title: Dombresson

paragraphs: Dombresson was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.


title: Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane

paragraphs: Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.


title: Lancaster County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Lancaster County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 76,652 people lived there. Its county seat is Lancaster. The county was formed in 1785.


title: Fontainemelon

paragraphs: Fontainemelon was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.


title: Murray Tyrrell

paragraphs: Sir Murray Louis Tyrrell (1 December 1913 – 13 July 1994) was an Australian public servant. He was the Official Secretary to the Governor-General of Australia from 1947 to 1973. In his record term of 26 years, served six governors-general. In 1959, he was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE). In 1977, he was named Australian of the Year with Dame Raigh Roe.

paragraphs: Tyrrell was born in Kilmore, Victoria. He married Ellen St Clair Greig on 6 May 1939. The couple had three children. He lived in Queanbeyan, New South Wales.

paragraphs: Tyrrell died on 13 July 1994 in Canberra of the Australian Capital Territory. He was 80.


title: Akihito Kondo

paragraphs: Kondo was born in Takamatsu, Kagawa. He died on 27 March 2019, at the age of 80.


title: Wong Tien Fatt

paragraphs: Datuk Wong Tien Fatt (; 2 October 1954 – 28 March 2019), also known as Stephen Wong, was a Malaysian politician. He served as the Member of Parliament for Sandakan for two terms from 2013 until his death 2019. Wong was also Minister of People's Health and Wellbeing of Sabah (since 2018) and Sabah state chairman of the Democratic Action Party (since 2017) until his death.

paragraphs: Wong was born in Sandakan, Sabah. He was married to Chong Mee Fook. He had four children. He died of a heart attack on 28 March 2019 in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. He was 64.


title: Jon Skolmen

paragraphs: Jon Skolmen (1 November 1940 – 28 March 2019) was a Norwegian actor, comedian and presenter. He acted in many Norwegian and Swedish movies. He was known for his role as Ole Bramserud in the Swedish comedy movie "Sällskapsresan" (1980) with Lasse Åberg. He worked for the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK) from 1963 to 1981. He also appeared on British children's television. For only a week in 1971, he presented "Play School" for the BBC. In 1981, he appeared in the BBC/NRK special "Jon, Brian, Kirsti and Jon". He starred in this with fellow Norwegian Kirsti Sparboe, and British performers Brian Cant and Jonathan Cohen. Skolmen was awarded the Komiprisen honorary prize for lifetime achievement in 2009.

paragraphs: Skolmen was born in Oslo. He was the father of actors Christian and Tine Skolmen, brother of director Eli Skolmen Ryg and uncle of actors Anne Ryg and Hege Schøyen.

paragraphs: Skolmen died on 28 March 2019 in Oslo, at the age of 78.


paragraphs: Total Drama All Stars and Pahkitew Island make up the fifth season of the Total Drama series. The first half of the season debuted on September 10, 2013, and the other half on July 7, 2014. Total Drama All Stars takes place at

paragraphs: Camp Wawanakwa once again. It brings back 14 old contestants; 7 from World Tour and 7 from Revenge of the Island. The characters are split into teams, based on their performances in previous seasons; whether they were evil or good. Total Drama Pahkitew Island brings an all new cast of 14 contestants. It takes places at a new island, called Pahkitew Island. The characters are split into two teams: Waneyihtam Maskwak and Pimâpotew Kinosewak, both in the Cree language meaning Confused Bears and Floating Salmon, respectively.


title: Milo (drink)

paragraphs: Milo (stylised as MILO) is a chocolate and malt powder from Australia that is mixed with milk or hot water to make a drink. It was first sold at the Sydney Royal Easter Show in Sydney, New South Wales. It is popular in many other countries in Oceania, South America, Southeast Asia and certain parts of Africa. The name comes from the famous ancient Greek wrestler Milo of Croton, after his legendary strength. It was invented by Australian Thomas Mayne in 1934. It is now made by Nestlé.


title: British thermal unit

paragraphs: British thermal unit (abbreviated BTU) is a unit of energy used to produce heat. The uniy is widely used in the United Kingdom, United States, and Canada. It is used for some purposes, for example natural gas pricing.


title: Möckel

paragraphs: Möckel is a German last name. Important people with this last name include:


title: Ed Westcott

paragraphs: James Edward Westcott (January 20, 1922 – March 29, 2019) was an American photographer. He is best known for working with the U.S. government during the Manhattan Project and the Cold War. He was one of the few people allowed to have a camera in the Oak Ridge, Tennessee area during the Manhattan Project. He took the main photos that showed the construction and operation of Oak Ridge, and of non-military life in the secret community of Oak Ridge. The photos he took during the Manhattan Project were not allowed to be published until after the program ended.

paragraphs: Westcott was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee. He grew up in Nashville, Tennessee. He was married to Esther Seigenthaler for 56 years until her death. The couple had five children.

paragraphs: Westcott died on March 29, 2019 in Oak Ridge, at the age of 97.


title: Pierre Bourguignon

paragraphs: Pierre Bourguignon (6 February 1942 – 27 March 2019) was a French politician. He served as a member of the National Assembly for two terms (1981–1993 and 1997–2012). He was a member of the Socialist Party during his time in the National Assembly. He was mayor of Sotteville-lès-Rouen, Seine-Maritime from 1989 to 2014.

paragraphs: Bourguignon was born in Rouen, Seine-Maritime. He died of a heart attack on 27 March 2019 in Saint-Aubin-lès-Elbeuf, Seine-Maritime. He was 77.


title: Chézard-Saint-Martin

paragraphs: Chézard-Saint-Martin was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 the municipalities of Boudevilliers, Cernier, Chézard-Saint-Martin, Coffrane, Dombresson, Engollon, Fenin-Vilars-Saules, Fontainemelon, Fontaines, Les Geneveys-sur-Coffrane, Les Hauts-Geneveys, Montmollin, Le Pâquier, Savagnier and Villiers joined together and became the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.


title: Engollon

paragraphs: Engollon was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.


title: Fenin-Vilars-Saules

paragraphs: Fenin-Vilars-Saules was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Fenin-Vilars-Saules was created in 1875 when Fenin, Vilars and Saules combined.


title: Savagnier

paragraphs: Savagnier was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.


title: Le Pâquier, Neuchâtel

paragraphs: Le Pâquier was a municipality of the district of Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.


title: Villiers, Switzerland

paragraphs: Villiers was a municipality of the district Val-de-Ruz in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.


title: Epagnier

paragraphs: Epagnier was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, it joined together with Epagnier and Marin to become Marin-Epagnier.


title: Marin, Neuchâtel

paragraphs: Marin was a municipality and village in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. In 1888, it joined together with Epagnier and Marin to become Marin-Epagnier.


title: Frederic Forrest

paragraphs: Frederic Fenimore Forrest Jr. (born December 23, 1936) is an American actor. He is known for his role in "When the Legends Die" (1972), which earned him a nomination for the Golden Globe Award. He received an Academy and Golden Globe Award nominations for hie role as Huston Dyer in musical drama "The Rose" (1979).


title: Henry Stern

paragraphs: Henry J. Stern (May 1, 1935 – March 28, 2019) was an American politician. He was born in New York City. He was a member of the New York City Council from 1974 to 1983 and appointed as the Commissioner of the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation from 1983 to 1990 and again from 1994 to 2000.

paragraphs: Stern died in New York City on March 28, 2019 from complications of Parkinson's disease at the age of 83.


title: Voëns-Maley

paragraphs: Voëns-Maley is a village in the municipality of Saint-Blaise in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Since 1888, it became a part of Saint-Blaise.

paragraphs: It contains two villages: Voëns and Maley. Voëns is a golf course.


title: Combes, Switzerland

paragraphs: Combes is a small village in the municipality of Le Landeron in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. It was an independent municipality until 1875, when it became part of Le Landeron.


title: Arlen Ness

paragraphs: Arlen Darryl Ness (July 12, 1939 – March 22, 2019) was an American motorcycle designer and businessman. He was best known for his custom motorcycles. Ness became famous for his designs, most of which are known for their unique body style and paintwork.

paragraphs: Ness died on March 22, 2019 at the age of 79.


title: Ken Bald

paragraphs: Kenneth Bruce Bald (August 1, 1920 – March 17, 2019) was an American illustrator and comic book artist. He was born in New York City. He was best known for the "Dr. Kildare" and "Dark Shadows" newspaper comic strips. His works were published under the name "K. Bruce" on the "Dark Shadows" strip.

paragraphs: His papers, including more than 2,900 pieces of original artwork for the "Judd Saxon" and "Dr. Kildare" comic strips, reside at Syracuse University Libraries Special Collections Research Center.

paragraphs: Bald died at a retirement home on March 17, 2019 in Mount Arlington, New Jersey, aged 98.


title: Mount Arlington, New Jersey

paragraphs: Mount Arlington is a borough in Morris County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 5,050. It is located on the southeast shore of Lake Hopatcong, New Jersey's largest lake and a major recreational resource.


title: Elly Mayday

paragraphs: Ashley Shandrel Luther (April 15, 1988 – March 1, 2019), better known as Elly Mayday, was a Canadian model and activist for women's health. She was known for battling ovarian cancer throughout her modeling career. She was photographed with surgical scars and a bald head from chemotherapy.

paragraphs: In 2013, she was diagnosed with a rare form of ovarian cancer only seen in elderly women. She was originally called a plus-size model by industry standards, a label which she rejected, saying that she embraced her size 14 body, and was normal size.

paragraphs: She was on the front a campaign for the "Australian Women's Weekly" and was one of six models featured in plus-size lingerie company Lane Bryant's #ImNoAngel campaign in April 2015. Her unretouched surgery scars were visible in the photographs.

paragraphs: Mayday died from the disease on March 1, 2019 at a hospital in Vancouver, aged 30.


title: Vilars, Switzerland

paragraphs: Vilars is a village in the municipality of Val-de-Ruz (former Fenin-Vilars-Saules) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

paragraphs: Vilars is in the high valley Val de Ruz between Fenin and Saules. It is in the mountain Chaumont.

paragraphs: Since 1875, it was an independent municipality merged with Fenin and Saules to form Fenin-Vilars-Saules. On 1 January 2013, it has been with Fenin-Vilars-Saules merged to form the new municipality of Val-de-Ruz.


title: Lee County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Lee County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 19220 people lived there. Its county seat is Bishopville.


title: Lexington County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Lexington County is a county located in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 U.S. census, 262,391 people lived there, and the 2016 U.S. census estimates, 286,186 people lived there. Its county seat and largest town is Lexington. The county was created in 1785. Its name commemorates the Battle of Lexington in the American Revolutionary War.


