title: British Rail Class 503

paragraphs: British Rail Class 503 trains were 70mph (110km/h) electric multiple units. They were introduced in two batches — in 1938 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (LMS) with a further batch (built to a similar design) in 1956 by the then nationalised British Railways (BR).


title: British Rail Class 504

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection. The type was used only between Manchester and Bury.


title: Alexander Joan Cuza

paragraphs: Alexander Joan Cuza (a common English rendition of Alexandru Ioan Cuza; March 20, 1820 – May 15, 1873) was a Moldavian-born Romanian politician who ruled as the first "Domnitor" of the United Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia between 1859 and 1866.


title: British Rail Class 505

paragraphs: British Railways Class 505 were 1,500 V DC electric multiple units (EMUs) introduced in 1931 by the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway (MSJAR). Although assigned to TOPS Class 505 by British Railways, these units were withdrawn before the TOPS numbering system came into common use for multiple units, and the Class 505 designation is very rarely used.


title: Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen

paragraphs: The House of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen is the cadet branch of the senior Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern dynasty, less known than the Franconian branch which became Burgraves of Nuremberg and later ruled Brandenburg-Prussia and the German Empire. The state which the cadet branch ruled was the County of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (), which later became a principality ("Fürstentum Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen").


title: British Rail Class 506

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 506 was a 3 carriage electric multiple unit (EMU) built for local services between Manchester, Glossop and Hadfield on the Woodhead Line. The 8 units were introduced in 1954. They had air-operated sliding doors. The EMUs had a single diamond-shaped pantograph, mounted over the driver's cab and adjacent guard's compartment at the outer end of one of the driving carriages (unlike other British EMUs, where the pantograph is mounted over one of the middle carriages).


title: British Rail Class 507

paragraphs: British Rail Class 507 electric multiple units were built by BREL at York works from 1978 to 1979. They were the third variety of British Rail's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, which eventually encompassed 755 vehicles and five Classes (Class 313/314/315/507/508). The 507s were the first variant to be 750V DC third rail only. They have worked on the Merseyrail network from new, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.


title: British Rail Class 508

paragraphs: The British Rail Class 508 electric multiple units ("EMUs") were built by BREL at York works in 1979-80. They were the fourth variety of BR's then-standard 1972 design for suburban EMUs, eventually encompassing 755 vehicles and five classes (313/314/315/507/508). They have mostly worked on the Merseyrail network since 1983, and continue to do so, now refurbished by Alstom's Eastleigh Works.


title: Iaşi

paragraphs: Iaşi is a city in the northeastern part of Romania. It is the second largest city in Romania as of the year 2007. Iaşi used to be the capital of Moldavia.

paragraphs: Alexandru Lăpuşneanu changed the capital of Moldavia from Suceava to Iaşi in 1564. One of the first churches to be built in Moldavia was built by the Greek adventurer Prince Ioan Iacob Heraclid.

paragraphs: The Tatars burned the city down in 1513. The Ottoman Empire also burned the city down in 1538 and people from the Imperial Russian army did so again in 1686. The plague spread throughout the city in 1734.

paragraphs: The Russo-Turkish War of 1787 was stopped when the Peace of Iaşi happened. Alexander Ypsilanti and the Filiki Eteria came into the city and took it in 1822.

paragraphs: Iaşi was the capital of Moldavia from 1568 to 1859. When World War I happened, Iaşi became the capital of Romania. This happened when the Central Powers took Bucharest on 6 December 1916. Bucharest became the capital again when Imperial Germany was defeated.

paragraphs: Iaşi can be found on the Bahlui River, which is a tributary of the Jijia. Forests and uplands are very common. These woods and hills include the monasteries of Cetăţuia, Frumoasa, and Galata. People have thought that Iaşi was built on seven hills (Cetăţuia, Galata, Copou-Aurora, Bucium-Păun, Şorogari, Repedea and Breazu in Romanian).

paragraphs: The population of Iaşi has changed a bit over the years:

paragraphs: The following are the sister cities of Iaşi:


title: British Rail Class AM1

paragraphs: Class AM1 was allocated to the prototype AC electric multiple units, converted from fourth-rail DC electric stock in 1952 and used on the Lancaster/Morecambe/Heysham route. This route had been electrified by the Midland Railway at 6.6 kV, 25 Hz AC, but the frequency was changed to 50 Hz in 1953 to test the prototype AM1 stock.


title: Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

paragraphs: The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War.


title: Kingdom of Romania

paragraphs: The Kingdom of Romania (or 'Romania' after 1969) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the First (in 1866), and respectively, the Second Constitution of Roumania. Thus, the Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania.

paragraphs: From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) to a full-fledged independent kingdom. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania. In 1940, Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania and Southern Dobruja were ceded to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria. In 1947 the last king was compelled to abdicate from throne. Socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.


title: Treaty of Trianon

paragraphs: The Treaty of Trianon is the peace treaty formed in 1920 by the Allies of World War I on one side, and Hungary, on the other.

paragraphs: Hungary lost much of its land to neighbouring countries, such as Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Hungary was partitioned, lost two thirds of her territory, and lost one-third of her Hungarian population. This brought irredentism. Hungary also had to pay World War I reparations. The treaty limited the size of the Hungarian army.


title: Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye

paragraphs: The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, was signed on 10 September 1919 by the victorious Allies of World War I on the one hand and by the new Republic of Austria on the other. Like the Treaty of Versailles with Germany, it contained the Covenant of the League of Nations and as a result was not ratified by the United States and Great Britain.


title: Treaty of Paris (1920)

paragraphs: The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the Principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia. The treaty however never came into force because Japan failed to ratify it.


title: Bessarabia

paragraphs: Bessarabia is the word for the area in Eastern Europe between Romania and Ukraine. It shares borders with Dniester River on the east and the Prut River on the west.

paragraphs: During the 19th century it was sometimes part of Romania and sometimes in the Russian Empire. It was again part of Romania most of the first half of the 20th century. The Soviet Union occupied the region after 1944. Today, most areas of Bessarabia belong to the Republic of Moldova.


