title: James Buck

paragraphs: James Buck (1808 – November 1, 1865) was a sailor in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He received the Medal of Honor for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn.

paragraphs: Buck, born in Denver, Colorado and joined the Navy in 1852. He was an Acting Master's Mate when he was presented the Medal of Honor. He received it for his actions aboard U.S.S. Brooklyn. He was a Quartermaster. The medal was approved under General Order 11, dated April 3, 1863.

paragraphs: Buck died November 1, 1865. He is buried in Greenmount Cemetery in Baltimore, MD. His grave is in section Q-24, GPS (lat/lon): 39.30936, -76.6062.

paragraphs: The United States Navy named three ships USS "Buck" in his name. The first ship to be name after Buck was . It was a motorboat built in 1911. The second ship to be named after Buck was . It was a Sims-class destroyer. That ship served from 1939 until she was sunk during the invasion of Italy in 1943. The third and final ship to take its name from James Buck was . This Allen M. Sumner-class destroyer served from 1946 until 1973.

paragraphs: Served on board the U.S.S. Brooklyn in the attack upon Forts Jackson and St. Philip and at the taking of New Orleans, 24 and 25 April 1862. Although severely wounded by a heavy splinter, Buck continued to perform his duty until positively ordered below. Later stealing back to his post, he steered the ship for 8 hours despite his critical condition. His bravery was typical of the type which resulted in the taking of the Forts Jackson and St. Philip and in the capture of New Orleans.


title: USS Buck (SP-1355)

paragraphs: The first USS "Buck" (SP-1355) was later renamed to USS "SP-1355". It was a tender that served in the United States Navy from 1917 to 1918.

paragraphs: "Buck" was built as a civilian motorboat in 1911. On 24 August 1917, the U.S. Navy acquired her under a free lease from the Conservation Commission of Maryland. She was used during World War I. She was commissioned as USS "Buck" (SP-1355) on 13 September 1917.

paragraphs: Assigned to the 5th Naval District, "Buck" served as a tender at Norfolk, Virginia, for the remainder of World War I. She was renamed USS "SP-1355" in April 1918.

paragraphs: "SP-1355" was decommissioned late in 1918. The Navy returned her to Consevration Commission of Maryland on either 24 September 1918 or 27 November 1918.


title: Per "Dead" Ohlin

paragraphs: Per Yngve Ohlin (16 January 1969 – 8 April 1991) was a Swedish black metal musician best known for performing with the band Mayhem under the stage name Dead.

paragraphs: He was given the name "Dead" after a near-death experience when his spleen ruptured after being beat up by bullies and was clinically dead for a while. He became fascinated with death and dying afterwards and received his name.

paragraphs: He was also a founding member of the death metal band Morbid and performed with them on their "December Moon" demo.

paragraphs: He was described by Jan Axel "Hellhammer" Blomberg, the drummer for Mayhem, as being "a very strange personality ... depressed, melancholic, and dark" and guitarist Øystein 'Euronymous' Aarseth said "I honestly think Dead is mentally insane. Which other way can you describe a guy who does not eat, in order to get starving wounds? Or who has a T-shirt with funeral announcements on it?"

paragraphs: Dead's mental state began to take a turn for the worse due to his fascination with death and his social situation. Because of this, he would usually cut himself while performing on stage with either a broken bottle or a blade. Euronymous was fascinated with Dead's suicidal tendencies and would encourage Dead to kill himself often. Varg Vikernes sent shotgun shells to Dead in 1991. On 8 April 1991, In the house he shared with Euronymous, he slit his throat and wrists with a knife and then shot himself in the forehead with a shotgun. His suicide note said that he was sorry for shooting himself indoors and he ended the note with "Excuse all the blood". Euronymous returned home and had to climb through an open window because all the doors to the house were locked. He found Dead's body but before he called the police, he went to a nearby shop and bought a disposable camera which he used to photograph Dead's body after he moved around some of the items. He also kept some pieces of Dead's shattered skull. Hellhammer developed the pictures and Euronymous said that he would later destroy the pictures but he never did. He kept the pictures in an envelope at his record shop Helvete instead and sent one of the pictures to the owner of Warmaster Records which used the picture of Dead's body as the cover art for Mayhem's 1995 bootleg live album "Dawn of the Black Hearts". The other band members were disgusted at Euronymous' actions before and after Dead's death and Bassist Necrobutcher decided that he wasn't going to be friends with him anymore.

paragraphs: He was ranked #48 out of "50 of The Greatest Metal Frontmen of All Time" by Roadrunner Records.


title: Jōkyō calendar

paragraphs: , also called Teikyō-reki, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki"). It was used from 1684-1753. It was made official in 1685.

paragraphs: The "Jōkyō-reki" system was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai. He recognized that the length of the solar year is 365.2417 days.

paragraphs: Shirakawa discovered errors in the traditional Chinese calendar which had been in use for 800 years. This older system was also known as the "Semmyō" calendar or 'Semmei-reki". It was also known as the "Xuanming" calendar.


title: Jimmy Doolittle

paragraphs: General/Doctor James Harold "Jimmy" Doolittle, USAF (December 14, 1896 – September 27, 1993) was an American aviation pioneer. Doolittle served as an officer in the United States Army Air Forces during the Second World War. He earned the Medal of Honor for his valor and leadership as commander of the Doolittle Raid while a lieutenant colonel.

paragraphs: Doolittle was born in Alameda, California. He spent his youth in Nome, Alaska where he earned a reputation as a boxer. His parents were Frank Henry Doolittle and Rosa (Rose) Cerenah Shephard. By 1910, Jimmy Doolittle was attending school in Los Angeles. When his school attended the 1910 Los Angeles International Air Meet at Dominguez Field Doolittle saw his first airplane. He attended Los Angeles City College after graduating from Manual Arts High School in Los Angeles. He later won admission to the University of California, Berkeley where he studied in The School of Mines. He was a member of Theta Kappa Nu fraternity. Doolittle took a leave of absence in October 1917 to enlist in the Signal Corps Reserve as a flying cadet. He did his ground training at the University of California School of Military Aeronautics where he later received his doctorate. His flight-training was done at Rockwell Field, California. Doolittle received his Reserve Military Aviator rating. He was commissioned a first lieutenant in the Signal Officers Reserve Corps on March 11, 1918.

paragraphs: For conspicuous leadership above the call of duty, involving personal valor and intrepidity at an extreme hazard to life. With the apparent certainty of being forced to land in enemy territory or to perish at sea, Gen. Doolittle personally led a squadron of Army bombers, manned by volunteer crews, in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland.