title: Dumas, Texas

paragraphs: Dumas is a city in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: 1980 Quebec referendum

paragraphs: The 1980 Quebec independence referendum was the first referendum in Quebec on whether Quebec should make a deal with Canada that would allow the province to have more control over its own laws, government, and trade agreements with other countries. The referendum was called by Quebec's Parti Québécois (PQ) government. The PQ wanted Quebec to be independent from Canada.

paragraphs: The province-wide referendum took place on Tuesday, May 20, 1980, and the proposal to request more independence from Canada was defeated. 59.56 percent of voters voted against the referendum question and 40.44 percent voted in favour of it.

paragraphs: A second referendum on sovereignty in 1995 also failed, but by a smaller margin (50.58% to 49.42%).

paragraphs: Quebec, a province in the Canadian Confederation since its foundation in 1867, has always been the only province where the most commonly spoken language is French. Quebec has also historically been very connected to French culture and the Catholic Church, which was seen as the national church when the French colonists began to settle in what became Quebec. Many Quebecois people value their French identity and culture. In the early 1960s, Quebec went through a Quiet Revolution where politicians separated the role of the church from the role of government organisations in a process called secularisation. During this time period, political groups in the province began to identify as federalists (who wanted to be a part of a unified Canada) and sovereigntists (who wanted Quebec to become a sovereign nation state, separate from Canada).

paragraphs: A prominent sovereigntist was René Lévesque, who helped found the Parti Québécois (PQ) with like-minded separatists. The PQ proposed "sovereignty-association", a proposal for Quebec to be a sovereign nation-state while also sharing an economic partnership with Canada. The PQ had originally planned on declaring independence upon forming government, without putting it up for a vote in Quebec. Instead of doing this, the PQ chose to use a referendum so that the international community would be more likely to accept them as a truly independent nation.

paragraphs: The PQ won the 1976 election, beating the governing Quebec Liberals. The PQ campaign platform included a promise to hold a referendum on sovereignty-association during their first term. In government, the PQ created a number of popular reforms to long-term issues in the province, including francophone nationalist laws such as Bill 101, which reinforced French as the province's official language.

paragraphs: The PQ's beliefs were in conflict with the federal Liberal government of Pierre Elliot Trudeau, who did not agree with Quebec sovereignty. Instead, Trudeau urged Quebecers to seek empowerment at the federal level through reforms that provided for bilingualism and protection for individual rights. Trudeau was considered such a major opponent to Quebec sovereignty that Lévesque refused to call a referendum while Trudeau was the Prime Minister.

paragraphs: The Progressive Conservatives led by Joe Clark won a minority government in the May 22 1979 federal election. Clark's minority government made a point to not have the federal government be involved in the referendum, leaving the task of representing federalist voices to Claude Ryan, the new leader of the Quebec Liberal Party.

paragraphs: On June 21, 1979, Lévesque announced the promised referendum would occur in the spring of 1980, and that the question on the ballot would be announced before Christmas.

paragraphs: On November 1, 1979, the Quebec government released its constitutional proposal in a white paper titled "Québec-Canada: A New Deal. The Québec Government Proposal for a New Partnership Between Equals: Sovereignty-Association".

paragraphs: A dramatic change occurred in Ottawa on December 11, 1979, when the Clark government unexpectedly lost a vote of confidence on a budget bill, forcing a federal election. Three days afterward, Trudeau announced his return as leader of the Liberals. Polls showed Clark losing handily.

paragraphs: The wording of the referendum question was a subject of debate between members of the Parti Québécois caucus. Some preferred a simple wording focused on Quebec becoming sovereign from Canada. Lévesque realised that sovereignty-association would require negotiations with the Government of Canada. Lévesque decided that the question would be written so that it gave the government of Quebec the power to negotiate with the Government of Canada, and that if the referendum passed, they would have a second referendum after making an agreement with the Canadian government so that Quebecers could approve the deal or vote against it. He also felt the safety of a second referendum would convince swing voters to vote "Yes."

paragraphs: A significant debate arose as to whether a "question" under the "Referendum Act" could have more than one sentence: the final compromise was to use semicolons.

paragraphs: The question announced on December 20, 1979 was: "The Government of Quebec has made public its proposal to negotiate a new agreement with the rest of Canada, based on the equality of nations; this agreement would enable Quebec to acquire the exclusive power to make its laws, levy its taxes and establish relations abroad — in other words, sovereignty — and at the same time to maintain with Canada an economic association including a common currency; any change in political status resulting from these negotiations will only be implemented with popular approval through another referendum; on these terms, do you give the Government of Quebec the mandate to negotiate the proposed agreement between Quebec and Canada?"

paragraphs: Lévesque, while noting its cumbersome nature, stated that it was transparent and could be easily understood.

paragraphs: On February 18, 1980, the federal Liberals won a majority in the House of Commons, and Trudeau returned as Prime Minister. Trudeau announced Jean Chrétien as having responsibilities for the federal response to the referendum.

paragraphs: Television had recently been introduced to the Quebec National Assembly, and the legislative debate on the referendum question was scheduled for prime time live viewing on March 4, 1980. The debate lasted two weeks, and the result was a PQ success and a disaster for the provincial Liberals. The PQ Cabinet, coordinated by House Leader Claude Charron, provided detailed outlines of their files and the benefits they said sovereignty would provide them. The Liberals did not consider that the television audience would view their quick and taunting retorts about the referendum question to be insubstantial compared to the lengthy and detailed speeches of PQ members. The Liberals seemed to lack preparation and Ryan, unaware of the television cameras, was caught yawning on a few occasions during Liberal interventions.

paragraphs: Polls released after the debates showed the Yes and No side roughly even, with a majority among Francophone voters for the "Yes" side.

paragraphs: Less helpful to the "Yes" campaign was a speech by former television presenter Lise Payette to a committee in Montreal, where she mocked what she viewed as the "No" side's complacency by imagining a person who planned on voting "No" as a "Yvette -" a docile schoolgirl from pre-Quiet Revolution schoolbooks. Payette also used this as a general theme in the legislature. Payette stated that Ryan wanted a Quebec full of "Yvettes" and that his wife, Madeline Ryan, was an Yvette. Lise Bissonnette, a popular journalist, responded to Payette's personal attack wrote a sarcastic editorial that compared Payette's television career with Mme Ryan's accomplishments in the public and private sector.

paragraphs: Payette apologized during the legislative debate, but the remark and the editorial sparked a movement. On March 30, a group of 1,700 women, including Madeline Ryan, held the "brunch des Yvettes" at the Château Frontenac in Quebec City. The movement grew until a rally at the Montreal Forum on April 7 when 14,000 women denounced the minister's declarations about women and manifested their support for the "No" side.

paragraphs: On April 15, Lévesque announced before the National Assembly the referendum would occur on May 20, 1980. The same day, on the opening of the House of Commons, Trudeau announced that the Government of Canada would not negotiate sovereignty-association under any circumstances, as he considered the question too vague and the Canadian government's authority too uncertain to do so. He also stated that the question was too vague to give Lévesque and the PQ any mandate to declare independence, making any result from a "Yes" vote impossible; in contrast, he offered that a "No" vote would lead to constitutional change. His position was supported by Clark and national NDP leader Ed Broadbent.

paragraphs: The "Yes" campaign was, in the initial stages, low key. It focused on gaining broad acceptance of sovereignty-association through specialized "regroupments" that would be presented with special certificates at ceremonies led by Lévesque and other cabinet ministers. The regroupments were seen as an attempt to show broad support for the movement and create conversations at the ground level, however, the attempt to create them in some heavily Federalist professions, such as lawyers, prompted a severe backlash.

paragraphs: The "No" campaign, led by Ryan, was run as a traditional election campaign, with Ryan campaigning during the day and making speeches in local hockey arenas across rural Quebec.

paragraphs: Controversially, the Canadian government became involved on its own accord in the referendum despite the provisions of the provincial "Referendum Act", which tightly restricted all campaigning to the designated "Yes" and "No" committees with set budgets. Canadian government politicians made appearances coordinated by Minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and Marc Lalonde, mainly speculating on the economic uncertainty a "Yes" vote could bring. Chrétien argued that prominent PQ member Claude Morin would sacrifice Canada's oil and national gas price to drive in an ambassadors' Cadillac. Lalonde argued that old age pensions were directly threatened by a "Yes" vote. Though initially reluctant, Ryan started to accept and welcome the Canadian government's help, and continued to speak across Quebec.

paragraphs: The referendum prompted an unheard-of political mobilization, and the campaign was seen as a traumatic event in Quebec, as the hard choice between "Yes" and "No" shattered the nationalist consensus that had existed since the Quiet Revolution.

paragraphs: On May 14, six days before the vote, Trudeau made his final appearance at a packed Paul Sauvé Arena, where the PQ had celebrated their victory in 1976. Trudeau attacked the "Yes" campaign for not asking a clear question, and stated that a "Yes" vote was a dead end, given that the rest of Canada was not bound by the question and that it was too vague to pursue independence if negotiations were refused.

paragraphs: Trudeau then stated that he would interpret a vote for the "No" as a mandate to renew federalism and change the constitution, putting his MPs' seats on the line if he were to fail to keep this promise. Addressing himself to Canadians outside Quebec on behalf of his MPs, Trudeau challenged English Canada that change would have to occur and that the referendum could not be interpreted as an endorsement of the status quo.

paragraphs: After this Trudeau hit an emotional high note, invoking a remark by Lévesque days earlier that he was showing his "Elliott" side during the campaign. Trudeau detailed the story of his parents, who had both had many ancestors in Quebec, and remarked that his full name was both a Québécois and a Canadian name. Trudeau then began to list members of the Parti Québécois who had Irish or English last names. The riposte brought the crowd to an uproar, and Trudeau exited to chants of "Elliott."

paragraphs: The speech, which prompted Morin to wonder if his mind was changed, was seen as the death knell of the "Yes" camp, despite Lévesque's attempts to cast doubt over Trudeau's words.

paragraphs: After the lopsided defeat, a visibly emotional Lévesque addressed his supporters, many of whom were shown on screen in tears at the result. Lévesque began his concession speech by saying "My dear friends, if I understand you correctly, you're saying: 'until next time.'" In the speech, he called the Canadian government's involvement in the campaign "scandalously immoral," and emphasized that the result must be accepted and that it was now the Canadian government's responsibility to provide the changes to the constitution that Trudeau had promised. Lévesque ended by asking the audience to sing "Gens du Pays" for him, as he did not have any voice left.

paragraphs: Claude Ryan's speech was later in the evening. After refusing to let Jean Chrétien use the microphone to address those gathered, he proceeded to demand an election be called and listed every riding that had voted for the "No" side. The speech was generally seen as callous and harsh, especially after the emotional crowd scenes broadcast during Lévesque's speech. Trudeau addressed the country afterward with a more conciliatory tone, emphasizing the need for unity after the hurt feelings and strained friendships that had been caused by the referendum. The next morning, Chrétien was tasked with creating a provincial consensus.

