title: Haplodiploidy

paragraphs: Haplodiploidy is a sex determination system in which males develop from unfertilized eggs and are haploid, and females develop from fertilized eggs and are diploid.

paragraphs: Haplodiploidy determines the sex in "all" members of the insect order Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps), and the Thysanoptera ('thrips'). The system also occurs sporadically in some spider mites, coleopterans (bark beetles) and rotifers.

paragraphs: In this system, sex is determined by the number of sets of chromosomes an individual receives. An offspring formed from the union of a sperm and an egg develops as a female, and an unfertilized egg develops as a male. This means that the males have half the number of chromosomes that a female has, and are haploid.

paragraphs: The haplodiploid sex-determination system has a number of peculiarities. Most importantly, the relatedness between the sisterhood of worker bees in a hive or nest is 0.75. This means the workers are significantly more closely related than siblings in other sex determination systems. It is this point which drives the kin selection theory of how eusociality evolved. Whether haplodiploidy did in fact pave the way for the evolution of eusociality is still a matter of debate.

paragraphs: The thing to remember is that in normal sexual reproduction, the father has two sets of chromosomes, and crossing over takes place between the chromatids of each pair during the meiosis which produces the sperm. Therefore, "the sperms are not identical", because in each chromosome of a pair there will be different alleles at many of the loci. But when the father is haploid "all the sperm will be identical" (except for a small number where gene mutations have taken place in the germline). So, "as long as all the female queen mates only with one male", all the female offspring will inherit the male's chromosome 100% intact. In fact in Hymenoptera, the males almost all produce enough sperm to last the female for a whole lifetime.

paragraphs: Another feature of the haplodiploidy system is that lethal and deleterious alleles will be removed from the population rapidly because they will automatically be expressed in the males.


title: Vladimir Zhirinovsky

paragraphs: Vladimir Volfovich Zhirinovsky (Russian: Влади́мир Во́льфович Жирино́вский), born 25 April 1946 as Vladimir Volfovich Eidelstein, is a Russian politician, lawyer and a colonel in the Soviet Army and later the Russian Army. He is the founder and Leader of the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR). He is a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. He is partly of Jewish descent (his father was Jewish).

paragraphs: Zhironovsky is extremely racist and sexist.


title: Infotainment

paragraphs: Infotainment (information and entertainment) is a type of media and therefore a type of communication. This media is designed to inform the media's recipient with information but at the same time to entertain him. It is often used to novels to explain scientific things like the greenhouse effect easily and mixed with entertainment.


title: Incisivosaurus

paragraphs: Incisivosaurus ("incisor lizard") is a genus of small, probably herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous of what is now the People's Republic of China.

paragraphs: The first specimen is a skull that was collected from the lowermost levels (the fluvial Lujiatun beds) of the Yixian Formation. The beds were laid down 125 million years ago (mya) in the Sihetun area, near Beipiao City, in western Liaoning Province.

paragraphs: The most significant, and highly unusual, characteristic of this dinosaur is its apparent adaptation to an herbivorous or omnivorous lifestyle. Its name refers to its rodent-like front teeth, which show wear patterns commonly found in plant-eating dinosaurs.

paragraphs: The initial description of "Incisivosaurus" showed that the skull, about 10 cm in length (4 inches), had the most complete dentition known for any oviraptorosaur. Their cladistic analysis indicated that "Incisivosaurus" lies at the base of the oviraptorosaurs, making it more basal than "Caudipteryx" and "Oviraptor". The distinguishing skeletal features of "Incisivosaurus", include a long snout that made up about half the total length of the skull, a slender lower jaw with a long fenestra (opening), and its distinctive, large, flattened front teeth. In addition to these unique features, "Incisivosaurus" shared many traits with more typical oviraptorosaurs, so it is classified in that group.

paragraphs: Several features, including its numerous teeth (most advanced oviraptorids were toothless), show that it was a primitive member of the group. Several features of the skull are similar to the therizinosaurs, another theropod group that was probably herbivorous.

paragraphs: In 2009 the holotype skull was scanned and analyzed in three dimensions. The results indicated that "Incisivosaurus" had fewer bird-like air spaces in the skull bones than later oviraptorosaurs did. It also found that "Incisivosaurus" had reduced olfactory lobes and expanded optic lobes, like ornithomimids. These features of oviraptorosaurs were similar to those of birds.

paragraphs: "Incisivosaurus" is assumed to have been feathered like most other maniraptoran theropods. Its total body length has been estimated at just under 1 meter (3 ft.). It is possible that "Incisivosaurus" is the same species as "Protarchaeopteryx", though more fossil specimens are needed before the two can be directly compared.


title: Edward Woodward

paragraphs: Edward Albert Arthur Woodward OBE (1 June 1930 – 16 November 2009) was a British actor. He was born in Croydon, London. His parents were working class. His television roles included the title characters in "Callan" (for which he won a BAFTA Award) and "The Equalizer" (for which he won a Golden Globe Award). His movie roles include Sergeant Howie in "The Wicker Man". He also acted on stage.

paragraphs: Woodward married actress Venetia Barrett in 1952. The couple had three children, all of whom are actors. Their sons are Tim Woodward (born 1953) and Peter Woodward (born 1956). Their daughter is Sarah Woodward (born 1963). Woodward left Barrett for actress Michele Dotrice (born 1948). The couple had a daughter, Emily Beth Woodward (born 1983). Woodward and Barrett divorced in 1986. He was married to Dotrice from 1987 until his death in Treliske, Truro, Cornwall.

paragraphs: Edward Woodward died at the Royal Cornwall Hospital in Truro on 16 November 2009 at the age of 79. He lived in Hawker's Cove, Cornwall, near Padstow. He had various illnesses, including pneumonia.

paragraphs: He is survived by his wife, Michele Dotrice and their daughter, and the three children of his first marriage.

paragraphs: His ability as tenor let him record twelve albums of romantic songs, as well as three albums of poetry and fourteen books to tape. His vocal ability and acting skill let him make a number of appearances when time allowed on the BBC's Edwardian era music hall programme, "The Good Old Days".

paragraphs: In 1969 and 1970, he was Television Actor of the Year, and Best Actor at the Sun Awards in 1970, 1971 and 1972. Woodward won the 1970 BAFTA Award for Best Actor for his title role in "Callan". He was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1978. At the 1987 Golden Globe Awards, he won Best Actor in a Dramatic TV Series for his role of Robert McCall in "The Equalizer". At the Emmy Award from 1986 to 1990, he was nominated each year for "The Equalizer".


title: The Wicker Man

paragraphs: A wicker man is a wicker effigy used in human sacrifice


title: The Wicker Man (2006 movie)

paragraphs: The Wicker Man is a 2006 American horror movie. It is a remake of 1973 British movie of the same name and is also based on Ritual. It is set on an island in Washington. It was written and directed by Neil LaBute. It was produced by Nicolas Cage and Avi Lerner. It stars Cage, Ellen Burstyn, Kate Beahan, Frances Conroy, Molly Parker, Leelee Sobieski and Diane Delano.


title: Jason Bateman

paragraphs: Jason Kent Bateman (born January 14, 1969) is an American actor, director and producer. He is known for his role on the television series "Arrested Development". His older sister is Justine of "Family Ties" fame. Jason recently received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on July 26, 2017.


title: Andrew DeClercq

paragraphs: Andrew Donald DeClercq (born February 1, 1973) is a former American basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for ten seasons. He played for the Golden State Warriors, Boston Celtics, Cleveland Cavaliers and Orlando Magic. DeClercq played college basketball for the University of Florida.

paragraphs: While in the NBA he averaged 4.8 points and 4.2 rebounds per game.


title: Table of World Heritage Sites by country

paragraphs: The Table of World Heritage Sites is evolving as more sites are added to a growing list.

paragraphs: There are a total of 936 sites. These include properties in 153 states.

paragraphs: As of March 2012, 189 states have ratified the World Heritage Convention.

paragraphs: The worldwide sites have been divided by the World Heritage Committee into five geographic zones: Africa, Arab States, Asia-Pacific, Europe & North America, and Latin America & the Caribbean.


title: Walter McCarty

paragraphs: Walter Lee McCarty (born February 1, 1974 in Evansville, Indiana) is an American former basketball player who played in the National Basketball Association. He played for the New York Knicks, Boston Celtics, Phoenix Suns, and the Los Angeles Clippers.

paragraphs: McCarty played college basketball at the University of Kentucky.

paragraphs: In June 2010, McCarty was named as an assistant coach for the Indiana Pacers. In 2011 McCarty was let go by the Pacers.


title: Brandon Bass

paragraphs: Brandon Bass (born April 30, 1985) is an American basketball player of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is with the Boston Celtics. He played for LSU in college. He is a 6'8", 250 lb power forward.

paragraphs: On July 26, 2007, Bass agreed to play for the Dallas Mavericks. He signed through the 2008-09 season with a $1.59 million contract.

paragraphs: On July 10, 2009, Bass signed a contract with the Orlando Magic. He was traded to the Boston Celtics in December 2011 for Glen Davis and Von Wafer. In July 2016, Brandon Bass agreed one-year deal with the Los Angeles Clippers.

paragraphs: In August 2017, signed a one-year, $2 million deal with the Liaoning Leopards.


title: EA Sports NASCAR series

paragraphs: The EA Sports NASCAR series were a series of video games published by EA Sports.


title: The Glass House (2012 TV series)

paragraphs: The Glass House is an American reality television series in which people who signed up get to tell the people what to do. Fourteen contestants will live in the house and compete for $250,000. The premiere was on June 18, 2012.

paragraphs: On May 4, 2012, broadcasting company CBS told ABC not to air "The Glass House". This was because CBS thought it was the same as their reality television series "Big Brother". Nineteen people who used to work on "Big Brother" are working on "The Glass House". On May 10, 2012, CBS started a lawsuit against ABC.


title: Warren Beatty

paragraphs: Henry Warren Beaty (born March 30, 1937) is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and director. He has been nominated for 15 Academy Awards. He won the Best Director Award. He has been nominated for 16 Golden Globe Awards and won six. Beatty was nominated for four Oscars for "Heaven Can Wait". He won an Oscar for "Reds".

paragraphs: Beatty was born in Richmond, Virginia. His mother was Canadian teacher Kathlyn Corinne and doctor Ira Owens. He was raised in Arlington, Virginia. His older sister is actress Shirley MacLaine. He studied at Northwestern University for a year from 1954 through 1955.

paragraphs: Beatty enlisted in the California Air National Guard on February 11, 1960 under his original name, Henry W. Beaty. On January 1, 1961, Beatty was discharged from the Air National Guard due to physical disability.

paragraphs: Beatty started his career making appearances on television shows such as "Studio One" (1957), "Kraft Television Theatre" (1957), and "Playhouse 90" (1959). He was a semi-regular on "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis" during its first season (1959–60). Beatty made his movie debut in Elia Kazan's "Splendor in the Grass" (1961), opposite Natalie Wood.

