title: Magali Noël

paragraphs: Magali Noëlle Guiffray (27 June 1930 – 23 June 2015), better known as Magali Noël, was a French actress and singer. She was known for her song "Fais-moi mal, Johnny" ("Hurt me Johnny"). Her best known movie was "La Dolce Vita".


title: Helmuth Lohner

paragraphs: Helmuth Lohner (24 April 1933 – 23 June 2015) was an Austrian actor and theatre director. From 1997 to 2006, Lohner was director of the Theater in der Josefstadt. Lohner was born in Vienna.

paragraphs: Lohner died on 23 June 2015 at the age of 82.


title: Slade Gorton

paragraphs: Thomas Slade Gorton III (January 8, 1928 – August 19, 2020) was an American politician. He was a U.S. senator from Washington state from 1981 to 1987, and from 1989 to 2001.

paragraphs: He held both of the state's Senate seats in his career and was narrowly defeated for reelection twice as an incumbent: in 1986 by Brock Adams, and in 2000 by Maria Cantwell after a recount. Gorton was twice both Senior Senator (1983–87, 1993–2001) and Junior Senator (1981–83, 1989–93).

paragraphs: Gorton died on August 19, 2020 in Clyde Hill, Washington from Parkinson's disease-related problems at the age of 92.


title: Thomas Kean

paragraphs: Thomas Howard "Tom" Kean, Sr. (; born April 21, 1935) is an American Republican Party politician. He served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey from 1982 to 1990.


title: Grefrath, Neuss

paragraphs: Grefrath is a district of Neuss, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany.


title: State University of Londrina

paragraphs: Universidade Estadual de Londrina (abbreviated UEL; State University of Londrina) is one of the public universities of the State of Paraná, Brazil.

paragraphs: UEL was created in 1970, being recognized officially by Federal Ordinance 69.234/71. In 1987 'free teaching' was implemented at the Institution, and in 1991 it gained autonomy from the State. Since the 2005 admission exam, UEL adopted an official system of quotas for black students, as well as quotas for applicants originating from public schools, in order to attend to social and minority support policies.

paragraphs: It is located in the city of Londrina, second largest city in the state and fourth largest in the southern region of the country.

paragraphs: Students are admitted by an entrance exam, also known as vestibular exam, composed by two steps:

paragraphs: The Center of Humanities and Languages occupies an area of 9.079,17 m2. The department employs 180 instructors, 50 ancillary employees, and consists of the following sub-faculties:

paragraphs: The Center of Sciences Biological contains 10 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Exact Sciences has 7 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Applied Social Studies has 6 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Health Sciences has 11 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Education, Communication and Arts are composed of 6 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Agrarian Sciences is composed of 5 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Technology and Urbanization is composed of 4 departments:

paragraphs: The Center of Physical education and Sports are composed of 3 departments:


title: São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro

paragraphs: São Gonçalo () is a city in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Its population (as of 2009) is 1,010,212 inhabitants, and it is the second most populous city in the state after the capital, Rio de Janeiro.

paragraphs: Its population was 1,010,212 in 2009. The total area of the city is .

paragraphs: It is the second most populous city in the state after Rio de Janeiro, the capital of the state.

paragraphs: São Gonçalo has a tropical Atlantic climate, with rainy summers and relatively dry winters. The city has different temperatures at different times of the year. They can be up to in summer and during winter. Generally, the temperature is between the maximum of and minimum .

paragraphs: But for most part of the year, i.e. from May to October, the temperature is milder because the climate is drier and less hot.

paragraphs: São Gonçalo has a high population growth rate. 1,016,128 people live in the city, up from 960,631 in 2007. According to the 2012 census, the racial makeup of São Gonçalo includes: Whites (22.7%), Brown (54.1%), Black or African (20.2%), two or more races (3%) and Asian (0.02%). The non-Brazilian population was 3.5% (Paraguayan 2%, Bolivian 1%, Chinese 0.5%), which is a high number compared to other cities in Brazil. The same census said that São Gonçalo has a large amount of poverty. 31.5% of the population was officially living in poverty in 2012, down from 81% in 1990. People considered "Class A" were only 4.7% of the population.

paragraphs: The Rio de Janeiro State Teachers' Training College (FFP-UERJ) stands out in the city. It is the largest teachers' college in Rio de Janeiro state. Its students are mostly residents from Sao Goncalo, but many come from Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Itaboraí, and cities of the Baixada Fluminense region, among others. For many years, students from this campus have asked for a bus route to the Saint Mary UERJ Maracanã.

paragraphs: São Gonçalo has the following hospitals: Hospital Estadual Alberto Torres; Eye Hospital Niteroi; Hospital Luiz Palmier; Hospital Adam Pereira Nunes; Barone Hospital de Medeiros; Silveira Hospital Infantil Darcy Vargas, Hospital Pads, Hospital Santa Maria.

paragraphs: São Gonçalo has poor garbage collection services. Garbage sometimes collects on the streets for this reason. In December 2008, waste collectors went on strike, which made the problem even worse. In January 2011, garbage collection stopped for more than a week in some parts of the city.

paragraphs: Zélio Fernandino de Moraes, founder of the Umbanda Branca religious sect, was born in São Gonçalo.


title: Cara Delevingne

paragraphs: Cara Delevingne (born 12 August 1992) is a British supermodel, actress and singer of Jewish descent. Delevingne was named Model of the Year in April 2015 by the British Fashion Awards.

paragraphs: Delevigne is in a relationship with the musician, Annie Erin Clark, better known by her stage name, St. Vincent.


title: Pokémon Colosseum

paragraphs: The concept for "Pokémon Colosseum" was influenced by RPGs like "Final Fantasy VII" and "". During an interview with Prima Games, "Pokémon" director Junichi Masuda was asked why the gameplay did not mirror that of the other games in the series. Masuda said "How players communicate with each other has been key to the "Pokémon" games – it is the backbone of all "Pokémon" game designs. I feel that the handheld systems work better than the home-based consoles. It's certainly possible to come up with concepts for home-based consoles, but we might then have to change the core of the game."

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 7.5 out of 10. Craig Harris of IGN said that the "Pokémon" RPG's move to 3D "does a decent enough job" and is "a bit more linear and straightforward".

paragraphs: In 2006, "Nintendo Power" ranked the game as the 121st greatest video game to appear on a Nintendo console.


title: Rutland (city), Vermont

paragraphs: Rutland (city), Vermont is a city in Vermont. In 2010 the population was around 16,495 residents.


title: Statik Selektah

paragraphs: Patrick Baril (born January 23, 1982), also known as Statik Selektah, is an American record producer from Boston, MA. Selektah is also a disc jockey (DJ) and radio announcer. He is also the founder of Showoff Records.

paragraphs: In 2010, he began a hip hop group named 1982, with two other American rappers.


title: Nicola Badalucco

paragraphs: Nicola Badalucco (13 May 1929 – 17 June 2015) was an Italian screenwriter. He has written for 38 movie since 1969. He was nominated for an Academy Award at the 42nd Academy Awards in the category Original Screenplay for the movie "The Damned".


title: James Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife

paragraphs: James George Alexander Bannerman Carnegie, 3rd Duke of Fife (23 September 1929 - 22 June 2015) was a great-grandson of King Edward VII of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraphs: He was the first person in the line of succession to the British throne who was not related to King George V. As a great-grandson of a British sovereign, he did not carry out royal and official duties or receive any funds from the Civil List.

paragraphs: The Duke of Fife was the second cousin to Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom and Harald V of Norway. Through his maternal grandfather, he was also a descendant of William IV of the United Kingdom and Dorothea Jordan.


title: Shere Hite

paragraphs: Shere Hite (born as Shirley Diana Gregory; November 2, 1942 – September 9, 2020) was an American and a German feminist and sexologist. She was known for her research on women's orgasms. "The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality" was published in 1976. The report is Hite's most famous work.

paragraphs: Hite was born in St. Joseph, Missouri. She received her masters degree in History from the University of Florida in 1967. She then moved to New York City.

paragraphs: In 1985 Hite married Friedrich Horicke, a German concert pianist. The couple divorced in 1999.

paragraphs: She moved to Germany in 1989 and became a German citizen in 1996. She isn't an American citizen anymore.

paragraphs: Hite died on September 9, 2020 in London from problems caused by Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, aged 77.


title: The Producers (TV series)

paragraphs: The Producers (Hangul: 프로듀사) is a 2015 South Korean television series. It stars Kim Soo-hyun, Cha Tae-hyun, Gong Hyo-jin and IU. It was shown on KBS from May 15 to June 20, 2015.


title: Douglas Spalding

paragraphs: Douglas Alexander Spalding (1841–1877) was an English biologist. He was one of the founders of ethology (animal behaviour), but it took a long time before this was appreciated.

paragraphs: He was born in Islington in London in 1841, and began life as a workman. Later, when he lived near Aberdeen, he attended courses without charge. He studied philosophy and literature, but after a year he returned to London. Spalding trained to be a lawyer, but contracted tuberculosis.

paragraphs: He travelled in Europe in hopes of finding a cure. In Avignon he met John Stuart Mill, and through Mill he met John Russell, Viscount Amberley. Russell was the son of the former British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Spalding became tutor to Viscount Amberley's children, including perhaps the very young Bertrand Russell. He also carried on an intermittent affair with Katharine Russell, Lord Amberley's wife. After the Lord Amberley's death in 1876, Spalding returned to the continent and died there the following year.

paragraphs: Spalding carried out some remarkable experiments on animal behaviour, and discovered the phenomenon now known as imprinting. This was later rediscovered by Oskar Heinroth, then studied and popularised by Konrad Lorenz and Niko Tinbergen.

paragraphs: Instinct and imprinting were the first scientific concepts in ethology. Spalding was able to prove that the behaviour of chicks after hatching from the egg happened even when they had no experience, practice or even information from the senses. Therefore the capacity was inherited. J.B.S. Haldane reprinted Spalding's essay "On Instinct" in 1954 to show how important it was for the history of ethology.

paragraphs: Spalding is credited by some as being the first to suggest genetic assimilation. He thought the evolution of instincts must

paragraphs: have its origin in learning. He argued that selection of those individuals which were the best learners would eventually

paragraphs: result in the appearance of the behaviour in the absence of learning.


