title: Mudvayne

paragraphs: Mudvayne is an American heavy metal band. They formed in Peoria, Illinois in 1996. They play for the record label Epic Records.

paragraphs: In 1996, the band was formed with it's original line-up. In 1997, the band released their very first EP, Kill, I Oughta. In 1998, the band got signed under Epic Records.

paragraphs: In 1999, the band started working on their debut album, which was released on August 22, 2000. The album peaked at No. 1 on the Billboard Heatseekers chart and No. 85 on the Billboard 200. The band participated in the Tattoo to Earth tour, along with many other bands. This album contains the singles "Dig" and "Death Blooms".

paragraphs: In 2001, the band was working on their second album. It was released on November 19, 2002. It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2003. Also in 2003, the band had participated in the Summer Sanitarium Tour. This album contains the singles "Not Falling" and "World So Cold".

paragraphs: The album was worked on all throughout 2004. It was eventually released on April 12, 2005. The album sold 100, 000 copies at the week of it's release. It debuted at No. 2 and was certified Gold by the RIAA later that same year. This album contains the singles "Determined" (which was nominated at the 2006 Grammy Awards), "Happy?", "Forget to Remember" and "Fall into Sleep".

paragraphs: On November 27, 2007, Mudvayne released their compilation album. Also in 2007, they have been working on a new album. Which was released on November 18, 2008. The album debuted at No. 15 on the Billboard 200. It sold 48, 000 copies at the week of it's release. This album contains the singles "Do What You Do", "A New Game" and "Scarlet Letters".

paragraphs: In 2008, they started to work on their final album, which was their self titled album. It was released on December 21, 2009. The album debuted at No. 54 on the Billboard 200 and sold around 34, 000 copies at the week of it's release. By the next week, sales dropped drastically. This album contains the single "Scream with Me".


title: Alastair Campbell

paragraphs: Alastair John Campbell (born 25 May 1957) was the Director of Communications and Strategy for the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Tony Blair) between 1997 and 2003.

paragraphs: He used to work for the Daily Mirror as their politics reporter, and was an alcoholic. Then he had a breakdown, gave up drinking, and started working for Tony Blair in 1994. He was seen as one of the main spin doctors in the Labour Party. He eventually resigned over the 45 minute claim in the dossier prepared over the Iraq War, after the Hutton report had come out and Dr. David Kelly was dead.

paragraphs: He currently works as a broadcaster, journalist and spokesman for Leukaemia Research. He is said to be re-joining the Labour campaign team for the 2010 election. He is an atheist.


title: Cave

paragraphs: A cave is a natural underground hollow space. They can have narrow passageways (corridors) and chambers (caverns). They are usually formed when underground acidic (sour) water wears away softer stones, such as limestone. Only the hard rock, such as granite, is left. Caves can also be formed during natural catastrophes, such as earthquakes, or by ice and glaciers.

paragraphs: Caves can have formations in them such as stalagmites and stalactites. These are made over thousands of years by water dripping and leaving mineral deposits.

paragraphs: Many creatures live in the entrance areas of caves, for example snakes, mice, spiders & porcupines. Only a few animals are found deep in caves. Bats often live in caves. Another common creature found in caves is cave crickets.

paragraphs: In the past, people lived in caves. People used to live in many European caves in the Stone Age. Caves still provide shelter for trekkers. Some caves have beautiful paintings on the walls.

paragraphs: People who explore caves are called cavers or speleologists. (The study of caves is called speleology.) They go into caves for fun, exercise and to see the different formations. This can be a dangerous sport because caves sometimes have deep holes. Cavers also have to climb and crawl through the passages. Cavers usually go into caves with four or more people. Each person has 2 or 3 light sources. One light is attached to each helmet. People go into caves to try and explore more about the world.


title: Car

paragraphs: A car is a road automobile used to carry passengers (people). Cars usually have four wheels (round things which turn in order to lead to movement), and an engine or motor to make them move.

paragraphs: Cars are also called automobiles, which comes from the Greek prefix "αυτό" (auto) and the French word "mobile". This name means "self-moving", as cars run on their own power and do not need horses or other power from outside to move.

paragraphs: Like other automobiles, cars are made in different shapes and sizes, for people with different needs. Here are some common types of cars.

paragraphs: To make a car move, it must have energy to turn the wheels. This energy might be chemical energy in gasoline or electrical energy in a battery. How quickly the engine or motor can send the energy to the wheels, and how much energy is sent, is called the power of the motor. The power of a car is usually measured in kilowatts or horsepower.

paragraphs: As of 2019, most cars burn a fuel to make an internal combustion engine (sometimes called a "motor") run. The power from the engine then goes to the wheels through a transmission, which has a set of gears that can make the car go faster or slower. The most common fuel is petrol, which is called ""gasoline"" or ""gas"" in American English.

paragraphs: Gasoline is called a fossil fuel because it comes from tiny fossils that were made millions of years ago. Over millions of years, they turned into oil, which was then drilled up from deep inside the Earth, and then turned into fuel by chemical changes. Old gasoline-powered cars are noisy and their exhaust makes city air dirty, which can make people ill. But cars made after the mid-2010s are cleaner.

paragraphs: Burning gasoline, like any kind of fossil fuel, makes carbon dioxide, which makes global warming. Since 2017, less gasoline powered cars are being made, and some places will not allow gasoline-powered cars in future, like Amsterdam in 2030.

paragraphs: The cleanest cars are electric vehicles. They are usually plugged into a power outlet or a charging station and store electricity in a battery at the bottom of the car. The electricity then drives an electric motor, which turns the wheels. Some electric cars have 2 motors: one at the front, and one at the back. A few have 4 motors (one for each wheel).

paragraphs: Some cars burn diesel fuel, which is used in big trucks and buses, and a few use wood gas. In some countries, such as Brazil and Sweden, a mixture of ethanol and gasoline, called ""gasohol"" in Brazil and ""E85"" in Sweden, is used as automobile fuel. Other fuels include propane, natural gas, compressed air, and ethanol (which comes from plants). There are cars designed to run on more than one type of fuel — these are called ""flex-fuel"" and are rare.

paragraphs: A few cars generate electricity from hydrogen fuel cells (like the Honda Clarity). As of 2019, most of the hydrogen that people use comes from burning fossil fuels, but scientists and engineers are trying to make hydrogen from renewable energy a lot cheaper and easier to use.Some cars even use solar cells for their electricity, but they are not very practical. There is a competition every year where people try to design a car that can last the longest and go the farthest on solar energy alone.

paragraphs: There is also a type of car that uses both an engine and an electric motor. This is called a hybrid electric vehicle; an example is the Toyota Prius.

paragraphs: All cars have brakes which work by friction to stop the car quickly in an emergency or stop it rolling when parked. Electric cars also have "regenerative" brakes, which slow the car by turning the energy in its movement back into electricity, like an electric motor working the opposite way. So "regenerative" means the electricity is generated again.

paragraphs: The earliest recorded automobiles were actually steam engines attached to wagons in the late 18th century. The steam engines were heavy, making these wagons slow and hard to control. Better and faster steam cars became common late in the 19th century.

paragraphs: Some cars in the early 20th century were powered by electricity. They were slow and heavy and went out of use until the idea came back later in the century.

paragraphs: The internal combustion engine changed the way many automobiles were powered. The engine used either gasoline, diesel, or kerosene to work. When the fuel is exploded in a cylinder it pushes the piston down and turns the wheels.

paragraphs: Although many people tried to make a good car that would work and sell well, people say that Karl Benz invented the modern automobile. He used a four-stroke type of internal combustion engine to power his "Benz Patent-Motorwagen" in 1886. He began to make many cars in a factory and sell them in Germany in 1888.

paragraphs: In North America, the first modern car was made by brothers Charles and J. Frank Duryea in Springfield, Massachusetts. The Duryea brothers' car also won the first-ever car race in 1895, competing against cars made by Benz. The race was in Chicago, Illinois, and 53 miles long. The Duryeas then began making the first automobiles for everyday use in 1896. That year, they made 13 cars by hand in Springfield, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Benz may have invented the first modern car, and the Duryeas the first car to be sold, but Henry Ford sold the most cars to the most people. In 1910 he began making and selling his Model T, which was a huge success. Many people could afford this car, not just the rich, because Ford used mass production. This meant he made many Model Ts in a short time in a factory. People say that the Model T is the car that "put America on wheels". The Model T was the most popular car of the time because it was cheap but it was still a good quality car that ordinary people could own.

paragraphs: Since then, many different kinds of cars have been designed and built, from minivans to sports cars. In the 1950s, the United States made and used more cars than all the rest of the world. Fifty years later, China became the largest maker and user of cars.

paragraphs: Cars are faster than walking or riding a bike if you are going a long way. They can carry more than one person and a large amount of luggage. Depending on local public transport quality, they can also be faster and far more convenient than using buses, bicycles or trains, and can often go where public transport cannot. 4-wheel drive "off road" vehicles are particularly good at reaching places difficult for other wheeled transport due to bad roads or harsh terrain. However, they cost more and burn more fuel, and there are many places even they cannot go.

paragraphs: Most cars enclose people and cargo in a closed compartment with a roof, doors and windows, thus giving protection from weather. Modern cars give further protection in case of collisions, as they have added safety features such as seat belts, airbags, crumple zones and side-impact protection that would be expensive or impossible on two-wheeled or light 3-wheeled vehicles, or most buses.

paragraphs: With regular check ups and service, cars can last a very long time. In some countries like Australia, you have to get your car checked by authorised mechanics regularly by law to confirm that your car is safe to drive. You can go to a car mechanic to get your car checked or have a mobile mechanic come to you to repair your car.

paragraphs: Buying and running a car needs a lot of money, especially for newer good-quality cars. There are things to pay for — the car itself, fuel, parts (for example, tyres), maintenance, repairs, insurance to cover the cost of crashes or theft, parking charges, and toll roads and any taxes or licensing fees charged by the government.

paragraphs: When cars crash, they can become damaged and hurt people, and the life of a person is more important than keeping a car from damage. When too many cars try to go the same way, traffic congestion slows them all. Cars can cause air pollution if too many are used in a small area like a city, and the combined pollution of the world's cars is partly to blame for climate change. Many places where people live close together have public transportation such as buses, trains, trams and subways. These can help people go more quickly and cheaply than by car when traffic jams are a problem. Some of these problems can be made smaller, for example by carpooling, which is putting many people together in one car.

