title: Shirley Temple

paragraphs: Shirley Temple, or Shirley Temple Black (April 23, 1928 – February 10, 2014) was an American actress, diplomat and television series hostess. Temple has the distinction of being the first Academy Juvenile Award recipient in 1934.

paragraphs: Temple began her movie career at age 3 in a series of Poverty Row shorts starring very young children clad in diapers. In 1934, she soared to superstardom in "Bright Eyes". Other movies followed that exploited her waiflike charm and abundant talent such as "Curly Top", "The Little Colonel", "Dimples", "Wee Willie Winkie", and "The Little Princess".

paragraphs: The public adored the child Temple, but her popularity declined as she grew into a young woman. She made several bombs in her teens, but three have become highly regarded classics: "Since You Went Away", "Fort Apache" with Henry Fonda and John Wayne, and "The Bachelor and the Bobby-Soxer" with Cary Grant and Myrna Loy. Temple married John Agar in 1945. In 1950 she married Charles Black and retired from the movie industry at age 22.

paragraphs: Marriage and motherhood occupied Temple in the following years, but she returned to show biz in the late 1950s with the television series, "Shirley Temple's Storybook" for NBC. The series was child/family-oriented with dramatizations of fairy tales like "Beauty and the Beast", children's stories like "Pippi Longstocking", and more mature fare like "The House of Seven Gables" and Victor Herbert's Broadway musical, "Babes in Toyland". Celebrity stars like Charlton Heston, Tor Johnson, Sterling Holloway, Elsa Lanchester, and Agnes Moorehead appeared in the series. The series was nominated for an Emmy Award in children's programming. It faced stiff competition from other networks, and left the air after two seasons.

paragraphs: Temple became active in the Republican Party in California. Temple was extensively involved with the Commonwealth Club of California, a public-affairs forum in San Francisco. She spoke at several of the meetings through the years and served as its president in 1984.

paragraphs: Temple was appointed Representative to the 24th United Nations General Assembly by President Richard M. Nixon (September – December 1969), and was appointed United States Ambassador to Ghana (December 6, 1974 – July 13, 1976) by President Gerald R. Ford. She was appointed first female Chief of Protocol of the United States (July 1, 1976 – January 21, 1977), and was in charge of arrangements for President Jimmy Carter's inauguration and inaugural ball. She served as the United States Ambassador to Czechoslovakia (August 23, 1989 – July 12, 1992), having been appointed by President George H. W. Bush.

paragraphs: Temple had breast cancer in the early 1970s and had a mastectomy. She died on February 10, 2014 from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at her Woodside, California home, at the age of 85.


title: Stev

paragraphs: Stev is a form of poetry. It can be found in lyric poetry from Scandinavia. Stev are made of stanzas, that have four lines

paragraphs: A person who can perform a stev, is known as a kveder ( a type of artist ). Aslak Brekke is possibly the most well known of those who have been recorded. A kveder from Setesdal, when performing stev, usually sings more slowly, than a kveder from Telemark. One reason for this may be that the text of Setesdal stev are usually more meditative (or elegiac).


title: Wario (series)

paragraphs: The Wario series is a series of games that star Wario. It started out with "", and has grown to have its new spin-off series with "".

paragraphs: WarioWare adds many new characters who are employees of Wario's company, WarioWare.

paragraphs: The series' first appearance in the "Super Smash Bros." series was in "Super Smash Bros. Melee", but it was only as a collectible trophy. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", Wario is a playable character, and can be in both his biker outfit from "WarioWare" or his plumber outfit from "Wario Land". There is also a level based on "WarioWare", collectible trophies and stickers from his series, and music from the "WarioWare" series.


title: Nintendo Research & Development 1

paragraphs: Nintendo Research & Development 1, also known as Nintendo R&D1, is a division of Nintendo. They are responsible for the "Metroid" series and the "WarioWare" series, among others.


Plucking


title: Bill Tapia

paragraphs: Uncle Bill “Tappy” Tapia (born January 1, 1908 – December 2, 2011) was an American musician, born in Honolulu, Hawaii. His parents were Portuguese. At age 10, Tapia already had been a professional musician, playing “Stars and Stripes Forever” for World War I soldiers in Hawaii.

paragraphs: His long career started in Vaudeville and soon after he became a jazz guitarist and ukulele player. He has worked with big names such as Bing Crosby, Louis Armstrong, and Elvis Presley and also worked with Hawaiian musicians such as King Bennie Nawahi, Sol Ho‘opi’i and Andy Iona. People think that Tapia is the first musician to play jazz on the ukulele.


title: WarioWare: Twisted!

paragraphs: WarioWare: Twisted! is a 2004 Game Boy Advance video game. It was made by Nintendo and is art of the WarioWare series.

paragraphs: "Twisted!" comes with a gyro sensor. The cartridge is a lot larger than in most Game Boy Advance games. Players tap the A button and twist the game around in order to play.

paragraphs: Like the other games, "Twisted!" has many microgames. These last for only a few seconds and involve a simple thing the player must do. The player starts with four lives. After about 12-15 microgames, he or she plays the boss level. If they win, they earn another life. If they lose, they lose a life. The game ends when they have run out of lives.

paragraphs: Wario has gotten seven of his friends to help make games for him. Each one has a different theme, or way to play.


title: Punch (strike)

paragraphs: A punch is when a person puts their hand in a fist and thrusts it forward. This can be used for combat, or in some sports like boxing. Punch is the name of the blows that are thrown with the closed fist, striking, usually to other person, with the purpose of defence or attack.

paragraphs: The technique of the normal punch is performed closing the fist and striking with it. The fist is formed in a horizontal line along with the arm, being the element of usage of all the force performed the arm. There is other kind of punch in which the fist is placed vertically (with the palm of the hand directing towards a side instead of towards down) and directing slightly towards down in relation to the arm, in form where the fingers that blow are only the index finger and the ring finger. It is this latter the punch used usually in Kung-fu and the advised to person who had not had a proper training (because in this form it is much more difficult injury the wrist in case of doing it badly).

paragraphs: The punch is used, with different names and different techniques, in many martial arts, and also in systems of personal defence and attack without weapons, like in Tai-Jitsu.


title: Music video game

paragraphs: A music video game, also commonly known as a music game, is a video game where the point of the game is usually to interact with the music. The genre has had many different types of music games, including games that use guitar controllers, drum controllers, and some that use a dance mat that the player has to dance on.

paragraphs: Guitar Hero is a well-known music video game.


title: Tempo

paragraphs: Tempo (Italian for 'time, movement') is the speed of a song or piece of music.


title: Minigame

paragraphs: A minigame is a small video game found in a bigger video game. There are games that only have mini-games, like "Mario Party".


title: United States Secretary of Defense

paragraphs: The United States Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) is the head of the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). The role was made in 1947. The Secretary of Defense is sixth in line to the United States presidential line of succession.


title: Yoshio Sakamoto

paragraphs: Yoshio Sakamoto is a video game developer for Nintendo who works in Nintendo R&D 1. He was the co-creator of the "Metroid" series along with Gunpei Yokoi, and is in charge of most of the games released after Yokoi's death. He also works on "Wario" games, including games in the "Wario Land" series and the "WarioWare" series. He founded "Team Shikamaru", which is dedicated to script writing.


title: Arcade game

paragraphs: An arcade game is a machine that is played using coins. Arcade games are found in restaurants, pubs, video arcades, and other places. Pinball games and video games are two common kinds of arcade games. The Apple App store categorized some apps into a category called "Arcade". One of them is Tiny Wings.


title: Computer Entertainment Rating Organization

paragraphs: The (CERO) is a group that rates video games in Japan. It was established in 2002 by the Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association. It does not rate games for personal computers.


title: TVE

paragraphs: TVE (Televisión Española) is a Spanish public television network.


title: Two and a Half Men

paragraphs: Two and a Half Men is an American sitcom which was first shown on CBS on September 22, 2003 and ended on February 19, 2015. The series centers around a man named Charlie, whose lifestyle is interrupted when his brother Alan (who had just been divorced from his wife) moves in to his Malibu, California house, along with Alan's son Jake.

paragraphs: The tapings of the show have temporarily stopped because it was announced that Charlie Sheen is entering rehab.

paragraphs: On March 7, 2011, the network fired Charlie Sheen from "Two and a Half Men". The network did not state if the show would go on or not.

paragraphs: The show is rated M in New Zealand for drug references and sexual references.

paragraphs: The show has received lots of nominations, including 23 Primetime Emmy Award nominations and 2 Golden Globe nominations. Conchata Ferrell and Holland Taylor were both nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress - Comedy Series, in 2005 and 2007 (and Taylor again in 2008). Jon Cryer was nominated three times for Outstanding Supporting Actor - Comedy Series (in 2006, 2007 and 2008) and Charlie Sheen was nominated for the Outstanding Lead Actor - Comedy Series in 2006, 2007 and 2008, along with two Golden Globe nominations in 2005 and 2006 for Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series - Musical or Comedy. Picture Editor Joe Bella received two Emmys in the category Outstanding Multi-Camera Picture Editing for a Series, for the episodes "That Special Tug" (2006) and "Release the Dogs" (2007). Martin Sheen was nominated for the Outstanding Guest Actor - Comedy Series Emmy in 2006.


title: Real Oviedo C.F.

paragraphs: Real Oviedo is a Spanish football Club. It was founded in March 26 1926. Its home stadium is Carlos Tartiere in Oviedo. Real Oviedo has won the Spanish League Cup once.

paragraphs: Real Oviedo was relegated to "Tercera División" due to financial problems in 2003.

paragraphs: Real Oviedo have played in season 2008/09 at "Tercera División", the fourth category in Spanish football. It finished in first place in regular tournament, which allowed to play a play-off to promote to "Segunda División B". Real Oviedo have won a place in "Segunda División B" beating Mallorca B in play-off matches.


title: Frank Thomas (animator)

paragraphs: Franklin "Frank" Thomas (September 5, 1912 – September 8, 2004) was an American movie animator. He was one of Disney's Nine Old Men. He worked on many Disney movies until he retired in 1978. Later on, he wrote the animation book "" with good friend and fellow animator Ollie Johnston. Animator Chuck Jones once said that Thomas was the "Laurence Olivier of all animators."


title: Break a leg

paragraphs: "Break a leg" is an expression from Britain. (Here, an "expression" means a particular way of saying something.)

