title: Defragmentation

paragraphs: When file systems store a file, they usually try to store the whole file in one part. When the disk drive fills up, finding an empty space that is large enough becomes more difficult. In such a case, the file systems will split the file into parts, and store each part at a different location on the disk. This process is known as fragmentation. Fragmentation occurs because the different parts are not stored next to one another. When the file is read, it has to be assembled from the different locations. Files that are stored in one part can be read faster.

paragraphs: Defragmentation is the process of rearranging the different parts, so that they are stored next to each other. This is usually done by copying them to a different place on the disk. Defragmentation is relevant to file systems on electromechanical disk drives. To read each part, the head of the hard disk needs to reposition itself to the area where the part is stored.

paragraphs: The problem of defragmentation is that it is takes a long time and in some cases, the file system cannot be changed while it is in progress. For that reason, defragmentation should not be done, when it can be avoided.

paragraphs: There are different kinds of files, some of them are modified more often. It is often a good practice to put them on different partitions, as most Unix-like operating systems do. Also, the design of hard drives has changed over time, which will make the effects of defragmentation less visible.

paragraphs: Media that use flash memory, such as solid-state disks, do not profit from defragmentation, as there are no moving parts than need to be re-positioned.


title: Sweden Box Open

paragraphs: The Sweden Box Open was an international amateur boxing event in Sweden. It was held between 1980-1997 The event was often held in January. It was usually held in Stockholm as the Stockholm Box Open. The 1995 and 1996 editions were held in Sundsvall and Timrå.

paragraphs: The event was one of the major amateur boxing competitions in Europe.


title: Skara HF

paragraphs: Skara HF is a handball club in Skara, Sweden. It was established on 8 April 1993 when Hangelösa HF and Stenums IF merged their handball sections. The women's team has played in the Swedish top division during the 1990s.


title: Swedish Ski Games

paragraphs: The Swedish Ski Games () is an annual cross-country skiing event in Sweden. It was started in Sundsvall in 1947. It was moved to Falun in 1959. Ski jumping and Nordic combined skiing were included up to 1991 as a recurring event. Alpine skiing was also included between 1950-1953 (in Åre). Biathlon was included in 1984. The event is usually held in February or March as one of the final World Cup competitions during the season. The event is usually held at Lugnet. Sometimes the lack of snow has required the event to be moved to other places in Sweden.


title: Transtrand

paragraphs: Transtrand is a locality in Malung-Sälen Municipality in Dalarna County in Sweden. In 2010, 386 people lived there.


title: The Lawnmower Man

paragraphs: The Lawnmower Man is a 1992 science fiction-horror movie. It is about a simple-minded gardener who later becomes intelligent. A priest punishes him for not completing his chores. He then gains special powers. Pierce Brosnan plays Dr. Lawrence Angelo.

paragraphs: The movie got mixed reviews from the critics. It made over $32 million at the box office.


title: Man Trouble

paragraphs: Man Trouble is a 1992 American romantic comedy movie. Ellen Barkin plays Joan. Jack Nicholson plays Harry. Beverly D'Angelo plays Andy.

paragraphs: This movie did not have good reviews from critics. It flopped at the box office.


title: Melina Mercouri

paragraphs: Melina Mercouri (31 October 1925 – 6 March 1994) was a Greek actress, singer, and politician.

paragraphs: Mercouri’s parents were Stamatis Mercouris and Irene Lappa. Her father was the governor of a section of Athens. She went to school at the Academy of the National Theatre, Athens from 1943 to 1946.

paragraphs: In 1939, Mercouri married Panayiotis Harokopus. They divorced in 1962. Mercouri remarried in 1966 to Jules Dassin.

paragraphs: She died from lung cancer at age 73 in New York City.

paragraphs: Mercouri was an actor in many movies. Her first movie was "Stella" in 1955. She later acted in "Topkapi" (1964), and  "Never on Sunday" (1960). Her husband, Dassin, was the director of these movies. Mercouri also acted and sang in the musical "llya, Darling" (1967). She became very famous for her work in "Never on Sunday." Mercouri also was awarded an Academy Award nomination for best actress from that role. Later, she became the Greek Minister of Culture and Sciences. Her job was to educate about Greek history, art and sports. While in this job, Mercouri supported Greek arts, sports, and women's rights. She became part of the Greek Parliament in 1977. Mercouri was also an author. She wrote her autobiography: "I Was Born Greek".

paragraphs: Contemporary Authors Online. “Melina Mercouri.”Biography in Context. GALE, 2014. Biography in Context. May 4, 2018.

paragraphs: Benson, Sonia G. "Melina Mercouri." Biography in Context. GALE, 2001. Gale Biography In Context. May 4, 2018.

paragraphs: Flint, Peter B. "Melina Mercouri, Actress and Politician, Is Dead." New York Times, 7 Mar. 1994. Student Resources In Context, May, 4 2018.

paragraphs: "Mercouri, Melina." World Book Advanced, World Book, 2018. World Book, Inc. May 4, 2018.


title: Arrhythmia

paragraphs: Arrhythmia (commonly called irregular heartbeat) is the name for a number of conditions, where the heartbeat is not normal. It may be too fast (tachycardia); too slow (bradycardia); or the heart may not beat in its regular rhythm.


title: Deaths in March 2015

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in March 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".


title: Kim Kyung-roul

paragraphs: Kim Kyung-roul (; 23 February 1980 – 22 February 2015) was a South Korean professional billiards player. He won the 2010 Three-Cushion World Cup.

paragraphs: Kim lived in Ilsan, where he died on 22 February 2015, after falling out of his apartment window. He was 34.


title: John Rowlands (author)

paragraphs: John Rowlands (1938 – 23 February 2015) was a Welsh language author of several novels including "Lle bo'r gwenyn" ("Where Bees May Be", 1960). He was a Professor of Welsh Literature.


title: Rakhat Aliyev

paragraphs: Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev (; 10 December 1962 – 24 February 2015) was a senior official of the government of Kazakhstan. He died in an Austrian prison awaiting trial on charges of murder. His trial was planned to start in Vienna in first half of year 2015. He was chief of Kazakhstan's tax police, deputy chief of the KNB state security service (Kazakhstan's successor to the Soviet KGB), ambassador to Austria, and first vice foreign minister.


title: Irving Kahn

paragraphs: Irving Kahn (December 19, 1905 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman and investor. He was the oldest living active investment professional. He was an early disciple of Benjamin Graham, the creator of the value investing methodology.

paragraphs: Kahn began his career in 1928 and continued to work until his death in 2015. He is one of the most notable alumni of City College of New York.


title: Roger Cecil

paragraphs: Roger Cecil (1942 – c. 22 February 2015) was a Welsh painter and mixed media artist. He was born in Abertillery, and studied at Newport College of Art and St Martin’s School of Art. In 1964 he won the David Murray Landscape Award from the Royal Academy.

paragraphs: He was known for both his figurative and largely abstract paintings, "rich in imagery, poetry and colour, which are drawn from his environment, the industrial valley towns and mountains."

paragraphs: In later years Cecil suffered from dementia. He was reported as missing from hospital on 21 February 2015, and was last seen in the early hours of 22 February. After a search, his body was found on 24 February in a field near Cwmbran. Gwent Police treated the death as unexplained. They referred themselves to the Independent Police Complaints Commission because a member of the public had spoken to a police officer about Cecil before his body was found.


title: Donald Keough

paragraphs: Donald R. Keough (September 4, 1926 – February 24, 2015) was an American businessman. He was the Chairman of the Board of Allen & Company Incorporated, a New York investment-banking firm. He was elected to that position in April 1993.


title: Maurice Hurley (screenwriter)

paragraphs: Maurice Hurley (August 16, 1939 – February 24, 2015) was an American screenwriter and producer. He was known best for his work on "".


title: Bertrice Small

paragraphs: Bertrice Small (December 9, 1937 – February 24, 2015), was an American "New York Times" bestselling writer of historical and erotic romance novels. She was a member of The Authors Guild, Romance Writers of America, PAN, and PASIC.


title: Boris Nemtsov

paragraphs: Boris Yefimovich Nemtsov ( ; 9 October 195927 February 2015) was a Russian scientist, statesman and liberal politician. He had a successful political career during the 1990s under President Boris Yeltsin. Since 2000 had been an outspoken critic of Vladimir Putin. He was shot and killed in February 2015 for his pro-democracy views on Russia, probably by loyalists of Vladimir Putin, on a bridge near the Kremlin and Red Square in Moscow.

paragraphs: Nemtsov studied physics, and held the equivalent of a Phd in physics and mathematics, from the university of Nizhny Novgorod, which was called Gorki at the time.


title: Terry Gill

paragraphs: Terry Gill (25 October 1939 – 25 February 2015) was an Anglo-Australian character actor. He was known for his roles in "Crocodile Dundee" and in "Prisoner".


title: Fritz J. Raddatz

paragraphs: Fritz Joachim Raddatz (3 September 1931 – 26 February 2015) was a German feuilletonist, essayist, biographer and romancier.

paragraphs: In September 2014 Raddatz announced his retirement from active writing. He was a bisexual.

paragraphs: Raddatz, who was an advocate of Euthanasia, committed suicide at the age of 83 on 26 February 2015 in Zurich. He never wanted to become a nursing case. In full possession of his powers he decided: "That's it, it's enough."


title: Earl Lloyd

paragraphs: He didn’t enter the draft he was just randomly picked. He was walking down campus when someone told him he was picked in the draft

paragraphs: Earl Francis Lloyd (April 3, 1928 – February 26, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. He was the first black person to play in the National Basketball Association, in the 1950–51 NBA season. Three other African Americans played in the same season: Chuck Cooper, Nathaniel Clifton, and Hank DeZonie.


title: Tom Schweich

paragraphs: Thomas A. "Tom" Schweich (October 2, 1960 – February 26, 2015) was an American politician, diplomat, attorney, and author. A member of the Republican Party, Schweich served as State Auditor of Missouri.

paragraphs: Prior to being elected State Auditor, he served as the U.S. Coordinator for Counternarcotics and Justice Reform in Afghanistan. While in that position, he was given the rank of Ambassador by U.S. President George W. Bush.

paragraphs: In the 2010 election, Schweich was elected State Auditor, defeating Democratic incumbent Susan Montee. He was reelected in 2014 without opposition. In 2015, Schweich announced he would run for Governor of Missouri in the 2016 election. On February 26, 2015, he died as a result of injuries sustained from a gunshot wound.


title: Martha Cohen

paragraphs: Martha Ruth Cohen, CM, AOE, LLD (née Block; 1920 – February 26, 2015) was a Canadian community activist and philanthropist. She was a member of the Order of Canada.


title: Avijit Roy

paragraphs: Avijit Roy (; 12 September 1972 – 26 February 2015) was a Bangladeshi-American engineer, writer, blogger and secular activist. He was hacked to death in Dhaka, Bangladesh, on 26 February 2015. A Muslim extremist group claimed responsibility for the attack.

paragraphs: Avjit Roy was a U.S. citizen. He was born in Bangladesh. His family is Hindu. He studied microbiology at Dhaka University. His father Ajoy was a professor of physics at the university. Avjit Roy moved to the city of Atlanta in the United States. He had a job there as an engineer.

paragraphs: In May 2001, Roy started Mukto-Mona, meaning "free mind", as a Yahoo group. In 2002 Mukto-Muno became a website. Mukto-Muno started the first Bengali Darwin Day, Rationalist Day, and International Women's Day on the internet. The group worked for freedom for religious minorities and secular writers. The group discussed religious questions and LGBT issues.

paragraphs: Avjit Roy wrote many articles, as well as books. In 2014, Roy received death threats after he wrote a book. One threat on Facebook said, "Avijit Roy lives in America and so it is not possible to kill him right now, but he will be murdered when he gets back."

paragraphs: In 2015, Avijit Roy returned to Dhaka and was killed after leaving a book fair with his wife. Roy's wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was also hurt in the attack. On March 2, 2016, Farabi Shafiur Rahman was arrested for the attack. Farabi wrote on Facebook, “Avijit lives in America. It is not possible to kill him now. But he will be killed when he will be back in the country.” Rahman is a blogger from the banned Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir.


title: Richard Bakalyan

paragraphs: Richard Bakalyan (January 29, 1931 – February 27, 2015) was an American character actor. He was known for his roles in "Batman, Chinatown, The Fox and the Hound".


