title: Civil Rights Movement

paragraphs: The Civil Rights Movement was a social movement in the United States that tried to gain equal rights for African Americans. The movement is famous for using non-violent protests and civil disobedience (peacefully refusing to follow unfair laws). Activists used strategies like boycotts, sit-ins, and protest marches. Sometimes police or racist white people would attack them, but the activists never fought back.

paragraphs: However, the Civil Rights Movement was made up of many different people and groups. Not everyone believed the same things. For example, the Black Power movement believed black people should demand their civil rights and force white leaders to give them those rights.

paragraphs: The Civil Rights Movement was also made of people of different races and religions. The Movement's leaders and most of its activists were African-American. However, the Movement got political and financial support from labor unions, religious groups, and some white politicians, like Lyndon B. Johnson. Activists of all races came to join African-Americans in marches, sit-ins, and protests.

paragraphs: The Civil Rights Movement was very successful. It helped to get five federal laws and two amendments to the Constitution passed. These officially protected African Americans' rights. It also helped change many white people's attitudes about the way black people were treated and the rights they deserved.

paragraphs: Before the American Civil War, there were almost four million black slaves in the United States. Only white men with property could vote, and only white people could be United States citizens.

paragraphs: After the Civil War, the United States government passed three Constitutional amendments:

paragraphs: After the Civil War, the U.S. government tried to enforce the rights of ex-slaves in the South through a process called Reconstruction. However, in 1877, Reconstruction ended. By the 1890s, the Southern states' legislatures were all-white again. Southern Democrats, who did not support civil rights for blacks, completely ruled the South. This gave them a lot of power in the United States Congress. For example, Southern Democrats were able to make sure that laws against lynching did not pass.

paragraphs: Starting in 1890, Southern Democrats began to pass state laws that took away the rights African Americans had gained. These racist laws became known as Jim Crow laws. For example, they included:

paragraphs: In 1896, the United States Supreme Court ruled in a case called "Plessy v. Ferguson" that these laws were legal. They said that having things be "separate but equal" was fine. In the South, everything was separate. However, places like black schools and libraries got much less money and were not as good as places for whites. Things were separate, but not equal.

paragraphs: Violence against black people increased. Individuals, groups, police, and huge crowds of people could hurt or even kill African Americans, without the government trying to stop them or punishing them. Lynchings became more common.

paragraphs: Problems were worst in the South. However, social discrimination and tensions affected African Americans in other areas as well.

paragraphs: Segregation in housing was a problem across the United States. Many African Americans could not get mortgages to buy houses. Realtors would not sell black people houses in the suburbs, where white people lived. They also would not rent apartments in white areas. Until the 1950s, the federal government did nothing about this.

paragraphs: When he was elected in 1913, President Woodrow Wilson made government offices segregated. He believed that segregation was best for everyone.

paragraphs: Black people fought in both World War I and World War II. However, the military was segregated, and they were not given the same opportunities as white soldiers. After activism from black veterans, President Harry Truman de-segregated the military in 1948.

paragraphs: African Americans tried to fight back against discrimination in many ways. They formed new groups and tried to form labor unions. They tried to use the courts to get justice. For example, in 1909, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was created. It fought to end race discrimination through lawsuits, education, and lobbying.

paragraphs: However, eventually, many African Americans became frustrated and began to dislike the idea of using slow, legal strategies to achieve desegregation. Instead, African American activists decided to use a combination of protests, nonviolence, and civil disobedience. This is how the Civil Rights Movement of 1954-1968 began.

paragraphs: Schools in the South, and some other parts of the country, had been segregated since 1896. In that year, the Supreme Court had ruled in "Plessy v. Ferguson" that segregation was legal, as long as things were "separate but equal."

paragraphs: In 1951, thirteen black parents filed a class action lawsuit against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas. In the lawsuit, the parents argued that the black and white schools were not "separate but equal." They said the black school was much worse than the white one.

paragraphs: The lawsuit eventually went to the United States Supreme Court. After years of work, Thurgood Marshall and a team of other NAACP lawyers won the case. The Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were illegal. All nine Supreme Court judges agreed.

paragraphs: "We conclude that, in ... public education, the doctrine of "separate but equal" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

paragraphs: This was the Civil Rights Movement's first major victory. However, "Brown" did not reverse "Plessy v. Ferguson." Brown made segregation in schools illegal. But segregation in all other places was still legal.

paragraphs: Civil rights leaders focused on Montgomery, Alabama, because the segregation there was so extreme. On December 1, 1955, local black leader Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to make room for a white passenger. Parks and was a civil rights activist and NAACP member; she had just returned from a training on nonviolent civil disobedience. She was arrested.

paragraphs: African-Americans gathered and organized the Montgomery Bus Boycott. They decided they would not ride on the buses again until they were treated the same as whites. Under segregation, blacks could not sit in front of whites - they had to sit in the back of the bus. Also, if a white person told a black person to move so they could sit down, the black person had to.

paragraphs: Most of Montgomery's 50,000 African Americans took part in the boycott. It lasted for 381 days and almost bankrupt the bus system. Meanwhile, the NAACP had been working on a lawsuit about segregation on buses. In 1956, they won the case, and the Supreme Court ordered Alabama to de-segregate its buses. The boycott ended with a victory.

paragraphs: In 1957, the NAACP had signed up nine African American students (called the "Little Rock Nine") to go to Little Rock Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas. Before this, only whites were allowed at the school. However, the Little Rock School Board had agreed to follow the Supreme Court's decision in "Brown v. Board of Education" and de-segregate its schools.

paragraphs: Then came the black students' first day of school. The Governor of Arkansas called out soldiers from the Arkansas National Guard to prevent the black students from even entering the school. This was against a Supreme Court ruling, so President Dwight D. Eisenhower got involved. He took control of the Arkansas National Guard and ordered them to leave the school. Then he sent soldiers from the United States Army to protect the students. This was an important civil rights victory. It meant the federal government was willing to get involved and force states to end segregation in schools.

paragraphs: Unfortunately, the Little Rock Nine were treated very badly by many of the white students at the school. At the end of the school year, Little Rock Central High School closed so it would not have to allow black students the next year. Other schools across the South did the same thing.

paragraphs: Between 1958 and 1960, activists used sit-ins to protest segregation at lunch counters (small restaurants inside stores). They would sit at the lunch counter and politely ask to buy some food. When they were told to leave, they would continue to sit quietly at the counter. Often they would stay until the lunch counter closed. Groups of activists would keep coming back to sit in at the same places until those places agreed to serve African Americans at their lunch counters.

paragraphs: In 1958, the NAACP organized the first sit-in in Wichita, Kansas. They sat in at a lunch counter in a store called Dockum's Drug Store. After three weeks, they got the store to de-segregate. Not long after, all of the Dockum Drug Stores in Kansas were de-segregated. Next, students in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma led a successful sit-in at another drug store.

paragraphs: In 1960, college students (including some white students) began to sit in at a Woolworth's lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina. After a while, they began to sit in at other lunch counters. In the stores that held these lunch counters, sales dropped by one-third. These stores de-segregated to avoid continuing to lose money. After five months of sit-ins, the Woolworth's in Greensboro also de-segregated its lunch counter. Newspapers all over the country wrote about the Greensboro sit-ins. Soon, people started sitting in across the South.

paragraphs: A few days after the Greensboro students started their sit-in, students in Nashville, Tennessee began their own sit-ins. They chose stores in the part of Nashville that had the most businesses. Before starting their sit-ins, they decided they would not be violent, no matter what. They wrote out rules, which activists in other cities began to use also. Their rules said:

paragraphs: "Do not [hit] back or curse if abused. ... Do not block entrances to stores outside [or] the aisles inside. [Be polite] and friendly at all times. Do sit straight; always face the counter. ... Do refer information seekers to your leader in a polite manner. Remember the teachings of Jesus, Gandhi, Martin Luther King. Love and nonviolence is the way."

paragraphs: Many of the Nashville students were attacked and abused by groups of white people; arrested; and even beaten by police. However, the students were always nonviolent. Their protests, and the attacks on them, brought more newspaper stories and attention. It also showed how the activists were truly nonviolent. After three months of sit-ins, all of the lunch counters in Nashville's downtown department stores were de-segregated.

paragraphs: Soon, there were sit-ins all over the country. Sit-ins even happened in Nevada, and in northern states like Ohio. Over 70,000 people, black and white, took part in sit-ins. They used sit-ins to protest all kinds of segregated places - not just lunch counters, but also beaches, parks, museums, libraries, swimming pools, and other public places.

paragraphs: The sit-ins even got the support of President Eisenhower. After the Greensboro sit-ins started, he said he was "deeply sympathetic with the efforts of any group to enjoy the rights of equality that they are guaranteed by the Constitution."

paragraphs: In April 1960, students who had led sit-ins were invited to a conference. At the conference, they decided to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). SNCC would become an important group in the civil rights movement.

paragraphs: In 1960, the Supreme Court had ruled in "Boynton v. Virginia" that it was illegal to segregate people on public transportation that was going from one state to another. In 1961, student activists decided to test whether the Southern states would follow this ruling. Groups of black and white activists decided to ride buses through the South, sitting together instead of segregating themselves. They planned to ride buses from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana. They called these rides the "Freedom Rides."

paragraphs: The Freedom Riders were met with danger and violence. For example:

paragraphs: The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) brought in more Freedom Riders to keep the movement going. They were also met with violence:

paragraphs: However, people around the country began to support the Freedom Riders, who had never used violence, even when being attacked. Eventually, Robert Kennedy, the Attorney General in his brother John F. Kennedy's government, insisted on a new law about de-segregation. It said that:

paragraphs: Between 1961 and 1965, activist groups worked on trying to get black people registered (signed up) to vote. Since the end of Reconstruction, the Southern states had passed laws and used many strategies to keep black people from registering to vote. Often, these laws did not apply to white people.

paragraphs: Voter registration activists started out in Mississippi. All of Mississippi's civil rights organizations joined together to try to get people registered. Activist groups in Louisiana, Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina then started similar programs. However, when the activists tried to register black people to vote, police, white racists, and the Ku Klux Klan beat, arrested, shot, and even murdered them.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, black people who tried to register to vote were fired from their jobs, thrown out of their homes, beaten, arrested, threatened, and sometimes murdered.

