title: 7-Eleven

paragraphs: 7-Eleven is an American brand of convenience stores that owns around 58,300 stores (as of January 2016) in 17 different countries.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven is in the city of Dallas. The company that owns it, Seven-Eleven Japan Co., Ltd., is in Tokyo. Seven-Eleven Japan is held by the Seven & I Holdings Co. holding company.

paragraphs: The company's first outlets were named "Tote'm Stores" because customers "toted" (carried) away their purchases. Some stores featured real Alaskan totem poles in front of the store. In 1946, their names were change to reflect the new hours of 7:00 am to 11:00 pm. In November 1999, the corporate name of the company was changed from The Southland Corporation to 7-Eleven Inc.

paragraphs: In 1927, Southland Ice Company employee John Jefferson Green began selling eggs, milk, and bread from one of 16 ice house storefronts in Dallas, with permission from one of Southland's founding directors, Joe C. Thompson, Sr. Although small grocery stores and general merchandisers were available, Thompson theorized that selling products such as bread and milk in convenience stores would reduce the need for customers to travel long distances for basic items. He eventually bought the Southland Ice Company and turned it into Southland Corporation, which made sure the stores in Dallas were doing it right.

paragraphs: In 1928, a Southland executive brought a totem pole as a souvenir from Alaska and placed it in front of the store. The pole served as a marketing tool for the company, as it attracted a lot of attention. Soon, executives added totem poles in front of every store and eventually adopted an Inuit-inspired theme for their stores. Later on, the stores began operating under the name "Tote'm Stores." In the same year, the company began constructing gasoline stations in some of its Dallas locations as an experiment. Joe Thompson also provided something you could only find at his store, he trained the staff so that people would receive the same quality and service in every store. Southland also started to have a uniform for its ice station service men. This became a good part in the company's success as a convenience store.

paragraphs: In 1931, the Great Depression affected the company, sending it toward losing all of its money. However, the company kept going through re-organization and receivership. A Dallas banker, W.W. Overton Jr., also helped to bring it back by selling the company's bonds for seven cents on the dollar. This brought the company's ownership under the control of a board of directors.

paragraphs: In 1946, in an effort to continue the company's post-war recovery, the name of all the stores were changed to 7-Eleven to reflect the stores' new hours of operation, which were unprecedented at the time. In 1969, 7-Eleven tried to do a 24-hour schedule in Austin, Texas, after an Austin store stayed open all night to satisfy customer demand. Later on, 24-hour stores were created in Fort Worth and Dallas, Texas, as well as Las Vegas, Nevada. In 1971, Southland acquired convenience stores of the former Pak-A-Sak chain owned by Graham Allen Penniman, Sr. (1903–1985), of Shreveport, Louisiana.

paragraphs: With the purchase in 1964 of 126 Speedee Mart franchised convenience stores in California, the company entered the franchise business. The company signed its first area licensing agreement in 1968 with Garb-Ko, Inc. of Saginaw, Michigan, which became the first US domestic area 7-Eleven licensee.

paragraphs: In the late 1980s, Southland Corporation was threatened by a rumored corporate takeover, prompting the Thompson family to take steps to convert the company into a private model by buying out public shareholders in a tender offer. In December 1987, John Philp Thompson, the chairman and CEO of 7-Eleven, completed a $5.2 billion management buyout of the company. The buyout suffered from the effects of the 1987 stock market crash and after failing initially to raise high yield debt financing, the company was required to offer a portion of stock as an inducement to invest in the company's bonds.

paragraphs: Various assets, such as the Chief Auto Parts chain, the ice division, and hundreds of store locations, were sold between 1987 and 1990 to pay off loans that were taken out during the buyout. This also meant that in numerous metropolitan areas losing 7-Eleven stores to other brands wanting the business as well. In October 1990, the heavily indebted Southland Corp. filed a pre-packaged Chapter 11 bankruptcy in order to transfer control of 70% of the company to Japanese affiliate Ito-Yokado.

paragraphs: Southland exited bankruptcy in March 1991, after a cash infusion of $430 million from Ito-Yokado and Seven-Eleven Japan. These two Japanese entities now controlled 70% of the company, with the founding Thompson family retaining 5%. In 1999, Southland Corp. changed its name to 7-Eleven, Inc., citing the divestment of operations other than 7-Eleven. Ito-Yokado formed Seven & I Holdings Co. and 7-Eleven became its subsidiary in 2005. In 2007, Seven & I Holdings announced that it would be expanding its American operations, with an additional 1,000 7-Eleven stores in the United States.

paragraphs: For the 2010 rankings, 7-Eleven climbed to the Number 3 spot in "Entrepreneur" Magazine's 31st Annual Franchise 500, "the first and most comprehensive ranking in the world." This was the 17th year 7-Eleven was named in the top 10.

paragraphs: Also in 2010, the first "green" 7-Eleven store opened in DeLand, Florida. The store features U.S. Green Building Council's (USGBC) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) elements. Also, the environmentally-friendly design brings the store savings in energy costs. That same year, 7-Eleven went mobile with the launch of the iconic Slurpee drink's iPhone and Android Application (App). The Slurpee drink app made it easy to find 7-Eleven stores and provides driving directions. The following year, 7-Eleven celebrated its 40,000th store opening and within two years of that milestone opened its 50,000th store.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven in the United States sells Slurpee drinks, a partially frozen soft drink introduced in 1967, and Big Gulp beverages, introduced in 1976. Other products include: 7-Select private-brand products, coffee, fresh-made daily sandwiches, salads and bakery items, hot and prepared foods, gasoline, dairy products, carbonated beverages and energy drinks, juices, financial services and product delivery services.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven opened its first store in Mainland China in Shenzhen, Guangdong in 1992 and then later expanded to Beijing in 2004, Chengdu and Shanghai in 2011, Qingdao in 2012, and Chongqing in 2013. In Mainland China's 7-Eleven stores where Slurpees are offered, the Chinese name (sīlèbīng) is used. They also offer a lot of warm food, with items like steamed buns, and stores in Chengdu offer a full variety of onigiri (饭团). Beverages, candy, and other convenience items are available as well. Most of these stores are open for 24 hours a day.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven has operated in Hong Kong since 1989 under the ownership of Dairy Farm. With most locations being in areas with many people, about 40 percent are franchised stores. In September 2004, Dairy Farm acquired Daily Stop, a convenience-store chain located mainly in the territory's MTR stations, and then changed them to 7-Eleven stores. , Hong Kong has 950 7-Eleven stores and has the second-highest density of 7-Eleven stores after Macau, with one outlet per .

paragraphs: In 2008, 7-Eleven said they will start more business in Indonesia through a master franchise agreement with Modern Sevel Indonesia and Media Nusantara Citra. Modern Sevel Indonesia's original plans were to open stores in Jakarta first, especially in areas where there are many other commercial or business buildings. Other major cities, such as Bandung, Semarang, and Surabaya were listed as possible locations to go into.

paragraphs: There are 190 7-Eleven stores in Indonesia .

paragraphs: Japan has more 7-Eleven locations than anywhere else in the world, where they often have the title of its current holding company "Seven & I Holdings". Of the 58,389 stores around the globe, 18,249 stores (31 percent of global stores) are in Japan, with 2,246 stores in Tokyo alone. On September 1, 2005, Seven & I Holdings Co., Ltd., a new holding company, became the owner of 7-Eleven, Ito Yokado, and Denny's Japan.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven stores in Japan look different from stores in other countries as they offer a wider selection of products and services. Following the example of other convenience stores in Japan, 7-Eleven has solar panels and LEDs installed in about 1,400 of its stores.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven entered the Macau market in 2005 under the ownership of Dairy Farm, the same group operating Hong Kong's 7-Eleven. With only 25.9 square kilometers, Macau has 45 stores, making it the single market with the highest number of 7-Eleven stores, containing one store per 0.65 square kilometers.

paragraphs: Malaysian 7-Eleven stores are owned by 7-Eleven Malaysia Sdn. Bhd., which now operates 1,855 stores nationwide (as of July 2015). 7-Eleven in Malaysia was incorporated on June 4, 1984, by the Berjaya Group Berhad. The first 7-Eleven store was opened in October 1984, in Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. It's popular in Sandakan and Kota Kinabalu because their prices are cheaper. In Sandakan the Slurpee beverage is popular among teen and kids.

paragraphs: In the Philippines, 7-Eleven is run by the Philippine Seven Corporation (PSC). Its first store, in Quezon City, opened in 1984. In 2000, President Chain Store Corporation (PCSC) of Taiwan, also a license of 7-Eleven, bought most of the shares of PSC and created a plan to have all convience stores in the area be theirs. At the end of 2015, 7-Eleven stores totaled 1,602, up 25 percent from 1,282 stores in end-2014. A total of 1,391 7-Eleven stores are in Luzon, 178 in Visayas, and 33 in Mindanao.

paragraphs: In Singapore, 7-Eleven forms the largest group of convenience stores island-wide. There are currently 560 7-Eleven stores all over the country. Stores in Singapore are operated by Dairy Farm International Holdings, franchised under a licensing agreement with 7-Eleven Incorporated.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven stores were opened in 1983 with a franchise license under the Jardine Matheson Group. The license was then acquired by Cold Storage Singapore, a subsidiary of the Dairy Farm Group, in 1989.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven stores in Singapore operate 24 hours a day, with the exception of stores in Biopolis, hospitals, MRT Stations, some shopping centres, ITE College West, Singapore Polytechnic, Republic Polytechnic, and Nanyang Technological University, which have shorter operating hours.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven can be found in the Republic of Korea convenience store market in many places, where it competes with Ministop, GS25 (formerly LG25), FamilyMart, and independent competitors. There are 7,064 7-Eleven stores in the Republic of Korea; with only Japan, the United States, and Thailand hosting more stores. The first 7-Eleven store in the Republic of Korea opened in 1989 in Songpa-gu in Seoul with a franchise license under the Lotte Group. In January 2010, Lotte Group acquired the Buy the Way convenience store chain and rebranded its 1,000 stores under the 7-Eleven brand.

paragraphs: In Taiwan, 7-Eleven is the largest convenience store chain and is owned by under Uni-President Enterprises Corporation. The first store opened in 1979 and the 5,000th store was opened in July 2014.

paragraphs: The first store opened in 1989 on Patpong Road in Bangkok. The franchise in Thailand is the CP ALL Public Company Limited, which in turn grants franchises to operators. There are 8,334 7-Eleven stores in Thailand , with approximately 50% in Bangkok. Thailand has the 2nd largest number of 7-Eleven stores after Japan .

