title: Lu Xun

paragraphs: Lu Xun (), (September 25, 1881 – October 19, 1936), was a Chinese writer. His real name is Zhou Shuren (周树人), as Lu Xun is his pen name. He was born in Shaoxing of Zhejiang Province. He had a lot of works, for example, "The True Story of Ah Q", " Medicine", and so on.

paragraphs: Lu Xun Park in Shanghai has a museum about his life and his tomb.


title: U.S. Open (golf)

paragraphs: The U.S. Open is a golf tournament, which is one of the four major championships played annually. It is organized by the United States Golf Association. The torunament takes place annually on the third weekend in June, and the host course changes every year.


title: Black Holes and Revelations

paragraphs: Black Holes and Revelations is the fourth album from the British alternative rock band, Muse. It was released in 2006.


title: United National Independence Party

paragraphs: The United National Independence Party (UNIP) is a political party in Zambia. It governed the country from 1964 to 1991. This was under President Kenneth Kaunda. It was the only party allowed to exist in Zambia between 1973 and 1991. The party was founded in October 1959 after the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC) was banned. It was first led by Mainza Chona, because Kaunda, who was leader of the ZANC, had been imprisoned. Kaunda became the party's leader when he was released in January 1960.


title: UE Sant Andreu

paragraphs: Unió Esportiva Sant Andreu (UE Sant Andreu) is a Spanish football team formed in 1909 and based in the district of Sant Andreu, in the city of Barcelona. They will play the 2008-09 season in the Segunda División B - Group 3.


title: Cerapod

paragraphs: The Cerapods are a sub-order of the Ornithischia. They are all herbivorous dinosaurs. They have thicker enamel on the inside of their lower teeth. The teeth wear unevenly, and this allows them to browse on tough vegetation.


title: Ceratopsia

paragraphs: The Ceratopsia are the horned dinosaurs of the order Ornithischia. "Triceratops" is the best-known, and one of the largest. They are a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs which thrived in what is now North America and Asia, during the Cretaceous period.

paragraphs: Ancestral forms of this group lived earlier, in the Jurassic. Early members, such as "Psittacosaurus", were small and bipedal.

paragraphs: Later members, including "Centrosaurus" and "Triceratops", became very large quadrupeds. They developed elaborate facial horns and a neck frill. The frill served mainly to protect the vulnerable neck from bipedal predators like Tyrannosaurus, who attacked from above.

paragraphs: The frill was no doubt also used in display, thermoregulation, the attachment of large neck and chewing muscles or some combination of the above.

paragraphs: Ceratopsians ranged in size from 1 meter (3 ft) and 23 kilograms (50 lb) to over 9 meters (30 ft) and 5,400 kg (12,000 lb).

paragraphs: "Triceratops" is by far the best-known ceratopsian to the general public.


title: Pachycephalosauria

paragraphs: The Pachycephalosaurs are a group of ornithopod dinosaurs in the suborder Cerapoda. Their thick round skulls were used for defence and, probably, for mating contests.

paragraphs: In some species, the skull roof is domed and several inches thick; in others it is flat or wedge-shaped.The flat-headed pachycephalosaurs are usually regarded as distinct species or even families, but they may be juveniles of dome-headed adults. The domes were often surrounded by nodes and/or spikes.

paragraphs: There is evidence of head-butting in pachycephalosaurs. Of 100 domes studied, 20 percent showed signs of healed injuries, all consistent with combative behavior. The pathologies included pitting where the bone had become infected from wounds that originated in the skin. These findings suggest that pachycephalosaurids may have been using their heads for both display and defence as many modern animals do.


title: Obertshausen

paragraphs: Obertshausen is a city in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

paragraphs: Obertshausen is in the "Rhine Main area". The town is about 15 km southeast of Frankfurt. The whole area of the town is 13.62 km large and it is 113 m above sea level. It is a plain area with no hills.

paragraphs: About 35 to 20 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

paragraphs: The city consists out of the two former independent villages "Obertshausen" and "Hausen", which are now the two urban districts of Obertshausen. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

paragraphs: Obertshausen has 24,141 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

paragraphs: Some local people are speaking a regional type (dialect) of the German language with a certain tone and special words. It is a Hessian dialect (German: "Hessisch"). This language type is related to other dialects in the south of Germany. In former times mostly every place had its own special dialect, sometimes hard to understand for people of other parts of Germany. Today the dialect speakers are a minority and the majority of them does not speak the real dialect. They rather speak a kind of regular German with a certain pronunciation.

paragraphs: In the year 865 the name of the village "Obertshausen" was written down in a document for the first time. It was a kind of farm of the monastery of Seligenstadt to produce food for the monks.

paragraphs: In 1979 the city got the town privileges.

paragraphs: In former times the people in the Obertshausen area were mostly farmers, craftsmen, but not tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed to the next generation it was divided within the children. Therefore most families had only small farms and were poor.

paragraphs: In the time period of the industrial revolution the Rhine Main area got many factories and developed to a center for metal working and leather manufacturing, also chemical engineering. Many men got workmen and found a job in the factories and earned money. This made living conditions partly better.


title: Ankylosauria

paragraphs: Ankylosaurs were herbivorous armoured dinosaurs of the order Ornithischia. Their armour was made of scutes (bony scales). They were quadrupeds with short and strong legs. Fossils of Ankylosaurs have been found on every continent. They include two distinct groups:


title: Stegosauria

paragraphs: The Stegosaurs were a group of dinosaurs in the suborder Thyreophora. They have small heads, peg-like teeth and vertical bony plates and spines on their back and tail. They flourished from the Upper Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous.

paragraphs: The Stegosauria was originally named as an order by O.C. Marsh in 1877. Now it is treated as an infraorder or suborder (or simply a clade) within Thyreophora, the armoured dinosaurs. It includes the families Huayangosauridae and Stegosauridae.

paragraphs: The Huayangosauridae were an early family of stegosaurs which lived during the Middle Jurassic. They were smaller than later stegosaurs and had shorter and higher skulls. Currently, the only confirmed genus included is the type genus "Huayangosaurus" of China. The poorly-known remains of "Regnosaurus" from England, however, indicate it too could be a member. Its lower jaw is very similar to the former.

paragraphs: The vast majority of stegosaurs being to the Stegosauridae, found in the later part of the Jurassic and the early Cretaceous. It includes the well-known "Stegosaurus". The family is widespread, with members across the Northern Hemisphere and Africa.


title: Hainburg

paragraphs: Hainburg is a village in the Offenbach Rural District in the state of Hesse, Germany.

paragraphs: Hainburg is in the "Rhine Main area". The village is about 20 km southeast of Frankfurt. The municipality is 15.95 km large and it is 90 m above sea level. It is a flat area with no hills.

paragraphs: About 20 to 35 million years ago in the Age of Tertiary the whole region was below sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediment sank to the bottom. Then the region rose again and the water receded, leaving soil which is mostly sandy.

paragraphs: The village consists out of the two former independent villages "Hainstadt" and "Klein-Krotzenburg", which are now the two districts of Hainburg. On 1 January 1977 they were united.

paragraphs: Hainburg has 14,528 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the town is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

paragraphs: Some local people speak a regional German dialect language with a certain intonation and some different words (slang). It is a Hessian dialect (German: "Hessisch"). This type of dialect is related to other dialects in southern Germany. A long time ago, almost every town had its own special dialect, making it hard to understand for people from other parts of Germany. Today people who speak this dialect are in the minority and the majority of them do not speak the real dialect. They speak regular German with a special pronunciation of certain words.

paragraphs: In the 12th century the names of both villages "Hainstadt" and "Crutzenburch" ("Krotzenburg") were written down in documents for the first time.

paragraphs: In those times the most people in the Hainburg area were farmers and craftsmen, rather than tradesmen. Every family had land to grow their food. When the property was handed down to the next generation, it was divided among the children. Therefore, most families had only small farms and were poor.

paragraphs: During the industrial revolution many factories were built in the Rhine Main area and it soon developed into a center for the metal business and leather manufacturing, as well as chemical engineering. Many men learned these trades and found jobs in the factories to earn money. This helped improve living conditions somewhat.


title: Offenbach (district)

paragraphs: Offenbach Rural District is a rural district () in the south of Hesse, Germany. It is a part of the Darmstadt Government Region ().

paragraphs: The Offenbach Rural District is in the middle of the "Rhine Main area" in the south of the state of Hesse. The district is in the metropolitan area of Frankfurt. In the east it touches the state of Bavaria.

paragraphs: The whole area of the district is 356.29 km large and it is about 100 – 150 m above sea level. It is a mostly plain area with only a few hills. The district is southwest of the river "Main". The municipalities "Mainhausen" and "Hainburg" and the cities "Seligenstadt" and "Mühlheim" are near the river.

paragraphs: There are two creeks, the Rodau and the Bieber running from south to north through the district. They are flowing to the river "Main".

