title: Gut flora

paragraphs: Gut flora consists of microorganisms that live in the digestive system of animals. It is the largest reservoir of microbes in the human microbiome.

paragraphs: The human body, consisting of about 100 trillion cells, carries about ten times as many microorganisms in the intestines. The metabolic activities performed by these bacteria resemble those of an organ, leading some to call gut flora a 'forgotten organ'. It is estimated that these gut flora have around 100 times as many genes in aggregate as there are in the human genome.

paragraphs: Bacteria make up most of the flora in the colon and up to 60% of the dry mass of faeces. Somewhere between 300 and 1000 different species live in the gut, with most estimates at about 500. However, it is probable that 99% of the bacteria come from about 30 or 40 species. Fungi and protozoa also make up a part of the gut flora, but little is known about their activities.

paragraphs: Research suggests that the relationship between gut flora and humans is not merely commensal (a non-harmful coexistence), but rather a symbiotic relationship. Though people can survive without gut flora, the microorganisms perform a host of useful functions, such as fermenting unused energy substrates, training the immune system, preventing growth of harmful, pathogenic bacteria, regulating the development of the gut, producing vitamins for the host (such as biotin and vitamin K), and producing hormones to direct the host to store fats. However, in some conditions, some species can cause disease by producing an infection or increasing cancer risk for the host.

paragraphs: Such food compounds as polyphenols, oligosaccharides and polysaccharides may be useful for good bacteria and help reduce pathogenic species of human gut flora.

paragraphs: Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobic, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.

paragraphs: The traditional view is that no metazoan phylum can break down cellulose by producing the enzyme cellulase. Instead, herbivores contain, in their gut, microorganisms which produce cellulase. This is important because cellulose is the most common organic compound on Earth. About 33% of all plant matter is cellulose (the cellulose content of cotton is 90% and that of wood is 40–50%). Recently, evidence has emerged that some animals do produce their own cellulase. The question is not yet quite settled.


title: First-past-the-post voting

paragraphs: First-past-the-post is a voting system used by some countries to elect their governments or the members of their parliaments. In a first-past-the-post system, a country is divided into constituencies. In these constituencies people known as candidates, each of whom usually represents a different political party, will stand for election to the country's parliament. In the individual constituencies, the candidate who gets the most votes from people, wins the race to be elected to a seat in parliament. Plurality is another name for such an electoral system. It is in contrast to the majority system, where the winning candidate must have more votes than "all other candidates combined".

paragraphs: If a party wins over 50% of the seats, it can form a majority government. If no single party wins over 50% of the seats, then either the party with the most seats can form a minority government, or a coalition government can be formed from two or more of the other political parties who together have over 50% of the seats.

paragraphs: Countries using first-past-the-post include the United Kingdom, Canada, India and partly in the United States.

paragraphs: First-past-the-post, often called 'plurality voting', is the most common method for electing representatives in the United States and some other countries. Voters vote for one candidate, and the candidate with the most votes wins.

paragraphs: Political parties often use a primary in order to avoid splitting their party vote in a general election. For example, if 60% of the voters are Republican, and 40% Democrat, but two Republicans run for the same office and each get 30% of the vote, the Democrat would win with 40%, since that is the most votes, even if 60% of voters least preferred the Democrat.

paragraphs: If more than two candidates are on the general election ballot, voters often compromise vote an acceptable candidate whom they think has a chance of winning.

paragraphs: Opponents of plurality voting argue that the media has too much power since they tell people which of the two has a chance and that voting for a third candidate is in effect voting for the worse of the two strong candidates. It is theoretically possible that the two "front runner" candidates not to be not centrist and not to represent the people.

paragraphs: Proponents of plurality voting argue that it is very simple and that it forces voters to elect a centrist candidate through compromise voting. To avoid its problems, some elections require a minimum percentage of votes, or a majority, through a "run-off election".

paragraphs: In a first-past-the-post system, candidate A wins because that candidate received more votes than anyone else.


title: Ultraviolet–visible absorption

paragraphs: UV-visible absorption is a process where a molecule absorbs ultraviolet or visible light that excites electrons (makes them high energy). This energy causes an electronic transition from a ground state (non excited) to an excited state.

paragraphs: This is used in a technique of absorption spectroscopy known as UV-visible spectroscopy.

paragraphs: Different molecules will absorb different wavelengths of light. The wavelengths of light for UV-visible absorption are from about 200 nanometers to 800 nanometers. This is a section of the electromagnetic spectrum pictured.

paragraphs: Absorption of light starts with energy of a certain wavelength in this UV-visible region being exposed to a molecule. The light/energy then excites the ground state (non excited) outer or valence electrons to an excited state (high energy). The outcome of this can be measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer. The data is shown as a spectrum with absorption versus wavelength. This pattern can be used to learn properties of the molecule. Only certain molecules can absorb light in this region.

paragraphs: Molecules that absorb light at these wavelengths are called chromophores. Chromophores are functional groups of a molecule that absorb light in this UV-Visible region. They are most of the time characterized by delocalized pi electrons. Pi electrons refer to a type of bond that occurs between electron orbitals called pi orbitals. When many of these pi bonds exist in a molecule this allows electrons to be delocalized or spread out across a molecule. An example of this type of molecule is pictured below. Many dyes (colored molecules) are characterized by these delocalized pi electrons and their color. These molecules can be used for pH indicators to determine if a solution is acidic or basic. The addition of acid or base disrupts the delocalized pi electrons. This disruption causes a color change.

paragraphs: The absorption of a molecule can be used to determine the concentration of the molecule in solution. To find concentration, Beer’s law is used. This is a mathematical relationship shown by the equation below.

paragraphs: A= absorption, a=absorptivity coefficient, b=pathlength, c=concentration

paragraphs: The components of Beer’s Law can be determined by tests. They can also be referenced in literature. If the absorption is measured by a UV-visible spectrophotometer (instrument to measure absorption and wavelength of molecules), pathlength (b) is related to the sample container used in the test. The sample container (named a cuvette) is made of a material that does not absorb light in this region. The thickness of this cuvette is a known value. This is the pathlength the light will travel through to reach the sample.

paragraphs: The molar absorptivity coefficient can be calculated by measuring the absorption of a sample of a known concentration and known pathlength. The absorptivity coefficient units are dependent on the pathlength and concentration units. Molar absorptivity units are L mol-1 cm-1 when the concentration units are molarity. The absorptivity is a measure of how strongly a molecule absorbs light at a particular wavelength. Once this constant is determined, unknown concentrations can be determined from this relationship.


title: Alexander Tolmer

paragraphs: Alexander Tolmer (1815—1890) was the man in charge of the South Australian police force. Born in England to French parents, he studied to be a teacher of languages. He joined the army and saw action in Portugal from 1826—1833 during the civil war. Tolmer moved to South Australia in 1836, where Governor George Gawler thought his background in the cavalry would make a the right person to set up a group of mounted police.

paragraphs: In 1852 Tolmer became the police commissioner. He led a group of police from South Australia to the Victorian gold fields and escorted a load of gold back to Adelaide.

paragraphs: In 1856 after a number of small arguments with his offices, Tolmer was removed as commissioner. He tried farming but this was unsuccessful. He tried to lead an exploring group to cross Australia from south to north, but this also failed before it left Adelaide. He became a ranger for crown lands in 1862 and retired in 1885. He died at Mitcham, South Australia, on 7 March 1890.


title: William John Wills

paragraphs: William John Wills (1834—1861) was an English surveyor. He was born in Totnes, Devon. He became one of the first explorers to cross Australia from the south to the north. The expedition became known as the Burke and Wills expedition. It ended in disaster, when both Wills and the leader, Robert O'Hara Burke, died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.


title: Jimma

paragraphs: Jimma, also known as "Jima" in Italian Gimma is a city found on the southwest of Ethiopia and is also the largest city found in southwestern Ethiopia. The population of Jimma was 159,009 as of the 2005 census. Jimma is found in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The city also has a university named Jimma University and an airport.


title: Debre Zebit

paragraphs: Debre Zebit is a village in northern Ethiopia. It is about 45 km south of Addis Ababa. Debre Zebit is in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. 132,000 people live in Debre Zebit.

paragraphs: The Battle of Anchem which killed Ras Gugsa Welle was in Debre Zebit.


title: Conversion of units

paragraphs: The term conversion of units refers to changing an amount of a measurement unit into another unit. There are many different systems of units, so some conversions can be very complex. Most conversions involve a "conversion factor" (named "m"), and a shift amount (such as "b"), to change from a unit "x" into a unit "y" by the general equation: y = mx + b. That type of conversion is known as a "linear transform" or a mathematical "translation".

paragraphs: A conversion factor is a ratio that lets one convert a measured quantity to a different unit of measure without changing the amount. When a conversion factor is multiplied by the item one are converting, it cancels out the units they does not want and leaves those that they do. Because the top and bottom of conversion factors are the same, conversion factors always equal 1. For example, a conversion factor of (1 day)/(24 hours) equals 1, because 1 day = 24 hours.

paragraphs: One of the most common conversions is to change meters (or "metres") into feet, by multiplying the amount in meters by about 3.28 feet per meter (ft/m):

paragraphs: Typically, conversion amounts are rounded to the same precision as the original input amount, such as 10 meters being 33 feet (when 32.8 feet is rounded to 2 digits as "33").


title: Robert O'Hara Burke

paragraphs: Robert O'Hara Burke (1821—1861) was an Irish policeman, who led the Burke and Wills expedition. This was the largest and best equipped expedition to explore Australia. They successfully crossed the country, from Melbourne to the Gulf of Carpentaria in 1861. The expedition ended in disaster when Burke and his second in command, William John Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their way back to Melbourne.


title: Alitena

paragraphs: Alitena is a town found in northern Ethiopia. The population of Alitena was 4,905 as of the 2007 census. Alitena is found in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. The latitude and longitude of Alitena is .


title: Super 8 (movie)

paragraphs: Super 8 is a 2011 American science fiction movie that was produced by Steven Spielberg, J. J. Abrams and Bryan Burk and was directed by J. J. Abrams. "Super 8" was released on June 10, 2011 in North America. The movie has received positive reviews in early reviews.