paragraphs: It can mean about the same as "good luck".

paragraphs: This expression was used in theaters by actors. Before an actor went on stage, other actors could wish that he or she had good luck in their work. Then, a co-worker could say "Break a leg!".

paragraphs: When the expression is used like this, it is a form of irony.


title: The Black Parade Is Dead!

paragraphs: The Black Parade is Dead! is a CD/DVD by My Chemical Romance it was recorded live in Mexico.

paragraphs: All songs written and composed by My Chemical Romance.

paragraphs: From the Palacio de los Deportes in Mexico City, Mexico on October 7, 2007[4]

paragraphs: From Maxwell's in Hoboken, New Jersey, on October 24, 2007[4]


title: BBC Two

paragraphs: BBC Two is a television channel in the United Kingdom and The Second BBC Channel in the Franchise. It was released on 20 April, 1964, and was the third television channel in the United Kingdom. The channel was published by BBC. BBC Two was channel of the year in 2007. On 17 October 2007, The Virgin Media Version Was Released For The Sky's Virgin Guide On Sky.

paragraphs: This is a list of the controllers of BBC Two.

paragraphs: As of August 2008, the controller of BBC Two was Roly Keating. He took up the post in June 2004. Keating was formerly the controller of BBC Four. He became controller after Jane Root departed in May 2004 to become the executive vice president and general manager of the US-based Discovery Channel. Jane Root was appointed in 1999 and was the first woman to be appointed controller of a BBC television channel.

paragraphs: On 20 January 2016, Kim Shillinglaw announced that she was leaving the BBC and her job as Controller of BBC Two and BBC Four. As a result of a reorganisation, the position was closed, but it was reopened just over a year later.


title: The King of Queens

paragraphs: The King of Queens was an American television series set in Queens, New York City. The series was shown for nine seasons, from 1998 to 2007. After the last episode was broadcast on May 14, 2007, "The King Of Queens" became the last American live action sitcom that began in the 1990s to end its run.


paragraphs: Barbie Horse Adventures: Wild Horse Rescue is a video game being made by Vivendi Games. It is part of the Barbie franchise.


title: Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp

paragraphs: Barbie Horse Adventures: Riding Camp is a video game made by Activision for the Nintendo DS and PC in 2008. It is part of the Barbie franchise. The game is the sequel to "".


title: Olm

paragraphs: The Olm, or Proteus ("Proteus anguinus") is an amphibian, native to the underground waters of the Dinaric karst that flow through the Soča river basin near Trieste in Italy, through to southern Slovenia, southwestern Croatia, and Herzegovina. It is the only species in the genus "Proteus", the only European species of the family Proteidae, and the only European cave-dwelling chordate. It is also called the human fish or humanfish, because of its human-like skin (translated literally from Slovenian: "Človeška ribica" and Croatian: "Čovječja ribica"), Cave Salamander, or White Salamander.


title: Billie Piper

paragraphs: Billie Paul Piper (born Lianne Paul Piper, 22 September 1982, in Swindon, Wiltshire) is an English singer and actress.

paragraphs: She began her career in the late 1990s as a pop singer. Later on, she moved to acting. Her most famous role is as Rose Tyler, a companion to the Doctor in the television series "Doctor Who". She played this role from 2005 to 2006, and also reprised it in 2008 and 2010.

paragraphs: Piper's first chance in the entertainment world came when she was a teenager, when she was selected to appear on the Saturday morning kids' television show "Scratchy and Co". Piper later got a role in a television commercial promoting the pop magazine "Smash Hits". In 1996 she sang on a backing song Nobody's Business. It was a dance track by h20. Soon after she was offered a record deal at the age of fifteen, and in 1998 became the youngest artist ever to start at number one in the UK Singles Chart with "Because We Want To", released under the artist name "Billie". Her follow-up single "Girlfriend" also started at number one and her first album, "Honey to the B" (released immediately afterwards) started at Number 14 in the UK album charts. She released two further singles off the album, "She Wants You" and "Honey to the B"; both songs started at Number 3.

paragraphs: Piper then took a year to record her second album. She decided to release more records under her full name, Billie Piper. She returned to the Singles Chart in May 2000 with a new, sexier sound. She hit the Number 1 spot with "Day & Night", but her success was not to carry on. She waited until the following September to release "Something Deep Inside". That reached Number 4 in the UK Singles Chart. In October 2000, Piper released her second album, "Walk of Life", which reached Number 14 in the UK Album Chart. The song "Walk of Life", the last single off this album, was released in December 2000 and reached Number 25 in the UK Singles Chart.

paragraphs: In 1999, Piper was nominated for two BRIT Awards and was named Best Female Star at the "Smash Hits" Poll Winners' party, although at the latter ceremony she began crying after being nastily booed by jealous fans of Ritchie Neville, member of boyband Five, whom she was dating at the time.

paragraphs: On 15 January 2007, BBC Radio 1 DJ Chris Moyles started a campaign to get "Honey to the B" back into the Top 100 on download sales as a way of testing out new chart rules that favour download sales. The campaign was highly successful, with "Honey to the Bee"re-entering the official UK singles chart at No. 17, eight years after it was first released.

paragraphs: Piper prefers lip singing during performances. She backs this up with the reason that she is afraid she would not be able to sing live. However, in 1999 she decided to try actually singing during her tour in America. The audience loved it, but Piper said it made her too nervous to do it in Britain, where she had many more fans.

paragraphs: After an extended break, Piper decided to end her pop career in 2003 and return to her first ambition, acting. She took acting lessons while living in London. Piper gained very good reviews for these appearances and critics said that she was a far better actress than she was a singer.

paragraphs: In 2004, Piper appeared in the movies "The Calcium Kid", as the romantic interest of Orlando Bloom's character, and "Things to do Before You're Thirty". Shortly before starting work on "Doctor Who", she was one of the main characters in the horror movie "Spirit Trap" alongside Russian pop star Alsou, released in the summer of 2005 to bad reviews.

paragraphs: In May 2004, it was announced that Piper was to play the character Rose Tyler, companion to The Doctor, played by Christopher Eccleston, in the long-running BBC television series "Doctor Who", beginning in 2005.

paragraphs: Piper won the Most Popular Actress category at the 2005 and 2006 National Television Awards for her work on "Doctor Who". BBC News named Piper as one of its "Faces of the Year" for 2005, primarily due to her success in "Doctor Who". At "The South Bank Show" Awards on 27 January 2006 Piper was awarded "The Times" Breakthrough Award for her successful transition from singing to acting. In March 2006, the Television and Radio Industries Club named Piper as best new TV talent at their annual awards ceremony. In September 2006, Piper was named Best Actress at the TV Quick and TV Choice Awards.

paragraphs: After the completion of the very successful first series of the revamped "Doctor Who", the British media regularly released conflicting reports about how long Piper would be staying with the programme. In March 2006, she claimed that she would continue on "Doctor Who" into its third season in 2007. On 10 May 2006, however, she was reported to be considering quitting the series, although she did express an interest in playing a female version of the Doctor in the future (possibly related to a proposed "Doctor Who" spin-off series about Rose which was later dropped). On 15 June 2006, the BBC announced that she was to depart in the final episode of the second series, "Doomsday". Piper's decision to leave had been taken a year previously, but remained a secret until news of her departure became public.

paragraphs: On 27 November 2007, the BBC confirmed that she would return her role as Rose Tyler in the fourth series for three episodes. Later, it was confirmed by Russell T Davies in Doctor Who Magazine that this return had been planned since she left. It was also revealed in the Turn Left Doctor Who Confidential that Billie had made arrangements to return as Rose since she decided to leave.

paragraphs: The series began in April 2008, and after several cameos, Piper made her official return as Rose in the series four final episodes Turn Left, The Stolen Earth and Journey's End. She has not said whether she will be reprising the role again, although on Doctor Who Confidential she said that she thinks "It's never really the end for the Doctor and Rose" but it probably was "for the foreseeable future".

paragraphs: In November 2005, Piper starred as Hero in a BBC adaptation of "Much Ado About Nothing", updated for the modern day like in "Canterbury Tales" series in which she featured, with Hero now being a weather presenter in a television station.

paragraphs: Piper has completed work on a BBC version of Philip Pullman's historical novel "The Ruby in the Smoke" broadcast in December 2006, Piper played main character Sally Lockhart, a Victorian orphan. The BBC plans to film all four of Pullman's Sally Lockhart novels, with Piper continuing in the role in "The Shadow in the North" which was shown in December 2007. In 2007 she appeared as the main character, Fanny Price, in an adaptation of Jane Austen's novel "Mansfield Park", screened on ITV1. This was her first acting role on television for a broadcaster other than the BBC.

paragraphs: Piper has provided voiceovers for various television commercials, including one for "Comfort Fabric Softener" airing in June 2007.

paragraphs: Piper stars in "Secret Diary of a Call Girl", an ITV2 version of Belle de Jour's "The Intimate Adventures of a London Call Girl", a memoir detailing the life of a high-class prostitute. The series, which aired from 27 September 2007, saw Piper in several semi-nude scenes, including a lesbian romp and one scene featuring her saddling a client and riding him like a horse. A second series, with Piper in the starring role, started filming in May 2008, during which two body doubles were hired in order to effectively hide Piper's pregnancy.

paragraphs: Piper made her first stage appearance in a touring production of Christopher Hampton's play "Treats", which opened in early 2007 in Windsor. "Treats" was to have ended its tour in the West End, at the Garrick Theatre, starting on 28 February 2007 with previews from on 20 February. The play-officially finished as of 26 May.


title: The Mighty Boosh

paragraphs: The Mighty Boosh is a British comedy television series that was shown on BBC Three. It was also a radio programme. Since the television series, there have been live tours of it.

paragraphs: The first series is about two zookeepers called Howard and Vince. The second series is also about them but is set in a flat. The third is set in a shop.

paragraphs: Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up performance at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan theatre. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters - Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively - in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s "Unnatural Acts". It was here that they also met Rich Fulcher, who would become Bob Fossil. Fielding’s friend Dave Brown and Fielding's own brother Michael also became regular collaborators.

paragraphs: The Boosh soon produced three stage shows - "The Mighty Boosh" (1998), "Arctic Boosh" (1999) and "Autoboosh" (2000) - all of them were at the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of "Autoboosh", a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, "The Boosh" was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later moving to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television show of the same name.

