title: Robin Wright

paragraphs: Robin Gayle Wright (born April 8, 1966 in Dallas, Texas) is an American actress. Her roles include starring as Jenny in the Academy Award winning movie "Forrest Gump". She played in many other movies and television series. Wright was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her acting on the soap "Santa Barbara".

paragraphs: Wright was marriage to actor Sean Penn from 1998 until 2010. They have 2 children.


title: Australian Aboriginal astronomy

paragraphs: Australian Aborigines were some of the first people in the world to develop ideas with astronomy. It is possible that their interpretation of astronomy is the oldest still alive today. Studying astronomical subjects – such as the Sun, Moon, stars and planets – and the way they appeared to move was used as a way to find and explain the relationship between people, nature and the sky. The ideas that came from this contributed to their basic perception of the universe (their cosmology), and still form an important part of traditional culture and knowledge. Many legends, art forms, music and ceremonies originate from interpretations of astronomical phenomena and objects in the sky. Many Aboriginal groups give spiritual or mythological meanings to these things. Some groups used their knowledge of the movement of objects across the sky to develop practical tools like calendars.

paragraphs: Old Australian Aboriginal culture is an oral tradition, so knowledge of astronomy has been passed down through stories, song and dance. A lot of knowledge is kept secret, only passed to those who have been initiated. As in all aspects of Aboriginal society, some things are only known to men, other things are only known to women. The earliest written account of Aboriginal astronomy was published in 1857. It was written by Edward Stanbridge, an Englishman who became friends with the Boorong people of Victoria.

paragraphs: Astronomy is a huge part of Aboriginal people's social, cultural and religious knowledge. It has little relation to the scientific theory of Western thinking. There are many different Aboriginal groups in Australia, and each interpret the sky in different ways. The interpretations all developed along the same lines and share the same basic themes, but can be very different in meaning. Most objects and phenomena are interpreted as figures or events in the Dreaming. Unlike in other ancient cultures, these legends and beliefs are still part of modern life for Australian Aborigines.

paragraphs: In most Aboriginal cultures, the Sun is regarded as a woman, and the Moon is a man. Tradition in Arnhem Land says that each morning, the Sun wakes up and lights a fire at her camp in the east. She then gets up and carries a torch across the sky from east to west, creating daylight. The Yolngu call her Walu, and believe that at sunrise and sunset her ochre body paint is brushed onto the clouds. At night, she is said to travel under ground back to her camp in the east. Similar stories are used to explain the phases of the Moon. For example, the Kuwema people say that at each full moon, he grows fat by eating the spirits of those who disobey tribal law. Some coastal peoples, such as the Yolngu, clearly saw the connection between the Moon and the tides. In other groups, the Moon is linked with fertility due to the similar pattern of the lunar cycle and the female menstrual cycle.

paragraphs: Solar and lunar eclipses were widely explained as the male Moon and female Sun mating with or marrying each other. Several astronomers note that these explanations show Aborigines understood that eclipses are caused by the paths of the Sun and Moon crossing each other. Norris (2009) argues that early Aborigines must have had a very good understanding of this in order to identify a lunar eclipse as being caused by the alignment of the Sun and Moon (since the Sun does not actually appear in the sky).

paragraphs: In his study of the central desert peoples, anthropologist Charles P. Mountford wrote that most, if not all, of the stars seen in the southern hemisphere had Aboriginal myths associated with them. Most groups distinguish red, white, blue and yellow stars. Stars are often grouped together in unique ways – some groups classify stars using social kinship systems. So many of the constellations known to Aboriginal groups are different to those known to Western astronomers.

paragraphs: The broad band of the Milky Way that runs across the sky at night is commonly interpreted by Aboriginal groups as a legendary river. Several groups in the central desert believe the river divides two tribes of ancestor spirits who live on either side. To some groups, the stars along the river represent fish; other groups, such as the Yolngu, believe the stars are the campfires of their ancestors. Other groups identfy the Milky Way as the Rainbow Serpent, a major creator being.

paragraphs: The Emu is a constellation known to many Aboriginal groups in Australia. It is not a constellation in the usual sense, because it is defined by areas of dark shadow between the bands of the Milky Way (caused by dust and gas clouds in space), rather than by stars. The emu's head is the very dark Coalsack nebula, next to the Southern Cross. The body and legs are other dark clouds trailing out along the Milky Way and across the Scorpius constellation.

paragraphs: This shape in the sky is said to have influenced the style of the emus drawn on rock art. Where it appeared in the sky during the course of the year indicated when ceremonies should be held. Just north of Sydney is a well-known set of rock engravings, one of which is an emu in the same pose and orientation as the emu in the sky. In autumn, the emu in the sky will stand directly over her portrait on the rock, indicating to the Kuring-gai people that it is time to gather emu eggs.

paragraphs: At the head of the emu, the Southern Cross is easily spotted in the sky, and there are many different interpretations of this constellation across Australia. Several groups identify it as an eagle, a sky god, or both. For the Arrernte, it represents the foot of Waluwara, an eagle spirit – the four bright stars mark his talons, and the Coalsack is his nest. To the Ngarrindjeri of South Australia, the Southern Cross is a stingray being chased by two sharks. The sharks, which is a sacred totem to the Ngarrindjeri, are represented by Alpha Centauri and Beta Centauri. In Victoria, the Boorong people identified the Southern Cross as the possum Bunya hiding from an emu spirit whose outline could be seen in the Coalsack nebula. To the Wardaman, the Coalsack is the head of a "law man". In 1972, the poet Oodgeroo Noonuccal wrote of the Southern Cross as the hands and feet of a wise leader named Mirabooka, who was given eternal life as a spirit in the sky.

paragraphs: Aboriginal interpretations of the constellations Orion and Pleiades are very similar to the stories about them in Greek mythology. The stars of Orion are widely associated with young men – usually fishermen or hunters – while the seven stars of Pleiades are usually seen as young women. The two constellations often appear in legend together, and are part of the Dreamings of several language groups.

paragraphs: In the central desert region, the Pleiades are said to be seven sisters running away from the unwelcome attentions of a man represented by some of the stars in Orion. In Pitjantjatjara legend, the Pleiades represent the Kungkarungkara, a group of seven ancestral sisters. They are guarded by a pack of dingos from Njiru, the hunter, who is the stars in Orion's Belt. Njiru is said to have raped one of the sisters, who then died and became the darkest of the Pleiades stars. The sisters transformed into birds and fled to safety in the sky, but Njiru still chases after them. Other legends are less harsh: the Adnyamathanha, for example, believe the Pleiades are the wives of the stars in Orion. Tiwi people see them as a group of kangaroos being chased by a pack of dingos.

paragraphs: The similarity between these legends and the Orion and Pleiades of Greek mythology is believed to be a coincidence (by chance) – there is no proof of any cultural connection.

paragraphs: Yolngu people see the constellation of Orion as a canoe. They tell the story of three brothers who went fishing, and one of them ate a fish that was forbidden under their law. Seeing this, the Sun blew the three brothers and their canoe up into the sky. The three stars in the constellation's centre, which form Orion's Belt in Western mythology, are the three brothers. The Orion Nebula above them is the forbidden fish, and the bright stars Betelgeuse and Rigel are the front and back of the canoe. In this example, the astronomical legend has a clear message about a moral that people would follow on Earth. Aboriginal myths such as these are often focused around moral lessons, such as reminders of whether it is alright to eat certain types of food.

paragraphs: Tagai is a large constellation made up of Scorpius, Lupus, Centaurus, Crux, Corvus, with part of Hydra and one of the stars of Ara. In the culture of the Torres Strait Islanders, Tagai is a legendary sea hero. He is depicted as a fisherman standing in a canoe. His crew is represented by the six stars of the Pleiades and six stars of Orion. In the legend, Tagai's crew eats all the food and water that had been prepared for their journey. Tagai punishes them by tying them together and throwing them into the ocean. The stars in the sky are said to be their reflection.

paragraphs: The islanders used this constellation to tell the seasons. This calendar organised their cycle of fishing and farming, as well as their rituals and social activities. The appearance of the Pleiades told them that it was turtle-mating season, time for travelling and to prepare for planting before the rainy season.

paragraphs: Unexpected new arrivals in the sky, such as comets and meteors, were widely associated as omens of death or bad spirits. Ngarrindjeri people of the central desert say that a meteor is an omen of deathly disease. Tiwi-speaking people in New South Wales and the Kuninjku in Arnhem Land both interpreted meteors as the eyes of evil spirit creatures running across the sky hunting for the souls of the sick and dying. The idea of comets and meteors bringing misfortune and death was also shared by many other cultures around the world.

paragraphs: Impact events are also described in Aboriginal legends, including in creation stories about particular landforms. An example is the Arrernte story about the creation of Gosse's Bluff, an impact crater said to be nearly 150 million years old. According to the Arrernte legend, this was created by a baby's cradle that fell from the sky world. The baby's mother and father are the evening and morning stars (Venus), still searching for their baby. Several other legends from across Australia tell about falling stars that bring fire to the earth.

paragraphs: Aborigines traditionally used the stars to navigate to where they wanted to go. This is still the case in the remote outback, where there might not be any other signs or landmarks. They also use the Sun, the Moon and the stars to tell the time. Aboriginal calendars are usually more complex than those from Western culture. Many groups in northern Australia use a calendar with six seasons, and know what season it is by what stars can be seen during that period. In 1857, an Englishman named William Edward Stanbridge published the first written account of Aboriginal astronomy. He wrote about the Boorong people of northern Victoria, and how they used astronomy to better understand seasons. They thought of the constellation Lyra as a malleefowl (which they called "Neilloan"). It disappears from the southern sky in October, and this event told the Boorong that the bird's egg-laying season had begun.

paragraphs: Other groups know that when Orion first appears in the sky, dingo puppies are about to be born. When Scorpius appears, the Yolngu know that the Macassan fisherman would soon arrive to fish for sea cucumber and bring goods to trade. For the Pitjantjatjara, the rising of the Pleiades at dawn (in May) marks the start of the cool season, when some animals in the desert go into hibernation.


title: Elizabeth McGovern

paragraphs: Elizabeth McGovern (born July 18 1961 in Evanston, Illinois) is an American movie, television and stage actress. Her movies include "Johnny Handsome" (1989) and "Once Upon a Time in America" (1984). Most of her acting has been on stage or in television.

paragraphs: Ms. McGovern was also a member of the "Brat Pack", and unofficial group of young Hollywood actors who gained fame mainly in the 1980s.


title: Flag of Belize

paragraphs: The flag of Belize comes from the earlier flag of British Honduras. British Honduras is the name of Belize during the time the British ruled.

