title: Dési Bouterse

paragraphs: Desiré Delano "Dési" Bouterse (born 13 October 1945) is a Surinamese politician. He was the President of Suriname from 2010 to 2020. From 1980 to 1987 he was Suriname's "de facto" leader when the country was under military rule.

paragraphs: On February 25, 1980, the government of Suriname underwent a military coup led by Bouterse. Though the Suriname Presidency was retained, Bouterse was the nation's ruler until his resignation in 1988.

paragraphs: Bouterse is held responsible for the numerous human rights violations committed under his dictatorship, such as the murder of 15 people known as the , and the massacre in the village Moiwana.

paragraphs: On July 19, 2010, he was elected as President of Suriname with 36 of 50 parliament votes.


title: Mog (Judith Kerr)

paragraphs: Mog, is the main character in a series of books for children. The author is Judith Kerr. In the series Mog was well loved by Mr and Mrs Thomas (Mog's owners) and their two children Nicky and Debbie. In the books Mog, a cat, would often get into a difficult situation with a new character or event.

paragraphs: Mog died of old age in the final book, "Goodbye, Mog" and goes to heaven. It was published in 2002. It is not usual for a pet to die in stories for young children just learning to read. Kerr said ""I don't think it was so much about killing off Mog, as rather doing something about dying...and being remembered."

paragraphs: In November 2015, Mog came back as a CGI character for the 2015 Christmas video advert for the supermarket, Sainsbury's. In "Mog's Christmas Calamity" Mog accidentally starts a fire in her house after having a bad dream. She saves her family by calling firefighters by running across the telephone and dialing the emergency number. She is a hero for saving her owners, and is later given an egg as a treat. A special plush Mog and book version of the story were sold at Sainsbury's, with all profits being donated to Save the Children's child literacy work.


title: Chesterton Community Sports College

paragraphs: Chesterton Community Sports College is a school in Newcastle-under-Lyme. It has received very good GCSE results. There are 5 periods in a day, all one hour each way. Break time is fifteen minutes. Lunch is fifty-five minutes.


title: Bettringen

paragraphs: Bettringen is a village in southwest Germany. About 9,000 people live there. It is part of the town of Schwäbisch Gmünd. It is near Stuttgart.

paragraphs: The village is about 800 years old. It was founded in 1218. In the 15th century, the names "Oberbettringen" (upper Bettringen) and "Unterbettringen" (lower Bettringen) are found in documents. In 1464, it first became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. Later it became independent again.

paragraphs: In 1870, more than 500 people lived in Bettringen. Some other villages were part of it.

paragraphs: In 1959, it became part of Schwäbisch Gmünd. That was before the area reforms of Baden-Württemberg.

paragraphs: The city council has eight members of the CDU, four members of the SPD, three members of the Green Party and one seat for the FDP.


title: Winfried Kretschmann

paragraphs: Winfried Kretschmann (born May 17, 1948 in Spaichingen) is the Minister-President of the Southwest German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. He is the first Minister-President of the Green Party.

paragraphs: Kretschmann is born to Catholic parents. He went to school in Riedlingen (District of Biberach). His parents wanted him to become a priest. Instead he joined a school for teaching education and became teacher for Biology, Chemistry and Ethics.

paragraphs: Kretschmann started his political career at the Communist League of West Germany in 1973. He later changed his view and is now part of the more conservative Green party.

paragraphs: In 1979/80 he was a co-founder of the Green Party in Baden-Württemberg. He was leader of the Green Party in Baden-Württemberg from 1983 to 1984 and 2002 to 2011. In 2011 he became ninth Minister-President of Baden-Württemberg. He was President of the Bundesrat from 2012 to 2013.

paragraphs: In the parliamentarian of the Baden-Wuerttemberg state parliament election 2016 he was reelected.

paragraphs: Kretschmann is married and has three children.


title: Riedlingen

paragraphs: Riedlingen is a town in the German federal state of Baden-Württemberg. About 10,000 people live there. It is near the Danube.

paragraphs: Riedlingen is over 1,000 years old. Its foundation is dated back to the 13th century. Documents mention it as early as 835. In 1806, it became part of the Kingdom of Württemberg. In 1973 it became part of the District of Biberach.

paragraphs: Riedlingen's current mayor is Marcus Schafft (CDU).


title: François Cavanna

paragraphs: François Cavanna (22 February 1923 – 29 January 2014) was a French author and satirical newspaper editor.

paragraphs: He helped create the "Hara Kiri" and "Charlie Hebdo". He wrote in many of genres including reportage, satire, essays, novels, autobiography and humor. He also translated six books about famous cartoonists.

paragraphs: Cavanna was born on 22 February 1923 in Nogent-sur-Marne. his father was Italian. Cavanna died on 29 January 2014 in Créteil, France from Parkinson's disease, aged 90.


title: Mamdouh Eldamaty

paragraphs: Mamdouh Mohamed Gad Eldamaty (; born December 6, 1961 in Cairo) is Professor of Egyptology at the Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Ain Shams University in Cairo. On May 15, 2011, he became Cultural Counselor and Head of Educational Mission at the Embassy of Egypt in Berlin.

paragraphs: He attended high school in Cairo. In 1979, he registered at the Faculty of Archeology, Cairo University. In July 1981, he was looking for a summer job as a student. He went to the Egyptian Museum in Cairo and met with Dr. Mohamed Saleh, the vice director of the museum. He worked there for one month. In summer 1982, he worked at the museum again for a summer student job. He did work that brought him in contact with all departments of the museum. In 1983, he graduated at the Faculty of Archeology, Cairo University.

paragraphs: After his graduation, he worked again for the museum for one month for free. After that, he joined the restoration team of the Coptic Museum for several months. In January 1984, he started his 15 month long conscription service. He worked at the museum again from April 1985 to September 1987. He rejoined his Faculty at Cairo University to resume higher studies. The thesis of his Master's Degree was "St- Meskhnet hall at Dendara Temple, linguistic and cultural study" under supervision of Prof. Abdelhalim Noureldin and partnership of Dr. Ola El-Aguizy.

paragraphs: Through his work at the Museum he became acquainted to many Egyptologists and archaeologists who visited the Museum. Among those was Prof. Erich Winter at Trier University, who along with his wife visited Egypt in 1987 and were accompanied by the young Mamdouh Eldamaty during their 3-day visit to Siwa Oasis. This new contact proved to be quite useful as Prof. Winter encouraged the young Egyptologist to continue his studies under his supervision at the Department of Egyptology at Trier University.

paragraphs: In October 1988 he worked as a curator at Faculty of Archaeology Museum of Cairo University. During his work he got his Master Degree in April 1989 in Egyptology from the same faculty. Immediately he left Egypt for Germany on leave to prepare his PhD.

paragraphs: Trying his luck without any state sponsored scholarship it was rather difficult to get an entry visa to study in Germany without guarantor. Thanks to the help and support of his Professor and guarantor, Prof. Dr. Mohamed Saleh, an entry visa was issued and he started his German courses at Cologne University as soon as he arrived to Germany. He supported his life by working during summer vacation. While in Cologne he held correspondence with Trier University. He got an acceptance from Trier University, which he joined from winter semester 1989/ 1990. He started his Trier residence by learning German until he acquired the ‘Prüfung zum Nachweis der Deutsch Sprachkenntnis’ that qualified him to regular study at the university. He registered for Egyptology as major subject with classical archaeology and ethnology as minor subject in summer semester 1991.

paragraphs: At the winter semester 1992/ 93 he registered for his PhD with thesis ‘Sokar- Osiris- Kapelle im Tempel von Dendera’ for which he received a study scholarship from Ministry of Culture at Rhineland Palatia that enabled him to conclude his study in June 1995.

paragraphs: During his stay in Germany, on February 26th 1992 he married Aida Abdelghany Ahmed, who studied sociology at Zagazig University. She accompanied him to Germany where gave birth to their first daughter, Mariam (11.Feb. 1993) in Trier.

paragraphs: Having concluded his PhD, he returned to Egypt in September 1995 but kept visiting Trier frequently in the years 1996, 1997, 1999, 2002, 2004 and 2007 in order to follow recent publications and studies on Egyptology.

paragraphs: Back in Cairo, where the family got a son and another daughter, he resumed his work for the Faculty’s Museum until January 1996.

paragraphs: Starting from January 1996 he started as lecturer for Egyptology at Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Cairo University, Fayoum Branch. Upon founding an archaeological department at the Faculty of arts, Ain Shams University in August 1998, he moved to the new department as a lecturer for Egyptology until end of 2001.

paragraphs: At the beginning of 2001 he was appointed Director General of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, a post that he held until End of January 2004.

paragraphs: During his directorship the Museum witnessed several far reaching activities, developing its cellar (April 2001), restoration of old records of the Museum (May 2001), preparing for the second chamber for royal mummies (June 2001) and establishing restoration laboratory for papyrus, in cooperation with Corrado Basile, Director of Istituto Internazionale del Papiro, Siracusa in Italy (March 2003).

paragraphs: In July 2001 he laid forward a concept for the centennial of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, which included several projects to promote and develop the old institution. This concept was approved by Dr. Gaballa Ali Gaballa, the then Secretary General of the Higher Council for Monuments and by the Minister of Culture as well.

paragraphs: These activities were performed in late 2002 in the time of the successor of Gaballa, Dr. Zahi Hawas, who gave this ceremony special attention.

paragraphs: Eldamaty was assigned also to supervise the external exhibitions committee from May 2002 till February 2004.

paragraphs: Having concluded his assignment at the Egyptian Museum he returned to his main work in teaching at the Ain Shams University. There he got the post of associate professor of Egyptology at the Faculty of Arts from 25.03.2001 till 20.08.2006. As of 21.08.2006 he became a full professor of Egyptology and presided over the archaeological Department of Faculty of Arts at Ain Shams University from 12.09.2006 till 12.09.2009.

paragraphs: Besides he was assigned to head the college center for studies, consultations and training from 15.10.2008 till 13.10.2009 when he overtook the post of director of open education center from 22.03.2009 till 15.11.2009.

paragraphs: Starting from 13.09.2009 till 14.05.2011 he was the Dean of Faculty of Arts at the Ain Shams University. During his deanship he supervised the project for sustainable development and qualifying for Accreditation. This sustainable development specified certain criteria for selection of university cadres, which was approved by the college council, albeit not by the university council due to the political conditions accompanying the Arab spring in January 2011.

paragraphs: Following the revolution he organized the first election process in Egyptian universities to choose his successor as Dean of the Faculty in March 2011, as he left the country on 15.05.2011 in the capacity of cultural counselor at the Egyptian Embassy to Berlin and head of educational mission there. At this post he supervises all Egyptian students in Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Norway.

