title: Crayfish

paragraphs: Crayfish are crustaceans that are also known as crawdads, crawfish, and freshwater lobsters. they are closely related to lobsters, crabs, and shrimp. There are about 150 crayfish species in North America, and over 540 species worldwide.

paragraphs: The body of a decapod crustacean, such as a crab, lobster, or prawn (shrimp), is made up of twenty body segments. They are grouped into two main body parts, the cephalothorax and the abdomen. Each segment may have one pair of appendages. In some groups these may be reduced or missing. On average, crayfish grow to in length, but some grow larger. Walking legs have a small claw at the end.

paragraphs: Crayfish live in streams, rivers, swamps, ponds, and other freshwater habitats. Most crayfish are strictly aquatic but some live in semi-aquatic environments. The semi-aquatic crayfish burrow into the soil to get to water (so that they can breathe).

paragraphs: Some can also be put in private aquarium to be used as pets

paragraphs: Crayfish are omnivores; they eat plants, animals, and decaying organisms. They are nocturnal (most active at night) and eat fish, shrimp, water plants, worms, insects, snails, and plankton. Larval crayfish are very tiny; they eat plankton.


title: Chappaquiddick Island

paragraphs: Chappaquiddick is a place in Massachusetts, in the United States. It became famous because of a fatal car accident involving Edward Kennedy in 1969.


title: Variable star

paragraphs: A variable star is a star that is sometimes brighter or dimmer. Most stars have only very small differences in brightness, like the Sun. But some stars can vary hugely.

paragraphs: There are generally two types of variable stars:

paragraphs: There are a number of different types of variable stars.

paragraphs: Protostars are young objects that have not yet completed the process of contraction from a gas nebula to a true star. Most protostars show irregular brightness variations.

paragraphs: Large stars lose their matter relatively easily. Variability due to eruptions and mass loss is fairly common among giants and supergiants.

paragraphs: Supernovae are the most dramatic type of events in the universe. A supernova can briefly emit as much energy as an entire galaxy, brightening by more than 20 magnitudes (over one hundred million times brighter). Supernovae result from the death of an extremely massive star, many times heavier than the Sun.

paragraphs: The supernova explosion is caused by a white dwarf or a star core reaching a certain mass/density limit, the Chandrasekhar limit. Then the star collapses in a fraction of a second. This collapse "bounces" and causes the star to explode and emit an enormous amount of energy.

paragraphs: The outer layers of these stars are blown away at speeds of many thousands of kilometers an hour. The expelled matter may form nebulae called "supernova remnants". A well-known example of such a nebula is the Crab Nebula, left over from a supernova that was observed in China and North America in 1054. The core of the star or the white dwarf may either become a neutron star (generally a pulsar) or disintegrate completely in the explosion.

paragraphs: A supernova may also result from mass transfer onto a white dwarf from a star companion in a double star system. The infalling matter pushes the white dwarf over the Chandrasekhar limit. The absolute luminosity of this type of supernova can be calculated from its light curve, so these explosions can be used to fix the distance to other galaxies. One of the most studied supernovae is SN 1987A in the Large Magellanic Cloud.


title: Submission

paragraphs:
Submission may refer to:
Submission may also be:


title: Appendectomy

paragraphs: An appendectomy or appendicectomy is when a doctor removes the vermiform appendix. This is commonly done as a treatment for appendicitis.


title: Donald Dewar

paragraphs: Donald Campbell Dewar (21 August 1937 – 11 October 2000) was the first First Minister of Scotland from 1999 until his death in 2000. He was the first person to hold the position of First Minister following the establishment of the Scottish Parliament in 1999.

paragraphs: After the 1997 General Election, Dewar was in a position which John Smith (leader of the Labour Party, 1992-1994 and a good friend of Dewar) would never have thought possible. He was able to start the process to split Scotland from the United Kingdom, and worked endlessly on creating the Scotland Act, popularly known as Smith's "unfinished business". When ratified, this was to give Scotland its first Parliament for nearly 300 years.

paragraphs: The first elections to the Scottish Parliament were held on 6 May 1999, with Dewar leading the Scottish Labour Party against their main opponents, the SNP under Alex Salmond. He was elected as the MSP for Glasgow Anniesland. Although Scottish Labour won the most seats, they did not have a majority in Parliament to allow them to form an Executive without the help of a smaller party. A deal was agreed with the Scottish Liberal Democrats to work together, with Dewar agreeing to their demand for the abolition of up-front tuition fees for university students.

paragraphs: On 13 May, Dewar was nominated as First Minister, and was officially appointed by the Queen on 17 May at a ceremony in the Palace of Holyroodhouse. He later travelled to the Court of Session to be sworn in by the Lord President and receive the Great Seal of Scotland.

paragraphs: On 16 June, Dewar set out the legislative programme for the Executive which included: an Education bill to improve standards in Scottish schools; land reform to give right of access to the countryside, a bill to abolish the feudal system of land tenure; and a bill to establish National Parks in Scotland.

paragraphs: In April 2000, Dewar was admitted to hospital for tests on his heart, following a previous test where a minor irregularity was discovered. In May 2000, he later had surgery to repair a leaking heart valve, and was forced to take a three month break from Parliament, with Deputy First Minister, Jim Wallace taking over as Acting First Minister. He returned to work on 14 August 2000.

paragraphs: Dewar dealt with the exams results fiasco and the lorry drivers strike, and attended the Labour party conference in Brighton in September, but at the end of September told the historian Tom Devine in Dublin that if there was no surge of the energy of old, he would have to reappraise the situation within a few months time.

paragraphs: On 10 October 2000 around lunchtime, Dewar sustained a fall. He seemed fine at first but later that day suffered a massive brain hemorrhage which was possibly triggered by the medication he was taking after the heart surgery. Donald Dewar died the following day, at 12.18pm, in Edinburgh's Western General Hospital. He was 63 years old.

paragraphs: Dewar's funeral service was held at Glasgow Cathedral, amid scenes of mourning unknown for a politician in Scotland's largest city. He was cremated on 18 October 2000, and his ashes were scattered at Lochgilphead.

paragraphs: "Although he has become something of a political legend, Donald would have abhorred any attempt to turn him into some kind of secular saint. He would have been horrified at a Diana-style out-pouring of synthetic grief at his untimely death." -- Iain MacWhirter, Sunday Herald, 15 October 2000.


title: Governor-General of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Governor-General of Pakistan was the resident representative of King George VI in Pakistan from 1947 to 1952 and then Queen Elizabeth II ("Queen of Pakistan") from 1952 until 1956 when Pakistan was proclaimed a republic.

paragraphs: When Pakistan became an independent, self-governing nation in 1947, it, like post-independent India, provisionally continued to use the Government of India Act 1935, as its written constitution until a post-independence constitution could be drafted; by default this contemplated the continuation of the constitutional monarchy as a Commonwealth realm Dominion.

paragraphs: The monarch appointed a Governor-General, upon the advice of the Prime Minister of Pakistan to serve as de facto Head of State.

paragraphs: Muhammad Ali Jinnah, considered "Quaid-e-Azam" ("Great Leader"), informed Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma: "when I am Governor-General the Prime Minister will do what I tell him to" -- however Jinnah's rapidly declining health made the issue moot.

paragraphs: After Jinnah's death the Governor-General of Pakistan continued to serve a larger role than the India Act prescribed, dismissing multiple Prime Ministers and consolidating power.

paragraphs: The office of Governor-General was replaced by the office of President of Pakistan when Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The then Governor-General, Iskander Mirza, became Pakistan's first president.


title: Hunza Valley

paragraphs: Hunza Valley () is a mountainous valley near Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The Hunza valley is at an elevation of . The territory of Hunza is about . Karimabad (formerly called Baltit) is the main town which is also a very popular tourist destination in Pakistan because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi, Ultar Sar, Bojahagur Duanasir II, Ghenta Peak, Hunza Peak, Darmyani Peak, and Bublimating (Ladyfinger Peak), all or higher.


title: Kaghan Valley

paragraphs: The Kaghan valley is a valley in the Mansehra District of Hazara Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It has a reputation as a place of great natural beauty. This valley also suffered from the earthquake disaster on 8 October 2005.

paragraphs: The valley is approximately 160 kilometers long, starting from Balakot in the 'Lower Kaghan' to Babusar Pass at the extreme end of the 'Upper Kaghan'. It is mostly surrounded by the forests and hills of the Lesvjzxbser Himalayas and the Kunhar River runs though most of its length. The valley is mostly inhabited by semi-nomadic Gujars, and some Swatis, Awans and Syeds.

paragraphs: Historically speaking, Kaghan was long a backward and neglected area, until the 1880s-1890s when officers of British India established a strategic supply line via the Babusar Pass to the northern areas of the Gilgit Agency. After that, the area soon opened up to tourism and resort centers like Shogran and Naran Valley were developed in it. The famous and lovely Saiful Muluk Lake is also a special feature of this valley as are some other lakes like Ansoo Lake, Dudupat Sar, Lulu Sar and the Lalazar Meadows. Malika Parbat is a high peak in the area.

paragraphs: Between May and August each year, thousands of tourists from Pakistan and abroad dive up from Abbottabad and Mansehra, to visit these places in the valley. For most of the rest of the year, Kaghan area is locked in by heavy snows.


title: Kunar Valley

paragraphs: Kunar Valley (), or Chitral Valley, is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Main geographic features are jungles and mountains.


title: Nagar Valley

paragraphs: Nagar Valley () is a valley near Gilgit Valley in Gilgit-Baltistan in northern Pakistan. The Nagar Valley is at an elevation of 2,438m (7,999 feet). Nagar Khas is the main town and the capital of the former state of Nagar. The Spantik peak (Golden peak) can easily be seen from here.

paragraphs: Gulmet is the popular tourist attraction in Nagar because of the spectacular scenery of the surrounding mountains like Rakaposhi at 7,788m (25,561), and Diran.

paragraphs: Nagar was formerly a princely state in the northernmost part of the Northern Areas of Pakistan, which existed until 1974. Administratively there are two Tehsils in Nagar namely Nagar-1 and Nagar-2 of Gilgit District.

paragraphs: Nagar was an independent principality for 1200 years. The British gained control of Nagar during a battle at place of Nilt (Jangir-e-Laye) between 1889 and 1892. Nagarkutch fought bravely but was defeated due to lack of weapons. The Tham (Chief) of that time, Azur Khan, was sent in exile to Kashmir.

