title: Joseph Dalton Hooker

paragraphs: Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker OM GCSI CB MD FRS (30 June 1817 – 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer of the 19th century. Hooker was one of the founders of geographical botany, and Charles Darwin's closest friend. He was Director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, for twenty years, in succession to his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.

paragraphs: The expedition consisted of two ships, HMS "Erebus" and HMS "Terror"; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail. Hooker was the youngest of the 128 man crew. He sailed on the "Erebus" and was assistant to the ship's surgeon, who was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens. The ships travelled all over the southern oceans from South America to Australia and New Zealand. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of algae and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.

paragraphs: After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and New Zealand. They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the "Erebus" and "Terror," they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to Tierra del Fuego, back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.

paragraphs: On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three year long Himalayan expedition; he would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalayas. Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling. Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in Bengal.

paragraphs: Hooker and a sizable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled north west along Nepal's passes into Tibet. In April 1849 he started on a longer expedition into Sikkim, but he was imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim when they were travelling towards Tibet. A British team was sent to negotiate: they were released without bloodshed. Hooker returned to Darjeeling where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India.

paragraphs: Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the "Himalayan Journals" was published in 1854.

paragraphs: This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with Daniel Hanbury. They visited and collected in Syria and Palestine; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeograpical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.

paragraphs: Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of John Ball, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump.

paragraphs: This was undertaken with his friend Asa Gray, the leading American botanist of the day. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic affinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types." Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.

paragraphs: Some idea of the delights he encountered (trivia from his journal & letters):

paragraphs: His views on the flora of Colorado and Utah: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a prairie flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a subalpine; 4. an alpine flora, the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.

paragraphs: While on the "Erebus", Hooker had read proofs of Charles Darwin's "The Voyage of the Beagle" provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage started. After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the Galápagos Islands. Hooker agreed and the pair began a life-long friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the evolution and natural selection, and Hooker showed interest. In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory, and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback. Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".

paragraphs: Richard Freeman wrote: "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when Wallace's famous letter arrived at Down House, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to Asa Gray (showing his prior realization of natural selection) in a presentation to the Linnean Society. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of "The Origin of Species" recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.

paragraphs: In December 1859, Hooker published the "Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae", the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's "On the Origin of Species"), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.

paragraphs: At the historic debate on evolution held at the Oxford on 30 June 1860, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, Benjamin Brodie and Robert FitzRoy spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and Thomas Henry Huxley defended it. According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.

paragraphs: Hooker acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. Hooker was a close friend of Thomas Henry Huxley, a member of the X-Club (which dominated the Royal Society in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become President of the Royal Society.

paragraphs: By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and in 1865 he succeeded his father as Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the Hookers, the Royal Botanical Gardens at Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen as its President (until 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the Copley Medal in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.


title: Joseph Hooker

paragraphs: Joseph Hooker (1814 – 1879) was a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. He fought Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Chancellorsville, when Hooker's much larger army was defeated. After the battle, he was replaced by George G. Meade before the Battle of Gettysburg.


title: Uremia

paragraphs: Uremia is a Greek word used in English to describe the condition of a person's blood. Uremia is caused by urine products building up in the blood. If those come over the normal filtration system of the kidneys then the condition is called uremia. People with chronic renal disease or acute renal failure are usually affected by uremia.


title: Ballets Russes

paragraphs: The Ballets Russes were a company of ballet dancers whose full title was "Les Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev". They became extremely famous in Europe in the early part of the 20th century.

paragraphs: The group was formed and directed by the Russian Sergei Diaghilev. The Ballets Russes had more influence on ballet and ballet music than any other ballet company of their time. The dancers were from Russia, but the group travelled throughout Europe, spending a lot of their time based in Paris. Stravinsky was one of the many composers who wrote ballet music for them.

paragraphs: Sergei Diaghilev was an impresario who was extremely good at spotting good dancers and helping them to rise to great standards. He had very good taste in art and music and inspired some great composers to write music for his dancers. He got some of the most famous painters of his time to make set designs for his productions.

paragraphs: The group was started in 1909. By 1911 they had become a group who toured regularly. Many of the dancers had come from the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg. They adapted the productions from the Mariinsky Theatre, performing ballets such as "Prince Igor", "Cleopatra" and "Le Festin" and "Les Sylphides".

paragraphs: During the World War I they were cut off from any contact with Russia. During these years they experimented with many new ideas. Productions such as "Les Biches" and "Le Train Bleu" were about the fashionable society around them. At the same time the company also had productions which reflected Russian folklore, Greek legends and the Orient.

paragraphs: When Diaghilev died suddenly in 1929 the Ballets Russes broke up and the dancers moved to other companies. Some of them formed the "Ballets Russes de Monte Carlo", who travelled to America and influenced dancing there.

paragraphs: The company worked with several very famous choreographers such as Marius Petipa, Michel Fokine, Vaslav Nijinsky, Leonide Massine, and the young George Balanchine. Nijinsky’s dances reflect the art movement called Expressionism. Many of his new ideas could be seen in "L'Apres-midi d'un Faune" and "The Rite of Spring".

paragraphs: The Ballets Russes had many famous dancers. Many of them were from the Russian Imperial Theatres and they came to dance for Ballets Russes during the summer months. Some of the great dancers include Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Olga Spessivtzeva, Mathilde Kschessinska, Ida Rubinstein, Bronislava Nijinska, Lydia Lopokova and Alicia Markova.

paragraphs: The company was particularly influential because they treated male dancers as important. Up until this time the female dancers had much more attention than the male dancers. Among the male dancers were Michel Fokine, Serge Lifar, Léonide Massine, George Balanchine, Adolphe Bolm, and, especially, Vaslav Nijinsky who became the greatest dancer of his time.

paragraphs: The most famous music composed for Ballets Russes was that by the composer Igor Stravinsky. His ballets include "The Firebird", "Petrouchka", "The Rite of Spring", "Les Noces" and "Apollon musagète". The first time that "The Rite of Spring" was performed many in the audience hated it and booed and started to fight. Others thought it was brilliant. Stravinsky's music was original and shocking, and Nijinsky's choreography went beyond classical ballet technique. The audience found it difficult to understand the music and dance. They were used to the romantic music and classical ballet of the nineteenth century.

paragraphs: Diaghilev also used music which had already been composed. This included music by Debussy, Ravel, Darius Milhaud, Prokofiev and other famous composers of the time.

paragraphs: The artists and designers who worked for the ballet included some of the 20th century's most famous names. Picasso, Bakst, Braque, Matisse, Coco Chanel, Miró, Dali, and Utrillo were some of the best-known.


title: Impresario

paragraphs: An Impresario is somebody who organizes concerts, operas, ballets or plays. The word comes from the Italian word "impresa," which means "an enterprise" or "undertaking".

paragraphs: Some very famous impresarios from the past include Rudolf Bing, Sergei Diaghilev, Richard D'Oyly Carte, Fortune Gallo, and Sol Hurok.


title: Evangelical

paragraphs: Evangelical can refer to different Christian denominations:

paragraphs: In addition, the Evangelicals are a rock band


title: Rest mass

paragraphs: Rest mass (physics), the mass of a body as measured when the body is at rest, but it is relative to an observer who is moving or not, an inherent property of the body. All matter, such as any object, has some rest mass. Energy, such as light or kinetic energy (the energy of a moving object) has no rest mass because it causes no change in spacetime in a frozen time frame. However, energy affects mass while time passes; therefore, it affects spacetime, so it has mass.


title: Sergei Diaghilev

paragraphs: Sergei Pavlovich Diaghilev (also known as Serge), (Russia, 31 March 1872 – 19 August 1929) was a Russian art critic, patron and ballet impresario. He formed a ballet company called "Les Ballets Russes de Serge Diaghilev". Many think it was the greatest ballet company of all time.

paragraphs: For twenty years, between 1909 and 1929, they were the most famous ballet company in the world. Many of their ideas influenced art and music as well as dance. Diaghilev got some of the world's greatest painters to design sets for his productions, and some great composers, including Igor Stravinsky, to compose music for the ballets.

paragraphs: His dancers included the legendary Nijinsky and the Imperial prima ballerina Karsavina; also Pavlova, Danilova and Spessivtseva. His choreographers included Fokine, Nijinska, Massine and Balanchine; his composers included Stravinsky, Rimsky-Korsakov, Prokofiev, Ravel and Debussy; his set designers included Picasso, Cezanne, Matisse, Utrillo, Bakst and Braque; Cocteau worked as an artist and wrote scenarios. The ballets created and the performances changed the course of ballet history.

paragraphs: Diaghilev's gift lay in spotting talent, and bringing great artists to work together. He also persuaded patrons to support the "Ballets Russes". The production costs were enormous, and were not always covered by the ticket prices. The repertoire (list) of new ballets and new music grew, and the productions were not always successful. Diaghilev's company folded soon after his death, though many of the group worked together in new companies.

paragraphs: Diaghilev was homosexual. He died of diabetes.


title: Bedford, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Bedford is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is in the Greater Boston area, north-west of the city of Boston. The population of Bedford was 12,595 at the 2000 census.


title: Irving Kristol

paragraphs: Irving Kristol (January 22, 1920 – September 18, 2009) was an American columnist, journalist, and writer. He was born in New York City. Kristol was called the "godfather of neoconservatism."

paragraphs: He contributed to many magazines and founded some. He was very important for the intellectual and political culture of the last fifty years.

paragraphs: His wife was historian Gertrude Himmelfarb. They had two children; including Chief of Staff to Vice President Bill Kristol.

paragraphs: In July 2002, he received from President George W. Bush the Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor.

paragraphs: Kristol died on September 18, 2009 under hospice care in Falls Church, Virginia of lung cancer-related problems at the age of 89.


title: 2009 US Open (tennis)

paragraphs: The 2009 US Open was a tennis event played on outdoor hard courts, held between August 31 and September 14, 2009, at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows, New York City, New York, United States.

paragraphs: The event was originally scheduled to be a 14-day event, but due to rain at the men's singles final it was extended by one day.

