title: Abraham Cohn

paragraphs: Abraham Cohn (June 17, 1832 in Guttentag, Prussia, June 2, 1897 in New York City) was an American Civil War Union Army soldier of Jewish descent. He received the United States military's highest decoration, the Medal of Honor. Cohn earned the award for his actions in combat at the Battle of the Wilderness, Virginia on May 6, 1864, and the Battle of the Crater, Petersburg, Virginia on July 30, 1864.

paragraphs: During Battle of the Wilderness rallied and formed, under heavy fire, disorganized and fleeing troops of different regiments. At Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864, bravely and coolly carried orders to the advanced line under severe fire.


title: 1100 New York Avenue

paragraphs: 1100 New York Avenue is a high-rise office building in Northwest, Washington, D.C. in the United States. The 12-floor building was designed by Keyes Condon Florance Eichbaum Esocoff King and completed in 1991. It is high. The art deco appearance at the north entrance of the building is a former Greyhound Lines bus station originally constructed in 1940. The office structure was built on top of the bus station. A small display on antique buses is located in the north lobby.


title: Dick Adkins

paragraphs: Richard Earl Adkins (March 3, 1920 – September 12, 1955) was a professional baseball player. He was a shortstop for one season (1942) with the Philadelphia Athletics. For his career, he had a .143 batting average in 7 at-bats.

paragraphs: He was born and later died in Electra, Texas at the age of 35.


title: Richard Barrett

paragraphs: First Sergeant Richard Barrett (1838 – March 20, 1898) was an Irish-born American officer in the U.S. Army. He served with the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment during the Indian Wars. He received the Medal of Honor during the Apache Wars. He voluntarily led a group of troops against a group of hostile Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon on May 23, 1872.

paragraphs: Richard Barrett was born in County Mayo, Ireland in 1838. He eventually moved to the United States and settled in Buffalo, New York. It was there that Barrett enlisted in the United States Army and was assigned to Company A of the 1st U.S. Cavalry Regiment. By 1872, he had risen to the rank of first sergeant. On May 23 of that year, while posted to the Arizona Territory, Barrett volunteered to lead a group of soldiers against a group of renegade Tonto Apaches at Sycamore Canyon. He was cited for "conspicuous gallantry" and recommended for the Medal of Honor for his actions which he received on April 12, 1875. Barrett moved to Washington, D.C. after his retirement from military service. He died there on March 20, 1898, at the age of 60. He was interred at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery.

paragraphs: Rank and organization: First Sergeant, Company A, 1st U.S. Cavalry. Place and date: At Sycamore Canyon, Ariz., 23 May 1872. Entered service at: --. Birth: Ireland. Date of issue: 12 April 1875.

paragraphs: Consplcuous gallantry in a charge upon the Tonto Apaches.


title: Alkali Ridge

paragraphs: Alkali Ridge, also known as Alkali Point, is a set of widely scattered archaeological remains of the earliest forms of Puebloan architecture. They represent a period of change from scattered, pit-style dwellings to a settled agricultural lifestyle. These multi-story buildings and kivas have yielded high-quality ceramics. They form the type location for the Pueblo II period ("ca." 900 CE - "ca." 1100 CE).

paragraphs: It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.


title: Ren Höek

paragraphs: Ren Höek is a fictional character from the Nickelodeon series "The Ren & Stimpy Show", and Spike series "Ren & Stimpy "Adult Party Cartoon"". He is one of the main characters. Ren is the main protagonist/antagonist of the series. He first appeared in the pilot episode ""Big House Blues"". He is a friend of Stimpy

paragraphs: Ren is a 17 year old "Asthma-Hound" Chihuahua. He has a long, rat-like, pink tail. His tail disappears often to the point of it not being seen in the later series.


title: Lav

paragraphs: Lav or Lava, in Hindu mythology, was the son of the deity and hero Rama (see the classical Indian epic poem Ramayana) and his wife, Sita. According to legend, Lav founded the ancient South Asian city of Lahore, now in Pakistan; while his brother Kash, or Kashava, founded the nearby city of Kasur.


title: John J. Clausey

paragraphs: John Joseph Clausey (May 16, 1875- September 9, 1951) was a chief gunner's mate serving in the United States Navy. He received the Medal of Honor for bravery.

paragraphs: Clausey was born May 16, 1875 in San Francisco, California. He joined the navy where he was stationed aboard the "USS Bennington" as a chief gunner's mate. On July 21, 1905 one of the "USS Bennington"’s boilers exploded while it was in San Diego, California. Because of his actions he received the Medal January 5, 1906.

paragraphs: He died September 9, 1951. He is buried in Golden Gate National Cemetery San Bruno, California. His grave is in section C, grave 121-B.

paragraphs: Rank and organization: Chief Gunner's Mate, U.S. Navy. Born: 16 May 1875, San Francisco, Calif. Accredited to: California. G.O. No.: 13, 5 January 1906.

paragraphs: On board the U.S.S. Bennington for extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion of a boiler of

paragraphs: that vessel at San Diego, Calif., 21 July 1905.


title: Larry Hagman

paragraphs: Larry Martin Hagman (September 21, 1931 – November 23, 2012) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as J.R. Ewing in "Dallas" and as Major Anthony "Tony" Nelson in "I Dream of Jeannie". His mother was actress Mary Martin. His father was of Swedish descent.

paragraphs: Hagman was born on September 21, 1931 in Fort Worth, Texas. Hagman was raised in Dallas, Texas. He studied at Black-Foxe Military Institute, at Weatherford High School, and at Bard University. Hagman was diagnosed with cirrhosis in 1992.

paragraphs: He received a liver transplant in 1995. Hagman was married to Maj Axelsson from 1954 until his death in 2012. They had two children. Hagman died on the morning of November 23, 2012 in hospital in Dallas, Texas from acute myeloid leukemia, aged 81.


title: J. K. Simmons

paragraphs: Jonathan Kimble "J. K." Simmons (born January 9, 1955) is an American actor. He played Emil Skoda in "Law & Order", J. Jonah Jameson in "Spider-Man", "Spider-Man 2" and "Spider-Man 3", Mac MacGruff in "Juno", Terence Fletcher in "Whiplash" and Commissioner Gordon in "Justice League".

paragraphs: He also voiced Tenzin in "The Legend of Korra" between 2012 to 2014.

paragraphs: Simmons was born in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Columbus, Ohio and in Missoula, Montana. Simmons studied at the University of Montana originally to be a composer. He married Michelle Schumacher in 1996. They have three children. He won a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award for his role in "Whiplash".


title: Ganga Ram

paragraphs: Sir Ganga Ram, KCSI (1851 – 1927) was a famous civil engineer and philanthropist of the Punjab, in British India. He was born in Mangtanwala, a small village of Punjab province in British India (now in Punjab (Pakistan)).

paragraphs: He was especially well known for designing many of the fine buildings in colonial Lahore, which city he settled in and called home. These included the Lahore General Post Office, the Lahore Museum, Aitchison College, Mayo School of Arts (now the National College of Arts), Ganga Ram Hospital, Lady Mclagan Girls High School, the chemistry department of the Government College University, the Albert Victor wing of Mayo Hospital, Sir Ganga Ram High School (now Lahore College for Women), the Hailey College of Commerce (now Hailey College of Banking & Finance), Ravi Road House for the Disabled, the Ganga Ram Trust Building on the Mall and others.

paragraphs: He built Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore (1921), the Lady Mclagan School and some other structures and public facilities with his own money.


title: Kim Il-yeop

paragraphs: Kim Il-yeop (April 28, 1896 - May 28, 1971) was a South Korean writer, journalist and feminism activist. He was also a Buddhist monk. Il-yeop was his Buddhist name (; ; ). His real name was Kim Wom-ju (, ).


title: Amrita Sher-Gil

paragraphs: Amrita Sher-Gil (30 January 1913 – 5 December 1941) was a famous Indian artist and painter. She was born to a Punjabi JatSikh father and a Hungarian mother. Because of her life and work, she is sometimes known as 'India's Frida Kahlo'.She was born into Majitha royal family. She is considered an important woman painter of 20th century India.

paragraphs: She died in 1941 in Lahore city, now in Pakistan, at the age of 28.


title: Alhamra Arts Council

paragraphs: The Alhamra Theatre Complex or the Alhamra Arts Council Cultural Complex or Alhamra Art Galleries and Hall etc., is a multi-purpose cultural theatre and performing arts venue in Lahore, Pakistan. It was completed in 1992. It is situated on The Mall, a big old avenue from British Indian times.

paragraphs: The Council also has a new venue of the same type, named the Alhamra Gadaffi Stadium Complex, which is located near Lahore's main sports stadium and which was made more recently.


title: Bryce Courtenay

paragraphs: Arthur Bryce Courtenay AM (14 August 1933 – 22 November 2012) was a South African-Australian novelist and one of Australia's most commercially successful authors.


title: The Power of One

paragraphs: The Power of One is a novel by Australian author Bryce Courtenay. It was first published in 1989. The story takes places in South Africa during the 1930s and 1940s. It tells the story of an Anglo-African boy. Through the course of the story he gets the nickname of Peekay. (In the movie version the main person in the story is Peter Phillip Kenneth Keith. It is different than the book. The author identifies "Peekay" as a reference to his earlier nickname "Pisskop": Afrikaans for "Pisshead.")

paragraphs: It is written from the first person perspective. With Peekay telling the story (as an adult, looking back) and trusting the reader with his thoughts and feelings. He does this instead of a detailed description of places and account of actions.


title: Frankie Yankovic

paragraphs: Frankie Yankovic (July 28, 1915 – October 14, 1998) was a polka musician from the United States. He played the accordion. He was called "America's Polka King." He played Slovenian-style polka.

paragraphs: Yankovic was a Slovene. He was raised in South Euclid, Ohio. Yankovic's parents were immigrants. Yankovic received an accordion at age 9, but never took lessons. By his early teenage years, he was a working musician. He played for local events.

paragraphs: He began making appearances on the radio in the 1930s. He wanted to make recordings, but the major labels turned him down. Therefore, his first records were made for Yankee and Joliet, labels operated by Fred Wolf.

paragraphs: Yankovic joined the U.S. Armed Forces in 1943. He made records while on leave, before going to Europe to fight in World War II. He fought in the Battle of the Bulge. He was awarded a Purple Heart.

