title: Mont-Saint-Michel

paragraphs: Le Mont-Saint-Michel (; ) is an island and commune in Normandy, France. It is in the Manche department. It is located about one kilometre () from the country's northwestern coast. It is at the mouth of the Couesnon River near Avranches. It is in size and it has a population of 44 (2009). People that live there are called the "Montois".

paragraphs: The island has had strategic fortifications since ancient times. The name "Mont-Saint-Michel" comes from the monastery built there in the eighth century AD. The way in which the town is built is an example of how feudal society worked. At the top there is God, the abbey and monastery. Below this, there are the great halls, then stores and houses. At the bottom, outside the walls, there are the houses of fishermen and farmers.

paragraphs: Mont-Saint-Michel is one of France's most famous landmarks. The island and its bay are part of the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites. Every year, more than 3 million people visit it.

paragraphs: In prehistoric times, the "Mont" was on dry land. It is now a rocky tidal island. Sea levels became higher and erosion changed the landscape of the coast. Several layers of granite or granulite came to the surface in the bay. These layers of rock resisted the damage by the ocean better than the other rocks around them. These included Lillemer, the Mont-Dol, Tombelaine (a small island just to the north), and Mont Tombe, which later became Mont-Saint-Michel. The mount has a circumference of about 960 metres (3,150 ft). It is 92 metres (301 ft) above sea level at its highest point.

paragraphs: The difference between the high and low water marks is about . Medieval pilgrims who crossed the flat land sometimes called the mount "St. Michael in peril of the sea". Today, it can still be dangerous for visitors who do not use the causeway. It can be a risk to walk across the sands from the opposite coast. This is because of quicksand.

paragraphs: Polderisation and occasional flooding have created salt marsh meadows. They are ideal for sheep. The meat has a good flavour because of the sheep's diet. The "pré salé" (salt meadow, in French) is home to "agneaux de pré-salé" (salt meadow lamb). This is made into a local specialty (a famous type of food). The local lamb is sometimes on the menus of restaurants in the area.

paragraphs: Before 2013, Mont-Saint-Michel was linked to the mainland with a tidal causeway. It was a path covered at high tide and shown at low tide. This connection changed over the centuries. The coastal flats (the sand) have been polderised to make pastureland. This means Mont-Saint-Michel became closer to the coast. The Couesnon River was canalised. This helped make the flow of water similar every time the tide rises or falls. However, it developed a silting-up of the bay. In 1879, the tidal causeway was changed into a raised, dry causeway. This stopped the tide from cleaning the silt around the mount.

paragraphs: On 16 June 2006, the French prime minister and regional authorities announced a €164 million project ("Projet Mont-Saint-Michel"). The wanted to build a hydraulic dam using the waters of the river Couesnon and of tides. This would help remove all of the silt deposited by the rising tides. It would make Mont-Saint-Michel an island again.

paragraphs: The construction of the dam began in 2009. It was completed in 2013. The project was also to remove the causeway and its visitor car-park. The new car-park is on the mainland. It is about two kilometres () from the island. Visitors can use small shuttle buses to cross the causeway. The bridge is also open to pedestrians and vehicles without a motor.

paragraphs: Architect Dietmar Feichtinger designed the bridge. It opened to the public on 22 July 2014. The bridge lets the waters go freely around the island. It makes the dam more efficient. The project cost €209 million, €45 million more than planned. President François Hollande officially opened the bridge.

paragraphs: Sometimes, weather conditions make the tide very high. This is called a "supertide". For example, the sea completely covered the new bridge on 21 March 2015. It was the highest sea level for at least 18 years. Many people travelled to Mont-Saint-Michel to take photos.

paragraphs: Mont-Saint-Michel was an Armorican stronghold of Gallo-Roman culture in the sixth and seventh centuries. In the seventh century, the Franks took the mount. From about the fifth to the eighth century, Mont-Saint-Michel was part of a region called Neustria. At the start of the ninth century, it was an important place in the marches of Neustria.

paragraphs: Before the eighth century, the island was called "Mont Tombe" (). The Catholic Church built the first religious building in the eighth century, and the mount became Mont-Saint-Michel. According to legend, the Archangel Michael appeared in 708 to St. Aubert, the bishop of Avranches. The angel told him to build a church on the mount. Aubert didn't listen to the angel until Michael burned a hole in the bishop's skull with his finger.

paragraphs: The king of the Franks could not defend his kingdom against the attacks of the Vikings. The king agreed to give the Cotentin peninsula and the Avranchin, including Mont-Saint-Michel, to the Bretons in the 867 Treaty of Compiègne. For a short time, the mount belonged to the Bretons. In effect, these lands and Mont-Saint-Michel never belonged to the duchy of Brittany. They remained separate bishoprics from the newly created Breton archbishopric of Dol. When Rollo named Franco as archbishop of Rouen, the diocese of Rouen took the lands and the mount. They became part of Normandy once again, but not officially.

paragraphs: The mount became strategically important again in 933 when William "Long Sword" (the Duke of Normandy) annexed the Cotentin Peninsula from the weakened Dukes of Brittany. This made the mount part of Normandy officially. This is shown in the Bayeux Tapestry, which commemorates (helps remember) the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The tapestry shows Harold, Earl of Wessex helping two Norman knights from the quicksand around Mont-Saint-Michel during a battle with Conan II, Duke of Brittany. Norman dukes paid for the development of the abbey in the following centuries. It became a good example of Norman architecture.

paragraphs: In 1067, the monastery of Mont-Saint-Michel gave its support to Duke William of Normandy in his claim to the throne of England. William gave houses and grounds on the English side of the Channel as a reward. These included a small island off the southwestern coast of Cornwall. It became a Norman priory named St Michael's Mount of Penzance. It looks similar to Mont-Saint-Michel.

paragraphs: During the Hundred Years' War, the English made many attacks on the island. They were not able to take it due to the abbey's very good fortifications. The English first attacked the mount in 1423, and then again in 1433. Thomas Scalles was the leader of the English army. Scalles left two wrought iron bombards when he stopped his attack. They are still there today. They are known as "les Michelettes". The resistance at Mont-Saint-Michel gave hope to the French, especially Joan of Arc.

paragraphs: When Louis XI of France founded the Order of Saint Michael in 1469, he wanted the church of Mont-Saint-Michel to become the chapel for the Order. However, it was far from Paris so this was not possible.

paragraphs: The wealth and influence of the abbey helped other foundations, for example St Michael's Mount in Cornwall. However, it started to become less popular as a centre of pilgrimage due to the Reformation. At the time of the French Revolution, there were almost no monks living there. The republicans closed the abbey. It became a prison. At first, this was to hold clerical enemies of the French republic. Later, there were also important political prisoners at the mount. In 1836, famous figures, such as Victor Hugo, started a campaign to restore the mount. The prison closed in 1863, and the mount became a historic monument in 1874. Mont-Saint-Michel and its bay became UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 1979. The factors for listing included cultural, historical, and architectural importance, as well as man-made and natural beauty.

paragraphs: In the 11th century, Richard II of Normandy chose an Italian architect called William de Volpiano to build the abbey of Mont-Saint-Michel. Volpiano had already built the Abbey of Fécamp, in Normandy. He designed the Romanesque church of the abbey. He chose to place the transept crossing at the top of the mount. He also built a lot of crypts and chapels below the ground. These are to support building above, because it is very heavy. Today, Mont-Saint-Michel has a church of Romanesque style.

paragraphs: Robert de Thorigny was a great supporter of Henry II of England. Henry was also Duke of Normandy at this time. Thorigny made the structure of the buildings stronger. He also built the main façade of the church in the 12th century. In 1204, the Breton "Guy de Thouars", a friend of the King of France, attacked the mount with an army. He set fire to the village and killed lots of people. However, he had to retreat (leave) under the powerful walls of the abbey. The fire extended to the buildings, and the roofs burnt. Philip Augustus, Thorigny's friend, was unhappy about the cruel actions and the destruction. He offered Abbot Jourdain some money to build a new Gothic-style architectural set. The abbot added the refectory ("dining room") and cloister.

paragraphs: Charles VI added big fortifications to the abbey-mount. He also added building towers and courtyards, and he made the ramparts stronger.

paragraphs: The islet is part of the French commune of Mont-Saint-Michel. It is in the department of Manche, in Normandy. As of 2009, 44 people live there. The nearest large town, with a train station, is Pontorson. Mont-Saint-Michel is part of the Organization of World Heritage Cities.

paragraphs: Mont-Saint-Michel is also the subject of a traditional rivalry between Normans and Bretons. Bretons say that the Couesnon River marks the limit between Normandy and Brittany. It is only because the river has changed its course over the centuries that the mount is on the Norman side. This legend amuses the area's inhabitants. They state that the border is not located on the Couesnon river. They say it is on the mainland, to the west, at the foot of the solid mass of Saint-Brelade.

paragraphs: Up to 20,000 people a day visit the city in July and August. Among the 43 inhabitants (2006), 5 were monks and 7 nuns.

paragraphs: Mont-Saint-Michel has historical links with St Michael's Mount in Cornwall, UK. Edward the Confessor gave it to the Benedictines of Mont-Saint-Michel in the 11th century.

paragraphs: 61 buildings of Mont-Saint-Michel are on the list of historical monuments. They were added from 1928 to today.


title: Spring 1945 offensive in Italy

paragraphs: The Spring 1945 offensive in Italy was given the code name Operation Grapeshot. It was the Allied attack by Fifth United States Army and British 8th Army into the Lombardy Plain. It started on 6 April 1945 and ended on 2 May with the surrender of German forces in Italy.

paragraphs: The Allies had done their previous major attack on the Gothic Line in August 1944. The British 8th Army attacked up the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The U.S. 5th Army attacked through the central Apennine Mountains.

paragraphs: They managed to break through the Gothic Line defences. But they failed to get into the Lombardy Plains before the winter weather stopped them.

paragraphs: They had a hard time in the cold winter weather. They planned to attack again in the spring.

paragraphs: Harold Alexander was promoted to Field Marshal. He was made the Allied Supreme Commander Mediterranean on 12 December.

paragraphs: On 23 March, Albert Kesselring was appointed Commander-in-Chief Army Group West.

paragraphs: In the spring, the problems of getting troops continued. The 15th Army Group had 1,334,000 men with Eighth Army having 632,980 men and Fifth Army 266,883. Against them were 21 much weaker German divisions and 4 Italian divisions, a total of 25.

paragraphs: Clark made his plan on 18 March. He wanted destroy the maximum number of enemy forces, cross the Po and capture Verona.

paragraphs: The Eighth Army was to go north west to capture Ferrara and Bondeno. The U.S. Fifth Army was to go past Bologna to surround German forces south of the Po. The Fifth Army was to go west towards Ostiglia. Next, the Allies would capture bridge across the Po and go north.

paragraphs: The Fifth Army plan (Operation "Craftsman") aimed to pull German reserves away from Route 65. II Corps would then attack.

