title: Choking agent

paragraphs: A choking agent, also called a pulmonary agent, is a type of chemical weapon. Choking agents make fluid build up in the lungs, and can cause suffocation.

paragraphs: The most common examples of choking agents are chlorine and phosgene. There are others, but they are not often used.

paragraphs: Phosgene is the most dangerous choking agent that is commonly used..

paragraphs: Phosgene can be a liquid or a gas. As a gas, it is heavier than air, so it can stay near the ground (where people can breathe it in for long periods of time. It smells like freshly cut grass or moldy hay.

paragraphs: Along with being a choking agent, phosgene is also a blood agent. This means it keeps oxygen from getting into the body's cells. Without oxygen, a person's cells will die, and the person will suffocate.

paragraphs: Phosgene usually does not cause its worst effects right away. The worst symptoms do not happen until 12 hours after a person breathed in phosgene. The person usually dies within 24 to 48 hours.

paragraphs: Chlorine is naturally a gas, but it can be made into a liquid or a solid. Chlorine is used to make many different things, like plastics, and is used to clean swimming pools.

paragraphs: Chlorine gas is very dangerous if it is inhaled. Chlorine can react with water in the lungs to make hydrochloric acid. This is a very strong acid which can burn the lungs so badly that a person dies.

paragraphs: The signs and symptoms of exposure to a choking agent depend on how the chemical got into a person's body.

paragraphs: If a choking agent gets into a person's eyes or on their skin, it usually causes very bad burns.

paragraphs: If a choking agent is inhaled, it usually causes:

paragraphs: If a person got a high enough dose of a choking agent, they will eventually suffocate.

paragraphs: Phosgene and chlorine gas were both used as weapons during World War I. Chlorine was used first. It was the first chemical weapon that was used during the war to try to kill enemy soldiers. (Before this, countries like France and Germany had used tear gas, which is not meant to kill people.)

paragraphs: Chlorine was used as a weapon for the first time by the German Army around January 1915, against the British Army. At the time, German Major Karl von Zingler wrote: "[I]t has been said that our Chlorine is very effective. 140 English officers have been killed. This is a horrible weapon ...".

paragraphs: About four months later, the German Army used chlorine gas for the first time against French and Algerian soldiers. These soldiers did not know about this new weapon, and they panicked and tried to run away. However, running makes chlorine's effects worse. In a few minutes, the gas killed more than 1,000 French and Algerian soldiers, and injured more than 4,000 others. One soldier who survived said:

paragraphs: "[I watched] figures running wildly in confusion over the fields. Greenish-gray clouds swept down upon them, turning yellow as they traveled over the country blasting everything they touched and shriveling up the [plants]. . . . Then there staggered into our midst French soldiers, blinded, coughing, chests heaving, faces an ugly purple color, lips speechless with agony, and behind them in the gas soaked trenches, we learned that they had left hundreds of dead and dying comrades."

paragraphs: In September 1915, the British Army used chlorine gas as a weapon for the first time.

paragraphs: The German Army used chlorine gas as a weapon many more times, against French, Canadian, and Russian soldiers. In one attack on Russian soldiers in Poland, 9,000 Russian soldiers were injured by the gas, and more than 1,000 were killed.

paragraphs: However, soon soldiers learned that the effects of chlorine were not as bad if they stayed still, got as high off the ground as possible, and used a damp cloth to cover their mouths and faces. Because chlorine gas is green, soldiers could see the chlorine coming and would have time to protect themselves. This made chlorine gas less deadly, and both sides soon switched to using phosgene.

paragraphs: Phosgene was first used by the German Army to attack the British Army in 1915. After that, phosgene was used often during World War I. Countries on both sides of the war - including Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States - used phosgene to attack enemy soldiers. Often they mixed it with chlorine, with the goal of killing more people.

paragraphs: In World War I, phosgene caused about 85% of the 100,000 deaths caused by poison gas during the war (a total of about 85,000 deaths).

paragraphs: After people saw the effects of poison gases during World War I, these gases were not used often after that war.

paragraphs: However, the Imperial Japanese Army used phosgene against China many times during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945).

paragraphs: In 2007, Iraqi insurgents used chlorine bombs to attack soldiers and civilians. Over 350 people got sick from the first attack. In two other attacks, more than 30 people died in each attack.


title: Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution

paragraphs: In statistics the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution is a particular probability distribution named after James Clerk Maxwell and Ludwig Boltzmann.

paragraphs: It was first defined and used in physics (in particular in statistical mechanics) for describing particle speeds in idealized gases. In an idealized gas the particles move freely inside a stationary container without interacting with one another, most of the time. Sometimes they collide and exchange energy and momentum with each other or with their thermal environment. Particle in this context refers to gaseous particles (atoms or molecules), and the system of particles is assumed to have reached thermodynamic equilibrium.

paragraphs: While the distribution was first derived by Maxwell in 1860 on heuristic grounds, Boltzmann later carried out significant investigations into the physical origins of this distribution.

paragraphs: A particle speed probability distribution indicates which speeds are more likely: a particle will have a speed selected randomly from the distribution, and is more likely to be within one range of speeds than another. The distribution depends on the temperature of the system and the mass of the particle.

paragraphs: The Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution applies to the classical ideal gas, which is an idealization of real gases. In real gases, there are various effects (e.g., van der Waals interactions, vortical flow, relativistic speed limits, and quantum exchange interactions) that can make their speed distribution different from the Maxwell–Boltzmann form. However, rarefied gases at ordinary temperatures behave very nearly like an ideal gas and the Maxwell speed distribution is an excellent approximation for such gases. For this reason, it forms the basis of the Kinetic theory of gases, which provides a simplified explanation of many fundamental gaseous properties, including pressure and diffusion.


title: Jessye Norman

paragraphs: Jessye Mae Norman (September 15, 1945 – September 30, 2019) was an American opera singer. She was a dramatic soprano. She often sung works by Richard Wagner. Norman was in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame. She won Grammy Awards. She received a Spingarn Medal. She also got a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and a National Medal of Arts.

paragraphs: In 1970, she performed in Italy for the first time. There she sang in Handel's "Deborah". The following year, she performed at the Maggio Musicale for the first time. There she sang in "L'Africaine".

paragraphs: Norman was born in Augusta, Georgia. She died on September 30, 2019 at a Manhattan hospital from multiple organ failure and sepsis caused by a spinal cord injury at the age of 74.


title: The Perfumed Garden

paragraphs: The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight ( "") is a book that was written by Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Nafzawi in the 15th century. It explains sex. It is written in Arabic. "The Perfumed Garden" is an example of erotic literature and contains sex among humans (heterosexual and homosexual) and animals.

paragraphs: The book was first translated into English by Richard Francis Burton in 1886. He translated it through a French translation. He could not complete his translation because the book was not widely acceptable because of its content. After him a new French translation by René R. Khawam was published in 1976. In 1923 the English composer Kaikhosru Shapurji Sorabji wrote "Le jardin parfumé: Poem for Piano Solo".


title: Hértevin language

paragraphs: Hértevin language (in Hértevin: ܣܘܪܬ "Sôreth") is an Aramaic or Syriac language that was originally spoken in a group of villages in the southeastern part of Turkey. It is especially in Siirt Province. Speakers of Hértevin Aramaic have moved mostly to Western countries, and are now scattered and isolated from one another. A few speakers remain in Turkey.


title: Abdul Hamid II

paragraphs: Abdul Hamid II (21 September 1842 – 10 February 1918) was the 34th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. He was the last sultan to have complete control over the Empire. He witnessed many revolutions and wars. Abdulhamid II ruled from 1876 to 1909, until he was deposed by a group of people calling themselves the "Young Turks".

paragraphs: He modernized the Empire during his reign, by for example building many railways, schools and hospitals. He also seeked to unify the Empire under the name of Islam as opposed to others wanting to unify the Empire under Ottomanism.

paragraphs: Although the Empire was beginning to fall, he at least gave the Empire a lift in his reign.

paragraphs: His reign ended as Young Turks revolted against him, effectively deposing him and putting their favored sultan, Mehmed V.


title: Brain death

paragraphs: Brain death means that the brain has stopped working. Brain death is permanent, and cannot be cured or reversed. No treatment can help. When a person is brain dead, there is no activity in any part of their brain. Every part of the brain is dead; no oxygen flows to the brain, and there is no electrical activity in any part of the brain.

paragraphs: The brain controls everything we need to do to stay alive. For example, it controls breathing, body temperature, heart rate, and many other important things. When a person is brain dead, their brain cannot control any of these things. A brain-dead person cannot breathe on their own. They will never be able to wake up or be aware of what is going on around them.

paragraphs: Sometimes, brain-dead people are kept alive with special machines and medications. For example, doctors can put a tube down a person's throat and use a machine called a ventilator to pump oxygen into their lungs. While these machines can keep the person's other organs alive for a while, they cannot help the brain get better. Eventually, the person's other organs will stop working too.

paragraphs: Doctors can diagnose brain death by examining the patient. They will check for reflexes which are controlled by the brainstem, and see if the person can breathe on their own. If the person is brain-dead, the doctor will find:

paragraphs: Before diagnosing brain death, doctors will check for any other problem that could look like brain death (for example, a very low body temperature, or an overdose of sedatives). They will usually wait six to 24 hours before checking again to make sure the person still has no signs of activity in the brain. Then a second doctor is called in to do the same tests. If both doctors agree, the patient can officially be diagnosed "brain dead."

paragraphs: Sometimes, doctors use other tests which can diagnose brain death right away. These tests include:

paragraphs: Brain death happens because of an injury to the entire brain. The most common causes are:

paragraphs: Swelling or bleeding in the brain can cut off blood flow to the brain and push on the brainstem. If it gets bad enough, it can crush the brainstem.