title: Wild grape

paragraphs: Wild grapes are natural, uncultivated grapes. There are many species. Most are similar to each other, and difficult to tell apart. Fox grape ("vitis labrusca"), summer grape ("vitis aestivalis"), and riverbank grape ("vitis riparia") are some common species.

paragraphs: Wild grapes have woody vines which can climb over thirty feet tall. They have large, three-lobed leaves with teeth on the edges. They can be found on streambanks, pond edges, roadsides, and in open woods. In woods, the vine is probably very large and has grown up with the tree.

paragraphs: Wild grapes use tendrils (like above-ground roots) to grab onto branches or bark of larger plants. The bark is brownish-gray and very shreddy.

paragraphs: Wild grape flowers are green and small. They bloom from May to July. The fruit, of course, is what grapes are known for. They grow large berries in clusters of up to twenty. Fruits become ripe from August to October. The fruit is very important for wildlife. Each berry contains two to six seeds. When animals eat the fruit, they help spread the vines by defecating seeds in new places.

paragraphs: Many birds nest in wild grape tangles, and many use bark from the vine to build nests.


title: WCSH

paragraphs: WCSH is the NBC television station for Southern Maine as well as Eastern and Northern New Hampshire. Its studios are in Portland. It broadcasts a high definition digital signal on UHF channel 44 from a transmitter on Winn Mountain in Sebago, Maine. It is owned by the Gannett Company.

paragraphs: The station airs syndicated programs including: "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire", "The Doctors", "Rachael Ray" and "Inside Edition".

paragraphs: WCSH is the sister station to Maine's other NBC affiliate, WLBZ in Bangor. The twin stations run much of the same programming. Syndicated programming shown only on WCSH includes "The Andy Griffith Show". WLBZ also airs separate station identifications and advertising. With the two stations essentially operating as one, they give statewide coverage not offered by any other channels in Maine.


title: Chevrolet HHR

paragraphs: The Chevrolet HHR (for "Heritage High Roof") was a retro-styled station wagon. It was introduced by Chevrolet at the 2005 Los Angeles Auto Show as a 2006 model. It was designed by Bryan Nesbitt. The HHR shared the GM Delta platform with the Chevrolet Cobalt, Pontiac G5, Saturn Ion, and Saturn Astra. In Mexico, it was sold alongside its predecessor, the Opel-sourced Chevrolet Zafira compact MPV.

paragraphs: The last HHRs were assembled in May 2011. The HHR was sold in dealerships across North America until October 2011. In the compact crossover wagon/SUV class, the HHR was succeeded by the Chevrolet Trax in North America and Europe. The HHR was replaced in the U.S. by the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. This was a rebadged version of the Opel Antara. However, the Captiva Sport is only available as a fleet vehicle and is not available new to the general public.


title: Oleg Tymoshenko

paragraphs: Oleg S. Tymoshenko (Ukrainian: [ɔlɛg tɪmɔʃɛ'nkɔ]; born December 4, 1932; died December 20, 2010), was a Ukrainian choral conductor, professor, artist and academician. Tymoshenko was the honorary President of Green Cross Ukraine. He was a People's Artist of Ukraine, a member of The Lviv National Academy of Arts, and a full Cavalier of the Order of Merit. He was a member of the Ministry of Culture of Ukraine and the Ministry of Education. Tymoshenko was Rector of .

paragraphs: Tymoshenko was born on December 4, 1932, in Kreminna, in the Luhansk Oblast (province) of Ukraine.

paragraphs: Starting in 1949, he studied at Lugansk College of Music. He graduated from there in 1953. He then studied at the Kiev Conservatory, graduating in 1960.

paragraphs: From 1960–1963, he worked as Director and teacher at the Nikolai Leontovich Music College in Vinnytsia.

paragraphs: In 1963-2004 he worked at the Kiev Conservatory. His positions there included:

paragraphs: In 1996, he was selected as a founding member of the National Academy of Arts of Ukraine.

paragraphs: In 2000, Oleg Tymoshenko, supported by the founding president of Green Cross International (), Mikhail Gorbachev, created a national branch of Green Cross (English name Green Cross Ukraine), which he headed until 2010.

paragraphs: He died on December 20, 2010, in Switzerland.


title: Bobby Jindal 2016 presidential campaign

paragraphs: The 2016 presidential campaign of Bobby Jindal, the Governor of Louisiana, was formally launched on June 24, 2015. It's headquarters is in New Orleans, Louisiana.

paragraphs: His candidacy for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election comes after years of speculation concerning a possible candidacy following the 2012 election. Jindal is the first Indian American and third Asian American to run for President of the United States.

paragraphs: On November 17, 2015, Jindal officially suspended his presidential campaign, saying "this is not my time".

paragraphs: Jindal officially launched his campaign for the 2016 Republican presidential nomination on June 24, 2015 with an announcement via Twitter, ahead of a planned formal announcement in the New Orleans suburb of Kenner later that day.

paragraphs: As of late July 2015, Jindal has been polling about 1.4 % of the Republican primary electorate.


title: Anouk Aimée

paragraphs: Anouk Aimée (; born 27 April 1932) is a French movie actress. She has appeared in 70 movie since 1947. She is known for her movie role as Maddalena in "La Dolce Vita" (1960). She won a Golden Globe Award and a BAFTA Award.

paragraphs: She converted to Judaism when she was an adult.


title: Yvonne Furneaux

paragraphs: Yvonne Furneaux (born 11 May 1928 in Roubaix, Nord-Pas-de-Calais) is a French movie actress. She is known for her role as Emma in "La Dolce Vita".


title: Riccardo Garrone

paragraphs: Riccardo Garrone (1 January 1926 – 14 March 2016) was an Italian movie actor. He appeared in over 150 movies since 1949. He worked in comedy movies. He was known for his roles in "La Dolce Vita", "The Dinner", and in "Girl with a Suitcase".

paragraphs: Garrone died in Milan, Italy on 14 March 2016 from heart failure. He was aged 90.


title: Oskar Heinroth

paragraphs: Oskar Heinroth (Mainz-Kastel, 1 March 1871 – Berlin, 31 May 1945) was a German biologist who was one of the founders of ethology. Heinroth was director of the Berlin Zoo & Aquarium for over 30 years. He married twice, both times to colleagues: He was married to Magdalena (née Wiebe, 1904-1932) and, after her death, to Katharina (née Berger, 1933-1945).

paragraphs: His studies of behaviour in the Anatidae (ducks and geese) showed their instinctive behaviour patterns. He also rediscovered the phenomenon of imprinting, reported in the 19th century by Douglas Spalding but not followed up at the time. Heinroth showed that the behaviour of birds was characteristic of a species, as much as its anatomy.

paragraphs: His results were popularised by Konrad Lorenz, whose mentor he was. Lorenz regarded Heinroth as the true founder of the study of animal behaviour as a branch of zoology.


title: Abadia de Goiás

paragraphs: Abadia de Goiás is a city in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Its estimated that the population in 2010 was 6,868.


title: Abadia dos Dourados

paragraphs: Abadia dos Dourados is a Brazilian city in the state of Minas Gerais. Its estimated that the population in 2007 was 6,556 people living in a total area of 894 km².

paragraphs: The city is located in the region of the Alto Paranaíba, south of the Paranaíba River and west of the Emborcação Reservoir. It is in the valley of the upper reaches of the Dourados River. Neighboring cities are: Catalão (N), Monte Carmelo (E), Coromandel (S), and Douradoquara (W).


title: Abadiânia

paragraphs: Abadiânia is a city in the state of Goiás, Brazil. It is home to a famous Brazilian medium and "psychic surgeon" — João de Deus.

paragraphs: Abadiânia is part of the Entorno do Distrito Federal statistical micro-region. Neighboring municipalities are:

paragraphs: Despite being a municipality since 1953 Abadiânia was only installed in its present site in the 1960s. The population was not happy with conditions of access and little by little they began to build their houses along the highway 18 kilometers away, where the present-day town is located.


title: Abaeté

paragraphs: Abaeté is a municipality in the north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais. It covers an area of . In 2007, the population was 22,474. Abaeté became a municipality in 1870.

paragraphs: Abaeté belongs to the statistical micro-region of Três Marias. It is located at an elevation of 641 meters between the São Francisco River and the Indaiá River. Neighboring municipalities are:

paragraphs: "Abaeté", of Tupi-Guarani origin, means strong man or brave man. It was the word by which the local natives called themselves. The first name of the settlement was Nossa Senhora das Dores do Marmelada.


title: Abaetetuba

paragraphs: The city of Abaetetuba is located in Pará State, Brazil. The population of the municipality is 141,054. Of those, 78,000 live in the city proper (IBGE figure 2010). The city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Abaetetuba.

paragraphs: "Abaetetuba" comes from the Tupi language and means "group of true men", from the words "abá" ("man"), "eté" ("true") and "tyba" ("group").


title: Abaiara

paragraphs: Abaiara is a city in the south region of the state of Ceará, Brazil.

paragraphs: Abaiara's history goes back to the 19th century, when two farmers, José Leite da Cunha and José Júlio Sampaio, settled in the area.


title: Dakhla-Oued ad Dahab

paragraphs: The region of Dakhla-Oued ad Dahab is one of the 12 new regions of Morocco established by the territorial division of 2015. Its perimeter is the same as the former region of Oued ad Dahab (). Its capital is Dakhla.

paragraphs: This region lies on the disputed territory of Western Sahara.


title: Abaíra

paragraphs: Abaíra is a city in the state of Bahia, in Brazil. In 2004 there were 12,729 people living in the city.


title: Futures contract

paragraphs: A futures contract is an agreement between two parties. The buyer pays the seller today for the promise of the commodity at a future date. Futures contracts are traded in futures exchanges. The commodities can be things such as livestock, agriculture produce, metals, energy, and financial products. Trading futures can be profitable. But it is also complex and very risky. Instead of gaining a profit, an investor can lose the money invested. They could be required to pay more than they invested.


title: Birgit Prinz

paragraphs: Birgit Prinz (born 25 October 1977 in Frankfurt am Main, Germany) is a German association football forward. She is best known for being the top scorer of the Germany women's national football team. She is considered to be one of the best German football players of all time, as she has won the FIFA World Player of the Year multiple times. She scored 136 goals for 1. FFC Frankfurt. She has won the FIFA Women's World Cup two times with Germany. She was part of the German women's Olympic team in 1996, 2000, 2004 and 2008. They won the bronze medal in 2000, 2004 and 2008.