paragraphs: In the first week of April, attacks were launched on the right and left of the Allied lines. The goal was to draw German reserves away from the main attacks to come. Axis forces had to use sea, canal and river routes for supply. Axis shipping was being attacked in bombing raids.

paragraphs: The main attack started on 6 April with an artillery bombing of the Senio defenses. On 9 April, 825 heavy bombers dropped bombs near the Senio. From 15:20 to 19:10, artillery was fired. As well, 28 Churchill Crocodiles and 127 Wasp flamethrower vehicles were sent out. By 12 April, the 8th Indian Division was on the far side of the Santerno. The British 78th Division moved to attack Argenta.

paragraphs: The U.S. 5th Army began its attack on 14 April. First, there was a bombing by 2,000 heavy bombers and 2,000 artillery pieces. Then troops attacked. By 20 April both corps had broken through the German defences and reached the Po valley. 10th Mountain Division went north. By 19 April, the British 6th Armoured Division was moving to surround the German armies defending Bologna. Bondeno was captured on 23 April. Bologna was entered on 21 April. U.S. IV Corps reached the river Po at on 22 April. They went north to Verona which they entered on 26 April. British V Corps entered Padua on 29 April. Partisans had captured the German garrison of 5,000.

paragraphs: Secret surrender talks between the Germans and Western Allies were held in Switzerland (Operation Crossword) in March. The Soviets did not like that the Western Allies were trying to arrange a surrender that did not include the Soviets. On 29 April, the Germans surrendered.


title: Hallasan

paragraphs: Hallasan is one of Korea's three most sacred mountains. It is on Jeju-do, the southernmost island of Republic of Korea. It is 1,950m tall. On the top of Hallasan, there is a crater called Baek Rok Dam. It was an active volcano until about 25,000 years ago. It is now dormant. Hallasan is made of basalt, a type of black rock that is produced by volcanoes. It extends east to west. The south side of Hallasan is very steep. The slope of the north side is gentle. The east and south are relatively high but smooth.

paragraphs: Hallasan has subtropical plants, warm-climate plants, and subarctic plants. In spring, there royal azalea, and yellow rape. There are also maple trees. In winter, the mountain is covered with snow. There are deer, which are the symbol of Hallasan.

paragraphs: The ever-changing colors of the scenery make people admire the beauty of nature, and this is why Hallasan was selected as a national park on March 24 1970. All of Jeju Volcanic Island was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007. During the last week in January, there is a snow-flower festival in Hallasan.


title: Aleqa Hammond

paragraphs: Aleqa Hammond (born 23 September 1965) is a Greenlandic politician. She was the leader of the Siumut party and also the country's first female Prime Minister after her party emerged as the largest in the 2013 elections.


title: Juan Vicente Torrealba

paragraphs: Juan Vicente Torrealba (20 February 1917 – 2 May 2019) was a Venezuelan harpist and composer of popular music.

paragraphs: Torrealba died at the age of 102 from heart failure on 2 May 2019, aged 102.


title: Arnoldo Foà

paragraphs: Arnoldo Foà (24 January 1916 – 11 January 2014) was an Italian movie actor. He has appeared in more than 130 movie since 1938. He was born in Ferrara, Italy.

paragraphs: Foà died on the morning of 11 January 2014, 13 days before his 98th birthday, from respiratory failure in his home in Rome, Italy.


title: Jacque Fresco

paragraphs: Jacque Fresco (March 13, 1916 – May 18, 2017) was an American self-taught structural designer, architectural designer, concept artist, educator, and futurist. Fresco wrote and lectured his views concerning sustainable cities, energy efficiency, natural-resource management, cybernetic technology, advanced automation, and the role of science in society. He was of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: Fresco died at his home in Sebring, Florida from complications of Parkinson's disease on May 18, 2017, aged 101.


title: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando

paragraphs: Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (May 19, 1860 – December 1, 1952) was an Italian diplomat and political figure. He was born in Palermo, Sicily. His father, a landed gentleman, delayed venturing out to register his son's birth for fear of Giuseppe Garibaldi's 1,000 patriots who had just stormed into Sicily on the first leg of their march to build an Italian nation.


title: Gabriel Axel

paragraphs: Gabriel Axel (18 April 1918 – 9 February 2014) was a Danish movie director, actor, writer and producer. He is best known for the movie "Babette's Feast" (1987). He wrote and directed this movie. He won an Academy Award for it.

paragraphs: Axel died on 9 February 2014 at the age of 95.


title: WWE Saturday Morning Slam

paragraphs: WWE Saturday Morning Slam was a professional wrestling show made by the WWE.

paragraphs: During its televised history in the United States it was shown on The CW during its Vortexx Saturday morning block. It was centered around being more family-friendly and targeted towards children. The show ran from August 25, 2012 to May 11, 2013. The show was cancelled because of creative differences between both the WWE and Saban Brands.


title: Reed College

paragraphs: Reed College is a private liberal arts college in Portland Oregon. Reed was begun in 1908 and had its first classes in 1911. Reed is an undergraduate school. An unusually high number of Reed's students go on to get Ph.D.s after they graduate. Reed is the only private undergraduate school to have a nuclear reactor.

paragraphs: Tuition at Reed is about $44,200 a year. Reed is secular, meaning the school is not part of a religion. The school does not do very many NCAA sports, and it does not have any fraternities or sororities.

paragraphs: Reed students are called "Reedies". Students are often called nonconformists. As a joke, some students say the motto of the school is "Communism, Atheism, Free Love".

paragraphs: Some famous or important people who went to Reed include:


title: Kevin Thorn

paragraphs: Kevin Matthew Fertig (born January 17, 1977) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working with World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) under the ring names, Mordecai and Kevin Thorn.

paragraphs: Under the Mordecai name, he portrayed a religious zealot and under his Kevin Thorn name, he portrayed a vampire character along with his manager Ariel.

paragraphs: In January 2009, he was offered a new contract with WWE, but turned it down. WWE announced that he was released from contract by request on January 9, even though his contract did not end until April 5 which prevented him from wrestling for other promotions.


title: Big Hero 6 (movie)

paragraphs: Big Hero 6 is an American computer animated supehero buddy comedy movie based on the Marvel Comics superhero comic that has the same name. It was released on November 5, 2014 by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. The movie grossed over $651.8 million worldwide making it the , it also won the .

paragraphs: The movie is about a boy named Hiro. and it is a 53rd movie. He lives in the city of San Fransokyo (a mixture of Tokyo and San Francisco). He changes himself and his friends into high-tech heroes to protect the city. One of his friends is Baymax, a robot created by Tadashi (Hiro's brother). Baymax's only purpose is to take care of people.


title: Lost (Frank Ocean song)

paragraphs: "Lost" is a song from Frank Ocean, from his album "Channel Orange". It is about a girl who does drugs and feels lost. It is an R&B and pop song.


title: Pyramids (song)

paragraphs: "Pyramids" is a song by Frank Ocean. It is from the album "Channel Orange". The song is about a pimp who falls in love with one of his prostitutes. It is an R&B and electronica song. It is almost 10 minutes long.


title: Allied invasion of Sicily

paragraphs: The Allied invasion of Sicily was code-named Operation Husky. It was a major battle of World War II. The Allies captured Sicily from the Axis Powers (Italy and Nazi Germany).

paragraphs: It was a big sea and air operation, followed by six weeks of land fighting. It started the Italian Campaign. It was followed by the Allied invasion of Italy.

paragraphs: "Husky" began on the night of 9–10 July 1943, and ended 17 August. "Husky" achieved the goals of the Allies. The Allies removed Axis air, land and naval forces from the island.

paragraphs: As well, the Mediterranean's sea lanes were opened to the Allies, and Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was briefly removed from power.

paragraphs: The plan for Operation "Husky" called for the sea attack of the island by two armies. One would land on the South Eastern coast. Another would land on the central Southern Coast. The attack would be helped by naval gunfire and bombing. The commander was the American General Dwight D. Eisenhower.

paragraphs: The Allied land forces were from the American, British and Canadian armies. They were put into two groups. The Eastern Task Force was led by General Bernard Montgomery. The Western Task Force was commanded by Lieutenant General George S. Patton. In addition to the sea landings, airborne troops were to be flown in. They would capture bridges and high ground.

paragraphs: The Allied naval forces were put into two groups to transport the invading armies.

paragraphs: The island was defended by the two corps of Italian 6th Army under General Alfredo Guzzoni. In early July the total Axis force in Sicily was about 200,000 Italian and 32,000 German troops, and 30,000 "Luftwaffe" ground staff. By late July there were 70,000 German troops.

paragraphs: At the Casablanca Conference in January 1943, political leaders and the military leaders of the US and Britain met to discuss future plans. The British wanted an invasion of Sicily. General Eisenhower was made Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Forces.

paragraphs: Once the Axis forces had been defeated in Tunisia, the Allied bombers attacked the airfields of Sardinia, Sicily and southern Italy. They also bombed industrial targets in southern Italy and the ports of Naples, Messina, Palermo and Cagliari.

paragraphs: To distract the Axis, the Allies did several trick operations. The most famous was "Operation Mincemeat". The British allowed a corpse disguised as a British officer to drift ashore in Spain, carrying a briefcase with fake secret documents.

paragraphs: These stated that the Allies were planning to invade Greece and Sardinia, and had no plans to invade Sicily. The Germans thought the documents were real. The Germans moved much of their defences from Sicily to Greece.

paragraphs: Two British and two American attacks by airborne forces were done on the night of 9–10 July. They wanted to capture the bridge over the River Anape. Strong wind made them land in the wrong places. Airborne troops attacked patrols. A platoon captured the bridge and fought off counterattacks for a few hours.

paragraphs: The strong winds made the sea landings hard. Landings were made on 10 July on twenty-six main beaches.

paragraphs: By the evening of 10 July the seven Allied divisions were ashore and the port of Syracuse had been captured.

paragraphs: Alexander's plan was to establish his forces on a line between Licata in and Catania. He wanted to capture ports.


title: Cleanin' Out My Closet

paragraphs: "Cleanin' Out My Closet" is a serious song by Eminem from the album "The Eminem Show". Its lyrics are dealing with how people protest against his lyrics, his father abandoning his family and his mother's drug use.


title: On My Level

paragraphs: "On My Level" is a song by Wiz Khalifa featuring Too $hort. It is a dark song about partying and smoking. It is from his album "Rolling Papers".


title: Siege of Odessa

paragraphs: The Siege of Odessa was a siege battle during World War II. It was part of the Eastern Front area of operations in 1941. It was done by Romanian forces and the German Army's ("Wehrmacht Heer") 11th Army ("11. Armee"). They attacked the city of Odessa in the Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Due to the strong fighting of the 9th Independent Army (initially) and the Separate Coastal Army, and the Black Sea Fleet forces in Odessa, it took the Romanian army 73 days of siege and four attacks to capture the city. They had 93,000 casualties. The Red Army had 41,000 casualties. Some historians say the Red Army had 60,000 casualties.

paragraphs: On 27 July 1941, Hitler sent a letter to General Antonescu asking for Romanian troops.

