title: Infant attachment

paragraphs: Infant attachment is a special bond first developed in infancy. It is the first relationship an infant has, usually with its mother or parents.

paragraphs: Research on human babies by developmental psychologist Mary Ainsworth in the 1960s and 70s found that children may have different patterns of attachment. This depends mainly on how they experienced their early caregiving environment. Early patterns of attachment, in turn, shape – but do not determine - the individual's expectations in later relationships.

paragraphs: During the first stage of development the mother nurses the baby and the mother and infant(s) stay physically close to each other unless the mother needs to leave to seek food (etc.). While the mother is gone the infant(s) remain hidden and quiet, sometimes in a nest or den.

paragraphs: Infancy is a crucial time of development—of physical growth and of learning, developing social skills to interact with others and learning life skills such as what to eat and how to respond when predators are near.

paragraphs: Infancy is also a time of brain development. In mammals, only some behavior is hard-wired in their brain as a fixed-action pattern. Much behavior is genetically determined only as potential behavioral systems that must be activated and developed. These include:

paragraphs: With their increasing size of neocortex, primates and especially humans, have progressively more complex social behaviors. Nursing is an integral part of this, and serves four functions:

paragraphs: If the infant is part of a litter it plays with its littermates; if it is a single infant, after the first stage of infancy it will begin peer play with other juveniles nearby, close enough for the mother to quickly respond to any difficulty.

paragraphs: Nursing requires proximity; proximity facilitates social interaction, and social interaction is essential for survival. Attachment exists to varying degrees among non-human mammals; it is greatly increased especially in humans. In hunter-gatherer and village-agricultural societies, the mother typically carried the baby or would leave it briefly with an allomother—someone with whom the child will have a life-long relationship such as a grandmother, aunt, or older sibling. Only with the rise of civilization and wealth, and especially within the last 60 years has this pattern of childraising, embedded in our mammalian biology, been significantly altered.

paragraphs: Conclusions: Infant attachment is a multipurpose behavioral system essential to social animals. During infancy patterns of behavior are established on which other long-term relationships are built. Originating in the infant’s protection, the primary purpose of attachment soon became to support brain development. The establishment of homeostasis of physiological systems, social and emotional development and learning are other functions. Infant attachment is found to some degree in all mammals and is greatly expanded in humans. Attachment is a behavioral system that is present at birth but that must be activated and developed.

paragraphs: Most of the time, the people who take care of a baby are the baby's mother and father. If the mother or the father comes when the baby cries and treats the baby with tenderness, the baby learns that the parents will take care of it. If the mother or the father smile at the baby, talk to the baby, sing to the baby, and hold the baby even when it is not crying, the baby learns that the parents love it. When a baby has learned that it is loved and that it will be taken care of if it cries, it usually grows up to be a person who expects other people to be nice. When a child feels loved and cared for and thinks other people will be nice, that child is said to be securely attached.

paragraphs: Two people were important in thinking about and writing about attachment theory, John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth.

paragraphs: Bowlby wrote that the care and love a baby gets from its parents cause it to form an important idea. He called this idea the internal working model. The internal working model is how the baby or child thinks about itself, its parents, and other people. When parents have taken loving care of a baby and child, it grows up with a positive internal working model. This child will think that it is lovable, because it was loved. It will think that the parents are good, because they were caring. And the child will not be afraid to try to make friends with new people, because it will expect people to be nice. Children who have a positive internal working model are also likely to be kind to other people. Bowlby believed that a positive internal working model would help people make friends.

paragraphs: Bowlby wrote that the attachment process in people was like the closeness that exists between mother and baby chimpanzees, gorillas and orangutans. In people, Bowlby believed that attachment developed gradually, in four steps.

paragraphs: Mary Ainsworth saw how mothers treated their babies in different cities and countries. She saw that many ways mothers and babies acted were the same, even when families lives were very different. Ainsworth made a way to test how the attachment relationship between a mother and her young child. She called it "The Strange Situation".


title: Hayfield University

paragraphs: Hayfield University is a university in Los Angeles, California, United States offering academic degree programs designed to prepare women and men for professional service in music, education and Christian theology. Students can take classes outside of California and online.


title: It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa

paragraphs: It's On (<del>Dr. Dre</del>) 187 Killa is the second EP by American rapper, Eazy-E. It was released on October 25, 1993. The producers of the album were Eazy-E, DJ Yella, Rhythum D, Madness 4 Real, Dr. Jam and Cold 187um. The EP was certified 2x Platinum in late 1994. The album is a reply to then rival/former N.W.A bandmate Dr Dre. The songs "Real Muthaphuckkin G's" and "It's On" are diss songs meant to insult Dr Dre and his then new protegee Snoop Doggy Dogg. Other tracks such as "Down 2 tha Last Roach", "Any Last Werdz", "Still a Nigga" and "Exxtra Special Thankz" are about the gangster lifestyle. The song "Gimme That Nutt" tells a rather sexually vulgar story that was banned from being played on radio stations.


title: Rub' al Khali

paragraphs: The Rub' al Khali or Empty Quarter is a desert in Saudi Arabia. It is one of the largest sand deserts in the world. It covers an area of about 650,000 square kilometres, more than all of Holland, Belgium and France together. Some of the sand dunes are more than 250 metres high.


title: Bird bath

paragraphs: A Birdbath is an artificial "puddle" or small shallow pond, created with a water-filled basin, for birds to bathe in, cool off, and drink from. A birdbath can be a garden decoration, small reflecting pool, or outdoor sculpture.

paragraphs: A birdbath is an attraction for many different species of birds to visit gardens, especially during the summer and drought periods. Birdbaths that provide clean and continual water all year makes more birds come.


title: Robert Bly

paragraphs: Robert Bly (born December 23, 1926) is an American poet, author, activist and leader of the Mythopoetic Men's Movement.

paragraphs: Bly's early collection of poems, "Silence in the Snowy Fields," was published in 1962, and its plain style had considerable influence on American poems of the next two decades. The following year, he published "A Wrong Turning in American Poetry", an essay.

paragraphs: In 1966, Bly co-founded American Writers Against the Vietnam War. In 1968, he signed the “Writers and Editors War Tax Protest” pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war. When he won the National Book Award for "The Light Around the Body," he contributed the prize money to the Resistance. During the 1970s, he published eleven books of poetry, essays, and translations. During the 1980s he published "Loving a Woman in Two Worlds," "The Wingéd Life: Selected Poems and Prose of Thoreau," "The Man in the Black Coat Turns," and "A Little Book on the Human Shadow".

paragraphs: Among his most famous works is "," an international bestseller which has been translated into many languages.


title: Mount Gongga

paragraphs: Mount Gongga is a mountain in the Daxue Shan range, in Sichuan China. It is also known as Gongga Shan and Minya Konka. The name Minya Konka means "White Ice Mountain of Minyang". It is the 41st highest mountain in the world. The first people to reach the top were Richard Burdsall and Terris Moore, in 1932. It was not climbed again until 1957.

paragraphs: Mount Gongga is thought of as one of the hardest and most dangerous mountains to climb. There have been many deaths on the mountain. These include a group of eight Japanese climbers in 1981. Until 1999, more people had died on the mountain than had made it to the top.


title: Jared Carter

paragraphs: Jared Carter (born January 10, 1939) is an American poet.

paragraphs: Carter studied at Yale University. After military service and travel abroad, he made his home in Indianapolis, where he has lived since 1969.

paragraphs: Carter writes in free verse and in traditional forms. Much of his early work is set in Mississinewa County, an imaginary place that includes the actual Mississinewa River. In recent years, as Carter began to publish his poems on the web, his poetry has ranged farther.

paragraphs: His first collection, "Work, for the Night Is Coming", won the Walt Whitman Award. His second, "After the Rain", received the Poets' Prize. His poems have appeared in literary journals in the U.S. and in the "Twentieth-Century American Poetry," "Contemporary American Poetry," and "Writing Poems."


title: Red Bull Arena (Salzburg)

paragraphs: The Red Bull Arena is a football stadium in Salzburg, Wals-Siezemheim. It is the home ground of F.C. Red Bull Salzburg and FC Liefering. During the Euro 2008 football championship it was one of four venues in Austria. It has a capacity of 30,188.

paragraphs: The arena was built in 2003 and opened on March 8th, 2003 with a match between SV Austria Salzburg vs. FC Kärnten. The score was 1-1. It replaced the Stadion Lehen. The building is not in the city of Salzburg but in the neighbouring borough of Wals-Siezenheim. For international matches the ground is called "EM Stadion Wals-Siezenheim". The architects were Schuster Architekten (Düsseldorf) and Atelier Albert Wimmer (Wien). In 2005 two video boards were erected.

paragraphs: At this time the capacity was around 18,000 but was expanded to over 30,000 in 2006 because the ground was used for the Euro 2008. A second balcony was built. The new stadium was presented with a match against Arsenal F.C., in which Red Bull Salzburg won 1-0. After the Euro it was decided, despite of neighbour protests, that this balcony should stay for further use by Red Bull Salzburg. The stadium was the only one in Austria with an artificial turf, but since 2010 the arena has switched to natural grass. FC Red Bull Salzburg play their games here, which was rented from another owner. Therefore, the stadium is indirectly owned by the state of Salzburg.


title: John James Audubon

paragraphs: John James Audubon (April 26, 1785 – January 27, 1851) was a French-American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter, and painter. He painted, described, and put in catalogues the birds of North America. His "Birds of America" is a collection of 435 life-size prints. It is still a standard against which 20th and 21st century bird artists are measured.

paragraphs: Audubon was born in Saint Domingue (now Haiti). He was the illegitimate son of a French sea captain and plantation owner and his French mistress. He was raised by his stepmother in Nantes, France. Early interests included birds, nature, drawing, and music. In 1803, at the age of 18, he was sent to America to escape conscription into Napoleon’s army. He lived on the family-estate at Mill Grove, near Philadelphia. It was here that he hunted, studied and drew birds. He married Lucy Bakewell. The couple became the parents of two sons, Victor Gifford and John Woodhouse. A daughter died in infancy.

paragraphs: Audubon set up a dry goods business on the western frontier in Henderson, Kentucky. He continued to draw birds as a hobby. He was quite successful in business, but hard times hit. In 1819 he was briefly jailed for bankruptcy. Audubon had few prospects. He set off with his gun, his artist’s materials, and a young assistant to paint America's birds. Floating down the Mississippi River, he lived a rugged hand-to-mouth existence in the South. His wife earned money as a tutor to rich plantation families. In 1826 he sailed with his partly finished collection of bird drawings to England. "The American Woodsman" was an overnight success.