paragraphs: The company plans to spend five billion Thai baht to expand its business. Two billion will be used to open 500 new outlets, one billion to make stores already around better, and the rest to develop a new center in the East.

paragraphs: Seven & I Holdings announced in June 2014 that they had agreed a contract with Seven Emirates Investment LLC to open the first Middle Eastern 7-Eleven in Dubai, United Arab Emirates during the summer of 2015. The company also said that they had plans to open about 100 stores in the country by the end of 2017. The first store was opened in October 2015.

paragraphs: The first European 7-Eleven store was opened in Stockholm, Sweden in 1978. 7-Eleven was available in Spain until 2000 with many stores inside Repsol petrol stations, as well as some other petrol-stations across the country. 7-Eleven stores are now solely in the Scandinavian region of Europe.

paragraphs: The owner of the master franchise for 7-Eleven in Scandinavia is Reitan Servicehandel, an arm of the Norwegian retail group, Reitan Group. After Reitangruppen bought the filling station chain, HydroTexaco (now YX Energy), in Norway and Sweden in 2006, it announced that several of the stores at the petrol stations would be rebranded as 7-Elevens and that the petrol would be supplied by Shell. Other stores remain under the YX brand.

paragraphs: During the 1980s, small 7-Eleven convenience stores were common in the larger towns and cities of the Southeastern UK. The company stopped trading operations in 1997, but considered starting UK trading in 2014.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven store in Denmark was opened at Østerbro in Copenhagen on September 14, 1993. There are currently 196 stores, mostly in Copenhagen, Aarhus, Aalborg, and Odense, including 8 stores at Copenhagen Central Station. In Denmark, 7-Eleven has an agreement with Shell, with a nationwide network of Shell/7-Eleven service stations, and an agreement with DSB to have 7-Eleven stores at most S-train stations.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven store in Norway was opened at Grünerløkka in Oslo on September 13, 1986. As of January 2012, there are 162 7-Eleven stores in Norway, more than 50% in Oslo. Norway has the northernmost 7-Eleven in the world, in Tromsø. On a per-capita basis, Norway has one 7–Eleven store for every 47,000 Norwegians, compared to Canada, which has one for every 74,000 Canadians.

paragraphs: Reitan Servicehandel Sverige has held the license in Sweden since December 1997. In the mid-1990s period, 7-Eleven in Sweden received adverse publicity due to the unfavourable labour contracts offered by its then-licensee, "Small Shops," an American-based company, resulting in many stores being sold and closed down. For a time, there were only 7-Elevens in Stockholm and Gothenburg.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven returned to the south of Sweden in 2001, when a convenience store opened in Lund. Later in the 2000s, the Swedish 7-Eleven chain was involved in controversy when the Swedish TV channel TV3 exposed widespread fraud on the part of Reitan Servicehandel in its management of the 7-Eleven franchise, which Reitan Servicehandel eventually admitted to on its website.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven entered the Turkish market in 1989, opening its first store on September 11. Major stakeholder of the master franchise, Özer Çiller sold his shares in 1993, after his wife Tansu Çiller became the Prime Minister. In the 2010s, 7-Eleven left the Turkish market, transferring most of its stores to franchise owners.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven store to open in Canada was in Calgary, Alberta, on June 29, 1969. There are 484 7-Eleven stores in Canada . Winnipeg, Manitoba, has the world's largest number of Slurpee consumers, with an estimated 1,500,000 Slurpees sold since the first 7-Eleven opened on March 21, 1970. All 7-Eleven locations in Canada are corporate operated. Like its U.S. counterparts, every July 11 7-Eleven stores gives Slurpees for free on "7-Eleven Day".

paragraphs: A limited number of 7-Eleven locations have gas stations from Shell Canada, Petro-Canada, or Esso. In November 2005, 7-Eleven started giving the Speak Out Wireless cellphone service in Canada. 7-Eleven locations also featured CIBC ATMsin June 2012, these machines were replaced with ATMs operated by Scotiabank. 7-Eleven left the Ottawa, Ontario, market in December 2009 after selling all of the six outlets to Quickie Convenience Stores, a regional chain. Following concerns over the fate of Speak Out Wireless customers, Quickie offered to assume existing SpeakOut customers and phones into its Good2Go cellphone program. 7-Eleven is similarly absent from the Quebec market due to its saturation by chains like Alimentation Couche-Tard, Boni-soir as well as independent dépanneurs.

paragraphs: In Mexico, the first 7-Eleven store opened in 1971 in Monterrey in association with Grupo Chapa (now Iconn) and 7-Eleven, Inc. under the name Super 7. In 1995, Super 7 was renamed to 7-Eleven, which has 1,552 stores in several areas of the country. When stores are located within classically designed buildings (such as in Centro Histórico buildings) or important landmarks, the storefront logo is displayed in monochrome with gold or silver lettering. The main competitors in Mexico are OXXO (Femsa), Super City (Soriana), Farmacias Guadalajara and other local competitors.

paragraphs: "Supermarket News" ranked 7-Eleven's North American operations Number 11 in the 2007 "Top 75 North American Food Retailers," based on the 2006 fiscal year estimated sales of US$15 billion. Based on the 2005 revenue, 7-Eleven is the twenty-fourth largest retailer in the United States. , 8,144 7-Eleven franchised units exist across the United States. Franchise fees range between US$10,000 – $1,000,000 and the ongoing royalty rate varies. 7-Eleven America has its headquarters in the One Arts Plaza building in Downtown Dallas, Texas. Small-size Slurpees are free on "7-Eleven Day", on July 11.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven Stores of Oklahoma operate independently since 1953, they are under an agreement with William Brown, it is currently led by son James Brown.

paragraphs: In the United States, many 7-Eleven locations used to have filling stations with gasoline distributed by Citgo, which in 1983 was purchased by Southland Corporation (50% of Citgo was subsequently sold in 1986 to Petróleos de Venezuela, S.A., with the remaining 50% acquired in 1990). Although Citgo was the predominant partner of 7-Eleven, other oil companies are also co-branded with 7-Eleven, including Fina, Exxon, Gulf, Marathon, BP, Shell, Chevron (some former TETCO convenience stores were co-branded with Chevron, and Texaco prior to the 7-Eleven purchase in late 2012), and Pennzoil. Alon USA is the largest 7-Eleven licensee in North America.

paragraphs: On September 27, 2006, 7-Eleven announced the impending cessation of its 20-year contract with Citgo and that the contract would not be renewed.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven signed an agreement with ExxonMobil in December 2010 for the acquisition of 183 sites in Florida. This was followed by the acquisition of 51 ExxonMobil sites in North Texas in August 2011.

paragraphs: Other notable 7-Eleven fuel suppliers also include Star Fuels.

paragraphs: The first 7-Eleven in Australia opened on August 24, 1977, in the Melbourne suburb of Oakleigh. The majority of stores are in metropolitan areas, particularly in central business district areas. Stores in suburban areas often operate as petrol stations and most are owned and operated as franchises, with a central administration. 7-Eleven bought out Mobil's remaining Australian petrol stations in 2010, converting them to 7-Eleven outlets, resulting in an immediate and unprecedented overnight major expansion of the brand.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven stores in Australia sell a wide range of items, including daily newspapers, drinks, confectionery, and snack foods. They also sell gift cards, including three types of pre-paid VISA cards. The chain has also partnered with BankWest, placing a BankWest ATM in each of their stores nationwide. Each year on November 7, 7-Eleven promotes "7-Eleven Day" by giving away a free Slurpee to customers.

paragraphs: In April 2014, 7-Eleven announced plans to start operating stores in Western Australia, with 11 stores planned to operate within the first year and a total of 75 stores established within five years. The first store was opened on October 30, 2014 in the city of Fremantle.

paragraphs: In August 2015, Fairfax Media and the ABC's Four Corners program found out about the employment rules of certain 7-Eleven stores in Australia.

paragraphs: They found out that many 7-Eleven employees were being paid from A$10 to A$14 per hour without adding tax, under the minimum of A$24.69 per hour.

paragraphs: They did this by having pay records that "looked" like they were paying them the rate, however these records would only show half of the hours that the employee worked in a week. Employees would then be paid on the basis of these records, resulting in them effectively being paid half of how much they worked.

paragraphs: It was also reported that workers were often not paid things that they legally have to be paid for, for working extra, night time, weekends, and holidays.

paragraphs: After everyone saw these reports, some employees told Fairfax Media that they were paid high amounts, however would then be asked by the store to give half of it back.

paragraphs: 7-Eleven said they would pay to find out about wage fraud. A separate panel led by ACCC chairman Allan Fels would investigate the fraud, with the support of professional services firm Deloitte. The inquiry will invite submissions from current and former 7-Eleven employees who allege they have been underpaid, and assess each individual claim.

paragraphs: In September 2015, chairman Russ Withers and chief executive Warren Wilmon both announced they will stop working at the company. Deputy chairman Michael Smith replaced Withers, while Bob Baily temporarily replaced Wilmon.


title: Busswil bei Büren

paragraphs: Busswil bei Büren was a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the municipality of Busswil bei Büren merged into the municipality of Lyss.


title: Busswil bei Melchnau

paragraphs: Busswil bei Melchnau is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Pepper&Carrot

paragraphs: Pepper&Carrot is an open source webcomic series. Its author is the French artist David Revoy. The series consists of small episodes about teenage witch Pepper and her cat Carrot. The comic is translated into more than 28 different languages. The stories do not contain violence. That's because Revoy wants "Pepper&Carrot" to be accessible for everyone.

paragraphs: Revoy says he makes the series only with free software, such as Krita and Inkscape. You can download Krita source files for every image.

paragraphs: Anyone can use the images. They are available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. Revoy says he likes fanart and other works based on "Pepper&Carrot".

paragraphs: Revoy aims to draw one episode every month.

paragraphs: Revoy wants to change the comic book industry by removing intermediate steps in the production process. "Pepper&Carrot" is free, but Revoy lets people support him on the Patreon crowdfunding platform. You can sign up to give a small amount of money per episode that he makes. Patreon takes 5% of the money. The credit card companies take another part. This is still less than a traditional comic production, where the publisher, distributors and retailers want money.


title: Champoz

paragraphs: Champoz is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It is located on the southern slope of Moron mountain.