paragraphs: The flag is royal blue. It has a white disc at the centre with the national coat of arms held by a white and a black man. They are surrounded by fifty mahogany leaves. The flag is bordered at top and bottom by two red stripes.

paragraphs: The colours on the flag are for the country's national parties. The People's United Party (PUP) uses the color blue. The United Democratic Party (Belize) (UDP) uses red.


title: Coat of arms of Belize

paragraphs: The Coat of Arms of Belize began to be used when Belize became independent. The current coat of arms is only slightly different from that used when Belize was a British colony.

paragraphs: The border is a circle of twenty-five leaves. Inside the circle is a mahogany tree. There are the tools of a woodcutter and a ship. These show the importance of mahogany in the 18th and 19th century Belizean economy.

paragraphs: The shield is supported by two wood-cutters of different races. The one on the left is holding an axe. The one on the right is holding an oar. Again this shows the importance of the mahogany and its importance to boat building.

paragraphs: At the bottom is the national motto: . This means "Under the Shade I Flourish".

paragraphs: The Flag of Belize has the coat of arms in its centre.


title: Land of the Free

paragraphs: Land of the Free is the national anthem of Belize. Samuel Alfred Haynes wrote the words. Selwyn Walford Young wrote the music. They did this in 1963. It became official in 1981.


title: Hondo River (Belize)

paragraphs: The Rio Hondo is a river of Central America. It is about 150 km (93.2 mi) in length. It flows in a northeasterly direction and ends in the Chetumal Bay on the Caribbean Sea. Most of border of Mexico and Belize runs along its length.

paragraphs: Many archaeological sites of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization are near the river's course.

paragraphs: The river is mentioned in a stanza of Belize's national anthem, "Land of the Free":


title: Rio Hondo

paragraphs: Río Hondo (Spanish for "deep river") or Hondo River may be:


title: Mopan people

paragraphs: Mopan are one of the Maya peoples in Belize and Guatemala. Their language is also called Mopan. It is one of the Yucatec Maya languages.

paragraphs: The British forced the Mopan out of British Honduras and into Guatemala. The Mopan in Guatemala were made into slaves. In the 19th century, many Guatemalan Mopan came back into British Honduras.

paragraphs: In the 2000 Census, 6,093 Belizeans said Mopan was their first language. This was 3% the population.


title: Q'eqchi' people

paragraphs: Q'eqchi<nowiki>'</nowiki> (K'ekchi<nowiki>'</nowiki>, or simply Kekchi) are one of the Maya peoples in Guatemala and Belize. Their language is also called Q'eqchi'.

paragraphs: Before the Spanish came in the 1520s, Q'eqchi' were mostly in what are now the departments of Alta Verapaz and Baja Verapaz in Guatemala. With the activity the Q'eqchi' moved into other regions of Guatemala, southern Belize, and smaller numbers in El Salvador, Honduras and southern Mexico.


title: Ambergris Caye

paragraphs: Ambergris Caye is the largest island of Belize. It is in the northeast of the country in the Caribbean Sea. It is administered as part of the Belize District. The closest point on the mainland is part of the Corozal District. Caye is pronounced as "key". It means an island.

paragraphs: The Caye is about long from north to south, and about wide. It was named after large lumps of ambergris which washed ashore here.

paragraphs: The Belizean island is mostly a ring of white sand beach around mangrove swamp in the centre.

paragraphs: A Maya community lived on the island in Pre-Columbian times. They made polished red ceramics.

paragraphs: San Pedro Town is the largest settlement and only town on Ambergris. There are a number of small villages and resorts.

paragraphs: The main attractions are the Belize Barrier Reef and its beaches. The barrier reef is the second-largest in the world. Only the Great Barrier Reef of Australia is bigger.


title: Izabal Department

paragraphs: Izabal is one of the 22 departments of Guatemala. Its coastal areas are part of the homeland of the Garifuna people.

paragraphs: Izabal is bordered to the north by Belize, to the north east by the Gulf of Honduras, and to the east by Honduras. It is bordered by the Guatemalan departments of Petén to the north west, Alta Verapaz to the west, and Zacapa to the south.

paragraphs: The department of Izabal surrounds Lago Izabal. It is Guatemala's largest lake at about 48 km long and 24 km wide, with an area of about 590 km². The Spanish Colonial fort of San Felipe overlooks the point where the lake flows into the Río Dulce.

paragraphs: The small town of Izabal is on the south shore of the lake. Before the ports of Livingston and Puerto Barrios were built in the 19th century this was Guatemala's main Caribbean Sea port. It was the original seat of Izabal department. Now Izabal town is a remote village that gets little traffic.

paragraphs: From the area around Lake Izabal, the Department of Izabal stretches along the Río Dulce to the coast of the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: The department of Izabal includes the ports of Puerto Barrios (the departmental seat), Santo Tomás de Castilla, Livingston and Guatemala's free trade zone Zolic. Izabal also includes the Pre-Columbian Maya ruins of Quirigua.


title: Sarstoon River

paragraphs: Sarstoon River is a river in the Toledo District of Belize. It makes the country's southern border with Guatemala.

paragraphs: The river's sources are in Guatemala. There it is called by its Spanish name, Río Sarstún. It flows through the Guatemalan departments of Alta Verapaz and Izabal. Then it goes into Belize and through Toledo to the Caribbean Sea.


title: Channing Tatum

paragraphs: Channing Matthew Tatum (born on April 26, 1980 in Cullman, Alabama) is an American movie producer and actor. He is a main actor in the movies "Coach Carter", "Dear John", "21 Jump Street", its sequel "22 Jump Street", "White House Down", "The Lego Movie", "Foxcatcher", "The Hateful Eight", and in "Hail, Caesar!".

paragraphs: In 2006, Tatum met actress Jenna Dewan. They became engaged in 2008. They married on July 11, 2009. Their daughter was born in 2013.


title: Fast chess

paragraphs: Fast chess is similar to a normal game of chess, but played at a faster than usual rate. The player who runs out of time first (or is checkmated, whichever happens first) loses the match.

paragraphs: Fast chess versions, always played with a chess clock:


title: Tawny owl

paragraphs: The Tawny owl or Brown owl ("Strix aluco") is a stocky, medium-sized owl commonly found in woodlands across much of Eurasia. There are eleven recognised subspecies, and some variation in the colouring.

paragraphs: The nest is usually in a tree hole where it can protect its eggs and young against potential predators. This owl is resident through the year, and highly territorial. Many young birds starve if they cannot find a vacant territory once parental care ceases.

paragraphs: This nocturnal bird of prey hunts mainly rodents, usually by dropping from a perch to seize its prey, which it swallows whole; in towns its diet includes a higher proportion of birds. Vision and hearing adaptations and silent flight aid its night hunting. The Tawny is capable of catching smaller owls, but is itself vulnerable to the Eagle owl or Northern Goshawk. Red foxes are an important cause of mortality in newly fledged young.

paragraphs: Although many people believe this owl has exceptional night vision, its retina is no more sensitive than a human's. Rather, it is its asymmetrically placed ears that are key to its hunting. They give the Tawny owl excellent directional hearing. Like most owls, it hunts at night. It has a rather strange, but easily imitated, call.


title: Wheeling, West Virginia

paragraphs: Wheeling is a city in the U.S. state of West Virginia. It is in both Ohio County and Marshall County. It is the county seat of Ohio County. Wheeling is the main city of the Wheeling Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city had 28,486 (31,059 in Ohio County, 360 in Marshall County) people as of the 2010 census. It was previously home to the Wheeling Stogies minor league baseball team.


title: Ocean acidification

paragraphs: Ocean acidification is the decrease in the pH (scale of acidity and alkalinity) and increase in acidity of the Earth's oceans. It is caused by the increase of carbon dioxide (CO2) that humans have put into the atmosphere. More than 30% of the carbon dioxide in the air goes into the oceans. Therefore, when carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases, the carbon dioxide in the ocean increases, too.

paragraphs: When carbon dioxide enters the oceans, it makes it more acidic.

paragraphs: The skeletons and shells of many sea animals need what is known as calcium carbonate minerals. Due to ocean acidification, there are fewer of these minerals and there are species that could no longer produce or keep their shells. With more carbon dioxide in the ocean, this problem becomes worse and many species will be at risk. As a result, if humans continue to emit greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, ocean life will be in severe danger. Also, coral is at risk, as it is being eroded by the acid in the ocean.

paragraphs: Between 1751 CE and 1994 CE the ocean's pH on the surface went from 8.25 to 8.1.


title: William Wallace Barron

paragraphs: William Wallace "Wally" Barron (December 8, 1911 – November 12, 2002) was a Democratic politician in West Virginia. He was the state's 26th Governor from 1961 to 1965. He later went to jail for corruption.

paragraphs: Barron's governorship was corrupt. Many officials were convicted of criminal charges including bribery, making false records, conspiracy and . In 1971 Barron was convicted of in an earlier trial. Barron was sentenced to 5 years in prison.

paragraphs: He died on November 12, 2002 in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: Turk Telekom Arena

paragraphs: Ali Sami Yen Spor Kompleksi - Türk Telekom Arena is a new multi-purpose stadium in the Şişli district of Istanbul, Turkey. It is the new home ground for Galatasaray S.K., replacing the old Ali Sami Yen Stadium. The stadium has an all seated capacity of 52,652.


title: Imperial

paragraphs: 1. The things associated with a country led by a powerful leader (an empire) or with that leader (Emperor) as a person.

paragraphs: 2. A system of weights and measures (Imperial units) formerly used by the old British Empire, and in places it controlled or affected, including inches, feet, ounces, pounds, and other measurements which are frequently used by English-speaking people, as opposed the International System based on meters and liters.


title: Emperor Junnin

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was Ōi"-shinnō" (Ōi-no-ō). The posthumous name of Emperor Junnin was given by Emperor Meiji.

paragraphs: He was the seventh son of Prince Toneri, a son of Emperor Temmu. His father died when he was at the age of three, and he was given no rank nor office of the court.

paragraphs: In the older Japanese documents, he was often referred as the .

paragraphs: His fate was changed in 757 when Empress Kōken named him as her heir (crown prince).

paragraphs: Junnin caused grain storage centers ("Jōheisō") to be established in the provinces. The government stored rice from the years of good harvests. This rice was used to control higher prices when harvests of rice were not good. The "Jōheisō" were abolished during the Kamakura period.

paragraphs: The actual site of Junnin's grave is known. This emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Awaji.

paragraphs: The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Junnin's mausoleum. It is formally named "Awaji no misasagi".

paragraphs: In 1870, Emperor Meiji conferred the posthumous name and title by which he is now known.

