title: Thomas Fuller

paragraphs: Thomas Fuller (1608–1661) was an English writer, historian and clergyman.

paragraphs: After taking a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University he decided to join the church. He used to write to share his ideas with people.

paragraphs: He wrote many books like "The History of the Holy War" (1639), "The Holy State and Profane State" (1642), "Good Thoughts in Bad Times" (1645), "Good Thoughts in Worse Times" (1647), "A History of the University of Cambridge" (1659) and "Mixed Contemplations in Better Times" (1660).

paragraphs: Thomas Fuller strongly supported the English Royalist party and was very loyal to King Charles I of England. He suffered a lot after his defeat but later on, after the English Restoration, he became Chaplain to King Charles II of England.


title: The Lock

paragraphs: The Lock is an oil painting by Jean-Honoré Fragonard. It was painted ca. 1776-79. The picture measures 71 × 92 cm (28 × 36.2 in). It hangs in the Louvre. Fragonard is (and was) famous for mildly erotic scenes. After his marriage in 1769, he painted family scenes.


title: Favelas

paragraphs: A favela () is the term for a shanty town in Brazil. They are mostly found on the outskirts of urban areas. The people living in the favelas are the poor, and the rich people live in the city. Most of the buildings in favelas are made out of cheap materials, like plastic, wood, glass and scrap. The people usually build their houses themselves and invite their friends to help them build. Crime is common in favelas, as many of the people have no other way to make money. The favelas themselves are also considered illegal, because the people do not pay tax.


title: Explanation

paragraphs: An explanation is an attempt to answer the question "who farted". Asked of a person, it is a question about motive: "why did you do this?". Asked of a natural event, it is a question about natural causes (causation).

paragraphs: In science, an explanation is the link between an event which is a cause, and a second event, which is an effect. The phrase "cause and effect" refers to this. The relationship between the two events is known as causality. The philosopher Mario Bunge said, "We do not rest content with finding facts but wish to know why they should occur rather than not".

paragraphs: As a general rule, explanations move from what we know to what we do not know. This is important because it explains why different kinds of people may need different explanations. "A child, a lay person and an expert may need different explanations of the same thing, since what is already familiar to them will differ".

paragraphs: The asking of questions depends on language, and is peculiar to humans. It starts very soon after a child learns how to speak. A kind of game which young children play with adults is the 'why game'. Every parent gets the experience of their child asking a never-ending stream of why questions, until at last the adult says "Well, it just is!"

paragraphs: There can be plenty of argument about whether or not an explanation is appropriate, and if so, whether it is correct. If one asks why the sun gives out heat and light, to say "because it is daytime" is not appropriate, even if it might indeed be daytime. The real answer was not known until the 20th century. Before then peoples like the ancient Egyptians thought it was caused by a god (Aten).

paragraphs: Different kinds of why questions need different kinds of explanations. including:

paragraphs: A personal question like "Why did you do that?" clearly asks for an explanation. What that explanation might be depends on context: it all depends on circumstance. This type of question about motives only applies to the people concerned.

paragraphs: Many kinds of explanations are made up of more than one type. An explanation can be valid or invalid or a combination of both. Some explanations may appear reasonable, but turn out to be misleading or wrong.


paragraphs: Mrs. Thomas Gainsborough, nee Margaret Burr is an oil painting by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted about 1778. It measures 76.6 cm x 63.8 cm. It hangs in the Courtauld Institute Galleries in England. The subject is the artist's wife.


title: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews

paragraphs: Mr. and Mrs. Andrews is an oil painting on canvas by Thomas Gainsborough. It was painted circa 1748-1750. It measures 69.8 × 119.4 cm (27.5 × 47 in). It hangs in the National Gallery, London, England.


title: Voiceless sound

paragraphs: In phonetics, a voiceless sound is made when there is no vibration of the vocal cords. For instance, when you make the sounds for the English consonants "p", "f" and "s".


title: Fourth Geneva Convention

paragraphs: The Fourth Geneva Convention (full tilte: Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War) is an international treaty signed in 1949. These treaties are known as Geneva Conventions, because they were originally signed in Geneva. The fourth geneva convention protects civilians in a war zone. Currently, 194 countries are party to this treaty of international law.

paragraphs: In 1993, the United Nations Security Council adopted a report from the Secretary-General and a Commission of Experts; this report stated that the Geneva Conventions had passed into the body of customary international law. If this is the case, the treaties are binding even to countries who did not sign them,whenever they engage in armed conflicts.


title: John Roxborough Norman

paragraphs: John Roxborough Norman was a British ichthyologist. He was born in 1898 and died on 26 May 1944 in London.

paragraphs: He started as a clerk in a bank. He was in the military during the First World War. He got rheumatic fever during this time, and had it his whole life. He entered the British Museum in 1921 where he worked for Charles Tate Regan (1878-1943). From 1939 to 1944, he was in charge of the Natural History Museum at Tring. Norman wrote "A History of Fishes" (1931) and "A Draft Synopsis of the Orders, Families and Genera of Recent Fishes" (1957).


title: Betty Fussell

paragraphs: Betty Harper Fussell (born July 28, 1927) is an American writer and food historian. She as write many books about food history, recipes, and her memoir. She is also a critic and educator. Fussell worked with the New York Times, The New Yorker, and the Los Angeles Times. During her career, she won many awards and received many honors. In 2009, she was made a member of "Who’s Who of Food & Beverage in America".

paragraphs: Fussell was born in Riverside, California. She was raised in both in California and in New York City. She studied at Pomona College, Radcliffe College, and Rutgers University. Fussell was married to American writer Paul Fussell from 1949 until they divorced in 1981. They have two children. She now lives in New York City.


title: Robert Kardashian

paragraphs: Robert George Kardashian (February 22, 1944 – September 30, 2003) was an American lawyer and businessman. He was the lawyer for O. J. Simpson when he was accused for murder. David Schwimmer played his role in the 2016 FX miniseries "".

paragraphs: Kardashian was an Armenian-American. He was the husband of Kris Jenner and the father of Kourtney, Kim, Khloé and Rob,

paragraphs: Kardashian was born on February 22, 1944 in Los Angeles, California. He studied at the University of Southern California and at the University of San Diego School of Law.

paragraphs: Kardashian was married to Kris Jenner from 1978 until they divorced in 1991. Then he was married to Jan Ashley from 1998 until they divorced in 1999. Then he was married to Ellen Pearson from 2003 until his death two months later.

paragraphs: Kardashian was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in July 2003. Less than eight weeks after his diagnosis, he died at age 59 on September 30, 2003. He was buried at Inglewood Park Cemetery in Inglewood, California.


title: Charioteer of Delphi

paragraphs: The Charioteer of Delphi is a Greek bronze sculpture from the early Classical period, about 477 BC. It stands 1.8 m tall.

paragraphs: It was discovered in the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi during excavations by French archaeologists in 1896. With the statue were found fragments of a sculpted chariot, sculpted horses, and a small, sculpted person, presumably the charioteer's groom. All would have been part of a large monument. The charioteer monument was commissioned by Polyzalos, a Sicilian tyrant, to commemorate his victory in the chariot races about 477 BC. At some point, according to Greek practice, the statue was buried, probably because of irreparable damage.


title: Dylan Olsen

paragraphs: Dylan D. Olsen (born January 3, 1991 in Salt Lake City, Utah) is an American born-Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the South Carolina Stingrays of the ECHL. He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks and Florida Panthers of the NHL

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 28th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He began his hockey career when he was drafted by the Medicine Hat Tigers in the 2006 WHL Bantam Draft. He instead played for the Camrose Kodiaks of the AJHL for three seasons before he left to play college hockey. He played college hockey at the University of Minnesota Duluth with the Bulldogs.

paragraphs: After he finished his college hockey career, he played for the Chicago Blackhawks' AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs for 2 seasons. On November 14, 2013, the Blackhawks traded Olsen along with Jimmy Hayes to the Florida Panthers for Kris Versteeg and Philippe Lefebvre.

paragraphs: His father was also an ice hockey player that played one game in the NHL with the Calgary Flames in the 1991-92 NHL season.


title: Joseph Heller

paragraphs: Joseph Heller (May 1, 1923 - December 12, 1999) was an American novelist and playwright. He was born in Coney Island, Brooklyn, New York City. He was most famous for the satirical war novel "Catch-22" (1961). He died of a heart attack in East Hampton, Long Island, New York.


title: Harita Kaur Deol

paragraphs: Flt. Lt. Harita Kaur Deol (1972 – 25 December 1996) is a pilot with the Indian Air Force (IAF). She was the first woman pilot to fly solo in the IAF. The flight was on 2 September 1994. She was 22 years old at the time.

paragraphs: Harita is originally from Chandigarh. She joined the Air Force in 1992, when it advertised for the first time 8 jobs for women pilots.

paragraphs: She flew an Avro aircraft. She landed at the Yelahanka Air Force Station, near Bangalore. Two more women, Flight Cadets Archana Kapoor and Bindu Sebastian, did their solo flights on the Avro after Harita.

paragraphs: There had been other female pilots in India before, but Harita was the first time a woman was flying for the Air Force.


title: Paul Verhoeven

paragraphs: Paul Verhoeven (born 18 July 1938) is a Dutch movie director, producer and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. He directed American movies "RoboCop", "Total Recall", "Basic Instinct", "Showgirls" and "Starship Troopers". He wrote and directed Dutch movie "Black Book".

paragraphs: During his youth Verhoeven was for a short time a Pentecostal Christian. Although he is an atheist, he takes a great interest in Jesus. He is a member of the Jesus Seminar and wrote ""Jesus of Nazareth"" in 2007, a liberal view on Jesus. He is intending to make a movie about Jesus.


title: Emmeline Pankhurst

paragraphs: Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden; 15 July 1858 – 14 June 1928) was the leader of the British suffragette movement which helped women win the right to vote.

paragraphs: In 1999 "Time" named Pankhurst as one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century, stating: "she shaped an idea of women for our time; she shook society into a new pattern from which there could be no going back." She was widely criticized for her militant tactics, but her work helped to achieve women's suffrage in Britain.

paragraphs: After her husband died in 1898, Pankhurst founded the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU), an organisation dedicated to "deeds, not words". The group became infamous when its members smashed windows and assaulted police officers. Pankhurst, her daughters, and other WSPU activists were sentenced to repeated prison sentences, where they staged hunger strikes to secure better conditions. As Pankhurst's oldest daughter Christabel took the helm of the WSPU, antagonism between the group and the government grew. Eventually arson became a common tactic among WSPU members, and more moderate organisations spoke out against the Pankhurst family. In 1913 several prominent individuals left the WSPU, among them Pankhurst's daughters Adela and Sylvia. The family rift never healed.