paragraphs: Maximum amount authorized by referendum law: $2,122,257 ($0.50/voter x 4,244,514 voters)

paragraphs: After the referendum, Trudeau acted upon his promise by calling together the provincial premiers in a first ministers' conference. The meeting showed signs of deadlock, and Lévesque surprised observers by uniting with the dissident premiers, who warmly received his decentralist views. Facing a lack of cooperation from the premiers, Trudeau then announced his intention to unilaterally patriate the constitution from the United Kingdom and have a charter of rights and constitutional amending formula approved by national referendum.

paragraphs: In the meantime, there was a provincial election in Quebec. Despite a brief post-referendum malaise, the PQ easily defeated Ryan's Liberals in the 1981 provincial election, campaigning both on their governing record and against Trudeau's intentions. Notably, the PQ did not promise to hold a second referendum.

paragraphs: With regards to Trudeau's plans to unilaterally patriate and change the constitution, the newly re-elected Lévesque, who had initially argued for the incorporation of a Quebec veto into the new constitution, agreed with eight other premiers (the Gang of Eight) to a proposal that would not allow Quebec a veto, but would permit "opting out" of certain federal endeavours with compensation.

paragraphs: The federal government, still interested in proceeding unilaterally, sought an opinion on whether it was legally entitled to do so from the Supreme Court of Canada. The Supreme Court ruled that any constitutional changes, including patriation of the constitution, could be made unilaterally under the letter of the law, but, by non-binding convention, "a substantial degree of provincial consent was required".

paragraphs: The Supreme Court's decision prompted a final meeting among the first ministers. Lévesque abandoned the Gang of Eight and opted to join Trudeau in advocating immediate patriation with the promise of a future referendum on the other matters. The other premiers, loath to be seen arguing against the charter of rights that was included in Trudeau's proposed constitutional changes, formulated a compromise proposal with Jean Chrétien that was acceptable to the Canadian government. The compromise came during the Kitchen Meeting, which took place after Lévesque had left for the evening. In Quebec, that night has sometimes been called the "Night of the Long Knives".

paragraphs: As a result of the compromise between the premiers (other than Lévesque) and the federal government, the government partiated the Canadian constitution in the Constitution Act, 1982 without support from Lévesque or Quebec's National Assembly. The result was a shattering defeat for the PQ, especially after the Quebec government's loss in its Quebec Veto Reference case. The National Assembly of Quebec, compared to its position in 1976, actually lost power under Lévesque and the PQ.

paragraphs: Historical debate would centre on whether Trudeau's advocacy and agreement on patriation were in accord with or in contravention of his commitments made in his speech at the Paul Sauvé Arena. Trudeau defended his actions by stating he had kept his promise to deliver a new constitution that resided entirely within Canada and an embedded Charter of Rights. Quebec nationalists argue that this is an overly literal view of his words and that, in context to a Québécois audience, Trudeau had promised that Quebec would be given a status in accordance with a decentralized view of federalism, or his MPs would resign.

paragraphs: In 1984, Brian Mulroney led the Progressive Conservatives to victory nationally, having committed during the campaign to try to find a way to accommodate Quebec's objections to the constitution. Lévesque pledged to take the risk of trying to work towards a deal with Mulroney. This led to a split in the PQ and subsequently Lévesque's resignation from politics in 1985. After the PQ defeat by the Liberals of Robert Bourassa, the Mulroney government began negotiations with Quebec to find a deal that would be acceptable to all provinces. The 1987 Meech Lake Accord and the 1992 Charlottetown Accord, despite receiving unanimous consent among the provincial premiers, each failed in dramatic public fashion, reviving the sovereignty movement.

paragraphs: The PQ returned to office, led by hard-line separatist and former Finance Minister Jacques Parizeau, in 1994. Parizeau called a second sovereignty referendum of 1995, which featured a more direct question. That referendum failed by a margin of less than 0.6%.


title: 2022 Asian Games

paragraphs: The 2022 Asian Games, also known as XIX Asiad (), will be a sport event held in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China from 10 to 25 September 2022.

paragraphs: Hangzhou will be the third Chinese city to host the Asian Games, after Beijing 1990 and Guangzhou 2010.

paragraphs: 44 venues will be used during the Games. 30 venues are already existing in the city, 10 are under construction and another 4 venues are in the planning stage.


title: 2019 Xiangshui chemical plant explosion

paragraphs: On 21 March 2019, an explosion occurred at a chemical plant in Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park, , Xiangshui County, Yancheng, Jiangsu, China.

paragraphs: 78 people died and 617 got injured in this accident.

paragraphs: The plant —located in Yancheng's industrial park—was operated by Tianjiayi Chemical (), and was used to produce fertilizer or pesticides. Tianjiayi Chemical had previously been punished six times for not obeying pollution and waste management laws, and "China Daily" reported fines over safety issues.

paragraphs: On November 27, 2007, an explosion occurred in one of the chemical factories in Chenjiagang Chemical Zone (), with 7 killed and around 50 injured. On November 23, 2010, more than thirty were poisoned by a harmful gas release. In the of harmful chemical release and potential upcoming explosions in the Chenjiagang Chemical Industry Park led over ten thousand residents to move away in panic from the towns of Chenjiagang and Shuanggang () during which four people died and many were injured. On the afternoon of May 18 and again on July 26 in 2011, there were explosions at local factories.

paragraphs: The explosion happened at a local time of 14:48 (06:48 GMT). 78 people were killed, and at least 94 were severely injured, 32 of whom were critically injured. Around 640 people required hospital treatment and were taken to 16 hospitals. The injured included children at a local kindergarten. CENC detected an artificial earthquake at .

paragraphs: The force of the blast started fires in Yancheng, knocked down several buildings, and reportedly destroyed windows several kilometers away. The fire was reported to have been controlled by 03:00 local time. Considerable damage was caused to nearby factories and offices; the roof of Henglida Chemical Factory, 3 km from the explosion, fell in. At least one of the people killed was in another building destroyed by the blast. Windows are reported to have been blown out up to 6 km away from the explosion, and houses and other buildings were damaged in the nearby administrative divisions including Hai'an Town (Haianju) and Shadang.

paragraphs: The search for survivors was ongoing on 23 March; one survivor was rescued from the site on the morning of 23 March, but 25 of the 28 people earlier reported missing were found dead. According to the Jiangsu environmental protection bureau, the monitored levels of benzene, toluene, and xylene in the area were not abnormal, and levels of acetone and chloroform outside the explosion area were within normal limits.


title: Vernéaz

paragraphs: Vernéaz is a small village in the municipality of La Grande-Béroche (former Vaumarcus) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel.

paragraphs: Since 1875, it was an independent municipality merged with Vaumarcus to form Vaumarcus-Vernéaz. It was known from 1875 to 1966. On 1 January 2018, it has been with Vaumarcus merged to form the new municipality of La Grande-Béroche.


title: Wavre, Switzerland

paragraphs: Wavre is a village in the municipality of La Tène (former Thielle-Wavre) in the Swiss canton of Neuchâtel. Since 1888, it was an independent municipality merged with Thielle to form Thielle-Wavre.


title: Thielle, Switzerland

paragraphs: Thielle is a village in the municipality of La Tène (former Thielle-Wavre) in the canton of Neuchâtel, Switzerland. Since 1888, it joined together with Thielle and Wavre and became Thielle-Wavre.


title: Les Eplatures

paragraphs: Les Eplatures is a village in the municipality of La Chaux-de-Fonds, in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. Since 1900, it became a part of La Chaux-de-Fonds.

paragraphs: Les Eplatures is the birthplace of painter Louis Léopold Robert.


title: Speculation tax

paragraphs: The Speculation and vacancy tax is a provincial property tax levied in the Province of British Columbia starting in 2019. It is an opt-out tax paid when the property is vacant. It is paid in addition to the regular property tax. The rate for this tax is a half per cent of a home's assessed value for owners who are residents of British Columbia (BC), one per cent for Canadians from other provinces and two percent for owners from other countries. Homes that are not exempt from this tax, pay it in addition to their regular property tax. This tax is not to be confused with Vancouver's empty homes tax, which is also being levied on empty homes located in the city of Vancouver.

paragraphs: All owners of homes in British Columbia are invited to fill out applications for exemption from this tax every year. If a home is owned by more than one person, for example a couple, all owners must complete a separate application for exemption. A part-owner who does not file for an exemption must pay the tax based on their proportional part of the assessed value even if the home is occupied. Tens of thousands of homeowners have not filed for exemption by March 30, 2019.

paragraphs: The BC Goverment says the tax is a "key measure in tackling the housing crisis in major urban centres in British Columbia". It says that it took this action because the people who live and people who work in BC deserve to have affordable housing. According to the goverment, the tax is a part of it's 30-Point Plan to make housing more affordable. The tax is Targeted at speculators who own homes in BC but do not pay taxes. It changes empty homes into occupied housing. It also creates revenue which will pay for affordable housing.

paragraphs: This tax is levied on empty homes in most urban centers:

paragraphs: Within these areas, any reserve lands, treaty lands, or self-government First Nations are exempt.

paragraphs: The rate of the tax for all Canadians has been lowered to one half of a percent. This happened after negotiating between the NDP Party and the Green Party.

paragraphs: Some commentators such as Douglas Todd believe that this tax has achieved its goal.He says that prices of homes in Vancouver are moderating as a result of the tax being implemented.

paragraphs: The speculation tax has been named as one of the contributors to a slump in commercial real estate investment in Vancouver in 2018. Asian investments in Vancouver declined to less than $350 million from more than $1 billion in 2016 and 2017. According to government figures the tax brought in revenues of $115 million from 12,029 homeowners iduring a 15-months period in the 2018-2019 provincial fiscal yearwhich ended on March 31, 2019.

paragraphs: The tax has caught many unaware. For example, a Victoria, BC resident who bought a home in 2018 but worked in the United States the previous year, ended up owing almost five thousand dollars to the BC government.

paragraphs: In August of 2019 John Mackie of The Province reported that this provincial vacancy tax and the Empty Homes Tax are leading to larger numbers of real estate listings of luxury condos in downtown Vancouver.


title: Romont, Fribourg

paragraphs: Romont is the capital of the district of Glâne in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.


title: Tafers

paragraphs: Tafers () is the capital of the district of Sense in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland.


title: Estavayer

paragraphs: Estavayer is a new municipality of the canton of Fribourg, Switzerland. It is on the south shore of Lake Neuchâtel and is between Yverdon and Bern. It is the capital of the district of Broye. It was created on 1 January 2017 when the former municipalities of Bussy, Estavayer-le-Lac, Morens, Murist, Rueyres-les-Prés, Vernay and Vuissens merged to form Estavayer.