paragraphs: Yankovic earned two platinum singles for "Just Because" (1947) and "Blue Skirt Waltz" (1949).

paragraphs: Yankovic also was on the television series "Polka Time" on Buffalo, New York-based WKBW-TV in 1962. He traveled from Cleveland to host each episode. He hosted a similar show in Chicago at about the same time. He won a Grammy Award in 1986 for his album "70 Years of Hits". He was the first winner in the Best Polka Recording category. The NARAS (Grammy) organization dropped the category in 2008.

paragraphs: Yankovic made over 200 recordings in his career. He has recorded with country guitarist Chet Atkins and pop singer Don Everly. He has also recorded a version of the “Too Fat Polka” with comedian Drew Carey. At one point, Yankovic was performing on the road in 325 shows a year.

paragraphs: He was not related to musical comedian and accordionist "Weird Al" Yankovic, who also performs polka music. However, Weird Al has jokingly said that he was given accordion lessons as a child because his parents thought that "there should be at least one more accordion-playing Yankovic in the world."

paragraphs: Yankovic died on October 14, 1998, in New Port Richey, Florida, from heart failure, at the age of 83. He was buried in Cleveland's Calvary Cemetery. Hundreds of friends, family, fans, and fellow musicians were at his funeral.


title: CatDog

paragraphs: CatDog is an American animated television series. The first show was on April 4, 1998. The series is about a character with one half being a cat and the other a dog. Nickelodeon produced the series from Burbank, California, United States.

paragraphs: At the Kids' Choice Awards, USA, the show was nominated for a Blimp Award for Favorite Cartoon in 1999 and 2000.

paragraphs: Dog Gone: Dog runs for a garbage truck. All You Can’t Eat: Dog tries to get Cat to go to a Taco restaurant.


title: Bowerbird

paragraphs: Bowerbirds are the bird family Ptilonorhynchidae. The family has 20 species in eight genera. Bowerbirds are most known for their unique courtship behaviour, where males build a structure and decorate it with sticks and brightly coloured objects, mainly seen in the Vogelkop bowerbird. The function of this courtship ritual is to attract a mate. The bowerbirds have a "female choice" mating system.

paragraphs: The bowerbirds have an Austro-Papuan distribution, with ten species endemic to New Guinea, eight endemic to Australia and two found in both. Their distribution is mainly in the tropical parts of New Guinea and northern Australia, though some species extend into central, western and southeastern Australia. They occupy a range of different habitats, including rainforest, eucalyptus and acacia forest, and shrublands.

paragraphs: The birds are medium to large-sized passerines, ranging from the golden bowerbird at and to the great bowerbird at and . Their diet consists mainly of fruit but may also include insects (especially for nestlings), flowers, nectar and leaves in some species. The satin and spotted bowerbirds are sometimes regarded as pests because they feed on introduced fruit and vegetable crops. They have occasionally been killed by affected farmers.


title: Muggsy Bogues

paragraphs: Tyrone Curtis "Muggsy" Bogues (born January 9, 1965) is a retired American professional basketball player. He is the current head coach of the United Faith Christian Academy boys' basketball team. Bogues is the shortest player ever to play in the NBA at . He played point guard for four teams during his 14-season career in the National Basketball Association. Bogues is best known for his time with the Charlotte Hornets. He also played for the Washington Bullets, the Golden State Warriors, and the Toronto Raptors. Bogues was also the head coach of the WNBA team Charlotte Sting.


title: One-time pad

paragraphs: A One-time pad is a method of encryption. It is a "symmetrical cipher", which means the same key is needed for encryption and decryption. A one time pad uses a key that is either as long or longer than the message it encrypts. The key must only be used once, and after it is used, a new key must be generated and shared for the cipher to remain secure.

paragraphs: If this method is used correctly, it is impossible to decrypt or break the encryption without the key. Failure to make and share random keys has led to successful cryptanalysis, as in the Venona project.

paragraphs: Because of these requirements, it is rarely used today.

paragraphs: One-time pads were created all the way in 1882 by Frank Miller. After the invention in 1917, Gilbert Vernam invented and patented an electronic version based on teleprinter technologies.


title: Danny Ferry

paragraphs: Danny Ferry (b. October 17, 1966) is a retired NBA basketball player. He is the current general manager of the Atlanta Hawks. Ferry was born in Hyattsville, Maryland. He went to Duke University. Ferry played for the Cleveland Cavaliers and the San Antonio Spurs.


title: Shawn Kemp

paragraphs: Shawn T. Kemp (born November 26, 1969) is a American retired professional basketball player. Kemp played a total of 14 seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Seattle SuperSonics, Cleveland Cavaliers, Portland Trail Blazers and Orlando Magic.


title: Sayyid

paragraphs: Syed or Sayyid or Sayed is a title of honour and respect in Islam. It is originally a word from the Arabic language which means 'Sir' or 'Mister' or 'Honourable Person'.

paragraphs: However, the word is now also used in different parts of the world by Muslims to refer specially to a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad. For example, if someone is called a 'Syed/Sayyid' in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Afghanistan, Indonesia, Malaysia etc., then that person is descended from the prophet of Islam.


title: Ashiq Mohamed Warsi

paragraphs: Ashiq Mohamed Warsi (died August 1940) was a political figure of British India and a leader of the All India Muslim League. He was one of the members of the Working Committee of the League, which drafted the famous Lahore Resolution in March 1940.

paragraphs: Warsi's sudden death in August 1940 was deeply mourned by his colleagues. He had no connection to Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi, a Tory politician and life peer in England.


title: S.M. Sharif

paragraphs: Syed Muhammad Sharif or more commonly S.M. Sharif was a Muslim Barrister from Patna, Bihar, British India. He was an active leader of the All India Muslim League party in his area and also one of the members of the League's Working Committee of March 1940 which drafted the Lahore Resolution.


title: Charles Umpherston Aitchison

paragraphs: Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison (1832 – 1896), was a British Indian administrator. He was Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab from 1882 to 1887. He was of Scottish origins.

paragraphs: He is specially remembered today for founding the Aitchison College, Lahore (now in Pakistan) in 1886. He also played an important role in supporting the earlier establishment of the University of the Punjab in 1882, on the recommendation of Dr Gottlieb Wilhelm Leitner.

paragraphs: Aitchison later also was Chief Commissioner of the British Crown Colony of Burma from 1878 to 1880.


title: Akali Dal

paragraphs: The Shiromani Akali Dal or simply Akali Dal () is a Sikh political party in India. It is mostly active in the province of Punjab.

paragraphs: It is not to be confused with the Apna Dal ('Our Own Party').


title: Edgar Rice Burroughs

paragraphs: Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American novelist. He created the famous character Tarzan of the Apes in his novels. He wrote 25 novels on Tarzan's adventures starting from 1914 onwards.

paragraphs: He also wrote other novels and stories that became quite famous. Tarzan and John Carter were some of his characters that became famous.


title: Planetarium

paragraphs: A planetarium is a theater built to show educational and entertaining presentations about astronomy and the night sky. They are also used for training in celestial navigation. A main part of most planetariums is the large dome-shaped screen onto which images of stars, planets and other celestial objects can be shown and made to move to show the 'motions of the heavens'. The celestial scenes can be created using many different technologies. These include 'star balls' that combine optical and electro-mechanical technology, slide projector, video, full dome projector systems, and lasers. These technologies are used together to give an accurate image of the motion of the sky. Common systems can be set to show the sky at any point in time, past or present. They often show the night sky as it would appear from any point of latitude on Earth.

paragraphs: There are many different sizes of planetariums. They can be as large as the Hayden Planetarium's 21-meter dome. It seats 423 people. They can also be as small as a three-meter portable domes where children sit on the floor. These portable planetariums are used for education presentations outside of the permanent planetariums at museums and science centers.

paragraphs: The term "planetarium" is sometimes used to mean other things which show the solar system. These include computer simulations or an orrery. Planetarium software refers to software that creates a three dimensional image of the sky on a two dimensional computer screen. The term "planetarian" is used for someone who works at a planetarium. The plural of planetarium is either planetariums or planetaria.


title: Highways in Greece

paragraphs: Highways in Greece are the most significant roads of the country. There are 10 most significant highways. They are:


title: El Dorado, Houston

paragraphs: El Dorado is a neighborhood in northeast Houston, Texas, United States. The site of a halfway house, El Dorado had the highest amount of convicted felons per resident of all of the Houston neighborhoods in 2007.

paragraphs: Super Neighborhood #53 El Dorado/Oates Prairie includes El Dorado.


title: Abilene Eagles

paragraphs: The Abilene Eagles were a West Texas League minor league baseball team. They were based in Abilene, Texas, USA from 1920 to 1922. They won the league championship in both 1920 and 1921. The team managers for those years were Bugs Young and Ed Kizziar (1920) and Grady White and Hub Northen (1921). They finished in sixth place in 1922. The league folded following the 1922 season, and the Eagles followed suit.

paragraphs: Future major league baseball player Fred Johnson played for the Eagles.


title: Jairus C. Fairchild

paragraphs: Jairus Cassius Fairchild (December 27, 1801-October 24, 1862) was an American politician and businessman.

paragraphs: Fairchild was born in Granville, New York. He moved to Hudson, Ohio and became a merchant. Later he would move to Franklin Mills, Ohio for a short time. While there he operated a tannery before moving to Cleveland around 1834. He then moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1845 and then to Madison, Wisconsin. Fairchild had a business working with cranberries and the lumber industry. He was also president of a railroad. From 1848 to 1852, Fairchild was the first State Treasurer of the State of Wisconsin. In 1856 he was elected the first Mayor of the city of Madison, Wisconsin. Two of his sons Cassius, and Lucius were also active in Wisconsin politics.


title: Irène Joliot-Curie

paragraphs: Irène Joliot-Curie (12 September 1897 17 March 1956) was a French scientist. She won the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1935 with her husband, Frédéric Joliot. Curie was the daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie

paragraphs: Curie started her studies at the Faculty of Science in Paris. During World War I, she served as a radiographer. Curie became Doctor of Science in 1925. She did her thesis on the alpha rays of polonium.

paragraphs: During World War I (1914-1918), she helped her mother using X-ray technology in military hospitals. She helped train radiological workers. Curie then graduated from the Sorbonne in Paris. She earned a degree for work on radioactivity in polonium in 1925.

