title: Elon Musk

paragraphs: Elon Reeve Musk (born June 28, 1971) is a businessman and philanthropist. He was born in South Africa. He moved to Canada and later became an American citizen. Musk is the current CEO & Chief Product Architect of Tesla Motors, a company that makes electric vehicles. He is also the CEO of Solar City, a company that makes solar panels, and the CEO & CTO of SpaceX, an aerospace company. In August 2020, Bloomberg ranked Musk third among the richest people on the planet with net worth to be $115.4 billion.

paragraphs: Elon Musk and his brother started Zip2, a software company, in 1995. In 1999 he sold it and became a millionaire. He then started X.com, which merged with the company to make PayPal. X.com was then renamed to PayPal, and he focused on growing that part of the company. He then started SpaceX and became the CEO of Tesla.

paragraphs: Musk was born to a Canadian mother and a South African-born British father in Pretoria, South Africa. His parents divorced in 1980 and he mainly lived with his father in many different places in South Africa. He went to Waterkloof House Preparatory School and graduated from Pretoria Boys High School. He then moved to Canada in 1988 when he was 17, after he obtained Canadian citizenship through his mother. He got it before his South African military service was to begin. He felt that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States from Canada than from South Africa.

paragraphs: He spent two years at the Queen's School of Business in Kingston, Ontario. He then transferred to the University of Pennsylvania where he earned a bachelor's degree in economics from the Wharton School. He stayed a year to finish his second bachelor's degree in physics. Then he moved to California to attempt to get a PhD in applied physics at Stanford but he left the program after only two days because he wanted to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations (start businesses) in the Internet, renewable energy and outer space. He became an American citizen in 2002.

paragraphs: At the end of 2016, Musk founded The Boring Company which focuses on tunnelling and infrastructure. He mentioned Los Angeles traffic as the reason for starting this company. In March 2017 Elon Musk announced he has started another company which aims to merge human brains and computers, it is called Neuralink.

paragraphs: As of April 2016, he was worth over $10 billion, making him the 37th most wealthy American. Musk is also known for helping design and create the Falcon Heavy rocket, which successfully launched on February 6 of 2018.


title: Dorothy Tree

paragraphs: Dorothy Tree (May 21, 1906 – February 13, 1992) was an American actress and author. She appeared in many character roles in movies between 1927 and 1951. She played May Emmerich in "The Asphalt Jungle". She also played Frances in "Having Wonderful Time".

paragraphs: Tree was born in Brooklyn, New York. She died of heart failure at age eighty-five in Englewood, New Jersey.


title: Martha Scott

paragraphs: Martha Ellen Scott (September 22, 1912 – May 28, 2003) was an American movie and television actress. She played Janie Prescott in "Hi Diddle Diddle". She also played Catherine in the movie "In Old Oklahoma".

paragraphs: Scott was born in Jamesport, Missouri. She died at the age of 90.


title: Carol Shields

paragraphs: Carol Ann Shields (June 2, 1935 – July 16, 2003) was an American and Canadian author. She was best known for her 1993 novel "The Stone Diaries". The book won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. She wrote many other books and short stories.

paragraphs: Shields was born in Oak Park, Illinois. She died of breast cancer in Victoria, British Columbia at 68.


title: Glucose meter

paragraphs: A glucose meter is a medical tool that measures glucose in human blood. It is an important part of blood glucose checking for people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia. A drop of blood is placed on a test strip. The meter reads the strip and displays the blood sugar levels.

paragraphs: The tests are used for type 1 diabetes, latent autoimmune diabetes of adults and type 2 diabetes. Home tests for type 2 diabetes came more slowly than for type 1.


Bogalusa, Louisiana


title: Baker, Louisiana

paragraphs: Baker is a small city in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana, United States, and a part of the Baton Rouge Area. It is the third-largest city in East Baton Rouge Parish. The population was 13,895 at the 2010 census, an increase of 102 persons from the 13,793 people counted in the 2000 census.


Zachary, Louisiana


title: Khagen Mahanta

paragraphs: Khagen Mahanta () (17 August 1941 – 12 June 2014) was folk and traditional musician. Mahanta was known as the "King of Bihu". His Bihu songs, Borgeet and other folk songs helped shaped the form of his society. The artist along with his wife Archana Mahanta and son Angaraag Mahanta represent one of the most influential families in Assamese music.

paragraphs: He died on 12 June 2014 from heart disease, aged 72.


title: Hiren Bhattacharyya

paragraphs: Hiren Bhattacharyya () (28 July 1932 – 4 July 2012) was one of the best known Indian poets working in the Assamese language. He had many works published in Assamese and achieved many prizes and honors for his poetry. He is known as Hiruda () among his fans. Prem aru Rodalir Kobi ("Poet of Love and Sunshine") () is his other name in the Assamese literature.


title: Jimmy Scott

paragraphs: James Victor "Jimmy" Scott (July 17, 1925 – June 12, 2014), also known as "Little" Jimmy Scott, was an American jazz singer. He was known for his unusually high contralto voice. This is because he had Kallmann's syndrome, a very rare genetic condition. The condition prevented him from reaching puberty, leaving him with a high, undeveloped voice.

paragraphs: Scott died in Las Vegas, Nevada from cardiac arrest, aged 88.


title: Robert Peters

paragraphs: Robert Louis Peters (October 20, 1924 - June 13, 2014) was an American poet, critic, scholar, playwright, editor, and actor. His poetry career began in 1967 when he wanted to write a poem about the death of his son. The poem was called "Songs for a Son".

paragraphs: After Peters divorced, he began dating Paul Trachtenberg. Their relationship lasted for 36 years.

paragraphs: Peters died on June 13, 2014 from natural causes at the age of 89.


title: Gyula Grosics

paragraphs: Gyula Grosics (4 February 1926 – 13 June 2014) was a Hungarian football goalkeeper. He played 86 times for the Hungarian national football team and was part of the legendary Golden Team of the 1950s. He was nicknamed the Black Panther ().


title: Dorog

paragraphs: Dorog () is a small town in Komárom-Esztergom, Hungary. It is northwest of the center of Budapest.


title: Gilles Ségal

paragraphs: Gilles Ségal (13 January 1929 – 11 June 2014) was a French actor and playwright. He starred in more than sixty movies beginning in 1954. He was born in Fălticeni, Romania. He is known for his role as a heist participant in Jules Dassin's "Topkapi".


title: Australian Federation of Women Voters

paragraphs: The Australian Federation of Women Voters (AFWV) was an organization from Australia. It lobbied for women's suffrage. AFWV was started in 1921.

paragraphs: The idea for the organization started at a meeting of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union in Perth in 1918. By the time the Union met again in 1921, the AFWV was founded. Bessie Rischbieth was the first president of the organization.They had a magazine called "The Dawn". They helped get the first woman from Australia to represent them at the Legion of Nations in 1922. After she went, they had a woman attend for them to the Legion of Nations three more times: 1928, 1935, and 1936. They wrote a memorandum about sex discrimination in Australia called the "Status of Women," in 1937. Ten years later, in 1947, they wrote another.

paragraphs: In 1972, the organization ended. It became a part of the Women's Electoral Lobby.


title: Jim Keays

paragraphs: James "Jim" Keays (9 September 1946 – 13 June 2014) was a Scottish-born Australian singer-songwriter and musician. He was best known for fronting the hard rock band The Masters Apprentices from 1965 until 1972. He performed also as a bass guitarist. Until his death, he had been active since 1964. He was later a solo musician and a member of the band Cotton Keays & Morris with Darryl Cotton and Russell Morris from 2000 until 2012.

paragraphs: Keays was born in Glasgow, Scotland. He was adopted when he was six months old. When he was four, his family moved to Adelaide, South Australia.

paragraphs: Keays died from pneumonia caused by multiple myeloma on 13 June 2014 in Melbourne, Victoria, aged 67. He had been diagnosed with cancer in July 2007.


title: Dorothy Morrison

paragraphs: Dorothy Morrison, (born January 3, 1919 in Los Angeles, California), was an American actress. She appeared in a few Our Gang movies during the silent era. Her older brother was Ernie Morrison, another member of the movie series. Some of her movies include "The Champeen", "Seein' Things", "The Love Bug", "Isn't Life Terrible?" and "Hearts in Dixie". Her last movie was a short called "Sleepless Hollow" in 1936.


title: Wilson, North Carolina

paragraphs: Wilson is a city and county seat of Wilson County, North Carolina. It is 40 miles east of Raleigh, North Carolina. The population was 49,610 at the 2010 census.


title: Meju

paragraphs: Meju is a brick of fermented soybeans in Korean cuisine. It is used in Korean cuisine to make essential condiments such as soy sauce (kanjang), soybean paste (doenjang) and red chilli pepper paste (gochujang). Meju is produced by drying a brick of soybeans. The brick of soybeans is naturally fermented while it dries. There are several ways to make a brick of soybeans. Traditionally, boiled soybeans were crushed in a mortar and made into a brick shape to be tied up with straw.

paragraphs: "Meju" was commonly made in any Korean home in the past. Condiments made with mejus all tasted different because the production of meju was not standardized. As many Koreans now buy Korean traditional condiments instead of making them, it is difficult to find the wide variety of unique tasting condiments made from homemade meju.

paragraphs: The meaning of the word ‘meju’ originally included all condiments and seasonings made with meju. However, as another word ‘jang’ was used more frequently to refer to condiments made with meju, the meaning of the word ‘meju’ shifted to refer only to the stage before it is used in condiments. Scholars believe the Japanese word ‘miso’ which is similar to Korean doenjang came from the word ‘meju’.


title: WC and the Maad Circle

paragraphs: WC and the Maad Circle is an American hip-hop group formed in 1990.


title: Alexander McQueen

paragraphs: Lee Alexander McQueen (17 March 1969 – 11 February 2010) was a British fashion designer and couturier. His creative and experimental design received a lot of attention in the world of fashion.

paragraphs: McQueen was born on 17 March 1969 in Lewisham, London. He started drawing at age three. He wanted to be a designer since he was in primary school. McQueen left school at age 16 and started to serve an apprenticeship with Savile Row tailors in 'Anderson & Sheppard'. Afterwards, he also worked for 'Gieves & Hawkes', which made stage costumes for famous shows in London. The skills he learned as an apprentice on Savile Row helped him to get a reputation in the fashion world. At the age of 21, McQueen was hired by Romeo Gigli as assistant designer in Italy.

paragraphs: In 1994, McQueen returned to London and got a master's degree from Central Saint Martins College. It was the turning point that led him to be a designer. McQueen worked at Givenchy as a head designer from 1996 to 2001. After he separated with Givenchy, he focused on his own label. Then, in 2001, he made a debut with "The Dance of the Twisted Bull" collection in Paris which provoked some scandals.

