title: Mod (video gaming)

paragraphs: A video game mod is a change made to a video game. The word "mod" is short for "modification." A mod can be a change to any part of a game, including how it sounds, how it plays, the way it looks, or anything else. They are usually created by fans of a game instead of the people who made the original game. Mods are usually put on the internet for free when they are released.

paragraphs: Mods can be as small or as large as the creators want it to be. They can be minor bug fixes, or they can change so many things that they become a completely different game. Large mods like that are sometimes called "total conversions". Some popular examples of total conversion mods that became separate video games are Counter-Strike, Team Fortress, and Killing Floor.

paragraphs: Mods can help a game become more famous and successful. Many people think that good mods can make a game more fun and interesting than the original. Some video game companies saw this and decided to give mod creators tools to help them make even more mods. Examples of companies that have done this are id Software, Valve Corporation, Mojang AB, and Bethesda Softworks.

paragraphs: Sometimes, a mod of a game might become just as popular as the original game, or more popular. When this happens, the word "vanilla" is often used to talk about the original game without mods.


title: Land's End

paragraphs: Land's End is a headland in western Cornwall, England. It is the westernmost point of mainland Cornwall and England. Land's End is at the end of the Penwith peninsula. It is about west-south-west of Penzance at the western end of the A30 main road. A modern holiday complex has been built nearby.

paragraphs: Land's End is from John o' Groats in Scotland by road.


title: Kenneth Matengu

paragraphs: Kenneth Kamwi Matengu (born 1978, Katima Mulilo) is a Namibian professor. He was Pro-Vice Chancellor for Research, Innovation and Resources Mobilization at the University of Namibia from 2016 to 2018 . On 29 June 2018, Matengu was appointed as the third Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia becoming the youngest person to assume the position

paragraphs: Matengu did his high school at Caprivi Senior Secondary. He holds a

paragraphs: Certificate in International Relations from the University of Tampere, Bachelor's degree in Geography and Sociology from the University of Namibia, Doctor of Philosophy, Ph.D (exemia cum laudar) in Innovation Diffusion and Development from the University of Eastern Finland. He has published 50 peer review articles, books and book chapters, as well as international conference papers .


title: Guizhou

paragraphs: Guizhou is a province of the People's Republic of China in the southwestern part of the country. Its capital city is Guiyang.

paragraphs: Guizhou is a relatively poor and economically undeveloped province, but rich in natural, cultural and environmental resources. Demographically it is one of China's most diverse provinces. Minority groups such as the Miao / Hmong and Yao make up more than 37% of the population.


title: Ruwen Filus

paragraphs: Ruwen Filus (February 14, 1988 in Bückeburg) is a German table tennis player.

paragraphs: Ruwen played first international in 2002. He's a modern defender, so he uses long pips and an attacking rubber on the forehand. At the European Championships for youth he reached the first place together with the team. In 2003 he won even gold in the singles and with the team, so he climbs from place 90 in the world rankings for adults to place 70. Since 2005 he played different tournaments, for example the World Junior Circuit, where Filus reached the Quarterfinal. At the World Championships he came under the best eight players in the doubles. His first tournament at the Pro Tour end with the reaching of the last 64. 2006 Filus won bronze at the European Championships for youth, with the team he won gold. Since 2007 he played in the adult area, too, where he reached the Round of tha last 16 at the Korea Open. 2008 he played some Pro Tour tournaments, since 2009 he played different events, for example the European Championships, where Ruwen came under the top eight, he lost to Timo Boll. 2010 he played only two events, so he fell back to place 60 in the world rankings. 2011 Ruwen played at the World Cup, there he won bronze together with the team. At the WTTC he came under the last 64 in the singles. At the European Championships he won gold with the team. 2012 he came under the last 16 at the ETTC, on the Pro Tour he won the Czech Open. 2013 he won bronze at the Czech Open and came to the Quarterfinal at the ETTC. 2014 he had very strong injuries, but in 2015 he reached the Quarterfinal at the ETTC again, with the team he won silver. 2016 the German team lost in the group qualification. 2017 he won gold with the German team at the ETTC, 2018 was it silver at the WTTC.

paragraphs: Ruwen has a daughter who's severely disabled.


title: Data Center Cooling

paragraphs: Data cooling is one of the most fundamental IT environment processes especially when it concerns a data center. As the new computer hardware becomes more compact while using the same amount or at times more electricity than the one that has been replaced, more heat is being produced inside the data centers. For collecting and transferring the remaining heat energy to the external atmosphere, accurate air conditioning and heat removal equipment is needed. The main goal is to transfer and transport unutilized heat energy from the IT environment to the external atmosphere.

paragraphs: Monitoring our service in real-life situations can be proved most of the times also equally important. With specific environmental sensors we can regulate,monitor and control data center’s temperature, airflow and hotspots and in general be aware of the quality of the “internal” environment and temperature in the data center.

paragraphs: A computer room air conditioning (CRAC) unit is an apparatus that controls and maintains environmental features in the data center like temperature and humidity. While CRAC units makes use of mechanical refrigeration, a computer room air handler (CRAH) uses fans, cooling coils and a water-chiller system to remove heat.

paragraphs: The aim of cooling is to transfer heat from the data center (indoor environment) to the outside environment. There are two basic approaches for removing the remaining heat, either using air or liquid (typically water).

paragraphs: Air cooling has some important advantages as it’s practically easy to move and it doesn’t provoke any damage to the IT apparatus. Since heat flows from the warmer objects to the cooler ones and warm air is increasing with respect to cold air this means that can make us distinguish them in some level. In fact many manufacturers of air-based cooling designs consider this particular property while constructing IT equipment.

paragraphs: Room based cooling, as an air cooling system, uses the most classical type of refrigerating technique: the basic idea is that coolers push cold air in the environment, extracting warm air to the outside. Conditioners not only refresh, but also mix the air to avoid hot spots. This idea results to be efficient if the power load used for mixing the air is a small fraction of the total load of the datacenter. Simulations show that this approach is valid for relatively low power load densities (320-750 formula_1). Sometimes, when warm and hot air are being mixed the previous distinction is not plausible and this is where issues arise.

paragraphs: Hot/cold aisle is a format for racks of servers and generally IT apparatus inside a data center where the rack fronts face the rack fronts of the adjacent row. When cold aisle containment approach is used, row doors, aisle ceilings or overhead vertical walls are installed to contain the cold air coming from the cooling systems into the cold aisles. As the opposite, in hot aisle containment the hot air is contained so that the CRAC units just receive hot air.

paragraphs: The aim of this configuration is to decrease the amount of produced energy and reduce the costs regarding the cooling process by controlling the air flow.

paragraphs: If racks have empty space that it is not used then extra heat is being released into data center’s airflow in order to “fill in” this unused space.The use of blanking panels can prevent the hot air from being transmitted in the data center’s airflow.

paragraphs: The top of the rack is considered to be the location which produces the greatest amount of heat. So, the specific placement of the racks can reduce the heat circulation from racks hot spots. The way that we can regulate this issue is by ordering rack components in a way that the more loaded equipment is placed on the lower racks and in such way we can ensure an optimal cooling. Since heavier equipment flow the most air, a lower rack placement will ensure that less heat is spreaded at the top of the rack.

paragraphs: The free cooling method is composed of two main systems: the air-side economization and the water-side economization. The first one basically uses the air that comes from the outer environment in order to control and adjust the desired temperature in the IT apparatus. This technique is quite productive with respect to its cost (since we just take advantage of air from the external environment) but on the other hand has some disadvantages since it is likely to provoke humidity and moisture in the data center.

paragraphs: In a similar way, water-side economization works with air from the outdoors and is commonly used with evaporation processes.

paragraphs: Liquid cooling can improve the efficiency of a data center as it provides an optimal and more targeted cooling. For example chilled water can be transferred directly to a rack of servers which is quite helpful as we want to provide cooling to specific places. Instead of trying to “balance” a desirable temperature throughout an entire room, it initializes the cooling process in the exact point that is needed; at a particular rack or cabinet. On the other hand, the use of liquid-based systems inside a data center could have some cons. Possible leaks are definitely a huge threat for the entire IT apparatus, transport of liquid may cause condensation and since the chilled liquid must be contained somewhere it requires more technological equipment and a suitable framework inside the data center; so in this case we need more resources. For the above reasons, although liquid-based systems are proved to be more reliable and effective, they appear to be quite expensive with respect to air cooling techniques and slightly more difficult to implement.

paragraphs: Using the setup of a liquid-based system, here the IT apparatus can be cooled by using water, or alternative cooling liquids to be pumped at server or rack level: cold plates are located as close as possible to the heat generating components. This technology makes use of the higher heat transfer capacity of the liquids, leading to greater savings in terms of energy requirement, in fact, single phase cooling systems can reduce, and sometimes eliminate needing for CRAC units.

paragraphs: One of the most important disadvantages is that they require high pumping power. Other side effects are microbe formation, electrical conductivity of the liquids and erosive nature due to high fluid velocities.

paragraphs: As the surface to be cooled increases, it is more difficult to achieve isothermality.

paragraphs: The main advantage, following an on-chip cooling approach is that, since direct discharge liquid stream is used, the energy capture is easier, permitting the waste heat recovery.

paragraphs: One of the pioneers of this technology has been , with the Aquasar supercomputer, in 2009.

paragraphs: Two-phase cooling means using devices that can transform at least part of the cooling fluids into vapour when in contact with warm IT components. The phase transition permits a much more efficient heat exchange, in terms of cooling medium mass: in other words: to exchange a fixed amount of heat, two-phase cooling uses less refrigerating liquid in comparison with the quantity which is necessary in single-phase cooling.

paragraphs: It was shown how, using multiphase systems, 4 times less mass-flow rates, 10 times less pumping power and 2 times less facility size.

paragraphs: The core of the evaporator is composed by a mini or heat-sink by which the plate surface is maximized; minichannels have a pitch of 2 to 8 mm, while microchannels have a pitch of less than 1 mm. Microchannels are more capable in transferring the heat thanks to their higher surface, but they are more easily clogged, corroded and eroded.

paragraphs: There are many options available to services or IT experts when it comes to specifying cooling solutions. These options may differ according to the size or the particular type of the solution needed.

paragraphs: Referring to the airflow process, large floor-mounted systems flow air in a downward direction (leading towards a lower flow level) or an upward direction (leading towards a higher flow level) and some can even flow horizontally (leading towards a horizontal flow level).

paragraphs: These devices are best used in combination with IT monitoring and building management systems for quicker notification. They also provide early warning or automatic shut off during undesirable events.