title: Luis Guillermo Solís

paragraphs: Luis Guillermo Solís Rivera (born 25 April 1958) is a Costa Rican politician. He was the President of Costa Rica from 2014 to 2018.


title: Interrogation

paragraphs: Interrogation (also called questioning) generally means formally or informally interviewing a person to gain needed information of some kind. Interrogations are used by military organizations, intelligence agencies and law enforcement agencies worldwide. Sometimes the interrogated person is suspected of committing a crime or thought to have a reason to hide the information. The questioner in criminal and military interrogations is often an officer trained in different interrogation techniques. Depending on how they view the person being questioned or the purpose of the interrogation, the methods used may vary widely. For example:

paragraphs: An interrogation may often begin with several closed-ended questions. Examples would be "are you comfortable" or "would you like a cigarette"? The intent is for the interviewer to control the conversation and put the person being interrogated at ease. Let them think they are not in any trouble.

paragraphs: Next may follow asking narrative questions to find out what the person knows about a subject. Next, the interrogator may ask direct questions. Throughout the interview interrogators may ask "cross-questions". These are the same question asked in different ways and at different times during the interview to see if the person being questioned answers them the same every time.

paragraphs: A method taught to police interrogators since the 1970s is called the Reid technique. It was named for a Chicago police officer who developed it in the 1940s. It is widely used in North America because it gets confessions; sometimes false confessions. It is based on outdated psychology that maintains if a person shows stress they are lying. Unfortunately most people show stress when in stressful conditions. Suspects are questioned, often by teams of police officers. The Good cop/bad cop routine seen on police procedural shows is an example of the Reid technique. The police use this method to convince a suspect that confessing to the crime (whether they are guilty or not) is the best way out for the suspect. Many false confessions have been obtained this way resulting in false inprisonments.

paragraphs: A police officer may stop and question a person at any time. They do not need to give a Miranda warning before informal questioning or before making an arrest. But any information gained this way is not admissible at a trial against the person. Miranda required advising a person of their rights before being question in police custody. If the person asks the officer if they are free to leave, they are not in custody. That is one of the few things a police officer may not lie about. During questioning police may use trickery, lying or other forms of deception in order to get a confession from a suspect.

paragraphs: A fairly new technique is being used in the UK, Denmark, New Zealand and other places. The word PEACE is an acronym for Preparation and Planning, Engage and Explain, Account, Closure and Evaluate. It is considered a more ethical model of police questioning. It is intended to prevent wrongful convictions by eliminating any coercion or deceptive methods. When tested in England and Wales, it resulted in the same percentage of convictions as the older methods produced. Peace is more of a journalistic approach. It assumes a liar will find it increasingly difficult to keep all the lies consistent and will eventually break down and confess.

paragraphs: A historic method of obtaining confessions is the applying of the so-called third degree. It consists of treating a suspect brutally, keeping them awake for long periods of time with no food or water. Beatings were given along with threats. Often a suspect confessed to stop the abuse. The suspect was then forced to sign a paper saying he was not intimidated or coerced into giving his statement. In 1937, the court threw out a confession upon learning it was not given voluntarily but the defendant had been hung from a tree and whipped until he confessed.

paragraphs: Even though it is a serious breach of most international agreements, torture is still used by some police, military and intelligence services. Torture is prohibited under international law, but it is still used. In 2014 the Senate Intelligence Committee found that the Central Intelligence Agency tortured terror suspects.


Trenton


title: Vargas

paragraphs: Vargas State (, ) is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. It is named after Venezuela's first civilian president, José María Vargas. The state covers an area along the Caribbean coast in the north of Venezuela. It borders Aragua to the west and Miranda to the east. Caracas is to the south. Vargas contains the country's largest seaport and airport. The state's capital city is La Guaira.

paragraphs: The area was previously governed as part of Venezuela's Federal District. The governor was chosen by the federal government of Venezuela. In 1998 the government of Rafael Caldera made Vargas split Vargas from the Federal District. Shortly after this it became the 23rd state of Venezuela.


title: Pat Fraley

paragraphs: Patrick Howard "Pat" Fraley (born February 18, 1949) is an American voice actor and voice-over teacher. He is best known as the voice of Krang, Casey Jones, Baxter Stockman and many other characters. He is also known for his voice roles in the 1987 "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" TV series. He also voiced Buzz Lightyear for actor Tim Allen in the early years in various video games, computer games, merchandise, attractions, and the Disney On Ice Disneyland Adventure.


title: Church of God International (United States)

paragraphs: The Church of God, International (CGI) is a denomination of Christianity. It is one of many denominations to come out of the Worldwide Church of God (WCG). The Worldwide Church of God was started by Herbert W. Armstrong.

paragraphs: CGI was started in 1978 by four members of the Worldwide Church of God, with minister Garner Ted Armstrong (1930-2003) Garner Ted was excommunicated from the WCG by his father, Herbert W. Armstrong. They argued about beliefs and about how the church should be run.

paragraphs: CGI began in Tyler, Texas. Garner Ted also started the Garner Ted Armstrong Evangelistic Association.

paragraphs: Garner Ted Armstrong led CGI until 1998. Church leaders tried to start a church where the ministers acted as servants to the people. They thought the ministers in the WCG had abused their power over the people. In 1998 Garner Ted Armstrong himself was forced to leave CGI by church leaders. He was accused of sexual assault. Mr. Armstrong left CGI and started the Intercontinental Church of God. Ronald L. Dart, an important leader in CGI also left to start a church called Christian Educational Ministries (CGI). After this, leaders in the CGI tried to move forward and continue "the work". Now, leaders and ministers share power with a "Ministerial Council". The chairman of the Council is elected every three years. Charles Groce served as Chief Executive Officer for the church until 27 June 2015. Then he retired. Vance Stinson is now chairman. The Council also started a program to train new leaders called MAP (Ministerial Apprentice Program). CGI tries to keep a good relationship with many of the other churches that left the Worldwide Church of God. It is a "Ministry Partnership" with a some of them.

paragraphs: The CGI believes and worships like many other Christian churches, except:

paragraphs: CGI has churches in the United States, Canada, Jamaica, Ireland, Australia and the Philippines. CGI has a television program called "Armor of God". It also has "Prevail Magazine", which discusses Christian living. The church also has a newspaper which comes out every three months called "The International News". This newspaper discusses beliefs, worship, prophecy, church news, and world news. The church also supports a program for young people ages 18–30 called "Infuse". This includes a quarterly magazine, a website, and service activities for local churches and communities. The program is run by volunteers and includes older people who support the program. It is also open to young people in other churches.

paragraphs: In 2013, the church decided use the internet more to reach people, and is building a new studio to begin

paragraphs: broadcasting in high-definition television.


title: Cojedes

paragraphs: Cojedes State () is one of the 23 states of Venezuela. The state capital city is San Carlos. Cojedes covers a total area of 14,800 km². It had a population of 323,165 in 2011.


Portuguesa


title: Johann Gottlieb Fichte

paragraphs: Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; ; May 19, 1762 – January 27, 1814), was a German philosopher. He was one of the first philosophers of the movement known as German idealism. He died of typhus in Berlin.


title: Tom Ellis (actor)

paragraphs: Tom Ellis (born 17 November 1978) is a Welsh actor. He is known for playing Dr. Oliver Cousins in the BBC Television soap opera "EastEnders" and Detective Sergeant Sam Speed in a "Life on Mars" parody on "The Catherine Tate Show". He starred as Sam in the BBC comedy "Pulling" and he played Gary in the BBC2/BBC1 comedy "Miranda". He is best known in the United States for two American TV shows in which he played the title character, "Rush" and "Lucifer".


title: Benchmark

paragraphs: A benchmark is a standard, or set of standards, that a product can have to show a level of quality. It can also be a test that a person makes a product like a computer do to see how good it can do a task, or set of tasks. Some computer benchmarks are to test the CPU or the GPU. People use benchmarks to see if their computer can run some kinds of software or games. People also use benchmarks to see if one piece of hardware is better than another.


title: Anti-Federalism

paragraphs: Anti-Federalism refers to a diverse group of Americans who opposed the ratification of the 1787 United States Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed a strong central government could become corrupt and tyrannical, as they believed England had become. They wanted a weak central government just as they had with the Articles of Confederation. One of the many points that the Anti-Federalists disagreed with the Federalists was that the Constitution did not have a Bill of Rights. Federalists argued the Constitution did not need a Bill of Rights, but agreed finally to add several amendments to the Constitution. The House of Representatives approved 17 amendments. The Senate passed on 12 of these for ratification by the states. Of the 12, 10 were ratified by the 13 states, becoming known as the United States Bill of Rights. Virginia was the last to ratify the amendments on December 15, 1791.

paragraphs: Under the new government, many Anti-Federalists created the Democratic-Republican Party.


title: Lateral root

paragraphs: Lateral roots are plant roots that extend horizontally from the main root (radicle). They serve to anchor the plant securely to the soil. The branching of roots helps water uptake. With the water comes nutrients required for the growth and development of the plant.


title: Kevin Randleman

paragraphs: Kevin Christopher Randleman (August 10, 1971 – February 11, 2016) was an American mixed martial arts fighter and wrestler. He was a UFC Heavyweight Champion from 1999 to 2000. He fought professionally from 1996 until 2011, winning 17 out of his 33 fights.

paragraphs: Randleman was born in Sandusky, Ohio. He was married twice and had three children.

paragraphs: Randleman died from heart failure caused by pneumonia on February 11, 2016 in San Diego, California. He was 44.


title: Mabel Matiz

paragraphs: Mabel Matiz (born Fatih Karaca, August 31, 1985 in Mersin) is a Turkish singer, writer and dentist. He chose Mabel Matiz as stage name. Mabel is a character in the novel Kumral Ada Mavi Tuna. Matiz means "drunk" in old Greek language. He has released 3 studio albums. He studied dentistry at the University of Istanbul, and graduated in 2008. He briefly worked in a health care clinic until starting a music career. He is an LGBT supporter and LGBT rights activist.


