title: Tellurite

paragraphs: Tellurite is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO. They are some of the more stable tellurium compounds. They are weak oxidizing agents. In slightly acidic conditions, it makes hydrogen tellurite, HTeO. When it is very acidic, it makes tellurous acid. They are normally made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide.

paragraphs: Tellurite is also a rare mineral. This mineral consists of tellurium dioxide. It is a yellow to white mineral. It is in areas that tend to oxidize minerals (oxidation zone). Otherwise telluride or native tellurium would be there.


title: Chiba, Chiba

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.

paragraphs: Chiba has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa"). It is very hot i summer, and cool until mild winter. There is a lot of precipitation throughout the year, but there is less precipitation in winter.

paragraphs: As of February 2016, Chiba had an estimated 972,861 people living there. It had a population density of 3,580 persons per km². The total area of Chiba is . There were 19,135 registered foreign residents in Chiba as of March 31, 2007. Foreigners are about 2% of the total number of people. It has the 14th most amount of people in Japan.

paragraphs: There is no commercial airport in Chiba. Narita International Airport and Tokyo International Airport (Haneda) are the closest major airports.

paragraphs: Chiba has 20 public high schools. They are controlled by the Chiba Prefectural Board of Education. Two public high schools are controlled by the Chiba City Board of Education. This includes Inage Senior High School. There are also nine private high schools. They include the Makuhari Junior and Senior High School.

paragraphs: Chiba has 114 public elementary schools. It also has one private elementary school. There are 59 public middle schools. It also has one private middle school.


title: Chiba Prefecture

paragraphs: Chiba is the sixth most populous prefecture, and 27th largest by land area.

paragraphs: Chiba Prefecture is made from the old province of Awa, Kazusa and Shimōsa.

paragraphs: Chiba borders Ibaraki Prefecture to the north at the Tone River, Tokyo and Saitama Prefecture to the west at the Edo River, the Pacific Ocean to the east and Tokyo Bay around its southern boundary. Most of Chiba lies on the hilly Bōsō Peninsula, a rice farming region: the east coast, known as the Ninety-Nine League Plain, is an especially productive area. The most populous zone, in the northwest of the prefecture, is part of the Kantō region that extends into the urban agglomeration of Tokyo and Saitama. The Kuroshio Current flows near Chiba, which keeps it relatively warm in winter and cooler in summer than neighbouring Tokyo.

paragraphs: There are thirty-six cities in Chiba Prefecture:

paragraphs: ‡ Scheduled to be dissolved after mergers.

paragraphs: These are the towns and villages in each district:

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: Chiba is one of Japan's biggest industrial areas. This is because it has a long coastline on Tokyo Bay. Chiba was chosen as the place for a major Kawasaki Steel factory in 1950. The prefectural government started a very big land reclamation program. They filled in the water areas to make big, new waterfront properties for factories, warehouses, and docks. Chemical production, petrochemical refining, and machine production are the three main industries in Chiba. They are 45% of Chiba's exports. In recent years, the government has given more than eighty industrial parks money. This is to bring development further inland.

paragraphs: Chiba also has the second-highest farming output in Japan. Only Hokkaidō makes more farm products.Chiba makes more vegetables than Hokkaidō. Seaweed is harvested in big amounts from Tokyo Bay.

paragraphs: Two major Japanese sport events happen in Chiba each year: the International Chiba Ekiden and the Chiba International Cross Country.

paragraphs: Most Tokyo-bound visitors going to Tokyo arriving on international flights land in Narita International Airport, which is situated in Narita in the north of the prefecture, and connected to Tokyo by the East Japan Railway's "Narita Express" and the Keisei Electric Railway's "Skyliner".

paragraphs: The Tokyo Disney Resort is in Urayasu near the western border of the prefecture.

paragraphs: The Kamogawa Sea World is a large scale comprehensive marine leisure center/museum equivalent facility located between the Tojo coast and the national highway No. 128 in Kamogawa city.

paragraphs: There are several tourist sites on the Bōsō Peninsula, such as Mount Nokogiri; Kujūkuri Beach; and Onjuku Beach.

paragraphs: Chiba is linked to Tokyo by several railway lines; the main ones are the Keiyo Line and Sobu Line. The Musashino Line connects Chiba to Saitama and northern Tokyo. Southern Chiba is connected to Kanagawa Prefecture by the Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line bridge-tunnel.

paragraphs: Chiba is famous for peanuts. Most of Japan's peanuts are harvested in this prefecture and are also processed into peanut oil.

paragraphs: "Awa jinja" and "Tamasaki jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Chiba

paragraphs: Chiba is also a common family name in Japan.


title: Narita, Chiba

paragraphs: Narita (成田市; -shi) is a city in Japan. It is the site of Narita International Airport.


title: Jerzy Popiełuszko

paragraphs: Jerzy Popiełuszko (pron. jɛʐɨ popʲɛwuʂko) (Okopy, 14 September 1947 - Włocławek, 19 October 1984) was a Polish presbyter, killed by officers of the ministry of the interior of the People's Republic of Poland. He is treated with great respect and honored as blessed by the Catholic Church.

paragraphs: Born in Okopy, a lone village near Suchowola, his parents were farmers, in this simple environment became grown to his vocation.

paragraphs: He was ordained priest on 28 May 1972 in Warsaw by cardinal Stefan Wyszyński.

paragraphs: Until the 1980 he was priest in his home village, occupying himself mainly of the education of children and boys, since that moment began to near the movement of Polish workers and to subjects of social justice.

paragraphs: In his pastoral activity he took his work near the workers of steelworks, celebrating a solemn mass in the factory during a strike of the metallurgiacal workers.

paragraphs: Next he joined the workers of the independent trade union Solidarność (Solidarity), adverse to the communist system of government. He was an anticommunist sure of his faith, and in his preachings launched criticisms to the system and invited the people to contest the system of government.

paragraphs: During the period of the martial law (1981 - 1983) the Catholic Church was the only force that could have a certain possibility of criticism, through the preachings during the celebration of the masses.

paragraphs: The homilies and the preachings of father Popiełuszko were regularly transmitted by Radio Free Europe, that gave him a certain popularity also in another countries.

paragraphs: He was initially threatened and invited to the silence by the Polish ministry of the interior. On 13 October 1984 he was involved in a traffic accident from which however he went out whole.

paragraphs: On 19 October 1984, of return from a pastoral service, was took away illegally and killed by three officers of the Ministry of the Interior, and his body was found on 30 October in the waters of the Vistula River close to Włocławek.

paragraphs: The notice of the murder caused disorders in Poland, and the authors of the murder - the captains Grzegorz Piotrowski, Leszek Pękala, Waldemar Chmielewski and the colonel Adam Petruszka - were judged guilty and stated punishment to 25 years of prison, but were freed as consequence of amnesty some year later.

paragraphs: To the funeral, taking place the 3rd of November, took part more than 400.000 persons, including the leader of Solidarność Lech Wałęsa.

paragraphs: His grave is aim of regular pilgrimages, from the Poland and from another countries; on 14 July 1987, Pope John Paul II prayed on his grave also.

paragraphs: The Catholic Church began the process of beatification in 1997.

paragraphs: On 19 December 2009, Pope Benedict XVI gave formal permission for the Congregation for the Causes of Saints to issue the decree regarding "the martyrdom of Servant of God, George Popiełuszko, diocesan priest; born on 14 September 1947 in Okopy Suchowola (Poland) and killed in hate to the faith on 20 October 1984 near Włocławek (Poland)".

paragraphs: The solemn mass of beatification of don Jerzy Popiełuszko has been celebrated in Warsaw on Sunday, 6 June 2010, in the square that has a title of the marshal Piłsudski.


title: Nordjyllands Trafikselskab

paragraphs: Nordjyllands Trafikselskab (English: North Jutland's Transport Company) is a Danish company who makes the routes of regional buses in Northern Jutland.


title: Al Capone

paragraphs: Alphonse Gabriel "Al" Capone (January 17, 1899 – January 25, 1947) was an Italian-American gangster. He grew up in Brooklyn and moved to Chicago where he led a crime syndicate in the Prohibition-era that was known as the "Capones". The Capones were known for smuggling, bootlegging liquor and prostitution in Chicago, Illinois from around the 1920s until 1931. Capone's organized crime reign ended in 1931, when he was put on trial for federal income tax evasion. Found guilty, Capone was sentenced to 11 years in prison.

paragraphs: Capone was released from his sentence in 1939, suffering from an advanced case of syphilis. Capone died in 1947 after he suffered a stroke. He regained consciousness and caught pneumonia and later had a fatal cardiac arrest. On January 25, 1947 Al Capone died in his home, surrounded by his family. Michael Jackson made a song called "Al Capone" for his 1987 album "Bad". It was not put on the album. The song was released on the second disc of the 25th Anniversary re-release of "Bad".


title: Tama-Plaza Station

paragraphs: Tama-Plaza Station (たまプラーザ駅,たまぷらーざえき) is a Railway station of Tokyu Corporation in Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.


title: Gloria Estefan

paragraphs: Gloria María Milagrosa Fajardo García de Estefan, known mostly as Gloria Estefan (born September 1, 1957) is a Cuban-born American singer, songwriter, actress and entrepreneur. She is known as the "Queen Of Latin Pop". Estefan has won multiple Grammy Awards. The singer was a member of Miami Sound Machine in the 1980s. She is in the top 100 best selling music artists with over 100 million albums sold worldwide. Currently, she is the most successful crossover performer in Latin music.

paragraphs: She was born Gloria Fajardo on September 1, 1957, in Havana, Cuba. As a toddler, Estefan fled Cuba with her family when Communist dictator Fidel Castro rose to power. Her father, Jose Manuel Fajardo, had been a Cuban soldier and bodyguard of former President Fulgencio Batista. Her maternal grandfather, Leonardo García, immigrated to Cuba from Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. He married Gloria's maternal grandmother in Pola de Siero, Asturias, Spain. Her maternal grandmother is originally from Logroño, Spain.

paragraphs: After coming to the United States, Fajardo was recruited into the 2506 Brigade, a Central Intelligence Agency-funded band of Cuban refugees that was involved in the unsuccessful 1961 Bay of Pigs invasion. After President John F. Kennedy negotiated the release of the captured soldiers, Fajardo rejoined his family. He eventually joined the U.S. Army and served for two years in Vietnam.