paragraphs: As a device that increases humidity, humidifiers can play an important role in the cooling process by preventing any unexpected overheating which may occur due to static electrical discharge.They are usually placed inside precision cooling devices in order to replace water vapor lost during the cooling process. Reassuring that the room has no current high or low humidity-related issues, the use of humidifiers can be in all computer room air conditioners and air handlers.

paragraphs: When performing the particular technique, rooms should not have vapor barriers and also room temperatures should suggest humid climates. These systems in order to let the whole system provide increased dehumidification of the "internal" air, they add heat to conditioned cold air coming out of a precision cooling device.

paragraphs: The advantage of using this approach is that it provides a surprisingly operating cost reduction when used.In this approach, (ethylene glycol) is used to cool the IT environment in a way which is similar to a chilled water system.

paragraphs: Data centers technology is quite complex and advanced and this has as a result to require huge amounts of energy. Therefore, data centers need to be as efficient as possible and data environmental control has a significant role to this issue.

paragraphs: The recommended temperature for a data center is estimated between 21°C and 24°C. In addition to,some studies regarding the desired temperature in a data center shown that maybe it is not so optimal (money-wise) for firms to keep the temperature below 21°C. Furthermore, typical data center limit temperatures have been estimated to be 85°C for processors and DIMMs, while disk drives can usually work in stricter conditions, at a maximum of 45°C.

paragraphs: It is also remarkable that, while the conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC) for similar size rooms deal with heat fluxes in the order of 40-90 formula_1 , cooling systems in data centers work with extremely higher heat loads: modern data center infrastructures can need to refresh apparatus that produces 6-10 formula_3 as power density. In the next few years, it is estimated that the power density consumption will still raise up to 15 formula_3.

paragraphs: Google for instance mentions the significance of taking serious action to reinforce energy efficiency in case of either running a small data center or a huge service. According to Google, many manufactures construct the suitable equipment to be used at temperatures higher than the standard 21°C we aforementioned. This may lead to next generation servers having the ability of performing at higher temperatures, fact that can make data center using less equipment and therefore save money. So for an effective management and control data centers should be able to perform accurate temperature analysis by measuring the amount of energy spent for processes that concern cooling.Nevertheless, the best solution may be consulting the corresponding equipment manufacturer so with his expertise can point out the suitable approach.

paragraphs: Many opinions of experts about this subject point out that data centers could have better performance if they could adopt a mixture of cooling methods. Another important factor that could drastically contribute to an optimal performance is the location where data centers are placed. Constructing data centers either in places with cooler climates or near to sources of cold water not only could increase energy efficiency in a high level but also could reduce costs by deploying the external environment.


title: Halewood

paragraphs: Halewood is a town in the Metropolitan Borough of Knowsley in Merseyside, England. It lies near the city of Liverpool's southeastern boundary. It is bordered by the suburbs of Netherley, Hunt's Cross and Woolton. Halewood was historically a part of Lancashire.

paragraphs: At the 2001 Census, the population of the civil parish was 20,309. It was similar at the 2011 Census. The combined population of Halewood's four local government wards was 29,217.

paragraphs: Halewood railway station opened in 1988. An earlier station, a few hundred metres further east, closed in 1951.


title: Sefton, Merseyside

paragraphs: Sefton is a village and civil parish in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton in Merseyside, England. It is located to the south west of Maghull and to the north east of Great Crosby. It is on the flood plain of the River Alt. The village is bisected by the B5422, Brickwall Lane. At the 2001 Census the population was recorded as 772. This increased to 855 at the 2011 Census.


title: Julian of Norwich

paragraphs: Julian of Norwich, or Juliana of Norwich (c.1342–c.1416) was an anchoress (a woman who locks herself away to be closer to God). She wrote "Revelations of Divine Love". It is the first known English book written by a woman.


title: Versoix

paragraphs: Versoix is a municipality of the canton of Geneva in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Versoix sits on the northwest side of Lake Geneva northeast of the city of Geneva.

paragraphs: It has of the villages of Richelien, Creuson, Sauverny, Petit-Saint-Loup, Ecogia, Versoix-la-Ville, Pont-Céard, Port-Choiseul, Versoix-Bourg, Versoix - lac and Crève-Cœur.


title: Patrice Talon

paragraphs: Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (born 1 May 1958) is a Beninese businessman and politician. He has been President of Benin since 6 April 2016.


title: November 1989 tornado outbreak

paragraphs: The November 1989 tornado outbreak was a natural disaster in the United States from November 15-16, 1989.

paragraphs: During the morning hours of November 14, the local forecasts issued a warning for severe thunderstorms on Wednesday.

paragraphs: At 9:30 a.m. on November 15, the National Severe Storms Forecast Center issued a strong potential for severe thunderstorms and tornadoes across the Tennessee Valley. At 10:50 a.m., the Birmingham office issued a major severe weather threat for Alabama and northern Florida.

paragraphs: A tornado watch was issued at 12:45 p.m. CST and was in effect until 8:00 p.m. CST that evening. Shortly thereafter, warnings were coming out as a squall line passed through. Spotters reported large hail and damaging winds at this time.

paragraphs: At the time of the tornado, a severe thunderstorm warning was in effect. Later, they spotted rotation in the wall cloud, but the rotation dissipated shortly thereafter. At 4:25 p.m., the rotation picked up again.

paragraphs: The tornado hit during the afternoon rush hour, killing 21 people and injuring 463 others. Most of these deaths happened in cars (similar to the 1979 Wichita Falls tornado). This was rated an F4 on the Fujita Scale.

paragraphs: A downburst struck East Coldenham Elementary School on November 16, 1989 at 11:35 a.m., blowing down a cafeteria wall, killing nine people and injuring eighteen. This was considered a F1 tornado. Former President Ronald Reagan was on the site within minutes.


title: Heysham

paragraphs: Heysham is a large coastal village near Lancaster, Lancashire, England. It overlooks Morecambe Bay. It is a ferry port, with services to the Isle of Man and Ireland. Heysham nuclear power station is at Heysham.


title: Big Bill Bissonnette

paragraphs: Big Bill Bissonnette (February 5, 1937 – June 26, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist, drummer, and music producer. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. In the 1960s, he led his own group, the Easy Riders Jazz Band, formed his own label, Jazz Crusade, and organized northern tours for Kid Thomas Valentine, George Lewis, and Jim Robinson.

paragraphs: Bissonnette came in first place as "New Young Artist" in the 1965 Jazzology Jazz Poll. Over 30 years later he placed No. 5 among all jazz trombonists in the same poll.

paragraphs: Bissonnette died in New Orleans on June 26, 2018 at the age of 81.


title: National Railway Museum

paragraphs: The National Railway Museum (NRM) is a museum in York forming part of the British Science Museum Group of National Museums. It tells the story of rail transport in Great Britain and its impact on society. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles. There is also a collection of other artefacts and both written and pictorial records.


title: Steven Hilliard Stern

paragraphs: Steven Hilliard Stern (November 1, 1937 – June 27, 2018) was a Canadian-born American television and movie director, producer and screenwriter. He was born in Timmins, Ontario. Stern was known for his works with Michael Douglas, Christopher Reeve and Christopher Plummer. His best known movies are "The Devil and Max Devlin", "Mazes and Monsters", and "Money". Stern was also known for directing the miniseries "Black Fox".

paragraphs: Stern died on June 27, 2018 of stomach cancer in Los Angeles, California at the age of 80.


title: Kwesi Amissah-Arthur

paragraphs: Paa Kwesi Bekoe Amissah-Arthur (29 April 1951 – 29 June 2018) was a Ghanaian economist, academic and politician. He was the fifth Vice-President of Ghana's 4th Republic, in office from 6 August 2012 until 7 January 2017, under President John Dramani Mahama. Before, he was Governor of the Bank of Ghana from 2009 to 2012. He was born in Cape Coast.

paragraphs: Amissah-Arthur died of a heart attack in Accra on 29 June 2018, aged 67.


title: Nana Akufo-Addo

paragraphs: Nana Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo ( ; born William Addo Dankwa Akufo-Addo; 29 March 1944) is a Ghanaian politician. He is the President of Ghana, in office since January 2017. He served as Attorney General from 2001 to 2003 and as Minister for Foreign Affairs from 2003 to 2007.


title: John Kufuor

paragraphs: John Kofi Agyekum Kufuor (born 8 December 1938) is a Ghanaian politician. He was President of Ghana from 7 January 2001 to 7 January 2009. He was also Chairperson of the African Union from 2007 to 2008.


title: Video chat

paragraphs: Video chat is a way of communicating online using the

paragraphs: Internet where the parties concerned use a camera–microphone combination installed in either their computers or in their smart phones. For streaming video a speed of at least 2 Mbps is needed, to alleviate a choppy signal and disconnects. For sound transmission, much less speed is required, so often during times of heavy network congestion video is often turned off, to maintain connection continuity.

paragraphs: Video chat is an extremely popular form of communication in the 21st century and is often utilized for many reasons;


title: Napier Deltic

paragraphs: The Napier Deltic is an unusual type of diesel engine. It was used in boats and railway locomotives. The cylinders are arranged in a triangular form with two pistons in each cylinder. There are three crankshafts which are geared together at one end of the engine. These engines usually had nine cylinders (three banks of three) or eighteen cylinders (six banks of three). These engines were built by D. Napier & Son.


title: Walker Stapleton

paragraphs: Walker Stapleton (born April 15, 1974) is an American Republican politician. He is the State Treasurer of Colorado, having taken office on January 11, 2011.

paragraphs: Stapleton is a Bush family relative. He graduated from Williams College and received a M.A. from London School of Economics. He earned his M.B.A. from Harvard Business School.

paragraphs: In September 2017, Stapleton announced his candidacy for Governor of Colorado. He lost the election to Jared Polis in the general election in November 2018.


title: Liliane Montevecchi

paragraphs: Liliane Montevecchi (October 13, 1932 – June 29, 2018) was a French-Italian actress, dancer, and singer. She was born in Paris. In 1982 she drew the attention of critics and audiences for her performance in "Nine", with Raúl Juliá, for which she won both the Tony and Drama Desk Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical.

paragraphs: Montevecchi died on June 29, 2018 in New York City from colorectal cancer at the age of 85.


title: Matt Cappotelli

paragraphs: Matthew Lee Cappotelli (November 12, 1979 – June 29, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was born in Caledonia, New York. He won the "Tough Enough III" with John Hennigan. He worked in Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), the primary developmental territory for WWE.