paragraphs: Curie did important work on radioactivity, transmutation of elements, and nuclear physics. Curie and her husband won the 1935 Nobel Prize for Chemistry for their creation of new radioactive elements. This work was written about in their paper "Production artificielle d'éléments radioactifs. Preuve chimique de la transmutation des éléments" (1934).

paragraphs: In 1938, she researched the action of neutrons on the heavy elements. This was an important part of the discovery of the nuclear fission of uranium. Curie became Professor in the Faculty of Science in Paris in 1937. She became Director of the Radium Institute in 1946. After six years as a Commissioner for Atomic Energy, Curie took part in the construction of the first French atomic pile in 1948. Its construction was continued after her death by her husband.

paragraphs: Curie was born in Paris. Marie and Pierre Curie were her parents. In 1926, Curie married Frédéric Joliot-Curie, a French physical chemist. He joined Curie’s Radium Institute in 1925. In 1934, they discovered that they that could make stable elements radioactive. Curie and Joliot had a son and a daughter. Curie was also interested in social and intellectual advancement of women. In 1936, she became the Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research.


title: Ringleader

paragraphs: A ringleader is a leader of a group of people.


title: Lucius Fox

paragraphs: Lucius Fox is a fictional Batman character who helps Batman with equipment and is the manager of Wayne Enterprises. He gives Batman all of the equipment or his financing operations that he needs. He is one of the few people to known Batman's secret identity.

paragraphs: He is played by Morgan Freeman in "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". Brock Peters was his voice actor in "". Kevin Michael Richardson also makes his voice in some animated movies.


title: James Gordon (comics)

paragraphs: Commissioner James Gordon is a fictional Batman character who is the police commissioner of Gotham City and is a fellow ally of Batman who gives him all of his missions and criminals to capture or question. In some cases, Gordon doesn't know Batman's identity, in other cases he does. He is the father of Barbara Gordon, who is secretly Batgirl.

paragraphs: As the police commissioner of Gotham City, Gordon shares Batman's deep commitment to stop the city of crime. The character is typically portrayed as having full trust in Batman and is even somewhat dependent on him. In many modern stories, he is somewhat skeptical of Batman's vigilante methods, but nevertheless believes that Gotham needs him.

paragraphs: He was played by Lyle Talbot in Batman shows, Neil Hamilton in "Batman", Bob Hastings made his voice in "", he was played by Pat Hingle in four Batman movies; "Batman", "Batman Returns", "Batman Forever", and in "Batman & Robin", and he was recently played by Gary Oldman in "The Dark Knight Trilogy"; "Batman Begins", "The Dark Knight", and in "The Dark Knight Rises". He was voiced by Ray Wise in "" and by Héctor Elizondo in "The Lego Batman Movie". He was played by J. K. Simmons in the 2017 movie "Justice League". He will be played by Jeffrey Wright in the 2022 movie "The Batman".


title: Alfred Pennyworth

paragraphs: Alfred Pennyworth is a fictional character. He is Batman's loyal butler and assistant who helps him complete his missions. He took care of Bruce Wayne when he was a child after his parents were killed. Pennyworth gives Batman all the information he needs and the location where villains are held at. He has a British accent.

paragraphs: He was played by Alan Napier and by Ian Abercrombie in television shows. He was voiced by Clive Revill and by Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. in "" and was voiced by Ralph Fiennes in "The Lego Batman Movie". In 2016, he was voiced by Brian George in "". In movies, he was played by Michael Gough, Sir Michael Caine, and Jeremy Irons, and will soon be played by Andy Serkis.


title: Bane (comics)

paragraphs: Bane is a fictional Batman character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by Chuck Dixon, Doug Moench, and Graham Nolan, he made his debut in "Batman: Vengeance of Bane" #1 (January 1993). Bane is a supervillain who appears in the Batman comics. He is physically strong and wears a Mexican wrestlers mask. He has a tube that connects from his body to a chemical tank that is strapped to his suit that keeps him strong. He is one of Batman's most physical and smarter villains credited to be the only character in comic books who has broken the bat, both physically and mentally.

paragraphs: He is played by Jeep Swanson in "Batman & Robin" and by Tom Hardy in "The Dark Knight Rises". In "Batman & Robin", Bane appears like in the comics with a Mexican wrestling mask, but doesn't talk. In "The Dark Knight Rises", Bane has a mask that only covers the front of his mouth and nose, his eyes can be seen and he had a muffled voice with a Caribbean accent.


title: Catwoman

paragraphs: Catwoman or Selina Kyle is a fictional Batman character who appears in comic books by DC Comics. She is sometimes a villain or Batman's assistant in fighting crime. She is sometimes called "Batman's girlfriend" because of her love-hate with Batman. Catwoman wears leather clothing and has a whip.

paragraphs: She is played by Lee Meriwether, Julie Newmar, Eartha Kitt, Michelle Pfeiffer, Halle Berry, Anne Hathaway in "The Dark Knight Rises", Camren Bicondova in "Gotham" and will be played by Zoë Kravitz in "The Batman".


title: Ra's al Ghul

paragraphs: Ra's al Ghul is a fictional character in the Batman franchise appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. He is a supervillain, and he was Bruce Wayne's trainer. He is the leader of the League of Shadows, which is an organization based on correcting the corruption in the world by ways of fear and hostility. Bruce destroyed their temple after he is made aware of their true intention of destroying Gotham City.

paragraphs: Ghul is one of the smartest and most physically skilled villains in the Batman universe. He also trained Bane. Ghul is the father of one of Batman's love interests: Talia al Ghul. He was played by Liam Neeson and by Ken Watanabe (decoy) in "Batman Begins". Neeson later had a small role as Ra's in "The Dark Knight Rises" , Talia appears in. David Warner is his voice actor in "".


title: Yawar Hayat Khan

paragraphs: Yawar Hayat Khan (born 18th October 1943- died 3rd November 2016), was a senior former producer and director of the Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV) and one of the early founders and creative entities of this channel from 1964-65 onwards, when its serialized dramas were immensely popular in Pakistan.

paragraphs: Khan was born in Lahore, in October 1943 and educated at the Aitchison College and the Forman Christian College, there.

paragraphs: In November 1964, the Pakistan Television Corporation made its first test-transmission from Lahore, and in that same year Khan was selected as a trainee with the fledgling state TV channel.

paragraphs: In 1967, he was transferred back to Lahore, and it is at the Lahore TV studios that he produced his best work. Khan's first major dramatic success came when he directed the immensely popular rural folk drama "Jhok Siyaal" (1973). This was followed by "Waris" (1978–79) and then a host of hit serials such as "Bandaar Jaati aur Mamta", "Samandar", "Nasheman", "Dehleez", "Sahil", "Lazawaal" and others, between the 1980s and 1990s.

paragraphs: Khan retired from active television service in 2004. He died in Lahore, on 3rd November 2016, after a prolonged illness.


title: Grant Park

paragraphs: Grant Park is a large city park that is in Chicago, Illinois in the Chicago Loop. The Park has some special tourist attractions such as Buckingham Fountain, Millennium Park, Cloude Gate, and the Museum Campus that holds many of Chicago's museums. The Park was originally named Lake Park until it was renamed after the 18th President of the United States and Civil War hero Ulysses S. Grant on October 9, 1901. Lollapalooza Music Festival and Taste of Chicago are held in the Park.


title: Buckingham Fountain

paragraphs: Buckingham Fountain is a landmark that is in the center of Grant Park in Chicago, Illinois. The fountain was finished in 1927 and was one of the largest fountains in the world. The fountain was also one of the first large fountains during that time. The fountain is in the eastern part from Route 66.


title: 10239 Hermann

paragraphs: 10239 Hermann (1998 TY30) is a main-belt asteroid.


title: Biblical inerrancy

paragraphs: Biblical inerrancy is the doctrine that the Bible in its original manuscripts, is accurate and totally free from error. "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact". Some equate "inerrancy" with "infallibility"; others do not.

paragraphs: In 1978, 300 scholars and Protestant leaders met in Chicago and produced an agreed statement. It states the Bible is ' of infallible divine authority in all matters upon which it touches...'. Most Evangelical Christians agree with this view, but Liberal Christians do not.

paragraphs: Jesus himself quotes the Old Testament often without question (see Gospel of Matthew 5:17-20), but Judaism has never believed in the literal word of the Hebrew Bible.

paragraphs: There are over 5,600 Greek manuscripts containing all or part of the New Testament, as well as over 10,000 Latin manuscripts, and perhaps 500 other manuscripts in various other languages. Additionally, there are the Patristic writings which contain copious quotes, across the early centuries, of the scriptures. Inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors), rather than the copies. For instance, the Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture."


title: Independent Catholic churches

paragraphs: Independent Catholic Churches is the name for a few Christian churches which say that they have the traditions of the Catholic Church, but who are not recognised by the Holy See. Almost all of them say that their bishops have apostolic succession, that is that their legitimacy comes from an apostle. The first of these churches was the Old Catholic Church, who did not agree that the pope was infallible, in religious matters. This was agreed at the First Vatican Council in 1870. Most of the independent Catholic churches split from the Old Catholic church. A notable exception is the Society of St. Pius X, a grouping of traditionalist priests, founded in the 1970s.

paragraphs: Communities such as the Eastern Orthodox, the Oriental Orthodox Church, or the Coptic Orthodox Church do not have the problem of recognition, as they are at least partially recognised by the Roman Catholic Church. Most Independent Catholic Churches were created after 1870.


title: Battle of Cambrai

paragraphs: The Battle of Cambrai was an important battle in the First World War. It took place near Cambrai, and lasted from 20th November to 7th December 1917. This battle was the first in the war, where tanks were used on a large scale. Cambrai was important because it was a railroad hub. In total, about 95.000 people where killed or captured. The battle did not result in a gain of territory of either side. Cambrai lay on the Hindenburg Line. That part of the Hindenburg line between Arras and Soissons was known as "Siegfried Line"


title: Indian Mujahideen

paragraphs: Indian Mujahideen is a terrorist group, which has carried out several attacks in India. The group may be related to Students Islamic Movement of India. The Student Islamic Movement of India may be involved in several terrorist organisations, and is therefore banned. Indian Mujahideen said they carried out the Jaipur bombings of 2008. The leader is Abdul Subhan Qureshi.


title: Bhopal State

paragraphs: Bhopal State (pronounced ) was an independent state of 18th century India. It was founded in 1723. It was a princely state of the British Raj from 1818 to 1947. It was an independent country from 1947 to 1949. At first, the capital was Islamnagar. Later the capital moved to the city of Bhopal.

