "shell" or "bark". The term is used for different concepts:


title: Division of Calare

paragraphs: The Division of Calare is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was set up for the 1906 election and is the local Indigenous Australian name for the Lachlan River, which runs through the western part of the division. (The name should be pronounced Kal-"ah"-ree, but the pronunciation Kul-"air" is used.)

paragraphs: The division includes the towns of Bathurst, Blayney, Canowindra, Eugowra, Forbes, Lithgow, Molong, Oberon, Orange, Parkes, Peak Hill, Portland, Wallerawang and Yeoval.

paragraphs: Peter Andren was not a candidate for the 2007 election as he was going to stand for a Senate seat. He was diagnosed with cancer in 2007 and died during the election campaign. John Cobb had previously held the seat of Parkes. He was Minister for Citizenship and Multicultural Affairs and Minister for Community Services in the Howard Government.


title: Division of Charlton

paragraphs: The Division of Charlton was an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1984 and was named for Matthew Charlton, leader of the Australian Labor Party 1922-28. It covered the Hunter Region area of New South Wales. It included the towns of Cardiff, Wallsend, Toronto, Morisset, Cooranbong, Glendale and Warners Bay.

paragraphs: In October 2015 the Australian Electoral Commission said the division would be renamed at the next election. Because of population changes New South Wales lost one division, and a new one was created in Western Australia. To abolish the seat, the boundaries in New South Wales were redrawn. The old Division of Hunter was to be abolished. Since Hunter is an original Federation electorate, the Australian Electoral Commission's guidelines for redistributions means it has to try and keep the Hunter name. The area of Hunter was moved eastward and took over Charlton's former area.

paragraphs: Greg Combet had been Secretary of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). He was Minister for Climate Change and Energy Efficiency in the Gillard Government. In the 2013 election, the Liberal Party candidate, Kevin Baker, resigned after being involved with an offensive website. This happened after nominations closed, so the Liberal Party could not select a new candidate and Baker's name was still on the ballot papers.


title: Mongolian Wikipedia

paragraphs: Mongolian Wikipedia () is a free and publicly editable online encyclopedia. It was created 28 February 2004. As of 13 May 2012 the Mongolian Wikipedia contained 7,599 articles. As of August 2011, there were about 104 people, with 17,763 registered users.


title: Harmonic analysis

paragraphs: Harmonic analysis is a branch of mathematics that looks at the theoretical foundations of digital signal processing. A continuous signal can be drawn as a wave, or as a combination of several waves. Fourier transforms and Fourier series are among the main tools used for signal analysis. Today, this field has many uses, which also include quantum mechanics and neuroscience.

paragraphs: In essence, harmonic analysis looks at locally compact groups. The Lebesgue measure is a way to assign a measurement to a subset of the Euclidean space. For real numbers there is the Haar measure, which can perform this task. This measure allows to use Fourier analysis to model the groups and their properties.

paragraphs: The term "harmonics" is also related to Eigenvalues, in the case where the frequency of one wave is an integer multiple of the frequency of another wave. This is the case of the harmonics that are used for musical notes. Later the term was generalized.


title: Frank Kameny

paragraphs: Franklin Edward "Frank" Kameny (May 21, 1925 – October 11, 2011) was an important person in the American gay rights movement.

paragraphs: Kameny was born on May 21, 1925 in New York City, New York. He studied at Richmond Hill High School and at Queens College.

paragraphs: In 1957, Kameny was fired from his position as an astronomer in the U.S. Army's Army Map Service in Washington, D.C. because of his homosexuality. This helped him to begin "a Herculean struggle with the American establishment" that would help a rights movement of the early 1960s for homosexuals.

paragraphs: Kameny protested his firing by the U.S. Civil Service Commission due to his homosexuality, and argued this case to the United States Supreme Court in 1961. Although the court denied his petition, it is notable as the first civil rights claim based on sexual orientation.

paragraphs: Kameny died on October 11, 2011 in Washington, D.C. from heart disease. He was 86 years old.

paragraphs: Following Kameny's death, the giant rainbow flag on the tall flagpole at the corner of Market Street and Castro Street in the Castro neighborhood of San Francisco was flown at half-staff for 24 hours beginning on the afternoon of October 12, 2011 at the request of the creator of the rainbow flag, Gilbert Baker.

paragraphs: On November 2, 2011, Kameny's house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

paragraphs: On July 3 2012, Minor Planet (40463) "Frankkameny" was named in Kameny's honor by the International Astronomical Union and the Minor Planet Center.


title: Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río

paragraphs: Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río (27 November 1893 – 31 October 1969) was President of Ecuador from 1940 - 1944. He was a member of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party. During his term, the country lost the 1941 Ecuadorian–Peruvian War. After trying to set up a police state, he was forced out of office by a popular uprising.


title: Julio Enrique Moreno

paragraphs: Julio Enrique Moreno (1879–1952) was Acting President of Ecuador from March to April 1926 and again from August to September 1940. He was succeed by Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río.


title: Andrés Córdova

paragraphs: Andrés Fernández de Córdova Nieto (28 May 1892 – 3 October 1983) was President of Ecuador from December 1939 to August 1940. He later ran as a presidential candidate in 1968.


title: Aurelio Mosquera

paragraphs: Don Aurelio Mosquera Narváez (2 August 1883 – 17 November 1939) was an Ecuadorian politician, who was the President of Ecuador from December 1938 to November 1939.

paragraphs: Mosquera was born in Quito. He studied medicine in Quito, then went to Paris to carry in with his education.

paragraphs: In 1938, after the removal of Manuel María Borrero, he was named President of Ecuador. During his short time as president, with the support of the army, he dissolved the National Assembly and reestablished the Constitution of 1906, known for its secularity.

paragraphs: His term as president ended when he died on November 17, 1939 in Quito from a heart attack, aged 56.


title: Manuel María Borrero

paragraphs: Manuel María Borrero (10 May 1883 – 7 June 1975) was President of Ecuador from August 10, 1938 through December 1, 1938.


title: Alberto Enríquez Gallo

paragraphs: Gil Alberto Enríquez Gallo (24 July 1895 – 13 July 1962) was President of Ecuador 1937–1938.

paragraphs: Enriquez was a general in the Ecuadorian army and served as Minister of National Defense in the government of Federico Páez. In September 1937, he overthrew Páez in a military coup. Although he ruled for less than a year, Enríquez achieved note as a social reformer by his promulgation of the Labor Code of 1938.


title: Federico Páez

paragraphs: Federico Páez Chiriboga (4 June 1877 – 9 February 1974) was President of Ecuador from September 26, 1935 through October 23, 1937.

paragraphs: He died on 9 February 1974 in Quito, Ecuador from natural causes. He was 96 years old.


title: Antonio Pons

paragraphs: Antonio Pons Campuzano (November 10, 1897 – January 1980) was acting President of Ecuador from August to September 1935.

paragraphs: Pons died in January 1980 from pneumonia, aged 82.


title: Abelardo Montalvo

paragraphs: Abelardo Montalvo (1876 – 1950) was the acting President of Ecuador from October 1933 to August 1934.

paragraphs: Montalvo received a Juris Doctor from the University of Quito. Montalvo was a member of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party for which he became a deputy and later senator for Pichincha Province.

paragraphs: Montalvo became president when his predecessor Juan de Dios Martínez Mera was elected President but faced a congress not willing to deal with him. The congress asked Martínez Mera twice to resign, but he refused. The congress then censored the ministers chosen by Martínez Mera, one of which was Abelardo Montalvo. Martínez proceeded to select some new ministers to outmaneuver the congress.

paragraphs: The Chamber of Deputies then accused Martínez Mera of attempting to overthrow the government and institute a dictatorship. The Senate subsequently impeached Martínez and named his Minister of Interior, Abelardo Montalvo, acting president. Montalvo stayed on as acting president until José María Velasco Ibarra was elected.


title: Juan de Dios Martínez

paragraphs: Juan de Dios Martínez Mera (9 March 1875 – 27 October 1955) was President of Ecuador from 1932 to 1933.

paragraphs: In Quito, a main avenue is named after him.


title: Alberto Guerrero Martínez

paragraphs: Alberto Guerrero Martínez (28 June 1884 – 21 May 1941) was acting President of Ecuador in 1932.


title: Carlos Freile Larrea

paragraphs: Carlos Freile Larrea (1876 – 23 April 1942) was acting President of Ecuador from 27 August 1932 to 2 September 1932.


title: Alfredo Baquerizo

paragraphs: Alfredo Baquerizo Moreno (28 September 1859, in Guayaquil – 20 March 1951) was an Ecuadorian politician. He served as Vice President of Ecuador of Leónidas Plaza and Lizardo García from 1903 to 1906 and as President of Ecuador three times in August - September 1912, September 1916 – August 1920 and October 1931 - August 1932. He was a member of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party.


title: Luis Larrea Alba

paragraphs: Luis Alberto Larrea Alba (25 October 1894 – 17 April 1979) was a military officer and acting President of Ecuador in from 24 August to 15 October 1931.


title: Isidro Ayora

paragraphs: Isidro Ayora Cueva (August 31, 1879 – March 22, 1978) was an Ecuadorian political figure. He was the President of Ecuador from 1926 to 1931. Isidro Ayora, a town in Guayas, and Puerto Ayora, are named after him. Some people name coins "ayora" because this were introduced by him.


title: Gonzalo Córdova

paragraphs: Gonzalo Segundo Córdova y Rivera (July 15, 1863 – April 13, 1928) was President of Ecuador from 1924-1925. Like his immediate predecessors in the Liberal Party, he was considered to be a pawn of "La Argolla" ring"), a plutocracy of coastal agricultural and banking interests whose linchpin was the Commercial and Agricultural Bank of Guayaquil led by Francisco Urbina Jado.


title: José Luis Tamayo

paragraphs: José Luis Tamayo Terán (29 July 1858 – 7 July 1947) was President of Ecuador from 1 September 1920 to 31 August 1924. He was a member of the Ecuadorian Radical Liberal Party.