paragraphs: On 8 August, the Romanians ordered the 4th Army to capture Odessa.

paragraphs: They thought the city would surrender quickly. However, Odessa was a heavily fortified city. It had trenches, anti-tank ditches, pillboxes and other defences.

paragraphs: Overall, the Red Army had some 34,500 men and 240 artillery pieces in the area. Airplanes included two seaplane squadrons and one bomber squadron.

paragraphs: The Romanian 4th Army planned to attack Odessa. The 5th Corps would go north then turn south.

paragraphs: On 9 August, the 4th Dorobanti Regiment defeated the Soviet forces in the Bakalovy area. The 30th Dorobanţi Regiment captured the village of Ponyatovka.

paragraphs: The 1st Armored Division defeated the Soviet forces at Bolschaya Buzhalyk, breaking through Odessa's first line of defense.

paragraphs: The 10th Dorobanţi Regiment beat the Soviet forces at Lozovaya. The 4th Army surrounded Odessa.

paragraphs: On 17 August, Romanian troops capturing Odessa's water reservoirs. The Soviet forces fought hard. There were many losses on both sides.

paragraphs: By 24 August, the Romanians were stopped at the Soviets' main line of defense. The 4th Army had already g

paragraphs: had 27,307 casualties, including 5,329 killed.

paragraphs: On 28 August, the Romanians attacked again. They had help from a German assault battalion and ten heavy artillery battalions.

paragraphs: A German force came to help the Romanians. The Soviets also received 15,000 men and ammunition.

paragraphs: Then the 157th Rifle Division arrived with 12,600 troops. Also, 18 Soviet companies were brought in from Novorossiysk.


title: 19 (album)

paragraphs: 19 is the first album by Adele. It was released on 28 January 2008. It went straight to number one in the United Kingdom's record charts. The album was produced by Jim Abbiss, Mark Ronson, and Eg White.


title: Allied invasion of Italy

paragraphs: The Allied invasion of Italy was the invasion of mainland Italy by the Allies during World War II. The Allies landed on the mainland on 3 September 1943. The invasion followed the successful invasion of Sicily during the Italian Campaign.

paragraphs: The invasion was done by General Harold Alexander's 15th Army Group. This included Lieutenant General Mark Clark's U.S. Fifth Army and General Bernard Montgomery's British Eighth Army.

paragraphs: The main invasion force landed near Salerno on the western coast in Operation Avalanche. Two other attacks were done in Calabria (Operation "Baytown") and Taranto (Operation "Slapstick").

paragraphs: Following the defeat of the Axis Powers in North Africa, there was disagreement between the Allies as to what to do next. Winston Churchill wanted to invade Italy.

paragraphs: When they realized that no invasion could be done in 1943, they decided to invade Sicily. The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 was successful. Many of the Axis forces managed to avoid capture and escape to the mainland. Benito Mussolini was removed as head of the Italian government. "Operation Baytown" was the plan in which Eighth Army would land near the tip of Calabria on 3 September 1943. The Allies sent the 504th Parachute Infantry Regiment to airfields near Rome.

paragraphs: The main landings ("Operation Avalanche") were on 9 September. The main force would land near Salerno on the western coast. The "Avalanche" plan was for the Fifth Army to land. On the German side, Albert Kesselring realized he could not stop the Salerno landing.

paragraphs: On 3 September 1943, British Eighth Army's XIII Corps launched "Operation Baytown". Italian troops surrendered. On 4 September, 5 Division reached Bagnara. Progress was slow as blown up bridges, roadblocks and mines delayed Eighth Army. Heinrich von Vietinghoff's 10th Army was ready to attack the Allied landings. On 8 September (before the main invasion), the surrender of Italy to the Allies was announced. Italian troops stopped fighting and the Navy sailed to Allied ports to surrender. The German forces in Italy moved into important defensive positions. "Operation Slapstick" started on 9 September.

paragraphs: "Operation Avalanche" was the main invasion at Salerno by the U.S. 5th Army. It began on 9 September 1943. Major General Rudolf Sieckenius commander of 16th Panzer Division had organised his forces into four groups. By the end of the first day the 5th Army had made a good start. X Corps' two divisions had moved between inland.

paragraphs: For the next three days, the Allies fought to get more beach territory. The Germans defended. By 12 September, X Corps had taken a defensive position. On 13 September, the Germans launched their attack. The Herman Göring battle groups attacked the northern part of the beach. The main attack was between the two Allied Corps. On 15 September 16th Panzer Division and 29th Panzergrenadier Division took up defensive positions. On 15 September, Kesselring said the attack by XIV Panzer Corps must be successful. If this failed, Tenth Army must pull back from the battle.

paragraphs: On 14 September, the Allies advanced. By 16 September 5th, the Infantry Division had reached Sapri. The Germans decided to pull out of the battle. They withdrew on 18/19 September.

paragraphs: The Salerno battle was where the Salerno Mutiny happened. About 500 men of the British X Corps refused to join new units. Eventually the corps commander, McCreery, got about half of the men to follow their orders. The rest were court-martialled.

paragraphs: With the Salerno beach secure, Fifth Army began its attack northwest towards Naples on 19 September.


title: Our Version of Events

paragraphs: Our Version of Events is the first album by Emeli Sandé. The album was released on 13 February 2012 by Virgin Records. Six singles were released from the album.


title: San Juan, Argentina

paragraphs: San Juan is the capital city of the San Juan Province in Argentina.


Pablo Ruiz


title: WWF No Mercy

paragraphs: WWF No Mercy is a professional wrestling video game developed by Asmik Ace Entertainment and AKI Corporation and published by THQ. The game was released on the Nintendo 64.

paragraphs: It was released on November 17, 2000 in North America and on December 15, 2000 in Europe. It is a sequel to the 1999 video game, WWF WrestleMania 2000.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 9 out of 10 and said "No Mercy is a terrific game from top to bottom. The game mechanics are sound, the animation is fantastic, the characters are very responsive and there's a tremendous amount of game modes.”

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 7.7 out of 10 and stated "If you're still drooling over Wrestlemania 2000, then the roster updates, graphical refinements, bonus secrets, and new modes found in WWF No Mercy should be more than enough to keep you going for another year."


title: WWE Day of Reckoning 2

paragraphs: WWE Day of Reckoning 2 is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ.

paragraphs: It was released on August 29, 2005 in North America, September 23, 2005 in Europe, October 7, 2005 in Australasia.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 8.5 out of 10 saying "The control mechanics, already solidly grapple-heavy and speedy, are made more intuitive still by a strategic synergy between stamina and submission systems, and complemented again by a fun momentum shift. The result is a wrestling game with less button mashing and more strategy."

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 8.1 out of 10 and stated "Though some may be disappointed by the fact that it isn't a huge leap past what Day of Reckoning put forth, fans of the first game are certain to have a great time with the sequel."


title: Battle of Gemmano

paragraphs: The Battle of Gemmano was a battle fought between the German and Allied forces in World War II. It was part of the Allies' Operation Olive, the attack in August 1944 on the Gothic Line. This was the German line of defence in the Apennines in northern Italy.

paragraphs: It consisted of a series of four British attacks between 4 September to 15 September 1944. The British attacked the German defences in and around the village of Gemmano. The village was captured on 9 September during the second attack.

paragraphs: Two more attacks were required to capture the surrounding area. Fighting was heavy. The Battle of Gemmano has been called the "Cassino of the Adriatic" by some historians.


title: WWE Day of Reckoning

paragraphs: WWE Day of Reckoning is a professional wrestling video game developed by Yuke's and published by THQ.

paragraphs: It was released on August 30, 2004 in North America, September 17, 2004 in the PAL region, and on January 13, 2005 in Japan.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 8.3 out of 10 saying "The game's intuitive grappling system is still fast and fun, and once you get the hang of counters and reversals you'll really gain an appreciation for the depth hiding underneath the simplified control scheme."

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 8.2 out of 10 and stated "Day of Reckoning is truly the first great WWE game on the GameCube."


title: Battle of Garfagnana

paragraphs: The Battle of Garfagnana () was known to the Germans as Operation Winter Storm ("Unternehmen Wintergewitter") and nicknamed the "Christmas Offensive" (Italian: "Offensiva di Natale").

paragraphs: It was an attack of Axis forces on the western sector of the Gothic Line during World War II. It happened in December 1944 in the north Tuscan Apennines, near Massa and Lucca.

paragraphs: In late December 1944 the German 14th Army under General Kurt von Tippelskirch attacked the left side of the U.S. Fifth Army in the Serchio valley. He wanted to make the U.S. forces stay there.

paragraphs: The Allies had ordered two brigades from Indian 8th Infantry Division to be moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division. By the time they had arrived the Germans and Italians had captured Barga. U.S. soldiers had intended to retreat to Lucca. The German / Italian force stopped the attack and withdrew.

paragraphs: Barga was recaptured one week later by the New Year. The western Gothic Line remained in place until late March 1945.

paragraphs: Benito Mussolini and his Defense Minister, Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, wanted to create an Italian Army. They did not want this army to be under German control. They wanted some of the newly created Italian Divisions to attack the Allies in the Italian peninsula.

paragraphs: They planned an attack in Garfagnana for two of their new Divisions. There would be 40,000 men and airplanes. Their goal was recapturing Lucca, Pisa and Livorno in Tuscany from the Allies. But the Italians lacked arms, tanks and airplanes.

paragraphs: With 9,000 soldiers (mostly Italians), they attacked in Garfagnana a small area of the Gothic Line. They wanted to move the Allies back .

paragraphs: Groups from the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division moved near Garfagnana sector in November 1944. They did not

paragraphs: Following the Ardennes Offensive in mid-December, the Allies thought the Axis might try an attack in Northern Italy.

paragraphs: The 19th and 21st Brigades of the Indian 8th Infantry Division were moved to help the U.S. 92nd Infantry Division in front of Lucca.

paragraphs: On 26 December, several RSI military did the "Operation Winter Storm" (Wintergewitter) attacks with three German battalions. This was a German and Italian attack against the American 92nd Infantry Division. A total of 9,100 Axis troops (of which 66% were Italians), with 100 artillery pieces but no tanks attacked. There were 18,000 Allied troops with 140 artillery batteries and 120 tanks.

paragraphs: Their goal was to capture the small towns of Barga, Sommocolonia, Vergemoli, Treppignana, Coreglia, Fornaci di Barga, Promiana, Castelvecchio and Calomini. These were all north-west of Lucca. By 27 December the attack was over. In the morning, the German troops entered Pian di Coreglia.

paragraphs: The next morning, the Axis troops occupied Piano di Coreglia. The Axis troops got more than 25 kilometres inside the Allies lines.


title: Nadir Afonso

paragraphs: Nadir Afonso, (December 4, 1920 – December 11, 2013) was a Portuguese geometric painter. He painted abstract art. He wanted to be in architecture, which he practiced early in his career with Le Corbusier and Oscar Niemeyer. Afonso later studied painting in Paris and became one of the experts in Kinetic art. He worked alongside Victor Vasarely, Fernand Léger, Auguste Herbin, and André Bloc.