paragraphs: Hunza was previously under the domination of Nagar and collectively called "Buroshall" and their capital was "Capal Dongs". But after the reign of the "Miyor Khan" his sons divided Buroshall into Nagar and Hunza and declared the river as the border: "Muglot" became the king of Nagar and "Kirkis" became the king of Hunza.

paragraphs: The British retained Nagar's status as a principality until 1947. The people of Nagar and Hunza were ruled by a local Mir for more than 1200 years, which came to an end in 1974. Although never ruled directly by neighbouring Kashmir or the British, Nagar and Hunza were a vassal of Kashmir from the time of Maharaja Ranbir Singh of Jammu and Kashmir. The Mirs of both sent an annual tribute to the Kashmir Durbar until 1947, and along with the ruler of Hunza, was considered to be among the most loyal vassals of the Maharaja of Kashmir.

paragraphs: After the change in Pakistani Central Government to a democracy on 25 September 1974 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto dissolved the Princely States of Nagar as well as Hunza and set the prisoners free and gave democratic representation to the Northern Areas Council, now the Northern Areas Legislative Council

paragraphs: The state is bordered by the Gilgit Agency to the southwest, China to the north and northeast and Afghanistan to the northwest. The state capital was the town of Nagar Khas (also known as Uyum Nagar, which means "The Mighty Nagar Empire"). The first village of Nagar is Chalt Valley near Guroo, Janglote from Gilgit and the last village of Nagar is Hisper, Biafo Range that links Baltistan with the eastern range.

paragraphs: According to 2000 census figures 100,000 inhabitants are living in the Nagar Valley.Now population is above 130000 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The languages spoken here are Brushashki, Shena and Bedishki.The sixty percent of total population of Brusho belongs to Nagar.

paragraphs: Bedishki is a language spoken by a tribe Bedicho of Nagar.It is a

paragraphs: Gujrati(Indian) like language.It has only one hundred spokers.It is spoken in Chalt(Capital of Nagar).It is the language of famous musicians of Nagar.Late ustad Muhammad Ali was one of the famous musician of the Bedicho family.Hadulia-Ibraheem, Ustad Sulaiman, Kak Mutalib and Mam Shukoor Ali are the famous persons of the tribe.

paragraphs: The religion of the Nagar Valley is Islam with 100% Shia Isna Ashree(Usooli)

paragraphs: Rakaposhi and Diran are two of the mountains in Nagar-2. Minapin is one of the beautiful place, while Rush Lake (High altitude Wetland), Golden Peak, Hopper Glacier, Hisper Glacier, Bowalter Glacier and Barpu white glaciers are in Nagar-1. Askurdas is the centre of Nagar.

paragraphs: The climate of Nagar remains pleasant from mid-April to the end of September. The maximum temperature in summer during the day is 13°C. The weather becomes very cold during the winter, mainly from October to end of March. The minimum temperature can be -14°C.

paragraphs: The war between British army and the people of Nagar. This war was fought in 1891 and had continued for months. At last the British army had succeeded to gain control over Nagar and it became a vassal of Kashmir Durbar but ruled by the same royal family. Although the British army was fighting with a small army it was a long war and the only war fought in Nagar. For the British army, three soldiers were rewarded with the Victoria Cross and a mule was also rewarded with the medal for carrying a gun on its back.

paragraphs: Nagar was famous for its polo team. It is the only team from the northern areas who played the polo match in New Delhi on the arrival of the George VI of England and won the trophy there. Until 1972 it was the unbeatable team of the northern areas.

paragraphs: The people of modern Nagar are doctors, engineers,army officers, politicians, businessmen. They are in every field of life in Pakistan. The people of Nagar valley are very loving and hospitable to visitors.

paragraphs: Students of Nagar has an organization of their own.This organization was regesterd in Karachi(A city of Pakistan) in 1969.The late deputy commissioner Daud Khan was first president of this organization.The name of this organization is Nagar Students Federation.(NSF).This Students organization is still functional in Pakistan.

paragraphs: A tremendous change has been observed in the literacy rate of Nagar over the past 5 decades. The state has not institution before 1950s. Late Agha Ahmed Safa Faizi & late Raja Sahib khan were supposed to be first educated persons of the state. Both started education in their own villages in Asqur Das and Chalt respectively after 1950s.Now Nagar State has educational institutes in every village and towns. 100% of the children are going to school. The people of Nagar have their literacy rate more than 90% in men. While women have about 70%.

paragraphs: The whole area of Nagar along with Hunza is declared as a community park to prevent the hunting of many endangered animals such as Marco Polo sheep, brown bears, show tigers etc. The NGOs which are working on the preservation of endangered animals are invited to come to this area because these animals are surviving for their existence.


title: Naran Valley

paragraphs: Naran Valley () is in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Kunhar River, fed by glacier melt, flows through the Naran Valley. Makra Peak, Malka Parbat,Babu Sar Top and Saiful Muluk are the main attractions.


title: Rupal Valley

paragraphs: The Rupal Valley is in the Astore District of Pakistan's Northern Areas. It is south of Nanga Parbat. It is popular for treks to the mountain's Rupal Face, one of highest mountain faces in the world.


title: Skardu Valley

paragraphs: The Skardu Valley is in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. The valley is about 10km wide and 40km long. It is where the River Shigar and River Indus come together. It surrounded by the large Karakoram Range. With the nearby lakes and mountains, it is an important tourist location in Pakistan.


title: Yasin Valley

paragraphs: The Yasin Valley is a high mountain valley in the Hindu Kush mountains, in the northwest region of Gilgit in the Northern Areas of Pakistan. Yasin is separated from the Ishkoman Valley by a high mountain pass. To reach Yasin one must take the Karakoram Highway north from Islamabad, and then turn left to reach Gupis in Ghizar. After Gupis, one continues northwest to reach the Yasin Valley. Yasin valley has a spectacular natural beauty.

paragraphs: Yasin was originally ruled by the Khushwakhte Dynasty, a collateral line of the Katur Dynasty of Chitral. The Rajas of Yasin were great warriors and fought against the Sikhs and the Dogras of Kashmir, but this house eventually lost power and the ownership of Yasin changed hands several times between the rule of the Mehtar of Chitral, and the Maharaja of Kashmir.

paragraphs: Although not highly or densely populated, Yasin was of strategic importance because it leads to a high mountain pass, to Yarkhun in Chitral, and then to Broghol Pass, the Wakhan Corridor of Afghanistan, and into Tajikistan. Thus, Yasin could have formed an invasion route from Czarist Russia into British India.

paragraphs: The primary language of Yasin Valley is the Burushaski language. The Khowar language is also spoken.

paragraphs: The majority of the people in Yasin are Ismailies who lead their lives according to the Islamic principles more concerned with the imam of the time. Currently Prince Karim Aga Khan is the Imam and spiritual leader of the Ismailies. However, other sects of Islam like, Sunni, Shia also live in Yasin.

paragraphs: Ethnically the people of Yasin are of Brosho origin; however, there are the migrants from different parts of the country, mainly from Chitral and even from outside the country like Central Asia.

paragraphs: The Darkut Pass connects Yasin with Broghol pass and Chitral whilst the Thoi Pass connects Yasin to Yarkhun Chitral and Asumber pass connects Yasin to Ishkomen. Darkot Pass is a historical pass which discriminately has been labelled as restricted zone by Government of Pakistan. This pass used to be the shortest means of Communication between oxus and Indus ([www.yasinvalley.com]www.yasinvalley.com). Local and Foreign Tourism love to trek along the Assumbur pass to Ishqamen valley.


title: Dmitry Medvedev

paragraphs: Dmitry Anatolyevich Medvedev (born 14 September 1965) is a Russian politician. He was the tenth and Prime Minister of Russia from 2012 through 2020. He previously served as the third President of Russia from 2008 to 2012.

paragraphs: Medvedev was born in 1965 in Leningrad, Soviet Union. His parents were teachers. He studied law in the university there. In 1992, he became the law adviser to the Mayor.

paragraphs: In 2005, he was appointed as the Head of the Kremlin Staff under president Vladimir Putin and in 2008 he was elected as third Russian President and the youngest Russian Leader since 1917.

paragraphs: In 2012, he was appointed as Prime Minister of Russia and Leader of United Russia.

paragraphs: He is known for his modernisation reforms in Russian society, especially in economy and politics.

paragraphs: In January 2020, Medvedev announced his resignation as Prime Minister.


title: BBC Three

paragraphs: BBC Three was a British television channel from the BBC.

paragraphs: BBC Three was described by the BBC as a channel for 'New drama, talent, comedy, films, and accessible news'. It ran from 19:00 to about 04:00 each night, in order to share terrestrial digital bandwidth with the CBBC channel. Unlike its commercial rivals, 90% of BBC Three's output is from the United Kingdom and other European Union countries. 80% is original, covering all genres from current affairs, to drama, to comedy to animation.

paragraphs: BBC Three had a unique '60 second news' format. This was adopted so that operation of the channel could be completely automated, without the complication of dealing with variable length live news broadcasts. The current controller of the station is Danny Cohen, and the Head of Scheduling is Dan McGolpin.

paragraphs: BBC Three closed as a standard television channel on 16 February 2016. On the same day BBC Three launched on BBC iPlayer as an online only service.

paragraphs: BBC Three was the successor to the similar BBC Choice channel and was launched on 9 February 2003. It was launched by Stuart Murphy, who previously ran BBC Choice.

paragraphs: Some of the programmes that have appeared for their first showing on BBC Three include EastEnders (2003), Little Britain (October 2004), Doctor Who Confidential (2005), and Torchwood (2006), The Apprentice, You're Fired! (2006). When the first episode of Torchwood was launched in October 2006 on BBC Three, 2.4 million people watched it. This broke BBC Three's previous record of 1.8 million. The second episode attracted an equally impressive 2.3 million viewers, and boosted BBC Three to a 3.5% share of multichannel viewing that evening, compared to the network's three-month Sunday average of 0.9%.