paragraphs: In 1964, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed. It made discrimination illegal, and specifically said it was illegal to have different voter registration requirements for different races. However, even after this law was passed, the Southern states still made it very difficult for black people to vote. Finally, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. This law included ways to make sure that all United States citizens were getting their right to vote.

paragraphs: Starting in 1956, a black man named Clyde Kennard wanted to go to Mississippi Southern College. Kennard had served in the Korean War, and he wanted to use the GI Bill to go to college. The college's president, William McCain, asked state politicians and a local racist group who supported segregation to make sure Kennard never got into the college.

paragraphs: Kenner was arrested twice for crimes he never committed. Eventually he was convicted and sentenced to seven years in prison. After Kennard had spent three years in prison doing forced labor, Governor Ross Barnett pardoned him. Journalists had looked into Kennard's case, and wrote that the state did not give Kennard the treatment he needed for his colon cancer. Kennard died that same year. Later, in 2006, a court ruled that Kennard was innocent of the crimes he had been sent to jail for.

paragraphs: In September 1962, James Meredith won a lawsuit that gave him the right to go to the University of Mississippi. He tried three times to get into the university to sign up for classes. Governor Ross Barnett blocked Meredith each time. He told Meredith: "[N]o school will be integrated in Mississippi while I am your Governor."

paragraphs: Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent United States Marshals to protect Meredith. On September 30, 1962, Meredith was able to enter the college with the Marshals protecting him. However, that evening, students and other racist whites started a riot. They threw rocks and fired guns at the Marshals. Two people were killed; 28 marshals were shot; and another 160 people were hurt. President John F. Kennedy sent the United States Army to the school to stop the riot. Meredith was able to begin classes at the college the day after the Army arrived. Meredith survived harassment and isolation at the college and graduated on August 18, 1963, with a a degree in political science.

paragraphs: Meredith and other activists kept working on de-segregating public universities. In 1965, the first two African American students were able to go to the University of Southern Mississippi.

paragraphs: In 1963, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) started a campaign in Birmingham, Alabama. Its goals were to de-segregate the stores in downtown Birmingham; make hiring fair; and create a committee, including blacks and whites, that would make a plan for de-segregating Birmingham's schools. Martin Luther King described Birmingham as "probably the most [completely] segregated city in the United States."

paragraphs: Birmingham's Commissioner of Public Safety was Eugene "Bull" Connor. (A Commissioner of Public Safety is in charge of the police and fire department, and deals with emergencies that could be dangerous to people in the city.) Connor was very much against integration. He often let the police, Ku Klux Klan, and racist white people attack civil rights activists. He promised that blacks and whites would never be integrated in Birmingham.

paragraphs: The activists used a few different non-violent ways of protesting, including sit-ins, "kneel-ins" at local churches, and marches. However, the city got a court order saying all protests like this were illegal. The activists knew this was illegal, and in an act of civil disobedience, they refused to follow the court order. The protesters, including Martin Luther King, were arrested.

paragraphs: While in jail, King was held in solitary confinement. While there, he wrote his famous "Letter from Birmingham Jail." He was let go after about a week.

paragraphs: However, very few activists could afford to risk being arrested. One of SCLC's leaders then came up with the idea of training high school, college, and elementary school students to take part in the protests. He reasoned that students did not have full-time jobs to go to, they did not have families to take care of, and they could "afford" to be in jail more than their parents.

paragraphs: "Newsweek" magazine later named this plan the "Children's Crusade." On May 2, more than 600 students, including some as young as 8 years old, tried to march from a local church to City Hall. They were all arrested.

paragraphs: The next day, another 1,000 students started to march. Bull Connor let police dogs loose to attack them and used fire hoses to knock down the students. Reporters were there, and videos and pictures showing the violence were shown on television and printed across the country.

paragraphs: People throughout the United States were so angry at seeing these videos that President Kennedy worked with the SCLC and the white businesses in Birmingham to work out an agreement. It said:

paragraphs: Some of Birmingham's whites were not happy with this agreement. They bombed the SCLC's headquarters; the home of King's brother; and a hotel where King had been staying. Thousands of blacks reacted by rioting; some burned buildings and one even stabbed and hurt a police officer.

paragraphs: On September 15, 1963, the Ku Klux Klan bombed a church in Birmingham, where civil rights activists often met before starting their marches. Since it was a Sunday, church services were going on. The bomb killed four young girls and hurt 22 other people.

paragraphs: During the spring and summer of 1963, there were protests in over a hundred United States cities, including Northern cities. There were riots in Chicago after a white police officer shot a 14-year-old black boy who was running away from the scene of a robbery. In Philadelphia and Harlem, black activists and white workers fought when the activists tried to integrate state-run construction projects. On June 6, over a thousand white people attacked a sit-in in North Carolina; black activists fought back, and a white man was killed.

paragraphs: In Cambridge, Maryland, white leaders declared martial law to stop fighting between blacks and whites. Attorney General Robert Kennedy had to get involved to create an agreement to de-segregate the city.

paragraphs: On June 11, 1963, Alabama Governor George Wallace actually stood in the doorway of the University of Alabama to stop its first two black students from getting inside. President Kennedy had to send United States soldiers to make him get out of the doorway, and make sure that the black students could get into the school.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, the Kennedy government had become very worried. Black leaders had told Robert Kennedy that it was getting harder and harder for African Americans to be nonviolent when they were getting attacked, and when it was taking so long for the United States government to help them get their civil rights. On the evening of June 11, President Kennedy gave a speech about civil rights. He talked about "a rising tide of discontent [unhappiness] that threatens the public safety." He asked Congress to pass new civil rights laws. He also asked Americans to support civil rights as "a moral issue ... in our daily lives."

paragraphs: In the early morning of June 12, Medgar Evers, a leader of the Mississippi NAACP, was murdered by a Ku Klux Klan member. The next week, President Kennedy gave Congress his Civil Rights bill, and asked them to make it into law.

paragraphs: In 1963, civil rights leaders planned a protest march in Washington, D.C. All of the major civil rights groups, some labor unions, and other liberal groups cooperated in planning the march. The march's full name was "The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." The goals for the march were to get civil rights laws passed; to get the U.S. government to create more jobs; and to get equal, good housing, education, jobs, and voting rights for everyone. However, the most important goal was to get President Kennedy's civil rights law passed.

paragraphs: Many people thought it would be impossible for so many activists to come together without violence and rioting. The United States government got 19,000 soldiers ready nearby, in case of riots. Hospitals got ready to treat huge numbers of injured people. The government made selling alcohol in Washington, D.C., illegal for the day.

paragraphs: The March on Washington was one of the largest non-violent protests for human rights in United States history. Martin Luther King, Jr., thought that having 100,000 marchers would make the event successful. On August 28, 1963, about 250,000 activists from all over the country came together for the march. The marchers included about 60,000 white people (including church groups and labor union members), and between 75 and 100 members of Congress. Together, they marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. There, they listened to civil rights leaders speak.

paragraphs: Martin Luther King, Jr., spoke last. His speech, called "I Have a Dream," became one of history's most famous civil rights speeches.

paragraphs: Historians have said that the March on Washington helped get President Kennedy's civil rights bill passed.

paragraphs: Malcolm X was an American minister who converted to Islam in prison, around 1948. He became a member of the Nation of Islam. This group believed in black supremacy - that the black race was the best of all. They believed that blacks should be completely independent from whites, and should eventually return to Africa. They also believed that black people had the right to fight back and use violence to get their rights. Because of this, Malcolm X and the Nation of Islam did not support the civil rights movement, because it was non-violent and supported integration.

paragraphs: However, in March 1964, Malcolm X was kicked out of the Nation of Islam, because he had disagreements with the group's leader, Elijah Muhammad. He offered to work with other civil rights groups, if they accepted that blacks had the right to defend themselves.

paragraphs: On March 26, 1964, Malcolm met with Martin Luther King, Jr. Malcolm had a plan to bring the United States before the United Nations on charges that the U.S. violated African Americans' human rights. Dr. King may have been planning to support this.

paragraphs: Between 1963 and 1964, civil rights activists got more angry and more likely to fight back against whites. In April 1964, Malcolm gave a famous speech called "The Ballot or the Bullet." ("The ballot" means "voting.") In the speech, he said that if the U.S. government is "unwilling or unable to defend the lives and the property of Negroes," then African Americans should defend themselves. He warned politicians that many African Americans were not willing "to turn the other cheek any longer." Then he warned white America about what would happen if blacks were not allowed to vote:

paragraphs: In the summer of 1964, civil rights groups brought almost 1,000 activists to Mississippi. Most of them were white college students. Their goals were to work together with black activists to register voters, and to teach summer school to black children in "Freedom Schools." They also wanted to help create the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). At the time, only white people could take part in the Mississippi Democratic Party. The MFDP was planned as another political party that would allow black and white Democrats to take part in politics.

paragraphs: Many white Mississippians were angry that people from other states were coming in and trying to change their society. Government workers, police, the Ku Klux Klan, and other racist whites used many strategies to attack the activists and black people who were trying to register to vote. The Freedom Summer project lasted for ten weeks. During that time, 1,062 activists were arrested; 80 were beaten; and 4 were killed. Three black Mississippians were murdered because they supported civil rights. Thirty-seven churches, and thirty black homes or businesses, were bombed or burned.

paragraphs: On June 21, 1964, three Freedom Summer activists disappeared. Weeks later, their bodies were found. They had been murdered by members of the local Ku Klux Klan - including some who were also police in the Neshoba County sheriff's department. When people were searching for their bodies in local swamps and rivers, they found the bodies of a 14-year-old boy and seven other men who also seemed to have been murdered at some time.

paragraphs: During Freedom Summer, activists set up at least 30 Freedom Schools, and taught about 3,500 students. The students included children, adults, and the elderly. The schools taught about many things, like black history; civil rights; politics; the freedom movement; and the basic reading and writing skills needed to vote.