paragraphs: The first eight-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of six episodes the following year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting, and instead Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with "The Mighty Boosh Live", which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".

paragraphs: After two years, the Boosh returned to the television in November 2007. Set in Naboo’s second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew in approximately one million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of "The Mighty Boosh" on March 22, 2008, which included a new documentary and six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all three series.

paragraphs: There will not be a fourth series till at least 2010 because they will be working upon a movie. This movie has been confirmed by the BBC.


title: Encyclical

paragraphs: An "Encyclical" originally was a letter sent by a bishop to all churches of a particular area.

paragraphs: In the Roman Catholic Church, the term is only used for letters sent by popes.

paragraphs: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Anglican Communion still use the word in its original meaning.


title: Pontifical Academy of Sciences

paragraphs: The Pontifical Academy of Sciences dates back four centuries to its creation as the Accademia dei Lincei in 1603. Pope Pius IX changed the name to the Pontifical Academy of the New Lincei in 1847 to signify its new status as an official institution of the Pontifical State. Nearly a century later, it was reorganized as the Pontifical Academy of Science on October 28, 1936, by Pope Pius XI in a Motu proprio In multis solaciis (Latin "Among the many consolations").

paragraphs: Although it reports directly to the Pontiff, the Academy has considerable freedom in conducting its mission: the study of Science and the possible consequences for the human condition. Christian belief is not a prerequisite for membership to the Academy, because first and foremost, it is a legitimate Scientific body that follows the Scientific Method. As of 2003 more than two dozen Nobel Prize winners (including Professor Ahmed Zewail, Chemistry 1999) and several Field Medal winners were counted as members. Plenary sessions are interdisciplinary events held every other year to review new developments and discus progress made towards their mission. Common working groups include astronomy and cosmology, cognition and brain science, and genetics.


title: Khawaja Nazimuddin

paragraphs: Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin, KCIE (, Khaja Nazimuddin) (July 19, 1894 - October 22, 1964) was the second Governor-General of Pakistan, and later the second Prime Minister of Pakistan as well. He was born in Dacca, Bengal, British India (now Dhaka, Bangladesh) into the family of the Nawabs (rulers) of Dacca, who had come from Kashmir and settled there. He received his education from Dunstable Grammar School in England, then Aligarh Muslim University, and later Trinity Hall, Cambridge University until the mid-1930s. After returning to British India, he became involved in politics in his native Bengal. Nazimuddin was initially the Education Minister, but climbed the ranks to become the Chief Minister of the province prior to independence. Nazimuddin also became the head of the Muslim League in Eastern India.


title: Malik Ghulam Muhammad

paragraphs: Ghulam Muhammad (20 April 1895 - 12 September 1956, ) served as third Governor-General of Pakistan from 1951 until 1955, and was also the 1st Finance Minister shortly before his death in 1956.


title: Igbo people

paragraphs: The Igbo people (Igbo: Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò) are an ethnic group in West Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in West Africa. The Igbo speak the Igbo language (Igbo: "Ásụ̀sụ̀ Ị̀gbò"). The Igbo people are found in Southeastern Nigeria, in an area referred to as Igboland (Igbo: "Àlà Ị̀gbò"). There are some Igbos in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.

paragraphs: There are major amounts of Igbo people found in other countries that are not in Africa. This is because some Igbos have moved to other countries and because they were forced to go to other countries by the Atlantic slave trade.

paragraphs: They are in countries such as the United States, Jamaica, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Barbados, Bahamas, and the United Kingdom. The most important crop of the Igbo people is the yam. In Nigeria, the Igbo have a lot of cities, like Onitsha and Enugu.


title: British India

paragraphs: British India was the area of India in South Asia which for hundreds of years was under the influence of the English (later the British). From the 1600s until 1858 these areas were run by the English East India Company. After 1858 until 1947 they became the British Raj. Some areas were under the direct rule of the Governor-General of India. He was appointed by the Government of the United Kingdom in London, and was a Viceroy, meaning, the deputy of Queen Victoria. In princely states where an agreement was reached, the traditional rule continued, but the British had an influence.

paragraphs: After 1876 when Queen Victoria become Empress of India, British India was part of the British Indian Empire, which also included hundreds of Indian princely states which had never been conquered by the British and still had control of their own affairs. These were each ruled by local rulers under the protection of the British. This empire is sometimes called the British Raj.

paragraphs: British India ruled from the east included the regions of the present-day of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, Republic of India, Burma and Pakistan (185813th August 1947).

paragraphs: At independence in 1947, British India had seventeen provinces.

paragraphs: India was split into Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. Twelve provinces (Ajmer-Merwara-Kekri, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Central Provinces and Berar, Coorg, Delhi, Madras, Panth-Piploda, Orissa, and the United Provinces) became provinces within India. Three (Baluchistan, North-West Frontier, and Sindh) were in Pakistan. Two (Bengal and Punjab) were shared between India and Pakistan.

paragraphs: In 1950, after the new Indian Constitution, the provinces in India were replaced by states and union territories. Pakistan kept its five provinces. East Bengal, which was renamed East Pakistan in 1956, became the independent nation of Bangladesh in 1971.


title: Iskander Mirza

paragraphs: Major-General Iskander Ali Mirza, CIE, OBE, or Iskander Mirza (, November 13, 1899 – November 12, 1969) was the last Governor-General of the Dominion of Pakistan (October 6, 1955 to March 23, 1956) and the first President of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan (March 23, 1956 to October 27, 1958).


title: Ayub Khan

paragraphs: General Muhammad Ayub Khan (14 May 1907 – 19 April 1974) was a general of the Pakistan Army and a self-proclaimed Field Marshal during the mid-1960s. A dictator who imposed martial law he also became the President of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969. He became Pakistan's first native Commander-in-Chief in 1951. He was the youngest full-rank general and self-appointed Field Marshal in Pakistan's military history.

paragraphs: Khan became president in 1958 as part of a non-violent coup. In the 1965 presidential election, people thought that Khan had cheated so he could win against Fatimah Jinnah.


title: Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

paragraphs: Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry () (January 1, 1904 - June 2, 1982) was President of Pakistan from August 14, 1973 until he left on September 16, 1978.


title: Bad Liebenwerda

paragraphs: Bad Liebenwerda is a spa town in the Elbe-Elster district, in southwestern Brandenburg, Germany. It is on the river Schwarze Elster, 57 km northwest of Dresden, and 28 km east of Torgau.

paragraphs: The first written mention is from 1231 as "Lievenwerde". The meaning of the name is "Liev", or "Lieb" for life or loveley, and -"werde" from "werda" means island, high place in a wather. In the document of 1231 is also mentioned an Otto of Ileburg, Vogt of Lievenwerde, and a Plebanus Walterus, a priest. Liebenwerda had a Water castle with a Keep called Lubwarttower. the first mention as Liebenwerda as a city is from 1304. Liebenwerda was part of the Electorate of Saxony and Kingdom of Saxony till 1815. In reason of the Congress of Vienna the area became part of the Kingdom of Prussia as district Liebenwerda. Since 1905 has Liebenwerda a spa clinical, since 1925 has Liebenwerda the word "Bad" as a part of the name.

paragraphs: Bad Liebenwerda is home of the Gothic church of St. Nikolai. The tower of the church was rebuilt at the end of the 19th century after lightning struck the tower and caused a fire.

paragraphs: The Lubwarttower (Lubwartturm) is the oldest building in town. The tower was built around 1207 as part of the water castle. Next to this tower is the museum with an exposition about Carl Heinrich Graun and his brothers. Also is there an exposition about Marionettes, other puppets and the puppet-players of south-east of Germany.

paragraphs: Bad Liebenwerda has a beautiful little park.


title: Ghulam Ishaq Khan

paragraphs: Ghulam Ishaq Khan (abbreviated as GIK) (Urdu/Pashto: غلام اسحاق خان) (January 20, 1915 – October 27, 2006) was President of Pakistan from August 17, 1988 until July 18, 1993.


title: K-9 and Company

paragraphs: K-9 and Company was a 1981 television spin-off of the original series of "Doctor Who". It featured Sarah Jane Smith, played by Elisabeth Sladen, and K-9, a robotic dog. Both characters had been companions of the Fourth Doctor, but they had not appeared together before. A single episode, "A Girl's Best Friend", was produced, but the series was not taken up.


title: Eve Myles

paragraphs: Eve Myles (born 1978 in Ystradgynlais, Powys), is a Welsh actress. She is most known for playing lead characters in "Belonging" and "Doctor Who" spin-off series "Torchwood".


title: Gareth David-Lloyd

paragraphs: Gareth David-Lloyd (born 28 March 1981) is a Welsh actor. He is best known for his role as Ianto Jones in the British science fiction television programme "Torchwood".

paragraphs: He was born Gareth David Lloyd in Bettws, Newport. His first acting role was as a robot in a school play. When he was a teenager, he joined the Gwent Young People's Theatre in Abergavenny and The Dolman Youth Theatre in Newport.

paragraphs: While he was there, he appeared in several plays, including "Henry V", in which he played the most important character. He studied at Coleg Gwent and then trained at the National Youth Theatre, before moving to Reading.


title: Motto

paragraphs: A motto is a word, phrase or sentence used to describe the meaning or point of a group or organisation. Mottoes are often in Latin.


title: Scarlet macaw

paragraphs: The scarlet macaw ("Ara macao") is a type of parrot. It is native to humid evergreen forests of tropical South America.

paragraphs: Its range is from south-eastern Mexico to Amazonian Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands up to (at least formerly) up to . It has suffered from local extinction through habitat destruction and capture for the parrot trade, but locally it remains fairly common. It is the national bird of Honduras.


title: Vulgar Latin

paragraphs: Vulgar Latin, or Common Latin, is one of the two types of Latin. Latin is an old language that was spoken by the Romans. Vulgar Latin is not spoken anymore, but its many dialects eventually became what are now Romance languages (such as Italian, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Romanian). Vulgar Latin was spoken by the regular people ("vulgus" in Latin means "common"): farmers, workers and those without a great deal of education

paragraphs: Classical Latin is the type of Latin that was first spoken by the Romans. As time went by, fewer and fewer people spoke Classical Latin, and in the end the language changed to become Vulgar Latin. After a while, only scholars spoke Classical Latin. Books were still written in it. Nobody speaks Latin anymore except for people who study it and the Roman Catholic Church's officials.

paragraphs: Vulgar Latin is similar to Classical Latin but has some differences in pronunciation and vocabulary. Latin has 5 basic noun cases.