paragraphs: With the advent of the First World War, Emmeline and Christabel called an immediate halt to militant suffrage activism in support of the British Government's stand against the "German Peril". They urged women to aid industrial production and encouraged young men to fight. In 1918 the Representation of the People Act granted votes to women over the age of 30 and the WSPU was disbanded.

paragraphs: Pankhurst transformed the WSPU machinery into the Women's Party, dedicated to promoting women's equality in public life. In her later years she became concerned with the 'Bolshevik menace' and – unhappy with the political alternatives – joined the Conservative Party. She died in 1928, 17 days before women got equal voting rights and was commemorated two years later with a statue in London's Victoria Tower Gardens.


title: Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi

paragraphs: Saif al-Arab al-Gaddafi (1982 - April 30, 2011) was one of the sons of the former Libyan dictator Muammar al-Gaddafi. His name meant "Sword of the Arabs." He was killed in an air strike by NATO on 31 April 2011.


title: Overcoat

paragraphs: An overcoat is a long coat which is worn over other clothes. Overcoats are made from a warm, heavy cloth or even animal fur. They go below the knee in length. A coat that is knee length is known as a topcoat. Overcoats have been worn for hundreds of years. Many armies dressed their soldiers in overcoats during the winter.

paragraphs: There are many styles and types of overcoats. These include:


title: Carbonyl

paragraphs: A carbonyl is the group C=O in a molecule. It is a carbon and an oxygen atom with a double bond between them. Carbon has another two bonds, which can in general be with any other group. For example, a carbonyl is the C=O bit of a ketone, aldehyde or ester.

paragraphs: Because oxygen is more electronegative than carbon, the electrons in the bond are more towards it. This means that in acid, a proton will go on the oxygen atom. Both the carbon and the oxygen in the group are sp hybridized.

paragraphs: The carbonyl is a very important functional group, because chemists can do many reactions with it. It is easy to do nucleophilic additions to it, which makes the molecule bigger. It is also easy to do redox reactions, for example forming an alcohol. The alcohol then is also a very useful group.

paragraphs: Carbonyls are found in many natural substances and also in drugs and medicines. It is easy to check if a carbonyl is in a molecule. It gives a very strong signal in infrared spectroscopy. In carbon NMR spectroscopy, the signal is usually at very high frequency, away from many other peaks.


title: Ester

paragraphs: An ester is a carbonyl with an ether group on the carbon atom. The group can be written as COOR. They can be made by reacting a carboxylic acid with an alcohol with some acid.

paragraphs: Esters are a very important functional group. They can be found in many substances. They are very common in fats and oils. They sometimes have a very strong, nice smell. They can be used to make perfumes. Polyesters are found in plastics.

paragraphs: Esters can also do many reactions. It is very easy to change the ether part of the molecule with another similar one. It is also possible to reduce the ester to a ketone or an alcohol, which can do many different reactions. Nucleophilic addition is also a good reaction, though a bit more difficult than with ketones.

paragraphs: There are many ways to find out if a molecule has an ester group. Infrared spectroscopy gives very sharp signals, which are different from other carbonyls. Carbon NMR spectroscopy has similar characteristics.


title: Sandra Oh

paragraphs: Sandra Oh (born July 20, 1971) is an actress from Ottawa, Ontario. She played Cristina Yang in "Grey's Anatomy". She has also acted in other TV programs and in movies.


title: Green iguana

paragraphs: The lizard commonly known as green iguana or common iguana ("Iguana iguana") is native to Central and South America and the Caribbean. It is an arboreal herbivorous species that belongs to the genus "Iguana".

paragraphs: The green iguana ranges over a large geographic area, from southern Brazil and Paraguay as far north as Mexico. Also the Caribbean islands, especially Puerto Rico, where they are very common throughout the island; and in the United States in South Florida (including the Florida Keys), Hawaii, and the Rio Grande Valley of Texas.


title: David Strathairn

paragraphs: David Russell Strathairn (born January 26, 1949) is an American actor and entertainer. He was nominated for an Academy Award in 2006 for his role as Edward R. Murrow in "Good Night, and Good Luck". He is also known for his role as Secretary of State William H. Seward in the 2012 movie "Lincoln". He won an Emmy Award in 2010.

paragraphs: Strathairn was born on January 26, 1949 in San Francisco, California. His grandparents were Scottish. He studied at Redwood High School, at Williams College, and he studied to become a clown at Ringling Brothers and Barnum & Bailey Clown College. Strathairn has been married to Logan Goodman since 1980. They have two children. He now lives in Poughkeepsie, New York.


title: Jean-Baptiste-Siméon-Chardin

paragraphs: Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin (2 November 1699 – 6 December 1779) was an 18th-century French painter. He is considered a master of still life. He is also noted for paintings which depict women and children engaged in domestic activities.


title: Assemblies of God

paragraphs: The Assemblies of God is a United States-based Christian denomination; a large group of Pentecostal churches. There are over 64 million members in over 200 countries.

paragraphs: The AG is Trinitarian. They view the Bible as divinely inspired. The Bible provides the rules of faith and conduct. Baptism by immersion is practiced. Baptism is understood as an outward sign of an inward change. The change is from being dead in sin to being alive in Christ. Communion is also practiced. The Assemblies of God also places a strong emphasis on the fulfillment of the Great Commission and believes that this is the main calling of the church.

paragraphs: The most recent World congress was held in Springfield, Missouri in August 2014.


title: Denis McDonough

paragraphs: Denis R. McDonough (born December 2, 1969) is the 26th White House Chief of Staff. Jack Lew was Chief of Staff during President Obama's first term.


title: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf

paragraphs: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (born 29 October 1938) is the 24th President of Liberia serving from 2006 through 2018. Sirleaf is the first elected female head of state in Africa.

paragraphs: Sirleaf was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, along with Leymah Gbowee of Liberia and Tawakel Karman of Yemen. The women were recognized "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women’s rights to full participation in peace-building work."


title: Mia Kirshner

paragraphs: Mia Kirshner (January 25, 1975) is an actress that stars primarily on television. She starred as Jenny Schecter in "The L Word" and Mandy in "24". She has, however, starred in some movies. She was born next to Toronto.


title: Latona Fountain

paragraphs: The Fountain of Latona (Fr: "Bassin de Latone") is a fountain. It lies on the east-west alignment between the Palace of Versailles, the Apollo Fountain, the Green Carpet, and the Grand Canal. Latone faces west. The fountain was designed by Le Nôtre in 1666. The fountain figures were executed in lead by the Marsy brothers between 1668 and 1670. In 1686 Hardouin-Mansart altered the fountain. He had the figure of Latona (which originally faced the palace) turned 180 degrees. He also raised her pedestal.

paragraphs: The fountain is designed in the wedding cake style. On the top tier, there is a statue of the goddess Latona. In addition to the goddess Latona are her young children, Apollo and Diana. The second and third tiers of the fountain have frogs. The lowest tier has turtles and alligators. Latona turned the Lycean peasants into frogs when they mocked her and refused to give her water in her flight from the jealous and angry Juno.


title: Cookie's Fortune

paragraphs: Cookie's Fortune is a 1999 crime comedy with Julianne Moore, Glenn Close and Patricia Neal heading the cast. The subject for this comedy-drama is southern hospitality. It was shot around north central Mississippi, where "Cookie's Fortune" is mainly set. Liv Tyler is also in the cast.


title: Aud the Deep-Minded

paragraphs: Aud the Deep-Minded (834–900 AD) was an early settler in Iceland.


title: Josephine Baker

paragraphs: Josephine Baker (June 3, 1906 – April 12, 1975) was an American-born French dancer, singer, and actress. She was born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, Missouri. Fluent in both English and French, Baker became an international musical and political icon. She was given such nicknames as the "Bronze Venus", the "Black Pearl", and the "Créole Goddess".

paragraphs: Baker was the first African-American female to star in a major motion picture, "Zouzou" (1934), and to become a world-famous entertainer.

paragraphs: She tried to integrate an American concert hall, and is noted for her contributions to the Civil Rights Movement in the United States. She was offered the unofficial leadership of the movement by Coretta Scott King in 1968 following Martin Luther King, Jr.'s assassination, but turned it down.

paragraphs: Baker became a citizen of France in 1937. She helped the French Resistance during World War II, and was awarded the Croix de Guerre, the Légion d'Honneur and the Rosette of the Résistance after the war.

paragraphs: When Josephine came to Paris in the 1920s for "La Revue Nègre", it was a turning point in her career. Her career thrived, and when "La Revue Nègre" closed, Josephine starred in "La Folie du Jour" at the Follies-Bergère Theater. Her performance, and her banana costume made her a celebrity. Josephine rivalled Gloria Swanson and Mary Pickford as the most photographed woman in the world: by 1927 she earned more than any entertainer in Europe. She starred in two movies in the early 1930s, "Zou-Zou" and "Princess Tam-Tam", and moved her family from St. Louis to Les Milandes, her estate in Castelnaud-Fayrac, France.

paragraphs: In later shows in Paris she was often accompanied on stage by her pet cheetah, Chiquita, who was adorned with a diamond collar. The cheetah frequently escaped into the orchestra pit, where it terrorized the musicians, adding another element of excitement to the show.

paragraphs: Baker had 12 children through adoption. She bore only one child herself, stillborn in 1941. Josephine Baker was married four times.


title: Saint Clare of Assisi

paragraphs: Clare of Assisi (July 16, 1194 – August 11, 1253), born Chiara Offreduccio, is an Italian saint. She was one of the first followers of Saint Francis of Assisi. Saint Clare of Assisi was of noble birth, her father, Favorone Offreduccio, was the Count of Sasso-Rosso and her mother, Ortolana di Fiumi, was from aristocratic descent. She was born as Chiara Offreduccio di Favaronne in Assisi. She was promised in marriage at age of 12, but it was canceled due to her father's death. She was the oldest child in her family. When she was 18 years old, she heard Francis of Assisi preaching. She was extremely moved by his sermon, so she ran away to join him. Francis didn't have a place for women to stay, so he sent her to the Benedictine convent in San Paulo. Clare's relatives found out where she was staying, but when they arrived to take her back home, she clung to the altar saying she would only wed Christ. When she was staying in another monastery in Panzo, she was reunited with her younger sister, Agnes. Later, when she was 21, she was moved to another convent next to the San Damiano church, where she was appointed the superior for 40 years. In that church, she was reunited with her mother and her other sister named Beatrice.

paragraphs: Saint Clare of Assisi will be remembered for founding the "Order of Poor Ladies", later named “Poor Clares.” The order of Poor Clares was an order that had strict rules, such as silence vows, poverty, and strict fasting. The Poor Clares was an order for women so they could become closer to God.