paragraphs: The years of Junnin's reign are identified by a single era name.


title: Macaroni

paragraphs: Macaroni is a pasta food which is made of wheat and flour. It is from Italy. It is in the shape of a small tube. It can either be straight or curved. The curved type is called elbow macaroni.

paragraphs: Macaroni is almost never eaten by itself. It is usually eaten with another food or covered in a sauce. A very popular type of macaroni is "Macaroni-cheese", which is macaroni covered in melted cheese. People all over the world enjoy it as a simple but delicious meal.

paragraphs: In Libya, macaroni is called Macroona Imbakbaka. Libya has Italian food because it used to be a Italian colony.


title: Fried chicken

paragraphs: Fried chicken consists of pieces of chicken that have been either battered or floured and then pan fried, pressure fried or deep fried. The breading adds a crisper crust to chickens' exterior. The chicken is cut at the joints with the bones and skin being left intact. Some fast food restaurant chains serve fried chicken, most notably Kentucky Fried Chicken, Popeyes and Church's Chicken.

paragraphs: Fried chicken is usually stereotypically associated with black people but anybody can eat it. There have been a number of public controversies about remarks that people have made about fried chicken and black people that have been considered racist.

paragraphs: The term "fried chicken" was first used in the 1830s.

paragraphs: Scottish people were the first European people who were frying chicken, although it was not seasoned or battered. People in West Africa were the ones who seasoned it. However, the first dish which was deep fried was fritters. Fritters were popular during the Middle Ages.


title: Jon Huntsman Jr.

paragraphs: Jon Meade Huntsman, Jr. (born March 26, 1960) is an American businessman, diplomat and politician. He was the 8th United States Ambassador to Russia from October 3, 2017 to October 3, 2019 for the Donald Trump administration. He was the 11th United States Ambassador to Singapore from September 22, 1992 through June 15, 1993. He served as the 16th Governor of Utah from January 3, 2005 through August 11, 2009. During the Barack Obama administration, Huntsman served as the United States Ambassador to China from August 28, 2009 through April 28, 2011.

paragraphs: Huntsman ran for president in the 2012 United States presidential election, but lost the Republican nomination to Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney.

paragraphs: On March 8, 2017, Huntsman accepted a position as United States Ambassador to Russia under the nomination from President Donald Trump. He was sworn in on October 3, 2017. On August 6, 2019, Huntsman submitted his resignation letter to President Donald Trump as Ambassador to Russia, effective October 3, 2019. He unsuccessfully ran for Utah Governor again in the 2020 race.

paragraphs: Huntsman was born in Palo Alto, California, but went to school in Salt Lake City, Utah. His father is businessman Jon Huntsman Sr.. He dropped out of high school to be in a rock band. Later, he got a G.E.D. and went to college at the Universities of Utah and Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: After living in Taipei for a year, Huntsman served in the Reagan and Bush Administrations. He was Ambassador to Singapore when he was only 32. When Bill Clinton was President, Huntsman ran his family's multimillion-dollar chemical company. He served as George W. Bush's Ambassador to Indonesia and Deputy Trade Representative.

paragraphs: In 2004, Huntsman was elected Governor of Utah. While in office, he cut taxes. While governor, most people in Utah approved of him. He was re-elected in 2008, but resigned as Barack Obama's Ambassador to China. Huntsman served in that capacity from 2009 to 2011. While Ambassador, he watched some Chinese protest; this led to the Chinese blocking his name on Google for a while.

paragraphs: Huntsman was a candidate for President of the United States in the 2012 Republican primaries. He was one of the most moderate candidates running in the primaries. Huntsman ran on his strong record of job creation in Utah, which had the highest job creation rate in America while he was governor. He has also polled near the bottom of the candidates in the race, although he had a strong showing in New Hampshire. He lost the primaries to Mitt Romney.

paragraphs: On March 8, 2017, Trump nominated Huntsman to serve as the United States Ambassador to Russia. He began the position on October 3, 2017. He resigned in October 2019.

paragraphs: On November 14, 2019, Huntsman announced his plans to run for Governor of Utah again in the 2020 election. He lost the Republican nomination to Spencer Cox in July 2020.

paragraphs: Huntsman is a Mormon and went on a Mormon mission in Asia, but has explored other faiths. Huntsman is also an Eagle Scout. Huntsman has seven kids. Two of them are adopted. One of his children, is Abby Huntsman who is a co-host of "The View".

paragraphs: In October 2018, Huntsman was diagnosed with stage-1 melanoma and is seeking treatment at the Huntsman Cancer Institute.


title: Dame school

paragraphs: A Dame school was a private elementary school in English-speaking countries. The word "Dame" means a woman who has the title of a Knight. The children were usually taught by women and did not learn very much. The schools were most common from the 17th century to the 19th century. Most of these schools were located in Britain, the United States, and Australia. The Dame schools were also a common place for girls to be educated because they could not go to other schools, which were only for boys. The girls at Dame schools often learned how to sew or do other crafts.

paragraphs: Dame schools were different—some were day care facilities overseen by women who were not literate, but other schools taught the students how to read and write. The differences of Dame schools in England were shown in 1838 by the Statistical Society of London that found almost half of all children surveyed were only taught spelling, with few being taught mathematics and grammar. Dame schools became less common in Britain after the introduction of compulsory education in 1870. Schools that were below government-specified standards of tuition were closed.

paragraphs: In North America, "dame school" is a name for a private school with a female teacher during the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. The education at these schools could be good or very good. Most dame schools were in New England, where every child needed to be literate because of the laws. In the Southern colonies, there were not as many women who knew enough to teach the children.

paragraphs: Motivated by their Puritan religion, some austrailian women in 17th century opened small, private schools in their homes to teach reading to young children. All children needed to know their religion and how to read because of the Massachusetts School Law of 1642. This law was later made more important by the famous Old Deluder Satan Act. According to Puritan beliefs, Satan would try to keep people from understanding the Scriptures, therefore all children had to be taught how to read. For a small fee, women, often housewives or widows, offered to take in children to whom she would teach a little writing, reading, basic prayers, and religious beliefs. These women received pay in coin, home industries, alcohol, baked goods, and other valuables. Teaching materials generally included a hornbook, primer, Psalter, and Bible. Both girls and boys were provided education through the dame school system. Dame schools generally focused on the four R's of education-"Riting, Reading, Rithmetic, and Religion". In addition to primary education, girls in dame schools might also learn sewing, embroidery, and other "graces". Most girls received their only formal education from dame schools because of sex-segregated education in common or public schools during the colonial period. If their parents could afford it, after attending a dame school for a rudimentary education in reading, colonial boys moved on to grammar schools where a male teacher taught advanced arithmetic, writing, Latin, and Greek.

paragraphs: In the 18th and 19th centuries, some dame schools offered boys and girls from wealthy families a "polite education". The women running these special dame schools taught "reading, writing, English, French, arithmetic, and music, and dancing". Schools for upper-class girls were usually called "female seminaries", "finishing schools" instead of "dame schools".

paragraphs: The first school in Australia started in 1789. The school was a Dame school where children were taught basic skills by a prisoner, Isabella Rossen.


title: Marine (military)

paragraphs: A marine is a member of a military force. Marines specialize in military actions in other countries, such as amphibious warfare. Marines usually have strong links with the country's navy. The commander in the field is usually the commander of the fleet. Support for the marines such as medical, legal, and supplies come from the navy. The anchor is often used as a symbol for the marines. The word "marine" is from the English word "marine", meaning "of the sea", from the French "marin(e)", "of the sea" which was from the Latin "marinus" ("maritime"). The name "marine" means "navy" in French, Dutch, and German. Marine forces are usually part of the navy, but they can be part of the army or act on their own.

paragraphs: In the past the marines have protected ships at sea. When ship crews were pressed (forced to serve) the marines protected the ship from mutiny. They would also board other ships during battle or capture prize ships. They carried out raids on the shore to help the navy. Marines would also take part in campaign ashore, to help the army.

paragraphs: In the earliest days of naval warfare, there was little difference between sailors and soldiers on a warship. The oarsmen of Ancient Greek and Roman ships had to be able to fight the oarsmen of other ships. Armed soldiers were used on Greek ships to get on board enemy ships to fight their crews. The Roman Navy's two legions, I "Adiutrix" and II "Adiutrix", were among the first special naval infantry units.

paragraphs: The first organized group of marines was created when Charles V first assigned the naval infantry of the "Compañías Viejas del Mar de Nápoles" (Naples Sea Old Companies) to the Escuadras de Galeras del Mediterráneo (Mediterranean Galley Squadrons) in 1537. This was the start of the current Spanish Navy Marines (Infantería de Marina) corps. The American Marine Corps began on 10 November 1775 in Tun Tavern, Philadelphia, just seven months before America declared its independence on 4 July 1776.

paragraphs: The main task for marine troops is military actions near the coast. Based on ships they are trained to land on and secure key points to around 50 miles inland. Marines leave the warships using helicopters, landing craft, hovercraft and amphibious vehicles.

paragraphs: Marines are also in other naval roles such as boarding other ships, ship clean up, naval port security, mess duty, and field day operations.

paragraphs: The Argentine Marine Corps ("Infantería de Marina de la Armada de la República Argentina" or IMARA) is a part of the Argentine Navy. It has a Fleet Marine Force with one marine battalion, artillery, air defence, communications, logisticss, engineer and vehicle units. There is a Southern Marine Force with two marine battalions, a river operations battalion, a special forces unit (the Amphibious Commandos Group) and several security battalions and companies. The 5th Battalion of the "Infanteria de Marina" fought in the Falklands War ().

paragraphs: 1. Two Marine Forces ("Pasukan Marinir"), a unit similar to a division, led by a Marine Brigadier General.

paragraphs: The Iraqi Navy is a small force with 800 sailors and six platoons of marines designed to protect the shoreline and inland waterways. The navy also protects offshore oil platforms. The navy will have coastal patrol squadrons, assault boat squadrons and a marine battalion. The force will consist of 2,000 to 2,500 sailors by 2010.

paragraphs: The JSDF has brigades operated similar to marines:

paragraphs: The ancient Greek states did not possess specialized marine infantry, instead they used hoplites and archers as an onboard contingent ("epibatai").

paragraphs: The Roman Navy used regular infantry as marines. Naval personnel were trained for raiding and also provided the troops for at least two legions (I "Adiutrix" and II "Adiutrix") for service on land. The various provincial fleets were usually provided with marines from the adjacent legions.