paragraphs: Juan Martín del Potro beat Roger Federer, 3–6, 7–6(5), 4–6, 7–6(4), 6–2

paragraphs: Kim Clijsters beat Caroline Wozniacki, 7–5, 6–3

paragraphs: Lukáš Dlouhý / Leander Paes beat Mahesh Bhupathi / Mark Knowles, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2

paragraphs: Serena Williams / Venus Williams beat Cara Black / Liezel Huber, 6–2, 6–2

paragraphs: Carly Gullickson / Travis Parrott beat Cara Black / Leander Paes, 6–2, 6–4.

paragraphs: Bernard Tomic beat Chase Buchanan, 6–1, 6–3.

paragraphs: Heather Watson beat Yana Buchina, 6–4, 6–1.

paragraphs: Marton Fucsovics / Hsieh Cheng-peng beat Julien Obry / Adrien Puget, 7–6(5), 5–7, [10–1]

paragraphs: Valeria Solovieva / Maryna Zanevska beat Elena Bogdan / Noppawan Lertcheewakarn, 1–6, 6–3 [10–7]

paragraphs: Shingo Kunieda beat Maikel Scheffers, 6–0, 6–0

paragraphs: Esther Vergeer beat Korie Homan, 6–0, 6–0

paragraphs: Stephane Houdet / Stefan Olsson beat Maikel Scheffers / Ronald Vink, 6–4, 4–6, 6–4

paragraphs: Korie Homan / Esther Vergeer beat Daniela DiToro / Florence Gravellier, 6–2, 6–2

paragraphs: Peter Norfolk beat David Wagner, 6–3, 3–6, 6–3

paragraphs: Nick Taylor / David Wagner beat Johan Andersson / Peter Norfolk, 6–1, 6–7(5), 6–3

paragraphs: Below are the lists of the qualifiers entering the main draw.

paragraphs: The following players received a lucky loser spot in the Men's Draw:


title: Papyrus 46

paragraphs: Papyrus 46 (also referred to as simply formula_1) is one of the oldest New Testament manuscripts known to exist. It was probably created between the year 175 and 225. Some leaves are part of the Chester Beatty Biblical Papyri Collection, and others are in the Papyri Collection of the University of Michigan. According to the website Bible Research, it contains (in order) "the last eight chapters of Romans; all of Hebrews; virtually all of 1st Corinthians and 2nd Corinthians; all of Ephesians, Galatians, Philippians, Colossians; and two chapters of Thessalonians. All of the leaves have lost some lines at the bottom through deterioration."


title: Santiago de los Caballeros

paragraphs: Santiago de los Caballeros, or Santiago for short, is a Dominican city and the head municipality of the Santiago, in the north central region of the country. By its population and economic activity, it is the second-most important city in the country, after Santo Domingo.

paragraphs: Christopher Columbus built a small fort in the summer of 1495, on the northern side of the Yaque del Norte river in a place named "La Emboscada". This is several kilometres to the west of the present city. Columbus named the fort after "Santiago Apóstol", in English "Saint James"

paragraphs: In 1504, Nicolás de Ovando, governor of the Hispaniola, moved the town to Jacagua which is now the municipal district of San Francisco de Jacagua. This place was near the mountains and away from the river Yaque del Norte.

paragraphs: An earthquake destroyed the city of Santiago on 2 December 1562. The next year, 1563, the city was rebuilt again on the north side of the river Yaque del Norte but this time more to the east, where it is now. This new town was called "Santiago de los Caballeros", in English, "Saint James of the Knights" or, better, "Knights of Saint James".

paragraphs: The city had, in , a total population of 591,985: 288,746 men and 303,239 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: The people from this city are called (demonym) in different ways; "santiaguero" for males and "santiaguera" for females. Sometimes "santiagués" is used for both sexes. "Santiaguense" (for both sexes) is used to differentiate them from people of other cities with the same name in Spain, Cuba, Chile, and Argentina).

paragraphs: The municipality of Santiago de los Caballeros has a total area of . It has five municipal districts (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality). These are Pedro García, Baitoa, La Canela, San Francisco de Jacagua and Hato del Valle.

paragraphs: Santiago de los Caballeros is at to the northwest of Santo Domingo and at an altitude of above sea level.

paragraphs: The municipality has the municipalities of Tamboril and Licey al Medio to the east, the La Vega province to the southeast, the municipality of Jánico to the south, the municipality of San José de las Matas to the southwest, the Valverde province to the west, the municipalities of Bisonó and Villa González to the northwest and the province of Puerto Plata to the north.

paragraphs: The "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") runs along the northern half of the municipality. The city of Santiago de los Caballeros is on the southern side of those mountains, and even some parts of the city are on the mountains.

paragraphs: There are several small hills in the city; the highest is the "Cerro del Castillo" ("Castle Hill") in the eastern part of the city; on this hill there is a monument: the "Monumento a los Héroes de la Restauración" ( "Monument to the Restoration War Heroes"), commonly named only as the "Monumento".

paragraphs: The river "Yaque del Norte", the longest of the Dominican Republic, flows along the old southern side of the city. Now, the city is on both sides of the river but most people still lives on the northern (right) side of it. Other rivers are Nibaje and Gurabito but they are very small and tributaries of the Yaque del Norte.

paragraphs: The city of Santiago de los Caballeros is located in the northeastern part of the "Yaque del Norte Valley", a very dry and hot region. And so, the climate of the city is a dry tropical climate, hot most of the year (Köppen-Geiger classification: Aw). The northern part of the municipality, and part of the city, is on the Cordillera Central mountain range and the climate is cooler and it rains more than in the city itself.

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by November with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is February with an average of and the second is January with .

paragraphs: Santiago de los Caballeros is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Santiago de los Caballeros has five municipal districts:

paragraphs: Even if farming is still a very important economic activity around the city, Santiago is now a modern city with many industries and companies of different kinds.

paragraphs: Santiago is home of two universities: "Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra" (PUCMM) and "Universidad Tecnológica de Santiago" (UTESA). Other universities present in Santiago are: "Universidad Organización & Método" (O&M), "Universidad Abierta para Adultos" (UAPA), "Universidad Nacional Evangélica" and one regional campus of the state university "Universidad Autónoma de Santo Domingo" (UASD).


title: Sylvia Plath

paragraphs: Sylvia Plath (October 27, 1932 – February 11, 1963) was an American writer. She was most well known for her poetry, but she also wrote novels, children's books, short stories, book reviews, and newspaper articles. Her most well-known novel is "The Bell Jar", which was partly based on her life. She married another famous poet, Ted Hughes. She died by suicide in 1963.

paragraphs: Plath was born in 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts. Her parents were Otto Emil Plath and Aurelia Schober Plath. Her father was from Germany; her mother was Austrian-American. He was a college professor and wrote a book about bumblebees. Aurelia Plath was twenty-two years younger than her husband. In April 1935, Plath's younger brother Warren was born. The family moved from Jamaica Plain to Winthrop, Massachusetts in 1936. This was where Aurelia had grown up. Plath published her first poem here, when she was eight. It was in the children's section of a newspaper called the "Boston Herald".

paragraphs: In 1940, Otto Plath died. He was buried in Winthrop cemetery. In 1942, Aurelia and the children moved to Wellesley, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: Plath went to Smith College. After her third year, she became a guest editor for a magazine called "Mademoiselle", and spent a month in New York City. At this time, she became depressed. She tried to kill herself by taking too many sleeping pills. After she took the pills, she crawled underneath her house, but she was found and taken to hospital. She went to a mental hospital called McLean Hospital and was treated for her depression. She was given both insulin shock treatment and electric shock therapy. She began to improve and returned to Smith College for the second semester in January 1954. She graduated from Smith College in 1955.

paragraphs: Plath then went to the University of Cambridge in England, on a Fulbright scholarship. She attended Newnham College, Cambridge and carried on writing poetry and prose. She also wrote for the student newspaper, "Varsity", at Cambridge. At a party she met an English poet called Ted Hughes. She married him on June 16, 1956.

paragraphs: After they were married, Plath and Hughes went to live in the United States. Plath taught at her old college, Smith College. They met and became friends with a poet named W. S. Merwin. In mid-1959, Plath became pregnant and after a cross-country trip of the United States and several months at the artists colony Yaddo, in Saratoga Springs, New York and they moved back to England. They lived in London initially, and then in a small town in Devon called North Tawton. Plath published her first collection of poems, "The Colossus". In February 1961 she had a miscarriage, which she wrote about in some of her poems.

paragraphs: In the early summer of 1962, Hughes began an affair with a woman called Assia Wevill. Plath and Hughes separated (lived apart) in 1962. Plath moved to London with their children, Frieda and Nicholas.

paragraphs: In 1963, Plath committed suicide at her London home. She sealed the room she was in with wet towels, turned the gas oven on and put her head inside the oven. She died because she was poisoned by carbon monoxide gas. Some people think that she did not mean to kill herself. She was buried in a small village in West Yorkshire called Heptonstall.


title: Maasai

paragraphs: The Maasai are an ethnic group of people that live in Kenya and in the north of Tanzania. They are well known for the way that they dress and because they live near some national parks in Africa that a lot of tourists go to. They speak a language called "Maa".

paragraphs: The Maasai are an old nomad African tribe in the group of Nilotes who have always lived in Africa principally in the north of Tanzania and southern Kenya. They were discovered by settlers around the 19th century.

paragraphs: They live near the african savannah in animal reserves, for example the Masaai Mara reserve and the Serengeti.

paragraphs: The women build houses called Manyatta; the men build a fence around the village to protect them from lions.

paragraphs: The Masaai people live with animals because they are pastrolists. The more cattle a Maasai man has, the richer he is. They can’t live without animals because their wealth comes from them . The Masaai drink cow’s blood because they believe they will be stronger.

paragraphs: The Maasai speak Maa,very similar in pronuncuation to their Nilotic counterparts, the Luo and Kalenjin.

paragraphs: They are Christians, animists (their own religion) and some Maasai are muslim.

paragraphs: Physically, they are very tall and slim. Everybody wears bandannas and beaded jewellry, apply dye from dried up cow blood.

paragraphs: They shave their women during marriages and their men pay a lot of dowry,in form of cattle to the bride's family.

paragraphs: During initiation,the boys in their teen ages, jump over fire and kill a lion in order to be called men. There on,they can get married.

paragraphs: The Maa people have a bad practice of Female Genital Mutilation in order to make them 'women'. This is a bad practice as this could make the young girls die from complications in birth,over bleeding. But the government of Kenya, Tanzania and NGO's have educated the locals over the dangers of FGM.


title: Carlos Bianchi

paragraphs: Carlos Bianchi (born 26 April 1949) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team.