title: Châtelat

paragraphs: Châtelat was a municipality in the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Châtelat, Monible, Sornetan and Souboz merged to form the new municipality of Petit-Val.


title: Freddie Wadling

paragraphs: Berndt Arvid Freddie Wadling (August 2, 1951 – June 2, 2016) was a Swedish singer, actor and opera writer. He was born in Gothenburg. His 30-year musical career extended from punk to classical ballads.

paragraphs: In the 1980s and 1990s, he was vocalist of the Swedish alternative pop/rock duo Blue for Two. The duo started in Gothenburg in 1984 with him on vocals.

paragraphs: After Two for Blue stopped performing by the end of the 1990s, Wadling developed a solo career. He released a great number of albums, and very notably the highly acclaimed "En skiva till kaffet" (1999) and "Jag är monstret" (2005). He also recorded songs by John Dowland with the Forge Players in 1998.

paragraphs: Wadling died on June 2, 2016 in Västra Frölunda, Sweden at the age of 64.


title: Luis Salom

paragraphs: Luis Jaime Salom Horrach (7 August 1991 – 3 June 2016) was a Spanish Grand Prix motorcycle racer. He was born in Palma, Majorca.

paragraphs: Salom won his first Grand Prix in Indianapolis in 2012, beating Sandro Cortese and Maverick Viñales in a last-lap fight. He also won at Aragon. He finished the championship in second behind Cortese.

paragraphs: Salom died on 3 June 2016 while racing in the 2016 Catalan Moto2 Grand Prix in Barcelona after crashing against a wall, aged 24.


title: Göschenen

paragraphs: Göschenen (, ) is a village in the Swiss canton of Uri. It has an area of .


title: Gurtnellen

paragraphs: Gurtnellen is a municipality in the Swiss canton of Uri. It has an area of .


title: Flat lens

paragraphs: A flat lens is a new technology . They are based on electromagnetic metasurfaces. They are ultrathin surfaces which can be coated to act like a lens. The idea has been widely reported as a major advance in imaging.


title: WWE Raw Women's Championship

paragraphs: The WWE Raw Women's Championship is a wrestling championship in WWE competed for by women of the "Raw" brand. It was created on April 3, 2016 at WrestleMania 32 and was originally called the WWE Women's Championship. However, this title does not share the title history of the original Women's Championship. It replaced the WWE Divas Championship as the women title in WWE.

paragraphs: At WrestleMania 32 on April 3, 2016, Lita announced that a new WWE Women's Championship would be created. In the process, the Divas Championship would be retired. Later in the night, the Divas Champion Charlotte beat Becky Lynch and Sasha Banks to win the new Women's Championship.

paragraphs: The title shared its name with the original Women's Championship. However, the new title does not share the same title history as the original. The first Women's Championship was unified with the Divas Championship in 2010. As result, they combined their lineage and history.

paragraphs: In the draft that took place on July 19, 2016, Charlotte was drafted to "Raw" and the title was called "WWE Raw Women's Championship".


title: Charlotte (wrestler)

paragraphs: Ashley Elizabeth Fliehr (born April 5, 1986) is an American professional wrestler. She works to WWE under the ring name Charlotte Flair. Charlotte is a former NXT Women's Champion, a former WWE Raw Women's Champion, a former WWE Smackdown Women’s Champion and the last Divas Champion. Fliehr is the daughter of former professional wrestler Ric Flair.


title: Clavaleyres

paragraphs: Clavaleyres is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Corcelles, Bern

paragraphs: Corcelles is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Adligenswil

paragraphs: Adligenswil is a municipality of the district Lucerne-Land in the Swiss canton of Lucerne. It is east of the city of Lucerne and borders on canton Schwyz.


title: Salt March

paragraphs: The Salt March was part of the Indian independence movement. It was a non-violent protest against the salt tax by British government. The Indians were upset that the government increased the price of salt.

paragraphs: Mahatma Gandhi led the march. It started on March 12, 1930. It went from sabarmati Ashram to the village of Dandi. Marchers took a handful of salt from the shore. They then announced that they had broken the law by making salt. This was a major but peaceful challenge against Britain colony. This move enraged the British and called for his arrest.

paragraphs: The British then came to the beach and beat Gandhi and anyone with him, but the Indians didn't fight back. They stood there, to prove their point.


title: St. Louis County, Minnesota

paragraphs: Saint Louis County (abbreviated St. Louis County) is a county located in the U.S. state of Minnesota. As of the 2010 census, the population was 200,226. Its county seat is Duluth. It is the largest county by total area in Minnesota. It is largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: Saint Louis County is included in the Duluth, MN-WI Metropolitan statistical area. Major industries include pulpwood production and tourism. Surface mining of high-grade iron-ore remains an important part of the economy of the Iron Range. Parts of the Bois Forte and Fond du Lac Indian reservations are in the county.

paragraphs: St. Louis County was created on March 3, 1855 by acts of the territorial legislature. It was named for the St. Louis River, the largest river entering Lake Superior. It is a major river flowing through the county. As of 1860 the population was only 406. By 1870 it was 4,561. According to the state census, by 1895 the population had grown to 78,575.

paragraphs: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (8.9%) is water. By area, it is the largest county in Minnesota and the second largest in the United States east of the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: St. Louis County is known for its spectacular natural beauty. It includes Voyageurs National Park,Superior National Forest and the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness. It is the gateway to the North Shore of Lake Superior. St. Louis county has 1,000 lakes and hundreds of miles of rivers and trout streams.

paragraphs: Saint Louis County has one of the most important fresh water ports in the United States, located in Duluth on Lake Superior. The county is part of the Iron Range, which has a significant taconite mining industry. Three-fourths of the iron ore in the United States comes from this area.


title: Protoplast

paragraphs: Protoplast in modern biology, is what is left of a cell when the cell wall is dissolved. That leaves the cell's nucleus and the surrounding protoplasmic materials.

paragraphs: Definition: a protoplast is a plant, bacterial or fungal cell that had its cell wall completely or partially removed using either mechanical or enzymatic means.

paragraphs: Because cell walls are made differently in the different kingdoms, different enzymes are used to remove them.

paragraphs: Cell walls are made of a variety of polysaccharides. Protoplasts can be made by degrading cell walls with a mixture of the appropriate polysaccharide-degrading enzymes:

paragraphs: The reason for removing the cell walls is to allow many different experimental techniques to be used.

paragraphs: Protoplasts are widely used for DNA transformation (for making genetically modified organisms), since the cell wall would otherwise block the passage of DNA into the cell. In the case of plant cells, protoplasts can be regenerated into whole plants.


title: This Is What the Truth Feels Like

paragraphs: This Is What the Truth Feels Like is the third studio album by American recording artist Gwen Stefani. It was released on March 18, 2016 by Interscope Records, and is her first solo album in ten years.

paragraphs: "This Is What the Truth Feels Like" has received favorable reviews from music critics.

paragraphs: On April 18, 2016; Stefani announced that she will tour with American rapper Eve to promote the album, the tour was mainly around America and Canada and started at Mansfield, Massachusetts on July 12, 2016.


title: Can't Take Me Home

paragraphs: Can't Take Me Home is the debut studio album by American singer Pink, released in the United States on April 4, 2000 by LaFace Records. The music on the album was "urban" and featured mainly hip hop, hip hop soul and R&B type songs, all of Pink's following albums would mainly be pop rock and R&B sounding. The UK version of the album featured the artwork in blue and two UK garage remixes on it.

paragraphs: "Can't Take Me Home" received mainly positive reviews from music critics.


title: Start menu

paragraphs: The start menu is a part of the graphical user interfaces found in many operating systems. It is well known for its use in Microsoft Windows, where it is used to start programs, open files, change system settings, and get help if a user doesn't know how to do what they want to do.

paragraphs: Since Windows 95, the button used to show the start menu, called the "start button", is found at the bottom left corner of the screen, on the far left side of the taskbar. Clicking this button will make a list of menu items appear, from which the user can find a list of programs, documents or settings, search their computer for something by name (Find), enter the location of a file to open it (Run), get help on using Windows, or turn off the computer (Shut Down).

paragraphs: The Start menu has, for the most part, stayed more or less like this, although there were changes in later versions of Windows such as Windows XP. But for Windows 8 (and its follow-up version, Windows 8.1), Microsoft replaced the menu with a "Start screen" that covers the entire screen rather than just part of it. Here, programs and files show up as large "tiles" that can show information from the program or the contents of the file without the need to open it. For many people, this was a big change that they did not like as they were used to the older look of the Start menu, and so when Microsoft designed Windows 10, the company brought back this look while keeping the "live tiles" from Windows 8.


title: Diego Godín

paragraphs: Diego Roberto Godín Leal (born 16 February 1986) is an Uruguayan association footballer who currently plays for the Spanish La Liga club Atlético Madrid and Uruguay as a Defender. He has also played for Cerro, Nacional and Villarreal.


title: Air Tahiti Nui

paragraphs: Air Tahiti Nui is a French airline, based in the French Polynesia. It was formed in 1996. The first flight was from Papeete to Los Angeles on November 20, 1998. Later on, it started going to Tokyo, Osaka, Auckland, Paris and Sydney. As of 2016, Air Tahiti Nui goes to only 4 destinations from its hub at Fa'a'ā International Airport. The airline has a fleet of 5 Airbus A340 airplanes.


title: Vegemite

paragraphs: Vegemite is a food commonly made in Australia. It is made from leftover yeast extract used for making beer. Vegemite is usually used as a spread for sandwiches, toast, crumpets and cracker biscuits, sometimes with butter.