paragraphs: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1918, takes pleasure in presenting the Army Distinguished Service Medal to Major General James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for exceptionally meritorious and distinguished services to the Government of the United States, in a duty of great responsibility as Commander of the Northwest African Strategic Air Force since its organization. Under his guidance and direction, this Force has developed a high degree of efficiency and accuracy and brought about, in great measure, a critical reduction in the supplies and reinforcements needed by the enemy. General Doolittle's energy, good judgment, exceptional qualities of leadership and wholehearted cooperation were primary factors in the ultimate success of air operations during the Tunisian Campaign.

paragraphs: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting the Distinguished Flying Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Service) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), U.S. Army Air Corps, for extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight. On September 4–5, 1922, Lieutenant Doolittle accomplished a one-stop flight from Pablo Beach, Florida, to San Diego, California, in 22 hours and 30 minutes elapsed time, an extraordinary achievement with the equipment available at that time. By his skill, endurance, and resourcefulness he demonstrated the possibility of moving Air Corps units to any portion of the United States in less than 24 hours, thus reflecting great credit on himself and to the Army of the United States.

paragraphs: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Second Distinguished Flying Cross to First Lieutenant (Air Service) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), U.S. Army Air Corps, for extraordinary achievement while participating in an aerial flight. During March 1924, at McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio, Lieutenant Doolittle, piloting a Fokker PW-7 pursuit airplane, performed a series of acceleration tests requiring skill, initiative, endurance, and courage of the highest type. In these test a recording accelerometer was mounted in the airplane and the accelerations taken for the following maneuvers. Loops at various air speeds; single and multiple barrel rolls; power spirals; tail spins; power on and power off; half loop, half roll, and immelman turn; Inverted flight; pulling out of dive at various air speeds; flying the airplane on a level course with considerable angle of bank; and flying in bumpy air. In these test the airplane was put through the most extreme maneuvers possible in order that the flight loads imposed upon the wings of the airplane under extreme conditions of sir combat might, be ascertained. These test were put through with that fine combination of fearlessness and skill which constitutes the essence of distinguished flying. Through them scientific data of great and permanent importance to the Air Corps were obtained.

paragraphs: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress, July 2, 1926, takes pleasure in presenting a Second Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster in lieu of a Third Distinguished Flying Cross to Colonel (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for extraordinary achievement as Pilot of a B-25 Bomber and Commanding Officer of the 1st Special Aviation Project (Doolittle Raider Force), while participating in a highly destructive raid on the Japanese mainland on April 18, 1942. Colonel Doolittle with 79 other officers and enlisted men volunteered for this mission knowing full well that the chances of survival were extremely remote, and executed his part in it with great skill and daring. This achievement reflects high credit on himself and the military service.

paragraphs: The President of the United States of America, authorized by Act of Congress July 9, 1948, takes pleasure in presenting the Silver Star to Major General (Air Corps) James Harold Doolittle (ASN: 0-271855), United States Army Air Forces, for gallantry in action. Since February 19, 1943, when he took command of the Allied Strategic Air Force (Northwest Africa), General Doolittle, by his untiring energy, initiative and personal example has inspired the units under him to renewed successful efforts against the enemy. On April 5, 1943, the strategic air force was responsible for the destruction of forty eight enemy planes in the air and approximately 100 on the ground. This extraordinary achievement under the leadership of General Doolittle reflects great credit to himself and the armed forces of the United States.

paragraphs: Doolittle was also awarded the Bolivian Order of the Condor of the Andes, now in the collection of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.

paragraphs: In 1972 James H. Doolittle was awarded the Horatio Alger Award which is given to those who are dedicated community leaders who demonstrate individual initiative and a commitment to excellence; as exemplified by remarkable achievements accomplished through honesty, hard work, self-reliance and perseverance over adversity. The Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, Inc. bears the name of the renowned author Horatio Alger, Jr., whose tales of overcoming adversity through unyielding perseverance and basic moral principles captivated the public in the late 19th century.

paragraphs: In April 1985, Doolittle was awarded a fourth star making him a full ranked general. He received the award from President Ronald Reagan and U.S. Senator Barry M. Goldwater.

paragraphs: The Society of Experimental Test Pilots annually presents the James H. Doolittle Award in his memory. The award is for "outstanding accomplishment in technical management or engineering achievement in aerospace technology".

paragraphs: The city of Doolittle, Missouri, located 5 miles west of Rolla was named in his honor after World War II.


Estonian


title: Kansei calendar

paragraphs: The "Kansei-reki" system was the work of Takahashi Yoshitoki and Hazama Shigetomi.

paragraphs: Takahashi and Hazama used Western astronomy studies to modify the traditional calendar.


title: Tenpō calendar

paragraphs: The "Tenpō-reki" system was the work of Shibukawa Kagesuke. This was the last traditional calendar system created by Japanese astronomers and mathematicians.

paragraphs: The "Tenpō" calendar was set aside when Japan adopted the Western calendar in 1872 ("Meiji 5").


title: Jessica Andrews

paragraphs: Jessica Danielle Andrews (born December 29, 1983) is an American singer. She performs country music. Her first record "Heart Shaped World" was released in 1999. On April 7, 2001, her first and only number one single "Who I Am" reached the #1 spot in the country charts. She was born near Huntingdon, Tennessee.


title: Anna Wing

paragraphs: Anna Eva Lydia Catherine Wing, MBE (30 October 1914 - 7 July 2013) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Lou Beale on British television soap opera "EastEnders".

paragraphs: Wing was born on 30 October 1914 in Hackney, East London, England.

paragraphs: Wing is best known for playing the Lou Beale on "EastEnders" from the show's beginning in February 1985, until the character was killed off in July 1988.

paragraphs: In May 2005 Wing attended the British Soap Awards, where she presented June Brown with a lifetime achievement award for Brown's portrayal of Dot Branning in "EastEnders". In 2005, Wing was part of the cast of the short movie "Ex Memoria". She played Grandma in the 2007 movie "Son of Rambow".

paragraphs: In 2009, when Wing was 94, she worked on a short movie called "Numbers Up". The same year Wing was named Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2009 Birthday Honours for her services to drama and charity.

paragraphs: Wing was married to Peter Davey from 1944 until they divorced in 1947. They had a son. After that, Philip O'Connor was her partner until his death in 1998. They had a son.

paragraphs: Wing lived in London, England during her final years. Wing died on the morning of 7 July 2013 in Hackney, East London, England from natural causes, aged 98.


title: Hōryaku calendar

paragraphs: The "Hōreki Kōjutsu Genreki" system was the work of Abe Yasukuni, Shibukawa Kōkyō, and Nishiyama Seikyū.

paragraphs: Errors in the calendar were corrected in 1798, and in 1844 In 1872, the Western calendar was adopted.


title: Mikhail Kalashnikov

paragraphs: Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (10 November 1919 – 23 December 2013) was a Russian designer who is known for designing the AK-47, AKM, and AK-74 assault rifles when he served in the Soviet Army during World War II. He had the rank of lieutenant general.

