title: Alejo Carpentier

paragraphs: Alejo Carpentier y Valmont (December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist, essayist, and musicologist. He greatly influenced Latin American literature during its famous "boom" period. Born in Lausanne, Switzerland, Carpentier grew up in Havana, Cuba and Paris. Carpentier always said he was Cuban. He traveled a lot, mostly in France, and to Mexico. He sided with revolutionary movements, such as Fidel Castro's Communist Revolution in Cuba in the mid-century. Carpentier was jailed and exiled for his leftist political philosophies.

paragraphs: Carpentier studied and understood music. He wrote a book "La música en Cuba" in the music of Cuba. He put in musical themes and literary techniques in his writing. Although Carpentier wrote many types of writing, such as journalism, radio drama, playwrighting, academic essays, opera and libretto, he is best known for his novels. He was among the first to use magical realism. He explored the fantastic quality of Latin American history and culture.

paragraphs: Carpentier's writing style used the Baroque style which had become popular again. It was called "New World Baroque". It was a style that Latin American artists took from the European model. Carpentier also brought the Surrealist theory to Latin American literature. Carpentier had parts of Latin American political history, music, social injustice and art in his writings. His writing influenced younger Latin American and Cuban writers like Lisandro Otero, Leonardo Padura and Fernando Velázquez Medina.

paragraphs: Carpentier died of cancer in Paris in 1980. He was buried in Havana's Colon Cemetery.


title: Sean Penn

paragraphs: Sean Justin Penn (born August 17, 1960) is an American actor, screenwriter, movie director, producer and activist. He was born in Los Angeles, California, the middle son of actor Leo Penn (1921-1998) and actress Eileen Ryan (born 1928). His brothers are musician Michael Penn (born 1958) and actor Chris Penn (1965-2006).

paragraphs: Penn has starred in many movies, including: "Taps", "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", "Colors", "Casualties of War", "We're No Angels", "Carlito's Way", "Dead Man Walking", "U Turn", "The Game", "The Thin Red Line", "Being John Malkovich", "The Weight of Water", "I Am Sam", "Mystic River", "21 Grams", "The Assassination of Richard Nixon", "The Interpreter", "All the King's Men", "Persepolis", "Milk", "Fair Game", "The Tree of Life" and "This Must Be the Place",

paragraphs: Penn won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Mystic River and an Academy Award for Milk.

paragraphs: Penn was married to Madonna from 1985 until they divorced in 1989. He and Robin Wright had a daughter in 1991 and a son in 1993. The couple married in 1996 and divorced in 2010.


title: Alice Walker

paragraphs: Alice Malsenior Walker (born February 9, 1944) is an American author, poet, and activist. She has written both fiction and essays about race and gender. She is best known for the novel "The Color Purple" (1982). She won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for the novel.

paragraphs: Walker is an African American who was born in Eatonton, Georgia. She is the youngest of eight children. Her parents were Willie Lee Walker and Minnie Lou Tallulah Grant. Her father, who was, in her words, "wonderful at math but a terrible farmer," earned only $300 a year from sharecropping and dairy farming. Her mother added to the family income by working as a maid. She worked 11 hours a day for USD $17 per week to help pay for Alice to attend college.

paragraphs: In 1952, Walker was accidentally hit in the right eye by a BB gun fired by one of her brothers. Because the family had no car, the Walkers could not take their daughter to a hospital for immediate help. By the time they reached a doctor a week later, she had become permanently blind in that eye. When a layer of scar tissue formed over her wounded eye, Alice became self-conscious and painfully shy. She felt like an outcast and turned for comfort to reading and to writing poetry. When she was 14, the scar tissue was removed. She later became valedictorian and was voted most-popular girl, as well as queen of her senior class.

paragraphs: After high school, Walker went to Spelman College in Atlanta. She later moved to Sarah Lawrence College near New York City, graduating in 1965. Walker became interested in the U.S. civil rights movement. This was partly due to the influence of activist Howard Zinn, who was one of her professors at Spelman College. Walker returned to the South where she became involved with voter registration drives, campaigns for welfare rights and children's programs in Mississippi.

paragraphs: Alice Walker met Martin Luther King Jr. when she was a student at Spelman College. Walker credits King for her decision to return to the American South as an activist for the Civil Rights Movement. She marched with hundreds of thousands in August in the 1963 March on Washington. As a young adult, she volunteered to register black voters in Georgia and Mississippi.

paragraphs: On March 8, 2003, International Women's Day, on the eve of the Iraq War, Alice Walker, Maxine Hong Kingston, and Terry Tempest Williams were arrested with 24 others for crossing a police line. This was during an anti-war protest rally outside the White House.

paragraphs: In March 2009, Alice Walker traveled to Gaza in response to the Gaza War. She was with a group of 60 other female activists from the anti-war group Code Pink. Their purpose was to deliver aid, to meet with NGOs and residents, and to ask Israel and Egypt to open their borders into Gaza.

paragraphs: In 1965, Walker met Melvyn Roseman Leventhal, a Jewish civil rights lawyer. They were married on March 17, 1967 in New York City. Later that year the couple moved to Jackson, Mississippi. They became "the first legally married inter-racial couple in Mississippi". They were harassed and threatened by whites, including the Ku Klux Klan. The couple had a daughter Rebecca in 1969. Walker and her husband divorced on friendly terms in 1976.

paragraphs: Walker and her daughter grew apart. Rebecca felt herself to be more of "a political symbol... than a cherished daughter". She published a memoir called "Black White and Jewish", about the complexities of her parents' relationship and her childhood. Rebecca recalls her teenage years when her mother would go to her far-off writing studio while “I was left with money to buy my own meals and lived on a diet of fast food.” Since the birth of Rebecca’s son Tenzin, her mother has not spoken to her. Rebecca has learned that she was cut out of her mother’s will in favor of a distant cousin.

paragraphs: In the mid-1990s, Walker was involved in a romance with singer-songwriter Tracy Chapman.

paragraphs: In 2011 shooting began on "Beauty in Truth", a documentary film about Walker's life directed by Pratibha Parmar.

paragraphs: Walker is a feminist. She made the word womanist for African American feminism against female genital mutilation.


title: Clifford D. Simak

paragraphs: Clifford Donald Simak (August 3, 1904 – April 25, 1988) was an American science fiction writer. He received three Hugo Awards and one Nebula Award. He was named the third Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA) in 1977.

paragraphs: Simak was born in Millville, Wisconsin to parent's John Lewis and Margaret (Wiseman) Simak. He married Agnes Kuchenberg on April 13, 1929. They had two children, Scott and Shelley. Simak attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He later worked at various newspapers in the Midwest. He began to work with the "Minneapolis Star and Tribune" (in Minneapolis, Minnesota). This went from 1939 to his retirement in 1976.

paragraphs: Simak became interested in science fiction after reading the works of H. G. Wells as a child. He started writing for science fiction pulp magazines in 1931. The only science-fiction piece that he published between 1933 and 1937 was "The Creator" ("Marvel Tales" #4, March–April 1935).

paragraphs: In late 1937, Simak returned to science fiction. He was a regular contributor to "Astounding Stories" during the Golden Age of Science Fiction (1938–1950). His first publications, such as "Cosmic Engineers" (1939), were in the style of the earlier superscience type. He soon made his own style, which is usually described as gentle and pastoral. During this period, Simak also published a number of war and western stories in pulp magazines. His best known novel may be "City", a collection of short stories with a common theme of mankind's eventual leaving from Earth.

paragraphs: Simak continued to write award-nominated novels during the 1950s and 1960s. Helped by a friend, he continued writing and publishing science fiction and, later, fantasy, into his 80s.


title: Jerry Mathers

paragraphs: Gerald Patrick "Jerry" Mathers (born June 2, 1948) is an American actor and writer. He played Beaver Cleaver in the sitcom television series "Leave It to Beaver". In 1998 he wrote a book called "...And Jerry Mathers as "The Beaver"". In the movie version the Beaver was portrayed by Cameron Finley. In Beaver's BIG Day, he was Malia Ashley Kerr.


title: Dashiell Hammett

paragraphs: Samuel Dashiell Hammett (May 27, 1894 – January 10, 1961) was an American author of crime fiction, a screenplay writer, and political activist. Some of the characters he created are Sam Spade ("The Maltese Falcon"), Nick and Nora Charles ("The Thin Man"), and the Continental Op ("Red Harvest" and "The Dain Curse").

paragraphs: In addition to the large influence his novels and stories had on film, Hammett "is now widely regarded as one of the finest mystery writers of all time". "Time" magazine included Hammett's 1929 novel "Red Harvest" on a list of the 100 best English-language novels published between 1923 and 2005.

paragraphs: Hammett was born on a farm in St. Mary's County, in Maryland. His parents were Richard Thomas Hammett and Anne Bond Dashiell. Hammett was baptized a Catholic. He grew up in Philadelphia and Baltimore. "Sam," as he was known before he began writing, left school when he was 13 years old. He had several jobs before working for the Pinkerton National Detective Agency. He served as an operative for the Pinkertons from 1915 to February 1922. He took time off to serve in World War I. He did not like the agency's role in union strike-breaking.

paragraphs: Hammett enlisted in the United States Army in 1918. He became ill with the Spanish flu and later got tuberculosis. He spent most of his time in the Army as a patient in Cushman Hospital, Tacoma, Washington. While there he met a nurse, Josephine Dolan, whom he later married.

paragraphs: Hammett and Dolan were married, and they had two daughters, Mary Jane (born 15 October 1921) and Josephine (born in 1926). Because of Hammett's tuberculosis, Josephine and the children could not live with him full time. Josephine rented a home in San Francisco, where Hammett would visit on weekends. The marriage soon ended. He continued to financially support his wife and daughters with the income he made from his writing.

paragraphs: Hammett used his experiences as a Pinkerton operative. Hammett said: "All my characters were based on people I've known personally, or known about."

paragraphs: Hammett wrote most of his detective fiction during the time he was living in San Francisco (the 1920s). Specific streets and locations in San Francisco are frequently mentioned in his stories.

paragraphs: From 1929 to 1930 Dashiell was romantically involved with Nell Martin, an author of short stories and several novels. He dedicated "The Glass Key" to her, and in turn, she dedicated her novel "Lovers Should Marry" to Hammett.

paragraphs: In 1931, Hammett started a 30-year affair with playwright Lillian Hellman. This relationship was shown in the film "Julia". Hammett was played by Jason Robards and Hellman by Jane Fonda.

paragraphs: He wrote his final novel in 1934. He spent the rest of his life to left-wing activism. He was a strong anti-fascist through the 1930s. In 1937 he joined the American Communist Party.