title: Exo

paragraphs: EXO (Hangul: 엑소) is a male group of South Korea formed by S.M. Entertainment in 2011. The group was created in 2011, but at the beginning of 2012 was formed completely. It was previously composed of twelve members, which separated into two sub-groups, EXO-K and EXO-M, where each subgroup sings songs in either Korean or Mandarin, respectively. EXO gained popularity with the release of their first studio album, entitled "XOXO" (2013), which resulted in successes "Wolf" and "Growl". "XOXO" obtained great success which was why they gained positive reviews from the public. Hence they were awarded a 'Disk Daesang' at 28th Golden Disk Awards and 'Album of the Year' in 15th Mnet Asian Music Awards. The album sold more than one million copies, what did that EXO is the South Korean artist with more sales than any other within a period of twelve years. Their third mini-album called Overdose (2014), positioned at the top of the "Billboard" 200. EXO was later named as the most influential celebrity of Korea throughout 2014 by Forbes Korea. In 2015, EXO broke the record that they had before the release of their second studio album, "EXODUS" (2015), led successfully to EXO as the group of male K-pop with the highest position on "Billboard" 200 albums lists, as well as a K-pop album with the highest sales in the first week. The first single "Call Me Baby" has also demonstrated its success to become the first songs of K-pop and the only one that got lists of Canadian Hot 100. With sales figures of "EXODUS", which surpassed 1 million copies, EXO also earned the nickname of "double million seller". Their fourth mini-album, "Sing for You" (2015), earned a record in its first week of sales getting sell more than 267,900 copies. From 2016, EXO returns to grant as the celebrity most influential in 2015 by Forbes Korea. In May 2014, Kris filed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to terminate its contract with the agency. Luhan also made a demand in November 2014, with the same goal. In April 2015, Tao ended their activities with EXO and followed the same steps as Kris and Luhan in August 2015. Following the departure of three members, EXO is now active with nine members.

paragraphs: In May 2011, in a Hallyu business seminar, which was held at Stanford University, Lee Soo-man talked about strategies for "create a new boyband where they will be divided in two subgroups and the promotion of the same song simultaneously in South Korea and China, that is, with one interpretation of the language Korean or Mandarin." After several changes, in December 2011, the Group decided to be identified as EXO taken from Exoplanetin December 2011, the Group decided to be identified as EXO taken from Exoplanet. They are divided into two sub-groups, EXO-K ('K' of Korean) to Korea in the South and EXO-M ('M' for Mandarin) to China. His first appearance on television was on December 29, 2011 during the SBS's Gayo Daejun.

paragraphs: The single prologue of EXO-K and EXO-M, "What Is Love" was released on January 30, 2012 in South Korea and mainland China. The single was positioned at number 88 on the Korean chart Gaon Single Chart. On March 9, the group released its second single prologue entitled «History», which was written and produced by Thomas Troelsen and Remee. The single was positioned at number 78 in Gaon Single Chart and number 6 on China's Sina Music Chart. A concert by the group took place at the Olympic Stadium in Seoul on March 31. Approximately 3,000 fans of 8,000 were selected to attend. A second concert was held in the great Hall of Beijing University of Economics and business, April 1. Both subunits released his third debut single entitled "Mama" April 8 followed by an EP of the same name the next day. The two subunits promoted the album separately in two countries. On April 8, one day before the release of the EP, EXO-K had their debut performance on the musical program of South Korea "Inkigayo", while EXO-M made its debut in China Awards 12th Yinyue Fengyun Bang Awards the same day. The Mandarin version of "Mama" headlined at the number 2 in the Chinese chart Sina.com, while the Korean version was positioned number 1 of Gaon Albums Chart and number 8 on the Billboard World Albums Chart. The Mandarin version of the music video "Mama" reached number 1 on the websites of Chinese transmission, while the Korean version was ranked number 7 on YouTube's Global Chart. At the end of April, EXO-M appeared as guests in the concert of Super Junior "Super Show 4" in Jakarta, Indonesia. In November 2012, EXO won an award as Best New Group of Asian Artists in 2012 Mnet Asian Music Awards. EXO-K three nominations in 27th Golden Disk Awards gaining in the newcomer category. EXO-M awarded the Most Popular Group in 2013 Top Chinese Music Awards.

paragraphs: The group released their first studio album entitled "XOXO" in June 2013 with two versions, Korean edition "Kiss" and the "Hug" mandarin. A difference to the era of "Mama", EXO-K and EXO-M did their promotions in separate, however, with "XOXO" had their promotions jointly; mainly in South Korea. EXO recorded the single main "Wolf" but the rest of the songs they recorded them separately. The two versions collectively ranked number 1 in Billboard World Albums Chart a week after its release.

paragraphs: The repackage album entitled "Growl", was released on August 5, 2013, with three additional new tracks. The single reissue, "Growl", was released on August 1, 2013. "Growl" achieved 10.554 points in "Inkigayo". "Growl" headlined at number 1 in the four most important music programs in Korea, winning a total of ten trophies in three consecutive weeks. The single was positioned at number 3 in Korea K-Pop Hot 100 of Billboard and number 2 in Gaon Chart. In December 2013, two versions of "XOXO", sold 1,000,000 copies, marking to EXO as the first Korean artist to sell a million copies in twelve years and broke the record for being sold faster K-pop act. "XOXO" was named the Album of the Year in 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making EXO as the youngest boyband in the prize, won the 'Disk Daesang' award at several award ceremonies such as the Golden Disk Awards and Seoul Music Awards. The second EP of the band entitled "Miracles in December" was officially released on December 9, 2013 as a special album of winter through commercial outlets in South Korea and online music stores. EXO jumped to his album promotions through their reality show "EXO's Showtime", which premiered on November 28, 2013 in the cable MBC Every 1. Baekhyun, Chen and D.O. sing the single main of the album "Miracles in December", in "M! Countdown", December 5. Luhan also joined the trio on stage for the promotions of the first single on other music programs.

paragraphs: EXO ended 2013 with six annual albums in the Top 10 best-selling albums of Gaon, including all their releases of records, both in the Korean version in mandarin, as well as their first EP "Mama".

paragraphs: The third EP of the group "Overdose", was released on May 7, 2014. It was originally scheduled to be released on April 21, but was delayed by the Swreck of the Sewol on April 16. "Overdose" was promoted in the same way as "Mama", with EXO-K promoting EXO-M in China and South Korea. The album reached 660,000+ pre-orders before its release, so it is the most pre-ordered EP in history. The Korean edition was also positioned at number 2 in Billboard's World Albums Chart and number 129 on the "Billboard 200", making the male group of Korea with the highest Billboard 200 graphics to EXO. "Overdose" became the best-selling album in Sotuh Korea in 2014 and the first mini-album in finishing the annual graphics and winning the Album of the Year at Mnet Asian Music Awards. At the end of the year, EXO was the top-selling K-pop artist in Japan. On May 15, 2015, S.M. Entertainment confirmed that the EXO-M, Kris, leader signed a lawsuit against the agency, indicating violation of human rights as the main reason. On October 10 Luhan also signed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment, due to health problems and be treated differently than the Korean members. S.M. Entertainment announced that the group will continue promoting with ten members. The group held their first tour "EXO From. EXOPLANET #1 - THE LOST PLANET", beginning on may 24 in the Olympic Stadium of Seoul. Tickets of the concert is finished 1.47 seconds.

paragraphs: The second tour of EXO was announced in January 2015, titled The EXO'luXion. Five concerts were held in Seoul in the Olympic Stadium, from March 7. One million fans had tried to buy tickets online. On February 4, 2015, S.M. Entertainment, signed a lawsuit against Kris and Luhan by illegally continue their promotions in China. The demand was to stop their actions and the advertisement in the use of the trademark S.M.

paragraphs: The second album by EXO, Exodus, was released March 30 in Mandarin and Korean versions. Domestic sales for the album exceeded 500,000 within 24 hours, setting a new sales record. The main single, "Call Me Baby", was released on March 27 due to leaked versions of the song. The music video was released four days later, the Korean version received more than 4,000,000 view and the Mandarin version 2,000,000 views in just 24 hours. EXO starred in the mini-drama entitled "EXO Next Door" with Moon Ga-young actress.

paragraphs: "Call Me Baby", proved to be successful winning eighteen times in musical programs of South Korea, making it the second most awarded song ever. "EXODUS (Korean version) " also broke records after remaining number one in Gaon Album Chart for four consecutive weeks. The album eventually came to sell more than one million copies, and is the second album of the group after "XOXO" to do so. "EXODUS" was named as 'Album of the year' in the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making this the third consecutive victory for the group from 2013.

paragraphs: On April 22, the father of Tao issued a letter through Weibo expressing his feelings for his son to leave the group and return to China; due to the lack of support with regard to the developments of individual career and health problems. Tao had suffered previously several injuries, including a tendon torn in ankle, that they had not properly been treated more worsened, and had to leave for promotions for the second album by the group "EXODUS". On April 23, S.M. Entertainment released an official statement saying that they were going to be looking for a solution in the sense of development through negotiation with Tao and his father. Tao later confirmed that had left S.M. Entertainment and after failed negotiations, Tao presented a formal complaint against S.M. Entertainment on August 24 for the termination of his contract.

paragraphs: On June 3, the version repackage of "EXODUS", entitled "Love Me Right", was released. The album contains the songs original of "EXODUS" and four new songs, including the single main "Love Me Right". Due to the absence of Tao, the group promoted the songs in the musical programs with nine members.

paragraphs: Upon completion the promotions in Korea, EXO informed Japanese official debut is planned. Also would be doing in the Tokyo Dome during three days consecutive, as part of his tour "EXO PLANET # 2-The EXO'luXion". On November 4, EXO released his first single in Japanese "Love I Right ~romantic universe~", which contains the Japanese version of their Korean single "Love Me Right" as well as his Japanese song "Drop That". On the day of its launch, EXO sold a total of 147,000 copies, reaching the top of the Oricon charts.

paragraphs: It was announced that EXO will be collaborating with "Star Wars: The Force Awakens" as part of the collaboration between S.M. Entertainment and Walt Disney. On November 9, the single "Lightsaber" was released to promote the film before its release in Korea.

paragraphs: On December 10, EXO released his second album special winter "Sing for You" along with two singles, "Sing for You" and "Unfair".

paragraphs: In February 2016, EXO led to out your tour "EXO'luXion" to North America, presenting is in Dallas, Vancouver, Los Angeles, Chicago and New York.

paragraphs: At the end of February 2016, revealed that EXO had ranked as the most powerful celebrity by Forbes Korea by the year 2015.

paragraphs: In June 2016, S.M. Entertainment announced that EXO released their third studio album, "EX'ACT" and two singles "Lucky One" and "Monster" at the same time. On June 3, the group released the teaser of "Lucky One" which in twelve hours got over a million views. The album's national pre-sales exceed 660,000 copies, making it the most pre-sold K-pop album of all time. The album later broke the record for the highest sales during the first week, breaking its previous record set by "Sing for You", selling 522,372 copies in a week. The album also went on to top the list of United World Albums Chart. The second single from "EX'ACT", "Monster", became the first EXO number one on Billboard World Digital Songs Chart songs and spent a total of two weeks at number one. The album's first single, "Lucky One" debuted at number three on the Billboard World Digital Songs Chart and remained in first place for two weeks. The song was also on the top of iTunes in seven countries.

