title: Taglish and Englog

paragraphs: Taglish and Englog are the names of the mixed language family that developed in Manila from the of English and Tagalog languages, the common languages of the Philippines. There are several versions of it, including Coño English, Jejenese and Swardspeak. There are attempts to differentiate the usage of Taglish and Englog where Taglish refers to the usage of English words in Tagalog syntax while Englog refers to the usage of Tagalog words in English syntax.

paragraphs: Taglish and Englog are used by Filipinos in countries like Australia, Canada, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, the United States, and the United Kingdom. It used in text messages to write more quickly.

paragraphs: Taglish (or Englog) is a language of Manila created by mixing the English and the Tagalog languages together. The language is used because Tagalog words are longer than words in English. Example:

paragraphs: English action words, and even some naming words, can be Tagalog action words. This is done by the addition of one or more prefixes or infixes and by the doubling of the first sound of the starting form of the action or naming word.

paragraphs: The English action word "drive" can be changed to the Tagalog word "magda-drive" meaning "will drive" (used in place of the Tagalog word "magmamaneho"). The English naming word "Internet" can also be changed to the Tagalog word "nag-Internet" meaning "have used the Internet".

paragraphs: Taglish and Englog also use sentences of mixed English or Tagalog words and phrases. The conjunctions used to connect them can come from eany of the two. Some examples include:

paragraphs: Because its informal nature, experts of English and Tagalog discourage its use.

paragraphs: Jejenese is the kind of speech used by people called "Jejemons". This is a subculture in the Philippines, made up of people who try to change the English language to better suit Spanish and Filipino. Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as in Leet.

paragraphs: Swardspeak is a kind of Taglish and Englog used by gay people. It is a form of slang. Swardspeak uses words from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.

paragraphs: Coño English (tl: "Konyo") or Colegiala English (es: ) is a creole of Taglish and Englog that originated from the children in rich families of Manila. The word "coño" itself came from the Spanish word "coño". It is a form of Philippine English that has Spanish and Tagalog words. Unlike other forms of Taglish and Englog, Coño English sounds more gentle and feminine.

paragraphs: The most common aspect of Coño English is the building of action words using the English action word "make" with the base form of a Tagalog action word. Examples:

paragraphs: Sometimes, Tagalog interjections such as "ano", "naman", "pa", "na" (or "nah"), "no" (or "noh"), "a" (or "ha"), "e" (or "eh"), and "o" (or "oh") are placed to add emphasis.

paragraphs: "No" and "a" (from the Tagalog word "ano") are used for questions and are added to the end of a sentence only. "Ano" (meaning "what") is also used for questions and is placed in the front or the end.

paragraphs: "E" (added to answers to questions) and "o" (for statements) are used for exclamations and are added to the front only. "Pa" (meaning "not yet", "not yet done", "to continue", or "still") and "na" (meaning "now", "already", or "already done") can be placed in the middle or end. "Naman" (same as "na" but mostly for emphasis only) is placed anywhere.

paragraphs: The interjection "no?" (equal to the Spanish "¿no?" and the German "nicht?") is pronounced as or (with a pure vowel instead of the English glide), which shows influence from Spanish.

paragraphs: English description words are often replaced with Tagalog action words. The language also has many Spanish words or Spanish words like "baño" ("bathroom"),

paragraphs: "tostado" ("toasted") and "jamón" ("ham").

paragraphs: Due to the feminine sound of Coño English, male speakers sometimes overuse the Tagalog word "pare" (which means "pal" or "buddy"), in order to make it sound more masculine. Sometimes "tsong" (whose meaning is the same) is used instead of "pare" or with it.Examples below:


title: Machinist

paragraphs: A machinist is a person who uses tools to make or modify parts. A machinist can cut metal, plastic, wood, or other materials. Examples of machinists include electricians and carpenters. A machinist may be a man backstage in a theatre who operates trapdoors, flying machines, and other machines during the production of a theatrical work.


title: Transformers: Dark of the Moon

paragraphs: Transformers: Dark of the Moon is a science fiction movie starring Tyrese Gibson, John Malkovich, Shia LaBeouf, and Rosie Huntington-Whiteley. The movie was released late June and early July of 2011 in United States and Canada. It grossed more than 500 million in total while in theaters. The movie was mostly shot in Chicago, Illinois, and in Washington, D.C..


title: Shehbaz Sharif

paragraphs: On 29 July 2017, Sharif was named as the Prime Minister of Pakistan following the resignation of outgoing Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif after Panama Papers case decision.

paragraphs: After Shahid Khaqan Abbasi was elected Prime Minister of Pakistan, it was reported that he was likely to continue as Prime Minister for next ten months until 2018 general election<ref name="indianexpress/3aug2017"></ref>, however Nasirul Mulk was selected. He ran for the office in the 2018 election, but controversially Imran Khan was elected Prime Minister.


title: Nawaz Sharif

paragraphs: (, ; born 25 December 1949) is a Pakistani politician and business tycoon. He was 12th Prime Minister of Pakistan in two non-consecutive terms from November 1990-July 1993 and February 1997-October 1999. He leads the political party, Pakistan Muslim League (N). He was Chief Minister of Punjab from 1985 to 1990. A businessman and lawyer by profession, he owns Ittefaq Group, a private steel mill enterprise.

paragraphs: He is a rich businessman and a conservative politician. His first term was shortened after the Pakistan Army pressured him to resign. In 1997, he was overwhelmingly elected for a second term by wide margins. During his second term, he notably ordered Pakistan's first nuclear tests in response to India's nuclear tests. He was ousted in an October 1999 military coup by Pervez Musharraf. He returned to Pakistan in late 2007 after eight years of forced exile. He successfully called for Musharraf's impeachment and the reinstatement of former Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry. He is an important force in Pakistani politics.

paragraphs: On 28 July 2017, after a direct ruling from the Supreme Court of Pakistan, Sharif resigned as Prime Minister due to his role in the Panama Papers leaks.

paragraphs: In December 2019, Sharif was diagnosed with heart disease.


title: Fresh Film Festival (Ireland)

paragraphs: The Fresh Film Festival is an event for children in Limerick, Ireland. They learn about things related to movies. This is a long-running festival that began in 1997.

paragraphs: The festival wants children to learn to make movies.


title: Nader Shah

paragraphs: Nader Shah Afshar () was a Shah, or king, of Iran from 1736 to 1747. He was also the founder of the Turkic Afsharid Empire.

paragraphs: During the time he ruled Iran, he attacked India and defeated Muhammad Shah, conquered Delhi, and agreed to retreat for Indian wealth and gold.


title: V (2009 TV series)

paragraphs: V is an American science fiction television show from ABC channel. It started November 3, 2009 and ended March 15, 2011.


title: Trichomoniasis

paragraphs: Trichomoniasis (often called trich) is a sexually transmitted disease. It is caused by a parasite called "Trichomonas vaginalis", which is a protozoa made of just one cell. Trichomoniasis can affect both men and women. It is usually an infection of the urinary system and genitals.

paragraphs: The "Trichomonas vaginalis" parasite can only live in the human genital tract. Trichomoniasis is only spread through sex, or if two people's genitals touch.

paragraphs: Most people with trichomoniasis do not have any symptoms.

paragraphs: When people do have symptoms, they usually start about 5 to 28 days after the person got infected. Symptoms may include:

paragraphs: Complications are serious problems that can happen because a person has a disease. These problems do not happen to everyone with trichomoniasis. They are the most serious problems that trichomoniasis can cause. Some of the most dangerous problems that can happen to a person with trichomoniasis include:

paragraphs: Treatment for trichomoniasis is usually metronidazole (Flagyl), which kills protozoa like "Trichomonas vaginalis". However, this medication has to be used carefully with woman who are in the early stages of pregnancy. Anyone the infected person has had sex with should also get treatment, even if they have no symptoms.

paragraphs: About 95% to 97% of people with trichomoniasis are cured after one dose of metronidazole.

paragraphs: Without treatment, trichomoniasis can stay in a woman's body for months to years. In many (but not all) men, it seems to go away on its own.

paragraphs: Trichomoniasis can be prevented by having safe sex (for example, by using condoms).

paragraphs: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that women who are having vaginal discharge should get tested for trichomoniasis.

paragraphs: Trichomoniasis is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the world that is not caused by a virus. Every year, about 248 million more people get trichomoniasis. It is more common in women than men.

paragraphs: It is also the most common non-viral sexually transmitted disease in the United States. In the U.S., about 3.7 million people have trichomoniasis, and about 1.1 million more people get infected every year. Recent research has said that 3% of the U.S. population (3 in every 100 people) have trichomoniasis. In people who are at higher risk of getting trichomoniasis, like people with HIV and people in prison, between 7.5% to 32% are infected.


title: Francisella tularensis

paragraphs: Francisella tularnsis is the bacterium causing the serious zoonotic disease tularemia. The bacterium is gram-negative, and the causative agent of tularemia or rabbit fever. Due to its ease of spread by aerosol and its high virulence it is classed as a potential bioterrorism agent.


title: Manilkara

paragraphs: Manilkara, previously known as Sapota, are plants in the family :Sapotaceae. They are commonly known as Manilkara trees. An important species is Manilkara Chicle, a tree used to make chewing gum. Manilkara zapota is known as the common Sapodilla. Leaves form distinct rosettes at the ends of branches and short lateral shoots, obovate, leathery, glossy green above, paler below. Flowers are greenish-yellow, in small clusters under the new leaves.


title: Schistosomiasis

paragraphs: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by "Schistosoma" species. "Schistotoma" are flukes, a kind of Trematode. It was previously called Bilharzia. Its intermediate host is freshwater snails.


title: Nyctaginaceae

paragraphs: Nyctaginaceae, the four o'clock family, has about 33 genera and 290 species of flowering plants. It grows in tropical and subtropical regions, with a few representatives in temperate regions. It includes plants like the "Bougainvillea" and the four o'clock. Most of the species are vines.

paragraphs: The family has a unique fruit type, called an "anthocarp". Many genera have extremely large (>100 µm) pollen grains.

paragraphs: A curious aspect of "M. jalapa", the four o'clock, is that flowers with different colours grow simultaneously on the same plant.