paragraphs: In 1967, when he was 28, he produced and acted alongside Faye Dunaway and Gene Hackman in "Bonnie and Clyde". It was a critical and commercial success, and was nominated for ten Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor, and seven Golden Globe Awards, including Best Picture and Best Actor.

paragraphs: After "Bonnie and Clyde", Beatty acted with Elizabeth Taylor in "The Only Game in Town" (1970), directed by George Stevens; "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971), directed by Robert Altman; "Dollars" (1971), directed by Richard Brooks; "The Parallax View" (1974), directed by Alan J. Pakula; and "The Fortune" (1975), directed by Mike Nichols.

paragraphs: Beatty starred in "Reds" (1981), an historical epic about American Communist journalist John Reed who observed the Russian October Revolution. Beatty won the Golden Globe Award for Best Director.

paragraphs: Following "Reds", Beatty did not appear in a movie for five years until 1987's "Ishtar", written and directed by Elaine May.

paragraphs: Beatty produced, directed and played the title role as comic strip based detective Dick Tracy in the 1990 movie of the same name. The movie received critical acclaim and was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year. It received seven Academy Award nominations, winning three for Best Art Direction, Best Makeup, and Best Original Song. It also received four Golden Globe Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture. In 1998, he wrote, produced, directed and starred in the political satire "Bulworth", which was critically acclaimed and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay.

paragraphs: Following the very bad box office performance of "Town & Country" (2001), in which Beatty starred, he did not appear in or direct another movie for 15 years.

paragraphs: In 2016, Beatty returned to acting and directing in the movie "Rules Don't Apply", which was about a fake romance story about Howard Hughes.

paragraphs: Beatty has been married to actress Annette Bening since 1992. They have four children. His eldest son Stephen Ira came out as transgender in 2006.

paragraphs: Beatty is a longtime supporter of the Democratic Party. In 1972, Beatty was part of the "inner circle" of Senator George McGovern's presidential campaign.


title: Alexander III of Russia

paragraphs: Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov (Alexander III, 10 March 1845 – 1 November 1894), was Tsar of the Russian Empire from 13 March 1881 until his death on 1 November 1894. He changed some of the liberal laws made by his father, Alexander II. Alexander III had six children. His son Nicholas II of Russia became the next Tsar.


title: Hole in one

paragraphs: A hole-in-one in golf is when a player hits the ball from the tee and into the hole in one shot. It is most possible on a par-3 hole. Some people have done it on shorter par-4 holes. Nearly all par 4 and par 5 holes are too long for golfers to reach in a single shot. Getting the ball in the hole in two shots is called an albatross.


title: Chatham, Virginia

paragraphs: Chatham is a town in the US state of Virginia. At the 2000 census, 1,338 people lived there. It is in the Danville, Virginia metropolitan statistical area.

paragraphs: Chatham has the oldest continually used building in Pittsylvania County. The building was an 18th-century tavern. It is now a house used by Chatham Hall faculty.

paragraphs: Chatham is the county seat for Pittsylvania County. It became the county seat in 1777. There is a large U.S. Department of Agriculture office to help farmers in the area. There is also a small office of the U.S. Forestry Service. The State of Virginia built a new prison where there used to be a work-release camp. This caused improvements in fire and water services to support the increased population.

paragraphs: There were no battles in Chatham during the American Civil War. On Confederate Memorial Day each year, the Daughters of the Confederacy puts flowers at the statue of a Confederate soldier. There is a walking tour of the downtown historic district. There are several bed and breakfast places on Main Street in historic Greek Revival homes.


title: Hameau de la Reine (Versailles)

paragraphs: The Hameau de la Reine () is a group of houses and farm structures in the park of the Palace of Versailles in France. The hamlet was designed in 1783 by Richard Mique and Hubert Robert as a play space for Queen Marie Antoinette. It was here that she played the simple country girl in a straw hat and plain dress with her friends. About twelve structures form the hamlet. Some were working farm structures and some were structures for the Queen's amusement and use such as the mill. The hamlet fell into neglect after the French Revolution. Restoration was undertaken in the 1990s, and the hamlet is now open to the public.

paragraphs: Picturesque hamlets such as Le Hameau de la Reine were not unknown in 18th century France. The Prince de Condé had one at Chantilly and there was a village at Méréveille. The creation of these villages was influenced by the natural philosophy extolled by Rousseau and the country life genre paintings of painters Greuze, Le Nain, and Chardin. Le Hameau was designed for Queen Marie Antoinette by her favorite architect Richard Mique and the painter Hubert Robert. The painters Tolède and Dardignac painted thousands of little cracks and false half-timbering in the structures to suggest picturesque humbleness, poverty, and age. All the structures in the hamlet were more or less modelled upon similar structures in Normandy and Flanders. Construction on the hamlet started in 1783 and was completed in four or five years.

paragraphs: The purpose of the hamlet was to give the Queen a place to play at the simple life, far from the busy French court. The hamlet is set among meadows at the edge of a lake created by waters channeled from Marly. The structures are divided into two groups. One group was used by the Queen for her pleasure and amusement. The other group was used for farm work. The farm produced milk and eggs for the Queen. Cheeses were made in the dairy. The Queen tasted this produce in a marble room.

paragraphs: The Queen loved the simple life. It was a break from the stiffness of the court. She played at being a peasant girl in the hamlet. She wore plain muslin dresses and a straw hat. She ate the produce from the farm. Only her dearest friends were allowed into the hamlet. There was a ball room (a room for holding dances) and a billiards room. She wanted her children to experience real animals and kept two cows at the hamlet, Blondie and Brownie. Both were washed and brushed before a visit from the Queen. Ducks, geese, and sheep were kept at the hamlet as well as a billygoat from Switzerland.

paragraphs: The French people believed the Queen was selfishly amusing herself at a time when France was nearing a national crisis. After the French Revolution, the hamlet was deserted and fell into neglect. Restoration was conducted in the 1990s. The Queen's Hamlet is now open to the public.


Mount Unzen


title: 65th British Academy Film Awards

paragraphs: The 65th British Academy Film Awards, more commonly called the BAFTAs, were held on 12 February 2012 at the Royal Opera House in London. Stephen Fry, who hosted from 2001 to 2006, returned to host the awards ceremony. "The Artist" won seven awards, out of its twelve nominations, including Best Director and Best Film. "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy" was named Best British Film.

paragraphs: Winners are listed first and highlighted in bold.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Film

paragraphs: This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Film, BAFTA Award for Best Film not in the English Language and Alexander Korda Award for Best British Film for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media. Since 1948, selected movies have been awarded with the BAFTA award for Best Film at an annual ceremony.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Short Film

paragraphs: This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Short Film for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media. Since 1960, selected movies have been awarded with the BAFTA award for Best Short Film at an annual ceremony.

paragraphs: In the following lists, the titles and names in bold with a dark grey background are the winners. Those not in bold are the nominees. The years are when the movies were released, not the year of the ceremony.


title: The Nutcracker pas de deux

paragraphs: The Nutcracker pas de deux is a dance for the Sugar Plum Fairy and Prince Coqueluche in the ballet "The Nutcracker". The ballet was first presented on 18 December 1892 at the Mariinsky Theatre in St. Petersburg, Russia. The music was written by Tchaikovsky and the dance was designed by Lev Ivanov. The Sugar Plum Fairy was first danced by Antonietta Dell'Era and the Prince by Pavel Gerdt. The "pas" is sometimes danced outside the ballet and is sometimes danced in ballet competitions.

paragraphs: The "pas de deux" is structured in four sections (or movements): first, an "Andante maestoso"; second, a Tarantella for the male dancer; third a dance for the ballerina called the "Dance of the Sugar Plum Fairy"; and fourth and finally a quick, energetic movement for both dancers.

paragraphs: Marius Petipa, Ballet Master at the Mariinsky Theatre, wanted music "colossal in effect" for the opening "Andante maestoso" movement. The music is made up of descending (falling) scales for cellos. A second, contrasting section is written for oboe and bass clarinet. The music ends with a great climax for trombones. The musical theme of the "Andante maestoso" is similar to Tchaikovsky's death themes in the Fifth and Sixth symphonies.

paragraphs: The "Andante maestoso" movement used a device on the stage called a "reika". This was a small platform or wagon set in a track. It was operated under the stage. In "The Nutcracker", the Sugar Plum Fairy stepped upon a scarf that Prince Coqueluche had placed on the "reika". The Prince pulled the scarf and, as the "reika" was moved from one side of the stage to the other, it seemed that the Sugar Plum Fairy was lighter than air.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film

paragraphs: This is a list of the winners and nominees of the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Documentary

paragraphs: This page lists the winners for the BAFTA Award for Best Documentary, formerly known as the Robert Flaherty Award, for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movie, television, children's movie and television, and interactive media. There was a documentary award between 1948 and 1990. In 2012, the Academy re-introduced this category.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role

paragraphs: Best Actor in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a movie.

paragraphs: From 1952 to 1967, there were two Best Actor awards: one for a British actor and another for a foreign actor. In 1968, the two prizes of British and Foreign actor were combined to create a single Best Actor award. Its current title, for Best Actor in a Leading Role, has been used since 1995.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role

paragraphs: Best Actress in a Leading Role is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is to recognise an actress who has delivered an outstanding leading performance in a film.

paragraphs: Between 1952 and 1967, two awards were given to the best British and best foreign actress each year. In 1968, the two prizes of British and foreign actress were combined to create a single Best Actress award. Its current title, for Best Actress in a Leading Role, has been used since 1995.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Direction

paragraphs: This is a list of the winners of the BAFTA Award for Best Direction. They are presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. Italian-American director Martin Scorsese has had the most nominations, eight so far.


title: Men Behind the Sun

paragraphs: Men Behind the Sun (, literally meaning "Black Sun: 731") is a 1988 war-based horror movie. When it was released, the movie was rated III under the Hong Kong rating system (similar to the United States MPAA rating NC-17). The movie is about World War II with graphic materials. It was banned in some countries.

paragraphs: In Australia, it was refused classification. It was later rerated R18 on appeal.

paragraphs: In the United States, the movie was released without a rating.


title: Timbers Army

paragraphs: Timbers Army is a group of hardcore supporters of the Portland Timbers, a Major League Soccer franchise in Portland, Oregon.

paragraphs: Artists, writers, doctors, vintners, tattoo artists, soccer moms, and more all support the Portland Timbers on match days. Traveling support is significant and it is estimated that 1,500 members of the Timbers Army would make the trip north for the Timbers v. Sounders Cascadia Cup match in October 2012.

paragraphs: In addition to game-day operations, Timbers Army contributes significantly to charitable causes both in Portland and well as around the world. In 2011 alone, members of Timbers Army donated more than $40,000 to its charitable endeavors as well as spending countless hours volunteering with Friends of Trees, Habitat for Humanity and the Oregon Food Bank. Recently, the Timbers Army committed to raising another $40,000 to put toward the completion of Harper's Playground.

paragraphs: The organizational arm of the Timbers Army, the 107 Independent Supporters Trust, has a paid membership of 2,300. However, as it has always been said: if you want to be Timbers Army, you already are.