paragraphs: Ptolemaic period” in the faculty of archaeology, Cairo university.

paragraphs: the Ptolemaic time” in the faculty of archaeology, Cairo university, branch of

paragraphs: Museum of Egyptian antiquities to be built in Giza (from Sep.1999 to

paragraphs: Legion of Honor “Cavalier” from the Italian Government (Oct. 10. 2004).

paragraphs: State Award for Excellence in Social Sciences (Jun. 21. 2010)

paragraphs: (together with Mohamed Saleh), Athens 2003. (in Greece).


title: Ralph Hall

paragraphs: Ralph Moody Hall (May 3, 1923 – March 7, 2019) was an American politician. He was a United States representative from Texas from 1981 through 2015.

paragraphs: He was the dean of the Texas congressional delegation. He was also the former chairman of the House Committee on Science, Space and Technology from 2011 to 2013.

paragraphs: He is also a member of the Committee on Energy and Commerce. Originally a member of the Democratic Party for more than fifty years, in 2004 he switched to the Republican Party.

paragraphs: He was the last of two World War II veterans serving in Congress, the other being Michigan Congressman John Dingell.

paragraphs: Hall was born on May 3, 1923 in Fate, Texas. He studied at Southern Methodist University. Hall married Mary Ellen in 1944. They had three children. Ellen died in 2008. Hall died at his ranch in Rockwall, Texas, a suburb of Dallas on March 7, 2019 from cardiac arrest, aged 95.


title: Tlatelolco (Mexico City)

paragraphs: Tlatelolco ("") is an area in the Cuauhtémoc borough of Mexico City. It is centered on the Plaza de las Tres Culturas.


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title: Solid geometry

paragraphs: Solid geometry is the geometry of three-dimensional Euclidean space. It includes the measurements of volumes of various solid figures (three-dimensional figures). These include pyramids, cylinders, cones, spheres, and prisms.

paragraphs: It is Euclidean geometry, but not plane geometry. Points are defined as a defined position on a sphere. A "staight line" is the shortest path between two points which stays on the surface of the sphere.

paragraphs: Euclid's account of spherical geometry is in his Elements volumes XIXIII containing solid geometry, and in his lesser-known work the "Phaenomena", which includes 25 geometric propositions. The actual discoveries were often made by others.

paragraphs: The Pythagoreans dealt with the regular solids, like the cube and the sphere. The pyramid, prism, cone and cylinder were not studied until the Platonists. Eudoxus proved the pyramid and cone have one-third the volume of a prism and cylinder on the same base and of the same height.

paragraphs: The equations for areas and volumes in two and three dimensions was proved by Archimedes. One of Archimedes' works was called "On the sphere and the cylinder". He asked that a carving of the two solid figures be placed on his tomb. He specified a "right circular cylinder with height equal to its circumference" because he had used this in his proof.

paragraphs: People use solid geometry for many purposes including engineering and the calculation of perspective.


title: Not proven

paragraphs: Not proven is a type of verdict in Scottish law. Out of the country, the "not proven" verdict may be referred to as the Scottish verdict, and in Scotland itself it may be referred to colloquially as the bastard verdict, which was a term coined by Sir Walter Scott, who was sheriff in the court of Selkirk.

paragraphs: Scottish law is distinct from English law, and this is one of the differences. Juries may convict with a guilty verdict or they may acquit (see below)). A criminal case jury consists of 15 jurors, and make their decision by a simple majority vote: eight votes are necessary and sufficient for the verdict ""guilty"", which has replaced the older verdict ""proven"".

paragraphs: In Scotland there are two forms of acquittal:


title: Sacrum

paragraphs: In humans, the sacrum is a large, triangular bone. It is at the bottom of the spine and the upper and back part of the pelvis.

paragraphs: It fits like a wedge between the two hip bones. Its upper part connects with the last lumbar vertebra, and bottom part with the coccyx (tailbone). During the first half of life these bones gradually fuse together.

paragraphs: The sacrum is concave facing forward, and tilted forward. The sacrum connects with four bones:


title: Solero

paragraphs: Solero is a ice-cream brand, usually fruit and/or berry flavored, sold under the Heartbrand name by Unilever.

paragraphs: Solero is sold as Splice in Australia and as Salar in Iran.


title: Dogecoin

paragraphs: Dogecoin is a Litecoin-based digital currency (cryptocurrency). It was created by Billy Markus and Jackson Palmer on 8 December 2013, and was inspired by the Shiba Inu featured in the "Doge" internet meme.


title: Outstanding Eagle Scout Award

paragraphs: The NESA Outstanding Eagle Scout Award (NOESA) is a distinguished service award of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA). It is awarded to an Eagle Scout by the for distinguished service to his profession and community. He must be recommended by his local BSA council, NESA committee, Scout executive and council president.

paragraphs: A council may present one NOESA per year plus one award for every 100 Eagle Scout awards above of 200 awards presented to youth the previous year. The Distinguished Eagle Scout Award (DESA) is a similar distinguished award, but requires twenty-five years as an Eagle Scout. NOESA is not required for the DESA award, but DESA recipients may not receive the NOESA.

paragraphs: The award consists of a round gold pendant with the NOESA emblem in silver. It is suspended from a blue ribbon. The NOESA emblem is in the shape of the NESA logo. It is round with a descending knot, with an eagle in flight and the word NOESA. A smaller pin-on version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the Eagle Scout square knot patch on the Scout uniform. A lapel pin version of the NOESA emblem may be worn on the lapel when not in uniform. The recipient is also presented with a certificate.

paragraphs: The NOESA was introduced during BSA'a 100th Anniversary year with the first 152 awards being made in 2011 by the National Eagle Scout Association. This was on the recommendation of local council NESA Committees. In 2012, an additional 179 were awarded bringing the total to 331. The award was created to recognize notable Eagle Scouts who had either performed their distinguished service closer to home (at the local, state, or regional level) or who were known nationally, but had not yet been an Eagle for 25-years: a requirement for the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award.

paragraphs: For more details: "List of Eagle Scouts"


title: 2013–14 Cambodian protests

paragraphs: Cambodian protests or Anti-government protests, have been going on in Cambodia since July 2013. Demonstrations in Phnom Penh have taken place against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen. These were because many reasons, including widespread claims of election fraud during the Cambodian general election of 2013. Protesters want the minimum wage raised to $160 a month. There is also resentment over Vietnamese influence in Cambodia. Also, Cambodia is a very poor country and the government is not doing much to address the issues. The main opposition party, CNRP (Cambodia National Rescue Party), refused to participate in parliament after the elections. Major demonstrations took place all through December 2013. The government took action in January 2014. This led to the deaths of 4 people and the clearing of the main protest camp.

paragraphs: Hun Sen has been the prime minister of Cambodia for 28 years. He is the leader of the Cambodian People's Party (CPP). In 2013 he was challenged by Sam Rainsy leader of the Cambodia National Rescue Party (CNRP). On 28 July 2013 general elections were held in Cambodia. The ruling Cambodian People's Party claimed victory by winning 68 seats in Parliament. The Cambodia National Rescue Party won 55 seats. They then rejected the election results and boycotted the opening of parliament. The CNRP claimed there had been irregularities with the voting. The European Union (E.U.) and the United States also expressed concern about possible fraud. The international non-governmental organisation Human Rights Watch called for an 'independent commission' to investigate charges of election fraud.

paragraphs: Security police clashed with Cambodian protesters when the police blocked the two main roads near the Kbal Thnal Bridge leading into Phnom Penh. Police shot and killed one protester wearing a yellow headband with the word, “We demand Justice”. Three others were seriously injured. Ten people were arrested. Police used firearms, tear gas and against the protesters. The protesters smashed a barrier in the middle of a road. They also threw rocks, shoes and other objects at the police. One policeman was injured. This clash happened the day before the scheduled talks between Prime Minister Hun Sen and CRNP leader Sam Rainsy.

paragraphs: A woman was shot and nine others were wounded when clothing workers in Phnom Penh protested . About 100 police blocked some 600 protesters who were airing their complaints over low pay and poor working conditions along Stung Meanchey road. Police fired live bullets and tear gas to rescue fellow officers. Protesters threw rocks at police. When protesters retreated into a pagoda police fired tear gas into the building. Buddhist monks joined in the protests also throwing rocks at police. More than a dozen people including several monks were arrested.

paragraphs: On 27 December striking garment workers and police officers clashed on a road on the outskirts of Phnom Penh. The opposition party organised large protests in Phnom Penh during December, including motorbike rallies. The government called the protests illegal and stated that they were 'inciting anarchy'.

paragraphs: On 3 January at least four people were shot to death and 20 others were injured when police opened fire to break up a protest by garment workers. The workers were demanding their minimum wage be doubled. They had blocked the road with burning tires. Protesters also threw objects at police. By this time most of the workers at Cambodia's 500 factories were on strike. The demand was still for a $160 a month in minimum wage while the government had offered $100. This was the second day of strikes and clashes with police. The opposition party and anti-government protesters have close ties with the labor movement. Unions representing disgruntled garment workers joined the protest with opposition supporters against the government of Prime Minister Hun Sen. They want a re-run of the July election. Sam Rainsy, CNRP leader promised to nearly double wage to $160 if CNRP wins a re-election.

paragraphs: On 4 January a camp occupied by anti-government demonstrators was taken down by Cambodian officials. The camp was in Freedom Park. Hundreds of CNRP supporters started occupying the space on 15 December. It is the only place in Phnom Penh that allowed protests. Protesters fled with their belongings as they saw police approaching. Police did not enter the park, but allowed security guards and city workers to take down the stage and clear the grounds. In spite of the clearing of the park a rally planned for Sunday would go ahead according to Rainsy. At that rally at least eight people injured. On 6 January a protest was led by radio station owner Mam Sonando. They gathered in front of the Cambodia Ministry of Information to demand a license for a television channel. The government rejected the application saying that there was no frequency available. All local TV channels are closely linked to Prime Minister Hun Sen.


title: Perfume (song)

paragraphs: "Perfume" is a ballad released by Britney Spears in late 2013. It is from her 8th studio album "Britney Jean". It is the second single from the album. It stalled in the bottom 50 of the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Britney Jean

paragraphs: Britney Jean is the 8th studio album release from Britney Spears. Singles released from the album include "Work Bitch" and "Perfume".


title: Thomas Young

paragraphs: Thomas Young (13 June 1773 – 10 May 1829) was an English polymath. Young made important scientific contributions to many fields. His most famous work is on the wave theory of light. He also did good work to the fields of vision, solid mechanics, energy, physiology, language, musical harmony, and Egyptology. Among others, William Herschel, Hermann von Helmholtz, James Clerk Maxwell and Albert Einstein have praised Young's work.