title: Catherine of Siena

paragraphs: Saint Catherine of Siena (March 25, 1347 – April 29, 1380) was a saint. She was born in Sienna and died in Rome. She promoted peace in Italy and is one of the two patron saints of Italy; the other being Saint Francis of Assisi

paragraphs: She was born Katerina de Benincasa in western Italy, the 25th of 25 children. She was born at the time of the Black Death, or Bubonic Plague. Although it probably killed many she knew, she herself did not contract the disease and survived the epidemic. She had a twin sister, who died several months later. Her family was part of the lower classes and she did not become literate until 1378.

paragraphs: At the age of six, Catherine had a vision of Jesus Christ. She continued to receive many visions throughout her life. At age 12, Catherine cut off her hair and was obligated to serve her family, living in small quarters in the basement. At the age of 16, she entered the Third Order of Saint Dominic and later became a Dominican nun.

paragraphs: She wrote a book called "Dialogue", which taught that if you love your neighbors it is loving God. She also devoted her life to improving the Catholic church, helping the ill, poor, and spiritually underprivileged. Catherine persuaded the pope to return from Avignon, France and back into Rome. She also tried to start a new Crusade to the holy land, Jerusalem. She died of “holy anorexia”, as she ate very little in the name of God. She became a saint in 1461, and was later made a Doctor of the Church in 1970 by Pope Paul VI and a patron of Europe in 1999.


title: Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany

paragraphs: Eleanor the "Fair Maid of Brittany" (c. 1184 – 10 August 1241) was a member of the nobility of England. She was the eldest daughter of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Constance, Duchess of Brittany. She was seen as a potential threat to the throne by her uncle, John of England, and cousin, Henry III of England. She was put in prison from 1202, and so became the longest imprisoned member of an English royal family. Although still treated honorably as a princess, she was never released or permitted to marry.


title: Buchenwald concentration camp

paragraphs: Buchenwald concentration camp was a Nazi concentration camp during World War II. In German, the camp was called "Konzentrationslager (KZ) Buchenwald." It was built in Germany in 1937, and stayed open until 1945. Buchenwald was one of the first and largest concentration camps built in Germany.

paragraphs: The Nazis sent people from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald. There, they were prisoners and did forced labor in weapons factories.

paragraphs: After the Allies won World War II, the Soviet Union took over Buchenwald and some other parts of Germany. From 1945 to 1950, they used Buchenwald as an internment camp. They called it NKVD Special Camp Number 2. (The NKVD was the Soviet police organization that ran the camp.) On January 6, 1950, the Soviets handed over Buchenwald to the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs.

paragraphs: Today, what is left of Buchenwald is a memorial. There is also a museum there.

paragraphs: The Nazis built Buchenwald on the "Ettersberg" (Etter Mountain), near Weimar, Germany, in July of 1937. They named the camp "Buchenwald," which means "beech forest" in English. On the camp's main gate, they wrote "Jedem das Seine" ("Each to their own”).

paragraphs: Between April 1938 and April 1945, about 238,380 people were sent to Buchenwald. These prisoners included people from many different countries. They also included many Allied prisoners of war (POWs). Over 56,000 prisoners died at Buchenwald.

paragraphs: Buchenwald’s first commandant (camp leader) was Karl-Otto Koch. He ran the camp from 1937 to July 1941. His second wife, Ilse Koch, became well known as "Die Hexe von Buchenwald" ("the witch of Buchenwald") for the terrible ways she treated the prisoners. Koch made the prisoners build a zoo at Buchenwald, with a bear pit ("Bärenzwinger").

paragraphs: Eventually, Koch was put in prison at Buchenwald himself. At first, two Nazi officials named Prince Waldeck and Dr. Morgen accused Koch of encouraging murder. Later, Koch was also charged with corruption, embezzlement, black market dealings, and using the camp's workers to meet his own needs. Other camp officials were also charged, including Ilse Koch.

paragraphs: Karl Koch was tried and sentenced to death. He was executed by a firing squad on April 5, 1945. This was just one week before American soldiers arrived and took over Buchenwald.

paragraphs: After the war, Ilse Koch was sentenced to four years in jail. At first, her sentence was cut down to two years and she was set free. However, after this, she was arrested again and sentenced to life in prison by the new German government. She killed herself in jail in September 1967.

paragraphs: Buchenwald's second commandant was Hermann Pister. He controlled the camp from 1942 to 1945, when it was taken over by American soldiers.

paragraphs: After the war, Pister was tried in the Nuremberg Trials, and was sentenced to death. However, in September 1948, before he could be executed, Pister died of a heart problem.

paragraphs: The Nazis sent prisoners from all over Europe and the Soviet Union to Buchenwald. These included:

paragraphs: Somewhere between 500 and 1,000 women prisoners were kept at Buchenwald. First, in 1941, twenty female political prisoners were brought to Buchenwald from Ravensbrück concentration camp. They were forced to work as sex slaves in the camp's brothel.

paragraphs: However, most of the female prisoners were sent to Buchenwald in 1944 and 1945 from other concentration camps. They were sent mainly from Auschwitz, Ravensbrück, and Bergen Belsen. Later, all the women prisoners were sent to Buchenwald's many female satellite camps (smaller camps around Buchenwald).

paragraphs: Ilse Koch was the head supervisor ("Oberaufseherin") of 22 other female guards and hundreds of women prisoners in the main camp. More than 530 other female guards worked in Buchenwald's many other, smaller camps ("subcamps"). Only 22 women served or trained in the main Buchenwald camp, compared to over 15,500 men.

paragraphs: When the Nazis captured soldiers from Western Allied countries, they almost always sent them to prisoner of war camps, not concentration camps. However, they did keep a group of 168 airmen (flyers) at Buchenwald for two months. These men were from the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and Jamaica. They got to Buchenwald on August 20, 1944.

paragraphs: These airmen's planes had crashed in France, which Nazi Germany controlled. The airmen were sent to Buchenwald, not a POW camp, because the Nazis said they were spies and "terror bombers."

paragraphs: After the war, one airman remembered arriving at Buchenwald:

paragraphs: The airmen were treated and abused in the same way as the other prisoners at Buchenwald. Two airmen died there. Then, in October 1944, the airmen were sent to Stalag Luft III, a regular POW camp. The airmen who were accused of being "terror bombers" were going to be executed at Buchenwald after October 24. They were saved by officers of the Luftwaffe (the German air force), who visited Buchenwald. When they got back to Berlin, these officers made sure the airmen were sent to a regular POW camp, and not executed.

paragraphs: The Nazis' goal for camps like Buchenwald was "Vernichtung durch Arbeit" ("extermination through labor"). This meant that prisoners were being sent to Buchenwald to be worked to death.

paragraphs: Because of the terrible living conditions in the camp, illness was very common and spread quickly. Prisoners were also starving. Because of this combination of illness and starvation, many prisoners were actually "worked to death" as the Nazis had planned. However, many other inmates died from executions, experiments by Nazi doctors, and other causes.

paragraphs: Summary executions of Soviet POWs (executions without a trial) were also done at Buchenwald. In 1941 and 1942, at least 1,000 men were chosen to be killed and were sent to Buchenwald, where they were immediately shot in the back of the head.

paragraphs: Nazi doctors also did experiments on prisoners at Buchenwald. For example, in 1942 and 1943, they used 729 prisoners to test a vaccine for typhus. This meant the prisoners were given the vaccine, and then given typhus on purpose. 154 of these prisoners died. In another experiment, Nazi doctors wanted to see how much of a certain poison was needed to kill a person. They gave four Russian POWs the poison. When the POWs did not die, they were "strangled in the crematorium" and then "dissected" (cut apart to study their bodies). Doctors also burned other prisoners very badly with white phosphorus to test whether a medicine would help similar wounds caused by bombs. After the war ended, at the Nuremberg Trials, one of these doctors defended himself by saying that while he was a doctor, he was also a "legally appointed executioner" (meaning the law allowed him to kill people).

paragraphs: The SS left behind records of how many prisoners came to the camp and how many left. They recorded how many prisoners were let go, sent to another camp, or died. These records say that 33,462 prisoners died at Buchenwald. However, these records may not be completely true. For example, before 1944, when the SS killed prisoners, they often wrote down that the prisoners were "transferred to the Gestapo," not that they were killed. Also, starting in 1941, many Soviet POWs were executed in mass killings. These POWs would be killed as soon as they got to the camp, and were never added to the camp's records. This means they were not listed among the 33,462 dead.

paragraphs: One former Buchenwald prisoner, Armin Walter, counted the number of people who were killed by being shot in the back of the head. Walter's job at Buchenwald was to set up and care for a radio system at the place where people were executed. He counted the number of people who were killed and hid the information. He says that 8,483 Soviet prisoners of war were shot and killed.

paragraphs: When all these deaths are added up, the total number of people who died at Buchenwald is about 56,545. This number includes:

paragraphs: This total of 56,545 deaths means that 24% of the prisoners who were sent to Buchenwald died.

paragraphs: On April 4, 1945, United States soldiers took over Ohrdruf, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps. Ohrdruf was the first Nazi camp liberated (taken over and freed) by U.S. soldiers.

paragraphs: Two days later, the Nazis started trying to evacuate (move everybody out of) Buchenwald. They made thousands of prisoners go on forced marches toward other camps that the Americans had not yet reached.

paragraphs: A Polish engineer named Gwidon Damazyn, who had been a prisoner since March 1941, had set up a secret short-wave radio. On April 8 at noon, Damazyn and Russian prisoner Konstantin Ivanovich Leonov sent a message in Morse code to the Allies. The message had been written by the leaders of the prisoners' underground resistance movement (a group of prisoners who tried to fight the Nazis in secret). It said:

paragraphs: The text was repeated several times in English, German, and Russian. Damazyn sent the English and German messages, and Leonov sent the Russian version. Three minutes after Damazyn sent the last message, the headquarters of the Third United States Army answered:

paragraphs: Damazyn fainted after getting the message.

paragraphs: After learning this news, Communist inmates attacked the camp's watchtowers and killed the guards who were still at the camp. They used guns they had been collecting since 1942 (one machine gun and 91 rifles).

paragraphs: United States soldiers arrived at Buchenwald on April 11, 1945 at 3:15 P.M. (The clock at the entrance gate is now permanently set to this time). The soldiers were given a hero's welcome.

paragraphs: Later that day, United States soldiers took over Langenstein, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps. There, they freed over 21,000 prisoners. They also ordered the mayor of Langenstein to send food and water to the camp, and rushed in medical supplies from an American field hospital.

paragraphs: On Thursday, April 12, 1945, some journalists arrived at Buchenwald. The journalists included Edward R. Murrow, whose radio report about seeing Buchenwald was broadcast on CBS and became one of his most famous:

paragraphs: Between 1945 and February 10, 1950, the camp was run by the Soviet Union. They used it as a prison camp called Special Camp Number 2.

paragraphs: The Soviet Union held 28,455 prisoners, including 1,000 women, at Special Camp Number 2. Soviet records say that 7,113 of these prisoners died. They were buried in mass graves in the woods around the camp. Their families were not told they had died.