paragraphs: About 35 to 20 million years ago in the age of tertiary the whole region was lying under sea level. At that time it was covered by an ocean which was warm and not very deep. Lots of sediments sank to its bottom. Then the region rose again and the water left, leaving soil which is mostly sandy and poor.

paragraphs: The district has 336,818 inhabitants (2008). The climate of the area is mild. There is less rain than in other parts of Germany.

paragraphs: Since 1977 the "Offenbach Rural District" has 10 cities and 3 independent villages. In the year 2002 "Dietzenbach" became the capital of the district. The city of Offenbach is not a part of the district.

paragraphs: The neighbouring cities and rural districts of the Offenbach Rural District are the following:

paragraphs: In the year 1832 the Offenbach Rural District was founded. The capital was Offenbach. In 1938 the city of Offenbach became an independent urban district, but the rural district administration still was in Offenbach. In 2002 the capital changed and now "Dietzenbach" is the new capital of the Offenbach Rural District.


paragraphs: The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, most commonly referred to as the stimulus bill or stimulus package, was a spending bill passed by the U.S. Congress in 2009. It was one of the early things Barack Obama did as president. Despite Obama trying to get Republicans as well as Democrats to vote for the bill, only three did. The bill did several things:

paragraphs: It has taken awhile for the stimulus money to be used. Vice-President Joe Biden is one of the people in charge of making sure the money is used right.


title: Truthout

paragraphs: Truthout is a political website aimed at providing another choice to mainstream news sources. It was started after the 2000 presidential election with the idea of, in its own words, "hoping to reach a few people, have some small impact on the dialogue, and maybe try to restore a little integrity."

paragraphs: Some of its authors include William Rivers Pitt, Jason Leopold, Scott Galindez, David Bacon, Dean Baker, Tom Engelhardt, William Fisher, Dahr Jamail, Ray McGovern, J. Sri Raman, Norman Solomon, David Swanson and James Zogby. The website has reported a lot on the anti-war movement and helped to make Cindy Sheehan better known by using many of her writings. Attention is also given to problems including the environment, work (and work ethic), women, health, and voter rights. Its articles are now carried by press release information centers like World News, Scoop Newzealand and California News.

paragraphs: Truthout is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization (a charity). In 2012, the company took in over $1,900,000.

paragraphs: The website also had a blog where visitors can talk about various issues or specific articles, which was taken down a short time ago.


title: 7 Seconds

paragraphs: 7 Seconds is a hardcore punk band from Reno, Nevada. The band formed in 1979 as a hardcore thrash band.

paragraphs: The original members of the band were vocalist Kevin Seconds, bassist Steve Youth, drummer Troy Mowat and guitarist Bobby Adams. Seconds and Youth did most of the song-writing.

paragraphs: Between 1982 and 1987, the band released four EPs and three LPs. In 1988, they released "Ourselves" on the indie label Restless Records.

paragraphs: Adams left the band in 1987. In 1990, the band took 3 years off from touring and recording music. Adams rejoined the band when they reformed in 1993. They recorded a new album in 1993 which was called "Out the Shizzy".

paragraphs: They are sometimes classified as a straight edge band but the members refuse to embrace the label.


title: Absolution (album)

paragraphs: Absolution is the third album by British alternative rock band Muse.


title: Origin of Symmetry

paragraphs: Origin of Symmetry is the second album by British alternative rock band Muse.


title: Showbiz

paragraphs: Showbiz is the first album by the British alternative rock band Muse.


title: Phoenix (band)

paragraphs: Phoenix is a French alternative rock band that was Grammy awarded. It consists of Thomas Mars (vocals), Deck D'Arcy (bass) and Laurent Brancowitz and Christian Mazzalai who play guitar. They are related to Air and Daft Punk.


title: Leap of faith

paragraphs: A Leap of faith commonly refers to believing something that cannot be touched or proved by science, for which there is no evidence. Usually the term is attributed to Søren Kierkegaard, even though he never really used it. According to Kierkegaard, such a leap involves circular reasoning, because a leap is made by faith.

paragraphs: A leap of faith is commonly associated with religious belief because many religions consider faith to be an essential element of piety.


title: Capoeira

paragraphs: Capoeira is a combination of martial arts, sport and popular culture that developed in Brazil, by African slaves and Brazilian natives, starting in the 16th century. It was made to give slaves a chance to escape and to survive. Capoeira was illegal in Brazil until the 1930s.

paragraphs: Capoeira uses strong and fast kicks, dodges and fast counter-attacks. It also uses acrobatics and simple take-downs.

paragraphs: Capoeira's history probably begins with the beginning of African slavery in Brazil. When Portuguese colonists began exporting West African slaves, Brazil, with its vast territory, received most of the slaves; almost 40% of all slaves sent across the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: Although rebellions were rare, capoeira was invented as a hope of survival for slaves. If they managed to escape, as after an escape attempt, colonial agents were sent after the escapees. The martial arts were incorporated into a dance, to escape detection–with music and rhythmic moves, no suspicion could be raised regarding potential martial art training. Due to city growth, more slaves were brought to cities and so made capoeira more prominent and allowed it to be taught and practiced among more people. In Rio, the colonial government tried to suppress it and established severe physical punishments for its practice.

paragraphs: After slavery was abolished in 1888, free former slaves had nowhere to live and no jobs. They were thought of by the public as lazy workers. Capoeira then found a new role—as a dance of criminals.

paragraphs: They used capoeiristas (capoeira dancers) as bodyguards and hitmen. In 1890, the Brazilian government prohibited capoeira when police identified it as an advantage in fighting and they didn’t want criminals to have this advantage. After the ban, anybody caught practising capoeira for any reason would be arrested and tortured by the police. Some practises still occurred in remote places with guards to warn of police.

paragraphs: By the 1920s, repression of capoeira had declined. Mestre Bimba from Salvador, a strong fighter in both legal and illegal fights, thought capoeira was losing its martial roots due to the use of its playful side to entertain tourists. Bimba began developing the first systematic training method for capoeira, and in 1932 founded the first capoeira school. He called it Luta Regional Baiana because it was illegal to use capoeira in the name. By 1940, capoeira was legalized.

paragraphs: Today, capoeira is viewed as one of the symbols of Brazilian culture all around the world and in 1970 it was taught outside of Brazil for the first time. Capoeira presentations, normally theatrical and with little martiality, are common sights around the world.

paragraphs: The martial arts part, however, is still present and still disguised, just as it was in the time of slavery, and trickery is still present and expert dancers used. An attack can be disguised even as a friendly gesture, such is the expertise gone into the research of new moves. Capoeira is now a symbol of Brazilian culture, its ethnic amalgam, and of resistance to oppression.


title: Vaishnavism

paragraphs: Vaishnavism () is a tradition of Hinduism. Its followers worship Vishnu or its avatars, mainly Rama and Krishna as the highest, or original God. This worship in different perspectives or historical traditions addresses God under the names of Narayana, Krishna, Vāsudeva or more often "Vishnu", and their associated avatars. Its beliefs and practices, especially the concepts of Bhakti and Bhakti Yoga, are based largely on the Upanishads, and associated with the Vedas and Puranic texts such as the Bhagavad Gita, and the Padma, Vishnu and Bhagavata Puranas.

paragraphs: The followers of Vaishnavism are referred to as "Vaishnava(s)" or "Vaishnavites". A large percentage of Hindus are Vaishnavas, with the vast majority living in India. Awareness, recognition, and growth of the belief has significantly increased outside of India in recent years. The Gaudiya Vaishnava branch of the tradition has significantly increased the awareness of Vaishnavism internationally, since the mid-1900s, largely through the activities and geographical expansion of the Hare Krishna movement, primarily through ISKCON and more recently, through several other Vaishnava organizations conducting preaching activities in the West.


title: Oracle Corporation

paragraphs: Oracle Corporation is an American company. It makes hardware systems and enterprise software ("software for businesses") such as database management systems. Its headquarters are in Redwood City, California, United States. The founder is Lary Ellison. In 2010, it employed 105,000 people worldwide. It has increased in size through natural growth and by buying other companies. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, after Microsoft and IBM.

paragraphs: In January 2010 it bought Sun Microsystems.

paragraphs: The corporation has arguably become best known for its flagship product, the Oracle Database. The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software (ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) software.

paragraphs: , Anusha Shetty, a co-founder of Oracle Corporation, has served as Oracle's CEO throughout its history. He also served as the Chairman of the Board until his replacement by Jeffrey O. Henley in 2004. On August 22, 2008 the Associated Press ranked Ellison as the top-paid chief executive in the world.

paragraphs: When the company started, computer database technology was only starting. Ellison had read a 1970 paper written by Edgar F. Codd on relational database management systems (RDBMS).

