title: Josefa Benitez Guzman

paragraphs: Josefa Benitez Guzman (born August 30, 1969 in Barcelona) is a cyclist from Spain. She has a physical disability. She competed at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the road race.


title: John Henry Newman

paragraphs: St.John Henry Newman, (21 February 1801 – 11 August 1890) was an important person in Victorian Christianity in England. He was part of the Oxford Movement in Anglicanism which pushed for a more Catholic faith. He finally converted to the Roman Catholic Church in 1845. He was made a cardinal. He was beatified in 2010. He wrote many books, including an autobiography, and "The Dream of Gerontius".

paragraphs: Newman was born on 21 February 1801 in the City of London,

paragraphs: At the age of 15, during his last year at school, Newman was converted, an incident of which he wrote in his "Apologia" that it was "more certain than that I have hands or feet".


title: Transformers: Age of Extinction

paragraphs: Transformers: Age of Extinction is a 2014 American science fiction action film based on the "Transformers" toy line. It was released on June 27, 2014, in IMAX and 3D. It is the fourth live-action "Transformers" film series. Like its predecessors, "Transformers" and "", "" and "Transformers 4" is directed by Michael Bay and produced by Steven Spielberg. The film's story is set four years after the events of the third film.

paragraphs: The young protagonists additions of Nicola Peltz and Jack Reynor. Kelsey Grammer as the main antagonist, with Peter Cullen, James Remar, Reno Wilson and Robert Foxworth returning as the voices of Optimus Prime, Sideswipe, Mirage, Brains and Ratchet. Mark Wahlberg as the father of the protagonist, Tessa Yeager. The cast also saw the additions of Stanley Tucci, Li Bingbing, Sophia Myles, and TJ Miller. The film welcomed John Goodman and Ken Watanabe to the voice casting roles of Hound and Drift. The film also welcomed John DiMaggio (whose role of Leadfoot), Frank Welker (whose role of Soundwave/Shockwave), Mark Ryan to the voice casting roles of Crosshairs, Galvatron and Lockdown.

paragraphs: Four years after an invasion that tore Chicago apart, a mechanic and his daughter discover Optimus Prime, which brings down all the Autobots, Decepticons, and a paranoid government agency upon them.

paragraphs: Target/Leadfoot, the leader of the Wreckers. He transforms into a Chip Ganassi Racing #42 Target Chevrolet Impala.

paragraphs: Filming is expected to take place between April and November 2013 in London with a budget of $165 million once Pain & Gain, a film that Bay is also directing, is finished editing.

paragraphs: On January 8, 2013, it was announced that Reynor would be joining Wahlberg in the lead. On the Michaelbay.com forums, Nelson, the administrator of the website, confirmed that filming will take place in Chicago.

paragraphs: Filming is scheduled to begin in June 2013 with filming occurring in Detroit, Chicago, Austin, Los Angeles and Hong Kong. Bay released images of the new and upgraded vehicles to be the stars in "Transformers 4" May 28, 2013, alongside the announcement that they had begun filming in Monument Valley, Utah.

paragraphs: Filming is still in the works in Chicago. The McCormick Place in Chicago was changed to appear as if it were to be in China. Some streets including by the Willis Tower were also changed as if they were in China.

paragraphs: Ehren Kruger will pen the script and Steve Jablonsky will score the film.


title: 2013 Stockholm riots

paragraphs: The 2013 Stockholm riots started on May 19, 2013 in the Husby area of Stockholm, Sweden. The riots led to several injuries. They happened in response to the fatal shooting of a 69-year-old man by Stockholm police. The incident was ongoing as of May 28.


title: Joseph Campbell

paragraphs: Joseph Campbell (March 26, 1904 – October 30, 1987) was a writer known for his work on myth and religion.

paragraphs: "I think the person who takes a job in order to live- that is to say, for the money- has turned himself into a slave."


title: North Dakota State University

paragraphs: North Dakota State University is a university in Fargo. This school was established in 1890 as the North Dakota Agricultural College. The school name was changed to North Dakota State University around 1960.


title: Quail

paragraphs: Quail [pronounced Kwāl] is a collective name for several genera of mid-sized birds in the order Galliformes. The birds in this group are often referred to as "fowl".

paragraphs: Old World quail are in the family Phasianidae, and New World quail are found in the family Odontophoridae. Many of the common larger species are farm-raised for table food or egg consumption, and are hunted on game farms or in the wild, where they may be released to supplement the wild population, or extend into areas outside their natural range. Quail are also raised as pets.

paragraphs: The collective noun for a group of quail is a flock, covey or bevy.


title: Carl Bloch

paragraphs: Carl Heinrich Bloch (1834-1890) was a Danish painter. Bloch studied painting at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts. Today he is mostly known for the Genre and History painting he did.


title: Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon

paragraphs: The Aérospatiale SA-321 Super Frelon is a transport and ASW helicopter designed and built in France. The design was first built by Sud Aviation, and later by Aérospatiale. It's built under chineses licence like Avicopter AC313.

paragraphs: Some were used by Israel and South Africa.


title: Edward Winslow

paragraphs: Edward Winslow (1595 – May 8, 1655) traveled on the "Mayflower" in 1620 so he could practice his own religion which was not allowed in England. Winslow helped to organize the voyage to the New World and was a leader at Plymouth Colony. He signed the Mayflower Compact

paragraphs: Edward Winslow was born in Droitwich, Worcestershire England. His parents were Edward and Magdalene Winslow. In 1613 Winslow was apprenticed to a London printer. Winslow became a Separatist which was a religion that did not believe in the Church of England.

paragraphs: It was illegal to be a Separatist in England, so in 1617 Edward Winslow moved to Leiden, Netherlands where he worked with William Brewster. They started to print religious booklets which were critical of the English king and his bishops. The English King ordered Brewster’s arrest, and he was forced to hide.

paragraphs: The Separatists were planning to move to America and they need leaders to plan the voyage. Thomas Weston helped them by providing the ship "Mayflower" for their journey. Winslow's brother Gilbert and family servant George Soule and a youth, Elias Story went with him. Elinor (Ellen) More, a girl of eight years, also went with them Elinor died in the winter of 1620 with only one brother Richard More surviving.

paragraphs: Edward Winslow left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" spotted land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. Winslow signed the Mayflower Compact. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

paragraphs: The men went to land to explore a place where they all could live. One of the missions included William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish, Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edwary Doty. Bradford wrote that they set off in freezing weather and many of the men were ill. He said that "when the set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as

paragraphs: if they had been glazed". Of this group Hopkins was the most experienced, having seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. During their trip they saw Native Americans who were cutting up a large whale. When the Indians saw the men they ran away.

paragraphs: Plymouth Colony lost over half of its population because of sickness, lack of proper food and the cold winter. With the help of friendly Native Americans, they learned to grow food. In 1621, Winslow and the others attended what would have the first Thanksgiving.

paragraphs: The next year they were able to load the ship "Fortune" with furs and other supplies. This was to pay the men would helped pay for the trip to the New World. On the return trip, the "Mayflower" was attacked by the French and all the cargo was taken.

paragraphs: On February 21, 1621, William White died leaving a widow, Susanna, and two sons, Resolved and Peregrine. Edward Winslow had lost his wife Elizabeth on March 24, 1621. In 1621, Edward Winslow and Susanna White became the first couple to marry in Plymouth Colony. They had 5 children: A (child) who died young, Edward Winslow, Josiah Winslow and Elizabeth. Josiah became the 13th Governor of Plymouth Colony.

paragraphs: Winslow had a friendship with native leader Massasoit. These Native Americans were friendly and helped the Pilgrims. In January 1629 a fishing and trading post opened up on the Kennebec River near Plymouth Colony. Isaac Allerton also opened his own trading post there and this caused problems between the two men.

paragraphs: In 1632, Winslow explored the Connecticut River.

paragraphs: Winslow was a diplomat and a spokesperson for the Pilgrims with English officials. Winslow was a governor in 1634, 1636 and 1644 and was a member of the United Colonies of New England. This was a military group which protected the pilgrims against unfriendly Native Americans.

paragraphs: England had a civil war in the 1640s. Some pilgrims returned to fight against the King. In 1646, Winslow began working for Oliver Cromwell. Winslow never returned to Plymouth Colony.

paragraphs: In 1654, Winslow fought against the Spanish in the West Indies. They won the battle but Winslow became ill and died from yellow fever. He was buried at sea. Winslow Cemetery in Marshfield, Massachusetts has a stone monument which lists the names of the Winslow family. There is another memorial stone w/plaque stating "Edward Winslow, Founder of Marshfield". Edward Winslow's first wife Elizabeth Barker Winslow was buried in 1621 in the Cole's Hill Burial Ground, Plymouth, Massachusetts.


title: Martial law

paragraphs: Martial law represents the imposition of rule via military authorities on an emergency basis, such as foreign invasion, rioting, or natural disaster. It is usually imposed on a temporary basis if the civilian government fails to function properly. Military forces may be deployed for various purposes such as to stop looting, maintain order, impose a curfew, and secure buildings of the government.


title: Saturnalia (dinosaur)

paragraphs: Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal prosauropod dinosaur from the Triassic of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. The deposits are dated to the early Upper Triassic, about 225 million years ago (mya). The dinsaur grew to about 1.5 meters (5 ft) long.

paragraphs: The primitive nature of "Saturnalia", and its mixture of sauropodomorph and theropod characteristics, has made it difficult to classify.

paragraphs: The first (1999) description of the genus assigned it to the Sauropodomorpha. However, in a 2003 paper, Langer noted that features of its skull and hand were more similar to the sister group of sauropodomorphs, the theropods, and that "Saturnalia" could be considered a member of the sauropodomorph "stem-lineage", rather than a true member of that group.

paragraphs: José Bonaparte and colleagues, in a 2007 study, found "Saturnalia" to be very similar to the primitive saurischian "Guaibasaurus". Bonaparte placed the two in the same family, Guaibasauridae. Like Langer, Bonaparte found that these forms may have been primitive sauropodomorphs, or an assemblage of forms close to the common ancestor of the sauropodomorphs and theropods. Overall, Bonaparte found that both "Saturnalia" and "Guaibasaurus" were more theropod-like than prosauropod-like. However, all more recent cladistic analyses found it to be a very basal sauropodomorph,


title: Misery (movie)

paragraphs: Misery is a 1990 American psychological horror thriller movie set in Colorado. It is based on Stephen King's 1987 novel of the same name. The movie stars James Caan, Kathy Bates, Lauren Bacall, Frances Sternhagen, and Richard Farnsworth. It was directed by Rob Reiner.

paragraphs: Bates plays an abusive woman psychopath who imprisons and tortures a novelist (Caan) in her rural home. She does this after he accidentally crashes his car and she pretends that she is going to look after him until he recovers from his injuries.

paragraphs: Bates won the Academy Award for Best Actress. The movie was well received by critics and audiences. King has stated that "Misery" is one of his top ten favorite movie adaptations.


