title: Suharto

paragraphs: Suharto (February 20, 1921 – January 27, 2008) was an Indonesian military and political leader. He was a military officer in the Indonesian Army. He is better known as the second President of Indonesia. He held the office for a long time, from 1967 to 1998.

paragraphs: In the early morning of October 1, 1965, a group of soldiers claiming to be supported by the Indonesian Communist Party killed six generals in the army and one assistant because they thought he was a seventh. Many friends and supporters of Suharto claimed they were members of the communist party itself. The people of Indonesia then started killing anybody they thought was communist. Estimates range from three hundred thousand killed to three million. Suharto then seized power from his predecessor, the first president of Indonesia Sukarno. For this, he used some force, but also took some political maneuvers. At the time, there was instability and unrest inside and outside of Indonesia. This helped him come to power. He took three decades to change the regime to work along militarist lines, with a strong central government. His movement was known as ""Orde Baru"". As he took an anti-communist position which he could defend, several Western governments supported him both in economic and political matters. This was during an era that is known as Cold War. For most of his three-decade rule, Indonesia experienced significant economic growth and industrialization. His rule, however, led to political purges and the deaths of about half a million of suspected Indonesian communists; many of them Chinese-Indonesians. He also made some laws against communist parties and ethnic Chinese.

paragraphs: His New Order administration's authoritarian and increasingly corrupt practices led to much discontent in the 1990s. Suharto's almost unquestioned authority over Indonesian affairs slipped dramatically when the Asian financial crisis lowered Indonesians' standard of living. People inside the military and other institutions no longer supported him. There were some problems inside the country during the early 1990s. Suharto became more and more isolated, in a political way. After mass demonstrations in 1998, Suharto was forced to resign. Suharto had been the face of Indonesia for over 30 years. After retiring, he lived in seclusion. There were people who wanted to try him for genocide. This failed however, because he had a very bad health. His legacy remains hotly debated and contested both in Indonesia and abroad.

paragraphs: Like many Javanese, Suharto has only one name. In contexts where his religion is being discussed he is sometimes called Haji or el-Haj Mohammed Suharto, but this Islamic title is not part of his formal name or generally used. The spelling "Suharto" has been official in Indonesia since 1947 but the older spelling Soeharto is still frequently used.

paragraphs: Suharto was admitted to hospital on January 4; on 23 January, Suharto's health worsened further, as a sepsis infection spread through his body. His family consented to the removal of life support machines if his condition did not improve and he died on 27 January at 1:09 pm. He died at Pertamina Hospital in Jakarta, Indonesia of congestive heart failure. He was taken off life support. He was buried at a family mausoleum near Solo town.


title: IG Farben

paragraphs: IG Farben (short for Interessen-Gemeinschaft Farbenindustrie

paragraphs: AG), was a German conglomerate of companies formed in 1925 – including BASF, AGFA and Hoechst – and even earlier during World War I. "Farben" is German for "paints", "dyes", or "colors", and initially many of these companies produced dyes, but soon began to embrace more advanced chemistry. The founding of IG Farben was a reaction to Germany's defeat in World War I. IG Farben held a near total monopoly on chemical production, later during the Nazi regime, including manufacturing Zyklon B.


title: Sukarno

paragraphs: Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia. He helped the country win its independence from the Netherlands. He was President from 1945 to 1967, presiding with mixed success over the country's rough switch to independence. Sukarno was forced to resign by one of his generals, Suharto. Suharto formally became President in March 1967.

paragraphs: The spelling "Sukarno" has been official in Indonesia since 1947. It is still common to see the older spelling Soekarno, mainly because he signed his name with the old spelling. Official Indonesian presidential decrees from 1947-1968, however, printed his name using the 1947 spelling.

paragraphs: Indonesians also remember him as Bung" Karno or Pak" Karno. Like many Javanese people, he had only one name; in religious contexts, he was occasionally referred to as 'Achmad Sukarno'.


title: Cybele asteroid

paragraphs: The Cybele asteroids are a group of asteroids in the asteroid belt with an orbital radius usually between 3.27 AU and 3.7 AU, with an orbital eccentricity less than 0.3, and an inclination less than 25°.


title: Mettembert

paragraphs: Mettembert is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Montsevelier

paragraphs: Montsevelier is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Montsevelier, Vermes and Vicques merged into the new municipality of Val Terbi.


title: Movelier

paragraphs: Movelier is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Pleigne

paragraphs: Pleigne is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Rebeuvelier

paragraphs: Rebeuvelier was a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019, the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat became part of the municipality of Courrendlin.


title: Rossemaison

paragraphs: Rossemaison is a municipality of the district of Delémont of the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Saulcy

paragraphs: Saulcy is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Soulce

paragraphs: Soulce is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Soulce, Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.


title: Soyhières

paragraphs: Soyhières is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Screamo

paragraphs: Screamo is a musical genre which came from both emo and hardcore punk in the mid 1990s. This genre usually consists of minor chord progressions on guitar with both dissonance and reverb, the time signatures used are usually not in 4/4 instead bands and artists use less used time signatures to create a more tense feel, This genre has both a mellow and chaotic feel to it. The vocals are usually high-pitched screams and lyrics are often poetic or political.

paragraphs: An example of some Screamo bands include Saetia, Orchid, Circle Takes the Square, Envy, pageninetynine, and Thursday.


title: Comcast

paragraphs: Comcast Corporation is the biggest cable television company, the second biggest Internet service provider and the third biggest telephone company in the United States.

paragraphs: In 2007, Comcast was accused of bandwidth throttling, or the provider slowing the internet connection they have, by its customers. The FCC has launched an investigation regarding the situation.

paragraphs: On January 28, 2011, Comcast bought 51 percent of NBCUniversal (owner of NBC and Universal Studios) from General Electric, but Comcast owns 51 percent of NBCUniversal while General Electric remains 49 percent of NBCUniversal until 2013. In March 2013, Comcast completed the purchase by acquiring the remaining 49 percent of NBCUniversal from General Electric.

paragraphs: In February 2014, Comcast settled a deal to purchase the second largest cable television provider, Time Warner Cable for US$45 billion.

paragraphs: On April 28, 2016, Comcast NBCUniversal announced that it would acquire DreamWorks Animation for $3.8 billion. The Comcast NBCUniversal-DreamWorks Animation acquisition was completed on August 22, 2016.

paragraphs: Comcast offers cable TV, High Speed Internet, telephone and home security. Their products are branded as Xfinity.

paragraphs: Comcast has launched their own streaming service called Peacock. It has many movies and TV shows made by NBC and Universal, as well as those made by companies that they own, such as DreamWorks they own Classic Media (CM's subsidiaries are Bullwinkle and Harvey together) and Illumination.


title: Aeolian Islands

paragraphs: The Aeolian Islands is an archipelago of seven islands, which are north of Sicilly. The islands are of volcanic origin. About 13.000 people live on the islands, which belong to Italy. The biggest of the islands is "Lipari". For this reason, the islands are also known as Lipari islands. There are two active volcanoes on these islands, called Stromboli and Vulcano. Stromboli is the only volcano that is active all the time. The volcano on Vulcan is called "Grande Fossa". It is dormant or slightly active. It is considered to be one of the most dangerous volcanoes in Europe.

paragraphs: The islands have been inhabited since the Stone Age. They were important for the obsidian that can be found there.


title: Volcanology

paragraphs: In geology, volcanology (also spelled vulcanology) is the part of geology that studies volcanoes, lava, magma, and other related things. The term "volcanology" comes from the Latin word "vulcan", the Roman god of fire.

paragraphs: A volcanologist is a person who studies volcanoes and their eruptions. Volcanologists visit volcanoes often, especially active ones. This makes it a dangerous science. They analyze physical and chemical variations related to historical and current activity of the volcanoes.

paragraphs: Volcanologists look at volcanic eruptions, collect material from the eruptions, such as ash or pumice, rock and lava samples.


title: Birmingham Small Arms Company

paragraphs: The Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA) was a British company that started making guns and bicycles in the 19th century. From 1910 the company started making motorcycles. At one time, It was the most popular maker of motorcycles in the world. Over half a million of the company's most popular model, the Bantam, were sold. The company went out of business in the 1970s. It has started again as a gun making company.


title: BSA Bantam

paragraphs: The BSA Bantam is a small two-stroke motorcycle that was made by the Birmingham Small Arms company from 1949 to 1972.

paragraphs: The bike originally came from a German design, the DKW RT 125, from before World War II. There were more than 8 different versions of the bike, from the D1 to the B175, these bikes has engines that range from 125cc to 175cc


title: Caló

paragraphs: Caló (or Spanish Romani) is a dialect spoken by the Gitans or Zincarli (also "calés", "dark ones") that came to Spain. Caló uses Romani vocabulary with Spanish grammar,


title: Industrialisation

paragraphs: Industrialisation (or industrialization) is a process that happens in countries when they start to use machines to do work that was once done by people. Industrialisation changes the things people do. Industrialisation caused towns to grow larger. Many people left farming to take higher paid jobs in factories in towns.

paragraphs: Industrialisation is part of a process where people adopt easier and cheaper ways to make things. Using better technology, it becomes possible to produce more goods in a shorter amount of time. More things can be produced by fewer people.

paragraphs: After industrialisation people also do more specialised jobs. For example before industrialisation, a cobbler made the whole shoe. He worked on one pair of shoes, finished that, and then did the next pair of shoes. Industrial shoemaking involves many people in making shoes in a factory. An individual worker has a smaller task, however. One person cuts the sole of the shoe. Another person stitches it on. In short there is division of labour. They make even more shoes when they use cutting machines, sewing machines and other special machines. Usually the factory will be owned by a rich person who can afford the machines.

paragraphs: Industrialisation started in England with the industrial revolution in the 18th century. It spread first to parts of Europe, and to North America. In the 20th century industrialisation spread to most other countries.


title: The Falling Man

paragraphs: The Falling Man is the title of an article about a photograph taken by Richard Drew at 9:41:15 a.m., on September 11, 2001. The story was written by Tom Junod and appeared in the September 2003 issue of Esquire magazine. It is about the World Trade Center during the September 11, 2001 attacks in New York City.The man in the photo Jonathan Briley is know as the falling man. He himself had worked in the twin towers and He as many other coworkers had jumped out of the the twin towers.