paragraphs: Bhopal was the second largest Muslim state in pre-independence India, after Hyderabad. Between 1819 and 1926, it was ruled by four women – Begums – unique in the royalty of those days. Qudsia Begum was the first woman ruler, who was succeeded by her only daughter Sikandar Begum, who in turn was succeeded by her only daughter, Shahjehan Begum. Jahan Begum was the last woman ruler, who after 25 years of rule, abdicated in favour of her son, Nawab Sir Hamidullah Khan. The rule of Begums gave the city its waterworks, railways, a postal system and a municipality constituted in 1907. The peaceful rule of Begums led to the rise of a unique mixed culture in Bhopal. The Hindus were given important administrative positions in the state. This led to communal peace and a cosmopolitan culture took its roots.


title: Cassius Fairchild

paragraphs: Cassius Fairchild (December 16, 1829-October 24, 1868) was a Wisconsin businessman, politician, and military officer. he was born in Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent, Ohio). Fairchild was educated mostly in Ohio. His father was Jairus C. Fairchild, who was the first Treasurer of Wisconsin and the first Mayor of Madison, Wisconsin. His brother was Lucius Fairchild, Governor of Wisconsin. He moved to Wisconsin and managed his family's cranberry and lumber businesses. He also managed their rental properties. Fairchild was elected to the Madison, Wisconsin Common Council where he served as president. He also served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. At the time of the American Civil War, Fairchild enlisted in the Union Army becoming a colonel in the 16th Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Fairchild was badly wounded in the Battle of Shiloh, and eventually died of his wounds.


title: Whiskey Tjukangku

paragraphs: Whiskey Tjukangku is an Australian Aboriginal artist from South Australia. He paints for Iwantja Arts, the community co-operative at Indulkana on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people, and a " (traditional healer). One of his works was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2012. His brother, Barney Wangin, is also an artist.

paragraphs: Tjukangku was born around 1939, in the bush near Umuwa in north-western South Australia. The name "Whiskey" was given to him by one of his friends when he was a young boy. It is said that Tjukangku took this name because he could not pronounce his own Aboriginal name.

paragraphs: Tjukangku grew up at the mission in Ernabella and at De Rose Hill, a cattle station located along the Stuart Highway. He never went to school. As a child, he was taught about working with horses and cattle at De Rose Hill. By the time he was a teenager, Tjukangku began working for the station as a jackaroo, mustering cattle. He worked as a stockman for many years, on several stations throughout central Australia. He worked for a long time on the land of the Arrernte people (in the Northern Territory), which he depicts in many of his works. When he was older, he moved back south, closer to his homeland (where he and his family were born). He settled at Indulkana, and has lived there ever since.

paragraphs: Tjukangku was one of the first men to begin painting at Indulkana, and was one of the original members of Iwantja Arts. In addition to painting, he also does printmaking using the intaglio method (cutting designs into wooden objects). Beginning in his early 70s, Tjukangku is reported to suffer from dementia. He still works as a full-time artist, however, and makes an average of one or two artworks per week.

paragraphs: His artworks depict personal reflections on his travels and experiences in the central Australian desert. It is often just memories, about where he used to work or a place he fondly remembers. This is different to most traditional Yankunytjatjara artists, who usually paint about their " (Dreaming). A common motif featured in Tjukangku's artworks is "puṉu" (wood that is used for making traditional tools and objects). This is often both his subject and his medium. Objects in his artworks are often more figurative (realistic) than in most Western Desert art, but still contain elements and shapes that are very clearly abstract. Tjukangku paints in natural earthy tones, using rich shades of red, browns, ochres and black. He uses fields and lines of white dots to highlight shapes and movement.

paragraphs: Tjukangku's work has been featured in group shows at major galleries since 2010. He held his first solo exhibition in April–May 2011, in Alice Springs. He held a second solo show at the same venue the next year, in July–August 2012. One of the works exhibited at his first solo show was bought by the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Other works by Tjukangku are held in several of Australia's major private galleries. Some of his earliest prints are displayed in the South Australian Museum.


title: Issei

paragraphs: The character and uniqueness of the "Issei" is recognized in its social history.

paragraphs: The earliest organized group of Japanese emigrants settled in Mexico in 1897.

paragraphs: Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community established by the "Issei" has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other "Issei" established themselves in the United States, Canada, and Peru.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country. Other terns like "Nisei" were modeled after this "Issei" pattern or template.

paragraphs: The term "Nikkei" (日系) was created by sociologists in the late 20th century. The "Nikkei" include all of the world's Japanese immigrants and their descendants.

paragraphs: The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Their children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren and great-great-grandchildren grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

paragraphs: Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan.

paragraphs: The "Issei," "Nisei" and "Sansei" generations reflect distinctly different attitudes to authority, gender, non-Japanese involvement, and religious practice, and other matters.


title: Clavering

paragraphs: Clavering is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 1156 people living in Clavering. It has a church called St Mary & St Clement.


title: Elmdon

paragraphs: Elmdon is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 522 people living in Elmdon. It has a church called St Nicholas.


title: Great Easton

paragraphs: Great Easton is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 797 people living in Great Easton. It has a church called St John & St Giles.


title: Nisei

paragraphs: The character and uniqueness of the "Nisei" is recognized in its social history.

paragraphs: Imigration to Brazil began in 1908. Today, the community which grew from the "Nisei" children has become the largest Japanese emigrant population outside of Japan, including approximately 1.5 million Brazilians. Other communities of "Nisei" grew up in the United States, Canada, and Peru.

paragraphs: The use of the term "Nisei" was modeled after an "Issei" pattern or template. In the 1930s, the term "Issei" came into common use. The word replaced the term "immigrant" ("ijusha"). This change in usage mirrored an evolution in the way the "Issei" looked at themselves. The label "Issei" also included the idea of belonging to the new country.

paragraphs: The "Issei" were born in Japan, and their cultural perspective was primarily Japanese; but they were in America by choice. Their "Nisei" sons and daughters grew up with a national and cultural point-of-view that was different from their parents.

paragraphs: Although the "Issei" kept an emotional connection with Japan, they created homes in a country far from Japan. The "Nisei" had never known a country other than the one into which they were born.


title: Littlebury

paragraphs: Littlebury is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 802 people living in Littlebury. It has a church called Holy Trinity.


title: Aluminium iodide

paragraphs: Aluminium iodide is any chemical compound made up of only aluminium and iodine. It is formed by the reaction of aluminium and iodine, or the action of hydrogen iodide on aluminium metal.


title: Galveston, Texas

paragraphs: Galveston is a city on Galveston Island in the U.S. state of Texas. , the city had 47,743 people. The city is the county seat of Galveston County. It is well known for a hurricane in 1900.

paragraphs: The city is about 45  miles (72 km) southeast of downtown Houston.


title: Xerochrysum bracteatum

paragraphs: Xerochrysum bracteatum is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae and comes from Australia. In English, the plant is usually called golden everlasting or strawflower. It grows as a woody or leafy perennial or annual shrub. Depending on the type it can get up to a meter (3 ft) tall.

paragraphs: The golden everlasting serves as food for different kinds of larvae (caterpillars) of butterflies, moths and skippers. Adult butterflies, hoverflies, native bees, small beetles and grasshoppers visit the flower heads.

paragraphs: The golden everlasting is easy to grow. Annual varieties in a host of color forms are available.

paragraphs: The Golden everlasting occurs in all Australian mainland states and territories as well as Tasmania. It is quite common and can be found from North Queensland across to Western Australia.

paragraphs: It occurs in all habitats except those that are in dense shade. It grows as an annual in patches of red sand in Central Australia, responding rapidly to bouts of rainfall to complete its life cycle. It is common among granite outcrops in southwest Western Australia, and is found on heavier and more fertile soils in the Sydney region, such as basalt-, shale- or limestone-based soils, generally in areas with a high water table. It has been reported growing in disturbed soil, along roadsides and in fields in the New England region in the United States.

paragraphs: The brightly colored bracts act as petals to attract insects such as hoverflies, native bees and small beetles that pollinate the florets. Grasshoppers also visit the flower heads. The caterpillars of "Tebenna micalis" have been recorded on this species, as have those of the Australian painted lady ("Vanessa kershawi"). The tiny fruits are dispersed by wind, and germinate and grow after fire or on disturbed ground.

paragraphs: The water mould (oomycete) "Bremia lactucae" has infected commercial crops in Italy and California. In 2002 on the Ligurian coast, widespread infection of several varieties, most severely 'Florabella Pink' and to a lesser extent 'Florabella Gold' and 'Florabella White', resulted in leaf blistering and the development of lesions on the leaves, and white patches on the undersides, particularly in areas of poor ventilation. There was an outbreak of downy mildew in a crop of the "Golden everlasting" in San Mateo County, California in 2006, in which the leaves developed large chlorotic lesions. A "Phytoplasma" infection damaged "X. bracteatum" crops in the Czech Republic between 1994 and 2001, causing poor growth, bronzing of the leaves and malformation of flower heads. Genetically, the pathogen was indistinguishable from the agent of aster yellows. The root-knot nematode ("Meloidogyne incognita") attacks and forms galls on the roots, which leads to the death of the plant.

paragraphs: The "Golden everlasting" had been introduced to farming in England by 1791. German horticulturist Herren Ebritsch obtained material and developed it at his nursery in Arnstadt near Erfurt in Germany. He bred and sold varieties of many colors from bronze to white to purple, which spread across Europe in the 1850s. The bracts of these early forms tended to remain cupped around the flower head rather than flatten out like the native Australian forms. These were also annual rather than perennial forms. Many were given names such as 'atrococcineum' (dark scarlet flower heads), 'atrosanguineum' (dark blood-red flower heads), 'aureum' (golden yellow flower heads), 'bicolor' (red-tipped yellow flower heads), 'compositum' (large multicolored flower heads), 'macranthum' (large rose-edged white flower heads), and 'monstrosum' (flower heads with many bracts), although today they are generally sold in mixed seed for growing as annuals. Some colored forms of South African "Helichrysum" are thought to have been introduced to the breeding program, which resulted in the huge array of colors. The "Golden everlasting" was one of several species that became popular with European royalty and nobility from the early 19th century, yet were little noticed in Australia until the 1860s, when they became more prominent in Australian gardens.