title: Herzberg am Harz

paragraphs: Herzberg am Harz (– die Esperanto-stadt/La Esperanto-urbo) is a town in the south of Lower Saxony, Germany.


title: Góra

paragraphs: Góra is a town in Lower Silesian Voivodeship, in south-western Poland. The town is approximately north-west of the regional capital Wrocław. The population was 12,574 in 2006.

paragraphs: The settlement was first named "Góra" in an 1155 deed by Pope Adrian IV. It gave the property to a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. The name of the town means "hill" or "mountain" in the Old Polish language. Beginning in the 14th century, the town became a centre of cloth manufacturing.

paragraphs: Góra became part of the Kingdom of Prussia during a war in 1742. In World War II it was occupied by the Red Army in 1945. In the Potsdam Agreement, the town fell to the Republic of Poland, and the remaining German population was thrown out. The town became a county seat again in 1946.


title: Wario: Master of Disguise

paragraphs: Wario: Master of Disguise (known as in Japan) is a 2007 platforming video game published by Nintendo and developed by Suzak. It was only released for the Nintendo DS. It is the first platformer in the "Wario" since the 2003 video game "Wario World". "Wario: Master of Disguise" was released on January 18, 2007 in Japan, March 5, 2007 in North America, May 17, 2007 in Australasia, and on June 1, 2007 in Europe.

paragraphs: IGN rated the game a 6 out of 10. Craig Harris of IGN said that the game had an "uncomfortably strange" story and that it played more like a third-party game rather than a first-party game.

paragraphs: GameSpot rated the game a 6.1 out of 10. Frank Provo of GameSpot said that the game was a passable puzzler but that it was not polished enough and that the touch screens were not that necessary.


title: Mesozoic marine revolution

paragraphs: The Mesozoic marine revolution was the great increase in sea-floor predators that ate shellfish. The term was used by Vermeij, a paleontologist who spent years investigating changes in seafloor invertebrates.

paragraphs: There was a notable change in sea-floor life between the Palaeozoic fauna and the modern fauna. This change occurred during the Mesozoic. In the Mesozoic era sea-floor predators evolved various new forms which fed on the abundant shellfish (brachiopods and bivalves). These predators are still abundant today: they are mostly the starfish, the gastropods, and the crabs.

paragraphs: Each predator has its own methods. Crabs break the shells by force. Various types of gastropods developed the ability to get into shells. The Muricidae bore through shells and consume prey. Some gastropods make holes in the shell and put in a paralysing or relaxing substance; others work on small cracks in the edge of the shell. Once they get their proboscis in, they eat the shellfish. Perhaps surprisingly, some sponges can also bore into shells. During the Mesozoic there were also a number of vertebrate predators of shellfish: the placodonts, and some ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs had flat shell-crushing teeth.

paragraphs: Starfish are the most common predators. The shells of brachiopods and bivalves are held together by strong muscles. What the starfish does is clamp hold of them on either side with its tube feet, and apply a steady pull. The starfish, with its muscles and hydraulic system, can pull for much longer than any bivalve muscle can withstand. Apparently, ten minutes are usually enough to open the shell a bit. Then the starfish slips its stomach inside the shell. The stomach can get through a slot as narrow as 0.1mm. The starfish then dissolves the mollusc where it lives, absorbing the nutrients. This digestion process takes much longer than opening the shell, perhaps a couple of days.

paragraphs: Some species swallow the shell whole, and dissolve the contents inside their stomach, then push out the shell afterwards.

paragraphs: The ability of starfish to eat brachipods and bivalves developed especially in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The Mesozoic marine revolution transformed the sea-floor fauna. Weakly defended and static shellfish disappeared, and more heavily armoured or more mobile shellfish flourished.

paragraphs: There was a great reproductive advantage for any prey which had even the slightest defence to these predators. Many shellfish developed extra-tough shells. Some burrowed into the sand. Scallops must had had some elementary movement, which developed rapidly under selection. They became extremely common in the Mesozoic. There are some other methods used by a few scallops. "Chlamys hastata" often carry sponges on their shell. It is a kind of mutualism. The sponge makes it difficult for starfish to get their tube feet on, and camouflages "Chlamys hastata" from predators.

paragraphs: When scallops move off the sand they are open to new predators such as rays, which patrol just above the ocean floor. They may also be picked up by seabirds which open shells by dropping them on rock. Evidently the main advantage lies in getting away from the starfish, which are very numerous on inshore and continental shelf habitats.


title: Joe Corvo

paragraphs: Joseph Edward Corvo (born June 20, 1977) was an American professional ice hockey player. He played for the Ottawa Senators, Carolina Hurricanes, Boston Bruins, Washington Capitals and the Los Angeles Kings.


title: Tube feet

paragraphs: Tube feet are small tube-like projections on the underside (oral side) of echinoderms. They are part of the water vascular system of echinoderms.

paragraphs: Tube feet are used to move, feed and breathe. They are arranged in grooves along the arms. They operate through hydraulic pressure. They are used to pass food to the oral mouth at the center, and can attach to surfaces. Tube feet allow these animals to stick to the ocean floor and move slowly. A sea star that is overturned simply turns one arm over and attaches it to a solid surface, and levers itself the right way up.

paragraphs: Tube feet are used by starfish are used to open up bivalve shells. The shells of brachiopods and bivalves are held together by strong muscles. What the starfish does is clamp hold of them on either side with its tube feet, and apply a steady pull. The starfish, with its muscles and hydraulic system, can pull for much longer than any bivalve muscle can withstand. Apparently, ten minutes are usually enough to open the shell a bit. Then the starfish slips its stomach inside the shell. The stomach can get through a slot as narrow as 0.1mm. The starfish then dissolves the mollusc where it lives, absorbing the nutrients. This digestion process takes much longer than opening the shell, perhaps a couple of days.


title: Pincer

paragraphs: Pincers are a hand tool used in many situations where a mechanical advantage is required. They are used to pinch, cut or pull an object. Pincers are first-class levers. Pincers differ from pliers in that the concentration of force is either to a point, or to an edge at a right angle to the handle of the tool. This allows pincers to be brought close to a surface. This is often helpful when removing nails from wood. Pincers are often called end-nippers or end-cutters. Carpenter's pincers are very well suited to these tasks. Pincers are primarily used for removing objects out of a material.

paragraphs: Pincers, often red-hot, have been used as an instrument of torture since the middle ages or earlier.

paragraphs: Pliers are a similar tool with a different type of head used for squeezing, rather than cutting and pulling.


title: Hermann von Eichhorn

paragraphs: Hermann Emil Gottfried von Eichhorn (February 13, 1848 – July 30, 1918) was a Prussian officer, later Field Marshal during World War I.

paragraphs: Eichhorn was born in Breslau in the Kingdom of Prussia in 1848. His first time he fought during the Austro-Prussian War. Eichhorn received the Pour le Mérite on August 18, 1915.

paragraphs: On July 30, 1918 he died by assassination in Kiev. He is buried in Berlin.


title: Mario Biaggi

paragraphs: Mario Biaggi (October 26, 1917 – June 24, 2015) was an American politician. He was born in East Harlem, Manhattan, New York City. He served as a U.S. Representative from New York (served from 1969 to 1988) and former New York City police officer. He was elected as a Democrat from The Bronx in New York City. In 1987 and 1988, he was convicted in two separate corruption trials, and he resigned from Congress in 1988.


title: Cristiano Araújo

paragraphs: Cristiano Melo Araújo (January 24, 1986 – June 24, 2015) was a Brazilian singer and songwriter. Araújo was famous for the singles "Efeitos" (2011), "Você mudou" (2012), "Maus bocados"(2013), "Cê que sabe" (2014) and "É com ela que eu estou" (2014)

paragraphs: Araújo and his girlfriend, Allana Moares, 19, died early on 24 June 2015 in a car accident on the BR-153 at km 614, between Morrinhos and Pontalina in Goiás.


title: Walter Browne

paragraphs: Walter Shawn Browne (10 January 1949 – 24 June 2015) was an American chess Grandmaster and poker player. Browne won the U.S. Chess Championship six times. He was born to an American father and Australian mother in Sydney. He moved to New York at age three.

paragraphs: Browne died in Las Vegas, Nevada after playing at a championship game there. He was 66 years old.


title: Thé Lau

paragraphs: Matheus J. "Thé" Lau (17 July 1952 – 23 June 2015) was a Dutch musician and writer. Besides his solo career, he was the lead singer of the Dutch band "The Scene". He was born in Bergen, North Holland.

paragraphs: Lau was diagnosed with lung cancer in August 2013. He was told he could not be cured in April 2014. He died on 23 June 2015 in Amsterdam, aged 62.


title: Korean calendar

paragraphs: The old Korean calendar tells the phases of the moon and the day in the solar year, like other older calendars of other East Asian countries. Dates are calculated from Korea's meridian. Important dates are based in Korean culture.

paragraphs: The Gregorian calendar officially began to be used in 1896. The dates of older important Korean events are still based on the old calendar. The most important date in Korea today is Seollal, the first day of the Korean calendar's New Year. Other important events include Daeboreum (the first full moon phase, also referred to as "Boreumdaal"), Dano (spring) and Chuseok (autumn), and Samjinnal (beginning of spring). Other minor events based on the old Korean calendar include Yudu (summer), and Chilseok (monsoon season).

paragraphs: The old Korean calendar comes from the old Chinese calendar. The Korean calendar said what its years were by using Korean era names from 270 to 963. Then Chinese era names with Korean era names were used a few times until 1894. In 1894-1895, The calendar based on the moon was used with years numbered from the beginning of the Joseon Dynasty in 1392.

paragraphs: The Gregorian calendar began to be used on 1 January 1896, with Korean era name "Geonyang (건양 / 建陽, "adopting solar calendar")."

paragraphs: From 1945 to 1961 in South Korea, Gregorian calendar years were counted from the start of Gojoseon in 2333 BC (regarded as year one). These Dangi (단기 / 檀紀) years were 4278 to 4294. This numbering was often used unofficially with the Korean lunar calendar before 1945. It has only sometimes been used after 1961, mostly in North Korea before 1997.

paragraphs: In North Korea, the Juche calendar has been used since 1997 to number its years, based on the birth of Kim Il Sung.


title: Marva Collins

paragraphs: Marva Collins (August 31, 1936 – June 25, 2015) was an American teacher. In 1975 she started Westside Preparatory School in Garfield Park, a poor neighborhood of Chicago. She ran the school for more than 30 years until it closed in 2008.