title: Edward "Tug" Wilson

paragraphs: Edward "Tug" Wilson (1921-2009) was a British colonel. He started the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was also really good friends with Sheikh Zayed.

paragraphs: He was born on January 18, 1921 in West Hartepool, Yorkshire in England. His birth name was Edward Bearby Wilson. Tug was a nickname. He attended Constantine College. In 1945 he was a wireless operator at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst. He liked to play rugby and cricket.

paragraphs: He started working in the Worcestershire Regiment. He then worked for the 1st Battalion of the British Army of the Rhine. Then he worked for the 2nd Division Signal Regiment. He was a part of the Berlin airlift and the Malayan Emergency. He went to Korea and in 1952 moved to Hara Mura, Japan to teach British soldiers at the Battle School. A grenade blew up while he was teaching soldiers and he hurt his shoulder.

paragraphs: He became a Major. In 1961 he started looking over a squadron of the Trucial Oman Scouts. He was working at the Buraimi Oasis, Al Ain. He became good friends with Sheikh Zayed after the Sheikh became ruler of the United Arab Emirates. During this time Wilson founded the Abu Dhabi Defense Force. He was leader of that force until 1968.

paragraphs: He left Abu Dhabi in 1969. He started teaching at the Old Royal Naval College. Then he taught at the Staff College, Camberley. He retired from the Army in 1971. He started a trout fish farm. Wilson then moved back to Abu Dhabi, at the invitation of Sheikh Zayed, to run the royal stables. He ran the stables until the Sheikh died. He participated in the London To Peking Motor Challenge in 1990. He was awarded the Abu Dhabi Award. He died on January 2, 2009.


title: Black hair

paragraphs: The term Black hair refers to the darkest of all human hair colors. It is a dominant and genetic trait, and found in people of all ethnic groups. Caucasian people with black hair are usually referred to as brunettes. Black hair carries extreme amounts of eumelanin and is less dense than the other hair colors.


title: Mek'ele

paragraphs: Mek'ele (also known or Makale) is a city in Ethiopia. It is in the northern Tigray Region where it is the capital of the region. It had 219,818 people as of 2012.

paragraphs: The city was founded in the 13th century according to historians. It was one of the major cities of Enderta province. It was chosen as the capital of Yohannes IV's realm. There was a riot that broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshipers on 29 December 2002. The riot resulted in five deaths and three others were seriously injured. The city is one of the country's principal economic and educational centers.


title: Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi

paragraphs: Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Gazi (; about 1437 – 1513) was a mathematician from the Maghreb. He wrote poems about the work of other mathematicians, including Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi. He used lattice multiplication in his math writing.


title: Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka

paragraphs: Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka is a Buddhist canon from the Jin Dynasty. It is written in the Chinese language.

paragraphs: It was first called the Jin Triptaka. It was written at the Tianning Temple around the year 1149. A woman named Cui Fazhen and some of her friends gave the money to make the book. Kublai Khan brought it to the Guangsheng Temple. It was found there in 1933. The canon was renamed Zhaocheng Jin Tripitaka because the Guangsheng Temple is located in Zhaocheng.

paragraphs: The canon has about 7,000 chapters. It's the biggest book published in the Jin Dynasty. It has some canons and sections that are not found in later copies of the book.


title: Massasoit

paragraphs: was the Native American leader of the Wampanoag and "Massasoit" tribes. His name means "Great Leader".

paragraphs: Massasoit was born in a Pokanoket village at the site of today's Rhode Island. His village was near a spring of water which is named after him. He was liked by seven leaders. In March 1621, a Native American named Samoset entered Plymouth Colony and said to the Pilgrims in English, "Welcome Englishmen". He had learned some words from the English fishermen and traders that had visited his tribe. He said he was sent by Massasoit, “the greatest leader of the country.” After a few days, Massasoit came in person and was received with great friendship.

paragraphs: Massasoit made a treaty with the Pilgrims. They promised to protect each other against unfriendly Native Americans. They promised not to hurt each other. They also promised to help each other as friends. Massasoit told the pilgrims that there was much sickness where the colonist were now living and that many had died. The treaty was kept as long as Massasoit lived.

paragraphs: Massasoit helped the people of Plymouth Colony in many ways, including how to plant corn. He became friends with the all of the colonial leaders.

paragraphs: During this time, Massasoit had five children. His oldest son, "Moanam" or Wamsutta, died within a year after his father, and his brother Metacom (Philip) became chief in 1662.

paragraphs: There was some bad feeling for a time when the Plymouth leaders refused to give up Squanto to Massasoit. He believe that Squanto had betrayed him. This was settled when Edward Winslow visited him in March 1623. Massasoit was ill and Winslow took care of him. After he got better, Massasoit said the English are my friends and love me. He also said that while he lives he would never forget the kindness they have showed me."

paragraphs: The Wampanoag and the English maintained a friendship until Massasoit's death. During this time, Massasoit sold lands to the English that they needed. When Roger Williams, was sent away from the Massachusetts colony, he spent many weeks with Massasoit. Massasoit was friendly and honest and always kept his word. He warned the pilgrims of any Native Americans who were not their friends.

paragraphs: Massasoit died as early as 1660. When he died, his son Wamsutta became chief. When Wamsutta died Metacom (Philip) took his place. Of Massasoit's five children, the only child to survive King Philip's War in 1676 was his daughter, Amie, wife of Tispaquin.

paragraphs: Massasoit was a character in "The Mayflower Voyagers", a 1988 episode of the Peanuts television series, "This is America, Charlie Brown".

paragraphs: At the beginning of the 1995 movie adaptation of Nathaniel Hawthorne's "The Scarlet Letter", Massasoit dies and his tribe cremates him.


title: Albrecht Altdorfer

paragraphs: Albrecht Altodorfer was a German painter, engraver and builder of the Renaissance. He was probably born around the year 1480, in Altdorf, Lower Bavaria, or Regensburg. He died on 12 February 1538 in Regensburg. Together with Wolf Huber, he is seen as one of the main people in the Danube school. The danube school was an art movement that spread along the Danube, in Germany and Austria. With Albrecht Dürer he founded the Little Masters (original: "Kleinmeister") of Nuremberg.


title: Ben Bailey

paragraphs: Benjamin Ray "Ben" Bailey (born October 30, 1970) is an American comedian, taxicab driver, and game show host. He is best known as the host of the Discovery Channel game show "Cash Cab". He was born in Bowling Green, Kentucky, United States.

paragraphs: Bailey was the host of "Cash Cab", a television game show played in a taxi that Bailey drives around New York City, from 2005 until the show's end in 2012. He was nominated for an "Outstanding Game Show Host" award at the Daytime Emmy Awards in 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011. He won in 2010 and 2011. He was also the host of the 2011 NBC game show "Who's Still Standing?".


title: Elmer Gantry

paragraphs: Elmer Gantry is a 1960 drama movie about a con man and a female evangelist selling religion to small town America. Directed by Richard Brooks, the movie is based on the 1927 novel of the same name by Sinclair Lewis and stars Burt Lancaster and Jean Simmons.

paragraphs: Actor Pat Hingle was originally cast as Elmer Gantry. After he was injured from a 54-foot fall down an elevator shaft, the part was given to Lancaster. Lancaster won an Academy Award for his role.


title: Hang 'Em High

paragraphs: Hang 'Em High is a 1968 American Western movie directed by Ted Post and produced and co-written by Leonard Freeman. It stars Clint Eastwood as Jed Cooper, an innocent man who survives being hanged, Inger Stevens as a widow who helps him, Ed Begley as the leader of the gang that tried to hang him, and Pat Hingle as the judge who hires Jed as a US Marshal.


title: Body Language (Kylie Minogue album)

paragraphs: Body Language is the ninth studio album by Australian singer Kylie Minogue. It was recorded during the summer of 2003 in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Spain, and released on 20 November 2003 by Parlophone. The album contains three official singles, "Slow", "Red Blooded Woman" and "Chocolate".


title: Fabián Alarcón

paragraphs: Fabián Ernesto Alarcón Rivera (born April 14, 1947) was President of Ecuador from 6 February 1997 to 9 February 1997 and from February 11, 1997 to August 10, 1998.

paragraphs: Alarcón was born in Quito. He was head of the Congress from 1991 to 1992 and then again from August 1995 to February 1997, when he was made acting president due to the impeachment of President Abdalá Bucaram.


title: Gustavo Noboa

paragraphs: Gustavo José Joaquín Noboa Bejarano (born 21 August 1937 in Guayaquil, Ecuador) is an Ecuadorian politician, former President of Ecuador (from 22 January 2000 to 15 January 2003) and Vice President during Jamil Mahuad's government.

paragraphs: Noboa was born on 21 August 1937 in Guayaquil, Ecuador. He was married to María Isabel Baquerizo. Since March 2006, Noboa is under house arrest for mishandling Ecuador's foreign debt.


title: James Whale

paragraphs: James Whale (22 July 1889 – 29 May 1957) was an English movie director, theatre director, and actor. He is best remembered for his horror movies. These include "Frankenstein" (1931), "The Old Dark House" (1932), "The Invisible Man" (1933) and "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935). He also directed the movie musical "Show Boat" (1936).

paragraphs: Whale was born into a large family. Early on, he discovered his artistic talent and studied art. With the outbreak of World War I, Whale joined the British Army. He became an officer. He was captured by the Germans. During his time as a prisoner of war, he became interested in theatre. After the war, he became an actor, set designer, and director. He moved to the United States to direct a Broadway play, and then moved to Hollywood to direct movies.

paragraphs: Whale lived in Hollywood for the rest of his life with his longtime companion, producer David Lewis. Whale directed a dozen movies for Universal Studios between 1930 and 1936, developing a style influenced by German Expressionism.

paragraphs: After string of movies failures, Whale's directing career was over by 1941. He continued to direct for the stage, painted, and travelled. His retirement years were comfortable until strokes in 1956 left him in pain. Whale committed suicide on 29 May 1957 by drowning himself in his backyard swimming pool.


title: Cash Cab

paragraphs: Cash Cab is an American television game show. It airs on the Discovery Channel. It started on December 5, 2005, and ended 2012. It is hosted by Ben Bailey. It takes place in New York City.

paragraphs: Potential contestants enter a taxi driven by Bailey. When they get in and say where they want to go, they are made aware that they are in the Cash Cab through ceiling lights and music, followed by Bailey's greeting. They are then asked if they want to play. If they do not want to play, they can get out of the taxi. If they do want to play, they have to stay in the taxi until they reach where they want to go or get three strikes.