paragraphs: In July 2017, Cappotelli was diagnosed with glioblastoma, a rare form of brain cancer. He stopped his cancer treatment in May 2018. He died on June 29, 2018 in Louisville, Kentucky, aged 38.


title: Caledonia, New York

paragraphs: Caledonia is a town in Livingston County, New York, United States. The population was 4,255 at the 2010 census. The Town of Caledonia has the village of Caledonia. The town is in the northwest part of the county and is southwest of Rochester, New York.


title: Jerry Rawlings

paragraphs: Jerry John Rawlings (born 22 June 1947) is a Ghanaian politician and military official. He served as the 1st President of the Fourth Republic Ghana serving from 1993 to 2001.


title: President of Ghana

paragraphs: The President of the Republic of Ghana is the elected head of state and head of government of Ghana, as well as Commander-in-Chief of the Ghana Armed Forces. The current President of Ghana is Nana Akufo-Addo.

paragraphs: According to Chapter 8, Article 62 of the 1992 Constitution of Ghana, a person shall not be qualified for election as the President of Ghana unless:


title: Daytime television

paragraphs: Daytime television is a daypart that runs from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time. It is after a breakfast/morning show program and before the early fringe of primetime.

paragraphs: This programming block features game shows like "Let's Make a Deal" and "The Price is Right", soap operas like "The Young and the Restless", "The Bold and the Beautiful", "General Hospital", and "Days of Our Lives", and talk shows like "The Talk", "The Doctors" and "Dr. Phil". Some local affiliates air their local newscasts at noon Eastern Time and 11:00 a.m. Central Time.


title: Ultimate Custom Night

paragraphs: Ultimate Custom Night is a point-and-click survival horror video game created by Scott Cawthon. It is the second official spin-off of the "Five Nights at Freddy's" game series, the first one being "FNaF World". The game was released on June 27, 2018 for free on Steam and Game Jolt.

paragraphs: The game allows the player to choose from 50 characters from all six main "Five Nights at Freddy's" games, as well from a spin-off, "FNaF World", and set their difficulty levels for the night from a minimum of '0' to a maximum of '20'.


title: Sara Amelia Bernard

paragraphs: Sara Amelia Bernard (born 18 August 1992) is a Malaysian model and actress. She is the season 2 winner of TV3’s reality game show "Clever Girl Malaysia".

paragraphs: Sara was born in Ipoh, Perak. Her mother is of British-Malay descent and her father is Iban-German. She is the eldest of three siblings. She attended high school at SMK Convent Ipoh and completed her A-Level’s in Mathematics, Psychology and Economics at Taylor’s College Sri Hartamas.

paragraphs: Sara, representing Perak, beat 13 other contestants to win season 2 of "Clever Girl Malaysia". She won the prize of RM100,000. The reality game show aired on TV3 for 10 weeks.

paragraphs: In 2013, Sara was disqualified from competing in the Miss Malaysia World pageant. Her disqualification followed a religious ban prohibiting Muslim girls from participating in beauty pageants. This controversy led to her dreams of obtaining the crown shattered.


title: Council of Foreign Ministers

paragraphs: Council of Foreign Ministers was an organisation agreed upon at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 and announced in the Potsdam Agreement.

paragraphs: The Potsdam Agreement specified that the Council would be composed of the Foreign Ministers of the United Kingdom, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, China, France, and the United States. It would normally meet in London (at Lancaster House) and the first meeting was to take place no later than 1 September 1945. As the immediate important task, the Council was authorised to draw up treaties of peace with Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary and Finland, and to propose settlements of territorial questions outstanding on the termination of the war in Europe. Also the Council should prepare a peace settlement for Germany to be accepted when a "government adequate for the purpose is established".


title: Metal rectifier

paragraphs: A metal rectifier is an early type of semiconductor rectifier in which the semiconductor is copper oxide or selenium. They were used to convert alternating current to direct current. They were often used in devices such as radios and battery chargers. Westinghouse Electric was a major manufacturer of these rectifiers since the late 1920s.

paragraphs: In some countries the term "metal rectifier" is applied to all such devices. In other countries the term "metal rectifier" normally refers to copper-oxide types, and "selenium rectifier" to selenium-iron types.


title: Mercury-arc rectifier

paragraphs: A Mercury-arc rectifier is a type of rectifier used for converting alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC). The cathode is made from a pool of liquid mercury. Mercury-arc rectifiers were rugged and durable. They could carry higher currents than most other types of rectifier.

paragraphs: The mercury-arc rectifier was invented in 1902 by Peter Cooper Hewitt. They were used to provide power for industrial electric motors, electric railways, trams, and electric locomotives. Other uses included radio transmitters and high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power transmission. They were the primary method of high power rectification before the advent of solid-state electronics in the 1970s. The solid-state rectifier has since replaced the mercury-arc rectifier.


title: Gas turbine

paragraphs: A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. The simplest form has three main parts:

paragraphs: The diagram shows a single-shaft gas turbine. One turbine drives both the compressor and the load, such as an electric generator. There are also two-shaft gas turbines, with separate turbines to drive the compressor and the load. Two-shaft turbines are better for driving road and rail vehicles because they can give more torque at low speed.


title: Theorema egregium

paragraphs: Gauss's Theorema Egregium (Latin for "Remarkable Theorem") is a major result of differential geometry proved by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The theorem is about the curvature of surfaces. The theorem states that curvature can be determined by measuring angles, distances and their rates on a surface alone. There is no need to talk about the particular manner in which the surface is embedded in the surrounding three-dimensional Euclidean space. In other words, the Gaussian curvature of a surface does not change if one bends the surface without stretching it.

paragraphs: Gauss presented the theorem in this manner (translated from Latin):

paragraphs: The theorem is "remarkable" because the starting "definition" of Gaussian curvature makes direct use of the position of the surface in space. So it is quite surprising that the result does "not" depend on its embedding in spite of all bending and twisting deformations undergone.


title: Borgo Maggiore

paragraphs: Borgo Maggiore is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 6,631 live there (October 2013). It the second largest town of San Marino, after Dogana.

paragraphs: It is next to the San Marino municipalities Serravalle, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, San Marino, and Acquaviva and the Italian municipality Verucchio. It is at the foot of Monte Titano.


title: Domagnano

paragraphs: Domagnano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 3,319 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.62 km².

paragraphs: It is next to the San Marino municipalities Faetano, Borgo Maggiore, Serravalle and the Italian municipality Coriano.


title: Fiorentino

paragraphs: Fiorentino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 2,526 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 6.57 km².

paragraphs: It is next to the San Marino municipalities Chiesanuova, San Marino, Borgo Maggiore, Faetano, and Montegiardino and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.


title: Faetano

paragraphs: Faetano is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,164 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 7,75 km².

paragraphs: It is next to on the San Marino municipalities Montegiardino, Fiorentino, Borgo Maggiore, and Domagnano and the Italian municipalities Coriano, Montescudo and Sassofeltrio.

paragraphs: Faetano joined San Marino in 1463. It was the last part added to San Mariono.


title: Chiesanuova

paragraphs: Chiesanuova is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 1,097 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 5.46 km².

paragraphs: It is next to the San Marino municipalities San Marino and Fiorentino and the Italian municipalities Sassofeltrio, Verucchio and San Leo.


title: Montegiardino

paragraphs: Montegiardino is one of the 9 communes or "castelli" of San Marino. 910 people live there (October 2013) in an area of 3.31 km². It is the smallest municipality of the country by population.

paragraphs: It is next to the San Marino municipalities Fiorentino and Faetano and the Italian municipalities Monte Grimano and Sassofeltrio.

paragraphs: It is home to the University of the Republic of San Marino, the country's only university.


title: Two-stroke engine

paragraphs: The two-stroke engine is an internal combustion engine. The two strokes are:

paragraphs: Unlike a four-stroke engine, there are no intake and exhaust strokes. When the piston is at bottom dead centre, fuel-air mixture is blown in under slight pressure. The incoming mixture forces out the exhaust gas at the same time. The animation shows an engine with crankcase compression to force in the fuel-air mixture. Some engines use a rotary blower instead.


title: Anchorite

paragraphs: An anchorite (female: anchoress) from "one who has retired from the world", is someone who, for religious reasons, withdraws from secular society so as to be able to lead an intensely prayer-filled, ascetic life. Anchorites are often considered to be a type of religious hermit, unlike hermits, anchorites had to make a promise to God to stay in one place, which was a very small room, either attached to, or within the wall of, a local church.

paragraphs: The anchoritic life is one of the earliest forms of being a Christian monk. From the 12th to the 16th centuries, female anchorites consistently outnumbered their male equivalents, sometimes by as many as four to one (in the 13th century), dropping eventually to two to one (in the 15th century). The sex of a high number of anchorites, however, is not recorded for these periods.


title: North Downs Line

paragraphs: The North Downs Line is a railway line in England connecting Reading, Berkshire, to Redhill, Surrey. It links many centres of population in the part of the North Downs which it covers. Some trains continue beyond Redhill to Gatwick Airport.


title: Jennings, Louisiana

paragraphs: Jennings is the parish seat and largest city of Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana in the United States.


title: Eastleigh

paragraphs: Eastleigh is a town in Hampshire, England, between Southampton and Winchester. It was originally developed as a railway town by the London and South Western Railway.

paragraphs: The town lies on the River Itchen, one of England's premier chalk streams for fly fishing, and a designated site of Special Scientific Interest.


title: Dan Dawson

paragraphs: Dan Dawson (born December 11, 1981) is a Canadian professional lacrosse player for the Saskatchewan Rush of the National Lacrosse League, Brampton Excelsiors (MSL) of Major Series Lacrosse, and is a free agent in Major League Lacrosse.


title: Nissan Stadium (Nashville)

paragraphs: Nissan Stadium is the home football stadium of the Tennessee Titans. It is in the city of Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Deaths in July 2018

paragraphs: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in July 2018. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

paragraphs: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: James M. Keck

paragraphs: James Moulton Keck (September 4, 1921 – June 25, 2018) was an American Air Force lieutenant general. He was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Keck's last assignment was vice commander in chief, Strategic Air Command, headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska. He served this position from October 1, 1973 and served until June 30, 1977. He served as commander of 2nd Air Force.

paragraphs: Keck died on June 25, 2018 in San Antonio, Texas from complications of a broken hip at the age of 96.


title: Irena Szewińska

paragraphs: Irena Szewińska, née Kirszenstein ( ; 24 May 1946 – 29 June 2018) was a Soviet-born Polish sprinter. She was born in Leningrad. She was Jewish. She was the only athlete in history, male or female, to have held the world record in the 100m, the 200m and the 400m. She won three gold medals at the 1964 Olympics in Tokyo, 1968 Olympics in Mexico City and at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal. She also won two Olympic silver medals in 1964 and two Olympic bronze medals in 1968 and 1972.

