title: John Peisley

paragraphs: John (Jack) Peisley (1835 – 1862) Australian bushranger was born in Bathurst New South Wales in 1835. He is believed to be the first bushranger born in Australia. His name is often found spelled as "Piesley".

paragraphs: John Peisley lived in the Abercrombie District with his well-known settler parents Thomas and Elizabeth. Their house was reputed a den of thieves. John Peisley was arrested in his teens for stealing. About 1840, the extended family of ticket of leave convicts Thomas Weavers and wife Sarah, previously Smith née Lake crossed the Blue Mountains to Bathurst and took up farming in the Mount Macquarie area where unofficial settlement started in 1821.  The first land grant was to Thomas Icely for "Coombing Park" in 1829.  Nearby land was taken up on Coombing and Fell Tree Creeks, and at Number One Swamp that developed into the village of Mount Macquarie, the latter renamed Neville in 1888. Thomas Weavers and stepson William Smith took up land together. On 12 May 1851, two horses missing from Thomas Weavers’ Mount Macquarie property were seen in the possession of seventeen-year-old John Peisley driving them and five more to the Abercrombie. He was arrested on warrant and indicted for stealing. The jury could not agree the identity of horses were sufficiently established and acquitted the accused, but he was remanded in custody, as he faced another charge of horse stealing.

paragraphs: Not all Australian convicts and ticket of leave holders arrived in Australia on convict transports. Bathurst-born Colonial lad John Peisley was eventually convicted of stealing cattle and sentenced to serve time on Cockatoo Island near Sydney, now called Biloela. A prisoner who served time there was labelled a "Cockatoo Hand". There he met "Darkie" Frank Clark, who as Frank Christie, escapee from Melbourne’s Pentridge gaol in 1850 after serving five weeks of a five year sentence. In New South Wales, Clark turned to horse and cattle stealing in company with William Fogg. Convicted, he got seven years for attempting to sell stolen horses and forging horse ownership papers at Yass.

paragraphs: Clark, having served less than six years of his sentence, was given his ticket of leave on

paragraphs: 31 December 1859, conditional he stayed in the Carcoar District. At Carcoar, he worked for a butcher. Two months later, he absconded to new gold diggings at Kiandra and calling himself Frank Gardiner opened a butcher’s shop selling carcasses of stolen cattle. His true identity was soon realized and warrants issued. He was arrested in May 1861, but skipped bail at Lambing Flat (now Young). He teamed up with Canadian immigrant John Gilbert and reverted to full-time crime.

paragraphs: In December 1860, convict Peisley gained his Ticket of Leave at Scone, conditional upon him remaining in the Hunter River Valley. On 23 March 1861, fifty miles north-east of Bathurst, between Louisa Creek and Tambaroora, with fellow Cockatoo Hand named McKenzie, he robbed travelling bank officer Richard Cox Shaw carrying £565 in notes, also some gold and silver coins. Earlier bushrangers were mostly transported convicts; colony-born Peisley became the first true "Wild Colonial Boy". The robbers split and Peisley absconded to the Abercrombie Ranges he knew well. In May, at Fish River in Fogg’s ironbark slab humpy, six miles from Bigga, Peisley and Frank Clark reunited and teamed with John Gilbert as highway robbers, ‘sticking up’ travellers in the area between Bathurst, Lambing Flat, Gundagai and Yass. On 16 July morning, Sergeant John Middleton and Trooper William Hosie stationed at Tuena, descended upon Fogg’s humpy occupied by Fogg, his wife and children, Frank Clark armed with a six-shot revolver handgun, and Jim Barney, an old man. Unknown to the troopers, Peisley and Gilbert were camped one mile away. Called to surrender, Clark shot Middleton three times, in the hand, mouth and hip, and Trooper William Hosie received a glancing ball to his forehead. Clark was also wounded. They wrestled before Clark gave up and was manacled. Barney took off to warn Peisley and Gilbert. Middleton left for Bigga to get help and reinforcements. Circumstances of Hosie leaving for Bigga were disputed. Fogg claimed Hosie accepted fifty sovereigns to release Clark and to say he escaped. Hosie averred at Fogg’s trial for obstructing police, while he and Fogg escorted the prisoner along the road to Bigga, Clark escaped when bushrangers Peisley and another (Gilbert) waylaid them. Trooper Hosie reached Bigga alone mid-afternoon. Weak and delirious from loss of blood, Sergeant Middleton arrived at nightfall. Both would later recover. Reports of Crime issued July and August 1861 declared £120 rewards, £20 for Clark’s apprehension, and £50 for Peisley’s, and further sum of £50 by Government for such information as shall lead to the conviction of those concerned in the outrage of attacking and wounding the Patrol with Firearms in the Bathurst District. The report disclosed:

paragraphs: "On the 16th July, Sergeant Middleton and Trooper Hosie, of the Western Patrol, were attacked and severely wounded at the Fish River, by Francis Clarke, alias Jones, alias Christie, a Ticket of Leave holder, illegally at large from his district; a native of Goulbourn, New South Wales, 31 years ... wounded in the affray on left temple by a pistol-ball or whip. He was captured and afterwards released by two armed men: John Peisley, a Ticket of Leave holder, illegally at large from his district; a native of Bathurst, New South Wales, about 26, 5 feet 8 ½ inches high, ruddy complexion, flaxen hair, bluish-grey eyes, long featured, pock-marked nose, several scars, arms and legs hairy, left eye spasmodic winking action… The other man is about 26 years"

paragraphs: The report also included weapons carried and comprehensive physical descriptions, normal clothing and by Clark (Gardiner) and Gilbert (not named).

paragraphs: Displeased with ill-fame attributed him, Peisley wrote the editor of the Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal by letter dated “Fish River, 4th September, 1861.” It stated, in part:

paragraphs: "You will no doubt be surprised to receive a note from the (now by all account) noted Piesley; but, Sir, through your valuable paper I must make it known that, if it be my lot to be taken, whether dead or alive, I will never be tried for the rescue of Gardiner, in the light in which it is presented; nor did I ever fire at Trooper Hosie. … I must be the Invisible Prince to commit one-tenth of what is laid to my charge. I trust I may never have to allude to this again. I love my native hills, I love freedom and detest cruelty to man or beast. Trusting you will publish this, my bold letter no doubt, but you can be assured it comes from the real John Piesley, and not any of his many representatives. I am, Mr. Editor, your much harassed writer, JOHN PIESLEY"

paragraphs: In the next months Clark, then more often called Gardiner, Peisley and Gilbert bushranged and retreated to the Weddin Mountains near Forbes and Cowra. Peisley separated from the gang and single-handed held up the Lambing Flat coach after it left Cowra. He then returned to Abercrombie District.

paragraphs: On 27 December 1861, Peisley went to Tom McGuinness’s inn at Bigga and left the next day with fellow drinker James Wilson, stocked with wine and brandy. They rode to a nearby farm owned by William and Stephen Benyon and continued drinking and arguing with the two brothers. He accused, 17 years earlier, when he was a kid, William had swapped a horse with him, which was no good. A fight erupted and Wilson took Peisley’s revolvers, which William’s wife Martha hid in the garden. At her husband’s insistence, she returned the revolvers. Peisley pursued Stephen Benyon to the barn followed by William Benyon. Both brothers were shot by Peisley; Stephen in the arm and William in the throat; witnessed by Martha Benyon, Wilson, farmhand George Harmer, servant girl Mary Samson and Thomas Weavers.

paragraphs: Doctor Henry Kowland attended William Benyon the following day, and found a bullet had passed through his windpipe and lodged in the spine, paralyzing him from the neck down. He could not remove the bullet and considered the case hopeless from the start. He attended him again on 31 December, three days before he died.

paragraphs: A warrant issued for Peisley’s arrest for the murder of Benyon and reward for information as would lead to his apprehension and conviction. An announcement in the Government Gazette of January 1862, after the murder of Benyon, based on Report of Crime dated 29 July 1861, described Peisley:

paragraphs: "About 28 years of age, about 5 ft 10 in. high, stout, well made, fresh complexion, very small light whiskers, quite bald on top of head and forehead, several recent marks on face, and a mark from a blow of a spade on top of head; puffed and dissipated-looking from hard drinking, invariable wears fashionable Napoleon boots, dark cloth breeches, dark vest buttoned up the front, large albert gold guard, cabbage-tree hat and duck coat. Sometimes wears a dark wig and always carries a brace of revolvers."

paragraphs: On 15 January, Constables Morris, Murphy and Simpson were searching the Abercrombie area for bushrangers and spoke with Peisley near Bigga. Police gave chase but Peisley’s superior horse enabled him to escape easily. He was identified and challenged by Corporal Carroll at Tarcutta on 29 January, and again escaped on his well-bred mount. One week later, after a struggle, Peisley was captured and secured near Bootes’s hotel, Mundarlo by Mr Mackenzie and Mr Beveridge of Wantabadgerie, who delivered him to Gundagai. At his committal before the Carcoar bench, Peisley called Thomas Weavers, but he corroborated the prosecution witnesses. Committed for trail, Peisley handcuffed and chained, was taken from Carcoar to Bathurst by a large posse of armed police.

paragraphs: He was tried and convicted in the Bathurst Court on 14 March 1862, for the murder of William Benyon and sentenced to death. He was hanged on 25 April 1862, in the Bathurst Gaol before about fifty people. Aboriginal Jackey Bullfrog was hanged at the same time for murdering William Clarke. At the gallows, Peisley pleaded he had a drunken fight, and death was Benyon’s fault as much as his. He averred he had he had nothing to do with Gardiner’s rescue, was nowhere near Fogg’s when he got away, and nothing to do with any attempt bribe Hosie. His last words were “Goodbye gentlemen, and God bless you.” Clark using the name Christie was captured at Appis Creek, Queensland in March 1864. He served ten years of a cumulative 32-year sentence for twice wounding Trooper Hosie, with intent to kill and intent to cause harm and two counts of armed robbery.