paragraphs: Also during the summer, about 17,000 black Mississippians tried to register to vote. Only 1,600 were able to. However, more than 80,000 joined the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP). This showed that they wanted to vote and take part in politics, not just let white people do it for them.

paragraphs: John F. Kennedy's suggested civil rights bill had support from Northern members of Congress - both Democrats and Republicans. However, Southern Senators blocked the suggested law from passing. They filibustered for 54 days to block the bill from becoming a law. Finally, President Lyndon B. Johnson got a bill to pass.

paragraphs: On July 2, 1964, Johnson signed the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The law said:

paragraphs: In December 1964, Martin Luther King was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When giving him the award, the Chairman of the Nobel Committee said:

paragraphs: In January 1965, Martin Luther King and the SCLC went to Selma, Alabama. Civil rights groups there had asked them to come help get black people registered to vote. At the time, 99% of the people registered to vote in Selma were white. Together, they started working on voting rights.

paragraphs: However, the next month, an African-American man named Jimmie Lee Jackson was shot by a police officer during a peaceful march. Jackson died. Many African-American people were very angry. The SCLC was worried that people were so angry that they would get violent.

paragraphs: The SCLC decided to organize a march from Selma to Montgomery. This would be a 54-mile (87-kilometer) march. Activists hoped the march would show how badly African-Americans wanted to vote. They also wanted to show that they would not let racism or violence stop them from getting equal rights.

paragraphs: The first march was on March 7, 1965. Police officers and racist whites attacked the marchers with clubs and tear gas. They threatened to throw the marchers off the Edmund Pettus Bridge. Seventeen marchers had to go to the hospital, and 50 others were also injured. This day came to be called Bloody Sunday. Pictures and film of the marchers being beaten were shown in newspapers and on television around the world.

paragraphs: Seeing these things made more people support the civil rights activists. People came from all over the United States to march with the activists. One of them, James Reeb, was attacked by white people for supporting civil rights. He died on March 11, 1965.

paragraphs: Finally, President Johnson decided to send soldiers from the United States Army and the Alabama National Guard to protect the marchers. From March 21 to March 25, the marchers walked along the "Jefferson Davis Highway" from Selma to Montgomery. On March 25, 25,000 people entered Montgomery. Martin Luther King gave a speech called "How Long? Not Long" at the Alabama State Capitol. He told the marchers that it would not be long before they had equal rights, "because the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice."

paragraphs: After the march, Viola Liuzzo, a white woman from Detroit, drove some other marchers to the airport. While she was driving back, she was murdered by three members of the Ku Klux Klan.

paragraphs: On August 6, 1965, the United States passed the Voting Rights Act. This law made it illegal to stop somebody from voting because of their race. This meant that all the state laws that kept black people from voting were now illegal.

paragraphs: For almost 100 years, registrars (the government workers who had registered people to vote) were all white. They had total power over who they could register and who they would not register. If a registrar refused to let a black person register, that person could only file a lawsuit, which they were not likely to win. However, the Voting Rights Act finally made a change to this system. If a registrar discriminated against black people, the Attorney General could send federal workers to replace local registrars.

paragraphs: The law worked right away. Within a few months, 250,000 new black voters had signed up to vote. One out of every three of them was registered by a federal worker who replaced a racist registrar. In 1965, 74% of Mississippi's black voters actually voted, and more black politicians were elected in Mississippi than in any other state. By 1967, most African Americans were registered to vote in 9 of the 13 states in the South.

paragraphs: Politics in the South were completely changed by African Americans having the power to vote. White politicians could no longer make laws about African Americans without blacks having a say. In many parts of the South, black people outnumbered whites. This meant that they could vote in black politicians, and vote out racist whites. Also, black people who were registered to vote could be on juries. Before this, any time an African American was charged with a crime, the jury that decided whether they were guilty would be all-white.

paragraphs: From 1966 to 1968, the civil rights movement focused a lot on fair housing. Even outside the South, fair housing was a problem. For example, in 1963, California passed a Fair Housing Act which made segregation in housing illegal. White voters and real estate lobbyists got the law reversed the next year. This helped cause the Watts Riots. (Later, in 1966, California made the Fair Housing Act the law again.)

paragraphs: Activists, including Martin Luther King, led a movement for fair housing in Chicago in 1966. The next year, young NAACP members did the same in Milwaukee. Activists in both cities got attacked physically by white homeowners, and legally by politicians who supported segregation.

paragraphs: Of all the civil rights laws passed during the Civil Rights Movement, the Fair Housing Act was the hardest to pass. The law would make discrimination in housing illegal. This meant black people would be allowed to move into white neighborhoods. As Senator Walter Mondale said: "This was civil rights getting personal."

paragraphs: The suggested Fair Housing Bill was sent to the United States Senate first. There, most Senators - Northern and Southern - were against the bill. In March of 1968, the Senate sent a weaker version to the House of Representatives. The House was expected to make changes that would make the bill even weaker.

paragraphs: That did not happen. On April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was murdered. This made many members of Congress feel like they needed to do something about civil rights quickly. The day after Dr. King's murder, Senator Mondale stood in front of the Senate and said:

paragraphs: On April 10, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1968. President Johnson signed the law the next day. Part of the law is called the "Fair Housing Act." It makes it illegal to discriminate in selling, renting, or lending money for housing, based on a person's race, skin color, religion, or home country.

paragraphs: In 1968, Martin Luther King and the SCLC were planning the Poor People's Campaign. People of all races took part in the movement. The movement's goal was to decrease poverty for people of all races.

paragraphs: As part of his work against poverty, Dr. King and the SCLC started to speak out against the Vietnam War. King argued that poor people in Vietnam were being killed, and that the War would only make them poorer. He also argued that the United States was spending more and more money and time on the War, and less on programs to help poor Americans.

paragraphs: In March 1968, Dr. King was invited to Memphis, Tennessee to support garbage workers that were on strike. These workers were paid very little, and two workers had been killed doing their jobs. They wanted to be members of a labor union. Dr. King thought this strike was a perfect fit for his Poor People's Campaign. As soon as he got to Memphis, King started getting threats.

paragraphs: The day before he was murdered, King gave a sermon called "I've Been to the Mountaintop." The next day he was murdered. After King was killed, people rioted in more than 100 cities across the United States.

paragraphs: Civil rights leader Ralph Abernathy continued the Poor People's Campaign after King's death. About 3,000 activists camped out on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., for about six weeks.

paragraphs: The day before Dr. King's funeral, his wife, Coretta Scott King, and three of their children led 20,000 marchers through Memphis. Soldiers protected the marchers. On April 9, Mrs. King led another 150,000 people through Atlanta during Dr. King's funeral. An old, wooden wagon, pulled by mules, pulled Dr. King's casket. The wagon was a symbol of Dr. King's Poor People's Campaign.

paragraphs: Many people were killed during the Civil Rights Movement. Some were killed because they supported civil rights. Others were killed by the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) or other racist whites who wanted to terrorize black people. No one knows just how many people were killed during the Civil Rights Movement. However, here are some examples. People whose names are highlighted in blue were children or teenagers when they were killed.

paragraphs: An unknown number of other people died or were killed during the Civil Rights Movement.


title: Elżbieta Czyżewska

paragraphs: Elżbieta Justyna Czyżewska (May 14, 1938 – June 17, 2010) was a Polish actress. She was active in both Poland and the United States. She was known for her role in "The Saragossa Manuscript" (1964).

paragraphs: She died on June 17, 2010 in Manhattan, New York City at the age of 72 from esophageal cancer.


title: Jerzy Skolimowski

paragraphs: Jerzy Skolimowski (, born 5 May 1938) is a Polish movie director, screenwriter, dramatist and actor. Skolimowski has directed more than twenty movies since 1960. His first movie was "Oko wykol" ("The Menacing Eye").

paragraphs: Skolimowski was born in Łódź, Poland. He was the son of Maria (née Postnikoff) and Stanisław Skolimowski, an architect.


title: John Guare

paragraphs: John Guare (rhymes with "air"; born February 5, 1938) is an American playwright. He is best known as the author of "The House of Blue Leaves", "Six Degrees of Separation", and "Landscape of the Body".

paragraphs: Guare was born in New York City and raised in Jackson Heights, Queens. He was raised a Roman Catholic.


title: Louis Malle

paragraphs: Louis Malle (30 October 1932 – 23 November 1995) was a French movie director, screenwriter, and producer. His movie, "Le Monde du silence", won the Palme d'Or and Academy Award for Best Documentary in 1956. He was also nominated multiple times for Academy Awards later in his career.

paragraphs: His most famous movies are "Ascenseur pour l'échafaud" (1958), "Lacombe Lucien" (1974), "Atlantic City" (1980), "My Dinner with Andre" (1981), and "Au revoir, les enfants" (1987).

paragraphs: Malle died from lymphoma at their home in Beverly Hills, California on 23 November 1995.


title: Georg von Hertling

paragraphs: Georg Friedrich Graf von Hertling (31 August 1843 – 4 January 1919) was a Bavarian politician. He served as Minister-President of Bavaria 1912–1917 and then as Minister-President of Prussia and Chancellor of the German Empire from 1917 to 1918.


title: David Mamet

paragraphs: David Alan Mamet (; born November 30, 1947) is an American playwright, essayist, screenwriter, and movie director. Mamet has won a Pulitzer Prize and received Tony nominations for "Glengarry Glen Ross" (1984) and "Speed-the-Plow" (1988).


title: Alan Bennett

paragraphs: Alan Bennett (born 9 May 1934) is an English playwright, screenwriter, actor and author. His work includes "The Madness of George III" and its movie adaptation, the series of monologues "Talking Heads", the play and the movie "The History Boys", and popular audio books, including his readings of "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" and "Winnie-the-Pooh".

paragraphs: Bennett was born in Armley in Leeds. He has a degree in History from Exeter College, Oxford. He is openly gay.


title: Randall Stout

paragraphs: Randall Stout (May 6, 1958 – July 11, 2014) was an American architect.

paragraphs: His best known works were the Hunter Museum of American Art in Chattanooga, Tennessee, the Taubman Museum of Art in Roanoke, Virginia, and the Abroms-Engel Institute for the Visual Arts in Birmingham, Alabama.