Avon


title: Blues-rock

paragraphs: Blues Rock is a type of music which mixes blues with rock and roll, and uses mostly electric guitar as a main instrument. It began in the mid 1960s in England and the United States with bands such as Cream and The Rolling Stones, who experimented with music from the older bluesmen like Elmore James, Robert Johnson, Howlin' Wolf and Bo Diddley.


title: AboutUs.com

paragraphs: AboutUs.com is a wiki Internet domain directory. It lists websites along with information about their content. As a wiki, AboutUs allows Internet users to add entries or modify information. It was created by Ray King in 2006. It started in Portland, Oregon, where the website's headquarters is today. Ray King started AboutUs with only five people working with him, but, now he has more than thirty-five employees. AboutUs is in two different continents now, and they have an office in the city of Lahore, Pakistan.


title: Nile Delta

paragraphs: The Nile Delta () is the delta formed in Northern Egypt (Lower Egypt) where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the world's largest river deltas—from Alexandria in the west to Port Said in the east, it covers some 240 km of Mediterranean coastline—and is a rich agricultural region. From north to south the delta is approximately 160 km in length. The Delta begins slightly down-river from Cairo. Dams at Aswan farther upstream on the Nile have stopped further addition of the silt that built the delta in past centuries. Because of this, the delta is shrinking.

paragraphs: The Nile is considered to be an "arcuate" delta (arc-shaped), and resembles a triangle or lotus flower when seen from above.

paragraphs: The Nile Delta has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by little rainfall. Only 100 to 200 mm of rain falls on the delta area during an average year, and most of this falls in the winter months. The delta experiences its hottest temperatures in July and August, averaging 30 °C, with a maximum of around 48 °C. Winter temperatures are normally in the range of 5° to 10 °C. The Nile Delta region becomes quite humid during the summer months. The Nile Delta is currently eroding.

paragraphs: 1. p87 in W. Hayes, 'Most Ancient Egypt', JNES, 23 (1964), 73-114.


Lotus


title: Lotus position

paragraphs: The lotus position (Sanskrit: "Padmasanam") is a cross-legged sitting position which is common in meditative practices of Hinduism. It is a part of the Hindu Yoga tradition. The position is said to resemble a lotus plant and to encourage proper breathing and to be helpful for physical stability.


title: Polypropylene

paragraphs: Polypropylene (PP), or polypropene, is a type of plastic. It is a thermoplastic polymer which can be made into a fibre for yarn and fabric, film for packaging, or many other shapes.

paragraphs: As a plastic it can be made translucent but usually is opaque and often brightly colored. It is tough, and resists many solvents, acids and bases.

paragraphs: It can be formed into a thin thread and woven into a strong strap, often used on backpacks, bags, and other things.

paragraphs: In 2008, the global market for polypropylene had a volume of 45.1 million metric tons, which led to a turnover of about $65 billion (~ €47.4 billion).


title: Millau Viaduct

paragraphs: Millau Viaduct is a large bridge in Millau, France in the Département of Aveyron. It was designed by the French structural engineer Michel Virlogeux and British architect Sir Norman Foster.

paragraphs: Before the bridge was built, traffic had to go down into the valley of the Tarn river and pass along the national route N9 near the town of Millau, causing heavy congestion at the beginning and end of the July and August vacation season. The bridge now crosses the Tarn valley above its lowest point, linking the Causse du Larzac to the Causse Rouge, and is inside the perimeter of the Grands Causses regional natural park.

paragraphs: The bridge forms the last link of the A75 autoroute, (la Méridienne) from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers. The A75, with the A10 and A71, provides a continuous high-speed route south from Paris through Clermont-Ferrand to the Languedoc region and through to Spain, considerably reducing the cost of vehicle traffic traveling along this route. Many tourists heading to southern France and Spain follow this route because it is direct and without tolls for the 340 km between Clermont-Ferrand and Pézenas, except for the bridge itself.


title: Shemale

paragraphs: Shemale (also she-male) is a slang word. It describes a transwoman or intersex person with a penis, but a female body (e.g. breasts).

paragraphs: Some people think "shemale" is a bad word to describe trans or intersex people because it is often used in pornography and sex work.


title: Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche

paragraphs: The Kaiser Wilhelm Gedächtniskirche is a ruined church in Berlin. It belongs to the Protestant Evangelical Church in Germany

paragraphs: It is on the Breitscheidplatz, at the end of the Kurfürstendamm.

paragraphs: The old church was built between 1891 and 1895 according to plans by Franz Schwechten.

paragraphs: Emperor Wilhelm II ordered the building of the church to honour his grandfather Wilhelm I. The neo-romanesque style is a reminder of the many Romanesque churches in the Rhineland like Bonn Minster.

paragraphs: Mosaics inside the church showed the life and work of Emperor Wilhelm I. During World War II, the church was destroyed during a British RAF bombing raid in 1943. The only remainder of the old building is the ruin of the belfry, which is also called ("the hollow tooth").

paragraphs: After the war, from 1951 to 1961, a new church was built right next to the site of the old one. the new church was designed by Egon Eiermann.

paragraphs: The new church has a cross made of nails from the old Coventry Cathedral, destroyed by German Luftwaffe bomb attacks in what was called the Coventry "Blitz". It was consecrated on May 25, 1962, the same day as the new Coventry Cathedral. Both churches were built next to the ruins of the old building, which were kept as reminders of the horrors of war.

paragraphs: As well as the Coventry cross, the "Gedächtniskirche" has a cross of the Russian Orthodox Church and a design known as the Stalingrad Madonna by Lieutenant Kurt Reuber, created in December 1942 in Stalingrad (now Volgograd), as symbols of peace between the three countries that were once at war.

paragraphs: In December 2007, Charles Jeffrey Gray, a former British pilot who carried out World War II bombing raids over Germany, joined a campaign to rescue the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church from decay. After reading about the condition of the Church, Gray contacted Wolfgang Kuhla, the chairman of the church's advisory board, asking for its tower be restored. A fund was launched to help raise the costs of its repair.


title: Catherine Zeta-Jones

paragraphs: Catherine Zeta-Jones CBE (born 25 September 1969) is an Academy Award-winning Welsh actress living in the United States. She started acting at in theatre when she was young. After this, she has many small role British and American television and movies. She became a famous actor once she start acting in Hollywood movies such as The Phantom, The Mask of Zorro, and Entrapment in the late 1990s.

paragraphs: She won Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for acting as Velma Kelly in 2002 movie Chicago. She is the first and only Welsh actress to win that award.

paragraphs: Zeta-Jones is married to American actor Michael Douglas, with whom she shares a birthday. They have two children - Dylan (named after Dylan Thomas) and Carys.

paragraphs: Zeta-Jones said in 2011 that she has been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder.


title: John Bodkin Adams

paragraphs: John Bodkin Adams (21 January 1899 – 4 July 1983) was a British doctor, fraudster and suspected serial killer.

paragraphs: Adams was born in Randalstown in what is now Northern Ireland. His parents were from a very strict Christian sect called the Plymouth Brethren - and they believed that what ever they did in life, they would go to heaven anyway. He had one brother, William, born in 1903. His father died in 1914 and Adams was brought up by his mother. The family moved to Belfast but in 1918 William died from flu. Adams studied medicine at university.

paragraphs: Adams worked for one year in a hospital in Bristol. He then moved to Eastbourne, England where he became a general practitioner. He cared for a lot of old female patients and many of them were very rich. 132 left him money or gifts when they died. Rumours started that Adams was killing them with heroin and morphine and the police decided to investigate. Many of the possible victims had been cremated (burnt), so there were few bodies for the police to analyse.

paragraphs: Adams was arrested and tried for the murder of one patient in 1957, but found not guilty. Another charge was withdrawn - an event the judge later criticised. The trial was reported in newspapers around the world and was described at the time as "one of the greatest murder trials of all time".

paragraphs: Some have claimed that the trial was not held fairly. Police files show that the prosecution gave secret records to the defence to help them defend Adams. Evidence (some notebooks written by the patient's nurses) was lost by the prosecution and then found later by the defence. When it was produced during the trial, the prosecution pretended that it had never seen it. Also, the case that was chosen (Mrs Morrell) was probably one of the least likely to succeed.

paragraphs: One historian claims that the government did not want Adams to be convicted, because he would then have been hanged. If this had happened, many doctors would have refused to treat government (NHS) patients and the government would have become very unpopular.

paragraphs: Adams was later found guilty of 13 other crimes - prescription fraud, lying on cremation forms, obstructing a police search and failing to keep a register of the dangerous drugs he used.

paragraphs: He had his license to be a doctor taken away in 1957 but it was given back in 1961. He was banned for life from prescribing dangerous drugs.

paragraphs: Scotland Yard's files on the case were meant to be secret until 2033, but special permission was given in 2003 to open them.

paragraphs: Even though he was found not guilty, most experts now consider him to have been a serial killer. The judge in his trial later wrote a book in which he said Adams was probably guilty. The police thought that Adams killed 163 of his patients.


title: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan

paragraphs: Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan is the second "Star Trek" movie. It was made in 1982. It is a sequel to "". It is considered to be the best of the "Star Trek" movies. Most of the original actors are in the movie and it marked the return of Khan, a villain from the first season of the series. It won 2 Saturn awards, another 8 nominations. A notable scene in the movie consists of Kirk screaming the name of Khan very loudly when he is trapped in a planet.


title: Alex Andrew Kelly

paragraphs: Alexander Andrew Kelly (born May 8, 1967) is an American from Darien, Connecticut, who was convicted of rape in 1997. He is an Irish American who is the middle of three children, having both an older and a younger brother.

paragraphs: Alex Kelly was charged with having done two aggravated assaults in Darien, Connecticut, in 1986. Before his trial was due to begin in 1987, Kelly fled the United States and spent the next seven years on the run, mostly in Europe. In 1995, Kelly gave him self up to the authorities in Switzerland and was extradited to the United States in order to stand trial on rape and kidnapping charges. Kelly faced two trials in 1997. After the first was declared a mistrial, the second resulted in his conviction for the first rape and a sentence of 16 years in prison.

paragraphs: In 2005, after having served eight years of his 16-year sentence, Kelly appeared before a Connecticut parole board; his bid for release was rejected. On November 23, 2007, Kelly was released from prison on "good behavior". He is now has to serve 10 years probation, perform 200 hours of community service, pay a $10,000 fine, and register with the Connecticut Sex Offender Registry. While in prison, Kelly claims that he earned a bachelor's degree in economics and third-world development.