Masanaga Kageyama


title: Akira Konno

paragraphs: Akira Konno (born 12 September 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Toru Oniki

paragraphs: Toru Oniki (born 20 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Toshihiro Aoyama

paragraphs: Toshihiro Aoyama (born 22 February 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


Yosuke Kashiwagi


title: Koji Nakazato

paragraphs: Koji Nakazato (born 24 April 1982) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Yaw Preko

paragraphs: Yaw Preko (born 8 September 1974) is a former Ghanaian football player. He has played for Ghana national team.


Masahiko Inoha


title: Giuliano Tadeo Aranda

paragraphs: Giuliano Tadeo Aranda (born 21 February 1974) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Nebojša Krupniković

paragraphs: Nebojša Krupniković (born 15 August 1973) is a former Serbian football player.


title: Klaas-Jan Huntelaar

paragraphs: Klaas-Jan Huntelaar (born 12 August 1983) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Ajax and Netherlands national team.


Atsuto Uchida


Yuzo Kurihara


title: Gianluca Curci

paragraphs: Gianluca Curci (born 12 July 1985) is an Italian football player. He plays for Siena.


title: Philippe Mexès

paragraphs: Philippe Mexès (born 30 March 1982) is a French football player. He plays for Roma and France national team.


title: Napoleon II of France

paragraphs: Napoléon François Charles Joseph Bonaparte (20 March 1811 – 22 July 1832) was the son of Napoleon and Marie Louise of Austria.

paragraphs: Napoléon II was born in Paris in 1811. In 1814, Napoleon I was defeated by the Sixth Coalition and then forced to resign by his own officers. Napoleon I originally wanted Napoleon II to succeed him, but this was rejected by the coalition. Napoleon II and his mother went into exile in Austria, while Napoleon I was exiled to Elba. In 1815, Napoleon I escaped and retook control of France, but was forced to resign again after his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo.

paragraphs: Napoleon was arguably the Emperor of the French in late June and early July 1815.

paragraphs: Napoleon spent most of his life in Austria, where he was known as Franz. He became the Duke of Reichstadt at the age of 7 and joined the Austrian Army at the age of 12.

paragraphs: Napoleon enjoyed a close relationship with Princess Sophie of Bavaria. It has been claimed that he was the father of Sophie's son, the future Maximilian I of Mexico, but this is widely rejected by historians.

paragraphs: Napoleon died of tuberculosis on July 22, 1832.

paragraphs: In 1940, Adolf Hitler had Napoleon's remains moved from Vienna to the dome of Les Invalides in Paris. His remains were buried next to his father's for some time, but were later moved to the lower church.


title: Cristian Chivu

paragraphs: Cristian Chivu (born 26 October 1980) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Internazionale Milano and Romania national team.


title: Cesare Bovo

paragraphs: Cesare Bovo (born 14 January 1983) is an Italian football player. He plays for Città di Palermo.


title: Edgar Álvarez

paragraphs: Edgar Álvarez (born 9 January 1980) is a Honduran football player. He plays for Bari and Honduras national team.


title: Shosuke Katayama

paragraphs: Shosuke Katayama (born 8 September 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama.


title: Eusebio Sacristán

paragraphs: Eusebio Sacristán (born 13 April 1964) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Naoki Urata

paragraphs: Naoki Urata (born 27 June 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Maximilian I of Mexico

paragraphs: Maximilian I of Mexico (1832 – 1867) was a member of the Imperial House of Habsburg-Lorraine.

paragraphs: After a distinguished career in the Austrian Navy he was proclaimed Emperor of Mexico, during the Second Mexican Empire.

paragraphs: His father was Archduke Franz Karl, the second surviving son of Emperor Francis II of Austria, during whose reign he was born. Maximilian was thus a member of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, a female-line cadet branch of the House of Habsburg. His older brother was the reigning Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and their mother was Princess Sophie of Bavaria, a member of the House of Wittelsbach.

paragraphs: Many Europeans, and Viennese in particular, suspected that he was actually fathered by Napoleon II of France. There was a close relationship between Sophie and Napoleon II. It was said that Sophie never recovered after his death and that she blamed it on Metternich for the rest of her life.

paragraphs: Maximilian ruled as the Emperor of Mexico from 1864 to 1867. He was installed by occupying French forces under Napoleon III. When the French left in 1867, Maximilian refused to go with them, believing he had the support of the people.

paragraphs: Maximilian was shocked by the living conditions of the poor in contrast to the magnificent haciendas of the upper class. His wife Empress Carlota of Mexico began holding parties for the wealthy Mexicans to raise money for poor houses. One of Maximilian's first acts as Emperor was to restrict working hours and abolish child labour. He cancelled all debts for peasants over 10 pesos, restored communal property and forbade all forms of corporal punishment. He supported land reforms, religious freedom, and extending the right to vote beyond the landholding class. These liberal policies caused opposition from the wealthy and the landowners, led by Benito Juárez under the banner of republicanism.

paragraphs: Maximilian was captured by Benito Juarez’s Republican forces and executed by firing squad on 19 June 1867.


title: Initiation

paragraphs: Initiation is a ceremony at the entrance or acceptance into a group or society. It can also be a formal admission to adulthood in a community. Rites of passage such as Christian baptism or confirmation, or Jewish bar or bat mitzvah, or graduation from school, are initiations. Acceptance into a fraternal organization like the freemasons or religious order like the Benedictines is also an initiation. A person taking the initiation ceremony is called an "initiate".

paragraphs: The English word comes from the Latin, "initium": "entrance" or "beginning. The related English verb, initiate, means to begin or start a particular action.

paragraphs: Tribes often have initiations. In many African tribes, initiation means circumcision of males and sometimes circumcision/genital mutilation of females. Initiation is thought to be necessary for the individual to be regarded as a full member of the tribe. Otherwise, the individual may not be allowed to take part in ceremonies or even in social ritual such as marriage. A man will not be allowed to marry or have any special relationship with a woman who didn't go to an initiation, because she is not considered as a woman.

paragraphs: Initiation may be thought of as an event which may help teens prepare themselves to be good husbands and wives. Because of modernization initiation is not taken so seriously as before, but there are still certain areas which still perform initiations.

paragraphs: In some African tribes, boys have initiation rites for 3–4 months and girls for 1–2 months.

paragraphs: Australian Aboriginal tribes usually had long periods of time to help prepare adolescent boys, teaching them the Law before they were ready to attend large elaborate ceremonies at the time of initiation when they were finally recognized as men in their society. Most tribes had circumcision and scarification as part of the male initiation rituals, while many Central Australian tribes also practiced subincision.


title: Bar and Bat Mitzvah

paragraphs: In Judaism, a Bar Mitzvah is a Jewish boy, and a Bat Mitzvah a Jewish girl, who has turned 13 years old (or for a girl in the Orthodox movement, 12 years old). They go through a rite of passage which symbolizes the young person's responsibility for themselves.

paragraphs: Before the bar mitzvah, the child's parents hold the responsibility for the child's actions. After this age, the boys and girls bear their own responsibility, and are able to participate in all areas of Jewish community life. It marks their coming of age. The terms are also used for the ceremony celebrating this event.

paragraphs: According to Jewish law, when Jewish children reach the age of majority (generally thirteen years for boys and twelve for girls.) Then they become responsible for their actions, and "become a Bar or Bat Mitzvah". This is also the time when physical puberty normally begins. Before this the child's parents have the responsibility that the child follows Jewish law and tradition and, after this age, children have their own responsibility for Jewish ritual law, tradition, and ethics and have the right to take part in all areas of Jewish community life.

paragraphs: Oppenheimer, Mark. "Thirteen and a Day: The Bar and Bat Mitzvah across America". New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2005.


title: Joseph Bonaparte

paragraphs: Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte was an elder brother of Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1806, he crowned him as King of Naples and Sicily and later King of Spain in 1808.

paragraphs: He was born Giuseppe Buonaparte to Carlo Buonaparte, representative to King Louis XVI's court. He was educated in Corsica and France and studied law at Pisa. In the Corsican civil war, which marked the early years of the French Revolution, he sided with the French, as did his brother Napoleon. When the anti-French forces were victorious, he and the entire Bonaparte family fled to the Continent.As a lawyer, politician, and diplomat, he served in the Cinq-Cents (lower house) and was the French ambassador to Rome.In 1795 Joseph was a member of the Council of Ancients where he used his position to help his brother overthrow the Directory.

paragraphs: In 1806, Joseph Bonaparte was given military command of Naples, and shortly afterward was made king by Napoleon I, to be replaced after two years by his sister's husband, Joachim Murat, when Joseph was made king of Spain in August 1808, soon after the French invasion.

paragraphs: Joseph Bonaparte reluctantly left Naples and arrived in Spain just in time for the Spanish revolt against French rule, and the beginning of the Peninsular War, in which the French were eventually expelled by Spanish guerrilla fighters and by an Anglo-Portuguese army. The Spanish remain loyal to their former king, Ferdinand VII.Bonaparte abdicated and returned to France after defeat at the Battle of Vitoria. He was seen by Bonapartists (supporters of Napoleon I) as the rightful Emperor of the French after the death of Napoleon's own son Napoleon II in 1832.

paragraphs: As the eldest in the family Bonaparte, he became its head in 1832, although he did little to advance his claim. Joseph Bonaparte lived primarily in the United States from 1817 to 1832, initially in New York City and Philadelphia. He was also reputed to have encountered the Jersey Devil while hunting there. Bonaparte returned to Europe, where he died in Florence, Italy and was buried in the Les Invalides building in Paris, He was succeeded by his younger brother Louis Bonaparte as head of the family, and is survived by his great great grandson Frederick Joseph Benton.


title: Marcos Alberto Skavinski

paragraphs: Marcos Alberto Skavinski (born 28 March 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Goiás.


title: Ferydoon Zandi

paragraphs: Ferydoon Zandi (born 26 April 1979) is a former Iranian-German football player. He played for Steel Azin and Iran national team. He is currently a football manager.