paragraphs: For several centuries, the Byzantine navy used the descendants of the Mardaites, who were settled in southern Anatolia and Greece, as marines and rowers for its ships. Emperor Basil I also established a separate marine regiment, 4,000 strong, for the central Imperial Fleet based at Constantinople. These were professional troops, and were counted among the elite "tagmata".

paragraphs: In the 1260s, when emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos rebuilt the navy, he recruited the "Tzakones" (settlers from Laconia) and the "Gasmouloi" (men of mixed Greek-Latin descent) as special marine troops. Despite the progressive decline and virtual disappearance of the navy, they remained active until the late Palaiologan period.

paragraphs: The Confederate States Marine Corps (CSMC), a branch of the Confederate States Navy, was established by the Confederate Congress on 16 March 1861.

paragraphs: Marineregimentet (The Marine Regiment) was the naval infantry of the Royal Dano-Norwegian Navy.

paragraphs: The Meredessantpataljon, was a short lived infantry battalion of the Estonian Navy. The battalion was created in 1919 from the crews of the Estonian surface warships and was based in Tallinn. The unit was mainly used on the Southern Front during the Estonian War of Independence. The unit was operational from March to June in 1919.

paragraphs: The "Troupes de marine" were founded in 1622 (as "compagnies ordinaires de la mer") as land forces under the control of the Secretary of State of the Navy, notably for operations in French Canada. The "Compagnies de la Mer" were transformed in line infantry regiments by Napoleon, but became once more marine forces in 1822 (for the artillery) and 1831 (for the infantry). These "Troupes de marines" were in the 19th century the main overseas and colonial forces of the French military. In 1900 they were put under the orders of the War Ministry and took the name of "Troupes Coloniales" (Colonial Forces). In 1958 the designation of "Troupes Coloniales" was changed to "Troupes d'Outre-Mer" (Overseas Forces) but in 1961 it reverted to the original "Troupes de marine". Throughout these changes in title these troops continued to be part of the French Army.

paragraphs: The Confederation of Gran Colombia Marines were formed in 1822 and were disbanded in 1829, Personnel were mostly from Venezuela.

paragraphs: The Blackshirt militia maintained an independent "Marine Group" with four MVSN battalions (24th, 25th, 50th and 60th).

paragraphs: Both the Imperial Japanese Navy and Imperial Japanese Army maintained marine-type units. Both were dissolved at the end of World War II and Japan no longer has marines.

paragraphs: The Lebanese Forces militia maintained a small elite marine unit until the LF was disarmed and disbanded the unit. The Marines were the navy of the militia and it maintained a force of small boats.

paragraphs: The Corps was founded on 10 December 1665 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War by the unofficial leader of the republic Johan de Witt and Admiral Michiel de Ruyter as the Regiment de Marine. Its leader was Willem Joseph Baron van Ghent. The Dutch had successfully used ordinary soldiers in ships at sea in the First Anglo-Dutch War. It was the fifth European marine unit formed, being preceded by the Spanish Marines (1537), the Portuguese Marines (1610), the French Marines (1622) and the English Royal Marines (1664). Like Britain, the Netherlands has had several periods when its Marines were disbanded. The Netherlands itself was under French occupation or control from 1810 until 1813. A new marine unit was raised on 20 March 1801 during the time of the Batavian Republic and on 14 August 1806 the Korps Koninklijke Grenadiers van de Marine was raised under King Louis Bonaparte. The modern Korps Mariniers dates from 1814, receiving its current name in 1817.

paragraphs: The battle honors on the Korps Mariniers' colors are: Raid on the Medway (1667), Kijkduin (1673), Sennefe (1674), Spain, Dogger Bank (1781), West Indies, Algiers (1816), Atjeh, Bali, Rotterdam (1940), Java Sea (1942), Java and Madoera (1947–1948), and New Guinea (1962).

paragraphs: The role of Ottoman naval infantry originated in Orhan's conquest of the Karasi Beylik and the capture of its fleet. From then on Janissaries and Azaps were sometimes deployed as marines during the 14th Century. The Deniz azaps were used during the 16th Century; while troops called Levend (Bahriyeli) were raised on and off over the centuries - over 50,000 of them by the late 18th century. The last raised units were the "Ta'ifat al Ru'sa" (corsair captains militia) recruited from among the North African Arabs and indigenous Berbers. Ottoman marines were part of the Ottoman navy.

paragraphs: Portugal raised numerous companies of Special Marines ("Fuzileiros Especiais") and African Special Marines ("Fuzileiros Especiais Africanos"), both at home and in the African colonies of Guinea-Bissau, Angola and Mozambique, for service in Africa during the Portuguese Colonial Wars. The African Special Marines were all-black units.

paragraphs: The Imperial Russian Navy used several regiments of marine equipage troops that fought as much on land as they served in ship detachments. One battalion was formed within the Guard, and served on the Imperial family's ships.

paragraphs: The Ushkuiniks were medieval Novgorodian pirates who led a Viking-like life and often raided other Russian settlements.

paragraphs: The Soviet Navy had a number of small battalion-sized naval infantry and coastal defence units that mostly served in the ports and bases before the Second World War. During the war, and building on the visuals of the mutinied sailors of Petrograd in 1917, the Stavka ordered formation of naval infantry brigades from the surplus to either ship or shore duty sailors, and forty brigades served in mostly ground troops roles until 1944 when they were used for amphibious operations in Norway and along the Black Sea coast.

paragraphs: The South Africa Marine Corps was set up as a sub-branch of the South African Navy in 1979, with the primary purpose of protecting harbours. The Marines were disbanded in 1989, following a major restructuring of the Navy at the end of the South African Border War.

paragraphs: The forerunner of the Republic of Vietnam Marine Corps (VNMC) was established by Ngo Dinh Diem, then prime minister of what was then the State of Vietnam on October 13, 1954. The Republic of Vietnam was established in October 1955 after Diem used a fraudulent referendum to topple Bao Dai. The VNMC became defunct on 1 May 1975 after the fall of Saigon.

paragraphs: The 12th Naval Infantry Brigade ("Mornaricka Pesadijska Brigada") of the Yugoslavian Navy consisted of 900 to 2,000 men in three battalions. A multi-ethnic unit, the brigade was broken up during the dissolution of the Yugoslav federation and saw little action.


title: Pope Paul I

paragraphs: Pope Paul I (; 700 – 28 June 767) was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 94th Pope from May 29, 757 to June 28, 767.

paragraphs: After Pope Stephen's death, Paul was elected in 757.

paragraphs: Paul's papacy was troubled by disputes with the Lombards. He had good relations with Pepin, who was king of the Franks.


title: Rick Santorum

paragraphs: Richard John "Rick" Santorum (born May 10, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician. He served as the United States senator of Pennsylvania from 1995 to 2007. He ran for President of the United States in 2012 and in 2016.

paragraphs: Santorum was born in Winchester, Virginia. He is of Italian American descent. He was raised in West Virginia, Butler, Pennsylvania, and Illinois. He went to college and to law school at Penn State University. Soon after, he became a lawyer in Pittsburgh.

paragraphs: Santorum served in the House of Representatives from 1991 to 1995. With the 1994 elections that elected many Republicans, he was elected to the United States Senate. He served in the Senate for two terms, from 1995 to 2007. In the Senate, Santorum was known for having very conservative views about abortion and gay marriage. Santorum lost in the 2006 election for a third term as a Senator to State Treasurer Bob Casey, Jr and C. Richard Semple II. After being in the Senate, he worked in a think tank and for Fox News.

paragraphs: In 2011 and 2012, Santorum ran for President of the United States in the Republican primaries. He based his campaign on social issues. He dropped out of the race in 2012. Today, Santorum writes a political column for the conservative news website World Net Daily.

paragraphs: Santorum announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election on May 27, 2015. He dropped out of the race on February 3, 2016 after poor polling numbers and loosing the Iowa caucuses. He later announced his endorsement for Marco Rubio.

paragraphs: Santorum married Karen Garver in 1990. Together, they have seven children.


title: Pope Paul II

paragraphs: Pope Paul II (; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 212th Pope from 1464 until his death in 1471.

paragraphs: Pietro Barbo was born in Venice. He was a nephew of Pope Eugene IV.

paragraphs: Barbo became a cardinal in 1440. He was sometimes called the Venetian cardinal.

paragraphs: Barbo was elected Pope on 30 August 1464; and he chose to be called Paul II.

paragraphs: Pope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: The Cardinals' right to wear the red biretta was granted by Paul II.

paragraphs: The accounts of histories written soon after his death were unfavorable.


title: Rechtsstaat

paragraphs: Rechtsstaat is an idea in continental European thought. It is that in a country, the state's power is limited by the laws. This might either be the laws agreed upon, or natural law. It is similar to the idea of the rule of law.


title: Chatterbot

paragraphs: A chatterbot is a computer program that responds to input in a natural language. An example is ELIZA. ELIZA was one of the first chatterbots. Every year, there is a contest for chatterbots called the Loebner prize.


title: Loebner prize

paragraphs: The Loebner prize is an award given out every year to a chatterbot. The winner is chosen by a Turing test: Each judge talks (text-based) to a chatterbot and to a human. The judge guesses which is which. The contest started in 1990 by Hugh Loebner. The first winner was "Whimsical Conversation".


title: Tetration

paragraphs: Tetration is the hyperoperation which comes after exponentiation. formula_1 means y exponentiated by itself, (x-1) times. List of first 4 natural number hyperoperations:

paragraphs: The above example is read as "the nth tetration of a".


title: Who Knew

paragraphs: "Who Knew" is a single from American pop rock singer Pink, off her fourth album "I'm Not Dead". It's about losing a friend due to abusing drugs. The song was released in 2006, although it was not until 2007 that the single became a hit after being released again following success of Pink's other song "U + Ur Hand"


title: Pope Paul IV

paragraphs: Pope Paul IV (; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Giovanni Pietro Carafa, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 23 May 1555 until his death.

paragraphs: Giovanni Pietro Carafa was born in Capriglia Irpina in a noble family of Naples.

paragraphs: Pope Leo X sent Carafa as ambassador to England and then as papal nuncio in Spain.

paragraphs: In 1524, Pope Clement VII allowed Carafa to retire from diplomacy to head a monastery.

paragraphs: In 1536, Carafa was made Cardinal and Archbishop of Naples.

paragraphs: Cardinal Carafa was elected popein 1555; and he chose to be called Paul IV.

paragraphs: Pope Paul IV quarrelled with Philip II. of Spain, who sent the Duke of Alba with an army from Naples to invade the Papal States. At the gates of Rome, a peace was concluded in 1557.

paragraphs: In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

paragraphs: He was buried in St. Peter's Basilica but was later transferred to Santa Maria sopra Minerva.


