title: Kat DeLuna

paragraphs: Kat DeLuna (born Kat Emperatriz de Luna in 1987) is an American crossover artist. Signed to Epic Records, she sings songs in both English as Spanish. At the age of 12, she was invited by the 'Queen of Merengue', Milly Quezada, to sing with her on stage in front of a big crowd of over thousand people. In April 2004, she opened for J Records musician Cassidy as part of the all Latino girl group Coquette.

paragraphs: Kat and her family moved from The Bronx, US to the Dominican Republic early, where she was raised in poverty. Kat spent her time listening to Aretha Franklin and Billie Holiday records. At the age of 14, they moved back to the US, where Kat realized her potential as a singer. With that goal in mind, Kat was accepted to the New Jersey School of the Performing Arts. As a freshman, she scoured the pages of The Village Voice for auditions. After many auditions, DeLuna received a call for an all girl group, which later became the first Latina, Hip Hop/R&B group: Coquette. While being a part of Coquette, Kat continued to search for opportunities to pursue her dream of becoming a solo artist. At age of 15, Kat entered a Coca-Cola sponsored karaoke competition. Her version of "I Will Always Love You" won the competition. The competition also resulted her into meeting the legendary Cuban salsa singer Rey Ruiz. Ruiz gave KAT advice and with it, she started writing her own music and has continued to do so since.

paragraphs: Currently, Epic Records, her label, is in the process of launching a promotional campaign for her worldwide first single "Whine Up". The song features Elephant Man and a music video is in the works. On the official website, a video of DeLuna doing a choreography to the song is shown on the front page. Also Elephant Man is shown in the short rehearsing video.


title: Aventura

paragraphs: Aventura is a Bachata-R&B music group from New York City. They became popular worldwide with their hit single "Obsesión" in 2003/2004.


title: Jennifer Pena

paragraphs: Jennifer Peña, (September 17, 1983) born in Corpus Christi, Texas, is a Tejano/Latin pop singer. At age 12, she sang at the Houston Astrodome as a tribute to Selena. Signed by EMI, Peña's first album was nominated for a Tejano Music Award, and after her second album, she appeared on the soundtrack of "Selena" and was nominated for a Grammy Award. She has since released two more albums, most recently "Seducción", both of which have been successful.

paragraphs: Pena's former boyfriend, also a singer, was involved in an argument with singer Obie Bermudez after a multiple artist concert in Texas during the summer of 2004; the argument was apparently started by jealousy from her ex-boyfriend towards Bermudez.

paragraphs: During September of that year, Pena openly admitted to a magazine that she and the famous Puerto Rican rapper Bermudez have been having a serious relationship.


title: The Cheetah Girls

paragraphs: The Cheetah Girls started out as a 2003 Summer Line-Up movie for Disney Channel. Within the two years of release, it gained one of the biggest fan franchises in Disney history as well as on the soundtrack charts having a Double Platinum soundtrack and high-rated DVD release. After all of this success three of the original members Adrienne Bailon, Kiely Williams and Sabrina Bryan decided to reunite and record and a song for the "Disneymania 3" CD. Raven-Symoné however declined saying that "I want to work on my solo career right now. I loved being a Cheetah Girl but I don't want to be known as 'Galleria from The Cheetah Girls’, and as 'Raven Baxter' forever. Right now I just want to be Raven-Symoné."

paragraphs: Adrienne Bailon (who at the time had a reoccurring role on "That's So Raven") claimed to "understand" but still said she was "disappointed" in Raven for not continuing what she started. However, the 3 remaining Cheetahs recorded "I Won't Say (I'm In Love)" for "Disneymania 3". They also kept their names from "The Cheetah Girls" movie. Kiely was known as "Aqua", Adrienne was known as "Chanel" and Sabrina was known as "Dorinda". After seeing how much of a response "I Won't Say (I'm In Love)" received, Disney quickly approached the Cheetahs for a recording contract. Raven was again offered her spot back in the group and again declined. This upset Adrienne so much that she quit as her role of Alana on "That's So Raven". The newly reformed Cheetah Girls signed the contract for one album with Walt Disney Records. The stage names Dorinda, Chanel and Aqua were also dropped at this time. Right before the release of their debut album they released a single for the "Chicken Little" soundtrack called Shake a Tail Feather, a re-make of an old Ray Charles song. Their debut album was a Christmas album titled Cheetah-licious Christmas. They also made a music video for their debut single also titled "Cheetah-Licious Christmas". They performed this single at the Walt-Disney Christmas Day Parade and were featured in The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. After the success of their Christmas album they were reported as signing to Hollywood Records (Owned by Disney but for more successful artists such as Aly & AJ and former Cheetah Raven-Symoné).

paragraphs: At this time a Cheetah Girls television series was in the works as well. It did however convince former cheetah Raven-Symoné to return for television and film purposes only. The show filmed a total of 4 episodes when it was put on hiatus reason being "That's So Raven" being renewed for its fourth and final season. The Cheetahs (Including Raven) did however quickly meet up again for a sequel called "The Cheetah Girls 2" and recorded a soundtrack for the movie also. It is set to debut on the Disney Channel on August 25, 2006. Raven however left the Cheetah Girls after filming wrapped claiming "Lots of work" that had to be completed. The Cheetah Girls are set to go on a two month tour (it is unknown if Raven will join them) in mid-September of 2006 to promote "The Cheetah Girls 2: When in Spain" album. After that the Cheetahs are headed back to the recording studio to record their sophomore album. It is still not known if "The Cheetah Girls" television series will ever be picked up because of the falling out between Raven and Adrienne and Raven's separation from the group. If it is picked up, producers have stated that they will be writing in a major role for the newest 3LW member Jessica Benson.

paragraphs: The sequel "The Cheetah Girls 3" is currently under script development and has been rumored to be a theatrical release. If production continues on "The Cheetah Girls 3" then all of the original cheetahs are under contract to return. It has also been rumored that if The Cheetah Girls 3 does well then production will continue on "The Cheetah Girls" television Series and that Jessica Benson may have a role written into this movie as well as the TV series.


title: Tito Nieves

paragraphs: Humberto "Tito" Nieves (June 4, 1958, Río Piedras, Puerto Rico)' became one of the leading Salsa singers of the 1980's and the early 90s. Raised in the U.S., Nieves began his career while participating in Cimarron, a New York-based orchestra. In 1977, he teamed up with the legendary singer Hector Lavoe and his Orchestra and joined Conjunto Clasico later. Nieves decided to start his solo career in 1986, setting himself apart by singing Salsa in English.


title: Manny Manuel

paragraphs: Cruz Manuel Hernández Santiago (born December 1, 1972), known by his stage name of Manny Manuel, is a Puerto Rican singer. He sings merengue, boleros, and tropical music. He first became well known as a member of the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He started a solo career in 1994. Manuel was born on the mountain town of Orocovis, Puerto Rico. He studied elementary and high school in the José Rojas Cortés School at his hometown. Since a young age, he started performing in talent shows and other musical activities. He later joined the group Tempo Merenguero. He later became a singer and choreographer for the merengue duo of Mayra y Celinés.

paragraphs: After several years, Manuel joined the group Los Sabrosos del Merengue. He joined them at the same time they had their hit song "Fiera Callada". After the success of the song, the group released their first album, "Sin Fronteras". Manuel samg a large part of the lyrics on this album. The album included a cover version of Rocío Durcal's song "Te Amo". The group made a second album titled "Haciendo Historia". It had hits like "Colegiala" and "Frente a Frente".

paragraphs: After making these two albums with Los Sabrosos, Manuel chose to have a solo career. In June of 1994, Manuel left the group. In October 1 of the same year, he started as a solo performer. Several months later, he released his first solo album. It was titled "Rey de Corazones". The album was certified platinum after a few weeks. With the success of the album, on November, 1995, Manuel performed at the Luis A. Ferré Performing Arts Center. He sold out six shows.

paragraphs: In 1996, he followed with his second album titled "Auténtico". On May of the same year, he performed at the Guaynabo Performing Arts Center in a special Mother's Day concert. Later, in November, he had a very large concert at the Roberto Clemente Coliseum.


title: Girl in a Coma

paragraphs: Girl In a Coma is a rock band from San Antonio, Texas on Joan Jett's Blackheart Record's label. The band is made up of sisters Nina(vocals/guitar) and Phanie Diaz (drums) and Jenn Alva (bass). The group recorded a rock version of the song "Si Una Vez" by Selena.


title: Malverde

paragraphs: Jesus Malverde known simply as "Malverde" is a Mexican hip-hop singer. He got his name from the movie "Robin Hood" character of Mexican folklore. Malverde released his debut album, "Mi Palabra" ("My Word") in 2004. The album was certified gold (sales of 50,000 copies) by RIAA, it also peaked at number-one on the US Latin Regional Mexican Albums.


title: Angel y Khriz

paragraphs: Khriz y Angel is a Puerto Rican reggaeton group. The band members are Ángel Rivera Guzmán and Chrístian Colón. They work a lot with Luny Tunes another Puerto Rican reggaeton group. They were introduced in 2002 in the CD MVP, by Hector 'El Bambino' with the song "Casando Voy".

paragraphs: Los MVP’s is Khriz Y Angel’s own CD where they present the listener to soulful hits like "Ven Bailalo" and "Te Quiero Ver Hoy", as well as "De Caseria" featuring Divino and the up beat "Ram Pa Pan Pan".

paragraphs: In the year 2005, they have come up with the songs "Fua", "De Lao A Lao" (bachata and merengue reggaeton versions), and "Mazacotte". They have been compared to artists like Daddy Yankee, Don Omar, and Wisin y Yandel in terms of fame.


title: Karen Rodriguez

paragraphs: Karen Rodriguez (born 1989) is an American singer from New York City, New York. Her father is Dominican and her mother, Elvira Rodriguez, is Peruvian. She went to LaGuardia Arts School in New York She played the starring role as Maria in "West Side Story" as a freshman. In 2008, she appeared in the fifth season of a Puerto Rican talent show "Objetivo Fama" and finished in seventh place.

paragraphs: She considers Selena to be her biggest idol, and is a fan of Juan Gabriel and Juan Luis Guerra.


title: Prince Royce

paragraphs: Geoffrey Royce Rojas (born May 11, 1989 on the Bronx) known by his stage name Prince Royce is a Dominican-American bachata singer. He started his career when he signed on with Top Stop Music label. His eponymous debut album, Prince Royce, was recorded in 2009 and released in 2010. The album was produced by Sergio George the manager of Top Stop Music. The album became a success peaking at #1 on the Billboard Tropical Albums chart. The lead single from the album, Stand by Me is a cover of a song which was originally composed and performed by Ben E. King. The single reached #1 on the Latin Tropical Airplay chart and #8 on the Top Latin Songs chart. It was announced on September 8, 2010, that his album would become a nominee for a Latin Grammy Award for "Best Contemporary Tropical Album".