paragraphs: The channel featured hourly news updates called "60 Seconds", which included the top news, sport and entertainment stories. It was presented in a cheeky, relaxed style in keeping with the rest of the channel. As part of the BBC's discussions with the government in whether the channel could launch originally, a longer news programme had been promised to provide a daily section of news and current affairs. "The News Show", as it came to be called upon launch was later rebranded "The 7 O'Clock News". However, the BBC discontinued the bulletin in 2005, claiming that in fact, the programme's audiences were minuscule and the output was provided elsewhere on the BBC.

paragraphs: The channel was aimed at 25–34-year olds, and competes with other digital channels including ITV2 and E4.

paragraphs: Its share of the audience during its transmission hours was 2.6% among 25–34-year olds, and 1.7% among all individuals. BARB, the official ratings agency, averages out BBC Three's viewing figures over 24 hours even though the channel only broadcasted in the evenings, giving a distorted sense of the channel's viewership. Despite several official complaints from the BBC, BARB continued to publish figures which the BBC argued were unrepresentative. Nine million people watched BBC Three every week.

paragraphs: The channel had critical and popular successes, winning more awards in its four-year history than its commercial rivals (Sky One, Living, E4, ITV2, Five and Paramount Comedy Channel) have won in their combined 25-year history. In total BBC Three had won 7 BAFTA awards, 5 British Comedy Awards, 15 Royal Television Society Awards and 5 Rose d'Or Awards since the channel was launched in February 2003. Most recently, it won "Broadcast Magazine"'s "Digital Channel of the Year" Award for Best General Entertainment Channel, and MGEITF Non Terrestrial Channel of the Year.

paragraphs: All three of BBC Three's dramas produced in 2004 ("Outlaws", "Bodies" and "Conviction") received BAFTA nominations, as did classical music show "Flashmob The Opera".

paragraphs: In 2008, BBC Three's Gavin and Stacey won the BAFTA audience award and the best comedy performance award was awarded to James Corden for his part.

paragraphs: The channel had also come in for criticism from several corners, the most prominent of which are some of the BBC's long-standing presenters. These include John Humphrys, who argued that BBC Three and BBC Four should be shut down in the face of budget cuts to Radio 4's Today programme, which he presents, John Sweeney of Panorama, and Jeremy Paxman are among other journalists have also criticised the channel and its content.

paragraphs: BBC Vision director Jana Bennett confirmed in an interview for Broadcast magazine in May 2008 that the BBC Trust has been petitioned to change the start of transmission time from the current time of 7pm each evening to earlier in the afternoon.

paragraphs: Bennett said that some of the extra hours would be given over to BBC Switch the BBC's teen programming strand.


title: Nerf N-Strike

paragraphs: Nerf N-Strike is an video game that was made by Electronic Arts. It is part of the Nerf series. It was released on the Wii and Nintendo DS. The game was released in North America on October 28, 2008.

paragraphs: In August 2007, Electronic Arts gained the rights to some Hasbro brands, like "Monopoly", "Littlest Pet Shop", and Nerf. In February, EA Casual Entertainment announced that their EA Salt Lake Studio would develop and release video games for "Littlest Pet Shop" and "Nerf N-Strike".


title: Emperor of India

paragraphs: Emperor/Empress of India (Badishah-e-Hind in Hindustani) was used as a title by the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II, and also by the colonial British monarchs during the British Raj in India.

paragraphs: Sometimes, the term "Emperor of India" is also used to refer to Indian emperors such as Ashoka the Great of the Maurya Dynasty and Emperor Akbar of the Mughal empire. However, they did not claim this title for themselves.

paragraphs: Although the Mughal dynasty ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent from the 16th century onwards, they simply used the title "badshah" (considered in the West to be the same as "emperor"). However dring the Indian rebellion of 1857 against the British, the rebel sepoys seized Delhi and called the Mughal Bahadur Shah II as "Badshah-i Hind," or Emperor of India. After the Brtish defeated the rebels, he was captured and was forced to live in Rangoon, Burma in 1858, this ended the rule of the Mughals.

paragraphs: After the Mughal Emperor ended by the British East India Company, the title "Empress of India" was taken by Queen Victoria from 1 May 1876.

paragraphs: Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli is usually credited with creating the title for her. Also, the title was created when it became evident that Queen Victoria's daughter, Victoria, Princess Royal, would become an empress when her husband ascended the German imperial throne, many people thought it was wrong for the daughter to be an empress while her mother was just a Queen.

paragraphs: When Victoria died, and her son Edward VII ascended the throne, his title became "Emperor of India". The title continued until India and Pakistan became independent from the United Kingdom at midnight on 14/15 August 1947.

paragraphs: When signing their name for Indian business, a British King-Emperor or the Queen-Empress used the initials "R I" ("Rex/Regina Imperator/Imperatrix") or the shorter version "Ind. Imp." ("Indiae Imperator/Imperatrix") after their name. This was also used on many British coins, including some 1948 coins of George VI.

paragraphs: George VI continued to hold the title King of India for two years during the short Governor-Generalships of Lord Mountbatten and of C. Rajagopalachari until India became a republic on 26 January 1950. George VI remained as King of the United Kingdom and King of Pakistan until his death in 1952. Pakistan became a republic on 23 March 1956, Elizabeth II was Queen of Pakistan for four years.


title: Radish

paragraphs: A radish is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family. People eat radishes all over the world. It was first grown in Europe in pre-Roman Empire|Roman times. Radishes are usually eaten as a crunchy salad vegetable. There are many variety (botany)|varieties of radishes. Some radishes are different in size, flavor, color and the length of time they take to grow.

paragraphs: It has a somewhat hot taste, rather peppery. This keeps some herbivores away, or limits the amount they eat. It acts as a defence against herbivory.


title: Glenn Seaborg

paragraphs: Glenn Theodore Seaborg (April 19, 1912 - Feb. 25, 1999) was an American chemist. He was born in Ishpening, Michigan. He won the 1951 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Edwin M. McMillan.

paragraphs: In 1980, he changed several thousand atoms of bismuth into gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory. His experimental technique, using nuclear physics, was able to remove protons and neutrons from the bismuth atom. Seaborg's techique would have cost too much money to make of gold, but his work is the closest to the mythical Philosopher's Stone.

paragraphs: Seaborg worked at the Manhattan Project during World War II. He studied the chemical properties of plutonium as a part of the secret war research.

paragraphs: He served as Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and was a professor at the University of California, Berkeley.

paragraphs: Seaborg was the principal or co-discoverer of ten elements: plutonium, americium, curium, berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, mendelevium, nobelium and element 106, which was named seaborgium in his honor while he was still living. He also developed more than 100 atomic isotopes. Early in his career, Seaborg was a pioneer in nuclear medicine and developed many isotopes of elements that helped to diagnose and treat diseases. For example, he studied iodine-131, which is used in the treatment of thyroid disease. He developed the actinide concept which placed the actinide series beneath the lanthanide series on the periodic table. Seaborg also proposed the placement of super-heavy elements in the transactinide and superactinide series.


title: Bob McGrath

paragraphs: Robert Emmet "Bob" McGrath (born June 13, 1932) is an American singer and actor. He is best known for playing the human character Bob on "Sesame Street". He was born in Ottawa, Illinois. McGrath's character Bob is one of the longest-lasting human characters on "Sesame Street".


title: BBC Radio 3

paragraphs: BBC Radio 3 is a national radio station operated by the BBC within the United Kingdom. It devotes most of its schedule to classical music. Every year it broadcasts the BBC Proms concerts during the summer.


title: NERF

paragraphs: Nerf (written in capitals as NERF) is a brand of toy weapons. It is created by Parker Brothers and currently owned by Hasbro. Most of the toys are a variety of foam-based weaponry. While it is commonly known for its toy guns (or "blasters"), it can also be footballs and other types of sport utilities such as  Nerf skateboards, scooters and bikes. Nerf has a series of guns called Zombie Strike, Modulus, Elite, Mega, Doomlands, N-Sports, Super Soaker, Rebelle, Rival.


title: Disney Interactive Studios

paragraphs: Disney Interactive Studios is an American video game publisher and developer. It publishes video games based on Disney works. It was originally Walt Disney Computer Software. The company was formed in 1988.


title: BBC Radio 4

paragraphs: BBC Radio 4 is a domestic UK radio station which broadcasts a wide variety of spoken-word programmes including news, drama, comedy, science and history. It replaced the BBC Home Service in 1967.

paragraphs: Radio 4 is the second most popular British domestic radio station after Radio 2. It was named "UK Radio Station of the Year" at the 2008 "Sony Radio Academy Awards", an award it had also won in 2003 and 2004.

paragraphs: Radio 4 costs £71.4 million a year, and is the BBC's most expensive national radio network. Many people think of it as the corporation's flagship. There is currently no commercial network like it in the UK, although there are similar publicly owned stations in such countries as Sweden (Sveriges Radio P1) and Australia (Radio National).

paragraphs: Music and sport are the only subjects that generally fall outside the station's coverage. There are occasional concerts on Radio 4, and ball-by-ball commentaries of most test matches played by England cricket are broadcast on longwave. Because the longwave service can be received clearly at sea around the coasts of Britain and Ireland, Radio 4 also carries regular weather forecasts for shipping and gale warnings. The station has also been designated as the UK's national broadcaster in times of national emergency such as a war, meaning that even if all other radio stations were forced to close, Radio 4 would still carry on broadcasting.

paragraphs: The current controller of Radio 4 is Gwyneth Williams. She is also in charge of its sister station BBC Radio 4 Extra.


title: BBC Four

paragraphs: BBC Four is a television channel developed by BBC. It was available through analogue means such as freeview until all of the televisions in the UK were set to digital. It was released on 2 March 2002. It often shows documentaries and arts programmes that often have a much smaller audience than BBC One or Two. It often shows programmes between 7pm and 4am every day, Timeshared With CBeebies. On 19 October 2009, The Freesat Version Was Released On The Guides On Sky. It Was Taken Down From Guides On Sky From 13 Dec 2013.


title: Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis

paragraphs: The Indian Skipper frog or Skittering frog ("Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis") is a common frog found in South Asia. They are slimy and are often seen at the edge of bodies of water with their eyes above the water. They noisily move away from the shore when disturbed, giving them their common name. They are rarely seen outside water.


title: Fejervarya limnocharis

paragraphs: The Cricket Frog ("Fejervarya (Rana) limnocharis") is a species of frog found in South Asia.