paragraphs: In 2001 "Gucci" Group got 51% shares of Alexander McQueen brand, which was named after McQueen, and became his new partner. As time passed, McQueen launched "McQ" as second brand, and "My Queen" as perfume brand. McQueen also conducted various brand and design collaboration with Puma, Samsonite and Chivas Regal. By the end of 2006, Alexander McQueen brand has entered 25 cities including London, Paris, New York City, Boston, Milan, Moscow, Tokyo and Seoul.

paragraphs: In 1996, he was nominated as the youngest British Fashion Designer of the Year, and again in 1997, 2001 and 2003. Moreover, in 2003 he was nominated as by Council of Fashion Designers of America(CFDA) and received 'Commander of the Order of the British Empire' from Queen. From mid 1990s to 2000s, he had success in his career.

paragraphs: McQueen was openly gay. He suffered from depression since the suicide of his close friend Isabella Blow. He hanged himself at his London home nine days after from the death of his mother. Depression was presumed to be the cause of his suicide. After his death, Sarah Burton is now the chief designer of the Alexander McQueen business.


title: Virginia Hamilton

paragraphs: Virginia Esther Hamilton (March 12, 1934 – February 19, 2002) was an African-American author of children's books. She was born and raised in Yellow Springs, Ohio.

paragraphs: Virginia Hamilton’s mother was Etta Bella Perry Hamilton and her father was Kenneth James Hamilton. She attended Antioch College, Ohio State University, and New School for Social Research. On March 19, 1960 Hamilton married Arnold Adoff. They had two children together, Leigh Hamilton Adoff and Jamie Levi Adoff.

paragraphs: Virginia Hamilton wrote mainly about African American folktales and heritage.  Hamilton wrote her stories first thinking about characterization, settings, and themes, then touching on racial topics.  She also wrote about social issues, sibling rivalry, and peer pressure.

paragraphs: She received many awards for her writing. For "M. C. Higgins, the Great", a tale of a black boy growing up poor in the South, she won the U.S. National Book Award and the Newbery Medal in 1975. For lifetime achievement, she won the international Hans Christian Andersen Award for writing children's literature in 1992 and a Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal in 1995. Because of the racial discrimination against African Americans during her lifetime, her achievements are especially important.

paragraphs: She died in Dayton, Ohio of breast cancer.


title: Ruth Handler

paragraphs: Ruth Marianna Handler (nee Kosvo; November 4, 1916 – April 27, 2002) was an American businesswoman and inventor. She was the president of toy manufacturer Mattel. She helped invent the Barbie doll.

paragraphs: Handler was born in Denver, Colorado. She died from complications of colon cancer surgery at age 85 in Los Angeles.


title: Dee Dee Ramone

paragraphs: Dee Dee Ramone (or Douglas Glenn Colvin; September 18, 1951 – June 5, 2002) was a German-American singer, songwriter and musician. He was best known for being a founding member of the Ramones.

paragraphs: He was mostly a punk rock singer, although he did some hip hop.

paragraphs: Ramone was born in Fort Lee, Virginia. He died from a heroin overdose, aged 50.


title: Carmen Silvera

paragraphs: Carmen Silvera (3 June 1922 – 3 August 2002) was a Canadian-born British comic actress. She played Camilla Hope in the soap opera "Compact". She also played Mrs. Van Schuyler in Lillie in 1978.

paragraphs: Silvera was born in Toronto, Canada. She died from lung cancer at age 80 in England.


title: Mahdi Elmandjra

paragraphs: Mahdi Elmandjra (Arabic: مهدي المنجرة) (13 March 1933 – 13 June 2014) was a Moroccan futurist, economist, writer and sociologist. He was best known for his leadership roles with the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

paragraphs: Elmandjra was born in Rabat. He was educated in Morocco, the United States and the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Elmandjra died after a long illness on 13 June 2014 in Rabat, aged 81.


title: 2014 FIFA World Cup Group G

paragraphs: Group G of the 2014 FIFA World Cup has the teams Germany, Portugal, Ghana and the United States. The first game begins of June 16, and the last game ends on June 26. Germany and the United States both moved on to the next round, while Germany won the group.

paragraphs: The two teams have met in 17 previous games, with the most recent game being won by Germany 1–0 in the UEFA Euro 2012.

paragraphs: Germany took the lead after Thomas Müller scored a penalty that was awarded to them after the foul by João Pereira. Mats Hummels doubled their advantage after he scored from a corner that was taken by Toni Kroos. Shortly before half time, Pepe got a red card and Thomas Müller scored again. Thomas Müller scored the final goal at the 78th minute, which finished the game at 4–0.

paragraphs: Previously, the two teams have met 2 times, both in World Cup matches. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, Ghana defeated the United States 2–1 in the group stage, and in the 2010 FIFA World Cup, Ghana defeated the United States again 2–1 in the Round of 16.

paragraphs: Clint Dempsey scored one of the earliest goals in World Cup history, 30 seconds after the kickoff. The Americans were in the lead until André Ayew equalized the score at the 82nd minute. However, the Americans scored again just four minutes later from John Brooks header.

paragraphs: The teams met twice in history, including a match in the 2010 FIFA World Cup where Germany won 1–0. The two teams have brothers that will face each other, including Kevin-Prince Boateng of Ghana and Jérôme Boateng of Germany.

paragraphs: The Germans took the lead at the 51st minute after Thomas Müller's cross helped Mario Götze score. Ghana equalized three minutes later when André Ayew headed in Harrison Afful's corner. Ghana then took the lead when Philipp Lahm's pass was intercepted and given to Asamoah Gyan to score at the 63rd minute. Luckily for the Germans, Miroslav Klose equalized the score after a corner was taken by Toni Kroos. The goal became Klose's 15th world cup goal, equalizing Ronaldo's same record. He also joined players Pelé and Uwe Seeler as the only players to have scored in four FIFA World Cup's.

paragraphs: The teams have met in 5 games, including a match in the 2002 FIFA World Cup group stage which was won by the United States 3–2.

paragraphs: The game started perfectly for the Portuguese, as Nani scored at the 5th minute when Geoff Cameron's clearance landed at the feet of Nani. The game went on without goals until Jermaine Jones's goal equalized the game from a corner. The Americans took the lead after Clint Dempsey scored from Graham Zusi's cross. Luckily for the Portuguese, Varela scored at the last minute from a cross from Cristiano Ronaldo. Varela's goal was one of the latest goals in FIFA World Cup history.

paragraphs: The two teams have met 5 times, including a group stage match in the 1998 FIFA World Cup which was won by Germany 2–0, and a guarter-finals match in the 2002 FIFA World Cup which was also won by Germany 1–0. Current United States coach Jürgen Klinsmann played for Germany and also managed Germany in 2006.

paragraphs: The match was goaless until Thomas Müller scored his ninth World Cup goal at the 55th minute. The goal was the winning goal of the match, and Germany was victorious 1–0.

paragraphs: On this match, the two teams met for the first time.


title: Virat Kohli

paragraphs: Virat also became the greatest Indian captain in Test cricket with 27 test wins, 12 overseas test wins and highest winning percentage as captain in both Tests and ODIs. Kohli was ranked eighth in ESPN's list of world's most famous sportspeople in 2016. Virat is the only current player to have a stand named after him in Delhi Firoz Shah Kotla stadium to honour his immaculate contributions to Indian cricket.

paragraphs: He started dating Bollywood actress Anushka Sharma in 2013. They got married on 11 December 2017 in Florence, Italy. Kohli first came into the limelight in 2008, when he led the Indian U-19 cricket team to victory in 2008 U-19 Cricket World Cup He soon made his debut for the Indian team in August 2008, during a ODI match against Sri Lanka.


title: 2008 London mayoral election

paragraphs: The London mayoral election, 2008 was on 1 May 2008. It was the third London mayoral election, the first election was held in May 2000 and the second election in June 2004. It was won by the Conservative Party candidate Boris Johnson. Boris Johnson became the second Mayor of London.


title: 2012 London mayoral election

paragraphs: The London mayoral election of 2012 was on Thursday 3 May 2012. It was the fourth London mayoral election. It was won by Conservative Party candidate and the incumbent mayor Boris Johnson who has been mayor since the 2008 election.


title: 2016 London mayoral election

paragraphs: The 2016 London mayoral election was held on 5 May 2016 to elect the next Mayor of London. It was the fifth London mayoral election. The sitting mayor of London Boris Johnson did not stand for re-election. The Conservative Party candidate was Zac Goldsmith and the Labour Party candidate was Sadiq Khan. In the election, Khan was elected mayor.

paragraphs: The election election used the supplementary vote system, which is where the voters choose a first and a second choice of candidates. After two rounds Khan was elected as Mayor.


title: Jimmy Boyd

paragraphs: Jimmy Boyd (January 9, 1939 – March 7, 2009) was an American musician and actor. He became known for his performance and recording of "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus".

paragraphs: He was born James Boyd in McComb, Mississippi. He died from cancer, age seventy, in Santa Monica, California.


title: West Point, Mississippi

paragraphs: West Point is a city in Clay County, Mississippi. It is in the eastern part of the state near the Alabama border. There were 11,307 people living in West Point at the 2010 U.S. census.


title: Tupelo, Mississippi

paragraphs: Tupelo is a city in northeastern Mississippi. It is close to the Alabama state line. At the 2010 U.S. census, 34,546 people lived in Tupelo. The city is famous because Elvis Presley was born there. In 1936, a strong tornado struck the area.


title: Seal of Mississippi

paragraphs: The Mississippi State Seal was adopted in 1798, back when Mississippi was a U.S. territory, the Mississippi territory. When it became a state in 1817, it was declared the state seal.

paragraphs: The central part of the seal has an eagle centered inside it. The wings of the eagle are spread out, and its head held high. Stars and stripes adorn its chest. The outer circle of this seal carries the words "The Great Seal of the State of Mississippi".

paragraphs: This seal was adopted on 19 January 1818. In July of 2014, the seal was slightly changed when the state government added the words "In God We Trust" to the bottom. The state government said that it did this to protect "religious freedom".


title: Rod Liddle

paragraphs: Liddle was born in Abbey Wood, London to a train driver. He was brought up in Nunthorpe from the age of eight. At 16 he was a member of the Socialist Workers Party. He stayed a member for about a year.

paragraphs: Liddle met Rachel Royce at the BBC in 1993. In January 2004 Liddle married her in Malaysia.


title: Jean Rhys

paragraphs: Jean Rhys, CBE (24 August 1890 – 14 May 1979), born Ella Gwendolyn Rees Williams, was a novelist from Dominica. She is best known for her novel "Wide Sargasso Sea".

