title: 2008 Summer Olympics

paragraphs: The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08 pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports. This is one event more than what was on the schedule of the 2004 games.

paragraphs: The Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled "Dancing Beijing," features a stylised calligraphic character "jīng" (京, meaning "capital"), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, "One World, One Dream", calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs have also been recognised by the IOC.

paragraphs: The Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 places, including 12 newly-built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be "the best in Olympic history". Although there was been some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has "absolutely no regrets" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.

paragraphs: At the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.

paragraphs: Here is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.

paragraphs: Medal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender.


title: Pierre de Fermat

paragraphs: Pierre de Fermat (17 August 1601 – 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the "Parlement" of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.

paragraphs: His method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry and probability.

paragraphs: He is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.

paragraphs: He proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle.


title: Gottfried Leibniz

paragraphs: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also "Leibnitz" or "von Leibniz") 1 July 1 (21 June OS) 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German intellectual who wrote mostly in French and Latin.

paragraphs: He played an important role in both philosophy and mathematics. He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation for derivatives is the one in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, foundation of modern computers.

paragraphs: He was taught law and philosophy. He served as secretary to two major German noble houses: one became the British royal family while he served it. Leibniz played a major role in the European politics and diplomacy of his day.

paragraphs: In philosophy, he is most remembered for optimism. He thought our universe is the best possible one God could have made. He was one of the great 17th century rationalists. René Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are the other two. His philosophy also both looks back to the Scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.

paragraphs: Leibniz also made contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated ideas which surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and information science. He wrote on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Sometimes, he even wrote in verse. His contributions are scattered in journals and in tens of thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts. There is no complete edition of Leibniz's writings, and a complete account of his accomplishments is not yet possible. Leibniz is sometimes known as the last "universal genius".


title: Optimism

paragraphs: Optimism is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. Many liberal optimists do not believe in original sin.

paragraphs: Optimism basically looks on the positive side, believing things will work out in the end. When a person is optimistic, it doesn't mean that they never doubt themselves. They might have a bad day or two. They recognize that they can make things better; there is a lesson to be learned from this, and they will move on.

paragraphs: The opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.

paragraphs: Optimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking "half full", instead of looking "Half empty".


title: Pessimism

paragraphs: Pessimism is an attitude of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.

paragraphs: Someone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.

paragraphs: An example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is "half empty", not "half full".


title: Acid Survivors Foundation

paragraphs: The Acid Survivors Foundation is a Bangladeshi organization that helps victims of acid attacks and tries to prevent these attacks..

paragraphs: It was founded in 1999 with support from UNICEF and the Canadian International Development Agency. In 2005 the co-founder Monira Rahman was granted the Human Rights Award of Amnesty International.


title: Shmuel Yosef Agnon

paragraphs: Shmuel Yosef Agnon (July 17, 1888 - February 17, 1970) was an Israeli writer and winner of the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraphs: He was one of the central figures of modern Hebrew fiction. In Hebrew, he is known by the acronym Shai Agnon. In English, his works are published under the name S. Y. Agnon.


title: Acid throwing

paragraphs: Acid throwing or vitriolage is a form of violent assault. The attackers throw acid at their victims. Usually they throw it at their faces. They want to damage skin tissue, even to expose and to dissolve the bones. The consequences of these attacks include blindness and permanent scars of the face and body.

paragraphs: In India, the number of acid attacks have been rising. There had been 68 acid attacks in Karnataka alone (of which Bangalore is the capital) since 1999. These are only the cases that have been reported. Unlike India, Bangladesh has introduced the death penalty for throwing acid and laws strictly controlling the sales of acids since 2002. An important role for the introduction of that legislation had the Acid Survivors Foundation.


title: Nelly Sachs

paragraphs: Nelly Sachs (1891–1970) was a German-Swedish poet and playwright. She is a Nobel Prize winner and of Jewish descent.


title: 2008 in science

paragraphs: The year 2008 in science had some important events, listed below.


title: Tikrit

paragraphs: Tikrit sometimes known as Takrit or Tekrit, is a city in Iraq, located northwest of Baghdad and southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River. As of 2012, it has a population of 160,000.

paragraphs: At least 80% majority of the people are Sunni. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq through April 2003, was born there; he considered it his hometown. He was actually born in a village on the outskirts of Tikrit, however in a part of Tikrit municipality.


title: 2007 in science

paragraphs: The year 2007 in science had some important events, listed below.


title: White nose syndrome

paragraphs: White nose syndrome (WNS) is a condition which has caused many bats in the United States and Canada to die. The condition is named "white nose" because the affected bats have a fungus around their nose which is white. It was discovered in February 2006.

paragraphs: The disease was first reported in January 2007 in some New York caves. It spread to other New York caves and into Vermont, Massachusetts and Connecticut in 2008. In early 2009 it was found in New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania. West Virginia In March 2010, it was found in Ontario, Canada, and Middle Tennessee. In 2012, new cases showed up in northeastern Ohio, and Acadia National Park in Maine. New confirmed cases appeared in 2013 in Georgia, South Carolina, and Illinois.


title: 2006 in science

paragraphs: The year 2006 in science had some important events, listed below.


title: Missy Peregrym

paragraphs: Melissa "Missy" Peregrym (born June 16, 1982 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada) is a Canadian actress.

paragraphs: Peregrym lived in Surrey, British Columbia with her mom, dad, and sisters in her early childhood. She played many sports as a child and through her teenage years. She liked to play soccer, lacrosse, snowboarding and hockey. She is currently dating Ben Roethlisberger.

paragraphs: Peregrym began her career as a model at the age of 18. Later, she began to do commercials. In 2002, she began acting and guest starring in a few shows, then she made her career breakthrough when she was 24 when she starred in the movie "Stick It", where her main character was a tomboy athlete (much like herself).


title: Ken Follett

paragraphs: Kenneth Martin Follett (born 5 June 1949) is a Welsh writer, known as Ken Follett. He was born in Cardiff, Wales. Follett has written many detective books and history novels. He has sold 100 million copies of his books.


title: British National Party

paragraphs: The British National Party (or BNP for short) is a far-right political party in the United Kingdom. The party's policies promote an end to Third World immigration, right-wing populism and Third position economics. They are British nationalists. They want to "keep Britain British" by not letting people from other countries move to the UK. The party was led by Nick Griffin from 1999 until 2014 and the current leader of the BNP is Adam Walker.

paragraphs: In 2009, the party had 2 MEPs (Members of European Parliament) out of 73 British seats in the European Parliament. Those two seats were held by Griffin and Andrew Brons. It has no seats in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom or the devolved assemblies.

paragraphs: The BNP was started in 1982 by John Tyndall.

paragraphs: In November 2012 the British Democratic Party was started by Brons. Brons started the party after leaving the BNP in October 2012. Brons wants the BDP to end the BNP. He does not like the BNP because he thinks its ideology is not extreme enough. Griffin lost his seat in the European Parliament in 2014.


title: Differentiation

paragraphs: Differentiation is a term used in different senses.


title: F.C. Utrecht

paragraphs: F.C. Utrecht is a football club which plays in the Netherlands.

paragraphs: It was a merger of three clubs from the city of Utrecht: Door Oefening Sterk, USV Elinkwijk and Velox in 1970.


title: Sparta Rotterdam

paragraphs: Sparta Rotterdam is a football club which plays in Netherlands.


title: Road number

paragraphs: A road number is usually given to a portion of public roadway. The chosen number often depends on the type of road. The numbers will be different if the road is an interstate, a motorway, an arterial thoroughfare, a two-lane road, and so forth.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, the road number has a letter and a number. It is between 1 and 4 digits long. For instance, the main road from London to Edinburgh is called the A1. The "A" means it is a first class route. This also means it is more important than "B" roads. The A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 begin in London and go towards various towns around the coast. Roads which start in the area between the A1 and the A2 must start with the number 1 (A137, B1412), etc. Scotland is also divided into zones by the A7, A8 and A9 leave from Edinburgh. Motorways have the letter "M", for example the M25. Motorways have a different numbering system from "A" and "B" roads.

paragraphs: This system is used in other European countries (for example, Spain and France).


title: A.F.C. Door Wilskracht Sterk

paragraphs: A.F.C. Door Wilskracht Sterk is a football club which plays in Netherlands.


title: 2005 in science

paragraphs: The year 2005 in science had some important events, listed below.


title: 2004 in science

paragraphs: The year 2004 in science had some important events, listed below.


title: Midwest Irish Radio

paragraphs: Midwest Radio and Midwest Irish Radio are an Irish radio station in County Mayo, Ireland. Its studios are on Clare Street, Ballyhaunis. The station started in 1989. When first opened the Midwest Radio studios were in Abbey Street, Ballyhaunis, Co. Mayo. Its target audience is people over 35 and it mainly broadcasts country music and classic hits. Some of the station's programmes do contain current chart music such as The Breakfast Show, The Late Late Lunchbox and The Hot Hits Hour. The station broadcasts live every day from 7:00 am to 1:00 am. The latest JNLR/MRBI radio listener survey shows that Mid West Radio is by far the most popular radio station in Connacht with a market-share of 52.2%. Midwest Radio's franchise area is county Mayo although it can be heard in various parts of Connacht.

paragraphs: Midwest Radio started an online only radio station, Midwest Irish Radio, in 2005. This has a different programme to Midwest Radio, although The Mid Morning Show does broadcast on Midwest Irish Radio. Most of its broadcasts are non stop Irish music. It's sister station Northwest Radio shut down in 2004.