title: Fulk IV, Count of Anjou

paragraphs: Fulk IV (1043–1109), called le Réchin, was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1068 until he was in 1096. He rebelled against his older brother Geoffrey III and took the of Anjou by force.

paragraphs: Fulk, born 1043, was the younger son of Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais and Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou. Ermengarde-Blanche was a daughter of Fulk Nerra, count of Anjou, When Geoffrey Martel died without direct heirs he left Anjou to his nephew Geoffrey III, Fulk le Réchin's older brother. Geoffrey III was not an effective count. In 1062 Geoffrey failed to defend Saintonge and it was lost. In 1063 the county of Maine was lost to Anjou. In 1065 Geoffrey angered Archbishop Barthelemy of Tours and was excommunicated.

paragraphs: Fulk had enough and took the countship of Anjou by force. He fought with his brother and captured him in 1067. Under pressure from the Church he released Geoffrey. The two brothers started fighting again. This time Geoffrey was imprisoned for the rest of his life. Substantial territory was lost to Angevin control because of Geoffrey's poor rule and the civil war that followed. Fulk was forced to give the Gâtinais to Philip I of France the king. Fulk spent the rest of his reign as count trying to regain control of his barons and all the lost lands. He also struggled with Normandy trying to regain control in Maine and Brittany.

paragraphs: In 1096 Fulk wrote a history of Anjou and its rulers titled "Fragmentum historiae Andegavensis" or "History of Anjou." Only the first part of the history still exists. It describes Fulk's ancestry. The second part was thought to cover Fulk's own rule. This part has not been found. If he did write it, it is one of the first medieval works of history written by a .

paragraphs: His first wife was Hildegarde of Beaugency. Together they had a daughter:

paragraphs: Fulk then married Ermengarde of Bourbon in 1070. Together they had a son:

paragraphs: He next married an unnamed daughter of Walter I of Brienne. This marriage also ended in divorce, in 1087. they had no children.

paragraphs: In 1089 he married Bertrade de Montfort. They had a son:


title: Leónidas Plaza

paragraphs: Leónidas Plaza Gutiérrez (April 19, 1865 – November 17, 1932) was president of Ecuador for two separate occasions: From September 1, 1901 to August 31, 1905 and from September 1, 1912 to August 31, 1916.

paragraphs: He was the son of José Buenaventura Plaza, a school teacher and, Alegría Gutiérrez de Caviedes Sevillano, an attractive tall woman with arostocratic features and exquisite social manners of Colombian descent. He married María Avelina Lasso Ascázubi, with whom he had eight children. One of them, Galo Plaza, was also president of Ecuador.


title: Francisco Andrade Marín

paragraphs: Francisco Higinio Andrade Marín y Rivadeneira (November 15, 1841 – September 6, 1935 ) was acting President of Ecuador from March 6 to August 10, 1912.


title: Carlos Freile Zaldumbide

paragraphs: Carlos Freile Zaldumbide (1851 – August 28, 1928) was an Ecuadorian politician, who served twice as acting President of Ecuador and one term as Vice President of Ecuador.

paragraphs: A whealty landowner that pioneered Holstein livestock raising in Ecuador.

paragraphs: He was the acting President from 12 August 1911 to 1 September 1911 (a reign lasting just 21 days). He took the role on a temporary basis when Eloy Alfaro, who had been President for over 4 years, was overthrown and went to exile. Freile was replaced by the already elected President Emilio Estrada, whose mandate lasted just three months before his death on 21 December 1911.

paragraphs: Carlos Freile then served once again as acting president, this time from 22 December 1911 to 6 March 1912. He was again acting president during a crisis and was succeeded by Francisco Andrade Marín.


title: Emilio Estrada

paragraphs: Emilio Estrada Carmona (May 28, 1855 – December 21, 1911) was President of Ecuador September 1 through December 21, 1911.

paragraphs: He died in office from complications of heart failure on December 21, 1911 in Quito, Ecuador, aged 56.


title: Lizardo García

paragraphs: Lizardo García Sorroza (26 April 1844 – 29 May 1927) was President of Ecuador from 1 September 1905 to 15 January 1906.

paragraphs: García was born in Guayaquil. He founded the chamber of commerce of Guayaquil and was a member of the firefighters of his natal city.

paragraphs: Garcia was president only for a few months. He was overthrown by the revolution led by Eloy Alfaro and was forced to leave the office.


title: Vicente Lucio Salazar

paragraphs: Vicente Lucio Salazar (20 December 1832 – 14 February 1896) was President of Ecuador between 16 April 1895 and 1 September 1895.

paragraphs: He became Vice President in 1894, and became President when Luis Cordero left office.


title: Luis Cordero Crespo

paragraphs: Luis Benjamín Cordero y Crespo (6 April 1833 – 30 January 1912) was President of Ecuador 1 July 1892 to 16 April 1895. His parents were Gregorio Cordero and Josefa Crespo.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Progresistas, a liberal Catholic political party, and was a member of the provisional governing junta which led the Progresistas to power in 1883.

paragraphs: Luis Cordero wrote poems in Spanish and Kichwa and published the first Kichwa-Spanish-Kichwa dictionary in Ecuador.


title: Antonio Flores Jijón

paragraphs: Juan Antonio María Flores y Jijón de Vivanco (23 October 1833 – 30 August 1915) was President of Ecuador from 17 August 1888 to 30 June 1892. He was a member of the Progressive Party, a Liberal Catholic party.

paragraphs: Antonio Flores was born in Quito at Carondelet Palace (the presidential residence) while his father, General Juan José Flores was President of Ecuador. During the first presidency of Gabriel García Moreno, Flores was an ambassador in Paris, London, and Washington, D.C..

paragraphs: He died in Geneva, Switzerland from complications of pneumonia. He was married to Leonor Ruiz de Apodaca y García-Tienza, a native of Cuba. His vice-president and predecessor was Pedro José Cevallos.


title: Pedro José Cevallos

paragraphs: Pedro José Cevallos Salvador (1830–1892) was President of Ecuador from 1 July 1888 to 17 August 1888 and Vice President from 1886 to 1890. From April to August 1891 the presidency of Antonio Flores Jijón he was minister of Public Instruction, Interior Affairs and Foreign Affairs. Shortly before his death he became a member of the Ecuadoran Academy of Literature.


title: José Plácido Caamaño

paragraphs: José María Plácido Caamaño y Gómez-Cornejo (5 October 1837 – December 31, 1901) was President of Ecuador from 23 November 1883 to 1 July 1888.

paragraphs: Caamaño was born in Guayaquil. He studied law and theology in the seminary of his native city, and was educated in Quito. Subsequently he was mayor of Guayaquil, and chief of the custom-house service. He was a member of the Progresistas, a liberal Catholic party.

paragraphs: An attempt was made to assassinate him in 1886, and he narrowly escaped death by throwing himself into a river. Under his administration telegraphs, railways, an institute of sciences, several Colleges, and many new schools were added to the resources of Ecuador.

paragraphs: After his term ended, he served as ambassador to US from 1889 to 1890.

paragraphs: Caamaño died on December 31, 1901 from complications of a heart attack in Seville, Spain, aged 63.


title: The Angel's Command

paragraphs: The Angel's Command is a book written by Brian Jacques (writer of the popular children's series "Redwall"), and the sequel to "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman". It follows the adventures of an immortal boy and his dog as they face pirates and other dangers from the high seas to the mountains.

paragraphs: The "Castaways of the Flying Dutchman" trilogy is based on the legend of the "Flying Dutchman". It tells of how a young boy and his dog managed to escape what happened to the "Flying Dutchman". They were given the ability to live forever, speak in any language, and talk to each other with their thoughts. Ben, the boy, and Ned, the dog, are sent to help those in need.

paragraphs: In "The Angel's Command", they have a lot of adventures, including meeting a French buccaneer and a girl named Karay who's a thief. "The Angel's Command" was followed by a sequel in 2006 called "Voyage of Slaves".


title: Roots (TV miniseries)

paragraphs: Roots is an American television miniseries based on Alex Haley's 1976 book "Roots: The Saga of an American Family". It was first shown on ABC in 1977. It was shown over eight nights, from January 23 to January 30, 1977. It was followed by two sequels: "Roots: The Next Generations", which was shown on ABC in 1979, and "Roots: The Gift", a Christmas television movie which was shown on ABC in 1988. It got 37 Emmy Award nominations and won nine. It also won a Golden Globe and a Peabody Award.

paragraphs: The miniseries is about several generations of an African-American slave family. It shows their daily lives, where they are forced into labor, rape, and the sale and separation of their own family.


title: Standing ovation

paragraphs: A standing ovation is a form of applause where members of a seated audience stand up while applauding after great performance. A standing ovation can also be done to remember someone who died or when someone did a good deed.

paragraphs: Standing ovations are also often given in a sporting game to reflect an outstanding individual performance.


title: Allendale, New Jersey

paragraphs: Allendale is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 6,505, reflecting a decline of 194 (-2.9%) from the 6,699 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn increased by 799 (+13.5%) from the 5,900 counted in the 1990 Census.

paragraphs: Allendale was formed on November 8, 1894 from portions of Franklin Township, Hohokus Township and Orvil Township at the height of the "Boroughitis" phenomenon then sweeping through Bergen County.

paragraphs: Late science-fiction author Richard Matheson was born here on February 20, 1926.


title: Momoiro Clover Z

paragraphs: The group is known for energetic performances, incorporating elements of ballet, gymnastics, and action movies. In 2013, it was the 4th music artist by total sales revenue in Japan, with over ¥5.2 billion.

paragraphs: Momoiro Clover Z is ranked as the most popular female idol group according to 2013 and 2014 surveys.

