title: Alabaster, Alabama

paragraphs: Alabaster is a city and southern suburb of Birmingham in Shelby County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 22,619. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 27,517.

paragraphs: The city has a total area of 20.6 square miles (53.2 km²). 20.5 square miles (53.0 km²) of it is land and 0.1 square miles (0.1 km²) of it (0.24%) is water.

paragraphs: Shelby County, which is the geographical center of Alabama, was created on 7 February 1818 by an act of the Alabama Territorial General Assembly. The county was named for Isaac Shelby. He was a hero of the King's Mountain Battle during the American Revolutionary War. Alabama gained statehood on 14 December 1819.

paragraphs: Many of the first settlers came from South Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Many came to this region after the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814. The 1820 census records say that Shelby County contained 2,492 people at that time, 2,044 whites and 448 Africans.

paragraphs: U.S. Highway 31 was a two-lane highway at that time. Because it was the main artery from Birmingham to Montgomery, the highway played an important part in the growth of the community.

paragraphs: George L. Scott, Sr. was an Alabaster pioneer. He owned and operated Alabaster Lime Co. His shipping point, which was named after him, was known as “Scott Rock”. Later, houses were built for his employees to live in. These houses became a community. It got its name from alabaster, a white chalky mineral. The First Bank of Alabaster opened in 1952. Its president was George L. Scott, Jr. He later became the first mayor of Alabaster. The first attempt in 1952 to incorporate Alabaster failed. In January 1953 the petition was filed again. On 23 February 1953, Alabaster was officially incorporated. There were 427 people living there. Other Alabaster pioneers were Kenton B. Nickerson and William J. Maxwell. In 1955, the Alabaster Water and Gas Board was formed. Alabaster merged with the adjoining city of Siluria, Alabama April 27, 1971.

paragraphs: Today, Shelby County is the fastest-growing county in Alabama.


title: Alexander City, Alabama

paragraphs: Alexander City is a city in Tallapoosa County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 15,008. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 14,957.


title: Aliceville, Alabama

paragraphs: Aliceville is a city in Pickens County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,567. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,465.


title: Ashville, Alabama

paragraphs: Ashville is a city in St. Clair County, Alabama, United States. The population was 2,260 at the 2000 census, at which time it was a town. The city is the county seat of St. Clair County along with Pell City. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 2,429.


title: Anniston, Alabama

paragraphs: Anniston is a city in, and county seat of, Calhoun County in the state of Alabama, United States. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 24,276. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 23,741.

paragraphs: In 2002, an investigation by" 60 minutes" showed Anniston was among the most toxic cities in the country. The main source of local contamination was a Monsanto chemical factory, which was closed.


title: Andalusia, Alabama

paragraphs: Andalusia is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 8,794. The 2007 U.S. Census estimated the city had a population of 8,705. It is the home of the World Championship Domino Tournament.

paragraphs: Public education is provided by Andalusia City School System. which consists of Andalusia Elementary School, Andalusia Middle School, and Andalusia High School.


title: Digitalis

paragraphs: Digitalis is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennials shrubs, and biennals that are commonly called foxgloves. The genus is native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northwestern Africa.

paragraphs: The term digitalis is also used for preparations containing cardiac glycosides, particularly digoxin, extracted from plants of this genus.


title: Melbourne Central Shopping Center

paragraphs: Melbourne Central Shopping Center is a shopping center (or mall) in Melbourne, Australia. It contains hundreds of different stores.


title: Martin Carthy

paragraphs: Martin Carthy MBE, is an English folk singer and guitarist. He was one of the first performers in the renewed interest in British folk music in the 1960s. He has inspired other musicians such as Bob Dylan, Paul Simon and Richard Thompson. He is seen as one of the most important people in English folk music.

paragraphs: Martin Carthy was born in Hatfield on May 21, 1941. He grew up in Hampstead, North London. After he left school he had a number of jobs. He worked behind the scenes at the open air theatre at Regent's Park as a prompter (helping actors who forgot their words). He later worked as an assistant stage manager (ASM) on a tour of "The Merry Widow". He then worked at Theatre in the Round in Scarborough. He then sang in coffee bars. He became a resident (regular act) at The Troubadour Folk Club in Earls Court in the early 1960s. He joined Redd Sullivan's "Thameside Four" in 1961. He is a famous solo performer of traditional songs. He has a very special individual style of guitar playing on his old Martin Guitar. He uses different ways of tuning his guitar. He has a strongly percussive (drum like) picking style that brings out the melody. His first album, "Martin Carthy", was released in 1965. It had Dave Swarbrick playing fiddle playing on some songs, although he was not named on the album cover. Carthy's way of playing the traditional song Scarborough Fair was used by Paul Simon on the Simon and Garfunkel album Parsley Sage Rosemary and Thyme in 1966. Simon did not admit that he had used Carthy's version.

paragraphs: Carthy has also worked with many other musicians. He has sung with The Watersons since 1972. He been a member of the UK electric folk group Steeleye Span at two different times. He was a member of the famous Albion Country Band 1973 line-up. This had members from the band Fairport Convention and John Kirkpatrick. This group recorded the original and important album "Battle of the Field". Carthy was part of the new and different band Brass Monkey which mixed brass instruments, Carthy's guitar and mandolin and John Kirkpatrick's accordion, melodeon and concertina.

paragraphs: For many years Carthy has enjoyed a creating music with fiddle player Dave Swarbrick. He has also worked with his partner Norma Waterson and their daughter Eliza Carthy in a group called .

paragraphs: In June 1998 he was made an MBE in the Queen's Birthday Honours. He was named "Folk Singer of the Year" at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards in 2002 and again in 2005. In 2005 he also won the award for "Best Traditional Track" for 'Famous Flower of Serving Men'. In the 2007 Folk Awards Martin Carthy and Dave Swarbrick won "Best duo".


title: Atmore, Alabama

paragraphs: Atmore is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 7,676. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,530. The city was named for Mr. C.P. Atmore.


title: Attalla, Alabama

paragraphs: Attalla is a city in Etowah County, Alabama, United States. It is part of the Gadsden Metropolitan Statistical Area. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 6,474.


title: York, Alabama

paragraphs: York is a city in Sumter County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,854.


title: New Hope, Alabama

paragraphs: New Hope is a small town in Madison County, Alabama, United States, and is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area. As of the 2000 census, the population is 2,539. It was incorporated in 1832 under the name of Vienna. The original town was completely burned by the Union Army on December 15, 1864, during the American Civil War.


title: Uniontown, Alabama

paragraphs: Uniontown is a city in Perry County, Alabama in the United States of America. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 1,636.


title: Union Springs, Alabama

paragraphs: Union Springs is a city in and the county seat of Bullock County, Alabama, United States. The population was 3,670 at the 2000 census.


title: Vestavia Hills, Alabama

paragraphs: Vestavia Hills is a city in Jefferson and Shelby Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. It is a suburb of the city of Birmingham.


title: Vernon, Alabama

paragraphs: Vernon is a city in Lamar County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,143. The city is the county seat of Lamar County.


title: Valley, Alabama

paragraphs: Valley is a city in Chambers County, Alabama, United States. According to 2019 census, there are 9,141 people living there.

paragraphs: Valley is located in the southeastern Chambers County at 32°48'40.993" North, 85°10'40.577" West (32.811387, -85.177938). According to the , it has a total area of , all land.

paragraphs: It is located on the Alabama-Georgia state line.

paragraphs: Valley has a larger Micropolitan Statistical Area known as the "Greater Valley Area" consisting of the three largest cities of Chambers County: Valley, , and . It also includes the city of .

paragraphs: It's climate usually has hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the system, Valley has a humid subtropical climate. It is often abbreviated "Cfa" on climate maps.

paragraphs: As of the of 2010, there were 9,524 people, 3,878 households, and 2,561 families living in the city. Its was 864 people per square mile (333.4/km). There were 5,025 housing units at an average density of 457 per square mile (176/km).

paragraphs: The median income for a household in the city was $31,501, and the median income for a family was $40,013. Males had a median income of $36,345 versus $29,905 for females. The for the city was $15,928. About 18.2% of families and 20.7% of the population were below the , including 28.4% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Valley Grande, Alabama

paragraphs: Valley Grande is a city in Dallas County, Alabama, United States, just north of Selma. Incorporated in early 2003, Valley Grande is governed by a mayor-council form of government.


title: Northport, Alabama

paragraphs: Northport is a city in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates the population is 21,216. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Meadows Mall

paragraphs: The Meadows Mall is a mall in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA. Its address is 4300 Meadows Lane. With 140 stores inside, the mall building is two stories high. Within the mall is a food court, and four department stores: Dillard's, Sears, JCPenney, and Macy's. The mall is slightly larger than Boulevard Mall, which contains 149 stores.


title: Jacksonville, Alabama

paragraphs: Jacksonville is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city is 12,548. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Jackson, Alabama

paragraphs: Jackson is a city in Clarke County, Alabama, United States. The population was 5,419 at the 2000 census.


title: Irondale, Alabama

paragraphs: Irondale is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham. At the 2000 census the population was 9,813. The book (later a movie) "Fried Green Tomatoes", by Irondale native Fannie Flagg, is loosely based around the town and the landmark Irondale Cafe, known as The WhistleStop Cafe in the book & Film.


title: Winfield, Alabama

paragraphs: Winfield is a city in Fayette and Marion counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 4,717 at the 2010 census, the second largest city in Marion County.


title: Wetumpka, Alabama

paragraphs: Wetumpka is a city in Elmore County, Alabama, United States. According to 2000 US census, there are 5,726 people living there. The city is the county seat of Elmore County. It is the the third fastest growing county in the state. Together with Montgomery, Prattville, Millbrook, and Tallassee the city is considered part of the Montgomery Metropolitan Area, or River Region. There are approximately 346,578 people living in the region.

paragraphs: Three major films have been filmed on location in downtown Wetumpka.


title: Weaver, Alabama

paragraphs: Weaver is a city in Calhoun County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 2,619. It is included in the Anniston-Oxford, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Warrior, Alabama

paragraphs: Warrior is a city in Jefferson and Blount County in the U.S. state of Alabama. At the 2000 census the population was 3,169.


