title: Tiny Thompson

paragraphs: Cecil Ralph "Tiny" Thompson (May 31, 1903 – February 9, 1981) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played 10 seasons with the Boston Bruins and two seasons with the Detroit Red Wings. He won the Vezina Trophy, given to the NHL's best goaltender, four times. He was added to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959. He won the Stanley Cup once, in 1929 with Boston. At the start of the 1938–39 season, after ten entire seasons with Boston, he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings, where he played the rest of the season, and played another full one before stopping. During his time in the NHL, Thompson made 81 shutouts. This is the sixth-most of any goaltender. After stopping playing, he coached some lower-league teams before becoming a famous professional . Thompson helped to make common the technique of catching the puck as a method of making a save. He was good at using his stick to play the puck. He was the first goaltender in the NHL to record an assist by passing the puck with his stick to a player on his team.

paragraphs: Thompson was born in Sandon, British Columbia, on May 31, 1903. He grew up in Calgary, Alberta. In 1906, his brother Paul was born in Calgary. Paul would also become a professional ice hockey player. When Cecil was a child, he enjoyed playing baseball and ice hockey. At first, Cecil was not a goaltender. He became a goaltender so that the other children would allow him to play with them. When he became a teenager, other persons on his team began to call him "Tiny" since he was the tallest player. He would be known as "Tiny" for the rest of career.

paragraphs: Thompson began playing junior hockey when he was 16 with the Calgary Monarchs. In his first season, he competed for the Memorial Cup. The Memorial Cup is given to the best junior ice hockey team in Canada. In the two games in which he competed for the Memorial Cup, he gave up 11 goals, which was an average number of goals to give up in that period of ice hockey.

paragraphs: In the 1920–21 season, Thompson played for Calgary Alberta Grain. In the next three seasons, he played for a team in Bellevue, Alberta. In the 1924–25 season, he joined the Duluth Hornets. He played 40 games for the Hornets. In those 45 games, he had 11 shutouts.

paragraphs: In the next season, Thompson joined the Minneapolis Millers of the American Hockey Association (AHA). He played for the Millers for three seasons. During that time, he appeared in 118 games, making 33 shutouts. He had a 1.37 goals-against average, which is an average of goals surrendered in a span of sixty minutes).

paragraphs: Thompson started playing in the National Hockey League (NHL) in the 1928–29 season. He joined the Boston Bruins since Boston manager Art Ross bought his contract from Minnesota. He did so because he had heard that Thompson was a very good goaltender.

paragraphs: In his first-ever game, Thompson made a shutout. He is the only goaltender that is in the Hockey Hall of Fame that has made a shutout in his first game. I In his first season, Thompson played in all of Boston's 44 games. He made 12 shutouts and has a 1.15 goals-against average. In one full season, a goals-against average of 1.15 is the second-lowest ever in NHL history. George Hainsworth has a lower goals-against average of 0.98 that season, which is the lowest-ever goals-against average for a full season. The Boston Bruins were in first place in the American Division, and they made the playoffs. In the playoffs, they won all of their five games, as they won the Stanley Cup for their first time. In the five playoff games, Thompson made three shutouts, and gave up only three goals during the playoffs. In that season, two brothers, Cecil and Paul, played against each other for the first time in the NHL. Cecil and Paul also played against each other in the Stanley Cup Finals, which was also the first time when brothers played against each other.

paragraphs: In the next season, Cecil played in all of Boston's 44 games again. He made three shutouts and he had a 2.19 goals-against average. Thompson made much less shutouts and a much higher goals-against average because the rules were changed so that players were allowed to pass forward in the attacking area. That season, Boston won all but six games, finishing with a 38–5–1 record, which is the highest-ever winning percentage of any team in the NHL. In the playoffs, they lost two games in a row for the first time in that season. The lost the Stanley Cup finals against the Montreal Canadiens. Earlier in the playoffs, his streak of winning his first seven games was ended. It remains the longest winning streak to start a playoff career. Thompson won his first out of four Vezina Trophies that season.

paragraphs: In the 1930–31 season, he played all 44 games again, and was named to the Second All-Star team. In the next season, Boston lost the semi-finals of the playoffs to Montreal. In the second game of the series against Montreal, Thompson was removed from the net near the end of the game. That was so done so Boston would have six attacking players against Montreal's five. Having more attacking players gave Boston a bigger chance to score. Although Boston lost, their coach's idea was described as "amazing".

paragraphs: In the 1931–32 season, Boston did not play in the playoffs for the first time when Thompson played for them. He missed five games during that season, which was the only time that happened to him. In the 43 games he played, Thompson won only 13. The next season, Boston made the playoffs again, but they lost to the Toronto Maple Leafs.

paragraphs: The last game of the playoff series against the Maple Leafs was described as Thompson's best. In that game, Boston and Toronto were tied after three usual periods of 20 minutes. Since the game was tied, it proceeded to overtime. After five periods of 20 minutes, the game was tied. At end of the fifth overtime period, managers Conn Smythe of the Maple Leafs and Art Ross of the Bruins ask the president of the NHL, Frank Calder, to stop the game, and finish it later. Calder refused. Early in the sixth overtime period, a pass from Boston player Eddie Shore was intercepted. Ken Doraty of the Maple Leafs went for a breakaway, meaning that he had the puck and was skating toward the other team's net with out any defender between him and Thompson. He scored on Thompson at 4:46 of the sixth overtime period. Even though he lost the game, he was applauded loudly by the fans at Maple Leaf Gardens. This game was the second-longest ever played in the NHL. Even though Thompson lost more games than he won in the playoffs, he finished wit a 1.23 goals-against average.

paragraphs: Thompson got his second Vezina Trophy in the 1932–33 season, making 11 shutouts and getting a 1.76 goals-against average. The next season, Boston missed the playoffs. In the 1934–35 season, Boston placed first in the American Division. Thompson was chosen to the Second All-Star team for his second time. The Bruins won only one of their four playoff games. Their only win came when Thompson had a shutouts. He finished the playoffs with a 1.53 goals-against average.

paragraphs: In the 1935–36 season, Thompson made 10 shutouts, but Boston won only 22 out of 48 games. During that season, Thompson made an assist, meaning that he had made a pass on purpose to a teammate, who scored a goal as a result of getting the puck from him. At that time time, it was very rare for a goaltender to do that. At the end of the season, he was named to First All-Star team for his first time. He also won the Vezina Trophy for his third time. In that season's playoffs, Boston's series against the Toronto Maple Leafs was a series of contrasts. Boston lost the two-game, total-goal series eight goals to six. In one game, Boston won against Toronto 6–0, but they lost the other game 8–0.

paragraphs: In the 1937–38, Thompson played his last entire season with the Bruins. He won 30 out of the 48 games, but Boston lost to the Maple Leafs once again in the playoffs. At end of the season, he won his fourth and last Vezina Trophy, and was named to the First All-Star team for the second time.

paragraphs: Thompson played only five games in the 1938–39 season, because the Bruins decided to replace him with Frank Brimsek. To make space for Brimsek, Thompson was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Normie Smith and $15,000. Thompson also received $1000 from Boston. Art Ross, still the manager of the Bruins, predicted that Thompson would play five more years for Detroit; however, he only played two. Although Detroit lost more games than they won, they made the playoffs in both seasons, but they did not win the Stanley Cup. Overall, Thompson appeared in 85 regular season games for Detroit, recording a 32–41–12 record, seven shutouts, and a 2.54 goals-against average, and in 11 playoff games, posting a 5–6, with one shutout and a 2.41 goal-against average.

paragraphs: After stopping being a professional player, Thompson became a coach. In the 1940–41 season, he started to coach the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League (AHL). He coached the Bisons for 56 games in two seasons. They missed the playoffs both times. In the 1940–41 season, he played one game for the Bisons as an emergency goaltender.

paragraphs: During World War II, Thompson served in the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). He was also the coach of the Calgary RCAF Mustangs of the Alberta Senior Hockey League. He led the Mustangs to the league championship series in 1942–43 against the Calgary Currie Army team. In March 1943, injuries to the Mustangs' goaltenders made him play again. With Thompson in goal, the Mustangs won against Currie Army, 8–4, to tie the best-of-five series at two wins each. He played the deciding game, but his team fell short of winning the Alberta title with a 3–1 loss.

paragraphs: After the war, Thompson became chief Western Canada scout for the Chicago Black Hawks. He was one of few scouts who tried to find a player's personality along with their playing skills, often talking with players as part of efforts to learn about the players he was watching.

paragraphs: Thompson was stand-up goaltender, which mean he rarely fell to both knees to try to stop the puck. He was one of the first goaltenders in the NHL to catch the puck in order to stop it. He was the best puck-catcher when he played. With gloves smaller than one of other players, Thompson did not have a lot of padding when he was in net.

paragraphs: He often used the same, or very similar method, to stop pucks. He dropped to one knee with the paddle of his goalstick covering the space between his legs, and extending his glove to cover the left side of the net. Although he caught the puck with his glove, he did so without gloves that were like the modern blocker and trapper. The blocker is a glove which is worn on the hand which holds the stick and is used to hit shots on goal back. The trapper is a glove which is worn on the other hand and used to catch shots on goal).

paragraphs: Thompson was described by Johnny Bower, a former goaltender who was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, as being able to play the puck well with his stick, and one of the best of his time at passing the puck. In the 1935–36 season, Thompson became the first goaltender to get an assist by intentionally passing the puck with his stick to a fellow player.

paragraphs: Thompson's points percentage in a season of .875, recorded in the 1929–30 season, still remains a record. His 38 wins during that season was a Boston record that was beat only in the 1982–83 season, by Pete Peeters; since then, no Bruins goaltender has had more than 37 wins in a season. Thompson is the all-time Bruins leader for games, wins, shutouts and goals-against average. Throughout his entire NHL career career, Thompson made 81 shutouts, which is sixth all-time in NHL history, which was second to only George Hainsworth (who had 94) when Thompson stopped playing. He also made seven shutouts in the playoffs. He is fifth all-time in goals-against average, allowing on average only 2.08 goals in a 60-minute span. He led all goaltenders in regular season games played 10 times, and in regular season wins five times.