paragraphs: Traffic congestion and accidents can be dangerous to other road users, for example people riding bicycles or walking, especially in an old town built when cars were few. Some 20th century towns are designed for cars as the main transport. This can cause other problems, such as even more pollution and traffic, as few, if any, people walk. Communities are divided and separated by big roads. Pedestrians are in danger where there are too few foot bridges, small road bridges or other special crossings.


title: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse

paragraphs: Mickey Mouse Clubhouse is a children's television series on Playhouse Disney and Disney Channel and produced by Disney.

paragraphs: It shows Mickey Mouse and his playmates in their fun journeys in different places, learning on the way.

paragraphs: They take help with 3, 4 or 5 items called Mouskatools given by a Mickey Head looking Toodles.


title: Indies

paragraphs: The Indies is a word used for places in South and Southeast Asia, including Indian Union, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the Maldives and also Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Brunei, Singapore, the Philippines, East Timor, Malaysia and Indonesia. Sometimes this area has been called the East Indies, in contrast to the West Indies.


title: Asclepias amplexicaulis

paragraphs: Clasping Milkweed ("Asclepias amplexicaulis") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Blunt-leaved Milkweed and Sand Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to eastern North America. The blooming period is in the spring. This species is found in prairies and open woodlands, usually in sandy soil. It is about 0.3 to 0.9 meters in height (1-3 feet). Clasping Milkweed has poison that is dangerous to humans and livestock.


title: Asclepias asperula

paragraphs: Antelope Horns ("Asclepias asperula") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Green-flowered Milkweed, Spider Antelope Horns and Spider Antelopehorns. It belongs to the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. It blooms from April to June. This species likes to grow in moist sandy or rocky soil. Antelope Horns grows from 0.3 to 0.6 meters (1-2 feet).


title: Asclepias californica

paragraphs: California Milkweed ("Asclepias californica") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Round-hooded Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to California and Baja California. It blooms from April to July. This species is found on grassy or bushy hillsides.


title: Alex Burrows

paragraphs: Alexandre Ménard-Burrows (born April 11, 1981) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey winger with the Vancouver Canucks of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Ottawa Senators. He is known for his ascension to the NHL from being an undrafted player in the ECHL.


title: Winger (ice hockey)

paragraphs: Winger, in hockey, is a forward position of a player who is on either side of the centre forward, often along the playing area. They usually work by going beside the centre. At first, the name was given to forward players who went up and down the sides of the rink. Now, there are different types of wingers in the game: they either are mainly goal scorers, or help stop the other team from scoring.

paragraphs: This position is commonly referred to by the side of the rink that the winger normally takes. Players to the left of the centre are called "left wingers," and players on the right are called "right wingers."


title: Slovakia men's national ice hockey team

paragraphs: The Slovak men's national ice hockey team is one of the best national ice hockey teams in the world. As of 2008, the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF), the world governing body of ice hockey, ranks them as the eighth best national team. The team is operated by the Slovak Ice Hockey Federation under general manager Peter Bondra, and head coach Ján Filc. In the last six years, Slovakia has won three medals at the World Championships, including a gold medal in 2002. Slovakia has a total of 12,375 hockey players (0.23% of the population).

paragraphs: The Slovak national team was created after Czechoslovakia was split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. For years, the Czechs kept control over how the Czechoslovakian national team was run, and limited how many Slovak players were on the team. When the country became two, the Czech Republic team was allowed to compete at the highest pool (A), and the IIHF ruled that because fewer players of the former Czechoslovak team were Slovaks, Slovakia have to start international play in pool C, the lowest group. However, Slovakia's play in the lower pools won it promotion to pool A by 1996.


title: Yucca brevifolia

paragraphs: Yucca brevifolia is a plant species in the genus "Yucca" and in the family Agavaceae. Its common names are Joshua tree and Yucca palm and Tree yucca and Palm tree yucca. They grow in the desert and do not have growth rings. The lack of grow rings makes it hard to tell the trees age.


title: 1910–11 NHA season

paragraphs: The 1910–11 NHA season was the second season of the former National Hockey Association. Five teams played 16 games each, starting on December 31, 1910 and ending on March 10, 1911. The Ottawa Hockey Club won the league championship and took over the Stanley Cup from the Montreal Wanderers.


title: Tim Thomas

paragraphs: Timothy Thomas, Jr. (born April 15, 1974), called "The Tank", is a former American professional ice hockey goaltender under contract with the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was raised in Flint, Michigan and played college hockey for the University of Vermont for four years from 1993–1997, during which, he was selected 217th overall by the Quebec Nordiques in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. He played for several years in the minor leagues and Europe before becoming the Boston Bruins' starting goaltender. He, along with Manny Fernandez, is the current holder of the William M. Jennings Trophy. Thomas is a two-time NHL All-Star, and was the winner of the 2009 Vezina Trophy as the league's best goaltender. The Bruins suspended Thomas for not reporting to training camp and he was traded to the Islanders for a conditional 2nd round pick in either 2014 or 2015.


title: Quebec Nordiques

paragraphs: The Quebec Nordiques (, pronounced in Quebec French, in Canadian English, meaning "Northmen" or "Northerners") were a professional ice hockey team from Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. The Nordiques played in the World Hockey Association (1972–1979) and the National Hockey League (1979–1995). The team moved to Denver, Colorado in 1995 and changed their name to the Colorado Avalanche.

paragraphs: As the value of the Canadian dollar was failing, the Quebec Nordiques were compelled to sell their team. With the salaries of players rising and the arena in need of repairs, the ownership of the Nordiques was sold to a group of investors in Denver, Colorado. To make matters worse, during their first season in Colorado, the former Nordiques, now Colorado Avalanche, won the Stanley Cup.


title: 1967 NHL expansion

paragraphs: The National Hockey League (NHL) went through an expansion for the 1967–68 NHL season. It added six new teams, which already had six teams in it. This marked the first change in the composition of the league since 1942. It was the end of the Original Six era in the NHL, which had happened since 1942.

paragraphs: The expansion process began in March 1965, when NHL President Clarence Campbell announced that the league proposed to expand its operations through the formation of a second six-team division.

paragraphs: Before the expansion, there were six teams:


title: Lady Byng Memorial Trophy

paragraphs: The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy, originally known as the Lady Byng Trophy, is given each year to the National Hockey League "player adjudged to have exhibited the best type of sportsmanship and gentlemanly conduct combined with a high standard of playing ability". The Lady Byng Memorial Trophy has been awarded 84 times to 50 different players since it was first awarded in 1925. The voting is done at the end of the season by the members of the Professional Hockey Writers' Association.


title: Chris Andersen

paragraphs: Chris "Birdman" Andersen (born July 7, 1978 in Long Beach, California) is an American basketball player who plays the positions of center and power forward. He currently plays for the Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was nicknamed "Birdman" by Junior Harrington, a former NBA player, for having wing tattoos on his inner biceps.


title: Asclepias cordifolia

paragraphs: Heart-leaf Milkweed ("Asclepias cardifolia") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Purple Milkweed (the species "Asclepias purpurascens" is also known as Purple Milkweed). It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to western North America. Heart-leaf Milkweed is found in woodlands, rocky slopes, and lava flows.


title: Purple milkweed

paragraphs: Purple milkweed is a common name of two plants in the genus "Asclepias":


title: Asclepias curassavica

paragraphs: Scarlet Milkweed ("Asclepias curassavica") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Mexican Butterfly Weed and Blood-flower. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to Central America and South America. It is now naturalized around the world. It gets flowers from spring to fall.


title: Asclepias curtissii

paragraphs: Curtiss' Milkweed ("Asclepias curtissii") is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to Florida.


title: Assassination of Julius Caesar

paragraphs: The assassination (murder) of Julius Caesar was the result of a conspiracy by forty Roman senators, the self-styled "Liberatores". They were led by Cassius and Brutus.

paragraphs: The senators stabbed Caesar to death in the "Theatre of Pompey" on the Ides of March, 15 March 44 BC. Caesar was the dictator of the Roman Republic at the time. He had been declared "dictator perpetuo" (dictator for life) by the Senate. This declaration resulted in many senators fearing that Caesar wanted to overthrow the Senate in favour of a tyranny.

paragraphs: The assassination led to civil war. The Second Triumvirate led to the ascendancy of Caesar's adopted heir Octavian to the position of emperor, and the end of the Republic leading to the Roman Empire. In the end, by murdering Caesar, the Liberators caused the end of the Republic they supported.


title: Asclepias eriocarpa

paragraphs: Woollypod Milkweed ("Asclepias eriocarpa") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Indian Milkweed and Kotolo. It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the western United States. This species is found in dry, barren habitats.


title: Asclepias erosa

paragraphs: Desert Milkweed ("Asclepias erosa") is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the southwestern United States. It blooms from May to July. This species is found in dry slopes.


title: Asclepias exaltata

paragraphs: Poke milkweed ("Asclepias exaltata") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as tall milkweed. It is in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.

paragraphs: The plant is found in eastern North America. It blooms from late spring to early summer. The flowers are green and white. Poke milkweed is found in moist woodland habitats. It likes moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.6 to 1.5 meters tall (2–5 feet).


title: Asclepias fascicularis

paragraphs: Narrow-leaf Milkweed ("Asclepias fascicularis") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Mexican Whorled Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the western United States. It blooms from June to September. This species is found in dry areas and valleys.


title: Asclepias humistrata

paragraphs: Sandhill Milkweed ("Asclepias humistrata") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Pinewoods Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the southeastern United States. It blooms in early summer. The flowers are pink. It is found in sandy woodlands and sandy hills. Sandhill Milkweed likes dry soil and sunny places. It grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).