title: Dr. Phil (TV series)

paragraphs: Dr. Phil is an American talk show hosted by Phil McGraw. It debuted on September 16, 2002, after McGraw had success with the "Tuesdays With Dr. Phil" segment on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". On both shows McGraw offers advice in the form of "life strategies" from his experience as a clinical psychologist.

paragraphs: The show is in syndication throughout the United States and Canada, as well as a number of other countries. Also, the show's syndication contracts specifically state that if "Dr. Phil" is on another station, it cannot air at the same time as "Oprah".

paragraphs: The sixth season premiered on September 10, 2007.

paragraphs: It was announced on August 3, 2005 that "Dr. Phil" had been renewed through at least 2012-2013, lasting through the 11th season.

paragraphs: In 2007, Dr. Phil was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Talk Show Host".


title: Phil McGraw

paragraphs: Phillip Calvin McGraw (born September 1, 1950), best known as Dr. Phil, is an American television personality, psychologist and author. He is the host of the psychology-themed television show "Dr. Phil". He became a celebrity after appearances on "The Oprah Winfrey Show".

paragraphs: McGraw was born in Vinita, Oklahoma. He is the son of Jerry Stevens and Joe McGraw. He grew up with two older sisters, Deana and Donna, and younger sister, Brenda. They lived in the oil fields of North Texas. His father was an equipment supplier there. During McGraw's childhood, his family moved so his father could become a psychologist. McGraw attended Shawnee Mission North High School in Mission, Kansas. In 1968, he was awarded a football scholarship to the University of Tulsa. He played middle linebacker. His coach was Glenn Dobbs. Glenn Dobbs is the father of Gary Dobbs. Gary Dobbs went into business with McGraw. On November 23, 1968, McGraw's team lost to the University of Houston 100-6. This is one of the most badly played games in college football history.

paragraphs: After that season, McGraw moved to Midwestern State University in Wichita Falls, Texas. He graduated in 1975 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in psychology. He next got a Master's degree in experimental psychology in 1976. He then got a Ph.D in clinical psychology in 1979 at the University of North Texas. At the University of North Texas, his dissertation was titled "Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Psychological Intervention."

paragraphs: After obtaining his Ph.D., McGraw joined his father, Dr. Joe McGraw, in Wichita Falls, Texas, where the elder McGraw had a private psychology practice.

paragraphs: In 1983, McGraw and his father joined Thelma Box, a successful Texas businesswoman, in presenting "Pathways" seminars, "an experience-based training which allows individuals to achieve and create their own results."

paragraphs: In 1990, McGraw joined lawyer Gary Dobbs in co-founding Courtroom Sciences Inc. (CSI), a trial consulting firm through which McGraw later came into contact with Oprah Winfrey. After some time, CSI became a profitable enterprise. It advising Fortune 500 companies and injured plaintiffs about achieving settlements. McGraw is no longer an officer or director of the company. After starting CSI, McGraw ceased the practice of psychology.

paragraphs: In 1995, Oprah Winfrey hired McGraw's legal consulting firm CSI to prepare her for the Amarillo Texas beef trial. Winfrey was so impressed with McGraw that she thanked him for her victory in that case, which ended in 1998. Soon after, she invited him to appear on her show. His appearance proved so successful that he began appearing weekly as a "Relationship and Life Strategy Expert" on Tuesdays starting in April 1998.

paragraphs: The next year, McGraw published his first best-selling book, "Life Strategies", some of which was taken from the "Pathways" seminar. In the next four years, McGraw published three additional best-selling relationship books, along with workbooks to complement them.

paragraphs: As of September 2002, McGraw formed Peteski Productions and launched his own syndicated daily television show, "Dr. Phil", produced by Winfrey's Harpo Studios. The format is an advice show, where he tackles a different topic on each show, offering advice for his guests' troubles.

paragraphs: In 2003 Dr Phil started selling weight loss products. They were called, "Shape It Up, Woo, Woo!" McGraw said science showed they could help users control their weight. Many people criticized this and the Federal Trade Commission investigated. McGraw stopped selling weight loss products in March 2004 In October 2005, several people who used McGraw's products said they would file a class action lawsuit against him because although the supplements cost $120 per month they did not cause weight loss.

paragraphs: McGraw paid $10.5 million in September 2006 to stop the lawsuit.


title: Miss USA

paragraphs: The Miss USA pageant is a beauty contest. It has been held every year since 1952. Winners compete in the Miss Universe pageant. The Miss Universe Organization operates both pageants. It also operates Miss Teen USA.

paragraphs: On May 2, 2019, Cheslie Kryst of North Carolina became Miss USA 2019.

paragraphs: It used to be owned by billionaire businessman and television personality Donald Trump who is currently the 45th President of the United States since 2017. Since September 2015, the pageant has been owned by and the which are collectively known as WME-IMG.


title: The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale

paragraphs: "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale" is a story from the well known book "The Canterbury Tales". It is about a knight who sets on a quest to find the object that women most desire. The story has been changed into many plays.

paragraphs: The story begins when a man rapes a young lady. He is sentenced to death by the King, but the Queen asks for mercy. She gives the knight a year and a day to find out what women really want. The man hunts the entire year, and gets many different answers, from the different women he asks.

paragraphs: After a year passed he was on his way to back the castle to tell the queen his answer when he saw many young women. They disappeared and left one old lady. The old lady gives him the answer but in return wants to marry him. The man is forced to marry the old woman after she gives him the correct answer, which was mastery (sovereignty) from their husbands/men. On their honeymoon he hides from her and she gives him the choice of her old ugly self, who would never cheat on him or a pretty woman who might cheat on him. He gives her the power to make the decision on her own, and in return she turns herself into a pretty and faithful young woman he had truly wanted.


title: Vuze

paragraphs: Vuze (formerly Azureus) is a Java-based BitTorrent used for file sharing. The program's logo is the Blue Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates azureus). The Azureus name was given to the project by co-creator Tyler Pitchford, who uses the Latin names of poison dart frogs as "nickname" for his development projects.

paragraphs: Azureus was first released in June 2003 at SourceForge.net. It is now one of the most popular BitTorrent clients

paragraphs: Since version 2.5.0.4, Azureus was distributed under the GNU General Public License (GPL).


title: Stabio

paragraphs: Stabio is a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Tegna

paragraphs: Tegna is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged into the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.


title: Tenero-Contra

paragraphs: Tenero-Contra is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Torre, Switzerland

paragraphs: Torre was a municipality of the district Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It came together with 3 other villages to become the new municipality Blenio.


title: Girolamo Savonarola

paragraphs: Girolamo Savonarola (21 September 1452 – 23 May 1498), was an Italian Dominican priest and leader of Florence from 1494 until his execution in 1498. Savonarola is famous for burning books, and for the destruction of what he considered immoral art. Savonarola was a priest but he preached against the moral corruption of the clergy and the Church of Rome. His main enemy was Pope Alexander VI. He is sometimes seen as a forerunner of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation, however he remained a devout Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: In the twentieth century, a movement for the canonization of "Frà Savonarola" began to develop within the Roman Catholic Church, particularly among Dominicans. Many believe that his excommunication and execution were not legal. However, his beatification and canonization is opposed by many Jesuits, who think Savonarola's attacks on the papacy to have been a serious crime.

paragraphs: Savonarola was born in Ferrara, which was the capital of the independent Duchy of Ferrara.

paragraphs: In his youth he studied the Bible, and then went to the University of Ferrara. He wrote two poems which showed his anger at morally corrupt clergymen. The first, about the end of the world, was written when he was only 20. Savonarola wrote the second poem "De Ruina Mundi" ("On the Downfall of the World") in 1475. In this poem he said the Roman Curia was "a false, proud whore".

paragraphs: Savonarola became a Dominican friar in 1475, and entered the convent of San Domenico in Bologna. He studied theology. In 1479 he went to the convent of Santa Maria degli Angeli. In 1482 the Dominicans sent him to Florence, the ‘city of his destiny’. After five years, he went back to Bologna where he became 'master of studies’.

paragraphs: He returned to Florence in 1490 and began to preach about the end of the world. He had visions and prophecies which he said had come to him from God and the saints. Several disasters made his prophecies real. He spoke about the failing power of the ruling Medici family. Savonarola never tried to make war on the Roman Curia. He wanted to put an end to the sins of the popes who cared more about their riches and power than they did about God .

paragraphs: After Charles VIII of France invaded Florence in 1494, the ruling Medici were removed. Savonarola became the new leader of the city, both as a secular leader and priest. He set up a rather modern democratic republic in Florence. Savonarola wanted to make Florence a city devoted to God, a good “Christian and religious Republic.” Homosexuality had been acceptable in Florence, and many were important people. One of Savonarola's first laws was to make sodomy a crime which would be punished by death.

paragraphs: In 1497, he and his followers went to the Piazza della Signoria, and began to burn mirrors, cosmetics, obscene pictures, pagan books, gaming tables, musical instruments, fine dresses, women’s hats, and the works of immoral and ancient poets. They also burnt paintings by some famous artists, such as Sandro Botticelli and Michelangelo. This event is now called the "Bonfire of the Vanities".

paragraphs: Florence soon became tired of Savonarola. The city had become an unhappy place to live. Savonarola's promises that God would change things in the city did not come true, and his predictions of the end of the world did not happen. During his Ascension Day sermon on May 4, 1497, groups of young men rioted in the streets, people began singing and dancing, and the taverns reopened. The riot became a revolution.

paragraphs: On May 13, 1497, Savonarola was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI. In 1498, Alexander demanded his arrest and execution. On April 8, soldiers attacked the Convent of San Marco and after a bloody battle Savonarola's guards and religious supporters were killed. He surrendered and during the next few weeks was tortured to make him say that he was gulity of heresy, corruption, and other crimes against the Church.

paragraphs: On the day of his execution he was taken out to the Piazza della Signoria with Fra Silvestro and Fra Domenico da Pescia, two religious friends of Savonarola. They were stripped of their clerical clothing, and called heretics and schismatics. The three men were put on crosses,and burned alive. Savonarola died in the same place where he had burnt the paintings and books.

paragraphs: Niccolò Machiavelli, author of "The Prince", also saw and wrote about the execution. The Medici soon retook control of Florence.