paragraphs: 7.00am-8.45am Breakfast Show with David Cawley

paragraphs: 8.45am-9.00am Morning Edition News & Sport

paragraphs: 11.00am-1.00pm Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy

paragraphs: 1.30pm-3.00pm Classic Hits Country With Chris Carroll

paragraphs: 3.00pm-5.30pm Late Late Lunchbox with Padraic Walsh

paragraphs: 6.05pm-8.00pm Classic Express With Brendan Nugent

paragraphs: 8.00pm-10.00pm Nice And Easy with Eamonn Kelly (Monday-Thursday) / Viv Brennan (Friday)

paragraphs: 1.00am-3.00am The Tommy Marron Show (replay)

paragraphs: 3.00am-5.00am Mid-Morning Show with Paul Claffy (replay)

paragraphs: 5.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night

paragraphs: 10.00pm-1.00am Songbook With Michael Goulding

paragraphs: 10.00pm-1.00am Ceoil Agus Ealion With Joe Byrne

paragraphs: 10.00pm-11.00pm Farming Matters With Michael Neary

paragraphs: 11.00pm-2.00am Late Show With Michael Commins

paragraphs: 10.00pm-1.00am Classic Hits With Tim Norton

paragraphs: 10.00pm-11.00pm Hot Hits Hour As Gaeilge with Brendan Roache

paragraphs: 11.00pm-2.00am Weekend American Country With Phillip Costello

paragraphs: 7.00am-9.00am Saturday Morning Breakfast Show With Deirde Kelly

paragraphs: 9.00am-10.00am The Gardening Show With Padraic Horkan

paragraphs: 10.00am-1.00pm Country Classics With Micheal Neary

paragraphs: 1.30pm-5.00pm Saturday Mix With Michael D

paragraphs: 8.00pm-10.00pm Homespun With Noel Grogan

paragraphs: 10.00pm-1.00am Mac's Country Store With Eamon McPhilomey

paragraphs: 1.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night

paragraphs: 7.00am-9.00am Sunday Morning Meolidies With Beverley Stafford

paragraphs: 9.00am-9.45am Faith Alive With Fr.Brenden Hoban And Monica Morley

paragraphs: 10.45am-1.30pm Sunday Choice With Brendan Magee

paragraphs: 2.00pm-5.00pm Sunday Sports Show With Angelina Nugent

paragraphs: 5.30pm-8.00pm Sunday Jukebox With Brendan Nugent

paragraphs: 8.00pm-8.30pm Sport Results Roundup With Michael D McAndrew

paragraphs: 8.30pm-10.00pm Fleadh Cheoil With Seamus Duffy

paragraphs: 10.00pm-1.00am Fireside Radio With Micheal Commins

paragraphs: 2.00am-7.00am Midwest Radio Music All Night


title: Russian Social Democratic Labour Party

paragraphs: Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) was a Russian political party.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1898. The RSDLP program was based on Marxism and socialism. The party wanted to head the workers of Russia and to throw down the Tsar. Some members of the party wanted democracy. They were called "Mensheviks". Other members of the party spoke for the dictatorship of the working class. They were called "Bolsheviks". The leaders of the Menshevik group were Martov and Potresov. The leaders of the Bolshevik group were Plekhanov and Lenin.

paragraphs: The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party was an illegal party. It fought against the autocracy, organized meetings and strikes, and printed illegal newspapers blaming the Tsar and his government. Many members of the party were arrested, put into prison or condemned to penal servitude.

paragraphs: In 1917 Lenin and most Bolsheviks became a separate political party, RSDLP(B), which later became the Russian Communist Party.

paragraphs: During the Russian Civil War, the RSDLP was banned by Communists. Some Social Democrats became Communists, some fled from Russia, others became political prisoners.


title: Signed number representations

paragraphs: Signed Number representations are used to solve the problem of representing negative integers in binary. The problem of trying to store the negative sign (−) of a binary number is that there are no states left to use with which to represent the negative assignment. It is not possible to just use 'off' for minus and 'on' for plus because the computer would have no way of knowing whether it was a digit or a sign.

paragraphs: To overcome this issue computer designers invented two methods for storing negative binary numbers: sign-and-magnitude and 2's complement. These produce alternative representations for signed numbers.

paragraphs: Sign and Magnitude works by changing the most significant bit (MSB - the first digit) to a 1 if the number is negative, and reduce the number by one, for example:

paragraphs: This method of storing negative binary numbers does not work because:

paragraphs: 1's Complement works by swapping 1s for 0s and the 0s for 1s for example:

paragraphs: Much like the sign-and-magnitude method this is easily defined as a negative number because its most significant bit is 1

paragraphs: 2's Complement is a more difficult way of storing negatives. There are three steps for it:


title: Kingpin

paragraphs: The Kingpin (Wilson Fisk) is a fictional character in the Marvel Universe. The character first appears in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #50 (July 1967), and was created by writer Stan Lee and artist John Romita, Sr. The Kingpin often appears as an adversary of Spider-Man, Daredevil and the Punisher.

paragraphs: Kingpin is the main antagonist of both the 2003 movie Daredevil played by Michael Clarke Duncan and the 2015 Netflix original television series Daredevil set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in which he is played by Vincent D'Onofrio. Kingpin is also the villain of the animated movie .


title: Centre Pompidou-Metz

paragraphs: The Centre Pompidou Metz is a museum of modern and contemporary art. It is located in Metz, France. It exhibits sculptures, modern and contemporary paintings and graphic art.

paragraphs: The architecture of the building is inspired by a traditional Chinese hat. The carpentry is an innovative assembly composed of sixteen kilometers of wood.

paragraphs: Some elements of the inaugural exhibition were borrow by the Centre Georges Pompidou of Paris, especially:


title: Floating point

paragraphs: Real numbers in binary have to be stored in a special way in a computer. Computers represent numbers as binary integers (whole numbers that are powers of two), so there is no direct way for them to represent non-integer numbers like decimals as there is no radix point. One way computers bypass this problem is floating-point representation, with "floating" referring to how the radix point can move higher or lower when multiplied by an exponent (power).

paragraphs: In mathematics and science, very large and very small numbers are often made simpler and multiplied to a power of ten to make them easier to understand. For example, it can be much easier to read 1.2 trillion as formula_1 than 1,200,000,000,000. This can also be used with negative powers of ten to make small numbers, meaning you can represent 0.000001 as formula_2. This process is called scientific notation.

paragraphs: Since computers are limited to integers and binary, this means they cannot easily represent fractional decimal numbers. In order to represent fractional numbers, computers use three sets of binary numbers to make a scientific notation representation. They are: the signed bit, which determines if the number is positive (0) or negative (1); the significand, which is an integer (whole) version of the number; and the exponent, which is the power you multiply the base by.

paragraphs: The significand is found by taking your number and moving the radix point until there is no fractional part, making it into an integer. In decimal this is making 1.45 into 145 by moving the point right 2 steps, and in binary this would be making 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) by moving the point right 4 steps; in both cases these numbers aren't related to one another outside using the same digits in a similar ordering.

paragraphs: Similarly to how scientific notation makes the significand as basic as possible, the aim in floating point numbers is to make it an integer so it can be represented in bytes and used in calculations.

paragraphs: The exponent is the number of digits the radix point has moved past: if it moves left then the exponent is negative, but if it moves right then it is positive. As above, making 1.45 into 145 requires you to multiply by 100, so the exponent is 2 as formula_3. Equally, turning 1101.0111 (13.4375) into 1101 0111 (215) requires you to move the radix point four columns to the right, so the exponent is 4; this can be verified in decimal as formula_4.

paragraphs: Since the process is inverted to most cases of scientific notation, as it involves making a faction into an integer rather than turning a large integer into a fraction, exponents are generally negative to move the decimal place to the left; in decimal this would be turning your integer 145 back into the fractional number 1.45 by multiplying it by formula_5. Instead of using an signed leftmost bit the exponent is instead biased, giving 32-bit float exponents a range of formula_6 to formula_7. The output value of the biased exponent can be found by adding 127 to it:

paragraphs: Let's assume, for example, we want to represent the decimal number 37.40625 to its binary counterpoint: a bicimal (or binary decimal/fraction). First, we need to take our decimal number, which is in powers of 10, and convert it to binary, which is in powers of 2. One way to do this is to subtract the largest power of two possible until you reach zero:

paragraphs: Using the powers of two above, we can represent our decimal number formula_17 as follows:

paragraphs: We have validated that our decimal number formula_17 is represented in binary as formula_19. However, the issue with computers is that they represent numbers as integer powers of two using bits, which makes fractional and negative numbers complicated. In accordance with IEEE-754, the way this is commonly done with a computer is to create a 32-bit floating point number that consists of three parts: the sign, 1 bit to determine if our number is positive or negative; the exponent, 8 bits to represent our exponent and to which we add 127 to avoid signed bytes; and our significand, which is our binary number without a bicimal point spread across 23 bits. Since we need to move our bicimal point 5 places to make formula_20 into the significand formula_21 our exponent is formula_22. By using a 32-bit float we can represent 37.40625 like this:


title: South Petherton

paragraphs: South Petherton is a small town in Somerset, a county in England. Over 4, 000 people live there.

paragraphs: It is twinned with the town of Javané, which is in France.

paragraphs: There are two schools in South Petheton: South Petherton Infants School, which is run by the Church of England and is for children from the age of 4 to 7, and South Petherton Junior School, which is for children aged 7 to 11.


