title: Boat positions

paragraphs: The front of a boat is called the bow, while the rear of a boat is called the stern. When looking towards the bow (while on the boat), the left-hand side of the boat is the port side. Starboard is the corresponding word for the right side of a boat.

paragraphs: Port and starboard are nautical terms for left and right, respectively. Port is the left-hand side of or direction from a vessel, facing forward. Starboard is the right-hand side, facing forward. Since port and starboard never change, they are clear references that do not depend on which way the observer is facing.

paragraphs: The term "starboard" comes from the Old English "steorbord", meaning the side on which the ship is steered. Before ships had rudders on their center-lines, they were steered with a steering oar at the stern of the ship. Because more people are right-handed it was placed on the right-hand side. The term is similar to the Old Norse "stýri" (rudder) and "borð" (side of a ship). Since the steering oar was on the right side of the boat, it would tie up at wharf on the other side. For this reason the left side was called "port".

paragraphs: Formerly "larboard" was used instead of "port". This is from Middle English "ladebord" and the term "lade" is related to the modern "load". "Larboard" sounded very similar to "starboard" and in 1844 the Royal Navy ordered that "port" be used instead. "Larboard" continued to be used well into the 1850s by whalers. In Old English the word was "bæcbord", which is used in other European languages, for example as the German "backbord" and the French term "bâbord" (derived in turn from Middle Dutch).

paragraphs: At night, the port side of a boat or aircraft is indicated by a red navigation light at the bow. The opposite side of the bow has a green one to help avoid collisions. The "International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea" state that a ship on the left must give way to a ship on its right. If the courses of two boats are intersecting, the helmsman usually gives way to a red light by going around the stern of the stand-on vessel (the vessel that does not need to change course). A saying for this is:


title: Reasonable doubt

paragraphs: Evidence that is beyond a reasonable doubt is the standard of evidence required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. Generally, the prosecutor has the burden of proof and is required to prove their case to this standard. This means that the version of events being presented by the prosecution must be proven to the extent that there could be no "reasonable doubt" in the mind of a "reasonable person" that the defendant is guilty. There can still be a doubt, but only to the extent that it would "not" affect a reasonable person's belief regarding whether or not the defendant is guilty. Beyond "the shadow of a doubt" is sometimes used interchangeably with beyond reasonable doubt. But this term extends beyond the latter, to the extent that it may be considered an impossible standard. The term "reasonable doubt" is most commonly used.

paragraphs: If doubt "does" affect a "reasonable person's" belief that the defendant is guilty, then the jury is not satisfied beyond "reasonable doubt". The precise meaning of words such as "reasonable" and "doubt" are usually defined within jurisprudence of the applicable country. A related idea is William Blackstone's formulation: "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer".


title: Adversarial system

paragraphs: The adversarial system or adversary system is a legal system used in the common law countries. It is a system where two advocates represent their parties' positions before an impartial person or group of people. This is usually a jury or judge who attempt to determine the truth of the case. It is in contrast to the inquisitorial system used in some civil law systems (i.e. those deriving from Roman law or the Napoleonic code). This is where a judge or group of judges opens an official inquiry and decides the case.

paragraphs: The adversarial system is the two-part system under which criminal law courts operate. On one side is the prosecution who usually represents the government. The other side is the defense who represents the defendant. Each party may call witnesses and ask questions. Each party may present evidence based on legal ethics and that is approved by the court. For example, legal ethics prevent a lawyer from calling a witness they know will lie on the witness stand. Justice is served when the most effective adversary is able to convince the jury or judge that his or her case is the correct one.


title: France Bučar

paragraphs: France Bučar (2 February 1923 – 21 October 2015) was a Slovenian politician, legal expert and author. From 1990 through 1992, he served as the first chairman of the freely elected Slovenian Parliament.

paragraphs: He was the one to formally declare independence for Slovenia on June 25, 1991. He was thought to be one of the founding fathers of Slovenian democracy and independence. He was also thought, together with Peter Jambrek, the main author of the current Slovenian constitution.


title: Michael Meacher

paragraphs: Michael Hugh Meacher (4 November 1939 – 20 October 2015) was a British Labour politician and academic. He was a lecturer in social administration at the University of Essex and the University of York.

paragraphs: He was a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1970 until his death, originally for Oldham West and then from 1997 for Oldham West and Royton.


title: Lake Sarysu

paragraphs: Sarysu ( meaning "Yellow Lake") is the largest lake of Azerbaijan. It is located in the Imishli and Sabirabad rayons (districts) of the Kur-Araz Lowland.

paragraphs: Sarysu lake lies next to the Kura River from Imishli Rayon southeast to Sabirabad Rayon. It reaches a total length of . It is one of the four lakes present in the area. The water in the lake is fresh water. The lake inflows from Lake Ağgöl through a canal. It is also filled by groundwater and rain. It outflows to the Kura River. The outflow to Kura is regulated by a water-releasing station in Muradbəyli.


title: Statute of limitations

paragraphs: Statutes of limitations are laws passed by a legislative body in common law systems that set the maximum time after an event when a lawsuit may be filed. In civil law systems, similar provisions are typically part of their civil or criminal codes and known collectively as "periods of prescription". When the period of time specified in a statute of limitations passes, the statute of limitations provides an absolute defense to the legal claim.

paragraphs: The intention of these laws is to make sure legal cases are brought to trial in a reasonable length of time.

paragraphs: A statute of limitations restricts when a case may be filed, but is not a deadline for the completion of a case. If a case is filed during the period specified in the statute of limitations, the case may be heard and decided by the court even after that period expires.

paragraphs: The statute of limitations is determined by the cause of action, and different causes of action may have different limitations period even within the same state or country. The limitations period may be extended to ensure fairness to the parties, for example, if the person making the claim was a minor at the time the legal claim arose, or if the defendant committed a wrongful act to conceal the legal claim from the injured plaintiff.

paragraphs: Typically the statute of limitations must be raised by the defense after a lawsuit is filed. If the defense does not claim that the legal action is barred by the statute of limitations, a court may find that the defense has been waived and allow a late-filed lawsuit to continue.

paragraphs: When a statute of limitations expires (runs out) in a criminal case, if the defendant or judge raises a statute of limitations defense, the person can no longer be placed on trial for that cause. In many cases the statute of limitations is jurisdictional, so that a defendant can get a dismissal of a charge even if the defense is not raised, but in some cases the defendant risks waiving the statute of limitations defense if it is not raised before conviction.


title: Mike Kelly (politician)

paragraphs: George Joseph "Mike" Kelly, Jr. (born May 10, 1948), is an American politician. He is a member of the Republican Party. He has been the U.S. Representative for since 2011.


title: Cory Wells

paragraphs: Cory Wells (born Emil Lewandowski; February 5, 1941 – October 20, 2015) was an American singer. He was one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night. He was born in Buffalo, New York.

paragraphs: Wells died suddenly in his sleep on October 20, 2015 at his home in Dunkirk, New York. He was 74 years old.


title: Cause of action

paragraphs: Under the law, a cause of action is a set of facts sufficient to justify a right to sue to obtain money, property, or the enforcement of a right against another party. It means literally the cause or reason why a party can make a legal case under the law. The term also refers to the legal theory upon which a plaintiff brings a lawsuit (such as breach of contract, battery, or false imprisonment). The legal document which carries a claim is often called a Statement of Claim in English law, or a Complaint in U.S. federal practice and in many U.S. states. A complaint identifies the court's jurisdiction, the alleged facts and the relief the plaintiff wants. It can be any communication notifying the party to whom it is addressed of an alleged fault which resulted in damages. This is often expressed in amount of money the receiving party should pay or reimburse.

paragraphs: To pursue a cause of action, a plaintiff pleads or alleges facts in a complaint, the pleading that starts a lawsuit. A cause of action generally includes both the legal theory (the legal wrong the plaintiff claims to have suffered) and the remedy (the relief a court is asked to grant). Often the facts or circumstances that allow a person to seek judicial relief may create multiple causes of action. Although it is fairly easy to file a Statement of Claim in most jurisdictions. If it is not done properly, then the filing party may lose his case due to simple technicalities.

paragraphs: There are a number of specific causes of action, including: contract-based actions, statutory causes of action, torts such as assault, battery, invasion of privacy and fraud. The points a plaintiff must prove to win a given type of case are called the "elements" of that cause of action. For example, for a claim of negligence, the elements are: the (existence of a) duty, breach (of that duty), proximate cause (legal cause), and damages. If a complaint does not allege facts sufficient to support every element of a claim, the court, upon motion by the opposing party, may dismiss the complaint for failure to state a claim for which relief can be granted.

paragraphs: The defendant to a cause of action must file an "Answer" to the complaint in which the "claims" can be admitted or denied. The answer may also contain counterclaims in which the "Counterclaim Plaintiff" states its own causes of action. Finally, the answer may contain affirmative defenses. Most defenses must be raised at the first possible opportunity. Either in the answer or by motion or are considered to be waived.


title: Narayani Zone

paragraphs: Narayani ( is one of the fourteen zones of Nepal, located in the central south of the country. It is named after the Narayani River which is situated on the western border of the zone.

paragraphs: Narayani occupies parts of the Terai, Inner Terai, and Hill regions of Nepal, but it doesn't cover any of the Mountain or Himalayan region. Narayani is rich in flora and fauna. Narayani River and Rapti River are the main rivers of Narayani zone. Bisharari and Garuda laked are some of the few lakes in Narayani.

paragraphs: Narayani is divided into five districts:

paragraphs: Narayani is the third largest industrial area of the country.

paragraphs: Some important cities and towns are Birganj, Parwanipur, Jitpur, Alau, Hetauda, Bharatpur, Narayanghat, Kalaiya, and Gaur.


title: Marion County, Indiana

paragraphs: Marion County is a county in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the county's population was 903,393. The county seat is Indianapolis, the state capital and largest city.