paragraphs: He had also heard about the IBM System R database from an article in the "IBM Research Journal" by Ed Oates. System R was also based on Codd's theories. Ellison wanted to make Oracle's product compatible with System R, but IBM stopped this by keeping the error codes for their DBMS ("DataBase Management System") secret. Ellison co-founded Oracle Corporation in 1977 with Bob Miner and Ed Oates under the name Software Development Laboratories (SDL). In 1979 SDL changed its name to Relational Software, Inc. (RSI). In 1982, RSI renamed itself Oracle Systems to make the relation to its main product, Oracle Database, clearer. At this stage Bob Miner was the company's senior programmer. In 1995, Oracle Systems Corporation changed its name to Oracle Corporation.

paragraphs: Part of Oracle Corporation's early success came from using the C programming language to install its products. This made changing the setup to different operating systems (most of which support C) easier.


title: Queen (butterfly)

paragraphs: The Queen ("Danaus gilippus") is a species of butterfly. It belongs in the family Nymphalidae. It is found in North America, Central America, and South America.

paragraphs: The upper side of the wings is dark reddish-brown. It has black wing borders. Males have an androconium (a spot that releases scents to attract females) on each of his hind wings (bottom wings). The underside of the wings is reddish-brown. The wings have black borders. There are white spots in the black borders. The hind wing has black veins.

paragraphs: The Queen is one species in a complex mimicry ring. Where their range overlaps, the appearance of these butterflies is similar. The Monarch ("Danaus plexippus") is orange. It has thick, black veins. The Viceroy ("Limenitis archippus") is smaller. It has thick, black veins. It has a black band across the hind wing. The Soldier ("Danaus eresimus") has thin black veins. On the underside of the hind wing, there is a row of pale, square-shaped spots.

paragraphs: Monarchs are bad-tasting and poisonous because they contain a chemical known as cardenolide (cardiac glycoside). The chemical slows the heart-beat of vertebrates. Monarch caterpillars get this chemical when they feed on milkweed.

paragraphs: When the Monarch becomes a butterfly, it no longer eats milkweed, but it still has the chemical in its body. The butterfly shows that they are not good to eat with their bright orange and black wings. This is warning coloration. A bird may try to eat a Monarch, but it will become sick and vomit after eating it. After this experience, the bird learns not to eat another Monarch, and also any other butterfly which is similar in appearance.

paragraphs: The Viceroy is similar looking to the Monarch, but does not have the milkweed poison in its body. Birds that have had the bad experience of eating a Monarch will usually not eat a Viceroy. It is an example of Batesian mimicry. Or so it was thought; but recent work has challenged this. The difficulty in doing this kind of research is that a butterfly may be toxic in one part of its range, and good to eat in another part. A lot depends on the plants on which the eggs are laid.

paragraphs: The Queen is one of many insects that derives chemical defenses against its predators from its food plant. Most of the toxic cardenolides that make queens so unpalatable to its predators are sequestered from larval host plants. Basically, the Queen shares a Müllerian mimicry with the Monarch. However, the extent of its toxicity varies a great deal in different parts of its range. Micro-geographic differences in the environment lead to variation in the dynamics of mimetic relationships even at a local level.

paragraphs: The Queen can be seen all year in Texas, Arizona, and southern Florida. It is seen from February to December in northern Florida. It is seen from April to November in southern California and southern Nevada.

paragraphs: This butterfly can be found in open places such as open woodlands, fields, deserts, marshes, and forest edges.

paragraphs: The female lays her eggs singly. They are laid on the leaves, stems, and flowers of the host plant (the host plant is the plant that the caterpillar feeds on). The egg is pale green. The caterpillar is banded with yellow and black. There are three pairs of black body extensions. The first pair is near the head. The second pair is on the thorax. The third pair is near the end of the body. The chrysalis is green. It has gold spots. There is a black and gold band on the abdomen. It is very similar to the Monarch's chrysalis. It has three or more broods (a brood is a group of offspring) per year.

paragraphs: Here is a list of host plants that the Queen caterpillar feeds on:


title: 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

paragraphs: The 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2006. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This was the first year the cyclones got named in the northern Indian Ocean. There was about $6.7 million in damage and about 192 people got killed in 2006 because of the cyclones.

paragraphs: Deep Depression ARB 01 or Tropical Cyclone O1A stared on January 13 to the south of India. It died on the next day.

paragraphs: Mala started as Tropical Cyclone 02B on April 25 and became Cyclonic Storm Mala later on that day. It headed northeast and later it became a very sever cyclonic storm. Mala made landfall in Myanmar on April 29, the winds were close to 115 mph. The cyclone died over Myanmar later that day. Mala killed about 22 people.

paragraphs: Tropical Cyclone 02 started on July 2 near India. The cyclone made landfall in India later that day and it survived until July 5.

paragraphs: This Deep Depression was Tropical Cyclone 03 and started on August 2. By August 5 it had died.

paragraphs: The fifth depression in 2006 started on August 12 and it died on August 13.

paragraphs: This depression lasted from August 16 to August 18.

paragraphs: This depression started on August 29 and it died on September 1.

paragraphs: Depression BOB 07 started on September 3 and died by the next day.

paragraphs: This depression started on September 21. It later made landfall near the India and Bangladesh border. It died on September 24. The cyclone killed about 170 people.

paragraphs: Mukda started in the Arabian Sea on September 21. It became a strong tropical storm over the next few days. It died on September 24.

paragraphs: This depression started on September 28. On September 29 it made a landfall in India. The cyclone died on the next day over India.

paragraphs: Ogni was the final cyclone that started on October 29 as a deep depression. It moved very slowly and made a landfall in India. Cyclonic Storm Ogni died on October 30, after it killed at least 35 people.

paragraphs: These three names got used in the 2006 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:


title: 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season

paragraphs: The 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season ran through all of 2005. Though most storms in this area start between April and December. This season was tied for the season with the second highest number of cyclones. The damage is unknown but there were about 1,227 people got killed in 2005 because of the cyclones.

paragraphs: A tropical depression started on January 7. It moved to the north and pass by Sri Lanka before it had died on January 10.

paragraphs: Cyclonic Storm Hibaru was the first cyclone that got named in 2005. It started on January 13 and it moved around for a few days until it died on January 17.

paragraphs: This deep depression started on July 29, it caused rain in India which killed almost 1,050 people. The deep depression died on July 31.

paragraphs: Cyclonic Storm Pyarr started on September 17 as a depression. It became a tropical storm by the next day. Pyarr made landfall in India on September 19, and it died on September 21. The cyclone killed at least 49 people.

paragraphs: This tropical storm started on October 1, made landfall in India on October 2, and it died on October 3. This tropical storm killed no one.

paragraphs: This deep depression started on October 26 and made landfall in India by October 29. The deep depression died later that day. It killed about 100 people.

paragraphs: Cyclonic Storm Baaz started on November 28 and cross the Bay of Bengal. It died on December 2 near India.

paragraphs: Cyclonic Storm Fanoos started on December 6. It moved to the west and crossed the Bay of Bengal. Fanoos passed to the north of Sri Lanka and caused some damage. Later, Fanoos made landfall in Inda before it died on December 10.

paragraphs: This deep depression started on December 15. It moved around in the Bay of Bengal for a week, and it passed near Sri Lanka. The deep depression died on December 22.

paragraphs: There were also five depressons. The first one started on June 21 and died on June 22. While the second started on June 27 and died on July 5, after it killed about 34 people in India. The third started on September 12 and died on September 16. Fourth, it started on September 14 and died on September 16. The last depression started on November 20 and died on that same day.

paragraphs: These four names got used in the 2005 North Indian Ocean cyclone season:


title: India Meteorological Department

paragraphs: The India Meteorological Department (IMD), also referred to as the Met Office, is a weather forecasting organization run by the Government of India, it also tracks and forecast tropical cyclones, similar to the National Hurricane Center. The headquarters in New Delhi, India.


title: Sauropodomorph

paragraphs: Sauropodomorpha is the suborder of dinosaurs with massive, quadrupedal herbivores with extremely long necks and tails.

paragraphs: Sauropodomorpha are divided into prosauropods and sauropods. Among the sauropods were the largest land animals ever known: "Seismosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Apatosaurus" (popularly known as "Brontosaurus"), and others.

paragraphs: Only the modern blue whale is larger than these creatures; no land animal comes close. "Argentinosaurus", with a vertebra over 1.59 metres long, is the largest.


title: Marginocephalia

paragraphs: Marginocephalians (meaning "fringed heads") are a group of Ornithischian (bird-hipped) dinosaurs that have a distinctive skull structure (a slight shelf or bony frill on the back of the skull), a unique palate (part of the mouth) and a short pubis (part of the hip).

paragraphs: These herbivores include the ceratopsians (horned dinosaurs like "Triceratops", "Styracosaurus", "Pentaceratops", and "Protoceratops") and the pachycephalosaurians (thick-skulled dinosaurs like "Stegoceras" and "Pachycephalosaurus").