Norwegian


title: Markup language

paragraphs: A markup language is a computer language. It is made up of a set of instructions, and of data. It is not the same as a programming language, as only programming languages can have if statements and other conditional statements. The first markup languages were used for printing; there was the text, and there were instructions how the text should be printed. The source code is generally done in ASCII. Then there are tags. That way, LaTeX (and with that, Wikipedia), uses the instruction <nowiki>\mu</nowiki> to get the symbol formula_1, the Greek letter "Mu". HTML uses <nowiki>µ</nowiki> to get the same symbol.


title: Alan Davies

paragraphs: Alan Davies (born 6 March 1966) is an English comedian, writer and actor. He is best known for starring in Jonathan Creek and for being a panellist on QI.

paragraphs: Davies was born in Loughton, Essex. His childhood years were spent in Chingford, London. Davies' mother died when he was six. He graduated in Drama from the University of Kent in 1988.

paragraphs: In 2008, Davies was in the teen comedy "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging".

paragraphs: Davies' first book, the autobiographical "My Favourite People and Me, 1978-88", was published by Penguin Books in late 2009.

paragraphs: Davies married writer Katie Maskell on 13 January 2007 after a 6-month engagement. The couple met backstage at "QI" in 2005. Their first child, Susie, was born on 9 December 2009. Their second child, Robert, was born on 18 June 2011.

paragraphs: In late 2007 he made UK national news. "The Times" and "Daily Telegraph" reported that Davies was involved in a fight and bit the ear of a homeless man. Davies had just left a wake at the nearby Groucho Club. Davies is no longer allowed at the Groucho Club.

paragraphs: Davies is a fan of Arsenal F.C. and a season ticket holder.


title: Ponzi scheme

paragraphs: A Ponzi scheme is a special kind of fraud. It is based on a fake investment that one schemer (or group of schemers) gets other people to give money to.

paragraphs: In Ponzi schemes, the schemer basically says, "I found a great way to make money fast. The more you give me, the more I can invest in that cause, and the more I can earn for us all". But a Ponzi scheme doesn't actually "earn money". Instead, "all" of the scheme's money comes from the investors.

paragraphs: Once a Ponzi scheme gets too many investors, the system will always crash. This is because the investors all expect more money than they invested, and they will get impatient.

paragraphs: These schemes always stop one of three ways:

paragraphs: The scheme was named after a man named Charles Ponzi. He used the scheme after moving from Italy to the United States in 1903. (Ponzi didn't invent the scheme, though. In 1857, Charles Dickens wrote a book called "Little Dorrit" about a scheme like this. The scheme is a simple idea, and probably very old.) However, Ponzi's scheme was so big that it became the most popular. His original scheme was based on using countries' money-exchange rates to make money, based on international postage stamps. But money soon stopped being invested in coupons, and went to early investors, and a lot to Ponzi himself.

paragraphs: Ponzi schemes can be run anywhere, even online, and are being run even now.

paragraphs: People advertising Ponzi schemes often use impressive words, that are actually very vague. Examples are:

paragraphs: Schemers often depend on investors "not actually knowing" about economics. The Madoff scandal of 2008 showed that even sophisticated people like bankers can fall for them. People are fooled by the schemer seeming to have financial skill or reputation.

paragraphs: Sometimes, the schemers claim that money can only be made if the investment is kept a secret (away from the authorities or public). For example, Bernard Madoff only allowed the accounting firm run by his brother-in-law to perform audits on his "hedge fund", claiming it had to be kept a secret to earn money.

paragraphs: Since the investment is very vague, not very many investors come very fast. But the scheme often gets speed like this:

paragraphs: Schemers often try to tempt the early investors to "re-invest" the money they've "earned". Schemers sometimes send investors "invoices", showing investors how much they've "earned" and how much they'll keep "earning" if they keep "investing".

paragraphs: Schemers also try to make sure new investors can't take their money back, by making the rules tighter. In this case, the schemer will often have a few investors say they kept their money, making the investment still look productive enough to be good.


title: Baní

paragraphs: The Dominican city of Baní is the head municipality of the Peravia province, on the south of the country, close to the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: Baní is a Taíno word meaning "ebony" or a similar tree, but the city takes the name from the small river that flows through the city.

paragraphs: In 1764, the people that were living in the Peravia Valley bought some land in "Cerro Gordo" (part of the valley) to build a new town. The new town was given the name of Baní after the river that is found to the east of the town.

paragraphs: After the independence from Haiti in 1844, the country was divided in five provinces and in 1845 Baní was made a municipality of the old province of Santo Domingo. In 1944, Baní was made the capital city of the new province José Trujillo Valdéz, now with the name of Peravia.

paragraphs: The municipality had, in , a total population of 92,153: 44,841 men and 47,312 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: Baní has a total area of (without including its municipal districts), about of the total area of the small province of Peravia. The city is an elevation of , and at to the west of Santo Domingo.

paragraphs: The western and northern part of the municipality (and of the province) has many mountains that are part of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range"); this range is called here "Sierra de Ocoa".

paragraphs: To the northeast of the city, there is a small karstic region with small cone-shaped hills that are called here as "cucuruchos".

paragraphs: In the southern half of the municipality there are several small valleys and savannas such as the Peravia Valley, where the city of Baní is located, and "Sabana de Paya" (Paya savanna) around the town of Paya.

paragraphs: West of Baní, the region is very dry and there are not many people living here except close to rivers and to the coast.

paragraphs: The most important rivers in this municipality are Ocoa and Baní rivers.

paragraphs: The municipality of Baní has the Azua province to the west, the San José de Ocoa to the north, the San Cristóbal province to the west and the municipality of Nizao to the southwest. To the south is the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: Baní has a tropical wet and dry savanna climate (Köppen climate classification : Aw) with a pronounced dry season in winter.

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of rainfall, followed by June with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is March with an average of and the second is January with .

paragraphs: Baní is in a hot region; the average temperature for the year is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Baní has nine municipal districts:


title: Morgan Freeman

paragraphs: Morgan Freeman (born June 1, 1937) is an Afro-American actor and movie producer.

paragraphs: Freeman was born in Memphis, Tennessee on June 1, 1937. He started acting when he was nine years old in a school play and at age 12 won a drama competition in his home State. Morgan worked many acting jobs until 1968 when he got his first role on Broadway in a Musical called "Hello, Dolly!". He is known for his soft-spoken voice. He has donated several amounts of money to the Democratic Party. Once he stated that "Republicans scare me."

paragraphs: Some movies that Freeman has been in include:


title: Mikhail Sholokhov

paragraphs: Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (24 May 1905 21 February 1984) was a Soviet/Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraphs: Sholokhov was accused of plagiarizing "And Quiet Flows the Don", which made his international reputation. Sholokhov's detractors claimed that it was written by Fyodor Kryukov, a Cossack and anti-Bolshevik, who died in 1920. In 1987, several thousand pages of notes and drafts of the work were discovered and authenticated, including chapters excluded from the final draft. An analysis of the novel has unambiguously proved Sholokhov's authorship. The writing paper dates back to the 1920s: 605 pages are in Sholokhov's own hand, and 285 are transcribed by his wife Maria and sisters.

paragraphs: An asteroid in main-belt is named after him, 2448 Sholokhov.


title: Dire Straits

paragraphs: Dire Straits was a British rock band from Newcastle, England. They formed in 1977 and have sold more than 120 million albums worldwide and also won three Grammy Awards.


title: Kathryn Janeway

paragraphs: Kathryn Janeway is a character in the American TV series "". She is the captain of the starship Voyager.


title: Tikhon Khrennikov

paragraphs: Tikhon Khrennikov (born Yelets, Russian Empire, 10 June 1913; died Moscow, 14 August 2007) was a Russian musician. He was a composer and pianist He got involved in the musical politics of his country, which was then the Soviet Union. A lot of people hated him, especially in western countries. He is particularly remembered for what he did at the unpleasant conference in 1948, when some of the most famous Soviet composers, including Shostakovich and Prokofiev, were made to say they were sorry for the music they had written and that they would compose better music in future.

paragraphs: In the days of the Soviet Union, and especially under Stalin, musicians had to be very careful about what they did and how they composed. Music, like all arts, was supposed to make people feel that they were lucky to be living in a great country like the Soviet Union. If composers wrote music that the politicians did not like or understand, life became very difficult for them: they would not be allowed to compose, and their music could not be performed. They might even be sent to prison. Tikhon Khrennikov became Secretary to the Union of Soviet Composers in 1948, at the time when Stalin was dictator. He continued in this job until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. He made sure that all musicians obeyed their political leaders.

paragraphs: It is difficult for us today to judge the actions of Khrennikov fairly. He survived because he did what he was told by Soviet dictators. After the collapse of the Soviet Union he tried to say he was sorry for what he did. It is difficult to judge whether he really meant this.

paragraphs: Tikhon Khrennikov was the youngest of ten children, born into a family of horse traders, in the town of Yelets in the Russian province of Lipetsk in central Russia. His family started to teach him the guitar and mandolin. When he was nine he started learning the piano, and when he was 13 he started composing. Three years later he was sent to the Gnesin Academy of Music, studying with the composer Mikhail Gnesin. In 1932 he went on to the Moscow Conservatoire. He studied composition with Vissarion Shebalin and piano with the famous teacher Heinrich Neuhauss who was later the teacher of Emil Gilels and Sviatoslav Richter.

paragraphs: His early works include a symphony, a piano concerto, and an opera based on the book "Into the Storm" which was based on a novel "Loneliness", a favourite book of Stalin. His music was always happy and energetic. He wrote music for 22 films and many patriotic songs. He did everything he could to please Stalin, and soon he became Secretary of the Union of Soviet Composers.

paragraphs: In 1948 he headed a conference at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, Myaskovsky and Shebalin (who had been his teacher), were told that they were bad “formalists”. The word “formalist” has no meaning in music, but it was used by the politicians to describe anyone who was not obeying the politicians’ guidelines. Khrennikov said at the conference that “we will stop all manifestations of formalism and popular decadence".

paragraphs: Shostakovich had given Khrennikov some friendly advice about his opera "Into the Storm", but Khrennikov had been angry about being criticized and now he could get his own back. Shostakovich made satirical remarks about Khrennikov in an opera "Rayok" which he never showed to anyone and was found amongst his papers after his death in 1975.

paragraphs: After the fall of the Soviet Union Khrennikov published a book "That’s the Way It Was". In this book he says that everybody had to obey political rules and he was only doing what everyone else did. However, he then wrote some bad things about Shostakovich. Khrennikov had also been an enemy of the composer Alfred Schnittke. He banned his music from being played, and was furious when it was performed in other countries. He also banned music by other composers who have now become famous such as Sofia Gubaidulina and Viktor Suslin.

paragraphs: Khrennikov was, however, not all bad. He supported Shostakovich and Prokofiev for getting the Stalin Prizes in the 1950s. He also invited Stravinsky, who had been exiled to the United States, to revisit the Soviet Union in 1962.

paragraphs: When he was in his eighties, Khrennikov continued to compose many comic operas, operettas and ballets. They always had tunes that were easy for people to enjoy.