title: Frankie J

paragraphs: Frankie J (born on February 16 1980 in Baja, California, USA) is an American singer-songwriter. Frankie J had first appeared on A.B. Quintanilla III's band "Kumbia Kings". He later left the band to become a solo artist. His debut album "What's a Man to Do" was released on May 27, 2003. In 2005, Frankie J released his third studio album "The One" and debuted at number three on the "Billboard 200" chart. It had sold 130,000 copies in one week. It was then certified platinum by the RIAA for shipments of 1 million copies.


title: Q'orianka Kilcher

paragraphs: Q'Orianka Kilcher (born February 11, 1990 in Schweigmait, Germany) German-born American actress. She was raised in Hawaii. Q'Orianka's father is from Peru and he belongs to the Quechua/Huachipaeri, while her mother is of Swiss descent by way of Alaska. Her movie credits include the live action version of "How the Grinch Stole Christmas", and the starring role of Pocahontas in "The New World".

paragraphs: On June 1, 2010, Kilcher and her mother were arrested. Kilcher chained herself to the gates in front of the White House in Washington, D.C. Her mother poured black paint on her to signify oil. Kilcher was against President Barack Obama's meeting with Peruvian President Alan García. She said Garcia sold land in the Amazon rainforest to corporations while suppressing indigenous protests. She and her mother were charged with disorderly conduct. The charges were dropped on June 6, 2011 after they completed community service.


title: Sara Tavares

paragraphs: Sara Tavares (born 1978) is a Portuguese-Cape Verdian singer. After winning the two music festivals in Portugal, in 1994, Sara Tavares recorded her first album "Sara Tavares & Shout". It was released in 1996. This album has gospel, soul, funk and pop influences. After the album was released, Sara performed all over the Portugal, Cape Verde and Paris. She also performed on television programs and at social events. By the end of 1998, Sara Tavares started working on her new album. She stopped performing and went through a long period of introspection trying to find her real influences.

paragraphs: "Mi Ma Bo" was Sara Tavares' second album. The name translated from the Criolo (language from Cape Verde) means "Me and You". "Mi Ma Bo" was produced by Lokua Kanza, a musician from Kongo. The album is sung in three different languages (Portuguese, Criolo and English). In Portugal, "Mi Ma Bo" is a gold record. In France, Monaco and Andorra, "Querer Sonhar" - one of Sara Tavares' compositions from "Mi Ma Bo", is included in an African music compilation, together with artists like Miriam Makeba, Lokua Kanza, Césaria Evora, Youssou N'Dour, Mory Kante. It was released by BMG France.

paragraphs: Her new album "Balancé" was due in February 2006. In this record produced by Sara herself, she wrote and composed all the songs and played many of the instruments.


title: Conservative Judaism

paragraphs: In Conservative Judaism, Jewish values can be divided into ethical and ritual laws - the ethical laws do not change, while the ritual laws are used in different customs. Because oftentimes Jews have to be a part of the society they live in, some of the ritual laws must be adapted to it. Such adaptations also allow modern lifestyles.

paragraphs: Another belief in conservative Judaism is that the texts that are the basis of Judaism should not be read literally, and that they can be analyzed and criticized like any other text. In Conservative Judaism, women are seen as equal to men and are allowed to sit with the men when attending synagogue, whereas in Orthodox Judaism for example, women are expected to sit in a different area. Women are also allowed to not wear head coverings when attending synagogue.


title: Stringybark Creek

paragraphs: Stringybark Creek is a small creek in the Wombat Ranges, Victoria, Australia. It is famous for the place where three policemen were murdered on 26 October 1878. The policemen, Sergeant Michael Kennedy, Constable Thomas Lonigan, and Constable Michael Scanlan were searching the forest for the Kelly brothers. They were wanted for the attempted murder of another policeman, Constable Fitzpatrick.

paragraphs: The creek is in the Toombullup State Forest, 50km from Benalla and 36km from Mansfield. The area has been developed for visitors and includes picnic area, camping, toilets and walking tracks. A memorial stone was put in place in 2001. It is near the remains of the hut. A tree near the site of two of the murders (Lonigan and Scanlan), the Police/ Kelly Tree, was scarped by a farmer in the 1930s. He carved the names of the three murdered police into it as a memorial. It has had a small copy of Ned Kelly's helmet attached to it. This caused great upset to the families of the murdered policemen. The other murder site (Kennedy's) is approximately 400 - 500 metres North West. It is across the Stringybark Creek Road.

paragraphs: A group of three policemen from Mansfield set out to search for the Kelly brothers who they thought were hiding in the bush near Mansfield. They set up camp at Stringbark Creek on 25 October 1878, not knowing that the Kellys were living in a small hut on Bullock Creek, less than 1km away. The next day Kennedy and Scanlan went to search the nearby forest, while Lonigan and Constable Thomas McIntyre stayed at the campsite. The Kellys heard noises from the police camp and went to investigate. Ned Kelly decided to try and capture the policemen and take their guns, horses and food. He called on the two policemen to give themselves up. McIntyre raised his hands, but Lonigan attempted to run and reached for his gun. Ned Kelly shot him in the eye.

paragraphs: The bushrangers then waited for Kennedy and Scanlan to return. When they rode into the camp, McIntyre warned them that the Kelly brothers were there, and to give themselves up. Scanlan went to unsling his rifle and was shot dead immediately. Kennedy jumped off his horse, and while shooting at the Kellys ran into the bush. Ned and Dan Kelly chased after him, shooting him twice as they hunted him for over 800 yards. Kennedy surrendered. Kelly walked up to him and shot him again in the chest and killed him. During the earlier shooting at Scanlan and Kennedy, McIntrye was able to get onto Kennedy's horse and escaped. He reached Mansfield on the next day to report the deaths.

paragraphs: Ned Kelly, Dan Kelly, Joe Byrne and Steve Hart were made outlaws, and a large reward was offered for their capture, either dead or alive. The three murdered policemen were taken to Mansfield and buried in the cemetery. A large memorial, funded by public donations, was built in the main street of Mansfield.

paragraphs: In 1879, G. Wilson Hall printed a book in Mansfield called "The Kelly Gang, Outlaws of the Wombat Ranges". It included a song called "Stringybark Creek" which is believed to have been written by Joe Byrne. It described in verse the story of what had happened. The first verse is:<br>

paragraphs: The song has been recorded many times, including the Australian folk-rock band the Bushwackers on their 1979 album, "Bushfire".

paragraphs: In 1880 a local school teacher's poem was read at the unveiling in Mansfield of the monument dedicated to the three murdered policemen. It was accepted as an honest description of the tragic events.


title: First Minister

paragraphs: A First Minister is the leader of a government. In the United Kingdom, First Minister was once used to mean the same as Prime Minister. Winston Churchill's famous quote: "I did not become His Majesty's First Minister so that I might oversee the liquidation of the British Empire!"

paragraphs: First Minister is now used to describe the leaders of the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. See:


title: North Borneo at the Olympics

paragraphs: North Borneo at the Olympics is a history which includes only one summer olympic game in one country and two athletes.

paragraphs: The British colony of North Borneo competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne in Australia.

paragraphs: This was the only Olympic appearance for the colony. North Borneo sent two athletes who took part in the triple jump. They failed to win a medal.

paragraphs: In later years, athletes from North Borneo competed as part of the team from Malaysia.


title: Forbes list of billionaires

paragraphs: Forbes list of billionaires is based on an yearly measurement of wealth and assets which is published by "Forbes" magazine. The latest list was released in March 2014.

paragraphs: On the 32nd list of world's billionaires, the gap between the top 1% of the billionaires and the rest continues to widen. A record of 2,208 billionaires were in the ranking and the total wealth is $9.1 trillion, up 18% since 2017. For the first time, Jeff Bezos was listed as the top billionaire due to Amazon's rising stock price that resulted in one person's biggest one year gain in wealth since Forbes started tracking in 1987.


title: Gestalt psychology

paragraphs: Gestalt psychology is a theory of mind and brain formed in Berlin early in the 20th century.

paragraphs: The idea is that the brain sees things as a whole. The gestalt effect is most clear with sight. We recognise figures and whole forms, not just a collection of lines and curves. In psychology, gestaltism is often opposed to structuralism. The phrase "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is often used when explaining Gestalt theory. A better wording is : "The whole is different from the parts".

paragraphs: Early 20th century theorists, such as Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and Wolfgang Köhler (students of Carl Stumpf) saw vision of objects as all elements taken together in a global construct. This 'gestalt' or 'whole form' approach sought to understand perception – seemingly innate mental laws which determined the way in which objects are perceived.

paragraphs: It is based on the here and now, and in the way you view things. It can be broken up into two: figure or ground, at first glance do you see the figure in front of you or the background?

paragraphs: These laws took several forms. An example is the way we tend to see similar objects, or close together objects, as meaningfully connected. Gestalt has been criticized for being merely descriptive, but it has formed the basis of much further research into the perception of patterns and objects, and of research into behavior, thinking, problem solving and psychopathology.

paragraphs: Gestalt psychology was a forerunner to modern cognitive psychology. It is distinct from gestalt psychotherapy.

paragraphs: Gestalt psychologists were the first to study problem solving in humans and apes. Wolfgang Kohler showed that chimpanzees could solve problems by thought alone; Max Wertheimer studied how diagrams helped students solve geometry problems, and Karl Duncker studied general problem-solving. Generally, both Wertheimer and Duncker preferred the broader term 'productive thinking' to 'problem solving', but it is not used much now.


title: Max Wertheimer

paragraphs: Max Wertheimer (Prague, 15 April 1880 – New Rochelle, New York, 12 October 1943) was a psychologist who was one of the three founders of Gestalt psychology, with Kurt Koffka and Wolfgang Köhler.

paragraphs: From 1929 to 1933, Wertheimer was a professor at the University of Frankfurt. When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of the Third Reich in 1933, it became apparent to Wertheimer that he must leave Germany. In the end, he accepted an offer to teach at The New School in New York.

paragraphs: In New York he continued to investigate problem-solving, or what he preferred to call “productive thinking". The relationship between the book and his earlier work was this: all the problems in the book except one could be solved by considering geometric diagrams. In other words, they were partly visual in essence, and could be represented and partly solved visually. That thread ran through much of the gestalt work.

paragraphs: Wertheimer completed the book (his only book) in late September 1943, and died just three weeks later of a heart attack. Wertheimer was buried in Beechwood Cemetery in New Rochelle, New York.