paragraphs: As a child Estefan liked to write poetry, and though she took classical guitar lessons, she found them tedious. She had no idea that she would some day become a popular music star, but music played a very important role for her as a teenager.

paragraphs: After her father's return from Vietnam, he was diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis, possibly as a result of having been exposed to the herbicide Agent Orange while serving in the army. Estefan's mother, who had been a teacher in Cuba, worked to support the family during the day and attended school at night. Young Gloria was left to take care of her father and younger sister. She had little social life, and because she felt the weight of such responsibilities she turned to music as a release.

paragraphs: "When my father was ill, music was my escape," Estefan told Washington Post reporter Richard Harrington. "I would lock myself up in my room for hours and just sing. I wouldn't cry—I refused to cry...Music was the only way I had to just let go, so I sang for fun and for emotional catharsis."

paragraphs: Estefan said in an interview, that she is not affiliated with any political party.


title: Lorrie Morgan

paragraphs: Loretta Lynn "Lorrie" Morgan (born June 27, 1959) is an American singer. Her first single was put out in 1978. But it was not until 1989 that she began going up in the United States country charts. Morgan was born in Nashville, Tennessee. Her albums include "Something in Red" and "Watch Me".


title: Lee Ann Womack

paragraphs: Lee Ann Womack (born August 19, 1966) is an American country music singer and songwriter. Womack has won a number of music awards for her music and singing.

paragraphs: Her 2000 single, "I Hope You Dance" was a major crossover music hit. It reached #1 on the Billboard Country Chart. It made the Top 15 of the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Sheena Easton

paragraphs: Sheena Easton (born Sheena Shirley Orr; 27 April 1959), is a Scottish singer. She was very popular during the 1980s and the 1990s. She has won several Grammy Awards. She had many charting singles and albums including "Morning Train," "For Your Eyes Only" and "Sugar Walls." Easton was born in Bellshill, Scotland.


title: Cerebral palsy

paragraphs: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the name given to a number of motor problems (trouble moving the body). CP is usually caused by damage done to the brain during early childhood. It is called "cerebral palsy" because the part of the brain that is damaged is the cerebrum. CP cannot be cured. It is treated with therapies.

paragraphs: CP was first identified by an English surgeon called William Little in 1860.

paragraphs: There are several types of cerebral palsy. The most common type is spastic cerebral palsy.

paragraphs: Today, 1 in every 400 children in the UK has cerebral palsy.

paragraphs: People with CP often have trouble standing or walking. They may also be partly paralysed.

paragraphs: While the main problem of cerebral palsy is problems with moving, difficulties with having thoughts, learning, feeling, talking and behaviour often come with cerebral palsy.

paragraphs: Of children with cerebral palsy, 3 out of 4 children have pain, 1 out of 2 have intellectual disability, 1 out of 3 children cannot walk, 1 in 3 have a hip displacement, 1 in 4 cannot talk, 1 out of 4 children have epilepsy, 1 in 4 have behaviour disorders, 1 out of 4 children have trouble controlling their bladder, 1 in 5 have trouble with sleep (sleeping too much or not enough), 1 out of 5 children dribble, 1 out of 10 are blind, 1 out of 15 need to be fed through a tube, and 1 in 25 are deaf.

paragraphs: Most people with cerebral palsy live for as long as people without CP. 5-10% of children with CP die before growing up.

paragraphs: Over time, the way to take care of cerebral palsy has changed from fixing a person's physical problems such as spasticity in one leg or arm. Now, the way to take care of cerebral palsy is about making therapies for the body part of a larger purpose of making the person's quality of life better, helping them have choice and make their own decisions about looking after themselves, and helping them be part of society. Much of children's therapy is about helping them walk better. Roughly 60% of people with CP are able to walk by themselves or with mobility aids when they become grown up.

paragraphs: Mobility aids may help people with CP move around more easily.


title: Nathanael Greene

paragraphs: Nathanael Greene (August 7, 1742-June 19, 1786) was a general in the Continental Army during the American Revolution. He was from Rhode Island and was a Quaker. Before the war, he was a blacksmith and a delegate to the Rhode Island General Assembly. During the war, he commanded a fort in Boston and a part of Washington's army during the New York, New Jersey and Philadelphia campaigns. Late in the war, Greene commanded an army in the South. After the war, he moved to Georgia, where he died of sunstroke.


title: Belgian United Nations Command

paragraphs: Belgian United Nations Contingent (BUNC) was the name for the Belgian and Luxembourger soldiers who volunteered to fight in the Korean War (1950–1953).


title: Sleigh Ride

paragraphs: "Sleigh Ride" is an extremely popular song which is played in the holiday season of each year. The song was composed by Leroy Anderson. Sleigh Ride never mentions any holiday, except in certain versions. It has been performed by many musicians, including though not limited to The Carpenters, Johnny Mathis, Amy Grant, Air Supply, Unavailable, The Ronettes and Ray Conniff Singers throughout the years.


title: Mark Rutte

paragraphs: Mark Rutte (born 14 February 1967) is a Dutch politician. He has been Prime Minister of The Netherlands since 14 October 2010. He is the leader of the conservative liberal party VVD.

paragraphs: He is also a teacher at a school in The Hague.

paragraphs: In 2010, Rutte won the elections with his party. He did not gain a majority in parliament, he won 31 out of 150 seats. Before he could form his government, there were four weeks of negotiations with the Christian-democratic CDA and the right-wing PVV of Geert Wilders. Wilders was not in the government, but he was supporting the government on several issues. These issues were discussed in those four weeks. When he was sworn in on 14 October 2010, he became the first liberal Prime Minister in the Netherlands in 92 years.

paragraphs: The First Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA and PVV, lasted from 2010 to 2012. The Second Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD and PvdA, lasted from 2012 to 2017.

paragraphs: Rutte has been leading the Third Rutte cabinet, consisting of VVD, CDA, D66 and CU, since 26 October 2017.


title: Pete Carroll

paragraphs: Peter Clay Carroll (born September 15, 1951, in San Francisco, California) is the head coach and of the Seattle Seahawks, a National Football League team. He used to coach for the New York Jets, New England Patriots and the University of Southern California football team.

paragraphs: In his time at USC, the Trojans went to two BCS Bowl games, winning the National Championship in 2004 and winning the Pacific-10 Conference football title seven years in a row from 2002 to 2008. The 2004 BCS title was taken away from the team in 2010, but USC kept its 2003 and 2004 AP National Championships.

paragraphs: Carroll went to Redwood High School in Larkspur, California. Carroll played in three sports: football (playing quarterback, wide receiver and defensive back), basketball and baseball. Carroll won the school's Athlete of the Year award in 1969.

paragraphs: After high school, Carroll went to junior college (a two-year college) at College of Marin, where he played football for two years before changing schools to the University of the Pacific. At Pacific, Carroll played the free safety position for two years.

paragraphs: After graduation, Carroll tried out for the Honolulu Hawaiians of the World Football League, but did not make the team because of shoulder problems. To make money, he found a job selling roofing materials in the Bay Area, but he found he was not good at it and soon moved on; it would be his only non-football-related job.


title: Religious belief

paragraphs: A religious belief is a strong belief in a supernatural power or powers that control human destiny. Religious beliefs often are about the cause, nature, and purpose of the universe and involve devotion, ritual practices and rules which must be followed.


title: Polychlorinated biphenyl

paragraphs: Polychlorinated biphenyls (often shortened to PCBs) are organic chemical compounds that contain chlorine atoms. They were used in industrial chemistry, and to make certain transformers, capacitors, and cooling fluids. The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants declared them to be among the worst chemical pollutants. Their use has been banned worldwide, since 2001. The mode of action of these substances is similar to that of dioxin.

paragraphs: Polychlorinated biphenyls were widely used, and they can be found in the atmosphere, the soil, and the bodies of water anywhere on the earth. In the short term, these substances are not very toxic, but they accumulate in the body. They are teratogens, and may cause cancer.


title: Teratogen

paragraphs: A teratogen is a material that can cause congenital defects. Some things can be teratogens, including some chemicals, medications, and infectious diseases.

paragraphs: About 75% of all congenital disfectants are caused by teratogens.

paragraphs: Alcohol is the most common cause of congenital disorders that can be prevented. Alcohol is poisonous to a fetus and can cause brain damage. Drinking alcohol while pregnant can cause the fetus to get fetal alcohol syndrome.

paragraphs: Illegal drugs, like heroin and cocaine, are also poisonous to the fetus and can cause many different congenital problems. For example, cocaine use during pregnancy can cause microcephaly (a smaller head size than usual) and problems with the way the fetus's urinary system and genitals grow.

paragraphs: Some medications can also hurt the fetus if its mother takes them while she is pregnant. For example:

paragraphs: Before the 1960s, many countries did not have rules about testing medications for their effects on fetuses. This changed partly because of thalidomide. This medication was given to pregnant women for nausea in the 1950s and 1960s. Between 1956 and 1962, more than 10,000 children in 46 different countries were born with birth defects, like arms and legs that had not grown. Thalidomide had not been tested well enough before it started being prescribed. Now, many countries require more testing before a medication can be said to be safe during pregnancy.

paragraphs: If a woman gets an infection while she is pregnant, sometimes the infection can affect her fetus. The placenta protects the fetus from many different viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens that cause infections. However, some pathogens can get through the placenta and infect the fetus. This is called vertical transmission. Some of these infections can cause birth defects.

paragraphs: Examples of infections that can cause birth defects include:

paragraphs: Some chemicals can cause birth defects, if a pregnant woman is exposed to enough of them. For example:

paragraphs: High levels of ionizing radiation can cause birth defects.

paragraphs: Examples of things that do not cause birth defects include:


title: Mountain pass

paragraphs: In a group of hills or mountains, a pass is a path for crossing a mountain. It is usually a saddle point between two higher areas. Many of the world's mountain ranges have always made travel difficult so passes have been important throughout history in trade, war and migration.

paragraphs: A pass has the general form of a saddle between two mountains. They are often found just above the source of a river, making a sort of "bridge" over to the headwaters of another river. Passes may be very short, with steep slopes to the top of the pass, or valleys of many kilometers.

paragraphs: Roads and railways have been built through passes. Some high and rugged passes may have tunnels dug underneath to let traffic move faster.