paragraphs: In early 1942, after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Hammett again enlisted in the United States Army. He was a disabled veteran of World War I, and a victim of tuberculosis, but he was allowed to join. He served in the Aleutian Islands. He edited an Army newspaper. He also got emphysema. .

paragraphs: After the war, Hammett returned to political activism. He was elected President of the Civil Rights Congress (CRC) on June 5, 1946.

paragraphs: During the 1950s he was investigated by Congress. This was part of Senator Joseph McCarthy's attempt to identify Communists. He refused to share information and was blacklisted.

paragraphs: A lifetime's heavy drinking of alcohol and cigarettes made Hammett's tuberculosis worse. As the years of the 1950s went on, Hammett became "a hermit". Hammett no longer could live alone, so the last four years of his life he spent with Hellman. On January 10, 1961, Hammett died in New York City's Lenox Hill Hospital, of lung cancer. He had been diagnosed just two months before. As a veteran of two World Wars, he was buried at Arlington National Cemetery.

paragraphs: All the novels except "The Thin Man" were originally in three, four, or five parts in various magazines.


title: Kasai River

paragraphs: The Kasai River (called Cassai in Angola) is a river in central Africa. The river begins in Angola. It makes a border between Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It joins the Congo at Kwamouth. The Kasai's tributaries include the Fimi, Kwango, and Sankuru rivers.


title: Tony Dow

paragraphs: Tony Dow (born April 13, 1945 ) is an American actor, director, and movie producer. He played Wally Cleaver in the sitcom television series "Leave It to Beaver" (1957-1963). Dow was born in Hollywood, California. He is best present the The Green Green Grass.


title: Ubangi River

paragraphs: The Ubangi River, also spelled Oubangui, is a river of Central Africa. It is the largest right-bank tributary of the Congo River. It begins where the Mbomou and Uele Rivers come together. It flows west, then bends to the southwest and passes through Bangui. Then the river flows south to the Congo at Liranga. The Ubangi's length is about . The Ubangi's drainage basin is about . The basin includes parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, and Republic of Congo.

paragraphs: Together with the Congo River, it important for transportation for river boats between Bangui and Brazzaville.

paragraphs: Some people want the water from the Ubangi to go to the Chari River. The Chari River empties into Lake Chad. They say this will help with fishing and make agriculture better.


title: Benue River

paragraphs: The Benue River is a river in Africa. It is the major tributary of the Niger River. The river is about 1,400 km long. People can travel on it for nearly the whole length in the summer months. It is an important transportation route in the places it flows through.

paragraphs: It starts in the Adamawa Plateau of northern Cameroon. It flows west, and through the town of Garoua and Lagdo Reservoir, into Nigeria south of the Mandara mountains. Then it goes through Jimeta, Ibi and Makurdi before meeting the Niger at Lokoja.

paragraphs: Large tributaries are the Gongola River and the Mayo Kébbi. Other tributaries are Taraba River and River Katsina Ala.


title: Regina Duarte

paragraphs: Regina Blois Duarte (born February 5, 1947]) is aBrazilian actress. From March to May 2020, she served as Special Secretary of Culture, a cabinet position in President Jair Bolsonaro's administration.


title: Anna Muzychuk

paragraphs: Anna Muzychuk (born 28 February 1990) is the third-rated woman chess player in the world. She earned the title of Woman Grandmaster in 2004, and the title of

paragraphs: Grandmaster in 2012. In 2004 she became a member of the Slovenian chess federation, where she is the strongest female chess player. Her younger sister Mariya is an International master.

paragraphs: Muzychuk has played on first board for the Slovenian team since 2004. In 36th Chess Olympiad, she defeated, among others, the former Women's World Chess Champion grandmaster Antoaneta Stefanova. In the 37th Chess Olympiad she helped the Slovenian women's team, seeded 17th, to finished tenth.


title: Mambo

paragraphs: Mambo is a word with Afro-Latin connections. Most common meanings are:

paragraphs: The word also occurs in the title of many pieces of recorded music.


title: Bionics

paragraphs: Bionics (also known as biomimetics) is the science about studying nature to create modern technology.


title: Herschel Space Observatory

paragraphs: The Herschel Space Observatory is a European Space Agency instrument. It is the largest infrared telescope ever put into orbit. Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel, the discoverer of the infrared spectrum, double stars, and planet Uranus.

paragraphs: The device is sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre short wavebands. It has a single mirror of in diameter.

paragraphs: The observatory was carried into orbit in May 2009. It is at the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system. At these points, 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 miles) from the Earth, gravity balances, so the object stays in place.

paragraphs: The Herschel Observatory can record ('see') the coldest and dustiest objects in space. For example, dusty galaxies just starting to form new stars. The United States, through NASA, is working with in the ESA-built and operated observatory. It is the fourth 'cornerstone' mission in the ESA science program, along with Rosetta, Planck, and the Gaia mission.


title: Frances Bavier

paragraphs: Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American actress. She played Aunt Bee in the sitcom television series "The Andy Griffith Show". She played the same character in the sequel series "Mayberry, R. F. D.". Bavier won two Emmy Awards. She retired from acting and moved to Siler City, North Carolina. She is buried there.

paragraphs: Born in New York City, Bavier originally planned to become a teacher after attending Columbia University. She first appeared in vaudeville, later moving to the Broadway stage.


title: Leptodactylidae

paragraphs: Leptodactylidae is a family of frogs. They are believed to have been on Earth since the Cenozoic era or at the end of the Mesozoic. There are 1,100 species in 50 genera. The "Eleutherodactylus" is the largest genus with over 700 different species. Leptodactylidae frogs lives in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. The family includes terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, and arboreal frogs.

paragraphs: Some of the frogs lay their eggs in foam nests. They will lay their eggs in crevices, on the surface of water, or on the forest floors. For tadpoles that are laid on the forest floors will remain there until they become frogs. They will not eat anything. In the genus "Elutherodactylus", the eggs will automatically become small frogs. They will not go through the tadpole stage. Leptodactylids can be found in fossil records. One specimen, was found preserved and is thought to be 37 million years old.


title: Eleutherodactylus

paragraphs: Eleutherodactylus is a genus of frogs in the Eleutherodactylidae family. There are 185 species of "Eleutherodactylus". Many of them are commonly called "rain frogs" or "robber frogs". This is because of their sharp, high-pitched, and insect-like calls.

paragraphs: The common coquí ("Eleutherodactylus coqui") is the best known species. They are a national symbol of Puerto Rico. They are also an invasive species in the US state of Hawaii. Two "Eleutherodactylus" species, "E. limbatus" and "E. iberia", belong to the smallest known frogs. They measure only 8½ mm in length.


title: Red-eared slider

paragraphs: The red-eared slider ("Trachemys scripta elegans") is a semi-aquatic turtle. It belongs to the family Emydidae. It is the most popular pet turtle in the United States. It lives in Southern United States. It is also found in many other places as an invasive species. They can be found in the US state of California where it was introduced. Rhubarb leaves are poisonous for them. Overfeeding may cause diseases for the turtles.


title: Americanisation

paragraphs: Americanisation means that a culture (often a country) is heavily influenced by so-called "anglicisms". These anglicisms are American-based. Anglicisms can be institution, values, ways and behaviours, but can also be symbols and pictures.

paragraphs: In Americanisation, the transferring of American culture is only one-way. A culture is being Americanised, but the United States aren't affected by the other culture in return.


title: Bletchley Park

paragraphs: Bletchley Park is an estate in Milton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, England. It was the site of the United Kingdom's main codebreaking team during World War II. Now, Bletchley Park is home to the National Codes Centre and The National Museum of Computing.

paragraphs: The Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS) and "Station X", a secret radio interception station, were also at Bletchley Park. The information gained by workers at Bletchley Park was very important for the Allied war effort.

paragraphs: In 1939, in Warsaw, the Polish military showed French and British intelligence agents their cryptanalysis of the Enigma. They promised each delegation a Polish-built Enigma. Having an actual Enigma machine, and knowing how to use it, was a much needed start for the British work at Bletchley Park. Dilly Knox and Alan Turing were later joined by many other codebreakers and engineering staff.

paragraphs: The high-level intelligence produced at Bletchley Park, codenamed Ultra, gave crucial help to the Allied war effort. It was vital during the Battle of the Atlantic, when the German U-boat submarine fleet sank merchant shipping in an attempt to starve Britain of supplies. Winston Churchill was later to say:

paragraphs: The Battle of the Atlantic was the dominating factor all through the war. Never for one moment could we forget that everything happening elsewhere, on land, at sea or in the air depended ultimately on its outcome.

paragraphs: Sir Harry Hinsley (a Bletchley veteran and the official historian of British Intelligence during the Second World War) said that Ultra shortened the war by two to four years. The outcome of the war would have been uncertain without it.

paragraphs: One of the reasons for choosing Bletchley Park for this task was its location. By train, it is about north-west of London, from Oxford and about from Cambridge all important university cities. Bletchley railway station is close-by, on the junction of the West Coast Main Line and the Oxford–Cambridge Varsity Line. Apart from the railway lines, Bletchley Park was not near any other likely bombing target.


title: Guyot

paragraphs: A guyot is an underwater mountain or seamount with a flat top. This geologic feature is also called a tablemount. In general, the guyot or tablemount is over 200 meters (660 feet) below the surface of the sea. The diameters of these flat underwater summits may be more than .

paragraphs: The existence of flat-topped mountains below the surface of the ocean was established in 1965. Harry Hammond Hess used echo-sounding equipment to map the floor of the ocean. The research revealed that some undersea mountains had flat tops.

paragraphs: Hess called these undersea mountains "guyots" because they reminded him of Guyot Hall at Princeton University. The flat roof was a special feature of this building. Guyot Hall was named after the 18th century geographer Arnold Henry Guyot. In other words, the geology term "guyot" comes from the name.

paragraphs: Guyots show evidence of having been above the surface at one time. The exposed area was shaped by erosion caused by rain, wind and waves.

paragraphs: The Hawaiian islands plus former islands which are now beneath the sea make up the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain, and five of the peaks in the chain are guyots.


title: Hazel (TV series)

paragraphs: Hazel is a sitcom television series. It was on television from September 28, 1961 to September 5, 1966. It was shown on NBC. It moved to CBS for its last year. The series' first year was made in black and white. The next four years were in color. The show's first season was fourth in the 1961-1962 Nielsen's ratings.

paragraphs: The series is based on a single-panel comic strip by Ted Key. This comic that ran for many years in "The Saturday Evening Post". It was usually on one of the last pages.

paragraphs: The series stars Shirley Booth as Hazel Burke. Hazel is a live-in maid for the Baxter family. Don Defore plays her boss George "Mr. B" Baxter (a lawyer). Whitney Blake plays his wife Dorothy "Missy" Baxter (an interior decorator). Bobby Buntrock plays their young son Harold "Sport" Baxter. The Baxter's have a big, shaggy dog named Smiley.