paragraphs: Most varieties started in Australia in the latter part of the 20th century are perennials. 'Dargan Hill Monarch' was the first of these, and many more have followed. Profusely flowering, these come in many colors including white, yellow, orange, bronze, pink and red. Their commercial lifespan is generally around three years. Queensland-based company Aussie Winners has a range of compact plants ranging from orange to white known as Sundaze. Plants of this series usually have larger leaves. This range won the "Gran premio d'oro" at the Euroflora exposition in Geneva in 2001, for the best new plant series in the previous three years. 'Florabella Gold', a member of the Florabella series, won the award for best new pot plant (vegetative) in the Society of American Florists' competition of 1999. The Wallaby variety of the flower range of taller forms with narrow leaves and white, yellow or pink flowers. Other commercial ranges include the Nullarbor series, and Queensland Federation daisies, including 'Wanetta Sunshine' and 'Golden Nuggets'.

paragraphs: The "Golden everlasting" are easy to grow both from seeds and from cuttings, although named varieties will only grow true from cuttings. Fresh seed germinates in 3 to 20 days and requires no special care. Plants grow best in acidic, well-aerated, soils of pH 5.5 to 6.3, with low levels of phosphorus. They are sensitive to iron deficiency, which shows on the plant as yellowing (chlorosis) of the youngest leaves while the leaf veins remain green.

paragraphs: The "Golden everlasting" can be grown in large pots or window boxes. It also makes a good starting plant in the garden before other plants become more established. Lower growing varieties are suitable for hanging baskets and border plantings. The flowers attract butterflies to the garden. Dried flowers are long lasting—up to some years—and are used in floral arrangements and the cut flower industry. More robust longer stemmed forms are used for commercial cut flowers. The main factor limiting lifespan of dried flowers is the wilting of stems, so flowers are sometimes wired into arrangements. Immersing flowers in glycerol or polyethylene glycol also lengthens lifespan.


title: Lockdown (TV series)

paragraphs: Lockdown is a television series. It is on the National Geographic Channel. The series is about prisons and jails in the United States. It is shown in a documentary format. "Lockdown" is known in some regions as America's Hardest Prisons.


title: Eiichiro Oda

paragraphs: Oda was born in Kumamoto in Kumamoto Prefecture. At age 4, he wanted to be a manga artist.

paragraphs: In 1997, "One Piece" was published in "Weekly Shōnen Jump".


title: Japan Gold Disc Award

paragraphs: The Japan Gold Disc Awards (日本ゴールドディスク大賞) are honors which are promoted by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ). The awards recognize CD music sales in Japan.

paragraphs: It is made much of the number of the downloading and sales.

paragraphs: There are many prizes such as "Single of the Year"' and "Album of the Year" or "Artists of the Year".


title: Étienne Pierre Ventenat

paragraphs: Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1 March 1757 – 13 August 1808) was a French botanist born in Limoges. He was the brother of naturalist Louis Ventenat (1765–1794).

paragraphs: Ventenat took a trip to England while he was employed as director of the ecclesiastic library Sainte-Geneviève in Paris. While in England, he visited the country's botanical gardens. This inspired him to pursue a career in science. Later he studied under and worked with a botanist named Charles Louis L'Héritier de Brutelle (1746–1800). In 1795, he was elected a member of the "Institut national des sciences et des arts". They later changed their name to be the "Académie des sciences".

paragraphs: In 1794 he wrote a treatise on the principles of botany. It was called "Principes de botanique, expliqués au Lycée républicain par Ventenat". It did not receive much interest when it was released, and Ventenat became so disappointed that he reportedly made efforts to buy all copies of the book and have them destroyed. In 1798 he published a French translation of Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's "Genera plantarum" as "Tableau du règne végétal selon la méthode de Jussieu". In his translation of the work, Ventenat added information about the properties and uses of plants.

paragraphs: In 1799 he published "Description des plantes nouvelles et peu connues, cultivées dans le jardin de J.-M. Cels". This book described plants in the botanical garden of Jacques Philippe Martin Cels (1740–1806). In 1803 he published "Le Jardin de la Malmaison" because Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) asked him to write it. He wanted to make sure the rare species of plants found in the gardens and greenhouses of Château de Malmaison were remembered forever. The pictures and drawings in the two aforementioned works were performed by famed botanical artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840). Ventenat is also credited with continuing the work on Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard's "Histoire des champignons de la France". This was a landmark (very important) work on mushrooms native to France.


title: Bract

paragraphs: In botany, a bract is a modified leaf, especially one associated with a flower or inflorescence. Bracts are usually different from normal leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of a different color, shape, or texture. Usually, they also look different from the parts of the flower, such as the petals and/or sepals.

paragraphs: Some bracts are brightly colored like petals, and attract pollinators like bees. Examples of this type of bract include "Euphorbia pulcherrima" (poinsettia) and "Bougainvillea": both of these have large colorful bracts surrounding much smaller, less colorful flowers.

paragraphs: In grasses, each floret (flower) is enclosed in a pair of papery bracts, while each spikelet (group of florets) has a further pair of bracts at its base called glumes. These bracts are the chaff removed from cereal grain during threshing and winnowing.

paragraphs: A prophyll is a leaf-like structure, such as a bracteole, subtending a single flower or pedicel. The term can also mean the lower bract on a peduncle.

paragraphs: The frequently showy pair of bracts of "Euphorbia" species in subgenus "Lacanthis" are the cyathophylls.

paragraphs: Bracts subtend the cone scales in the seed cones of many conifers, and in some cases, such as "Pseudotsuga", they extend beyond the cone scales.

paragraphs: Bracts that appear in a whorl under an inflorescence are called an involucre. An involucre is a common feature beneath the inflorescences of many Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Dipsacaceae and Polygonaceae. Each flower in an inflorescence may have its own whorl of bracts. Many asteraceous plants have bracts at the base of each inflorescence.

paragraphs: The term involucre is also used for a highly conspicuous bract or bract pair at the base of an inflorescence.

paragraphs: An epicalyx, an additional whorl around the calyx of a single flower, is a modification of bracteoles. In other words, the epicalyx is a "group of bracts resembling a calyx" or "bracteoles forming a whorl outer to the calyx". It is a calyx-like extra whorl of floral appendages. They are present in family "Malvaceae", the "Hibiscus" family. "Fragaria" (strawberries) may or may not have an epicalyx.

paragraphs: A "spathe" is a large bract that forms a sheath to enclose the flower cluster of certain plants such as palms, arums, and dayflowers. In many arums (Araceae family), the spathe is petal-like, attracting pollinators to the flowers arranged on a type of spike called a spadix.


title: Kyūdō

paragraphs: "Kyūdō" is based on ancient archery ("kyū-jutsu"). Archery in Japanese began in the Jōmon period; and it developed in the samurai or military class. At the beginning of the Meiji era (1868-1912), the samurai lost their position because the Emperor Meiji replaced the Tokugawa family, the samurai, as a ruler of the nation. Therefore, all martial arts, including kyudo, declined. Before the Meiji Restoration, only the military class was allowed to do "Kyūdō". But after it, ordinally people could also do archery, so it spread outside the military class and it became an amusement. Now, All Japan Kyudo Federation plays a role in the promotion of kyudo as a sport.

paragraphs: There are many styles, but most of kyudo players are learning the technique ruled by All Japan Kyudo Federation ("Shaho-Hassetsu"). In most cases, style means the kind of movement (called "Taihai").

paragraphs: This is a major style and is known as the style of mannar. Most of the kyudo players play based on it.

paragraphs: This style places importance on hitting and power.

paragraphs: This style is derived from Heki style and Ogasawara style.

paragraphs: There are the Eight Stages of Shooting (Shaho-Hassetsu); which is a fundamental movement.

paragraphs: The equipment of "kyūdō" has evolved from ancient times.

paragraphs: is the Japanese term for the bows used in "kyūdō".

paragraphs: "Yumi" is traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather. But, recently, many "yumi" are made from fiberglass and carbon fiber. They are cheaper than those made of bamboo. Generally, there are two sizes. One is "nami" and the other is "nobi". "Nobi" is longer than "Nami".

paragraphs: is the Japanese term for the arrows of "kyūdō". The arrow's shaft is traditionally made of bamboo. Recently, many shafts are made of aluminum or carbon fibers. The traditional is made with three fins or of eagle or hawk feathers. The modern "ya" may be made with turkey or swan feathers.

paragraphs: People wear special clothes called "Kyūdōgi" when they practice kyudo or play a game.

paragraphs: In a formal place, people wear "Wahuku".


title: Château de Malmaison

paragraphs: The Château de Malmaison () is a country house (or château) in the city of Rueil-Malmaison about 12 km (7 mi) from Paris.

paragraphs: It was formerly the residence of Joséphine de Beauharnais. With the Tuileries it was the headquarters of the French government from 1800 to 1802.

paragraphs: Joséphine de Beauharnais bought the manor house in April 1797 for herself and her husband, General Napoléon Bonaparte. The future Napoléon I of France was at that time away fighting the Egyptian Campaign. Malmaison was a run-down estate, seven miles (12 km) west of central Paris that encompassed nearly of woods and meadows.

paragraphs: When he came back from Egypt, Bonaparte was angry at Joséphine for buying such an expensive house. She had expected him to bring back a lot of money from the Egyptian campaign. She had paid well over 300,000 francs for the house and it needed extensive renovations. She spent a lot of money fixing it. Malmaison would bring great happiness to the Bonapartes. Joséphine's daughter, Hortense would call it "a delicious spot".

paragraphs: Joséphine worked hard to transform the large estate into "the most beautiful and curious garden in Europe. She wanted it to be a model of good cultivation". She located rare and exotic plants and animals to enhance the gardens. Joséphine wrote: "I wish that Malmaison may soon become the source of riches for all [of France]"...

paragraphs: In 1800, Joséphine built a heated orangery large enough for 300 pineapple plants. Five years later she ordered the building of a greenhouse. It was heated by a dozen coal-burning stoves. From 1803 until her death in 1814 she cultivated nearly 200 new plants in France for the first time.

paragraphs: The property became famous for its rose garden. Empress Joséphine had the Belgian artist Pierre-Joseph Redouté (1759–1840) record her roses (and lilies). Prints of these works sell quite well, even today. She created an extensive collection of rose. She gathered plants from her native Martinique and from other places around the world. She grew some 250 varieties of roses. From the foreword to "Jardin de la Malmaison" (1803):

paragraphs: Birds and animals of all sorts began to fill her garden. They were allowed to roam free among the grounds. At the height of her days at Malmaison, Joséphine had the company of kangaroos, emus, black swans, zebras, sheep, gazelles, ostriches, chamois, a seal, antelopes and llamas to name a few. Some were from the Baudin expedition.