title: Tirol-Choco

paragraphs: Tirol-Choco () is a type of chocolate made in Japan. It has been made since 2004. Tyrol is an area of Austria. When Tirol-Choco's president visited Austria, he decided to use the name to give his brand a fresh image.

paragraphs: Tirol has almost 383 flavors; strawberry, milk, vanilla, coffee, cookies, and so on. The most popular flavor is "kinako" (Japanese soy bean's rice cake).

paragraphs: Tirol-Choco is cheap. It costs about 10 yen (10 cents) to 30 yen (30 cents).


title: Air raid on Bari

paragraphs: The air raid on Bari was an air attack by German bombers on Allied forces and shipping in Bari, Italy.

paragraphs: It occurred on 2 December 1943 during World War II. In the attack, 105 German Junkers Ju 88 bombers of "Luftflotte" 2 bombed ships from the Allied Italian campaign. They sunk 27 cargo and transport ships and a schooner in Bari harbour.

paragraphs: The attack, which lasted one hour, destroyed the port. It was not fixed until February 1944. The attack was called the "Little Pearl Harbor".

paragraphs: The release of mustard gas from one of the cargo ships added to the deaths. The British and American governments hid the news about mustard gas and its effects on victims.

paragraphs: In 1943, during the Italian campaign, the port of Bari in southern Italy was important for Allied forces. Ammunition, supplies, and provisions were unloaded from ships at the port, then moved to Allied forces.

paragraphs: Bari did not have good air defences. No RAF fighters were based there. There was not good anti-aircraft defences.

paragraphs: The Allies did not think the Germans could bomb Bari. They thought that the "Luftwaffe" in Italy could not do a major attack.

paragraphs: German air raids by KG 54 had bombed the Naples port area four times in the previous month.

paragraphs: Thirty ships of American, British, Polish, Norwegian and Dutch registry were in Bari Harbour on 2 December. The port was lit on the night of the raid to help the unloading of supplies.

paragraphs: On the afternoon of 2 December, a "Luftwaffe" pilot flew over Bari. His report made Albert Kesselring order the raid.

paragraphs: The Germans thought that destroying the port might slow the advance of the British Eighth Army. Only 105 Ju 88 bombers were available.

paragraphs: The attack started at 19:25, when two or three German aircraft circled the harbour at . They dropped "Düppel" (foil strips) to confuse Allied radar.

paragraphs: The German bomber force surprised the Allies. They bombed the harbour and its ships and many of the bombs hit targets. Two ammunition ships were bombed. A petrol pipeline was cut and the fuel caught fire. The fire spread to many of the ships.

paragraphs: Twenty-eight merchant ships with more than of cargo were sunk or destroyed. Twelve more ships were damaged. The port was closed for three weeks. It was reopened in February 1944.

paragraphs: One of the destroyed vessels—the U.S. Liberty ship "John Harvey"—had been carrying a secret cargo of 2000 M47A1 mustard gas bombs. Each held of the chemical. According to Royal Navy historian Stephen Roskill, the Mustard Gas had been sent to Europe to use if Germany used chemical warfare in Italy.

paragraphs: The destruction of "John Harvey" caused liquid sulfur mustard from the bombs to spill into waters. The many sailors who had jumped into the water became covered with the chemical.

paragraphs: Within a day, symptoms of mustard poisoning had appeared in 628 patients and medical staff. Symptoms included blindness and chemical burns.

paragraphs: Hundreds of Italian civilians also seeking treatment, who had been poisoned by sulfur mustard gas. By the end of the month, 83 of the 628 hospitalized military victims had died.

paragraphs: There were too many witnesses to keep the secret. In February 1944, the U.S. admitted to the accident. They said they did not plan to use chemical weapons unless Germany used them first.


title: Renée Asherson

paragraphs: Dorothy Renée Ascherson (19 May 1915 – 30 October 2014), known professionally as Renée Asherson, was an English actress. Much of her theatrical career was spent in Shakespearean plays, appearing at such venues as the Old Vic, the Liverpool Playhouse, and the Westminster Theatre. Her first stage appearance was on 17 October 1935, aged 20, and her first major film appearance was in "The Way Ahead" (1944). Her last film appearance was in "The Others" (2001).

paragraphs: Her first stage appearance was in 1935. Her first feature movie was the 1944 movie "The Way Ahead". Her most recent motion picture was in 2001's "The Others".

paragraphs: Asherson was married to fellow actor Robert Donat from 1953 until his death in 1958. His severe asthma led to their separation, although a reconciliation had seemed possible just before the end of his life. Although Donat had three children from his previous marriage, they had no children together.

paragraphs: She never remarried. She died on 30 October 2014, aged 99. Among her surviving relatives is her nephew, the journalist Neal Ascherson.


title: John Dobson

paragraphs: John Lowry Dobson (September 14, 1915 – January 15, 2014) was an American astronomer. He known for creating a design for a large Newtonian reflector telescope that is named after him, the Dobsonian telescope.

paragraphs: Dobson died at Burbank, California on January 15, 2014. He was 98.


title: Danuta Szaflarska

paragraphs: Danuta Szaflarska (6 February 1915 in Kosarzyska, Piwniczna-Zdrój, Poland – 19 February 2017 in Warsaw) was a Polish movie and stage actress. She is sometimes called the legend of Polish cinema. In 2008, she was awarded the Złota Kaczka for the best Polish actress of the century.


title: Nasi goreng

paragraphs: Nasi goreng is a traditional dish from Indonesia, a place in South East Asia. It is a style of fried rice. The name is Malay; "nasi" means "rice" and "goreng" means "fried or to fry". It is also popular for late-night supper sold from street vendors. It can be found almost anywhere in Indonesia. It is also popular in Malaysia and Singapore.

paragraphs: In 2011, CNN International announced that nasi goreng is the number two of their "World's 50 Most Delicious Foods" list.

paragraphs: There is no single recipe for nasi goreng, as there are various types. The basic ingredients generally include: cooked rice, "kecap manis" (sweet soy sauce), salt, garlic, chilli pepper, fried onions, carrot, egg and chicken. Slices of cucumber, tomato, and lettuce are included for garnishing. Eggs can be either mixed into fried rice in the beginning as scrambled eggs or served separately as fried eggs. In general, "acar" – pickle made from vinegar preserved cucumber, carrot, shallots, and small chilli pepper – and "krupuk" – deep fried prawn crackers – are provided as side dish.

paragraphs: The taste of nasi goreng can vary depending on the region. There are some variations, such as "nasi goreng Bali" which is cooked in Bali; "nasi goreng seafood" which includes shrimp, fish and squid, or "nasi goreng satay" which includes "satay" (seasoned and grilled skewered meat chunks with peanut sauce). When cooking it, one may put anything that can harmonize with the taste.

paragraphs: Even though any ingredient can be added in nasi goreng, what cannot be taken out is the "kecap manis". "Kecap manis" is very crucial in the dish which gives the flavor to the nasi goreng. It is what makes the taste of nasi goreng different from other Asian styles of fried rice. Other sauces such as "ikan asin" (salted dried fish) and "saus tiram" (oyster sauce) can be added as well. The spiciness of nasi goreng is decided by the amount of "sambal" (chilli sauce). The sambal can be added during the cooking process or added individually while eating depending on the preference.


title: Patricia Morison

paragraphs: Patricia Morison (born Eileen Patricia Augusta Fraser Morison; March 19, 1915 – May 20, 2018) was an American actress and singer. She was known for her role as the lead in the original production of Cole Porter's "Kiss Me, Kate".

paragraphs: Morison died on May 20, 2018 in Los Angeles at the age of 103.


title: Mohammed Burhanuddin

paragraphs: Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin () (Abul-Qaid Johar Mohammed Burhanuddin) (6 March 1915 – 17 January 2014) was an Indian Islamic religious leader. He is the 52nd Dai of the Dawoodi Bohras. The Dawoodi Bohras are a sub group within the Mustaali, Ismaili Shia branch of Islam.

paragraphs: Burhanuddin died on 17 January 2014 at the age of 98 due to a heart attack in Mumbai.


title: John Freeman (British politician)

paragraphs: Major John Freeman (19 February 1915 – 20 December 2014) was a British politician, diplomat and broadcaster. He was the Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Watford from 1945 to 1955.

paragraphs: Following the death of Morgan Morgan-Giles on 4 May 2013, Freeman was the oldest surviving former MP. He was the last survivor of those elected to Parliament in 1945, and the former MP with the earliest date of first election.

paragraphs: Freeman died on 20 December 2014 in London, aged 99.


title: Choco pie

paragraphs: A choco pie is a small cake made up of two small round layers of cake with marshmallow filling and a chocolate covering.

paragraphs: The origin of Choco Pie goes back to 1917 in the American South. Chattanooga Bakery in Chattanooga, Tennessee created the Moon pie with Graham crackers and marshmallow filling which is similar to the Choco Pie of nowadays.

paragraphs: Tongyang R&D, the snack company of South Korea, began selling a similar type of chocolate cake with marshmallow filling named 'Orion Choco Pie' in 1974. A member of the company was inspired by a chocolate-coated cake in a restaurant in a hotel in the U.S. state of Georgia on a business trip. After he got back to Korea, he made many experiment to make that kind of chocolate cake. Finally, he created the Choco Pie as it is known to Koreans now. Later Tongyang R&D changed its name into Orion Confectionery because of the success of 'Orion Choco Pie'. In addition, similar versions of Choco Pie were produced by Lotte Confectionary and Crown Confectionery.

paragraphs: From the 2000s, Orin Choco Pie has been exported all over the world. World sales were 12.1 billion Choco Pies, and a third of Orion’s profits is from outside Korea. Orion has four major share markets- South Korea, China, Vietnam, and Russia. Also it is exported to North Korea, and it is sometimes used as bonuses for North Korean workers.

paragraphs: Although Orion firstly began to produce 'Choco Pie', Lotte Confectionary also named its product with the same name 'Choco Pie'. Orion filed a lawsuit claiming ‘Choco Pie’ is its property, but it failed. The court had them allow 'Choco Pie' as a common noun. So there are three types of 'Choco Pie' from different companies, Orion, Lotte, and Crown.


title: WWE All Stars

paragraphs: WWE All-Stars is a professional wrestling video game developed by THQ San Diego and published by THQ.

paragraphs: It was released on March 29, 2011 in North America, March 31, 2011 in Europe, April 1, 2011 in Europe, May 3, 2011 in Korea, and August 11, 2011 in Japan. It was released for the Nintendo 3DS on November 22, 2011 in North America and on November 25, 2011 in Europe.

paragraphs: It was announced by THQ along with WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2011 at E3 2010.

paragraphs: As of April 28, 2013, the online multiplayer servers are shut down.

paragraphs: GameSpot gave the game a 6 out of 10 and stated "Weak sound effects hamstring the beefed-up action of WWE All Stars, though there is still some entertainment to be had here."