paragraphs: Rhys was born to a Welsh father and a white Creole mother. In 1907 Rhys left her Caribbean island home to live in England with her aunt. In 1919 Rhys married. In 1927 her first collection of short stories "The Left Bank and Other Stories" was published by Jonathan Cape (London). Her first novel was published in 1928. That year she moved to London. She married her agent in 1934.

paragraphs: Rhys died alone in a nursing home in Devon in 1979, just before her 87th birthday.


title: Limit of a sequence

paragraphs: In mathematics, a sequence is an ordered set of mathematical objects (most notably a list of numbers). In some cases, the sequence tends towards a limit, in which case the limit is denoted using the symbol formula_1 (as in formula_2), and the sequence is said to be convergent, otherwise it is divergent.

paragraphs: In a convergent sequence, the absolute difference between the value of the current term and the limit, formula_3, will decrease towards 0, as the sequence progresses.

paragraphs: We call formula_4 the limit of the sequence formula_5 if the following condition holds:

paragraphs: In other words, for every measure of distance formula_10, we can find an infinite number of terms of the sequence that are closer than formula_10 to the limit. We say that the sequence formula_5 converges to or tends to the limit formula_4, which we write as formula_14 or formula_15. The limit can be also shown to be unique.

paragraphs: If a sequence converges to a limit, then it is convergent; otherwise it is divergent.

paragraphs: The Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea is famous for formulating paradoxes that involve limiting processes.

paragraphs: Leucippus, Democritus, Antiphon, Eudoxus and Archimedes developed the method of exhaustion, which uses an infinite sequence of approximations to determine an area or a volume. Archimedes succeeded in summing what is now called a geometric series.

paragraphs: Newton dealt with series in his works on "Analysis with infinite series" (written in 1669, circulated in manuscript, published in 1711), "Method of fluxions and infinite series" (written in 1671, published in English translation in 1736, Latin original published much later) and "Tractatus de Quadratura Curvarum" (written in 1693, published in 1704 as an Appendix to his "Optiks"). In the latter work, Newton considers the binomial expansion of ("x"+"o"), which he then linearizes by "taking the limits" as "o" tends to 0.

paragraphs: In the 18th century, mathematicians like Euler succeeded in summing some "divergent" series by stopping at the right moment; they did not much care whether a limit existed, as long as it could be calculated. At the end of the century, Lagrange in his "Théorie des fonctions analytiques" (1797) opined that the lack of rigour precluded further development in calculus. Gauss in his etude of hypergeometric series (1813) for the first time rigorously investigated under which conditions a series converged to a limit.

paragraphs: The modern definition of a limit (for any ε there exists an index "N" so that ...) was given by Bernhard Bolzano ("Der binomische Lehrsatz", Prague 1816, little noticed at the time), and by Karl Weierstraß in the 1870s.


title: Acholi people

paragraphs: Acholi (also Acoli) is a Luo Nilotic ethnic group from Northern Uganda. About 1.2 million Acholi people live in Uganda. Acholi people speak Acholi.


title: Wendy Barrie

paragraphs: Marguerite Wendy Jenkins (also Wendy Barrie; 18 April 1912 – 2 February 1978) was a British-born American actress who worked in British and American movies. She played Pamela Starr in "Women in War" (1940). She also played Ann Patterson in "Submarine Alert".

paragraphs: Barrie was born in Hong Kong. She died following a stroke in Englewood, New Jersey.


title: David Michel

paragraphs: David Michel (born 1975) is a French producer and head of Marathon Media. He created many famous series like: Totally Spies!, Martin Mystery and The Amazing Spiez!.

paragraphs: Since 1999, David Michel has produced several long-running animated series along with Vincent Chalvon-Demersay (CEO, Marathon Media) : Totally Spies, Martin Mystery, Team Galaxy, Monster Buster Club, The Amazing Spiez!. In 2009, David produces a first animated feature film, "Totally Spies, The Movie" based on the international T.V hit "Totally Spies" sold in over 130 countries, and the most sold French T.V series internationally.

paragraphs: DWith a €5.8 Million budget, this movie is produced by Marathon Media, Studio 37 (the movie subsidiary of European cell phone operator Orange), Mikado (Italy) and distributed around the world. The French theatrical release is scheduled was July 22 2009. In 2013 David Michel is stepping down as CEO but still working a Marathon Media.


title: Sam Kelly

paragraphs: Samuel Kelly (born Roger Michael Kelly) (19 December 1943 – 14 June 2014) was an English actor. He appeared in movies, television, radio and theatre. He was best known for his roles as Captain Hans Geering in "'Allo 'Allo" and as Ted Liversidge in "Barbara".

paragraphs: Kelly had Cancer of unknown primary origin. He was admitted to a hospice on 13 June 2014. He died early the next morning, aged 70.


title: Grace Metalious

paragraphs: Grace Metalious (September 8, 1924 – February 25, 1964) was an American author. She was best known for her controversial novel "Peyton Place", which was made into a soap opera in the 1960s. She also wrote several other novels.

paragraphs: Metalious was born in Manchester, New Hampshire. She died from cirrhosis of the liver, age 39, in Boston, Massachusetts.


title: Frankie Valli

paragraphs: Frankie Valli (born Francesco Stephen Castelluccio; May 3, 1934) is an American popular singer. He is most famous as frontman of The Four Seasons beginning in 1960. He is well known for his unusually powerful falsetto voice. He is known for his song "My Eyes Adore You" and "Grease" (1978).


title: Mona Barrie

paragraphs: Mona Barrie (18 December 1909 – 27 June 1964) was an English actress in American movies and theater. She played Helen Anders in "I Met Him in Paris". She also played Stephanie in "Something to Sing About".

paragraphs: Barrie was born in London, England. She died, age 54, in Los Angeles.


title: Kyle O'Reilly

paragraphs: Kyle Greenwood (born March 1, 1987) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is better known under his ring name Kyle O'Reilly. He is currently working for many different independent promotions which include Ring of Honor (ROH), Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), and Elite Canadian Championship Wrestling (ECCW). During his career, he has won PWG's 2013 Battle of Los Angeles, the PWG World Championship (where he is the current champion), and the ROH World Tag Team Championship three times with Bobby Fish.

paragraphs: He has type 1 diabetes. He notes Bret Hart, Toshiaki Kawada, Royce Gracie, and Muhammad Ali as his role models. He lives with fellow wrestlers Davey Richards and Tony Kozina.


title: Philippe Gilbert

paragraphs: Philippe Gilbert (born 5 July 1982) is a Belgian professional road bicycle racer. He won the 2012 UCI Road World Championships. Gilbert is one of the two cyclist in the history, along with Davide Rebellin, to have won the three Ardennes classics: the Amstel Gold Race, La Flèche Wallonne and Liège–Bastogne–Liège. Gilbert is a member of the


title: Random walk hypothesis

paragraphs: Random walk hypothesis is created as a neo-classical consumption function by Robert E. Hall, and it is related to an expectation theory in macro economics. This gives basis of how individuals do economic decision of present period and is used to calculate an amount of the macro consumption from an economic world.

paragraphs: This theory starts with Freidman's permanent income hypothesis and Lucas's rational expectation hypothesis. Before this theory was made, other expectation theories basically assume that people irrationally think sometimes making decision based on the past (already reflected in the market) facts or falling into the illusion. But Lucas argued that the market players use all the information available at the moment in order to pursuit utility maximization. Permanent income hypothesis supposes people try to decide the amount of consumption expecting the impacts of a certain incident throughout the whole periods of time.

paragraphs: Random walk hypothesis concludes rational expectation to consumption of the next period is the present consumption. It is because all the information was taken into account on the decision of the present consumption. What changes the amount of next period consumption is totally unexpected or not given information. Therefore, the changes in the consumption cannot be expected but randomly walk.


title: Stan Smith (American Dad!)

paragraphs: Stan Smith (born November 22, 1967) is the main fictional cartoon character of "American Dad!". He is voiced by Seth MacFarlane. Smith works for the CIA in Langley Falls, Virginia.

paragraphs: He is a Republican and his hero is Ronald Reagan. He is often makes bad decisions or lies, but at the end learns his lesson. MacFarlane says that Smith is based on Archie Bunker in "All in the Family".

paragraphs: When Stan was young, his father left his mother because he was on the run from the police. His father, Jack, is a burglar.


title: Francine Smith

paragraphs: Francine Smith (née Ling; formerly Dawson) (Born September 26, 1971) is a fictional character on the animated television series "American Dad!". She is the wife of the title character Stan Smith and the mother of Hayley and Steve.

paragraphs: Francine is voiced by Wendy Schaal. She was adopted by Asian parents when her wealthy parents abandon her at an airport because she was too young to travel in first-class.


title: Hayley Smith (American Dad!)

paragraphs: Hayley Dreamsmasher Smith (born May 8, 1967) is a character from the animated television series "American Dad!". She is voiced by Rachael MacFarlane, the younger sister of one of the series co-creators, Seth MacFarlane.

paragraphs: Hayley, along with her father Stan, was one of the first two characters that were thought of and created for the series.

paragraphs: During the series, Hayley's storylines is usually about her liberal opinions clashing with her father's staunch conservative beliefs, and her on-again-off-again relationship with boyfriend Jeff Fischer, whom she later marries in the show's sixth season.


title: Klaus Heissler

paragraphs: Klaus Heissler is a fictional goldfish of the animated series "American Dad!". He was created by Seth MacFarlane. He is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker in a German accent.

paragraphs: Klaus was once an East German Olympic ski-jumper until his mind was transferred into the body of a goldfish during the 1986 Winter Olympics by the CIA to prevent him from winning the gold medal, leaving him trapped in the goldfish's body. Ironically, Klaus started out on the series as a bully for his harsh criticism, but now he is the one being bullied by the family.


title: Steve Smith (American Dad!)

paragraphs: Steven Anita "Steve" Smith (born May 13, 1991) is a fictional character in the animated television series "American Dad!". He is voiced by Scott Grimes. He is Stan and Francine Smith's only son and Hayley's younger brother as well as the youngest of the series' six main characters.

paragraphs: Steve's original design was much geekier and gawky and he was voiced by Ricky Blitt. Halfway through production, Grimes replaced Blitt and Steve's design was made to be more attractive, so he would be less comparable to Neil Goldman from "Family Guy".


title: Roger (American Dad!)

paragraphs: Roger Smith is a fictional character in the animated sitcom "American Dad!". He is voiced by Seth MacFarlane. The character was created and designed by MacFarlane. Roger is hundreds of years old. He is a grey space alien living with the Smith family. Roger's design is inspired by E. T. the alien in Steven Spielberg's "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial".