title: Fejervarya syhadrensis

paragraphs: Fejervarya syhadrensis is a species of frog that is found in South Asia. South Asia is south of North Asia.


title: Paa vicina

paragraphs: Paa vicina is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude grassland, rivers, and freshwater springs. It is threatened by habitat loss.


title: Paa sternosignata

paragraphs: Paa sternosignata is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in Afghanistan, Pakistan and Kashmir and possibly the India. Its natural habitats are rivers, swamps, and freshwater marshes.


title: Paa hazarensis

paragraphs: Paa hazarensis is a species of frog in the Ranidae family. It is found in the Republic of India, Pakistan and Kashmir, possibly Bhutan, and possibly Nepal. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montanes, subtropical or tropical high-altitude shrubland, rivers, and freshwater marshes.


title: Cricket Frog

paragraphs: Cricket frogs, genus "Acris", are small, North American frogs of the family Hylidae. They stay more in water than other members of the family and generally live near permanent bodies of water with surface vegetation. The common and scientific names refer to their call, which resembles that of a cricket.


title: Duttaphrynus melanostictus

paragraphs: The Common Indian Toad or Common Asiatic/Asian Toad or Black-spined Toad ("Duttaphrynus bufo melanostictus") is a species of toad that is common in South Asia. The species grows to almost 20 cm long. The species breeds during the monsoons and the tadpoles are black. Young toads may be seen in large numbers after the monsoons.


title: Duttaphrynus olivaceus

paragraphs: Duttaphrynus olivaceus is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Iran, Pakistan, and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, ponds, and irrigated land.


title: Duttaphrynus stomaticus

paragraphs: The Indus Valley toad (Duttaphrynus stomaticus) or (Bufo stomaticus), also known as Asiatic marbled toad, Punjab toad, or Marbled toad, is a species of toad that can be found in Pakistan, Iran, and possibly in Afghanistan. It is most found in the Indus Valley. It is also known as the "house toad". These toads are usually found near cultivated plains which have still water. It is nocturnal and its diet consist of insects such as ants. This endemic toad species is the ""National amphibian of Pakistan"" respectively.


title: Duttaphrynus himalayanus

paragraphs: Duttaphrynus himalayanus is a species of toad found in the Himalayan region of Pakistan and Jammu and Kashmir.


title: Bufo latastii

paragraphs: Bufo latastii is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in the Republic of India and Pakistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent rivers, freshwater marshes, arable land, and ponds. It is threatened by habitat loss.


title: Amolops himalayanus

paragraphs: Amolops himalayanus is a species of frog found in Asia.


title: Bufo pseudoraddei

paragraphs: Bufo pseudoraddei is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is found in Pakistan and possibly Afghanistan. Its natural habitats are temperate forests, intermittent freshwater marshes, arable land, pastureland, plantations, and rural gardens.


title: Euphlyctis ghoshi

paragraphs: Euphlyctis ghoshi is a species of frog found in Asia.


title: Himalayan Newt

paragraphs: The Himalayan Newt ("Tylototriton verrucosus") is a species of salamander found in South Asia and Southeast Asia.


title: Afghan hedgehog

paragraphs: The Afghan hedgehog ("Hemiechinus auritus megalotis") is a subspecies of the Long-eared hedgehog native to Afghanistan and western Pakistan. It is larger and reddish in colour, but otherwise similar in appearance to the Long-eared hedgehog.


title: Argali

paragraphs: The argali or mountain sheep ("Ovis ammon") is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

paragraphs: It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 6 feet in length. It is globally endangered.


title: Marco Polo sheep

paragraphs: Marco Polo sheep ("Ovis ammon polii") is a wild sheep, and a subspecies of the Argali.

paragraphs: It takes its name from famed explorer Marco Polo who described the species during his crossing of Pamir (ancient Mount Imeon) in 1271. The Marco Polo sheep is particularly known for its long horns. The longest horn ever found on a sheep was found on a Marco Polo sheep and measured 191 centimeters (75 inches). The sheep is unofficially the National animal of Afghanistan.

paragraphs: its scientific name is Ovis ammon polii .They can reach 6 feet in length

paragraphs: horns starts to grow after 15 to 20 days after birth. number of rings on the horn indicates age of the male sheep

paragraphs: The argali or mountain sheep (Ovis ammon) is a wild sheep. It lives in the highlands of Central Asia (Himalaya, Tibet, Altay).

paragraphs: It is the biggest wild sheep. It stands as high as 120 cm. It weights as much as 140 kg. The Pamir argali (also called Marco Polo sheep, for they were first described by that traveller) may be more than 6 feet in length. It is globally endangered.


title: Asian black bear

paragraphs: The Asian black bear, also called asiatic black bear, white chested bear or himalayan black bear, ("Ursus thibetanus" or "Selenarctos thibetanus") is a medium-sized, sharp-clawed, black-colored bear with a distinctive white or cream "V" marking on its chest. It is also known as the Asiatic black bear, Tibetan black bear, the Himalayan black bear, or the Moon bear.

paragraphs: It is a close relative of the American black bear with which it is thought to share a European common ancestor. It is called 반달가슴곰 (bandalgaseumgom) in Korean. Both American and Asiatic species are thought of as sister taxa. They are more closely related to one another than any other species of bear.Asian black bears are omnivores. They eat berries, fruit, honey, insects, rodents, rabbits, carrion, nuts and even deer, buffalo and wild boar. Asian black bears have a few enemies. Predators including tigers, leopards, brown bears, jackals, wolves and dholes.


title: Asiatic cheetah

paragraphs: The Asiatic cheetah ("Acinonyx jubatus venaticus") is a critically endangered subspecies of the cheetah native to Asia.

paragraphs: It is also called the Iranian cheetah because the only living Asiatic cheetahs live in Iran. It is now extinct in India, but during British colonial times in India it was the famous hunting leopard. This name came about because some of these animals were kept captive by Indian royalty and used to hunt wild antelope.


title: Asiatic Lion

paragraphs: The Asiatic Lion ("Panthera leo persica") is a subspecies of the lion. It survives today only in India, where it is also known as the Indian lion. They once ranged from Southeast Europe to India, covering most of Southwest Asia, and hence it is also known as the Persian lion. The Asiatic lion has a cinnamon colour coat. Only 350 Asiatic lions are left in Asia. They all live in the Gir Forest in the Indian state of Gujarat. It was the state animal of Junagadh State.


title: Disk partitioning

paragraphs: Disk partitioning is about making a physical or logical hard disk usable by the operating system. Each disk partition can be used like a hard disk by the operating system. A hard disk can be divided into many partitions. This is especially useful for:

paragraphs: Usually each partition contains exactly one file system.


title: Honey badger

paragraphs: The honey badger or ratel ("Mellivora capensis") is a type of mustelid. It lives in Africa, the Middle East, and the Indian subcontinent.

paragraphs: Despite its name, the honey badger does not look much like other types of badgers. It looks more like a weasel. It mostly eats meat, and does not have many predators because of its thick skin and tough defensive ability.

paragraphs: The honey badger is the only member of the genus "Mellivora". Although it was first put to the badger group in the 1860s, they do not have much in common with the subfamily "Melinae". They are closer to the marten family.

paragraphs: The honey badger has a fairly long body, but is thick set and broad across the back. Its skin is loose, and lets it to turn and twist freely within it. The skin around the neck is thick, an adaptation to fighting each other. The head is small and flat, with a short muzzle. The eyes are small, and the ears are little more than ridges on the skin. These are also possible adaptations to avoiding damage while fighting.

paragraphs: The honey badger has short and sturdy legs, with five toes on each foot. The feet have very strong claws, which are short on the hind legs and very long on the forelimbs. It is a partially plantigrade animal whose soles are thickly padded and naked up to the wrists. The tail is short and is covered in long hairs, except below the base.

paragraphs: Adults are in shoulder height and 68–75 cm in body length, with females being smaller than males. Males weigh while females weigh 9.1 kg.

paragraphs: The honey badger has an anal pouch, a trait shared with hyenas. The smell of the pouch is said to be "suffocating", and may help calm bees when raiding beehives.

paragraphs: Its winter fur is long, with some coarse, bristle-like hairs. There are fewer hairs on the side, belly, and groin. The summer fur is shorter and has even fewer hairs, with the belly being half bare. The sides of the heads and lower body are pure black in colour. A large white band covers their upper bodies, beginning from the top of their heads down to the base of their tails.

paragraphs: Honey badgers live alone in self-dug holes. They are good diggers, being able to dig tunnels into hard ground in 10 minutes. These burrows always only have one passage and a nesting chamber and are usually not large, about 1–3 metres long. They do not put bedding in the nesting chamber. Although they usually dig their own burrows, they may take over aardvark and warthog holes that are no longer being used, or termite mounds.

paragraphs: Honey badgers are smart animals and are one of few species able to use tools. In the 1997 documentary series "Land of the Tiger", a honey badger in India was filmed using a tool; the animal rolled a log and stood on it to reach a kingfisher fledgling stuck up in the roots coming from the ceiling in an underground cave.

paragraphs: Honey badgers are fearless and tough animals. They are known to savagely attack their enemies when they cannot escape. They are tireless in combat and can wear out much larger animals in fights. The fact that most predators do not want to hunt honey badgers has led to the theory that the countershaded coats of cheetah kittens evolved to look like the honey badger in order to keep predators away. This would be an example of mimicry.

paragraphs: The voice of the honey badger is a hoarse ""khrya-ya-ya-ya"" sound. When mating, males make loud grunting sounds. Cubs vocalise through whines. When attacked by dogs, honey badgers scream like bear cubs.<ref name="p464/5">Pocock R.I. 1941. "Fauna of British India: Mammals", volume 2. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref>

paragraphs: Honey badgers have the least specialised diet among mustelids. In undeveloped areas, honey badgers may hunt at any time of the day, though they become nocturnal in places with high human populations. When hunting, honey badgers trot with their fore-toes turned in, moving at the same speed as a young man. Despite their name, honey badgers mostly eat meat, and will take any sort of animal food at hand, including carrion, small rodents, birds, eggs, insects, lizards, tortoises and frogs. They will eat fruit and vegetables such as berries, roots and bulbs.