paragraphs: Contestants who play are asked a series of questions by Bailey. The first four questions are worth $50, the next four are worth $100, and questions after that are worth $200. In the first two seasons, the questions were worth $25, $50, and $100. If a contestant answers a question wrong, they get a strike. If the contestant gets three strikes, they have to get out of the taxi no matter where they are. Contestants have two helps known as "Shout-Outs." The first Shout-Out is the Mobile Shout-Out, which lets the contestant call someone they know for help. The call can take up to 15 seconds. The other Shout-Out is the Street Shout-Out, where Bailey pulls over the taxi, and the contestant can ask someone on the street for help.

paragraphs: When the taxi has to stop at a red light and the contestant has at least $200, a "Red Light Challenge" is played. A question will be given that has more than one correct answer. The contestant has 30 seconds to give all of the correct answers to the question. If the contestant does so, they get $250. If the 30 second time limit runs out, the contestant doesn't get a strike. Most games have only one Red Light Challenge, but starting in the fourth season, some games have more than one. The second is played if the contestant has at least $1,000.

paragraphs: If the contestant gets to where they wanted to go without getting three strikes, they have a choice: they can leave the taxi and keep the money they won, or risk it on a Video Bonus question. If they decide to play the Video Bonus question, a clip is played, and a question is asked based on it. If the contestant answers correctly, their money is doubled. If they give a wrong answer, they lose all of their money.

paragraphs: Starting in the fourth season, some games are Double Ride games. The first four questions are worth $100, the next four are worth $200, and questions after are worth $400. The Red Light Challenge is worth $500.

paragraphs: In 2007, a spin-off, "Cash Cab: After Dark", started. Contestants were picked up near or after sunset, as well as overnight. The questions were worth double the amount of "Cash Cab", and the questions were harder.

paragraphs: Another spin-off, "Cash Cab: Chicago", started during "Cash Cab"'s sixth season. It was hosted by Beth Melewski and used the same rules as the New York "Cash Cab". It ended after one season.


title: Ayelet Zurer

paragraphs: Ayelet Zurer (born 28 June 1969) is an Israeli actress. She is known for her roles in "Angels & Demons", "Fugitive Pieces", and in "Man of Steel".

paragraphs: Zurer was born on 28 June 1969 in Tel Aviv, Israel to a Jewish family. She has been married to Gilad Londovski since 2003. They had one child.


title: Antje Traue

paragraphs: Antje Traue (born January 18, 1981) is a German actress. She is known for her roles in "Pandorum", "Kleinruppin Forever", "5 Days of War", and in "Man of Steel".

paragraphs: Traue was born on January 18, 1981 in Mittweida, Saxony, Germany.


title: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu

paragraphs: Geoffrey Gurrumul Yunupingu (22 January 1971 – 25 July 2017), often known simply as Gurrumul, was an indigenous Australian musician. He was best known as a singer. Most of his songs are sung in Galpu, Gumatj or Djambarrpuyngu, which are all languages of the Yolngu people of northeastern Arnhem Land. He plays the guitar, drums, keyboards and "yidaki" (didgeridoo).

paragraphs: Gurrumul was born at Galiwin'ku, on Elcho Island, off the coast of Arnhem Land. He belongs to the Gumatj clan of the Yolngu, and his mother is from the Galpu clan. He was born blind. Although a few of his songs are written and sung in English, he does not speak the language. He is also said to be very shy, and does not normally speak during performances.

paragraphs: Gurrumul was a founding member of the band Yothu Yindi. He played in this band for almost ten years, until 1995. He formed Saltwater Band a few years later and remains their lead singer. He released his first solo album, "Gurrumul", in 2008. It was highly successful, and won several awards. It peaked at #3 on the ARIA Charts and #1 on the independent chart. Gurrumul was nominated for four ARIA awards, and won two of them (Best World Music Album and Best Independent Release). He also won three Deadly Awards: Artist of the Year, Album of the Year for "Gurrumul" and Single of the Year for "Gurrumul History (I Was Born Blind)". At the Independent Music Awards, he won Best New Independent Artist, as well as Best Independent Release and Best Independent Blues/Roots Release for "Gurrumul". He won the award for Best Independent Blues and Roots Album again in 2011, for "Rrakala".

paragraphs: Yunupingu died at Royal Darwin Hospital, Northern Territory on 25 July 2017 of kidney and liver failure. He was aged 46.


title: Looptroop Rockers

paragraphs: Looptroop Rockers is a reggae, hiphop and electro band from Västerås, Sweden, they sing in both English and Swedish but mostly English. The band's former name was just Looptroop.

paragraphs: The band has 9 albums and some EPs. The members of the group are Promoe, Supreme. Embee and CosM.I.C, the producers is DvsG (David vs. Goliath) and Burning Heart Records. The band were created in 1991 by Promoe and Embee, the band was complete in 1996. Now it’s the biggest Swedish export in Hiphop.

paragraphs: The name Looptroop comes from loops (the beat is repeating over and over till the end of the song) and ‘troop’ stands for Freedom Writers because they sing about the government.


title: Eyespot

paragraphs: An eyespot is a simple organ in biology used to detect light. It may be called an ocellus, or pigment pit. They are quite common in small, simple invertebrates, such as "Planaria". They do not have lenses or any means of focussing. Therefore, they can sense light from dark, but do not give the animal a visual scene as our eyes do.

paragraphs: In many simple animals the eyespot senses light with a pigment molecule called an opsin. Then a nerve fibre goes from the eyespot to the simple nervous system. This allows the animal to move in response to (for example) a shadow passing over it.

paragraphs: Eyespots also occur in single-celled protists like "Euglena" and "Chlamydomonas", where it is connected to the flagellum. This allows the information from the light patch to influence the cells's movement.

paragraphs: The first fossils of eyes that have been found to date are from the early Cambrian period (about 540 million years ago). This period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution, called the "Cambrian explosion". One idea is that the evolution of eyes started an arms race which led to a rapid spate of evolution. Much earlier than this organisms would have used light spots for light sensitivity, but did not have a visual scene for rapid navigation.


title: Koenigsegg

paragraphs: Koenigsegg Automotive AB is a Swedish company that makes cars. They make "super cars", a mixture of sports cars and a fast cars. The main office is in Ängelholm, Sweden.

paragraphs: The creator and manager of Koenigsegg is Christian E. H. von Koenigsegg. In 1994 he created Koenigsegg as a small company, after years of planning. The designer David Crafoord designed the concept car for Koenigsegg's original drawings. Then, they built a prototype that could be driven. They tested the car for several years and developed it further. In 2002, the company started the series production of the model CC 8S. Koenigsegg CC 8S was named by the Guinness Book of Records for the world's most powerful car with its 1,050 horsepower.

paragraphs: Koenigsegg's fastest car is Koenigsegg 2013 Agera R. It can go up to 440 km/h (273 mph). In 14,5 seconds the car can go up to 300 km/h (186 mph).


title: Managed motorway

paragraphs: Managed motorways in the United Kingdom are motorways which use active traffic management. Their aim is to increase traffic capacity at times of peak traffic flow. They use variable speed limits and hard shoulder running at busy times. A "hard shoulder" is an inner lane which in normal times is only used for emergencies.

paragraphs: Active traffic management was first used in 2005. The system is now in operation on sections of the M1, M4, M6, and M42, and there are proposals for its use on sections of the M5, M25, M60 and M62.

paragraphs: Benefits include smoother traffic flows, more reliable journey times, fewer road traffic collisions, and reduced noise and harmful vehicle emissions. Where only variable speed limits are used, it is called a controlled motorway.


title: Mooreana trichoneura

paragraphs: Mooreana trichoneura is commonly known as the 'yellow flat'. It is a butterfly belonging to the family Hesperiidae. It has a wingspan of 32-36mm. Butterflies like this are called 'flats' because they fly quickly and usually rest on the underside of a leaf with their wings open flat.

paragraphs: Its host plant is "Mallotus paniculatus", in the spurge family Euphorbiaceae. The yellow flat is usually found in lowland forests up to 833m (2500ft).

paragraphs: The yellow flat has a wide distribution. It ranges from India to Thailand to Malaysia and can even be found in the Philippines. In the 4th quarter of 2012, it was discovered in Singapore.


title: Kiddush

paragraphs: Kiddush () is a blessing said by Jews at the start of Shabbat and holiday meals. The term is also used to refer to a light meal served in the synagogue after the long Shabbat and holiday morning prayers. The word comes from a Hebrew root meaning "holy".

paragraphs: There are two versions of the Ten Commandments in the Bible. These versions use different words. The version in Exodus says "Remember Shabbat to keep it holy." The version in Deuteronomy says "Guard Shabbat to keep it holy." Jewish custom says that "remember" means to "celebrate" Shabbat. "Guard" means "resting"—not working or doing business.

paragraphs: There are many things Jews do to celebrate Shabbat [see Shabbat (Celebrating Shabbat)]. The minimum way to celebrate is to say the blessing "Blessed are You, God, Who makes Shabbat holy." The Talmud adds that the blessing should be said with a cup of wine. This is because wine makes people feel happy. Because of this, the Friday evening meal in a Jewish home starts with a ceremony to say this blessing over a cup of wine.

paragraphs: In traditional homes, the blessing is said in the Hebrew language. This is a Simple English translation of the blessing. Words in italics "like this" are added to explain the Hebrew.

paragraphs: There is a different version of Kiddush for the Shabbat morning (or noon) meal. This ceremony makes the meal feel more special.

paragraphs: For the morning Kiddush, a person says verses from the Torah about Shabbat. These verses are usually from and . The person ends with the same blessing over the wine:

paragraphs: Most Jews do not say Kiddush at the third Shabbat meal. However, Maimonides ruled that they should do so. The text for this Kiddush includes . That verse is the source of the law to have three meals on Shabbat.

paragraphs: Kiddush is also said in the synagogue. This does not replace saying Kiddush at home before the meal.

paragraphs: Kiddush is said on these Jewish holidays:

paragraphs: The holiday texts are different from the Shabbat texts. The blessings are said in the same way and at the same time of day as on Shabbat, but there are two differences:

paragraphs: Jews usually use a fancy cup for Kiddush. The most common material for this cup is silver. Other materials are also used. These include ceramic, glass and wood. The most important part of the custom is for the cup to be special and unusual in honor of the blessing.


title: Predator (movie)

paragraphs: Predator is a 1987 American science fiction horror/action movie. It was directed by John McTiernan. The movie stars Arnold Schwarzenegger, Carl Weathers, Jesse Ventura, and Kevin Peter Hall. It was distributed by 20th Century Fox. The story follows a special forces team, led by 'Dutch' (Arnold Schwarzenegger).

paragraphs: They are on a mission to rescue hostages in Central America. The group does not know that they are being hunted by a technologically advanced alien, the Predator. "Predator" was written by Jim and John Thomas in 1985. Filming began in April 1986.

paragraphs: The movie cost about $15 million to make. It was released in the United States on June 12, 1987. "Predator" made $98,267,558 at the box office. At first, the reviews to "Predator" were negative. Much of this was because of a weak plot. Two sequels, "Predator 2" (1990) and "Predators" (2010) were made. There have also been two movies with the "Alien" franchise. These are "Alien vs. Predator" (2004) and "" (2007).