paragraphs: The phi phenomenon is an optical illusion described by Wertheimer in 1912, in which the persistence of vision was exploited by the cinema film, applied by Hugo Münsterberg in 1916. This optical illusion is based in the principle that the human eye is capable of perceiving movement from pieces of information, for example, a succession of images. In other words, from a slideshow of a group of frozen images at a certain speed of images per second, we observe constant movement.


title: Optical illusion

paragraphs: An optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is one which shows images that differ from normal reality.

paragraphs: The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception. That is normal, but in these cases the appearance does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source.

paragraphs: There are three main types of visual illusion:

paragraphs: The general explanation for most illusions is the way the brain works on sense data to produce a meaningful perception. A great 19th century psychologist Hermann von Helmholtz described perception as "unconscious inferences from sensory data and past experience". Richard Gregory discussed how the brain makes an hypothesis about what's out there, and sometimes the hypothesis does not quite work out. His model of perception is an interaction between data from sense organs and previous knowledge and experience.

paragraphs: Researcher Mark Changizi of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in New York thinks optical illusions are due to a 'neural lag'. When light hits the retina, about one-tenth of a second goes by before the brain translates the signal into a visual perception of the world. Scientists have known of the lag, and have discussed how humans compensate for it. Some suggest that our motor system somehow modifies our movements to offset the delay.

paragraphs: Changizi asserts that the human visual system has evolved to compensate for neural delays by generating images of what will occur one-tenth of a second into the future. This foresight enables humans to react to events in the present, enabling humans to perform reflexive acts like catching a fly ball and to maneuver smoothly through a crowd. Illusions occur when our brains attempt to perceive the future, and those perceptions do not match reality.

paragraphs: Essentially, the ideas of Helmholz, Gregory and Changizi are similar. We do not mechanically turn sense data into a picture of the world, as some had thought. What we do is use our brains to work out what it is we are looking at. This involves the use of memory and logic, though at a fast rate. The process is very good, but not foolproof. When it fails we get an illusion.


title: Cassette single

paragraphs: A cassette single is a recording of a single song sold on a compact audio cassette. Record companies introduced this sales format in the 1980s. At that time, vinyl record album sales were declining in favor of cassette recordings; the cassette single was introduced to replace the vinyl 45 record in a similar way.

paragraphs: The sales of cassette singles did not exceed vinyl single sales to the same extent as cassette albums had. As compact disc players became more common, cassette singles were for the most part replaced by CD singles.


title: Guitar solo

paragraphs: A guitar solo is a portion of a musical performance when a guitar is used without other instruments.

paragraphs: In addition to their roles of rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment, guitars are well-suited to performing solo lines. This can take the form of a prominent section where the guitar is heard over other instruments, or unaccompanied, the guitarist providing all the necessary melody and harmony themselves. Many times, a guitar solo is a virtuosic performance in the rock music idiom with a heavily-overdriven electric guitar. However, solo instrumentation for the guitar can be found in a wide variety of musical styles and eras.

paragraphs: Many famous guitarists are known for their solo work. Approaches to solo creation vary from the jagged/atonal approach of Andy Gill from Gang of Four and Andy Partridge from XTC, the studio-produced soundscapes of Jimi Hendrix or Bill Nelson, or the composed approach of Frank Zappa.

paragraphs: The use of the guitar solo in popular music was especially notable during the 1980s, where a flashy and attention-grabbing instrumental was virtually obligatory for a guitar-based band. In later years, guitar solos became viewed as something of an "80s cliché", and their usage declined. Guitar solos in pop music have subsequently become much rarer, and more subdued and understated when used.


title: Music of Colombia

paragraphs: The music of Colombia is an expression of the Colombian culture and has many music types. Modern Colombian culture is a mixture of African, native and European (especially Spanish) music, as well as more modern American and Caribbean musical forms, such as Trinidadian, Cuban and Jamaican.

paragraphs: In the late 1950s, Mexican rock artists like Enrique Guzmán and Cesar Costa became very popular in Colombia. Soon, native rock bands like Los Speakers earned popularity too. Starting in 1967, native bands like Genesis combined native music types (like cumbia) with rock.

paragraphs: Cumbia is a mixture of Spanish and African music (which slaves brought to Colombia). In the 19th century, Colombia got rid of slavery. Since that time, Africans, Indians and other ethnic groups mixed more fully in Colombian music. Styles like bambuco, vallenato and porro was very important. When the waltz became popular in the 19th century, Colombian musicians invented a version called pasillo.


title: The Band Perry

paragraphs: The Band Perry is an American musical group. The members are Kimberly, Reed and Neil Perry (the first was born in 1981, the second in 1988 and the latter was born in 1990). Their self titled first record was released on October 12, 2010.


title: Criminal (song)

paragraphs: "Criminal" is the fourth single released under Britney Spears' seventh studio album "Femme Fatale". This song was released on September 30, 2011 and has gotten positive critical acclaim.


title: Sound check

paragraphs: A soundcheck is an activity that takes place a couple hours before a concert. The performer and the sound crew run through a short song to make sure that the sound in the venue is clear and at the right volume and tonal frequencies. Soundchecks are especially important for popular and other musical genres that use heavily-amplified PA systems; having correct sound is very important to the success of such events. A soundcheck remains part art and not all science, however, because the acoustics of a venue often change somewhat once it is filled with an audience.

paragraphs: Artists who change their set list during the course of a concert tour often use soundchecks as a rehearsal opportunity to try out new material or revive old material, before possibly introducing such material into the concert proper.


title: Ricky Martin (1991 album)

paragraphs: Ricky Martin is the eponymous debut solo studio album recorded by Puerto Rican singer Ricky Martin, It was released by Sony Discos and Sony Music Mexico November 26, 1991 (see 1991 in music).

paragraphs: © MCMXCI. Sony Music Entertainment (México). S.A. de C.V.


title: Latin Pop Albums

paragraphs: Latin Pop Albums is a record chart that is published weekly on "Billboard" magazine. The chart ranks Latin pop albums by the number of recorded sales an album made that week.

paragraphs: Shakira's album "Fijación Oral Vol. 1" became the best-selling album of the 2000s decade.


title: Peter Carey (novelist)

paragraphs: Peter Carey (born 1943) is an Australian novelist who has won many awards including two Booker Prizes. He first won the Booker Prize in 1988 for his book, "Oscar and Lucinda". He won again in 2001 for his book "The True History of the Kelly Gang". Only one other author has won this award twice.

paragraphs: "Oscar and Lucinda" was made into a movie starring Ralph Fiennes. "The True History of the Kelly Gang" is the story of Australian bushranger, Ned Kelly, written in the style of Ned's famous Jerilderie Letter.


title: Emperor Kanmu

paragraphs: , also written as "Kammu", was the 50th emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 781 and ended in 806.

paragraphs: Kanmu was the first monarch of the Heian period of the history of Japan.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was .

paragraphs: Prince Yamabe was the eldest son of Prince Shirakabe (later known as Emperor Kōnin). According to the , Yamabe's mother was a descendant of King Muryeong of Baekje.

paragraphs: Kanmu had 16 empresses and consorts, and 32 imperial sons and daughters. Among his sons were Emperor Heizei, Emperor Saga and Emperor Junna.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for eight years.

paragraphs: During his reign, Kanmu tried to simplify the hierarchy and the functions of his government.

paragraphs: The capital of Japan was moved from Nara (Heijō-kyō) to Nagaoka (Nagaoka-kyō) in 784. The capital would be moved again in 794 to Kyoto (Heian-kyō).

paragraphs: Kanmu named Sakanoue no Tamuramaro (758-811) to lead a military expedition against the Emishi.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Kammu is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location.

paragraphs: The years of Kammu's reign are identified by more than one era name ("nengō").


title: National Cleavage Day

paragraphs: National Cleavage Day, also known as NCD, is a annual celebration that is held in South Africa. It is held in March or April each year. Many countries celebrating on 19th of May (Proverbs 5:19) The event is sponsored by the brassière marketer wonderbra. National Cleavage Day was started in 2002 and held at the beginning of April every year. The "NCD" was started in April 2002 in South Africa.

paragraphs: Along with the Wonderbra, "Cosmopolitan" and 5fm, a SABC radio station have sponsored this event. According to Samantha Paterson, the manger for Wonderbra, the National Cleavage Day had become a great start for women's independence and power in all forms of life, from their careers to their relationships and to their own destiny. Anita Meiring, public relations consultant for Wonderbra, explained The event was created to help build women empowerment about their breast being very unique and that they should be very proud of it. She also stated that "It gives men a legitimate (real) reason to stare (look) at boobs (women's breast)."

paragraphs: National Cleavage Day is celebrated in offices, restaurants and bars throughout the nation.

paragraphs: This event was given negative feedback from Dr. Siqwana-Ndulo. She had said that "This is a pure marketing tool using people's bodies." She then stated that, "The commission is against any person or advertising company which uses people's bodies for marketing purposes be it advertising a car or anything of that sort."


title: Chauchilla Cemetery

paragraphs: Chauchilla Cemetery is a cemetery that has prehistoric remains of prehispanics. Their bodies, which are mummified, contain artifacts. The cemetery is south of the city of Nazca in Peru.

paragraphs: The cemetery was discovered in the 1920s. However, it was last used in the 9th century. The cemetery has a lot of very important burials that happened over a period of 600 to 700 years. The cemetery was first used around the year 200. This cemetery is a very important source of archaeology to Nazca culture. Because the cemetery was damaged a long time ago, it was protected by Peruvian law in 1997. Tourists pay around seven U.S. dollars for a two-hour tour of the cemetery.

paragraphs: The bodies inside the cemetery have been preserved which is probably because of the dry climate in the Peruvian Desert. However, the funeral rites were also an important factor. The bodies had clothes on them which were made of cotton and were painted with a resin. They were bought in the cemetery, which was built from mud bricks. The resin was thought to have kept out insects and slowed bacteria from feeding on the bodies.

paragraphs: Estaquería, a nearby cemetery, may have given clues to show how the bodies were preserved. At Estaquería, archaeologists have found wooden pillars which was first thought to have been used for astronomical sightings. However, it is not thought that those posts were used to dry the bodies. This was a mummification process. This clue helped archaeologists to understand why these thousand-year-old bodies still had their hair and some soft tissue, like skin, still attached to them.


title: Heian period

paragraphs: The is a time in the Japanese history from 794 to 1185. This grouping of years is named after city of Heian-kyō, which is the early name of present day Kyoto.

paragraphs: The Heian period began in 794 when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō. It lasted until 1185, which is the beginning of the Kamakura period.