paragraphs: She was known for applying classical education, in particular the Socratic method, modified for use in primary schools, successfully with students from poor families.

paragraphs: She wrote some manuals, books and other materials describing her history and methods. She was most widely publicized in the 1981 biographical TV movie, "The Marva Collins Story", starring Cicely Tyson and Morgan Freeman.

paragraphs: Collins was born in Monroeville, Alabama. She graduated from Clark College (now known as Clark Atlanta University) in Atlanta, Georgia.

paragraphs: Collins taught school for two years in Alabama, then moved to Chicago, where she taught in public schools for fourteen years. In 1975 she started Westside Preparatory School. It became an educational and commercial success. In 1996 she began supervising three Chicago public schools that had been placed on probation. In 2004 she received a National Humanities Medal, among many awards for her teaching and efforts at school reform.

paragraphs: Collins started her low-cost private school in the building where she lived. She used her teacher's pension to pay for her first costs. The school was specifically for teaching low-income African American children. .

paragraphs: In 1981, Collins received the Award for Greatest Public Service Benefiting the Disadvantaged, an award given out annually by Jefferson Awards.

paragraphs: "The School that Cared: A Story of the Marva Collins Preparatory School of Cincinnati", by P. Kamara Sekou Collins


title: K.C. Undercover

paragraphs: K.C. Undercover is an American sitcom developed for Disney Channel, created by Corinne Marshall and executive produced by Shawn Levy. The series stars Zendaya as K.C. Cooper, a high school student training to follow in her parents' footsteps as an undercover spy. The series was released on January 1, 2015 with a sneak peek, followed by the television premiere on January 18, 2015.

paragraphs: On August 9, 2017, Zendaya announced the series was cancelled and would end production after its third season.

paragraphs: The series follows K.C. as she trains to be an undercover spy to follow in her parents' footsteps. Each episode centers on the family as they contend with everyday familial issues - while also performing missions to save the country.

paragraphs: Unlike the other shows that air on Disney channel (as well as the cartoons), the show is rated TV-Y7-FV, like the Marvel shows and "Star Wars Rebels".


title: Harvey Pollack

paragraphs: Herbert Harvey Pollack (March 9, 1922 – June 23, 2015) was an American NBA official. He was director of statistical information for the Philadelphia 76ers. At the time of his death, Pollack was the only individual still working for the NBA since its inaugural 1946-47 season.


title: Kája Saudek

paragraphs: Kája Saudek (born Karel Saudek, 13 May 1935 – 26 June 2015) was a Czech comics illustrator. He was one of the most important figures of the Czech comics. His career began in the late 1960s. He was the twin brother of the photographer and painter Jan Saudek.


title: Hawkwind

paragraphs: Hawkwind are an English rock band. They are one of the earliest space rock groups. Their write and sing about science fiction themes. They formed in November 1969. Hawkwind have changed many times during their history and have played many styles of music. Dozens of musicians, dancers, and writers have worked with the group since they began.

paragraphs: Hawkwind have been named as an influence by artists such as the rock band Monster Magnet, the Sex Pistols (who covered their 1972 song, "Silver Machine"), Henry Rollins of Black Flag, the guitarist Ty Segall, and the English rock band, Ozric Tentacles.


title: Marisela Morales Ibañez

paragraphs: Marisela Morales Ibáñez is a Mexican lawyer. She was Attorney General of Mexico. In 2011 she received the International Women of Courage Award from the U.S. Department of State.

paragraphs: Morales was born in Mexico City. She got a degree in law from the National Autonomous University of Mexico. She finished a master's degree in criminal science from the National Institute of Criminal Sciences.

paragraphs: After Morales finished school, she was the Assistant Attorney General for Specialized Investigation of Organized Crime. On March 31, 2011, President Felipe Calderón named Morales as the Attorney General of Mexico.


title: Khuian Sarwar

paragraphs: Khuian Sarwar is a village in Fazilka district of Punjab, India.


title: Southport F.C.

paragraphs: Southport F. C. is an English football club from Sauthport, Merseyside. Southport F. C was founded in 1881. Nowdays, the football club appear in Conference National. In the 2009-2010 season, the club won Conference Northern. In the 2010-2011 season, the club finished in 21st place and had to leave the league, but remained thanks to disband Rushden & Diamonds.


title: Nigel Adkins

paragraphs: Nigel Howard Adkins (born 11 March 1965) is an English football manager and former footballer. He was most recently the manager of Hull City.

paragraphs: Adkins played for Tranmere Rovers, Wigan Athletic and Bangor City.

paragraphs: Adkins' career as a manager started with Bangor City. From 1996 to 2006 he worked for Scunthorpe United as a physiotherapist. He worked for Scunthorpe United as a main coach for four years. In 2010, Adkins became the main coach of Southampton. In March 2013, Adkins became a main coach of Reading.


title: 10th Army (German Empire)

paragraphs: The 10th Army () was an army level command of the German Empire in World War I.

paragraphs: The 10th Army was formed 1 January 1915. The army was stationed on the Eastern Front where it fought against the Russian Empire. It was dissolved in January 1919.


title: Bizarro (Six Flags Great Adventure)

paragraphs: Bizarro (previously known as Medusa) is a floorless steel roller coaster located at Six Flags Great Adventure


title: Zhuhai

paragraphs: Zhuhai (, ) is a city in Guangdong, China. It is in the Pearl River Delta. It borders Jiangmen to the northwest, Zhongshan to the north, and Macau to the south. Zhuhai was one of the original Special Economic Zones established in the 1980s. Zhuhai is one of China's popular tourist destinations, being called the Chinese Riviera. Most people in the city are migrants who speak Mandarin. Its northern part, Xiangzhou district is now part of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen built-up area, the biggest built-up area in the world. The area had more than 44,478,513 people in 2010. It includes Shenzhen, Dongguan, Foshan, Zhongshan, Macao, the main part of Guangzhou, and small parts of Jiangmen and Huizhou.


title: Simone Laudehr

paragraphs: Simone Laudehr (born 12 July 1986 in Regensburg, Bavaria, West Germany) is a German association football midfielder/winger. She currently plays for 1. FFC Frankfurt. Laudehr is also a member of the Germany women's national football team. She was part of a team who won a bronze medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics.


Winger


title: UEFA Women's Champions League

paragraphs: The UEFA Women's Champions League is the female version of the UEFA Champions League. From 2001 to 2009, the competition was called the UEFA Women's Cup. It was formed in 2001. The team of 1. FFC Frankfurt has won the most titles.

paragraphs: The final of the UEFA Women's Cup was played on two legs. Below are the results of the finals:

paragraphs: The final of the UEFA Women's Champions League was played on one leg. Below are the results of the finals:


title: Umeå IK

paragraphs: Umeå IK is a women's association football club that is from Umeå, Sweden. It was founded in 1917 It was started as a as a general sports club.

paragraphs: The club won the Swedish national championship in 2000, 2001, 2002, 2005., 2006, 2007 and 2008.

paragraphs: It has also won 2 UEFA Women's Champions League titles. The team's colours are black and yellow.


title: Olympique Lyonnais Féminin

paragraphs: Olympique Lyonnais Féminin (also called Olympique Lyonnais, Lyon or OL) is a women's association football club from Lyon, France. It is the most successful club in the history of Division 1 Féminine with thirteen league titles. The club has been the female section of Olympique Lyonnais since 2004. Lyon currently play in the Division 1 Féminine and are the defending champions, having won the league for nine consecutive seasons. As of 27 June 2015, UEFA rates the club as number 1 in Europe.


title: Community of İskenderpaşa

paragraphs: Community of İskenderpaşa is a Sufistic community in Turkey. When Mehmed Zahid Kotku was commisioned as imam in Mosque of İskenderpaşa, it started. When he died, the community's leader was Mahmud Esad Coşan. Now, this community's leader is Muharrem Nureddin Coşan.

paragraphs: This community trained very famous politicians. For example. Necmettin Erbakan, Turgut Özal, Recai Kutan, Korkut Özal, Cevat Ayhan, Ahmet Tekdal, Akif Gülle, Hasan Hüseyin Ceylan, Temel Karamollaoğlu, Nevzat Yalçıntaş .


title: First normal form

paragraphs: First normal form (1NF) is a property of a relational model, specifically tables. Within a table that is in first normal form, each row has columns that are each represent one thing and contain one element. Additionally, there are no repeated columns in the table.

paragraphs: First normal form is a minimum criterion of database normalization.


title: Second normal form

paragraphs: Second normal form (2NF) is a property of a relational model, specifically tables that is a criterion of database normalization.

paragraphs: The first criterion of being second normal form is that the table be first normal form.

paragraphs: Within a table that is in second normal form, the data in each columns in each row are dependent on each row's entire primary key. A primary key is one or more columns in a row that is used to identify and index that row of the table. Columns that are not related to every column in the primary key are removed. Only columns that are related to all columns in the primary key are retained.


title: Third normal form

paragraphs: Third normal form (3NF) is a property of a relational model, specifically tables that is a criterion of database normalization.

paragraphs: The first criterion of being third normal form is that the table be second normal form.

paragraphs: Within a table that is in third normal form, the data in each column in each row are dependent only on columns that are part of the primary key. A primary key is one or more columns in a row that is used to identify and index that row of the table. Columns that are not related to any column in the primary key are removed.


title: City car

paragraphs: City car is a term used for an automobile that is shorter than a typical subcompact car, in the A-segment group. They're also referred to as an urban car because they're intended for short distances. The most common city cars are the Fiat 500, the Chevrolet Spark and Ford Ka (only sold outside the US).


title: Bradford West Gwillimbury

paragraphs: Bradford West Gwillimbury is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. It was founded in 1991 when the Town of Bradford was merged with parts of the Townships of West Gwillimbury and Tecumseth. According to the Canada 2011 Census, the town had a population of 28,077.

paragraphs: Two highways run through the town: Highway 9 and Highway 400.


title: Simcoe County

paragraphs: Simcoe County is part of Central Ontario, Canada. It is north of the Greater Toronto Area, between Lake Simcoe and Georgian Bay. It is part of the Golden Horseshoe area. The county covers . In 2011, it had a population of 277,614. It was named by John Graves Simcoe, the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, for his father John Simcoe.

