title: Lexington, North Carolina

paragraphs: Lexington is a city in the state of North Carolina, United States. It is near the larger city of Winston-Salem. 18,978 people live in the city.

paragraphs: People from Europe first moved to the area in 1775. The town is named after the city of Lexington, Massachusetts, where the first battle of the American Revolutionary War happened. Lexington became a city in 1828. Until the late 1990s, Lexington's economy was based on textile and furniture manufacturing. Since then, most local manufacturers have moved their production facilities to Asia and Mexico to reduce costs. This caused most textile and furniture factories to close, creating economic difficulties in the area.

paragraphs: The oldest remaining house in Lexington is "The Homestead", built by Dr. William Rainey Holt (1798–1868), a physician born in Alamance County. Dr. Holt was the President of the North Carolina Agricultural Society and was one of the first to introduce purebred livestock to North Carolina.

paragraphs: Lexington calls itself the "Barbecue Capital of the World". Starting in 1984, the city has the Lexington Barbecue Festival each year, one of the largest street festivals in North Carolina. In 2012, the US News and World Report ranked Lexington as #4 on its list of the best cities for barbecue. Lexington-style barbecue is made with pork shoulder cooked slowly over a hardwood fire, usually hickory wood. It is served with a sauce made with vinegar, ketchup, water, salt, pepper and other spices. There are many different way to make this sauce, mild, tangy, sweet or spicy.

paragraphs: "Pigs in the City" is a public art display managed by Uptown Lexington, Inc., a non-profit organization that has the goal of increasing the usage of the downtown area of Lexington. "Pigs in the City" began in 2003 and 40,000 visitors from all over the state came to see the event in the first year. Since 2006, the event has been held every year. There are usually 20 or more of these statues on display during the event. Companies pay $1,000 each to sponsor one of the pigs, which pays for the event.

paragraphs: High Rock Lake is the second largest lake in North Carolina and located near Lexington. Its water surface covers and there are of shoreline. It begins where the Yadkin River and the South Yadkin River come together. High Rock Lake has long been considered one of the best fishing lakes of North Carolina. There have been a number of national fishing tournaments held at the lake, such as Bassmaster Tournaments, like the Bassmaster Classic in 1994, 1995, 1997 and 2007. The lake has large numbers of fish, including channel, blue, and flathead catfish, plus crappie and several different sunfish such as bluegill, shellcracker and others. Striper and their hybrids as well as white bass are also abundant. The lake is best known for its quantity and quality of largemouth bass.

paragraphs: The Bob Timberlake Gallery is in Lexington. It opened in 1997, and features original artwork, reproductions, personal memorabilia, as well as home furnishings from the artist Bob Timberlake.

paragraphs: Lexington is in the Piedmont. It is centered at 35°49'0" North, 80°15'31" West (35.816768, -80.258643), in the valley of the Yadkin River. Lexington is northeast of High Rock Lake, part of the Yadkin-Pee Dee chain of lakes in central North Carolina.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

paragraphs: It is bordered to the north and west by Interstate 85 Business, to the south and east by Interstate 85. Both interstates come together just southwest of the city. Additionally, 4 U.S. Highway Routes, U.S. Route 29, U.S. Route 64, U.S. Route 52, U.S. Route 70 and state highways NC Highway 8 and NC Highway 47 intersect the city.

paragraphs: Thunderstorms are common during the spring and summer months, including some severe storms. Being in central North Carolina, between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mid-Atlantic coast, Lexington has a humid subtropical climate, with moderate temperatures during spring and autumn and warm to hot summers. Winters are relatively mild and wet with highs typically in the 40s to 50s and overnight lows averaging just below freezing.

paragraphs: As of the census of 2010, there are 18,931 people in the city, organized into 7,376 households. This represents a population reduction of 1022 persons, or 5%, when compared to the 2000 census. The median age is 37.4 years for all persons (39.4 for females, 35.2 for males).

paragraphs: Of the total population, 15.1% are at least 65 years old, 24.6% are under the age of 18, with the remaining 60.3% of the population being persons from 18 to 64. Males comprise 48.1% and females make up 51.9% of the total population. Caucasians make up 54.7% of the total population (including 16.3% that are Latino), African-Americans 28.4% and Asians represent 2.9% of the population. Fully 10.7% of the population identifies itself as "Some other race" while 2.6% are "Two or more races". Other races each represent less than 1% each of the total population.

paragraphs: Of the total 7,376 households, 4,581 are considered "Family households", including 2067 that have children under 18. The average household size is 2.44 persons, and the average family size is 3.08 persons. There are 8,938 total housing units, of which the 7376 are households, for an occupancy rate of 82.5%. 47.6% of these households are owner-occupied, while 52.4% are renters.

paragraphs: According to the 2000 census, The median income for a household in the city is $26,226, and the median income for a family is $32,339. Males have a median income of $25,555 versus $20,939 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,310. 21.2% of the population and 16.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 31.7% of those under the age of 18 and 18.0% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line. The global outsourcing of textile and furniture manufacturing has damaged Lexington's economy.


title: The Brown Bunny

paragraphs: The Brown Bunny is an explicit 2003 drama movie. It stars Vincent Gallo and Chloë Sevigny. Gallo wrote, produced and directed it. It was unrated when released but is extremely similar to an NC-17. It was controversial at the time of its release.


title: Andreas Vesalius

paragraphs: Andreas Vesalius (31 December 1514 – 15 October 1564) was a Flemish anatomist, physician, and author. He wrote one of the most influential books on human anatomy, "De humani corporis fabrica" ("On the Fabric of the Human Body"). Vesalius is often called the founder of modern human anatomy. Vesalius is the Latinized form of Andries van Wesel. He is sometimes also called Andreas Vesal, André Vesalio and Andre Vesale.

paragraphs: Anatomies had been published before, but those of Vesalius were in a different class. They were based on actual dissections of human bodies (after death). And the drawings were artwork of the highest class.

paragraphs: Dissections of cadavers (dead human bodies) was forbidden for many centuries, and this limited previous work on anatomy. Before Vesalius, most information about the human body came from Galen. By dissecting human bodies, Vesalius showed that many of the things Galen wrote about were wrong. Galen was primarily misinformed about the human heart, liver and lower jaw bone. It was found that Galen's work was based on Barbary apes, but he also dissected pigs, which led to even more inaccurate observations.

paragraphs: He was invited to be the Imperial physician of Emperor Charles V. After the abdication of Emperor Charles V he continued at court in great favour with his son Philip II.


title: Rembert Dodoens

paragraphs: Rembert Dodoens (29 June 1517 – 10 March 1585) was a Flemish physician and botanist. He is also known by his Latinized name Rembertus Dodonaeus.

paragraphs: Dodoens was born in Mechelen. In 1530 he began his studies in medicine, cosmography and geography at the University of Leuven. He graduated in 1535. He became a physician in Mechelen in 1538. He married Kathelijne De Bruyn(e) in 1539. He had a short stay in Basel (1542–1546). He turned down a chair at the University of Leuven in 1557. He also turned down an offer to become court physician of emperor Philip II of Spain. He became the court physician of the Austrian emperor Rudolph II in Vienna (1575–1578). He then became professor in medicine at the University of Leiden in 1582, and remained there until his death.

paragraphs: Dodoens wrote "Cruydeboeck" in 1554. In his times, it was the most translated book after the Bible. It became a work of worldwide renown, used as a reference book for two centuries.

paragraphs: The plant genus "Dodonaea" was named after him by Carolus Linnaeus.


title: Unintended consequences

paragraphs: Unintended consequences are the surprising results of an action or decision.

paragraphs: When an outcome is not anticipated or foreseen, the situation at the end of a process may be different from what was intended. In other words, purposeful action may create consequences which are

paragraphs: This concept is one of the building blocks of economics. The term was coined and popularised in the 20th century. Its use has expanded into a range of contexts.

paragraphs: The idea of unintended consequences dates back at least to the 18th century when Adam Smith wrote about men who are "led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his invention".

paragraphs: American sociologist Robert K. Merton invented the phrase in 1936.

paragraphs: There are three types of unintended consequences:

paragraphs: Possible causes of unanticipated consequences include

paragraphs: There are examples and kinds of unanticipated consequences:

paragraphs: Cheaper travel, mostly in the form of air transport, is hugely beneficial to the economy by increasing tourism into a country. It accounts for 30% of the world's trade of services, and 6% of overall exports of goods and services. It also creates opportunities for employment in the services needed for tourism.

paragraphs: With increased tourism comes a variety of unlooked-for problems, such as increased illegal immigration. Perhaps even more serious is that returning tourists may bring back parasites and diseases which are not usual in the home country. Futhermore, many of these organisms are now resistant to most treatment.


title: Good Will Hunting

paragraphs: Good Will Hunting is a 1997 American drama movie directed by Gus Van Sant, written by Matt Damon and Ben Affleck, and stars Robin Williams, Damon (who played the eponymous role), Affleck, Stellan Skarsgård and Minnie Driver. Filming in Boston, Massachusetts. it was released on December 5, 1997.


title: San Miguel River (Ecuador)

paragraphs: San Miguel River is a river in Ecuador and Peru. It forms an international border between the two countries.


title: Mock the Week

paragraphs: Mock the Week is a British topical celebrity comedy panel game. It was created by Dan Patterson and Mark Leveson. It is presented by Dara Ó Briain. It began on 5 June 2005 and is shown BBC Two. Two teams of three celebrities compete to answer questions about events during the past week. Its current regular panel member is comedian Hugh Dennis. Comedians Chris Addison, Rory Bremner, Frankie Boyle, Russell Howard and Andy Parsons previously served as regular panel members.


title: Quasi-War

paragraphs: The Quasi-War was an undeclared naval war fought between the United States and the French Republic between 1798 and 1801.


paragraphs: The road to hell is paved with good intentions is an idiom or proverb. It is about the difference between what someone intends to do and what they actually do. In other words, the road to failure is made easier by good intentions.

paragraphs: In the mid-12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux wrote, ""L'enfer est plein de bonnes volontés et désirs"" (hell is full of good wishes and desires). The sentence has been repeated many times in other languages and contexts.

paragraphs: In 1775, Samuel Johnson commented on "the unhappy failure of resolves" when he is reported saying, "Sir, hell is paved with good intentions."


title: Heckler & Koch G11

paragraphs: G11 is a German assault rifle. It was invented by Heckler & Koch in the years between 1968 and 1990. It is able to shoot in semi automatic, or single shot, 3 round burst, or full auto. The magazine held 45 or 50 of the 4,73mm caseless rounds. The German army (Bundeswehr) and the US Army tested the weapon but they didn't want it because it was too expensive after the Cold War. So it stayed to be a prototype and never got into mass production.