paragraphs: Before and after Piesley’s hanging, John Gilbert teamed up with Ben Hall. Bushranging robberies by the end of 1864 were so troublesome that the Parliament of New South Wales rushed through a Bill, "An Act to facilitate the taking or apprehending of persons charged with certain felonies and the punishment of those by whom they are harboured." Within one month of the Act’s passing on 8 April 1865, Police shot them dead, Hall near Forbes on 6 May and Gilbert at Binalong one week later. Mourners gave them hero status.


title: La Chapelle-Craonnaise

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Craonnaise is a commune of 266 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: La Chapelle-Rainsouin

paragraphs: La Chapelle-Rainsouin is a commune of 234 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Charchigné

paragraphs: Charchigné is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Karl Lagerfeld

paragraphs: Karl Lagerfeld (born Karl Otto Lagerfeldt; 10 September 1933 in Hamburg, Germany – 19 February 2019 in Paris) was a fashion designer.

paragraphs: Many people saw him as one of the most influential persons of the late 20th century. He made fashion for many different labels, for example Chanel, Chloé and Fendi. He also owned several labels, which he started in the early 1980s. He also owned labels making perfumes. He designed clothes for many leading artists.

paragraphs: He had a Birman cat called Choupette. The cat has its own social media accounts.

paragraphs: Lagerfeld died on 19 February 2019 from pancreatic cancer in Paris at the age of 85. Lagerfeld wrote Choupette into his will.


title: Château-Gontier

paragraphs: Château-Gontier is a former commune of 11 131 people (as of 1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Château-Gontier-sur-Mayenne.


title: Châtelain, Mayenne

paragraphs: Châtelain is a commune of 404 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Forbes, New South Wales

paragraphs: Forbes is a town in the Central West of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Newell Highway between Parkes and West Wyalong. There were about 7000 living in the town in 2001.

paragraphs: Forbes is on the banks of the Lachlan River. It is 245m above sea-level. It is about 380km west of Sydney. The farms in the area mainly grow wheat. Nearby towns and villages include: Parkes, Bedgerebong, Bundbarrah, Corradgery, Daroobalgie, Eugowra, Ooma North and Paytens Bridge. It is home to the Ben Hall a notorius Australian bushranger.

paragraphs: The first people to live in the Forbes area were the Australian aborigines, the Wiradjuri people. The first European was the explorer John Oxley in 1817. He called the area "Camp Hill". He did not think very much of the clay soil, poor timber and swamps. He wrote: ""...it is impossible to imagine a worse country"". The first settlers moved into the district in 1834 and started a station (farm) called "Bogabigal". Forbes is built on what was Arthur Rankin's farm called "Cunumbla" Station.

paragraphs: Gold was found at Forbes by Harry Stephens, also known as "German Harry", in June 1861. About 30,000 people moved to the goldfields, but by 1863 this had dropped to about 3,500 because mining the gold was too hard. The diggings were wet with water coming from the Lachlan River. About two thirds of the buildings were empty.

paragraphs: The goldfields were first called "Black Ridge". The town was named "Forbes" after Sir Francis Forbes. It is possible that the name was a mistake. The name Forbes should have been given to Hill End, New South Wales near Mudgee. Gold was found there at the same time. Gold at Forbes was first found in the area known as Halpin's Flat. The Albion Hotel, once a Cobb and Co. stage coach rest stop, has tunnels underneath it. These were used to take gold and money to and from the banks and stop it from being stolen. Farming became important after the gold mining ended. Forbes became an important stopping place on the main track for moving cattle from Queensland to Victoria.

paragraphs: One of Australia's most famous bushrangers, Ben Hall, was shot dead by police about 20km northwest of town on May 5, 1865. Hall and his gang were famous for stealing 77kg of gold and £3,700 from a stage coach near the town of Eugowra in 1862. He is buried in the Forbes Cemetery.

paragraphs: Kate Kelly, the sister of bushranger Ned Kelly, lived in Forbes. She was drowned in the Lachlan River in 1898. She is buried in Forbes Cemetery.

paragraphs: The railway reached Forbes in 1893. Passenger trains stopped going to Forbes in 1983.

paragraphs: Forbes Shire has 4 government primary schools: Forbes Primary School, Forbes North Primary School, Corinella Public School and Bedgerebong Public School. There is one private primary school, St Laurences Primary School. Forbes High School, north of Forbes, is a government school and in 2005 had about 550 students. Red Bend Catholic College at Forbes is a high school for boys and girls. It is on the site of the old Marist Brothers' College, on the banks of the Lachlan River. Red Bend has around 550 students attending in 2008.

paragraphs: There is also the Forbes College of Technical and Further Education (TAFE) and the Forbes Conservatorium (music).


title: Châtillon-sur-Colmont

paragraphs: Châtillon-sur-Colmont is a French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.


title: Châtres-la-Forêt

paragraphs: Châtres-la-Forêt is a former French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the commune of Évron.


title: Chemazé

paragraphs: Chemazé is a commune of 1019 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Chémeré-le-Roi

paragraphs: Chémeré-le-Roi is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Chérancé, Mayenne

paragraphs: Chérancé is a commune of 166 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.


title: Chevaigné-du-Maine

paragraphs: Chevaigné-du-Maine is a commune of 206 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Colombiers-du-Plessis

paragraphs: Colombiers-du-Plessis is a commune of 514 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Commer, Mayenne

paragraphs: Commer is a commune of 1091 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Congrier

paragraphs: Congrier is a commune of 1036 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Contest, Mayenne

paragraphs: Contest is a commune of 765 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Cosmes

paragraphs: Cosmes is a commune of 273 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Cossé-en-Champagne

paragraphs: Cossé-en-Champagne is a commune. It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. About 300 people live there (as of 1999). This town has had a church since the 11th century. It is known for its frescoes.


title: Cossé-le-Vivien

paragraphs: Cossé-le-Vivien is a commune of 2706 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Coudray, Mayenne

paragraphs: Coudray is a commune of 839 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Couesmes-Vaucé

paragraphs: Couesmes-Vaucé is a commune of 383 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Couptrain

paragraphs: Couptrain is a commune of 160 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Courbeveille

paragraphs: Courbeveille is a commune of 488 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Courcité

paragraphs: Courcité is a commune of 992 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Craon, Mayenne

paragraphs: Craon is a commune of 4659 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Crennes-sur-Fraubée

paragraphs: Crennes-sur-Fraubée is a commune. It is in the Pays de la Loire region in the Mayenne department in northwest France. 178 people lived there in 1999.


title: La Croixille

paragraphs: La Croixille is a commune of 547 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: La Cropte

paragraphs: La Cropte is a commune of 239 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Cuillé

paragraphs: Cuillé is a commune of 849 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Daon

paragraphs: Daon is a commune of 440 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Denazé

paragraphs: Denazé is a commune of 148 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Désertines, Mayenne

paragraphs: Désertines is a commune of 539 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Deux-Évailles

paragraphs: Deux-Évailles is a former commune of 152 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the commune was unified with Montsûrs-Saint-Céneré, Montourtier and Saint-Ouën-des-Vallons, and the new municipality took the name of Montsûrs.


title: La Dorée

paragraphs: La Dorée is a commune of 396 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Entrammes

paragraphs: Entrammes is a commune of 2 108 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. The people that live there are called "Entrammais".

paragraphs: Its name comes from the Gallo-Roman "Inter Amnes", that means ""between the waters"": in fact three rivers flow into its territory: the Mayenne, which gives its name to the department, the Jouanne, at the entrance of the the village and the Ouette.

paragraphs: On its territory, in 1793, happened the battle of Entrammes.


title: Épineux-le-Seguin

paragraphs: Épineux-le-Seguin is a former commune of 172 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2017, it was merged into the new commune of Val-du-Maine.


title: Ernée

paragraphs: Ernée is a commune of 5 793 people (2006). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.


title: Évron

paragraphs: Évron is a commune of 7 575 people (2006). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, the former communes of Châtres-la-Forêt and Saint-Christophe-du-Luat were merged into Évron.

paragraphs: In its territory flows the Jouanne river.


title: Fontaine-Couverte

paragraphs: Fontaine-Couverte is a commune of 388 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Forcé

paragraphs: Forcé is a commune of 1017 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Fougerolles-du-Plessis

paragraphs: Fougerolles-du-Plessis is a commune of 1566 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Fromentières, Mayenne

paragraphs: Fromentières is a commune of 674 people (1999). It is in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department. This is in the northwest of France.


title: Gastines

paragraphs: Gastines is a French commune. It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.


title: Le Genest-Saint-Isle

paragraphs: Le Genest-Saint-Isle is a commune of 2075 people (2007). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Gennes-sur-Glaize

paragraphs: Gennes-sur-Glaize is a former commune of 790 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France. On 1 January 2019, it was merged into the new commune of Gennes-Longuefuye.


title: Gesnes

paragraphs: Gesnes is a commune of 174 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Gesvres

paragraphs: Gesvres is a commune of 543 people (1999). It is in Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in northwest France.


title: Gorron

paragraphs: Gorron is a commune of 2894 people (1999). It is found in the region Pays de la Loire in the Mayenne department in the northwest of France.


title: Louis Althusser

paragraphs: Louis Pierre Althusser (Pronunciation: altuˡseʁ) (October 16, 1918 – October 22, 1990) was a Marxist philosopher. He was born in Algeria and studied at the École Normale Supérieure in Paris. Eventually, he became Professor of Philosophy there. He also was a teacher of Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida.