paragraphs: They may hunt frogs and rodents such as gerbils and ground squirrels by digging them out of their burrows. Honey badgers are able to feed on tortoises without difficulty, due to their powerful jaws. They kill and eat snakes, even highly venomous or large ones. They have dug up human corpses in India.<ref name="p464/52"></ref> They devour all parts of their prey, including skin, hair, feathers, flesh and bones, holding their food down with their forepaws. When seeking vegetable food, they lift stones or tear bark from trees.

paragraphs: The species can be found through most of Sub-Saharan Africa from the Western Cape, South Africa, to southern Morocco and southwestern Algeria. Outside Africa it lives through Arabia, Iran and western Asia to Turkmenistan and the Indian subcontinent.

paragraphs: Honey badgers often kill chickens that humans are raising for food. Because of their strength and persistence, they are difficult to keep away. They are known to rip thick planks from hen-houses or burrow underneath stone foundations.

paragraphs: Because of their tough, loose skin, honey badgers are difficult to kill with dogs. Their skin is hard to get through, and its looseness allows them to twist and turn on their attackers when held. The only safe grip on a honey badger is on the back of the neck. The skin is also tough enough to resist several machete blows. The only sure way of killing them quickly is through a blow to the skull with a club or a shot to the head with a powerful rifle, as their skin is almost proof against arrows and spears.


title: Balochistan forest dormouse

paragraphs: The Balochistan forest dormouse ("Dryomys niethammeri") is a species of rodent in the Gliridae family. It is endemic to Pakistan.


title: Baluchistan pygmy jerboa

paragraphs: The Baluchistan pygmy jerboa ("Salpingotulus michaelis") is a species of rodent in the Dipodidae family. It is the only species in the genus "Salpingotulus". It is endemic to Pakistan.


title: Himalayan Brown Bear

paragraphs: The Himalayan Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos isabellinus") is a subspecies of the Brown Bear. Himalayan Brown Bears are usually sandy or reddish-brown in colour. They are found in the foothills of the Himalaya and northern Pakistan, but are not found past Dachigam and Kashmir.

paragraphs: People also claim to have mistaken of what they thought was a Yeti (a Himalayan mythological ape-like creature) but was actually a Himalayan Brown Bear.


title: Syrian Brown Bear

paragraphs: The Syrian Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos syriacus") is the smallest subspecies of Brown Bear.

paragraphs: They are omnivorous, eating almost any type of food, including meat, grass, and fruits.


title: Bharal

paragraphs: The bharal or Himalayan blue sheep ("Pseudois nayaur") is a mammal of the Caprinae subfamily.

paragraphs: The bharal is found in the high Himalayas of Nepal, Tibet, China, Kashmir, Pakistan, Bhutan and the Republic of India.

paragraphs: The bharal has horns that grow upwards, curve out and then towards the back, somewhat like an upside down mustache.

paragraphs: Bharal are active throughout the day, feeding and resting on the grassy mountain slopes. With their excellent camouflage and the absence of cover in their environment, bharal stay motionless when approached. Once they have been noticed, however, they scamper up to the precipitous cliffs, where they once again freeze, using camouflage to blend into the rock face.

paragraphs: Where they overlap, they are the favourite prey of snow leopards and leopards. A few lambs fall prey to foxes or eagles.


title: Blackbuck

paragraphs: Blackbuck ("Antilope cervicapra") is a species of antelope. It lives mainly in western India, but also in parts of Pakistan within the Republic of India. It also lives in Nepal.

paragraphs: The blackbuck was once the state animal of Osmanistan. It is now the provincial animal of Eastern Punjab.


title: Jungle cat

paragraphs: The Jungle Cat, ("Felis chaus"), is a successful and widespread wild cat. It ranges from Egypt in the west to China in the east, and it is common in India.

paragraphs: The jungle cat is the largest remaining species of the wild cat genus "Felis". It is 20 to 37 inches in body length (50 to 97 cm), with a 8 to 12 inch tail (20 to 31 cm).

paragraphs: True to Bergmann's rule, the felid is largest at the northern limits of its range and becomes smaller-bodied closer to the tropics.

paragraphs: They live in savannas, tropical dry forests and reedbeds along rivers and lakes in the lowlands, but, despite the name, are not found in rainforests. Although they are adaptable animals, being found even in dry steppe, they prefer wetland environments with tall grasses or reeds in which to hide.

paragraphs: The jungle cat lives in the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, central and Southeast Asia, Sri Lanka and in southern China. The jungle cat lives in places with lots of water and thick vegetation, such as swamps, wetlands, littoral and riparian areas, grasslands and shrub. It commonly lives in agricultural lands, such as fields of bean and sugarcane, in its range. It has often been seen near humans. It can even live in places with little vegetation. It is rare in places with lots of snow. Historical records show that it lives in altitudes of 2,310 m (7,580 ft) in the Himalayas. It does not like to live in rainforests and woodlands.

paragraphs: In Turkey, it has been recorded in wetlands near Manavgat, in the Akyatan Lagoon on the southern coast and near Lake Eğirdir. In Palestine, it was recorded in the Nablus, Ramallah, Jericho and Jerusalem.

paragraphs: In Iran, it lives in a lot of habitat. It lives from plains and agriculture lands to mountains at altitudes of 45 to 4,178 m (148 to 13,707 ft) in at least 23 of 31 provinces of Iran. In Pakistan, it was photographed in Haripur, Dera Ismail Khan, Sialkot Districts and Langh Lake Wildlife Sanctuary.

paragraphs: In India, it is the most common small wild cat. In Nepal, it was recorded in alpine habitat at altitudes of 3,000–3,300 m (9,800–10,800 ft) in Annapurna Conservation Area.

paragraphs: A few jungle cat mummies were found among the cats in ancient Egypt.

paragraphs: The jungle cat is mostly a carnivore. It likes to eat small mammals like gerbils, hares and rodents. It also hunts birds, fish, frogs, insects and small snakes. Its prey usually weighs less than 1 kg (2.2 lb). Sometimes, it eats mammals as large as young gazelles. The jungle cat is a partial omnivore. It eats fruits, especially in winter.

paragraphs: The jungle cat hunts by stalking its prey. It then chases its prey. The jungle cats ears helps the jungle cat to know where its prey is. It uses different ways to catch prey. Like the caracal, the jungle cat can jump high into the air to catch birds. It is a great climber. The jungle cat can run up to 32 km/h (20 mph). It is a good swimmer. It can swim up to 1.5 km (0.93 mi) in water. It can jump into water to catch fish.


title: Sand cat

paragraphs: The sand cat ("Felis margarita") is a small wild cat in the Felinae subfamily. It is distributed over African and Asian deserts. Sometimes people call it "desert cat," but that is really the name of a different animal. The sand cat does live in deserts, even the Sahara and Arabian Desert. It is also found in Iran and Pakistan. In zoos, this cat can live for up to 13 years.

paragraphs: The sand cat is about 50 cm long, not including the tail. The tail is 30 cm long and has rings on it. It weighs about 2.7 kg (6 lbs). It has sand-colored fur and a wide head with ears that can point up, out or down. There is fur on its paws so that the hot sand does not hurt it.

paragraphs: This cat finds shade or digs a burrow during the day and hides from the sunlight underground. It only lives in places where the sand or dirt is loose enough for them to dig. The sand cat looks for food at night. It eats rodents, lizards and insects. It can even hunt and kill snakes. It does not drink water, taking all its water from eating prey. It does not need to go near watering holes, so it can avoid bigger predators that might hurt it. Wolves, snakes, large birds and humans can hurt this cat.

paragraphs: The sand cat does not fight with other sand cats over territory. Sometimes sand cats will take turns in the same burrow, but they will not share it at the same time. The sand cat lives alone except when looking for mates and when mothers are raising cubs.

paragraphs: The sand cat lives in both sandy and stony deserts. It prefers flat terrain with little grass or small bush. It avoids bare and moving sand dunes, where there is little prey. Sand cats live in the Moroccan Sahara, Algeria, Mali, Ténéré Desert, Egypt, Sinai peninsula, Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan.

paragraphs: In the Ténéré Desert, sand cats were seen hunting small rodents, young cape hare. They were also seen hunting greater hoopoe lark, desert monitor, sandfish, and venomous vipers. If they caught more than they could eat, they buried some to eat later.

paragraphs: In Israel, pieces of the Egyptian spiny-tailed lizards were found near burrows used by sand cats. They were seen hunting jirds, Cairo spiny mouse, desert lark, and small reptiles. In central Iran, pieces of the Blanford's jerboa and Balochistan gerbil were found around the dens of sand cats.


title: Chinkara

paragraphs: The Chinkara ("Gazella bennettii") or Jabeer Gazelle is a species of gazelle found in South Asia. It lives in grasslands and desert areas in the Republic of India, Bangladesh and parts of Iran and Pakistan. It is also known as the Indian Gazelle ("Gazella gazella bennetti").


title: Corsac fox

paragraphs: The Corsac Fox ("Vulpes corsac"), also known as the Steppe Fox, is a medium-sized Asiatic fox species. It is spread throughout the central steppes of Asia. It is very social and lives in "corsac cities" where animals have several dens with connected holes. It prefers some steppe and semi-desert in mountainous areas. It is mainly grey-reddish with silver celadon areas on their coat. The Corsac Fox is threatened by hunting for the fur trade.


title: Eurasian Brown Bear

paragraphs: The Eurasian Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos arctos") is a subspecies of the Brown Bear ("Ursus arctos"). It is found across northern Eurasia. It is the national animal of many countries including Finland.

paragraphs: Bears are known to attack humans for many reasons but actually they avoid attacking. One reason is that if you surprise a bear it is likely to attack. The other one, is that bears enjoy to eat food, which is why people tend to avoid leaving food in the forest where bears are.

paragraphs: The Eurasian brown bear is a omnivore (which eats everything). For example, they eat:


title: Eurasian Wolf

paragraphs: The Eurasian Wolf ("Canis lupus lupus") is a subspecies of the Grey Wolf ("Canis lupus"). It is also known as the Common Wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf and Chinese Wolf. It originally lived in most of Eurasia, with a southern limit of the Himalayas in the Hindu Kush Range.


title: False killer whale

paragraphs: False killer whales ("Pseudorca crassidens") are cetaceans and larger members of the oceanic dolphin family (Delphinidae). The species is the only member of the "Pseudorca" genus.