paragraphs: The top of a pass is often the only flat ground in the area so it is often a good site for buildings. For countries whose borders lie on a mountain range, the pass is often part of the border. As well as making travel easy between valleys, passes also provide a route between two mountain tops so it is common for tracks to meet at a pass; this often makes them good routes even when travelling between a summit and the valley floor.

paragraphs: Some of the best known passes are Great St. Bernard Pass at in the Alps, the Khyber Pass at between Afghanistan and Pakistan, and the Khardong La Pass at in Jammu and Kashmir, India.


title: Albrecht Böttcher

paragraphs: Albrecht Böttcher (born 29 December 1954 in Oberwiesenthal, Saxony, Germany) is a German mathematician. His field of research is functional analysis.

paragraphs: Between 1971 and 1973, Böttcher was in an elite class for mathematics at the Chemnitz University of Technology. In 1973, he won a silver medal at the International Math Olympiad in Moscow. He studied mathematics from 1975 to 1979 in Chemnitz. In 1980, he went to Rostov on Don to study and earned a PhD there in 1984. The topic of his dissertation was "The finite section method for the Wiener-Hopf integral operator". After this he worked as scientist assistance at the university of Chemnitz. Since 1992, he is professor for "harmonic analysis and Operator theory" at the Chemnitz University of Technology.

paragraphs: As of 2012, he is the author of nine books and about 180 papers.


title: ATI Technologies

paragraphs: ATI Technologies Inc. was a Canadian company known for making graphics processing units and motherboard chipsets. It was founded in 1985 as Array Technology Inc. In 2006, ATI was bought by AMD.


title: Aromatherapy

paragraphs: Aromatherapy is a type of alternative medicine that uses the part of plants known as essential oils. Some people think that aromatherapy helps to change a person's mind, mood or health but this has not been proven scientifically.

paragraphs: Some essential oils like tea tree do have an anti-microbial effect, so they may be useful for the treatment of infections. Evidence that aromatherapy works in treating disease and other conditions is poor.

paragraphs: The ways of using aromatherapy oils include:


title: Sodium tellurite

paragraphs: Sodium tellurite is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaTeO. It contains sodium and tellurite ions.

paragraphs: Sodium tellurite is a colorless solid. The tellurite ion can react with water to make sodium hydrogen tellurite, NaHTeO. It dissolves in water easily. It is a weak oxidizing agent (can be reduced to tellurium) and a weak reducing agent (can be oxidized to tellurates). It is part of the process in making tellurium.

paragraphs: It is made by reacting tellurium dioxide with sodium hydroxide, or by heating a telluride in air with sodium carbonate.

paragraphs: Sodium tellurite is used in making tellurium. It is also used to make electroplated nickel corrosion-resistant. It can also be used to add a bluish coating to steel. It can be used to isolate certain types of bacteria that it is not toxic to.


title: Telluride

paragraphs: Telluride is an ion. Chemical compounds containing this ion are called tellurides. Examples are sodium telluride and hydrogen telluride. The chemical formula is Te. Tellurides are strong reducing agents. Some tellurides are impure, making them weaker reducing agents. Tellurides are the main source of tellurium in the ground. It only exists at very high pH. At lower pH's, hydrogen telluride, HTe, is made. When it is acidic (very low pH), hydrogen telluride gas is made.


title: Tellurate

paragraphs: Tellurate is an ion. Its chemical formula is TeO or TeO. Chemical compounds having the tellurate ion in them are called tellurates. Tellurates are strong oxidizing agents. They are similar to selenates. Tellurates react with acids to make telluric acid.

paragraphs: An example is sodium tellurate (NaTeO). It is made by reacting telluric acid with sodium hydroxide. It can also be made by oxidizing sodium tellurite. It is similar to sodium selenate.


title: Hydrogen telluride

paragraphs: Hydrogen telluride, also known as hydrotelluric acid, tellane, or tellurium hydride, is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HTe. It contains hydrogen and telluride ions.

paragraphs: Hydrogen telluride is a toxic reactive gas. It easily decomposes to hydrogen and tellurium. It also burns in air to make tellurium dioxide and water. It has a very bad smell of decayed garlic. It is almost as acidic as phosphoric acid. It reacts with some metals and metal oxides to make tellurides.

paragraphs: It is made by adding a strong acid to a telluride, such as sodium telluride.

paragraphs: Hydrogen telluride does not have many uses because it is very toxic and unstable.


title: Sodium telluride

paragraphs: Sodium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is NaTe. It contains sodium and telluride ions.

paragraphs: It is a white solid when pure. It reacts with air to make a mixture of tellurium and tellurides, which would make gray or purple colors. It eventually turns into sodium carbonate and tellurium when in air. It is a powerful reducing agent. It reacts with strong acids to make hydrogen telluride. It reacts with water to make sodium hydrogen telluride, NaHTe.

paragraphs: Sodium telluride is made by reacting tellurium and sodium in liquid ammonia.

paragraphs: Sodium telluride is used to make organic tellurium compounds. It also can act as a reducing agent.


title: Tellurium(II) bromide

paragraphs: Tellurium(II) bromide, also known as tellurium dibromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +2 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Tellurium(II) bromide is a green brown crystalline solid. It absorbs water from the air.

paragraphs: It is made when tellurium(IV) bromide is heated in air. It can also be made by careful reduction of tellurium(IV) bromide.


title: Tellurium(IV) bromide

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) bromide, also known as tellurium tetrabromide, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeBr. It contains tellurium and bromide ions. The tellurium is in the +4 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) bromide is a yellow-orange solid. It conducts electricity when molten. It decomposes to bromine and tellurium(II) bromide when heated strongly.

paragraphs: It is made by reacting tellurium with bromine.

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) bromide can be used to make complexes with organic molecules.


title: Cadmium telluride

paragraphs: Cadmium telluride is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is CdTe. It contains cadmium and telluride ions.

paragraphs: Cadmium telluride is a black solid. It reacts with acids to make toxic cadmium compounds and toxic hydrogen telluride gas. It does not dissolve in water.

paragraphs: Cadmium telluride is used to make electricity in solar cells. It is one of the best things. It can be mixed with mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, good in infrared detectors.


title: Lead telluride

paragraphs: Lead telluride, also known as lead(II) telluride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is PbTe. It contains lead and telluride ions. The lead is in the +2 oxidation state.

paragraphs: Lead telluride is a gray crystalline solid. It reacts with strong acids to make toxic hydrogen telluride and toxic lead salts.

paragraphs: It may be made by melting lead and tellurium together.

paragraphs: It is used as a semiconductor and an infrared detector.


title: Tellurium bromide

paragraphs: Tellurium bromide can refer to either of these chemical compounds:


title: Sphalerite

paragraphs: Sphalerite is a mineral. Its is a mixed zinc and iron sulfide. The chemical formula is (Zn,Fe)S. It can be brown, yellow, red, green, and black. It is normally found with galena, a lead ore. It is also known as zinc blende. It has a Mohs hardness of 3.5 to 4. It is the main ore of zinc. It has a non-metalic sheen.


title: Vale Park

paragraphs: Vale Park is a football stadium in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent, England. It is the home ground of Port Vale F.C., who have played at the ground since 1950.


title: Model rocket

paragraphs: A model rocket is a miniature rocket. They are not launched by the government or a space program. They are used by people interested in rockets. They are normally made of light (not heavy) materials. Even though it seems dangerous, it is quite safe and is a way many people start getting interested in rockets and space exploration. Rocket motors come in many different sizes, and they are indicated by a code on the motor. There are also many ways for the rocket to fall back down after it is ignited. Some of them use parachutes.


title: Guide

paragraphs: Guides are people who lead people. This includes people of the real world (such as a person who helps travelers and tourists through a place). In figurative language it may mean person who leads someone to some goal such as to knowledge or wisdom.


title: Blast furnace

paragraphs: A blast furnace is a special type of furnace for smelting iron from ore. Blast furnaces are very large. They can be up to tall and in diameter. The blast furnace is the biggest chemical reactor. Blast furnaces are also called high ovens.

paragraphs: A blast furnace is usually built with a steel case and bricks made of magnesium oxide or other refractory material inside the case. The hot furnace cannot melt these bricks. The furnace is cooled with water running inside part of the case and bricks.

paragraphs: The process of making iron is simple. Iron ore is basically iron oxide. Iron is made by removing the oxygen. This leaves crude iron called "pig iron". This process of removing oxygen is called smelting. Carbon is used in the reduction process, with the ore heated to a high temperature. Carbon easily takes the oxygen off the ore in high temperatures.

paragraphs: Ore, limestone and carbon in the form of coke are put into the top of the blast furnace in layers. At the same time, hot air called "wind" is blown inside the furnace. Special nozzles called "tuyeres" are used to put the air in the furnace. The nozzles are at the bottom of the furnace. This process is called "blasting". It is why it is called a "blast furnace". The coke ignites (lights on fire) and burns. This creates carbon monoxide because there is not enough oxygen to make carbon dioxide. The carbon monoxide then reduces the metal oxide to the metal and makes carbon dioxide. This process is used to make iron. The limestone forms a substance called slag with the rock of the iron ore.

paragraphs: The bottom part of the furnace is called the "hearth". When it has filled with liquid pig iron and slag, the slag is removed. This is called "skimming". Slag is lighter than iron and does not mix with iron. It floats on top of the iron. A hole is made in the hearth at the level of the slag with a special drill. The liquid slag moves out through the hole into a container called "slag pot". The iron is then drained from the hearth. This is called "tapping". A hole is made at the bottom and the liquid pig iron comes out. It is either used directly for steelmaking, put into a special railway wagon called "torpedo car" or made into molds. When all the pig iron has been removed, fire-resistant clay is used to close the two holes. The clay becomes solid very quickly because of the high heat.

paragraphs: The pig iron contains some 4% of carbon and it would be too hard and too brittle to use. The extra carbon must first be burned away. The pig iron is refined into steel by decarburizing (burning the extra carbon off of) it. A modern method for decarburizing the pig iron and refining it into steel is basic oxygen furnace. Historically there has been other methods as well, such as Bessemer converter, open hearth furnace and puddling furnace.

paragraphs: The gases rise up and are collected on the top of the furnace. As the gas contains a lot of carbon monoxide, it is a valuable fuel. The gas collected on the top of the blast furnace is called "blast furnace gas". It is then washed and dried and all solid particles such as soot or ore dust are collected. The gas is then burned in special ovens called "Cowper stoves" or "hot blast stoves" into carbon dioxide. The heat from burning the blast furnace gas is then used to pre-heat the blasting air, "wind", which in turn is blasted into the blast furnace itself.