paragraphs: Momoclo's songs are "hyperactive J-pop numbers". Their live performances are heavily choreographed and acrobatic. The group is known for their chaotic energy that is similar to that of punk bands. The response from the audience is also enthusiastic. Because of the hard dances, the girls' voices are not very stable. Nevertheless, they never lipsynch on stage. Overall, the group and its music are progressive and forward-thinking.

paragraphs: The group has worked with many famous songwriters and musicians, belonging to different genres of music, from pop to punk and heavy metal. For example, Marty Friedman played the guitar for , one of the singles, and also appeared on the group's concert.

paragraphs: On stage, the members can be easily found by the colors of their clothes.

paragraphs: There were some other members before releasing the debut CD:

paragraphs: Momoiro Clover Z have collaborated with overseas artists.

paragraphs: The group sings theme music for anime which are famous overseas too.

paragraphs: The group formed in the spring of 2008 and officially debuted as a six-member unit a year later. It was originally named "Momoiro Clover", which means "Pink Clover". The name was chosen to show that the band was composed of innocent girls who wanted to bring happiness to people.

paragraphs: In 2011, the group faced a crisis because subleader Akari Hayami suddenly quit. Then, the management added the letter "Z" to the name. In Japan, "Z" is a symbol of evolution.

paragraphs: The group is nicknamed , because most of its members are students and the group is active mainly on weekends.

paragraphs: The group gives a special emphasis to closeness to the fans and its slogan is . They used to perform on park walkways for passers-by. They also gave free concerts in electronics stores and sold CDs by themselves. Though the group made it big, their deep appreciation of the fans can be seen at their live concerts and events, when they make deep and long "ojigi", a bow to say thanks.


title: Division of Chifley

paragraphs: The Division of Chifley is an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. It was created in 1969 and is named for Ben Chifley, who was Prime Minister of Australia 1945–49. It covers some of the outer western suburbs of Sydney including Arndell Park, Bidwill, Blackett, Colebee, Dean Park, Dharruk, Doonside, Emerton, Glendenning, Hassall Grove, Hebersham, Huntingwood, Lethbridge Park, Marayong, Minchinbury, Mount Druitt, Oakhurst, Plumpton, Rooty Hill, Ropes Crossing, Shalvey, Shanes Park, Tregear, Whalan, Willmot, Woodcroft and parts of Eastern Creek, Blacktown, Quakers Hill, Schofields and Riverstone.

paragraphs: Ed Husic was the first Muslim elected to the Australian Parliament.


title: Gaya College of Engineering

paragraphs: Gaya College of Engineering (GCE; ) is a college in the Indian state of Bihar. It was established in 2008. It was formerly named Magadh Engineering College when it was a private engineering institution. It is now a public institute. It is approved by AICTE. It was inaugurated by the Chief Minister of Bihar Mr. Nitish Kumar on 19 November 2008. It is government engineering college managed by the government of Bihar. It is under the administrative control of the Department of Science and Technology. It is affiliated with Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna. GCE offers undergraduate courses in four streams of engineering.


title: Dota 2

paragraphs: Dota 2 is a video game that was released in 2013. It is a sequel to "Defense of the Ancients". Dota was originally a player-made map (also know as a mod) in "" that proved to be successful with over 5 million active players. When "Warcraft: Frozen Throne" game got old, it was hard to make the map. As a result, Valve Corporation, with the help of the original maker (known only as Icefrog) started to develop "Dota 2".

paragraphs: The game is a hard to learn, hard to master strategy game. You map pick one of the 115 heroes. They're then put to two teams of five: one called the Radiant(Green) and the other, Dire(Red). The map contains three lanes called top, middle and bottom lanes. Usually, the team chooses to go 2-1-2(2 in top, 1 mid and 2 bot). Sometimes, it will be 2-1-1 or 1-1-2 because there will be a roamer. A roamer, as the name applies, goes all over the map where they can help.

paragraphs: 'Creeps' spawn in both sides are called 'Minions' waves. They are controlled by the computer and they will attack the enemy creeps. They will target a hero or a tower if there is no creeps. The creeps are essential into winning the game since they give gold if killed by a hero.

paragraphs: In every lane, there are 3 towers. They're named by their tiers with tier 1 being the nearest to the enemies and tier 3 the farthest. You must destroy all the lane's towers before you can damage the barracks. The barracks are behind the tier 3 towers. If you destroy the 'Ranged Barracks' or 'Melee Barracks', the corresponding creeps spawn at the lane will be more powerful. If all 6 barracks get destroyed, all the creeps get boosted to Mega Creeps. Mega creeps are so powerful that an entire wave of them is equal to the power of a hero. If you have mega creeps, you will likely win the game.

paragraphs: The winning condition of the game is by destroying the enemy 'Ancient' or base while defending your own. Due to the large map and variety of scenarios,

paragraphs: games often last 30–50 minutes. Some games go to 2 hours if necessary.

paragraphs: You may leave the game before it ends, but you will get punished. Your next 1-5 games will be in a 'Low Priority' form. In low priority, every player gets a pool of only 3 heroes to pick. They can also not play with 'High Priority' players.

paragraphs: The game has two different teams with five "heroes" on each side. They can choose between 115 different heroes. Players have to get the rivaled towers in order to eventually get to the ancient and destroy it. Through the game, players can gain gold, buy items and of course, get kills and assists.

paragraphs: You can also play custom games, which are made by loyal players via the steam workshop. Dota 2 is famous for it's complexity and forceful effort. Some people have earned millions of dollars playing this game in important hostages, most knowingly, the International, which has the biggest money pool in video game history, reaching 13 million in U.S.A dollars.


title: Echium vulcanorum

paragraphs: Echium vulcanorum is a plant species that belongs to the Boraginaceae family, the borage family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

paragraphs: It was discovered and named by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier. He found the plant with flowers on July 1934.

paragraphs: It is locally known as "lingua de vaca" ("tongue of cow") because their leaves are rough. The same name is used for the other species of "Echium" that are found in Cape Verde: "Echium hypertropicum" and "Echium stenosiphon".

paragraphs: It is a shrub with many branches, up to 1.5–2 m tall. The stems are covered with many hairs. The leaves are lanceolates (pointed at both ends) up to 10 cm long and 1.5 wide.

paragraphs: The flowers are in dense inflorescences (groups of flowers), almost conical, up to 18 cm long, with white flowers with blue stripes.

paragraphs: "Echium vulcanorum" is endemic of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano "Pico do Fogo". It occurs on volcanic soils of Fogo Island, mainly as two populations at Monte Losna/Pico Novo, where they can be found at about 1700 m, and in the border of the crater of the "Pico do Fogo" (the "Bordeira" region ) at altitudes between 2200 and 2400 m. A small population was also reported in "Chã das Caldeiras" (±1600 m). These populations exist generally in places facing to the southwest or the southeast. It prefers soils with a recent volcanic origin.

paragraphs: "Echium vulcanorum" is used for the production of (dry wood that will be burned) and destroyed by goats, so this species, as well as the other two "Echium" species of Cape Verde, is seriously threatened, so that measures for its protection should be taken with urgency.

paragraphs: Some conservation actions have been done at the "Bordeira region" (in the Natural Park of Fogo Island) and now there is a population with a relatively high number of individuals.


title: Rafael Carvajal

paragraphs: Rafael Carvajal Guzmán (1818–1881) was an Ecuadorian politician.

paragraphs: He served as Vice President of Ecuador from 1864 to 1865 and acting President from 31 August 1865 to 7 September 1865. He was the Vice President of Gabriel García Moreno. He succeed him after he was assassinated.


title: Adventures of Captain Marvel

paragraphs: Adventures of Captain Marvel is a 12-chapter movie serial released in 1941 by RKO Radio Pictures. It was produced by Republic Studios. It stars Tom Tyler as Captain Marvel and Frank Coughlan, Jr. as Billy Batson. It was directed by William Witney and John English.


title: Elmore Leonard

paragraphs: Elmore John Leonard, Jr. (October 11, 1925 – August 20, 2013) was an American novelist and screenwriter.

paragraphs: His best-known works are "Get Shorty", "Out of Sight", "Hombre", "Mr. Majestyk", and "Rum Punch". He was also writing for the TV series "Justified".

paragraphs: Leonard was born on October 11, 1925 in New Orleans, Louisiana. He was raised in Detroit, Michigan. Leonard studied at the University of Detroit.

paragraphs: Leonard was married to Beverly Cline from 1949 until they divorced in 1977. Then he was married to Joan Shepard from 1979 until her death in 1993. Then he was married to Christine Kent from 1993 until his death in 2013. He had five children with Cline.

paragraphs: Leonard spent the last years of his life with his family in Oakland County, Michigan. He suffered a stroke on July 29, 2013. Reports stated that Leonard was recovering from the stroke.

paragraphs: On August 20, 2013, Leonard died at his home in Bloomfield Hills (a Detroit suburb) of complications from the stroke. He was 87 years old.


title: Enoch

paragraphs: Enoch is a figure in the Bible. He appears in the Book of Genesis chapter 5, where he is described as the son of Jared and the father of Methuselah. It is also said there that Enoch 'walked with God' (verse 22).


title: Ted Post

paragraphs: Theodore "Ted" Post (March 31, 1918 – August 20, 2013) was an American television and movie director. He was known for directed two Clint Eastwood movies "Hang 'Em High" and "Magnum Force".

paragraphs: Post was born on March 31, 1918 in Brooklyn, New York. He studied at High School of Performing Arts. Post was married to Thelma Post from 1941 until his death in 2013. They had two children. Post died on August 20, 2013 from natural causes in Santa Monica, California, aged 95.


title: Pupusa

paragraphs: Pupusa is a traditional food of El Salvador. Every second Sunday of November is the national day of pupusas in El Salvador. People make pupusas with corn flour, beans, cheese, chicharrón (pork), or any filling. People usually eat pupusas at breakfast and dinner. It is eaten with tomato sauce and curtido.