paragraphs: Audubon found a printer for the "Birds of America", first in Edinburgh, then London, and later collaborated with the Scottish ornithologist William MacGillivray on the "Ornithological Biographies" – life histories of each of the species in the work.est comfort. The last print of his monumental work was issued in 1838. By this date, Audubon was famous. He traveled America several more times in search of birds, and settled in New York City. He made one more trip to the West in 1843 for his work of mammals, the "Viviparous Quadrupeds of North America". It was largely completed by his sons. The text was written by his long-time friend, the Lutheran pastor John Bachman (whose daughters married Audubon’s sons). Audubon spent his last years in senility and died at age 65. He is buried in the Trinity Cemetery at 155th Street and Broadway in New York City.

paragraphs: The National Audubon Society writes: "Audubon’s story is one of triumph over adversity; his accomplishment is destined for the ages. He encapsulates the spirit of young America, when the wilderness was limitless and beguiling. He was a person of legendary strength and endurance as well as a keen observer of birds and nature. Like his peers, he was an avid hunter, and he also had a deep appreciation and concern for conservation; in his later writings he sounded the alarm about destruction of birds and habitats. It is fitting that today we carry his name and legacy into the future".

paragraphs: In December 2010, "The Economist" magazine estimated that, adjusted for inflation, five of the ten highest prices ever paid for printed books were paid for copies of "Birds of America". Of the 119 copies known to survive, only eleven are held in private collections.

paragraphs: On 6 December 2010, a complete copy of the first edition was sold in London at Sotheby's for £7,321,250 (about $11.5 million). The winning bid was a record auction price for a printed book and was placed by a London-based art dealer, who outbid three others during the auction. According to the provenance details reported by the auction house, the copy's original owner was Henry Witham of Durham, listed as subscriber #11 in Audubon's "Ornithological biography".


title: Lorine Niedecker

paragraphs: Lorine Niedecker (pronounced Needecker) (May 12, 1903 - December 31, 1970) is a poet who was the only woman associated with the Objectivist poets.


title: Max Martin

paragraphs: Karl Martin Sandberg, known professionally as Max Martin, (born 26 February 1971) is a Swedish music producer and songwriter. Raised in Sweden, he became a producer and songwriter in the mid 1990s after writing a string of hits for pop artists like the Backstreet Boys, Britney Spears, *NSYNC, Kelly Clarkson, Katy Perry, and Pink, Taylor Swift, among many others.

paragraphs: Some of his earlier hits include I Want It That Way, Baby One More Time, "Larger Than Life", "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely", "Oops!...I Did It Again", "Everybody (Backstreet's Back)", "That's the Way It Is", and "It's My Life".

paragraphs: He also helped the Cheiron Studios create the Album "The Bridge", which has sold more than six million copies worldwide, including one million in the United States.


title: Raise Your Glass

paragraphs: "Raise Your Glass" is a song by American recording artist and songwriter Pink. It was released as the lead single of her album, "Greatest Hits... So Far!!!". It celebrates the ten years Pink has spent in the music industry. She said it was for the fans who supported her during these years.

paragraphs: The song was released in October 2010. It was praised by critics who said it was a party anthem. It was successful commercially as well. It reached the Top 10 in several countries, including the United States. There it became Pink's second solo number one hit, following "So What," and her third overall.


title: Shellback (producer)

paragraphs: Karl Johan Schuster (born February 1, 1985), better known by his stage name Shellback, is a songwriter, record producer and musician from Karlshamn, a small town in Southern Sweden. Together with Max Martin, he wrote "So What" and "Raise Your Glass" by Pink, "If U Seek Amy" and "3" by Britney Spears, "DJ Got Us Fallin' in Love" by Usher featuring Pitbull, and "Whataya Want from Me" by Adam Lambert. Also with Martin he co-wrote the Maroon 5 single One More Night.


title: Vocal range

paragraphs: Vocal range is the measure of the pitches that a human voice can make. Although the study of vocal range is not used in terms of speech, it is a topic of study within linguistics, phonetics, and speech and language pathology. However, the most common use of the term "vocal range" is in singing, where it is used for classifying singing voices into groups.


title: RCA Records

paragraphs: RCA Records (originally The Victor Talking Machine Company, then RCA Victor) is one of the flagship labels of Sony Music Entertainment. The RCA initials stand for Radio Corporation of America (later renamed RCA Corporation), which was the parent corporation from 1929 to 1985 and a partner from 1985 to 1986.

paragraphs: RCA's Canadian unit the Sony's oldest label in Canada, because it was only one of two Canadian record labels to survive the Great Depression.


title: Compact Disc single

paragraphs: A CD single (sometimes abbreviated to CDS) is a music single in the form of a Compact Disc. The format was introduced in the mid-1980s, but was not sold much in the market until the early 1990s.


title: Music download

paragraphs: A music download is the act of downloading a song from the Internet to a user's computer. This term can mean both legal downloads (by paying to download the music) and downloads of copyright material without permission or paying.

paragraphs: As of 2006, digital music sales are estimated to have reached about US$2 billion. Around the world in 2006, an estimated 509 million songs were purchased online.

paragraphs: There are many websites that let you download music. Some of these sites are iTunes, Google Play, Windows Store, and Amazon.com. , The biggest of these stores is iTunes, which is run by Apple, and had an income of $1.1 billion in 2011.


title: Maratone Studio

paragraphs: Maratone is a music production company, started by two music producers and songwriters, Max Martin and Tom Talomaa. It was started in January 2001 after the closing of the Cheiron Studios.

paragraphs: The first songs to be written and produced at Maratone were four tracks for Britney Spears´ third album "Britney".

paragraphs: With Kelly Clarkson's hits "Since U Been Gone" and "Behind These Hazel Eyes", which were produced at Maratone, Max Martin had reinvented himself (together with Lukasz Gottwald) by using a completely different sound than the "Cheiron sound" which he was so famous for. He has continued to use the new rock sound on hits for a-ha, Pink and many more.


title: About.com

paragraphs: About.com is an online source for information and advice. It is written in English, and is aimed mostly at North Americans. It is owned by The New York Times Company.

paragraphs: About.com is divided into topic sites, which are grouped into channels and subjects such as home repair, pediatrics, and weather. The content is written by a network of writers, referred to as Guides, who have experience in the subject they look after. Each Guide looks after one subject only.

paragraphs: Guides receive money of about $100,000 per year, although the exact number is not disclosed.


title: Blogcritics

paragraphs: Blogcritics is a blog network and online magazine of news and opinion. The site—a self-proclaimed "sinister cabal of superior writers"—was founded in 2002 by Eric Olsen and Phillip Winn. Blogcritics features hundreds of original articles every week, and keeps an archive of all their published content.


title: Digital Spy

paragraphs: Digital Spy is a British entertainment and media news website. According to comScore figures, it is the fourth largest British entertainment website with 2.1 million special users on its news site. According to Alexa Internet traffic statistics, as of February 2011, Digital Spy is the 93rd most popular website in the United Kingdom, with an overall Alexa ranking of 2,088.


title: George Beadle

paragraphs: George Wells Beadle (October 22, 1903 – June 9, 1989) was an American geneticist.

paragraphs: He won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edward Tatum; they shared the prize with Joshua Lederberg, who worked with Tatum on bacterial genetics.

paragraphs: Beadle and Tatum discovered the role of genes in regulating biochemical synthesis in cells.

paragraphs: Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mould "Neurospora crassa" to x-rays, causing mutations. In a series of experiments, they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in pathways making proteins. They proposed a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.

paragraphs: George Wells Beadle was born at Wahoo, Nebraska, on October 22, 1903. He was the son of farmers; his parents owned and operated a 40-acre (160,000 m) farm.

paragraphs: George might himself have become a farmer if one of his teachers had not directed his mind towards science, and the College of Agriculture at Lincoln, Nebraska.

paragraphs: In 1926, after his degree, he worked on hybrid wheat and "Zea mays". In 1931 he was awarded a National Research Council Fellowship at the California Institute of Technology at Pasadena, where he remained from 1931 until 1936. During this period he continued his work on Indian corn and began, in collaboration with Dobzhansky and Sturtevant work on crossing-over in the fruit fly, "Drosophila melanogaster".

paragraphs: In 1935 Beadle visited Paris for six months to work with Boris Ephrussi at the Institut de Biologie physico-chimique. Together they began the study of the development of eye pigment in "Drosophila" which later led to the work on the biochemistry of the genetics of the "fungus" "Neurospora".

paragraphs: In 1937 Beadle was appointed Professor of Biology (Genetics) at Stanford University and there he remained for nine years, working for most of this period in collaboration with Tatum.

paragraphs: In 1946 he returned to the California Institute of Technology as Professor of Biology and Chairman of the Division of Biology. Here he remained until January 1961 when he was elected Chancellor of the University of Chicago and, in the autumn of the same year, President of this University.

paragraphs: The work of Beadle & Tatum was continued later by E.B. Lewis who worked on the way genes control the development of embryos, and by Phillip Sharp & Richard Roberts who discovered of introns and RNA splicing. All three won Nobel Prizes for their work.

paragraphs: In 1977, work by the Sharp and Roberts labs showed that genes of higher organisms are "split" or present in several distinct segments along the DNA molecule.

paragraphs: The coding regions of the gene are separated by non-coding DNA that is not involved in protein expression. The non-coding regions, the introns, are cut from the precursor mRNAs in a process called "splicing". The split gene structure was found to be common to most eukaryotic genes. For this reason, one gene–one enzyme does not hold in the simple way put forward by Beadle and Tatum. This is because

paragraphs: However, their work was a great step forward in its time.


title: Nur Muhammad Taraki

paragraphs: Nur Muhammad Taraki (1917–1979) was an Afghan politician. With other people he founded the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan, who stopped the monarchy in Afghanistan. Taraki was president of Afghanistan in 1978 and 1979. Taraki started economic reforms in mid-1978.


title: KMFDM

paragraphs: KMFDM is a German industrial metal band. The five members of the band are leader, singer, and bassist Sascha Konietzko, singer Lucia Cifarelli, guitarist Jules Hodgson, guitarist Steve White, and drummer Andy Selway. The band has sold more than 2 million albums.