paragraphs: "Predator" was #1 at the US box office in its opening weekend with a gross of $12 million. Only "Beverly Hills Cop II" made more money in 1987. The movie earned a total of $98,267,558. Of this, $59,735,548 was from the US & Canadian box office. $38,532,010 was made overseas.


title: Tor Johnson

paragraphs: Tor Johnson (born Tor Johansson, 19 October 1903 – 12 May 1971) was a Swedish professional wrestler and movie and television actor. During his wrestling career, he was billed as the Super-Swedish Angel.

paragraphs: Johnson was born in Sweden, the son of Karl J. Johansson and Lovisa Petersson. He began appearing in movies in 1934, usually as boxers or wrestlers. In the 1940s, he played lumbering thugs and scowling plug-uglies. He appeared with Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in "Road to Rio" (1947), in "Abbott and Costello in the Foreign Legion" (1950), and with Shirley Jones in the movie version of "Carousel" (1956).

paragraphs: He is best known though for his appearances in the low budget movies directed by Ed Wood. He played Lobo in "Bride of the Monster" and "Night of the Ghouls", and the zombified Inspector Clay in "Plan 9 from Outer Space".

paragraphs: In the early 1960s, he had guest appearances as wrestlers, thugs, and circus strongmen in various television series including "Peter Gunn", "Bonanza", and "The Shirley Temple Show". Johnson died in San Fernando, California, from heart failure in 1971. He was buried at the Eternal Valley Memorial Park in Newhall, California.


title: Colony of Virginia

paragraphs: The Colony of Virginia (also known as Virginia Colony) was the first of thirteen colonies in North America. The English first tried to make the Roanoke Colony in 1584. A war delayed resupply until 1890. When the ships arrived, the colonists were gone. The decision to settle Jamestown again came from a group called the Virginia Company of London. Virginia was settled again in 1607 at Jamestown, this time successfully. The Virginia Company had its charter revoked in 1624 for not showing a profit. At that time the colony of Virginia became a crown colony. It became a British colony after 1707.). It remained an English colony until the American Revolution.

paragraphs: The name Virginia was first applied by Sir Walter Raleigh and Queen Elizabeth I in 1584. After the English Civil War in the mid 17th century, the Virginia Colony was nicknamed "The Old Dominion" by King Charles II. He gave Virginia colony the name for its loyalty to the crown during the era of the Commonwealth of England. When Virginia colony was first settled it was a huge geographic area that was England's claim on all of North America. After the United States was formed, the entire states of West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana and Illinois, and portions of Ohio were all later created from the territory that was once known in the Colony of Virginia.


title: Night of the Ghouls

paragraphs: Night of the Ghouls is a 1959 horror movie written, directed, and produced by Ed Wood. It is a sequel of sorts to Wood's 1955 horror movie, "Bride of the Monster".

paragraphs: The story is about a crook, Dr. Acula, who pretends to be able to contact the dead. He charges people large amounts of money to speak to their dead relatives. He summons a group of real ghosts who bury him alive.

paragraphs: The movie stars Kenne Duncan as Dr. Karl Acula, Duke Moore as Lt. Dan Bradford, Tor Johnson as Lobo, Valda Hansen as Sheila, Paul Marco as Patrolman Kelton, and Criswell as himself.


title: Paul Marco

paragraphs: Paul Marco (June 10, 1927 – May 14, 2006) was an American actor. He often appeared in movies made by Ed Wood, including the "Kelton Trilogy": "Bride of the Monster", "Night of the Ghouls" and "Plan 9 from Outer Space". In this trilogy, he played a bumbling, fearful policeman named Kelton.

paragraphs: Marco was born in Los Angeles. He took lessons in drama, singing, and dancing at an early age. After graduating from Hollywood High School, he served in the United States Navy during World War II.

paragraphs: His first known movie role was a small part in the 1944 movie "Sweet and Low-Down" with Benny Goodman. In the early 1950s, The Amazing Criswell predicted on national television that Paul Marco would go far in the movie business. Criswell introduced Marco to Ed Wood. In turn, Marco introduced Ed Wood to Bunny Breckinridge, a gay Shakespearean actor. Breckinridge lived with Marco for a time and co-starred in Wood's "Plan 9 from Outer Space".

paragraphs: Marco depended on Wood for parts. He more or less retired as an actor as Ed Wood's movies shifted more and more towards pornography. In 1995, Marco recorded "Home on the Strange", in which he reprised his Kelton character for Dionysus Records. He revived Kelton once more in the 2005 science fiction satire/tribute film "The Naked Monster". On May 14, 2006, Paul Marco died after a battle with hip problems and chronic illness. He was 78.


title: Duke Moore

paragraphs: Duke Moore, (July 15, 1913 as James Moore – November 16, 1976), was an American actor. He appeared only in movies made by Ed Wood. Between 1953 and 1970, Moore appeared in the following Wood movies: "Crossroads of Laredo"; "Final Curtain"; "Night of the Ghouls"; "Plan 9 from Outer Space"; "The Sinister Urge", and "Take it Out in Trade". Moore died in Hollywood of a heart attack.


title: Struga

paragraphs: Struga is a small city in the southwest of North Macedonia at the Lake Ohrid. The Black Drin river runs through the town, dividing it into a western and an eastern part. About 15,000 people live in Struga. They are a mix of Albanians, (Slavic) Macedonians, Turks and Romani.

paragraphs: Struga is known for its tourism, mostly in the summer, when people come to take a bath at the shores of the Lake Ohrid and of the river Black Drin.

paragraphs: Struga is also the capital of the municipality with the same name including the town itself as well as nearby villages.


title: Valley Springs, South Dakota

paragraphs: Valley Springs is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Minnehaha County along the Minnesota state line. Valley Springs became a city in 1879, and 759 people lived there at the 2010 census.


title: Catalan independence

paragraphs: The Catalan independence or separatism is a political movement that supports the independence of Catalonia or the Catalan countries from Spain and France. The Catalan independence movement began in the 19th century. The separatists believe that Catalonia is a nation. Catalonia has its own language (Catalan language) and culture (Catalan culture).

paragraphs: During the Francisco Franco dictatorship, Catalans and the Catalan language were oppressed. Recently, the number of people who support Catalan independence has increased. In 2012 there was a demonstration in Barcelona with 1.500.000 people. The majority of the parliament in Catalunya wants to have a referendum on independence, and 55% identify as separatists.

paragraphs: The Estelada flag is the symbol of the Catalan independence movement.


title: Jalil Zandi

paragraphs: Jalil Zandi (2 May 1951 – 1 April 2001) was an Iranian flying ace in the Iran-Iraq War. He was an F-14 Tomcat pilot. He had the most victories in the air combat in the Iran-Iraq War: 11 victories ( 8 confirmed victories and 3 probable victories). His victories include 4 MiG-23s, 2 Su-22s, 2 MiG 21s and 3 Mirage F1s). He was also the most successful F-14 pilot ever.

paragraphs: He died with his wife Zahra Mohebshahedin in 2001 in a car accident near Tehran. He is buried in Behesht-e Zahra cemetery in the south of Tehran.


title: John Le Mesurier

paragraphs: John Le Mesurier (John Elton Le Mesurier Halliley; 5 April 1912 – 15 November 1983) was an English actor and comedian. He is best remembered for his comedic role as Sergeant Arthur Wilson in the BBC television situation comedy "Dad's Army" (1968–77).

paragraphs: Le Mesurier was born on 5 April 1912 in Bedford, Bedfordshire, England. He studied at the Sherborne School. Le Mesurier was married to June Melville from 1940 until they divorced in 1949. Then he was married to Hattie Jacques from 1949 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Joan Malin from 1966 until his death in 1983. He had two sons. Le Mesurier died from a stomach hemorrhage caused by cirrhosis of the liver in Ramsgate, Kent, England, aged 71.


title: Free Realms

paragraphs: Free Realms is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game. It is set in a fantasy-themed world, named "Sacred Grove". It was made by Sony Online Entertainment for PC, Mac and PlayStation 3. The game was released on 29 April 2009. On March 31, 2014, the game was officially shut down.


title: Cellular automaton

paragraphs: A cellular automaton is a model used in computer science and mathematics. The idea is to model a dynamic system by using a number of cells. Each cell has one of several possible states. With each "turn" or iteration the state of the current cell is determined by two things: its current state, and the states of the neighbouring cells.

paragraphs: A very famous example of a cellular automata is Conway's Game of Life. Stanislaw Ulam and John von Neumann first described cellular automata in the 1940s. Conway's Game of Life was first shown in the 1970s.

paragraphs: Some biological processes occur—or can be simulated—by cellular automata.

paragraphs: The patterns of certain seashells are generated by natural cellular automata. Examples can be seen in the genera "Conus" and "Cymbiola". The pigment cells are in a narrow band along the shell's lip. Each cell secretes pigments according to the activating and inhibiting activity of its neighbor pigment cells, obeying a natural version of a mathematical rule. The cell band leaves the colored pattern on the shell as it grows slowly. For example, the widespread species "Conus textile" bears a pattern resembling Wolfram's rule 30 cellular automaton.

paragraphs: Plants regulate their intake and loss of gases via a cellular automaton mechanism. Each stoma on the leaf acts as a cell.

paragraphs: Moving wave patterns on the skin of cephalopods can be simulated with a two-state, two-dimensional cellular automata, each state corresponding to either an expanded or retracted chromatophore.

paragraphs: Threshold automata have been invented to simulate neurons, and complex behaviors such as recognition and learning can be simulated.

paragraphs: Fibroblasts are similar to cellular automata, as each fibroblast only interacts with its neighbors.


title: Henry Morgentaler

paragraphs: Heniek "Henry" Morgentaler, (March 19, 1923 – May 29, 2013), was a Polish-born Canadian physician and pro-choice activist who fought many legal battles about expanding abortion rights in Canada. When he was young during World War II, Morgentaler was imprisoned at the Łódź Ghetto and later at the Dachau concentration camp. He survived the Holocaust.

paragraphs: Morgentaler was born on March 19, 1923 in Łódź, Poland. He was married to Chava Rosenfarb from 1945 until they divorced in 1975. Morgentaler died on May 29, 2013 in Toronto, Canada from a heart attack, aged 90.


title: Andrew Greeley

paragraphs: Andrew M. Greeley (February 5, 1928 – May 29, 2013) was an American Roman Catholic priest, educator, sociologist, journalist, philanthropist, and popular author.

paragraphs: Greeley was born on February 5, 1928 in Oak Park, Illinois to an Irish family. He was raised a Catholic. Greeley studied at Archbishop Quigley Preparatory Seminary and at St. Mary of the Lake Seminary. He retired in 2009 after an injury.

paragraphs: Greeley suffered skull fractures in a fall in 2008 when his clothing got caught on the door of a taxi as it pulled away; he was hospitalized in critical condition. He remained in poor health. Greeley died on May 29, 2013 at his Chicago home. He was 85.