title: Rate of fire

paragraphs: Rate of fire is how fast a weapon can fire or launch its projectiles. It is usually measured in rounds per minute (RPM or round/min), or per second (RPS or round/s). Pistols usually have a very slow RPM, which large machine guns may get up to 1000 RPM. The "M61 Vulcan", a gatling-gun, could fire around 6000 RPM in tests.


title: The Death of Socrates (painting)

paragraphs: The Death of Socrates () is a 1787 oil on canvas painting by the French painter Jacques-Louis David.

paragraphs: It shows the death of Greek philosopher Socrates. He was sentenced to die by drinking hemlock. He was sentenced to die because his ideas were against those of Athens. It was also for corrupting the minds of the youth. The painting also shows both Crito and Plato. Crito is sitting sadly at the edge of the bed. Plato is holding the knee of Socrates. Socrates had the choice to go into exile or be sentenced to death by drinking hemlock. Socrates chose death. In this painting, a red-robed disciple hands a confident Socrates the goblet of hemlock. Socrates' hand pointing to the heavens is his love of the gods and fearless attitude to his death.

paragraphs: This painting is currently at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.


title: Ernest Solvay

paragraphs: Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay (16 April 1838 – 26 May 1922) was a Belgian chemist, industrialist, politician and philanthropist.

paragraphs: In 1861, he made the ammonia-soda process to make soda ash. The process was an improvement over the earlier Leblanc process.

paragraphs: He founded the company Solvay & Cie. The first factory was at Couillet in 1863. Soon, Solvay process plants were in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today, about 70 Solvay process plants are still working worldwide.

paragraphs: In 1903, he founded the Solvay Business School which is part of the Free University of Brussels.

paragraphs: He elected two times to the Belgian Senate. He was Minister of State at the end of his life. Solvay, New York and Rosignano Solvay, the locations of the first Solvay process plants in the United States and in Italy, are named after him.


title: Simon Stevin

paragraphs: Simon Stevin (1548/49 – 1620) was a Flemish mathematician and military engineer. He translated many mathematical terms into Dutch.

paragraphs: Stevin was born in Bruges, Flanders (now Belgium) around the year 1548. It is thought that Simon was a Calvinist. Very little has been recorded about his life. It is known that he left a widow with two children.

paragraphs: In Bruges there is a Simon Stevin Square which has his statue by Eugène Simonis.


title: Zenobe Gramme

paragraphs: Zénobe Théophile Gramme (4 April 1826, Amay - 20 January 1901) was a Belgian electrical engineer. He invented the Gramme machine. The Gramme machine was a type of direct current dynamo. It made smoother (less AC) and much higher voltages than other dynamos.


title: Gramme machine

paragraphs: A Gramme machine, Gramme ring, Gramme magneto, or Gramme dynamo is an electrical generator that makes direct current. It is named for its Belgian inventor, Zénobe Gramme. It was the first generator to make enough power for industry. Gramme showed this machine to the Academy of Sciences in Paris in 1871.


title: Russell Brand's Ponderland

paragraphs: Russell Brand's Ponderland is a British comedy television programme. It is presented by Russell Brand and was first shown on Channel 4 in 2007 and 2008. Brand talks about a different topic in each episode, showing clips of archive footage and commenting on them.


title: Bakelite

paragraphs: Bakelite, or polyoxybenzylmethylenglycolanhydride, is an early plastic. It is a thermosetting phenol formaldehyde resin, formed from an elimination reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It was made in 1907 by Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland.

paragraphs: Bakelite was used for its electrically nonconductivity and heat-resistant properties in electrical insulators, radio and telephone casings. It was also in products as kitchenware, jewelry, pipe stems, and children's toys.


title: Phil Esposito

paragraphs: Philip Anthony Esposito, OC (born February 20, 1942 ) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks, Boston Bruins and New York Rangers. He is an Honoured Member of the Hockey Hall of Fame. It is said he is one of the best players in the National Hockey League. Phil is the older brother of Tony Esposito. Tony is a goaltender and he is also a Hall-of-Famer.

paragraphs: After retiring as a player, Esposito was head coach and general manager for the New York Rangers. Then he started the Tampa Bay Lightning. He worked for the NHL on Fox from 1995 to 1998. He is now Tampa Bay's radio announcer.


title: Leo Baekeland

paragraphs: Leo Hendrik Baekeland (Ghent , November 14, 1863 – February 23, 1944) was a Belgian chemist. He invented Velox photographic paper (1893). He also made Bakelite (1907), an inexpensive, nonflammable, versatile, and popular plastic, which marks the beginning of the modern plastics industry.


title: Treaty of Paris (1763)

paragraphs: The Treaty of Paris, often called the Peace of Paris, or the Treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 February 1763, by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years' War, known as the French and Indian War in North America. The British won over France and Spain. The treaty gave control of the northern part of North America which is now Canada to Britain. France was left with two small islands, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, for its cod fishery.

paragraphs: This started an era of British power outside Europe. The treaty did not include either Prussia or Austria. They signed a separate Treaty of Hubertusburg five days later.


title: Masayuki Ishikawa

paragraphs: Masayuki Ishikawa(石川雅之 "Ishikawa Masayuki", born July 29, 1974) is a manga artist from Japan. He is from Osaka.


title: Chemical database

paragraphs: A chemical database is a database specifically designed to store chemical information. This information is about chemical and crystal structures, spectra, reactions and syntheses, and thermophysical data.

paragraphs: Chemical structures are usually shown using lines (that indicate chemical bonds between atoms) and drawn on paper. Computer search algorithm and storage cannot use this method. Small molecules or ligands, are usually represented using lists of atoms and their connections. Large molecules like protein are shown using their building blocks, amino acids and the order of these.

paragraphs: Large chemical databases for structures allow users to store and search for millions of molecules. Therefore, they take up terabytes of memory.

paragraphs: Chemical literature connect structures or properties of chemicals to academic papers or patents related to them. Examples of this type are STN, Scifinder, and Reaxys.

paragraphs: Crystallography databases store x-ray crystal structure data. Common examples include Protein Data Bank, Cambridge Structural Database, and Crystallography Online (COD) Database .

paragraphs: NMR spectroscopy databases provide information to relate structure and NMR data. They have information on FTIR and mass spectrometry which help in characterization.

paragraphs: Most chemical databases store information on stable molecules. In some databases, information about reaction intermediates and temporarily created products are also stored. Reaction databases contain information about products, educts, and reaction mechanisms.

paragraphs: Thermophysical data are information about


title: Lantian County

paragraphs: Lantian County (, pinyin:Lántián Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southeast part of Xi'an. Qinling Mountains is south of it. It covers . As of November 2010, 514,026 people lived there. It is famous for Lantian jade. Its main work is agriculture and tourism.


title: Jamshedpur

paragraphs: Jamshedpur is a city of the Indian state of Jharkhand. It has the most people of any city in Jharkhand. According to the 2011 census of India, the Jamshedpur has a population of 1,337,131. The city was founded by the late Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. It is also called "Steel City", "TataNagar" or simply "Tata".

paragraphs: It is on the Chota Nagpur plateau and is surrounded by the picturesque Dalma Hills. The city is bordered by the rivers Subarnarekha and Kharkai on the north and west parts of the city.

paragraphs: The largest factory is that of Tata Steel. It is almost at the center of the city. Tata Steel is the largest iron and steel producing plant in India, as well as the oldest. The other major factory in the city is Tata Motors. They make heavy vehicles and construction/earth moving equipment.

paragraphs: Jamshedpur has a high literacy rate, close to the highest in India. The Steel City has 183 schools and 13 colleges.


title: Sean Young

paragraphs: Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress. She had many roles in 1980s movies. Young was born in Louisville, Kentucky.


title: George's Secret Key to the Universe

paragraphs: George's Secret Key to the Universe is a children's book written by Stephen Hawking, his daughter Lucy Hawking and his research student Christophe Galfard. It was written to explain the universe and the laws of physics to children, in the form of an adventure story. It was published in 2007. There are another three books in the series, "George's Cosmic Treasure Hunt" (2009), "George and the Big Bang" (2010), and "George and the Unbreakable Code" (2014).


title: Fast Times at Ridgemont High

paragraphs: Fast Times at Ridgemont High is a 1982 American coming-of-age teen comedy movie. It was written by Cameron Crowe, directed by Amy Heckerling, produced by Irving Azoff and Art Linson. It is set in and around a high school in Southern California and follows several students over the course of a year. It stars Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Judge Reinhold, Phoebe Cates, Brian Backer, Robert Romanus, Ray Walston, Forest Whitaker, Nicolas Cage and Anthony Edwards.


title: Aspergillus

paragraphs: Aspergillus is a large genus of fungi in the phylum Ascomycota. There are several hundred species or types, some of which are important to medicine, science and industry. It grows as a mould, often on plants. The fungi make asexual spores in a structure called an "aspergillum". About one third of types also have sexual reproduction.

paragraphs: "Aspergillus" species are highly aerobic and are found in almost all oxygen-rich environments. They are common contaminants of starchy foods (such as bread and potatoes), and grow in or on many plants and trees.

paragraphs: Species of "Aspergillus" are important medically and commercially. Some species can cause infection in humans and other animals. More than 60 "Aspergillus" species are medically relevant pathogens. For humans there is a range of diseases such as infection to the external ear, skin lesions, and ulcers classed as mycetomas.


title: Widya Saputra

paragraphs: Widyaningrum Surya Nugraha (called Widya, born at Cimahi, Indonesia, February 26, 1985) is a television host from Indonesia. She is best known as a sporting event host at television station Trans7, especially for MotoGP and football events.

paragraphs: She started her career as a child when in 1993 she become vocalist at Trio Laris group, then in 1998 she began a career in television as host at Kring Olala at TPI. In 2001 she become host for Musiq at TVRI, and even had the opportunity to become an actress at Putri Keempat television’s serial at RCTI in 2003.

paragraphs: She become MotoGP’s host in 2006 season and continues today. Widya is a communication sciences scholar from UNPAD, Bandung.

paragraphs: Her hobby is reading and she loves cats.


title: Atomic physics

paragraphs: Atomic physics is the field of physics that studies atoms as an isolated system of electrons and an atomic nucleus. It is primarily concerned with the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus and

paragraphs: the processes by which these arrangements change. This includes ions as well as neutral atoms and, unless otherwise stated, for the purposes of this discussion it should be assumed that the term "atom" includes ions.