paragraphs: The slag is not waste. It can be used in various ways. It can be made into bricks and used for construction, or it can be mixed with concrete. Concrete which contains blast furnace slag is stronger than ordinary concrete and is almost pure white, where normal concrete is dirty grey.

paragraphs: A blast furnace can usually work for 10 to 20 years without stopping. This is called a "campaign."

paragraphs: At the temperature of 900-1600°C, a reduction with carbon occurs:


title: Włocławek

paragraphs: Włocławek is a town in northern Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship with a population of 117,785 (June 2009). It has a large Jewish community. In 1939, when the Nazis invaded, the Jewish people of this town were the first to have to wear yellow Stars of David.

paragraphs: This town is twinned with the following places:


title: Hurricane Carla

paragraphs: Hurricane Carla was one of two Category 5 tropical cyclones. It hit the Texas shore in the 1961 Atlantic hurricane season as a Category 4 hurricane, becoming one of the most powerful storms to ever strike the United States. Hurricane Carla was the second strongest storm to ever hit the Texas shore. The storm caused over $2 billion (2005 US dollars) in damages, but because over 500,000 people who lived there moved out only 43 were killed.

paragraphs: A tropical depression started in the western Caribbean Sea on September 3 from a disturbance in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. It moved northwestward, to become Tropical Storm Carla on the 5th and "Hurricane" Carla on the 6th. After touching the Yucatán Peninsula as a weak hurricane, Carla moved into the Gulf of Mexico and headed for the U.S. Gulf Coast.

paragraphs: As it moved slowly across the Gulf of Mexico, Carla got stronger to its peak of 175 mph (280 km/h) winds (Category 5 intensity) on September 11. Just before landfall, it weakened, but Carla was still a very strong and unusually large Category 4 hurricane when it touched the shore between Port O'Connor and Port Lavaca, Texas, on the 11th. At the time, Carla became the largest hurricane on record in the Atlantic basin. Along the whole Texas shore, hurricane warnings were given, and people were moved out of their homes in low-lying areas.

paragraphs: Storm surge was measured at 22 feet (6.6 m) near the heads of bays, in some places reaching 10 miles inland. Because of its large size, the whole Texas shore was hit, and damage was seen as far away as Dallas. Winds were reported to be 115 mph in Matagorda, 110 mph in Victoria and 88 mph in Galveston. Wind gusts as high as 170 mph were recorded at Port Lavaca. Pressure at landfall was measured at 931 mb (hPa), making it the eighth most intense hurricane to strike the United States in the 20th century. Then little-known newsman Dan Rather reported live from the Galveston Seawall during the storm, an act that would be imitated by later reporters. This marked the first live television broadcast of a hurricane.

paragraphs: Much of the damage was done well away from the landfall site, as Carla caused one of the largest hurricane-related tornado outbreaks on record at the time, when 26 tornadoes touched down within its circulation. One F4 tornado ripped through downtown Galveston, killing several (sources differ on the exact number, varying from 6 to 12). Outside the protection of the Galveston Seawall, structures on the island were severely damaged by storm surge. Damage was reported as far east as the Mississippi River delta.

paragraphs: As Carla weakened, it dropped heavy rain in the Midwest, causing some flooding.

paragraphs: Carla killed 43 people, 31 of them in Texas. The low number of deaths was due to what was then the largest movement of people out of their homes in US history except during a war. One half million people moved inland from exposed coastal areas. Carla caused a total of $325 million (1961 USD, $2.36 billion 2010 USD) in damage, not much considering Carla's strength at landfall.

paragraphs: Owing to the intensity of and destruction by the storm, the name Carla was retired, and will never again be used for an Atlantic hurricane. It was replaced by Carol in the 1965 season.


title: Shimane Prefecture

paragraphs: Shimane Prefecture is part of the San'in area. San'in means "the shady side of the mountains". There is a mountain range separating Shimane and neighboring Tottori from Hiroshima and Okayama. That means that the weather here is much wetter than further to the south.

paragraphs: The area of Shimane Prefecture includes the old provinces of Iwami Province, Izumo Province, and Oki Province.

paragraphs: The history of Shimane starts with Japanese mythology. In these myths, the Shinto god Ōkuninushi lived in Izumo, an old province in Shimane. Izumo Shrine honors this god.

paragraphs: Later on in the Kamakura period, the Kamakura Shogunate forced Emperor Gotoba and Emperor Godaigo into exile on Oki Island. Emperor Godaigo got away from Oki and successfully fought back against the shogunate.

paragraphs: During the Muromachi period, many clans fought over this area because there was a lot of silver. The Kyogoku clan controlled Izumo and Oki. However, after the Ōnin War, the Amago clan in Gassan-Toda castle increased in power, and the Masuda clan controlled Iwami. Iwami Ginzan Silver Mine was in between Amago clan territory and Masuda clan territory, so there were many battles between these lords for the large amount of silver. However, in 1566 Mouri Motonari (毛利元就) conquered Izumo, Iwami, and Oki. After over 30 years of Mori control, in 1600 Horio Yoshiharu entered Izumo and Oki after the Battle of Sekigahara which Mouri lost. Horio Yoshiharu decided to move and build Matsue Castle instead of Gassan-Toda. The castle was completed soon after Yoshiharu's death. Later in 1638, the grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, Matsudaira Naomasa entered the castle because the Horio clan had no heir. Matsudaira's family ruled until the end of the han system.

paragraphs: The Iwami area was split into 3 clans. The mining district was under direct control of the Shogunate. The Hamada clan and the Tsuwano clan each controlled their own areas. Iwami Ginzan produced silver and was one of the nation's largest silver mine by the early 17th century. The Hamada clan was on the shogunate's side in the Meiji Restoration, and the castle was burned down. The Tsuwano clan, despite the Matsudaira (relative of the shogun) rule was on the emperor's side in the restoration.

paragraphs: Shimane faces the Sea of Japan on its north. Its southeastern border meets Tottori Prefecture, Hiroshima Prefecture and Yamaguchi Prefecture.

paragraphs: National Parks are established in about 6% of the total land area of the prefecture.

paragraphs: "Izumo taisha", "Mononobe jinja", "Mizuwakasu jinja" and "Yurahime jinja" are the chief Shinto shrines ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Matsue, Shimane

paragraphs: Matsue (松江) is a city in Japan on the Japan Sea coast. It is the capital of Shimane Prefecture. It is known for its historic castle and as the home of Lafcadio Hearn.


title: Ōnin War

paragraphs: The was a civil war in Japan. It lasted 10 years, starting in 1467 and ending in 1477.

paragraphs: Hosokawa Katsumoto and Yamana Sōzen had a conflict that grew into a war throughout the country. The Ashikaga shogunate and some daimyo in many regions of Japan fought in this war.

paragraphs: The conflict was the beginning of a very long struggle to dominate all of Japan.


title: Jonny Wilkinson

paragraphs: Jonathan Peter Wilkinson OBE (born 25 May 1979) is an English rugby union player who now plays in France for Toulon.

paragraphs: He was born at Frimley Park Hospital in Frimley, Surrey, He was grew up in Farnham

paragraphs: He played for England when the team won the 2003 Rugby World Cup. He was awarded the MBE in 2003 and then the OBE in 2004.


title: Poul Anderson

paragraphs: Poul William Anderson (November 25, 1926 – July 31, 2001) was an American science fiction author. He began his career during the Golden Age of the genre and continued to write and remain popular into the 21st century. Anderson also wrote books of fantasy, historical novels, and a very large number of short stories. He received many awards for his writing, including seven Hugo Awards and three Nebula Awards.

paragraphs: Anderson received a degree in physics from the University of Minnesota in 1948. He married Karen Kruse in 1953. They had one daughter, Astrid, who is married to the science fiction author Greg Bear. Anderson was the sixth President of Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America, starting in 1972.

paragraphs: He was a founding member of the Society for Creative Anachronism. Robert A. Heinlein dedicated his 1985 novel "The Cat Who Walks Through Walls" to Anderson and eight of the other members of the Citizens' Advisory Council on National Space Policy.

paragraphs: Poul Anderson died of cancer on July 31, 2001, after a month in the hospital. Several of his novels were published after his death.


title: Roblox

paragraphs: Roblox (stylized as ROBLOX) is a website and virtual sandbox where players make their own massively multiplayer online games for other players to play. It was started by David Bazucki and Erik Cassel. The concept of Roblox was developed in 1997, and Roblox was founded in 2005 as "Dynablocks". Roblox publishes the players' games using the programming language called Lua. Players make their games using a simpler version of this program. Roblox was removed from the TrustE program. It is listed in the Better Business Bureau with a poor rating.

paragraphs: First appearing in the 2005 beta release of Roblox, the death sound has remained a staple element in it's 10+ year history. The sound effect triggers when a "Humanoid's" (the character models controlled by players) health reaches zero, out of a base maximum of 100. Since the worlds are created primarily by the players, this can be achieved by having the hitboxes assigned to the body parts of a Humanoid struck by tools that are purposefully coded to decrease the health (such as spike traps, or falling into the void of a map, for examples). Based on the speed of the humanoid, the sound effect would be changed. Players would attempt to make their characters move as fast as possible in the hopes of hearing the sound effect drastically pitch shifted.

paragraphs: On 26 February 2020, It was announced Roblox received $4 billion.

paragraphs: Roblox was originally called Dynablocks. Dynablocks was worked on from 2004 to 2005, but in 2004, only the developers and very few players could make its games. Dynablocks had two features: Build Mode and Challenge Mode. In May 2005, Dynablocks was renamed to its current name "Roblox". New features were added, including logging in and logging out, building more complex things, and special Roblox points. During this time, Roblox was only available in beta to certain players.

paragraphs: Roblox had another big change in 2006. In January 2006, Roblox removed their special points and made the multiplayer API, but the API was never used until March 2006. In February 2006, Roblox left beta and was made available to all players. In September 2006, Roblox made changes to the multiplayer API so that players could make their own multiplayer games for free instead of the developers making them.

paragraphs: In May 2007, the Roblox developers began making virtual items, and its first virtual item was a top hat. Roblox also started the Builders Club which is a paid membership.