paragraphs: In this period Kyoto was the center of Japanese culture. It was also in this period that the first known novel was published. The author was a woman. Poetry was very popular in Heian-kyo at the time.


title: Garnishment

paragraphs: Garnishments are the means for collecting monetary judgments against a defendant by ordering third parties to pay money directly toward the plaintiff. Wage garnishments are a process of deducting money off employees' monetary compensation (including their salary); these types of garnishments continue until entire debts are paid and can be taken for any debt, however usual examples are:

paragraphs: Wage garnishments can adversely affect credit reputation or one's ability to open bank accounts.


title: Gigantoraptor

paragraphs: Gigantoraptor is a genus of giant oviraptorosaur theropod dinosaur that lived 70 million years ago in the later Cretaceous. It was discovered in 2005 in Inner Mongolia.

paragraphs: Since 2001, in a quarry, remains of the sauropod "Sonidosaurus" had been uncovered. In April 2005 Chinese paleontologist Xu Xing was asked to reenact the discovery of "Sonidosaurus" for a Japanese documentary. Xu obliged them by digging out a thighbone. As he wiped the bone clean, he suddenly realized it was not from a sauropod, but from an unidentifiable theropod about the size of "Albertosaurus". He stopped the filming to secure the serendipitous find. This way, the discovery of the "Gigantoraptor" fossil was captured on videotape.

paragraphs: In 2007 the "Gigantoraptor erlianensis" was named and described by Xu and colleagues. The type specimen was found in strata dating to about 70 million years ago. It is the remains of a single subadult individual.The partial skeleton lacks the skull but includes the lower jaws, a single neck vertebra, most of the back, tail and leg elements.

paragraphs: "Gigantoraptor" belonged to the Oviraptorosauria, a group named after "Oviraptor". Compared to other known members, "Gigantoraptor" was much larger, about three times as long and 35 times more massive than the earlier discovered oviraptorosaurid "Citipati". Xu "et al." estimated the length at and the weight at 1400 kilogrammes. In 2010 Gregory S. Paul even gave an estimate of two tonnes (2.2 tons).

paragraphs: The toothless lower jaws of "Gigantoraptor" are fused into a broad shovel-like mandibula. The skull would have been over half a metre long and toothless, probably with a horny beak. The back tail vertebrae are lightened by spongeous bone. The front limb is rather long because of an elongated slender hand. The humerus is bowed outwards to an exceptionally large extent and has a very rounded head. The first metacarpal is very short and carries a strongly diverging thumb. The hindlimb is also long because of an elongated lower leg. The thighbone is relatively slender and short with a distinct head and neck. The foot is robust with large and strongly curved toe claws.

paragraphs: No direct evidence of feathers was preserved with the skeleton. It might have been "naked" because it is three hundred times more massive than the smaller feathered species. Very large animals rely more on mass for temperature regulation, losing the insulating coverings found on their smaller relatives. Arm feathers were probably still present on "Gigantoraptor", since their main functions, such as display and covering the eggs while brooding, are not related to the regulation of body heat.

paragraphs: In 2007 Xu "et al." put "Gigantoraptor" into the Oviraptoridae family. But in 2010 a second analysis of "Gigantoraptor" found it was in the sister group, the Caenagnathidae. This was later confirmed by other studies.

paragraphs: The diet of "Gigantoraptor" is uncertain. Although some oviraptorosaurs such as "Caudipteryx" and "Incisivosaurus" are thought to have been mostly herbivorous, "Gigantoraptor" had long hind legs with proportions that allowed for fast movement, and large claws, a combination that is not usually found in herbivores of this size. Paul suggested that "Gigantoraptor" also was a herbivore and used its speed to escape predators.

paragraphs: The specimen has advanced ossification and growth rings in the fibula that indicate it was likely eleven years of age when it died. It appears to have reached an early young adult stage at age seven, and probably would have grown much larger when it reached the adult stage. This indicates a growth rate that is faster than in most large non-avian theropods.

paragraphs: The existence of giant oviraptorosaurians as "Gigantoraptor" explains several earlier Asian finds of very large, up to 53 centimetres long, oviraptorosaurian eggs. These fossil eggs were laid in enormous rings with a diameter of three metres.


title: University of Tübingen

paragraphs: Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen () is a public university in the city of Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany.

paragraphs: The University of Tübingen was founded in 1477. In Germany, Tübingen became known as one of the "five classical university towns".

paragraphs: In 2010, Tübingen joined the Matariki Network of Universities (MNU) together with Dartmouth College (USA), Durham University (UK), Queen’s University (Canada), University of Otago (New Zealand), University of Western Australia (Australia) and Uppsala University (Sweden).

paragraphs: In 2012, the university established the Tübingen Center for Korean Studies at Korea University (TUCKU). This is Tübingen’s third branch in Asia after the Center for Japanese Language in Kyôto and the European Center for Chinese Studies (ECCS) at Peking University.

paragraphs: Alumni include former German President Horst Köhler and Nobel laureates Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Hartmut Michel and Günter Blobel.

paragraphs: In the late 16th century, Johannes Kepler studied at Tübingen.

paragraphs: In the 18th century, Friedrich Hölderlin, Friedrich Schelling and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel shared student rooms.

paragraphs: Notable professors include Joseph Ratzinger and Hans Kung.


title: Pylorus

paragraphs: Pylorus is a part of digestive system that separates stomach and duodenum. The pylorus controls the opening between the stomach and the duodenum. It stops large pieces of food from leaving the stomach. It also stops digested food from returning to the stomach from the duodenum. It is made of a muscle which stops food when contracted. When the pylorus is relaxed, it allows a small amount of food to pass as its passage is narrow.


title: Huxley family

paragraphs: The Huxley family is an English family. Members of the family had top careers in science, medicine, art, and literature. Some family members were also high level public servants in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Thomas Henry Huxley (THH) was the oldest male in the family. He was a zoologist and comparative anatomist. He was one of Charles Darwin's main supporters.

paragraphs: Thomas had several grandsons including Aldous, Julian, and Andrew. Aldous Huxley wrote the books "Brave New World" and "Doors of Perception". Julian Huxley studied evolution, wrote "Evolution: the New Synthesis", and was the first director of UNESCO. Andrew Huxley was a Nobel prize winning physiologist and was appointed to the Order of Merit. Thomas and Andrew both served as President of the Royal Society, a century apart.

paragraphs: Many of their relatives succeeded in other walks of life.


title: Starfleet

paragraphs: In the fictional world of the "Star Trek" television series, books, and video games, Starfleet is the group that manages spaceexploration. From the second half of the 22nd Century through at least the 25th Century, Starfleet is a part of the United Federation of Planets, a political group of planets with intelligent life, including Earth and Vulcan. Members of Starfleet come from many different planets and are from many different species. Though the mission of Starfleet is peaceful exploration of space, the group is also responsible for defense of Federation planets.

paragraphs: In the television series "", set in the 22nd Century, Starfleet is an Earth space exploration program whose mission is "to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldy go where no man has gone before". Captain Jonathan Archer and the crew of the starship "Enterprise" travel into deep space to meet alien species and do scientific research.

paragraphs: In the year 2161, Earth joins the United Federation of Planets, which adopts Starfleet as its space exploration service.

paragraphs: Starfleet officers have ranks similar to Earth's Naval forces, and follow the Chain of Command, but they are not a military group. There is one law all Starfleet officers are required to follow called the Prime Directive. It says that members of Starfleet are not allowed to interfere (become involved in) the way a primitive society develops. Starfleet officers are trained at Starfleet Academy, located in San Francisco. Starfleet officers are given orders by Starfleet Command, located on Earth.

paragraphs: Starfleet explores space using space vessels called starships. The USS Enterprise is the most well known starship, and there have been several of them in Starfleet from the 22nd Century through at least the 24th Century. One of the most famous Starfleet captains is James T. Kirk (from the television series Star Trek). Another famous Starfleet captain is Jean-Luc Picard, the captain of the USS Enterprise-D.

paragraphs: Starships are large and can carry from hundreds to over a thousand crew members. They are capable of scientific research, as well as carrying weapons called phasers and photon torpedoes for defending the Federation. They travel much faster than the speed of light using an engine called warp drive.


title: Betty Garrett

paragraphs: Betty Garrett (May 23, 1919 - February 12, 2011) was an American singer, dancer, and actor of movies, theatre, and television. She was best known for her work in movie musicals in the 1940s and 1950s. Her acting career was affected when her husband, Larry Parks, was called to the House Un-American Activities Committee. There he admitted having been in the Communist Party, and he gave names of other entertainment people who were in the Party.

paragraphs: Garrett has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. She died of an aortic aneurysm.


title: Simon van der Meer

paragraphs: "This is a Dutch name. The family name is" van der Meer, "not" Meer.

paragraphs: Simon van der Meer (24 November 1925 – 4 March 2011) was a Dutch particle accelerator physicist. He won the Nobel prize in physics. Another physicist, Carlo Rubbia, also won this prize. He won the prize because of his work for the CERN project. This led to the discovery of W and Z particles, which are the two most important things in matter.

paragraphs: Simon van der Meer was one of four children. He was raised in The Hague, Netherlands. His father was a school teacher, and his mother came from a family of teachers. He went to school at the city's gymnasium. He graduated in 1943 when the German army had control of the Netherlands. In 1945, van der Meer went to the Delft University of Technology. He earned an engineer's degree there in 1952. He joined CERN in 1956, and he stayed there until he retired in 1990.

paragraphs: In 1966, when van der Meer was skiing with his friends in the Swiss mountains, he met Catharina M. Koopman, who became his wife. They had two children – Esther (born 1968) and Mathijs (born 1970).

paragraphs: After getting his engineer's degree in 1952, Simon van der Meer worked for the Philips Research Laboratory in Eindhoven. When he was there, he was mainly working on high-voltage equipment and electronics for electron microscopes. In 1956, he moved to CERN, which was new at the time. When he first started at CERN, his work was mainly on technical design, and power supplies. While he was working at CERN, he invented the idea of stochastic cooling, which led to the discovery of W and Z bosons. In 1984, van der Meer and Carlo Rubbia won the Nobel Prize in Physics for their work with the project.


title: Gerry Rafferty

paragraphs: Gerry Rafferty (16 April 1947 – 4 January 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter. His 1978 album, "City to City", reached number one on the music charts in the USA. "Baker Street", a song from the album reached the Top 10 in both the USA and Britain. It featured a distinctive saxophone solo played by Raphael Ravenscroft.