title: Crepe myrtle

paragraphs: The common crepe mirtle was introduced in South Carolina by Andre Michaux.

paragraphs: This multistemmed shrub with crepe-like texture petals, and diverse colors is resistant to frosts.

paragraphs: The genus is dedicated to Magnus von Lagerstroem, who supplied Linnaeus plant he collected.


title: Torricella-Taverne

paragraphs: Torricella-Taverne is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Tremona

paragraphs: Tremona was a municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 5 April 2009 the former municipalities of Arzo, Capolago, Genestrerio, Mendrisio, Rancate and Tremona merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.


title: Valcolla

paragraphs: Valcolla is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Valcolla is in the upper part of the Val Colla, the mountain valley in which the Cassarate River rises. It has villages of Colla, Cozzo, Curtina, Insone, Maglio di Colla, Molino, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. It borders the following municipalities: Bidogno, Bogno, Capriasca, Cavargna (Italy), Certara, Cimadera, Corticiasca, Ponte Capriasca and Sonvico.

paragraphs: In 1956 the municipality was created from the merger of Colla, Insone, Piandera, Scareglia and Signôra. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Sonvico and Valcolla merged into the city of Lugano.


title: Vergeletto

paragraphs: Vergeletto is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Since 1803, the municipality of Vergeletto also contained the current municipality of Gresso. Both municipalities were moved away from each other in 1882. On 10 April 2016 the former municipalities of Gresso, Isorno, Mosogno and Vergeletto merged to form the municipality of Onsernone.

paragraphs: The coat of arms of the municipality are taken from the Garbani, or Garban family for its French and Northern American branch, starting from the village, who are people who sell things or people of power.


title: Vernate, Switzerland

paragraphs: Vernate is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Verscio

paragraphs: Verscio is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Cavigliano, Tegna and Verscio merged to form the new municipality of Terre di Pedemonte.


title: Vezia

paragraphs: Vezia is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Vico Morcote

paragraphs: Vico Morcote is a municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Villa Luganese

paragraphs: Villa Luganese is a former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. Villa Luganese was formerly a municipality of its own, having been incorporated into Lugano in 2008.


title: Vira (Gambarogno)

paragraphs: Vira (Gambarogno) is a former municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 April 2010 the former municipalities of Caviano, Contone, Gerra Gambarogno, Indemini, Magadino, Piazzogna, San Nazzaro, Sant'Abbondio and Vira Gambarogno merged to form the new municipality of Gambarogno.


title: Vogorno

paragraphs: Vogorno is a municipality of the district Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. The village can be found above Lago di Vogorno. There is an old church with frescos from about 1400 in the village.


title: Lago di Vogorno

paragraphs: Lago di Vogorno is a lake near Tenero, in Ticino, Switzerland. The reservoir on the Verzasca river is made by the Verzasca Dam, built 1961-1965. The water surface area is 1.68 km


title: Alt St. Johann

paragraphs: Alt St. Johann was a municipality in Toggenburg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Alt St. Johann and Wildhaus merged into the new municipality of Wildhaus-Alt St. Johann.


title: Mika Pohjola

paragraphs: Mika Pohjola (born December 1, 1971, in Helsinki, Finland) is a jazz pianist and composer. He lives in New York City.

paragraphs: Mika Pohjola lived in Vantaa, Finland, outside Helsinki until 1987. He started studying piano and music theory with his father, Heikki Pohjola in 1979. In 1982, he started singing in the Helsinki cathedral boy choir, Cantores Minores. He then studied classical piano, music theory and counterpoint at the Vantaa Music Institute. After completing his classical studies, Pohjola moved to Stockholm, Sweden to study jazz music. He met Alvaro Is Rojas while studying at the Södra Latin Gymnasium. Is Rojas taught him piano improvisation and jazz ear-training for five years. Pohjola received a Master's Degree in Jazz Education at the Royal Swedish College of Music in 1992.

paragraphs: Encouraged by Alvaro Is Rojas, Pohjola moved to Boston, Massachusetts to study at Berklee College of Music. His teachers included Herb Pomeroy, Gary Burton, Phil Wilson, Ed Bedner and Hal Crook. Pohjola also met many new music collaborators, such as Johanna Grüssner, Matt Penman, Roberto Dani, Fernando Huergo, Sophie Dunér and Yusuke Yamamoto. Pohjola graduated from Berklee with honors in 1994. That same year he recorded his first album, "Myths and Beliefs" (GM Recordings) produced by Gunther Schuller.

paragraphs: In 1995, Pohjola moved to New York City and became a part of the downtown jazz scene. He briefly studied with pianist Sal Mosca. Pohjola performed at New York clubs such as the Blue Note, Birdland, the Five Spot, Smalls, The Jazz Standard and Visiones. His many bands featured saxophonists Chris Cheek, Mark Turner and Miguel Zenón, guitarist Ben Monder, bassists Matt Penman, Johannes Weidenmüller and Fernando Huergo, drummers Roberto Dani, Marlon Browden, Darren Beckett, Matt Wilson and Mark Ferber. In the 1990s, Pohjola often toured Europe, and performed in his native Finland, Sweden, Denmark, The United Kingdom, Germany and Italy. Pohjola was also invited to play in Ukraine in 1999, 2001 and 2002. In 2002 to 2005 Pohjola spent much time in his own recording studio, documenting ambitious arrangements of Scandinavian traditional and popular music. He released the catalogue of the original Moomin music on "Moomin Voices" (2003 in Swedish; 2005 in Finnish). His main collaborators included vocalists Theo Bleckmann, Rigmor Gustafsson, Lisa Werlinder, Sanni Orasmaa and Eeppi Ursin; and instrumentalists Alan Ferber, David Ambrosio, Christof Knoche, Laura Arpiainen and Ayumi Takeshima. He also recorded Scandinavian Christmas music on "Scandinavian Yuletide Voices" (2005), and a tribute to the Finnish legendary tango composer, Toivo Kärki on the album, "Leivonen lumimyrskyssä (A Lark in a Snowstorm)" (2006).

paragraphs: Pohjola has since 1995 been a jazz piano principal at the Nilsiä Music Camp in Finland. Additionally, he has been a guest lecturer at many conservatories in Scandinavia. In 2006 Pohjola was invited as a lecturer to Berklee College of Music as a major visiting artist.

paragraphs: Pohjola plays chacarera and jazz compositions with Argentinean bassist and composer Fernando Huergo. Pohjola also leads several groups in Finland, such as the popular Moomin Voices (in Finnish Muumilauluja-bändi) which often performs at children's events and festivals.


title: Zug

paragraphs: Zug is a small town in Switzerland. It is at the northeastern corner of Lake Zug.


title: BitTorrent

paragraphs: BitTorrent is a peer-to-peer program, first developed in mid-2001 by Bram Cohen and BitTorrent, Inc., to use for uploading and downloading files under the BitTorrent protocol. In the protocol, a "Tracker" hosts information about any active computers which are trying to share data. Trackers are used to find other active computers, but do not store or share file data. Using the .torrent files, BitTorrent users can "Leech" (download) the files. Once a "Leecher" gets 100% of the file(s), they become a "Seeder" and helps "Seed" (upload) the files to other Leechers.

paragraphs: BitTorrent was the first client written for the protocol. Before version 6.0, BitTorrent was written in Python, and was free software. The source code for versions up to and including 3.4.2 were distributed under the MIT license and versions 4.x and 5.x were released under the BitTorrent Open Source License, a modified version of the Jabber Open Source License. Since version 6.0, BitTorrent is a rebranded version of µTorrent. As a result, its source is closed.

paragraphs: The BitTorrent protocol now has many clients, for example :


title: Bali Nine

paragraphs: The Bali Nine is the name of the nine Australian citizens arrested and convicted for drug trafficking on April 17, 2005, in Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia. The group tried to smuggle 8.3 kg of heroin valued at about 4 million AUD from Indonesia to Australia.

paragraphs: Members of the group are: Andrew Chan, Si Yi Chen, Michael Czugaj, Renae Lawrence, Tach Duc Thanh Nguyen, Matthew Norman, Scott Rush, Martin Stephens and Myuran Sukumaran. All of them are between ages 18 and 28 at the time of their arrests.

paragraphs: After the trial, two of the Bali Nine received death sentences, and the others got 20 years or life sentences. Renae Lawrence finished serving her 20-year sentence in Kerobokan Prison together with Schapelle Corby. Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran were executed by firing squad on 29 April 2015.


title: Eunuch

paragraphs: A eunuch is a castrated man. His genitals have been removed. This can be cutting off the testicles or removing the penis and the testicles.

paragraphs: Over the millennia since, eunuchs had a lot of different functions in different cultures such as domestics, treble singers, religious specialists, government officials, military commanders, and guardians of women or harem servants. When eunuchs ran a harem, a monarch could be sure he was the one who fathered his wives' children since real eunuchs were always infertile.


title: Antares Telescope

paragraphs: The ANTARES Experiment is a telescope that is built at the bottom of the Mediterranean Sea. But it is not a normal telescope that uses light to see distant objects. Instead, it uses neutrinos, very small and light particles that can fly through the earth. The name comes from Astronomy with a Neutrino Telescope and Abyss environmental RESearch project. There is also a star called Antares.

paragraphs: It uses 900 light sensors attached to 12 strings that float in the sea to detect neutrinos. The strings are held onto the sea floor by an anchor and straight up by a buoy floating in the sea. Although the neutrinos are invisible, they can create a different particle, a muon, in water. The muon then gives off light by the Cherenkov effect because it travels faster than light in water.

paragraphs: The sensors are so sensitive that they need only very little light and can even detect single photons. This is necessary because the muons produce only very little light.

paragraphs: The detector is located in the Mediterranean, about 40 kilometres off Toulon in southern France. There the sea is 2500 metres deep. It is built by a group of physicists from 12 European countries. Currently, 10 strings are running. The last two strings will be installed in May 2008.

paragraphs: It is the largest neutrino detector in the Northern hemisphere. Two similar detectors are located in the ice of the South Pole (AMANDA and IceCube).