title: Chris Isaak

paragraphs: Chris Isaak (born June 26, 1956) is an American rock musician and actor. He is known for his 1950s rock and roll style. His songs are usually about love, loss and heartbreak. His has been singing for four decades. He has had twelve studio albums.

paragraphs: In 1990, his song "Wicked Game" was released. It became a Top 10 hit in 1991.


title: Nixa, Missouri

paragraphs: Nixa is a city in Christian County, Missouri, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 19,022. It is part of the Springfield, Missouri metropolitan area.

paragraphs: The area was first settled by farmers who located their farms along the wooded streams near present day Nixa. Many people traveled through Nixa, because it was a half-day ride with a team of horses from Springfield. Wagon drivers found it a convenient stopover site when hauling freight between Springfield and Arkansas. The community was first known as "Faughts".

paragraphs: An early resident, Nicholas A. Inman, was a blacksmith from Tennessee who set up a shop in 1852. When a post office was opened, a town meeting was held to decide on a name for the community. Because of his years of service to the community it was suggested the town be named for him. Another suggestion was to call it "nix" because the community was "nothing but a crossroads". It was finally decided to take the name Nix and add the first letter of Inman's middle name, "a", to get the unique name Nixa. The village of Nixa incorporated on June 10, 1902.

paragraphs: Nixa is located at (37.045253, -93.298755). According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land. The modern day city rests on and around seven hills.

paragraphs: All the schools in Nixa are public. Currently, the Nixa R-2 School District operates four elementary schools for students in kindergarten through fourth grade. These are Matthews, Espy, Century, and the newest, High Pointe Elementary (named so because it sits on the highest elevation in Christian County), opened in August 2007. There are also two intermediate schools for students in the fifth and sixth grades—Inman and Summit. There is one junior high school and one high school. There is also a magnet school for Kindergarten through 6th grade- John Thomas School of Discovery (JTSD). The old Main Street Elementary School building has become an administration building, named Faught Administration Center. The district is widely considered one of the best school districts in Missouri. The district has received the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education's Distinction in Performance Award for each of the last five years. Its Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) scores surpassed state averages in all 10 assessments. Nixa High School is ranked one of the best in the nation by U.S. News & World Report.

paragraphs: In the Robert Ludlum novels and movies (fiction), Nixa, Missouri is the birthplace of the character Jason Bourne. It was revealed in "The Bourne Supremacy" that Bourne's real name was David Webb and that he was born in Nixa, Missouri.

paragraphs: Several streets in a neighborhood northeast of downtown are named for performers on ABC-TV's "Ozark Jubilee", including Nixa native Slim Wilson. They include Slim Wilson Boulevard, Red Foley Court, Zed Tennis Street, Bill Ring Court, (Speedy) Haworth Court and Ozark Jubilee Drive.

paragraphs: A 2013 episode of the Investigation Discovery television series "Beauty Queen Murder" featured a murder in Nixa—the 1985 death of Jackie Johns. The murder was not solved until 2007, when DNA evidence proved that fellow Nixa resident Gerald Carnahan had raped and murdered the young lady.


title: Alpine chough

paragraphs: The Alpine chough ("Pyrrhocorax graculus") is a type of bird in the crow family. It is one of only two species in the genus "Pyrrhocorax". It nests in the mountains. It can be found in Spain and Morocco eastwards through southern Europe to the Himalayas.

paragraphs: The golden eagle is a predator to the chough.


title: Kentucky Camp, Arizona

paragraphs: Kentucky Camp, Arizona is a ghost town in Arizona. It was a mining camp.


title: Rocky Road to Dublin

paragraphs: "Rocky Road to Dublin" is an Irish folk song. The song was made in the 19th century by the composer D. K. Gavan. It tells a story about a man who is going from his home in Tuam, Ireland to Liverpool, England. It is a hard song to play and needs a lot of practice.


title: Undertale

paragraphs: Undertale (also written as UNDERTALE) is a role-playing video game made by Toby Fox, an independent artist.

paragraphs: In the game, players control a human child who has fallen into the Underground, a large and out-of-the-way place under the top of the Earth, separated from the rest of the world by a magic wall. The player meets many kinds of monsters as they try to return to the surface, mainly through the fighting system; the player takes turns selecting actions and avoiding attacks made of many bullets, and can choose to befriend or subdue monsters so that they won't get killed. The player's choices change many things in the game, including how characters act, and what kind of story it is.

paragraphs: Fox developed almost the whole game by himself; he wrote the words and made the music by himself, and only used a few pieces of extra art given to him by other artists. The game was inspired by the "Mother" and "Mario & Luigi" role-playing series, the "bullet hell" shooter series "Touhou Project", and the British comedy show "Mr. Bean". "Undertale" was originally meant to be two hours long and released in mid-2014, but creating the game took over three years, making the campaign longer and not making the game available until much later.

paragraphs: The game was released on Steam for Microsoft Windows and OS X on September 15, 2015. When it was released, the game was praised for its writing, themes, easy-to-learn fighting system, music, and original ideas; with praise directed towards its story, dialogue, and characters. The game sold over a million copies, and was nominated for many honors and awards, including Game of the Year from many gaming news sources, winning others from conventions including South by Southwest.

paragraphs: "Undertale" is a role-playing game that shows everything from above. In the game, players control a child and finish tasks in order to go forward in the story. Players explore an underground world of towns and areas, and must solve many puzzles on the way. The underground world is the home of monsters, many of whom fight the player; players decide to fight, run away, act, or make friends with them.

paragraphs: When players meet enemies in either scripted events or random encounters, they enter a battle mode. During battles, players control a small red heart which represents their soul, and must avoid attacks shot by the monster(s) in a way much like a bullet hell shooter. Deeper into the game, new types of gameplay are shown; these include blue-colored bullets that only harm when the player is moving, or orange bullets when staying still. Boss battles often introduce these coloured bullet mechanics. Players can use the ATTACK option to attack, which involves timed button presses. Players can also use the ACT option to do many different actions, which are different from enemy to enemy, usually for a peaceful resolution. Players can also use the ITEM option to eat food to heal, or to put on weapons or armor. Players can also use the MERCY option to spare enemies or flee away; monsters can be spared only if they have been beaten up enough to make them weak and unable to fight, or if they have been pleased by the right actions. In order for some boss battles to be completed without involving murder, the player must survive until the character they are facing has finished their dialogue. The game has many story branches and endings depending on whether players choose to murder or spare their enemies; and as such, it is possible to clear the game without murdering a single enemy. Players earn EXP and gold for killing monsters.

paragraphs: Monsters will talk with players during the battles, and the game will often tell the players what the monster's feelings and actions are. Enemy attacks can change based on how players interact with them: if the player chooses non-violent options, enemy attacks are easy, but they become harder if players choose violent options. The game uses many metafictional elements in both its gameplay and story. When players play in a boss battle more than once, the dialogue will change depending on actions from the times they played the battle before.

paragraphs: In late October 2018, Toby fox hinted at the release of a new game called "Deltarune", which was released on 31 October, on his Twitter page. This new game is set in a similar world to "Undertale" and is familiar to previous players of the "Undertale". It follows the story of a human, a monster and a "darkner" to bring balance to the world.

paragraphs: Currently, only Chapter 1 has been released; Fox plans to create a development team and release the full game, with one ending only, when it is complete.


title: Manuel Vicente

paragraphs: Manuel Sesimbra Vicente (born 15 May 1956) is an Angolan politician. He has been Vice President of Angola since September 2012. He was born in Central Luanda.

paragraphs: Before becoming vice president, Vicente served as the chairman of Sonangol. Sonangol is an oil and natural gas company owned by the government of Angola.


title: Rank correlation

paragraphs: A rank correlation is any statistic that measures the relationship between rankings. A "ranking" is the assignment of "first", "second", "third", etc. to different observations of a variable. A rank correlation coefficient measures the degree of similarity between two rankings.

paragraphs: One might test for "do colleges with a higher-ranked basketball program tend to have a higher-ranked football program?" A quite important question is "do people with higher-ranked education tend to get higher levels of income?"

paragraphs: Some of the most used rank correlation statistics are

paragraphs: An increasing rank correlation coefficient implies increasing agreement between rankings. The coefficient is inside the interval [−1, 1] and assumes the value:

paragraphs: Dave Kerby recommended the rank-biserial as the measure to introduce students to rank correlation, because the general logic can be explained at an introductory level.

paragraphs: Kerby showed that this rank correlation can be expressed in terms of two figures: the percent of data that support a stated hypothesis, and the percent of data that do not support it. The Kerby simple difference formula states that the rank correlation can be expressed as the difference between the proportion of favorable evidence ("f") minus the proportion of unfavorable evidence ("u").

paragraphs: Suppose a coach trains long-distance runners for one month using two methods. Group A has 5 runners, and Group B has 4 runners. The hypothesis is that method A produces faster runners. The race to assess the results finds that the runners from Group A do indeed run faster, with the following ranks: 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. The slower runners from Group B thus have ranks of 5, 7, 8, and 9.

paragraphs: The analysis is done on pairs, a member of one group compared to a member of the other group. For example, the fastest runner in the study is a member of four pairs: (1,5), (1,7), (1,8), and (1,9). All four of these pairs support the hypothesis, because in each pair the runner from Group A is faster than the runner from Group B. There are a total of 20 pairs, and 19 pairs support the hypothesis. The only pair which does not support the hypothesis are the two runners with ranks 5 and 6, because in this pair, the runner from Group B had the faster time. By the Kerby simple difference formula, 95% of the data support the hypothesis (19 of 20 pairs), and 5% do not support (1 of 20 pairs), so the rank correlation is r = .95 - .05 = .90.