paragraphs: Stout died from renal cell carcinoma in Los Angeles, California, aged 56.


title: John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge

paragraphs: The John Seigenthaler Pedestrian Bridge (previously called the Shelby Street Bridge or Shelby Avenue Bridge) is a truss bridge that spans the Cumberland River in Nashville, Tennessee, United States. It was originally opened on July 5, 1909, and was reopened as a pedestrian bridge on August 3, 2003. The bridge spans 960 m (3,150 ft) and is one of the longest pedestrian bridges in the world.

paragraphs: It was originally named the Shelby Street Bridge, but was renamed in April 2014 in honor of John Seigenthaler.


title: Shelbyville, Tennessee

paragraphs: Shelbyville is a city in Bedford County, Tennessee, United States. It had a population of 20,335 residents at the 2010 census.


title: Parakeet

paragraphs: Parakeet is a name for any small to medium sized species of parrot, often with long tail feathers. Basically, it is a common term for a small parrot. Another term used in America for parakeets is conure.

paragraphs: Parakeets breed better in groups, but are usually fine breeding in pairs. Having other parakeets encourages a pair to breed, which is why breeding in groups is more successful. However, many breeders choose to breed in pairs because that way they know which parents produced any given birds. If the parakeet does lay eggs, it produces about six to eight.


title: Typhoon Bopha

paragraphs: Typhoon Bopha (aka Typhoon Pablo) was a severe tropical cyclone in December 2012. It hit the Philippines. The typhoon struck Palau first. It destroyed homes and caused power outages.

paragraphs: The storm did a lot of damage to the Philippine island of Mindanao. Over 600 deaths were reported.

paragraphs: The names "Pablo" and "Bopha" were retired because of the large number of deaths and the great destruction.


title: Helix (genus)

paragraphs: Helix is a genus of large air-breathing land snails, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod molluscs.

paragraphs: The genus "Helix" is known from the Oligocene onwards.

paragraphs: This genus is native to Europe and the regions around the Mediterranean Sea.

paragraphs: The best-known species include "Helix aspersa", the common, or brown garden snail, and "Helix pomatia", the Roman snail, Burgundy snail, or edible snail. "H. pomatia" and some other species are eaten as escargots.

paragraphs: "Helix" snails have been introduced throughout the world, where some, especially "H. aspersa", have become garden pests.

paragraphs: Snails in this genus create and use love darts during mating.

paragraphs: "Helix" snails prefer cool, damp environments, as they easily get dry. Snails are most active at night and after rainfall. During unfavourable conditions, a snail will remain inside its shell, usually under rocks or other hiding places, to avoid being discovered by predators. In dry climates snails will naturally congregate near water sources, including artificial sources such as waste-water outlets of air conditioners.

paragraphs: The common garden snail ("Helix aspersa") is herbivorous. These snails are able to digest most vegetation including carrots and lettuce. They also have a specialized crop of symbiotic bacteria that help their digestion, especially by breaking down the polysaccharide cellulose into simple sugars.


title: Szymon Szurmiej

paragraphs: Szymon Symcha Szurmiej (18 June 1923 – 16 July 2014) was a Jewish-Polish actor, director, singer, activist and theatre manager. He was the general manager of the Ester Rachel Kamińska and Ida Kamińska State Jewish Theater in Warsaw. He was also the director of the Yiddish Theater of Warsaw. He was later an activist for Jewish causes.

paragraphs: Szurmiej was born in Lutsk, Volhynian Voivodeship (now Ukraine). He was a member of the World Jewish Congress. He was married to actress Gołda Tencer and had four children.

paragraphs: Szurmiej died from natural causes on 16 July 2014 in Warsaw, aged 91.


title: John Ilhan

paragraphs: John Ilhan (born Mustafa İlhan; 23 January 1965 – 23 October 2007) was an Australian businessman and philanthropist. He was best known as the founder and owner of Crazy John's, a mobile phone retail chain. He founded the company in 1991. In 2003, he was the richest Australian under the age of 40. After his sudden death, his wife sold the company to Vodafone.

paragraphs: Ilhan was born in Yozgat, Turkey to a Muslim family. His family moved to the Australian state of Victoria when he was five. He was married to Patricia and had four children.

paragraphs: Ilhan died from a heart attack on 23 October 2007, aged 42. He had been jogging in the Melbourne suburb of Brighton when he collapsed.


title: Helcionelloida

paragraphs: The Helcionelloida are an extinct class of fossil molluscs.

paragraphs: They are among the earliest animals with mineralised shells. They are also the oldest known molluscs wth a shell. Some members of this class were mistaken for Monoplacophorans. The class was erected by Peel in 1991.

paragraphs: The latest word on this group is the classification of Parkhaev, who splits it into three subclasses.


title: Rice Park, Saint Paul, Minnesota

paragraphs: Rice Park is a public park located in Saint Paul, Minnesota.

paragraphs: Before it became a park, Rice Park was used as an open space to dry laundry and graze animals. The land was eventually made into a "public square" in 1849 by John R. Irvine, a territorial pioneer and Henry M. Rice, territorial delegate and United States Senator. The park was named after early Minnesota Senator Henry M. Rice. Rice park sits atop a small hill where glacial melt failed to erode completely. The park was mostly ignored until 1860 when Mayor John S. Prince had shade trees planted. In the 1870s the park got a fountain and a bandstand. A pair of squirrels were given to the park by the chief of police in Memphis, Tennessee as an act of goodwill. Eventually, electric lights were installed in 1883. This was on the occasion of the visit by President Chester A. Arthur, former president Ulysses S. Grant, and General William Tecumseh Sherman, at the opening of Northern Pacific's West Coast rail line. The historic buildings, museums, and music halls that border the park were constructed over a period of nearly 100 years. On May 10, 1903 Saint Paul Globe reported that Rice Park was the traditional place in St. Paul for newly engaged couples to go and sit. The Women’s Institute of Saint Paul donated a new fountain to the park on June 14, 1965. Minnesota sculptor Alonzo Hauser designed the fountain, titled 'the Source', with a statue of a woman in the water. Rice Park has been honored as a Great Place in America by the American Planning Association in 2011.

paragraphs: Rice Park is about 2 acres in size. It is located at 4th Street and Washington Street in downtown Saint Paul, Minnesota.

paragraphs: Rice Park sits above the Mississippi River’s highest flood level, so its surroundings are important buildings like the Federal Customs House (now Landmark Center), Central Public Library, and the grand St. Paul Hotel. More recently the park was given character sculptures from the Peanuts cartoons to honor the birthplace of Peanuts cartoonist Charles Schulz. It also has an ice rink during the winter months. Rice Park forms a pathway between eight different significant buildings, adding to its popularity.

paragraphs: Rice Park was placed right in the heart of the busy city of Saint Paul. The park is used year-round. During the summer, music, specifically blues, jazz, and original composition, can be heard at noon on various Mondays starting in June. The park has an annual Winter Carnival, one of the oldest and largest winter festivals in the country. These activities include a tree lighting ceremony, ice skating, watching fireworks, listening to holiday music and family-friendly activities. Rice Park is also available for private parties and gatherings. It can accommodate a wedding party of up to 200 people.

paragraphs: In addition, several events have been located at Rice Park. For instance, the funeral of Charles Luth, a switchman who was murdered during the Pullman strike, was held at the park in 1894.


title: Battleground (2014)

paragraphs: Battleground (2014) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by WWE. It took place on July 20, 2014 at the Tampa Bay Times Forum in Tampa, Florida. It was the second event under the Battleground chronology, with the event having originated in 2013.

paragraphs: Battleground featured professional wrestling matches involving different wrestlers from pre-existing scripted feuds, plots, and storylines that played out on WWE's primary television programs, "Raw" and "SmackDown". Wrestlers portrayed heroes or villains as they followed a series of events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches.


title: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17

paragraphs: Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17/MAS17) was a scheduled international passenger flight from Schiphol airport, Amsterdam to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 17 July 2014 the flight lost radar contact. It crashed near the village of Hrabove, Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. The plane was a Boeing 777-200ER. It had 283 passengers and 15 crew members onboard at the time of the crash. All 298 people were killed.

paragraphs: It was suspected by Ukraine that the aircraft was shot down by a ground-to-air missile, fired by Pro-Russian separatists. Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko called it an "act of terrorism." The cause of the crash has not yet been determined by the official investigation, which is being carried out by the . Fighting delayed investigation, but in October 2018 Dutch investigators said the plane was destroyed as a result of the explosion of a BUK missile.


title: Lorraine Toussaint

paragraphs: Lorraine Toussaint (born April 4, 1960) is a Trinidadian-American movie and television actress, and producer. She is known for her role as Rene Jackson in the televison drama "Any Day Now" (1998-2002). She was also in the movies "Breaking In" (1989), "Hudson Hawk" (1991), and "Dangerous Minds" (1995). For "Middle of Nowhere" (2012) she was nominated for a Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Actress. Toussaint was also in the television series "Crossing Jordan" (2002-2003), "Saving Grace" (2007-2010) and "Orange Is the New Black" (2012).


title: Henry M. Rice

paragraphs: Henry Mower Rice (November 29, 1816January 15, 1894) was a fur trader, commissioner and one of the first United States Senators from Minnesota.

paragraphs: Henry Rice was born on November 29, 1816, in Waitsfield, Vermont. His parents were Edmund Rice and Ellen Durkee Rice. He went to school in Detroit and Kalamazoo, Michigan. He became a sutler at Fort Atkinson, Iowa. In 1847 he negotiated a treaty with the Winnebago and Chippewa Native American tribes. In 1848 he settled in St. Paul, Minnesota. He helped negotiate the Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851. This opened up parts of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River to white settlers. In 1856 Rice, as a territorial delegate, worked hard to secure Congressional land grants for the railroads in Minnesota.

paragraphs: Rice lobbied for the bill to establish Minnesota Territory. He was the delegate to the 33rd and 34th Congresses from March 4, 1853 to March 4, 1857. His work on the Minnesota Enabling Act, passed by Congress on Feb. 26, 1857, facilitated Minnesota's statehood.