paragraphs: Szewińska died at a military hospital in Warsaw on 29 June 2018 from endometrial cancer at the age of 72.


title: José Antonio Zaldúa

paragraphs: José Antonio Zaldúa Urdanavia, known as Zaldúa, (15 December 1941 – 30 June 2018), was a Spanish footballer. He played as a forward. He was born in Elizondo, Spain. Zaldúa played for Spanish clubs Real Valladolid, FC Barcelona, CA Osasuna and CE Sabadell FC. At international level, he represented the Spain national football team.

paragraphs: Zaldúa died on 30 June 2018 in Sant Andreu de Llavaneres, Spain at the age of 76.


title: Jed Allan

paragraphs: Jed Allan (born Jed Allan Brown; March 1, 1935 – March 9, 2019) was an American actor and game show host. He was born in New York City. Allan was known for his roles on soap operas. He was best known for his role as Don Craig in "Days of Our Lives", which he played from 1971 to 1985.

paragraphs: Allan died one week after his 84th birthday on March 9, 2019 in Palm Desert, California.


title: Fallon, Nevada

paragraphs: Fallon is a city in Churchill County, Nevada, United States. The population was 8,606 at time of the 2010 census. Fallon is the county seat of Churchill County and is located in the Lahontan Valley.


title: Illinois's 5th congressional district

paragraphs: The 5th congressional district of Illinois is a congressional district that covers parts of Cook and DuPage counties.

paragraphs: All or parts of Chicago, Elmhurst, Elmwood Park, Franklin Park, Hinsdale, La Grange Park, Norridge, Northlake, River Grove, Schiller Park, and Oakbrook Terrace are included.

paragraphs: It has been represented by Democrat Mike Quigley since a special election in April 2009.


title: Joe Crowley

paragraphs: Joseph Crowley (; born March 16, 1962) is an American politician. He was the U.S. Representative for New York's 14th congressional district from 2013 to 2019. He was Chair of the House Democratic Caucus from 2017 to 2019. He also was Chair of the Queens County Democratic Party from 2006 to 2019.

paragraphs: On June 26, 2018, Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez defeated Crowley in the 2018 Democratic primary for his seat. Crowley’s unseen defeat is thought to be one of the biggest upsets in congressional history.

paragraphs: Until his defeat in June 2018, Crowley was seen by many as the replacement of Nancy Pelosi in the Democratic House leadership.


title: Dimbulukeni Nauyoma

paragraphs: Dimbulukeni Nauyoma (born 1992) is a Namibian youth activist. Along with Job Amupanda and George Kambala, he co-founded a radical youth movement known as the Affirmative Repositioning Movement in 2014. He also served as Secretary General of the Namibia National Students Organisation (NANSO) from 2015 - 2017.

paragraphs: Nauyoma was born in Windhoek, Namibia. He attended the University of Namibia. He holds an advanced diploma in Banking Finance & Credit from the Namibian Institute of Bankers (IOB) where he served as Student Representative Council President. He was part of the SWAPO Party Youth League leaders who were suspended and expelled from the party for occupying a plot in an upmarket Windhoek suburb.

paragraphs: In November 2014, three youth leaders occupied land in an affluent Klein, Windhoek suburb as a means to demand land in the city.

paragraphs: Nauyoma alongside fellow land activists named their occupied land as in reference to the year of occupation with the initiative receiving help from many young Namibians.

paragraphs: In 2016, the Namibian government announced plans to build a new Parliament. However, the Affirmative Repositioning Movement began to Mobilization young Namibians for a June 16 protest against the decision saying resources could be used in more needed areas.


title: Pineberry

paragraphs: A pineberry is a white strawberry cultivar with a pineapple-like flavor, white flesh, and red seeds. It was first bred in the Netherlands and Belgium, sold in the USA in 2012.


title: Chrissy Metz

paragraphs: Christine Michelle Metz (born September 29, 1980) is an American singer and actress. She played Kate Pearson in the NBC television series "This is Us". She won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble for the role.

paragraphs: For her acting in "This is Us", Metz was also nominated for several Golden Globe and Primetime Emmy Awards.


title: George Kambala

paragraphs: George Hidipo Hamba Kambala (born 9 May 1992) is a Namibian youth activist who along with Job Amupanda and Dimbulukeni Nauyoma, he co-Founded a radical youth movement known as the Affirmative Repositioning Movement in 2014.

paragraphs: Kambala was born and grew up in Windhoek's Katutura where he attended Martti Ahtisaari Primary School. He was part of the SWAPO Party Youth League leaders who were suspended and expelled from the party for occupying a plot in an upmarket Windhoek suburb.

paragraphs: Following reports that Windhoek Mayor Agnes Kafula allocated a plot to a Big Brother Africa winner, Kambala alongside Nauyoma and Amupanda occupied land in a Windhoek suburb to raise more concerns on the land question in Namibia.


title: Landover, Maryland

paragraphs: Landover is a suburban census-designated place (CDP) in Prince George's County, Maryland.


title: Maratha Empire

paragraphs: The Maratha Empire or the Maratha Confederacy was a grouping of Indian states that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 17th and 18th centuries. The empire formally existed from 1674 until 1818. The Marathas are given much of the credit for ending Mughal rule in India.

paragraphs: The Marathas were a warrior people from the western Deccan Plateau (present-day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence by establishing "self-rule of Hindu/Indian people" in their region. The Marathas became prominent in the 17th century under the leadership of Shivaji who revolted against the Adil Shahi dynasty and the Mughal Empire and formed a kingdom with Raigad as his capital. Known for their mobility, the Marathas were able to consolidate their territory during the Mughal–Maratha Wars and later controlled a large part of the Indian subcontinent. Their power was eventually ended by the series of wars they fought against the British.


title: James S. Denton

paragraphs: James Simon Denton (July 5, 1951 – June 22, 2018) was an American publisher and editor. He was born in Lakehurst, New Jersey. He was the publisher and editor of "World Affairs" and the director of the World Affairs Institute in Washington, D.C.. Denton was the executive director of Heldref Publications.

paragraphs: Denton died at his home in Washington, D.C. from prostate cancer on June 22, 2018, aged 66.


title: Florida Parishes

paragraphs: Florida Parishes is a region of the U.S. state of Louisiana.


title: Peter Firmin

paragraphs: Peter Arthur Firmin (11 December 1928 – 1 July 2018) was an British artist and television producer. He was the founder of Smallfilms, along with Oliver Postgate. They created a number of popular children's TV programmes, "The Saga of Noggin the Nog", "Ivor the Engine", "Clangers", "Bagpuss" and "Pogles' Wood".

paragraphs: On 1 July 2018, Firmin died at the age of 89.


title: Paola Paternoster

paragraphs: Paola Paternoster (née "Carotenuto"; 22 December 1935 – 27 June 2018) was an Italian athlete. She competed in the discus throw at the 1956 and 1960 Summer Olympics and in the javelin throw in 1956, and placed 11th–20th. Paternoster won 17 national championships at senior level. She was born in Rome.

paragraphs: Paternoster died on 27 June 2018 from colorectal cancer in Rome at the age of 82.


title: Nicholls State University

paragraphs: Nicholls State University is a university located in Thibodaux, Louisiana.


title: Centreville, Mississippi

paragraphs: Centreville is a town in Amite and Wilkinson counties, Mississippi, United States. The population was 1,684 at the 2010 census. It is part of the McComb, Mississippi Micropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Amite City, Louisiana

paragraphs: Amite City is the parish seat of Tangipahoa Parish in southeastern Louisiana, United States.


title: Allen, Louisiana

paragraphs: Allen is an unincorporated community in Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. It is near Interstate 49.


title: Scorpion (Drake album)

paragraphs: Scorpion is an album released on June 29, 2018, by Canadian rapper Drake.


title: Jacques François Mouret

paragraphs: Jacques François Mouret (1787–1837) was a French chess player. He became the chess teacher of the future Louis Philippe I. He was one of the most successful operators of The Turk, a famous chess-playing machine.

paragraphs: Mouret was a great-nephew of the famous chess player Philidor. He learned the game at the Café de la Régence, taught by Bernard and Carlier, two of Philidor's students. He was a pupil of Alexandre Deschapelles and later he became a teacher of La Bourdonnais. He also gave chess lessons to the children of the French King Louis Philippe I. In 1819, he was the operator of The Turk during its tour in England and probably the person, who sold the secret of The Turk to the press.

paragraphs: Mouret was an alcoholic. In 1842 the editor of the chess magazine "Le Palamède", said  ""He was a clever fellow, sharp, gay, lively, amusing, and had studied seriously the theory of chess, by which he made his living. His talent redeemed a little the rudeness of his manner and a certain licentiousness which he indulged in. He used to be in a continual state of semi-intoxication"". George Walker wrote that ""His brain was consumed in the Brandy"".

paragraphs: Mouret was believed to have written a book in 1836, "The Treaty Elementary Game of Chess." But later evidence shows that he only made some corrections to the text.

paragraphs: He had no money when he died and so the members of the Chess Club of Paris paid for his funeral.

paragraphs: Mouret is best known as the person hidden inside The Turk, a fake chess-playing machine. Mouret was one of many great chess players who worked inside the machine, others being Johann Baptist Allgaier, who defeated Napoleon in 1809, Schlumberger, Boncourt and Lewis. Fifty games played by Mouret from inside the Turk in London in 1819, are collected in a book published in 1820. In the beginning of the book it was written that out of 300 games, the Turk (Mouret) only lost six.

paragraphs: Mouret's weakness for drinking often left him without any money, so he probably sold the secret of the Turk in 1834 to "Le Magasin picturesque". The article, "An attempt to analyze the automaton chess-player of M. Kempelen", explained how a man could be hidden inside the Turk. Mouret was not named, but many people. including Walker, believe he was the source. The French master was sick and short of money at the time, and died three years later.

paragraphs: Mouret often used a move now called the French Defense. He was one of the only players to use it and is one of the main reasons for it being called the French Defense. Mouret taught the move to players at the Café de la Régence. One of his students convinced the Paris team to use the defense in games played by letters against a London team. Following the victory of the French team, the opening quickly became known as the French Defense.


title: Benton, Louisiana

paragraphs: Benton is the parish seat of Bossier Parish, Louisiana.