paragraphs: The game was nominated in the "Best Fighting Game" category at the 2011 Spike Video Game Awards.


title: Robert Evans

paragraphs: Robert Evans (June 29, 1930 – October 26, 2019) is an American movie producer and former studio executive. He is best known for his work on "Rosemary's Baby", "Love Story", "The Godfather", and "Chinatown".

paragraphs: Evans died on October 26, 2019 at his home in Beverly Hills, California from stroke-related problems at the age of 89.


title: Nguyen Ngoc Tho

paragraphs: Nguyễn Ngọc Thơ (26 May 1908 – 1976) was a Vietnamese politician. He was the first Prime Minister of South Vietnam, serving from November 1963 to late January 1964.


title: Ronald Hunter

paragraphs: Ronald Lee "Ron" Hunter ( – December 3, 2013) was an American actor. He appeared in many movies and television shows. He is known for appearing on "The Big Bang Theory" and "Law & Order".

paragraphs: Ronald Hunter died of heart and kidney failure on December 3, 2013, aged 70, at the Woodland Hills Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. He was survived by his three children, two grandchildren, and sister.


title: Mansions of the Lord

paragraphs: "Mansions of the Lord" is a hymn. The words are written by Randall Wallace. It is set to music by Nick Glennie-Smith. It was originally written for the 2002 movie "We Are Soldiers". The hymn was also used for Ronald Reagan's funeral. It is about mothers and children losing their loved ones, serving in war, in battle.

paragraphs: To fallen soldiers let us singWhere no rockets fly nor bullets wingOur broken brothers let us bringTo the Mansions of the Lord

paragraphs: No more bleeding, no more fightNo prayers pleading through the nightJust divine embrace, Eternal lightIn the Mansions of the Lord

paragraphs: Where no mothers cry and no children weepWe will stand and guard though the angels sleepAll through the ages safely keepThe Mansions of the Lord


title: Santa Fe University of Art and Design

paragraphs: The Santa Fe University of Art and Design (sometimes called SFUAD) is a private 4-year university in Santa Fe, New Mexico. It was founded in 1859 with the name St. Michael's College. The government gave it a charter for higher education in 1874. This meant that the college had the right to give degrees. In 1966 it was renamed College of Santa Fe. In 2010 it was renamed again to Santa Fe University of Art and Design.

paragraphs: The school has a large movie studio where many movies have been made. In 2013 tuition was $27,996 a year.


title: Hastings Banda

paragraphs: Hastings Kamuzu Banda (15 February 1898 – 25 November 1997), was the leader of Malawi from 1961 to 1994.

paragraphs: Banda attended school in the United States. In 1928 he graduated from the school that is now Central State University in Ohio. Next he attended Indiana University as a premedical student. After four semesters he transferred to the University of Chicago. He graduated in 1931. Banda then studied medicine at Meharry Medical College in Tennessee.

paragraphs: Banda was required to get a second medical degree in order to practice medicine in the British Empire. He attended the University of Edinburgh. Between 1941 and 1945, he worked as a doctor in North Shields.

paragraphs: In 1946 he represented the Nyasaland African Congress at the fifth Pan African Congress in Manchester. He began to take more interest in home country.

paragraphs: Banda was against the efforts of Sir Roy Welensky. Welensky wanted to form a federation between Southern and Northern Rhodesia with Nyasaland (Malawi).

paragraphs: In 1951 he moved to the Gold Coast in West Africa. Banda finally returned to Nyasaland on 6 July 1958. In August he was named as the leader of the Congress. He spoke against colonialism and for independence. In 1963, he was formally made Nyasaland’s prime minister. On 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became the independent Commonwealth of Malawi. When he swept to power as the first President of Malawi in 1966 he called himself "Ngwazi", which means conqueror, and after a few years declared himself "Life President".

paragraphs: Malawi became a one-party state under the Malawi Congress Party (MCP). In 1970, the MCP made him the party’s President for Life. In 1971, he became President for Life of Malawi itself.


title: Southern Alps

paragraphs: The Southern Alps is a mountain range in New Zealand. The mountain range runs along the entire length of the South Island.

paragraphs: The tallest peak of the Southern Alps is Aoraki / Mount Cook which stands at 3,754 metres (12,316 ft). The mountain range was named on March 23, 1770 by Captain James Cook. He described the Southern Alps as being very high.


title: SM Entertainment

paragraphs: SM Entertainment is a record label and talent agency in South Korea. It is one of the main entertainment businesses in Korea. It was founded by Lee Su-man, a former singer. It was originally focused solely on entertainment management. Since then, however, they have expanded their business interests to establishing subsidiary companies and incorporating affiliates. They have foreign subsidiaries, such as SM Japan, Asia, and USA.

paragraphs: Since 1996, SM Entertainment has produced many artists. In 1996, a five-male group H.O.T. made the first debut for the company. A three-female group S.E.S. debuted in 1997. They continued to produce Korean pop idols, such as the male duo Fly to the Sky in 1999, a female solo singer Boa in 2000, a dance group TVXQ in 2004, and a 13-male group Super Junior in 2005. In 1998, the six-male group Shinhwa also began their career with SM Entertainment. The company was also behind the debut of Girls' Generation, in 2007, Shinee in 2008, f(x) in 2009, Exo in 2012, Red Velvet in 2014 and NCT, a sub-unit based group in 2016, with NCT-U debuting first.

paragraphs: SM Entertainment was established in 1995 with initial capital of 50 million won. In 2000, their shares were registered on the KOSDAQ market. Moreover, SM formed a music investment fund with about 10 billion won in 2001. This was the first of its kind in Korea. SM Entertainment's revenues grew 53% in 2011 compared to the year before. The company recorded 1686 billion won. The largest shareholder is Lee Su-man, who owns 21.50% of SM The affiliates of SM Entertainment includes SM Culture and Contents, SM Entertainment Japan Inc., Starlight, Galgali Family Entertainment, Dream Maker Entertainment Limited, SM Amusement, SM F&B Development, M Studio City, SM Brandmarketing, SM Entertainment USA Inc., and SM Krage.


title: Lee Si-yeon

paragraphs: Lee Si-yeon (, born July 24, 1980, is a South Korean model and actress. Lee Si-yeon is transgender, meaning she was raised as a boy but later decided to live as a woman.

paragraphs: Lee's birth name was Lee Dae-hak (). She changed it to Lee Si-yeon when she did "gender transition" to live as a woman. In 2007, Lee decided to use sexual reassignment surgery to change her body to be more like other women's bodies and less like men's bodies. Her uncle is Seo Jae-hyok, a member of the South Korean musical band Buhwal.

paragraphs: In 1999, Lee participated in the Anti-Miss Korea competition.(안티 미스코리아 대회) In 2010 she did her first performance as a singer.


title: Bob Backlund

paragraphs: Robert Lee "Bob" Backlund (born August 14, 1949) is an American professional wrestler. He is best known for working for the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation from 1977 to 1984. He is known for holding the record for the second longest reign as WWE Champion in history which is ahead of Hulk Hogan's first reign and behind Bruno Sammartino's first. Signature move known as the cross face chicken wing was said to be inescapable once fully applied.

paragraphs: Before becoming a professional wrestler, Backlund started as an accomplished amateur wrestler and wrestled for the North Dakota State University Bison during the late 1960s to early 1970s. He also ran for a Connecticut seat in Congress on a Republican ticket in 2000 but was unsuccessful. He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame by Maria Menounos on April 6, 2013.


title: Michael (archangel)

paragraphs: Michael is an archangel in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic teachings. Roman Catholics, the Eastern Orthodox, Anglicans, and Lutherans call him "Saint Michael the Archangel" or simply "Saint Michael". Orthodox Christians call him the "Taxiarch Archangel Michael" or simply "Archangel Michael".

paragraphs: In Hebrew, "Michael" means "who is like God?". The Book of Daniel speaks of Michael three times. One time, it says he is a "great prince who stands up for the children of your people". Jews saw Michael as their supporter. They are normally not allowed to appeal to angels as a link between God and his people. However, Michael became important in Jewish liturgy.

paragraphs: In the New Testament Michael leads God's armies against Satan's forces in the Book of Revelation. During the war in heaven he defeats ("wins against") Satan. In the Epistle of Jude Michael is called "the archangel Michael". Christian sanctuaries to Michael appeared in the 4th century. He was first seen as a healing angel. Later, Christians saw him as a protector ("someone who defends and helps") and the leader of the army of God against the forces of evil. By the 6th century, devotions to Archangel Michael were common both in the Eastern and Western Churches. Over time, teachings on Michael began to change among Christians.


title: Harisu

paragraphs: Harisu (, born February 17, 1975) is a South Korean model, actor, and entertainer. Harisu (or Ha Ri-soo) is her stage name. Her real name is Lee Kyung-eun ().

paragraphs: She was born male, as Lee Kyung-yeop (). She had a sex change operation in Japan in 1999. She is South Korea's first transgender entertainer.

paragraphs: On May 19, 2007, Harisu married Micky Chung, a Korean singer.


title: Couesnon

paragraphs: The Couesnon River () is a river. It starts in the "département" of Mayenne in north-western France. It forms an estuary at Mont-Saint-Michel. Its last stretch is the border between the historical duchies of Normandy and Brittany. In the past, its course changed often between two beds. They are on the north and south of the Mont Saint-Michel. In the end, it settled to the south bed. This created ("made") the saying "The Couesnon's madness placed Mont Saint-Michel in Normandy" ("in french", ""le couesnon en sa folie mit le Mont en Normandie""), as the mount is just to the Norman side of the river's mouth, now. However, the administrative boundary which separates the two regions does not depend on the course of the river. The border is about six kilometres west of the mount.

paragraphs: The Couesnon, the Sée and the Sélune form part of the complex water system of the bay of Mont Saint-Michel. On one side, the tide brings lots of sediment. This causes large sandbars within the river. On the other side, the three rivers bring the sediment back to sea.

paragraphs: In the 20th century, the Couesnon was made into a canal. This to reduced the erosion of its banks. In 1969, a dam was built. These changes, and the causeway linking Mont Saint-Michel to the mainland, have made mudflats. The French built a bridge to replace the causeway. It was finished in 2013. This helped to remove the silt.

paragraphs: During spring tides, a tidal bore — a wave caused by the tide rising — can be seen going up the river.

paragraphs: The Couesnon flows through the following departments and towns:

paragraphs: In the summer, the water flow is typically in the range of . The pH has been measured at 8.26 (Hogan, 2006). The temperature of the water is 19 degrees Celsius in summer, in the area of the mouth. Water turbidity is moderate with a Secchi disc reading of 14 centimetres. Electrical conductivity at the mouth is high.


title: Samoa Joe

paragraphs: Nuufolau Joel "Joe" Seanoa (born March 17, 1979) is an American professional wrestler. He currently works for WWE on the Raw brand under the ring name, Samoa Joe.

paragraphs: He also wrestled for Ring of Honor (ROH) 2002 to 2007. During his time in ROH, he held the ROH World Championship for a record 21 months.