paragraphs: In the summer of 1979, a group of friends in a small Ohio town witness a catastrophic train crash while making a super 8 movie and soon suspect that it was not an accident. Shortly after, unusual disappearances and inexplicable events begin to take place in town, and the local Deputy tries to uncover the truth - something more terrifying than any of them could have imagined.


title: Cowboys & Aliens (movie)

paragraphs: Cowboys & Aliens is a 2011 science fiction-western movie that was produced by Brian Grazer, Ron Howard, Alex Kurtzman, Damon Lindelof, Roberto Orci, Scott Mitchell Rosenberg and Steven Spielberg and was directed by Jon Favreau. The movie is based on the novel of the same name by Scott Mitchell Rosenberg.


title: Like a Boss

paragraphs: "Like a Boss'" is a 2009 comedy hip hop song by the American comedy trio The Lonely Island and was featured on their album Incredibad. The song is a parody of Slim Thug's first single off his debut album, "Already Platinum" which was also called ""Like a Boss"". The song is about a man (played by Andy Samberg) who is having a performance review at a law firm. The person who is reviewing Samberg is played by Canadian actor Seth Rogen.


title: Ride wit Me

paragraphs: "Ride wit Me'" is a 2001 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the third single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song features rapper City Spud. It reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #4 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #3 on the UK Singles Chart. The song was featured in the movies Soul Plane, Scary Movie 2, Are We There Yet?, Bride and Prejudice and Osmosis Jones. It was also featured in the television shows Scrubs, Friends, King of the Hill and Glee.


title: Batter Up

paragraphs: "Batter Up'" is a 2001 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the fourth and last single from his first album, "Country Grammar". The song was released on September 11, 2001 in the United States and on November 21, 2001 in Germany. It features hip hop group St. Lunatics. It uses the beat from The Jeffersons theme song.


title: Country Grammar (Hot Shit)

paragraphs: "Country Grammar (Hot Shit)'" is a 2000 midwestern hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the debut single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on February 29, 2000. The song was parodied on MADtv where it was turned into a rap-duet which was titled "Country Slammer" and was done by 2000 presidential and vice presidential candidates George W. Bush and Dick Cheney.


title: E.I.

paragraphs: "E.I.'" is a 2000 pop/rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his debut album Country Grammar. The song was released on October 28, 2000. The song reached #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #10 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, #12 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart and #11 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Fenugreek

paragraphs: Fenugreek is a plant in the family Fabaceae. Fenugreek is often used as a herb (the leaves) and spice (the seeds, also called "methi").

paragraphs: There are not very many people with arthritis in India. People there drink fenugreek tea. Drinking one cup of fenugreek tea every day, made from the leaves, is said to stop the uncomfortable feeling of arthritis.


title: Hot in Herre

paragraphs: "Hot in Herre'" is a 2002 pop/hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song was the second single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on April 16, 2002. The song is very popular and reached #1 on the Canadian Singles Chart, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip Hop Songs.


title: Air Force Ones (song)

paragraphs: "Air Force Ones'" is a 2002 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features the hip hop group St. Lunatics. It was the fourth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on November 7, 2002. The song reached #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.


title: Work It

paragraphs: "Work It'" is a 2003 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song features pop singer Justin Timberlake. It was the fifth single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on February 25, 2003. The song reached #7 on the UK Singles Chart and #68 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.


title: Tiptree

paragraphs: Tiptree is a village and civil parish in Colchester district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 8,305 people living in Tiptree.


title: Great Waltham

paragraphs: Great Waltham is a village and civil parish in Chelmsford district, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 2,228 people living in Great Waltham.


title: Wattisham

paragraphs: Wattisham is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Wattisham has a church called Church of St Nicholas.


title: Shimpling

paragraphs: Shimpling is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 395 people living in Shimpling.


title: Kettlebaston

paragraphs: Kettlebaston is a village and civil parish in England. It is in the Babergh district of Suffolk, about east of Lavenham. There are just 28 houses in the village. The village's name comes from "Kitelbeornastuna", a Scandinavian name that means "Kitelbjorn's farm." Today, the name is pronounced like "Kettlebarston." The village was mentioned for the first time in the "Domesday Book" in 1086.

paragraphs: Kettlebaston has a church called Church of St Mary.


title: Haughley

paragraphs: Haughley is a village and civil parish in Mid Suffolk, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 1,710 people living in Haughley.


title: Brettenham

paragraphs: Brettenham is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 243 people living in Brettenham.


title: Ixworth

paragraphs: Ixworth is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 2,177 people living in Ixworth.


title: Stanton

paragraphs: Stanton is a village and civil parish in St Edmundsbury, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom. In 2001 there were 2,683 people living in Stanton.


title: Middle Rasen

paragraphs: Middle Rasen is a village and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England, United Kingdom. In 2001 there were 1,319 people living in Middle Rasen.


title: Mablethorpe

paragraphs: Mablethorpe is a town on the East coast of Lincolnshire, England.


title: Caistor

paragraphs: Caistor is a town and civil parish in West Lindsey, Lincolnshire, England. In 2001 there were 2,601 people living in Caistor.


title: Burke and Wills expedition

paragraphs: The Burke and Wills expedition, officially called the Victorian Exploring Expedition, was the largest and best equipped in Australian history. Led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills, they crossed the continent of Australia from south to north. The group left Melbourne on 20 August 1860 and reached the Gulf of Carpentaria on 9 February 1861. However, because of poor planning and leadership, Burke and Wills died from starvation at Cooper Creek on their return journey.


title: Greater Concepción

paragraphs: Greater Concepción is a metropolitan Area that surrounds the city of Concepción, with another 9 cities being the primary commercial center in the VIII region, Chile.


title: Roy Rogers

paragraphs: Roy Rogers, (Birth name: Leonard Franklin Slye) (November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998), was an American singer and cowboy actor. Roy Rogers Restaurants chain was named after him. He and his wife Dale Evans, his golden horse (name:Trigger), and his German Shepherd dog (name:Bullet), came in more than 100 movies and "The Roy Rogers Show". The show came on radio and then came on television from 1951 through 1957. His productions usually had a sidekick (a companion), usually either Pat Brady, (who drove a Jeep called "Nellybelle") or Andy Devine, or the crotchety (irritating) George "Gabby" Hayes. Rogers's nickname was "King of the Cowboys". Evans's nickname was "Queen of the West."

paragraphs: Leonard Franklin Slye was born in Cincinnati, Ohio in USA. His parents' name was Andrew and Mattie Syle. His family lived in a tenement building (apartment on rent) on 2nd Street. (Riverfront Stadium was built at this place in 1970 and Leonard joked that he had been born at second base.) His father, Andrew Syle was not happy with his job and city life. So,Andy Slye and his brother Will built a 12-by-50-foot houseboat from salvage lumber. Then, in July 1912, the Slye family floated on the Ohio River towards Portsmouth, Ohio. The Syles family wanted a more stable life in Portsmouth. So, they bought land on which they could built a home.

paragraphs: But, because of the flood of 1913, they were able to move their houseboat to the land. So, they continued living in the houseboat on dry land.

paragraphs: In 1919, the Slyes bought a farm in Duck Run, located near Lucasville, Ohio which is 12 miles north of Portsmouth. There they built a six-room home. But the farm alone could not give a good income for his family, so Leorand's father, Andrew took a job at a shoe factory in Portsmouth. He lived there during the week and came back home on the weekends. He used to bring gifts for his family after paydays (the day payment is given). One important gift was a horse on which Leonard learned how to ride a horse.

paragraphs: After Leonard comleted his eight grade, he studied at High School in McDermott, Ohio. When he was 17, his family returned to Cincinnati. In Cincinnati, his father started work at another shoe factory. Leonard also wanted to help his family to earn more money. So, he left high school. He started to work with his father at the shoe factory and went to night school.

paragraphs: Leonard was made laughed at (made fun of) for sleeping in class. So, he left the night school and never joined again.

paragraphs: Leonard and his father did not like their factory jobs. In 1929, his older sister, Mary, went to Lawndale, California with her husband. Leonard and his father left their shoe factory jobs. The family lived with Mary for four months and then cam back to Ohio. Soon, Leonard got to go to California with Mary's husband's father. Rest of the family came to California in the spring of 1930.

paragraphs: The Slyes took a small house on rent near Mary. Leonard and his father very soon found jobs as truck drivers for a highway making project. But, when they came to work they got to know that their employer (person who gives job) had become bankrupt (did not have enough money). Soon, came the years of Great Depression. The Slyes were now moving from job to job collecting fruit and living in worker camps. One day, Andrew Slye got to know about a shoe factory giving jobs in Los Angeles. Andrew asked Leonard to join him. Leonard used to feel happy playing guitar and singing around campfires. So, he told his father that he wanted to earn money through music. His father allowed him to do so. Leonard and his cousin Stanley Slye went to Los Angeles and started to perform as The Slye Brothers.

paragraphs: Leonard now came to be known as "Len". In 1932, he met Lucille Ascolese while on tour. The same year, a palomino colt (a breed of horse) was born in Santa Cietro, CA. The young horse was first named "Golden Cloud", and later renamed "Trigger". In May 1933, Len, 21, proposed to Lucille, 19, through radio. Len then went on tour with the "O-Bar-O Cowboys". In June 1933, Len met Grace Arline Wilkins at a radio station in New Mexico. She gave Len a lemon pie in return of his singing "Swiss Yodel" on the radio. By August 1934, Len and Lucille had separated as she was jealous and tired of being a musician's wife. Len and Lucille's divorced on June 8, 1936. Len and Grace Arline Wilkins married in Roswell, New Mexico, on June 11, 1936.

paragraphs: In 1941, Len and his wife, Grace adopted a girl, Cheryl Darlene. In 1942, they legally changed their names to Roy and Grace Arline Rogers. The next year, Arline gave birth to a daughter, Linda Lou.


title: Day of judgment

paragraphs: In the Christian religion, The Day of Judgment is the day in the future when all people who are living or who have ever lived will be judged by God. It is often known as the Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, or sometimes it is called The Day of the Lord.

paragraphs: In the Old Testament the prophets had said that one day God would send his son to forgive people for the wrong things they had done and to save their souls. In the early years of the Christian church people thought that, although Jesus Christ had now visited the world and died for us on the cross, salvation will only be completed when the world ends and all people alive or dead will face God who will judge them.