paragraphs: Pupusas also known as Pupisio were first created by the Pipil tribes in El Salvador. Over time Cooking material for their preparation have been found in Joya de Cerén, “El Salvador’s Pompeii”, place of a native small town that was buried by ashes from a volcano explosion, and where foodstuffs were preserved as they were being cooked almost two thousand years ago by the tribes. The articles for their preparation have also been found in other archaeological sites in El Salvador.

paragraphs: Depending on what city people visit, they’ll find different types of Pupusas. if they go to the coast side, they’ll find Pupusas filled with shrimp and fish. Pupusas can be also filled with different types of flowers like “flor de Izote” (El Salvador national flower), lorocco, Cucurbita argyrosperma, cilantro, Chamaedorea tepejilote, chipilín, mora, chicken, and papelillo.

paragraphs: There are various types of Pupusas in El Salvador alone. From the way the dough is made to the preparation and even the fillings that are used, each place and pupuseria can have their own take on making a pupusa. On the other hand, El Salvador, a pupusa de arroz is also a popular variant. It is made from rice flour instead of cornmeal.

paragraphs: Pupusas are all around the world, what’s different is the name its region give them. For example, in Mexico, pupusas are called gorditas. They are basically the same with a different name. Of course pupusas are not always going to taste the same, depending on what type of dough people make them with. Pupusas might taste a little different when using commercial corn or rice flour instead of masa harina (dried cornmeal flour) that Salvadorians use.


title: Kate Wilson Sheppard

paragraphs: Katherine Wilson Sheppard (10 March 1847, Liverpool, England – 13 July 1934, Christchurch, New Zealand) was a New Zealand activist for women's rights. She helped get women the right to vote in New Zealand. Kate Sheppard moved to Scotland when she was young. She was born with the name Catherine Wilson Malcolm. Her father died in 1862. She moved to New Zealand in 1869 and married at age 24. She had 2 husbands, one son, and one grandchild.

paragraphs: Sheppard is on the New Zealand ten dollar note.


title: Escape from Alcatraz (movie)

paragraphs: Escape from Alcatraz is a 1979 American prison/thriller/action movie. It was directed by Don Siegel. It stars Clint Eastwood, Larry Hankin, Patrick McGoohan, Fred Ward, Roberts Blossom, and Danny Glover. It was released to positive reviews on June 22, 1979.


title: Bill Gold

paragraphs: William "Bill" Gold (January 3, 1921 – May 20, 2018) was an American graphic designer best known for thousands of movie poster designs.

paragraphs: His first movie poster was for "Yankee Doodle Dandy" (1941), and his most recent and final work was for "J. Edgar" (2011).

paragraphs: During his 70-year career he has worked with some of Hollywood's greatest filmmakers, including Laurence Olivier, Clint Eastwood, Alfred Hitchcock, Stanley Kubrick, Elia Kazan, François Truffaut, Ron Howard, Sidney Lumet, Ridley Scott, and Ray Harryhausen.

paragraphs: Among his most famous movie posters are those for "Casablanca", "A Streetcar Named Desire", "The Exorcist", "A Clockwork Orange", "Escape from Alcatraz", and "Alien".

paragraphs: Gold was born on January 3, 1921 in New York City, New York. He died at his home in Old Greenwich, Connecticut on May 20, 2018 of complications from Alzheimer's disease at the age of 97.


title: Whina Cooper

paragraphs: Dame Whina Cooper (9 December 1895, Te Karaka, Hokianga, New Zealand – March 1994, Panguru, New Zealand) fought for Maori land. She was elected first president of the new Maori Women's Welfare League.

paragraphs: Cooper was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire for the services to the Māori people in the 1953 Coronation Honours. In 1974, she was promoted to Commander. In 1981, she was promoted again to Dame Commander.


title: Ellen Albertini Dow

paragraphs: Ellen Albertini Dow (November 16, 1913 – May 4, 2015) was an American character actress. She mainly played feisty old ladies and is perhaps best known as the rapping grandmother in 1998 movie "The Wedding Singer". Other roles include the homophobic grandmother in "Wedding Crashers", Disco Dottie in "54", the recipient of Christopher Lloyd's slapstick in "Radioland Murders", and a choir member in "Sister Act".

paragraphs: Dow was born on November 16, 1913 in Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania. She studied at Cornell University. Dow was married to Eugene Dow from 1951 until his death in 2004. They had no children.

paragraphs: Dow died on May 4, 2015 at her Los Angeles, California home, at age 101.


title: Westerly, Rhode Island

paragraphs: Westerly is a town in southwestern Rhode Island, near the state line of Connecticut. The town was established in 1669. In 2010, the population was about 23,000 by the census.

paragraphs: Westerly might be named because of where it is in Rhode Island. But, the town may have also gotten the name "Westerly" from the English village Westerleigh. During summer, Westerly becomes a tourist attraction.


title: Atari 7800

paragraphs: The Atari 7800 is a 8-bit video game console. It was competing with the Nintendo Entertainment System and the Sega Master System. It was Atari's third-to-last attempt to create another video game system that would be a successor to the Atari 2600. It was a short-lived success.

paragraphs: The Atari 7800 is backwards compatible with Atari 2600 games, but not Atari 5200 games. The Atari 7800 is also compatible with Atari 2600 controllers, such as the Atari Paddle controller and the Atari Joystick controller.


title: Division of La Trobe

paragraphs: The Division of La Trobe is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the outer south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne. At first it was closer to the city, but boundaries have since been changed. It originally included the suburbs of Croydon, Dandenong, Ferntree Gully and Ringwood. It now includes Boronia, Belgrave, Ferntree Gully, Berwick, Beaconsfield, Officer, Gembrook, Emerald and Cockatoo.

paragraphs: The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Charles La Trobe, the first Lieutenant-Governor of Victoria.

paragraphs: The first person to hold the seat was Richard Casey, Baron Casey, later the 16th Governor-General of Australia. He was later given a seat in the British House of Lords. The Division of Casey, which is next to La Trobe, is named after him. In 1961, the division was the subject of a book, "Parties and People: A Survey Based on the La Trobe Electorate", by Creighton Burns.


title: Manila hostage crisis

paragraphs: The Manila hostage crisis (Tagalog: Pagbibihag ng bus sa Maynila; Chinese: 馬尼拉人質事件) happened on August 23, 2010. A man who had been fired from the Philippine National Police, Rolando del Rosario Mendoza, came onto a tourist bus in Rizal Park and took the passengers hostages. Nine people (including 8 tourists from Hong Kong, killed by Mendoza, and Mendoza himself) were killed in the incident.

paragraphs: Since Hong Kong people blamed the Philippines Government for not handling the incident properly, the relationship between Hong Kong and the Philippines had become much worse.

paragraphs: Rolando del Rosario Mendoza was formerly a policeman. In 2008, he was fired because of complaints that he forced an arrested chef to admit drug trafficking that he had never done.

paragraphs: When he came aboard the tourist bus, he posted a sticker to the bus stating "BIG MISTAKE TO CORRECT A BIG WRONG DECISION".

paragraphs: The tour group was held by Hong Thai Travel. It set off on 20 August. The day when the incident happen was the last day of the tour. That day was also the Ghost Festival of China.

paragraphs: "Note that the time mentioned in this chapter is 8 hours faster than the UTC."

paragraphs: About 10 o'clock, Mendoza came apart the bus by force. At that time, he let the tour guide and the hostage contact their households. The tour guide, Tse Ting Chunn, phoned the Assistant Manger, "依家有咗好大鑊嘅問題……有個軍人上咗我部車挾持咗我哋成部車，佢有兩把槍。(There is a serious incident. A solider came apart our bus and took us as hostage. He has two gun.)" The manger told him to make the tourist be calm.

paragraphs: At 2 pm, a younger brother of Mendoza came. A police officer took his gun. Mendoza got angry and shouted. At 9 pm, he started killing the tourists. First, he killed the tour guide. Next, he shot at Yik Siu Ling. She pretended to be dead. Then, some of the tourists decided to subdue him, but they were shot. After that, he kept on shooting at the tourists.

paragraphs: About 7 pm, The Philippine National Police signed the reinstatement order of Mendoza. However, because of the traffic jam, the document wasn't deliver to him on time. When the document was delivered, he had already killed many tourists.

paragraphs: The tour guide and six tourists were shot by The Punisher and Mendoza died. Mendoza himself was shot by the The Punisher afterwards. In the incident, seven tourists were hurt. Some of them are still staying at the hospital or undergoing surgery today. Mike Yadrillo y Campanero, a citizen in the Philippines and a staff of TVB were also injured during the shootings.

paragraphs: The government of the Philippines agreed that the killed tourists were murdered.

paragraphs: On 5 November 2013, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong, CY Leung, has claimed that if no progress are made in a month, there will be sanctions to the Philippines.

paragraphs: On 29 January 2014, Hong Kong has canceled visa-free privileges for Philippine officials. However, Aquino III, the president of the Philippines, still refuses to apologize for the incident.

paragraphs: The official website of Bulacan, a city of the Philippines, was hacked. The background music was changed to the national anthem of the People's Republic of China and text was added which requested the government to apologize.

paragraphs: After the accident, some of the bodies of the killed tourists had been mixed up. Also, the staff of the funeral house opened the coffins and let journalists take photos. Such events made the Hong Kong people very more angry. Ironically, Mendoza's funeral was held at his home and his coffin was covered by the national flag of the Philippines. This added anger to the people of Hong Kong. A "netizen" of Hong Kong even joked that the Philippine flag could be used as doormat.

paragraphs: At last, the Philippines Government said that the flag was used improperly. They had already asked the households of Mendoza to remove the flag.

paragraphs: Tse Ting Chunn, the tour guide, was buried in Diamond Hill Crematorium. Three tourist were buried at St. Raphael's Catholic Cemetery temporarily. The others were buried in Tribute Garden.

paragraphs: The Philippine Police were criticized for the followings:

paragraphs: When a injured tourist was on an ambulance, he asked for a bandage. However, a nurse told him to cover the wound himself.