paragraphs: Prisoners at Special Camp Number 2 included:

paragraphs: The NKVD (the Soviet police organization that ran the camp) would not let the prisoners talk to anyone outside the camp. The NKVD also did not try to figure out whether the prisoners were guilty.

paragraphs: On January 6, 1950, the Soviet Minister of Internal Affairs, Sergei Nikiforovich Kruglov, decided that the East German Ministry of Internal Affairs would take over all of the NKVD special camps, including the one at Buchenwald.

paragraphs: In October 1950, Buchenwald was destroyed. The main gate, the crematorium, the hospital block, and two guard towers were left standing. All prisoner barracks and other buildings were torn down. Many of them have been rebuilt.

paragraphs: Just days after the camp was liberated in 1945, freed prisoners built a monument to honor the people who died at Buchenwald. It was made of wood and was meant to be temporary. Eventually it was replaced by a monument made of stainless steel. The surface of this monument is kept at , the temperature of human skin, all year round.

paragraphs: A second monument was also built in 1958, near where prisoners had been buried together in mass graves.

paragraphs: Some people who survived being imprisoned at Buchenwald have written about what happened to them. These people include:

paragraphs: On June 5, 2009, U.S. President Barack Obama and German Chancellor Angela Merkel visited Buchenwald. Elie Wiesel and Bertrand Herz, two survivors of Buchenwald, went with them. During the visit, President Obama said at as a child, he had heard stories about Buchenwald from his great-uncle, who was part of the 89th Infantry Division. This Division was the first group of American soldiers to reach the Ohrdruf forced labor camp, one of Buchenwald's smaller camps.


title: Pope Joan

paragraphs: Pope Joan, Johanna or Joanna, was a legendary female Pope. Said to have ruled for several years during the 1100s, her story first appeared in 13th century chronicles, then spread throughout Europe through the writings of preachers and story tellers. For centuries she was widely believed to be real; however, today religious scholars think her story is legend. Whether she is real or made up is subject to debate.

paragraphs: The Pope Joan story states that she was German and arrived in Rome dressed in men's clothes, managing to convince people that she was in fact a man. Her alleged male name was John Anglicus. She started out in the clergy as a curiae notary; next she became a cardinal, and then finally she became the Pope. She served as pope for about two and a half years but her true gender was exposed when she became pregnant. The birth of her child was thought to have taken place either on the road that separated the Colosseum and St. Clement's or in the church. Her death and punishment are unknown.


title: Vannozza dei Cattanei

paragraphs: Vannozza dei Cattanei (13 July 1442 – 24 November 1518) was an Italian noblewoman. She was one of the many mistresses of Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia, future Pope Alexander VI. Among them, she was the one whose relationship with him lasted the longest.


title: Photorealism

paragraphs: Photorealism is a style of painting or drawing. The picture is done with a lot of detail to make it look exactly like a photograph. The subjects pictured were often boring, without any special interest. Photorealism developed as an art style in the 1960s and 1970s. Two famous photorealist artists are Richard Estes and Chuck Close.


title: My Name Is Skrillex

paragraphs: My Name Is Skrillex is the first EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. "My Name Is Skrillex" was released on June 7, 2010 on his MySpace profile.

paragraphs: The album is the first solo EP by Sonny Moore under the alias Skrillex. He released a previous album titled "Gypsyhook" under his first name.


title: Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites

paragraphs: Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites is the second EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

paragraphs: "Scary Monsters and Nice Sprites" was released on October 22, 2010. Skrillex said that he recorded the EP in 2010 at his apartment using a laptop.

paragraphs: The EP won two Grammys at the 54th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Dance Recording and for Best Dance/Electronica Album. The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #49 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart.


title: More Monsters and Sprites

paragraphs: More Monsters and Sprites is the third EP and first remix album by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

paragraphs: "More Monsters and Sprites" was released on June 7, 2011. A music video for the song "First of the Year (Equinox)" which was directed by Tony Truand, was nominated for Best Short Form Music Video at the 54th Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: The EP also received generally positive reviews from music critics and reached #124 on the Billboard 200 as well as reaching the top five on both the Billboard Heatseekers and Dance/Electronica Albums chart.


title: Bangarang (EP)

paragraphs: Bangarang is the fifth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex.

paragraphs: "Bangarang" was released on December 23, 2011. Singles from the EP are "Breakn' a Sweat" which features the American rock band The Doors and "Bangarang" which features American rapper Sirah.

paragraphs: The song "Breakn' a Sweat" was written for the 2012 documentary film Re:Generation. The iTunes version of the EP features an "Orchestral Suite" performed by Varien.

paragraphs: The EP received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics. The EP reached #14 on the Billboard 200 as well as #1 on the Top Dance/Electronic Albums chart.


title: Leaving (EP)

paragraphs: Leaving is the sixth EP by American electronic music producer, Skrillex. "Leaving" was released on January 2, 2013 to OWSLA's subscription service called The Nest.

paragraphs: Skrillex said that the title song "Leaving" was created in his hotel room in Mexico and that the song "The Reason" was finished an hour before the release of the EP in Moore's hotel room in Miami.


title: Amine

paragraphs: An amine is a molecule which has a nitrogen atom that can behave as a base. An amine can be thought of coming from ammonia. The difference is that the three hydrogens in ammonia are changed to any group or atom. If only one of the hydrogens is changed, the amine is called primary. If two are changed, the amine is called secondary. If all three are changed then it is called tertiary.

paragraphs: Sometimes, a fourth group can be added to the nitrogen. This is called a quaternary ammonium cation. This is not an amine but is a salt. If one of the groups on the nitrogen is a carbonyl group, then the molecule is called amide. This has very different properties.

paragraphs: Amines are used a lot in chemistry. Since the nitrogen has a lone pair, it can do many reactions. It can take protons away from some acids. It can also be a nucleophile. It can be changed into imines and other functional groups.

paragraphs: Amines are also found in many proteins. They are a part of every amino acid.


title: Brenda Strong

paragraphs: Brenda Strong (born March 25, 1960 in Oregon) is an American actress who stars primarily in television programs. She has, however, starred in a limited number of movies. She acted as Mary Alice Young in the ABC sitcom "Desperate Housewives" and as Ann Ewing in the TNT television drama "Dallas", the 2012 edition. Before acting, she was crowned Miss Arizona 1980.


title: Transactinide element

paragraphs: Transactinide elements are elements that have atomic numbers greater than the actinides. They have atomic numbers from 104 to 120.

paragraphs: They are all synthetic and radioactive. They range from 104 rutherfordium to 118 oganesson on the periodic table.


title: Canis Major

paragraphs: Canis Major is a constellation that is in the southern sky. It means "greater dog" in Latin (also called large dog). There is also the constellation Canis Minor, which means "lesser dog" in Latin. The astronomer named Ptolemy listed Canis Major when he made a list of 48 constellations. It is also one of the 88 modern constellations that were made by the International Astronomical Union.

paragraphs: The star Sirius is in Canis Major. Sirius has a magnitude of -1.44, which means that it is the brightest star in the night sky. It is sometimes called the "dog star." Also, Sirius is only 8.6 light years away from Earth, which is very close.


title: Ron Jeremy

paragraphs: Ronald Jeremy "Ron" Hyatt (born March 12, 1953) or Ron Jeremy is an American pornographic actor, movie actor, businessman, and television personality. He is known for his pornographic movies, and he was listed as one of the "Top 50 Best Porno Actors of All Time" as of 2007.

paragraphs: Jeremy was born on March 12, 1953 in Queens, New York City to a Jewish family. He was raised in New York City. He studied at the Queens College in New York. He was a teacher before he became a porn star.

paragraphs: Jeremy was a contestant in the second season of "The Surreal Life".

paragraphs: On January 30, 2013, Jeremy went to the hospital in Los Angeles, California after he had an heart aneurysm. The next day he had a surgery. He recovered from the surgery on February 7. He left the hospital on February 19.

paragraphs: More than a twelve women have publicly accused Jeremy of sexual assault. In June 2020, Jeremy was charged with 4 counts of rape and sexual assault involving four women. In August 2020, he was charged with another 20 counts of either rape or sexual assault between 2004 and 2020. He could be sentenced 250 years in prison.


title: Jared Harris

paragraphs: Jared Francis Harris (born 24 August, 1961) is an English-Irish-Welsh actor who is known for his television role as Lane Pryce in "Mad Men" and as Ulysses S. Grant in Steven Spielberg's 2012 movie "Lincoln". He won an Sitges Film Festival in 1999. His father was late Irish actor Richard Harris.

paragraphs: Harris was born in London, England to an Irish father, actor Richard Harris and to Welsh socialite, Elizabeth Rees-Williams. He studied at Downside School and at Duke University. Harris was married to Emilia Fox from 2005 until they divorced in 2010. Since 2011, he has been partners with Allegra Riggio.


title: Long hair

paragraphs: Long hair is a hairstyle that is mostly worn by girls and women. Boys and men may sometimes wear hair to shoulder length. Longer than that is rare for men of most cultures.

paragraphs: Extremely long hair (usually waist length or longer) is normally only found in females. The reason is that the female hormonal system affects the growth of their hair, just as the male hormonal system supports facial hair growth. This is also the reason young females can have longer hair than older women.

paragraphs: Hair length is measured (in centimeters or inches) from the line of the scalp on the forehead up over the highest point of the skull to the end of the hair. This method is not suitable for measuring hair length for people with a fringe. In cosmetology, hair lengths are usually described by the part of the body where the longest hair ends: "chin level", "shoulder length", "mid-back level", "waist length", "hip-length", "classic length" (extends to almost upper thigh-length, where the legs meet the buttocks), "thigh-length", "knee-length" and "ankle/floor length" hair.

paragraphs: Hair usually takes about 2–2½ years to reach shoulder length. It usually takes about 4–5 years to grow to the waist (which is about 60-80 cm for most women) if left to grow.

paragraphs: The maximum hair length that is possible to reach is about 15 cm for infants (below the age of 1), about 60 cm for children (below the age of 13), and generally 100 cm for adults. Some individuals can reach excessive lengths. Lengths greater than 150 cm are frequently observed in long hair contests. Xie Qiuping had the longest documented hair in the world, measuring 5.627 m (18 ft 5.54 in) in May 2004.

paragraphs: The maximum hair length depends on the length of the period of hair growth for the individual. Waist-length hair or longer is only possible to reach for women with long periods of hair growth. Hair can grow continuously for between 2 and 7 years.

paragraphs: Head hair is maintained by natural selection after other body hair had been greatly reduced. The hair has at least two functions:

paragraphs: Many Native American men wore long hair before the arrival of western influences on their culture. The long-term preference of females of the tribe for longer male hair would have effect by long-haired males contributing more children than short-haired males.