paragraphs: The Day of the Lord is mentioned several times in the Old Testament (e.g. Book of Ezekiel chapter 13 v.5 and Isaiah chapter 2 v.12). In the New Testament the coming of Christ as Judge of the world is mentioned very often. In Paul’s letters and in the Revelation to John, the Christians who are good will reign with Christ for some time in this world. When Christ comes his arrival will be announced by a trumpet call. He will come down from heaven. All the people who are alive will stay alive, and all the people who are dead will become alive again.

paragraphs: Christ’s Second Coming is talked about in the ancient creeds. In the Apostles' Creed it says: “He ascended into heaven...From thence He shall come to judge the living and the dead”. In the Nicene Creed it says: “He will come again in glory to judge the living and the dead”.

paragraphs: This belief about the Day of Judgment has inspired many painters throughout the ages to draw or paint the Second Coming of Christ. One of the most famous is Michelangelo’s painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome.


title: Supreme Court of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Supreme Court () (abbreviated as the SCP) is the apex court in Pakistan's judicial hierarchy, the final arbiter of legal and constitutional disputes.

paragraphs: The Supreme Court has a permanent seat in Islamabad. It also has a number of Branch Registries in 4-5 major cities where cases are heard. It has a number of de jure powers which are outlined in the Constitution. Through several periods of military rule and constitutional suspensions, the court has also established itself as a "de facto" check on military power.

paragraphs: In addition, it has also been active as a 'watchdog' in checking political corruption and abuse of power in recent times.


title: Pimp Juice

paragraphs: "Pimp Juice'" is a 2003 rap/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. It was the sixth and final single from his second album Nellyville. The song was released on April 1, 2003. The song reached #58 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #27 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and #11 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks.


title: Sheikhupura District

paragraphs: Sheikhupura District () is a district of Punjab province, Pakistan. Sheikhupura is the headquarters of Sheikhupura District.


title: Flap Your Wings

paragraphs: "Flap Your Wings'" is a 2004 hip hop/pop/dance/doo-wop song by American rapper Nelly. It was the first single from his third album Sweat. The song was released on July 27, 2004. The song reached #1 on the UK Singles Chart and #1 on the RIANZ (New Zealand).


title: Gökhan Inler

paragraphs: Gökhan Inler (born 27 June 1984 in Olten) is a Swiss football player. He plays for Udinese and Switzerland national team.


title: Jerry Stackhouse

paragraphs: Jerry Stackhouse (born November 5, 1974) is a NBA basketball player who is currently playing for the Atlanta Hawks. Before that, he played with the Philadelphia 76ers, Detroit Pistons, Washington Wizards, Dallas Mavericks, Milwaukee Bucks and Miami Heat. He went to the University of North Carolina. His jersey number is 42. He plays the forward guard position. He is 6'6 and weighs 218 pounds. He is a 15 year pro in the NBA. In the 2000-01 season, when he played for the Pistons, he scored more points than anyone else in the league.


title: Tilt Ya Head Back

paragraphs: "Tilt Ya Head Back'" is a 2004 hip hop/R&B/funk song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Christina Aguilera. Christina Aguilera's singing role was originally meant for Britney Spears but her record label, Jive Records wouldn't allow her to because they thought the song was "too urban" even though Britney wanted to do the song anyways. It was the second single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released on September 15, 2004. The song reached #4 on the New Zealand RIANZ Charts Singles Chart, #5 on the UK Singles Chart and #5 on the Australian ARIA Charts Singles Chart.


title: Over and Over

paragraphs: "Over and Over'" is a 2004 R&B/country/country rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American country music singer Tim McGraw. It was the second single from his fourth studio album Suit. The song was released on October 12, 2004 in the United States and on February 28, 2005 in the United Kingdom. The song reached #1 on the Australian Singles Chart, #1 on the Irish Singles Chart, #1 on the UK Singles Chart, #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #2 on the Canadian Singles Chart, #3 on the Romanian Singles Chart, #3 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #7 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks and #51 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Zdeno Chára

paragraphs: Zdeno Chára (born March 18, 1977 in Trenčín, Czechoslovakia) is an NHL ice hockey defenseman that currently plays for the Boston Bruins where he is the current team captain. Chára played hockey in the WHL for 1 season with the Prince George Cougars. He is the tallest player ever to play in the NHL, measuring in at 6 ft 9 (2.06 m).

paragraphs: On March 8, 2011, He was involved in an on-ice incident when he hit Montreal Canadiens player Max Pacioretty into the stanchion at the end of the bench in the boards. Pacioretty had to be taken off the ice on a stretcher and he suffered a severe concussion and a non-displaced fracture to the 4th vertebra. Chara received a five-minute major penalty and a game misconduct. The NHL VP of hockey operations Mike Murphy decided that no further punishment was going to be warranted. Despite this a criminal investigation was announced by the Montreal police

paragraphs: Chára is married to his wife Tatiana Biskupicová and they have one daughter named Elliz Victoria Chára.


title: Mark Recchi

paragraphs: Mark Louis Recchi (born February 1, 1968 in Kamloops, British Columbia) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey right winger. He played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Pittsburgh Penguins for 6 seasons, the Philadelphia Flyers for 10 seasons, the Montreal Canadiens for 5 seasons, the Carolina Hurricanes for 1 season, the Atlanta Thrashers for 1 season, the Tampa Bay Lightning for 1 season and the Boston Bruins. Recchi also played hockey in the WHL for 4 seasons with the New Westminster Bruins and Kamloops Blazers. When he was playing with the Bruins in 2011 he was the oldest player in the NHL at the time at the age of 43. He has won the Stanley Cup three times: 1 with the Pittsburgh Penguins in 1990, 1 with the Carolina Hurricanes in 2005 and 1 with the Boston Bruins in 2011.


title: Milan Lucic

paragraphs: Milan Lucic (born June 7, 1988 in Vancouver, British Columbia) is an Canadian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League (NHL). Lucic played hockey in the WHL for 3 seasons with the Vancouver Giants. He has a banner in the Giants' Hall of Fame that hangs in the stands. He has been criticized for frequent unsportsmanlike conduct, most recently his "spearings" of Alexei Emelin in May and Danny DeKeyser in April of 2014. Lucic responded to the criticism, "I’ve been in the league for seven years and I think I’ve only done that three times. I don’t know why I did it.”


title: Tarbes

paragraphs: Tarbes () is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region in southwestern France. It is part of the historical region of Gascony and is the capital since 1790 of the Hautes-Pyrénées department.

paragraphs: It is the second largest metropolitan area of the old Midi-Pyrénées region, after Toulouse.

paragraphs: The city is named for the first time during the 5th century like "Civitas Turba ubi castrum Bigorra". It is also an important city of the "Novempopulania". Gregory of Tours, in the 7th century, called the city as "Talvam vicum".

paragraphs: During the Middle Ages, the city was named as "Tarbe" (1214), "Tursa", "Tarvia" (1284) and also "Tarbia".

paragraphs: A small town founded in the 3rd century B.C. became a Roman colony under the name of "Tarba". It was destroyed by the Vikings in 840 and rebuilt by the Bishop of Bigorre or Tarbes.

paragraphs: From the twelfth century on, Tarbes became the capital of the County of Bigorre. During the religious wars, the cathedral was burnt in 1569 by Protestants but the bishop had it rebuilt in 1652.

paragraphs: In 1790, Tarbes became the capital of the new department of Hautes-Pyrénées.

paragraphs: Tarbes is located in the southwest of France, at the foot of the Pyrenees, in a fertile plain of the valley of the river Adour, at to the northeast of Lourdes, to the southeast of Auch, to the east of Bayonne and to the southwest of Toulouse.

paragraphs: It has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: Two rivers flow through the city: the Adour by the east and the Échez by the west.

paragraphs: The following municipalities ("communes") are around Tarbes:

paragraphs: Tarbes has an oceanic climate with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall, Cfb in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Tarbes are known, in French, as "Tarbais" (women: "Tarbaises").

paragraphs: The city of Tarbes has a population, in 2014, of 40,900; its population density is of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Tarbes is the prefecture of the Hautes-Pyrénées department since 1790. It is also the capital of three "Cantons":

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Le Grand Tarbes" ().

paragraphs: The "Gare de Tarbes" railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and other cities in the region. There is a motorway that connects Tarbes with Bayonne and Toulouse. Tarbes is also served by the small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport situated 10 kilometers away of the city centre.


title: Communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 474 communes of the Hautes-Pyrénées "département", in France.


title: Lehener Stadion

paragraphs: The Lehener Stadion was a former football stadium in Salzburg and between 1971 and 2002 the homeground of SV Austria Salzburg (now F.C. Red Bull Salzburg).

paragraphs: Due to the fact that SV Austria Salzburg was promoted to the Nationalliga (former name of Bundesliga) the plan was to build a new stadium. In 1966 architect Hanns Wiser made the first sketch of the new venue with 15 000 seats and two roofed stands. In 1967 the City decided to build the new stadium in Lehen and to make places for 18 000 spectators. The space for the new venue was also before a football groundTogether with Jakob Adlhart Wiser made a new plan and the stadium was built between 1969 and 1971. Because money was short, the east stand was designed as standingroom so the capacity could be 18 000 although the building was cheaper. The floodlight was opened in 1974 because neighbours took legal action against it.

paragraphs: The stadium was opend with a friendly match between SV Asutria Salzburg and the national team of Tunesia. In mid-1990s the stadium was to small because Austria Salzburg played international matches and the UEFA licensed it for only 5 300 spectators. So Austria Salzburg played the international matches in Viennas Ernst Happel Stadion. It was planed to expand the stadium but the city of Salzburg decided to build a new stadium in Wals-Siezenheim because the city needed a venue for the UEFA Euro 2008. The last match was held on 4 December 2002 versus SK Sturm Graz.

paragraphs: The stadium was demolished in 2006. One part of the former stadium is now used by Salzburgs Citylibrary and a housing project is planed.

paragraphs: In the stadium 9 matches of the Austrian nationalteam were held. The most memorable was the 9:0 versus Malta on 30 April 1977 (Qualification for the FIFA World Cup 1978) where the young Hans Krankl scored 6 goals. But Austria Salzburg played notable matches in the venue for example the 3:0 victory over Sporting Lissabon in the 1993/94 UEFA Cup and in the second round of the UEFA Cup 1976 versus Roter Stern Belgrad.