paragraphs: Rafferty was born in Paisley, Scotland and began playing in bands as a teenager. "Stuck in the Middle" was written in the early 1970's with his band "Stealers Wheel". It was a parody of Bob Dylan's style. It became a hit again after being used in the movie "Reservoir Dogs" directed by Quentin Tarantino in 1992. Rafferty also played in a folk group, the Humblebums, with Scottish comedian Billy Connolly.

paragraphs: He sold more than 10 million albums but did not enjoy working in the music industry which he said he "loathed and detested." He died in Stroud, Gloucestershire, England, from liver failure caused by his alcoholism.


title: Saeed Shehabi

paragraphs: Saeed Shehabi is a Bahraini thinker, political activist, commentator and journalist. He is a regular columnist in the daily Arabic "Al-Quds" newspaper. He gives regular interviews to the BBC's "Middle East Service" and "AlJazeera". He is also the Director of Abrar House, an Islamic community center in Central London that promotes interfaith work. He is also the leader of the pro-democractic Bahrain Freedom Movement, that is a banned Bahraini opposition group. He was also a founding member of Al-Wefaq National Party. He was previously the editor of "Alalam" magazine and now hosts a weekly television programme on Alalam TV. He has been living in exile in London since 1979 and returned to Bahrain on two occasions in 2002. He has a PhD in engineering from City University. Saeed Shehabi is married and has seven children.

paragraphs: On August 2010, Bahrain TV declared that Saeed Shehabi is accused of being the second leading member of a terrorist network. He is currently being tried "in absentia" along with Hassan Mushaimi. The Bahraini government claimed that a red notice was issued by interpol for his arrest, however this has not been verified. In 1996 he was similarly sentenced to 15 years in prison "in absentia".

paragraphs: In the summer of 2009, Saeed Shehabi's home was attacked by arsonists.


title: Steve Prestwich

paragraphs: Steven William Prestwich (5 March 1954 — 16 January 2011) was an English born musician who became famous as the drummer in two Australian rock bands, the Little River Band and Cold Chisel Born in Liverpool, his family moved to Adelaide, Australia, in 1971. He formed a band called "Orange" with Jimmy Barnes. This band then became Cold Chisel. Prestwich wrote, and helped write several of the bands biggest hits including "Forever Now", "When The War Is Over", "Nothin’ But You", "Monica", "Best Kept Lies", and "Flame Trees".

paragraphs: When Cold Chisel broke up in 1983, Prestwich joined the Little River Band. He recorded two albums with them. They recorded his song "When The War Is Over" with John Farnham. He played with Cold Chisel again when they reformed for two tours in 1998 and 2003. They had planned to record a new album in 2011. Prestwich recorded two solo albums, "Since You've Been Gone" in 2000 and Every Highway in 2009.

paragraphs: Prestwich died after surgery to treat a brain tumor in 2011.


title: Culture hero

paragraphs: A culture hero is a person, usually a mythical or legendary person, who is believed to be the first one to do something. In Greek mythology, for example, Prometheus who stole fire from the gods and made it possible for humans to use it for cooking and other purposes. In Chinese mythology, one culture hero is Hou Ji, a person with a human mother and a divine father, who discovered how to grow many crops and taught other humans about farming.


title: Emperor Heizei

paragraphs: , also known as Heijō-tennō. was the 51st emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. Heizei's reign started in 806 and ended in 809.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was .

paragraphs: Heizei was the eldest son of the Emperor Kammu.

paragraphs: He had three empresses and seven sons and daughters.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, he was Crown Prince for over twenty years.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Heizei is in Nara. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at this location. The site can be visited by the public.

paragraphs: The years of Heizei's reign are identified by only one era name ("nengō").


title: IPhone 4S

paragraphs: The iPhone 4S is the fifth iPhone that was created by Apple. It is very thin, and has a touchscreen.

paragraphs: It was first available for pre-order on October 7, and it went on sale on October 14 in the United States, Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Japan. It was made available in more countries over the next few months.

paragraphs: The iPhone 4S had the same design as the iPhone 4, but has several new features such as an upgrade to the Apple A5 processor, and an 8 MP camera with 1080p video recording. It shipped with iOS 5, which is the fifth major version of Apple's mobile operating system, iOS. It had new features such as iCloud, iMessage, Notification Center, Reminders, and integration with Twitter. It also had a voice activation system named Siri that was included in later generations of mobile Apple products.

paragraphs: The iPhone 4S introduced a new automated voice control system called "Siri". It first operated only on the iPhone 4S. It allows the user to give commands to the iPhone, which Siri can execute and respond to. For example, iPhone commands such as "What is the weather going to be like?" will generate a response such as "The weather is to be cloudy and rainy and drop to 54 degrees today". These commands can vary greatly and control almost every section of the phone. The commands given do not have to be specific and can be used with natural language. Siri makes it is much easier and/or possible for people to use device functions while driving, exercising, or when they have their hands full. It also means people with trouble reading, seeing, or typing can access the phone more easily.


title: Sakyo Komatsu

paragraphs: Komatsu was born in Osaka. In 1954, he earned a degree in Italian literature at Kyoto University.

paragraphs: Komatsu worked as a magazine editor, a factory foreman and a comedy scriptwriter before he began writing science fiction.

paragraphs: The premise of Komatsu's best known book, "Japan Sinks", was confirmed in 2011 when parts of the Sanriku coastline sank more than a meter in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. In the massive geologic shift, the land mass of the main island of Japan sank 2.4 centemeters.

paragraphs: Komatsu's most popular book was the basis of a 1973 film, a television series, a 2006 film remake, and a DVD.

paragraphs: In an overview of writings by and about Sakyo Komatsu, OCLC/WorldCat includes roughly 380+ works in 520+ publications in 14 languages and 1,520 library holdings.

paragraphs: Shortly before his death, Komatsu wrote, "I had thought I wouldn’t mind dying any day, but now I’m feeling like living a little bit longer and seeing how Japan will go on hereafter."


title: Norio Ohga

paragraphs: , also spelled "Oga" and "Ogha", was a Japanese businessman and former president and chairman of Sony Corporation.

paragraphs: Ohga was born in Numazu, Shizuoka. He studied at Tokyo National University of Fine Arts and Music. He graduated in 1953.

paragraphs: He was made the president of Sony in 1982, and the CEO of Sony in 1989. He is credited with the development of the audio compact disc.


title: Farley Granger

paragraphs: Farley Granger (July 1, 1925 - March 27, 2011) was an American movie, theatre, and television actor. Two of the movies he was in were directed by Alfred Hitchcock: "Rope" and "Strangers on a Train".

paragraphs: Granger was bisexual, and had relationships with both women and men. Some of the people he was involved with were Shelley Winters, Ava Gardner, Leonard Bernstein, and screenwriter Arthur Laurents. His longtime romantic partner was television producer Robert Calhoun.

paragraphs: Granger wrote an autobiography called "Include Me Out: My Life From Goldwyn to Broadway". He died of natural causes.


title: Burhanuddin Rabbani

paragraphs: Burhanuddin Rabbani (1940 — 20 September 2011) was the President of Afghanistan from 1992 to 1996. He had been a Mujahideen leader who fought against the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan. He was removed as President when the Taliban took over in 1996. He then became the leader of the Northern Alliance which took over in Kabul when the Taliban were removed. He became the head of Afghanistan's High Peace Council which was trying to find a way to end the fighting in Afghanistan. He was killed in a suicide attack on his home. A man who claimed to be a Taliban leader met with Rabbini, and then exploded a bomb, which he had hidden in his turban.


title: Norman Corwin

paragraphs: Norman Lewis Corwin (May 3, 1910 – October 18, 2011) was an American writer, producer, and radio host. Born on May 3, 1910, in Boston, Massachusetts, Corwin worked as a writer for several newspapers in the late 1920s and early 1930s. In 1937, Corwin began working as a radio host. During World War II he worked as a news reporter for CBS. Corwin died on October 18, 2011, of natural causes.


title: Bert Jansch

paragraphs: Herbert "Bert" Jansch (3 November 1943—5 October 2011) was a Scottish singer-songwriter regarded as one of Britain's great folk guitarists. He was born in Glasgow, but his parents were German. After his father left the family they moved to Edinburgh. Jansch made his own guitar by the age of 12. After leaving school he began playing guitar, mainly blues, at various music clubs in Scotland and England.

paragraphs: His first album, "Bert Jansch", was made in 1965 and quickly became successful. The song "Needle of Death" about drug addiction, created a lot of interest as this was a subject that was not talked about very much at that time. His second album, "It Don't Bother Me", featured his friend John Renbourn, another great guitar player. The two players became very popular as a duo, and made the very successful album, "Jack Orion", in 1966. This album had some traditional folk songs, including a version of "Blackwaterside", played in a jazz style. The rock band Led Zepplin later recorded his arrangement of the song.

paragraphs: Jansch and Renbourn made another duo recording in 1966 called "Bert and John". They started playing with other musicians they met in London, and finally formed a band, Pentangle, with bass player Danny Thompson, drummer Terry Cox, and vocalist Jacqui McShee. Pentangle was instantly successful. Jansch did not enjoy fame, and left the band in 1973. He continued to play and make albums.

paragraphs: Jansch often played on other people's recordings, including the Babyshambles album "Shotter's Nation" (2007). In 2010, despite being ill with lung cancer, he went on tour in the USA with American musician, Neil Young. Jansch died of lung cancer in Hampstead, London.


title: Desmond Mason

paragraphs: Desmond Mason is a retired basketball player. He was born on October 11, 1977 in Waxahachie, Texas. He went to Oklahoma State University. In 2000 and 2001 he was named All Rookie award in second place.


title: Ernesto Sabato

paragraphs: Ernesto Sabato (June 24, 1911– April 30, 2011) was an Argentine writer, painter and physicist. He won some of the most important prizes for writing in Spanish and was influential in the literary world of Latin America. He was also famous for investigating war crimes in Argentina. Sabato was a member of the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons. This tried to find out what had happened to the 30,000 people who went missing during time of military rule from 1976 to 1983.

paragraphs: He was born in Rojas, Buenos Aires Province on 24 June 1911. He was the tenth of eleven sons from an average family. His parents were Francesco Sabato and Giovanna Maria Ferrari, a pair of Italian inmigrants from Calabria. He began to study at the National University of La Plata in 1929, where he studied physics and mathematics. He became a member of a communist youth group and went to the International Lenin School in Moscow to study for two years. He was very concerned about the rise of Stalinism, and went back to Argentina as soon as he could. He went back to the university and completed his PhD in physics. In 1939 he went to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but after going back to Argentina in 1940, he decided that he wanted to be a writer.