title: Barechested

paragraphs: Barechested means not wearing a shirt. It usually refers to men. It is very common in many societies. Also very common in sports for a number of reasons. Some reasons include, ease of movement, and cooling. It is also common to go shirtless while working/doing labor. Before computerization of vehicles, it was common for young men to work on cars and trucks without a shirt.


title: Rubik's Revenge

paragraphs: A Rubik's Revenge is a 4x4 Rubik's Cube. It has 24 centers, 24 edges, and 8 corners. It was made by Peter Sebestény. Unlike the Rubik's Cube, the centers can move to different places.

paragraphs: There are different ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge. One way is to solve the centers, and then the edges. Then, you can solve it like a 3x3. But, special problems can happen. 2 edges flipped wrong, or 2 sets of edges could be swapped from each other.

paragraphs: These problems are called parity errors. It can still be solved, but special moves must be done to solve it. Another way is to solve the edges first, then the centers. But, it is also possible to get parity errors. There are ways to solve a Rubik's Revenge without getting parity errors. One way is to solve the corners and edges first, then the centers.


title: Kusunoki Masashige

paragraphs: Kusunoki was a brilliant tactician and strategist. He defended two key Loyalist fortresses at Akasaka and Chihaya. This helped Go-Daigo to briefly return to power. However, one of the loyalist generals, Ashikaga Takauji, betrayed Go-Daigo. Ashikaga led an army against Kusunoki and the remaining loyalists. Kusunoki suggested to the Emperor that they hide on sacred Mount Hiei and allow Takauji to take Kyoto. Later, they could move quickly down from the mountain to trap Ashikaga and destroy him.

paragraphs: Go-Daigo would not leave the capital. He insisted that Kusunoki meet Ashikaga's larger army forces in the field in a direct battle. Kusunoki obediently accepted his Emperor's foolish command. This became a great example of loyalty. He left his death poem with his young son Masatsura and knowingly marched his army into almost certain death. The battle took place at Minatogawa in modern-day Chūō-ku, Kobe. It was a tactical disaster. Kusunoki had only 73 of the original 700 horsemen left and was surrounded. He committed suicide along with his brother Masasue, 11 close clan members, and 60 others. According to legend, his brother's last words were "Shichisei Hōkoku!" (七生報國; "Would that I had seven lives to give for my country!") and Kusunoki Masashige agreed.

paragraphs: Kusunoki Masashige's son, Kusunoki Masatsura, served the next emperor, the 12-year old Go-Murukami. These two had a trusting relationship like their fathers. Masatsura died alongside his brother Masatoki and cousin Wada Takahide in battle. That was the end of the Kusunoki clan.

paragraphs: Kusunoki Masashige's successful defense of Chihaya castle is believed to have helped the emperor gain power against the Kamakura bakufu. Kusunoki held out so long in his castle, so Ashikaga Takauji changed sides and helped the emperor. The Kamakura bakufu ended. However, Ashikaga Takauji quickly learned that he did not like following the emperor's commands. He changed loyalty again and established his own Ashikaga bakufu. He was able to establish his own shogunate after defeating Kusunoki Masashige and the commander in chief Yoshisada in the final battle. Kusunoki Masashige tried to bring Ashikaga Takauji back to the emperor's side, but the emperor rejected this plan.

paragraphs: Kusunoki's life and death are an important part of the historical narrative which is recorded in the "Taiheiki".


title: Franz Binder

paragraphs: Franz "Bimbo" Binder (*1 December 1911 in St.Pölten, Austria; †24 April 1989 in Vienna, Austria) was an Austrian football player and coach. He played for SK Rapid Wien as forward. With over 1000 goals he is one of the few who made this.

paragraphs: Binder played his whole career for SK Rapid Wien, where he started at the age of 19. With Rapid he won 3 times the Austrian Championship and in 1941 the German Championship, bacause Austria was then occupied by Germany. In the match versus Schalke 04 he scored three of the four goals for Rapid.

paragraphs: He played in the Austrian national football team 14 times before the Second World War and 5 times after the war. For Germany he played between 1938 and 1941 nine times and scored ten goals. For Austria he scored 16 times in 19 matches.

paragraphs: Franz Binder scored 421 goals in 347 matches for Rapid, Austria and Germany. Altogether he scored 1006 goals in 756 matches.

paragraphs: After the end of his career he became coach in Germany, Austria and the Netherlands. ( SSV Jahn Regensburg, PSV Eindhoven, 1. FC Nuremberg, 1860 München and Rapid Wien)


title: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

paragraphs: Antoine de Saint-Exupéry was a French writer and pilot. He wrote many stories that became famous, including "The Little Prince" (original: Le petit prince, 1943), "Night Flight" (original: Vol de nuit, 1931), and Wind, Sand and Stars (original: Terre des hommes,Land of People, 1939). Saint-Exupéry did not return from a reconnaissance flight he did near Marseille, in 1944.

paragraphs: A fisherman found Saint Exupery's silver bracelet near Marseille, in 1998. Two years later, the motor of the plane was found nearby.


title: Grenada at the Olympics

paragraphs: Grenada was first at the Olympic Games in 1984. They have been in each Summer Olympic Games since then. Grenada won its first medal at the London 2012 Olympics. Kirani James set a new national record of 43.94 seconds to win gold in the Men's 400 meters.

paragraphs: The Grenada Olympic Committee was formed in 1984 and recognized in the same year.

paragraphs: Grenada has not been in any Winter Olympic Games.


title: Guatemala at the Olympics

paragraphs: Guatemala was first at the Olympic Games in 1952.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guatemala was GUT. It is now GUA.

paragraphs: Guatemala has been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968. The nation has been in the Winter Olympic Games only once, in 1988.

paragraphs: Guatemala won their first Olympic medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. Erick Barrondo took second place in the men's 20 km walking race.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Guatemala was formed in 1947 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1947.


title: Guyana at the Olympics

paragraphs: Guyana has been in 14 Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Guyana is GUY. In 1964, it was GUI for British Guiana.

paragraphs: Athletes from this country have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. For the first 5 games the country's name was British Guiana.

paragraphs: Michael Anthony won a bronze medal at the 1980 Summer Olympics in boxing.

paragraphs: The Guyana Olympic Association was formed in 1935 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1948.


title: Aru Valley

paragraphs: The Aru Valley is situated in the southern area of Jammu and Kashmir Asia.


title: Teenage Dream

paragraphs: Teenage Dream is the third studio album by American pop singer Katy Perry. The album was released in the United States on August 24, 2010, and went straight to number one on the Billboard 200, selling 192,000 copies in its first week. There have been six singles released from "Teenage Dream" and two from its re-release, all of which have achieved massive chart success. The album was nominated for Album of the Year and Best Pop Vocal Album at the 2010 Grammy Awards. "Teenage Dream" was nominated for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. "California Gurls" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. In 2012 "Firework" was nominated for Record of the Year and Best Solo Pop Performance.


title: Haiti at the Olympics

paragraphs: Haiti at the Olympics is a history which began at the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Haiti is HAI.

paragraphs: The Haitian shooting team placed third in 1924. At the 1928 Summer Olympics Silvio Cator won a silver medal in men's long jump. While Haiti has been in several Olympic games since 1928, no other medals have been won. Haiti has never been in the Winter Olympics.


title: Honduras at the Olympics

paragraphs: Honduras at the Olympics is a history which began in 1968.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Honduras is HON.

paragraphs: Honduras has been in nine Summer Olympic Games. They were at the Winter Olympic Games in 1992. They have never won a medal.

paragraphs: The Comité Olímpico Hondureño was formed in 1956 and recognized by the IOC the same year.


title: Pocket Cube

paragraphs: The Pocket Cube is a 2x2 version of a Rubik's Cube. It contains just 8 corners.

paragraphs: The record for one Pocket Cube solve is 0.49 seconds by Maciej Czapiewski at the Grudziądz Open 2016 (in Poland). Martin Vædele Egdal holds the record for the average of 5, which is 1.21 seconds, set at Kjeller Open 2018.

paragraphs: There is a Pocket Cube with only pink and green, called the Junior cube. On one side there is a monkey face on it.

paragraphs: The Eastsheen company also has Pocket Cube, but it is much larger. Each side is about 5 centimeters big.

paragraphs: A Rubik's Ice Cube has translucent (partly see-through) stickers. The plastic is light blue.

paragraphs: Verdes Innovations has a Pocket Cube called the V-Cube 2. There is a V-Cube 2b. It has a pillow shape to it.

paragraphs: Dayan has made a Pocket Cube called the Dayan 2x2. People think that this cube is very similar to the Dayan Zhanchi 3x3.

paragraphs: MoYu made the MoYu LingPo which is a very fast Pocket Cube.

paragraphs: Fangshi/Funs and Shengshou have also made Pocket Cubes.

paragraphs: There are many companies that make pocket cubes.

paragraphs: There is more than 1 way to solve a Pocket Cube. The 2 usual are Guimond and Ortega. Another method is Layer by Layer, which is like solving a 3x3 Rubik's Cube. Using one way, someone can solve a Pocket Cube in less than 5 seconds. Very fast, but with lots of moves to know, ways are Stern-Sun (SS), Erik-Gunnar (EG), CLL, and more.


title: Jamaica at the Olympics

paragraphs: Jamaica at the Olympics is a history which began in 1948.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Jamaica is JAM.

paragraphs: Teams from Jamaica have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. In 1960, Jamaican athletes competed as part of the West Indies Federation team.

paragraphs: Jamaica has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1988. The Jamaica national bobsled team has achieved some fame.

paragraphs: Jamaica has won 61 medals, with all but one medal won in athletics. Most of the medals have been for individual and relay sprint events.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Jamaica is the "Jamaica Olympic Association", and was formed in 1936.


title: Mexico at the Olympics

paragraphs: Mexico at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Mexico is MEX.

paragraphs: A team from Mexico took part in the Olympic Games in 1900. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1924. Mexico has also been in several Winter Olympic Games since 1928.

paragraphs: Mexico was the host nation of the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Mexico is the "Comité Olímpico Mexicano" and was formed in 1923.


title: Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics

paragraphs: Netherlands Antilles at the Olympics is a history which began in 1931.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the region of the Netherlands Antilles was NAN. It is now AHO.