paragraphs: Other characters were in the series. These characters include George Baxter's client Harvey Griffin (Howard Smith), Rosie, another live-in maid in the neighborhood (Maud Prickett), and postman Barney Hatfield (Robert Williams). Other characters include Hazel's taxi-driving boyfriend Mitch (Dub Taylor), George Baxter's snobby sister Deirdre Thompson (Cathy Lewis), and the Baxter's mixed-up neighbors Herbert and Harriet Johnson (Donald Foster and Norma Varden).

paragraphs: The series is set in a white, upper middle class household. Typical episodes are about Hazel's day-to-day life and work. She might put together a special dinner, or make a home for a stray dog. In one episode, she gets her boss to buy a color television set for her bedroom. Sometimes she comes into conflict with "Mr. B". She gets her way by giving him tiny portions of her delicious desserts.

paragraphs: In the last year, "Mr. B" is sent to the Middle East on a job assignment. Hazel and Harold move in with his brother Steve (played by Ray Fulmer) and his wife Barbara (Lynn Borden) and their daughter Susie (Julia Benjamin). This arrangement lasted for only a year before the series was cancelled. Booth was ill. She did not want to continue to work. Booth won two Emmy Awards for her performance as Hazel (1962 and 1963). She was nominated for a third in 1964.


title: 2 Broke Girls

paragraphs: 2 Broke Girls is an American television sitcom on CBS. It began on September 19, 2011 and ended on April 17, 2017. It is set in Williamsburg, Brooklyn, New York City. It is about two waitresses in their twenties who work together at a diner. Kat Dennings plays Max Black, who is from a poor, underclass background. Beth Behrs plays Caroline Wesbox Channing, who until recently was rich.

paragraphs: Garrett Morris plays Earl, the cashier at the diner. He is an elderly African-American former jazz musician. Jonathan Kite plays Oleg, the diner's cook, a hypersexual Ukrainian who lacks social skills. Matthew Moy plays Han Lee, the diner's owner, a very short Korean. Jennifer Coolidge plays Sophie, Max and Caroline's histrionic Polish neighbor. The show was created by comedian Whitney Cummings.


title: Dennis the Menace (TV series)

paragraphs: Dennis the Menace is a sitcom television series. It is based on the comic strip "Dennis the Menace" by Hank Ketcham. The four-season series aired from 1959 to 1963 on CBS. The show stars Jay North as Dennis Mitchell, Herbert Anderson as his father Henry, Gloria Henry as his mother Alice, Billy Booth as his friend Tommy Anderson, and Jeannie Russell as his friend Margaret Wade. Dennis wore the same costume in every episode: a striped tee-shirt, a pair of bib overalls with a slingshot in the back pocket, a pair of sneakers, and an enormous blond cowlick. Viewers complained about the slingshot and it was eventually removed. The bizarre costume put Dennis outside the realistic "mise en scene" of the show, making it difficult to "relate" to him in spite of North's brilliant performance. Margaret had the same problem with her ringlets, eyeglasses, and ever-present patent leather shoes. These clothes were not the sort of things kids were wearing during the shows years on the air.

paragraphs: Margaret wanted to marry Dennis. This was a running gag in both the comic strip and the television show. She pushed a baby carriage through the neighborhood. "Playing house" was something she pressured Dennis to do. When Dennis needed a penny or two, she gave it to him but only after he promised to play house with her. If he turned her down, she would hit him with one of the rag dolls in the baby carriage and prance on her way.

paragraphs: Other players in the show are Joseph Kearns as Dennis's neighbor George Wilson, Sylvia Field as George's wife Martha, and Gale Gordon as Mr. Wilson's brother John. George Wilson was a retired fussy sort of man who gardened, collected coins, did household fixit jobs, and watched birds. Many episodes were about Dennis making a mess of Mr. Wilson's hobbies. Dennis's comic strip dog Ruff was cut from the TV story, but Mr. Wilson was given a little dog named Fremont. Maud Prickett, Irene Tedrow, Dub Taylor, Mary Wickes, and other familiar 1950s TV faces showed up often as minor characters. Ron Howard appeared in several episodes as Dennnis' friend Stewart while also playing Opie Taylor on "The Andy Griffith Show".

paragraphs: "Dennis the Menace" is about a happy little (but trouble-prone) middle class boy named Dennis Mitchell. He would like to be helpful but his attempts always end in disasters. He bothers a lot of people, but mostly his neighbor George Wilson. Actor Joseph Kearns played George Wilson but died while the show was in production. Gale Gordon joined the show as John Wilson, George's brother. Viewers were told that George and his TV wife Martha were taking a long journey and that George's brother John would be living in and taking care of their house. The show ended in 1963 when North became too old (11 years) to play the part of Dennis.


title: The Huckleberry Hound Show

paragraphs: The Huckleberry Hound Show is a 30-minute animated television series. It had four seasons and was first aired between October 2, 1958 and April 24, 1962. It is the work of Joseph Barbera and William Hanna. In 1961 "The Huckleberry Hound Show" became the first animated television series to win an Emmy Award.

paragraphs: Each episode has three 7-minute cartoons. The first cartoon stars Huckleberry Hound; the second stars Yogi Bear and his friend Boo Boo Bear, and the third stars Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks. Yogi Bear was the most loved character of the show. He was given his own series in 1961. Hokey Wolf took Yogi's place in the series.

paragraphs: Daws Butler was the voice actor who played Huckleberry Hound, Yogi Bear, Dixie, Mr. Jinks, and Hokey Wolf. Don Messick gave voice to Boo Boo Bear, Ranger Smith, and Pixie. Julie Bennett voiced Yogi's girlfriend Cindy Bear and Doug Young voiced Hokey Wolf's friend Ding-A-Ling.


title: Barbara Billingsley

paragraphs: Barbara Billingsley (December 22, 1915 – October 16, 2010) was an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. She played June Cleaver on the television series "Leave It to Beaver" (1957–1963). She played the same character in the sequel series "Still the Beaver" (1985–1988).


title: Submarine volcano

paragraphs: Submarine volcanoes are volcanoes which are under the surface of the world's oceans. These volcanoes occur in a range of forms. Many create cone-shaped seamounts or flat-topped guyots.

paragraphs: Volcanoes in the ocean develop from cracks or holes in the earth's undersea surface. Changes in the ocean floor are caused when magma flows or erupts from a site which is under water.

paragraphs: The presence of water alters the characteristics of a volcanic eruption.


title: Hugh Beaumont

paragraphs: Eugene Hugh Beaumont (February 16, 1909 – May 14, 1982) was an American actor, television director, and a Methodist minister. He was born in Lawrence, Kansas. He played Ward Cleaver on the sitcom television series "Leave It to Beaver" (1957–1963). He directed many of the show's episodes. In his retirement years, he became a Christmas tree farmer. He died of a heart attack in Munich, Germany while visiting his son.


title: Ken Osmond

paragraphs: Kenneth Charles "Ken" Osmond (June 7, 1943 – May 18, 2020) was an American actor and LAPD police officer. He played Eddie Haskell in "Leave It to Beaver" (1957-1963). He was born in Glendale, California.

paragraphs: Osmond died at his home in Los Angeles on May 18, 2020 of problems caused by COPD and peripheral artery disease at the age of 76.


title: Sue Randall

paragraphs: Marion Burnside "Sue" Randall (October 8, 1935 — October 26, 1984) was an American actress. She played Beaver Cleaver's school teacher Miss Landers on the sitcom television series "Leave It to Beaver" (1957-1963).


title: Baffin Bay

paragraphs: Baffin Bay (,) is a marginal sea of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is between Baffin Island and the southwest coast of Greenland. It connects to the Atlantic by Davis Strait and the Labrador Sea. A narrower Nares Strait connects Baffin Bay with the Arctic Ocean.

paragraphs: People lived in the bay area from around 500 BC. First there were the Dorset and then Thule and Inuit people. It was reached by Europeans in 1585. William Baffin described the bay in detail in 1616. He is who the bay and the island are named after. People cannot travel on the bay most of the year because of the ice cover and large amount of floating ice and icebergs in the open areas.

paragraphs: Baffin Bay was the epicenter of a 7.3 magnitude earthquake in 1933. This is the largest known earthquake north of the Arctic Circle.

paragraphs: The North Water provides air to ice algae and zooplankton. There are many animals. Of about 20,000 Beluga whales living in the Baffin Bay, some 15,000 are around the North Water. Other animals of the region include walrus, narwhal, Harp Seal, bearded seal, ringed seal and polar bear.

paragraphs: There are about 400 plant and tree species on the bay shores, including birch, willow, alder and plants adapted to salty soils, as well as lyme grass, mosses, and lichens. These serve as food for caribou and rodents, such as lemming. Resident fish species include polar cod, Arctic flounder (Pleuronectidae, Liopsetta), four-horned sculpin and capelin. The birds of the bay are the Little Auk, Snowy Owl, Willow Ptarmigan, Rock Ptarmigan, Gyrfalcon, Arctic Redpoll and guillemots. Most of them migrate to the south during the winter.


title: Bragi

paragraphs: Bragi is one of the newest gods in the mythology of the Vikings. He is often represented with a harp. He is shown as an old man with long gray hair and a long gray beard. He dies at the tusks of the Dwarven battle-boar at Ragnarok. His wife is Iðunn, keeper of the apples of the Gods. Bragi is also the god of music and the harp. He wakes the world up in the morning with his harp music.


title: Barents Sea

paragraphs: The Barents Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is north of Norway and Russia. It was called the Murman Sea in the Middle Ages. The new name is from the Dutch navigator Willem Barents. It is a rather deep shelf sea. The average depth is and maximum depth is . It is bordered by the Norwegian Sea in the west, the islands of Svalbard (Norway) in the northwest, and the islands of Franz Josef Land and Novaya Zemlya in the northeast and east. Novaya Zemlya separates the Kara Sea from the Barents Sea. A lot of fossil fuel energy resources are in the Barents Sea area.

paragraphs: The southern half of the Barents Sea stays ice-free year round due to the warmth brought by the North Atlantic drift. This includes the ports of Murmansk in Russia and Vardø in Norway. In September, the entire Barents Sea is mostly ice-free. Until the end of the Winter War, Finland's territories reached the Barents Sea. This made the harbor at Petsamo Finland's only ice-free winter harbor.

paragraphs: Due to the North Atlantic drift, the Barents Sea has a lot of plants and animals compared to other oceans of similar latitude. The spring bloom of phytoplankton can start quite early close to the ice edge. The fresh water from the melting ice makes up a water layer on top of the sea water. The phytoplankton bloom feeds zooplankton. The animals that eat zooplankton include young cod, capelin, polar cod, whales, and Little Auk. The capelin is a main food for animals such as the North-East Arctic cod, harp seals, and seabirds such as Common Guillemot and Brunnich's Guillemot. The fisheries of the Barents Sea, in particular the cod fisheries, are of great importance for both Norway and Russia.