paragraphs: The maximum value for the correlation is r = 1, which means that 100% of the pairs favor the hypothesis. A correlation of r = 0 indicates that half the pairs favor the hypothesis and half do not. An effect size of r = 0 describes "no relationship" between group membership and the members' ranks.


title: Physical disability

paragraphs: A physical disability is a condition that limits the way the body works. For example, a physical disability may limit the way a part of the body grows, moves, or does what it is supposed to do.

paragraphs: A congenital disability is a disability that a baby has when they are born, or had before they were born. These disabilities used to be called "birth defects."

paragraphs: The most common congenital disability is congenital heart disease - problems in the way the heart grows and works. In 2013, 34.3 million people around the world had congenital heart disease. Congenital heart disease also causes more deaths than any other congenital disability. In 2013, it caused 323,000 deaths.

paragraphs: Other examples of congenital disabilities include:

paragraphs: Some types of congenital disabilities are genetic. This means the disability was "inherited," or passed down to a person, through their parents' genes.

paragraphs: Examples of inherited physical disabilities include:

paragraphs: Acquired disabilities are disabilities that people get ("acquire") after they are born. Often they are caused by injuries or illnesses. Examples of acquired physical disabilities include:

paragraphs: There have been many famous people with physical disabilities. Below are some examples.


title: Tachometer

paragraphs: A tachometer is a sensor that measures the rotation speed of an object, for example a wheel or shaft. There are different methods to do so (for example, mechanical, optical, or magnetic). Most tachometers display the measurement in revolutions per minute.


title: Plain view doctrine

paragraphs: The plain view doctrine allows law enforcement officers to collect evidence or contraband found in plain view while they are lawfully present. It is an exception to items spelled out in a search warrant and to the Fourth Amendment protection against unreasonable searches and seizures. The doctrine is based on the United States Supreme Court decision "Horton v. California". The court held that the Fourth Amendment does not prohibit warrantless seizures of any evidence which is in plain view.

paragraphs: There are three conditions, all of which must be satisfied, in order to uphold a seizure under the plain view doctrine:

paragraphs: In order for an officer to seize an item, the officer must have probable cause to believe the item is evidence of a crime or is contraband. The police may not move objects to get a better view. In "Arizona v. Hicks" (1987), the officer was found to have acted unlawfully. While investigating a shooting, the officer moved—without probable cause—stereo equipment to record the serial numbers. They also seized three weapons and a stocking-cap mask. The court granted the defendants motion to suppress all the evidence that had been seized because his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. The plain view doctrine has also been expanded to include the sub doctrines of plain feel, plain smell, and plain hearing.

paragraphs: In committing crimes, criminals routinely use computers and mobile devices. The courts have so far allowed law enforcement a broad authority to examine all files on computers in search of illegal materials.


title: Phil Gartside

paragraphs: Philip Andrew Gartside (April 1952 – 10 February 2016) was an English businessman. He was born in Leigh, Lancashire. Gartside was chairman of Bolton Wanderers Football Club from 1999 through 2015.

paragraphs: Gartside died in Cheshire from cancer on 10 February 2016. He was aged 63.


title: André van den Heuvel

paragraphs: André van den Heuvel (4 June 1927 – 9 February 2016) was a Dutch actor. He appeared in more than 55 movies and television shows between 1957 and 2008. He was born in Tegelen, Netherlands. He was known for his roles in "Lifespan" (1976), "Rubens" (1977), "Dag Dokter!" (1978) and in "De rode zwaan" (1999).

paragraphs: Van den Heuvel died in Amsterdam on 9 February 2016 from complications from a stroke. He was aged 88.


title: New York metropolitan area

paragraphs: The New York metropolitan area is the city and suburbs of New York City. It includes Long Island and the Mid- and Lower Hudson Valley in the state of New York. It also includes north and central New Jersey, three counties in western Connecticut and five counties in northeastern Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: The New York metropolitan area is the most populous in the United States. This includes the numbers defined by both the Metropolitan Statistical Area (20.1 million residents) and the Combined Statistical Area (23.6 million residents). It is also one of the most populous built-up areas in the world, and the single largest in North America.


title: Warrant (law)

paragraphs: A warrant is a writ that permits someone to take a specific legal action. Most often the writ is from a judge. It is used by law enforcement to take actions such as searching for evidence, making an arrest or seizing property.

paragraphs: In the United States, in order for police and other law enforcement personnel to search for evidence, they need a warrant. They must also have probable cause (a good reason to believe they will find evidence of a crime). A search warrant must be signed by a judge or magistrate. The officer must provide a sworn statement of fact called an affidavit. If the judge or magistrate believes the affidavit establishes probable cause, he or she approves the warrant. A warrant is usually for a specific period of time and spells out exactly what the officers may search for and seize.

paragraphs: In many cases an arrest warrant is not needed. If a police officer personally sees someone committing a crime, the officer may arrest that individual without a warrant. An officer may also arrest someone if they have probable cause to believe the person had committed or were about to commit a crime. For example, a police officer is notified a bank has just been robbed and is given a description of the suspect. The single robber left in a dark blue Ford Mustang. The officer stops a dark blue Ford Mustang with bags of money on the back seat (in plain sight) and the driver matches the description. The officer believes he has probable cause and arrests the driver.

paragraphs: If the person is in his (or her) own home and the crime is not a serious one, an officer needs an arrest warrant.

paragraphs: In the European Union a European Arrest Warrant (EAW) is most often used between member countries in place of a lengthy extradition process. These came into effect on 1 January 2004. Since that time they are used to arrest dangerous criminals who flee across borders in Europe.

paragraphs: In Japan, an officer may arrest a person they believe may have committed a crime. They can detain the person for up to 48 hours. The police are required to inform the person why they were arrested. During the 48 hour period, the person may be brought before a prosecutor if the police have enough evidence. If the prosecutor believes the evidence is enough, they request a warrant of detention before a judge within 24 hours. The defendant appears before the judge when the warrant is requested. The case may be dropped for lack of evidence either before the prosecutor or before the judge.


title: Prince William County, Virginia

paragraphs: Prince William County is a county in Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 402,002.


title: 2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder

paragraphs: The 2015 Washington, D.C., mass murder occurred on May 14, 2015. Three members of the Savopoulos family (Savvas, Amy, and their son, Philip) were murdered at their home in Washington, D.C.. Their housekeeper, Veralicia Figueroa, was also murdered. The victims were held hostage for nineteen hours, from May 13. Ten-year-old Philip was tortured in order to coerce $40,000 in cash from the family.

paragraphs: The killers restrained the victims with duct tape before killing them. They then set the house on fire. All the victims had been hit with something, and Philip was also stabbed.

paragraphs: The Savopouloses were an upper-class family. They lived in the Woodley Park neighborhood of Northwest Washington. Savvas Savopoulos was the CEO and President of American Iron Works. This is a construction company that helped build the Verizon Center.

paragraphs: The family left behind two teenage daughters, Abigail and Katerina Savopoulos.


title: Greater Mexico City

paragraphs: Greater Mexico City refers to the conurbation around Mexico City. The official name is Mexico City Metropolitan Area ("Área Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México"). It is made up of the Federal District itself and 41 surrounding municipalities of the states of Mexico and Hidalgo.

paragraphs: The Mexico City Metropolitan Area is defined to be integrated by:


title: Tizayuca

paragraphs: Tizayuca is a city and one of the 84 municipalities of Hidalgo, in central-eastern Mexico. It covers an area of 92.5 km².

paragraphs: As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 56,573.


title: La Paz Municipality, Mexico

paragraphs: La Paz is a municipality in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Its municipal seat is the town of Los Reyes Acaquilpan. It is located on the dividing line between Mexico State and the eastern edge of the Federal District and is part of the Greater Mexico City area. The area was part of a region called "Atlicpac" which in Nahuatl means 'above or at the edge of water.' The current city's/municipality's glyph symbolizes water.


title: San Mateo Piñas

paragraphs: San Mateo Piñas is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. The municipality covers an area of 211.8 km².

paragraphs: It is part of the Pochutla District in the east of the Costa Region.

paragraphs: As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 2,647.


title: San Mateo

paragraphs: San Mateo, Spanish for Saint Matthew, is the name for many places:


title: San Mateo Río Hondo

paragraphs: San Mateo Río Hondo is a town and municipality in Oaxaca, Mexico. It is part of the Miahuatlán District in the south of the Sierra Sur Region.


title: Charles C. Campbell

paragraphs: Charles C. "Hondo" Campbell (1948 – February 8, 2016) was an American general. He was the 17th Commanding General in the United States Army Forces Command (FORSCOM). He previously served as FORSCOM’s Deputy Commanding General and Chief of Staff from April 26, 2006 to January 8, 2007. He assumed his Commanding General assignment January 9, 2007, and completed it June 3, 2010. He was born in Shreveport, Louisiana.

paragraphs: Campbell died in Shreveport on February 8, 2016, from a heart attack. He was aged 68.


title: Violette Verdy

paragraphs: Violette Verdy (born Nelly Armande Guillerm; 1 December 1933 – 8 February 2016) was a French ballerina, choreographer, teacher, and writer. She worked as a dance company director in France and the United States. She was a Distinguished Professor of Music (Ballet) at the Jacobs School of Music at Indiana University, in Bloomington, Indiana. She was an artistic director of the Paris Opera Ballet and Boston Ballet, and the recipient of two medals from the French government. She was born in Pont-l'Abbé, France.

paragraphs: Verdy died in Bloomington, Indiana from heart failure on 8 February 2016. She was aged 82.