paragraphs: They live in temperate and tropical waters throughout the world. As its name implies, the false killer whale shares characteristics with the more widely known "Orca" ("killer whale"). The two species look somewhat similar and, like the orca, the false killer whale attacks and kills other cetaceans. However, the two dolphin species are not closely related.

paragraphs: The false killer whale has not been extensively studied in the wild by scientists; much of the data about the dolphin has been got by examining stranded animals.


title: Blanford's fox

paragraphs: The Blanford's fox ("Vulpes cana"), is a small fox. It is found in steppes and mountains of Afghanistan, Egypt (Sinaï), Turkestan, northeast Iran, SW Pakistan, the West Bank and Israel. Blanford's fox has large ears. Its tail is almost equal in length to its body. Its coat is light tan.


title: In Flames

paragraphs: In Flames is a melodic death metal band from Gothenburg, Sweden. They, along with At the Gates, are often said to be a major influence on the type of heavy metal known as "Melodic death metal". The band are signed to the Century Media record label and have released nine albums.


title: Chinese river dolphin

paragraphs: The Chinese river dolphin ("Lipotes vexillifer") or baiji was a river dolphin. It was found only in the Yangtze River in China. The last confirmed sighting of the baiji was in 2004 but there were possible sightings in 2007 and 2016 as well. The baiji was declared functionally extinct in 2007. that means experts said that even if there had been a few baiji left alive in 2007, there were probably not enough left to have young and keep the species alive. The IUCN Red List says the baiji is critically endangered but not really extinct.

paragraphs: The baiji was a graceful animal, with a long, narrow and slightly upturned beak and a flexible neck. As opposed to some other freshwater dolphins, like the Indus River dolphin, its eyes were functional, although greatly reduced. Its coloration was bluish-gray to gray above and white to ashy-white below. It weighed 135 - 230 kg (300 - 510 lb) and measured as much as 2.5 m (8.2') in length.

paragraphs: The World Conservation Union (IUCN) noted these threats to the species:

paragraphs: Further studies have noted the environmental impact of building the Three Gorges Dam on the living space of the baiji.

paragraphs: It was the first dolphin species that humans have made extinct.


title: Transgender

paragraphs: Transgender people are people who identify, act, or feel different from their assigned sex at birth.

paragraphs: The word "transgender" may describe many different people. People with different ideas about their genders may think of themselves as transgender. These people use different words to describe their gender. The term "trans people" is often used as a short version of "transgender people".

paragraphs: Some common definitions of the words used in this article are listed here:

paragraphs: These definitions are important to help understand that what people look like outside (sex) is not always the same as how they feel inside (gender). Some people do not fit into the "gender binary".

paragraphs: There are many groups which are included as part of the group of people called transgender. It is important that not all transgender people fit into these groups. Some of the bigger groups are:

paragraphs: The following groups of people are "not" transgender:

paragraphs: People like those who, in modern Western societies, are now identified as transgender or transsexual, have been documented in many cultures and for thousands of years. However, only in the last century have science and medicine developed ways to change the bodies of trans people who want this.

paragraphs: People who have traits that are different from the sex they are born with, have been accepted in some societies, both historically and now. For example, some Native American tribes accepted "two-spirit" people. Similarly a Tongan person born with a male body who acts and dresses in a female way is known in the local dialect as a "fakaleiti".

paragraphs: The "hijra" in India are born physically male, but live as women, including dressing and socializing as female. In the past they used to castrate themselves and even remove the penis in order to urinate through a small hole. Now, with the arrival of western medicine, many hijari choose to take hormone therapies and sometimes have sex reassignment surgery. Many of these people still call themselves "hijra", but some now call themselves "transsexuals" or "transgender women". The role of hijari in society is complex and varied throughout all of India.

paragraphs: In Western Society, there have often been people who have chosen to act and dress in a way that was not gender specific, or was not that of the sex they were assigned at birth. This is not the same as being transgender. Cross dressing actors were very popular in the theatre of the late 19th century.

paragraphs: An example of a transgender person is the 19th century military surgeon who was known as James Barry. It is now believed that Barry was born female but disguised his sex all his adult life. Barry's work, which saved, and helped thousands of lives by improving treatment of wounds to stop amputations, would not have been possible, as a woman, because as a female he could never have attended medical school or entered the army.

paragraphs: A 20th century example of a transgender person is Jan Morris, a geographer, explorer and journalist, who began life as James Morris. As "James", Morris married and had children, but felt female and eventually became Jan Morris.

paragraphs: Transgender people are not accepted in every society. They suffer discrimination, violence, and even murder. Transgender people have fought for and have gained many rights and protections in some societies. In many places the fight for transgender rights is associated with the fight for gay and bisexual rights. Together these groups are sometimes described by the acronym "LGBT" for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender.

paragraphs: However, some transgender people do not want to be a part of the LGB (lesbian, gay and bisexual) community, as they may see themselves as heterosexual and not feel like they belong with gay or queer people, and some LGB people do not want to be a part of the transgender community, as they may be transphobic, which means that they may have a fear or dislike of transgender people, or they may not want heterosexuals to see sexuality and gender identity as the same thing. However, gay and transgender people often have some of the same problems in society, so many gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender people try to work together to solve all of their problems.

paragraphs: Many transgender people have mental health problems. A 2012 study of British transgender people found that 84% had considered suicide. 55% had been diagnosed with depression. 33% had not been diagnosed with depression, but thought that they had it in the past or at the time of the survey. 53% had self-harmed. 38% of had been diagnosed with anxiety. 31% were using antidepressants and 44% had used them at some time.

paragraphs: A study of 164 Irish transgender people found that 80% had considered suicide. 40% of those had attempted suicide at least once. 44% had self-harmed. The reason for these high numbers is often seen as a result of discrimination and social problems. Others believe that it is because transgender people are mentally ill.

paragraphs: Some studies show that Transgender people have better mental health and commit suicide less often when they live as their preferred gender.

paragraphs: Transgender people who want to take medicine and have surgery to change their bodies face several problems. In order to change their bodies, they must have doctors who will help them make the changes. Sometimes, they can not do this because doctors will not help them. They may also not be able to do this because even if a doctor would treat them, they may not be able to afford the medicine or surgery. But the Declaration of Montreal says that such medical care should be given to them by public health insurance.

paragraphs: Some people believe that being transgender is a disease, sometimes called gender identity disorder. Many transgender people do not like being labelled as having a disease, which they feel causes them to be seen and treated badly. Others believe that they should be labelled this way, because some governments and insurance companies will not pay for transgender people's medical treatment unless it is considered a disease. Also, In places that do not have laws that protect transgender people from discrimination, they may only be protected under laws that protect people with diseases or disabilities.

paragraphs: Doctors do not agree on one way of viewing being transgender. Some doctors view it as a birth defect that can easily be fixed, others may not even think that being transgender is a medical condition. Since May 25th, 2019, the World Health Organization does not see being transgender as a disease or mental health problem, asking many countries to comply as well. One of the international human rights laws of the Yogyakarta Principles (Principal 18), disagrees with any use of a medical disease label.

paragraphs: About 50% of transgender people have been sexually assaulted.

paragraphs: Transgender people have problems with laws and regulations about sex. To be seen and treated as the sex they wish, transgender people usually have to change their first name. (Though some names are unisex, which means that they can be used by both men and women, transgender people with a unisex name may still want to change their name, though this is not always the case.) They also may want to change their identity documents to say the correct sex. For example, a transgender woman may wish to change her birth certificate or driving license to say her new female name and to say that she is a female.

paragraphs: These changes can protect transgender people from discrimination. For example, transgender people often have a hard time traveling because they may look like one sex but have another on their papers. These changes can also be needed for transgender people to be allowed to marry their spouses in places where it is illegal for people of the same sex to marry. These changes can even protect transgender people from a wide variety of violence. Some transgender people are only recognized when their documents reveal them. Being revealed as transgender can put people in danger because of transphobia (fear and/or hatred of transgender people).

paragraphs: In many places, it is hard or not possible for transgender people to change their legal sex, with or without having genital surgery, which is required in many places. This is against the Yogyakarta Principles. This is changing, however. The United Kingdom passed the Gender Recognition Act of 2004. This act allows people to have their change of sex officially recognized without surgery. Once changed, they legally become their new sex.


title: Noon

paragraphs: Noon is the time exactly halfway through the day (12.00-12:00 in the 24-hour clock and 12:00 PM-12:00 PM in the 12-hour clock). Midday also means noon, although this also means "around" noon, or very early afternoon.

paragraphs: Solar noon is when the sun appears the highest in the sky, compared to its positions during the rest of the day. It occurs when the Sun is exactly halfway between sunrise (dawn) and sunset. This is also the origin of the terms a.m. and p.m., "ante meridiem" and "post meridiem". At solar noon, the sun is due south seen from the Northern Hemisphere, and due north seen from the Southern Hemisphere. The sun is directly overhead at solar noon at the equator on the equinoxes; at Tropic of Cancer (latitude 23½°N) on the summer solstice in June; and at Tropic of Capricorn (23½°S) on the winter solstice in December.

paragraphs: Because of the use of time zones and daylight saving time, the highest point of the sun and a clock time of noon are usually different.

paragraphs: In traditional magical thinking, noon represents with heaven, order and life.


title: 24-hour clock

paragraphs: The 24-hour clock is a way of telling the time in which the day runs from midnight to midnight and is divided into 24 hours, numbered from 0 to 24. It does not use a.m. or p.m. This system is also referred to (only in the US and the English speaking parts of Canada) as military time or (only in the United Kingdom and now very rarely) as continental time. In some parts of the world, it is called railway time. Also, the international standard notation of time (ISO 8601) is based on this format.

paragraphs: A time in the 24-hour clock is written in the form hours:minutes (for example, 01:23), or hours:minutes:seconds (01:23:45). Numbers under 10 usually have a zero in front (called a leading zero); e.g. 09:07. Under the 24-hour clock system, the day begins at midnight, 00:00, and the last minute of the day begins at 23:59 and ends at 24:00, which is identical to 00:00 of the following day. 12:00 can only be mid-day. Midnight is called 24:00 and is used to mean the end of the day and 00:00 is used to mean the beginning of the day. For example, you would say "Tuesday at 24:00" and "Wednesday at 00:00" to mean exactly the same time.