title: Dungeness Nuclear Power Station

paragraphs: Dungeness nuclear power station refers to two nuclear power stations located at Dungeness in Kent, England. Dungeness A is an old Magnox power station. It began to operate in 1965. It has reached the end of its life and is no longer in use. Dungeness B is an advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) power station. It has two 615 MW reactors and began to operate between 1983 and 1985. Dungeness B was the first commercial scale AGR power station to be built.


title: Magnox

paragraphs: Magnox is a type of nuclear reactor designed to run on natural uranium. It uses graphite as a neutron moderator and carbon dioxide gas as a heat exchange coolant. The name Magnox comes from the magnesium-aluminium alloy used to clad the fuel rods inside the reactor. The Magnox was designed for producing both electric power and plutonium-239 for use in nuclear weapons.


title: Advanced gas-cooled reactor

paragraphs: The Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor (AGR) is a type of nuclear reactor used in the United Kingdom. These are the second generation of British gas-cooled reactors. They use graphite as the neutron moderator and carbon dioxide as the coolant. They have been the backbone of the UK's nuclear generation fleet since the 1980s.


title: Torness Nuclear Power Station

paragraphs: Torness nuclear power station was the last of the United Kingdom's second generation nuclear power stations to be commissioned. It has two Advanced gas-cooled reactors. Construction began in 1980 and was completed in 1988. Torness nuclear power station is located approximately east of Edinburgh at Torness Point near Dunbar in East Lothian, Scotland. It is a local landmark and is highly visible from the main A1 road and East Coast Main Line railway.


title: Heysham nuclear power station

paragraphs: Heysham Nuclear Power Station is a nuclear power station located in Heysham, Lancashire, England. The site is divided into two separately-managed stations called Heysham 1 and Heysham 2. Each station has two advanced gas-cooled reactors (AGR).


title: Pressurized water reactor

paragraphs: Pressurized water reactors (PWRs) form the large majority of the world's nuclear power plants. In a PWR, the coolant (water) is pumped under high pressure to the reactor core where it is heated by the energy released by the fission of atoms. Pressure in the primary coolant loop prevents the water from boiling within the reactor. The heated water then flows to a steam generator where it transfers heat to a secondary system where steam is generated. The steam flows to a steam turbine which spins an electric generator. The used steam is condensed and returned to the steam generator for re-use. PWRs use ordinary water as both coolant and neutron moderator.


title: The Mpemba effect

paragraphs: The Mpemba effect is that hot water can, under certain circumstances, not only freeze but do so quicker than colder water. This phenomenon has been reported as working as far back as Ancient Greece, even though it would seem contradictory to the laws of thermodynamics. In 1969 a scientist named Erasto B. Mpemba did experiments that proved that the effect is real, however, scientists are left with more questions than answers. Many solutions have been suggested as reasons for this phenomenon, but none have been agreed upon by scientists and most contradictory explanations were obtained by very different experiments with different controls. Perhaps someday after more study scientists will understand this, but currently the results are inconclusive at best.


title: Communications-based train control

paragraphs: Communications-based train control (CBTC) is a railway signaling system that makes use of telecommunications between the train and track equipment. By means of a CBTC system, the exact position of a train is known more accurately than with the traditional signaling systems. This results in a more efficient and safe way to manage trains. Metros (and other railway systems) are able to run more frequent trains while maintaining or even improving safety.


title: Rolling stock

paragraphs: Rolling stock means vehicles that move on a railway. It can include both powered and unpowered vehicles. Examples are locomotives, passenger cars, tank cars and boxcars.


title: Armando (artist)

paragraphs: Armando (18 September 1929 – 1 July 2018), born Herman Dirk van Dodeweerd, was a Dutch painter, sculptor and writer. He was born in Amsterdam. In 1958 he was one of the founding members of the Nederlandse Informele Groep (Informelen).

paragraphs: His first solo exhibition was at the Galerie Le Canard, Amsterdam, in 1954. At this time he also started to write poetry. He was influenced by the CoBrA art group. In 2007, he retired following an art museum fire that destroyed most of his work.

paragraphs: Armando died on 1 July 2018 in Berlin at the age of 88.


title: François Corbier

paragraphs: François Corbier (1944 – July 1, 2018) was a French television presenter and songwriter. He was born in Paris. He became a television presenter on "Récré A2", a programme with singer Dorothée on Antenne 2, in 1982. He was a co-presenter of "Club Dorothée" on TF1 from 1987 to 1997. His best known song that he wrote was "Le Nez de Dorothée" in 1986.

paragraphs: Corbier died on July 1, 2018 in Évreux, France from cancer, aged 73.


title: Bozhidar Dimitrov

paragraphs: Bozhidar Dimitrov Stoyanov (, 3 December 1945 – 1 July 2018) was a Bulgarian historian. He worked in Medieval Bulgarian history, the Ottoman rule and the Macedonian Question. He was the director of the National Historical Museum. He was born in Sozopol, Bulgaria.

paragraphs: Dimitrov Cove in Antarctica is named after him.

paragraphs: Dimitrov died on 1 July 2018 in Sofia from a heart attack at the age of 72.


title: Shirley Huffman

paragraphs: Shirley Todd Huffman (July 22, 1928 – July 1, 2018) was an American Republican politician. She was born in Dayton, Oregon. She later moved to Hillsboro, Oregon, where she served on the city council before serving two terms as mayor from 1985 to 1993. After leaving office, she was replaced by Gordon Faber and served on the board of directors for TriMet and as a development coordinator for the city.

paragraphs: Huffman died on July 1, 2018 in Ventura, California from natural causes at the age of 89.


title: Dayton, Oregon

paragraphs: Dayton is a city in Yamhill County, Oregon, United States. The population was 2,534 at the 2010 census.


title: Gillian Lynne

paragraphs: Dame Gillian Barbara Lynne, (née Pyrke; 20 February 1926 – 1 July 2018) was a British ballerina, dancer, choreographer, actress, and theatre-television director. She was known for her popular choreography with "Cats" and "The Phantom of the Opera". She was made a DBE (Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire) in the 2014 New Year Honours List.

paragraphs: Lynne died at a hospital in Marylebone, London from pneumonia on 1 July 2018 at the age of 92.


title: Julian Tudor Hart

paragraphs: Alan Julian Macbeth Tudor-Hart (9 March 1927 – 1 July 2018), commonly known as Julian Tudor Hart, was a British doctor and politician. He worked as a general practitioner (GP) in Wales for 30 years. He was involved with research and wrote many books and scientific articles. He was born in London.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Sigerist Society from 1947 to 1955. Hart joined the Communist Party of Great Britain and ran as the CPGB candidate for Aberavon at the 1964, 1966 and 1970 general elections.


title: President of Mexico

paragraphs: (), officially known as the President of the United Mexican States (), is the head of state and government of Mexico.

paragraphs: Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador, who took office on December 1, 2018.

paragraphs: To be eligible to serve as president, Article 82 of the Constitution specifies that the following requirements must be met:

paragraphs: The 1917 Constitution was influenced from the Constitution of the United States. It made it clear separation of powers while giving the president wider powers than his American counterpart. However, this has only recently become the case in practice.

paragraphs: The President's official residence and main workplace is Los Pinos, located inside the Bosque de Chapultepec (Chapultepec Park). The President has the right to use this residence for the six-year term of office.

paragraphs: There are six living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Miguel de la Madrid (1982–1988), on 1 April 2012.


title: Ernesto Zedillo

paragraphs: Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León, GColIH (; born December 27, 1951) is a Mexican economist and politician. He was 54th President of Mexico from December 1, 1994 to November 30, 2000.

paragraphs: He was the last Mexican president from the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), a 71 year streak. He became the PRI candidate after the original nominee Luis Donaldo Colosio was assassinated.


title: Carlos Salinas de Gortari

paragraphs: Carlos Salinas de Gortari () (born April 3, 1948) is a Mexican economist and politician. He worked with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He served as 53rd President of Mexico from December 1, 1988 to November 30, 1994.


title: Gudrun Burwitz

paragraphs: Burwitz was arrested and made to testify at the Nuremberg trials. She fought to defend her father’s reputation and became closely involved in Neo-Nazi groups that give support to ex-members of the SS.

paragraphs: Burwitz died on 24 May 2018 at her home near Munich, aged 88. Her death was announced a month later.


title: Denis Akiyama

paragraphs: Denis Van Akiyama (May 28, 1952 – June 28, 2018) was a Canadian actor. He was born in Toronto. He was best known for being the voice of Iceman/Bobby Drake, Silver Samurai, and Sunfire in the "X-Men Animated Series" and Malachite/Kunzite in the original English version of "Sailor Moon". He played Shinji in "Johnny Mnemonic".

paragraphs: In 2015, he appeared in the movie "Pixels" as Professor Iwatani.

paragraphs: Akiyama died in Toronto on June 28, 2018 at the age of 66.


title: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom

paragraphs: Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is a 2018 American science fiction adventure movie. It is a the sequel to "Jurassic World" (2015). It is directed by J. A. Bayona. The movie is the fifth installment of the "Jurassic Park" movie series. Steven Spielberg is an executive producer in the movie.

paragraphs: It stars Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, B. D. Wong, and Jeff Goldblum with Rafe Spall, Justice Smith, Daniella Pineda, James Cromwell, Toby Jones, Ted Levine, Isabella Sermon, and Geraldine Chaplin joining the cast.

paragraphs: It was produced and distributed by Universal Pictures. "Fallen Kingdom" premiered in Madrid on May 21, 2018, and was released in the United States on June 22, 2018 to mixed reviews. A sequel, "", is set to be released on June 11, 2021.


title: Bryce Dallas Howard

paragraphs: Bryce Dallas Howard (born March 2, 1981) is an American actress, director, producer, model, and writer. She is the eldest daughter of actor and director Ron Howard. She is known for her role as Claire Dearing in the science fiction adventure movies "Jurassic World" (2015) and "" (2018).


title: Rafe Spall

paragraphs: Rafe Joseph Spall (born 10 March 1983) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles in "The Shadow Line", "Pete versus Life", "One Day", "Anonymous", "Prometheus", "Life of Pi," "The Big Short", "The BFG" and "."


title: Tank car

paragraphs: A tank car or tank wagon is a type of railroad car designed to transport liquids or gases.


title: BD Wong

paragraphs: Bradley Darryl "BD" Wong (born October 24, 1960) is an American actor. Wong won a Tony Award for his role as Song Liling in "M. Butterfly".

paragraphs: Wong is known for his role as Dr. George Huang on "", Dr. Henry Wu in the "Jurassic Park" franchise, his role in "Mr. Robot", and as Li Shang from the Disney animated movie "Mulan".