paragraphs: The main identifier of a member of the Timbers Army is the green and white bar scarf which says "Timbers Army" on one side and "No Pity" on the other. The most recent version of the scarf also includes a rose (in tribute to Portland's identity as the City of Roses) superimposed over crossed axes as well as the number 107, the section of Jeld-Wen Field where the Army began.


title: Serum (blood)

paragraphs: Serum is a clear, yellowish coloured fluid which is part of the blood. It does not contain white or red blood cells or a clotting factor. It is the blood plasma without the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any extra substances (such as drugs and microorganisms).

paragraphs: The study of serum is serology. Serum is used in many medical diagnostic tests, as well as in blood typing.

paragraphs: Blood is centrifuged to remove cellular components. Anti-coagulated blood yields plasma containing fibrinogen and clotting factors. Coagulated blood (clotted blood) yields serum without fibrinogen, although some clotting factors remain.

paragraphs: Serum is an important part of the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells when combined with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor.


title: Max Ernst

paragraphs: Max Ernst (2 April 1891-1 April 1976) was a German painter and graphical artist. In 1919, he brought the art movement Dadaism to Germany, together with Johannes Theodor Baargeld. In 1922, he left Germany and moved to Paris, where he joined a group of Surrealists (a related art movement) led by André Breton. In 1951 he emigrated to the United States. He returned to France in 1953. With his paintings, collages, and sculptures, he created mysterious combinations using different ways of making images. Often he showed birds, and in landscapes that mimic a forest. He also wrote poems, and wrote about art. He was the first to use the techniques called Frottage and Grattage in art, which involve rubbing the canvas.


title: Liberal Democratic Party of Russia

paragraphs: The Liberal Democratic Party of Russia ( (ЛДПР), "Liberal'no-demokraticheskaya partiya Rossii" ("LDPR")) is a far-right populist political party in Russia. It was founded in 1992 and since it's establishment has been led by the controversial figure Vladimir Zhirinovsky.


title: Petit Théâtre de la Reine

paragraphs: The Petit Théâtre de la Reine () is a small theatre at Versailles near the Petit Trianon. It was designed and built in 1780 on the orders of Marie Antoinette. Her favorite architect Richard Mique did the work. The theatre seats only 100. It was intended for performances by the Queen and her family and friends. At the period, many aristocrats had such small theatres on their country estates to pass the time performing plays and operas.

paragraphs: Mique's exterior is plain, simple, and even severe. The interior is rich with gold, blue, and white decoration. The interior is a wooden room painted to resemble marble. The stage machinery still exists.

paragraphs: In 1780, the Queen and her friends played Pierre-Alexandre Monsigny's "Le Roi et le fermier" (The King and the Farmer, 1762) in the little theatre. The original forest set and rustic cottage set have survived. They were restored in the 19th century. They were in use in February 2012 for performances of "Le Roi" at the Versailles Opera.


title: Liu Huan

paragraphs: Liu Huan (，born August 26, 1963) is a Chinese singer. In 1990, Liu sang the official theme song "Asian Mighty Winds" () with Wei Wei at the 1990 Asian Games in Beijing. On 8 August 2008, Liu sang the official theme song "You and Me" with British singer Sarah Brightman at the 2008 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Beijing.


title: Ghazanchetsots Cathedral

paragraphs: Ghazanchetsots Cathedral (Cathedral of Christ the Holy Savior), also called the "Shushi Cathedral" is an Armenian church in Shusha, Nagorno-Karabakh.

paragraphs: Ghazanchetsots Cathedral was built between 1868 and 1887 and has a facade of white limestone. The architect, Simon Ter-Hakobyan, wanted the church to look like Echmiadzin Cathedral. At the west entrance is a freestanding three-story bell tower, built in 1858. It used to have large statues of angels blowing trumpets at each corner of the bell tower's second story. These were destroyed during the Nagorno-Karabakh War when Shusha was under Azerbaijani control.

paragraphs: The cathedral been used for many different things since it was built. After the Shushi Massacres of 1920 it was no longer used as a church. During the Soviet period it was used as to store grain, and then as a garage. During the Nagorno-Karabakh War, Azerbaijani forces used it to store weapons and ammunition. In May 1992 Shusha was invaded by Armenian forces. The church was repaired and renovated. New angel statues were made to replace the destroyed originals; an image of one is part of the coat of arms of Shusha. In 1998 it was re-consecrated as a church, and is now the main cathedral and headquarters of the Armenian Apostolic Church's Diocese of Artsakh.


title: Faye Wong

paragraphs: Faye Wong, or Wang Fei (, born August 8, 1969) is a Chinese singer and actress. Wong was born in Beijing. She moved to Hong Kong in 1987 and has had great success since the early 1990s.


title: Mount Kosciuszko

paragraphs: Mount Kosciuszko is the highest mountain in Australia. The mountain is above sea level. The mountain is in the south east corner of New South Wales, where it is part of the Great Dividing Range. The Indigenous Australians called the whole mountain Tar-gan-gil. The first European to visit the mountain was the Polish explorer, Count Paul Strzelecki in 1840. He named it Kosciuszko after the Polish patriot, Thaddeus Kosciuszko (1746 - 1817).

paragraphs: Mount Kosciuszko is now part of the large Kosciuszko National Park.


title: Greater Bangladesh

paragraphs: Greater Bangladesh, or Great Bengal, is a political idea in Bangladesh to unite the region of Bengal. This includes the areas of West Bengal, Tripura, Meghalaya and parts of Assam.


title: Takeshi Nakashima

paragraphs: Takeshi Nakashima (born January 15, 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Momodu Mutairu

paragraphs: Momodu Mutairu (born June 2, 1975) is a former Nigerian football player.


title: Teruki Tabata

paragraphs: Teruki Tabata (born April 16, 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Franck Goldnadel

paragraphs: Franck Goldnadel, born the 14th of August 1969, is a French aerospace engineer. From the 1st of March 2011 to February 2018, he is head of Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport.

paragraphs: He graduated from the French Civil Aviation University (Promotion 1990). He has worked for 15 years in air transport before being nominated head of Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. Marc Houalla replaced him in February 2018.


title: Yohei Takayama

paragraphs: Yohei Takayama (born November 26, 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Taichi Hasegawa

paragraphs: Taichi Hasegawa (born February 26, 1981) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Yoshifumi Ono

paragraphs: Yoshifumi Ono (born May 22, 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Takayuki Mae

paragraphs: Takayuki Mae (born September 16, 1993) is a Japanese football player.


title: Kazuya Murata

paragraphs: Kazuya Murata (born October 7, 1988) is a Japanese football player.


title: Masaki Watanabe

paragraphs: Masaki Watanabe (born December 2, 1986) is a Japanese football player.


title: The Black Balloon

paragraphs: The Black Balloon is a 2008 Australian drama movie about an unusual suburban family in Sydney in the early 1990s. It was directed by Elissa Down and written by Down and Jimmy Jack. It stars Rhys Wakefield as 15 year old Thomas Mollison, Luke Ford as his slightly older brother Charlie, Toni Collette as his pregnant mother Maggie and Erik Thomson as his father Simon, who is in the army. Charlie is mentally retarded, severely autistic, unable to speak, hyperactive, overemotional and has outbursts of inappropriate, sometimes destructive, behaviour. Gemma Ward plays Thomas' girlfriend Jackie Masters.


title: Colin Farrell

paragraphs: Colin James Farrell (born 31 May 1976) is an Irish Actor. He was born in Baldoyle, Dublin, Ireland. He has starred in many movies, including: "Tigerland", "Minority Report", "Phone Booth", "The Recruit", "S.W.A.T.", "Alexander", "Miami Vice", "Widows", "Dumbo" and "In Bruges", for which he won a Golden Globe Award.

paragraphs: He is set to play The Penguin in the 2021 movie "The Batman".


title: Labrinth

paragraphs: Timothy McKenzie (born 1 April 1989 in Hackney, London), better known by his stage name Labrinth is a British musician, composer and record producer. In 2012, he released his debut studio album "Electronic Earth", which charted in Australia, Ireland and Great Britain. He released 4 Singles, "Let the Sun Shine", "Earthquake", "Last Time" and "Express Yourself". He became famous with his single "Earthquake", which debuted at number 2 of the UK Top 40. "Express Yourself" and "Last Time" reached the Top 10, too. Labrinth is featured on Tinie Tempah's single Pass Out.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role

paragraphs: Best Actor in a Supporting Role is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is to recognize an actor who has delivered an outstanding supporting performance in a movie. Actors of all nationalities are able to receive the award.

paragraphs: "'1968 – Ian Holm – "The Bofors Gun" as Flynn

paragraphs: "'1969 – Laurence Olivier – "Oh! What a Lovely War" as John French

paragraphs: "'1970 – Colin Welland – "Kes" as Mr Farthing

paragraphs: "'1971 – Edward Fox – "The Go-Between" as Hugh Trimingham

paragraphs: "'1972 – Ben Johnson – "The Last Picture Show" as Sam the Lion

paragraphs: "'1973 – Arthur Lowe – "O Lucky Man!" as Mr Duff/Charlie Johnson/Dr Munda

paragraphs: "'1974 – John Gielgud – "Murder on the Orient Express" as Mr Beddoes

paragraphs: "'1975 – Fred Astaire – "The Towering Inferno" as Harlee Claiborne

paragraphs: "'1976 – Brad Dourif – "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest" as Billy Bibbit

paragraphs: "'1977 – Edward Fox – "A Bridge Too Far" as Brian Horrocks

paragraphs: "'1978 – John Hurt – "Midnight Express" as Max

paragraphs: "'1979 – Robert Duvall – "Apocalypse Now" as Bill Kilgore

paragraphs: "'1981 – Ian Holm – "Chariots of Fire" as Sam Mussabini

paragraphs: "'1982 – Jack Nicholson – "Reds" as Eugene O'Neill

paragraphs: "'1983 – Denholm Elliott – "Trading Places" as Coleman

paragraphs: "'1984 – Denholm Elliott – "A Private Function" as Charles Swaby

paragraphs: "'1985 – Denholm Elliott – "Defence of the Realm" as Vernon Bayliss

paragraphs: "'1986 – Ray McAnally – "The Mission" as Altamirano

paragraphs: "'1987 – Daniel Auteuil – "Jean de Florette" as Ugolin

paragraphs: "'1988 – Michael Palin – "A Fish Called Wanda" as Ken Pile

paragraphs: "'1989 – Ray McAnally – "My Left Foot – The Story of Christy Brown" as Mr Brown

paragraphs: "'1990 – Salvatore Cascio – "Cinema Paradiso (Nuovo cinema Paradiso)" as Salvatore (young)

paragraphs: "'1991 – Alan Rickman – "" as Sheriff of Nottingham

paragraphs: "'1992 – Gene Hackman – "Unforgiven" as Little Bill Daggett

paragraphs: "'1993 – Ralph Fiennes – "Schindler's List" as Amon Göth

paragraphs: "'1994 – Samuel L. Jackson – "Pulp Fiction" as Jules Winnfield

paragraphs: "'1995 – Tim Roth – "Rob Roy" as Archibald Cunningham

paragraphs: "'1996 – Paul Scofield – "The Crucible" as Thomas Danforth

paragraphs: "'1997 – Tom Wilkinson – "The Full Monty" as Gerald

paragraphs: "'1998 – Geoffrey Rush – "Elizabeth" as Francis Walsingham

paragraphs: "'1999 – Jude Law – "The Talented Mr. Ripley" as Dickie Greenleaf

paragraphs: "'2000 – Benicio del Toro – "Traffic" as Javier Rodriguez

paragraphs: "'2001 – Jim Broadbent – "Moulin Rouge!" as Harold Zidler

paragraphs: "'2002 – Christopher Walken – "Catch Me If You Can" as Frank Abagnale, Sr.