title: Nederland, Texas

paragraphs: Nederland is a city in Jefferson County, Texas, United States. The population was 17,547 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: The city was settled in 1897 along what is now Boston Avenue. It was incorporated in 1940. It was settled by Dutch immigrants on land sold by the Kansas City Southern railroad. It is part of the Beaumont−Port Arthur Metropolitan Statistical Area. Nederland is also a part of an area known as "the Golden Triangle," which includes Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange. The city is next to the Jack Brooks Regional Airport in Port Arthur, which serves the nearby cities of Beaumont and Port Arthur.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and 0.18% is water.

paragraphs: Nederland was founded in 1897 by Dutch settlers as a repayment for financial services of Dutch bankers who financed the Kansas City Southern railroad line that runs through the center of the city.

paragraphs: Nederland's early economy was driven by rice and dairy farming. However, the depression of 1907 and overproduction caused the rice industry in the town to fail.

paragraphs: The City of Nederland completed a new $1.3 million City Hall building at 207 N. 12th street in September 2013. The previously City Hall was shared with Police and Fire services and received a $3.6 million upgrade for Police and Fire services only and is the Homer E. Nagel Public Safety Complex. The safety complex was completed in August 2014.

paragraphs: Nederland has a council-manager system of government.


title: Frank Watkins

paragraphs: Frank Watkins (February 19, 1968 – October 18, 2015) was an American heavy metal musician. He was best known as the bass player for the death metal band Obituary. He also played for the Norwegian black metal band Gorgoroth from 2007 until his death in 2015. He was known by the stage name "Bøddel" during his time with Gorgoroth.

paragraphs: He started playing music when he was 12 years old. He joined Obituary in 1989. Other than music, Watkins decided to form a management company called Back From the Dead Productions which tries to help bands create a positive career in the music business. Watkins joined Gorgoroth in December 2007. He debuted with Gorgoroth at the Hole in the Sky festival on August 29, 2009.

paragraphs: In 2012, Watkins was diagnosed with primary central nervous system lymphoma. On October 18, 2015, Watkins died after a long battle with cancer.


title: Disney Television Animation

paragraphs: Disney Television Animation (DTVA) is the television animation production arm of the Disney Channels Worldwide dedicated to creating, developing and producing animated television series, films, specials and other projects.

paragraphs: Made in 1984 during the reorganization and Was brought back in to The Walt Disney Company following the arrival of then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner, it was known as The Walt Disney Pictures Television Animation Group, the name was then changed and shortened to Walt Disney Television Animation starting in 1987 and was its name up until 2011, when it has been shortened again to Disney Television Animation.


title: East of England (European Parliament constituency)

paragraphs: East of England is a constituency of the European Parliament. It currently elects 7 MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.

paragraphs: The constituency corresponds to the East of England region of the United Kingdom, comprising the ceremonial counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk.

paragraphs: It was formed as a result of the European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999, replacing a number of single-member constituencies.


title: French Americans

paragraphs: French Americans (French: "Américain français"), also called Franco-Americans (French: "Franco-Américain") are Americans who identify themselves to be of French or French Canadian descent. About 11.8 million U.S. residents are of French or French Canadian descent. About 2 million speak French at home. An additional 750,000 U.S. residents speak a French-based creole language, according to the 2011 census.

paragraphs: Americans of French descent make up a substantial percentage of the American population. However French Americans are less visible than other similarly sized ethnic groups. This is due in part to the high degree of assimilation among Huguenot (French Protestant) settlers. Also, there is a tendency of French American groups to identify more strongly with "New World" regional identities. These include Québécois, French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, or Louisiana Creole. This has prevented the development of a wider French American identity.


title: Toni Brunner

paragraphs: Toni Brunner (born 23 August 1974) is a Swiss politician. He is a member of the Swiss National Council. He was born in Wattwil.


title: Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey

paragraphs: Sand Hills, South Brunswick, New Jersey is a neighborhood of South Brunswick, New Jersey.


title: South Brunswick, New Jersey

paragraphs: South Brunswick, New Jersey is a township of New Jersey.

paragraphs: South Brunswick Township was created by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21, 1798. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the community was mostly agricultural. It was named after the city of Braunschweig (called "Brunswick" in the Low German language), in the state of Lower Saxony, in Germany.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, in 2010, South Brunswick had a total area of 41.039 square miles (106.290 km). This included 40.648 square miles (105.278 km) of land and 0.391 square miles (1.012 km) of water (0.95%).

paragraphs: Unincorporated areas in South Brunswick Township include:

paragraphs: At the 2010 United States Census, there were 43,417 people living in South Brunswick.

paragraphs: South Brunswick hosts U.S. Route 1, U.S. Route 130, , , and Interstate 95 (the New Jersey Turnpike).


title: Lake County

paragraphs: It is the name of twelve counties in the United States of America:


title: Mini Estadi

paragraphs: The Mini Estadi (English: Mini Stadium) is the home stadium of FC Barcelona B, the reserve team of FC Barcelona. It is in Barcelona, Spain. It can hold 15,276 people. It also hosts games for the FC Barcelona women's team.


title: Criminal procedure

paragraphs: Criminal procedure refers to the rules that determine how the courts will process a criminal trial. While criminal procedure differs by jurisdiction, the process generally begins with a formal criminal charge and results in the or acquittal of the defendant.

paragraphs: Many countries have a democratic system and use the rule of law. There are a number of common principles. In a criminal case the burden of proof is on the prosecution. That means it is up to the prosecution to prove that the defendant is guilty beyond any reasonable doubt. This is opposed to having the defendant prove he or she is innocent. It also means any doubt is resolved in favor of the defendant. This provision is known as the presumption of innocence. If charged with a felony, defendants have the following basic rights:


title: Jamesburg, New Jersey

paragraphs: Jamesburg is a borough in Middlesex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,915.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 0.883 square miles (2.289 km).


title: South Amboy, New Jersey

paragraphs: South Amboy, New Jersey is a city on the right bank of the Raritan River in Middlesex County, New Jersey.


title: South Plainfield, New Jersey

paragraphs: South Plainfield, New Jersey is a borough of New Jersey.


title: Lake Balboa, Los Angeles

paragraphs: Lake Balboa, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.


title: West Los Angeles

paragraphs: West Los Angeles is a district in the Westside region of Los Angeles County, California.


title: I'm a Believer

paragraphs: "I'm a Believer" is a ballad. It was composed by Neil Diamond. It was recorded by The Monkees in 1966. The single hit #1 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It remained there for seven weeks.

paragraphs: Smash Mouth and Eddie Murphy did covers of the song in 2001. In 1985, singer Barbara Mandrell did her version.


title: Garfield (character)

paragraphs: Garfield is a fictional character. He is from the comic strip "Garfield" created by Jim Davis. Garfield is portrayed as a lazy and cynical orange cat. He loves lasagna and coffee. He hates Mondays, Nermal, and raisins.

paragraphs: Garfield was born on June 19, 1978. From the moment he was born, he has loved lasagna. In almost every cartoon appearance, Garfield causes mischief. He did that in almost every episode of "Garfield and Friends" (1988-1995).

paragraphs: Garfield was named after Jim Davis' grandfather, James Garfield Davis, who in turn was named after US President James A. Garfield.


title: Insanity defense

paragraphs: In criminal trials, the insanity defense is the claim that the defendant is not responsible for his or her actions due to a mental illness. People who have been determined to be insane have been exempt from full criminal punishment since the Code of Hammurabi. There are different definitions of legal insanity in different jurisdictions. A finding of insanity usually results in the defendant being confined in a mental health facility instead of a prison. The first to use this defense was Daniel Sickles when he killed his wife's lover Francis Barton Key (son of Francis Scott Key) in 1859.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and the United States, use of the insanity defense is rare. However, insanity pleas have steadily increased in the UK. Mitigating factors, including things not eligible for the insanity defense like intoxication (or, more frequently, diminished capacity), may lead to reduced charges or reduced sentences.

paragraphs: The question of who bears the burden of proof is an issue in the United States. Before the John Hinckley, Jr. trial the burden of proof rested with the government in most states. Afterwards many of these states required the defense to prove the defendant was legally insane. Where the state still bears the burden of proof, the standard for the prosecution is beyond a reasonable doubt. Where the defense bears the burden, the standard is preponderance of the evidence (a lower standard).

paragraphs: The insanity defense is based on evaluations by forensic mental health professionals with the appropriate test according to the jurisdiction. Their testimony guides the jury (or judge in a bench trial). But they may not testify to the defendant's criminal responsibility. This is for the jury or judge to decide. Mental health experts may testify as to whether at the time of the crime the defendant understood what he did was wrong. If the defendant were acting under a delusion at the time and could still determine right from wrong, he is not insane and may be punished.


title: Harbor City, Los Angeles

paragraphs: Harbor City, Los Angeles is a neighborhood of Los Angeles.


title: Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium

paragraphs: The Alfredo di Stéfano Stadium is the stadium of Real Madrid Castilla. They are the reserve team of Real Madrid. It was built in 2006. It has a capacity of 9,000. Future expansions are planning it to be able to seat 24,000. The stadium is named after club legend Alfredo di Stéfano. There is a statue of him at the entrance created by Pedro Montes.


title: Arbitration

paragraphs: Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way of resolving disputes outside the courts. Litigation can be expensive, time-consuming and unpredictable. With arbitration the parties to a dispute agree to have the disagreement decided by a neutral third party. More often this is a panel of three arbitrators. Each party suggests one, then both arbitrators agree on a third arbitrator. The decision is the result of a majority vote.

paragraphs: Arbitration includes an agreement in advance by both parties to comply with the decision of the arbitrator(s). The process includes a hearing in which both parties may be heard. The arbitrator(s) reviews the evidence in the case and makes a decision. One that is legally binding on both sides and enforceable in the courts.