paragraphs: However, the US military prefers not to say 24:00 - they do not like to have two names for the same thing, so they always say "23:59", which is one minute before midnight.

paragraphs: 24-hour clock time is used in computers, military, public safety, and transport. In many Asian, European and Latin American countries people use it to write the time. Many European people use it in speaking.

paragraphs: Many models of digital wristwatches and clocks are available that display the time of day using the 24-hour clock.

paragraphs: In railway timetables 24:00 means the "end" of the day. For example, a train due to arrive at a station during the last minute of a day arrives at 24:00; but trains which depart during the first minute of the day go at 00:00.

paragraphs: To write shop opening hours until midnight use, for example, "00:00–24:00", "07:00–24:00".

paragraphs: Advantages over the 12-hour clock system:


title: Fifth Avenue

paragraphs: Fifth Avenue is a large avenue in New York City (U.S.). Running from Greenwich Village in southern Manhattan to Harlem in the north, the avenue marks the line dividing Manhattan into two parts, called the East Side and the West Side. The nearest avenues, on either side, are Madison Avenue (east) and Sixth Avenue (west), also known as the Avenue of the Americas.

paragraphs: There are many famous sights, such as the New York Public Library, St. Patrick's Cathedral, Rockefeller Center and Central Park (which runs along the west side, between 59th and 110th Street). On Fifth Avenue there are many expensive shops like Gucci.


title: Yarm

paragraphs: Yarm is a small town in North East England, in Stockton-on-Tees, North Yorkshire. It is next to the River Tees and the River Leven. It has a railway station. From 1974 to 1996 it was part of Cleveland, England.


title: Ulster Volunteer Force

paragraphs: The Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) is a loyalist paramilitary (civilians trained as soldiers) group based in Northern Ireland. It was formed in 1966. It takes its name from the UVF of World War I. The Ulster Volunteer Force was started as a Protestant/Unionist militia (citizen military force) in 1912 to oppose the Home Rule campaign for a separate Irish parliament. Many UVF members formed the 36th (Ulster) Division that fought with the British Army in World War I. The Progressive Unionist Party is the political wing of the outlawed Ulster Volunteer Force and Red Hand Commando. Although the PUP is called a loyalist fringe party, it has more moderate unionist views than any of the traditional unionist parties.

paragraphs: During the Troubles in Northern Ireland (1969-1998), the UVF carried out many attacks:

paragraphs: After a continuous campaign of 28 years, the UVF called a ceasefire in October 1994. They stated in October 2007 that they had ended their campaign and in June 2009 they announced they had decommissioned (destroyed their weapons), however the UVF have been involved in a number of incidents since then, which has put the announcement in doubt.

paragraphs: From the organization's creation in 1966 and ending of campaign in 2007, the UVF were responsible for at least 400 murders, however it is believed the actual figure is closer to 1,000. The UVF stated that their mission was to destroy Irish republican paramilitary groups, however over 80% of their victims were Catholic civilians.


title: Spanish–American War

paragraphs: The Spanish–American War was a war fought between Spain and the United States of America in the year 1898. This war was fought in part because a lot of people wanted Cuba, one of the last remaining bits of the former Spanish Empire, to become independent. Many Americans also wanted their country to get a colonial empire. Spain lost the sea war and had to give up its colonies of Cuba, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and part of Guam. All of these colonies, except for Cuba, would become U.S. colonies at the end of the war.

paragraphs: Following reports of Spanish abuse and killing of Cubans, the United States sent warships to Cuba. Spain was losing control of Cuba and had been putting Cubans into concentration camps. The United States sent ships to Cuba to try to force Spain to give up Cuba. The USS "Maine" (ACR-1) exploded in Havana harbor, killing about 260 people on board. "Remember the Maine" became a common wartime saying. U.S. newspapers blamed Spain for the explosion. Spain tried to avoid going to war, but pressure from U.S. newspapers, called "yellow journalism," and ordinary people, persuaded U.S. government to go to war. Some of these people just wanted Cuba to become independent, but others hoped that the United States could build a colonial empire overseas, like many European countries had done.

paragraphs: Volunteers throughout the country signed up for the war. Future president Theodore Roosevelt raised troops and became famous in leading the Rough Riders during the Battle of San Juan Hill.

paragraphs: In a big naval battle in Manila Bay, an American fleet commanded by George Dewey destroyed the Spanish fleet. Ground battles took place in Cuba and Puerto Rico.

paragraphs: The United States won the war and they soon began to occupy and take control of these colonies after Spain surrendered. Almost 400 American soldiers died during fighting, but more than 4,000 Americans died from diseases such as yellow fever, typhoid, and malaria.

paragraphs: The war stopped when the Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898 by the United States and Spain. The United States became the owners of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, Later, it got the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.


title: Infection

paragraphs: Infection is the invasion of an organism's body tissues by disease-causing agents. The disease is caused by the invading agents multiplying. As they multiply, they produce toxins and damage host tissues. Infectious disease, also known as 'transmissible disease' or 'communicable disease', is illness resulting from an infection.

paragraphs: Some infections are caused by different infectious agents at different times. For example, some diarrhea is caused by bacteria. Some is caused by viruses.

paragraphs: This is a very short list. There are many more diseases from infection and other causes: common diseases.

paragraphs: Some diseases can be passed from one person to another easily. Other infectious diseases are harder to get. If a person kisses or touches another person who is infected with the flu, a cold, measles, or a sore throat, he or she may get their disease. They may also give the person their disease if they cough on them. Other medical conditions such as AIDS, herpes, and hepatitis B, are only passed by closer contact. Having sex with an infected person, blood transfusions, or touching their blood or urine can sometimes pass on these conditions or diseases.

paragraphs: Bacteria are usually treated with antibiotic medicines like Tetracycline and Penicillin. Viruses will not be killed by antibiotics. They must be treated with special medicines called antivirals. Medicines to treat HIV/AIDS like zidovudine are antivirals. Antifungals like miconazole and fluconazole treat infections from fungus. Anti-parasitic medicines like Praziquantel and mebendazole.

paragraphs: Some infectious diseases have no treatments that work well. For example, there is no medicine that works well to cure West Nile Virus and Rabies. So it is important to avoid getting these diseases. Some infectious disease goes away on its own. These mild diseases do not need to be treated. For example, colds are caused by viruses and they do not need medicines.

paragraphs: Some diseases can be prevented by immunizations. Immunizations try to make a person have an immune reaction to an infectious agent. This is usually done before the person gets the disease. Examples of diseases prevented by immunizations are: polio, tetanus, and pertussis. In some cases, if all of the disease can be removed from society, we can get rid of the disease completely. An example of this is smallpox. This virus used to kill people, cause blindness, and bad scars. Now there has not been a person who had smallpox in over thirty years.


title: Minesweeper (video game)

paragraphs: Minesweeper is a strategy game that comes with most Microsoft computer operating systems. It is available for many other operating systems and desktop environments as well. The object of the game is to clear a minefield of mines. By clicking on blocks, the player learns if the block contains a mine. If they do not see a mine, the game continues. When the player clicks on a block, a number may appear. The number shows how many mines are next to this square. This helps the player find out where the mines are.

paragraphs: The game is won when every block that does not contain a mine has been clicked.


title: Fishing

paragraphs: Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish. Fishing can be done in the sea, or in a lake or river, and by boat or from the shore.

paragraphs: Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping.

paragraphs: The term fishing may be used for catching other aquatic animals such as molluscs, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not normally used for catching farmed fish. With aquatic mammals, such as whales, the term whaling is better.

paragraphs: According to FAO statistics, the total number of commercial fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people in developing countries. In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with 7.4 kilograms more got from fish farms. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport.

paragraphs: Fishing for money is a very dangerous job, because people can die or be badly hurt. Fishing gives a lot of food to many countries around the world, but those who take it as a job must often go far into the ocean under bad conditions. Commercial fishermen get many kinds of sea animals. This includes fish such as tuna, cod, and salmon, as well as invertebrates such as shrimp, lobster, clams, and squid. Alaskan king crab fishing is a famous example. Ways to fish for money have become very simple, using large nets and machines to catch the animals. Many countries have made rules limiting how much fish people can catch, because some kinds have become scarce.

paragraphs: Raising fish in the forms of aquaculture and mariculture add to the free-range catch of fish.

paragraphs: Sport fishing is normally done with a fishing rod and line with any number of hooks to get the fish. This method is called "angling". There may be rules that say how many lines and hooks one fisherman can use and how many fish he can catch. Anglers in fresh water catch many Black Bass (Black Bass includes the entire range of Bass fish), Pike, Muskellunge, Perch, Carp, Trout, Salmon, and Sunfish. Fish people get in saltwater include Swordfish, Marlin, Tuna, and others.

paragraphs: Rules generally do not allow the use of nets and catching fish with hooks not in the mouth. However some kinds of fish can be taken with nets for bait and a few for food. Non-sport fish that are not said to be worth as much can sometimes be taken by many ways like snagging, bow and arrow, or even gun, because they are seen as competing with more valuable fish.

paragraphs: Recreational fishing laws also include other life that lives in water, such as frogs and turtles.

paragraphs: Sport fishing can be a contest where fishermen try to get more fish than other fishermen. This sport came from local fishing contests into a large contest in the U.S.A. where skilled fishermen can compete and be helped out by companies giving prize money, and other large contests around the world.

paragraphs: Catch-and-release fishing is increasingly practiced especially by fly fishermen, as well as spin and bait casting fishermen, to increase conservation and to protect rare fish such as marlin. The practice is however disputed as it by some is considered unethical to perform painful actions to the fish for fun and not for the reason of food production. Because of this, catch-and-release practice is illegal in Norway.

paragraphs: Fish can also be collected in ways that do not injure them (such as in a seine net), for observation and study or for keeping in Aquarium. There is a substantial industry devoted to the collection, transport, export and farming of wild and domesticated live fish, usually freshwater or marine tropical fish.

paragraphs: In the past, fishing has been so good for getting money that people began overfishing (fishing too much) - a serious problem that does lots of damage (bad). Overfishing does not always mean extinction, but simply that a fish type has been harvested so that there cannot be as many of that kind of fish as before. As more boats are sent out to catch the fish, many population levels of a type of fish can drop. Then, there are not enough of that kind of fish left to have new kinds of fish.