paragraphs: Agriculture and manufacturing are a big part of Simcoe County's economy. Honda Canada is one of the county's biggest employers.

paragraphs: The cities of Barrie and Orillia are both in Simcoe County but they are politically independent of the county.


title: Collingwood, Ontario

paragraphs: Collingwood is a town in Simcoe County, Ontario, Canada. It is on Nottawasaga Bay at the southern end of Georgian Bay. It covers an area of 33.46 square miles (12.92 square miles). According to the Canada 2011 Census, it had a population of 19,241. The town is popular for recreational activities, like skiing and hiking.

paragraphs: Collingwood was incorporated as a town in 1858. It was named after Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood, who was a British naval officer. In the late 1970s, several industrial and manufacturing companies built factories in the town.


title: Prince Edward County, Ontario

paragraphs: Prince Edward County is a county in Ontario, Canada. It is in Southern Ontario near the eastern end of Lake Ontario. The Bay of Quinte is north and east of the county. The county covers 1,050.45 square kilometers (405.58 square miles). According to the 2011 census, the county had a population of 25,258.

paragraphs: Prince Edward County is a single-tier municipality, which means it is not divided into townships and cities. There are several unincorporated communities in the county, including Picton, where the county government is based.

paragraphs: The Picton Pirates of the Empire B Junior C Hockey League play in Piction. The Wellington Dukes of the Ontario Junior Hockey League play in Wellington.

paragraphs: Prince Edward County is popular with tourists. Because it is on a lake, water sports like canoeing and sailing are very popular. The Sandbanks Provincial Park is near Picton; it is the world's largest fresh water sand bar and dune system.


title: Ontario Highway 62

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 62 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It starts at Highway 33 in Prince Edward County. It then heads north through Hastings County. It ends in Hastings Highlands, where the highway merges with Highway 127. Highway 62 also passes through Belleville, Madoc, and Bancroft. It is 165.8 kilometers (103 miles) long.


title: Ontario Highway 34

paragraphs: Ontario Highway 34 is a provincial highway in Ontario, Canada. It starts at Highway 417 near Vankleek Hill. It continues northeast through the Ottawa Valley. It ends in Hawkesbury. It is 16.9 kilometers (10.5 miles) long. It travels through mostly rural areas.


title: Manitoba Highway 10

paragraphs: Manitoba Highway 10 is a provincial highway in the western part of Manitoba, Canada. It is long. It goes from south to north. It is the longest highway in Manitoba.

paragraphs: The highway starts at the International Peace Garden along the border with North Dakota, near the Manitoba town of Boissevain. It runs through several towns to Flin Flon at the boundary with Sasatchewan, where it goes on as Saskatchewan Highway 167. Some of the other cities and towns it passes through are Brandon, Ethelbert, and Cranberry Portage.

paragraphs: Between Dauphin and The Pas, Highway 10 is part of the Northern Woods and Water Route.


title: Government of Manitoba

paragraphs: The government of Manitoba has three parts. The head of state, Elizabeth II, is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba. The Lieutenant Governor is appointed by the Governor General of Canada, with the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada.

paragraphs: Manitoba has a unicameral legislature, which is called the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. It has fifty-seven members, who are elected from single-member districts (meaning that only one member is elected from each district). The largest party in the legislature forms the executive branch. The party leader of the largest party becomes the Premier of Manitoba.

paragraphs: As of 2015, the most recent general election in Manitoba was on October 4, 2011. The New Democratic Party of Manitoba won a majority of seats. On October 19, 2009, Greg Selinger became the Premier.


title: New Democratic Party of Manitoba

paragraphs: The New Democratic Party of Manitoba (NDP) is a social democratic political party in Manitoba, Canada. It is the provincial wing of the federal New Democratic Party (NDP). It was formed from the Manitoba Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. In 1961, the national Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) merged with the Canadian Labour Congress to form the NDP. The Manitoba wing of the CCF took the New Democratic Party name on November 4, 1961.

paragraphs: The NDP formed a minority government after winning 28 out of 57 seats in the 1969 general election. Edward Schreyer became premier. In the 1973 general election, the NDP won 31 seats and formed a majority government. The party was the largest party in the assembly until the 1988 general election. After that election, the party won only 12 seats.

paragraphs: The party was returned to government in the 1999 general election and formed the government after that.


title: 2011 Manitoba general election

paragraphs: The 40th general election of Manitoba was on October 4, 2011. It was to elect members of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. The New Democratic Party (NDP) won 37 out of 57 seats, the Progressive Conservative Party (PCP) won 19 seats. The Liberal Party won one seat. The Green Party and the Communist Party both ran candidates but none were elected.

paragraphs: Since they had a majority of seats in the Legislative Assembly, the NDP formed the government, with Greg Selinger as Premier. The PCP formed the official opposition.


title: Manitoba Liberal Party

paragraphs: The Manitoba Liberal Party is a political party in Manitoba, Canada. The party developed in the 1880s from the Provincial Rights Party. The Liberal party won the 1915 general elections winning 40 seats out of 57 in the Legislative Assembly. This was the largest victory in Manitoba history. However, in the 1922 general elections, the Liberals lost power to the United Farmers of Manitoba. Support for the Liberal party declined in the decades after this election. From 1932 to 1961, the party merged with the Progressive Party of Manitoba as the Liberal-Progressive Party. In 1961 it changed its name back to the Liberal Party.

paragraphs: In the 1981 general elections, the party failed to win any seats at all for the first time in its history.


paragraphs: The Progressive Conservative Party of Manitoba (or PCP) is the only right-wing political party in Manitoba, Canada. The party was founded in 1882. It formed the government for the province between 1899 and 1915. It lost power in the 1915 general election because of a scandal about the building of the Manitoba Legislative Building.

paragraphs: During the 20th century, the PCP formed the provincial government several times. After the 1988 general election, the party formed a minority government and remained in power for several years. In the Manitoba general election, 1999, it lost power to the New Democratic Party. In the 2011 general election, the PCP formed the opposition in the Legislative Assembly, with eight seats.

paragraphs: On July 30, 2012, Brian Pallister became the party leader. He is also the Leader of the Opposition in the Legislative Assembly. After the 2016 elections, the PCP won a majority government and Pallister became the Premier of Manitoba.


title: Legislative Assembly of Manitoba

paragraphs: The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba is the unicameral assembly of the legislature of Manitoba, Canada. There are fifty-seven members, all from single-member constituencies. Each is elected in provincial general elections in a first-past-the-post voting system. The assembly meets in the Manitoba Legislative Building in Winnipeg.

paragraphs: The Premier of Manitoba is usually the leader of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly. The Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba is the presiding officer of the legislature.


title: Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba

paragraphs: The Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba is the representative of the Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II in the government of Manitoba. The Manitoba lieutenant governor is appointed in the same way as the other Canadian lieutenant governors. Most of the lieutenant governor's roles are ceremonial, such as giving provincial awards and decorations.

paragraphs: The office of Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba was created in 1870, when Manitoba became a province. The first lieutenant governor was Adams George Archibald, from 1870 to 1872.


title: Premier of Manitoba

paragraphs: The Premier of Manitoba is the head of government for the province of Manitoba, Canada. The Premier is appointed by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba, who represents the Queen. The Premier is usually the head of the largest party in the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba. The Premier then appoints the Cabinet of Manitoba.

paragraphs: The current Premier of Manitoba is Brian Pallister of the Progressive Conservative Party. He was sworn in on May 3, 2016.


title: Ambroise Paré

paragraphs: Ambroise Paré (1510-1590) was an important French surgeon of the 16th century. He caused a major change in how medicine was practiced. Unlike surgeons before him, he cared about his patients. He worked to promote healing and minimize a patient's pain. His said "I dressed him, God cured him." Paré was a royal surgeon to several French kings including Henry II. He considered by many to be the father of modern surgery.

paragraphs: Paré was born about 1510 in France. His father was a country artisan. As a youth he was an apprentice to a barber. Then he trained as a barber-surgeon in Paris. This was at the Hôtel-Dieu de Paris hospital.

paragraphs: There were three levels of those who practiced medicine. Physicians were at the top and were the only ones who could be members of the Faculty of Medicine. Master surgeons were the next group. Paré belonged to the lowest group, the barber-surgeons. At the time wars were being fought all around him. Battlefield medicine was brutal and dirty. Firearms were a new weapon on the battlefield and were causing new and different wounds. Shrapnel, shot and bullets were a new problem for surgeons. They also believed gunpowder was poisonous. To stop the bleeding, they poured boiling oil over the wound. This burned an already suffering soldier.

paragraphs: In 1536, Paré was a young war surgeon just getting started on the battlefield. He ran out of oil to seal soldiers' wounds after amputations. He made up a mix of egg yolks, oil of roses and turpentine. He applied this to several soldier's wounds. The next morning he was surprised to see those soldiers with the mix he made up were much better than the soldiers who had been scalded. He used ligatures to tie off arteries during amputations to stop bleeding.

paragraphs: In 1552, Paré became the official royal surgeon. He was surgeon to four French kings: Henry II, Francis II, Charles IX and Henry III.

paragraphs: Paré wrote his first book, "Methods of Treating Wounds", in 1545. He wrote it in French because he did not speak Latin. In 1575 he published his collected works. He was severely criticized by the Faculty of Physicians. This was the top school of physicians in France. Paré was called an ignorant fraud by Etienne Gourmelen, the dean of the Faculty. He stated no books on medicine could be published except through the Faculty of Physicians. Paré had the support of the king so his books sold without the Faculty. He wrote three more books. Paré wrote his own story titled "The Apology and Treatise of Ambroise Paré".


title: 1981 Manitoba general election

paragraphs: The Manitoba general election of November 17, 1981 was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada. The New Democratic Party won the election. They won 34 out of 57 seats. The Progressive Conservative Party won the remaining 23 seats. The Manitoba Liberal Party didn't win any seats for the first time in its history. The Progressive Party (which ran for the first time), the Communist Party, and Western Canada Concept Party also ran candidates in the election. None of these parties won any seats.

paragraphs: Howard Pawley of the New Democratic Party became premier.


title: 1999 Manitoba general election

paragraphs: The Manitoba general election of September 21, 1999 was held to elect members to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba, Canada. The New Democratic Party won the election. They won 32 out of 57 seats. The Progressive Conservative Party won 24 seats. The Manitoba Liberal Party won one seat. The Manitoba Party, the Green Party, the Libertarian Party, and the Communist Party all ran candidates as well, but none won any seats. Each of those parties got less than 1% of the total vote.