paragraphs: Guest mode, which is for players that want to play Roblox without making an account, was introduced in 2008. Later, higher forms of the Builders Club (known as the Turbo Builders Club and the Outrageous Builders Club) were started in 2009.

paragraphs: In 2010, the Roblox Studio was changed so that game developers could understand its functions easily.

paragraphs: In June 2015, Roblox released Smooth Terrain which made the terrain (such as sand, grass, water, etc.) more realistic. On 14 April 2016, Tix was removed.

paragraphs: In February 2017, Roblox has changed their logo.

paragraphs: In October 2017, Roblox had removed guests from playing games, though occasionally they don’t have that update and they can still play that way.

paragraphs: In 2019, Builders Club was replaced with Premium.

paragraphs: Roblox lets its players create their own games using its special program called Roblox Studio. Players on Roblox can build anything they please using the Studio and then publish their game to the Roblox website for everyone to play. If the player knows how to script, they can use it to change the game and make it perform in many different ways.

paragraphs: In some games, the creator may create game passes which will cost a certain amount of Robux (the virtual currency). The game pass is not needed to play the game, but if they buy it, they are usually given special benefits (e.g, DLC, In-game currency, More health).

paragraphs: Players on Roblox can buy virtual items from the Catalog using virtual currency. This currency is obtained by selling items on Roblox, or by logging in daily if a player has a Builders Club. There is only one currency called Robux (R$), which can only be obtained by purchasing Builders Club (a membership), buying a Robux card from certain shops, or using a credit card or PayPal on the Roblox website. Robux is used to buy items such as Gear (tools to use in-game such as swords and musical instruments) and Hats. In the Character page, players can change their clothing and customize their character as they please. All the virtual items that a player bought from the catalog appear here. Roblox sometimes gives away free hats during special events.

paragraphs: Another form of currency that was discontinued were the Tix (Tickets). All players could get a few Tix each day they log into Roblox, and trade those tix in to get Robux. The Tix were removed from the game in March 2016.

paragraphs: Builders Club is Roblox's membership club which can only be joined through a purchase. Builders Club gives its members more features in RobIox, such as earning more of its currency called Robux and also giving the ability to trade. There are three types of Builders Club: Classic, Turbo, and Outrageous. Classic is the original Builders Club type and Outrageous is the newest. You can either buy it monthly, or annually.

paragraphs: In 2019, Roblox's Builder's Club membership was removed and replaced with Premium. This had no different types or the benefit of earning more Robux. What it gave access to was selling Limited items (buy-able and sell-able items on the Avatar Shop) as well as trading them. You can also buy this membership through monthly or annual payments.


title: Coco (2017 movie)

paragraphs: Coco is an American movie made by Pixar and was released on November 22, 2017. It was directed by Lee Unkrich and Adrian Molina, and stars the voices of Anthony Gonzalez and Benjamin Bratt. The movie centers on a boy named Miguel who dreams of being a musician and is then taken to a mysterious place.

paragraphs: "Coco" was released with "Olaf's Frozen Adventure", a short movie that runs for about 14 minutes in theaters before "Coco" is shown.


title: Blimp

paragraphs: A blimp is a kind of airship. Some airships have a structure in them. They have no structure in them. They were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. They are now used mostly for advertising.


title: Balloon (aircraft)

paragraphs: A balloon is a kind of aircraft that stays in the sky by floating. People fly in balloons mostly for fun.

paragraphs: A balloon is different from an airship. An airship is a floating aircraft that has an engine and can change its direction of movement. A balloon has no engine and has no way to change its direction of movement (except up and down). A balloon travels by moving with the wind.

paragraphs: The bottom of the balloon is called the "basket" where people can sit or stand.

paragraphs: The top of a balloon is a big cloth bag called the "envelope".

paragraphs: There are three kinds of balloon aircraft:


title: Benoît Mandelbrot

paragraphs: Benoît B. Mandelbrot (20 November 1924 – 14 October 2010) was a Polish-French-American mathematician. Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw into a Jewish-Lithuanian family. He is best known for his works with fractal geometry. He lived and worked until his death in the United States. He was a professor at the University of Yale.

paragraphs: Mandelbrot was born in Warsaw, Poland. His family lived in France under German occupation. He died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 85 in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: His most known development is the Mandelbrot set, which he discovered and described in 1979.


title: Echolocation

paragraphs: Echolocation is a way that some animals use to determine the location of things. They emit sound waves and listen for the echo. They use the delay to determine the distance. It is a kind of biological sonar.

paragraphs: Microbats find their insect prey in the dark this way. Whales and dolphins are two other kinds of mammals that use echolocation. Their sound waves go through the water, while the bats' sound waves go through the air.

paragraphs: Radar is man-made echolocation using radio waves.


title: Greg Bear

paragraphs: Gregory Dale Bear (born August 20, 1951) is an American science fiction author. He has written about war across the galaxy, artificial universes, consciousness, and evolution.

paragraphs: Bear was born in San Diego, California. From 1968 to 1973 he attended San Diego State University, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree. In 1975, he married Christina M. Nielson, but they divorced in 1981. He remarried in 1983, to Astrid Anderson, the daughter of science fiction author Poul Anderson. They have two children, Erik and Alexandra. They live outside of Seattle, Washington.

paragraphs: Bear is often called a hard science fiction author because he uses many scientific details in his work.

paragraphs: Bear often answers major questions in contemporary science and culture with fictional solutions. For example, "The Forge of God" tries to explain the Fermi paradox. If the galaxy is filled with intelligences that could be very dangerous, young civilizations could only survive by staying quiet so nobody would notice them and attack. In "Queen of Angels" Bear examines crime, guilt and punishment in society. He does this by examining consciousness and awareness. Part of the novel is about highly-advanced computers that begging to become intelligent and aware of themselves as they communicate with humans. In the two books "Darwin's Radio" and "Darwin's Children" he writes about the problem of overpopulation with a mutation the human genome making, basically a new series of humans. The books bring up the question of cultural acceptance of something brand new that cannot be stopped.

paragraphs: One of Bear's favorite themes is how observers effect or create reality. In "Blood Music" reality becomes unstable as the number of observers–trillions of intelligent single-cell organisms–gets higher and higher. Both "Anvil of Stars"–a sequel to "The Forge of God"–and "Moving Mars" propose a physics based on information exchange between particles, capable of being altered at the "bit level." (Bear has credited the inspiration for this idea to Frederick Kantor's 1967 treatise, "Information Mechanics.") In "Moving Mars" this knowledge is used to remove Mars from the solar system and transfer it to an orbit around a distant star.

paragraphs: "Blood Music" (first published as a short story in 1983, and expanded to a novel in 1985) has also been credited as being the first account of nanotechnology in science fiction. The short story described microscopic medical machines. He described DNA as a computer system that could be changed. In "Queen of Angels" and "Slant", Bear gives a detailed description of a near-future nanotechnological society. This historical sequence continues with "Heads"–which may contain the first description of a "quantum logic computer"–and with "Moving Mars". These books also show the historical development of self-awareness in AIs. One AI character called Jill is in all of these books. Bear was influenced by Robert A. Heinlein's self-aware computer Mycroft Holmes ("High-Optional, Logical, Multi-Evaluating Supervisor") in "The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress" when creating Jill.

paragraphs: More recent works, such as the two novels Darwin's Radio and Darwin's Children stick closely to the known facts of molecular biology of viruses and evolution. These books are about the impact of a strange disease that appears to make evolutionary transitions happen. Bear includes some very speculative ideas, but he wrote about them so carefully that "Darwin's Radio" gained praise in the science journal "Nature".

paragraphs: Bear, Gregory Benford, and David Brin wrote a series of three novels that take place before Isaac Asimov's famous "Foundation" series. Bear is named as the author of the second of the three books.

paragraphs: While most of Bear's writing is science fiction, he also wrote in other genres. Two of his early works, "The Infinity Concerto" and "The Serpent Mage"are clearly fantasies. These are now published together as one novel called "Songs of Earth and Power". "Psychlone" is horror. Bear called his story "Dead Lines" a "high-tech ghost story." He has received many accolades, including five Nebula awards and two Hugo awards for science fiction.


title: Keigo Higashi

paragraphs: Keigo Higashi (born July 20, 1990) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.


title: Serval

paragraphs: The serval ("Leptailurus serval") is a medium-sized wild cat which lives in sub-Saharan Africa. It is the only species in its genus.

paragraphs: The serval has the longest legs of all cats, relative to its size. Not only can it run fast, but it is an amazing jumper: two to three metres from a standing start.

paragraphs: Its length as an adult is about 32 inches (body) and 16 inches (tail). It weighs about four pounds. There are a number of subspecies, and its geographical range is from the Cape of South Africa to Algeria, wherever the circumstances are right for it.

paragraphs: It is lightly built, with very large ears and long legs. The back of the ears is black with a big white spot, and the tip of the tail is black. These signs serve as signals to other servals, including kittens.

paragraphs: The serval needs access to water, and dense grassland. Reed beds, scrub or high grass are typical habitats. It is territorial.

paragraphs: The serval is nocturnal, and hunts mostly at night. The serval is an opportunistic predator whose diet includes rodents, hares, hyraxes, birds, reptiles, insects, fish, and frogs.

paragraphs: As part of its adaptations for hunting in the savannas, the serval's long legs help it achieve a top speed of 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph), and has large ears with acute hearing. Its long legs and neck allow the serval to see over tall grasses, while its ears are used to detect prey, even those burrowing underground. Servals have been known to dig into burrows in search of underground prey, and to leap 2 to 3 metres (7 to 10 ft) into the air to grab birds in flight. Using its spectacular jumping ability, the serval leaps into the air and bats the bird with its front paws. When the bird is on the ground, it bites its neck, killing it.

paragraphs: Like most cats, the serval is a solitary animal. It travels as much as each night in search of food. The female defends home ranges of , depending on local prey availability. The male defends larger territories of , and marks its territory by spraying urine onto bushes.


title: 0.999...

paragraphs: 0.999... (also written as 0., and read as "0 point 9 repeating") is one of the ways the number 1 (one) can be written. Even though it is written like this, no matter how many nines there are before the ellipsis, it is still equal in value to 1.

paragraphs: 0.999... is a repeating decimal, which means the digit "9" is repeated forever. It is different from 0.999, which only has three 9s.

paragraphs: It is hard for many people to understand why 0.999... is the same as 1. There are many proofs that show why they are the same number, but many of these proofs are very complex.