title: Asclepias incarnata

paragraphs: Swamp Milkweed ("Asclepias incarnata") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Rose Milkweed, Pink Milkweed, Swamp Silkweed, and White Indian Hemp. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to August. The flowers are pink. Swamp Milkweed is found in wet meadows, prairies, swamps, and marshes. It likes moist soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows to a height of 0.3 to 1.5 meters (1–5 feet).<ref name=wc>William Cullina (2000). "Wildflowers: A Guide to Growing and Propagating Native Flowers of North America." The New England Wildflower Society. </reb>


title: Brand New Eyes

paragraphs: Brand New Eyes (written "brand new eyes") is an album by the band Paramore. It was put out on September 29, 2009 in the United States and Canada. It has reached the top of the music charts in many countries, meaning many people bought the album.


title: Asclepias nivea

paragraphs: Caribbean Milkweed ("Asclepias nivea") is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.


title: Asclepias physocarpa

paragraphs: Swan Plant ("Asclepias physocarpa") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Balloonplant and Balloon Cotton-Bush. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It has been naturalized in Hawai'i and has also been naturalized in other parts of the world.


title: Asclepias purpurascens

paragraphs: Purple Milkweed ("Asclepias purpurascens") is a species of milkweed plant. The species "Asclepias cordifolia" is also sometimes called Purple Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to July. The flowers are a pink-purple color. This species is found in savannas, prairies, and meadows. Purple Milkweed likes to grow in clay or sandy soil and in sunny or partly shaded places. It grows to a height of 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2–4 feet).


title: Asclepias speciosa

paragraphs: Showy Milkweed ("Asclepias speciosa") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Greek Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to western North America. It blooms from May to July. This species is found in savannas, prairies, meadows, and fields.


title: Asclepias subverticillata

paragraphs: Horsetail Milkweed ("Asclepias subverticillata") is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to the western United States.


title: Tortuga (Haiti)

paragraphs: Île de la Tortue ("Tortuga Island" in English, "Il Latòti" in Kréyòl) is a Caribbean island that forms part of Haiti, off the northwest coast of Hispaniola. Its Taíno name was "Baynei".

paragraphs: During the 17th century, the island was an important centre for Caribbean piracy where pirates traded their stolen goods from ships and towns and stayed for days before going out to try to capture other ships.

paragraphs: In geology, it is considered as the western end of the region of the Cordillera Septentrional ("Northern mountain range") of the Hispaniola island, even if Tortuga Island is separated from the main island.

paragraphs: Tortuga Island is separated of the north coast of Haiti by an 8.9 to 15 km strait called the "Canal de la Tortue" ("La Tortue Channel"). The island is 37.5 km long and about 7 km wide, with an area of 193 km². There are not high mountains but most of the land is between 240 and 300 metres high; the highest point is "Morne La Visite" (340 m).

paragraphs: The island is a "commune" (like municipality), in the Nord Department. It is part of the Port-de-Paix "arrondissement", part of a department like a district.

paragraphs: In 2004, there were 30,000 people living in the Tortuga Island. There are only small towns; Aux Palmistes, in the southeast, is the biggest town in the island.

paragraphs: Christopher Columbus saw this island on 6 December 1492 and visited it on 14 December. He called the island "La Tortuga", Spanish for "The Turtle", because it has the shape, when seen from the sea, of a turtle.

paragraphs: Spanish people were not interested in Tortuga Island because they were trying to form a colony in the big Hispaniola island. And so this island was without people for most of the 16th century.

paragraphs: People from different European countries, mainly from England, came to live in this island. In 1625, French people came to this island from the Saint Kitts island. They lived on the southern part of the island where there are flat lands and tried to grow some crops like tobacco. They also went to Hispaniola, which they called "la Grande Terre" ("the Big Land") to hunt wild cows and pigs and, because they used a Taíno cooking technique with smoke known as "boucan", they were known as "boucaniers" ("buccaneers"). They sold the smoked meat and leather (dry skin used to make footwear and clothing) to those ships that came to the island.

paragraphs: The Spanish tried to get those people out of the island and they invaded the island several times but each time they went back to the Hispaniola and the Tortuga Island was taken again.

paragraphs: In 1640 a French engineer named Jean La Vasseur was sent to govern Tortuga. He built Fort de Rocher [1640]. La Vasseur opened the port to outlaws of all nations.

paragraphs: From Tortuga Island, people began to move to the northern part of the Hispaniola, mainly in the areas around the big plains, founding towns such as Port-de-Paix (1665), Cap-Français (1670) and Fort-Dauphin (1731). Then Tortuga Island lost its importance and very few people have lived here after those years, including today.

paragraphs: There is several good beaches in Tortuga Island; Point Saline, at the western tip, is considered by many to be the best beach of the island.

paragraphs: At Basse-Terre, on the southeastern coast, there are still some rests of the "Fort de la Roche" built in 1630 by the French.

paragraphs: There are several interesting caves such as "La Grotte au Bassin", "La Grotte de la Galerie" and others.


title: Seizure response dog

paragraphs: A seizure response dog is a dog who is specially trained to help its owner during a seizure. These dogs' jobs may include:

paragraphs: Certain kinds of dogs are able to predict that a person is about to have an epileptic seizure. This gives the person time to get to a safe place before the seizure starts. Usually, people say that dogs develop this behavior spontaneously (on their own), or over some time. There have been some studies where dogs were trained to alert to seizures when they were given rewards for correctly predicting seizures - but these studies were only partly successful. Some untrained dogs may help their owners during a seizure, but there are also reports of dogs that have reacted aggressively or even died as a result of witnessing or anticipating their owner's seizure.


title: Asclepias syriaca

paragraphs: Common Milkweed ("Asclepias syriaca") is a species of milkweed plant. It is also known as Butterfly flower, Silkweed, Silky Swallow-wort, and Virginia Silkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to August. The flowers are green and purple. This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields. Common Milkweed likes damp to dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It is about 0.5 to 1.5 meters in height (1½-5 feet).


title: Butterfly flower

paragraphs: Butterfly flower is a common name for different plants:


title: Silky Swallow-wort

paragraphs: Silky Swallow-wort is a common name of two plants in the genus "Asclepias":


title: Guitar chord

paragraphs: A guitar chord is made up of two or more notes, played on a guitar at one time. Chord voicings, that is the choice of individual notes in the chord, can be changed for many different purposes and playing styles.

paragraphs: The guitar is very capable and useful for playing chords; but it does have some differences with other instruments. Most guitars only have six strings. This means that for the very largest of chord-voicings it is often necessary to not use one or more tones from the chord. The layout of notes on the fretboard sometimes means that the notes in a chord are not played in tonal order, or make possible a chord that is composed of more than one note of the same pitch. Many chords can be played with the same notes in more than one place on the fretboard.

paragraphs: Guitars can vary both in the number of strings they have. They can also be tuned differently. Most guitars used in popular music have six-strings and are tuned : E-A-D-G-B-E. Usually the string with the highest pitch (the thinnest) is called the first string, and the string having the lowest pitch (the thickest) is called the sixth.


title: Asclepias tuberosa

paragraphs: Butterfly Weed ("Asclepias tuberosa") is a species of milkweed plant. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to September. The flowers are orange, red-orange, or yellow. This species is found in prairies, meadows, and fields. It likes well-drained soil and sunny or partly shaded places. Butterfly Weed grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).

paragraphs: Butterfly Weed has many common names. Here is a list of them:


title: Indian Paintbrush

paragraphs: Indian Paintbrush is a common name for different plants:


title: Intel Core i7

paragraphs: Intel Core i7 is a name that the company Intel uses for the computer processors it makes for high-end desktop and laptop computers and tablets. Intel uses this name for the fastest processors that they think will be used to build the most powerful consumer devices. The 'Core' part of the name, which refers to the processor's core, has been used by Intel since 2006, but the first Core i7 processor was released 3 years later in 2009.

paragraphs: There are different types of Core i7 processor. The name does not name a type. Instead, it is the name for all of the fast processors that Intel thinks should be sold to consumers. Intel uses two other "Core i-" names for its processors for consumers: "Core i5" and "Core i3." The "Core i5" processors are mostly as fast as i7 processors, but lack the Hyper Threading technology which allows each core to be used twice simultaneously giving the impression of doubling the cores.

paragraphs: Intel uses a different name, Xeon, for processors that Intel makes for "server" computers for businesses (and some rare laptops). Some of the "Core i7" processors are almost the same as some of the "Xeon" processors, but each of the Xeon processors is a little bit different than the "Core i7" processor, because a "server" computer is not the same as a consumer computer. Intel also makes other "Xeon" processors that are not the same as any "Core i7" processor. Unlike the Core i7, Xeon processors support ECC (error corrected) memory, and multiple CPUs on the same motherboard.


title: Asclepias verticillata

paragraphs: Asclepias verticillata (Whorled Milkweed or Horsetail Milkweed) is a particular kind of milkweed used as a medicinal plant. It is native to North America. It blooms in the summer. The flowers are white or pale green. It is found in fields, open woodlands, and prairies. Whorled Milkweed likes dry soil and sunny or partly shaded places. It grows from 0.3 to 0.9 meters tall (1–3 feet).


title: Sacred dance

paragraphs: Sacred dance is a kind of dance that all movements that are religious in nature. An example of a sacred dance is the dance done by a whirling dervish.


title: Population genetics

paragraphs: Population genetics is the branch of genetics which studies the genetic composition of populations. It brings together genetics, evolution, natural selection, breeding, statistics and mathematics. Mathematical and computer models are produced, and field research is done to test the models.

paragraphs: Starting, perhaps, with G. Udny Yule's paper in 1902, population theorists tackled key issues in genetics and evolution. G.H. Hardy and Wilhelm Weinberg showed that if a population had random mating, no selection, migration or mutation, then the proportion of alleles would remain the same generation after generation. This was the Hardy–Weinberg law, the first great result of this new field of research.

paragraphs: Population genetics made great progress from 1918 to 1937. During this period, Ronald Fisher, J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright worked on the connection between evolution and genetics, using new mathematical techniques, such as statistical probability. E.B. Ford and Theodosius Dobzhansky did field research on the genetics of natural populations of lepidoptera and "Drosophila", respectively. Broadly speaking, this work proved that the newly rediscovered Mendelian genetics could be reconciled with Darwinian evolution. This laid the groundwork for the modern evolutionary synthesis, which took place in the following years, from about 1937 to 1953.