paragraphs: His first magazine article was published in 1941, and for the next year he wrote book reviews and translated books into Spanish. His first book, a collection of essays on the morality of science and technology, was published in 1945. His first novel, a thriller, was published in 1948, and has been translated into ten languages. His third novel, "Abaddón el exterminador" ("The Angel of Darkness"), was named in France as the best foreign book of 1976.

paragraphs: Sabato died in Santos Lugares, on 30 April, 2011, from bronchitis.


title: Dick King-Smith

paragraphs: Dick King-Smith (27 March 1922 – 4 January 2011), was an English author. He wrote many children's books. The most popular was "The Sheep-Pig". This book was called "Babe the Gallant Pig" in the United States. The book was made into the movie "Babe".

paragraphs: He was born Ronald Gordon King-Smith, but is better known as Dick King-Smith. He grew up in the West Country. He was a student at Beaudesert Park School and Marlborough College. King-Smith was a soldier in World War II. He was a member of the Grenadier Guards in Italy. He married his first wife, Myrle, in 1943. They had three children and 14 grandchildren. Myrle died in 2000. King-Smith then married Zona Bedding, a family friend. He received the Order of the British Empire and an Honorary Master of Education degree.

paragraphs: King-Smith was a farmer for 20 years before he became a teacher and author. King-Smith's first book was "The Fox Busters". It was published in 1978. He then wrote over a hundred books. Some have been translated into twelve languages.

paragraphs: King-Smith died in his home on 4 January 2011. He was 88 years old.


title: Poly Styrene

paragraphs: Poly Styrene (3 July 1957 – 25 April 2011), was a British musician. She was best known as the singer in the early punk rock band X-Ray Spex.

paragraphs: She was born in 1957 in Bromley, Kent, and raised in Brixton, London. Her mother raised her alone. Her father was a Somali aristocrat. She ran away from home as a teenager and lived in empty houses. She saw the Sex Pistols perform on her birthday in 1975. That gave her the idea to start her own punk band X-Ray Spex. She was an unusual music start because she wore braces, was mixed race, and dressed differently.

paragraphs: Poly Styrene's real name was Marianne Joan Elliott-Said. She lived in St Leonards, East Sussex. She joined the Hare Krishna movement in 1983.

paragraphs: In 1991, Poly Styrene was diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She had breast cancer which metastasised to her spine. She died of breast cancer on 25 April 2011 at the age of 53.


title: Phoebe Snow

paragraphs: Phoebe Snow (July 17, 1950 - April 26, 2011) was an American singer. One of her most popular songs was "Poetry Man", from her album "Phoebe Snow". She also sang the theme song for the television series "A Different World".

paragraphs: In December 1975, Snow gave birth to a daughter, Valerie, who had hydrocephalus (too much liquid around the brain). Snow cared for her until Valerie died in 2007.

paragraphs: Snow suffered a brain hemorrhage (bleeding in the brain) in January 2010, from which she never recovered. Complications from the hemorrhage caused her death.


title: Vann Nath

paragraphs: Vann Nath (1946 – September 5, 2011) was a Cambodian artist, writer and human rights activist.

paragraphs: He was born in Battambang Province in northwestern Cambodia. By age 14 or 15, he was working at factory jobs for very small amounts of money. Nath was a monk from the age of 17 to 21. His sister died, and Vann Nath stopped being a monk. He began to help support the family. He entered a painting school in 1965. He was able to make money by painting after two years of study.

paragraphs: Natt was arrested January 7, 1978 by the Khmer Rouge He wote and painted pictures of his experiences in the Tuol Sleng prison, also known as S-21. He wrote his life story in the 1988 book, "A Cambodian Prison Portrait: One Year in the Khmer Rouge's S-21 Prison". It is the only written story by a survivor of the prison. Nath survived because he was a great artist. Comrade Duch did not kill him, so that Natt could make paintings and sculptures of Pol Pot. He played an important role in helping to revive the arts in Cambodia after decades of war and genocide.

paragraphs: During 2001 and 2002, Vann Nath worked with Cambodian movie director Rithy Panh to make a documentary called "". Panh brought together former prisoners and guards from the former Tuol Sleng prison. Vann Nath spoke stringly and asked his former torturers questions.

paragraphs: Vann Nath had many health problems in his life, but he continued to paint and write about life during the time of Pol Pot. He died in 2011 in Phnom Penh. He was 66.


title: Stefan Maierhofer

paragraphs: Stefan Maierhofer (born 16 August 1982) is a football player from Austria. He plays as striker. Since 2011 he plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg.

paragraphs: Maierhofer played his first matches for Vienna and SV Langrohr. At the age of 23 he went to FC Bayern München. He played in the second team for 2 seasons. He also played 2 matches in the first squad. He scored 21 goals in 42 Regionalliga appearances. He was top goalscorer for the squad in both seasons.

paragraphs: In January 2007 Maierhofer played half a season for TuS Koblenz in the second league of Germany. The next season he signed a contract with SpVgg Greuther Fürth. The club sent him on a six-month loan to Austrian Bundesliga's Rapid Vienna in January 2008. Rapid then signed a contract with him.

paragraphs: In 2009 he went to the Premier League. He played for Wolverhampton Wanderers. In 2010 he went on loan to MSV Duisburg. With the team he reached the German Cup final. In August 2011 he returned to Austria and signed with F. C. Red Bull Salzburg.

paragraphs: He also played 15 times for the Austrian national football team. He scored two goals with them.


title: Vittorio Arrigoni

paragraphs: Vittorio Arrigoni (4 February 1975 in Besana in Brianza, Lombardy - 15 April 2011 in Gaza) was an Italian journalist and peace activist who had gone to live in the Gaza Strip. He was very critical of Israel, but also Islamist groups that wanted an extreme Islamic state.

paragraphs: An Islamic terrorist group kidnapped Arrigoni and said they would kill him unless the Hamas government released their leader from prison. They showed Arrigoni with his eyes covered, on a YouTube video, with the text "The Italian hostage entered our land only to spread corruption." The police went to a building in Gaza where they found Arrigoni's body. He had been beaten and strangled.


title: Thor Vilhjalmsson

paragraphs: Thor Vilhjalmsson (12 August 1925 - 2 March 2011) was an Icelandic writer. His first novel, "Maðurinn er alltaf einn (Man is Always Alone)" was published in 1950. In 1988 he won the Nordic Council Literary Prize for his novel "Grámosinn glóir (Justice Undone)".

paragraphs: Vilhjalmsson was born in Edinburgh, Scotland in 1925. He studied at the University of Iceland in 1944-1946, at the University of Nottingham in 1946-1947 and at the Sorbonne in Paris from 1947-1952. He worked as a librarian at the National Library of Iceland in 1953 and at the National Theatre 1955-1957. He was involved in many art groups and events including the Reykjavik Writers Festival, the Writer's Union of Iceland, the Federation of Icelandic Artists, the Reykjavík Arts Festival, the Reykjavík Film Festival and the Reykjavík Judo-Society.


title: Party Rock Anthem

paragraphs: "Party Rock Anthem" is a hit song by the American duo LMFAO with English singer Lauren Bennett. The song is the first single off their second album "Sorry for Party Rocking", released in 2011. The song hit number one in many countries.


title: Cy Twombly

paragraphs: Edwin Parker "Cy" Twombly, Jr. (April 25, 1928 – July 5, 2011) was an American artist. He used the nickname "Cy", after his father and the star baseball pitcher Cy Young.

paragraphs: Twombly was known for his large-scale, freely scribbled, calligraphic-style graffiti paintings, on solid fields of mostly gray, tan, or off-white colors. He exhibited his paintings worldwide. Twombly's paintings blur the line between drawing and painting. Many of his best-known paintings of the late 1960s are reminiscent of a school blackboard on which someone has practiced cursive "e"s. Twombly had at this point discarded painting figurative, representational subject-matter, citing the line or smudge – each mark with its own history – as its proper subject.

paragraphs: Later, many of his paintings and works on paper moved into "romantic symbolism", and their titles can be interpreted visually through shapes and forms and words. Twombly often quoted the poet Stéphane Mallarmé, as well as many classical myths and allegories in his works. Examples of this are his "Apollo and The Artist" and a series of eight drawings consisting solely of inscriptions of the word "VIRGIL". In a 1994 retrospective, curator Kirk Varnedoe described Twombly's work as “influential among artists, discomfiting to many critics and truculently difficult not just for a broad public, but for sophisticated initiates of postwar art as well". After acquiring Twombly's "Three Studies from the Temeraire" (1998–99), the Director of the Art Gallery of New South Wales said "sometimes people need a little bit of help in recognising a great work of art that might be a bit unfamiliar". He is said to have influenced younger artists such as Anselm Kiefer, Francesco Clemente, and Julian Schnabel.


title: Owsley Stanley

paragraphs: Owsley Stanley (born Augustus Owsley Stanley III, January 19, 1935 – March 13, 2011) also known as Bear, was an important person in the rise of the San Francisco Bay counter-culture. During the Beat-era years of Ken Kesey's Merry Pranksters scenes, he was also important in the explosion of 1960's psychedelia culture.

paragraphs: A brilliant and eclectic crafts-person he was best known under the name of "Owsley" - a magician like figure who "cooked" LSD. Under the professional name of "Bear" he is known around the world as the music producer, engineer and artist to psychedelic rock band the Grateful Dead.

paragraphs: Bear was the road manager for The Grateful Dead. He met the band when Kesey had them come to an Owsley Acid test party to try a new batch of LSD. Bear's technical interests helped the band's interest in electronic, acoustic and mystical properties of sound. He became their sound engineer. He was one of the first to mix sound live, and in stereo, and achieved a high sound quality. He often recorded live tapes behind his mixing board. They developed their own high-fidelity audio components and sound-systems for their performances. The bands tours evolved around a gigantic "Wall of Sound", with stacks of Stanley-designed equipment. His expert changes meant fans of the Grateful Dead could enjoy the full sonic range of the concert even in the outdoors.

paragraphs: His abilities helped The Dead to experiment further afield, playing in dramatic and remote places. Their need for support to tour with big shows, and their need for special equipment, meant that companies formed to supply them. These needs were the starting point for both Marin County's high-end music-instrument makers Alembic Inc and concert-sound manufacturer Meyer Sound. And his drug making helped to get the band started.

paragraphs: Stanley was one of the first people to manufacture mass quantities of LSD. His LSD is still known for its quality and purity. Between 1965 and 1967, Stanley produced more than 1.25 million doses of LSD. This amount of quality LSD was responsible for the wide popularity of the drug, and the development of an anti-authoritarian, anti-war counter-culture. From the 'Sunset Strip Riots' in Los Angeles, to the Summer of Love in San Francisco's Haight-Ashbury was described as "the biggest LSD party in history.". The name "Owsley" was linked to cheap LSD of good quality.