title: Snoring

paragraphs: Snoring is the noise that people often make when they are sleeping. It is often caused by a blocked nose or throat. The noise is often loud, as it is made by air passing through the nasal passages, the nostrils, or the throat.


title: Life on Mars (TV series)

paragraphs: Life on Mars is an award winning British science fiction and police drama television series. It was first broadcast on BBC One between January 2006 and April 2007.

paragraphs: The programme tells the story of DCI Sam Tyler of the Manchester Police (played by John Simm), after being hit by a car in 2006, he is in the year 1973. There, he works for Manchester Police CID as a DI under DCI Gene Hunt (played by Philip Glenister). Over the course of the series, Tyler faces various problems, most frequently regarding the differences between his modern approach to policing and the more old-fashioned way of his colleagues. It is unclear whether he is insane, in a coma, or if he really has travelled back in time.


title: Ashes to Ashes (TV series)

paragraphs: Ashes to Ashes is a British television crime drama series set in London. It is a sequel to the 2006-2007 series "Life on Mars". It is a Kudos Film & Television production for the BBC, and was broadcast on BBC One. It was first shown on 7 February 2008.

paragraphs: Philip Glenister, who plays Gene Hunt, has said in an interview that "he does not think any show featuring his character should be made afterwards."

paragraphs: The second series was broadcast from 20 April - 8 June 2009. The third, final series was shown from 2 April to 21 May 2010.


title: John Simm

paragraphs: John Ronald Simm (born 10 July 1970 in Leeds, West Riding of Yorkshire) is an English actor and musician. He grew up mainly in Lancashire. His roles include two BAFTA award-winning BBC Wales dramas: as Sam Tyler in the drama "Life on Mars" and as the Master in the long-running science fiction series "Doctor Who". He has appeared in many popular television dramas such as "The Lakes", "State of Play" and two BAFTA award-winning serials; "Clocking Off" and "Sex Traffic". His movie roles include "Human Traffic" and "24 Hour Party People". He was nominated for the Olivier and Theatergoer's Choice Award for the best Actor 2008.

paragraphs: Besides acting, Simm was a founding member, songwriter and guitarist with the rock band Magic Alex.

paragraphs: Simm married actress Kate Magowan in April 2004 in the Forest of Dean. They have a son and a daughter. Simm is a strong supporter of Manchester United.


title: Butters Stotch

paragraphs: Leopold "Butters" Stotch (voiced by Matt Stone) is a popular fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". His nickname is a play on the word "butterscotch". The creators have said in more than one DVD commentaries that Butters is one of their "top 3 favorite characters". Butters is based on Eric Stough, the animation director of the show.


title: Stan Marsh

paragraphs: Stanley Randall "Stan" Marsh is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". He is voiced by the series co-creator Trey Parker. He is also one of the four main characters in the series with Eric Cartman, Kenny McCormick, and Kyle Broflovski. Stan is usually known as the serious and sensitive person of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations.

paragraphs: Stan's character is loosely based on the personality of co-creator Trey Parker. He is best friends with Kyle Broflovski and their friendship is important in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in "Cherokee Hair Tampons", "Cartmanland" and "Super Best Friends". He has a girlfriend, Wendy Testaburger.

paragraphs: Stan lives in the fictional town of South Park, Colorado. He and his friends are fourth graders and go to the same elementary school. He lives with his father Randy Marsh who is a geologist, his mother Sharon Marsh, and his older sister Shelley who usually abuses him. He also has asthma. Stan is modeled after his voice actor Trey Parker, and has the same birthday with him on October 19.


title: Old Norse language

paragraphs: Old Norse is a Germanic language that was spoken in Scandinavia, during the Viking Age, until about 1300. It was also spoken in Iceland, the Faeroe Islands, Orkney Islands and other places that Scandinavians started settlements (similar to colonies).

paragraphs: Modern Icelandic is the modern language that is the closest to Old Norse when written. Another language that is close to Old Norse, is Elfdalian. Other languages that come from Old Norse are Swedish, Danish, Faroese, and Norwegian.


title: Because We Want To

paragraphs: "Because We Want To" is a pop song performed by British singer Billie. The song was written by Wendy Page, Jim Marr, D. Rambo and J. Richmond, and produced by Page and Marr for Billie's first album "Honey to the B" (1998). It was Billie's first single on 29 June 1998 and reached the top ten in Ireland and Sweden. In the UK, the song reached number one and Billie became the youngest artist to release a number one single in the country in over forty years. It was the official song of the 1999 Women's World Cup.


title: Honey to the B

paragraphs: Honey to the B is the first album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 1998 (see 1998 in music). Billie (she was known at the time only by her first name) was the first British female singer to have a first single start at #1 on the UK pop charts.


title: Scratchy and Co

paragraphs: Scratchy and Co was a CITV television series. It was shown over the different times in the mid to late 1990s:

paragraphs: It replaced "What's Up Doc?" as the Saturday morning ITV show.

paragraphs: It starred Mark Speight as "Scratchy" and Elliot Henderson-Boyle as "Reg". The main gimmick of the series was Speight and Henderson-Boyle wearing "solid rubber wigs" and very unusual jackets. A stylistic of this was similar to "Max Headroom".


title: Day & Night (song)

paragraphs: "Day & Night" is a single by Billie Piper, released in 2000. The song was Piper's 3rd UK #1 single.


title: Walk of Life (Billie Piper song)

paragraphs: Walk of Life is the second album by pop singer Billie Piper, released in 2000. Piper's second album did not match the successful start in terms of album sales despite producing three Top 30 singles - "Day and Night" went to #1 and "Something Deep Inside" managed to get to #4 and "Walk of Life" finishing at #25 on the UK charts.

paragraphs: Despite good reviews, the album was not released in the US. Piper then decided have a break from the music industry and concentrate on acting.


title: BBC Parliament

paragraphs: BBC Parliament is a British television channel from the BBC. It broadcasts live and recorded coverage of the British House of Commons and House of Lords, the Northern Ireland Assembly, the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly, and occasionally from the General Synod of the Church of England. The channel Does Not broadcast reports from the European Parliament. It Is Available On Sky Channel 504, Terrestrial (Freeview) Channel 230 and Virgin Media Channel 609.

paragraphs: Before being taken over by the BBC, the channel was known as The Parliamentary Channel (from 1992-1998).


title: County Westmeath

paragraphs: Westmeath is a county in the middle of Ireland. Westmeath and Meath once formed a fifth province in Ireland known as Mide. Westmeath is known as the lakeland county. Its main town is Mullingar.


title: Roy Scheider

paragraphs: Roy Richard Scheider (November 10, 1932 – February 10, 2008) was an Academy Award- and Golden Globe-nominated American actor. He was best known for his role as police chief Martin Brody in the 1975 movie "Jaws", his Academy Award nominated role (but he did not win the award) as Joe Gideon in the movie "All That Jazz", and as Captain Nathan Bridger in Steven Spielberg's Emmy Award winning television series "seaQuest DSV." He played "Heywood Floyd " in the 1984 film "2010".

paragraphs: Scheider's mother was an Irish-American Roman Catholic; his father was a German-American Protestant. Scheider had a daughter from his first marriage, and a son and daughter from his second marriage. He had a form of cancer called multiple myeloma, and died of an staphylococcal infection, aged 75.


title: Platform game

paragraphs: A platform game, or platformer, is a genre of video game. Platformer gameplay is about jumping between platforms or over obstacles. The player controls these jumps and must use skill to avoid their character falling off of platforms or missing jumps. This kind of gameplay, even in other genres, is called "platforming". Games where jumping is not controlled by the player, such as "", are not thought of as platform games.

paragraphs: Platform games began as 2D in the early 1980s, and 3D platformers became popular in the mid-1990s. The name describes games where jumping on platforms is a large part of the gameplay. However, platforming is not a pure genre, and often there are other types of genres mixed into it. For example, in a game like "Metroid", the player controls a character not only to navigate obstacles, but to fight enemies.

paragraphs: As long as the actually jumping remains a main part of the gameplay, the game can still correctly be called a platformer. Because of this, there are many different types of platformers.


title: Relaxation

paragraphs: Relaxation is a process or behavior where someone relaxes. The goal is to become calmer and less anxious, stressed or angered. Relaxation can also lower muscle tension, blood pressure and slow heart and breath rates, among other health benefits.


title: Piranha

paragraphs: The piranha (also known as the caribe) is a ferocious, schooling, fresh-water fish. It is native to warm lowland streams and lakes in South America, east of the Andes Mountains. Piranhas have been introduced to other places, including Northern Brazil, Hawaii, and parts of Central and North America. There are many species of piranha; they belong to the genera "Pygocentrus" and "Serrasalmus". They reproduce by laying eggs.

paragraphs: Piranhas are opportunistic carnivores (flesh-eaters). They eat aquatic and land animals that are in the water. Some of the prey includes fish, mollusks, crustaceans, insects, birds, lizards, amphibians, rodents, and carrion (dead meat that they find). These fish are diurnal (most active during the day).

paragraphs: Many animals prey upon piranhas (especially young piranhas), including other piranhas, caimans, water snakes, turtles, birds, otters, and people.


title: Maximilian Kolbe

paragraphs: Maximilian Maria Kolbe (originally christened Raymund) (1894-1941) is a Catholic saint. He was a Polish Franciscan who worked in Poland and Nagasaki, Japan. He died in Auschwitz because he wanted to save another prisoner. Maximilian saved the life of that prisoner. Maximilian is remembered on August 14, the date of his death. The first-class relics of St Maximilian Kolbe are preserved and distributed by the friary of Niepokalanów, establish by St Maximilian in Poland.

paragraphs: Kolbe was smuggled to a prison hospital to try to stop beatings and lashings as part of being a priest. One day three prisoners disappeared from the camp and then the deputy camp commander decided to choose ten men at random to be starved to death to prevent any more escapes.

paragraphs: One of the men, Franciszek Gajowniczek, cried out, "My wife! My children!" When Kolbe heard this he volunteered to take his place.

paragraphs: After two weeks of starvation and dehydration Kolbe was the only one of ten men that was still alive. He was always standing or kneeling in the middle of the cell looking very calm whenever the guards arrived. The guards then decided to give a lethal injection as he was still alive. Kolbe then raised his arm and waited for this deadly injection.