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

paragraphs: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is a 2004 American comedy-drama movie directed by Wes Anderson. It stars Bill Murray, Cate Blanchett, Willem Dafoe, Michael Gambon, Jeff Goldblum, Anjelica Huston, Owen Wilson, and Seymour Cassel. It was released to mixed reviews on December 25, 2004.


title: Seymour Cassel

paragraphs: Seymour Joseph Cassel (January 22, 1935 – April 7, 2019) was an American actor. He was known for his role as Sam Catchem in "Dick Tracy" and as Esteban in "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou".

paragraphs: Cassel died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Los Angeles on April 7, 2019 at the age of 84.


title: Moonrise Kingdom

paragraphs: Moonrise Kingdom is a 2012 American comedy-drama adventure movie. It was directed by Wes Anderson and written by Anderson and Roman Coppola. It stars Jared Gilman, Kara Hayward, Bruce Willis, Edward Norton, Bill Murray, Frances McDormand, Jason Schwartzman, Bob Balaban and Harvey Keitel. It is set in New England in 1965. It is about a 12-year-old boy and 12-year-old girl who run away together. It received very positive reviews when it was released on May 25, 2012.


title: Alejandro González Iñárritu

paragraphs: Alejandro González Iñárritu (born August 15, 1963) is an Academy Award-winning Mexican movie director, screenwriter, movie producer, and composer. His five feature movies – "Amores perros" (2000), "21 Grams" (2003), "Babel" (2006), "Biutiful" (2010), "Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)" (2014), and "The Revenant" (2015).

paragraphs: He is also close friends with fellow Mexican filmmakers Alfonso Cuarón and Guillermo del Toro, collectively known as "The Three Amigos of Cinema".


title: Bohdan Tomaszewski

paragraphs: Bohdan Tomaszewski (August 10, 1921 – February 27, 2015) was a Polish sports journalist, tennis player, sports commentator, and author of several sports books. Called a “legend of Polish sports journalism”, he was a member of the Polish Writers Association, and, with his son Tomasz, worked for the television station Polsat Sport.


title: Vulcan salute

paragraphs: The Vulcan salute is a hand gesture which became popular by the 1960s television series . It is done when the hand is raised with the palm forward and the thumb extended, while the fingers are parted between the middle and ring finger. It is a symbol of greeting by the character Spock. Nimoy based it on a hand gesture used by Jewish priests called Kohanim to bless people in Orthodox Jewish synagogues.


title: Bob Benmosche

paragraphs: Robert Herman "Bob" Benmosche (May 29, 1944 – February 27, 2015) was the president and chief executive officer of American International Group (NYSE: AIG). He was appointed President & Chief Executive Officer by the US Department of Treasury and AIG Board of Directors to succeed Edward M. Liddy.


title: Yaşar Kemal

paragraphs: Yaşar Kemal, (born Kemal Sadık Gökçeli 6 October 1923 – 28 February 2015) was a Turkish writer of Kurdish origin. He was one of Turkey's leading writers. Kemal was long a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature, on the strength of "Memed, My Hawk".


title: Jönköping Concert Hall

paragraphs: The Jönköping Concert Hall () is a concert hall in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened in September 1990.

paragraphs: There are two halls. They are the Hammaskjöld Hall () and the Rydberg Hall ().


title: Minnie Miñoso

paragraphs: Minnie Miñoso (Saturnino Orestes Armas "Minnie" Miñoso Arrieta, ; , November 29, 1922 – March 1, 2015), nicknamed "The Cuban Comet" and "Mr. White Sox", was a Cuban-American professional baseball player.

paragraphs: He began his career in the Negro league in 1946, becoming an All-Star third baseman with the New York Cubans in 1947 and 1948. He was signed by the Cleveland Indians after the 1948 season as baseball's color line slowly fell.

paragraphs: In 1949, he became the first black Cuban in the major leagues, and went on to become a seven-time All-Star. In 1951, as a rookie left fielder for the Chicago White Sox, he became the first black player in White Sox franchise history, and one of the first Latin Americans to be named to a major league All-Star team.

paragraphs: Miñoso was found dead in the driver's seat of a car near a gas station in Chicago at 1 am on March 1, 2015, aged 92. He died of a torn pulmonary artery caused by COPD.


title: Jönköping Theatre

paragraphs: The Jönköping Theatre () is a theatre in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It is also used for concerts. It was opened on 2 December 1904.


title: Supergame

paragraphs: The Supergame () is an annual soccer event. It is played at Nya Ullevi in the town of Gothenburg in Sweden. The first game was played in 2012. It is usually played as a game between two top club teams in July-August. It is mostly an exhibition game. It is however given much attention as its played between major clubs. Draws are followed up by penelaty shootouts.


title: Pavel Chekov

paragraphs: Pavel Andreievich Chekov is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He one of the navigators of the Starship "Enterprise". Chekov is played by actor Walter Koenig in The Orginal Series and by Anton Yelchin in the three Kelvin Timeline movies before his death in 2016.


title: Spira Culture Center

paragraphs: The Spira Culture Center () is a culture center in the town of Jönköping in Sweden. It was opened on 11 November 2011.


title: Montgomery Scott

paragraphs: Montgomery Scott is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He one of the navigators of the Starship "Enterprise". Scotty is played by actor James Doohan and by Simon Pegg.


title: Leonard McCoy

paragraphs: Leonard McCoy is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He works as a doctor of the Starship "Enterprise". McCoy is played by actor DeForest Kelley and by Karl Urban.


title: Uhura

paragraphs: Nyota Uhura is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". She works as a lieutenant of the Starship "Enterprise". Uhura is played by actress Nichelle Nichols and by Zoe Saldana.


title: Drottningstorp

paragraphs: Drottningstorp is a village in Habo Municipality, Sweden. It is located near the western shorelines of Domneådammen betwen Habo and Mullsjö. An annual country music festival called "Drottningstorps midsommardagscountry" has been held here on Midsummer Day since 2006.


title: Hikaru Sulu

paragraphs: Hikaru Sulu is a fictional character in the television and movie franchise "Star Trek". He is a lieutenant of the Starship "Enterprise". Sulu is played by actor George Takei and by John Cho.


title: Nichelle Nichols

paragraphs: Nichelle Nichols (born Grace Dell Nichols on December 28, 1932) is an American actress, singer and voice artist. She was known for her role as Uhura in the sci-fi television series "".

paragraphs: In May 2018, Nichols' son, Kyle Johnson, announced that she was suffering from "severe" short-term memory loss as a complication of advanced dementia.


title: Khan Noonien Singh

paragraphs: Khan Noonien Singh, better known as Khan, is a fictional villain in the "Star Trek" science fiction franchise. The character first appeared in the 1967 "" episode "Space Seed". He also appeared in the 1982 movie "". In both of those, he was portrayed by Ricardo Montalbán. In the 2013 movie "Star Trek Into Darkness", he was played by Benedict Cumberbatch.


title: Sentinel Prime

paragraphs: Sentinel Prime is the name of several fictional characters in many of the "Transformers" series. First mention of Sentinel Prime was in issue #65 of the US Marvel Comics "Transformers" series, where he was mentioned to hold the Autobot Matrix of Leadership before Optimus Prime.

paragraphs: Sentinel Prime is One of the members of the Dynasty of Primes and dedicated as the leader of the autobots and has since appeared in a variety of forms as either Optimus Prime's mentor or friend. In the 2011 live action movie "", Sentinel was the main villain and was voiced by Leonard Nimoy.


title: Chungking Express

paragraphs: Chungking Express is a 1994 drama movie made in Hong Kong. It was directed by Wong Kar-wai. The movie has two stories, one after the other. Each story is about a policeman who is unlucky in love. The main actors in the first half were Takeshi Kaneshiro and Brigitte Lin. The second half of the movie stars Tony Leung as a different policeman. Valerie Chow plays the flight attendant. The movie features the American song "California Dreamin'" and other songs by Faye Wong. The movie received good reviews.


title: Robbins, Illinois

paragraphs: Robbins is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 5,337 at the 2010 census.


title: Gastric bypass surgery

paragraphs: Gastric bypass surgery is a surgery in which the stomach is divided and the gastrointestinal tract is redirected. The surgery is performed on people who have morbid obesity or have type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure or other weight-related health problems.

paragraphs: As with all surgery, problems may occur. Some people could die after having the surgery.

paragraphs: Gastric bypass surgery can be done using methods that make only small incisions (cuts) into the abdomen. It is one of the most difficult surgeries to perform that way. Advantages of using those methods include that patients don't have to stay in the hospital as long, they have less pain, it doesn't take as long to recover, and the scars are smaller.


title: Swedish Ski Association

paragraphs: The Swedish Ski Association () is a special sports association for skiing in Sweden. It was established in Sundsvall on 11 December 1908 as the Swedish Cross-Country Skiing Association (). It changed name in 1911. The headquarters were originally located in Stockholm. On 3 May 2001 the headquarters were relocated to the town of Falun.


title: Östersund Ski Stadium

paragraphs: The Östersund Ski Stadium () is a facility for cross-country skiing, biathlon and ski orienteering in the town of Östersund in Sweden. It was appointed national stadium for Swedish biathlon in October 2013 . Since 2007 the stadium has always snow starting on 1 November. This is because it uses leftover snow gathered by Östersund Municipality over the spring and summertime season.