title: Zonia Baber

paragraphs: Mary Arizona "Zonia" Baber (1862-1955) was an American geographer and geologist. She is best known for forming a way for teaching geography.

paragraphs: Baber first worked as a teacher of geography and as a principal in a private school. She began working at the University of Chicago in 1895. She got her Bachelor's degree there in 1904.

paragraphs: In 1898 Baber formed the Geographic Society of Chicago. She was the President and helped the Society for 50 years. In 1948 she received a lifetime achievement award.

paragraphs: Baber also cared about social issues. She was called a feminist, anti-racist and anti-imperialist. In 1926 she represented the women of Puerto Rico to help women get the right to vote. She worked as chairman of the Pan-American Committee of the International League for Peace and Freedom.


title: Pauline M. Austin

paragraphs: Pauline Morrow Austin (b. 1916 d. 2011) was an American meteorologist.

paragraphs: Austin got a BA from Wilson College in 1938, an MA from Smith College in 1939, and a PhD in Physics from MIT in 1942.

paragraphs: Austin worked as a meteorologist during World War II. She was one of nine women recognized for wartime scientific and technical contributions. Next she worked at MIT as the Director of the weather radar, and as part of the research staff in the Radiation Laboratory. She also was associate writer for the Journal of Applied Meteorology.

paragraphs: Austin was married for 59 years to Dr. James Murdoch Austin. Their two daughters are Doris A. Price of Annapolis, Maryland and Carol T. West of Gainesville, Florida.

paragraphs: In later years she volunteered at the Florida Museum of Natural History.


title: Ruth F. Allen

paragraphs: Ruth Florence Allen (1879-1963) was an American plant pathologist. She helped the understanding of cytology of rust fungi, which are a large cause of cereal disease. These diseases can have a bad effect on coffee, apple and pine trees.

paragraphs: Allen got a PhD from the University of Wisconsin in 1909, becoming the first woman to get a PhD in the Department of Botany. She worked at the University of Wisconsin, Michigan State College, Wellesley College and the United States Department of Agriculture.

paragraphs: The American Phytopathological Society formed the Ruth Allen Award in 1965 to respect "individuals who have made an outstanding, innovative research contribution that has changed, or has the potential to change, the direction of research in any field of plant pathology."


title: Australian Overland Telegraph Line

paragraphs: The Australian Overland Telegraph Line was a 3200 km telegraph line that joined Darwin with Port Augusta in South Australia. Completed in 1872 the Overland Telegraph Line allowed fast communication between Australia and the rest of the world. It was one of the great engineering feats of 19th century Australia. It followed the route discovered by the explorer John McDouall Stuart in 1862. It was probably the most important milestone in Australia's telegraphic history.

paragraphs: Because of the limits of technology, the telegraph messages could only travel about 300 km along the line. Repeater stations were built at regular intervals so that the messages could be resent. Some of the stations became the start of cities such as Alice Springs or Tennant Creek, while others became forgotten ruins, such as the Peake Repeater Station built near Freeling Springs in South Australia.


title: Warumungu people

paragraphs: The Warumungu (or Warramunga) are a group of Indigenous Australians, who live in the region of Tennant Creek and Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia as well as small towns in South Australia. Many still speak the traditional language, and others speak Kriol.

paragraphs: In June 1861 explorer John McDouall Stuart who was the first Europen person to visit the area was attacked by a group of about 30 Warumungu warriors. They threw boomerangs at the explorers, and then set fire to grass. Stuart says in his journal that he and his men fired their guns at the Warumungu, but he does not mention if any were wounded or killed. The site of the battle has been called Attack Creek. Stuart was forced to return to Adelaide. The Northern Territory government has built a roadside memorial park near the site on the Stuart Highway.


title: Bryan Gunn

paragraphs: Bryan Gunn (born 22 December 1963 in Thurso) used to be a footballer. He was a goalkeeper. He played for Aberdeen and Hibernian in Scotland, but mostly he played for Norwich City. He also played a few times for Scotland, in the early 1990s.

paragraphs: When he finished playing football, he had many different jobs at Norwich City, working at Carrow Road until he eventually became manager of the team. A terrible 7-1 defeat caused him to lose his job and he has since become a businessman.

paragraphs: One of Bryan Gunn's children died of leukaemia. Since then, he has raised more than £1,000,000 to pay for projects to help people with the disease and to try to find a cure for it.


title: Chambers Pillar

paragraphs: Chambers Pillar (Aboriginal name 'Idracowra' or 'Etikaura') is a sandstone formation about 160 km south of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory of Australia. Erosion by wind and rain has left an isolated pillar of 350 million year old sandstone. It stands 50 metres above the surrounding plain.

paragraphs: John McDouall Stuart was the first Europen to see Chambers Pillar, reaching the site in April 1860. He named it after James Chambers, who had paid for the exploring trip. Over the years numerous visitors have added graffiti by carving names in the soft sandstone at the base of the pillar.

paragraphs: Chambers Pillar can only be reached by 4WD track. Day tours from Alice Springs are often combined with a trip to Rainbow Valley.


title: Passion play

paragraphs: A Passion play is a religious drama of medieval origin dealing with the suffering, death, and Resurrection of Christ. Early Passion plays (in Latin) consisted of readings from the Gospel with interpolated poetical sections on the events of Christ’s Passion and related subjects, such as Mary Magdalene’s life and repentance, the raising of Lazarus, the Last Supper, and the lament of the Virgin Mary. Use of the vernacular in these interpolations led to the development of independent vernacular plays, the earliest surviving examples being in German. Such plays were at first only preludes to dramatic presentations of the Resurrection. The introduction of Satan (which became typical of German and Czech plays), and thus of introductory representations of the fall of Lucifer and the Fall of man (as in the early 14th-century Vienna Passion), and of scenes from the Old Testament and of the Last Judgment, led to development of cyclic plays similar to the Corpus Christi cycles. The great Celtic Passion cycles of Cornwall and Brittany, and the St. Gall Passion play (which begins with the entry of St. Augustine, who introduces the Old Testament prophets and patriarchs, and also includes the marriage at Cana), exemplify this type of Passion play.

paragraphs: The Tirol plays early formed a separate group, representing only scenes from the Passion and Resurrection. The Bohemian plays, such as the St. Eger Passion, developed from a simpler version of the Vienna Passion, were also distinct in style and incident.

paragraphs: The earliest Passion plays of France and Flanders are thought to have their source in a nondramatic narrative poem of the 13th century, the Passion des jongleurs. These plays became highly elaborated in the course of their development, culminating in performances (Mons, 1501; Valenciennes, 1547) lasting more than a week. Confraternities were founded for performance of Passion plays, the most famous being the Confrérie de la Passion (1402). Passion plays were also performed in Spain, Italy, and elsewhere, with local variations.

paragraphs: By the 16th century, many of the Passion plays, debased by secular influences, had degenerated into mere popular entertainments, full of crude slapstick and buffoonery. Many were forbidden by ecclesiastical authorities, and many more were suppressed after the Reformation.

paragraphs: The most famous of the Passion plays to survive into the 20th century is that performed at Oberammergau, in the Bavarian Alps. According to tradition, the play has been presented every 10 years since 1634, in fulfillment of a vow made after the village was spared an epidemic of plague (shifting to decennial years in 1700), except in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and World War II, when religious plays were banned. It remains an entirely local production, with villagers taking all the parts and singing in the chorus. Since 1930 roofed seats have protected the audience from the weather. The production runs from May through September. Some villagers and some Jewish organizations have protested anti-Semitic overtones in the 1860 text. Traditional Passion plays have also been revived in villages in the Austrian Tirol. In northern Spain, during Lent and Holy Week, a Catalan Passion play is performed by villagers; and in Tegelen, in the Netherlands, a modern play by the Dutch poet Jacques Scheurs is given every five years.


title: Königslutter

paragraphs: Königslutter am Elm is a city in the district of Helmstedt, Lower Saxony, Germany, near the Elm hills. In 2003, about 17,000 people lived in Königslutter. Königslutter is twinned with Taunton in Somerset, in the southwest of England.

paragraphs: Königslutter is on the tourist route called the German Half-Timbered House Road ("Deutsche Fachwerkstraße").

paragraphs: In its current form, the city was created in 1974 by joining the following 18 municipalities:

paragraphs: Königslutter proper is on the Lutter stream and developed from the village of Lutter which was first mentioned in 1150. It became a market town around 1300, then a city around 1400. In early modern times, beer brewing and Elm limestone mining and cutting have been its main industries. Tourism is also important, because of the German Half-Timbered House Road and the Dom - the monastery church built by Emperor Lothar II.

paragraphs: In 1924, the village of Oberlutter and the monastery church of Königslutter were incorporated as a city. The Benedictine monastery was founded near the village of Lutter in 1135 by Holy Roman Emperor Lothar II. The monastery church is known for its sculptural art and the tomb of the emperor.

paragraphs: Königslutter is also the site for a large psychiatric hospital. The hospital, run by AWO can treat over 500 people plus outpatients and day-care therapy in the clinics in Wolfsburg and Peine.


title: St Ives, Cornwall

paragraphs: St Ives is a seaside town and port in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The town lies north of Penzance and west of Camborne on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean. It was once commercially dependent on fishing but fishing has declined and the town is now primarily a holiday resort. St Ives has become renowned for the large number of artists who work there. It was named best seaside town of 2007 by the "Guardian" newspaper.

paragraphs: Tate St Ives is an important art gallery.


title: Airport (1970 movie)

paragraphs: Airport is a 1970 American drama movie. It is based on a novel by Arthur Hailey. It is about an airport almost being closed because of a snow storm while a mad bomber is trying to blow up an airliner in flight.


title: Grace Andrews

paragraphs: Grace Andrews (May 30, 1869 – July 27, 1951) was an American mathematician.

paragraphs: Andrews got her undergraduate degree from Wellesley College in 1890. She got a Master's degree from Columbia University in 1899 and a Doctor of Philosophy in 1901. She was one of only two women listed in the first edition of American Men of Science, which appeared in 1906. Charlotte Angas Scott, was the other female mathematician.

paragraphs: She worked as an Assistant Professor of Mathematics for Barnard College from 1900 to 1902. She then worked as accountant to the treasurer for Wesleyan University from 1903 to 1926.