paragraphs: KMFDM formed on February 29, 1984, in Paris, France. They made eleven albums between then and 1999, when the band broke up. The band got back together in 2002, and has made eight albums between then and 2015.


title: V. C. Andrews

paragraphs: Cleo Virginia Andrews (V. C. Andrews) (June 6, 1923 – December 19, 1986) was an American writer from Portsmouth, Virginia. Her best-selling stories included "My Sweet Audrina" and two series of books about the "Dollanganger" and "Casteel" families.

paragraphs: Her stories were written in English and translated into French, Italian, German, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Greek, Finnish, Hungarian, Swedish, Portuguese and Hebrew.

paragraphs: Her first novel, "Flowers in the Attic," was published in 1979.

paragraphs: V. C. Andrews died from breast cancer in 1986, leaving behind some unpublished stories. The estate of V. C. Andrews hired a ghostwriter, Andrew Neiderman, to continue the stories, which are still published under the name V. C. Andrews.

paragraphs: This series and all subsequent novels were written by Neiderman, but are attributed to Andrews.


title: LGBT rights in Pakistan

paragraphs: There are few to no LGBT rights in Pakistan. Since 6th of October in 1860, it has been illegal to participate in homosexual acts (to have sexual contact with a person of the same gender). Unlike in the neighbouring country of India, this Law has not yet been repealed (or gotten rid of). Homosexuality is also thought of as a taboo vice in Pakistan, Laws are harsh yet go unopposed in most cases. If individual orientation and acceptance isn’t enough, young boys in some cases are forced to delve into sexual activities with older predatory men. The major religions in Pakistan do not approve of homosexuality. Because of this, many people in the country are against homosexuality and other forms of alternative sexual orientation. Nevertheless, the LGBT community is still able to socialize, organize, date, and even live together as couples, if done mostly in secret.

paragraphs: Pakistan is officially an Islamic Republic. However, in reality, Pakistan is largely secular (non-religious). It mainly has Anglo-Saxon laws which were inherited from the British. More and more, there are trends (or patterns) of liberalization (becoming more liberal) in the country. Globalization and social tolerance are also increasing. Because of this, public gay parties have been taking place in the country, and these parties have been thriving for a number of years.

paragraphs: The Constitution of Pakistan does not specifically mention sexual orientation or gender identity. There are certain parts in the Constitution that may affect the rights of LGBT Pakistani citizens. In 2018, Parliament passed the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act which established broad protections for transgender people. Earlier, in a historic 2009 ruling, the Supreme Court of Pakistan ruled in favour of civil rights for transgender citizens, and further court rulings upheld and increased these rights. Pakistan does not have civil rights laws to prohibit discrimination or harassment on the basis of sexual orientation. Neither same-sex marriages nor civil unions are permitted under current law and are scarcely ever brought up in the political discourse. In addition, there is a growing number of individuals—especially those born to parents who have been educated in the developed world, who are usually University graduates and have some sort of understanding about evolution and sexuality—who are Coming out to their friends and introducing them to their same-sex partner.

paragraphs: Most South Asian nations have a concept, or idea, called "hijra", or third gender. While the term is commonly used in South Asia, it is considered derogatory in Urdu and the term "khawaja sara" () is used instead. They are sometimes referred to as Transgender, Intersex or Eunuchs in English language publications. People who belong to prevails the third gender are thought of as not being either man or woman. Pakistan is no different. In the country, there is a vibrant culture of hijras. They are sometimes called transsexuals in English writings. Like transgender people in many countries, hijras are sometimes ridiculed (made fun of), abused, and treated violently. In Punjabi, there are referred to as ' (/خسرہ), and in Sindhi as ' (). However, they are also accepted, to a point. This is because of the position they held in precolonial Desi society. For example, they are welcome at weddings, where they will dance as entertainment for the men, and are also welcome among the women.

paragraphs: Hijras are usually tolerated in Pakistani society. They are thought of as blessed in the Pakistani culture. Most hijras are thought to be cultural descendants (or relatives) of court eunuchs from the Mughal era.

paragraphs: Hijras are thought to be born with Genital dysphoria. People sometimes feel afraid that the hijras might curse them so that they become the same way.

paragraphs: Because of this, people listen to the hijras' needs, give them alms (or charity), and invite them to events and special occasions, like the birth of a child, a child's circumcision, or weddings. Hijra communities live a very secretive life. Because of this, many people see the hijras as mysterious.

paragraphs: In 2004, it was reported that Lahore alone has 10,000 active transvestites.

paragraphs: People have started accepting acts of Sex reassignment surgery to change their sex as a norm either compelled by Gender dysphoria. There are situations where such cases have come into the limelight. A 2008 ruling at Pakistan's Lahore High Court gave permission to Naureen, 28, to have a sex change operation, although the decision was applicable only towards people suffering from gender dysphoria.

paragraphs: On the 18th of June in 2016 a small clerical body in Lahore know as Tanzeem Ittehad-I-Ummat declared Transgender marriages legal under Islamic law. These clerics are affiliated to the Pakistan-based organization issued a Fatwa on Pakistani transgender people where a trans woman (born male) with "visible signs of being a woman" is allowed to marry a man, and a trans man (born female) with "visible signs of being a man" is allowed to marry a woman. Pakistani transsexuals can also change their gender. Muslim ritual funerals also apply. Depriving transgender people of their inheritance, humiliating, insulting or teasing them were also declared Haraam. Although there are no Fatāwās by a Mufti for it or against the ("Zenanas") or Eunuchs and Hermaphrodites within the country, that remains a debatable issue for the existing various sexual minority diverse communities within Pakistan respectively.

paragraphs: On the 5th of February in 2018, a Senate committee determined that transgender people could inherit property without being required to have their gender decided by a medical board. Some hijras in Pakistan use hormones and silicone to bring focus on their feminine characteristics; however, this is usually done in terrible medical conditions without proper equipment and supervision, as expensive Sex change surgeries in Pakistan are not done mostly due to lack of education on the topic and the taboos of society.

paragraphs: Even though the Pakistani Government recognizes a third gender on ID cards, many people from the LGBT community are hesitant to apply for it as they will not be allowed to enter the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia as a transgender person.

paragraphs: Despite the British Raj imposition, Pakistan was still a very much an open society. Gay Pakistanis have had a much better experience in Pakistan than they did in London or elsewhere. But, all of that changed in the 1980s, under the sixth President of Pakistan, His government took the law to lifetime imprisonment, and even death in certain areas under Sharia law. More and more Wahhabi-style religious schools or madrasas were opened in the country, generally with money from the Middle East as well as teachers educated in that region.

paragraphs: However, 147 years after the British had brought Sodomy Laws to the entire region under their collective domain, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) has noted in 2005 that gay life in Pakistan is still “less inhibited than in the west.” This is because the culture is much stronger than laws imposed by foreign powers and greedy local politicians. There have been a lot of changes, sometimes they are good and sometimes bad, but changes are constant companion to gay Pakistani life in the country. At the moment, one of the mysteries is that people deny the history of gay life in Pakistan. While in Pakistan speaking to the National Public Radio, Pakistani-American scholar Taymiya R. Zaman, who happens to be an expert in Islamic History, said that “You can’t look at something that already existed – and there is a shrine devoted to it – and now say it was unacceptable.” In March 2012 at the Human Rights Council, Hina Jilani, who was then also Chair of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan and former Special Representative of the Secretary-General said, "it was very important to emphasize that a serious obstacle was the persistent denial of protection for people from violence on the basis of sexual orientation and gender identity. That denial and rejection was not prudent for any Government that claimed commitment to the promotion and protection of human rights. It was not convincing when culture and religion were used as a shield and an excuse for failure to protect. There was no notion of responsibility that allowed duty bearers to selectively hold out on protection."

paragraphs: A number of the more liberal, secular parties in Pakistan tend to agree in principle to granting rights to various LGBT communities in the country, but are afraid to act too openly or quickly due to fear of extremist religious groups such as the Taliban who are against any such rights.

paragraphs: Time and again, various such parties and leaders have said that Pakistan needs to be more open, in public, about sexual orientation and gender identity issues. Yet, the sense persists that no public organization, club, or society would be allowed to endorse (or officially support) LGBT human rights, or even act as a social network for LGBT people, in the Islamic State. Only the "Pakistan Greens" has publicly expressed support for their LGBT rights for its citizens in general and abroad (Overseas Pakistanis) and has called for greater public openness and awareness about Sexual orientations and gender identity issues.

paragraphs: Only now, recently, on the 23rd of September in 2012, the Supreme Court of Pakistan has acted in a very bold manner and defied the religious right, by granting for the first time, three basic rights to transsexuals i.e.

paragraphs: (a) the right to be recognised as a 'Third sex or gender'

paragraphs: (b) the right to vote as Pakistani citizens as transsexuals and

paragraphs: (c) granted the fixation of job quotas in the public/government sector, for transsexual people.

paragraphs: These are all landmark decisions by the apex court and hopefully the situation for LGBT rights will improve more in future. The 'Third gender' was officially protected from discrimination by the Supreme Court of Pakistan in 2010. Surprisingly, 60% of Pakistanis would have no concerns about having a gay or lesbian neighbour, and 32% of Pakistani people support gay marriage.

paragraphs: Pakistani media strictly censors LGBT related news stories. In late 2013, the Government of Pakistan censored the website Queerpk.com from being viewed.

paragraphs: On the 9th of January in 2017, the Lahore High Court ordered the Government to include transgender people in the national census.

paragraphs: On the 19th of December in 2017, a Senate committee approved the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Bill 2017, which would give transgender people full legal protection. It also provides for a clear definition of transgender and provides them relief in case of need of medical and other facilities. The Pakistani Senate debated the bill's final approval and was approved on the 7th of March in 2018, after which the bill was sent to the National Assembly of PAKISTAN, with immediate effect thereof respectively.

paragraphs: Under the Transgender Person (Protection of Rights) Act 2018, Pakistanis may choose to self-identify as male, female, or both. They may express their gender according to their own preferences, and they may have their gender identity of choice reflected on their documents, "including National Identification Cards, passports, driver's licenses and education certificates."

paragraphs: The Act defines "transgender person" as someone with a "mixture of male and female genital features or congenital ambiguities," a male who "undergoes genital excision or castration," or, more broadly, "any person whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the social norms and cultural expectations based on the sex they were assigned at the time of their birth," which allows people to self-identify as such. They are guaranteed the right to inherit assets and to run for public office.