title: Yunnan

paragraphs: Yunnan (; ) is a province in southwest province of the People's Republic of China. The area of Yunnan Province is . It spans approximately 394,000 square kilometres (152,000 sq mi) and has a population of 45.7 million (2009). The capital of the province is Kunming. The province borders Vietnam, Laos and Burma.

paragraphs: Yunnan Province is divided into eight municipalities (地级市) and eight autonomous prefectures (自治州).

paragraphs: Yunnan's cultural life is one of remarkable diversity. It is famous for ethnic minority groups, Yuanmou Human archaeological findings, ancient Tea Horse Road legends, Puer teas and Yunnan Baiyao medicines.


title: Deluge myth

paragraphs: A Deluge myth or Flood myth is a coined name that our current atheistic world gives to some historical events. The flood is an actual historical event which took place 4,000 years ago. Many people call it a myth but, there is archeological evidence to back it up such as, many animal fossils found stuck in stone around the world. This flood was sent by God to destroy the civilization at that time for their sexual immorality and unbelief. Also, in those days, some of the fallen angels had babies with many of the women so, God needed to start fresh. He chose Noah and his family because, they were they only pure and righteous ones found on the Earth. Later, God promised Noah he would never flood the Earth again. He put a rainbow in the sky to remind us of his promise but now, the homosexual agenda has hijacked the rainbow as a symbol of same sex love. The rainbow was an original promise of God about not flooding the Earth again. It has no relationship to sex and relationships. The story can be found in multiple cultures which outweigh the minority of unbelievers. Well-known examples that are falsely believed to be myths include, the story of Noah's Ark in the Bible, the Hindu Puranic story of Manu, Deucalion in Greek mythology or Utnapishtim in the Epic of Gilgamesh.


title: Conservation of mass

paragraphs: The law of conservation of mass states that mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. Thus, the amount of matter cannot change. Sir Antoine Lavoisier promoted this idea.

paragraphs: This law says that when a chemical reaction rearranges atoms into a new product, the mass of the reactants (chemicals before the chemical reaction) is the same as the mass of the products (the new chemicals made). More simply, whatever you do, you will still have the same amount of stuff.

paragraphs: Broader account: In any chemical reaction, nuclear reaction, or radioactive decay in an isolated system, the total mass of the starting materials must be equal to the mass of the products.

paragraphs: The principle of conservation of mass was first outlined by Mikhail Lomonosov (1711–1765) in 1748. He proved it by experiments—though this is sometimes challenged. Antoine Lavoisier (1743–1794) had expressed these ideas in 1774. Others whose ideas pre-dated the work of Lavoisier include Joseph Black (1728–1799), Henry Cavendish (1731–1810), and Jean Rey (1583–1645).


title: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex

paragraphs: Thomas Cromwell, 1st Earl of Essex, KG, PC (c. 1485 – 28 July 1540) was an English statesman and lawyer. He was King Henry VIII's chief minister (like Prime Minister) from 1532 to 1540. He held many important posts, ending as Lord Chamberlain. Cromwell did not come from a rich or noble family: he rose in life by his work and merit.

paragraphs: Cromwell tried to modernize government, but this meant that both the nobility and the church would have less power. Because of this he was seen as an upstart. He was one of the strongest supporters of the English Reformation, the English Church's break with the papacy in Rome. Henry VIII was made the head of the Church of England by Parliament in 1534. Cromwell helped control the new Church with his two new jobs; Vicegerent for spirituals and Vicar general.

paragraphs: Cromwell had supported Henry VIII in disposing of Anne Boleyn and replacing her with Jane Seymour. During his years as the King's chief minister, Cromwell created many powerful enemies for himself.

paragraphs: His final downfall was caused by the haste with which he encouraged the king to marry Anne of Cleves. This was a marriage that Cromwell hoped would put the English Reformation back on track after the recent setback with the Six Articles. The enterprise became a disaster when King Henry told Cromwell that he had not consummated the marriage. Henry told Cromwell to get him out of the marriage by legal means, but the king was obliged to go ahead with it or risk the vital German alliance. The king's marriage to Anne of Cleves was a disaster for Cromwell. It was the opportunity that Cromwell's opponents (most notably the Duke of Norfolk) needed to press for his downfall.

paragraphs: Cromwell was executed at Tyburn on 28 July 1540, the same day that the king divorced Anne of Cleves and married Catherine Howard. After his execution, Thomas Cromwell's head was boiled and then set upon a spike on London Bridge, facing away from the City of London.

paragraphs: Henry came to regret Cromwell's execution. About eight months afterwards, Henry accused his ministers of bringing about Cromwell's downfall by false charges. Henry spent the rest of his life lamenting the fact that Cromwell had been executed.

paragraphs: Oliver Cromwell, the revolutionary leader who overthrew the British monarchy and led a short-lived republican government in the 17th century, was a descendant of Thomas Cromwell's sister, Catherine Cromwell (born circa 1482).


title: Photolithography

paragraphs: Photolithography is the combination of photography and lithography. Its uses include the mass printing of photographs. Microphototolithography is the use of photolithography to transfer geometric shapes on a photomask to the surface of a semiconductor wafer for making integrated circuits.

paragraphs: Photolithography makes integrated circuits such as memory and central processing units.

paragraphs: A special light-and-shadow pattern is shone through a photomask, onto a sheet or wafer of silicon that had been covered with a material called a photoresist. The light hardens the photoresist. When the board is dipped into a special acid, the parts that had no light on them are dissolved away.

paragraphs: Memory chips have thousands or millions of identical cells. Because is much easier to make than a CPU, (a large die with a non-repetitive structure), RAM chips are far less expensive than processors.


title: Christian liturgy

paragraphs: A Christian liturgy is a set of steps or rituals done by Christians as a form of worship, done by Christian denomination. The liturgy or form of worship has changed over time, and different groups also have different prescriptions on how such a celebration should be done. The worship on a Sunday might be different from that which is done on Easter.

paragraphs: Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words "the liturgy", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. Liturgy may mean an elaborate formal ceremony such as the Catholic Mass. The "open" or "waiting" worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events.

paragraphs: Liturgical churches are those that use a well-defined liturgy, in which many of the words and music used follow basic patterns each time the service is conducted. The liturgy may date to the second century or earlier. Most Orthodox, Catholic, Anglican, and Lutheran churches are liturgical, most other churches to a far lesser extent. Non-liturgical churches usually follow a common worship sequence from one service to the next, with several elements common to many such services. These elements often include readings from the Bible, hymns, a sermon, offerings of money, and at certain times, Communion.


title: Booby prize

paragraphs: A Booby prize is a prize of low value or a joke prize. It is sometimes given for a terrible performance or last-place finish. Booby prizes are sometimes humorously and jokingly seen as an object of pride as being noticed for doing something special - losing or coming in last-place. A booby prize is usually awarded and received with pleasant humor and understanding, it is not seen as a sign of disgrace.


title: Jerilderie, New South Wales

paragraphs: Jerilderie is a town of 768 people in the southern Riverina region of New South Wales, Australia. It is the only town in the Jerilderie Shire Council Local Government Area.

paragraphs: It can be found along the Newell Highway south-west of Sydney and north of the Victorian state border. Jerilderie's post code is 2716.


title: Macropod

paragraphs: Macropods are marsupials belonging to the family Macropodidae. That family includes kangaroos, wallabies, tree-kangaroos, pademelons, quokkas and others. They are native to Australia, New Guinea, and their surrounding islands. Before European settlement, there were about 65 species of macropods. Six species have since become extinct. Another 11 species have been greatly reduced in numbers.

paragraphs: Modern macropods are herbivores. They have specialized teeth made for grinding up fibrous plants. Macropods usually have a row of broad, straight front teeth, no canines, and a gap before their large molars.

paragraphs: The stomachs of the macropods contain lots of bacteria that help them to digest their food by breaking it down for them. Macropods have a certain blend of bacteria in their stomachs that lowers the amount of methane produced.

paragraphs: Macropods come in all different sizes. Almost all have a powerful tail and large back legs. The word 'macropod' comes from the Greek for 'large foot'. Their long legs allow macropods to move quickly, and for long distances.

paragraphs: Gestation lasts about one month. In larger species, it lasts a little longer. Usually a single offspring is born. It attaches itself to a teat inside the mother's pouch. The offspring is able to leave the pouch after 5-11 months. It is sexually mature at 1-3 years old, depending on the species.

paragraphs: Marsupials evolved about 160 million years ago during the Jurassic period. They reached Australia in the Palaeocene about 50 million years ago. The oldest macropod fossil found is about 12 million years old.


title: Shengzhou

paragraphs: Shengzhou is a city of Zhejiang Province in China. It is a part of Shaoxing Municipality. Its population(including suburbs) is about 735 000. Yueju Opera,which is a Chinese opera popular in China, originated in Shengzhou.