paragraphs: The term "atomic physics" is often associated with nuclear power and nuclear bombs, due to the synonymous use of "atomic" and "nuclear" in standard English. However, physicists distinguish between atomic physics — which deals with the atom as a system consisting of a nucleus and electrons — and nuclear physics, which considers atomic nuclei alone.

paragraphs: As with many scientific fields, strict delineation can be highly contrived and atomic physics is often considered in the wider context of "atomic, molecular, and optical physics". Physics research groups are usually so classified.

paragraphs: Atomic physics always considers atoms in isolation. Atomic models will consist of a single nucleus that may be surrounded by one or more bound electrons. It is not concerned with the formation of molecules (although much of the physics is identical), nor does it examine atoms in a solid state as condensed matter. It is concerned with processes such as ionization and excitation by photons or collisions with atomic particles.

paragraphs: While modelling atoms in isolation may not seem realistic, if one considers atoms in a gas or plasma then the time-scales for atom-atom interactions are huge in comparison to the atomic processes that are generally considered. This means that the individual atoms can be treated as if each were in isolation, as the vast majority of the time they are. By this consideration atomic physics provides the underlying theory in plasma physics and atmospheric physics, even though both deal with very large numbers of atoms.

paragraphs: Electrons form notional shells around the nucleus. These are naturally in a ground state but can be excited

paragraphs: by the absorption of energy from light (photons), magnetic fields, or interaction with a colliding particle (typically other electrons).

paragraphs: Electrons that populate a shell are said to be in a bound state. The energy necessary to remove an electron from its shell (taking it to infinity) is called the binding energy. Any quantity of energy absorbed by the electron in excess of this amount is converted to kinetic energy according to the conservation of energy. The atom is said to have undergone the process of ionization.

paragraphs: In the event the electron absorbs a quantity of energy less than the binding energy, it will transition to an excited state. After a statistically sufficient quantity of time, an electron in an excited state will undergo a transition to a lower state. The change in energy between the two energy levels must be accounted for (conservation of energy). In a neutral atom, the system will emit a photon of the difference in energy. However, if the excited atom has been previously ionized, in particular if one of its inner shell electrons has been removed, a phenomenon known as the Auger effect may take place where the quantity of energy is transferred to one of the bound electrons causing it to go into the continuum. This allows one to multiply ionize an atom with a single photon.

paragraphs: There are rather strict selection rules as to the electronic configurations that can be reached by excitation by light—however there are no such rules for excitation by collision processes.

paragraphs: The majority of fields in physics can be divided between theoretical work and experimental work,

paragraphs: and atomic physics is no exception. It is usually the case, but not always, that progress goes

paragraphs: in alternate cycles from an experimental observation, through to a theoretical explanation

paragraphs: followed by some predictions that may or may not be confirmed by experiment, and so on. Of course, the current state of technology at any given time can put limitations on what can be achieved experimentally and theoretically so it may take considerable time for theory to be refined.

paragraphs: One of the earliest steps towards atomic physics was the recognition that matter was composed

paragraphs: of "atoms", in the modern sense of the basic unit of a chemical element. This theory was developed by the British chemist and physicist John Dalton in the 18th century. At this stage, it wasn't clear what atoms were although they could be described and classified by their properties (in bulk) in a periodic table.

paragraphs: The true beginning of atomic physics is marked by the discovery of spectral lines and attempts to describe the phenomenon, most notably by Joseph von Fraunhofer. The study of these lines led to the Bohr atom model and to the birth of quantum mechanics. In seeking to explain atomic spectra an entirely new mathematical model of matter was revealed. As far as atoms and their electron shells were concerned, not only did this yield a better overall description, i.e. the atomic orbital model, but it also provided a new theoretical basis for chemistry

paragraphs: Since the Second World War, both theoretical and experimental fields have advanced at a rapid pace. This can be attributed to progress in computing technology, which has allowed larger and more sophisticated models of atomic structure and associated collision processes. Similar technological advances in accelerators, detectors, magnetic field generation and lasers have greatly assisted experimental work.


title: San Mateo, California

paragraphs: San Mateo ( ; Spanish for "Saint Matthew") is a city in San Mateo County, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area. With a population of about 100,000 (97,207 at the 2010 census), it is one of the larger suburbs on the San Francisco Peninsula, located between Burlingame to the north, Foster City to the east, Belmont to the south, and Highlands-Baywood Park and Hillsborough to the west. San Mateo was incorporated in 1864.


title: Alioramus

paragraphs: Alioramus is a genus of tyrannosaurid dinosaur. It was about 20 feet long. It lived during the Upper Cretaceous period in what is now Mongolia.

paragraphs: The type species, "A. remotus", is known from a partial skull and three foot bones. They were got from Mongolian sediments which were deposited in a humid floodplain about 70 million years ago. A second species, "A. altai", known from a much more complete skeleton, was named and described in 2009. Its relationships to other tyrannosaurid genera are unclear. Some evidence suggests that "Alioramus" is closely related to the contemporary species "Tarbosaurus bataar".

paragraphs: The Maastrichtian stage in Mongolia had a wetter and more humid climate than the previous stages. Sediments show there were floodplains, large river channels and soil deposits, with periodic droughts.

paragraphs: This animal had many teeth, which were smaller than usual in the Tyrannosauridae, and a narrow, lower skull. It may have been a sub-adult (teenager), and must have eaten different prey than "Tyrannosaurus". Since the general area was a riverine delta, the prey may have been fish.


title: Walking with Dinosaurs

paragraphs: Walking with Dinosaurs is a 1999 nature documentary series produced by the BBC. It shows how Dinosaurs lived. The first episode, "New Blood", follows a "Coelophysis" trying to survive the dry season. The next, "Time of the Titans", shows a baby "Diplodocus" growing up. The third, "A Cruel Sea", follows a flock of "Rhamphorynchus" trying to avoid deadly storms. The fourth, "King of the Skies", follows a sick male "Ornithocheirus" migrating to Spain. The fifth, "Spirits of the Frozen Forest", follows a baby "Leaellynasaura" avoiding a hungry Koolasuchus (a 4 meter salamander). The last one, "Last of the Dino Dynasty", follows a female "Tyrannosaurus" who has already to mated and needs to take care of her babies in a world that is about to end as the Kt extinction nears by day in an already struggling volcanic world. There is also a 2013 film with the same name, a sequel called "Walking with Beasts" and a prequel called "Walking with Monsters".


title: Ornithocheirus

paragraphs: Ornithocheirus was a crested pterosaur that lived during the late Jurassic period. There was an ornithocheirus in "Walking with Dinosaurs".


title: Tylosaurus

paragraphs: Tylosaurus was an Upper Cretaceous mosasaur. It was a large, predatory marine lizard closely related to modern monitor lizards and to snakes.

paragraphs: In 1918, Charles H. Sternberg found a "Tylosaurus" with the remains of a plesiosaur in its stomach. The specimen is mounted in the United States National Museum (Smithsonian). The plesiosaur remains are stored in the collections.

paragraphs: Although these important specimens were briefly reported by C.H. Sternberg in 1922, the information was lost to science until 2001. The specimen was rediscovered and described by Everhart. It is the basis for the story line in the new (2007) National Geographic IMAX movie - "Sea Monsters".


title: Charlotte Gainsbourg

paragraphs: Charlotte Gainsbourg is an Anglo-French singer and movie actress.

paragraphs: At the age of fifteen she was on an album with her father. More than twenty years later she released albums as an adult. Gainsbourg has also been in many movies. She has received both a César Award and the Best Actress Award at the Cannes Film Festival.

paragraphs: Gainsbourg played She in the movie "Antichrist".


title: Tōhoku History Museum

paragraphs: The museum acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits a collection which focuses on the and the heritage of Tōhoku. The museum holds archaeological objects from excavations in the region.

paragraphs: The treasures of the museum include Jōmon period jade from Tagajō and Niisato in Iwate Prefecture.


title: Nora Ephron

paragraphs: Nora Ephron (; May 19, 1941 – June 26, 2012) was an American movie director, producer and novelist. Ephron was the eldest of the four daughters of writers Henry Ephron (1911-1992) and Phoebe Ephron (née Wolkind, 1914-1971). Her sisters are Delia Ephron (born 1944), Hallie Ephron (born 1948) and Amy Ephron (born 1952). Nora Ephron was born in New York City and moved to Los Angeles, California when she was a child. She moved back East after leaving high school. She made many novels into movies. Ephron has been married to Nicholas Pileggi from 1987 until her death in 2012. Ephron died of pneumonia which was caused by her illness of acute myeloid leukemia.


title: Sharon Horgan

paragraphs: Sharon Horgan is an Irish actress, writer television producer and comedienne. She was born in London and moved to Dublin when she was seven. Her brother Shane Horgan (born 1978) is a retired rugby player. She wrote, produced and starred in the sitcom "Pulling". Her other acting roles include: "Rob Brydon's Annually Retentive", "Angelo's", "Free Agents", "The Increasingly Poor Decisions of Todd Margaret", "Dead Boss" and "Catastrophe".


title: Morohashi Museum of Modern Art

paragraphs: The museum has modern art, including works by

paragraphs: The museum was created in 1999 from the collection of Teizo Morohashi (1932-2003), who was the founder of Xebio Co. Ltd.


title: Jordan national under-23 football team

paragraphs: The Jordan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Jordan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Jordan at various grounds. They were the first team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.


paragraphs: The Uzbekistan national under-23 football team are a team who play association football for Uzbekistan at the under-23 level. They play their matches in Uzbekistan at various grounds. They were the second team to qualify for the AFC U-22 Asian Cup during the 2013 version.


title: Georges Lemaître

paragraphs: Monsignor Georges Lemaître (Georges Henri Joseph Édouard Lemaître, 17 July 1894 – 20 June 1966) was a Belgian priest, astronomer , mathematician and professor of physics at the Catholic University of Louvain.

paragraphs: He was the first person to say the Universe is growing. Some people think it was Edwin Hubble, but that is not correct. Lemaître was also the first to make the Hubble's law and the Hubble constant.

paragraphs: Lemaître also started what became known as the Big Bang theory of the origin of the Universe. He called it his 'hypothesis of the primeval atom'.


title: Albert Claude

paragraphs: Albert Claude (24 August 1899 – 22 May 1983) was a Belgian biologist. He shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1974 with Christian de Duve and George Emil Palade.

paragraphs: He went to the University of Liège. In the summer of 1929 he joined the Rockefeller Institute. He worked at Rockefeller University in the 1930s and 1940s.

paragraphs: In 1949, he became Director of the Institut Jules Bordet in Brussels. He worked there until 1970.


title: Ilya Prigogine

paragraphs: Ilya Prigogine (25 January 1917 – 28 May 2003) was a Belgian physical chemist of Russian Jewish descent. He won the 1977 Nobel Prize for Chemistry.