title: Gladys Anslow

paragraphs: Gladys Amelia Anslow (1892-1962) was a physicist who worked at Smith College.

paragraphs: Anslow got her undergraduate degree and Master's from Smith College. She then got a Doctor of Philosophy from Yale University in 1924. She got the President's Certificate of Merit for service during World War II.


title: Andrea Lloyd

paragraphs: Andrea Lloyd (b. August 10, 1971 in Rastatt, Baden-Württemberg, Germany) was in the 1996 Summer Olympics. She won a Bronze medal for Jamaica in the 4 X 100 metres Relay.

paragraphs: Lloyd attended high school in Camperdown. She studied at the University of Alabama. Her personal best is 11.36 seconds in the 100 metres which came in 1996.


title: Absh Khatun

paragraphs: Absh Khatun was a Queen of Persia from 1263 to 1287. Her mother was Bibi Khatun.

paragraphs: She married Manku Timur and lived in Urdu, capital of the Ilkhanate. Her father-in-law, Khan Hulägu, sent Absh to Shiraz to rule in 1263. When Absh returned to Shiraz the people were happy. Coins were made in her name. She was the last ruler of the Atabek dynasty.


title: Miss Marple

paragraphs: Miss Jane Marple is a British fictional character, that appeared in twelve of Agatha Christie's crime novels and in twenty short stories. She is an elderly spinster who lives in the village of St. Mary Mead and acts as an amateur detective. She is one of the most famous characters of crime fiction and murder mystery. Many movies and television series have been made about her investigations.


title: Tragedy of the anticommons

paragraphs: The tragedy of the anticommons is a new phrase invention of Michael Heller. It says, that things can go bad if too many people have rights on a shared thing. It is related to the phrase "tragedy of the commons," which says that things can go bad if not enough people have rights. It is a general phrase for problems like patent thickets, submarine patents, nail houses, and more red tapes. It is difficult to find solutions, but some of them are eminent domain, Laches, patent pools or other agreements on rights and copyrights.

paragraphs: Tragedy of the anticommons is one of four outcomes:

paragraphs: The prevalent outcome depends on the details of the situation.


title: Rupert Bottenberg

paragraphs: Rupert Bottenberg (born: 19 July 1971 in Wolfville, Nova Scotia) is a comic artist and writer. He works for the "Montreal Mirror" newsweekly.

paragraphs: Bottenberg grew up in Montreal. He started "Comix Jams, public events centered around collaborative, improvised comic art," a concept other North American cities copy. His way of drawing is called "clean-line" and full of "technical precision."


title: Sophie Bledsoe Aberle

paragraphs: Sophie Bledsoe Aberle (October 21, 1896 - October 1996) was an American anthropologist, physician and nutritionist. She got a Doctor of Philosophy in Genetics from Stanford University in 1927 and a Master's degree from Yale University in 1930. As a Native American, Aberle supported Native Americans in the southwestern United States. In 1951 President Harry S. Truman put Aberle to work on the first National Science Board.

paragraphs: Aberle worked with the Bureau of Indian Affairs from 1935 to 1944. She then worked with the National Research Council until 1949. From 1949 to 1954 she worked at the University of New Mexico. She worked for the Bernalillo County Indian Hospital until 1970. Then she returned to the University of New Mexico.


title: Bernice Ackerman

paragraphs: Bernice Ackerman (1925-1995) was an American meteorologist. In 1965 she got a Doctor of Philosophy in geophysical science from the University of Chicago. She was the first woman weathercaster in the United States. She was the first woman meteorologist at Argonne National Laboratory. She worked at the U.S. Weather Bureau, the University of Chicago, Texas A&M University and Argonne National Laboratory. Before college, Ackerman was a weather observer for the Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (WAVES) in World War II.


title: E. Ruth Anderson

paragraphs: Elsie Ruth Anderson (born: 23 Jun 1907 in Newport, Rhode Island; died: 24 November 1989 in Boston, Massachusetts) was an American meteorologist and book writer. Anderson studied at the New England Conservatory of Music from 1924 to 1931, 1934, and 1940 to 1941. She got a diploma from the New England Conservatory in "Orchestral Course in Violin" in June 1931.

paragraphs: In World War II, she joined the WAVES. She studied at the Navy Aerographers School. She then worked for the American Meteorological Society for 20 years.


title: Jacqueline Wonsetler

paragraphs: F. Jacqueline Wonsetler (Born:13 June 1918; Died:1 December 1974) was an American meteorologist. She got the "Department of Commerce Outstanding Accomplishment Award for work in the development of service and briefing methods for transcontinental air races." She worked for the Weather Service Office for 29 years.


title: Madge Adam

paragraphs: Madge Gertrude Adam (Born: March 6, 1912; Died: August 25, 2001) was an English solar astronomer. She was "internationally known for her work on the nature of sunspots and on their magnetic fields." She worked at the University of Oxford in the Department of Astrophysics from 1937-1979. She was a member of the Royal Astronomical Society.


title: Nancy Adams

paragraphs: Jacqueline Nancy Mary Adams (Born: 19 May 1926; Died: 27 March 2007) was a New Zealand botanist. She studied zoology and botany at Wellington Girls’ College and Victoria University of Wellington. Her detailed and delicate algae illustrations got international attention. Her awards include the Loder Cup in 1964, the Queen's Service Order and the Commemoration Medal.


title: Anna Stout

paragraphs: Anna Paterson Stout "née" Logan (29 September 1858 - 10 May 1931) was a social reformer in New Zealand.

paragraphs: The Girls' Provincial School let Anna study at age 12. After completing her schooling she returned home to Dunedin. She married Robert Stout at age 18. In 1885 she helped form the Women's Christian Temperance Union. In 1892 she became President of the Women's Franchise League. In 1896 the National Council of Women of New Zealand chose her as Vice President.

paragraphs: Stout was also active in England for acceptance for women to vote. She worked closely with the Women's Social and Political Union.


title: Ada Wells

paragraphs: Ada Wells "née" Pike (29 April 1863 – 22 March 1933) was a feminist and social worker in New Zealand.

paragraphs: Wells worked as a student-teacher and attended Canterbury College. In the 1880s she became active in the women's suffrage movement. In 1892 she formed the Canterbury Women's Institute. She also helped form the National Council of Women of New Zealand. In 1917 she was the first woman to work on the Christchurch City Council. The Ministry for Culture and Heritage now offers an Ada Wells Memorial Prize for Undergraduate Students.


title: Najib Ullah

paragraphs: Najib Ullah (February 14, 1914 to August 2, 1965) was an Afghan writer and ambassador.

paragraphs: Ullah worked for the Foreign Office of Afghanistan for many years. He was also a representative to India, England and the United States. He worked as the Head of the Afghan group at UNESCO General Assembly in Beirut, Lebanon in 1948.


title: Awista Ayub

paragraphs: Awista Ayub (c. 1979) is an Afghan writer. She formed the Afghan Youth Sports Exchange in the United States.

paragraphs: In her novel "Kabul Girls Soccer Club", first called "However Tall the Mountain", Ayub writes of eight girls brought to the US to learn soccer.

paragraphs: The Afghan Youth Sports Exchange has grown from the first 8 young women to hundreds playing through the Afghanistan Football Federation.


title: Masood Farivar

paragraphs: Masood Farivar (born 1969) is an Afghan-born writer, journalist and author of "Confessions of a Mullah Warrior" (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2009), which describes two teenage years while a member of the anti-Soviet Mujahideen resistance movement. Since early 2017, he has been the Voice of America (VOA) justice correspondent.

paragraphs: Farivar moved with his family to Pakistan in 1983. He obtained a degree from Harvard University in 1994 and subsequently worked as a business reporter for Dow Jones Newswires. According to his LinkedIn resume, as of 2013 he was Chief of the Afghanistan Service at VOA and based in Washington, D.C. Previously he was with Internews Network and spent the 2011-2012 academic year as a Knight Fellow at Stanford University.


title: Matthew Shepard

paragraphs: Matthew Wayne Shepard (December 1, 1976 – October 12, 1998) was an American college student who was murdered while attending the University of Wyoming. At the trial for the two attackers, the men were accused of targeting Shepard because he was gay.

paragraphs: On October 7, 1998, Shepard met two people named Russell Henderson and Aaron McKinney at the Fireside Lounge. McKinney and Henderson decided that they would give Shepard a ride home. They drove the car to a remote, rural area, then robbed and tortured Shepard, beating him with a pistol. They tied him to a fence post and left him there to die. They also found out where Shepard lived and they planned to burglarize his house. Shepard was found by a cyclist named Aaron Kreifels, who thought Shepard was a scarecrow at first. Shepard was in a coma and suffered fractures to the back of his head and the front of his right ear. He had severe damage to his brain stem, a part of the brain which controls the body's heart rate, body temperature, and other important functions. He died at 12:53 a.m. on October 12, 1998.

paragraphs: A hate crimes law named the Matthew Shepard Act was first introduced on March 20, 2007. The bill passed the House of Representatives and the Senate but then-president George W. Bush said that he would veto the legislation if it had reached his desk. As a result, the legislation was dropped. It was again brought up on April 2, 2009. The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr Hate Crimes Prevention Act was passed by President Barack Obama on October 28, 2009.


title: Green River, Wyoming

paragraphs: Green River is an American city in the state of Wyoming. It is in Sweetwater County where it is the county seat. The city has about 11,808 people. The city was started in 1868 in what used to be the Dakota Territory. Every year, a festival is held there called the Flaming Gorge Days where acts will perform music. Acts like Poison and REO Speedwagon have played there.


title: Walter Rudolf Hess

paragraphs: Walter Rudolf Hess (17 March 1881 – 12 August 1973) was a Swiss physiologist. He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1949 for "locating the areas of the brain involved in the control of internal organs". The prize was shared with Egas Moniz. Hess was born on 17 March 1881 in Frauenfeld, Switzerland and died on 12 August 1973 in Locarno, Switzerland.

paragraphs: By stimulating the hypothalamus of cats with tiny electric currents, Hess induced behaviours. The behaviours ranged from excitement to apathy, depending on the position of the stimulation. He could induce different types of responses in the anterior (lateral) hypothalamus compared to stimulating the posterior ventromedial hypothalamus. When stimulating the anterior part, he could induce fall of blood pressure, slowing of breathing and responses such as wanting food, wanting water, needing to pee and needing to poop. On the other hand, stimulation of the posterior part led to extreme excitement and defensive behaviour.