title: Swedish Biathlon Federation

paragraphs: The Swedish Biathlon Federation () is a special sports association for biathlon in Sweden. It was established in 1986. It was appointed into the Swedish Sports Confederation in November 1987. It joined the Swedish Sports Confederation on 1 July 1988. Its headqarters are located in the town of Östersund.


title: Francisco González Ledesma

paragraphs: Francisco González Ledesma (March 17, 1927 – March 2, 2015) was a Spanish journalist, comic writer and novelist. He was a popular crime novelist. He wrote under the pseudonym Silver Kane. He published over 1000 novels, most of them in western novels. Ledesma was born in Barcelona, Spain.

paragraphs: Ledesma died in Barcelona, Spain from complications of a stroke, aged 87.


title: Laxmi Aggarwal

paragraphs: Laxmi Aggarwal (born 1 June 1990) is a leading figure for the "Stop Acid Attacks" group in India. In 2014, US First Lady Michelle Obama gave Laxmi received an International Women of Courage Award. NDTV (New Delhi Television Limited) chose her as Indian of the Year.

paragraphs: In 2005, when Laxmi was 16 years old, Naeem Khan threw acid on Laxmi's face because she rejected advances by him. The "Hindustan Times"newspaper wrote a story about Laxmi. She got 27,000 names on a petition. People signed the petition to show that they wanted a change in the sale of acid. She took the petition to the Indian Supreme Court. Because of the petition, the Indian Supreme Court told the central and state governments to control the sale of acid, and the Parliament to make it easier to hold a trial against a person who makes an acid attack.

paragraphs: Laxmi Aggarwal is the director of Chhanv Foundation, an NGO (nongovernmental organization) that helps people who are able to keep living or succeeding in spite of acid attacks in India.


title: Jaden Smith

paragraphs: Jaden Christopher Syre Smith (born on July 8, 1998) is an American actor and rapper. He is the son of actors Will Smith and Jada Pinkett Smith. He is the older brother of singer Willow Smith and younger half-brother of Trey Smith. His first movie role was in the 2006 movie "The Pursuit of Happyness". He has also appeared in "The Day the Earth Stood Still (2008)" and "The Karate Kid (2010)".


title: Un refugio para el amor

paragraphs: Un refugio para el amor ("A Shelter For Love") is a Mexican telenovela. It is produced by Televisa.


title: Digital Millennium Copyright Act

paragraphs: The Digital Millennium Copyright Act is a copyright law that protects copyright on the internet in the U.S.A. This Act was passed by the United States Congress in 1998.

paragraphs: It puts into effect two 1996 treaties of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO). It criminalizes production and distribution of technology, devices, or services intended to circumvent (get around) measures which control access to copyrighted works. These "measures" are commonly known as digital rights management or DRM.

paragraphs: The WIPO Copyright Treaty is the basis of protecting copyright on the web.


title: Thelarche

paragraphs: Thelarche means the development of breasts in human females during puberty (sexual development).

paragraphs: Generally, the left breast is the larger of the two.

paragraphs: This usually begins when girls are about 9. A lump that is a bit hard appears in each breast under the areola, which is the dark ring around the nipple. The lump in one breast may grow before the other one. This is called breast budding. Within 6-12 months, both breasts will have started growing. The swelling can be felt and seen outside the edges of the areolae. About 1 and a half to 2 years after the breasts first start growing, they are close to the shape and size of an adult woman's breasts. The nipple and areola may be on a smaller mound on each breast. This small mound usually goes away when each breast is fully grown. Breast size depends on the body's amount of fat.

paragraphs: It is the Tanner 2 stage of breast development (a scale used to analyze changes in people from childhood to adulthood). The first stage is the non-developed prepubescent state of breasts. Thelarche is usually the first sign of puberty. It usually occurs after age 8, and is the first evidence of puberty in 60% of women. It usually ends at age 13. However, it can sometimes happen earlier. When this happens, it can be by itself (called isolated premature thelarche). It could also be a wider pattern of precocious puberty (sexual development happening too early).

paragraphs: The process is started by estradiol, the primary female sex hormone. Many young women are not prepared for thelarche, and this may result in stress. Teaching materials on breast development for elementary and middle schools has been suggested to promote breast health by reducing shame.


title: Gonadarche

paragraphs: Gonadarche refers to the first gonadal changes of puberty. The ovaries in girls and the testes in boys begin to grow and increase the production of the sex steroids.


title: Law of the excluded middle

paragraphs: The law of the excluded middle is a simple rule of logic. It states that for any proposition, there is no middle ground. Every proposition is either true or false. For example, "Ginger is a cat" affirms the fact that Ginger is a cat. If it is true, then its opposite cannot also be true. If Ginger is a cat, then Ginger is not something else.

paragraphs: In mathematics, the law of the excluded middle is a key presupposition behind a proof technique called proof by contradiction. Because of that, those who reject the validity of the law of the excluded middle (for example, the intuitionists) must also reject the validity of proof by contradiction as well.


title: Swedish Basketball Federation

paragraphs: The Swedish Basketball Federation () is a special sports association for basketball in Sweden. It was established on 25 October 1952. It was established out of the Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section. The Swedish Handball Federation's basketball section had been started in 1948. Its headqarters are in Stockholm.


title: Finnish Ski Association

paragraphs: The Finnish Ski Association (, ) is a skiing governing body in Finland. It is based in the towns of Helsinki and Lahti. It is a member of FIS. It runs cross-country skiing, ski jumping and Noridc skiing. Sections for alpine skiing and freestyle skiing are instead within the Ski Sport Finland.

paragraphs: It was established in 1908 as "Liitto Suomen hiihtourheilun edistämiseksi". The first chairman was Lennart Munck Af Flukila. It modern name was adopted in 1931.


title: Pajala IF

paragraphs: Pajala IF is a sports club club in Pajala in Sweden. It was established in 1930. It originally played soccer. It later also adopted basketball, table tennis, soccer, floorball, ice hockey, skiing and volleyball.

paragraphs: The men's volleyball team played in the Swedish top division during the season of 2000-2001.


title: Elitserien (men's volleyball)

paragraphs: Elitserien () is the Swedish men's volleyball top top division. It is followed up by the Swedish national championship playoff by late February-early March.


title: Elitserien (women's volleyball)


title: Hjorthagens IP

paragraphs: Hjorthagens IP is a sports ground in the town of Stockholm in Sweden. It has been used by Djurgårdens IF FF as practice ground. It has also been used by Djurgårdens IF Handikappfotbollförening as well as Värtans IK. In the wintertime is has been ice skating.

paragraphs: Three soccer grounds using artificial turfs were opened on 3 October 2012.


title: Marie McDonald

paragraphs: Marie McDonald (July 6, 1923 – October 21, 1965) was an American singer and actor. She was known as "The Body Beautiful" and later nicknamed "The Body". She was in many movies and television programs. In "Lucky Jordan", she played Pearl. In "Guest of the House", she played Miriam.

paragraphs: On January 5, 1957, a truck driver found McDonald on a highway near Indio, California. After she was rescued, a doctor found she had two cracked teeth, bruises on her face and injuries on her neck, legs and cheek. She claimed that she was kidnapped by two men. Police began doubting McDonald's story. Harry Karl, her estranged husband, also doubted the story, and claimed she was not well.

paragraphs: McDonald was born in Kentucky. She died from an overdose of drugs at age 42 in California.


title: Okefenokee Swamp

paragraphs: The Okefenokee is a swamp, a National Wildlife Refuge and a U.S. wilderness area. It is shallow, 438,000 acre (1,770 km²), peat-filled wetland straddling the Georgia–Florida border in the United States.

paragraphs: The Okefenokee is the largest "blackwater" swamp in North America. The term Okefenokee in Native American is "land of trembling earth". The swamp was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1974. The Okefenokee Swamp is considered to be one of the Seven Natural Wonders of Georgia.

paragraphs: The swamp was formed over the past 6,500 years by the build-up of peat in a shallow basin on the edge of an ancient Atlantic coastal terrace, the geological relic of a Pleistocene estuary.

paragraphs: The swamp is bordered by Trail Ridge, a strip of higher land believed to have formed as coastal dunes or an offshore barrier island. The Suwanee River drains at least 90% of the swamp's watershed southwest towards the Gulf of Mexico.

paragraphs: Longtime residents of the Okefenokee Swamp, "Swampers", are mostly of English ancestry. Due to their isolation, the Swampers used Elizabethan phrases and syntax well into the twentieth century. The Suwanee Canal was dug across the swamp in the late nineteenth century in a failed attempt to drain the Okefenokee. After the Suwanee Canal Company's bankruptcy, most of the swamp was bought by the Hebard family of Philadelphia, who logged cypress from 1909 to 1927. Several other logging companies ran railroad lines into the swamp until 1942; some remains are visible across swamp waterways. Most of the Okefenokee Swamp is included in the 403,000 acre (1630 km²) Okefenokee National Wildlife Refuge.

paragraphs: A wildfire begun by a lightning strike near the center of the Refuge on May 5, 2007 eventually merged with another wildfire which began near Waycross, Georgia, on April 16 when a tree fell on a power line. By May 31, more than , or more than 935 square miles, had burned in the region.

paragraphs: The Okefenokee Swamp Alliance is a conservation group that works for the continued preservation of the swamp.


title: James Paris Lee

paragraphs: James Paris Lee (9 August 1831 – 24 February 1904) was a British, Canadian and later American inventor. He was also a small arms designer. Lee is best known for inventing the Lee-Metford and Lee-Enfield series of rifles.

paragraphs: Lee was born in Hawick, Scotland, 9 August 1831. At age 12 he created his first gun. He accidentally blew himself up with gunpowder. He also accidentally shot himself, twice. His family was surprised he reached adulthood. He was obsessed with guns, but he was apprenticed to a clockmaker. His family migrated to Canada. Lee worked making and repairing clocks and watches. In 1850 he opened his own shop where he could work on rifles in his spare time.


title: Blackwater river

paragraphs: A blackwater river is a river with a deep, slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Its colour is caused by the decaying vegetation. As vegetation decays, tannins leach into the water, making a transparent, acidic water that is darkly stained, looking like tea or coffee.

paragraphs: Most rivers in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States are blackwater rivers. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that technical sense. Some rivers in temperate regions, which drain or flow through areas of dark black soil, are black due to the color of the soil. These rivers are "black mud rivers" or estuaries.

paragraphs: Blackwater rivers are lower in nutrients than whitewater rivers and have ionic concentrations higher than rainwater. The unique conditions lead to flora and fauna that differ both from whitewater and clearwater rivers.

paragraphs: The classification of Amazonian rivers into black, clear and whitewater was first proposed by Alfred Russel Wallace in 1853.