title: Coriaria ruscifolia

paragraphs: Coriaria ruscifolia are shrubs or small trees with bright red fruits like berries. The fruits and the leaves are very poisonous.

paragraphs: This species has many names in Latin America. Some of them are:

paragraphs: "Coriaria ruscifolia" was described for the first time by Linnaeus in 1753 in "Species Plantarum" (Vol. 2, page 1037), from a plant from Peru.

paragraphs: The species is divided in two subspecies:

paragraphs: Shrub up to 4 metres high. Dark green leaves on the top and pale gray on the underside. Flowers grouped in terminal inflorescences on lateral branches, sepals are green to red, small petals, yellow or red anthers. Fruits look like berries but they are small nuts (achenes). The fruits are covered by the petals.

paragraphs: The plants of "C. ruscifolia" subsp. "microphylla" can fix nitrogen from the air because they have bacteria in their roots.

paragraphs: C. ruscifolia grows in the Americas and some Pacific Islands:

paragraphs: It is a very toxic plant. Fruits are hallucinogens exciting the nervous system. The leaves have tannin and serve for tanning (making leather out of skins). It is recommended as an ornamental.

paragraphs: In Chile, the fruits are used mixed with bread to kill mice and rats.


title: The Little Mermaid (statue)

paragraphs: The Little Mermaid is a statue in Copenhagen, Denmark. It sits on a rock in the harbor. It was inspired by a performance of a ballet based on the fairy tale "The Little Mermaid" by Hans Christian Andersen. It is tall. Sculptor Edvard Eriksen created the bronze statue. It was presented to the public on 23 August 1913.

paragraphs: The statue was the idea of Carl Jacobsen, son of the founder of Carlsberg. He asked ballerina, Ellen Price of Copenhagen's Royal Theatre, to pose for the statue. Only the statue's head was modelled on Price. She did not agree to pose in the nude, so the sculptor's wife, Eline Eriksen, posed for the body.

paragraphs: The Little Mermaid has been the victim of vandalism many times since the 1960s. Her head has been cut off, and she has had paint poured over her several times. In September 2003, the statue was knocked off its base with explosives. The statue has always been repaired after such acts.


title: Dean Brooks

paragraphs: Dean Kent Brooks (July 22, 1916 – May 30, 2013) or Dean R. Brooks was an American physician and actor.

paragraphs: Brooks was born on July 22, 1916 in Everett, Washington. He studied at University of Kansas Medical School.

paragraphs: He was the head of the Oregon State Hospital in 1975 when the movie "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" was filmed there, which is why he appeared in the movie. He starred as Dr. John Spivey M.D.. Brooks was the superintendent of Oregon State Hospital for 27 years from 1955 to 1982. Brooks was first licensed in Oregon to practice psychiatry in 1950. He retired from the practice of Psychiatric Medicine in 1999.

paragraphs: He was married to Ulista Jean Moser until her death in 2006. They had two daughters.

paragraphs: Brooks died on May 30, 2013 in Salem, Oregon from natural causes, aged 96.


title: My Cousin Vinny

paragraphs: My Cousin Vinny is a 1992 American criminal comedy movie. Joe Pesci and Marisa Tomei star. The subject of the movie is two young New Yorkers traveling across rural Alabama. They are put on trial for a murder they did not commit. Tomei plays Mona Lisa. Pesci plays Vincent ("Vinny" for short). This comedy movie was released in March 1992 in the United States. It received positive reviews from the critics.


title: Bulgarian Orthodox Church

paragraphs: The Bulgarian Orthodox Church is a major Christian denomination in Bulgaria. It has around 8-10 million members worldwide. The head of the church is the Patriarch of All Bulgaria.


title: Hangman

paragraphs: Hangman is a paper-and-pencil guessing game played by two or more people. One player thinks of a word, phrase, or sentence, and the other players have to try and guess it. They do so by calling letters or numbers that they think are in the word. The word is shown as a row of dashes. If a guessing player gives a letter or number that is in the word, the other player writes the letter or number in the places that they are in the word. If the letter or number is not in the word, the other player draws a part of a hanged man stick figure as a tally mark (a form of numeral used for counting). The game ends when:

paragraphs: The television game show "Wheel of Fortune" is based off of Hangman. It uses a roulette-style wheel that players spin for cash and prizes.


title: Battle of Majuba Hill

paragraphs: The Battle of Majuba Hill was the main battle of the First Boer War. It happened near Volksrust, South Africa on 27 February 1881.

paragraphs: While the battle was small it was important in history. It led to the signing of a peace treaty. The treaty was between the British and the South African Republic. It ended the First Boer War. Also the fire and movement tactics used by the Boers were years ahead of their time. This battle and two before it convinced the British of the Boers strength. During the Second Anglo-Boer War "Remember Majuba" became a rallying cry.

paragraphs: Some important British historians say that this defeat marked the beginning of the decline of the British Empire.


title: Thomas (name)

paragraphs: Thomas is a masculine given name. "Tom" or "Thom" are short versions of Thomas. "Tommy" is commonly used.


title: Thomas (surname)

paragraphs: Thomas (and Tomas) is a common surname. It is most often used by the British, French, German, Dutch, Danish, and South Indian.

paragraphs: Some notable people with this surname are:


title: Sondra Locke

paragraphs: Sondra Locke (May 28, 1944 – November 3, 2018) was an American actress who was known for starring mostly in movies. She starred as Laura Lee in "The Outlaw Josey Wales" in 1976. The following year, she played Augustina Mally in "The Gauntlet" (1977). Locke was born in Shelbyville, Tennessee.

paragraphs: Locke was nominated for Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mick Kelly in "The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter" (1968).

paragraphs: Locke died in Los Angeles, California on November 3, 2018 from cardiac arrest complicated by breast and bone cancer, aged 74.


title: The Gauntlet

paragraphs: The Gauntlet is a 1977 action movie. It was directed by and stars Clint Eastwood. Eastwood plays Detective Ben Shockley. Sondra Locke plays Augustina Mally. The movie is about an alcoholic police officer and a related prostitute who become caught up in ambushes by corrupt police officers. This movie was got mixed reviews from critics. It earned $36 million. The movie was released in December 1977.


title: Sukhoi Su-17

paragraphs: Su-17 Fitter is a Soviet attack aircraft. It first entered into the Soviet Air Forces in 1970. Its other names in other communist countries and in the Middle East are Su-20 and Su-22. It is not active in Russia any more, but it is still active in Vietnam, Syria, Yemen, Poland and Angola.


title: Edward O. Thorp

paragraphs: Edward Oakley Thorp (born 14 August 1932) is an American mathematics professor, author, hedge fund manager, and blackjack player. He is best known as the author of "Beat the Dealer" (1962). This was the first book to prove that the house advantage in blackjack could be overcome by card counting. As part of this work he collaborated with Claude Shannon in creating the first wearable computer in 1961.

paragraphs: Thorp also developed and applied effective hedge fund techniques in the financial markets. He was a pioneer in modern applications of probability theory, including the harnessing of very small correlations for reliable financial gain.

paragraphs: Thorp received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1958, and worked at M.I.T. from 1959 to 1961. He was a professor of mathematics from 19611965 at New Mexico State University, and then joined the University of California, Irvine where he was a professor of mathematics from 1965 to 1977 and a professor of mathematics and finance from 1977 to 1982.

paragraphs: Since the late 1960s, Thorp has used his knowledge of probability and statistics in the stock market by discovering and exploiting a number of pricing in the securities markets. Thorp is currently the President of Edward O. Thorp & Associates, based in Newport Beach, CA. In May 1998, Thorp reported that his personal investments yielded an annualized 20 percent rate of return averaged over 28.5 years.


title: Maureen Duffy

paragraphs: Maureen Patricia Duffy (born 21 October 1933 in Worthing, Sussex, England) is a British poet, novelist, and writer of plays.

paragraphs: Duffy graduated from King's College London. Her degree was in English. She became a schoolteacher in 1956. She left that work in 1961. In 1961, she became a fulltime poet and writer of plays. Her first novel was "That's How It Was". It was published in 1962. It was praised by critics.

paragraphs: She has published around thirty books. Her "Collected Poems, 1949–84" appeared in 1985. Her work has often used Freudian ideas and Greek Myth as a framework.

paragraphs: She has been active in supporting the rights of homosexuals. In 1977 she published "The Ballad of the Blasphemy Trial", a broadside against the trial of the "Gay News" newspaper for "blasphemous libel."

paragraphs: She has also been active in a variety of groups representing the interest of writers. At one time, she was the President of the "European Writers' Congress" (renamed European Writers Council in 2008). She was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 1985 and awarded their Benson Medal in 2004.

paragraphs: She is also deeply interested in intellectual property law.


title: Beesha Darawiish

paragraphs: Beesha Darawiish or Si'iid Harti, also called Reer Darawiish, means the Dhulbahante tribe. The Dhulbahante were called Darwiishes during the colonial era. The Darwiish was the successor state to the Dhulbahante garaadship. The Dhulbahante Garaadship (, ) was a kingdom from 1530 until 1895. Dhulbahante is also a Somali clan known for being the backbone of Darwiish. It is part of the larger Harti Darod clan. They live mainly in Sool, Cayn and Sanaag.


title: Hydrogenosome

paragraphs: A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle of some anaerobic ciliates, trichomonads, fungi and a few metazoa. The hydrogenosomes of trichomonads (the best studied) produce ATP by a complex metabolic cycle. Unlike mitochondria, this cycle does not use oxygen. It is thought that hydrogenosomes evolved from mitochondria; their structure is rather similar.

paragraphs: In 2010, scientists reported their discovery of the first known anaerobic metazoans with hydrogenosome-like organelles. These organisms were Loricifera living in sediments under deep-water brine pools like the L'Atalante basin. These brine pools are completely without any oxygen (anoxic).


title: New Zealand national cricket team

paragraphs: The New Zealand Cricket team played their first test match against England in 1930. As of May 2013, they are ranked 8th in the world.


title: Marylebone Cricket Club

paragraphs: Marylebone Cricket Club was founded in 1787 by Thomas Lord. It was one of the most important cricket clubs in the world for much of the history of cricket.


title: Marylebone

paragraphs: Marylebone (, , or ) is an area of central London in the City of Westminster.


title: Facta

paragraphs: Facta is an encyclopedia in Finnish. It was published as a series of 11 volumes between 1969 and 1974. It describes subjects from a Finnish point of view.


title: Mäntsälä

paragraphs: Mäntsälä is a municipality in Finland. About 21,000 people lived there in 2015. The municipalities next to it are Askola, Hausjärvi, Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Tuusula, Kärkölä, Orimattila, Pornainen, Pukkila and Sipoo.


title: Joutsa

paragraphs: Joutsa is a municipality in Central Finland. It is part of Itä-Häme, along with Hartola, Sysmä, Pertunmaa, Heinola and Luhanka.