paragraphs: Prigogine studied chemistry at the Free University of Brussels. In 1950 he became a professor there. In 1959 he started teaching at the University of Texas at Austin in the United States.

paragraphs: Prigogine was married to Belgian poet Hélène Jofé. After their divorce, he married Polish-born chemist Maria Prokopowicz in 1961.


title: Zhouzhi County

paragraphs: Zhouzhi County (, pinyin:Zhōuzhì Xiàn) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the southwest part of Xi'an. Before 1964, it was written in Chinese as 盩厔 (also read Zhouzhi), meaning surrounded by mountains and rivers. It covers . As of November 2010, 562,768 people lived there. Zhouzhi is famous for embroidery, and the product kiwifruit.


title: Shaun Marcum

paragraphs: Shaun Marcum (born December 14, 1981 ) is an American baseball player. He is a Major League pitcher for the Milwaukee Brewers . He has played with the Brewers since 2011. He pitched for the Toronto Blue Jays from 2005 until 2010. Marcum was born in Kansas City, Missouri.


title: Giovanni Paisiello

paragraphs: Giovanni Paisiello (9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was a composer from Italy. He wrote more than 80 operas. He also wrote music for churches and concerts.

paragraphs: Paisiello was born in Roccaforzata, a small town near Taranto in the south of Italy. His father was a veterinarian (a doctor for animals). When he was five years old, his father sent him to a Jesuit school in Taranto. His father wanted him to be a lawyer. Paisiello's teachers saw that he had a very beautiful singing voice and much talent for music. This made his father change his mind. He sent Paisiello to a famous music school in Naples called the . He studied at the music school for five years. At first, he composed church music, but then he began writing operas. Soon his operas became popular all over Italy.

paragraphs: In 1776, Catherine II, the Empress of Russia, invited him to work for her in St. Petersburg. Paisiello worked for the Empress for eight years. He composed operas for her theatre and conducted the royal orchestra. In 1784, he went back to Italy to work for King Ferdinand IV of Naples. He was the chief composer for a famous opera house in Naples, the Teatro di San Carlo. He also composed church music and concert music for the king. Napoleon Bonaparte admired Paisiello's music very much and invited him to Paris. From 1802 until 1804, Paisiello worked in Paris composing music for Napoleon. He then went back to Naples. He was the head of the music school there from 1807 until 1814. The last years of his life were not happy. He had money problems, and his operas were no longer popular. He died in Naples in 1816.


title: Heckler & Koch G3

paragraphs: The Heckler & Koch G3 is a battle rifle developed by Heckler & Koch and the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME. It has a 20 rounds magazine, that holds 7.62mm NATO ammunition.

paragraphs: It was invented in the 1950s, and was the main weapon of the German army (Bundeswehr). Now the main weapon is the G36. Many German soldiers want the old G3 back. The G3 is still in service as a sniper rifle, but they changed to the G28 for "designated marksmen".

paragraphs: The deign of the G3 was so influential that it was the base for making the MP5 and the PSG-1.


title: Ray Davies

paragraphs: Sir Raymond Douglas Davies, ( ; born 21 June 1944) is a British rock musician. He was born in Fortis Hill, Muswell Hill, north London. He was the lead singer of The Kinks, in which his brother Dave Davies was lead guitarist. Since the band split, Ray Davies is a solo singer-songwriter.

paragraphs: Davies attempted suicide and was later diagnosed with bipolar disorder.


title: Reserve Bank of India

paragraphs: The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is a top banking institution of the Republic of India. The bank controls the money supply in the country.

paragraphs: The bank was established on 1 April 1935, when India was under British rule. The Bank was established under the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The bank was nationalised in 1949.


title: Conservation (art)

paragraphs: Conservation, also known as conservation and restoration or simply conservation, is a job where people try to protect the important parts of a culture for the future.

paragraphs: Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, protection. All of this work is supported by research and education.

paragraphs: In traditional terms, the role of the conservator involves the examination, conservation, and preservation of cultural heritage using "any methods that prove effective in keeping that property in as close to its original condition as possible for as long as possible."

paragraphs: The role of conservation is a kind stewardship.

paragraphs: The conservator has ethical guidelines, including

paragraphs: An appropriate conservation strategy requires good judgment, taking into account

paragraphs: This series of images shows the process of restoration of a mural in France.


title: Heckler & Koch G36

paragraphs: The Heckler & Koch G36 is an assault rifle designed in the 1990s by Heckler & Koch (H&K) in Germany. The weapon is gas operated and has a standard magazine that holds 30 of the 5.56mm NATO rounds. It can also be used with a 100-round 'drum'. The G36 has a 3x scope and often a red dot sight, too in the carrying handle. The G36 is the main weapon of many special units and the army of Portugal, Spain and Germany (Bundeswehr).

paragraphs: Before Heckler & Koch started building for Germany, the G36 has had the name "HK50".


title: Shōsō-in

paragraphs: The is a Japanese treasure house in the Tōdai-ji temple complex at Nara It is close to the building which houses the Great Buddha ("Diabutsuden").

paragraphs: It is the oldest museum structure in the world.

paragraphs: The earliest objects in the Shōsō-in were put there by Empress Kōmyō (701–760). The collection includes artifacts from the arts and crafts of the Tempyō era.

paragraphs: The building was built in the with a raised floor .


title: Anaïs Nin

paragraphs: Anaïs Nin (February 1903 – January 14, 1977) was a French-American novelist whose books were published into movies, including "Henry & June" (1990) and "Delta of Venus" (1994). She was born in Neuilly-sur-Seine, Paris. Her parents were from Cuba. Her father Joaquín Nin was a well-known composer. Her mother Rosa Culmell was a classical singer. She spent her early years in Spain and Cuba and then lived in Paris. In Paris she became a close friend of the writer Henry Miller. She helped him get his first novel, "Tropic of Cancer", published and wrote the to it.

paragraphs: She later moved to the United States and died there of cancer in Los Angeles.


title: Aquamarine (color)

paragraphs: Aquamarine is a color, a light tint between blue and green. It is named for the gemstone aquamarine.

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "aquamarine" as a color name in English was in 1598.

paragraphs: The color "medium aquamarine" (shown below) is used for the uniforms of nurses and surgeons and also used to paint rooms in hospitals because it is regarded as a color that calms and relaxes the patients.


title: Pierre Deligne

paragraphs: Pierre René, Viscount Deligne (born 3 October 1944) is an important Belgian mathematician. He is known for work on the Weil conjectures.

paragraphs: He was born in Etterbeek. He went to school at Athénée Adolphe Max and studied at the Universite Libre de Bruxelles (ULB).

paragraphs: He was awarded the Fields Medal in 1978, the Crafoord Prize in 1988, the Balzan Prize in 2004 and the Wolf Prize in 2008.

paragraphs: In 2006 he was ennobled by the Belgian king as viscount.

paragraphs: In 2009, Deligne was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.


title: Jean Bourgain

paragraphs: Jean Bourgain (28 February 1954 – 22 December 2018) was a Belgian mathematician. He was a professor at University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign and Institut des Hautes Études Scientifiques at Bures-sur-Yvette in France. From 1994 until his death he has worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He was an editor for the Annals of Mathematics.

paragraphs: He received his Ph.D. from the Vrije Universiteit Brussel in 1977.

paragraphs: He received the Fields Medal in 1994. In 2009 Bourgain was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 2010 he received the Shaw Prize in Mathematics. In 2012 he and Terence Tao received the Crafoord Prize in Mathematics from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

paragraphs: Bourgain died on 22 December 2018 in Bonheiden, Belgium at the age of 64.


title: Rogier van der Weyden

paragraphs: Rogier van der Weyden or Roger de la Pasture (1399 or 1400 – 18 June 1464) was an early Flemish painter. His surviving works are mainly religious triptychs, altarpieces and commissioned single and diptych portraits. He was very successful and internationally famous in his lifetime. His paintings went to Italy and Spain. By the end of the 15th century, he had become more popular than Jan van Eyck. His fame lasted only until the 17th century.

paragraphs: Due to the loss of archives in 1695 and again in 1940, there are few certain facts of van der Weyden's life. Rogelet de le Pasture (Roger of the Pasture) was born in Tournai in 1399 or 1400. His parents were Henri de le Pasture and Agnes de Watrélos. He married around 1426, to Elisabeth Goffaert. He was made town painter of Brussels in 1436. He changed his name from the French to the Dutch format, becoming 'van der Weyden'.


title: Lambert Lombard

paragraphs: Lambert Lombard (Liège, 1505 – 1566) was a Renaissance painter, architect and theorist for the Prince-Bishopric of Liège. During his career he worked for Jan Gossaert in Middelburg and trained Frans Floris. In 1532 he became court painter and architect in Liège. A few paintings and many drawings have been kept.

paragraphs: In 1537 he was sent to Rome by Erard de la Marck, prince-bishop of Liège, to buy works of art. While there he discovered the wonders of the Italian Renaissance. On his return he brought not only works of art, but also the new ideas about art to Liège.

paragraphs: Dominicus Lampsonius wrote a biography of Lombard called "The Life of Lambert Lombard".


title: Anthony van Dyck

paragraphs: Sir Anthony van Dyck (22 March 1599 – 9 December 1641) was a Flemish Baroque artist. He was the leading court painter in England. He is most famous for his portraits of Charles I of England and his family and court. His style of painting was used for the next 150 years. He also painted biblical and mythological subjects.


title: James Ensor

paragraphs: James Sidney Edouard, Baron Ensor (13 April 1860 – 19 November 1949) was a Flemish-Belgian painter and printmaker, an important influence on expressionism and surrealism who lived in Ostend for almost his entire life. He was associated with the artistic group Les XX.

paragraphs: From 1877 to 1880, he attended the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. His only travels were three brief trips to Paris, London, and Holland.

paragraphs: In 1895 his painting "The Lamp Boy" (1880) was acquired by the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels. He had his first solo exhibition in Brussels. By 1920 he was the subject of major exhibitions. In 1929 he was named a Baron by King Albert. He was the subject of the Belgian composer Flor Alpaerts's "James Ensor Suite". In 1933 he was awarded the band of the Légion d'honneur.

paragraphs: Against the advice of friends, he remained in Ostend during World War II despite the risk of bombardment. In his old age he was an honored figure among Belgians. His daily walk made him a familiar sight in Ostend. He died there after a short illness, on 19 November 1949.