paragraphs: Another injured tourist was sent to the Manila Doctors Hospital. However, a guard didn't let her in. Finally, when she was being transferred to the Manila City Hospital, she died.

paragraphs: The Government had set up public places for mourning, and also a Facebook page.。

paragraphs: Many websites of Hong Kong turned their logos gray. "A Symphony of Lights", a firework and light show held every evening at 8:00 pm in Hong Kong was suspended.

paragraphs: A joint demonstration march was held by the policial parties such as the Democratic Party, the Civic Party, Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions, and Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong.

paragraphs: On 25 August, different religious organizations held Puja and mass. Upajjhayas of Fo Guang Shan, a Taiwanese temple, prayed for peace. The Archbishop of Manila led a prayer and 200 police officers lit candles for the dead in a mourning ceremony.

paragraphs: Fernando Chui Sai On, chief executive of Macau, wrote a condolence letter to Donald Tsang, the Chief Executive of Hong Kong then. The Encyclopedia of Virtual Communities in Macau turned its logo gray.

paragraphs: In 2013, household of the died tour guide and some of the the injured filed a petition to the High Court. The petition is against the government of the Philippines, former mayor of Manila and 7 other units.

paragraphs: Two of the injured also filed a petition, but it was against the Hong Thai Travel.

paragraphs: At 21:45 on 23 August 2008, Security Bureau had raised the Outbound Travel Alert for the Philippines to Black.

paragraphs: In the first two months after the incident, 4000 pesos of tourist receipts were lost. In August 2010, about 12,000 tourists were from Hong Kong. However, in September, there were only about 7000 tourists form Hong Kong.

paragraphs: Jackie Chan, an actor, said that Hong Kong people had forgiven the Philippine Police. Many "netizens" in Hong Kong disagreed his comment and condemned him. Later, his blog had an entry about his own café in the Philippines welcomed by the Philippine policemen. He later apologized.

paragraphs: One year after the crime, Wong Koon Chung, a singer, said that he would support killing the Philippine President Aquino III and cursing him with foul language. He later took back his speech.

paragraphs: A Hong Kong TV station, TVB, played "Can't Buy Me Love", a comedy, after the live show of the hostage incident. TVB had received complaints afterwards.

paragraphs: However, there were comments that comedies could make the audience relaxed.


title: Saintonge

paragraphs: Saintonge () is a small region and historical province on the Atlantic coast of France. It is within the "département" Charente-Maritime, west and south of Charente in the administrative region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

paragraphs: Saintonge gets its name from the ancient Gallic tribe of the "Santones" who lived in this area. The capital is the city of Saintes.

paragraphs: The Saintonge was the center of the French Huguenots. Today, the region is famous for its production of the grapes that are used to produce cognac and Pineau des Charentes. Corn and fruit are also produced here. Salt was produced here which was considered at the time the best in France.

paragraphs: It was the birthplace of the explorer Jean Allefonsce and Samuel de Champlain who founded Quebec.

paragraphs: Saintongeais is spoken in the former provinces of Saintonge, Aunis, and Angoumois


title: Geoffrey II, Count of Gâtinais

paragraphs: Geoffrey II, de Château-Landon (born – died 1043–46) was a French nobleman and the Count of Gâtinais.

paragraphs: Geoffrey was the son of Geoffrey, Count of Gâtinais, and Beatrice of Macon. She was the daughter of Aubry II of Mâcon. He was born about the year 1000. The Gâtinais was a key district on the northeast border of Orléans and Château-Landon was the capitol. he married Ermengarde-Blanche of Anjou, daughter of Fulk III Nerra. Together they were the ancestors of the House of Plantagenet.

paragraphs: Geoffrey died about 1043–1046. After Geoffrey's death Ermengarde-Blanche married secondly Robert I, Duke of Burgundy.


title: Populaire (movie)

paragraphs: Populaire is a 2012 French-Belgian romantic comedy movie. It is set in France and New York City in the late 1950s. It was directed by Régis Roinsard. It was released in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2013.


title: Mehmed VI

paragraphs: Mehmet VI (14 January 1861 – 16 May 1926) was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. His reign lasted from 1918 to 1922. He succeeded his brother, Mehmed V, as the eldest male member of the House of Osman after the 1916 suicide of the heir to the throne, Yusuf Izzettin Efendi. He was presented with the Sword of Osman on 4 June 1918 in the traditional coronation ceremony. His father was Sultan Abdülmecid I and mother was Gülüstü (1831 – May 1861). Mehmed was removed from the throne when the Ottoman sultanate was abolished in 1922.


title: Vienna Bend, Louisiana

paragraphs: Vienna Bend is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana United States. The population was 1,251 at the 2010 census.


title: Morelos Municipality, Coahuila

paragraphs: Morelos is a one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Morelos. The municipality covers an area of 606.2 km².

paragraphs: In 2005, the municipality had a total population of 1,516.


title: Municipalities of Campeche

paragraphs: The state of Campeche in Mexico is made up of 11 municipalities "(municipios)."


title: Syn (goddess)

paragraphs: Syn is a goddess (one of the Æsir) in Norse mythology. Syn guarded the door of Frigg's great hall, Sessrumnir, keeping out all unwelcome visitors. Syn was also called upon to guide or protect defendants in trials. she is considered a goddess of justice.


title: Gerðr

paragraphs: Gerðr (or Gerda) is a jötunn and goddess in Norse mythology. She is the daughter of the jötunn (giant) Gymir and Aurboda; the sister of Beli; the wife of Frey, whose servant Skirnir, wooed and won her for his master. Gerðr spurned apples and gold but finally gave in at the terrible threat of eternal cold and loneliness, thus personifying winter giving in at last to the warm sunshine of spring. The nine nights of waiting between her consent to become Frey’s bride and the actual union is symbolic of the long nine months of hard winter in northern countries before spring arrives. In some mythologies the radiance of Gerda personifies the aurora borealis (northern lights).


title: Rindr

paragraphs: In Norse mythology, Rindr is a jotun. She is the daughter of Billing, king of the Ruthenians; mate of the god Odin; mother of Vali. She appears only once in the existing Norse manuscripts, as the temporary wife of Odin. Rinda is a personification of the hard, frozen rind of the Earth. At first, she resists the woohooing of Odin (the Sun) but finally succumbs to his warmth and gives birth to Vali, the light god of spring. And bous, who would later grow up to Balderus.


title: Geoffrey IV, Count of Anjou

paragraphs: Geoffrey IV (–1106), called Martel (the Hammer), was a French nobleman who was the Count of Anjou from 1096 until his death.

paragraphs: Geoffey, born was the oldest son of Fulk IV Réchin and his second wife Ermengarde of Bourbon. She was the daughter of Archambaud IV, Sire de Bourbon. In his youth his bravery in battle won him the nickname "Martel the second". He was so named after his Geoffrey II of Anjou. Elias I, Count of Maine intended to go on crusade with Robert "Curthose", Duke of Normandy, who had already left. Elias asked Robert's brother William Rufus for protection for a crusader's lands while he was away. William flatly refused and made it known he wanted Maine (province) for himself. Elias was then captured, brought to William Rufus in chains and . Geoffrey IV had been contracted to marry Elias's daughter, Eremburge. Geoffrey hurried to Maine to defend against any attacks by William Rufus. At the same time his father created a on the border of Normandy. Elias however, did not trust Fulk Réchin and agreed to give William Rufus control of Maine for his release. William Rufus took Maine back and held it until his death in 1100.

paragraphs: In 1096 Geoffrey IV's father released his brother Geoffrey III the legitimate but deposed count of Anjou. This was through the intervention of Pope Urban II in 1096. The pope directed that Geoffrey IV Martel was to take over the countship of Anjou. Fulk IV consented to stepping down and making his son count of Anjou. According to Orderic Vitalis Geoffrey restored peace in Anjou and was a very effective count for several years. In 1103 Fulk le Réchin disinherited his son Geoffrey. He favored his younger son by Bertrade de Montfort, Fulk "Le June". By now Fulk le Réchin was old but he still tried to regain control of the countship. There was some brief fighting. Fulk le Réchin was supported by his son-in-law William IX, Duke of Aquitaine. Geoffrey Martel was supported by Elias I, Count of Maine. In the end Fulk le Réchin lost and Geoffrey remained the count of Anjou. Three years later Geoffrey was laying siege to Candé. When the rebels wanted to negotiate for peace and surrender. While Geoffrey was discussing the situation suddenly a crossbowman shot a bolt (short arrow) from the castle and hit Geoffrey in the arm. Geoffrey died the next day, 11 May 1106. Geoffrey died unmarried.


title: Erysimum caboverdeanum

paragraphs: Erysimum caboverdeanum is a plant species that belongs to the Brassicaceae family, the cabbage or mustard family. It is found only in the Fogo island, Cape Verde.

paragraphs: It was named for the first time by the French botanist Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier in 1935. "Caboverdeanum" (or the original "caboverdeana") is a Latin word that means "Cape Verdean" or "from Cape Verde".

paragraphs: Chevalier named, in 1935, this species as "Matthiola caboverdeana"; this name now is a synonym because Sunding changed it to the present name, "Erysimum caboverdeanum".

paragraphs: It is locally known as "crabo bravo" ("wild carnation") and "alecrim branco" ("white rosemary").

paragraphs: "Erysimum caboverdeanum" is a biennial small bush, up to high; its stems are woody and they stand upright. The narrow leaves are about long and wide and their margins are finely ed.

paragraphs: The flowers, which are white or lilac coloured, are in groups (inflorescences) at the end of the stems. The fruits are very narrow and stand upright.

paragraphs: "Erysimum caboverdeanum" is an endemic species of the Cape Verdean island of Fogo on the volcano "Pico do Fogo". It is common in soils with a recent volcanic origin at an altitude between ; it is found on the slopes of the volcano and in the "Chã das Caldeiras", the plain in the volcanic crater.