paragraphs: Hess also found that he could induce sleep in cats – a finding that was highly controversial at the time but later confirmed. His work was important step in scientist's understanding of neurosecretion.


title: Inductively coupled plasma

paragraphs: An inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is a type of plasma source. Electromagnetic induction creates energy in the source by causing ions to circulate. Movement of the ions generates energy in the form of heat.

paragraphs: Inductively coupled plasma sources usually use argon as a fuel. Unfortunately, most ICP sources require at least 5 L/min of argon. This makes inductively coupled plasma a rather expensive source. The argon atoms are ionized with a spark from tesla coil. These ions will circulate due to the magnetic field to produce heat and high temperatures. This will cause additional ions to be formed from the argon fuel. After a period of time, the torch will reach temperatures between 6 000 and 10 000 Kelvin.

paragraphs: The high temperatures produced by ICP make it a popular source for many scientific experiments. This source had the advantage of providing strong signals and only small amounts of noise or interference. Also, the data obtained from experiments using an inductively coupled plasma source is often linear. This makes it easy for scientists to determine the amount of something in a sample. Some of the most common applications are

paragraphs: Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy is one of the most common applications of ICP. The plasma source is used to heat a sample. At high enough temperatures, electrons in the sample atoms will gain enough energy to move into an excited state. Energy is released in the form of photons when electrons "fall" from the excited state to a lower energy. The lower energy state is usually called the ground state of an atom.

paragraphs: The wavelength of the emissions are determined by a detector. Most atoms will emit light at different wavelengths so scientists may use this information to identify atoms in a sample. The intensity of emission is related to the amount of an atom in the sample. Scientist may use the wavelength and intensity to determine both the identity and amount of an atom. ICP-AES is often used for the detection of toxins, such as heavy metals. It may also be used for chemical studies.

paragraphs: Inductively coupled plasma source may be used for the detection of approximately 60 different elements. These include most alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, metalloids, all transition metals, and some f-block elements.


title: Andrea Sassetti

paragraphs: Andrea Sassetti (born 1960 in Fermo) is an Italian shoe designer and the owner of a fashion company named Andrea Moda. He owned a Formula One team also named Andrea Moda.


title: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard

paragraphs: Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard (born October 20, 1942 in Magdeburg) is a German biologist and biochemist. She won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995 for her research on the genetic control of embryonic development which she shared with both Eric F. Wieschaus and Edward B. Lewis. She has an asteroid named after called 15811 Nüsslein-Volhard. She started a foundation called the Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Foundation which promises young female German scientists with children.


title: Na-NaNa-Na

paragraphs: "Na-NaNa-Na'" is a 2005 rap song by American rapper Nelly. The song also featured American singer Jazze Pha. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Sweat. The song was released in 2005 in the United States. The song reached #65 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: 'N' Dey Say

paragraphs: "N Dey Say'" is a 2005 hip hop/R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features a sample from the song True by Spandau Ballet. It was the third and last single from his third studio album Suit. The song was released on May 23, 2005. The song reached #6 on the UK Singles Chart, #21 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Mainstream, #34 on the U.S. Billboard Rhythmic Top 40, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Top 40 Tracks and #64 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.


title: Grillz

paragraphs: "Grillz'" is a 2005 hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features rapper Paul Wall, rap duo Ali & Gipp and singer Brandi Williams. It was the 13th track from his first compilation album Sweatsuit. The song was released on November 8, 2011. The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #11 on the Australia (ARIA) and #24 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Rice University

paragraphs: William Marsh Rice University, also called Rice University, is a private university in Houston, Texas. Rice was started in 1912. It is ranked one of the best universities in the world, especially for undergraduate education. Rice is named after the Houston businessman William Marsh Rice who provided the money in his will to begin the university.

paragraphs: Rice is organized into eleven residential colleges and eight schools of study, for natural sciences, engineering, humanities, business, architecture, and music. The students at Rice abide by an honor code that is strictly enforced.


title: Stonefly

paragraphs: The Stonefly or Plecoptera are an order of aquatic insects. There are some 3,500 described species worldwide, and new ones are still being discovered. Although stoneflies are found worldwide, they are absent from Antarctica. Stoneflies are believed to be one of the most primitive groups of Neoptera. Their close relatives are identified from the Carboniferous and Lower Permian geological periods. True stoneflies, known from fossils, are only a little younger. The larva have claws on their legs. This allows them to better hang on to things in their environment and withstand stronger current. They need fast moving water in streams and rivers to survive. They cannot tolerate the low oxygen saturation found in warm water. They usually live in cold clean streams with a lot of turbulence (such as rapids). The adult stoneflies are easily identified by their wings that fold over their abdomen. The "pteronarcys" Stoneflies, found only in North American waters, live for several years.


title: Nake M. Kamrany

paragraphs: Nake M. Kamrany (Born: August 29, 1934 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a professor at the University of Southern California and Afghan-American financial expert.

paragraphs: Kamrany wrote over 20 stories on the political economy of Afghanistan. He worked as a Consultant to the United Nations and the U.S. Government.


title: Mohammed Jamil Hanifi

paragraphs: Mohammed Jamil Hanifi (Born: 27 June 1935 in Kabul, Afghanistan) is a writer of several books.

paragraphs: Hanifi got his Master's degree from Michigan State University. He got his Doctor of Philosophy from Southern Illinois University, Carbondale. In 1981, Southern Illinois University staff learned that Hanifi copied a lot of his PhD dissertation (and a book based on it) from two other works that were not his. At the time, Hanifi was a professor at Northern Illinois University. Hanifi resigned from his position at that university.


title: Embioptera

paragraphs: The Embioptera are an order of insects, commonly known as webspinners.

paragraphs: Webspinners are a small group of mostly tropical and subtropical insects. They are in the subclass Pterygota. The group first appeared during the Jurassic and is well represented in Cretaceous amber. The common name webspinner comes from the insects' ability to spin silk from structures on their front legs. They use the silk to make a web-like pouch or gallery in which they live. They feed on leaf litter, moss, bark and lichen.

paragraphs: Occasionally they arrive in temperate countries, usually as passengers on cargo.


title: Jane Maria Atkinson

paragraphs: Jane Maria Atkinson "née" Richmond (15 September 1824 to 29 September 1914) was a pioneer, writer, and the first British woman to climb Mt Taranaki.

paragraphs: Maria grew up in a Unitarian household. The early death of her father, Christopher Richmond, caused financial trouble for the family. At the age of 28, Maria and her family left for New Zealand along with the Hursthouses, Richmonds, and Ronalds. They came to Auckland May 25th, 1853. They moved to the early New Plymouth colony. She and Arthur Samuel Atkinson found love on the ship. They married 30 December 1854.

paragraphs: Maria first was a pioneering housewife and mother. She and Arthur moved to Nelson, New Zealand in 1867. In Nelson she became active in the community. She helped support women's right to vote, talked to many about forming a girl's college and guided a debate team. The Atkinsons let teachers for Nelson College for Girls use their home called Fairfield House.


title: Zoraptera

paragraphs: Zoraptera is a order of insects, is one of the least diverse and most poorly understood of insect lineages. Zoraptera are minute, hemimetabolous insects superficially resembling barklice (Psocoptera) or termites (Isoptera).

paragraphs: Individuals are generally less than 3 mm in total body length, exclusive of their antennae, and are gregarious. Overall, zorapterans are quite homogenous in their morphology and tend to be off-white (mostly nymphs) to brown in color. Individuals of each species occur in two morphs: eyed and winged forms that then shed their wings after dispersal or blind and apterous forms that predominate in colonies.


title: Mary Jane Bennett

paragraphs: Mary Jane Bennett (1816 to 6 July 1885) was the first official lighthouse keeper in New Zealand, and the only woman to have the position.

paragraphs: Mary moved to New Zealand in 1840. She soon married George White Bennett. In 1852 George took the position of lighthouse keeper at Pencarrow Head. Following the death of her husband in 1855, Mary worked at the lighthouse. In January 1859 a good lighthouse building was made. She was selected as keeper. Pencarrow Lighthouse was the first permanent lighthouse in New Zealand.


title: Heni Materoa Carroll

paragraphs: Heni Materoa Carroll (1850s to November 1, 1930) also known as Te Huinga was a leader of the Te Aitanga-a-Mahaki (a group of the Māori)) and wife of politician James Carroll.

paragraphs: She became chief of her people when her mother died in 1887. When her husband was elected to Parliament, she did not move from Gisborne. During World War I she worked to support Māori soldiers. She became chairperson of the Eastern Māori Patriotic Association. She was given the Order of the British Empire in 1918.


title: Margaret Cruickshank

paragraphs: Dr Margaret Barnett Cruickshank (1 January 1873 – 28 November 1918) was the first registered woman doctor in New Zealand.

paragraphs: Cruickshank studied at the University of Otago Dunedin School of Medicine and was the second woman, following Emily Siedeberg, in New Zealand to complete medical school. During World War I she planned the work of the Waimate Red Cross Fund. She died from the 1918 flu pandemic.

paragraphs: In 1923 a memorial statue was shown at Seddon Square in Waimate. The plinth was prepared by Daniel Berry and the statue was carved by William Trethewey. In 1948 the maternity room in Waimate Hospital was named after her.


title: Helsinki Stock Exchange

paragraphs: The Helsinki Stock Exchange (formerly OMX Helsinki, officially NASDAQ OMX Helsinki) is a stock exchange that is in Helsinki, Finland. The Helsinki Stock Exchange was first made in October 7, 1912 when they made their first transaction. After that they had remained a "free form" type of financial association until 1984. Then it changed to a cooperative owned mostly by banks, traders, other companies and associations. The stock exchange lists 141 businesses.


title: Kate Edger

paragraphs: Kate Milligan Evans Edger (January 6, 1857 to May 6, 1935) was the first woman in New Zealand to get a university degree and the first woman in the British Empire to get a Bachelor of Arts degree.

paragraphs: Edger's family moved from England to New Zealand in 1862. On 11 July 1877, she graduated from the University of New Zealand.

paragraphs: The Kate Edger Educational Charitable Trust gives money to help women get degrees. In 2004 the Kate Edger Information Commons was formed at The University of Auckland.