paragraphs: Althusser was a lifelong member of the French Communist Party. Sometimes he criticised the party strongly. His arguments and theses were set against the threats that he saw attacking the theoretical foundations of Marxism. These included both the influence of empiricism on Marxist theory, and humanist and reformist socialist orientations which could be seen as divisions in the European Communist Parties, as well as the problem of the 'cult of personality' and of ideology itself.

paragraphs: Althusser is commonly referred to as a Structural Marxist, although his relationship to other schools of French structuralism is not a simple affiliation and he is critical of many aspects of structuralism.


title: Gareth Owen

paragraphs: Gareth Owen is a footballer for Stockport County.


title: Gheorghe Hagi

paragraphs: Gheorghe Hagi (born 5 February 1965) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for the Romanian national team.


title: Gordon Banks

paragraphs: Gordon Banks (30 December 1937 – 12 February 2019) was an English footballer. He has played for England national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest goalkeeper of all time.

paragraphs: In December 2015, it was announced he was receiving treatment for kidney cancer. Banks died overnight on 12 February 2019 in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, aged 81.


title: Carlos Sastre

paragraphs: Carlos Sastre Candil (born 22 April 1975 in Leganés, Madrid) is a Spanish cyclist. He is retired and he won the Tour de France in 2008. He is a climbing specialist and has been very consistent, finishing consistently in the top 10 of the Vuelta and the Tour de France. A film made about his team showed that he is a man who loves his family. The title of the film is 'Overcoming'.

paragraphs: In 2009, his contract expired with CSC. He found work in two other teams before retiring at the end of 2011. Sastre is the only winner of the Tour de France from 2000 to 2010 who has not been involved in doping cases.


title: Ally McBeal

paragraphs: Ally McBeal is an American TV show that was on air from September 8, 1997 to May 20, 2002 by the Fox Channel. It is set in a law firm in Boston, Massachusetts. "Ally McBeal" is also the name of the main character played by Calista Flockhart.


title: Last of the Summer Wine

paragraphs: Last of the Summer Wine is a British sitcom. It ran longer than any other comedy show in the UK and longer than any other sitcom in the world. It airs on the television channel BBC One. Roy Clarke writes the show and Alan J. W. Bell produces and directs it. It started as an episode of the television show "Comedy Playhouse" and originally aired on 4 January 1973. The first series of episodes started airing on 12 November 1973. The show just finished showing its 29th series and a 30th series is in production.

paragraphs: "Last of the Summer Wine" was filmed in and around Holmfirth, West Yorkshire, England. It features three older men who never get old and act like they are children. The three originally were Norman Clegg (Peter Sallis), Cyril Blamire (Michael Bates), and Compo Simmonite (Bill Owen). After two years, Blamire left the show. In his place, Brian Wilde joined as Foggy Dewhurst. The current cast is Russ Abbot as Hobbo Hobdyke, Burt Kwouk as Entwistle, and Brian Murphy as Alvin Smedley.

paragraphs: Some think the show is not as good as it used to be. Many people continue watching it, though, and praise it for portraying older people well and for its family-friendly humour. Members of the British Royal Family enjoy the show. The show has been nominated for some awards and won the National Television Award for Most Popular Comedy Programme in 1999. There have been many holiday specials, two television movies, and a documentary movie about the series. "Last of the Summer Wine" has inspired other adaptations, including a television prequel, several novelisations, and a stage adaptation.


title: Free Software Foundation

paragraphs: The Free Software Foundation (FSF) is a non-profit corporation founded by Richard Stallman on 4 October 1985 to support the free software movement, a movement which tries to promote the universal freedom to distribute and modify computer software without restriction. The FSF was started in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States of America.

paragraphs: From its founding (when it started) until the 1990s, FSF's funds were mostly used to employ software developers to write free software for the GNU Project. Since the mid-1990s, the FSF's employees and volunteers have mostly worked on legal and structural issues for the free software movement and the free software community.

paragraphs: The FSF holds the copyrights on many important pieces of the GNU system, such as the GCC. As a copyright holder, it has the power to enforce the GNU General Public License (GPL) when copyright infringement occurs on that software. While other copyright holders of other software systems used the GPL as their license, FSF was the only organization to regularly assert its copyright interests on software licensed under the GPL until Harald Welte created gpl-violations.org in 2004.

paragraphs: In late 2001, Bradley M. Kuhn (then Executive Director), with the help of Moglen, David Turner, and Peter T. Brown, turned these efforts into FSF's GPL Compliance Labs. From 2002-2004, high profile GPL enforcement cases, such as those against Linksys and OpenTV, became frequent. GPL enforcement and educational campaigns on GPL compliance was a major focus of the FSF's efforts during this period.

paragraphs: In March 2003, SCO filed suit against IBM alleging(saying) that IBM's contributions to some free software, including FSF's GNU, violated SCO's rights. While FSF was never a party to the lawsuit, FSF was subpoenaed on November 5, 2003. During 2003 and 2004, FSF put a lot of advocacy effort into responding to the lawsuit and removing its negative impact on the adoption and promotion of free software.

paragraphs: The FSF maintains a list of "high priority projects" where the Foundation says that ""there is a vital need to draw the free software community's attention"". The FSF says these projects are""important because computer users are continually being seduced into using non-free software, because there is no adequate free replacement.""


title: ITS 90

paragraphs: The ITS 90 is the international temperature scale, published in the year 1990. It mainly is a set of fixed temperatures and instructions how to realise a practical temperature scale, being as close to the thermodynamical temperature scale as current knowledge allows.

paragraphs: The first international temperature scale was established in 1927. An improved version came in 1948. In 1968 the IPTS 68 was issued. Note the letter P, which stands for practical. In 1975 the very low side of the scale (below 1 Kelvin) was added. Since 1990 the ITS 90 is in use.

paragraphs: A list of fixed temperatures is given. This list has been produced by national laboratories from all over the world. It has been approved by the B.I.P.M. (Bureau Internationale des Poids et Mesure) in Paris. Temperatures between the fixed points can be measured, using a platinum resistance thermometer (up to 660 °C). This thermometer, however, has to be calibrated first. This is being done at a number of fixed temperatures, covering the desired range. Procedures and formulae for defining an interpolating thermometer are given as well.

paragraphs: Say we need a calibrated thermometer in the range from room temperature to 400 °C. A triple point of water is to be realised for 0.01 °C. For 231.928 °C there is the freezing point of tin. At 419.527 °C it is the freezing point of zinc, which serves the goal.

paragraphs: After having measured the electrical resistance of this thermometer at the given temperatures, the data is being fed into a prescribed formula, giving the deviation coefficients for the range from 0 to 420 °C. So, from now on we have a thermometer with which we can perform accurate measurements according to the ITS 90.

paragraphs: This type of calibration is called primary calibration. With the thermometer we just calibrated we can perform a secondary calibration. Then another thermometer is to be calibrated against ours. This derived calibration, of course, is a little less accurate, but can take place at any suitable temperature within the range, since our thermometer interpolates between the fixed temperatures.

paragraphs: For more information see the official site of BIPM


title: Nude photography

paragraphs: Nude photography is a style of photography which shows the naked human body as a form of art. This is different form erotic photography, and pornography which focus on sexual arousal.

paragraphs: For many photographers, nude photography is a study of the human body, much like some paintings did.

paragraphs: Photographing a named person is called portraiture. Nude photography focuses on showing the human body, and often the face is not visible.

paragraphs: In general, nude photography is a "planned image", not a snapshot. Nude photography wants to show a stylised depiction of the human body. Photographers sometimes use extremes of light and shadow, oiled skin, and shadows falling across the body to show the texture and structure of the body.

paragraphs: Early photographers often showed the nudity of women like the one we see here by Félix-Jacques Moulin. Many, like Edward Weston, Jean-Christophe Destailleur, Augustao de Luca, Ruth Bernhard and Jerry Avenaim, preferred to show the lines of a body as a piece of art. They used the terms "art nude" and "figurenude" from painting to avoid suggestions that their works were meant to be erotica or pornography.


title: Laval (Mayenne)

paragraphs: Laval is a commune and the prefecture of the French department of Mayenne. The people that live there are called "Lavallois".

paragraphs: Laval is a medieval city and was first mentionned during the 11th century.


title: Erotic photography

paragraphs: Erotic photography is a style of photography, between nude photography and pornography. Erotic photography wants to show the more or less naked human body in a sexual context. It can be difficult to make a difference between erotic photography and pornography - in general erotic photography wants to arouse or stimulate the viewer.

paragraphs: This stimulation is generally not done by explicitly showing people having sex. Instead, the models in the photographs will try to create a sexual impression. For example, female models may try to appear alluring. Male models will try to convey sexual arousal, though not through a full erection. In general, erotic photography only suggests, and has a higher artistic value than pornography.


title: Cotton County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Cotton County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 6,614 people lived there. Its county seat is Walters.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 642 square miles.


title: Craig County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Craig County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 14,950 people lived there. Its county seat is Vinita.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 763 square miles.


title: Creek County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Creek County is a county that can be found in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, about 67,367 people lived in Creek County. The county seat of Creek County is Sapulpa.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 970 square miles.


title: EasyBCD

paragraphs: EasyBCD is a free program developed by the non-profit NeoSmart Technologies used to configure and tweak the new Windows Vista Bootloader. EasyBCD can be used to set up dual-boots between Windows Vista and previous versions of Windows, along with Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X.


title: Custer County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Custer County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. It was named in honor of General George Armstrong Custer. As of 2000, 26,142 people lived there. Its county seat is Arapaho.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,002 square miles.


title: Delaware County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Delaware County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2010, 41,487 people lived there. Its county seat is Jay.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 792 square miles.


title: Loire-Atlantique

paragraphs: Loire-Atlantique is a department in France in the region Pays de la Loire. Its capital is Nantes which is also the region's capital. The department gets its name from the river which gos through it ("la Loire)", and because it borders the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: Loire Atlantique is one of the 83 first departments of France created in 1790. It used to be called "Loire-Inférieure" and got its new name in 1957.