paragraphs: In June, as part of the "EX'ACT" promotions, EXO and Korea's fashion magazine "W Korea" collaborated on EXOclusive to publish fifty-four pages, ninth edition of the cover of magazine. EXOclusive finished recording the highest number of sales as a fashion magazine in Korea after selling almost a million copies. On July 15, S.M. Entertainment and Putto Entertainment launched an official mobile game of EXO, "EXORUN". On July 21, Kris and Luhan officially separated from EXO and their contractual disputes with S.M. Entertainment have come to an end.

paragraphs: On July 22, EXO began its third tour, EXO FROM. EXOPLANET # 3 - The EXO'rDIUM. In preparation for the tour, S.M. Entertainment announced the launch of EXO's second official lightstick. The new lightsitck features a white wand with the official EXO logo on the top that shows a multicolored changing light. After holding concerts from July 22 until July 24 and 29 until July 31 with over 84,000 attendees, EXO set a record as the first artist to hold a maximum of six consecutive concerts at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena. On August 18, they published the repackaged version of "EX'ACT" titled "LOTTO". The album contains the nine songs of EX'ACT with four new songs, "Lotto (Louder)", "She's Dreaming", "Can not Bring Me Down" and "Monster (LDN Noise Creeper Bass Remix)".

paragraphs: On September 7, EXO announced through a video that they would be releasing their second Japanese single titled "Coming Over" and a Japanese album containing three original Japanese songs in December. On October 7, the full song was made available in Japan through the AWA application, a popular Japanese streaming service, and was played over 100,000 times 12 hours before the promotional event ended. On the same day, it was announced that the official launch date for the single will be December 7.

paragraphs: On September 17, EXO released their song "Dancing King" with Yoo Jae-suk along with a music video for SM Station. The song was ranked number two on Gaon Digital Chart and number one on Gaon Download Chart. "Dancing King" also ranked number three on Billboard's World Digital Songs Chart. On December 7, EXO released their second Japanese single "Coming Over", it contains three original singles. On December 19, 2016, "For Life" was released, the group's fifth EP and third Christmas album.

paragraphs: In April 2017, Samsung and EXO collaborated on a special project for the Samsung Galaxy S8. On May 25, during a press conference at the Olympic Stadium of Jamsil in Seoul, the group announced their comeback in summer. Baekhyun commented that the single from the new album was ready. On June 23, S.M. Entertainment announced that Lay would not participate in the comeback of the group due to his activities in China. EXO's fourth studio album, "The War", was digitally released on July 18 and physically on July 19. The album contains nine songs including the lead single "Ko Ko Bop". On September 21, S.M. Entertainment announced that EXO would return with the reissue of "The War" in early September. The title of the reissue was revealed as "The War: The Power of Music" and was released on September 5, 2017 with twelve songs including the new single "Power".

paragraphs: On October 19, they announced their fourth tour titled EXO Planet#4 - The EℓyXiOn, which will begin with three concerts in Seoul from November 24 to 26, 2017.

paragraphs: It was announced on November 4, 2017 through the Japanese EXO website, that the group would release their first Japanese album entitled "Countdown" on January 24, 2018.

paragraphs: On December 5, 2017, EXO released the short music video for Electric Kiss on YouTube, the title track for "Countdown".

paragraphs: On December 14, 2017, SM Entertainment confirmed that EXO will be releasing a winter album titled "Universe" on December 21, 2017.


title: What You Waiting For?

paragraphs: "What You Waiting For?" is a single by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani. It is from her first solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby.". It was the first single from the album. It was written by Stefani and Linda Perry.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby."


title: Lemonade (Beyoncé album)

paragraphs: Lemonade is the sixth studio album by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was released on April 23, 2016, by Parkwood Entertainment. "Lemonade" is Beyoncé's second "visual album", following her self titled 2013 album. It is also a concept album.

paragraphs: "Lemonade" received generally positive reviews from music critics.


title: YaCy

paragraphs: YaCy is a free-to-use search engine. At its core is a Java program that is run on several people's computers and constantly analyzes and indexes web pages to add to the search engine.


title: Handshaking (computing)

paragraphs: Handshaking is the connection between the computer and a device. Handshaking is required in order to allow both the computer and device to send protocols to each other. During a handshake, the two devices make sure that they know certain connection requirements of each other. For instance, they will need to find out a suitable bit rate and latency for each other.

paragraphs: Examples of devices that use this method include a modem or another computer. Normally, handshaking happens between two devices. Although, a TCP three-way handshake is a special type of handshake that involves sending a connection from one computer to another, just done three times.

paragraphs: This method is used to connect two hosts on a computer network together, each host known as the client (the main host) and the server (a distant host), respectively. Once the client wants to make a connection to the server, the client can start a TCP three-way handshake with the server. This will allow the client computer (the main device) to send and receive messages to and from the server (a distant device) once the process is complete. Starting a normal TCP connection requires three separate steps:

paragraphs: In this setup, a synchronize message will request a server to make a connection with each other, while the acknowledgement messages return to the requesting server to let it know the message was received. Letting both hosts send synchronize messages to each other will allow the two hosts to connect with each other in both directions. Each acknowledgement message sent to each other ensures they are still connected with each other.


title: Corgémont

paragraphs: Corgémont is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking part of the canton. Corgémont is in the Jura mountains.

paragraphs: Corgémont has a population of 1,650 as of 2014. There are 689 families living in Corgémont. Males make up 50.1% of the population while females make up 49.9%. The average age is 41.6 years old.


title: Tinikling

paragraphs: Tinikling is a traditional Philippine dance which originated during the Spanish colonial era. The dance involves two people beating, tapping, and sliding bamboo poles on the ground and against each other in coordination with one or more dancers who step over and in between the poles in a dance.The name "tinikling" is a reference to birds close known as "tikling"

paragraphs: The dance is made/originated in Leyte, an island in the Visayas in the central Philippines. It follows the movement of the tikling birds as they walk between grass stems, run over tree branches, or dodge bamboo traps set by rice farmers. Dancers follow the tikling bird's legendary grace and speed by skillfully between large bamboo poles.

paragraphs: Legend has it that tinikling originated during the Spanish rule of the Philippines, when natives worked on large plantations under the control of the King of Spain.


title: Term limit

paragraphs: A term limit is a law that limits the number of terms an officeholder may serve in a particular elected office. When term limits are found in presidential systems, they act as a method to reduce the potential for monopoly. This is when a leader effectively becomes a "president for life". Term limits are intended to protect a democracy from becoming a de facto dictatorship. Sometimes, there is an absolute limit on the number of terms an officeholder can serve. In other cases, the restrictions are merely on the number of consecutive (one directly following the other) terms.

paragraphs: Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, two early civilizations which had elected offices, both imposed limits on some positions. In the ancient Athenian democracy, only offices selected by sortition were subject to terms limits. They included one term of one year for each office, except members of the Council of Five Hundred, where the council was changed every year.

paragraphs: In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor. The annual magistrates - tribune of the plebs, aedile, quaestor, praetor, and consul—were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. Also there was a term limit of 6 months for a dictator.

paragraphs: The United States Constitution and many state constitutions have term limits for certain offices. The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution sets a term limit for the office of President of the United States. It states that "no person may be elected more than twice". It adds, "no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than once." In addition, 23 states passed laws on term limits for their representatives in Congress. These laws are no longer enforceable, however. In 1995, the Supreme Court of the United States overturned congressional term limits in "U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton". They ruled that state governments cannot limit the terms of members of the national government.


title: LGBT rights in Hawaii

paragraphs: Hawaii has a law that addresses hate crime protection for both actual and/or perceived sexual orientation and gender identity or expression.


title: Cormoret

paragraphs: Cormoret is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Cortébert

paragraphs: Cortébert is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Court, Switzerland

paragraphs: Court is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It is in the French-speaking Bernese Jura ("Jura Bernois").


title: Constitution of Missouri

paragraphs: The Missouri Constitution is the state constitution of the state of Missouri in the United States. It is the highest law which forms the laws and government of Missouri. It is subject only to the United States Constitution, and the people of Missouri. The fourth and current Missouri Constitution was adopted in 1945. It provides for three branches of government. The the legislative branch is the Missouri General Assembly). The executive branch is headed by the Governor of Missouri. The judicial branch is the Supreme Court of Missouri and the Missouri state courts. It also sets up local governments in the form of counties and cities.

paragraphs: The first constitution was written in 1820 in only 38 days. In 1845 the state outgrew its own constitutional limits on creating new counties. A second convention was called in Jefferson City and met from November 1845 until January 1846. But voters would not ratify the proposed constitution in August 1846. The Missouri Constitutional Convention was elected to decide on the issue of secession. But no changes were made to the constitution.

paragraphs: In 1865, delegates met in St. Louis from January 6 to April 8, 1865 to form a new constitution. It was called the

paragraphs: “Draconian Constitution” and required an oath of loyalty to the Union. It was ratified on June 6, 1865. In 1867, the Supreme Court of the United States struck down the loyalty oath in "Cummings v. Missouri" (71 U.S. 277 (1867)).

paragraphs: Missouri citizens approved a new fourth constitutional convention in 1874. Delegates met in Jefferson City from May 5th to August 2nd, 1875. The changes to the Constitution were mainly about schools. It required 25% of the general revenue be used to support public schools. It also required separate schools for children of African descent. The constitution was ratified on October 30, 1875.

paragraphs: The fifth constitutional convention met in Jefferson City from May 15, 1922 to November 6, 1923. But instead of a new constitution the convention proposed 21 amendments. But the voters refused to approve all 21 amendments at the special election called for February 26, 1924. As a result, none of the amendments were ratified.

paragraphs: The fifth convention was called in Jefferson City on September 21, 1943. The new constitution was approved by the delegates on September 28, 1944 and ratified on February 27, 1945. It has been amended several times since then.


title: Tor putitora

paragraphs: Tor putitora, the Putitor mahseer, Himalayan mahseer or golden mahseer, is an endangered species of cyprinid fish that is found in rapid streams, riverine pools and lakes in the Himalayan region and south Asia, ranging from Iran south to Sri Lanka, and east to Thailand. It is a popular gamefish.


title: Creative writing

paragraphs: Creative writing is a type of writing that involves writing in an artistic way. Creative writing usually follows the rules of formal writing, except it may not follow the rules of formal writing to achieve effect in the writing. Within schools, creative writing typically has a focus on writing in an original style, using original ideas and writing.