title: Beaufort Sea

paragraphs: The Beaufort Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska, west of Canada's Arctic islands. The sea is named after hydrographer Sir Francis Beaufort. The Mackenzie River empties into the Canadian part of the sea. Tuktoyaktuk is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea shores.

paragraphs: The sea is frozen over most of the year. Only a narrow pass up to opens in August–September near its shores. The seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago. The sea has many resources of petroleum and natural gas. They were discovered between the 1950s and 1980s. People started exploring the resources in the 1980s. There is a large amount of beluga whales. The United States and Canada do not agree about the sea border.

paragraphs: Several rivers such as the Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea. It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River. It never gets bigger than . Near the coast, the depths are shallower than . The quickly get bigger northwards up to a few kilometers. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones are west of the Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island ( off the shore, and Barter Island ( from the coast. The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between . The soil is frozen all year around forming permafrost. Only the top few tens centimeters thaw in summer. Buildings have to be above ground on wooden poles.

paragraphs: The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra. It is the northern limit of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important place to live for whales and sea birds. The delta of Mackenzie River has many lakes and ponds. The muskrat is one animal that lives here.

paragraphs: The sea has about 80 species of zooplankton, more than 70 species of phytoplankton, and nearly 700 species of polychaetes, bryozoans, crustaceans and mollusks. But there are not very many of the animals because of the cold climate. Important fish species include polar cod, Arctic cod, saffron cod, Arctic char, chum salmon, Arctic cisco, least cisco, lake whitefish, broad whitefish, Pacific herring, fourhorn sculpin, inconnu and flatfish.


title: Chukchi Sea

paragraphs: Chukchi Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the De Long Strait, off Wrangel Island, and in the east by Point Barrow, Alaska, beyond which is the Beaufort Sea. The Bering Strait forms its southernmost limit and connects it to the Bering Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The main port on the Chukchi Sea is Uelen in Russia. The International Date Line crosses the Chukchi Sea. It is moved east to avoid Wrangel Island as well as the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug on the Russian mainland.

paragraphs: The sea has an area of about 595,000 km² (230,000 mi²). It can only be travelled about four months of the year. The Chukchi Sea has very few islands compared to other seas of the Arctic. Wrangel Island is at the northwestern limit of the sea, Herald Island is near its northern limit, and a few small islands are along the Siberian and Alaskan coasts.

paragraphs: The sea is named after the Chukchi people. The live on its shores and on the Chukotka Peninsula. The Chukchi worked at fishing, whaling and the hunting of walrus in this cold sea.

paragraphs: In Siberia places along the coast are: Cape Billings, Cape Schmidt, Amguyema River, Cape Vankarem, the large Kolyuchinskaya Bay, Neskynpil'gyn Lagoon, Cape Serdtse-Kamen, Enurmino, Chegitun River, Inchoun, Uelen and Cape Dezhnev.

paragraphs: In Alaska, the rivers flowing into the Chukchi Sea are the Kivalina, the Kobuk, the Kokolik, the Kukpowruk, the Kukpuk, the Noatak, the Utukok, the Pitmegea, and the Wulik, among others. The most important rivers flowing in from its Siberian side are the Amguyema, Ioniveyem, and the Chegitun.


title: East Siberian Sea

paragraphs: The East Siberian Sea is a marginal sea in the Arctic Ocean. It is between the Arctic Cape to the north, the coast of Siberia to the south, the New Siberian Islands to the west and Cape Billings, close to Chukotka, and Wrangel Island to the east. This sea borders on the Laptev Sea to the west and the Chukchi Sea to the east.

paragraphs: This sea is one of the least studied in the Arctic area. It has severe climate, low water salinity, and little flora, fauna and human population. The depths are shallow (mostly less than 50 meters). There are slow sea currents, low tides (below 25 cm) and frequent fogs, especially in summer. The ice fields only fully melt in August–September. The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs, Chukchi and then Evens and Evenks.

paragraphs: The largest city and port is Pevek, the northernmost city of mainland Russia.

paragraphs: The most important of the rivers flowing into the East Siberian Sea are the Indigirka, the Alazeya, The Ujandina, the Chukochya River, the Kolyma, the Rauchua, the Chaun, and the Pegtymel. Only a few rivers are able to be travelled on. The coastline of the sea is 3,016 km long.

paragraphs: There are few flora and fauna due to the harsh climate. The summer plankton bloom is short. It makes 5 million tons of plankton in August and September. The yearly amount is 7 million tons.

paragraphs: The sea shores and icefields have ringed seals, bearded seals and walruses along polar bears. Birds include seagulls, uria and cormorants. Sea waters are often visited by bowhead whale, gray whale, beluga and narwhal. Major fish species are grayling and "Coregonus" (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char.


title: Greenland Sea

paragraphs: The Greenland Sea is a body of water. It borders Greenland to the west, the Svalbard archipelago to the east, Fram Strait and the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Norwegian Sea and Iceland to the south. The Greenland Sea is often defined as part of the Arctic Ocean and sometimes as part of the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: The sea has an Arctic climate with regular northern winds and temperatures rarely rising above 0 °C. The West Ice forms in winter in the Greenland Sea, north of Iceland, between Greenland and Jan Mayen island. It is a major breeding ground of harp seal and hooded seal. It has been used for seal hunting for more than 200 years.

paragraphs: Major islands of the Greenland Sea include Svalbard archipelago, Edvards, Eila, Godfred Hansens, Île-de-France, Jan Mayen Lynns, Norske and Schnauders. Of those, only the Svalbard islands are lived on, and Jan Mayen has only seasonal military staff.

paragraphs: The Greenland Sea is has many of the organisms that form the base of the oceanic food chain. Large invertebrates, fish (such as cod, herring, redfish, halibut, and plaice), birds and mammals (including various species of seals, whales, and dolphins) all feed on the smaller invertebrates and small organisms. Mosses, lichens, and scanty bushes around the coasts serve as food to the deer and musk oxen, which in turn are hunted by the polar bear.


title: Laptev Sea

paragraphs: The Laptev Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. It is between the northern coast of Siberia, the Taimyr Peninsula, Severnaya Zemlya and the New Siberian Islands. Its northern boundary passes from the Arctic Cape and ends at the Anisiy Cape. The Kara Sea is to the west, the East Siberian Sea to the east.

paragraphs: The sea is named after the Russian explorers Dmitry Laptev and Khariton Laptev. The sea has a severe climate with temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F) over more than 9 months per year. There is low water salinity. There are few flora, fauna and humans. Most of the seas is less than 50 meters deep. It is frozen most of the time, though generally clear in August and September.

paragraphs: The sea shores were lived on for thousands of years by tribes of Yukaghirs and then Evens and Evenks. They were then settled by Yakuts and later by Russians. Russian explorations of the area started in the 17th century. They came from the south by several large rivers which empty into the sea. These rivers include the Lena River, the Khatanga, the Anabar, the Olenyok, the Omoloy and the Yana. The sea has several dozen islands, many have well-preserved mammoth remains.

paragraphs: Both flora and fauna are scarce because of the harsh climate. Vegetation of the sea is mostly represented by diatoms, with more than 100 species. The number of green algae, blue-green algae and flagellate species is about 10 each. The phytoplankton is characteristic of brackish waters. There are about 30 species of zooplankton. The coastal flora mainly is mosses and lichens and a few flowering plants including arctic poppy, "Saxifraga", "Draba" and small populations of polar ("Salix polaris") and creeping ("Salicaceae") willows. Rare vascular plants include species of "Cerastium" and "Saxifraga". Non-vascular plants include the moss genera "Detrichum", "Dicranum", "Pogonatum", "Sanionia", "Bryum", "Orthothecium" and "Tortura", as well as the lichen genera "Cetraria", "Thamnolia", "Cornicularia", "Lecidea", "Ochrolechia" and "Parmelia".

paragraphs: Permanent mammal species include ringed seal, bearded seal, Harp Seal, walrus, collared lemming, Arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, Arctic hare and polar bear. The beluga whale visits the region seasonally. There are several dozens species of birds. Some belong to permanent (tundra) species, such as snow bunting, purple sandpiper, Snowy Owl and brent goose. Others make large colonies on the islands and sea shores. These include little auk, Black-legged Kittiwake, black guillemot, ivory gull, "uria", "charadriiformes" and glaucous gull. Other bird species are skua, sterna, Northern Fulmar, Ivory Gull, Glaucous Gull, Ross's Gull, Long-tailed Duck, eider, loon and Willow Grouse. There are 39 fish species, mostly typical of braskish environment. The major ones are grayling and "Coregonus" (whitefishes), such as muksun, broad whitefish and omul. Also common are sardine, Arctic cisco, Bering cisco, polar smelt, saffron cod, polar cod, flounder and arctic char and inconnu.

paragraphs: In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was formed in the delta of the Lena River. It has an area of 14,300 km². In 1986, New Siberian Islands were included into the reserve. The reserve has many plants (402 species), fishes (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species).


title: White Sea

paragraphs: The White Sea is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea. It is on the northwest coast of Russia. It is surrounded by Karelia to the west, the Kola Peninsula to the north, and the Kanin Peninsula to the northeast. All of the White Sea is under Russian control and considered to be part of the internal waters of Russia. It is divided between Arkhangelsk and Murmansk Oblasts and the Republic of Karelia.

paragraphs: The major port of Arkhangelsk is on the White Sea. It is an important Soviet naval and submarine base. The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic Sea.

paragraphs: The White Sea is one of four seas named in English after common colour terms. The others are the Black Sea, the Red Sea and the Yellow Sea.

paragraphs: There are four main bays or gulfs on the White Sea. Kandalaksha Gulf is in the western part of the White Sea. It is the deepest part of the sea, reaching 340 metres (1,115 feet). On the south, Onega Bay receives the Onega River. To the southeast, the Dvina Bay receives the Northern Dvina River at the major port of Arkhangelsk. On the east side, opposite the Kola peninsula, is Mezen Bay. It receives the Mezen River and the Kuloy River. Other major rivers flowing into the sea are the Vyg, Niva, Umba, Varzuga and Ponoy.

paragraphs: The seabed of the central part and Dvina Bay is covered in silt and sand. The bottom of the northern part, the Kandalaksha Gulf and Onega Bay is a mixture of sand and stones.

paragraphs: The White Sea has a large number of islands, but most of them are small. The main island group is the Solovetsky Islands. They are almost in the middle of the sea, near the entrance to Onega Bay. Kiy Island in Onega Bay is important due to a historic monastery. Velikiy Island, close to the shore, is the largest island in the Kandalaksha Gulf.