title: Čerenkov radiation

paragraphs: Cherenkov radiation, also known as Vavilov–Cherenkov radiation (; Russian: Черенков) is a type of electromagnetic radiation produced by charged particles when they pass through an optically transparent medium at a speed which is greater than the speed of light in that medium. (It doesn't violent the special relativity because, refractive index slows down the speed of light in a medium. So, the particle doesn't have to travel at the speed of light in a vacuum.) It is named after Pavel Alekseyevich Čerenkov who discovered this phenomenon in 1934 under the supervision of Sergey Vavilov. Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank developed a theory on this effect in 1937. Pavel Čerenkov, Igor Tamm and Ilya Frank shared the 1958 Nobel Prize in physics because of their contribution in cherenkov radiation.

paragraphs: According to special relativity, a particle cannot move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. However, when light travels in a transparent medium (such as water or glass), it moves more slowly than it would in a vacuum. This means that particles can actually move faster than the speed of light in certain mediums. When a particle with an electric charge moves faster than light in a medium which can be polarized, it causes the medium to send out photons (light particles) and thereby loses energy. The photons that are sent out can be measured, as they are simple light.

paragraphs: The formation of Cherenkov radiation is analogous to the bow wave caused by a power boat traveling faster than the speed of water waves or to the shock wave (sonic boom) produced by an airplane traveling faster than the speed of sound in air.

paragraphs: When an aircraft passes through the air, it creates a series of pressure waves in front of the aircraft and behind it. These waves travel at the speed of sound and, as the speed of the object increases, the waves get compressed as they cannot get out of each other's way quickly enough. When the aircraft gets the velocity of sound wave, the pressure waves get merge into a single shock wave. As the velocity keeps increasing, the single shock wave extends mostly to the rear and extends from the craft in a restricted widening cone. We hear this as sonic boom. Similarly, a bow wave forms when something moves through a fluid at a speed greater than the speed of a wave moving across the fluid. The mechanism of Cherenkov radiation is same but it occurs for light waves.

paragraphs: When a charged particle moves inside a polarizable medium, it excites some the ellectrons of that medium. As the excited ellectrons return to their ground state, they emits electromagnetic radiation. According to the Huygens principle, the emitted waves move out spherically at the phase velocity of that medium. If the particle moves faster than the speed of light in that medium, the emitted waves add up and at an angle with respect to the particle direction a radiation is emitted which is known as Cherenkov radiation.

paragraphs: Because nothing can move faster than light in a vacuum, there is no Cherenkov light in a vacuum. However, if we say that light in water moves only with 75% of its speed in vacuum, particles with very high energy are now able to move faster than light (through water) and create Cherenkov light.

paragraphs: The reason Cherenkov light often appears blue is because its effect is proportional to the frequency, in that the higher the frequency, the higher the effect of the radiation. Because higher frequency light equates to shorter wavelengths, and blue light has one of the shortest wavelengths of visible light, Cherenkov light is usually blue.

paragraphs: In the first image, a charged particle (red) moves at a speed of formula_1 where

paragraphs: Ratio between the speed of the particle and the speed of light is

paragraphs: In this medium, the velocity of light is (n is the refractive index)

paragraphs: Left side of this image is the initial point ("t" = 0) and the right side is the location of the particle after "t" time।

paragraphs: So, the distance passed by the particle in "t" time is

paragraphs: So, the emission angle is (using trigonometry)

paragraphs: We can also derive the emission angle from the second image too.


title: Foot-pound force

paragraphs: The foot-pound force (symbol: ft·lb), or simply foot-pound (symbol: ft·lb), is a unit of energy and also a unit of torque. By definition it is one foot times one pound-force.

paragraphs: As a unit of energy, one foot-pound is the energy it takes to push with one pound-force one pound for a distance of one foot.

paragraphs: As a unit of torque, one foot-pound is the torque created by one pound force acting at a perpendicular distance of one foot from a pivot point.


title: Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach

paragraphs: Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach (also known as Aeschlen) is a municipality of the district Konolfingen in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the municipality of Aeschlen bei Oberdiessbach merged into the municipality of Oberdiessbach.


title: Büren (district)

paragraphs: The district of Büren is a district of the Swiss canton of Bern. Its capital is Büren an der Aare.

paragraphs: It contains 14 municipalities in an area of 88 km²:


title: Burgdorf (district)

paragraphs: The district of Burgdorf in the Swiss canton of Bern has 24 municipalities in an area of 197 km²:


title: Budai

paragraphs: Budai (Chinese:布袋), pronounced Hotei in Japanese, also known as the Laughing Buddha, was a Buddhist monk in China. Many Chinese Buddhists believe he was a reincarnation of Maitreya, the person who will become the next Buddha after Gautama Buddha.

paragraphs: He has become incorporated into Buddhist, Taoist and Shinto. Images of him can be found in many temples, restaurants, and businesses. Budai has become a god of happiness and plenty in some forms of Taoism and Buddhism. In Japan, Hotei is one of the Seven Lucky Gods ("Shichi Fukujin"). He is almost always shown smiling or laughing, hence his nickname in Chinese, the "Laughing Buddha" (Chinese:笑佛).

paragraphs: Budai may be based on a monk that lived in the time of Sakyamuni Buddha. This monk's name was "Angida", whose name means "calico bag". According to legend, Angida was an Indian snake catcher who caught poisonous snakes to stop them from biting people. Budai and Angida look similar because they are both depicted as plump, laughing and carrying a bag.

paragraphs: In the Chinese tradition, Budai was a monk who lived in China around 907 to 923 CE. He was a man who was good and loving. Apart from his character, his likeness with the Maitreya Bodhisattva (the future Buddha) come from a Buddhist hymn (Chinese: 偈语; Pinyin: Jiéyǔ) which he said before his death:

paragraphs: Budai is almost always shown carrying a sack, which never empties, and is filled with many precious things, including rice plants (symbolizing wealth), sweets for children, food, and the sadness of the world. His duty is to protect the weak, the poor and children.

paragraphs: In Chinese Buddhist temples, Budai's statue is put in the front part of the entrance hall. He is shown as a stout, smiling or laughing man in robes with a largely bare belly, which represents happiness, good luck, and plenty.

paragraphs: Some statues show small children at his feet. Another item that is usually seen in Budai statues, is a begging bowl, which shows that he is a Buddhist. All of these images show Budai as a wandering monk who goes around and takes sadness from people. Because he represents richness and happiness, statues are often found in homes and businesses in China and Japan.

paragraphs: The main story that concerns Budai in Chan is a short koan.

paragraphs: In Thailand Budai is sometimes confused with another monk that is respected in Thailand. Phra Sangkadchai or Shanghai (Thai: พระสังกัจจายน์), a Thai spelling of Mahakaccayanathera (Thai: มหากัจจายนเถระ), was a Buddhist monk in the time of the Buddha. The Buddha praised "Phra Sangkadchai" for his excellence in explaining complicated dharma (or dhamma) in an easily understandable way.

paragraphs: 1. Phra Sangkadchai has a bit of hair on his head while Budai is bald.2. Phra Sangkadchai wears the robes in Theravadin Buddhist fashion with the robes folded across one shoulder, leaving the other uncovered. Budai wears the robes in Chinese style, covering both arms but leaving the front part of the upper body uncovered.

paragraphs: One belief surrounding the figure of Budai in popular folklore is that if a person rubs his belly, it brings wealth, good luck, and prosperity. This belief however is not part of any Buddhist ritual, but is a part of a Chinese folk belief. He is often admired for his happiness, abundance, wisdom, and contentment.


title: Juroujin

paragraphs: In Japan, Juroujin (寿老人), also known as Gama, is one of the Seven Lucky Gods, according to Taoist beliefs. He is the God of long life.

paragraphs: He has a staff and a fan. He is shown as an old man with a long beard, and a scroll is tied to the staff, which has the lifespan of all living things written on it. The deer, the crane and the tortoise, symbols of long life, sometimes follow him.


title: Source code

paragraphs: In computer programming, source code is (generally speaking) a text file version of a computer program or software that contains instructions that the computer follows to do something. Source code is written in a programming language which a human can read and change. A large program may contain many different source code files that all work together. These days most source code is compiled when it is finished. This translates the code into assembly language or machine language which is much faster and easier for the computer to read, but hard for a human to read.

paragraphs: A computer program may be open source, which means the source code is shared with anyone who wants to look at it and change it. Most are closed source, which means the executable code is distributed and only the people who made the program can look at and change the code.


title: Legendary Pokémon

paragraphs: Legendary Pokémon are very rare Pokémon in the "Pokémon" world. Characters in the series often claim that very few people have seen them. They are hard to catch, and are stronger than most other Pokémon. They have powers that other Pokémon do not have. In the games some roam around, while others stay in one spot until the trainer knocks it out or captures it. If the player defeats a legendary Pokémon, they will not be available again, because there is only one of them. Because of this, players usually save their game before going to battle the Pokémon. The Master Ball and Ultra Ball are popular choices for catching legendary Pokémon. But legendary Pokémon can also be caught with a normal Poké Ball. It is often advised to catch a legendary Pokémon with a Quick Ball since a Quick Ball has a high capture rate at the beginning of a battle. Legendary Pokémon typically have a 3/255 catch rate with Ultra Balls, and 1/255 catch rate with regular Poké Balls.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Kanto region, which appears in "Pokémon Red and Blue", and its related games.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Johto region, which appears in "Pokémon Gold and Silver", and its related games.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Hoenn region, which appears in "Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire", and its related games.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Sinnoh region, which appears in "Pokémon Diamond and Pearl", and its related games.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Unova region, which appears in "Pokémon Black and White" and "Pokémon Black 2 and White 2.