title: Romont

paragraphs: Romont is the name of three places in Europe:


title: Vsauce

paragraphs: Vsauce is a popular YouTube channel and brand, it was created by Michael Stevens. The channels feature videos about various scientific and mathematical topics, gaming, and technology.

paragraphs: The main Vsauce channel was created on July 30th, 2007 by Michael Stevens. The channel didn't start uploading until 2010. Initially, the channel's content focused on video games, with various hosts. However certain series like "IMG!" slowly gained popularity, and Stevens became the only host. The channel's content then focused on online activities and information. Slowly, the educational content became more popular.

paragraphs: The channel is hosted by Michael Stevens, featuring content about science, math, and more. In the main series, "DOT.", Stevens discusses a topic or a question, and includes many explanations. Stevens has said that he uses Wikipedia and research papers to find information for his videos.


title: Marlboro County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Marlboro County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 28,933 people lived there. Its county seat is Bennettsville.


title: McCormick County, South Carolina

paragraphs: McCormick County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 10,233 people lived there. Its county seat is McCormick. The county was formed in 1916.


title: Broye (district)

paragraphs: Broye District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Estavayer-le-Lac.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: See (district)

paragraphs: See District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Murten.


title: Wil (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: Wil is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: St. Gallen (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: St. Gallen is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Biocenosis

paragraphs: Biocenosis is the idea that different species coexist in an enclosed habitat (usually called biotope). Biocenosis and biotope make up the ecosystem. Karl Möbius first used the term in 1877.


title: TRAPPIST-1

paragraphs: TRAPPIST-1 (or 2MASS J23062928-0502285) is an ultracool red dwarf star located almost 40 light years away from the Sun in the constellation of Aquarius. The red dwarf is known for having seven Earth-sized rocky planets around it. These planets were discovered between 2016 and 2017, and are likley rocky and some may even have liquid water on them. Four of these planets (d, e, f, and g) are in the habitable zone, so they are most likely to have liquid water. Three other planets here (b, c, and h) are not in the habitable zone, and are likely not habitable.

paragraphs: In August of 2017, the Hubble Space Telescope possibly found traces of possible water in the atmospheres of some of the TRAPPIST-1 planets.


title: Bebe Rexha

paragraphs: Bleta "Bebe" Rexha (born August 30, 1989) is an American singer-songwriter and record producer. She signed a contract with Warner Bros. Records in 2013. She helped write Eminem and Rihanna's song "The Monster". That song got a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance. She also helped write songs recorded by Shinee, Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas.

paragraphs: Rexha released her first extended play, "I Don't Wanna Grow Up", in 2015. It had some success with the song "I'm Gonna Show You Crazy".

paragraphs: Rexha released two more extended plays, "All Your Fault: Pt. 1" and "All Your Fault: Pt. 2". Those had some success with the songs "I Got You" and "The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody)". She also had success with songs, including "Me, Myself & I" with G-Easy, "In the Name of Love" with Martin Garrix and "Meant to Be" with the Florida Georgia Line. The latter peaked at #2 on the United States "Billboard" Hot 100.

paragraphs: Rexha has won several awards, including RadioDisney, iHeart and Edison Awards for her singing.


title: Lee Miglin

paragraphs: Lee Albert Miglin (July 12, 1924 – May 4, 1997) was an American real estate developer, businessman, and philanthropist. He was born in Westville, Illinois. Miglin went on to become a successful real estate developer in partnership with J. Paul Beitler. They proposed building a 125-floor skyscraper in Chicago, the Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle; however, the building was never built.

paragraphs: Miglin was murdered at his garage in Chicago's Gold Coast neighborhood on May 4, 1997 by serial killer Andrew Cunanan. He was 72 years old. He had been tortured with a saw and a screwdriver, his ribs had been broken, he had been beaten and stabbed, and his throat had been slashed with a gardener's bow saw.

paragraphs: The second season of the anthology television series "American Crime Story": "", was about the Cunanan spree where Miglin was played by Mike Farrell.


title: Westville, Illinois

paragraphs: Westville is a village in Georgetown Township, Vermilion County, Illinois, United States. It is part of the Danville, Illinois Metropolitan Statistical Area. Westville's coordinates are (40.043286, -87.637995). According to the 2010 census, Westville has a total area of , all land.


title: Andrew Cunanan

paragraphs: Andrew Phillip Cunanan (August 31, 1969 – July 23, 1997) was an American serial killer and gold digger. He murdered five people, including Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace and Chicago real estate developer Lee Miglin, during a three-month period from April to July 1997. He was a gay prostitute.

paragraphs: Cunanan was born in National City, California. He lived in San Diego, California. He had antisocial personality disorder. Cunanan studied, but dropped out shortly afterwards from the University of California, San Diego.

paragraphs: Cunanan's serial killings began in Minneapolis on April 27, 1997, with the murder of his close friend 28-year-old Jeffrey Trail. He later murdered his ex-boyfriend David Madson by shooting him in the back near Rush City, Minnesota. On May 4, 1997, he drove to Chicago where he killed real estate developer Lee Miglin at his Gold Coast home by stabbing him multiple times. Five days later, Cunanan shot and killed 45-year-old cemetery caretaker William Reese and stole his red pickup truck.

paragraphs: On July 15, Cunanan murdered Italian fashion designer Gianni Versace, shooting him twice on the front stairway of his Miami Beach mansion, Casa Casuarina. A witness pursued Cunanan but was unable to catch him.

paragraphs: On July 23, 1997, eight days after killing Versace, Cunanan killed himself with a gunshot through the mouth while living in a boat as police officials were close to arresting him. He was 27 years old.

paragraphs: Cunanan was played by Darren Criss in "", which premiered on January 17, 2018. Criss won an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actor in a Limited Series or Movie" and a Golden Globe Award for "Best Actor – Miniseries, or Television Film" for his portrayal.


title: Rush City, Minnesota

paragraphs: Rush City is a city in Chisago County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 3,079 at the 2010 census. It is fifty-eight miles north of Minneapolis–Saint Paul.


title: Darren Criss

paragraphs: Darren Everett Criss (born February 5, 1987) is an American actor and singer-songwriter. He is known for his roles as Blaine Anderson in the series "Glee" and as serial killer Andrew Cunanan in the limited crime series "" (2018). For his role as Cunanan, he won an Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award.


title: Hugo, Minnesota

paragraphs: Hugo is a small town in eastern Minnesota. It is in Washington County. The town is 21 miles northeast of St. Paul.


title: Jason Reese

paragraphs: Jason Meredith Reese (24 June 1967 – 8 March 2019) was a British engineering scientist. He was the Regius Professor of Engineering at the University of Edinburgh. His research was in multiscale flow systems. He won the Philip Leverhulme Prize.

paragraphs: Reese died on 8 March 2019 at the age of 51.


title: Dobrica Erić

paragraphs: Dobrica Erić (; August 22, 1936 – March 29, 2019) was a Serbian writer and poet.

paragraphs: He was the author of many novels, five books of romantic poetry, 23 poetry books, 5 theatre dramas and over 40 children's books. His first book of poetry was published in 1959. His works have been translated into many languages. He lived and worked in Belgrade and Gruža.

paragraphs: Erić died in Belgrade on March 29, 2019 from lung cancer at the age of 82.


title: Édgar Ramírez

paragraphs: Édgar Filiberto Ramírez Arellano (, born March 25, 1977) is a Venezuelan actor and former journalist. He was born in San Cristóbal, Táchira, Venezuela.

paragraphs: He played Carlos the Jackal in the 2010 French-German biopic series "Carlos". He won the César Award for Most Promising Actor in 2011 for the role and was nominated for a Golden Globe and Emmy Award for best actor.

paragraphs: He also played Larry, a CIA operative in the movie "Zero Dark Thirty", Paz—a CIA assassin—in "The Bourne Ultimatum", and Roberto Durán, a four-time world-champion boxer and member of the International Boxing Hall of Fame, in "Hands of Stone".

paragraphs: Ramírez starred as Gianni Versace in the limited crime series "". He also starred as Bodhi in the 2015 movie "Point Break".


title: Geoff Harvey

paragraphs: Geoffrey John Harvey (6 August 1935 – 30 March 2019) was an English-Australian pianist, conductor, musical director and television personality. He worked at the Australian Nine Network for 38 years. He was known for starring on "The Mike Walsh Show" and "Midday". He was born in London.

paragraphs: Harvey was a recipient of the Medal of the Order of Australia during the 2006 Queen's Birthday honours for "service to the community as a musician and entertainer, and through support for charitable organisations".

paragraphs: Harvey died on 30 March 2019 in Berrima, New South Wales at the age of 83.


title: Louise Bourgeois

paragraphs: Louise Joséphine Bourgeois (25 December 1911 – 31 May 2010) was a French-American artist. She was best-known for her installation art and large-scale sculptures. She was also a painter and printmaker.

paragraphs: Bourgeois explored many themes over her career, including domesticity, family, sexuality and death.


title: Ruben Tovmasyan

paragraphs: Ruben Tovmasyan (; February 15, 1937 – March 30, 2019) was an Armenian politician. He was born in Yerevan, Armenia. He was the General Secretary of the Armenian Communist Party from 2005 to 2014.

paragraphs: Tovmasyan died on March 30, 2019 in Yerevan from thyroid cancer, aged 82.


title: Cobh

paragraphs: Cobh, known from 1849 until 1920 as Queenstown, is a tourist seaport town on the south coast of County Cork, Ireland.

paragraphs: Cobh the last port visited by the RMS "Titanic".

paragraphs: After the RMS "Lusitania" sank in May 1915, its passengers were taken to Cobh.

paragraphs: The port had several Irish language names. It was first called "Cove" in 1750. It was renamed "Queenstown" in 1849 to honor a visit by Queen Victoria. The name was later renamed again, this time to "Cobh".


title: Frances Farmer

paragraphs: Frances Elena Farmer (September 19, 1913 – August 1, 1970) was an American actress and television hostess. She was in over a dozen movies during her career.

paragraphs: Farmer was born in Seattle, Washington. She began acting in stage productions while she was a student at the University of Washington. When she graduated, she began performing in stock theatre. She later signed a contract with Paramount Pictures in 1936.

paragraphs: Farmer's first movie was "Too Many Parents" (1936). That was followed by a lead role in the musical western "Rhythm on the Range" (also 1936).

paragraphs: Farmer was unhappy with the opportunities given to her by the studio. She returned to stock theater in 1937. She was cast in the original Broadway production of Clifford Odets' "Golden Boy".

paragraphs: Farmer was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the spring of 1970. The cancer was tied to her lifelong habit of heavy smoking. She died from the cancer in Indianapolis, Indiana at age 56.