paragraphs: In 1858 Rice was elected as a Democrat to the United States Senate. He served from Minnesota's admittance on May 11, 1858 to March 4, 1863 in the 35th, 36th, and 37th Congresses and was not a candidate for re-election. He supported John C. Breckinridge for president in 1860.

paragraphs: Rice also served as a member of the board of regents of the University of Minnesota from 1851 to 1859. Rice was president of the Minnesota Historical Society. In 1865 he ran for Governor of Minnesota, but lost the election. From 1878 to 1884 he was the treasurer of Ramsey County, Minnesota. As a United States Commissioner during 1887 – 1888, he continued to negotiate treaties with the Indians. He died on January 15, 1894, while on a visit to San Antonio, Texas.

paragraphs: In 1916, the state of Minnesota donated a marble statue of Rice to the National Statuary Hall Collection at the United States Capitol. Rice County, Minnesota is named for him. His brother Edmund Rice served in the U.S. House of Representatives. Rice Park in St. Paul, Minnesota is named for him.


title: Birmingham, Michigan

paragraphs: Birmingham is a city in Oakland County of the U.S. state of Michigan and a suburb of Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the population was 20,103.


title: John Walton (actor)

paragraphs: John Walton (1953 – 17 July 2014) was an Australian actor. He mostly appeared in miniseries and in soap operas.

paragraphs: Walton was born in Sydney, New South Wales.

paragraphs: He was best known for his role as Doctor Craig Rothwell in the television soap opera "The Young Doctors" during 1976 and 1977.

paragraphs: He also appeared in the miniseries "Bodyline". Walton took the part of Sir Charles Kingsford Smith in the Australian mini-series "A Thousand Skies".

paragraphs: Walton died after a long illness in Sydney, aged 62.


title: Nikola Mirotić

paragraphs: Nikola "Niko" Mirotić (Serbian Cyrillic: Никола Миротић; born February 11, 1991) is a Spanish-Montenegrin professional basketball player for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was contracted in 2014 for the Bulls.

paragraphs: He is a 2.09 m (6 ft 10.25 in) tall 107 kg (236 lb.) power forward.

paragraphs: He was born in Titograd, SR Montenegro, SFR Yugoslavia.


title: Ignacy Jan Paderewski

paragraphs: Ignacy Jan Paderewski, GBE (; 29 June 1941) was a Polish pianist and composer, politician, and spokesman for Polish independence. He was the prime minister and foreign minister of Poland in 1919. He represented Poland at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919.


title: Santos Laguna

paragraphs: Club Santos Laguna S.A. de C.V. () commonly known as Santos Laguna or Santos, is a Mexican professional football club. They represent Comarca Lagunera, which includes Torreón, Gómez Palacio, and Lerdo. Santos Laguna currently plays in the Liga MX. The club started in 1982. They reached Mexico's top division in 1988 after buying the franchise belonging to the Ángeles de Puebla. They have won five league championship titles and the Apertura 2014 Copa MX.


title: Torreón

paragraphs: Torreón () is a city in Coahuila, Mexico. In 2010, its population was 608,836 with 639,629 in the municipality.

paragraphs: Torreón has a soccer team in Liga MX, Santos Laguna.


title: Administrative divisions of Nepal

paragraphs: Nepal is divided into seven provinces. The provinces are divided into districts. The districts are divided into municipalities and rural municipalities. There are also six metropolitan city and eleven sub-metropolitan cities.

paragraphs: Nepal's new constitution of 2015 has divided the country into seven provinces and removed the older Zones and Development region system. The new system has mostly kept old districts the same, and made very small changes on the boundaries of a few districts.

paragraphs: Before 2017, Nepal was divided into five development regions which were then divided into zones. The zones were again divided into districts. The districts were divided into municipalities and village development committees.

paragraphs: Seven provinces are divided into districts. There are 77 districts in Nepal.

paragraphs: In Nepal, there are six metropolitan cities and eleven sub-metropolitan cities. There are 276 municipalities.

paragraphs: Nepal was divided into gaupalikas in 2017. In English, they are called rural municipalities. There are a total of 460 gaupalikas in Nepal.


title: Torreón Municipality

paragraphs: Torreón is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in northeastern Mexico. The municipal seat is Torreón. The municipality covers an area of .

paragraphs: As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 577,477.


title: Lerdo

paragraphs: Ciudad Lerdo (Lerdo City) is a small city in the northeastern Durango, Mexico. It is the municipal seat for Lerdo Municipality.

paragraphs: In 2010, the city of Lerdo had a population of 79,669. That was up from 71,373 people in 2005. Lerdo Municipality had a population of 141,043.

paragraphs: The city has a lot of plant life, but has an arid climate. Ciudad Lerdo is known for its parks, gardens, and ice cream.


title: Mexico national under-23 football team

paragraphs: The Mexico national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Mexico at the under-23 level.

paragraphs: The team won the gold medal in 2012 Summer Olympics, their first Olympic medal in association football.


title: Durango City

paragraphs: Durango (Tepehuan: Korian), officially Victoria de Durango and also known as Ciudad de Durango, is the capital and largest city of Durango, Mexico. It stands at an altitude of .

paragraphs: In 2010, the city had a total population of 518,709, up from 463,830 in 2005. It serves as municipal seat of Durango Municipality which had a population of 582,267 in 2010.


title: Italian mountain community

paragraphs: The mountain communities () were created in Italy by law on 1971. Each "Comunità montana" is established by the Region to which it belongs and includes the municipalities that are in mountain areas and foothills. Its purpose is to promote mountain areas with specific functions and can have some municipal functions, such as waste collection.

paragraphs: Mountain communities exist in all regions, with the exception of Sicily, Sardinia and Trentino-Alto Adige.

paragraphs: In regions where there is a regional language, the mountain communities are known also with their name in that language besides the Italian name:


title: C.F. Monterrey

paragraphs: The Club de Fútbol Monterrey is a Mexican football club from Monterrey, Nuevo León.

paragraphs: The club has won 4 league titles in 1986, 2003, 2009 and 2010, a Copa México in 1991, and three straight CONCACAF Champions League tournaments in 2011, 2012 and 2013.


title: Comunità montana Evançon

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Evançon ("Evançon mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Évançon") is an association of a total of 9 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Verrès.

paragraphs: Its main purpose is to promote the development of the valleys in the preservation of their cultural and environmental heritage.

paragraphs: These "comuni" are in the eastern part of Valle d'Aosta. The "Comunità" is named after the Evançon river that flows through the Val d'Ayas and is a left tributary of the Dora Baltea river, which flows through the "Comunità".

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Evançon" has a total area of about and a population of 11,617; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The following "comuni" are part of the Comunità:


title: R.S.C. Anderlecht

paragraphs: Royal Sporting Club Anderlecht, usually known as Anderlecht (, , ) or RSCA (, , ), is a Belgian professional football club from Anderlecht, Brussels. They play in the Belgian Pro League. They are the most successful Belgian football team in European competitions (with 5 trophies) and Belgian Pro League (33 championship wins).


title: Comunità montana Grand Combin

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Grand Combin (" Grand Combin mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Grand-Combin") is an association of 11 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" is named after the Grand Combin mountain, one of the highest mountains in the Alps. Even if the mountain is completely in Switzerland, it can be seen from the two main valleys that are part of the "Comunità".

paragraphs: Its main purpose is to promote the development of the valleys in the preservation of their cultural and environmental heritage. The "Comunità" also helps with technical assistance to all the "comuni" of the region.

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the northern part of Valle d'Aosta, close to Switzerland. The "comuni" are in two small mountain valleys: "Valle del Gran San Bernardo" () and "Valpelline". There is another smaller valley where is the Bionaz "comuni". These three valleys form the larger system of side valleys of the Dora Baltea river.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Grand Combin" has a total area of about and a population of 5,825; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Gignod.

paragraphs: The Comunità includes the following "comuni":


title: Comunità montana Grand Paradis

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Grand Paradis ("Grand Paradis mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Grand-Paradis") is an association of 13 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" is named after the Gran Paradiso mountain, a mountain in the Graian Alps between the Valle d'Aosta and Piedmont regions of north-west Italy. The Gran Paradiso mountain can be seen from the "comuni" of the "Comunità".

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the central part of Valle d'Aosta, to the west and south of Aosta, the capital city of the region. The "comuni" are in the central valley of the region and in other small lateral valleys: Val di Cogne, Valsavarenche, Val di Rhêmes and Valgrisenche.

paragraphs: The main river in the "Comunità" is the Dora Baltea that flows through the "Comunità" from east to west.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Grand Paradis" has a total area of about and a population of 15,674; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Villeneuve.


title: Comunità montana Mont Emilius

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Mont Emilius ("Mont Emilius mountain community" is an association of 10 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" is named after the Monte Emilius mountain, a high mountain in the Graian Alps near the city of Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" was formed with very small communities that are at least partially in mountain regions in order to strengthen the economic development of the region and stop the rural-urban migration.

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the central part of Valle d'Aosta, southeast east of Aosta, the capital city of the Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The Dora Baltea river flows through this "Comunità".

paragraphs: The area of the "Comunità montana Mont Emilius" is about . The population is 22,528;, so its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Quart.


title: Chiapas F.C.

paragraphs: Chiapas Fútbol Club formerly known as Club de Fútbol Jaguares de Chiapas is a Mexican football club from Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas, currently playing in the Liga MX. The team plays their home matches at the Estadio Víctor Manuel Reyna. They are also known as Chiapas Jaguar.


title: Comunità montana Mont Rose

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Mont Rose ("Mont Rose mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Mont-Rose") is an association of 9 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" is named after the Monte Rosa mountain, the second highest mountain in the Alps.

paragraphs: Its main purpose is to promote the development of the valleys in the preservation of their cultural and environmental heritage. The "Comunità" also helps with technical assistance to all the "comuni" of the region.