title: Music (Madonna song)

paragraphs: "Music" is a dance-pop and electropop ballad by singer Madonna. Its lyrics are about how music can bring people together.

paragraphs: "Music" was released in August 2000. It peaked at #1 on "Billboard" Hot 100. It also hit #1 in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Italy.

paragraphs: The song received many positive reviews from critics. It was nominated at the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.


title: Manuel Belgrano

paragraphs: Manuel José Joaquín del Corazón de Jesús Belgrano (3 June 1770 – 20 June 1820) was an Argentine lawyer, general, politician, economist and journalist. He was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. His parents were Domenico Belgrano Peri, he was Italian; and María Josefa González Casero, she was born in Buenos Aires but her family was from Santiago del Estero. He had 8 brothers and 7 sisters. His children were called Pedro Rosas y Belgrano and Manuela Mónica Belgrano. He studied Laws in Salamanca and Valladolid. He also studied Latin, Philosophy and Theology. He was a member of the

paragraphs: "Primera Junta" and he participated in May Revolution. He created the Flag of Argentina on 27 February,1812. He was a great defender of colonialism and freedom of expression. He fought in the wars of Independence against the Spanish Army. He met José de San Martín, who became Commander in Chief of the Army of the North in January, 1814.


title: Esch-sur-Alzette

paragraphs: Esch-sur-Alzette (, German: "Esch-an-der-Alzette" or "Esch-an-der-Alzig", ) is a commune with city status in south-western Luxembourg, capital of the canton Esch-sur-Alzette.

paragraphs: The town is usually referred to just as Esch, but there is also a village and "commune" further north, in the Wiltz canton, named Esch-sur-Sûre from which to distinguish it.

paragraphs: For a long time Esch-sur-Alzette was a small farming village in the valley of the Alzette river. This changed when important amounts of iron ore were found in the area in the 1850s. With the development of the mines and the steel industry the town's population multiplied tenfold in a couple of decades.

paragraphs: On 29 May 1906, Esch-sur-Alzette was promoted to city.

paragraphs: Esch-sur-Alzette is in the south-west of the country, on the border with France. It is the capital of the Red Lands region.

paragraphs: The "commune" is in the valley of the Alzette river, a right tributary of the Sauer river and which flows through the town, and has an area of . The altitude is high. At the city hall, the altitude is high.

paragraphs: Esch-sur-Alzette is surrounded by six "communes" of Luxembourg: Mondercange to the north, Schifflange to the northeast, Kayl to the east, Rumelange to the southeast and Sanem to the northwest. To the southwest, the "commune" borders the Audun-le-Tiche "commune" in the Moselle department of France; and to the west Russange also in the Moselle department.

paragraphs: There were 34,378 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: Evolution of the population in Esch-sur-Alzette


title: Diana Mitford

paragraphs: Diana, Lady Mosley was born 17 June, 1910. She was one of the British noted Mitford sisters. She was married first to Bryan Walter Guinness, heir to the barony of Moyne. Secondly, she married Sir Oswald Mosley, 6th Baronet, of Ancoats, leader of the British Union of Fascists. Her second marriage, in 1936, took place at the home of Joseph Goebbels, with Adolf Hitler as guest of honour. Later her involvement with right-wing political causes resulted in three years' internment during the Second World War. She later moved to Paris and enjoyed some success as a writer. In the 1950s she contributed stories to "Tatler" magazine. She edited the magazine "The European". In 1977 she published her autobiography, "A Life of Contrasts", She died in Paris on


title: Sebastiano Castagna

paragraphs: Sebastiano Castagna was an Italian engineer. He was born in 1868 in Aidone, Sicily. He was murdered in Ethiopia during a peace mission in 1938.

paragraphs: Castagna designed St George's Cathedral, an Ethiopian Orthodox cathedral in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is known for its octagonal shape. It is in the northern part of the city. He built it with the work of Italian prisoners of war who were defeated at the Battle of Adwa in 1896. It is named for Saint George.


title: Quorum

paragraphs: A quorum is the minimum number of members of an organization who must be present in order for their meeting to be legal or official. The word is often used in legislative assemblies, corporations and societies who make official decisions. The by-laws of an organization will usually say how many members make up a quorum.

paragraphs: In the case of legislatures and government bodies, the requirements for a quorum are often set by statute or in their constitution. Some bodies use a fixed number for a quorum while others use a percentage of the members. It is usually the responsibility of the chairperson to make sure there is a quorum present. If there is not a quorum at a meeting, then in most cases the only business that can be discussed is taking steps to obtain a quorum, to decide on a time when to adjourn the meeting and to adjourn the meeting.

paragraphs: The noun quorum is the plural of the Latin word "qui", meaning "of whom."

paragraphs: A similar term, "quorum-busting", is a tactic used by members of a group when they know they will lose a vote. If enough members do not show up for a meeting, a vote cannot take place if there is no quorum. It is a delaying tactic similar to a filibuster. Both are used in the hopes that if a vote is delayed long enough, it may not take place at all.


title: Neosho, Missouri

paragraphs: Neosho (; originally is the most populous city in Newton County, Missouri, United States, which it serves as the county seat. With a population of 11,835 as of the 2010 census, the city is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area, a region with an estimated 176,849 (2011) residents. Neosho lies on the western edge of the Ozarks. The cost of living in Neosho is low at about 9.9% less than the Missouri average and 17.9% less than the national average.

paragraphs: The name "Neosho" is generally accepted to be of Native American origin. It may be Osage language and means "clear, cold water", referring to local freshwater springs. The springs attracted several cultures of Native American inhabitants for thousands of years. It was also attracted the later white settlers. The city was founded in 1833. It was incorporated. Nicknamed "City of Springs", Neosho has long served as an agricultural center. Since 1888, it is the home of the Neosho National Fish Hatchery, the oldest in the National Fish Hatchery System. It is known locally as the "Gateway to the Ozarks".


title: Blenio

paragraphs: Blenio is a municipality in the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It was created on 22 October 2006 when the former municipalities of Aquila, Campo (Blenio), Ghirone, Olivone and Torre merged to form the new municipality of Blenio.


title: Dan Bus Garage in Tel Aviv

paragraphs: Dan Bus Garage in Tel Aviv was a garage building designed by the Bauhaus in 1933-1934. It was in Arlozorov Street in Tel Aviv. The garage was one of the first garages in the land of Israel. It was located on the White City of Tel Aviv. The garage was destroyed in 2008. In the center of the garage was a water tower that was also destroyed.


title: Tel Aviv Dolphinarium

paragraphs: The Tel Aviv Dolphinarium was a sea mammals aquarium and visitors' attraction in Tel Aviv, Israel, next to the beach. The Dolphinarium opened on 21 June 1980. It was closed in 1985.

paragraphs: In 2001, 21 people were killed next to the Dolphinarium in a terror attack. In the following years, the building was abandoned. Its demolition began on 16 May 2018.


title: Tel Aviv Cinerama

paragraphs: Tel Aviv Cinerama was a cinema and theatre building in Tel Aviv, Israel. The building was opened in 1966. It was the only Cinerama building in israel until 1986. It became a theatre and television studio. In 2016, the cinerama was closed and destroyed.


title: Tel Aviv Drive-in

paragraphs: The Tel Aviv Drive-in was a restaurant and movie theater in Tel Aviv, Israel. The cinema was opened on 11 March 1973. It closed in 2000. The cinema was the only drive-in in Israel.


title: Mersch

paragraphs: Mersch () is a commune and town in central Luxembourg, capital of the canton of Mersch.

paragraphs: Mersch is in the centre of the country, at the confluence of the Alzette, Mamer and Eisch rivers.

paragraphs: The "commune" has an area of . The altitude is high. The altitude at the railway station is high.

paragraphs: Mersch is surrounded by ten "communes" of Luxembourg; nine of them are part of the Mersch canton. Only the Kehlen "commune" is not part of the Mersch canton; it is part of the Capellen canton.

paragraphs: There were 9,195 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: Other towns within the "communes" are Beringen, Berschbach, Moesdorf, Pettingen, Reckange, Rollingen and Schoenfels.

paragraphs: The Mersch castle is one of the castles that are in the "Valley of the Seven Castles". It is in the centre of the town and its history goes back to the 13th century. Today the castle houses the administrative offices of the commune.

paragraphs: Some north of Mersch is the Pettingen Castle, in the village of Pettingen; it is one of the best preserved fortified castles in the country.


title: Redange

paragraphs: Redange or Redange-sur-Attert (, German: "Redingen") is a commune and town in western Luxembourg, near the border with Belgium. It is the capital of the canton of Redange.

paragraphs: Redange is in the valley on the Attert river, a tributary of the Alzette. It is on the border of the two natural regions of Luxembourgː the Oesling to the north and the Gutland.

paragraphs: The area of the "commune" is . The altitude is high. The altitude at the church is high.

paragraphs: Redange is surrounded by five "communes" of Luxembourg, all of them part of the Redange cantonː Rambrouch, Préizerdaul, Useldange, Beckerich and Ell.

paragraphs: There were 2,795 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: Other towns within the "commune" are Lannen, Nagem, Niederpallen, Ospern and Reichlange.


title: Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

paragraphs: Wiksott-Aldrich syndrome is an inherited immune disease that happens in males. It causes eczema (a type of skin inflammation), a smaller number of platelets (blood cells that help prevent bleeding), and frequent bacterial infections. People with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome have a higher risk of developing leukemia and lymphoma.


title: Aliya Market

paragraphs: Aliya Market was the first wholesale market building in Israel. It was located in southern Tel Aviv, in the White City of Tel Aviv. The building was designed by the Bauhaus in 1938 in Aliya Street and was one of the first markets in Tel Aviv. The market had two buildings: a western building and an eastern building. The western building was renovated while the eastern building was destroyed. In 1952, wholesale moved to the Central Wholesale Market


title: Wholesale market in Tel Aviv

paragraphs: The Wholesale market in Tel Aviv was a wholesale market that opened in 1952. It was the central wholesale market of Israel after the market moved from the Aliya Market in the south of the city to the city center. It closed in 2006, and was demolished in 2010.