title: Les XX

paragraphs: Les XX was a group of twenty Belgian painters, designers and sculptors. It was formed in 1883 by the Brussels lawyer, publisher, and entrepreneur Octave Maus. For ten years 'Les Vingt', as they called themselves, held a yearly exhibition of their art. Each year twenty international artists were also invited to be in the exhibition. Artists invited over the years included: Camille Pissarro (1887, 1889, 1891), Claude Monet (1886, 1889), Georges Seurat (1887, 1889, 1891, 1892), Paul Gauguin (1889, 1891), Paul Cézanne (1890), and Vincent van Gogh (1890, 1891).

paragraphs: In 1893, the society of Les XX was changed into "La Libre Esthétique".


title: Constant Permeke

paragraphs: Constant Permeke (31 July 1886 – 4 January 1952) was a Belgian painter and sculptor. He is said to be the leading figure of Flemish expressionism.

paragraphs: Permeke was born in Antwerp. When he was six years old the family moved to Ostend. His father was curator of the Municipal Museum of Arts. Permeke went to school in Bruges from 1903 until 1906. In 1906 he was drafted into the Belgian army. After his military service ended in March 1908, Permeke returned to Ostend. He roomed together with another artist, Gustave De Smet. In 1909 he returned to Latem where he lived as a recluse. In 1912 Permeke married Maria Delaere and the newlyweds settled in Ostend.

paragraphs: When World War I started, Permeke was in the defense of Antwerp. He was wounded in action near the town of Duffel. His wounds forced him to be evacuated to the United Kingdom. In 1916 he moved to Chardstock in Devonshire and started painting again, mostly colorful English landscapes. After the end of the war, the Permeke family returned to Ostend in 1919.

paragraphs: In 1921 Permeke was able to exhibit his work in Antwerp and in Paris. Between 1922 and 1924, Permeke regularly went to Astene. In 1926 Permeke went to Vevey in Switzerland where he mainly painted mountain scenes. In 1929 he moved to Jabbeke. Starting in 1937 Permeke tried his hand at sculpting as well.

paragraphs: During World War II, Permeke was forbidden to paint by the German occupiers. His art was seen by them as "Entartete Kunst". His son Paul was arrested and sent to Germany as a forced labourer. After the war, Permeke was made director of the Royal Academy in Antwerp. He only worked there one year. In 1948 his wife died. Emotionally scarred and ailing, Permeke had to be nursed by his daughter.

paragraphs: Constant Permeke died 4 January 1952. He was buried next to his wife at the cemetery in Jabbeke. A statue which Permeke had commissioned by his friend George Minne was placed on the grave of his beloved wife.

paragraphs: In 1997, Belgium recognized Permeke by dedicating the 1,000 franc bill to him and his work. The bill was used until Belgium started using the euro in 2002.


title: Paul Delvaux

paragraphs: Paul Delvaux (23 September 1897 – 20 July 1994) was a Belgian painter. He is known for his Surrealism, famous for his paintings of female nudes.

paragraphs: Delvaux was born in Antheit. The young Delvaux took music lessons, studied Greek and Latin, and read the fiction of Jules Verne and the poetry of Homer. He studied at the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in Brussels. He studied architecture because his parents did not want him to be a painter. He went for his goal by taking painting classes taught by Constant Montald and Jean Delville. The painters Frans Courtens and Alfred Bastien also encouraged Delvaux. He completed about 80 paintings between 1920 and 1925. 1925 was the year of his first solo exhibition.

paragraphs: He was named director of the Académie Royale des Beaux-Arts in 1965. In 1982 the Paul Delvaux Museum opened in Saint-Idesbald. Delvaux died in Veurne in 1994.


title: Panamarenko

paragraphs: Panamarenko (pseudonym of Henri Van Herwegen; 5 February 1940 – 14 December 2019) was a famous assemblagist in Belgian sculpture. He is famous for his work with airplanes as theme. None of the airplanes are able to actually leave the ground.

paragraphs: Panamarenko studied at the academy of Antwerp. Before 1968, his art was inspired by Pop art. Early on he became interested in planes and human powered flight. This interest is also shown in his name. It is supposed to be an acronym for "Pan American Airlines and Company".

paragraphs: Starting in 1970, he developed his first models of imaginary vehicles, planes, balloons or helicopters. Many of his sculptures are modern versions of the myth of Icarus.

paragraphs: In 2003 Panamarenko married the 34 year younger Eveline Hoorens. At the opening of a large-scale overview exhibition of his work in Brussels in 2005, Panamarenko said he was retiring as an artist. He has since had his own coffee brand PanamaJumbo.

paragraphs: On 24 April 2009, VLM Airlines named one of its Fokker 50 aircraft in his honour.


title: Jan Fabre

paragraphs: Jan Fabre (born December 14, 1958 in Antwerp) is a Belgian artist, playwright, stage director, choreographer and designer.

paragraphs: He studied at the Municipal Institute of Decorative Arts and the Royal Academy of Fine Arts in Antwerp. Between 1976 and 1980 he wrote his first scripts for the theatre. From 1980 he began his career as a stage director and stage designer.

paragraphs: Fabre is famous for his "Bic-art" (ballpoint drawings). In 1990, he covered an entire building with ballpoint drawings.

paragraphs: His decoration of the ceiling of the Royal Palace in Brussels is called "Heaven of Delight". It is made out of one million six hundred thousand jewel-scarab wing cases. In 2008, Jan Fabre's "The Angel of Metamorphosis" exhibition was held at the Louvre Museum.

paragraphs: In September 2018, Fabre was accused by 20 former employees of sexual harassment.


title: El Lissitzky

paragraphs: Lazar Markovich Lissitzky ( – 30 December 1941), better known as El Lissitzky, was a Russian artist, designer, photographer, typographer, and architect.

paragraphs: He was an important figure of the Russian avant-garde, helping develop suprematism with his mentor, Kazimir Malevich. He designed exhibition displays and propaganda works for the former Soviet Union. His work greatly influenced the Bauhaus and constructivist movements, and he experimented with techniques and ideas ine 20th-century graphic design.

paragraphs: El Lissitzky's entire career was based on his belief that the artist could be an agent for change. Lissitzky, who was Jewish, began his career illustrating Yiddish children's books. This was to promote Jewish culture in Russia, which had just ended its antisemitic laws. He started teaching at 15; and taught throughout his life. Over the years, he taught in a variety of positions, schools and artistic media, spreading and exchanging ideas.

paragraphs: He took this ethic with him when he worked with Malevich in the art group UNOVIS and when he worked his own. He took up a job as the Russian cultural ambassador to Weimar Germany. There he worked with important figures of the Bauhaus and De Stijl movements. In his remaining years he brought innovation and change to typography, exhibition design, photomontage, and book design. He produced critically respected works and won international acclaim for his exhibition design. This continued to the end of his life. In 1941 he produced one of his last works – a Soviet propaganda poster rallying the people to make more tanks for the fight against Nazi Germany.


title: Teatro di San Carlo

paragraphs: The Teatro di San Carlo is a famous opera house in Naples, Italy. It is sometimes called the Teatro San Carlo or simply the San Carlo. Its name means Theatre of Saint Charles. It was built in 1737. When it was first built it was the biggest opera house in the world. Today, it is still one of the biggest opera houses in Italy. It is also the oldest opera house in Italy. Many operas were first performed at the Teatro di San Carlo. Seventeen of Donizetti's operas and eight of Rossini's operas were first performed there.

paragraphs: The new King of Naples, Charles VII, was very interested in the arts. He wanted the city to have a new and beautiful opera house. The old one, the Teatro San Bartolomeo, was falling apart. King Charles paid for building the new theatre. It was built on land next to his palace and designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano (1703 – 1760). The new theatre took only seven months to build. It opened on 4 March 1737. The first opera performed there was " (Achilles in Skyros). The famous Italian poet, Metastasio, wrote the words and story. Domenico Sarro wrote the music. He also conducted the orchestra.

paragraphs: The building burnt down on 12 February 1816. Six days after the fire, King Ferdinand IV (the son of King Charles) asked the architect Antonio Niccolini to build the theatre again. Nicolini used Medrano's designs but he made the stage bigger. The inside of the new Teatro di San Carlo was even more beautiful than the first one. The new theatre opened on 12 January 1817, with an opera by Simon Mayr, " (Partenope's Dream). Since then, only small changes were made to the building. It was damaged by bombs during World War II, but American and British soldiers soon repaired it.

paragraphs: Like most Italian opera houses, the Teatro di San Carlo is built in a horseshoe shape. It has downstairs seats called stalls. There are six more levels of seats called box seats where groups of people can sit together. The box seats go all the way to the top of the opera house. Overall, there are 1386 seats in the Teatro di San Carlo today. The inside of the theatre has beautiful decorations in red and gold. A large painting by Giuseppe Cammarano covers the ceiling. The painting shows the Greek god Apollo and the goddess Minerva. All around them are famous poets.

paragraphs: Because of its shape, the San Carlo has very good sound quality. People can hear the singers and orchestra even in the most far away seats. Operas, ballets and concerts are performed there. People can also rent the theatre for parties or to put on their own shows. In 2010, much work was done on the opera house. It now has more rooms for rehearsals, modern machinery for the stage, and air conditioning. The Teatro di San Carlo has its own orchestra.


title: Gaoling District

paragraphs: Gaoling District ( pinyin:Gāolíng Qū) is a county of Xi'an, Shaanxi, China. It is in the north part of Xi'an. Weiyang District and Baqiao District are to the south. Yanliang District is to the north. Lintong District is to the east. Xianyang Municipality is to the west. It covers . As of November 2010, 333,477 people lived there.

paragraphs: Chinese government changed it from "Country" to "District" on Dec,2014.


title: Cluster bomb

paragraphs: A cluster bomb, or cluster munition, is an explosive device. It explodes in the air or on the ground, and releases dozens of smaller bombs. It is an anti-personnel weapon because it kills or maims people, not armoured vehicles.

paragraphs: They were used during a lot during the Vietnam War and have been most recently used in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

paragraphs: They are considered illegal by over 100 countries. These countries have signed the "Convention on Cluster Munitions" adopted in May 2008.


title: Mill Green

paragraphs: Mill Green is a hamlet in Edwardstone, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It is Edwardstone's main settlement.

paragraphs: Mill Green has a pub called The White Horse, Mill Green Brewery is also behind it. A Smock windmill was in Mill Green, but it was demolished in 1965.

paragraphs: Mill Green Brewery has won a national SIBA Gold Award. It is also on The Good Pub Guide 2011 2012 and 2014.


title: Parliament Heath

paragraphs: Parliament Heath is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has 4 listed buildings, including Daisygreen Cottages, Lodge Cottage, Malting Farmhouse and Primrose Cottage.


title: Sherbourne Street

paragraphs: Sherbourne Street is a place on the Ordnance Survey in Edwardstone, Babergh, Suffolk, England. Sherbourne Street was on A Vision of Britain through Time 19th century map as "Shover Street". There was a school in Sherbourne Street called Edwardstone House School, but it closed on the 31st of August 1993. It was for boys who were 8 – 13 years old. Edwardstone House is now a Listed building.


title: Broad Street (Groton)

paragraphs: Broad Street is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England.


title: Horner's Green

paragraphs: Horner's Green is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a listed building called Spout Farmhouse.


title: Gosling Green

paragraphs: Gosling Green is a hamlet in Groton, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a listed building called Gosling Green House.


title: Kersey Tye

paragraphs: Kersey Tye is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has one listed building called Bridges Farmhouse. There was a Congregation house built in about 1835 which is not always used for worship.


title: Ahn Chang-ho

paragraphs: Ahn Chang-ho (9 November 1876 - 10 March 1938) was a Korean independence activists and enlightened activists. He was an educator who founded Jeomjin School (), Daesung School (), Chungnyunhakwuhoi () and NGOs Heungsadan (; ), Suyangdongwuhoi(). His first name was Chisam, nickname was Dosan.


title: Thomas Vanek

paragraphs: Thomas Vanek (born January 19, 1984) is an Austrian professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the Buffalo Sabres, New York Islanders, and Montreal Canadiens.