paragraphs: After her divorce from Napoléon, Joséphine received Malmaison in her own right, along with a pension of 5 million francs a year, and remained there until her death in 1814. After his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 Napoléon returned to the house before his exile to the island of Saint Helena.

paragraphs: In 1842 Malmaison was purchased by Maria Christina, widow of King Ferdinand VII of Spain; she lived there with her second husband Agustín Fernando Muñoz, 1st Duke of Riánsares. In 1861 Maria Christina sold the property to Napoleon III.

paragraphs: Malmaison has been restored by the French famous architect Pierre Humbert in the early 20th century.

paragraphs: The public can visit the manor house as a Napoleonic "musée national". The museum lies on RN 13 ("route nationale" 13) from Paris and bus 258 from RER A "Grande Arche" station.


title: Xerochrysum

paragraphs: Xerochrysum (or "Bracteantha") is a type or genus of flowering plants native to Australia. It was defined by Russian botanist Nikolai Tzvelev in 1990. It was identified before (and taking precedence over) "Bracteantha" which was described the following year. A 2002 molecular study of the tribe Gnaphalieae found the genus is likely polyphyletic, with "X. bracteatum" and "X. viscosum" removed from each other.

paragraphs: There are currently 7 recognized species:

paragraphs: The genus was formerly included in "Helichrysum".


title: Henry Charles Andrews

paragraphs: Henry Cranke Andrews (fl. 1794 - 1830), was an English botanist, and an artist who illustrated plants. As he always published as Henry C. Andrews, and due to difficulty finding records, the C. was referred to as Charles, from 1961 until a record of his marriage registration was found in 2017.

paragraphs: He lived in Knightsbridge. He was married to the daughter of John Kennedy of Hammersmith, a nurseryman who helped Andrews to write descriptions of the plants he illustrated.

paragraphs: Andrews was a good and unusual botanical artist. He was not only an artist, but also engraver, colorist, and publisher in a time when most artists were only employed to make small drawings. The "Botanist's Repository" was his first publication. It was issued in London in a series of ten volumes between 1797 and 1812. It provided affordable images of plants to the growing population of amateur gardeners in Britain.

paragraphs: The Kew publication, "Curtis's Botanical Magazine", wrote that Andrews' work was very accurate. Andrews' images have a more artistic appeal compared to the publications of his rival, which were focused more on scientific descriptions.


title: Talia al Ghul

paragraphs: Talia al Ghul is a fictional Batman character who is the daughter of Ra's al Ghul. Ghul might be a villain that might want to either finish his father's work or to avenge his death. She may sometimes help Batman to stop his father's work. She is the mother of Bruce Wayne's son, Damian Wayne.

paragraphs: Marion Cotillard played Talia in "The Dark Knight Rises", but she had a fake name "Miranda Tate" and was the chairman of Wayne Enterprises.


title: Guckkasten

paragraphs:
Guckkasten (Hangul: 국카스텐) is a South Korean Indie rock group that is known for psychedelic music. The members are Ha Hyun-woo (Hangul: 하현우, vocal), Jeon Kyu-ho (Hangul: 전규호), Lee Jung-gil (Hangul: 이정길) and Kim Ki-bum (Hangul: 김기범). The group formed in 2003 and their band was called "The C.O.M" at the time.
 In 2007, they renamed their band "Guckkasten," a German word that means "Chinese-style kaleidoscope". The renaming of the band as "Guckkasten" was to reflect how their psychedelic music is like looking through a Chinese-style kaleidoscope with its beautiful and constantly changing pictures.
This band tries to express their experimental mindset by playing music like psychedelic videos hidden under an analogous style.

paragraphs: Lee Jung-gil and Ha Hyun-woo started a school band together. After quitting school, they moved to Seoul. Then they scouted Jeon Kyu-ho through the Internet and started a band "New Unbalance".

paragraphs: In 2003, they realigned their members and created a band named "The C.O.M". However, "The C.O.M" broke up that year after the "Ssamji sound festival".

paragraphs: Then in 2007, they formed the band again, but changed the name to "Guckkasten," a German word for Chinese-style kaleidoscope. A year later, in 2008, Kim Ki-bum joined the band.

paragraphs: Since then, they have performed as the band "Guckkasten" and never looked back.

paragraphs: The music of Guckkasten can be classified as psychedelic. They try to express their music as psychedelic videos which is hidden under analogue.It is because their music is inspired by Hague's piece called Art and Fire. Although their music can be classified as psychedelic music in some points, their genre can't be defined clearly. Their music is expressed in various ways and the songs are very changeable.They are skilled guitar players, and their sound is guitar focused. But they have said that this will change on their 2nd album.


title: Tjungkara Ken

paragraphs: Tjungkara Ken (born 1 October 1969) is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Amaṯa, South Australia. She began painting in 1997, when Minymaku Arts was opened by the women of Amaṯa. She started doing it professionally (as a job) in 2008. By that time, the artists' co-operative had been renamed to Tjala Arts.

paragraphs: Ken's paintings depict stories and figures from her personal ' (Dreaming), the spirituality that is associated with her ancestor's homeland. Her father is from the country around Amaṯa and Walitjara, and Ken most often depicts this country and its ' in her paintings. She also illustrates her mother's country, which is further west, near Irrunytju.

paragraphs: Ken's paintings have been featured in group exhibitions in many of Australia's major cities. Some of her work was also part of an exhibition in Graz, Austria in 2002. One of her paintings, titled " – My Country", was chosen as a finalist for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award in 2010. It was bought by a private collector. Another of Ken's works, a painting depicting the "" (Seven Sisters Dreaming), was chosen by the Art Gallery of South Australia as the winner of its "Desert Country" competition in 2011. The exhibition featured works by several artists from across the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, including Maringka Baker, Nura Rupert and Jimmy Baker.

paragraphs: Examples of Ken's work are shown in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Queensland Gallery of Modern Art, and the National Gallery of Australia. It is also held in several major private galleries in Australia.


title: Neo-impressionism

paragraphs: Neo-impressionism is a term coined by a French art critic in 1886 to describe an art movement founded by Georges Seurat. Seurat’s greatest masterpiece, "A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte", marked the beginning of this movement when it appeared at an exhibition of the "Société des Artistes Indépendants" in Paris.

paragraphs: Around this time, many painters were in search of new methods. Followers of neo-impressionism were drawn to modern urban scenes as well as landscapes and seashores. Science-based interpretation of lines and colours influenced neo-impressionists’ characterization of their own contemporary art.

paragraphs: Pointillism is often mentioned, because it was the dominant technique in the beginning of the movement.

paragraphs: The art critic Félix Fénéon first used the term neo-impressionism in an article he wrote for the Belgian journal "L’art Moderne" in 1886. With the term he wanted to show that the way Seurat painted was different from the ways painting was done in Impressionism. In total, the movement lasted about five years.


title: Crowns of Silla

paragraphs: The crowns of Silla are golden crowns made in the Korean kingdom of Silla. They were made roughly during the 5th and 6th centuries. These crowns were excavated in Gyeongju, the ancient capital of Silla. They are part of the national treasures of South Korea.


title: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon

paragraphs: Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) studied fungus who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.

paragraphs: Persoon was born in South Africa at the Cape of Good Hope. He was the third child of an immigrant Pomeranian father and Dutch mother. His mother died soon after he was born; at the age of thirteen his father (who died a year later) sent him to Europe for his education.

paragraphs: He started his education studying theology at Halle. In 1784 at the age 22 Persoon switched to medicine at Leiden and Göttingen. He received a doctorate from the "Kaiserlich-Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher" in 1799.

paragraphs: He moved to Paris in 1802 where he spent the rest of his life. He rented an upper floor of a house in a poor part of town. In his later life he was unemployed, unmarried, poor and kept to himself. He did correspond with botanists throughout Europe however. Because of his financial difficulties, Persoon agreed to donate his herbarium to the House of Orange, in return for an adequate pension for life.

paragraphs: The origin of Persoon's botanical interest is unknown. The earliest of his writings was "Abbildungen der Schwämme" (Illustrations of the fungi). It was published in three parts. The first was published in 1790. The second in 1791. The third was published and 1793. Between 1805 and 1807, he published two volumes of his "Synopsis plantarum". This was a popular work describing 20,000 species of all types of plants. But his pioneering work was in fungi. He wrote several things related to mushrooms and other forms of fungi. Beginning with the "Synopsis methodica fungorum" (1801); it is the starting point for nomenclature of the Uredinales, Ustilaginales, and the Gasteromycetes. In 1815, he was elected a corresponding member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraphs: The genus "Persoonia" is a variety of small Australian trees and shrubs and was named after him.


title: Nura Rupert

paragraphs: Nura Rupert is an Australian Aboriginal artist from north-west South Australia. She produces her works using intaglio methods of printmaking. The designs are drawn by etching and linocutting, and the prints are done on paper.

paragraphs: Nura was born about 1933, in north-western South Australia. The place of her birth is a rock hole called Tjitapiti, which is northeast of Nyapaṟi, and close to what is now the outstation of Angatja. Nura was a "bush baby" (she was born in the bush), and her family lived a traditional, nomadic way of life in the desert around Angatja. Nura was a baby when her parents and elder brother settled at Ernabella, which was a Presbyterian mission at the time.

paragraphs: Nura worked in crafts from a young age. Growing up at the mission, she learned weaving and knitting to make rugs and clothes. She also learned to make artistic objects from wood carving and poker work. She began painting around 2000, producing acrylic paintings on canvases. She started using printmaking techniques a few years later.

paragraphs: Most of Nura's designs depict stories from her childhood. They are usually images of children or animals, such as dingos and goats, but she is best known for her depictions of "" (spirits). These are from traditional Pitjantjatjara stories told to children to make sure they stay away from trouble. Her style is often described as "child-like", because the shapes are very simple and look like a child's drawings.

paragraphs: Works by Nura have been featured in exhibitions since 2000, in many of Australia's major cities and also in cities in the United Kingdom. Her work is held in several major collections, including Flinders University, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the National Gallery of Australia, the National Museum of Australia, and Parliament House in Canberra. Prints by Nura were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2006 and 2007, and the Western Australian Indigenous Art Awards in 2010.