title: Hiroshi Aso

paragraphs: Hiroshi Aso (born 8 April 1974) is a former Japanese football player.


title: F.C. Matera

paragraphs: F.C. Matera is a football club which plays in Italy in Terza Categoria Matera group D.


title: Jun Sunaga

paragraphs: Jun Sunaga (born 27 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Takeshi Suda

paragraphs: Takeshi Suda (born 14 April 1983) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Sota Kasahara

paragraphs: Sota Kasahara (born 9 May 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Keita Kasahara

paragraphs: Keita Kasahara (born 14 June 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Yusaku Ueno

paragraphs: Yusaku Ueno (born 1 November 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Sorrento Calcio

paragraphs: Sorrento Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy. They were founded in 1945.


title: Takayoshi Ono

paragraphs: Takayoshi Ono (born 30 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Primeiro.


title: Larissa F.C.

paragraphs: Larissa F.C. ("official name is AE Larissas 1964") is a football club which plays in Greece. The club based in the city of Larissa. It has won three titles totally, one Greek championship and two Greek cups.


title: Swing vote

paragraphs: Swing voters are people who vote who do not always vote for the same party. Their vote is called a swing vote.

paragraphs: The swing vote is often closely studied when there are elections because it often decides who wins the election. In many elections parties try to convince the swing voters and the people who vote for the first time to vote for them. In contrast to the swing voters, there are other voters who have always voted for the same party in the past. A campaign for a vote therefore often focuses less on keeping the people who will always vote for their party; the parties spend more effort and money on convincing new people to vote for them.


title: Volgograd

paragraphs: Volgograd formerly called Tsaritsyn (1589–1925) and Stalingrad (1925–1961) is an industrial city of great importance and the administrative center of Volgograd Oblast, Russia. It is 80 km long, north to south, on the western bank of the Volga River and has a population of over 1.011 millon people. The city was made famous for its heroic resistance and bloody siege during the Battle of Stalingrad taking place during World War II.

paragraphs: Volgograd developed from 1589 when the fortress of Tsaritsyn was founded at the confluence of the Tsaritsa and Volga Rivers.

paragraphs: During the Russian Civil War the city was the scene of heavy fighting. Bolshevik forces occupied it during 1918, but were attacked by White forces. It was renamed as Stalingrad in 1925.

paragraphs: Under Stalin, the city became heavily industrialized as a centre of heavy industry and trans-shipment by rail and river. During World War II, Stalingrad became the center of the Battle of Stalingrad as well as a turning point in the war against Germany. Essentially, the German offensive was checked at Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad lasted from August 21, 1942 to February 2, 1943, where 1.7 million to 2 million Axis and Soviet soldiers were killed, wounded or captured, in addition to over 40,000 civilians killed. The city was reduced to rubble during the fierce fighting, but reconstruction began soon after the Germans were expelled from the city.

paragraphs: Nikita Khrushchev renamed the city in 1961.

paragraphs: As of 2008, Volgograd has 21 sister cities:

paragraphs: A number of communities in France and Italy have streets or avenues named after Stalingrad, hence "Place de Stalingrad" in Paris and the Paris Métro station of Stalingrad.


title: Problem of evil

paragraphs: The problem of evil is the question whether evil exists, and if so does it disprove the existence of God. Certain religions say there is a god who is all-loving, all-knowing and all-powerful. In these religions, the question to answer is how an all-loving and all-powerful god could allow evil to exist.

paragraphs: Responses include the argument that if there is free will, evil must necessarily exist; that humans cannot understand God; that evil is simply being without god; or that there is evil because the world is corrupted and fallen (from grace).

paragraphs: A version of the problem of evil, perhaps by Epicurus, goes as follows:

paragraphs: Arguments such as these are about the "logical" problem of evil. They attempt to show that the assumed propositions lead to a logical contradiction and cannot therefore all be correct.

paragraphs: A common response is that God can exist with and allow evil in order to achieve a greater good. Some philosophers accept that arguments such as "God allows evil in order to achieve the greater good of free will" are logically possible and thus solve the logical problem of evil. Since the aim is only to defeat the assertion that God and evil are "logically incompatible", even a highly implausible instance of God's coexistence with evil is sufficient for the purpose.

paragraphs: Philosophies of science have approached the problem from the angle of empiricism. For logical positivism the issue with God is the lack of any independent method of verification. In their view, this makes the proposition "God exists", not true or false, but meaningless. A similar position points to the lack of any way the proposition might be falsified.


title: Argument from inconsistent revelations

paragraphs: The Argument from inconsistent revelations (also known as Avoiding the wrong hell problem) is an argument that says that God probably does not exist. There are many religions which are based on revelations. The problem with these revelations is that they contradict each other. A person must either accept or reject at least one of these revelations in order to be part of a religious group. That way, accepting one means rejecting some (if not all) of the others. Unless the revelation is personal, the follower must to some extent rely on the judgment or the stories of others. Assuming the revelation is personal, the follower is still ignoring the revelations of those before him.

paragraphs: Christians believe that Jesus is the savior of the world and the son of God; Jews believe just as strongly that he is not. Similarly, Muslims believe that the Qur'an was divinely authored, while Jews and Christians do not. There are many examples of such contrasting views. Positions where one religion contradicts another, or where one group of people contradicts another are common. There are many denominations in Christianity who do not agree about many things.


title: Deadlock

paragraphs: A deadlock is a situation wherein two or more competing actions are waiting for the other to finish. As a consequence, neither ever does. It is often seen in a paradox like the "chicken or the egg."

paragraphs: In computer science, deadlock refers to a specific condition when two or more processes are each waiting for each other to release a resource. It can also be that more than two processes are waiting for a number of resources. Deadlock is a common problem in multiprocessing where many processes share a specific type of mutually exclusive resource known as a "software lock" or "soft lock". Computers intended for the "time-sharing" or "real-time" markets often have a "hardware lock" (or "hard lock") which guarantees "exclusive access" to processes. This forces the prforcing serialized access. Deadlocks are particularly troubling because there is no "general" solution to avoid (soft) deadlocks.

paragraphs: This situation may be likened to two people who are drawing diagrams, with only one pencil and one ruler between them. If one person takes the pencil and the other takes the ruler, a deadlock occurs when the person with the pencil needs the ruler and the person with the ruler needs the pencil to finish his work with the ruler. Both requests can't be satisfied, so a deadlock occurs.

paragraphs: The telecommunications description of deadlock is a little stronger: deadlock occurs when none of the processes meet the condition to move to another state (as described in the process's finite state machine) "and" all the communication channels are empty. The second condition is often left out on other systems but is important in the telecommunication context.


title: Dido

paragraphs: Dido Florian Cloud de Bounevialle O'Malley Armstrong (born 25 December 1971) is a female English singer who has released four albums. The singles "Here with Me", "Hunter", "Thank You", and "All You Want" came from "No Angel" (1999). "White Flag", "Life for Rent", "Don't Leave Home", and "Sand in My Shoes" came from "Life for Rent" (2003). "Don't Believe in Love", "Quiet Times", and "It Comes and It Goes" came from "Safe Trip Home" (2008). In 2013 Dido's fourth album "Girl Who Got Away" was released. She is of Frenchdescent.


title: False analogy

paragraphs: A False analogy is an informal fallacy. It applies to inductive arguments. It is an "informal" fallacy because the error is about what the argument is about, and not the argument itself.

paragraphs: An analogy proposes that two concepts which are similar (A and B) have a common relationship to some property. A has property X, therefore B must also have property X. In a false analogy, the objects may have some similarities, but they do not both have property X. That way, both objects may have the same color, but this does not mean that they have the same size. Even if bananas and the sun appear yellow, one could not conclude that they are the same size. One who makes an invalid analogy or comparison is often said to be "comparing apples and oranges".

paragraphs: The following are examples of false analogies:


title: Lord Berners

paragraphs: Lord Berners, whose full name was Gerald Hugh Tyrwhitt-Wilson, 14th Baron Berners, (born Apley Hall, Shropshire, 18 September 1883; died Faringdon House, Berkshire, 19 April 1950), was a British composer of classical music, novelist and painter. He is usually called Lord Berners. He was an amateur composer who is remembered for his strange, eccentric behaviour.

paragraphs: Berners was born in Apley Hall, Bridgnorth, England. The Berners family were related to King Edward III of England. His father was a naval officer who was not often at home. He was looked after by his mother and grandmother who was very religious and very strict. Berners was very interested in lots of things, especially music, but his mother did nothing to help him.

paragraphs: At first he went to boarding school in Cheam. Then he went to Eton. He taught himself to compose. He became a diplomat and travelled to Rome and Constantinople. In 1919, when his uncle died, he became 14th Baron Berners and 5th Baronet. He had already composed some music which had been published under the name Gerald Tyrwhitt.

paragraphs: Berners lived an eccentric life. He lived in Berkshire but also had houses in London and Rome. He had plenty of money, so that he did not have to work. He had many friends, including the composers Stravinsky, Lambert and William Walton who dedicated his "Belshazzar’s Feast" to him.

paragraphs: Berners’s music is full of Romantic feeling, irony and parody. He wrote a lot for the theatre. He composed "The Triumph of Neptune" in 1926 for Diaghilev’s Ballets Russes. His music could often be described as light music.

paragraphs: Berners started his strange behaviour when he was quite small. He had heard that a dog could be taught to swim by throwing it into water, so he decided to teach his dog to fly by throwing it out of the window. The dog was not hurt, but Berners was given a beating.

paragraphs: He was often naughty, making silly traps for people. He was sent to boarding school in Cheam when he was nine. There he had a gay relationship with an older boy. He was then sent to Eton College. Berners said that he learned nothing there.

paragraphs: Later, when he was grown up, he painted pigeons at his house and once he even had a giraffe as a pet so that he could have tea with it. He travelled in a Rolls-Royce and kept a clavichord under the front seat.

paragraphs: He died in 1950 at Faringdon House, leaving his estate to his partner Robert ('Mad Boy') Heber Percy, who lived with him at Faringdon.