paragraphs: One simple way of showing that 0.999... and 1 are the same thing is to divide them both by the number 3. When 0.999... is divided by 3, the answer is 0.333..., which is the same as (the fraction one third).

paragraphs: When 1 is divided by 3, the answer is . Since the answers are the same, that means that 0.999... and 1 are the same. Another way of thinking about it is if = 0.333... and = 0.666..., then = 0.999... therefore, as = 1, 0.999... must also equal 1. There are many other ways of showing this.

paragraphs: Another way of proving that 0.999... = 1 is by accepting the simple fact that if two numbers are different, there must be at least one number between them. For example, a number between 1 and 2 is 1.5, and a number between 0.9 and 1 is 0.95. Since 0.999... has an infinite number of 9s, there cannot be another number after the "last" 9, meaning there is no number between 0.999... and 1. Therefore, they are equal.

paragraphs: As the Internet developed, arguments about 0.999... are often on newsgroups and message boards. Even newsgroups and message boards that do not have much to do with math argue about this. In the newsgroup sci.math, arguing about 0.999... is a "popular sport". It is also one of the questions in its FAQ.


title: Ophthalmosauridae

paragraphs: Ophthalmosauridae were a family of Ichthyosaurs which lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Upper Cretaceous period.

paragraphs: Within Ophthalmosauridae there are two lineages, one including "Aegirosaurus" and "Ophthalmosaurus", and the other including "Brachypterygius", "Caypullisaurus" and "Platypterygius".

paragraphs: Only three genera survived the end-Jurassic extinction event: "Caypullisaurus", "Maiaspondylus", and "Platypterygius". They did, however, have a worldwide distribution. The last to survive was "Platypterygius". This genus became extinct about 30 million years before the end of the Upper Cretaceous period. It happened when there was a deep ocean anoxic event, which wiped out all the animals below pelagic waters. Ichthyosaurs, being reptiles, came to the surface to breath, but the extinction event removed their prey species.


title: Anoxic event

paragraphs: Anoxic events (AE) occur when oceans become completely depleted of oxygen (O) below the surface levels. They may be called Oceanic anoxic events: or Deep ocean anoxic events.

paragraphs: Major anoxic events have happened, though not for millions of years. The geological record of organic-rich sediment (black shales) shows that they happened in the past. However, only "in rare, extreme cases, [did] euxinia lead to biotic crises. [The] hypothesis [is] best supported by evidence from the end-Permian mass extinction".

paragraphs: Anoxic events may have caused mass extinctions. These mass extinctions were so characteristic that they have been used by geologists as markers in biostratigraphic dating. Typically, oceanic anoxic events last for under half a million years, before a full recovery.

paragraphs: There are several places on earth today that show the features of anoxic events on a localized level. 'Dead zones' exist off the East Coast of the United States in the Chesapeake Bay, in the Scandinavian strait Kattegat, the Black Sea, in the northern Adriatic and off the coast of Louisiana.

paragraphs: It is not known for certain what the causes were of AEs. A possible course of events is:

paragraphs: This is not yet well-established science. It is a speculation by scientists interested in palaeoecology and climate change. However, the fact is that these anoxic events did occur, and did have causes which might be in operation today.


title: Metriacanthosaurus

paragraphs: Metriacanthosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in Europe during the Middle Jurassic period, about 160 million years ago. Its name means "Moderate-spined lizard", because its back vertebrae are taller than other meat-eating dinosaurs such as "Allosaurus", but shorter than those of other meat-eating dinosaurs, such as "Acrocanthosaurus". Like most theropods, "Metriacanthosaurus" was a meat-eater. It had three fingers on each hand. Each finger ended in a sharp, hook-like claw that was used to grab prey before giving the killing bite with its jaws. It probably preyed on the large, long-necked sauropods, such as "Pelorosaurus", that lived in the same time and place as it. It was originally classified as a megalosaurid, but recent studies show that it belongs to its own family, the Metriacanthosauridae

paragraphs: In "Jurassic Park", one of the vials of dinosaur DNA that Dennis Nedry steals is labeled "Metriacanthosaurus".


title: Acrocanthosaurus

paragraphs: Acrocanthosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Lower Cretaceous period. Its name means "high-spined lizard". This refers to the spines on its vertebrae which formed a sail or hump when the animal was alive.

paragraphs: Its classification is uncertain. It was originally classified as a spinosaur, because the spines on its back looked like those of "Spinosaurus". However, "Acrocanthosaurus" is now classified as a carnosaur. Most paleontologists believe that it was a carcharodontosaurid.

paragraphs: "Acrocanthosaurus" was 39 feet long, almost as large as "Tyrannosaurus rex", and weighed about 6 or 7 short tons. It was the largest theropod in North America before the evolution of the tyrannosaurs.

paragraphs: Long, low ridges start at the nasal bones. They run along each side of the snout from the nostril back to the eye, and they continued onto the lacrimal bones. This is a characteristic feature of all allosaurids.

paragraphs: There is a famous trackway in Paluxy, Texas, which shows tracks of what might be an "Acrocanthosaurus" and its prey. While interesting and plausible, this hypothesis is difficult to prove and there are other explanations.

paragraphs: "Acrocanthosaurus" was featured in an episode of the television documentary "Monsters Resurrected". It was depicted as the top predator in early Cretaceous North America. A juvenile was scared away from its kill by a pack of "Deinonychus", and was forced to hunt more difficult prey, such as a "Sauropelta".


title: Flood basalt

paragraphs: A flood basalt or trap basalt is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that coats large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

paragraphs: Flood basalts have covered areas as large as a continent in prehistory, creating great plateaus and mountain ranges. Flood basalts have erupted at various times throughout Earth history. They are clear evidence that the Earth has periods of higher activity rather than being in a uniform steady state.

paragraphs: One explanation for flood basalts is that they are caused by the combination of continental rifting and its associated melting. Then a mantle plume produces vast quantities of a basaltic magma. These have a low viscosity, which is why they 'flood' rather than form taller volcanoes.

paragraphs: Flood basalts start at between 100 and 400 km depth, in the asthenosphere. To get a partial melting as large as that of the traps, expelling huge quantities of lava, it is necessary to have a large heat input. Such melting can take place near a hotspot, resulting in a mixture of magma from the depths of the hotspot with superficial magma produced by a mantle plume.

paragraphs: A lava plateau is a flat, wide surface (plateau) that is formed when lava comes out of the ground and spreads out very quickly. The layers of lava can build up over time to form a lava plateau. Here are the general properties of lava plateaux:

paragraphs: The Emeishan Traps in southwestern China, around Sichuan province, the Deccan Traps of central India, the Siberian Traps, and the Columbia River Plateau of western North America are four large regions covered by prehistoric flood basalts. The two largest flood basalt events in historic time have been at Eldgjá and Lakagigar, both in Iceland. The largest and best-preserved continental flood basalt terrain on Earth is part of the Mackenzie Large Igneous Province in Canada. The maria on the Moon are additional, even more extensive, flood basalts. Flood basalts on the ocean floor produce oceanic plateaus.

paragraphs: The surface covered by one eruption can vary from around 200,000 km² (Karoo) to 1,500,000 km² (Siberian Traps). The thickness can vary from 2000 metres (Deccan Traps) to 12,000 m (Lake Superior). These are smaller than the original volumes due to erosion.

paragraphs: Another example of a lava plateau is the Giant's Causeway, in County Antrim, Northern Ireland. This is was originally part of a great volcanic plateau called the Thulean Plateau.


title: Monterrey

paragraphs: Monterrey is a city in northern Mexico. It is the capital of the state Nuevo León. It is the third largest city in Mexico. It has 2,056,538 people.


title: Siberian Traps

paragraphs: The Siberian Traps form a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in the Russian region of Siberia.

paragraphs: The large eruptions which formed the traps were one of the largest known volcanic events of the last 500 million years of Earth history. They continued for a million years and spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 251 to 250 million years ago. It was the same time as the Permian–Triassic extinction event, which is estimated to have killed 90% of species existing at the time. The eruption of the Siberian Traps is a possible cause of this "Great Dying".

paragraphs: The term "traps" is derived from the Swedish word for stairs ("trappa", or sometimes "trapp"), referring to the step-like hills forming the landscape of the region, which is typical of flood basalts.

paragraphs: Vast volumes of basaltic lava paved over a large expanse of primaeval Siberia in a flood basalt event. Today the area covered is about 2 million km² – roughly equal to western Europe in land area – and estimates of the original coverage are as high as 7 million km². The original volume of lava is estimated to range from 1 to 4 million km³.

paragraphs: The source of the Siberian Traps basalt was, probably, a mantle plume at the base of the crust which erupted through the Siberian craton (the oldest part of the Siberian continental plate). Helium isotope analysis from the basalts indicates a plume origin. The scientific debate continues. There is a minority controversial theory which argues that the traps were caused by a large asteroid impact.

paragraphs: This massive eruptive event spanned the Permian-Triassic boundary, about 250 million years ago, and is widely cited as a cause of the Permian-Triassic extinction event. This extinction event, also called the Great Dying, affected all life on Earth, and is estimated to have killed 90% of species living at the time. Life on land took 30 million years to recover from the environmental disruptions caused by the eruption of the Siberian Traps.

paragraphs: The Siberian Traps are considered to have erupted through numerous vents over a period of a million years or more, probably east and south of Norilsk in Siberia. The giant Norilsk nickel-copper-palladium deposit formed within the magma flows in the main Siberian Traps. The presence of extensive tuff and pyroclastic deposits suggests that a number of large explosive eruptions occurred during or before the eruptions of basaltic lavas. The presence of silicic volcanic rocks such as rhyolite is also indicative of explosive eruptions.


title: College of Marin

paragraphs: The College of Marin is a community college in Marin County, California, U.S.. It has one campus in Kentfield and another in Novato.


title: Tellurium(II) chloride

paragraphs: Tellurium(II) chloride, also known as tellurium dichloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl. It contains tellurium in its +2 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

paragraphs: Tellurium(II) chloride is a black solid. It absorbs water. It can be oxidized to tellurium(IV) chloride. It reacts with water.


title: Tellurous acid

paragraphs: Tellurous acid is a chemical compound. It is also an acid. Its chemical formula is HTeO. It contains hydrogen and tellurite ions. It can be made by reacting tellurium dioxide with water. It is not made as easily as telluric acid.

paragraphs: It is a weak oxidizing agent and a weak reducing agent. It easily turns back into tellurium dioxide and water. It is a weak acid. It reacts with bases to make tellurites.


title: Tellurium(IV) chloride

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) chloride, also known as tellurium tetrachloride, is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is TeCl. It contains tellurium in its +4 oxidation state. It also contains chloride ions.