title: Pseudanthium

paragraphs: A pseudanthium (Greek for "false flower") or flower head is a special type of inflorescence. Many flowers are grouped together to form a flower-like structure. The real flowers ("florets") are generally small and greatly reduced, but can sometimes be quite large (as in the sunflower flower head).

paragraphs: Pseudanthia are characteristic of the daisy and sunflower family (Asteraceae or Compositae). Their flowers are either "ray flowers" or "disk flowers". The disk flowers in the center of the pseudanthium look like the centre of a normal flower. Flowers on the periphery have one large petal. This sytem is unique to this family. Either ray or disk flowers may be absent in some species: "Senecio vulgaris" lacks ray flowers and "Taraxacum officinale" lacks disk flowers. The pseudanthium has a whorl of bracts below the flowers.

paragraphs: At a glance, a pseudanthium (inflorescence) looks just like a normal flower, but closer inspection shows it is composed of multiple flowers. Thus, the pseudanthium represents an evolution of the inflorescence to a reproductive unit that may function in pollination like a single flower, at least in plants that are animal pollinated. The advantage of this "flower" is that it produces far more seeds than a normal flower, but needs only one act of pollination.

paragraphs: This is an equivalent term for flower head and pseudanthium when used in the botanical sense.

paragraphs: "Capitulum" can be used as an exact synonym for pseudanthium and flower head. Its use is generally restricted to the Asteraceae family, though at least one source defines it as a small flower head. In addition to its botanical use as a term meaning flower head it is also used to mean the top of the sphagnum plant.


title: Alison

paragraphs: Alison is a female given name that has many kinds of spellings. It was originally in medieval Norman. It was derived from the name "Alice". The name was first recorded in Scotland in the 12th century. The variant spelling "Allison" ranked 228 for female names for the United States in 1990, and was the 45th most popular for girls between 2005 and early 2010s. As "Allison", the name was used for tropical storms for 1989, 1995 and 2001. The 2001 tropical storm was incredibly damaging, which in turn caused the name to be retired the following year.


title: Mind control

paragraphs: Mind control (also known as brainwashing, coercive persuasion or thought control) refers to a theory on the way some persons have tried to control the beliefs and behaviours of the others.

paragraphs: It is a process where a group or individual uses methods to persuade other to change their basic beliefs and values. A group or individual may use unethical methods to persuade others to believe and do what the manipulator(s) want. It often harms the person being manipulated.

paragraphs: The term has been applied to any tactic, psychological or otherwise, which undermines (damages) an individual's control over their own thinking, behaviour, emotions or decision making.

paragraphs: Theories of brainwashing and of mind control were originally developed to explain how totalitarian regimes appeared to succeed systematically in indoctrinating prisoners of war through propaganda and torture techniques.

paragraphs: Some authors have pointed out that the ideas of mind control can be found in all stages of human history. They are essentially the extreme use of techniques of religious conversion and propaganda which are widespread in human history.

paragraphs: The "Oxford English Dictionary" records the earliest known use of "brainwashing" in an article Edward Hunter in "Miami News" published on 7 October 1950. During the Korean War, Hunter, who worked at the time both as a journalist before becoming a U.S. intelligence agent, wrote a series of books and articles on the theme of Chinese brainwashing.

paragraphs: The Chinese term ("xǐ năo", literally "wash brain") was originally used to describe methodologies of coercive persuasion used under the Maoist regime in China. The methods aimed to change people's mindset so they became "right-thinking" members of the new Chinese social system.

paragraphs: Hunter and those who picked up the Chinese term used it to explain why, unlike in earlier wars, a relatively high percentage of American GIs defected to the enemy side after becoming prisoners-of-war. British radio operator Robert W. Ford and British Army Colonel James Carne also claimed that the Chinese subjected them to brainwashing techniques during their war-era imprisonment. The most prominent case in the U.S. was that of Frank Schwable, a prisoner in the war. While in custody, he confessed to having taken part in germ warfare.

paragraphs: After the Korean War, mind control theories shifted in focus from politics to religion. From the 1960s an increasing number of youths started to come into contact with new religious movements (NRM). Some who converted suddenly adopted beliefs and behaviors that differed greatly from those of their families and friends; in some cases they neglected or broke contact with their loved ones. Those against cults explained these sudden and seemingly dramatic religious conversions as due to mind control. The media was quick to follow suit, and social scientists sympathetic to the anti-cult movement, who were usually psychologists, developed more sophisticated models of brainwashing. While some psychologists were receptive to these theories, sociologists were for the most part skeptical of their ability to explain conversion to NRMs.


paragraphs: Alagappa Chettiar College of Engineering and Technology (ACCET-Karaikudi) is an autonomous (with effect from 2009) college of engineering in Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. It was established in 1952. The college is under the control of the state government. It is a member institute under the Technical Education Quality Improvement Programme in India (11 colleges were selected from Tamil Nadu).


title: Water Walk

paragraphs: The Water Walk or Infants Walk (Allée d'Eau ou Allée des Marmousets) is a group of 14 fountains at Versailles. These fountains depict children supporting small basins of water. The Water Walk gently slopes from the Parterre du Nord to the Dragon Fountain and the Neptune Fountain. The Water Walk comprises three paths separated by two great lawns. The fourteen fountains are set in each of the two lawns, seven apiece. Another eight were added to the semicircle near the Walk's end. The Walk was created in 1670. The concept was that of Claude Perrault. The children were sculpted by Buirette, Le Hongre, Lerambert, and Mazeline after drawings by Le Brun. The children were originally cast in lead and painted realistically in natural colours. They supported baskets of fruit and flowers. These figures were replaced with gilded bronze copies and basins of marble in 1688.


title: Dragon Fountain

paragraphs: The Dragon Fountain at the Palace of Versailles was executed by Gaspard Marsy in 1667. The fountain lies at the end of the northern axis between the Water Walk and Neptune Fountain. The Dragon Fountain shoots a jet of water 90 feet into the air. The Dragon Fountain was only operated when it was known the King would be present. All of the other fountains were required to be turned off for this spectacle to be accomplished. At other times it was regulated to a 35 foot jet. Statues of children mounted upon swans bedevil the Dragon.


title: Frankie Howerd

paragraphs: Francis Alick Howard, known as Frankie Howerd OBE (6 March 1917 - 19 April 1992) was a British comedian and comedy actor. He was born in York, North Riding of Yorkshire. He starred in several movies, including "Carry On Doctor" and "Carry On Up the Jungle". He starred in television series including "Up Pompeii!". He was a promiscuous homosexual and lived with his manager-partner Dennis Heymer (1928-2009) from 1955 until his death. Howerd died of heart failure in Fulham, London.


title: Waistcoat

paragraphs: A waistcoat (U.S. = vest) is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is worn over a dress shirt and necktie, and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear. It is the third piece of the three-piece male suit.

paragraphs: The waistcoat has quite a long history, going back to King Charles II. It was derived from the Persian vests seen by English visitors to the court of Shah Abbas.

paragraphs: As an item of clothing, the waistcoat has the advantage that if the jacket is taken off indoors, the outfit still keeps a degree of formality.


title: QNX

paragraphs: QNX is an Unix-like, real-time operating system that is embedded in cars, medical devices, machinery, and other devices. The QNX operating system contains a microkernel that handles basic core tasks and a group of servers / daemons outside of the kernel that handle most other tasks. This design gives end-users and developers greater control (i.e. freedom) over the operating system. BlackBerry (formerly RIM) devices such as the BlackBerry PlayBook tablet and the BlackBerry smartphone use modified versions of the QNX operating system.


title: Neptune Fountain

paragraphs: The Neptune Fountain or the Fountain of Neptune (Fr: "Bassin de Neptune") is a fountain at the Palace of Versailles. It was built under the direction of landscape designer André Le Nôtre between 1679 and 1681. At that time, it was called the Pool Below the Dragon or the Fir Tree Pool. The Fountain is at the end of the long path that features the Water Walk and the Dragon Fountain. Jacques-Ange Gabriel reworked the pool area very slightly, and, in 1740, the lead sculptures were put in place. The new fountain was officially opened by King Louis XV of France.

paragraphs: The fountain has 99 jets of water. People admired the force and variety of the jets of water playing over the sculptural groups. The fountain is decorated with stone vases, sea cupids, and three central sculpted groups depicting "Neptune and Amphitrite" by L. A. Adam, "Proteus" by Bouchardin, and "Ocean" by Jean-Baptise Lemoyne. The Neptune Fountain is the largest of all the fountain pools in the gardens of Versailles. Fireworks during the summer months create spectacular displays that are reflected in the fountain's large pool.


title: Kahina

paragraphs: Dihya (Algerian Arabic: ', Berber: ', Dihya, or Damya), was a Berber queen and religious and military leader. She led the native people to resist Arab expansion in Northwest Africa. This happened in the region then known as Numidia, which is eastern Algeria today. She was born in the early 7th century and died around the end of the 7th century in what is now Algeria.


title: Giulia Farnese

paragraphs: Giulia Farnese (1474 – 23 March 1524) was mistress to Pope Alexander VI.


title: Marozia

paragraphs: Marozia, born Maria and also known as Mariuccia or Mariozza (c. 890 – 26 June c. 936), was a Roman noblewoman who was said to be the mistress of Pope Sergius III.


title: Edith the Fair

paragraphs: Edith Swan Neck, known as Edith the Fair (c. 1025 – c. 1086), was the wife of King Harold II of England.


title: Agatha, wife of Edward the Exile

paragraphs: Agatha (before 1030 – after 1070) was the wife of Edward the Exile. He was supposed to become the next King of England.


title: Solomonia Saburova

paragraphs: Saint Solomonia Yuryevna Saburova (c. 1490 – 18 December 1542) was the first wife of Grand Prince Vasili III of Muscovy. She was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Sofia of Suzdal.


title: Johan Galtung

paragraphs: Johan Galtung (born 24 October 1930 in Oslo) is a Norwegian sociologist and mathematician. He is the main founder of the discipline of peace and conflict studies. He think that world peace is not only the absence of war but freedom from poverty and any discrimination. In 1987, he won the Right Livelihood Award.


title: Natore District

paragraphs: Natore is a district of Rajshahi Division in northern Bangladesh.

paragraphs: It borders the metropolitan city of Rajshahi, and used to be part of Rajshahi district.

paragraphs: At first Natore was a beel (a large water body) whose name was Chaivhanga. In 1706 Raja Ramjibon Rai established his capital here by filling the beel. Up until 1821 Natore was the central office of Rajshahi district. In 1845 Natore Mahakuma was established. Natore Municipality was established in 1869. Natore became a fullfledged district in 1984. “Indigo resistance” movements took place in this district during 1859 and 1860.

paragraphs: Natore was the District Headquarters of Rajshahi since 1769-1825. Administrative Natore subdivision was established in 1825 under Rajshahi district, on the eve of the shifting of the HQ.