paragraphs: Kalashnikov was born on 10 November 1919 in Kuriya, Altai Krai, Russian SFSR. He served in World War II and created many weapons and bombs including the AK-47 and a submachine gun. He was married to Ekaterina Kalashnikova. They had three children, one of them was gun designer Victor Kalashnikov. He lived in Izhevsk, Udmurtia.

paragraphs: On 17 November, Kalashnikov was hospitalized in an Udmurtian medical hospital for gastric hemorrhage. He died on the morning of 23 December, 2013 from the illness, aged 94.


title: Brenda Joyce

paragraphs: Brenda Joyce (February 25, 1917-July 4, 2009) was an American actress whose acting career was rather short, although memorable. She was in several movies, including "Thumbs Up", "The Rains Came" and several Tarzan movies.

paragraphs: Joyce was born in Missouri. She died in California as a result of pneumonia. She was 92.


title: Inca Civil War

paragraphs: The Inca Civil War, the Inca Dynastic War, or the Inca War of Succession, was a civil war in the Inca Empire. It was fought between two brothers, Huáscar and Atahualpa, sons of Huayna Capac, over who would be the next emperor. The war came after Huayna Capac's death in 1527, and lasted from 1529 until 1532. When their father died, the empire was divided between the two brothers. Huáscar got most part of it, with the capital Cusco. Atahualpa got the northern parts, including Quito.

paragraphs: Huáscar started the war because he saw himself as the rightful heir to the kingdom. Atahualpa proved to be a better war tactician than his brother, and commanded a much bigger army. The empire was reunited under Atahualpa in 1532, but he was executed by the Spanish less than a year later.

paragraphs: It was partly because of this civil war that the Spanish conquistadors, under Francisco Pizarro, were successful.


title: Cao Dai

paragraphs: Cao Dai (also Caodaism or Caodaiism) is a new religious movement founded in Vietnam. It mixes ideas from other religions.

paragraphs: Cao Đài is a syncretic, monotheistic religion officially established in the city of Tây Ninh, southern Vietnam in 1926. The religion combines Buddhism, Christianity, Taoism, Confucianism, and Islam. The full name of the religion is Đại Đạo Tam Kỳ Phổ Độ (great religion of the third period of revelation and salvation).

paragraphs: Cao Dai uses ethical precepts from Confucianism, occult practices from Taoism, theories of Karma and Rebirth from Buddhism ,and a hierarchical organization (including a Pope) from Christianity. Caodaiists (believers of Cao Dai) believe that the first disciples of the religion, Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc and Cao Hoài Sang spoke to God and God spoke to them. God told them to establish a new religion that would commence the third era of religious amesty. Because of this, Caodaiist credit God for founding their religion. The ultimate goal of a Caodaist is to rejoin with God the Father in Heaven and to break away from the cycle of rebirth and death. Women can only wear white dress as they have to be pure, whereas men can wear colored clothing once they reach higher levels in the religion.

paragraphs: Cao Dai was established in the Vietnamese city of Tây Ninh in 1926. Cao Dai was granted legal recognition in 1997. Cao Dai was found by Ngô Văn Chiêu, Cao Quỳnh Cư, Phạm Công Tắc, and Cao Hoài. Caodaist believe God spoke to these people to establish a new religion.

paragraphs: The name for God in Cao Dai is Cao Đài Tiên Ông Đại Bồ Tát Ma-ha-tát (translation: Cao Đài the Ancient Sage and Great Bodhisattva Mahasattva). Caodaiist believe God chose this title because it represents the Three Teachings: Saint, Sage, and Buddha.

paragraphs: Cao Dai teaches that before God existed, there was Tao. Tao is the unchanging, nameless, formless, immortal source. Then the Big Bang occurred, and out of the Big Bang, God miraculously blessed us with his birth and was poured onto us from the universe (emanationism). The Universe could not be formed so the Yin Yang were created by the Almighty himself. Like Adam took one of his ribs to create Eve, God took control of yang and a part of himself, thereby creating the Goddess to assemble with yin. Now that the Union was completed, the Universe was formed. The Goddess, Holy Mother, is referred by Caodaiist as Mother Buddha. Cao Dai teaches that there are 36 levels of Heaven, and 72 planets having intelligent life. The first planet is closest to Heaven while number 72 is closest to Hell. Earth is number 68.

paragraphs: Note: The top is believed to be the hardest to achieve while the bottom is believed to be the easiest to achieve.

paragraphs: The three teachings represent levels of spiritual attainment. In Cao Dai's teaching being a Buddha is the hardest to achieve. Cao Dai teaches that humans can develop into other beings. Humans can develop into: Thần (angel), Thánh (saint), Tiên (sage), and Phật (buddha). According to Cao Dai, everyone can turn into one of these beings. Angels, Saints, and Sages have extremely long lives in the realms of Heavens, but Buddhas are the only ones free from the cycle of birth and death.

paragraphs: According to Cao Dai teachings, God is at helm, he will not take human form as in the two past periods. Instead he sends his teachings through sacred seance ceremonies.

paragraphs: The three anchors (the three teachings) are:

paragraphs: There are many Holy people from other religions. Some people from history are also venerated. The pantheon of Holy people includes: Buddha, Guan Yin, Jesus, Joan of Arc, Muhammad, Sun Yat-sen, Julius Caesar, Victor Hugo, and many more.

paragraphs: These are the main scriptures of Cao Dai.

paragraphs: Other branches of Cao Dai have additional scriptures.

paragraphs: Cao Dai has an organizational structure like Catholicism. Cao Dai's hierarchy includes a Pope, cardinals, bishops, priest, etc. Cao Dai teaches equality between men and women, but women are not allowed to be Legislative Cardinal and Pope, the two highest positions in Cao Dai. The religion and church claims that God ordered this because Yang represents Male while Yin represents Female. Yin cannot dominate Yang or else Chaos will happen.

paragraphs: In total there are about 6 officially recognized branches of Cao Dai. There are several others but these remain unknown. The largest branch is based in Tây Ninh Province, where the religion was founded in 1926 and where the seat of Cao Đài authority is located. Some sects broke away from the Tây Ninh Holy See. The sects that broke away are Chiếu Minh, Bến Tre, and Đà Nẵng. Ngô Văn Chiêu founded Chiếu Minh. He left because he refused his appointment as Cao Dai's first Pope.

paragraphs: Cao Dai is the third largest religion in Vietnam after Buddhism and Roman Catholicism. Estimates of followers in Vietnam is about 2-6 million, or around 2%. Estimates of followers oversea is about 30,000.


title: The Lover

paragraphs: The Lover is a 1992 French erotic drama movie. It is based on the 1984 novel of the same name. It is set in 1929 in Vietnam and is about a relationship between a 15 year old French girl and a Chinese man twice her age. It was originally tagged NC-17 by the MPAA. However, the producers of "The Lover" appealed and the rating was changed to R. When this was released into theaters, it received mixed reaction. Audiences praised it. American critics, however, gave negative reviews of this drama.