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, Vanek played for the Sioux Falls Stampede of the USHL for 3 seasons and the University of Minnesota for 2 years.

paragraphs: He was drafted 5th overall by the Buffalo Sabres in the 2003 NHL draft. He played for the Buffalo Sabres for 8 seasons.

paragraphs: On October 27, 2013, he was traded to the New York Islanders for Matt Moulson, a 2014 1st round draft pick, and a 2015 2nd round draft pick.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2014, Vanek signed a three-year, $5.5 contract with the Minnesota Wild. The contract will also give him $6.5 million in the second year, and $7.5 million in the third year as well as a no-trade clause.


title: Mario Altmann

paragraphs: Mario Altmann (born November 4, 1986 in Vienna) is an Austrian ice hockey player who was participating at the 2011 IIHF World Championship as a member of the Austria men's national ice hockey team.


title: Wicker Street Green

paragraphs: Wicker Street Green is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has seven listed buildings, including Curtis Farmhouse, Elm Farmhouse, Hollies Cottage, Lodge Farmhouse, Red House Farmhouse, Wicker Street Cottage and Wicker Street House.


title: Lindsey Tye

paragraphs: Lindsey Tye is a settlement in Lindsey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has seven listed buildings, including Cottage Owned by Mr W Partridge Immediately North of Tye Cottage, Falcon Hall, Gooseberry, Ivydene, Rose Cottage, Swallow's Farmhouse and Tye Cottage. There was also a Baptist chapel built there in 1840.


title: King's Meaburn

paragraphs: King's Meaburn is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001, there were 105 people living in King's Meaburn.


title: Upsher Green

paragraphs: Upsher Green is a hamlet in Great Waldingfield, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has one listed building, called Gable Cottage and Lark Cottage.


title: Kersey Upland

paragraphs: Kersey Upland is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has five listed buildings, including Boxford Road Farmhouse, Hart's Cottage, Sampson's Hall, The Forge and West Sampson's Hall.


title: Sleagill

paragraphs: Sleagill is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 100 people living in Sleagill.


title: Temple Sowerby

paragraphs: Temple Sowerby is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 333 people living in Temple Sowerby.


title: Clifton

paragraphs: Clifton is a village and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 461 people living in Clifton.


title: Swingleton Green

paragraphs: Swingleton Green is a hamlet in Monks Eleigh, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has two listed buildings, including Barn and Outbuildings about 50 feet to the west of the Fenn and The Fenn.


title: Afro-Dominican

paragraphs: This article is about inhabitants of the Dominican Republic of African descent. For inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Dominica of African descent, see Afro-Dominicans (Dominican Republic).

paragraphs: Afro-Dominicans or Dominicans of African ancestry, are Dominicans whose ancestry ties within the continent of Africa. Most of them came from West Africa and the Congo. The first Africans in the Dominican came in 1502 from Spain, 8 years later African-born slaves came in large numbers. They were forced to work the Mines, Sugar Plantations, Cattling, Cowboys, Maids, Farming and Others.

paragraphs: Today, Afro-Dominicans (40% Black) of the Country's population, while the remaining and majority of Dominicans are multiracial (45%). They can be found anywhere in the Island as they are the majority, but the purest blacks are mostly in the coastal lowlands of the country. In the Central Cibao region, you can find people of either European, Mixed and African descent.

paragraphs: The Atlantic slave trade began in the very early 1500s. Santo Domingo (present-day Dominican Republic) was the first place to transport African slaves in the Americas. The dying of Indigenous people in the island, caused the Spanish to quickly grant permission from Spain to use slaves to work the plantations. In 1510, the first sizable ship consisted of 250 Black Latinos (Spanish-speaking men ), 8 years later, African born slaves arrived in massive numbers. The slave and black population was so big that they would out-number whites from 9 out of 10. The first major slave revolt took place in Dominican Republic's hills in 1522. These Maroons were originally from the senegambian region of Africa; of which most were Muslims of the Wolof nation. Many centuries later the Maroon populations became so large that the only way whites could travel would be in large armed groups. Most of the Maroon populations established themselves in mostly in rivers, hills/mountains, coastal and in caves. The Congolese people were known to be very aggressive and naturally strong, they and many of the Mandingas, Wolofs, and Fulanis was the main ethnicity to have been born in Maroon villages.

paragraphs: From the neighboring country, Haitians have also had an influence in the growing population in Dominican Republic. It's estimated that is around 800,000 Haitians living in the Dominican Republic. Haitians make a large minority in the country anywhere from 4-6%. Among the Afro-Haitian population, they originated among the Ewe and Fon tribes of present-day Benin and Togo West Africa.

paragraphs: Since the then Spanish Haiti (now Dominican Republic) was occupied by Haiti, slavery was abolished from the island to this day. Enslaved Africans that lived in the then Santo Domingo colony tended to come from the Bantu/Congolese (majority-wise especially the Bakongo), Akan, Yoruba, Igbo, Ewe, Fon, Mandinga, Wolof-Fulanis and Others. The Congolese-Bakongo tribes has had the most dominant culteral impact in the Dominican today.

paragraphs: As Dominican slaves came from predominately West-Central Africa, many of their customs survived based-on memory and myths, along with religion, names, words, music, language etc. Known survived religions are the Regla de palo, Arara, Dominican Vudu, Santería etc. Many villages among the Dominican Republic have kept their African languages among their descendants. Recongnized African languages spoken by Dominicans are the Lucumi language which is practically the Yoruba language with very few Spanish words, the Kikongo language is still spoken, especially in places like Villa Mella, Dajabon, Altagracia, and Monte Plata. Merengue is the typical music of the Dominican Republic. Typical Dominican foods such as Mangu (mashed plantains) is of African origin.


title: Pig in a poke

paragraphs: Pig in a poke is an English idiom which means a kind of deceptive trick. It is a blind bargain.

paragraphs: The phrase is about something which is offered for sale in a manner which hides its true value. The idiom means a purchase which turns out not to be what the seller claimed it was.

paragraphs: The term was first used in the Middle Ages. At this time, it was common to sell meat or small animals in cloth bags or sacks called a "poke".

paragraphs: Sometimes people simply bought the "poke" without looking inside; and sometimes people who thought they were buying pork or a small pig were surprised to find they had been sold something else.

paragraphs: The idiom "pig in a poke" is about what happens when someone does not look to see what is being bought or sold.

paragraphs: The idiom "pig in a poke" is used to describe something which is purchased without the buyer being aware of its true nature or value.

paragraphs: The phrase can also be applied to accepting an idea or plan without a full understanding of it. In other words, it is about starting a course of action without knowing the relevant facts.

paragraphs: Many other European languages have a version of this phrase, but many are translated as a warning not to buy a cat in a bag. -


title: The Labors of Herakles

paragraphs: The Labors of Herakles is a series of tasks performed by the Greek hero Herakles () as a penance for a terrible crime he committed. These tasks required great strength and courage. For the most part, they involved killing fierce animals and horrible monsters. The Labors were said to have been devised by Hera, the goddess of marriage. She hated Herakles because he was a bastard son of her husband Zeus. She hoped these tasks would kill him. Herakles however performed them with great success, and, in the process, became very famous. The Labors of Herakles probably had their origin in the religious and magical practices of prehistoric man. They are the subject of ancient and modern art.

paragraphs: Mortals die, but gods live forever. Herakles was part mortal, part god. His father was the god Zeus and his mother was the mortal Alkmene. Zeus' wife Hera was the goddess of marriage. She hated Herakles because he was one of her husband's bastards. She tried many times to kill him, even when he was a baby. He lived in spite of Hera's persecution and hatred, and did many great deeds as a young man.

paragraphs: Herakles married Megara, the daughter of a king. They became the parents of several children. Hera caused Herakles to go mad and to kill his family. The priestess of Delphi ordered Herakles to serve his cousin King Eurystheus of Tiryns as a penance for this crime. Eurystheus would present a series of tasks to Herakles. These tasks were said to have been designed by Hera herself in the hope that they would kill Herakles.

paragraphs: There is no definite order for the Labors. Most of the time, however, the order is: Nemean Lion, Lernean Hydra, Cerynitian Hind, Erymanthian Boar, Augean Stables, Stymphalian Birds, Cretan Bull, Mares of Diomedes, Girdle of Hippolyta, Cattle of Geryon, Apples of the Hesperides, and Kerberos. The order here is that of the sculptures called metopes on the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. These sculptures (made about 460–450 BC) were placed high on the outside of the temple in a frieze. Their order was described by the ancient Greek geographer, Pausanias. Some of these metopes are used in this article to illustrate the Labors. The first group of six metopes are from the west end of the temple. The second group of six are from the east end. Some of the illustrations here are taken from Greek vase paintings. The Labors of Herakles became the subject of much ancient and modern art, and even movies like "Hercules" (1958) starring Steve Reeves and the Walt Disney animated movie "Hercules" (1997).

paragraphs: A large and dangerous lion was terrorizing the people and animals near the city of Nemea. Weapons of iron, bronze, or stone could not pierce the lion's thick hide (skin). Eurystheus ordered Herakles to kill and skin this lion.