paragraphs: In the second half of the 20th century, population geneticists tackled a range of complex evolutionary problems, such as the evolution of sex, sexual selection, kin selection (altruism), mimicry and molecular evolution. The key figures included John Maynard Smith, Motoo Kimura and William Hamilton. Techniques developed for population genetics help to decide what contribution heredity and environment make in developmental biology.


title: Calotropis gigantea

paragraphs: Crown flower ("Calotropis gigantea") is a species of plant. It is also known as Giant Milkweed. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadodeae. It is native to southeast Asia. It has been naturalized in Hawai'i.


title: Calotropis procera

paragraphs: Apple of Sodom ("Calotropis procera") is a species of plant. It is also known as Roostertree. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae.

paragraphs: It is native to North Africa, Central Africa, Western Asia, South Asia, and Indochina. It has been naturalized in Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, Hawai'i, and southern California.


title: Cynanchum laeve

paragraphs: Sand Vine ("Cynanchum laeve") is a species of plant. It is also known as Honeyvine, Honeyvine Milkweed, Bluevine Milkweed, Climbing Milkweed, and Smooth Swallow-wort. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to August. This species is found in a variety of habitats such as edges of woodlands, near stream edges, gardens, and fields. This vine can grow to be 6 or more feet long.


title: Hardy–Weinberg law

paragraphs: The Hardy–Weinberg law was developed independently by an English mathematician, G.H. Hardy, and a German doctor, Wilhelm Weinberg. This concept is also known as the "Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium", "Hardy–Weinberg theorem" or "Hardy–Weinberg principle". Sometimes Weinberg's name is placed first.

paragraphs: The law is a foundation of population genetics, and it is still taught to students today. It states that the proportions of alleles of all genes in any population will remain the same unless perturbed (disturbed). That applies to all loci on all chromosomes in the population. Possible perturbations are:

paragraphs: It follows that any systematic change in the frequency of alleles in a population "must" be due to the effect of one or more of these causes. Of course, like all aspects of Mendelian inheritance, the expected proportions of alleles are probabilities. It was for that reason that statistical tests of significance, such as standard errors, were developed.

paragraphs: Although all changes must be due to perturbations, not all perturbations lead to changes. The classic case is balancing selection, such as heterozygote advantage: "Heterosis: the heterozygote at a locus is fitter than either homozygote". Balancing selection leads to an equilibrium population with Hardy–Weinberg proportions

paragraphs: The law permits the prediction of genotype frequencies from a knowledge of gene frequencies.

paragraphs: Thus, equations can be written in terms of allele frequencies, and hypotheses about how phenotypes are inherited can be tested from population data.


title: G.H. Hardy

paragraphs: Geff Harold Hardy FRS (7 February 1877 Cranleigh, Surrey – 1 December 1947 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire) was a famous English mathematician. He investigated number theory and mathematical analysis.

paragraphs: Hardy's classic text "A course of pure mathematics" was first published in 1908 and has been in print ever since. He wrote "A Mathematician's Apology" in 1940.

paragraphs: In 1908, unable to explain how a dominant gene would not become ubiquitous in a population, Reginald Punnett introduced his problem to Hardy, with whom he played cricket. Hardy went on to formulate what became known as the Hardy–Weinberg law.

paragraphs: Hardy had a long collaboration with J.E. Littlewood, which resulted in a partial solution to a famous unsolved problem in number theory:

paragraphs: Hardy discovered the Indian mathematician Srinivasa Ramanujan, who was a brilliant student. Hardy saw his extraordinary intelligence and they worked together on many mathematical subjects. In an interview given to Paul Erdős, Hardy said that the discovery of Ramanujan was his (Hardy's) greatest contribution to mathematics and that their collaboration was "the one romantic incident in my life".


title: Sarcostemma clausum

paragraphs: White Vine ("Sarcostemma clausum") is a species of plant. It is also known as White Twinevine. It belongs in the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. It is native to southeastern United States and Texas.


title: Wilhelm Weinberg

paragraphs: Wilhelm Weinberg (1862 – 1937) was a German Jewish physician who became an important geneticist. He was a obstetrician and gynecologist, practising in Stuttgart. In 1908, he expressed the principle which would later come to be known as the Hardy–Weinberg law. Weinberg is also credited as the first to explain the effect of ascertainment bias on observations in genetics.

paragraphs: Weinberg was born in Stuttgart and studied medicine at Tübingen and Munich, receiving an M.D. in 1886. He returned to Stuttgart in 1889, where he remained running a large practice as a gynecologist and obstetrician until he retired to Tübingen a few years before his death in 1937. Much of his academic life was spent studying genetics, especially on applying the laws of inheritance in populations.

paragraphs: Weinberg developed the principle of genetic equilibrium independently of British mathematician G.H. Hardy. He delivered an exposition of his ideas in a lecture on 13 January 1908, about six months before Hardy's paper was published in English. His lecture was printed later that year in the society's yearbook.

paragraphs: Weinberg's contributions were unrecognized in the English speaking world for more than 35 years. Curt Stern, a German geneticist who emigrated to the United States before World War II, pointed out in a brief paper in "Science" that Weinberg's exposition was both earlier and more comprehensive than Hardy's.

paragraphs: Weinberg pioneered studies of twins, and developed techniques to analyse phenotypic variation. His aim was to partition this variance into genetic and environmental components. In the process, he recognized that ascertainment bias was affecting many of his calculations, and he produced methods to correct for it.

paragraphs: Weinberg observed that proportions of homozygotes in familial studies of classic recessive genetic diseases generally exceed the expected Mendelian ratio of 1:4, and he explained how this is the result of ascertainment bias. In his work with albino children, he recognized that in some families where both parents carry a recessive mutation, by chance no albino child occurs. He reasoned that many carrier couples were not being counted, and he demonstrated methods for correcting results to produce the expected Mendelian ratios.

paragraphs: He discovered the answer to several seeming paradoxes caused by ascertainment bias. For example, he explained that the reason that parents as a whole are more fertile than their children is because children must necessarily come from fertile parents.

paragraphs: By the same token, he recognized that ascertainment was responsible for a phenomenon known as "genetic anticipation", the tendency for a genetic disease to manifest earlier in life and with increased severity in later generations. Weinberg recognized that this was because those later generations were the offspring of that selected group of earlier carriers that had successfully reproduced.

paragraphs: Additional contributions by Weinberg to statistical genetics included the first estimate of the rate of twinning. Realizing that identical twins would have to be the same sex, while non-identical twins could be either same or opposite sex, Weinberg derived the formula for estimating the frequency of MZ and DZ twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities. Weinberg also estimated that the heritability of twinning itself was close to zero.


title: Centre Georges-Vézina

paragraphs: The Centre Georges-Vézina, called the Colisée de Chicoutimi at first, is an arena in Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada that has space for 4,651 pepple (including 3,683 seats). It where the Chicoutimi Saguenéens ice hockey team play. It is named for Georges Vézina, who played for the Montreal Canadiens as the goaltender and was from Chicoutimi. The arena was built in 1949 and has an ice surface of 200 feet by 100 feet, which is what the Olympics use.


title: Apocynum cannabinum

paragraphs: Indian Hemp ("Apocynum cannabinum") is a species of plant. It is also known as Dogbane, Amy Root, Hemp Dogbane, Rheumatism Root, and Wild Cotton. It is native to North America. It blooms from June to August. This species is found in moist lowlands, near stream edges, and near pond edges. It likes to grow in sandy or gravelly soil. Its height is 1–4 feet.


title: Indian hemp

paragraphs: Indian hemp can be any one of the following species of plants:


title: Wild Cotton

paragraphs: Wild Cotton can be one of two species of plants:


title: Outcrossing

paragraphs: Outcrossing is a term used in genetics for the mating of unrelated individuals in a population or species. It was originally used for the crossing of an inbred strain with the wild type. Hybrid vigour is the great improvement in fitness which usually occurs as a result of outcrossing a previously inbred line.

paragraphs: Outcrossing leads to random mating, whereas mating of relatives leads to inbreeding.


title: San Francisco Ballet

paragraphs: The San Francisco Ballet (SFB) is a ballet company. It was founded in 1933 as part of the San Francisco Opera Ballet. The company is based in the War Memorial Opera House in San Francisco, California under the direction of Helgi Tomasson who has been directing it since 1985. SFB is the first professional ballet company in the United States.


title: Corner Gas

paragraphs: Corner Gas was a Canadian sitcom that was on television from 2004 to 2009. It was set in the fictional town of Dog River, Saskatchewan and was shot in Rouleau, Saskatchewan. It stared Canadian comic Brent Butt. On April 6, 2009, Saskatchewan premier Brad Wall declared that April 13 would be "Corner Gas Day" in Saskatchewan. The show has won numerous awards and nominations including: 9 Canadian Comedy Awards and 6 Gemini Awards, It has also been nominated for an International Emmy Award in 2004.


title: Spider monkey

paragraphs: Spider monkeys are New World monkeys, genus Ateles. They are small monkeys, well suited to living in trees. In fact, they rarely come down to the ground. These monkeys move quickly through trees by swinging and jumping from branch to branch.

paragraphs: Spider monkeys are found in rainforests in southern Mexico to the northern part of South America. Spider monkeys live in groups or bands of 10 to 40 monkeys. Every band lives in its own territory and one band of monkeys will not enter the territory of another band. Spider monkeys have one offspring per year. They live between 20 to 27 years, or more.

paragraphs: Spider monkeys eat fruit, nuts, leaves, and small eggs.

paragraphs: Usually the leader female of the whole group is responsible for finding and gathering all the food for the rest of the group. When there is not enough food, they sometimes eat bark, or honey, or insects.

paragraphs: Spider monkeys are extremely quick, and they have long, thin fingers with almost no hair at all. Unlike other monkeys, they use their tail much more than their fingers, and their tails are longer than their bodies. These tails can grasp and pick things up.

paragraphs: They have long, spindly limbs, which explains the spider monkey's common name. Their tails are fully prehensile, meaning they can pick things up with it, and they can swing from it. The tail, which may be up to long, is very flexible, with hairless tips and skin grooves similar to fingerprints. This adaptation to their strictly arboreal lifestyle serves as a fifth hand. They are clumsy on the ground.