paragraphs: "'2003 – Bill Nighy – "Love Actually" as Billy Mack

paragraphs: "'2005 – Jake Gyllenhaal – "Brokeback Mountain" as Jack Twist

paragraphs: "'2006 – Alan Arkin – "Little Miss Sunshine" as Edwin Hoover

paragraphs: "'2007 – Javier Bardem – "No Country for Old Men" as Anton Chigurh

paragraphs: "'2008 – Heath Ledger – "The Dark Knight" as The Joker

paragraphs: 2009 – Christoph Waltz – "Inglorious Basterds" as Col. Hans Landa

paragraphs: 2010 – Geoffrey Rush – "The King's Speech" as Lionel Logue

paragraphs: "'2011 – Christopher Plummer – "Beginners" as Hal


title: BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role

paragraphs: Best Actress in a Supporting Role is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is to recognize an actress who has delivered an outstanding supporting performance in a movie. Actors of all nationalities can receive the award.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography

paragraphs: Best Cinematography is a British Academy Film award presented each year by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).


title: BAFTA Award for Best Sound

paragraphs: The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award for Best Sound has been presented to its winners since 1968. Sound designers of all nationalities can receive the award.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Film Music

paragraphs: The Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music (or BAFTA Award for Best Film Music) is an award given each year by British Academy of Film and Television Arts.

paragraphs: "'1981: "The French Lieutenant's Woman" - Carl Davis

paragraphs: "'1982: "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" – John Williams

paragraphs: "'1983: "Merry Christmas, Mr. Lawrence" – Ryuichi Sakamoto

paragraphs: "'1984: "Once Upon a Time in America" – Ennio Morricone

paragraphs: 1987 "The Untouchables" - Ennio Morricone

paragraphs: 1988 "Empire of the Sun" - John Williams

paragraphs: 1989 "Dead Poets Society" - Maurice Jarre

paragraphs: "'1990: "Cinema Paradiso" – Andrea and Ennio Morricone

paragraphs: "'1991: "Cyrano de Bergerac" – Jean-Claude Petit

paragraphs: "'1992: "Strictly Ballroom" – David Hirschfelder

paragraphs: "'1993: "Schindler's List" – John Williams

paragraphs: Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music<br>

paragraphs: "'1995: "The Postman (Il postino)" – Luis Enríquez Bacalov

paragraphs: "'1996: "The English Patient" – Gabriel Yared

paragraphs: "'1997: "Romeo + Juliet" – Nellee Hooper

paragraphs: "'1998: "Elizabeth" – David Hirschfelder

paragraphs: "'1999: "American Beauty" – Thomas Newman

paragraphs: "'2000: "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon (Wo hu cang long)" – Tan Dun

paragraphs: "'2001: "Moulin Rouge!" – Craig Armstrong and Marius De Vries

paragraphs: "'2003: "Cold Mountain" – T-Bone Burnett and Gabriel Yared

paragraphs: "'2004: "The Motorcycle Diaries (Diarios de motocicleta)" – Gustavo Santaolalla

paragraphs: "'2005: "Memoirs of a Geisha" – John Williams

paragraphs: "'2007: "La Vie en Rose (La môme)" – Christopher Gunning

paragraphs: "'2008: "Slumdog Millionaire" – A. R. Rahman

paragraphs: "'2010 :"The King's Speech" - Alexandre Desplat


title: BAFTA Award for Best Production Design

paragraphs: List of winners of the BAFTA Awards from 1964 to the present in the category "Best Production Design".

paragraphs: Best British Production Design - Black and White

paragraphs: 1966: The Blue Max" – Wilfred Shingleton

paragraphs: 1967: "A Man for All Seasons" – John Box

paragraphs: Best Production Design (and Art Direction)

paragraphs: 1968: "" – Ernest Archer, Harry Lange and Anthony Masters

paragraphs: 1971: "Death in Venice (Morte a Venezia)" – Ferdinando Scarfiotti

paragraphs: 1976: "Bugsy Malone" – Geoffrey Kirkland

paragraphs: 1977: "Fellini's Casanova (Il casanova di Federico Fellini)" – Danilo Donati and Federico Fellini

paragraphs: 1978: "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" – Joe Alves

paragraphs: 1981: "Raiders of the Lost Ark" – Norman Reynolds

paragraphs: 1982: "Blade Runner" – Lawrence G. Paull

paragraphs: 1983: "La Traviata" – Gianni Quaranta and Franco Zeffirelli

paragraphs: 1986: "A Room with a View" – Brian Ackland-Snow and Gianni Quaranta

paragraphs: 1989: "The Adventures of Baron Munchausen" – Dante Ferretti

paragraphs: 1992: "Strictly Ballroom" – Catherine Martin

paragraphs: 1997: "Romeo + Juliet" – Catherine Martin

paragraphs: 1998: "The Truman Show" – Dennis Gassner

paragraphs: "'2001: "Amélie (Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain)" – Aline Bonetto

paragraphs: 2002: "Road to Perdition" – Dennis Gassner

paragraphs: "'2005: "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" – Stuart Craig

paragraphs: "'2006: "Children of Men" – Jim Clay, Geoffrey Kirkland and Jennifer Williams

paragraphs: "'2007: "Atonement" – Sarah Greenwood and Katie Spencer

paragraphs: "'2008: "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" – Donald Graham Burt and Victor J. Zolfo

paragraphs: "'2009: "Avatar" – Rick Carter, Robert Stromberg and Kim Sinclair

paragraphs: 2010: "Guy Hendrix Dyas, Larry Dias and Doug Mowat – "Inception"

paragraphs: 2011: "Dante Ferretti, Francesca Lo Schiavo" – "Hugo"


title: Mark Selby

paragraphs: Mark Anthony Selby (born 19 June 1983, Leicester, England) is an English professional snooker and pool player. Selby has won the World Championship, the Masters, the Welsh Open, the Shanghai Masters and is the current world number one.


title: World population

paragraphs: The world's population is increasing all the time because more people are being born than are dying. The population of the world can be changed by other causes such as extinction level events, and natural and un-natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes, war). In January 2012 the United Nations said the Earth's population had reached 7 billion.


title: Larry Lamb

paragraphs: Lawrence Douglas Lamb (born 10 October 1947) is a British actor. He was born in Edmonton, London. He is best known for his BBC television roles as Archie Mitchell in "EastEnders" and as Mick Shipman in "Gavin & Stacey". His son, George Lamb (born 1979), is a television and radio presenter.


title: Bench press

paragraphs: The bench press is a weight training exercise for the chest muscles and some helping muscles in the shoulders and arms.

paragraphs: The most people who have bad form in this exercise will push with the feet to make their back bent and lifted up off the bench. This moves up the stomach area over the chest and helps the lower chest muscles move the weight. This may hurt the low part of the back.

paragraphs: Because the weight is directly above the body, a "spotter" or helper is used by many people in this exercise. The helper will stand behind the head of the person doing the exercise. If after doing some of the exercise the person doing the exercise cannot move the weight, the "spotter" will help the person move the weight back up to the starting position by taking hold of the bar and lifting together with the person.


title: Hylas

paragraphs: Hylas is a character in Greek mythology. He was the son of King Theiodamas of the Dryopians in Thessaly. When Heracles killed the King in battle, he took Hylas under his wing. The young man became Heracles' gay lover. About 300 BC, the poet Theocritus wrote that Heracles loved "the curly-haired Hylas, [and], like a father would with a well loved son, he taught the youth everything that had made him a powerful and famous man."

paragraphs: The two joined the search for the Golden Fleece. Shortly after their ship left Greece, it put into an island. Hylas set off to look for fresh water. As he neared a spring, the nymphs living within it fell in love with him. They pulled him into the water. He was never seen again. When he did not come back to the ship, Heracles was overcome with grief. He searched the island a long time. The ship set sail without him. Some say Hylas drowned. Others say he fell in love with the nymphs and would not desert them.


title: Bicep curl

paragraphs: A number of similar exercises are called "bicep curls". These are designed to use the muscles on the top of the arm.

paragraphs: Most of the time a person is seated or standing and a weight is held in the hand. The elbow is then bent to make the hand come to the shoulder.

paragraphs: The different kinds of bicep curls mostly change the way the wrist is positioned.


title: Pull up (exercise)

paragraphs: A pull-up is a kind of exercise that uses the weight of the body (body weight) to make a person stronger. To do this exercise one holds something that is high above the head with both hands so their body is hanging free under it. Then one pulls oneself up and stops when the chin is above the hands. This mostly helps the back muscles but also uses the muscles on top of the arms (biceps) and stomach (abdominals). It is an exercise that does not need any special equipment except something high that a person can hold on to.

paragraphs: Many different ways to position the wrist and hands are used. Some say these are all different exercises, but they are all similar. Some kinds of pull-ups use weights on a belt to make the exercise harder.

paragraphs: Many who use bad form on this exercise will kick with their legs or jump and jerk with the legs to help the motion. Good form is holding the low parts of the body still and only using the arms to pull the body up.


title: Ancient Greek wrestling

paragraphs: Greek wrestling was a grappling combat sport practiced by the Ancient Greeks. A wrestler's objective (aim, goal) was to throw his opponent to the ground from a standing position. A point (or fall) was scored when a wrestler's back or shoulders touched the ground. Three points were needed to win a match. Holds were restricted to the upper body. Unlike modern wrestling, there were no weight divisions or time limits. As a result, the sport was dominated by large strong men and boys who could defeat smaller but more skillful opponents.

paragraphs: Each city had place for wrestling, called a palaestra. Some large cities had several palaestrae. Wrestlers trained and competed in the nude. The sport was the first added to the Ancient Olympic Games that was not a footrace. Two ancient Greek wrestlers that are remembered today are Leontiskos of Messene and Milo of Croton. Leontiskos is infamous for winning the Olympics after breaking his opponent's fingers, and Milo is famous for winning five Olympic championships. Wrestling was a popular subject for Greek sculpture, painting, and literature.

paragraphs: Greek wrestling was known to the ancients as "orthe pale" ("upright (or erect) wrestling"). Legend says that Theseus of Athens invented wrestling. The wrestler's objective (aim) was to throw his opponent to the ground from a standing position. Holds were restricted to the upper body and pinning an opponent to the ground was unknown. Wrestling on the ground was permitted only in the sports known to the Greeks as "kato pale" ("ground wrestling") and "pankration".