title: Rover (space exploration)

paragraphs: A rover is a vehicle that travels on the ground of a planet, moon, or other astronomical object. Some rovers carry people that drive them. Most are robots that can drive themselves for short distances, but humans on Earth give them directions each day about where to go and what to do. They are electric vehicles, either using solar power or nuclear power.

paragraphs: The only rovers to successfully land on Mars were sent there by NASA. They have special equipment on arms for testing the soil, taking pictures and doing other planetary science.


title: Camp Caves, Queensland

paragraphs: Camp Caves was a US Army training camp north of the city of Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia. It was built during World War Two. The army used the camp from September 1943 until early in 1944. It was one of several US training camps in the area including Camp Nerimbera, Camp Thompson’s Point, Camp Keppel Sands, Camp Yeppoon and Camp Wallaroo.

paragraphs: Camp Caves was the camp for the 24th Infantry Division. The division was also called the Hawaiian Division. It was called Camp Caves after the small town, The Caves, which was close to the campsite. The camp was along the side of the Bruce Highway. It included medical services, warehouses, ammunition dumps, landing strips, and a small arms firing range. Work on building the camp began in November 1942 but was soon stopped. It started again in July 1943. The camp was not used after March 1944.


title: Locksmith

paragraphs: A locksmith is a person who works with locks, keys and . Locksmith is the profession of a locksmith.

paragraphs: Locksmiths fix broken locks, make keys, and install security systems like alarms.

paragraphs: In most countries locksmiths must follow a strict set of rules. In some countries locksmiths start as apprentices. In others, they must get a certificate or degree after training at a school or university.

paragraphs: The services of a locksmith stretch further than just opening or replacing locks and can take many years to perfect the profession. Many locksmiths attend their customers on site or from a shop premises. Locksmiths will provide services for gaining entry to locked car or house or any other lock, replacing locks when a lock fails or recovering key when a key is lost or extracting snapped or broken keys from existing locks. Many locksmiths will also be specialists in gaining entry to safes and hold extensive knowledge of domestic and commercial security.

paragraphs: A good locksmith craftsman working in the field of locksmith must first and foremost have good operational instruments that are powerful enough to complete any job. This can be anything from the tools needed to repair a faulty lock problem to the equipment needed to determine the actual origin of the lock's fault. Locksmiths also need the necessary tools to complete lock replacements when needed.

paragraphs: Locksmiths commonly work with all types of locks. Other areas that locksmiths cover include auto locksmith, safes and access control. These areas are specialist and require specialized training

paragraphs: One of the most commonly used metals that locksmiths use to make keys in Europe is steel. Locksmiths in the US, Australia, and New Zealand would use brass as their main material.

paragraphs: Mortise locks, commonly found on older buildings, are comprised of a pocket that is cut into the door (or other piece of furniture) to which the lock will be fitted. These locks were used before the arrival of bored cylindrical locks.

paragraphs: Automotive Locksmith can help out with getting new keys made for the car they can also make duplicates and push to start proximity fob keys as well. Usually automotive locksmiths are mobile, and they get to their customers simply driving to the places.

paragraphs: Guide on What Does A Locksmith Do (Duties and Responsibilities)


title: Peter Sutcliffe

paragraphs: Peter William Sutcliffe (born 2 June 1946) is a British serial killer known as the Yorkshire Ripper. He was born in Bingley, West Riding of Yorkshire. In 1981, he was convicted of murdering thirteen women and attempting to murder seven others. He was diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia. He is serving twenty sentences of life imprisonment in Broadmoor High Security Hospital.

paragraphs: Sutcliffe married Sonia Szurma 10 August 1974. They lived together in Heaton, Bradford.


title: Kenneth Walker

paragraphs: Brigadier General Kenneth Newton Walker (17 July 1898 – 5 January 1943) was a United States Army aviator. He was also a United States Army Air Forces general who had a significant influence on the development of airpower doctrine. He posthumously received the Medal of Honor in World War II.

paragraphs: Walker joined the United States Army in 1917. It was after the American entry into World War I. He trained as an aviator and became a flying instructor. In 1920 and after the end of the war, he received a commission in the Regular Army. After service in various capacities he graduated from the Air Corps Tactical School in 1929. Then he served as an instructor there. He supported the creation of a separate air organization for strategic bombardment. He published articles on the subject and becoming part of a clique known as the "Bomber Mafia". They argued for bombers over other forms of military aviation.

paragraphs: Even after he was promoted to Brigadier General, Walker frequently flew combat missions over New Guinea. For this he received the Silver Star. On 5 January 1943, he was shot down and killed leading a daylight bombing raid over Rabaul. It was for this action he was awarded the Medal of Honor.

paragraphs: In January 1948, Roswell Army Air Field in Roswell, New Mexico, was renamed Walker Air Force Base in honor of Walker. The base was closed on 30 June 1967. Walker Hall and its Walker Air Power Room are at Maxwell Air Force Base. They are also named after him. It is the home of the Air Force Doctrine Development and Education Center. The Walker Papers is an Air Force Fellows program. It annually honors the top three research papers produced by Air Force Fellows with the Walker Series award. The Walker Series recognizes the contributions each Fellow has made to research supporting air and space power and its use in the implementation of US strategic policy.


title: Kate Bosworth

paragraphs: Kate Bosworth (born January 2, 1983) is an American actress. She played Lois Lane in "Superman Returns". She was born in Los Angeles ans was raised in Connecticut.


title: Division of Banks

paragraphs: The Division of Banks is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was set up in 1949. It is named for Sir Joseph Banks, the British scientist who accompanied James Cook on his voyage to Australia in 1770.

paragraphs: The division of Banks is covers the south-western suburbs of Sydney. It includes Allawah, Blakehurst, Connells Point, Hurstville, Hurstville Grove, South Hurstville, Kyle Bay, Lugarno, Mortdale, Oatley, Padstow Heights, Peakhurst, Peakhurst Heights, and Penshurst, and parts of Bankstown, Beverly Hills, Carlton, Kingsgrove, Narwee, Padstow, Punchbowl, Revesby and Riverwood.

paragraphs: Daryl Melham was the chairman of the ALP caucus from 2004 until 2012.


title: Tia Carrere

paragraphs: Tia Carrere (January 2, 1967) is an American movie and television performer. Her career was launched around 1985. She was born in Honolulu, Hawaii to Filipino parents. Her notable movies include the 1992 comedy "Wayne's World". She began her career with the TV series "Airwolf". Other television shows and movies followed. In 2006, she was a contestant on the show "Dancing with the Stars".


title: Ferromagnetism

paragraphs: Ferromagnetism is a property of many materials like iron. They are magnets, so they are attracted to, or pulled towards other magnets. In physics, there are many different types of magnetism. Ferromagnetism is the strongest one. It is used every day in many technological objects, like television screens and credit cards.