title: Bukovina

paragraphs: Bukovina is a historical region in both Romania and Ukraine. It can be found by the northeastern Carpathian Mountains.


title: SR Class CP

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CP to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway lines in the Crystal Palace area.


title: SR Class CW

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation CW to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the lines to Coulsdon and Wallington. They were planned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway but were delayed by the Grouping and were introduced by the Southern Railway.


title: MR electric units

paragraphs: The Midland Railway (MR) experimented with electrification on its Heysham-Morecambe-Lancaster line. Electric trains started to run over this route in 1908. The system used was 6,600 Volt, 25 Hz alternating current from overhead lines. Power was generated at the MR's own power station in Heysham.


title: SR Class SL

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation SL to the fleet of AC electric multiple units used on the former London, Brighton and South Coast Railway South London Line.


title: TOPS

paragraphs: Total Operations Processing System, or TOPS, is a computer system for managing the locomotives and rolling stock (railroad cars) owned by a rail system. It was originally developed by the Southern Pacific Railroad and was widely sold; it is best known in the United Kingdom for its use by British Rail.


title: British Rail BEMU

paragraphs: The Battery Electric Multiple Unit was an experimental two-car Multiple unit, built at the same time and in the same style as the prototype Derby Lightweight Diesel multiple units.


title: Dobruja

paragraphs: Dobruja is an area between Bulgaria and Romania. It can be found between the Danube and the Black Sea.

paragraphs: The Romanian part of Dobruja, Dobrogea, is made up of the counties of Constanţa and Tulcea. The Bulgarian part of Dobruja, Dobrudzha, is made up of the regions of Dobrich and Silistra.

paragraphs: This historical region however, sees today, little but significant nationalistic conflict, for who, out of the coastal Balkan countries should control the western coastal lying areas of the Black Sea.

paragraphs: The areas of interest are seen to varying amounts of tourism amongst the Black Sea and its huge saline content, which brings in a leveled amount of income in the tourism sectors of the Dobruja region, i.e. Bulgaria, Romania and Ukraine.


title: LNER electric units

paragraphs: In 1937 the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) ordered a fleet of articulated electric multiple unit (EMU) passenger trains for use on the Tyneside Electric lines, which linked the English city of Newcastle upon Tyne with the coast at North Shields and South Shields. The order also included some single-unit motor parcel vans and motor luggage vans.


title: România Mare

paragraphs: România Mare, translated from Romanian can mean:


title: LNWR electric units

paragraphs: During 1909-1922, the London and North Western Railway embarked on a large-scale project to electrify their whole London inner-suburban network, encompassing the lines from London Euston to Watford and the North London Railway from London Broad Street to Richmond. This also included branch lines such as Watford to Croxley Green (where a depot was built to house the electric units), and links to what was to become the London Underground network. For this reason, the lines were electrified using the fourth rail 630V DC system, the electricity being generated at the LNWR's own power station in Stonebridge Park. The first electric passenger trains ran in 1914, limited to the West London line route (Willesden to Earls Court), and full services over the whole network did not begin until 1922, work having been delayed by the First World War. The London, Midland and Scottish Railway extended the network in 1927 by electrifying the branch to Rickmansworth.


title: Golaniad

paragraphs: Golaniad was a protest in Bucharest, Romania. It started in April 1990.


title: LYR electric units

paragraphs: The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway (L&YR) electrified urban railway lines in Liverpool and Manchester in order to improve the service offered against the competition being put up by new electric trams.

paragraphs: The line between Liverpool and Southport began using electric multiple units (EMUs) on 22 March 1904. Power was supplied from a third rail at 625 Volts direct current.

paragraphs: Connections were built with the Liverpool Overhead Railway (LOR) at Seaforth & Litherland railway station to a new station beside LOR's Seaforth Sands station. Also from the North Mersey Branch route to Aintree. From 2 July 1905 LOR trains began to run through to Seaforth and Litherland. In 1906 the L&YR electrified the line to Aintree.

paragraphs: Electrification to Ormskirk was completed in 1913.

paragraphs: From 1913 an experimental electric service operated between Bury and Holcombe Brook. The equipment was provided by Dick, Kerr & Co. of Preston, which was developing its products for export.

paragraphs: The system used was 3,500 Volts DC from overhead lines. In 1918 the line was converted to the 1,200 V DC system chosen for the Manchester to Bury line.

paragraphs: After the Holcombe Brook service, the L&YR decided to electrify the Manchester to Bury line. The system used was 1,200 V DC from a side-contact third rail. The purpose of this unusual arrangement was to prevent the service being affected by ice forming on the live rail. Sixty-six cars were built at Newton Heath works. The electrical equipment was supplied by Dick, Kerr & Co. The first public services ran on 17 April 1916,


title: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

paragraphs: The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was a duchy in the Baltic region. It existed from 1562 through 1795. It was a vassal state of Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later of Poland-Lithuania. It became independent in 1791, but was annexed by Russian Empire in 1795 during Third Partition of Poland.

paragraphs: It had its own empire. One of its colonies was modern day Trinidad and Tobago.


title: Communes of the Calvados department

paragraphs: There are 706 communes in the Calvados "département" in France.


title: Carol II of Romania

paragraphs: Carol II of Romania (15 October/16 October 1893 – 4 April 1953) was the king of Romania from June 8, 1930 until September 6, 1940.


title: SR Class 2Nol

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2Nol to the electric multiple units built during the 1930s from old London and South Western Railway carriage bodies on new underframes. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.


title: Ion Antonescu

paragraphs: Ion Victor Antonescu (15 June 1882 in Piteşti – 1 June 1946) was the fascist prime minister of Romania from 4 September 1940 to 23 August 23 1944. After the war he was tried and executed by firing squad for war crimes.


title: Ablon

paragraphs: Ablon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: SR Class 2SL

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 2SL to the small fleet of electric multiple units dedicated for use on the South London lines. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.