paragraphs: Herakles went to the region of Nemea and stayed with a poor man named Molorchos at Kleonai. Molorchos' son had been killed by this lion. Molorchos wanted to sacrifice his only ram to Herakles, but Herakles asked him to wait thirty days. If he did not return within thirty days, the ram was to be sacrificed to him as a hero. If he returned within thirty days, the ram was to be sacrificed to Zeus the Deliverer.

paragraphs: Herakles found the lion outside its lair on Mount Tretos. His arrows and sword were useless against the beast. He hit the lion with his club and the animal went into his lair. Herakles blocked one of the two openings to the cavern with nets, then entered the cavern. He wrestled the lion and choked it to death. The lion bit off one of his fingers. He returned to Molorchos' hovel with the lion's carcass on his back. The two men sacrificed to Zeus.

paragraphs: When Herakles presented the dead animal to Eurystheus, the king was disgusted. He ordered Herakles to leave such things outside the gates of Tiryns in the future. Eurystheus then put a large bronze jar underground. This was the place where he would hide whenever Herakles returned to the city with some trophy of his Labors. Zeus put the lion among the stars as the constellation Leo.

paragraphs: In the future, Eurystheus would only communicate with Herakles through Kopreus, his dungman. Herakles skinned the lion with one of its own claws. He wore the skin as a kind of armor and the lion's skull as a helmet. Euripides wrote in his play "Herakles":"First he cleared the grove of Zeus of a lion, and put its skin upon his back, hiding his yellow hair in its fearful tawny gaping jaws."

paragraphs: The origin of the Nemean Lion is not certain. Some say he was the son of either Typhon or the Chimera and the dog Orthros. Some say the moon goddess Selene gave birth to the lion and let it fall to Earth near a two-mouthed cave at Nemea. She set it against the people because they had failed to properly observe her worship. Some say that Hera had Selene create the lion from sea foam and that Iris, the goddess of the rainbow, carried it to Nemea. Others say the lion was the son of the snake goddess Echidna and her son, the dog Orthos. This would make the lion a brother to the Sphinx of Thebes. Hera was said to have brought the lion from the eastern land of the Arimoi and to have released it near Nemea.

paragraphs: The Hydra ("water-snake") was a monster with many heads. She lived beneath a plane tree near the spring called Amymone. This spring was near the seaside city of Lerna. She was the offspring of Typhon and Echidna, and the sister of Kerebos. Hera raised the Hydra to torment Herakles. The Hydra had a dog-like body. Its breath was poisonous. The head in the middle of the monster was immortalit could not die. Eurystheus ordered Herakles to kill this monster. Herakles and his nephew Iolaos (the son of his brother Iphicles) drove to the swamp near Lerna in Herakles' war chariot. Iolaos was Heracles' charioteer and his lover.

paragraphs: Athena told Herakles to force the monster from the swamp with fire arrows. He did, but the monster twisted itself about his feet. He beat the heads with his club, but crushing one head only caused others to erupt. A great crab crawled from the swamp to help the Hydra. It bit Herakles in the foot. He crushed its shell. Herakles called Iolaos for his help and cut the Hydra's heads off with his sword. Iolaos sealed the neck stumps with torches so other heads could not grow in their place.

paragraphs: The Hydra was at last killed. Herakles cut off the immortal head and buried it under a heavy stone in the road. He dipped his arrowheads in the Hydra's poisonous blood. They became deadly. Back in Tiryns, Eurystheus would not count this adventure as a Labor because Herakles had had his nephew's help. He added another Labor to the list. Hera set the crab in the sky as a constellation. The river Anigrus in Elis stank because the Hydra's poison was washed from the arrows Heracles used to kill the centaur Nessus in its waters.

paragraphs: The Stymphalian Birds were man-eating birds living on the shores of Lake Stymphalos in north-eastern Arcadia. The birds were sacred to Ares, the god of war. Their feces poisoned the land and crops would not grow. The birds attacked men with their bronze beaks and claws. They could rain down their sharp bronze feathers to kill men and their animals.

paragraphs: Herakles failed to drive them off with his arrows. Athena gave him a set of metal castanets (or a rattle) made by the blacksmith of the gods, Hephaestus. Herakles climbed to a rocky place over the lake and made so much noise with the castanets that the birds flew as far as the Isle of Ares in the Black Sea. Herakles was able to kill many of them with his arrows as they flew away.

paragraphs: Some say the birds were women. Artemis Stymphalia ruled the swamps about the lake. Her temple there had pictures of young girls with the feet of birds. These girls lured men to their deaths in the swamps. They were said to be the daughters of Stymphalos and Ornis. These two were killed by Herakles when they would not give him food, drink, and a place to rest.

paragraphs: The Cretan Bull rose from the sea. Poseidon, god of the sea, intended King Minos to sacrifice the bull, but it was so handsome that Minos kept it for himself. He sent it to mate with his cows, then sacrificed another bull to Poseidon. The god was angry and caused Minos' wife, Queen Pasiphaë, to develop a sexual desire for the animal.

paragraphs: She mated with it and gave birth to a son. This son was the Minotaur, a monster with the head of a bull and the body of a man. The Cretan Bull went mad. Heracules captured it by throwing a rope about its head and about a leg. Some say he wrestled it, or stunned it with his club.

paragraphs: Minos let Heracules take the bull to Greece. Eurystheus wanted to give the bull to Hera but she would not take it because Heracules had captured it. She let it go and it wandered about Greece. Theseus of Athens finally captured it and sacrificed it to Athena, or some say, Apollo. The bull had spent its days in Crete destroying crops and belching fire.

paragraphs: When Artemis, the goddess of the hunt, was a child, she saw five hinds (female deer) grazing near the Anaurus River in Thessaly. Each was as large as a bull, each had hooves of bronze, and all had antlers of gold. She caught four of them, and used them to pull her chariot. The fifth escaped the goddess and lived on the Keryneian Hill in Arkadia. Hera planned to use this hind against Herakles someday.

paragraphs: Eurystheus ordered Herakles to catch this hind and bring it alive to Tiryns. The danger in this Labor lay in pursuing the hind through wild lands from which no hunter ever returned. Herakles hunted the hind for a year, chasing it through Istria and the Land of the Hyperboreans. The hind took refuge on Mount Artemision. Herakles let fly an arrow that pinned the hind's forelegs (front legs) together without drawing blood. He put the hind on his shoulders and took her back to Tiryns.

paragraphs: Artemis and Apollo stopped Herakles on his way to Tiryns. On some vases, Apollo is seen trying to forcibly take the hind from Herakles. Herakles however lay the blame for the theft on Eurystheus. Artemis accepted this plea and allowed him to pass. Some say Herakles used a net to capture the hind or captured her when she was asleep under a tree.

paragraphs: Eurystheus' daughter Admete was a priestess of Hera. She wanted the Golden Girdle (belt) of Hippolyte, the Queen of the Amazons. This girdle had been a gift to Hippolyte from her father, Ares, the god of war. The Amazons were all related to Ares. They hated men and mated only to make more female warriors. Baby boys were killed or crippled. The lives of these women were devoted to war.

paragraphs: Herakles and friends sailed to their land of Pontos on the Black Sea. The Amazons lived at the mouth of the Thermodon River. Hippolyte welcomed Herakles. She fell in love with his muscles and his great fame. She promised him the girdle as a love token. Hera disguised herself as an Amazon. She whispered among others that Herakles was going to kidnap the Queen. The Amazons charged Herakles' ship on horseback. Herakles killed Hippolyte, and took the girdle. Many Amazons were killed.

paragraphs: Some say Hippolyte would not part with the girdle. Herakles threw her from her horse and threatened her with his club. She would not ask for mercy. Herakles killed her. Some say Hippolyte's sister Melanippe was taken prisoner. She was ransomed with the girdle. Some say Hippolyte herself was taken prisoner and ransomed with the girdle. Others say Theseus took Hippolyte prisoner and gave the girdle to Herakles. Herakles gave the girdle to Eurystheus, who gave it to Admete.

paragraphs: A large and dangerous boar was living on Mount Erymanthos. Eurystheus ordered Herakles to catch this boar. On Mount Erymanthos, Herakles forced the boar from the wood with his shouts. He then drove the boar into deep snow and jumped on its back. He put the boar in chains, placed it on his shoulders, and took it to Eurystheus. The king was so scared he hid in his bronze jar. Herakles left the boar in the market square of Tiryns. He then joined the Argonauts on the Quest for the Golden Fleece.

paragraphs: Mount Erymanthos took its name from a son of Apollo. Aphrodite blinded him because he saw her taking a bath. Apollo was angry. He turned himself into a boar and killed her boyfriend Adonis.

paragraphs: Eurystheus ordered Herakles to bring him the Horses of King Diomedes of Thrace. King Diomedes' horses were savage man-eaters, and were fed on the flesh of Diomedes' innocent guests. Herakles and his friends sailed to the coast of Thrace. Having found the stables of Diomedes, they killed the king's servants. They then put Diomedes before the horses. The animals tore him to pieces and ate him. The horses grew calm after feeding, and were led to the ship. Herakles sent them to Eurystheus.

paragraphs: Diomedes was the son of Ares, the god of war, and the king of the Bistones, a Thracian tribe of warlike people. While travelling in connection with this Labor, Herakles visited King Admetos. His wife Alcestis had just died. Herakles wrestled Death for Alcestis and he won. Alcestis was returned to life. This event is the basis for Euripides' play "Alcestis". Eurystheus dedicated the savage horses to Hera. They were said to have bred into the age of Alexander the Great.

paragraphs: Another story says Herakles captured the horses and drove them to his ship. Diomedes and his men chased the thieves. Herakles and his friends left the ship to fight the king and his men. The horses of Diomedes were left in the care of Abderos, Herakles' male lover. The horses ate him. Herakles built the city of Abdera in his memory. It was after this Labor that Herakles joined the Quest for the Golden Fleece. He dropped out of the search when his lover Hylas was lost on a strange island. Some say Herakles went on to Kolchis and rejoined the Quest. Others say he returned to Tiryns and the Labors.

paragraphs: Geryon was a very strong giant with three bodies, six hands, and three heads. He was the King of Tartessus in Spain. He had wings, and the picture on his shield was an eagle. He lived on an island called Erytheia. This island was far to the west in Okeanos, the river that circles the Earth. At night, the Sun sailed upon this river in a Golden Cup.

paragraphs: Geryon had large herds of cattle. They were watched over by Eurytion, Geryon's servant, and a huge two-headed dog named Orthrus, the offspring of Typhon and Echidna. King Eurystheus ordered Herakles to capture Geryon's cattle.