paragraphs: Wong appeared in the TV series "Gotham" as Hugo Strange.


title: Billy Kinard

paragraphs: Billy Russell Kinard (December 16, 1933 – June 30, 2018) was an American football player and coach. Kinard was born in Jackson, Mississippi. He played professionally as a defensive end for the Cleveland Browns and Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL) and the Buffalo Bills of the American Football League (AFL).

paragraphs: Kinard died on June 30, 2018 in Fort Payne, Alabama at the age of 84.


title: Daniella Pineda

paragraphs: Daniella Pineda (born 20 February 1987) is an American actress, writer, and comedian. She was born in Oakland, California. She is known for her role as Zia Rodriguez in "". She also starred as Sophie in the television series "The Originals".


title: Justice Smith

paragraphs: Justice Elio Smith (born August 9, 1995) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Radar in the movie "Paper Towns" (2015), Ezekiel in the Netflix television series "The Get Down" (2016–2017) and as Franklin in "". Smith will star in "" (2019). He was born in Los Angeles, California.


title: Hunterston B nuclear power station

paragraphs: Hunterston B Power Station is a nuclear power station in North Ayrshire, Scotland. It is about 6 miles (9 km) south of Largs and about 2.5 miles (4 km) northwest of West Kilbride, on the Firth of Clyde coast.

paragraphs: It has generated electricity since 1976. It is operated by EDF Energy. It currently generates up to 1000 MW and is due to operate until 2023.

paragraphs: Hunterston B is very similar in design to the Hinkley Point B power station which is also due to operate until 2023.


title: San Rafael, California

paragraphs: San Rafael ( ; "Saint Raphael") is a city in and the county seat of Marin County, California, United States. The city is in the North Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2010 census the city's population is 57,713.

paragraphs: The term "420" when used in reference to cannabis consumption is believed to have started in San Rafael, specifically, at San Rafael High School. Since then, use of "420" has spread throughout the rest of the United States, and much of the rest of the world, in reference to cannabis consumption on April 20 or at 4:20 p.m., the time the original group gathered after school.

paragraphs: San Rafael has a Mediterranean climate ("Csb" in the Köppen climate classification).


title: Mexican general election, 2018

paragraphs: General elections were held in Mexico on 1 July 2018. Voters elected a new president to serve a term of five years and ten months.

paragraphs: It also elected 128 members of the Senate for a period of six years and 500 members of the Chamber of Deputies for a period of three years.

paragraphs: It was one of the largest election days in Mexican history, with most of the nation's states holding state and local elections on the same day, including nine governorships. It has been the most violent campaign Mexico has experienced in recent history, with 130 political figures killed since September 2017.

paragraphs: During the election cycle, Andrés Manuel López Obrador was the leading candidate and would eventually win in a landslide victory.

paragraphs: Currently, the results are: López Obrador, 53%; Anaya, 23%; Meade, 16%; and Rodríguez Calderón, 5%. This is the first time since the (controversial) 1988 election that a presidential candidate has been elected with an absolute majority (50%+1) of the votes cast.


title: Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller

paragraphs: Beatriz Gutiérrez Müller (born 13 January 1969) is a Mexican writer and investigator. She is the wife of the President of Mexico, Andrés Manuel López Obrador. She worked as a journalist, managing to work for "El Universal" while she lived in Puebla. Later on, she worked in the Mexico City government during Andrés Manuel López Obrador's time as Head of Government of Mexico City.


title: Margarita Zavala

paragraphs: Margarita Zavala de Calderón (; born Margarita Ester Zavala Gómez del Campo on 25 July 1967) is a Mexican lawyer and politician. She is the wife of the former President of Mexico Felipe Calderón. She served as the First Lady of Mexico during her husband's tenure.

paragraphs: Zavala also ran as an independent candidate for the presidency of Mexico between 12 October 2017 and 16 May 2018 during the 2018 election cycle.


title: Democratic Socialists of America

paragraphs: Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) is an organization of democratic socialist and left-social democratic and labor members in the United States. It is a member of the Socialist International (SI) from its founding in 1982.

paragraphs: DSA has its roots in the Socialist Party of America (SPA), whose most prominent leaders included Eugene V. Debs, Norman Thomas and Michael Harrington.

paragraphs: The organization has at times endorsed Democratic electoral candidates such as Walter Mondale, Jesse Jackson, John Kerry, Barack Obama and Bernie Sanders as well as Green Party candidate Ralph Nader.

paragraphs: By the end of 2017, DSA membership had risen from over 6,000 to over 32,000, due to the youth reaction to the presidency of Donald Trump, hence becoming by far not only the largest socialist organization in the United States in the 21st century, but also the largest socialist organization in the United States in over a century.

paragraphs: On June 26, DSA member and endorsee Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez won the Democratic primary against incumbent Representative Joseph Crowley in New York's 14th congressional district in a surprise upset. As a result of her win, 1,000 new members joining the organization the next day, approximately 35 times the daily average


title: Carlos Ramirez-Rosa

paragraphs: Carlos Ramirez-Rosa (born February 18, 1989) is an American politician. He is the alderman for Chicago's 35th Ward, serving since May 18, 2015. He worked as a community organizer with the Illinois Coalition for Immigrant and Refugee Rights, and a congressional aide to U.S. Representative Luis Gutiérrez.

paragraphs: Ramirez-Rosa is a member of the Chicago City Council's Progressive Caucus, and was elected to serve as a delegate to the 2016 Democratic National Convention as a Bernie Sanders supporter. He is the city's youngest alderman, and one of the youngest Aldermen ever elected, when elected at age 26.

paragraphs: On August 31, 2017, he was announced to be Daniel Biss's running mate in the 2018 gubernatorial election. Ramirez-Rosa was dropped from the ticket on September 6, 2017. After Luis Gutiérrez announced his retirement from Congress, Ramirez-Rosa announced his candidacy for Gutiérrez’s seat, Illinois' 4th congressional district; he withdrew on January 9, 2018.

paragraphs: He is a self-described democratic socialist and a member of Democratic Socialists of America.


title: Henry Butler

paragraphs: Henry Butler (September 21, 1949 – July 2, 2018) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Butler recorded for several record labels, including Impulse, Windham Hill, and Basin Street Records. Butler was blinded by glaucoma in infancy.

paragraphs: Butler died of end-stage colorectal cancer in New York City on July 2, 2018 at the age of 68.


title: Amy Coney Barrett

paragraphs: Amy Coney Barrett (born January 28, 1972) is an American judge. Barrett is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since October 26, 2020. She was nominated by President Donald Trump. She was the United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit from 2017 until 2020.

paragraphs: Before, she served as the Diane and M.O. Miller Research Chair of Law and Professor of Law at Notre Dame Law School.

paragraphs: Barrett was on President Trump's "shortlist" of potential Supreme Court nominees since 2017. She was seen as a possible replaced for then-retiring Justice Anthony Kennedy.

paragraphs: Shortly after the death of Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 2020, she was seen as the top choice to replace her. On September 26, President Trump nominated her to replace Ginsburg.

paragraphs: On October 26, 2020, the Senate confirmed Barrett to the Supreme Court by a vote of 52–48.


paragraphs: The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC; , ) is one of the six main parts of the United Nations. Its job is to coordinate many parts of the United Nations. It has 54 members. It meets in April and July. At these meetings, the members talk about economic and social issues, and make recommendations to countries about how to make the world a better place.


title: United Nations Trusteeship Council

paragraphs: The United Nations Trusteeship Council () is one of the six main parts of the United Nations. Its job is to run trust territories in the best interests of their people and of the world. The last trust territory was Palau, which joined the United Nations in 1994, The Trusteeship Council has not met since then.


title: George Vancouver

paragraphs: Captain George Vancouver (22 June 1757 – 10 May 1798) was a British officer of the Royal Navy, best known for his 1791–95 expedition which explored and mapped the northwest of North America, including the coasts of what are now Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. He also explored the Hawaiian Islands and the southwest coast of Australia. The cities of Vancouver, BC and Vancouver, WA, as well as Vancouver Island, are named after him.


title: University of British Columbia

paragraphs: The University of British Columbia (UBC) is a major public university located in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, with another location in Kelowna. It was started in 1908 and moved to its current location in Point Grey in 1925. It is one of the largest universities in Canada, with a student population of over 60,000. UBC has a 1,000-acre campus, a part of which has been set aside for an endowment fund which generates $1.6 billion for the university.

paragraphs: The Vancouver location is in the University Endowment Lands, about west of Downtown Vancouver. UBC is home to TRIUMF, Canada's national workplace for particle and nuclear physics. It has the world's largest cyclotron. UBC also has the Peter Wall Institute for Advanced Studies and Stuart Blusson Quantum Matter Institute. UBC and the Max Planck Society founded the first Max Planck Institute in North America, which studies quantum materials. The UBC Library system has over 9.9million books in its 21 locations and is one of the largest research libraries in Canada. The Okanagan campus, added in 2005, is located in Kelowna, British Columbia.

paragraphs: Three Canadian prime ministers, including Canada's first female prime minister Kim Campbell and current prime minister Justin Trudeau, went to UBC.


title: Ricardo Anaya

paragraphs: Ricardo Anaya Cortés (Spanish: ]; born 25 February 1979) is a Mexican lawyer and politician. He is a member and former president of the centre-right National Action Party (PAN).

paragraphs: He held the position of National President of the National Action Party until 9 December 2017, when he resigned to run in the 2018 presidential election for the PAN party in political coalition. Anaya scored second behind Andrés Manuel López Obrador in the election results.


title: José Antonio Meade

paragraphs: José Antonio Meade Kuribreña (; born 27 February 1969) is a Mexican politician, economist, lawyer, and diplomat. He served as Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Secretary of Social Development, Secretary of Energy and twice as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit.

paragraphs: On 27 November 2017, he resigned his post as Secretary of Finance and Public Credit in order to run for President of Mexico as a candidate of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) in the 2018 presidential election.


title: Jaime Rodríguez Calderón

paragraphs: Jaime Heliodoro Rodríguez Calderón (born 28 December 1957) is a Mexican politician. He was Governor of the northern state of Nuevo León. He is the first independent candidate to have won a governorship in Mexico. He served as mayor of García, Nuevo León (2009–2012) as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

paragraphs: Rodríguez ran as an Independent candidate for President of Mexico in the 2018 presidential race.


title: National Regeneration Movement

paragraphs: The National Regeneration Movement (, MORENA) is a left-wing political party in Mexico.