title: Acqueville, Calvados

paragraphs: Acqueville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.


title: Agy

paragraphs: Agy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Aignerville

paragraphs: Aignerville is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.


title: Airan

paragraphs: Airan is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Valambray.


title: Amayé-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Amayé-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Amayé-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Amayé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Amblie

paragraphs: Amblie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.


title: Amfreville, Calvados

paragraphs: Amfreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Anctoville

paragraphs: Anctoville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Aurseulles.


title: Angerville, Calvados

paragraphs: Angerville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Angoville, Calvados

paragraphs: Angoville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.


title: Anguerny

paragraphs: Anguerny is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.


title: Anisy

paragraphs: Anisy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Annebault

paragraphs: Annebault is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Arganchy

paragraphs: Arganchy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Argences

paragraphs: Argences is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Arromanches-les-Bains

paragraphs: Arromanches-les-Bains is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Asnelles

paragraphs: Asnelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Asnières-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Asnières-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Auberville

paragraphs: Auberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Aubigny, Calvados

paragraphs: Aubigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Audrieu

paragraphs: Audrieu is a commune. It is found in the region Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Aunay-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Aunay-sur-Odon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Auquainville

paragraphs: Auquainville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Authie, Calvados

paragraphs: Authie, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Auvillars

paragraphs: Auvillars is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Avenay

paragraphs: Avenay is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Balleroy

paragraphs: Balleroy is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Balleroy-sur-Drôme.


title: Banneville-la-Campagne

paragraphs: Banneville-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Banneville-sur-Ajon

paragraphs: Banneville-sur-Ajon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Malherbe-sur-Ajon.


title: Banville

paragraphs: Banville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Barbery, Calvados

paragraphs: Barbery, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Barbeville

paragraphs: Barbeville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Barneville-la-Bertran

paragraphs: Barneville-la-Bertran is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Baron-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Baron-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Barou-en-Auge

paragraphs: Barou-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Basly

paragraphs: Basly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Basseneville

paragraphs: Basseneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bauquay

paragraphs: Bauquay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Bavent

paragraphs: Bavent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bayeux

paragraphs: Bayeux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the Northwest of France.

paragraphs: The town is famous for its tapestry. It is one of the oldest complete tapestries in the world.

paragraphs: The inhabitants are called "Bajocasses" ou "Bayeusains". Bayeux is a "sous-préfecture" of the Calvados department.

paragraphs: Bayeux is the capital of "the Bessin" which was called Bajocasses before. Bessin was a province of France before the French Revolution. The name of the city comes from the Celtic tribe which lived in the Bajocasses region.

paragraphs: The Vikings distroyed the town in 890, but it was rebuilt by Bothon at the beginning of the 10th century. The bishop Hugues II, and his successor, Odon de Conteville (Guillaume le Conquérant's half brother) insisted the town needed a new cathedral. In 1077, a new one was built. However it is around that time that the town lost a lot of influence. Guillaume le Conquérant decided to make Caen his capital, in 1050. The Bayeux Tapestry was made around that time

paragraphs: The Renaissance didn't really mark the town. The most notable building from that period is the Saint-Patrice Church. It was built between 1544 and 1548.

paragraphs: Bayeux was the first city in France to be liberated after the Battle of Normandy. On 16 June 1944, General Charles de Gaulle made his first major speech in Bayeux. The buildings were not damaged much during the Battle of Normandy as the German forces were defending Caen at the same time.

paragraphs: The Bayeux War Cemetery is the largest British cemetery dating from the Second World War in France. There are 4648 graves: 3935 are British and 466 are German.

paragraphs: Bayeux is seven kilometres from the English Channel and the D-Day Landing Beaches. It is about 30 kilometres northwest of Caen. The town's elevation varies from 32 to 67 metres (with an average of 46 metres). The river Aure passes through it.

paragraphs: The table below gives the temperatures and precipitation for 2007 (Recorded at the "station Caen-Carpiquet") :

paragraphs: The table below gives the minimum and maximum temperatures for each month :

paragraphs: La Bayeux Train station is on the "Paris-Saint-Lazare>Cherbourg" line. The TER line is from Caen to Rennes.

paragraphs: The "Bybus" goes around the town and to the communes of Saint-Martin-des-Entrées and Saint-Vigor-le-Grand. There is one main line ("Chojnice / St-Martin-des-Entrées") and three minor one's toward the different districts. The "Bus verts" invented by the "Conseil général" is a way to get to the surrounding communes (lines 30, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74). 3000 parking spaces in the town center make it an easy place to park. Furthermore, most car parks are free. The "By-pass" is Bayeux's ring road. The first part was built after the Battle of Normandy by British soldiers. The roads in the town center were too narrow for the Tanks to get through. The "By-pass" used to be the "Route nationale 13" until a motorway was built (A13 autoroute).

paragraphs: The closest airport is in Caen (21 km away) and the closest ferry to England (32 km away) leaves in Ouistreham.

paragraphs: Bayeux is the fourth biggest town in Calvados by population. The three biggest are Caen, Hérouville-Saint-Clair and Lisieux.


title: Bazenville

paragraphs: Bazenville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Beaufour-Druval

paragraphs: Beaufour-Druval is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Beaulieu, Calvados

paragraphs: Beaulieu, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Beaumais

paragraphs: Beaumais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Beaumesnil, Calvados

paragraphs: Beaumesnil, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Beaumont-en-Auge

paragraphs: Beaumont-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bellengreville, Calvados

paragraphs: Bellengreville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bellou

paragraphs: Bellou is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Benerville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Benerville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bernesq

paragraphs: Bernesq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bernières-d'Ailly

paragraphs: Bernières-d'Ailly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bernières-le-Patry

paragraphs: Bernières-le-Patry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Bernières-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Bernières-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Beuvillers, Calvados

paragraphs: Beuvillers, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Beuvron-en-Auge

paragraphs: Beuvron-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Billy, Calvados

paragraphs: Billy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.