title: Zuzana Čaputová

paragraphs: Zuzana Čaputová (; née Strapáková; born 21 June 1973) is a Slovak politician, lawyer and activist. She is the 5th President of Slovakia who took office on 15 June 2019.

paragraphs: Čaputová is the first woman to hold the presidency, as well as the youngest president in the history of Slovakia, at age 45.


title: Volodymyr Zelensky

paragraphs: Volodymyr Oleksandrovych Zelensky (; born 25 January 1978) is a Ukrainian politician, screenwriter, actor, comedian and director. He is the President of Ukraine, upon winning the round-off election against incumbent President Petro Poroshenko on 21 April 2019.

paragraphs: Zelensky was the front-runner in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. Six months before he announced his candidacy on 31 December 2018, he was already one of the frontrunners in opinion polls for the election.

paragraphs: Zelensky played the role of President of Ukraine in the hugely popular 2015 television series "Servant of the People". The political party "Servant of the People" was created in March 2018 by people from the TV production company Kvartal 95 who also created the TV series of the same name.

paragraphs: In September 2019 it was reported that U.S. President Donald Trump had pressured Zelensky during a July phone call between the two Presidents to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Joe Biden and his son Hunter Biden. This led to the Trump–Ukraine scandal and the impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump which would result in Trump's impeachment.

paragraphs: Zelensky was born 25 January 1978 in Kryvyi Rih, Ukrainian SSR in a secular Ukrainian Jewish family. His father, Oleksandr Zelensky, is a professor at the Kryvyi Rih Institute of Economics. His mother, Rymma Zelenska, worked as an engineer. Before going to school Volodymyr lived for four years in Mongolia where his father worked at that time.

paragraphs: Zelensky earned a law degree from the Kryvyi Rih Institute of Economics. He fluently speaks Ukrainian and Russian.

paragraphs: In 2008, he starred in the feature film "Love in the Big City", and its sequel, "Love in the Big City 2". Zelensky also played the main role in the movie "Office Romance, Our Time, Rzhevsky Versus Napoleon, Love in the Big City 3, 8 First Dates," etc"."

paragraphs: In 2015, Zelensky became the main actor of the popular Ukrainian television series "Servant of the People", where he played the role of the President of Ukraine.


title: Eduardo Fajardo

paragraphs: Eduardo Martínez Fajardo (14 August 1924 – 4 July 2019) was a Spanish actor. He was born in Meis (Pontevedra), Spain. He appeared in more than 160 movies between 1947 and 2002. He was known for his roles in "7th Cavalry" and "Django".

paragraphs: Fajardo died on 4 July 2019 while on a trip in Mexico City at the age of 94.


title: José Terrón

paragraphs: José Terrón Peñaranda (5 July 1939 – 12 May 2019) was a Spanish movie actor. He was born in Madrid. He played Guy Callaway in "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and Thomas "Shorty" Larson in "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966).

paragraphs: Terrón died on 12 May 2019 in Benidorm, Spain at the age of 79.


title: Héctor Alterio

paragraphs: Héctor Benjamín Alterio Onorato (born 21 September 1929) is an Argentine actor. His best known role was in "La Patagonia rebelde" ("The Rebel Patagonia"). His voice was used in "Ya es tiempo de violencia" (1969), an anonymous movie about the "Cordobazo" riots which took place the same year.


title: Julieta Serrano

paragraphs: Julieta Serrano Romero (born 2 January 1933) is a Spanish actress. In September 2018 she was awarded by the Premio Nacional de Teatro. Her best known roles were in "Women on the Verge of a Nervous Breakdown" (1988), "Dark Habits" (1983) and "Teatro de siempre" (1966). Serrano appeared in many movies directed by Pedro Almodóvar.


title: Marisa Paredes

paragraphs: María Luisa Paredes Bartolomé (born 3 April 1946), known professionally as Marisa Paredes, is a Spanish actress. She has appeared in famous Spanish and English language movies, including "In a Glass Cage" (1986), "Life Is Beautiful" (1998), "Deep Crimson" (1996) and "The Devil's Backbone" (2001).


title: Deaths in April 2019

paragraphs: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in April 2019. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

paragraphs: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: Tottenham Hotspur Stadium

paragraphs: Tottenham Hotspur Stadium is a stadium that serves as the home ground for Tottenham Hotspur in north London, replacing the club's previous stadium, White Hart Lane. It has a capacity of 62,062, making it one of the largest stadiums in the Premier League and the largest club stadium in London. It is designed to be a multi-purpose stadium and features the world's first dividing, retractable football pitch, which reveals a synthetic turf pitch underneath for NFL London Games, concerts and other events.

paragraphs: "Tottenham Hotspur Stadium" is unlikely to remain the official stadium name indefinitely, it is widely expected that the rights to the naming of the stadium will be sold. The stadium is occasionally referred to as New White Hart Lane by fans and some in the media.

paragraphs: The stadium is accessible through a number of London Overground, London Underground and National Rail stations: Seven Sisters, Tottenham Hale, Northumberland Park, and White Hart Lane stations. The nearest station, at around 200 m away, is White Hart Lane (London Overground), which is being rebuilt, and a Wembley-style walkway for fans from the station to the stadium is planned. The stadium area is also served by up to 144 buses an hour. Bus routes that stop close to the ground are 149, 259, 279, 349, and W3. The club will also operate two high frequency shuttle bus services to the stadium, one from Alexandra Palace through Wood Green, and the other from Tottenham Hale.


title: Jenny Shipley

paragraphs: Dame Jennifer Mary Shipley (née Robson; born 4 February 1952) is a former New Zealand politician. She was the 36th Prime Minister of New Zealand from 1997 to 1999. She was the first female Prime Minister of New Zealand. She was the only woman to have led the National Party.

paragraphs: Shipley was born in Gore, Southland. She was raised in rural Canterbury.

paragraphs: Before entering politics, Shipley was involved with several community organizations.

paragraphs: Shipley was elected to the New Zealand Parliament in the 1987 election. She won the Ashburton electorate.

paragraphs: When the National Party returned to power in 1990, Shipley was appointed to the Cabinet of New Zealand under Jim Bolger. She was the Minister of Social Welfare (1990-1996), the Minister for Women's Affairs (1990-1996), a member of the Minister of Health (1993-1996) and a member of the Minister of Transport (1996-1997).

paragraphs: In December 1997, after Bolger resigned as Prime Minister, Shipley was elected as his replacement unopposed.

paragraphs: Shipley was the first Prime Minister to attend the gay and lesbian Hero Parade.


title: Chinatown

paragraphs: Chinatown is the name used for neighborhood in any city outside of China where many Chinese immigrants came to live together. Chinatowns became common in cities around the world after China lost the first Opium War with the British Empire. After China lost, many Chinese people became poor, especially people living in Guangdong province. That was where most of the fighting took place. People from Guangdong went outside of China to look for work. They moved to places like Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the United States. When Chinese people moved to these places, they usually lived close together in the city they were staying. These became Chinatowns.

paragraphs: Famous Chinatowns around the world include those in San Francisco, New York City, and Kuala Lumpur.

paragraphs: Most early immigrants came from provinces of Guangdong and Fujian in southeastern China. The common languages there are Toishanese, Cantonese, Hakka, Teochew, and Hokkien. So, these are common languages in many Chinatowns. Also, since most Chinatowns were created before the Chinese Communist Party took over mainland China, most Chinatowns use traditional Chinese characters. However, both simplified and traditional characters are often seen in Chinatowns in Malaysia.


title: Battle of Shiroyama

paragraphs: The took place on 24 September 1877, in Kagoshima, Japan. It was the final battle of the Satsuma Rebellion against the Imperial Japanese Army. The battle ended in the death of the Revolt's leader, Saigō Takamori, and the destruction of his army.


title: Corporal punishment

paragraphs: Corporal punishment (also called physical punishment) is a punishment which is meant to cause physical pain on a person. It is most often performed on minors) (in other words: children and teenagers). Common methods include spanking, belting and paddling.

paragraphs: It has also been used on some adults, mostly on prisoners and people who are slaves.

paragraphs: In some parts of the United States, corporal punishment is allowed in schools. At home, corporal punishment is allowed.

paragraphs: Fifty-eight countries, mostly in Europe and Latin America, have banned corporal punishment in the home or at school.

paragraphs: Corporal punishment has been shown to cause aggression and behavior problems in some teenagers and children.


title: Domenico Giannace

paragraphs: Domenico Rocco Giannace (21 September 1924 – 28 March 2019), nicknamed "Mingo", was an Italian politician and trade unionist. He was a member of the Communist Party (PCI). He served as a member of the Regional Council of Basilicata from 1980 to 1985. He was also mayor of Pisticci from 1963 to 1965. In May 2003, Giannace was awarded Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic by President Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. He was born in Pisticci, Matera.

paragraphs: Giannace died on 28 March 2019 in Pisticci, at the age of 94.


title: Glâne (district)

paragraphs: Glâne District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Romont.

paragraphs: These municipalities are in the district:


title: Susan Flannery

paragraphs: Susan Flannery (born July 31, 1939) is an American actress and director. She is known for her roles in the daytime dramas "Days of Our Lives" and "The Bold and the Beautiful".

paragraphs: Flannery won a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 1975, and again in the 2000s. She also won a Golden Globe Award for New Star of the Year.

paragraphs: Flannery was born in Jersey City, New Jersey. She is openly a lesbian.


title: Gruyère (district)

paragraphs: Gruyère District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Bulle.


title: Saane (district)

paragraphs: Saane District or Sarine District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Fribourg, which is also the capital in the canton of Fribourg.


title: Sense (district)

paragraphs: Sense District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Tafers.


title: Veveyse (district)

paragraphs: Veveyse District is a district in the canton of Fribourg in Switzerland. The capital is Châtel-Saint-Denis.


title: Conroe, Texas

paragraphs: Conroe is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. 87,654 people live there. The area of the city is 72 sq mi. (186 sq km.).


title: Nipsey Hussle

paragraphs: Ermias Joseph Asghedom (August 15, 1985 – March 31, 2019), known professionally as Nipsey Hussle (often stylized as Nipsey Hu$$le), was an American rapper, entrepreneur, and community activist.

paragraphs: Hussle has released numerous mixtapes, including the "Bullets Ain't Got No Name" series, "The Marathon", "The Marathon Continues" and "Crenshaw", the latter of which rapper Jay-Z bought 100 copies for $100 each. His debut studio album "Victory Lap" was nominated for Best Rap Album at the 61st Annual Grammy Awards in 2019.

paragraphs: On March 31, 2019, Hussle was shot multiple times just outside of his clothing store in the Hyde Park neighborhood of South Los Angeles. Hussle was pronounced dead hours later at the age of 33.