paragraphs: Athletes from the Netherlands Antilles have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation supported the Netherlands' boycott of the 1956 Games and the American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics. The Netherlands Antilles has been in the Winter Olympic Games two times.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for the Netherlands Antilles was formed in 1931 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1950.

paragraphs: At the 2012 Summer Olympics, three athletes from the region of the Netherlands Antilles competed under the flag of the IOC.

paragraphs: As of 2008, Jan Boersma is the only Netherlands Antillean athlete to win an Olympic medal, a silver medal in sailing.

paragraphs: Churandy Martina finished second, behind Usain Bolt but was disqualified after an American led protest that Martina ran out of his lane during the race.

paragraphs: The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee has continued to exist as the umbrella body for sports on the five islands after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles. The five islands will continue to be in the Olympic Games under the "Netherlands Antilles" name, but as a region in the Caribbean rather than a political entity. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved this in June 2007.


title: Nicaragua at the Olympics

paragraphs: Nicaragua in the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1959, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Nicaragua was NCG. It is now is NCA.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Nicaragua ("Comité Olímpico Nicaragüense") was formed in 1959; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

paragraphs: Nicaragua was first at the Olympic Games in 1968.

paragraphs: Teams from Nicaragua have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except when they boycotted the 1988 Games in support of North Korea. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2012, Nicaragua has never won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The baseball team finished in fourth place at the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Panama at the Olympics

paragraphs: Panama at the Olympics is a history which includes 16 games in 14 countries and 70+ athletes. Since 1928, Panama has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Panama is PAN.

paragraphs: A team from Panama was first at the 1928 Summer Olympics. They have been in 12 Summer Olympic Games, but none of the Winter Olympic Games.


title: Paraguay at the Olympics

paragraphs: Paraguay at the Olympics is a history which includes 11 games in 10 countries and 90+ athletes. Since 1970, the Paraguay has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Paraguay is PAR.

paragraphs: The Paraguay National Olympic Committee was formed in 1970. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1970.

paragraphs: Paraguay's team first competed at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City.

paragraphs: Paraguay athletes have been in every Summer Olympic Games since 1968, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The nation has only ever won one medal, the silver medal in the men's football in Athens.


title: Peru at the Olympics

paragraphs: Peru at the Olympics is a history which includes 20 games in 15 countries and 300+ athletes. Since 1900, the Peru has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Peru is PER.

paragraphs: The Peru National Olympic Committee was formed in 1924. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

paragraphs: Peru's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

paragraphs: Since 1936, the nation has been in all but one Summer Olympic Games. Peru was in the Winter Olympic Games in 2010.


title: Afsharid dynasty

paragraphs: The Afsharids was an Iranian dynasty between 1736 and 1796 in Iran. The origin of the Afsharids shahs lay in the province of Khorasan in Iran. Founder of this Empire was Nader Shah Afshar.

paragraphs: The Afsharid Empire was the greatest dynasty in Iran after the Sassanids.


title: Digital Living Network Alliance

paragraphs: The Digital Living Network Alliance is a trade-association, which was established by Sony in 2003. As of 2011, over 250 companies are part of this organization. The idea of the association is to develop standards and technologies that make it possible that several devices at home interact, so that the consumer has a better feeling. An example might be a television, that can be used to play a film on a computer, or to show photos stored on a mobile phone.


title: Polymerase chain reaction

paragraphs: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a way to make many copies of a sequence of DNA (this is sometimes called 'amplifying' the DNA). It is done in a lab, using an enzyme called DNA polymerase. It is called chain reaction because the result of one cycle is used immediately for the next cycle. This allows exponential growth to happen.

paragraphs: PCR has many uses in a biological or biochemical setting. Because DNA is unique for every living thing, experimenters can often extract only small amounts of the DNA they are interested in from a specimen. These amounts are usually too little to be useful, and so a scientist will use PCR to make enough copies to start experimenting with. For this reason, it is one of the most common techniques used in genetics labs around the world, making it useful in experiments on many things, including gene therapy, infectious diseases, and even forensics.

paragraphs: This process was developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis. He was not the first person to develop the PCR process, but he was the first to make the process usable. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work in the PCR process. It was a joint award, the other scientist being Michael Smith, who worked on a related project.

paragraphs: The method consists of repeated heating and cooling, causing "melting" (separation of the two strands) and replication of the original DNA, also called a template. Short DNA fragments consisting of DNA sequences complementary to the ends of the template, called primers, and a DNA polymerase are key materials for selective and repetitive steps.

paragraphs: After the first cycle, there are 4 DNA strands. The process repeats with the 4 DNA strands, which will go on to make 8 strands, then repeat itself again to make 16 strands. In this way, PCR doubles the amount of DNA in a sample after each cycle, making it possible to obtain millions of copies of a DNA strand overnight.


title: Presidio of Ahu

paragraphs: Presidio of Ahú was a prison in the city of Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.

paragraphs: It was the first prison in Curitiba, opened in 1905

paragraphs: . Closed in 2006, now is the site of recordings for film and television, such as:


title: Apocrita

paragraphs: Apocrita is a suborder of insects in the order Hymenoptera, the other being the Symphyta.

paragraphs: Included in the Apocrita are the ants, bees, wasps, braconids, ichneumons, chalcids, nearly all parasitic hymenopterans, and a few other forms. The suborder includes the most highly evolved members of the order. There are well over a hundred thousand species distributed worldwide.


title: Jejemon

paragraphs: A Jejemon (tl: ) is a type of person in the Philippines who makes the English language hard to read. The "Philippine Daily Inquirer" call them different but happy because of their language and clothes.

paragraphs: The word "Jejemon" came from people who like to write "hehehe" as "jejeje" because "jeje" is Spanish for hehe due to the sound J makes in Spanish. "-Mon" is added at the end. This is from the Japanese anime Pokémon. "-Mon" means "monster." They are "jeje-monsters."

paragraphs: Jejemons started to appear because of cellphones. Cellphones can only use 160 characters so people who use them write shorter words to save space. Jejemons don't want this so they made their words longer. Most Jejemons are poor.

paragraphs: People who are Jejemons are described based on levels. These are "mild," "moderate", "severe", or "terminal."

paragraphs: Jejemons speak Jejenese based on Taglish and Englog. Their alphabet, Jejebet, is based on Leet. Words are created by mixing letters in a word, mixed large and small letters, using the letters H, X or Z many times, and mixing of numbers in words. The spelling is the same as Leetspeak.

paragraphs: Facebook fan pages were made in support and against the group. Celebrities have condemned some attacks. "Jejebusters" were created to fight jejetyping and jejemons. The Department of Education of the Philippines (DepEd) discourages students from using Jejemon spelling and grammar.


title: Swardspeak

paragraphs: Swardspeak (or Chuva) is a secret language that came from the mixed language with the names Taglish and Englog. It is used by gay people in the Philippines.

paragraphs: Swardspeak uses word from Tagalog, English, Spanish, Cebuano, Japanese, Sanskrit, and other languages. Names of Celebrities and trademark brands are also used.

paragraphs: Gay people use Swardpeak to make themselves feel special. The language changes a lot. People who use the language are called "Bekimons". This word is from the words "bakla" (gay) and "Jejemon".

paragraphs: The word "Swardspeak" came from the 1970's book called "Swardspeak: A Preliminary Study". "Sward" is slang for "gay male" in the Philippines.

paragraphs: It changes a lot and the meaning of words are hard to know. The rules are explained below.


title: Miyagi Prefecture

paragraphs: Miyagi Prefecture used to be part of Mutsu Province. That province was in the northern part of Honshu. It was made from land taken from the indigenous Emishi. The province became the largest as it expanded to the north. The ancient capital was in modern Miyagi Prefecture.

paragraphs: During the Sengoku period, various clans ruled different parts of the province. Date Masamune was a close ally of the Tokugawa. He established Sendai, which is now the largest town of the Tōhoku region.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, four new provinces were created from parts of Mutsu: Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwaki, and Iwashiro. In 1871, Sendai Prefecture was formed. It was renamed Miyagi prefecture the following year.

paragraphs: On March 11, 2011, a 9.0-magnitude earthquake and major tsunami hit Miyagi Prefecture. It caused major damage to the area. The tsunami was about 10 meters high in parts of Miyagi Prefecture.

paragraphs: There are thirteen cities in Miyagi Prefecture:

paragraphs: These are the towns and villages in each district:

paragraphs: National parks cover about 23% of the total land area of the prefecture. They include:

paragraphs: Farming, fishing and sake brewing are all important in Miyagi. As of March 2011, the prefecture made 4.7% of Japan's rice, 23% of its oysters, and 15.9% of its saury fish. Manufacturing around Sendai is a larger part of the economy. The area produces electronics, appliances, and processed food.

paragraphs: Sendai was the castle town of the daimyo Date Masamune. The remains of Sendai Castle are on a hill above the city.

paragraphs: Miyagi Prefecture has one of Japan's Three Great Views. Matsushima Bay is full of small islands with old pine trees on them. Many visitors come here every year and many artists have painted the islands.

paragraphs: The following are also noted as attractions:

paragraphs: "Shigogama jinja" is the main Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") in the prefecture.


title: Marika Lagercrantz

paragraphs: Marika Lagercrantz (1954) is a Swedish actress. she has appeared in a number of movies including "The Girl With The Dragon Tattoo" (2009), Gossip (2000), "I Wonder Who's Kissing You Now" (1999) and "Dreaming of Rita" (1993).


title: Apricot (color)

paragraphs: Apricot is a color that is a representation of the color of the apricot fruit.

paragraphs: "Apricot" in has been in written use as a color name since 1851.

paragraphs: The word "apricot" comes from the Arabic "Al-birquq", in turn derived from Latin "armeniacus", i.e., "the fruit from Armenia". The ultimate origin of the apricot fruit was from China.


title: Kallima

paragraphs: Kallima, also known as the Oakleaf or Dead leaf butterflies, is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. They are found Asia.

paragraphs: Their common name is a reference to the under surface of their wings, which is various shades of brown. When the wings are held closed, this results in a remarkable similarity to a dead leaf. There are dark dots or patches which look like the effects of fungi and lichen, which are so common on dead leaves.