paragraphs: The Soviet state gave him many prizes for the work he did: three Stalin Prizes, a State Prize of the USSR and a Lenin Prize. Before his death he was even given an award by Vladimir Putin, which makes it seem as if Russia might be returning to its past values.


title: Seven of Nine

paragraphs: Seven of Nine is a character in . She is an ex-Borg and is the science officer on the star ship Voyager.

paragraphs: When she was very young, Seven of Nine was taken on an expedition by her parents, who were studying the Borg. They were all assimilated; Seven of Nine and her parents (this is when the Borg change people or other aliens into Borg).

paragraphs: According to the Borg, Seven of Nine is the first Borg to go back to the life she had before being assimilated.


title: Doctor (Star Trek)

paragraphs: The Doctor is a character on the American television show . He is a hologram with a database of medical knowledge and is the chief medical officer on Voyager.


title: Jim Gannon

paragraphs: James Paul "Jim" Gannon (born 7 September 1968) is an English former footballer and manager. He is currently the manager and Director of Football of English Conference National team Stockport County F.C..


title: Lisa Marie Presley

paragraphs: Lisa Marie Presley (born February 1, 1968) is an American singer-songwriter. She is the only child of singer/actor Elvis Presley.

paragraphs: She owns Graceland, the mansion her father lived in. She has released three albums.

paragraphs: Lisa was born in Baptist Memorial Hospital-Memphis in Memphis, Tennessee , She was growing up with Presley Family lived in Graceland with her parents until Elvis' death in 1977.

paragraphs: Presley was married to Danny Keough, Michael Jackson, Nicolas Cage and her present husband Michael Lockwood. She has four children. Two of the children are with Keough. The other two are with Lockwood.


title: Dialysis

paragraphs: Dialysis is where a machine is used to replace a kidney after kidney failure. The word "dialysis" comes from the Greek word "dialusis", "dia" meaning through, and "lusis" meaning loosening.

paragraphs: Dialysis can be used for people who have become sick and have lost the use of their kidneys for a short time, or for people who no longer have working kidneys. The purpose of the kidney is to keep a balance of water and minerals in the body. These minerals include sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfate. The kidneys also take out hydrogen ions from the blood. Dialysis is able to remove these wastes from the body and help keep the minerals in balance.

paragraphs: However the kidneys are also part of the endocrine system and make erythropoietin and calcitriol. Dialysis machines are not able to replace this part of the kidney's function.

paragraphs: Dialysis machines work by using diffusion and ultrafiltration. A very fine material, called a membrane, allows blood and fluid to flow through it. In the machine, the blood flows in one direction, and on the other side of the membrane, a special fluid, dialysate flows in the opposite direction, this process is known as osmosis. Dialysate is a fluid that has different chemicals in it, such as potassium and calcium. A doctor would decide what mixture of chemicals would be needed for each patient. The dialysate has bicarbonate in it to lower the higher acid levels that these patients often have. The blood and dialysate mix together. The waste products are removed from the blood and caught up in the fine membrane.

paragraphs: A dialyser is part of a dialysis machine. The dialyser filters blood like a kidney. It is made of a clear hollow cylinder with two inlets and two outlets. One inlet and outlet is at the upper side and downside which are for blood entrance and exit before and after purification. The other inlet and outlet are beside through which a supporter liquid goes into the dialyser.

paragraphs: A dialyser has very thin fibres of cellulose. The fibres work as a semi-permeable membrane (SPM). There are about 10,000 of them. Impurities such as urea keratin leave through the SPM. Blood cells cannot go through because the blood cells are bigger than the impurities. The whole process of purification is supported by a liquid called dialysate. Dialysate is sent into the dialyser by the pump situated in the dialysis machine. The pure liquid goes in and the impure dialysate comes out. Dialysers are also called artificial kidneys.


title: Kinkajou

paragraphs: The kinkajou is a mammal of the family Procyonidae and it is related to the raccoon, coati, olingo, raingtail and cacomistle. It lives in the rainforests of South America and Central America, and spends most of its time on trees. It can eat both meat and plants and has a gripping tail that can be used like an arm. It is an endangered species because it is being hunted for its fur, meat and to be illegally sold as pets.

paragraphs: Although kinkajous may look like monkeys, lemurs, koalas, opossums, bears or ferrets, they are not related to those animals. An adult kinkajou's weight is between 1-3 kg (3-7 lb). Its body can grow up to 43-56 cm long (17-22 in) and its tail usually measures between 16-22 cm (41- 56 in). The kinkajou has woolly fur consisting of an outer golden (brownish-gray) coat and another gray coat underneath.


title: The Barber of Seville

paragraphs: The Barber of Seville (in Italian: Il barbiere di Siviglia) is a comic opera (opera buffa) in two acts by the composer Gioachino Rossini. The libretto (words) are based on a comedy by Pierre Beaumarchais called "The Barber of Seville". It is Rossini’s most famous opera, containing some very well known tunes.

paragraphs: The first performance took place on 20 February, 1816 in Rome

paragraphs: Rossini’s opera was not the first one to be based on Beaumarchais' play. The composer Giovanni Paisiello had written one with the same title, and another was composed in 1796 by Nicolas Isouard. Paisiello’s opera was popular for a time, but soon Rossini’s opera became famous and Paisiello’s opera was forgotten.

paragraphs: Mozart's opera "Le nozze di Figaro," composed in 1786 is also based on the same play, but it deals with the second part of the play (the play was in three parts).

paragraphs: Rossini is well known for being able to compose very quickly. He composed all the music for "The Barber of Seville" in less than three weeks. He borrowed the overture from something he had written earlier.

paragraphs: When the opera was first performed on 20 February 1816 it was a big failure. The audience hissed and jeered the whole time, and there were several little accidents on the stage. At one point a cat walked onto the stage.

paragraphs: The second time it was performed it was a great success.

paragraphs: "The square in front of Dr. Bartolo's house"

paragraphs: The story takes place in the town of Seville in Spain. It is supposed to be the 17th century. In a town square outside Dr. Bartolo's house a band of musicians are serenading outside the window of Rosina. Among them is Lindoro, who is pretending to be a poor student, but he is really Count Almaviva in disguise. He hopes that Rosina will love him. He pays the musicians who then leave.

paragraphs: Figaro comes in. He used to be Almaviva’s servant. The aria that he sings is very famous. It is called "Largo al factotum". Almaviva asks him to help him meet Rosina, offering him money if he can do it. Figaro says he should disguise himself as a soldier and pretend to be drunk and to try and get into the house.

paragraphs: Inside Dr Bartolo’s house Rosina sings a song "Una voce poco fa" ("A voice just now").

paragraphs: Rosina writes to the Count, calling him Lindoro, because she thinks that is his name. As she is leaving the room, Bartolo and Basilio enter. Bartolo is suspicious of the Count, and Basilio says that they should start to tell bad stories about him to get him out of the way.

paragraphs: When they are gone, Rosina and Figaro enter. Figaro asks Rosina to write a short note to Lindoro. She has already done this. She is surprised by Bartolo, but she manages to fool him.

paragraphs: Berta, Dr Bartolo’s servant, tries to leave the house. She is met by the Count disguised as an drunken soldier. Bartolo cannot get rid of the Count, who manages to have a quick word with Rosina. He whispers to her that he is called Lindoro and gives her a letter. Bartolo is watching and is suspicious. He wants to know what the letter is about, but Rosina fools him by giving him a list of things to be washed. Bartolo and the Count start arguing. Basilio, Figaro and Berta appear and the noise is heard by the Officer of the Watch and his men. Bartolo thinks that the Count has been arrested, but Almaviva tells the officer his real name and he is immediately released. Bartolo and Basilio cannot understand why this happened. Rosina laughs at them.

paragraphs: Almaviva comes to the doctor’s house again. This time he is disguised as a music teacher. He is pretending that Basilio is ill and that he has come instead. At first Bartolo is suspicious but he soon lets him in when he shows him Rosina’s letter. He gives Rosina a singing lesson. Bartolo thinks that Lindoro is one of the Count’s servants and that he is trying to get girls for the Count. Bartolo does not want to leave him alone with Rosina, so he gets Figaro (who is a barber) to shave him.

paragraphs: When Basilio suddenly appears, Almaviva bribes him with some money and he goes away saying he is sick. Bartolo realizes in the end that it is a trick, and gets everyone out of the room. He goes to a notary to get a marriage contract made between himself and Rosina. He shows Rosina the letter she wrote to "Lindoro", and makes her think that Lindoro is a servant and cunning friend of Almaviva.

paragraphs: The stage is empty while the music creates a thunder storm. The Count and Figaro climb up a ladder to the balcony and enter the room through a window. Rosina shows Almaviva the letter and says she is very sad. Almaviva tells her who he really is. Rosina now loves him. Figaro tells them they should leave. Basilio and the notary come to the front door and try to leave by the ladder, but it has gone. Basilio can either take a bribe a be a witness to the marriage or he can be shot dead. He decides, together with Figaro, to witness the signing of the marriage contract between the Count and Rosina. Bartolo rushes in, but is too late. Bartolo (who was the one who had taken away the ladder) is made happy when he is told he can keep Rosina's dowry.


title: Veroia

paragraphs: Veroia (or Veria) is a Greek city which is a capital of Imathia prefecture. It is in the north of the Greece, in the central Macedonia periphery. In 2001, 42.794 lived there.


title: Katerini

paragraphs: Katerini is a Greek city which is the capital of Pieria prefecture in the region of Macedonia. It is found on the foothill of Mount Olympus, the highest Greek mountain. Katerini is located in the periphery of Central Macedonia and it is near Thessaloniki. It has a population of 85,851 inhabitants according to 2011 census.


title: Drama, Greece

paragraphs: Drama is a Greek city that is the capital of Drama prefecture. It is in the east of Macedonia and it belongs to the East Macedonia periphery. 42,501 people live there.


title: Kavala

paragraphs: Kavala is one of the biggest cities in Macedonia. It is the capital of Kavala prefecture. It is in the northeastern part of Greece, in the East Macedonia and Thrace periphery. It is on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos. According to the 2001 census, 63,293 people lived there.