title: Asian Boyz

paragraphs: The Asian Boyz is a street gang in Los Angeles, California that formed after an attack by the Tiny Raskal Gang that killed four people. At first, the gang was made up of young Cambodian refugees. The gang wears navy blue colors. The age of the Asian Boyz is between age 10 – 40 years of age. Their enemies are the Tiny Raskal Gang, Latin gangs, and all of the blood gangs. The Urban Dictionary lists the Asian Boyz as being the second biggest gang of Asian people and the 12th biggest gang in the USA.

paragraphs: In 1995 the Asian Boyz killed at least five people, including three teenagers who died in a car crash on the freeway after being shot at by the gang. In 1998, one of the gang members, Truong Dinh, gave evidence in court about several murders by the gang. To try and stop Dinh from talking in court, the gang shot dead his father on the day before the trial.


title: Peleus

paragraphs: Peleus (, "Pēleus") was one of the early Greek heroes. Peleus was the son of Aeacus, king of the island of Aegina, and Endeïs, the nymph of Mount Pelion. Alongside his brother Telamon, he joined the hero Jason as one of the Argonauts on the quest to find the Golden Fleece. He was the husband of the Nereid Thetis, by whom he is the father of Achilles.


title: Banker horse

paragraphs: The Banker horse is a breed that used to be domesticated, but now roams wild on North Carolina's Outer Banks.


title: Field research

paragraphs: Field research is research done in natural surroundings. It is used in biology to contrast with research done in the laboratory.


title: E. B. Ford

paragraphs: Edmund Brisco Ford FRS (23 April 1901 – 2 January 1988) was a British ecological geneticist. He was a leader among those British biologists who investigated the role of natural selection in nature. As a schoolboy Ford became interested in lepidoptera, the group of insects which includes butterflies and moths. He went on to study the genetics of natural populations, and invented the field of "ecological genetics". Ford was awarded the Royal Society's Darwin Medal in 1954. Later, in 1968, he was awarded UNESCO's Kalinga Prize for the popularisation of science.

paragraphs: Specialising in genetics, he was appointed Oxford University Reader in Genetics in 1939 and was the Director of the Genetics Laboratory, 1952–1969, and Professor of Ecological Genetics 1963–1969. Ford was one of the first scientists to be elected a Fellow of All Souls College since the seventeenth century.

paragraphs: Ford had a long working relationship with R.A. Fisher. By the time Ford had developed his formal definition of genetic polymorphism, Fisher had got accustomed to high selection values in nature. He was most impressed by the fact that polymorphism concealed powerful selective forces (Ford gave human blood types as an example). Like Fisher, he continued the natural selection versus genetic drift debate with Sewall Wright, whom Ford believed put too much emphasis on genetic drift. It was as a result of Ford's work, as well as his own, that Dobzhansky changed the emphasis in the third edition of his famous text from drift to selection.

paragraphs: Ford predicted that human blood group polymorphisms might be maintained in the population by providing some protection against disease. Six years after this prediction it was found to be so, and furthermore, heterozygous advantage was decisively established by a study of AB x AB crosses. His magnum opus was "Ecological genetics", which ran to four editions and was widely influential. He laid much of the groundwork for subsequent studies in this field, and was invited as a consultant to help set up similar research groups in several other countries.

paragraphs: Amongst Ford's many publications, perhaps the most popularly successful was the first book in the "New Naturalist" series, "Butterflies". Ford also went on in 1955 to write "Moths" in the same series, one of only a few to have authored more than one book in the series.

paragraphs: E.B. Ford worked for many years on genetic polymorphism. Polymorphism in natural populations is frequent; the key feature is the occurrence together of two or more discontinuous forms of a species in some kind of balance. So long as the proportions of each form is above mutation rate, then selection must be the cause. As early as 1930 Fisher had discussed a situation where, with alleles at a single locus, the heterozygote is more viable than either homozygote. That is a typical genetic mechanism for causing this type of polymorphism. The work involves a synthesis of field research, taxonomy, and laboratory genetics.


title: Aster (genus)

paragraphs: Aster is a genus of flowering plants. It belongs in the family Asteraceae. The genus once had nearly 600 species in Eurasia and North America. After morphologic and molecular research on the genus during the 1990s, it was decided that the North American species are better treated in a series of other related genera. After this split there are about 180 species within the genus.

paragraphs: Here is a list of some common North American species that are no longer in the genus "Aster":


title: Akihabara Station

paragraphs: Akihabara Station(秋葉原駅,あきはばらえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Metropolitan Intercity Railway Company in Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan.


title: Borderline (song)

paragraphs: "Borderline" is a popular song by American singer Madonna. It was released in 1984.


title: Takadanobaba Station

paragraphs: Takadanobaba Station (高田馬場駅,たかだのばばえき) is a railway station of JR East, Tokyo Metro, and Seibu Railway in Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.


title: Meet Me Halfway

paragraphs: Meet Me Halfway is a very popular song by music group The Black Eyed Peas. It was the third single released off of their album "The E.N.D.".


title: Cirsium

paragraphs: Cirsium is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It is one of many genera with the common name being thistles. Other genera known as thistles include "Carduus", "Cynara", "Onopordon", and "Silybum".

paragraphs: They are mostly native to Eurasia and northern Africa. There are about 60 species in North America (although many species have been naturalized outside their native ranges).

paragraphs: Most species are considered weeds. "Cirsium vulgare" is listed as a weed in nine US states. Some species are planted in gardens for their beauty and to attract butterflies.


title: Oblast

paragraphs: Oblast is a type of administrative division in Slavic countries and some countries of the former Soviet Union. The word "oblast" is used in English as well, but it is often translated as "area", "zone", "province", or "region". The last translation may lead to confusion, because the subdivision of "oblast" is called "raion" which can be translated as "region" or "district" as well.

paragraphs: Oblasts are a type of administrative division of Belarus, Bulgaria, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Ukraine, and the no longer existing Soviet Union. Official terms in successor states of the Soviet Union differ, but some still use a cognate of the Russian term, e.g. voblast (voblasts, voblasts' , ) is used for provinces of Belarus, and oblys (plural: oblystar) for provinces of Kazakhstan.

paragraphs: Since 1997, Bulgaria has been divided into 28 "oblasti", usually translated as "provinces". Before, the country was divided into nine bigger units, also called "oblast".

paragraphs: In the Russian Empire, oblasts were considered to be administrative units and were included as parts of Governorates General or krais. The majority of then-existing oblasts were on the periphery of the country or covered the areas where Cossacks lived.

paragraphs: In the former Soviet Union, oblasts were one of the types of administrative divisions of the union republics. As any administrative units of this level, oblasts were composed of districts ("raions") and cities/towns directly under oblasts' jurisdiction.

paragraphs: The names of oblasts did not usually correspond to the names of the historical regions, as they were created as purely administrative units. With a few exceptions, Soviet oblasts were named after their administrative centers.

paragraphs: The oblasts in other post-Soviet countries are officially called:

paragraphs: "Viloyat" and "welayat" come from the Arabic language term "wilāya" (ولاية)

paragraphs: According to the Constitution of Russia, oblasts are considered to be subjects of the Federation, which is a higher status than that of administrative units they had within the Soviet Union. The federal subject status gives the oblasts some degree of autonomy and gives them representation in the Federation Council.

paragraphs: Oblasts were administrative units of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes between 1922 and 1929. During that period, the country was divided into 33 oblasts. In 1929, oblasts were replaced with larger administrative units known as "banovinas".

paragraphs: During the Wars] that split Yugoslavia several Serbian Autonomous Oblasts were formed in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. These oblasts were later merged into the Republic of Serbian Krajina and the Republika Srpska.


title: Rockford IceHogs

paragraphs: The Rockford IceHogs are an American professional ice hockey team that was founded in 2007 they play in the American Hockey League and are the farm team of the Chicago Blackhawks. They play in Rockford, Illinois at the Rockford MetroCentre. They were a member of the United Hockey League from 1999 to 2007.


title: Belfast Agreement

paragraphs: The Belfast Agreement, also known as the Good Friday Agreement, was a political agreement in the Northern Ireland peace process during The Troubles. It was signed in Belfast on 10 April 1998 (Good Friday) by the British and Irish governments and it was supported by most of the political parties in Northern Ireland. On 23 May 1998 the Agreement got the support of the voters of Northern Ireland in a referendum. Also on the same day, voters in the Republic of Ireland voted separately to change their constitution in line with the Agreement. Northern Ireland's Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) was the only large party in the whole of Ireland that was against the Agreement.


title: Democratic Unionist Party

paragraphs: The Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) is the biggest of the two main unionist political parties in Northern Ireland. It was founded by Ian Paisley and the current leader is Arlene Foster. It is the largest political party in Northern Ireland, with 10 of 18 Northern Irish seats in the UK Parliament as well as 28 of 90 seats in the Northern Ireland Assembly. They strongly support Northern Ireland staying in the United Kingdom, and are very conservative.


title: Tokyo Metro Tōzai Line

paragraphs: The Tōzai Line (東西線,とうざいせん) is a metro line of Tokyo Metro in Tokyo, Japan.


title: Andrew Ladd

paragraphs: Andrew Ladd (born December 12, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the New York Islanders of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Carolina Hurricanes, Atlanta Thrashers, Winnipeg Jets, and Chicago Blackhawks.

paragraphs: He played with minor league hockey on the Pacific Vipers with his former teammates Troy Brouwer, Brent Seabrook and Colin Fraser. He won the Stanley Cup in 2006 with the Carolina Hurricanes and again in 2010 with the Chicago Blackhawks. He also played in the NHL for the now defunct Atlanta Thrashers.

paragraphs: On February 25, 2016, the Jets traded Ladd back to the Blackhawks, along with Jay Harrison and Matt Fraser, in exchange for Marko Daňo and a 1st-round draft pick in the 2016 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Dipsacus fullonum

paragraphs: Fuller's Teasel ("Dipsacus fullonum") is a species of plant. It is also known as Wild Teasel. It belongs in the teasel family (Dipsacaceae).

paragraphs: It is native to Eurasia and Africa, and has been naturalized in the Americas, southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. This species grows to a height of 2–10 feet. The flowers are small and lavender-colored. They are arranged in an oval flower-head, which also contains many small leaves. These are hard and have a hooked and pointed tip.