paragraphs: A point was scored for a fall. A fall occurred when a wrestler's back or shoulders touched the ground. Three points were required to win a match. Wrestling was less rough than the pankration and required less space. As a result, it was the most popular sport among Greek athletes. It was an event in the pentathlon (and could be the deciding event) but it was a separate event as well, with the same techniques. Wrestling was mentioned numerous times in Greek literature, especially poetry.

paragraphs: The remains of a papyrus wrestling manual from the 2nd century AD reveal that the Greeks were familiar with headlocks, joint locks, shoulder holds, and other techniques used by modern wrestlers. Because there were no time limits to matches, some would end in draws. A wrestler could submit under a chokehold and "tap out". Wrestlers were sometimes killed in contest, but their opponents were never held responsible for homicide.

paragraphs: Wrestling was taught and practiced in a building called the "palaestra". There were many of these wrestling schools across Greece. The first palaestras were built about the 6th century BC. They were privately owned, but by the 5th century BC palaestras were being built at the public expense. Palaestras were built until the end of the Age of the Roman Empire. The ancient Greek scholar Plutarch writes that only wrestling and the pankration were taught and practiced in the palaestra. Boxing and other sports were taught and practiced in gymnasiums.

paragraphs: The palaestra consisted of a square or rectangular yard open to the sky. This yard was used for training and practice. The yard was surrounded by colonnades. During rainy weather, wrestling and the pankration were practiced under the colonnades. Rooms adjoining the colonnades were used for lectures, bathing, dressing and undressing, game playing, socializing, and the storage of equipment and olive oil.

paragraphs: Greek athletes were the few athletes in the ancient world who practiced and competed in the nude. Homer's wrestlers in "Iliad" wore loincloths, but shortly after the Age of Homer, Greek athletes started to strip. It is not known why. Pausanias says athletes wanted to imitate Orsippos of Megara, a runner who won a footrace at Olympia in 720 BC after losing his loincloth. Dionysios of Halikarnassos and Thucydides credited a Spartan with the custom.

paragraphs: Other legends say that a runner tripped on his loincloth and officials banned it as unsafe. Some say that athletes stripped to prove that they were males, or because they could run better in the nude. Other reasons have been given: athletes stripped for erotic reasons, or for cult reasons, or for good luck, or as a democratic equalizer. Some say they stripped because they were proud of their muscular bodies and their tans.

paragraphs: The Greeks called the penis a "dog". Athletes sometimes used a cord called a "dog leash" to tie off the foreskin of the penis. It is unknown if this custom had sexual or aesthetic meanings. It appears to have been a matter of personal preference. Tying the foreskin is sometimes a subject in vase painting.

paragraphs: The Greek wrestler carried three items to the palaestra: an oil flask, a scraper, and a sponge. The oil flask ("aryballos") was a ceramic container with a wide lip and narrow mouth that held a wrestler's daily allotment of olive oil. These containers took a variety of shapes. Some were fashioned to resemble birds, animals, or human body parts such as the head, foot, or penis. Most were simply globes without a resting base.

paragraphs: The scraper ("strigil" or "stlengis") was a tool with a concave blade. It was made of bronze, silver, glass, or iron. It was used to scrape the accumulated olive oil and sweat ("gloios") from an athlete's body. The gloios was sold for its alleged medicinal value. It was used to treat inflammations of the joints, the vulva and anus, for genital warts, muscle sprains, and pains. Once the sweat and oil was removed, the wrestler bathed using a sponge ("spongos").

paragraphs: Heavy athleteswrestlers, pankratiasts, and boxersshared the same buildings, practiced the same exercises, used the same equipment (punching bags), and followed the same high-protein diets of meat. Wrestlers at Olympia once were given light boxing practice as a preparation for competition.

paragraphs: Wrestlers first rubbed their bodies with olive oil to keep sand out of their pores. The wrestler then dusted himself with a fine powder. He sometimes practiced with a partner to learn tactics, but, for the most part, wrestlers simply wrestled. Rhythm was important, so wrestlers practiced and competed to flute music. Unlike boxing and the pankration, wrestling practice was conducted at full bore. Wrestlers kept their hair cut short to avoid giving opponents something to grasp or wore a skullcap to keep their hair in place.

paragraphs: Wrestlers were paired by drawing lots ("kleroi"). These lots were about the size of a bean and marked with a letter. There were two lots for each letter. The lots were mixed in a pitcher. Each wrestler drew one lot and was paired with the wrestler who drew the same letter. If there was an odd number of wrestlers, the last letter would be marked on only one lot. The wrestler who drew it would not compete in the first round.

paragraphs: A match began in a position known as the "standing together" ("systasis"). The wrestlers would lean into each other until their foreheads touched. From this position, each would try to throw his opponent to the ground. A wrestler might lunge forward gripping his opponent's shoulders or wrapping his arms around his opponent's torso in a "bear hug". The two might avoid close contact during the initial struggle, with each fighting for a grip on his opponent's legs or arms. Eventually, one would find the grip he needed to throw his opponent. A wrestler might try to grip the hands, wrists, or arms of his opponent and throw him with a sudden twist ("akrocheirismos"), or come to close quarters and gain a hold on the body.

paragraphs: A match was divided into sections marked by "falls". The wrestlers re-engaged without an interval (break) after a fall. Sports scholars and historians are uncertain about what exactly constituted a fall. They agree however that it involved touching at least the shoulders or the back to the earth. Three falls were a victory and the match was ended.

paragraphs: In "Combat Sports in the Ancient World", Michael Poliakoff points out that Greek wrestling was a brutal sport and tolerated some rough tactics. It was less brutal than the other two combat sportsthe pankration and boxingbut, while striking was forbidden and finger-breaking was eventually made illegal, some limb-threatening moves, neckholds, and strangleholds were permitted. Wrestling was considered a sport of craft because of its large number of leverages and holds. It was a sport that tested the "martial virtues: cunning, boldness, courage, self-reliance, and perseverance" Poliakoff writes, and the Greeks "expected that an accomplished and educated man would practice and enjoy wrestling as an adult."

paragraphs: The wrestler's objective (aim) was to score a fall on his opponent. Touching the back or shoulders to the ground was a fall. There was no defined wrestling space such as a ring or circle and there was no time limit. Holds were limited to the upper body and foot tripping was permitted.

paragraphs: There were no weight divisions in Greek wrestling; the sport was dominated by the large and strong. These men and boys could defeat a smaller but more skilled opponent simply by their size. Three falls were required for a win in formal competition. Five bouts were possible in a match. The ancients never awarded points for successful tactics, as in modern wrestling, and "pinning" or holding an opponent to the earth was unknown. Strangling or choking an opponent in order to force him to concede (admit) defeat was permitted.

paragraphs: Keeping an opponent in a hold from which he could not escape was also a fall, as was stretching a man full length on the ground. A wrestler could drop to one knee, but this was risky. Once two wrestlers fell to the earth together, it was sometimes difficult to determine exactly what was happening, and disputes arose. Throwing an opponent out of the "skamma" (wrestling pit) was not a fall, but counted as a victory nonetheless.

paragraphs: Three classic moves in Greek wrestling were the "flying mare", the "body hold", and fancy foot trips. In the flying mare, the wrestler would grip his opponent's arm, throw him over his shoulder, and send him to the ground flat on his back. In the body hold, a wrestler would grip his opponent about the waist, lift him in the air, flip him, and drop him head first to the ground. Elaborate foot trips would send a wrestler crashing to the ground, but old school wrestlers who relied on sheer strength scorned fancy foot trips. Punching, kicking, and gouging soft body areas were not allowed. A point was scored if a wrestler tapped out because of a submission hold. It was possible for a match to last for five rounds.

paragraphs: Wrestling was an event in the ancient Olympic Games. It was added to the Olympic program in 708 BC. It was the first competition added to the Olympics that was not a footrace. Boys' wrestling was added to the Olympic program in 632 BC. Wrestlers prayed to Herakles for strength and Hermes for speed. The wrestling competition was held in the stadium, not the Palaestra at Olympia.

paragraphs: Wrestling, boxing, and the "pankration" (the contact sports), were held on the fourth day of the Olympic festival. There were no weight divisions in Greek wrestling. The sixteen Olympic wrestlers were heavyweights with muscles "the size of boulders" according to one witness. Fans gave wrestlers nicknames that fit their physiques such as "the bear" or "the lion".

paragraphs: The ancient coach Philostratus thought an even temperament and fine physique were important for a wrestler. He liked a wrestler with a straight back, a solid thigh turned outwards, and wrote that "narrow butts are weak, fat ones slow, but well-formed butts are an asset for simping."

paragraphs: Leontiskos was an Olympic wrestling champion in 456 and 452 BC. Although rules against breaking an opponent's fingers were made in the 6th century BC, Leontiskos won by using just this very tactic. Milo of Croton was another Olympic herothe only wrestler to win five Olympic championships. He was defeated in his sixth attempt when he was forty. The Olympic wrestler Polydamas was killed when he tried to hold up the roof of a cave during an earthquake.

paragraphs: Wrestlers were praised for their physical beauty. The inscription on the monument to Theognetos of Aegina reads:


title: BAFTA Award for Best Costume Design

paragraphs: This is a list of the British Academy Film Award for Best Costume Design. It is one movie awards given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts each year.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Editing

paragraphs: The BAFTA Award for Best Editing is one of several awards of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). These awards have been given each year since 1968.

paragraphs: (There were six films nominated for this award in 2008, instead of the usual five, because of a tie in the voting.)


title: BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer

paragraphs: The BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer is presented each year at the British Academy Film Awards in London. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts the awards shows for movie, television, children's movie and television, and interactive media. The Outstanding Debut award recognises the work of writers, directors and producers. It is presented in honour of screenwriter and producer Carl Foreman.


paragraphs: This page lists the winners and nominees for the BAFTA Award for Best Special Visual Effects for each year. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for movies, television, children's movies and television, and interactive media.


title: BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair

paragraphs: This is a list of BAFTA Award winners for Best Makeup and Hair. The BAFTA Award for Best Makeup and Hair is one of several awards of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA).