paragraphs: Another form of alternative dispute resolution is mediation. Mediation and arbitration both use neutral third parties. For that reason they are sometimes confused. One difference is that a mediator does not make any decisions. Instead the mediator works towards getting both parties to agree. Unlike Arbitration, there is usually only one mediator. Another difference is that mediation is usually non-binding. Mediation is used more often in smaller disputes or when the matter is kept confidential. In some jurisdictions, mediation is required before a case can come to court.


title: Algebraic topology

paragraphs: Algebraic topology is a branch of mathematics that uses tools from abstract algebra to study topological spaces. Algebraic topology can be used in a number of other fields such as physics, branches of geometry and number theory.

paragraphs: Algebraic topology can be used to count "holes" in a shape: for example, a wedding ring and a hollow pipe both have one hole, but a figure-8 has two. This can also be done in different dimensions; a hollow sphere has a kind of "2-dimensional" hole.


title: Kazimierz Łaski

paragraphs: Kazimierz Łaski (December 15, 1921 – October 20, 2015) was a Polish-Austrian economist. He was one of the most famous representatives of Post-Keynesian economics in Austria. He was born in Warsaw, Poland.

paragraphs: Łaski died in Vienna, Austria at the age of 93.


title: Marty Ingels

paragraphs: Martin Ingerman (March 9, 1936 – October 21, 2015), known professionally as Marty Ingels, was an American actor, comedian, comedy, sketch writer, theatrical agent. He was known for his role in the 1960s television series" I'm Dickens, He's Fenster". He also voiced many cartoon characters and commercials, such as Pac-Man in the Hanna-Barbera cartoon of the same name.

paragraphs: Ingels was born in Brooklyn, New York City. He began his career in 1958. He was previously married to Jean Marie Frassinxlli from 1964 until their divorce in 1966. He then married actress Shirley Jones in 1977. Ingels died from a massive stroke at Tarzana Medical Center in Tarzana, Los Angeles, on October 21, 2015, at the age of 79.


title: Mark Murphy

paragraphs: Mark Murphy (March 14, 1932 – October 22, 2015) was an American jazz singer. He was born in Syracuse, New York, but spent most of his life in New Jersey.

paragraphs: He was won the 1996, 1997, 2000, and 2001 "Down Beat" magazine readers jazz poll for Best Male Vocalist of the Year. During his career, he had six Grammy award nominations for Best Vocal Jazz Performance. He was also known for his original lyrics to the jazz classics "Stolen Moments" and "Red Clay".

paragraphs: Murphy died on October 22, 2015 in Englewood, New Jersey, aged 83.


title: Willem Aantjes

paragraphs: Willem "Wim" Aantjes (; 16 January 1923 – 22 October 2015) was a Dutch politician of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). He served as a Member of the House of Representatives from 26 May 1959 until 7 November 1978.

paragraphs: During World War II Aantjes became a member of the Germanic SS in order to escape forced labor. However, he refused participating in SS activities and was therefore imprisoned in a prison camp.

paragraphs: During his early political career, he was a member for the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) and from 1977 as a dual member for the CDA. He served as the Parliamentary leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party in the House of Representatives from 22 June 1971 until 30 November 1972 when Barend Biesheuvel the Party leader of the Anti-Revolutionary Party served as Prime Minister.

paragraphs: He served again as the Parliamentary leader from 19 December 1977 until 7 November 1978 when he resigned both his positions because of relevations of what happened in World War II.

paragraphs: Aantjes died in Utrecht, Netherlands at the age of 92.


title: Marshawn Lynch

paragraphs: Marshawn Lynch (born April 22, 1986) is a  American football running back. He played in the National Football League(NFL) for the Buffalo Bills and Seattle Seahawks. He was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the first round of the 2007 NFL Draft. His aggressive running style has earned him the name "Beast Mode".

paragraphs: Marshawn grew up in Oakland, California with his three siblings and his mother. His mother had to work multiple jobs in order to keep the family moving. Lynch's family had a history of being athletes, such as his mother, who had been a very good sprinter at the high school that Marshawn was attending at the time (Oakland Technical High School). Lynch played many different positions during high school, including Defensive Back, Quarterback, Wide Receiver, and Linebacker.


title: Mario Beccaria

paragraphs: Mario Beccaria (18 June 1920 – 22 November 2003) was an Italian politician. He was a member of the Christian Democracy Party. He served as mayor of his city and as member of the Chamber of Deputies.

paragraphs: Beccaria died on 22 November 2003, aged 83. In Sant'Angelo Lodigiano it has been dedicated a street to him.


title: Hurricane Patricia

paragraphs: Hurricane Patricia of 2015 was the strongest hurricane ever recorded in the Western Hemisphere. The storm was headed for western Mexico. Its winds grew to Category 5 level and reached 215 mph.

paragraphs: Patricia had the highest hurricane winds since Hurricane Linda in 1997.

paragraphs: On April 25, 2016, the name "Patricia" was retired and replaced with "Pamela".


title: Typhoon Vera

paragraphs: Typhoon Vera, also called the Isewan Typhoon, was a super typhoon that struck Japan in September 1959. It was the strongest and deadliest typhoon ever in the country. It was also a severe setback to the Japanese economy (Japan was still recovering from World War II). Vera's wind speed was .

paragraphs: It was given the name "Vera" by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center. It caused extensive damage to Ise Bay ("Isewan" in Japanese) which is why it is called the Isewan Typhoon in Japan. Overall damage from the storm was ¥600 million. More than 5,000 people lost their lives in the typhoon.


title: Ricardo Dolz y Arango

paragraphs: Ricardo Dolz y Arango (January 3, 1861 - July 5, 1937) was the rector of and a member of the World Court.

paragraphs: He was born on January 3, 1861 to Juan Norberto Dolz y Guzman and María de la Luz Arango Molina. He was the rector of University of Havana and a member of the World Court in The Hague, Netherlands. He died on July 5, 1937 of a heart attack at his home in Havana, Cuba, at the age of 76.


title: Damages

paragraphs: In law, damages are an award, usually of money. It is to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury. The rules for damages can and frequently do vary based on the type of claim which is presented (e.g., breach of contract versus a tort claim) and the jurisdiction. Damages are not the same as court costs which includes the costs to bring a legal case to court. The losing party may also have to pay court costs.

paragraphs: In common law countries, damages are usually categorized into compensatory (or actual) damages, and punitive damages. Compensatory damages are further categorized into special damages and general damages. Special damages include economic losses such as loss of earnings, property damage and medical expenses. General damages are noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering and emotional distress. Statutory damages are those required by statute.

paragraphs: Compensatory damages are paid to compensate the claimant for loss, injury, or harm suffered as a result of another's negligence (tort law). Expectation damages are used in contract law. In civil law countries, these are called "ordinary damages" and may be limited to actual loss.

paragraphs: Generally, punitive damages, which are also termed "exemplary damages" in the United Kingdom, are not awarded in order to compensate the plaintiff, but in order to reform or deter the defendant. They are also to intended to be an example to others not to do the same thing. Punitive damages are awarded when it is determined that compensatory damages are not enough. Punitive damages are awarded over and above the amount of compensatory damages, such as in the event of malice or intent. Great judicial restraint is expected to be exercised in their use. In the United States punitive damages awards are subject to the limitations imposed by the due process of law clauses of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: Punitive damages in most civil law countries are not awarded.

paragraphs: Statutory damages are an amount stated within the statute rather than calculated based on the degree of harm to the plaintiff. Lawmakers will provide for statutory damages for acts in which it is difficult to determine the value of the harm to the victim. Someone breaking the law can entitle the victim to a statutory award. This is even if no actual injury happened.

paragraphs: For example, United States Civil Code 18 USC §§2520 provides for statutory damages to victims of various wiretapping offenses.


title: Equity (law)

paragraphs: In common law countries equity is based on a judiciary assessment of fairness. It is what is often what is considered fair and right under natural law. It is used when the laws themselves do not address an issue or are inadequate in some way. Examples of equity decisions include imposing a lien, correcting a property line or ordering someone to do something to prevent damage.

paragraphs: Common law in England can be traced back to the Norman conquest. The laws, such as they were then, did not address every concern. At first, a subject (of the king) had to petition the king to ask to be heard in his court. One of the first instances of this was in 1070 when Lanfranc, the Archbishop of Canterbury had a case against Odo, Earl of Kent, the king's brother. The archbishop petitioned that lands taken by Odo be restored. Rules of equity began when it became apparent that the common law courts could not solve all legal problems. The king set up courts of chancery (equity). By the 1800s the equity courts were becoming obsolete. In 1875 Parliament did away with the chancery courts altogether.

paragraphs: States in New England followed the English tradition of maintaining separate courts for law and equity. Others, however, combined their courts with both types of jurisdiction. This is what Congress did with respect to the US federal courts. United States bankruptcy courts are the one example of US federal courts which operate as courts of equity.


title: Commoners

paragraphs: The terms commoners, common people or the masses refers to ordinary people who are members of neither the nobility nor the priesthood. In a system of social classes they are those without title or rank. Since the 20th century, the term "common people" has been used in its place. It refers to typical members of society in contrast to highly privileged (in either wealth or influence).

paragraphs: In Europe, a concept of common people started in the classical antiquity of ancient Rome around the 6th century BC. The Roman social division was into patricians (nobles) and plebeians (commoners). The division may have been instituted by Servius Tullius, as an alternative to the previous clan based divisions that had been responsible for internecine conflict. The ancient Greeks generally had no concept of class and their leading social divisions were simply non-Greeks, free-Greeks and slaves. With the growth of Christianity in the 4th century AD, a new world view arose in European thinking about social division. This continued until at least early modern times. Saint Augustine stated that social division was a result of the Fall of Man. The three leading divisions were considered to be the priesthood (clergy), the nobility, and the common people. Sometimes this would be expressed as "those who prayed", "those who fought" and "those who worked". The Latin terms for the three classes – "oratores", "bellatores" and "laboratores" – are often found even in modern textbooks, and have been used in sources since the 9th century.


title: Lateral sulcus

paragraphs: The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent structures of the human brain.