paragraphs: The camouflage is perfected by the rear wings, which have a little 'tail', which looks like the stalk of a leaf. When at rest in closed position, the 'tail' touches the branch, completing the illusion.

paragraphs: There are two morphs of the common Indian species "Kallima inachus". Nothing seems to be known about why these morphs exist. There is also variation in the colour of the under surfaces.


title: Airfix

paragraphs: Airfix is a UK manufacturer of plastic scale model kits. Airfix was founded in 1939 by Nicholas Kove. Airfix is currently owned by Hornby.

paragraphs: During the 1960s and 1970s, the company grew much bigger as the kit modelling hobby became more popular. The range of models expanded at this time too.


title: Puerto Rico at the Olympics

paragraphs: Puerto Rico at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Puerto Rico is PUR.

paragraphs: A team from Puerto Rico was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then. Puerto Rico has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1984, but missed the Games of 2006 and 2010.

paragraphs: Puerto Rican athletes have won a total of eight medals. Most are in boxing.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Puerto Rico was formed in 1948 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.


title: Vindex

paragraphs: Gaius Iulius Vindex was a Roman governor who is famous for rebelling in 67/68AD against the Emperor Nero.

paragraphs: Vindex was the governor of a province in Gaul (modern-day France). He rebelled against Nero's high taxes. In order to become more powerful, he allied with the governor of Hispania (modern-day Spain), Galba (who would become ruler during the "year of the four emperors").

paragraphs: Vindex was killed in battle by Rufus, the governor of Germania (modern-day Germany), however, when Nero killed himself and Galba became emperor (June 68AD), Galba made coins dedicated to Vindex.


title: Pakistan national field hockey team

paragraphs: The Pakistan National Field Hockey Team also known as the Green Shirts represent the Pakistan Hockey Federation (PHF) in international field hockey competitions. Field Hockey is the National sport of Pakistan. Pakistan has been one of the most successful teams in international competitions, having won a world record four Hockey World Cup titles.


title: Saint Kitts and Nevis at the Olympics

paragraphs: Saint Kitts and Nevis was first at the Olympic Games in 1996 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. St Kitts and Nevis has never been at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Saint Kitts and Nevis has never won a medal. They have only been in the Track and Field events.


title: Saint Lucia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Saint Lucia was first at the Olympic Games in 1996. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since. The nation has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Saint Lucia was formed in 1987 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.


title: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at the Olympics

paragraphs: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has been in six Summer Olympic Games. The country has been in the Winter Olympic Games. As of 2010, no athlete from Saint Vincent and the Grenadines has ever won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The St Vincent and the Grenadines National Olympic Committee was formed in 1982 and recognized by the IOC in 1987.


title: Suriname at the Olympics

paragraphs: Suriname was first at the Olympic Games in 1960. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. The nation missed the 1964 Games, and also boycotted the 1980 Summer Olympics. Suriname has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Suriname was formed in 1959 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.


title: Trinidad and Tobago at the Olympics

paragraphs: Trinidad and Tobago were first in the Summer Olympic Games in 1948, before independence from Great Britain. Trinidad and Tobago have been in fourteen Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics.


title: United States at the Olympics

paragraphs: United States at the Olympics is a history which starts in the 1890s.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the United States is USA.

paragraphs: The United States has been to every Olympic Games, except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States.

paragraphs: Thomas Burke was the first athlete to represent the United States at the Olympics. He took first place in both the 100 meters and the 400 meters of the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece. US athlete Michael Phelps has won the most medals of any Olympic athlete of any nation. He has 22 Olympic medals, including 18 golds.

paragraphs: American athletes have won a total of 2400 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 253 at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The United States has hosted the Games eight times, four times each for the Summer and Winter Games:


title: Uruguay at the Olympics

paragraphs: Uruguay was first at the Olympic Games in 1924. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since except the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. Uruguay has been in one Winter Olympic Games in 1998.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Uruguay was formed in 1923, and recognized by the International Olympic Committee that same year.


title: Venezuela at the Olympics

paragraphs: Venezuela was first at the Olympic Games in 1948 and has been in every Summer Olympic Games since. Venezuela has also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 1998.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Venezuela was formed in 1935.


title: Virgin Islands at the Olympics

paragraphs: The United States Virgin Islands has been in 9 Summer Olympic Games. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games 7 times. Peter Holmberg took second place in sailing at the 1988 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: The Virgin Islands Olympic Committee was formed in 1967 and recognized by the IOC the same year.


title: British West Indies at the Olympics

paragraphs: The West Indies Federation were at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy by the name "Antilles" (ANT).


title: Impression management

paragraphs: Impression management is an idea spoken about in the discipline of sociology. It is about the experience in everyday life where people control the way that they appear to others. People do this by selecting certain gestures, speech patterns, feminine or masculine expressions, as well as certain expressions of class and cultural interest. This so that people can give a particular image to others about who they want to be and how they want to be seen.

paragraphs: When gesturing a person might use reserved and minimal movements in a professional setting, whilst they may smile widely and wave about when with friends. A person might also change their speech pattern in a professional setting in order to sound more educated or refined, and may speak more casually or use swear words when in a casual setting.

paragraphs: Males and females also often control how they are perceived in terms of masculinity or femininity. Boys and men might sometimes make their voices sound deeper or speak in short sentences to reflect an old stereotype that males are unfeeling and unconcerned with self-expression. Females on the other hand might feel the need to speak in line with the speech patterns of their peers, and this may include tacking on culturally specific phrases like "or whatever" and "that's hot/cute" to indicate they identify with the female gender and traditional interests. These of course are very simple ideas about what it means to be a man or woman. In contemporary life the border between male and female is sometimes becoming less strict. In Western societies psychologists support that people who show alternative gender expression are still medically normal.

paragraphs: People also talk about what kind of music they are interested in, what kind of movies they like to watch, and what kind of places they like to visit in order to give people an idea of where they stand in relation to class and culture. A common distinction in contemporary youth culture is the listening to so called "indie" alternative or independent music as opposed to pop or popular music. Similarly someone might say they like watching highbrow French films or award winning films, as opposed to something more mass culture, like a Disney movie.


title: Boxer Rebellion

paragraphs: The Boxer Rebellion was an uprising that occurred within China in the years 1900 and 1901 (from on 2 November 1900 to 7 September 1901). It was led by the Boxers, a group of Chinese citizens who disliked the vast amount of foreign influence that existed in China.

paragraphs: It happened during a time when many foreign countries were dominating China. These countries were Japan, Britain, Germany, and Russia. China had lost many battles to these countries and were being humiliated by them.

paragraphs: The Boxers were Chinese citizens who were angry about the growing power of foreigners in China, who wanted to fight and drive out all foreigners and even some Chinese people. The Boxers got a lot of people to help them and drove their fight to Peking (Beijing).

paragraphs: Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy made an alliance to keep the Boxers out of their part of the city. While they did that, the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on all of them and sent the Chinese Army to help the Boxers. They fought for 55 days before the foreign reinforcements got through and defeated the Chinese. Afterwards there was a celebration, and foreign soldiers ran around stealing from the people and raping Chinese women. Their commander heard about it and was angry, but they kept doing it anyway.

paragraphs: The foreigners were very angry with the Chinese. They said that China had to pay them even more money and give them more land. They also said China had to execute every Boxer. China had to agree, and the foreigners got what they wanted. A few years later in 1911, the Qing Empire collapsed and China had a new government, but the foreigners still influenced China, especially Japan.


title: Killed in action

paragraphs: Killed in Action (KIA) is a military term. It is used to describe a member of the military who was killed during a battle. On Wikipedia articles about battles, leaders who were killed in action have this symbol (†) next to their name.


title: José María Antón

paragraphs: José María "Chema" Antón Samper (born 19 March 1989 in Casas del Señor, Valencian Community, Spain) is a Spanish footballer. He plays for F.C. Red Bull Salzburg as defender. (The name is following the Spanish naming customs. Antón is the family name of his fathers side. Samper is that of his mothers side.)

paragraphs: Antón came to Real Madrid's youth system in 2003, when he was 14 years old. In 2007, he made his professional debut playing with Real Madrid B in the Segunda División B (3rd level of Spain's league system). Without playing in the team, he sat on the bench in Bernd Schusters last match as coach of Real Madrid and the first of Juande Ramos. He also played 8 international matches for Spain's Under-19 team in the U19 European cup.

paragraphs: 2010 he signed with Real Betis Sevilla playing one season in the second team in the Segunda División B. 2011 he signed with FC Red Bull Salzburg in the Austrian Bundesliga.


title: Quadrille

paragraphs: The quadrille was a type of social dance. It was a sequence dance, a lively dance by four couples arranged in the shape of a square. It became popular in France around 1760. It became popular in England in 1813. American square dancing is a later adaption of the quadrille. In Australia, the bushranger Ned Kelly danced in a quadrille during the siege at Glenrowan, Victoria.


title: Leonardo Santiago

paragraphs: Leonardo Vitor Santiago (born 9 March 1983) is a Brazilian footballer. He plays as a striker for FC Red Bull Salzburg on loan from NAC Breda. He is known as Leonardo.

paragraphs: He started at the Nova Safra football school in Rio de Janeiro. His talent was discovered when he was 11 years old and he went to Europe and played in Feyenoord Rotterdams youth squads at Varkenoord He made his debut on August 19, 2000 in a 2–0 victory over AZ Almaar at the age of 17. This was a problem for Feyenoord and Leonardo because a non EU player is not allowed to play under 18 years. So he had to wait until he was 18. He scored his first goal for the first team versus SC Heerenveen. In his first two seasons at Feyenoord he played 44 matches and scored four goals, but mainly he gave assists for his team mates to score. He was part of the Feyenoord team that won the 2001–02 UEFA Cup.

paragraphs: After this he suffered sever injuries, so he had only 11 matches in three seasons. After problems with the coaches he decided to left Feyenoord. 2006 he joined NAC Breda. After arguments with the coach he left Breda, after nine goals in 14 matches, to go to Ajax Amsterdam. 2009 he went back to Breda. 2011 he was transferred to Red Bull Salzburg on loan.


title: Valeria Kudryavtseva

paragraphs: Valeria Lvovna Kudryavtseva (born on 19 May 1961) is a Russian television presenter, actress, singer and dancer.