paragraphs: It was formally registered as a political party in 2014, it was led by three-time presidential candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador until 12 December 2017, when he registered himself as a candidate for the party's nomination, and was succeeded by Yeidckol Polevnsky Gurwitz.


title: Grey Cup

paragraphs: The Grey Cup is the trophy awarded to the champion of the Canadian Football League, and also the name of the championship game. It is played each November. It was first awarded in 1909. The Toronto Argonauts have won the trophy the most number of times.


title: National Action Party (Mexico)

paragraphs: The National Action Party (, PAN), founded in 1939. It is one of the three main political parties in Mexico. It has been an important political party winning local, state, and national elections. It is the most conservative party.

paragraphs: In 2000, PAN candidate Vicente Fox was elected President for a six-year term; in 2006, PAN candidate Felipe Calderón replaced Fox in presidency. During the period 2000-2012, both houses of the legislature had PAN pluralities, but the party did not have a majority in either house of the Congress.

paragraphs: In the 2006 legislative elections the party won 207 out of 500 seats in the Chamber of Deputies and 52 out of 128 Senators. In the 2012 Legislative Elections, the PAN won 38 seats in the Senate, and 114 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.


title: Fraser River

paragraphs: The Fraser River is a major river in western Canada. It flows from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean through British Columbia. It is the tenth longest river in Canada and the longest in British Columbia. It travels nearly 1400 km.


title: Seven Nation Army

paragraphs: "Seven Nation Army" (also stylized as "7 Nation Army") is a song by American rock duo the White Stripes. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, "Elephant", in March 2003, and reached number one on the Alternative Songs chart for three weeks in a row. It won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Song.

paragraphs: Following a speech by Jeremy Corbyn at Wirral Live music festival in May 2017, supporters in the audience began to chant Corbyn's name to the tune of the song's riff. This was repeated on several times in the run-up to the British general election 2017, and afterwards at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, where Corbyn appeared on the Pyramid stage.


title: Institutional Revolutionary Party

paragraphs: The Institutional Revolutionary Party (, PRI) is a Socialist-leaning political party in Mexico founded in 1929. It held power in the country for 71 years from 1929 to 2000, first as the National Revolutionary Party (, PNR), then as the Party of the Mexican Revolution (, PRM), and finally renaming itself as the Institutional Revolutionary Party in 1946.

paragraphs: The current President Enrique Peña Nieto is a member of PRI. Former presidents under PRI include: Pascual Ortiz Rubio, Lázaro Cárdenas, Adolfo López Mateos, Gustavo Díaz Ordaz, Luis Echeverría Álvarez, José López Portillo, Miguel de la Madrid, Carlos Salinas de Gortari and Ernesto Zedillo.


title: Amber Lee Connors

paragraphs: Amber Lee Connors (born April 9, 1991) is an American voice actress, casting and voice director and script writer. She has provided voices for English dubbed Japanese anime and video games. Connors was born in Cleveland, Ohio, but raised in Dallas, Texas.

paragraphs: Connors is perhaps best known for proving her voice for Chica and other characters in the "Five Night's at Freddy's" series beginning in "FNaF World" and later in "" and "Ultimate Custom Night". She is also known for her role as Nozomi in "Keijo!!!".

paragraphs: Connors endorsed U.S. Senator Bernie Sanders in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.


title: Virginia, Minnesota

paragraphs: Virginia is a city in Saint Louis County, Minnesota, United States. It is on the Mesabi Iron Range. The population was 8,712 at the 2010 census. It is relatively small, but is still one of the most dangerous cities in Minnesota when measured by the number of violent and property crimes compared to the number of people.


title: Chaitali Das

paragraphs: Chaitali Das is an Indian entrepreneur and social worker based in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Chaitali is best known as managing trustee of "Rakshak Foundation", a non-profit organization. In 2018, she won the "Exceptional Woman of Excellence" award by Women Economic Forum.

paragraphs: Chaitali Das obtained a degree in "Human Resource Management" from University of Cambridge. She had been supporting social causes since 1991 as part of family charity and later on founded Rakshak Foundation along with her husband, Jaydip Das in 2014. Rakshak Foundation has been running 2 child development centers with Kolkata Police, "Nabadisha Tollygunge" and "Ekbalpur Nabadisha".

paragraphs: Also, her social program "Jute Story beyond Bars" with jail inmates to develop their skills at various correctional homes across the country was highly praised by various social organizations.


title: Cal 3

paragraphs: Cal 3 (also called Proposition 9) is a halted 2018 voter initiative to split California into three states. It was introduced by Tim Draper. If it passed, California would not be immediately split. The U.S. Congress would need to approve.

paragraphs: Supporters of the split said the state is too large to govern efficiently, and those against said the split is a waste of time and resources.

paragraphs: The initiative was taken off of the ballot in July 2018 by the Supreme Court of California. Tim Draper called the decision "corrupt."

paragraphs: California is currently a stronghold for the Democratic Party. If the state were to split in three, Southern California could become a swing state. Splitting the state would also create 4 more Senate seats. The Republicans would not want all those 4 extra seats to go to the Democrats.

paragraphs: All three potential states voted for the Democratic nominee in the 2016 presidential election.


title: Drover (company)

paragraphs: Drover is a London based company providing vehicle subscriptions. Users pay a recurring fee for the right to use a car with insurance, maintenance, tax, MOT and breakdown cover, and can swap vehicles during the subscription or to cancel their subscriptions outright.

paragraphs: Drover was founded in late 2015 by Felix Leuschner, previously CEO of a fashion platform Sylistpick and virtual goods market Gamegoods, and Matt Varughese. They had observed that most of the innovation in the mobility space had been focused on how to get from A to B but that very little had been done around car ownership itself.

paragraphs: In March 2018 Drover received funding of £5.5m from investors including BP Ventures, Partech Ventures and Cherry Ventures. This was on top of a £2m pre-seed investment.

paragraphs: In April 2018 Drover partnered with BMW Group to provide BMW and Mini vehicles on the platform.

paragraphs: Drover does not own any cars, but provides a marketplace for vehicle subscriptions. Users pay a monthly fee for a car, including insurance, breakdown cover, maintenance tax and MOT. There are no long term commitments so users can swap, upgrade, downgrade or cancel their subscriptions. Felix Leuschner, CEO, claims that by providing a more seamless, online and all-inclusive experience, Drover will be able to improve the typical car purchasing experience.

paragraphs: Some industry predict that the rise of autonomous vehicles will see traditional finance methods superseded by subscription services.


title: Bergün Filisur

paragraphs: Bergün Filisur is a new municipality of the district Albula in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Bergün/Bravuogn and Filisur merged to form the new municipality of Bergün Filisur.


title: Vicosoprano

paragraphs: Vicosoprano is a former municipality of the district Maloja in the Swiss canton of Graubünden, and is the largest village in the Val Bregaglia. It is part of the municipality of Bregaglia.


title: Bregaglia

paragraphs: Bregaglia () is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. It was formed by the 2010 merger of the municipalities of Bondo, Castasegna, Soglio, Stampa and Vicosoprano, all in the Val Bregaglia.


title: S-chanf

paragraphs: S-chanf (; ; ) is a municipality of the district of Maloja in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.


title: Sils im Engadin/Segl

paragraphs: Sils im Engadin/Segl (; Romansh ), often also as "Sils i.E./Segl", is a municipality and village in the Upper Engadine in the Swiss canton of the Graubünden. It is found of the district of Maloja.

paragraphs: The municipality has two villages "Segl Maria" (Romansh, ; "Seglias" is part of Segl Maria) and "Segl Baselgia" (German: "Sils Baselgia"; "Baselgia" is Romansh for church), the Val Fex (German: "Fextal"), and the three "Maiensäss"e Grevasalvas, Blaunca and Buaira above "Plaun da Lej" on the left side of the valley.


title: Ross, California

paragraphs: Ross is a small incorporated town in Marin County, California, United States, just north of San Francisco. It is about west-southwest of San Rafael. The population was 2,415 at the 2010 census. The town is bordered by Kentfield and Greenbrae to the east, Larkspur to the south and San Anselmo to the north.

paragraphs: Ross is named in honor of James Ross, who bought Rancho Punta de Quentin in 1859.


title: Lake Brienz

paragraphs: Lake Brienz () is a lake just north of the Alps, in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. The shores are steep, and there is almost no shallow water in the entire lake.

paragraphs: The village of Brienz, from which the lake takes its name, lies on the northern shore to its eastern end.


title: Nadine Trintignant

paragraphs: Nadine Trintignant (born 11 November 1934) is a French movie director, producer, editor, screenwriter, and novelist. She is known for her movies "Ça n'arrive qu'aux autres" and "L'été prochain". Her movie "Mon amour, mon amour" was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 1967 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Bill Watrous

paragraphs: William Russell Watrous III (June 8, 1939 – July 2, 2018) was an American jazz trombonist. He was best known for his version of Sammy Nestico's arrangement of the Johnny Mandel ballad "A Time for Love," which he recorded on a 1993 album of the same name.

paragraphs: In 1971, he played with the jazz fusion group Ten Wheel Drive. Also in the 1970s, Watrous formed his own band, The Manhattan Wildlife Refuge Big Band, which recorded two albums for Columbia Records. The band was later renamed Refuge West when Watrous moved to southern California.

paragraphs: Watrous died in Los Angeles, California on July 2, 2018 at the age of 79.


title: Richard Swift (singer-songwriter)

paragraphs: Richard Swift (March 16, 1977 – July 3, 2018) was an American singer-songwriter, musician and producer. He was the founder, owner, and recording engineer of National Freedom, a recording studio located in Oregon. He worked as producer for such acts as The Shins, Damien Jurado, David Bazan, Foxygen, Jessie Baylin, Nathaniel Rateliff, The Mynabirds, Wake Owl, Laetitia Sadier of Stereolab, Gardens & Villa, Cayucas, and Guster.

paragraphs: Swift was a former member of indie rock band The Shins and The Arcs. In April 2014, Richard announced via Twitter that he had joined The Black Keys as their touring bassist and backing singer.

paragraphs: In June 2018, Swift was hospitalized in Tacoma, Washington with a "life-threatening illness". He died on July 3, 2018 from hepatitis caused by his alcoholism, aged 41.


title: Michael Bell

paragraphs: Michael Bell (born July 30, 1938) is an American actor, director and animal-rights activist. He is known for his youthful voice. He has acted in video games and animated series, including "The Transformers", "", "The Houndcats", "Rugrats", "The Smurfs", and "Snorks".

paragraphs: In live-action, he appeared in "Dallas" and "Star Trek".