title: Hyperoperation

paragraphs: A hyperoperation is a generalization of addition, multiplication, exponentiation, tetration, etc. They are often written using Knuth's up-arrow notation. Natural number level hyperoperations can be defined recursively as a piecewise function:


title: Marry the Night

paragraphs: "Marry the Night" is the fifth and final single off Lady Gaga's second studio record "Born This Way". It was written and produced by Gaga. "Marry the Night" is a dance-pop song influenced by house and electropop. It additionally fuses elements of disco and rock, with a funk rock-inspired breakdown. The song's lyrics are a homage to New York City and to the city's nightlife. The song reached number 29 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 11 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 16 on the UK Singles Chart. On March 27, 2012, the Recording Industry Association of America certified the song Gold for sales and shipments of over 500,000 copies in the US.

paragraphs: The music video for the song has autobiographical elements, showing Gaga after she was dropped from Def Jam Records. The video starts off in a hospital, and shows scenes of the singer dancing on top of a car and with a dance troupe.


title: Joe Strummer

paragraphs: John Graham Mellor (21 August 1952 – 22 December 2002), better known by his stage name, Joe Strummer, was the co-founder, lyricist, rhythm guitarist and lead vocalist of the British punk rock band The Clash.

paragraphs: He was also member of The 101ers, Latino Rockabilly War, The Mescaleros and The Pogues, in addition to his own solo music career. Strummer's work included acting, creating film scores, songwriting, radio broadcasting, and a position as a radio host. He is one of the most iconic figures of the British punk movement.

paragraphs: He died of heart disease at his home in Broomfield, Somerset, England.


title: Premise

paragraphs: A premise is a statement which an argument claims will justify a conclusion. The proof of a conclusion depends on both the truth of the premises and the validity of the argument.

paragraphs: Aristotle held that any logical argument could be reduced to three premises and a conclusion. Premises are sometimes left unstated in which case they are called missing premises, for example:

paragraphs: It is understood that Socrates is a man. The fully expressed reasoning is thus:

paragraphs: In this example, the first two independent clauses before the comma (namely, "all men are mortal" and "Socrates is a man") are the premises, while "Socrates is mortal" is the conclusion.

paragraphs: In logic, an argument requires a set of two declarative sentences (or "propositions") known as the premises, with another declarative sentence (or "proposition") known as the conclusion. This structure of two premises and one conclusion forms the basic argumentative structure.

paragraphs: More complex arguments can use a series of rules to connect several premises to one conclusion, or to derive a number of conclusions from the original premises. An example of this is the use of the rules of inference found within symbolic logic.


title: Arturo Vidal

paragraphs: Arturo Erasmo Vidal Pardo (born 22 May 1987) is a Chilean footballer who plays as a Midfielder for Bayern Munich and the Chile national team.


title: Simone Pepe

paragraphs: Simone Pepe (born 30 August 1983) is an Italian footballer who plays for Serie A club Juventus.


title: Quill

paragraphs: A quill pen is a tool used for writing, made from a flight feather of a large bird. Quills were used for writing with ink before other pens were invented. They are still used in calligraphy sometimes. Today, most paper is made from wood plulp. Such papers use the quill rather rapidly. The hollow shaft of the feather (the "calamus") acts as an ink reservoir and ink flows to the tip by capillary action.


title: Flag of Kentucky

paragraphs: The Flag of Kentucky was adopted on March 26, 1918. It has a blue background, with Kentucky's seal in the middle. The seal shows a picture of two men hugging each other. Legend says that the two men were Daniel Boone and Henry Clay. Above their heads says "United We Stand". By their toes says "Divided We Fall". The phrase "United We Stand, Divided We Fall" is Kentucky's motto.


title: Illustrissimi

paragraphs: Illustrissimi ("To the Illustrious Ones") is a book written by Pope John Paul I when he was Patriarch of Venice.

paragraphs: The book is a collection of letters which were first published in the Italian Christian paper "Messaggero di S. Antonio" between 1972 and 1975. They were re-printed in book form in Italy in 1976.

paragraphs: The work was first published in English in 1978 when Cardinal Luciani was elected Pope, but it only reached the public after the death of John Paul I.

paragraphs: The 40 letters in all are addressed to people in Italian history and fiction, including


title: Self-similarity

paragraphs: Something is self-similar iff it is similar (or very close) to a part of itself. For example, the Mandelbrot set is self-similar as it contains an infinte number of almost exact copies of itself.


title: Space Launch System

paragraphs: The Space Launch System (SLS) is a NASA rocket. It is a heavy-lift launch vehicle. It is the most powerful rocket ever built. The SLS is a replacement for the retired Space Shuttle. Many parts are modified versions of parts designed for the Space Shuttle. Others are new designs.

paragraphs: The first flight of the SLS will be in June 2020. However, the first crewed (carrying people) flight will be in January 2023.

paragraphs: The Space Launch System comes in many different types meant to launch different kinds of missions.

paragraphs: The least powerful kind of the SLS is the Block 1. The core stage will use the parts of the Space Shuttle External Tank. It will also use four Space Shuttle Main Engines. The rocket boosters are connected to the sides are the 5-segment Space Shuttle Solid Rocket Boosters. The top stage will use is the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS).

paragraphs: Block 1B is similar to the Block 1. The top stage will change with Exploration Upper Stage (EUS). A crew version and a cargo version will be made.

paragraphs: Block 2 is similar to Block 1B. The 5-segment SRBs will be changed with advanced boosters.


title: Knuth's up-arrow notation

paragraphs: Knuth's up-arrow notation is a way of expressing very big numbers. It was made by Donald Knuth in 1976. It is related to the hyperoperation sequence. The notation is used in Graham's number.

paragraphs: One arrow represents exponentiation, 2 arrows represent tetration, 3 for pentation, etc.:

paragraphs: This notation is used to describe the incredibly large Graham's Number.


title: Bernie Madoff

paragraphs: Bernard Lawrence "Bernie" Madoff (; born April 29, 1938) is an American former investor, former stockbroker and former non executive chairman for NASDAQ Stock Market. He is the admitted operator of a Ponzi scheme which is the largest financial fraud in United States history.

paragraphs: In March 2009, Madoff pleaded guilty to 11 federal felonies and admitted to turning his wealth management business into a massive Ponzi scheme. Thousands of investors lost billions of dollars. Madoff said he began the Ponzi scheme in the early 1990s. However, federal investigators believe the fraud began as early as the 1970s. The people who are hunting for the missing money believe the investment operation may never have been legitimate. The amount missing from client accounts, including fabricated gains, was almost $65 billion. The court-appointed trustee estimated actual losses to investors of $18 billion. On June 29, 2009, he was sentenced to 150 years in prison, the maximum allowed.

paragraphs: Madoff is of Jewish descent. He is married to Ruth. The elder of their two sons committed suicide by hanging in 2010. The younger son died of lymphoma in 2014. In December 2013, Madoff suffered from a heart attack. In January 2014, he said he has stage 4 kidney cancer.


title: Duckboards

paragraphs: Duckboards are wooden walkways. They are usually put over muddy ground. Doing this means that people can walk on the dry duckboards instead of the muddy ground.

paragraphs: Duckboards are used to allow hikers to walk over wet and/or muddy ground, like a swamp or shores of a lake. Very wide duckboards are used sometimes so that wheelchair users can use them. Duckboards can be nailed into logs with wooden stakes.

paragraphs: During World War I, duckboards were put along the ground of trenches on the Western Front. This is because the trenches usually flooded. Mud and water would stay in the trenches for months. The boards helped to keep the soldiers' feet dry. It also helped stop soldiers get a disease called trench foot. Trench foot is caused by standing on wet, muddy ground for a long time. They also helped soldiers move along the trenches faster. Sometimes, falling from duckboards could be deadly. Some unlucky soldiers drowned in mud because of their heavy equipment.


title: Twenty Questions

paragraphs: 20Q is a game where somebody thinks of an object and the goal is to figure out what it is in 20 questions or fewer. It is available as a handheld game, a website, and a game show. It usually starts out by asking whether the object is an "animal, vegetable, mineral, or other".


title: Bill Clements

paragraphs: William Perry "Bill" Clements, Jr. (April 13, 1917 – May 29, 2011) was the 42nd and 44th Governor of Texas, serving from 1979 to 1983 and 1987 to 1991. Clements was the first Republican to have served as governor of the U.S. state of Texas since Reconstruction. Clements' eight years in office were the most served by any Texan governor prior to former Governor Rick Perry.

paragraphs: Clements was born in Dallas and worked as an oil driller for many years. He studied at Southern Methodist University (SMU) but did not finish a degree. He founded SEDCO in 1947, which became the world's largest offshore drilling company. He entered politics as the United States Deputy Secretary of Defense under Presidents Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. From 1975-1977 he worked under Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld.

paragraphs: In 1975, he married political organizer Rita Crocker Clements.

paragraphs: On January 16, 1979, Clements replaced Democrat Dolph Briscoe as governor of Texas. He defeated State Representative Ray Hutchison in the Republican primary by a vote of 115,345 to 38,268. Clements won the November 1978 general election defeating Democrat John Hill. Hill had been the Chief Justice of the Texas Supreme Court and had been the Texas Attorney General for six years. Clements got 49.96% of the votes. With help from the votes of several minor candidates he narrowly won the election.

paragraphs: Clements ran for reelection in 1982 but was defeated by Democratic Attorney General Mark White. People think that he lost votes because the economy was bad.

paragraphs: After being defeated, Clements was chairman of the board of governors of SMU in Dallas. He ran again in 1986 and won a primary against U.S. Representative Thomas Loeffler of New Braunfels and former Democratic turned Republican Congressman Kent Hance of Lubbock. At the election Clements defeated Governor White getting 52.7% of the votes.

paragraphs: His first term was marked by SEDCO's involvement in the then largest oil blowout in history, the Ixtoc I oil spill, which caused extensive environmental damage. Charlie Brooks, Jr., became the first prisoner to be executed by lethal injection (December 1982). Clements faced heavily Democratic state legislatures. In 1980, Clements changed the death penalty for Randall Dale Adams to life in prison. Adams was the subject of "The Thin Blue Line", an Errol Morris documentary movie. Adams was found to be innocent in 1989 after serving twelve years in prison.

paragraphs: During his second term, Clements worked to reduce crime, improve education, and boost the Texas economy. He tried to improve relations with Mexico, especially on immigration and the War on Drugs.