paragraphs: Almost 4,900 people lived in Joutsa as of February 2014. It covers an area of . Neighbouring municipalities are Hartola, Hirvensalmi, Jyväskylä, Kangasniemi, Luhanka, Pertunmaa and Toivakka.

paragraphs: The newspaper "Joutsan Seutu" is published in Joutsa and Luhanka.

paragraphs: A summer festival, Joutsan Joutopäivät, is held on the second weekend of July.

paragraphs: Sahti culture is strong in Joutsa. "Joutsan sahti" is a locally made traditional drink.

paragraphs: Angesselkä, Etu-Ikola, Hankaa, Havumäki, Joutsa, Kivisuo, Kälä, Laitjärvi, Lapinkylä, Leivonmäki, Marjotaipale, Martinkylä, Mieskonmäki, Niemistenkylä, Pajumäki, Pappinen, Pylsy, Pärnämäki, Ruokoranta, Ruorasmäki, Rutalahti, Savenaho, Selänpohja, Taka-Ikola, Tammilahti, Tolvasniemi, Uimaniemi, Vallaspelto, Vähä-Joutsa and Vehmaa.


title: Mäntyharju

paragraphs: Mäntyharju is a municipality in Finland. Almost 6,350 people lived there in August 2012. It covers an area of about .

paragraphs: Villages include Ahvenisto, Anettu, Enonlahti, Halmeniemi, Hietaniemi, Huopola, Hyyrylä, Hölttä, Jäniskylä, Karankamäki, Kinni, Kirkonkylä, Koirakivi, Korpilahti, Kousa, Kuhajärvi, Kukonkorpi, Kyttälä, Lahnaniemi, Leppäniemi, Luhtanen, Lyytikkälä, Mynttilä, Niinimäki, Nurmaa, Ollikkala, Outila, Paasola, Partsinmaa, Poitsiniemi, Pyhäkoski, Pärnämäki, Saviniemi, Särkemäki, Tiilikkala, Toivola, Valtola, Vanonen and Varpanen.


title: Feldkirch

paragraphs: Feldkirch is the second largest city in Vorarlberg. The largest hospital of Vorarlberg is there. About 33.000 people lived in Feldkirch, in 2019.

paragraphs: Feldkirch has seven districts named Feldkirch, Tisis, Tosters, Nofels, Levis, Gisingen and Altenstadt.


title: Mikkeli

paragraphs: Mikkeli is a town in Southern Savonia, Finland. As of January 2014, the population was almost 54,700. In the Finnish point of view, Mikkeli is a city, not a town. Neighbouring municipalities are Hirvensalmi, Juva, Kangasniemi, Mäntyharju, Pieksämäki, Puumala and Savitaipale.


title: Medullary ray

paragraphs: In botany, medullary rays (pith rays or wood rays) are sheets or ribbons of cells running from the inside of the plant to the outside. That is, they run at right angles to the xylem and phloem, which run vertically. While the plant is alive, these medullary cells are alive. They carry nutrients (sap) towards the surface of the tree.

paragraphs: In wood products the rays can be seen running perpendicular to the growth rings. If wood is cut into boards with the growth rings roughly perpendicular to the face of the board, the medullary rays often produce beautiful "figure" such as silver grain, medullary spots, pith flecks, etc.

paragraphs: The function of medullary rays is to carry chemicals which fight invasion by insects and fungi, and block any damaged areas. The cells deposit tannins and resins which block up the damaged area. This process is called "tylosis".


title: Savonlinna

paragraphs: Savonlinna is a town in Finland. The population was almost 36,250 in January 2014. Neighbouring municipalities are Enonkoski, Heinävesi, Kitee, Liperi, Parikkala, Rantasalmi, Ruokolahti, Rääkkylä, Sulkava and Varkaus. Some parts of central Savonlinna has been built over islands. Over one-third of the area is water or islands.


title: Rovaniemi

paragraphs: Rovaniemi is a town in Lapland, in northern Finland. Rovaniemi is very close to the Arctic Circle. The population was over 61,000 in January 2014. The area is huge in typical European scale. Neigbouring municipalities are Kittilä, Sodankylä, Kolari, Pello, Ylitornio, Tervola, Ranua, Posio, Kemijärvi and Pelkosenniemi.


title: Quiet storm

paragraphs: Quiet storm is a late-night radio format that plays slow soul music. It developed in the 1970s in Washington, D.C.


title: Christy Mathewson

paragraphs: Christopher Mathewson (August 12, 1880 - October 7, 1925) was an American Major League Baseball player. He was known as "Big Six", "The Christian Gentleman", and "Matty". He played for the New York Giants and the Cincinnati Reds, and also managed the Reds. He became a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936.


title: Drying rack

paragraphs: Drying rack is a rack used for drying clothes after they have been washed. It is also called a clothes horse or a clothes rack. It is usually located inside a house, as a replacement to a washing line, which is located outside.


title: Altenstadt (Feldkirch)

paragraphs: Altenstadt is a district of Feldkirch in Austria. The biggest and most important school in Feldkirch is there.


title: Cytokine storm

paragraphs: A cytokine storm is an overreaction of the body's immune system. It can be deadly. It consists of a positive feedback loop between cytokines and immune cells.

paragraphs: It is believed that cytokine storms were responsible for many of the deaths during the 1918 influenza pandemic, which killed a disproportionate number of young adults. In this case, a healthy immune system may have been a liability rather than an asset. Preliminary research results from Hong Kong also suggest this as the probable reason for many deaths during the SARS epidemic in 2003. Human deaths from the bird flu H5N1 usually involve cytokine storms as well.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

paragraphs: Mirage F1 is a French air superiority and attack aircraft. Its first flight was on 23 December 1966, but it first entered into the French Air Force in 1973. Dassault Aviation has built this turbojet aircraft. Its current important users are France, Iran and Morocco.


title: Black Hole of Calcutta

paragraphs: Black Hole of Calcutta was a dungeon in old Fort William, Calcutta, India. It was 18 feet (5.5 metres) long and 14 feet (4 metres) wide, and had two small windows.

paragraphs: The fort was built by the British to defend their trading interests in Calcutta. During hostilities in 1756, the fort was captured by the army of the Nawab of Bengal on 20 June. John Zephaniah Holwell, a British eyewitness, reported that those taken in the capture of the fort, numbering 146, were confined to the dungeon, and that only 23 survived. The story was told by survivor John Zephaniah Holwell, a survivor. However, 146 people could not have fit in a room of 24 x 18 feet. Today most concede that Holwell greatly exaggerated the number of captives.

paragraphs: The British captured and killed the Nawab. An obelisk was later raised in memory of those who died in the Black Hole. Holwell's account of the incident has been challenged by modern historians and scholars.


title: Vellum

paragraphs: Vellum is a high-quality form of parchment. Originally, it meant calf skin, but in English the term is used more widely.

paragraphs: Like parchment, the skin is prepared to take writing in ink. It was one of the standard writing surfaces used in Europe before paper became available. It continued to be used for high-status documents. The vellum was used for single pages, scrolls, codices or books.

paragraphs: To manufacture vellum, the skin is cleaned, then bleached, stretched on a frame called a "herse", and scraped with a knife. When vellum is scraped, it is by turns wet and dry to create tension. A final finish is got by rubbing the surface with pumice, and treating it with lime or chalk. Then it is ready to accept ink.

paragraphs: Modern "paper vellum" (sometimes called vegetable vellum) is made out of synthetic material instead of mammal skin, but is used for the same purpose as normal vellum.

paragraphs: In ancient Europe, vellum meant good quality prepared animal skin. Calves, sheep, goat and even camel are known to have been used to make vellum. The very best vellum was made from unborn animals. It can be hard to identify the animal used to make old vellum without using a science lab.

paragraphs: French sources defined velum (or velin in French) as made from calves only. This has remained true in modern times.

paragraphs: Most of the best sort of medieval manuscripts were written on vellum. Some Buddhist texts were written on vellum, and all Sifrei Torah texts are written on vellum or something similar.

paragraphs: A quarter of the 180 copy edition of Johannes Gutenberg's first Bible printed in 1455 was also printed on vellum, presumably because his costumers expected this for a high-quality book. Paper was used for most book-printing at the time.

paragraphs: In art, vellum was used for paintings, especially if they needed to be sent long distances, before canvas became widely used in about 1500, and continued to be used for drawings, and watercolours. Old master prints were sometimes printed on vellum, especially for presentation copies, until at least the seventeenth century.

paragraphs: Limp vellum or limp-parchment bindings was used frequently in the 16th and 17th centuries, and were sometimes gilt. In later centuries vellum has been more commonly used like leather. Vellum can be stained virtually any color but mainly it is not, as many people like its faint grain and hair markings.

paragraphs: Many documents that needed to last long were written in vellum as it was able to last longer than paper. Some vellum-written documents are more than a thousand years old.

paragraphs: British Acts of Parliament are still printed on vellum for archival purposes, as are those of the Republic of Ireland. It is still used for Jewish scrolls, for luxury book covers, memorial books, and for various documents in calligraphy.

paragraphs: Today, because of low demand and complicated manufacturing process, animal vellum is expensive and hard to find. Only one UK company still supplies them. A modern vellum-like alternative is made out of cotton. Known as paper vellum, this material is cheaper than animal vellum and can be found in most art and crafting supply stores. Some brands of writing paper and other sorts of paper use the term "vellum" to suggest quality.

paragraphs: In the artistic crafts of writing, illuminating, lettering, and bookbinding, "vellum" is normally reserved for calfskin, while any other skin is called "parchment".

paragraphs: Paper vellum is made from cotton. Usually translucent, paper vellum in various sizes is often used in applications where tracing is required, such as architectural plans. Like natural vellum, the paper vellum is more stable than paper, which is frequently critical in the development of large drawings and plans such as blueprints.

paragraphs: Vellum is typically stored in a stable environment with a stable temperature. If vellum is stored in an environment with less than 11% relative humidity, it becomes fragile, brittle, and susceptible to mechanical stresses; if it is stored in an environment with greater than 40% relative humidity, it becomes vulnerable to mold or fungus growth. The best temperature for the preservation of vellum is 20 ± 1.5 °C (68 ± 3 °F)


title: Mitchell, South Dakota

paragraphs: Mitchell is a city in and the county seat of Davison County, South Dakota. It is in the eastern part of the state, and 15,254 people lived there at the 2010 census. It became a city in 1883.


title: Porter Airlines

paragraphs: Porter Airlines is a Canadian regional airline. It was founded in 2006. It flies between cities in the United States and Canada.


title: Paul Villard

paragraphs: Paul Villard (1860–1934) was a French scientist. He discovered gamma rays while studying radium.


title: Canton, South Dakota

paragraphs: Canton is a city in the eastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Lincoln County, and 3,057 people lived there at the 2010 census. Canton became a city in 1881.