paragraphs: During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971 a direct battle was fought between the Pakistani occupation army and the freedom fighters of Mukti Bahini on 29 March in which about 40 members of the Pakistani army including Major Aslam and Captain Ishaq were killed. On 5 May 1971 Pakistani Army killed 42 employees of North Bengal Sugar Mills (Lalpur) including the then General Manager of the mill, Lieutenant Anwarul Azim; they were killed near a pond in the mill campus. The pond is now known as "Shaheed Sagar" and there is a memorial beside the pond.

paragraphs: Marks of the War of Liberation: Mass grave 5, memorial 1.


title: Sirajganj District

paragraphs: Sirajganj () is a district in northern Bangladesh. It is a part of the Rajshahi Division.


title: Pabna District

paragraphs: Pabna () is a district in north-western Bangladesh. It is the southern most district of Rajshahi Division.


title: Sign of the Dove

paragraphs: In Christianity, the Sign of the Dove was a prearranged sign by which John the Baptist would recognize the Messiah.

paragraphs: The four Gospels each record an account of the sign of the dove.

paragraphs: "And Jesus, when he was baptized, went up straightway out of the water: and, lo, the heavens were opened unto him, and he saw the Spirit of God descending like a dove, and lighting upon him."

paragraphs: The sign of the dove is also recorded in the Book of Mormon.

paragraphs: 1 Ne. 11:2"abide upon him in the form of a dove."

paragraphs: 2 Ne. 31:8 (D&C 93:15) "Holy Ghost descended upon him in the form of a dove."

paragraphs: Abr. Fac. 2, Fig. 7 sign of the Holy Ghost... in the form of a dove.

paragraphs: Joseph Smith taught: ""The sign of the dove was instituted before the creation of the world, a witness for the Holy Ghost, and the devil cannot come in the sign of a dove. The Holy Ghost is a personage, and is in the form of a personage. It does not confine itself to the form of the dove, but in sign of the dove. The Holy Ghost cannot be transformed into a dove; but the sign of a dove was given to John who had baptized Jesus to signify the truth of the deed, as the dove is an emblem or token of truth and innocence.""

paragraphs: In Hebrew, Jonah (יוֹנָה) means dove. The "sign of Jonas" in Mat 16:1-4 is related to the "sign of the dove".

paragraphs: The Christian symbol of a dove with an olive branch in it’s beak represents love and peace and comes from Genesis 8:6 - 12 which reads:

paragraphs: ""And it came to pass at the end of forty days, that Noah opened the window of the ark which he had made:...Also he sent forth a dove from him, to see if the waters were abated from off the face of the ground; But the dove found no rest for the sole of her foot, and she returned unto him into the ark, for the waters were on the face of the whole earth: then he put forth his hand, and took her, and pulled her in unto him into the ark. And he stayed yet other seven days; and again he sent forth the dove out of the ark; And the dove came in to him in the evening; and, lo, in her mouth was an olive leaf pluckt off: so Noah knew that the waters were abated from off the earth. And he stayed yet other seven days; and sent forth the dove; which returned not again unto him any more.""

paragraphs: Doves were also used in ancient Israel as Korban, or religious sacrifice within the tabernacle and temples.

paragraphs: ""And if the burnt sacrifice for his offering to the Lord be of fowls, then he shall bring his offering of turtledoves, or of young pigeons.""

paragraphs: In the Ancient Near East and Mediterranean, doves were used as symbols for the Canaanite mother goddess Asherah, the Phoenician goddess Tanit, and the Roman goddesses Venus and Fortunata.

paragraphs: Psalms 55:6 And I said, Oh that I had wings like a dove! for then would I fly away, and be at rest.

paragraphs: Psalms 68:13 yet shall ye be as the wings of a dove covered with silver, and her feathers with yellow gold.

paragraphs: Song of Solomon 2:14 O my dove, that art in the clefts of the rock

paragraphs: Song of Solomon 5:2 Open to me, my sister, my love, my dove, my undefiled: for my head is filled with dew, and my locks with the drops of the night.

paragraphs: Isaiah 38:14 I did mourn as a dove: mine eyes fail with looking upward: O LORD, I am oppressed; undertake for me.

paragraphs: Jeremiah 48:28 O ye that dwell in Moab, leave the cities, and dwell in the rock, and be like the dove that maketh her nest in the sides of the hole's mouth.

paragraphs: Hosea 7:11 Ephraim also is like a silly dove without heart


title: Anna of Kashin

paragraphs: Saint Anna of Kashin (1280 – 2 October 1368) was a Russian princess from the Rurik Dynasty. She was given sainthood in 1650. Her feast day, October 2, was created in 1909.


title: Matilda of Scotland

paragraphs: Matilda of Scotland (c. 1080 – 1 May 1118), born Edith, was the first wife and Queen consort of Henry I of England.


title: Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots

paragraphs: Joan Beaufort (c. 1404 – 15 July 1445) was the Queen Consort of Scotland from 1424 to 1437. She was the wife of King James I of Scotland. She was the Regent of Scotland during part of the minority of her son James II (from 1437 to 1439).


title: A Lady in Her Bath

paragraphs: A Lady in Her Bath is a painting by François Clouet. It was painted in 1571. It measures 92.3 x 81.2 cm (36 5/16 x 31 15/16 in.) The picture is in the National Gallery of Art, Washington DC. It is one of only three paintings signed by Clouet. The teenaged bather is unknown. It is possible that she is Diane de Poitiers, mistress of King Henry II of France when she was a teenager. Scholar Roger Trinquet suggested in 1966 that the teenaged lady is Mary Queen of Scots. The lady's face resembles other portraits of Mary, especially a drawing by Clouet depicting Mary in mourning. Trinquet believes the painting was intended as a satire for a Huguenot patron. The painting set a fashion for portraits of bathers.

paragraphs: The National Gallery writes: "The masklike symmetry of the bather's face makes exact identification difficult; scholars have suggested that her aristocratic features indicate that she is one of several royal mistresses, most notable among them Diane de Poitiers, the mistress of Henry II. It is possible that the nude, a Venus type, represents ideal beauty rather than a specific individual. The contrast of the smoothly rendered nude figure to the intricate surface details of the fruit, draperies, and jewelry, presents a union of Flemish and Italian motifs that characterized French courtly art of the sixteenth century."


title: Wind from the Sea

paragraphs: Wind from the Sea is a tempera on hardboard painting by Andrew Wyeth. It was painted in 1947. It measures 47 x 70 cm (18 1/2 x 27 9/16 in.) The work hangs in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC. They write: ""Wind from the Sea" is an iconic example of Wyeth's landscapes, as well as one of the earliest examples of his use of windows and his often unique choice of vantage point. Three preparatory studies for the painting accompanied the gift. All four works were bequeathed to the Gallery by Charles H. Morgan."Wind from the Sea" is the second painting by Wyeth to enter the National Gallery's collection; "Snow Flurries", a 1953 tempera painting, was given in 1977."


title: Drass

paragraphs: Drass () is a sub-district of the Kargil District in Jammu and Kashmir, India.


title: Sindh High Court

paragraphs: The High Court of Sindh is the highest judicial institution of Sindh province. Established in 1906, it is situated at provincial capital Karachi. Apart from being the highest Court of Appeal for Sindh in civil and criminal matters, the Court was the District Court and the Court of Session in Karachi.


title: Peshawar High Court

paragraphs: The Peshawar High Court is the highest court of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa. It is located in the provincial capital Peshawar.


title: Islamabad High Court

paragraphs: Islamabad High Court, located in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, was established under Islamabad High Court Act, 2010 after the 18th amendment in the Pakistani constitution. Earlier, the Islamabad High Court was established by the President Pervez Musharraf by a Presidential Order of 14th August, 2007.


title: Lahore High Court

paragraphs: The Lahore High Court is based in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It was established as a high court on 1 March 1882. The Lahore High Court has jurisdiction over Punjab. The High Court's main seat is in Lahore, but there are benches in three other Pakistani cities: Rawalpindi, Multan and Bahawalpur.


title: Ghebi dialect

paragraphs: Ghebi is a dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in the Punjab province of Pakistan.


title: Alexander Ypsilantis

paragraphs: Alexander Ypsilantis (1792–1828) was a main participant in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire in 1821. He was also a senior officer of the Imperial Russian cavalry during the Napoleonic Wars.


title: Batman & Robin

paragraphs: Batman & Robin is a 1997 American action-adventure movie directed by Joel Schumacher. It is based on the comic book character created by Bob Kane. It stars George Clooney as Batman, Chris O'Donnell as Robin, Alicia Silverstone as Batgirl, Arnold Schwarzenegger as Mr. Freeze, and Uma Thurman as Poison Ivy. The movie is about Batman and Robin trying to prevent Mr. Freeze, Poison Ivy, and Bane from covering Gotham City with ice and vegetation while at the same time struggling to keep their partnership together. It grossed over $230 million in the box office. It got mixed reviews from the critics. It was criticized for its gay innuendo.


title: Yin and yang

paragraphs: The Taijitu (太极图), more commonly referred to as Yin and Yang, is a Chinese symbol from a belief system called Taoism. It is also stylized as Yinyang or Yin-Yang. It represents the idea that nature is made up of opposing, yet complementary forces and energy. The traditional symbol has two opposite colors, White (Yang) and Black (Yin). Both sides contain the opposite color inside of itself to represent the main idea of dualism. Some examples of these balanced opposites are: Light and Dark, Male and Female, Expansion and Contraction, Up and Down, Sun and Moon, and Movement and Rest. Yin and Yang are interchangeable with one another, so Yang can become Yin. The Yin-Yang duality also applies to how people should live their lives. The belief is that we should not have too much or too little of something, such as food for example. While food is essential to life and survival, eating too much can cause health problems, while too little causes starvation.

paragraphs: Alternative and holistic medicine includes the Yin-Yang dualism and has grown in popularity in the western world. The symbol and ideas of oftentimes portrayed in daily life, such as in movies or artwork.

paragraphs: Science includes that ideal of dualism in some areas as well. Magnets require both north and south poles for it to be functional and to move. In chemistry, protons can be represented by Yang and electrons can be represented by Yin.


title: Aspen, Colorado

paragraphs: Aspen, Colorado is a city in Colorado. The city is known for its large ski-resorts and for hosting many ski-related games. Aspen is home to 6,658 people. The mayor of Aspen is Mick Ireland. The city was founded in 1879.

paragraphs: Aspen is in a remote area of the Rocky Mountains. The Roaring Fork River flows through the town. In the early years of the town, Aspen was a major center of silver mining. After a major recession, the city fell into decline, and most of the people that lived there left. However, after World War II the area was developed as a ski resort, and became a major skiing destination. Popular with celebrities, today it is one of the richest cities in the US and it remains a popular skiing destination.