title: Kingdom of Mysore

paragraphs: The kingdom of Mysore was a kingdom in southern India. It was founded by the Wadiyar dynasty in 1399. They ruled from 1399 to 1947. The last ruler was Tipu Sultan. At first they ruled as vassals of the Vijayanagara Empire from 1399 to 1565. From 1565 to 1761 they were independent rulers. From 1761 to 1796 they ruled in name only. The actual power was with Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. When Tipu Sultan died at the hands of the British, they ruled from 1799 to 1947 as British allies.


title: Brain injury

paragraphs: Brain injury means that the brain has been hurt in some way. Many different things can hurt the brain. For example, brain injuries can happen before a baby is even born. These are called congenital brain injuries.

paragraphs: A physical injury (trauma) can also hurt the brain (for example, if a person hits their head in a car accident). These types of brain injuries are called traumatic brain injuries.

paragraphs: Many medical problems can also injure the brain. For example, the brain can get injured if it does not get enough oxygen (for example, during a stroke).

paragraphs: All brain injuries are different. Some are mild (not very bad); some are severe (very bad). Some are temporary (they get better); some get better slowly over time; and some never get better. Also, since the brain controls every part of the body, the symptoms of brain injury can be very different for different people. This depends partly on what part of the brain was injured, and how badly.

paragraphs: Congenital brain injuries are caused by something that damages a fetus's brain during a woman's pregnancy.

paragraphs: For example, a fetus can get a congenital brain injury if:

paragraphs: Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) are caused by a physical injury to the brain. They can happen when the head suddenly hits an object very hard, like in a car accident. They can also happen when something - like a bullet or knife - goes through the head and into the brain.

paragraphs: Traumatic brain injury is one of the most common causes of disability everywhere in the world. It is more common in developing countries. All over the world, about 10 million people are affected by TBI every year.

paragraphs: Experts estimate that the most common causes of TBI in the world are:

paragraphs: War and violence are often much more common causes of TBI in certain parts of the world. In the past, these places have included Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and the Middle East.

paragraphs: Traumatic brain injury has become one of the most common types of injuries in soldiers serving in Iraq and Afghanistan. The United States Department of Defense says that 22% of all injuries from these wars are traumatic brain injuries.

paragraphs: Some traumatic brain injuries are mild and can get better with time, like a concussion. Others are more serious, especially if they cause bleeding or swelling in the brain.

paragraphs: Another major type of brain injury is a hypoxic brain injury. This happens when the brain does not get enough oxygen. This can happen for many reasons, like:

paragraphs: The brain can also be injured by many other things. Some examples are:

paragraphs: The signs and symptoms of a brain injury depend on many things.

paragraphs: A "diffuse" injury hurts the entire brain. For example, if a person is drowning, and cannot breathe, no part of their brain will get oxygen. If this lasts long enough, the entire brain will be injured by not having enough oxygen.

paragraphs: A "focal" injury hurts just part of the brain. For example, in some strokes, a person has a blood clot that blocks the blood flow to just part of their brain. If the person gets good medical treatment, just that part of their brain may be injured.

paragraphs: This is important because different parts of the brain control different things. When a person has a focal brain injury, their symptoms will depend on what part of the brain was injured. For example, if a part of the brain that controls speech was injured, the person may have trouble speaking.

paragraphs: A brain injury's symptoms may also depend on how bad the injury was.

paragraphs: For example, brain injuries can cause changes or problems in a person's thinking, senses, feelings, or ability to move. However, some people might have mild problems in these areas, while other people might have more serious problems:

paragraphs: There are many different treatments that may help people with brain injuries. For example:


title: H.264/MPEG-4 AVC

paragraphs: H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding is a way to code videos in order to make them smaller.

paragraphs: It can be used for both lossy compression and lossless compression, though it is usually used for lossy compression. H.264 is used in many places including Blu-Ray players, as well as videos streamed through sites like Youtube. It is also used in some TV broadcasts.


title: Dominique D'Onofrio

paragraphs: Dominique D'Onofrio (18 April 1953 – 12 February 2016) was an Italian-born Belgian footballer, coach and later chairman. He was born on in Castelforte, Italy. He played for R.R.F.C. Montegnée during the 1970s. He was the head coach of Standard de Liège for almost ten years.

paragraphs: D'Onofrio died on 12 February 2016 from a heart attack while on a trip in Buenos Aires. He was aged 62.


title: August P. Mardesich

paragraphs: August Paul "Augie" Mardesich (February 11, 1920 – February 8, 2016) was an American politician from the state of Washington. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born in San Pedro, California. Mardesich served as a member of the Washington House of Representatives from 1950 through 1963. He also served as a member of the Washington Senate from the 38th district from 1963 through 1978.

paragraphs: Mardesich died in Mill Creek, Washington from dementia on February 8, 2016. He was aged 95.


title: Eliseo Prado

paragraphs: Eliseo Prado (17 September 1929 – 10 February 2016) was an Argentine football forward. He played for Argentina in the 1958 FIFA World Cup. He also played for Club Atlético River Plate. He was born in Buenos Aires.

paragraphs: Prado died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Buenos Aires on 10 February 2016. He was aged 86.


title: Honda (Colombia)

paragraphs: Honda is a city in the Tolima Department in Colombia. In 2015, about 35,000 people lived there. The city was founded in 1539, and has city status since 1830. Together with Libano it is the seat of the Roman Catholic diocesese Libano-Honda.


title: Rithvik Dhanjani

paragraphs: Rithvik Dhanjani is an Indian television actor. He played Arjun Digvijay Kirloskar in "Pavitra Rishta". He won the Indian dance reality show "Nach Baliye 6" with his partner Asha Negi. In June 2012, Dhanjani entered "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa 5" as Wild Card entry and came in third place.


title: I Will Never Let You Down

paragraphs: "I Will Never Let You Down" is a song by British recording artist Rita Ora. It was first planned as lead single for her upcoming second studio album. But it was later released as a buzz single. It was written and produced by Calvin Harris. The single was released on 31 March 2014.

paragraphs: The song debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart making it Ora's fourth overall UK number-one single.

paragraphs: The music video features twin dancers Polly Duniam and Sophie Duniam.


title: The Elements of Style

paragraphs: The Elements of Style is a American English how-to-do-it writing style guide. It lists brief guidelines for writing simple English. The book ran to many reprints.

paragraphs: The original was composed by William Strunk Jr. in 1918, and was published by Harcourt in 1920. It had eight "elementary rules of usage", ten "elementary principles of composition", "a few matters of form", a list of 49 "words and expressions commonly misused", and a list of 57 "words often misspelled".

paragraphs: E. B. White much enlarged and revised the book for publication by Macmillan, in 1959. That was the first edition of the so-called "Strunk & White", which "Time" called in 2011 "one of the 100 best and most influential books written in English since 1923".

paragraphs: The first printing of the 1959 edition sold about two million copies. In the following four decades, more than ten million copies of the three printings (1959 edition, 1972 edition, and 1988 edition) have been sold.


title: Amniotic sac

paragraphs: The amniotic sac holds a fetus while it is developing during pregnancy. The amniotic sac is filled with amniotic fluid, which protects the fetus.

paragraphs: The amniotic sac starts to form and fill with amniotic fluid just days after a woman gets pregnant. At first, the amniotic fluid is made from the mother's plasma (the liquid part of her blood).

paragraphs: At first, the amniotic fluid is made mostly of water with electrolytes (salts). However, by the 12th to the 14th week of pregnancy, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, and urea are all in the amniotic fluid. These things help the fetus grow.

paragraphs: As the fetus gets bigger, more amniotic fluid gets created. By the time the baby is born, there is about one liter of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.

paragraphs: The amniotic fluid is very important in protecting the fetus and helping the fetus grow:

paragraphs: After the fetus is about four months old, when the kidneys start to work, the amniotic fluid serves another important purpose. The fetus swallows amniotic fluid. This fluid passes through the fetus's digestive system and urinary system and gets urinated out into the amniotic fluid. This helps the fetus "practice" swallowing, digesting, and urinating before being born.

paragraphs: The amniotic sac has two layers, which have two different jobs. The inside layer holds in the fetus and the amniotic fluid. The outside layer attaches to the umbilical cord, so that blood and oxygen from the mother can get through the amniotic sac and to the fetus.

paragraphs: A sample of amniotic fluid can show whether a fetus has certain genetic disorders or infections. A test called an amniocentesis can take a sample of amniotic fluid with a needle and study it for problems.

paragraphs: When a woman starts to give birth, the amniotic sac should break and the amniotic fluid will leak out the woman's vagina. This is often called the time when a woman's "water breaks." Doctors call it "rupture of membranes."

paragraphs: Once the baby is born, the amniotic sac is pushed out of the woman's vagina in the afterbirth, along with the placenta.


title: A record

paragraphs: In the Domain Name System, an A record is something that changes a domain name into a 32-bit IP address (or "IPv4 address"). A domain can have many A records, for example, the domain "example.com" could have an A record for "www.example.com" that points to the IP "127.0.0.1", and another A record for "mail.example.com" that points to the IP "127.0.0.2".


title: AAAA record

paragraphs: In the Domain Name System, an AAAA record is something that changes a domain name into a 128-bit IP address (or "IPv6 address"). A domain can have many AAAA records, for example, the domain "example.com" could have an AAAA record for "www.example.com" that points to the IP "2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9652", and another AAAA record for "mail.example.com" that points to the IP "2001:0db8:0000:0000:0000:0000:3257:9653".


title: Aizawl

paragraphs: Aizawl is the capital city of the state of Mizoram in India. It has a population of 293,416 according to the census of 2011. It is the largest city in the state. The population of Aizawl is mostly ethnic Mizo people. The people are mostly Christian.

paragraphs: Aizawl is located in the northern part of Mizoram. It is 1,132 metres (3715 ft) above sea level. In the summer the temperatures range from , and in the winter .