title: Affliction (movie)

paragraphs: Affliction is an American drama movie produced in 1997. It was written and directed by Paul Schrader. It is based on the novel by Russell Banks. It stars Nick Nolte, Sissy Spacek, James Coburn, and Willem Dafoe.

paragraphs: "Affliction" tells the story of Wade Whitehouse, a small-town policeman in New Hampshire. Disconnected from the people around him, including his father and his divorced wife, he becomes obsessed with the solving of a fatal hunting accident. This leads to a series of tragic events.


title: The Great Escape (movie)

paragraphs: The Great Escape is a 1963 American movie. It is about an escape by Allied prisoners of war from a German POW camp during World War II. The movie stars Steve McQueen, James Garner, Donald Pleasence, Charles Bronson, James Coburn, and Richard Attenborough. It got positive reviews.


title: SpongeBob SquarePants (season 8)

paragraphs: The eighth season of "SpongeBob SquarePants" began on March 26, 2011 with the episodes "A Friendly Game" and "Oral Report." It ran through December 6, 2012, ending with "It's a SpongeBob Christmas!"


title: Tartar sauce

paragraphs: Tartar sauce (tartare in the United Kingdom and Australia) is a mayonnaise-based sauce. It is often served as a condiment with seafood dishes. It is like mayonnaise, but with a few more ingredients such as pickles, onions, and parsley.

paragraphs: The word Tartar is a Turkic word. It is believed to be named after the Tatar people.


title: Mary in Islam

paragraphs: Mary (; ), the mother of Isa (;) is venerated in Islam. Her parents are mentioned as Imran (عمران) and Hannah (حنا) and her sibling is Harun (هارون). She is one of the most important and righteous women in Islam. She is mentioned in the Quran more than in the New Testament (Bible). She is the only woman mentioned by name in the Quran. Many Muslim women look up to her as an example. According to the Quran, Allah (God) chose Mary above all women of all nations. The Quran states:

paragraphs: Behold! the angels said: "O Mary! Allah hath chosen thee and purified thee- chosen thee above the women of all nations.

paragraphs: Mary is mentioned in the Quran frequently. Her life narrative occurs in the earliest chapters. The nineteenth chapter is named after her. The chapter is called "Maryam".

paragraphs: In the Quran, Mary is believed to be a daughter of (Imran) Amram and (Hanna) Anne. While some confuse the parents of Moses. Aaron and their Sister Miriam to be the same of the Virgin Mary, this is not correct. While Moses and Harun did have a sister named Miriam (Mary,) and while their father was also named Amram (Imran), this does not mean that the parents of both Prophet Moses and The Virgin Mary were the same. And God knows best.

paragraphs: The birth of Mary is mentioned in the Quran in various chapters. Her father Imran () is also mentioned in the Quran. The Quran says that and Imran ne were old and had no children for years. One day Anne saw a bird feeding her young. Seeing this made Anne want a child for herself. She prayed to Allah for a child. She promised that if her prayers were answered, her child's life would be dedicated to the service of Allah. Anne also prayed for her child to be protected from the "touch" of Satan (; ).

paragraphs: The Quran says that Mary grew up in the temple of prayer and had a special place of her own in the temple. The Quran states that there was a cast of the dice to decide who would become the guardian of Mary. The person chosen through this process was the Prophet Zechariah. Often, when Zechariah would visit the chamber of Mary, he would find her with quantities of food. He always asked her where she had obtained the food, and Mary would always answer: "Allah provides to whom he will." As a prophet, Zechariah would not have questioned this response because he would have known that Allah is the provider of all things in life and, indeed, of life itself.

paragraphs: The birth of Isa and the Annunciation of Mary are very important to Islam. They are considered to be some of the most important miracles of Allah. The first mention of the Annunciation following the Birth of Isa is in sura 19 (Maryam) ayah 20. The Quran tells us that the Angel Gabriel (, al-Ruḥ al-Quds, Jibra'il) came to the Virgin Mary and told her that she would soon be pregnant with a holy child. The Virgin Mary asked how it would be possible for her to become pregnant when no man had touched her. The Angel Gabriel replied that nothing is impossible for Allah, and that the Birth of Jesus would be a sign for all mankind. The birth is mentioned later at sura 66 (At-Tahrim) ayah 12, where the Quran says that the Virgin Mary remained pure while Allah created Isa inside her womb.

paragraphs: The Quran speaks of the virgin birth of Isa many times. The Quran also states that Jesus was created when Allah breathed on Mary while her body was chaste.

paragraphs: The Quran's narrative of the birth of Isa is different from that of Jesus as found in the New Testament. The Quran says that Mary was suffering childbirth pains, when she saw a nearby palm tree and held on to it. While she was holding on to the tree, she heard a voice that seemed to come from the earth beneath the tree. The voice said, "Grieve not! Thy Lord hath provided a rivulet beneath thy feet. Shake the trunk of the palm-tree towards thyself and It will drop its fresh ripe dates upon thee." Mary then promised not to speak with any man that day.

paragraphs: Later, after Isa's birth, Mary brought him to the temple. All of the men in the temple mocked her, except Zechariah, who believed in the virgin birth. The Israelites demanded to know how she could possibly have had a baby without a man, whereupon the Virgin Mary responded by pointing to Jesus who then spoke his first prophecy.

paragraphs: "O Mary! Worship your Lord devoutly: prostrate yourself".

paragraphs: "O Mary! Bow down in prayer with those men, who bow down." This is believed to be the command to Mary by the Angels.

paragraphs: "O Mary! God has chosen you and purified you and again he has chosen you above all women of all nations of the worlds"

paragraphs: Mary is believed to have been buried in a tomb at the foot of the Mount of Olives in the Kidron Valley. This tomb is known today as the Tomb of the Virgin Mary.


title: Knockout

paragraphs: Knockout, also known as the knockout game and knockout king, is a violent activity played by teenagers. The object of the game is to render unconscious (knockout) an innocent pedestrian with one punch. The game can result in serious injuries or death for its victims. Players face criminal charges.

paragraphs: In 1992, a teen stabbed an MIT student through the heart, killing him. In another case, a St. Louis, Missouri teenager allegedly attacked a pedestrian who hit his head on the ground and died in hospital. In May 2013, a 51 year-old man died from his injuries after he was attacked in Syracuse, New York, by two teenagers.


title: Carmine Crocco

paragraphs: Carmine Crocco (June 5, 1830 – June 18, 1905) was an Italian outlaw. He is also known as Donatello and for his brilliant battle skills was nicknamed “Napoleon of the brigands”.

paragraphs: Born in Rionero in Vulture, a town in the Basilicata region, He began the criminal activity after killing a comrade in a brawl during the military service and joined the Garibaldi's expedition of the thousand in 1860 hoping for a pardon. However, his offence wasn't cleared and Crocco was arrested. He escaped from prison with the help of the Fortunato, a bourgeois family linked to the Bourbon dynasty and became the leader of the peasants rebellion in Basilicata, who didn't get any benefit with the political change.

paragraphs: He fought in the service of king Francis II, heading an army of almost 2.000 men and conquering various centers of Basilicata and Campania. In every conquered territory he overthrew the Savoy government and appointed a representative of the Bourbon crown, ordering the badges and ornaments of the fallen king to be once again displayed.

paragraphs: A skillful guerrilla man, was able to harass the national guards and the Piedmontese soldiers for almost four years but he lose the conflict after being betrayed by his lieutenant Giuseppe Caruso, who revealed his plans and hideouts to the Italian authorities. Thus he fled to the Papal States hoping for help from Pius IX but was arrested by his soldiers. Later was handed over to the Italian government and condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

paragraphs: Crocco died in prison at Portoferraio, Tuscany.

paragraphs: A disputable personality, he is considered by some authors a fierce thief and murderer but many people of southern Italy regard him as a folk hero who represented the suffering of the lower class before and soon after the Italian unification.


title: Nightstand

paragraphs: A nightstand, (could also be called a night table or bedside table) is a small type of table. It is usually placed next to a bed or somewhere else in a bedroom. It is a coffee table which is used next to a person's bed at night time.

paragraphs: Before flushing toilets became common, nightstands usually had a chamber pot in them. Nightstands which were made a long time ago sometimes had a drawer, and they usually had a small cupboard at the bottom.

paragraphs: Nightstands used today usually also have a drawer. Things like lamps, alarm clocks, mobile phones, water or medication, which could be useful during the night, are often put either on top of or inside nightstands.

paragraphs: French, Italian and Spanish antique nightstands usually have a drawer and a small cupboard with only one door. They can also have special finishes, like bronze.

paragraphs: It is thought that the word "nightstand" was first used in 1892.


title: Rob Bourdon

paragraphs: Robert Gregory Bourdon (born January 20, 1979) is the drummer and youngest member of the rock band Linkin Park. Bourdon was born in Calabasas, California and now lives in Los Angeles. He grew up in the same town as the members of Incubus and Hoobastank. Bourdon started to play drums after watching an Aerosmith concert. His mother, Patty, is friends with Joey Kramer, Aerosmith's drummer. They also dated when the were much younger. This friendship meant they were able to go backstage and see the entire production. Kramer also gave Bourdon a kick pedal.

paragraphs: In his early teen years, Bourdon played in a few bands with his friends. It was around that time that he met his current Linkin Park bandmate, Brad Delson. They played together for about a year in a band called Relative Degree. Their goal was to play at the Roxy Theatre. After achieving their goal with a sell-out show, Relative Degree eventually broke up.

paragraphs: Bourdon once dated actress Shiri Appleby. He dated actress Vanessa Lee Evigan, starting in 2001 but has been single since at least early 2008. His birthday was featured on an episode of iTunes' LPTV. On January 20, 2004, Linkin Park played a show in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the band can be seen joking around backstage and saying that it is Bourdon's twentieth. Bourdon's favorite songs to play are "In the End", "Tinfoil" and "The Little Things Give You Away". His hobbies include playing the piano (although he has never done so for a Linkin Park recording) and surfing.

paragraphs: Bourdon wears racing shoes to get a better feel for the drum pedals; he says it gives him better control of the pedals. He also said that the song "Easier to Run" was the most difficult to play because he had to approach the drums very differently in which he was able to record the song in a few takes.


title: Jayne Mansfield

paragraphs: Jayne Mansfield (born Vera Jayne Palmer; April 19, 1933 – June 29, 1967) was an American movie, stage, and television actress. She was also a nightclub entertainer, a singer, and one of the early "Playboy" Playmates. Mansfield became a major Broadway star in 1955, a major movie star in 1956, and a major celebrity in 1957.

paragraphs: Mansfield was the only child of Herbert William Palmer (1904–1936) and Vera Jeffrey Palmer (1903–2000). She was born in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania. Her father was of German descent and her mother was of English descent.

paragraphs: After her father's death in 1936, Jayne, her mother, and stepfather Harry Lawrence Peers moved to Dallas, Texas. After high school graduation, she studied acting at Southern Methodist University and the University of Texas at Austin.