title: Tania Mallet

paragraphs: Tania Mallet (19 May 1941 – 30 March 2019) was a British model and actress. In 1957, she started working as a model at the age of 16. She was best known for her role as Tilly Masterson in the James Bond movie "Goldfinger" (1964). This was her only movie role.

paragraphs: Mallet was born in Blackpool, Lancashire. Her father was English and her mother was Russian. She was the cousin of the Academy Award-winning actress Helen Mirren.

paragraphs: Mallet died on 30 March 2019, at the age of 77.


title: Gauss's law for magnetism

paragraphs: In physics, Gauss's law for magnetism is one of the four Maxwell's equations that underlie classical electrodynamics.


title: Fokker

paragraphs: Fokker was a Dutch aircraft manufacturer named after its founder Anthony Fokker. The company operated under several different names starting out in 1912 in Schwerin, German and moving to the Netherlands in 1919. During its most successful period in the 1920s and 1930s, it dominated the civil aviation market. Fokker went into bankruptcy in 1996 and its operations were sold to competitors.


title: Peter Coleman

paragraphs: William Peter Coleman (15 December 1928 – 31 March 2019) was an Australian writer and politician.

paragraphs: Coleman was a published journalist for over 60 years. He served as editor of "The Bulletin" (1964–1967) and "Quadrant" for 20 years. He wrote 16 books on subjects such as politics and biographies. While still working as an editor and journalist, he had a short but important political career. He was a member of the Liberal Party. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1968 to 1978. He served as both as a Minister in the State Cabinet and as Leader of the New South Wales Opposition from 1977 to 1978. He was also the member for Wentworth in the House of Representatives from 1981 to 1987. From 1979 to 1981, he served as Administrator of Norfolk Island. In 2001, Coleman was awarded the Centenary Medal.

paragraphs: Coleman was born in Caulfield, Victoria. He was a graduate of the University of Sydney and the London School of Economics. He was married to Verna Susannah Scott. The couple had three children.

paragraphs: Coleman died on 31 March 2019 in Sydney, New South Wales. He was 90.


title: Ron Elvidge

paragraphs: Ronald Rutherford Elvidge (2 March 1923 – 30 March 2019) was a New Zealand rugby union player. He played as a second five-eighth and centre. He was a member of the New Zealand national side, the All Blacks, from 1946 to 1950. He played 19 matches for the All Blacks, including seven as captain and nine internationals. He also played for Otago at a provincial level. He was born in Timaru. He later worked as an obstetrician and gynaecologist. After the death of Wally Argus in 2016, Elvidge became the oldest living All Black.

paragraphs: Elvidge died in Auckland on 30 March 2019, at the age of 96.


title: Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio

paragraphs: Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio (4 December 1927 – 1 April 2019) was a Spanish writer. In 2004, he was awarded the Premio Cervantes for his written work in the Spanish language. He also won a Premio Nadal for his novel "El Jarama" (1955). He helped writing in Spain to become popular again after the Spanish Civil War, along with other young writers such as Juan Goytisolo and Ana María Matute. He later stopped writing for around twenty years. He never said publicly why this was but critics have said it may have been a silent dislike of the Spanish military dictatorship of Francisco Franco.

paragraphs: Sánchez Ferlosio Rome, Lazio, Italy. His mother was Italian. His Spanish father, Rafael Sánchez Mazas (1894–1966), was a nationalist writer and a leader of the Falange. Sánchez Ferlosio was married to writer Carmen Martín Gaite.

paragraphs: Sánchez Ferlosio died in Madrid on 1 April 2019, at the age of 91.


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title: Len Fontaine

paragraphs: Leonard Joseph Fontaine (February 25, 1948 – March 25, 2019) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player. He played as a right winger. He played for the Detroit Red Wings in the National Hockey League (NHL). He was born in Quebec City, Quebec.

paragraphs: Fontaine died on March 25, 2019 at his home in Brigden, Ontario. He was 71.


title: Kurt Armbruster

paragraphs: Kurt Armbruster (16 September 1934 – 14 March 2019) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a midfielder. At club level, he played for Lausanne-Sport. He also played for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Armbruster was born in Zürich.

paragraphs: Armbruster died on 14 March 2019, at the age of 84.


title: Stakeholder

paragraphs: In a corporation, a stakeholder is a member of groups without whose support the organisation would fail to exist, as defined in the first usage of the word in a 1963 internal written message at the Stanford Research institute. The theory was later developed and continued by R. Edward Freeman in the 1980s. Since then, it has gained wide acceptance in business and in strategic management, corporate governance, business purpose and social responsibility. The definition of corporate responsibilities has been frowned upon as creating a false relationship between the 'shareholder model' and the 'stakeholder model', or a false analogy of the requirements towards stakeholders and other interested parties.


title: Köbi Kuhn

paragraphs: Jakob "Köbi" Kuhn (12 October 1943 – 26 November 2019) was a Swiss football manager and former player. He played as a midfielder. During his club career, he played for Zürich. He captained Zürich to six Swiss Super League titles and five Swiss Cup wins. He played for Switzerland 63 times, scoring five goals. He was part of the 1966 FIFA World Cup squad. He later managed Zürich and Switzerland.


title: Fritz Künzli

paragraphs: Friedrich "Fritz" Künzli (8 January 1946 – 22 December 2019) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a striker. From 1961 to 1979, he played in 313 matches in the Nationalliga A scoring a record 201 goals. In 1978, he played part of one season in the North American Soccer League. He played for many club sides, including Zürich, and the Switzerland national team. He played two games for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Künzli was born in Glarus.


title: NCT (band)

paragraphs: NCT is a boy group with an unlimited amount of members. Right now they have 23 members, as of 2020. They debuted under SM Entertainment. Their fanbase name is NCTzens or czennies.

paragraphs: NCT-Chenle, Haechan, Hendery, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Jaemin, Jisung, Jeno, Johnny, Jungwoo, Renjun, Lucas, Mark, Taeyong, Ten, Yuta, Taeil, Winwin, Xiaojun, Kun, Yangyang

paragraphs: NCT 2018- Chenle, Haechan, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Jaemin, Jisung, Jeno, Johnny, Jungwoo, Renjun, Lucas, Mark, Taeyong, Ten, Yuta, Taeil, Kun, and Winwin

paragraphs: NCT 127-Haechan, Doyoung, Jaehyun, Johnny, Jungwoo, Mark, Taeyong, Yuta, Taeil, and Winwin

paragraphs: NCT Dream (o.g 2018)- Chenle, Haechan, Jaemin, Jisung, Jeno, Renjun, Mark

paragraphs: NCT Dream 2019- Chenle, Haechan, Jaemin, Jisung, Jeno, Renjun

paragraphs: Wayv- Hendery, Lucas, Ten, Winwin, Xiaojun, Kun, Yangyang

paragraphs: Superm - (NCT) Taeyong, Mark, Ten, Lucas (SHINee) Taemin (EXO) Kai, Baekhyun


title: Peter Cetera

paragraphs: Peter Paul Cetera (born September 13, 1944) is an American singer-songwriter and bassist. He is best known for being an original member of the rock band Chicago from 1967 to 1985, before starting a successful solo career. The Chicago song "If You Leave Me Now" won the band's first Grammy Award and was also their number one single. After leaving Chicago in 1985, his singles, "Glory of Love" and "The Next Time I Fall", reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Glory of Love" was the theme song from the movie "The Karate Kid Part II" (1986). The song was co-written by Cetera, David Foster and Diane Nini. It was also nominated for both an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song. He has also worked with musicians such as The Beach Boys, Billy Joel, Karen Carpenter, Paul Anka, Agnetha Fältskog, Richard Sterban, Bonnie Raitt, Madonna, David Gilmour, Az Yet, Cher, Chaka Khan, Crystal Bernard, Ronna Reeves and Alison Krauss.

paragraphs: Cetera was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has been married twice. Both of his marriages ended in divorce. He has two daughters. He lives in Ketchum, Idaho.


title: David Foster

paragraphs: David Walter Foster (born November 1, 1949) is a Canadian musician, record producer, composer, songwriter and arranger. He produced for many musicians, including Chaka Khan, Alice Cooper, Christina Aguilera, Andrea Bocelli, Toni Braxton, Michael Bublé, Chicago, Natalie Cole, Celine Dion, Kenny G, Josh Groban, Brandy Norwood, Whitney Houston, Jennifer Lopez, Kenny Rogers, Seal, Rod Stewart, Jake Zyrus, Donna Summer, Olivia Newton-John, Madonna, Mary J. Blige, Michael Jackson, Peter Cetera, Cheryl Lynn and Barbra Streisand. Foster has won 16 Grammy Awards from 47 nominations. He served as the chairman of Verve Records from 2012 to 2016.

paragraphs: Foster was born in Victoria, British Columbia. He has been married four times, all ending in divorce. His second wife was actress Linda Thompson, and his fourth wife was Dutch model Yolanda Hadid. He has five daughters, including Amy S. Foster (born 1973), a songwriter and author. Since 2018, he has been engaged to Katharine McPhee of "American Idol" fame.


title: Rheintal (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: Rheintal (English: Rhine Valley) is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It contains the following municipalities:


title: Rorschach (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: Rorschach is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Sarganserland

paragraphs: Sarganserland is a district of the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: See-Gaster

paragraphs: See-Gaster is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Toggenburg (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: Toggenburg is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Werner Leimgruber

paragraphs: Werner Fridolin Leimgruber (born 2 September 1934 in Bern) is a former Swiss footballer. He played as a defender for club sides Zürich and Locarno. He was also part of the Switzerland national team and played one game for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup.


title: Werdenberg (Wahlkreis)

paragraphs: Werdenberg is a district in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Barbara Jordan

paragraphs: Barbara Jordan (February 21, 1936 – January 17, 1996) was an American lawyer, educator and politician. She was a leader of the Civil Rights Movement. She was a Democrat.

paragraphs: Jordan was the first African-American female elected to the Texas Senate after Reconstruction. She was also the first Southern African-American female elected to the United States House of Representatives. She was best known for her opening statement at the House Judiciary Committee hearing during the impeachment process against Richard Nixon.

paragraphs: Jordan taught political science at the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama for a year. She later returned to Houston. She started a private law practice.

paragraphs: Jordan got a Presidential Medal of Freedom, with many other honors. She was a member of the Peabody Awards' Board of Jurors from 1978 to 1980. She was the first African American female who was buried at the Texas State Cemetery.

paragraphs: Jordan worked as the chair of the United States Commission Reform. The Chair recommended reducing legal immigration by one-third. This work is often cited by American restriction members.

paragraphs: Jordan was born in Houston, Texas. She died due to complications of pneumonia at age 59 in Austin.