paragraphs: The department used to be part of Britanny until 1941 when the Vichy Governement sparated it. Many people still think it as Britanny's capital and some want to join it back to Britanny again.

paragraphs: Loire-Atlantique borders 4 departements:


title: Interference

paragraphs: In physics, interference is the effect of wave functions. A single wave can interfere with itself, but this is still an addition of two waves (see Young's slits experiment). Two waves always interfere, even if the result of the addition is complicated or not remarkable.

paragraphs: Something that happens when two or more waves are in the same space. Sometimes the peak of one wave joins with the peak of another wave, so the resulting peak is twice as high. Sometimes the peak of one wave falls into the trough of another wave, and the surface is then flat. When waves add their effects, it is called positive interference, or constructive interference. When one wave subtracts from the effects of the other, it is called negative interference, or destructive interference.

paragraphs: If two people pushed on a car in the same direction, they would move the car better than either one alone. That would be positive interference. If two people of equal strength pushed the car from opposite directions, then it would not be moved by either of them. That would be negative interference.

paragraphs: Constructive interference happens when two or more waves are in the same space and in phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is greater than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear more intense.

paragraphs: At time = 0, one wave top is moving from the left and another wave is moving from the right. <br>

paragraphs: At time = 1, the two wave tops meet in the middle.<br>

paragraphs: At time = 2, the two waves have each continued moving forward and reappear again at their original heights.

paragraphs: Destructive interference happens when two or more waves are in the same place and out of phase. When this happens, the waves' amplitudes add together and the total is less than the amplitude of any of the waves by themselves. This causes the waves to appear less intense.

paragraphs: At time = 0, a wave top is moving in from the left and a wave trough is moving in from the right.<br>

paragraphs: At time = 1, the two waves have met in the middle. The crest (top) fills in the trough.<br>

paragraphs: At time = 2, the two waves have moved along in their original direct and each reappears.

paragraphs: After a rain, one can often see patterns when a little oil floats on top of puddles. The colors will be in the order: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Each of these colors of light has its own wavelength, and different parts of the oil have different thicknesses. Part of the light from the sun bounces off the top surface, in other words it bounces off the oil. Part of the sunlight bounces off the top of the water. The light waves from the oil surface and the light from the water surface meet back in the air, and they interfere. For any thickness of the oil layer, some of the light waves will add and some will subtract, so the result is that one color of light will be strongest there.

paragraphs: When two highly polished sheets of glass are pressed together, sometimes the distance between the two pieces will change from place to place. When that happens, the pattern that shows up is called "Newton's rings." When slide photographs are put between two thin sheets of glass for showing in a slide projector, this kind of pattern is a big problem. The same problem can show up when two microscope slides are put together.

paragraphs: Noise-canceling headphones use destructive interference to cut out noise from the outside.

paragraphs: Here is a diagram of the kind of thing that produces some kinds of light interference. The distance between the top piece of glass and the bottom piece gets larger near the outside edges.

paragraphs: A simpler setup would be to have two flat pieces of glass in contact along one edge and a narrow angle between their two faces. If the separation between the top surface of the first piece of glass and the top surface of the second piece of glass is, at some point, such that light beams reflected from each are synchronized or in phase, then the reflected light will be bright, but if the two beams are half a cycle out of phase, then at that point the two beams will cancel each other and what reflected light there is will not be bright.


title: Meadow

paragraphs: A meadow is a field vegetated primarily by grass and other non-woody plants. It may be cut for hay or grazed by livestock such as cattle, sheep or goats.


title: Dewey County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Dewey County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 4,743 people lived there. Its county seat is Taloga.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,008 square miles.


title: Ellis County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Ellis County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 4,075 people lived there. Its county seat is Arnett.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,232 square miles.


title: Garfield County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Garfield County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 57,813 people lived there. Its county seat is Enid.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,060 square miles.


title: Garvin County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Garvin County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2000, 27,210 people lived there. Its county seat is Pauls Valley.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 814 square miles.


title: Grady County, Oklahoma

paragraphs: Grady County is a county in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. As of 2006, 50,490 people lived there. Its county seat is Chickasha.

paragraphs: The county has a total area of 1,105 square miles.


title: Ryota Aoki

paragraphs: Ryota Aoki (born 19 August 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for JEF United Ichihara Chiba.


title: Masahiro Wada

paragraphs: Masahiro Wada (born 21 January 1965) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Abdeljalil Hadda

paragraphs: Abdeljalil Hadda (born 21 March 1972) is a former Moroccan football player. He has played for Morocco national team.


title: Lucas Neill

paragraphs: Lucas Neill (born 9 March 1978) is an Australian football player. He plays for Galatasaray and Australia national team.


title: Michael Dawson

paragraphs: Michael Dawson (born 18 November 1983) is an English football player. He plays for Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Gunnar Nordahl

paragraphs: Gunnar Nordahl (19 October 1921 – 15 September 1995) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.


title: Yoshiki Okamura

paragraphs: Yoshiki Okamura (born 21 March 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kazuhiro Suzuki

paragraphs: Kazuhiro Suzuki (born 16 November 1976) is a Japanese football player.


title: Paul Morphy

paragraphs: Paul Morphy (22 June 1837 – 10 July 1884), called "the pride and sorrow of chess", was an American chess master. He was the greatest chess player of his era and an unofficial world champion. This was widely accepted when he defeated Adolf Anderssen, with seven wins, two loses, and two draws, in 1858. Morphy was also one of the first great chess prodigies in the modern era.<ref name="H/W">Hooper, David and Whyld, Kenneth 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press. </ref>

paragraphs: Morphy was a Creole of mixed inheritance. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana, to a father of Portuguese, Irish, and Spanish ancestry, and a mother who was a French Creole. His father was a lawyer, and his mother was musically talented. Morphy grew up in an atmosphere of culture where chess and music were the typical highlights of a Sunday home gathering.

paragraphs: Morphy taught himself, and by nine he was good by the standards of the local players. At 12 he defeated the Hungarian professional Löwenthal in three casual games. Then he played little chess until he had qualified in law in April 1857. He then entered the first American Chess Congress in New York, and won it easily. Next, he accepted an invitation to play in a tournament in Birmingham, England. That started his famous European tour. He beat everyone of note in England, though Staunton avoided a match.

paragraphs: In Paris he beat Harrwitz, the house professional, at the Café de la Régence. He then won easily against Anderssen, who was a bit out of practice. One of his feats was simultaneous play against five strong players, winning two, drawing two and losing one. He had a great memory, and was able to play more than one game at a time. In one example, he played eight players at the same time; he did not have a chess board himself, and he could not see their chess boards. He simply sat in a chair facing the wall, and called out his moves, and was told what the other players had moved. In summary, he proved he was the best at that time. On his return home he toured the East Coast cities, accepting testimonials, banquets and applause. He wrote a chess column for a year in the New York Ledger in 1859–60.

paragraphs: Quick and simple development leading to a direct attack: that was Morphy's method. His openings were first-rate for their time. He brought off some outstanding combinations and sacrifices, and his best games are still a model for young players. His games mark the high point of the romantic movement in chess, where players would play all out for direct attacks. This style was later squashed by better defensive technique, especially for the black side in the openings. Out of this came Dr Tarrasch's classical principles, and the idea that no game can be lost without a mistake being made. The chess of the 1890s came to look quite different from Morphy's games, partly because he had forced players to think more clearly about what they were doing.

paragraphs: Morphy soon gave up chess, but his law practice was disrupted by the American Civil War (1861–1865). He was opposed to secession, and did not serve in the Confederate Army. Morphy traveled to Havana and to Paris, where he had a married sister, but refused invitations to play in public. His law practice never took off, and he never worked or played chess again. The last years of his life were marred by mental illness bordering on paranoia. He suffered from distrust, obsessions and delusions, and showed erratic behavior. For example, he thought people were trying to poison him, so he only ate food cooked by his mother or sister. If he saw a woman in the street that he thought looked nice, he would follow her for hours.

paragraphs: Morphy died at 47, in his bathtub, perhaps of a stroke. He was the first of several great American players to have a short chess career. Pillsbury died young, reputedly of syphilis, and Bobby Fischer, like Morphy, stopped voluntarily, while still a young man. Fischer showed symptoms of mental illness of a similar kind to Morphy's.


title: Kim Carnes

paragraphs: Kim Carnes (born 20 July 1945) is an American singer. She is best known for the song "Bette Davis Eyes" (1981).

paragraphs: Bette Davis liked the song. Carnes gave Davis a gold record. Bette Davis hung the gold record on a wall.


title: Emperor Bidatsu

paragraphs: The years of reign of Bidatsu start in 572 and end in 585; however, there are no certain dates for this emperor's life or reign. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Bidatsu to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Bidatsu"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.

paragraphs: He was the second son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother, Ishi-hime, was a daughter of Emperor Senka.

paragraphs: His palace in Yamato Province was called Osada no Miya of Iware.

paragraphs: Although he had many children, none of them would ever become emperor. According to "Gukanshō", Bidatsu had four empresses and 16 Imperial children (6 sons and 10 daughters).

paragraphs: In the 15th year of Kimmei's reign, Bidatsu was named Crown Prince.

paragraphs: In the 32nd year of Kimmei's reign (572), the emperor died; and his successor was Bidatsu. This was confirmed in ceremonies.

paragraphs: Bidatsu's reign was marked by power struggles about Buddhism. The two most important men in the court of Bidatsu were Soga no Umako and Mononobe no Moriya. Soga supported the growth of Buddhism, and Moriya wanted to stop it.

paragraphs: Bidatsu suffered from an unknown disease which afflicted him with sores. Probably, he was the first royal victim of smallpox in Japan.