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) chloride is a pale yellow solid. It melts easily to a red liquid. It evaporates easily. It reacts with water to make tellurium dioxide and hydrochloric acid. It is toxic and corrosive.

paragraphs: Tellurium(IV) chloride is made by reacting tellurium powder and chlorine.


title: Tellurium chloride

paragraphs: Tellurium chloride may refer to either of these chemical compounds:


title: U.S. Route 78

paragraphs: U.S. Route 78 is an east–west highway. It goes from Memphis, Tennessee to Charleston, South Carolina.


title: Kim Clijsters

paragraphs: Kim Clijsters (; born 8 June 1983)is a Belgian retired tennis player. She used to be ranked as the World No. 1. On 22 August 2011 she was ranked third in the world.


title: U.S. Route 25

paragraphs: U.S. Route 25 is a US highway in the east part of the United States of America. It goes from north to south. The road begins in Cincinnati, Ohio, at the Ohio River and ends in Brunswick, Georgia, close to the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Asheville, North Carolina

paragraphs: Asheville is the county seat of Buncombe County, North Carolina. It is located where the Swannanoa River and the French Broad River meet. The population of Asheville was counted in 2000 as 74,543 and 83,393 in 2010. Asheville is the largest city in the North Carolina mountains.


title: June Cleaver

paragraphs: June Cleaver is a literary reference meaning "the perfect stay-at-home mom" referring to the mother in the U.S. television show "Leave it to Beaver" which was released from 1957 to 1963. Women writers viewing the show sometimes had difficulty living up to or agreeing with such a feminine mystique. June Cleaver is often referred to in remarks justifying a messy home such as “June Cleaver made having a spotless house look so effortless . . .” The character was played by actress Barbara Billingsley, a lifelong resident of Los Angeles county, California, U.S.A.


title: Jack Tweed

paragraphs: Jack’ Tweed (born 9 June 1987) is a British television personality.

paragraphs: Tweed started his career as Jade Goody's partner. He became widely known in 2007 after being on "Celebrity Big Brother UK". He caused controversy when he called housemate Shilpa Shetty a "cunt" and "Paki" and said that she should remove objects from the toilet with her teeth. After "Celebrity Big Brother", Goody miscarried his child in 2007. He married her on 22 February 2009 and she died of cervical cancer a month later. He appeared in 2010 ITV2 programme "The Only Way Is Essex". In 2010, he had a relationship with Chanelle Hayes.

paragraphs: Tweed has had several legal issues. These include an 18-month prison sentence in September 2008 for assault occasioning actual bodily harm for attacking a 16-year-old boy with a golf club in December 2006. In March 2009, he was found guilty of common assault for attacking a taxi driver in May 2008. He was charged with the rape of a 19-year-old woman. In January 2011 he punched a man, for which he was convicted of common assault in August 2011.


title: Quadrilateral

paragraphs: In Euclidean plane geometry, a quadrilateral is a polygon with four edges (or sides) and four vertices (or corners). Sometimes, the term quadrangle is used (similar to the term "triangle"), while other times, the term tetragon is used (similar to pentagon, 5-sided polygon, and hexagon, 6-sided polygon). A quadrilateral with vertices formula_1, formula_2, formula_3, formula_4 is sometimes written as formula_5.

paragraphs: The origin of the word quadrilateral is the two Latin words "quadri", a variant of four, and "latus", meaning "side".

paragraphs: Quadrilaterals can be either complex, also called crossed (self-intersecting), or simple (not self-intersecting). Simple quadrilaterals are either convex or concave.

paragraphs: All the sides of a quadrilateral are straight, and the interior angles of a quadrilateral add up to 360°.

paragraphs: This is a special case of the "n"-gon interior angle sum formula: ("n" − 2) × 180°.

paragraphs: All non-self-crossing quadrilaterals tile the plane, by repeated rotation around the midpoints of their edges.

paragraphs: There are 6 special kinds of quadrilaterals; square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, kite, and trapezoid. Technically, squares, rectangles, and rhombuses are types of parallelograms.


title: Yangchuanosaurus

paragraphs: Yangchuanosaurus was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic of China. It was a fairly typical carnosaur, with a large head, sharp, serrated teeth, and relatively short arms (though not as short as those of "Tyrannosaurus"). It was the largest predator in its part of the world. "Yangchuanosaurus" probably preyed on sauropods, such as "Mamenchisaurus", or stegosaurs, such as "Tuojiangosaurus".

paragraphs: There are two species. "Y. zigongensis" is from the Middle Jurassic, and "Y. shangyouensis" is from the Upper Jurassic. Specimens were collected from the Dashanpu Dinosaur Quarry of Zigong, Sichuan.

paragraphs: The Middle Jurassic "Y. zigongensis" is known from four incomplete specimens. There are two specimens of the Upper Jurassic "Y. shangyouensis", which were at first put into separate species. Later analysis showed they were probably different ages or variations of the same species.

paragraphs: The first skull is 82 cm (2.7 ft) long, and its total body length about 8 m (26 ft). The other specimen was even larger. It had a skull length of 1.11 m (3.6 ft). It may have been up to 10.8 m (35.4 ft) long, and weighed as much as 3.4 metric tons (3.7 short tons). There was a bony knob on its nose and multiple hornlets and ridges, similar to "Ceratosaurus". It had a massive tail that was about half its length.


title: Pelorosaurus

paragraphs: Pelorosaurus conybeari is the name given to a few sauropod dinosaur bones from the Lower Cretaceous period, about 138–112 million years ago.

paragraphs: Bones of "Pelorosaurus" have been found in England and Portugal. It was a Brachiosaur, with front legs that were longer than its hind legs.

paragraphs: The name has been challenged, and has been the subject of long-lasting dispute. Some palaeontologists prefer the name Cetiosaurus brevis.

paragraphs: The taxonomic status of "Pelorosaurus" is as a result very problematic. Technically, "Cetiosaurus brevis" is its type species. The position of "Pelorosaurus" is further undermined by the fact that several researchers hold that the genus is a "nomen dubium" ('doubtful name').

paragraphs: "Pelorosaurus" was one of the first dinosaurs described, and the naming procedures were not so well-developed at the time. Its life-style is assumed to be similar to other brachiosaurs, eating from the higher branches of tall conifer trees.


title: Pope Leo X

paragraphs: Pope Leo X (; 11 December 1475 – 1 December 1521), born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 218th Pope from 1513 to his death in 1521.

paragraphs: Giovanni de Medici was born in Florence. He was the second son of Lorenzo the Magnificent.

paragraphs: He studied theology and canon law at Pisa from 1489 to 1491.

paragraphs: Six days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was ordained as a priest.

paragraphs: Two days after his ordination and eight days after his election as pope in 1513, Medici was made a bishop.

paragraphs: At the age of 13, Pope Innocent VIII named Medici cardinal in 1489.

paragraphs: Cardinal Medici was elected pope on 9 March 1513. On the 15 March he was ordained priest, and he was consecrated as bishop on March 17. He was crowned Pope on 19 March at the age of 37.

paragraphs: Pope Leo was involved in Italian and European political disputes.

paragraphs: Leo was a patron of Michelangelo and Raphael.


title: Crumpet

paragraphs: A crumpet is a kind of flat, small round bread that is raised by yeast. They are about the same size as an English muffin. They are made in crumpet rings that are four inches wide and usually one inch deep. Crumpets are usually baked on a griddle and served toasted. A well-baked crumpet has a brown bottom and a spongey top that has many tiny holes. Crumpets are toasted whole, while English muffins are split and then toasted. After the baking, crumpets are spread with butter or cream and jam.

paragraphs: The word of crumpet may come from the Middle English word "crompid" (cake), or "curled" (cake). Or it may come from the past participle of the Middle English verb "crumpen", which means to curl up. It could also have come from "crumb", "crump", or "crooked", all Old English. Crumpet is also used as British slang for a particularly sexually attractive woman. It Australian slang, it is part of the expression: "not worth a crumpet", meaning that somebody or something is useless.

paragraphs: The first recipe for crumpets was long ago, referred to frequently as the "crompid cake" by many. The Oxford English Dictionary traced the history back to 1382.

paragraphs: The Oxford Companion to Food also says that the earliest published recipe for crumpets was by Elizabeth Raffald, in 1769. There, the "crompid cake" is mentioned as well with buckwheat griddle cakes so it is believed that there is a connection between crumpets and the buckwheat pancake.

paragraphs: Elizabeth Raffald mentions it in her book of "The Experienced English Housekeeper". Her recipe is very similar to the modern crumpet recipe, especially in the baking, buttering, and serving.


title: Edam cheese

paragraphs: Edam is a type of Dutch cheese. It is named after the town that it comes from, Edam in the Netherlands. Edam cheese is pale yellow. It is often sold in round pieces, covered in red paraffin wax. Edam that is sold in the Netherlands (and not exported) does not usually have wax on it.


title: The Night Angel Trilogy

paragraphs: The Night Angel Trilogy is a series of fantasy novels written by Brent Weeks. The first book in the series, "The Way of Shadows", was published in October 2008, and the third book, "Beyond the Shadows", was published in December 2008.


title: Taylor Chorney

paragraphs: Taylor Chorney (born April 27, 1987) is a Canadian-born American professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the Pittsburgh Penguins of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Edmonton Oilers and St. Louis Blues.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Edmonton Oilers with the 36th overall pick in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. He previously played at the University of North Dakota. He also was on Team USA at the 2006 World Junior Championships. Chorney represented the USA again in the 2007 World Juniors, where he was team captain. He made his NHL debut on April 10, 2009 against the Calgary Flames. He recorded his first NHL point in his first game of the 2009-10 season, by assisting one of Zack Stortini's two goals on October 12, 2009 on the road against the Nashville Predators.

paragraphs: His father, Marc, played 210 games in the NHL for the Pittsburgh Penguins and Los Angeles Kings.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2014, Chorney signed one-year, two-way contract with the Pittsburgh Penguins.