paragraphs: Having lived on Earth since 1947, Roger came to live with the Smiths after rescuing main character Stan Smith at Area 51 four years before to the beginning of the series. Roger is known for dressing-up in many personas, so that his identity as an alien cant be known. He sometimes dresses-up as famous people.


title: Ravenna, Ohio

paragraphs: Ravenna is a city in Portage County, Ohio, United States. The population was 11,771 at the 2000 Census and 11,724 at the 2010 Census. It is the county seat of Portage County. It is named for the city of Ravenna, Italy.


title: Ossie Davis

paragraphs: Ossie Davis (born Raiford Chatman Davis; December 18, 1917 – February 4, 2005) was an American movie, television and Broadway actor, director, poet, playwright, author, and social activist. He was known for his role as Yar in the 2000 animated movie "Dinosaur". He was married to actress Ruby Dee.

paragraphs: Davis died in Miami, Florida from heart disease, aged 87.


title: Clinch County, Georgia

paragraphs: Clinch County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. It was created on February 14, 1850. It was named in honor of Duncan Lamont Clinch. As of the 2010 census, the population was 6,798. The county seat is Homerville.


title: Homerville, Georgia

paragraphs: Homerville is a city in Clinch County, Georgia, United States. Its population was 2,456 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Clinch County, Georgia.


title: Homerville, Ohio

paragraphs: Homerville is an unincorporated community in central Homer Township, Medina County, Ohio, United States. Its zip code is 44235.


title: Petey Williams

paragraphs: Peter "Petey" Williams III (born August 26, 1981) is a Canadian professional wrestler. He is best known for his time working with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). During his time there, he was the captain of Team Canada and was a two time TNA X Division Champion. Williams is known by the nickname "The Canadian Destroyer" because of his front flip piledriver finishing move of the same name.

paragraphs: Williams is a member of the band The High Crusade. He plays the guitar and harmonica with fellow wrestlers Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin as well as their friends Adam Tatro and Chris Plumb. They released their debut album, It's Not What You Think, on September 7, 2010.


title: Ernie Kovacs

paragraphs: Ernie Kovacs (January 23, 1919 – January 13, 1962) was an American author, comedian and actor. He played Captain Locke in the movie "Operation Mad Ball". He also played Harry Foster Malone in "It Happened to Jane".

paragraphs: Kovacs was born in Trenton, New Jersey. He was married to actress Edie Adams from 1954 until his death. He died from injuries from in a car accident in Los Angeles.


title: Lucile Watson

paragraphs: Lucile Watson (May 27, 1879 – June 24, 1962) was a Canadian actress. She played the Lady Margaret Cronin in "Waterloo Bridge" (1940). She also played Fanny Farrelly in the movie "Watch on the Rhine"

paragraphs: The actress was born in Quebec City. She died after a heart attack in New York City.


title: Cauchy sequence

paragraphs: In mathematics, a Cauchy sequence is a sequence where the distance between any two elements of the sequence decreases as the sequence progresses. Cauchy sequences are named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy.


title: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant

paragraphs: Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), or Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), or Islamic State, (IS) is a Sunni jihadist militant group. In Arabic it is often called "Daesh". It operates in Libya, Nigeria, Syria and a small part of northern Iraq. It is influenced by the Wahhabi version of Islam. It claims the status of independent state for the territories under its control in Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, and Syria. It is opposed to Shiism and has been described as "Shiaphobic".

paragraphs: The group was started in the early years of the Iraq War and associated itself with Al-Qaeda in 2004. ISIL was composed of different insurgent groups. Its aim was to establish a caliphate in the Sunni majority regions of Iraq, later expanding this to include Syria. In February 2014, after an eight-month power struggle, Al-Qaeda cut all ties with ISIL.

paragraphs: ISIL is millenarianist, meaning it believes that society is going to change a lot, and everything we know will end soon. The group recruits new members by promising them sex slaves or cheap marriages.

paragraphs: At the height of the Iraq War, ISIL was in the Iraqi provinces of Al Anbar, Ninawa, Kirkuk, most of Salah ad Din, parts of Babil, Diyala and Baghdad. It claimed Baqubah as its capital. In the ongoing Syrian Civil War, the group has a large presence in the Syrian governorates of Ar-Raqqa, Idlib and Aleppo.

paragraphs: The group has attacked government and military targets. It has claimed responsibility for attacks that killed thousands of Iraqi civilians. During the time coalition forces were present in Iraq, the group suffered some setbacks. By 2012, it was thought to have regained most of its strength and more than doubled the number of its members to about 2,500.

paragraphs: In 2013, a letter and an audio recording of Ayman al-Zawahiri, the leader of al-Qaeda, was leaked to Al Jazeera. In it, al-Zawahiri disbanded the Syrian faction of ISIL. The group's leader, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, opposed this ruling on the basis of Islamic law. The group has since continued to operate in Syria. Starting in April 2013, it made rapid military gains in large parts of Northern Syria, where the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights described them as "the strongest group". They have sought publicity by releasing videos of the decapitation (beheading) of journalists and other prisoners of war mainly done by member Jihadi John. He was killed in November 2015.

paragraphs: In June 2014, it announced a worldwide caliphate. In 2014, ISIL successfully fought in a large-scale offensive in Iraq. After this offensive, ISIL is reported to have seized control of most of Mosul, the second biggest city in Iraq, its surrounding Nineveh province, and the city of Fallujah. In the spring of 2015 ISIL fought for control of Tikrit, the administrative center of the Salah ad Din Governorate.

paragraphs: In spring of 2016 the Army of Iraq took back Fallujah. At the end of 2016 the army took back Ramadi in Al Anbar Province, and in early 2017 Iraqi government forces retook Mosul. In October Raqqa, the former headquarters, fell.

paragraphs: The 2014 film "The Blue Man", which is related to The New York Times article titled "Uncovering Iraq's Horrors in Desert Graves" written by John F. Burns, also mentions mass killings of Shia Muslims by the Islamic State between 2003 to 2006.


title: Orpheum (Vancouver)

paragraphs: The Orpheum is a theatre and music venue. It is located on 884 Granville Street in Vancouver, British Columbia. The Orpheum is a part of the Vancouver Civic Theatres group of live performance venues along with the Queen Elizabeth Theatre and Vancouver Playhouse. It was opened on November 7, 1927 as a vaudeville house although they had their first show the day before. When it opened in 1927, The Orpheum was the biggest theatre in Canada, had three thousand seats and cost $1.25 million to build. When vaudeville was slowing down from its popularity, the Orpheum found new owners in Famous Players and became mainly a movie house but hosted live events every now and then.

paragraphs: In 1973, Famous Players wanted to turn the place into a multiplex because of economic reasons. There was a "Save the Orpheum" public protest that was launched, which Jack Benny flew in to help with. The Orpheum was then saved.

paragraphs: It is the home of the Vancouver Symphony Orchestra. The Orpheum was designated a National Historic Site of Canada on November 15, 1979.


title: Multiroom

paragraphs: Multiroom, also known as "multi bang" is a type of business found in Korea. is Customers rent multirooms, where they sing, watch movies, play Nintendo or Wii games, and engage in similar activities using the electronics provided there. Multirooms usually cost between 10,000-15,000 won per hour to rent. Each room usually comes with unlimited snack and beverage refills. The snacks often include pretzels, toast, ice cream, and cereal and the beverages include coffee, soda, and tea. Customers are also allowed to bring their own snacks. It is a trend in Korea for teenagers to go to multibangs or multirooms. This is because of the relatively low prices and range of activities. Multirooms cost less than noraebang, theaters, or game rooms individually. Multirooms are patronized by teenagers and adults.


title: Louise Beavers

paragraphs: Louise Beavers (March 8, 1902 – October 26, 1962) was an African-American actress. She acted in movies and television. She appeared in dozens of movies between the 1920s and 1960. She played Delilah in "Imitation of Life" (1934). She also played Stella in "Shadow of the Thin Man".

paragraphs: Beavers was born in Cincinnati, Ohio. She died following a heart attack in Los Angeles, aged 60.


title: Toussaint L'ouverture

paragraphs: Toussaint L'Ouverture (c. 1743–1803), He was the leader of the Haitian Revolution. Toussaint L’Ouverture started his military career as a leader of the 1791 slave rebellion in Saint-Domingue, which was a French colony. When he did this he was a free black man (not a slave). Toussaint gradually took control over the whole island (also the Spanish part called Santo Domingo). When he had power for years, he tried to improve the security and economy on Saint-Domingue. He also restored the plantation system, by using paid workers. Besides of all this, he had a very large army.

paragraphs: Little is known for sure about Toussaint L’Ouverture’s early life, because sources disagree. The first records of his life were from his son, Isaac L’Ouverture. Most histories say Toussaint’s father was Gaou Guinou, who was a son of King Arrada. King Arrada, also called Great Arrada, was the king of what is now Benin. His mother was Gaou Guinou’s second wife.

paragraphs: Most sources tell us that Toussaint L’Ouverture was born on the plantation of Bréda at Haute de Cap in Saint Domingue. His birthdate is unknown. All Saints' Day is likely, because his name "Toussaint" means "all saints'" in French. When the Haitian Revolution started he was probably about 50 years old. Different sources give birth dates from 1739 until 1746. When he was a child he was small and weak. But as an adult he was known by his great stamina and horse-riding skills.

paragraphs: Most sources tell us that Toussaint was well-educated by his godfather, Pierre Baptiste. By age 20 he could speak three languages, French, Creole and some Latin. He also had a knowledge of medicinal plants.

paragraphs: Toussaint married Suzanne Simone Baptiste in 1782. Suzanne was probably his cousin. People think that he had 16 children, and that 11 of them had already died before he did himself. His oldest son was adopted. The two sons born out of his marriage with Suzanne were Isaac and Saint-Jean.

paragraphs: Toussaint was known for being a slave until the start of the Revolution. He was free at the age of 33.

paragraphs: When he was free, he became wealthier and began to have more property. He made a good amount of money in the Revolution and he was the owner of several properties.

paragraphs: During his life Toussaint L’Ouverture was considered to be a Roman Catholic. The Vodou spirituality was also often used on the Bréda plantation. It was combined with Catholicism. It is not known if Toussaint had anything to do with these religions and spiritualties. When he was the ruler of Saint-Domingue, he said he did not.

paragraphs: L'ouverture was a Freemason. The historians thought this, because he used a Masonic symbol in his signature.