title: Alexandroupoli

paragraphs: Alexandroupoli (or Alexandroupolis) is a Greek city, in the Thrace periphery. It is the capital of Evros prefecture. Alexandroupolis is in the northeast of Greece, very close to Turkey and Bulgaria. It had 57,812 people according to 2011 census.


title: Marten

paragraphs: The Martens are small mammals in the family Mustelidae.

paragraphs: They belong to the genus Martes, with eight species. They live in the Northern Hemisphere, and are found in North America, Canada, Europe and Asia.

paragraphs: Martens are carnivores which mainly hunt at night. They have thin bodies, long, bushy tails, short legs and pointed faces. Their fur is usually brown with pale chest. Martens live in forests. They have claws that retract, like cats, so they can easily climb trees. They live by themselves and do not like other martens living too close to them. They eat mostly small mammals like squirrels, voles, mice, rabbits, but also fish, insects, eggs and sometimes fruits (mostly berries) when available.

paragraphs: They meet to mate in late spring or early summer and have a litter of up to five babies. Little martens, called 'kits', are born blind and naked in early spring, after long gestation.


title: Karl Landsteiner

paragraphs: Karl Landsteiner (June 14, 1868 - June 26, 1943) was an Austrian doctor. He won the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of human blood types. His blood type is O.


title: Otto Heinrich Warburg

paragraphs: Otto Heinrich Warburg (October 8, 1883 - August 1, 1970) was a German chemist. He won the 1931 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the respiratory enzyme.


title: Charles Scott Sherrington

paragraphs: Charles Scott Sherrington (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was an English doctor. He won the 1932 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with Edgar Douglas Adrian, for discoveries about neurons.


title: Ruhla

paragraphs: Ruhla is a German city in the west of Thuringia. Next bigger Cities are Eisenach and Erfurt. About 6,500 people live there.

paragraphs: There is a park with miniatures of sights of Thuringia in Ruhla.

paragraphs: The town has a rare angle church called "St. Concordia".


title: Eddie May

paragraphs: Eddie May (born August 30, 1967) is a former Scottish footballer. He also was the head coach of Falkirk.


title: Chakotay

paragraphs: Chakotay is a character from the science fiction television show "". He is Kathryn Janeway's second-in-command on the starship Voyager.


title: Tuvok

paragraphs: Tuvok (full title, "Lt. Commander Tuvok") is a character on the science fiction television show . He is a Vulcan and is the security officer on Voyager.


title: Suprachiasmatic nucleus

paragraphs: The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), is a small nucleus in the hypothalamus in middle of the brain. It is right on top of the optic chiasma.

paragraphs: It is our "body clock", and controls our daily rhythms by hormones and nerve impulses. With its various cell types, it puts out peptides such as vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal peptide) and neurotransmitters.

paragraphs: The SCN controls when we get sleepy and when we wake up, when we are active and when we get hungry. The SCN gets information about light and dark from the retina in the eye so it can adjust itself to the true 24 hours. To do this it uses only about 20,000 cells.


title: Mollie Sugden

paragraphs: Mary Isobel 'Mollie' Sugden (21 July 1922 – 1 July 2009) was an English comedy actress best known for playing saleswoman Mrs. Slocombe in the popular British sitcom "Are You Being Served?" from 1972 to 1985. She later played the same role in "Grace & Favour", which ran from 1992 to 1993. Sugden also appeared in "The Liver Birds" and "Coronation Street".

paragraphs: Sugden was born in Keighley, West Riding of Yorkshire. She died at the Royal Surrey County Hospital in Guildford on 1 July 2009 of unspecified natural causes.


title: London Underground 1938 Stock

paragraphs: The London Underground 1938 Stock was a deep-level tube stock that ran on the London Underground from 1938 to 1988. During their long lives they worked on the Bakerloo, Northern, Piccadilly, East London and Central lines.

paragraphs: These trains do not run on the London Underground anymore. The trains were built by Metro-Cammell and Birmingham RC&W. Some of the trains still run on the Isle of Wight's Island Line as the class 483. In March 2007, South West Trains purchased the rolling stock outright from HSBC Rail for £1. They are the oldest trains used on timetabled services on the National Rail network.

paragraphs: The 1938 tube stock was built as part of the London Passenger Transport Board's New Works Programme, that took place between 1935–1940. The trains were mainly meant to be used on the Northern and Bakerloo lines. Seven more trains were also to be used on the Piccadilly line.

paragraphs: During the 1950s and 1960s the Northern Line only used 1938 and 1949 tube stock trains. These trains were starting to show how old they were by the late 1960s. The first trains were withdrawn from the Northern line in the early 1970s when they were replaced by the 1972 tube stock trains.


title: Mayday Parade

paragraphs: Mayday Parade is an American emo band. Its band members are Derek Sanders, Jeremy Lenzo, Alex Garcia, Brooks Betts, and Jake Bundrick. The band was created in Tallahassee, Florida. It was signed to Fearless Records from 2006 until 2009, when they signed to Atlantic Records.


title: Brantford, Ontario

paragraphs: Brantford is a city in Ontario, Canada. There were 93,650 people in Brantford the last time the Government of Canada did a census count, in 2011.

paragraphs: Brantford is sometimes called "The Telephone City", because the inventor of the telephone lived in Brantford. Hockey player Wayne Gretzky was born in Brantford.

paragraphs: Brantford was settled by United Empire Loyalists led by Joseph Brant of the Iroquois in 1784. It became a city in 1877.

paragraphs: From 1900 until 1950, Brantford had many companies that made equipment and machinery. Those items were sold in Canada and many other countries. Having the river and a railroad for transportation made it easier to ship the items made in Brantford. That helped Brantford change from a farming town to an industrial city.

paragraphs: By the 1980s and 1990s, business in Brantford was dropping and some companies like White Farm Equipment, Massey-Ferguson, Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and others stopped making products. Many people lost their factory jobs.

paragraphs: A new piece of highway (Highway 403) was built in 1997. The new highway made it easier to drive Hamilton and Toronto, and also to Detroit and Buffalo. So, in 2004, Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA moved to Brantford. Now other companies set up in Brantford because it is a good location for shipping products to eastern North America.

paragraphs: 40% of people in Brantford did not finish high-school. In the rest of the province of Ontario, this number is 33%.

paragraphs: People in Brantford earn 9% less than people in the rest of Canada.

paragraphs: The city council was elected on October 27, 2014, and is led by Mayor Chris Friel. The city council, in addition to Friel, includes Larry Kings and Rick Weaver (Ward 1), John Sless and John Utley (Ward 2), Greg Martin and Dan McCreary (Ward 3), Cheryl Antoski and Richard Carpenter (Ward 4), and David Neumann and Brian Van Tilborg (Ward 5). There are municipal elections every four years across the province of Ontario. The next election will be in October 2018.

paragraphs: The "Brantford Expositor", which began in 1852, is printed six times a week (everyday except Sunday). The Brant News is published weekly in Brantford.

paragraphs: Brantford has its own television service: Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Other television stations come fromToronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.

paragraphs: Brantford has been used to film parts of the Murdoch Mysteries television series because it has lots of old architecture that fits with the years that the stories take place.

paragraphs: Movies like "Welcome to Mooseport" and "Where the Truth Lies" were partly made in Brantford. Part of "Due South", "Dr. Long Ball", was made at Arnold Anderson Stadium in a park in Brantford. Also, "Weirdsville", was made in Brantford in 2006. "Silent Hill" was made in the downtown in 2005.

paragraphs: Brantford Municipal Airport is in the west end of the city. It has an air show and sometimes the Snowbirds perform. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is about 35 km east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is in Mississauga, about 100 km north and east of Brantford.

paragraphs: The train station is located just north of downtown Brantford. VIA Rail has trains for people every day. Trains travel between Windsor, Ontario and Union Station in Toronto, Ontario.

paragraphs: Brantford Transit has nine bus routes that go every half-hour from the middle of the city on Darling Street. There are other buses for school times.

paragraphs: Greyhound Canada has buses that go to Toronto, Hamilton, London, Windsor, and other cities.

paragraphs: Brantford has a big Canada Day Festival on July 1. It has family events and Canadian music. More than 35,000 people come to the Festival.

paragraphs: Brantford has many churches and religious temples. It is thought that there are over 35 churches in Brantford, including Anglican, Baptist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Salvation Army, Presbyterian, United, Christadelphian, and Mormon. There are two mosques - a Sunni mosque and a Sufi mosque. There is also one Sikh temple.


title: Historical geology

paragraphs: Historical geology uses the principles and techniques of geology to work out the geological history of the Earth. It looks at the processes which change the Earth's surface and rocks under the surface.

paragraphs: Geologists use stratigraphy and paleontology to find out the sequence of the events, and show the plants and animals which lived at different times in the past. They worked out the sequence of rock layers. Then the discovery of radioactivity and the invention of radiometric dating techniques gave a way to get the ages of the layers (strata).

paragraphs: We now know the timing of important events that have happened during the history of Earth. The Earth is about 4.567 billion (4,567 million) years old. The geological or "deep time" of Earth's past has been organized into various units. Boundaries on the time scale are usually marked by major geological or palaeontological events, such as mass extinctions. For example, the boundary between the Cretaceous period and the Palaeogene period is defined by the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event. This marked the end of the dinosaurs and of many marine species.

paragraphs: Prospecting for energy sources and valuable minerals depends on understanding the geological history of an area. Such knowledge can also help lessen the hazards of earthquakes and volcanoes.

paragraphs: The largest defined unit of time is the supereon composed of Eons. Eons are divided into Eras, which are in turn divided into Periods, Epochs and Stages. At the same time paleontologists define a system of faunal stages, of varying lengths, based on the kinds of animal fossils found there. In many cases, such faunal stages have been adopted in building the geological nomenclature, though in general there are far more recognized faunal stages than defined geological time units.