title: John Ruganda

paragraphs: John Ruganda (30 May 1941 to 8 December 2007) was Uganda's best-known playwright. Ruganda was also a professor at University of North, South Africa, University of Nairobi, and Makerere University.

paragraphs: Ruganda's plays "reflect the reality of the East African sociopolitical situation after independence." He helped outline East African theater. "The Burdens" (1972) and "The Floods" (1980) are regularly studied in literature classes.


title: Party People

paragraphs: "Party People'" is a 2008 Hip hop/crunk/rave/chopped and screwed/R&B/West coast hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features American singer Fergie. It was the first single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on March 18, 2008. The song reached #7 on the New Zealand Singles Chart, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #14 on the Australian ARIA Singles Chart, #14 on the UK Singles Chart and #16 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Rap Tracks, #23 on the German Singles Chart, #37 on the U.S. Billboard Pop 100, #40 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, #46 on the Austrian Singles Chart, #52 on the Canadian Hot 100 and #62 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: A Just Russia

paragraphs: A Just Russia (, СР, "Spravedlivaya Rossiya", SR), also translated as Fair Russia, is a social democratic party in Russia that currently holds 38/450 seats in the State Duma. The party was created on October 28, 2006.


title: Nikolai Levichev

paragraphs: Nikolai Vladimirovich Levichev (, born May 28, 1953) is a Russian politician, and the leader of A Just Russia party. He was elected the party leader on April 16, 2011.


title: Body on Me

paragraphs: "Body on Me'" is a 2008 R&B/Hip hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ashanti and Akon. It was the second single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles and is also the second single from Ashanti's fourth album The Declaration. The song was released on June 9, 2008.

paragraphs: The song reached #10 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot Rap Tracks, #12 on the Irish Singles Chart, #17 on the UK Singles Chart, #32 on the Australian Singles Chart, #42 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100, #57 on the Canadian Hot 100, #58 on the U.S. "Billboard" Pop 100, #69 on the U.S. Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Stepped on My J'z

paragraphs: "Stepped on My J'z'" is a 2008 Hip hop/Crunk&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Ciara and rapper Jermaine Dupri. It was the third single from his fifth studio album Brass Knuckles. The song was released on June 11, 2008 as a digital download and on July 1, 2008 on the U.S. radio.

paragraphs: The song reached #69 on the U.S. Billboard Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and #90 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.


title: Just a Dream

paragraphs: "Just a Dream'" is a 2010 Hip hop/R&B/pop song by American rapper Nelly. It was the first single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on August 16, 2010.

paragraphs: The song reached #1 on the U.S. Billboard Pop Songs and #3 on the US Billboard Hot 100.


title: Colmar

paragraphs: Colmar is a commune in Alsace in north-eastern France, in the Haut-Rhin department, of which it is a prefecture. It is in the Grand Est region.

paragraphs: Colmar is in the north of the Haut-Rhin department. It is in the plain of Alsace, to the east of the Vosgues mountains. The Lauch river, a tributary of the Ill river, flows through the "commune".

paragraphs: It has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The distances from Colmar to other cities are:

paragraphs: The "commune" of Altkirch is surrounded by the following "communes":

paragraphs: The area around Colmar, at an altitude of about , is characterized by climates with few extremes of temperature. The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Colmar is a "Marine West Coast Climate" and of the subtype "Cfb".

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Colmar is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Colmar is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Colmar are known, in French, as "Colmariens" (women: "Colmariennes").

paragraphs: With a population of 68,784, Colmar has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: Colmar forms, together with 6 other "communes", the urban area of Colmar with a population of 93,858 inhabitants (2014) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Colmar, formed by 39 "communes" with a population of 129,678 inhabitants and an area of .

paragraphs: Colmar is the prefecture of the Haut-Rhin department since 1800. It is the capital of the Colmar-Ribeauvillé "arrondissement" and is also the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:

paragraphs: It is part of the intercommunality "Colmar Agglomération".


title: Cicely

paragraphs: Cicely, also called Sweet Cicely ("Myrrhis odorata") is a plant in the family Apiaceae. It is a tall perennial plant, growing to 2 meters tall. The leaves are divided. The flowers are white. The seeds are slender.

paragraphs: Cicely leaves are sometimes used as a herb, with a strong taste of anise.


title: Move That Body

paragraphs: "Move That Body'" is a 2010 hip hop/electro hop song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singers T-Pain and Akon. It was the second single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on October 12, 2010. The music video for Move That Body first appeared on Nelly's official VEVO on October 19 2010.

paragraphs: The song reached #24 on the UK R&B Chart, #29 on the ARIA Charts, #54 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 and #71 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Communes of the Haut-Rhin department

paragraphs: This is a list of the 377 communes of the Haut-Rhin "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Bas-Rhin department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 527 communes of the Bas-Rhin "département", in France.


title: Communes of the Pyrénées-Orientales department

paragraphs: The "département" of the Pyrénées-Orientales is composed of 226 communes.

paragraphs: Most of the territory (except for the district of Fenolheda) formed part of the Principality of Catalonia until 1659, and Catalan is still spoken (in addition to French) by a significant minority of the population. The Catalan names of communes are taken from the "Enciclopèdia catalana" and are intended for comparison with the official French names: they do not indicate the current or former linguistic status of the commune.

paragraphs: The following names of communes are no longer in use,

paragraphs: either because the commune has been absorbed into another


title: Chenpi

paragraphs: Chenpi or, also called chen pi, is sun-dried tangerine peel used as a traditional seasoning in Chinese cooking and traditional medicine. They have a bitter taste.


title: Carl Woese

paragraphs: Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.

paragraphs: Woese is famous for defining the Archaea (a new domain or kingdom of life) in 1977. He used phylogenetic taxonomy of 16S ribosomal RNA, a technique pioneered by him which is now standard practice.

paragraphs: He was also the originator of the RNA world hypothesis in 1977, although not by that name. He was the Stanley O. Ikenberry professor of microbiology at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

paragraphs: After defining Archaea as a new domain, Woese redrew the taxonomic tree. His three-domain system is based upon genetic relationships. It divides life into 23 main divisions in three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Archaea are neither bacteria nor eukaryotes. Looked at another way, they are prokaryotes that are not bacteria.

paragraphs: The tree of life shows the diversity of microbes. Single-celled organisms represent the vast majority of the biosphere's diversity. This is surprising to some, given our familiarity with the larger metazoan world. Microbes are responsible for many biochemical cycles and are crucial to the whole biosphere. Woese's efforts to clarify the evolution and diversity of microbes was an invaluable service to ecology, conservation and evolutionary biology.

paragraphs: Woese was born on July 15, 1928 in Syracuse, New York. He studied at Amherst College and at Yale University. Woese died on December 30, 2012 in his home in Urbana, Illinois from pancreatic cancer, aged 84.


title: Gone (song)

paragraphs: "Gone'" is a 2011 R&B song by American rapper Nelly. The song features singer Kelly Rowland. It is the sequel to their 2002 song, Dilemma. It was the third single from his sixth studio album 5.0. The song was released on January 4, 2011.

paragraphs: The song reached #19 on the UK R&B Chart, #21 on the Australia Urban ARIA Charts, #55 on the Australia ARIA Charts, #58 on the UK Singles and #59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.


title: Bodleian Library

paragraphs: The Bodleian Library (founded in 1602) is the main library of the University of Oxford, and one of the oldest libraries in Europe. It is the second largest library in the United Kingdom after the British Library. It is one of six legal deposit libraries for works published in the United Kingdom and under Irish Law it is entitled to request a copy of each book published in the Republic of Ireland. It has had rights of legal deposit for books since the 17th century.

paragraphs: Though members of the University may borrow some books from some dependent libraries (such as the Radcliffe Science Library), the vast majority of the material held by the Bodleian may only be read within the library buildings. Besides books, periodicals and manuscripts there are smaller collections of other types of material.

paragraphs: The Library occupies a group of five buildings near Broad Street in central Oxford: the oldest is the late medieval Duke Humfrey's Library. The newest is the Weston Library which opened in 2015, built from an overhaul of what the New Bodleian which dates from the 1930s. Since the 19th century a number of underground stores have been built below parts of these.

paragraphs: Though Duke Humfrey's Library was a library for the university from 1488 to 1560 the Bodleian itself was founded by Sir Thomas Bodley in the years 1598 to 1602. In the following centuries it greatly increased in size through collections of books donated by benefactors and through books received through legal deposit.

paragraphs: Many notable scholars have been heads of the library (known as Bodley's Librarians): the present Bodley's Librarian is Richard Ovenden.


title: Country Grammar

paragraphs: Country Grammar is the debut studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 27, 2000. The album was made a mainstream success and sold over 235,000 copies on its number one week.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200 and peaked at #1 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.


title: Saltash

paragraphs: Saltash is a town in south east Cornwall, United Kingdom. It has a population of 14,964. It is separated from the city of Plymouth in Devon by the River Tamar. Saltash is the largest town within the East Cornwall area.

paragraphs: One of the landmarks of Saltash is the Royal Albert Bridge, 1859, which carries the railway line across the River Tamar. Alongside it is the Tamar Bridge, a toll bridge carrying the A38 trunk road. Saltash railway station is close to the town centre. The station is served by a regular train service, with some direct High Speed services to and from London Paddington.


title: Nellyville

paragraphs: Nellyville is the second studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on June 25, 2002. The album first debuted at #1 on the Billboard charts and also sold more than 714,000 records in its first week of release.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #1 on the Billboard 200, #2 on the German Albums Chart, #2 on the UK Albums Chart and #6 on the Finnish Albums Chart.


title: Sweat (album)

paragraphs: Sweat is the third studio album by American rapper, Nelly. The album was released on September 14, 2004. The album first debuted at #2 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 200 charts and also sold more than 342,000 records in its first week of release.

paragraphs: The album peaked at #2 on the Canadian Albums Chart, #2 on the US Billboard 200, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, #2 on the U.S. Billboard Top Rap Albums, #11 on the UK Albums Chart and #17 on the German Albums Chart.


title: Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot

paragraphs: Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot is a 1992 American action-comedy movie that was produced by Ivan Reitman, Joe Medjuck and Michael C. Gross and was directed by Roger Spottiswoode. The movie was released on February 21, 1992 in North America. The movie received extremely negative reviews with a 4% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie half a star out of five stating that ""There isn't a laugh in this movie. Not a single one"". The movie won a three Golden Raspberry Awards for Stallone as Worst Actor, Getty as Worst Supporting Actress and the movie earning Worst Screenplay.