paragraphs: Saint-Domingue (later Haiti) was the world's biggest sugar producer and provided sugar for many countries. It had more than 800 sugar plantations. With a few rich families and 500,000 African slaves on Haiti, the slaves totally outnumbered everyone else. To stop the slaves from revolting and taking the power, the French people used terrible methods to keep the slaves powerless.

paragraphs: The Haitian Revolution began when the French people who owned the plantations wanted independence. But the slaves wanted something else; they wanted freedom. In 1791, about 100,00 slaves revolted. They burned all the sugarcane in the fields and killed hundreds of slave owners. In this early stage, Toussaint L’Ouverture did not join yet. But after some weeks, he took his family to the Spanish colony of Santo Domingo to keep them safe and helped the supervisors of the plantation of Bréda to leave the island, if we believe surviving documents.

paragraphs: Toussaint L’Ouverture was one of the leaders of the rebellion. He took part in talks about strategy. He had contact with the Spanish people who supported the rebellion, because they provided food to the slaves who were in revolt. In 1801 he moved to Santo Domingo and took control of the territory. He freed the slaves and wrote a constitution for Santo Domingo.

paragraphs: When Napoleon Bonaparte took power in France, he took back the rich sugar plantations on Saint-Domingue. In January of the year 1802, French soldiers landed in Saint-Domingue in order to get rid of Toussaint L’Ouverture. When Napoleon Bonaparte told Toussaint that he wanted Saint-Domingue back, Toussaint said that he would get it back if he would end slavery on Saint-Domingue forever. Napoleon agreed and took Toussaint with him to Paris to discuss the deal further.

paragraphs: Despite the deal, the French people later accused L'Ouverture of planning another revolt against the plantation owners. He was sent to jail in the French Alps. The jail was called Fort-de-Joux. Ten months after he was sent to jail, on the 7th of April 1803, Toussaint died.

paragraphs: After his death, slavery in Haiti was started again, but was never to be the same. Toussaint had left an impression about slavery, and the slaves continued to fight the rich French plantation owners in a brutal way. This resulted in another revolution. Toussaint’s General, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, took up Toussaint's job in the revolution after he died. Dessalines became the first Emperor of Haiti. Later in the revolt he was attacked and he died.

paragraphs: But before Dessalines died, yellow fever killed thousands of French people trying to calm the revolt in Haiti. On January 1, 1804, Saint-Domingue was renamed Haiti and was declared independent by Dessalines. In this way, Haiti became the first black republic in the world, and the first colony to free itself from European rule.


title: Diana Barrymore

paragraphs: Diana Barrymore (March 3, 1921 – January 25, 1960) was an American stage and movie actress. She was the stepdaughter of Dolores Costello. She was the aunt of the actress Drew Barrymore. She played Leslie Stafford in the movie "Nightmare" (1942). She played Anne Partridge in "Eagle Squadron".

paragraphs: The actress was born in New York City. She died there from an overdose of sleeping pills and alcohol.


title: Walter and Tandoori

paragraphs: Walter and Tandoori (also known as Walter or Walter's World) is a Canadian animated television series created by Sylvain Viau and by Image Entertainment Corporation. The show has 104 episodes running from 2009-2010

paragraphs: The series centres on Walter, an inventor and fix-it specialist, and his friend Tandoori, a hyperactive chicken, who live together in the village of Trois-Montagnes (in the French version) or Hart's Landing (in the English version), and embark on various adventures designed to teach children about the environment and ecology

paragraphs: "Main Article": Walter & Tandoori's Christmas

paragraphs: A 2011 Christmas themed Thriectal Production running of 85 Minutes in November 2011 The Movie is Image Entertainment Corporation Inc. First Film and Thriectal Film. The Film is distributed by Alivance Film.

paragraphs: The film also received a limited theatrical release outside of Canada, including a screening at the Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur in September 2012 and a brief run in Los Angeles in December of that year in an unsuccessful attempt to garner an Academy Award nomination for Best Animated Feature.

paragraphs: "Main Article": List of Walter & Tandoori Episodes

paragraphs: Walter & Tandoori series produced a number of 104 episodes that were each 13 minutes long produced by Image Entertainmet Corporation Inc..

paragraphs: The series has since aired on a number of other broadcast networks, including Ici Radio-Canada Télé, Télé-Québec, Vrak.TV and Cartoon Network Latin America.

paragraphs: The Series won a Prix Gémeaux for Best Animated Program or Series in 2011.


title: Cass Elliot

paragraphs: Cass Elliot (born Ellen Naomi Cohen; September 19, 1941 – July 29, 1974), also called Mama Cass, was an American singer. She was a member of the musical group The Mamas & the Papas. She released five solo albums after the group split.

paragraphs: Elliot was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She died in London, England from a heart attack.


title: Francis Matthews (actor)

paragraphs: Francis Matthews (2 September 1927 – 14 June 2014) was a British movie and television actor. He was best known for playing Paul Temple in the BBC series Paul Temple and for voicing Captain Scarlet in "Captain Scarlet and the Mysterons".

paragraphs: He died on 14 June 2014 at the age of 86.


title: Gig Harbor, Washington

paragraphs: Gig Harbor is the name of both a bay on Puget Sound and a city on its shore in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The population was 7,126 at the 2010 census.


title: Torn

paragraphs: "Torn" is a song covered by Australian singer-songwriter Natalie Imbruglia from her debut album "Left of the Middle".

paragraphs: Imbruglia get for track a Grammy nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, losing to Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On".

paragraphs: The music video, directed by Alison Maclean shows Natalie Imbruglia singing along with the song are interspersed with footage of her and Jeremy Sheffield engaging in a romantically conversation. These couple of scenes turn out to be B-roll footage. During the last chorus, the apartment walls start wobbling and the crew comes to dismantle it. Natalie Imbruglia begins to dance during the finishing guitar solo as her "world" crumbles around her.

paragraphs: The video of the song was rated the second best video of all time by MTV Italy.

paragraphs: The physical single of Imbruglia's version of the song has sold more than 4 million copies worldwide, including more than 1 million copies in the UK alone. In the UK, it is the 85th biggest selling single of all time. The track peaked at #2 for three weeks, being held off the top spot by Aqua's "Barbie Girl" and then dropped to #4. As a result, the song is the second biggest-selling single in history not to have topped the UK Singles Chart. On 24 September 2007, Natalie Imbruglia's version of the song re-entered the UK Singles Chart at #70, on the strength of digital sales after her greatest hits album was released. In the Flanders region of Belgium, the single peaked at a number one for 7 weeks and charted for 22 weeks.

paragraphs: As of 2011, "Torn" holds the record for most played song on Australian radio since 1990, played more than 300,500 times since its 1998 release.

paragraphs: In the United States, the song peaked at #1 on the Hot 100 Airplay chart for 11 consecutive weeks.

paragraphs: In 2003, "Torn" was declared the No. 1 Best Pop Song on a top 10 list, part of a larger collection of songs by Q magazine in their special edition 1001 Best Songs Ever. Billboard ranked "Torn" the No. 26 Best Pop Song based only on pop radio charts compiled between 1992–2012.


title: Maureen Connolly

paragraphs: Maureen Connolly (September 17, 1934 – June 21, 1969) was an American tennis player. She won nine Grand Slam singles titles in the 1950s. In 1953, she became the first woman to win all four Grand Slam titles in the same year.

paragraphs: Connolly was born in San Diego, California. She had to retire from tennis at age 19 because she was injured in a horseback riding accident. She was married to Norman Brinker from 1955 until her death. The couple had two daughters. She was diagnosed with ovarian cancer in 1966. It spread to her stomach. She died in of the disease in Dallas aged thirty-four.


title: Irish McCalla

paragraphs: Nellie Elizabeth McCalla (also Irish McCalla; December 25, 1928 – February 1, 2002) was an American actress and artist. She was best known for playing the title character in "Sheena, Queen of the Jungle". She also played Marie Baron in "The Beat Generation".

paragraphs: She was born in Pawnee City, Nebraska. She died from a stroke and brain tumors, age 73.


title: Barbara Stuart

paragraphs: Barbara Ann Stuart (née McNeese; January 3, 1930 – May 15, 2011) was an American actress. She played Marianne Danzig in "Our Family Honor". She also played Alice in "Pete and Gladys"

paragraphs: Stuart was born Barbara Ann McNeese in Paris, Illinois, which is the seat of Edgar County in eastern Illinois.

paragraphs: On May 15, 2011, Stuart died in St. George, Utah, at the age of 81. She was survived by a brother and three stepchildren.


title: Silvana Mangano

paragraphs: Silvana Mangano (21 April 1930 – 16 December 1989) was an Italian actress. She was born in Rome to an English mother and an Italian father. She played Silvana in "Bitter Rice". She also played the title character in "Anna" (1951).

paragraphs: Mangano was born in Rome. She was married to Dino De Laurentiis from 1949 until they divorced in 1988. She died from lung cancer in Madrid, age fifty-nine.


title: TeenNick

paragraphs: TeenNick is a television channel that was launched as a television block of Nickelodeon named TEENick in 2001.


title: Mary Sheldon Barnes

paragraphs: Mary Downing Sheldon (born September 15, 1850-died August 27, 1898) was a historian and teacher from the United States. She taught her students how to use primary sources and problem-solving to do their research in college. Anna Strunsky was inspired by Sheldon's work.

paragraphs: Mary Downing Sheldon was born in Oswego, New York. She had four siblings. She was the oldest of them all. Her mother was named Frances Stiles. Her father was Edward Austin Sheldon. Her father founded Oswego State Normal and Training School. Sheldon would go to school there. She graduated in 1869. She worked there as a teacher for two years. She then went to school at the University of Michigan. She graduated in 1876 with a degree in classics. She went back to Oswego State Normal and Training School where she taught for two years. She taught history, Latin, botany, and Greek. She stopped work at Oswego and started working at Wellesley College in 1876. She worked there for two and a half years. She used case methods in her teaching. She quit working there in 1879 because she was sick and also had problems with the people who worked there. After she quit, she relaxed so she would feel better, and then traveled for fun. In 1882, she went back to work at Oswego. She wrote a book while she was there, called "Studies in General History". It was published in 1885.

paragraphs: On August 6, 1885, Sheldon got married. She married a man named Earl Barnes. She met him when he was a student of hers, and he was 11 years younger than her. He became the head of the education department at Stanford University in 1981. Sheldon moved with him and also worked at Stanford. She researched and taught classes about the History of Europe and the Pacific Slope areas. Sheldon and Barnes wrote a book together in 1891. It was called "Studies in American History." They also wrote another book in 1896, together. She wrote another book of her own, too. It was called "Studies of Historical Method," and taught readers about historical method. In 1897, Sheldon and Barnes quit working at Stanford. They traveled to Europe and wrote while they were there.