paragraphs: The species is used for traditional medicinal purposes mainly as an infusion.

paragraphs: It is possible to use it as an ornamental plant, even in places like central Europe.


title: 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado

paragraphs: The 1999 Bridge Creek-Moore tornado was a very violent F5 tornado that hit the Bridge Creek and Moore areas of Oklahoma on the evening of May 3, 1999. It had the highest wind speed ever recorded at 301 miles per hour (484 km/h). It killed at least 36 people and hurt 583 others. It caused $1 billion in damage. The tornado's strength led to the National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office in Norman issuing the first-ever tornado emergency. In 2013, Moore was again hit by an EF5 tornado, but fewer people were killed even though there was more damage.


title: Division of Jagajaga

paragraphs: The Division of Jagajaga is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covers the north-eastern suburbs of Melbourne north of the Yarra River. It includes the suburbs of Ivanhoe, Eaglemont, Bellfield, Heidelberg, Rosanna, Viewbank, Lower Plenty, Macleod, Yallambie, Eltham, Watsonia, Bundoora, Greensborough, Montmorency, Briar Hill, St Helena, Research, North Warrandyte and Kangaroo Ground.

paragraphs: The Division was set up in 1984, and named after three Wurundjeri indigenous Australian men. They signed the Batman Treaty with one of the founders of Melbourne, John Batman, in 1835.

paragraphs: Peter Staples held several positions during the Hawke and Keating Governments. These included the Minister for Consumer Affairs, Minister for Housing and Aged Care, Minister for Aged, Family and Health Services. Jenny Macklin is the Minister for Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs and former Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party.


title: Division of Mallee

paragraphs: The Division of Mallee is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the far north-west of the state. At , it is the largest Division in Victoria. It includes Mildura, Ouyen, Swan Hill, St Arnaud, Warracknabeal and Horsham.

paragraphs: The Division was set up in 1949 was named after the Mallee region of Victoria, where it is located. Mallee is a variety of eucalyptus. The Division also includes the Wimmera region of Victoria.

paragraphs: For the 2013 election, Mallee is the safest Coalition seat in federal parliament with a swing of 24% needed for it to change parties.

paragraphs: Winton Turnbull was a prisoner of war during World War Two, and held at the infamous Changi prison in Singapore. He never missed a single sitting day in Parliament during his 26 years and 8 months as a member.


title: Morgan

paragraphs: Morgan is a given name and a surname. It might also mean:


title: Division of Maribyrnong

paragraphs: The Division of Maribyrnong is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is in the north-western suburbs of Melbourne. It includes Moonee Ponds, Essendon, Niddrie, Keilor East, Avondale Heights, Tullamarine, Airport West, Sunshine and Brooklyn. Over the years the boundaries have been redrawn and the Division has been slowly moving west. It originally included the suburbs of Footscray and North Melbourne. According to the 2006 census, this electorate has the most Catholics in Australia with 44.4% of population.

paragraphs: The Division was set up in 1906 and named after the Maribyrnong River, which runs through it. "Maribynong" is an Indigenous Australian word for yam or edible root.

paragraphs: Samuel Mauger was the Post-Master General in 1908. James Fenton was the Minster for Trade and Customs in the Scullin Government, and Post-Master General in the Lyons Government. Arthur Drakeford was the Minister for the Air, Minister for Civil Aviation, and for a short time Minister for the Navy during the Curtin and Chifley Governments. Moss Cass was the Minister for the Environment and Conservation in the Hawke Government. Alan Griffiths was the Minister for Resources in 1990, the Minister for Tourism in 1991 and the Minister for Industry, Technology and Regional Development in 1993. Bill Shorten is the former National Secretary of the Australian Workers' Union. He was Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations and Minister for Education during the Gillard and Rudd governments. In 2013 he became the leader of the Australian Labor Party, and the Leader of the Opposition.


title: Division of McEwen

paragraphs: The Division of McEwen is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It is north of the capital city of Melbourne. It includes Broadford, Craigieburn, Doreen, Kilmore, Lancefield, New Gisborne, Riddells Creek, Romsey, Seymour, Sunbury, Wallan and Whittlesea.

paragraphs: It was set up in 1984 and named after Sir John McEwen, leader of the Country Party of Australia. McEwen was caretaker Prime Minister of Australia after the disappearance of Harold Holt in 1967.

paragraphs: In 2007 Fran Bailey lost the election by only six votes. She asked for the votes to be recounted and she won by 12 votes The result was challenged in the High Court of Australia and was referred to the Federal Court of Australia. Seven months later, and after carefully checking 643 individual votes, the court found Bailey had won by 31 votes. Later Bailey called for big changes the voting system.

paragraphs: Fran Bailey was Minister for Employment Services, Assistant Minister for Defence, and later Minister for Small Business and Tourism during the Howard Government.


title: Santorini caldera

paragraphs: Santorini caldera is a large, mostly submerged caldera. It is in Greece, in the southern Aegean Sea, 120 kilometers north of Crete. Visible above water is the circular Santorini island group.

paragraphs: The caldera measures about , with high steep cliffs on three sides. There are two small volcanic islands at the center of the caldera, Nea ("New") Kameni and Palea ("Old") Kameni. The main island, Santorini has an area of km2.

paragraphs: The extraordinary beauty of Santorini's high walls, draped by whitewashed villages, combined with a sunny climate and clear air, have made it a magnet for tourists and volcanologists.

paragraphs: The volcanic complex of Santorini is the most active part of the South Aegean Volcanic Arc. This marks the subduction of the African tectonic plate underneath the Aegean part of the Eurasian tectonic plate, at a rate of up to 5 cm per year in a northeasterly direction. It has earthquakes at depths of 150–170 km.

paragraphs: Non-volcanic rocks are exposed on Santorini at the Profitis Ilias Mountain, Mesa Vouno, the Gavrillos ridge, Pirgos, Monolithos and the inner side of the caldera wall between Cape Plaka and Athinios.

paragraphs: The Kameni islands at the center of the caldera are made of lava rocks.

paragraphs: The caldera is composed of overlapping shield volcanoes, cut by at least four partially overlapping calderas, of which the oldest southern caldera was formed about 180,000 years ago. The subsequent Skaros caldera was created about 70,000 years ago, and the Cape Riva caldera about 21,000 years ago. The current caldera was formed about 3600 years ago during the Minoan eruption.

paragraphs: Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni were formed as a result of multiple, initially submarine eruptions at the center of the caldera.

paragraphs: Although dormant, Santorini is an active volcano. Numerous minor and medium-sized, mainly effusive eruptions have built the dark-colored lava shields of Nea and Palea Kameni inside the caldera.

paragraphs: Their last eruption was in 1950, and now only smoke and gases come out. GPS instruments have registered renewed deformation around the caldera in 2011 and 2012.

paragraphs: The huge Minoan eruption of Santorini in the 17th century BC may have inspired the legend of Atlantis. It was rated 7, the highest score for a historical eruption, in the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program's Volcanic Explosivity Index.


title: Coptic language

paragraphs: Coptic or Coptic Egyptian is an Egyptian language. It was spoken by many people in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Now, only a few people speak the language.

paragraphs: Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century. The new writing system became the Coptic script, an adapted Greek alphabet with the addition of six or seven signs from the demotic script to represent Egyptian sounds the Greek language did not have. The two most common dialects are Sahidic and Bohairic.

paragraphs: Coptic and demotic Egyptian are very similar to the earlier Egyptian language written in the hieroglyphic script. Coptic flourished as a literary language from the 2nd to 13th centuries, and its Bohairic dialect continues to be the liturgical language of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was supplanted by Egyptian Arabic as a spoken language toward the early modern period. The Copts have tried to revive the language since the 19th century.


title: Richard Warren

paragraphs: Richard Warren (ca. 1580 - ca.1628) was a passenger on the "Mayflower" on its 1620 voyage from the Old World to the New. He was one of the 41 signers of the Mayflower Compact.

paragraphs: His descendants in the United States are legion and include many notable Americans:


title: Brian Sims

paragraphs: Brian K. Sims was the first college American football captain to come out as gay. He is also the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

paragraphs: Sims's parents were both colonels in the U.S. Army. He has a twin brother, an older brother, and a younger sister. He went to high school in Chester County, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Sims has a bachelor of science degree from Bloomsburg University of Pennsylvania. He also has a juris doctor degree from the Michigan State University College of Law.

paragraphs: At Bloomsburg, Sims was the captain of the 2000 National Championship Division II football team. He was a first-string defensive tackle. He became the only openly gay college football captain in NCAA history.

paragraphs: Sims was elected to the Pennsylvania House of Representatives, 182nd District. Sims was the first openly gay person elected to the Pennsylvania General Assembly.

paragraphs: In June 2013, the Defense of Marriage Act was ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Sims was not allowed to make a speech supporting the decision in the Pennsylvania House. House Speaker Daryl Metcalfe, a Republican, said that allowing him to speak would be a violation of God's law.

paragraphs: In May 2019, Sims posted an eight minute video of himself confronting a woman who was protesting outside a Planned Parenthood facility in Philadelphia by praying with a rosary. On May 15, 2019 he was served a summons for federal case 5:19-cv-00834 at his office on Chestnut Street. On July 15, 2019 at 3:00 PM the Default judgement entered on June 18, 2019 was used as collateral for trying to help Hahnemann Hospital stay open case # 19-11466 Delaware Bankruptcy Court.


title: Psychopathology

paragraphs: Psychopathology is the study of mental illnesses. It was started by Karl Jaspers in 1913.


title: Sid Bernstein

paragraphs: Sid Bernstein (August 12, 1918 – August 21, 2013) was an American music producer and promoter. Bernstein changed the American music scene in the 1960s by bringing The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, Herman's Hermits, The Moody Blues, and The Kinks to America. He was the first impresario to organize rock concerts at sports stadiums.