title: Edmund Ignatius Rice

paragraphs: Edmund Ignatius Rice (; 1 June 1762 – 29 August 1844), was a Roman Catholic missionary and educator. Rice was the founder of two religious institutes of monks. In 1808 Rice and several friends took religious s and became the Presentation Brothers. In 1822, as Brother Ignatius, he was elected Superior general of the Irish Christian Brothers.

paragraphs: In 1779 he became his uncle's apprentice in a merchant business. Rice inherited the business about 1790 after his uncle died. He became a successful businessman. After his wife died he dedicated his life and wealth to helping the poor.


title: Dave Mackay

paragraphs: David Craig Mackay (14 November 1934 – 2 March 2015) was a Scottish football player and manager.

paragraphs: Mackay was best known for a highly successful playing career with Heart of Midlothian, the Double-winning Tottenham Hotspur side of 1961, and winning the league with Derby County as a manager. He also represented Scotland 22 times, and was selected for their 1958 FIFA World Cup squad.

paragraphs: Mackay died on 2 March 2015 in Nottingham, England at the age of 80.


title: Joshua Fishman

paragraphs: Joshua Aaron Fishman (Yiddish: שיקל פֿישמאַן — Shikl Fishman; July 18, 1926 – March 1, 2015) was an American linguist. He specialized in the sociology of language, language planning, bilingual education, and language and ethnicity.

paragraphs: Fishman was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He died in The Bronx, New York, aged 88.


title: Anthony Mason (basketball)

paragraphs: Anthony George Douglas Mason (December 14, 1966 – February 28, 2015) was an American professional basketball player. In his 13-year career he played with the New Jersey Nets, Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Charlotte Hornets, Milwaukee Bucks and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association.

paragraphs: Mason was born in Miami, Florida. He spend most of his life in Tennessee and in New York City. Mason studied at Tennessee State University.

paragraphs: Mason played for Tennessee State University and played professionally in Turkey, Venezuela, the Continental Basketball Association (CBA) and the United States Basketball League (USBL).

paragraphs: Mason suffered a massive heart attack in early February 2015 and was diagnosed with congestive heart failure. He died on February 28, 2015 in Manhattan, New York at the age of 48 from the illness.


title: M. Stanton Evans

paragraphs: Medford Stanton Evans (July 20, 1934 – March 3, 2015) was an American journalist, author and educator. He was the author of eight books, including "Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies" (2007).

paragraphs: Evans was born in Kingsville, Texas. He was raised in Chattanooga, Tennessee and in the Washington, D.C. area. He studied at Yale University. Evans died in Leesburg, Virginia from pancreatic cancer, aged 80.


title: Enrique Bolaños

paragraphs: Enrique José Bolaños Geyer (born 13 May 1928) is a Nicaraguan politician. He was the President of Nicaragua from 10 January 2002 to 10 January 2007.


title: Arturo Armando Molina

paragraphs: Colonel Arturo Armando Molina (born August 6, 1927 in San Salvador) is a former President of El Salvador. He served between July 1, 1972 and July 1, 1977. Molina was a member of the National Conciliation Party, and had served as Secretary to the Presidency following since 1969.


title: José Napoleón Duarte

paragraphs: José Napoleón Duarte Fuentes (November 23, 1925 – February 23, 1990) was a Salvadoran politician. He served as President of El Salvador from 1984 to 1989. He was mayor of San Salvador before running for president in 1972.

paragraphs: Duarte died of stomach cancer in San Salvador at the age of 64.


title: All Apologies

paragraphs: "All Apologies" is the second single off American rock band Nirvana's third studio album "In Utero". The song was released on December 6, 1993. It was released as a double A-side along with the song "Rape Me".

paragraphs: On the "Billboard" charts, "All Apologies" ranked at #1 on the Alternative Songs, #4 on the Mainstream Rock, and #45 on the Radio Songs charts.

paragraphs: In 1995, the song was nominated for two Grammy Awards in the categories of Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal and Best Rock Song in 1995. "All Apologies" won a BMI award winning song. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame included the song on their list of "The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll".


title: Green woodpecker

paragraphs: The green woodpecker ("Picus viridis"), or European green woodpecker, is a member of the woodpecker family Picidae. It occurs in most of Europe and in western Asia. There are four subspecies. All have green upperparts, paler yellowish underparts, and a red crown.

paragraphs: The woodpecker spends much of its time feeding on ants on the ground and does not often 'drum' on trees like other woodpecker species. It is a shy bird but usually draws attention with its loud calls. A nest hole is excavated in a tree; four to six eggs are laid which hatch after 19–20 days.

paragraphs: Old deciduous trees for nesting, and nearby feeding grounds with plenty of ants, is essential. This is usually found in semi-open landscapes with small woodlands, hedges, scattered old trees, edges of forests and floodplain forests. Suitable habitats for foraging include grassland, heaths, plantations, orchards and lawns.


title: Honeyguide

paragraphs: Honeyguides (family Indicatoridae) are near-passerine birds of the order Piciformes. They are also known as 'indicator birds', or 'honey birds'.

paragraphs: They have an Old World tropical distribution, with most species in Africa and two in Asia. These birds are known for their interaction with humans. One or two species will deliberately lead humans to bee colonies, so that they can feast on the grubs and beeswax that are left behind.

paragraphs: The breeding behavior of eight species in "Indicator" and "Prodotiscus" is known. They are all brood parasites that lay an egg in a nest of another species. Most prefer hole-nesting species, often the related barbets and woodpeckers, but "Prodotiscus" parasitizes cup-nesters such as white-eyes and warblers. Honeyguide nestlings have been known to throw out their host's chicks from the nest. They have hooks on their beaks with which they puncture the hosts' eggs or kill the nestlings.

paragraphs: African honeyguide birds are known to lay their eggs in underground nests of other bee-eating bird species. The honeyguide chicks kill the hatchlings of the host using their needle-sharp beaks just after hatching, much as cuckoo hatchlings do. The honeyguide mother ensures her chick hatches first by internally incubating the egg for an extra day before laying it, so that it has a head start in development compared to the host.


title: Brood parasitism

paragraphs: Brood parasites are animals, usually birds, which trick other species to raise their young. The best-known example is the cuckoo. The way it works is the parasite develops faster than the resident eggs, kills its nestmates and turfs them out of the nest. The adult birds cannot tell the difference in the young, and spend their time raising the offspring of another species. In some cases, the parasite has the ability to make the begging cheeps of the host species.

paragraphs: Similar methods are used by some fish and insects.


title: Diggiloo

paragraphs: Diggiloo is an outdoor summertime show where famous artists tour Sweden. They perform songs accompanied by a live band. It debuted in 2003 with shows only in Båstad. The event became touring in 2004.


title: Ilha da Queimada Grande

paragraphs: Ilha da Queimada Grande is an island off of the coast of São Paulo state in Brazil. The island has earned the nickname of Snake Island. It is the home of the Golden Lancehead Viper ("Bothrops insularis"), one of the most venomous snakes in the world. The Brazilian Navy bans people from visiting, though some biologists and researchers are able to receive waivers to visit the island.


title: Sapporo International Ski Marathon

paragraphs: The Sapporo International Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Japan. It was held for first time in 1981 and is part of Worldloppet since 1985.


title: Dolomitenlauf

paragraphs: The Dolomitenlauf is a cross-country skiing marathon in Austria. It was first held in 1970 and has been part of Worldloppet as long as Worldloppet has been around.


title: Gatineau Loppet

paragraphs: The Gatineau Loppet, earlier known as Rivière Rouge, Gatineau 55 and Keskinada Loppet, is a cross-country skiing marathon in Canada. It is usually held in February outside Gatineau in the Québec Province. It was held for first time in 1979 and has been part of Worldloppet since then.


title: David Usher

paragraphs: David Usher (born April 24, 1966) is an British-born Canadian rock singer-songwriter. He is the lead singer of the alternative rock band Moist.

paragraphs: Usher was born in Oxford, England. He lived in many different places such as Malaysia, New York City, California and Thailand before his family decided to finally settle in Kingston, Ontario. Usher attended high school at Kingston Collegiate and Vocational Institute and he attended Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He majored in political science. While attending Simon Fraser, Usher formed Moist with guitarist Mark Makowy and keyboardist Kevin Young.

paragraphs: Usher is also a humanist, and he has been involved in causes like War Child Canada, White Ribbon Campaign and Amnesty International. He was featured in the 2001 MuchMusic special "Musicians in the WarZone", a humanitarian documentary which was produced by War Child Canada and was directed by filmmaker Liz Marshall.


title: Ushuaia Loppet

paragraphs: The Ushuaia Loppet is a cross-country skiing marathon in Argentina. It was first held in 1986.


title: Bieg Piastów

paragraphs: The Bieg Piastów is a cross-country skiing marathon in Poland. It was held for first time in 1976 and is part of Worldloppet since 2008.


title: Tuskegee airmen

paragraphs: The Tuskegee Airmen is the popular name for a group of African-American military pilots (fighter and bomber) who fought in World War II. Formally, they formed the 332nd Fighter Group and the 477th Bombardment Group of the United States Army Air Forces. The name also applies to the crew members and support personnel. Their units were all black and all segregated. They had an outstanding record. As fighter escorts they had the reputation that not a single bomber was lost to enemy action while being escorted by Tuskegee airmen.

paragraphs: The Tuskegee Airmen were the first African-American military aviators in the United States Armed Forces. During World War II, Black Americans in many U.S. states were still subject to the Jim Crow laws. Most Tuskegee pilots were trained at Tuskegee Army Airfield in Tuskegee, Alabama. Training bomber crews took longer than training fighter pilots and the war was won before they finished. Navigators and other crew members trained at various army based in the US.


title: Demino Ski Marathon

paragraphs: The Demino Ski Marathon is a cross-country skiing marathon in Russia. It was held for first time on 2007 and was appointed as a Worldloppet event in June 2012.


title: Merino Muster

paragraphs: The Merino Muster is a cross-country skiing marathon on the South Island of New Zealand. It was held for first time in 1995 and is part of Worldloppet since 2014.


title: East London

paragraphs: East London is the northeastern part of London. It is east of the City of London.

paragraphs: It does not have an official definition. The idea has its origins in 1720 as "That part beyond the Tower". By 1950 it was called East London and included all of Greater London east of the City of London and north of the River Thames. This area now makes up the London boroughs of Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Havering, Newham, Redbridge, Tower Hamlets and Waltham Forest. It includes one of the highest ethnic minority populations in the country, mostly families of South Asian origin.

paragraphs: The East End of London is a subset of East London, corresponding to areas closer to the ancient City.

paragraphs: The early development of London eastward was caused by shipping on the River Thames. There were docks and shipbuilding. These industries declined after World War II. Felixstowe is now used as the main container port of southern England. East London is now an area of regeneration.