paragraphs: Discrimination based on gender identity in employment and public accommodations is forbidden under the new law. The Federal Government is assigned broad obligations to provide medical and psychological assistance, small business loans and vocational training, sensitivity training for police and helping professionals, separate prison facilities, and safe houses.

paragraphs: The Bill unanimously passed the Pakistani Senate in early March 2018. On May 8, 2018, the National Assembly voted to pass the bill. It was signed into law when acting President Muhammad Sadiq Sanjrani gave his assent on May 18, 2018.

paragraphs: On the 9th of August in 2018, the School Education Department of the second largest province in the country, Punjab, instructed its officials to guarantee equal access to schools to transgender children as per the "Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act 2018". The department told its officials to include their gender when they are being admitted to schools and give equal importance to transgender children during enrollment drives. The department instructed its officials that the instructions were binding on government as well as privately owned schools in the province. Punjab became the first province to take practical steps in implementation of the Act.

paragraphs: On the 30th of May in 2019, Shireen Mazari the Federal Minister for Human Rights appointed Ayesha Moghul, a transgender woman to her department for the first time.

paragraphs: Homosexuality is still illegal in the Pakistan-administered Kashmir and Occupied Kashmir. Pakistan was one of the 67 signatory nations opposing the UN declaration on Sexual orientation and Gender Identity, which failed to pass.

paragraphs: In Kashmir same-sex marriages, civil unions, and domestic partnerships are not recognised.

paragraphs: There are no legal protections against discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity.


title: Spain Davis Cup team

paragraphs: The Spain Davis Cup team represents Spain in the Davis Cup tennis competition.

paragraphs: Spain has won the Davis Cup four times (2000, 2004, 2008 and 2009), and finished at second position three times (1965, 1967, 2003).


title: Wilby, Suffolk

paragraphs: Wilby is a village and civil parish in the Mid Suffolk part of Suffolk in eastern England. It is around nine miles south-east of Diss, in 2001 there was 231 people living in Wilby. It has a primary school, village hall, Church, Trucking company (TG Askews) and a phone box (cards only).

paragraphs: Between 1908 and 1952 the village had a railway station on the Mid-Suffolk Light Railway.


title: Road Warrior Hawk

paragraphs: Michael James Hegstrand (September 12, 1957 – October 19, 2003) was an American professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring name, Road Warrior Hawk. He is probably best known for wrestling as one half of the tag team, Road Warriors in WCW and The Legion of Doom in WWF. On April 2, 2011, He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Dusty Rhodes as part of The Road Warriors along with their manager, Paul Ellering.

paragraphs: Hegstrand held many championships during his professional wrestling career:


title: Developing 8 Countries

paragraphs: The Developing 8 (D-8 or Developing Eight) are a group of developing countries with large Muslim populations that have formed an economic development alliance. It consists of Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Turkey.


title: Next Eleven

paragraphs: The Next Eleven (or N-11) are eleven countries—Bangladesh, Egypt, Indonesia, Iran, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Turkey and Vietnam—that Goldman Sachs investment bank says will probably become some of the world's largest economies in the 21st century, together with the BRICS. The bank chose these states on December 12, 2005 because they are good places for people to invest money, and are likely to become a lot richer soon.


title: Captain America: The First Avenger

paragraphs: Captain America: The First Avenger is an American superhero movie based on the Marvel Comics character Captain America. It was produced by Kevin Feige and directed by Joe Johnston. It was released in the United States on July 22, 2011. The movie was converted to 3-D, but not filmed that way. The filming for the movie took place in Los Angeles, California, and the Northern Quarter of Manchester, England, United Kingdom. It was reported in February of 2011 that the screenwriters Stephen McFeely and Christopher Markus were hired to return to write a sequel for "Captain America: The First Avenger".


title: Ethnic groups of Pakistan

paragraphs: About 98% of languages spoken in Pakistan are Indo-Iranian (sub-branches: 70% Indo-Aryan and 30% Iranian), a branch of Indo-European family of languages. Most languages of Pakistan are written in the Perso-Arabic script, with significant vocabulary derived from Arabic and Persian. Urdu, Balochi, Pashto, Sindhi, Seraiki, Kashmiri (Koshur), Punjabi (Shahmukhi), etc. are the general languages spoken within Pakistan. Pakistanis belong to various Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups as well as Iranic peoples and Dardic language groups. In addition, small groups language isolates such as Burusho and Brahui-speaking peoples also live in the country. The major ethnic groups of Pakistan in numerical size include: Punjabis, Pashtuns, Sindhis, Seraikis, Muhajirs, Balochis, Chitralis and other smaller groups.

paragraphs: The population comprises several main ethnic groups (2009):

paragraphs: Smaller ethnic groups, such as Kashmiris, Kalash, Burusho, Brahui, Khowar, Shina, and Turwalis are mainly found in the northern parts of the country. The people of the Potohar Plateau in Northern Punjab, (Potoharis) are sometimes listed separately from Punjabis. This would tend to decrease the Punjabi's population further.

paragraphs: Hindkowans is a general term applied to the inhabitants of the Hazara Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The area falls in between the 'proper' Pashtun districts of the province, the Northern Punjab and Kashmir. Thus, it is a 'transitional' area where the Hindko dialect, or language, is mostly spoken, with a little Pashto and other languages. It must be noted that as such, there are no people or races of this name, but it is a purely linguistic definition or term. The people inhabiting the 'Hindko-speaking belt' are in fact from a number of ethnic origins—Pathan settlers such as the Yusufzai, Tanoli, Tarin, Jadoon, Kakkar, Utmanzai and others, as well as representatives of various Punjabi and Kashmiri tribes, as well as several indigenous hill and aboriginal tribes such as the

paragraphs: Awan, Mughal, Turk, Karlal, Dhund Abbasi, Gujar, Swatis and so on.

paragraphs: Whilst the term is generally applied to the inhabitants of Hazara (especially Abbottabad, Haripur and Mansehra districts)it is also applied, by extension to sizable pockets of Hindko-speaking populations of Peshawar city, Kohat and Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and in Dera Ghazi Khan and Mianwali in Punjab.

paragraphs: The Hazara ethnicity (not to be confused with the inhabitants of the Hazara region) are a Persian language-speaking people. The local or Pakistani Hazara are residing in Quetta, Balochistan, and a small number from Afghanistan as refugees in the Islamabad area and a very few in Peshawar city too in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. They are closely related to the Eurasian people and the Uyghur people. The total estimated population of Pakistani Hazaras is believed to be more than 200,000. Afghan refugee Hazaras are not more than between 10,000 to 12,000.

paragraphs: The Makranis are the inhabitants of Makran coast of Balochistan in Iran and Pakistan. They are the Negroid people of Pakistan. They are the descendants of slaves first brought to Pakistan by Arab merchants in medieval times from the Bantu-speaking parts of eastern Africa.

paragraphs: The Tajiks are a Persian-speaking people, with traditional homelands in present-day Afghanistan, Tajikistan, southern Uzbekistan, northern Pakistan and western China. The Pakistani Tajiks live amongst other majority Central Asian-origin peoples such as the Dardic and Chitralis, the Hunzukuts, Shina, Baltis etc., and proper Tajiks are estimated to be no more than between 100,000 to 125,000.

paragraphs: The Baltis are an ethnic group of Tibetan descent with some Dardic admixture in Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan and Ladakh. In Pakistan they mainly live in major urban centres of Lahore, Karachi and Islamabad/Rawalpindi. The Balti language belongs to the Tibetan language family and is a sub-dialect of Ladakhi.


title: Industrial metal

paragraphs: Industrial metal is a heavy metal musical genre that draws from industrial music and many different types of heavy metal, using repeating metal guitar riffs, sampling, synthesizer or sequencer lines, and distorted vocals. Founding industrial metal acts include Ministry, Godflesh, and KMFDM. Industrial metal's popularity led to some criticism from other artists associated with the industrial scene. Subsequently, it is most well known in various European permutations. Industrial metal groups have produced many acclaimed music videos.


title: John Rawls

paragraphs: John Rawls (February 21, 1921 – November 24, 2002) was an American political philosopher. His is known best for writing the book "A Theory of Justice" (1971).


title: Melinoe

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Melinoe is the goddess of ghosts. She is the daughter of Persephone and Hades. She lives in the Underworld. She has a pale complexion and a short temper and takes after her father in almost every way, except from her beauty that she gets from her mother Persephone. Melinoe has the powers to turn any mortal insane by her phantoms.

paragraphs: Little is known about Melinoe, but ancient Greeks used to conduct rituals and acts of praises to her as a sign of devotion and to garner protection from ghosts.


title: Austrian Football First League

paragraphs: "SKY Go" Erste Liga is the name of the second division in Austrian football.

paragraphs: The league was formed in 1975. The name "Erste Liga" was not new, because before the Second World War the name was in use for the second division in football. From 1949 to 1975 the 3 Regionalligen were the second level. With some modifications the league still exists.

paragraphs: There are ten clubs in the league. The champion promotes to the Bundesliga, the last team of the Bundesliga is relegated to the Erste Liga. The last three teams of this league are relegated to the Regionalliga, the champions of the 3 Regionalligen are promoted to the Erste Liga as fare they are licenced. There is no amateurteam of a club from the Bundesliga allowed.


title: SV Kapfenberg

paragraphs: The Kapfenberger SV (official Kapfenberger Sportvereinigung Superfund) is a football club from Kapfenberg, Styria.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1919. Before the Second World War he played under the name Kapfenberger SC and was an important part of Styrian football. 1947 the club was new founded and got new sections (table tennis, ski and handball). During the 1950´s and 60´s Kapfenberg played in the Staatsliga A and in the 1980´s in the 2.Division. In 1997 the club, which was only a section of the SV, was dissolved from the Kapfenberger SV and became a legaly independent club. From 2002/03 to 2007/08 the club played in the Erste Liga and became Champion in the 2007/08 season.

paragraphs: In the season 2008/09 the club played in the Bundesliga for the first time since 41 years. In the 2009/10 season the LASK was beaten 7:2, which was the highest victory in the club history.

paragraphs: The club plays in the Franz-Fekete-Stadium, which was built in 1951 and named after a former mayor of Kapfenberg.