title: Freddy Got Fingered

paragraphs: Freddy Got Fingered is a 2001 American comedy movie produced by Larry Brezner, Howard Lapides and Lauren Lloyd. It was directed by Tom Green.

paragraphs: The movie is about a 28 year old man who lives in his parents' basement in Portland, Oregon. He drives to Los Angeles and attempts to become an animator.

paragraphs: The movie was released on April 20, 2001 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 11% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. Movie critic Roger Ebert rated the movie a rare zero-stars rating and listed it as one of his most hated movies of all-time. He described the movie as: "This movie doesn't scrape the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't the bottom of the barrel. This movie isn't below the bottom of the barrel. This movie doesn't deserve to be mentioned in the same sentence with barrels[...]. The day may come when Freddy Got Fingered is seen as a milestone of neo-surrealism. The day may never come when it is seen as funny." It is considered one of the worst movies of all time, but has a cult following.


title: The Adventures of Pluto Nash

paragraphs: The Adventures of Pluto Nash is an 2002 American science fiction action comedy movie. It was produced by Martin Bregman, Michael Scott Bregman and Louis A. Stroller and was directed by Ron Underwood. The movie was released on August 16, 2002 in North America. The movie received very negative reviews with a 6% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 12 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was a huge box office bomb, the movie grossed around $7.1 million and the budget for the movie was $100 million. The movie was nominated for 5 Golden Raspberry Awards.


title: Camborne

paragraphs: Camborne is a town in west Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. It is at the western edge of a conurbation consisting of Camborne, Pool and Redruth.

paragraphs: The population of Camborne was 20,010 at the 2001 census. The population of the whole conurbation was 39,937, making it the largest conurbation in Cornwall.

paragraphs: It is no longer an industrial town but the Camborne and Redruth district was formerly one of the richest tin mining areas in the world. The Camborne School of Mines was founded here in the 19th century to train engineers to work in the tin mines and is still in the town. Two of the famous mines of Camborne were Dolcoath, the 'Queen of Cornish Mines' (closed 1921), once the deepest mine in the world, and South Crofty, the last working tin mine in Europe, which closed in 1998.

paragraphs: On Christmas Eve 1801, the Puffing Devil, a steam-powered road vehicle built by Camborne engineer Richard Trevithick, moved up Camborne Hill. It was the world's first self-propelled passenger carrying vehicle. The events have been turned into a local song:


title: Michael Todd

paragraphs: Michael Todd (June 22, 1909 – March 22, 1958), also known as Mike Todd, was an American theatre and movie producer. He is known for making movies, starting the movie formats of Cinerama and Todd-AO, and his 1957 marriage to actress Elizabeth Taylor (1930-2011). Todd's 1956 production of "Around the World in Eighty Days" won an Academy Award for Best Picture. Todd is also well known as the third of Elizabeth Taylor's seven husbands.

paragraphs: Todd was born Avrom Hirsch Goldbogen in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to Chaim Goldbogen (an Orthodox rabbi) and Sophia Hellerman, both Polish Jewish immigrants. He was one of nine children in a poor family, the youngest son, and his siblings nicknamed him "Toat" to mimic his difficulty saying the word "coat". It was from this nickname that his name "Todd" was derived (said in Germanic/Yiddish as "Tote").

paragraphs: The family later moved to Chicago, arriving on the day World War I ended. Todd was expelled in the sixth grade for running a game of craps inside the school. In high school, he produced the school play, "The Mikado", which was considered a hit. He eventually dropped out of high school and worked at a variety of jobs, including shoe salesman and store window decorator. One of his first jobs was as a soda jerk at a drugstore. When that drugstore went out of business, Todd had learned enough medical knowledge from his work there to be hired at Chicago's Michael Reese Hospital, as a type of "security guard" to stop visitors from bringing in food that was not on each patient's diet.

paragraphs: At age 17, Todd married Bertha Freshman in Crown Point, Indiana, on Valentine's Day 1927. He had been serious about Bertha since age 14, but needed to develop confidence before even asking her out. In 1929, she bore him a son, Michael Todd, Jr. A turning point came for Todd when his father died in 1931; Avrom Goldbogen made the decision to change his name to "Michael Todd" on the same day. Bertha Todd died of a pneumothorax (collapsed lung) in 1946 in Santa Monica, California, while undergoing surgery at St. John's Hospital, for a damaged tendon in her finger. Todd and his wife were separated at the time of her death; less than a week before, he had filed for divorce. The following year, Todd married actress Joan Blondell on July 5, 1947. They were divorced on June 8, 1950, after she alleged that he had abused and extorted her. Todd's third marriage was to the actress Elizabeth Taylor, with whom he had a tempestuous relationship. The couple exchanged vows on February 2, 1957. Todd was 47 and Taylor was 24; he was her third husband. Todd and Taylor had a daughter, Elizabeth Frances (Liza) Todd, who was born on August 7, 1957.

paragraphs: On 22 March 1958, Todd's private plane "Lucky Liz" crashed near Grants, New Mexico. The plane, a twin-engine Lockheed Lodestar, suffered an engine failure while being flown overloaded in icing conditions. The plane was flying at an altitude which was too high to sustain flight with only one working engine under those conditions. The plane went out of control and crashed, killing all 4 people on board. In addition to Todd, those who died in the crash were screenwriter and author Art Cohn, who was writing Todd's biography "The Nine Lives of Mike Todd"; pilot Bill Verner; and co-pilot Tom Barclay. Taylor wanted to fly to New York with her husband, but stayed home with a cold after her pleas to come along were overruled by Todd. Just hours before the crash, Todd described the plane as safe as he phoned friends, including Joseph Mankiewicz and Kirk Douglas, in an attempt to recruit a gin rummy player for the flight: "Ah, c'mon," he said. "It's a good, safe plane. I wouldn't let it crash. I'm taking along a picture of Elizabeth, and I wouldn't let anything happen to her."

paragraphs: His son, Mike Jr., wanted his father's body to be cremated after it was identified through dental records and brought to Albuquerque, New Mexico, but Taylor refused, saying he would not want cremation. Todd was buried in Forest Park, Illinois, at Beth Aaron Cemetery in plot 66, which is part of Jewish Waldheim there. In his autobiography, Eddie Fisher, who considered himself to be Todd's best friend, stated:

paragraphs: The remains were desecrated by thieves, who broke into Todd's coffin looking for a $100,000 diamond ring, which, according to rumor, Taylor had placed on her husband's finger prior to his burial. The bag containing Todd's remains was found under a tree near his burial plot; the bag and coffin had been sealed in Albuquerque after Todd's remains were identified following the 1958 crash. Todd's remains were once more identified through dental records and were reburied in a secret location.

paragraphs: Todd began his career in the construction business, where he made a fortune but later lost it. He opened the so-called College of Bricklaying of America, buying the materials to teach bricklaying on credit. The school was forced to shut its doors when the Bricklayers' Union did not view the college as an accepted place of study. Todd and his brother, Frank, next opened their own construction company. Their company was worth over a million dollars but came to an abrupt halt when its financial backing failed in the wake of the Great Depression. Not yet twenty-one, Todd had lost over a million dollars with the loss of his backer. He was now the father of an infant son and had no home for his family.

paragraphs: He later served as a contractor to Hollywood studios, and during the 1933-1934 Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago, he produced an attraction called the "Flame Dance." In this number, gas jets were designed to burn part of a dancer's costume off, leaving her naked in appearance. The act attracted enough attention to bring an offer from the Casino de Paris club in New York City. Todd got his first taste of Broadway life with that engagement and was determined to find a way to work there. He came up with the idea of producing the Gilbert and Sullivan operetta "The Mikado" with an all-African-American cast. "The Hot Mikado", starring Bill "Bojangles" Robinson, opened on Broadway March 23, 1939. His Broadway success gave him the nerve to try taking on showman Billy Rose. Todd visited Grover Whalen, president of the 1939 New York World's Fair, with a proposal to bring the Broadway show to the World's Fair. Whelan, eager to have the show at the fair, covered Todd's Broadway early closing costs. Rose, who had an exclusivity clause in his fair contract, met Todd at Lindy's, where Rose learned his contract covered new forms of entertainment only. Todd's "Mikado" dated back to 1885. To avoid any head-to head competition, Rose quickly agreed to promote Todd's production along with his own. Todd went on to produce 30 Broadway shows during his career.

paragraphs: Todd's business career was volatile, and failed ventures left him bankrupt many times.

paragraphs: In 1945, Todd suggested the idea of holding the Major League Baseball All-Star Game in newly-liberated Berlin (Germany). Although baseball's new commissioner Happy Chandler was reportedly "intrigued" by the idea, it was ultimately dismissed as impractical. The game was finally cancelled due to wartime travel restrictions.

paragraphs: In 1952, Todd made a production of the Johann Strauss II operetta, "A Night In Venice", complete with floating gondolas at the then-newly constructed Jones Beach Theatre in Long Island, New York. It ran for two seasons.

paragraphs: In 1950, Mike Todd formed The Cinerama Company with the broadcaster Lowell Thomas (who founded Capital Cities Communications) and the inventor Fred Waller. The company was created to exploit Cinerama, a movie process created by Waller that used three movie projectors to create a giant composite image on a curved screen. The first Cinerama feature, "This is Cinerama", was released in September 1952.

paragraphs: Before its release, Todd left the Cinerama Company to develop a widescreen process which would eliminate some of Cinerama's flaws. The result was the Todd-AO process, designed by the American Optical Company. The process was first used commercially for the successful 1955 movie adaptation of "Oklahoma!" (starring Gordon MacRae and Shirley Jones). Todd later produced the movie for which he is best remembered, "Michael Todd's Around the World in 80 Days", which debuted in cinemas on October 17, 1956. Costing $6 million to produce, the movie earned $16 million at the box office. In 1957, "Around the World in 80 Days" won the Best Picture Academy Award.

paragraphs: A William Woolfolk novel from the early 1960s, entitled "My Name Is Morgan", was considered to be loosely based on Todd's life and career.

paragraphs: !colspan="3" style="background:#C1D8FF;"| Husband of Elizabeth Taylor