paragraphs: 2010: "Alice in Wonderland" - Valli O'Reilly & Paul Gooch

paragraphs: 2009: "The Young Victoria" - Jenny Shircore

paragraphs: 2008: "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button" – Jean Black and Colleen Callaghan

paragraphs: 2007: "The Passionate Life of Edith Piaf (La môme)" – Jan Archibald and Didier Lavergne

paragraphs: 2006: "Pan's Labyrinth (El laberinto del fauno)" – José Quetglás and Blanca Sánchez

paragraphs: 2005: "" – Howard Berger, Nikki Gooley and Gregory Nicotero

paragraphs: 2004: "The Aviator" – Kathryn Blondell, Sian Grigg, and Morag Ross

paragraphs: 2002: "Frida" – Judy Chin, Beatrice De Alba, John E. Jackson, and Regina Reyes

paragraphs: 2001: "" – Peter King, Peter Owen and Richard Taylor

paragraphs: 2000: "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" – Rick Baker, Toni G, Sylvia Nava, Gail Rowell-Ryan and Kazuhiro Tsuji

paragraphs: 1999: "Topsy-Turvy" - Christine Blundell

paragraphs: 1997 - "The Wings of the Dove" - Sallie Jaye, Jan Archibald

paragraphs: 1996 - "The Nutty Professor" - Rick Baker, David LeRoy Anderson

paragraphs: 1994 - "The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert" - Cassie Hanlon, Angela Conte, Strykermeyer

paragraphs: 1992 - "The Last of the Mohicans" - Peter Robb-King

paragraphs: 1991 - "Cyrano de Bergerac" Jean-Pierre Eychenne, Michèle Burke

paragraphs: 1986 - "Ran" - Shohichiro Meda, Tameyuki Aimi, Chihako Naito, Noriko Takemizawa

paragraphs: 1983 - "Tootsie" - Dorothy J. Pearl, George Masters, C. Romania Ford, Allen Allen

paragraphs: 1982 - "Quest for Fire" - Sarah Monzani Christopher Tucker, Michèle Burke


paragraphs: The BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay is the British Academy Film Award for the best script not based upon previously published material. It has been awarded since 1984. In 1984 the category BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay was split into two awards, this one and the BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.

paragraphs: 1983: "The King of Comedy" – Paul D. Zimmerman

paragraphs: 1984: "Broadway Danny Rose" – Woody Allen

paragraphs: 1985: "The Purple Rose of Cairo" – Woody Allen

paragraphs: 1986: "Hannah and Her Sisters" – Woody Allen

paragraphs: 1987: "Wish You Were Here" – David Leland

paragraphs: 1989: "When Harry Met Sally..." – Nora Ephron

paragraphs: 1990: "Cinema Paradiso (Nuovo cinema Paradiso)" – Giuseppe Tornatore

paragraphs: 1991: "Truly, Madly, Deeply" – Anthony Minghella

paragraphs: 1992: "Husbands and Wives" – Woody Allen

paragraphs: 1993: "Groundhog Day" – Harold Ramis and Danny Rubin

paragraphs: 1994: "Pulp Fiction" – Roger Avary and Quentin Tarantino

paragraphs: 1995: "The Usual Suspects" – Christopher McQuarrie

paragraphs: 1999: "Being John Malkovich" – Charlie Kaufman

paragraphs: 2001: "Amélie (Le fabuleux destin d'Amélie Poulain)" – Jean-Pierre Jeunet and Guillaume Laurant

paragraphs: 2002: "Talk to Her (Hable con ella)" – Pedro Almodóvar

paragraphs: 2003: "The Station Agent" – Thomas McCarthy

paragraphs: 2004: "Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind" – Charlie Kaufman

paragraphs: 2005: "Crash" – Paul Haggis and Robert Moresco

paragraphs: 2006: "Little Miss Sunshine" – Michael Arndt

paragraphs: 2010: "The King's Speech" – David Seidler

paragraphs: 2011: "The Artist" – Michel Hazanavicius


title: BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay

paragraphs: The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) Award for Best Adapted Screenplay has been presented to its winners since 1983. Before it was called the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.

paragraphs: 1983: "Heat and Dust" – Ruth Prawer Jhabvala

paragraphs: 1984: "The Killing Fields" – Bruce Robinson

paragraphs: 1985: "Prizzi's Honor" – Richard Condon and Janet Roach

paragraphs: 1987: "Jean de Florette" – Claude Berri and Gérard Brach

paragraphs: 1988: "The Unbearable Lightness of Being" – Jean-Claude Carrière and Philip Kaufman

paragraphs: 1989: "Dangerous Liaisons" – Christopher Hampton

paragraphs: 1990: "Goodfellas" – Nicholas Pileggi and Martin Scorsese

paragraphs: 1991: "The Commitments" – Dick Clement, Roddy Doyle and Ian La Frenais

paragraphs: 1993: "Schindler's List" - Steven Zaillian

paragraphs: 1996: "The English Patient" – Anthony Minghella

paragraphs: 1997: "Romeo + Juliet" – Baz Luhrmann and Craig Pearce

paragraphs: 1999: "The End of the Affair" – Neil Jordan

paragraphs: 2001: "Shrek" – Ted Elliott, Terry Rossio, Roger S.H. Schulman and Joe Stillman

paragraphs: 2002: "Adaptation." – Charlie and Donald Kaufman

paragraphs: 2003: "" – Philippa Boyens, Peter Jackson and Fran Walsh

paragraphs: 2004: "Sideways" – Alexander Payne and Jim Taylor

paragraphs: 2005: "Brokeback Mountain" – Larry McMurtry and Diana Ossana

paragraphs: 2006: "The Last King of Scotland" – Jeremy Brock and Peter Morgan

paragraphs: 2007: "The Diving Bell and the Butterfly" – Ronald Harwood

paragraphs: 2008: "Slumdog Millionaire" – Simon Beaufoy

paragraphs: 2009: "Up in the Air" – Jason Reitman and Sheldon Turner

paragraphs: 2010 "The Social Network" – Aaron Sorkin


title: BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay

paragraphs: The BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay is a British Academy Film Award for the best script. It was awarded from 1968 to 1982. In 1983 it was split into BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay and BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay

paragraphs: The BAFTA Award for Best British Screenplay was a British Academy Film Award from 1954 to 1967.

paragraphs: Morgan: A Suitable Case for Treatment - David Mercer

paragraphs: The Day the Earth Caught Fire - Wolf Mankowitz, Val Guest, and

paragraphs: A Taste of Honey - Shelagh Delaney, Tony Richardson

paragraphs: I'm All Right Jack - Frank Harvey, John Boulting, Alan Hackney

paragraphs: The Bridge on the River Kwai - Pierre Boulle

paragraphs: The Young Lovers - George Tabori, Robin Estridge


title: BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award

paragraphs: The BAFTA Fellowship is a lifetime achievement award presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It has been given since 1971 "in recognition of outstanding achievement in the art forms of the moving image", and is the highest honour the Academy can give. Fellowship recipients have been mostly film directors, but some have also been awarded to actors, movie and television producers, cinematographers, film editors, and screenwriters.


title: BAFTA Rising Star Award

paragraphs: The EE Rising Star Award, formerly known as the Orange Rising Star Award, is one of the award categories for the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA). It is for new talents in the acting industry. The award was made after Mary Selway's death in 2004. She helped many new actors and actresses to fame. The five nominees can be any nationality and either gender. Their breakthrough can be in television, film or both. The nominees are chosen by the BAFTA juries. The winner is chosen entirely by the public votes by text, internet or phone. This award was sponsored by Orange UK until 2012. From 2013, it was sponsored by EE.


title: Palaestra at Olympia

paragraphs: The palaestra at Olympia, Greece is an ancient structure, now in ruins. There were many palaestra throughout Greece. A palaestra was the place where Greek athletes trained for and practiced wrestling, the pankration, and sometimes boxing. The palaestra at Olympia was built sometime in the third century BC.

paragraphs: It is north of the gymnasion. It is square. Its sides are each about 66 meters long. Its door is in the northwest corner. The lower part of the outer walls were made of stone and the upper part of brick. Inside was a sand-covered yard open to the sky. This yard was surrounded on all four sides with colonnades of Doric columns. In bad weather, the athletes practiced under these colonnades.

paragraphs: Off these colonnades were rooms where the athletes dressed and undressed, rubbed themselves with olive oil, dusted themselves with powder or sand, and met friends. There was a tub (1.5 meters deep) in the corner of the yard that was used for cold baths. There were rooms for the storage of oil and equipment.

paragraphs: In 195556, the German Archaeological Institute partly restored the palaestra. Complete restoration is not possible because many of the columns have been completely destroyed.


title: Vanessa Proux

paragraphs: Vanessa Proux (31 May 1974) is a French biologist and the current head of Sup'Biotech.

paragraphs: Holder of a Master's degree in biochemistry (1997) and one more in microbiology, Vanessa Proux graduates from University of Technology of Compiègne in October 2001 (Doctorate in microbiology). During 4 years, she is teacher and researcher.

paragraphs: Since February 2004, she is head of the Sup'Biotech.


title: 2011–12 Fußball-Bundesliga

paragraphs: The 2011–12 Fußball-Bundesliga was the 49th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on August 5, 2011 and ended on May 5, 2012. The defending champions were Borussia Dortmund.

paragraphs: Below are the top 5, and the lowest 5 teams in the 2011/12 season. As you can see, Borussia Dortmund, Bayern Munich, Schalke 04, Borussia Mönchengladbach and Bayer Leverkusen all did well in the league and were allowed to play in either the UEFA Champions League, or the UEFA Europa League.

paragraphs: Also, Hertha BSC went to the relegation play-off, and FC Köln and 1. FC Kaiserslautern were relegated.

paragraphs: Fortuna Düsseldorf won the relegation play-off match against Hertha BSC and moved to the Fußball-Bundesliga for the 2012/13 season. Hertha BSC was sent to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: Änis Ben-Hatira

paragraphs: Änis Ben-Hatira (born 18 July 1988) is a German football player. He plays for Hertha BSC and the Tunisia national football team.

paragraphs: Born in Berlin, Ben-Hatira started playing for Berlin Reinickendorf, before going to Tennis Borussia Berlin. Soon, he was signed by Hamburger SV in 2006. He played a little for West Ham United, but he stayed with Hamburger SV, He went on a loan in 2009 to MSV Duisburg and stayed for the season. In 2011, he moved to Hertha BSC.

paragraphs: After playing for the Germany national youth football team, he was called up by the Tunisia national football team. He made his debut against Peru in a friendly match.


title: 2012–13 Fußball-Bundesliga

paragraphs: The 2012–13 Fußball-Bundesliga is the 50th season of the Fußball-Bundesliga, Germany's top football league. The season started on August 24, 2012 and ended on May 18, 2012. The defending champions were Borussia Dortmund. The champion was decided before the tournament ended. FC Bayern Munich won the tournament, with 91 points (a 25-point lead).

paragraphs: Below is the table for the 2012–13 Fußball-Bundesliga season. Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund and Bayer 04 Leverkusen directly qualified for the UEFA Champions League, while Fortuna Düsseldorf and SpVgg Greuther Fürth were relegated to the 2. Bundesliga.


title: Cyclone Jal

paragraphs: Cyclone Jal was a severe cyclonic storm that formed in the South China Sea on October 31, 2010. It then hit Thailand and Malaysia. It then went on to hit India. The storm hit the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and parts of Kerala. Some of its moisture traveled to the states Rajasthan and Gujarat.

paragraphs: There were 118 deaths caused by the cyclone. Thousands were displaced.


title: Hurricane Bud (2012)

paragraphs: Hurricane Bud was the first hurricane of the 2012 Pacific hurricane season. It was formed on May 21, 2012 and died on May 26, 2012. It started near Western Mexico. It made landfall there, where it uprooted trees and washed away roads. It approached Baja California but did not damage it. It is unknown how many deaths it caused.