title: Physalis

paragraphs: The Physalis is a genus of plants that is part of the nightshade family. There are between 75 and 90 species. All except one are native to the Americas.

paragraphs: The plants grow small orange fruit encased in a lantern-like husk that comes from the calyx. They are similar to the tomato. Since it has a mild, refreshing acidity similar to the tomato, it can be used in many of the same ways. Many "Physalis" species are called groundcherries.


title: Michael Silka

paragraphs: Michael Alan Silka (20 August 1958 in Hoffman Estates, Illinois, near Chicago – 19 May 1984 in Alaska) was an American spree killer. It is believed that he killed nine people near a town called Manley Hot Springs in Alaska in May 1984. Silka was killed in a shootout with police after his murders.


title: Delaware State University

paragraphs: Delaware State University (also called DSU, DESU, or Del State) is a public university in Dover, Delaware. It is a historically black university. That means that it was started to teach African American students.

paragraphs: DSU has campuses in Wilmington, Delaware and Georgetown, Delaware. It has six colleges. It has about 4,500 students, both undergraduate and postgraduate. DSU is the second-largest university in the state (after the University of Delaware).

paragraphs: The school started on May 15, 1891 as the State College for Colored Students. It first gave degrees in 1898. In 1944, it received provisional accreditation. Three years later, it became Delaware State College. The school lost its accreditation in 1949, but got it back in 1957. On July 1, 1993, the school's name changed to Delaware State University.

paragraphs: The main campus in Dover covers . It has thirty buildings. There are seven buildings where students live, four for women and three for men. There are also three apartment-style buildings where upperclassmen live. There are two dining halls.

paragraphs: The university has several research computer laboratories. Almost every building has a computer lab. Every student has their own port for internet access, their own phone, and a campus email address. There is cable television access in all residence hall rooms. Most campus buildings also have wireless connectivity.

paragraphs: DSU owns two farms near Kenton and Smyrna. It has an Airway Science Program based at Delaware Air Park in Cheswold.


title: Bubblegum pop

paragraphs: Bubblegum pop, is a style of pop music. It derives from synthpop. It is much like its predecessors, although it adds traditional nursery rhymes to a synth background. The Archies created this genre of music. "Sugar, Sugar" is the first song which The Archies made that is bubblegum pop. Bubblegum pop also can be called bubblegum music, or just simply bubblegum.


title: The Mighty Hannibal

paragraphs: James Timothy Shaw (August 9, 1939 – January 30, 2014), known as The Mighty Hannibal, was an American R&B, soul and funk singer, songwriter and record producer.

paragraphs: Hannibal died on January 30, 2014, at the age of 74.


title: Abdirizak Haji Hussein

paragraphs: Abdirizak Haji Hussein (; ; December 24, 1924January 31, 2014) was Prime Minister of Somalia from 14 June 1964 to 15 July 1967. From 1975 to 1980, he also served as the country's ambassador to the United Nations. He was a former member of the Somali Youth League. He played an important part in the nation's early civilian administration.

paragraphs: Hussein died from pneumonia on January 31, 2014 in Minneapolis, Minnesota after being hospitalized for a week.


title: Miklós Jancsó

paragraphs: Miklós Jancsó (27 September 192131 January 2014) was a Hungarian movie director and screenwriter.

paragraphs: Jancsó became famous during the mid-1960s. His famous works were "The Round Up" ("Szegénylegények", 1965), "The Red and the White" ("Csillagosok, katonák", 1967) and "Red Psalm" ("Még kér a nép", 1971).

paragraphs: Jancsó died on 31 January 2014, aged 92.


title: Christopher Jones (actor)

paragraphs: William Frank Jones, better known as Christopher Jones (August 18, 1941 – January 31, 2014), was an American movie and television actor. He was known for his roles on "Ryan's Daughter" and in "The Legend of Jesse James". He was also known for having a love-affair with Sharon Tate shortly before her murder.

paragraphs: Jones was born on August 18, 1941 in Jackson, Tennessee. He was married to Susan Strasberg, Lee Strasberg's daughter. They had one child. Jones died on January 31, 2014 from gallbladder cancer, aged 74.


title: Everett Dirksen

paragraphs: Everett McKinley Dirksen (January 4, 1896 – September 7, 1969) was an American politician. He represented Illinois in the U.S. House of Representatives (1933–1949) and U.S. Senate (1951–1969).

paragraphs: As Senate Minority Leader for ten years, he was very important in the politics during the 1960s. Some things he did was to help passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Open Housing Act of 1968, both landmarks of civil rights legislation.

paragraphs: He was also one of the Senate's strongest supporters of the Vietnam War and was known as "The Wizard of Ooze" for his oratorical style. Dirksen was a freemason.

paragraphs: Dirksen died on September 7, 1969 in Washington, D.C. from cardiopulmonary arrest caused by lung cancer-related bronchopneumonia, aged 73.


title: Presidential library

paragraphs: A presidential library is a system of thirteen libraries in the United States. It is created by the Office of Presidential Libraries, which is part of the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA).

paragraphs: These are offices for preserving and making available the papers, records, collections and other historical materials of every President of the United States. The presidential library system began with Herbert Hoover's library (31st President, 1929–1933).

paragraphs: The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library is the largest of the thirteen libraries. The most recent presidential library was the George W. Bush Presidential Center which opened in Texas in 2013.


paragraphs: The John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library and museum. It was constructed in honor and to remember the life and achievements of the 35th President of the United States John F. Kennedy. It is located in Boston, Massachusetts. It was designed by the architect I. M. Pei. It was opened to the public on October 20, 1979 and was rededicated on October 23, 1993.

paragraphs: On April 15, 2013, a fire began in the library. At first, reports said the fire appears to have started in a mechanical room. An official communication from the library stated that the fire is being investigated. At this time, the fire appears to be unrelated to the Boston Marathon bombings that occurred on the same day.


title: Tomáš Fleischmann

paragraphs: Tomáš Fleischmann (born May 16, 1984, in Kopřivnice, Czechoslovakia) is a former Czech NHL ice hockey left winger that played for the Chicago Blackhawks, [[Montreal Canadiens, [[Anaheim Ducks]], [[Florida Panthers]], [[Colorado Avalanche]], and [[Washington Capitals]].

paragraphs: Before playing the NHL, Fleischmann played 2 seasons with [[Moose Jaw Warriors]] of the [[Western Hockey League]]. He was drafted by the [[Detroit Red Wings]] with the 63rd overall pick in the 2002 NHL Entry Draft. He never played with the Red Wings however and he along with draft picks were traded to the [[Washington Capitals]] for [[Robert Lang]]. He played 3 seasons in the AHL with their affiliate, the [[Hershey Bears]]. Fleischmann would play 6 seasons with the Capitals and was traded to the [[Colorado Avalanche]] for [[Scott Hannan]] on November 30, 2010. His season with the Avalanche was cut short when he was diagnosed with [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary emboli]] and had to miss the rest of the season.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2011, he signed a four-year contract worth $18 million with the Florida Panthers.

paragraphs: On February 28, 2015, he was traded from Florida to [[Anaheim Ducks]] in exchange for forward [[Dany Heatley]] and a draft pick in the third round of 2015 [[NHL draft]] . After the season he left the team as an [[unrestricted free agent]]. On September 13, 2015, he was invited through [[proffesional tryout]] to [[Montreal Canadiens]] camp and on October, 4, 2015, he signed a one-year contract worth $750.000 .

paragraphs: On February, 26, 2016, he was traded along with forward [[Dale Weise]] to [[Chicago Blackhawks]] in exchange for forward [[Phillip Danault]] and a draft pick in second round of 2018 NHL draft .

paragraphs: [[Category:American Hockey League players]]


title: Aïché Nana

paragraphs: Kiash Nanah (February 1936 – 29 January 2014) or Aïché Nana was a Lebanese-born Turkish actress, dancer and stripper. She was known for inspiring the dance of "La Dolce Vita". She began her career when she was fourteen in 1960.

paragraphs: Nana died from an undisclosed disease on 29 January 2014, aged 77, at the Aurelia Hospital in Rome, Italy.


title: František Kaberle

paragraphs: František "Frank" Kaberle (born November 8, 1973, in Kladno, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey defenceman. He played a combined ten seasons in the National Hockey League. His brother Tomáš currently plays for HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and formerly played in the NHL.

paragraphs: Before playing the NHL, Kaberle played two seasons with HC Kladno of the Czech Extraliga and four seasons with Modo Hockey of the Swedish Hockey League. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings with the 76th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry Draft. Kaberle only played one season with the Kings and was traded along with Donald Audette to the Atlanta Thrashers for Kelly Buchberger and Nelson Emerson on March 13, 2000.

paragraphs: He played five seasons with the Thrashers and signed with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 15, 2004 after the 2004-05 NHL lockout. With the Hurricanes, he reached the Stanley Cup Finals and scored a powerplay goal against the Edmonton Oilers which would wind being the winner as the Hurricanes won the Stanley Cup. His contract was bought out by the Hurricanes during the final year of his contract on July 28, 2009. He retired from playing professional ice hockey in 2012.


title: Theoxena scissaria

paragraphs: Theoxena scissaria is a species of moth. It is part of the Geometridae family. Guenee used the scientific name in 1868.


title: Seymour Benzer

paragraphs: Seymour Benzer (October 15, 1921 – November 30, 2007) was an American physicist, biologist and geneticist. He was of Jewish descent.

paragraphs: His career began during the molecular biology revolution of the 1950s, and he eventually rose to prominence in the fields of molecular and behavioral genetics. He led a genetics research lab at Purdue University and at the California Institute of Technology.

paragraphs: Benzer made fundamental discoveries in two quite different fields of genetics. He got his PhD in solid-state physics, but soon switched to genetics after he read Erwin Schrödinger's book "What is Life?"

paragraphs: At Purdue University, Benzer developed the "T4 rII system", a new genetic technique. This used recombination in T4 bacteriophage rII mutants to map the inside structure of genes. Benzer realized that by generating many r mutants and recording the recombination frequency between different r strains, he could make a detailed map of the gene, much as Alfred Sturtevant had done for chromosomes.

paragraphs: Taking advantage of the enormous number of recombinants that could be analyzed in the rII mutant system, Benzer was eventually able to map over 2400 rII mutations. The data he collected provided the first evidence that the gene is not an indivisible entity, as previously believed, and that genes were linear. Based on his rII data, Benzer also proposed distinct classes of mutations including deletions, point mutations, missense mutations, and nonsense mutations.