paragraphs: Geologists tend to talk in terms of Upper/Late, Lower/Early and Middle parts of periods and other units, such as "Upper Jurassic", and "Middle Cambrian". "Upper", "Middle", and "Lower" are terms applied to the rocks themselves, as in "Upper Jurassic sandstone," while "Late", "Middle", and "Early" are applied to time, as in "Early Jurassic deposition" or "fossils of Early Jurassic age." The adjectives are capitalized when the subdivision is formally recognized, and lower case when not; thus "early Miocene" but "Early Jurassic."

paragraphs: Because geologic units occurring at the same time but from different parts of the world can often look different and contain different fossils, there are many examples where the same period was historically given different names in different locales. For example, in North America the Lower Cambrian is called the Waucoban series that is then subdivided into zones based on trilobites. The same timespan is split into Tommotian, Atdabanian and Botomian stages in East Asia and Siberia. A key aspect of the work of the International Commission on Stratigraphy is to reconcile this conflicting terminology and define universal horizons (time division) that can be used around the world.

paragraphs: The following table summarizes the major events and characteristics of the periods of time making up the geologic time scale. As above, this time scale is based on the International Commission on Stratigraphy. The height of each table entry does not correspond to the duration of each subdivision of time.


title: Fats Domino

paragraphs: Antoine "Fats" Domino (February 26, 1928 – October 24, 2017) was an American R&B and rock and roll pianist and singer-songwriter. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. Five of his records released before 1955 sold over a million copies and were certified as gold records, and he had 35 records in the U.S. "Billboard" Top 40. His musical style was based on traditional rhythm and blues, accompanied by saxophones, bass, piano, electric guitar, and drums.

paragraphs: Domino died on October 24, 2017 at his home in Harvey, Louisana aged 89, after a long illness.


title: The Swell Season

paragraphs: The Swell Season are Glen Hansard, from the Irish band, "The Frames", and Marketa Irglova, a classically trained Czech pianist and singer. They won the Academy Award for Best Song in 2008.

paragraphs: The pop/rock duo made their first recording, "The Swell Season", in 2006. This was just after the release of the Frames' sixth CD, "The Cost". Hansard and Irglová also appeared as working-class immigrants in the popular Irish movie, "Once", which was shown at the Sundance Film Festival in 2007. The following year, they won an Oscar, the Academy Award for Best Song for the movie's hit single, "Falling Slowly,". Hansard became the first Irish-born person to win in that category. Irglová became the first Czech woman to win an Oscar, and at age 19, she is the youngest person to win an Oscar in a musical category.

paragraphs: The Swell Season became famous as a result. The soundtrack recording, "Once: Music from the Motion Picture" went gold in February 2008. They went on tour and performed to sold-out crowds in many countries.

paragraphs: During the tour, Hansard and Irglová began dating. Hansard said, "I had been falling in love with her for a long time, but I kept telling myself she's just a kid". Hansard and Irglová also recorded a version of Bob Dylan's "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere" for the movie "I'm Not There" in 2007. In 2009, Hansard said that he and Irglova were no longer romantically linked, and that they are now "good friends."

paragraphs: Hansard and Irglová performed the song live on the Oscar broadcast at Los Angeles' Kodak Theater on February 24, 2008. When they went on stage to receive their awards, her acceptance speech was stopped by the orchestra's music cue to leave the stage. Host Jon Stewart asked her back to deliver her speech following the commercial break. Ceremony director Gil Cates said the early cue was an accident.

paragraphs: “Hi everyone. I just want to thank you so much. This is such a big deal, not only for us, but for all other independent musicians and artists that spend most of their time struggling, and this, the fact that we’re standing here tonight, the fact that we’re able to hold this, it’s just the proof that no matter how far out your dreams are, it’s possible. And, you know, fair play to those who dare to dream and don’t give up. And this song was written from a perspective of hope, and hope at the end of the day connects us all, no matter how different we are. And so thank you so much, who helped us along way. Thank you.”


title: Ted Stevens

paragraphs: Theodore Fulton "Ted" Stevens, Sr. (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010) was a Republican U.S. Senator from Alaska. He served in the United States Senate for 40 years from 1968 to 2009. He was the 87th President Pro Tempore of the Senate from 2003–2007. For his services as president pro tempore, Senator Stevens was named as only the third President pro tempore emeritus of the United States Senate. Even by Senate standards, Stevens was extremely effective at getting billions of dollars in federal funds for Alaska. He was so effective at it he was nicknamed "uncle Ted". The airport in Anchorage, Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport was named after him in 2000. Stevens was born in Indianapolis. In 2010, Stevens died in a plane crash in Alaska at the age of 86.

paragraphs: Stevens was born on November 18, 1923 in Indianapolis, Indiana.

paragraphs: In World War II Stevens joined the US Army Air Corps as a pilot. He flew transport planes in China supporting the Flying Tigers. He was awarded two Distinguished Flying Crosses, two Air Medals and the Yun Hai Medal by the Republic of China.

paragraphs: After serving in the Second World War, he went into law in Fairbanks, Alaska where he became a US Attorney soon after. When Dwight Eisenhower was president, Stevens worked in the Interior and helped to make Alaska a state. In 1968 he was appointed to the Senate, where he served for the next forty years. While in the Senate he was known for taking action for his own state: preserving Alaskan wilderness areas, protecting fisheries, and building the Trans Alaska Pipeline. He also helped set up the US Olympic Committee. In 2008 he was charged with major crimes related to corruption days before his reelection, which he lost to Mark Begich. He planned on trying to get his Senate seat back after he the charges were dropped, but he died in a plane crash in the Alaskan wilderness in 2010.


title: Joy of Giving Week

paragraphs: The Joy of Giving Week (JGW), planned for Sept 27 - Oct 3, 2009 as a national movement, aims at engaging at least one crore Indians in different ""acts of giving"" - "money, time, resources and skills"- spanning the corporate, NGO and government sectors, schools, colleges and the general public. The idea is to create a ""festival of philanthropy"" that can, over the years, become a part of the Indian ethos, with the Week being celebrated every year covering Gandhi Jayanti. The Week is designed as a ""public platform"" and is being co-ordinated by GiveIndia, a non for profit organization whose mission is to promote "Giving". GiveIndia has earlier initiated public giving activities like the Mumbai and Delhi marathons and runs the largest Payroll Giving programme in the country across 40 companies.

paragraphs: The "Joy of Giving Week" was launched in Mumbai on June 3 in front of the media and was covered by 22 news channels and over 40 publications and a press meet was scheduled in Chennai on June 30. And soon, the campaign would launched before media in Hyderabad and various other cities.

paragraphs: Several corporates, celebrities and organisations have already finalized their efforts towards awareness, volunteering and fundraising events that they will organize during the "Joy of Giving Week".

paragraphs: A brief outline on some of the initiatives that are taking place during the Week.


title: Aloch

paragraphs: Aloch is a small town in Shangla District, of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the capital of Puran Tehsil, which is one of the divisions of the district.


title: Chakesar

paragraphs: Chakesar is a town and tehsil of the Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is situated on the banks of the Indus River. The inhabitants are primarily employed in agriculture. On October 8, 2006, the region was severely hit by an earthquake.It is the capital of Chakesar Tehsil, which is a division of the Shangla District.


title: Besham

paragraphs: Besham (also known as Besham Qala) is the largest town and commercial centre of the Shangla District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is also the capital of Besham Tehsil.

paragraphs: Besham's shops are open 24 hours a day due to its location on the famous Silk route which connects Pakistan with China. Besham shops are famous for its china and international goods. In summer this small town is the centre of international and national holiday makers who use this route to visit the Northern areas of Pakistan. Besham has a few good hotels including PTDC Motel, Besham Continental Hotel, Hotel Paris and many more. People in this small town are friendly and hospitable. There is a civil hospital which was upgraded to the Tehsil level.


title: Alpuri Tehsil

paragraphs: Alpuri Tehsil is a tehsil in Shangla District, Pakistan. Its capital is Alpuri, which is also the district headquarters of Shangla.


title: Bhag

paragraphs: Bhag () is a city in Sibi District in the Balochistan province of Pakistan. The city is the capital of the tehsil of the same name (Bhag Tehsil), and has an altitude of 90 metres (298 feet).


title: Atlanta Chiefs

paragraphs: Atlanta Chiefs was a soccer club which played in the United States. It played first from 1967 until 1972. It was reformed in 1979 until it folded in 1981.


title: Kansas City Spurs

paragraphs: The Kansas City Spurs were a soccer club which played in United States from 1968 until 1970.


title: Rochester Lancers

paragraphs: Rochester Lancers was a soccer club. It was based in Rochester, New York, United States.


title: Dallas Tornado

paragraphs: Dallas Tornado was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League.


title: New York Cosmos

paragraphs: New York Cosmos was a soccer team which played in United States. The team stoppped playing in 1985.


title: Philadelphia Atoms

paragraphs: Philadelphia Atoms is a soccer club which plays in the United States.


title: Los Angeles Aztecs

paragraphs: The Los Angeles Aztecs was a soccer club which played in United States.


title: Tampa Bay Rowdies

paragraphs: Tampa Bay Rowdies is the name of two soccer clubs from the Tampa Bay Area of Florida. The first club was founded in 1975 and played till 1993 in the NASL (North American Soccer League ). After the folding of the NASL in 1984 they played in minor leagues till their own folding in 1993.

paragraphs: The new club was formed in 2008 under the same name. The club plays in the North American Soccer League (NASL), the second division in American league system. There was a trademark dispute, so the club played his first two seasons under the name F.C. Tampa Bay. In December 2011 the dispute was solved and the club plays now under the name Tampa Bay Rowdies.


title: Toronto Blizzard

paragraphs: Toronto Blizzard was a soccer team that played in the North American Soccer League.


title: Chicago Sting

paragraphs: Chicago Sting is a soccer club from Chicago, Illinois, USA which plays in the NASL,the 2nd division of soccer in the US and Canada.


title: Tulsa Roughnecks

paragraphs: Tulsa Roughnecks was a soccer club which played in North American Soccer League. At the time they were active, that was the top socccer league in U.S and Canada.