title: Jacksonville

paragraphs:
Jacksonville may mean:
Colleges & universities:


title: Why I Am Not a Christian

paragraphs: Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell. It describes the reasons why Russell does not believe in God and doubts religion.

paragraphs: At first, a talk given March 6, 1927 at Battersea Town Hall, at the South London Branch of the National Secular Society. It was published that year as a pamphlet and was later published, with other essays, in the book, "Why I Am Not a Christian: And Other Essays on Religion and Related Subjects" ().


title: Moapa Valley

paragraphs: Moapa Valley is a 40-mile valley and region in the American State of Nevada. Within the valley are four towns: Overton, Logandale, Moapa, and Glendale, Nevada. Logandale and Overton are so close to each other that it is hard to tell them apart without a sign. Moapa Valley was formed by the Muddy River, which flows through it.

paragraphs: Moapa Valley has many archaeological sites, mostly created by the Anasazi Native Americans, which were largely damaged by construction.

paragraphs: Moapa Valley is also the location of the Lost City Museum, which is a museum displaying artifacts and reconstructed adobe pueblos built on the original sites of the pueblos.


title: Passenger pigeon

paragraphs: The passenger pigeon ("Ectopistes migratorius") or wild pigeon was a species of pigeon that was once the most common bird in North America.

paragraphs: The passenger pigeon, or, wild pigeon was a species of bird, "Ectopistes migratorius", that was once common in North America. It lived in enormous migratory flocks — sometimes containing more than two billion birds — that could stretch one mile (1.6 km) wide and 300 miles (500 km) long across the sky, sometimes taking several hours to pass.

paragraphs: Some estimate that there were three billion to five billion passenger pigeons in the United States when Europeans arrived in North America. Others argue that the species had not been common in the Pre-Columbian period, but their numbers grew when devastation of the American Indian population by European diseases led to reduced competition for food.

paragraphs: The species went from being one of the most usual birds in the world during the 19th century to extinction early in the 20th century. At the time, passenger pigeons had one of the largest groups or flocks of any animal, second only to the Rocky Mountain locust.

paragraphs: Some reduction in numbers happened because of habitat loss when the Europeans started settling further inland. The primary factor emerged when pigeon meat was commercialized as a cheap food for slaves and the poor in the 19th century, resulting in hunting on a massive scale. There was a slow decline in their numbers between about 1800 and 1870, followed by a catastrophic decline between 1870 and 1890. Martha, thought to be the world's last passenger pigeon, died on September 1, 1914, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

paragraphs: In the 18th century, the passenger pigeon in Europe was known to the French as tourtre; but, in New France, the North American bird was called tourte. In modern French, the bird is known as the pigeon migrateur.

paragraphs: In Algonquian languages, it was called "amimi" by the Lenape and omiimii by the Ojibwe. The term passenger pigeon in English derives from the French word "passager", meaning to pass by.


title: Sergei Eisenstein

paragraphs: Sergei Mikhailovich Eisenstein (; January 23, 1898 – February 11, 1948) was a Soviet Russian movie director and movie theorist. He was known mostly for his silent movies "Strike", "Battleship Potemkin" and "". He was also known for his historical epics "Alexander Nevsky" and "Ivan the Terrible". His work had a major impact on early movie directors because of his creative use of and writings about montage.

paragraphs: Eisenstein was born in Riga, Latvia but his family moved a lot in his early years. Eisenstein continued to move often during his life. Eisenstein's father Mikhail Osipovich Eisenstein was of German-Jewish and Swedish descent and his mother, Julia Ivanovna Konetskaya, was from a Russian Orthodox family. He was born into a middle-class family. His father was an architect and his mother was the daughter of a wealthy merchant. Julia left Riga the year of the 1905 Revolution. She brought Sergei with her to St. Petersburg. Sergei would return at times to see his father. His father would later move to join them around 1910. His mother soon divorced his father and moved to France away from the family.

paragraphs: At the Petrograd Institute of Civil Engineering, Sergei studied architecture and engineering, the job of his father. At school with his fellow students however, Sergei would join the military to serve the revolution. His father did not support his joining the army. In 1918 Sergei joined the Red Army with his father, Mikhail, supporting the opposite side. This brought his father to Germany after defeat, and Sergei to Petrograd, Vologda, and Dvinsk. In 1920, Sergei was transferred to a command position in Minsk, after success providing propaganda for the October Revolution. At this time, Sergei studied Japanese. He learned some three hundred kanji characters which he cited as an influence on his pictorial development. This also allowed him to see Kabuki theatre. Because of his studies, he traveled to Japan.

paragraphs: In 1920 Eisenstein moved to Moscow, and began his career in theatre working for Proletkult. His productions there were named "Gas Masks," "Listen Moscow," and "Wiseman". Eisenstein would then work as a designer for Vsevolod Meyerhold. In 1923 Eisenstein began his career as a theorist, by writing "The Montage of Attractions" for LEF. Eisenstein's first movie, "Glumov's Diary", was also made in that same year. Dziga Vertov hired at first as an "instructor" for the film The movie formed part of his theatre production "Wiseman".

paragraphs: "Strike" (1925) was Eisenstein's first full-length movie. "The Battleship Potemkin" (1925) was well liked by critics throughout the world. Because he was known throughout the world, Eisenstein was able to direct "" (also known as "Ten Days That Shook The World"). The movie was part of the tenth anniversary celebration of the October Revolution of 1917. He then directed "The General Line" (also known as "Old and New"). People in the outside world praised the movies. However, in the Soviet Union, Eisenstein's focus on structural issues such as camera angles, crowd movements and montage, was not liked by the much of the Soviet movie community.

paragraphs: In the autumn of 1928, Eisenstein left the Soviet Union for a tour of Europe. He was joined by Grigori Aleksandrov and cinematographer Eduard Tisse. The trip was supposed to allow Eisenstein and others to learn about sound motion pictures. It would also show the famous Soviet artists to the capitalist West. For Eisenstein, however, it was also an opportunity to see landscapes and cultures outside those found within the Soviet Union. He spent the next two years touring and lecturing in Berlin, Zurich, London, and Paris. In 1929, in Switzerland, Eisenstein supervised an educational documentary about abortion directed by Edouard Tissé entitled "Frauennot - Frauenglück".

paragraphs: In late April 1930, Jesse L. Lasky, working for Paramount Pictures, offered Eisenstein the chance to make a movie in the United States. He accepted a short-term contract for $100,000 and arrived in Hollywood in May 1930. However, this agreement failed. Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking did not work with the style and way movies were made in American movie studios.

paragraphs: Eisenstein proposed a biography of munitions invester Sir Basil Zaharoff and a movie version of "Arms and the Man" by George Bernard Shaw. He also made plans for a movie of "Sutter's Gold" by Jack London. But the studio's producers did not like the plan. Paramount then proposed a movie version of Theodore Dreiser's "An American Tragedy". This excited Eisenstein, who had read and liked the work, and had met Dreiser at one time in Moscow. Eisenstein completed a script by the start of October 1930. Paramount disliked it completely. They also found themselves intimidated by Major Frank Pease, president of the "Hollywood Technical Director's Institute". Pease, an anti-communist, started a public campaign against Eisenstein. On October 23, 1930, Paramount and Eisenstein declared their contract canceled. Eisenstein and his movie partners were given return tickets to Moscow, at Paramount's expense.

paragraphs: Eisenstein was faced with returning home as a failure. The Soviet movie industry was solving the sound-movie issue without him and his movies. His methods and ideas were becoming increasingly attacked as 'ideological failures'. They were called examples of formalism. Many of his theoretical articles from this period, such as "Eisenstein on Disney", have been found decades later as important scholarly texts. These are used in movie schools around the world.

paragraphs: Eisenstein spent a large amount of time with Charlie Chaplin. Chaplin recommended that Eisenstein meet American socialist author Upton Sinclair who Chaplin thought might help Eisenstein. Sinclair's works had been accepted by and were widely read in the Soviet Union, and were known to Eisenstein. The two liked each other's work. Between the end of October 1930, and Thanksgiving of that year, Sinclair had gotten an extension of Eisenstein's leave from the Soviet Union. He also received permission for Eisenstein to travel to Mexico to make a movie to be produced by Sinclair and his wife, Mary Craig Kimbrough Sinclair. They joined with three other investors to make the Mexican Film Trust.

paragraphs: On November 24, Eisenstein signed a contract with the Trust. The deal was "upon the basis of Eisenstein's desire to be free to direct the making of a picture according to his own ideas of what a Mexican picture should be, and in full faith in Eisenstein's artistic integrity." The contract also said that the movie would be "non-political." The money first came from Mrs. Sinclair and would be "not less than Twenty-Five Thousand Dollars." The schedule for making the movie would be "a period of from three to four months,". The contract also said that "Eisenstein...agrees that all pictures made or directed by him in Mexico, all negative film and positive prints, and all story and ideas embodied in said Mexican picture, will be the property of Mrs. Sinclair..." An addition to the contract, dated December 1, allowed that the "Soviet Government may have the [finished] movie free for showing inside the U.S.S.R." Reportedly, it was verbally decided that the movie was expected to be an hour long.

paragraphs: By December 4, 1930, Eisenstein was on his way to Mexico by train. He was joined by Alexandrov and Tisse. Later he came up with a short summary of the six-part movie which would come. This would be the final plan Eisenstein would settle on for his project. The title for the project, "¡Que viva México!", was decided on some time later. While in Mexico, Eisenstein mixed socially with Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera. Eisenstein liked these artists and Mexican culture in general. They inspired Eisenstein to call his movies, "moving frescoes."

paragraphs: After a long time away from the Soviet Union, Stalin sent a telegram saying he was worried that Eisenstein had become a deserter. Eisenstein blamed Mary Sinclair's younger brother, Hunter Kimbrough, for the film's problems. Kimbrough had been sent along to act as a line producer on the movie. Eisenstein hoped to pressure the Sinclairs to stop Stalin, so Eisenstein could finish the movie in his own way.

paragraphs: The upset Sinclair shut down production. He ordered Kimbrough to return to the United States with the remaining movie footage. The three Soviets came as well to see what they could do with the movie already shot. For the unfinished filming of the "novel" of Soldadera, Eisenstein had gotten 500 soldiers, 10,000 guns, and 50 cannons from the Mexican Army. This was lost due to Sinclair's canceling of production.

paragraphs: When Eisenstein arrived at the American border, a customs search of his trunk revealed sketches and drawings of Jesus along with other material of a pornographic nature. Eisenstein's re-entry visa had expired, and Sinclair's contacts in Washington were unable to secure him an additional extension. Eisenstein, Alexandrov and Tisse were, after a month's stay at the U.S.-Mexico border outside Laredo, Texas, allowed a 30-day "pass" to get from Texas to New York. From there, they would be allowed to leave for Moscow. Kimbrough returned to Los Angeles with the remaining movie.

paragraphs: Eisenstein toured the American South, on his way to New York. In mid-1932, the Sinclairs were able to get the services of Sol Lesser. Lesser had just opened his own distribution office in New York, Principal Distributing Corp.. Lesser agreed to supervise post-production work on the miles of negative — at the Sinclairs' expense — and distribute any finished product. Two short movies and a short subject — "Thunder Over Mexico" based on the "Maguey" footage, "Eisenstein in Mexico", and "Death Day" respectively — were completed and released in the United States between the autumn of 1933 and early 1934.

paragraphs: Eisenstein never saw any of the Sinclair-Lesser movies, nor a later effort by his first biographer, Marie Seton, called "Time In The Sun." He would publicly say that he had lost all interest in the project.

paragraphs: Eisenstein's trip to the west made the Soviet movie business look at him with a suspicion that would never completely go away. He apparently spent some time in a mental hospital in Kislovodsk in July 1933. This was possibly a result of depression because he realized that he would never be allowed to edit the Mexican footage which was turned over by Sinclair to Hollywood editors.

paragraphs: He was then given a teaching job with the movie school GIK (now Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography) where he had taught before. In 1933 and 1934 he was in charge of writing the education plan. Eisenstein married filmmaker and writer Pera Atasheva (1900–65) in 1934. They remained married until his death in 1948. There is some question about his sexuality.

paragraphs: In 1935, he began another project, "Bezhin Meadow". It appears the movie had many of the same problems as "Que Viva Mexico". Eisenstein decided to movie two versions of the plot. One was for adult viewers and one was for children. He failed to set a clear shooting schedule. He also used a lot of film which meant a lot of costs and missed deadlines. The movie ran into problems because it was not fully supported by its American financers.

paragraphs: The thing that may have saved Eisenstein's career at this point was that Stalin ended up saying that the "Bezhin Meadow" problems, along with several other problems facing the business, had less to do with Eisenstein's approach to filmmaking as with the executives who were supposed to have been watching him. In the end, this made Boris Shumyatsky, "executive producer" of Soviet movies since 1932 to blame. In early 1938, he was denounced, arrested, tried and convicted as a traitor, and shot. (The production executive at movie studio Mosfilm, where Meadow was being made, was also replaced, but without more executions).

paragraphs: Eisenstein was then able to impress Stalin again for "one more chance", and he chose, from two offerings, the job of a movie of "Alexander Nevsky," with music composed by Sergei Prokofiev. This time, however, he was also given a co-writer, Pyotr Pavlenko, to bring in a completed script. He had professional actors to play the roles. He also had an assistant director, Dmitri Vasilyev, to make the filming faster.

paragraphs: The result was a movie critically received by both the Soviets and in the West. He won the Order of Lenin and the Stalin Prize. It was an obvious allegory and hard warning against the growing forces of Nazi Germany. This was started, completed, and put in theatres all within 1938. It was Eisenstein's first movie in nearly a decade. It also his first movie with sound.

paragraphs: But, within months of its release, Stalin entered into his agreement with Hitler. "Nevsky" was quickly pulled from distribution. Eisenstein returned to teaching. He was assigned to direct Richard Wagner's "Die Walküre" at the Bolshoi Theatre. Eisenstein had to wait until Hitler's sent German troops across the Soviet border in a fatal first strike, to see "Nevsky" receive wide distribution and real international success.

paragraphs: With the war coming to Moscow, Eisenstein was one of many filmmakers evacuated to Alma-Ata. There is where he first considered the idea of making a movie about Czar Ivan IV. Eisenstein wrote letters to Prokofiev from Alma-Ata. Prokofiev joined him there in 1942. Prokofiev composed the score for Eisenstein's movie. Eisenstein designed sets for an opera version of "War and Peace" that Prokofiev was creating.

paragraphs: Eisenstein's movie, "Ivan The Terrible, Part I", showing Ivan IV of Russia as a national hero, was liked by Joseph Stalin (and it won a Stalin Prize). The sequel, "Ivan The Terrible, Part II", was not approved of by the government. All the film from the not-finished "" was taken away, and most of it was destroyed (though several filmed scenes still exist today).

paragraphs: Eisenstein's health was also failing. He had a heart attack during the making of this movie. He died soon after of another heart attack at the age of 50. He is buried at Novodevichy Cemetery in Moscow.

paragraphs: Eisenstein was one of the first to use montage, a specific form of movie editing. He and Lev Kuleshov, two of the first movie theorists, said that montage was the basis of movies. His articles and books — especially "Film Form" and "The Film Sense" — explain the need for montage in detail.

paragraphs: His writings and movies have continued to have a major impact on later filmmakers. Eisenstein believed that editing could be used for more than just explaining a scene or moment through a "linkage" of related images. Eisenstein felt the "collision" of shots could be used to control the feelings of the audience and create movie metaphors. He believed that an idea should be concluded from comparing two different shots. This is what made a collage or montage within movie. He developed what he called "methods of montage":

paragraphs: Eisenstein taught movie making during his career at GIK. He also wrote the lessons for the directors' course there. His classroom illustrations are reproduced in Vladimir Nizhniĭ's "Lessons with Eisenstein." Exercises and examples for students were based on literature such as Honoré de Balzac's "Le Père Goriot." Another situation students had to produce was the staging of the Haitian struggle for independence as depicted in Anatolii Vinogradov's "The Black Consul,". Eisenstein also taught the specifics of directing, photography, and editing. He encouraged his students' development of individuality, expressiveness, and creativity. Eisenstein's teaching, like his movies, were politically charged and contained quotes from Vladimir Lenin.

paragraphs: In his first movies, Eisenstein did not use professional actors. His narratives did not focus on individual characters. Instead, they addressed broad social issues, especially class conflict. He used basic characters, and the roles were filled with untrained people from the matching classes. He avoided using stars. Eisenstein's vision of communism brought him into conflict with officials in the ruling system of Joseph Stalin. Like many Bolshevik artists, Eisenstein pictured a new society which would pay for artists totally. This would free them from bosses and budgets. It would leave them free to create. But budgets and producers were as important to the Soviet movie business as the rest of the world. The isolated, post-revolution, new nation did not have the resources to nationalize its movie business at first. When it did, limited resources — both monetary and equipment — required production controls as big as in the capitalist world.


title: Yass, New South Wales

paragraphs: Yass is a town in the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. The name probably comes from an Aboriginal word, "Yarrh" (or "Yharr"), which means 'running water'.

paragraphs: Yass is about 280 km southwest of Sydney and is 56 km north of Canberra. It is on the Hume Highway which is the main road between Melbourne and Sydney. The new Hume Freeway goes around the town. The Yass River flows past the town. It later flows into the Murrumbidgee River.

paragraphs: Yass has an impressive and historic main street. It includes many 19th century hotels with large verandahs. It is popular with tourists, some from Canberra and others taking a break from the Hume Highway.

paragraphs: The Pride of Erin Festival and Yass Show are held in March. The Yass Arts-and-Crafts Festival is held in November.

paragraphs: The Yass area has long been inhabited by Aboriginal tribes called the Wiradjuri and Ngunnawal. They called it "yarrh", meaning “running water.”

paragraphs: In 1821 the area was visited by the European explorer Hamilton Hume. In 1830 a small village began. It started where the road crossed the Yass River. The road became the main road to Melbourne.

paragraphs: Yass became a District Council in 1842. By 1848 there were 248 people living in Yass. On 13 March, 1873, the Municipal District of Yass was begun. James Cottrell was elected as the first Mayor of Yass.

paragraphs: One of Australia's best known poets, A.B. 'Banjo' Paterson came to the area with his family in 1871. He was only 7 and spent his childhood in the district, near Binalong. He later bought a property at Wee Jasper, near Yass, so that his children could enjoy a country life. Poet and priest Patrick Hartigan was born near Yass in 1878. He studied at the local convent school as a youth. He wrote using the name John O'Brien.

paragraphs: Sir Walter Merriman started a farm called 'Merryville'. It became one of Australia's most famous sheep farms. It produced some of the best fine wool in 1903. Yass is an important area for raising sheep which have very fine wool. This is because of the soil and climate in the Yass area.

paragraphs: Yass was one of the sites suggested for the Australian Federal Capital after 1901.

paragraphs: Because of the steep hills the New South Wales Government Railways built the railway a few kilometres from the town. The people in Yass wanted the railway to pass closer or even through the town. In 1892, a light railway or tram was built to connect Yass Junction on the main railway line and Yass Town.

paragraphs: Yass Junction was the nearest railway station on the Sydney Melbourne railway to serve the national capital at Canberra. The uniform gauge (distance between the rails) railway line between Melbourne and Sydney was opened in 1961. The special train had to stop at Yass Junction to pick up William Charles Wentworth. He was a member of parliament who had worked hard to get the railway built. He could not get on the train at Sydney because he was needed in the parliament at Canberra.

paragraphs: St Augustine's Parish Yass began in 1838 with the laying of the foundation stone of the church now called the Chapel.

paragraphs: An unusual modern style new building (the 'big' church) was begun in 1954. The bishop in charge was Bishop Young who later became the Archbishop of Hobart. The design for the church was by the architects Fowell Mansfield and Maclurcan of Sydney. The builder was James Wallace of 123 Sussex St Sydney.

paragraphs: There are important works of art by famous Australian sculptor Tom Bass in the Church:

paragraphs: The foundation stone of the new church was laid on 11 April 1954 by Archbishop Eris O'Brien and the church was opened on 29 April 1956, by Archbishop Guilford Young. Fifty year celebrations were organised on 29 April 2006 by Father Laurie Bent.


title: Community of Christ

paragraphs: The Community of Christ is a Mormon movement. From 1872 to 2001, it was known as Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (RLDS). It was founded in the 1860s. It did not recognise Brigham Young as a Prophet, but instead followed Joseph Smith III, the son of the founder of Mormonism, Joseph Smith. Unlike the followers of Young who went to Utah they remained were they were, in the Midwestern United States, mainly in Missouri. A number of court cases established this Church as the follower of law of the church established by Smith. for this reason it has the most manuscripts and the oldest Temple.

paragraphs: In general, their beliefs are closer to mainline Protestant Christianity. Unlike other Latter-day Saints movements, they have a classic view of the Trinity. Their baptism is therefore recognised as a valid Christian one.


title: Didelphis

paragraphs: The six species in the genus Didelphis, commonly known as large American opossums, are members of the Didelphimorphia order.


title: Pakistani

paragraphs: The word Pakistani or Pakistanis () means from or about the country of the modern Islamic Republic of Pakistan or Indus Valley. It refers to a person from Pakistan.

paragraphs: Every citizen of Pakistan is called a Pakistani (singular) or Pakistanis (plural).


title: Imran Khan

paragraphs: Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi () (born 5 October 1952) is a Pakistani politician. He is the 22nd and current Prime Minister of Pakistan. Before entering politics Khan was a cricketer and played for international cricket for two decades in the late 20th century.

paragraphs: Khan became a politician in the mid-1990s. Currently, besides running his own political party, Khan is also a charity worker and cricket commentator. He made his political party Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) in 1996. He made a cancer hospital, Shaukat Khanum, in memory of his mother who also died of cancer.

paragraphs: On July 26, 2018, Khan was elected Prime Minister despite many people accusing Khan's campaign of rigging the election. Khan took oath as Prime Minister of Pakistan on 18 August 2018.

paragraphs: Khan started his career as a first-class cricketer in Lahore in 1968. During his studies at the University of Oxford, he also played for their Blue's Cricket team.

paragraphs: In 1971, he played his first international test match for Pakistan against England. In 1974, he played his first One-day international against England.

paragraphs: Khan also became the second fastest all-rounder to reach the mark of 3000 runs and 300 wickets. He also has the second best batting average in test cricket at position 6.

paragraphs: Khan became the captain of Pakistan side in 1982, becoming one of the most successful captains with 91 wins in tests and ODIs.


title: Thule

paragraphs: Thule is the name of the island which Pytheas, the ancient Greek explorer, discovered in the fourth century B.C. Pytheas reported that this island was located in the north of Britain. So it is believed that Thule is probably Iceland or the Shetland Islands or the Faroe Islands or the coasts of Norway. Today, a village in the north of Greenland is called Thule which is also called Qaanaaq.


title: 2008 Mumbai attacks

paragraphs: The 2008 Mumbai attacks were carried out at seven places across Mumbai, India, on 26th November 2008. 175 people were killed and 291 were injured in these attacks.

paragraphs: Mumbai City (mainly south Mumbai area) came under heavy terrorist attacks with gunmen firing sophisticated weapons, hurling grenades and blasts on Nov 26, 2008, from 2120 hrs. The attack began with two heavily armed terrorists opening indiscriminate fire and grenade attack on the public and police inside the CST (VT) Railway Station, after which, they threw grenades at BMC Office and then moved to Cama Hospital at a distance of about 200 mtrs from CST. They tried to take some hostages in the hospital,26/11 lessons at Cama hospital: 87 CCTVs, 70 guards keep vigil | 26-11 News, The Indian Express then, came out on main road where they shot dead the ATS chief, HemantKarkare and other police officials, who were coming in a Toyota Qualis vehicle. Two terrorists hijacked a police vehicle and tried to escape but faced cross fire from Police in which one terrorist (injured) was captured and other died near Metro Cinema.

paragraphs: Another group of terrorists opened indiscriminate fire on occupants of Leopold Cafe, Colaba (at a distance of 2.5 km from CST)and took some hostages including a Jewish couple. Later, the group holed itself up inside Nariman House after taking hostages Five hostages dead in Nariman House; two terrorists killed - The Economic Times while another group forced themselves inside the lobby of Hotel Taj (at 0.5 km from Nariman House),threw grenades and started indiscriminate firing on the people inside the hotel lobby. Later, they moved onto the third floor and took some hostages including foreigners. They tried to blast the dome of the hotel and set the hotel on fire through grenade blast. Yet another group of terrorists entered into the lobby of Hotel Trident Oberai (at 1.5 km from CST) and started indiscriminate firing at different locations including pool side/upper floors and took hostages. Two taxies carrying explosives were also exploded killing its drivers and inmates in WadiBunder and Vile Parle area.26/11 Mumbai Attacks: How India Fought Back - A Timeline

paragraphs: In a major operation, the National Security Guards (NSG) neutralized all the terrorists holed up in Taj Hotel, Oberoi-Trident and Nariman House, Mumbai. The NSG completed the sanitization of Nariman House and Oberoi-Trident Hotel on November 29, 2008,Hotel Taj on early morning of November 30.In the attack, 175 persons were killed (Police-18, Public-122, Foreigners-26 and terrorists-9) and 291 were injured (Police-25,Public-243 Foreigners-22 and terrorist-1).Mortality pattern of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks. - PubMed - NCBI

paragraphs: The multiple terrorist attacks in Mumbai were launched from Karachi from where a group of 10 Laskhar-e-Taiba (LeT)fidayeens (all Pakistanis) equipped with arms/ammunition had sailed off on November 23,2008.GPS instrument recovered from the boat which they had hijacked mid sea for coming to Mumbai showed Karachi-Mumbai route plotted for navigation. 26/11: Location in GPS matched route indicated in terrorist`s diary | India News A new militant outfit called Deccan Mujahideen claimed responsibility for the attack.Deccan Mujahideen claims responsibility Investigations have revealed that the sender of the email was connected to Zarrar Shah Communication, Zarrar Shah Coordinator of LeT based in Pakistan. One of the perpetrators namely Ajmal belonging to district Okara of Pakistan, who was captured, revealed in his interrogation his LeT connections and other details about the attack. According to him, the operation was planned by Zaki-ur-Rehman of LeT.

paragraphs: Nine terrorists killed in the operations by the security forces in Mumbai have been identified by Ajmal as his fidayeen associates from LeT.Handlers asked 26/11 Pakistani terrorists to identify themselves as Hyderabad residents - India News

paragraphs: Conviction of Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab and death penalty

paragraphs: Mohd Amir MohdAjmalKasab, Pakistani national Perpetrators and masterminds of the 26/11 Mumbai terror attacks | 26-11 News, The Indian Express and lone arrested terrorist was convicted by the Special Court, Mumbai (case no. 175/2009) and awarded death sentence on May 6, 2010. The death penalty was upheld by the Bombay High Court and the Supreme Court of India. The mercy petition of Ajmal Kasab was rejected by the President of India, and he was hanged on November 21,2012 at 7:30 am at Yerwada jail, Pune. Ajmal Kasab: Ajmal Kasab, the 26/11 Mumbai attacker, hanged at Yerwada jail in Pune - The Economic Times

paragraphs: Acquittal of Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin

paragraphs: In the same case, two Indian accused viz. Fahim Ansari and Sabahuddin were acquitted with benefit of the doubt on May 3, 2010 by The Trial Court. Prosecution has challenged the acquittal of both co-accused, before the Supreme Court.Fahim Ansari, Sabahuddin get the benefit of doubt - The Hindu


title: Deccan Mujahideen

paragraphs: The Deccan Mujahiddeen is believed to be a terrorist group. They do attacks inside India. They came to the attention of the public after they said they were responsible for the attacks on Mumbai on 26 November 2008. It is possible that the organization could be related to the Indian Mujahideen.

paragraphs: Indian authorities said that the Mumbai attacks were directed by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants inside Pakistan. The surviving gunman was a Pakistani. Pakistan initially contested this attribution, but agreed this was the case on 7 January 2009.

paragraphs: Deccan refers to the Deccan Plateau in southern India. The states of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu lie on this plateau. The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word "dakkhin". That word comes from the Sanskrit word "dakṣiṇa-" (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.

paragraphs: Mujahideen (also spelt Mujahedin) in Arabic is a "struggler". So the name Deccan Muhahideen may literally mean "Strugglers of the South", "The South Strugglers" or "South Strugglers".


title: Case (grammar)

paragraphs: In grammar, case changes what a noun, adjective or pronoun does in a sentence. It is a set of forms which depend on the syntax (how the words go together). Case is an example of inflection, which is often an affix, a part of a word that is added to other words, that signals a grammatical relationship. Long ago, Old English used several cases, but Modern English uses only two cases for nouns.

paragraphs: In the Romance languages (Spanish, French, Portuguese, etc.), which originally came from Latin, nouns pack several ideas into one word:

paragraphs: In many languages like Latin, German, Russian, Spanish, Korean and Japanese, a noun's case changes the end of a word depending on the noun's role in the sentence. Nouns change their endings to show that they are doing something, that something is done to them, that they just happen to be there during the action or that they own something. Therefore, the order that the words are put together in a sentence is less important than in English, whose word order changes the meaning of a sentence.

paragraphs: In English, case is not used much. Instead, word order and auxiliary verbs (helpers) are more important.

paragraphs: English has these cases for nouns and pronouns: "common case" and "genitive" (possessive). Each may take a plural:

paragraphs: English adjectives unchanged: "red hat", "red hats".


title: Axon

paragraphs: The axon is the part of a neuron that sends the signal to the synapse. Axons are long, thin and tendril-like.

paragraphs: Axons are much like a highly developed dendrite.

paragraphs: The axon carries an electrical signal from the cell body (soma) to the synapse. There the signal passes to other neurons or to muscle fibers. An axon can be over a meter long in humans. Or even longer in longer animals like elephants and whales.

paragraphs: The electrical signal of an axon is made by ions that flow in and out of the cell producing an electric impulse called an action potential. The speed at which the signal travels depends on how thick the axon is, and how much insulation it has. Insulation is provided by specialized cells called myelin that wrap around the axon. This insulation is called the myelin sheath.

paragraphs: The axon was discovered by Otto Deiters.


title: Haast's eagle

paragraphs: The Haast's eagle ("Harpagornis moorei") was the largest eagle ever to have lived. It is the only eagle in the world ever to have been top predator of its ecosystem. It lived on the South Island of New Zealand, where there were no other large predators.

paragraphs: Fossil evidence shows that the areas where the Haast’s eagle lived were covered in forest and shrublands, as well as in the grasslands on river floodplains.

paragraphs: The arrival of people in New Zealand had unfortunate consequences for the eagle. By 1400 AD, most of the forest habitat it used had been cleared by fire, and most of the large flightless moas that it ate had been hunted to extinction.


title: Benjamin W. Lee

paragraphs: Benjamin Whiso Lee (Korean: 이휘소, Lee Whi-so) (January 1, 1935 – June 16, 1977) or Ben Lee, was a Korean-American theoretical physicist. His work in theorical particle physics was very important to the development of the standard model in the late 20th century. His work mainly affected the renormalization and the charm quark.

paragraphs: Benjamin W. Lee was born in Seoul, Korea. Before finishing high school, he entered the department of Chemical Engineering at Seoul National University. He was one of the best students. During his time in college, he transferred to the United States. He graduated from Miami University. Lee received a master degree from the University of Pittsburgh, and his Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 25. Lee worked at Institute for Advanced Study. He was a professor of physics at University of Pennsylvania, SUNY at Stony Brook, University of Chicago, and head of the theoretical physics department at Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. On June 16, 1977, he was killed in a car accident near Kewanee, Illinois. Lee studied symmetry principles and weak interactions.


title: Alessandro Volta

paragraphs: Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was a Lombard physicist known especially for the development of the first electrical cell in 1800. He was born in Como in Lombardy, Italy.

paragraphs: Volta worked on the electrophorus that makes a static electric charge in 1775. Volta also studied what we now call capacitance, developing separate means to study both electrical potential V and charge Q, and discovering that for a given object they are proportional. This may be called Volta's Law of Capacitance, and likely for this work the unit of electrical potential has been named the volt. Around 1791 he began to study "animal electricity". In this way he discovered Volta's Law of the electrochemical series, and the law that the electromotive force (emf formula_1) of a galvanic cell. In 1800, he invented the "voltaic pile", an early electric battery, which made a steady electric current. It is credited as the first electrochemical cell.

paragraphs: In honor of his work in the field of electricity, Napoleon Bonaparte made him a count in 1810. A museum in Como, the Voltian Temple, has been built in his honor and exhibits some of the original equipment he used to conduct experiments. In 1881, an important electrical unit, the volt(V), was named in his honor. There have also been innovations and discoveries named after Alessandro Volta including the Chevy Volt, and the Volta Crater on the Moon.

paragraphs: Volta married the daughter of Count Ludovico Peregrini, Teresa. They raised three sons. In 1779 he became professor of experimental physics at the University of Pavia. He had the job for almost 25 years. Volta is buried in the city of Como. At the Tempio Voltiano near Lake Como there is a museum about him and his work.


title: Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz

paragraphs: Friedrich August Kekule von Stradonitz (also August Kekulé) (7 September 1829 – 13 July 1896) was a German organic chemist. Kekulé was born in Darmstadt, the son of a civil servant. After graduating from secondary school, in 1847 he entered the University of Giessen, with the intention of studying architecture. After hearing the lectures of Justus von Liebig he decided to study chemistry. Following his education in Giessen, he took further doctorate fellowships in Paris (1851-52), in Chur, Switzerland (1852-53), and in London (1853-55), where he was decisively influenced by Alexander Williamson.

paragraphs: In 1858, he was hired as a full professor at the University of Ghent. In 1867, he was asked to work at the University of Bonn. There he studied carbon organic compounds and benzene. He suggested a benzene ring structure.

paragraphs: Kekulé's most famous work was on the structure of benzene. In 1865 Kekulé published a paper in French suggesting that the structure contained a six-membered ring of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. The next year he published a much longer paper in German on the same subject. The empirical formula for benzene had been long known, but its highly unsaturated structure was challenging to determine. Archibald Scott Couper in 1858 and Joseph Loschmidt in 1861 suggested possible structures that contained multiple double bonds or multiple rings, but the study of aromatic compounds was in its earliest years, and too little evidence was then available to help chemists decide on any particular structure.


title: Ultra high frequency

paragraphs: Ultra High Frequency (UHF) is a electromagnetic radiation. Especially its frequency is between 300 MHz and 3 GHz (3,000 MHz). Because of short wavelength, UHF has strong directivity and it has small area. UHF is commonly used for television signals. It is strong enough to be protected from other signal, but because of its strong directivity, receiving error by an obstacle occurs more. Hence it needs sensitive sensors.

paragraphs: UHF frequencies have higher attenuation from atmospheric moisture and benefit less from 'bounce', or the reflection of signals off the ionosphere back to earth, when compared to VHF frequencies. The frequencies of 300–3000 MHz are always at least an order of magnitude above the MUF (Maximum Usable Frequency). The MUF for most of the earth is generally between 25–35 MHz. Higher frequencies also benefit less from ground mode transmission. However, the short wavelengths of UHF frequencies allow compact receiving antennas with narrow elements; many people consider them less ugly than VHF-receiving models

paragraphs: On December 29, 1949 KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut became the first UHF television station to operate on a regular daily schedule.

paragraphs: In the United States, UHF stations (broadcast channels above 13) originally gained a reputation for being more locally owned, less polished, less professional, less popular, and for having a weaker signal than their VHF counterparts (channels 2–13). The movie UHF, starring Weird Al Yankovic, parodied this phenomenon.

paragraphs: However, with the emergence of additional broadcast television networks ( Fox, UPN, WB, and PaxThe PAX Network PAX TV PaxNet or simply PAX is a cable television network formed in 1998. PAX, which is owned by Paxson Communications, shows family-oriented programming. Its programming contains little or no sex, violence or strong language. Unlike most), the concentration of media ownershipConcentration of media ownership is a commonly used terms among media critics, policy makers, and others to characterize ownership structure of media industries. Media ownership is said to be concentrated usually in one or more of the following ways., and the proliferation of cable televisionCable television or Community Antenna Television CATV (and often shortened to 'cable') is a system of providing television, FM radio programming and other services to consumers through fixed coaxial cables, rather than by the older and more widespread rad, digital televisionDigital television DTV uses digital modulation and compression to broadcast video, audio and data signals to television sets.

paragraphs: Introduction A major use of DTV can be to carry more channels on the same amount of bandwidth. Another can be high-definition pro, and DSSDigital Satellite System (DSS) or Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS is a technology to deliver a television or audio signal digitally, directly from an orbiting satellite to a consumer's one- to three-foot-diameter dish at the consumer's home or business. in the 1990sCenturies: 19th century 20th century 21st century Decades: 1940s 1950s 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s 2030s 2040s Years: Events and trends Computers, technology Explosive growth of the Internet; decrease in the cost of computers and other techn, the distinction between UHF and VHF stations has virtually disappeared in the United States. Most HDTV stations (those using the ATSC television standard) broadcast their over-the-air signal in the UHF band.

paragraphs: In Britain, UHF television began with the launch of BBC2 in 1964, using a 625-line system (which had higher resolution, and therefore required greater bandwidth, than the existing 405-line system). BBC1 and ITV soon added their own 625-line services on UHF (British channels 21 to 69), and PAL colour was introduced on UHF only in 1967– 1969. VHF was phased out by 1986. Today all British terrestrial television channels (analog and digital) are on UHF. A drawback to this is the very large number of small relay transmitters needed to fill in gaps in the main transmitters' coverage, which would not have been necessary with a VHF system due to its different propagation characteristics.


title: LC circuit

paragraphs: An LC circuit is an electronic circuit made up of an inductor and a capacitor.

paragraphs: LC circuit's resonant frequency is equal to: formula_1

paragraphs: The angular frequency ω has units of radians per second.

paragraphs: LC circuits are used for creating signals at a particular frequency, or picking out a signal at a particular frequency from a more complex signal. An ideal LC circuit does not have resistance.

paragraphs: At LC circuit energy saves in the capacitor's electric field.

paragraphs: At LC circuit energy also save in the inductor's magnetic field.

paragraphs: U is energy and i is electric current that flows in inductor.

paragraphs: Let's analyze an LC circuit's vibration. Vibrating LC circuit's total energy is U.

paragraphs: Because circuit's resistance is 0, there is no energy that transmits to heat energy, and U is maintained regularity.

paragraphs: So LC circuit's vibration is shown like that

paragraphs: First consider the Electrical impedance of the series LC circuit. The total impedance is given by the sum of the inductive and capacitive impedances

paragraphs: By writing the inductive impedance as formula_8 and capacitive impedance as formula_9

paragraphs: Resultingly the series connected circuit, when connected to a circuit in series, will act as a band-pass filter having zero impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuits.

paragraphs: The same analysis may be applied to the parallel LC circuit. The total impedance is then given by

paragraphs: and after substitution of formula_12 and formula_13 we have

paragraphs: Resultingly the parallel connected circuit will act as band-stop filter having infinite impedance at the resonant frequency of the LC circuit.


title: Application-specific integrated circuit

paragraphs: ASIC or Application-specific integrated circuit is a kind of integrated circuit. It is built for a particular use instead of for general-purpose use. Digital circuits are a common form of ASIC, but analog ASICs were manufactured beginning in the latter half of the 1990s.

paragraphs: ASIC has advantages compared to Programmable Logic Device or Standard Logic IC.

paragraphs: Design of ASIC is gate array design, cell base design, embedded array design, standard cell design, and structured ASIC design.

paragraphs: Gate array design has elementary gate circuit at first base, (we) manufacture the products with putting ordered proper wire-layers.

paragraphs: Manufacturing is quick because a finished product needs only production of wire-layers and it is cheap because of mass production of its foundation.

paragraphs: However, because (we) form a circuit with formation of standard gate, it has worse contact rate and efficiency.

paragraphs: Cell base design uses wire-layer between block that was designed and arranged and logical circuit. and product is manufactured .

paragraphs: Performance is better than gate array, but time of making cell base is longer than time of making gate array, and cost of making cell base is more expensive than cost of making gate array.

paragraphs: Embedded array design Use finished functional block were located. It was rest of theory for wired to use part of gate array. It was called that gate array and basis of cell were compromising.

paragraphs: Standard cell design is a general term for gate array, cell base, embedded array. if standard cell is cell base IC, direction is different each company.

paragraphs: Structured ASIC design uses customization of standard subsystems to speed design and production.

paragraphs: Designers of ASIC use a hardware description language (HDL) such as Verilog or VHDL to describe the functionality of the design.


title: Photoelectric effect

paragraphs: The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in physics. The effect is based on the idea that electromagnetic radiation is made of a series of particles called photons. When a photon hits an electron on a metal surface, the electron can be emitted. The emitted electrons are called photoelectrons. The effect is also called the Hertz Effect, because it was discovered by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, but this name is not used often.

paragraphs: The photoelectric effect has helped physicists understand the quantum nature of light and electrons. The concept of wave–particle duality was developed because of the photoelectric effect. Albert Einstein proposed the Laws of Photoelectric Effect and won the Nobel Prize For Physics 1921.

paragraphs: Not every electromagnetic wave will cause the photoelectric effect, only radiation of a certain frequency or higher will cause the effect. The minimum frequency needed is called the "cutoff frequency" or "threshold frequency'. The cutoff frequency is used to find the work function, formula_1, which is the amount of energy holding the electron to the metal surface. The work function is a property of the metal and is not affected by the incoming radiation. If a frequency of light strikes the metal surface that is greater than the cutoff frequency, then the emitted electron will have some kinetic energy.

paragraphs: The energy of a photon causing the photoelectric effect is found through formula_2, where formula_3 is Planck's constant, J·s, formula_4 is the frequency of the electromagnetic wave, formula_5 is the kinetic energy of the photoelectron and formula_1 is the work function for the metal. If the photon has a lot of energy, Compton scattering (~ thousands of eV) or pair production (~ millions of eV) may take place.

paragraphs: The intensity of the light alone does not cause ejection of electrons. Only light of the cut off frequency or higher can do that. However, increasing the intensity of light will increase the number of electrons being emitted, as long as the frequency is above the cut off frequency.

paragraphs: Heinrich Hertz made the first observation of the photoelectric effect in 1887. He reported that a spark jumped more readily between two charged spheres if light was shining on them. Further studies were done to learn about the effect observed by Hertz. In 1902, Philipp Lenard showed that the kinetic energy of a photoelectron does not depend on the light intensity. However, it was not until 1905 that Einstein proposed a theory that explained the effect fully. The theory says that electromagnetic radiation is a series of particles, called photons. The photons collide with the electrons on the surface and emit them. This theory ran against the belief that electromagnetic radiation was a wave. Thus, at first it was not recognised as correct. In 1916, Robert Millikan published the results of experiments using a vacuum photo-tube. His work showed that Einstein's photoelectric equation explained the behaviour very accurately. However, Millikan and other scientists were slower to accept Einstein's theory of light quanta. Maxwell's wave theory of electromagnetic radiation cannot explain the photoelectric effect and blackbody radiation. These are explained by quantum mechanics.


title: Image processing

paragraphs: In electrical engineering and computer science, Image processing is any form of processing for which the input is an image or a series of images or videos, such as photographs or frames of video. The output of image processing can be either an image or a set of characteristics or parameters related to the image. It also means "Analyzing and manipulating images with a computer".

paragraphs: Image processing is performed in three steps:

paragraphs: First, import images with an optical devices like a scanner or a camera, or make them by computer-generated imagery.

paragraphs: Second, manipulate or analyze the images in some way. This step can include image improvement and data summary, or the images are analyzed to find rules that aren't seen by the human eyes. For example, meteorologists use this processing to analyze satellite photographs.

paragraphs: Last, output the result of image processing. The result might be the image changed by some way or it might be a report based on analysis or result of the images.

paragraphs: In the 21st century image processing is usually "digital", but optical and analog image methods are still used.


title: Ogg

paragraphs: Ogg is a free, open standard format for music, video and other multimedia. It is run by the Xiph.Org Foundation. The Ogg format is unrestricted by software patents and is designed to provide for efficient Internet streaming and for editing of high quality digital multimedia.

paragraphs: The project was based on the popular AVI and Ogg formats, which at the time only supported audio. Some time ago, the OGG Vorbis format was created to change the mp3 format. To store the vorbis audio stream, the OGG Bitstream standard was developed, which was later used to store video.

paragraphs: Recently a big library on the internet, the Internet Archive, announced that they are going to convert many videos and other multimedia to the Ogg format as well as other formats like the proprietary Adobe Flash flv format.


title: Georgetown, Kentucky

paragraphs: Georgetown is a city and the county seat of Scott County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 18,000 at the 2000 census. There is a Toyota automobile plant there.


title: Encarta

paragraphs: Encarta was a digital multimedia encyclopedia by Microsoft. There was a more complete version called "Encarta Premium" made in 2008. It had more than 62,000 articles and many photographs and illustrations. There was also music clips, videos, maps and timelines with some activity games. It also included an atlas, and homework tools. It was available on the internet if you pay a yearly fee, or to buy on DVD-ROM, or CD-ROMs. Many articles could also be read online free of charge, a service which is paid for by advertisements.

paragraphs: Microsoft made similar encyclopedias under the "Encarta" trademark in several different European languages and in Japanese.


title: White supremacy

paragraphs: White supremacy is the belief that white people are better than other races. The words "white supremacy" are sometimes used to describe a political idea that shows the social and political dominance of whites.

paragraphs: White supremacy is a form of racism. However it is not to be confused with different political and moral differences that people of any race may hold. White supremacists also want racial separation, which means people of different races living apart. White supremacy has often resulted in anti-black racism and antisemitism (Anti-Jewish hate).

paragraphs: Diverse kinds of white supremacy have different ideas of whiteness, and not all white supremacist groups agree on which group is their worst enemy. White supremacists often consider Jews to be the biggest threat to their cause, because they think Jews are able to mix much more easily than other ethnic groups.

paragraphs: Politically, socially and economically, white supremacy was common in the United States before the American Civil War and for decades after. The same is true of white supremacist regimes in South Africa and Rhodesia and of parts of Europe at different time periods; importantly under Nazi Germany's Third Reich. The size of White supremacy's influence on Western culture, and the way in which it influences society, is still being debated. In some parts of the United States, many people who were considered non-white could not vote and were not allowed to be part of the government. They were also not allowed to hold most government jobs — well into the second half of the 20th century. White leaders often thought of Native Americans and Australian Aborigines as stopping society from going forward, rather than as settlers in their own right. Many European-settled countries at the Pacific Ocean limited immigration from Asian and Pacific countries. Many U.S. states banned marriage between races, through "anti-miscegenation laws" until 1967, when these laws were changed. South Africa and Rhodesia kept its white supremacist dicatorships until 1994 and 1980, respectively.

paragraphs: White supremacists have become linked with a racist part of the skinhead subculture, though when the skinhead scene first developed in the United Kingdom in the late 1960s, it was heavily influenced by Jamaican rude boys and British mods. By the 1980s,

paragraphs: a large white power skinhead faction had formed.

paragraphs: White supremacist groups can be found in most countries and regions with a large white population, including North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, and Latin America. In all of these areas, their views represent a small amount of the population, and the amount of people who are active in the groups is quite small. The militant approach taken by white supremacist groups has caused them to be watched closely by law enforcement officials. Some European countries have laws against hate speech, as well as other laws that ban or limit some white supremacist organizations (but not all).

paragraphs: The Christian Identity movement, which is regarded by most other Christians as heretical is closely tied to white supremacy. Although the Ku Klux Klan's reasons for supporting racial segregation are not mainly based on religious ideals, some Klan groups are openly Christian Protestant because of their northern European/Germanic roots.

paragraphs: Some white supremacists say that they follow the Odinist religion, although most Odinists reject white supremacy, and white supremacists make up only a small part of those who support Odinism (belief in the gods of Norse mythology). Some white supremacist groups, such as the South African Boeremag, put elements of Christianity and Odinism together.

paragraphs: The World Church of the Creator, now called the Creativity Movement promotes a federally-recognized racial religious creed called Creativity. The basic ideology is based on the idea of a sound mind in a sound body in a sound society in a sound environment. The religion is dedicated to the "survival, expansion and advancement of the white race" and "building a whiter and brighter world." Central to this is a unique "holy war" referred to as "RAHOWA" is which members of the white race must take steps to preserve their white race. They believe that all races are at enmity with each other for territory and natural resources and their war is a religious war. They are not Christian and essentially atheistic agnostic.


title: BMW 3 Series

paragraphs: BMW 3 Series is a car produced by BMW since 1975. It is currently in its seventh generation. The 3 Series has an M version in the form of the M3.

paragraphs: The 3 Series has come in multiple body styles and engine types. The 3 Series has been sold as saloons, coupés, estates, and convertibles. The 3 Series is one of the most commonly-sold vehicles in the world.


title: Vulcan (hypothetical planet)

paragraphs: Vulcan was a theoretical planet. In the 19th century, the planet was thought to orbit close to the sun. Its gravitational pull would explain changes seen between the perihelion advance of Mercury from that predicted by Classical Mechanics. The theory that Vulcan exists come from the earlier prediction that an outer planet (now Neptune) was causing similar changes in the orbit of Uranus from the orbit predicted by classical theory.

paragraphs: None of the searches for Vulcan found a planet. This caused some people to not agree with Newtonian theory. It led to the development of Special Relativity and General Relativity. Albert Einstein's modified theory of gravity showed why the orbit of Mercury changes without the existence of Vulcan. This disproved the theories of Vulcan.


title: Flag of Greece

paragraphs: The flag of Greece is rectangular with nine equal stripes of blue (5) and white (4) from left to right. In the top left corner is a blue square with a white cross. This flag has been used since 1822, when the young Greek state was fighting for its independence from the Ottoman Empire during the Greek War of Independence.

paragraphs: The current flag of Greece was officially adopted during the First national assembly of the Greeks at Epidaurus in 1822, and the flag with the 9 stripes was adopted as a state and military ensign (a flag used only by the government and the military, and only on ships). Another flag was chosen as a land flag, it was a simple white cross on a blue field. A third flag was adopted for the merchant fleet (a flag to be used by civilians on ships only), but it was only used for 8 years. In 1978, the ensign was chosen as the sole national flag, and it is now used by everyone on land and sea as the flag of Greece.

paragraphs: A different oppinion states that the Greek flag is an exact duplicate of the East India Trading Company flag.

paragraphs: It is sometimes known in Greece as the "blue-white", in Greek "Γαλανόλευκη" (Galanólefki) or "Κυανόλευκη" (Kyanólefki).


title: Peugeot 307

paragraphs: The Peugeot 307 is a automobile produced by Peugeot. It replaced the 306 in 2001, facelifted in 2005 and replaced in 2007 by the 308. The platform of the 307 were also used for the Citroën C4. The model sold well but didn't have great reliability although it was improved with later models.


title: Custard cream

paragraphs: A custard cream is a type of biscuit which is popular in the United Kingdom. It looks like a biscuit sandwich with a cream center.

paragraphs: Like the American Hydrox or Oreo, the custard cream can be eaten by twisting the two biscuits apart and eating the center first. The best way to eat the biscuit is to dip it into milk.


title: Bay Minette, Alabama

paragraphs: Bay Minette is a city in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. According to the 2000 census, the population of the city was 7,820. According to the 2007 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7726. The city is the county seat of Baldwin County.

paragraphs: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . (0.50%) is water.


title: Bakerhill, Alabama

paragraphs: Bakerhill or Baker Hill is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States, near Eufaula. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 321. Although it existed as an unincorporated village since before 1860, the city was officially incorporated in 2000.

paragraphs: Bakerhill is located at 31.88 degrees north, 85.15 degrees west (31.88495, -85.15390).


title: Computer model

paragraphs: A computer-based model is a computer program that is designed to simulate what might or what did happen in a situation. They are used in many ways including in astronomy, economics and sciences such as physics and biology. Computer models are used in fields such as earthquake performance simulation and making models of buildings.

paragraphs: Well known areas which use computer models:

paragraphs: Computer modelling often uses numerical analysis to approximate the real solution of the problem. Simulation techniques are then used to get values. Numerical weather predictions are too inaccurate to give a good local prediction of the weather, so other methods are used to adjust them.


title: M postcode area

paragraphs: The M postcode area, also known as the Manchester postcode area, is a group of lots of postal districts in Greater Manchester, England.

paragraphs: The code covers three places: Manchester, Salford, and Sale. It covers parts of all Greater Manchester boroughs except for Stockport. All of Manchester is covered by the code, except for a small village called Ringway, which is in the WA postcode area. The postcode also includes nearly all of Salford and most of the borough of Trafford.


title: River Irwell

paragraphs: The River Irwell is a long river which flows through the Irwell Valley in the counties of Lancashire and Greater Manchester in North West England. The start of the river is at Irwell Springs on Deerplay Moor, about north of the town of Bacup, in the parish of Cliviger, Lancashire. The Irwell flows through the city centres of Manchester and Salford, before joining the River Mersey near Irlam.


title: The Club (Nickelodeon)

paragraphs: Nicktropolis was a virtual world made for children aged six to fourteen.

paragraphs: Building of "Nicktropolis" started in November 2004. It went into testing by late 2005, and was given out to members by January 6, 2007. The game opened to all people on January 30, 2007. It ended due to the new Nickelodeon update and the Nickelodeon message board has been shut down too.


title: Bessemer, Alabama

paragraphs: Bessemer is a city in southwestern Jefferson County, Alabama, United States and a suburb of Birmingham near Hueytown. The population was 29,672 at the 2000, but by the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had fallen to a population of 28,641.


title: Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll

paragraphs: The Princess Louise (Louise Caroline Alberta: Marquess of Lorne and Duchess of Argyll by marriage; 18 March 1848 – 3 December 1939) was the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was interested in sculpture, and was a notable architect. In 1871, she married John, Marquess of Lorne (Duke of Argyll from 1900), but the marriage was unhappy. They made up with each other in the 1900s, and after Argyll's death in 1914, she had a nervous breakdown. She died in 1939 at the age of 91.

paragraphs: Louise was born at Buckingham Palace, the main British royal home in London. Her mother was Queen Victoria, and her father was Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Louise spent much of her early life moving between the different royal homes that her parents stayed in. These included Buckingham Palace; Osborne House on the Isle of Wight; Windsor Castle in Berkshire; and Balmoral Castle in Scotland.

paragraphs: Louise's education was similar to her brothers and sisters. She was given a basic education, as well as tasks such as cookery, carpentry and farming. She was good at art, especially sculpture. Hallam Tennyson, son of the poet Alfred Lord Tennyson, wrote that Louise could "draw beautifully". She was also good at acting and dancing. The Queen wrote that Louise "danced the sword dance with more verve and accuracy than any of her sisters". She wanted to know about a lot of things, which gave her the nickname "Little Miss Why" from members of the royal family.

paragraphs: Louise's father, Prince Albert, became ill with typhoid fever, and died on 14 December 1861. Queen Victoria was very sad after this happened, as she and Albert were a loving couple. While the Queen mourned, the court became morbid, and Louise quickly became fed up with it. On her 17th birthday, she asked if the ballroom could be opened for a dance, but Queen Victoria refused. Louise's irritation, in turn, irritated the Queen, who did not like Louise's arguments.

paragraphs: The Queen never really got over Albert's death, but she made herself feel better by sticking to Albert's plans for her children's marriages. In 1862, Louise's sister, Princess Alice, married Prince Louis of Hesse; in 1863, Albert Edward, Prince of Wales married Princess Alexandra of Denmark; and in 1866, Princess Helena married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. With Louise's elder sisters now married, Louise was left to be the Queen's helper. Despite not being happy about it, the Queen agreed with this, and was surprised by the results. The Queen wrote: "She is (and who would some years ago have thought it?) a clever dear girl with a fine strong character, unselfish and affectionate." In her new role, Louise was less bored by the court, because she had more things to do.


title: Brent, Alabama

paragraphs: Brent is a city in Bibb County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,024.


title: Boaz, Alabama

paragraphs: Boaz is a city in Etowah and Marshall Counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The city is named after the husband of Ruth, from the Book of Ruth in the Bible. It is part of the 'Gadsden, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area'. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 7,411. According to the 2005 U.S. Census estimates, the city had a population of 7,893.


title: 1996 United States presidential election

paragraphs: The United States presidential election, 1996 was a political event that took place on November 5, 1996. During that day the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States were selected. The election was between President Bill Clinton of Arkansas and Vice President Al Gore of Tennessee and the Republican national ticket of former Senator Bob Dole of Kansas for president and former congressman and ex-Cabinet Secretary Jack Kemp of New York for Vice President. Businessman Ross Perot ran as candidate for the Reform Party with economist Pat Choate as his running mate; he received less media attention and was excluded from the presidential debates and, while still obtaining substantial results for a third-party candidate, by U.S. standards, did not renew his success in the 1992 election.

paragraphs: Clinton benefited from an economy which recovered from the early 1990s recession, and a relatively stable world stage. On November 5, 1996, President Clinton went on to win re-election by a substantial popular vote margin with a large electoral college victory.

paragraphs: President William Jefferson Clinton went on to win re-election relatively easily despite becoming the first sitting president since Woodrow Wilson in 1916 to do so with under 50% of the National Vote (49%), while winning enough states to earn him 379 Electoral Votes. Sen. Robert Dole from Kansas ran for the Republicans and was at the mercy of peaceful overseas relations and a thriving economy. He gained (41%) of the vote, while winning enough states to win 159 electoral votes. The GOP did well in the congressional races however thus effectively positioning themselves for the 1998 midterms and the subsequent 2000 race for the White House.


title: Bridgeport, Alabama

paragraphs: Bridgeport is a small city in Jackson County, Alabama, United States. At the time of 2000 census the population was 2,728. Bridgeport is included in the Huntsville-Decatur Combined Statistical Area.


title: Brewton, Alabama

paragraphs: Brewton is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,498. The city is the county seat of Escambia County.

paragraphs: The city government consists of mayor who is elected at large and five member city council who are each elected from a district.

paragraphs: Schools in the Brewton City School System:

paragraphs: Brewton is home to Jefferson Davis Community College, a small postsecondary school that primarily gives associate's degrees.

paragraphs: The annual Alabama Blueberry Festival is held at Burnt Corn Creek Park and downtown Brewton.

paragraphs: The Thomas E. McMillan Museum is on the campus of the Jefferson Davis Community College.


title: Brighton, Alabama

paragraphs: Brighton is a city in Jefferson County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 3,640.


title: East Brewton, Alabama

paragraphs: East Brewton is a city in Escambia County, Alabama, United States. At the 2010 census the population was 2,478.

paragraphs: Escambia County, Alabama Official Website

paragraphs: Escambia County, Alabama Schools Official Website


title: Brundidge, Alabama

paragraphs: Brundidge is a city in Pike County, Alabama, USA. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 2,341.


title: Enterprise, Alabama

paragraphs: Enterprise is a city in Coffee and Dale Counties in Alabama, United States. The population is 23,653 in 2006.