paragraphs: Benzer was one of the first scientists in the field of behavioral genetics. As the field began to emerge in the 1960s and 70s, Benzer found himself in scientific opposition to another of the field's leading researchers, Jerry Hirsch.

paragraphs: Hirsch believed that behaviors were so complex they could not be explained as the action of single genes, Benzer thought behaviors might be directed by single genes. Both researchers tried their ideas out on "Drosophila". Hirsch artificially selected for behaviors of interest over many generations, while Benzer used methods to isolate mutants for a particular behavior. Benzer and Hirsch's competing philosophies developed behavioral genetics, and helped it become a legitimate area of study in the scientific community.

paragraphs: He was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, the Royal Society and the French Academy of Sciences.


title: Prima scriptura

paragraphs: In Christianity, prima scriptura is the idea that canonical scripture is the most important kind of divine revelation. People who believe in this idea say that revelation that comes from scripture is more important than revelation that comes from other sources. Other sources include traditions, spiritual gifts, conscience, common sense and the views of experts. Prima scriptura suggests that there are ways of knowing or understanding God and his will that do not originate from canonized scripture. These may be helpful in interpreting that scripture, but that if they seem to contradict the scriptures, the scriptures should be used instead.

paragraphs: Prima scriptura is sometimes mentioned together with Sola scriptura. Sola scriptura is a view mainly held by protestants which states that only scripture is the source of divine revelation. Sola scriptura rejects scripture which is not in the Bible, while prima scriptura says that there may be such scripture.


title: Pseudocoremia

paragraphs: Pseudocoremia is a genus of moth. It is part of the family Geometridae. This genus is endemic to New Zealand.


title: Tatosoma

paragraphs: Tatosoma is a genus of moths. It is part of the family Geometridae.


title: Graphania

paragraphs: Graphania is a genus of moths. It is part of the Noctuidae family.

paragraphs: The genus is made up of more than 100 species. Some of them are:


title: Crocin

paragraphs: Crocin is a chemical compound that produces a type of natural pigment. It is found in the flowers of crocus and gardenia plants. It has a deep red colour. Crocin is what is mainly responsible for the colour of saffron. It is also called saffronin or polychroite.

paragraphs: Crocin was used as a dye for textiles. Because it is unstable it is no longer used for that purpose..


title: Marple Hall School

paragraphs: Marple Hall School is a specialist language college in Marple, Greater Manchester, England. The headteacher is Mr. Joseph Barker. The school is on the outskirts of Greater Manchester, near the River Goyt.

paragraphs: Marple Hall was a manor house once owned by John Bradshaw. Born at Marple Hall, Bradshaw was first a clerk, then a lawyer. After the English Civil War he was the first to sign the death warrant of Charles I of England. The house was later owned by the Isherwood family. The ruins of the house are still near the grounds of the school. Two of the modern buildings are named for these two. In 1960 a grammar school was built on the grounds of the manor. In 1965 the school had separate schools for boy and girls. In 1974 it became Marple Hall County High School. This school is for both boys and girls.


title: Ethnic conflict

paragraphs: An ethnic conflict (or ethnic war) is a conflict where different ethnic groups fight each other. It is different from a civil war, where a single nation or ethnic group is fighting among itself.

paragraphs: Examples of ethnic wars since the 1990s were typically caused by secessionist movements leading to the breakup of multi-ethnic states along ethnic lines: the Yugoslav Wars, the First Chechen War, the Nagorno-Karabakh War, the Rwandan Civil War and the War in Darfur, among others

paragraphs: Academic explanations of ethnic conflict generally fall into one of three schools of thought: primordialist, instrumentalist or constructivist. Intellectual debate has also focused around the issue of whether ethnic conflict has become more common since the end of the Cold War, and on finding ways of managing conflicts, through instruments such as consociationalism and federalisation.


title: Bryce Canyon National Park

paragraphs: Bryce Canyon National Park is a national park in southwestern Utah. Its major feature is Bryce Canyon.

paragraphs: Despite its name, this is not a canyon but a collection of giant natural amphitheaters along the eastern side of the Paunsaugunt Plateau. Bryce is known for its "hoodoos". The hoodoos are badlands formed by frost weathering and stream erosion of the river and lake bed sedimentary rocks.

paragraphs: The red, orange, and white colors of the rocks provide spectacular views for park visitors. Bryce is much higher than nearby Zion National Park. The rim at Bryce varies from 8,000 to 9,000 feet (2,400 to 2,700 m).


title: Doorbell

paragraphs: A doorbell is a device which is typically installed to or near a door. When a visitor presses a button, the bell rings inside the building, alerting the presence of the visitor.

paragraphs: Older doorbells were fully mechanical. Newer electrical doorbells were installed by wires and use a push-button to activate the sound. The latest doorbells have wireless connections.


title: Milan Hejduk

paragraphs: Milan Hejduk (born February 14, 1976, in Ústí nad Labem, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech retired ice hockey right winger. He played a combined 14 seasons in the National Hockey League all with the Colorado Avalanche.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Hejduk played 5 seasons with HC Pardubice of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the Quebec Nordiques with the 87th overall pick in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft. In 2001, Hejduk won the Stanley Cup with the Avalanche when they defeated the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 3. During the 2002-03 NHL season, he was able to win the Maurice "Rocket" Richard Trophy beating out Markus Näslund of the Vancouver Canucks. When the 2004-05 NHL lockout happened, Hejduk returned to the Czech Republic to play for his old team, HC Pardubice. He became the captain of the Avalanche on November 14, 2011. He gave up captaincy because of his role in the organization changing.

paragraphs: Hejduk retired from playing professional ice hockey on November 13, 2013.


paragraphs: The International Association of Universities (IAU) is an association of universities that belongs to UNESCO. It brings together educational institutions from some 120 countries. They work together on common concerns and projects. The organisation also works with various international and national groups active in higher education. It was established in 1950 in Paris, France.


title: Nuclear family

paragraphs: A nuclear family is a type of family unit. It is made up of a husband, a wife, and their children. Not everyone agrees on what a nuclear family is. Some people say that a nuclear family does not include stepchildren or adopted children. Others say that a nuclear family may include stepchildren or adopted children. A nuclear family is a part of an extended family.

paragraphs: The term "nuclear family" was first used in 1947. However, people have lived in nuclear families for thousands of years. In 2005, archaeologists discovered four 4,600-year-old graves in Germany. Several adults and children who were related were buried in these graves. Researchers think that this proves that people lived in nuclear families a long time ago.

paragraphs: During and before the medieval period in Europe, large family groups, such as clans, were most common. By the late medieval period, the nuclear family had become most common.


title: Nina Andrycz

paragraphs: Nina Andrycz (11 November 1912 – 31 January 2014) was a Polish actress. Her last movie was in the 2009 movie "Before Twilight". Andrycz was the wife of Józef Cyrankiewicz. She earned the name "The Great Dame of Polish Theatre" because of her long and successful career.

paragraphs: Andrycz died on 31 January 2014 in Warsaw, Poland from natural causes, aged 101.


title: Givat Ram

paragraphs: Givat Ram () is an area in western central Jerusalem. It contains most of the Knesset, the Supreme Court of Israel, the National Library of Israel, the Israel Museum, the Bloomfield Science Museum, the Bible Lands Museum, and the International Convention Center.

paragraphs: The area also includes the Givat Ram Campus of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and parks such as the Wohl Rose Park and Sacher Park.


title: Maximilian Schell

paragraphs: Maximilian Schell (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was an Austrian-Swiss actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in "Judgment at Nuremberg" in 1961. He was also a writer, director and producer for some movies.

paragraphs: He was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for his role in "Stalin". He also appeared in "Abraham", "Deep Impact", "Coast to Coast", and in "The Brothers Bloom". His sister was actress Maria Schell.

paragraphs: Schell was born on 8 December 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was raised as a Roman Catholic. He studied at the University of Zurich. His father was Swiss. Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.

paragraphs: Schell's career began in 1955. His movie was "Kinder, Mütter und ein General". He then appeared in two other movies until he bagn his role as Hans Rolfe in "Judgment at Nuremberg" in 1961. His role as Hans brought him great fame and success. He won an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.

paragraphs: Schell then appeared in other big picture movies that earned him nominations for an Academy Award. He was nominated for his role as Arthur Goldman in "The Man in the Glass Booth", for his role as Johann in "Julia". He then won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1992 for his role as Vladimir Lenin in the movie "Stalin".

paragraphs: Afterwards, Schell then directed a television movie "Candles in the Dark". After his win in 1992, Schell then appeared in many television movies. In 1998, Schell appeared as Jason Lerner in the 1998 movie "Deep Impact". His last role was in the 2008 comedy movie "The Brothers Bloom" as Diamond Dog.

paragraphs: Schell married Natalya Andrejchenko in 1985. They divorced in 2005. Then in 2013, Schell married Iva Mihanovic. Schell never had children. Schell suffered diabetes.

paragraphs: He was good friends with Leonard Bernstein. He performed with Claudio Abbado in many performances. His sister Maria died in 2005 from pneumonia.

paragraphs: Schell was a guest professor at the University of Southern California. He was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago.

paragraphs: Schell died on 1 February 2014, in Innsbruck, Austria after a "sudden and serious illness". The German television news service Tagesschau reported that he had been receiving treatment for pneumonia. Schell was 83 years old when he died.


title: From Under the Cork Tree

paragraphs: From Under the Cork Tree is the third studio album by rock band Fall Out Boy. The album was released 2005. Credits are Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Joe Trohman, and Andy Hurley. The single on the album Sugar, We're Goin Down helped make them popular.

paragraphs: 1. "Our Lawyer Made Us Change the Name of This Song So We Wouldn't Get Sued"

paragraphs: 2. "Of All the Gin Joints in All the World"

paragraphs: 6. "I've Got a Dark Alley and a Bad Idea That Says You Should Shut Your Mouth (Summer Song)"

paragraphs: 8. "Sophomore Slump or Comeback of the Year"

paragraphs: 9. "Champagne for My Real Friends, Real Pain for My Sham Friends"

paragraphs: 10. "I Slept with Someone in Fall Out Boy and All I Got Was This Stupid Song Written About Me"

paragraphs: 11. "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More "Touch Me""

paragraphs: 12. "Get Busy Living or Get Busy Dying (Do Your Part to Save the Scene and Stop Going to Shows)"


title: Wohl Rose Park

paragraphs: The Wohl Rose Park (, "") is a public garden on the Presidential Hill in Givat Ram, central Jerusalem, Israel. The garden includes lawns, hills, and quarries. There is an ornamental pond with aquatic plants and fish. The garden also has a waterfall, rockeries, sculptures, and a sixth-century mosaic floor. The floor was unearthed at Kibbutz Sde Nahum. The garden was opened in 1981.