paragraphs: While in college, she had a number of small jobs such as hat check girl and nightclub photographer. She won many beauty pageants. She performed in local theater productions around Austin.

paragraphs: In 1955, Mansfield went to New York City. She appeared in the Broadway production of "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" The critics praised her performance. She appeared in 400 plus shows of the play between 1955 and 1956.

paragraphs: She went to Hollywood in 1956. 20th Century Fox signed her to a six-year contract in an effort to replace the troubled Marilyn Monroe. Her first starring movie role was Jerri Jordan in "The Girl Can't Help It" (1956).

paragraphs: During production, she still appeared on Broadway in "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" The movie studio finally bought out her contract, and shut the show down. In 1957, she appeared in a movie version of the play.

paragraphs: Mansfield's movies include "The Wayward Bus" (1957), "Too Hot to Handle" (1960), and "Promises! Promises!" (1963). She won the Golden Globe for Most Promising Newcomer - Female for "The Wayward Bus". On television, she made guest appearances on drama series, game shows, variety shows, and many talk shows.

paragraphs: Mansfield was one of Hollywood's original blonde bombshells. When the demand for big-breasted blonde bombshells decreased in the early 1960s, she became a box-office has-been.

paragraphs: She remained a popular celebrity however. Her nightclub acts and summer theater appearances attracted crowds. She made cheap "indies" and European melodramas and comedies.

paragraphs: Mansfield became the first major American actress to have a nude starring role in a Hollywood movie. The movie was "Promises! Promises!". Hugh Hefner published nude photographs of Mansfield on the movie set in the June 1963 issue of "Playboy". He was hauled into Chicago city court on obscenity charges.

paragraphs: Mansfield married public relations professional Paul Mansfield in 1950. They had one daughter, Jayne Marie Mansfield. The couple divorced in 1956. Jayne kept "Mansfield" as her professional name.

paragraphs: She married actor-bodybuilder Mickey Hargitay in 1958. They had three children, Miklós Jeffrey Palmer Hargitay, Zoltán Anthony Hargitay, and Mariska Magdolna Hargitay. They divorced in 1963.

paragraphs: She married Italian-born movie director Matt Cimber (a.k.a. Matteo Ottaviano, né Thomas Vitale Ottaviano) in 1964. They had one son, Antonio Raphael Ottaviano (Tony Cimber). The couple separated in 1966. Their divorce was pending when Mansfield was killed in 1967.

paragraphs: Mansfield was killed in a car crash in June 1967. She was going to New Orleans for a television interview when her car crashed into the back of a truck. Her lover Sam Brody and her driver Ronnie Harrison were also killed. Three of her children - Miklós, Zoltán and Mariska - escaped death with minor injuries. An urban legend about Mansfield being decapitated in the crash is untrue. She was buried on July 3 in Pennsylvania. Her gravestone is heart-shaped.


title: Edward Doty

paragraphs: Edward Doty (c. 1599 – August 23, 1655 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony).

paragraphs: Edward Doty was a passenger on the historic 1620 voyage of the "Mayflower". He was a servant to Stephen Hopkins. Hopkins was making his second journey to the New World having travelled for ten years under Capt. John Smith at Jamestown in Virginia Colony.

paragraphs: Doty was born in England. It is thought he was from East Halton in Lincolnshire. According to author Charles Banks, Doty lived in London at some point and traveled with another Londoner, Stephen Hopkins, as his servant.

paragraphs: Edward Doty left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" spotted land. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

paragraphs: Doty was one of two indentured servants of Stephen Hopkins. The other servant was Edward Leister. They travelled with Hopkins and his family.

paragraphs: When they landed the men went to find a place where they could live and grow crops. One of the first exploration missions included William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish , Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edward Doty. According to William Bradford, they left in a small board in below freezing weather. Many of the men were already ill. Bradford wrote that when they set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as if they had been glazed. Of this group Hopkins was the most experienced, having seen Native Americans during his time at Jamestown. During this trip the "Mayflower" men came upon some Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a large whale. The Natives ran when they saw the men. The men camped while trying to protect themselves and stay warm.

paragraphs: In late 1620, Doty went with Stephen Hopkins and others on other explorations of the Cape Cod area.

paragraphs: Doty was one of the "Mayflower" passengers that has left a record of his personality. He had a quick temper that sometimes caused him trouble. Some said he was an unfair businessman. People who made trouble were often banished from Plymouth. Isaac Allerton was forced out. Doty must have changed for the better because he lived in Plymouth his whole life.

paragraphs: Edward Doty became a rich land owner with servants himself. At times, he could be disagreeable with others. This caused him to be in the Plymouth court many times.

paragraphs: Doty’s first problem with the law came after the Pilgrims had begun building their settlement. In June of 1621 Doty fought a duel (with a sword and dagger) with Edward Leister. Edward Leister was the other servant of Stephen Hopkins. The result was that one man was wounded in the hand and one in the thigh. Their punishment was to be tied head and feet together for one day without food or drink. But soon their master Stephen Hopkins felt sorry for them and asked to end their punishment. He promised they would change their behavior. The Governor let them free.

paragraphs: In the 1623 Division of Land, Doty received 1 acre of land. After that he received 20 acres more. He also purchased much land and became quite wealthy. Some of his land in Plymouth is where the Mayflower Society House now stands.

paragraphs: Doty received some cattle in the 1627 Division of the Cattle. At that time he had finished his term of service to Stephen Hopkins. His name as “Edward Dolton”, is listed with the family of John Howland and wife Elizabeth. In Plymouth Colony records, Doty’s name was also spelled variously as Doten (Mayflower Compact), Dotey (1626 Purchasers and 1643 bear arms lists), Dolton (1627 Division of the Cattle), and Dowty (1633/34 tax lists).

paragraphs: The 1632 records of the Plymouth Court has twenty-three cases that mentions Edward Doty. There were complaints that he cheated people, said bad things about people which were not true, fought with people, and stole. Doty was never punished except for paying small fines. This means that most of the cases were found to be untrue or very minor cases. Except for the duel in 1621, he never had any physical punishment. Physical punishment could have been whipping, branding, banishment, prison and public punishment.

paragraphs: Except for his occasional court cases, Doty lived a normal life as a freeman, paying his taxes and all his debts. He received some special property rights and benefits from being classed as a “first comer” or "Mayflower" passenger.

paragraphs: The joined with other members of the community in a town meeting of February 10, 1643. He was assigned with George Clark, John Shaw, Francis Billington and others to build a wolf trap in the town of Plain Dealing.”

paragraphs: Doty's name appears on the August 1643 Able to Bear Arms (ATBA) List. It is spelled “Edward Dotey”. This was for the protection of the colony against unfriendly Indians or other enemies.

paragraphs: Edward Doty married Faith Clarke. They had nine children.

paragraphs: The parents of Faith Clarke on January 9, 1635 were Thurston (Tristram) and Faith Clarke. They arrived in Plymouth Colony on the ship “Francis” in 1634. Many of Doty’s court cases involved Thurston and George Clarke. He had many disagreements, including fights with the family of his wife. Bradford wrote that Doty by a second wife has seven children, and all are living. They had two more children after he wrote that.

paragraphs: The children were named Edward, Thomas, John, Samuel, Desire, Isaac, Elizabeth, Joseph, Mary.

paragraphs: Edward Doty made out his will on May 20, 1655. Doty said that he was sick but still had a good memory. His will was witnessed by John Howland, John Cooke, James Hurst, and William Hoskins. Doty signed his will with a mark because he never learned to write.

paragraphs: Edward Doty died on August 23, 1655 in Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony and was buried at Burial Hill Cemetery where there is a memorial stone for him.


title: Chum Bucket

paragraphs: The Chum Bucket a fictional restaurant in the television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". It is in the city of Bikini Bottom. The restaurant is run by a plankton named Sheldon J. Plankton. It does not get a lot of customers. This is because of it sells a food called chum, which cannot be eaten.

paragraphs: Plankton's wife, Karen, is a computer. She often appears on the wall of the back room of the Chum Bucket. The Krusty Krab is the Chum Bucket's rival across the street. The Krusty Krab sells delicious food, hamburgers called Krabby Patties.


title: Mahinda Rajapaksa

paragraphs: Mahinda Rajapaksa (born 18 November 1945) is a Sri Lankan politician. He is the current Prime Minister of Sri Lanka since 21 November 2019. Before, he was the disputed Prime Minister from 26 October to 15 December 2018. He also was the 6th President of Sri Lanka. He was president from 19 November 2005 to 9 January 2015.


title: Race movie

paragraphs: Race movie is an American movie genre. Such movies were made by African Americans for African Americans. Casts were all-African Americans. These movies ran in African American theaters. Oscar Micheaux is the most famous producer, writer, and director of race movies.


title: Ted Manson

paragraphs: Theodore "Ted" Manson (October 23, 1926 – June 1, 2008) was an American actor. His career lasted over 30 years.

paragraphs: Manson was born in Columbus, Ohio on October 23, 1926. He graduated from West High School. He attended both Ohio State University and John Carroll University. In the 1950s he started acting with the Players Club and the Ohio State University Players.

paragraphs: After working in a real estate, he returned to acting in 1979. He appeared on the television shows "In the Heat of the Night" and "Matlock". He appeared in Hollywood movies, including "Elizabethtown", "" and "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button".

paragraphs: Manson died from complications of lung cancer on June 1, 2008 in Atlanta, Georgia, aged 81.


title: The Betrayal

paragraphs: The Betrayal (1948) is a race movie written, produced, and directed by Oscar Micheaux. It is based on his book "The Wind From Nowhere" (1943) and his movie "The Homesteader" (1919). The movie tells of the tangled relationships among African American farm people in South Dakota. It stars Leroy Collins in his one and only movie role. The movie was poorly received among both white and black critics. No print is known to exist. It is considered a "lost" movie. It was the first race movie to open in a white theater.

paragraphs: Martin Eden is a successful African American farmer in South Dakota. He is in love with Deborah Stewart. He believes that she is white and that she is not interested in him. He is unaware that Deborah loves him.

paragraphs: Martin goes to Chicago to look for a wife. He meets Linda. They fall in love and marry, and then return to Martin’s farm. They have a baby. Their happiness ends when Linda’s jealous father tells her that Martin is homicidal. She runs away from the farm with the baby and returns to Chicago. Martin finds her in the city. Linda shoots him during a fight.

paragraphs: In South Dakota, Deborah learns she is African American. She goes to Chicago and meets Linda. Linda agrees to divorce Martin so he can marry Deborah. Linda gives her baby to Deborah to raise. Martin and Deborah return to South Dakota. Linda kills her father for his role in ruining her marriage.


title: Computer animation

paragraphs: Computer animation (or CGI animation) is the art of using computer graphics for animation, creating moving images in either 2D or 3D.