title: Yueju Opera

paragraphs: Yueju Opera (),is a Chinese opera popular in China. It originated in Shengxian County(namely Shengzhou). The word "Yue" in Chinese means Zhejiang province and the regions around it. "ju" means (Chinese) opera. At present, Yueju Opera is the second most popular opera in China, after the Beijing Opera.


title: Harbin

paragraphs: Harbin, is the capital city of Heilongjiang, a northeast province of China. In recent years, Harbin is well-known worldwide for Harbin International Ice and Snow Sculpture Festival, Harbin Summer Music Festival and Harbin International Beer Festival. Harbin Ice Festival makes Harbin become China's coolest ice city for a winter holiday trip.

paragraphs: Governing 12 districts and 10 counties, Harbin Municipality has a population of 9,873,743 and 4,754,753 of whom lives in the city proper of Harbin.


title: Sirach

paragraphs: Sirach, by Ben Sira, which is also known as Wisdom of Jesus son of Sirach, the Wisdom of Ben Sira, or Ecclesiasticus, is a work from the early second century BC, its original version being written in Hebrew. It is part of the Apocrypha or deuterocanonical books.

paragraphs: and the days of eternity- who can count them?"


title: Alveolus

paragraphs: An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within a body.

paragraphs: Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk about small air sacs in the lungs of mammals. These are also called "pulmonary alveoli". These alveoli are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.

paragraphs: When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.

paragraphs: In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli. Their total surface area is around 75 square meters.

paragraphs: Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange occurs. Gas exchange is a biological process through which (usually two) different gases are transferred in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic reactions so an efficient system for their exchange is extremely important. It is linked with respiration in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.


title: Parasitoid

paragraphs: Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organism's body. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from 'traditional' parasites. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species.

paragraphs: In parasitoids the adult stage is free-living: it finds the 'host' for the next generation. The female parasitoid places the eggs, on or in the body of a host. The host is food for their growth.

paragraphs: Normal parasites use vectors as the way of getting to other hosts.

paragraphs: In Hymenoptera there are many variations. The distinction between the 'parasitic' and the 'traditional' hymenoptera can run very thin.

paragraphs: In Britain there are about 6500 species of Hymenoptera more than in any other insect order and just one parasitoid superfamily, the Ichneumonoidea, has nearly half of them. Most workers now recognise only two families in Ichneumonoidea. These are Ichneumonidae, with over two thousand British species, and Braconidae, with nearly 1200 representatives in Britain. They are, respectively, the largest and the second largest families of British insects. Only a beetle family, the Staphylinidae, is near the thousand mark. Ichneumonoids also include the largest parasitoids.

paragraphs: Hymenopteran parasitoids often have unique life cycles. In one family, the Trigonalidae, the female wasps deposit eggs into small pockets they cut into the edge of leaves with their ovipositor. A caterpillar chewing these leaves may swallow some of the eggs. When they get into the caterpillar's gut, they hatch and burrow through the gut wall and into the body cavity. Later they search the caterpillar's body cavity for other parasitoid larvae, and it is these they attack and feed on. Some trigonalids, once they are in a caterpillar or sawfly larva, need their host to fall prey to a social wasp. The wasp carries the caterpillar back to its nest, and there it is butchered and fed to the wasp's young. The young serve as host for the trigonalid, the eggs of which are in the butchered caterpillar.


title: Imago

paragraphs: In entomology, the imago is the last stage in the development of an insect. In an incomplete metamorphosis it comes after the last ecdysis. If the metamorphosis is complete, it comes after emergence from the pupa. This is the only stage where the insect is sexually mature and (if a winged species) has functional wings. The imago is often referred to as the "adult stage".


title: Jennifer Todd

paragraphs: Jennifer Todd (born in 1969 in California) is an American movie producer. She and her sister Suzanne run a production company called "Team Todd".

paragraphs: They have helped make movies including the three Austin Powers movies, "Boiler Room", "Prime", "Must Love Dogs", "Memento", "Across the Universe", and "The Accidental Husband".

paragraphs: She won the 2001 Independent Spirit Award for best movie for "Memento".


title: Christopher Paolini

paragraphs: Christopher Paolini (born November 17, 1983 in Southern California) is an American writer. He is best known as the writer of the Inheritance cycle, which has the books "Eragon", "Eldest", "Brisingr", and the fourth book. He lives in Paradise Valley, Montana.

paragraphs: Paolini is famous for publishing his book, "Eragon" when he was only seventeen years old. He began writing the book when he was fifteen. His second book, "Eldest", was released in 2005. His third book, "Brisingr", was released in 2008. The final book of the Inheritance Cycle, "Inheritance", was released on 8 November, 2011.


title: Dougie Poynter

paragraphs: Dougie Lee Poynter (born 30 November 1987) is a British musician. He was born in Corringham, Essex. He is the bass player and singer for British pop punk band, "McFly". The band's first single, "Five Colours In Her Hair", reached number one in the charts, as did their first album, "Room On The Third Floor". McFly were signed to Island Records before creating their own indie label, Super Records in December 2007. Poynter is the band's youngest member having joined the band at the age of 15.

paragraphs: Poynter won the 2011 UK series of "I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Ali Hassan al-Majid

paragraphs: Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikritieh ( , 30 November 1941 – 25 January 2010) was an Iraqi minister. He was a member of the Baath Party. During his life, he was Defense Minister, Interior Minister, military commander and chief of the Iraqi Intelligence Service. He was also the governor of occupied Kuwait during the Gulf War.

paragraphs: He was a first cousin to the late President of Iraq Saddam Hussein. During the 1980s and 1990s, he became notorious for his role in the Iraqi government's campaigns against internal opposition forces, namely the ethnic Kurdish rebels of the north, and the Shia religious dissidents of the south. Repressive measures included deportations of the population and mass killings; al-Majid was dubbed "Chemical Ali" by Iraqi Kurds for his use of chemical weapons in attacks against them.

paragraphs: Al-Majid was captured after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and was charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide. He was convicted in June 2007 and was sentenced to death for crimes committed in the al-Anfal campaign of the 1980s. His appeal against the death sentence was rejected on 4 September 2007, and was sentenced to death for the fourth time on 17 January 2010. Al-Majid was executed by hanging eight days later.


title: Bamba (snack)

paragraphs: Bamba () is an Israeli corn snack. It is a popular snack for children.

paragraphs: Bamba has been made since 1963 with no decline in sales. Bamba makes up 25% of the Israeli snack market.


title: Car stereo

paragraphs: A car stereo is a device that can be in a car to listen to the radio, play cassettes or CDs. More modern car stereos can also play music from memory sticks.

paragraphs: Car stereos typically can not produce much power without circuit which makes the car's battery voltage higher. Often car speakers have lower impedance. Then it is easier to get more audiopower without having higher voltage.


title: Eudora Welty

paragraphs: Eudora Alice Welty (April 13, 1909 – July 23, 2001) was an award-winning American author who wrote short stories and novels about the American South. Her book, "The Optimist's Daughter", won the Pulitzer Prize in 1973 and Welty was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, among numerous awards. She was the first living author to have her works published by the Library of America. Her house in Jackson, Mississippi, is a National Historic Landmark and open to the public as a museum.

paragraphs: Welty worked as a publicity agent for the work progress administration. She had to travel around Mississippi for her job. In her own time, she took memorable photographs. These mostly show how different people from all economic and social classes coped with the Great Depression. Collections of her photograph were published as "One time, One place" (1971) and "Photograph" (1989).

paragraphs: Very often, a photograph was the basis of one of her short stories, including "Why I live at the P.O.", which was inspired by a woman she photographed ironing in the back of a small post office.


title: Talisman

paragraphs: A talisman is an amulet or other object considered to possess supernatural or magical powers. A talisman can have protective properties, turning away harmful or evil influences. It is a very sacred object said to give protection and good luck.

paragraphs: It is also said that when making an talisman the person intending to use it must craft it.


title: Eagle Comics

paragraphs: Eagle Comics was a short lived comic book company that existed to reprinting comic serials from the UK's "2000 A.D." magazine for distribution in North American. They existed from 1983 to 1986 and were based in London, England, with product production and distribution in Canada.

paragraphs: The company was formed by Nick Landau to republish stories from the comics anthology, repackaged into American comic book format (in the same way his Titan Books had been reprinting them as trade paperbacks). In 1986 the license, from IPC, passed to Quality Communications.

paragraphs: The series they brought to American audiences included-


title: Patriarch Tikhon of Moscow

paragraphs: Saint Tikhon of Moscow was a of Moscow in the beginning of the Soviet Union. His name, before he became a saint, was "Vasily Ivanovich Bellavin"(). He was by the Synod of Bishops. It is possible that the character of the elder Zosimov in the Russian novel "The Brothers Karamazov" was influenced by him.