title: Mapp v. Ohio

paragraphs: Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643 (1961), was a landmark decision in criminal procedure. The United States Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment may not be used at trial in a state court.

paragraphs: On May 23, 1957, in Cleveland, Ohio, three police officers arrived at the home of a Miss Mapp, the appellant. The officers said they had information a bombing suspect was in the house and demanded entry. After telephoning her attorney, she refused to admit them without a search warrant. The officers watched the house until more officers arrived. Three hours later and with four more police officers, they again demanded entrance to the home. When Mapp did not come to the door immediately, a door was forced open and the police entered. At about the same time, Mapp's attorney arrived, but was refused permission to see his client or to enter the home. When Mapp was halfway down the stairs she demanded to see the search warrant. A piece of paper was flashed at her which she grabbed and hid on her person. The officers grabbed her to physically recover the paper. The paper was not a warrant. The police did not find the bombing suspect. However, they did find books and photographs they said were sexually explicit. At trial, the prosecution did not produce a search warrant or prove one was ever issued. Mapp was convicted of violating Ohio state law prohibiting “lewd, lascivious, or obscene material.” She was sentenced to one to seven years in prison. Mapp appealed the conviction based on her First Amendment rights.

paragraphs: The Supreme Court of Ohio heard the case. The court believed an argument could be made for reversing the case because of the way the evidence was obtained. But they did not determine the evidence was taken from Mapp's person by the use of brutalforce against the defendant. They added that even if the search was made without authority, it could be used at the state trial. They ruled the Fourteenth Amendment does not forbid the admission of evidence gained by unreasonable search and seizure. Therefore, her appeal was denied.

paragraphs: In their decision, the court ruled in favor of Mapp and overturned her conviction. In the 6-3 decision, the court found the states were also required to exclude evidence seized in violation of a person's Fourth Amendment rights. They stated that any evidence obtained in searches and seizures that violated the Constitution were not admissible in state courts. Otherwise, there would be no right against unreasonable search and seizure. Associate justice Tom C. Clark delivered the majority opinion.


title: O. N. V. Kurup

paragraphs: Ottaplakkal Neelakandan Velu Kurup (27 May 1931 – 13 February 2016), popularly known as O. N. V. Kurup or simply O. N. V., was a Indian poet and lyricist. He won Jnanpith Award, the highest literary award in India in 2007. He was born in Chavara, Kollam.

paragraphs: Kurup wrote lyrics for music used in Malayalam cinema. He has written a lot of lyrics for dramas and television serials also. He received the awards Padma Shri in 1998 and Padma Vibhushan in 2011, the fourth and second highest civilian honours from the Government of India. In 2007 he was given an Honorary Doctorate by University of Kerala, Trivandrum. O. N. V. was known for his leftist political views. He was the Left Democratic Front (LDF) candidate in the Thiruvananthapuram constituency for the Lok Sabha elections in 1989.

paragraphs: Kurup died of respiratory failure on 13 February 2016 in Trivandrum, Kerala. He was aged 84.


title: Bořek Šípek

paragraphs: Bořek Šípek (14 June 1949 – 13 February 2016) was a known Czech architect and designer. He was born in Prague. Šípek was known for his individual, unusual, colorful and rich style. He experiments with unexpected and often weird shapes. Šípek has been called the father of "neo-baroque". His architectural works and other designs are known worldwide.

paragraphs: He was the architect of Prague Castle under the presidency of Václav Havel, and designed Havel's Place. Šípek was knight of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. He had three sons, one of them with Leona Machálková.

paragraphs: Šípek died on 13 February 2016 from cancer in Prague. He was aged 66.


title: Joachim Peiper

paragraphs: Joachim Peiper, (30 January 1915 in Berlin – 14 July 1976 in Traves, Haute-Saône), also known as Jochen Peiper, was a military officer of Nazi Germany during World War II.

paragraphs: He was a field officer of the Waffen-SS (he had the rank of SS-Standartenführer der Waffen-SS, comparable with the rank of colonel). He was personal adjutant to the commander of the Schutzstaffel (SS), Heinrich Himmler. He held this position between November 1940 and August 1941. Peiper fought on both the Eastern Front against the Red Army and the Western Front against the Western Allies. He won the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords for bravery on the battlefield and his leadership skills. By 1945, he was in command of a regiment of the Waffen-SS. He was the Waffen-SS's youngest regimental colonel.

paragraphs: Peiper was convicted of war crimes committed in Belgium. He was imprisoned for almost 12 years. He was also accused of war crimes in Italy. However, Italian and German courts decided that there was not enough evidence. After his release from prison, Peiper worked for both Porsche and Volkswagen. He then moved to France. In France he translated books from English to German under the pseudonym Rainer Buschmann. Peiper was murdered in France in July 1976. He was shot by unknown people who then burned his house to the ground using Molotov cocktails.


title: MX record

paragraphs: In the Domain Name System, an MX record is something that a domain uses to tell people and software the IP address of an email server. There can be more than one MX record for a domain. When there is more than one record, DNS uses a priority list that tells whatever is looking up the records to try the IP addresses in a certain order. For example, "example.com" might have a set of MX records that say for "mail.example.com" to try "127.0.0.5" first. If that try fails, another record will say to try "127.0.0.6". This behavior makes email more reliable.


title: Anti-lock braking system

paragraphs: An anti-lock braking system (ABS) is a safety system that prevents the wheels of a vehicle (for example car, motorcycle) from locking up when it is strongly braked. The goal is to keep the vehicle controllable, because a wheeled vehicle can only be safely steered when its wheels are not skidding.


title: The Milli Gazette

paragraphs: Milli Gazette (MG) is an English-language newspaper in India. It is a compact newspaper. It describes itself as the leading English newspaper for Indian Muslims. Feature articles generally cover global news concerning Muslims, focusing especially on Indian Muslim issues.


title: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States

paragraphs: Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States are the members of the Supreme Court of the United States other than the Chief Justice of the United States. The number of Associate Justices is ruled by the United States Congress and is currently set at eight by the Judiciary Act of 1869.

paragraphs: The President "shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint... Judges of the supreme Court." Although the Constitution refers to them as "Judges of the Supreme Court," the title actually used is "Associate Justice," introduced in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Associate justices were traditionally styled "Mr. Justice" in court opinions, but the title was shortened to "Justice" in 1980, a year before the first female justice was appointed.

paragraphs: Each of the Justices of the Supreme Court has a single vote in deciding the cases argued before it; the Chief Justice's vote counts no more than that of any other Justice.

paragraphs: Under 28 USC 3, when the Chief Justice is unable to discharge his functions, or that office is vacant, his duties are carried out by the most senior Associate Justice until the disability or the vacancy ends.

paragraphs: The current Associate Justices are (in order of seniority):


title: Johnny Lattner

paragraphs: John Joseph Lattner (October 24, 1932 – February 12, 2016) was an American football player. While playing college football for the University of Notre Dame, he won the Heisman Trophy in 1953. He also won the Maxwell Award twice, in 1952 and 1953. Lattner played professionally for one season in the National Football League (NFL), with the Pittsburgh Steelers in 1954. He was born in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraphs: Lattner died in Oak Park, Illinois on February 12, 2016 from lung cancer. He was aged of 83.


title: Judicial interpretation

paragraphs: Judicial interpretation is an explanation of how the judiciary interprets the law. In Common law, judicial interpretation is made up of guidelines that come from case law rather than from a legislature. These represent all previous judicial decisions. In constitutional law, there are different methods of judicial interpretation. These include:


title: Incorporation of the Bill of Rights

paragraphs: The incorporation of the Bill of Rights (also called incorporation for short) is the process by which American courts have applied portions of the U.S. Bill of Rights to the states. This has been done through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Before 1925, the Bill of Rights was held only to apply to the federal government. Under the incorporation doctrine, most provisions of the Bill of Rights now also apply to the state and local governments.

paragraphs: Prior to the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment and what became the incorporation doctrine, the Supreme Court in 1833 held in "Barron v. Baltimore" that the Bill of Rights applied only to the federal government, not the states. Even years after the ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court in "United States v. Cruikshank" (1876) still held that the First and Second Amendment did not apply to state governments. However, beginning in the 1920s, a series of Supreme Court decisions interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment to "incorporate" most portions of the Bill of Rights, making these portions, for the first time, enforceable against the state governments. This process has been called selective incorporation.


title: 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of first round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the first round of 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: Sri Srinivasan

paragraphs: Padmanabhan Srikanth "Sri" Srinivasan (born February 23, 1967) is an American jurist. He is the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit since May 2013.

paragraphs: He was confirmed by the United States Senate by a vote of 97–0 on May 23, 2013. Before being confirmed as a judge he was the Principal Deputy Solicitor General of the United States. He has argued 25 cases before the U.S. Supreme Court. He was also a lecturer at Harvard Law School.

paragraphs: Srinivasan also is known for having represented former Enron executive Jeffrey Skilling in his appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court, "Skilling v. United States" (2010).

paragraphs: Srinivasan was born in Chandigarh, India on February 23, 1967. He was raised in Lawrence, Kansas. He played basketball at Lawrence High School. He studied at Stanford University.

paragraphs: On June 11, 2012, President Barack Obama nominated Srinivasan to the seat on the D.C. Circuit. He was nominated again on January 3, 2013, after the Senate adjourned.

paragraphs: His Senate confirmation hearing on April 10, 2013, was uneventful. His nomination was reported to the floor of the Senate on May 16, 2013, by a unanimous vote of 18 for and 0 against. A final vote on his nomination took place on May 23, 2013, where he was confirmed 97-0. He received his commission on May 24, 2013. He received the oath of office from Chief Judge Merrick Garland on June 18, 2013.

paragraphs: On February 13, 2016, just hours after the death of Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, there were rumors being published in the media that Srinivasan was the most likely nominee President Barack Obama was going to put forward to replace Scalia.