paragraphs: Many times, fishing boats catch fish they do not mean to catch, called "bycatch". All kinds of fish can become bycatch, and they are usually thrown back into the sea after they have died. Drift net fishing sometimes catches creatures like seals, dolphins, whales, and sea turtles. This kind of fishing made people complain. In the 1980s, it was guessed that 18 miles (30 km) of nets were lost every night, tangling up boats and animals.

paragraphs: There is now a floating pile of plastic in the Pacific Ocean hundreds of miles wide. Most of it is lost fishing nets, called ghost nets, and other fishing tools from large boats.


title: Confederate States of America

paragraphs: The Confederate States of America (CSA) was a short-lived government that existed in the southern United States during the American Civil War. It was established in 1861 by seven southern states in which slavery was legal, after Abraham Lincoln was elected president of the U.S., but before he took office. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas declared their secession (independence) from the United States. After war began, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined them. The first capital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama, but for most of the war the capital was Richmond, Virginia.

paragraphs: The government of the Confederacy was much like the United States government. The Confederate States Constitution was similar to that of the United States; however, it emphasized states’ rights and clearly protected the enslavement of black Americans. Jefferson Davis was chosen as president and Alexander Stephens as Vice-President. As in the United States, the CSA president had a cabinet of advisors.

paragraphs: The United States government (also known as the Union) did not agree that the states could leave and start a new government. Thus, the Union government refused to abandon all its forts in the states that wanted to secede. War began when the CSA attacked one of those forts, Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. This war is known as the American Civil War, and it lasted from 1861 to 1865. After some of the deadliest battles in U.S. history, Union forces gradually regained control of southern states. As Confederate forces surrendered, the Confederacy fell apart and the Civil War came to a close in 1865. Following the war, slavery was outlawed everywhere in the United States. The process of restoring the states of the CSA to the Union, called the Reconstruction of the United States, continued until 1877.

paragraphs: It is still undecided if the Confederate States of America was ever a country. The Union never said that the Confederacy was really a country. Although British and French companies sold ships and materials to the Confederacy, no nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.

paragraphs: The CSA was also called "the South," "the Confederacy," and "Dixie."


title: A Tale of Two Cities

paragraphs: A Tale of Two Cities is a book written by Charles Dickens. It was published (printed) in 1859. It is set during the time of the French Revolution (1775-1793). The story happens in France and England. It talks about the French Revolution and the troubles the poor go through and how the rich ignore them. The main characters are Sydney Carton, Charles Darnay and their love interest, Lucie Manette. The story's main theme is society.


title: Fiji

paragraphs: Fiji is a small country in the Pacific Ocean. It has 322 islands. The most important islands are Vanua Levu and Viti Levu. The capital city of Fiji is Suva, and the city with the most people is Nadi. There are about 844,330 people in Fiji.

paragraphs: The official languages of Fiji are Fijian, English and Hindustani (a mix of Hindi and Urdu). Fiji is part of the Pacific Rim. About 313000 speak Fiji Hindi.

paragraphs: In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Dutch and the British explored Fiji. Fiji was a British colony up until 1970; British occupation lasted almost a century.

paragraphs: Fiji has many forest, mineral, and fish resources.

paragraphs: Fiji is divided into Four Major Divisions:

paragraphs: These divisions are divided into 14 provinces:

paragraphs: "Fijian law defines "towns" as urbanized areas incorporated as municipal bodies, governed by Town Councils."

paragraphs: "The following localities are urbanized, but have not been municipally organized."

paragraphs: Fiji has a lot of tourism and many people go to the Nadi and Denarau islands. Most visitors are from Australia, New Zealand and the USA. Fiji has many soft coral reefs. Scuba diving is a common tourist activity. More budget resorts are being opened in remote areas, which provides more tourism opportunities.


title: Fijian language

paragraphs: The Fijian language is a Austronesian language. It is one of the official languages of Fiji. It has about 350,000 speakers.


title: Legend

paragraphs: Legends (derived from latin, "legenda)" are stories in oral tradition and a narrative of human actions. They are usually old, but are believed to have taken place within human history. Legends are often passed on by word-of-mouth. Legends have often been transformed over time to keep them realistic.

paragraphs: The word is also used for famous or historically significant people, places, art, etc. We sometimes say of someone who is extremely famous that they are a "legend" or "of legendary fame".

paragraphs: Examples of legends are Ali Baba, the Fountain of Youth, Paul Bunyan, Kraken, the Loch Ness Monster, and Bigfoot. Some legends are stories about real people; others are not. Odysseus and Robin Hood for example may have been real but most the stories about them are definitely fiction.

paragraphs: For some places, legends are the earliest history. For example, the origin of ancient Rome is known only from legends, as are the earliest dynasties in the history of China.


title: Fountain of Youth

paragraphs: The Fountain of Youth is a legendary spring. People talked about it for thousands of years. They thought its water could make people young and healthy. Herodotus put it in the Horn of Africa. Later stories said it was in India. A Spanish explorer, Juan Ponce de Leon, was said to have looked for it while in present-day Florida. No one ever found it.


title: Ho Chi Minh City

paragraphs: Ho Chi Minh City () is a city in southern Vietnam. It is governed as a municipality and includes a large rural area. It is the biggest city in Vietnam. About 6.2 million people live in the city.

paragraphs: The city used to be called "Saigon", and this is still the most common name in everyday conversation. The name Saigon come from the Saigon River, which flows through the city.

paragraphs: It used to be a Khmer port city called Prey Nokor, or “Jungle City”. The city was taken over by the Vietnamese and eventually took the name of"(Sài Gòn)". It was invaded by the French in 1859. As (French) Saigon it was the capital of French Indochina and became an important city in French colonial trade. After independence(from France), in 1954 to 1975, Saigon became the capital of the Republic of Vietnam. After the end of the US campaign (1973) in the Vietnam War, Saigon was overtaken by the North Vietnamese army on 30 April 1975 and renamed after Hồ Chí Minh. The tradition of naming places in Vietnam after great people is very common. Many streets bear the names of epic heroes. Hai Ba Trung street is named after heroic sisters.

paragraphs: Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) has expanded with industrialization. It now includes all of the surrounding towns. The city center is old Saigon. Old Saigon has two main districts (One and Three). The new city districts used to be rice fields and fish farms. There are fish all over the city.

paragraphs: Ho Chi Minh City is as flat as the river plain it sits on. Nearly all roads are built flat. Bicycle riding around the Mekong delta is very easy in dry weather. Because of the flatness, roads and buildings sink into the draining soil. Lying water keeps pollution very close to city homes. The rising tides can flood many districts when the moon is fullest.

paragraphs: Because rainwater can't be kept in valleys or mountains, the city-water is dangerous to drink. Most people drink from large bottles of water - .

paragraphs: When the streets flood (in rain or tides) the dirt from drains returns onto the city. This has caused a lot of problems for the health of the people living in the city. Escaping sewer water makes people very sick in the tropical countries. Older people may avoid drinking more than a few drinks a day.

paragraphs: It's very tropical in the city. The trees in streets are cut down to half every year - but they grow back. Fresh food markets are all over the city. The city has so much rain, that drains and rivers surround every district.

paragraphs: The southeast of the province has the . It's a 752 square kilometre mangrove area between Ho Chi Minh City and the sea.

paragraphs: Inside the wetlands there are birds, deer, fish, frogs, insects, lizards, monkeys, otters, and snakes. The centipedes all around the city are very dangerous (maybe deadly to tiny animals). People catch and consume the snakes.

paragraphs: The wetlands and ecosystem has been designated as a biosphere reserve. Ho Chi Minh people get education on how to look after their biosphere reserve and wetlands.

paragraphs: The city is a river port on the Saigon River. Several larger terminals operate outside and inside of the city. Many small docks operate around the city. The river system leads out to sea at Vung Tau, or onto the Mekong delta.

paragraphs: Delivery of materials for the city can be made by boat. Farm produce distributors can arrive by boat in many districts outside the city.

paragraphs: The use of English is rising in HCMC. Many HCMC people will travel around the world by using English as their international language. Many other languages are studied. French was previously the most popular. Chinese is also very well known to many people.

paragraphs: The city has international schools that teach foreign children. All classes (except for languages) are given in the chosen language. Many international schools have chosen English as the primary language. Some of the international schools are named by their country of origin. The schools named after a country use the national language of that country.

paragraphs: English is a subject taught in all national schools.

paragraphs: Many HCMC parents use to improve their children's English. HCMC adults attend colleges to learn English.

paragraphs: Some HCMC people will go overseas to get foreign education. It can be through staying with relatives, attending boarding schools, joining programs, or with family.

paragraphs: English is taught at university in HCMC. It doesn't replace the national language at most universities. International universities might set a requirement for English or another language.

paragraphs: Wealthy people live a fantastic life in the city. But, others are very poor. Poor does not always mean without food, clothing, shelter, or work in HCMC. The cost of living in Vietnam helps even the poorest people to survive. Many temples, churches, charities, and government organizations help people that are even more misfortunate than the poor. But still, some ultra-poor people struggle with homelessness, and the tropical weather - they get very dark skin compared to other people.

paragraphs: There is a lot of entertainment for the people in the city. Many discos, bars, and clubs operate all around the city. Food is also a source of entertainment for people in HCMC. Very strange restaurants sell very strange food: scorpions, bats, rats and more. Tourists are amazed by what is eaten in HCMC.

paragraphs: The Mekong River delta is accessible from HCMC. It has a many rice, coconut, fish, and prawn farms. The main city is Can Tho City.

paragraphs: The mountain range of Vietnam is accessed via Dalat City.

paragraphs: The beaches of Vietnam are accessed via Vung Tau City or Phan Thiet City when leaving HCMC.

paragraphs: The border to Cambodia is the closest international exit point for tourists. This exit border takes people to Phnom Penh City.

paragraphs: Bien Hoa City is another industrial city to the northeast. Around there, the province of Binh Duong is growing through strong financial investment.


title: Apricot

paragraphs: Apricot is a drupe fruit. It is closely related to the plum.


title: Contraction

paragraphs: A contraction is a word that is made up of two or more words that are connected together. One or more letters are removed from the words when they are connected. One or more apostrophes are added in the location letters are removed. For example, an apostrophe goes in place of the o in "not" when "do not" is shortened to "don't".