paragraphs: It divides the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. A sulcus is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex.

paragraphs: The lateral sulcus first appears around the fourteenth week of gestation.


title: Seymour Skinner

paragraphs: Seymour Skinner (Armim Tamzarian) (born November 1, 1947) is a fictional character on the long running TV show The Simpsons. His voice is performed by Harry Shearer. He is the principal of Springfield Elemantary School.

paragraphs: He has after behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner.

paragraphs: Skinner was a sergeant in the United States Army during the Vietnam War and now he is the principal of Springfield Elementary School. He has developed a love-hate relationship with Bart Simpson.


title: Leon Bibb

paragraphs: Leon Bibb (February 7, 1922 – October 23, 2015) was an American folk singer. He grew up in Kentucky, studied voice in New York, and worked on Broadway. His career began when he became a featured soloist of the Louisville Municipal College glee club as a student. He was known for performing at "Hootenanny", on "The Ed Sullivan Show" and performed with Bill Cosby on tours.

paragraphs: He lived in Vancouver, British Columbia in Canada since 1969. He died in Vancouver at the age of 93.


title: Krunoslav Hulak

paragraphs: Krunoslav Hulak (25 May 1951 – 23 October 2015) was a Croatian chess master. He was awarded the International Master title in 1974, and the grandmaster title in 1976. Hulak was born in Osijek, Croatia.


title: Speedway, Indiana

paragraphs: Speedway is a town in the state of Indiana, in the United States. It is the home of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.


title: National Informatics Centre

paragraphs: The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is a science and technology group that is part of India's government. It is regulated by the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).

paragraphs: It was founded in 1976. NIC is responsible for providing IT support to Goverment of India and it also maintains the National Portal of India that contains the Constitution of India.


title: 1959 Mexico hurricane

paragraphs: The 1959 Mexico hurricane was one of only two Category 5 Eastern Pacific hurricanes to make landfall in Mexico. It was first observed south of Mexico on October 23. The storm intensified into a Category 3 hurricane on October 25 and a Category 4 the following day. The storm later turned toward the northeast and intensified to Category 5 level. It made landfall near Manzanillo, Mexico.

paragraphs: The hurricane caused at least $280 million in damage. More than 1,800 people lost their lives.


title: Shel Dorf

paragraphs: Sheldon "Shel" Dorf (July 5, 1933 – November 3, 2009) was an American comic-strip letterer and freelance artist. He is known for being the founder of the San Diego Comic-Con International. Dorf lettered the "Steve Canyon" comic strip for the last 12 to 14 years of the strip's run.


title: Amancio Ortega

paragraphs: Amancio Ortega Gaona (; born 28 March 1936) is a Spanish fashion businessman. He is the founding chairman of the Inditex fashion group.

paragraphs: He is best known for its chain of Zara clothing and accessories retail shops. He is the second richest person in the world just behind American billionaire Bill Gates, with a net worth of USD $78.6 billion.


title: Brayden McNabb

paragraphs: Brayden McNabb (born January 28, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres and Los Angeles Kings.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, McNabb played parts of 4 seasons with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL). McNabb played for Team Canada during the 2009 IIHF World U18 Championships and won a gold medal with Canada at the 2008 Ivan Hlinka Memorial Tournament.

paragraphs: He was drafted 66th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Sabres on May 18, 2011. On November 26, 2011, McNabb made his NHL debut in a 5–1 win against the Washington Capitals. On December 26, 2011, he scored his first NHL goal against Tomáš Vokoun of the Washington Capitals in a 4-2 win.

paragraphs: On March 5, 2014, the Sabres traded McNabb, along with Jonathan Parker and two draft picks, to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Hudson Fasching and Nicolas Deslauriers.


title: Pseudogene

paragraphs: Pseudogenes are genes that have lost their function. They have lost their gene expression in the cell or their ability to code protein. The term was coined in 1977.

paragraphs: Pseudogenes can result from mutations in a gene whose product is not needed for the survival of the organism. Although not protein-coding, the DNA of pseudogenes may be functional. It may be similar to other kinds of non-coding DNA which have a regulatory role.

paragraphs: Most have some gene-like features. They lack protein-coding ability resulting from a variety of disabling mutations, or their inability to encode RNA (such as with rRNA pseudogenes).

paragraphs: Pseudogenes are generally thought of as the last stop for genomic material that is to be removed from the genome, so they are often labeled as junk DNA. Pseudogenes contain fascinating biological and evolutionary histories in their sequences. This is due to a pseudogene's shared ancestry with a functional gene. In the same way that Darwin thought of two species as having a shared common ancestry followed by millions of years of evolutionary divergence (see speciation), a pseudogene and its associated functional gene also share a common ancestor and have diverged as separate genetic entities over millions of years.


title: Vigo County, Indiana

paragraphs: Vigo County ( or ) is a county along the western border of Indiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 107,848. The county seat is Terre Haute.


title: Ján Chryzostom Korec

paragraphs: Ján Chryzostom Korec, SJ (22 January 1924 – 24 October 2015) was a Slovak Jesuit Cardinal and Bishop Emeritus of the Diocese of Nitra. He served in the church from 1990 through 2005. He was in jail for eight years (1960-1968) because of his activism against Communism.

paragraphs: Korec was born in Bošany, Czechoslovakia. He died in Nitra, Slovakia at the age of 91.


title: Pseudepigrapha

paragraphs: Pseudepigrapha (pseudo = false; graphe = writing) are falsely attributed works. They are written works not by their supposed author.

paragraphs: They include Old Testament works not included in the Bible. They were a group of early writings which were not included in the Bible, or the Apocrypha. Most were falsely ascribed to biblical characters.

paragraphs: These are Jewish religious works thought to be written about 300 BC to 300 AD. They are distinguished by Protestants from the deuterocanonical (Catholic and Orthodox) or Apocrypha (Protestant). These books appear in the Septuagint and Vulgate but not in the Hebrew Bible or in Protestant bibles.


title: Defense (legal)

paragraphs: In civil proceedings and criminal prosecutions under the common law, a defendant may raise a defense (or defence) in an attempt to avoid criminal or civil liability. It is an answer, made by a defendant to a plaintiff's action or a denial of a prosecutor's charges. It is also an answer in equity.

paragraphs: Under common law, a defendant may raise any of the numerous defenses to limit or avoid liability. These include:

paragraphs: In a criminal trial, there are a wide variety of defenses offered. Some of these include:

paragraphs: Many of the above are considered an affirmative defense in which case the burden of proof may be on the defendant to prove their innocence. Otherwise in a criminal trial the burden of proof usually rests with the prosecution. They must prove the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.


Defense


title: Drama (Jamelia album)

paragraphs: Drama is the debut studio album by British singer and songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records in the United Kingdom in June 2000.


title: Thank You (Jamelia album)

paragraphs: Thank You is the second studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was first released on 29 September 2003 by Parlophone Records.


title: Colin Gubbins

paragraphs: Colin Gubbins was Major-General Sir Colin McVean Gubbins KCMG DSO MC (2 July 1896 – 11 February 1976). He was head of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) in the Second World War.

paragraphs: Gubbins was also responsible for setting up the secret Auxiliary Units, a civilian force to operate behind the German lines if the United Kingdom was invaded during Operation Sea Lion, Germany's planned invasion.


title: Military Cross

paragraphs: The Military Cross (MC) is the third-level military award given to officers and (since 1993) other ranks of the British Armed Forces. Previously it was also awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries.

paragraphs: The MC is granted in recognition of "an act or acts of exemplary gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members, of any rank in Our Armed Forces". In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that some awards, including the Military Cross, could be awarded posthumously.


title: Walk with Me (Jamelia album)

paragraphs: Walk with Me is the third studio album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. It was released by Parlophone Records on 25 September 2006 in the UK and Europe. It was released on 17 March 2007 in Australia.


title: Bad Ass Strippa

paragraphs: "Bad Ass Strippa" is the debut single by Jentina from her self-titled debut album, "Jentina". It was released in Ireland, Italy, and the United Kingdom. It reached number 22 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Mysterious (song)

paragraphs: "Mysterious" is the third and final single by Jentina from her self titled debut album, "Jentina". It was released only in Italy where it reached number 49 on the Italian charts..


title: Ashland, Concordia Parish, Louisiana

paragraphs: Ashland is an unincorporated community in Concordia Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Ashland, Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana

paragraphs: Ashland is a village in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana, United States. It was incorporated in 1963. A few residences and a convenience store to the north spill over into neighboring Bienville Parish. The population was 291 at the 2000 census but went down 9 percent to 269 in 2010. The median age is 45.7 years. Ashland is part of the Natchitoches Micropolitan Statistical Area but is located nearly forty miles to the north of the parish seat of Natchitoches.

paragraphs: The Ashland mayor is W. Gahagan Lee. The village council consists of Wayne Best and Carol Doyle, both Democrats, and Vincent Bown, a Republican. The police chief is Fred Holland, a Democrat. All of the Ashland town officials were unopposed for new terms in the primary election held on October 2, 2010.

paragraphs: On September 2, 2011, a forest fire destroyed ten houses between Ashland and Creston, but residents escaped personal injury. According to Louisiana Commissioner of Agriculture and Forestry Mike Strain, the blaze scorched several thousand acres and was propelled by past drought conditions combined with high winds coming from the aftermath of Tropical Storm Lee in the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Defence in depth

paragraphs: Defense in depth (also known as deep or elastic defense) is a military strategy. It is a delaying tactic intended to slow down the advance of an enemy instead of stopping them. The tactic buys time by yielding to the enemy slowly. It usually causes additional casualties. A defense in depth can slow down an advancing army causing them to lose momentum.

paragraphs: Hannibal used this tactic at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC. Facing a much larger Roman army, he placed his less experienced soldiers in the center. On either side were his most experienced fighters. When the Romans advanced, his center gradually moved back while the troops on the wings began to surround the Romans. It was the largest slaughter of Roman soldiers in the history of the republic.