paragraphs: Clements's second term was hurt by actions he took at SMU. On March 3, 1987, Clements admitted that he and the SMU board of governors had approved a secret plan to pay 13 college football players using money from an alumnus. The NCAA shut down the SMU football program for the 1987 season. They did not have a team in 1988 as well. The shutdown and other sanctions hurt the team for many years. The College of Bishops of the United Methodist Church investigated the scandal. The discovered Clements had met with athletic director Bob Hitch, and agreed that the payments had to continue.

paragraphs: In late 1985 then SMU President L. Donald Shields and board of trustees chairman Edwin L. Cox wanted to stop the payments completely. Clements told President Shields to "stay out of it" and to "go run the university".

paragraphs: A week later, Clements said he was sorry that he kept making the payments. He said the he had learned about the payments in 1984, and discovered that players had been paid since the mid-1970s. The board "reluctantly and uncomfortably" decided to continue paying players who had already been guaranteed payments. However, he now knows that they should have stopped the payments immediately.

paragraphs: Clements faced calls for his impeachment as a result of these statements. Two state legislators argued that he would have never been elected Governor had told the truth about his role in the scandal. Because of this, Clements did not run for a third term as governor. On January 15, 1991, Democratic state Treasurer Ann Richards replaced him.

paragraphs: After leaving the governorship, Clements worked hard to help Republican candidates seeking office in Texas. He lived in Dallas with his second wife, Rita Crocker. She was later appointed to the University of Texas Regents by Governor George W. Bush. Clements was known for his acerbic, energetic personality, which Democrats hated but Republicans loved. In 1993, he unsuccessfully supported the conservative Congressman Joe Barton in a special election for the U.S. Senate.

paragraphs: In June 2009, Clements donated $100 million to UT Southwestern Medical Center, the largest civic donation in Dallas history. A high school in Sugar Land, Texas and a state office building in Austin, Texas are named in honor of Clements.

paragraphs: On Memorial Day weekend in 2011, Clements died at age 94 in a Dallas hospital from natural causes.


title: Jingle Bells

paragraphs: "Jingle Bells" is a popular American winter song about riding through the snow in a sleigh. It was written by James Lord Pierpont (1822–1893) of Medford, Massachusetts. It was published under the title "One Horse Open Sleigh" in the autumn of 1857. It was written to be sung for Thanksgiving. It is also sung at Christmas. It is sung at Christmas so much that most people believe it is a Christmas song, but it is not.


title: I'll Be Home for Christmas

paragraphs: "I'll Be Home for Christmas" is a holiday song written via Buck Ram, Walter Kent and Kim Gannon. It was first sung by Bing Crosby beginning in 1943. It's been covered by many other artists, such as The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant and Jordin Sparks throughout the years.


title: Jingle Bell Rock

paragraphs: "Jingle Bell Rock" is a popular Christmas song. It was first sung by Bobby Helms in 1957. It is often played on the radio during the Christmas season. "Jingle Bell Rock" was composed (written) by Joseph Carleton Beal (1900–1967) and James Ross Boothe (1917–1976).

paragraphs: Since 1957, other singers have recorded their own versions of this song including, Jessica Simpson, Hilary Duff, Johnny Mathis, Hall & Oates and Brenda Lee. Many others have done so as well.


title: Sam P. Chelladurai

paragraphs: Sam Chelladurai () is the Senior Pastor of the Apostolic Fellowship Tabernacle, a church in Chennai, India. His sermons at the church are televised in both Tamil and English. Also, all his church services are "webcast" live on his website, www.revsam.org. He also leads the Full Gospel Bible Institute and an Evangelistic Outreach Program (Campaign India). He prints a Monthly Magazine in Tamil (Vettriyum Vaazhvum). He speaks at Teaching Seminars throughout South India.

paragraphs: Sam Chelladurai taught on many different topics, including the following:


title: Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree

paragraphs: "Rockin' around the Christmas Tree" is an extremely popular Christmas song first performed by Brenda Lee. It was released in 1958 and 1959, although it was not until 1960 that the song became popular. Other musicians have covered the song through the years, including, however not limited to Amy Grant, Jessica Simpson, LeAnn Rimes and Miley Cyrus.


title: Seydou Keita

paragraphs: Seydou Keita (born 16 January 1980 in Bamako) is a Malian footballer who plays for FC Barcelona and the Malian national team. He also holds a French passport.


title: Ibrahim Afellay

paragraphs: Ibrahim Afellay (born 2 April 1986 in Utrecht, Netherlands) is a Moroccan-Dutch footballer. He plays for Stoke City and the Netherlands national team.


title: Pope Pius II

paragraphs: Pope Pius II (; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), born Enea Silvio Piccolomini , was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 211th Pope from August 19, 1458 until his death in 1464.

paragraphs: Pius II was born at Corsignano, which is near Siena. He was the oldest of 18 children.

paragraphs: In 1447, Pope Nicholas V made Piccolomini Bishop of Trieste. In 1450, he was made Bishop of Siena.

paragraphs: In 1456, Pope Calixtus III raised Bishop Piccolomini to the rank of cardinal.

paragraphs: Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope in 1458. The pope chose to be called "Pius" because of the adjective pious which recurs in the phrase "pius Aeneas" in Virgil's "Aeneid".

paragraphs: Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: According to Niccolò Machiavelli, "Pius showed himself mindful above all of the welfare of Christendom and of the honour of the Church, independent of any private passion or interest of his own."

paragraphs: St. Catherine of Siena was canonized during his reign.

paragraphs: In a statistical overview derived from writings by and about Pope Pius II, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 20+ works in 30+ publications in 5 languages and 120+ library holdings.


title: Peanut milk

paragraphs: Peanut milk is a substitute non-dairy milk. It is made of peanuts and water. Recipes sometimes add salt, sweeteners, or grains.

paragraphs: Other substitutes for milk include almond milk, soy milk, and rice milk.


title: Pope Pius III

paragraphs: Pope Pius III (; 29 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Franchesco Todeschini and also known as Francesco Todeschini Piccolomini, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 216th Pope from 22 September to 18 October 1503.

paragraphs: Francesco Todeschini was born in Siena. He was the nephew of Aeneas Silvius Piccolomini, who would become Pope Pius II. He was allowed by uncle to take his mother's maiden name of Piccolomini. His studies in law at the University of Perugia led to a doctorate degree.

paragraphs: In 1460, Pius II appointed Todeschini to be Bishop of Siena.

paragraphs: Todeschini was named Cardinal of St. Eustachio in 1460. He was sent on diplomatic missions by Pope Paul II, Pope Sixtus IV and Pope Alexander VI.

paragraphs: Cardinal Piccolomini was elected pope on September 22, 1503, His choice of name honors his uncle Pius II.

paragraphs: This pope's reign lasted less than a month.


title: Tidal stream power

paragraphs: Tidal stream power is electricity made from the tidal movement of water. A tidal stream generator is a machine that extracts energy from moving water in tides. Tidal stream generators draw energy from water currents in much the same way as wind turbines draw energy from air currents.

paragraphs: Tidal stream power is the cheapest and the least ecologically damaging among the three main forms of tidal power generation.

paragraphs: Tidal stream power is a relatively new technology. It was first conceived in the 1970s during the oil crisis.

paragraphs: The potential for power generation by an individual tidal turbine can be greater than that of similarly rated wind energy turbine. Water is about 800 times the density of air. So, water pushing against a turbine can provide much more power than air pushing against a similar turbine at the same speed. Also, the lowest water speeds needed for an economic power project is lower than the wind speed needed for a wind turbine project. In practice, the tide must move at speeds of at least 2 knots (1 m/s) even close to neap tides to be a source of power.

paragraphs: As with wind power, selection of location is critical for the tidal turbine. Tidal stream systems need to be located in areas with fast currents where natural flows are concentrated between obstructions, for example at the entrances to bays and rivers, around rocky points, headlands, or between islands or other land masses.

paragraphs: The main concern has been whether the turbines kill fish. Very little direct environmental research or observation of tidal stream systems exists. Most direct observations consist of releasing tagged fish upstream of the device(s) and direct observation of mortality or impact on the fish.

paragraphs: One study of the Roosevelt Island Tidal Energy (RITE, Verdant Power) project in the East River (New York City), utilized 24 split beam hydroacoustic sensors (scientific echosounder) to detect and track the movement of fish both upstream and downstream of each of six turbines. The results suggested (1) very few fish using this portion of the river, (2) those fish which did use this area were not using the portion of the river which would subject them to blade strikes, and (3) no evidence of fish traveling through blade areas.

paragraphs: Work is currently being conducted by the Northwest National Marine Renewable Energy Center (NNMREC) to explore and establish tools and protocols for assessment of physical and biological conditions and monitor environmental changes associated with tidal energy development.


title: Cliff-dwelling

paragraphs: Cliff-dwelling was living in cave on a cliff or a niche. It was often done by the Ancient Americans. Those who did this were called cliff-dwellers.


title: Patty Smyth

paragraphs: Patty Smyth (born June 26, 1957 in New York City) is an American rock and roll singer. She first had success as lead singer of the group Scandal. Her solo hit songs include "Sometimes Love Just Ain't Enough".


title: Ohio County, West Virginia

paragraphs: Ohio County is a county in West Virginia. It was created in 1776. It was named for the Ohio River which forms its western border. West Liberty (formerly Black's Cabin) was the county seat from 1777 to 1797. The city of Wheeling, West Virginia has been the county seat since then. As of 2010, 44,443 people lived there.

paragraphs: Ohio County is part of the Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area.

paragraphs: Ohio County is one of four US counties to border the state with whom it shares its name (the others are Nevada County, California, Texas County, Oklahoma, and Delaware County, Pennsylvania).


title: U.S. Route 250

paragraphs: U.S. Route 250 (US 250) is a route of the United States Numbered Highway System. It is a spur of U.S. Route 50. It runs for from Sandusky, Ohio to Richmond, Virginia. It passes through the states of Virginia, West Virginia, and Ohio. The road goes through the cities of Richmond, Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, Staunton, Virginia, and Wheeling, West Virginia. US 250 intersects and forms a short overlap with its parent US 50 west of Pruntytown, West Virginia. In West Virginia, the route is signed north–south. In Ohio and Virginia, the route is signed east–west.


title: Pope Pius IV

paragraphs: Pope Pius IV (; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 225th Pope from 1559 to 1565.

paragraphs: Giovanni Angelo Medici was born in Milan. He was not closely related to the Medicis of Florence.

paragraphs: He studied at University of Pavia and the University of Bologna where he earned a law degree.

paragraphs: In 1527, Medici went to Rome where he joined the church bureaucracy.

paragraphs: In 1549, Pope Paul III made Medici a cardinal. Pope Leo III sent him on diplomatic missions to Germany and to Hungary.

paragraphs: During the reign of Pope Paul IV, Cardinal Medici was out of favor.