title: Henry James

paragraphs: Henry James OM (18431916) was an Anglo-American novelist. He was one of the most important literary people of the late 19th century. James was the son of Henry James Senior, a clergyman, and the brother of William James, the psychologist and philosopher. He grew up mostly in the United States but spent the majority of his life in England. He became a British citizen in 1915. His sister, Alice James, was also a writer.

paragraphs: In his novels, he wrote from the viewpoint of one of the characters. Some literary critics compared this to impressionist painting. In his own literary criticism, James insisted that writers be allowed the greatest possible freedom in how they looked at the world. He thought a text should be realistic, and its account of life be recognisable to its readers. Good novels, to James, show life in action and are interesting.

paragraphs: He published fictional books, articles and books of travel, biography, autobiography, and criticism, and wrote plays, some of which were performed during his lifetime. His plays probably influenced his later novels and tales.


title: Velupillai Prabhakaran

paragraphs: Velupillai Prabhakaran (November 26 1954 — May 18 2009) was the leader of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. He fought the Sri Lankan Civil War to make an independent state for the Tamil people in the north of Sri Lanka. Under his leadership, the Tamil Tigers became one of the most deadly guerilla groups in the world.

paragraphs: Prabhakaran was born in Valvettiturai, a fishing town, on the northern tip of Sri Lanka. His father worked for the government. After Ceylon became independent in 1948, life became very difficult for the small Tamil population. There were laws to limit their chance of getting to university or working for the government. In 1972, Prabhakaran started a group called the Tamil New Tigers (TNT). In July 1975 he shot dead Alfred Duryappa, the mayor of Jaffna. Duryappa was also a Tamil, but Prahbhakaran believed he had become too close to the Sri Lankan government.

paragraphs: Prabhakaran went to India to escape from the police. He hid in the city of Madras (now Chenai), where he turned the TNT into the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE). Each member had cyanide (poison) carried in a necklace which they could swallow if they were captured. Other rules that Prabhakaran made for the LTTE were that members could not smoke, drink alcohol or have sex. The last rule was changed when Prabhakaran married Mathivathani Erambu. The LTTE secretly set up training camps in India. Other Tamil guerilla groups were taken over or destroyed by the LTTE.

paragraphs: In July 1983, there were wide spread attacks against Tamils in Sri Lanka. Many Tamils left the country, and many young people went to the training camps in India. The LTTE fought against the government. They had their own navy, the Sea Tigers, and air force. In July 1987 Prabhakaran started a group called the "Black Tigers". These were a group of male and female suicide bombers. Their explosive belts have been copied by groups in Palestine, Chechnya and Iraq. India sent 100,000 peace keeping soldiers to Sri Lanka in July 1987. The Indian government and the Sri Lankan government signed an agreement, but Prabhakaran did not like it because it did not create a separate Tamil country. The Indian soldiers were soon fighting against the LTTE.

paragraphs: The Indian army left Sri Lanka in March 1990, having had 1200 soldiers killed. Prabhakaran became ruler of the northern part of Sri Lanka. He attacked everyone he thought was responsible for the war. In May 1991, female suicide bombers killed the former Indian Prime Minister, Rajiv Gandhi, during an election rally. Prabhakaran did not trust other people. He would only drink his own bottled water, he slept with a gun under his pillow. He thought his cousin, Mahattaya, was plotting against him. He had him and many others tortured and killed.

paragraphs: In 2001, the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE asked Norway to help make a ceasefire to stop the war. This lasted for four years before the fighting started again. This led to increased attacks on the LTTE by the Sri Lankan army. The LTTE were slowly forced back into a very small area. Prabhakaran and his son, Charles Anthony, were killed in the fighting, and the LTTE were defeated.


title: Mohs scale of mineral hardness

paragraphs: Mohs' scale of mineral hardness is named after Friedrich Mohs, a mineralogist. Mohs scale is ordered by hardness, determined by which minerals can scratch other minerals.

paragraphs: Rocks are made up of one or more minerals. According to the scale, Talc is the softest: it can be scratched by all other materials. Gypsum is harder: it can scratch talc but not calcite, which is even harder. The hardness of a mineral is mainly controlled by the strength of the bonding between the atoms and partly by the size of the atoms. It is a measure of the resistance of the mineral to scratching, the Mohs scale is for natural minerals. For manufactured products other measures of hardness are better.

paragraphs: Diamond is always at the top of the scale, being the hardest mineral. There are ten minerals in Mohs scale, talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, and for last and hardest, diamond. Because the Mohs scale was made long ago, it is not exactly correct - for example, several minerals are now known to be harder than the diamond. The Mohs scale may not be perfect, but field geologists still find it very useful.


title: Chinglish

paragraphs: Chinglish is a word for English that is influenced by Chinese. It often uses Chinese grammar and vocabulary that has been translated into English. For example, "long time no see (we have not met for a long time)" is translated from Chinese "hǎojiǔbùjiàn".

paragraphs: The term Chinglish comes from a combination of the words "Chinese" and "English".

paragraphs: One car come, one car go, two car pengpeng, one car die.

paragraphs: One car drove towards another; both cars crashed, and one of them was destroyed.


title: Friedrich Mohs

paragraphs: Friedrich Mohs (29 January, 1773 - 29 September 1839) was a German mineralogist.

paragraphs: Scientist Mohs was born in Germany. He was a minerologist who studied minerals, chemistry, physics, and mathematics.

paragraphs: He moved to Austria in 1801 where he found a job identifying minerals in a collection that belonged to a rich banker. He used physical characteristics of the crystals to determine what they were. One of the characteristics he used to identify minerals was their hardness.

paragraphs: He knew that some of the minerals could scratch others and that if a mineral could make a scratch on another, it must be harder than the mineral that was scratched. He found that all minerals could scratch the mineral talc, so it must be very soft. He also found that diamonds were so hard that no other minerals could scratch them.

paragraphs: In 1812, Mohs made a scale from 1 to 10 to describe mineral hardness. He gave harder minerals larger numbers and softer minerals smaller numbers. Talc, the softest mineral, he assigned to 1, the smallest number on the scale. Diamond, the hardest mineral, he assigned to 10, the highest number on the scale.

paragraphs: This scale was called Mohs scale of mineral hardness, named after Friedrich Mohs.

paragraphs: In 1812, Mohs became professor in Graz, Austria. In 1817, Mohs replaced his mentor Werner, who had died, as a tutor at the mining academy in Freiberg, Saxony, starting in 1818. In 1826, he was appointed as a professor of Mineralogy at the University of Vienna.

paragraphs: Mohs ended his remarkable career as a mining advisor at the Mining University in Leoban, Austria, and died aged 66, while holidaying in Italy.


title: Chelicerata

paragraphs: The Chelicerata are a sub-phylum of the Arthropods. The sub-phylum consists of only two classes: the Arachnids and the Merostomata.

paragraphs: The Merostomata are the extinct Eurypterids and the horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura). The horseshoe crabs are a small, ancient group which has survived relatively unchanged for millions of years. Groups like this are often called living fossils. The Arachnida is the huge and successful terrestrial (air-breathing) group of spiders and their relatives.

paragraphs: The chelicerates originated as marine animals. The first confirmed chelicerate fossils, the eurypterids, date from 445 million years ago in the late Ordovician period. Although only four marine species survive, all of them horseshoe crabs, there are over 77,000 species of air-breathing chelicerates, and there may be about 500,000 unidentified species.

paragraphs: The pycnogonids may or may not be Chelicerates. This is in dispute, as genetic evidence suggests they may be an ancient sister group to all other living arthropods. There are 1,300 species of these 'sea spiders'.

paragraphs: The life-style of chelicerates is largely carnivorous, or other kinds of heterotroph.


title: Cameraman

paragraphs: A cameraman or camera operator, is the person who takes motion pictures of the actors in a movie with a motion picture camera. They also are the people who work the cameras for television shows and news.


title: Wire-crested Thorntail

paragraphs: The Wire-crested Thorntail ("Discosura popelairii") is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Colombia, Ecuador and Peru. Their coloring is steel-blue, with white shafts, making a pretty sight when spread. The bird has a crest of bright green feathers. These birds feed on nectar from flowers using their long tongue or catch insects on the wing.


title: Avoidant personality disorder

paragraphs: Avoidant personality disorder (AvPD) is a type of personality disorder, a long-term mental illness.

paragraphs: People diagnosed with avoidant personality disorder are socially inhibited, meaning that they are shy and afraid of social situations. They feel that they are not good people and are afraid of people rejecting them. They are very sensitive to other people saying bad or negative things about them.

paragraphs: Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with AvPD using a book called the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV-TR). They look at a person's behaviour and how they are feeling. If the person has four or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have AvPD.

paragraphs: The symptoms of AvPD are much more serious than ordinary shyness.


title: Cassiopeia (mythology)

paragraphs: Cassiopeia was a woman in Macedonian mythology. She was the wife of Cepheus who was king of Ethiopia. They had a daughter called Andromeda. Cassiopeia was very beautiful but also very arrogant and vain. She thought that she was better than other people. One day, Cassiopeia said that her daughter Andromeda was more beautiful than all of the Nereids. The Nereids were sea-nymphs. When the sea-god Poseidon heard what Cassiopeia had said, he was very angry. He sent floods and a sea monster called Cetus to destroy Ethiopia. Cassiopeia and her husband Cepheus asked an oracle what to do. The oracle said that they must sacrifice their daughter so they chained Andromeda to a rock. A hero named Perseus came and rescued Andromeda. Later, they got married.

paragraphs: Poseidon was still angry with Cassiopeia and wanted to punish her. He placed her in the sky. There is a constellation called Cassiopeia named after her.