title: Ang Lee

paragraphs: Ang Lee (born 23 October 1954) is a Taiwanese movie director. He has directed movies like "Eat Drink Man Woman", "Sense and Sensibility", "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon", "Hulk" and "Brokeback Mountain". He has won Academy Awards (Oscars) for "Brokeback Mountain" and 'Life of Pi'.

paragraphs: Ang Lee was born in 1954 in a town called Chaozhou, Pingtung in Taiwan. He went to the National Tainan First Senior High School where his father was the principal, and then to the National Arts School. He graduated in 1975. In 1979, he went to the United States and studied theater at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. He got his Master's degree at New York University, and he worked there with another famous director called Spike Lee.


title: Gustav Klimt

paragraphs: Gustav Klimt (14 July 1862 – 6 February 1918) was an Austrian Symbolist painter. He was one of the most prominent members of the Vienna Secession movement. His major works include paintings, murals, sketches, and other art objects. Many of them are on display in the Vienna Secession gallery. Klimt's primary subject was the female body, and his works are marked by a frank eroticism — nowhere is this more apparent than in his numerous drawings in pencil (see "Mulher sentada", below).

paragraphs: Klimt died of influenza in Vienna in 1918.


title: Spike Lee

paragraphs: Spike Lee (born March 20, 1957) is an American movie director, producer, screenwriter, and actor. He also teaches movie at New York University and Columbia University. Lee has acted in many of his own movies.

paragraphs: Lee was born Shelton Jackson Lee in 1957 in Atlanta, Georgia. His mother was a teacher, and his father was a jazz musician. When Lee was very young, the family moved to live in Brooklyn, New York City. His mother gave him the nickname "Spike".

paragraphs: The first movie Lee directed was "She's Gotta Have It". Lee directed the two music videos for Michael Jackson's single "They Don't Care About Us". In 2002 Lee won the Special Award at the BAFTAs.


title: Cuba Gooding, Jr.

paragraphs: Cuba Gooding, Jr. (born January 2, 1968) is an American actor who was born in New York City. He won an Academy Award for his performance in "Jerry Maguire".

paragraphs: In 2016, he portrayed O.J. Simpson in the FX drama series "", and co-starred in the sixth season of the FX anthology series "American Horror Story", subtitled "".

paragraphs: His father is singer Cuba Gooding, Sr. The family moved to Los Angeles in 1972. Gooding has been a born-again Christian since he was 13.


title: Swift Current, Saskatchewan

paragraphs: Swift Current is a city in Saskatchewan. It is on the Trans Canada Highway 170 kilometers (107 mi) east of Moose Jaw. 14,946 people live there.


title: Richard Feynman

paragraphs: Richard Feynman (11 May 1918 – 15 February 1988) was an American physicist of Jewish descent. He was born in Far Rockaway, Queens, New York City. He was part of the Manhattan Project team that made the atomic bomb. Feynman won the Nobel Prize in Physics 1965. He was one of the first people to study quantum physics. Feynman added significantly to a branch of science called quantum electrodynamics and invented the Feynman diagram. He died of liposarcoma in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: His sister Joan Feynman (born 1927) is a retired astrophysicist.

paragraphs: Feynman wrote some best-selling autobiographies, and his lecture notes became popular with physics students and qualified professionals.


title: Louis XVIII

paragraphs: Louis XVIII (1755– 1824), was King of France from April 1814 to March 1815 and again from July 1815 to September 1824.

paragraphs: He became king with the Bourbon Restoration of the monarchy after the overthrow of Napoleon I. He ruled a constitutional monarchy, meaning he was not the main leader of his government. However, unlike some constitutional monarchs, he did have some influence in politics.

paragraphs: Born in Versailles, he was the brother of Louis XVI of France and in early life was known as the Comte de Provence. He remained in Paris after the French Revolution began in 1789 but escaped to Belgium two years later. After Louis XVI's execution in 1793 and the death of Louis XVI's son in 1795, he called himself Louis XVIII. He lived as an exile in various European countries until he became king after Napoleon's first abdication in 1814. On Napoleon's return to power in 1815, however, Louis again fled to Belgium; later the same year he was restored to the throne after Napoleon's final defeat at Waterloo. He remained on the throne until his death in 1824.


title: Louis XVII

paragraphs: Louis XVII of France (Louis Charles; 27 March 1785 - 8 June 1795) was the King of France and Navarre from 1793 to 1795. He never actually ruled. He is also known as Louis Charles, Duke of Normandy and Fils de France (son of France).

paragraphs: Louis Charles of France was born at the Palace of Versailles. He was the second son and the third child of King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette of France. He became Dauphin of France after the death of his elder brother Louis Joseph in 1789.

paragraphs: As a child he and his parents took a trip to Normandy and in honour of the well received visit the young prince was given the title of Duke of Normandy.

paragraphs: After his father's death, he became what they called "King of France" while exiled with his mother. In 1795, he died of an unknown causes during the French Revolution. An autopsy was carried out at the prison. Following a tradition of preserving royal hearts, his heart was taken out. It was kept by the one of the examining doctors, Philippe-Jean Pelletan.

paragraphs: Louis Charles's body was buried in a mass grave. Dr. Pelletan was also shocked at all the scars from bad-treatment towards Louis, such as whipping, all over the front and back of him, as well as on his arms, legs, and feet.


title: Race (sociology)

paragraphs: The term race or racial group refers to dividing the human species into groups. The most widely used human racial types are those based on visual traits (such as skin color, cranial, facial features, or type of hair). Modern biology says that there is only one human race. But the word "race" also has a meaning in sociology. Many people react in one way if they see a white person and in another way if they see a black person. That's why in the United States and other countries official forms sometimes ask people to describe their ethnic origin. This is a way of saying "what racial group do you think you are?".

paragraphs: In the 19th century and in the early 20th century, many scientists divided human beings into three races. White people were called "Caucasoid race", black people were called "Negroid race", and the people of East Asia and Southeast Asia were called "Mongoloid race".

paragraphs: There was much prejudice based upon this way of looking at the world. The Europeans and Asians both regarded themselves as superior to the other skin colors. Racism, a non-scientific theory or ideology, was that a particular race was superior or inferior. It argued that in the races that make up the human race, there are deep, biologically determined differences. It also states races should live separately and not intermarry. A supporter of racism is called a racist. These attitudes in turn supported the horrors of African slavery, Apartheid, Segregation and the Jim Crow laws, Nazism and Japanese imperialism.

paragraphs: Social darwinism refers to various ideologies based on a concept that competition is active among all individuals, or even whole nations as social evolution in human societies.

paragraphs: It is a social adaptation of the theory of natural selection as proposed by Charles Darwin. "Natural selection" explains success in various animal populations as the outcome of competition between individual organisms for limited resources. This idea is popularly known as "survival of the fittest", a term first used by Herbert Spencer, not Darwin.

paragraphs: Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations, races, and societies In Nazi Germany, the Nazis used social Darwinism to promote their racialist idea of the German nation was part of the Aryan race and believed in the competition of races. The Nazis tried to strengthen the ‘Aryan race’ in Germany by murdering those they regarded as inferior. By this they meant Jews, Slavs, Roma, homosexuals and disabled people.


title: Ford Laser

paragraphs: The Ford Laser was an automobile sold by Ford Motor Company between 1981 and 2003.

paragraphs: It was offered in four bodystyles; a three-door hatchback, five-door hatchback, four-door saloon and five-door estate.

paragraphs: This was primarily sold in the Oceania region of the world. However, some were sold in Latin America, and these were versions of the Mazda 323 sold under the Ford Laser name.


title: Pixie Lott

paragraphs: Victoria Louise "Pixie" Lott (born 12 January 1991) is an English singer-songwriter, dancer and actress. Her first single, "Mama Do" was released in June 2009 It went straight to number one in the UK Singles Chart.. Her second single, "Boys and Girls", also went to the top of the UK charts in September 2009. Her first album, "Turn It Up" was released in September 2009. It reached number six on the UK Albums Chart. The album had Top 20 singles. Over a million copies of the album were sold. Her second album, "Young Foolish Happy", was released on 14 November 2011. "All About Tonight", the first single from that album, entered the charts at number one on 17 September 2011. It later became her third UK number one hit.

paragraphs: Many good things are said about her live performances and style. In July 2010, Lott was a guest judge for the auditions for the seventh series of "The X Factor" in Cardiff. She replaced Dannii Minogue, who was on maternity leave.

paragraphs: Lott released "Boys and Girls" as her first US single on 24 August 2010. The release happened at the same time as her first movie, "" was shown on television. In January 2010, Lott was named one of 2010's "Faces to Watch" by the American magazine, "Billboard".

paragraphs: Pixie was born in Bromley. She lived in Petts Wood and then Bickley. All three are suburban areas of south-east London. Her mother gave her the nickname "Pixie" because she was born "such a tiny, cute baby who looked like a fairy". She started singing in her church school and when she was five, she went to the Italia Conti Associates Saturday school in Chislehurst. She later went to the main school – Italia Conti Academy of Theatre Arts – at 11. While there, she got a scholarship. At the age of 13, Lott moved with her family to Brentwood. During her time as a student she was in the West End production of "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" at the London Palladium, and in BBC One's "Celebrate the Sound of Music" in 2005, aged 14, as Louisa von Trapp. At the age of 14, she was part of the chorus on Roger Waters's opera "Ça Ira". Lott did not go to school much during this time because she was making her album but says she got straight 'A' grades in her GCSEs.

paragraphs: She was voted No. 45 in 2010 and No. 31 in 2011 in "FHM"'s 100 Sexiest Women list.

paragraphs: She says Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston had large effects on her style of singing.

paragraphs: In 2006, at the age of 15, she sang for L. A. Reid. He then signed her to the Island Def Jam Music Group. After a change of managers, many different record labels wanted her to sing for them. Lott left the Island Def Jam Music Group. She began working with Mercury Records in the UK and Interscope Records in the U.S. She formed a publishing deal, as a songwriter, with Sony/ATV Music Publishing in December 2007. This was as the same time that she was writing and recording tracks for "Turn It Up".

paragraphs: Lott played her first festival concert in the Big Top at the Isle of Wight Festival 2009. This took place during her first full British tour. She was on tour to support The Saturdays on The Work Tour.