paragraphs: In 1959, Thompson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He died in Calgary on February 9, 1981. He was survived by his wife, Edith, and his daughter, Sandra.


title: Terry Sawchuk

paragraphs: Terence Gordon Sawchuk (December 28, 1929 in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada–May 31, 1970 in New York City, New York, United States) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings, and New York Rangers.


title: Patrick Roy

paragraphs: Patrick Jacques Roy, (born October 5, 1965, in Sainte-Foy, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian retired ice hockey goaltender. Roy's professional career was with the Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League, winning two Stanley Cups with each team. In 2004, Roy was selected as the greatest goaltender in NHL history by a group of 41 writers, along with a fan poll. On November 13, 2006, Roy was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. He is the only player in NHL history to have won the Conn Smythe Trophy, the award given to the most valuable player in the Stanley Cup playoffs, three times.

paragraphs: Patrick Roy is the current head coach of the Colorado Avalanche, as of May 23, 2013.

paragraphs: <nowiki>* Shared with </nowiki>Brian Hayward.


title: Scarlett Johansson

paragraphs: Scarlett Johansson (born November 22, 1984) is an American actress, model and singer. She is best known for her roles in the movies "The Avengers", "Lost in Translation", "Match Point", and "The Prestige".

paragraphs: Scarlett Johansson was born in New York City, New York on November 22, 1984. Her father, Karsten Johansson, is a Danish-born architect originally from Copenhagen, and her paternal grandfather, Ejner Johansson, was a screenwriter and director. Her mother, Melanie Sloan, a producer, comes from an Ashkenazi Jewish family from the Bronx. Melanie's ancestors emigrated to New York from Minsk, Tsarist Russia. She has an older sister, Vanessa, also an actress; an older brother, Adrian; a twin brother, Hunter (who appeared with her in the film "Manny & Lo"); and an older half-brother, Christian, from her father's first marriage.

paragraphs: Johansson is registered as an independent and campaigned for Democratic candidate John Kerry in the 2004 United States presidential election. About George W. Bush's 2004 reelection, she said, "[I am] disappointed. I think it was a disappointment for a large percentage of the population." Johansson also campaigned for Democratic candidate Barack Obama: Her efforts included appearances in Iowa during January 2008, where her efforts were targeted at younger voters; an appearance at Cornell College; and a speaking engagement at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota on Super Tuesday, 2008. Johansson appeared in the 2008 music video for The Black Eyed Peas front man will.i.am's song, "Yes We Can", directed by Jesse Dylan, a song inspired by Obama's speech following the 2008 New Hampshire primary. On February 7, 2012, Johansson and Anna Wintour hosted a fashion launch of pro-Obama clothing, bags and accessories, with proceeds going to the President's re-election campaign. She addressed voters at the Democratic National Convention on September 6, 2012, calling for President Obama's reelection and for more engagement from young voters.


title: Ken Dryden

paragraphs: Kenneth Wayne "Ken" Dryden, (born August 8, 1947) is a Canadian retired NHL goaltender. Born in Hamilton, Ontario, on August 8, 1947, Dryden was originally drafted by the Boston Bruins in 1964. Rather than play in Boston, Dryden decided to pursue a Bachelor of Arts degree at Cornell University, where he also played hockey until his graduation in 1969.

paragraphs: At Cornell, Dryden led his team to the 1967 NCAA championship and three consecutive ECAC tournament championships. Ken Dryden made his NHL debut in 1970 for the Montreal Canadians, and became the backbone of six Stanley Cup winning teams in the 1970s. Dryden played from 1970-79 (excluding the 1973-74 season when he retired to pursue the requirements for his law degree) and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1983. After retiring from hockey Dryden became an author and business man. His 1983 book "The Game" was a commercial and critical success being nominated for a Governor General's Award, the book was about the pressures of being a goalie in the NHL. He then became president of the Toronto Maple Leafs hockey club in 1997.

paragraphs: Dryden was the member of the Canadian Parliament for York Centre from 2004-2011.


title: Charlie Gardiner

paragraphs: Charles Robert Gardiner (December 31, 1904 – June 13, 1934) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, Gardiner moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba with his family at age seven. He played junior hockey with the Winnipeg Tigers from 1921 to 1924, and then joined the Selkirk Fishermen senior team for the 1924–25 season. The next year, Gardiner joined the Winnipeg Maroons of the Central Hockey League, which the following season became the American Hockey Association.

paragraphs: He joined the Chicago Black Hawks in 1927 and played there for seven years. Gardiner won the Vezina Trophy in 1932 and 1934. He was a First Team All-Star in 1931, 1932, and 1934. In 1933–34, as captain, he led the Black Hawks to their first Stanley Cup. He died three weeks later in Winnipeg at age 29.

paragraphs: Gardiner was an original member of the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1945. In 1998, he was ranked number 76 on "The Hockey News"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.


title: Shot (ice hockey)

paragraphs: A shot in ice hockey is an attempt by a player to score a goal by hitting the puck with their stick in the direction of the net.


title: Goal (ice hockey)

paragraphs: A goal in ice hockey provides a team with one point. A goal is scored when a puck completely crosses the goal line within the goal net.


title: Hockey puck

paragraphs: A puck is a disk used in some games serving the same use as a ball in ball games. The best-known use of pucks is in ice hockey, a major international sport.

paragraphs: Hockey pucks are hard disks of rubber that are used to play ice hockey. A standard ice hockey puck is black, 1 inch thick (25.4 mm), 3 inches in diameter (76.2 mm), and weighs between 5.5 and 6 ounces (156-170 g). Pucks are often marked with silkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces.


title: Haines City, Florida

paragraphs: Haines City is a city in Polk County, Florida, United States. As of 2007, the Economic and Business Research at the University of Florida estimated that the city's population was 18,748. Thus making it the third largest city by population in the county.

paragraphs: The city went without a public park as both Lake Eva Park and Railroad Park were both undergoing some sort renovations. From July 2008 through July 2009.

paragraphs: The city has many schools in the area, including Haines City High School.


title: Frank Brimsek

paragraphs: Francis Charles "Mister Zero" Brimsek (September 26, 1913 – November 11, 1998) was an American professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Boston Bruins and Chicago Black Hawks in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: He remained with the Bruins until 1949, and played a final season with the Chicago Black Hawks. He was added into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1966 (the first American to earn HHOF membership) and was inducted into the United States Hockey Hall of Fame in 1973. In 1998, shortly before his death, he was ranked number 67 on "The Hockey News"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players.

paragraphs: An annual award given to the top high school goaltender in the state of Minnesota is given in Brimsek's honor.


title: Turk Broda

paragraphs: Walter Edward "Turk" Broda (May 15, 1914 - October 17, 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender for the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba on May 15, 1914 to a Polish-Canadian family. He joined the Maple Leafs in 1936.


title: Ed Belfour

paragraphs: Edward John Belfour (born April 21, 1965) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, San Jose Sharks, Dallas Stars, Toronto Maple Leafs and the Florida Panthers. He has also played for Leksands IF of the Hockeyallsvenskan.

paragraphs: Belfour was born in Carman, Manitoba and grew up playing ice hockey. He played junior hockey for the Winkler Flyers before going to the University of North Dakota where he helped the school win the NCAA championship in the 1986-87 season. The following year, Belfour signed as a free agent with the Chicago Blackhawks (after not being picked in the draft) splitting his time between them and the Saginaw Hawks of the International Hockey League.


Foucault


title: Glove (ice hockey)

paragraphs: There are three types of gloves worn by ice hockey players. Skaters wear similar gloves on each hand, while goaltenders wear gloves of different types on each hand.

paragraphs: Skaters' gloves are designed to protect the players' hands from pucks, sticks, and skates. They do not play any role in the performance or play of the game.

paragraphs: Goaltenders wear a different type of glove on each hand. While these gloves do offer the goaltender a measure of protection, their design is to aid the goaltender in performance of his duties. On the hand with which he carries his stick, often called the "stick hand," the goaltender wears a blocker with a large pad across the back of the forearm, usually extending just beyond the wrist. National Hockey League rules mandate that the blocking glove may be no wider than eight inches and no longer than fifteen. The goaltender uses this glove to stop shots.

paragraphs: On the other hand, often called the "glove hand", the goaltender wears a catching glove, similar to a baseball glove. NHL rules limit the perimeter of the catching glove to forty-five inches and the widest part of the glove may not exceed eighteen inches.


title: German idealism

paragraphs: German idealism is a group of theories in philosophy that began in Germany in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. It was related to the Enlightenment and the French revolution. German idealists believed that nothing exists without the mind. This means that while the world exists, our knowledge about the outside world is limited to our experiences. Kant, Hegel, Fichte, and Schelling were the most famous German idealists.


title: Johnny Bower

paragraphs: John William "Johnny" Bower (November 8, 1924 – December 26, 2017), nicknamed "The China Wall", was a Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender.

paragraphs: Bower died of pneumonia on December 26, 2017 in Toronto at the age of 93.


title: 2004–05 NHL season

paragraphs: The 2004–05 NHL season would have been the 88th regular season of the National Hockey League (NHL). The season was canceled on February 16, 2005 because of an unfinished lockout that began on September 16, 2004. The loss of the 2004–05 season made the NHL the first North American professional sports league to cancel an entire season because of a labour issue. It was also the first time since 1919 that the Stanley Cup was not awarded. In 1919, the championship was canceled due to the ongoing Spanish flu pandemic.


title: Amharic language

paragraphs: Amharic (አማርኛ "āmariññā") is a Semitic language spoken in North Central Ethiopia by the Amhara. It is the second most spoken Semitic language after Arabic, and the official language of Ethiopia. Amharic is also the official or working language of several of the states, including Amhara Region and the multi-ethnic Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People's Region.


title: 2004–05 NHL lockout

paragraphs: The 2004–05 NHL lockout resulted in the cancellation of what would have been the 88th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). It was the first time the Stanley Cup was not given out since 1919, and the first time a major professional sports league in North America canceled a complete season because of a labor issue. The lockout lasted 310 days starting September 16 2004, the day after the collective bargaining agreement (CBA) between the NHL and the NHL Players Association (NHLPA) that resolved the 1994–95 lockout expired. The two sides reached an agreement on July 13, 2005, and the lockout ended nine days later on July 22, after both the NHL owners and players accepted the CBA.