title: Courtelary

paragraphs: Courtelary is the capital of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Crémines

paragraphs: Crémines is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Därligen

paragraphs: Därligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Därstetten

paragraphs: Därstetten is a municipality of the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee

paragraphs: Deisswil bei Münchenbuchsee is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Shunga Empire

paragraphs: Sunga Empire was founded by Pushyamitra Sunga who betrayed his master Brihadratha Maurya and defeated him in a war. He killed the Mauryan emperor and destroyed the Mauryan empire completely. Its capital was Pataliputra. Pushyamitra Shunga ruled for 36 years and was succeeded by his son Agnimitra. There were ten Shunga rulers. But after Agnimitra's death, the empire begun to broke up.

paragraphs: The dynasty is noted for its numerous wars with both foreign and native powers (empires).They fought against the Kalinga, the Satavahana dynasty, the Indo-Greek Kingdom and possibly the Panchalas and Mathuras.

paragraphs: Art, education, philosophy, and other forms of learning flourished (developed) during this period.Patanjali's "Mahābhāṣya" was composed in this period.The Kanva dynasty succeeded the Shungas around 73 BCE.


title: Korkai

paragraphs: Korkai is a small town in Thoothukudi district. In ancient times this was the capital of the Pandya dynasty. The Thamirabarani River flows through it. The town was famous for fisheries. Ptolemy refers Korkai as Kolkhai and it is an emporium. The Periplus refers the town as the place of pearl fisheries.


title: Porsche 918

paragraphs: The Porsche 918 Spyder is a mid-engined plug-in hybrid sports car. It made by Porsche. The Spyder is powered by a naturally-aspirated 4.6 litre V8 engine, developing . With two electric motors delivering an additional it has a combined output of . The 918 Spyder's 6.8 kWh lithium-ion battery pack delivers an all-electric range of under EPA's five-cycle tests. The car has a top speed of around .


title: Issue (legal)

paragraphs: In legal use, an "issue" means a point disputed by parties to a lawsuit. Legal issue may also refer to either a person's lineal descendants or a group of securities offered for sale. An issue of law is a question of how a law is applied rather than a question of fact.

paragraphs: evidence as well as civil and criminal procedure, there are "issues" of fact. Issues of fact are presented by statements of fact which are each put to a test: Is the statement true or false?

paragraphs: Often, different parties have conflicting statements of fact. These statements are then presented as alternative questions. The justifications are presented by proposing evidence in favor or in opposition. Formally the issues follow the form of "this statement is true and it is true because... (or it is false because) ... ".

paragraphs: The list of issues is the list of the questions the parties request the court to answer. The court's answers usually must be provided before a legally acceptable date and the court should give reason when it decides not to answer any of them. Plaintiffs as well as defendants sometimes do not present their issues according to these due process premises. It is then the court that must decide the probable statements of fact and assume what is in need of legal answers.


title: Supreme Court of Missouri

paragraphs: The Supreme Court of Missouri is the highest court in the state of Missouri. It was established in 1820 and is located in Jefferson City, Missouri. Missouri voters have approved changes in the state's constitution to give the Supreme Court the sole legal power to hear five types of cases on appeal. Per Article V, Section 3 of the Constitution of Missouri, these cases involve:

paragraphs: Unless their case involves one of those five issues, people who want a trial court's decision reviewed must appeal to the Missouri Court of Appeals. Most of these cases involve routine legal questions and end there. The Court of Appeals is divided geographically into the "Eastern District", "Western District" and "Southern District".

paragraphs: Certain cases may be transferred to the Supreme Court at the Court's own discretion. These include cases of general interest or importance. They look at cases where the laws should be re-examined. They also review cases that the lower court's decision conflicts with an earlier appellate decision. This is similar to the process the United States Supreme Court uses in accepting cases. In addition, the Court of Appeals may transfer a case to the Supreme Court after an opinion is issued. This can be either upon request of one of the parties or at the request of one of the judges on the appellate court.

paragraphs: In 1820, when it was first established, there were three judges on the Supreme Court. In 1872 the number was increased to five judges. In 1890, the court was increased again to its present size of seven judges.

paragraphs: In 1890, the court was divided into two divisions. This allowed it to handle more cases and make quicker decisions. In 1976, the two divisions were eliminated by a constitutional amendment. The court now rules on cases "En banc" (all judges together) so decisions are made by the entire court.

paragraphs: Judges of the court are selected through the nonpartisan plan, nationally known as the Missouri Plan. Under the plan, the Appellate Judicial Commission submits the names of three nominees to the Governor. If the Governor fails to make an appointment with 60 days of the nominees being named, the Commission shall make the appointment. Once the judge has served for at least a year, he or she is placed on the general election ballot for vote of the people to keep their seat. If retained, judges serve a term of 12 years. The constitution requires that all judges retire by age 70.


title: Brihadratha Maurya

paragraphs: Brihadratha Maurya was the last ruler of the Maurya Empire. He was the ruler from 187 BC-180 BC. He was killed by his general Pushyamitra Sunga in 180 BC.

paragraphs: During his rule, the Mauryan Empire got smaller. Using this, his general Pushyamitra Sunga defeated Brihadratha with a huge army. Brihadratha Maurya died in the war. After his death, Pushyamitra Sunga founded the Sunga dynasty controlling the Mauryan territories.


title: Pushyamitra Sunga

paragraphs: Pushyamitra Sunga is the founder of the Sunga dynasty in 180BCE by defeating the Mauryan army. He was the general of Mauryan emperor Brihadratha Maurya.

paragraphs: Later defeated and killed his master in a war. He proclaimed himself king. His dynasty replaced the Mauryan empire. He performed ashvamedha yaga and brought most of the North India under him.


title: Luxurious

paragraphs: "Luxurious" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her debut solo studio album, "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Written by Stefani and Tony Kanal, "Luxurious" contains a sample of The Isley Brothers' 1983 song "Between the Sheets". The remix features rapper Slim Thug.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Love. Angel. Music. Baby."


title: Jocelyn Lovell

paragraphs: Jocelyn Bjorn Lovell (19 July 1950 – 3 June 2016) was a Canadian cyclist. He was known in the track and road cycling field. He was active in the 1970s and early 1980s. He won many of national titles as well as gold medals at the Commonwealth Games and Pan American Games. He competed at three Olympic Games.

paragraphs: His greatest success came at the 1978 Commonwealth Games in Edmonton where he won three gold medals in Games record times. Later that year he won a silver medal at the world championships.

paragraphs: He continued to race as an amateur into the early 1980s. However, on 4 August 1983 when he was involved in a collision with a dump truck while training. The truck hit him from behind and broke his neck and pelvis. He permanently became a quadriplegic. In 1985, he was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Dave Swarbrick

paragraphs: David Cyril Eric Swarbrick (5 April 1941 – 3 June 2016) was an English folk musician and singer-songwriter. He was one of the most highly known musicians produced by the second British folk revival.

paragraphs: His work for the group Fairport Convention from 1969 along with their album album "Liege & Lief" (1969) was thought to create the electric folk movement.

paragraphs: Swarbrick died on 3 June 2016 from emphysema, aged 75.


title: Sten Lundin

paragraphs: Sten Lundin (20 November 1931 – 3 June 2016) was a Swedish professional motocross racer.<ref name="1960 Monark/Lito"></ref> He won the F.I.M. 500cc Motocross World Championship in 1959 riding a Monark. In the 1960 world championship, he finished in second place, two points behind Bill Nilsson. Lundin was also a member of the victorious Swedish team at the 1955 Motocross des Nations.


title: Vitaliy Masol

paragraphs: Vitaliy Andriiovych Masol (; November 14, 1928 – September 21, 2018) was a Ukrainian politician. He was Prime Minister of Ukraine from 1994 to 1995. He was confirmed as Prime Minister on June 16, 1994 and resigned from that post on March 1, 1995.

paragraphs: Masol died on September 21, 2018 in Kiev, aged 89.


title: Radical Republican

paragraphs: The Radical Republicans were a political faction of American politicians within the Republican Party. They existed from 1854 until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. They called themselves "radicals". They were opposed during the War by the Moderate Republicans (led by Abraham Lincoln). One of the fears of the radicals was that if Northern and Southern Democrats came back together again as they had before the Civil War the Republican party would no longer be the dominant political party.

paragraphs: In 1854, the Republican party was formed as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. The act split the Whig Party in two. The Northern Whigs united with the members of the Free Soil Party. Together with the Know-Nothing Party they formed the Republican Party.

paragraphs: Between its formation in 1854 and 1861, the Republican Party had many different factions or groups. It attracted been Whigs, Anti-Slavery Democrats, Know-Nothings, and Abolitionists, but by the start of the Civil War it had been reduced to just three factions: conservatives, moderates and radicals.

paragraphs: The Republicans generally opposed slavery. At first, many opposed giving African Americans equal rights when and if slavery ended. Radical Republicans believed they should be given equal rights and have the same opportunities as white people. They also wanted the leaders of the Confederate States of America to be punished for any part they played in the Civil War. Many Radical Republicans believed blacks were entitled to the same political rights and opportunities as whites. They also believed that the Confederate leaders should be punished for their roles in the Civil War.


title: Bob Uecker

paragraphs: Robert George "Bob" Uecker ( ; born January 26, 1934) is a retired American Major League Baseball player, later a sportscaster, comedian and actor. Uecker is also known as ""Mr. Baseball"". Since 1971, Uecker has served as a play-by-play announcer for Milwaukee Brewers radio broadcasts.

paragraphs: Uecker is a member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a 2003 recipient of the Ford C. Frick Award for his broadcasting career.


title: Capellen

paragraphs: Capellen (, ) is a town in the commune of Mamer, in south-western Luxembourg, west of Luxembourg City.

paragraphs: Despite not having a "commune" named after it, Capellen gives its name to the canton of Capellen.

paragraphs: Capellen lies on the old Roman road, today's "Kiemwee", from Trier in Germany to Reims and Paris.

paragraphs: When Luxembourg was divided into cantons in 1840, as a result of disputes between Mamer and Koerich, it was decided that the canton should be named Capellen and that Capellen should become the capital of the canton.

paragraphs: Capellen has an area of . The altitude at the church is high.

paragraphs: There were 1,677, persons living in the "commune" in 2015, for a population density of inhabitants/km².


title: Charles Sturt University

paragraphs: Charles Sturt University is a large university that has multiple campuses around the world. The university has campuses at Bathurst, Canberra, Albury-Wodonga, Dubbo, Goulburn, Orange, Port Macquarie, Wagga Wagga and Burlington, Ontario (Canada).


title: Red Fort

paragraphs: "The" Red Fort (Lal Qila) is a monument built in 1638 that rises above Old Delhi. It was built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan. The fort is located in what is now the centre of Delhi, India. It is made of red stone and marble. It was built on the right bank of the Yamuna River.