paragraphs: Over 400 varieties of roses are grown there. Many of them are gifts from countries around the world. The Wohl Rose Park covers . It is one of the few rose parks of its kind in the Middle East, where there is no rainfall in summer. The park's Garden of Nations is made up of sections donated by other countries. Each section has rose varieties characteristic of, or grown in, the respective country. The park also has an experimental section. This is where new varieties of roses are tested for their suitability for public and private gardens in Israel. It is Jerusalem's official reception area for visiting guests of state and .


title: Sacher Park

paragraphs: Sacher Park is the largest public park in Jerusalem. It is in the neighbourhood of Givat Ram. It includes the Jerusalem Bird Observatory and many sports facilities. In the western side of the park is a small Jewish cemetery from the 19th century.


title: Knesset Menorah

paragraphs: The Knesset Menorah (, "Menorat HaKnesset") is a monument in front of the Knesset. It was built by Benno Elkan in 1956. It was a gift from the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The Knesset Menorah is in the southern part of the Wohl Rose Park called the Menorah Garden. The statue was first put in the Horse Garden in central Jerusalem and moved when the new Knesset building opened in 1966.


title: Judgment at Nuremberg

paragraphs: Judgment at Nuremberg is a 1961 American drama movie directed by Stanley Kramer. The movie was about crimes being wrongly committed by citizens during the Nuremberg Trials by the Nazis. The was set during World War II. It stars Spencer Tracy, Burt Lancaster, Richard Widmark, Maximilian Schell, Werner Klemperer, Marlene Dietrich, Judy Garland, William Shatner, and Montgomery Clift. It was released to very positive reviews on December 19, 1961.


title: Maria Schell

paragraphs: Maria Margarethe Anna Schell (15 January 1926 – 26 April 2005) was an Austrian-Swiss actress. She won the Volpi Cup for Best Actress at the Venice Film Festival in 1956 for role in "Gervaise".

paragraphs: Schell was born in Vienna, Austria. Her mother was Margarethe, an actress who ran an acting school. Her father was Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist and playwriter. Her parents were Roman Catholics. She was the older sister of actor Maximilian Schell.

paragraphs: Schell lived reclusively in ill health in Carinthia in the Austrian Alps until her death from pneumonia in Preitenegg, Austria on 26 April 2005, aged 79.


title: Werner Klemperer

paragraphs: Werner Klemperer (March 22, 1920 – December 6, 2000) was a German-born American stage, movie, and television actor and musician. He won an Emmy Award in 1968 and in 1969.

paragraphs: Klemperer died of cancer on December 6, 2000, aged 80, at his home in Manhattan, New York City.


title: Stanley Kramer

paragraphs: Stanley Earl Kramer (September 29, 1913 – February 19, 2001) was an American movie director and producer. He was born in New York City. Kramer studied at New York University.

paragraphs: Kramer was known for his works in "High Noon" (1952, as producer), "The Caine Mutiny" (1954, as producer), "The Defiant Ones" (1958), "On the Beach" (1959), "Inherit the Wind" (1960), "Judgment at Nuremberg" (1961), "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World" (1963), "Ship of Fools", (1965) and "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner" (1967).

paragraphs: In 1945, Kramer had an annulled marriage with actress Marilyn Erskine. From 1950 to 1963, he was married to Anne Pearce. In 1966, Kramer married Karen Sharpe and lasted until Kramer's death in 2001. Kramer had four children, two with Pearce and two with Sharpe.

paragraphs: Kramer died on February 19, 2001 in Los Angeles, California from pneumonia, aged 87.


paragraphs: The William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park is a presidential library created to honor the life and achievements of President of the United States Bill Clinton. It is in Little Rock, Arkansas. It is the eleventh of the thirteenth presidential libraries in the United States.

paragraphs: There is a part of the center where, if Clinton wants to, can serve as his final resting place.


title: Adams National Historical Park

paragraphs: Adams National Historical Park, formerly Adams National Historic Site, is a national landmark dedicated to Presidents of the United States John Adams and John Quincy Adams. It is in Quincy, Massachusetts. It preserves the home of the two presidents. It also honors the U.S. Ambassador to Great Britain, Charles Francis Adams, and writers and historians Henry Adams and Brooks Adams.


title: Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center

paragraphs: The Rutherford B. Hayes Presidential Center is a group of several buildings dedicated to President of the United States Rutherford B. Hayes. It is in Fremont, Ohio.

paragraphs: It was started in 1916. The Rutherford B. Hayes Center Library was the first presidential library and one of only three for a 19th-century president. The library holds the 12,000 volume personal library of Rutherford B. Hayes.


paragraphs: The William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States William McKinley. The library is owned and operated by the Stark County Historical Society. It is in Canton, Ohio. Canton is where McKinley built his career as lawyer, prosecuting attorney, congressman, governor and president.


title: Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library

paragraphs: The Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library is a presidential library dedicated to the life and achievements of Woodrow Wilson. It contains memoirs of those who worked with him, and governmental volumes concerning about World War I. It is in Staunton, Virginia.


paragraphs: The Calvin Coolidge Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Calvin Coolidge. The library was started in 1920. It is at the Forbes Library in Northampton, Massachusetts. This is where Coolidge practiced law and served as mayor.


title: Division of Bowman

paragraphs: The Division of Bowman is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named for David Bowman (1860-1916), an early leader of the Australian Labor Party, in Queensland. The seat is located in the eastern suburbs of Brisbane, and includes Capalaba, Cleveland, Redland Bay, Birkdale, Thorneside, Alexandra Hills, Thornlands, Mount Cotton, Cornubia, Ormiston, Wellington Point and Victoria Point. It also includes the islands of Moreton Bay including Coochiemudlo Island, the Bay Islands (Russell, Karragarra, Macleay and Lamb) and North Stradbroke Island.

paragraphs: After the 2009 electoral redistribution there was only a difference 0.005% between the two main parties, making Bowman the most marginal seat in the country.

paragraphs: In 2007, Andrew Laming won the seat by only 64 votes.


paragraphs: The Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Lyndon Baines Johnson. It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Lady Bird. The library was started in 1971. It is next to the LBJ School of Public Affairs in Austin, Texas.


paragraphs: The Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt. The library was started in 1941. It is in Hyde Park, New York.


title: Jimmy Carter Library and Museum

paragraphs: The Jimmy Carter Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Jimmy Carter. The library was started in 1986. It is in Atlanta, Georgia. Its system is regulated by the National Archives and Records Administration. It is the location of the Carter Center.


paragraphs: The Harry S. Truman Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Harry S. Truman. The library was started in 1957. It is on a hill facing U.S. Route 24 in Independence, Missouri.


title: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library

paragraphs: The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. The library was started in 1981. It is in Ann Arbor, Michigan.


title: Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum

paragraphs: The Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum is the presidential library to honor and remember President of the United States Gerald R. Ford. It is also the final resting place of him and his wife Betty. The library was started in 1982. It is in Grand Rapids, Michigan.


title: Sicklefin lemon shark

paragraphs: The Sicklefin lemon shark ("Negaprion acutidens") is a species of requiem shark, in the order of Carcharhiniformes.


paragraphs: The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of Herbert Hoover. Hoover was the 31st President of the United States.

paragraphs: It is in West Branch, Iowa. It is next to the Herbert Hoover National Historic Site. The library is one of thirteen presidential libraries run by the National Archives and Records Administration.


title: George Bush Presidential Library

paragraphs: The George Bush Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library of George H. W. Bush, the 41st President of the United States. It is located in College Station, Texas. It was dedicated on November 6, 1997 and then rededicated in November 10, 2007.

paragraphs: Barbara Bush was buried here in April 2018. Former President Bush was buried here in December 2018.


paragraphs: The Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library and Museum is a presidential library created in honor of the 34th President of the United States Dwight D. Eisenhower. It is located in Abilene, Kansas. The library also contains Eisenhower's grave and boyhood home. It was dedicated in 1963.


title: George W. Bush Presidential Center

paragraphs: The George W. Bush Presidential Center is a presidential library in honor of George W. Bush, the 43th President of the United States. It houses the George W. Bush Policy Institute, and the offices of the George W. Bush Foundation. It is on the campus of Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. It was dedicated in April 2013.


paragraphs: The Richard Nixon Presidential Library and Museum is the presidential library Richard Milhous Nixon, the 37th President of the United States. The museum contains many important files, his birthplace, his presidential helicopter, and his tomb. It is located in Yorba Linda, California. It was dedicated on July 19, 1990. It was then rededicated in July 11, 2007.


paragraphs: The Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington at Mount Vernon is the presidential library of George Washington, the first president of the United States. It is located in Fairfax, Virginia. It was dedicated in September 2013.


title: Vasily Ivanovich Petrov

paragraphs: Vasily Ivanovich Petrov () (15 January 1917 – 1 February 2014) was a senior Russian military official and Marshal of the Soviet Union.

paragraphs: Petrov was born on 15 January 1917 in Chernolesskoye, Stavropol Governorate. Petrov joined the Red Army in 1939 and completed the lieutenant's course in 1941.

paragraphs: In the late 1970s, Petrov served as a military advisor to the Ethiopian Army. He was assigned to assist and rebuild the force during the Ogaden War.

paragraphs: Petrov died on 1 February 2014 in Moscow, Russia from natural causes, aged 97.


title: Sissel Sellæg

paragraphs: Sissel Sellæg (10 February 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Norwegian actress.

paragraphs: She was born in Notodden. She started stage acting in 1950 at the Studioteatret. She also worked at Folketeatret from 1951 to 1956, at Den Nationale Scene from 1959 to 1964, and at Oslo Nye Teater from 1967 to 1998.

paragraphs: Sissel Sellæg died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Oslo. She was outlived by her husband, actor Per Theodor Haugen and their son, actor Kim Haugen.


title: Carmen Zapata

paragraphs: Carmen Margarita Zapata (July 15, 1927 – January 5, 2014) was an American actress. She appeared in over one hundred movies and shows, including "", "Married... with Children", "Sister Act", and she was Carmen Castillo in "Santa Barbara".

paragraphs: Zapata died on January 5, 2014 from heart failure in Los Angeles, California. She was 86.


title: Lena Smedsaas

paragraphs: Lena Smedsaas (20 March 1951 – 6 January 2014) was a Swedish journalist and writer.

paragraphs: Smedsaas was born in Solna Municipality. She started working in journalism in 1973. She was best known for being a political commentator, presenter and editor for "TV4Nyheterna" on TV4.