title: Bissières

paragraphs: Bissières is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Méry-Bissières-en-Auge.


title: Biéville-Beuville

paragraphs: Biéville-Beuville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Biéville-Quétiéville

paragraphs: Biéville-Quétiéville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Belle Vie en Auge.


title: Blainville-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Blainville-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Blangy-le-Château

paragraphs: Blangy-le-Château is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Blay

paragraphs: Blay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Blonville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Blonville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Boissey, Calvados

paragraphs: Boissey, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Bonnebosq

paragraphs: Bonnebosq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bonnemaison

paragraphs: Bonnemaison is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bonneville-la-Louvet

paragraphs: Bonneville-la-Louvet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bonneville-sur-Touques

paragraphs: Bonneville-sur-Touques is a commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bonnœil

paragraphs: Bonnœil is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bons-Tassilly

paragraphs: Bons-Tassilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bougy

paragraphs: Bougy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Boulon

paragraphs: Boulon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bourgeauville

paragraphs: Bourgeauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bourguébus

paragraphs: Bourguébus is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Branville

paragraphs: Branville is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse

paragraphs: Bretteville-l'Orgueilleuse is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.


title: Bretteville-le-Rabet

paragraphs: Bretteville-le-Rabet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bretteville-sur-Dives

paragraphs: Bretteville-sur-Dives is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Bretteville-sur-Laize

paragraphs: Bretteville-sur-Laize is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: SR Class 2Wim

paragraphs: 2Wim was the designation given, by Southern Railway (SR), to a small fleet of electric multiple units, dedicated for use on the West Croydon to Wimbledon Line. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.


title: SR Class 4DD

paragraphs: Conceived by Oliver Bulleid for the Southern Railway's Dartford commuter route, the two 4DD electric multiple units were the only double-deck trains to run on the main line railway network in Britain. The upper-level seats were squeezed in between the lower-level seats to ensure that the overall height of the unit was within the clearances necessary to pass through tunnels and under bridges. The 4DD was somewhat unsuccessful because the upper level compartments were cramped and poorly ventilated (the upper level windows could not be opened due to tight clearance). The compartments were pressure-ventilated but the equipment proved to be troublesome. Also dwell times at stations were increased because of the increased number of passengers per door. To obtain the extra seating capacity that was being sought, it was instead decided to lengthen trains from eight cars to ten.


title: Network SouthEast

paragraphs: Network SouthEast (NSE) was one of three passenger sectors of British Rail created in 1982. NSE principally operated commuter trains in the London area and inter-urban services in densely populated South East England. Before 1986, the sector was known as London & South Eastern.

paragraphs: After privatisation, NSE was divided up into several franchises:


title: SR Class 4Lav

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designation 4Lav to the electric multiple units built to work the semi-fast services on the route between London and Brighton. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class.


title: SR Class 6Pul

paragraphs: The Southern Railway (SR) gave the designations 6Pul, 6Cit and 6Pan to electric multiple units built to work the routes between London and Brighton, West Worthing and Eastbourne. None of these units survived long enough in British Rail ownership to be allocated a TOPS class number. The 6Pul units were designated 6Cor until 1935 (the Cor designation was later used for 4Cor units).


title: British Rail Mark 3

paragraphs: British Rail's third fundamental design of carriage was designated Mark 3, and was introduced in 1976 primarily for use on the High Speed Train (HST). The coaches were also used as conventional loco-hauled stock as part of the West Coast Main Line (WCML) northern electrification scheme in the mid 1970s, designated Mark 3A and 3B. The final batch was built in 1988, but Mark 3-based multiple units continued to be built until the early 1990s.


title: Desiro

paragraphs: Desiro is the brand name for a design of modular train manufactured by Siemens of Germany.

paragraphs: The Desiro can be made as a diesel or electric multiple unit (DMU or EMU). It is normally made as two and three-car trainsets. Although there are many differences between single trains, the basic body design is the same. These trains are mostly used for regional services, and belong to a new generation of light, modular trains which have become common in many European countries. They are sometimes thought as light regional railcars. They are mostly cheap to make and work. Their fast acceleration makes them good for services with short intervals between stations. However, they are sometimes complained by people for their poor passenger comfort.

paragraphs: In Austria, the ÖBB (Austrian Federal Railways) is right now using about 60 diesel-powered Desiro trains called "ÖBB 5022". These are based on the Class 642 used by Deutsche Bahn, but have added more safety stuff.

paragraphs: In 2005 and 2006, in Bulgaria, the Bulgarian State Railways begin working Desiro trains as part of a €67-million deal with Siemens AG for a total of 25 Diesel multiple units. As of 22 March 2006, 16 trains had been delivered, with many of them working on the Sofia-Kyustendil-Sofia line. Another €117-million deal for 25 EMUs has also been signed with Siemens AG. The EMUs were fitted out in Varna, where BDŽ and Siemens AG are thinking about making a joint venture company. The EMUs are classes 30 and 31 and are servicing traffic in the Sofia and Plovdiv areas.

paragraphs: In Denmark, DSB rented 12 Desiro trains since 2002. The train is mostly used between Odense and Svendborg and between Odense and Fredericia. On July 2, 2009 DSB signed a contract of eight trains from Siemens for Grenaabanen for delivery late 2010. Nordjyske Jernbaner used Desiro trains since 2004 on all its working rails. Today the company owns eight Desiro trains.

paragraphs: Germany's Deutsche Bahn first showed two-car Desiro DMUs for local services in 2000. With a top speed of 120 km/h, these "Class 642" units are mostly used on branch lines and regional lines. Besides the 234 units bought by DB until 2007, many private German rail companies are also using Desiro DMUs.

paragraphs: The "Class 642" has two MAN diesel engines with an output of 275 or 315 kW each and hydro-mechanical transmission with retarders. It normally has 100 seats. When linked together with Scharfenberg couplers, up to three trainsets can be worked together. The Desiros are quite popular with most passengers, thanks to their good acceleration. Because they have often replaced push/pull trains, their shorter journey times, such as on the "Müglitzbahn", have made greater passenger numbers.