paragraphs: Bernstein was born in New York City, New York on August 12, 1918. He was married to Geraldine Gale until his death in 2013. They had six children. Bernstein died on August 21, 2013 from natural causes in his home in Manhattan, New York, aged 95.


title: Lee Thompson Young

paragraphs: Lee Thompson Young (February 1, 1984 – August 19, 2013) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Jett Jackson in "The Famous Jett Jackson" and as Chris Comer in the movie "Friday Night Lights". His last starring role was portraying Boston police detective Barry Frost in "Rizzoli & Isles".

paragraphs: Young was born in Columbia, South Carolina on February 1, 1984. He studied at the University of Southern California. Thompson committed suicide by shooting himself in his Los Angeles, California apartment on August 19, 2013. He was 29 years old.


title: Nickelodeon (Italian TV channel)

paragraphs: In 2004, Telecom Italia Media starts to broadcast the Italian version of Nickelodeon on SKY Italia and Tivusat.

paragraphs: Since 1997 "Rai Sat 2" has broadcast Nickelodeon cartoons for three hours a day.


title: Gyrocompass

paragraphs: A gyrocompass is a type of compass that does not use magnetism to point north. Normal compasses do not work around magnets, or big pieces of ferrous metal. Gyrocompasses do. This makes them very useful.

paragraphs: A gyrocompass is a non-magnetic compass based on a fast-spinning disc and the rotation of the Earth It automatically finds geographical direction.

paragraphs: Although one part of a gyrocompass is a gyroscope, these are not the same devices. A crucial ingredient is needed to turn a gyroscope into a gyrocompass, so it would automatically position to true north. This is some mechanism that applies torque whenever the compass's axis is not pointing north. Successful methods have two significant advantages over magnetic compasses:


title: Division of McMillan

paragraphs: The Division of McMillan was an Australian Electoral Division in the state of Victoria. It covered the western part of the Gippsland region. It included Drouin, Erica, Foster, Inverloch, Korumburra, Leongatha, Mirboo North, Moe, Neerim South, Newborough, Nyora, Pakenham, Trafalgar, Walhalla, Warragul, Wonthaggi, Yallourn North and Yarragon. It was the southernmost electoral division in continental Australia. It was replaced by the Division of Monash in 2019.

paragraphs: The Division was set up in 1949, and named after Angus McMillan, one of the first Europeans to explore the Gippsland region.

paragraphs: In 1972 Country Party candidate Arthur Hewson won the seat with a primary vote of 16.6%. This is the lowest primary vote for a winning candidate in any federal election.


title: Michael Mifsud

paragraphs: Michael Mifsud (born 17 April 1981) is a Maltese football player. He plays for Malta national team.


title: Division of Melbourne Ports

paragraphs: The Division of Melbourne Ports was an Australian federal electoral division in the inner south-eastern suburbs of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It was set up for the first election in 1901. At the time it was named Melbourne Ports as it covered both Port Melbourne and Williamstown. Later it included the suburbs of Albert Park, Balaclava, Caulfield, Caulfield East, Caulfield North, part of Elsternwick, Elwood, Middle Park, Port Melbourne, Ripponlea, St Kilda, St Kilda East, St Kilda West, Southbank, South Melbourne and parts of South Yarra and Docklands. It was abolished in 2019, and renamed as Macnamara.

paragraphs: Samuel Mauger was later elected to the Division of Maribyrnong. Jack Holloway became Minister for Social Services and Minister for Health in 1941. From 1943–1949 he was Minister for Labour and National Service. Frank Crean was Treasurer and Minister for Trade in the Whitlam Government. In 1975 he was Deputy Prime Minister of Australia. Clyde Holding had been the Leader of the Opposition in the Victorian Parliament. He held several positions in the Hawke Government including Aboriginal Affairs, Employment Services and Youth Affairs, Transport and Communications Support, Immigration, Local Government and Ethnic Affairs.


title: Coburger Hütte

paragraphs: The Coburger Hütte is a mountain refuge in Tyrol, Austria. It is in the Mieminger Chain in Tyrol. It is a few meters above the Drachensee and 200 meters from Seebensee. Tourist accommodation is usually open from June to early October. A winter room is available. Its altitude is 1917 meters. From there, mountain climbers can make a few other climbs (including Sonnenspizte, Taja-Kopf, Hinterer).


title: Seebensee

paragraphs: The Seebensee is a lake in Austria. It is at above the Ehrwalder Alm in Mieminger. It is in the east of Middle Tajakopf. The Seebensee has a drain on the Seebenbachfall and Geißbach in the Loisach. From Seebensee, people can climb up to Coburger Hütte. There is also a place for cows there.


title: Lady with an Ermine

paragraphs: Lady with an Ermine (Portrait of Cecilia Gallerani) ( ; ) is a painting by Leonardo da Vinci. It was painted between 1489 and 1490. The subject of the portrait is Cecilia Gallerani, the mistress of Ludovico Sforza, Duke of Milan. Leonardo was in the service of the Duke at the time the portrait was painted. The ermine was a symbol of purity for Leonardo. "Lady with an Ermine" is displayed in the Czartoryski Museum, Kraków, Poland.


title: Mixed forest

paragraphs: Mixed forests are a temperate and humid biome. The forests have four layers. The uppermost layer is the forest canopy of tall, mature trees from 33 to 66 m (100 to 200 feet) high.

paragraphs: Below the canopy is the three-layered understory, about 9 to 15 m (30 to 50 feet) shorter than the canopy. The top layer of the understory has smaller mature trees, saplings. There are also suppressed juvenile canopy layer trees waiting for an opening in the canopy. Below the sub-canopy is the shrub layer of low-growing woody plants. Most of the time, the lowest growing (and most diverse) layer is the ground cover or herbaceous layer.


title: Ancient woodland

paragraphs: Ancient woodland is the name used in the United Kingdom for woodland which has existed continuously since 1600 or before in England and Wales (or 1750 in Scotland). Before those dates, planting of new woodland was uncommon, so a wood present in 1600 was likely to have developed naturally. The American name for these forests is "old growth forest".

paragraphs: For many species of animal and plant, ancient woodland sites provide the only habitat. For many others, conditions on these sites are much more suitable than those on other sites. Ancient woodland in the UK, like rainforest in the tropics, is home to rare and threatened species, more than any other UK habitat. For these reasons ancient woodland is often described as an irreplaceable resource, or 'critical natural capital'.

paragraphs: Ancient woodland is formally defined on maps by Natural England and equivalent bodies. Many ancient woodlands have legal protection, but an ancient woodland is not automatically protected.


title: Bluebell wood

paragraphs: A bluebell wood is a woodland that in springtime has a carpet of flowering bluebells ("Hyacinthoides non-scripta") underneath a newly forming leaf canopy. The thicker the summer canopy, the more the ground-cover is suppressed. This encourages a dense carpet of bluebells, whose leaves mature and die down by early summer.

paragraphs: Bluebell woods may be found in all parts of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as elsewhere in Europe. Bluebells are a common indicator species for ancient woodlands, so bluebell woods are likely to date back to at least 1600.

paragraphs: Gerard Manley Hopkins, one of the romantic poets, was very keen on bluebells, as his poem "May Magnificat" shows.

paragraphs: Wood banks and brakes wash wet like lakes</poem>

paragraphs: In his journal entry for 9 May 1871 Hopkins says:

paragraphs: In the little wood opposite the light they stood in blackish spreads or sheddings like spots on a snake. The heads are then like thongs and solemn in grain and grape-colour. But in the clough through the light they come in falls of sky-colour washing the brows and slacks of the ground with vein-blue, thickening at the double, vertical themselves and the young grass and brake-fern combed vertical, but the brake struck the upright of all this with winged transomes. It was a lovely sight. - The bluebells in your hand baffle you with their inscape, made to every sense. If you draw your fingers through them they are lodged and struggle with a shock of wet heads; the long stalks rub and click and flatten to a fan on one another like your fingers themselves would when you passed the palms hard across one another, making a brittle rub and jostle like the noise of a hurdle strained by leaning against; then there is the faint honey smell and in the mouth the sweet gum when you bite them.


title: Ardennes (forest)

paragraphs: The Ardennes (also known as Ardennes Forest) is a mountain range in eastern Belgium (eastern Wallonia), northern Luxembourg (the Oesling) and bordering France (Ardennes (department)).

paragraphs: It consist of hills of an altitude up to nearly 700 meters. It has many forests and few people.

paragraphs: The Ardennes are primarily made of slate, and borders in the east at the German Eifel. Important river is the Meuse.


title: Ginevra de' Benci

paragraphs: Ginevra de' Benci is an oil on wood painting by Leonardo da Vinci. The painting was made by Leonardo in 1479-1480. It hangs in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. It is the only Leonardo on view in the United States.


title: Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier

paragraphs: Auguste Jean Baptiste Chevalier was a French botanist, and explorer of tropical Africa, especially of French Africa and Côte d'Ivoire.

paragraphs: Chevalier was born on 23 June 1873 in Domfront, a town in Orne, Lower Normandy, France. His family had a small farm in Normandy and he studied first in Domfront and then in Caen.

paragraphs: He finished high school in 1891 and began to study at Caen University and, in 1893, Élie Antoine Octave Lignier, botanist at the university, put him in charge of making the catalog of the university herbarium.

paragraphs: After his military service in 1894, he got his degree in natural sciences in 1896 and he began to work with the botanist Charles Eugene Bertrand at the University of Lille. In 1897, he got a scholarship, allowing him to enter the botanical laboratory of Philippe Van Tieghem at the National Museum of Natural History. From 1899 to 1900, he was part of a scientific travel to Sudan.

paragraphs: Chevalier got a doctorate in 1901 and then made many scientific travels, mainly to Africa but also to tropical Asia and to South America. He became an assistant in the Colonial Agriculture Laboratory of the "École pratique des hautes études" (an establishment of research and higher education); in 1907 he became the deputy director of the institution and then in 1912 was made director of it.

paragraphs: In 1921, he began publishing the journal "Revue de Botanique Appliquée", in French, where he wrote many articles.