paragraphs: Lottt released her first single, "Mama Do", on 8 June 2009. The video was directed by Trudy Bellinger. It was released to MySpace. The video had over three million views on YouTube. It entered both the iTunes chart and UK Singles Chart at number one. The song had over 50,000 sales when it entered the charts. Lott said she was shocked at how well the single did. The song was also recorded in Simlish for Electronic Arts' "The Sims 3". It spent one week at number one. The song was in the top fouty for eleven weeks and spent eighteen weeks in the top seventy five. The single also did well outside the UK. It was in the top forty in eleven other countries. It was number eight in Denmark and number ten in France. The single was hit "silver" by the British Phonographic Industry on 28 August 2009 after it sold over 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. On 15 August 2009, Lott performed at Asia's very first MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia concert. Other groups at that concert included Hoobastank, The All-American Rejects, Kasabian, Boys Like Girls, Estranged and Raygun. Lott's second single "Boys and Girls" was released on 6 September 2009. It became No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart on 13 September 2009. During the week that it became number one, the single sold just under 50,000 copies. It spent nineteen weeks in the top seventy-five and eight weeks in the top forty. The music video for the song was directed by Diane Martel.<ref name="directer/quotes"></ref> The song released was also released as her first single in the United States.

paragraphs: Lott's third single from the album was "Cry Me Out". It was released on 23 November 2009. The music video was directed by Jake Nava. He had also directed videos for Beyoncé, Leona Lewis and Shakira. The video was made in Cuba. The fourth single, "Gravity", was released on 8 March 2010. Its video had already been shown on Channel 4 on 6 February 2010. Lott won two MTV EMA Awards for "Best UK & Ireland Act" and "Best Push Artist" (best break-through artist). Lott won a "Cosmopolitan" 2009 Ultimate Women Award for Ultimate Newcomer. In 2009, Lott won The Caron Keating Breakthrough Talent Award at The Variety Club Awards.

paragraphs: "The Way The World Works", from Lott's first record was used in the U.S. medical drama "Private Practice". Lott was chosen as the face of Nokia's "Illuvial Pink Collection" mobile phone. Lott was nominated for British Breakthrough Act, British Female Solo Artist and British Single at the 2010 BRIT Awards. She was also the opening act of Rihanna's Last Girl on Earth Tour in the UK 7–26 May 2010. Lott also performed at the V Festival in August 2010.

paragraphs: The fifth single from Lott's album, "Turn It Up", was released on 7 June 2010. Lott recorded a song for the movie "Street Dance 3D". The song was "Live For The Moment". It was also on the soundtrack for the movie. On 23 May 2010, Lott performed at the Radio 1 Big Weekend in Bangor, North Wales. On 4 July 2010 she performed at T4 on the Beach in Weston-super-Mare.

paragraphs: Lott has written a song for Alexandra Burke's first album, "Overcome". The song is "You Broke My Heart". She also wrote a song for Girls Can't Catch named "Happy Alone". This song was a free Christmas download on their website. She also has written two tracks on Lisa Lois's album. Lois was the Dutch X Factor's winner. These two songs were "No Good For Me" and "Promises, Promises". They where the first and second singles from that album.

paragraphs: Lott was cast as Judy, Fred Figglehorn's love interest, in the movie "". The comedy was released on America's Nickelodeon network on the 18 September 2010.

paragraphs: Lott's second album, "Young Foolish Happy" was to be released on 7 November 2011. It was actually released on 14 November 2011. On 17 September, Lott said that the album would have collaborations with Stevie Wonder and John Legend. The first single from the album, "All About Tonight", was played on BBC Radio 1's "The Chris Moyles Show" on 11 July 2011. The single was released on 4 September. It started at number . This was her third UK number 1 single. The second single was "What Do You Take Me For?". The rapper Pusha T also performed on this single. Its music video was first shown on 6 October 2011. The single could be downloaded on 4 November 2011.

paragraphs: Lott was a contestant in the 2014 series of "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Rube Goldberg machine

paragraphs: A Rube Goldberg machine is a machine that looks complicated but has a very simple function, such as ironing a shirt. It is an expression used to identify something that does very simple tasks in a very complex way. The expression was named after American inventor Rube Goldberg (1883–1970).


title: Renato Dirnei Florêncio

paragraphs: Renato Dirnei Florêncio (born 15 May 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sevilla.


title: Ulises de la Cruz

paragraphs: Ulises de la Cruz (born 8 February 1974) is an Ecuadorian football player. He has played for Ecuador national team.


title: Iván Hurtado

paragraphs: Iván Hurtado (born 16 August 1974) is an Ecuadorian football player. He plays for Deportivo Quito and Ecuador national team.


title: F.C. Bunyodkor

paragraphs: F.C. Bunyodkor is a football club which plays in Uzbekistan.


title: Naoya Ohashi

paragraphs: Naoya Ohashi (born 23 July 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for NEC Tokin.


title: Jaromír Blažek

paragraphs: Jaromír Blažek (born 29 December 1972) is a Czech football player. He plays for Sparta Prague.


title: Tomáš Jun

paragraphs: Tomáš Jun (born 17 January 1983) is a former Czech football player.


title: Ukrainian Premier League

paragraphs: The Ukrainian Premier League is a football league which is the top division in Ukraine. Current champions are FC Shakhtar Donetsk


Susumu Oki


title: Cho Woo-Jin

paragraphs: Cho Woo-Jin (born 7 July 1987) is a South Korean football player.


title: Tatsuro Kimura

paragraphs: Tatsuro Kimura (born 24 June 1984) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Neva, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Neva is a town of Langlade County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 994 people were living in Neva as of 2000. Neva has an area of 37.7 square miles.


title: Albanian Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Albanian Wikipedia is the Albanian language edition of Wikipedia. This edition was started in October 2003. It currently has over 44,400 articles.


title: Resignation

paragraphs: A resignation is when someone quits or gives up the office they hold. Many times someone resigning will give a resignation speech explaining why they resigned and what their plans are for the future.


title: Jerome Bettis

paragraphs: Jerome Bettis (born February 16, 1972) is a former American football player. He was a running back for the Pittsburgh Steelers. He is now retired. His nickname is "The Bus".

paragraphs: Jerome Bettis was picked in the first round (10th overall) of the 1993 NFL draft by the Los Angeles Rams. On July 22, 1993, Bettis signed a three-year $4.625 million contract with a signing bonus over $2 million. He was named a First-Team All-Pro and Offensive Rookie of the Year. He rushed for over 1,000 yards in each of his first two seasons with the Rams.

paragraphs: Governor Jennifer M. Granholm of the State of Michigan declared February 1, 2006 to be Jerome Bettis Day.


title: Plinian eruption

paragraphs: A Plinian eruption is a kind of volcanic eruption which is similar to that of Mount Vesuvius in the year 79 AD. It is named after Pliny the Younger who wrote the only surviving eyewitness account of the eruption. That eruption of Vesuvius killed Pliny the Elder, the uncle of Pliny the Younger.

paragraphs: Plinian eruptions have columns of gas and volcanic ash high into the stratosphere. There is a large amount of pumice into the atmosphere and very powerful gas blast eruptions.

paragraphs: Short eruptions can end in less than a day. Longer ones can take several days to months. These eruptions begin with clouds of volcanic ash and occasionally pyroclastic flows. Sometimes the amount of magma erupted is so large that the top of the volcano collapses. This leaves a caldera behind. Fine ash can deposit over large areas. Plinian eruptions often happen with loud noises, such as those created by Krakatoa.

paragraphs: Some examples of large Plinian eruptions that formed calderas include the following:

paragraphs: The lava is usually rhyolitic and has a lot of silicates. Basaltic lavas are unusual for Plinian eruptions; the most recent example is the 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera.

paragraphs: Pliny wrote about what his uncle's did after first seeing the eruption:

paragraphs: Pliny the Elder went to rescue some of the victims. He sailed across the Gulf of Naples to Stabiae (near the modern town of Castellammare di Stabia). Pliny the Younger wrote an account of his death, and suggested that he collapsed and died through inhaling poisonous gases emitted by the volcano. His body was found buried under the ashes of the Vesuvius with no apparent injuries on 26 August, after the plume had dispersed. This confirmed the death through asphyxiation or poisoning.


title: Crater (constellation)

paragraphs: Crater () is a constellation. In Latin it means cup. It is a constellation in Greek mythology (Apollo). It was one of the 48 constellations listed by the 1st century astronomer Ptolemy, and remains one of the 88 modern constellations. It is located in the Southern Hemisphere.

paragraphs: The name "Crater" is taken from a Greek myth. In the story, a crow or raven serves Apollo. It is sent to get water, but it rests lazily on the journey. After finally getting the water in a cup, it takes back a water snake as well, as an excuse. According to the myth, Apollo saw through the trick and angrily cast the cup, crow, and snake into the sky. The constellations of Corvus the crow and Hydra the water-snake are also taken from this myth.


title: 1973 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1973 Atlantic hurricane season began on June 1, 1973 and ended November 30, 1973. However, there may have been up to four tropical depression before June 1. There were no famous hurricanes this year.

paragraphs: This list is the names that were set aside for Atlantic tropical cyclones in 1973. Names that did not get used are marked in .

paragraphs: This list is the names for the Subtropical storms in 1973. Names that did not get used are marked in .


title: 1975 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1975 Atlantic hurricane season began June 1, 1975 and ended November 30, 1975. However, Subtropical Storm Two lasted during December. A famous hurricane from 1975 would be Hurricane Eloise, which caused nearly $500 million in damage when it hit the Florida Panhandle.

paragraphs: This list is the names that were set aside for Atlantic tropical cyclones in 1975. Names that were used are marked in .


title: Elmer Fudd

paragraphs: Elmer Fudd is a fictional hunter who tries to hunt Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck. He appears on the animated cartoon series "Looney Tunes".


title: Diane Sawyer

paragraphs: Lila Diane Sawyer (born December 22, 1945) became the first female newscaster on the CBS television news program "60 Minutes". She was a co-anchor of ABC's morning news program "Good Morning America", and was the anchor of "ABC World News Tonight" until 2014. She became anchor in 2009 after Charles Gibson left the show.


title: Mark Harmon

paragraphs: Mark Thomas Harmon (born September 2, 1951) is an American actor. He has been acting since the 1970s. Since 2003, he has played Gibbs on the CBS crime series "NCIS". He also played Ryan in "Freaky Friday".