paragraphs: Stanley died in an car accident in Queensland, Australia on March 13, 2011.


title: Miss Independent

paragraphs: "Miss Independent" is a 2003 song by the singer-songwriter Kelly Clarkson, released from her album "Thankful". It was the second single overall at the time of its release by Clarkson, and her second Top Ten hit in Billboard Hot 100. "Miss Independent" was nominated with Best Female Pop Vocal Performance; however, the song lost the award to the Christina Aguilera song "Beautiful".


title: Bruce Cowan

paragraphs: David Bruce Cowan, AM (15 January 1926—7 April 2011) was an Australian politician and Minister of the Crown in the cabinets of Tom Lewis and Sir Eric Willis. He was a member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly for 14 years from 6 November 1965 until his resignation on 29 August 1980 and then for 13 years in the Australian House of Representatives for Lyne for the Country Party of Australia and its successors, the National Country and then National Parties.

paragraphs: He was the father-in-law of the current Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell.

paragraphs: Cowan died on 7 April 2011, a week after O'Farrell was elected Premier of New South Wales.


title: Anne Francis

paragraphs: Anne Francis (September 16, 1930 - January 2, 2011) was an American actress. She was best known for starring in the 1956 science fiction movie "Forbidden Planet". In the 1960s, she starred in her own television series, "Honey West". She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her work in that series.

paragraphs: Francis was diagnosed with lung cancer in 2007. She died of pancreatic cancer in 2011.

paragraphs: Francis was married twice and had two daughters.


title: Dorothea Puente

paragraphs: Dorothea Puente (9 January, 1929 — 27 March, 2011) was an American murderer. She was sent to prison for killing three people at her home in Sacramento, California. Puente ran a boarding house where old people, people with a disability or mental illness were able to live. A social worker thought something was wrong after a mentally disabled person disappeared from her home. When the police searched the house they found seven bodies buried in the yard. Another two bodies were found in a box in the Sacramento River. She killed people with drugs and stole their money. She had taken more than $87,000 from people she had murdered.

paragraphs: Puente had a hard life; her father was an alcoholic and her mother a prostitute. She was placed in an orphanage as a young child where she was sexually abused. She married at 16 years of age and had two children who were both later adopted. At 19 her husband died and she was sent to prison for fraud. She was sent to prison for using drugs to steal from old people. Puente said all the victims died from natural causes. She did not tell anyone they had died because she had only been let out of prison on the condition that she did not look after old people.

paragraphs: The jury found her guilty of three murders. She died from natural causes while still a prisoner at the Central California Women's Facility in Chowchilla.


title: Paul Baran

paragraphs: Paul Baran (1926–2011) was an American engineer. He was one of the first people to work in developing computer networks. He invented packet switching networks. Later, he started several companies that made important parts of the Internet and other modern digital communication.

paragraphs: Paul Baran was born in Grodno, Poland (which is now in Belarus) on April 29, 1926. His family moved to the United States in 1928. He graduated from Drexel University in 1949 with a degree in electrical engineering. He did technical work on the first commercial computers in the United States. He got a Masters degree in engineering from UCLA. His thesis was on character recognition.

paragraphs: In 1959, Baran joined RAND Corporation. He designed a "survivable" communications system that could keep working across long distances even if hit by nuclear weapons. Baran proved that by dividing communication into short packages, the packages could be easily rerouted when a part of the network was lost. Special computers (called "routers") would steer the packages around the network toward their final destinations. This later became the basic design of the internet.

paragraphs: In 1968, Baran was a founder of the Institute for the Future, and then involved in other networking technologies developed in Silicon Valley. He founded a number of high technology companies.

paragraphs: Baran died in Palo Alto, California at the age of 84 on March 26, 2011, from lung cancer.


title: Tom Gehrels

paragraphs: Tom Gehrels (1925 – 2011), was an American astronomer, Professor Planetary Sciences, and Astronomer at the University of Arizona, Tucson. With co-workers, he discovered over 4,000 asteroids, including Apollo asteroids, Amor asteroids, as well as dozens of Trojan asteroids. Gehrels also discovered a number of comets. In an interview, Gehrels was asked what he would do if an asteroid hit the Earth. He said, "Go out there and have a look, of course."

paragraphs: In the 1970s, Gehrels was in charge of the Imaging Photopolarimeter experiment on the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 satellites which explored the planets, Jupiter and Saturn.

paragraphs: Gehrels edited a number of space science textbooks. One of his sons, Neil Gehrels, was also an astronomer.

paragraphs: Gehrels was part of the Dutch Resistance in World War II. In 1994, he argued that German rocket scientist Wernher von Braun had been involved in Nazi concentration camps during that war.


title: Diane Cilento

paragraphs: Diane Cilento (5 October 1933 – 6 October 2011) was an Australian actress and author.

paragraphs: She was born on 5 October 1933 in Mooloolaba, Queensland. Her parents were medical practitioners Sir Raphael Cilento and Phyllis, Lady Cilento. At an early age, she decided to be an actress. She graduated from Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, London and moved to England in the early 1950s. Cliento began to have roles in British movies. She went on to win international acclaim as an actress during the 1950s and 1960s.

paragraphs: She was married three times and had two children. She was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Academy Award for "Tom Jones". In 2001, she was awarded the Centenary Medal, for "distinguished service to the arts, especially theatre".


title: Charles Napier

paragraphs: Charles L. Napier (April 12, 1936 – October 5, 2011) was an American actor.

paragraphs: Napier was born on April 12, 1936, near Scottsville, Kentucky, Napier moved to Hollywood after graduating from Western Kentucky University with a degree in art.

paragraphs: His first acting position in Hollywood was on an episode of "". Napier later acted as military figures villains, such as playing Marshal Murdock in the movie "".

paragraphs: Napier died on October 5, 2011, in a hospital in Bakersfield, California from thrombosis, aged 75.


title: Elisabeth Sladen

paragraphs: Elisabeth Claira Heath Sladen (1 February 1946 – 19 April 2011) was an English actress. Born on 1 February 1946 in Liverpool, Sladen attended the Elliott-Clarke Drama school. From 1973 to 1976, Sladen played Sarah Jane Smith on "Doctor Who". Sladen again played Sarah Jane on a spin-off CBBC show, "The Sarah Jane Adventures". She died in Southall, west London on 19 April 2011 from cancer.


title: Jordan Lake

paragraphs: B. Everett Jordan Lake is a lake in Chatham County, North Carolina. It was made by building a dam on the Haw River. Its area is about .


title: U + Ur Hand

paragraphs: "U + Ur Hand" was a highly controversial song by the American singer Pink. It was released in 2006. Its lyrics represent men that would flirt at her in nightclubs. The single caused major controversy in the United States due to racy lyrics. Some radio stations declined to play the single because of its controversial subject matter.


title: Melody Thornton

paragraphs: Melody Thornton (born September 28, 1984) is an American R&B singer-songwriter, vocalist, dancer, model, showgirl and television personality. She became famous because she was in the singing group the Pussycat Dolls. She was the youngest member of the group. She had the second most important singing role, next to the lead singer Nicole Scherzinger. She was noticed for her melismatic vocal runs. In 2010, Thornton left the group to work on her solo career.


title: Jessica Sutta

paragraphs: Jessica Lynn Sutta (born May 15, 1982) is an American dancer, showgirl, singer, recording artist, model, and actress. She is best known as a member of the American pop girl group and dance ensemble, the Pussycat Dolls. She left the group in January 2010 to embark her solo career. She is currently finishing up her first solo album. It is expected to be released in 2012. She is currently signed to Hollywood Records.


title: Ashley Roberts

paragraphs: Ashley Maria Roberts (born September 14, 1981) is an American dancer, showgirl, recording artist, model, actress, fashion designer and television personality, best known as a former member of the modern burlesque group the Pussycat Dolls. She left the Pussycat Dolls in 2010, to pursue a solo career in acting.


title: Kimberly Wyatt

paragraphs: Kimberly Kaye Wyatt (born February 4, 1982) is an American showgirl, singer-songwriter, dancer, model, actress and choreographer. She is probably best known for being in the Pussycat Dolls. She joined the Pussycat Dolls in 2003. In 2010, she said that she left the group, and made a new band called Her Majesty & The Wolves.


title: Edward Hardwicke

paragraphs: Edward Hardwicke (7 August 1932 – 16 May 2011), also spelled Edward Hardwick, was an English actor. He is best known for his role as Doctor Watson in "The Return of Sherlock Holmes" series.

paragraphs: Hardwicke was born in London, England, to actors Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Helena Pickard. He started his film career in Hollywood at 10. He was in Victor Fleming's film "A Guy Named Joe" with Spencer Tracy. He went back to England, attended Stowe School, and did his military service in the Royal Air Force. He then joined the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) to learn to be an actor.

paragraphs: Hardwicke acted at the Bristol Old Vic, The Oxford Playhouse, and the Nottingham Playhouse. In 1964, he joined the National Theatre. He performed there for seven years. He appeared in William Shakespeare's "Othello", Ibsen's "The Master Builder". Peter Shaffer's "The Royal Hunt of the Sun", "Charley's Aunt", Tom Stoppard's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", Congreve's "The Way of the World", Georges Feydeau's "A Flea In Her Ear", "The Crucible", Luigi Pirandello's "The Rules Of The Game", Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Idiot", and George Bernard Shaw's "Mrs. Warren's Profession". In 1977, Hardwick went back to the National Theatre to perform in Feydeau's "The Lady from Maxim's"

paragraphs: In 1973, he played at the Bristol Old Vic. He played Dr. Astrov in Anton Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya" and Charles Calthrop in the movie "The Day of the Jackal". In 1975, he went to the Haymarket Theatre, where he performed in Frederick Lonsdale's "On Approval". In 1976 at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, he played Sir Robert Chiltern in Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband".

paragraphs: In 2001, he played Arthur Winslow in "The Winslow Boy" at the Chichester Festival Theatre. His father had played this role in 1948 in the movie.

paragraphs: Hardwicke started his television career in the 1970. He played Pat Grant in "Colditz". He then played Arthur in the sitcom "My Old Man". In 1978, Hardwicke played Bellcourt in the last episode of "The Sweeney". David Burke, who played Doctor Watson in "The Return of Sherlock Holmes" series, asked Hardwicke to take over the role. Hardwicke played this role for eight years, from 1986 to 1994. His portrayal of Watson was calmer than Holmes'. In 1989, Hardwicke played the role of Watson on the West End stage in "The Secret of Sherlock Holmes".