title: Hans Kleppen

paragraphs: Hans Kleppen (March 16, 1907 – April 12, 2009) was a Norwegian who was a ski jumper in the 1920s. He won a bronze medal at the 1929 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships in Zakopane.

paragraphs: Kleppen, from Bø i Telemark, became 100 years old in March 2007 and, having been part of the 1928 Winter Olympics, was Norway's oldest living Olympian.


title: In the End

paragraphs: "In The End" is a song by Linkin Park. It appeared on their first album, "Hybrid Theory". It was the fourth single from the album.


title: In Utero (album)

paragraphs: In Utero is the third and last studio album by the American rock band Nirvana and was released on September 21, 1993, by DGC Records. Nirvana wanted the album to be very different from their last album "Nevermind" and have a less clean sound. The album was recorded at Pachyderm Studio in Cannon Falls, Minnesota over two weeks with the producer Steve Albini. Producer Scott Litt also made small changes to the sound that Albini had produced.

paragraphs: When the album was released, it went into the "Billboard" 200 at number one and was well liked by critics. Since its release, the album has sold over 15 million copies.


title: Scentless Apprentice

paragraphs: "Scentless Apprentice" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was on their third album, "In Utero", and a live version was on their live album, "From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah". Most of their songs were only written by the singer Kurt Cobain, but this song was written by all three members of the band.

paragraphs: The song was written in 1992. The band originally did not like the song, because it was too much of a generic grunge song, however they soon began to like it. They even thought of releasing it as the second single from "In Utero" (after "Heart-Shaped Box") but this never happened.

paragraphs: The song is about a book that Kurt Cobain read, "". The book and the song are about a boy who is born without body odor but has a strong sense of smell. Soon he becomes a murderer who kills female victims.

paragraphs: In the television show "Lost", "Scentless Apprentice" is playing on one of the characters' car radios.


title: Japan Media Arts Festival

paragraphs: The Japan Media Arts Festival is a festival held in Japan. They give awards for art, entertainment, animation, and manga.


title: Kenny McCormick

paragraphs: Kenny McCormick is a fictional character in the animated television series "South Park". Kenny comes from a very poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys. The others often ask him to explain sexual terms they do not understand. Kenny's voice is hard to understand because of his parka. This is done mainly because the things he says are usually vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle, and Cartman can understand him clearly.

paragraphs: It was an on-going part during the earlier episodes of the series that Kenny dies in most of the episodes. His death is not permanent. He usually returned for the next episode but characters rarely talk about him having ever died. Kenny's face is always somewhat hidden by his parka or other things that can cover his face.


title: Pedagogy

paragraphs: Pedagogy is the art or science of being a teacher and of learning.

paragraphs: The word pedagogy comes from the Greek word "paidagōgeō", which means "to lead the child." In Ancient Greece, rich men had a slave to instruct their sons as a tutor, or to take them to the academy. Girls were almost entirely home schooled but many boys went to school even if they had a tutor.

paragraphs: An academic degree is sometimes given for pedagogy. In the United States of America and Great Britain, you can earn a degree in education at the Bachelor's (undergraduate; BA or BS) or Master's (graduate; MA or MS) level. You can also earn an advanced degree called either a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), or a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.); you can also get a degree for specific things, like a Doctor of Music degree in piano pedagogy.

paragraphs: Some people do not like the idea of pedagogy. They say that learning is something that a person does for themselves, not something that a person imposes on a person. Pedagogy is mainly credited and acknowledged in Western society, but not regarded as a good thing in some Eastern secular and fundamentalist societies.


title: Penal colony

paragraphs: A penal colony is a settlement used to hold prisoners and use them for working in part of the state's (usually colonial) territories. This is much bigger than a prison farm. A famous penal colony was Devil's Island in French Guiana. The British Empire used its colonies in North America as penal colonies for more than 150 years. The first British settlements in Australia were started as penal colonies.

paragraphs: Life in penal colony was often very hard, sometimes including severe physical punishment. Some prisoners were sentenced for the rest of their natural lives. Many died from hunger, disease, neglect, working too hard, or trying to escape.

paragraphs: In the penal colony system, prisoners were sent far away to stop escapes and to make it hard to get home after their prison term finished. Penal colonies were often in unsettled lands, especially places where no else wanted to work or live. The prisoners' unpaid work would help the government develop new areas without spending a lot of money.

paragraphs: The British used parts of North America as a penal colony. Convicts would be transported by private companies and sold by auction to plantation owners. About 50,000 British convicts were sent to colonial America. This was about one quarter of British settlers during the 1700s.

paragraphs: After the American Revolution, Britain had to find somewhere else to send its prisoners. They established Sydney, Norfolk Island, Van Diemen's Land and Western Australia as big penal colonies.

paragraphs: In colonial India, the British had made various penal colonies. Two of the most infamous ones are on the Andaman islands and Hijli Detention Camp. In the early days of settlement, Singapore was sent Indian convicts. Their job was to clear the jungles for settlement and early public works.


title: Convict

paragraphs: A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison". The word is sometimes abbreviated as "con". After a conviction, convicts often become prisoners in a prison. People convicted and sentenced but not sent to prison are not usually called "convicts". An ex-convict (or short: ex-con) is a person who has been let out of prison.

paragraphs: In past centuries many convicts were send to penal colonies. Many British convicts were sent to the Thirteen Colonies as cheap workers, but that stopped after the War of Independence. After this, convicts were transported to Australia in 1788, the very start of European settlement. They were used as cheap workers. Transportation was stopped in 1868. British convicts were also sent to Canada and India.

paragraphs: France also sent convicts to French Guiana and New Caledonia, and Russia sent them to Siberia.


title: Corpora cavernosa

paragraphs: Corpora cavernosa are regions of biological tissue that are erectile (become hardened when they fill with blood). They are found in both men and women.

paragraphs: The corpus cavernosum penis is found in the penis. It is found in pairs which contain most of the blood in the male penis during erection. The two corpus cavernosa, along with the corpus spongiosum are the areas of tissue along the length of the penis.

paragraphs: The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is similar to the male corpus cavernosum. The body of the clitoris contains biological tissue that helps to create an erection. As in men, this tissue comes in a pair of corpora cavernosa. However, the female has no corpus spongiosum. Instead, there are two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina.


title: Hamming code

paragraphs: A hamming code is an error-correcting block code. The code is named after Richard Hamming who developed it in the 1950s. At the time, Hamming worked with machines that had relays and used punched cards to read the data. Because they were heavily used, the punched cards often had errors, which needed to be corrected by employees.

paragraphs: Hamming codes are used for digital signal processing and telecommunications. Hamming codes are generated according to certain rules. Hamming codes use multiple parity bits. A parity bit tells whether a group of bits is even or odd. In a hamming code, each bit of data is covered by several parity bits. This allows to detect errors, and in certain cases, to correct them as well. A hamming code uses redundancy. If there are three parity bits per code word, the code word must have a length of 7 (formula_1, for k as the number of parity bits). This leaves 4 bits of user data per code word, in the example. Usually, this is written as (N,n), where the first number is the total length of a code word, and the second is the number of bits for user data. The example above is (7,4).

paragraphs: The shortest possible Hamming code is (3,1), 2 parity bits are used for one data bit. This code has two valid values "000" and "111" - The codes "001", "010" and "100" are transmission errors, and will be assigned to the valid code word "000". The other possibilities "011","101" and "110" will be changed to "'111".


title: Benelux

paragraphs: The Benelux is an economic union in Western Europe. It includes three neighboring monarchies, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg. They are in the north western European region between France and Germany. The name is formed from the beginning of each country's name. The Benelux region has a total population of about 27,562,220 and occupies an area of about 74,640 km² (28,819 sq mi).

paragraphs: The treaty establishing the Benelux Customs Union was signed on 5 September 1944, by the governments in exile of the three countries in London, and entered into force in 1948. It ceased to exist on 1 November 1960, when it was replaced by the "Benelux Economic Union" after a treaty signed in The Hague on 3 February 1958. It was preceded by the (still existent) Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union, established on 25 July 1921. Its founding contributed to the founding of the European Union (EU).

paragraphs: A Benelux Parliament (originally referred to as "Interparliamentary Consultative Council") was created in 1955. This parliamentary assembly is composed of 21 members of the Dutch parliament, 21 members of the Belgian national and regional parliaments, and 7 members of the Luxembourgish parliament. The treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union ("Benelux Economische Unie/Union Économique Benelux") was signed 3 February 1958 and came into force in 1960 to promote the free movement of workers, capital, services, and goods in the region. Its secretariat-general is located in Brussels.

paragraphs: In 1965, the treaty establishing a Benelux Court of Justice was signed. It entered into force in 1975. The Court, composed of judges from the highest courts of the three States, has to guarantee the uniform interpretation of common legal rules. This international judicial institution is in Brussels.

paragraphs: The Benelux is particularly active in the field of intellectual property. The three countries established a Benelux Trademarks Office and a Benelux Designs Office, both situated in The Hague. In 2005, they concluded a treaty establishing a Benelux Organisation for Intellectual Property which replaced both offices upon its entry into force on 1 September 2006.

paragraphs: Dutch and French are the official languages of the Benelux and its institutions. Out of the total of 27.2 million people living in the member states 22.5 million (83 percent) speak Dutch and 3.9 million (14%) speak French, of whom 3.4 million are Walloons and 0.5 million are Luxembourgians (that speak German and Luxembourgish), whereas 3% is bilingual Dutch-French.

paragraphs: In 2000, Belgium and the Netherlands jointly hosted the UEFA European Championship. In June 2007, representatives of the three countries announced they would be, as a "single country", bidding for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: The treaty establishing the Benelux Economic Union expired in 2010. It has been replaced by a new legal framework, also dealing with matters of sustainable development, judiciary and internal affairs.


title: Corpus cavernosum clitoridis

paragraphs: The corpus cavernosum clitoridis is one of two sponge-like tissue found in the body of the clitoris. It is similar to the corpus cavernosum penis in the male.

paragraphs: The female has no corpus spongiosum, but instead two vestibular bulbs beneath the skin at the entrance to the vagina, which expand at the same time as the glans clitoris.

paragraphs: Each corpus is connected to the blood vessels of the pubic bone and hip bone by the clitoris.

paragraphs: Sometimes, release of nitric oxide relaxes muscles around the vagina, called sexual arousal. More blood flows in through the corpus cavernosum and the clitoris is filled with blood. This leads to better sensitivity.