paragraphs: Valeria was married to musician Sergei Linyuk since 1990 until 1992. They has one child, son Zhan Linyuk (b.1990).

paragraphs: She was married to Matvei Morozov since 2004 until 2007.

paragraphs: She in relationship with musician Sergei Lazarev since 2008. She was pregnant from Sergei, but she had a miscarriage in July 2011.


title: Lindsay and Sidney Greenbush

paragraphs: Lindsay Greenbush and Sidney Greenbush were born on May 25, 1970 in Hollywood, California. They are twins and when they were children, they were actresses. Their most known television series is "Little House on the Prairie", where they together played Carrie Ingalls. It all happened in the 1970s. Later, they tried to go on acting but finally decided not to.


title: Brenda and Wendi Turnbaugh

paragraphs: Brenda Turnbaugh and Wendi Turnbaugh (b. August 13, 1977, in Los Angeles, California) are former American actresses. They are identical twins. During the 1970s, they both played the character, Grace Ingalls on the television series "Little House on the Prairie".


title: Michele and Jennifer Steffin

paragraphs: Michele Steffin and Jennifer Steffin were born on March 23, 1981 in West Covina, California. They are twins. When they were children, they were actresses. On the television series "Little House on the Prairie" they both played Rose Wilder. It happened in the early 1980s. In 1986 they played Hope Hazard on "North and South" television miniseries.


title: Aemilianus

paragraphs: Aemilianus (Marcus Aemilius Aemilianus Augustus) was an emperor of Rome in the 3rd century AD. He ruled for 3 months in 253AD.

paragraphs: He was born in Tunisia in North Africa. He was a military commander and was sent to defend the Danube to defend it.

paragraphs: After defeating the Goths (a barbarian tribe) in modern-day Bulgaria, his soldiers proclaimed him as an Emperor instead of Trebonianus Gallus, the emperor at the time. After defeating Gallus in battle at Interamna (Northern Italy), he captured the capital city of the empire, Rome.

paragraphs: When Valerianus, Governor of Roman Germany, arrived in Italy, bringing troops to reinforce Gallus, Aemilianus's troops killed him. They did not want a civil war and Valerian had a bigger army than Aemilianus.


title: Afghanistan at the Olympics

paragraphs: Afghanistan at the Olympics is a history which includes 13 games in 12 countries and 100+ athletes. Since 1936, Afghanistan has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Afghanistan is AFG.

paragraphs: The Afghanistan National Olympic Committee was formed in 1935. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1936.

paragraphs: Afghanistan's team first competed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

paragraphs: In 1999, Afghanistan was banned from the Olympics due to its discrimination against women under Taliban rule.

paragraphs: In the 2004 Summer Olympics two women, Robina Muqim Yaar and Friba Razayee, were the first women to compete for Afghanistan at the Olympics. Mehboba Ahdyar, a woman in the 2008 Summer Olympics had death threats because of her plan to be in the Games.


title: Hypodermic needle

paragraphs: A hypodermic needle is a hollow steel tube that is sharpened into a needle so it can be jabbed (inserted) into somebody's body. After it is in, medicine is pushed through the steel needle. The name "hypodermic" comes from two Greek words meaning "below skin".


title: Operant conditioning

paragraphs: Operant conditioning is a form of learning. In it, an individual changes its behaviour because of the consequences (results) of the behaviour.

paragraphs: The person or animal learns its behaviour has a consequence. That consequence may be

paragraphs: There are four different contexts in operant conditioning. Here, the terms 'positive' and 'negative' are not used in their basic sense; "positive" means that something is added, and negative means something is taken away:

paragraphs: The idea of operant conditioning was first discovered by Edward Thorndike, and analyzed by B.F. Skinner.

paragraphs: Operant conditioning is different from Pavlov's classical conditioning. Operant conditioning deals with the voluntary modification of behaviour; classical conditioning with training a reflex.

paragraphs: Operant conditioning, sometimes called "instrumental learning", was first studied by Edward L. Thorndike (1874–1949). He observed the behavior of cats trying to escape from home-made puzzle boxes. When first put in the boxes, cats took a long time to escape. With experience, successful responses occurred more frequently, enabling the cats to escape in less time. In his law of effect, Thorndike theorized that behaviours followed by satisfying consequences tend to be repeated, and those that produce unpleasant consequences are less likely to be repeated. In short, some consequences "strengthened" behavior and some consequences "weakened" behavior. Thorndike produced the first known learning curves by this procedure.

paragraphs: B.F. Skinner (1904–1990) worked out a more detailed analysis of operant conditioning. Skinner invented the "operant conditioning chamber" which let him measure rate of response as a key dependent variable. He used a record of lever presses or key pecks.


title: Atrax

paragraphs: Atrax is a genus of spiders. They have very strong venom. These spiders aggressively defend their territory and chase off attackers who may scare them by making a threat display. Next they will bite. The fastest death occurred in 1927 when a young boy died within fifteen minutes of being bitten. Thirteen deaths were recorded in the fifty years before antivenom was invented for this spider's bite. In English they are sometimes called Sydney Funnel Web spiders because they come from around that part of Australia.

paragraphs: Under the heading "spiders" (Aranae) there are three main groups. One is so very old that only a few species still live on earth. Another is the group that includes the spiders that can be seen making webs or chasing prey almost everywhere in the world. The third group includes the tarantulas and a few other kinds of spiders. The Atrax spiders belong to this third group.

paragraphs: There are also species called "funnel-web spiders" that belong to the second group mentioned above. So they are not close relatives of Atrax, and they are not dangerous. They just have a similar way of making a funnel-shaped web that leads down to some kind of shelter where the spider hides in wait for some insect to eat. Atrax is a very large and very aggressive spider, and these other spiders are from small to medium size and are extremely timid.


title: Bahrain at the Olympics

paragraphs: Bahrain has been in 6 Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Bahrain won their first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Maryam Yusuf Jamal won a bronze in the women's 1500m run.

paragraphs: Rashid Ramzi won the gold medal in the men's 1,500 meters. Because he used drugs, the IOC took the medal away.


title: Bangladesh at the Olympics

paragraphs: Bangladesh has been in seven Summer Olympic Games. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: No Bangladeshi competitor has qualified for the Olympics; the country sends representatives to the Games thanks to the wildcard process. Bangladesh is the most populous country in the world to have never won an Olympic medal. They have had 27 participants in 3 sports.

paragraphs: Bangladesh Olympic Association head Wali Ullah says that Bangledesh's weak economy is the reason for its poor results in sports.


title: Hot wings

paragraphs: Hot wings are pieces of chicken that are fried and cooked in sauce. Hot wings can vary in how hot they are, from being mild to very spicy. They are sometimes called buffalo wings because they came from Buffalo, New York.


title: Threat display

paragraphs: A threat display is anything that an animal does to scare away other animals. A dog will bare its teeth and growl. A cat will hiss. A snake will coil up, raise its head, and move back and forth to point itself at any big animal that approaches it.

paragraphs: Many animals have threat displays that make them look bigger. A lion's mane will stand up, making it look much larger and more powerful. Humans may raise both hands, spread wide, above their heads. Bears will stand on their hind legs, raise their front legs, and show their teeth while growling.


title: Bhutan at the Olympics

paragraphs: Bhutan has been in the Summer Olympic Games since 1984. They have never been in the Winter Olympic Games. Bhutan has only been in Archery, which is the national sport of Bhutan. They have never won an Olympic Medal.

paragraphs: The Bhutan Olympic Committee was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC the same year.


title: Brunei at the Olympics

paragraphs: Brunei, as "Brunei Darussalam", was first at the Olympic Games in 1988, with a single official but no athletes. The nation was in the Summer Olympic Games in 1996, 2000 and 2004. Each time it was represented by a single athlete. Brunei has never been in the Winter Olympic Games. They have never won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: As of 2010 Brunei, along with Saudi Arabia and Qatar, was one of only three countries to have never sent a female athlete to the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee in 2010 announced it would "press" these countries to allow women's participation.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Brunei was formed in 1984 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.


title: Cambodia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Cambodia at the Olympics is a history which includes 8 games in 8 countries and 40+ athletes. Since 1983, athletes of Cambodia have been part of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Cambodia is CAM. In 1964, it was CAB.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee of Cambodia was formed in 1983 and recognized by the IOC in 1994.

paragraphs: No competitor from Cambodia has won an Olympic Medal.


title: Antivenom

paragraphs: An antivenom is a medicine used to protect against a specific venom. (A venom is a poison released by a snake or insect.) Frequently the venom of some creature such as a cobra will be harvested and a little will be injected using a hypodermic needle into a horse every day for a long time. The horse's body will develop an immunity to the venom, so more and more venom from the snake can be injected every day. After the horse is immune, its blood can be drawn little by little to get the part of the blood that makes the horse immune. That part can then be injected into humans who have been bitten by cobras.

paragraphs: There are antivenoms for the very large and very dangerous funnel-web spiders found in Australia, and for the widow spiders (such as the black widow) found all around the world.


title: China at the Olympics

paragraphs: The People's Republic of China (PRC) was first at the 1952 Summer Olympics. That year, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) let both the PRC and the Republic of China (which recently moved to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War) compete. The Republic of China withdrew in protest. Because of the political status of China, the PRC was not in the Olympics again until 1980.

paragraphs: The Chinese Olympic Committee was formed in 1910 and recognized in 1979. Before the Chinese Civil War, athletes competed as the Republic of China (ROC) at the Olympics. In 1979, the International Olympic Committee passed a resolution for the ROC team to be called "Chinese Taipei", and this opened the door for the PRC to finally join the Olympic movement.

paragraphs: Hong Kong has had a distinct National Olympic Committee since 1950 and has been at the Games since 1952. After the territory returned to the PRC this has continued, with Hong Kong separate from the rest of the nation under the name "Hong Kong, China".

paragraphs: The People's Republic of China hosted the Games one time: the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

paragraphs: As of 2012, China has a total of 473 medals in the Summer Games.

paragraphs: As of 2012, China has a total of 44 medals in the Winter Games.


title: Mutagen

paragraphs: A mutagen is a substance or a process that changes the genetic material of an organism. Mutagens also increase the number of mutations that occur. Many mutagens also cause cancer, so they are also carcinogens. Examples of mutagens are ionizing radiation, many bromine compounds, benzene. A test to detect mutagens is the Ames test.