title: Sid Fleischman

paragraphs: Albert Sidney "Sid" Fleischman (March 16, 1920 – March 17, 2010) was a Newbery Medal-winning American author who was known for his award-winning book "The Whipping Boy" and for "Humbug Mountain". He also won the Horn Book Award. The Sid Fleischman Award for funny fiction books for children or young adults was named after him.

paragraphs: Fleischman was born on March 16, 1920 in Brooklyn, New York. His parents were Russian Jews. He was raised in San Diego, California and in Santa Monica, California. Fleischman studied at San Diego State University.

paragraphs: Fleischman was married to Betty Taylor from 1952 until her death in 1993. They had three children. Their son Paul also became an Newbery Medal-winning writer. They were the only father and son to win a Newbery Medal. Fleischman died on March 17, 2010 in Santa Monica, California from cancer, just a day after his birthday, aged 90.


title: Les Misérables (2012 movie)

paragraphs: Les Misérables is a 2012 British musical-drama movie. It stars Anne Hathaway as Fantine, Russell Crowe as Javert, and Hugh Jackman as Jean Valjean. The movie is based on the musical of the same name, which, in turn, is based on the 1862 Victor Hugo novel, "Les Misérables".

paragraphs: Critics gave the movie good reviews. Hathaway's performance won her a Screen Actors Guild Award, a Golden Globe Award, an Academy Award, and many other awards. Jackman won a Golden Globe Award for his performance.


title: Argo (movie)

paragraphs: Argo is an 2012 action-thriller movie directed by Ben Affleck and produced by George Clooney. It stars Ben Affleck as Tony Mendez, Alan Arkin as Lester Siegel, and John Goodman as John Chambers. This movie is based on real events of the 1979-1981 Iranian hostage crisis. The movie was about an CIA agent (Tony Mendez) sent to save six U.S. diplomats in Tehran, Iran. To save them, he had to pretend they were making “Argo”, a fake science-fiction film. Critics gave the movie good reviews. It won many awards for Best Movie including an Golden Globe Award for Best Picture - Drama and Best Picture at the Academy Awards.


title: Arabian wolf

paragraphs: The Arabian wolf ("Canis lupus arabs") is a subspecies of grey wolf. It was once found throughout the Arabian Peninsula, but now only lives in small areas in Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Iraq, and southern Israel, Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula in Egypt.


title: Chris Griffin

paragraphs: Chris Griffin is a character in the television comedy "Family Guy". He is the 13-year-old older son of Lois Griffin and Peter Griffin. He has a brother, Stewie, a sister, Meg and an halfbrother, Bertram. They are an American family. Chris is like his father both are unfit and not as smart as others. He has an "evil monkey" in his closet that everyone thinks is fake until everyone finds-out in "Hannah Banana".


title: Meg Griffin

paragraphs: Meg is a character in the television comedy "Family Guy". At age 17, she is the oldest child of Lois Griffin and Peter Griffin. She has two younger siblings. Meg is one of the most hated members of her family and is bullied and humorlessly abused by her own family and friends because she is believed very ugly by everybody, except by a nerd of her school that she doesn't want.


title: Bactrian deer

paragraphs: The Bactrian deer ("Cervus elaphus bactrianus"), also called the Bukhara deer, Bokhara deer or Bactrian wapiti, is a subspecies of Red Deer that is native to the lowlands of Central Asia. It is similar to the Yarkand deer in that it lives around the banks of rivers surrounded by desert. Both subspecies are separated from one another by the Tian Shan Mountains.


title: Glenn Quagmire

paragraphs: Glenn Quagmire, usually called by his last name Quagmire, is a character from the animated television comedy show "Family Guy". He lives on the same street as Peter Griffin and Joe Swanson, making them his neighbors. He is also best friends with the two. He works as a pilot. He is 55 years old, but looks younger because of his vegan diet. Quagmire is best known for having a lot of sex or making a lot of sex jokes with his catchphrase "Giggity". Peter Griffin, his best friend, once called him a "heartless sex hound". He also made one appearance in "The Cleveland Show".


title: Joe Swanson

paragraphs: Joe Swanson is a character in the television comedy series "Family Guy". He is good friends with other main characters, Peter Griffin and Glenn Quagmire. He is in a wheelchair because a criminal hit him with a pipe, and later shot him in both of his legs. He is married to Bonnie Swanson. Although their relationship is not as strong as Peter Griffin and Lois Griffin, they appear to put up with each other for the time being. They had one son, Kevin Swanson, and a daughter, for which Bonnie was pregnant for about 7-8 years instead of 9 months. Joe works as a police officer, and is 43 years old.


title: Mayor West

paragraphs: Mayor Adam West is a character for the television comedy "Family Guy". He is voiced and based on the actor Adam West. He first appeared as the crazy mayor of Quahog, Rhode Island in "Fifteen Minutes of Shame". He usually never takes things seriously and only cares about his office. He is married to Carol West, Lois Griffin's sister.

paragraphs: The fate of the character is currently unknown following Adam West's death in June 2017.


title: Chhera Island

paragraphs: Chhera island (Bengali: ), also called Cheradia Island or Cheridia Island, is an extension of St. Martin's Island in Bangladesh, but cut off from it by sea during high tides. During low tide period, the Chhera island can be reached by walking for about two and a half hours from St. Martin's Island. The most popular way of getting there is by motorboat.

paragraphs: Corals can be found all over the island. It has one small green area where bushes grow. No permanent settlement exists except for tourists.


title: St. Martin's Island

paragraphs: St. Martin's Island is a small island (about 8 square kilometres) in the northeast of the Bay of Bengal. It is about 9 km south of the tip of the Cox's Bazar-Teknaf peninsula, and is the southernmost part of Bangladesh. There is a small connected island that is separated at high tide, called Chhera Island. It is about 8 km west of the northwest coast of Myanmar, at the mouth of the Naf River.


title: Teknaf

paragraphs: Teknaf () is a thana of Cox's Bazar Thana in the Chittagong Division, Bangladesh. It forms the southernmost point in mainland Bangladesh (St. Martin's Island is the southernmost point). The name of the region comes from the Naf River which forms the Eastern boundary of the thana.


title: Baba and Bhit Islands

paragraphs: Baba Bhit Island () is the smallest neighbourhood of Kiamari Town in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It includes three small fishing islands which in the centre of the harbour of Karachi.


title: Justice League (movie)

paragraphs: Justice League is a 2017 American superhero movie directed by Zack Snyder. It is based on the DC Comics superhero team the Justice League. It is the fifth part in the DC Extended Universe. The movie has a screenplay written by Chris Terrio and Joss Whedon.

paragraphs: Years ago, Steppenwolf and his army of Parademons attempt to conquer and remake Earth through the combined energies of the Mother Boxes before they are foiled by a unified army that included the Amazons, Atlanteans and humans. After repelling Steppenwolf's army, the Mother Boxes are separated and hidden in locations around the world.

paragraphs: In the present, the world is in mourning following the death of Superman. Sensing humanity's fear, Steppenwolf and his Parademons return to Earth to resume their hunt for the Mother Boxes through kidnapping several employees of S.T.A.R. Labs, which is in possession of one box. Having investigated the kidnappings and encountered a Parademon himself, Bruce Wayne decides to move forward in recruiting his planned team of metahumans as he believes an invasion is coming.

paragraphs: Steppenwolf manages to retrieve the Mother Box from Themyscira, prompting Queen Hippolyta to warn her daughter Diana Prince. Diana joins Wayne's group and informs him about Steppenwolf and the Mother Boxes. The two of them fail to persuade Arthur Curry and Victor Stone, but manage to recruit Barry Allen into the team. Stone later joins the group after his father Silas is among those kidnapped, and Steppenwolf attacks Atlantis to retrieve the second Mother Box.

paragraphs: The team receives intel from Commissioner James Gordon that the Parademons are traveling underground, and conclude that Steppenwolf's army is based in an abandoned facility. Although the group manages to rescue the kidnapped employees, the facility is flooded during combat, which traps the team until Curry rescues them, having decided to join them after Steppenwolf's attack on Atlantis. Stone retrieves the last Mother Box from S.T.A.R. Labs for the group to analyze. Wayne decides to use the Mother Box to resurrect Superman not only to help them fight Steppenwolf's army, but also to restore hope in humanity. Diana and Curry are hesitant about the idea, but Wayne forms a secret contingency plan.

paragraphs: Clark Kent's body is exhumed and placed in the waters of the Kryptonian ship, and Allen provides a strong energy blast to activate the Box and resurrect Superman. Superman, however, possesses few memories, and he attacks the group after Stone accidentally launches a projectile at him. On the verge of being killed by Superman, Wayne enacts his contingency plan: Lois Lane. Superman calms down and leaves with Lois to his family home where he reflects and tries to recover his memories. With the last Mother Box unguarded, Steppenwolf retrieves it with ease.

paragraphs: Without Superman to aid them, the remaining five heroes travel to a village in Russia where Steppenwolf plans to unite the boxes once again and reshape the world for his nephew Darkseid. The team fight their way through the Parademons to reach Steppenwolf, although they are unable to distract him enough for Stone to separate the boxes. Superman arrives and assists Allen in evacuating the city, as well as Stone in separating the Mother Boxes. The united heroes manage to defeat Steppenwolf, who, overcome with fear, is attacked by his own Parademons, before they are all taken away by a Boom Tube.

paragraphs: In the aftermath of the battle, Wayne decides to rebuild Wayne Manor as a base of operations for the team and he and Diana agree that more heroes could join. Diana as Wonder Woman begins engaging more with the public. Allen manages to acquire a job in Central City's police department. Stone continues to explore and enhance his abilities with his father in S.T.A.R. Labs. Curry returns to Atlantis. Clark returns as a "Daily Planet" reporter and resumes his role as Superman.

paragraphs: In a mid-credits scene, Flash and Superman decide to race. In a post-credits scene, Lex Luthor has escaped from prison and recruits bounty hunter Slade Wilson to form their own league.

paragraphs: Joe Morton and Robin Wright reprises their roles as Dr. Silas Stone, a scientist at S.T.A.R. Labs and Victor Stone's father, and as General Antiope, Hippolyta's sister and Diana's aunt/mentor, from "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice" and "Wonder Woman", respectively. Amber Heard, Billy Crudup, and Kiersey Clemons will portray Mera, Dr. Henry Allen, and Iris West, respectively. Julian Lewis Jones and Michael McElhatton have been cast in undisclosed roles.

paragraphs: Main filming for "Justice League" began on April 11, 2016 in London. Filming ended on October 14, 2016.

paragraphs: In March 2016, Hans Zimmer, who composed the score for "Man of Steel" and "Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice", stated that he is officially retired from the "superhero business". By June 2016 he was replaced by Junkie XL, who wrote and composed the soundtrack of "Dawn of Justice" alongside Zimmer himself. In 2017, it was announced that Danny Elfman would also compose the movie.