title: Religious segregation

paragraphs: Religious segregation is the idea that people should be separated based on their religion. Certain laws of a country may only apply to one religious group. As an example, Sharia only applies to Muslims. The term religious apartheid has also been used. Apartheid was the term used to refer to racial segregation in South Africa. Other examples for religious segregation are that in Iran, certain students have been expelled from university because they were not Muslims, but Baha'i.

paragraphs: According to the Times Higher Education, Bahá'í are required to give up their faith in order to teach in Iranian universities.

paragraphs: Bahá'í is not among the recognized "recognized religious minorities" in the Constitution of Iran. The Bahá'í faith is considered apostate in Iran

paragraphs: because it believes in a prophet (Bahá'u'lláh) more recent than Muhammad. This goes against Islamic teachings, which teach the belief that Muhammad is the last and final messenger sent to mankind.

paragraphs: Saudi Arabia sees the cities of Mecca and Medina as holy. Only Muslims may enter or travel through these cities. A Non-Muslim who enters one of them may be fined. People who are not Muslims will be deported from Mecca.


title: Paraphyly

paragraphs: Paraphyly is a term in cladistics. It means a group which does not include all its descendents. So Sauropsida without birds is paraphyletic, since birds are definitely descended from archosaurs, probably small theropod dinosaurs (origin of birds).

paragraphs: Paraphyly is corrected to monophyly when the missing group(s) are included. So if birds are included in Sauropsida, the larger group is then monophyletic. Traditional classification is often paraphyletic.


title: Polyphyly

paragraphs: Polyphyly is a term in cladistics. It describes a group of organisms whose last common ancestor is not a member of the group. Another way of expressing this is to say that polyphyly includes groups some members of which are descended from ancestral populations.

paragraphs: The diagrams show that birds and mammals are indeed related, but only at the level of the early amniotes. In terms of evolution, there is a vast gulf between them.

paragraphs: More common in traditional taxonomy is to include all descendants (say, living mammals) without the group they evolved from (which would be some clade in the therapsida). This is done for convenience; but it makes the mammals polyphyletic.

paragraphs: Biological classification aims to group species together such that every group is descended from a single common ancestor. A polyphyletic group can be "fixed" either by excluding clades or by adding the common ancestor.

paragraphs: According to cladistics it should be the aim of classification to ensure that all groups are monophyletic. However, other taxonomists argue that there is a valid place for groups that are paraphyletic. These would contain their most recent common ancestor but not all the descendants of that ancestor.


title: Apache License

paragraphs: The Apache License is a free software license made by the Apache Software Foundation to set rules on how the software they created may be used by others. Some of these rules are about not only using the software, but also making changes to the software. All of the Apache Software Foundation's software and projects, such as the Apache HTTP Server, use this license. Some software that is not made by the Apache Software Foundation also use this license rather than trying to create another type of license on their own.

paragraphs: In May 2004, Google said that 25.8 percent of software projects hosted on Google Code used this license.


title: The All-American Rejects

paragraphs: The All-American Rejects are an American alternative rock band from Stillwater, Oklahoma. The All-American Rejects have four members in the band; the current band members are Tyson Ritter, Nick Wheeler, Mike Kennerty and Chris Gaylor.

paragraphs: The All-American Rejects first became a band in 1999 when band member Tyson Ritter and Nick Wheeler were in high school. The name All-American Reject was made from either a mix of two suggestions, "The Rejects" and "The All Americans" or the other being that it came from a song "Reject" by Green Day and had the chorus, "your reject all-american".

paragraphs: So far as of 2011, The All-American Rejects have made 3 studio albums and 8 EPs:


title: Mark Boal

paragraphs: Mark Boal (born 1973) is an American journalist, screenwriter and film producer. Boal won 2 Academy Awards in 2009 for The Hurt Locker in the categories of Best Writing (Original Screenplay) and Best Picture.


title: Vampirates

paragraphs: Vampirates is a series of young adult fantasy books. It is written by British author Justin Somper. The series is about two twin children, Connor and Grace Tempest, who get separated at sea. They are saved by two very different ships. Connor is saved by a normal pirate ship called the Diablo, Grace by the mythical Vampirate ship called the Nocturne. The word "Vampirate" refers to a vampire living on the Nocturne.


title: Sidney Lumet

paragraphs: Sidney Lumet (June 25, 1924 - April 9, 2011) was an American movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He directed more than 200 plays for live television. He also directed more than 40 movies. His movies include "Serpico", "Dog Day Afternoon", "12 Angry Men", "Network", "Prince of the City" and "Q&A". He died of lymphoma in New York City.


title: Incertae sedis

paragraphs: In taxonomy, the term incertae sedis (abbreviated inc. sed.) is used for a taxon when its broader relationship to other taxa is unknown. The first person who used the term in botany was probably Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu. In his book "Genera Plantarum" of 1789 he listed a few "plantae incertae sedis".

paragraphs: Reasons why a taxon might be classified as "incertae sedis" include:


title: Dorudon

paragraphs: Dorudon ("spear-tooth") was a genus of ancient cetacean. It lived alongside "Basilosaurus", 41 to 33 million years ago, in the Eocene.

paragraphs: They were about five meters (16 ft) long and were most likely carnivorous, feeding on small fish and molluscs. "Dorudon" lived in warm seas around the world., Fossils have been found along the former shorelines of the Tethys Sea in present-day Western Sahara, Egypt, Pakistan, the United States, and New Zealand. Most finds have been in Egypt.


title: Moeritherium

paragraphs: Moeritherium is a extinct genus of primitive mammals. It represent a very early stage in the evolution of elephants. These prehistoric mammals are related to the elephant and, more distantly, the sea cow. They lived during the later Eocene in what is now North Africa.

paragraphs: "Moeritherium" did not resemble living elephants. It was about as large as a tapir. It had short, strong legs, a relatively long body, and a short tail. The feet of "Moeritherium" were broad and had flat-hoofed toes.


title: Somatic nervous system

paragraphs: The somatic nervous system (SNS) is part of the peripheral nervous system. It controls various muscles and the sensory input from external stimuli

paragraphs: The SNS controls voluntary body movements by skeletal muscles. Its outgoing (efferent) nerves stimulate muscle contraction. Its incoming (afferent) nerves relay sensation from the skin, and sense organs to the central nervous system. This includes touch, hearing, and sight.

paragraphs: The SNS does not, however, control reflex arcs.


title: National Basketball League (Australasia)

paragraphs: The National Basketball League is a basketball competition in Australasia.

paragraphs: It's current sponsor is Hungry Jack's, so it is also known as the Hungry Jack's NBL Championship. It is the top-level basketball competition in Australasia. The Singapore Slingers once played in this league, meaning it is the first Australasian sporting league ever to have a team from Asia. The league started in 1979, and its most successful time is during the 1980s and 1990s. However, it started to struggle in the 20th century. At the start of the 2004/05 season the league had a deal with Fox Sports of Australia. On September 18, 2007, the National Basketball League had Hummer as their sponsor. one HD started broadcasting in 2010, the first time a game has been on TV for eight years.

paragraphs: Since 1995, the league has had a broadcasting deal for paid programming with Fox Sports of Australia. For free TV, they were first sponsored by ABC from 1979-1987. Then they were sponsored by Seven Network for three years, and then from Network Ten from 1992-1997. From 1998-2001, they were again sponsored by ABC. The league did not have free TV for almost a decade, until in 2010 when Network Ten HD started broadcasting. This contract ended in 2015. The current broadcasting rights are owned by SBS.

paragraphs: NBLxNBA is an annual series involving clubs from the NBL and the National Basketball Association (NBA) of the United States. The series started in 2017 for each league's 2017–18 season, and each season includes between three and seven games. The games have previously always been held in the US and Canada, and are normally held during September and early October.


title: ASEAN Basketball League

paragraphs: The ASEAN Basketball League (ABL) is a men's basketball competition in Southeast Asia, China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Macau. Six teams compete, all from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Teams that participated in the first season were the Philippine Patriots, Thailand Tigers, SM BritAma, Kuala Lumpur Dragons, Brunei Barracudas and former National Basketball League (Australasia) team the Singapore Slingers. Similar to the Euroleague in Europe, the ABL has its own set of rules in terms of its roster and salary Teams are allowed two players of non-ASEAN citizenship and two ASEAN imports. Teams are allowed to have a team of all local players if they want. The KL Dragons were renamed the Westports KL Dragons and the Thailand Tigers were renamed Chang Thailand Slammers at the start of the 2nd (2010) season. ABL CEO Kuhan Foo said that 3 teams may be a part of the ABL for the next season.


title: Westports Malaysia Dragons

paragraphs: The Westports Malaysia Dragons are a team in the ASEAN Basketball League. They are based in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. They were previously known as the Kuala Lumpur Dragons and Westports KL Dragons. They are coached by Goh Cheng Huat. They play home games in the MABA stadium.


title: Republican People's Party

paragraphs: The Republican People's Party (, CHP) is the oldest political party in Turkey. Their ideologies are social democracy and Kemalism.

paragraphs: They are currently the second largest party in the Turkish Parliament, with 132 out of 550 seats and they form the Main Opposition of Turkey. Their founder is Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and their current leader is Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu.

paragraphs: On September 7, 1919, Turkish nationalists established a resistance organisation against the invasion of Turkey. On September 9, 1923, the organisation officially declared itself as a political party and it was the Republican People's Party.


title: Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu

paragraphs: Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu (born 17 December 1948) is a Turkish politician. He is the currently leader of the Republican People's Party (CHP) and the leader of the Main Opposition in Turkey. He has been the Member of Parliament for İstanbul since 2002.

paragraphs: He became popular with the documents about lawlessness. The CHP nominated him as candidate for Mayor of Istanbul in 2009 local elections, in which he gained 36.8% of all votes. Despite this result he could not be first. However this result was a big success for social democrats because they had not ruled Istanbul for many years and this city had become the power centre of AK Parti for long years. This popularity provided him with a great advantage. Upon Deniz Baykal's resignation in 2010, Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu became the leader with a record voting rate.

paragraphs: Firstly he took part in the Turkish general election in 2011. The Republican People's Party gained 25.98% of all votes with an increase of about 6 points. However, this was not enough to be ruling party.


title: İsmet İnönü

paragraphs: Mustafa İsmet İnönü (24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish politician and military officer, who was the first Prime Minister and second President of Turkey. In 1938, Republican People's Party gave him "National Chief" title.