title: Australian Plant Name Index

paragraphs: The Australian Plant Name Index (APNI) is an online database of all published names of Australian vascular plants. It covers all names, whether current names, synonyms or invalid names. It includes bibliographic and typification details, links to other resources, and data from the Census of Australian Vascular Plants divided by state. Users can also make notes and comments on other details.

paragraphs: The APNI is recognised by Australian herbaria as the official source for Australian plant descriptions. It is the core component of Australia's Virtual Herbarium, which is a collaborative project with A$10-million funding. The project is aimed at providing integrated online access to the data and specimen collections of Australia's major herbaria.

paragraphs: Originally the idea of Nancy Tyson Burbidge, it began as a four-volume printed work of 3,055 pages. It contains over 60,000 plant names. It was compiled by Arthur Chapman, and was part of the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS). In 1991 it was made available as an online database, and handed over to the Australian National Botanic Gardens. Two years later, responsibility for its maintenance has given to the newly formed Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research.


title: Cabinet making

paragraphs: Cabinet making, also spelled cabinetmaking or "cabinet-making" with a hyphen, is the use of fine woodworking skills to make cabinets and furniture.

paragraphs: Cabinetmakers learn to use the tools of the cabinet making trade.

paragraphs: There were few full-time furniture makers in England or America until the last half of the 17th century.

paragraphs: In the 18th century, some European cabinetmakers became well known. Cabinet making was an essential trade in early British North America. It was a huge money maker. They made furniture like cabinets, chairs, doors, drawers, cupboards, bed frames, tables, and many more. They used gimlets, gouges, bow saws, chisels, braces, and hacksaws to make their furniture. The wood they used was oak, maple, cypress, chestnut, and yellow pine.


title: Mantidfly

paragraphs: Mantidflies are insects in the family Mantispidae. They are small to moderate-sized insects in the order Neuroptera. There are many genera with around 400 species worldwide, especially in the tropics and subtropics. Only 5 species of "Mantispa" occur in Europe.

paragraphs: Some mantidflies are wasp mimics, but most are brownish with green, yellow and sometimes red hues.

paragraphs: They get their name from their mantis-like appearance, as their spiny "raptorial" (raptor-like) front legs are modified to catch small insect prey and are very similar to the front legs of mantids. The adults are predatory insects that are often nocturnal, and are sometimes attracted by porch lights. They have four membranous wings which may sometimes be patterned (especially in wasp mimicking species) but are usually clear. Adult mantidflies are predators of suitably sized insects, which they catch as mantids do. Mantidflies are active hunters, but as with other Neuroptera, they are cumbersome fliers.

paragraphs: Their larvae are either parasitoids or predators. Subfamily Symphrasinae larvae are parasitoids on bee, wasp or scarab beetle larvae. Larvae of the subfamily Calomantispinae are predators of small arthropods.

paragraphs: Larvae of the subfamily Mantispinae seek out female spiders or their egg sacs which they then enter; the scarab-like larvae then feed on the spider eggs, draining egg contents through a piercing/sucking tube. Then they pupate in the egg sac.


title: Tav

paragraphs: Tav, or Taw, is the twenty-second and last letter in many Semitic abjads, including Phoenician, Aramaic, Hebrew and Arabic alphabet. Its sounds like a .


title: Barney Hajiro

paragraphs: Barney Fushimi Hajiro (September 16, 1916–January 21, 2011) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

paragraphs: Hajiro was born in Hawaii to Japanese immigrant parents He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American. He grew up in a rural area. According to a friend who spoke at his funeral,

paragraphs: "As a plantation boy, he probably learned some things from his Japanese schoolteacher or principal. . . . He respected his principal and his family values. It all comes together; it builds a guy."

paragraphs: Two months after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, he joined the US Army.

paragraphs: Hajiro volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 442nd Regimental Combat Team. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

paragraphs: For his actions in October 1944, Hajiro was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hajiro's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, he was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

paragraphs: Hajiro was recommended for the Victoria Cross. He received the British Military Medal in 1948.

paragraphs: In 2004, France made him a member of the Légion d'honneur.

paragraphs: Hajiro's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in frontline fighting in eastern France in 1944. He helped attack a house, captured a numerically superior force; and without help from others, he silenced two machine gun nests.

paragraphs: Private Barney F. Hajiro distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 19, 22, and October 29, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres and Biffontaine, eastern France. Private Hajiro, while acting as a sentry on top of an embankment on October 19, 1944, in the vicinity of Bruyeres, France, rendered assistance to allied troops attacking a house 200 yards away by exposing himself to enemy fire and directing fire at an enemy strong point. He assisted the unit on his right by firing his automatic rifle and killing or wounding two enemy snipers. On October 22, 1944, he and one comrade took up an outpost security position about 50 yards to the right front of their platoon, concealed themselves, and ambushed an 18-man, heavily armed, enemy patrol, killing two, wounding one, and taking the remainder as prisoners. On October 29, 1944, in a wooded area in the vicinity of Biffontaine, France, Private Hajiro initiated an attack up the slope of a hill referred to as "Suicide Hill" by running forward approximately 100 yards under fire. He then advanced ahead of his comrades about 10 yards, drawing fire and spotting camouflaged machine gun nests. He fearlessly met fire with fire and single-handedly destroyed two machine gun nests and killed two enemy snipers. As a result of Private Hajiro's heroic actions, the attack was successful. Private Hajiro's extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit upon him, his unit, and the United States Army.


paragraphs: The Conference of European Schools for Advanced Engineering Education and Research (CESAER) is an association of engineering universities in Europe. CESAER started on the 10th of May 1990, based in Leuven, Belgium.


title: Ginger Wikilyiri

paragraphs: Ginger Nobby Wikilyiri is an Australian Aboriginal artist from Nyapaṟi, South Australia.

paragraphs: Wikilyiri was born around 1932, in the desert of north-western South Australia. The place where he was born is Kunamata, a rock hole south of what is now the community of Nyapaṟi. His father had three wives, and Wikilyiri is the son of the second wife. He has an elder sister, Wingu, who was borne to his father's first wife. Wikilyiri and his family, who are Pitjantjatjara, were all born and lived in the bush, living a traditional way of life. After settling at Ernabella, Wikilyiri worked in land management and horticulture. He worked for many years as a ranger for Uluṟu-Kata Tjuṯa National Park, living at Muṯitjulu.

paragraphs: Wikilyiri paints stories from his Dreaming, the spirituality that defines his kinship with the land. The Dreaming associated with his birth place, Kunumata, carries the "" (a kind of python) as its totem. Wikilyiri's paintings depict sacred legends about his ancestors and how they created the land around Kunumata. He also paints similar stories about Piltati, another rock hole nearby and a sacred site for Pitjantjatjara men. Pink dominates many of Wikilyiri's major paintings, which is an unusual choice of colour for the Western Desert style of art.

paragraphs: His work has been shown in major exhibitions in many cities around Australia and other countries. Examples are held in the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of South Australia, the Australian National University, and the National Gallery of Australia. Paintings by Wikilyiri were chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Awards in 2009, 2010 and 2011.


title: North Queensland

paragraphs: North Queensland or the Northern Region is the northern part of the state of Queensland in Australia. It is just south of Far North Queensland. Queensland is a massive state and is larger than many countries. The tropical northern part of it has been historically remote and undeveloped. This has resulted in a regional character and identity that is quite different to the rest of the state.

paragraphs: Townsville is the largest community in North Queensland. It is regarded as an unofficial capital. The region has a population of 231,628 and covers 80,041.5 km².

paragraphs: There is no official boundary that separates North Queensland from the rest of the state. Unofficially, its southern border is usually considered to begin south of the Mackay Region. To the north is the Far North Queensland region. The centre of the region is around Cairns. To the west west is the Gulf Country.

paragraphs: North Queensland is a coastal region. Its largest settlement is the city of Townsville, where there is a major seaport.

paragraphs: There have been many groups saying that North Queensland should become its own state.


title: Payari

paragraphs: Payari is a village in Bangladesh. It is situated in the Magura district of the Khulna Division. It is almost 14 km away from Magura Sadar Upazila. The Nabaganga river flows nearby the village.


title: Phidippus audax

paragraphs: Phidippus audax is a jumping spider that comes from North America. The spider is often called the daring jumping spider or bold jumping spider in English. A spider of this species will usually be black with white patterns on its abdomen. In younger spiders, the spots on the abdomen will be a orange, red or yellow colour, which will become white as the spider becomes older. The average size of an adult is between 13 and 20 millimetres and the male is slightly smaller than the female.


title: Mikio Hasemoto

paragraphs: Mikio Hasemoto (July 13, 1916-November 29, 1943) was a United States Army soldier. He received the Medal of Honor because of his actions in World War II.

paragraphs: Hasemoto was born at Honolulu, Hawaii. He is the son of immigrants who were born in Japan. He is a "Nisei", which means that he is a second generation Japanese-American.

paragraphs: Six months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hasemoto joined the US Army in June 1941.

paragraphs: Hasemoto volunteered to be part of the all-"Nisei" 100th Infantry Battalion. This army unit was mostly made up of Japanese Americans from Hawaii and the mainland.

paragraphs: For his actions in November 1943, Hasemoto was awarded the Army's second-highest decoration, the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC). In the 1990s, there was a review of service records of Asian Americans who received the DSC during World War II. Hasemoto's award was upgraded to the Medal of Honor. In a ceremony at the White House on June 21, 2000, his family was presented with his medal by President Bill Clinton. Twenty-one other Asian Americans also received the medal during the ceremony, but only seven of them were still alive.

paragraphs: Hasemoto's Medal of Honor recognized his conduct in fighting in central Italy in 1943. With his squad leader, he destroyed an enemy force despite having to run through heavy fire twice to retrieve new weapons

paragraphs: The words of Hasemoto's citation explain:

paragraphs: Private Mikio Hasemoto distinguished himself by extraordinary heroism in action on 29 November 1943, in the vicinity of Cerasuolo, Italy. A force of approximately 40 enemy soldiers, armed with machine guns, machine pistols, rifles, and grenades, attacked the left flank of his platoon. Two enemy soldiers with machine guns advanced forward, firing their weapons. Private Hasemoto, an automatic rifleman, challenged these two machine gunners. After firing four magazines at the approaching enemy, his weapon was shot and damaged. Unhesitatingly, he ran 10 yards to the rear, secured another automatic rifle and continued to fire until his weapon jammed. At this point, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader had killed approximately 20 enemy soldiers. Again, Private Hasemoto ran through a barrage of enemy machine gun fire to pick up an M-1 rifle. Continuing their fire, Private Hasemoto and his squad leader killed 10 more enemy soldiers. With only three enemy soldiers left, he and his squad leader charged courageously forward, killing one, wounding one, and capturing another. The following day, Private Hasemoto continued to repel enemy attacks until he was killed by enemy fire. Private Hasemoto’s extraordinary heroism and devotion to duty are in keeping with the highest traditions of military service and reflect great credit on him, his unit, and the United States Army.