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the southeastern part of Valle d'Aosta, to the east and south of Aosta, the capital city of the region. The "comuni" are in the central valley of the region and in two other small lateral valleys: Valle del Lys and Valle de Champorcher.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Mont Rose" has a total area of about and a population of 9,869; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Pont-Saint-Martin.


title: Club León

paragraphs: Club León, (simply known as León) is a Mexican professional football club based in the city of León, in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico.

paragraphs: León won the Primera División title seven times: in 1948, 1949, 1952, 1956, 1992, Apertura 2013 and most recently Clausura 2014. They became the first Mexican "Campeonísimo" (winner of the League and the Copa México in the same year) in 1949. In 1993 León was the CONCACAF Champions' Cup runner-up, losing the to the Costa Rican team Deportivo Saprissa.


title: Comunità montana Monte Cervino

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Monte Cervino ("Monte Cervino mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Mont-Cervin") is an association of 12 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The "Comunità" is named after the Monte Cervino mountain, a mountain in the Alps that is on the border between Switzerland and Italy. This mountain is at the northern end of the Valtournenche valley, which is part of this "comunità".

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the central part of Valle d'Aosta, to the east and northeast of Aosta, the capital city of the region. The "comuni" are in the central valley of the region and in a small lateral valley: the Valtournenche valley.

paragraphs: The main river in the "Comunità" is the Dora Baltea that flows through the "Comunità" from east to west.

paragraphs: The Marmore is a small river that flows through the Valtournenche valley and joins the Dora Baltea as a left tributary at Châtillon.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Monte Cervino" has a total area of about and a population of 16,797; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Châtillon.

paragraphs: The Comunità includes the following "comuni":


title: Comunità montana Valdigne Mont Blanc

paragraphs: The Comunità montana Valdigne Mont Blanc ("Valdigne Mont Blanc mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Valdigne - Mont-Blanc") is an association of 5 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The name of the "Comunità" comes from "Valdigne", the upper part of the Aosta Valley in north-west Italy, and the "Mont Blanc" mountain, the highest mountain in the Alps that is on the border between France and Italy. The Mont Blanc is seen from the upper valley of Aosta and the other small valleys that are part of this "Comunità".

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the western part of Valle d'Aosta, to the west and northwest of Aosta, the capital city of the region. The "comuni" are in the upper central valley of the region (the "Valdigne") and in a small lateral valley, the Vallon de La Thuile.

paragraphs: The main river in the "Comunità" is the upper part of the Dora Baltea river that flows through the "Comunità" from northeast to southwest.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Valdigne Mont Blanc" has a total area of about and a population of 8,852; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in La Salle.


title: Club Universidad de Guadalajara

paragraphs: Club de Fútbol Leones Negros de la Universidad de Guadalajara, mostly known as Leones Negros, is a football club that currently plays in the Ascenso MX


paragraphs: The Comunità montana Walser Alta Valle del Lys ("Walser Upper Lys Valley mountain community", in French "Communauté de montagne Walser Haute Vallée du Lys", in German "Walser Berggemeinschaft Oberlystal") is an association of 4 "comuni" in the Italian region of Valle d'Aosta.

paragraphs: The name of the "Comunità" comes from the "Walser" people that live in the upper Lys or Gressoney valley, in the "comuni" Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Gressoney-La-Trinité and Issime. The Walser people came from the Swiss canton of Valais; they speak a German dialect.

paragraphs: Its main purpose is to promote the development of the valleys in the preservation of their cultural and environmental heritage. The "Comunità" also helps with technical assistance to all the "comuni" of the region.

paragraphs: This "Comunità" is in the eastern part of Valle d'Aosta, to the east of Aosta, the capital city of the region. The "comuni" are in a small valley, the Lys or Gressoney valley. This small valley is lateral to the main valley of Aosta and through it flows the Lys river.

paragraphs: The "Comunità montana Walser Alta Valle del Lys" has a total area of about and a population of 2,025; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The headquarters of the mountain community are in Issime.


title: Club Brugge K.V.

paragraphs: Club Brugge Koninklijke Voetbalvereniging (), also referred to as just Club Brugge is a football club from Bruges, Belgium. It was founded in 1891 and is one of the top clubs in Belgium. Its home ground is the Jan Breydel Stadium, which has a capacity of 29,472.


title: Cookies 'N' Beans

paragraphs: Cookies 'N' Beans are a Swedish country music group consisting of Frida Öhrn, Linda Ström and Charlotte Centervall. The girls started the group in 2003 and in 2007 the group released their first coveralbum "Tales from a Trailor Trash Soul". They participated in Melodifestivalen 2009, the Swedish national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest 2009 in Russia, with the song "What If", and again in Melodifestivalen 2013 for the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, with their song "Burning Flags". The group's fourth album, "The First Steps", was released on 13 March 2013. The group has also appeared on several Swedish television shows such as "Allsång på Skansen" and "Lotta på Liseberg" singing their songs after appearing in Melodifestivalen the first time in 2009.


title: No Way Out (2007)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2007) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on February 18, 2007 at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the ninth No Way Out event held by the WWE.


title: No Way Out (2006)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2006) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on February 19, 2006 at the 1st Mariner Arena in Baltimore, Maryland. It was the eighth No Way Out event held by the WWE.


title: Cultural relativism

paragraphs: Cultural relativism is an idea in anthropology and it sees all cultures as equal. It should be studied without one’s own beliefs in mind, which would affect our understanding of that culture. An anthropologist named Franz Boas created the idea of cultural relativism in 1887, but the concept Boas created did not receive its name until Alain Locke gave Boas’s concept the name in 1924. This concept is now accepted by anthropologists around the world.

paragraphs: Franz Boas noticed that people who study other cultures still tend to be ethnocentric and look at other cultures with their own ideas about how life should be based on their culture. A person may be ethnocentric without meaning to be. Ethnocentrism is the idea that one’s own culture is the best, and other cultures are studied or viewed with this outlook. In Boas’ article “On Alternating Sounds,” he explains how different cultures experience sound differently. When people study or come into contact with other cultures, people misunderstand sounds and language. An example used by Boas, is when he studies Eskimo texts, words and languages spelled in the Bureau of Ethnology by British Columbia. There were many misspellings explained by a misunderstanding by other cultures that have a different phonetic system rooted in a person's life.

paragraphs: In order to reduce this ethnocentrism from happening when anthropologists study other cultures, Boas thought that the person would need to live with people that they were studying for a long period of time. A person would be able to learn the culture and language better, and then decrease the number of times they misinterpret sounds and language of that culture.

paragraphs: One of Franz Boas’ students, Ruth Benedict, was an anthropologist that studied the beliefs and practices within a culture’s social system. She noticed that they became mixed patterns of ideas and practices. Benedict believed that people should learn all of the ways people live. The way people show emotions, carry out daily routines or perform normal functions changes based on each individual’s own culture. By studying these cultures, Benedict thought that people could understand that every culture has a different way of living and the way that person lived was not the only way

paragraphs: Ruth Benedict also noticed that an individual’s view of what actions were right and what actions were wrong relied on one’s own culture. A person formed what was right and wrong based on social norms and values of their culture. They then formed their system of morals, which told them how to live. Benedict believed that no one person’s morals were necessarily better or worse than another’s; it was all relative on the society in which they lived.

paragraphs: Two anthropologists, George Marcus and Michael Fisher, explain cultural relativism as being a critical device because it is a tool used in analyzing and studying other cultures. It is also used to self-reflect on our own culture. An example of cultural relativism being used as a critical device is the research of an anthropologist, Margaret Mead. After looking at young female sexuality in Samoa, located in New Guinea, Mead questions the ‘natural’ stress related to American adolescence and sexuality as bound to happen.

paragraphs: Richard Feinberg, an anthropologist, identifies cultural relativism as having three types: contextual, ethical and epistemological. Contextual relativism is defined as members of a community or society having beliefs and practices that are represented through symbols and meanings that need to be understood within that culture. A practice that appears to be similar in two different cultures could be understood completely different among those two communities, which is an idea that Boas highlighted in his works. Ethical relativism is identified as cultures having no good or bad practices and beliefs, so people should not be able to make these judgments, as Benedict has explained. Epistemological relativism is explained as the view that a person cannot truly understand another culture in a useful or meaningful way, which is similar to Boas’ ‘historical anthropology’ now identified as historical particularism.


title: Hohentwiel

paragraphs: Hohentwiel is an extinct volcano in the Hegau region of Baden-Württemberg in southern Germany. It is west of the city of Singen and from Lake Constance. It is tall but is hidden.


title: No Way Out (2005)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2005) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held on February 20, 2005 at the Mellon Arena in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It was the seventh No Way Out event held by the WWE.


title: Kapilavastu

paragraphs: Kapilavastu ("Kapilavatthu") is the name of the place where Gautama Buddha grew up, and where his family home was located. It was located in the ancient Shakya kingdom, which is today part of Nepal. The exact location of Kapilavastu is not known; it is assumed to be about 10 kilometers to the west of Lumbini, where Buddha was born.

paragraphs: Buddha spent the first 29 years of his life in the area of Kapilavastu.


title: The Marshall Mathers LP 2

paragraphs: The Marshall Mathers LP 2 is the eighth studio album by American rapper Eminem. It was released on November 5, 2013.

paragraphs: The album is a sequel to Eminem's most praised work, "The Marshall Mathers LP" (2000). Production for "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" took place from 2012 to 2013. Dr. Dre and Rick Rubin were the executive producers.

paragraphs: Music critics mostly gave the album positive reviews. Praise went to Eminem's technical rapping skill and production choices. "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" was Eminem's best-reviewed album at Metacritic since "The Eminem Show" (2002).

paragraphs: On May 24, 2012, Eminem said that he had begun working on his next album in an interview on Hot 97's morning show with Peter Rosenberg.

paragraphs: On February 8, 2013, Shady Records president and Eminem manager Paul Rosenberg told "Billboard": "We fully expect to be releasing a new Eminem album in 2013. He's been working on it for some time. It's safe to say that it will be post-Memorial Day [May 27] at some point, but we're not exactly sure when."

paragraphs: On August 25, 2013, two Beats by Dre commercials aired during the MTV Video Music Awards revealed that Eminem's eighth studio album would be titled "The Marshall Mathers LP 2" and would be released on November 5, 2013.

paragraphs: On September 20, 2013, the cover artwork was revealed on Eminem's Twitter account.