paragraphs: The classic example is Medieval hill forts and castles with rings of defenses (usually walls). The inner circles of defenders support the outer circles with missiles fire. The attacker has to breach each line of defense exhausting himself in the process.

paragraphs: The German army used the tactic in 1917 during World War I. The Germans used it to great effect on both the French and British armies until July 1918. The arrival of the American forces joining the French and British ended the German tactic.

paragraphs: A properly planned defense in depth can be used to reduce or eliminate any advantage an attacking force might have. This includes superior numbers. The defender places the object of the attack behind several layers of defense. The defenders then let the attacker wear down his forces while they slowly give ground and move back to the next layer of defense.

paragraphs: Carl von Clausewitz, Sun Tzu and the martial art of Budō all agreed that the preferred form of war was defense. Clausewitz stated that defense provided the defenders with additional . A defense in depth can prevent an enemy from surrounding your position. It also provides an excellent opportunity to Counterattack. A defense in space is not being there when an enemy attacks. A defense in time means slowing down or blocking an enemy when they do attack.

paragraphs: A similar tactic is called a "delaying action". The object is for a smaller force to harass a larger force and delay their advance. This while inflicting as much damage as they can to the larger force without directly engaging them. The purpose of a delaying action is to allow an army's main force to disengage an enemy while maintaining good order. The main force is given the time necessary to set up a new defensive position. The small force protecting the larger force is called a rearguard. A famous rearguard example was given in the "Song of Roland". Roland, nephew of Charlemagne commanded the rearguard at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. He and his men protected the rear of the Frankish army while they retreated back to France. In this delaying action, Roland and his men were all killed in an ambush.


title: Defense (sports)

paragraphs: In many team sports, the defence or defense is the action of those players responsible for preventing the other team from scoring. The term may also refer to the tactics involved in defense. It can also be a specialty team whose primary responsibility is defense. Similarly, a defense player or defender is a player who is tasked with stopping the other team from scoring. The defender also protects their own team's goalkeeper or goaltender. This is in association football, ice hockey, water polo and many other sports.

paragraphs: In American football the defense is the part of the team that is tasked with preventing the other team's ball carrier from scoring. The defense consists of 11 players.


title: Cody Eakin

paragraphs: Cody Eakin (born May 24, 1991) is a Canadian ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Washington Capitals, Dallas Stars, and Vegas Golden Knights.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Eakin played parts of 4 seasons with the Swift Current Broncos of the Western Hockey League (WHL).

paragraphs: He was drafted 85th overall by the Washington Capitals in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He signed a three-year entry level contract with the Capitals on October 20, 2009.

paragraphs: On November 1, 2011, Eakin was called up from the Hershey Bears. The same day, Eakin made his NHL debut in a 5-4 overtime win against the Anaheim Ducks. On November 4, 2011, Eakin scored his first NHL goal against Cam Ward of the Carolina Hurricanes.

paragraphs: On June 22, 2012, the Capitals traded Eakin along with a second round pick to the Dallas Stars in exchange for Mike Ribeiro.


title: Nigella sativa

paragraphs: Nigella sativa is a black cumin (also known as nigella or "kalonji"). It is an annual flowering plant in the family Ranunculaceae. It is from south and southwest Asia. "Nigella sativa" can grow to be tall.

paragraphs: The black cumin fruit has numerous seeds which are used as spice, sometimes as a replacement for original black cumin "Bunium bulbocastanum". These two plants are both called 'black cumin' on account of their seeds.


title: 2007 New York Giants season

paragraphs: The 2007 New York Giants season was the team's 83rd season in the National Football League. They finished with 10 wins and 6 losses. They finished second in the NFC East. They earned the fifth seed in the playoffs.

paragraphs: This Giants got into the playoffs in this season. The first playoff game was against the 4th-seeded Tampa Bay Buccaneers. It was played at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa, Florida. The Giants won that game 24-14. Neither team met in the regular season or preseason. The next 3 games were opponents they faced in the regular season.

paragraphs: The second playoff game was against the Dallas Cowboys. It was played at Texas Stadium in Irving, Texas. The Giants had lost their two previous games against the Cowboys, but this time they won 21-17. Tony Romo would throw an interception at the near end of the game.

paragraphs: The third playoff game was against the second-seeded Green Bay Packers. It was played at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Brett Favre threw an interception in overtime to Corey Webster. The interception is Favre's last pass as a Packer. The Giants won 23-20.

paragraphs: In Super Bowl XLII, the Giants played the New England Patriots. The Patriots had completed the regular season undefeated and were heavy favorites. The game is remembered for the Helmet Catch, when David Tyree caught the ball against his helmet in the fourth quarter. The Giants won the game 17-14. The game was an upset for the Patriots. It stopped the Patriots from becoming the NFL's first 19-0 team.

paragraphs: The team was the first NFL International Series participant to win a Super Bowl. They played the Miami Dolphins in the International Series. That was the first game to be played in London.

paragraphs: The 2007 Giants was the first NFC team to win three games on the road, followed by the Green Bay Packers 3 years later.

paragraphs: In two of their playoff games, the Giants wore blue jerseys against Tampa Bay and Dallas.

paragraphs: The 2007 Giants are remarked a cinderalla story.


title: John Barnes Wells

paragraphs: John Barnes Wells (October 17, 1880 - August 8, 1935), was "one of the best known concert singers in New York." He was a popular singer and was featured on many 78-rpm recordings released in the early 1900s. He starred in the 1903 musical theater production of "The Wizard of Oz". One of his last performances was in "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1933).

paragraphs: He was born on October 17, 1880 in Ashley, Pennsylvania. He died on August 8, 1935 in Roxbury, New York.


title: Superstar - The Hits

paragraphs: Superstar – The Hits is a the first greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia, released by Parlophone Records on 24 September 2007 .

paragraphs: Jamelia said about the album "It seems the right time to put out a Greatest Hits and have all the best tracks I've recorded from the past ten years on one album".


title: Jamelia - The Collection

paragraphs: Jamelia – The Collection is the second greatest hits album by British singer-songwriter Jamelia. The album was released on July 27, 2009 on Parlophone Records.


title: Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Serbo-Croatian Wikipedia ("Srpskohrvatska Wikipedija") is the Serbo-Croatian version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia.

paragraphs: There are also Croatian, Serbian and Bosnian Wikipedias.

paragraphs: It is 19th largest edition by article count.


title: Minangkabau Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Minangkabau Wikipedia is the Minangkabau version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. See List of Wikipedias.

paragraphs: It is 31th largest edition by article count.


title: Gene family

paragraphs: A gene family is a set of several similar genes. They occur by the duplication of a single original gene. Usually they have similar biochemical functions. The idea that genes get duplicated is almost as old as the science of genetics.

paragraphs: One such family are the genes for human haemoglobin subunits. The ten genes are in two clusters on different chromosomes, called the α-globin and β-globin loci. These two gene clusters are thought to have arisen from a precursor gene being duplicated, about 500 million years ago.

paragraphs: The biggest gene family is said to be the olfaction genes. The homeobox genes are another important group.

paragraphs: Genes for the immune system include several gene families. They code for the major histocompatibility complex, and the immunoglobulins. The toll-like receptors are the main sensors of infection in mammals.


title: 2007 New England Patriots season

paragraphs: The 2007 New England Patriots season was the 38th season for the New England Patriots in the NFL. It was their 48th season overall. The Patriots won the AFC East for the sixth time.

paragraphs: In 2007, the Patriots won all sixteen of their regular season games. They became the first team with sixteen wins and no losses after beating the New York Giants 38-35. They were the fourth team to do this.

paragraphs: Before the Super Bowl, the Patriots had 18 wins and no losses (18-0). They played the 5th-seeded New York Giants. They had beaten the Giants 38-35 in the last regular season game. However, the Giants won the Super Bowl 17-14.

paragraphs: In 2015, the Patriots started 10-0 before losing in overtime to the Denver Broncos.

paragraphs: The Patriots did not have to play in the wild card because of their undefeated season.


title: Myrna Loy

paragraphs: Myrna Loy (August 2, 1905 – December 14, 1993) was an American movie, television and stage actress. She was known for her roles in "The Thin Man", "The Best Years of Our Lives", "After the Thin Man", "Libeled City", and in "Manhattan Melodrama".

paragraphs: Loy devoted herself to acting after a few minor roles in silent films. She was originally typecast in exotic roles, often as a "femme fatale" or a woman of Asian descent. Her career prospects improved greatly after her portrayal of Nora Charles in "The Thin Man" (1934).

paragraphs: Although Loy was never nominated for a competitive Academy Award, in March 1991 she was presented with an Honorary Academy Award.

paragraphs: Loy was born in Helena, Montana. She was raised in Radersburg, Montana. Loy studied at Harvard-Westlake School. Loy died at a hospital in New York City during surgery at the age of 88. She was buried in Forestvale Cemetery in Helena, Montana.


title: Dick Bavetta

paragraphs: Richard W. "Dick" Bavetta (born December 10, 1939 in Brooklyn, New York) is a retired American professional basketball referee for the National Basketball Association (NBA).

paragraphs: Since starting in 1975, he had never missed an assigned game. He holds the league record for most officiated games. His game on April 12, 2013 in Washington was his 2,600th consecutive game as an NBA official. He retired in 2014.


title: Flip Saunders

paragraphs: Philip Daniel "Flip" Saunders (February 23, 1955 – October 25, 2015) was an American basketball player and coach. During his career, he coached the Minnesota Timberwolves, Detroit Pistons and Washington Wizards. He began his career as a coach in 1977. He retired in 2015 due to health reasons.

paragraphs: Saunders was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He studied at the University of Minnesota. Saunders died of Hodgkin's lymphoma in Minneapolis, Minnesota, aged 60.