paragraphs: Ferromagnets are materials that have some magnetization on their own. This means that at a temperature of absolute zero and without any magnetic field from other objects, they are still magnetic. The reason for this is that the electrons in a material have a spin. In ferromagnetic materials, the electrons like to have all the spins going one way, giving some magnetism. Usually, as the temperature is increased, the magnetization goes down. This is because the temperature causes the electrons in the material to move around a bit more. They do not have the spins perfectly going in the same way anymore. The point at which there is no magnetization anymore is called the Curie temperature. This changes with different materials.

paragraphs: Some materials that are ferromagnets are: iron, cobalt, nickel. Hematite is also ferromagnetic but only above a certain temperature.


title: Division of Barton

paragraphs: The Division of Barton is a Federal Electoral Division for the Australian House of Representatives in the state of New South Wales. It was created in 1922 and is named for Sir Edmund Barton, the first Prime Minister of Australia.

paragraphs: It includes the inner suburbs of Arncliffe, Banksia, Bardwell Valley, Beverley Park, Bexley, Bexley North, Brighton-Le-Sands, Carss Park, Dolls Point, Kogarah, Kogarah Bay, Kyeemagh, Monterey, Ramsgate, Ramsgate Beach, Rockdale, Sandringham, Sans Souci, Turrella and Wolli Creek and parts of Beverly Hills, Carlton, Earlwood and Kingsgrove.

paragraphs: Dr H. V. Evatt was the Leader of the ALP 1951–60. Evatt nearly lost the seat in 1951 and 1955, and in 1958 he moved to the safe seat of Hunter.

paragraphs: The first member for Barton was Labor's Frederick McDonald. He disappeared after his 1925 defeat by Nationalist Thomas Ley. It is now believed that Ley had him murdered. Ley was later found to be insane and died in Broadmoor Asylum in Britain. Robert McClelland, was Australia's Attorney-General. Linda Burney is the first Indigenous Australian woman elected to the Australian parliament.


title: David Jalbert

paragraphs: David Jalbert (born May 5, 1980) is a Canadian folk musician and singer-songwriter. He is from Mascouche, Québec. He plays guitar and sings.

paragraphs: David Jalbert grew up in Mascouche, more precisely in the Domaine Lac Samson. His father is a guitarist. This influenced his lifestyle. Jalbert became fascinated with music when he was very young. During elementary school, his passion developed gradually. His parents put him in various competitions and he loved this artist lifestyle. When he was a child, he was inspired by The Colocs, C.C.R, The Beatles, Plume Latraverse, Jonh Mellencamp, Beau Dommage and Bob Dylan.

paragraphs: In 1994, Jalbert joined a band of three. The group was called Big Joe, and they played punk rock music. After that, he focused on his studies to finish school and to later be able to get a job. Meanwhile, he continued to write and compose songs.

paragraphs: In 2000, Jalbert again played music in several competitions. In 2004, he played in the Mascouche competition "MusiQualité", where he won two prizes. The first one was public's choice and the second one was jury's choice. Through various competitions, he had professional encounters with Yves Marchand, Charles Dubé and the producer Alain Dupuis. They helped him to prepare his first album called "Des histoires". They chose thirteen titles from amongst thirty songs. The album was launched on April 15, 2008. He started playing concerts to promote the album on August 26, 2008, during the "FrancoFolies" of Montreal. It was followed by a tour through the Québec.

paragraphs: The song "Souvenir d’enfance" was the most successful song from the album. It became popular on the radio, and it was used in a McDonald's advertisement. His creative director, Mathieu Dandurand won the prize for production of the year at the gala of Terre-Neuve. Jalbert was nominated for two categories for French songwriters (he was nominated again in those categories in 2010). His second prize was for the "Artiste de la relève". He got the most nomination of any artist in the year. In 2009, he played in the "Studio-Théâtre de la Place des arts" three times and many other times in the "Cabaret juste pour rire".

paragraphs: The song "Raison" was the second most successful from the album. It was more successful with critics than Jalbert thought it would be. "L’aveugle" was the third radio hit. By autumn 2009, there were three music videos, forty shows and more than 15,000 albums were sold.

paragraphs: On May 4, 2010, Jalbert released his second studio album "Le journal". It contained the hit songs "Voyage", "Le journal", "P’tit homme", "Rendez-vous" and "Y'a pu une once". The song "Voyage" was a commercial success, and was at the top of the charts of major stations in Montreal and Québec. The song "P’tit homme" was written for Jalbert's son Félix. Later in 2010, Jalbert was invited on the TV show "Salut Bonjour" for a cultural chronic, and he played in the park Philippe-Villeneuve during the National Day festivities. In addition, he won a prize of the "Socan" for his popular song "Voyage", which was among the list of top ten pop songs most popular in 2010.

paragraphs: For the first time in his career, in 2011, he was nominated for best contemporary folk album at the ADISQ awards, for his album named "Le journal". The album was critically acclaimed, and is Jalbert's most commercially successful album to date. With "Des histoires" and "Le journal", Jalbert has sold over 25,000 albums. His tour show for "Le journal" was sold out. There was a second concert at the "Lion d’Or" in Montreal.

paragraphs: On September 18, 2012, Jalbert released his third album, "Y’a pas de bon silence". This contained the popular song "Hey Jack!", which was song dedicated to his son Jacob. This album was the fourth best selling French album in 2012, with over 2,500 albums sold since its release.

paragraphs: Later in 2012, Jalbert joined a project called "Fondation Dédé Fortin". His song "Ma mère disait" was part of the campaign against suicide, which is an initiative of the Quebec Associtation for Suicide Prevention with the support of psychologists of Quebec.


title: Genka calendar

paragraphs: , also known as "Yuan-chia li" or "Yuan-jia li", was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki"). It was used from 604 to 696.

paragraphs: The calendar was created in 425 during the "Genka" era in Chinese history.

paragraphs: The "Genka-reki" system was brought to Japan from Korea by a Buddhist monk. The earliest record of this calendar in Japan is in the 10th month of the 10th year of the reign of Empress Suiko (602).

paragraphs: Dates in the "Nihon Shoki" before the late 7th century were likely recorded using the "Genka" calendar system.


title: Semmyō calendar

paragraphs: , also known as "Semmei-reki" or "Xuanming li", was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki"). It was used from the late-9th century to the late-17th century.

paragraphs: The "Semmyō-reki" or "Semmei-reki" system corrected errors in earlier calendars which were developed in China. It was the work of Shibukawa Shunkai and Shikokawa Kōkyō.

paragraphs: The earliest record of this calendar is in the 8th month of the 3rd year of "Jōgan" (861) during the reign of the Emperor Seiwa.


title: Gihō calendar

paragraphs: , also known as "Yi-feng li" or "Rentoku-reki", was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki").