title: Avranches

paragraphs: Avranches is a commune in the Manche department. It is in the Lower Normandy region in northwestern France. It is a subprefecture of the department. The inhabitants are called "Avranchinais".

paragraphs: Avranches is at the south of the Cotentin Peninsula.

paragraphs: The town was built on high ground. It overlooks the dunes and coastal marshes along the bay. From Avranches, it is possible to see the Mont-Saint-Michel.


title: Schwarzschild radius

paragraphs: The Schwarzschild radius, or gravitational radius is the radius of a sphere that has certain properties: if all the mass of an object is compressed within this sphere, the escape speed from the surface of the sphere would equal the speed of light. An example of an object smaller than its Schwarzschild radius is a black hole. Once a stellar remnant collapses below this radius, light can no longer escape and the object is no longer visible. It is a characteristic radius associated with every quantity of mass. The "Schwarzschild radius" was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild who calculated this exact solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916.

paragraphs: This radius can be calculated using the equation:

paragraphs: where the gravitational constant G is N⋅m/kg, M is the mass of the object, and c is the speed of light which is 299,792,458 m/s.

paragraphs: The Schwarzschild radius is found within the Schwarzschild metric, and originally was used to describe the gravitational field around a black hole, given the assumptions that it is spherical, non-rotating, without a magnetic field, and that the cosmological constant is zero; (it describes the path of a particle moving through this spacetime) however, this radius can be calculated for any object.


title: Hong Seok-cheon

paragraphs: Hong Seok-cheon (, born February 3, 1971) is a South Korean model and movie actor. In 1994, he was a reporter of KBS broadcast.

paragraphs: in 1994, he was a repoter of KBS broadcast, next years he was enter a 1995 student's gag contest, prize third-class and debut actor. In September 2000, he was public coming out, that times he was more broadcasters and drama, film casting.

paragraphs: so assault of more Koeran mass communication, but in 2002, he was comebacks success.


title: Amygdala

paragraphs: The amygdala is an almond-shaped group of neurons. These groups of neurons in the brain are called "nuclei".

paragraphs: The word amygdala comes from from the Greek word for almond. The group of neurons is positioned in the temporal lobe of the brain. The amygdala is divided into three different groups: the "basolateral nuclei", the "corticomedial nuclei", and the "central nucleus". The amygdala is related to the processing of emotions, especially fear. It is connected to many other parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and cingulate gyrus. Information from the sensory systems is also fed into the amygdala. This information is fed mostly to the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala.


title: Pokémon Rumble

paragraphs: Pokémon Rumble is a "Pokémon" video game for the Wii. It was released for the Wii's WiiWare service. It is a spin-off game in the "Pokémon" series. It was released in Japan on June 16, 2009, in North America on November 16, 2009, and in Europe on November 20, 2009.

paragraphs: The player controls Pokémon, battling other Pokémon in a series of dungeons and closed arenas. The player starts off with a low-level Pokémon that has only one attack. As the player battles other Pokémon, the player can collect coins which can be used to buy new attacks and get new Pokémon. When the player gets a Pokémon of a high enough level, the Battle Royale room opens, where the player battles many Pokémon at a time in a closed arena. The player has to beat all of the Pokémon to get a higher rank. As the player gets higher ranks, they can battle stronger Pokémon, including Legendary Pokémon.

paragraphs: The player controls the game by holding the Wii Remote sideways. Up to four players can play the game at once. There is a password system which allows the player to get certain Pokémon.

paragraphs: Two sequels to the game have been released: "Pokémon Rumble Blast", which was released for the Nintendo 3DS on August 11, 2011, and "Pokémon Rumble U", which was released for the Wii U in 2013.


title: University of al-Karaouine

paragraphs: The University of al-Karaouine (or al-Qarawiyyin, ) is a university in Fes, Morocco. The mosque was founded by Fatima al-Fihri in 859. It had a school, or madrasa, that taught students about Islam. It later became one of the most important centres of learning in the Muslim world. It was made a part of Morocco's modern university system in 1963. It is the oldest continually operating school in the world. It is sometimes also called the oldest university


title: Battle of Troina

paragraphs: The Battle of Troina was a battle that happened between 31 July and 6 August 1943. It was part of the Allied invasion of Sicily during World War II. Forces of the United States II Corps, part of the U.S. Seventh Army, had violent battles around the town of Troina. It is in the central portion of Sicily along the Caronie Mountains.

paragraphs: The battle was in the hills and mountains surrounding Troina. The Germans had fortified positions. They hid in these positions and fired weapons at the Allies

paragraphs: On 29 July 1943, after 20 days of fighting in Sicily, the Germans realized that the Allies would capture Sicily. The Germans also realized that 80,000-100,000 American and British troops would break through the Etna Line.

paragraphs: The U.S. 7th Army commander, Lieutenant General George S. Patton Jr, had ordered the U.S. 1st and 9th Infantry Divisions to attack the city of Troina. Troina was one of the main parts of the Etna Line. It was defended by the 15th Panzer Grenadier Division commanded by Generalleutnant Eberhard Rodt.

paragraphs: It was also defended by four battalions of General di Divisione Giacomo Romano's 28 Infantry Division Aosta. The Axis forces were in deep trenches.

paragraphs: The Battle of Troina began on 31 July, when the 39th Infantry Regiment advanced towards the Germans. The Germans fought off the attack. The Allies planned a bigger attack. The 1st Infantry Division was put with troops from the 9th Division and a French Moroccan infantry battalion. The Allies used 165 artillery pieces and Allied aircraft.

paragraphs: Over six days, the important hilltops were captured by the Allies, then recaptured by the Axis troops. The 26th Infantry Regiment was ordered to capture Monte Basilio two miles north of the town. From here, the regiment could stop the Axis troops from retreating. For the next two days the men on Monte Basilio had to hide from Axis artillery fire.

paragraphs: The Germans left Troina later that night. General Hube withdrew the damaged 15th Panzer Grenadier Division to Randazzo.

paragraphs: The Allies had broken through the Etna Line. But the roads were filled with mines, so it was hard for the Allies to advance. General Hube withdrew his XIV Panzer Corps toward Messina.

paragraphs: Patton tried to attack the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division again on 11 August. He ordered Colonel Bernard to land his troops by sea at Brolo. Bernard's men surprised the Germans. However, Bernard did not have enough troops to beat the Germans. Most of the 29th Panzer Grenadier Division escaped.


title: Joe Jackson

paragraphs: Joseph Walter "Joe" Jackson (July 26, 1928 – June 27, 2018) was an American talent manager. He was the father of the Jackson family of musicians. His most famous son was Michael Jackson. His most famous daughter was Janet Jackson.

paragraphs: Joseph Walter Jackson was born in Fountain Hill, Arkansas. He was the eldest son and child of Samuel Jackson (1893-1993), a schoolteacher, and Crystal Lee King (1907-1999). Samuel was the son of Israel Nero Jackson (1838-1934), a slave. Isreal was the son of Jack July Jackson (1803-1908), an indigenous choctaw of the Plantation of Gale. He was raised in East Chicago, Indiana and in Gary, Indiana. Jackson married Katherine Jackson in 1949.

paragraphs: In 1963, Jackie, Tito and Jermaine started a band called The Jackson Brothers. Joe was their manager. The band changed their name to The Jackson 5 and they became su

paragraphs: Michael fired Jackson as his manager in 1979. The rest of the brothers did the same in 1983. In 2002, Jackson was given a place in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame for being the Best Entertainment Manager of All Time.

paragraphs: In 2003, Joe told Louis Theroux that he whipped Michael when he was a child. Michael Jackson died in 2009. He did not put Joe in his will.

paragraphs: Jackson told Piers Morgan in 2013 that "There's no such thing as beating a kid".

paragraphs: Ten children were born to Katherine and Joe Jackson.

paragraphs: Jackson also has a daughter with Cheryl Terrell. Terrell is a woman that Jackson had an affair with for 25 years. The daughter, Johvonnie, was born 1974.

paragraphs: In July 2015, Jackson was rushed into hospital after suffering a stroke and heart arrhythmia while celebrating his birthday in Brazil. The stroke reportedly left him temporarily blind.

paragraphs: On June 23, 2018, it was reported that Jackson was hospitalized in Las Vegas in the final stages of terminal pancreatic cancer. He died of the disease on June 27 at the age of 89.


title: Battle of Cisterna

paragraphs: The Battle of Cisterna was a battle during World War II. It happened on 30 January-2 February 1944 near Cisterna, Italy. It was part of the battle of Anzio that followed Operation Shingle.

paragraphs: The battle was a clear German victory. It really affected the US Rangers.

paragraphs: During this battle, many US Ranger groups were ordered to support an attack by the 3rd Infantry Division on Cisterna. The 3rd Infantry Division had tried to capture Cisterna on 25–27 January.

paragraphs: The 3rd Division's attack was part of a large attack by the U.S. VI Corps to move out of the Anzio beach. The US VI Corps wanted to get off the Anzio beaches before new German troops could arrive and attack.

paragraphs: On 22 January 1944, the Allies launched Operation Shingle. This was a sea landing of

paragraphs: U.S. and British troops near Anzio and Nettuno. They wanted to attack the German Gustav Line defences to the southeast.

paragraphs: The Allies had been attacking from the south since 16 January in the first Battle of Monte Cassino. Following the landings, the Allies built up their forces on the beach. This also gave the Germans to strengthen their defensive positions. By 29 January, there were 69,000 men in the beach. The Germans had 71,500 troops to stop them.

paragraphs: On 30 January, the Allies attacked, going northeast toward Campoleone and the Alban Hills. A Ranger force tried to sneak into Cisterna.

paragraphs: The Rangers expected to encounter few German troops. In fact, they were moving towards a large enemy force.

paragraphs: The Rangers had had many dead and wounded. New troops sent to replace the dead and wounded did not have experience or much training.

paragraphs: Many Ranger troops and the 3rd Battalion, 15th Infantry tried to sneak behind German lines into the town of Cisterna. They wanted to attack and capture the town until the main attack came.

paragraphs: As the two battalions tried to sneak into German territory, they were attacked by strong German forces. They included the 715th Motorized Infantry Division and Herman Göring Panzer Division, including seventeen German Panzer IV tanks.

paragraphs: The 1st Battalion commander—Major Dobson—attacked one tank by shooting the commander with his pistol, and dropping a white phosphorus grenade into the tank. Two other tanks were captured by Rangers.

paragraphs: In the end, the Germans won. About 803 Allied troops did not return. About 400 Rangers became POWs. The Germans also had many losses.

paragraphs: The main attack tried to rescue the trapped battalions. The Allies captured some territory, but they could not get past the Germans and capture Cisterna. Cisterna remained held by the German until May 1944.

paragraphs: German attacks on 1–2 February did not recapture any of the ground from the Allies. The Germans had heavy losses in these attacks.

paragraphs: Using the lightly armed Rangers to lead the attack was criticized. The weakened Ranger forces within Italy stopped operating. Ranger units continued to fight in northern Europe (leading D-Day) and in the Pacific War.