paragraphs: In the 14th year of Bidatsu's reign (585), he died; and the succession ("senso") were passed to his younger half-brother who became known as Emperor Yōmei.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Bidatsu is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Café de la Régence

paragraphs: The Café de la Régence was a meeting place for chess players in Paris, France. It was the most famous chess meeting-place for over a century. The building was a coffeehouse in the centre of Paris, founded in 1688 and named in 1718. At first, it was under the patronage of the Duc d'Orleans, and attracted a literary crowd.

paragraphs: Chess players moved there en masse around 1740. The clientele included amateurs, such as Voltaire, Rousseau, Robespierre, Benjamin Franklin and Napoleon. The leading professionals, Deschapelles, La Bourdonnais, Verdoni and Philidor, were there every day when they were in Paris. Staunton played his match against Saint-Amant there; Paul Morphy played there in 1858, including his match with Anderssen. The café was moved in 1855. The chess room was finally closed in 1916.


title: Longevity

paragraphs: The word longevity means "long life", or "life expectancy". It often means someone or something lasting longer than expected.

paragraphs: Longevity usually includes thinking about methods to extend life. Longevity has been a topic not only for the scientific community but also for writers of science fiction and utopian novels.

paragraphs: Longevity stories are cultural traditions and lore about exceptional human longevity, with or without "eternal youth". These stories include sincere beliefs of claims of extreme age. Each category of belief is based on a different motivation for claiming exceptional age.

paragraphs: Stories of exaggerated longevity have been around since the earliest civilizations. The first longevity narratives were probably the patriarchal/matriarchal claims, which are often an attempt to link humans to the gods or to God due to fuller life. In some religious traditions there are claims that, if one follows a certain philosophy or practice, one can become immortal or at least live to an extreme age.

paragraphs: Fountain of Youth narratives describe some natural source that provides healing and particularly longevity and youthful health. An extension and adaptation of the fountain of youth concept is the idea that a particular place, rather than a substance, carries what is needed to attain extreme age, and that a person seeking extreme longevity needs to move to a special district.

paragraphs: The U.S. Census Bureau predicts that life expectancy in the United States will be in the mid-80s by 2050 (up from 77.85 in 2006) and will top out eventually in the low 90s, barring major scientific advances that can change the rate of human aging itself, as opposed to merely treating the effects of aging as is done today. The Census Bureau also predicted that the United States would have 5.3 million people aged over 100 in 2100. The United Nations has also made projections far out into the future, up to 2300, at which point it projects that life expectancies in most developed countries will be between 100 and 106 years and still rising, though more and more slowly than before. However, the UN has warned that these projections are uncertain, and caution that any change or advancement in medical technology could invalidate their projections.


title: Andy Reid

paragraphs: Andrew Matthew "Andy" Reid (born 29 July 1982) is an Irish football player. He plays for the Nottingham Forest.


title: Judit Polgár

paragraphs: Judit Polgár (born 23 July 1976) is a Hungarian chess grandmaster. She is by far the strongest female chess player in history, yet she has never played in the Women's World Chess Championship. In 1991 she got the title of Grandmaster (GM) at 15 years, 4 months. She was, at that time, the youngest person to do so. Polgár is now ranked number 51 in the world, the only woman on FIDE's "Top 100 Players" list; she has been ranked as high as eighth.

paragraphs: Judit and her two sisters were educated at home by their father. She always preferred playing in the open events, making it clear from the start that she wanted to become the true world chess champion regardless of gender. This considerably annoyed the Hungarian Chess Federation, which had visions of winning the Women's World Championship after decades of Soviet domination. Paid substantial appearance fees by the Hungarian Chess Federation, the family did play in two female-only events. The Hungarians (nicknamed 'Polgaria') won the Women's Chess Olympiads, with a team packed with Polgárs, in 1988 and 1990. Zsuzsa, Judit, Sofia (the least strong sister) and Ildiko Madl were the team which pushed the Soviet Union into second place for the first time.

paragraphs: In 1994 Judit suffered a controversial defeat at the hands of then-world champion Garry Kasparov, the highest-rated chessplayer of all time. Kasparov changed his mind after making a losing move and then made another move instead. According to chess rules, once a player has released a piece s/he cannot make a different move, so Kasparov should have been made to play his original move. However, Polgár did not challenge this because she says there were no witnesses and an arbiter was not around. She was also unaware at the time that the re-move was caught on tape by a television crew. The tournament director was criticised for not forfeiting Kasparov when the videotape evidence was made available to him.

paragraphs: In the event, Polgar has not reached the top of the game (very few do), and now is the mother of two children. Nevertheless, she has broken the gender barrier in chess: she has proved that a woman can reach the top ten. Her sister, Susan Polgar, who now lives in the U.S.A., did become Women's World Champion, and also a full Grandmaster.


title: Paul Stalteri

paragraphs: Paul Stalteri (born 18 October 1977) is a Canadian soccer player. He plays for Borussia Mönchengladbach and Canada national team.


title: Fábio de Jesus

paragraphs: Fábio de Jesus (born 16 October 1976) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Ricardo Souza Silva

paragraphs: Ricardo Souza Silva (born 26 November 1926) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Viktor Onopko

paragraphs: Viktor Onopko (born 14 October 1969) is a former Russian football player. He has played for Soviet Union national team and Russia national team.


title: Henri Michel

paragraphs: Henri Michel (28 October 1947 – 24 April 2018) was a former French football player. He had played for France national team.

paragraphs: Michel died in 24 April 2018 in Aix-en-Provence, France, aged 70.


title: Kiatisuk Senamuang

paragraphs: Kiatisuk Senamuang (born 11 August 1973) is a Thai football manager and player.


title: Michael Yano

paragraphs: Michael Yano (born 22 January 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Taikai Uemoto

paragraphs: Taikai Uemoto (born 1 June 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Cerezo Osaka.


title: Yoshiaki Fujita

paragraphs: Yoshiaki Fujita (born 12 January 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Oita Trinita.


title: Satoshi Taira

paragraphs: Satoshi Taira (born 16 July 1970) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Alessandro Cambalhota

paragraphs: Alessandro Andrade de Oliveira (born 27 May 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


Masahiro Sukigara


title: Jun Takada

paragraphs: Jun Takada (born 6 December 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Takahiro Kawamura

paragraphs: Takahiro Kawamura (born 4 October 1979) is a Japanese professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Takuma Koga

paragraphs: Takuma Koga (born 30 April 1969) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Eiji Hanayama

paragraphs: Eiji Hanayama (born 21 August 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Yasumasa Nishino

paragraphs: Yasumasa Nishino (born 14 September 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kyoto Sanga.


Hiromasa Yamamoto


title: Jorginho Putinatti

paragraphs: Jorge Antônio Putinatti (born August 23, 1959) is a Brazilian professional athlete. He is best known as a football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Ogyū Sorai

paragraphs: Sorai rejected the moral ways of Song Confucianism and looked at the older works instead. He argued that allowing human emotions to express themselves was important. For this reason, he tried to strengthen the position that Chinese literature had in Japan. Sorai had a large following with his teachings and created the Sorai school, which would become an influential force in Japanese Confucian scholarship.

paragraphs: Sorai was born the second son of a samurai (a warrior) who was the personal physician of Tokugawa Tsunayoshi (徳川綱吉). Tsunayoshi would become the fifth shogun. Sorai studied the Zhu Xi version of Song Confucianism, and by 1690 he became a private teacher of Chinese classics. In 1696, he started serving Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu, a senior councilor to Tsunayoshi. Tsunayoshi died in 1709. At that time Sorai stopped using the teachings of Zhu Xi and started to develop his own philosophy and school. Sorai is credited with the creation of kō shōgi, an unusual form of chess.

paragraphs: Sorai wrote many influential works where he showed what he thought were the two basic problems of the philosophy of Song Confucianism. The first was with the bakufu-domain system, which by the eighteenth century was in trouble. Sorai doubted that it was enough that each person wanted to find their ethical good. He argued that solving the political crisis of the time required more than perfecting moral character. He also saw that the Chinese sage kings were not only concerned with morality, but also with government itself. The second point where Sorai disagreed with Song Confucianism was that he felt it was putting too much emphasis on morality and that it repressed human nature, because human nature was based on emotion.

paragraphs: He felt that these weaknesses were not weaknesses of Confucianism; in his view, Song Confucianists interpreted the classic works of the Four Books and the Five Classics the wrong way. In Soraiu's view, they did this because they "did not know the old words". Sorai consulted the ancient works to get more reliable knowledge. He stated that the ultimate form of scholarly knowledge was history. For him, these works were the best source, even though the present was constantly changing. Sorai thought that study of philosophy began with the study of language. In this he was highly influenced by the Ancient Rhetoric school of the Ming period. This movement saw the Qin and Han periods as the model for prose, and the Tang period as a model for poetry. The Sorai school introduced in "Selections of Tang Poetry" to Japan, where it became very popular. This work is thought to have been edited by Li Panlong (李攀竜 1514-70), who was a founder of the Ancient Rhetoric school. As a result of this, Sorai's school is also known as the Ancient Rhetoric ("kobunji" 古文辞) school today. Sorai's school saw "Selections of Tang Poetry" mainly as a means of accessing the Five Classics. In this viewpoint it was different from other Confucianist schools. Sorai would also accuse other Confucianists in Japan, such as Hayashi Razan, of relying too heavily on Song sources such as Zhu Xi.

paragraphs: Sorai also did not agree with other teachings of Song Confucianism. One was that the "Way" was not a predetermined principle of the universe, but rather an establishment of men: the ancient sages had described it in the Confucianist classic works. These provided for the "Way", which was divided by rites ("rei" 礼) and music ("gaku" 楽). The rites gave social order and music gave inspiration for the heart. In this it directly allowed for the flow of human emotions, something that the moralist philosophy of Song Confucianism did not agree with. Sorai argued for the opposite, and wanted people to be enriched through music and poetry. He taught that literature should be cared for, because it was an important part of human expression. As a result, Chinese writing began to thrive in Japan and became an accepted art form. In this way, several great writers of Chinese composition of that time were followers of his school.