title: Racing Club de Santander

paragraphs: Racing Club de Santander is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Sporting de Gijón

paragraphs: Sporting de Gijón is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: U.D. Las Palmas

paragraphs: U.D. Las Palmas is a football club which plays in Spain.


title: Villarreal CF

paragraphs: Villarreal C.F. is a football club based in Villarreal, Spain, that plays in the top division of Spanish football, La Liga.

paragraphs: The club was founded in 1923. They play their home games at Estadio de la Ceramica.


title: The Veronicas

paragraphs: The Veronicas are an Australian pop rock duo from Brisbane. The band was formed in 2004. It was started by twin sisters Jessica and Lisa Origliasso. They started working in show business at age five. They broke with their record label, Warner, in 2014. The twins said “After five years of being in a 'Warner Brothers Records Lockdown', we are officially able to move forward RELEASING and recording music without our past label dictating our creative journey, or withholding our musical releases and touring.” The Veronicas then signed a deal with Sony.

paragraphs: Their first album was released in 2005, called "The Secret Life of...". This album peaked at #2 on the Australian charts. It received an ARIA certification of four times platinum, for more than 280,000 sales.

paragraphs: Their second album was called "Hook Me Up". It was released in 2007. "Hook Me Up" peaked at #2 on the Australian charts. It received a certification of two times platinum. The album's title song, "Hook Me Up", was The Veronicas' first number one single in Australia.

paragraphs: The Veronicas released their third album "You and Me" in 2014.


title: Thirst (2009 movie)

paragraphs: Thirst is a 2009 horror/drama movie. It was written and directed by Park Chan-wook. It tells the story of a priest who is in love with his friend’s wife turning into a vampire through a failed medical experiment. Park said, “this film was originally called "The Bat" to convey a sense of horror."

paragraphs: Sang-hyun, a priest, is helping in a program for developing vaccines, which takes place in a hospital in an another country. He died during the experiments after becoming infected with a virus. However, after receiving an unidentified blood transfusion, he came back to life. However, the blood changed him into Vampire.

paragraphs: After this, many people became his followers, because they believed that he could perform miracles. Sang-hyun feels irresistible desire for Tae-ju, the wife of his friend and follow. Tae-ju also becomes attracted to Sang-hyun. Falling in love with Tae-ju, Sang-hyun abandons his life as a priest, falls into the world of Tae-ju.

paragraphs: The more they love, the more they are at risk. After finding out that Sang-hyun is a Vampire, Tae-ju tries to avoid him. However, eventually she asks Sang-hyun to kill her husband, Kang-woo. Sang-hyun tries to avoid killing Kang-woo, but eventually decides to kill him for Tae-ju and accepts her proposal.


title: Thirst

paragraphs: Thirst is the need to drink water or some other liquid. People can survive quite a while without food, but without something to drink they die very quickly. See dehydration.


title: Lake Washington

paragraphs: Lake Washington is a lake in the US state of Washington. It is next to the city of Seattle. Seattle is on the west side of the lake, Lake City, Bothell, and Kenmore to the north, Kirkland and Bellevue to the east, and Renton to the south. Mercer Island is in the south end of the lake. The deepest part of the lake is deep. The lake is above sea level. It is a fresh water lake. On a few days of the year are people allowed to fish for salmon in the lake.


title: University of Balochistan

paragraphs: University of Balochistan is a public university that was set up in 1974 at Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. It has more than 6,000 students and one campus, 35 different fields of studies and 5 faculties.


title: Hinglaj Mata

paragraphs: Hinglaj Mata is a Hindu temple in Hinglaj, on the Makran coast in the Lyari District of Balochistan in Pakistan.


title: Akihabara

paragraphs: Akihabara is a district of Chiyoda, Tokyo. It is known for its stores which feature electronics and anime products. It is also famous for Yodobashi Camera.

paragraphs: In 2009, Akihabara was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period. .

paragraphs: Its name is often shortened to "Akiba" in Japan. Akihabara is a major shopping area for electronic, computer, anime, games and otaku goods. In this place, new and used items can be gotten. New items are mostly to be found on the main street, "Chūōdōri", with many kinds of used items found in the back streets of "Soto Kanda 3-chōme"

paragraphs: As mentioned, Akihabara is famous as electric town.

paragraphs: After World War II, a black market at Kanda developed. And what began as a host of electrical stores selling radio goods or some electronic component has today come to be known as Electric Town.

paragraphs: Consumer electronics such as a TV or washing machine is one of the products sold in Akihabara for a long time. These days, because of intense price competition, mid or small-scale electrical appliance shops have decreased and large retail electrical appliances store came to be outstanding. However, the shops treating a lot of consumer electrionics for foreign countries are prosperous by foreign tourists.


title: Debito Arudou

paragraphs: Debito Arudou was born 13 January 1965 as David Christopher Cockface. He became a naturalized Japanese citizen in 2000. He lived in Japan until 2011, after which he emigrated to Hawaii, where he still lives. He is a social activist who tries to change the situation of non-Japanese people in Japan. Opinions about him are mixed.


title: All Time Low

paragraphs: All Time Low is a pop-punk band. They formed in 2003, in Lutherville-Timonium, Maryland. The band's lead singer and guitarist is Alex Gaskarth. The other band members are drummer Rian Dawson, bassist Zack Merrick, and guitarist Jack Barakat. The band signed to Emerald Moon Records in 2004, and released their first album, called "The Party Scene", in 2005. They signed to Hopeless Records in 2006, and released their second album, "So Wrong, It's Right", in 2007. "Nothing Personal", was released on July 7, 2009.The band's newest Album, released in April 2015, is called Future Hearts.

paragraphs: The name "All Time Low" is taken from lyrics in the song "Head on Collision" by New Found Glory.


title: Hannah Montana

paragraphs: Hannah Montana is a 2006 Disney Channel television series. The series stars Miley Cyrus as Miley Stewart. Miley is a normal girl who is also a pop star named Hannah Montana. No one except her family and two closest friends know Miley and Hannah Montana are the same person. Her father, Robby Ray Stewart, it is played by Miley Cyrus' real father, Billy Ray Cyrus. The series also stars Emily Osment as her best friend, Lilly Truscott, Mitchel Musso as Oliver Oken and Jason Earles as Miley's older brother, Jackson Stewart. In 2007 it was nominated for an Emmy award.

paragraphs: "Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert" is a musical movie from Walt Disney Pictures shown in Disney Digital 3D using 3D glasses. The movie was planned to only be in cinemas for one week, February 1-7, 2008 in the US and Canada, but the showings were extended. On its first weekend, February 1-3, 2008, the movie made $29 million. Ticket prices were as high as $15, at least 50% higher than most movie tickets in 2008.

paragraphs: "Hannah Montana: The Movie" is a 2009 Walt Disney Pictures musical comedy movie based on the Disney Channel show "Hannah Montana" which was released on April 10, 2009, by Walt Disney Pictures, it was the second Disney Channel series to have a movie for Walt Disney Pictures. The movie was directed by Peter Chelsom. Filming began in April 2008. Most of the filming was in Columbia, Tennessee and Los Angeles, California and was completed in July 2008. The movie stars Miley Cyrus, Emily Osment, Mitchel Musso, Jason Earles, Moises Arias, Lucas Till, and Billy Ray Cyrus. There are also some musical guests including Rascall Flatts and Grammy Winner Taylor Swift.

paragraphs: The movie goes for 98 minutes (including credits).

paragraphs: (This DVD also included another episode from "That's So Raven" and another from "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody". All three episodes were related and had crossovers amongst each other)

paragraphs: This DVD includes the first four episodes with Jake Ryan.

paragraphs: (*This DVD also included episodes from "The Suite Life of Zack and Cody" and "Cory in the House" which also had the theme of "Wishing Upon a Star")


title: Internet Relay Chat operator

paragraphs: An Internet Relay Chat operator known also as IRCop or oper, is one who controls the server. There are many types of operators.

paragraphs: IRC operators are separated into local and global operators. The local operators are only in control of the server they connect to. Global operators can do things to all users on the network. In order to do what they have to do, IRC operators usually have the right to:

paragraphs: In many IRC networks, operators have many types of access on a network. These types often depend upon the IRCd software used, though a few access rights remain about the same across the different servers. Access rights can also be set per operator.


title: Sălcuţa

paragraphs: Sălcuţa is a commune in Dolj County, Romania. It has a population of 2,488 people. There are four villages: Mârza, Plopşor, Sălcuţa and Tencănău.


title: Australovenator

paragraphs: Australovenator is a medium-sized theropod dinosaur that lived in Australia about 100 million years ago.

paragraphs: The fossil bones of the dinosaur were found at an ancient billabong near Winton, Queensland. Scientists have called him "Banjo", after the famous Australian poet, Banjo Patterson. Patterson wrote the song "Waltzing Matilda" after a visit to Winton in 1885.

paragraphs: The dinosaur was discovered in 2009, with several others such as the sauropods "Diamantinasaurus" and "Wintonotitan". It was the most complete theropod skeleton to be found in Australia, as of 2009.

paragraphs: "Banjo" was a medium-sized, fast, carnivorous dinosaur with three large, sharp claws on each hand. It stood about two meters tall. Dinosaur expert Scott Hocknull described "Australovenator wintonensis" as being like a cheetah.

paragraphs: A phylogenetic analysis found "Australovenator" to be an allosaurid carnosaur. More studies showed it formed a clade with several other carcharodontosaurid-like allosaurs, the Neovenatoridae.


title: F.C. Shakhtar Donetsk

paragraphs: F.C. Shakhtar Donetsk is a Ukrainian football club from Donetsk. They are current UEFA Europa League winners.


Hiroshi Nanami


Takuya Yamada


Katsumi Oenoki


Yasuyuki Moriyama


title: José Antônio Martins Galvão

paragraphs: José Antônio Martins Galvão (born 8 July, 1982) is a Brazilian football player.


Tetsuya Asano


title: Ivan Hašek

paragraphs: Ivan Hašek (born 6 September 1963) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team and Czech Republic national team.

paragraphs: In 2011, he became coach of Al Ahli in Dubai.


title: Yoshinobu Ishii

paragraphs: Ishii died on 26 April 2018 at the age of 79.