paragraphs: On August 27, 1898, Sheldon died of heart disease in London. The teaching and writing that she did about research and historical method is considered ahead of its time. The work that she did helped improve history textbooks that are used today. In 1985 and 1986, papers, writings and other materials owned by Sheldon and Barnes were donated to the Sophia Smith Collection at Smith College by Betty Barnes, the daughter-in-law of Earl Barnes, and his second wife, Anna Koehler Barnes.


title: Jessie Street National Women's Library

paragraphs: The Jessie Street National Women's Library is a library which has books, music, photographs, and more about women's history in Australia. It is located in the city of Ultimo in New South Wales. It was founded in 1989 so that it would be easier to find books and sources about women, as sources about women's history are harder to find than other types of history. It is named after Jessie Street. People who donated money to start the library, called patrons, are Laurence Street, who is Jessie Street's son, Elizabeth Evatt, Judith Wright, and Oodgeroo Noonuccal. The library has a collection of books, papers, writings, recordings, and more, related to women's organizations, famous Australian women, and more.


title: Vehicle fire

paragraphs: A vehicle fire (or car fire) is an uncontrolled burning of an automobile. It is one of the most common causes of property damage by fire.

paragraphs: Motor vehicles have quite a few flammable parts and liquids, including gasoline and oil. They also have parts that can start fires, including air bag detonators and hot exhaust systems.


title: Ray Fox

paragraphs: Raymond Lee Fox, Sr. (May 28, 1916 – June 15, 2014) was an American engine builder, NASCAR car owner and NASCAR engine inspector. His cars won fourteen NASCAR Grand National (now Sprint Cup) events and sixteen pole positions.

paragraphs: He was inducted in many halls of fame, including the International Motorsports Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: Fox died died on June 15, 2014 of pneumonia at Daytona Beach, Florida, aged 98.


title: Ningali Cullen

paragraphs: Ningali Cullen (1942-2012) was an Aboriginal activist. She was also the co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee.

paragraphs: She was born in Ooldea, South Australia in 1942. When she was four years old, she was taken away from her family, with her brother and a sister. Cullen and her brother were taken to the Koonibba Lutheran Mission Home near Ceduna, South Australia. She went to school at Concordia College. She was the first female Aboriginal student who had ever gone there.

paragraphs: After she graduated college from Concordia, she became a nurse. She worked at Royal Adelaide Hospital, Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia, and other places. She moved to Port Augusta in 1964. She saw a lot of discrimination against Aboriginal people when she worked in hospitals. It made her very angry. She married Lawrie Kinnear while she was a nurse. She had three children with Kinnear.

paragraphs: It had been a very long time since she had seen her mother, May Cobby. She found out where her mother was living and she visited her. In 1965, Cobby disappeared. She was taken while waiting at a restaurant with her daughter Mabel, who was the only child out of the four who was not taken from her when they were little. The police were called by the staff who worked at the restaurant. The police were asked to ask May and Mabel to leave the area. Mabel was arrested and May was left at the restaurant. Cullen asked for information on her mother's arrest and the police refused to give her any information. No one could find May.

paragraphs: Cullen became an activist after her mother disappeared. She worked to get more healthcare for Aboriginal people. She also helped people to stop using drugs and alcohol. She worked for the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Commission (ATSIC) in 1990. In 1992, she moved to Canberra, where she worked in healthcare for ATSIC.

paragraphs: She did a lot of work with organizations helping to locate people who were missing from the Aboriginal communities. She helped found National Sorry Day and was a member of the Stolen Generation. She worked with families and people involved in that group.

paragraphs: In 2003, Cullen married for a second time. She married a man named Derick Cullen. She died on May 10, 2012.


title: Robert Lebeck

paragraphs: Robert Lebeck (21 March 1929 – 14 June 2014) was an award-winning German photojournalist. Lebeck was born in Berlin. He became well known in 1960 after his report on the independence of the Congo "Afrika im Jahre Null" ("Africa in Year Zero"). This included a photo of an African boy standing next to the steel scabbard of Belgian King Baudouin. That picture remains his "calling card".

paragraphs: Lebeck died in Berlin, Germany, aged 85.


title: Isabel Martínez de Perón

paragraphs: María Estela Martínez Cartas de Perón (; born 4 February 1931), better known as Isabel Martínez de Perón or Isabel Perón, is a former President of Argentina. She was the third wife of the former President, Juan Perón.

paragraphs: During her husband's third term as president from 1973 to 1974, Isabel served as both vice president and First Lady. Following her husband's death in office in 1974, Isabel served as president from 1 July 1974 to 24 March 1976.

paragraphs: She was arrested near her home in Spain on 12 January 2007 over the forced disappearance of an activist in February 1976.


title: Roberto Eduardo Viola

paragraphs: Roberto Eduardo Viola (October 13, 1924 – September 30, 1994) was an Argentine military officer. He briefly served as president of Argentina from March 29 to December 11, 1981 as a military dictatorship. Viola found his maneuvering space greatly reduced, and was ousted by a military coup in December 1981.


title: Carlos Alberto Lacoste

paragraphs: Carlos Alberto Lacoste (February 2, 1929 – June 24, 2004) was an Argentine navy vice-admiral and politician. He briefly served as interim President of Argentina for ten days from December 11 to December 21 1981.


title: Knott's Berry Farm

paragraphs: Knott's Berry Farm is a theme park in Buena Park, California that is owned by Cedar Fair Entertainment Company. Since the theme park was purchased by Cedar Fair, the number of people who visited the park has increased. According to the 2013 Global Attractions Attendance Report, Knott's Berry Farm is the 13th most visited theme park in North America. The park has 40 rides, including roller coasters, family rides, children's rides, water rides, and historical rides, and there are plans to make the park bigger in the future.

paragraphs: The theme park sits on what used to be a berry farm that was built by Walter Knott, Cordelia Knott, and their family. Starting around 1920, the family started selling berries, berry preserves, and pies from a roadside stand along a highway. In 1934, the Knotts started selling fried chicken dinners inside a tea room that is on the farm. They later built shops and other attractions to entertain visitors. In 1940, Walter Knott built a ghost town on the farm, and added other attractions over many years. In 1968, Knott's Berry Farm started to charge people to visit the park. In 1983, the park added Camp Snoopy.

paragraphs: In the 1990s, the Knott children sold the family business after Walter and Cordelia Knott died. The theme park was sold to Cedar Fair and the food business was sold to ConAgra Foods, which was later sold to The J.M. Smucker Company.

paragraphs: Cedar Fair continued to make the park bigger in 1999 by adding Knott's Soak City. They also added more rides to Knott's Berry Farm.

paragraphs: The idea of an amusement park really picked up in the 1950s when Walter Knott opened a "summer-long county fair". In 1968, for the first time, an admission price was required to get into the park, originally set at 25 cents. The Calico log ride was added in 1969. On April 12, 1974, Cordelia Knott died, and Walter turned his attention toward political causes.

paragraphs: Sky Tower was built to support two attractions, the Parachute Sky Jump (now closed) and the Sky Cabin. Parachute Sky Jump boarded one or two standing riders looking forward to the thrill of the drop into baskets beneath a faux parachute canopy. From the top, eight arms supported the vertical cable tracks of wire rope which lifted the baskets. The Sky Cabin ringed the support pole with a single floor of seats that is surrounded behind windows. The Sky Cabin ring revolves slowly as it rises to the top and back offering a pleasantly changing view.. Sky Cabin is very sensitive to weather and passenger motion, such as walking, which is not allowed during the trip. During winds 25 mph+ or rain it is closed. When built, Sky Tower was the tallest structure in Orange County (a distinction now held by nearby WindSeeker.) The illuminated "K" in logo script atop the Sky Tower was designated a landmark which prevented Knott's plan of changing the foundation to support WindSeeker.

paragraphs: Corkscrew debuted in 1975 as the first modern-day roller coaster to perform a 360-degree inverting element, twice. It was designed by Arrow Development. Corkscrew is still operating to this day, but was sold and moved in 1989 to Silverwood in Athol, Idaho. Montezooma's Revenge was later opened in 1978 and remains in operation at Knott's Berry Farm.


title: Leopoldo Galtieri

paragraphs: Leopoldo Fortunato Galtieri Castelli (15 July 1926 12 January 2003) was an Argentine general and politician. He served as President of Argentina from 22 December 1981 to 18 June 1982. This was during the last military dictatorship (known officially as the National Reorganization Process). He was removed from power soon after the British retook the Falkland Islands, whose invasion he had ordered.

paragraphs: Galtieri was born in the Buenos Aires area. He entered the Argentine Army, and studied engineering. He was a skilled engineer, and he rose quickly through the ranks of the Argentine military. In 1975, he became the head of the Engineering Corps of the army.

paragraphs: When Jorge Rafael Videla took power a year later, Galtieri supported him. Videla was a brutal dictator, and thousands of people were murdered under his rule.

paragraphs: In 1981, Videla stepped down. Galtieri took power late that year after removing Roberto Viola in a coup d'état. Although not as brutal as Videla, he continued the "Dirty War."

paragraphs: The United States supported Galtieri. He was a strong anti-communist. Because of this, the United States saw Argentina as an ally against the Soviet Union in the Cold War.

paragraphs: Soon after Galtieri took power, the Argentine economy was about to fall apart. Inflation, the rate at which new money is put into the economy, was as high as 130%. Unemployment was very high, and the state oil company lost six billion dollars in a matter of months. This is the worst loss of money any corporation has had in all of history.

paragraphs: Galtieri allowed people to disagree with him more than the leaders who came before him. Protests against his dictatorship became common.

paragraphs: By 1982, Galtieri's popularity was low. He wanted more people to support him. He also wanted to increase Argentine patriotism. For many years, Argentina had said the Falkland Islands (a British territory) was actually theirs. The British did not see Argentina as a war threat, and didn't heavily defend the islands.

paragraphs: With Jorge Anaya, one of the other members of the junta, Galtieri thought of a plan to take over the islands. Galtieri ordered the Argentine military to invade the islands. After bombarding the capital city, Port Stanley, Argentina forced the British Governor of the islands, Rex Hunt, to surrender.

paragraphs: Galtieri became very popular after the invasion, and huge celebrations were held in Buenos Aires. His regime seemed to be very strong. But Galtieri had badly misread what British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher would do. He also believed he would have the support of the United States. However, the United States (and most of the world) supported Britain.

paragraphs: The British sent their armed forces to the islands. After heavy fighting, the British defeated Argentina in June. Within days, the Argentine army turned on Galtieri, and he was removed from power.

paragraphs: Afterwards, Galtieri was put on trial for crimes against humanity. Although one report wanted him to be executed, he was sentenced to twelve years in prison. In 1989, he was pardoned.