paragraphs: The New Democratic Party formed the government for the first time since losing the 1988 general election. Gary Doer became premier.


title: Rhynia

paragraphs: Rhynia is a genus of Early Devonian fossil land plants. Only one species is known, "R. gwynne-vaughanii". The fossils are the sporophyte generation of a vascular plant. "Rhynia" had anatomical features more advanced than those of the bryophytes.


title: Productive efficiency

paragraphs: In economics, productive efficiency is a situation in which an economy is not able to produce any more of one good without reducing the production of another good. As resources are limited, it is not possible for more units of a good to be produced without taking away the resources used for producing another good. The concept of productive efficiency can be shown on a production possibility frontier (PPF), where all points on the curve are productively efficient.

paragraphs: Productive efficiency refers to the maximum amount of output that an economy can produce at a certain point in time. However, if firms in the economy were to improve on their production methods and increase productivity, it is possible for the PPF to shift outwards, thus allowing more goods to be produced than before.

paragraphs: Productive inefficiency happens when factors of production (i.e. land, labor, capital or enterprise) are not used to its maximum. For example, labor in the form of workers may be sitting and not doing any work. If the worker were to be used to produce more output than before, then having the worker not doing any work would be productively inefficient.

paragraphs: Allocative efficiency is a special type of productive efficiency in which the right amount of goods is produced to benefit society in the best way.

paragraphs: Productive efficiency can be shown either by using a production possibility frontier (PPF) diagram, or by using the marginal cost and average total cost curves.

paragraphs: Assuming that the economy only produces 2 goods – guns and butter. Points B, C and D on the diagram are considered to be productively efficient as it is not possible to produce more of either good without having to reduce the production of the other. For example, if the economy is producing at point D, the only way to produce more butter is to reduce the production of guns, thus reaching point C.

paragraphs: If the economy was originally producing at point A of the diagram, it is possible for more butter and guns to be produced without having to reduce the production of any of them. When this happens, the economy shifts from point A to point D and is better utilizing its resources.

paragraphs: However, if the economy was originally producing at point D and wants to produce more butter, the production of guns would have to be reduced. If the production of guns is not reduced, the economy would produce at point X, which is not possible in reality as there are no resources available to produce the extra output.

paragraphs: For a firm that is producing a certain type of good, it would have the marginal cost (MC) and average total cost (ATC) curves when producing an additional unit of output as shown in the diagram.

paragraphs: By definition, the MC curve will meet the ATC curve at its minimum point, which is the point P1 and Q1 on the diagram. At this point, producing more than Q1 would bring more costs than benefits to the firm, whereas producing less than Q1 would mean that there are more benefits than costs in producing more of the good. Hence, the point P1 and Q1 would be a point that is just right, and all the resources of the firm would be fully used in the best possible way.

paragraphs: In reality, firms that are less competitive are unlikely to be producing at the productively efficient point as they are earning supernormal profits and have no need to cut costs. These firms are thus considered to be X-inefficient.


title: Süleyman Şensoy

paragraphs: Suleyman Sensoy (born 1973 in Icel, Turkey) is the Chairman of the Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies ("TASAM").

paragraphs: He has founded the Asya Group which operates in the fields such as publishing, advertising, production and PR. He has served as the chairman in this group for more than 10 years.

paragraphs: In 1996, he has planned to establish a center for strategic studies and research in order to create alternative solutions for the domestic and international issues of Turkey.

paragraphs: He has Bachelor's degree in International Relations. He also has H. Doctorate (2012) from The Higher Academy for Strategic and Security Studies - HASSS, Sudan and has Kazakhstan Friendship Medal (2014).

paragraphs: Founded TASAM* Turkish Asian Center for Strategic Studies (2003) and established TASAM Publications and Strategic Foresight Journal (2004) and TASAM WORLD Centre for Capacity Building Management and Cooperation (2013).

paragraphs: TASAM, which has been operating in the institutional body of a NGO as a “think tank” since 2003, has become an international “Turkey Brand”.

paragraphs: TASAM's activities, which are developed to provide strategic contributions to Turkey’s national institutional capacity building, together with its institutional networks have reached a level of global importance. Around hundreds of leading experts and academics contribute to TASAM’s institutes, platforms, projects and other activities which span nearly 100 countries.

paragraphs: There are 10 foreign policy fields that TASAM acts on. These are continently Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America and Caribbean and North America. The regional ones are Balkans, Middle East, Mediterranean and Black Sea - Caucasus which are - in every parameter- the security zone of these four continents in terms of Turkey. Also Turkic World and Islamic World are called as identical fields.

paragraphs: Activities turn into concrete results by final reports, strategic reports, refereed journals, books, agreements, institutes, networks, platforms and web sites within the extent of studies regarding these fields. Combined with public diplomacy, these results develop a national and international interaction and give effective information, ideas and suggestions to the related decision makers; thus bring about strategic contributions to a Turkey centered perspective on the basis of power and justice.

paragraphs: Also the studies, with three main titles as Macro Process, Strategic Locomotive Sectors and Development of Values, of the “Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023” Project, which began in 2008 under the auspices of Turkish Republic and initiative of TASAM, have been keeping on.

paragraphs: TASAM WORLD was founded by TASAM and is an umbrella organization that steers and coordinates the activities of a wide range of institutions, networks and platforms serving as a centre for capacity building management and cooperation.

paragraphs: Founded nine institutes which are as follows: African Institute (2005), Development and Cooperation Institute (2006), Institute of Islamic Countries (2007), Institute of Political Communication (2008), Institute Public Diplomacy (2009), Environment and Urban Institute (2012), National Defense and Security Institute (2015), Energy Food and Food Institute (2015) and Turkey Tourism Institute (2016).

paragraphs: Founded several national and international networks as TRNTP (Nuclear Technology Platform of Turkey - 2006), TOD-TURKEY (Think Tanks’ Dialogue of Turkey - 2006), USTKIP (International Development and Cooperation Platform of NGOs - 2007), WTF (World Turkic Forum - 2015), TYDP (Turkey Administration and Experience Program - 2012), WIF (World Islamic Forum - 2015) coordinated BCN Balkan Communication Network Annual Meetings (Since 2008). Headed establishing of three particular Wise Persons Boards under the institutional of Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 and Turkey 2053 Projects, World Islamic Forum and World Turkic Forum.

paragraphs: Developed the projects* “Turkey’s Strategic Vision 2023 (2007-2023) under the auspices of the Presidency of the Turkish Republic and Turkey 2053 (2016-2053) under the theme of “Power and Justice” and leaded their performing in 81 provinces of the country. The projects, which started with Macro themes, continue covering the following study areas; (10) Strategic Locomotive Sectors and Development of Values that are capable of moving Turkey to the aspired macro objectives.

paragraphs: Realized bilateral and multilateral projects from approximately 100 countries with a large number of outstanding local or international institutions as The Presidency of The Republic of Turkey, Prime Ministry, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, Ministry of Interior Affairs, State Planning Organization, Islamic Development Bank, The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK), Prime Ministry - Turkish International Cooperation and Coordination Agency (TIKA), United Nations (UNDP), African Union, Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CICA), Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) etc.

paragraphs: Founded and presided over several regular meetings as International Turkish - Asian Congress, International Turkish - African Congress, International Balkan Forum, Europe - Turkey Forum, Turkish - Latin America and Caribbean Forum, World İslamic Forum, Islamic World Istanbul Awards, World Turkic Forum, Turkic World Red Apple Awards, International Middle East Congress, Turkey - USA Forum, Turkey - China Forum, Turkey - Iran Forum, Istanbul Security Conference and new projects as Global Civil Diplomacy.

paragraphs: Published hundreds of books and strategic reports and keeps publishing refereed journal “Stratejik Ongoru” (Strategic Foresight) journal periodically by TASAM Publications since 2004. Established following internet portals and websites (With its dynamic and comprehensive content, the official portal of TASAM has an important position in Turkey and in the world on its activity field):


title: Rhynie

paragraphs: Rhynie () () is a village in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It is 14 miles northwest of Alford.

paragraphs: The Rhynie chert is named after the village, as well as the extinct plant genus Rhynia. The Rhynie chert is a sedimentary rock. It was deposited during the Devonian period and contains the oldest fossil insect in the world.

paragraphs: The Station Hotel at Rhynie is mentioned as a joke in the sketch "The Will" by Scotland the What. The joke is that there is no railway station at Rhynie, "..but they were aye hopin' for one."

paragraphs: Eight Pictish symbol stones have been found at Rhynie. These include the "Rhynie Man", discovered in 1978. It is a six foot tall boulder carved with a bearded man carrying an axe. It may possibly be the Celtic god Esus.

paragraphs: The "Rhynie Man" now stands inside Woodhill House (the headquarters of the Aberdeenshire Council ) in Aberdeen.

paragraphs: In 2011, archaeological excavations at Rhynie, near the site of the "Rhynie Man", dug up a fortified settlement. It dates to the early medieval period. Among the finds at the site were fragments of a late 5th or 6th century Roman amphora. It is the only known example of a Roman amphora from Eastern Britain that dates to the post-Roman period. This must have been imported from the Mediterranean region. It means that the inhabitants of the settlement must have been of high status. Archaeologists have said that the settlement may have been a royal family site where Pictish kings lived.


title: Todor Slavov

paragraphs: Todor Slavov (; 22 January 1984 – 28 June 2015) was a Bulgarian rally driver.

paragraphs: On 28 June 2015, Slavov was involved in a crash at Rally Tvarditsa-Elena. Soon after, he died of fatal injuries.


title: Wally Stanowski

paragraphs: Walter Peter Stanowski (April 28, 1919 – June 28, 2015) was a Canadian ice hockey defenceman. He was born in Winnipeg, Manitoba.

paragraphs: Stanowski started his National Hockey League career with the Toronto Maple Leafs in 1939. In 1941, he was a member of the NHL All-Star Team. He won four Stanley Cups with the Maple Leafs. Stanowski was traded to the New York Rangers after the 1947-48 season. He retired after the 1951 season.

paragraphs: Stanowski was the last surviving member of Maple Leafs 1942 and 1945 Stanley Cup team.

paragraphs: As of 2015, Stanowski lived in a retirement home near Toronto. He died on June 28, 2015.