paragraphs: The sea has more than 700 species of invertebrates, about 60 species of fish, and 5 species of marine mammals. The fishing industry is small. They mostly target harp seal, ringed seal, herring, saffron cod, European smelt, Atlantic cod and Atlantic salmon. There is a developing seaweed industry.

paragraphs: The White Sea is an important traffic centre of northwestern Russia. The White Sea – Baltic Canal links it through Onega Lake to the Baltic Sea and the major city and port of Saint Petersburg. The Baltic Sea, in turn, is connected by the Volga–Baltic Waterway to the Volga River, Black, Caspian, and Azov seas. The major ports on the White Sea are Arkhangelsk, Belomorsk, Onega, Mezen, Kem, Kandalaksha and Umba. Even though it is frozen in winter, boats can travel on the sea all year around because of the use of icebreakers.


title: Philippe Harache

paragraphs: Philippe Harache, born the 12th of April 1954 at Orbec, is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the former Vice-President of Eurocopter.

paragraphs: Graduate from Institut polytechnique des sciences avancées (1976), Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne University, INSEAD and Harvard University, Philippe Harache started his career in 1978 as Helicopter engineer.

paragraphs: In 1982, he was President of Samaero at Singapore.

paragraphs: He became Vice-President of Eurocopter in 2001. He retired in 2010.

paragraphs: Since 2002, he has also been an adviser of France.


title: Raytheon

paragraphs: Raytheon Company is an American defense contractor and industrial corporation. It makes military weapons and commercial electronics. It is the world's largest producer of guided missiles. Raytheon was set up in 1922.


title: Jean-Paul Troadec

paragraphs: Jean-Paul Troadec (born October 14, 1948 in Saint-Renan, Finistère, France) is a French aerospace engineer. He is the current head of the French "Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile", the France aviation accident investigation bureau.

paragraphs: Graduate from "École Polytechnique" (1967) and French Civil Aviation University (1970) he has done a career of 25 years at the French civil aviation authorities. From 1985 till 1993, he was head of the "Service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique".

paragraphs: He was nominated head of the "Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile" in 2009, succeeding Paul-Louis Arslanian.


title: Tilt Train

paragraphs: The Tilt Train is the name for two high speed train services by Queensland Rail. It runs along the coast of Queensland, from Brisbane, the state capital, through to regional centres Rockhampton and Cairns. It is the most popular way to explore Queensland's coastal tourism places.


title: Artificial island

paragraphs: An artificial island or man-made island is constructed by people. The island was not formed by nature. Artificial islands may vary in size.

paragraphs: The creation of artificial islands has a long history, including

paragraphs: Under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty (UNCLOS), artificial islands are not considered harbor works (Article 11). Such islands are part of the nearest coastal state if the island is within (Article 56).

paragraphs: Artificial islands are not considered islands for purposes of having their own territorial waters or Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).


title: Volcanic crater

paragraphs: A volcanic crater is a circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.

paragraphs: It is usually a circular basin. When active, there is a vent or vents inside it. From these magma erupts as gases, lava, and . A crater can be huge, and sometimes deep.

paragraphs: During certain types of gigantic eruptions, the volcano's magma chamber may empty enough for an area above it to subside. This dropped surface crater is called a caldera.


title: Guglielmo Marconi

paragraphs: Guglielmo Marconi (25 April 1874 20 July 1937) was an Italian inventor and electrical engineer. He was a pioneer of long-distance radio transmission. which he used to build up a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often named as the inventor of radio. He shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand Braun.

paragraphs: Much of Marconi's work in radio transmission was built on previous experimentation, and work by others. When he was twenty years old, he learned of the experiments of Hertz, Popov, Lodge, Bose, and Tesla. He began his own experiments.

paragraphs: As an entrepreneur, businessman, and founder of The Wireless Telegraph & Signal Company in Britain in 1897, Marconi became wealthy in the business of radio, mainly for ships at sea. In 1924, he was ennobled as Marchese Marconi. Back in Italy, he went on to become a member of the Grand Council of Fascism.


title: Roulette

paragraphs: Roulette is a casino game named after a French diminutive for "little wheel". In the game, players may choose to place bets on fields which include one or more numbers, the colors red or black, or whether the number is odd or even.

paragraphs: To determine the winning number and color, the game wheel is spun in one direction, then a ball is spun in the opposite direction around a track running around the wheel. The ball eventually slows down and falls on to the wheel and into one of 37 (in French/European roulette) or 38 (in American roulette) colored and numbered pockets on the wheel.


title: Fritz the Cat

paragraphs: Fritz the Cat is a 1972 animated movie directed by Ralph Bakshi. It led to strong controversy upon its release. This movie was marked X by the MPAA, although that rating was later surrendered and the movie was released without any actual rating.


title: Bay of Biscay

paragraphs: The Bay of Biscay is a gulf of the northeast Atlantic Ocean south of the Celtic Sea. It is along the western coast of France from Brest south to the Spanish border, and the northern coast of Spain west to Cape Ortegal. It is named in English after the province of Biscay, in the Spanish Basque Country.

paragraphs: The average depth is and maximum depth is .

paragraphs: The Bay of Biscay is home to some of the Atlantic Ocean's worst weather. Large storms occur in the bay, especially during the winter months. Until recently ships would be wrecked in Biscay storms, and many lives were lost. Improved ships and weather prediction have helped to reduce these problems.

paragraphs: The main rivers that empty into the Bay of Biscay are:

paragraphs: The main cities on the shores of the Bay of Biscay are:

paragraphs: Many species of whales and dolphins can be seen in this area. It is one of the few places where the beaked whales such as the Cuvier's beaked whale have been seen frequently. This is the best study area for beaked whales in the world. The best areas to see the larger cetaceans are in the deep waters beyond the continental shelf.


title: Gulf of Guinea

paragraphs: The Gulf of Guinea is the northeasternmost part of the tropical Atlantic Ocean. It is between Cape Lopez in Gabon, north and west to Cape Palmas in Liberia. The intersection of the Equator and Prime Meridian (zero degrees latitude and longitude) is in the gulf.

paragraphs: Among the many rivers that drain into the Gulf of Guinea are the Niger and the Volta. The coastline on the gulf includes the Bight of Benin and the Bight of Bonny.

paragraphs: The Gulf of Guinea has a number of islands, the largest of which are in a southwest-northeast chain, forming part of the Cameroon line of volcanoes.

paragraphs: Annobón, also known as Pagalu or Pigalu, is an island that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

paragraphs: Bioko is an island off the west coast of Africa in the Gulf of Guinea that is part of Equatorial Guinea.

paragraphs: Corisco is an island belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

paragraphs: Elobey Grande and Elobey Chico are two small islands belonging to Equatorial Guinea.

paragraphs: São Tomé and Príncipe (officially the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe) is a Portuguese-speaking island nation in the Gulf of Guinea. It became independent from Portugal in 1975.


title: Gulf of Saint Lawrence

paragraphs: The Gulf of Saint Lawrence (French: "golfe du Saint-Laurent") is the outlet of North America's Great Lakes via the Saint Lawrence River into the Atlantic Ocean. It is the world's largest estuary. It is a semi–enclosed sea, covering an area of about and having of water.

paragraphs: The gulf is bounded on the north by the Labrador Peninsula, to the east by Newfoundland, to the south by the Nova Scotia peninsula and Cape Breton Island, and to the west by the Gaspé and New Brunswick. It has Anticosti Island, Prince Edward Island, and the Magdalen Islands.

paragraphs: Besides the Saint Lawrence River itself, some of the tributaries of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence include the Miramichi River, the Natashquan River, the Restigouche River, the Margaree River, and the Humber River. Arms of the Gulf include the Chaleur Bay, Miramichi Bay, St. George's Bay, Bay of Islands, and Northumberland Strait.

paragraphs: The gulf flows into the Atlantic Ocean through the following outlets:

paragraphs: St. Paul Island, Nova Scotia, off the northeast tip of Cape Breton Island, is called the ""Graveyard of the Gulf"" for its many shipwrecks. Getting to the island is controlled by the Canadian Coast Guard.

paragraphs: Bonaventure Island on the eastern tip of the Gaspé Peninsula, Île Brion and Rochers-aux-Oiseaux (Bird Rock) northeast of the Magdalen Islands are important migratory bird sanctuaries. They are administered by the Canadian Wildlife Service.

paragraphs: The Government of Canada maintains national parks in the Gulf of St. Lawrence estuary at Forillon. It is on the eastern tip of the Gaspé, Prince Edward Island on the north shore of the island. Kouchibouguac is on the northeast coast of New Brunswick. Cape Breton Highlands is on the northern tip of Cape Breton Island. Gros Morne is on Newfoundland's west coast. And a national park reserve is in the Mingan Archipelago on Quebec's Côte-Nord.


title: Labrador Sea

paragraphs: The Labrador Sea (French: "mer du Labrador") is an arm of the North Atlantic Ocean between the Labrador Peninsula and Greenland. The sea is surrounded by continental shelves to the southwest, northwest, and northeast. It connects to the north with Baffin Bay through the Davis Strait. It has been described as a marginal sea of the Atlantic.

paragraphs: The Labrador Sea is about 3400 meters deep and wide where it joins the Atlantic Ocean. It becomes shallower, to less than towards Baffin Bay and passes into the Davis Strait.

paragraphs: The water temperature varies between in winter and in summer. The salinity is relatively low, at 31–34.9 parts per thousand. Two-thirds of the sea is covered in ice in winter.

paragraphs: The northern and western parts of the Labrador Sea are covered in ice between December and June. The drift ice serves as a breeding ground for seals in early spring. The sea is also a feeding ground for Atlantic salmon and several marine mammal species. Shrimp fisheries began in 1978, as well as cod fishing. The cod fishing quickly lessened the fish population in the 1990s and was stopped in 1992. Other fishery targets include haddock, Atlantic herring, lobster and several species of flatfish and pelagic fish such as sand lance and capelin. Bigger amounts are in the southern parts of the sea.

paragraphs: The sea has one of the two major stocks of Sei whales, the other one being the Scotian Shelf. Also common are minke and bottlenose whales.

paragraphs: The Labrador Duck was a common bird on the Canadian coast until 19th century, but is now extinct. Coastal animals include the Labrador Wolf, caribou, moose, black bear, red fox, arctic fox, wolverine, snowshoe hare, grouse, osprey, raven, ducks, geese, partridge and American wild pheasant.

paragraphs: Costal vegetation includes black spruce, tamarack, white spruce, dwarf birch, aspen, willow, ericaceous shrubs, cottongrass, sedge, lichens and moss. Evergreen bushes of Labrador tea, which is used to make herbal tea, are common in the area, both on the Greenland and Canadian coasts.