paragraphs: He performed in many movies, including "The Day of the Jackal" (1973), "The Black Windmill" (1974), Richard Loncraine's 1995 version of "Richard III", "The Scarlet Letter" (1995), "Shadowlands" (1993), "Elizabeth" (1998), "Enigma" (2001), "The Gathering Storm" (2002), "Love Actually" (2003), and Roman Polanski's "Oliver Twist" (2005).

paragraphs: Hardwicke married Anne Iddon, and they had two daughters, Kate and Emma. Hardwicke and Iddon later divorced. He then married Prim Cotton in 1995.

paragraphs: Hardwicke lived in Chichester. On 16 May 2011, he died of cancer.


title: Ludmilla Radchenko

paragraphs: Ludmilla Radchenko (, born November 11, 1978 in Omsk, Soviet Union) is a Russian model, artist and actress. She is best known in Italy and Anglo-Saxon countries.

paragraphs: Radchenko was born in Omsk. She graduated in fashion design in 1999. In 1997 she was elected "Miss Charm" at the national competition Miss Russia. She had television experiences in Moscow and St. Petersburg.

paragraphs: After she arrived in Italy, she began her career in an Italian spot during the television program "Paperissima". In 2001, she was a dancer in "" and, the following year, in the TV quiz "Passaparola".

paragraphs: In 2003, she hosted "Spicy Tg" on Antenna 3. During this time, she still modeled. In 2004 she was in the "Fox" magazine calendar. In 2005, she took part in the reality program "la Talpa". She was eliminated during the semi-finals.

paragraphs: In the summer of 2006, she was the main character of "On the Road", a TV program filmed in Miami. It was broadcast on the Italian television channel Italia 1. The next year, she hosted "Tuning and fanatics", a Diva's Production program on SKY. She was also a competitor in the reality program "Reality Game" on Sky Vivo.

paragraphs: She was chosen by window manufacturer Fapim for calendar 2008. She posed for Luca Cattoretti in the most famous erotic poses in the history of international cinema. She also works on All Music in the fashion program "Modeland". It is hosted by Jonathan Kashanian.

paragraphs: As an actress, she starred in the TV movie "Il viaggio" (2005). She was also in two episodes of the TV series "RIS - Delitti imperfetti" and some small roles in other Italian productions. In 2008, she stars in the movie "A Light Of Passion".

paragraphs: After La Talpa, she began painting. She has had some exhibitions in Milan and decides to devote herself to art.

paragraphs: In 2010, Radchenko made a giant cow for the "Cow Parade 2010", an international design exhibition. She also took part in an art installation at the Milan Triennale and exhibited in a solo show at the Museum of Contemporary Art in Lucca. A few months after her exhibition at Teatro alla Scala, she was chosen for the international painting Gemlucart of Monaco, where she began her collaboration with the Opera Gallery. In December 2010, Skira published her first catalog, "Power Pop".

paragraphs: In February 2011, the province of Milan supported Radchenko's exhibition at the House of World Cultures. In May 2011, a New York gallery showed her work at the Eating Art festival. Her works were also exhibited at the Crown Fine Art gallery in Soho.


title: Gil Scott-Heron

paragraphs: Gilbert "Gil" Scott-Heron (April 1, 1949 – May 27, 2011) was an American poet, musician, and author. He is best known for his work in spoken-word soul music in the 1960s and 1970s and his work with Brian Jackson.

paragraphs: Scott-Heron is most famous for his poem and song, "The Revolution Will Not Be Televised". This piece helped develop the black protest movement and influenced the rap genre.

paragraphs: In 2010, he released an album titled "I'm New Here".


title: Basse-Terre

paragraphs: Basse-Terre is the capital of France's Caribbean département d'outre-mer of Guadeloupe.


title: Separatist movements of India

paragraphs: Separatist movements are groups of people wanting to start a new country that is separate from a large existing country.

paragraphs: In India, some groups want separate countries for groups that have ethnic or language differences. Some groups call for a separate state, others for regional autonomy while some extreme groups demand complete full independence from India.

paragraphs: Part of Arunachal Pradesh is belong to the disputed territory of Southern Tibet.

paragraphs: The Arunachal Dragon Force (ADF), also known as the East India Liberation Front, is a violent secessionist movement in the eastern Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh. The ADF seeks to create a state resembling the pre-British Teola Country consisting of area currently in Arunachal Pradesh as well as neighboring Assam.

paragraphs: Geographically and culturally, the region now called north-east India is between the two traditions of Indic Asia and Mongoloid Asia and is regarded as part of Southeast Asia. This geographical-cultural condition of "in-betweenness" is an important factor in the area’s crisis of identity. The leaders of the present-day "underground outfits" continue to struggle for independence, as the political integration of the northeast to India was brought about without the approval of its people. The people of northeast India, who are culturally Mongoloid, refuse to accept the caste-ridden social system advocated by ‘Indian’ culture. Similar struggles for independence are also going on in other northeastern subdivisions or sister regions, such as Assam, Manipur, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Nagaland. Assam has been the hotbed of militancy for a number of years due to its porous borders with Bangladesh and Bhutan. The main causes of the friction include the anti-foreigner agitation in the 1980s and the simmering Assam-Bodo tensions. The insurgency status in Assam is classified as very active. The government of Bangladesh has arrested and extradited senior leaders of ULFA or the United Liberation Front of Asom was formed in April 1979 to establish a sovereign state of Assam through an armed struggle. In recent times the organisation has lost out its middle rung leaders after most of them were arrested. The National Democratic Front of Bodoland was formed in 1989 as the Bodo Security Force, aims to set up an autonomous region Bodoland. Problems in Meghalaya arise from the divide between tribals and non tribal settlers, identity issues and growing corruption besides the fear of being reduced to minority by native tribals. The activity status is classified as active.

paragraphs: Nagaland was created in 1963 as the 16th State of Indian Union, before which it was a district of Assam. Insurgent groups classified as active, mainly demand full independence. The Naga National Council led by Phizo was the first group to dissent in 1947 and in 1956 they went underground.

paragraphs: Both India and Pakistan say that Kashmir is a part of their nation. At one time, they were both a single country. India was divided based on which Party(Congress or Muslim league was more popular in each state. They fought wars over which country should get Kashmir. Separatists say that Kashmir should be a country that is separate from both India and Pakistan.


title: Manfred Gerlach

paragraphs: Manfred Gerlach (8 May 1928 — 17 October 2011) was the last President of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), and the only non-communist to be President.

paragraphs: Born in Leipzig in 1928, Gerlach was arrested at school in 1944 for starting an anti-fascist youth group. After World War Two he joined the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP). This was one of the small political parties that the communist government allowed to exist. He studied law at the Walter Ulbricht German Academy of State Sciences and Law. During the 1950's he became General Secretary of the LDP and the mayor of Leipzig. From 1967 to 1990 he was on the Council of State, and its vice-chairman. He became chairman of the LDP in 1967 until it merged with two other parties in 1990, to take part in the first free elections in East Germany.

paragraphs: When Egon Krenz resigned as chaiman of the Council of State on 6 December, 1989, Gerlach became acting chairman ( as head of state he was effectively the President. After the 1990 elections, the new government reorganized, and removed the Council of State, and Gerlach resigned on 5 April 1990. He died in Berlin in 2011 after a long illness.


title: Jeff Conaway

paragraphs: Jeffrey Charles William Michael "Jeff" Conaway (October 5, 1950 – May 27, 2011) was an American actor. He appeared in the movie "Grease" and the television series "Taxi" and "Babylon 5". He was born in Manhattan and grew up in Queens. He worked as a model, child actor, and musician. Conaway had problems with drug addiction and died of problems from taking too many pain medications.


title: Don Kirshner

paragraphs: Don Kirshner (April 17, 1934 – January 17, 2011) was an American song publisher and rock producer. He managed successful pop groups such as The Monkees, Kansas, and The Archies. Kirshner was born and raised in the Bronx. He studied at the Bronx High School of Science. One of his classmates there was Bobby Darin.

paragraphs: In the late 1950s and early 1960s Kirshner and his partner Al Nevins had a successful music publishing company called Aldon Music. They managed songwriters from the "Brill Building", including Carole King, Gerry Goffin, Neil Sedaka, Howard Greenfield, Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil and Jack Keller. He also had three record labels: Chairman, Calendar, and Kirshner Records.

paragraphs: ABC Television asked Kirshner to produce a new music TV program call "In Concert". He left after one year to produce his own show called "Don Kirshner's Rock Concert". This show featured live rock music performances and was very successful.

paragraphs: He died of heart failure in Boca Raton, Florida on January 17, 2011. He was 76 years old.


title: Dan Peek

paragraphs: Daniel Milton "Dan" Peek (November 1, 1950 July 24, 2011) was an American musician. Born in Panama City, Florida, Peek moved to England in 1963. While attending London Central High School, Peek met Dewey Bunnell and Gerry Beckley. They formed the band America, who had eight songs reach the Mainstream Top 40 between 1971 and 1975. Peek left the band in 1977 to work in Contemporary Christian music. He died on July 24, 2011 in Farmington, Missouri.


title: John Dye

paragraphs: John Carroll Dye (January 31, 1963 – January 10, 2011) was an American actor. He was born in Amory, Mississippi. He attended Mississippi State University and the University of Memphis. In 1994, Dye played the part of Andrew, the angel of death, in the television series "Touched by an Angel". The show ran for nine seasons before ending in April 2003. In 2000, he starred in the television movie "Once Upon a Christmas". In 2001, he appeared in the sequel "Twice Upon a Christmas".

paragraphs: Dye died on January 10, 2011, in San Francisco, California, from heart failure.


title: Park Gyu-ri

paragraphs: Park Gyu-ri (born on May 21, 1988 in Seoul) is a South Korean singer. She is often known by the mononym Gyuri. She was a member of the girl group Kara, which was formed by DSP Entertainment in 2007. As the leader of the group, she is reported to have come up with its name.


title: Kang Jiyoung

paragraphs: Kang Jiyoung (born January 18, 1994) is a South Korean idol singer, former member of the Korean girl group Kara.


title: Cliff Robertson

paragraphs: Clifford Parker "Cliff" Robertson, III (September 9, 1923 – September 10, 2011) was an American actor with a long movie and television career. Robertson played the role of John F. Kennedy in the 1963 movie "PT 109". He won the 1968 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the movie "Charly". On television, he acted as retired astronaut Buzz Aldrin in the 1976 movie "Return to Earth". He played a role based on Director of Central Intelligence Richard Helms in the 1977 movie based on John Ehrlichman's Watergate novel "The Company". He played Henry Ford in the 1987 "Ford: The Man and the Machine". His last well-known role was Uncle Ben in the three Spider-Man movies made between 2002 and 2007.