paragraphs: At first, DB was going to work together modern DMUs bought from different makers, but because of software trouble, this proved to be impossible. Therefore the "Class 642" can only be mechanically coupled with other DMUs like the "Class 643".

paragraphs: Right now in Hungary, 31 diesel Desiros are in service with MÁV (counting 8 units from Greece), mostly as suburban trains on the secondary line between Budapest-Esztergom and Budapest - Lajosmizse and as an InterCity between Budapest and Baja. On weekends, the units also used as top inter-city trains from Budapest to Baja and Sátoraljaújhely and as fast trains from Budapest to Tapolca. During the summer months (when fewer units are used on the Budapest suburban routes) Desiros appear on some local train diagrams on the norther shore of the Lake Balaton.

paragraphs: The 57km KLIA Ekspres and KLIA Transit airport rail link uses the Desiro ET 425 M four-car Electric Multiple Units. There are 12 trainsets right now working in Malaysia.

paragraphs: These EMUs have a maximum commercial speed of 160 km/h.

paragraphs: Căile Ferate Române (CFR), Romania's national railway worker, is one of the largest users of the Siemens Desiro trainsets. CFR, which is right now undergoing modernisation, has bought many Desiro trainsets and uses them for all types of train: ""Regio"", ""InterRegio"" and ""InterCity"" inter-city services, but mostly on its ""InterRegio"" express trains. There was some criticism of the use of Desiros for CFR's long-distance services because they were thought to be uncomfortable. CFR has recently refitted them, and is now using Desiros mostly on its medium and short-distance routes.

paragraphs: In December 2009 Russian Railways ordered 38 Desiros for delivery in 2013 for use during the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, with an option for a further 16 which would be mostly made in Russia.

paragraphs: Slovenian Railways works electric Desiro units that are made as DESIRO EMG 312 SR 31E. They are used as commuter stopping trains mostly on connections to and between Ljubljana and Maribor on the following lines:

paragraphs: SBB-CFF-FFS works double-decker (bilevel cars) EMU's. They are designated as class SBB RABe 514. They are used as commuter trains in Zürich, where 61 four-car sets have been working since 2006.

paragraphs: Nine 25 kV AC Desiro UK EMUs based on the Heathrow Connect Class 360/2 will be used for the Suvarnabhumi Airport Link which is right now under running test from the locomotive shop in Asoke to Suvarnabhumi Station under the airport.


title: Electrostar

paragraphs: Electrostar is the name given to a series of related electric multiple-unit passenger trains manufactured by Bombardier Transportation, formerly ADtranz. Since the privatisation of British Rail, it has become the most common new EMU type in Britain, where different variants referred to as Class 357, Class 375, Class 376, and Class 377 are most common on the high-volume commuter routes in South London and to the Sussex, Kent & South Essex coasts. It shares the same bodyshell and core structure as the Turbostar, which is in turn the most common post-privatisation diesel multiple unit family. Most of the Electrostar fleet were assembled at Bombardier’s Derby works.


title: Bretteville-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Bretteville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bricqueville

paragraphs: Bricqueville is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Brouay

paragraphs: Brouay is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Thue et Mue.


title: Brucourt

paragraphs: Brucourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Brémoy

paragraphs: Brémoy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bréville-les-Monts

paragraphs: Bréville-les-Monts is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Bucéels

paragraphs: Bucéels is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Burcy, Calvados

paragraphs: Burcy is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Bures-les-Monts

paragraphs: Bures-les-Monts is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Bénouville, Calvados

paragraphs: Bénouville, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in north France.


title: Bény-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Bény-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cabourg

paragraphs: Cabourg is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cagny, Calvados

paragraphs: Cagny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cahagnes

paragraphs: Cahagnes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cahagnolles

paragraphs: Cahagnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cairon

paragraphs: Cairon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Juniper (train)

paragraphs: The Coradia Juniper series is a family of Electric Multiple Unit trains built by Alstom Transport Birmingham, subcontractor: Ganz Hunslet, Hungary (project for 120 bodyshells in 1998-2000, project manager at Ganz Hunslet; Gabor Honthy) for use on the railway network in Great Britain. The family is related to the Coradia 1000 series of diesel multiple unit. There are currently three types in service with various TOCs.


title: Cambes-en-Plaine

paragraphs: Cambes-en-Plaine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cambremer

paragraphs: Cambremer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, Saint-Laurent-du-Mont became a part of the commune Cambremer.


title: Campagnolles

paragraphs: Campagnolles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Campandré-Valcongrain

paragraphs: Campandré-Valcongrain is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Campeaux, Calvados

paragraphs: Campeaux, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Campigny, Calvados

paragraphs: Campigny, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Canapville, Calvados

paragraphs: Canapville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Canchy, Calvados

paragraphs: Canchy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Canteloup, Calvados

paragraphs: Canteloup, Calvados is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Carcagny

paragraphs: Carcagny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Networker (train)

paragraphs: The Networker is a family of trains which operate on the UK railway system. They were built in the late 1980s and early 1990s by BREL, which later became ABB. The trains were built for the Network SouthEast sector of British Rail. They are all multiple unit trains.


title: Cardonville

paragraphs: Cardonville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Carpiquet

paragraphs: Carpiquet is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Cartigny-l'Épinay

paragraphs: Cartigny-l'Épinay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Carville

paragraphs: Carville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Castillon, Calvados

paragraphs: Castillon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Castillon-en-Auge

paragraphs: Castillon-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Castilly

paragraphs: Castilly is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.


title: Caumont-l'Éventé

paragraphs: Caumont-l'Éventé is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.


title: Caumont-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Caumont-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.


title: Cauvicourt

paragraphs: Cauvicourt is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cauville

paragraphs: Cauville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cernay, Calvados

paragraphs: Cernay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cerqueux

paragraphs: Cerqueux is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Cesny-Bois-Halbout

paragraphs: Cesny-Bois-Halbout is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Cesny-les-Sources.