title: Ligurian Sea

paragraphs: The Ligurian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea. It is between the Italian Riviera (Liguria and Tuscany) and the island of Corsica. The sea is probably named after the ancient Ligures people.

paragraphs: The sea borders the countries Italy, France, and Monaco. In the east the sea borders the Tyrrhenian Sea, while in the west it borders the Mediterranean Sea proper. Genoa is the most prominent city in the area.

paragraphs: The Gulf of Genoa is its northernmost part. The sea receives the Arno River from the east. The ports of Genoa, La Spezia, and Livorno are on its rocky coast. It reaches a maximum depth of more than 9,300 feet (2,850 m) northwest of Corsica.

paragraphs: In order to provide protection for the many cetacean (whales and dolphins; porpoises are not found in this part of the Mediterranean Sea) species in the Ligurian Sea the bordering countries made the sea a SPAMI in 1999. The International Ligurian Sea Cetacean Sanctuary now covers 84,000 km². This covers territorial waters as well as high sea.


title: Sea of Marmara

paragraphs: The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is the inland sea that connects the Black Sea to the Aegean Sea. It separates Turkey's Asian and European parts. The Bosphorus strait connects it to the Black Sea and the Dardanelles strait to the Aegean. The Sea has an area of 11,350 km² (280 km x 80 km) with the greatest depth reaching 1,370 m.

paragraphs: The salinity of the sea averages about 22 parts per thousand. This is slightly greater than that of the Black Sea but only about two-thirds that of most oceans. The water is much more saline at the sea-bottom, averaging salinities of around 38 parts per thousand — similar to that of the Mediterranean Sea. Water from the Susurluk, Biga (Granicus) and Gonen Rivers reduces the salinity of the sea.

paragraphs: There are two major island groups known as the Princes' and Marmara islands.

paragraphs: The south coast of the sea includes the Gulf of Izmit, the Gulf of Gemlik and the Gulf of Erdek.

paragraphs: The North Anatolian fault, which has started many major earthquakes in recent years, such as the İzmit Earthquake of 1999, runs under the sea.


title: Norwegian Sea

paragraphs: The Norwegian Sea is a marginal sea in the North Atlantic Ocean, northwest of Norway. It is between the North Sea and the Greenland Sea. It joins the North Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Barents Sea to the northeast. In the southwest, it is separated from the Atlantic Ocean by a submarine ridge running between Iceland and the Faroe Islands. To the North, the Jan Mayen Ridge separates it from the Greenland Sea.

paragraphs: Unlike many other seas, most of the bottom of the Norwegian Sea is not part of a continental shelf. It is at a great depth of about two kilometres on average. Rich deposits of oil and natural gas are found under the sea bottom and are being explored commercially. The coastal zones are rich in fish that visit the Norwegian Sea from the North Atlantic for spawning. The warm North Atlantic Current gives stable and high water temperatures, so that unlike the Arctic seas, the Norwegian Sea is ice-free throughout the year.

paragraphs: The Norwegian Sea is a transition zone between boreal and Arctic conditions. It has flora and fauna of both regions. The southern limit of many Arctic species runs through the North Cape, Iceland, and the center of the Norwegian Sea. The northern limit of boreal species is near the borders of the Greenland Sea with the Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. These areas overlap. Some species like the scallop "Chlamys islandica" and capelin tend to live in this area between the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans.

paragraphs: Most of the aquatic life in the Norwegian Sea is in the upper layers. Estimates for the entire North Atlantic are that only 2% of biomass is at depths below 1,000 metres and only 1.2% occurs near the sea floor.

paragraphs: The blooming of the phytoplankton is dominated by chlorophyll and peaks around 20 May. The major phytoplankton forms are diatoms, in particular the genus "Thalassiosira" and "Chaetoceros". After the spring bloom the haptophytes of the genus "Phaecocystis pouchetti" become dominant.

paragraphs: Zooplankton is mostly copepods "Calanus finmarchicus" and "Calanus hyperboreus". "C. hyperboreus" is strongest in the Arctic waters. They are the main diet of most marine predators. The most important krill species are "Meganyctiphanes norvegica", "Thyssanoessa inermis", and "Thyssanoessa longicaudata". In contrast to the Greenland Sea, there are a lot of calcareous plankton (Coccolithophore and Globigerinida).

paragraphs: Shrimp of the species "Pandalus borealis" play an important role in the diet of fish, particularly cod and blue whiting. A special feature of the Norwegian Sea is large coral reefs of "Lophelia pertusa", which provide shelter to various fish species.

paragraphs: The Norwegian coastal waters are the most important spawning ground of the herring populations of the North Atlantic, and the hatching occurs in March. The eggs float to the surface and are washed off the coast by the northward current. Whereas a small herring population remains in the fjords and along the northern Norwegian coast, the majority spends the summer in the Barents Sea, where it feeds on the rich plankton. Upon reaching puberty, herring returns to the Norwegian Sea. The herring stock varies greatly between years. It increased in the 1920s owing to the milder climate and then collapsed in the following decades until 1970; the decrease was, however, at least partly caused by overfishing. The biomass of young hatched herring declined from 11 million tonnes in 1956 to almost zero in 1970; that affected the ecosystem not only of the Norwegian Sea but also of the Barents Sea.

paragraphs: Enforcement of environmental and fishing regulations has resulted in partial recovery of the herring populations since 1987. This recovery was accompanied by a decline of capelin and cod stocks. While the capelin benefited from the reduced fishing, the temperature rise in the 1980s and competition for food with the herring resulted in a near disappearance of young capelin from the Norwegian Sea. Meanwhile, the elderly capelin population was quickly fished out. This also reduced the population of cod – a major predator of capelin – as the herring was still too small in numbers to replace the capelin in the cod's diet.

paragraphs: Blue whiting ("Micromesistius poutassou") has benefited from the decline of the herring and capelin stocks as it assumed the role of major predator of plankton. The blue whiting spawns near the British Isles. The sea currents carry their eggs to the Norwegian Sea, and the adults also swim there in order to benefit from the food supply. The young spend the summer and the winter until February in Norwegian coastal waters and then return to the warmer waters west of Scotland. The Norwegian Arctic cod mostly occurs in the Barents Sea and at the Svalbard Archipelago. In the rest of the Norwegian Sea, it is found only during the reproduction season, at the Lofoten Islands, whereas "Pollachius virens" and haddock spawn in the coastal waters. Mackerel is an important commercial fish. The coral reefs are populated by different species of the genus "Sebastes".

paragraphs: Large numbers of minke, humpback, sei, and orca whales are present in the Norwegian Sea. White-beaked dolphins are in the coastal waters. Orcas and some other whales visit the sea in the summer months for feeding. They follow the herring schools within the sea. With a total population of about 110,000, minke whales are by far the most common whales in the sea. They are hunted by Norway and Iceland, with a quota of about 1,000 per year in Norway. In contrast to the past, mostly they are hunted for their meat, rather than fat and oil.

paragraphs: The bowhead whale used to be in the area. It almost disappeared from the Norwegian Sea after intense whaling in the 19th century, and was temporarily extinct in the entire North Atlantic. Similarly, the blue whale used to form large groups between Jan Mayen and Spitsbergen, but is hardly present nowadays. Seeing northern bottlenose whales in the Norwegian Sea is rare. Other large animals of the sea are hooded and harp seals and squid.

paragraphs: Important waterfowl species of the Norwegian Sea are puffin, kittiwake and guillemot.


title: Sargasso Sea

paragraphs: The Sargasso Sea is a region in the gyre in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is bounded on the west by the Gulf Stream; on the north, by the North Atlantic Current; on the east, by the Canary Current; and on the south, by the North Atlantic Equatorial Current. This system of ocean currents forms the North Atlantic Gyre. All the currents deposit the marine plants and garbage they carry into this sea.

paragraphs: The Sargasso Sea is 700 statute miles wide and 2,000 statute miles long (1,100 km wide and 3,200 km long). Bermuda is near the western fringes of the sea. The Sargasso Sea is the only "sea" without shores. The ocean water in the Sargasso Sea is different for its deep blue color and exceptional clarity. Underwater visibility is up to .

paragraphs: Portuguese sailors were among the first to discover this region in the 15th century. They named it after the "Sargassum" seaweed growing there.

paragraphs: The Sargasso Sea plays a major role in the migration of the European eel and the American eel. The larvae of both species hatch there and go to Europe or the East Coast of North America. Later in life, they try to return to the Sargasso Sea to lay eggs. It is also believed that after hatching, young Loggerhead Sea Turtles use currents, such as the Gulf Stream to travel to the Sargasso Sea, where they use the Sargassum as cover from predation until they are mature.


title: Kyoto University

paragraphs: , or is a Japanese university in Kyoto. It is the second oldest Japanese university. It is in the city of Kyoto in Kyoto Prefecture

paragraphs: was established on June 1897 as a part of the Imperial university system.

paragraphs: The College of Law and the College of Medicine were founded in 1899, and the College of Letters was established in 1906.

paragraphs: In October 1947, Kyoto Imperial University was renamed Kyoto University.

paragraphs: Kyoto University has the following schools.


title: Tokyo Medical and Dental University

paragraphs: TMDU has three campuses. One is the "Kounodai" (国府台) campus. The closest station to the campus is Ichikawa Station. Freshmen learn liberal arts and sciences there. By being on the outskirts of Tokyo, Kounodai campus is in a rich natural environment. The others are "Yushima" (湯島) and "Surugadai" （駿河台） campus. The closest station to the campuses is Ochanomizu Station. Upperclassmen learn their speciality there.

paragraphs: TMDU has faculty of medicine and faculty of dentistry. There are also two graduate schools, medical and dental sciences and health care sciences; four undergraduate faculties - medicine, dentistry, health care sciences and oral health care sciences; two university hospitals; an undergraduate college of liberal arts and sciences; and two research institutes, the institute of biomaterials and bioengineering and the medical research institute.

paragraphs: The university was founded under the name of "Tokyo National School of Dentistry" as the first dental education institution in 1928. Then in 1951, it was reestablished with the faculty of medicine as Tokyo Medical and Dental University.

paragraphs: In world university ranking in 2011-2012 of Times Higher Education, TMDU is the 276~300th place, the 35th place in Asia, the 10th place in Japan.

paragraphs: To enter TMDU, students should pass 2 types of exams: the National Center Test for University Admissions and the university's own exam.

paragraphs: On Christmas Day, there are sparkling lights in the shape of a Christmas tree on M&D Tower.

paragraphs: …on your left side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.

paragraphs: …in the middle of M&D Tower and Dental Building.

paragraphs: …on your right side when looking from Ochanomizu Station.