title: The Sports Network

paragraphs: The Sports Network (commonly known as TSN) is a Canadian English language cable television specialty channel and is Canada's first English language sports television channel. TSN started in 1984, in the second group of Canadian specialty cable channels. TSN is owned by CTV Speciality Television Inc; a division of Bell Media (80%) and ESPN (20%).

paragraphs: TSN features a variety of live sports programming, such as:

paragraphs: TSN also features original TV shows about sports, including:

paragraphs: TSN also airs non-original TV shows centred around sports, including


title: Glenn Hall

paragraphs: Glenn Henry "Mr. Goalie" Hall (born October 3, 1931, in Humboldt, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. During his National Hockey League career with the Detroit Red Wings, Chicago Black Hawks, and St. Louis Blues, Hall rarely missed a game, winning the Vezina Trophy three times, and the Calder Memorial Trophy. According to hockey lore, Hall threw up before every game and drank a glass of orange juice.


title: Charlie Hodge

paragraphs: Charles "Charlie" Hodge (July 28, 1933 – April 16, 2016) was a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender. He played for the Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, and Oakland Seals in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: Hodge's first NHL game happened in 1954 with Montreal. But because teams at that time only carried one goalie, and Montreal had perhaps the best goalie of the time in Jacques Plante, Charlie was only used in emergency situations. During this time, he played mostly in the AHL. When Plante was traded in 1962, Charlie got his chance to play full-time. He twice won the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender, once by himself in 1963–64 and shared with Gump Worsley in 1965–66. Hodge's name appears on the league championship Stanley Cup six times, although he only actually played in one of those finals. He also played one game in the finals in 1955, but lost to Detroit.

paragraphs: Hodge died on April 16, 2016 in Vancouver, British Columbia from complications of a stroke at the age of 82.


title: California Golden Seals

paragraphs: The California Golden Seals were an ice hockey team in the NHL that played from 1966 to 1976. The Golden Seals entered the league at the start of the 1966-67 NHL season as the Oakland Seals. In the 1970-71 season, the team was renamed to the California Golden Seals. Due to poor attendance, the Golden Seals' owners moved to the team to Cleveland, where they became known as the Barons.


title: Tom Barrasso

paragraphs: Thomas Patrick Barrasso (born March 31, 1965) is an American retired ice hockey goaltender. He played a career total of 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Buffalo Sabres, Pittsburgh Penguins, Ottawa Senators, Carolina Hurricanes, Toronto Maple Leafs and the St. Louis Blues. During his first season, Barrasso won both the Calder Memorial Trophy, for best rookie, as well as the Vezina Trophy for best goaltender. Barrasso also won the Stanley Cup twice, both times with the Penguins, in 1991 and 1992. Barrasso retired in 2003.


title: Atlanta Flames

paragraphs: The Atlanta Flames were an ice hockey team in the NHL from Atlanta, Georgia, USA from 1972 to 1980. The team was moved to Calgary, Alberta, Canada for the start of the 1980–81 NHL season and were renamed the Calgary Flames. The team was named after the burning of Atlanta, led by U.S. Army general William Sherman during the American Civil War.


title: Calder Memorial Trophy

paragraphs: The Calder Memorial Trophy is a yearly award given "to the player selected as the most proficient in his first year of competition in the National Hockey League." The award has been awarded 70 times since its beginnings in 1937. The voting is conducted by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association at the conclusion of each regular season to determine the winner.

paragraphs: The trophy is named in honor of Frank Calder, the former President of the National Hockey League from its inception in 1917 to his death in 1943. Although "Rookie Of The Year" honors were handed out beginning in 1932–33, the Calder Trophy was first presented at the conclusion of the 1936-37 NHL season. After Calder's death in 1942 the trophy was renamed the Calder Memorial Trophy.

paragraphs: In 1990, Sergei Makarov of the Calgary Flames became the oldest player, at age 31, to win the Calder, even though he had played professionally in the Soviet Union as a member of HC CSKA Moscow. After that season, the rules for awarding the Calder were amended so that players could only be eligible if they were 26 years old or younger by September 15 of their rookie season.

paragraphs: To be eligible for the award, a player cannot have played any more than 25 games previously in any single season, nor have played in more than six games in two separate preceding seasons in any major professional league. The latter fact was perhaps most prominent when in 1979–80, first-year phenom Wayne Gretzky was not eligible to win the Calder Trophy despite scoring 137 points (the previous rookie record at the time being 95), due to him playing a full season the previous year in the World Hockey Association. The trophy has been won the most times by rookies from the Toronto Maple Leafs, who have won it on nine occasions.

paragraphs: The voting is conducted at the end of the regular season by members of the Professional Hockey Writers Association, and each individual voter ranks their top five candidates on a 10-7-5-3-1 points system. Three finalists are named and the trophy is awarded at the NHL Awards ceremony after the playoffs.


title: Afroasiatic languages

paragraphs: Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also called Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, is a large language family. They are mainly spoken in Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. There are around 300 Afroasiatic languages that are still spoken. About 495 million people speak an Afroasiatic language as their first language. There are six branches of the language family: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic and Semitic. The most spoken language is Arabic, a Semitic language. It has around 313 million native speakers.


title: St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda

paragraphs: St. John's is the capital of Antigua and Barbuda, an island nation in the Lesser Antilles. St. John's is located on the island of Antigua.

paragraphs: Hammand World Atlas Corporation, "Hammond World Atlas, Fifth Edition", 2007, p. 208


paragraphs: The University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign (UIUC) is a university in the state of Illinois, United States. It is the oldest and largest campus in the University of Illinois system.

paragraphs: The university has 18 Colleges that offer more than 150 programs of study. It is a selective state schools in the United States. Many of its popular undergraduate and graduate programs are ranked high in the US.

paragraphs: The university was established in 1867. It opened for classes on March 2, 1868 with only two faculty members and a small group of students. In 1982, the name of the university was changed from the University of Illinois to the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

paragraphs: The university has the following colleges and schools:

paragraphs: Notable people associated with the university have been successful in fields such as science, business, and politics. The university has produced many Nobel Prize winners.

paragraphs: John Bardeen, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972, worked on the faculty of the university from 1951 to 1991.

paragraphs: Roger Ebert, who became the first movie critic to win a Pulitzer Prize.


title: Bambi, A Life in the Woods

paragraphs: Bambi, A Life in the Woods () is a novel by Austrian author Felix Salten. It was published in 1923. The story is about a Roe Deer and his life as he grows up.

paragraphs: The book was made into a film called "Bambi" by Walt Disney Productions. The film is famous and received a midquel titled "Bambi II" in 2006. In the Disney films, Bambi was made a White-tailed deer.


title: Nicktoons

paragraphs: Nicktoons are animated television shows which are produced by and aired on the children's television channel "Nickelodeon". Prior to 1991, Nickelodeon aired mostly foreign made animated series. The idea for Nicktoons was formed in 1989 and on Sunday, August 11, 1991, the first Nicktoon, "Rugrats", was aired. This format was repeated every Sunday.


title: Rashidun Empire

paragraphs: Rashidun Empire, Islamic Empire () or Rashidun Caliphate () are the terms used to describe the empire that was controlled by the first four successors of Muhammad (the "Rightly Guided" caliphs). The empire was founded after Muhammad's death in 632 and lasted until 'Ali's death in 661. At its height, the power of the Rashidun Caliphs extended throughout North Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and the Iranian highlands.

paragraphs: After Muhammad's death in 632, the Medinan Ansar were debating who -among them- should succeed prophet Muhammad in running the affairs of the Muslims. They chose Abu Bakr. So he became the first Khalifa Rasul Allah ("Successor of the Messenger of God"), and started a campaigns to for the Muslim Religion. At first he the Arabian tribes which had left the Islamic community. As a Khalifa or Caliph he was not a monarch and never claimed such a title. His three successors also never claimed a title as monarch.

paragraphs: The first general of the empire was Khalid ibn Walid. During his campaign against the Persian Empire("Iraq 633 - 634") and Byzantine Empire ("Syria 634 - 638") Khalid developed brilliant tactics. The Caliph Abu Bakr's way was to give his generals their mission, the geographical area in which that mission would be carried out, and the resources that, could be made available for that purpose. He would then leave it to his generals to accomplish their mission in whatever manner they chose, on the other hand Caliph Umar in later part of his Caliphate used to direct his generals as to where they would stay and when to move to the next target and who will be commanding the left and right wing of the army in the particular battle, this made the phase of conquest comparatively slower but provided well organized campaigns. Caliph Uthman used the same method as of Abu Bakr, he would give missions to his generals and then leave it to them how they accomplish it. Caliph Ali also followed the same method.

paragraphs: The state religion was Islam. The non-Muslim people were allowed to practice any religion they want to follow. But the Sharia Law was practiced in the state.

paragraphs: Islam was the guiding force of the Caliphate. Any act of state was first to be approved by the Qur’an and the Traditions of the Prophet Muhammed. If there were no such guide lines available then wisdom or Hikmat was used, after which if the act would go against the established principals, norms,system etc. it was not carried on with.


title: United States Secretary of the Treasury

paragraphs: The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury. He is concerned with "finance and monetary matters", and, until 2003, some issues of "national security and defense". This position in the Federal Government of the United States is similar to the finance ministers of other nations.

paragraphs: From the U.S. Department of the Treasury website:

paragraphs: Note: Robert Morris was the first person appointed Secretary of the Treasury by George Washington, but Morris declined this office; thus the 1st Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton - appointed at Morris's suggestion. Morris had held a similar position as Superintendent of Finance under the Continental Congress. From Morris's 1784 resignation until 1789, the young union's finances were overseen by a three-member Treasury Board. <br>


title: African penguin

paragraphs: The African penguin ("Spheniscus demersus"), also known as the Black-footed or Jackass penguin), is found on the south-western coast of Africa. It lives in colonies on 24 islands between Namibia and Algoa Bay, near Port Elizabeth, South Africa. The largest colony on Dyer Island, near Kleinbaai. Two colonies were established by penguins in the 1980s on the mainland near Cape Town at Boulders Beach near Simon's Town and Stony Point in Betty's Bay. Mainland colonies probably only became possible in recent times due to fewer predators, although the Betty's Bay colony has been attacked by leopards. The only other mainland colony is in Namibia, but it is not known when this was established.