title: Roman Polák

paragraphs: Roman Polák (born April 28, 1986) is a Czech ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Dallas Stars of the National Hockey League (NHL) and serves as their alternate captain. He has also played for the St. Louis Blues, Toronto Maple Leafs, and San Jose Sharks.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Polák played parts of 1 season with the Kootenay Ice of the Western Hockey League (WHL) and half of 1 season with HC Vítkovice Steel of the Czech Extraliga. Polák played for Czech Republic during the 2004 IIHF World U18 Championships and the 2005 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. He won a bronze medal at both tournaments. He was drafted 180th overall by the St. Louis Blues in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: On October 9, 2006, Polák made his NHL debut in a 2-0 loss against the Anaheim Ducks. On December 20, 2008, he scored his first NHL goal against Niklas Bäckström of the Minnesota Wild in a 4-2 win. On June 2, 2011, the Blues resigned Polák to a five-year contract extension.

paragraphs: On June 28, 2014, the Blues traded Polák to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for Carl Gunnarsson and a fourth-round pick in the 2014 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Evidence (law)

paragraphs: In law, evidence is an object of some kind, a document of some kind, or the testimony of a person in a court of law. Evidence is used to show something is either true or false. Evidence has to follow rules in most jurisdictions. In the United States, for example, evidence was based on legal precedent until 1975. In that year Congress created the Federal Rules of Evidence. They became the official rules that all forms of evidence must follow in federal courts. Most states in the US use rules based on the federal rules. China, while a civil law country, has followed much of the US Federal Rules of Evidence in their " Uniform Provisions of Evidence".

paragraphs: A subpoena can be used to require a person or organization to provide documents used for evidence.

paragraphs: In most jurisdictions there are exclusionary rules that automatically suppress certain kinds of evidence. For example, in the US, this may be evidence that violates the constitutional rights of a defendant. To be admissible in most jurisdictions, evidence must be relevant and it must be reliable. In most cases evidence that may prejudice a jury or judge against a defendant is inadmissible.


title: Gourd

paragraphs: Gourds are from the pumpkin family. They are about 15 to 12 inches long. Gourds are mostly found in the United States or in Mexico. Their shape is like a squash. Their color is orange, brown, or green. It is eaten in curries, spaghetti, tacos, and salad.


title: Impartiality

paragraphs: An part of any of the world's legal systems is impartiality. It is important for tribunals, judges, juries and arbitrators to be impartial. It is equally important for the legal systems themselves to be impartial.

paragraphs: Judges cannot favor one party over another or give more weight to one side's claims than the other. Judges learn about the law from outside the courtroom and before a trial begins. Because of this a judge may have an opinion regarding the law. When a judge expresses these views he or she is not being impartial.

paragraphs: In the US legal system, juries are screened and individuals selected by a process called "voir dire". Both the prosecution and the defense question jury candidates before a judge. This is to see if they can remain impartial. Any person having a personal interest in the outcome of the trial or who is obviously biased may be removed. This is called "striking" a juror. It is rare to have more than 10% of potential jurors struck from a trial. Trial by jury began in the United Kingdom. Except for cases where there is a provision by the law, it is the right of every person accused of a crime to have an impartial jury trial. More and more criminal trials are held without a jury. The less severe crimes are tried by magistrates. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms guarantees the right to a fair trial. In Canada juries are made up of 12 ordinary persons, male or female, who are expected to be impartial triers of fact. They decide whether the Crown (the prosecution) has made its case. Judges have the option of increasing the jury to 13 or 14 jurors, but only 12 may vote on the guilt or innocence of the accused.

paragraphs: Juries in Scotland have 15 jurors. In many European civil law countries and Japan, juries can be made up of laypersons and judges. Also the opposing council may not be able to strike jurors as in the United States.

paragraphs: Many believe the Magna Carta first guaranteed a right to trial by one's peers. The Latin "judicium parium" does not mean a trial by jury. The word "judicium" in the language of the day meant a judge. The term "liber homo", usually translated as "freeman", at that time were a limited class in England. So it did not mean every person.


title: Charles Russell

paragraphs: Charles Russell (1817-1892), known as "Black Douglas", was an Australian bushranger, who became famous for robbing miners on the road between Bendigo and Melbourne.

paragraphs: Russell was born in Bristol, England in 1817. After coming to Australia, he was well known as a prize fighter, boxing for money. He began robbing people on their way to and from the goldfields at Bendigo. One report claimed he robbed 16 people and chained them to a log.

paragraphs: Because of the danger of bushrangers like Black Douglas on the roads, the government set up a gold escort, a coach protected by police troopers to carry gold to Melbourne. One of Black Douglas's tricks was to rob the tents of miners during the day while they were busy digging for gold. He and his gang were captured by an angry mob of gold miners near Maryborough in May 1855. They were going to punish the bushrangers, but the police arrived and saved them. They were charged with various crimes and put in prison. He served several prison terms, and was in prison at Rochester when he died in 1892.

paragraphs: In 1860, Wilhelmine Guischard wrote a book called "Black Douglas: An Australian Romance".

paragraphs: In 1926, his pistol was given to the police. Russell had forgotten it during a robbery in 1857. It was planned to be presented in the Castlemaine Art Gallery.


Black Douglas


title: Vivian Dandridge

paragraphs: Vivian Alferetta Dandridge (April 26, 1921 – October 26, 1991) was an American singer, dancer and actress. She was the older sister of actress Dorothy Dandridge. She was a member of the Dandridge Sisters music group until it ended in 1940. She played Melisse in the movie "I Walked with a Zombie" (1943). She was in the 1940 movie "Irene".

paragraphs: Dandridge was born in Cleveland, Ohio. She died of a stroke at age 70 in Seattle, Washington.


title: Moda Domani Institute

paragraphs: Moda Domani Institute is a French higher studies establishment. The school is in Paris, France. It started in 2014. Moda Domani Institute is specialist in the fields of luxury, fashion and design.


title: Shigeru Yoshida

paragraphs: Shigeru Yoshida (22 September 1878 – 20 October 1967) was a Japanese diplomat and politician. He served as Prime Minister of Japan from 1946 to 1947 and from 1948 to 1954.

paragraphs: He was the Ambassador to England in 1936. By 1939 he had fallen out of favor with the government. He was against the military expansion Japan was engaged in at the time. All he felt he could do was retire. He was later imprisoned for these same views. When General Douglas MacArthur became the military governor of Japan, Yoshida was called to Tokyo to become the new foreign minister.


title: Andy Dalton

paragraphs: Andrew Gregory Dalton (born October 29, 1987) is an American football quarterback for the Cincinnati Bengals of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Texas Christian University (TCU). In his final college game, the 2011 Rose Bowl against the Wisconsin Badgers, Dalton led the Horned Frogs to a 21–19 victory. He left the TCU program as its all-time leader in wins. He also holds several statistical passing records.

paragraphs: Dalton was selected by the Bengals in the second round (35th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. He signed a four-year, $5.2 million contract. Under a West Coast-style offensive scheme, Dalton and receiver A.J. Green, the Bengals' 2011 first-round selection from the University of Georgia, have become a great quarterback/receiver combination. Dalton and Green broke NFL records for completions (completed passes) and yards for a rookie quarterback/receiver combination.

paragraphs: Dalton is one of five quarterbacks in NFL history to have thrown for over 3,000 yards in each of his first three seasons. The others are Cam Newton, Peyton Manning, Andrew Luck, and Russell Wilson. Dalton is also one of five to have passed for at least 20 touchdowns in each of his first three seasons. He joins Manning, Luck, Wilson, and Dan Marino. Dalton is the only quarterback to lead the Cincinnati Bengals to four consecutive Playoffs. He is just one of five quarterbacks to lead his team to the playoffs in each of his first four seasons. He is also the Bengals franchise record holder for passing yards and touchdowns in a season.

paragraphs: Due to his red hair, Dalton has been nicknamed "The Red Rifle" by Bengals fans.


title: Lisa Jardine

paragraphs: Lisa Anne Jardine, CBE FRS FRHistS (née Bronowski; 12 April 1944 – 25 October 2015) was a British historian of the early modern period.

paragraphs: Jardine was born in Oxford, England. She studied at Cheltenham Ladies' College, Newnham College, Cambridge, and the University of Essex.

paragraphs: From 1990 to 2011, she was Centenary Professor of Renaissance Studies and Director of the Centre for Editing Lives and Letters at Queen Mary, University of London. From 2008 to January 2014 she was Chair of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA).

paragraphs: In 1969, she married scientist Nicholas Jardine, with whom she had a son and a daughter/ In 1982, she married the architect John Hare with whom she had one son. She was the cousin of television director Laurence Moody and actress Clare Lawrence Moody.

paragraphs: Lisa Jardine died of cancer on 25 October 2015, aged 71.


title: Ed Walker (radio personality)

paragraphs: Ed Walker (April 23, 1932 – October 26, 2015) was an American radio personality from Washington, D.C.. He hosted a weekly four-hour Sunday night program, "The Big Broadcast", on WAMU-FM, featuring vintage radio programs from the 1930s to 1950s, such as "Gunsmoke", "The Jack Benny Show", "The Lone Ranger", "Fibber McGee and Molly", and "Superman".

paragraphs: Walker began hosting "The Big Broadcast" in 1990 when his friend John Hickman retired hosting due to illness. The show, which started in 1964 as "Recollections", has been the longest running program on WAMU. The show ranks first in its timeslot, and its audience is "remarkably young for a public radio crowd." Walker was blind.

paragraphs: Walker died in Rockville, Maryland from cancer, aged 83.


title: Marsha Hunt

paragraphs: Marsha Virginia Hunt (born October 17, 1917) is a retired American movie, theater, and television actress. She was blacklisted by Hollywood movie studio executives in the 1950s. She was known for her roles in "Johnny Got His Gun", "Raw Deal", "Born to the West", "Pilot #5", and in "Pride and Prejudice".


title: Ann Blyth

paragraphs: Ann Marie Blyth (born August 16, 1928) is an American actress and singer. Her performance as Veda Pierce in the 1945 movie "Mildred Pierce", she was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress.