paragraphs: The calendar was created in China. It was first used in the "Rintoku" era during the Tang Dynasty..

paragraphs: The "Gihō-reki" system was brought from Korea to Japan in "Yi-feng" era (676-678) of the reign of Emperor Gaozong of Tang. This calendar corrected errors in the "Yuan-jia li" (Genka calendar) which was developed in China. For a short time, both "Genka" and "Gihō" calendars were in use.


title: Oestrous cycle

paragraphs: The oestrous cycle (U.S: estrous cycle) is the reproductive system in most mammals.

paragraphs: Reproductive hormones cause the cycles to start after puberty in sexually mature females. They are interrupted by non-breeding phases or by pregnancies. Usually estrous cycles continue until death.

paragraphs: Mammals share the same reproductive system, including the regulatory hypothalamic system that releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone in pulses, the pituitary that secretes follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone, and the ovary itself releases sex hormones like estrogens and progesterone.

paragraphs: However, species vary in the details. One difference is that animals that have oestrous cycles reabsorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead.

paragraphs: Another difference is sexual activity. In species with oestrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the oestrus phase of their cycle. This is referred to as being 'in heat'.

paragraphs: In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate. Humans and some other primates, do not have any obvious external signs to signal when ovulation occurs (concealed ovulation). Recent research suggests that women tend to have more sexual thoughts and are more prone to sexual activity right before ovulation (estrus). Nevertheless, this is nothing as obvious as the frenzy which other mammals show during 'heat'.


title: Taien calendar

paragraphs: , also known as "Daien" or "Daiyan" or "Dayan" calendar, was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki"). It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan from about 746 to 857.

paragraphs: The calendar was created in China. It was first used in the 17th year of the "Kaigen" era during the Tang Dynasty.

paragraphs: The "Taien-reki" system corrected errors in the Genka calendar and Gihō calendar which were used in Japan in the first half of the 8th century. It was the work of Yixing, who was a Chinese astronomer.


title: Veronique Cloutier

paragraphs: Veronique Cloutier (born December 31, 1974 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Quebec personality. She is the daughter of Carole Fullum and Guy Cloutier. She is married to Louis Morissette since June 30th 2012. They have three children.

paragraphs: She is only an actress, and a radio and a TV show host. In 1993, she got a job at Musique Plus. After that, she quit Musique Plus to work at Radio-Canada. In 1998, she had more than 1 200 000 viewers of her TV show named La Fureur every week. She presented La Fureur for five seasons. After that, she hosted many shows such as the ‘’Gala de l’ADISQ’’, ‘’Stars à domicile’’, ‘’La fureur de Céline’’, ‘’Ceci n’est pas un Bye Bye’’. From 2007 to 2009, she hosted a quiz show called ‘’Paquet Voleur’’. Since 2010, she works on her talk show ‘’Les enfants de la télé’’ and she also worked on the 2010 and 2011 ‘’Bye Bye’’.

paragraphs: She started in 1994 on the radio with ‘’Le choix de Montréal’’ on CKMF Radio Energie. In September 2004, she started a new show at Rythme FM called ‘’Les midis de Vero’’. On May 2011, she celebrated her 1000th show. Veronique Cloutier is also an actress. She played in her first movie, ‘’Les dangereux’’, in 2002. In 2004, she became president of her father’s productions which she renamed Novem Communications. She was in the business until 2009 when she decided to spend more time with her family. She also had a career as a spokeswoman. From 2000 to 2006, she represented ‘’Suzuki’’. In 2006, she was a speaker for ‘’Monnaie royale canadienne’’ and ‘’Fondation de l’hôpital Sainte-Justine’’. In 2010, her clothes collection went on the market in l’Aubainerie stores. In 2012, she associated herself with Jouviance as a beauty products ambassadress. Veronique is also active on social networks such as Facebook or Twitter.


title: Luteinizing hormone

paragraphs: Luteinizing hormone (LH, lutropin or lutrophin) is a sex hormone produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland.

paragraphs: In females, an LH surge triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum (a temporary endocrine structure in female mammals that promotes relatively high levels of progesterone). In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell–stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).

paragraphs: The detection of a surge in luteinising hormone shows ovulation will soon happen. LH can be detected by urinary test kits. Tests are done daily, round the time ovulation is expected. A swing from a negative to a positive reading suggests that ovulation will occur in 24–48 hours. The women has two days to engage in sexual intercourse or artificial insemination with the intentions of conceiving.

paragraphs: Tests may be read manually using a colour-change paper strip, or digitally with the assistance of reading electronics.


title: Goki calendar

paragraphs: , also known as "Wuji li", was a Japanese lunisolar calendar ("genka reki"). It was developed in China; and it was used in Japan in the mid-9th century.

paragraphs: The "Goki-reki" system corrected errors in the Taien calendar which was used in Japan in the first half of the 9th century. The corrections were the work of Akasuga Manomaro.


title: Thomas Ley

paragraphs: Thomas John Ley (28 October 1880 – 29 July 1947) was an Australian politician. He was convicted of murder in England. He was probably involved in the deaths of three people in Australia.

paragraphs: Ley was born in Bath, England. His father died in 1882 and his mother moved the family to Australia in 1886. He attended Crown Street Public School in Sydney until he was ten. He then worked as an assistant in his mother's grocery store. He learnt shorthand, he became a junior clerk-stenographer in a solicitor's office at 14. He married Emily Louisa (known as "Lewie") Vernon in 1898, the year she came to Australia from England. Both husband and wife were active in politics. She was part of the international suffrage movement. He became a state (New South Wales) and federal politician from 1917 to 1928.

paragraphs: Ley served in the lower house of the New South Wales parliament (1917–25) as member for Hurstville from 1917 to 1920, representing the Nationalist Party of Australia. He then was member for St George from 1920 to 1925, representing the Progressive Party from 1920 to 1922. The Progressive Party supported proportional representation, which the state adopted in 1919. Both his electorates were in Sydney's southern suburbs.

paragraphs: As a teetotaller, Ley was given the nickname "Lemonade Ley". The Temperance Movement was angry when he supported laws which made it easier to sell alcohol. They found out later he was being paid by the breweries. He was still made the New South Wales' Minister for Justice from 1922 to 1925. He gained a reputation for harsh decisions.

paragraphs: Shortly after he became Minister for Justice, Ley made an official visit to Western Australia. He met Maggie Evelyn Brook, a magistrate's wife. After the magistrate died, Ley acted for her and her daughter in various financial and legal matters. She later became his mistress.

paragraphs: In 1925, Ley was elected as the Nationalist Party of Australia member for Barton in the federal House of Representatives. Other party members began to have doubts about him after the election. He was not given a federal ministry. This would normally have been expected for a man who had been a state government minister.