paragraphs: The African penguin may live up to 20 years. It grows up to 65 cm tall and weighs up to 3 kg. They eat fish, crabs and squids. The breeding time is 38 days.

paragraphs: Boulders Beach is a tourist attraction, for the beach, swimming and the penguins. The penguins will allow people to approach them as close as a meter (three ft).

paragraphs: The closest relatives of the African Penguins are the Humboldt and Magellanic penguins found in southern South America and the Galápagos Penguin found in the Pacific Ocean near the equator.


paragraphs: The United States Department of the Treasury is a Cabinet department and the treasury of the United States government. It was established by an Act of Congress in 1789 to manage government revenue. The first Secretary of the Treasury was Alexander Hamilton. He almost single-handedly worked out the nation's early financial system, and for several years was a major presence in Washington's administration as well. His statue still stands outside the Treasury building.


title: Loose (album)

paragraphs: Loose is the third studio album by Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado. It was released on 9 June 2006. It is her most successful album, selling more than 8 million copies worldwide. The hip-hop producer Timbaland helped Furtado recording this CD. It featured many hits including the U.S. number-one singles "Promiscuous" and "Say It Right" and the European hit "All Good Things (Come to an End)".

paragraphs: All lyrics written by Nelly Furtado, except "Promiscuous" (lyrics written by Tim "Attitude" Clayton, Furtado and Tim Mosley) and "Maneater" (lyrics written by Furtado with additional lyrics by Jim Beanz).


title: All Good Things (Come to an End)

paragraphs: "All Good Things (Come to an End)" is a pop song by the Canadian singer-songwriter Nelly Furtado. It was released at the end of 2006. It hit number-one in the European charts.


title: Puklice

paragraphs: Puklice is a village in the Jihlava District, Vysočina Region of the Czech Republic. About 760 people live there. It covers 10,92 km². Puklice was first documented in 1318.


title: Gump Worsley

paragraphs: Lorne John "Gump" Worsley (May 14, 1929 in Montreal, Quebec – January 26, 2007 in Beloeil, Quebec) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. Born and raised in Montreal, he was given his nickname due to friends deciding he looked like comic-strip character Andy Gump. He died of a heart attack.


title: Michel Larocque

paragraphs: Michel 'Bunny' Larocque (April 6, 1952 - July 29, 1992) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers, and St. Louis Blues in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: Larocque would help win four Vezina Trophies. During that time, the trophy was given to the main goaltenders on the team allowing the fewest goals in the regular season. The first three were mostly because of the all-star play of Ken Dryden. The final trophy was with Denis Herron and Richard Sevigny in 1981. He would win four Stanley Cups with Montreal in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979.


title: Lorne Chabot

paragraphs: Lorne "Chabotsky" Chabot (October 5, 1900 in Montreal, Quebec - October 10 1946) was a Canadian ice hockey goaltender. Lorne played in the National Hockey League from 1926 to 1937. During this time, he played for the New York Rangers, Toronto Maple Leafs, Montreal Canadiens, Chicago Black Hawks, Montreal Maroons, and New York Americans. Lorne won the 1935 Vezina Trophy for the being the league's best goaltender. He was the first hockey player to appear on the cover of Time Magazine.


title: Normie Smith

paragraphs: Norman "Normie" Smith (March 18, 1908 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada – February 2, 1988) was a Vezina-winning goaltender for the Detroit Red Wings. Smith did not let in a goal by the Montreal Maroons in the NHL's longest game, a 176-minute, 30-second game, on way to a Stanley Cup championship in 1936. After suffering an arm injury, his quality of play dropped in 1937–38 and the Red Wings finished last. During a game in 1939, he did not show up, causing problems with Jack Adams. Normie Smith retired rather than report to the minor leagues. He returned to play briefly with the Detroit Red Wings when World War II left a vacuum of players in the NHL.


title: Dave Kerr

paragraphs: David Alexander Kerr (January 11, 1910 Toronto, Ontario - May 11, 1978) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 427 games in total, 327 of them with the New York Rangers of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: He played amateur hockey before joining the NHL, winning the Allan Cup in 1930 with the Montreal AAA senior men's team. The next season was his first in the NHL, playing for the Montreal Maroons. The next season he played in the IHL and after that played two more for the Maroons.

paragraphs: On December 14, 1934, Kerr was acquired by the Rangers. It is with the Rangers where he is most notable for playing. He played six seasons for them, becoming the Rangers first regular goalie. He led New York to a Stanley Cup victory in 1940. That year, because of his 1.54 GAA and eight shutouts he was a First Team All-Star and won the Vezina Trophy. He also was a second team All-Star in 1938.


title: WWE United States Championship

paragraphs: The WWE United States Championship is a professional wrestling championship in World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was originally a National Wrestling Alliance and World Championship Wrestling title. It has mostly been the exclusive secondary championship of WWE's weekly TV show, "SmackDown Live" since April 2017 when the champion at the time Kevin Owens was moved to the show in the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up.

paragraphs: The WWE United States Championship was originally known as the NWA United States Heavyweight Championship of Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling run by Jim Crockett Promotions. Following the title's introduction in 1975, Harley Race became the inaugural champion on June 14. The title became "Undisputed" in January 1981 when no other United States title was recognized in other promotions governed by the National Wrestling Alliance. In 1986, the title became a secondary championship in Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling when Jim Crockett Promotions gained control of the NWA World Heavyweight Championship. The title was renamed the World Championship Wrestling (WCW) United States Heavyweight Championship in 1991 when Jim Crockett Promotions became World Championship Wrestling.

paragraphs: In March 2001, the World Wrestling Federation purchased World Championship Wrestling from AOL Time Warner. Soon after, "The Invasion" took place in which the WCW/ECW Alliance was ultimately dismantled. During this time, the title was referred to as the WCW United States Championship. At Survivor Series 2001, the title was unified with the WWF Intercontinental Championship. The United States Champion, Edge, defeated the Intercontinental Champion, Test, becoming the new Intercontinental Champion while causing United States Championship to become inactive.

paragraphs: In July 2003, the title was reactivated as the WWE United States Championship by SmackDown General Manager, Stephanie McMahon, and was commissioned to be a secondary championship to the SmackDown brand. This was done shortly after the WWE Intercontinental Championship was recommissioned by the Raw brand, making the title its equal counterpart.

paragraphs: The United States Championship was drafted to ECW as part of the 2008 WWE Draft on June 23, 2008 when then champion Matt Hardy was drafted to ECW. It then followed Shelton Benjamin back to SmackDown the following Sunday at The Great American Bash. One year later it was brought to the Raw brand when then champion Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) was drafted to Raw as part of the 2009 WWE Draft.

paragraphs: On August 29, 2011, the "brand extension" that was in effect ended when all WWE programming became "Supershows" that featured wrestlers from both "Raw" and "SmackDown". All WWE titles, including the United States Championship, could then be defended at any WWE event.

paragraphs: In July 2016, Rusev was sent to "SmackDown Live" in the 2016 WWE Draft, bringing the championship to that show. In April 2017, the 2017 WWE Superstar Shake-up happened at the champion at the time Kevin Owens was drafted to "Raw". Since then, the championship has been on that show except for when day when then champion Jinder Mahal was sent to "SmackDown Live" in the 2018 WWE Superstar Shake-up. The next day, he lossed the title to Jeff Hardy who was drafted and brought the title to "Raw."

paragraphs: Right now, the champion is Ray Mysterio Jr


title: Johnny Mowers

paragraphs: Johnny Mowers (October 29, 1916 in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada - December 7, 1995) was an ice hockey goaltender who played for the Detroit Red Wings, winning the Vezina Trophy in 1943. Born in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Mowers played goal for the Red Wings on their way to the Stanley Cup in 1943, shutting out the Boston Bruins twice in the four games.


title: Harry Lumley

paragraphs: Harry "Apple Cheeks" Lumley (November 11, 1926 – September 13, 1998) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: Born in Owen Sound, Ontario, Canada, Lumley starred for several years with the Owen Sound Mercurys and later with the Owen Sound Orphans and then the Barrie Colts. He also played with the Indianapolis Capitals of the American Hockey League, a minor league team of the Detroit Red Wings. Lumley made his professional start in the National Hockey League, however, with the New York Rangers in the 1943–44 season, when he was loaned to the Rangers for a single game. He was the youngest goaltender to play in the NHL, as he was 17 years old.


title: Denis DeJordy

paragraphs: Denis DeJordy (born November 12, 1938, in Saint-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada), is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender. He played goal for four NHL teams, most notably the Chicago Black Hawks.

paragraphs: Denis DeJordy was a goaltender with the Chicago Black Hawks, Los Angeles Kings, Montreal Canadiens and Detroit Red Wings over 12 seasons in the National Hockey League. He shared the Vezina Trophy with Glenn Hall in 1967. During the 1966 – 1967 season he played 44 games, posting a 2.46 Goals Against Average.


title: Carl von Clausewitz

paragraphs: Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz () (July 1, 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg – November 16, 1831 in Breslau) was a Prussian general who fought in the Napoleonic Wars. He joined the Russian Army to fight against the French invasion of Russia. Later, he wrote about war and the military.

paragraphs: He wrote the book "On War", in which he said that "War is the continuation of politics by other means." In his book, "On War", Clausewitz wrote how to win a war, how to build an army, and what war is. He did not think war was an art or a science. Instead, war was about people, money, and land.


title: Rogatien Vachon

paragraphs: Rogatien "Rogie" Vachon (b. September 8, 1945 in Palmarolle, Quebec) was a French-Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played for the Montreal Canadiens, Los Angeles Kings, Detroit Red Wings, and Boston Bruins in the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: Vachon shared the 1968 Vezina Trophy with Gump Worsley while with the Canadiens, along with three Stanley Cups. Vachon was traded to the Kings in 1971, where he achieved his greatest individual success. He was added to the NHL's second all-star team in 1975 and 1977.


title: 1927–28 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1927–28 NHL season was the eleventh season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The New York Rangers won the Stanley Cup beating the Montreal Maroons becoming the first United States based team since the start of the NHL to win it and first since the Seattle Metropolitans won in 1917. This season saw the reintroduction of the O'Brien Trophy, which used to go to the NHL league champion. It was originally retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy. The reintroduced O'Brien Trophy went to the winner of the Canadian Division while the Prince of Wales Trophy went to the winner of the American division.

paragraphs: "Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points"

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1927–28 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1927–28 (listed with their last team):


title: Polk County, Florida

paragraphs: Polk County is a county in the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2000, 483,924 people lived there. The U.S. Census Bureau 2006 estimate for the county is 561,606. The county seat is Bartow, Florida. Its largest city is Lakeland. The center of population of Florida is in the town of Lake Wales.


title: 1928–29 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1928–29 NHL season was the twelfth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. This was the first Stanley Cup playoffs ever that saw two United States based teams compete for the cup. The Boston Bruins won over the New York Rangers two games to none in a best-of-three final.

paragraphs: "Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1928–29 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1928–29 (listed with their last team):


title: Georgetown University

paragraphs: Georgetown University is a Catholic university in Washington, D.C. It was started in 1789 by the Jesuit priest John Carroll. It is the oldest Catholic university in the United States of America.