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Kalos region, which appears in "Pokémon X and Y".

paragraphs: These Pokémon are in the Alola region, which appears in "Pokémon Sun, Moon, Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon"


title: Gilles Binchois

paragraphs: Gilles Binchois (probably born in Mons about 1400; died Soignies, 20 September, 1460), was a Franco-Flemish composer. His name is spelt in various ways: “Binchoys”, “Binch” or “Binche” or “Gilles de Bins”. He is one of the earliest composers of the group known as the Burgundian School. His style of composition had a very important influence on music at the Burgundian court. Together with Guillaume Dufay and John Dunstaple he belongs to the greatest of 15th century composers.

paragraphs: He was probably born in Mons in what is now Belgium. His father, a councillor to Duke Guillaume IV of Hainault, had a job in a church in Mons. Nothing is known about Gilles until 1419, when he became organist at the church of Ste. Waudru in Mons. In 1423 went to live in Lille. He may have worked as a soldier.

paragraphs: Sometime near the end of the 1420s he joined the court chapel of Burgundy. He sang with the choir there. He spent many years working at the Burgundian court. He was not allowed much time to be away, so he did not travel much. We know that he went to Mons in 1449 on which occasion he met Guillaume Dufay. When he retired he went to live in Soignes. He had a good pension.

paragraphs: Binchois wrote beautiful melodies which were much simpler than a lot of the music of the Middle Ages. They are easy to sing and remember. Many later composers used melodies by Binchois as a basis for their own masses. Most of his secular songs are rondeaux, which became the most common song form during the century. Binchois did not often write in strophic form. He preferred to write music which did not follow the rhyming rhythm of the verse.


title: John Dunstaple

paragraphs: John Dunstaple or Dunstable (born about 1390; died 24 December 1453) was an English composer who lived in the last part of the medieval era and the early part of the Renaissance. He was one of the most famous composers in the early 15th century. He had a lot of influence on music in England as well as on the continent. He helped to develop the style of the Burgundian School.

paragraphs: The spelling "Dunstaple" is more often used today because in documents from his time this is the spelling that is more common, although some documents spelt his name "Dunstable".

paragraphs: Dunstaple was probably born in Dunstable, Bedfordshire around 1390. We know very little about his life. He was well educated and he worked for the Duke of Bedford who was the fourth son of Henry IV and brother of Henry V. He may have spent some time in France because the duke was Regent of France from 1423 to 1429, and then Governor of Normandy from 1429 to his death in 1435. Dunstaple owned property in Normandy, and also in Cambridgeshire, Essex and London, according to tax records of 1436. He also worked for the Duke of Gloucester.

paragraphs: Many composers at that time were priests, but Dunstaple was not, although he had connections with St Albans Abbey. He was probably married.

paragraphs: During his life he was not just known as a composer but also as an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician.

paragraphs: He died on Christmas Eve 1453, and was buried in the church of St Stephen Walbrook in London which was later destroyed in the Great Fire of 1666.

paragraphs: We hardly have any original manuscripts of Dunstaple’s music. England was a very musical country at the time, but almost all that music was destroyed between 1536 and 1540 during the Dissolution of the Monasteries when Henry VIII was ruling. Most of Dunstaple’s works which survive were works which were found on the continent, mostly in north Italy. This shows that he must have been famous throughout Europe. He influenced Dufay and Binchois. The Flemish composer and music theorist Tinctoris wrote in 1476 that he was the most important musician of new music which had started in England.

paragraphs: Dunstaple was one of the first to compose masses using one melody as "cantus firmus." He wrote many carols (religious songs), but we do not know which ones are by him because he did not sign his name to them. He wrote secular music, but it has been lost.


title: Equals sign

paragraphs: The equal sign, equals sign, or "=" is a mathematical symbol used to indicate equality. It looks like two parallel horizontal lines. The equals sign is placed between the things stated to be exactly equal or the same. Computers display the equals sign with the Unicode or ASCII character 003D (in hexadecimal).

paragraphs: The symbol used to say when items are not equal is "≠" (slashed equal sign).

paragraphs: There are several symbols that can be used to say items are "approximately the same," "similar to" or "about equal." Some of these symbols include:

paragraphs: Each of these symbols has more than one possible meaning, and are all used to state that two things or about equal (or equivalent in some way).


title: Crimean War

paragraphs: The Crimean War (1853–1856), also called the Eastern War (), was a war fought between Russia on one side, and France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire on the other side. Most of the fighting, including the Battle of Balaclava, happened in the Crimean Peninsula, with other fighting in western Turkey, and around the Baltic Sea.

paragraphs: The Crimean War is sometimes called the first "modern" war, since the weaponry and tactics used had never been seen before and affected all other wars after it. It was also the first war where a telegraph was used to quickly give information to a newspaper.

paragraphs: The Ottoman Empire was declining by the mid-1800s. European countries, which wanted as much land around the world as possible, looked to the Ottoman Empire. The war itself started after the Ottoman Empire said France, and not Russia, had the right to protect Christians in the Holy Land near the area of modern-day Israel.

paragraphs: Russia sent an army to take part of Ottoman Romania, so the allied British and French sent an army and navy to stop that. When they got to their camp in Gallipoli, Russia retreated, so the allies decided instead to take back Crimea where Russia had its naval base. Russia had taken Crimea from Turkey in an earlier war.

paragraphs: The Crimean War was a very important point in the history of warfare. It was not only different in the weapons it used, it was also the first war related to by press, by photography and journalists. Another very important factor was that it was the first war with real field hospitals, started by Florence Nightingale. Russia decided to make changes, including increased development of weaponry and the end of serfdom in 1861.


title: Homophobia

paragraphs: Homophobia is the fear or poor treatment of homosexuals. The word was created in the 1960s by a psychologist named George Weinberg. The word "homophobia" is often used together with the word "transphobia" in documents explaining human rights violation of LGBT people by United Nations and Council of Europe.

paragraphs: There are events to stop homophobia, like the "gay pride parades" and "International Day Against Homophobia" on May 17. It was first celebrated on 17 May 2005 in more than 40 countries. Argentina, Brazil, Mexico and Colombia have developed mass media campaigns against homophobia since 2002. In some places, it is illegal to treat people badly because they are homosexual, and it is a hate crime to hurt them for that reason. Laws against such discrimination have been made in several countries. Internationally, the Declaration of Montreal and the Yogyakarta Principles were adopted in 2006.

paragraphs: Successful strategies to prevent homophobic prejudice and bullying in schools have included teaching students about historical figures who were gay, or who suffered discrimination because of their sexuality. A person who is homophobic may be called a homophobe.

paragraphs: Homophobia is often related to heterosexism, the belief that sex and love between men and women is better than other types of sex and love. Such as sex between two men or sex between two women.


title: Tickling

paragraphs: Tickling is to lightly scratch, touch, or rub a person or animal to make them laugh. For most people, it causes pleasure and happiness whereas others hate it. Tickle spots are feet, armpits, and sides of stomach.

paragraphs: It is believed by many that tickling yourself is very hard and by some that it is nearly impossible. Research shows that the brain notices and senses our movements and actions. This lets the brain prepare itself when we try to tickle ourselves. The unexpected senses are then cancelled by our brain so we do not feel the reaction we would have if someone else tickled us when we least expected it.

paragraphs: Unlike others, some people in the world know how to tickle themselves. This is because they know the tickling spots in their body and are able to use other objects to tickle themselves. For example, they can use a piece of tissue and rub it against their stomach to tickle themselves. Tickling may be relaxing, but may also be painful.


title: English Springer Spaniel

paragraphs: The English Springer Spaniel is a dog breed used as hunting dogs to retrieve animals. It is one of many spaniel breeds. They are clever and cheerful. Their coat can be brown and white, black and white, or have tan spots. They look like their cousins, the Welsh Springer Spaniel and Cocker Spaniel.. Common colors include black, brown and white.


title: Ottawa Hills, Ohio

paragraphs: Ottawa Hills is a village in Ohio, United States. 4,564 people lived there in 2000. The village is a rich suburb of Toledo. They have a police and fire department. The high school is the second best public school in Ohio. Ottawa Hills is 13th out of 1065 places in Ohio by average income.


title: Congo River

paragraphs: The Congo River (also known as Zaire River) is the largest river in Africa. Its overall length of 4,700 km (2,922 miles) makes it the second longest in Africa (after the Nile). The river and its tributaries flow through the second largest rain forest area in the world, second only to the Amazon Rainforest in South America.

paragraphs: The river also has the second-largest flow in the world, behind the Amazon, and the second-largest watershed of any river, again trailing the Amazon. Its watershed is a little larger than that of the Mississippi River. Because large parts of the river basin sit north and south of the equator, its flow is steady, as there is always at least one river having a rainy season.

paragraphs: The Congo gets its name from the old Kingdom of Kongo which was at the mouth of the river. The Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo, both countries sitting along the river's banks, are named after it. From 1971 to 1997, the Democratic Republic of the Congo was called Zaire and its government called the river the Zaire River.

paragraphs: The sources of the Congo are in the Highlands and mountains of the East African Rift, as well as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Mweru, which feed the Lualaba River. This then becomes the Congo below Boyoma Falls. The Chambeshi River in Zambia is usually taken as the source of the Congo because of the accepted practice worldwide of using the longest tributary, as with the Nile River.

paragraphs: The Congo flows mostly west from Kisangani just below the falls, then slowly bends southwest, passing by Mbandaka, joining with the Ubangi River, and running into the Pool Malebo (Stanley Pool). Kinshasa (formerly Léopoldville) and Brazzaville are on opposite sides of the river at the Pool, where the river narrows and falls through a few cataracts in deep canyons (collectively known as the Livingstone Falls), running by Matadi and Boma, and into the sea at the small town of Muanda.

paragraphs: The mouth of the Congo was visited by Europeans in 1482, by the Portuguese Diogo Cão, and in 1817, by a British exploration under James Kingston Tuckey that went up the river as far as Isangila. Henry Morton Stanley was the first European to travel along the whole river.

paragraphs: Although the Livingstone Falls stop ships coming in from the sea, almost all of the Congo is navigable in parts, especially between Kinshasa and Kisangani. Railways cross the three major falls that interrupt navigation, and much of the trade of central Africa passes along the river. Goods include copper, palm oil, sugar, coffee, and cotton. The river can also be valuable for hydroelectric power, and Inga Dams below Pool Malebo have been built.

paragraphs: In February of 2005, South Africa's state owned power company, Eskom, said that they had a proposal to increase the amount of electric power that the Inga can make through improvements and the building of a new hydroelectric dam. The project would bring the highest output of the dam to 40 GW, twice that of China's Three Gorges Dam.

paragraphs: In the Mesozoic period before the continental drift opened the South Atlantic Ocean, the Congo was the upper part of a river about 12,000 km (7,500 miles) long that flowed west across the parts of Gondwanaland, now called Africa and South America.

paragraphs: Listed from down a river, to up a river:

paragraphs: The Congo River was the location the novel "Heart of Darkness" by Joseph Conrad.


title: Breast reduction

paragraphs: Breast reduction is a plastic surgery to make human breasts smaller. The doctor takes out fat, skin, and glands. It is done on women most of the time, but men can also get it. In 2005, more than 113,000 women had breast reductions.