title: John Cusack

paragraphs: John Paul Cusack (born June 28, 1966) is an American actor, movie producer and screenwriter. He was born in Evanston, Illinois. He is the fourth of five children of actor Dick Cusack (1925-2003) and Nancy (née Carolan). His siblings Ann (born 1961), Joan (born 1962), Bill (born 1964) and Susie (born 1971) are actors.

paragraphs: His movies include: "The Sure Thing", "Better Off Dead", "One Crazy Summer", "Say Anything...", "Bullets Over Broadway", "City Hall", "Grosse Pointe Blank", "Con Air", "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil", "The Thin Red Line", "Pushing Tin", "Being John Malkovich", "High Fidelity", "America's Sweethearts", "Serendipity", "Identity", "Runaway Jury", "Must Love Dogs", "The Ice Harvest", "1408", "2012", "Hot Tub Time Machine", "The Raven", and in "The Butler".


title: Andaman Sea

paragraphs: The Andaman Sea or Burma Sea is a body of water to the southeast of the Bay of Bengal. It is south of Burma, west of Thailand and east of the Andaman Islands, India. It is part of the Indian Ocean.

paragraphs: The sea has been used for fishery and transportation of goods between the coastal countries. Its coral reefs and islands are popular for tourism. Many building were badly damaged by the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.

paragraphs: The average depth of the sea is about 1,000 meters (3,300 ft). The northern and eastern parts are shallower than 180 meters (600 ft) due to the silt deposited by the Irrawaddy River. This major river flows into the sea from the north through Burma. The western and central areas are 900–3,000 meters deep (3,000–10,000 ft). Less than 5% of the sea is deeper than 3,000 meters (10,000 ft). In a system of submarine valleys east of the Andaman-Nicobar Ridge, the depth is more than 4,000 meters (13,200 ft). The sea floor is covered with pebbles, gravel and sand.

paragraphs: The coastal areas of the Andaman Sea have mangrove forests and seagrass meadows. The mangrove roots trap soil and sediment. They provide shelter and are a nursery for fish and small aquatic organisms. Their body protects the shore from the wind and waves. Their detritus are a part of the aquatic food chain.

paragraphs: Other important sources of nutrients in the Andaman Sea are seagrass and the mud bottoms of lagoons and coastal areas. Many aquatic species move from and to seagrass either daily or at certain stages of their life cycle.

paragraphs: The sea waters along the Malay Peninsula favor molluscan growth. There are about 280 edible fish species belonging to 75 families. Of those, 232 species (69 families) are found in mangroves and 149 species (51 families) live in seagrass. 101 species are common to both places. The sea also has many vulnerable fauna species, including dugong, several dolphin species, such as Irrawaddy Dolphin and four species of sea turtles: critically endangered leatherback turtle and hawksbill turtle and threatened green turtle and Olive Ridley turtle. There are only about 150 dugongs in the Andaman Sea, scattered between Ranong and Satun provinces.

paragraphs: To the east of the main Great Andaman island group, is Barren Island. Barren Island is the only presently active volcano associated with the Indian subcontinent. This island-volcano is in diameter and rises 354 meters above the seal level. Its recent activity started again in 1991 after a quiet period of almost 200 years. The last eruption has started on 13 May 2008 and still continues. The volcanic island of Narcondam which is further to the north. No records exist of its activity.


title: Timor Sea

paragraphs: The Timor Sea is a relatively shallow sea. It is bounded to the north by the island of Timor, to the east by the Arafura Sea, to the south by Australia and to the west by the Indian Ocean.

paragraphs: The sea has a number of reefs, islands where no one lives and significant hydrocarbon reserves. The Timor Sea was hit by the worst oil spill for 25 years in 2009.

paragraphs: The waters to the east are known as the Arafura Sea. The Timor Sea is next to three large inlets on the north Australian coast, the Joseph Bonaparte Gulf, Beagle Gulf and the Van Diemen Gulf. The Australian city of Darwin is the only large city by the sea. The small town of Wyndham is on the west arm of Cambridge Gulf, an inlet of Joseph Bonaparte Gulf.

paragraphs: Rivers that enter the Timor Sea from the Northern Territory include Fish River, King River, Dry River, Victoria River and the Alligator Rivers. Rivers in the Kimberley region that flow into the Timor Sea include the Ord River, Forrest River, Pentecost River and Durack River.

paragraphs: The sea is about 480 km (300 statute miles) wide, covering an area of about 610,000 km². (235,000 square miles). Its deepest point is the Timor Trough in the northern part of the sea, which reaches a depth of 3,300 m (10,800 ft). The rest of the sea is much shallower, much of it averaging less than 200 m (650 ft) deep.

paragraphs: In May 2010, it was said that a crater about 50 km wide has been found on the seabed of the Timor Sea.

paragraphs: A number of important islands are in the sea. Two of the islands are Melville Island, part of the Tiwi Islands, off Australia and the Australian-governed Ashmore and Cartier Islands. It is thought that early humans reached Australia by "island-hopping" across the Timor Sea.

paragraphs: Scott and Seringapatam Reefs formed in the area. To the west on the same underwater platform is the Rowley Shoals.


title: Arafura Sea

paragraphs: The Arafura Sea is west of the Pacific Ocean. It overlys the continental shelf between Australia and New Guinea.

paragraphs: The Arafura Sea is bordered by Torres Strait and through that the Coral Sea to the east, the Gulf of Carpentaria to the south, the Timor Sea to the west and the Banda and Ceram seas to the northwest. It is long and wide. The depth of the sea is mostly 50–80 metres (165–265 feet) with the depth increasing to the west. As a shallow tropical sea, its waters are the start for tropical cyclones.

paragraphs: The sea is over the Arafura Shelf, part of the Sahul Shelf. When sea levels were low during the last glacial maximum, the Arafura Shelf, the Gulf of Carpentaria and Torres Strait formed a large flat land bridge. The bridge connected Australia and New Guinea and let humans move from Asia into Australia. The combined landmass formed the continent of Sahul.


title: Joan Cusack

paragraphs: Joan Cusack (born October 11, 1962 ) is an American stage, movie and television actress. Her movies include "Working Girl", "Toy Story 2", "Toy Story 3", "Married to the Mob", "Say Anything", "Runaway Bride" and "Chicken Little". She was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Actress in a Supporting Role" for her work in "Working Girl" and "In & Out".

paragraphs: Cusack is the sister of John Cusack, Ann Cusack, Bill Cusack, and Susie Cusack. Cusack was born in New York, New York and was raised in Evanston, Illinois. Cusack married Richard Burke in 1993. They have two children together. They currently live in Chicago, Illinois.


title: Yōmei Seamount

paragraphs: This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Yōmei of Japan.

paragraphs: The last eruption from Yōmei seamount was between 60 million and 65 million years ago.


title: Bering Sea

paragraphs: The Bering Sea is a marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean. It has a deep water basin, which then rises through a narrow slope into the shallower water above the continental shelves.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea is separated from the Gulf of Alaska by the Alaska Peninsula. It covers over two million square kilometers, bordered on the east and northeast by Alaska, on the west by Russia's Siberia and Kamchatka Peninsula, on the south by the Alaska Peninsula and the Aleutian Islands and on the far north by the Bering Strait. The Strait connects the Bering Sea to the Arctic Ocean's Chukchi Sea. Bristol Bay is the part of the Bering Sea which separates the Alaska Peninsula from mainland Alaska. The Bering Sea is named for Vitus Bering, a Danish navigator in Russian service, who in 1728 was the first European to systematically explore it.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea ecosystem includes resources belonging to the United States and Russia, as well as international waters in the middle of the sea.

paragraphs: Most scientists believe that during the most recent ice age, sea level was low enough to let humans and other animals move on foot from Asia to North America across what is now the Bering Strait. This is commonly called the "Bering land bridge" and is believed by some—though not all— to be the first point of entry of humans into the Americas.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea has 16 submarine canyons including the largest submarine canyon in the world, Zhemchug Canyon.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea is home to some of the world's most interesting wildlife. This sea supports many endangered whale species including Bowhead Whale, Blue Whale, Fin Whale, Sei Whale, Humpback Whale, Sperm Whale and the rarest in the world, the North Pacific Right Whale. Other marine mammals include walrus, Steller Sea Lion, Northern Fur Seal, Beluga, Orca and polar bear.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea is very important to the seabirds of the world. Over 30 species of seabirds and about 20 million individuals breed in the Bering Sea region. Seabird species include Tufted Puffins, the endangered Short-tailed Albatross, Spectacled Eider, and Red-legged Kittiwakes.

paragraphs: Two Bering Sea species, the Steller's Sea Cow and Spectacled Cormorant, are extinct because of overexploitation by man. In addition, a small subspecies of Canada goose, the Bering Canada goose is extinct due to overhunting and introduction of rats to their breeding islands.

paragraphs: The Bering Sea supports many species of fish. At least 419 species of fish have been reported from the Bering Sea. Some species of fish support large and valuable commercial fisheries. Commercial fish species include 6 species of Pacific Salmon, Alaska Pollock, Red King Crab, Pacific cod, Pacific halibut, Yellowfin Sole, Pacific ocean perch and sablefish.


title: Celebes Sea

paragraphs: The Celebes Sea is a sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines. It is bordered on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi, and on the west by Kalimantan in Indonesia. It is 420 miles (675 km) north-south by 520 miles (837 km) east-west. It has a total surface area of . The maximum depth is 20,300 feet (6,200 m). The sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea.

paragraphs: The Celebes Sea is home to a wide variety of fish and aquatic creatures. The tropical setting and warm clear waters give it about 580 of the world's 793 species of reef-building corals. There is a large amount of marine life, including whales and dolphins, sea turtles, manta rays, eagle rays, barracuda, marlin and other reef and pelagic species. Tuna and yellowfin tuna are also abundant.

paragraphs: The Celebes Sea is known for its pirates. They prey not only on small time fishermen but also giant container ships. Nowadays, these pirates have high-tech weapons and equipment like radar and GPS navigation devices and ride on high-speed motorboats. It is the second most pirated body of water after the Gulf of Aden near Somalia.

paragraphs: The Celebes Sea is an important sea route for regional trade. The sea is also popular for scuba diving and luxury ocean cruising.


title: Flores Sea

paragraphs: The Flores Sea covers 93,000 square miles (240,000 square kilometres) of water in Indonesia.

paragraphs: The seas that border the Flores Sea are the Bali Sea (to the west), Java Sea (to the northwest), and the Banda Sea (to the east and northeast). The Indian Ocean and Savu Sea are to the south. They are separated from the Flores Sea by various islands. Islands that border this sea are the Lesser Sunda Islands and Celebes (Sulawesi).