paragraphs: In ancient times, this plant was grown in gardens because its dry flower-heads were used to prepare wool for spinning. This was done by combing the raw wool with the flower-heads, so that the fibres were arranged neatly. The people who prepared wool were called "fullers", which is the origin of the plant's English and scientific names. Fuller's Teasel was also used in folk medicine, for example against skin infections.


title: Medical illustrator

paragraphs: A medical illustrator or medical artist is an artist that professionally works to use art to help to explain and record knowledge related to biology and medicine. They don't only make these things, but they can also work as consultants or administrators in the field of biocommunication. They make medical pictures using original and modern ways of doing things. These pictures appear in textbooks and advertisements about medicine, as well as professional journals and videos made to help instruct people in various medical procedures.

paragraphs: Medical pictures or diagrams have been made for hundreds of years or longer. Many of these pictures or diagrams look different than the ones that we see today because they were based on the studies of the scholars of that period in time rather than observing the thing that they wanted to draw directly.

paragraphs: As a job, medical illustration has a more recent history. In the late 1890s, Max Brödel, who was an artist from Leizpig, was brought to the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine to draw pictures for several notable clinicians, including Harvey Cushing, William Halstead, and Howard Kelly.

paragraphs: Max Brödel also made several new techniques for drawing medical pictures, such as carbon dust. He also looked over the making of first academic department of medical illustration, which is still active today.


title: 1916 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1916 Stanley Cup Final was played between the National Hockey Association (NHA) winners Montreal Canadiens and the Pacific Coast Hockey Association (PCHA) winners Portland Rosebuds. This was the first time that a best-of-five Cup series had all five games played. The Rosebuds were the first team from the United States to play for the Cup. The Canadiens defeated the Rosebuds three games to two and won the Cup for the first time.


title: Conyza canadensis

paragraphs: Canadian Horseweed ("Conyza canadensis") is species of plant. It is also known as Canadian Fleabane, Coltstail, and Marestail. It belongs in the family Asteraceae. It is native to North America and Central America. It has been naturalized in Alaska and Hawai'i. It blooms from June to September. This species is found in prairies, fields, along roadsides, gardens, and stream edges. It has a height of 3 inches to 10 feet.


Marestail


title: The Twilight Saga: New Moon

paragraphs: The Twilight Saga: New Moon is a movie based on the book, "New Moon", one of the Twilight saga books by Stephenie Meyer. It is the second movie to be made about the teenage vampires, the first being "Twilight". The movie, directed by Chris Weitz, stars Kristen Stewart as Bella, and Robert Pattinson as Edward. Filming for the third movie in the series, "Eclipse", started before "New Moon" was finished.

paragraphs: In the USA the movie made $140.7 million on its opening weekend. In Australia, the movie set the record for the most money on an opening weekend with AU$16.01 million, or more than one million tickets.

paragraphs: Twilight is about a girl (Bella) who falls in love with two guys (Edward a vampire & Jake a ware wolf) Bella sacrafises her life when she gets married to Edward.She then gets pregnant with Edwards child which sucks the life of her . As she gives birth to her baby she dies that's when Edward has to bring her back to life by bitting her and adding his venom on her in order for her live


title: Treaty of Maastricht

paragraphs: The Treaty of Maastricht was a treaty signed between European countries, in the Dutch city of Maastricht, on 7 February 1992. This treaty made possible further integration between European states, and made possible the existence of the European Union, doing better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome. European integration went even further with the Treaty of Lisbon, which was signed in 2007 and became effective in December 2009.


title: Treaty of Lisbon

paragraphs: The Treaty of Lisbon was signed on 13 December 2007 between 27 European states that are members of the European Union (EU). It became effective on December 1, 2009. It is now the document that defines the Union, but it is not a constitution. It gives a common set of rules that the member states have agreed to use on subjects where they have decided to work together. It does better than previous treaties such as the Treaty of Rome and the Treaty of Maastricht. It gives the European Union new things, such as:


title: President of the European Council

paragraphs: The President of the European Council is a position that was created by the Treaty of Lisbon. The President is the chairman of the European Council, which is the meeting of the leaders of all the member states.

paragraphs: It's a very diplomatic figure, and it's not like a head of state: the President does not have any power to make decisions about the European Union. The Union has several other presidents, such as the president of the European Parliament and the president of the European Commission.

paragraphs: But the President of the European Council, casually but wrongly known as The President of Europe, is the face by which the European Union is known to the rest of the world. The more practical aspects of this task are the responsibility of the High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Commissioner responsible for external affairs.

paragraphs: On 2 July 2019, the European Council elected Belgian Prime Minister Charles Michel as the successor to Donald Tusk as President of the European Council for the period from 1 December 2019 to 31 May 2022.


title: High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy

paragraphs: The High Representative for Common Foreign and Security Policy is a position created by the Treaty of Lisbon, starting December 1, 2009 (it was actually already created in 1999). The position is part of the European Commission.

paragraphs: Her duty is to be the face of European Union to the rest of the world, along with the President of Europe

paragraphs: The job is sometimes known casually a "the European Foreign Minister" but this is not correct because she is not a member of any government.


title: Catherine Ashton

paragraphs: Catherine Margaret Ashton, Baroness Ashton of Upholland (born 20 March 1956) is a British Labour politician. She was born in Upholland, Lancashire, England. In November 2009, she was appointed to be the first European Foreign Minister.


title: Herman Van Rompuy

paragraphs: Herman Van Rompuy (born 31 October 1947) is a Belgian politician. In November 2009 he was appointed the first permanent President of the European Council, which is the meeting of the heads of government of all of the member states of the European Union.

paragraphs: He was previously Prime Minister of Belgium.


title: Treaty of Rome

paragraphs: The Treaty of Rome was signed on 25 March 1957 between six European coutries (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Germany. After centuries of wars, those countries started to act together for more peace and prosperity. This treaty was the basis of the European Economic Community. It was one of two treaties (the other being Treaty of Maastricht) that created the European Union. It created a common market for goods and people. Other countries later joined it.


title: Shinhwa

paragraphs: Shinhwa, first started in the year 1998, is a Korean band. It is made up of six male members. In the earlier years of the band, they were under SM Entertainment, later switching to Good Entertainment.


title: Dave Davies

paragraphs: David Russell Gordon "Dave" Davies (born 3 February 1947 in Fortis Green, London) is an English rock musician who is best known as the lead guitar player in English rock group The Kinks. His brother Ray Davies was the band's lead singer.

paragraphs: In 1990 Davies, along with the other three original members of The Kinks, was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: In 2003, Davies was listed at 88 in "Rolling Stone's" list of the ""100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time.""


title: Coffee cake

paragraphs: Coffee cakes are typically single layer cakes that may be square or rectangular like a Stollen. Coffee cakes are typically flavored with cinnamon, nuts, and fruits. These cakes sometimes have a crumbly or crumb topping called Streusel and a light glaze drizzle. In American, they are frequently eaten at festive breakfasts.

paragraphs: Coffee cakes can be similar to teacakes, but teacakes are often smaller individual items served with tea.


title: Mi Plan

paragraphs: Mi plan ("My Plan") is the fourth studio album by singer Nelly Furtado It is also her first ever all Spanish album. It was released in September, 2009. Seven of the songs were written together by Furtado and Cuban musician, Alex Cuba.


title: Swahili people

paragraphs: The Swahili are a people and culture found on the East coast of Africa, mainly the coastal regions and the islands of Kenya and Tanzania, and north Mozambique. The Swahili number is at around 1,328,000. The number of Swahili speakers, on the other hand, numbers at around 90 million people. The name "Swahili" comes from the Arabic word "Sawahil" and means "coastal dwellers". Swahili is official language only in Tanzania. Swahili speakers who live elsewhere in East Africa also have to use the official languages of their respective countries: English in Kenya, Portuguese in Mozambique, and French in Comoros. Only a small part of those who use Swahili are first language speakers and even fewer are ethnic Swahilis. This point is often obscured by the Swahili linguistic tradition in which those who speak the language are often called Swahili (Waswahili) regardless of their actual ethnic origins. In other words, the term 'Swahili' can mean 'those who speak Swahili' or it can mean 'ethnic Swahili people'.

paragraphs: The Swahili are unique Bantu inhabitants of the East African Coast mainly from Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. They are mainly united by culture and under the mother tongue of Kiswahili, a Bantu language. There are Arab, Persian, and other migrants who reached the coast some believe as early as the 7th-8th c. CE, and mixed with the local people there, that are regarded as Swahili now. Because of this influence the Swahili language contains many loan words from Arabic and Persian. Archaeologist, Felix Chami thinks that Bantu settlements at the East African coast existed already at the beginning of the 1st millennium. From the 6th century onward they became more important as there was an increase in trade (mainly with Arab merchants), population growth, and further centralized urbanization. So the Swahili City-States developed.

paragraphs: Islam came to the East African coast around 1012 AD, when the traders from the Persian Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula continued to journey to these parts during monsoon seasons and to have contact with the local people through trade, marriage, and an exchange of ideas. Because of this interaction, most of the Swahili today are Muslim. The Swahili follow a very strict and orthodox form of Islam.

paragraphs: For centuries the Swahili depended greatly on trade from the Indian Ocean. The Swahili have played a vital role as middle man between east, central and South Africa, and the outside world. Trade contacts have been noted as early as 100 A.D. by early Roman writers who visited the East African coast in the first century. Trade routes extended across Tanzania into modern day Zaire. Along these goods were brought to the coasts and were sold to Arab, Indian, and Portuguese traders and even reached as far as China and India. Materials of this trade were also found at Great Zimbabwe. During the Middle Ages, ivory and slaves became a substantial source of income. Many slaves who were sold in Zanzibar ended up in Brazil, which was then a Portuguese colony. Swahili fishermen of today still rely on the ocean to supply their primary source of income. Fish is sold to their inland neighbors in exchange for products of the interior.


title: Tudor period

paragraphs: The Tudor period usually refers to the period between 1485 and 1603, specifically in relation to the history of England. This was the period when the Tudor dynasty ruled in England. Its first monarch was Henry VII (1457– 1509). The term is often used more broadly to include Elizabeth I's reign (1558– 1603), although this is often treated separately as the Elizabethan era.