title: Hong Kong at the Olympics

paragraphs: Hong Kong at the Olympics is a history which began in 1952.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hong Kong was HOK. It is now HKG.

paragraphs: Hong Kong was first at the Olympic Games in 1952, then as a British colony. Hong Kong has been at every Summer Olympic Games since then except for the boycotted 1980 Summer Olympics. They have also been in the Winter Olympic Games since 2002.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee (NOC) for Hong Kong was formed in 1950 as the "Amateur Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong", and is now known as the Sports Federation and Olympic Committee of Hong Kong, China.

paragraphs: After the sovereignty of Hong Kong was passed to the People's Republic of China in 1997, the NOC has been named Hong Kong, China. Hong Kong is separate at the Olympics by its own choice.

paragraphs: In 2008, Hong Kong was the site of the equestrian venues for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.

paragraphs: Competitors from Hong Kong have twice won Olympic medals:


title: India at the Olympics

paragraphs: India at the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 19 countries and 800+ athletes. Since 1900, India has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for India is IND.

paragraphs: The Indian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1927. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1927.

paragraphs: India's team first competed at the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris.

paragraphs: For a period of time, India's men's field hockey team was strong in Olympic competition. The team won eleven medals in twelve Olympiads between 1928 and 1980.

paragraphs: In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, India won two silver medals and four bronze medals.


title: Indonesia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Indonesia first competed in the Olympic Games in 1952.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Indonesia is INA.

paragraphs: Indonesia was first at the Olympic Games in 1952. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1964 and 1980. Indonesia has never been in the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Indonesia was formed in 1946 and recognized in 1952.


title: Iran at the Olympics

paragraphs: Iran was first at the Olympic Games in 1948. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games since then, except for 1980 and 1984. Iran has also been in some Winter Olympic Games since 1956.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Iran is the "National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran". It was formed in 1947.


title: Ciudad del Motor de Aragón

paragraphs: The Ciudad del Motor de Aragón, also known as Motorland Aragón, is a race circuit located near Alcañiz, Spain.

paragraphs: The circuit was designed by the German architect Hermann Tilke. He worked with the British architectural firm Foster + Partners. Formula One driver Pedro de la Rosa helped with the project. He provided technical and sporting information.

paragraphs: The facility includes a technology park, a sports area, and a leisure and culture area. The technology park will be based around the motor industry. The sports area will include the racing circuit, a karting track, and various gravel circuits. The leisure and culture section will feature a hotel, business and shopping areas.

paragraphs: It was announced on May 26, 2008 that the circuit will host a round of the World Series by Renault.

paragraphs: On 18 March 2010, Motorland Aragón was announced as a replacement for the Balatonring on the 2010 MotoGP schedule. On 19 May 2010, it was announced that the circuit will hold a round of the Superbike World Championship.


title: Luiz Razia

paragraphs: Luiz Tadeu Razia Filho (born April 4, 1989 in Barreiras) is a Brazilian racing driver.

paragraphs: Razia began his single seater career in 2005 in the South American Formula 3 championship. He finished sixth in the championship. He also took part in the Brazilian Formula Renault 2.0 series, finishing the year tenth in the standings.

paragraphs: For 2006, Razia remained in South American Formula 3 and won the title. He also became a rookie driver for A1 Team Brazil in the 2006–07 A1 Grand Prix season.

paragraphs: The next year, Razia moved to Europe to race in the Euroseries 3000 championship. He finish third in the Euroseries standings and fourth in the Italian championship. Razia also ran four races in the 2007 World Series by Renault.

paragraphs: In 2008, he remained in Euroseries 3000, partnering Frenchman Nicolas Prost, the son of four-time Formula One World Champion Alain Prost. In the Italian Formula 3000 standings he finished the season in fourth place. He won his first race win at Misano.

paragraphs: On October 2, 2008, it was announced that Razia will race for Team Arden in the 2008–09 GP2 Asia Series season. In the final race of the season in Bahrain, Razia claimed his first win.

paragraphs: He signed for Fisichella Motor Sport to compete in the main GP2 Series in 2009 season. At the Autodromo Nazionale Monza, Razia led from pole to take his first GP2 win.

paragraphs: Razia joined the Barwa Addax Team for the 2009–10 GP2 Asia Series season. He was replaced before the second round, but returned for the final round in Bahrain.

paragraphs: He remained with Rapax for the 2010 season. He finishing eleventh in the drivers' championship. His team-mate, Pastor Maldonado, became the series champion. Razia helped Rapax to claim the teams' title.

paragraphs: As part of his Formula One testing deal with the Lotus team, Razia signed to drive for the new AirAsia team in 2011. He scored no points in the 2011 Asia series.

paragraphs: On December 15, 2009, it was officially announced that Razia would join the new Virgin Racing team as a test driver. In March 2011, Razia was confirmed as reserve and test driver for Team Lotus for the 2011 season. At the Chinese Grand Prix, Luiz Razia drove in Free Practice Session 1 for Team Lotus, replacing Jarno Trulli.


title: Vespoidea

paragraphs: Vespoidea is a superfamily of the insect order Hymenoptera in class of insects. The members of this group are wasps and ants.


title: Voyeurism

paragraphs: Voyeurism is when a person gets sexual pleasure from the fact that they can see other people doing things that are normally private, such as getting undressed, or being naked, or having sex. The people being watched are usually not aware of the voyeur (watcher). Voyerurism is an important concept in movie. Some movies can be voyeuristic, even if they do not have sex or nudity in them.


title: URL shortening

paragraphs: URL shortening is a technique on the World Wide Web in which a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) may be made substantially shorter in length and still direct to the required page. This is achieved by using an HTTP Redirect on a domain name that is short, which links to the web page that has a long URL. For example, the URL <nowiki>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL_shortening</nowiki> can be shortened to <nowiki>http://wrapr.co/GvR7j</nowiki>, <nowiki>http://evg.in/az41</nowiki> or <nowiki>http://evg.in/urlwiki</nowiki>. This is especially convenient for messaging technologies such as Twitter and Identi.ca, which severely limit the number of characters that may be used in a message. Short URLs allow otherwise long web addresses to be referred to in a tweet. In November 2009, the shortened links on one URL shortening service were accessed 2.1 billion times.


title: Andreas Heraf

paragraphs: Andreas Heraf (born 10 September 1967 in Vienna) is an Austrian football manager and former football midfielder.

paragraphs: He started his career with SK Rapid Wien but played later for different clubs in Austria (Vienna, Austria Salzburg, Vorwärts Stteyr, FC Kärnten) and Germany (Hannover 96). He was member of Rapids team playing in the 1996 UEFA Cup Winners Cup Final against Paris St Germain in Brussels, which Rapid lost.

paragraphs: His first international match was in April 1996 a friendly match against Hungary. He was member of the 1998 FIFA World Cup team but did not play. His last international was an October 1998 World Cup qualification match against San Marino.

paragraphs: From 2001 till 2008 he was manager of different teams in Germany and Austria. Since 2008 he is coach of Austrias U20 national team, which qualified for the FIFA World Cup 2011 in Columbia.


title: Abraham Washington

paragraphs: Brian Jossie (born July 4, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Jossie is currently wrestling in its developmental territory company, Florida Championship Wrestling under the stage name, Abraham Washington. He made his WWE debut on June 30, 2009 on the now-defunct ECW where he had an in-ring interview segment called the "Abraham Washington Show" under his ring name, Abraham Washington. The shows set-up took place one the stage with Tony Atlas acting as a sidekick and announcer.


title: Tragic Kingdom

paragraphs: Tragic Kingdom is the third studio album by the American rock band No Doubt. It was released on October 10, 1995 on Trauma Records. It got No Doubt nominations for Best New Artist and Best Rock Album at the 1997 Grammy Awards. It reached No.1 in the United States and stayed there for eight weeks. It was also No.1 in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Norway, Canada, New Zealand, and Belgium. It was the second best-selling album of the year in the US, and the 22nd best-selling album of the 1990s.

paragraphs: Seven songs from it were released as singles: "Just a Girl", "Spiderwebs", "Don't Speak", "Excuse Me Mr.", Happy Now?", "Sunday Morning", and "Hey You!". "Hey You" was only released in the Netherlands, but a vide was made for it. "Just a Girl" was the first single released from the album. It was released in the UK in 1996 and reached number 38. "Don't Speak" reached No.1 there in February 1997. Then "Just a Girl" was re-released and reached number 3.


title: Return of Saturn

paragraphs: Return of Saturn is the fourth studio album by the American rock band No Doubt, released on Interscope Records on April 11, 2000. It was nominated for Best Rock Album at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Four tracks from it were released as singles. The album entered the US "Billboard" 200 at No.2. It also reached the top ten in Sweden, Switzerland, Finland, Germany, and Canada.


title: University of São Paulo

paragraphs: University of São Paulo ("Universidade de São Paulo", short USP) is a public university of the Brazilian state of São Paulo. Established in 1934, it is the largest Brazilian university as well as one the country's most prestigious universities.


title: Brazilian wandering spider

paragraphs: Phoneutria is a genus of spiders which are dangerous to human beings. Their venom is more powerful, drop for drop, than other venoms. They are called "armed spiders" in Portuguese because their venom is a powerful weapon. Their body length goes from 17 to 48 mm (0.7–1.9 in).

paragraphs: These spiders live in Central America and South America. They hide in the daytime and walk around looking for food at night. So in English they are called 'wandering spiders'. There are several species, and only "Phoneutria fera" can kill healthy adult humans. People who get bitten by Phoneutria spiders can be given an antivenom. In any event, their degree of toxicity has been challenged. The spiders may be able to control the amount of venom they inject.

paragraphs: There are about eight "species" in this genus.


title: Page Three

paragraphs: Many tabloid newspapers use a photo of a topless or a naked girl to improve their sales. Very often, this photo is placed on page three of the newspaper; that is where the name of this feature is from. For this reason, the feature is referred to as Page Three or Page 3. The newspaper The Sun, who introduced this in 1970, holds a copyright on the name. The Sun showed a picture of a topless girl on page three. Other newspapers, such as the "Daily Star" and "Daily Mirror" had pictures of naked women; The Mirror changed for models in swimsuits after a few years.