title: Battle of Wake Island

paragraphs: The Battle of Wake Island was a battle during World War II. It began at the same time as the Attack on Pearl Harbor. It ended on 23 December 1941, with the surrender of the American forces to the Empire of Japan.

paragraphs: It was fought on and around the atoll formed by Wake Island. It was fought by the air, land and naval forces of the Empire of Japan against those of the U.S., with Marines playing an important role on both sides.

paragraphs: The island was held by the Japanese for the rest of the Pacific War. The Japanese troops on the island surrendered to United States Marines on September 4, 1945.

paragraphs: In January 1941, the United States Navy built a military base on the atoll. On 19 August, the first troops were sent there. They were from the 1st Marine Defense Battalion. There were 450 officers and men. They were led by Major James P.S. Devereux. Also on the island were 68 U.S. Navy staff and about 1,221 civilian workers.

paragraphs: The Marines were armed with six 5 in (127mm)/51 cal pieces. These came from the battleship . There were also twelve /50 cal anti-aircraft guns, eighteen Browning heavy machine guns, and thirty M1917 Browning machine guns.

paragraphs: On 8 December, just hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Japanese Mitsubishi G3M3 bombers attacked Wake Island. They destroyed 8 of the 12 F4F-3 Wildcat fighter aircraft belonging to Marine Corps fighter squadron VMF-211.

paragraphs: Early on the morning of 11 December, the troops, with the four remaining Wildcats, stopped the first Japanese landing attempt.

paragraphs: The U.S. Marines fired at the Japanese ships with their six 5 in 127mm coastal artillery guns. They sunk "Hayate" at a distance of . "Yubari" was hit 11 times. The four Wildcats sunk another destroyer, "Kisaragi", by dropping a bomb on her stern.

paragraphs: The Japanese force pulled back before landing. This was the first Japanese defeat of the war.

paragraphs: Japanese air attacks on the Wake troops continued, without new supplies for the Americans. The Japanese Navy sent two aircraft carriers ( and ) to support the second landing attempt.

paragraphs: The attempt to help Wake Island was led by Admiral Frank Fletcher's Task Force 11 (TF 11) and supported Admiral Wilson Brown’s TF 14. The carrier , the fleet oiler , the seaplane tender , the heavy cruisers , , and , and 10 destroyers were sent to Wake.

paragraphs: The convoy carried the 4th Marine Defense Battalion and the VMF-221 fighter squadron. They had Brewster F2A-3 Buffalo fighters. They had 9,000 5 in (127mm) rounds, 12,000 rounds, and 3,000,000 rounds. They also had a large amount of ammunition for mortars.

paragraphs: TF 14—with the fleet carrier , three heavy cruisers, eight destroyers, and an oiler—was sent to attack the Marshall Islands. The goal was to take Japanese attention away from Wake Island.

paragraphs: At 21:00 on 22 December, after learning that two IJN carriers were near Wake Island, TF 11 was ordered to return to Pearl Harbor. The US were afraid that the US would lose ships

paragraphs: The second Japanese invasion force came on 23 December. It was mostly the same ships from the first attempt plus the carriers "Hiryu" and "Soryu", and 1,500 Japanese marines. The landings began at 02:35 after a preliminary bombing.

paragraphs: After a full night and morning of fighting, the Wake troops surrendered to the Japanese.

paragraphs: The U.S. Marines lost 47 killed during the 15-day battle. Japanese losses were recorded at between 700 and 900 killed, with at least 300 more wounded. Two destroyers were lost in the first invasion attempt and 28 aircraft were shot down or damaged.

paragraphs: The Japanese built strong defences on Wake Island. The American captives were forced to build bunkers and fortifications on Wake. The Japanese brought in an 8-inch (200 mm) naval artillery gun.

paragraphs: The U.S. Navy used submarines to prevent any Japanese ships from getting to Wake. The Japanese troops starved. On 24 February 1942, aircraft from the carrier attacked the Japanese troops on Wake Island.

paragraphs: U.S. forces bombed the island from 1942 until Japan’s surrender in 1945. On 24 July 1943, B-24 Liberators bombed Wake Island.

paragraphs: On 5 October 1943, American naval aircraft from raided Wake. Two days later, Rear Admiral Shigematsu Sakaibara ordered the execution of the 98 captured American workers. They were blindfolded and executed with a machine gun.

paragraphs: On 4 September 1945, the remaining Japanese troops surrendered to a U.S. Marines.

paragraphs: Admiral Sakaibara and Lieutenant-Commander Tachibana were sentenced to death for the massacre.


title: Barbara Branden

paragraphs: Barbara Branden (born Barbara Weidman, 14 May 1929 – 11 December 2013) was a Canadian writer, editor, and lecturer. She was known for her relationship and subsequent break with novelist-philosopher Ayn Rand.


title: Jang Sung-taek

paragraphs: Jang Sung-taek (alternatively Jang Song Thaek or Chang Sung-taek; 2 February 1946 - 13 December 2013) was a leading figure in the government of North Korea. He was married to Kim Kyong-hui, aunt of Kim Jong-un, the supreme leader of North Korea.

paragraphs: On 13 December, North Korean state media announced he had been executed.


title: Atifete Jahjaga

paragraphs: Atifete Jahjaga (born 20 April 1975) is the fourth President of Kosovo. She was the first female President of the Republic of Kosovo.


title: Battle of Guam (1944)

paragraphs: The Second Battle of Guam (July 21 — August 10, 1944) was the capture of Guam by the United States from Japanese control. Guam was a U.S. territory (in the Mariana Islands). The battle was during the Pacific campaign of World War II.

paragraphs: Guam is the largest island of the Marianas. It is 30 miles (48 km) long and 9 miles (14 km) wide. It had been a United States island since its capture from Spain in 1898.

paragraphs: It was captured by the Japanese on December 10, 1941. This was after the Attack on Pearl Harbor. It was not as fortified as the other Mariana Islands, such as Saipan.

paragraphs: The Allied plan for the invasion of the Marianas was for heavy bombing by planes and then bombing by battleships.

paragraphs: Guam was chosen as a target because it was big enough to be a base for the next attacks on the Philippines, Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands. The harbor at Apra could take the largest ships. The two airfields were big enough for B-29 Superfortress bombers.

paragraphs: The invasion of Saipan was planned for June 15, 1944, with landings on Guam planned for June 18.

paragraphs: A large Japanese carrier attack and heavy fighting in Saipan led to the invasion of Guam being delayed for a month.

paragraphs: Guam is surrounded by reefs, cliffs, and heavy waves. This makes Guam hard to attack.

paragraphs: On July 21, the Americans landed on both sides on the western side of Guam. The 3rd Marine Division landed at 08:28. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landed to the south. Japanese artillery sank 20 Landing Ships. The Americans had many dead and wounded.

paragraphs: By 09:00 men and tanks were on both beaches. The 77th Infantry Division had to walk through the shallow water. Japanese guns fired at them.

paragraphs: By nightfall the Americans controlled the beachs about 2,000 meters deep. Japanese attacks were made throughout the first few days.

paragraphs: Lieutenant General Takeshi Takashina was killed on July 28, and Lieutenant General Hideyoshi Obata took over the command of the defenders.

paragraphs: Supply was very difficult for the Americans in the first days of the battle.

paragraphs: The attacks against the American beaches, as well as the violent fighting, had tired out the Japanese. At the start of August they were running out of food and ammunition and had only a few tanks left.

paragraphs: Obata moved to the mountainous central and northern part of the island. He could not get any more supplies or get new troops because of American control of the sea and air around Guam.

paragraphs: The Japanese refused to surrender, and almost all were killed. On August 10, the US captured Guam. The next day, Obata committed ritual suicide.

paragraphs: A few Japanese soldiers hid in the jungle. On December 8, 1945, three U.S. Marines were killed. On January 24, 1972, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi was discovered by hunters. He had lived alone in a cave for 27 years.

paragraphs: After the battle, Guam was turned into a base for Allied operations. Five large airfields were built by the Seabees. B-29 bombers flew from the island to attack targets in the Western Pacific and on mainland Japan.

paragraphs: Four U.S. Marines were awarded the Medal of Honor for their brave actions during the Battle of Guam: PFC Luther Skaggs Jr., PFC Frank Witek (after death), PFC Leonard F. Mason (after death) and Captain (later General) Louis H. Wilson, Jr..

paragraphs: Liberation Day continues to be celebrated on Guam every July 21.


title: Robert Schwarz Strauss

paragraphs: Robert Schwarz Strauss (October 19, 1918 – March 19, 2014) was an American politician and diplomat. He served as the Chairman of the Democratic National Committee between 1972 and 1977 and served under President Jimmy Carter as the U.S. Trade Representative and special envoy to the Middle East.

paragraphs: Strauss was selected by President George H. W. Bush to be the U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union in 1991 and after the USSR's collapse, he served as the U.S. ambassador to Russia from 1991 until 1993. Strauss has advised and represented U.S. presidents over three administrations and for both major U.S. political parties.

paragraphs: Strauss died from natural causes in Washington, D.C., aged 95.


title: Western Allied invasion of Germany

paragraphs: The Western Allied invasion of Germany was an attack on Nazi Germany that was done by the Western Allies in the final months of the European War in World War II. The invasion started with the Allies crossing the Rhine River. Then they spread out and moved through western Germany. The Germans surrendered on 8 May 1945. This is known as the "Central Europe Campaign" in United States military histories.

paragraphs: By the early spring of 1945, the Allied forces in Europe were doing well. On the Western Front the Allies had been fighting in Germany since the October Battle of Aachen. By January, the Allies beat the Germans in the Battle of the Bulge. The failure of this last major German attack took the last of Germany's strength. The Germans could not do much to stop the final Allied attacks in Europe.

paragraphs: Additional losses in the Rhineland weakened the German Army, leaving few troops to defend the east bank of the Rhine. By mid-March, the Allies had captured an intact bridge at Remagen. They also defended the bridge on the river's east bank.

paragraphs: German casualties during the Allied attacks to reach the Rhine in February–March 1945 were about 400,000 men, including 280,000 men captured as prisoners of war.

paragraphs: On the Eastern Front, the Soviet Red Army had moved through Poland. The Russians

paragraphs: were nearing Berlin. The Soviets also moved into Hungary and eastern Czechoslovakia. These advances on the Eastern Front destroyed experienced German troop groups. It also made it very hard for Adolf Hitler to strengthen his Rhine defenses.

paragraphs: At the very beginning of 1945, the Commander of the Allies, General Dwight D. Eisenhower had 73 divisions under his command in North-western Europe. This included 49 infantry divisions, 20 armored divisions and four airborne divisions.

paragraphs: As the invasion of Germany started, Eisenhower had 90 divisions. This included 25 armored divisions. He had one of the largest forces in any war. The Allied line along the Rhine stretched from the North Sea to the Swiss border. The Allies wanted to capture the industrial Ruhr area.