Cassiopeia


title: Branch line

paragraphs: A branch line is a secondary railway line. It links to a more important route, usually a main line. A very short branch line may be called a spur line. David Blyth Hanna, the first president of the Canadian National Railway, said that although most branch lines cannot pay for themselves, they are essential to make main lines pay.


title: Atlantic Records

paragraphs: Atlantic Records (Atlantic Recording Corporation) is a major record label best known for its many recordings of rhythm & blues, rock and roll, and jazz. It was founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. It earned a reputation as the most important independent label in the USA. 1967 it was bought by Warner Bros.-Seven Arts, now the Warner Music Group, and expanded into rock and pop music, signing Cream, Led Zeppelin, Yes and Foreigner.


title: Amazilia hummingbird

paragraphs: The amazilia hummingbird ("Amazilia amazilia") is a species of hummingbird. The loja hummingbird ("A. alticola") has less tan-brown underparts. It is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the amazilia hummingbird.

paragraphs: The amazilia hummingbird lives in western Peru and Ecuador. It is mostly common, and can be seen even in big cities such as Lima and Guayaquil. It likes dry, open or partly-open habitats, but also lives in forests.


title: Wikimedia Foundation

paragraphs: The Wikimedia Foundation is a non-profit foundation. Their main headquarters is in San Francisco in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation runs many projects using the wiki idea and the MediaWiki software. These projects include Wikipedia, Wiktionary, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikibooks, Wikiversity, Wikimedia Commons, Wikidata, Wikivoyage, and Meta-Wiki.

paragraphs: There are many other wikis related to the foundation, but these are mostly smaller projects. They include the Wikimedia Foundation wiki, the MediaWiki wiki, the Test Wikipedia, the Wikimedia , Bugzilla, and the Wikimania wiki.

paragraphs: The foundation's creation was officially announced by Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales, who was running Wikipedia within his company Bomis, on June 20, 2003.

paragraphs: The foundation gets most of its funds from , as it is nonprofit. It also looks for grants. Some companies have helped Wikimedia by giving free computer hardware, and by hosting servers. Since people can write the wikis, Wikimedia projects are free to use. Funds are used to run computer servers and to pay staff. The Foundation had 160 employees in 2013.

paragraphs: In 2013, Sue Gardner was the executive director.

paragraphs: In 2015, Patricio Lorente was the Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board.

paragraphs: In 2016, Katherine Maher became the executive director.

paragraphs: In 2018, María Sefidari is chair of the board.

paragraphs: The Board of Trustees in charge of all the affairs of the Foundation has ten members:

paragraphs: The Signpost reported that two new trustees were elected in 2019:

paragraphs: The Foundation also has an , an international network of experts who have agreed to give the foundation meaningful help on a regular basis in many different areas, including law, organizational development, technology, policy, and outreach.


title: David Chalmers

paragraphs: David Chalmers was born in 1966. He has lived in Australia all of his life.

paragraphs: Since 2004 he has been a professor of philosophy at the Australian National University.

paragraphs: He has challenged other philosophers to solve the "Hard Problem of consciousness". This is the problem of explaining the relationship between physical and mental states. For example, the brain has a physical way of processing information and this makes an experience, a mental state.


title: Australian giant cuttlefish

paragraphs: The Australian giant cuttlefish ("Sepia apama") is the biggest species of cuttlefish.

paragraphs: It grows up to in mantle length length and over pounds in weight. Australian Giant Cuttlefish live in the southern coast of Australia, from Brisbane in Queensland to Shark Bay in Western Australia. It lives in rocky reefs, seagrass beds, and sand or mud seafloor to a depth of 100 meters. Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins have been seen to eat them.


title: Panpsychism

paragraphs: Panpsychism is the theory that everything in the universe is somewhat sentient or conscious. They are all connected parts of the whole.

paragraphs: Panpsychists believe that all matter in the universe has some degree of consciousness.In other words the substance of the universe is composed entirely of mind or consciousness. This is not to say that rocks have a mind but that the individual atoms and other particles in the rock have some sort of awareness and are aware of each other. Panpsychism is opposed to materialism or any doctrine that argues that the reality of the universe is composed solely of matter. Panpsychism needs no supernatural miracle to explain consciousness, it is consciousness. In other words we are all part of a grand communication scheme which is the glue that holds the universe together.


title: Plateosauridae

paragraphs: Prosauropods were a group of early herbivorous dinosaurs that lived during the later Triassic and early Jurassic periods.

paragraphs: They were the largest herbivores in their environment, and quickly reached (6 to 10 meters long). All prosauropods had a long neck and small head, forelimbs shorter than the hindlimbs, and a very large thumb claw for defense. They were originally thought to be the ancestors of the sauropods, but are now considered by some as a parallel lineage.


title: Admiral

paragraphs: Admiral is the highest rank in a navy. The term is used internationally by many countries. It derives originally from the Arabic word "emīr" (= commander), and came to English by way of Old French and Latin.


title: Drosera

paragraphs: Drosera, sometimes called Sundews, are carnivorous plants. They use a thick gluey goo called "mucilage" to trap and digest their prey.The mucilage is attached to special hairs called trichomes. They are one of the most common carnivorous plants. They have at least 188 species. They are found everywhere in the world except Antarctica. Many sundews species usually live for two or more years. Others live for only one year and reproduce by seed. Some sundew species can live for 50 years.

paragraphs: Its scientific name is from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops". Its English name is "sundew", from Latin "ros solis", meaning "dew of the sun". Both names describe the sweet-smelling, sticky mucilage (goo) that comes down the ends of tentacles on each flower stalk. This mucilage rolls down the plant, attracting sugar-loving insects day and night. The mucilage has enzymes which digests them so that the plants can get the nitrogen it needs from it. Like all plants, the sundew makes its own food, and just uses insects for nitrogen and other nutrients. These tiny flowering plants are about tall, about as tall as an adult's hand, though some climbing sundews can be much taller. One species of sundew, the "Drosera erythrogyne", grew up to . Sundew roots are not very strong. They are usually simply for taking in water and keeping the sundew firmly planted to the ground.

paragraphs: A fly, butterfly, or other nectar-loving insect will find the sweet smell of the mucilage that oozes from the plant. Landing on the colorful tip, the insect will immediately be stuck. The plant has cells that make more mucilage in the place where the insect is. The gooey mucilage will completely surround the insect. Then, the sundew plant wraps its outside tentacles around the insect, absorbing its nutrients. It curls its tentacles around the insect quite quickly: in some species this takes only a few seconds. Some species, like "Drosera glanduligera" can curl its tentacles towards its prey in less than a second. Many sundews can bend parts of themselves so that the prey will be as sticky as possible. One species, "Drosera capensis", actually wraps its leaf around the prey in 30 minutes, as seen in the picture on the right. The prey usually dies in about 15 minutes. The sundew will then eat the entire insect except the outside exoskeleton. When the plant has finished eating, it opens up its tentacles and drops the exoskeleton to the ground.

paragraphs: Sundews have also been used in herbal medicine for a long time. Today they are still used to stop coughs, asthma, and lung infections.

paragraphs: Because they are carnivorous (eat living things), and because of the beauty of the dew-like mucilage on their tentacles, sundews are also popular as ornamental plants. However, they can be quite hard to grow: they need lots of water (their soil usually has to keep on being very wet), and this water has to be pure (without minerals inside it), because this can stop them from growing or even kill them.

paragraphs: Parts of sundews were also eaten by Australian Aborigines.


title: Bee hummingbird

paragraphs: The bee hummingbird or zunzuncito ("Mellisuga helenae") is a species of hummingbird. It lives in Cuba's Isla de la Juventud.

paragraphs: A newly hatched bee hummingbird chick may weigh about a fingernail clipping. Its weight is less than a tenth of an ounce (2 g). Because of this, it is the smallest living bird as well as the smallest theropod dinosaur on record.