title: Charles Pasqua

paragraphs: Charles Pasqua (18 April 1927 – 29 June 2015) was a French businessman and Gaullist politician. He was Interior Minister from 1986 to 1988, under Jacques Chirac's "cohabitation" government, and also from 1993 to 1995, under the government of Édouard Balladur.


title: Chris Squire

paragraphs: Christopher Russell Edward "Chris" Squire (4 March 1948 – 27 June 2015) was an English musician and singer-songwriter. He was best known as the bassist and founding member of the progressive rock band Yes. He was the only member to appear on each of their 21 studio albums, released from 1969 to 2014.

paragraphs: In May 2015, Squire announced a hiatus from Yes after he was diagnosed with acute erythroid leukemia. Squire died on 27 June at his home in Phoenix, Arizona, aged 67.


paragraphs: The 2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape took place on June 6, 2015, when two inmates were discovered missing during a 5:30 a.m. bed check at the maximum security Clinton Correctional Facility in New York. The inmates were Richard Matt and David Sweat. Both men had been convicted of murder. Nearly three weeks later, Matt was found at Malone, New York, where he was shot and killed. Two days after that, Sweat was shot in Constable, New York and taken into custody.


paragraphs: The Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC; ) is an annual political conference in National Harbor, Maryland attended by conservative activists and elected officials from across the United States. CPAC is hosted by the American Conservative Union (ACU). More than 100 other organizations contribute in various ways.

paragraphs: In 2011, ACU took CPAC on the road with its first Regional CPAC in Orlando, Florida. Since then ACU has hosted regional CPACs in Chicago, Denver, St. Louis, and San Diego.

paragraphs: The conference was founded in 1973 by the American Conservative Union and Young Americans for Freedom as a small gathering of dedicated conservatives. Over the years it has grown to thousands of attendees annually. Roughly half of those in attendance in the past few years have been college-aged.

paragraphs: Speakers have included Ronald Reagan, George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, Pat Buchanan, Karl Rove, Newt Gingrich, Sarah Palin, Ron Paul, Mitt Romney, Tony Snow, Glenn Beck, Rush Limbaugh, Ann Coulter, Allen West, Michele Bachmann, and other conservative public figures. Before, during, and after his presidency, Ronald Reagan spoke at CPAC a total of 12 times. In 2017, President Donald Trump spoke at the event.


title: Special Olympics

paragraphs: Special Olympics is the world's largest sports organization for children and adults with intellectual disabilities. It provides year-round training and competitions to more than 4.4 million athletes in 170 countries. Special Olympics competitions are held every day, all around the world. This includes local, national and regional competitions. Combined they add up to more than 70,000 events a year.

paragraphs: These competitions include the Special Olympics World Games. These alternate between summer and winter games. Special Olympics World Games are held every four years. The most recent World Summer Games were the Special Olympics World Summer Games, held in Athens, Greece (The birthplace of the modern Olympic Games). They ran from June 25, 2011 to July 4, 2011. The next summer games will be held in Los Angeles beginning Saturday, July 25 and ending on August 2, 2015. The Flame of Hope is the symbol of the Special Olympics. It was lit on May 14, 2015 at the Pnyx in Athens, Greece. That began the its journey to the World Games. The torch remains lit until the end of the Games on August, 2.


title: Silphium

paragraphs: Silphium was a plant that was used in classical antiquity as a seasoning and as a medicine. It is also known as silphion, laserwort, or laser. It was the essential item of trade from the ancient North African city of Cyrene. Most of the coins from Cyrene show a picture of the plant. The valuable product was the plant's resin (called "laser", laserpicium, or lasarpicium).

paragraphs: Silphium was an important species. The Egyptians and the Minoan civilization of Knossos used a special glyph in their writing for the silphium plant. It was used by most ancient Mediterranean cultures. The Romans considered it "worth its weight in denarii" (silver coins). Legend said that it was a gift from the god Apollo.

paragraphs: Which plant species silphium was is unclear. It is commonly believed to be a now-extinct plant of the genus "Ferula". The still-living plant species "Ferula tingitana" has been suggested as another possibility. Another resin from different "Ferula" species, asafoetida, was used as a cheaper substitute for silphium. Asafoetida is still available.


title: Streets of Rage (video game)

paragraphs: Streets of Rage is a beat 'em up video game. It was released in Japan as . The game was made and published by Sega for the Sega Genesis in 1991, for the Game Gear in 1992 and for the Master System in 1993.

paragraphs: It is the first game in the "Streets of Rage" series. It is followed by "Streets of Rage 2" (released in 1992).


title: Streets of Rage 2

paragraphs: Streets of Rage 2 is a beat 'em up video game. It was released on the Sega Mega Drive. The game was released in Japan as . In Europe it was titled Streets of Rage II. It is the second game in the Streets of Rage series.

paragraphs: The game has been praised for its soundtrack.

paragraphs: It is the second game in the "Streets of Rage" series. It is a sequel to "Streets of Rage" (released in 1991) and it is followed by "Streets of Rage 3" (released in 1994).


title: Koska Helvacısı

paragraphs: Koska Helvacısı or simply Koska is the leading brand and trademark of helva (halva) and Turkish delight production in Turkey.

paragraphs: Koska was a former quarter of Istanbul, near Laleli. The company takes its name from their old location at Koska. Helvacı means producer or seller of sweets in Turkish. "Koska Helvacısı", then, "Sweetshop of Koska".

paragraphs: Koska's origins go back to the city of Denizli in the early 1900s. It was founded by Hacı Emin Bey.

paragraphs: His son Halil İbrahim Adil Dindar came to Istanbul in 1931. He started a helva production and sale shop at Koska. In 1982, after the death of their father, the three Dindar brothers inherited the company and divided it into two. They made an agreement to continue to use the brand name of Koska, both of them independently. Nevzat and Mümtaz Dindar established "Merter Helva" under the brand name "Koska". Mahir Dindar established "Mahir Gıda" under the brand name "Koska Helvacısı". Thus both companies market(ed) their products using the traditional name "Koska".

paragraphs: In 2011, Merter added a "nazar boncuğu" (traditional blue and white bead for good luck) image to its logo, with the aim of differentiating the two companies. This was criticised by Mahir Gıda as a violation of their agreement. They announced that no Koska product bore any signs like bugs, flowers or beads. In return, Merter announced that no Koska product without the image of the "Helvacı Dede" (Grandpa Helvacı) is genuine Koska.

paragraphs: Merter Helva drafted a "constitution" or agreement not to have similar divisions in the future. They also received a "kosher food" and a "halal food" certificate.

paragraphs: Both companies produce Turkish delight, fruit preserves and various other sweet confections. This is in addition to the traditional "helva".


title: The Miracle of Bern

paragraphs: The Miracle of Bern () is a 2003 movie directed by Sönke Wortmann. It tells the story of a German family (particularly of a young boy and his depressed ex-POW father). It is also about the unexpected West German miracle victory in the 1954 World Cup Final in Bern, Switzerland. The film is a portrait of post-war Germany. With over 6 million visitors, it is one of Germany's best-selling movies.

paragraphs: In 1954, Richard (Peter Lohmeyer) returns to his German hometown after seven years as a prisoner of war (ww2). The years have caused some consequences, and he fails to relate to his family. Particularly he does not relate to his soccer-loving son, Matthias (Louis Klamroth). Meanwhile, a journalist (Lukas Gregorowicz) and his wife head to Bern, Switzerland, to write about the World Cup. The stories of these strangers converge when they arrive in Bern. There they witness an uplifting German performance in a game against Hungary.


title: Marujita Díaz

paragraphs: Marujita Díaz (María del Dulce Nombre Díaz Ruiz; 27 April 1932 – 23 June 2015) was a Spanish singer and actress. She was born in Sevilla, Spain. Díaz was known for presenting the very popular show "Música y estrellas".

paragraphs: Díaz died of respiratory failure caused by colon cancer in Madrid, aged 83.


title: Deaths in July 2015

paragraphs: The following is a list of notable deaths in July 2015. For notable deaths before the current month, please see "Previous months".


title: Jackson Vroman

paragraphs: Jackson Vroman (June 6, 1981 – June 29, 2015) was an American-born Lebanese professional basketball player. He was naturalized as a Lebanese citizen to play for the Lebanon national basketball team. He was the son of former NBA player Brett Vroman, who played briefly for the Utah Jazz in the 1980-81 NBA season.

paragraphs: Vroman was born in Laguna, California. He studied at Snow Community College in Ephraim, Utah and Iowa State University.

paragraphs: Jackson was a second-round draft pick of the Chicago Bulls in the 2004 NBA Draft. He played for the Phoenix Suns and the New Orleans Hornets/New Orleans/Oklahoma City Hornets.

paragraphs: Vroman was found dead in a swimming pool at his home in Los Angeles County, California on June 29, 2015, aged 34. His drowning is thought to have been an accident.


title: Chris Christie 2016 presidential campaign

paragraphs: The 2016 presidential campaign of Chris Christie, the 55th Governor of New Jersey, began on June 30, 2015 at an event in his hometown of Livingston, New Jersey. Christie was seen by many as a possible presidential candidate in the 2016 U.S. presidential race. He withdrew on February 10, 2016.

paragraphs: In January 2015, Christie formed a PAC to see if running for president was a good idea. The campaign's headquarters is in Trenton, New Jersey.


title: Jaime Nebot

paragraphs: Jaime José Nebot Saadi (born October 22, 1946) is an Ecuadorian politician. He was mayor of Guayaquil, which is Ecuador's largest city until 2019. Although he is a member of the Social Christian Party, he has distanced himself from it and now is more on running the city. Nebot twice ran unsuccessfully for President of Ecuador. He is considered as the protégé of former president León Febres-Cordero.


title: Eddy Louiss

paragraphs: Eddy Louiss (May 2, 1941 – June 30, 2015) was a French jazz musician. His primary instrument is the Hammond organ. As a vocalist, he was a member of Les Double Six of Paris from 1961 through 1963.


title: Zvi Elpeleg

paragraphs: Zvi Elpeleg (1926 – 27 June 2015) was a Polish-born Israeli academic, author, and a senior researcher at the Dayan Institute at Tel Aviv University. He born in Poland. Elpeleg served as a colonel in the Israeli army and later received an ambassadorial appointment.