paragraphs: On March 16, 2016, Obama nominated Merrick Garland to replace Scalia.

paragraphs: Srinivasan lives in Arlington, Virginia. He has been married to Carla J. Garrett.


title: John Danforth

paragraphs: John Claggett Danforth (born September 5, 1936) is a retired American politician. He began his career in 1968 as the Attorney General of Missouri. He served three terms as a United States Senator from Missouri. He is considered a moderate and conciliator. He has been periodically called out of retirement by both of the major political parties to fill diplomatic roles. In 2004, he served briefly as United States Ambassador to the United Nations.

paragraphs: Danforth is an ordained Episcopal priest. He presided over the state funeral of Ronald (2004) and Nancy Reagan (2016).

paragraphs: Danforth was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He is the son of Dorothy (Claggett) and Donald Danforth. He is the grandson of William H. Danforth, founder of Purina Mills. His father was the CEO of its successor, Ralston Purina. Danforth's brother, Dr. William Henry Danforth, is former chancellor of Washington University in St. Louis.

paragraphs: Danforth attended St. Louis Country Day School for high school. He eventually went to Princeton University where he received his bachelor's degree in 1958. While in college Danforth joined Lambda Chi Alpha, a fraternity. He then attended law and divinity graduate schools at Yale University. He was employed a short time at the New York law firm Davis Polk & Wardwell.


title: Leo Ehlen

paragraphs: Leo Ehlen (20 May 1953 – 10 February 2016) was a Dutch football player. He was born in Broeksittard,Netherlands. He was a defender and defensive midfielder. Ehlen started his professional career with Fortuna SC and joined Roda JC in 1975. With Roda JC, he played alongside Dick Nanninga, Pierre Vermeulen and Theo de Jong. He was nicknamed the "Neeskens of Roda" after Johan Neeskens. Ehlen scored 6 goals in 233 official matches for the club. He left them after nine years for a short time with Belgian team Waterschei.

paragraphs: Ehlen died in Sittard, Netherlands on 10 February 2016 from kidney disease. He was aged 62.


title: Star City (comics)

paragraphs: Star City is a fictional city in DC Comics. It is the home of Queen Industries, owned by millionaire Oliver Queen. Queen is the Green Arrow, a trained archer. He protects this city.


title: YouTube Premium

paragraphs: YouTube Premium, previously known as YouTube Red is a premium subscription service to YouTube. It allows users to watch videos without any advertisements and allows users to download videos to their mobile devices (but not desktop computers). It costs $11 USD per month as of April 2020, with a free trial being provided new users.


title: United States presidential primary

paragraphs: In the United States, a presidential primary is a series of elections and caucuses within a political party. They are held to choose the party's candidate for the presidential election. This process was never included in the United States Constitution; it was created over time by the political parties. Some states hold only primary elections, some hold only caucuses, and others use a combination of both.

paragraphs: These primaries and caucuses are staggered generally between either late-January or early-February, and mid-June before the presidential election in November. The primary elections are run by state and local governments.


title: Latrobe, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Latrobe is a city in Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania in the United States and part of the Pittsburgh metropolitan area. The city population was 8,338 as of the 2010 census (9,265 in 1990). Latrobe was incorporated as a borough in 1854, and as a city in 1999. The current Mayor is Rosemarie M. Wolford.


title: Viggo Rivad

paragraphs: Viggo Reinholdt Rivad (3 July 1922 – 8 February 2016) was a Danish photographer. His career began in 1946, and he went on to win many competitions in the 1950s and 1960s. He was born in Nørrebro, Denmark.

paragraphs: Around 1960, he adopted his so-called "essay approach". This resulted in a series of related photographs such as ""Et farvel"" (1962) and ""Laurits"" (1971). Rivad also earned a living as a taxi driver. He was a quiet, dedicated photographer, concentrating on disadvantaged areas and people on the edges of society. His humanitarian messages were a result of his anger and concern for society's outcasts.

paragraphs: Rivad died in Copenhagen, Denmark of complications from a stroke on 8 February 2016. He was 93 years old.


title: Trifon Ivanov

paragraphs: Trifon Marinov Ivanov (; 27 July 1965 – 13 February 2016) was a Bulgarian international footballer. He played as a defender.

paragraphs: Ivanov played his first game for Bulgaria in 1988. He earned 76 caps and scored 6 goals over a ten-year international career. He played in the 1994 and 1998 FIFA World Cups, as well as the 1996 UEFA European Championship.

paragraphs: Ivanov died of a heart attack on 13 February 2016 in Samovodene, Bulgaria. He was aged 50.


title: Competition (biology)

paragraphs: Competition is an interaction between organisms or species in which the fitness of one is lowered by the presence of another. According to evolutionary theory, this competition within and between species for resources plays a role in natural selection.

paragraphs: Competition occurs when organisms or species need or use the same resources. Common resources are food, water and territory.


title: Ottoman Turkish language

paragraphs: Ottoman Turkish , or the Ottoman language ( ) (also known as or , "Turkish"), is a type of Turkish language that was used in the Ottoman Empire between the 13th and 20th centuries. It was heavily influenced by Arabic and Persian. It was written in the Arabic and Persian alphabets. When the Ottoman Empire was at its most powerful, Arabic and Persian words made up to 88% of its vocabulary. Words of Arabic origins heavily outnumbered native Turkish words.


title: 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A - Results of second round

paragraphs: This is the Results of the second round of 2015 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.


title: Muriel Casals i Couturier

paragraphs: Muriel Casals i Couturier (April 6, 1945 – February 14, 2016) was a French-born Spanish economist. She was an emeritus professor in the Department of Economics and Historical Economics in the Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB). She was also vicedean of International Relations and Cooperation between 2002 and 2005.

paragraphs: She specialized in industrial reconversions, the history of economic thought and European economics. Casals was also the representative of the UAB in the Xarxa Vives d'Universitats (Live University Networks) between 2002 and 2009. She had been a visiting professor at the University of Edinburgh, the London School of Economics and the University of Wales at Bangor. She was born in Avignon, France to Spanish parents.

paragraphs: Couturier died on February 14, 2016 in Barcelona. She had been injured after being hit by a bicycle. She was aged 70.


title: Eric Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury

paragraphs: Eric Reginald Lubbock, 4th Baron Avebury, PC (29 September 1928 – 14 February 2016) was an English politician.

paragraphs: He served as the Liberal Member of Parliament for Orpington from 1962 to 1970. He served in the House of Lords, having inherited the title of Baron Avebury in 1971. In 1999, when most hereditary peers were removed from the House of Lords, he was elected by his fellow Liberal Democrats to remain. When he died, he was the longest-serving Liberal Democrat peer.

paragraphs: Lubbock died on 14 February 2016 in London from leukemia. He was aged 87.


title: Liberal Party (UK)

paragraphs: The Liberal Party was a liberal political party. It was one of the two big political parties in the United Kingdom in the 19th and early 20th century.

paragraphs: The party came from an alliance of Whigs and free-trade Peelites and radicals in the 1850s. In the next 50 years it formed four governments under William Gladstone.

paragraphs: The party split over the issue of Irish Home Rule. It returned to power in 1906 with a landslide victory. They introduced the welfare reforms that created a basic British welfare state.

paragraphs: H. H. Asquith was Liberal Prime Minister between 1908 and 1916. He was followed by David Lloyd George, whose premiership lasted until 1922. At that time the coalition the party had formed with the Conservative Party in World War I came to an end.

paragraphs: By the end of the 1920s, the Labour Party had replaced the Liberals as the Conservatives' main rival. The party went into decline. By the 1950s, it won no more than six seats at general elections.

paragraphs: Apart from notable by-election victories, the party's fortunes did not improve significantly until it formed the SDP-Liberal Alliance with the newly formed Social Democratic Party (SDP) in 1981. At the 1983 General Election, the Alliance won over a quarter of the vote, but only 23 of the 650 seats it contested. At the 1987 General Election, it won less than 23% of the vote.

paragraphs: The Liberal and Social Democratic parties merged in 1988 to form the Liberal Democrats.

paragraphs: Prominent intellectuals associated with the Liberal Party include the philosopher John Stuart Mill, the economist John Maynard Keynes and social planner William Beveridge.


title: Medea

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Medea (; , "Mēdeia", , "Medea") is a sorceress of Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios. She married the hero Jason, and had two children with him, Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play "Medea", Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of Corinth, offers him his daughter, Glauce. The play tells of Medea avenging her husband's betrayal by killing their children.

paragraphs: The myths involving Jason have been interpreted as part of a class of myths that tell how the Hellenes of the distant heroic age, before the Trojan War, faced the challenges of the pre-Greek "Pelasgian" cultures of mainland Greece, the Aegean and Anatolia. Jason, Perseus, Theseus, and above all Heracles, are all figures on the threshold between the old world of shamans, earth deities, and the new Bronze Age Greek ways.

paragraphs: Medea figures in the myth of Jason and the Argonauts, a myth known best from a late literary version worked up by Apollonius of Rhodes in the 3rd century BC and called the "Argonautica." However, for all its self-consciousness and researched archaic vocabulary, the late epic was based on very old, scattered materials. Medea is known in most stories as an enchantress and is often depicted as a priestess of the goddess Hecate or a witch. The myth of Jason and Medea is very old, originally written around the time Hesiod wrote the "Theogony". It was known to the composer of the "Little Iliad", part of the Epic Cycle.


title: Cloak

paragraphs: A cloak is a type of loose garment. It is worn over indoor clothing. It protects a person, for example from cold or rain. It may be part of an outfit or uniform. Cloaks have been used by many historical societies. Their designs, over time, have been changed to match fashion and available textiles.