title: Blue-capped hummingbird

paragraphs: The blue-capped hummingbird or Oaxaca hummingbird ("Eupherusa cyanophrys") is a species of hummingbird. It is endemic to subtropical moist forest in the southernmost part of the Sierra Madre del Sur in the Mexican state of Oaxaca. Its tiny range is threatened by habitat loss.

paragraphs: Like the White-tailed hummingbird, it is sometimes thought to be a subspecies of the more common Stripe-tailed hummingbird.


title: Cwmbran

paragraphs: Cwmbran is a town just outside of Newport. In 2001, about 47,254 people lived there. It has the second biggest undercover shopping center in Wales. Cwmbrân was created under the New Town Act of 1946 to house employees of the nearby steelworks. It has different industries, including the production of car parts, nylon yarn, and cookies.


title: Raje

paragraphs: Raje () is the honorary title for a king or nobleman (i.e. "your Majesty") in India. In India, south Indian states were ruled by the royal Indian dynasties. The rulers were addressed by the people as "Raje".

paragraphs: Some clans of the Maratha community put the name Raje before their original clan name. Examples of these include RajeBhosale, RajeShirke, RajeMahadik, RajeNimbalkar and RajeMane.

paragraphs: In states like Rajasthan, Rajput community chiefs are known by the titles that include Maharawal, Rana and Maharana. These mean the same thing as Raje or Maharaja.


title: Flag of Colorado

paragraphs: The Flag of the State of Colorado has three horizontal stripes of the same width; the top and bottom stripes are blue, and the middle stripe white. On top of these stripes sits a circular red "C", filled with a golden disk. The blue is meant to represent the skies, the gold stands for the sunshine enjoyed by the state, the white represents the snowcapped mountains and the red represents the earth.

paragraphs: The flag was thought up by Andrew Carlisle Johnson in 1911 and adopted by the state's General Assembly on June 5 of the same year.

paragraphs: However, the legislature did not specify the size of the "C" or the exact shade of blue or red. Because of this, some flags were in slightly different colors and had the "C" wholly within the center stripe. On February 28, 1929, the General Assembly added to the statement that the flag would be the same color blue and red as the flag of the United States. On March 31, 1964, the legislature further dictated the diameter of the gold disc to be equal to the center stripe.


title: Amethyst woodstar

paragraphs: The amethyst woodstar ("Calliphlox amethystina") is a species of hummingbird.Tiny, short-billed hummingbird of forests, forest edges, and savanna woodlands. Both sexes are green on the back with a white band across the rump, but males have glossy pink throat and a deeply forked tail. Females have a white throat, a short tail, and cinnamon flanks and undertail.

paragraphs: It is found in most of central, and eastern South America, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname (the Guianas), Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. The bird's range surrounds the "Amazon countries" into the Andes foothills and higher heights of upstream river systems, but is not along the Amazon River proper in the central Amazon Basin, or the central upper Basin; it is in Brazil at the river's outlet, and upstream for about 500 km.

paragraphs: The amethyst woodstar's natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests and subtropical or tropical moist montanes.

paragraphs: The amethyst woodstar was named after the amethyst crystal


title: Harbor seal

paragraphs: The harbor seal ("Phoca vitulina"), also called the common seal, is a true seal. They are found in coastal waters of the northern Atlantic and Pacific ocean as well as Baltic and North Seas making them the most wide-ranging of the pinnipeds (walruses, eared seals, and true seals).

paragraphs: The females live longer than the males and females usually live to be 30 to 35, while males usually live up to 20 or 25 years old.


title: Merit badge

paragraphs: A Merit badge is an award earned by youth members of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA), based on things within an area of study by finishing a list of updated . The purpose of the merit badge program is to allow Scouts to find subjects to figure out if they would like to further pursue them as a career or . At first, the program also exposed Scouts to the life skills of contacting an Merit Badge Counselor they had not met before, arranging a meeting and then showing the Merit Badge Counselor their skills, kind of like to a job or college interview.

paragraphs: Merit badges are an important part of earning the high ranks in Scouting (Star, Life, and Eagle). Eagle requires earning 21 merit badges, including 12 in specific areas such as camping, first aid, and citizenship; Life requires eleven and Star six.

paragraphs: At first, there were fifty-seven merit badges; today, there are 122.

paragraphs: Merit badges are also used as ways to move up in Scouting in other countries, such as Ireland.

paragraphs: The following is a list of Boy Scout merit badges. Merit badge that are required for Eagle are in "italics"


title: Blue-throated hummingbird

paragraphs: The blue-throated hummingbird, ("Lampornis clemenciae"), is a species of hummingbird. It is a good sized hummingbird, 11.5 to 12.5 cm (4½ to 5 inches) in length and 6 to 10 grams in weight.

paragraphs: The blue-throated hummingbird is darkish green on the top of its body, blending to medium gray on its belly. It has a bright white stripe behind its eye and a narrower stripe reaching backward from the corner of its bill, bordering a blackish cheek patch. Its tail feathers are iridescent blue-black with broad white tips on the outer two to three pairs.

paragraphs: The species gets its name from the adult male's iridescent blue throat patch (gorget). The female does not have this. Instead it has a plain grey throat. Males sing two types of songs: a simple "peep song", which sounds like a squeaky wheel, and a quiet but hard "whisper song". The female is also thought to sing during the breeding season to attract males.


title: Elephant seal

paragraphs: The Elephant Seal is a huge seal of the genus Mirounga. There are two species, one in each hemisphere. The southern elephant seal, is found in Antarctic waters, while the northern elephant seal lives on islands of California and Mexico. The elephant seal is the largest amphibious animal. The bulls have a huge proboscis, and may weigh 750 lbs, and 8 ft in length at maturity although old males can approach 11 ft long and weigh 1,375 lbs in rare cases.

paragraphs: Outside the breeding season, elephant seals come ashore only to shed their skin, a process known as "moulting". In late summer, hundreds of seal gather on beaches and wallow in muddy pools of water. They lie close to gather while they gradually shed patches of hair and skin. Eventually, the old skin replaced by a new coat of sleek fur, and the seal return to water.

paragraphs: Mating is preceded by fights between males, who throw their huge bulk against each other. Winners get to mate with females.

paragraphs: Elephant seals dive to 1550 metres beneath the ocean's surface: the deepest recorded dive of an Elephant seal is . The average length of their dives is around 20 min for females and 60 min (1 hour) for males, as they search for their favorite food. Their diet includes skates, rays, squid, octopus, eels, penguin (Southerns only), and small sharks. Their stomachs also often contain gastroliths (stomach stones).

paragraphs: They are surprisingly good on land, faster than humans when moving over sand dunes.


title: James Thomas Humberstone

paragraphs: James Thomas Humberstone (July 8, 1850 - June 12, 1939) was an English chemical engineer. In 1872, he founded the Peru Nitrate Company in the Tarapacá Province of Peru (now part of the Tarapacá Region of Chile). He introduced the Schanks System and other innovations to the industry.

paragraphs: Humberstone was born in Dover, England. His grandfather had been director of the band of the Scottish Guard. His father worked in a post office.

paragraphs: His family moved to London when he was young. Humberstone worked for the London and North Western railway when he was 17. While he worked there, he learned about mechanics and chemistry. Later, he joined the Royal School of Mines in London. He was a very good student.

paragraphs: When he was 25, he was hired by The Tarapaca Nitrate Company and moved to South America. Humberstone arrived at the Peruvian port of Pisagua on January 6, 1875, where he commenced working as a chemist and engineer.

paragraphs: In 1878 he implemented the Shanks system to make sodium carbonate. He also made other changes such as the transfer of waste water to avoid losing the materials in the gravel.

paragraphs: In 1879 the Chilean army landed in Pisagua, and consequently, many office workers went to the Pampa for safety. Humberstone, his wife, his mother and his two daughters went with them.

paragraphs: When they got to Tarapaca, the governor said they should go to Arica because the military was coming. They crossed the desert because they did not want to be near the coast. It took them twenty days to get get to Arica . When the war ended, and Tarapaca became part of Chile , Humberstone continued working in the Agua Santa office.

paragraphs: In 1936, King George VI made him a member of the Order of the British Empire. Humberstone died in Iquique on June 12, 1939 and is buried in the British Cemetery, Tiliviche, Chile.


title: Brown inca

paragraphs: The brown inca, ("Coeligena wilsoni"), is a species of hummingbird. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Unlike most hummingbirds, the brown inca are not brightly colored. Instead they are plain brown with a white patch on the shoulder and an iridescent purple throat if seen in the best light.


title: Nairobi National Park

paragraphs: Nairobi National Park is the smallest park in Kenya.

paragraphs: The park has lots of different kinds of animals.

paragraphs: The park has a lot of educational programmes for teaching visitors about the different species of animals, their habitats and their diet.

paragraphs: The park has an area called the Orphanage where orphaned and abandoned animals are looked after.