paragraphs: On October 10, 2013, the track listing was revealed.


title: Ecgfrith of Mercia

paragraphs: Ecgfrith ( 796) was the King of Mercia from July to December 796. He was the son of Offa, the King of Mercia, and Cynethryth. In 787 he was crowned King of Mercia while his father still ruled. This is the first known consecration of an English king. No doubt it was Offs's imitation of the consecration of Charlemagne's sons by the pope in 781. It was a practical way to recognize Ecgfrith as heir to the Mercian kingdom. Offa continued to rule and maintained all the power himself.

paragraphs: Ecgfrith was succeeded as king by Coenwulf. This was probably because Offa had arranged the murder of nearer relatives in order to eliminate any rivals to Ecgfrith. Alcuin of York, an English deacon and scholar wrote:

paragraphs: When his father died in July of 796 Ecgfrith was king for only 141 days. The cause of his death is unknown but may not have been natural.


title: Bactrosaurus

paragraphs: Bactrosaurus was a hadrosaur from the Upper Cretaceous about 70 milion years ago. This plant-eating dinosaur. was found in the Gobi Desert of China. It was about 6 metres (20 feet) long and 2 metres (6.6 feet) high when standing on all fours. It weighed 1.1 to 1.5 tonnes (2,400 to 3,300 pounds).

paragraphs: Research showed that this genus and its near relatives were unusually prone to cancer. The reason for this is not known.


title: Patrik Eliáš

paragraphs: Patrik Eliáš (born April 13, 1976) is a former Czech professional ice hockey winger that played for the New Jersey Devils of the National Hockey League (NHL) where he was the alternate captain.


title: Division of Lindsay

paragraphs: The Division of Lindsay is an Australian Electoral Division in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1984 and is named after Sir Norman Lindsay, the Australian artist, writer and sculptor.

paragraphs: The division is in the outer western suburbs of Sydney, and includes Cambridge Park, Cambridge Gardens, Castlereagh, Claremont Meadows, Cranebrook, Emu Plains, Glenmore Park, Jamisontown, Kingswood, Leonay, Llandilo, North St Marys, Oxley Park, Penrith, Regentville, St Marys, South Penrith, Werrington, Werrington County, Werrington Downs and parts of Agnes Banks, Luddenham and Wallacia.

paragraphs: Since it was set up in 1984, its winning member of parliament has been from the party winning government.

paragraphs: Jackie Kelly won the seat during the 1996 election. Her win was challenged in the Court of Disputed Returns because she was still a citizen of New Zealand, and she worked as a legal officer for the Royal Australian Air Force. The Australian Constitution (Section 44) does not allow people who are citizens of another country, or people who are employed by the government to be members of Parliament. A by-election was held, and Kelly who had given up her New Zealand citizenship, and resigned from her airforce job was elected again.

paragraphs: In 2007 Kelly was again in trouble. Three days before the election her supporters, including her husband, were caught in Lindsay putting fake letters in peoples' letterboxes. These letters linked the Labor Party to Islamic terrorism.

paragraphs: David Bradbury had served as the Mayor of Penrith. Every member of Lindsay to date, except Scott, has served as a minister.


title: No Way Out (2002)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2002) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 17, 2002 at the Bradley Center in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It was the fourth No Way Out event held by the WWF.


title: No Way Out (2001)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2001) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 25, 2001 at the Thomas & Mack Center in Las Vegas, Nevada. It was the third No Way Out event held by the WWF.


title: No Way Out (2000)

paragraphs: No Way Out (2000) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 27, 2000 at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut. It was the first No Way Out event held under the "No Way Out" name, although it was preceded in 1998 by an event named .


title: Bell River (New South Wales)

paragraphs: The Bell River is a river in the central west of New South Wales, Australia. It is part of the Murray-Darling basin and flows into the Macquarie River.

paragraphs: The Bell River begins in the hills to the north-west of Orange, New South Wales, it flows a generally northerly direction joining the Macquarie River at Wellington, New South Wales. The river is long and drops .

paragraphs: Platypus have been seen in the lower river near Wellington.

paragraphs: Aboriginal Australians of the Wiradjuri nation were the original inhabitants of the area around the river.

paragraphs: The river was named in honour of Brevet Major Bell by European explorer John Oxley, later Surveyor General of New South Wales.

paragraphs: Pieces of gold were found in and along the river in 1851. This started a minor a minor gold rush, mainly near where Nubrigan Creek joins the Bell River.

paragraphs: The river occasionally floods generally near Wellington, however it has flooded further up river. Major floods occurred in 1920, 1926, and in 1990 at Newrea, where the river reached .


title: Burrendong Dam

paragraphs: The Burrendong Dam is a major dam on the Macquarie River in New South Wales, Australia. It is upriver of Wellington in the central west region. It is an embankment style gated dam. The wall is filled with rock and has a clay core. The dam was built and is used for flood mitigation, irrigation, water supply and hydro-electric power generation. The dam creates Lake Burrendong and is filled by the Macquarie and Cudgegong rivers and Meroo Creek.

paragraphs: The lake formed by the dam, named Lake Burrendong, is popular for fishing and general tourism.

paragraphs: The dam was built by the New South Wales Water Conservation & Irrigation Commission. Construction began in 1958. It finished in 1967. It was built to reduce flooding, for irrigation, and to supply a relatively constant water supply. The dam is about southeast of Wellington in the Wellington Shire local government area. The name "Burrendong" comes from the Wiradjuri word for koala ("burrandhang").

paragraphs: The dam wall is high and is long. Normal water depth is . When the dam is full the water level is AHD. At full capacity the dam holds , with an additional flood mitigation capacity of , and has a surface area of . The dam collects water from an area of . The spillway on the dam is a gated concrete chute, able to release .

paragraphs: A major upgrade took place place between 2010 and is expected to be completed in 2015. The project costs AU$32 million. It will ensure the dam reaches modern safety standards. During the upgrade the main dam will be raised , the current spillway will be modified and another spillway added.

paragraphs: The dam includes a hydro-electric power station. This was completed in August 1996. It was opened by the Premier of New South Wales, Bob Carr, on 9 February 1999. The station can generate up to of electricity and each year the power station generates about . The station was originally operated by Power Facilities Pty Limited. It is now managed by AGL Energy.


title: Tenon saw

paragraphs: A tenon saw is a kind of backsaw that is used to cut straight lines in wood. It does not cut materials such as metal. It is a standard item in the carpenter's toolkit. A tenon saw is made out of high-speed steel (HSS) and brass. It is sometimes made out of hard-carbon steel (heat treated steel).

paragraphs: It is used to cut small pieces of wood and most joints. The saw has a fine toothed crosscut for sawing plywood, thin wood and large joints.


paragraphs: The International Bureau of Weights and Measures is an organization that is based in Sèvres near Paris in France. Its name in French is ""Bureau international des poids et mesures"". The abbreviation of its name in all languages is BIPM. These are the letters of the name in French.

paragraphs: It was established in 1875 and has laboratories and offices. Scientists use the laboratories to compare measurements that are made in different countries. The offices are used for meetings where scientists discuss the best way to make sure that all countries use the same measurements.


title: No Way Out of Texas: In Your House

paragraphs: No Way Out was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on February 15, 1998 at the Compaq Center in Houston, Texas. It was the twentieth In Your House event. No Way Out later became the title of annual PPV held by the WWF.


title: Brownian bridge

paragraphs: A Brownian bridge is a stochastic process that results from the Brownian motion, given that at the end of the time modeled, the function value is 0.


Scotts


title: Scotts (band)

paragraphs: Scotts is a modern dansband from Lidköping, Sweden. Established in 1992, Scotts competed at Dansbandskampen in 2008, finishing up second behind Larz-Kristerz, starting to aim at their ambition becoming a full-time band. The band also competed at Melodifestivalen in 2009, with the song "Jag tror på oss".


title: Kacey Musgraves

paragraphs: Kacey Lee Musgraves (born August 21, 1988) is an American country singer. She released her first three albums herself before being signed to Mercury Records in 2012. Her first album on the label, "Same Trailer Different Park", was released on March 19, 2013. It went straight to number two in the "Billboard" 200.

paragraphs: Musgraves won New Artist of the Year at the 2013 Academy of Country Music Awards. She also performed her single "Follow Your Arrow".

paragraphs: "Same Trailer Different Park" was nominated for Best Country Album at the 2014 Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: In 2009, she sang on three songs on Mark McKinney's album "Middle America".

paragraphs: Musgraves was born in Mineola, Texas. She wrote her first song, "Notice Me", at the age of 9.


title: Amanda Righetti

paragraphs: Amanda Righetti (April 4, 1983) is an American actress. She appeared in television programs, among them being The O.C.. She was also in several movies. Righetti was born in St. George, Utah.


title: Amber Tamblyn

paragraphs: Amber Rose Tamblyn (born May 14, 1983) is an American movie and television series actress. She first became known through "General Hospital", an ABC soap opera. From 2003 to 2005, she starred in "Joan of Arcadia". She also acted in the movies "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants" and "Django Unchained". Her father is Golden Globe Award-winning actor Russ Tamblyn.


title: Stephanie Daley

paragraphs: Stephanie Daley is a 2006 drama movie. It was released in 2007 in the United States. drama movie. The movie is about teenage pregnancy. In this movie, the title character dodges questions by her psychologist and insists she is pregnant through an act of God. Amber Tamblyn plays Stephanie Daley in this movie. Also starring are Tilda Swinton and Timothy Hutton.


title: Battle of Germantown

paragraphs: The Battle of Germantown was a battle of the American Revolutionary War fought during the Philadelphia Campaign. It was fought on October 4, 1777 near Germantown, Pennsylvania. The British won the battle.


title: Campan valley

paragraphs: The Campan valley is a valley of the Pyrenees in the French department department of Hautes-Pyrénées in the Occitanie region.

paragraphs: The valley is in the arrondissement of Bagnères-de-Bigorre, and Bagnères-de-Bigorre (the subprefecture of the arrondissement) is at the northern end of the valley.

paragraphs: This is one of the valleys found in the upper watershed of the Adour river, on the northern slopes of the Pyrenees. It is formed by three high valleys (valleys in the mountains) where are the sources of the three "Adours" that meet at Sainte-Marie-de-Campan and then in Baudéan to form the Adour river that then flows beyond Bagnères-de-Bigorre.

paragraphs: The valley goes from the northwest to the southeast, from Sainte-Marie de Campan to Montgaillard.

paragraphs: The three high valleys (and their rivers) are:

paragraphs: There are many small lakes; some of them are reservoirs (man-made lakes). The larger of these lakes is the "Lac Bleu de Lesponne", or simply the "Lac Bleu", with an area of .

paragraphs: The Pic du Midi de Bigorre and its astronomical observatory are located in the valley of Campan.

paragraphs: The ski resorts of La Mongie and Payolle are also found in this valley.