paragraphs: Lena Smedsaas died from cancer on 6 January 2014, aged 62, in Täby. She was survived by her husband, writer and journalist Claes-Göran Kjellander and their two children.


title: Manfred Bleskin

paragraphs: Manfred Bleskin (13 December 1949 – 21 January 2014) was a German journalist and television presenter.

paragraphs: Bleskin was born in Tribsees, East Germany. He began working after receiving a doctorate from the Akademie für Gesellschaftswissenschaften. He spoke five languages.

paragraphs: Bleskin died on 21 January 2014, aged 64, in Berlin, Germany.


title: Gösta Gahm

paragraphs: Gösta Fredrik Gahm (born 7 July 1942) is a Swedish astronomer.

paragraphs: Gahm was born in Stockholm. He is the professor emeritus of astronomy at Stockholm University. Until 2010, he was the chairman of the Swedish Astronomical Society. He is the main initiator of the popular science project Sweden Solar System.

paragraphs: 10997 Gahm, a main-belt asteroid discovered on 2 September 1978, is named in honor of Gahm.


title: George C. Williams

paragraphs: George Christopher Williams (May 12, 1926 – September 8, 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist.

paragraphs: Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He was best known for his critique of group selection, though later in life he recognized that it did sometimes occur. The work of Williams in this area, with W.D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith and others, led to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution.

paragraphs: In 1999 Williams shared the Crafoord Prize, with Maynard Smith and Ernst Mayr, for developing the concept of evolutionary biology.

paragraphs: Williams' 1957 paper "Pleiotropy, natural selection, and the evolution of senescence" was influential in 20th century evolutionary biology. It contains three important ideas. In this paper Williams proposed that senescence should be generally synchronized by natural selection.

paragraphs: "if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other, they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other. In other words, natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system."

paragraphs: This paper also contains the first outline of the idea that natural selection might select for menopause and post-reproductive life in females, although Williams does not explicitly mention grandchildren or the inclusive fitness contribution of grandparenting. By helping grandchildren survive, grandparents promote the survival of an average of one-quarter (1/4) of their own genome.

paragraphs: In his first book, "Adaptation and Natural Selection", Williams advocated a "ground rule or perhaps "doctrine" would be a better term ... that adaptation is a special and onerous concept that should only be used where it is really necessary", and, that, when it is necessary, selection among genes or individuals would in general be the preferable explanation for it. This contributed to the development of a gene-centered view of evolution; Richard Dawkins built on Williams' ideas in this area in the book "The Selfish Gene".

paragraphs: Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex, and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine.


title: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson

paragraphs: Jóhann Gunnar Sigurðsson (2 February 1882 – 20 May 1906) was an Icelandic poet.

paragraphs: Sigurðsson was a new New Romantic-style writer. He was born in Reykjavík. He studied at the Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík until 1903.

paragraphs: In November 1905, Sigurðsson fell ill and was hospitalized. He died on 20 May 1906, aged 24, in Reykjavík.


title: Violetta Ferrari

paragraphs: Violetta Ferrari (25 April 1930 – 23 January 2014) was a Hungarian actress.

paragraphs: Ferrari was born in . She began working in 1950. She appeared mostly in stage performances. She left show business in 1983.

paragraphs: Ferrari died on 23 January 2014, aged 85, in Budapest.


title: Tor Milde

paragraphs: Tor Milde (14 January 1953 – 15 January 2014) was a Norwegian music journalist and writer. He was a judge on the music competition "Idol" in 2005 and 2006.

paragraphs: Milde was born in Oslo. He started working in journalism in 1984. He was best known as a music journalist and critic for "Verdens Gang" ("VG").

paragraphs: Milde died after a short illness on the morning of 15 January 2014, aged 61, at the Ullevål University Hospital in his hometown of Oslo. He was survived by his two sons and his girlfriend, Irja Anthi.


title: Menachem Zilberman

paragraphs: Menachem Zilberman (6 October 1946 – 13 January 2014) was an Israeli actor, comedian and songwriter.

paragraphs: Zilberman was born in Eilat, Mandatory Palestine (now Israel). He started working in 1965. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

paragraphs: Zilberman died from a heart attack on 13 January 2014, aged 67, in Los Angeles, California in the United States. He had lived there since 2000. He was survived by his three children.


title: Mogens E. Pedersen

paragraphs: Mogens Emil Pedersen (9 May 1928 – 5 January 2014) was a Danish journalist and writer.

paragraphs: Pedersen started working in 1949. He was best known as an editor for "Se og Hør".

paragraphs: Pedersen died on 5 January 2014, aged 85, in Gentofte Municipality.


title: Battle of Lewes

paragraphs: The Battle of Lewes was an important battle in the history of England. It was fought near the town of Lewes, in Sussex, England. The battle took place on 14 May 1264. It was one of two main battles of the conflict known as the Second Barons' War.

paragraphs: The two armies that met in the battle were led by King Henry III of England and a rebel leader, Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester. Henry III's son, Prince Edward, fought on his side. The battle came about because many of the leading noblemen of England were unhappy with the way King Henry was ruling the country. They wanted more involvement in the government. The Barons voted to hold a Parliament regularly so that they could discuss subjects such as taxation. King Henry would not agree to this, and so both sides started to raise armies. When the two sides met at Lewes two days before, Simon de Montfort tried to arrange a truce with the king. King Henry refused and so both sides got ready to fight a battle.

paragraphs: The king's army was nearly twice as big as the rebel army. The battle began when the Baronial forces attacked the king's . When the fighting started, it looked as though the king's army would win easily. Prince Edward, who was only 25, was headstrong and made one big mistake. Edward was in charge of the cavalry, who did well in the battle but then chased some of the rebels who were running away. By the time they came back to the battlefield, the rebels had managed to win the battle. With Edward off chasing foot soldiers, Henry was forced to attack using his two remaining divisions. Henry led one, the other was led by his brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. Henry's division fought until driven back by the Baronial reserve forces. Cornwall's division did not do well from the start. Cornwall fled the field and hid in a windmill but was quickly captured by the barons. As a result of the battle, King Henry III was forced to sign a document called the Mise of Lewes. This gave the rebel barons what they wanted. A year later the barons were defeated at the Battle of Evesham.


title: Persecution of Muslims

paragraphs: Persecution of Muslims is the religious persecution of Muslims (persecution based on their religion). This can mean any form of participating in discrimination against Muslims. This includes using violence against them or putting them in prison. Muslims were persecuted during the crusades. There was also persecution during the Mongol invasion and in the Iberian Peninsula when they were subject to the Inquisitions. Modern persecution of Muslims exists in many countries such as Myanmar, Central African Republic and Serbia.

paragraphs: Islam is a major religion and like other major religions they have suffered violent persecution.


title: Sub-Saharan Africa

paragraphs: Sub-Saharan Africa is the part of Africa that is south of the Sahara. It includes of all the countries of Africa that are fully or partly located south of the Sahara desert (except Sudan). It contrasts with North Africa, which is considered a part of the Arab world. Somalia, Djibouti, Comoros and Mauritania are geographically part of Sub-Saharan Africa, but also part of the Arab world.


title: Horner

paragraphs: Horner is an English surname. It comes from the Anglo-Saxon language. It is from the Middle English word for people who made or blew horns.


title: Photodiode

paragraphs: A photodiode is a light sensitive semiconductor. It is a type of photodetector capable of changing (or converting) light into either current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. If the anode and cathode leads of a photodiode are joined together by a wire, when in the dark, no current will flow. On the other hand, when in the light, current flows from the cathode to the anode. The diode part of a photodiode allows current to flow in only one direction.

paragraphs: Photodiodes may contain optical filters, built-in lenses, and may have large or small surface areas. Photodiodes usually have a slower as its surface area increases. The common, traditional solar cell used to generate electric solar power is a large area photodiode. Photodiodes and look the same physically but have different functions.


title: Eduardo Coutinho

paragraphs: Eduardo Coutinho (May 11, 1933 - February 2, 2014) was a Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, and actor.

paragraphs: He directed and wrote the script to the 1967 popular Brazilian movie, "ABC do amor". It was made near the beginning of his career. The movie was entered into the 17th Berlin International Film Festival.

paragraphs: He died on February 2, 2014 in a suspected murder in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.


title: Madalyn Murray O'Hair

paragraphs: Madalyn Murray O'Hair (April 13, 1919 – September 29, 1995) was an American atheist activist. She was the founder of the American Atheists and its president from 1963 to 1986. She created the first issues of "American Atheist Magazine". Many people criticized her and called her "the most hated woman in America".

paragraphs: In 1995 she was kidnapped, murdered and dismembered along with her son Jon Murray and granddaughter Robin Murray O'Hair, by the former American Atheist office manager David Roland Waters.


title: Division of Brisbane

paragraphs: The Division of Brisbane is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was one of the 75 divisions set up for the first federal election in 1901. It is named after the city of Brisbane.

paragraphs: At first, the Division of Brisbane included the northern part of the City of Brisbane, but boundary changes cut it back to the inner suburban area.

paragraphs: It includes Alderley, Ascot, Ashgrove, Bowen Hills, Brisbane City, Clayfield, Enoggera, Ferny Grove, Fortitude Valley, Gaythorne, Grange, Hamilton, Hendra, Herston, Kelvin Grove, Keperra, Milton, Mitchelton, New Farm, Newmarket, Newstead, Red Hill, Spring Hill, Upper Kedron, Wilston, Windsor, parts of Bardon, Everton Park, Paddington and Stafford.


title: Division of Dawson

paragraphs: The Division of Dawson is an Australian Electoral Division in Queensland. It was set up in 1949 and is named after Anderson Dawson, the first Labor Premier of Queensland and leader of the first parliamentary socialist government in the world. It is on the North Queensland coast, and includes the towns of Ayr, Bowen, Mackay, Proserpine and parts of Townsville.

paragraphs: Rex Patterson won the seat at a by-election for Dawson in 1966 following the death of George Shaw. Patterson became Minister for Northern Development, and later Minister for Agriculture in the Whitlam Government.


title: Leon de Wolff

paragraphs: Leon de Wolff (26 September 1948 – 3 January 2014) was a Dutch journalist and media consultant and researcher.

paragraphs: Born in Rotterdam, South Holland, he began his career in 1972 and developed a method to classify journalistic products and improve. He also advised editors and publishers of newspapers and magazines in the Netherlands and Belgium.

paragraphs: Leon de Wolff died from multiple system atrophy (MSA) on 3 January 2014, aged 65, in Lochem, Gelderland.