paragraphs: Areas further east developed in the Victorian and Edwardian eras following the expansion of the railways in the 19th century. In Tower Hamlets the population peaked in 1891 and growth was restricted to the outer boroughs. By 1971 the population had peaked in every borough and the entire area was experiencing population decline. By the time of the 2011 census this had reversed and every borough had some growth in population.

paragraphs: Many famous places like Spitalfields, Brick Lane and Shoreditch are in East London.


title: Allister

paragraphs: Allister is an American punk rock band from Chicago, Illinois.

paragraphs: The band was formed in 1995 under the name Phineas Gage by high school classmates Tim Rogner and John "Johnny" Hamada. Eric "Skippy" Mueller later joined the band in 1996. In 1996, the band changed their name to Allister, to pay tribute to Alasdair Gillis from the Canadian TV show "You Can't Do That on Television". The band released their debut studio album, "Dead Ends and Girlfriends" in 1999 through Drive-Thru Records.

paragraphs: Their second studio album "Last Stop Suburbia" was released on October 1, 2002. Their song "Somewhere On Fullerton" from "Last Stop Suburbia" was featured in the 2003 video game "Disney's Extreme Skate Adventure".


title: Bio-Dome

paragraphs: Bio-Dome is a 1996 American stoner comedy movie. It was directed by Jason Bloom. It was produced by Bradley Jenkel, Brad Krevoy, and Steven Stabler. "Bio-Dome" was released on January 12, 1996.

paragraphs: The movie got negative reviews from critics. It has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Shore co-won a Razzie Award for Worst Actor and was tied with Tom Arnold who had won for "Big Bully", "Carpool" and "The Stupids".


title: AIDS (MS-DOS)

paragraphs: AIDS is a computer virus that infects .COM and .EXE files. In MS-DOS, the .COM and .EXE files run programs including the operating system. When a computer is infected with this virus, it loads the virus into the computer memory. There, the AIDS virus may infect another .COM or .EXE file each time it is run. AIDS writes on the first 13,952 bytes of an infected executable file. These corrupted files have to be deleted and replaced by non-corrupted backups to remove the virus.

paragraphs: This virus is also known as the "Hahaha virus" in Europe. IBM calls it the "Taunt virus". When an infected computer starts up, it displays the message "Your computer now has AIDS", with AIDS covering about half of the screen. The system is then halted. It is impossible to recover the original information of the file on the rewritten part.


title: Gilles Corey

paragraphs: Giles Corey (1621 – September 19, 1692) was accused of witchcraft along with his wife Martha Corey during the Salem Witch Trials. After being arrested for witchcraft, Corey refused to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. As a result he was pressed to death.


title: Maha Al Muneef

paragraphs: Maha Al Muneef (Arabic:  مها عبدالله المنيف) is a pediatrician from Saudi Arabia. She specializing in infectious diseases in children. Al-Muneef won an International Women of Courage Award in 2014.

paragraphs: From 2009 to 2013, Al Muneef was a member of Saudi Arabia's Shura Council.

paragraphs: Maha Al Muneef is the executive director of the National Family Safety Program (NFSP) in Saudi Arabia. Al Muneef worked to spread knowledge about domestic violence and child abuse. The NFSP was created in 2005 in order to combat domestic violence and child abuse in Saudi Arabia. The NFSP started support programs, gave information about the numbers of attacks on women and children in Saudi Arabia, and worked to help people who were attacked or hurt.

paragraphs: In August 2013, the Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia passed a new law to protect people who are attacked or hurt by members of their own family. Al Muneef and the NFSP helped to write the "Protection from Abuse" law. The law describes and explains the meaning of domestic violence and makes it illegal in Saudi Arabia for the first time.

paragraphs: In 2014, Maha Al Muneef received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: The US President Barack Obama presented the award to Al Muneef during his visit to Riyadh on March 29, 2014. Al-Muneer could not be at the March 4 ceremony in the United States for family health reasons. She received the award in a private ceremony at the Ritz Carlton hotel, where Obama stayed. Obama spoke about the importance of women's rights in Saudi Arabia, and the importance of helping the Saudi king understand this importance. Obama told Al-Muneef he was “so very, very proud of you and grateful for all the work you’re doing here." He added, “I’m looking forward to seeing you do even more wonderful things in the future.”


title: Swept Away (2002 movie)

paragraphs: Swept Away is a 2002 romantic comedy movie. Madonna plays Amber Leighton. Elizabeth Banks plays Debi. Jeanne Tripplehorn plays Marina.

paragraphs: The movie received bad reviews from the movie critics. It was a box office bomb. It made only $1,036,000, compared to the ten million dollars it cost to make. It received a Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Picture of 2002.


title: Maureen Dowd

paragraphs: Maureen Dowd (born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for "The New York Times". She is also a best-selling author. She worked for "Time" magazine in the 1970s and 1980s. She worked for the "Washington Star". She first joined "The New York Times" in 1983.

paragraphs: In 1999, Dowd received a Pulitzer Prize. It was for her series of columns on the Monica Lewinsky scandal in the Clinton administration.


title: Nada Se Compara Contigo

paragraphs: Nada Se Compara Contigo ("Nothing Compares to You") is the tenth studio album released by Salvadoran performer Álvaro Torres. It was released on November 19, 1991. The album received a nomination for Latin Pop Album of the Year at the 5th Annual Lo Nuestro Awards.


title: Ricardo Montaner (album)

paragraphs: Ricardo Montaner is the eponymous debut studio album recorded by Argentine-Venezuelan singer-songwriter Ricardo Montaner, It was released by TH-Rodven in early 1987 (see 1987 in music). It reached #1 on the "Billboard" Latin Pop Albums chart.


title: Chayanne es mi Nombre

paragraphs: Chayanne es Mi Nombre is the solo album debut from Puerto Rican artist Chayanne, after he left Los Chicos. It was released on RCA Ariola in July 1984.


title: Later medieval artists

paragraphs: This a list of later medieval artists. It begins in the 13th century (1200s) and includes famous painters and sculptors.

paragraphs: Each artist is listed with their dates, place of birth, some places that they worked, their media (the type of artwork that they made), one or two most famous works and some art galleries where their works can be seen.

paragraphs: These artists, before the Renaissance, painted in the style of Greek icons. Their paintings were important to the education of many Renaissance painters, and were to be seen in the churches where the Renaissance painters worked, and worshipped. Often an altarpiece by one of these artists was surrounded by frescoes by the Renaissance painters who lived 150 to 200 years later. A famous "Madonna and Child" by Coppo di Marcovaldo stood above the altar where Masaccio, Masolino and Filippo Lippi painted the walls of the Brancacci Chapel. Giotto, who is thought of as the first Renaissance painter, was educated by Cimabue, one of the great masters of the Late Byzantine style.

paragraphs: Proto-Renaissance artists worked before 1400 in Italy when the Renaissance style was slowly developing.

paragraphs: Artists from many parts of Europe worked in a decorative Gothic style.


title: County Tyrone

paragraphs: County Tyrone is a county of Northern Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster. Tyrone is the eighth largest county by area on the island of Ireland. It is the largest county by area in Northern Ireland. Tyrone is the tenth largest county by population on the island of Ireland. It is the fourth-largest county by population in Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: The name "Tyrone" come from the Irish "Tír Eoghain", which means ""land of Eoghan"".

paragraphs: County Tyrone is one of the four counties in Northern Ireland to have more people from a Catholic community background. In the year 1900 the population of Tyrone was 197,719. As of the 2011 census, it was 177,986.


title: Stock (food)

paragraphs: Stock in cooking (cuisine) is a liquid flavoring base for soups and sauces. It is a flavoured liquid preparation, and is the basis of many dishes. The ideas go back to Carême, and were simplified by Escoffier.

paragraphs: A stock is made by simmering animal bones and/or meat, fish, or vegetables in water and/or wine. mirepoix or other aromatics are added for more flavour. Mirepoix is a mixture of onions, carrots, celery, and sometimes other vegetables. Many use ready-made ingredients like Oxo cubes or bouillon cubes. It is possible to make stock more quickly with a pressure cooker.

paragraphs: Fish stock, however, is cooked for only twenty minutes or so.

paragraphs: Stock lasts for three or four days in the fridge, but can be boiled again, and stored again.


title: Oggy and the Cockroaches

paragraphs: Oggy and the Cockroaches is a French animated television series. It was created in 1998. The main characters are Oggy, Joey, Marky, Dee Dee and Jack. It is Comedy with a good deal of comic violence. A 5th season has been confirmed and will premiere sometime in 2017.

paragraphs: Oggy is a cat with a light blue body, green eyes, grey tummy and white feet. Oggy usually spends his time either watching TV or doing housework — when not chasing the cockroaches. Oggy's house appears bigger on the inside, mainly featured in the roller coaster-like staircase scenes. His cousin Jack also helps him in many situations. He also goes with Jack on many journeys like on beach, catching fishes etc. But cockroaches also goes with them and make their journey in unhappy.

paragraphs: Joey is a purple-pink body, purple-blue head roach with a pink right eye (originally red) and yellow left eye, and the oldest of three. Even though he's the smallest roach in the group, most of the time he's the most intelligent, always being the brain in the plans, but is sometimes forced to go solo, because his partners often think that his plans are stupid. He loves money, but his efforts always fall short, usually ending with him getting swatted or beaten up.

paragraphs: Marky is a suave heartbreaking, silvery-grey body, green head roach with pink eyes. He is the tallest and middle roach of the three and often doesn't really care about what the two others are doing. While he originally used to love causing mischief just like his partners, he has grown to be more laid-back in later episodes, though he still enjoys hanging out with Joey and Dee Dee and causing general mayhem like he has always done. His hobbies are dating puppets and reading books.

paragraphs: Dee Dee is the ever-hungry cockroach and youngest of the three. He has a blue body, orange head and green eyes. His appetite sometimes reaches insane proportions, often resulting in the consumption of larger animals or other things that would otherwise be inedible. He also like opera like Jack. Sometimes it is shown that his feet are so foul-smelling, the juice they produce is toxic and melt objects, as shown in "Caught in a Trap".

paragraphs: Jack is Oggy's cousin, He is a cat who has an olive green body, yellow eyes, pale Salmon pink tummy and white feet, in the show. He is like the complete opposite of Oggy, as he is more short-tempered, violent and arrogant than him – a perfect target for Joey, Marky and Dee-Dee to annoy. Like Oggy he is also annoyed by them. He often finds himself building huge machinery, such as roach-catching contraptions, most of the time resulting in them backfiring, making him less lucky than Oggy in most situations. He is also very interested in chemistry (that is, the more explosive parts of it). Jack mostly lives and sleeps over at Oggy's house. At times, he bullies Oggy. Jack seems to be the strongest character in the show. He likes to show off, challenge the roaches and date girls – mainly Oggy's sister Monica. He is sometimes seen trying to propose to Monica, but the cockroaches' pranks always make him stop short. In one episode they seem to have a baby together and ask Oggy to babysit their child.