title: ZFS

paragraphs: ZFS is a file system that has been developed by Sun Microsystems for Solaris. It was developed with very large disks (and disk collections) in mind. It has built in support for snapshots and logical volumes.-The file system also supports advanced concepts like RAID. In addition to Solaris, ZFS has been ported to other versions of Unix, including Linux and FreeBSD. FreeBSD and Solaris use ZFS as the default root filesystem. Ubuntu ships with ZFS available in its kernel, although it is not the default for the root filesystem.


title: Ariel Winter

paragraphs: Ariel Winter is an American child actress. Winter started her acting career in 2005. She has acted in the television show "Modern Family" since 2009.


title: Killswitch Engage

paragraphs: Killswitch Engage is an American metalcore band from Massachusetts. The band is signed to Roadrunner Records and has released six albums and one live DVD. Currently, the band is in the studio with producer Brendan O'Brein working on their 5th studio album, Killswitch Engage. Their current line-up consists of Howard Jones, Adam Dutkiewicz, Mike D'antonio, Joel Stroetzel, and Justin Foley. On stage, they are known for their humorous antics while performing.

paragraphs: In December 2013 Killswitch Engage were nominated for Best Metal Performance at the 2014 Grammy Awards for their song "In Due Time".


title: Harvest Moon 64

paragraphs: Harvest Moon 64, known in Japan as , is a farm simulation video game made by Victor Interactive Software and published in North America by Natsume Co., Ltd. It's about a farmer who has to build a great farm before three years is up. The player can also try to get married and have a baby.


title: Roadrunner Records

paragraphs: Roadrunner Records is an American record label. The company mainly deals with heavy metal bands. They are a subsidiary of Warner Music Group.


title: Harvest Moon (video game)

paragraphs: Harvest Moon, known in Japan as , is a farm simulation video game made by Pack-In-Video and published by Natsume in North America and Nintendo in PAL regions. It's about a farmer who has to make a great farm before the game reaches the end. He can also get married and have a baby.


title: Wii Music

paragraphs: Wii Music is a music video game that was made by Nintendo for the Wii game console. It was supervised by Kōji Kondō along with others.


title: Face (movie)

paragraphs: Face is a 1997 British crime drama thriller movie. It was directed by Antonia Bird and written by Ronan Bennett. The movie stars Robert Carlyle and Ray Winstone and features the rock singer Damon Albarn (Blur, Gorillaz) in his first acting job.


title: Incesticide

paragraphs: Incesticide is a compilation album by the American grunge band, Nirvana. This album features many of their B-Sides and demos of their songs. On the back of the CD, Kurt Cobain spells his name wrong. He spells it "Kurdt Cobain."


title: Rape Me

paragraphs: "Rape Me" is a song by the American grunge band, Nirvana. It was the second single from their last album, "In Utero". But there was much controversy about the song, so the single was a double-A-side single. The other song was "All Apologies."

paragraphs: There was much controversy about the title of the song. Although many people were shocked about it, Kurt Cobain, the writer of the song, said that the song is about a man who rapes a woman. He is sent to prison for it, and he is raped there. There was a music video that was planned to be made. It was going to be set in a women's prison. However, Nirvana needed a break from the controversy and did not make it.


title: Palm, Inc.

paragraphs: Palm, Inc. is an American computer company. It makes small handheld computers. Most of their computers have a handwriting recognition function called "Graffiti". This is a part of the screen that can understand what is written on it. Palm computers can store contacts, addresses, notes, and many other things. Another feature, called "Hotsync", allows the user to have their personnal computer and Palm connect to each other and be updated.

paragraphs: On April 28, 2010, Hewlett-Packard announced that it had agreed to buy Palm for $1.4 billion.

paragraphs: Palm, Inc. has had its name changed several times. When they started out, they were called Palm Computing Inc. Later, in 2000, they changed their name to Palm, Inc. In 2004, Palm changed their name to PalmOne, but later in 2005 they switched back to Palm, Inc.


title: Mickey Rooney

paragraphs: Mickey Rooney (born Joseph Yule; September 23, 1920 – April 6, 2014) was an American movie actor and entertainer.

paragraphs: In his career, he won many awards, such as an Oscar, a Golden Globe and an Emmy Award. Best known for his work as the Andy Hardy character, Rooney had one of the longest movie careers of any actor.

paragraphs: Rooney married eight times and had nine children. He separated from his eighth wife in 2012.

paragraphs: Rooney died after a long illness on April 6, 2014 at his home in North Hollywood, California. He was 93 years old.


title: Donkey Kong (handheld game)

paragraphs: The gameplay in the first 4 levels is the same as the first "Donkey Kong" game, but then it becomes more like the "Mario vs. Donkey Kong" game in the next levels.


title: Meteora

paragraphs: The Metéora (, "suspended rocks", "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above") is the name for a number of monasteries in Greece. Several Eastern Orthodox monasteries are part of the complex, located in Kalambaka, Greece. The site is almost as important as Mount Athos. The monasteries are built on natural sandstone rock pillars, at the northwestern edge of the Plain of Thessaly near the Peneios river and Pindus Mountains, in central Greece. The Metéora is home to six monasteries and is included on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Metéora's criteria for the UNESCO World Heritage Site are I, II, IV, V and VII.


title: Syllogism

paragraphs: A syllogism is a deduction. It is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the "conclusion") is inferred from two or more others (the premises). The idea is an invention of Aristotle.

paragraphs: In the "Prior Analytics", Aristotle defines the syllogism as "a discourse in which, certain things having been supposed, something different from the things supposed results of necessity because these things are so". (24b18–20)

paragraphs: Each proposition must have some form of the verb 'to be' in it. A categorical syllogism is like a little machine built of three parts: the major premise, the minor premise and the conclusion. Each of these parts is a proposition and, from the first two, the "truth value" of the third part is decided.

paragraphs: Each of the three distinct terms represents a category. In the above example, "men," "mortal," and "Greeks." "Mortal" is the major term; "Greeks", the minor term. The premises also have one term in common with each other, which is known as the "middle term"; in this example, "man." Both of the premises are universal, as is the conclusion.

paragraphs: Here, the major term is "die", the minor term is "men," and the middle term is "mortals". The major premise is universal; the minor premise and the conclusion are particular. Aristotle studied different syllogisms and identified valid syllogisms as syllogisms with conclusion true if both premises are true. The examples above are valid syllogisms.

paragraphs: A sorites is a form of argument in which a series of incomplete syllogisms is so arranged that the predicate of each premise forms the subject of the next until the subject of the first is joined with the predicate of the last in the conclusion. For example, if one argues that a given number of grains of sand does not make a heap and that an additional grain does not either, then to conclude that no additional amount of sand will make a heap is to construct a sorites argument.

paragraphs: The syllogism was replaced by first-order logic after the work of Gottlob Frege, published in 1879. This logic is suitable for mathematics, computers, linguistics and other subjects, because it uses numbers (quantified variables) instead of sentences.


title: Disgaea: Hour of Darkness

paragraphs: Disgaea: Hour of Darkness, known in Japan as , is a tactical role-playing video game made by Nippon Ichi for the PlayStation 2 game console. It was published in North America by Atlus, and in PAL regions by Koei. It was later re-released for the PlayStation Portable with extra content, and again on the Nintendo DS. It's about a demon named Laharl, another demon named Etna, and an angel named Flonne. It has two sequels called "" and "", though the characters in this game are not the main characters in those games. It's linked to a game that was out earlier called "", and later games that were made called "Phantom Brave" and "" that have "Disgaea" cameos. It has an anime called "Makai Senki Disgaea".

paragraphs: The game is based in a place called the Netherworld, where demons live. The game also goes outside of the Netherworld to Celestia, a place where angels live, and Earth.

paragraphs: "Disgaea" starts in a castle where the player controls Laharl. He or she can buy weapons, armor, accessories, and items, cure their team at a hospital, go to a place called Item World, go to a place called the Dark Assembly, or go to another place through a portal.

paragraphs: The main gameplay is a turn-based strategy role-playing game. The characters start from a blue portal on the level, and the player can take up to ten people out for a battle. The level is on a grid, and each character can move a certain number of spaces. The player can do many things after they are out of the portal, like attacking, defending, or throwing someone.

paragraphs: There are many kinds of items like weapons, armors, accessories, and help items.

paragraphs: There are two main kinds of character types - human-shaped characters, like Humans, Angels, and Demons who look like humans, and Monster characters, which are demons who do not look like humans.

paragraphs: The Item World is a world where the player can send the characters into an item. The levels in the Item World are randomly made, and at every ten floors, there's a more powerful enemy and an exit. The more floors the player goes to, the stronger the item gets. In Item World, there are also characters called Specialists. If one of the player's characters kills them, they are captured, and make the item more powerful in some ways. For example, if the player captures a Gladiator, the item boosts the attack power of who's holding it.

paragraphs: The Dark Assembly is a place where Laharl can go to propose a law, which include a law that gets more expensive

paragraphs: The PlayStation 2 version of "Disgaea" got an award from IGN for "Best Game no one Played" in 2003.


paragraphs: Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure is a 2003 American direct-to-video animated movie, and the sequel to the 1973 movie "Charlotte's Web". The movie was released in the United States on March 18, 2003. The movie was produced by Paramount Pictures, Universal Pictures, Universal Animation Studios, and Nickelodeon; and distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment in North America and Universal Studios Home Entertainment overseas.

paragraphs: The movie is about a pig named Wilbur, who lives on a farm and has to take care of three young spiders, who are the daughters of the older spider Charlotte who died in the first movie. He must also save his new friend, a friendly black lamb named Cardigan, from being eaten an evil fox named Farley. The sequel was not received very well, with Robert Pardi of TV Guide stating that the movie does not capture the heart and spirit of the original. He also criticized the animation (which he called mediocre, or bad). Mike Long of DVD Talk also said that the animation was mediocre and resembled a Saturday morning cartoon, and that the story was lame.

paragraphs: The movie starts in springtime, about a year after Charlotte has died. Charlotte's three daughters, Nellie, Aranea, and Joy, are now teenagers, with Wilbur taking care of them. During this time, Wilbur becomes friends with a newborn lamb named Cardigan, who is rejected by the other lambs and the younger sheep of his flock because he has black wool. Wilbur takes Cardigan under his wing and shows him the farm, the ways of animal life, and dangers to look out for. However, after only a few weeks, farmer Zuckerman suddenly sells Cardigan to another farmer, so Wilbur, along with Charlotte's daughters and Templeton the Rat, set out to visit Cardigan and make sure he is okay.