DC


title: Jack Adams Award

paragraphs: The Jack Adams Award is awarded annually to the National Hockey League coach "adjudged to have contributed the most to his team's success." It has been awarded 33 times to 28 different winners. The winner is selected by a poll of the National Hockey League Broadcasters Association at the end of the regular season. Many coaches have won the award numerous times. Pat Burns has won three times, the most of any coach.


title: Bagpipes

paragraphs: The bagpipes are a musical instrument. They are sometimes just called "pipes". They have a bag that holds air. The player keeps the bag full of air by blowing into it with a tube or pumping it with a bellows. To make music, the bag is pressed and the air comes out through a kind of flute or "chanter". There are usually one or more other tubes coming from the bag that make sounds whenever the bag is squeezed, called "drones". Each drone normally plays a different note, and stays on the same note the whole time it is playing, to play a harmony with the "chanter". The sounds are made by a single or, more commonly, double reed which vibrates when air is blown over it.

paragraphs: Scotland is traditionally linked to the bagpipes, and many pipe tunes come from there. Many, many other places, however, also have different types of bagpipes: over all of Europe, some of North Africa, and into the Middle East.

paragraphs: The Scottish pipes, the Great Pipe, or piob-mohr, first had only one drone pipe. The second pipe was added in the mid 1500s and the third pipe was added in the 1700s.


title: Entertainment Software Rating Board

paragraphs: The Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) is an organization that rates video games. Rating is voluntary. Game publishers do not have to submit their games for ratings. There are seven ratings: E (Everyone), E10+ (Everyone 10+), T (Teen), M (Mature 17+), AO (Adults Only), and RP (Rating Pending). Some retailers make people show identification to prove their age if they want to buy M-rated games. Many retailers will not buy and sell AO games so it is very hard for gamers to find AO-rated games.

paragraphs: On the back of each game's box, the ESRB also rates elements of the game. The back of "Super Princess Peach" has the words "comic mischief" on it to tell parents that it contains comic mischief.

paragraphs: Some critics come to believe that the ESRB only rates games AO if they have sex in them, regardless of how explicit the language, violence or even blood is. This also lead them to think the ESRB is not doing its job. Twenty-three games have received and kept adult ratings, but apparently twenty (almost all) games were given it for sexual themes and content. Two had violence, and the other one was given the "Adult" rating for real gambling.

paragraphs: Some publishers of games decide to tone down the game's explicitness in order to qualify for an "M" rather than an "AO" rating. For example, the game had an original M rating, but the game that could be unlocked by bypassing the patch, called "Hot Coffee", seemed to spark major controversy with the game, because it features sex and erotica. Thus, the ESRB decided to re-rate the game as an AO. Rockstar Games then chose to leave the game out of the release, then release an exploit fix that completely disallowed access to the game. However, other games have trouble being "toned down". Thrill Kill, for instance, was given an AO, and then Electronic Arts decided to purchase the publisher, Virgin Entertainment. The release of the game was then canceled, and the game never was toned down.


title: 2005-06 NHL season

paragraphs: The 2005–06 NHL season was the 88th season of the National Hockey League. The 2006 Stanley Cup playoffs began on April 21 2006 and ended on June 19. The Carolina Hurricanes defeated the Edmonton Oilers. This was the first Stanley Cup for the Hurricanes.

paragraphs: The 2004–05 season was cancelled due to a labour dispute with the NHL Players Association. The dispute was over the Collective Bargaining Agreement (CBA) between the league and its players.

paragraphs: "Red-shaded team won the Presidents' Trophy and home-ice advantage throughout the playoffs."

paragraphs: "Orange-shaded team won the other conference."

paragraphs: "Yellow-shaded teams won the other four divisions."

paragraphs: "Green-shaded teams won the remaining ten playoff berths."

paragraphs: Numbers in brackets means ranking in conference. Division leaders are automatically ranked 1–3. These three, plus the next five teams in the conference standings, earn playoff berths at the end of the season.

paragraphs: "Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, OTL = Overtime Losses, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, Pts = Points"

paragraphs: If two or more clubs are tied in points during the regular season, the order of the clubs is determined in the following order:

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = Plus/Minus; PIM = Penalty Minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games Played; TOI = Time On Ice (minutes); W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/Shootout Losses; GA = Goals Against; SO = Shutouts; Sv% = Save Percentage; GAA = Goals Against Average"

paragraphs: The following are players of note who played their first NHL game in 2005-06:

paragraphs: The following is a list of players who played their last NHL game in 2005-06:


title: 1929–30 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1929–30 NHL season was the thirteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens upset the heavily favoured Boston Bruins two games to none for the Stanley Cup.

paragraphs: "Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: After defeating the Montreal Maroons and after losing more than one game in a row games all season, the Boston Bruins were defeated by the Montreal Canadiens two games to none in a best-of-three series. The Canadiens then won the Cup with a 4–3 victory in game two. The Canadiens went 5–0–1 in the playoffs, making them one of the few Cup winning teams in history to not lose a game in the playoffs.

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1929–30 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1929–30 (listed with their last team):


title: 1930–31 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1930–31 NHL season was the fourteenth season of the National Hockey League. Ten teams played 44 games each. The Montreal Canadiens beat the Chicago Black Hawks three games to two in a best-of-five Stanley Cup final for their second Cup win in a row.

paragraphs: Art Ross bitterly complained about the Stanley Cup final setup. His team had been beaten in two games in a row by the Montreal Canadiens in 1929–30. As a result, the Board of Governors decided to make the final a best of five series.

paragraphs: "GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals For, GA = Goals Against, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"

paragraphs: "Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

paragraphs: "GP = Games Played, G = Goals, A = Assists, Pts = Points, PIM = Penalties In Minutes"

paragraphs: On 26 March, during the second game of the best-of-five series between the Bruins and Canadiens, Art Ross of Boston pulled his goaltender for an extra player while down 1–0 with 40 seconds left in the final period. This marked the first time in NHL history that a goalie was pulled for an extra attacker.

paragraphs: In the finals, the Chicago Black Hawks took an early two games to one lead in the newly expanded best-of-five Stanley Cup finals but the Montreal Canadiens came back and won the series three games to two for their second consecutive Stanley Cup win.

paragraphs: Montreal Canadiens vs. Chicago Blackhawks

paragraphs: "Montreal wins best-of-five series 3–2."

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note who played their first NHL game in 1930–31 (listed with their first team, stars(*) mark start in playoffs):

paragraphs: The following is a list of players of note that played their last game in the NHL in 1930–31 (listed with their last team):


title: National Hockey League awards

paragraphs: The National Hockey League presents lots of annual awards and trophies to recognize its teams and players. The oldest, and most notable, is the Stanley Cup. First awarded in 1893, the Stanley Cup is awarded to the NHL's playoff champion. The Stanley Cup is the third trophy to be used as the league's championship, as for the first nine years of the NHL's existence, it remained a multiple league challenge cup.

paragraphs: The NHL's first championship trophy was the O'Brien Trophy, which was created by the National Hockey Association in 1910 and was acquired by the NHL in 1918, after which it was awarded to the playoff champion until 1923. The O'Brien Trophy was retired in favour of the Prince of Wales Trophy in 1924, which became the league's championship until the end of the Western Hockey League following the 1926 season, leaving the Stanley Cup exclusively in the hands of the National Hockey League.

paragraphs: The Prince of Wales Trophy remains an active award. It is presently awarded to the playoff champion of the Eastern Conference, while the Clarence S. Campbell Bowl, created in 1967, is currently awarded to the Western Conference champion. The youngest team trophy is the Presidents' Trophy, which has been awarded to the NHL's regular season champion since 1986.

paragraphs: The first individual trophy was the Hart Trophy, first awarded in 1924 to the league's most valuable player. The Lady Byng Trophy followed a year later, awarded to the most gentlemanly player in the league. Two years later, the Vezina Trophy was created for the NHL's top goaltender. The Conn Smythe Trophy was first awarded to the NHL's playoff most valuable player in 1965. Presently, the NHL has 17 annual individual trophies and awards, the most recently created being the Mark Messier Leadership Award, first awarded in 2007.

paragraphs: The league has also given some short-lived awards over the years, including:


title: Pizmonim

paragraphs: Pizmonim (, singular "pizmon") are Jewish songs and melodies sung to praise God.


title: Luca Marenzio

paragraphs: Luca Marenzio (born Coccaglio, near Brescia, Italy, 18 October? 1553?; died Rome, 22 August 1599) was an Italian composer who lived in the late Renaissance. He was one of the best known composers of madrigals.

paragraphs: Marenzio may have been born in 1553. We think this because his father once wrote down his son’s age. The date may have been 18 October because that was his saint’s feast day.

paragraphs: He had his early education in Brescia possibly in Mantua. Then he moved to Rome, where he worked as a singer for Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo. After the cardinal's death he worked at the court of Cardinal Luigi d'Este. Here he started to become known as a composer. By 1581 his music had become extremely popular. His books of madrigals were often reprinted. His madrigals were often included in published collections.