paragraphs: Cloaks generally fasten at the neck or over the shoulder. They can be different lengths, from hip all the way down the ankle. They may have an attached hood. They may fasten down the front. Cloaks are almost always sleeveless.


title: Equal Protection Clause

paragraphs: The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The clause, which took effect in 1868, provides that no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws".

paragraphs: A primary motivation for this clause was to validate the equality provisions contained in the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed that all people would have rights equal to those of all citizens. As a whole, the Fourteenth Amendment marked a large shift in American constitutionalism. It applied substantially more constitutional restrictions against the states than had applied before the Civil War.

paragraphs: The meaning of the Equal Protection Clause has been the subject of much debate. It has inspired the well-known phrase "Equal Justice Under Law". These words are inscribed on the U.S. Supreme court building. This clause was the basis for "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954). This Supreme Court decision that helped to dismantle racial segregation, and also the basis for many other decisions rejecting discrimination against people belonging to various groups.

paragraphs: The Equal Protection Clause itself applies only to the federal government. However, the Supreme Court held in "Bolling v. Sharpe" (1954) that equal protection requirements apply to state and local governments through the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment.


title: Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing

paragraphs: Big Rigs: Over the Road Racing is a truck racing video game released in 2003. It was developed by Stellar Stone and published by GameMill Publishing. The game was released unfinished and is missing many features, including collision detection. It is often considered to be the worst video game ever made.

paragraphs: The game has five racetracks, one of which causes the game to crash when selected. Each level starts with an opponent that either doesn't move, or will move but will never complete the race. When the race is finished, the grammatically incorrect message "You're Winner" is displayed, and the race ends. There is no way for the player to lose the race or for the computer opponent to win. It is possible to drive through buildings, up mountains, and even outside the level due to the lack of collision detection.


title: State supreme court

paragraphs: In the United States, a state supreme court (known by other names in some states) is the highest judicial tribunal in the court system of a particular state.

paragraphs: Generally, the state supreme court, like most appellate courts, is exclusively for hearing appeals from lower courts. It does not make any finding of facts, and thus holds no trials. In the case where the trial court made an egregious error in its finding of facts, the state supreme court will send the case back to the trial court for a new trial. This responsibility of correcting the errors of inferior courts is the origin of a number of the different names for supreme courts in various state court systems. The court consists of a panel of judges selected by methods outlined in the state constitution.

paragraphs: Many states elect their state Supreme Court justices and/or use elections to retain judges. Since 2000, the amount of money raised by judicial candidates has risen enormously. Special interest groups have contributed to many of these campaigns raising questions of impartiality. The US Supreme Court, in "Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co." (2009) in a 5-4 decision, ruled that an elected state supreme court judge sitting on a case involving a campaign contributor was a violation of due process.


title: Investment bank

paragraphs: The phrase Investment Bank refers to a business that helps other businesses (and also governments) borrow money from other people and businesses and/or allow businesses to partially or fully sell themselves to other people and businesses. Unlike a regular bank, they do not typically lend their own money or use their own money to purchase part or all of a business, but instead they help to match the business financing need to those other business and personal investors who are seeking to earn money by either lending to the business or owning part of the business.

paragraphs: In the mid twentieth century, certain investment banks started to also try and help their business clients to sell their business entirely to other businesses instead of to investors, as well as to help businesses decide what other business they should buy, in exchange for a fee based on the sale price of the business. This activity became known as Mergers and Acquisitions and today falls into the category of investment banking. In fact, there are many small investment banks that only offer this activity, and do not help businesses to borrow money or sell ownership in the business.

paragraphs: An investment bank most often helps businesses to borrow money using a form of a contract known as a bond, and to sell ownership in the company using a contract known as stock. Most countries have developed government rules that in exchange for requirements that the business operate in a certain manner and disclose their financial results in a certain manner, they are then allowed to borrow money using bonds and sell ownership using stock to the general public, and the general public is allowed to sell bonds and stock to other members of the public without being responsible for the operations and financial disclosures of the business.

paragraphs: Some reasons that a business might choose to borrow money from investors instead of a bank may include the following:

paragraphs: Some reasons that a business owner would agree to use an investment bank to sell part or all of their business to other investors include the following:

paragraphs: Investment Banks therefore work with two kinds of customers, one being the businesses/governments which desire to borrow funds or sell ownership, and the individuals and other businesses who want to earn a profit on their money by lending to or owning other businesses.


title: Wiesław Rudkowski

paragraphs: Wiesław Ksawery Rudkowski (17 November 1946 – 14 February 2016) was a Polish boxer. He was born in Łódź. He competed in the 1968 Summer Olympics. He won a silver medal at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, losing in the final against Dieter Kottysch.

paragraphs: Rudkowski died from a heart attack on 14 February 2016 in Warsaw. He was 69.


title: Giambattista Pittoni

paragraphs: Giambattista Pittoni (or Giovanni Battista Pittoni; 6 June 1687 – 6 November 1767) was an Italian painter. His paintings are from the late Baroque or Rococo period. He was among the people who started the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice.

paragraphs: Pittoni was born in Venice on 6 June 1687. He worked there for most of his life. He travelled to France in 1720. It was around this time that his style of painting changed. His style became influenced by French styles. Pittoni joined a Venetian guild of painters in 1716. He served as president of the Academy of Fine Arts of Venice from 1758 to 1760 and from 1763 to 1764. He was in high demand all across Italy during his life.

paragraphs: The miracle of the loaves and fishes is a 1725 painting by Pittoni. It is in the collection of the National Gallery of Victoria, Victoria, Australia.

paragraphs: The story is recorded in all four gospels. Pittoni’s depiction is of the gospel of John (6:3–13): ‘Jesus went into the mountains … a great multitude followed him, He bade them sit down, took five loaves and two fishes and, giving thanks, broke them and the disciples distributed them’.

paragraphs: Pittoni died in Venice on 6 November 1767. He is buried in the church of San Giacomo dell'Orio. His reputation quickly faded after his death. Interest in him was revived in the 20th century.


title: Tories

paragraphs: The Tories were one of the two political parties which existed in Britain from the 17th to the early 19th centuries. They were the opponents of the Whigs, which were for a long time the ruling party.

paragraphs: During that period the country was called (in sequence) the Kingdom of England, the Kingdom of Great Britain and later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraphs: The Tories were originally (1678 to about 1770) the supporters of the Catholic kings (Charles I and II, James I and II), limiting the power of UK Parliament and supporting freedoms for Catholics. Later, (1780 to 1830) they became the New Tory Party, and were again a successful party able to hold government.

paragraphs: The most famous leaders of the New Tory Party were William Pitt the Younger, and Robert Peel the industrialist. Benjamin Disraeli built the modern Conservative Party out of the remains of the New Tory Party.


title: James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie

paragraphs: James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie KT, PC (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), known as The Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and a colonial administrator in British India. He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.

paragraphs: He created the doctrine of lapse; by this some Indian customs of inheritance were forbidden. He passed The Hindu Remarriage Act in 1856. He built the first railway line which was between Bombay and Thane. Under his rule several independent Indian states were annexed by applying the doctrine of lapse, e.g. the state of Jhansi. The Kingdom of Oudh was also annexed because the governor general thought its government was corrupt.


title: Forced migration

paragraphs: Forced migration (also called displacements) is when people are made to leave their home or homeland. It is usually caused by violence, persecution, danger, or because an authority (such as a government) has told people to move. People are removed either by force or because of a threat or command. A person who has become forced to migrate is called a "forced migrant" or "displaced person". They may be called a refugee, but that term has a specific legal definition.

paragraphs: Migration of people is constantly happening, but in a stable society it usually happens because a person chooses to do it. Forced migration occurs when people's lives, well-being or freedom is endangered. They may have little or no choice but to move. In some cases, such as human trafficking and slavery, people are physically removed from their homes.

paragraphs: Occasionally a government forces people and communities out of their homes or homelands for the purposes of economic development or military. It has been most often been associated with the building of dams and military bases.

paragraphs: Migration can also be forced by natural disasters, when people are forced to evacuate an area. This is usually temporary, and people can return to their land once it is safe.

paragraphs: The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees says Afghanistan produces the most number of refugees each year. It has held that position for 32 years. Almost half of refugees are children under the age of 18. Many of these are separated from their parents.


paragraphs: The General Secretary of the Communist Party of China is the leader of the Communist Party of China and the highest-ranking official within China. The General Secretary is a standing member of the Politburo and head of the Secretariat. The officeholder is usually considered the paramount leader of the People's Republic of China.

paragraphs: According to the Constitution, the General Secretary serves as a member of the Politburo Standing Committee, the main governing group in China. Since the early 1990s, the holder of the post has been, except for transitional periods, the Chairman of the Central Military Commission. This means that the holder is also the commander-in-chief of the People's Liberation Army.

paragraphs: The current General Secretary is Xi Jinping. He took office on 15 November 2012.


title: President of China

paragraphs: The President of China (officially President of the People's Republic of China) is the head of state of the People's Republic of China (PRC). On paper, the presidency is a largely ceremonial office with limited powers. However, in recent years the General Secretary of the Communist Party has also served simultaneously as President. His election to the office makes him paramount leader of China. The office is classified as an institution of the state rather than an administrative post.

paragraphs: The current President is Xi Jinping. He took office on 14 March 2013.


title: Premier of the People's Republic of China

paragraphs: The Premier of China, officially "Premier of the State Council of the People's Republic of China", is the leader of the State Council of China, who is the head of government and holds the highest rank (Level 1) in the Civil Service.

paragraphs: The Premier is formally approved by the National People's Congress upon the nomination of the President. In practice, the candidate is chosen through an informal process within the Communist Party of China. Both the President and the Premier are selected once every five years. The Premier has always been a member of the powerful Politburo Standing Committee.

paragraphs: The current Premier is Li Keqiang, who took office on 15 March 2013.