paragraphs: After leaving prison, Galtieri lived in a suburb of Buenos Aires. Never a rich man, he lived modestly for the rest of his life. Galtieri died from a heart attack caused by surgery to remove a cancerous tumor in his pancreas. He was 76 years old.

paragraphs: Today, Galtieri is commonly viewed as a very incompetent dictator. He is often blamed for Argentina losing the Falklands War.


title: Raúl Alfonsín

paragraphs: Raúl Ricardo Alfonsín (12 March 1927 – 31 March 2009) was an Argentine lawyer, politician and statesman. He served as the President of Argentina from December 10, 1983, to July 8, 1989.

paragraphs: Alfonsín was the first democratically elected president of Argentina following the military government known as the National Reorganization Process. He was awarded the Prince of Asturias Award for International Cooperation in 1985, among numerous other such recognitions.

paragraphs: Alfonsín died from lung cancer in Buenos Aires, aged 82.


title: Alfredo Oscar Saint Jean

paragraphs: Alfredo Oscar Saint-Jean (11 November 1926 – 2 September 1987) was an Argentine Army major general and politician. He served as President of Argentina in 1982.

paragraphs: Having been appointed Interior Minister in 1981 by Leopoldo Galtieri, he briefly served as President of Argentina from 18 June 1982 to 1 July 1982, during a period of military rule.

paragraphs: Saint-Jean's brief period as President in June and July 1982 ended when he was succeeded by General Reynaldo Bignone.


title: Ted Levine

paragraphs: Frank Theodore “Ted” Levine (born May 29, 1957) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Buffalo Bill in "The Silence of the Lambs" and as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer in the television series "Monk". In 2018, he starred as Ken Wheatley in "".


title: Bellaire, Ohio

paragraphs: Bellaire is a village in Belmont County, Ohio, United States. The population was 4,278 at the 2010 census.


title: Norridge, Illinois

paragraphs: Norridge is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 14,572 at the 2010 census. It is notable for being the location of the Harlem Irving Plaza.


title: Norridgewock, Maine

paragraphs: Norridgewock is a town in Somerset County, Maine, United States. The population was 3,367 at the 2010 census.


title: Buffalo Bill

paragraphs: William Frederick "Buffalo Bill" Cody (February 26, 1846 – January 10, 1917) was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman.

paragraphs: He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the U.S. state of Iowa), in Le Claire but he grew up for several years in his father's hometown in Canada before his family moved to the Kansas Territory.

paragraphs: Buffalo Bill started working at the age of eleven after his father's death. He became a rider for the Pony Express at age 14. During the American Civil War, he served from 1863 to the end of the war in 1865. Later he served as a civilian scout to the US Army during the Indian Wars, receiving the Medal of Honor in 1872.

paragraphs: One of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, Buffalo Bill became famous for the Wild West shows he organized with cowboy themes, which he toured in Great Britain and Europe as well as the United States.

paragraphs: Cody died of kidney failure on January 10, 1917, surrounded by family and friends at his sister's house in Denver. Cody was baptized into the Catholic Church the day before his death by Father Christopher Walsh of the Denver Cathedral.


title: Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka

paragraphs: Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka (February 28, 1923 – June 7, 2014) was a Polish-American philosopher and writer. She was one of the most important and most active contemporary phenomenologists. She was a founder and president of the World Phenomenology Institute. She had also been the editor of the book series "Analecta Husserliana" since the late 1960s.

paragraphs: Tymieniecka was born in Marianowo, Poland to a Polish-French family. She was married to Dutch-American economist Hendrik Houthakker for 52 years until his death in 2008. They had three children; Louis, Jan and Isabelle.

paragraphs: Tymieniecka died on June 7, 2014 in Pomfret, Vermont, aged 91.


title: World's Columbian Exposition

paragraphs: The World's Columbian Exposition (the official shortened name for the World's Fair: Columbian Exposition, also known as The Chicago World's Fair) was a World's Fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus' arrival in the New World in 1492.

paragraphs: Chicago won the honor of hosting the fair and defeated New York City; Washington, D.C.; and St. Louis of hosting the fair.

paragraphs: The fair was an influential social and cultural event. At the fair many inventors such as Thomas Edison, Milton S. Hershey, Nikola Tesla, George Ferris, and Marshall Field were there. Many other famous people were there too such as President Grover Cleveland, Mark Twain, Buffalo Bill, Sitting Bull, Scott Joplin, Mayor Carter Harrison, Sr., and Daniel Burnham.

paragraphs: The exposition was where many famous inventions were first presented and many modern items such as the Ferris wheel, Quaker Oats, Hershey's, the Frontier thesis was presented, and the United States Mint, in the United States of America, offered its first commemorative coins.


title: George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr.

paragraphs: George Washington Gale Ferris, Jr. (February 14, 1859 – November 22, 1896) was an American engineer. He is mostly known for creating the original Ferris wheel for the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition.


George Ferris


title: Hendrik Houthakker

paragraphs: Hendrik Samuel "Henk" Houthakker (December 31, 1924 – April 15, 2008) was a Dutch-American academic, economist and academic. He taught at Stanford University from 1954 to 1960. He then completed the rest of his career at Harvard University. He also served on President Richard Nixon's Council of Economic Advisers from 1969 to 1971.

paragraphs: Houthakker was born in Amsterdam, Netherlands to a Jewish family. During World War II, he and his family were sheltered by Roman Catholics. After the war, he graduated from the University of Amsterdam in 1949. He was married to Polish-American philosopher Anna-Teresa Tymieniecka, the founder of the World Phenomenology Institute, for 52 years until Houthakker's death. They had three children; Louis, Jan and Isabelle.

paragraphs: Houthakker died from problems caused by myasthenia gravis on April 15, 2008 in Lebanon, New Hampshire, aged 83.


title: Dahlonega, Georgia

paragraphs: Dahlonega is a city in and the county seat of Lumpkin County in northern Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 5,242. This city is known for it's rich wineries and its annual Gold Rush Festival.


title: Mortal Kombat X

paragraphs: Mortal Kombat X is a fighting video game. It was developed by NetherRealm Studios and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. It is the tenth main game in the "Mortal Kombat" series.

paragraphs: The game was released on April 3, 2015 for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. On April 7, 2015, an iOS version was released.

paragraphs: "Mortal Kombat X" became the fastest-selling game in the "Mortal Kombat" franchise. Creator Ed Boon said it was "the biggest launch in Mortal Kombat history".

paragraphs: Like the last game, The energy meter returns to allow the player to use techniques like the brutal X-Ray moves, with some refinements made to their system. Players can also now interact with the environment, like bouncing off areas to reposition themselves or being able to use parts of the environment as weapons. Fighters have three different types of fighting variations. The makers are planing on having a fully-connected online functionality.

paragraphs: There have been four new fighters that have been announced for the game so far: D'Vorah, a woman who controls insects; Ferra/Torr, a pairing consisting of a small girl and a giant masked brute; Cassie Cage, the daughter of Johnny Cage and Sonya Blade; and Kotal Kahn, a character that have not been described yet. According to series creator Ed Boon, the game's main villain will be a "surprise returning character."

paragraphs: Game Informer rated the game a 9.25 out of 10. Brian Shea of "Game Informer" said that the game was "more than the continuation of NetherRealm’s successful vision for the franchise; it’s one of the best fighting games in years".

paragraphs: The Escapist rated the game 4.5 out of 5 stars. Joshua Vanderwall of "The Escapist" said that he liked the gameplay and the roster. He called the options "exquisite fighting-game experiences". Vanderwall also said that the story mode was "the best story mode I've ever personally seen in a fighting game".


title: Don Jon

paragraphs: Don Jon is a 2013 American romantic comedy-drama movie directed by Joseph Gordon-Levitt. It stars Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Scarlett Johansson, Julianne Moore, and Tony Danza. It was released to positive reviews on September 27, 2013.


title: Transvision Vamp

paragraphs: Transvision Vamp were a British rock band. They were formed in Putney, London in 1986 and split up in 1991. Its members were Wendy James, Nick Christian Sayer, Dave Parsons, Anthony Doughty, Pol Burton, James Piper and Martin Hallett.

paragraphs: They released three albums: Pop Art, Velveteen (which reached number 1 on the UK albums chart, and Little Magnets Versus the Bubble of Babble. They released 11 singles: their most successful, Baby I Don't Care, reached number 3 in the UK singles chart.


title: Thrashing (computer science)

paragraphs: Thrashing is when the OS (Operating System) of a computer spends most of its time switching pages between memory and the disk. This seriously hurts the computer's performance. It prevents the computer from performing any useful work. Thrashing can also happen when the hard disk is attempting to retrieve files scattered all over the disk.


title: Districts of Wales

paragraphs: In 1974, Wales was re-divided for local government purposes into thirty-seven districts. Districts were the second tier of local government introduced by the Local Government Act 1972, being subdivisions of the eight counties introduced at the same time. This system of two-tier local government was abolished in 1996 and replaced with the current system of unitary principal areas.

paragraphs: Each district was administered by an elected district council. The council was entitled to petition for a charter granting borough status, whereupon the district became a "borough" and the district council a "borough council" headed by a mayor. In addition, a district could be granted Letters Patent granting city status.


title: Gendarmerie Nationale

paragraphs: In France, the National Gendarmerie is one of the divisions of the French Armed Forces, the military police. They are responsible for the public safety. They act like police for the citizens of France. It also contains a military police force and a special forces component, the GIGN. In 2011 more than 98,155 people were working for the National Gendarmerie in France.

paragraphs: The Gendarmerie works together with the other national law enforcement agency, the Police Nationale. And since 2009, even though this force is a part of the armed forces establishment, it belonged to the Ministry of the Interior as its military component and it is part of its operations and the budget. They fulfill national security duties and duties in support of their ministry.

paragraphs: They are also responsible for road patrols. The police can stop drivers. When they do so, it is called a contrôle. They can ask for a driver's identification papers and car papers at any time.

paragraphs: Their weapon quote is Gendarmerie, une force humaine. This literally means "Gendarmerie, a human armed force."

paragraphs: The name "Gendarmerie" comes from "gens d’arme," which means "armed people." This military corp has an exploding grenade as its logo. Instead of metal medals, Gendarmes wear ribbons. These are called bâtons. They get ribbons, inter alia, for service abroad.

paragraphs: Since a few years ago, the Gendarmes' flat hat, called a képi, has only been used for special occasions.