title: Jean-Claude Schindelholz

paragraphs: Jean-Claude Henri Schindelholz (born 11 October 1940) is a Swiss former footballer. He played as a striker. At club level, he played for FC Moutier, Servette FC (1963–1971) and Vevey-Sports (1971–1973). He also played for the Switzerland national team. He played one game for Switzerland at the 1966 FIFA World Cup. Schindelholz was born in Courrendlin.


title: Curl

paragraphs: In vector calculus, the curl is a vector operator that describes the infinitesimal rotation of a vector field in three-dimensional Euclidean space. At every point in the field, the curl of that point is represented by a vector.

paragraphs: Given a vector field formula_1, the curl of formula_1 can be written as formula_3 or formula_4, where formula_5 is the gradient and formula_6 is the cross product operation.


title: Mohamad Chatah

paragraphs: Mohamad Bahaa Chatah (; 1951 – 27 December 2013) was a Lebanese economist and diplomat. He served as Ambassador to the United States from 1997 to 2000. He was also Minister of Finance from 2008 to 2009. He was born in Tripoli. He was a Sunni Muslim.

paragraphs: On 27 December 2013, Chatah was killed in a bombing in central Beirut. His killing was called a terrorist attack and an assassination.


title: Grabs

paragraphs: Grabs is a municipality in Werdenberg in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Le Pâquier

paragraphs: Le Pâquier is the name of two municipalities in Switzerland:


title: Cooper, Texas

paragraphs: Cooper is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Delta County.


title: Newberry County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Newberry County is a county in the state of South Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, 37,508 people lived there. Its county seat is Newberry.


title: Rheineck

paragraphs: Rheineck is a municipality in Rheintal in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.


title: Mels

paragraphs: Mels is a municipality in Sarganserland in the Seez Valley, canton of St. Gallen, Switzerland.


title: Bad Ragaz

paragraphs: Bad Ragaz is a municipality in Sarganserland in the canton of St. Gallen in Switzerland.

paragraphs: There is a natural spring in Bad Ragaz and it is a popular spa and health resort destination.


title: Jane Smiley

paragraphs: Jane Smiley (born September 26, 1949) is an American novelist. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. That was in 1992 for her book "A Thousand Acres" (1991).

paragraphs: Smiley published her first novel, "Barn Blind", in 1980. She won a 1985 O. Henry Award for her short story "Lily". "Lily" was published in the "Atlantic Monthly".

paragraphs: Smiley was elected a member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters in 2001. She participated in the annual "Los Angeles Times" Festival of Books, the National Book Festival and several others. She won PEN USA's Lifetime Achievement Award in 2006.

paragraphs: Smiley's most recent books are a trilogy of novels about an Iowa family over the course of generations. The first book of the trilogy, "Some Luck" was published in 2014 by Random House. The second volume was in the spring of 2015. The third volume was in the fall of 2015.

paragraphs: Smiley was born near Los Angeles, California. She was raised next to St. Louis, Missouri.

paragraphs: Smiley received the Fitzgerald Award for American Achievement in 2006.


title: Sinéad Cusack

paragraphs: Sinéad Cusack (born Jane Moira Cusack; 18 February 1948) is an award-winning Irish movie, stage and television actress. Her first acting roles were at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, Ireland. She moved to London in 1975 to join Royal Shakespeare Company.

paragraphs: Cusack won the Critic's Circle and Evening Standard Awards for "Our Lady of Sligo". She received two Tony Award nominations: one for Best Leading Actress in "Much Ado About Nothing" (1985). She received the other nomination for Best Featured Actress in "Rock 'n' Roll" (2008).

paragraphs: Cusack acted in many movies. She played Diana Grayson in the 1996 romantic drama movie "Stealing Beauty" She played a mother in "The Cement Garden" in 1993. Also in 1993, she played Ellie McAllister in the comedy-drama movie "Bad Behaviour".

paragraphs: Cusack was also on television. She played Sybil in the 2011 TV series "Camelot". She played one half of a couple in the BBC sitcom "Home Again". She won the RTS Award for Best Actress for her role in "Have Your Cake and Eat It".

paragraphs: Cusack married actor Jeremy Irons in 1978. They have two sons.


title: Rubén Blades

paragraphs: Rubén Blades Bellido de Luna (born July 16, 1948) is a Panamanian singer-songwriter, actor, musician, activist and politician. He performs most often in the Afro-Cuban, salsa and Latin jazz genres.

paragraphs: Blades has won eight Grammy Awards and five Latin Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: Blades' acting career began in 1982. It has continued with several-year breaks in between. His first acting role was "The Last Fight. Other movies include "Crossover Dreams" (1985), "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988) and "Color of Night" (1994).

paragraphs: Blades was given the Harry Chapin Humanitarian Award by ASCAP and WhyHunger in June 2011.

paragraphs: Blades' album "Tangos" won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album in 2015.


title: Abbey Theatre

paragraphs: The Abbey Theatre (also called the National Theatre of Ireland) is one of Ireland's leading cultural institutions. This theater is in Dublin, Ireland. It was first opened to the public on 27 December 1904.

paragraphs: The theatre lost its original building to a fire on July 18, 1951. However, in July 1966, the Abbey got a new building.

paragraphs: The Abbey was a nursery for many leading Irish playrights, like William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory and John Millington Synge.


title: Augusta, Lady Gregory

paragraphs: Isabella Augusta Persse (better known as Lady Gregory; 15 March 1852 – 22 May 1932) was an Irish dramatist, folklorist and theatre manager. With William Butler Yeats and Edward Martyn, she co-founded the Irish Literary Theatre and Abbey Theatre. She wrote many short works for both companies.

paragraphs: Lady Gregory produced quite a few books of retellings of stories taken from the Irish mythology.

paragraphs: Lady Gregory retired due to ill health in 1928.

paragraphs: Lady Gregory was born in Roxborough, County Galway, Ireland. She died from breast cancer at age 80.


title: Olavi Mannonen

paragraphs: Olavi Aleksanteri "Ole" Mannonen (7 March 1930 – 17 March 2019) was a Finnish modern pentathlete. He competed at the 1952 and 1956 Summer Olympics. He won a bronze medal in the team event in 1952 and 1956 and an individual silver in 1956. He also won an individual silver at the 1955 World Championships. In his country, he won the Finnish title in 1953 and 1956, finishing second in 1952, 1955 and 1960. He was selected as the best Finnish modern pentathlete of the year in 1952–53 and 1955–56. Mannonen worked for the local mounted police from 1952, becoming its head in 1971, until retiring in 1990. He was born in Viipuri.

paragraphs: Mannonen died in Helsinki after a long illness on 17 March 2019. He was 89.


title: J. Mahendran

paragraphs: J. Mahendran (; 25 July 1939 – 2 April 2019) was an Indian movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was active in Tamil cinema. He was best known directing and writing the movies "Mullum Malarum" (1978), "Uthiripookkal" (1979) and "Nenjathai Killathe" (1980). "Nenjathai Killathe" won the 1980 National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil.

paragraphs: Mahendran was born in Ilaiyangudi, Madras Presidency. His son, John Mahendran, is a movie director and screenwriter in Tamil and Telugu cinema.

paragraphs: Mahendran died on 2 April 2019, at the age of 79.


title: Francisco Massiani

paragraphs: Francisco Massiani (2 April 1944 – 1 April 2019) was a Venezuelan writer and painter. His first novel, "Piedra de mar", has been a bestseller since it first came out in 1968. The book is a coming-of-age story about a middle class teenager in Caracas. He published many short stories and poetry collections. In 2012, he won the National Prize for Literature. Massiani was born in Caracas.

paragraphs: Massiani died in Caracas on 1 April 2019, the day before his 75th birthday.


title: Sally Jessy Raphael

paragraphs: Sally Lowenthal (born February 25, 1935), better known as Sally Jessy Raphael, is an American former talk show host. She is best-known for her talk show "Sally" (also called "The Sally Jessy Raphael Show").

paragraphs: Raphael's show aired from October 1983 to May 2002. The show covered marriage problems, out-of-control teenagers, pregnant teens and controversial topics.

paragraphs: Raphael won an Emmy Award for her show during the late 1980s. She was nominated again in 1990.

paragraphs: Raphael was born in Easton, Pennsylvania.


title: Vonda N. McIntyre

paragraphs: Vonda Neel McIntyre (August 28, 1948 – April 1, 2019) was an American author. She wrote science fiction. Her best known novels include "Dreamsnake" (1978), "Barbary" (1986) and "The Moon and the Sun" (1997). She also wrote many "Star Trek" novelizations. She won three Nebula Awards and a Hugo Award. Robert A. Heinlein's 1982 book "Friday" was in part dedicated to McIntyre. She was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraphs: McIntyre died of pancreatic cancer on April 1, 2019 in Seattle, Washington. She was 70.


title: Barrie Hole

paragraphs: Barrington Gerard "Barrie" Hole (16 September 1942 – 25 March 2019) was a Welsh professional footballer. He played as a midfielder. He played for Welsh clubs Cardiff City and Swansea City. He also played for English sides Blackburn Rovers and Aston Villa. He had 30 caps for Wales between 1963 and 1971. His first game for Wales was against Northern Ireland, and his last match was against Romania.

paragraphs: Hole was born in Swansea. After retiring from football, he ran a newspaper shop before selling it in 2004. He died in 2019, at the age of 76.


title: Pete Rose

paragraphs: Peter Edward Rose Sr. (born April 14, 1941), also known by his nickname "Charlie Hustle", is an American former professional baseball player and manager. He played in Major League Baseball from 1963 to 1986. He managed from 1984 to 1989. The Electric Clam Festival did not happen because of Corona.

paragraphs: Rose won three World Series rings, three batting titles, one Major League Baseball Most Valuable Player Award and one Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award.

paragraphs: On April 20, 1990, Rose pleaded guilty to two charges of filing income tax returns. On July 19, he was sentenced to five months in the medium security prison camp in Marion, Illinois. He was fined $50,000. He was released on January 7, 1991.


title: Kit Napier

paragraphs: Christopher Robin Anthony "Kit" Napier (26 September 1943 – 31 March 2019) was a Scottish professional footballer. He played as a forward. He scored 119 goals from 379 appearances in the Football League. He played for the Football League clubs Blackpool, Preston North End, Workington, Newcastle United, Brighton & Hove Albion and Blackburn Rovers.

paragraphs: Napier was born in Dunblane, Perthshire. He died in 2019, at the age of 75.


title: Kate Miller-Heidke

paragraphs: Kate Miller-Heidke (born 16 November 1981) is an Australian singer-songwriter and actress. She has four studio albums. She is known for her singles "The Last Day on Earth" and "Caught in the Crowd". She is classically trained, but she has followed a career in alternative pop music. She was signed to Sony in Australia, Epic in the US and RCA in the UK, but is now an independent artist. She represented her country at the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel, finishing ninth overall.