paragraphs: In 1587 he moved to Florence where he worked for Ferdinando I de' Medici for two years; in 1589 he returned to Rome, where he spent most of his last years, except for a trip to Poland from 1596 to 1597, during which time he worked at the court of Sigismund III Vasa in Warsaw. It seems from what some people wrote that his trip to Poland ruined his health, and he died in Rome in 1599, shortly after returning from Poland.

paragraphs: Marenzio wrote some religious music: motets, and madrigals based on religious texts. However, most of his famous music consists of secular (not religious) madrigals. They were written during a period of twenty years, and they vary a lot in style.

paragraphs: Marenzio published at least fifteen collections of music, mostly madrigals but also "canzonette" and "villanelle". These were similar to madrigals but very light in character. Some of his later works are very chromatic: they use harmony that was unusual for the time. He often makes the music fit the meaning of the words. This is called word-painting. For example: the phrase "sinking in the sea" is sung to notes which go lower and lower.

paragraphs: Marenzio’s music had a lot of influence on composers in Italy, as well as in the rest of Europe. There were several of his madrigals in "Musica transalpina", a collection of madrigals published in 1588 by Nicholas Yonge in England.


title: Nicholas Yonge

paragraphs: Nicholas Yonge (born about 1560; buried October 23, 1619) was an English singer and publisher (his name is an old spelling of the word "Young" and pronounced the same way). He is most famous for publishing a collection of music called "Musica transalpina" in (1588).

paragraphs: Music publishing was quite a new thing in those days. "Musica transalpina" was a collection of Italian madrigals. The Italian words of the madrigals were also translated into English. "Musica transalpina" had 57 separate pieces by 18 Italian composers, including Alfonso Ferrabosco and Luca Marenzio. Ferrabosco was living in England at the time.

paragraphs: The publication of this book had a huge influence on music in England. It made madrigals very popular in England and during the next twenty years composers such as Thomas Morley, John Wilbye and Thomas Weelkes composed a large number of English madrigals.

paragraphs: In 1597 Yonge published a second book of "Musica transalpina" which was also very influential.

paragraphs: The title "Musica transalpina" means: "music from across the Alps" because the music came from Italy which was the other side of the Alps.


title: Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire

paragraphs: "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire" is an episode of "The Simpsons" from the first season. It was the first full length episode of "The Simpsons" to be aired. It was first aired on December 17, 1989. Bart gets a tattoo from a shop in the Springfield Mall. Marge has to use all of the Christmas money to have it removed.


title: Treehouse of Horror (The Simpsons episode)

paragraphs: Treehouse of Horror is the third episode in season 2 of "The Simpsons". It was first shown on October 25, 1990. It is the first-ever "Treehouse of Horror" episode and has since been followed by a yearly "Treehouse of Horror" episode. This episode features three stories. The last one is the famous "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe.


title: WWE Divas Championship

paragraphs: The WWE Divas Championship was a championship in WWE competed for by women, called Divas by WWE. It was established in 2008 and Michelle McCool was the first champion. It was deactivated in 2016 in favor of the new WWE Women's Championship. Charlotte was the final champion.

paragraphs: As a result of the WWE Brand Extension in 2002, the WWE Women's Championship was made exclusive to the Raw brand. Thereafter, only Divas on the Raw brand were able to compete for the WWE Women's Championship, while the Divas on the SmackDown brand were unable to compete for a women's-exclusive championship. The ruling was, however, ignored on rare occasions as Melina and Ashley have been the only divas who were on the SmackDown brand to challenge for the title. This led to the creation of the WWE Divas Championship, which was announced on June 6, 2008 during an episode of "SmackDown" by SmackDown General Manager Vickie Guerrero. In order to determine the competitors for the new title, two 'Golden Dreams matches', the object of which was to retrieve a star that was hanging on a pole above one corner of the ring, were held. The first Golden Dreams match was won by Natalya, and the second by Michelle McCool. The championship belt was officially unveiled on the July 4, 2008 episode of "SmackDown" prior to the second Golden Dreams match. Natalya and McCool competed against each other at The Great American Bash, which McCool won and became the inaugural champion.

paragraphs: At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.

paragraphs: There were 26 reigns and 1 vacancy. The first champion was Michelle McCool. She beat Natalya to win the title at The Great American Bash on July 20, 2008. The last champion was Charlotte. She beat Nikki Bella at Night of Champions. At WrestleMania 32, Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new WWE Women's Championship, retiring the WWE Divas Championship in the process.


title: Alain Vigneault

paragraphs: Alain Vigneault (b. May 14, 1961) formerly coached the Montreal Canadiens, Vancouver Canucks, and New York Rangers. He is currently coach of the Philadelphia Flyers.


title: Lindy Ruff

paragraphs: Lindy Ruff is the current head coach of the New Jersey Devils. He is currently the longest-serving coach in the NHL, being Buffalo's coach since 1997.


title: John Tortorella

paragraphs: John Robert Tortorella (born June 24, 1958 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American ice hockey coach currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets.

paragraphs: He coached the Tampa Bay Lightning and won both the Jack Adams Award and the Stanley Cup, with the Lightning, in 2004. He coached the New York Rangers from February 23, 2009 to May 29, 2013. He was fired by the Rangers after a disappointing playoff run. He was hired to coach for the Vancouver Canucks for only one season before being relieved of duty after failing to qualify for the playoffs. He is currently with the Columbus Blue Jackets as their coach.


title: Horseradish

paragraphs: Horseradish ("Armoracia rusticana") is a perennial plant of the Brassicaceae family. The plant is probably native to southeastern Europe and western Asia. It grows up to 1.5 metres (5 feet) tall, and is usually grown for its large, white, tapered root.

paragraphs: The unbroken horseradish root has very little smell. When cut or grated, however, enzymes from the now-broken plant cells causes changes. The enzymes break down sinigrin to produce allyl isothiocyanate (mustard oil). This irritates the mucous membranes of the sinuses and eyes. Once exposed to air (by grating) or heat, it needs to be mixed with vinegar. Otherwise it becomes unpleasantly bitter-tasting.

paragraphs: Horseradish has been cultivated since ancient times. Supposedly, the Delphic Oracle told Apollo that the horseradish was worth its weight in gold. Horseradish was known in Egypt in 1500 BC. Both root and leaves were used as a medicine during the Middle Ages. The root was used as a condiment on meats in Germany, Scandinavia, and Britain. It was brought to North America during Colonial times.

paragraphs: The word "horseradish" is known in English from the 1590's. The root is similar in shape and size to a horse's genitalia. Despite the name, this plant is poisonous to horses.

paragraphs: Horseradish is a perennial plant in hardiness zones 2–9. It can be grown as an annual in other zones. After the first frost in the autumn kills the leaves, the root is dug out and divided. The main root is harvested for use in the kitchen. One or more large offshoots of the main root are replanted to produce next year's crop. Horseradish left undisturbed in the garden spreads via underground shoots. The plant can become invasive. Older roots left in the ground become woody. They are then no longer useful for cooking. Older plants can be dug out and divided to start new plants.

paragraphs: The larvae of "Pieris rapae" are a common caterpillar pest in horseradish gardens. They are called cabbageworms. The adults are white butterflies with black spots on the forewings. They are seen flying around the plants during the day. The caterpillars are green with faint yellow stripes running lengthwise down the back and sides. Full grown caterpillars are about in length. They move slowly when poked. They overwinter in green pupal cases. Adults start appearing in gardens after the last frost and are a problem through the remainder of the growing season. There are three to five overlapping generations a year. Mature caterpillars chew large, ragged holes in the leaves leaving the large veins intact. Handpicking is effective for control.

paragraphs: Cooks use the terms "horseradish" or "prepared horseradish" to refer to the grated root of the horseradish plant mixed with vinegar. Prepared horseradish is white to creamy-beige in colour. It will keep for months refrigerated but eventually will darken, indicating it is losing flavour and should be replaced. The leaves of the plant, while edible, are not commonly eaten, and are referred to as "horseradish greens".

paragraphs: Horseradish sauce made from grated horseradish root and vinegar is a popular condiment. In the United Kingdom it is usually served with roast beef, often as part of a traditional Sunday roast. It can also be used in a number of other dishes, including sandwiches or salads. A variation of horseradish sauce, which in some cases may substitute the vinegar with other products like lemon juice or citric acid, is known in Germany as "Tafelmeerrettich". Also popular in the UK is Tewkesbury mustard, a blend of mustard and grated horseradish originating in medieval times and mentioned by Shakespeare (Falstaff says: "his wit's as thick as Tewkesbury Mustard" in Henry IV Part II). A very similar mustard, called "Krensenf" or "Meerrettichsenf", is popular in Austria and parts of Eastern Germany.

paragraphs: In the United States, the term "horseradish sauce" refers to grated horseradish combined with mayonnaise or salad dressing. Prepared horseradish is a common ingredient in Bloody Mary cocktails and in cocktail sauce, and is used as a sauce or sandwich spread.

paragraphs: The distinctive pungent taste of horseradish is from the compound allyl isothiocyanate. Upon crushing the flesh of horseradish, the enzyme myrosinase is released and acts on the glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtiin, which are precursors to the allyl isothiocyanate. The allyl isothiocyanate serves the plant as a natural defense against herbivores. Since allyl isothiocyanate is harmful to the plant itself, it is stored in the harmless form of the glucosinolate, separate from the myrosinase enzyme. When an animal chews the plant, the allyl isothiocyanate is released, repelling the animal. Allyl isothiocyanate is an unstable compound, degrading over the course of days at 37 °C. Because of this instability, horseradish sauces lack the pungency of the freshly crushed roots.