paragraphs: Cardinal Medici was elected Pope on 25 December 1559.

paragraphs: In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope moderated the Inquisition in Italy.

paragraphs: Pope Paul III presided over the last session of the Council of Trent which was the major event of his papacy.

paragraphs: In part, the Tridentine Creed reflects the thinking of church leaders at the Council of Trent.

paragraphs: After his death in 1565, the body of Pope Pius IV was entombed at the church of Santa Maria degli Angeli.


title: Functional programming

paragraphs: Functional programming is a programming paradigm where values are passed around into functions, and those functions are themselves values. Functional programmers often try to make large parts of their code referentially transparent.


title: Darlene Love

paragraphs: Darlene Wright, better known as Darlene Love, (born July 26, 1941) is an American pop rock singer and actress. She was born in Los Angeles. She became well known in the 1960s with many hit songs. She has also acted in movies and many television programs.


title: JSON

paragraphs: JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a way of expressing information. JSON is usually easy to understand. It can express information like XML. It is based on JavaScript's notation for object literals. However, JSON is stricter.

paragraphs: JSON and XML are both often used in AJAX. Even though JSON is named after JavaScript, it can be used in other programming languages, such as Python (, etc.)


title: Baby, It's Cold Outside

paragraphs: "Baby, It's Cold Outside" is a 1944 song. Frank Loesser wrote the words. This song was sold to MGM. The song does not mention any holiday, but it is regarded as a Christmas song because of the lyrics' depiction of a snowy backdrop. The song is often heard on radio at Christmas time. It has been recorded by multiple musicians, including Dean Martin, Ray Charles and Barry Manilow.


title: Mesa, Colorado

paragraphs: Mesa is a town in Colorado. It has a cemetery.


title: Mario Kart 7

paragraphs: Mario Kart 7 (also called MK7 and originally called Mario Kart 3DS) is a Nintendo 3DS racing game released on December 1, 2011. It is the seventh main game in the series. The game as additions, including hang-gliding attachments on karts and driving underwater. The player is able to customize their karts. Metal Mario, Lakitu, Wiggler, and Honey Queen appeared as playable characters.


title: I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus

paragraphs: "I Saw Mummy Kissing Santa Claus" is a Christmas song with words and music by British songwriter Tommie Connor. The original recording by 13-year-old Jimmy Boyd rose to #1 on the "Billboard" charts in December 1952. The words tell of a child who sees Mommy kissing Santa Claus underneath the mistletoe.

paragraphs: The Roman Catholic Church in Boston hated the song because it is a Christmas song that also mentions sex. Radio stations in several markets banned it. Boyd went to church leaders to talk about the words. The ban on the song was lifted.

paragraphs: The song has been performed by various musicians, including but not limited to the Ronettes, Jackson 5, Jessica Simpson, John Mellencamp, Amy Winehouse and other singers throughout the years.


title: The Ronettes

paragraphs: The Ronettes were an American girl group. They were based in New York City and were popular in the 1960s. The girls began singing as adolescents around Spanish Harlem in 1959.

paragraphs: They were originally a five-member group, Ronnie and the Relatives, who became a permanent act at the "Peppermint Lounge", earning $10 a night per girl to dance "The Twist" and sing a song during the show. Later, Ronnie and the Relatives became 'The Ronettes'. They had eight songs on the "Billboard" Top 100. They were the only girl group to tour with the Beatles, in August 1966. The group broke up in 1967.

paragraphs: The trio worked with Phil Spector from 1963. Veronica Bennett was married to Phil Spector from 1968 to 1974, and took his name professionally. She claimed he abused her physically and mentally. Ronnie stated in her autobiography that she walked out of the house through the closed and locked rear sliding glass door, shoeless, shattering the glass as she left, and feet all cut up by the time she got to the gate. She never returned. Ronnie Spector filed for divorce in 1972. She wrote a book about her experiences, and said years later: "I can only say that when I left in the early 1970s, I knew that if I didn't leave at that time, I was going to die there". She and Spector separated in 1973 and divorced one year later. In August 2011, Spector admitted that she went to rehab in order to escape living with Phil.

paragraphs: The first top hit credited to the Ronettes was "Be My Baby" in 1963. They had already recorded several hits which were issued and credited to another group, the Crystals. "Walking in the Rain" (Ronette version) won a Grammy Award in 1965, and "Be My Baby" went into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. Other hits were "Silhouettes", "Baby, I Love You', "(The Best Part of) Breakin' Up".


title: Yahoo! Search

paragraphs: Yahoo! Search is an Internet search engine. It is owned by Yahoo! Inc. and was, as of December 2009, the 2nd largest search engine on the web by query volume, at 6.42%, after its competitor Google at 85.35% and before Baidu at 3.67%, according to Net Applications.

paragraphs: Originally, Yahoo! Search started as a web directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In the late 1990s, Yahoo! evolved into a full-fledged portal with a search interface and, by 2007, a limited version of selection-based search.

paragraphs: Yahoo! Search, originally referred to as Yahoo! provided Search interface, would send queries to a searchable index of pages supplemented with its directory of sites. The results were presented to the user under the Yahoo! brand. Originally, none of the actual web crawling and storage/retrieval of data was done by Yahoo! itself. In 2001 the searchable index was powered by Inktomi and later was powered by Google until 2004, when Yahoo! Search became independent.

paragraphs: On July 29, 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo! announced that Bing would power Yahoo! Search. All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners will be shifted to Bing by early 2012.


title: Andretti Autosport

paragraphs: Andretti Autosport is an American car racing team that races in the IZOD IndyCar Series. They have won many series titles, the last one with Ryan Hunter-Reay in 2007. They were called Andretti Green Racing until 2010. It is owned by Mario Andretti and his son Michael Andretti. Their 2011 drivers were

paragraphs: Danica Patrick the first woman to win an IndyCar race. She is being replaced for 2012 and will move to NASCAR. she drove the #7 car sponsored by domain name provider GoDaddy.com. Patrick was supposed to be replaced by Dan Wheldon but he was killed in an accident before his first race with the team.

paragraphs: Marco Andretti the son of the team owner who won the 2011 Iowa Corn Indy 200. He drives the #26 car sponsored by Dr. Pepper and Venom Energy Drink.

paragraphs: Mike Conway is a British driver that joined the team for 2011. He won the Long Beach Grand Prix. Conway drives the #27 Buffalo Wild Wings car. The team replaced him with James Hinchcliffe for 2012.

paragraphs: Ryan Hunter Reay also drives for the team, which he joined in 2010. His car is No. 28 and is sponsored by Sun Drop and DHL. He won the 2012 IndyCar Series championship.

paragraphs: Currently, their drivers for 2014 are Marco Andretti, Kurt Busch, James Hinchcliffe, Ryan Hunter-Reay, and Carlos Muñoz.


title: Royal Irish Constabulary

paragraphs: The Royal Irish Constabulary (Irish: Constáblacht Ríoga na hÉireann) was the police force of Ireland when it was part of the United Kingdom. It was made by legislation, which was sponsored by Sir Robert Peel in 1814. It was given its name by Queen Victoria for its loyalty during an Irish rebellion in 1867. It was made up mainly of Irish Roman Catholics. In 1870 the RIC took over the police forces of Londonderry and Belfast. The RIC worked together with the Dublin Metropolitan Police.

paragraphs: It was shut down when Ireland left the UK in 1922. The Irish Free State Civic Guard has taken its place in Ireland, and in Northern Ireland it was replaced by the Royal Ulster Constabulary.


title: Sicel language

paragraphs: Sicel was an ancient language. It was spoken by the Sicels, a tribe that lived on Sicily. Sicel is an Indo-European language. Not much is known about Sicel because very few inscriptions have been found.


title: The Closer I Get to You

paragraphs: "The Closer I Get to You" is an American song first performed by Donny Hathaway and Roberta Flack. The original version was released in February 1978. The song was a major crossover hit for Flack. It peaked near #2 on Billboard Hot 100. It has been covered by other musicians, including Luther Vandross and Beyoncé.


title: Congo Free State

paragraphs: The Congo Free State () was a large area in Central Africa. It was privately owned by Leopold II, King of the Belgians. Leopold convinced the international community that he was involved in humanitarian work. He attracted scientific and humanitarian backing for the International African Association (), which he formed during a Brussels Geographic Conference of geographic societies, explorers, and leaders he hosted in 1876. Leopold used the Association and the defunct "Committee for Studies of the Upper Congo" () as a way to claim most of the Congo Basin.

paragraphs: Leopold created the International Association of the Congo () as a new organization. The entity was officially recognized by the Berlin Conference of 1884-85 and various governments. On May 29, 1885, the king named his new colony the Congo Free State () and ruled it as a dictator (even though he never visited his colony and Africa).

paragraphs: The Congo Free State under Leopold II used slave labor and mutilation of their hands, in order to get full control and force the natives to work at extracting natural resources, mainly rubber and ivory, for Leopold II's personal profit.

paragraphs: His harsh rule was responsible for the deaths of between five to 10 million Congolese people. The Congo became one of the most infamous international scandals of the early 20th century. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. The Belgian government took control in 1908 and created the Belgian Congo.


title: Flag of Ireland

paragraphs: The national flag of the Republic of ireland () is a tricolour vertical flag of green, white, and orange. It is also known as the Irish tricolour. The flag proportion is 1:2 (length twice the width). To unionists it is frequently seen as antagonistic to their history and culture.

paragraphs: Its meaning is not explained in the Irish Constitution, but the Irish government has stated that:


title: Gallipoli

paragraphs: The Gallipoli peninsula (; ; ) is in Turkish Thrace, the European part of Turkey. To the west there is the Aegean Sea and to the east there are the Dardanelles straits.

paragraphs: After an earthquake in 1354, the Greek city of Gallipoli was abandoned, then occupied by Turks from Anatolia. This made it the first Ottoman position in Europe.

paragraphs: The peninsula was part of the Byzantine Empire. The Ottoman Empire slowly conquered it from 13th century to the 15th century. By the 19th century, thirty thousand people lived in the city: Greeks, Turks, Armenians and Jews.

paragraphs: It was a big military camp for the British and French forces during the Crimean War (1854). It was also a stopping-off point on the way to Constantinople.

paragraphs: In World War I, Gallipoli was the site of the Gallipoli Campaign.

paragraphs: The name is from Greek "Καλλίπολις" ("Kallipolis"), meaning "Beautiful City".

paragraphs: In antiquity, it was called the Thracian Chersonese (, ).


title: God Save the Queen (Sex Pistols song)

paragraphs: God Save the Queen is a song by English punk rock band The Sex Pistols. It was the band's second single, and featured on their only album, "Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols". The lyrics, as well as the cover, were controversial at the time. The BBC banned the song.