paragraphs: Claire Short tried to stop this.She did not want to penalize the depiction of nude women, but she wanted to define a newspaper as a publication that did not show naked or topless men or women. This would have meant that British rainbow press would no longer have been newspapers. She received 3,000 letters supporting the idea. The Sun, and other papers fought against the bill, which was known as "Page Three Bill". Eventually, the Bill failed, because it did not get enough support.

paragraphs: There are many women who want to appear as a page three girl. Most of them are unemployed, or come from the working class. Buying make-up and clothes to be able to run as a contestant is very expensive; most of the women can barely afford this alone. Very often, the whole family will help. The best motivation for these women is to be able to start a career as a starlet.

paragraphs: Many girls who started as a page three model later became well-known. Examples are Samantha Fox, Michelle Marsh, andr Lucy Pinder.


title: Pliny the Elder

paragraphs: Gaius Plinius Secundus (23 AD – 25 August 79 AD), better known as Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, and natural philosopher, as well as naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and personal friend of the emperor Vespasian.

paragraphs: Spending most of his spare time studying, writing or investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field, he wrote an encyclopedic work, "Natural History" ("Naturalis Historia"), which became a model for many subsequent encyclopedic texts.

paragraphs: Pliny the Elder died on 25 August 79 AD. He was attempting the rescue by ship of a friend and his family from the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The eruption had just destroyed the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum.

paragraphs: The "Naturalis Historia" is one of the largest works to have survived from the Roman Empire to the modern day. It claims to cover the entire field of ancient knowledge, based on the best authorities available to Pliny. He claims to be the only Roman ever to have undertaken such a work. It includes the fields of botany, zoology, astronomy, geology and mineralogy as well as the exploitation of those resources. It remains a standard work for the Roman period and the advances in technology and understanding of natural phenomena at the time.

paragraphs: Some technical advances he discusses are the only sources for those inventions, such as hushing in mining technology or the use of water mills for crushing or grinding grain. Much of what he wrote about has been confirmed by archaeology. It is virtually the only work which describes the work of artists of the time, and is a reference work for the history of art.

paragraphs: The work became a model for all later encyclopedias in the breadth of subject matter examined, the need to reference original authors, and a comprehensive index list of the contents. The work is dedicated to the emperor Titus, son of Pliny's close friend, the emperor Vespasian, in the first year of Titus' reign. It is the only work by Pliny to have survived, and the last that he published, lacking a final revision at his sudden and unexpected death in the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius.

paragraphs: The "Natural History" consists of 37 books. Pliny devised his own table of contents. The table below is a summary based on modern names for topics.


paragraphs: The Russian Organization for Intellectual Property VOIS () is collective management society for neighboring rights established by Russian performers and record labels in 2008.

paragraphs: Today VOIS unites more than 4,000 right-owners.

paragraphs: In 2009 Rosohrankultura (the Ministry of Culture Department) accredited VOIS as the sole society to collect and distribute remuneration for performers and phonogram producers within the territory of the Russia.

paragraphs: Total amount of collected remuneration in 2010 reached about 427 million rubles.


title: ISO 639-1

paragraphs: This page contains the languages listed as ISO 639-1.


title: Loch

paragraphs: Loch is a Gaelic word for lake. It is commonly used in Scotland. The 'ch' at the end is pronounced with a guttural (back of throat) sound which does not occur in modern English. There are also lochs in Ireland, and the word is sometimes used in other countries.

paragraphs: The word is used both for lakes, and for "narrow or landlocked arms of the sea" (OED). Sometimes the term sea loch is used for saltwater lochs. Many other lochs are normal freshwater lakes, like Loch Lomond.


title: Robinson Cano

paragraphs: Robinson Cano (born October 22, 1982) is a Dominican second baseman for the Seattle Mariners. He started playing for the New York Yankees in 2005. He has been named an All-Star three times. For the last few years, he has been one of the best-hitting second baseman in the league. He recently won the 2011 Home Run Derby.


title: Twin prime

paragraphs: A twin prime is a pair of prime numbers, where one prime is two bigger than the other. The smallest pair of twin primes is 3 and 5. Next comes 5 and 7. Then comes 11 and 13, and then 17 and 19.

paragraphs: An isolated prime is a prime number "p" where neither "p" - 2 nor "p" + 2 is prime. In other words, "p" is not part of a twin prime pair. For example, 23 is an isolated prime since 21 and 25 are both not prime numbers.


title: Byron Saxton

paragraphs: Bryan Jesus Kelly (born August 20, 1981 in Burke, Virginia) is an American professional wrestler. He is signed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Kelly is currently wrestling in its developmental territory company, Florida Championship Wrestling under the stage name, Byron Saxton. He also worked as a commentator for the now-defunct ECW brand where he worked alongside Josh Matthews. He returned to FCW after the ECW brand was replaced by NXT. He was called up to be a part of the fourth season of NXT and his pro was Chris Masters.

paragraphs: Dolph Ziggler became Saxton's pro on the January 4, 2011 episode of NXT. He was voted off. He returned on the fifth season of NXT where it was NXT Redemption and his pro was Yoshi Tatsu. He was the second rookie to be eliminated.


title: Non Phixion

paragraphs: Non Phixion, pronounced "non-fiction", was an American hardcore hip-hop group from New York City. Non Phixion had six members in the band; the band members were Ill Bill, Sabac Red, Goretex, DJ Eclipse, MC Serch and Necro.


title: Masiela Lusha

paragraphs: Masiela Lusha (born 23 October 1985) is an Albanian-American actress, author and humanitarian admired for her elegance and charm.

paragraphs: She was born in Tirana, Albania to parents Max and Daniela.

paragraphs: She grew in Budapest, Hungary and Vienna, Austria. When she turned eight years old, she and her mother moved to Michigan. There, she studied ballet, and began working as a model and appearing in bit parts in local theatre.

paragraphs: She got her first major break in 2001, when she was chosen by Sandra Bullock and Bruce Helford to play one of the lead roles in the ABC sitcom "George Lopez".

paragraphs: This led to starring in other films: Time of the Comet (2005) Blood: The Last Vampire (2006), Muertas (2007) Her performances won her two Young Artist Awards for best actress.

paragraphs: As an author, Lusha wrote seven books in two languages. As a humanitarian, Lusha is an animal rights enthusiast and is patron for a number of children's charities.


title: Rosidae

paragraphs: Rosidae is a botanical name at the rank of subclass. Circumscription of the subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used; the only requirement being that it includes the family Rosaceae.

paragraphs: Rosidae as governed by the ICBN is in the Cronquist system in 1981.

paragraphs: This definition includes Crossosomatales, Geraniales, Myrtales, Fabidae (Celastrales, Cucurbitales, Fabales, Fagales, Huaceae, Oxalidales, Malpighiales, Rosales and Zygophyllales), Malvidae (Brassicales, Huerteales, Malvales, and Sapindales) as they are defined in the APG III system.


title: Manifest destiny

paragraphs: Manifest Destiny was the concept that the United States had a God-given right to claim territory across North America. The phrase "Manifest Destiny" was created in 1845 by a newspaper writer named John L. O'Sullivan. Quickly, the idea became very popular.

paragraphs: The idea of Manifest Destiny told Americans that they had a mission a special job given only to Americans. This mission was to make the United States bigger so the "borders of freedom" could be open to even more people. Only they could make sure that people living in un-free countries across the world could learn how to govern themselves and live freely in America.

paragraphs: In 1845, James K. Polk was elected President. Polk believed very strongly in the idea of Manifest Destiny. During his Presidency, the United States grew by a million square miles.

paragraphs: Ever since he was running for President, Polk had talked about wanting the area that is now around Texas. At that time, Mexico controlled that land.

paragraphs: In June 1845, the United States decided to add Texas to the United States. President Polk sent the United States military to take over the area. The two sides fought for two years. Finally, Mexico surrendered. On February 2, 1848, it signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the war. It also gave the United States all of the land above the teritorty . This meant the United States had gained all of Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico; parts of Utah, Nevada, and Colorado; and northern California.

paragraphs: A belief in Manifest Destiny helped convince Americans to support the war. It told them it was all right to fight, kill, and take land from Mexicans or other non-Americans. This was all right because they were only doing what God wanted. They were doing what they were destined to do.

paragraphs: The belief in Manifest Destiny was also important in encouraging people to go to other parts of the west, like Oregon and southern California.

paragraphs: Of course, there were many other reasons, besides Manifest Destiny, that people wanted the United States to grow. More and more people were coming to America, especially to the cities, which were getting crowded. People wanted land of their own, instead of having to work for other people. The more land a person had, the more money they could make. If a person had their own land, they were working for themselves, and they were free.

paragraphs: If was a mixture of all these things, and many more, along with Manifest Destiny that caused the United States to grow this quickly in just 40 years:

paragraphs: The United States was very determined to take control of all of North America. Unfortunately, the parts of North America they wanted were not empty. They were places that Native Americans had always lived.

paragraphs: The United States government wanted these tribes to move outside the United States, to what is now Oklahoma. The government was able to convince some of these Native American tribes to sign treaties saying they would leave their lands.

paragraphs: When some tribes refused to leave their lands, the United States government committed an ethnic cleansing against them. In an ethnic cleansing, ethnic or religious groups are forced to leave an area by a more powerful ethnic group. When the Cherokee Nation refused to leave their homes, United States President Martin van Buren ordered the military to make them leave.

paragraphs: About 15,000 Cherokee were forced to walk to Oklahoma and Arkansas. Most historians think that about 4,000 of them died on the way. This was one out of every four people in the Cherokee population. Because so many people died, this forced migration is now called the Trail of Tears, and it is considered an ethnic cleansing.


title: Leopold Šťastný

paragraphs: Šťastný played before the Second World War for 1. ČsŠK Bratislava as defender. The club is named today Slovan Bratislava. The played in the Státní liga, the highest Czech league. In 1935 Bratislava reached the 5th place. In the same year Šťastný played his first of two match es for the Czech team versus Austria.

paragraphs: During the Second World War an independent Slovakian state existed with an own football league. Bratislava won the league in 1940, 1941, 1942 and 1944. He also played once in the national football team.