paragraphs: İsmet İnönü was by the standards of his time a highly educated man, speaking Arabic, English, French and German in addition to his native Turkish. His resting place is in Anıtkabir with Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. He was close friend of Atatürk.


paragraphs: The Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution is the twenty-fourth time the United States Constitution has been amended (revised). The twenty-fourth amendment prevents the United States Congress and US states from charging a poll tax on federal elections. The amendment was proposed by Congress to the states on August 27, 1962, and was ratified by the states on January 23, 1964.


title: Polemic

paragraphs: A polemic is a forceful argument or controversy made against one opinion, doctrine, or person.

paragraphs: It is one-sided and extreme, not a debate or discussion. It often occurs in disputes.

paragraphs: The word is derived from the Greek "polemikos" (πολεμικός), meaning "warlike, hostile".

paragraphs: Polemic journalism was common in continental Europe, when libel laws were not as stringent.

paragraphs: To support study of the polemics and controversies of the 17th-19th centuries, a British research project has placed thousands of pamphlets of that era online.


title: Thesis

paragraphs: A thesis (plural: 'theses') is a document written in support of an idea that is presented for discussion or disputation. In modern usage it usually refers to a document presented as a requirement for an academic degree or professional qualification. It presents the author's research and findings. In the academic context it means the same as dissertation. The term dissertation can be used to describe an argument without relation to academic degrees. The term thesis may also be used for the central claim of an essay or other work.

paragraphs: There are different types of thesis paper for different fields, for example, if you are an English major then for your thesis you can be asked to write a short story, a media student can be asked to submit a short film.

paragraphs: A graduate thesis also known as graduate dissertation is something a student works on with a member of the faculty who has specialized in the relevant field. A dissertation is 50-100 pages long. In fields such as science, it is based on an experiment whereas, for humanities, it is an extended version of your college paper.

paragraphs: Originally, the words "dissertation" and "thesis" had separate meanings. When, at ancient universities, the professor had completed his lecture, there would be a disputation. During this, students could take up certain points and argue them. The position that one took during a disputation was the "thesis", while the "dissertation" was the line of reasoning with which one supported it.

paragraphs: The word "thesis" comes from the Greek , meaning "position", and refers to an intellectual proposition. "Dissertation" comes from the Latin "dissertātiō", meaning "discourse".


title: Charmin

paragraphs: Charmin () is a brand of toilet paper. It is made by Procter & Gamble.

paragraphs: The Charmin name was first created in 1928 by the Hoberg Paper Company in Green Bay, Wisconsin. In 1950, Hoberg changed its name to Charmin Paper Company and kept making toilet paper, paper napkins, and other paper products. Procter & Gamble (P&G) bought Charmin Paper Company in 1957, but sold the right to make and sell it in Europe (where it is now called "Cushelle") to SCA in 2008.

paragraphs: Older American adverts had actor Dick Wilson in them. He played the fake grocer Mr. George Whipple. He told customers "Please don't squeeze the Charmin!" in more than 500 commercials between 1964 and 1985.

paragraphs: The Charmin Bear began being used in 2000. This happened at the same time that Charmin became available in Canada. The Charmin Bear is now the mascot for Charmin Ultra Strong and Charmin Ultra Soft.

paragraphs: From February 2010, Charmin's European name was changed to Cushelle by SCA.

paragraphs: There is also a new mascot, Koala which is a koala. Cushelle adverts are voiced-over by Robert Webb.

paragraphs: In February 2009, Greenpeace asked people not to use Charmin toilet paper. They said that it does not use recycled paper and uses ECF bleaching.

paragraphs: In 2008, Charmin was renamed to Zewa in Germany. There was no mascot in the adverts. However, in the first Zewa advert, the Charmin Bear was seen.


title: Follicle-stimulating hormone

paragraphs: Follicle-stimulating hormone (abbreviated FSH, sometimes called "Follitropine") is a glycoprotein and sex steroid. It is synthesised in the adeno hypophysis of pituitary gland. In females it will cause the growth of follicles in the ovaries and controlls the synthesising process of progesteron, in males, it will lead to the production of sperm. Other hormones control the release of FSH. Luteinizing hormone will cause ovulation in females, or the production of testosterone in males.

paragraphs: This hormone is made by the pituitary glands in the brain.


title: Henderson, Nevada

paragraphs: Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Henderson was 257,729 in 2010. The mayor of Henderson is Andy A. Hafen. Henderson is the second largest city in the state of Nevada behind Las Vegas. The city of Henderson is named after the Senator Charles B. Henderson.


title: Primm, Nevada

paragraphs: Primm is a small city in Clark County, Nevada, United States. Primm was featured in the video game, where it had Vikki and Vance Casino which was based on Primm's Whiskey Pete's and the Bison Steve Hotel which was based on Buffalo Bill's Casino and had the roller coaster.


title: Provincial Assembly of Balochistan

paragraphs: The Provincial Assembly of Balochistan is one of the four provincial assemblies of Pakistan. The Balochistan assembly is the unicameral (single chamber) legislature of the province of Balochistan. It was set up by Article 106 of the Constitution of the Pakistan. The Assembly has 51 directly elected Members of the Provincial Assembly, representing constituencies from each district, as well as 11 seats reserved for women and 3 for non-Muslims.


title: Baloch Lions

paragraphs: Baloch Lions is a member internal hockey team for the Balochistan Province in Pakistan part of Pakistan Hockey Federation.


title: Platybelodon

paragraphs: Platybelodon was a Gomphothere. These were extinct large herbivores related to modern elephants. They are commonly known as shovel tuskers. "Platybelodon" lived during the Miocene, about 154 million years ago in Africa, Europe, Asia and North America.

paragraphs: "Platybelodon" was previously believed to have fed in the swampy areas of grassy savannas, using its teeth to shovel up aquatic and semi-aquatic vegetation.

paragraphs: However, wear patterns on the teeth suggest that it used its lower tusks to strip bark from trees. They may have used the sharp incisors that formed the edge of the "shovel" more like a modern-day scythe, grasping branches with its trunk and rubbing them against the lower teeth to cut it from a tree.


title: George Reeves

paragraphs: George Reeves (born January 5, 1914 in Woolstock, Iowa - June 16, 1959 in Beverly Hills, Los Angeles, California), was an American actor.

paragraphs: Reeves was born with the name of George Keefer Brewer in Woolstock, Iowa, U.S., son of Don Brewer and Helen Lescher. He moved to California at a young age with his mother Helen. Reeves, started to acting in high school and then continuing to serve on student scenarios. In 1943, 17 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Reeves momentarily abandoned his career in Hollywood and was enrolled in aviation until the end of World War II. After a successful career, Reeves died on June 16, 1959.

paragraphs: He began his career playing small roles in short movies and movies as Ride, Cowboy, Ride (1939 short) and the classic movie starring by Clark Gable Gone with the Wind (1939), Reeves play of role Stuart Tarleton. In the 1940 Reeves continued to make appearances in movies such as Blood and Sand (1941) with Tyrone Power, So Proudly We Hail! (1943), Winged Victory (1944), Samson and Delilah (1949), and the Western starring by William Boyd Border Patrol (1943), Colt Comrades (1943), Bar 20 (1943). George Reeves gets his first starring role in 1948 movie Jungle Goddess (1948), he as Mike Patton an explorer to the rescue of a young woman who has been kidnapped by an African tribe. He also accompanied with Johnny Weissmuller, in the Tarzan saga Jungle Jim (1948).

paragraphs: In the 50 Reeves starred in several movies including Rancho Notorious (1952) with Marlene Dietrich - Arthur Kennedy and directed by Fritz Lang, Bugles in the Afternoon (1952) with Ray Milland, The Blue Gardenia (1953) by Fritz Lang, and without being listed in the credits had a role in Fred Zinnemann movie, From Here to Eternity (1953) with Burt Lancaster, Reeves as Sgt. Maylon Stark.

paragraphs: He started work in television in 1948, and in the years 1952 he was hired to play the double character of Superman and Clark Kent in Adventures of Superman, the series was a success without precedent in American television and launched to fame Reeves. George Reeves played Superman for 102 episodes broadcast between 1952 and 1958.

paragraphs: Reeves had guest appearances in television series such as Kraft Television Theatre (1949-1952), Believe It or Not (1950), The Ford Television Theatre (1952), Fireside Theatre (1952), and I Love Lucy (1957) playing Superman.


title: Goodsprings, Nevada

paragraphs: Goodsprings is a census-designated place in Clark County, Nevada, United States. The population of Goodsprings was 232 at the 2000 census. Goodsprings was featured in the video game, where it is the first place the player wakes up in.


title: Johnny Guitar

paragraphs: Johnny Guitar is a 1954 western movie. It was directed by Nicholas Ray. It stars Joan Crawford and Sterling Hayden. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. "Johnny Guitar" was adapted to a campy stage musical in 2004.

paragraphs: Vienna is a strong-willed, aggressive woman. She has built a saloon near an Arizona cattle town with money earned in her past life as a prostitute. She has a fiery relationship with the local cattlemen and townsfolk for many reasons. She supports the construction of a railroad across her land. This construction will make her land very valuable. The cattlemen oppose the railroad because it will bring sheepmen into the area. Sheepmen fence the land, making it difficult to herd cattle. She also permits a suspected stage robber called The Dancin' Kid to share her bed. His gang members hang out in her saloon. Vienna summons her ex-lover and reformed gunslinger Johnny Guitar to her side. She needs protection. The two renew their love.

paragraphs: One day The Dancin' Kid and his gang rob the town bank. The townsfolk suspect Vienna has played a part in the heist. Emma Small is a cattle rancher who has long hated Vienna. She leads the posse to Vienna's saloon and burns it to the ground. Emma persuades the men to hang Vienna. At the last second she is saved by Johnny Guitar. Vienna and Johnny escape. They find refuge in The Dancin' Kid's secret hideaway. The posse tracks them. The Kid and his men are killed. Emma challenges Vienna to a showdown. Vienna is wounded in the duel, but she kills Emma. A halt is called to the bloodbath by the posse's leader, McIvers. Vienna and Johnny depart, hopeful that better days lie ahead.


title: Tequixquiac Municipality

paragraphs: Tequixquiac is a municipality in the state of México in Mexico. About 30,000 people live there.