paragraphs: Aside from aesthetic reasons, many women choose to undergo breast reduction surgery to help reduce back strain, skin irritation, or breathing problems caused by large breasts.


title: Bachelor of Arts

paragraphs: A Bachelor of Arts or BA is a college degree. It takes three years to get it in Australia, Austria, Denmark, Estonia, England, Wales, Northern Ireland, Germany, Iceland, India, Israel, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Quebec, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, and Switzerland. It takes four years in Canada, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Japan, United States, Republic of Korea, and the Philippines. "Bachelor of Arts" is often written as "BA" or "B.A." The Latin term is "artium baccalaureus" so some colleges use the abbreviation of "AB" or "A.B."


title: Izanami

paragraphs: Izanami is a goddess of both creation and death in Japanese mythology. She is said to have died giving birth to one of her children {who Izanagi killed due to the grief of losing his beloved} and was sent to Yomi, the land of the dead. Izanagi, her husband, came down to Yomi to bring her back to earth. While she Izanami was in Yomi, she felt hungry and ate the fruit. After eating the fruit, she turned into one of the undead, a rotting, maggot-infested pile of flesh. When Izanagi arrived, she would not step out from the shadows and told her husband to go back to earth. Izanagi tried to persuade her to come back with him and she agreed if she could take a rest in her bedchambers, forbidding Izanagi to enter. Izanagi, anxious to return to earth, snuck into her chambers and, taking his comb from his hair, lit it on fire, showing him her rotting body. Izanami woke up and seeing him, became enraged. Izanagi fled from the underworld and sealed the way with a giant rock. Izanami then became known as the Shinigami, the goddess of death. Izanami vowed to kill 1,000 people everyday, and Izanagi vowed to create 1500 every day.


title: Computer architecture

paragraphs: In computer engineering, computer architecture is the conceptual design and fundamental operational structure of a computer system. It is the technical drawings and functional description of all design requirements (especially speeds and interconnections), it is how to design and implement various parts of a computer — focusing largely on the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) operates internally and how it accesses addresses in memory.

paragraphs: It can be defined as the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create computers that meet functional, performance and cost goals.

paragraphs: Computer architecture includes at least three main subcategories:

paragraphs: Once both ISA and microarchitecture has been specified, the actual computing system needs to be designed into hardware. This design process is called "implementation". Implementation is usually a hardware engineering design process.

paragraphs: Implementation can be further broken down into three but not fully separate pieces:

paragraphs: For CPUs, the entire implementation process is often called CPU design; it can also be a family of related CPU designs, such as RISC and CISC.

paragraphs: Some practitioners of computer architecture use more fine subcategories:


title: Mary Harrison McKee

paragraphs: Mary Scott Harrison McKee (April 3, 1858 – October 28, 1930) was the only daughter of President Benjamin Harrison and his wife Caroline Scott Harrison. After her mother died in 1892, McKee served as her father's First Lady for the remainder of his term.


title: Zella-Mehlis

paragraphs: Zella-Mehlis is a town in the Schmalkalden Meinigen district, in Thuringia, Germany. It is in the Thuringian Forest, north of Suhl, and east of Meiningen.


title: Port Said

paragraphs: is an Egyptian city near the Suez Canal, with a population of about 500,000.

paragraphs: Port Said has fishing and industries, like chemicals, processed food, and cigarettes. Port Said is also an important harbour both for exports of Egyptian products like cotton and rice, but also a fuelling station for ships that pass through the Suez Canal.


title: Food processing

paragraphs: Food processing means the ways that are used to change raw ingredients into food so that they can be eaten by humans or animals. The food processing industry uses these processes. Food processing often takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered components and uses these to produce attractive and marketable food products. Similar process are used to produce animal feed.

paragraphs: Food processing industries and practices include the following:


title: 60 (number)

paragraphs: 60 (spelled sixty) is a number. It comes after fifty-nine and before sixty-one and is an even number.


title: 72 (number)

paragraphs: Seventy-two is an even number. It comes after seventy-one and before seventy-three.


title: CN Tower

paragraphs: The CN Tower is a telecommunications tower in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is tall and is the tallest free-standing structure (meaning it cannot have wires to keep it standing) in Canada, North America, and the Western Hemisphere. It is not the tallest building as there are no floors for people to work or live in. That title goes to One World Trade Center in New York City, New York, United States, which is a bit shorter at tall. It is not the tallest structure of any kind in the Americas either, as the KVLY-TV mast in North Dakota, also in the United States, is taller at , but that needs wires to keep it upright.

paragraphs: Construction of the concrete tower started on February 6, 1973. In 1975, while it was still being built, it became taller than the Ostankino Tower in Moscow. When it opened to the public on June 26, 1976, it became the tallest free-standing structure on land in the world. It held this record for more than thirty years, until the Burj Khalifa, while it was still being built, became taller on September 12, 2007 . The CN Tower continued to be the world's tallest tower until the Canton Tower became taller in 2010. It is now the ninth tallest building in the world and the fifth tallest free-standing structure behind both of these, the Shanghai Tower, and the Burj Khalifa.

paragraphs: The "CN" in the tower's name came from the "Canadian National" Railway, the railway company that built the tower. In 1995, the railway sold the tower to the Canada Lands Company (CLC). Local residents wanted to keep the name "CN Tower", though, so the abbreviation is now a shortened form of Canada's National Tower instead of the original Canadian National Tower. Neither of these names are commonly used, though; the tower is usually called the CN Tower.

paragraphs: Today, the CN Tower is an important icon of Toronto and has more than two million tourists and visitors every year. It has been one of the Seven Wonders of the Modern World since 1995.


title: Freiburg im Breisgau

paragraphs: Freiburg is a city in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Its full name is "Freiburg im Breisgau".

paragraphs: Freiburg is on the western edge of the southern Black Forest ().

paragraphs: Freiburg has many twin cities throughout the world:

paragraphs: Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad's controversial comments, which included questioning the size of the Holocaust, have sparked questions about Freiburg's partnership with Isfahan. After the comments Freiburg's mayor postponed a trip to Isfahan, but most people involved, especially those in the Alliance '90/The Greens party, were opposed to cancelling the partnership.


title: Baden-Baden

paragraphs: Baden-Baden is a spa town with around 50,000 inhabitants in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. It is at the border of the Rhine valley and the Black Forest. The town is well known as a spa town, as a place for rich people and for many cultural offers. In the 19th century the town played an important role as a meeting place for the nobles, rich and other important people. A rich cultural heritage from that time can still be found at Baden-Baden.

paragraphs: The springs of Baden-Baden were known to the Romans, and the foundation of the town is referred to the emperor Hadrian by an inscription of somewhat doubtful authenticity. The name of Aurelia Aquensis was given to it in honour of Aurelius Severus, in whose reign it would seem to have been well known. Fragments of its ancient sculptures are still to be seen, and in 1847 remains of Roman vapour baths, well preserved, were discovered just below the New Castle.

paragraphs: In 1931, the town of Baden-Baden was officially given its double name (a short form for "Baden in Baden", i.e. Baden in the state of Baden). In both World Wars, the town escaped destruction. After World War II, Baden-Baden became the headquarters of the French forces in Germany and the site of a displaced persons camp.

paragraphs: From September 23 to September 28 1981, the XIth Olympic Congress took place in the "Kurhaus" in Baden-Baden.

paragraphs: The Baden Airpark is 15 km west of Baden-Baden.

paragraphs: The Russian writer Dostoevsky wrote "The Gambler" while gambling at the famous Baden-Baden Casino.


title: Coburg

paragraphs: Coburg is a town on the Itz River in Bavaria, Germany. Its 2005 population was 42,015. It joined with Bavaria by popular vote in 1920. Before 1918, it was the larger of the two capital cities in the united duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.

paragraphs: Coburg's Coat of Arms honoring the city's patron Saint Maurice was granted in 1493.

paragraphs: Coburg is about 90 km south of Erfurt and about 100 km north of Nuremberg. Coburg was first mentioned in a document dated 1056, although there was a settlement at the site that before then called Trufalistat. Following several changes of noble owners, it came into the hands of the House of Wettin in 1353 when Friedrich III, the Strong, married Katherina von Henneberg. In 1596, it became the capital of one of the new Duchy of Saxe-Coburg under the leadership of Duke Johann Casimirs (ruled 1596-1633).

paragraphs: Due to the royal connections among the royal houses of Europe, Coburg was the site of many royal Ducal weddings and visits. Britain's Queen Victoria made 6 visits to Coburg during her 64-year reign. In 1896 one ceremony brought together Queen Victoria, her son Edward (future Edward VII), her second son Alfred (Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha), her daughter the German dowager Empress Friedrich (Victoria), and many of her grandchildren, such as Tsar Nicholas and Alexandra of Russia, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany, and the future King George V of Great Britain.

paragraphs: In 1920, two years after the abdication of the last duke, the locals voted to join Bavaria. Thus whilst the other Saxon-Thuringian principalities were later incorporated into the German Democratic Republic after World War II, Coburg became part of West Germany As a result, the town spent the Cold War years lying right next to the Iron Curtain, surrounded by East German territory on three sides.

paragraphs: Coburg has the typical features of a former capital of German little states. There are numerous houses from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. The most important landmarks include:

paragraphs: Most residents of Coburg are members of the Evangelical Church (Lutheranism). Other Christian communities are Baptists, Seventh-day Adventists, the ICF Movement, Jehovah's Witnesses, Catholics, Old Catholics and the New Apostolic Church, as well as The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. There are also three communities of Muslims. Coburg had a large Jewish community until the 1940s. Jews have lived there since the 14th century. The old synagogue was a former church. Today it is used by Old Catholics. Coburg became Protestant after the Reformation. All Catholics were persecuted. A new Catholic community was founded in the 19th century.

paragraphs: Over two thirds of Coburg's population live in Coburg City.

paragraphs: Amongst the associated royalty, one individual's 20th century association with Coburg proved especially tragic. This was that of the British Royal Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha who was arrested and tried as a Nazi.

paragraphs: Besides various royalty, other famous individuals associated with Coburg include Hans Berger (graduated), William Frishmuth (born), and Eduard Study (born).

paragraphs: In 1530, Martin Luther stayed in the "Veste Coburg" to follow negotiations at the Imperial Diet in Augsburg. He also preached at St. Moriz church.