paragraphs: The Red Fort was originally referred to as "Qila-i-Mubarak" (the blessed fort), because it was the residence of the royal family. The layout of the Red Fort was organised to keep and integrate this site with the Salimgarh Fort. The planning and aesthetics of the Red Fort represent the high point in Mughal creativity which happened during the reign of Emperor Shah Jahan. This Fort has had many additions after its construction by Emperor Shah Jahan. It is a World Heritage Site. it is made out of red sandstone it is a very beautiful fort. It potrays the intelligence of the architects of that time.


title: Karaikal port

paragraphs: Karaikal Port Private Limited is a private port in Karaikal, Puducherry, India. it was made by the Chennai-based company MARG limited. The project began in 2005. It was first used in Aril 2009.

paragraphs: So far the port has handled cargoes such as coal, petroleum coke, raw sugar, fertilizer, cement, project cargo and construction materials. Containers and liquid cargo are soon to follow. When it is finished, the port will be able to handle all types of cargo. Karaikal Port is also a hub for oil exploration activities. Companies such as Hindustan Oil Exploration Company (HOEC) and Reliance Petroleum regularly call at the port.

paragraphs: Karaikal Port is a deep draft, all weather port. The current depth of allows for handling of Gearless Panamax size ships (up to 80000 MT).


title: Naturally aspirated engine

paragraphs: A naturally aspirated engine is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and which does not rely on air forced through a turbocharger or a supercharger. Many sports cars use naturally aspirated engines due to their lack of a turbo lag. The main advantage of a naturally aspirated engine is they are usually more reliable than turbocharged or supercharged engines. Most automobile gasoline engines, as well as many small engines used for non-automotive purposes, are naturally aspirated. Most modern diesel engines powering highway vehicles are turbocharged to produce a better power-to-weight ratio. They also have better fuel efficiency and lower exhaust emissions.


title: Umerkot

paragraphs: Umerkot is a town in Umerkot district of Sindh Province in Pakistan. The town is famous because the great Mughal emperor Akbar the Great born here in 14 October 1542 when Emperor Humayun fled to escape from Sher Shah Suri. The excellent artistic tourist spot of Umerkot Fort where Emperor Akbar born is here. The town is well connected with Karachi and Hyderabad


title: Mid-engine design

paragraphs: A mid-engine layout describes the location of an automobile engine between the front and rear axles. A physics term, moment of inertia, shows how hard it is to turn a moving object. In a front engine front-wheel drive car, the drive wheels also have to steer the car, causing torque steer (pull to one side during Acceleration). Front-wheel drive can cause the vehicle to oversteer (turn more sharply than the driver expects) in a corner. A front engine rear-wheel drive can have good weight distribution (balance front to rear), but has a higher moment of inertia than mid engine layout. The mid-engine layout has none of these disadvantages. It has better weight distribution and a lower moment of inertia. Its main disadvantage is that the engine, mounted in the middle, leaves much less room for passengers and cargo. However, in racing there is usually only a driver so passengers and cargo are not an issue.


title: Shivaji

paragraphs: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. is the founder of Maratha dynasty and a warrior king of Maharashtra. He is known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. He had 8 wives in total.

paragraphs: Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj was born in the Shivneri Fort in Maharashtra on 19 February 1630. At 15 years, he conquered the Torna Fort. The Chakan fort and the Kondana Fort were taken by bribing the Adil Shahi governor ll Raje Shivaji, Raje Shivaji killed him with Tiger claws. He became the biggest enemy of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. He was arrested in Agra Fort by Aurangzeb. In 1674 he made himself king.

paragraphs: In late March 1680, Shivaji Raje fell ill with fever and dysentery disease, dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52, on the eve of Hanuman Jayanti. Rumors followed his death, with Muslims believing he had died because of a curse from Jan Muhammad of Jalna. Some also believe that his second wife, Soyarabai, poisoned him so that his crown might pass to her 10-year-old son Rajaram.

paragraphs: After Shivaji's Raje death, the widowed Soyarabai made plans with various ministers of the administration to crown her son Rajaram rather than her prodigal stepson Sambhaji. On 21 April 1680, ten-year-old Rajaram was installed on the throne. However, Sambhaji Raje took possession of the Raigad Fort after killing the commander. On 18 June, he acquired control of Raigad, and formally ascended the throne on 20 July.


title: Hanuman Jayanti

paragraphs: Hanuman Jayanthi is a festival in India. It is the birthday of Hanuman, the Vanara god who looks like a monkey. It is celebrated on the 15th day of Chitra Pournami. It is an important festival of the Hindus. Hanuman is the symbol of strength, energy and devotion. He is worshipped as a deity with supreme powers and conquer evil spirits.


title: Kansas in the American Civil War

paragraphs: At the start of the American Civil War, Kansas was a new state. Kansas did not allow slavery in the state constitution. Kansas fought on the side of the Union, although there was a big pro-slavery feeling. These divisions led to some of conflicts. The conflicts included the Lawrence Massacre in August 1863. Later the state witnessed the defeat of Confederate General Sterling Price by Union General Alfred Pleasonton at Mine Creek.

paragraphs: Kansas had been admitted as a state of the Union in January 1861. This was very shortly before the outbreak of the Civil war. There had been some guerrilla fighting between pro-slavery and anti-slavery groups. The fighting became known as Bleeding Kansas. After three constitutions, the fourth, called the Wyandotte Constitution, was approved by the voters and sent to the United States Congress for approval and statehood.

paragraphs: Kansas entered the Union as a free state and the 34th state on January 29, 1861. Even after it became a state, there were still hard feelings in Kansas. The Kansas-Missouri border continued to be terrorized by Guerrilla bands from both sides.

paragraphs: But statehood did not settle the hard feelings in Kansas — or the violence. Pro-slavery people still fought at the Kansas-Missouri border throughout the war. Lawrence, a free-state place in the 1850s, was burned, and more than 150 men and boys were killed by a pro-Southern irregular army under William Quantrill in 1863.

paragraphs: Less than three months after Kansas became a state, on April 12, Fort Sumter was attacked by Confederate troops and the Civil War began. In Washington D.C., there were rumors that President Abraham Lincoln would be kidnapped or even assassinated. A senator from Kansas, James Henry Lane organized 120 men from Kansas called the "Frontier Guard". For three weeks they remained in the White House to protect the President. Most Kansans favored joining the Union in the war. Governor Charles Robinson and Senator Lane recruited troops for the Union Army. During the war the federal government called for a total of 16,654 men from Kansas. But more than 20,000 enlisted and the state sent 19 regiments and four batteries to fight for the Union Army. Some of the men came from other states as Kansas only had about 30,000 men old enough to join the military. Kansas soldiers suffered a total of about 8,500 casualties during the war.

paragraphs: The first action in Kansas was not between the rival armies. It was a guerrilla raid in August 1863 by pro-slavery irregular forces led by W.C. Quantrill. They attacked the city of Lawrence, a centre of anti-slavery sentiment. They killed about 180 men and boys and destroyed a number of buildings. As the raiders could be heard shouting “Remember Osceola!”, the attack was taken to be a reprisal for an earlier raid by anti-slavery jayhawkers on Osceola, Missouri. Some believed that it was also a response to the recent deaths of some of the raiders’ imprisoned womenfolk, when their jailhouse collapsed, perhaps by design. (Recent research shows that the collapse was almost certainly accidental.) The massacre outraged the Confederate government, which had granted recognition to Quantrill under the Partisan Ranger Act, but now withdrew support from irregular forces.

paragraphs: The Battle of Baxter Springs, sometimes called the Baxter Springs Massacre, was a minor battle in the War. It was fought on October 6, 1863 near the modern-day town of Baxter Springs, Kansas.

paragraphs: On October 25, 1864, a series of three battles occurred. The first two in Linn County, Kansas, with the final in Vernon County, Missouri. The first was the Battle of Marais des Cygnes (also called the "Battle of Trading Post"). The second was a cavalry battle called the Battle of Mine Creek. This was a significant battle between mounted cavalry for Confederate forces and several brigades of Union cavalry that were pursuing General Price. They were between Major General Sterling Price, leading the Missouri expedition, against Union forces under Major General Alfred Pleasonton. Price, after going south from Kansas City, was initially met by Pleasonton at Marais des Cygnes. At the end of the day, the Confederate army was destroyed as a fighting force and withdrew into Arkansas.


title: Ondrej Duda

paragraphs: Ondrej Duda (born on 5 December 1994 in Snina, Slovakia) is a Slovak association football midfielder who currently plays for the Polish club Legia Warsaw and the Slovakia national football team. He played for VSS Košice from 2012 to 2014. His nicknames are "Dudinho" and "Ondrej di Maria".


title: Mamer

paragraphs: Mamer is a commune and small town in the Capellen canton, south-western Luxembourg. It is at west of Luxembourg City.

paragraphs: The Treveri, a Gallic or Celtic tribe, inhabited the region for several hundred years until they were conquered by Julius Caesar in 54 BC. A Celtic necropolis from the 1st century was discovered in the early 1970s on the "Juckelsboesch" plateau between Mamer and Kehlen.

paragraphs: During the Gallo-Roman era which lasted until about 450, the Romans built and maintained a number of roads in the area including the "Kiem" (Latin "caminus", road) linking Trier to Reims through what is now Mamer. "Mambra" was a small Roman settlement on the banks of the Mamer river at the eastern end of today's Mamer. The Roman settlement was burnt by Germanic invaders around 276.

paragraphs: The road linking Luxembourg City to Brussels, passing through Mamer, was built in 1790. In 1859, the railway to Brussels was opened, with a station in Mamer.

paragraphs: Mamer is in the south-west of the country, on the Mamer river, a tributary of the Alzette river.

paragraphs: The "commune" has an area of . The altitude is high. At the church, the altitude is high; the highest point in the "commune" is "Juckelbösch" that is .

paragraphs: Mamer is surrounded by seven "communes" of Luxembourg: Koerich and Kehlen to the north, Strassen to the east, Bertrange to the southeast, Dippach to the southwest, Garnich to the west and Steinfort to the northwest. The "communes" Strassen and Bertrange are part of the Luxembourg canton but the rest are part of the Capellen canton.

paragraphs: There were 9,185 persons living in the "commune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: Other towns, besides the town of Mamer, within the "commune" are Capellen and Holzem.


title: Diemerswil

paragraphs: Diemerswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.