title: Great Train Robbery (1963)

paragraphs: The Great Train Robbery was a £2.6 million train robbery that took place on 8 August 1963 at Bridego Railway Bridge, Ledburn, Buckinghamshire. The gang was led by Bruce Reynolds (1931–2013). Other members of the gang included Buster Edwards (1931–1994), Brian Field (1934–1979), Charlie Wilson (1932–1990), Ronnie Biggs (1929–2013), and Gordon Goody (1930–2016).


title: Securitas depot robbery

paragraphs: The Securitas depot robbery was the largest cash robbery in British history. It took place on 21-22 February 2006. Several men abducted and threatened the family of the manager, tied up 14 staff members and stole over £53 million in banknotes from a Securitas depot in Tonbridge, Kent.


title: Syndrome

paragraphs: In psychology and medicine, a syndrome is when there are multiple symptoms. These symptoms may be related. In some cases the way in which they are related is known, in other cases it is not. When both the relationship of symptoms and their causes are known, people generally talk about a disease.

paragraphs: Symptoms that occur together in similar contexts are often related, or have a common cause. Some syndromes, such as Down syndrome have only one cause. In the case of Down syndrome, the cause is known. Other syndromes, such as Pakinsonian syndrome may have many causes, and finding the exact cause may be difficult.


title: Union of South Africa

paragraphs: The Union of South Africa is the historic predecessor to the modern-day Republic of South Africa. It was formed on 31 May 1910 when the British Cape Colony and the Natal Colony unified with the defeated Boer republics of the South African Republic and the Orange Free State. The provinces of the union were called, respectively, as the Cape Province, the Natal Province, the Transvaal Province, and the Orange Free State Province. Following World War I, the former German colony of German South-West Africa was put under administration of the Union of South Africa as a League of Nations mandate and was treated as if it were another province.

paragraphs: The Union of South Africa came to an end on 31 May 1961, when a new constitution came into effect, transforming the Union of South Africa into a republic, under the name 'Republic of South Africa'.


title: Larry Clark

paragraphs: Lawrence "Larry" Clark (born January 19, 1943) is an American movie director and producer. He has directed several controversial movies. These include "Kids", "Ken Park" and "Bully" (2001). The first was marked under an NC-17 rating. This caused Miramax (owned by Disney at the time) to sell it to someone else for its distribution. In addition, "Ken Park" was more explicit and violent: Australia would not allow this movie to be shown publicly, distributed or sold due to its explicit content.

paragraphs: Clark was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He often does his works based on the life of teenagers and young adults who involve themselves with illegal drugs and certain types of crime.


title: Carl Eugene Watts

paragraphs: Carl Eugene Watts (November 7, 1953 - September 21, 2007) was an American criminal. He was a thief, burglar, stalker, kidnapper, torturer and serial killer.

paragraphs: Watts was born in Killeen, Texas. During his childhood his parents separated and divorced; he moved with his mother to Inkster, Michigan, she married another man. Watts was the eldest of ten children. Both Watts' marriages ended in divorce. He had one child.

paragraphs: Watts was an African-American; the large majority of his victims were white. He was diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder and depression. He was of well below-average intelligence and was a disorganized thrill killer. He committed his crimes in Texas and Michigan. His methods of killing included strangulation, stabbing, bludgeoning and drowning. He was apprehended in Houston, Texas on May 23, 1982. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and was not released. He died of prostate cancer in hospital in Jackson, Michigan.


title: Minitel

paragraphs: The Minitel is a Videotex online service. Users connected to it through the telephone lines. It was a successful pre-World Wide Web online service. The PTT (Poste, Téléphone et Télécommunication) started Minitel started in France in 1982. From the beginning, users could buy things online that are now done on the Internet. People could make train reservations, check stock prices, search the telephone directory, have a mail box, and chat.

paragraphs: In February 2009, France Telecom said the Minitel network still had 10 million monthly connections. One-million were to the directory. France Telecom ended the service on 30 June 2012.

paragraphs: Millions of terminals were free to telephone subscribers. That meant many people and businesses had access immediately. People who got Minitel did not get a regular paper telephone directory.

paragraphs: Many new companies started to try to make money using the network. This was like the later dot-com bubble. Many of the companies failed. Some people criticized pornographic services on Minitel because children could access them. The government did not make rules about pornography on Minitel. The government also made a tax on pornographic online services.

paragraphs: France Télécom charged Minitel users at rates of up to €1 a minute. The rates depend on the service called. Most services were much cheaper than the maximum. France Télécom then paid part of the fee to the companies that operate Minitel servers.

paragraphs: The most popular service of the Minitel was the "Annuaire Electronique" at the phone number "11". On 18 October 1996, access to the Phonedirectory changed to "3611". Companies could add up to 3 lines of information to the listing. There were also advertisements on the phone directory pages.

paragraphs: Minitel terminals have a text based screen, keyboard and modem. The screen can show simple graphics. Minitel terminals use the AZERTY keyboard, not the QWERTY keyboard. Users could buy printers to attach to the terminals.

paragraphs: The Minitel modem usually dialed a special number to connect to a PAVI ("Point d'Accès VIdéotexte", "videotext access point"). The PAVI sent information to the correct servers on the Transpac X.25 network. In France the most common dial number was "36 15". "36 17" was for more expensive services. Minitel services names often started with this number. So, the "36 15" number at the front of the name was like the ".com" on Internet web sites.

paragraphs: Minitel used a half-duplex asymmetric data rate via its modem. It downlinked at 1200 bit/s and uplinked at 75 bit/s. This allowed fast downloads, for the time. The system was called '1275', but the correct name was V.23. This system was only for Minitel and copies of Minitel in other countries.

paragraphs: The United Kingdom had a similar service called Prestel.


title: Parkinsonian syndrome

paragraphs: Parkinsonian syndrome (also known as Parkinsonism, atypical Parkinson's or secondary Parkinson's) is a neurological syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability. There are many conditions that lead to Parkinsonism, and diagnosis can be difficult. While the neurodegenerative condition Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a wide range of other causes may lead to a similar set of symptoms, including some toxins, a few metabolic diseases, and a handful of neurological conditions unrelated to Parkinson's disease.

paragraphs: Its most common cause is as a side effect of medications, mainly neuroleptic antipsychotics especially the phenothiazines (such as perphenazine and chlorpromazine), thioxanthenes (such as flupenthixol and zuclopenthixol) and butyrophenones (such as haloperidol (Haldol)), piperazines (such as ziprasidone), and, rarely, antidepressants.


title: Sibley-Monroe checklist 1

paragraphs: The Sibley-Monroe checklist was a landmark document in the study of birds conducted by Charles Sibley and Burt Monroe during the late 1970s and throughout the 1980s. It drew on extensive DNA-DNA hybridisation studies to reassess the relationships between modern birds.


title: Imperial House of Japan

paragraphs: The , also referred to as the "Imperial family", is made up of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of Japan.

paragraphs: In 1947, membership in the Imperial family was limited to the male line descendants of the Emperor Taishō, excluding females who marry outside the Imperial family.

paragraphs: Eleven branches of the Imperial House were removed in 1947.

paragraphs: Article 5 of the defines who is an official member of , including

paragraphs: There are 18 members of the Imperial Family.

paragraphs: The Emperor Emeritus was born at the Imperial Palace in Tokyo on 23 December 1933, the elder son and sixth child of the Shōwa Emperor and Empress Kōjun. He was married on 10 April 1959 to Michiko Shōda. Emperor Akihito succeeded his father as emperor on 7 January 1989.

paragraphs: The Empress Emerita, formerly Michiko Shōda, was born in Tokyo on 24 October 1934, the eldest daughter of Hidesaburo Shōda, president and honorary chairman of Nisshin Flour Milling Inc..

paragraphs: The Prince Hitachi was born on 28 November 1935, the second son and seventh child of the Emperor Shôwa and Empress Kojun. His childhood title was Prince Yoshi. By getting the title Prince Hitachi, he started a new branch of the imperial family on 1 October 1964, the day after his wedding.

paragraphs: The Princess Hitachi was born on 19 July 1940, the daughter of former Count Yoshitaka Tsugaru. Prince and Princess Hitachi have no children.

paragraphs: The Princess Mikasa is the widow of The Prince Mikasa (born on 2 December 1915, died 27 October 2016), the fourth son of the Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei, and a younger brother of Emperor Shōwa. The princess was born on 6 June 1923, the second daughter of Viscount Masanori Takagi. Prince and Princess Mikasa married 22 October 1941. They have two daughters and three sons.

paragraphs: The living former imperial princesses are:

paragraphs: Article 2 of the Constitution of Japan provides that "the Imperial Throne shall be dynastic and succeeded to in accordance with the Imperial Household Law passed by the Diet."

paragraphs: The Imperial Household Law allows only males in the Japanese order of succession.


title: Anthony Minghella

paragraphs: Anthony Minghella (6 January 1954 - 18 March 2008) was a British movie director, producer and screenwriter of Italian ancestry. He was born in Ryde, Isle of Wight. His brother is screenwriter Dominic Minghella (born 1967).

paragraphs: Minghella wrote and directed "Truly, Madly, Deeply"; he won a BAFTA Award for Best Original Screenplay. He wrote and directed "The English Patient"; he won a BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and an Academy Award for Best Director. He wrote and directed "The Talented Mr. Ripley" and "Cold Mountain".

paragraphs: Minghella had cancer of the tonsils and the neck. He died of a cerebral haemorrhage and from cancer complications in Charing Cross Hospital, west London, the week after an operation to remove the cancer. He had a son, actor Max (born 1985) and a daughter, Hannah.


title: United States Board on Geographic Names

paragraphs: The United States Board on Geographic Names (BGN) is a United States federal body whose purpose is to establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names throughout the government of the United States.

paragraphs: The Board's purpose is to standardize -- not regulate -- US and foreign geographic names, including the names of geographical features underseas and in Antarctica.

paragraphs: The Board was created in 1890 by executive order of President Benjamin Harrison. The Board was given authority to resolve questions about geographic names.

paragraphs: In 1947, the Board was recreated by Congress in Public Law 80-242.

paragraphs: The Geographic Names Information System includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps which confirm the feature or place name are cited. Variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded.

paragraphs: Processes for standardizing non-US geographic names, Antarctic names and undersea features were developed.


paragraphs: The Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) is an independent government agency in the United Kingdom. Its function is to establish standard names for places outside the UK, but not including Antarctica. The decisions about names are for the use of the British government.

paragraphs: Permanent Committee on Geographical Names was established in 1919.

paragraphs: Over the years, the representative members have grown to include


title: Princess Sophie Hélène Béatrice of France

paragraphs: Marie "Sophie" Hélène Béatrice of France, Daughter of France, "Madame Sophie" (9 July 1786 – 19 June 1787) was a French princess. She was born at the Palace of Versailles. Sophie was the youngest of the four children of King Louis XVI of France and his Queen consort, Marie Antoinette. She was named after her deceased great-aunt, Princess Sophie of France. As the daughter of the king, Sophie ranked third in importance after her mother the queen and her older sister "Madame Royale" Marie Thérèse. Sophie was legally titled "Her Royal Highness" Princess Sophie of France but was however known as "Madame Sophie")

paragraphs: Sophie was a very large baby. Her health was undermined by tuberculosis. She died in Versailles after five or six days of troubles caused by the cutting of new teeth. She was eleven months old. Her death caused much grief for her parents. When Marie Antoinette's foster-brother, Joseph Weber, attempted to comfort her with the fact that Sophie was very young and could not have formed a strong attachment for the mother. Marie Antoinette said only, "Don't forget that she would have been my friend." This referred to her words after the birth of Sophie's older sister in 1778. Sophie was buried at the Royal Basilica of Saint Denis. This was north of Paris.


title: Kikuō Hayashiya

paragraphs: On Shōten, he always wears a yellow kimono. He is known for making commonplace jokes and usually "plays the fool." He is a mood maker.

paragraphs: Kikuou is also famous for his side job, a chain of noodle shops named after him called "Kikuzō Ramen." (Kikuzō is his old name). On Shōten, he often advertises Kikuzō Ramen, but other members joke about it being very flavorless. Kikuzō Ramen is famous for its lack of flavor.


title: FIFA Confederations Cup

paragraphs: The FIFA Confederations Cup (formally known as the King Fahd Cup) is an Association football tournament for national teams held by FIFA. It is played with the winner of the FIFA confederation championships (UEFA, CONMEBOL, CONCACAF, CAF, AFC, OFC), as well as the FIFA World Cup holder and the host. The number of teams is eight. This tournament is regarded as early step on the way to the FIFA World Cup.