paragraphs: It has been covered by various bands, including Motorhead.


title: Wessex Sound Studios

paragraphs: Wessex Sound Studios was a recording studio in Highbury New Park, London, England.

paragraphs: Many renowned music artists recorded there, including The Sex Pistols, King Crimson, The Clash, Theatre of Hate, XTC, The Sinceros, Queen, Talk Talk and The Rolling Stones. It was sold to a residential development company in 2003.


title: Dryosauridae

paragraphs: Dryosaurids were primitive iguanodonts from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous. They are found in what is now Africa, Europe, and North America.

paragraphs: There are 11 genera, of which "Dryosaurus" is the best known.


title: Pope Pius V

paragraphs: Pope Pius V (; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri and from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri, O.P., was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 226th Pope from 1566 to 1572. He is a saint of the Catholic Church.

paragraphs: Antonio Ghislieri was born at Bosco in what is now the province of Alessandria, Piedmont), Italy. As a youth, he entered the Dominican Order, and he took the name Michele.

paragraphs: Ghislieri was ordained as a priest in 1528.

paragraphs: Paul IV raised Ghislieri to the rank of cardinal.

paragraphs: Pope Pius IV (1559–65) made Cardinal Ghislieri the Bishop of Mondovi in Piedmont. When Bishop Ghislieri became a cardinal, he did not replace his white Dominican habit with the red robes which most cardinals wore.

paragraphs: Cardinal Ghislieri was elected pope on 7 January 1566; and he chose to be called Pius V.

paragraphs: Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: In the context of the Counter-Reformation, this pope supported the Inquisition in Italy.

paragraphs: Pope Pius excommunicated Queen Elizabeth I of England.

paragraphs: Pius V is credited as the first pope to wear white robes; and since his papacy, white clothing has become traditional.

paragraphs: Pius V died on 1 May 1572. His tomb is located in the Basilica di Santa Maria Maggiore; and the pope's body was placed in it in 1698.

paragraphs: Pius V was beatified by Pope Clement X in the year 1672.

paragraphs: Pope Clement XI made Pius a saint on 24 May 1712.


title: Poynings' Law

paragraphs: Poynings' Law (official title 10 Henry 7.c22) was a law passed by the Irish Parliament in 1495 during the reign of Henry VII of England, King of England and Lord of Ireland sponsored by his Lord Deputy Sir Edward Poynings at a session in Drogheda. It limited the power of the Irish Parliament and gave the English Parliament and monarch veto power over its legislation. The overall points of the law were:

paragraphs: The primary reason for its passage was because the Wars of the Roses had weakened England's stance in Ireland and Sir Edward wanted to restore order and English control to Ireland. It was repealed in 1782.


title: Zell Miller

paragraphs: Zell Miller (born February 24, 1932 – March 23, 2018) was a former United States Senator from Georgia. Miller was Lieutenant Governor from 1975 to 1991, 79th Governor of Georgia from 1991 to 1999, and as United States Senator from 2000 to 2005.

paragraphs: He wrote a book "". The book spent nine weeks in the New York Times Best Seller list for hardback non-fiction.

paragraphs: Miller died on March 23, 2018, at his home in Young Harris, Georgia from Parkinson's disease, aged 86.


title: Jay Rockefeller

paragraphs: John D. Rockefeller IV (born June 18, 1937) is a retired Democratic politician. He served as a United States senator of West Virginia from 1985 to 2015. Before becoming a U.S. Senator, he was Governor of West Virginia from 1977 to 1985.

paragraphs: In April 1992, he was the Democratic Party's finance chairman. He considered running for President, but decided not to after asking friends and advisors. He went on to strongly endorse Bill Clinton as the Democratic candidate.

paragraphs: He is the great-grandson of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller. He is the only member of the Rockefeller family who was a government official to not be a Republican as the family dynasty are mostly left-wing Republicans.

paragraphs: He accused President Obama's critics of racism.

paragraphs: On January 11, 2013, Rockefeller announced that he would not seek reelection for the United States Senate in 2014.


title: David Rockefeller

paragraphs: David Rockefeller, Sr. (June 12, 1915 – March 20, 2017) was the patriarch of the Rockefeller family. He founded the Trilateral Commission. He was the only surviving grandchild of oil tycoon John D. Rockefeller, founder of Standard Oil. His five siblings were Abby, John D. III, Nelson, Laurance and Winthrop.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Advisory Board for the Bilderberg Group.

paragraphs: His net wealth was about 2.5 billion dollars. This ranked him among the 300 richest people in the world.

paragraphs: He married Margaret "Peggy" McGrath on September 7, 1940; (September 28, 1915 – March 26, 1996), she was the daughter of a partner in a prominent Wall Street law firm. They had six children:

paragraphs: Margaret died in 1996. As of 2002, David had ten grandchildren: (by David) Ariana, Camilla; (by Neva) David, Miranda; (by Peggy) Michael; (by Richard) Clay, Rebecca; (by Abby) Christopher; (by Eileen) Danny and Adam.

paragraphs: Rockefeller died on March 20, 2017 at his home in Pocantico Hills, New York from congestive heart failure at the age of 101.


title: Pellegrino Ernetti

paragraphs: Pellegrino Ernetti (1925-1994) was a Roman Catholic priest. He joined the Benedictine order at the age of 16. He later became the most famous exorcist from Venice. He was a musician. He wrote books on music theory. He also claimed to have invented a time machine called the Chronovisor. He died at age 68. Before dying he took back his claims about the Chronovisor. However Francois Brune, another priest, and journalist Peter Krassa argued he was pressured into doing this.


title: Wilhelm Fliess

paragraphs: Wilhelm Fliess (, born 24 October 1858, Arnswalde, Province of Brandenburg–died 13 October 1928, Berlin) was a German Jewish otolaryngologist in Berlin. Fliess became friends with Sigmund Freud in 1887 after they attended a conference together. Fliess researched psychoanalysis with Freud.


title: British South Africa Company

paragraphs: The British South Africa Company was founded by Cecil Rhodes and chartered by the UK government in 1889 to administer British colonies in southern Africa that later became Rhodesia.


title: Pope Pius VII

paragraphs: Pope Pius VII (; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 252nd Pope from 14 March 1800 to 20 August 1823.

paragraphs: Chiaramonti was born at Cesena, the son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti. His mother, Giovanna was related to the Braschi family.

paragraphs: At the age of 16, he joined the Benedictine Order in 1756; and he was called Brother Gregory.

paragraphs: Chiaramonte was ordained on 21 September 1765.

paragraphs: In 1782, Pius VI made Brother Gregory Bishop of Tivoli, which is near Rome. Later, he became the Bishop of Imola.

paragraphs: Pius VI raised Bishop Chiaramonte to the rank of Cardinal in 1785. The see (titular church) of Cardinal Chiaramonte was the Basilica of St. Callistus.

paragraphs: Cardinal Chiaramonti was elected pope on March 14 1800; and he chose to be called Pius VII. He appointed Ercole Consalvi as his Secretary of State.

paragraphs: Pope Pius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Pius traveled from Rome to Paris to crown Napoleon as Emperor of the French in 1804. Before leaving Rome, he signed abdication papers which would take effect if he were put in prison in France. He was not put in prison; and he did not abdicate.

paragraphs: Pius VII's monument (1831) in St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, is by the Danish sculptor Bertel Thorvaldsen.


title: Paula Jones

paragraphs: Paula Rosalee Corbin, better known as Paula Jones, was born September 17, 1966 in Lonoke, Arkansas. She is a former Arkansas state employee who sued President Bill Clinton for sexual harassment, though this lawsuit was officially dismissed after Jones failed to prove damages. The case was a precursor to Clinton being impeached, which he eventually was.


title: Sexual harassment

paragraphs: Sexual harassment is bullying, coercing or making threats of sexual natures toward other people. The behavior is not appropriate and in some circumstances it is illegal. Ranges of behavior go from seemingly minor annoyances to actual sexual abuse or assault. For most businesses, the prevention of sexual harassment and defending employees and others from sexual harassment has become a key goal for legal decision making.

paragraphs: The term 'sexual harassment' was first used in 1973 in a report by Mary Rowe called "Saturn's Rings".

paragraphs: A 2011 study found that 48% of the 1,965 students surveyed had been sexually harassed. 9% reported the harassment to an adult who worked at school. Girls were more likely to be sexually harassed than boys. Girls are more likely to say that sexual harassment has affected them in a bad way.


title: Habitants

paragraphs: Habitants were the farmers of New France. They admired many things in First Nations' cultures and adopted some of their skills and technologies. The Habitants were hard working people who moved and lived in New France to farm.


title: Natalie Cole

paragraphs: Stephanie Natalie Marie Cole (February 6, 1950 – December 31, 2015), better known as simply Natalie Cole, was an American singer-songwriter. She was a daughter of Nat King Cole and Maria Cole and the niece of Freddy Cole. She became successful during the mid to late 1970s as an R&B musician. After a period of low musical sales due to heavy drug addiction, she reemerged as a pop artist in 1987. During the 1990s, Cole won multiple Grammy Awards. She also appeared in many TV programs.

paragraphs: Cole died in Los Angeles, California on December 31, 2015 from congestive heart failure caused by heart disease. She was 65.


title: The Christmas Song

paragraphs: "The Christmas Song", also named "Chestnuts Roasting on an Open Fire" is a song that is played during the Christmas holiday season. It was written by Mel Tormé in 1944 and recorded in 1946 under Nat King Cole, who also did the song during 1953 and 1961. Other musicians, including though not limited to, The Carpenters, Christina Aguilera, Chicago, Hootie & the Blowfish and Jessica Simpson have covered the song throughout the years.


title: SV Wacker Burghausen

paragraphs: The SV Wacker Burghausen is a professional football club from Burghausen, Bavaria. Burghausen plays in the 3rd German league. The club is part of the SV Wacker Burghausen, a sports club with 24 different sports.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1930 for the workers in the Wacker Chemie, a chemical factory which was founded in 1914. The firm is still main sponsor of the club.

paragraphs: During its history the club promoted up to the Second Bundesliga, where thy played from 2002/03 till 2006/07. 2007/08 they were 7th in the Regionalliga and qualified for the new 3.Liga. It finished the 2008–09 season in 18th place, on a relegation rank but was saved from having to step down to the Regionalliga by the withdrawal from the league of Kickers Emden for financial reasons.The next season the club finished in 18th place,on a relegation rank but was again saved from having step down to the Regionalliga by the financial problems of Rot Weiss Ahlen.