paragraphs: The movie was released on November 17, 2017 with an IMAX release.

paragraphs: Immediately after the theatrical release of "Justice League", fans created an online petition to release the "Snyder Cut" that gained more than 180,000 signatures. The movement, which used the hashtag #ReleaseTheSnyderCut on social media. This was due to fans not liking the released version as Zack Snyder left production after his daughter committed suicide. After Joss Whedon took over, only 25% of the movie was from Snyder. Members of the "Justice League" cast and crew showing support for the Snyder Cut's release.

paragraphs: In May 2020, it was announced that the Snyder Cut would be released on the streaming service HBO Max in 2021.


title: Kantaji Temple

paragraphs: Kantojiu Temple () at Kantanagar is a late-medieval Hindu temple in Dinajpur District, Bangladesh. It was built by Maharaja Pran Nath; its construction started in 1702 and ended in 1752, during the reign of his son Maharaja Ramnath. It has one of the best examples of terracotta architecture in Bangladesh. It once had nine spires, but all were destroyed in an earthquake that happened in 1897.


title: Swami Bagh Temple

paragraphs: Swami Bagh Temple is a prominent Hindu temple of the Vaishnav Cult in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh.


title: Temple of King Kangsa Narayan

paragraphs: The Temple of King Kangsa Narayan () is a Hindu temple in northern Bangladesh. It is in Rajshahi's Tahirpur, where legend says that the Durga Puja of the Hindu community was performed for the first time in the Indian subcontinent.


title: Puthia Temple Complex

paragraphs: Puthia Temple Complex is a group of important old Hindu temples in Puthia Upazila, Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh. It is located 23 km to the east of Rajshahi city. It has the largest number of historic temples in Bangladesh.


title: Bishyanath Temple

paragraphs: Bishyanath Temple is a Hindu temple, dedicated to the Hindu God Shiva, in the Mymensingh District of Bangladesh. It is one of the most important temples in the district. The temple is unique because of its pagoda-like architecture.


title: Boro Kali Bari Temple

paragraphs: Boro Kali Bari is one of the oldest Hindu temples in the city of Mymensingh, Bangladesh. The temple is dedicated to the goddess Kali.


title: Laxmi Narayan Mandir, Dhaka

paragraphs: Laxmi Narayan Mandir is a Hindu temple, devoted to Laxmi, the Hindu goddess of wealth. It is located at 31 Nawabpur Road in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The temple is about 300 years old. It was established in the Bengali year of 1056.


title: Joy Kali Temple

paragraphs: The Temple of Joy Kali is a Hindu temple in Bangladesh. It is located between Thathari Bazar and Wari, on a road named after this temple, called 24 Joy Kali Temple street. The temple is devoted to Goddess Kali. The statue of Kali is of great significance to the Hindus. The visitors and committee members of this temple gather money for occasions, where sweets are later distributed among them which is called 'Prasad'.


title: Shree Shree Siddheswari Kalimandir

paragraphs: The Siddheshwari Kali Mandir is a Hindu temple located at 14 Siddheshwari Lane in Dhaka, Bangladesh.


title: Muktagachha Shiva temple

paragraphs: The Muktagachha Shiva temple is a Hindu temple outside the Rajbari of Muktagachha, in the Mymensingh District of Bangladesh.


title: Kaliya jue Temple

paragraphs: Kaliya jue Temple () is a Hindu temple in the town of Dinajpur Sadar, Bangladesh. It is dedicated to the Hindu God Krishna. The temple is situated to the west side of the Dinajpur Rajbari.


title: Chatteshwari Temple

paragraphs: Chatteshwari Temple is a Hindu temple in the centre of Chittagong city in Bangladesh. The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Kali. It was built in the 18th century. In Hindu belief, the goddess of the temple is considered the guardian deity of the town Chittagong.


title: Lalmai Chandi Temple

paragraphs: Lalmai Chandi Temple, also called Chandimura Mandir is an ancient Hindu temple in Bangladesh. It is on the summit of the Lalmai hill in Barura Upazila of Comilla District. The temple is dedicated to the Goddess Kali. There is a temple dedicated to the God Shiva nearby.


title: Sonarang Twin Temples

paragraphs: Sonarang Twin Temples are two Hindu temples in Sonarang village in Bangladesh. The two temples stand side by side on a single masonry platform surrounded by a moat on three sides and an access path on the eastern side.


title: Aristolochia

paragraphs: Aristolochia is a large plant genus with over 500 species of shrubs and herbs, many having medicinal properties. Collectively known as birthworts, pipevines or Dutchman's pipes, they are the namesake of the family (Aristolochiaceae). They are widespread and occur in the most diverse climates. Some species, like "A. utriformis" and "A. westlandii", are threatened with extinction.

paragraphs: "Isotrema" is usually included here, but might be a valid genus. If so, it contains those species with a three-lobed calyx.


title: Shanksville, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Shanksville, Pennsylvania is a small borough in Somerset County, Pennsylvania. About 250 people live there. The town is 60 miles from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The area became well-known worldwide when United Airlines Flight 93 crashed into a field during the September 11 attacks. The town was founded in 1798.


title: 1993 World Trade Center bombing

paragraphs: The 1993 World Trade Center bombing happened on February 26, 1993 in the bottom section of the North Tower of the World Trade Center in New York City. Six people were killed, including a woman who was 7 months pregnant. About 1,042 people were injured. The plan was to use bomb trucks parked in the parking lot of the bottom of the North Tower. The main leader of the small group sent to destroy the buildings hoped that once the North Tower fell they would later see it collapse to hit the South Tower.

paragraphs: The main leader of the small group was Ramzi Yousef. The group wanted to destroy the building because many Jews worked in it. Their leader Osama bin Laden was not happy to see the buildings were not destroyed, so he wanted another attack on the same building. The result would be the September 11 attacks.


title: New Super Mario Bros. U

paragraphs: New Super Mario Bros. U is a 2012 platform video game for the Wii U game console. It is a sequel to the 2009 game "New Super Mario Bros. Wii" on the Wii, which is a follow-up to the 2006 Nintendo DS game "New Super Mario Bros.", and the fourth game in the "New Super Mario Bros." series. It was developed by Nintendo EAD Group No. 4 and published by Nintendo. It was released on November 18, 2012 in North America, on November 30, 2012 in Europe, and on December 8, 2012 in Japan. It is a follow-up to the Nintendo 3DS game "New Super Mario Bros. 2" (released three months before), which is a sequel to the 2006 game and a follow-up to the 2009 game.

paragraphs: Up to five players can play at a time. The game can be played with either the Wii Remote or the Wii U GamePad. The Wii U GamePad allows for Off-TV Play, where the game can be played on the controller without the use of a television screen.

paragraphs: For the "Year of Luigi", which celebrates the 30th anniversary of Luigi's first appearance in the "Mario" series, Nintendo released downloadable content called New Super Luigi U which was also released on the Wii U. Players play as Luigi in harder versions of the game's levels. It was released in mid-2013. A port of this game titled "New Super Mario Bros. U Deluxe" was released on the Nintendo Switch on January 11, 2019.

paragraphs: Mario/Luigi and his friends are at Princess Peach's castle with Peach when Bowser attacks the castle. The attack sends them flying far away from the castle. They must go through eight worlds to rescue Peach and her castle.

paragraphs: New Super Luigi U (stylised as New Super Luigi Bros. U) is a 2.5D side-scrolling platform video game.


title: New Covenant

paragraphs: New Covenant in Christianity, refers to the New Testament, as opposed to the Old Testament. Perhaps the fullest explanation is in the Epistle to the Hebrews, which explains how Jesus' death on the cross replaces the need for animal sacrifice as laid out in Leviticus.


title: Agnes

paragraphs: The name Agnes is a female given name based on the Greek name "hagne". The name was made popular by Saint Agnes of Rome, who was a well known saint. "Agnes" was the third most popular girl's name for almost 400 years in English-speaking areas. The name was used a lot until near the 1970s in the United States. It was especially popular between 1900 and 1920, during which time the name spent a few years on the top 50 list for feminine names. The name was used on a costly hurricane that caused over $3 billion in damage and many deaths in 1972. The name "Agnes" was later retired.


title: Stand Up Guys

paragraphs: Stand Up Guys is a 2012 crime comedy about revenge. It stars Christopher Walken, Al Pacino and Julianna Margulies. It premiered at Chicago International Film Festival. The reviews for this crime comedy were not good.


title: Jake Wood

paragraphs: Jacob Dylan "Jake" Wood (born July 12, 1972) is an English actor, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known for playing Max Branning in "EastEnders" and in the United States as the current voice of the GEICO gecko.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

paragraphs: Carlos Jaime Alazraqui (born July 20, 1962) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and voice artist, best known for playing Deputy James Garcia in "Reno 911!" and as the voice of the Taco Bell chihuahua.


title: Aurangabad Division

paragraphs: Aurangabad Division is one of the six administrative divisions of Maharashtra state in India. Before 1956 the division was part of the State of Hyderabad.


title: Gulbarga Division

paragraphs: Gulbarga Division is one of the four divisions of Karnataka state of India. The division is made up of the districts of Bellary, Bidar, Gulbarga, Koppal, Yadgir and Raichur. The city of Gulbarga is the headquarters of the division. Before 1956 the division was part of the disputed territory of State of Hyderabad.


title: Allahabad Division

paragraphs: Allahabad () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Azamgarh Division

paragraphs: Azamgarh () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India. It has many small villages like Badharia, Saraimeer , etc


title: Bareilly Division

paragraphs: Bareilly () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Basti Division

paragraphs: Basti () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Chitrakoot Division

paragraphs: Chitrakoot () is a district of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Devipatan Division

paragraphs: Devipatan () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Faizabad Division

paragraphs: Faizabad () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Gorakhpur Division

paragraphs: Gorakhpur () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Jhansi Division

paragraphs: Jhansi is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Bischhausen

paragraphs: Bischhausen is a village in southern Lower Saxony, Germany. In December of 2010, 371 people lived in the village (as of May 4, 2015). It is near the previous border with what was the German Democratic Republic (East Germany). The castle ruins called the Gleichen are on two small mountains near the village. Almost all the working people who live in the village are farmers or work in the city of Göttingen, which is not far away. There is one church: the Lutheran church of St. Martin.


title: Kanpur Division

paragraphs: Kanpur () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Lucknow Division

paragraphs: Lucknow () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Meerut Division

paragraphs: Meerut () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Mirzapur Division

paragraphs: Mirzapur () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Moradabad Division

paragraphs: Muradabad is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Saharanpur Division

paragraphs: Sahranapur () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.


title: Varanasi Division

paragraphs: Varanasi () is a division of Uttar Pradesh, India.