paragraphs: However, Wilbur is hungry so he gets some grapes which make him look purple. Some bark from the trees comes and lands on his head. This makes him look like a wild pig. A near hit by a car then reveals that two other guys have now seen the wild pig. This makes it hard for Wilbur to visit Cardigan.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, an evil fox named Farley comes and steals a hen from the barn. Farley comes and steals Cardigan from the barn, and plans to eat him. Wilbur now must save his friend, and does so by trapping him in a "pig web". Charlotte's daughters spin the word "fox" in a spider web, and Fern arrives just in time to save Wilbur. The fox, while not shown, is probably disposed of. Aranea and Joy decide to stay with Cardigan, and the movie ends as Wilbur has to baby sit Templeton's kids. He had promised to do this earlier when Templeton had to get Wilbur out of some brambles bushes, which also helped make him look like a wild pig.

paragraphs: Robert Pardi of TV Guide reviewed the movie saying "This 20-years-later follow-up fails to capture the zest (heart/spirt) of the original cartoon, transforming (turning) E. B. White's beloved characters into cute sidekicks worthy of Barney." He also said the animation was poor (bad). Mike long, of DVD Talk, reviewed the movie saying "The lame story isn't helped by the mediocre (bad) at best animation. The art has no real style and could have come from any Saturday morning cartoon. He continuously called the movie different and humorus names: "Charlotte's Web 2: The Quickening", "Charlotte's Web 2: Dead by Dawn", "Charlotte's Web 2: Island of Lost Dreams", "Charlotte's Web 2: The Nightmare Isn't Over", "Charlotte's Web 2: When Nature Calls", and "Charlotte's Web 2: The Wrath of Khan". He went on to say that "as "Charlotte's Web" is one of my all-time favorite stories, I had a great interest in "Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure". However, what I found was a bargain-basement sequel that does nothing to advance the original stories or characters. The DVD offers a very nice transfer, but the extras are pointless. There will be no spiders claiming that this is "Some DVD"." Out of five stars, he gave the content a one, the video a four, the audio a four, the extras a one, and the overall reply a one, with the advice to skip it. The one reviewer on Rotten Tomatoes that weighed in on the movie, Brian Webster of apolloguide.com, gave it rotten as well. Their summery of their review was "This is the sort of bland adventure that kids will have seen a hundred times before, with not-so-tense near-misses and not-so-exciting chases along the way."


title: 1 Maccabees

paragraphs: The Book of 1 Maccabees (pronounced First Maccabees) is a book of the Bible written in Hebrew around the year 100 BC by a Jewish author. It is part of the Old Testament in Catholic and Orthodox Christianity but is generally not seen as canonical in Protestantism. It talks about the period in Jewish history between 175 BC and 134 BC, when the Seleucid Empire ruled over Israel and forced their culture and religion onto the Jewish people. Angry at these developments, many Jews rebelled against the imperialists and overthrew the tyranny. Their struggles and battles form the majority of the Book of 1 Maccabees.


title: Prahova County

paragraphs: Prahova () is a county (judeţ) of Romania, in the historical region of Muntenia. The capital of Prahova County is Ploieşti.

paragraphs: Prahova County has an area of 4,716 square kilometers. The main river in Prahova County is the Prahova River.

paragraphs: Prahova County has 2 municipalities, 12 towns and 90 communes.


title: Lizzie McGuire

paragraphs: Lizzie McGuire is an American children's situation comedy television show. It was shown from 2001 through 2004 on the Disney Channel. It is about the life of a young girl (Hilary Duff as Lizzie McGuire) growing up. There was a 2003 film based on the show called "The Lizzie McGuire Movie". There was also a series of books, a magazine and toys. The soundtrack to the show was released on CD and sold a million copies.


title: Izvoarele, Prahova

paragraphs: Izvoarele is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.


title: Talea, Prahova

paragraphs: Talea is a commune of Prahova County, Romania.


title: Comarnic

paragraphs: Comarnic is a town of Prahova County in Romania. About 13,000 people live in Comarnic.


title: Azuga

paragraphs: Azuga is a town in the mountains of Prahova County in the Wallachian area of Romania. Azuga is found at the base of the Bucegi Mountains. About 5,200 people live in Azuga as of the year 2002. The town is a very busy and active ski resort.


title: Breaza

paragraphs: Breaza is a town in Prahova County, Romania. About 18,800 people live in Breaza as of the year 2002.


title: Suceava

paragraphs: Suceava is the capital city of Suceava County, in Romania. 107,513 people were living in Suceava as of July 1, 2004.


title: Baiu Mountains

paragraphs: The Baiu Mountains are a group of mountains in the central part of Romania. They are part of the Eastern Carpathians.


title: Valea Doftanei

paragraphs: Valea Doftanei is a commune in Prahova County, Romania.


title: Harghita County

paragraphs: Harghita (; ; ) is a county (judeţ) in the central part of Romania, in the eastern part of Transylvania. The capital of Harghita County is Miercurea-Ciuc.

paragraphs: Harghita County has an area of 6,639 square kilometers.

paragraphs: Two of the most important rivers in Romania, the Mureş River and the Olt River, start in Harghita County.

paragraphs: Harghita County has 4 municipalities, 5 towns, and 58 communes.


title: Frumoasa, Harghita

paragraphs: Frumoasa is a commune in Harghita County, Romania.


title: Remetea, Bihor

paragraphs: Remetea is a commune in Bihor County, in the western of Romania.


title: Pietroasa, Bihor

paragraphs: Pietroasa is a commune in Bihor County, in the northwestern part of Romania. About 3,300 people live in Pietroasa.


title: Reprise Records

paragraphs: Reprise Records is an American record label, founded in 1960 by Frank Sinatra, which is owned by Warner Music Group, and operated through Warner Bros. Records. Reprise is best known for recording Green Day since 1994.

paragraphs: Reprise was formed in 1960 by Frank Sinatra in order to allow more artistic freedom for his own recordings. He had earlier been with Capitol Records, but was upset when Capitol issued an album, "Come Fly with Me", whose cover had a picture of him in front of an airplane with a Trans-World Airlines (TWA) logo. He believed Capitol and TWA were profiting together from his image, and left him out.

paragraphs: Reprise's artists included Sinatra's longtime friend Dean Martin, who was a singer and comedian, with a popular television show. Sinatra's daughter, Nancy Sinatra, became a recording artist and singer, and signed with her father's label. (His advice to her, whoever she signed with, was to "Own your own masters", and she did that. Years later, her was valuable, and she earned more money from her records than if she was not their owner.) Reprise also released records by Jimi Hendrix, and later Neil Young.


title: Rob Cavallo

paragraphs: Rob Cavallo (born March 21, 1963) is a record producer. He both signed and produced Green Day. He has made a number of other albums. He is now a senior vice-president at Reprise Records.


title: Selling out

paragraphs: Selling out means giving away one's integrity, morality and principles in exchange for money, 'success' or other personal gain. Some people think that it happens in art when what they think is weird becomes more like mainstream society, so it will make more money. Selling out is seen as getting success at the cost of credibility.


title: Longview (song)

paragraphs: "Longview" is the first major-label single released by punk band Green Day, from their 1994 album, "Dookie".


title: Basket Case (song)

paragraphs: "Basket Case" is a song by the band, Green Day from its third album "Dookie". The song ended up being a huge hit, spending five weeks at the top of the Modern Rock Tracks chart after it was released. The song was written by frontman Billie Joe Armstrong about his struggle with anxiety; before he was diagnosed with a panic disorder, and he thought he was going crazy.

paragraphs: It should be noted that, while the song was extremely popular in the United States, even reaching hit number 26 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay, the lack of a commercial single stopped the song from charting on the "Billboard" Hot 100|"Billboard" Hot 100]].


title: When I Come Around

paragraphs: "When I Come Around" is a 1994 single from Green Day's album, "Dookie". It was the final single from the album and it was #1 on the Modern Rock Tracks for seven weeks.


title: Hercules (constellation)

paragraphs: Hercules is a constellation in the northern part of the sky. It represents the mythological Hercules of Greek mythology. It was one of the 48 constellations listed by an astronomer known as Ptolemy around the year 150 CE. It is now one of the 88 modern constellations on the International Astronomical Union's list.


title: Aquila (constellation)

paragraphs: Aquila is a constellation. The name means 'eagle' in Latin. The constellation is normally represented as an eagle.

paragraphs: Aquila is just a few degrees North of the celestial equator. The constellation is best seen in the summer as it is along the Milky Way. Because of this location along the line of our galaxy, many clusters and nebulae are within its borders. However, they are dim and there are not many galaxies.

paragraphs: Aquila was one of the 48 constellations described by the 2nd century astronomer Ptolemy. It had been earlier mentioned by Eudoxus in the 4th century BC and Aratus in the 3rd century BC. It is now one of the 88 constellations defined by the International Astronomical Union.

paragraphs: The Greek Aquila is probably based on the Babylonian constellation of the Eagle (MUL.A.MUSHEN), which is in the same area as the Greek constellation.

paragraphs: Two major novae have been observed in Aquila. The first one was in 389 BC and was recorded as being as bright as Venus. The other was in 1918 and is known as (Nova Aquilae 1918). It briefly shone brighter than Altair, the brightest star in Aquila.

paragraphs: Three interesting planetary nebulae lie in Aquila:

paragraphs: In illustrations of Aquila that represent it as an eagle, a nearly straight line of three stars symbolizes part of the wings. The center and brightest of these three stars is Altair. The tips of the wings spread out to the southeast and northwest. The head of the eagle stretches off to the southwest.

paragraphs: In mythology, Aquila was owned by the Roman god Jupiter and did many tasks for him.

paragraphs: In a book by Gavin White, the Babylonian Eagle carried the constellation called the Dead Man (LU.USH) in its talons. The author also draws a comparison to the Classical stories of Antinous and Ganymede.

paragraphs: In classical Greek mythology, Aquila was identified as Αετός Δίας ("Aetos Dios"). He was the eagle that carried the thunderbolts of Zeus. He was sent by Zeus to carry the shepherd boy Ganymede to Mount Olympus. The constellation of Aquarius is sometimes identified with Ganymede.