title: Nicholas Marcellus Hentz

paragraphs: Nicholas Marcellus Hentz (born July 25, 1797) was a French-American educator and arachnologist. He died November 4, 1856 in Marianna, Florida.

paragraphs: Hentz was born in Versailles, France. He learned the art of miniature painting and studied medicine in Paris. In 1816, he immigrated to the United States. In the United States, he taught the French language and miniature painting in Boston, Philadelphia and many other places.

paragraphs: Hentz is best known for his work in describing 124 spider species. These include the black-footed yellow sac spider and the Southern house spider.


title: Italian food

paragraphs: Italian food is the food created by traditional Italian cooking. It is not any one thing, because it is strongly regionalised. This means that the cooking is different in different parts of Italy.

paragraphs: Naturally there are some basic foods which can be found all over Italy, and now in many other countries. These are pasta, pizza, cannoli pastry desserts, ice cream and red or white wine. Calamari dishes of fried squid (fried calamari) are often on the menu.

paragraphs: Olives have been grown in Italy for thousands of years. They are eaten, and also are the basis of olive oil. Olive oil and vinaigrette or balsamic vinegar are always on the table or nearby. Italians also make many kinds of breads in a different style from French bread. Their styles of coffee have also become internationally famous. Some of their liqueurs, like limoncello, are very distinctive.

paragraphs: Italian food is one of the most refined and varied in Europe, from the piquant flavours of Naples and Calabria to the pesto dishes of Liguria and the cheese and risotto dishes of the Italian Alps.


title: Kashima-jingū

paragraphs: , also known as Kashima-jinja, is a Japanese Shinto shrine in Kashima, Ibaraki on the island of Honshu.

paragraphs: "Kashima" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the old Hitachi Province. It serves today as one of the "ichinomiya" of Ibaraki Prefecture.

paragraphs: In the modern system of ranked Shinto Shrines, Kashima was listed in the middle range of ranked Imperial shrines or which included 23 sanctuaries.


title: Friedrich von Wurmb

paragraphs: Christoph Carl Friedrich von Wurmb (2 July 1742-March 1781) was a German botanist. His official shorthand is „Wurmb“. He was a descendant of the noble family von Wurmb. At some point in time, his elder brother Ludwig and he himself fell in love with the same woman. After a long decision process, he decided to emigrate, and leave the woman to his brother. He joined the Dutch East India Company, and emigrated to Amsterdam, and later to Batavia, the modern-day Jakarta. His brother later married this woman, Christiane von Werthern. His sister's brother in law, Friedrich Schiller, wrote a short story about it, "A magnanimous act" ("Eine Grossmütige Handlung").

paragraphs: In biology, he is known for his taxonomy of palm trees. and for his writing about a Bornean Oranggutan.

paragraphs: The species Wurmbea in the Colchicaceae is named after him.

paragraphs: Baron von Wurmb was also an important member of the Batavia Society of Arts and Sciences (now National Museum) and the founder of its well-known library, now the National Library. He lived in a house in the old Batavia area, known as the Yellow Lions building, due to the two golden (now faded) lion statues that guard the entrance of the house. Though now slightly run down, the building still stands next to Kali Besar in Jakarta.


title: Core cities of Japan

paragraphs: The core cities were created because of the Local Autonomy Law of Japan. Each city does many of the things normally done by prefectures.

paragraphs: Core cities were recognized starting in 1996. There are 40+ of these cities, including


title: Oligopsony

paragraphs: In microeconomics an oligopsony is a market form where there are few buyers. There may be many sellers, but because there are few buyers, the decision each buyer makes influences the whole market. Therefore this is an example of imperfect competition.

paragraphs: One example of this is the market for cocoa: Three companies (Cargill, Archer Daniels Midland and Callebaut) buy most of the world production, usually from small farmers. Other examples are that of tobacco or that of bananas. By extension the "market for work" also has this characteristic: there are few companies (employers, "buying work") and many people "offering to work".


title: Natural monopoly

paragraphs: A natural monopoly is a type of monopoly in which it is the only seller and producer of a good or service. It is impossible for a new firm to enter the market as there are very high barriers to entry and very high startup costs, similar to that of a normal monopoly. The natural monopoly term is usually used to describe markets that have very high fixed costs compared to the marginal costs of selling the good or service, creating economies of scale that are large compared to the size of the market and hence resulting in very high barriers to entry. Examples of natural monopolies include public utilities such as water services and electricity.

paragraphs: A natural monopoly often keeps getting economies of scale as more of a good or service is produced.


title: Monopsony

paragraphs: A Monopsony is a market form where there is only one buyer, but many sellers. Much like with the monopoly this single buyer has a complete influence on the price. In practice, this market form does not occur often. One example may be a healthcare system where there is only one "buyer" of healthcare services; which is usually the state, or a state-run institution. Another example is defense industry, where the state is the often only buyer. Still another is that of public transport: Either the whole public transport is run by one (usually state-owned) company, or the state awards contracts to run a given line for a certain time period.


title: Koreapas

paragraphs: Koreapas is an online homepage for Korea University students in South Korea. It provides information which is useful in school life. It is called (). It was started in 2007 by person who named Park Jong Chan. There is news about school and lecture information. Students talk freely and share information. So, it is useful to register before the semester starts. You can find information about restaurants and flea markets too.

paragraphs: Park Jong Chan who made this online community was elected the student president in 2011. His well-known name because of making Ko-pas helped him to be elected. Many students are so familiar in this homepage and it makes students remember his name easily.

paragraphs: Ko-pas has been criticized because of its exclusivity. There is a anonymous board in Ko-pas page and some students use swear words and say unproper words as a student. The other problem is exclusive culture in Ko-pas. They only along with those members in that site and show disrespect to other groups especially less famous university in Korea. But, it could be a one of side effects and internet cultures as well


title: The Mall, Lahore

paragraphs: The Mall, Lahore is a major avenue or road in the city of Lahore, in Pakistan. It was made during the colonial times of the British Raj, in the 1850s-60s.

paragraphs: The Mall is still Lahore's main avenue or road, with many important sites and buildings on both sides of it. It is usually divided into two sections, the 'Lower Mall' near the Punjab Government Secretariat, the University of the Punjab, the Government College University, the Lahore Museum and other locations; and the 'Upper Mall' near the Lawrence Gardens (now renamed the "Bagh i Jinnah"), the Lahore Zoo, Aitchison College, the Government House and the Lahore Gymkhana Club.

paragraphs: Smaller roads link up to the Mall on many sides, leading to various other parts of the city.


title: William Lockhart

paragraphs: General Sir William Stephen Alexander Lockhart, commonly known as William Lockhart (1841-1900) was a well-known British Indian Army officer. He was born in Inchinnan, Renfrewshire, Scotland.

paragraphs: He served in the 1857-1858 Indian Mutiny (or Rebellion of 1857) and then in the Second Anglo-Afghan War, winning medals for his brave achievements. From 1880 to 1885 he remained Deputy Quartermaster-General of the Intelligence Branch of British India. In 1897 he commanded the famous Tirah expedition against the Afridi tribe of Pashtuns. He was appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in India and died of malaria in Calcutta while still serving in this position.


title: Xeranthemum

paragraphs: Xeranthemum is a flower. It is found in Southern Europe. It has silvery flower heads with purple tube-like flowers.


title: Afridi

paragraphs: The Afridi are a large Pashtun tribe mostly resident in Tirah, Jamrud and the Khyber Pass areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.


title: Joséphine de Beauharnais

paragraphs: Joséphine de Beauharnais (23 June 1763 – 29 May 1814) was the first wife of Napoléon Bonaparte. This made her the first Empress of the French. Her first husband Alexandre de Beauharnais was guillotined during the Reign of Terror.

paragraphs: She did not have any children with Napoleon, as a result, he divorced her in 1810. Then he married Marie Louise of Austria.


title: Helichrysum

paragraphs: Helichrysum is a type of flower. It has about 600 species in the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name Helichrysum comes from two Greek words: "helisso" means to turn around and "chrysos" means gold.

paragraphs: It grows in Africa, Madagascar, Australasia and Eurasia. There are many species in South Africa.


title: Xerochrysum bicolor

paragraphs: Xerochrysum bicolor is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae. It grows in Tasmania, mainly near the coast.

paragraphs: It grows to about 40 cm in height and 50 cm wide. The flowerheads are on stalks. They have a diameter of 3 to 4 cm.


title: Abbotsford House

paragraphs: Abbotsford House near the town of Melrose in Roxburghshire in Scotland was the house of the writer Sir Walter Scott, where he lived from 1812 to 1832. He wrote a lot of historical adventure stories, many of which have been filmed for the cinema and television.

paragraphs: The house is now a museum dedicated to Scott's life and works. It is a category A listed building.


title: Walter Savage Landor

paragraphs: Walter Savage Landor (1775-1864) also known as WS Landor, was an English poet and essayist.

paragraphs: He was the son of a doctor. He was sent to the famous Rugby School in 1784, but was removed in 1791, to avoid expulsion. He then went up to study at Trinity College, Oxford University but was also rusticated from there in 1794. After this, he developed some problems with his father, who was very angry at him, so Landor left his home.

paragraphs: In 1794-95, he prepared his first book of poems, published in 1795 as "The Poems of Walter Savage Landor". This was followed by "Gebir" (1798), "Poetry" (1802), "Imaginary Conversations" (series, 1824-1829) and other works.

paragraphs: He was also for some time married to Julia Thuillier and settled in France for a short time, then moved to Italy. After fighting with his wife, he left her and returned to England in 1835. In 1853 he published his last book, "Last Fruit off an Old Tree" and then, in 1858, left England again and went and settled in Europe. He died in 1864.