title: Pye Engström

paragraphs: Pye Ester Agneta Engström (née Nanneson; born 8 June 1928) is a Swedish sculptor. She was born in Danderyd Municipality, Sweden. Engström studied at the Konstfack (1945–48), Royal Institute of Art (1945–48) and Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts (1948–53). She has been married to writer Clas Engström since 1951.


title: Sigrid Kahle

paragraphs: Sigrid Ida Matilda Kahle (née Nyberg; 18 September 1928 – 31 December 2013) was a French-born Swedish journalist and writer.

paragraphs: Born in Paris, France, she studied humanities at Uppsala University and Harvard University. At the University of Bonn she studied Arabic. Kahle married German diplomat John H. Kahle in 1951, and stayed together until his death in 2003.

paragraphs: Sigrid Kahle died after a short illness on 31 December 2013, aged 85, in Uppsala, Sweden.


title: Bedrock

paragraphs: In stratigraphy, bedrock is the common term for solid rock under the surface of the Earth. Above the bedrock is usually an area of broken and weathered rock, soil, sand, pebbles, etc.

paragraphs: The top of the bedrock is known as the rockhead and identifying this, via excavations, drilling or geophysical methods, is an important task in most civil engineering projects. Loose material on top (known as drift) can be extremely thick, so that the bedrock lies hundreds of meters below the surface.

paragraphs: A 'solid' geologic map of an area will usually show the rock that would be exposed at the surface if all soil or other superficial deposits were removed.


title: Ice Train (wrestler)

paragraphs: Harold Fitzgerald Hogue, Sr. (born November 13, 1967 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American retired professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1990 to 2001. He competed in WCW under the ring names Ice Train and M.I. Smooth.

paragraphs: Hogue retired from professional wrestling in 2001 soon after the WCW was bought by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).


title: Luis Raúl

paragraphs: Luis Raúl Martínez (March 6, 1962 – February 2, 2014), better known by his stage name Luis Raúl, was a Puerto Rican actor, comedian, and host.

paragraphs: Born in Ponce, he started working in 1983. He most often worked as a stand-up comic.

paragraphs: Raúl died from bilateral pneumonia on February 2, 2014, aged 51, in San Juan. He arrived at hospital on January 13 and his condition worsened two weeks later.


title: Glacier (wrestler)

paragraphs: Raymond M. Lloyd (born May 13, 1964 in Brunswick, Georgia) is an American professional wrestler, martial artist and actor. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) during the late 1990s. He competed in WCW under the ring name Glacier. He currently wrestles on the independent circuit.

paragraphs: Outside of professional wrestling, Lloyd has appeared in movies and television series. The first movie he appeared in was a low budget movie called "Blood Bath", in 2002. In 2007, Lloyd guest starred in an episode of "Burn Notice".


title: Highways in Puerto Rico

paragraphs: The system of highways in Puerto Rico is made up of about of roads. It is managed by Puerto Rico's Department of Transportation and Public Works.

paragraphs: The roads in Puerto Rico are divided into four types:

paragraphs: A highway may contain several types of roads, but the highway will continue to have the same route number. Primary roads have numbers 1 to 99. Secondary roads are numbered 100 to 299. Municipal (tertiary) roads are numbered 300 to 9999.

paragraphs: There are three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico. Together, they total . As with Interstate Highways in Alaska and Hawaii, these routes do not connect to the rest of the United States' Interstate Highway System. However, they still get money from the U.S. government.

paragraphs: These Interstate Highways run along tollways and roads that are not grade-separated, which means drivers must use a specially made group of ramps to get to the road. There are no signs for these Interstate Highways. They are signed as Puerto Rico routes.

paragraphs: Puerto Rico's interstate routes are not to be confused with Puerto Rico Routes PR-1, PR-2, and PR-3. These are other major highways in Puerto Rico.

paragraphs: The three Interstate Highways in Puerto Rico are:


title: Police car

paragraphs: A police car is a motor vehicle used by police. It is used to assist with their duties in patrolling and responding to incidents. Typical uses of a police car include transportation for officers to reach the scene of an incident quickly. Police cars are also used to transport suspects, or to an area. Some police cars are adapted for certain functions such as traffic control, to transport police dogs or bomb disposal.

paragraphs: Police cars usually marked to identify them. There are two reasons for this: firstly, so that other drivers know to get out of the way of a police car that is rushing to a crime scene, and secondly so that the car can be a to crime. Police cars also have sirens and flashing lights which are also used when they rush to a crime scene. However, some police cars are unmarked, so that police can carry out work without being noticed.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom in the early 1900s, police vehicles were first used to chase speeding motorists. This had very poor results until police schools were opened to teach officers how to use their vehicles properly. In 1910 the first police car in the US was used in Akron, Ohio. By 1920 police cars were in wide use in the US. It was noticed that patrol cars allowed police to respond faster. It also allowed an officer to cover a wider area. By the 1960s most major cities had shifted away from foot patrols altogether in favor of police cars. But studies proved a mix of foot officers and police vehicles worked best.

paragraphs: Police cars are used for chases ("pursuits") against suspects. The crime the suspect is believed to have committed may have been anything from a to a major felony. Suspects often attempt to lose law enforcement by driving away, sometimes at high speed. From 1990 to 2005, 136 people were killed in the US in high speed pursuits by police. Despite controversy as to whether high speed chases are necessary police continue to work on the problem using technology and new techniques. One technique is the 'take out'. A take out is a technique used to cause the fleeing vehicle to lose control and be turned sideways by the police vehicle.

paragraphs: When rushing to a crime scene, police officers can drive their cars through red lights and break the speed limit and other traffic laws. They must still be careful when doing this, however.

paragraphs: Terms for police cars include (police) cruiser, squad car, area car and patrol car. They may also be informally known as a cop car, a 'Black and white', a 'Cherry top', a 'gumball machine', a 'jam sandwich' or 'panda car'. Depending on the configuration of the emergency lights and livery, a police car may be considered a marked or unmarked unit.


title: Freedom of Information Act (United States)

paragraphs: The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), , is a federal law. It allows for the full or partial of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. The law defines agency records subject to disclosure. It outlines mandatory disclosure procedures and grants nine to the law. It was originally signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson, despite his doubts, on July 4, 1966 and went into effect the following year.


title: Linear function

paragraphs: In basic mathematics, a linear function is a function whose graph is a straight line in 2-dimensions (see images). An example is: "y"=2"x"–1. In higher mathematics, a linear function often refers to a linear mapping.

paragraphs: Formally, a linear function is a function "f"("x"):R→R such that the graph of "f" is a line. This means the domain or input of "f" is a real number R and the range or output of "f" is also a real number R. Usually we write "y"("x") or just "y" in place of "f"("x"). So the formal statement means:

paragraphs: There are three main forms for writing linear functions: slope-intercept, standard and parametric.

paragraphs: The slope-intercept (also called point-slope or explicit) form of a linear function is  formula_1  or  formula_2 . This form has 2 variables "x" and "у" and 2 constants "m" and "b".

paragraphs: Example: "y"=–2"x"+4. The slope is "m"= –2 and the "y"-intercept is "b"=4 or the point (0,4). Substituting "y"=0 and solving for "x", we get 0=–2"x"+4 or "x"=2. So "x"=2 is the root of this linear function and the point (2,0) is the "x"-intercept. Since the slope is "m" = –2, the line is decreasing. Since |–2|=2>1, the decrease is "relatively" steep. For each change in "х" of 1 (to the right), the value of "у" changes -2 (goes down).

paragraphs: Example: "y"=–2"x"+4. Substituting "x"=0 we get "y"=4 (this is the "y"-intercept) and thus the point (0,4). Substituting "x"=1, we get "y"=2 and thus the point (1,2). Plot these points and draw the line. (Notice that the 2nd point is 1 to the right and 2 down from the 1st point. As we said in the above example, this happens because the slope is "m"= –2)

paragraphs: Example: "y"= –"x"+2. Suppose "y"= –1. We substitute "y"= –1 and get: –1= –'x"+2 or "x"=3. This is the only solution. We can do this for any "y"-value.

paragraphs: Example: The linear function 3"x"–2"y"=1 is in standard form. The constants are "A"=3, "B"=–2 and "C"=1.

paragraphs: Example: The lines 3"x"–2"y"=1 and 6"x"–4"y"=2 are coincident (same line). Here the factor is: "k"=2. We multiplied the first equation by 2 to get the second equation. The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: "y"=1.5"x"–0.5 (solve either equation for y).

paragraphs: Example: X=(–1,1)+"t"(2,3), t∈R is a line in vector form. Here: "a"=2, "a"=3, "x"=–1 and "x"=1. The line goes through the points ("x","y")=(–1,1) and ("x"+"a","y"+"a")=(1,4). The corresponding parametric form of this line is: "x"("t")= –1+2"t", "y"("t")=1+3"t". The unique slope-intercept form of this line is: "y"("x")=1.5"x"+2.5   (solve the first equation for "t" and substitute this result into the second equation).

paragraphs: Example: X=(–1,1,2)+"t"(2,3,–1), t∈R is a line in 3-dimensional space. The line goes through the points (–1,1,2) and (1,4,1).

paragraphs: In the context where it is defined, the derivative of a function is a measure of the rate of change of function values with respect to change in input values. A linear function has a constant rate of change. This rate of change is the slope "m". So "m" is the derivative. This is often written:

paragraphs: Example: "y"= –2"x"+4. Here "m"= –2 and so "y"′= –2.

paragraphs: Often, the terms "linear equation" and "linear function" are confused. Both are polynomials. However, the word "linear" in "linear equation" means that all terms with variables are first degree. (The word "linear" in "linear function" means the graph is a line.) A linear equation can have 1, 2, 3, or more variables. So a linear equation is a linear function only if it has exactly 2 variables. (A linear equation in one variable is a point on the number line and a linear equation in 3 variables is a plane in 3-dimensional space.)

paragraphs: Many countries and disciplines use different letters and ordering for the different forms.

paragraphs: In many countries, a linear functions is often written as formula_9 where "a" is the slope and "b" is the "y"-intercept.

paragraphs: In business and economics, a linear function is often written as formula_10 where "a" is the "y"-intercept and "b" is the slope.


title: YM (magazine)

paragraphs: YM (or Your Magazine) was an American magazine for teenaged girls. It originally began being published in the 1930s. It was published for 72 years. It was the second-oldest girls' magazine in the United States; the oldest being "Seventeen".