title: David Durenberger

paragraphs: David Ferdinand Durenberger (born August 19, 1934) is an American politician. He was born in St. Cloud, Minnesota. He served as a Republican member of the U.S. Senate from Minnesota from November 8, 1978 to January 3, 1995.

paragraphs: Durenberger endorsed former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton for the 2016 presidential election.


title: Dennis DeConcini

paragraphs: Dennis Webster DeConcini (born May 8, 1937) is an American lawyer, philanthropist, politician. He served as the Democratic U.S. Senator from Arizona from 1977 until his retirement in 1995. He was replaced by Jon Kyl. DeConcini was born in Tucson, Arizona.

paragraphs: In February 1995 DeConcini was appointed by President Bill Clinton to the Board of Directors of the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (Freddie Mac), where he served until May 1999.

paragraphs: DeConcini is a member of the Board of Directors of the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC), a global nonprofit organization that combats child sexual exploitation, child pornography, and child abduction.


title: Ethiopian birr

paragraphs: The birr () is the unit of currency in Ethiopia.


title: Puma (brand)

paragraphs: PUMA AG is a German multinational company that designs and manufactures athletic and casual footwear, apparel and accessories, which is headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Bavaria, Germany.

paragraphs: PUMA is the third largest sportswear manufacturer in the world.

paragraphs: As of 2017, Puma SE employs more than 13,000 people worldwide and distributes its products in more than 120 countries.


title: Munevera Zulfikarpašić

paragraphs: Munevera Zulfikarpašić, born Gavrankapetanović (19181999), was a distinguished Bosnian and Sarajevan master of pharmacy. She was born in Ljubuški and died in Sarajevo.

paragraphs: Munevera Zulfikarpašić finished elementary and high schools in Sarajevo and graduated from the Faculty of Pharmacy at University of Zagreb, 1942. The Pharmacy Exam passed in 1948, when she was promoted to "Pharmacy Health at the Level of "master of pharmacy"".


title: Military base

paragraphs: A military base is where a country keeps its armed forces. It could be an air base, an army base, or a navy base. It could be inside its home country, in a different, friendly country, or in a country being invaded or occupied.

paragraphs: The name used generally refers to the type of military that uses the base.

paragraphs: A military base may go different names, such as the following:


title: J.Crew

paragraphs: J.Crew is an American clothing and accessories retailer based in New York City. It was founded in 1983.


title: Georgia Aquarium

paragraphs: The Georgia Aquarium is an aquarium in Atlanta, Georgia in the United States. It is one of the largest aquariums in the world, and has thousands of species in about ten million gallons of water. The animals there include sharks, Beluga whales, dolphins and manta rays.


title: Kash Gauni

paragraphs: Kash Gauni is a Canadian actor and movie producer based in Brampton, Ontario. Gauni is known for playing a leading role in the 2014 Canadian movie "Rock Paper Dice Enter", which was nominated for "The Rosie Award".

paragraphs: Kash Gauni attended at "Holy Angels Convent School" in Bharuch, Gujarat. Gauni starred in a Canadian thriller movie "Rock Paper Dice Enter (2014)", which was distributed by PVR Cinemas. He also played as an protagonist in "Lake Shore Drive", an American movie released in 2018.

paragraphs: According to Brampton Guardian.com, Gauni is a retired volunteer firefighter with Brampton Fire and Emergency Services.


title: Tom Holland (actor)

paragraphs: Thomas Stanley Holland (born 1 June 1996) is an English actor and dancer. He is best known for playing Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe movies, "" (2016), "" (2017), "" (2018), "" (2019), and "" (2019). He also stared in the famous musical Billie Elliot (2008)

paragraphs: Holland was diagnosed with dyslexia in 2003.

paragraphs: Holland has three younger brothers: Harry, Sam, and Patrick (Paddy). His parents are Nicola Frost and Dominic Holland. He has said he was bullied in school for being a dancer.

paragraphs: Tom Holland lives in London. He has a dog named Tessa that he loves dearly. He practices gymnastics.


title: Gun language

paragraphs: Gun language () is a language in the Gbe languages group. It is spoken by the Gun people in Benin and Nigeria. This language is close to Fon, as well as to Agbome, Kpase, Maxi and Weme (Ouémé) languages. It is the second most spoken language of Benin. It is used in some schools in the Ouémé Department of Benin.

paragraphs: It is mainly spoken in south Benin in Porto-Novo, Sème, Bonou, Adjara, Avrankou, Dangbo, Missérété, Akpro-Missérété, Cotonou and other cities where Gun people live. Gun is also spoken by a minority of people in southwest Nigeria near the border with Benin.


title: Bot

paragraphs: A bot is a computer program which acts automatically. It may do things that a person wouldn't normally do, or take a long time to do. It is an automated or semi-automated tool or script. They may be simple, or advanced and complex:

paragraphs: Societies are going through a rapid learning process at present. The freedom of bots to mine data is challenged. By mining data is meant collecting information about use, and about users, so as to advance some commercial or other purpose. In the European Union, for example, bots must now ask for permission to mine data from users. Before, they could collect any data they liked from users inorder to promote the welfare of the companies that used them.

paragraphs: There is a Directive 96/9/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 11 March 1996 on the legal protection of databases. It is a directive of the European Union in the field of copyright law, made under the Treaty of Rome. The need to protect the data of "users" is a more recent development.

paragraphs: Data mining is certain to be extremely important in the future. On Wikipedia the use of bots is frequent (see link above), but the use of data mining is minimal.

paragraphs: The word bot can occur in many words and names such as:


title: Aphorism

paragraphs: An aphorism is a memorable saying. It often contains a surprising truth. Most aphorisms are quite short, but not all:


title: Henri Dirickx

paragraphs: Hendrik Paul "Rie" Diricx (7 July 1927 – 4 July 2018) was a Belgian football player. He was born in Duffel.

paragraphs: Dirickx played for Union Saint-Gilloise. He earned a total of 30 caps for Belgium between 1952 and 1960. He was part at the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: Dirickx died on 4 July 2018, three days shy of his 91st birthday.


title: Parson's Cause

paragraphs: The "Parson's Cause" was a legal and political dispute in the Colony of Virginia. Many people think it was an  important event leading up to the American Revolution. The case was about the payment of clergy of the Anglican Church in Virginia. At the time, a lot of tobacco was planted in Virginia. It was one of the commodity crops of the colony. The colony of Virginia had passed laws in 1748: These laws said that Virginia's Anglican clergy were to be paid 16,000 pounds of tobacco per year.

paragraphs: The problem was that the harvest of tobacco was poor in 1758. Because of that, the price of tobacco in Virginia rose from from two to six pennies per pound. This also meant the salary of clergy effectively tripled, that year. The state of Virginia was forced to act, and passed a law called the "Two Pennies Act": This law allowed the state authorities to pay the clergy in currency, instead of tobacco. It also fixed the exchange rate of tobacco: it said that for these payments, the state should take a rate of two  pennies per pound of tobacco.  King George III of Great Britain vetoed the law, causing an uproar in the colony. Many Virginia legislators saw the king's veto as a breach of their legislative authority.

paragraphs: Colonel John Henry, father of Patrick Henry, was the judge who presided over the court case and jury that decided the issue. Patrick Henry was the person who argued in favor of colonial rights in the case. He was relatively unknown at the time.

paragraphs: The Reverend James Maury had sued in Hanover County Court (April 1, 1762) for back wages on behalf of all the ministers involved: he effectively became a representative of the British cause. The court ruled (Nov. 5, 1763) that Maury's claim was valid, but that a jury had to determine the amount of damages. This jury was called for in December 1763. Patrick Henry rose to prominence by defending Hanover County against Maury's claims. Henry argued in favor of the Two Penny Act. As reported by the plaintiff Maury in a letter (Dec. 12, 1763) to fellow Anglican minister John Camm shortly after the trial, Henry argued in substance "that a King, by disallowing Acts of this salutary nature, from being the father of his people, degenerated into a Tyrant and forfeits all right to his subjects' obedience."

paragraphs: The jury awarded Maury one penny in damages. The award essentially nullified the Crown veto, and no other clergy sued.

paragraphs: The Hanover County Courthouse is still operating; historic U.S. Route 301 passes by it. The courthouse is next to the Hanover Tavern, where Patrick Henry lived while arguing the Parson's Cause. It is the third oldest courthouse still in use in the United States. The state historic office dates the building's construction between 1737 and 1742.


title: Hans Hürlimann

paragraphs: Hans Hürlimann (6 April 1918 –22 February 1994) was a Swiss politician. He was a member of the Swiss Federal Council (1974-1982).

paragraphs: He was elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland on 5 December 1973. He served until 31 December 1982 when Alphons Egli took office. He was a member of the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland.

paragraphs: During his office time he held the Federal Department of Home Affairs and was President of the Confederation in 1979.


title: 1946–47 Chicago Stags season

paragraphs: The Chicago Stags were a team competing in the BBA in 1946, which became the National Basketball Association in 1950. They made the NBA finals that year, losing to the Philadelphia Warriors.


title: Jagmeet Singh

paragraphs: Jagmeet Singh Dhaliwal (born January 2, 1979) is a Canadian politician and lawyer. He is the leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada right now. He became the leader in 2017. He used to be a Member of Provincial Parliament (MPP) in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario from 2011 to 2017. He represented the electoral district of Bramalea—Gore—Malton.

paragraphs: After the leadership election, he became the first person of a visible minority to become the permanent leader of a major federal political party.

paragraphs: Jagmeet Singh was born on January 2, 1979 in Scarborough, Ontario. His parents were Harmeet Kaur and Jagtaran Singh, who both came from the state of Punjab in India. He started his career as a criminal defense lawyer.

paragraphs: Singh was first elected in the 2011 Ontario provincial election. He represented the ONDP. In 2015, he became the Deputy Leader of the Ontario New Democrats under Andrea Horwath until 2017.

paragraphs: Singh announced he would run for leadership of the federal New Democratic Party of Canada to replace Tom Mulcair which he won. He did not have a seat in the House of Commons until March 2019. This was when he won a seat in Burnaby South, British Columbia in a by-election.

paragraphs: Singh has branded himself a progressive and a social democrat. Singh supports LGBTQ rights.


title: Ohio Fireworks Derecho

paragraphs: The Ohio Fireworks Derecho was a severed wind storm that happened on July 4, 1969. The storm started in southeast Michigan and entered northwestern Ohio near the Toledo area and moved into the Sandusky and Cleveland areas also western Pennyslvania, including the Pittsburgh area before ending at midnight near the borders of Pennyslvania, West Virginia, and Maryland.