title: Cesny-aux-Vignes

paragraphs: Cesny-aux-Vignes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Champ-du-Boult

paragraphs: Champ-du-Boult is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Cheffreville-Tonnencourt

paragraphs: Cheffreville-Tonnencourt is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Cheux

paragraphs: Cheux is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.


title: Chicheboville

paragraphs: Chicheboville is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moult-Chicheboville.


title: Chouain

paragraphs: Chouain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Chênedollé

paragraphs: Chênedollé is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Cintheaux

paragraphs: Cintheaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Clarbec

paragraphs: Clarbec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Clinchamps-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Clinchamps-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Laize-Clinchamps.


title: Clécy

paragraphs: Clécy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cléville, Calvados

paragraphs: Cléville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Colleville-Montgomery

paragraphs: Colleville-Montgomery is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Colleville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Colleville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Colombelles

paragraphs: Colombelles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: Here is a graph showing how the people there got more:


title: Colombiers-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Colombiers-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Colombières

paragraphs: Colombières is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Colomby-sur-Thaon

paragraphs: Colomby-sur-Thaon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Colomby-Anguerny.


title: Combray

paragraphs: Combray is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Commes

paragraphs: Commes is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Condé-sur-Ifs

paragraphs: Condé-sur-Ifs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Condé-sur-Noireau

paragraphs: Condé-sur-Noireau is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: Condé-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Condé-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Conteville, Calvados

paragraphs: Conteville, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.


title: Coquainvilliers

paragraphs: Coquainvilliers is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Corbon, Calvados

paragraphs: Corbon, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2015, it was merged with the commune of Notre-Dame-d'Estrées to the new commune Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon.


title: Cordebugle

paragraphs: Cordebugle is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cordey

paragraphs: Cordey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cormelles-le-Royal

paragraphs: Cormelles-le-Royal is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cormolain

paragraphs: Cormolain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cossesseville

paragraphs: Cossesseville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cottun

paragraphs: Cottun is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Coudray-Rabut

paragraphs: Coudray-Rabut is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Pont-l'Évêque.


title: Coulombs, Calvados

paragraphs: Coulombs, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Moulins en Bessin.


title: Coulonces, Calvados

paragraphs: Coulonces is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it became a part of the new commune of Vire-Normandie.


title: Coulvain

paragraphs: Coulvain is a former commune. It is in the region of Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Seulline.


title: Coupesarte

paragraphs: Coupesarte is a former commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Courcy, Calvados

paragraphs: Courcy, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Courseulles-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Courseulles-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Courson

paragraphs: Courson is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Courtonne-la-Meurdrac

paragraphs: Courtonne-la-Meurdrac is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises

paragraphs: Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Courvaudon

paragraphs: Courvaudon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cresserons

paragraphs: Cresserons is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cresseveuille

paragraphs: Cresseveuille is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Creully

paragraphs: Creully is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Creully sur Seulles.


title: Cricquebœuf

paragraphs: Cricquebœuf is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cricqueville-en-Auge

paragraphs: Cricqueville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cricqueville-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Cricqueville-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cristot

paragraphs: Cristot is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Crocy

paragraphs: Crocy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Croisilles, Calvados

paragraphs: Croisilles, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Croissanville

paragraphs: Croissanville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Crouay

paragraphs: Crouay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Crèvecœur-en-Auge

paragraphs: Crèvecœur-en-Auge is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Crépon

paragraphs: Crépon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Culey-le-Patry

paragraphs: Culey-le-Patry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cully, Calvados

paragraphs: Cully, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Moulins en Bessin.


title: Curcy-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Curcy-sur-Orne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.


title: Cussy

paragraphs: Cussy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Cuverville, Calvados

paragraphs: Cuverville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Damblainville

paragraphs: Damblainville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Dampierre, Calvados

paragraphs: Dampierre, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val de Drôme.


title: Danestal

paragraphs: Danestal is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Danvou-la-Ferrière

paragraphs: Danvou-la-Ferrière is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Deauville

paragraphs: Deauville is a commune in Lower Normandy in the Calvados department in northwestern France.

paragraphs: It is a luxurious seaside resort. it is perhaps best known for its role in Marcel Proust's "In Search of Lost Time".


title: Deux-Jumeaux

paragraphs: Deux-Jumeaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Dives-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Dives-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Donnay

paragraphs: Donnay is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Douville-en-Auge

paragraphs: Douville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Douvres-la-Délivrande

paragraphs: Douvres-la-Délivrande is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Dozulé

paragraphs: Dozulé is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Drubec

paragraphs: Drubec is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite

paragraphs: Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Démouville

paragraphs: Démouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ellon, Calvados

paragraphs: Ellon, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Englesqueville-en-Auge

paragraphs: Englesqueville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Englesqueville-la-Percée

paragraphs: Englesqueville-la-Percée is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Eraines

paragraphs: Eraines is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ernes

paragraphs: Ernes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Escoville

paragraphs: Escoville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Espins

paragraphs: Espins is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Esquay-Notre-Dame

paragraphs: Esquay-Notre-Dame is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Esquay-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Esquay-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Esson

paragraphs: Esson is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Estry

paragraphs: Estry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Estrées-la-Campagne

paragraphs: Estrées-la-Campagne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Familly

paragraphs: Familly is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Fauguernon

paragraphs: Fauguernon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fervaques

paragraphs: Fervaques is a former commune that is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Feuguerolles-Bully

paragraphs: Feuguerolles-Bully is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fierville-Bray

paragraphs: Fierville-Bray is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Valambray.


title: Fierville-les-Parcs

paragraphs: Fierville-les-Parcs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Firfol

paragraphs: Firfol is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fleury-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Fleury-sur-Orne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontaine-Henry

paragraphs: Fontaine-Henry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontaine-le-Pin

paragraphs: Fontaine-le-Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontaine-Étoupefour

paragraphs: Fontaine-Étoupefour is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontenay-le-Marmion

paragraphs: Fontenay-le-Marmion is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontenay-le-Pesnel

paragraphs: Fontenay-le-Pesnel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fontenermont

paragraphs: Fontenermont is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Formentin

paragraphs: Formentin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Formigny

paragraphs: Formigny is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Formigny La Bataille.