paragraphs: Blyth also appeared in "Our Very Own" (with Farley Granger), "The Great Caruso" (with Mario Lanza), "One Minute to Zero" (with Robert Mitchum), "The World in His Arms" (with Gregory Peck), "Rose Marie", "The Student Prince", "Kismet", "The Buster Keaton Story", and "The Helen Morgan Story" (with Paul Newman).


title: Janis Paige

paragraphs: Janis Paige (born September 16, 1922) is an American movie, musical theatre and television actress. She was born in Tacoma, Washington. Her career began in 1944. She retired in 2001. Paige made her live dramatic TV debut June 27, 1957, in "The Latch Key" on "Lux Video Theatre".

paragraphs: Paige appeared in many television shows during her career such as "87th Precinct (TV series)","The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom", "Trapper John, M.D.", "All in the Family", "Columbo" and "Caroline in the City", and in the 1975 television movie "John O'Hara's Gibbsville" (also known as "The Turning Point of Jim Malloy").


title: Barbara Hale

paragraphs: Barbara Hale (April 18, 1922 – January 26, 2017) was an American actress. She was best known for her role as legal secretary Della Street on more than 270 episodes of the long-running "Perry Mason" television series. She was also known for her roles in "The Window", "The Giant Spider Invasion", "Jolson Sings Again", and in "Last of the Comanches". She won an Emmy Award in 1959.

paragraphs: Hale died at her home in Sherman Oaks, California on January 26, 2017 of complications from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, aged 94.


title: Zwolle, Louisiana

paragraphs: Zwolle is a town in Sabine Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Ringgold, Louisiana

paragraphs: Ringgold is a Rural small town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Gibsland, Louisiana

paragraphs: Gibsland is a town in Bienville Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Injunction

paragraphs: An injunction is a court order that either commands or prevents a party from doing a specific act.

paragraphs: Injunctions can be temporary or permanent. A restraining order and a preliminary injunction are examples of temporary injunctions. Either may be issued early in a lawsuit to prevent either party from doing anything that might unfairly influence the outcome of the litigation. A permanent injunction is usually issued after a case is settled. It enforces the final decision of the court.

paragraphs: In the state of New South Wales, an apprehended violence order (AVO) may be issued against a person from whom another person fears violence. They can be issued to prevent physical abuse, harassment or stalking. Any person who violates an AVO may be charged with a criminal offence.

paragraphs: While the United Kingdom has injunctions much the same as other countries they also have super-injunctions. This is an injunction (sometimes called a gag-order) that prevents journalists from writing anything about a court case. It also prevents them from reporting that the injunction itself has been issued. If any injunction in the UK prevents details of the order from being known it is also called a super-injunction.

paragraphs: In common law countries anti-suit injunctions are court orders used to prevent a court or tribunal from assuming jurisdiction or taking over an ongoing lawsuit. An anti-suit injunction may also be used to prevent a party from filing a second lawsuit in another jurisdiction at the same time as the first case.


title: Tullos, Louisiana

paragraphs: Tullos is a town in La Salle and Winn Parishes in the U.S. state of Louisiana


title: Abita Springs, Louisiana

paragraphs: Abita Springs is a town in St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Colville, Washington

paragraphs: Colville (Ktunaxa: "xapqǂinik̓") is a city in Stevens County, Washington, United States. The population was 4,673 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Stevens County.


title: Vivian, Louisiana

paragraphs: Vivian is a town in Caddo Parish, Louisiana, United States


title: Scott Barr

paragraphs: Harvey Scott Barr, Jr. (August 21, 1916 – October 26, 2015) was an American politician from the U.S. state of Washington. Barr was born in Spokane. He served the 7th district in the Washington House of Representatives from 1977 to 1983, and the same district from 1983 to 1993 in the Washington State Senate. His term ended with his resignation in December 1993. He was a Republican.

paragraphs: Barr died in Colville, Washington on October 26, 2015 from natural causes, aged 99.


title: Coushatta, Louisiana

paragraphs: Coushatta is the parish seat of Red River Parish, Louisiana, United States.


title: Judgment (law)

paragraphs: In law, a judgment is a decision of a court regarding the rights and liabilities of parties in a legal action or proceeding. Judgments also generally provide the court's explanation of why it has chosen to make a particular decision.

paragraphs: The phrase "reasons for judgment" is often used interchangeably with "judgment." The former refers to the court's reasons for arriving at the judgment it did. The latter refers to the final court order. a judgement, whether by a court or a tribunal, is the final part of a court case. The judgement is also called a legal decision.


title: Case law

paragraphs: Case law in a legal system are those laws based on previous judicial decisions. This is opposed to decisions based on existing statutes or regulations. In countries using common law, it is generally uncodified meaning there are no collections of legal rules and laws to rely on. Instead they rely on legal precedent. Precedents are previous legal cases that are used as examples for deciding the present case. They are also binding on lower courts where the facts and issues are similar. In countries that use civil law, their laws are codified and there is much less reliance on case law.

paragraphs: Judges make judicial decisions based on precedent and their own understanding when there are few or no precedents. This is "judge-made law" as compared to statuary law, which is made by legislatures and governments. In the United States the courts can rule statutes and regulations unconstitutional if they go beyond the authority given by the constitution. In the United Kingdom judge-made law or common law cannot rule against statutes made by an act of Parliament. The judiciary and legislative branches are not coequal. Judges, however, have traditionally used one of three ways of interpreting statutes:

paragraphs: Judges make decisions by decisions based on the appropriate laws. They then investigate to learn all the facts. Finally they make a decision. Under civil law, judiciary decisions are not a critical part of forming civil laws. Under Dutch civil law for example, there are so many civil laws that it becomes difficult for lawyers and judges to know if they have found all the laws that apply to a case. Even with all the laws, not every situation is covered. The civil court will research everything it can on the subject, then make a decision. For this reason those who start a legal case never know for certain what the decision will be.


title: Lien

paragraphs: A lien ( or ) is a form of security interest attached to property to secure the payment of a debt to a creditor. A lien is usually a public record. The owner of the property is called the "lienee". The creditor or person holding the lien is called the "lienor" or "lien holder".

paragraphs: In the United States, the term lien generally refers to a wide range of legal interests. It includes other forms of mortgage or charge. In the USA, a lien is a "non-possessory" security interests meaning the lien holder does not usually possess the property.

paragraphs: In other common law countries, the term lien refers to a very specific type of security interest. The holder of a lien right to retain (but not sell) property until the debt or other obligation is discharged. In contrast to the usage of the term in the USA, in other countries it refers to a purely "possessory" form of security interest. When possession of the property is lost, the lien is released.


title: Lanfranc

paragraphs: Lanfranc (1005  1010 at Pavia — 24 May 1089 at Canterbury) was a cleric, teacher and jurist who became Archbishop of Canterbury under William the Conqueror.

paragraphs: This celebrated Italian jurist gave up his career to become a monk at Bec in Normandy. In 1070 he became the Archbishop of Canterbury in England. This was the peak of an extraordinary life.

paragraphs: Lanfranc was born in the early years of the 11th century at Pavia in Italy. His father, Hanbald, held a rank equivalent to a magistrate. He was orphaned at an early age. Lanfranc was trained in the liberal arts. He crossed the Alps, and took up the role of teacher in France and eventually in Normandy. About 1039 he became the master of the cathedral school at Avranches. He taught for three years with much success.

paragraphs: In 1042 he gave this up to become a monk in the newly founded Bec Abbey. He became the first prior of Bec Abbey in 1045. He became a friend of William, Duke of Normandy and by 1050 his counselor. Lanfranc then became the abbot of St Stephen in Normandy.

paragraphs: In 1067, when Maurilius, Archbishop of Rouen, died, Lanfranc declined the position. He would not have been able to do so without the consent of William I. It is likely William had something bigger in mind for Lanfranc. In 1070 Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbury was deposed by papal legates. William brought Lanfranc from Normandy to England to become the Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Five Nights at Freddy's (series)

paragraphs: Five Nights at Freddy's, or FNaF, is a media franchise based around an indie video game series created, designed, developed, and published by Scott Cawthon for Microsoft Windows, iOS, and Android.

paragraphs: The series is about a fictional restaurant named Freddy Fazbear's Pizza.

paragraphs: The first 3 games involve the player working as a nighttime security guard, in which they must utilize several tools, most notably checking security cameras, to survive against animatronic characters, which become mobile and homicidal after-hours.

paragraphs: The fourth game, which uses different gameplay mechanics and takes place in the house of a child who must defend against scary versions of the animatronics. The fifth game, the player acts in a first person point of view carrying out tasks to do with the animatronics, after completing 5 nights of this, there is an unlockable custom night option just like in FNaF 1 and 2. In the seventh game, the player acts as the owner of a pizzeria which they must decorate with payable items, and must also work the night shift for their pizzeria, which plays similarly to previous games.

paragraphs: A horror attraction based on the series was featured in the Adventuredome in Halloween of 2016. Additionally, the series appeared in the "Guinness Book of Records: Gamer's Edition", breaking the record for the largest number of sequels released in a year.

paragraphs: A movie by Blumhouse Productions directed by Chris Columbus will be made, with Cawthon producing it.

paragraphs: Five Nights At Freddy's : Security Breach


title: Security interest

paragraphs: A security interest is a legal claim on collateral. The collateral can be real estate, personal property or any asset. Collateral is usually used to secure a loan.

paragraphs: The borrower is the party who borrows the funds. The lender is the one who lends the money in return for a security interest. The lender can repossess the asset if the borrower fails to repay the loan. The lender can then sell the asset to repay the loan. A loan secured by collateral is called a "secured loan" (also called a lien). A loan with no collateral (such as a credit card) is an unsecured loan. There is nothing for the lender to repossess.

paragraphs: There are different types of security interest or liens:


title: William Benjamin Carpenter

paragraphs: William Benjamin Carpenter MD MRCS CB FRS (29 October 1813 – 19 November 1885) was an English physician, invertebrate zoologist and physiologist. He was instrumental in the early stages of the unified University of London.