title: Ľubomír Luhový

paragraphs: Ľubomír Luhový (born March 31, 1967) is a former Slovak football player. He has played for the Czechoslovak national team and the Slovak national team.


title: Kenji Oshiba

paragraphs: Kenji Oshiba (born 19 November 1973) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Yuya Iwadate

paragraphs: Yuya Iwadate (born 25 May 1985) is a Japanese football player.


title: U.S. Sassuolo Calcio

paragraphs: U.S. Sassuolo Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.


title: Gallipoli Calcio

paragraphs: SSD Gallipoli Football 1909 is a football club which plays in Italy.


title: Jiří Štajner

paragraphs: Jiří Štajner (born 27 May, 1976) is a Czech football player. He plays for Hannover and Czech Republic national team.


title: Vratislav Lokvenc

paragraphs: Vratislav Lokvenc (born 27 September 1973) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czech Republic national team.


title: A.S. Andria BAT

paragraphs: A.S. Andria BAT is a football club which plays in Italy.


title: Gwar

paragraphs: Gwar (usually written as GWAR) is an American satirical thrash metal/punk band formed in 1984. They are best known for their very strange monster costumes and using vulgar language in their songs. Their obscene stage performances, which involve violence, slaughter, profanity and obscene comments about politics, are meant to scare, frighten, shock and amuse people. They have won a Grammy Award.

paragraphs: Gwar first formed in 1984 in Richmond, Virginia. The band was made up of Joey Slutman (Joey Byalwec) vocals, Oderus Humongous (Dave Brockie) lead guitar, Balsac The Jaws of Death (Steve Douglas) bass guitar and backing vocals, and Hans Spincter (Sean Summer) drums.

paragraphs: However the group has had many changes. Joey Byalwec left the band in 1986 eventually making Oderus Humongous no longer the group's guitar player but GWAR's permanent vocalist and Balsac the Jaws of Death no longer the band's bass guitarist But the band's Backup vocalist.

paragraphs: After many long years of practicing, GWAR released their first album, "Hell O!" in 1988 on Shimmy Disc Records. With a few new members and characters. The group for "Hell O!" were Oderus Humongous (Dave Brockie) lead vocals, Flattus Maximus (Dewey Dowell) lead guitar, Nippelus Erectus (Rob Mosky) drums, Beefcake the Mighty (Michael Bishop) bass guitar, and Balsac the Jaws of Death (Steve Douglas) on backing vocals.

paragraphs: A year later in 1989, Gwar released their first live CD "RAW-GWAR" showing the band with their very 1st fans and their morbid, violent graphic and political and taboo related stage performances.

paragraphs: In 1990 Gwar released their second album, "Scumdogs of The Universe". They left Shimmy Disc Records and recorded for Metal Blade Records. Gwar's music changed from hardcore punk, in "Scumdogs of the Universe" they have more of a crossover thrash/punk rock sound. The band's first album, "Hell O!", did not have any famous songs, but Scumdogs includes Gwar's first two famous songs, "Sick of You" and "King Queen"

paragraphs: The day after the release of Scumdogs, the band released their second live CD, "Live From Antarctica". In 1991 the band released their first music video, a video of "Sick of You".

paragraphs: GWAR released their third and most controversial album "America Must Be Destroyed" in 1992. Certain songs on the album were described as "raunchy" and "disturbing". This album was the first without Steve Douglas as the character Balsac the Jaws of Death. He was replaced by Mike Derks, who is still the current Balsac character.

paragraphs: Their fourth album, "This Toilet Earth", was recorded in 1994. It is considered to be the most strangest album it contains elements of Crust,Punk,Grindcore,Horror Punk, Traditional Punk Rock,Heavy Metal, Thrash Metal and Hard rock heavily influenced by the early 1980's Thrash metal groups Metallica,Slayer and Anthrax.

paragraphs: GWAR's 5th studio album Ragnarok was released in 1995 it contains an experimental combination of Crossover Thrash and Funk rock.

paragraphs: Gwar's 6th album Carnival of Chaos was released in 1997. It is considered to be the most experimental GWAR album ever released it was the last album to feature Pete Lee as Flattus Maximus.

paragraphs: Gwar's 7th album released in 1999 "We Kill Everything" is considered to be the band's breathrough CD. It is considered to be the lousiest album ever released by the band. It is the first album to feature Greg Ottinger as Flattus Maximus. It turs out Gwar has revisited their Hardcore Punk/Scum rock sound from the 1980's. Gwar fans despised the album.

paragraphs: So in 2001 GWAR returned to their thrash metal sound after releasing their eighth CD "Violence Has arrived. It also revisited the brutal sound and violent themes similar to their earlier albums.

paragraphs: In 2004 GWAR released their first Greatest hits CD entitled Let There be GWAR as well as releasing their 9th studio release "War Party."

paragraphs: In 2006 Gwar released their 10th album Beyond Hell was released it included GWAR's very first cover song:A remake of American rock artist Alice Cooper's famous 1972 song "Schools Out."

paragraphs: Gwar released their 11th and most recent album Lust in Space in 2009.

paragraphs: Their 12th album "Bloody Pit of Horror"was released on November 10th 2010.


title: S.S.D. Licata 1931

paragraphs: Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Licata 1931 is a football club which plays in Italy.


title: F.C. AlzanoCene 1909

paragraphs: F.C. AlzanoCene 1909 is a football club which plays in Italy. The club was founded in 2007 with the merger between A.S.D. Football Club Alzano 1909 from Alzano Lombardo and Ardens Cene from Cene.

paragraphs: After the merger in 2007, the name of the club was chaged to FC AlzanoCene 1909. Before the merger, each of the 2 clubs that were merged had several names:


title: Giuseppe Mazzini

paragraphs: Giuseppe Mazzini (22 June 1805 – 10 March 1872) was an Italian patriot, philosopher, Freemason and politician. His efforts helped bring about the modern Italian state in place of the several separate states, many dominated by foreign powers, that existed until the 19th century. He also helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.

paragraphs: Karl Marx, on an interview by R. Landor in 1871, said that Mazzini's ideas represents "nothing better than the old idea of a middle-class republic." Marx believed, especially after the Revolutions of 1848, that this middle class point of view had become reactionary and the proletariat had nothing to do with it.


title: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres

paragraphs: Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres (29 August 1780 – 14 January 1867) was a French Neoclassical painter. Although he considered himself a painter of history in the tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David, by the end of his life it was Ingres's portraits, both painted and drawn, that were recognized as his greatest legacy.


title: Charles X

paragraphs: Charles X (1757-1836), king of France and Navarre (1824-30). He was the grandson of Louis XV and younger brother of kings Louis XVI and Louis XVIII. Charles was known as Charles Philippe, comte d'Artois, until he became king. During the French Revolution he was one of the leaders of the émigrés. Charles X was the last senior Bourbon to rule France.

paragraphs: Charles-Philippe was born in 1757, the youngest son of the Dauphin Louis Ferdinand, and his wife, the Dauphine Marie Josèphe, at the Palace of Versailles. Charles was named comte d'Artois at birth by his grandfather, the reigning King Louis XV. As the youngest male in the family Charles seemed unlikely ever to become king.

paragraphs: Charles' father died in 1765, which left Charles' oldest surviving brother, Louis-Auguste (the later Louis XVI), to succeed their father in the capacity of Dauphin, the French equivalent to a crown prince or heir apparent. Charles' mother, Marie Josèphe, never recovered from the loss of her husband and she died in March 1767 from tuberculosis. This left Charles an orphan at the age of nine.

paragraphs: Throughout the 1770s, Charles spent lavishly. He accumulated enormous debts (they totalled 21 million livres), which Louis XVI paid for him in the early 1780s. Their brother the comte de Provence also accumulated debts of a similar magnitude, which Louis XVI also paid off.

paragraphs: His political awakening started with the first great crisis of the monarchy in 1786, after which he headed the reactionary faction at the court of Louis XVI. The comte d'Artois supported the removal of the aristocracy's financial privileges, but was opposed to any reduction in the social privileges enjoyed by both the Church and the nobility.

paragraphs: When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out in 1792, Charles escaped to Great Britain. George III of Great Britain and Ireland welcomed the comte d'Artois warmly, and gave him a generous allowance. He lived in Edinburgh and London with his mistress Louise de Polastron. After the accession (1814) of Louis XVIII to the French throne, Charles returned to France, where he headed the ultraroyalist party of reaction.

paragraphs: Charles' first act as King of France was to grant the style of Royal Highness to his cousins of the cadet branch of the House of Bourbon, the Orléans. Because the Duke of Orleans had voted the death of his brother Louis XVI, Louis XVIII had greatly disliked the Orléans family. However, Charles intended it to create a unified House of Bourbon.His favoritism during his reign toward the Roman Catholic Church and the aristocracy aroused great opposition, leading to the July Revolution of 1830.

paragraphs: Charles X was a strong believer in absolutism and rejected the Charter of the French Liberties, issued by his predecessor and brother Louis XVIII. In July 1830, he suspended the legislature, limited the right to vote, and restricted the press. Liberals and radicals responded forcefully to the absolute king. In Paris, angry citizens threw up barricades across the narrow streets. Others fired at soldiers and threw stones and roof tiles. The revolutionary tricolor flew from the towers of Notre Dame cathedral. Charles was forced to abdicate. He again went into exile in Britain. He was succeeded by his cousin, Louis-Philippe, son of the Duke of Orleans who had supported the French Revolution.

paragraphs: Charles caught cholera when he arrived in Gorizia, Italy. He died on November 6 1836. The townspeople draped their windows in black to mourn him. Charles was buried in the Church of the Annunciation of Our Lady, in the Franciscan Kostanjevica Monastery (now in Nova Gorica, Slovenia).

paragraphs: Charles X married Princess Maria Teresa of Savoy, the daughter of Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia and Maria Antonia of Spain on 16 November 1773. The couple had four children:


title: Foghat

paragraphs: Foghat is a British rock band who was most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. They are best known for their song "Slow Ride".


title: NBA Jam

paragraphs: NBA Jam is an arcade basketball video game. The game was released in 1993. It was both developed and published by Midway. The gameplay for "NBA Jam" is based on the 1989 video game "Arch Rivals", which was another 2-on-2 basketball video game. The game is very popular in popular culture.