title: Boyz n the Hood

paragraphs: Boyz n the Hood is a 1991 American hood movie that was produced by Steven Nicolaides and DJ Pooh and was directed by John Singleton. "Boyz n the Hood" was released on July 12, 1991 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 98% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 73 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie was selected to be in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress to be preserved because it was considered to be "culturally significant" in 2002. This movie was the directorial debut for John Singleton.


title: Top Gun

paragraphs: Top Gun is a 1986 American action-drama movie set in San Diego, California. It was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. "Top Gun" was released on May 16, 1986 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 45% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie a 2.5 out of 4 stars. The movie won an Academy Award in 1987 for "Best Music, Original Song" – Giorgio Moroder (music) and Tom Whitlock (lyrics) for the song "Take My Breath Away" and a Grammy Award for "Best Pop Instrumental Performance (Orchestra, Group or Soloist)" – Harold Faltermeyer and Steve Stevens for "Top Gun Anthem".


title: Crimson Tide (movie)

paragraphs: Crimson Tide is an 1995 submarine action/thriller movie that was produced by Don Simpson and Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by Tony Scott. Crimson Tide was released on May 12, 1995 in North America.

paragraphs: The movie received positive reviews with a 87% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie was nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Film Editing, Best Sound, and Best Sound Editing.


title: Face/Off

paragraphs: Face/Off is an 1997 American science fiction action crime thriller movie that was directed by John Woo. "Face/Off" was released on June 27, 1997 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 93% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 82 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Broken Arrow (1996 movie)

paragraphs: Broken Arrow is an 1996 action/thriller movie that was produced by Bill Badalato, Terence Chang and Mark Gordon and was directed by John Woo. Broken Arrow was released on February 9, 1996 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 57% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 61 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Windtalkers

paragraphs: Windtalkers is an 2002 action war movie that was produced by John Woo, Terence Chang, Tracie Graham-Rice and Alison Rosenzweig and was directed by John Woo. "Windtalkers" was released on June 14, 2002 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 33% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Roger Ebert gave the movie 2 stars out of 5.


title: Ghost Rider (movie)

paragraphs: Ghost Rider is a 2007 American supernatural superhero horror fantasy action movie that was produced by Avi Arad, Stan Lee, David S. Goyer, Michael DeLuca and Gary Foster and was directed by Mark Steven Johnson. Ghost Rider was released on February 16, 2007 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 27% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and Metacritic gave the movie a 35 out of 100.


title: Caillou

paragraphs: Caillou is an Canadian children's TV show based on the series of books by author Christine L'Heureux and illustrator Hélène Desputeaux. Caillou was first voiced by Bryn McAuley, then Jaclyn Linetsky, but due to her death in 2003, Jaclyn was replaced with Annie Bovaird.

paragraphs: The show is about a young boy named Caillou who lives with his mom, Doris; his dad, Boris; his little sister, Rosie; and his pet cat, Gilbert. Mr. Hinkle lives next door to Caillou's house and Caillou has a babysitter named Julie. In the first season, Caillou was 4 years old and wore a gray shirt in season 1, but later, he wore a yellow shirt in season 2, 3, 4, and 5. In season 4 and 5, Caillou started going to school. Many parents have criticized the show, due to Caillou's behavior.

paragraphs: The series originally aired on PBS Kids in the United States and Teletoon in Canada.

paragraphs: "Caillou" has a total of five seasons of 144 half-hour episodes, as well as the 90-minute movie "Caillou's Holiday Movie".

paragraphs: In 1989, the first Caillou book of the Caillou book series was made.


title: The Jayhawks

paragraphs: The Jayhawks are an American alternative country and rock band from Minneapolis, Minnesota. They have released several studio albums. The band formed in 1985. They did not work together between 2005 and 2009, but reunited in 2010.

paragraphs: The band formed with Mark Olson (acoustic guitar and vocals), Gary Louris (electric guitar and vocals), Marc Perlman (bass) and Norm Rogers (drums).

paragraphs: Their first album "The Jayhawks" was released in 1986. Their music at the time, mostly written by Olson, showed a strong roots/country-rock influence. It was released on the Bunkhouse Label, a small independent label.

paragraphs: "Blue Earth", the second album, was released in 1989 on the Twin Tone label. Gary Louris shared more of the songwriting together with Olson for this album. After touring the U.S. in support of "Blue Earth", Spencer left the band. He was replaced by Ken Callahan in 1988 who stayed with the band until 1993.

paragraphs: In 1991, Dave Ayers, the president of Twin Tone, was on a phone call with A&R representative George Drakoulias from Def American while "Blue Earth" played in the background. Drakoulias asked about the music, and eventually met with and signed the band to the label later that year.

paragraphs: In 1992 album "Hollywood Town Hall" was the first to be released on the major label Def American. The album was produced by Drakoulias. The album was a hit, powered by the single "Waiting for the Sun", and it brought the Jayhawks more fans. With Karen Grotberg on the keyboards and vocals, the band toured a lot.

paragraphs: In 1995 they went into the studio to make "Tomorrow the Green Grass". It was released on the renamed American Recordings label. Lead track "Blue" turned out to be a Top 40 hit in Canada (peaking at #33). The record's production had been very expensive and the album did not to sell as was expected in the U.S. Among the album's songs is "Miss Williams' Guitar," a love song for Olson's then-girlfriend, singer-songwriter Victoria Williams (the pair later married, but divorced in February, 2006). Drummer, singer and songwriter Tim O'Reagan joined the band for the 1995 tour.

paragraphs: By the end of 1995, Olson unexpectedly left the band to spend more time with Williams (with whom he would later form the Original Harmony Ridge Creekdippers). The band continued to record as The Jayhawks, adding Kraig Johnson on guitar.

paragraphs: The album "Sound of Lies" was released in 1997. It has Gary Louris composing most of the songs. The album mixed straight rock (the ironic "Big Star"), psychedelic elements, acoustic elements and even some dub elements. The album did not sound like the band's country-influenced earlier work.

paragraphs: The 2000 album "Smile" was produced by Bob Ezrin. It had more of a pop music feel, which some fans did not like. Though still a member through the recording of the album, Grotberg left the band before the "Smile" tour, and was replaced by Jen Gunderman. The song "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" appeared in a Ralph Lauren commercial.

paragraphs: "Rainy Day Music" (2003) was stripped down and more acoustic. It was generally seen as a return to their alt-country roots. The band now consisted of founding members Louris and Perlman, along with drummer O'Reagan, and touring band member ex-Long Ryder Stephen McCarthy, from Richmond, VA. McCarthy added pedal steel, lap steel, banjo, guitar and backing vocals to the album and subsequent live shows. This lineup toured in 2003 and early 2004.

paragraphs: After not playing together for a number of years, the Jayhawks reunited in 2010 and released Mockingbird Time in 2011. The album sees both Mark Olson and Karen Grotberg playing with the band again. Gary Louris also produced the album.

paragraphs: In addition to their studio albums, the Jayhawks released "Live From the Women's Club", an all-acoustic live recording of Louris/Perlman/O'Reagan from 2002. It was sold only at concerts as an "Official Jayhawks Bootleg."

paragraphs: Olson and Louris toured together in the winter of 2005 and spring of 2006, billed as "From the Jayhawks: An Evening with Mark Olson & Gary Louris, Together Again." Both old and new Jayhawks members progressed to solo efforts and side projects, and the band as a whole was generally considered to be broken up, and not expected to produce new material soon. However, the band members appear to keep in touch, tour together in their other projects, and have been known to "reunite" on occasion.

paragraphs: In September, 2008, the 1995 lineup of Louris, Olson, O'Reagan, Grotberg and Perlman reunited for the Azkena Rock Festival in Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain.

paragraphs: In January, 2009, Olson and Louris released an acoustic album titled "Ready for the Flood".


title: Mayan pyramid

paragraphs: The Maya pyramids are structures built in the jungles of Central America by the Maya civilization between 200 and 900 AD. Unlike the straight sides of the more commonly known Egyptian pyramids, the sides of Maya pyramids are stepped–sometimes for the purpose of enabling people to ascend to the top. Moreover, Egyptian pyramids have sharper tips, while Mesoamerican (including Maya) pyramids tend to have flatter tops. These flatter tops accommodate certain ceremonies, such as sacrificial rituals, and temples for gods.

paragraphs: The pyramids served a variety of very important functions. Apart from the religious ceremonies, Maya pyramids were used as landmarks to aid in navigation. In the jungle where these pyramids were built, the pyramids were so tall that they could be seen above the trees. Finally, inside some of the pyramids, there were burial chambers for the highest-ranking officials, just as in Egyptian pyramids.

paragraphs: A whole complex of Maya pyramids can be found at the ruins of the ancient Maya city of Tikal. The pyramids at Tikal were the tallest structures in all of the Americas for around 1,000 years, until 1903, when the Flatiron building was constructed in New York City. There are a total of sixteen pyramids at Tikal, which is now a national park in Guatemala.

paragraphs: Tikal was one of the largest urban centers of the pre-Columbian Maya civilization. Its population may have reached 90,000 people, which is surprising because the swampland at Tikal was unstable for habitation or agriculture. It is located in the tropical rainforests which today is northern Guatemala. The name Tikal comes from "ti ak'al" which means "water hole".

paragraphs: The pyramids at Tikal all face one another. The rooms at the top of the pyramids have depressions in the walls which amplify sound and project it in all directions. Because of this, the normal speaking voice of a person at the top of one pyramid can be heard by someone standing at the top of another pyramid a great distance away.


title: Edward Tatum

paragraphs: Edward Lawrie Tatum (December 14, 1909 – November 5, 1975) was an American geneticist.

paragraphs: He shared half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 with George Beadle for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg.

paragraphs: Beadle and Tatum's experiments exposed the bread mold "Neurospora crassa" to x-rays, causing mutations. They showed the mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. These experiments, published in 1941, led them to propose a direct link between genes and enzymatic reactions, known as the "one gene, one enzyme" hypothesis.

paragraphs: Tatum went on to study genetics in bacteria. Tatum and his student Lederberg showed that "Escherichia coli" could share genetic information through recombination.

paragraphs: Ed Tatum was born in Boulder, Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934. Starting in 1937, he worked at Stanford University, where he began his collaboration with Beadle. He then moved to Yale University in 1945 where he mentored Lederberg. He returned to Stanford in 1948 and then joined the faculty of Rockefeller Institute in 1957. A heavy cigarette smoker, he died in New York City of heart failure complicated by chronic emphysema.