paragraphs: In Central and Eastern Europe horseradish is called "khreyn" (in various spellings like "kren") in many Slavic languages, in Austria, in parts of Germany (where the other German name "Meerrettich" is not used), in North-East Italy, and in Yiddish (כריין translitered as "khreyn"). There are two varieties of khreyn. "Red" khreyn is mixed with red beet (beetroot) and "white" khreyn contains no beet. It is popular in Ukraine (under the name of , "khrin"), in Poland (under the name of ), in Lithuania (krienai) in the Czech Republic (), in Russia (, "khren"), in Hungary (), in Romania (), in Bulgaria (, "khryan"), in Slovenia (, "hren") and in Slovakia (under the name of ). Having this on the table is a part of Christian Easter and Jewish Passover tradition in Eastern and Central Europe. A variety with red beet is called or simply ćwikła in Poland. In Ashkenazi European Jewish cooking beet horseradish is commonly served with gefilte fish. Red beet with horseradish is also used as a salad served with lamb dishes at Easter called "sfecla cu hrean" in Transylvania and other Romanian regions. Horseradish (often grated and mixed with cream, hard-boiled eggs, or apples) is also a traditional Easter dish in Slovenia and in the adjacent Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia; it is used also in the other nearby Italian region of Veneto. In Croatia freshly grated horseradish(Croatian: Hren) is often eaten with boiled ham or beef. In Serbia "ren" is an essential condiment with cooked meat and freshly roasted suckling pig.

paragraphs: Horseradish is also used as a main ingredient for soups. In the Polish region of Silesia, horseradish soup is a common Easter Day dish.

paragraphs: The Japanese condiment wasabi, although traditionally prepared from the wasabi plant, is now usually made with horseradish because the wasabi plant is rare. The Japanese plant name for horseradish is , or "Western wasabi". Both plants are in the family Brassicaceae.

paragraphs: Horseradish has compounds that have health benefits. Horseradish contains volatile oils, notably mustard oil. This oil has antibacterial properties. The fresh plant also contains average 79.31 mg of vitamin C per 100 g of raw horseradish. The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), found in the plant, is used extensively in molecular biology and biochemistry.


title: Geographic Names Information System

paragraphs: The Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) contains name and location information about more than two million physical and cultural features in the United States of America and its Territories. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey and the United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) to promote the standardization of feature names.


title: 12 Rounds

paragraphs: 12 Rounds is a British rock band that was started by Atticus Ross and singer Claudia Sarne.


title: Emigration

paragraphs: Emigration is leaving one's country or area to go live in another. Emigration (leaving) from one country is usually followed by Immigration (coming into) into another. The difference between the two is the perspective (or point of view) of which country a person is leaving and which country they are going to.

paragraphs: The urge to migrate is a part of human nature. People migrated well before we had written history. Emigrants from a place are its diaspora.

paragraphs: People who move around all the time are called nomads.

paragraphs: Emigration happens for different reasons:

paragraphs: International law handles the different groups of migrants differently.


title: Brassicales

paragraphs: The Brassicales are an order of flowering plants. They are in the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system.


title: World Economic Forum

paragraphs: The World Economic Forum is a foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland. It is known for holding a yearly meeting in Davos in the mountains of Graubünden. Important leaders from politics (such as presidents) and the economy are given an opportunity to talk about subjects that concern everyone. Very often, these subjects concern globalization. Usually the Swiss army helps secure the area.

paragraphs: These meetings are often critizised because they are seen as a vehicle to further capitalism in the world by anti-capitalists and supporters of antiglobalization. There is an organisation called "Public Eye On Davos" that organizes public information during the meeting. During the meetings, which invole the G8, access to the village of Davos is heavily controlled. A small demonstration happens every year in Davos during these meetings. This is one of the rights given by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Bigger demonstrations are normally in the other cities in Switzerland during the World Economic Forum.


paragraphs: The Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Krahina Autonome e Kosovës dhe Metohisë, commonly known as Kosovo and Metohija, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova dhe Metohija, or Kosovo, or in ; in Albanian: Kosova, for short, and abbreviated as KiM or Kosmet from "Kosovo and Metohija"; means the area of Kosovo as the Constitution of Serbia says. The land is disputed between Serbia and the self-declared Republic of Kosovo, which currently has actual control over the land. Before the Republic of Kosovo, the area was controlled by Serbia (while Serbia was part of Yugoslavia) between 1912 and 1999.

paragraphs: The Constitution and laws of Serbia say that Kosovo in the southern part of Serbia and covers the areas of Kosovo and Metohija. The capital is Pristina. In the past, Kosovo was an autonomous province of Serbia when Serbia was part of Socialist Yugoslavia (1946–1990). When Socialist Yugoslavia ended in 1990, Kosovo became part of Serbia until the Kosovo War (1998–99). After the war, it became a United Nations (UN) controlled area due to United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 but legally it was still part of Serbia. In that time, the United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) governed. In 2008, some Albanian politicians said that Kosovo would be its own country. 98 member countries of the United Nations agree, but Serbia does not. It still thinks that Kosovo is part of it.

paragraphs: In 1990, when Kosovo was part of Yugoslavia, Slobodan Milošević's Anti-bureaucratic Revolution happened. This meant that Kosovo's government became less powerful and that Serbia had more control, like in 1971–74. That year, Kosovo's Albanian majority and also the Republic of Albania agreed with the declaration of independence of the Republic of Kosova. Because of the Kosovo War in 1999, the Serbian army was kicked out of Kosovo.

paragraphs: In February 2008, the Republic of Kosovo declared independence. Serbia does not agree, but in the Brussels agreement of 2013, it got rid of the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija government.. Kosovo's independence is currently recognized by 98 UN member states. In 2013, the Serbian government said it was getting rid of the Serb minority councils it had made in northern Kosovo, in order to allow the Kosovo Serb minority to become more like the general population of Kosovo.


title: Assembly of Kosovo

paragraphs: The Assembly of Kosovo (, "Skupština Kosova") is an institution linked to governing the territory of Kosovo. The Assembly was created by the United Nations to provide for a democratic form of government.

paragraphs: The assembly has 120 seats. 100 seats are filled with people directly elected into the assembly. The remaining 20 are always assigned as follows:


title: French Grand Prix

paragraphs: The French Grand Prix ("1906-1967: Grand Prix de l'ACF, 1968-2008: Grand Prix de France") was a race held as part of Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile's (FIA) annual Formula One (F1) automobile racing championships.

paragraphs: Grand Prix motor racing started in France. The French Grand Prix was open to international competition. It is the oldest Grand Prix race. It was first run on 26 June 1906, under the Automobile Club de France in Sarthe. The first race had a starting field of 32 automobiles.

paragraphs: The first World Championships were organized in 1925. It included the French Grand Prix, the Italian Grand Prix, the Belgian Grand Prix and the Indianapolis 500. The French Grand Prix was part of the Formula One championships from their start in 1950. The last F1 Grand Prix was held in 2008. It was called the European Grand Prix four times between 1924 and 1966. During this time, the title was an honorary name. It was given to one grand prix race held in Europe each year

paragraphs: The race has been held at several racetracks in France, such as the Autodrome de Montlhéry. Since 1991 its permanent home was the Circuit de Nevers Magny-Cours (often called just Magny-Cours). The move to Magny-Cours was an attempt to stimulate the economy of the area, but many within Formula One complained about the remote nature of the circuit.

paragraphs: On 29 March 2007 it was announced by the FFSA, the race promoter, that the 2008 French Grand Prix was put on an indefinite "pause". This suspension was due to the financial problems of the circuit. Many in F1 did not like the circuit because of the remote location. On 31 May, Bernie Ecclestone confirmed that the 2007 French Grand Prix would be the last to be held at Magny-Cours.

paragraphs: After negotiations, the future of the race improved. Ecclestone himself stating "We're going to maybe resurrect it for a year, or something like that". On 24 July, Ecclestone and the Prime Minister of France met. They agreed to try to keep the race at Magny-Cours for 2008 and 2009. On 27 July, when the FIA published the calendar with a French Grand Prix scheduled at Magny-Cours. The 2009 race, however, was again cancelled on 15 October 2008, with the official website citing "economic reasons".

paragraphs: A major remodeling project of Magny-Cours ("2.0") was planned, but canceled in the end. FFSA, the race's promoter, started looking for an another host circuit. There were five different proposals for a new circuit. One in Rouen with 3 possible layouts: a street circuit, in the dock area, or a permanent circuit near the airport. A street circuit located near Disneyland Resort Paris. A location in Versailles. And one in Sarcelles ("Val de France"). They were all were canceled. A final location in Flins-Les Mureaux, near the Flins Renault Factory was considered, that was canceled as well on 1 December 2009. In 2010 and 2011, there was no French Grand Prix on the Formula 1 calendar, although the Paul Ricard Circuit has proposed itself for 2012. The French Grand Prix was not included in the released 2012 schedule.

paragraphs: Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a pink background.

paragraphs: Event that were part of the pre-war European Championship have a cream background.

paragraphs: 1985, Race started on BBC One but coverage of the race moved to BBC Two because of other scheduled programming.


title: Boogie-woogie

paragraphs: Boogie-woogie is a solo piano-style that became very popular in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Boogie-woogie was developed in the southern parts of the USA. Boogie-woogie is connected with dancing.

paragraphs: It has a regular bass figure, an ostinato and simple examples of shifts of level.


title: Country blues

paragraphs: Country blues (also folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or downhome blues) is all the acoustic, guitar forms of the blues.


title: Electric blues

paragraphs: The electric blues is a type of blues music made different by the amplification of the guitar, the bass guitar, and/or the harmonica.


title: Jump blues

paragraphs: Jump blues is a type of up-tempo blues music. It has a jazzy, saxophone (or brass instruments) sound, driving rhythms and shouted vocals.


title: Soul blues

paragraphs: Soul blues is a style of blues music developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Singers and musicians who grew up listening to the electric blues of Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley, Jimmy Reed, Elmore James etc. and soul singers such as Sam Cooke, Ray Charles and Otis Redding, and gospel music wanted to connect their favorite music.

paragraphs: Musicians in this style include Z. Z. Hill, Otis Clay, Latimore, Little Milton, Johnny Adams, Solomon Burke, Wilson Pickett, Bobby Rush and Johnnie Taylor.


title: Chicago blues

paragraphs: The Chicago blues is a form of blues music that developed in Chicago, Illinois by adding electrically amplified guitar, drums, piano, bass guitar and sometimes saxophone to Delta blues.