title: Foulognes

paragraphs: Foulognes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fourches

paragraphs: Fourches is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fourneaux-le-Val

paragraphs: Fourneaux-le-Val is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fourneville

paragraphs: Fourneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fresney-le-Puceux

paragraphs: Fresney-le-Puceux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fresney-le-Vieux

paragraphs: Fresney-le-Vieux is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fresné-la-Mère

paragraphs: Fresné-la-Mère is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Friardel

paragraphs: Friardel is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Vespière-Friardel.


title: Frénouville

paragraphs: Frénouville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Fumichon

paragraphs: Fumichon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Garcelles-Secqueville

paragraphs: Garcelles-Secqueville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Le Castelet.


title: Gavrus

paragraphs: Gavrus is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: The name of the commune was first mentioned in 1222. "Gavrus" was a Roman cognomen.

paragraphs: The population has grown because Gavrus is close to Caen, a big city.


title: Genneville

paragraphs: Genneville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Gerrots

paragraphs: Gerrots is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Giberville

paragraphs: Giberville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Glanville, Calvados

paragraphs: Glanville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Glos

paragraphs: Glos is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Gonneville-en-Auge

paragraphs: Gonneville-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Gonneville-sur-Honfleur

paragraphs: Gonneville-sur-Honfleur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Gonneville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Gonneville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Goupillières, Calvados

paragraphs: Goupillières is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Montillières-sur-Orne.


title: Goustranville

paragraphs: Goustranville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Gouvix

paragraphs: Gouvix is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Grainville-Langannerie

paragraphs: Grainville-Langannerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Grainville-sur-Odon

paragraphs: Grainville-sur-Odon is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Grandcamp-Maisy

paragraphs: Grandcamp-Maisy is a commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Grandchamp-le-Château

paragraphs: Grandchamp-le-Château is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Grangues

paragraphs: Grangues is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Graye-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Graye-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Grentheville

paragraphs: Grentheville is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Grimbosq

paragraphs: Grimbosq is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Guéron

paragraphs: Guéron is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Géfosse-Fontenay

paragraphs: Géfosse-Fontenay is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Hamars

paragraphs: Hamars is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Le Hom.


title: Hermanville-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Hermanville-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Hermival-les-Vaux

paragraphs: Hermival-les-Vaux is a commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Heuland

paragraphs: Heuland is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Heurtevent

paragraphs: Heurtevent is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Hiéville

paragraphs: Hiéville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: Honfleur

paragraphs: Honfleur is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Hotot-en-Auge

paragraphs: Hotot-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Hottot-les-Bagues

paragraphs: Hottot-les-Bagues is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Houlgate

paragraphs: Houlgate is a small tourist resort in northwestern France along the English Channel with a beach and a casino. It is a commune in the Calvados department in the Basse-Normandie region.

paragraphs: It began as a hamlet in the commune of Beuzeval which was a very old parish and was part of the fiefdom of the Aché (or Achey). There were many different lords because several different families inherited the title through marriage, until gradually the land of the Beuzeval was sold to farmers. The parish was eventually controlled by Houlgate. On the south side of the river Drochon, between 1845 and 1850, sea bathing attracted summer visitors.

paragraphs: Houlgate is located along the English Channel in the valley of the Drochon. The valley is mostly built up or used for animal grazing. The town's area is 4.69 km² and the average altitude 5 m. Despite its low average height, the town contains two hills which form the natural limits of the commune.


title: Hubert-Folie

paragraphs: Hubert-Folie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Castine-en-Plaine.


title: Hérouville-Saint-Clair

paragraphs: Hérouville-Saint-Clair is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Hérouvillette

paragraphs: Hérouvillette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Ifs

paragraphs: Ifs is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Isigny-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Isigny-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: Walt Disney's surname derives from the commune of Isigny. The earliest known ancestor of Walt Disney, with a similar name, was Jean-Christophe d'Isigny ("of Isigny"). "d'Isigny" was anglicised to Disney. "d'Isigny" in French means (""from Isigny"").

paragraphs: On 1 January 2017, the former communes of Castilly, Neuilly-la-Forêt, Les Oubeaux, and Vouilly joined together to become the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.


title: Janville, Calvados

paragraphs: Janville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Jort

paragraphs: Jort is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Juaye-Mondaye

paragraphs: Juaye-Mondaye is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Jurques

paragraphs: Jurques is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Dialan sur Chaîne.


title: Juvigny-sur-Seulles

paragraphs: Juvigny-sur-Seulles is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: The commune existed before the French Revolution. Before, it was simply "Juvigny". The name only became Juvigny-sur-Seulles in 1938.

paragraphs: The commune is a few kilometres away from the D-Day landings beaches. It is also near Caen and Bayeux.

paragraphs: In 1850, the inhabitants built a more modern bridge.


title: L'Hôtellerie

paragraphs: L'Hôtellerie is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: L'Oudon

paragraphs: L'Oudon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Saint-Pierre-en-Auge.


title: La Bazoque, Calvados

paragraphs: La Bazoque, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Bigne

paragraphs: La Bigne is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Seulline.


title: La Boissière, Calvados

paragraphs: La Boissière, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Brévière

paragraphs: La Brévière is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.


title: La Caine

paragraphs: La Caine is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Cambe

paragraphs: La Cambe is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Chapelle-Engerbold

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Engerbold is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Condé-en-Normandie.


title: La Chapelle-Haute-Grue

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Haute-Grue is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Val-de-Vie.


title: La Chapelle-Yvon

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Yvon is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valorbiquet.