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title: Azuchi-Momoyama period

paragraphs: , also known as the , is the time from approximately 1573 to 1606 in history of Japan.

paragraphs: This period is called Azuchi-Momoyama because there were two great centers of power during this time. One was Oda Nobunaga's castle at Azuchi near Lake Biwa. The other was Toyotomi Hideyoshi's castle at Momoyama near Kyoto.

paragraphs: The times when Toyotomi grasped the government are called , and the culture that prospered mainly on this time is called .

paragraphs: A new merchant class grew in cities at this time. Consumption and luxurious culture increased among the wealthy.

paragraphs: Trade with the West was influential Francisco Xavier visited Japan.


title: Mount Tate

paragraphs: Mount Tate is a mountain in the Mt. Tate range of the northern Hida Mountains (the north Alps). It is in the southeastern area of Toyama Prefecture. It is a general term for three peaks, Mt.O (altitude 3,003 m), Mt. Onanji (altitude 3,015 m), and Fujinooritate (altitude 2,999 m).

paragraphs: It is one of the mountains of Chūbu-Sangaku National Park with the dominant peak of the Tateyama mountain range. The Park was made on December 4, 1934.

paragraphs: It ranks with Mt. Tsurugi. They are some of the few mountains which have an existing glacier in Japan.


title: Kanazawa, Ishikawa

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a core city since 1996.

paragraphs: During the Edo period, Kanazawa was the center of the Maeda clan.

paragraphs: Kanazawa has a big Japanese garden called Kenroku-en. Kenroku-en was made as a garden of the Kanazawa castle at the Edo period. It is regarded as one of the most famous gardens in Japan.

paragraphs: Kanazawa is on the western coast of Honshu. It faces the Sea of Japan.


title: Shangluo Municipality

paragraphs: Shangluo Municipality (, pinyin: Shāngluò Shì, formerly known as "商雒"), is a prefecture-level city in Shaanxi, China. It is in the southeast part of Shannxi. Shangluo covers . As of November 2010, 2,341,742 people lived here. The place is based on farming, forestry, Chinese herbology and gold mining.

paragraphs: Shangluo is divided into 7 municipalities:


title: Directorate General for Civil Aviation

paragraphs: The Directorate General for Civil Aviation (, DGAC) is the French civil aviation authority. It is located in Paris.

paragraphs: In 2013, DGAC starts with the ENAC the consulting company France Aviation Civile Services.


title: Pope Alexander VI

paragraphs: Pope Alexander VI (; 1431–1503), born Rodrigo Lanzol y Borja, was an Spanish cleric of the Roman Catholic Church and the 215th Pope from 1492 to 1503.

paragraphs: In 1431, Lanzol y Borja born in Xàtiva, which is near Valencia in Spain. His father was Jofre Lançol. His mother was Isabella Borgia, who was a sister of Cardinal Alfonso Borgia, who later became Pope Callixtus III.

paragraphs: He was adopted into the immediate family of Pope Callixtus; and was known afterwards as Rodrigo Borgia.

paragraphs: Cardinal Borgia was elected pope on August 11, 1492; and he took the name of Alexander VI.

paragraphs: Pope Alexander is known for writing "Inter Caetera" in 1493. In this papal decree, Alexander decided that some parts of South America would be Spanish or and some parts would be Portuguese.


title: Exotic pet

paragraphs: A exotic pet is a rare or unusual animal which is kept as a pet. It is kept in human households but is relatively unusual or usually thought of as a wild animal rather than as a pet.

paragraphs: "Exotic" often refers to a species which is not native (indigenous) to where the owner lives, or an animal that isnt typically kept as a pet (unlike cats or dogs). "Pet" is a companion animal living with people.

paragraphs: A wide variety of animals have been kept as pets. Below is a list of some animals that are kept in captivity at home and are thought to be "exotic". Where examples are provided within a category, the examples are the animals that are "relatively commonly" kept as pets in captivity at home within that category (although mice and parakeets may not really be considered very "exotic").


title: Abe's salamander

paragraphs: The Abe's salamander ("Hynobius abei") is a species of salamander. They are in the Hynobiidae family. They live in Japan. They live in forests, freshwater marshes, and freshwater springs. Their population is declining because of habitat loss. The IUCN lists the species as Critically Endangered.


title: Yanta District

paragraphs: Yanta District (, pinyin:Yàntǎ Qū, meaning "Wild goose Tower District") is a District of Xi'an, it's in southern part of Xi'an. Area of it is 151.44km, and as of November 2010, 1,178,529 people live in here. The name of Yanta District is come from Big Wild Goose Tower, a tower that builded in 652 A.D. It's famous in culture and tour. The district have many university.

paragraphs: In September 1954, Yanta District was set up. It was merge from Xi'an No.9 District, a part of Chang'an County, a part of Weiqu District and some other place.

paragraphs: In May 1960, some part of Xincheng District, Lianhu District and Beilin District was merged to Yanta District. But that was revoked in April 1962.

paragraphs: In September 1965, Yanta District was changed to Xi'an suburb toghter with Weiyang District, original Epang District and some other place. It's revoked in February 1980.


title: Leslie Nielsen

paragraphs: Leslie Nielsen (February 11, 1926 - November 28, 2010) was a Canadian-American actor, comedian and movie producer. His television roles include "Forbidden Planet" and "Police Squad!". His movie roles include "Airplane!" and "The Naked Gun" trilogy: "", "" and "".

paragraphs: Nielsen was born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada. He died of pneumonia in Fort Lauderdale, Florida.


title: Forbidden Planet

paragraphs: Forbidden Planet is a 1956 American science fiction movie set in the 23rd century. It was written by Cyril Hume, directed by Fred M. Wilcox and produced by Nicholas Nayfack. It stars Walter Pidgeon, Anne Francis and Leslie Nielsen. The storyline is an obvious take of Shakespeare's "The Tempest".


title: Flux (software)

paragraphs: Flux is the software by which it is possible to create and display 3D worlds. Flux exists in the shape of plug-in for web browsers like Internet Explorer and also it works as a single program.


title: Leatherback sea turtle

paragraphs: The leatherback sea turtle is the largest of all living sea turtles. It is the fourth largest modern reptile behind three crocodilians.

paragraphs: Adults average in shell length, in total length and weigh . The largest ever found was over from head to tail and weighed . It was found on a beach on the west coast of Wales.

paragraphs: The eggs and young are often eaten by predators, but the adults can defend themselves aggressively. Only the largest sea predators can tackle a leatherback successfully.

paragraphs: Leatherback turtles are one of the deepest diving marine animals. They have been recorded diving to depths as great as .

paragraphs: They are also the fastest-moving reptiles. The 1992 edition of the Guinness Book of World Records lists the leatherback turtle moving at in the water.

paragraphs: They can live as far north as Alaska and Norway and as far south as the Cape of Good Hope in Africa and the southernmost tip of New Zealand. The leatherback is found in all tropical and subtropical oceans, and it also goes well into the Arctic Circle.

paragraphs: Very little is known about how long they live. Some reports say "30 years or more", while others say "50 years or more".


title: Takahito, Prince Mikasa

paragraphs: Prince Takahito was the fourth and youngest son of Emperor Taishō and Empress Teimei. He was the brother of Emperor Shōwa, who was the father of the current emperor.

paragraphs: The prince's childhood title was "Sumi-no-miya". He attended the Gakushūin Peers' School from 1922 to 1932.

paragraphs: The prince attended the Imperial Japanese Army Academy from 1932 to 1936. He graduated from the Army Staff College.

paragraphs: In 1935, Emperor Shōwa gave him the title "Mikasa-no-miya" (Prince Mikasa). He was given permission to form a new branch of the Imperial family.

paragraphs: Prince Mikasa served in the army from 1937 to 1947.

paragraphs: He was an officer in China. He served at Army Headquarters during the Second World War.

paragraphs: Prince Mikasa died of cardiac arrest after being treated for pneumonia at a hospital in Tokyo at the age of 100.


title: Toronto Zoo

paragraphs: The Toronto Zoo is a zoo in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. With , the Toronto Zoo is the largest zoo in Canada.

paragraphs: It is in seven geographic regions: Indo-Malaya, Africa, Americas, Tundra Trek, Australasia, Eurasia and the Canadian Domain. Some animals are indoors in tropical settings. Some are outdoors in what would be their normal environments. It also has areas such as the Kids Zoo, Waterside Theatre and Splash Island. The zoo is currently home to over 16,000 animals. There are over 491 species.

paragraphs: In April 2012 the zoo is not in the Association of Zoos and Aquariums. It sent three elephants to a place that is not okayed by the AZA. The zoo can ask to be back in the AZA in March 2013.


title: Oliver Reed

paragraphs: Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 - 2 May 1999) was a British actor. He was born in Wimbledon, Surrey. He was a nephew of movie director Sir Carol Reed (1906-1976) and grandson of actor and theatre manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree (1852-1917).

paragraphs: Reed's starred in many movies, including: "Women in Love", "The Devils", "The Three Musketeers", "Tommy", "Castaway" ,"Gladiator"and "Treasure island"

paragraphs: Reed was an alcoholic. He died of a heart attack in Valletta, Malta.


title: Immaculate Antbird

paragraphs: The Immaculate Antbird ("Myrmeciza immaculata") is a species of antbird in the family Thamnophilidae. It is found in forests in Costa Rica, Panama, western and northern Colombia, western Venezuela, and western Ecuador. The species eats insects, and usually follows swarms of army ants to catch prey. However, it may sometimes find its prey away from the swarms.