Atsuhiro Miura


title: Atsushi Nagai

paragraphs: Atsushi Nagai (born 23 December 1974) is a retired Japanese football player.


Akihiro Nishimura


title: Kenji Takahashi

paragraphs: Kenji Takahashi (born 5 June 1970) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Montedio Yamagata.


title: Valery Karpin

paragraphs: Valery Karpin (born 2 February 1969) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.


title: Fumitake Miura

paragraphs: Fumitake Miura (born 12 August 1970) is a former Japanese football player.


Toshihide Saito


title: Akira Oba

paragraphs: Akira Oba (born 22 April 1976) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Tokushima Vortis.


title: Mitsuru Chiyotanda

paragraphs: Mitsuru Chiyotanda (born 1 June 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Nagoya Grampus Eight.


title: Seiji Kaneko

paragraphs: Seiji Kaneko (born 27 May 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tampines Rovers.


title: Lawful interception

paragraphs: Lawful interception is the electronic surveillance of telecommunication services, such as telephone calls or e-mail messages, as approved by law. It is usually done by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. In some places, the law allows such agencies to monitor otherwise private communications data under certain circumstances. This is done for analysis or evidence. It has become an important tool for law enforcement.

paragraphs: The data gathered is generally signalling or network management information. In fewer cases, it may also be the content of the communications (for example, the conversation or written message).


title: Steve McNair

paragraphs: Steve LaTreal McNair (February 14, 1973 – July 4, 2009, nicknamed "Air McNair") was an American football quarterback who played for the Tennessee Titans and the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League. He played college football for Alcorn State University. McNair was murdered on July 4, 2009.

paragraphs: McNair was born in Mount Olive, Mississippi, USA McNair credits much of his success to his older brother, Fred, who played a very important part in raising McNair and his siblings, plus helping their mother. He and attended Mount Olive High School starting in 1987, where he played football, baseball, and basketball, and ran track. He led his school to the State Championship as a sophomore.

paragraphs: McNair was offered a full scholarship to the University of Florida to play defensive back but wanting to play quarterback. McNair played college football for Alcorn State University in the NCAA. In 1992, McNair threw for 3,541 yards and 29 touchdowns, and ran in for 10 more scores. The Braves went 7–4. McNair helped Alcorn State to another good year in 1993, as the Braves upped their record to 8–3 while McNair threw for more than 3,000 yards and 30 touchdowns.

paragraphs: As a senior in 1994, McNair had nearly 6,000 yards rushing and passing, with 53 touchdowns and was named an All-American. McNair also won the Walter Payton Award as the top I-AA player and finished third in the Heisman Trophy voting behind Rashaan Salaam and Ki-Jana Carter. McNair set career records for the Football Championship Series with 14,496 passing yards.

paragraphs: McNair was selected by the Houston Oilers with new head coach Jeff Fisher. McNair stayed in Houston for a few solid years, although McNair was often used as a backup. Runningback Eddie George assisted McNair with his strong running. In 1997 (McNair's first year as a starter), the Oilers moved to Tennessee, and became the Titans before the 1999 season, and also began play in LP Field, or as it was called then, Adelphia Collesium, in 1999.

paragraphs: Early in the 1999 season, McNair was diagnosed with an inflamed disk following Tennessee's 36–35 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, and needed surgery. He was replaced by veteran Neil O'Donnell. Over the next five games, O'Donnell led the Titans to a 4–1 record. McNair returned against the St. Louis Rams, and with McNair starting, Tennessee won seven of its last nine games to finish 13-3.

paragraphs: Tennessee opened the at home against the Buffalo Bills in a Wild Card game, winning on the "Music City Miracle" and got to Super Bowl XXXIV in a re-match with the St. Louis Rams. On the final play of the game, a McNair pass to Kevin Dyson was complete, but Dyson could not break the plane of the goal line, giving the Rams the win. McNair signed a six-year contract with the Titans after the season.

paragraphs: McNair led the Titans to another solid 13-3 season in 2000, but it ended in a hard-fought playoff loss to the Baltimore Ravens in the Divisional Round.

paragraphs: In 2001, McNair had passing highs in yards (3,350), completions (264), touchdowns (21) and quarterback rating (90.2). He also had five scores rushing. McNair was named to the Pro Bowl for the first time, but the game due to a shoulder injury.

paragraphs: After a solid 2002 season, McNair was arrested for DUI (and he also had a handgun in his possession). However, all charges were eventually dropped. McNair and Indianapolis Colts quarterback Peyton Manning were named co-MVPs for the 2003 season, although McNair had to sit out two games. Injuries continued to bother McNair over the next two seasons, as he played in only eight games in 2004 and fourteen in 2005.

paragraphs: On June 8, 2006 McNair was traded to the Baltimore Ravens. McNair was given the starting job in Baltimore over the disappointing Kyle Boller. McNair started all 16 games in 2006, but often rotated in and out with Boller. McNair got the Ravens to a 13-3 record. McNair's 2006 statistics with the Ravens included 295 pass completions on 468 attempts for 3,050 passing yards, 16 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. McNair also ran for a score in a win against the New Orleans Saints.

paragraphs: McNair and the Ravens both had a bad season in 2007. The Ravens went 5-11, and McNair was often injured. Due to bad quarterback play, McNair would always play when healthy over Kyle Boller and rookie Troy Smith, but McNair still threw only two touchdowns next to four interceptions. That was his last year in the NFL. McNair had his retirement press conference with the Ravens in April, 2008.

paragraphs: McNair was married to Mechelle McNair from June 21, 1997 until his death. McNair had a farm in Mississipi, USA, where he would often go.

paragraphs: McNair had two sons by Mechelle: Steve LaTreal McNair, Steven O'Brian Koran McNair; and two sons - Tyler and Trenton - by two other women.

paragraphs: McNair earned the nickname "Air McNair" in High School. He opened his own restaurant in Nashville, which he named Gridiron9. McNair was also a mentor to quarterback Vince Young.

paragraphs: On July 4, 2009, McNair and 20-year old Sahel Kazemi were found dead in a condominium rented by McNair in Nashville. McNair had several gunshot wounds, and Kazemi had only one to the head. Kazemi had been arrested for DUI two days earlier, and McNair left with his restaurant chef in a taxi. Traces of gunpowder were found on Kazemi's hand, as well as a gun. Kazemi was having trouble financially, and apparently found out that McNair had other relationships. Police ruled this a murder-suicide, with Kazemi as the killer, McNair as the victim. Many people came to McNair's funeral, including some notable players, like fellow QB Brett Favre and former teammate Ray Lewis. Said Titans owner Bud Adams:

paragraphs: To the Associated Press, Ravens General Manager Ozzie Newsome added:

paragraphs: McNair was buried in Memphis on July 11, 2009.


title: Elizabeth Cross

paragraphs: The Elizabeth Cross is an award within the British honours system that is issued to the next of kin of a service man or woman who died due to enemy action or terrorism since 1949. The award comes with a memorial scroll that contains the dead persons name, when they died and has the Queen's signature on it. It is the most recent medal, honour or award to bear the name of a reigning monarch of the United Kingdom since the George Cross. It is not an award for valour or bravery. It is in the shape of a cross with four equal sides that contains flowers at the end of each arm that represents the four countries within the union of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The medal also contains a laurel wreath behind the cross and bears the dead person's name on the back. The medal comes with a miniature (small version) medal for day wear. The medal can only be worn by the next of kin and for anyone else to wear it (even if related to the person who died) is a criminal offence.


title: Corrosive substance

paragraphs: Corrosive substances are substances that can damage tissues when they come in contact with them. An example of a corrosive substance is the liquid, hydrochloric acid, an acid used in some toilet bowl cleaners. Corrosive is one of the five danger risks that a liquid can have, along with toxic, flammable, explosive, and biological hazard.

paragraphs: Corrosive substances are to be dealt with extreme precaution and care. They are extremely dangerous.


title: Malus

paragraphs: Malus is a genus of about 30–35 species of small deciduous apple trees or shrubs in the family Rosaceae. Other studies say it includes 55 species, including the domesticated orchard apple, or table apple as it used to be called. The other species and subspecies are generally known as "wild apples", "crab apples", "crabapples" or "crabs".

paragraphs: The genus is native to the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere, in Europe, Asia and North America.

paragraphs: Apple trees are small, usually 4–12 m tall when full grown. The leaves are 3–10 cm long, positioned opposite from each other. They have a simple shape with a saw-tooth edge. The flowers come from corymbs, and have five petals, which may be white, pink or red, with usually red stamens that produce lots of pollen, and an ovary which is below them. Flowering takes place in the spring and pollination is by insects (typically bees, which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen).

paragraphs: The fruit of the other species is not an important crop in most areas because they are very sour and (in some species) very like wood, and are rarely eaten raw for this reason. However, crabapples are an excellent source of pectin, and their juice can be made into a ruby-coloured jelly. Some kinds of crab apples make good applesauce.

paragraphs: Crabapples are widely grown as trees for the pleasure of their appearance, grown for their beautiful flowers or fruit. There are cultivars selected for these qualities and for resistance to disease.

paragraphs: Some crab apples are used as rootstocks for domestic apples to stand up to cold or drought.

paragraphs: They are also used as tree for pollinating food apple trees in apple orchards. Varieties of crab apple are selected to bloom at the same time as the apple trees in an orchard, and the crabs are planted every sixth or seventh tree, or limbs of a crab tree are grafted onto some of the apple trees. See also fruit tree pollination.

paragraphs: Because of the many blossoms and small sized fruit, crab apples are popular for use in bonsai. Because the trees are small due to the needs of the hobby, but still show the abundant fruit bearing of full-sized crab apples, it is important to thin out fruit so that trees do not stress themselves.

paragraphs: Apple wood "makes a wonderfully luxurious firewood with a lovely scent [smell], and smoke from an apple wood fire gives a most excellent flavour to smoked foods," including Applewood cheese.