Hansa


title: Stop codon

paragraphs: A stop codon is special sequence in the genetic code. It is a nucleotide triplet in messenger RNA that signals the end of translation.

paragraphs: It is a codon (that is, a sequence of three nucleotides in messenger RNA). It indicates the end of a gene. Similar to how a full stop indicates the end of a sentence, a stop codon signals the end of genetic translation.

paragraphs: They are also called termination codons or chain termination codons. There are three such codons: UAA, UAG and UGA.

paragraphs: Proteins are based on polypeptides, which are unique sequences of amino acids. Most codons in messenger RNA correspond to the addition of an amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain, which may ultimately become a protein. Stop codons indicate the end of this process, and therefore, the end of polypeptide synthesis.


title: Coenwulf of Mercia

paragraphs: Coenwulf (also spelled Cenwulf and Kenulf) (died 821) was a Mercian nobleman and the King of Mercia from December 796 until his death. He claimed to be a descendant of a Cenwalh, a brother of Penda and Eowa. The sudden death of King Ecgfrith of Mercia was suspicious and certainly benefited Coenwulf but he was never formally accused. Coenwulf proved to be a strong king who quickly restored Mercian in southern England. He was the last of the Mercian overlords or .

paragraphs: Coenwulf was the son of Cuthbert, a Mercian nobleman. He came to the throne in 796, the same year Offa and his son Ecgfrith both died. At the same time Coenwulf became king, Eadberht Praen set himself up as king of Kent. An Eadwald set himself up as king of the East Angles and began issuing coins. When Eadberht Praen expelled Aethelheard, the Archbishop of Canterbury from Kent, Coenwulf contacted Pope Leo III and got permission to remove the new Kentish king. Eadbert attacked Kent, and captured Eadbert. He then set up his brother Cuthred as king of Kent. Coenwulf then dealt with East Anglia where Eadwald had tried to gain independence from Mercia. In 799 Coenwulf made a peace treaty with Wessex. He restored Mercian power to southern England very quickly. He then began using the style of Charlemagne calling himself king and emperor. He attacked the Welsh making raids on Gwynedd and Powys. In one of these battles Caradog ap Meirion, the king of Gwynedd was killed. In 801 King Eardwulf of Northumbria attacked Mercia. He accused Coenwulf of giving refuge to his enemies. Eventually the two made peace on equal terms. This was through the mediations of several bishops and nobles.

paragraphs: Coenwulf wanted all the English churches placed under the authority of a single archbishop. But he wanted him seated in London, not Canterbury. He managed to abolish the of Lichfield in 803. Coenwulf tried to convince the pope on moving the remaining archbishopric to London. But the pope felt that Coenwulf's success in bringing Kent under his control meant the move was no longer necessary. So the archbishop remained in Canterbury, Kent. When Archbishop Aethelheard died in 805, his Wulfred was appointed the new archbishop. Wulfred witnessed charters for Coenwulf from 805 to 817 but then promptly stopped. Archbishop Wulfred and King Coenwulf quarreled for several years. It may have started over a claim by Coenwulf to various lands held by the see of Canterbury. Wulfred in turn began minting coins without the name of King Coenwulf. Finally in 817 Coenwulf took Wulfred's monasteries of Reculver and Minster-in-Thanet. Then he brought charges against Wulfred to Pope Paschal I. As a result, Wulfred was relieved of many of his duties by the pope. In 821 Coenwulf summoned the archbishop to appear before him in London. There Wulfred was fined 120 pounds and an estate of 250 hides He was then restored to his duties as archbishop. In 818 he was again attacking the Britons in Dyfed. He was planning another campaign against Wales when he died in 821. He was succeeded by his brother Ceolwulf I of Mercia. Coenwulf was buried at Winchcombe abbey where his daughter Cwenthryh was later . A lead seal belonging to King Coenwulf was found during the 19th century in Italy. It is now in the British Museum.


title: Over the Limit (2012)

paragraphs: Over the Limit (2012) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by WWE. It was held on May 20, 2012 at the PNC Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina. It was the third and final Over the Limit event held by the WWE.


title: DJ Quik

paragraphs: David Marvin Blake (born 18 January 1970) is an American rapper and recording artist. He has rapped with other singers and on his own albums. He was born in Compton, California.


title: Over the Limit (2010)

paragraphs: Over the Limit (2010) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Entertainment. It was held on May 23, 2010 at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It was the first Over the Limit event held by the WWE.


title: Box office bomb

paragraphs: The term box office bomb (or box office flop) usually means a movie that is not successful or does not make much money at the box office.

paragraphs: One example of a box office bomb is the action-thriller "Money Train" (released in November 1995). That movie made only $9 million above its $68 million overall budget.

paragraphs: Another box office bomb was "Cutthroat Island", which was released in December 1995. That movie cost $98 million, but took in only $10,017,322 at the box office.


title: Cutthroat Island

paragraphs: Cutthroat Island is a 1995 American romantic comedy movie. It was released in December 1995. The movie is about pirates invading ships in 1668 Jamaica. Geena Davis plays Morgan Adams. This movie performed so poorly that, before Christmas 2010, it was considered the least successful movie in United States history. Its reviews were very negative.


title: Segar Bastard

paragraphs: Segar Richard Bastard (25 January 1854 – 20 March 1921) was an amateur English football player and referee. He played football for Upton Park F.C. and Trojans F.C.. He refereed a number of important matches, including FA Cup finals and Home Nations international matches.


title: Scottish Premiership

paragraphs: The Scottish Premiership is a professional football competition for professional clubs in Scotland. It is the top level of the Scottish Professional Football League, starting in July 2013 after the closure of the Scottish Premier League.

paragraphs: The clubs listed below have competed in the Scottish Premiership.


title: René Aufhauser

paragraphs: René Aufhauser (born 21 June 1976 in Voitsberg, Styria) is an Austrian football player who plays for FC Liefering as defender. Liefering is playing in the Austrian Football First League, which is the second level in Austrian football.

paragraphs: Aufhauser started in his local clubs ASK Köflach and ASK Voitsberg. In Voitsberg he was discovered by scouts of Austria Salzburg and in 1997 he signed for the club. Soon he became member of the Austrian U21- national team. 2001 he left Salzburg to join the Grazer AK. In 2004 he won the Championship with this side. After the Red Bull take over of SV Austria Salzburg he came back to join FC Red Bull Salzburg. In 5 years he played 115 matches and shot 20 goals. Under the new manager Huub Stevens he played not often so he left in January 2010 to join LASK Linz. After the denieing of a licence and the relegation to the 3rd league Aufhauser left the club and went back for the third time to Salzburg and joined FC Liefering, the farm team of FC Red Bull Salzburg. In the 2012/13 season they won the Regionalliga West and had to play two play-off matches versus LASK Linz, his former team. They won and were promoted to the First league.

paragraphs: René Aufhauser played 58 times for the Austrian national football team. He was also part of the squad for the UEFA Euro 2008.


title: Christy Hemme

paragraphs: Christina Lee "Christy" Hemme (born October 28, 1980) is an American ring announcer, professional wrestling valet, singer, former model and retired professional wrestler. She currently works for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling as an interviewer and ring announcer.

paragraphs: She is also known for her time in World Wrestling Entertainment where she won the 2004 Diva Search. She stayed with them from 2004 to 2005 and was released from her WWE contract on December 5, 2005. She signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) in April 2006.


title: Janelle Monáe

paragraphs: Janelle Monáe (born December 1, 1985), is an American R&B musician. In 2010 she released her first album, "The ArchAndroid". Critics liked it and it got nominated for Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 2011 Grammy Awards. On February 11 2012 she released the first single from the album, "Tightrope". Big Boi rapped in it. It was nominated for Best Urban/Alternative Performance at the same Grammy Awards show. It won Best Track at the NME Awards.

paragraphs: In March 2012 Monáe had her first "Billboard" Hot 100 top ten hit and No.1, as a singer on Fun's single "We Are Young".

paragraphs: In August 2012 she became the model for CoverGirl.

paragraphs: In October 2012 she performed at the BET Black Girls Rock! Awards and won the Young, Gifted & Black Award.

paragraphs: Monáe voice-acted in the "American Dad!" episode "The Boring Identity", which was shown 21 Apr. 2013.

paragraphs: On September 6, 2013 her second studio album "Metropolis: Suites IV and V - The Electric Lady" was released. It got good reviews. It reached No.5 in the Billboard 200. Three singles have been released from it: "Q.U.E.E.N.", "Dance Apocalyptic", and "Primetime". The album includes songs that she did with Solange, Prince, Erykah Badu, and Esperanza Spalding.

paragraphs: On October 26 Monáe performed on Saturday Night Live.

paragraphs: In November 2013 she won Video of the Year honor for “Q.U.E.E.N.” at the Soul Train Awards.

paragraphs: On December 12 2013 she gave the Rising Star Award at the 2013 Billboard Women in Music event in New York.

paragraphs: In April 2018, she came out as pansexual.

paragraphs: Monáe was born in Kansas City, Kansas. She moved to New York to study theatre at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy because she wanted to be a Broadway actress. She changed her mind, and in 2001 she moved to Atlanta. She met Big Boi from Outkast there. They made the Wondaland Arts Society. Monáe released her first EP "The Audition" in 2003. Big Boi told his friend Diddy about Monáe. In 2006 she was signed to his record label Bad Boy.