paragraphs: Carpenter was born on 29 Oct 1813 in Exeter, the eldest son of Dr Lant Carpenter, an important Unitarian preacher who influenced a "rising generation of Unitarian intellectuals". From his father, Carpenter inherited a belief in the essential lawfulness of the creation: this meant that natural causes were the explanation of the world as we find it. William embraced this "naturalistic cosmogeny" as his starting point.

paragraphs: Although qualified medically, he was best known for his work on marine zoology, notably the lower organisms such as Foraminifera and crinoids. These researches gave an impetus to deep-sea exploration, such as the 1868 oceanographic survey with "HMS Lightning" and later the more famous Challenger Expedition.

paragraphs: In the long term, however, he has become known as a founder of idea of the adaptive unconscious. He observed that the human perceptual system almost completely operates outside of conscious awareness. These same observations were also made by Hermann Helmholtz. Perhaps because these views were in conflict with the theories of Descartes, they were neglected for a hundred years. Carpenter noticed that the more he studied the mechanism of thought, the more clear it became that it operates largely outside awareness. He noticed that the unconscious prejudices can be stronger than conscious thought and that they are more dangerous since they happen outside of conscious.

paragraphs: He also noticed that emotional reactions can occur outside of conscious until attention is drawn to them:

paragraphs: He also asserted both the freedom of the will and the existence of the ego.

paragraphs: In the popular mind, he was perhaps better nown for his work against alcoholism, for which he won a prize of 100 guineas. It was one of the first temperance books.

paragraphs: In 1856 Carpenter became Registrar of the University of London, and held the office for twenty-three years. He was made a Companion of the Order of the Bath.


title: Particle detector

paragraphs: A particle detector, also known as a radiation detector, is a device used to , , and/or high-energy particles. These particles can be made by nuclear decay, cosmic radiation, or reactions in a particle accelerator. Particle detectors are used in particle physics, nuclear physics, and nuclear engineering. Modern detectors are also used as calorimeters to measure the energy of radiation. They can measure other things, such as the momentum, spin, or charge of the particles.

paragraphs: Detectors designed for modern accelerators are very big. They are also very expensive. They are called "counters" when they simply count particles, but do not measure anything else. Usually, particle detectors can also track ionizing radiation (high energy photons or even visible light).

paragraphs: Many of the detectors invented so far are ionization detectors (such as gaseous ionization detectors and semiconductor detectors) and scintillation detectors. Other principles, such as Čerenkov light and transition radiation, have also been applied to detect particles.

paragraphs: Some detectors are used to measure the amount of radiation so that people can protect themselves from it. Others are used to study nuclear and particle physics.


title: Civil and political rights

paragraphs: In international law, civil and political rights are those rights a person has over their own autonomy (civil) and their right to have a part in their government (political). Civil and political rights are guaranteed to every person by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR).


title: Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen

paragraphs: Bad Tölz-Wolfratshausen is a district in Bavaria, Germany.


title: Hugo Schnars-Alquist

paragraphs: Carl Wilhelm Hugo Schnars-Alquist ( October 29, 1855 - August 20, 1939) was a German painter who painted scenes of the sea. He was born on October 29, 1855 Hamburg, Germany. His family were merchants and he started working as a merchant himself. Schnars-Alquist was a self-taught painter. In 1886 he was a student of Hans Gude at the Berlin Art Academy. In 1893 he was the German representative for the fine arts at the World's Columbian Exposition. Schnars-Alquist made many sea voyages which taught him how to paint the sea at different Latitudes and from rough sea to calm. He was a member of the jury at the Chicago and Melbourne art exhibitions. He received a Gold medal at Melbourne. Schnars-Alquist was a member of the Hamburg Geographical Society. He also belonged to the Institute for Maritime Studies at the University of Berlin.


title: Pleading

paragraphs: Pleading is usually the first step in a lawsuit. This is when parties formally submit their claims and defenses. A "complaint" is the first pleading filed by a plaintiff which starts the lawsuit. A complaint lists the relevant allegations of fact which leads to one or more legal causes of action. It also has a prayer for relief and sometimes a statement of damages claimed. This is called an "ad quod damnum" clause. In some situations, a complaint is called a "petition". In this case the party filing a complaint is called the petitioner and the other party is the respondent. In equity, sometimes called chancery, the initial pleading may be called either a "petition" or a "bill of complaint in chancery".


title: Complaint

paragraphs: In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that establishes the facts and legal reasons for a lawsuit. A complaint must list the reasons for the plaintiff's case, and it must ask for a specific legal remedy. Once a complaint is filed with the court a summons (an order from the court) is notifies the defendant a lawsuit has been filed against them. Once a defendant receives notice of a complaint, they must reply within a specified period of time with an answer. Complaints are pleadings that must be written carefully to properly state the facts and legal basis for the claim. Usually this requires the help of an attorney.

paragraphs: In some jurisdictions, specific types of criminal cases may also be started by the filing of a complaint. This is also called a criminal complaint or felony complaint. All criminal cases are prosecuted in the name of the governmental authority. This is the same authority whose criminal laws were broken and who enforces criminal statutes. The government is sometimes called "the state", "the People" or "the Crown" (in Commonwealth realms). In the United States, the complaint is often associated with misdemeanor charges presented by the prosecutor without the grand jury process. In most US jurisdictions, the document presented to and authorized by a grand jury is called an indictment.


title: Vitamin B12

paragraphs: Vitamin B (or vitamin B-12) is also called cobalamin. It has a key role in the normal functioning of the brain and nervous system, and for the formation of blood. It is one of the eight B vitamins.

paragraphs: B is normally involved in the metabolism of every cell of the human body, especially DNA synthesis and regulation, but also fatty acid and amino acid metabolism. Fungi, plants and animals (including humans) cannot produce vitamin B. Only bacteria and archaea have enzymes for its synthesis, although animals can convert it to the version they need.

paragraphs: Many foods are a natural source of B because of bacterial symbiosis. It is produced by some of the gut flora of herbivores. Carnivores, of course, eat herbivores. Also algae and plants get it from symbiosis. So, by one route or another, animals must get vitamin B from bacteria (and archaea).

paragraphs: The vitamin is the largest and most structurally complicated vitamin. It can be produced industrially only by bacterial fermentation-synthesis.

paragraphs: Vitamin B is a group of chemically related compounds, all of which have vitamin activity. It contains the biochemically rare element cobalt sitting in the center of a ring called a corrin ring. In the human body it is converted to the human physiological forms.

paragraphs: Vitamin B was discovered by its relationship to pernicious anemia, which is an autoimmune disease. Because an "intrinsic factor" is needed for B to be absorbed, its lack causes a vitamin B deficiency. Many other kinds of vitamin B deficiency have since been found.


title: Louis Agassiz

paragraphs: Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz (May 28, 1807 – December 14, 1873) was a Swiss-born and European-trained biologist and geologist. His work on natural history in Europe and the Americas was important.

paragraphs: His reputation now is less good, because he fought against the theory of evolution, and held wrong ideas about human races. He thought the different human races were of different origins. This idea is called "polygenism". Darwin's comment at the end is interesting:

paragraphs: After visiting Harvard University in mid-career, he emigrated to the U.S. in 1847 and became a professor of zoology and geology at Harvard. He founded its Museum of Comparative Zoology.

paragraphs: Agassiz made extensive contributions to ichthyology (including extinct species). He founded glaciology, the study of ice fields and ice ages.


title: Maps.me

paragraphs: MAPS.ME (formerly named MapsWithMe) is a mobile app for Android, iOS and BlackBerry that provides offline maps using OpenStreetMap data. In November 2014 it was acquired by Mail.Ru Group and became part of its My.com brand. In September 2015 the app was open sourced. MapsWithMe was created by Yury Melnichek, Alexander Borsuk and Viktor Govako.


title: Cruachan Power Station

paragraphs: The Cruachan Power Station (also known as the Cruachan Dam) is a pumped-storage hydroelectric power station in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The turbine hall is located inside Ben Cruachan. Water is pumped between Cruachan Reservoir to Loch Awe, a height difference of . It is one of only four pumped storage power stations in the UK. It is capable of providing a black start capability to the National Grid.

paragraphs: Construction began in 1959 at the same time as the Hunterston A nuclear power station in Ayrshire. It was completed in 1965. Cruachan uses cheap off-peak electricity generated at night to pump water to the higher reservoir. It can then be released during the day to provide power as necessary. The power station is open to visitors. Around 50,000 tourists visit it each year.


title: Steppe Geoglyphs

paragraphs: The Steppe Geoglyphs are a number of Neolithic earth constructions in the Turgay Trough area of Turgai in northern Kazakhstan. There are at least 260 of these earthworks.

paragraphs: Many or all of them are smaller earthworks (mounds, trenches and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures). These shapes are squares, rings and three others. The composite figures range from slightly under 90 m in length to over 400 m in diameter.

paragraphs: Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other.

paragraphs: Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky ("or" Ushtogay) Square, Turgay triradial swastika, Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square.

paragraphs: Optical dating (optically stimulated luminescence) was used to get a date for these structures. The results indicate that they date between eight and one thousand years ago.

paragraphs: The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey. He found them when he was looking at Google Earth. He had been looking for pyramids or similar structures in Kazakhstan. The geoglyphs were first reported to the scientific community in 2014.

paragraphs: Road construction in 2013 damaged one of the structures.


title: Right to a fair trial

paragraphs: The right to fair trial is an essential right in all countries respecting the rule of law. A trial in these countries that is considered unfair will typically be restarted, or its verdict voided. Various rights associated with a fair trial are explicitly proclaimed in Article 10 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They are clearly stated in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. They are also stated in Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, and in Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as numerous other constitutions and declarations throughout the world. There is no binding international law that defines what is or is not a fair trial. For example, the right to a jury trial and other important procedures vary from nation to nation.