paragraphs: After the war he started his coaching career. He was three times (1949 - 1951, 1954 - 1957 and 1963 - 1965) coach of his former club Slovan Bratislava and won 4 times the Czech championship. 1966 he went to Austria and became coach of FC Wacker Innsbruck and led the club to national honours. 1968 he became coach of the Austrian national football team.(15 W, 16 D, 18 L) He stayed till 1975 when he retired due to health reasons. After this he was still working 4 years for the Austrian Football Assosciation. He was founder of the Austrian Schülerliga, a football competition for Austrian schools. 1980 he went to his son in Canada but came back to Austria each year to see the finals of the Schülerliga. To honour his work a small street in Vienna was named after him.


title: Richard Winters

paragraphs: Richard Winters (21 January 1918 — 2 January 2011) was a US soldier who fought in World War II. His experience was made famous by a book and television series, "Band of Brothers". Winters was a member of Company E, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, 101st Airborne Division. He led the company after the commanding officer was killed on D-Day in Normandy. Near the end of the war he led his company to capture Adolf Hitler's mountain retreat in Bavaria, Berchtesgaden. he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, Bronze Star and a Purple Heart.

paragraphs: After the war he worked in a plaster mill in New Jersey. In 1951 he bought a farm in Pennsylvania and established an animal feed business.

paragraphs: In 1990 Winters was interviewed by author Stephen Ambrose who was able to use the records that Winters and others in E Company had written for his book. The title "Band of Brothers", comes from a line in William Shakespeare's play, "Henry V".


title: Tipu's Tiger

paragraphs: Tipu's Tiger (a.k.a. Tippoo's Tiger) is an 18th century moving model, musical instrument and an art object. It was made for Tipu, the ruler of Mysore in India. It shows a tiger killing a European soldier. It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

paragraphs: It was made for Tipu Sultan of Mysore in about 1795. Tipu Sultan used the tiger as his emblem, The tiger was a symbol of power but it was also a symbol of royalty in India. Tipu was quoted as saying he would rather live two days as a tiger than 100 years as a sheep.

paragraphs: The turning of a handle powers mechanisms inside the model. Air is sent through a pipe that makes sound, like the cries of the victim. The pitch of the 'wail pipe' changes as the man's arm moves. Inside the tiger's head air is pushed through two pipes to make a tiger's roar. The ivory keyboard which operates an organ is hidden.

paragraphs: The type of brass shows it was made in India, but it may have been made by one of the Frenchman in Tipu's court. Some historians to suggest there was French input into the mechanism of this automaton.

paragraphs: The design is inspired by the death of Hugh Munro, son of General Sir Hector Munro, who had defeated Tipu in battle. Munro was killed by a tiger in 1792 on Saugor Island.< Tipu saw this as a sign because he was called the "Tiger".

paragraphs: The model was obtained when the British captured Tipu's capital and killed him in 1799. Richard Wellesley wrote:

paragraphs: The East India Company decided not to give the Tiger to the Queen, but to keep it. It was displayed in the East India Company Museum in Leadenhall Street, London in 1808. The poet John Keats saw it there and included it in his satirical verse, “"The Cap and Bells"”. In the poem, a Soothsayer visits the court of the Emperor Elfinan. He hears a strange noise and thinks the Emperor is snoring.

paragraphs: It is in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Visitors can no longer operate the mechanism. A small model of this tiger is in Tipu Sultan's wooden palace in Bengaluru.


title: Mitsubishi Carisma

paragraphs: The Mitsubishi Carisma is an automobile produced by Mitsubishi Motors between 1995 and 2004 with a facelift in 1999. It was related to the first generation Volvo S40/V40 and both cars were produced in the Netherlands.


title: Salmaan Taseer

paragraphs: Salmaan Taseer (31 May 1944 — 4 January 2011) was the Governor of Punjab, in Pakistan. He was shot dead in 2011 in Islamabad by his official security guard, Malik Muhammad Mumtaz Qadri, a member of the Pakistan military's Elite Force. It is believed he was killed because his ideas were not acceptable to various religious groups in Pakistan. Taseer had not supported the Pakistan's blasphemy laws which make an insult against Islam punishable by death. The murderer, Qadri, said he had to kill Taseer because of this, as it was his duty under Islamic law. He said the killing was not illegal. Thousands of people have demonstrated in support of Qadri.

paragraphs: Taseer was born in Simla, Punjab, British India. He studied accountancy in London and later joined Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's Pakistan Peoples Party in 1967. He was elected to the Punjab Assembly in 1988 and was Deputy Opposition Leader. He was also elected to the National Assembly and held the position of Federal Minister for Industries, Production and Special Initiatives. In May 2008 he was made the Governor of Punjab. He was a close assistant to Benazir Bhutto.

paragraphs: He owned accountancy businesses, a telephone company, an English language newspaper and the first children's TV channel.


title: John Roll

paragraphs: John McCarthy Roll (8 February 1947 - 8 January 2011) was an American judge who shot dead in the 2011 Tucson shooting. Roll had stopped at an Arizona shopping center to meet Democrat Congresswoman Gabrielle Giffords who was holding an informal meeting. A gunman attempted to assassinate Giffords, and Roll and four other people were killed. Another 12 people were wounded, Gifford surviving being shot in the head.

paragraphs: Roll had received death threats in the past. In 2009 he allowed a group of illegal immigrants to successfully sue a rancher, Roger Barnett. He had threatened, kicked and set his dogs onto the group. Barnett had argued they could not sue him because they had no legal rights in the US.

paragraphs: Roll was appointed as a judge by President George H.W. Bush in 1991. Roll had been an Arizona state attorney, a US attorney and a state court judge.


title: Skyland, Washington, D.C.

paragraphs: Skyland is a neighborhood in Southeast Washington, D.C. It is next to Good Hope Road to the northeast, Alabama Avenue to the southeast, and Fort Stanton Park to the south and west. It is a part of the area called Anacostia.

paragraphs: The District government wants to rebuild the Skyland Shopping Center at Alabama Avenue and Naylor Road, SE in Ward 7 into a mixed-used town center. Local residents asked the District government for help in the 1980s, because the current buildings were falling apart and many stores were empty. The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development decided in 2005 that the District government could not use federal money to buy Skyland because of past mistakes.

paragraphs: The District is working with the Rappaport Cos. and the William S. Smith Cos. on a new plan for Skyland. They want to build of retail space. They hope that the new buildings will be filled with high-quality, national stores and locally-owned shops and restaurants. Torti Gallas & Partners are architects who are drawing the new plans. The new buildings will cost $260 million. On May 25, 2011, DC Mayor Vincent Gray told Wal-Mart officials that he would not allow them to build four other new stores in the District of Columbia unless Wal-Mart also opened a store in Skyland. However, Safeway holds the exclusive right to sell groceries in the development, which may block a Wal-Mart at Skyland.

paragraphs: The project will also include 420 to 470 units of housing. About 80 percent of the housing units will be owned by the people who live there and 20 percent will be rented.

paragraphs: People are fighting the plan in court. The land owners do not want to sell their land to Rappaport and Smith. The District wants to force the current owners to sell (eminent domain).

paragraphs: Rappaport and Smith filed a Planned Unit Development (PUD) application with the Zoning Commission in 2008. The DC Council approved a Tax Increment Financing (TIF) package to loan money for the new buildings. In July 2010, the District's zoning commission approved the plan for the new buildings. Building will start in 2012. The new buildings are expected to open in 2014.

paragraphs: Skyland is a part of the Good Hope neighborhood. Hillcrest to the east and Naylor Gardens to the southeast of the Good Hope neighborhood.


title: Sid Eudy

paragraphs: Sid Eudy born December 16, 1960 in West Memphis, Arkansas is an American retired professional wrestler, known by the stage name Sid Vicious, Sycho Sid, or Sid Justice.

paragraphs: Sid started his career in 1989, hired by World Championship Wrestling, Sid to fight during these years, competing as one of the members of the team known as "The Skyscrapers" with "Mean" Mark Callous and then later with Dan Spivey he used the powerbomb as his maneuver fight. After recovering from an injury, Sid returned to the ring in May 1990 as a member of the team of Ric Flair. After leaving WCW Sid was incorporated into the World Wrestling Federation, he made his presentation as Sid Justice on July 20, 1991 episode of WWF Superstars of Wrestling and was also was chosen as the referee for the main fight at SummerSlam that year in a tag team match between The Ultimate Warrior and Hulk Hogan versus Sgt. Slaughter and Col. Mustafa billed as "The Match Made In Hell." At the 1992 Royal Rumble he was one of the last two in the ring with Ric Flair when Hogan, who was already eliminated pulled Sid over the top rope with Flair assisting from behind helping Flair win his 1st WWF/E title. His crowning moment came at WrestleMania VIII, where Sid was faced with Hulk Hogan, Sid lost the fight by disqualification when Papa Shango interrupted to help Sid. Sid return to WCW in May 1993. That year he teamed with Big Van Vader. After leaving WCW again, Eudy joined the United States Wrestling Association July 16, 1994, and faced with defeating Jerry Lawler and Sid getting the World Heavyweight Championship.

paragraphs: In 1995 Sid returns to the WWF/E on Monday Night Raw. Time after time he confronted Shawn Michaels for the title and at Survivor Series in 1996, where Sid applies a powerbomb to Michaels and gets the WWF/E Championship. At the 1997 Royal Rumble in Michaels' hometown of San Antonio, Texas the two fought again for the title with Michaels winning his 2nd title. One month later Sid captured his 2nd title by defeating Bret Hart on Raw,who had defeated Vader, Stone Cold Steve Austin and The Undertaker in a Fatal Four Way match the night before. At Wrestlemania 13 in Chicago, Sid lost the title to the Undertaker. Sid's last match in the WWF/E was June 9, 1997.

paragraphs: After his separation from the World Wrestling Federation, Sid was hired by Extreme Championship Wrestling (1999), after back to the company WCW, where were his former colleagues of the WWF superstars fight Hulk Hogan, Randy Savage, Kevin Nash, Scott Hall, Bret Hart, and plus the new WCW superstars as Bill Goldberg, Chris Benoit. His best moment was when Sid winner WCW championship by defeating Kevin Nash twice.