paragraphs: It began as two separate magazines: "Compact" and "Calling All Girls". "Compact" was aimed at older teenagers. It was first published in 1932. "Calling All Girls" was intended for younger girls. It began publication in July 1941 after a teen column in "Parents' Magazine" produced a positive interest from readers. It was the first magazine for girls. Contents consisted of comics, fashion advice, and short stories. It was originally published four times a year, but soon became published every month. This was because it was popular. By 1945 it was selling 500,000 copies of each issue. The average reader was aged 13. The magazine never appealed to older teens or fashion advertisers because of its emphasis on comics.

paragraphs: During the 1960s, the two titles ("Compact" and "Calling All Girls") merged into "Young Miss". The title changed again to "Young & Modern" in the 1980s. It was changed one final time in 2000 to "YM". This was said to stand for "Your Magazine".

paragraphs: "YM" stopped being published in 2004. Subscriptions were replaced with "Teen Vogue".


title: Bantustan

paragraphs: A Bantustan (also known as a Bantu homeland, black homeland, black state, or simply homeland) was a territory set aside for South Africa's black inhabitants during apartheid. Ten Bantustans were established in South Africa and ten more in South-West Africa (now Namibia), with the goal of creating nation states for the black tribes of Africa. The term "Bantustan" comes from "Bantu" (meaning "people" in the Bantu languages) and "-stan" (meaning "land" in Persian).

paragraphs: The founders of apartheid tried hard to make the Bantustans recognised internationally, but this never happened, and most blacks did not like the Bantustans. They were unpopular because:

paragraphs: The Bantustans were dissolved in 1994 and their territory incorporated into the Republic of South Africa. From 1994, most parts of the country were redivided into new provinces.

paragraphs: Lesotho and Swaziland were not Bantustans, but former British colonies granted independence by Great Britain and internationally recognised.

paragraphs: Four of the South African Bantustans, Transkei, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei (also called the "TBVC States") were granted independence from South Africa, but were never internationally recognised. The other six had a high amount of autonomy.

paragraphs: Beginning in 1968, ten Bantustans were established in South-West Africa. Unlike the Bantustans in South Africa, only four Bantustans in South-West Africa were granted autonomy, and none were granted independence. The Bantustans were abolished in May 1989 in the transition to independence.


title: Coloured

paragraphs: In South African, Namibian, Zambian, Botswanan, and Zimbabwean context, the term Coloured (Kleurlinge in Afrikaans) is used to refer to people of mixed European and Khoisan or Bantu ancestry.

paragraphs: They form the majority of the Northern Cape and Western Cape populations. Most Coloured speak Afrikaans as their first language, although there are some native English speakers. The majority of Coloureds living in Cape Town are able to speak both languages.

paragraphs: Because of South Africa's history of racial discrimination, many feel that the term "coloured" is derogatory. The official term is "Coloured people", but many Coloureds prefer to call themselves "Black", "Khoisan", or just "South African".

paragraphs: During apartheid, people were classified into four groups: White, Black, Coloured, and Asian. The Cape Malays, who are of Asian descent, were not classified as Asians, but as Coloureds.

paragraphs: Although they were discriminated upon by the government, many Coloureds and Asians got to enjoy certain rights during the apartheid era. For example, they did not have to carry around a passbook, had limited political representation, and were considered citizens of South Africa.


title: Sami Gayle

paragraphs: Sami Gayle (born January 22, 1996) is an American actress. She co-stars as Nicky Reagan in the CBS series "Blue Bloods".


title: Jan Smuts

paragraphs: Jan Christiaan Smuts, OM, CH, ED, KC, FRS, PC (24 May 1870 – 11 September 1950), was a South African soldier and Prime Minister, from 1919 to 1924 and again from 1939 to 1948.

paragraphs: Jan Smuts was born into a wealthy Afrikaner family living in the British Cape Colony. He first went to school at age 12, going to Victoria College four years later to study science and the arts. He later went to Christ's College in Cambridge to study law.

paragraphs: Smuts was a supporter of Cecil Rhodes until it was revealed that he was apart of the Jameson Raid by a group of Uitlanders ("foreigners" in Afrikaans) in the Transvaal Republic. In 1898, Smuts moved to Johannesburg in the Transvaal to practice law and later became a minister in the Transvaal government until the outbreak of the Anglo-Boer War.

paragraphs: During the Boer War, he led a Boer Commando in the Cape Colony using guerrilla tactics. After the war, Smuts joined the cabinet led by Louis Botha in 1907. However, uneasiness with his Afrikaner comrades cooperating with the British led him to disown the Afrikaners on year later, declaring himself to be South African instead.

paragraphs: Two years after the Union of South Africa was formed, Smuts created the Union Defence Force (UDF). He led the UDF and was instrumental in the conquest of German South-West Africa and German East Africa during World War I. In 1917, Smuts was invited to join the Imperial War Cabinet. In 1918, Smuts helped created the Royal Air Force.

paragraphs: Smuts and Botha were key negotiators at the Paris Peace Conference. After signing the Treaty of Versailles, which gave South Africa control over Namibia, Smuts returned to politics.

paragraphs: When Botha died in 1919, Smuts became Prime Minister, serving until his defeat in 1924 to the National Party.

paragraphs: After serving nine years in opposition, Smuts became Deputy Prime Minister in a coalition government led by Barry Hertzog.

paragraphs: When Hertzog asked for neutrality towards Nazi Germany during World War II, he was deposed and Smuts became Prime Minister again. During World War II, Smuts was invited to the Imperial War Cabinet again, where he worked closely with Winston Churchill. In 28 May 1941, Smuts became a Field Marshal of the British Army, becoming the first South African to hold that rank. This cooperation with Churchill made Smuts very unpopular with the Afrikaners, which led to his downfall.

paragraphs: In May 1945, Smuts represented South Africa during the drafting of the Charter of the United Nations. Just as he did in 1919, Smuts urged the delegates to create a powerful international organisation to preserve peace. Smuts signed the Paris Peace Treaty, becoming the only person to sign the treaties that ended both the First and Second World Wars.

paragraphs: After World War II, Smuts continued to represent South Africa internationally. Smuts was in favour of Zionism and his government quickly recognized the newly formed State of Israel after its establishment in May 1948. However, his support for the war and plans to change racial segregation in South Africa made him very unpopular with the Afrikaners, and in 1948, lost the election to Daniel Francois Malan and the pro-Apartheid National Party.

paragraphs: Smuts died on 11 September 1950 from a heart attack on his family farm.


title: Endless Love (2014 movie)

paragraphs: Endless Love is an American romantic drama movie. It was released February 2014 in the United States and the United Kingdom. The movie is about a charismatic boy and wealthy girl. Her parents want them separated. This movie was rated PG-13 in the United States, for language, sexual content and brief nudity.

paragraphs: It is a remake of the movie of the same name from 1981. They are both based on the novel of the same name.


title: Tension headache

paragraphs: A tension headache is a common form of headache. Tension headaches affect the head, eyes and nearby areas of the body. They are very common with adults. Females are twice as likely as males to have them.


title: Crowbar (wrestler)

paragraphs: Christopher "Chris" Ford (born March 4, 1974 in Rutherford, New Jersey) is an American professional wrestler. He is known for his time when he wrestled in World Championship Wrestling (WCW) from 1999 to 2001 uner the ring name Crowbar. He has also competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW), and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). He currently wrestles on the independent circuit under the ring names Crowbar and Devon Storm.


title: About Last Night (1986 movie)

paragraphs: About Last Night is a 1986 American romance-comedy-drama movie. Two people begin a relationship from a one-night stand after meeting in a Chicago bar. Demi Moore plays Debbie. Rob Lowe plays Danny. Megan Mullally plays Pat.

paragraphs: This movie was released on July 2, 1986. It got very good reviews. A remake was released in 2014.


title: About Last Night (2014 movie)

paragraphs: About Last Night is a 2014 American romantic comedy movie. It is a remake of the 1986 movie of the same name. It is about romantic encounters in Los Angeles. Paula Patton is in the cast.

paragraphs: The original movie was set in Chicago. This one is set in Los Angeles and has an all-black cast The remake was released in mid February of 2014. It was rated R. The original romance movie was also rated R.


title: Sabotage

paragraphs: Sabotage is a 2014 action and crime thriller movie. It is about DEA officials busting safe houses of drug lords. An assassin begins to target them later on. Arnold Schwarzenegger plays John. Terrence Howard plays Sugar.

paragraphs: The movie was released on March 28, 2014.


title: Natasha Henstridge

paragraphs: Natasha Henstridge (born August 15, 1974) is a Canadian model turned actress. She played Lisa Rayborn in "You Lucky Dog". She also played Dawn in "The Secret Circle", a TV series.

paragraphs: Henstridge was born in Newfoundland. She was raised in Fort McMurray, Alberta.


title: Emma Rigby

paragraphs: Emma Catherine Rigby (born 26 September 1989) is an English actress. She played Hannah Ashworth in the series "Hollyoaks". She played Gemma Roscoe in "Prisoners' Wives".

paragraphs: Emma Rigby was born in St Helens, Merseyside, England.


title: Dancing Crazy

paragraphs: "Dancing Crazy" is a popular single sung by singer Miranda Cosgrove. The song is about being involved in parties and having a lovely time. Avril Lavigne was the co-writer of this song.

paragraphs: The music critics didn't accept "Dancing Crazy". It was, however, moderately strong in certain music charts. It was released in December 2010.


title: Mass murder

paragraphs: The term mass murder refers to when a murder of four people or more happens by the same person or group at the same time. Usually the murders happen at the same time or over a relatively short period of time. The FBI defines mass murder as the killing of many people without any cooling off period. By comparison a serial killer has a cooling off period between murders. Murder can be done by a person, a gang, a terrorist group, a government or police. Mass murderers commit their crime for many reasons. Examples of why they do it include: politics/religion/ethnicity, sadism, being bullied, mental disorders and inceldom. In many cases, the killer commits suicide or is killed by police.

paragraphs: The University of Texas massacre in August 1966, the 1999 Columbine High School massacre, the September 11 attacks, the Virginia Tech massacre, the 2012 Aurora shooting and the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting are some examples of mass murders that have happened in the United States.

paragraphs: The United Kingdom's mass murders include the Denmark Place fire in London in 1980, the Hungerford massacre in Hungerford, Berkshire in 1987 and the Pan Am Flight 103 Lockerbie, Scotland in 1988. Australia's mass murders include the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. France's include the November 2015 Paris attacks. Turkey's include the 2015 Ankara bombings.


title: Sexual violence

paragraphs: Sexual violence a sexual act or attempt to get sex by force, violence, unwelcome harassment or advances. It has risks of causing sexually transmitted conditions and mental troubles. Sexual violence happens mostly to females. Males can also be victims.