paragraphs: In 1887, Johann Strauss, the "Waltz King", left Vienna when the Roman Catholic Church would not let him divorce his 2nd wife. He moved to Lutheran Saxe-Coburg-Gotha with his future 3rd wife Adele, where he lived the last 13 years of his life in Coburg. He was however buried in Vienna.

paragraphs: In 1922, Adolf Hitler led several hundred stormtroopers in a march through the city, fighting pitched street battles with leftists. During the Nazi era, the Coburg Badge was one of the most prestigious party medals.

paragraphs: Hans Morgenthau, founder of International Relations as a field of study, was born here.

paragraphs: The US National Hot Dog and Sausage Council asserts that Frankfurt am Main is traditionally credited with originating the Frankfurter. According to the Council, this claim is disputed and that the hot dog was created in the late 1600s by Johann Georghehner, a butcher, living in Coburg. Coburg was the first German town to elect a Nazi Mayor.


title: Görlitz

paragraphs: Görlitz (, Upper Sorbian: |"Zhorjelc", , ) is a town in Germany on the river Lusatian Neisse, in the "Bundesland" ("Federal State") of Saxony, opposite the Polish town of Zgorzelec. Zgorzelec was a part of Görlitz until 1945.

paragraphs: Historically Görlitz has belonged at times to the regions of Lusatia and Silesia. Today it is the easternmost city in Germany.

paragraphs: When Nazi Germany lost the war, German troops blew up all bridges crossing the Lusatian Neisse. The redrawing of boundaries in 1945 – in particular the relocation of the German-Polish border to the Oder-Neisse line – divided the town, the right bank becoming part of Poland, and named Zgorzelec in 1948, while the main portion became part of the German state of Saxony. When the East German states were dissolved in 1952, Görlitz became part of the Dresden Bezirk (region), but the states were restored upon German reunification in 1990.

paragraphs: Today Görlitz and Zgorzelec, two towns on opposite banks of the river, have friendly relations. Two bridges have been rebuilt, a bus line connects the German and Polish parts of the town, and there is a common urban management, with annual common sessions of both town councils.

paragraphs: On June 27, 1994, the town was became a Roman Catholic diocese.

paragraphs: Görlitz is the hometown of current German football players Michael Ballack and Jens Jeremies.

paragraphs: In 2006 Görlitz/Zgorzelec was a candidate for European City of Culture 2010. It was hoped that the jury could be convinced by the concept of a Polish-German Cooperation but Essen got the award, with Görlitz achieving the second place. The Campaign was renamed City of Culture to intensify German-Polish relationship and to attract tourists from all over the world.

paragraphs: The dramatic courtroom scene, at the conclusion of John le Carré famous Cold War spy novel ""The Spy Who Came in from the Cold"", takes place in a secret Socialist Unity Party of Germany installation near Görlitz, in the middle 1960s.


title: Visible spectrum

paragraphs: The visible spectrum (or sometimes called the optical spectrum) is the part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye. Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths is called visible light or simply light.

paragraphs: A typical human eye will react to wavelengths in air from about 380 to 750 nm.

paragraphs: The familiar colors of the rainbow in the spectrum include all those colors that can be produced by visible light of a single wavelength only, the "pure spectral" or "monochromatic" colors.

paragraphs: But there are no clear boundaries between one color and the next.

paragraphs: Color displays (e.g., computer monitors or televisions) mix red, green, and blue color to approximate the color spectrum. In the illustration, the narrow red, green and blue bars show the relative mixture of these three colors used to produce the color directly above.


title: Aach, Baden-Württemberg

paragraphs: Aach [] is a small town in the German state of Baden-Württemberg. Being situated close to Lake Constance and the Swiss border, it is mostly known for the Aachtopf — Germany's biggest natural spring in terms of production.

paragraphs: Aach has a city council with twelve seats. The last elections in 2004 brought three seats for the CDU, three seats for the SPD and four seats for independent voters' associations. Aach's mayor is Severin Graf (CDU).


title: Aach, Rhineland-Palatinate

paragraphs: Aach is a municipality in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is part of Trier-Land, a "Verbandsgemeinde".

paragraphs: Aach has a council with sixteen seats. The last elections in 2004 brought the CDU twelve seats, the other four went to the free voters' association (FWG Aach e. V.) In the same elections Mayor Josef Klein (CDU) was voted into office with nearly 74% of the votes.

paragraphs: Aach is about 6 km north of the center of Trier. It is in the southern Eifel mountains.


title: Joachimsthal, Brandenburg

paragraphs: Joachimsthal is a town in the district of Barnim, in Brandenburg, Germany. It is northwest of Eberswalde, and northeast of Berlin-Mitte.


title: Pieter Brueghel the Elder

paragraphs: Pieter Brueghel the Elder (c. 1525 – 9 September 1569) was a Dutch or Flemish Renaissance painter and printmaker. He is known for his landscapes and peasant scenes. He is nicknamed 'Peasant Bruegel' to distinguish him from other members of the Brueghel family. But he is the most famous of them and therefore in most of the cases when someone speaks of "Brueghel" he thinks of him. From 1559 he dropped the 'h' from his name and started signing his paintings as Bruegel.

paragraphs: There are records that he was born in Breda, Netherlands, but it is uncertain whether the Dutch town of Breda or the Belgian town of Bree, called Breda in Latin, is meant. He was the son of a peasant living in the village of Breughel.

paragraphs: In Bruegel's later years he painted in a simpler style than the Italian art in his time. The most obvious influence on his art is the older Dutch master Hieronymus Bosch.

paragraphs: Bruegel specialized in landscapes populated by peasants. He is often credited as being the first Western painter to paint landscapes for their own sake.

paragraphs: He showed the rituals of village life—including agriculture, hunts, meals, festivals, dances, and games. These show the folk culture of 16th century life.


title: Bad Tölz

paragraphs: Bad Tölz is a town in Bavaria, Germany, and capital of the district of Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen.

paragraphs: In 1937 a SS-Junkerschule (SS Officer Candidate School) was made at Bad Tölz which operated until the end of World War II in 1945. As well, a subcamp of the Dachau concentration camp was located in the town. It provided labour for the SS-Junkerschule and the Zentralbauleitung (Central Administration Building). The former SS-Junkerschule was the base of the U.S. Army's 1st Battalion, 10th Special Forces Group until 1991.

paragraphs: Bad Tölz is known for its spas, historic medieval town, and spectacular views of the alps. On the western bank of the Isar River lies the Kurverwaltung, or modern spa, whose iodine-rich waters are known for their soothing and healing powers. Another major attraction is Stadtpfarrkirche, a church made in 1466, which is a good example of German late-Gothic architecture.

paragraphs: Bad Tölz sits on the Isar River, 670 metres above sea level. It has an area of


title: Chris Brown

paragraphs: Christopher Maurice "Chris" Brown (born May 5, 1989) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and actor. "Forever" is one of his most famous songs. He has won three American Music Awards, three MTV Video Music Awards, eleven BET Awards, and a Grammy Award.

paragraphs: He got attention when he was arrested and convicted in 2009 for beating his then-girlfriend, R&B/pop singer Rihanna. He was sentenced to five years probation and six months community service. He was also ordered to stay at least 300 feet away from her for five years. Brown has bipolar disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

paragraphs: He made his own record label CBE (Chris Brown Entertainment or Culture Beyond Your Evolution) in 2007.

paragraphs: Brown has released 5 albums and 4 mixtapes:


title: Bernau bei Berlin

paragraphs: Bernau bei Berlin (English "Bernau near Berlin") is a German city in the Barnim district. The city is located about northeast of Berlin.

paragraphs: In 1842 a railway line was opened. One of the first electrical suburban railway lines in the world has been opened in 1924. This line of the Berlin S-Bahn connected Bernau with station Stettiner Bahnhof (today Berlin Nordbahnhof) in Berlin. The Allgemeiner Deutscher Gewerkschaftsbund (ADGB) ("General German Confederation of Trade Unions") opened its school in 1930. The Waldsiedlung (engl. residential area in the wood) is a district of the city where the political leaders of the GDR lived isolated from the people.


title: Bad Reichenhall

paragraphs: Bad Reichenhall is a spa town, and capital of the Berchtesgadener Land district in Upper Bavaria, Germany. It is located near Salzburg, and encircled by the Chiemgauer Alps. Mount Staufen () and Mount Zwiesel () are both near Bad Reichenhall. Bad Reichenhall is a traditional center of salt production, obtained by evaporating water saturated with salt from brine ponds. The town was the site of a disaster on January 2, 2006, when the roof of the town's ice rink collapsed under snow, killing 15 and injuring 34 others.

paragraphs: Fifteen people, twelve of them children, died in the collapse of the Bad Reichenhall Ice Rink on 2 January 2006. Thirty-four people were injured in the accident.


title: Demmin

paragraphs: Demmin () is a town in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany. It was the capital of the former Demmin Rural District.

paragraphs: German troops destroyed the bridges over the Peene while retreating from Demmin during World War II. This way, the advance of the Soviet Red Army was slowed down when they arrived in Demmin on April 30, 1945. During that night and the following morning, Demmin was handed over to the Red Army largely without fighting, similar to other cities like Greifswald.

paragraphs: Although there were only a few pockets of resistance, nearly 900 people committed mass suicides in fear of the Red Army. Coroner lists show that most drowned in the nearby River Tollense and River Peene, where others poisoned themselves. This was fuelled by atrocities and rapes committed by Red Army soldiers until the city commander had the access to the rivers blocked on May 3.


title: Red Army

paragraphs: The Red Army was the army of the Bolsheviks led by Leon Trotsky in the Russian Civil War. Later it became the army of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. It was the name used mainly before and during World War II. After the war it was renamed as the Soviet Army, although many people still continued to call it the Red Army. Even nowadays some people still nickname the modern Russian Army as the Red Army.

paragraphs: Some later Communist organizations such as the Red Army Faction used the name, and anti-communists sometimes used the name for any left-wing group which they said was trying to promote communism and was paid for by the USSR.


title: Nienburg

paragraphs: Nienburg is a town and capital of the district Nienburg, in Lower Saxony, Germany.

paragraphs: Nienburg is on the river Weser, approx. 55 km southeast of Bremen, and 45 km northwest of Hanover. Nienburg is the largest town in the Mittelweserregion.

paragraphs: The 38 members of the "Stadtrat" are made up of: