title: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button (movie)

paragraphs: The Curious Case of Benjamin Button is a 2008 American fantasy romantic drama movie directed by David Fincher. It is based on the 1922 short story of the same name by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The movie stars Brad Pitt and Cate Blanchett with Taraji P. Henson, Julia Ormond, Jason Flemyng, Elias Koteas, and Tilda Swinton.

paragraphs: "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" was released in North America on December 25, 2008 to positive reviews from critics. The movie had thirteen Academy Award nominations and won three.


Little Children


title: Víctor Víctor

paragraphs: Víctor Víctor (born Víctor José Víctor Rojas; 11 December 1948 – 16 July 2020) was a Dominican guitarist, singer and composer. He was born in Santiago de los Caballeros, Dominican Republic. He was the founder of the Nueva Forma musical group in the 1970s.

paragraphs: He was also one of the first Dominican artists to travel to Cuba, when this type of travel was not allowed by the Dominican government.

paragraphs: In 2007 he recorded an album with social-themed songs titled "Verde y Negro" as a tribute to the freedom fighters of the Dominican people.

paragraphs: Víctor died of COVID-19 on 16 July 2020 at a hospital in Santo Domingo, aged 71.


title: Ken Chinn

paragraphs: Kendall Stephen Chinn (19 October 1962 – 16 July 2020) was a Canadian punk rock lead vocalist and artist. He was best known, under the pseudonym Mr. Chi Pig. He was the lead singer of the band SNFU.

paragraphs: Chinn died on 16 July 2020 in Vancouver, British Columbia, aged 57.


title: Edward Edwards (serial killer)

paragraphs: Edward Wayne Edwards (June 14, 1933 – April 7, 2011) was a convicted American serial killer. Edwards escaped from jail in Akron, Ohio in 1955 and fled across the country. By 1961, he was on the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.

paragraphs: Edwards was captured and arrested in Atlanta, Georgia on January 20, 1962. After he was granted parole in 1967, Edwards murdered at least five people between 1977 and 1996.

paragraphs: Edwards died of natural causes at the Corrections Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio on April 7, 2011. He was expected to be executed by lethal injection set for four months later on August 31.


title: Gian Franco Anedda

paragraphs: Gian Franco Anedda (28 August 1930 – 17 July 2020) was an Italian politician. He was born in Cagliari, Italy. He was a member of the Italian Social Movement and National Alliance.

paragraphs: Anedda was a member of the Chamber of Deputies between 1992 to 2006. Between 1994 to 1995, he was Minister of Justice. He was a member of the High Council of the Judiciary from 2005 to 2010.

paragraphs: Anedda died on 17 July 2020 in Cagliari at the age of 89.


title: Alex Dawson

paragraphs: Alexander Downie Dawson (21 February 1940 – 17 July 2020) was a Scottish football player. He was born in Aberdeen, Aberdeenshire. Between 1957 and 1961, he played for Manchester United. From 1961 to 1967, he played for Preston North End. From 1968 to 1971, he played for Brighton & Hove Albion.


title: Shirley Love (politician)

paragraphs: Shirley D. Love (May 15, 1933 – July 17, 2020) was an American politician and broadcast journalist. She was a member of both chambers of the West Virginia Legislature from 1994 to 2008 and 2017 to 2019. She was a member of the Democratic Party. Love was born in Oak Hill, West Virginia.

paragraphs: Love died on July 17, 2020 in Oak Hill, aged 87.


title: Oak Hill, West Virginia

paragraphs: Oak Hill is a city in Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 7,730 at the 2010 census.


title: Fayetteville, West Virginia

paragraphs: Fayetteville is a town in and the county seat of Fayette County, West Virginia, United States. The population was 2,892 at the 2010 census.


title: Beckley, West Virginia

paragraphs: Beckley is a city in and the county seat of Raleigh County, West Virginia, United States. It was founded on April 4, 1838. As of the census of 2010, there were 17,614 people.


title: Silvio Marzolini

paragraphs: Silvio Marzolini (4 October 1940 – 17 July 2020) was an Argentine football player. He was known as the best Argentine left back of all time. He played for the Argentina national football team in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Marzolini played a total of 28 games for Argentina.

paragraphs: Marzolini died on 17 July 2020 in Buenos Aires from problems caused by cancer, heart disease and a stroke, aged 79.


title: Ole Holsti

paragraphs: Ole Rudolf Holsti (August 7, 1933 – July 2, 2020) was an American political scientist and academic. He was the George V. Allen Professor Emeritus of Political Science at Duke University.

paragraphs: He was known for his writings on international affairs, American foreign policy, content analysis, decision-making in politics and diplomacy, and crises.

paragraphs: Holsti was at the University of California, Davis, as a professor in the Department of Political Science (1978–1979) before joining the faculty of Duke University as George V. Allen Professor in the Department of Political Science (1974–1998). He became a professor emeritus in 1998.

paragraphs: Holsti died on July 2, 2020 at the age of 86.


title: University of California, Davis

paragraphs: The University of California, Davis (UC Davis), is a public research university and land-grant university near Davis, California. It is part of the University of California system. It has the third-largest enrollment in the system after UCLA and UC Berkeley. The institution was founded as a branch in 1905 and became a general campus in 1959.


title: University of California, Irvine

paragraphs: The University of California, Irvine (UCI or UC Irvine) is a public research university in Irvine, California. It is one of the 10 campuses in the University of California (UC) system. UC Irvine offers 87 undergraduate degrees and 129 graduate and professional degrees.

paragraphs: The university is classified as a Research I university. UC Irvine became a member of the Association of American Universities in 1996 and is the youngest university to hold membership.


title: Luizinho Drummond

paragraphs: Luiz Pacheco Drummond (14 February 1940 — 1 July 2020), nicknamed Luizinho Drummond, was a Brazilian illegal lottery operator. He was the patron of samba school Imperatriz Leopoldinense. He was the president of the Independent League of Samba Schools of Rio de Janeiro (LIESA) from 1998 to 2001.

paragraphs: Drummond died on 1 July 2020 from a stroke in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.


title: History of the creation–evolution controversy

paragraphs: The creation–evolution controversy has a long history. Scientists had some ideas how evolution works. Because some of these theories contradict the literal intepretation of the creation myth in the Book of Genesis, religious people and organizations questioned these ideas. For a long time, only the priests could read the Bible, which was written in Latin or in Greek. It was only the priests who interpreted the texts in the Bible. The priests often said that the Book of Genesis shoild not be read literally and taught it as an allegory. With the advent of the printing press, the Bible was translated into other languagres. More people were able to read and write, and more literal understandings of scripture flourished. This allowed some religious persons and groups to challenge scientists who supported evolution, such as biologists Thomas Henry Huxley and Ernst Haeckel.

paragraphs: The first people to speak about evolution were Empedocles and other Greek philosophers in Europe (5th century BCE), Taoism in Asia. The history of evolutionary thought in Christian theology dates back to Augustine of Hippo (4th century) and Thomas Aquinas (13th century). The modern creation–evolution controversy started in Europe and North America in the late 18th century. Discoveries in geology led to various theories of an ancient earth, and fossils showing past extinctions prompted early ideas of evolution. These ideas were particularly controversial in England, where both the natural world and the hierarchical social order were thought to be fixed by God's will. As the terrors of the French Revolution developed into the Napoleonic Wars, followed by economic depression threatening revolution in Great Britain itself, such subversive ideas were rejected, associated only with radical agitators.

paragraphs: When the economy recovered, things improved.When the book "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" was anonymously published in 1844 its ideas of transmutation of species attracted wide public interest. The work was also attacked by the scientific establishment and many theologians who believed it to be in conflict with their interpretations of the biblical account of life's, especially humanity's, origin and development. However, radical Quakers, Unitarians and Baptists welcomed the book's ideas of "natural law" as supporting their struggle to overthrow the privileges of the Church of England.

paragraphs: "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" remained a best-seller- It paved the way for widespread interest in the theory of natural selection. English naturalist Charles Darwin introduced this ideas in his 1859 book, "On the Origin of Species". Darwin's book was praised by Unitarians as well as by liberal Anglican theologians praised Darwin's book. Their "Essays and Reviews" (1860) was more controversial in Britain than Darwin's publication. Its support of higher criticism questioned the historical accuracy of literal interpretations of the Bible and added declarations that miracles were irrational.

paragraphs: Darwin's book revolutionized the way naturalists viewed the world. The book and its promotion attracted attention and controversy, and many theologians reacted to Darwin's theories. For example, in his 1874 work "What is Darwinism?" the theologian Charles Hodge argued that Darwin's theories were like atheism. Thomas Henry Huxley, added to the controversy when he wrote that Christianity is a "...compound of some of the best and some of the worst elements of Paganism and Judaism. [influenced by] certain people of the Western world..." Perhaps the most uncompromising of the evolutionary philosophers was Ernst Haeckel, who dogmatically affirmed that nothing spiritual exists.

paragraphs: A fundamenal change in the Protestant objections to evolution occurred after about 1875. Previously, citing Louis Agassiz and other scientific luminaries, Protestant contributors to religious quarterlies dismissed Darwin's theories as unscientific. After 1875, it became clear that the majority of naturalists were in favor of evolution, and a sizable minority of these Protestant contributors rejected Darwin's theory because it called into question the veracity of Scriptures. Even so, virtually none of these dissenters insisted on a young Earth.

paragraphs: The greatest concern for creationists in the late 19th century was the issue of human ancestry. In the words of an 1896 religious tract:

paragraphs: Creationists during this period were largely premillennialists; their belief in Christ's return depended on a quasi-literal reading of the Bible. However, they were not as concerned about geology, freely granting scientists any time they needed before the Edenic creation to account for scientific observations, such as fossils and geological findings. In the immediate post-Darwinian era, few scientists or clerics rejected the antiquity of the earth, the progressive nature of the fossil record. Likewise, few attached geological significance to the Biblical flood, unlike subsequent creationists. Evolutionary skeptics, creationist leaders and skeptical scientists were usually either willing to adopt a figurative reading of the first chapter of Genesis, or allowed that the six days of creation were not necessarily 24-hour days.

paragraphs: At the start, the reaction in the United States matched the developments in Britain, and when Alfred Russel Wallace went there for a lecture tour in 1886–1887 his explanations of "Darwinism" were welcomed without any problems, but attitudes changed after the First World War. The controversy became political when public schools began teaching that man evolved from earlier forms of life per Darwin's theory of natural selection. In response, the U.S. state of Tennessee passed the Butler Act of 1925 prohibiting the teaching of any theory of the origins of humans that contradicted the teachings of the Bible. This law was tested in the highly publicized Scopes Trial of 1925. The law was upheld by the Tennessee Supreme Court, and remained on the books until 1967 when it was repealed. In 1968, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in "Epperson v. Arkansas" that banning the teaching of specific theories contravened the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution because their primary purpose was religious.

paragraphs: John C. Whitcomb and Henry M. Morris' influential "The Genesis Flood: The Biblical Record and Its Scientific Implications" was published in 1961. The authors argued that creation was literally six days long, that humans lived at the same time as dinosaurs, and that God created each kind of life. When it was published, Morris became a popular speaker, spreading anti-evolutionary ideas at fundamentalist churches, colleges, and conferences. Morris set up the Creation Science Research Center (CSRC), an organization dominated by Baptists, as an adjunct to the Christian Heritage College. The CSRC rushed publication of biology text books that promoted creationism. These efforts were against the recommendations of Morris, who urged a more cautious and scientific approach. Ultimately, the CSRC broke up, and Morris founded the Institute for Creation Research in 1970. Morris promised that the ICR, unlike the CSRC, would be controlled and operated by scientists. During this time, Morris and others who supported flood geology, adopted the scientific sounding terms "scientific creationism" and "creation science". The flood geologists effectively co-opted "the generic creationist label for their hyperliteralist views." Previously, "creationism" was a generic term describing a philosophical perspective that presupposes the existence of a supernatural creator.

paragraphs: Among the first recorded responses of a prominent Roman Catholic clergyman to Darwin's theory was that of the Blessed John Henry Newman, who in 1868, in a letter to a fellow priest, made the following comments:

paragraphs: Some point to the fact that before ordination all Catholic priests have to study the teachings of Thomas Aquinas, who subscribed to an Aristotelian view of evolution, in which he posits that animal species evolve by means of mutations and natural law.

paragraphs: More recent statements have been made by Pope John Paul II and Pope Benedict XVI that also support a theistic understanding of evolution.

paragraphs: The controversy continues to this day. Ctrstionist organizations actively attack the scientific consensus on the origins and evolution of life.Many religious groups want to promote other forms of creationism (usually young Earth creationism (YEC), creation science, old Earth creationism or intelligent design (ID)) as an alternative. Most of these groups are explicitly Christian, and more than one sees the debate as part of the Christian mandate to evangelize.

paragraphs: Some see science and religion has views that are so different that they cannot be reconciled. Mainstream churches and some scientists consider science and religion to be separate categories of thought, which ask fundamentally different questions about reality and propose different ways of investigating it.

paragraphs: More recently, the intelligent design movement has taken an anti-evolution position which avoids any direct appeal to religion. However, Leonard Krishtalka, a paleontologist and an opponent of the movement, has called intelligent design "nothing more than creationism in a cheap tuxedo," and, in "Kitzmiller v.Dover Area School District" (2005) United States District Judge John E. Jones III ruled that "intelligent design is not science," but is "grounded in theology" and "cannot uncouple itself from its creationist, and thus religious, antecedents." Before the trial began, U.S. President George W. Bush commented endorsing the teaching of intelligent design alongside evolution "I felt like both sides ought to be properly taught ... so people can understand what the debate is about." Scientists argue that intelligent design does not represent any research program within the scientific community, and is opposed by most of the same groups who oppose creationism.


title: The Green Book (Muammar Gaddafi)

paragraphs: The Green Book ( al-Kitāb al-Aḫḍar) is a book written by Muammar al-Gaddafi, who was the leader of Libya until 2011. It explains his social and political philosophy. He wanted everyone to read the book because he believed that his philosophy could make the world a better place. It was first published in 1975.

paragraphs: "The Green Book" was very important in Libya. Schoolchildren would spend 2 hours a week learning about it.

paragraphs: By 1993, colleges all around the world were having lectures and seminars about The Green Book.

paragraphs: The books has 110 pages. It is divided into 3 parts:

paragraphs: The book is against both capitalism and communism. Gaddafi was against communism because he thought it was not respectful to religion. Instead, he promoted Islamic socialism.

paragraphs: It also rejects representative democracy.

paragraphs: The table below gives a chapter-by-chapter summary of the book:

paragraphs: A lot of people thought that Gadaffi didn't do a good job writing the book. They thought that the book was a bunch of proverbs rather than something with new and unique ideas or a strong argument.


title: Cheesman's big-eyed tree frog

paragraphs: Cheesman's big-eyed tree frog ("Nyctimystes cheesmani") is a tree frog from southeastern Papua New Guinea.

paragraphs: The adult male frog is 4.8 to 5.7 cm long, and the adult female frog is 5.5 to 6.5 cm long. It can be light brown to dark brown or green-brown in color. It has very dark eyes. It has purple color on some parts of its body. It has vomerine teeth in its upper jaw.

paragraphs: Scientists found this frog in streams in forests that were open enough for the sunlight to come through.

paragraphs: In 2020, the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature considered calling the frog "cheesmanae" but decided not to.


title: Flat-headed cat

paragraphs: The flat-headed cat ("Prionailurus planiceps") is a wildcat that lives in Indonesia and Malaysia. It used to live in Thailand but may be extinct there.

paragraphs: This cat is 45 to 52 cm long (18 to 20 inches) and its tail is another 12 to 17 cm long (4.7 to 7 inches). It weights 1.5 to 2.5 kilograms (3.3 to 5.5 pounds). It is about the size of a domestic cat but its legs and tail are shorter, its body is longer, its paws are rounder, and its head is flatter. Its fur is red-brown and dark brown and it has white marks on its face and a white belly. Unlike most cats' claws, the flat-headed cat's claws do not retract all the way.

paragraphs: The flat-headed cat lives in low rainforests, swamps, lakes, and forests with rivers in them. It catches its food in the water, and its body helps: Its teeth point backwards in its mouth so fish cannot get away. Its jaws are longer and narrower than other cats' jaws. It has some webbing between its toes.

paragraphs: Some scientists think this cat likes water even more than the fishing cat does. When some scientists studying apes caught a flat-headed cat by accident, they let it go between a forest and a river. The cat ran to the river and dove in instead of running to the trees to hide. The scientists thought that the cat felt safer in the water than in the trees.

paragraphs: Like other cats, the flat-headed cat sprays urine to mark its territory, but while other cats stand up and spray onto a tall object like a tree. The flat-headed cat crouches down and sprays while it walks, leaving its urine on the ground.

paragraphs: The flat-headed cat is pregnant for 56 days. Female cats have one to four kittens at a time. In zoos, a flat-headed cat can live 14 years.

paragraphs: Flat-headed cats are endangered because of pollution and because humans catch too many fish but mostly because humans have cut down the forests to build farms. Flat-headed cats like forests that are not too far above sea level, and this makes good farmland, so humans want it. Some scientists think that flat-headed cats can live in forests that have grown back after being cut down. Scientists do not think the flat-headed cat can hunt and live near farms the way the Iriomote cat does.


title: Hotstar

paragraphs: Disney+ Hotstar (known as Hotstar outside India), is an Indian over-the-top streaming service owned by Novi Digital Entertainment, a part of Disney's Star India. It has two paid subscription plans— "VIP", which has programmes from India and sports content (including Indian Premier League cricket), and "Premium" with movies and television series (including HBO, Showtime and other American original series) from other countries. , Disney+ Hotstar has at least 300 million active users.


title: Marvin Rees

paragraphs: Marvin Johnathan Rees (born April 1972) is a British politician. Since May 2016, he has served as mayor of Bristol. He is a member of the Labour Party.

paragraphs: Rees grew up in Bristol. He is mixed race. His mother is British, and his father is Jamaican. He is married and has three children.


title: J. I. Packer

paragraphs: James Innell Packer (July 22, 1926 – July 17, 2020), usually cited as J. I. Packer, was an English-born Canadian evangelical theologian in the low-church Anglican and Calvinist traditions. He was as the Board of Governors' Professor of Theology at Regent College in Vancouver, British Columbia. He was thought to be one of the most influential evangelicals in North America. He had been the theologian emeritus of the Anglican Church in North America. Packer was born in Twyning, England.

paragraphs: Packer died on 17 July 2020 in Vancouver, British Columbia at the age of 93.


title: Alex McCool

paragraphs: Alex A. McCool Jr. (December 10, 1923 – July 14, 2020) was an American scientist. He was a manager of the Space Shuttle Projects Office at the NASA George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. He worked on several space developments including Skylab and the Space Shuttle program. He was born in Daytona Beach, Florida.

paragraphs: McCool died on July 14, 2020 in Huntsville, aged 96.


title: José Paulo de Andrade

paragraphs: José Paulo de Andrade (18 May 1942 – 17 July 2020) was a Brazilian journalist. He was born in São Paulo, Brazil. He was also a radio personality and television presenter. He presented the radio programs "O Pulo do Gato" and "Jornal da Bandeirantes Gente" from Rádio Bandeirantes São Paulo.

paragraphs: Andrade died on 17 July 2020 in São Paulo from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and COVID-19, aged 78.


title: Time Out Group

paragraphs: Time Out Group is a global media and entertainment company. It includes websites, mobile editions, magazines, live events and markets. Time Out covers events, entertainment and culture in cities across the world.

paragraphs: Time Out Group also gives entertainment, food, and drink recommendations to an international audience through print and digital platforms. Time Out was created in 1968, by founder Tony Elliott.


title: Barry Jarman

paragraphs: Barrington Noel Jarman OAM (17 February 1936 – 18 July 2020) was an Australian Test cricketer and International Cricket Council (ICC) match referee. He was born in Hindmarsh South Australia. Jarman made his South Australian district cricket debut as a 14-year-old wicket-keeper.

paragraphs: Fourteen months and seven first-class matches later he was selected in the Australian team touring New Zealand, where he played in the unofficial Test series.

paragraphs: In 1997 he was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia "for service to sport as a cricket player, coach and international cricket referee, and to horseracing in South Australia".


title: Igor Chernykh

paragraphs: Igor Anatolievich Chernykh (June 12, 1932 – July 15, 2020) was a Russian cinematographer. He worked for Mosfilm. Chernykh was honored with Honored Artist of the RSFSR in 1988. He was best known for his works in "The Diamond Arm", "Particularly Important Task" and "Private Detective, or Operation Cooperation".

paragraphs: Chernykh died on July 15, 2020 in Moscow from COVID-19, aged 88.


title: Muhammad Mohaiminul Islam

paragraphs: Muhammad Mohaiminul Islam (11 September 1941 – 14 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi military officer. He was chief of staff of Bangladesh Navy from 5 June 1991 to 3 June 1995. He was born in Kolaghat, Bengal.

paragraphs: Islam died from COVID-19 in Dhaka on 16 July 2020, aged 78.


title: Parliament of Sri Lanka

paragraphs: The Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka (Sinhala: ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුව "Shri Lanka Parlimenthuwa", Tamil: இலங்கை நாடாளுமன்றம்) is the supreme legislative body of Sri Lanka. It is legislative supremacy. It is modeled after the British Parliament.

paragraphs: It is made up of 225 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs).


title: Ashoka Wadigamangawa

paragraphs: A. H. M. Ashoka Premlal Wadigamangawa also spelt as Asoka Wadigamangawa () () (7 January 1952 – 5 July 2020) was a Sri Lankan politician. He represented the United National Party, Sri Lanka Freedom Party and United People's Freedom Alliance during his political career. He was a member of the Parliament of Sri Lanka between 1989 to 1994.

paragraphs: Wadigamangawa died in a car crash on 5 July 2020, aged 68.


title: Tong Binggang

paragraphs: Tong Binggang (; September 28, 1927 – July 9, 2020) was a Chinese physicist. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS). He was born in Zhangjiagang, Jiangsu. In 1961, he was transferred to the University of Science and Technology of China, where he was promoted to full professor in 1981.

paragraphs: Tong died on 9 July 2020 in Beijing, aged 92.


title: Ed Wild

paragraphs: Leonard Edwin Wild (22 January 1935 – 10 July 2020) was a Canadian basketball player. He competed in the men's tournament at the 1956 Summer Olympics. He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia.

paragraphs: Wild died on 10 July 2020 in Vancouver, aged 85.


title: Dick Williams (magician)

paragraphs: Dick Williams (17 July 1927 – 10 July 2020) was an American television and radio presenter and magician. He held the Guinness World Record for hosting the longest-running television magic show in the world. He was known under the name "Mr Magic" he presented the show "Magicland" on WMC-TV in Tennessee from 1966 until his retirement in 1989. He was born in Kansas.


title: Elizabeth Harrower (writer)

paragraphs: Elizabeth Harrower (8 February 1928 – 7 July 2020) was an Australian novelist and short story writer. She was known as "one of the great novelists of Sydney". She was born in Sydney. Her best known works were "Down in the City", "The Watch Tower" and "In Certain Circles".

paragraphs: Harrower died on 7 July 2020 in Sydney, aged 92.


title: Luis Arias Graziani

paragraphs: Luis Alfonso Arias Graziani (21 April 1926 – 13 July 2020) was a Peruvian military official and politician. He was born in the Yungay Province, Peru. He was an Air Force general in Peru.

paragraphs: He was a key member of the Francisco Morales-Bermúdez cabinet. He was the Minister of Commerce between 1974 to 1977 and Minister of Defence between 1978 to 1980. In 1979, he was Chief of the Joint Command.

paragraphs: Arias Graziani died on 13 July 2020 in Lima from COVID-19, aged 94.


title: Santiago Manuin Valera

paragraphs: Santiago Manuin Valera (1 January 1957 – 1 July 2020) was a Peruvian human rights activist and indigenous leader. He was born in Condorcanqui Province, Peru. He was a key leader of the Aguaruna people in Peru. He was President of the Committee for the Struggle for Respect for Indigenous Peoples of the Condorcanqui.

paragraphs: He was a critic of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.

paragraphs: Manuin Valera died on 1 July 2020 from COVID-19 in Chiclayo, Peru at the age of 63.


title: Seyfi Dursunoğlu

paragraphs: Seyfi Dursunoğlu (1 October 1932 – 17 July 2020), also known by his stage name Huysuz Virjin ("Grumpy Virgin"), was a Turkish comedian and television presenter. He was born in Trabzon, Turkey. He was known for hosting "Huysuz'la Dans Eder misin?" on Show TV. He also was a judge on "Benzemez Kimse Sana".

paragraphs: Dursunoğlu died of pneumonia caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on 17 July 2020 in Istanbul, aged 87.


title: Marian Więckowski

paragraphs: Marian Więckowski (8 September 1933 – 17 July 2020) was a Polish racing cyclist. He won the Tour de Pologne in 1954, 1955 and 1956. He was born in Warsaw.

paragraphs: Więckowski died on 17 July 2020 in Warsaw, aged 86.


title: Huey Lewis

paragraphs: Hugh Anthony Cregg III (born July 5, 1950), better known as Huey Lewis, is an American singer, songwriter and actor. For his band, Huey Lewis and the News, he is the lead singer and plays harmonica. The group is known for their third best-selling album "Sports" and work on the soundtrack of the movie "Back to the Future" (1985). He was also a member of the band Clover from 1972 to 1979.

paragraphs: Lewis was born in New York City. He grew up in Marin County, California. His father, Hugh Anthony Cregg Jr., was from Boston, of Irish ancestry. His mother, Maria Magdalena Barcinski, was Polish, from Warsaw. His grandfather, Hugh Cregg, was a lawyer and politician.

paragraphs: Lewis has two children with Sidney Conroy. The couple's marriage ended in divorce. He has Ménière's disease. Lewis lives in Stevensville, Montana.


title: Stevensville, Montana

paragraphs: Stevensville is a town in Ravalli County, Montana, United States. As of the 2010 census, the town had a population of 1,809.


title: Ekaterina Alexandrovskaya

paragraphs: Ekaterina Dmitriyevna Alexandrovskaya (; 1 January 2000 – 17 July 2020) was a Russian-Australian pair skater. With skating partner, Harley Windsor, she was the 2017 CS Tallinn Trophy champion, the 2017 CS Nebelhorn Trophy bronze medallist, the 2018 CS U.S. Classic bronze medallist and a two-time Australian national champion (2016 and 2018).

paragraphs: Alexandrovskaya was born in Moscow. She became an Australian citizen in October 2017. On 17 July 2020, she killed herself in Moscow at the age of 20.


title: Henrik Ripa

paragraphs: Henrik Ripa (14 May 1968 – 12 July 2020) was a Swedish politician. He was a member of the Swedish Parliament from 2010 to 2014. Ripa represented the northern constituency of Västra Götaland. Between 1998 and 2010 he was chairman of the municipality of Lerum.


title: Roger Côté

paragraphs: Roger Côté (December 22, 1939 – July 16, 2020) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He played 155 games in the World Hockey Association for the Edmonton Oilers and Indianapolis Racers. Côté was born in Belleterre, Quebec.


title: Derek Ho

paragraphs: Derek Ho (September 26, 1964 — July 17, 2020) was an American surfer. He won the World Surf League championship in 1993. Ho was born in Kailua, Hawaii.

paragraphs: On July 17, 2020, Derek Ho suffered a heart attack and died at a Honolulu hospital, aged 55.


title: Alefoso Yalayalatabua

paragraphs: Alefoso Yalayalatabua (22 January 1977 – 18 July 2020) was a Fijian rugby union player. He played as a prop. He played for Fiji Warriors. He was born in Suva, Fiji. Yalayalatabua was first capped for Fiji. He was in his country's squad at the 2007 Rugby World Cup finals, playing a single game.

paragraphs: Yalayalatabua died on 18 July 2020, aged 43.


title: Ashraf Hossain

paragraphs: Ashraf Hossain ( – 18 July 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a member of the Bangladesh Nationalist Party. He was a member of the Jatiya Sangsad between 1991 to 1996 and again from 2006 to 2008. Hossain was born in Dhaka.

paragraphs: Hossain died on 18 July 2020 at a hospital in Dhaka from cancer, aged 79.


title: Haruma Miura

paragraphs: Miura was found dead at his home in Tokyo on July 18, 2020 at the age of 30. The cause of death was suicide by hanging.


title: Manuel C. Sobreviñas

paragraphs: Manuel Cruz Sobreviñas (7 April 1924 – 18 July 2020) was a Filipino prelate of the Catholic Church. He was born in Dinalupihan, Philippines. He was ordained a priest on March 10, 1955. Sobreviñas was appointed auxiliary bishop of the Archdiocese of Manila on April 7, 1979. On February 25, 1993 he was appointed bishop to the Diocese of Imus until retirement on October 22, 2001.

paragraphs: Sobreviñas died on 18 July 2020 at a hospital in Manila, aged 96.


title: West Hazleton, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: West Hazleton is a borough in Luzerne County, Pennsylvania, south of Wilkes Barre. The population was 4,594 as of the 2010 census.


title: Donnie Brasco (movie)

paragraphs: Donnie Brasco is a 1997 American crime drama movie directed by Mike Newell. It stars Al Pacino and Johnny Depp. Michael Madsen, Bruno Kirby, James Russo, and Anne Heche appeared in supporting roles. It is based on the 1988 nonfiction book "" by Joseph D. Pistone.

paragraphs: It was nominated for an Oscar for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: Joseph D. Pistone

paragraphs: Joseph Dominick Pistone (born September 17, 1939), also known by his undercover alias Donnie Brasco, is an American former FBI agent.

paragraphs: He worked undercover between September 1976 and July 1981 as part of an undercover job into the Bonanno crime family and the Colombo crime family, two of the Five Families of the Mafia in New York City.

paragraphs: Pistone was an FBI agent for 17 years, from 1969 until he resigned in 1986. The evidence collected by Pistone led to over 200 indictments and over 100 convictions of Mafia members.


title: Colombo crime family

paragraphs: The Colombo crime family (pronounced ) is the youngest of the "Five Families" that was a large important group in organized crime activities in New York City, United States.

paragraphs: It was during Lucky Luciano's organization of the American Mafia after the Castellammarese War, and the assassinations of Giuseppe "Joe The Boss" Masseria and Salvatore Maranzano, that the gang run by Joseph Profaci was known as the Profaci crime family.

paragraphs: Profaci would rule his family without interruption or challenge until the late 1950s. The family has been torn by three internal wars.


title: Bonanno crime family

paragraphs: The Bonanno crime family (pronounced ) is one of the "Five Families" that dominate organized crime activities in New York City, and in the United States.

paragraphs: The family was known as the Maranzano crime family until its founder Salvatore Maranzano was murdered in 1931.

paragraphs: Joseph Bonanno was awarded most of Maranzano's operations. Under the leadership of Bonanno between the 1930s and 1960s, the family was one of the most powerful in the country. In the early 1960s, Bonanno tried to kill several leaders of the Commission, but failed.

paragraphs: Bonanno had disappeared from 1964 to 1966. Between 1976 and 1981, the family was spied by an FBI agent calling himself Donnie Brasco, the family became the first of the New York families to be kicked off the Commission.


title: Lucchese crime family

paragraphs: The Lucchese crime family (pronounced ) is one of the "Five Families" that were key figures organized crime activities in New York City, United States.

paragraphs: The family originated in the early 1920s with Gaetano Reina serving as boss up until his murder in 1930. It was taken over by Tommy Gagliano during the Castellammarese War, and led by him until his death in 1951.

paragraphs: Known as the Gagliano crime family under Gagliano, was peaceful and low key. The next boss was Tommy Lucchese who served as Gagliano's underboss for over 20 years, who turned the family around to become one of the most powerful families to sit on the Commission. Lucchese teamed up with Gambino crime family boss Carlo Gambino to control organized crime in New York City.

paragraphs: When Lucchese died of a brain tumor in 1967, Carmine Tramunti controlled the family for a short time. He was arrested in 1973 for funding a major heroin network and died five years later. Anthony Corallo then gained control of the family. Co


title: Spellbound (1945 movie)

paragraphs: Spellbound is a 1945 American romantic psychological thriller movie directed by Alfred Hitchcock and based on the 1927 novel "The House of Dr. Edwardes" by Hilary Saint George Saunders and John Palmer. It stars Ingrid Bergman, Gregory Peck, Michael Chekhov, Leo G. Carroll, Rhonda Fleming, Norman Lloyd and was distributed by United Artists. It was nominated for 6 Oscars and won an Academy Award in 1946.


title: Grethe Ryen

paragraphs: Grethe Ryen (24 November 1949 – 5 July 2020) was a Norwegian actress. She played at the Norwegian touring theatre Riksteatret from 1974 to 1975, Teatret Vårt from 1975 to 1977, and, after 1977, at Det Norske Teatret. She appeared many movies such as "Karjolsteinen" and "Den sommeren jeg fylte 15". She was born in Oslo.

paragraphs: Ryen died on 5 July 2020 in Oslo, aged 70.


title: Ali Mirzaei

paragraphs: Ali Mirzaei (, 28 January 1929 – 18 July 2020) was an Iranian weightlifter. He competed in the 1952 Summer Olympics, winning a bronze medal. He was born in Tehran. He also competed at the 1951 and 1954 World Weightlifting Championships. He also participated at the Asian Games in 1951.

paragraphs: Mirzaei died on 18 July 2020 in Tehran, aged 91.


title: Jope Ruonansuu

paragraphs: Jorma Olavi "Jope" Ruonansuu (15 April 1964 – 18 July 2020) was a Finnish actor, impressionist, musician and stand-up comedian. He was born in Kemi, Finland. He won the Best performer Venla award in 2010. In 2005, he began hosting the comedy sketch show "Jopet Show".

paragraphs: Ruonansuu was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in 2018. He died on 18 July 2020 in Helsinki from the disease, aged 56.


title: Unicoi County, Tennessee

paragraphs: Unicoi County () is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 18,313. Its county seat is Erwin. "Unicoi" is a Cherokee word meaning "white".


title: Bristol, Tennessee

paragraphs: Bristol is a city in Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 26,702 at the 2010 census. It is the twin city of Bristol, Virginia.


title: Sullivan County, Tennessee

paragraphs: Sullivan County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 156,823. Its county seat is Blountville.


title: California State Capitol

paragraphs: The California State Capitol is a government building in Sacramento, California. It is the place where the California State Legislature meets. It also has the office of the Governor of California. The building was built between 1861 and 1874. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. It was also listed as a California Historical Landmark in 1974 and 1982. The building was damaged by two earthquakes in 1892. Repairs were done between 1975 and 1982 to fix the damage. The building is tall to the top of the dome.


title: Blountville, Tennessee

paragraphs: Blountville is a census-designated place (CDP) in and the county seat of Sullivan County, Tennessee, United States. The population was 3,074 at the 2010 census. It is the only Tennessee county seat not to be an incorporated city or town.


title: Hawkins County, Tennessee

paragraphs: Hawkins County is a county located in the U.S. state of Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, the population was 56,833. Its county seat is Rogersville.


title: Rogersville, Tennessee

paragraphs: Rogersville is a town in, and the county seat of, Hawkins County, Tennessee, United States. It was settled in 1775 by the grandparents of Davy Crockett, and is the second-oldest town in the state. The population of Rogersville as of the 2010 census was 4,420.


title: Olavo de Carvalho

paragraphs: Olavo Luiz Pimentel de Carvalho (born 29 April 1947) is a Brazilian polemicist, philosopher, political pundit, former astrologer and journalist.

paragraphs: In the 1980s and 1990s, he become known for writing columns for some of Brazil's major media outlets, such as the newspaper "O Globo". In the 2000s, he began to use personal blogs and social media to convey his strongly conservative and anti-communist ideas.

paragraphs: In 2005, he moved to Richmond, Virginia.


title: Porte-de-Benauge

paragraphs: Porte-de-Benauge is a commune. It is found in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Arbis (the seat) and Cantois.


title: Margaux-Cantenac

paragraphs: Margaux-Cantenac is a commune. It is found in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Margaux (the seat) and Cantenac.


title: To Live and Die in L.A.

paragraphs: To Live and Die in L.A. is a 1985 American neo-noir action thriller movie set in Los Angeles and was directed by William Friedkin. It stars William Petersen, Willem Dafoe, John Pankow and was distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Bug (2006 movie)

paragraphs: Bug is a 2006 American German psychological horror movie directed by William Friedkin and is based on the 1996 play of the same name by Tracy Letts who also wrote the screenplay. It stars Ashley Judd, Michael Shannon, Lynn Collins, Brían F. O'Byrne, Harry Connick Jr. and was distributed by Lions Gate Entertainment.


title: St Margaret's, Westminster

paragraphs: The Church of St Margaret, Westminster Abbey is an Anglican church in Westminster, London, England. It is in the grounds of Westminster Abbey next to the Palace of Westminster. It was the church of the House of Commons since 1614 - 1972. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called "Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and Saint Margaret's Church". The church was first started in the 12th century by Benedictine monks. The building that stands now was built between 1486 and 1523. The church is dedicated to Margaret of Antioch.

paragraphs: St. Margaret's is the parish church for this part of Westminster. Other grand ecclesiastical places in the area do not perform this function. Until modern times, Westminster had large numbers of ordinary people living in the parish who could not, or did not, use the grand churches for their spiritual needs.


title: About Endlessness

paragraphs: About Endlessness () is a 2019 Swedish German Norwegian drama movie directed by Roy Andersson and stars Ania Nova, Lesley Leichtweis Bernardi, Martin Serner, Tatiana Delaunay, Jan-Eje Ferling, Thore Flygel, Karin Engman, Magnus Wallgren. In 2019, it won the Silver Lion for Best Direction at the Venice Film Festival.


title: Val-de-Livenne

paragraphs: Val-de-Livenne is a commune. It is found in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2019 and consists of the former communes of Saint-Caprais-de-Blaye (the seat) and Marcillac.


title: Castets et Castillon

paragraphs: Castets et Castillon is a commune. It is found in the region Nouvelle-Aquitaine in the Gironde department in the southwest of France. The municipality was created on 1 January 2017 and consists of the former communes of Castets-en-Dorthe (the seat) and Castillon-de-Castets.


title: Onslow County, North Carolina

paragraphs: Onslow County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 177,772 people lived there. Its county seat is Jacksonville.


title: Wayne County, North Carolina

paragraphs: Wayne County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. In 2010, 122,623 people lived there. Its county seat is Goldsboro It is the home to Seymour Johnson Air Force Base.


title: Altenkirchen

paragraphs: Altenkirchen is a town in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate. It is the capital of the district of Altenkirchen. As of 2018, 6,263 people lived there.


title: Olpe, Germany

paragraphs: Olpe is a town in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia. It is the capital of the district of Olpe.


title: Hingstheide

paragraphs: Hingstheide is a municipality of the district Steinburg, in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany.


title: Betzdorf, Luxembourg

paragraphs: Betzdorf () is a commune and town in eastern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Flaxweiler

paragraphs: Flaxweiler () is a commune and town in southeastern Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Junglinster

paragraphs: Junglinster () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Mareike Miller

paragraphs: Mareike Miller (born 3 August 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Manternach

paragraphs: Manternach is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Mertert

paragraphs: Mertert () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Wormeldange

paragraphs: Wormeldange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Grevenmacher.


title: Boulaide

paragraphs: Boulaide (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.


title: Differdange

paragraphs: Differdange (, ) is a commune with town status in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette.


title: Esch-sur-Sûre

paragraphs: Esch-sur-Sûre (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz. As of 2019, 2,715 people live there.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2012, the former communes of Heiderscheid and Neunhausen merged to form the commune of Esch-sur-Sûre.


title: Goesdorf

paragraphs: Goesdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.


title: Kiischpelt

paragraphs: Kiischpelt is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz. The administrative center is Wilwerwiltz.

paragraphs: Kiischpelt was created on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Kautenbach and Wilwerwiltz.


title: Lac de la Haute-Sûre

paragraphs: Lac de la Haute-Sûre (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.


title: Winseler

paragraphs: Winseler () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Wiltz.


title: Käerjeng

paragraphs: Käerjeng is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen. It was created on 1 January 2012 from the former communes of Bascharage and Clemency.


title: Dippach

paragraphs: Dippach () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Bascharage

paragraphs: Bascharage (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.

paragraphs: Since 2012, it is part of the new commune of Käerjeng.


title: Porum, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Porum is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Bertrange

paragraphs: Bertrange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Johanna Welin

paragraphs: Johanna Welin (born 24 June 1984) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Contern

paragraphs: Contern () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Hesperange

paragraphs: Hesperange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Simone Kues

paragraphs: Simone Kues (born 8 November 1976) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Anne Patzwald

paragraphs: Anne Patzwald (born 17 February 1985) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Annika Zeyen

paragraphs: Annika Zeyen (born 17 February 1985) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Biełarus

paragraphs: Belarus (, , literally, "The Belarusian") is a Belarusian newspaper in the United States. It is kept from September, 20, 1950. The newspaper is printed by the Belarusian-American Association in New York.


title: Laura Fürst

paragraphs: Laura Fürst (born 23 April 1991) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Gesche Schünemann

paragraphs: Gesche Schünemann (born 3 August 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Maya Lindholm

paragraphs: Maya Lindholm (born 20 December 1990) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Annabel Breuer

paragraphs: Annabel Breuer (born 23 October 1992) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2011 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Sourdough

paragraphs: Sourdough bread is made by the fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli and yeast. It uses biological leavening rather than cultivated baker's yeast. The lactic acid produced by the lactobacilli gives it a more sour taste and improved keeping qualities.

paragraphs: In the "Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology", Michael Gaenzle writes: "The origins of bread-making are so ancient that everything said about them must be pure speculation. One of the oldest sourdough breads dates from 3700 BCE and was excavated in Switzerland, but the origin of sourdough fermentation likely relates to the origin of agriculture in the Fertile Crescent several thousand years earlier ... Bread production relied on the use of sourdough as a leavening agent for most of human history; the use of baker's yeast as a leavening agent dates back less than 150 years."

paragraphs: Pliny the Elder described the sourdough method in his "Natural History":

paragraphs: Sourdough remained the usual form of leavening down into the European Middle Ages. Im modern times, barm from the beer brewing process replaced it, at first. Later, there was specially grown yeast.

paragraphs: Bread made from 100% rye flour is popular in the northern half of Europe. It is usually leavened with sourdough. Baker's yeast is not useful as a leavening agent for rye bread, because rye does not contain enough gluten. The structure of rye bread is based primarily on the starch in the flour, as well as other carbohydrates known as pentosans. however, rye amylase is active at much higher temperatures than wheat amylase, causing the structure of the bread to disintegrate as the starches are broken down during cooking. The lowered pH of a sourdough starter, therefore, inactivates the amylases when heat cannot, allowing the carbohydrates in the bread to gel and set properly. In the southern part of Europe, where panettone was originally made with sourdough, sourdough has become less common in recent times. It has been replaced by the faster-growing baker's yeast. Sometimes longer fermentation rests are used to allow for some bacterial activity to build flavor.

paragraphs: In English-speaking countries, wheat-based breads arte more common. Sourdough is no longer the standard method for bread leavening. It was gradually replaced, first by the use of barm from beer making, then, after the confirmation of germ theory by Louis Pasteur, by cultured yeasts. Although sourdough bread was superseded in commercial bakeries in the 20th century, it has undergone a revival among artisan bakers.

paragraphs: Manufacturers of non-sourdough breads make up for the lack of yeast and bacterial culture by introducing into their dough an artificially-made mix known as bread improver or flour improver.

paragraphs: The preparation of sourdough begins with a pre-ferment (the "starter" or "leaven", also known as the "chief", "chef", "head", "mother" or "sponge"), a fermented mixture of flour and water, containing a colony of microorganisms including wild yeast and lactobacilli. The purpose of the starter is to produce a vigorous leaven and to develop the flavour of the bread. In practice there are several kinds of starters.

paragraphs: Flour already contains different kinds of yeast and bacteria spores. When flour comes in contact with water, the enzyme amylase breaks down the starch into different sugars. The yeast which is part of sourdough, can use these sugars. The mixture will develop into a stable bacteria culture, which will use fermentation. The yeast will produce carbon dioxide as a by-product of fermentation, which will leaven the dough.

paragraphs: Obtaining a satisfactory rise from sourdough takes longer than a dough leavened with baker's yeast because the yeast in a sourdough is less vigorous. In the presence of lactic acid bacteria, however, some sourdough yeasts have been observed to produce twice the gas of baker's yeast. The acidic conditions in sourdough, along with the bacteria also producing enzymes that break down proteins, result in weaker gluten and may produce a denser finished product.

paragraphs: As it ferments, sometimes for several days, the volume of the starter is increased by periodic additions of flour and water, called "refreshments". As long as this starter culture is fed flour and water regularly it will remain active.

paragraphs: The ratio of fermented starter to fresh flour and water is critical in the development and maintenance of a starter. This ratio is called the "refreshment ratio". Higher refreshment ratios are associated with greater microbial stability in the sourdough. In San Francisco sourdough, the ratio is 40% of the total weight, which is roughly equivalent to 67% of the new-dough's weight. A high refreshment ratio keeps acidity of the refreshed dough relatively low. Acidity levels of below pH 4.0 inhibit lactobacilli and favour acid-tolerant yeasts.

paragraphs: A starter prepared from scratch with a salted wheat-rye dough takes about 54 hours at to stabilise at a pH between 4.4 and 4.6. 4% salt inhibits "L. sanfranciscensis", while "C. milleri" can withstand 8%.

paragraphs: A drier and cooler starter has less bacterial activity and more yeast growth, which results in the bacterial production of more acetic acid relative to lactic acid. Conversely, a wetter and warmer starter has more bacterial activity and less yeast growth, with more lactic acid relative to acetic acid. The yeasts produce mainly CO and ethanol. High amounts of lactic acid are desired in rye and mixed-rye fermentations, while relatively higher amounts of acetic acid are desired in wheat fermentations. A dry, cool starter produces a sourer loaf than a wet, warm one. Firm starters (such as the Flemish Desem starter, which may be buried in a large container of flour to prevent drying out) tend to be more resource-intensive than wet ones.

paragraphs: A stable culture in which "L. sanfranciscensis" is the dominant bacterium requires a temperature between and refreshments every 24 hours for about two weeks. Refreshment intervals of longer than three days acidify the dough and may change the microbial ecosystem.

paragraphs: The intervals between refreshments of the starter may be reduced in order to increase the rate of gas (CO) production, a process described as "acceleration." In this process, the ratio of yeasts to lactobacilli may be altered. Generally, if once-daily refreshment-intervals have not been reduced to several hours, the percentage amount of starter in the final dough should be reduced to obtain a satisfactory rise during proof.

paragraphs: Faster starter processes, requiring fewer refreshments, have been devised, sometimes using commercial sourdough starters as inoculants. These starters generally fall into two types. One is made from traditionally maintained and stable starter doughs, often dried, in which the ratios of microorganisms are uncertain. Another is made from microorganisms carefully isolated from Petri dishes, grown into large, homogeneous populations in fermentors, and processed into combined baker's products with numerically defined ratios and known quantities of microorganisms well suited to particular bread styles.

paragraphs: The starter must be fed 4 to 12 hours prior to being added to dough, by mixing flour and water to the starter. This creates an active leaven, which should grow in size and is ready to use when it is bubbly and floats in water. The leaven is mixed with flour and water to make a final dough of the desired consistency. The starter weight is usually 13% to 25% of the total flour weight, though formulas may vary. The dough is shaped into loaves, left to rise, and then baked. A number of 'no knead' methods are available for sourdough bread. Due to the length of time sourdough bread takes to proof, many bakers may refrigerate their loaves prior to baking. This process is known as 'retardation' to slow down the proofing process. This process has the added benefit of developing a richer flavoured bread.

paragraphs: Because the rise time of most sourdough starters is longer than that of breads made with baker's yeasts, sourdough starters are generally unsuitable for use in a bread machine. However, sourdough that has been proved over many hours, using a sourdough starter or mother dough, can then be transferred to the machine, utilizing only the baking segment of the bread-making program, bypassing timed mechanical kneading by the machine's paddle. This may be convenient for single loaf production, but the complex blistered and slashed crust characteristics of oven-baked sourdough bread cannot be achieved in a bread making machine, as this usually requires the use of a baking stone in the oven and misting of the dough to produce steam. Furthermore, ideal crust development requires loaves of shapes not achievable in a machine's loaf tin.


title: Annegret Brießmann

paragraphs: Annegret Brießmann (born 28 July 1972) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Marina Mohnen

paragraphs: Marina Mohnen (born 31 October 1978) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, gold medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Barbara Gross

paragraphs: Barbara Gross (born 20 November 1993) is a German wheelchair basketball player. She won a silver medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2015 Women's U25 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Ilse Arts

paragraphs: Ilse Arts (born 7 June 1990) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2017 Women's Wheelchair Basketball European Championship and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.

paragraphs: She is from Wijchen, Netherlands. She played association football for SC Woezik. She was injured after a motorcycle accident.

paragraphs: She plays for Hot Rolling Bears Essen in the 2. Rollstuhlbasketball-Bundesliga.


title: Sapardi Djoko Damono

paragraphs: Sapardi Djoko Damono (March 20, 1940 – July 19, 2020) was an Indonesian poet. He was known for lyrical poems. He was widely known as the pioneer of lyrical poetry in Indonesia. Sapardi also translated many literary works from other countries into Indonesian. These include the literary works of T.S. Eliot, Khalil Gibran and Jalaludin Rumi; his translation of Ernest Hemingway’s "The Old Man and the Sea".

paragraphs: Damono died in South Tangerang, Banten on July 19, 2020 from multiple organ failure, aged 80.


title: Lucio Urtubia

paragraphs: Lucio Urtubia Jiménez (18 February 1931 – 18 July 2020) was a Spanish anarchist. He was known for his anarchism. He was compared to Robin Hood. Urtubia carried out bank robberies and forgeries throughout the 1960s and 1970s.

paragraphs: In the words of Albert Boadella, "Lucio is a Quijote that did not fight against wind mills, but against a true giant".


title: Albert Boadella

paragraphs: Albert Boadella Oncins (born 30 July 1943) is a Spanish actor and playwright. He was the director of the company of the independent theater Els Joglars until 2012. Boadella was born in Barcelona.

paragraphs: In 2003 he wrote the screenplay and directed the movie "Buen viaje, excelencia", a caricature of the last months of life of the general Franco.

paragraphs: In December 2012 he was awarded the Alfonso Ussía awards in the category of Person of the Year, together with Arturo Fernández.


title: Henrique Soares da Costa

paragraphs: Henrique Soares da Costa (11 April 1963 – 18 July 2020) was a Brazilian Roman Catholic bishop. He was bishop of the diocese of Palmares from 2014 until 2020. He was born in Penedo, Alagoas.

paragraphs: Costa died in Recife, Brazil on 18 July 2020 from COVID-19, aged 57.


title: Rick Reed (umpire)

paragraphs: Rick Alan Reed (March 3, 1950 – July 16, 2020) was an American umpire in Major League Baseball. He joined the American League staff in 1979. He worked throughout both major leagues from 2000 to 2009. He was named a crew chief in 1999. Reed wore uniform number 23. He was born in Detroit, Michigan.

paragraphs: Reed died on July 16, 2020 in Detroit at the age of 70.


title: Brigid Berlin

paragraphs: Brigid Berlin (September 6, 1939 – July 17, 2020) was an American artist and Warhol superstar. She was born in New York City. She was known for working as an artistic model for Andy Warhol. She starred as herself in the 1966 Warhol movie "Chelsea Girls".

paragraphs: Berlin died of cardiac arrest from a pulmonary embolism in New York City on July 17, 2020 at the age of 80.


title: Pierre-Marie Coty

paragraphs: Pierre-Marie Coty (22 November 1927 – 17 July 2020) was an Ivorian Roman Catholic bishop. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1955. He was bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Daloa, Ivory Coast from 1975 to 2005.


title: Paul Morrissey

paragraphs: Paul Morrissey (born February 23, 1938) is an American movie director. He was born in New York City. Morrissey is best known for his works with Andy Warhol. His best known movie is "Trash" (1970).


title: Vishnu Raj Atreya

paragraphs: Vishnu Raj Atreya (; 10 November 1944 – 18 July 2020) was a Nepali writer and poet. He wrote in Nepali language, Sanskrit language and Awadhi language. He used the title "Latosaathi" () in his poetry works when his career began in 1963. He known to be the first person to start writing Haiku in Sanskrit language. Atreya was born in Kapilbastu, Nepal. He was a Professor of Navya Vyakaran in Nepal Sanskrit University for seventeen years between 1996 to 2013.

paragraphs: Atreya was diagnosed with gallbladder cancer in early 2019. He died on 18 July 2020 from the disease, aged 75.


title: S. O. Davies

paragraphs: Stephen Owen Davies (1886 or 1887 – 25 February 1972) was a Welsh miner, trade union official and politician. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Merthyr Tydfil from 1950 to 1972, and previously Merthyr from 1934 to 1950. He was a member of the Labour Party.

paragraphs: Davies was born in Abercwmboi, Glamorgan. In 1972, he died in Merthyr Tydfil at the age of 85.


title: Mazhilis

paragraphs: The Mazhilis (, also transliterated as Majilis; "Assembly" in Kazakh) is the lower house of the bicameral Parliament of Kazakhstan, known as the "Parlamenti", in the Government of Kazakhstan.

paragraphs: The upper house of Parliament is the Senate of Kazakhstan. There are 107 seats (98+9). Members of Parliament are elected to five-year terms.


title: Parliament of Kazakhstan

paragraphs: The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (; ) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Mazhilis, with 107 seats which are elected to four year terms. The upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members.

paragraphs: As of January 2007, 10% of the parliament's representatives are women and 19% of local and city council officials are women.


title: Senate of Kazakhstan

paragraphs: The Senate of Kazakhastan (, "Qazaqstan Parlamentiniń Senaty") is the upper house of two chambers in Kazakhstan's legislature, known as the Parliament ("Parlamenti"). The Senate is made of elected members two from each region, the city of republican importance (Almaty) and the capital city of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

paragraphs: Fifteen members are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan with the view to ensure representation for all the diverse national, cultural components of society.

paragraphs: The term of office for the members of the Senate is 6 years.


title: Dariga Nazarbayeva

paragraphs: Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva (, born 7 May 1963) is a Kazakh politician. She was a member of the Mazhilis from 2004 to 2007, then again from 2012 to 2015.

paragraphs: From 2014, Nazarbayeva was the Deputy Chair of Mazhilis until she became a Deputy Prime Minister, where was from 2015 until she became the member of the Senate in 2016. She was the Chair of the Senate of Kazakhstan from 2019 to 2020. She is the daughter of former President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev.


title: Nikolai Tanayev

paragraphs: Nikolay Timofeyevich Tanayev (; 5 November 1945 – 19 July 2020) was a Kyrgyz politician. He served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 2002 to 2005, under President Askar Akayev.

paragraphs: Tanayev was an ethnic Russian. On 19 July 2020, he died in Moscow at the age of 74.


title: Kubatbek Boronov

paragraphs: Kubatbek Ayilchiyevich Boronov (, "Kubatbek Ayılçiyeviç Boronov"; born 15 December 1964) is a Kyrgyz politician. In June 2020, he became the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. He resigned on 6 October 2020.


title: Linda Purl

paragraphs: Linda Purl (born September 2, 1955) is an American actress and singer. She is known for her roles as Ashley Pfister on "Happy Days", Sheila Munroe in the 1982 horror movie "Visiting Hours", Pam Beesly's mother Helene in "The Office", and Ben Matlock's daughter Charlene Matlock for the first season of the television series "Matlock".


title: Icelandic Phallological Museum

paragraphs: The Icelandic Phallological Museum () has the world's largest display of penises and penile parts. As of early 2020 the museum moved to a new location in Hafnartorg in Reykjavík, Iceland. The collection holds well over 300 penises from more than 100 species of mammal. The museum also holds 22 penises from creatures and peoples of Icelandic folklore.

paragraphs: In July 2011, the museum got its first human penis, however it decomposed quickly. The museum continues to search for "a younger and a bigger and better one."

paragraphs: It was founded in 1997 by since-then retired teacher Sigurður Hjartarson.

paragraphs: The museum has become a popular tourist attraction with thousands of visitors a year and has received international media attention, including a Canadian documentary movie called "The Final Member", which is about the museum's quest to obtain a human penis.


title: René Carmans

paragraphs: René Carmans (16 March 1945 – 18 July 2020) was a Belgian footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He was named ‘Black Panther’ because he was always wearing black clothes. Carmans played for K.F.C. Diest from 1962 until 1975. He was the first keeper from 1964 until the mid 1970s.

paragraphs: Carmans died on 18 July 2020 from heart disease, aged 75.


title: Myrzageldy Kemel

paragraphs: Myrzageldy Kemel (; ; 15 January 1949 – 18 July 2020) was a Kazakh writer, economist, politician and academic. He was a member of the Supreme Kenges from 1994 to 1995 and a member of the Mazhilis from 1995 to 2004. He published 10 books about spirituality.


title: Inge Huitzing

paragraphs: Inge Huitzing (born 19 April 1974) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2008 Summer Paralympics and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Chi Chi DeVayne

paragraphs: Zavion Davenport (September 24, 1985 – August 20, 2020), known by his stage name Chi Chi DeVayne, was an American drag queen and reality television personality. She became well known into international attention on the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the third season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars".

paragraphs: DeVayne was born in Shreveport, Louisiana. In July 2020, he was hospitalized for kidney failure in Shreveport. DeVayne died a month later on August 20 from pneumonia at the age of 34.


title: Megan Thee Stallion

paragraphs: Megan Jovon Ruth Pete (born February 15, 1995), known professionally as Megan Thee Stallion (pronounced "Megan the Stallion"), is an American rapper and singer-songwriter.

paragraphs: She has released three EPs since 2017—"Make It Hot", "Tina Snow", and "Suga"—with the latter two charting on the US "Billboard" 200. She released her first full-length mixtape, "Fever" in 2019.

paragraphs: In 2020, her single "Savage" went viral on the social media app TikTok and reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart following the release of a remix with Beyoncé.

paragraphs: She has won two BET Awards, two BET Hip Hop Awards, a MTV Video Music Award, and a "Billboard" Women in Music Award.

paragraphs: On July 15, 2020, she was multiple shot and had emergency surgery to remove the bullets. She made a full recovery.

paragraphs: In August 2020, she released "WAP" with Cardi B.


title: Wolfgard Voß

paragraphs: Wolfgard Voss (, Mönning, 24 June 1926 – 7 July 2020), nicknamed "Wölfi", was a German gymnast. She competed in seven events at the 1952 Summer Olympics. She was born in Oldenburg, Germany.

paragraphs: Voß died on 7 July 2020 in Oldenburg, aged 94.


title: Lucie Houwen

paragraphs: Lucie Houwen (born 30 October 1990) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Eduardo Mendoza Garriga

paragraphs: Eduardo Mendoza Garriga (born 11 January 1943) is a Spanish novelist. He was born in Barcelona. Between 1973 and 1982, he worked as an interpreter for the United Nations. In 1975 he published his very successful first novel, "La Verdad sobre el Caso Savolta" ("The Truth About the Savolta Case").

paragraphs: The Spanish newspaper "El País" published two of his novels in instalments, "Sin Noticias de Gurb" (No Word from Gurb, 1990) and "El Último Trayecto de Horacio Dos" ("The Last Journey of Horatio Dos", 2001), both of them science fiction comedy novels.

paragraphs: In 2016 he was awarded the Premio Cervantes.


title: Jitske Visser

paragraphs: Jitske Visser (born 29 October 1992) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Sergio Ramírez

paragraphs: Sergio Ramírez Mercado (; born August 5, 1942) is a Nicaraguan writer and politician. He worked in the leftist Government Junta of National Reconstruction and as Vice President of the country from 1985 to 1990 under the presidency of Daniel Ortega.


title: Roos Oosterbaan

paragraphs: Roos Oosterbaan (born 18 May 1979) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics, and 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Sanne Timmerman

paragraphs: Sanne Timmerman (born 8 May 1992) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship.


title: Bo Kramer

paragraphs: Bo Kramer (born 15 Septemper 1998) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.


title: Cher Korver

paragraphs: Cher Korver (born 11 August 1976) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2004 Summer Paralympics, 2008 Summer Paralympics, 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Barbara van Bergen

paragraphs: Barbara van Bergen (born 9 June 1978) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player and para-alpine skier.

paragraphs: She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, 2018-2019 World Para Alpine Skiing World Cup, and 2019 World Para Alpine Skiing Championships.


title: Carina de Rooij

paragraphs: Carina de Rooij (born 10 May 1980) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship. She is a member of the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation's Athlete Steering Committee.


title: Mariska Beijer

paragraphs: Mariska Beijer (born 29 June 1991) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Paralympics, and 2016 Summer Paralympics.

paragraphs: She played at the 2010 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship, 2014 Women's World Wheelchair Basketball Championship, and 2018 Wheelchair Basketball World Championship.


title: Role-playing

paragraphs: Role-playing is changing one's behaviour to assume a role. This can be deliberately to act out an adopted role, or unconsciously to fill a social role.

paragraphs: The "Oxford English Dictionary" defines role-playing as "the changing of one's behaviour to fulfill a social role". However, in the field of social psychology, the term is used more loosely:


title: Evelyn van Leeuwen

paragraphs: Evelyn van Leeuwen (born 15 May 1972) is a Dutch wheelchair basketball player. She won a bronze medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics.


title: Niederanven

paragraphs: Niederanven () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Sandweiler

paragraphs: Sandweiler is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Schuttrange

paragraphs: Schuttrange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.

paragraphs: Schuttrange consists of the four localities:


title: Steinsel

paragraphs: Steinsel () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Strassen, Luxembourg

paragraphs: Strassen () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Walferdange

paragraphs: Walferdange (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Weiler-la-Tour

paragraphs: Weiler-la-Tour (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Luxembourg.


title: Beaufort, Luxembourg

paragraphs: Beaufort (, ) is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.


title: Bech

paragraphs: Bech is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.


title: Berdorf

paragraphs: Berdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.


title: Consdorf

paragraphs: Consdorf () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.


title: Mompach

paragraphs: Mompach () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Echternach.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Rosport to form the new commune of Rosport-Mompach.


title: Rosport

paragraphs: Rosport () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Echternach.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Mompach to form the new commune of Rosport-Mompach.


title: Rosport-Mompach

paragraphs: Rosport-Mompach () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach. It was created on 1 January 2018 from the former communes of Rosport and Mompach.


title: Waldbillig

paragraphs: Waldbillig () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Echternach.


title: The Simpsons Hit and Run

paragraphs: The Simpsons: Hit & Run is a 2003 action-adventure game. It was developed by Radical Entertainment and published by Vivendi Universal Games. It is based on the American animated sitcom The Simpsons. It is the twenty-second installment in the Simpsons series of video games.


title: Ralph Breaks the Internet

paragraphs: Ralph Breaks the Internet (also known as Wreck-It Ralph 2: Who Broke a Internet) is a 2018 American 3D computer-animated comedy movie directed by Rich Moore and Phil Johnston. It is the sequel to the 2012 movie "Wreck-It Ralph". This movie stars John C. Reilly, Sarah Silverman, Jack McBrayer, Jane Lynch, Ed O'Neill, Alan Tudyk, Gal Gadot, Taraji P. Henson and Alfred Molina. The movie was produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.


title: Putscheid

paragraphs: Putscheid () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Vianden.


title: Tandel

paragraphs: Tandel is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Vianden. As of 2019, 2,083 people live here.

paragraphs: The commune was created on 1 January 2006 from the former communes of Bastendorf (in the canton of Diekirch) and Fouhren (in the canton of Vianden).


title: Garnich

paragraphs: Garnich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Hobscheid

paragraphs: Hobscheid () is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Septfontaines to form the commune of Habscht.


title: Habscht

paragraphs: Habscht is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.

paragraphs: It was created on 1 January 2018 from the former communes of Hobscheid and Septfontaines.


title: Clemency, Luxembourg

paragraphs: Clemency (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen. Since 2012, it is part of the new commune of Käerjeng.


title: Kehlen

paragraphs: Kehlen () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Koerich

paragraphs: Koerich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Kopstal

paragraphs: Kopstal () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Septfontaines

paragraphs: Septfontaines (, ) is a former commune in Luxembourg. It was part of the canton of Capellen.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018, the commune was merged with Hobscheid to form the commune of Habscht.


title: Steinfort

paragraphs: Steinfort () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Capellen.


title: Beckerich

paragraphs: Beckerich () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.


title: Ell, Luxembourg

paragraphs: Ell is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.


title: Ajuran Sultanate

paragraphs: The Ajuran Empire (, ), also spelled Ajuuraan Empire, and often simply as Ajuran, was a Somali empire in the medieval times that dominated the Indian ocean trade. They belonged to the Somali Muslim sultanate that ruled over large parts of the Horn of Africa in the Middle Ages. Because of their centralized administration and strong military, they were able to resist an attack by the Ottoman empire. This was called Gaal Madow. The fought a number of wars with the Portugese, and were able to withstand them. After the war, trade routes were re-established or strengthened. In the coastal provinces, trade flourished. Ships sailed to and came from many kingdoms and empires in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, the Near East, North Africa and East Africa.

paragraphs: The empire was very important, and built many castles and fortresses. Some of them can still be seen, mostly in the southern part of Somalia. There are also a number of pillar tombs, necropolises, and cities built during that era, which are now in ruins, which are attributed to Ajuran engineers. During the Ajuran period, many regions and people in the southern part of the Horn of Africa converted to Islam because of the theocratic nature of the government. The royal family, the House of Garen, expanded its territories and established its hegemonic rule through a skillful combination of warfare, trade linkages and alliances.

paragraphs: The Ajuran also controlled the water resources. They built wells and cisterns on the rivers Shebelle and Jubba. Many of these wells are still working. The rulers also developed a new system of agriculture and taxation, which were used in parts of the Horn of Africa until the 19th century. The later rulers of the Ajuran were not as successful: There were rebellions, and by the late 17th century the empire had fallen apart into a number of smaller states. The most prominent of these was probably the Geledi Sultanate.


title: No Longer at Ease

paragraphs: No Longer at Ease is a novel by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe. It is the story of an Igbo man, Obi Okonkwo, who leaves his village for an education in Britain and then a job in the Nigerian colonial civil service. He faces a conflict between his Western lifestyle and African culture and ends up taking a bribe.

paragraphs: The title of the novel comes from the poem The Journey of the Magi by T.S. Eliot.

paragraphs: We returned to our places, these Kingdoms,<br>

paragraphs: With an alien people clutching their gods.<br>

paragraphs: Obi Okonko is the grandson of Okonkwo, the main character of Achebe's first novel, "Things Fall Apart". Obi is on trial for taking a bribe.

paragraphs: Some members of the Umuofia Progressive Union (UPU) collect money so that Obi can go to England to study law and help his people. However, he starts studying English instead of law. He meets Clara Okeke, who is studying to be a nurse, at a dance.

paragraphs: Obi returns to Nigeria. He now lives with a friend in Lagos and works for the government as part of the Scholarship Board, which is responsible for giving scholarships to students. A man offers a bribe on behalf of his sister, which Obi rejects. The girl herself visits Obi and tries to bribe him with sex for a scholarship, which he also rejects.

paragraphs: Obi is falling in love with Clara. However, he finds out that Clara is an "osu", or outcast in Igbo society. Because of her status, he cannot marry her. His father reluctantly refuses to let him marry her because he is a Christian and wants to leave the "heathen" ways of precolonial Igbo society. His mother begs him to not marry Clara until after she dies. When Obi tells Clara this, she calls off the engagement and reveals that she is pregnant. Obi arranges for her to get an abortion. He gets more into debt because he needs to repay the UPU, fund his siblings' educations, and pay for the abortion.

paragraphs: Obi becomes depressed when he finds out that his mother died. He does not go to her funeral. When he recovers, he reluctantly begins to take bribes and accepts that bribery is the way of his world.

paragraphs: At the end of the novel, Obi takes a bribe, which he promises to himself would be the last one he would take. This turns out to be a sting operation and he is arrested.

paragraphs: "No Longer at Ease" takes place several decades after "Things Fall Apart". At this point, the British are in full control of Nigeria. Obi finds that he is in the middle of a conflict between the African expectation of financially supporting his family and village and living a Western lifestyle.

paragraphs: Obi Okonkwo is the grandson of Okonkwo from "Things Fall Apart". Both men speak their minds and are self-destructive. While Okonkwo is a man of action, Obi is a man who doesn't take much action because he uses thoughts and words more.


title: Grosbous

paragraphs: Grosbous () is a commune in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Redange.


title: Dudelange

paragraphs: Dudelange (, ) is a commune with town status in Luxembourg. It is part of the canton of Esch-sur-Alzette.


title: Pillar tomb

paragraphs: A pillar tomb is a tomb which is dominated by a single pillar or column, which is usually made of stone.


title: McRae, Georgia

paragraphs: McRae was a city in the U.S. state of Georgia. It was the county seat of Telfair County. On January 1, 2015, Helena and McRae was merged to form McRae–Helena.


title: Locronan

paragraphs: Locronan () is a commune. It is found in the region Brittany in the Finistère department in the northwest of France.


title: Raymondville, Texas

paragraphs: Raymondville is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Welch, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Welch is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Webbers Falls, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Webbers Falls is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Verden, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Verden is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Lotsee, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Lotsee is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Olustee, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Olustee is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: McCurtain, Oklahoma

paragraphs: McCurtain is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Wynona, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Wynona is a town in Oklahoma in the United States.


title: Third International Theory

paragraphs: The Third International Theory, also known as the Third Universal Theory (), was the style of government proposed by Muammar Gaddafi in the early 1970s, on which his government, the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, was officially based. It was inspired by Islamic socialism, Arab nationalism, African nationalism and the principles of direct democracy.

paragraphs: The Third International Theory was meant to be an alternative to capitalism and communism, which Gaddafi felt were not appropriate for the countries of the Third World (not allies with either the US or the Soviet Union).

paragraphs: In 2011, the Libyan government based on this political theory was overthrown and Gaddafi was killed.

paragraphs: In the 1960s and 70s, an ideology called Islamic socialism became popular in the Arab world. People believed that socialism should be combined with the principles of Islam so that there would be a more fair and just world. Many people believed that capitalism and communism were both disrespectful of Islam and allowed other countries to control them.

paragraphs: On September 1, 1969, a group of Libyan army officers overthrew the king and established a republic. This republic was ruled by a Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) that was led by a young colonel whose name was Muammar Gadaffi.

paragraphs: The revolution was against imperialism. On October 7, they told the UN that foreign bases would not be allowed on Libyan soil.

paragraphs: In 1973, the country was renamed Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. "Jamahiriya" is an Arabic word that means "People's Republic."

paragraphs: The beliefs of the Third International Theory are described in Gadaffi's "Green Book". The book is divided into three parts:

paragraphs: The first part of "The Green Book" is called "Solving the problem of democracy: The Authority of the People." The theory says that a country should not be holding a referendum, have a political party, or have a parliament. Gaddafi believed that these are not things a true democracy should have.

paragraphs: In the Jamahiriya, everyone is part of the People's Congresses, which then elect the People's Committees. The Committees then elect the next Congresses, which then elect the State Committees, which run the government. Once a year, the People's Congresses meet up at the General People's Congress, which makes decisions and where issues are discussed.

paragraphs: Gadaffi believed that everyone should have the right to speak their minds, no matter how irrational their beliefs are. He believed that having freedom of speech was important for democracy.

paragraphs: The second part of the book, "The solution of the economic problem (Socialism)," explains the economic parts of the Third International Theory.

paragraphs: "The Green Book" talks about women, specifically:

paragraphs: Gaddafi said that "human rights are for everyone—men and women, but the responsibilities are not equal."

paragraphs: Gadaffi believed that Black people would rule the world and that there is nothing anyone can do to prevent them from doing so. He says they will take over because they accept polygamy and reject birth control.

paragraphs: As time went on, Libya started to associate itself more with the rest of Africa than with the Arab world.

paragraphs: For this reason, stadiums were only open for military parades and wrestling was banned in Libya.

paragraphs: "The Green Book" does not talk about Islam. However, Gaddafi said that the validity of Islam was to be shown by how much it matches the Third International Theory. He said, "if we were to restrict ourselves to the support of Muslims only, that would be an example of bigotry and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims"

paragraphs: Gaddafi tried to put the Third International Theory into practice in Libya. He called the government based on the theory "Jamahiriya" (), which means "people's republic" or "state of the masses." It is different from "Jumhuriyah" (), which is the Arabic word for "republic." He wanted to show that the government system based on the Third International Theory was different from all previous forms of government (specifically monarchies and republics).


title: Michael M. Richter

paragraphs: Michael M. Richter (June 21, 1938 – July 10, 2020) was a German mathematician and computer scientist. Richter was well known for his career in mathematical logic. His works focused in non-standard analysis, and artificial intelligence. He was a key figure in case-based reasoning. Richter was born in Berlin.

paragraphs: Richter died on July 10, 2020 at the age of 82.


title: Nicholas Lash

paragraphs: Nicholas Langrishe Alleyne Lash (6 April 1934 – 11 July 2020) was an English Roman Catholic theologian. He worked for a short while as a Roman Catholic priest. He held for twenty years the post of Norris-Hulse Professor of Divinity in the University of Cambridge from 1978 to 1999.


title: John Neale (bishop)

paragraphs: John Robert Geoffrey Neale (21 September 1926 – 17 July 2020) was a British Anglican bishop. From 1974 to 1988, he was the first suffragan Bishop of Ramsbury in the Church of England and the first area bishop under that diocese's from 1981 to 2009.

paragraphs: Neale died on 17 July 2020 at the age of 93.


title: Angela Johnson and Dustin Honken

paragraphs: Angela Jane Johnson (born January 17, 1964) is an American felon. In 1993, she helped Dustin Lee Honken (March 22, 1968July 17, 2020) in the murders of five people in Iowa.

paragraphs: The victims were related to a drug trial against Honken. Honken was involved in the creation and selling of methamphetamine and one of his dealers was set to testify against him, and so Honken and Johnson murdered him along with his girlfriend and her two daughters (age 6 and 10). A few months later, the fifth victim, also a former dealer, was murdered.

paragraphs: Dustin Honken was sentenced to death and executed on July 17, 2020, the first person from Iowa to be executed since 1963.

paragraphs: Angela Johnson was also sentenced to death, the first woman sentenced to death by a United States federal jury since the 1950s, but the sentence was overturned in 2012 and she was re-sentenced to life without parole in 2014.


title: Sanjiv Sam Gambhir

paragraphs: Sanjiv Sam Gambhir (November 23, 1962 – July 18, 2020) was an Indian-born American physician and scientist. He was the Virginia and D.K. Ludwig Professor in Cancer Research, Chairman of the Department of Radiology at Stanford University School of Medicine. He authored 680 publications and had over 40 patents pending or granted. He was born in Ambala, India.

paragraphs: Gambhir died on July 18, 2020 from cancer in Stanford, California at the age of 57.


title: Cécile Reims

paragraphs: Cécile Reims (19 October 1927 – 18 July 2020) was a French engraver and writer. She was a resistance member of World War II. She received the Legion of Honour in 2013. Reims was born in Paris.

paragraphs: Reims died in La Châtre on 18 July 2020, aged 92.


title: Jaybee Sebastian

paragraphs: Jaybee Niño Manicad Sebastian (1979/1980 – July 18, 2020) was a Filipino criminal. He was at the New Bilibid Prison (NBP). He was convicted for kidnap-for-ransom and carjacking in 2009. He was known for running a prison and being involved in the illegal drug trade within the prison.

paragraphs: Sebastian died of COVID-19 at the New Bilibid Prison Hospital on July 18, 2020, aged 40.


title: Sultan Hashim

paragraphs: Sulṭān Hāshim Aḥmad Muḥammad al-Ṭāʾī ( 1942 – July 19, 2020) was an Iraqi military commander. He was Minister of Defense under Saddam Hussein's regime from 1995 to 2003. He was born in Mosul, Iraq.

paragraphs: Ahmad Al-Tai died on July 19, 2020 from a heart attack at a prison near Nasiriyah, Iraq.


title: Biri Biri

paragraphs: Alhaji Momodo Njie (30 March 1948 – 19 July 2020), also known as Biri Biri, was a Gambian footballer. He played as a right winger. He known for playing for Sevilla FC in Spain and Herfølge Boldklub in Denmark. From 1963 to 1987, he played for the national team.

paragraphs: Biri died on 19 July 2020, aged 72, in Dakar, Senegal.


title: Giulia Maria Crespi

paragraphs: Giulia Maria Crespi (6 June 1923 – 19 July 2020) was an Italian media businesswoman. She was a non-profit executive and environmentalist. She was the founder of Fondo Ambiente Italiano. She became Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic. Crespi was born Merate, Italy.

paragraphs: Crespi died in Milan on 19 July 2020, aged 97.


title: Giuseppe Ottaviani (athlete)

paragraphs: Giuseppe Ottaviani (20 May 1916 – 19 July 2020) was an Italian centenarian and masters athlete. He was born in Sant'Ippolito, Italy.

paragraphs: He turned 100 in May 2016. Ottaviani died in Sant'Ippolito on 19 July 2020 at the age of 104.

paragraphs: He was the first and only centenary athlete to make triple jump. He was the indoor world record holder in the M95 and M100 60 metres. He also held the indoor world record for the triple jump and long jump, and the outdoor world record for the triple jump.


title: Emitt Rhodes

paragraphs: Emitt Lynn Rhodes (February 25, 1950 – July 19, 2020) was an American singer-songwriter, musician and recording engineer. Rhodes began his career in musical ensembles The Palace Guard as the group's drummer before joining The Merry-Go-Round as a multi-instrumentalist. He was known for writing the 1967 single "Live" with The Merry-Go-Round. He also performed with The Palace Guard.

paragraphs: Rhodes was born in Decatur, Illinois. He was raised in Hawthorne, California.

paragraphs: On June 25, 2019, "The New York Times" listed Emitt Rhodes as one of the hundreds of artists whose material was destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.

paragraphs: Rhodes died on July 19, 2020 in Hawthorne at the age of 70.


title: Viktor Ryashko (football manager)

paragraphs: Viktor Ryashko (; January 28, 1964 – July 19, 2020) was an Ukrainian professional footballer and manager. Ryashko was appointed as the sporting director of club FC Hoverla Uzhhorod in Ukrainian Premier League.

paragraphs: Ryashko died on July 19, 2020, at the age of 56, after his car crashed during a road accident.


title: Mike O'Malley

paragraphs: Michael Edward O'Malley (born October 31, 1966) is an American actor and writer. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts and raised in Nashua, New Hampshire.

paragraphs: O'Malley hosted the early 1990s children's game show "Nickelodeon Guts". He starred in his own sitcom for NBC called "The Mike O'Malley Show". He is best known for his role as Jimmy Hughes on "Yes, Dear", a CBS series which aired from 2000 to 2006.

paragraphs: He was nominated for an Emmy Award for his role as Burt Hummel on the Fox series "Glee".


title: Gilmanton, New Hampshire

paragraphs: Gilmanton is a town in Belknap County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,777 at the 2010 census.


title: Fremont, New Hampshire

paragraphs: Fremont is a town in Rockingham County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 4,283 at the 2010 census.