title: François Jacob

paragraphs: François Jacob (17 June 1920 – 19 April 2013) was a French biologist. He shared the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Jacques Monod and André Lwoff.

paragraphs: Jacob and Monod discovered a fundamental control system in cells. Enzyme levels in all cells is regulated by feedback on transcription.

paragraphs: Like his colleague Monod, Jacob was an almost lifelong atheist. He was also of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: In 1961 Jacob and Monod explored the idea that the control of enzyme expression levels in cells is a result of feedback on the transcription of DNA sequences.

paragraphs: For many years it had been known that bacterial and other cells could respond to external conditions by regulating levels of their key metabolic enzymes, and/or the activity of these enzymes.

paragraphs: For instance, if a bacterium finds itself in a broth containing lactose, rather than the simpler sugar glucose, it must adapt itself to:

paragraphs: It was known that cells increase the enzymes for these steps when exposed to lactose.

paragraphs: With work on DNA, it became clear that all proteins were being produced from their genetic code. Jacob and Monod demonstrated that, in the bacterium "E. coli"), there are specific proteins that repress the transcription of the DNA to its product (RNA. This reduces the production of those particular enzymes.

paragraphs: The lac repressor is a DNA-binding protein which inhibits the expression of genes which code for lactase enzymes. The repressor is active in the absence of lactose.

paragraphs: This repressor (the lac repressor) is made in all cells. It binds directly to DNA at the genes it controls, and physically prevents transcription. When lactose becomes available, it is converted into allolactose, which inhibits the lac repressor's DNA binding ability.

paragraphs: In this way, a robust feedback loop is constructed that allows the set of lactose-digesting enzymes to be made only when they are needed.

paragraphs: The regulation of gene activity has developed into a very large sub-discipline of molecular biology. There are many mechanisms and many levels of complexity. Current researchers find regulatory events at every level of the processes that express genetic information. In the relatively simple genome of baker's yeast, ("Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), 405 of its 6,419 protein-encoding genes are directly involved in transcriptional control, compared to 1,938 that are enzymes.


title: Abbey Dawn

paragraphs: Abbey Dawn is a clothing line designed by musician Avril Lavigne. It was designed only for Kohl's in the US. The name is from Lavigne's childhood. Her father had nicknamed her "Abbey Dawn", and her high school friends would often call her "Abbey".

paragraphs: Abbey Dawn is featured in Lavigne's 2011 single, "What the Hell". There, the latter enters a vintage clothing store.


title: Eimear

paragraphs: Emer, in modern Irish Éimhear, or, Eimhear or Éimear, is the wife of the hero Cú Chulainn in Irish mythology. She is the daughter of Forgall Monach.

paragraphs: Emer was a very common name for girls around the Midlands of Ireland. The name means that she has the "Six Gifts of Womanhood" – "beauty, a gentle voice, sweet words, wisdom, needlework and chastity".Eimear is known to be caring but also a fierce warrior

paragraphs: As a child, She was to one day be married to the warrior Cuchulainn. They loved each other very much. But Cuchulainn was attracted to many women. Emer accepted this. She believed that "everything new is fair." But, when he made love to Fand, wife of the sea god Manannan, Emer had to say something. After seeing how much Fand love him, Emer said she would leave him and let them be together. Fand felt this showed that Emer thought more of others than she did of herself. Fand left Cuchulainn to be with Emer and went back to the sea. When Cuchulainn died, Emer spoke lovingly at his graveside.


title: Capital Dynamos

paragraphs: Capital Dynamos is the internal hockey team for the Islamabad Capital Territory in Pakistan. It is part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.


title: Northern Cavaliers

paragraphs: Northern Cavaliers is a field hockey team for the Gilgit–Baltistan in Pakistan. They are part of the Pakistan Hockey Federation.


title: Precocial

paragraphs: Precocial in biology is a developmental strategy. It refers to species in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching. It applies mainly to mammals and birds.

paragraphs: The opposite developmental strategy is called altricial, where the young are born or hatched helpless. These two categories are at ends of a continuum. All degrees exist in birds and mammals. With the tiny eggs of invertebrates, different strategies have evolved. Many use some kind of metamorphosis, in which different stages of growth occupy different environmental niches.

paragraphs: A checklist is used to score a species between precocial and altricial. In each case, 'yes' means precocial:

paragraphs: The contrast between the two extremes is seen most clearly in birds. Precocial species leave the nest shortly after birth or hatching. Megapodes are a family of birds found in Australasia. Their eggs are not incubated by the parents. They are buried in compost, covered with sand and left, though the males test the temperature of the heap and make small adjustments. The eggs, which have a large yolk, hatch with full wing feathers. The hatchlings can run and purse prey, and many species can fly on their first day. These birds are super-precocial.

paragraphs: At the other extreme are the most intelligent birds: the passerines (the dominant group of birds, including crows) and hawks, owls and parrots.

paragraphs: Mammals never feed themselves at first. Mother's milk is part of the 'contract' a mammal inherits. But there is a big difference between some new-born deer and antelopes, which can run within an hour or so of birth, and a baby marsupial which is in the pouch for days or weeks.

paragraphs: Of advanced mammals, human beings have a long period before they are independent. This is partly because their brains have to grow and mature after birth, and partly because humans depend more on learning and less on inherited behaviour compared to other mammals. Mammalian carnivores take a long time to perfect their prey-catching skills, and some herd species like elephants also have to do a lot of learning.

paragraphs: Most accounts of the altricial/precocial differences point out that it is a trade-off. Altricial young require a great investment of parental time and care, and are in constant danger of predation. However, that system permits a long period of supervised learning. Also, their brains grow more after birth, fueled by rich food provided by parents.

paragraphs: Precocial young require more pre-birth preparation for larger eggs, but they are less open to predation and take less parental care after birth. Their brains are ready-to-go, but end up smaller in relation to body size.

paragraphs: Humans are rather a special case, for a baby makes great demands on the parent both before and after birth. With its hair, blue eyes, and large head, a baby looks precocial. But few of the bits are working, and a baby is completely helpless on its own. The key fact is that the cerebral cortex is not yet working properly. Nerve growth is still going on. During the first 18 months the cortex is getting larger and getting into working order. Then, after about 18 months to two years, the infant starts to learn language and from then on there's no stopping them.

paragraphs: There is an interesting reason why the brain is not more advanced at birth. It is that the baby's head (during natural birth) has to get through the female birth canal, which is a space between the bones of the female pelvis. Any larger, and the baby's head would not get through.

paragraphs: There is a cost to the human method. It greatly reduces the average number of offspring that any couple can raise.


title: Jaclyn Linetsky

paragraphs: Jaclyn Linetsky (January 8, 1986 – September 8, 2003) was a Canadian teenage actress who has voiced many different people. She was best known for voicing Caillou in the animated television show between 2000–2003. She later played as Megan in the television show "15/love". She died in a car crash on September 8, 2003 at the age of 17.


title: Judith Barsi

paragraphs: Judith Barsi (June 6, 1978 – July 25, 1988) was an American child actress. She was born in Los Angeles, California and started her acting in commercials. She also played Thea Brody in the movie "Jaws 4: The Revenge" in 1987 and voiced "Ducky" in "The Land before Time" and Annie-Marie in "All Dogs Go to Heaven" in June 1988. Her father, Jozef, was jealous and paranoid. He abused Judith and her mother for some years.

paragraphs: Barsi was the daughter of Hungarian immigrants József Barsi and Maria Barsi (née Benkő). Her parents fled the 1956 Soviet occupation of Hungary and then immigrated to Los Angeles. Maria Barsi wanted to be an actress herself, but later hoped that her daughter would be one, instead. Judith was discovered at a skating rink when she was five years old, but could still pass for age three. She went on to appear in over 70 commercials and soon appeared in movies. Later in her life, Barsi had growth hormone injections to help her growth.

paragraphs: On July 25, 1988 at 8:30 pm, her father shot Judith in the head. She was killed instantly. Her mother ran down the hall to see what was going on and was also shot. Jozsef later went down to the garage and killed himself. Judith was only 10 years old at the time of her death.

paragraphs: Judith's parents met at a restaurant in Los Angeles that was well known as a meeting place for immigrants. Maria worked there as a waitress. Jozsef was a plumber. He had problems with alcohol and was arrested three times for driving drunk. In the first years of their marriage, they were a happy couple. Soon Jozsef became jealous of the success of Maria's daughter. When Judith was getting ready to go to the Bahamas for the movie "", her father entered her bedroom. He locked the door and put a kitchen knife to her neck saying: "If you do not return after finished shooting, I'll slit your throat." She came back after two months, but the atmosphere at the house was not better. Over time, there were more problems. Judith's father called her a "spoiled brat". Judith's mood began to get bad. She didn't do anything wrong and was not "full of life, a happy girl." Unable to deal with the problems at home, Judith pulled the eyebrows and mustache off of her own cats. Jozsef had said many times that he would kill his wife. Sometimes he said he would kill himself and his daughter. In December 1986, Maria made a report to the police. She said he was abusing her mentally and physically. The police saw no injuries. In May 1988, Ruth Hansen saw the poor condition of the girl. Because Judit cried a lot and could not speak, Hansen told Maria to take Judith to a psychologist. She was taken to Children's Services. They could get no help from government organizations. Maria rented an apartment in Panorama City, where she wanted to move with Judith. Hansen told her to get a divorce from her husband. In July, Maria said she did not want to lose the house purchased with the money from her daughter's career.

paragraphs: Judith was seen riding her bike in the morning of July 25, 1988. On the same day, she had an audition for the role in a new production studio, Hanna-Barbera. When Judith was sleeping, her father shot Judith in the head. She was killed instantly. Her mother ran down the hall to see what was going on. She was also shot. Jozef later went down to the garage and took his own life.

paragraphs: The funeral was held on August 9, 1988. Judith was buried with her mother in unmarked graves in the cemetery Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Los Angeles. The short ceremony was attended by about 75 people. Many of these people were children.

paragraphs: The Judith Barsi Memorial was dedicated the song "Love Survives" from the movie "All Dogs Go to Heaven". The movie premiered over a year after the death of the girl. Judith Barsi's tombstone was placed on August 23, 2004. It says: "In Memory of the lovely Judith Eva Barsi "Our Concrete Angel Yep! Yep! Yep!". A similar plate was mounted at January 25, 2005 commemorating her mother Mary."