paragraphs: During the 1925 election, Ley had tried to bribe his ALP opponent, Frederick McDonald. McDonald also said that Ley had offered him a £2000 share in a property at Sydney's Kings Cross in return for withdrawing from the election. Ley won the election, and McDonald took legal action. McDonald disappeared and has never been seen again. Because McDonald could not give evidence in court, the legal action against Ley was dropped.

paragraphs: McDonald's disappearance may have been a coincidence. But in 1927, Hyman Goldstein, the member for Coogee in the NSW parliament's lower house, was found dead after falling from "Suicide Point" on the cliffs of Coogee. Goldstein had lost money in a business run by Ley and had made comments about him. A group of businessmen were concerned by Ley's business dealings. Many people lost money when Ley's company, SOS Prickly Pear Poisons Ltd, closed. Ley had sold his shares days before it closed and made a lot of money. Keith Greedor, who had worked with Ley, was asked to investigate. On his way to Newcastle by boat, Greedor fell overboard and drowned.

paragraphs: After his defeat in the 1928 election, Ley returned to England. He took Maggie Brook, his mistress of several years, leaving his wife in Australia.

paragraphs: Little is recorded of Ley's life during the 1930s. He again became involved in dubious business ventures, and during World War II he was arrested and convicted for black marketeering.

paragraphs: In 1946 Maggie Brook was living in Wimbledon, and Ley had his house at 5 Beaufort Gardens, London, converted into flats. Ley thought Brook and a barman called John McMain Mudie were lovers. Ley told two of his workers that Mudie was a blackmailer. They tortured and killed him. The case became known as the "Chalk-pit Murder" because Mudie's body was dumped in a Surrey chalk-pit.

paragraphs: With Lawrence John Smith, Ley was tried at the Old Bailey, and both were sentenced to death in March 1947. However, Smith's sentence was changed to life imprisonment. Ley was found to be insane and was sent to Broadmoor Asylum for the Criminally Insane. There he died soon after. He is said to have been the wealthiest person ever to be a Broadmoor prisoner.

paragraphs: Ley's wife had followed him to England in 1942. From Broadmoor, Ley wrote letters and poems and protested his innocence to his wife and children. After his death, Lewie Ley returned to Australia. She died at Bowral, New South Wales, in 1956.


title: Shah Puri dialect

paragraphs: Shah puri is one of the oldest dialect of the Punjabi language spoken in Sargodh Division of Pakistani Punjab.

paragraphs: Its name is derived from former Shahpur District (now Shahpur Tehsil, part of Sargodha District). It is also called Western Punjabi.

paragraphs: This dialect has great proximity with Majhi Dialect of Punjabi Language. It can be described as a mixture of Majhi, Pothohari and thalochi dialects. Shahpurias in the Khushab area speak this dialect in a more Thalochi tone while those in southern parts of its distribution have color of Jhangochi on their language.

paragraphs: It is spoken throughout a widespread area, spoken in Sargodha and Khushab Districts and also spoken in neighbouring Mianwali, Mandi Bahudin and Bhakkar Districts. It is mainly spoken on western end of Sindh River to Chennab river crossing Jehlam river.

paragraphs: This entire area has almost the same traditions, customs and culture. The Shahpuri dialect of Punjabi has several aspects that set it apart from other Punjabi variants.

paragraphs: Two districts of Punjab Province of Pakistan and neighboring districts speak this dialect.


title: Kerning

paragraphs: In typography, kerning is changing the space between two letters to make the text easier to read. Usually, this means that letters look equally spaced, and two letters are never too close together or too far apart. If two letters are too close together or too far apart that would make it difficult to read the plain text message.

paragraphs: The purpose of kerning, and most other typography is to make the printed or screen text more legible, that is, easier to read, and also more attractive.

paragraphs: A related idea is typographic ligature. This is when two letters are formed so they fit together. In traditional metal type printing, ligatures were formed from lead in certain pairs. It is basically the same idea as kerning, but done automatically.


title: Armenia in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016

paragraphs: Armenia participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 2016 with the song "LoveWave" written by Lilith Navasardyan, Levon Navasardyan, Iveta Mukuchyan and Stephanie Crutchfield. The song was performed by Iveta Mukuchyan, who was selected internally by the Armenian broadcaster Public Television of Armenia (AMPTV) to represent Armenia in the 2016 contest in Stockholm, Sweden. Mukuchyan's selection as the Armenian artist was announced on 13 October 2015, while the song "LoveWave" was later presented to the public on 2 March 2016.

paragraphs: The following five members comprised the Armenian jury:


title: Social issue

paragraphs: A social issue (or social problem, social conflict, or social illness) is an issue which affects many people in a society.

paragraphs: Social issues are different from economic issues. However, some issues, such as immigration, have both social and economic aspects. Racism, unemployment, poverty, violence, human rights are examples of social issues.


title: Martin Ryle

paragraphs: Sir Martin Ryle (27 September 1918, Brighton, Sussex 14 October 1984, Cambridge) was a British radio astronomer.

paragraphs: Ryle developed revolutionary radio telescope systems. He used them for accurate location of weak radio sources. With improved equipment, he observed the most distant known galaxies of the universe. Ryle and Antony Hewish shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1974. That was the first Nobel Prize awarded in recognition of astronomical research.


title: Monte Cimone

paragraphs: Monte Cimone is the highest mountain in the northern Apennines, in Italy

paragraphs: The Monte Cimone, high, in the province of Modena, "comuni" of Fiumalbo, Sestola, Fanano and Riolunato. It is the highest point in the Emilia-Romagna region of Italy. It can be seen from very far away.

paragraphs: It has the form of a low pyramid with a flat summit on its top. The pyramid has three sides with the three ridges pointing towards the west, northeast and south. There is road on the northeastern ridge that gets to the summit.

paragraphs: The "Parco regionale dell'Alto Appennino Modenese", also known as "Parco regionale del Frignano", is near Monte Cimone.

paragraphs: On the top of Monte Cimone, Roman objects have been found, indicating that the mountain has been climbed very early on. The first touristic climb has been recorded in 1567, when Guidinello Montecuccoli, a local nobleman got to the top. Later, the Jesuits made several trips to study the atmospheric conditions at an elevation of more than .

paragraphs: In 1908 a chapel was built dedicated to Madonna delle nevi ("Our Lady of the Snow"). On the very summit, there is a statue of the Madonna facing south.

paragraphs: It is a frequented winter ski resort. In the peak there are 31 ski trails for a total length of more than (the longest trail is ) served by 26 ski lifts. Ski season starts usually at the beginning of December (often in the last weekend of November) and ends in the middle of April.


title: Richie Rich (comics)

paragraphs: Richie Rich is a fictional character created by Alfred Harvey and Warren Kremer, and published by Harvey Comics in the 1950s. Richie Rich is called "the poor little rich boy", or also "the richest kid in the world". He appeared in comic book titles such as "Richie Rich Millions" (1961) and "Richie Rich Dollars & Cents" (1963).