title: La Croupte

paragraphs: La Croupte is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: La Ferrière-Harang

paragraphs: La Ferrière-Harang is a former commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: La Folie

paragraphs: La Folie is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Folletière-Abenon

paragraphs: La Folletière-Abenon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Graverie

paragraphs: La Graverie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: La Hoguette

paragraphs: La Hoguette is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. The place name La Hoguette is derived from the Old Norse word "haugr" meaning a hill or mound.


title: La Houblonnière

paragraphs: La Houblonnière is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Lande-sur-Drôme

paragraphs: La Lande-sur-Drôme is a former commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val de Drôme.


title: La Pommeraye, Calvados

paragraphs: La Pommeraye, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur

paragraphs: La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Rocque

paragraphs: La Rocque is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: La Roque-Baignard

paragraphs: La Roque-Baignard is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: La Vacquerie

paragraphs: La Vacquerie is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.


title: La Vespière

paragraphs: La Vespière is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of La Vespière-Friardel.


title: La Villette, Calvados

paragraphs: La Villette, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Laize-la-Ville

paragraphs: Laize-la-Ville is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Laize-Clinchamps.


title: Landelles-et-Coupigny

paragraphs: Landelles-et-Coupigny is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Landes-sur-Ajon

paragraphs: Landes-sur-Ajon is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Langrune-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Langrune-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lantheuil

paragraphs: Lantheuil is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Ponts sur Seulles.


title: Lasson, Calvados

paragraphs: Lasson, Calvados is a former commune. It is in Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the commune of Rots.


title: Lassy, Calvados

paragraphs: Lassy, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Terres de Druance.


title: Le Breuil-en-Auge

paragraphs: Le Breuil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Breuil-en-Bessin

paragraphs: Le Breuil-en-Bessin is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Brévedent

paragraphs: Le Brévedent is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Bény-Bocage

paragraphs: Le Bény-Bocage is a former commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Le Bô

paragraphs: Le Bô is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Bû-sur-Rouvres

paragraphs: Le Bû-sur-Rouvres is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Désert

paragraphs: Le Désert is a former commune. It is in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department. This is in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Le Détroit

paragraphs: Le Détroit is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Faulq

paragraphs: Le Faulq is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Fournet

paragraphs: Le Fournet is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Fresne-Camilly

paragraphs: Le Fresne-Camilly is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Gast

paragraphs: Le Gast is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Le Locheur

paragraphs: Le Locheur is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. About 277 people lived there in 2006. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val d'Arry.


title: Le Manoir, Calvados

paragraphs: Le Manoir, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Marais-la-Chapelle

paragraphs: Le Marais-la-Chapelle is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-Auzouf

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Auzouf is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Dialan sur Chaîne.


title: Le Mesnil-Bacley

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Bacley is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Le Mesnil-Benoist

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Benoist is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Le Mesnil-Caussois

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Caussois is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Noues de Sienne.


title: Le Mesnil-Durand

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Durand is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Le Mesnil-Eudes

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Eudes is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-Germain

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Germain is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Le Mesnil-Guillaume

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Guillaume is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-Mauger

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Mauger is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Le Mesnil-Patry

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Patry is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Thue et Mue.


title: Le Mesnil-Robert

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Robert is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Simon, Calvados is a commune. It is in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in northwest France.


title: Le Mesnil-Villement

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-Villement is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-au-Grain

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-au-Grain is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy

paragraphs: Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Molay-Littry

paragraphs: Le Molay-Littry is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Pin, Calvados

paragraphs: Le Pin is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Plessis-Grimoult

paragraphs: Le Plessis-Grimoult is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Les Monts d'Aunay.


title: Le Pré-d'Auge

paragraphs: Le Pré-d'Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Reculey

paragraphs: Le Reculey is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Le Theil-Bocage

paragraphs: Le Theil-Bocage is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Valdallière.


title: Le Theil-en-Auge

paragraphs: Le Theil-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Torquesne

paragraphs: Le Torquesne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Tourneur

paragraphs: Le Tourneur is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Souleuvre-en-Bocage.


title: Le Tronquay, Calvados

paragraphs: Le Tronquay, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Le Vey

paragraphs: Le Vey is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Leffard

paragraphs: Leffard is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Autels-Saint-Bazile

paragraphs: Les Autels-Saint-Bazile is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Les Authieux-Papion

paragraphs: Les Authieux-Papion is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Mézidon Vallée d'Auge.


title: Les Authieux-sur-Calonne

paragraphs: Les Authieux-sur-Calonne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Isles-Bardel

paragraphs: Les Isles-Bardel is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Loges, Calvados

paragraphs: Les Loges, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Loges-Saulces

paragraphs: Les Loges-Saulces is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Monceaux

paragraphs: Les Monceaux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Moutiers-Hubert

paragraphs: Les Moutiers-Hubert is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Les Moutiers-en-Auge

paragraphs: Les Moutiers-en-Auge is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais

paragraphs: Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Les Oubeaux

paragraphs: Les Oubeaux is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the commune of Isigny-sur-Mer.


title: Lessard-et-le-Chêne

paragraphs: Lessard-et-le-Chêne is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lingèvres

paragraphs: Lingèvres is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lion-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Lion-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lisieux

paragraphs: Lisieux is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.

paragraphs: Death place of St. Therese of Lisieux (Sainte Thérèse de l'Enfant Jésus), who entered the Carmelite convent at the age of 15.


title: Lison

paragraphs: Lison is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Lisores

paragraphs: Lisores is a commune. It is found in the Basse-Normandie region in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Litteau

paragraphs: Litteau is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.


title: Livarot

paragraphs: Livarot is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Livarot-Pays-d'Auge.


title: Livry, Calvados

paragraphs: Livry, Calvados is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune Caumont-sur-Aure.


title: Longraye

paragraphs: Longraye is a former commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Aurseulles.


title: Longues-sur-Mer

paragraphs: Longues-sur-Mer is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France. The Wehrmacht constructed a series of concrete bunkers here during World War 2.


title: Longueville, Calvados

paragraphs: Longueville, Calvados is a commune. It is found in the region Basse-Normandie in the Calvados department in the northwest of France.