paragraphs: Miller-Heidke was born in Brisbane, Queensland. She is married to musician and songwriter Keir Nuttall. The couple have a son.


title: Norman Thomas Gilroy

paragraphs: Sir Norman Thomas Gilroy (22 January 1896 – 21 October 1977) was an Australian archbishop. He was the first Australian-born cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He became a priest in 1923. He was Archbishop of Sydney from 1940 until his retirement in 1971. He was became a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1969. He was the first Roman Catholic cardinal to have been given a knighthood since the English Reformation. In 1970, he was named Australian of the Year. He was born in Glebe, an inner-western suburb of Sydney, New South Wales.

paragraphs: Gilroy died on 21 October 1977 in Lewisham, New South Wales, at the age of 81.


title: Dimitar Dobrev

paragraphs: Dimitar Dimitrov Dobrev (; 14 April 1931 – 1 April 2019) was a Bulgarian wrestler. He won the silver medal in the middleweight division of Greco-Roman wrestling at 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne. He also won the gold medal in the same division at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome. In 1960, he was Bulgarian Sportsperson of the Year. He was born in Ezerche.

paragraphs: Dobrev died on 1 April 2019, at the age of 87.


title: Don Williamson

paragraphs: Donald J. Williamson (February 2, 1934 – April 2, 2019) was an American businessman and politician. He served as mayor of Flint, Michigan from 2003 to 2009. He was a member of the Democratic Party. He was born and grew up in Flint. Williamson was married to Patsy Lou and had four children.

paragraphs: Williamson died of problems from a respiratory illness on April 2, 2019. He was 85.


title: Antonio Permunian

paragraphs: Antonio Permunian (15 August 1930 – 5 March 2020) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a goalkeeper. He played for club sides Bellinzona and Luzern. He played for Switzerland from 1955 to 1962. He played for his country at the 1962 FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: Permunian was born in Bellinzona. He died in his hometown in 2019 at the age of 89.


title: Willy Kernen

paragraphs: Wilhelm "Willy" Kernen (6 August 1929 – 12 November 2009) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a defender. He played for La Chaux-de-Fonds, winning two Swiss league titles and five Swiss Cups. He was in the Switzerland squad at the 1950, 1954 and 1962 FIFA World Cups. Kernen was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds.

paragraphs: Kernen died on 12 November 2009 in La Chaux-de-Fonds, at the age of 80.


title: Space flight simulation game

paragraphs: A space flight simulation game is a part of flight simulator video games. It may be three types:

paragraphs: Realistic space simulators try to copy the behaviour of a vessel under the laws of physics.

paragraphs: For example, the "Orbiter" follows the Newton's laws of motion. However, it has fictional spacecraft to try those.

paragraphs: The "Space Shuttle Mission 2007" simulates the behaviour of the Space Shuttle.


title: Michael Stipe

paragraphs: John Michael Stipe (born January 4, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter. He is best known as the lead singer of the alternative rock band R.E.M. from 1980 until their split in 2011. The band was very popular, and won many awards, including three Grammy Awards, two Billboard Music Awards, 12 MTV Video Music Awards and three Brit Awards. As a member of R.E.M., he was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2007. As a singer-songwriter, he has had a creative effect on many artists, including Kurt Cobain of Nirvana and Thom Yorke of Radiohead.

paragraphs: Stipe was born in Decatur, Georgia. In 2001, Stipe has called himself a "queer artist" in an issue of "Time" magazine.


title: Bill Berry

paragraphs: William Thomas Berry (born July 31, 1958) is an American former musician. He was the drummer for the alternative rock band R.E.M. from 1980 until he left the music industry in 1997. Although known for his drumming, he also played many other instruments, including guitar, bass guitar and piano. He was also a songwriter for the band. He became a farmer after leaving the music industry. He made many reunions with R.E.M. after leaving.

paragraphs: Berry was born in Duluth, Minnesota. In 1995, he had a brain aneurysm while performing with R.E.M. in Lausanne, Switzerland. He made a recovery. He and his girlfriend have a son, born in 2003.


title: Oconee County, South Carolina

paragraphs: Oconee County is the westernmost county in the U.S. state of South Carolina. As of the 2010 census, the population was 74,273. Its county seat is Walhalla.


title: Walhalla, South Carolina

paragraphs: Walhalla is a city in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It is the county seat of Oconee County.


title: Hedi Turki

paragraphs: Hedi Turki (15 May 1922 – 31 March 2019) was a Tunisian artist. He was thought to have been an important figure of abstract painting in Tunisia. He was an influential member of the School of Tunis. He was born in Tunis and was of Turkish origin. In 1959, he traveled for three months in the United States, where he discovered the abstract art at Columbia University.

paragraphs: From 1963 to his retirement in 1985, he taught art at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Tunis. He continued to travel and to study and work during his career, particularly in England (1971), Nigeria (1977) and the United States (1979).

paragraphs: Turki died on 31 March 2019 in Tunis, aged 96.


title: Bürglen

paragraphs: Bürglen can refer to several places in Switzerland:


title: Noureddine Bedoui

paragraphs: Noureddine Bedoui (; born 22 December 1959) is an Algerian politician. He is the 17th and current Prime Minister of Algeria since 11 March 2019.


title: Abdelkader Bensalah

paragraphs: Abdelkader Bensalah (عبد القـادر بن صالح, born 17 May 1942) is an Algerian politician. He was the President of the Council of the Nation from 2002 to 2019. On 2 April 2019, he became the Acting President of Algeria following the resignation of Abdelaziz Bouteflika.


title: Jenna Fischer

paragraphs: Regina Marie Fischer (born March 7, 1974), better known as Jenna Fischer, is an American actress. She was born in Fort Wayne, Indiana, but was raised in St. Louis, Missouri. Fischer is best known for her role as Pam Beesly on the NBC sitcom "The Office".


title: Beverly Clarno

paragraphs: Beverly A. "Bev" Clarno (born March 1936) is an American Republican politician. She is the 27th and current Oregon Secretary of State after being appointed on March 31, 2019 following Dennis Richardson's death. She became Speaker of the Oregon House of Representatives in 1995. She left the office on 1997.


title: Sudarat Keyuraphan

paragraphs: Sudarat Keyuraphan (, ; born 1 May 1961) is a Thai politician. She is chairwoman of Pheu Thai Party's strategic committee. She was a Member of Parliament. She had been nominated as her party's prime minister candidate for 2019 Thai general election.


title: Longmont, Colorado

paragraphs: Longmont is a Home Rule Municipality in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is in the northern part of the state. It is northeast of Boulder. At the 2010 United States census, there were 86,270 people living in Longmont.


title: 2019–20 Premier League

paragraphs: The 2019–20 Premier League was the 28th season of the Premier League, the top English professional league for association football clubs, since its establishment in 1992. The 2019-20 season started on 10 August 2019 and ended on 26 July 2020. It is the first Premier League season to have a mid-season break and also the first season to use VAR. Liverpool won the league (their first league title).


title: Bear Valley, Alpine County, California

paragraphs: Bear Valley is a city in Alpine County, California. At the 2010 census, 121 people lived there. It is known for its ski resort.


title: Kim Dotcom

paragraphs: Kim Dotcom (born Kim Schmitz; 21 January 1974), also known as Kimble and Kim Tim Jim Vestor, is a German-Finnish Internet entrepreneur and political activist. He lives in Queenstown, New Zealand. Dotcom is the founder of the former file hosting service Megaupload (2005–2012). In 2012, the United States Department of Justice seized Megaupload and pressed charges against Dotcom. The charges included criminal copyright infringement, money laundering, racketeering and wire fraud. His house was raided and New Zealand police arrested him. Dotcom posted bail, and is now going through long legal issues to stop himself from being extradited to the United States. He started another service, Mega, in 2013. He left Mega in 2015.

paragraphs: Dotcom started and funded the New Zealand political party, the Internet Party in 2014. The party's registration was cancelled in 2018.

paragraphs: Dotcom was born in Kiel, West Germany. His mother was Finnish, and his father was German. He changed his surname from "Schmitz" to "Dotcom" in 2005. He has been married twice, and has five children.


title: Isaiah Firebrace

paragraphs: Isaiah Firebrace (born 21 November 1999) is an Australian singer. He won the eighth season of "The X Factor Australia" in 2016. He then represented his country at the Eurovision Song Contest in 2017 with the song "Don't Come Easy". He finished 9th in the contest. In 2016, he released his first studio album, "Isaiah". It peaked at number 12 on the ARIA Charts.

paragraphs: Firebrace was born in Portland, Victoria. He grew up in Moama, New South Wales. He is an Indigenous Australian.


title: Anton Allemann

paragraphs: Anton "Toni" Allemann (6 January 1936 – 3 August 2008) was a Swiss footballer. He played as a forward. He played for Young Boys, Mantova, Eindhoven, Nürnberg, Grasshoppers, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Solothurn and Schaffhausen. He played 27 games for the national team, scoring nine goals. He played for Switzerland at the 1962 FIFA World Cup. He was born in Solothurn.

paragraphs: Allemann died from a heart attack on 3 August 2008 in Klosters. He was 72.


title: United Nations Secretariat Building

paragraphs: The United Nations Secretariat Building is a tall skyscraper. It is the most important building in the headquarters of the United Nations. The building is in the Turtle Bay in Midtown Manhattan. Midtown Manhattan is an area of Manhattan in New York City. The land where the building is located is considered United Nations territory. Even so, the land is still part of the United States.

paragraphs: A ceremony to celebrate the start of the building construction took place on September 14, 1948. Four companies from Manhattan and Queens were selected to construct the Building. The construction cost is around $30 million.

paragraphs: The Secretariat Building has 39 stories and was completed in 1952. The Building was designed by the Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer and the Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier. Secretariat Building is linked to another building called the Conference Building to the north. The Conference Building houses the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Security Council. The Secretrait building is also linked to a library building to the south.

paragraphs: The Secretariat Building was renovated in 2010s. The renovation started in May 2010. The building reopened in phases starting in July 2012.

paragraphs: On October 29, 2012, there was flooding in the basement of the building. This is due to Hurricane Sandy. The flood caused a three-day closure of the building and some offices were moved to other locations.


title: Rauf Denktaş

paragraphs: Rauf Raif Denktaş, sometimes Rauf Denktash in English, (27 January 192413 January 2012) was a Turkish Cypriot politician. He was the first President of Northern Cyprus from 1983 to 2005. Before becoming president he was the second Vice President of the republic of Cyprus.

paragraphs: On 13 January 2012, Denktaş died from Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome aged 88.