paragraphs: Following the Black Death and the agricultural depression of the late 14th century, population grew bigger again. The export of woollen products to mainland Europe helped the economy rather much. Henry VII got favourable trading conditions in 1496.

paragraphs: The high wages and abundance of available land seen in the late 14th century and early 15th century were replaced with low wages and a land shortage. Various inflationary pressures, perhaps due to influx of New World gold and rising population, meant that the gap between the rich and poor widened. This was a period of significant change for the majority of the rural population, because enclosure started.

paragraphs: The Tudor Government raised a huge amount of revenue from the dissolution of the monasteries. The clerical income from First Fruits and Tenths, which previously went to the Pope, now went to the King.

paragraphs: Partly because of the new revenue raised from the dissolution of monasteries, Cromwell created revenue courts to allot the royal income properly to various departments. These were the six courts or departments of state, each fully organised with its own specialised officials, with seals and habitat, and responsible for a particular kind of revenue.

paragraphs: The growing number of departments meant that the number of officials involved increased, which made the management of revenue troublesome and expensive. There were further financial and administrative difficulties of the years 1540-58.

paragraphs: Henry’s war with France and Somerset’s war with France and Scotland cost England huge sums of money. The royal Mint was used to generate revenue by producing coins with less quality.

paragraphs: In 1487 Henry VII's enemies from the House of York had crowned a pretender and landed a small army off the coast of Cumbria with the intention of stealing the crown. Henry VII defeated them at East Stoke. This was perhaps the last battle in the Wars of the Roses.

paragraphs: This was perhaps the most significant series of events which took place during the Tudor period. It began as a result of Henry VIII's quarrel with Pope Clement VII regarding his refusal to grant a divorce.

paragraphs: Beginning in 1549, this was to be the largest popular uprising during the Tudor period. It was at first intended as a demonstration against enclosures of common land. The leader, Robert Kett, was hanged for treason.

paragraphs: About a third of the population lived in poverty with the wealthy expected to give alms to assist the impotent poor. Tudor law was harsh on those unable to find work. Those who left their parishes in order to find work were called vagabonds and could be punished by whipping.

paragraphs: The idea of the workhouse was first suggested in 1576.

paragraphs: Average life span was 35. This was because of the poor amount of medicines and doctors at the time. High rates of childhood mortality saw only 33-50% of the population reaching the age of 16.

paragraphs: Although home to only a small part of the population the Tudor municipalities were overcrowded and unhygenic. Most municipalities were unpaved although this differed in larger towns and cities.

paragraphs: There were no sewers or drains and rubbish was simply abandoned in the street. Animals such as rats thrived in these conditions. In larger towns and cities, such as London, common diseases arising from lack of sanitation included smallpox, measles, malaria, typhus, diphtheria, Scarlet fever, and chickenpox.

paragraphs: Outbreaks of the Black Death pandemic occurred in 1498, 1535, 1543, 1563, 1589 and 1603. The reason for the speedy spread of the disease was the increase of rats infected by fleas carrying the disease.

paragraphs: The food consumed by the dinvery rich in this period consisted largely of venison, and often of blackbirds and larks. Fruits and vegetables were only eaten by Tudors when it was in season. However, potatoes had not reached the table to any great extent, because farmers had only just begun growing them, although explorers such as Sir Walter Raleigh had brought them to Britain.

paragraphs: The majority of the population lived in small villages. Their homes comprised, as in earlier centuries, of thatched huts with one or two rooms. Furniture was basic with stools being commonplace rather than chairs.

paragraphs: Mansions had many chimneys for the many fireplaces required to keep the vast rooms warm. These fires were also the only way of cooking food. The very large houses were often, designed in symmetrical shapes such as 'E' and 'H'.

paragraphs: Poorer children never went to school. Children from better-off families had tutors to teach them reading and French. However, boys were often sent to schools which belonged to the monasteries and there they would learn mainly Latin in classes of up to 60 boys. Schools were harsh and caning was not unheard of.

paragraphs: The rich used to go hunting to kill deer and wild boar for their feasts. They also enjoyed fencing and jousting contests. Most rich people watched bear fighting.

paragraphs: In the Tudor times fashion was a display of how wealthy you were. Rich people could afford to have clothes made out of fine linen or silk. They would also have them embroidered with gold thread and jewels. Ladies had to wear corsets which were made out of bone and they made your stomach and waist smaller so you looked skinnier. Poorer people would wear simple clothes made from wool - tunic and trousers for men, and a long dress worn with an apron on top for women.

paragraphs: The House of Tudor produced five English monarchs who ruled during this period.

paragraphs: Harrington, Peter. The Castles of Henry VIII. Oxford, Osprey, 2007.


title: Andrei Kirilenko

paragraphs: Andrei Kirilenko (born February 18, 1981 in Izhevsk, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union) is a Small forward that currently plays for the Minnesota Timberwolves of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

paragraphs: He played in the NBA with the Utah Jazz for 10 seasons and then played in Russia with his original team, CSKA Moscow. After playing a season with them, he returned to the NBA and signed with the Minnesota Timberwolves on July 27, 2012.

paragraphs: He is of Russian origin. His jersey number is 47. He is nicknamed AK-47 because of his jersey number and because the AK-47 came from Russia.

paragraphs: Kirilenko was named as Russia's flag bearer for the Opening Ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics games.


title: Bjarne Stroustrup

paragraphs: Bjarne Stroustrup born 30th December 1950 in Århus, Denmark) is an American-Danish computer scientist, most famous for creating the C++ programming language.


title: Vanessa Redgrave

paragraphs: Vanessa Redgrave (Blackheath, London, England, 30 January 1937) is an English actress. She is active in theatre, movies and television.

paragraphs: Born in a theatrical family, her father was actor Sir Michael Redgrave (1908-1985). Her mother was actress Rachel Kempson (1910-2003). Her brother Corin Redgrave (1939-2010) and sister Lynn Redgrave (1943-2010) were both actors. She began her career in theatre in 1958 with the Royal Shakespeare Company.

paragraphs: She made her movie debut in 1966 in "Morgan, a Suitable Case for Treatment", followed by "Blowup".

paragraphs: In 1967, she appeared in the musical "Camelot", opposite Richard Harris. Other notable movies have included; "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968), "Isadora" (1969), "The Devils" (1970), "The Trojan Women" (1971), "Mary Queen of Scots" (1972), "Murder on the Orient-Express" (1974), "Julia" (1977), for which she won an Academy Award for best supporting actress, "Agatha" (1979), "The Bostonians" (1984), "Wetherby" (1985), "Howard Ends" (1992), "Mrs Dalloway" (1997), etc.

paragraphs: On television, she appeared in "Playing for Time" in 1981, which won her an Emmy Award for best actress, as well as in the teleseries "Peter The Great" (1986) and "Young Catherine" (1991).

paragraphs: In 2010 she received the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award.

paragraphs: Redgrave was married to movie director Tony Richardson from 1962 until 1967, with whom she had two daughters: actresses Natasha Richardson (1963-2009) and Joely Richardson (b. 1965). She has a son, Carlo Gabriel Nero (b. 1969) with Italian actor Franco Nero, whom she married in 2006.


title: WarioWare DIY

paragraphs: WarioWare D.I.Y., known in Japan as , is a minigame video game released for the Nintendo DS in 2009. It is the seventh title in the "WarioWare" series. It was first revealed on October 2, 2008 and it was released in Japan on April 29, 2009. In North America, it was announced at E3 2009 on June 2nd, 2009.

paragraphs: "WarioWare D.I.Y." allows players to design their own minigames, creating their own graphics, music and designing a 'cassette' for them. The game features three sections in its main menu: My House, where the player designs minigames, WarioWare, the tutorial, and My Shop, where the player makes microgame cassettes. When creating the music, the player can sing through the DS's microphone, which the DS then turns them into notes. These notes can then be performed by various instruments such as pig noises.

paragraphs: Players can send their creations to other D.I.Y. owners or receive other people's works. They can also be uploaded to Nintendo Wi-Fi connection for contest purposes. Microgames made available by Nintendo can be downloaded, too. Additionally, the WiiWare game Asobu Made in Ore allows users to play the microgames on the Wii with the Wii remote's pointer.


title: Phil Keaggy

paragraphs: Philip Tyler Keaggy (born March 23, 1951 in Youngstown, Ohio) is an American musician. He is most famous for playing Contemporary Christian music. He has won seven "Dove Awards" for his instrumental albums and he has been nominated twice for the Grammy Award for ""Best Rock Gospel Album."" The style of guitar playing he is most famous for is his "fingerpicking" style which means he usually plucks the strings with his fingers rather than use a plastic guitar pick. Many guitar magazines have voted him as one of the best in the world at the fingerpicking style.


title: Apocynaceae

paragraphs: The Apocynaceae or dogbane family is a family of flowering plants in the order Gentianales. It includes trees, shrubs, herbs, and lianas. They usually have a milky sap. There are about 200 genera and 2,000 species.


title: Reaction inhibitor

paragraphs: An inhibitor is a substance that slows down chemical reactions without being involved in the actual reaction. It does the opposite of a catalyst, which speeds up reactions without undergoing a permanent change in itself. An example is snake venom, which is deadly for humans because it can slow down their internal chemical reactions.


title: Frontier Falcon

paragraphs: Frontier Falcon is a member internal hockey team for the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in Pakistan part of PHF.


title: Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment

paragraphs: The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regiment is one of the six infantry regiments of Pakistan Army. Its "Azad Jammu and Kashmir Regimental Centre" is located at Mansar (Pakistan), Attock District, The Pak-Punjab.


title: Federal Capital Territory

paragraphs: The Federal Capital Territory (FCT) around Karachi was the original Capital territory of Pakistan. The FCT was created in "1948" from the city of Karachi and surrounding areas as the location for Pakistan's capital following independence. The FCT was bordered by the province of Sind Province (1936–1955)1948 to the northeast and the princely state of State of Las Bela to the northwest with the [Arabian Sea] to the south.


title: Merlot

paragraphs: Merlot is a type of red wine and it is the main agricultural production of the Swiss canton called ticino.