paragraphs: Enterprise is served by Enterprise City Schools. Enterprise is also home to Enterprise–Ozark Community College, (also known as Enterprise State Junior College). A two-year college, the Enterprise campus is home to the Boll Weevils.


title: Elba, Alabama

paragraphs: Elba is a city in Coffee County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 4,185. The city is the county seat of Coffee County.

paragraphs: Public Education is provided by the Elba City Public School District. There are two schools in the city:


title: Coffee County, Alabama

paragraphs: Coffee County is a county of the U.S. state of Alabama. Its name is in honor of General John Coffee. As of 2007 the population was 46,793. Its county seats are Elba and Enterprise.

paragraphs: According to the 2000 census, the county has a total area of . (or 99.78%) is land and (or 0.22%) is water.


title: Evergreen, Alabama

paragraphs: Evergreen is a city in Conecuh County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census, the population was 3,630. The city is the county seat of Conecuh County.


title: Eutaw, Alabama

paragraphs: Eutaw is a city in Greene County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,878. The city is the county seat of Greene County and was named after the Revolutionary War battle of Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. It is part of the Tuscaloosa, Alabama Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Eufaula, Alabama

paragraphs: Eufaula is a city in Barbour County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 13,908.


title: Princess Helena of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: The Princess Helena (Helena Augusta Victoria: Princess Christian of Schleswig-Holstein by marriage; 25 May 1846 – 9 June 1923) was the third daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. Helena was interested in nursing, needlework and writing, and she founded several nursing hospitals. In 1866, she married Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein, a minor German prince with very little money, and they lived near Queen Victoria in the United Kingdom. After Victoria's death in 1901, Helena and Christian lived in London and Windsor. Prince Christian died in 1916, shortly after their 50th wedding anniversary, and Helena died six years later.


title: Oxford, Alabama

paragraphs: Oxford is a city in Calhoun and Talladega counties in the U.S. state of Alabama. The population was 14,592 at the 2000 census. Oxford is one of two principal cities of and included in the Anniston-Oxford Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Opp, Alabama

paragraphs: Opp is a city in Covington County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 6,607.


title: Deccan Plateau

paragraphs: The Deccan Plateau is a large plateau that covers most of South India. It is triangular, surrounded by three mountain ranges. It extends over eight Indian states (principally, Telangana, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu).

paragraphs: The plateau covers , 43 percent of India's landmass.

paragraphs: The uplands, areas of higher landmass, form a triangle that is nested in the familiar downward-pointing triangle of the Indian sub-continent's coastline. In the south of India, the plateau is largely over above sea level. In the north it is mostly about above sea level.

paragraphs: The plateau is extremely large, and there are many habitats: different ecosystems with different sorts of vegetation, climate, geology and animals. The forests on the plateau are older than the Himalayan mountains.

paragraphs: On the west of the plateau are the Western Ghats and in the east are the Eastern Ghats. These mountain ranges rise from their nearby coastal plains and nearly meet at the southern tip of India. The mountains make the southward-pointing vertex of a triangle. The northern boundary of the triangle is made up by the Satpura Range and Vindhya Range. These northern ranges separate the plateau from the heavily populated riverine plains of northern India.

paragraphs: The name is an anglicised from the Prakrit word "dakkhin", which comes from the Sanskrit word "dakṣiṇa-" (), meaning 'South' or 'The South'.

paragraphs: The Deccan Traps are a main cause of the special geography and geology of South India. They are a large igneous province on the Deccan Plateau of west-central India (between 17–24N, 73–74E) and one of the largest volcanic features on the planet. They consist of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt that are more than thick and cover an area of . The term 'trap', used in geology for such rock formations, is derived from the Dutch word for stairs, referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region.

paragraphs: The Deccan Traps formed between 60 and 68 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period. The bulk of the volcanic eruption occurred at the Western Ghats (near present-day Mumbai) some 66 million years ago. This series of eruptions may have lasted fewer than 30,000 years in total. The gases released in the process may have played a role in the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which included the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs. The consensus among the scientific community is that the extinction was triggered by the Chicxulub impact event in Central America but that the Deccan eruptions also disrupted the planet's climate.

paragraphs: Before the Deccan Traps region was reduced to its current size by erosion and plate tectonics, it is estimated that the original area covered by the lava flows was as large as 1.5 million km², about half the size of modern India. The present area of directly observable lava flows is estimated to be around .

paragraphs: The release of volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide, during the formation of the traps contributed to contemporary climate change. Data point to an average fall in temperature of 2 °C (3.6 °F) during this period.


title: Ozark, Alabama

paragraphs: Ozark is a city in and the county seat of Dale County, Alabama, United States. In 1980 the population was 12,205, and in 1990 it was 13,030. As of the 2000 census, the population of the city is 15,119.


title: Oneonta, Alabama

paragraphs: Oneonta is a city in Blount County, Alabama, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 5,576. The city is the county seat of Blount County. Oneonta is home to the Covered Bridge Festival.

paragraphs: Oneonta became the county seat in 1889 when it was moved from Blountsville.

paragraphs: During World War II, a small POW camp was outside of Oneonta.

paragraphs: The city government is made up a Mayor and a five-person city council.


title: Princess Alice of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: The Princess Alice (Alice Maud Mary: Princess Louis and Grand Duchess of Hesse and by Rhine by marriage; April 25, 1843 – December 14, 1878) was the second daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. In 1861, she acted as the nurse to her dying father, and became interested in nursing. In 1862, she married Prince Louis of Hesse and moved to Hesse, where she had several children including Princess Elisabeth of Hesse, Alice Romanov Chaytow and Alexandra, future Russian Empress and wife of Tsar Nicholas II. After an unhappy marriage and a number of family deaths, the royal family of Hesse caught diphtheria. Alice's younger son died, and after kissing the elder one, she caught the disease and died on the anniversary of her father's death, 14 December 1878. She is buried in Hesse.


title: The Illuminatus! Trilogy

paragraphs: The Illuminatus! Trilogy is a series of three novels written by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson between 1969 and 1971, and first published in 1975. The trilogy is a satirical, postmodern, science fiction story.


title: Fnord

paragraphs: A Fnord is the typographic representation of disinformation or useless information with the intent to misdirect or confuse, with the implication of a conspiracy.

paragraphs: The word was coined as a nonsensical term with religious undertones in the Discordian religious text "Principia Discordia" (1965) by Kerry Thornley and Greg Hill, but was popularized by "The Illuminatus! Trilogy" (1975) of satirical conspiracy fiction novels by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson.


title: Disinformation

paragraphs: Disinformation is false or inaccurate information that is spread on purpose and is intended to mislead. It may include the handing out of forged documents, manuscripts, and photographs, or circulating malicious rumors and fabricated intelligence. Quite often this word is used in context of a government or large organisation trying to cause difficulties for a rival.


title: Principia Discordia

paragraphs: Principia Discordia is a Discordian religious text written by Greg Hill (Malaclypse The Younger) and Kerry Thornley (Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst). It was originally published under the title "Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost" in a limited edition of 5 copies in 1965.


title: Discordianism

paragraphs: Discordianism is a postmodern religion in which disorder is as important as order, existing within chaos. It was founded circa 1958–1959 by Malaclypse the Younger, who published its most important text: the "Principia Discordia".

paragraphs: The Sacred Chao and Five fingered hand of ERIS are the most recognized symbols of Discordianism.


title: Tractor

paragraphs: A tractor is a strong work vehicle used for farming. It usually has a seat for only the driver, and can be used to pull many different tools or trailers.


title: Mantophasmatidae

paragraphs: The insect family Mantophasmatidae is the sole family in its order. It is a group of African carnivorous insects discovered in 2002. The most common vernacular name for this order is gladiators, but it is not well known under any name.

paragraphs: Their modern centre of endemism is western South Africa and Namibia, although a relict population and Eocene fossils suggest a wider ancient distribution.

paragraphs: Members of the order are wingless even as adults, making them relatively difficult to identify. They resemble a mix between praying mantids and phasmids. Molecular evidence indicates that they are most closely related to a family known as the Grylloblattidae.

paragraphs: The mantophasmids were originally described from old museum specimens that found in Namibia ("Mantophasma zephyra") and Tanzania ("M. subsolana"), and from a 45-million-year-old specimen of Baltic amber ("Raptophasma kerneggeri").

paragraphs: The most recent classification recognizes numerous genera, including fossils.


title: Trafford

paragraphs: The Metropolitan Borough of Trafford is a metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. It is home to 211,800 people, covers 41 square miles, and includes the towns of Altrincham, Partington, Sale, Stretford, and Urmston.


title: Software developer

paragraphs: A programmer generally only writes code, but a software developer usually will:


title: Ford Granada

paragraphs: Ford Granada was a car produced by Ford Motor Company from 1972 through 1985 (1994 in UK). The Third Generation Granada was only sold as a Granada in UK; it was essentially a badge-engineered version of the First Generation Ford Scorpio.

paragraphs: The first generation appeared in March 1972 with saloon and estate versions, some lower-end models were called the Consul.

paragraphs: The second generation launched in September 1977 with the same saloon and estate models and got a facelift in 1981.

paragraphs: The third generation arrived in May 1985 with a hatchback version only, it was sold as the Scorpio in Europe and the Granada in the UK, the Scorpio name was used as a trim level on higher-end versions in the UK. A saloon version was added in early 1990 and an estate in early 1992.


title: Ford Fusion

paragraphs: Ford Fusion is a name used on two different models of cars from the Ford Motor Company.


title: Ford Fusion (Americas)

paragraphs: The American Ford Fusion is a car produced by Ford Motor Company since 2005 starting with the 2006 model year. It is sold in the Americas. The first generation model was produced from the 2006 to 2012 model years with a facelift in early 2009 as a 2010 model. The current second

paragraphs: generation model launched in late 2012 as a 2013 model and was facelifted in Spring 2016 as a 2017 model. Ford is planning to discontinue the Fusion without a replacement due to more people buying Crossover vehicles and SUV's.