title: Lily Serna

paragraphs: Lily Serna (born 5 July 1986) is an Australian mathematician and television presenter. She is best known for co-presenting the SBS game show "Letters and Numbers" from 2010 until 2012 and the cooking show "Destination Flavour" since later 2012.

paragraphs: Serna was born in Jerusalem. She moved to Sydney with her family when she was eight years old.


title: TACA Airlines

paragraphs: TACA Airlines (Transportes Aereos del Continente Americano) is an airline from El Salvador. In 2009 it was merged with Avianca. The two airlines continued to operate separately. TACA has had two major air crashes since 1970.


title: Allegiant Air

paragraphs: Allegiant Air is an American low-cost airline. Owned by Allegiant Travel Company, it operates scheduled and charter flights. Allegiant Travel Company is a publicly traded company with 1,693 employees and over $2 billion USD in market capitalization. The corporate headquarters are in Enterprise, Nevada, a suburb of Las Vegas.


title: The Half Sisters

paragraphs: The Half Sisters is a Philippine television drama series. It is broadcast by GMA Network.


title: Currying

paragraphs: Currying is a technique used in mathematics and computer science that consists of changing a function that takes several arguments into a number of functions that each take one argument. Mathematicians Moses Schönfinkel and Gottlob Frege laid the groundwork for this technique, which is named after Haskell Brooks Curry. Currying is used in Lambda calculus. Some programming languages, such as ML and Haskell say that functions can only have one argument.


title: Joko Widodo

paragraphs: Joko Widodo (Javanese: ꦗꦑ꧈ꦮꦶꦢꦢ Gêdrìk: "Jåkå Widådå"; O-Javanese: "Jaka Widada"; born 21 June 1961), also known as Jokowi (Javanese: ꦗꦑꦮꦶ), is an Indonesian politician and former businessman.

paragraphs: Jokowi is a member of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). He started his career as Mayor of Surakarta from 28 July 2005 until 1 October 2012. Then, he was Governor of Jakarta from 15 October 2012 until 16 October 2014. He has been President of Indonesia since 20 October 2014. His Vice President is Jusuf Kalla. Jokowi is running for re-election in the April 2019 presidential election.

paragraphs: Widodo was born in Surakarta, Central Java. He is a Muslim. He has been married to Iriana since 1986. They have three children. He is also a Heavy metal music fan. He graduated from the Faculty of Forestry at the Gadjah Mada University.


title: Villa Vizcaya

paragraphs: Villa Vizcaya, now named the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, is the former villa and estate of businessman James Deering. The house is on Biscayne Bay in Coconut Grove Miami, Florida. Deering made the Deering McCormick-International Harvester fortune,

paragraphs: The estate is on the National Register of Historic Places, and is a National Historic Landmark.

paragraphs: The estate property was originally 180 acres (730,000 m) of shoreline mangrove swamps and dense inland native tropical forests. Being a conservationist, Deering sited the development of the estate portion along the shore to conserve the forests. The villa was built mostly between 1914 and 1922. The building of the extensive elaborate Italian Renaissance gardens and the village continued into 1923.

paragraphs: The Vizcaya estate includes the gardens, native woodland landscape and a historic village compound. The landscape and architecture were influenced by Veneto and Tuscan Italian Renaissance models and designed in the Mediterranean Revival architecture style, with Baroque elements. Paul Chalfin was the design director.

paragraphs: Miami-Dade County now owns the Vizcaya property, as the Vizcaya Museum and Gardens, which is open to the public. 'Villa Vizcaya' is served by the Vizcaya Station of the Miami Metrorail.


title: Law of noncontradiction

paragraphs: The law of non-contradiction is a rule of logic. It states that if something is true, then the opposite of it is false. For example, if an animal is a cat, the same animal cannot be not a cat. Or, stated in logic, if +p, then not -p, +p cannot be -p at the same time and in the same sense. The law was stated as a principle of mathematical logic by Russell and Whitehead in "Principia Mathematica".

paragraphs: Ravi Zacharias has said most eastern philosophies reject the law of noncontradiction. The law of non-contradiction is found in ancient Indian logic as a rule in the "Shrauta Sutras", the writing of Pāṇini, and the "Brahma Sutras" attributed to Vyasa. It was later elaborated on by medieval commentators such as Madhvacharya. The idea of noncontradiction is rejected in some strands of Buddhism.


title: Dialetheism

paragraphs: Dialetheism is the that some statements can be both true and false at the same time. It is the opposite of the law of noncontradiction (LNC). Because of this dialetheism is completely opposite of what most philosophers call common sense. Graham Priest defines it as believing there can be true contradictions. Priest gives as an example the liar paradox (or liar's paradox). If someone says "everything I say is a lie", then is the statement true or false? In this paradox it can be both.


title: Diana DeGarmo

paragraphs: Diana DeGarmo (born June 16, 1987) is an American singer, songwriter and Broadway actress. She became known in 2004 on "American Idol". She began a career in musical theater. She played Angelina in "The Young and the Restless".

paragraphs: DeGarmo was born in Birmingham, Alabama.


title: NKVD prisoner massacres

paragraphs: e a series of mass executions committed by the Soviet NKVD secret police against prisoners in Eastern Europe during World War II. The most important one was Katyn Massacre where almost 22000 Polish intelligentsia was slaughtered.

paragraphs: The victims were mainly from Poland, Ukraine, the Baltic states, Bessarabia and other parts of the Soviet Union. The Red Army was withdrawing ahead of the German invasion in 1941 ("see Operation Barbarossa"). The death toll came to 100,000 or more. There were nearly 9,000 in the Ukrainian SSR, to 20,000–30,000 in occupied eastern Poland, now western Ukraine, to all Tartar prisoners in Crimea among other places. Not all prisoner victims (150,000 of them in total) were murdered; some were transported into the interior, others were abandoned in prisons or managed to escape because the retreating Soviet executioners could not attend to all of them.


title: Gave de Pau

paragraphs: The Gave de Pau is a river of south-western France; it is a left tributary of the Adour river.

paragraphs: It takes its name from the city Pau, through which it flows. The word gave is a name given to rivers on the mountains in regions of the western Pyrenees; so, Gave de Pau means "the river of Pau" or "the river that flows through Pau". Many other rivers in the region have the word "gave" as part of their names.

paragraphs: The Gave de Pau has a length of about , including the "Gave de Gavarnie", and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Bérenx, in the Pyrénées-Atlantiques department.

paragraphs: Average monthly discharge (m/s) at Bérenx

paragraphs: The Gave de Pau starts in the Cirque de Gavarnie, in the "Parc national des Pyrénées" ("Pyrénées National Park"), in the "commune" of Gavarnie, Hautes-Pyrénées department, at an altitude of about . The upper part of the river is known as "Gave de Gavarnie"; the name "Gave de Pau" is given to the river after the Gave de Gavarnie joins the Bastan river at Luz-Saint-Sauveur.

paragraphs: The Gave de Pau receives its main tributary, the Gave d'Oloron, in Peyrehorade and, from there, it is named as "Gaves Réunis" (United Gaves). Finally, it flows, as a left tributary, into the river Adour in the Landes department, at about of altitude.

paragraphs: The Gave de Pau flows through 90 "communes". It passes through the following regions, departments and "communes":

paragraphs: The tributaries of Gave de Pau with a length greater than are:


title: Virgin Australia

paragraphs: Virgin Australia is a large Australian airline. It started in 2000. From 2000 until 2011, the airline was called "Virgin Blue". Virgin Australia flies as both a full-service airline and a low-cost airline, like Ryanair or Southwest Airlines. As of 2016, the airline has a fleet of 108 airplanes and flies to Australia, Fiji, Indonesia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga, the United States, the United Arab Emirates and Vanuatu. Virgin Australia is Australia's second largest airline. It is the main competitor for Jetstar Airways and Qantas. In 2014, Virgin Australia bought Tigerair Australia. Virgin Australia became bankrupt in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic and was bought by Bain Capital in June 2020.


title: Maiduguri

paragraphs: Maiduguri, also called Yerwa, is the capital and the largest city of Borno State in north-eastern Nigeria. As of 2007, 1,197,497 live in the city. Maiduguri was founded in 1907 as a military outpost by the British. The Islamist group Boko Haram was founded in Maiduguri in 2002. Since it began its insurgency in 2009, the city has been target of many terrorist attacks by the group.


title: Atlit Yam

paragraphs: Atlit Yam is an ancient neolithic village off of the coast of Atlit, Israel.

paragraphs: A study by Maria Pareschi of the Italian National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology in Pisa says that a volcanic collapse of Mount Etna's Eastern flank which happened 8,500 years ago likely caused a 10-storey (40 m or 131 ft) megatsunami that hit and engulfed some of the Mediterranean coastal cities within hours. Scientists point to the sudden abandonment of the village around the same time as more evidence that the tsunami happened.

paragraphs: A stone semicircle was found which contains seven 600-kilogram (1,320 lb) megaliths. There are cup marks carved into the stones and the stones are around a freshwater spring. It is suggested that it was used for a water ritual. In 2008, there were skeletons of a woman and child found, which revealed the earliest known cases of tuberculosis.


title: Red Red Wine

paragraphs: "Red Red Wine" is a pop ballad. It was originally recorded by Neil Diamond. His version reached #62 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1968. The single is about a person drinking red wine to forget his problems.

paragraphs: The song was covered by UB40 in August 1983. It peaked at #1 in 1984 in United Kingdom and at #34 in the United States.

paragraphs: It was released again in 1988 in the United States. That time, it hit #1.


title: Mace Windu

paragraphs: Mace Windu is a fictional character in the Star Wars series.

paragraphs: He was portrayed by Samuel L. Jackson as a Jedi Master in the prequel movies. He was Master of the High Council of the Jedi in episodes I to III. He appears in "", "", and "". He also appears in the computer and television versions of the movies.

paragraphs: In "", Windu is betrayed by Anakin Skywalker, and killed by Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.


title: Aer Lingus

paragraphs: Aer Lingus is Ireland's national airline. It is the second largest Irish airline after its main competitor, Ryanair. "Aer Lingus" means "Air Fleet" in the Celtic languages.

paragraphs: The airline began flying in April 1936. At that time, it had only one aircraft. It flew between Dublin and Bristol. As of 2015, the airline has almost 50 airplanes. It flies to about 70 airports in Europe and North America.


title: No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls

paragraphs: No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls is the first studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "No Pads, No Helmets...Just Balls" was released on March 19, 2002 through both Atlantic and Lava.

paragraphs: The album debuted at #35 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #8 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified 2× Platinum by the RIAA.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "I'm Just a Kid", "I'd Do Anything", "Addicted", and "Perfect".


title: Government of Ontario

paragraphs: The Government of Ontario is the provincial government of Ontario, Canada. There are several parts of Ontario's government. The Queen of Canada, Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario. The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is a unicameral body with 107 members. A cabinet, called the Executive Council of Ontario, is formed from members of the Assembly, usually from the largest party. The cabinet is headed by the Premier of Ontario.


title: Legislative Assembly of Ontario

paragraphs: The Legislative Assembly of Ontario is the legislature of the province of Ontario, Canada. It has the second largest number of members out of the provincial legislatures of Canada. It meets at the Ontario Legislative Building in Toronto, the provincial capital.

paragraphs: The Assembly was created in 1867 by the British North America Act. The Assembly is unicameral, meaning there is no upper house. There are 124 members of the assembly, who are called Members of Provincial Parliament (MPPs). Each member is elected from one electoral district. The party with the most members gets to choose the Premier of Ontario, who leads the government, and the Executive Council of Ontario, which is the cabinet. The leader of the second largest party in the assembly becomes the Leader of the Opposition.

paragraphs: The current assembly was elected in the 2018 Ontario general election. The members that were elected are part of the 42nd Parliament of Ontario.

paragraphs: The following table shows how many seats each political party has in the legislature. Some seats changed after the election. Three Progressive Conservative MPPs left the PCs and became independent politicians. They were Jim Wilson, Amanda Simard, and Randy Hillier.


title: Chandra X-ray Observatory

paragraphs: The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) is a space telescope launched by NASA on July 23, 1999.

paragraphs: Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope. This is done by the high angular resolution of its mirrors. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs the vast majority of X-rays, Earth-based telescopes cannot detect them. Space-based telescopes are needed to make these observations. Chandra is an Earth satellite in a 64-hour orbit, and its mission is ongoing as of 2015.

paragraphs: Chandra is one of the Great Observatories, with the Hubble Space Telescope, Compton Gamma Ray Observatory (1991–2000), and the Spitzer Space Telescope. The telescope is named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar.


title: Austrian Airlines

paragraphs: Austrian Airlines is the largest airline of Austria. Its main hub is the Vienna International Airport. It was founded on May 3, 1923. Austrian bought its first jet aircraft in 1963. Austrian joined the Star Alliance on March 26, 2000. The Government of Austria sold the airline in 2008. Lufthansa bought Austrian Airlines in 2009. In April 2015, Austrian Airlines was combined with Tyrolean Airways.


title: Miami International Airport

paragraphs: Miami International Airport (MIA) is the largest airport in passenger and size terms in the US state of Florida. It's historic name was Wilcox Field.

paragraphs: The airport is one of the busiest airports in the United States. This is mainly because of Miami's closeness to all of Florida's tourist attractions, the city's economic activity, and its large Latin American and European population.


title: Pan American World Airways

paragraphs: Pan American World Airways, or "Pan Am", was once the largest airline of the USA. The crash of Pan Am Flight 103 and several other factors led to the airline to stop flying in 1991.

paragraphs: Pan Am was founded in 1926. Its first flights were from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba. During the 1920s and 1930s, Pan Am bought several smaller airlines in Central America and South America. These were bought to help Pan Am expand its flights throughout The Americas. Pan Am became the first airline to circumnavigate the world in 1942. By the 1950s, Pan Am had several larger airplanes like the Boeing 377, Douglas DC-6 and the Lockheed Constellation. It went to cities all across the world. In 1959, Pan Am bought its first jet - the Boeing 707. In 1970, Pan Am introduced its first widebody jet - the Boeing 747.

paragraphs: In 1980, Pan Am was combined with National Airlines. This was because Pan Am wanted to fly domestic flights and the government didn't allow it. When Pan Am bought National, it could finally fly domestically. In the 1980s, Pan Am started having many financial problems, having paid too much to buy National Airlines. Pan Am also spent too much money on the new Boeing 747s. The Gulf War of 1990 also caused many problems with Pan Am's transatlantic flights. Pan Am declared bankruptcy in January 1991. Delta Air Lines bought small parts of Pan Am and tried to help it. However, on December 4, 1991 Pan Am stopped flying due to the big financial problems. United Airlines got many of Pan Am's old flights. American Airlines got Pan Am's Miami hub. Pan Am was resurrected twice in 1996 and 1998.


title: OGPU

paragraphs: OGPU was the secret police of the Soviet Union from 1922 to 1934. It was after the Cheka and before the NKVD. Its official name was the Joint State Political Directorate.

paragraphs: The OGPU was theoretically supposed to operate with more restraint than the original Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka. The OGPU's powers were greatly increased in 1926, when the Soviet criminal code was amended to include a section on "anti-state terrorism". The law were vaguely written and very broadly interpreted. Even before then, it set up tribunals to try the most exceptional cases of terrorism, usually without calling any witnesses. In time, the OGPU's powers grew even greater than those of the Cheka.

paragraphs: Perhaps its most spectacular success was the Trust Operation of 1924–1925. OGPU agents contacted émigrés in western Europe and pretended to be on a large group working to overthrow the communist regime, known as the "Trust". Exiled Russians gave the Trust large sums of money and supplies, as did foreign intelligence agencies. The Trust finally succeeded in luring one of the leading anti-Communist operators, Sidney Reilly, into Russia to meet with the Trust. Once he was in Russia, he was captured and killed. It was a great propaganda success.

paragraphs: From 1927 to 1929, the OGPU engaged in intensive investigations of an opposition coup. Stalin soon made a public decree that any and all opposition views should be considered dangerous and gave the GPU the authority to seek out hostile elements. There were many trials during Stalin's Five Year Plan.

paragraphs: The OGPU was responsible for the creation of the Gulag system. It also became the Soviet government's arm for the persecution of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Greek Catholics, the Latin Catholics, Islam and other religious organizations. The OGPU was also the main secret police agency for the detection, arrest, and liquidation of anarchists and other dissident left-wing factions in the early Soviet Union.

paragraphs: The OGPU was merged into the newly created all-union People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD) in July 1934. Its last change was into the more widely known Committee for State Security (KGB).


title: Copa Airlines

paragraphs: Copa Airlines is the national airline of Panama.

paragraphs: Copa Airlines was founded in 1947. Its first international flights began in the 1970s. They went to airports in Colombia, Costa Rica and Jamaica.

paragraphs: In 1998, Copa Airlines began an agreement with Continental Airlines. Copa Airlines also changed its logo.

paragraphs: As of March 2015, the airline was flying almost 100 airplanes to 69 cities in the Americas.


title: Aeroflot

paragraphs: Aeroflot is the national airline of the Russian Federation. It's one of the oldest airlines in the world. It has been flying for over a century.

paragraphs: Aeroflot began in 1923 in the Soviet Union. Much of Aeroflot's history was kept secret once the Cold War began and Aeroflot had to stop flying to the United States.

paragraphs: Throughout the 1960s, 70s and 80s, Aeroflot and many Eastern Bloc airlines suffered many air crashes due to old and poor Russian airplanes. Those were the only ones Aeroflot and those airlines could use. However, Aeroflot was the world's largest airline until the 1980s. After the Soviet Union ended in 1991, Aeroflot began modernizing its fleet and buying more Western airplanes, like the Airbus A300 and Boeing 767. By 1991, Aeroflot started going to the United States. Aeroflot is member of aviation alliance SkyTeam. As of 2015, Aeroflot was flying to 150 cities in 52 countries.


title: Interjet

paragraphs: Interjet is a low-cost airline based in Mexico begun in 2005. Mexico City International Airport is Interjet's hub. Interjet mainly flies Airbus A320 and Sukhoi Superjet airplanes from Mexico to the USA, Central America and South America.

paragraphs: In 2014, Interjet began an agreement with American Airlines and Iberia.


title: Avianca

paragraphs: Avianca is the national and largest airline of Colombia. It is the second oldest airline in the world. It began flying in 1919. Avianca has grown to become one of the largest airlines in the Americas. It flies to 121 cities with over 140 airplanes. In 2009, TACA Airlines and Avianca were combined to create a single airline.


title: Trans World Airlines

paragraphs: Trans World Airlines (TWA) was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It stopped flying after it was bought by American Airlines in 2001, after many financial problems.


title: Eastern Air Lines

paragraphs: Eastern Air Lines was one of the largest airlines of the United States. It was founded by Eddie Rickenbacker in 1929. It stopped flying in 1991. Eastern was one of the "Big Four" airlines of the USA, along with American Airlines, United Airlines and TWA.

paragraphs: In 2015, Eastern relaunched flights. The company merged with Swift Air in 2017 stating that, "the transaction is not a purchase of one certificate or merger of two certificates." Eastern's last flight was in September of 2017. Swift completed its asset purchase and all remaining Eastern aircraft were transferred to the Swift certificate. In September 2017 Eastern surrendered its certificate to the FAA. The Eastern name will be transferred to Dynamic International Airways, an airline co-owned by Swift ownership.


title: Black Sabbath (song)

paragraphs: "Black Sabbath" is a 1970 heavy metal song by the group of the same name. This song was released on their self-titled first studio album. According to them, it was inspired by an experience with Ozzy Osbourne.

paragraphs: Ice-T sampled the song on his 1989 song "Shut Up, Be Happy" and his 1991 song "Midnight". Other musicians have done covers of this song. One of them was Beth Gibbons of Portishead.


title: Malayo-Polynesian languages

paragraphs: The Malayo-Polynesian languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages. There are about 385.5 million people who speak these languages. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are spoken by the Austronesian people of the island nations of Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean. There are a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy is spoken on the island of Madagascar. Part of the language family shows a strong influence of Sanskrit and Arabic as the western part of the region has many followers of Buddhism, Hinduism, and, since the 10th century, Islam.


title: Ohio Players

paragraphs: The Ohio Players were a funk and R&B band from the United States. The group formed in 1959. They were best known for the songs "Fire", "Funky Worm" and "Love Rollercoaster". This group was most popular in the 1970s. They were from Dayton, Ohio.

paragraphs: The group's first big song was "Funky Worm". The song hit the Top 20 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also hit #1 on the "Billboard" R&B chart.

paragraphs: They had seven Top 40 songs between 1973 and 1976. The songs included "Fire" in 1975 and "Love Rollercoaster" in 1976.


title: Still Not Getting Any...

paragraphs: Still Not Getting Any... is the second studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "Still Not Getting Any..." was released on October 26, 2004 through both Atlantic and Lava.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #3 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA, selling one million copies.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Welcome to My Life", "Shut Up!", "Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me?)", and "Crazy".


title: Balas y Chocolate

paragraphs: Balas y Chocolate () is the eighth studio album by Mexican latin singer Lila Downs. Released on March 24, 2015. It was going to be much darker than her earlier material, though it became an upbeat electronic-folk inspired album. The album features collaborations from Juan Gabriel and Juanes. It reached the top of the charts in Mexico, Argentina, Colombia, Spain and the United States. It also reached the top ten in other major markets.


title: Prisoner's dilemma

paragraphs: The prisoner's dilemma is a paradox about co-operation. It shows why two "rational" individuals might not co-operate, even if it seems in their best interests. It is studied in game theory.

paragraphs: The police catch two criminals after they committed a crime. The police do not know which person committed the crime and which person just helped. They question the two in separate cells. Each prisoner can either stay silent or betray (hurt) the other by blaming the crime on them. If both stay silent, they only go to jail for 6 months. If one betrays and the other stays silent, the one that stays silent goes to jail for 10 years and the other one does not go to jail at all. If they both betray each other, they each go to jail for 2 years. No matter what happens, the prisoners will never see each other again.

paragraphs: If you are a prisoner in this situation and you only care about yourself, the way to get the smallest sentence is to betray the other prisoner. No matter what, you get a shorter sentence when you betray than when you do not.

paragraphs: If the other prisoner stays silent and does not betray, then betraying means you do not go to jail at all instead of going to jail for 6 months.

paragraphs: If the other prisoner betrays, then betraying lets you go to jail for 2 years instead of 10 years. In other words, it's always best for you to betray, even though the two of you would be better off if you both stayed silent. Betraying the other prisoner is your "dominant strategy" because it is always the best thing for you to do, no matter what the other prisoner does.

paragraphs: The prisoner's dilemma does not have same result if some of the details are different.

paragraphs: Game theory was much studied during the Cold War period. In that case the "players" being studied were the United States and the Soviet Union.


title: Seguridad Social

paragraphs: Seguridad Social is a Spanish rock music band from Benetússer, Valencia. It was founded in 1982 by José Manuel Casany (also Casañ) (vocalist) and Santiago Serrano (guitar).

paragraphs: Casany met him when he was a member of Paranoicos. After that Serrano left his former band and joined to his friend's group. However they stopped their music career due their military services. Before leaving to go into the armed forces, they signed a contract with Citra label. One year later both returned to the band.

paragraphs: In 1984 Seguridad Social released its first LP: "El desconcierto".

paragraphs: The 90's were a big change for the band. Most of its members left Seguridad Social. They were replaced by Javi Vela (guitar/vocalist), Alex Olías (bass/vocalist) and Rafa Villalba (drummer).


title: Cædmon's Hymn

paragraphs: Cædmon's "Hymn" is a short Old English poem originally composed by Cædmon. It was about God. It survives in a Latin translation by Bede in his "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" and in other dialects written down in several manuscripts of Bede's "Historia". Bede wrote about the poet and his work in the fourth book of his "Historia".

paragraphs: Bede told the story of Cædmon who was an illiterate cow-herder who was suddenly able to recite a Christian song of creation in Old English verse. This miracle happened after Cædmon left a feast when they were passing a harp around for all to sing a song. He left the hall after feeling ashamed that he could not contribute a song. Later in a dream he said a man appeared to him and asked him to sing a song. Cædmon responded that he could not sing. But the man told him that he could and asked him to “Sing to me the beginning of all things.” Cædmon was then able to sing verses and words that he had not heard of before. Cædmon then reported his experience first to a steward then to Hild the abbess. She invited scholars to evaluate Cædmon’s gift. Cædmon was sent home to turn more divine doctrine into song. The abbess was so impressed with the success of his gift that she told him to become a monk. Cædmon lived a long and very productive life as a monk. He created songs from all kinds of Church history and doctrine.

paragraphs: The text has been set to music by a number of composers of choral music. Graham Keitch used Bede's translation for a motet which was commissioned to mark the 1100th anniversary of the death of the Anglo Saxon queen, Aethelflaed. It was first sung during the commemorative Evensong for Queen Aethelflaed which took place in Gloucester Cathedral, June 12th 2018.


title: Kingsville, Texas

paragraphs: Kingsville is a city in Texas. It is the county seat of Kleberg County in Texas. It was founded in 1904. The population was 26,312 in 2013. Kingsville has an area of 13.8 square miles.


title: Appeal

paragraphs: In law, an appeal is the process in which legal cases are reviewed. An appeal is made to a higher court than the one that made the initial judgment. This is usually an appeals court. In turn, appeals court decisions may be appealed in a supreme court. The person pursuing an appeal is called an appellant.

paragraphs: When a lower court judgement is filed, the losing party (appellant) must file a notice of appeal. The appellant must give the appeals court legal reasons for reversing the decision of the lower court. Usually the legal argument includes legal precedents that relate to this case. The other party, called a respondent or appellee files a brief that counters the claims of the appellant. In turn, the appellant may counter the response of the appellee with a final brief. Then, if the appeals court agrees to hear the case each party argues their case before the court. The appeals court may sustain the original court ruling. They may also reverse the decision sending it back to the lower court. No new evidence is introduced in an appeals court.


title: Phil Lynott

paragraphs: Philip Parris "Phil" Lynott (20 August 1949 – 4 January 1986) was an Irish musician. He was born in West Bromwich, Staffordshire, England and raised in Dublin, Ireland from age four. His mother was businesswoman Philomena Lynott. He was a rock bass guitarist and singer, and the leader of the rock band Thin Lizzy.

paragraphs: Lynott started Thin Lizzy in 1969, and they continued until 1983. He also made two solo albums in the early 1980s. They were famous for their songs "The Boys Are Back in Town", "Waiting for an Alibi", "Whisky in the Jar" and "Jailbreak". He also worked with Gary Moore.

paragraphs: Lynott had problems with drugs and alcohol in his final years. On 25 December 1985, he collapsed and was sent to clinic in Wiltshire, England. He was diagnosed with septicaemia. He died of pneumonia and heart failure in Salisbury, Wiltshire on 4 January 1986. He was 36.


title: Femdom

paragraphs: A femdom or female dominant refers to BDSM relationships where the dominant partner is female. An increasing number of men find playing a submissive role with a femdom appealing. A femdom may have other names including: "dominatrix", "mistress" or "madame". The term may depend on her personal preference.


title: Get Your Heart On!

paragraphs: Get Your Heart On! is the fourth studio album by Canadian pop punk band, Simple Plan. "Get Your Heart On!" was released on June 21, 2011 through both Atlantic and Lava. It was also released on 17 June 2011 in countries like Australia and the Netherlands.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #52 on the "Billboard" 200 and at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Can't Keep My Hands off You", "Jet Lag", "Astronaut", and "Summer Paradise".


title: Festival Song

paragraphs: "Festival Song" is the fourth and last single single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's self-titled second studio album. The song was released in 2001.

paragraphs: Joel Madden of Good Charlotte said that the song was about the HFStival, which is a rock festival. He explained:

paragraphs: "I grew up coming to the HFStival. . . I wrote this song about being here, how we wanted to quit our jobs to be in a band. We have all our friends, the fans and the radio support right here."


title: Mexicana de Aviacion

paragraphs: Mexicana de Aviacion was one of the largest airlines of Mexico. It was one of the oldest airlines in the world. It began flying in 1921. It stopped flying in August 2010.

paragraphs: Mexicana began in 1921 at Tampico. At first, it only carried mail. By the early 1930s, Mexicana was almost entirely owned by Pan American World Airways. In the late 1920s, Mexicana started flying to airports in Costa Rica, Cuba, El Salvador and Guatemala. Mexicana was also the first international airline to begin flights to Los Angeles International Airport.

paragraphs: By the 1960s, Mexicana's main competitor was Aeroméxico. Mexicana almost went into bankruptcy. Mexicana got its first Boeing 727 in 1969. However, two of its Boeing 727s crashed in 1969. The accidents killed some people.

paragraphs: In the 1990s, Aeroméxico and Mexicana formed an agreement. Mexicana started flying the Airbus A320 family in 1991.

paragraphs: Mexicana kept growing. It eventually became one of the largest airlines in North America. In August 2010, Mexicana filed for bankruptcy. The company ended a few weeks later. Mexicana has never flown since then.


title: Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous

paragraphs: Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous is an American television series. The show ran from March 31, 1984 until September 2, 1995. It was created by Alfred M. "Al" Masini. The show featured the lifestyles of rich and famous celebrities.

paragraphs: The show was hosted by Robin Leach. After Leach was joined by Shari Belafonte in 1994, the show was renamed to Lifestyles with Robin Leach and Shari Belafonte. The show ended with Leach's catchphrase "champagne wishes and caviar dreams." David Greenspan narrated most of the segments for the show's run and he could be heard narrating when Leach did not appear on camera.


title: Burlington Coat Factory

paragraphs: Burlington Coat Factory is a coat factory/store/warehouse established in 1924. It was called "Burlington Coat/Fine Clothing Factory Warehouse for the Entire Family" in 1924-1984 and "The Original Burlington Coat Factory" in 1984-2011.

paragraphs: It is an American national off price retailer, with 523 stores in 44 states and Puerto Rico, with its corporate headquarters in Burlington Township, New Jersey.


title: Kuwait Airways

paragraphs: Kuwait Airways is Kuwait's national airline. It began in 1954. It has grown very fast. It is one of the largest airlines in the Middle East. It flies to 42 cities in different countries.

paragraphs: Kuwait Airways has 22 aircraft (with 4 more on order). The average age of their aircraft is 17.4 years.


title: Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous (song)

paragraphs: "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous" is the first single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, "The Young and the Hopeless". The song was released in September 6, 2002.

paragraphs: On the "Billboard" charts, the song was able to peak at #20 on the Hot 100 and #6 on the Top 40 Mainstream.

paragraphs: In 2003, the song won a MTV Video Music Award for "Viewer's Choice". It was also the winner of a Kerrang! Award for Best Single.


title: The Anthem

paragraphs: "The Anthem" is the second single off American pop punk band Good Charlotte's second studio album, "The Young and the Hopeless". The song was released in January 2003.

paragraphs: On the "Billboard" charts, the song was able to peak at #43 on the Hot 100 and #10 on the Hot Modern Rock Tracks.

paragraphs: In 2004, the song won "Best Rock Video" at the MTV Video Music Awards Japan.

paragraphs: The song has appeared on the soundtracks to the video games "Madden NFL 2003", "Project Gotham Racing", "Elite Beat Agents", and the North American release of "Donkey Konga 2".


title: IC 342/Maffei Group

paragraphs: The IC 342/Maffei Group (also known as the "IC 342 Group" or the "Maffei 1 Group") is the nearest group of galaxies to the Local Group. The group is basically a binary group. The member galaxies are mostly concentrated around either IC 342 or Maffei 1, which are the brightest galaxies in the group.

paragraphs: The group, and the Local Group, are in the Virgo Supercluster (i.e. the Local Supercluster).