title: Charles Bronson

paragraphs: Charles Bronson (Charles Dennis Buchinsky; November 3, 1921 – August 30, 2003) was an American actor. He was a Purple Heart recipient.

paragraphs: He was born in Ehrenfeld, Pennsylvania. Bronson was married to Jill Ireland (his second marriage, 1968–1990) until her death from breast cancer. He died of pneumonia and Alzheimer's disease. He is of Tatar origin. He died in Los Angeles.

paragraphs: He played Paul Kersey in the "Death Wish movie series". He was 5'9". He was 81 years old when he died. His real full name was Charles Dennis Buchinsky

paragraphs: Rectified - Karolis was the 1st name, his parents being from Litva, a Balto-Slavic nation, not Tartar.

paragraphs: Born Charles Buchinsky, Bronson changed his last name during his early career in the 1950s during the rise of McCarthyism. This was suggested by his agent in order to save his career from potentially being blacklisted as a communist.


title: Sundance Film Festival

paragraphs: The Sundance Film Festival is an American movie festival that takes place every year in Utah. It is one of the largest independent movie festivals in the United States.

paragraphs: The festival is held in January in Park City, Salt Lake City, Ogden, and at the Sundance Resort. It is an event for new work from American and international independent movie makers. The festival has competition for American and international drama and documentary movies, feature films and short films.

paragraphs: The 2015 Sundance Film Festival took place January 22 to February 1, 2015. "What Happened, Miss Simone?", a documentary about American singer Nina Simone, opened the festival. A comedy-drama movie, "Grandma", was the closing night movie. It stars Lily Tomlin.

paragraphs: Many notable independent movie makers first got noticed at Sundance, including Kevin Smith, Robert Rodriguez, Quentin Tarantino, Todd Field, David O. Russell, Steve James, Steven Soderbergh, Darren Aronofsky, James Wan, Edward Burns, and Jim Jarmusch.

paragraphs: The festival has also given more attention and a larger audience to such movies as "Saw", "Super Troopers", "The Blair Witch Project", "Spanking the Monkey", "Reservoir Dogs", "Primer", "Little Miss Sunshine", "Clerks", "Sex, Lies, and Videotape", "The Brothers McMullen", "Afternoon Delight", "Napoleon Dynamite", and "Whiplash".


title: Turner Field

paragraphs: Turner Field is a baseball ballpark in Atlanta, Georgia, home to the Atlanta Braves. The park first opened in 1996 to host the Summer Olympics in Atlanta, when it was known as Centennial Olympic Stadium. After the Olympics, the park was changed to allow baseball to be played, and opened for the 1997 braves season., The stadium replaces Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium, which was built in 1966.

paragraphs: On November 11, 2013, it was announced that the Braves would leave Turner Field for a new stadium in Cobb County. The lease which allowed the Braves to play in Turner Field was set to end in 2016, and the team stated that many fans had problems getting to the stadium on game days. At the new stadium's groundbreaking on September 16, 2014, that venue's name was revealed as SunTrust Park.


title: Stevie Nicks

paragraphs: Stephanie Lynn "Stevie" Nicks (born May 26, 1948, in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American singer-songwriter. She is best known for her work with Fleetwood Mac. Within the band and as a solo singer, she has over forty Top 50 hits and has sold over 140 million albums.

paragraphs: Nicks was named "The Reigning Queen of Rock and Roll" and one of the "100 Greatest Singers of All Time" by "Rolling Stone". As a member of Fleetwood Mac, she was selected to be included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1998. She was included again in 2019 for her solo career.

paragraphs: With Fleetwood Mac, Nicks has been nominated for nine Grammy Awards. They won the 1978 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for "Rumours". They also won the 2003 Grammy Hall of Fame Award.


title: Baloristan

paragraphs: Baloristan (Gilgit-Chitral) is the name of a region of Northern Areas of Pakistan. It borders Pakistan's North-West Frontier to the west, Afghanistan and China to the north, Indian-occupied Jammu and Kashmir to the east, leading to the frozen wastes of the Third Pole.

paragraphs: The central administrative unit of Baloristan, Gilgit Agency.


title: Michael Waltrip

paragraphs: Michael Curtis Waltrip (born April 30, 1963 in Owensboro, Kentucky) is an American race car driver and owner of his team called Michael Waltrip Racing. Michael Waltrip is the younger brother of three time Sprint cup champion, Darrell Waltrip.


title: Jean Simmons

paragraphs: Jean Simmons (January 31, 1929 - January 22, 2010) was an Anglo-American actress. She was active in movies, television and theatre.

paragraphs: Jean Simmons was born in London, England. She began her acting career very young, and appeared in films like David Lean's "Great Expectations" (1946) and Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet" (1948) while still a teenager.

paragraphs: As a very promising young actress, she came to Hollywood in 1950, where she appeared in such films as "The Robe" (1953), "Young Bess" (1953), "Désirée" (1954), "The Egyptian" (1954), "The Big Country" (1958), "Spartacus" (1960), "Elmer Gantry" (1960), "Life at the Top" (1965), "A Rough Night in Jericho" (1967), etc.

paragraphs: In the 1970s, she gradually turned to television work, notably in the highly successful miniseries "The Thorn Birds" (1983), for which she won an Emmy Award for best supporting actress, and "North and South " (1985).

paragraphs: Simmons was married twice. Her first was to actor Stewart Granger from 1950 to 1960, with whom she had a daughter, Tracy (born 1956). Simmons and Granger became American citizens in 1956. The second was to film director Richard Brooks from 1960 to 1977, with whom she had a second daughter, Kate (born 1961). Both marriages ended in divorce.

paragraphs: Simmons died aged 80 of lung cancer in Santa Monica, California.


title: Ernie Coombs

paragraphs: Ernest "Ernie" Coombs, CM (November 26, 1927 – September 18, 2001) who was most famous for being the host of the popular Canadian television TV show called "Mr. Dressup". 'Mr. Dressup was on TV for a very long time.

paragraphs: He was born in Lewiston, Maine in 1927. After he finished school at the North Yarmouth Academy he decided to find work entertaining children. He first started learning how to do this when he moved to Canada in 1963 and started working for Fred Rogers on an early version of "Mister Rogers' Neighborhood". This show was on the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation TV channel. After Rogers moved back to the United States in 1964 Coombs stayed in Canada. His next work was on a TV show called "Butternut Square" which was on TV from 1964 to 1967.

paragraphs: After ""Butternut Square"" ended Coombs started the ""Mr. Dressup"" TV show. It would become one of Canada's longest-running children's TV shows. As Mr. Dressup he would do art, sing songs, tell stories and play children's games. In each show Mr. Dressup would dress up in costumes that he would find in a box he called his ""Tickle Trunk"".

paragraphs: Coombs became a Canadian citizen in 1994.

paragraphs: His TV show did not stop until February 1996. The same year, he was named a Member of the Order of Canada.

paragraphs: Repeats of his TV show were shown on CBC Television until 2006.

paragraphs: After he retired from TV Coombs continued to work entertaining children and did a lot of work to raise money for many children's charities.

paragraphs: Coombs had a stroke on September 10, 2001. He died on September 18, 2001 in Toronto, Ontario. He was 73 years old when he died.


title: Pleiotropism

paragraphs: Pleiotropism is a central term in developmental genetics. In pleiotropism, a single gene affects a number of phenotypic traits in the same organism.

paragraphs: These pleiotropic effects often seem to be unrelated to each other. The usual underlying mechanism is that the same gene is activated in several different tissues, producing apparently different effects. It follows that the phenomenon must be extremely common, since most genes will have effects in more than one tissue.

paragraphs: The term may be contrasted with pleiomorphism, in which a genetically uniform group of organisms shows variable phenotypes.

paragraphs: Pleiotropy has significance for the theory of evolution. It has often been claimed that some heritable features of animals are not the product of adaptation by natural selection. Much of this may be explained by pleiotropism. Strong selection for one or two aspects of gene function will automatically bring along some other pleiotropic traits. These other traits, though inherited, may be neutral or even slightly deleterious in terms of selection.

paragraphs: "Antagonistic pleiotropy" refers to the expression of a gene resulting in multiple competing effects, some beneficial but others detrimental to the organism. Three circumstances are possible:

paragraphs: 1. Simultaneously, a gene may cause deleterious traits which are outbalanced by the survival value of positive traits.

paragraphs: 2. A gene may increase fitness in the younger, fertile organism, yet contribute to decreased fitness later in life. The reproductive contribution at the younger stages of life will ensure the spread of such a gene.

paragraphs: 3. A gene may increase fitness in some habitats, but not others. Its survival in the population is then balanced. An example is a bacterial gene which enhances glucose use at the expense of the ability to use other energy sources (such as lactose). This has positive effects when there is plenty of glucose, but can be lethal if lactose is the only available food source.


title: Empire of the Sun (band)

paragraphs: Empire of the Sun is an Australian electronic music group which started in 2007. The band is made up of two musicians, Luke Steele of The Sleepy Jackson and Nick Littlemore of Pnau. The pair achieved chart success with their first single, "Walking on a Dream", which got to number ten on the Australian charts, and reached 64 on the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: Their first album also called "Walking on a Dream", released in October 2008, won a platinum award in Australia. Another single from the album, "We Are the People" reached the top 25. Recently Empire of the Sun was in the news for getting to fourth position on the BBC’s annual Sound of Music poll 2009. They are currently signed to EMI Australia and Virgin UK. In November 2009, the band won four awards from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). They were given the award for the best group, the best pop release, the Album of the Year, and Single of the Year.

paragraphs: Empire of the Sun is very different, Luke Steele said that "...we are not a band. We're anything we want it to be..." The two musicians play a lot of instruments and dress in elaborate stage costumes.


title: Interrobang

paragraphs: An interrobang or interabang is a grammatical symbol which combines both the exclamation mark (!) and the question mark (?).

paragraphs: The basic purpose of is to put at the end an exclamatory sentence, such as one where we are in disbelief (ex. You did what‽)

paragraphs: It is a very uncommonly used symbol as most people would simply end their exclamatory questions with both of the symbols like this: !? or ?!

paragraphs: On a computer an interrobang looks like this: ‽

paragraphs: On a chromebook the unicode is: Ctrl+Shift+u+2+0+3+D