paragraphs: Sorai was a supporter of the samurai class. While most old institution decline because of leadership problems, the samurai, he felt, were best able to solve this problem with a system of rewards and punishment. Sorai also saw problems with the merchant class at the time: he accused them of conspiring to lock prices. He did not support the lower classes either, though. He argued, "What possible value can there be for the common people to overreach their proper station in life and study such books [as the Confucian classics]?"

paragraphs: "Master Sorai's Teachings" is a record of Sorai's teaching and his exchanges with his students. The text was edited by his own students and contained their questions followed by his answers. The work was not released until 1724, but it is thought to have actually been written around 1720. In it he writes that literature is not so much intended for instruction in morality or governance, rather it simply allows human's emotions to flow. From this, answers to the former topics may be found. While Sorai sought to redefine the sources of Tokugawa legitimacy, his purpose was clearly to strengthen the authority of the Tokugawa shogunate.

paragraphs: Some scholars criticised Sorai's work and found his teaching was impractical. Goi Ranshū believed that Sorai was motivated to surpass Itō Jinsai, another leading Confucianist. Goi thought that Sorai had used Itō's arguments to the level of absurdity. Goi felt that Sorai's teachings would cause a lot of damage to moral philosophy if they were followed. Another scholar critical of Sorai's teachings was Nakai Chikuzan, who was also familiar with Goi's opposition to Ogyū Sorai. Goi wrote his opposition to Sorai in his essay "Hi-Butsu hen". This essay was written in the 1730s, but not published until 1766. The published essay had been edited by Chikuzan and his brother. Nakai later wrote his own, highly emotional, response to Sorai's beliefs in his work "Hi-Chō" (1785). In this work he rejected the idea that individuals could not improve themselves through moral choices. He also claimed individuals were able judge if external ideas and actions were true or just. Denial of these morals, he felt, would leave only "rites and rules" to be followed.


title: Mercantilism

paragraphs: Mercantilism is a kind of economic system that was present in most parts of Europe between the 16th and the 18th century.

paragraphs: The term was first used by Marquis de Mirabeau in 1794. Adam Smith made it known to a wider audience in 1776. At that time, absolutism was the main form of government in Europe. These regimes needed money to finance a large military, the many people who worked in the government. The monarchs and princes also needed money in order to finance their lifestyle. These governments were also very nationalistic. For this reason, mercantilism is seen as a form of economic nationalism.

paragraphs: The theory of mercantilism holds that the prosperity of a nation depends on its supply of capital, and that the global volume of international trade is "unchangeable". Economic assets (or capital) are bullion (gold, silver, and trade value) held by the state, and is best increased through a positive balance of trade with other nations (exports minus imports).

paragraphs: The theory assumes that wealth and monetary assets are identical. Mercantilism suggests that the ruling government should advance these goals by playing a protectionist role in the economy by encouraging exports and discouraging imports, notably through the use of tariffs and subsidies. The theory dominated Western European economic policies from the 16th to the late-18th century.


title: Maimonides

paragraphs: Maimonides was born in the Almoravid city of Córdoba in Spain, in 1135. His Hebrew name was Moses ben Maimon. He is also known as the Rambam, from the initial letters of his title and name, Rabbi Moshe ben Maimon.

paragraphs: Maimonides was a doctor by profession. Maimonides was one of the most important Jewish philosophers of the Middle Ages. He tried to show that the philosophy of the ancient Greek thinker, Aristotle, and Judaism supported each other.

paragraphs: Maimonides' main philosophical work was called "The Guide for the Perplexed". He wrote it in Arabic by 1190. It has ideas from Aristotle's writings. "The Guide" influenced Christian Aristotelian theologians, for example, Thomas Aquinas. In 1168, Maimonides finished a commentary to the Mishnah, the written version of traditional Jewish oral law. Maimonides completed these books, called "Mishneh Torah", in about 1178. They are one of the most important collections of Jewish laws.

paragraphs: When Maimonides was thirteen years old, the Almohads took Cordoba away from the Almoravid dynasty. The Almohads were Muslims who were conquering Al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). They forced all non-Muslims to leave, change their religion to Islam, or be killed. This forced Maimonides' family to leave Cordoba. They spent twelve years traveling and looking for a home. During these years, he wrote the commentary on the Mishnah. Finally, his family settled in Cairo, Egypt. In 1166, Maimonides' father died and his brother drowned on a shipwreck in the Indian Ocean.

paragraphs: By this time, Maimonides was a very popular Jewish leader. He helped the Jewish community in Cairo, Egypt. He lived there for the last part of his life, and taught and wrote about Judaism. He died in Cairo on December 13, 1204.


title: Communes of Chile

paragraphs: There are 346 communes in Chile. A commune is the most basic administration unit in the country. They belong to one of the 54 provinces of Chile.


title: The Decemberists

paragraphs: The Decemberists are a rock band from Portland, Oregon. The band has folk rock influences. The band is named after the Decembrist Revolt that happened in Russia in the 19th century. The band likes to tell stories in their songs. Lead singer Colin Meloy has stated that he has an interest in literature, especially from the Victorian era.


title: Emperor Yōmei

paragraphs: The years of the reign of Yōmei start in 585 and end in 587. The names and sequence of the early emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Historians consider details about the life of Emperor Yōmei to be possibly legendary, but probable. The name Yōmei"-tennō" was created for him posthumously by later generations.

paragraphs: Emperor Yōmei was the fourth son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother, Soga no Kitashihime, was a daughter of Soga no Iname.

paragraphs: His palace in Yamato Province was called Namitsuki no Miya at Ikebe.

paragraphs: Yōmei had three Empresses and seven Imperial sons and daughters.

paragraphs: Yōmei's son, Prince Umayado, is also known as Prince Shōtoku.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Yōmei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Arica Province

paragraphs: The Arica Province () is a province of Chile. It belongs to the Arica and Parinacota (XV), the northernmost and the newest of the Chilean regions. Its capital is the port city of Arica.

paragraphs: Arica province is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean. The province has an area of .

paragraphs: Arica is bordered on the north by the Tacna province of Peru, on the south by the Tamarugal province in the Tarapacá region, on the east by the Parinacota province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 186,488 people (91,742 men and 93,526 women) living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Arica, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 175,441 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Arica is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"): Arica in the northern portion and Camarones in the south. The coastal city of Arica serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Francis Crick

paragraphs: Francis Harry Compton Crick OM FRS (8 June 1916 – 28 July 2004) was a British physicist, biologist and humanist.

paragraphs: He is one of those who worked out the structure of DNA. Using X-ray crystallography results from Maurice Wilkins' biophysics team at King's College London, Crick and James Watson discovered that DNA has what is called a "double helix structure".

paragraphs: This means that DNA is made of two chains wound round each other to make a spiral. Only one of the chains carries information, but the two chains together makes the molecule more stable. DNA is the basis of heredity for almost all forms of life today.

paragraphs: Crick, Watson and Wilkins won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1962. Their work sparked a huge amount of research in molecular and cell biology and, as a result, many subsequent Nobel awards have been made.

paragraphs: During the mid-to-late 1950s Crick helped sort out the way proteins are synthesized. In 1958, Crick's listed all the key features of the protein synthesis process:

paragraphs: The adaptor molecules were eventually shown to be tRNAs and the catalytic "ribonucleic-protein complexes" became known as ribosomes. An important step was later realization (in 1960) that the messenger RNA was not the same as the ribosomal RNA.

paragraphs: The next fundamental question was the exact nature of the genetic code. In his 1958 article, Crick speculated, as had others, that a triplet of nucleotides could code for an amino acid. Crick also used the term "central dogma" to summarize an idea that implies that genetic information flow between macro molecules would be essentially one-way:

paragraphs: In his thinking about the processes linking DNA genes to proteins, Crick made clear the distinction between the materials involved, the energy required, and the information flow. Crick was focused on this third component (information) and it became the organizing principle of what became known as molecular biology.

paragraphs: In the final phase of his career, Crick and Christof Koch published a series of articles on consciousness (1990–2005).

paragraphs: Crick decided to focus his work on how the brain generates visual awareness within a few hundred milliseconds of viewing a scene. Crick's book "The Astonishing Hypothesis" made the argument that neuroscience now had the tools required to begin a scientific study of how brains produce conscious experiences.

paragraphs: The Francis Crick Institute is a £660,000,000 biomedical research centre in London. The Francis Crick Institute is a partnership between Cancer Research UK, Imperial College London, King's College London, the Medical Research Council, University College London (UCL) and the Wellcome Trust. It is the largest centre for biomedical research and innovation in Europe.

paragraphs: The Institute is next to St Pancras station on the Euston Road. It has an annual budget of over £100 million. The building’s vaulted roof is arranged into two shells and is fitted with solar panels. A third of the building is below ground to reduce its visible mass.


title: Arica

paragraphs: Arica is a commune and a port city with a population of 196,590 in the Arica Province of northern Chile's Arica y Parinacota Region. It is Chile's most northern city; it is at only south of the border with Peru.

paragraphs: The city is the capital since 2007 of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region. It was founded on 25 April 1541 by Lucas Martínez Vegaso as "San Marcos de Arica".