paragraphs: Facing the Allies was "Oberbefehlshaber West" ("Army Command West") commanded by Field Marshal Albert Kesselring.

paragraphs: Kesselring had shown he was good at defending land in the Italian Campaign. But in Germany, he did not have the troops or weapons to make a good defense.

paragraphs: During the fighting west of the Rhine up to March 1945, the German Army on the western front had only 26 divisions. Most of the troops were used against the Soviet forces. The Germans had 214 divisions on the eastern front in April.

paragraphs: After capturing the Ruhr, Eisenhower planned to have 21st Army Group go east to Berlin. Eisenhower began to change his plans toward the end of March. He found out that Soviet forces held a bridge over the Oder River, from Berlin. He was worried the Soviets would capture Berlin before the western Allies.

paragraphs: In addition, he was worried about the Ruhr. The Ruhr had many Axis troops and a lot of industries. He was also worried about the "National Redoubt." Some people said Hitler's most loyal troops were preparing to

paragraphs: defend themselves in the mountains of southern Germany and western Austria.

paragraphs: American forces in the south were really fighting hard to win. On 7 March, Lt. Gen. Courtney H. Hodges's 1st Army had captured a bridge over the Rhine at Remagen.

paragraphs: To the south in the Saar-Palatinate region, Lt. Gen. George S. Patton's 3rd Army had beaten the German 7th Army and the German 1st Army. From 18–22 March, Patton's forces captured over 68,000 Germans.

paragraphs: When Allied soldiers arrived in a town, its leaders and residents used white flags to show that they wanted to surrender. The Allied officer then took over the town. Soldiers posted copies of Eisenhower's "".

paragraphs: It was a poster that told Germans that they had to follow orders from Allied officers. It also said people could not go out at night or travel. It said Germans had to give all weapons to the Allies.

paragraphs: By the beginning of the Central Europe attacks, Allied victory in Europe was certain. Hitler had tried to stop the Allies in the Ardennes offensive. After losing this battle, Hitler had no strength left to stop the powerful Allied armies.

paragraphs: The Allies still had to fight violent battles to capture Germany. Hitler refused to admit defeat until Soviet artillery was falling around his Berlin bunker.

paragraphs: The crossing of the Rhine, surrounding the Ruhr, and moving to the Elbe-Mulde line and the Alps showed how well the Allied troops could move around in battle. Captured German soldiers were impressed by the US artillery.


title: The Face Reader

paragraphs: The Face Reader is South Korean movie released on September 11, 2013. It was made by director Han Jae-rim and actor Song Kang-ho (who has also acted in the movie Snowpiercer) appears in the title role of the movie. It won six awards at the 50th Grand Bell Awards, including Best Film, Best Director for Han Jae-rim, and Best Actor for Song Kang-ho. Also, at The 33rd annual Korean Association of Film Critics Awards held on November 29, The Face Reader also won three awards for Best Male Actor, Best New Actor, and Best Music Score.

paragraphs: King Munjong (1414–1452), the fifth King of the Joseon Dynasty, succeeded King Sejong in 1450 as the first son of him. However, two years later because of disease he died and was followed by his young son King Danjong. King Danjong ascend the thrown at the age of 12 and was forced to abdicate by his uncle, Grand Prince Suyang who became Sejo of Joseon, and exiled to Yeongwol County. Sejo produced a coup d'état and became the seventh king himself in 1455

paragraphs: The main character, Nae-gyeong, could not run for public office as the son of a disgraced yangban live in seclusion and works as a physiognomist. He is able to assess the personality, mental state and habits of a person by looking at his or her face. One day, Yeon- hong who is a famous gisaeng in Joseon dynasty visits him to suggest a partnership that reading the faces of Yeon-hong’s guest and receiving money. As becoming famous at hanyang, a capital city of Joseon dynasty, he was called from the royal courts where he seeks out the talented person who can do work well. Meanwhile, King Munjong who has feeling of danger as his condition gets worse orders Nae-gyeong to identify the potential traitors who threaten his reign. After the death of Munjong, Nae-gyeong tries to keep his loyalty to the late King and help Kim Jongseo protect the young King which forces him into the biggest power struggle in the history of the Joseon dynasty.


title: Oriel College, Oxford

paragraphs: Oriel College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It claims to be the oldest college at the University. University College, Balliol College and Merton College also claim to be the oldest. Oriel College traces its origins to 1324.

paragraphs: The full name of the college is "The Provost and Scholars of the House of the Blessed Mary the Virgin in Oxford, commonly called Oriel College, of the Foundation of Edward the Second of famous memory, sometime King of England".

paragraphs: The common name of the college refers to one of its earliest buildings That building, which no longer exists, featured a prominent bay window, known as an oriel.


title: Hijra (South Asia)

paragraphs: In the culture of South Asia, hijras are people who were born male who have a feminine gender identity and wear women's clothing. Hijras do not feel male or female. There are hijras in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The word 'hijra' is often translated into 'eunuch' or 'hermaphrodite'. Some hijras are eunuchs or hermaphrodites. Many are not.

paragraphs: Hijras are discriminated against a lot. Many hijras do sex work because people will not give them jobs. Since November 2013, hijras in Bangladesh have been allowed to choose 'hijra' as a gender on their passports. Before this they had to choose 'male' or 'female'. Hijras have their own language called Hijra Farsi. It is also known as Koti. In 2000, Shabnam Mausi was the first hijra to be elected into Indian parliament.


title: Cha Tae-hyun

paragraphs: Cha Tae-hyun is a South Korean actor. He was born on March 25, 1976. He is also a singer, radio DJ and entertainer in variety programs.

paragraphs: His start was in the KBS Talent Contest. In this contest, he got silver medal. His first drama was "Our Sunny Days of Youth". He played minor roles at first. Then starting with the other dramas, he became a big star. He became popular and appeared in TV commercials. He has acted in 18 dramas. In 2013, he appeared in the TV drama "Jeon Woo-chi".

paragraphs: After "Jeon Woo-chi", he focused on movies and TV variety programs. He appeared in 22 movies. From "Hallelujah" (1997) to "The Grand Heist" (2012), he performed various characters in the movies. In 2013, he prepared the movie "Slow Video".

paragraphs: He appears on a TV variety program every Sunday. This program is called "1 night & 2 days".


title: Nicole Beharie

paragraphs: Nicole Beharie (born January 3, 1985) is an American actress. The first movie Beharie acted in was "American Violet". Beharie was nominated for Best Actress at the 2010 Black Reel Awards for her acting in "American Violet". Beharie played Rachel Robinson in the 2013 movie "42". In 2013, Beharie started playing Lt. Abbie Mills in the television series "Sleepy Hollow".


title: Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship

paragraphs: The Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship was a treaty between Morocco and the United States. It was signed in 1786. By signing it, King Mohammed III began diplomatic relations with the newly independent United States.

paragraphs: The treaty agreed that free Moors of North Africa would remain free and not be classified as Negroes, blacks, or slaves.


title: One Fine Day

paragraphs: One Fine Day is a picture book by Nonny Hogrogian. It was published by Macmillan in 1971. It was awarded the Caldecott Medal for the most distinguished picture book in 1972. The pictures have bright colors to express main character's personality. Also, it is simple story for young children (aged 0–8) to read. The red fox steals an old woman's milk and has his tail cut off. He starts to find his tail again. This is a short and humorous retelling of a favorite American folktale.

paragraphs: There is a red fox that is very thirsty in the great forest. He wants to drink, so he steals an old woman's milk. She gets upset and cuts off his tail. To get back his tail, he tries to find some milk from a cow. The cow wants grass for him to give milk. He finds a grass but the grass wants some water. Again, he runs to stream to beg some water but the stream asks him to get a jug. Like this pattern, the red fox goes travel to find milk. Finally he meets kind miller and cries. The good miller gives him the grain and he brings it to a hen to get an egg. The egg is given for a peddler to get a bead. After all paying is done, he can get some milk for the old woman so she carefully sews his tail again.

paragraphs: The main character is the fox that walks around the great forest. He cares about his looks, so he doesn't want to go back to his friends without his tail. He thinks that his friends will laugh at him. Also, he is sensitive. He cries a few times when the old woman gets angry or he meets a kind miller. It can be seen from the illustration, as his eyes always look pitiful to describe these personalities.


title: Gumi

paragraphs: Gumi is the second largest city in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea. It is in the mid central part of Gyeongsangbuk-do. The Nakdong River runs through the city. Gumi is well known for its National Industrial Complex which was built in the 1970s. Manufacturing is the major industry of Gumi now, but agriculture was the main one before the Complex was built.

paragraphs: Gumi is famous because Geumo Mountain (Geumo San) is there. Geumo San, designated as a provincial park in 1970, is 976 meters above sea level. It attracts many tourists because of its beautiful scenery; such as oddly formed rocks and strangely shaped stones, forests, and valleys. The mountain is best known for its own unique shape. Seeing the mountain from a distance, it resembles the profile of a giant lying on the ground. It has become one of the favorite sites among photographers because it looks most spectacular at sunset. There are a variety of post cards with pictures of its side face of a giant.

paragraphs: Park Chung-hee is one of the former presidents of South Korea and he was born in Gumi in 1917. Gumi became prosperous during his presidential term. The Gyeongbu Expressway and Gyeongbu Line railway, which are the principal traffic routes of the country, were built to pass through the city. The routes could have been connected directly from Daejeon to Daegu. The rapid economical growth of Gumi resulted from the president’s care for his hometown.


title: E-mart

paragraphs: E-mart is the first discount store of South Korea. The first store opened in November, 1993 by Shinsegae. Also, E-mart is the largest retailer in South Korea. There are 146 hypermarkets and 127 supermarkets called ‘E-mart everyday’ across the country. E-mart is the first Korean retailer to advance into China. There are 16 hypermarkets and the first branch opened at Shanghai in February,1997.

paragraphs: There are 4 business areas of E-mart. First, there are hypermarkets and supermarkets. Second, there are E-mart Traders. E-mart Traders is a hypermarket warehouse store. There are 7 locations in Korea: Guseong, Songlim, Weolpyeong, Seomyeon, Busan, Ansan and Cheonan-Asan. Third, there are specialty stores. E-mart operates specialized stores to address specific lifestyle needs. Lastly, there is E-mart Mall. It is an on-line shopping mall that utilizes E-mart stores as logistics centres to offer E-mart products. E-mart stores also provide home delivery service.

paragraphs: E-mart stores offer general home products, electronics, sporting goods and clothing.


title: Mont-Saint-Michel, Quebec

paragraphs: Mont-Saint-Michel is a municipality in the Laurentides region of Quebec, in Canada. It is part of the Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality.

paragraphs: Private houses where people live permanently (all the time): 266 (total houses: 422)


title: Gravitropism

paragraphs: Gravitropism (also known as Geotropism) is a turning or growth movement by a plant, fungus, or animal in response to gravity. It is a general feature of all higher and many lower plants and also in other organisms. Charles Darwin was one of the first people to say that roots grow downward and stems grow upward in response to gravity.