paragraphs: In the game if you enter a specific code you can unlock Bill Clinton. It is 2 on 2 arcade basketball.


title: Irkutsk

paragraphs: Irkutsk is a city in Russia. It was founded in 1661. It is named after the Irkut River. It is one of the largest cities in Siberia.


title: Fleetwood

paragraphs: Fleetwood is a town within the Wyre district of Lancashire, England. It lies at the northwest corner of the Fylde. It had a population of 26,840 people at the 2001 Census. It is part of the Blackpool Urban Area. The town was the first planned place of the Victorian age. In the twentieth century, Fleetwood was a major deep-sea fishing port, but, since the 1970s, the fishing industry has declined. The town has slowly become poor. Fleetwood is also a seaside resort.


title: The Fylde

paragraphs: The Fylde is a coastal plain in western Lancashire, England. It is 13-mile (20-kilometre) square-shaped peninsula. It is bounded by Morecambe Bay to the north, the Ribble estuary to the south, the Irish Sea to the west, and the Bowland hills to the east. The eastern boundary is near the M6 motorway.


title: Muslim League (Pakistan)

paragraphs: The Pakistan Muslim League was founded in 1962, as a successor to the previously disbanded Muslim League in Pakistan. Unlike the original PML which ended in 1958 when General Ayub Khan banned all political parties, each subsequent Muslim League was in some way propped by the military dictators of the time: Ayub Khan, General Zia-ul-Haq and General Pervez Musharraf. Every time the pro-establishment political leaders were put together, who splintered apart when the general's blessings faded away.

paragraphs: Currently, Pakistan Muslim League refers to any of the these political parties in Pakistan:

paragraphs: Historically, Pakistan Muslim League can also refer to any of the following political parties in Pakistan:

paragraphs: Recently Pakistan Muslim League (PML-Q) made headlines when on 31 December 2007, armed men belonging to the party kidnapped the human rights lawyer, Asma Jahangirs daughters who were in company of some friends, at gun point and brought them to the PML-Q main election office. The girls were detained illegally, abused, severely beaten. Asma's youngest daughter was then dragged off to a separate room by some of the gunmen. Asma Jahangir only barely managed to rescue her daughters and their friends and called the police for assistance. The girls had been out filing ripped and torn election posters in Lahore City in the aftermath of the assassination of Benezir Bhutto. The police took the side of the gunmen, insisting that the girls hand over the tape, or else they would be kidnapped, raped and killed.


title: Leon Redbone

paragraphs: Leon Redbone (born Dickran Gobalian; August 26, 1949 – May 30, 2019) was a Cypriot-American singer, actor and guitarist. He played mostly jazz and blues.

paragraphs: Redbone sang the theme to the television series "Mr. Belvedere". He was a semi-regular musical guest on NBC's "Saturday Night Live" throughout the late 1970s. He last appeared on the show in 1983. During the 1980s and '90s, Redbone was a frequent guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". He has also been a guest on "A Prairie Home Companion" (radio broadcast).

paragraphs: Redbone voiced a fake snowman version of himself in the 2003 comedy Christmas movie "Elf".

paragraphs: He retired in May 2015 due to health issues. Redbone died under hospice care in New Hope, Pennsylvania on May 30, 2019 at the age of 69. The cause was problems from dementia.


title: Yarmouth Clam Festival

paragraphs: The Yarmouth Clam Festival is a yearly event in Yarmouth, Maine. It started in 1965 to raise money for around forty local non-profit organizations, churches, and school groups. The event lasts three days. It is held the third weekend in July.

paragraphs: Yarmouth has around 9,000 people. During the Festival the town has about 120,000 people visit over the course of the weekend.


title: Fireflies (song)

paragraphs: Fireflies is an electropop song by Owl City. The song has reached #1 status on the Canada SoundScan, Danish Singles Chart, Dutch Top 40 and the U.S. Billboard Hot 100.


title: Steve Kerr

paragraphs: Steve Kerr (born September 27, 1965 in Beirut, Lebanon) is a retired NBA basketball player that played for the Phoenix Suns from 1988 to 1989, Cleveland Cavaliers from 1989 to 1992, Orlando Magic from 1992 to 1993, Chicago Bulls from 1993 to 1998, San Antonio Spurs from 1998 to 2001 and again in 2002 to 2003 and the Portland Trail Blazers from 2001–2002. He played college basketball at the University of Arizona and was drafted by the Phoenix Suns with the 50th overall pick in the second round of the 1988 NBA Draft. Kerr won the NBA Championship five times, three times with the Chicago Bulls and twice with the San Antonio Spurs. His father who was an academic who specialized in the Middle East was assassinated by suspected militant nationalists in Beirut where Steve was born. Steve also has two cousins Jeff and Tom. Jeff writes for the Daily Local in West Chester PA. Tom is an accountant


title: Mark Oliver Everett

paragraphs: Mark Oliver Everett (born 10 April 1963) is an American singer and musician. His is better known by his alternate persona Mr. E or Eels. He began calling himself Mr E. as a teenager because it sounded "mysterious." Also, many of his friends made fun of him because his initials spelled out "MOE". Evert is best known for his rock band, Eels.

paragraphs: Unlike most rock bands, Eels rarely plays with the same combinations of members twice. Mark Everett is the only constant member. He is the only one who plays on every single album and live show. All other members are friends of his who add other instruments to the albums and concerts. Most of them are in other bands, such as Aysa and Chloe from the pop band Smoosh. Many do not use their real names, as Everett does. For example, bassist Koool G Murder performed on the albums "Souljacker" and "Hombre Lobo", and has played bass at most shows on the tours for both albums.

paragraphs: Each Eels concert is different. Most feature the members who perform the song on the album playing the instruments that they did on that song. Many are acoustic sets. Everett sings and plays piano all by himself. A lot of songs that Eels perform live are covers (songs written by other people), and songs that have never appeared on any albums.

paragraphs: Mark Everett's father was Hugh Everett III, a scientist who was the first person to propose the idea that our universe is just one of several connected "alternate" universes. At the time (1954), no one believed Everett, and he considered himself a failure. He died when Mark was 19.

paragraphs: Mark's first album was called Bad Dude in Love (1985). It was self-released, meaning that Everett recorded and designed the packaging for the entire album all on his own, selling only five hundred copies to a few friends. That album was the first and last to be released under his full name, Mark Oliver Everett. His next album, A Man Called E (1992) was released only as E, and sold many more copies than Bad Dude in Love. Because many critics did not know who E was, they were confused by the album's title, but the album still sold well.

paragraphs: Everett's next album as E was Broken Toy Shop (1993). The cover art, which depicts Everett sitting in the center of a toy city, has been said to be his least favorite album cover out of all his releases. This would be Everett's last album using his real name or his pseudonym E, as Eels' first album, Beautiful Freak, featuring bassist Tommy Walter and drummer Butch, was released in 1996.

paragraphs: In 1998, Everett became the only living member of his family after his mother died of lung cancer. His sister had died of suicide in 1996. He wrote 16 songs about his sadness that later became his next Eels album, Electro-Shock Blues, featuring Butch from the last album. Butch and Everett would also be the only members to appear on 2000's Daisies of the Galaxy.

paragraphs: In 2001, Everett participated in a philosophical vacation on which he was not alllowed to write or speak for religious reasons. Finding himself inspired, he broke the rules and wrote 12 songs that would later become Souljacker, with Koool G Murder, Butch, Joe Gore, John Parish, and Adam Siegel. During this time, he had stopped shaving, and his beard had begun to grow very long, as shown in this picture. Today, Everett’s beard is even longer, and the most recent Eels album (Hombre Lobo – Spanish for werewolf, featuring Koool G Murder and Knuckles) features songs that Everett wrote about how the beard made him look and feel more “dangerous.”

paragraphs: Following Souljacker, Eels released Shootenanny!, an album that drew a lot of negative attention to the band (at the time consisting of E, Butch, Joe Gore, and Koool G Murder) for Everett’s inappropriate behavior at press events to support the album. In an interview with an Australian television show about rock music, Everett joked about the interviewer waking him up after having sex with a prostitute and doing heroin the night before. Also, Everett was asked to write a review of the diaries of Kurt Cobain (who had died eight years before); his review was a single sentence: “Please don’t do this to me after I die.” Eels’ subsequent release, Blinking Lights and Other Revelations, a double-disc concept album about a journey through life but not in a chronological order, was much more well received.

paragraphs: In addition to these studio albums, Eels has also released one Best Of collection, six live albums, two collections of unreleased material, a book by Everett about his father (and a subsequent documentary film that aired on BBC), and has written songs for eleven movies, including all three Shrek films.


title: Grendel

paragraphs: Grendel is one of the three antagonists in the poem "Beowulf". Grendel is usually taken to be some kind of monster, though this is the subject of scholarly debate. In the poem, Grendel is feared by all but Beowulf, who kills him and his mother at the end of the poem. He is the descendant of the biblical murderer Cain.


title: Jump River (town), Wisconsin

paragraphs: Jump River is a town of Taylor County in the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 311 people were living in Jump River as of 2000. Jump River has an area of 36 square miles.


title: Bulletproof Monk

paragraphs: Bulletproof Monk is an action movie starring Chow Yun-Fat. It is loosely based on the comic book by Michael Avon Oeming.


title: La Roux

paragraphs: La Roux (pronounced /laˈruː/) is a British electropop synth duo made up of singer-songwriter and keyboardist Elly Jackson, and synth player, co-writer and co-producer Ben Langmaid. Their music is influenced by 1980s synthpop including Yazoo, The Human League, Heaven 17 and Blancmange.

paragraphs: Since 2008, La Roux has released a few singles. including Bulletproof, which debuted at #1 on the UK Singles Chart. They released a self-titled album in 2009. It received a Grammy Award for Best Electronic/Dance Album in 2011. Their next album "Trouble in Paradise" is going to be released on July 7 2014. It will have a more acoustic sound.


title: Granny Smith

paragraphs: A Granny Smith apple is a sour tasting green apple. Granny Smith's are crisp, juicy, tart apples which are excellent for eating raw and cooking with.