paragraphs: The French did not have a uniform until the late 17th century, though some companies had recognizable coat colors. Light grey was common, but red and blue were also worn. It was said that the French in the 17th century had an addiction to bows, ribbons, and plumes, which was suitable to the future leaders of European fashion. Guard Gendarmes probably had red coats. Many guard troops wore the royal badge on their back and their breast. In the 16th century, national signs were that they wore a white cross on their back and on their breast. In the 17th century this became a white sash.

paragraphs: Nowadays the Gendarmerie uses bulletproof and tactical vests and body armour. A anti-riot shield is used during a heavier riot. They also make use of the spectra helmet. This spectra helmet is fitted with a visor for extra protection of the face. If a tear gas is used, the operators use a special gas mask, which protects them from the dangerous gasses. They also have apparatus for throwing tear gas canisters and FAMAS riffles. This is a sort of weapon. This equipment helps protect Gendarmes while they are doing their jobs.

paragraphs: This is the territorial police branch of the Gendarmerie. It is the branch that is most similar to France’s common police. It has regular contact with France’s population and does jobs similar to the Police of France. The Departmental Gendarmerie is divided into Brigades consisting of 6 to 40 operators. A brigade performs observation and may give assistance to citizens in regulated periods, during both daytime and nighttime.

paragraphs: The Mobile Gendarmerie has several tasks, which include riot control, security of significant places (like embassies), conducting OPEX (External Operations), and providing support to the Departmental Gendarmerie. It is divided into 25 legions, including one advanced armoured anti-riot police group. The Mobile Gendarmerie has control over the GIGN, the counter-terrorism part of the Gendarmerie Nationale.

paragraphs: The GIGN members are well trained to conduct special operations such as hostage rescue. They are also trained in maritime anti-terrorism operations. They are trained to conduct operations with no risk to the public and the hostages.

paragraphs: A ceremonial unit that takes part in parades and secures important locations in a formal way.

paragraphs: Supervised by the Gendarmerie and the French Navy, the Maritime Gendarmerie conducts maritime surveillance, assistance and rescue at sea; police security at naval bases; and police at sea. They do these jobs not only in France, but also in other countries like French Guiana, Guadeloupe, and others.

paragraphs: The air transport gendarmerie is similar to the Gendarmerie de L’air. The Gendarmerie de L’air conducts safety operations in air force bases and goes to accidents involving military aircraft. Its missions include securing civilian airports, surveillance of technical things in the airport (like control towers), traffic control on the roads near airports, and making sure that important visitors are safe and well protected at airports.

paragraphs: -Subaru Impreza WRX STI (In use until 2011)

paragraphs: -Renault Megane RS (In use since 2011 and on)

paragraphs: -Many other cars, like the Ford Focus and Transit.

paragraphs: -Height Adjustible Rescue Assault System (HARAS): Based on a Chevrolet Suburban.

paragraphs: "The GIGN makes use of the helicopters belonging to the French Air Force."

paragraphs: - 5 Aérospatiale AS532 Cougar Helicopter


title: Fishing reel

paragraphs: A fishing reel is a device attached to a fishing rod used in winding and unwinding fishing line.

paragraphs: Modern fishing reels are designed to help in casting for distance and accuracy. Reels also retrieve line, usually with a handle. Fishing reels are traditionally used in the recreational sport of angling. They are also used in the sport of competitive casting. Reels are usually attached to a fishing rod by some means. However specialized reels are made to be mounted directly to the boat gunwales or transoms.

paragraphs: The first writing describing a fishing reel is from about 1100 years ago in China. Fishing reels first appeared in England around 1650 AD. By the 1760s, London tackle shops were advertising gear-retrieved reels. An American watchmaker and inventor, George W. Snyder, invented the first gear multiplying reel abut 1810.


title: Pamiers

paragraphs: Pamiers () is a "commune" in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. Although Pamiers is the largest city in Ariège, the capital is Foix, a smaller city.

paragraphs: In 1111, the city was officially founded by the Count Roger II of Foix and the abbot of the of Saint Antonin of Pamiers; they built a castle (now demolished) and named it "Castrum Appamiae", after a Syrian city, Apamea, that was visited by Roger II during the First Crusade. A church was built at the foot of the castle (Our Lady of Mercadal) where is now the cathedral.

paragraphs: The city of Pamiers is along the Ariège river in the plain formed by this river in the northern part of the Ariège department, in southern France.

paragraphs: The "commune" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: Pamiers is at to the south of Toulouse, to the north of Foix and to the west of Saint-Girons.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Pamiers is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The climate of Pamiers, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Pamiers are known, in French, as "Appaméens" (women: "Appaméennes").

paragraphs: With a population of 15,518, Pamiers is the city in the department with more people living in it; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Pamiers forms, with other 6 "communes", the urban area of Pamiers with a population of 26,727 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Pamiers, formed by 29 "communes" with a population of 35,054 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

paragraphs: Pamiers is a subprefecture of the Ariège department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Pamiers and the administrative centre () of two cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Les Portes d'Ariège - Pyrénées" ().


title: Saint-Girons, Ariège

paragraphs: Saint-Girons (Gascon: "Sent Gironç") is a commune in the Ariège department in the Occitanie region, southwestern France. It is the capital of the former French province of "Couserans" that forms the western part of Ariège.

paragraphs: Unlike its close neighbour Saint-Lizier, Saint-Girons is not an ancient city; there was however a "lucus" (a "sacred forest") on its present territory.

paragraphs: The city is named after Saint Girons, a saint from fifth-century Landes who evangelized in southwestern France. In the ninth century some of his relics were supposedly buried in Saint Girons' Church, around which the city later developed.

paragraphs: Saint-Girons is in the center of a basin at the foot of the Pyrenees and at the confluence of the Salat with the Lez and Baup rivers, in the Ariège department, southern France. The "commune" is part of the Regional Natural Park Pyrenees Ariégeoises.

paragraphs: The "commune" of Saint-Girons is surrounded by the "communes":

paragraphs: The climate of Saint-Girons, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Saint-Girons are known, in French, as "Saint-Gironnais" or "Gironnais" (women: "Saint-Gironnaises" or "Gironnaises").

paragraphs: Saint-Girons has a population of 6,284 (2014), and population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Evolution of the population in Saint-Girons

paragraphs: Saint-Girons forms, with other 3 "communes", the urban area of Saint-Girons with a population of 9,652 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Saint-Girons, formed by 39 "communes" with a population of 18,222 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .

paragraphs: Saint-Girons is a subprefecture of the Ariège department, the capital of the "arrondissement" of Saint-Girons and the administrative centre () of the canton Couserans Ouest, with 10,686 inhabitants .

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Couserans - Pyrénées" ().


title: Joanna Moore

paragraphs: Dorothy Joanne Cook (later Joanna Moore; November 10, 1934 – November 22, 1997) was an American movie and television actress. She appeared in more than eighty roles. She played Penny in "Appointment with a Shadow". She also acted in the 1959 TV series "The Untouchables".

paragraphs: Moore was born in Parrott, Georgia. She died because of lung cancer in Indian Wells, California.


title: Gloria Talbott

paragraphs: Gloria Talbott (February 7, 1931 – September 19, 2000) was an American actress who acted in movies and television. She acted in the 1959 TV series "The Untouchables". She also played Kay Scott in "All That Heaven Allows".

paragraphs: Talbott was born in Glendale, California. She died there from kidney failure.


title: Jessie Ralph

paragraphs: Jessie Ralph (November 5, 1864 – May 30, 1944) was an American stage and movie actress. Her roles were mostly dumpy old ladies. She played Greta Garbo's maid in the movie "Camille". In "The Affairs of Cellini", she played Beatrice.

paragraphs: Ralph was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. She also died there, at age seventy-nine.


title: Gloucester, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Gloucester is a city in northeast Massachusetts. It is on Cape Ann. At the 2010 U.S. census, 28,789 people lived there.


title: Isabelle Collin Dufresne

paragraphs: Isabelle Collin Dufresne (stage name, Ultra Violet; 6 September 1935 – 14 June 2014) was a French-American artist, author, and former colleague and superstar of Andy Warhol. Earlier in her career, she worked for and studied with surrealist artist Salvador Dalí. She lived and worked in New York City, and also had a studio in Nice, France.

paragraphs: Dufresne died on 14 June 2014 in New York City from cancer, aged 78.


title: Mohammad Baqer Shirazi

paragraphs: Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad Baqir Shirazi (Persian: السيد محمد باقر شيرازي; 26 November 1931 – 13 May 2014) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja.

paragraphs: Shirazi died in Iran from a long illness, aged 82.


title: Ray Stevenson

paragraphs: Ray Stevenson (born May 25, 1964) is a British movie and television actor. He played Danny Greene in "Kill the Irishman". He also played Dagonet in the movie "King Arthur".

paragraphs: Stevenson was born in Lisburn, Northern Ireland.


title: Kill the Irishman

paragraphs: Kill the Irishman is a 2011 crime-drama movie. It is about Irish-American mobster Danny Greene. Fionnula Flanagan plays Grace O'Keefe. Ray Stevenson plays Danny.


title: Connie and Carla

paragraphs: Connie and Carla is a 2004 American comedy movie. The movie is about two women who witness a murder by the Mafia in Chicago. They then go to Los Angeles and pretend to be drag queens in order to stop the Mafia finding them. Nia Vardalos plays Connie. Toni Collette plays Carla.

paragraphs: This movie was released on April 16, 2004.


title: Triangular gimbap

paragraphs: Triangular gimbap ( is a kind of gimbap. It is made from steamed white rice (bap) and various other ingredients. It is wrapped by gim (sheets of dried laver seaweed) in a triangle shape. The plastic wrapping is folded between the gim and rice. People can make it by themselves but usually they purchase it at a convenience store. They tend to eat it to replace their meals. A refrigerator shelf life is within 1 day. Convenience stores have various kinds of triangular gimbap. The price range is from 700 won to 900 won.

paragraphs: Triangular gimbap was first made in Japan. At first, the name was Onigiri. It was ball-shaped and made to serve quick meals during war. Triangular gimbap was introduced to Korea during the 1990s. In 1991, 7-Eleven began to sell it. Family Mart and GS25 followed it. Nowadays, there are various flavors and types of triangular gimbap: tuna with mayonnaise, Jeonju bibimbap, bulgogi, spicy tuna, cheese spicy chicken, and so on.

paragraphs: Triangular gimbap is very convenient. It is easy to replace meals with it. However, it has a few side effects that are harmful to people's health. The amount of sodium and fat it contains is near the Daily Reference Value. The nutrients it contains are 20~30% of the amount a person needs to take a day. Also, synthetic preservative was found. It was revealed that several food additives are added to it because the main resource, rice, is at least 2-3 years old and manufacturers added artificial flavor enhancer to remove rice smell and bleach to make the rice whiter.