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 185,268 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The city of Arica has an urban area of and a population, in 2002, of 175,441 inhabitants.

paragraphs: Arica is on the Pacific Ocean coast at the bend of South America's western coast known as the Arica Bend or Arica Elbow. The city is on the foot of the Morro of Arica, or just El Morro, a steep and tall hill, above sea level.

paragraphs: The city is at from Santiago, the national capital. The mouths of two rivers: the Lluta and the "San José de Azapa" rivers, are near the city.

paragraphs: The commune has an area of . It borders with Peru (Tacna province) on the north, the Parinacota province on the east, the Camarones commune on the south and the Pacific Ocean on the west.

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification type for the climate at Arica is a "mild desert climate" and of the subtype "BWh/BWn". Arica is known as the more dry inhabited place on Earth, at least as measured by rainfall: the average amount of precipitation for the year is .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Arica is . The warmest month, on average, is January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The highest recorded temperature in Arica is , which was recorded in March. The lowest recorded temperature in Arica is , which was recorded in May.


title: Camarones, Chile

paragraphs: Camarones is a city and commune of Chile, in the Region of Arica and Parinacota. It has 1,220 people. The centre of the city is in Cuyo, near the Chile Highway 5. It is mostly rural. It does not have much tourist activity.

paragraphs: It was founded in December 30, 1927 as Codpa.


title: General Lagos

paragraphs: General Lagos is a city in the region of Arica and Parinacota, in the north of Chile. It is named after Pedro Lagos, who directed the assault to the morro de Arica, during the battle of Arica. It was founded in December 30, 1927 as "Comuna de General Lagos" and they are called "visvireños", since the most important area in the town is called Visvirí.


title: Alto Hospicio

paragraphs: Alto Hospicio is a city in Chile. It is in the province of Iquique, region of Tarapacá. It has 80,000 people. It was founded on April 12, 2004. Before that, it was part of Iquique.


title: Pozo Almonte

paragraphs: Pozo Almonte is a city in the province of Tamarugal in the region of Tarapacá, in northern Chile. It has an area of 13.765,8 km², and a population of 14.366. It was founded in 1875.


title: Colchane

paragraphs: Colchane (Aymara: from "qullchanni", "existence of pasturage") is a city in Chile in the province of Tamarugal.

paragraphs: It has 1,700 inhabitants and an area of 4,015 km. It was originally founded as Los Cóndores in September 8, 1970.


title: Huara

paragraphs: Huara is a city in the province of Tamarugal, Region of Tarapacá, Chile. The commune also comprises the Pisagua and Tarapacá hamlets.


title: Pica, Chile

paragraphs: Pica is a city in Chile, in the province of Tamarugal, Tarapacá. It is in an oasis in the middle of the Atacama Desert. Pica is famous for its small and unusually acidic lemons. It has an average temperature of 40°C. Pica has 6,178 inhabitants.


title: Motion blindness

paragraphs: Motion blindness (also called Akinetopsia) is a medical condition (although not a medical condition that is not currently recognized by the World Health Organization) in which a person cannot see objects that are moving even though they can see the objects that do not move. The condition seems to be very rare, and related to the nerves. It may also be psychological. There is currently no treatment for this condition. A lot of information about this condition comes from different case studies done between 1913 and 2003. Most of what is known is from a single patient, called LM. LM was a 43 year old woman who was treated in a hospital in 1978, after she had suffered a stroke.

paragraphs: Currently, motion blindness is thought to be caused by a change to the regions of the brain that are responsible for sight. This change is usually a result of damage done to the brain, and affects the way the brain "decodes" visual information. It is possible that only "visual" motion processing is affected because this is done in a separate area of the brain, which is different from the area that does motion processing in general. The same can happen to the perception of color, that is the patient can have a form of color blindness, which is known as achromatopsia. Unlike most other forms of color blindness, which are caused by changes in the eye, this one is caused by changes in the brain.

paragraphs: People who suffer from motion blindness have "normal vision": They can see different objects sharply, can tell the distance between them (that one is "farther away" than the other) and they see the different colors the objects might have. This applies to shapes, objects and faces. They do not, however, see the objects move. Besides simple perception, akinetopsia also disturbs motoric tasks which rely on visual perception, such as reaching for objects and catching objects. When doing tasks, feedback of one's own motion appears to be important.

paragraphs: Patients with akinetopsia have problems with many tasks in their daily life. One patient, LM, described pouring a cup of tea or coffee difficult "because the fluid appeared to be frozen, like a glacier". She did not know when to stop pouring, because she could not perceive the movement of the fluid rising. LM and other patients have also complained of having trouble following conversations, because lip movements and changing facial expressions were missed. LM stated she felt insecure when more than two people were walking around in a room: "people were suddenly here or there but I have not seen them moving". LM and others have described crossing the street and driving cars to also be of great difficulty.

paragraphs: Currently, three conditions are known that cause motion blindness:


title: Battles of Lexington and Concord

paragraphs: The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first battles of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were between British soldiers, who wanted to take away the colonists' weapons and arrest John Hancock and Samuel Adams on the way to Concord, and American colonists on April 19, 1775. They were fought in towns outside Boston, Massachusetts. These towns are Lexington, Massachusetts and Concord, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: The Patriots found out long before it happened and safely evacuated the place.

paragraphs: The first battle was fought on Lexington Green in Lexington. General Gage, along with 700 British soldiers, marched there to find and destroy hidden weapons. However, they were met by 70 minutemen. The battle lasted only a few minutes, but 8 minutemen died and 9 were hurt. Only 1 British soldier had been injured, then the soldiers went to Concord to seize supplies such as food, guns, and ammunition stored by the militia. On the way back to Boston, they were ambushed by 400 minutemen. This time, Britain lost 250 soldiers, while only 90 Americans died.


title: Emperor Sushun

paragraphs: The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was Hatsusebe"-shinnō", also known as Hatsusebe no Waka-sazaki. His name at birth was Hatsusebe no Miko (長谷部皇子).

paragraphs: Sushun was the twelfth son of Emperor Kimmei. His mother was , a daughter of Soga no Iname, who was the chief of the Soga clan.

paragraphs: Sushun had one Empress and two Imperial children.

paragraphs: The emperor's first minister was his powerful uncle, Soga no Umako. Sushun planned to remove the head of the Soga clan from his office. When the plan was discovered, Umako ordered someone to murder Sushun. In the early history of Japan, this is the second time that an emperor is murdered.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Sushun.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Sushun is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: No. 3 Fighter Sector RAAF

paragraphs: No. 3 Fighter Sector (3FS) was a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) unit during World War Two. No. 3FS was responsible for fighter aircraft control and coordination for the Townsville region. 3FS would collect all of the intelligence information from the various D/F stations and VAOC posts, decide on the what needed to be done and then tell the fighter or bomber squadrons to respond. 3FS was in telephone and radio contact with all of the anti-aircraft, searchlight, RDF and HF/DF stations in the Townsville area.

paragraphs: It was first set up at Townsville Grammar School, on 25 February 1942. The Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force members of 3FS lived at St Anne’s Girls School, Townsville. In 1942, a new headquarters for No. 3FS was built at Wulguru, Townsville. The site was a proper military camp site with its own power house, barracks, kitchens, toilets and recreation hall. There were as many as 62 different buildings in 3FS HQ. The camp was on the side of a hill near Mt Stuart, on the west side of the road to Charters Towers. It can still be seen today on the hill on the opposite side of the Stuart Shopping Centre.

paragraphs: No. 3FS was renamed 103 Fighter Control Unit (103 FCU) on 7 March 1944. The Stuart complex was complete and ready to use on 20 December 1944. The main operations building was a bunker made of 30-centimetre (12 in) thick reinforced concrete designed to withstand a direct bomb hit. It had a mezzanine floor and was air-conditioned. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters had 32 rooms in the large rectangular concrete building with walls forming various passageways. The building still stands today and is 60 by 42 feet (18.3 m × 12.8 m).

paragraphs: All air raid warnings were started from this bunker by red, yellow and white flares. There was also HQ located in North Ward, Townsville. 103 FCU was disbanded in Townsville on 21 January 1945.

paragraphs: After the war, the buildings were used to house new migrants to Australia. The buildings were still furnished at the time. In 1961 it was purchased by James Cook University of Queensland and was used as a temporary accommodation for students while their residential halls were being built. The bunker itself still had its communication and signals equipment. A few years later the inside of the bunker was destroyed by fire. In 1971 the rest of the buildings were demolished. The site is now owned by the Department of Environment and Resources.

paragraphs: In 1999, a group of people, had been raising money and getting the right equipment to fix this bunker after it was burned and destroyed by fire. They wanted to turn it into a museum. The Department of Environment and Resources have said that the building is not safe. In 2009 the bunker was fenced off.

paragraphs: Many people in Townsville believe that the bunker may still have ammunition and chemical weapons left over from the war. They also think that the bunker is part of a network of tunnels built during the war in the hills around Townsville. The Department of Defence has said that neither of these claims are true.


title: Jimmy Carr

paragraphs: Jimmy Carr (born 15 September 1972) is an English-Irish comedian. He is the presenter of "8 out of 10 Cats" on Channel 4 and has presented other TV shows on the same channel. He travels around the country and performs a lot of comedy on-stage (stand-up comedy). He is one of the UK's most successful comedians.

paragraphs: He has released 6 DVDs. He has won awards.

paragraphs: Carr has dual citizenship - British and Irish. He was born in London to Irish immigrant parents. He has a degree in political science from the University of Cambridge. He lives with his girlfriend, Karoline Copping, in North London. She works for Channel Five. Carr is an atheist. He used to be a Christian. Importantly, because of his religion, he did not have sex until he was 26. He stopped being a Christian in his mid-20s.

paragraphs: Some people, including a Member of Parliament, newspapers and other comedians have criticized Carr. Some of his jokes and comedy are seen by some as being offensive.


title: Kingdom Records (UK)

paragraphs: Kingdom Records is a British record label from the 1970s and 1980s that was important in early British and Jamaican dub music.