paragraphs: In 1929 he was made professor of crop production at the National Museum of Natural History of France; he remained here until his retirement in 146. He became a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1937.

paragraphs: After his death in 1956, the Domfront municipality gave his name to the high school of the city in 1959.

paragraphs: Partial list of articles and books of Auguste Chevalier:


title: Fatin Shidqia

paragraphs: Fatin Shidqia Lubis (born in Jakarta, 30 July 1996) is an Indonesia singer. She won the talent show "X Factor Indonesia".


title: Oh! Susanna

paragraphs: "Oh! Susanna" is a song by Stephen Foster. It was Foster's first hit song. The song debuted in the Eagle Ice Cream Saloon in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, on September 11, 1847 and was published by W. C. Peters of Cincinnati, Ohio in 1848. It became the unofficial anthem of the California Gold Rush in 1849.

paragraphs: Foster had little appreciation of the worth of his songs. His brother Morrison wrote: "While in Cincinnati [Stephen] wrote "Oh, Susanna", a song which soon became famous ... There was then in Cincinnati in the music business, W. C. Peters, whom Stephen had known in Pittsburgh, and who had taught music in our family ... [Stephen] made a present of "Old Uncle Ned" and "Oh, Susanna" to Mr. Peters. The latter made ten thousand dollars out of them, and established a music publishing house which became the largest in the West. The fame of these two songs went around the world, and thousands sang and played them who never heard the name of the author or whence they came."


title: Pilliga forest

paragraphs: The State Forests of The Pilliga, also called the Pilliga Scrub, covers an area of 3000 km in north-central New South Wales, Australia. It is the largest area of semi-arid woodland in the state. The forest is near the towns of Baradine and Narrabri and the villages of Pilliga and Gwabegar.

paragraphs: Author Eric Rolls wrote a book about the Pilliga called "A Million Wild Acres." He argued that the forest used to be an open woodland forest and that European influence has let the cypress pines take over. However, many scientific authors now disagree, using historical records from as early as the 1870s which say that the types of plants in the forest have not changed as much as Rolls suggests. However most of his history of the region is an important document for understanding the area.

paragraphs: The geology of the area is mainly Pilliga sandstone. This is a coarse red to yellow Jurassic sandstone containing about 75% quartz, 15% plagioclase and 10% iron oxide.In the south are sandstone outcrops with basalt-capped ridges. In the north there are plains of alluvium from flooding creeks. There are small, shallow, usually dry lakes, called gilgais, in some areas. In the west there are dry sandy creeks, called "sand monkeys". In the east is a heavily eroded sandstone mountain range, which can be seen as sandstone outcrops such as those around Gin's Leap between Baan Baa and Boggabri.

paragraphs: The forest contains at least 900 plant species. Some areas of the forest, particularly in the western Pilliga, are dominated by cypress-pine ("Callitris" spp.). However there are a variety of other plant communities in the forest, some of which do not include "Callitris". These include smaller she-oaks, while eucalypts are the taller trees throughout the forest.

paragraphs: Animals found in the Pilliga Nature Reserve include at least 36 native and nine introduced mammals, 50 reptiles and at least 15 frogs. Squirrel Gliders, Koalas, Rufous Bettongs and Pilliga Mice are present.

paragraphs: A 4909 km area of land, including the forest and the nearby Warrumbungle National Park, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area (IBA). It supports groups of Painted Honeyeaters and Diamond Firetails. Endangered Swift Parrots and Regent Honeyeaters, and near threatened Bush Stone-curlews, are sometimes seen in the forest. Other woodland birds present in good numbers include Barking Owls, Glossy Black-Cockatoos, Grey-crowned Babblers, Speckled Warblers, Brown Treecreepers, Hooded Robins and Turquoise Parrots.

paragraphs: Fire plays a major role in the ecology of the forest with many plant species needing fire to regenerate. Sometimes the fires can be extremely hot, spread very quickly and threaten nearby properties as well as laying waste to entire ecosystems. If these fires occur less than 15 years apart there can be a loss of plant and animal biodiversity. The size of the Pilliga bushfires is linked to the El Nino Southern Oscillation phenomena, with El Nino (dry) years having the most severe fires.

paragraphs: In 1997 a major fire burned about 1,435 km² of the forest. An extremely dry winter and spring in 2006 saw a number of large fires develop, including the Pilliga 4 Fire in November/December which burned out 740 km² on its first day.

paragraphs: There many roads in the forest, many of which are former forestry roads. There used to be a large forestry industry, cutting cypress pine and ironbarks. In 2005 the NSW government protected much of the forest for environmental conservation.

paragraphs: There are many attractions in the forest, including:


title: Beautiful Dreamer

paragraphs: "Beautiful Dreamer" is a song by Stephen Foster written about 1862. It was first published (posthumously) in 1864 by William A. Pond & Co. It has been promoted as Foster's last song, but that distinction cannot be confirmed. It is similar in some respects to his first published song, "Open They Lattice, Love". Both have a triple rhythm and share imagery of the sea and marine life.

paragraphs: The arpeggiated accompaniment recalls bel canto opera. The dreamer in this song is either asleep or dead. The song does not distinguish. It is a song though about dissolution of melting, of dissolving, of vanishing into mists, and, finally into death. The song is not held in the highest esteem by some musicologists and has been described by one as "saccharine" and "[smacking] somewhat of the idiom of Irving Berlin."

paragraphs: Starlight and dewdrops are waiting for thee;

paragraphs: Sounds of the rude world, heard in the day,

paragraphs: Lull'd by the moonlight have all pass'd away!

paragraphs: Gone are the cares of life's busy throng,

paragraphs: Waiting to fade at the bright coming morn.

paragraphs: E'en as the morn on the streamlet and sea;


title: Box-Ironbark forest

paragraphs: Box-Ironbark forest is a forest or woodland ecosystem found in central Victoria in south-eastern Australia. It is named after the Box and Ironbark trees which grow in the forest. These tree species produce a lot of nectar and pollen throughout the year. This is important for the conservation of many species of birds and other animals.

paragraphs: Box-Ironbark forest lies mainly within the Goldfields region of Victoria. During the main years of the gold rush (1851-1870) it underwent intensive digging and clearing in the goldfields. Large areas of forest were cut down for use in the gold mines and for firewood in surrounding areas. After the gold rush, the forests were still heavily cut for firewood and cleared for farming.

paragraphs: Box-Ironbark forest is found on rocky, often auriferous (gold-bearing), soils, in flat and undulating landscapes at altitudes of 150–600 m above sea level. The average annual rainfall of is 500–800 mm. About 40% of the original forest ecosystem in Victoria is public land, with about 20% protected in conservation reserves. About 55% has been permanently cleared for agriculture, mining and urban development. Remaining forest is in small scattered areas.

paragraphs: Box-Ironbark forest has a canopy of box, ironbark and gum-barked eucalypts, growing to 25 m in height. Below them is an understorey of wattles, small-leaved and prostrate shrubs, herbs and grasses. The main trees are White Box, Red Box, Red Ironbark, Mugga Ironbark, Yellow Gum and Red Stringybark. In some areas they may grow with, or be replaced by, Yellow Box, Long-leaf Box or Silver Bundy. The mix of plants in the groundcover includes the largest concentrations of orchids of any Victorian ecosystem. Small herbs and shrubs found in Box-Ironbark forests include "Cheiranthera cyanaea", "Philotheca verrucosa", "Xerochrysum viscosum", "Pultenaea largiflorens", "Acacia williamsonii" and "Stuartina muelleri".

paragraphs: The trees of the Box-Ironbark forest produce a lot of flowers and nectar. They are a major source of nectar and pollen for honeyeaters, lorikeets and many kinds of invertebrates. Flowering of the different species of eucalypts takes place at different times of year so there is always a nectar or pollen source available for migratory, nomadic and resident birds. This means there are both more species, and greater numbers of individuals, of honeyeaters and lorikeets than in any other ecosystem. These birds include Black-chinned, Regent, Fuscous and Brown-headed Honeyeaters, Swift Parrots and Musk Lorikeets. The forest supports the largest numbers of Eastern Grey Kangaroos in Victoria and is a stronghold for Brush-tailed Phascogales, Yellow-footed Antechinuses and Squirrel Gliders.


title: Ironbark

paragraphs: Ironbark is a common name of a number of species within the genus "Eucalyptus" that have dark, deeply furrowed bark.

paragraphs: Many eucalypts shed their bark very year, but on an Ironbark the dead bark stays on the trees, forming the furrows. It becomes rough after drying out and becomes full of kino, a dark red tree sap exuded by the tree. The bark is resistant to fire and heat and protects the living tissue within the trunk and branches from fire. In cases of extreme fire, where leaves and shoots are removed, the bark protects the epicormic buds which allow the tree to reshoot.


title: Belanglo State Forest

paragraphs: Belanglo State Forest is a planted forest in the Australian state of New South Wales covering an area of about 3,500 hectares. It is south of Berrima in the Southern Highlands, five kilometres west of the Hume Highway between Sydney and Canberra. The forest is owned by the New South Wales Government and has some of the earliest pine plantings in the state. The public has free access to the forest; it is popular with recreational trail bike riders.

paragraphs: In 1992 and 1993, seven skeletons were found in the forest. These became known as "The Backpacker Murders" and was thought to be the work of a serial killer. Eventually, Ivan Milat was convicted of the murders in 1996 and sentenced to life imprisonment.

paragraphs: On the 29 August 2010 trail bike riders discovered another human skeleton in the forest. At first this was thought to be another victim of Ivan Milat, but later forensic evidence suggests that the remains were left there at a later date.

paragraphs: On 22 November 2010, three teenagers (including one related to Ivan Milat) were arrested over the murder of David Auchterlonie, in the Belanglo State Forest. He had been murdered by friends on his birthday, and left in a shallow grave.

paragraphs: One of the teenagers reported the murder to the police.