title: Homology

paragraphs: A homologous trait is any characteristic which is derived by evolution from a common ancestor. This is contrasted to analogous traits: similarities between organisms that were evolved separately.

paragraphs: The term existed before 1859, but got its modern meaning after Darwin established the idea of common descent.

paragraphs: The pre-Darwinian naturalists Cuvier, Geoffroy and Richard Owen, also used the idea.

paragraphs: A homologous trait is often called a homolog (also spelled homologue). In genetics, the term "homolog" is used both to refer to a homologous protein, and to the gene (DNA sequence) encoding it.

paragraphs: According to Russell, we owe to Richard Owen the first clear distinction between homologous and analogous organs. Owen's definitions were:

paragraphs: The distinction is made clear by examples such as the ear ossicles of mammals. These little bones have, in the course of several hundred million years of evolution, made their way from the gill covers of fish to the rear jaw bones of Synapsids to their present position in the ear of mammals. In the fossil record is evidence of this, and also in embryology. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, tiny bone structures break loose from the jaw and migrate to the inner ear area. The ear ossicles are homologous with the jaw bones and the gill covers, but not analogous.

paragraphs: This rather extraordinary story was first proposed in 1818 by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, who looked at fish and tried to discover the homologies of their bones with that of land vertebrates.

paragraphs: "A trait may be both homologous and analogous", depending on the level at which the trait is examined. For example, the wings of birds and bats are homologous as "forearms" in tetrapods. However, they are not homologous as "wings", because the organ served as a forearm (not a wing) in the last common ancestor of tetrapods.

paragraphs: By definition, any homologous trait defines a clade–a monophyletic taxon in which all the members have the trait (or have lost it secondarily); and all non-members lack it.

paragraphs: Conserved sequences of DNA, RNA and proteins can be used to decide homologies between organisms.

paragraphs: In evolutionary developmental biology, the concept of deep homology is used to describe cases where growth and differentiation are controlled by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species. Textbook examples common to metazoa include the homeotic genes that control differentiation along the body, and pax genes (especially PAX6) involved in the development of the eye and other sensory organs.

paragraphs: An algorithm identifies deeply homologous genetic modules in unicellular organisms, plants, and non-human animals based on phenotypes (such as traits and developmental defects). The technique aligns phenotypes across organisms based on the homology of genes involved in the phenotypes.


title: Discovery Channel

paragraphs: The Discovery Channel is a cable television channel about science, history, and nature. It has programs such as "Man vs. Wild", "A Haunting", "The Last Day of the Dinosaurs", "MythBusters", and "Dirty Jobs".


title: The Last Day of the Dinosaurs

paragraphs: The Last Day of the Dinosaurs is a 2010 Discovery Channel television documentary about the extinction of the dinosaurs. It portrays the asteroid as the cause of the extinction.

paragraphs: In the Pacific Northwest of North America, a "Quetzalcoatlus" is flying above the landscape, looking for food. It finds a nest of "Tyrannosaurus" babies that have just hatched. It picks them up in its beak and starts eating them. Suddenly, the father appears and starts fighting the "Quetzalcoatlus". He grabs it by the wing, but it manages to escape.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, the asteroid is getting closer to Earth. The narrator says that it was caused by the collision of two asteroids 150 million years ago. One of the fragments is heading towards Earth.

paragraphs: In the Pacific Northwest, two male "Triceratops" fight for mating rights. One of them wins. The loser walks away. Suddenly, two "T. rexes" attack and kill the "Triceratops". They start feeding on its carcass.

paragraphs: In what is today central Mexico, a herd of "Alamosaurus" is roaming the plains in search of food. They are giants, even by dinosaur standards. They are 60 feet long and 40 feet tall, and they weigh 30 tons. Their huge size demands that they eat a lot of vegetation to maintain their bulk. Meanwhile, the asteroid enters the Earth's atmosphere. It is burning brighter than a million suns. The scorching light sears the "Alamosaurus"' eyeballs, blinding them.

paragraphs: Then the asteroid hits the Earth in the Gulf of Mexico, near the Yucatan Peninsula. In a fraction of a second, it disentegrates into the planet. The air temperature near the crash site now reaches 600 degrees Fahrenheit. The "Alamosaurus" are burned alive. In the Pacific Northwest, the "Quetzalcoatlus" can see the impact.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, Mongolia is 8,000 miles away from the point of impact. A herd of "Charonosaurus" is drinking at a watering hole. They are protecting their eggs. Suddenly, a "Troodon" appears. Its brain-to-body weight ratio is among the highest of any dinosaur. It steals an egg, but is seen by the mother. It runs into a cave. A second "Saurornithoides" is in the cave. The two predators start chasing the "Charonosaurus". They jump on its neck and slash with their retractable toe claws, killing their prey. Then they start feasting on the carcass.

paragraphs: Millions of tons of dust and rock were thrown up into the air by the asteroid's impact. This is the ejecta cloud. In Mongolia, the ejecta cloud causes the temperature to become hotter. As the air temperature reaches 120 degrees, the "Troodons" run inside the cave. The temperature ticks upward every second. The "Charonosaurus" go into the cave. Inside the cave, it is cooler. However, the "Charonosaurus" and "Troodon" are forced to share the cave with each other, even though they are enemies.

paragraphs: Back in the Pacific Northwest, fires burn across the forest floor at 9 miles per hour. The "Tyrannosaurus" and the "Triceratops" are running to get away from the fire. The panicked animals race up the valley slopes.

paragraphs: In Mongolia, the temperatures are finally starting to decrease. The "Troodon" run outside and start feeding on a "Charonosaurus" corpse. Soon, the "Charonosaurus" follow. However, one stays near the protection of the cave. However, the dinosaurs are not safe yet. The ejecta cloud has caused a huge sandstorm. As it hits, the "Troodons" are small enough to crouch for cover. But the "Charonosaurus" are out in the open. The harder they struggle and the deeper they gasp for oxygen, the more sand fills their lungs, until finally, they can't breathe. It's hours before the winds die down. The last "Charonosaurus", protected once again by the cave, finds that it's the last of the herd. But it's not the last remaining dinosaur in the neighborhood. The "Troodons" were sheltered from the worst of the storm. They have survived.

paragraphs: Instinct drives the "Troodon" back to their prime hunting spot, the watering hole, where the last remaining "Charonosaurus" is drinking. The "Troodon" are desperate for food. One of them has the confidence to attack. The "Troodon" runs to the"Charonosaurus" and leaps on it. It starts slashing at its neck. The "Charonosaurus" is still too exhausted to run. Suddenly, the "Charonosaurus" crashes to the ground, crushing the "Troodon" to death under its weight. The remaining "Troodon" starts eating the dead body of its companion.

paragraphs: A week after impact, food is in very short supply across the entire planet. In the Pacific Northwest, two "Triceratops" are searching for food. Their hunger drives them to the Pacific coast. They see an island. Protected from the fires by the surrounding ocean, the island is lush and green. It has all the food that the "Triceratops" need. But when the asteroid hit the Earth, it caused an earthquake under the ocean. This causes a huge tsunami. The ocean is dragged back hundreds of feet. The path to the island is suddenly dry land. The "Triceratops" walk across the land bridge to the island. However, the tsunami crashes down on them, flooding the land. The "Triceratops" drown.

paragraphs: In the days and weeks that follow, few dinosaurs remain. In Mongolia, the starving "Charonosaurus" stays close to the cave that has saved it twice in the past. Suddenly, it collapses, but not from starvation. Bubbling to the surface from hot springs is one of nature's most toxic gases; Hydrogen Sulfide. The "Troodon" runs up to the dead "Charonosaurus". Then it too dies from inhaling the poisonous gas.

paragraphs: In the Pacific Northwest, only a handful of dinosaurs patrol the gray wasteland. An "Ankylosaurus", severely weakened by hunger, is searching for food. All it can find is a small bush. But even that won't come without a fight. A "Triceratops" roars at the "Ankylosaurus". Suddenly, a "T. rex" appears. It roars at the herbivores. Then it kills the "Triceratops". The "Ankylosaurus" tries to defend itself with its heavy tail club, but it's too weak to fight. The "Tyrannosaurus" flips the "Ankylosaurus" over and bites its soft underbelly, killing it. Then the "Tyrannosaurus" collapses from hunger. It falls on the "Triceratops"' horn and is impaled by it after tripping over the Ankylosaurus.

paragraphs: In Mexico, the first region to be hit by the asteroid, life still remains. Buried in the cool ground inside its egg, an "Alamosaurus" baby has survived. And so has an adult "Alamosaurus". All around the world, small handfuls of dinosaurs try to start over. But their species are already considered extinct. In order to survive, any species needs to maintain a critical mass of population. If it falls below that threshold, then there's no way to climb back from certain extinction.

paragraphs: But life on Earth is not completely destroyed. Out of the ruins, nature starts over. A group of animals that have long been limited in success by the dinosaurs now become the new rulers of the Earth: mammals. Eventually, they multiply and diversify. 10,000 species explode across the planet. And one species, humans, branches off from its relatives and comes down from the trees. They walk on two legs, evolve bigger brains, and eventually, they rule the planet. They build cities that touch the sky, vehicles that can leave the planet, and weapons that can destroy it.

paragraphs: In the end, the narrator says that humans would never have existed if a chance collision in space 150 million years ago had not occurred, sending an asteroid hurtling towards Earth and dooming the dinosaurs to extinction.


title: Charonosaurus

paragraphs: Charonosaurus was a genus of hadrosaur that lived at the very end of the Upper Cretaceous, about 65 million years ago. Its remains were found in China.

paragraphs: The partial skull resembles that of "Parasaurolophus" from North America. This does "not" suggest a Bering land bridge existed during the Cretaceous period, since at that time North America was far away from Eastern Asia. Instead, it is likely that this group of hadrosaurs all had a similar long, backward-projecting hollow crest. It may have been used for trumpeting their calls. In other words, their skull shape was a basal feature.

paragraphs: "Charonosaurus" was a very large lambeosaurine hadrosaur (estimated around 13 m (42.5 ft) long), known from a partial skull found in Heilongjiang Province, northeastern China. Adult and juvenile hadrosaur remains were found in the same area. They give information on the rest of the skeleton; the femur length was up to 1.35 m. (4.5 ft).

paragraphs: "Charonosaurus" was featured in the Discovery Channel television documentary The Last Day of the Dinosaurs, where it was the prey of "Troodon".