paragraphs: Below is a list of notable Chicago blues musicians (and groups) alphabetized by first name (or stage name):


title: Louisiana blues

paragraphs: The Louisiana blues is a type of blues music with slow rhythm which makes the sound dark and tense.


title: New Orleans blues

paragraphs: New Orleans blues is a mix of Dixieland music and rhythms from Caribbean music. It is played on the piano or a horn instrument. The music is upbeat despite the blues-based content of many of the song choices.


title: St. Louis blues

paragraphs: "For the hockey team, see St. Louis Blues."

paragraphs: The St. Louis blues is a type of blues music. It is played on the piano and is closely related to the jump blues, ragtime and piano blues.


title: Texas blues

paragraphs: Texas Blues is a type of blues. Musicians such as Stevie Ray Vaughan played it by using various types of guitar sounds like southern slide guitar and different melodies of blues and jazz.


title: British blues

paragraphs: The British blues is a local type of blues music in Great Britain. It started in the late 1950s and had its climax in the middle of the 1960s.

paragraphs: Blues came to Britain from the 1930s onwards. Seamen brought records to British ports. During the Second World War and in the Cold War GIs brought them to Britain. During the 1950s Blues was popular with the British Jazz fans ( Ma Rainey and Bessie Smith and the blues influenced Boogie-woogie of Jelly Roll Morton and Fats Waller). Also British labels like HMV and EMI began to sell jazz and blues records. Many people heard Blues for the first time when during the skiffle hightime when acts like Lonnie Donegan covered the songs of Leadbelly. When skiffle faded some of the musicians began to play pure blues music. Two of them were the guitarist and blues harpist Cyril Davies and the guitarist Alexis Korner. They ran a skiffle club in London but they closed the venue and reopened it as "The London Blues and Barrelhouse Club". The skiffle club was a center of early blues concerts in Britain. Cyril Davis brought different acts to Britain like Big Bill Broonzy. He played a folk blues set and blues was seen in Britain mainly as form of folk music. This opinion had chanced when Muddy Waters came to Britain and played electric Chicago blues.

paragraphs: Influenced by Waters Davis and Korner formed an electric band named Blues Incorporated. The band was important for the development of blues and rhythm ´n blues in Britain. Alexis Korner is often referred to as "father of the British blues". Many important musicians of the 1960s played in the band. These included future Rolling Stones, Keith Richards, Mick Jagger, Charlie Watts and Brian Jones and the Cream founders Jack Bruce and Ginger Baker. Also Graham Bond and Long John Baldry were members. Blues Incorporated played at the Marquee club. There they recorded the first British blues album R&B from the Marquee for Decca. The band splited up before the release. Another important band leader was John Mayall, whose band The Bluesbreakers hosted many important musicians of British blues ( Jack Bruce, Aynsley Dunbar and Mick Taylor).

paragraphs: The most important band which was founded in the early 1960s were The Rolling Stones. Other bands from London were The Yardbirds, The Kinks, Manfred Mann and The Pretty Things. They played rhythm ´n blues influenced music. The British blues boom overlaped with this bands. The most important band were John Mayall´s Blues Breakers and Fleetwood Mac. In the late 1960s Cream, Fleetwood Mac, Ten Years After and Free played the first blues rock in Britain. But Blues still had a bias in Britain. American bluesmen like John Lee Hooker, Eddie Taylor, and Freddie King are well received in the United Kingdom . The home scene was led by Dave Kelly and his sister Jo Ann. They kept the acoustic blues alive. Dave Kelly also was member of The Blues Band, which included also former Manfred Mann members Paul Jones and Tom McGuinness, Hughie Flint and Gary Fletcher. In the 1990s great blues festivals were founded in Britain like The Swanage Blues Festival, The Burnley National Blues Festival, The Gloucester Blues and Heritage Festival and The Great British Rhythm and Blues Festival at Colne.

paragraphs: One of the most important things of British blues was the reexport of blues to the USA. The success of bands like the Rolling Stones woke the interest of many white young people in the USA in blues music.


title: East Coast blues

paragraphs: East Coast blues is a type of Blues music which needs fast fingerpicking and ragtime style.


title: Hexapoda

paragraphs: The subphylum Hexapoda, meaning "six legs", is the largest group of arthropods. It includes the insects and three much smaller groups of arthropods without wings: Collembola, Protura, and Diplura.

paragraphs: All of these were once called insects. It seems they are polyphyletic, and evolved independently from each other. In other words, hexapoda is composed from the insects and the Entognatha. "Hexapods" are so called because they have a thorax with three pairs of legs. Most other arthropods have more than three pairs of legs.

paragraphs: Alternatively, the Hexapoda could be eliminated because they are polyphyletic, the Insecta promoted to sub-phylum, and the minor groups become "incertae sedis". This is a Latin term meaning "of uncertain placement" and used for a taxonomic group when its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.


title: Laurasiatheria

paragraphs: Laurasiatheria is a large group of placental mammals. The name comes from the area where advanced mammals evolved. This was on the northern supercontinent of Laurasia, roughly corresponding to Eurasia today plus North America. When Pangaea broke up, it split first into Laurasia in the north and Gondwana in the south.

paragraphs: Members of the group include shrews, hedgehogs, pangolins, bats, whales, most hoofed mammals, and carnivorans, and others.

paragraphs: The Laurasiatheria is defined by DNA sequence analysis. The group does not share any obvious anatomical features. It includes these living orders:

paragraphs: There are various ideas as to how these groups are related to each other, and no tree of descent is agreed by experts so far.


title: Mysticeti

paragraphs: The Mysticeti are one of the two suborders of the Cetacea. They are often called baleen whales, or 'whalebone whales' or 'great whales'.

paragraphs: Baleen whales have baleen plates made of keratin.

paragraphs: The difference is connected with feeding. Baleen whales strain plankton out of the water, whereas the Odontoceti (toothed whales) eat larger prey.

paragraphs: The suborder contains four families and fourteen species.

paragraphs: Baleen whales do not have teeth, except as embryos. Fossil adult baleen whales did have teeth, but modern adults have only baleen. The embryo teeth are replaced by baleen, which look like a curtain of long plates hanging down from the top of the whale's mouth. Those plates might be 12 feet long, and a foot or more wide. Looking at them from the outside, they look like straight knives hanging down, but from the inside, they are like a big toothbrush or comb. Baleen is made of keratin, a tissue also found in mammalian hair and nails.

paragraphs: A baleen whale uses its baleen to eat. In order to feed, a baleen whale opens its mouth widely and scoops in dense shoals of plankton and other small prey (such as krill, copepods, small fish and sometimes birds that happen to be near the shoals), together with a large volume of water.

paragraphs: The whale then partly shuts its mouth and presses its tongue against its upper jaw, forcing the water to pass out sideways through the baleen, thus sieving out the prey which it then swallows.

paragraphs: Baleen whales are generally larger than toothed whales, and females are larger than males. The group includes the largest living animal species, the blue whale.

paragraphs: Although they are very heavy, baleen whales are able to jump completely out of the water. Humpback whales are known for their jumping skills, but other baleen whales also jump out from the water with their body or beat it loudly with their fins. Nobody knows for sure why the whales do this. It may be a type of communication.

paragraphs: The oldest true fossils of baleen are only 15 million years old, but baleen rarely fossilizes, and scientists believe it originated considerably earlier than that. Genetic evidence from DNA sequence analysis supports this idea.

paragraphs: Baleen-related skull modifications have been found in fossils from considerably earlier. Baleen is believed to have evolved around thirty million years ago, possibly from a hard, gummy upper jaw, like the one a has. In fact, it resembles baleen closely at the microscopic level. Many early baleen whales also had teeth, but these were probably used only peripherally, or perhaps not at all (again like Dall's porpoise, which catches squid and fish by gripping them against its hard upper jaw).

paragraphs: From the 11th to the late 20th centuries, baleen whales were hunted for their oil and baleen. Their oil can be made into margarine and cooking oils. Baleen was used to stiffen corsets, as parasol ribs, and to crease paper.


title: Erinaceidae

paragraphs: Erinaceidae is a family in the mammalian order Eulipotyphla. It contains the well-known hedgehogs of Eurasia and Africa and the moonrats of South-east Asia. This family was once in the order Insectivora, but that order is not used anymore.

paragraphs: Erinaceids are generally shrew-like in form, with long snouts and short tails, but they are much larger than shrews. All but one species have five toes in each foot (in some cases with strong claws for digging) and they have large eyes and ears. Hedgehogs have hair modified into sharp spines to form a protective covering over the upper body and flanks, while gymnures have only normal hair. Most species have anal scent glands, but these are far better developed in gymnures, which can have a powerful odor.

paragraphs: Erinaceids are omnivorous, with the major part of their diet consisting of insects, earthworms, and other small invertebrates. They also eat seeds and fruit, and occasionally bird's eggs, along with any carrion they come across. Their teeth are sharp and suited for impaling invertebrate prey. The dental formula for erinaceids is: upper=2-3.1.4.3; lower=3.1.2-4.3.

paragraphs: Hedgehogs are nocturnal, but gymnures are less so. Many species live in simple burrows, while others build temporary nests on the surface from leaves and grass, or shelter in hollow logs or similar hiding places. Erinaceids are solitary animals outside the breeding season, and the father plays no role in raising the young.

paragraphs: Female erinaceids give birth after a gestation period of around six to seven weeks. The young are born blind and hairless, although hedgehogs begin to sprout their spines within 36 hours of birth.

paragraphs: There are 10 genera and 24 species of erinaceid.


title: Macropus

paragraphs: Macropus is a marsupial genus that belongs to the family Macropodidae. It has 14 species. The genus includes all land kangaroos, wallaroos and several species of wallaby.


title: Soricomorpha

paragraphs: The Soricomorpha ("shrew-form") was a proposed biological group in the class of mammals. It includes all the shrews, solenodons and moles. It is divided into 4 families, one extinct. The other three families are the shrews, solenodons and moles. This followed the discovery, from sequence analysis, that the old order Insectivora was polyphyletic. That meant it was not a single clade.

paragraphs: The proposal was discarded when it was discovered that a larger grouping was monophyletic, and formed an natural clade of insectivores. That is the new order Eulipotyphla.