paragraphs: One of Kingdom Records' first releases was the 1972 Mojo Hannah single "Six Days on the Road".

paragraphs: The following artists have all had recordings on Kingdom Records:


title: Whirlpool

paragraphs: A whirlpool is a swirling body of water. It is usually produced by ocean tides. A bigger whirlpool is a maelstrom.


title: Clipper

paragraphs: A clipper was a very fast sailing ship of the 19th century. The word "clipper" comes from a word meaning: "fast". Clippers had several masts and a square rig. They were quite narrow for their length. Clipper ships were mostly made in British and American shipyards, but France, the Netherlands and other countries also made some. Clippers sailed all over the world, especially on the trade routes between the United Kingdom and its colonies in the east, in trans-Atlantic trade, and the New York-to-San Francisco route round Cape Horn during the California Gold Rush. Dutch clippers were built beginning in 1850s for bringing tea to Europe and taking passengers to and from Java.


title: Kim Yoo-Jin

paragraphs: Kim You-Jin (born 19 June 1983) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Carlos Sánchez García

paragraphs: Carlos Sánchez García (born 18 January 1978) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Castellón.


title: Edmilson dos Santos Silva

paragraphs: Edmilson dos Santos Silva (born 15 September 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Urawa Red Diamonds.


title: Mariinsky Theatre

paragraphs: The Mariinsky Theatre is a famous theatre of opera and ballet in Saint Petersburg, Russia. It was opened in 1860 and soon became the most important theatre for opera and ballet in Russia. Many great operas and ballets of the 19th century were first performed there, including the greatest stage works by Tchaikovsky, Mussorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov.

paragraphs: The Mariinsky Theatre is home to the Mariinsky Ballet, Mariinsky Opera and Mariinsky Orchestra. The conductor Valery Gergiev has been the general director there since 1988.

paragraphs: The theatre is named after Empress Maria Alexandrovna, wife of Tsar Alexander II. There is a bust of the Empress in the main entrance hall. The theatre's name has changed several times during its history, because of different political parties that were in power.

paragraphs: The theatre building is commonly called the "Mariinsky Theatre". The companies that use it have kept the famous "Kirov" name, which it got during the Soviet period in honour of the murdered Leningrad Communist Party leader, Sergey Kirov (1886-1934).

paragraphs: The first ballet groups to perform in St Petersburg were Italian ballet dancers in the early 18th century. Catherine the Great wanted a Russian theatre to be built. It was built in 1783. It was called Imperial Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre (“Kamenny” is the Russian word for “stone”. It was used to distinguish the building from the wooden theatre that was being used.). The building we see today dates from 1860. It opened with a performance of Glinka’s opera "A Life for the Tsar". It was called the Mariinsky Theatre, named after the Empress Maria Alexandrovna. The great choreographer Marius Petipa put on the first performances of many famous ballets such as Tchaikovsky’s "The Sleeping Beauty" in 1890, "The Nutcracker" in 1892, Alexander Glazunov's ballet "Raymonda" in 1898, and an updated version of Tchaikovsky's "Swan Lake" (with Lev Ivanov) in 1895.

paragraphs: When the theatre became the main home of the Imperial Ballet and Opera in 1886, the theatre was improved. Many operas were performed there, including first performances of Mussorgsky's "Boris Godunov", Rimsky-Korsakov's "The Golden Cockerel", Tchaikovsky's "The Queen of Spades" and "Iolanthe", Prokofiev's "Romeo and Juliet" and "Cinderella", and Khachaturian's "Spartacus" were also produced there.

paragraphs: The imperial and Soviet theater was the home of many great impresarios, conductors, and musicians. The Vaganova Academy of Russia Ballet, the ballet school of the Mariinksy Theatre, started the careers of Mathilde Kschessinskaya, Olga Preobrajenskaya, Anna Pavlova, Tamara Karsavina, Vaslav Nijinsky, Marina Semenova, George Balanchine, Galina Ulanova, Rudolf Nureyev, Natalia Makarova, Mikhail Baryshnikov, Irina Kolpakova, Galina Mezentseva, Altynai Asylmuratova, and in more recent times famous dancers like Ulyana Lopatkina, Diana Vishneva, and Svetlana Zakharova.

paragraphs: Yuri Temirkanov was Principal Conductor from 1976 to 1988. He conducted many modern and classical operas. Since 1988, Valery Gergiev has brought even more fame to the theatre. It has now got links with many of the world's great opera houses, including the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, the Metropolitan Opera, the Opéra Bastille, La Scala, La Fenice, the Tel Aviv Opera, the Washington National Opera and the San Francisco Opera. Today, the Opera Company regularly tours to most of these cities.


title: Dragan Džajić

paragraphs: Dragan Džajić (born 30 May 1946) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Yugoslavia national team.


title: Masaki Yamamoto

paragraphs: Masaki Yamamoto (born 24 August 1987) is a Japanes football player. He plays for Shimizu S-Pulse.


title: Hisao Kuramata

paragraphs: Hisao Kuramata (born 1 December 1958) is a former Japanese football player.


Shinichiro Takahashi


title: Nobuhiro Takeda (born in 1965)

paragraphs: Nobuhiro Takeda (born 22 March 1965) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Nobuhiro Ueno

paragraphs: Nobuhiro Ueno (born 26 August 1965) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Koji Gyotoku

paragraphs: In 2008-2009, he was manager of Bhutan's national football team.


title: Marvell Wynne

paragraphs: Marvell Wynne (born 8 May 1986) is an American soccer player. He plays for Colorado Rapids and United States national team.


title: Faas Wilkes

paragraphs: Faas Wilkes (13 October 1923 – 15 August 2006) was a Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


title: Kazuhito Mochizuki

paragraphs: Kazuhito Mochizuki (born 1 December 1957) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Hidenori Kato

paragraphs: Hidenori Kato (born 13 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.


title: Shota Koide

paragraphs: Shota Koide (born 29 September 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gainare Tottori.


title: Hirotsugu Nakabayashi

paragraphs: Hirotsugu Nakabayashi (born 28 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


title: Hiroshi Narazaki

paragraphs: Hiroshi Narazaki (born 1 June 1981) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Ante Šimundža

paragraphs: Ante Šimundža (born 28 September 1971) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.


title: Toyoki Hasegawa

paragraphs: Toyoki Hasegawa (born 18 April 1986) is a Japanese football player. He plays for HOYO Atletico ELAN Oita.


title: Takaaki Suzuki

paragraphs: Takaaki Suzuki (born 7 October 1981) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kentaro Yoshida

paragraphs: Kentaro Yoshida (born 5 October 1980) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Peter Binkovski

paragraphs: Peter Binkovski (born 28 June 1972) is a former Slovenian football player. He has played for Slovenia national team.


title: Takuma Hidaka

paragraphs: Takuma Hidaka (born 8 April 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.


title: Port of Hull

paragraphs: The Port of Hull is a major sea port in the city of Kingston upon Hull, East Riding of Yorkshire, England. The port is located on the River Humber which leads to the North Sea. Around one million passengers use the port to get to Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Zeebrugge, Belgium. The port is used for the import of timber in the United Kingdom. The port has its own goods railway which is used to transport cargo inland.

paragraphs: The remaining docks are only the larger ones in the East of the city. Until the 1960s there were some in the city centre such as Humber Dock which became Hull Marina and Junction Dock which is now the site of Princes Quay shopping centre. The Old Dock was filled in and is now Queens Gardens, St Andrews Dock was closed off and silted up (some of it is now a retail park), the Victoria Dock closed in the 1980s and is now a housing estate, the Railway Dock closed in the 1960s and was later used as an extension to the Hull Marina.

paragraphs: The Albert and William Wright Dock is still used for cargo. The fishing industry has also been moved there. The Alexandra Dock closed in the 1980s but soon reopened. It is now also used for cargo. The King George and Queen Elizabeth Docks are used for passengers.


title: Yoshihito Fujita

paragraphs: Yoshihito Fujita (born 13 April 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Omiya Ardija.


title: Yu Eto

paragraphs: Yu Eto (born 17 October 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sagan Tosu.


title: Koji Hirose

paragraphs: Koji Hirose (born 13 March 1984) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Tochigi.


title: Tatsuya Kamohara

paragraphs: Tatsuya Kamohara (born 8 July 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Machida Zelvia.


title: Hirotsugu Kakoi

paragraphs: Hirotsugu Kakoi (born 10 July 1987) is a Japanese football player.


title: Masatoshi Mihara

paragraphs: Masatoshi Mihara (born 2 August 1988) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vissel Kobe.


title: Saint Petersburg Conservatory

paragraphs: The Saint Petersburg Conservatory is a famous music school in Saint Petersburg, Russia. Its full name is N.A. Rimsky-Korsakov Saint Petersburg State Conservatory (). In 2004, the conservatory had around 275 teaching members and 1,400 students.

paragraphs: The conservatory was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composer Anton Rubinstein. When he resigned in 1867, he was followed by Nikolai Zaremba. The great composer Rimsky-Korsakov joined the teaching staff in 1871. The conservatory was named after him in 1944.

paragraphs: In 1887, Rubinstein returned to the Conservatory to try to improve it. Students who were not very good had to leave, and he also got rid of some of the professors and made the entrance examinations harder. He resigned again in 1891.

paragraphs: The building we see today was built in the 1890s where the Bolshoi Theatre of Saint Petersburg had stood. It still has the grand staircase and landing from that historic theatre. As the city changed its name in the 20th century, the conservatory was renamed "Petrograd Conservatory" (Петроградская консерватория) and then the "Leningrad Conservatory" (Ленинградская консерватория).

paragraphs: Today, it is a famous Russian composition school whose graduates have included great composers such as Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Sergei Prokofiev and Dmitri Shostakovich. During the 1960s, Shostakovich taught at the conservatory, which made it even more famous.