paragraphs: In the Chinese love story of Qi Xi, Niu Lang (Altair) and his two children (β and γ Aquilae) are separated forever from their wife and mother Zhi Nu (Vega) who is on the far side of the river, the Milky Way.

paragraphs: In Hinduism, the constellation Aquila is identified with the half-eagle half-human deity Garuda.

paragraphs: In Chinese astronomy, ζ Aql is within the Heavenly Market Enclosure (天市垣, "Tiān Shì Yuán"), and the other stars of the constellation are placed within the Black Tortoise of the North (北方玄武, "Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ").


title: Libra (constellation)

paragraphs: Libra (, , symbol , Unicode ) is a constellation of the zodiac. It lies between Virgo to the west and Scorpius to the east. It once represented the claws of Scorpius.

paragraphs: The brightest stars in Libra form a rectangle:

paragraphs: α and β Librae are the scales' balance beam, and γ and σ are the weighing pans.

paragraphs: σ Librae was formerly known as γ Scorpii even though it is well inside the boundaries of Libra. It was not renamed as σ Librae until 1851 (by Benjamin A. Gould).


title: Scorpius

paragraphs: Scorpius (Latin for "scorpion", symbol , Unicode ♏) is one of the constellations of the zodiac. In western astrology it is also known as "Scorpio". It is a large constellation in the Southern Hemisphere near the center of the Milky Way.


title: Sagittarius (constellation)

paragraphs: The constellation Sagittarius (meaning "the Archer") is a group of stars in one area of the night sky. The stars are in the shape of a centaur archer. This constellation is part of the Western zodiac.

paragraphs: The Milky Way is at its densest near Sagittarius, as this is where the galactic center lies. Consequently, Sagittarius contains many star clusters and nebulae. One of the brightest of the star clusters is Messier 55, about 7.5° west of δ Sgr.

paragraphs: The complex radio source Sagittarius A is here. Astronomers believe that one of its components, known as Sagittarius A*, is associated with a supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy, with a mass of 2.6 million solar masses.


title: Ursa Major

paragraphs: Ursa Major is a constellation that can be seen in the northern hemisphere and part of the southern hemisphere. Its name means Great Bear in Latin. It was named that because many different groups of people around the world have thought that its stars look a lot like a bear with a long tail. It is often used as a symbol for "north".

paragraphs: Several bright galaxies are found in Ursa Major, including the pair Messier 81 (one of the brightest galaxies in the sky) and Messier 82 above the bear's head, and the Pinwheel galaxy (M101), a beautiful spiral galaxy northwest of the star η Ursae Majoris. Other well-known spiral galaxies are NGC 4102, NGC 4605, Messier 108 and Messier 109. The constellation has about 50 galaxies that can be seen with a small telescope. The Owl nebula, the brightest planetary nebula, can be found along the bottom of the bowl of the Big Dipper.

paragraphs: The seven stars in the upper-left corner of Ursa Major form an called the Big Dipper (or the Plough in Great Britain). This group has been recognized by almost all groups of people who live or lived in places where it can be seen in the sky and it is one of the best-known star patterns. The Big Dipper is helpful in finding the north star because an imaginary line drawn through the two stars on the right side will point directly at the north star. These two stars are called The Pointers and they are very important on navigation by stars.

paragraphs: All of the stars in the Big Dipper except Dubhe and Alkaid are moving toward the same point in the sky through proper motion. This group of stars is known as the Ursa Major Moving Group.


title: Ursa Minor

paragraphs: Ursa Minor is a constellation in the northern sky. It is often called the Little Bear or the Little Dipper. Just like the related constellation Ursa Major, or the Big Bear or Big Dipper, it seems to have a long handle leading to a cup or ladle. The end of the handle is the North Star, called Polaris.

paragraphs: The ancient astronomer Ptolemy included Ursa Minor in his list of 48 constellations. It is now one of the 88 modern constellations. Ursa Minor is special because it includes the north celestial pole. However, this will change after several hundred years because the Earth will change the direction of its axis. That movement is called precession

paragraphs: Ursa Minor is often called the Little Dipper because its seven brightest stars seem to be in the shape of a dipper (ladle or scoop). The star at the end of the dipper handle is Polaris, the North Star.

paragraphs: Polaris is the brightest star in the constellation. It is a 'yellow-white' supergiant shining at 2.02 apparent magnitude. It belongs to an unusual class of stars called Cepheid variables. The brightness of Polaris can change. The second brightest star is β UMi (Kochab). It is a 2.08 orange giant star.

paragraphs: The four stars in the "bowl" of the little dipper are very useful for star watchers. They are of second, third, fourth and fifth magnitude. These stars are an easy guide to knowing what magnitude stars are visible. This is helpful for people who live in cities where light can make dim stars hard to see. It is also a way of testing your eyesight.

paragraphs: There is one dwarf galaxy in the area of the constellation. It is called Ursa Minor Dwarf.

paragraphs: Drawings of Ursa Minor often show it as a baby bear with an unusually long tail. In some stories, the tail is so long because the baby bear was held by the tail and spun around the pole.

paragraphs: Greek mythology connected Ursa Minor and Ursa Major to the story of Callisto and Arcas. However, one older version of the story has Boötes in place of Arcas. In that story Ursa Minor was a dog. This earlier tradition explains both the length of the tail and an older name for Polaris. The North Star used to be called "Cynosura" which means the dog's tail.

paragraphs: In another story from early Greek mythology, the seven stars of the Little Dipper were seven sisters. They were Atlas' daughters, the Hesperides. They were part of a story with the nearby constellations Boötes, Ursa Major, and Draco.


title: Polaris (star)

paragraphs: Polaris (Alpha Ursae Minoris) is the Pole Star or North Star.

paragraphs: It is the brightest star in the constellation Ursa Minor. It is almost straight above Earth's North Pole. Because of this, when it is seen from Earth, it looks like it always stays in the same place in the sky. For centuries, sailors in the northern hemisphere used Polaris to help them figure out where they were on the ocean and what way they were moving.

paragraphs: Polaris is part of a triple star system. It has a very close dwarf binary, and a larger star, Polaris B, which orbits 2,400 AU away.

paragraphs: The main star, Polaris A, is a giant with 4.5 times the mass of the Sun and a diameter of 45 million kilometers. It is a classic Cepheid variable, the closest to us in the whole Milky Way. Polaris B can be seen even with a modest telescope. It was found by William Herschel in 1780 using one of the most powerful telescopes of the time: his own reflecting telescope. The nearby dwarf star, Ab, was predicted in 1929, but only seen quite recently. The dwarf orbits as close to A as Uranus is to our sun.

paragraphs: Even though Polaris is the North Star today, this has not always been the case. The place in the sky that the Earth's north pole points at changes slowly over time. This movement is called stellar precession. In 3000 BC, a faint star called Thuban in the constellation of Draco was the North Star. Polaris did not become the North Star until about AD 500. It will get closer to straight above the Earth's north pole until sometime in 2102. Then it will move away again. It will be the closest star to the pole until about AD 3000.

paragraphs: Surprisingly, considering its relative nearness, its distance is not yet known for certain. Many recent papers calculate the distance to Polaris at about 434 light-years (133 parsecs). However, some suggest it may be as much as 30% closer. If correct, this would be especially notable because Polaris is the closest Cepheid variable to Earth. Its physical parameters are critical to the whole astronomical distance scale.

paragraphs: There is no star in the southern hemisphere which plays a similar role to Polaris.


title: Hypercube

paragraphs: In geometry, a hypercube is an "n"-dimensional analogue of a square () and a cube (). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in "n" dimension is equal to formula_1.

paragraphs: An "n"-dimensional hypercube is also called an n"-cube or an n"-dimensional cube. The term "measure polytope" is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter (originally from Elte, 1912), but it has now been superseded.

paragraphs: The hypercube is the special case of a hyperrectangle (also called an "n-orthotope").

paragraphs: A unit hypercube is a hypercube whose side has length one unit. Often, the hypercube whose corners (or "vertices") are the 2 points in R with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called "the" unit hypercube.

paragraphs: A hypercube can be defined by increasing the numbers of dimensions of a shape:

paragraphs: This can be generalized to any number of dimensions. This process of sweeping out volumes can be formalized mathematically as a Minkowski sum: the "d"-dimensional hypercube is the Minkowski sum of "d" mutually perpendicular unit-length line segments, and is therefore an example of a zonotope.

paragraphs: The 1-skeleton of a hypercube is a hypercube graph.


title: Iron Man 2

paragraphs: Iron Man 2 is a 2010 American superhero film. It is based on the Marvel Comics character Iron Man. It is the sequel to 2008's "Iron Man", the second piece in film series. It is the third film released as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe.

paragraphs: This movie was directed by Jon Favreau and written by Justin Theroux. It stars Robert Downey, Jr., Gwyneth Paltrow, Don Cheadle, Scarlett Johansson, Sam Rockwell and Mickey Rourke. The story is set six months after the events of "Iron Man". Tony Stark has revealed his identity as Iron Man. He is resisting calls by the United States government to hand over the technology. Ivan Vanko, meanwhile, has developed the same technology and built weapons of his own.

paragraphs: After the successful release of "Iron Man" in May 2008, Marvel Studios announced and immediately set to work on producing a sequel. In July of that same same year, Theroux was hired to write the script. Favreau was signed to return and direct. Downey and Paltrow were to repeat their roles from "Iron Man". Cheadle was brought in to replace Terrence Howard in the role of James Rhodes. In early 2009, Rourke, Rockwell and Johansson completed the supporting cast. The movie went into production that summer. Like its predecessor, the movie was shot mostly in California, except for a key sequence in Monaco.


title: Hot Modern Rock Tracks

paragraphs: Hot Modern Rock Tracks (used to be called Modern Rock Tracks) is a music chart in the United States. Since September 10 1988, Hot Modern Rock Tracks has appeared in "Billboard" magazine.


title: Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire

paragraphs: Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire is a 2003 Game Boy Advance video game made by Jupiter and published by Nintendo. It is the sequel to the Game Boy Color video game "Pokémon Pinball".


title: Non-fiction

paragraphs: Non-fiction is writing about facts. Although non-fiction is supposed to be truthful, sometimes it may not be. People normally assume that authors mean to be truthful, but they might make mistakes. Writing is normally split into two parts: non-fiction and fiction. As well as non-fiction books, there are also pictures and films.