title: Gulf of Alaska

paragraphs: The Gulf of Alaska is an arm of the Pacific Ocean. The borders are the southern coast of Alaska, stretching from the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak Island in the west to the Alexander Archipelago in the east, where Glacier Bay and the Inside Passage are found.

paragraphs: The entire shoreline of the Gulf is a combination of forest, mountain, and a number of tidewater glaciers. Alaska's largest glaciers, the Malaspina Glacier and Bering Glacier go out onto the coastal plain along the Gulf of Alaska. Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound are the two largest connected bodies of water. There is also Yakutat Bay and Cross Sound. Lituya Bay is the place of the largest recorded tsunami in history.


title: Gulf of Thailand

paragraphs: The Gulf of Thailand is a shallow arm of the South China Sea.

paragraphs: The Gulf of Thailand is bordered by Cambodia, Thailand and Vietnam. The northern tip of the gulf is the Bay of Bangkok at the mouth of the Chao Phraya River. The gulf is about 320,000 km². The boundary of the gulf is defined by the line from Cape Bai Bung in southern Vietnam to the city Kota Baru on the Malaysian coast.

paragraphs: The Gulf of Thailand is relatively shallow. Its average depth is 45 m, and the maximum depth only 80 m. This makes water exchange slow. The strong water inflow from the rivers make the Gulf low in salinity (3.05-3.25%) and rich in sediments. The main rivers which empty into the gulf are the Chao Phraya (including its distributary Tha Chin River), Mae Klong and Bang Pakong Rivers at the Bay of Bangkok, and the Tapi River into Bandon Bay in the southwest of the gulf.

paragraphs: The Gulf of Thailand has many coral reefs, and several diving resorts. Due to the tropical warmth of the water, it is popular with tourists. Some of the most important tourist places in the Gulf of Thailand are the islands of Ko Samui and Ko Pha Ngan in Surat Thani province, Pattaya in Chonburi province, Cha-am in Phetchaburi Province, Hua Hin in Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Ko Samet in Rayong Province,and Ko Chang in Trat Province


title: Java Sea

paragraphs: The Java Sea is a large shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf. It is 320,000 km². It was formed as sea levels rose at the end of the last ice age. The Java Sea is between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south; Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its northwest links it to the South China Sea.

paragraphs: Fishing is an important economic activity in the Java Sea. There are over 3,000 species of marine life in the area. A number of national parks are in the area such as Karimunjawa. The Thousand Islands are north of the mainland Jakarta. The area around the Java Sea is a popular tourist destination. Scuba diving lets people explore and photograph underwater caverns, wrecks, coral, sponges, and other marine life.

paragraphs: The Battle of the Java Sea, during February and March 1942, was one of the costliest naval battles of World War II. The naval forces of the Netherlands, Britain, Australia, and the U.S. were nearly completely destroyed trying to defend Java from Japanese attack.


title: Koro Sea

paragraphs: The Koro Sea or Sea of Koro is a sea in the Pacific Ocean. It is between Viti Levu island, Fiji to the west and the Lau Islands to the east. It is surrounded by the islands of the Fijian archipelago.


title: Molucca Sea

paragraphs: The Molucca Sea is in the western Pacific Ocean, within the country of Indonesia. The region is rich in coral and has many diving sites.

paragraphs: The Molucca Sea borders the Banda Sea to the south and the Celebes Sea to the north.

paragraphs: The islands bordering the Molucca Sea include Halmahera to the north east, Buru and Ceram in the centre, and Sulawesi to the west. The Talaud Islands to the north are the general limit of the sea. The Molucca Sea Plate, the tectonic plate named after the sea, goes further north.


title: Sea of Okhotsk

paragraphs: The Sea of Okhotsk is a marginal sea of the western Pacific Ocean. It is between the Kamchatka Peninsula on the east, the Kuril Islands on the southeast, the island of Hokkaidō to the south, the island of Sakhalin along the west, and a long stretch of eastern Siberian coast (including the Shantar Islands) along the west and north. The northeast corner is Shelikhov Gulf. It is named after Okhotsk, the first Russian town in the Far East.

paragraphs: The Sea of Okhotsk covers 611,000 sq.mi. (1,583,000 km). The average depth is 2,818 feet (859 metres). Its maximum depth is 11,063 feet (3,372 metres). It is connected to the Sea of Japan on the west through the Sakhalin Gulf and the Gulf of Tartary; on the south, through the La Pérouse Strait.

paragraphs: In winter, travelling on the Sea of Okhotsk becomes difficult, or even impossible, due tolarge ice floes.

paragraphs: Except for Hokkaidō, one of the Japanese home islands, the sea is surrounded on all sides by land of the Russian Federation. For this reason, it is generally said to be part of Russia.

paragraphs: Some of the Sea of Okhotsk's islands are quite large. These include Japan's second largest island, Hokkaidō, as well as Russia's largest island, Sakhalin. Iony Island is the only island in open waters. It belongs to the Khabarovsk Krai of the Russian Federation. Most of the sea's islands are have no people making them ideal breeding grounds for seals, sea lions, seabirds, and other sea island fauna.


title: Solomon Sea

paragraphs: The Solomon Sea is a sea in the Pacific Ocean. It is between Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Many major battles were fought there during World War II.

paragraphs: The Solomon Sea includes the New Britain Trench. It reaches its maximum depth at 29,988 feet (9,140 m) below sea level.


title: Sulu Sea

paragraphs: Sulu Sea has a number of islands. The Cuyo Islands and Cagayan Sulu are part of the province of Palawan while Mapun and the Turtle Islands are part of the province of Tawi-Tawi. The Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, one of the World Heritage Sites, is in Sulu.


title: Jingū Seamount

paragraphs: The seamount is also known as the "Jingū Guyot" because it has a flat top. This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

paragraphs: This seabed mountain is named after Empress Jingū of Japan.

paragraphs: The last eruption from Jingū seamount was 55 million years ago.


title: African forest elephant

paragraphs: The African forest elephant ("Loxodonta cyclotis") is an elephant which lives in the forests of the Congo Basin. It is often considered a separate species from the African bush elephant ("Loxodonta africana"); a 2010 study said that the two elephants were two different species. However, since the two groups can interbreed successfully, they may only be separate subspecies of "Loxodonta africana". Pygmy elephants of the Congo Basin are sometimes said to be a different species ("Loxodonta pumilio"). They are probably forest elephants whose small size is adapted to the rainforest conditions.

paragraphs: The differences include that the African forest elephant has a long, narrow mandible (the African bush elephant's is short and wide), it has rounded ears (an African bush elephant's ears are more pointed), straighter and downward tusks, smaller size, and more toenails. The male African forest elephant rarely grows more than 2.5 metres (8 ft) in height, while the African bush elephant is usually over 3 metres (just under 10 feet) and sometimes almost 4 metres (13 ft) tall. The African bush elephant normally has 4 toenails on the frontfoot and 3 on the hindfoot, the African forest elephant normally has 5 toenails on the frontfoot and 4 on the hindfoot (like the Asian elephant).

paragraphs: The African forest elephant is a herbivore (plant eater) and commonly eats leaves, grass, fruit, and bark, and sometimes visits places where it can lick salt.


title: Amundsen Sea

paragraphs: The Amundsen Sea is an arm of the Southern Ocean off Marie Byrd Land in western Antarctica. It is bounded by Cape Flying Fish, the northwestern tip of Thurston Island to the east and Cape Dart on Siple Island to the west. East of Cape Flying Fish starts the Bellingshausen Sea. The sea is named for the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen.

paragraphs: The sea is mostly ice-covered. The ice sheet which drains into the Amundsen Sea averages about in thickness. It is roughly the size of the state of Texas. The area is known as the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE). It forms one of the three major ice drainage basins of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet.

paragraphs: Pine Island Bay () is a bay about long and wide. The ice of the Pine Island Glacier at the southeast end of the Amundsen Sea flows into it. It was named for USS "Pine Island".

paragraphs: Russell Bay () is a rather open bay in southwestern Amundsen Sea. It goes along the north sides of Siple Island, Getz Ice Shelf and Carney Island, from Pranke Island to Cape Gates. It is named for Admiral James S. Russell, USN, Vice Chief of Naval Operations.


title: Great Australian Bight

paragraphs: The Great Australian Bight is a large bight, or open bay. It is off the central and western parts of the southern coastline of mainland Australia.

paragraphs: The Bight's boundaries are from Cape Pasley, Western Australia, to Cape Carnot, South Australia. This is a distance of 1,160 km or 720 miles.

paragraphs: The much more accepted name in Australia for the connected waterbody is the Southern Ocean rather than the Indian Ocean.

paragraphs: The settlements along the coastline with access to the Bight and facilities are Ceduna and Eucla. Some other locations on the Eyre Highway or on the Nullarbor do not have facilities or easy access.

paragraphs: The coast line of the Great Australian Bight has cliff faces (up to 60 m high), surfing beaches and rock platforms, ideal for whale-watching. The Great Australian Bight receives very little of the runoff that fertilises most continental shelves. It is essentially a marine desert. It is probably best noted for the large number of sharks that frequent its coastal waters, as well as the increasing numbers of Southern Right Whales that migrate in the region.

paragraphs: One location on the bight that is for the understanding of the natural history on its coastline is the Eyre Bird Observatory.


title: Ross Sea

paragraphs: The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land.

paragraphs: The Ross Sea was discovered by James Ross in 1841. In the west of the Ross Sea is Ross Island. In the east is Roosevelt Island. The southern part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf. In the west of the Ross sea, McMurdo Sound is a port which is usually free of ice during the summer. The southernmost part of the Ross Sea is Gould Coast, which is about two hundred miles from the Geographic South Pole.

paragraphs: All land masses in the Ross Sea are claimed by New Zealand.

paragraphs: A 10 metre (32.8 feet) long colossal squid weighing 495 kilograms (1,091 lb) was captured in the Ross Sea on February 22, 2007.

paragraphs: The flora and fauna are similar to other southern Antarctic marine regions. In summer there are a lot of plankton. They provide food for larger species, such as fish, seals, whales, and sea- and shore-birds.

paragraphs: The coastal parts of the sea have a number of rookeries of Adélie and Emperor penguins. They have been seen at a number of places around the Ross Sea, both towards the coast and outwards in open sea.

paragraphs: The Ross Sea is one of the last parts of seas on Earth that is mostly unaffected by human activities. Because of this, it is almost totally free from pollution, overfishing and the introduction of invasive species. Some people want to make the area a world marine reserve.


title: Ōjin Seamount

paragraphs: The seamount is also known as the "Ōjin Guyot" because it has a flat top. This undersea geologic feature is also called a "guyot" or "tablemount".

paragraphs: This seabed mountain is named after Emperor Ōjin of Japan.

paragraphs: The last eruption from Ōjin seamount was 55 million years ago.