title: Obergefell v. Hodges

paragraphs: Obergefell v. Hodges was a landmark decision United States Supreme Court case. The Court held that the recognition and provision of same-sex marriage is a fundamental right. They ruled it is guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: The U.S. Supreme Court case, "Obergefell v. Hodges", is not the result of one lawsuit. Instead, it is the result of a consolidation of six lower-court cases originally representing sixteen same-sex couples, seven of their children, a widower, an adoption agency, and a funeral director. The original cases hail from the four states of Michigan, Ohio, Kentucky, and Tennessee. All six federal district courts ruled for the same-sex couples and other claimants. The lead plaintiff in the case was Jim Obergefell. He had challenged Ohio's ban on same-sex marriage. He filed the lawsuit because he could not put his name on his partner, John Arthur's death certificate. Ohio would not recognize their marriage in Maryland.

paragraphs: The Obergefell decision, however, was not based in law. Chief Justice Roberts, in his dissenting opinion, explained the Obergefell plaintiffs’ “‘fundamental right’ claim falls into the most sensitive category of constitutional adjudication.” The claim is not based on a right mentioned in the constitution. Instead, it was argued that it discrimination against “a right implied by the Fourteenth Amendment’s requirement that ‘liberty’ may not be deprived without ‘due process of law.’”

paragraphs: On June 26, 2015, "Obergefell" requires all states to issue a license to marry between all people of the same sex. It requires all states to recognize same-sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions.


title: Skate punk

paragraphs: Skate punk is a music genre related to punk rock music. It began on the West Coast. It is a popular music with skateboarders and their culture.

paragraphs: Skate punk means the sound of melodic hardcore bands from the 1990s with an aggressive sound, and similar sounding modern bands. Many bands classified as skate punk also fit into genres such as pop punk, melodic hardcore, thrashcore, metalcore, surf punk and crossover thrash.

paragraphs: Skate videos use this aggressive style of punk rock for their background music. This played a big part in the coining of the term "skate punk".

paragraphs: Skate punk is now popular in other parts of the world, including a large punk group in Oxnard, California.


title: Pat Toomey

paragraphs: Pat Toomey (born November 17, 1961) is an American politician. On January 3, 2011, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.

paragraphs: On October 4, 2020, Toomey announced that he will not run for re-election to a third term in 2022 or for Governor.

paragraphs: Toomey was born on November 17, 1961 in Providence, Rhode Island. He graduated from the Harvard University. He is married to Kris Toomey. They have three children.


title: Fundamental rights

paragraphs: Fundamental rights are a set of rights that are recognized under the laws of a country to protect their citizens.

paragraphs: These laws protect these rights even from the governments themselves. These protected rights include the right to life, right to freedom, and the right to free will. Other generally agreed upon examples of fundamental rights include freedom of religion, the right to free speech, the right to travel and the pursuit of Happiness. Fundamental rights are different from human rights. Fundamental rights are those protected by laws of a jurisdiction. Human rights are usually not enforceable by courts.


title: Jon Heidenreich

paragraphs: Jon Heidenreich is an American retired wrestler. He is best known for his time with World Wrestling Entertainment.

paragraphs: Prior to professional wrestling, Heidenreich played American football. He played in the Canadian Football League for the Shreveport Pirates. He also played for the Frankfurt Galaxy of NFL Europa in 1997.


title: Shelley Moore Capito

paragraphs: Shelley Moore Capito (born November 26, 1953) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, she became the junior U.S. Senator from West Virginia. She was in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2015. She was in the West Virginia state legislature from 1996 to 2000.

paragraphs: Capito was born on November 26, 1953 in Glen Dale, West Virginia. Her father was former Governor of West Virginia Arch A. Moore, Jr.. She was educated at the Holton-Arms School, Duke University, and the University of Virginia. She is married to Charles Capito. They have three children.


title: Bill Cassidy

paragraphs: Bill Cassidy (born September 28, 1957) is an American politician. On January 3, 2015, he became the junior U.S. Senator from Louisiana. He was in the United States House of Representatives from 2009 to 2015. He was in the Louisiana Senate from 2006 to 2009.

paragraphs: Cassidy was born on November 17, 1961 in Highland Park, Illinois. He graduated from the Louisiana State University and A&M College. He is married to Laura Layden. They have three children.


title: Kelly Ayotte

paragraphs: Kelly Ayotte (born June 28, 1968) is an American politician. From 2011 to 2017 she was the junior U.S. Senator from New Hampshire. She was Attorney General of New Hampshire from 2004 to 2009.

paragraphs: During the 2016 New Hampshire senate elections, Ayotte narrowly lost her seat to Governor Maggie Hassan by less than 720 votes.

paragraphs: Ayotte was born on June 28, 1968 in Nashua, New Hampshire. She graduated from the Pennsylvania State University. Ayotte later graduated from Villanova University School of Law. She is married to Joseph Daley. They have two children.


title: Arrondissements of the Lozère department

paragraphs: There are 2 arrondissements in the Lozère department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs). The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Pyrénées-Orientales department, first with the name of Roussillon, has had few changes:


title: Bob Corker

paragraphs: Bob Corker (born August 24, 1952) is an American politician. From 2007 to 2019, he was the U.S. Senator from Tennessee. From 2001 to 2005, he was Mayor of Chattanooga.

paragraphs: Corker was born on August 24, 1952 in Orangeburg, South Carolina. He graduated from the University of Tennessee. He and his wife Elizabeth have two daughters.

paragraphs: On September 26, 2017, Corker announced that he would not run for re-election in 2018.


title: Arrondissement of Florac

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Florac is an arrondissement of France; it is part of the Lozère "département" in the Occitanie region.

paragraphs: When the Lozère department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Florac was part of that original department.

paragraphs: It is the smallest and southernmost of the two "arrondissements" of the department, with an area of . It has 13,313 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km²

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Mende, to the east and south by the Gard department, and to the west by the Aveyron department.

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Florac, there are 2 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement": Le Collet-de-Dèze and Florac. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Florac has 44 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: There is only a town with more than 1,000 inhabitants, and it is the subprefecture, Florac Trois Rivières, with 2,107 inhabitants.


title: Arrondissement of Mende

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Mende is an arrondissement of France; it is part of the Lozère "département" in the Occitanie region. Its capital is the city of Mende.

paragraphs: When the Lozère department was created on 17 February 1800, the "arrondissement" of Mende was part of that original department.

paragraphs: It is the largest "arrondissement" of the department, with an area of . It has a population of 63,047 inhabitants and a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" covers the northern part of the department and is bordered by the Cantal department to the northwest, the Haute-Loire department to the northeast), by the Ardeche department to the east, by the "arrondissement" of Florac to the south and by the Aveyron department to the west.

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Mende, there are 9 cantons whose "communes" are in the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Mende has 132 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):

paragraphs: The only important city is Mende with 11,542 people living there in 2014. Other towns are Marvejols (4,882) and Saint-Chély-d'Apcher (4,169).


title: Tim Scott

paragraphs: Timothy Eugene Scott (born September 19, 1965) is an American politician. On January 3, 2013, he became the junior U.S. Senator from South Carolina. He was in the U.S. House of Representatives from 2009 to 2013.

paragraphs: Scott was born on September 19, 1965 in North Charleston, South Carolina. He attended Presbyterian College. Scott graduated from Charleston Southern University. He is unmarried.

paragraphs: He is the only African-American senator as of the 115th United States Congress. More specifically, he is the first African-American senator since Edward Brooke, of Massachusetts, in the 1970s.

paragraphs: Scott is a Republican, and conservative overall, but has a liberal stance on civil rights for African-Americans.

paragraphs: When Donald Trump, a fellow conservative, controversially Tweeted "When the looting starts, the shooting starts,"about the protests of the death of George Floyd, Scott reprimanded him, saying the tweet was not constructive.

paragraphs: Scott was in 2017 one of 22 senators sending a letter to Donald Trump asking him to withdraw from the Paris Agreement. He is a lobbyist for oil/gas/coal interests, having received over $54,000 from them since 2012.


title: Samira Salih al-Nuaimi

paragraphs: Samira Salih al-Nuaimi (also Samira Saleh Ali al-Naimi, Sameera Salih Ali al-Nuaimy, or سميرة صالح النعيمي in Arabic) (1963 – 22 September 2014) was an Iraqi lawyer and human rights activist.

paragraphs: She had criticized Islamic State on Twitter because they destroyed mosques, churches, and shrines. She was then kidnapped by men in masks. She was tortured for five days and then was killed by Islamic State (ISIS or Daish).

paragraphs: The United Nations spoke out strongly against the killing.

paragraphs: Samiraa al-Nuaimi was a lawyer. According to the Gulf Centre For Human Rights, she worked on detainee rights and poverty. She worked as a volunteer for women's rights. She was one of the leading activists in Iraq, especially in the defense of people in jail, and in helping families with little money.

paragraphs: Samira lived in the northeastern part of Mosul with her husband and three children. On September 17, 2014, when she was at home with her husband and children, the ISIL group took Samira from her home. They said she was guilty of apotasy under Sharia law. They tortured her for 5 days. Then they killed her. Zeid Ra’ad al-Hussein, the United Nations human rights commissioner, said her familiy was not permitted to give her a funeral.

paragraphs: The United Nations Assistance Mission in Iraq said she was arrested because of her Facebook messages. She posted criticism of ISIL's destruction of religious places in Mosul. After her death, the Facebook page was removed.

paragraphs: The United States Department of State condemned Samira's murder. They said she was brave because she helped people when she was in danger.

paragraphs: The Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General for Iraq (SRSG), Mr. Nickolay Mladenov, also spoke strongly against the killing of al-Nuaimi. He said it was a "sickening crime committed against the people of Iraq". United Nations Commissioner Prince Zeid bin Raad, from the High Commissioner office in Geneva and New York, said Samira's death was terrible. He said she had courage because she defended the human rights of others.


title: George Shrinks

paragraphs: George Shrinks was a Canadian–Chinese animated television series. It is based on the children's book by William Joyce. The show is about a ten-year-old boy named George. After a dream one night, he wakes up and is only three inches tall. He has adventures with his friends and family. He also drives mini machines that he made with his father.

paragraphs: The series started on 30 September 2000 on PBS Kids.

paragraphs: Because of George's very small size, everyday activities, such as working around the house or playing outside, often become exciting adventures. He mostly uses the Zooper Car to travel. It can change into a submarine or a helicopter.

paragraphs: The show has a retro-1940s look, with simple animation and colors. Most of the background music is jazz.