paragraphs: Herakles crossed the Libyan desert. At the narrow channel that separates Europe and Africa, he built the Pillars of Herakles. The Sun was hot and Herakles threatened to shoot him with his bow and arrows. The Sun asked him not to do this. Herakles agreed. He borrowed the Sun's Golden Cup and sailed away in it. The Titan Oceanus tested Herakles' seamanship by causing violent waves. Herakles threatened to shoot Oceanus, too. Oceanus calmed the waves. Some say Herakles sailed in an urn and used his lion skin as a sail.

paragraphs: On Geryon's island, Herakles killed the two-headed dog Orthos and the servant Eurytion, who tried to help the dog. Herakles was driving the cattle to the Golden Cup when Geryon appeared, ready to fight. Herakles shot him down and sailed away with the cattle. Herakles had many adventures on his return to Greece. On the Greek coast, Hera sent gadflies to drive the herd of cattle far and wide. Herkales managed to round-up a few and these he presented to Eurystheus. He sacrificed them to Hera.

paragraphs: Hera received golden apples as a gift when she married. She planted them in her garden far to the west near Mount Atlas. It was on this mountain that the Titan Atlas held the sky on his shoulders. He was being punished for having joined the other Titans in making war on Zeus. When Hera heard his daughters were stealing from the garden, she sent a one hundred-headed dragon called Ladon to the garden to protect the apples. Three nymphs called the Hesperides also guarded the apples.

paragraphs: Eurystheus wanted Herakles to bring him three golden apples. Herakles set off. The river god Nereus refused to give him directions and changed his shape again and again. Herakles tied him to a tree until he told the way. In the Caucasus, Herakles freed the Titan Prometheus, the fire-bringer, from his chains. Prometheus warned Herakles not to pick the apples himself, but to ask someone else to do it.

paragraphs: Herakles asked Atlas to pick the apples. The Titan agreed, but only if Herakles would kill the dragon and then take the sky on his shoulders. Herakles killed the dragon and took the sky on his shoulders. Atlas picked the apples but refused to take the sky again. He liked being free. Herakles tricked him. He asked Atlas to take the sky — only for a moment — while he put a cushion on his shoulders. Atlas took the sky. Herakles took the apples and headed for Tiryns. Eurystheus did not know what to do with the apples. He gave them to Herakles. Athena returned the apples to the garden, because they did, after all, belong to the gods.

paragraphs: Eurystheus ordered Herakles to bring him Kerberos, a three-headed dog-like monster with a dragon's tail and a mane of poisonous snakes. It guarded the entrance to the Underworld. The three heads could see the past, present, and future. Some say they represented birth, youth, and old age. Kerberos allowed the dead to enter the Underworld, but anyone who tried to leave was eaten. Kerberos was the offspring of Echidna, a monster part woman/part snake, and Typhon, a fire-breathing giant. Kerberos' brother was the two-headed dog Orthrus.

paragraphs: Herakles' first step was to undergo the Mysteries of Eleusis. These rites would protect him in the land of the dead. They would also cleanse him of the massacre of the Centaurs. Athena and Hermes guided Herakles into the Underworld. He was ferried across the River Styx in Charon's boat. On the opposite shore, he met the Gorgon, Medusa. She was a harmless phantom and he passed her without trouble. He met Meleagros and offered to marry his sister, Deianeira. Eventually, he did. When Herakles asked Hades for Kerberos, Hades allowed him to take the monster, but only if he could do so without using his weapons. Herakles wrestled the monster and choked it. Once the monster had yielded, he led it away.

paragraphs: As they neared the Earth's surface, Kerberos tossed his three heads because he hated the sunlight. His spit flew in all directions. From that spit grew the poisonous plant, aconite. When Heracles arrived in Tiryns, Eurystheus was performing a sacrifice. The king gave the best cuts of meat to his relatives and only a slave's portion of meat to Herakles. Herakles was furious with this insult and killed Eurystheus' three sons. Eurystheus was terrified when presented with Kerberos and hid in his bronze jar. Herakles took Kerberos back to the Underworld. Another account says the monster escaped. This Labor is the twelfth and last Labor in some accounts.

paragraphs: King Augeias of Elis lived on the west coast of the Peloponnese. He was a son of Helios, the sun god. It was said that the rays of the sun shone in his eyes. Augeias had many cattle. His animals were always healthy, and gave birth to many young. His stables had not been cleaned in years and were thick with animal waste. The valleys were also full of waste. The smell of this waste poisoned the land. Eurystheus ordered Herakles to clean the stables in a day. He liked the thought of Herakles doing such dirty work.

paragraphs: Herakles went to Elis. He did not tell Augeias that Eurystheus had ordered him to clean the stables.Instead, he made a bargain with Augeias. He promised to clean the stables if Augeias would give him some of his cattle. The bargain was made. Augeias' son Phyleos acted as witness. Herakles set to work. First, he made two holes in the stone foundation of the stables. Then he changed the paths of the Alpheios and Peneios Rivers. The rivers were made to flow through one hole and out the other. This is how the stables were washed clean.

paragraphs: Augeias learned from Eurystheus' servant Copreus that Eurystheus had ordered Herakles to clean the stables. He would not respect the bargain he had made with Herakles. Herakles took the case to court. Phyleos was called to court and told the truth about the bargain. Augeias was so angry he drove his son and Herakles out of the land. Back in Tiryns, Eurystheus said that the Labor did not count because Herakles had made a bargain with Augeias. Eurystheus also thought that the river gods had really done the work.

paragraphs: This Labor was the last one presented in the frieze on the Temple of Zeus at Olympia. It was important to the Greeks because one day Herakles made war on Augeias and defeated him. Herakles then laid out the Olympian sanctuary in the land of King Augeias and started the Olympic Games. It was said that Menedemus of Elis gave Herakles advice on this Labor and that the hero had the help of his nephew Iolaos. While Augeias and Herakles were making their bargain, Phaeton, one of Augeias' twelve white bulls, charged Herakles. These white bulls guarded all the cattle against wild animals. Phaeton thought the hero was a lion. Herakles forced the bull to the Earth by twisting its horn. Herakles was going to get Augeias' daughter as part of the bargain, but he did not. This was given as one reason for making war later on Augeias. He was also going to become Augeias' slave if the work was not done in one day.


title: Melkinthorpe

paragraphs: Melkinthorpe is a hamlet in Eden, Cumbria, England. It has six listed buildings, including Brownhow, Clematis Cottage and Sycamore Cottage, Fossils, Larch Cottage with Barn and Stable Adjoining, Rose Cottage and Stable Adjoining and Wood House.


title: Sundarbans National Park

paragraphs: The Sunderban National Park is a National Park, tiger reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve in the Sunderban delta. It is in the Indian state of West Bengal. This area is densely covered by mangrove forests. It is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger. It is also home to a variety of bird, reptile and invertebrate species, including the salt-water crocodile. On May 4, 1984 it was made a National Park.

paragraphs: There are seven main rivers and many watercourses forming a network of channels at this delta. They all run southward towards the sea. The coastal area has many mudflats. They are the right environment for mangroves.

paragraphs: The mangrove vegetation of Sundarbans has 64 plant species. They can withstand estuarine conditions and large amounts of saline. In the month of April and May the flaming red leaves of the genwa ("Excoecaria agallocha") the crab-like red flowers of the kankra ("Bruguiera gymnorrhiza") and the yellow flowers of khalsi ("Aegiceras corniculatum") can be seen. Some of the other commonly found plants and trees in the park are dhundal (or cannonball mangrove, "Xylocarpus granatum"), passur ("Xylocarpus mekongensis"), garjan ("Rhizophora" spp.), sundari ("Heritiera fomes") and goran ("Ceriops decandra").

paragraphs: The Sundarbans forest is home to more than 400 tigers. The Royal Bengal Tigers have developed a unique characteristic of swimming in the saline waters. They are famous for their man-eating tendencies. Tigers can be seen on the river banks sunbathing between November and February.

paragraphs: Apart from the Bengal tiger there are also many fishing cats, leopard cats, macaques, wild boar, Indian grey mongoose, fox, jungle cat, flying fox, pangolin, chital.

paragraphs: Some of the birds commonly found in this region are red junglefowls, spot-billed pelicans, great egrets, cormorants, seagulls, common kingfishers, peregrine falcons, woodpeckers, northern pintails, and whistling teals.

paragraphs: Some of the fish and amphibians found in the park are Sawfish, Butter Fish, Electric rays, Silver carp, Star Fish, Common Carp, King Crabs, Prawn, Shrimps, Gangetic Dolphins, Skipping Frogs, Common Toads and Tree Frogs.

paragraphs: The Sundarbans National Park houses a large number of reptiles as well, including estuarine crocodiles, chameleons, monitor lizards, turtles, including Olive Ridley, hawksbill, and green turtles. Snakes include pythons, King Cobras, rat snakes, Russell's vipers, Dog Faced Water Snakes, Chequered Killbacks, and Common Kraits.

paragraphs: The endangered species that live in the Sundarbans are Royal Bengal Tiger, Saltwater Crocodile, River Terrapin, Olive Ridley Turtle, Gangetic dolphin, Ground Turtle, Hawks Bill Turtle and Mangrove horseshoe crab.

paragraphs: In 2001, Sunderban became a Biosphere Reserve. The ecosystem is recognized as part of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme.


title: Brampton, Eden

paragraphs: Brampton is a village in Cumbria, England. It has a pub called the New Inn.


title: Maulds Meaburn

paragraphs: Maulds Meaburn is a village in Cumbria, England. It is on the banks of the River Lyvennet.


title: Kirkby Stephen

paragraphs: Kirkby Stephen is a town and civil parish in Eden, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 1832 people living in Kirkby Stephen.


title: William's Green

paragraphs: William's Green is a hamlet in Kersey, Babergh, Suffolk, England.


title: Acton, Suffolk

paragraphs: Acton is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 1,800 people living in Acton.


title: Calais Street

paragraphs: Calais Street is a hamlet in Boxford, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has three listed buildings, including Corner Cottage, Fourways and Street Farmhouse 1 and 2.


title: Boxted

paragraphs: Boxted is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001 there were 107 people living in Boxted.


title: Cockfield, Suffolk

paragraphs: Cockfield is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 839 people living in Cockfield.


title: Bower House Tye

paragraphs: Bower House Tye is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has five listed buildings, including Bower House, Brewery Farmhouse, Holly Cottage, Holmwood Cottages 1 and 2 and The Bower Close.


title: Ash Street

paragraphs: Ash Street is a hamlet in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Ash Street was listed in the Domesday Book as 'Asce'.


title: Harkstead

paragraphs: Harkstead is a village and civil parish in Babergh, Suffolk, England. In 2001, there were 276 people living in Harkstead.