title: Preemptive war

paragraphs: A preemptive war is one in which a country takes military action against another country or group that poses a real threat of waging a war against them. The purpose is to stop the threat before the country or group has a chance to strike. This is an old philosophy of war or of preventing a war. Sun Tzu, the ancient Chinese general, military expert and philosopher, advised using preemptive war to make sure your enemy does not attack first. A declaration of war may or may not come before a preemptive first strike. Preemptive war is thought of as a defensive act. This is true when it is clear an enemy is threatening an attack and that attack will do great harm. Also, a country which preemptively attacks another to defend itself can claim it was a moral act and avoid the label of an aggressor.

paragraphs: There is often confusion between preemptive war and a preventative war. A preemptive war is one in which striking first gives a country an advantage over an enemy whose intentions are clearly to strike and do great harm. An example is the 1967 Six-Day War. When it became clear that Egypt and Syria were about to attack, Israel attacked them first in a preemptive strike.

paragraphs: To satisfy the justification for a first strike, certain conditions should exist including:

paragraphs: A preventive war is one in which a country attacks another in order to prevent them from having the capability of making war. A preventive war is one based on the idea that it is possible to tell with certainty what future events will take place. Article 51 of the United Nations Charter recognizes “the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs”. For example, under the Bush Doctrine the United States can attack any nation or group that may attack them in the future even if they do not currently have this capability. By calling it "preemptive" it does not change if from being preventive.

paragraphs: There are a few cases where a preventive war may have been justified. For example, when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in 1933, he openly said he would rearm Germany and would seize the lands necessary for German "living space." Nazi Germany claimed they only wanted what was due them and once they obtained it they would live in peace. But many in Europe saw this was not true. By the beginning of World War II nearly everyone realized the earlier statements had not been true. But by this time it was too late and a costly and destructive war was necessary to finally stop Hitler.


title: 2006 Lebanon War

paragraphs: The 2006 Lebanon War was fought between Israel and Hezbollah in 2006.


title: Howard Wolowitz

paragraphs: Howard Wolowitz is a character on the sitcom "The Big Bang Theory". He is played by Simon Helberg.


title: Vladimir Grbić

paragraphs: Vladimir "Vanja" Grbić (born 14 December 1970) is a retired Serbian volleyball player. He is tall. He played as passer-side attacker.

paragraphs: Grbić was born in Klek in Socialist Republic of Serbia, Yugoslavia. He is Nikola Grbić's brother. He is a member of the Volleyball Hall of Fame.

paragraphs: With the national volleyball team of Yugoslavia, he won a gold medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics and a bronze medal in 1996 at Atlanta. His international victories include a silver medal in the 1998 World Championship and a gold medal in the 2001 European Championship.

paragraphs: Grbić Yugoslav Olympic Committee has declared him for the best sportsman of the year in 1996 and 2000. In 1999 and 2000, he received a Golden Badge, award for best athlete in Yugoslavia.


title: Judy Martz

paragraphs: Judy Martz (July 28, 1943 – October 30, 2017) was an American politician who was the 23rd Governor of Montana from 2001 to 2005. She was elected Governor of Montana on 7 November 2000. She was the first woman to be elected Governor in Montana. She served only one term in office, from January 1, 2001 to January 3, 2005.

paragraphs: Judy Martz was born on July 28, 1943 in Big Timber, Montana. She graduated from Butte High School in 1961. She also attended Eastern Montana College.

paragraphs: She was a member of the US Olympic speed skating team and competed in the 1964 Winter Olympics. She married her husband, Harry Martz, in 1965.

paragraphs: Judy Martz was the 22nd Governor of Montana.

paragraphs: On April 1, 2005, Judy Martz was appointed to the board of directors of TASER International. As of September of 2016, she was still on the board.

paragraphs: On November 11, 2014, it was announced that Judy Martz had stage 2 pancreatic cancer and was undergoing treatment in Arizona. She died of the disease on October 30, 2017 in Butte, Montana at the age of 74.


title: Subliminal stimuli

paragraphs: Subliminal stimuli are sensations just "below the threshold" of a person's conscious perception. They may be designed to influence the mental processes or the behavior of the individual without beiing noticed.

paragraphs: A recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies shows that subliminal stimuli activate certain parts of the brain, but the subjects do not notice the stimulus. Visual stimuli may be quickly flashed before an individual can process them, or flashed and then masked, thereby interrupting the processing. Audio stimuli may be played below audible volumes or masked by other stimuli.


title: Rodolfo Illanes

paragraphs: Rodolfo Illanes (19 August 1958 - 25 August 2016) was a Bolivian politician. In 2016 he was the deputy Interior Minister when he was kidnapped by striking miners. He had gone to meet with the miners at Pandura. The miners were demanding more mining, the right to work for private companies, and greater union representation. When talks between the government and the miners failed, Illanes was beaten to death by his kidnappers.


title: Sonia Rykiel

paragraphs: Sonia Rykiel (25 May 1930 – 25 August 2016) was a French fashion designer and writer. She created the Poor Boy Sweater, which was featured on the cover of French "Elle" magazine. She was given the nickname "Queen of Knits" because of her knitwear designs. The Sonia Rykiel label began in 1968 when she opened her first store, making clothing, accessories and perfumes. Rykiel was also a writer and her first book was published in 1979. In 2012, Rykiel said she was suffering from Parkinson's disease. She died from complications of the disease on 25 August 2016.


title: Eddy Silitonga

paragraphs: Eddy Silitonga (born Charles Edison Silitonga in Siantar, Sumatra, January 17, 1949 - died in Jakarta, August 25, 2016) was an Indonesian singer. He was known for his high-pitched voice. He won several song contests, including Champion Pop Singer in Medan and the Popular Song Festival held at Taman Ismail Marzuki in Jakarta. Silitonga won the first Minang Song Contest in 1983. He studied at Mapua Institute of Technology in the Philippines. He formed his own group, "Eddy's Group", which was at its peak in 1976 - 1979. He suffered from heart disease and diabetes.

paragraphs: Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".Some of his popular songs included "Bunga Tanjong", "Lancang Kuning", "Bunga Pujaan", and "Jatuh Cinta".


title: Rudy Van Gelder

paragraphs: Rudolph "Rudy" Van Gelder (November 2, 1924 – August 25, 2016) was an American recording engineer who specialized in jazz.

paragraphs: He has been described as the most important recording engineer of jazz. Over a period of more than 50 years, Van Gelder recorded several thousand jazz sessions. Some of these recordings are recognized as classics. He recorded many of the great jazz musicians, including John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk, Sonny Rollins, Art Blakey, Joe Henderson, Freddie Hubbard, Wayne Shorter, and Horace Silver. He worked with many record companies but was most closely associated with Blue Note Records.


title: Battle of New Market

paragraphs: The Battle of New Market was an American Civil War battle fought on May 15, 1864 over control of the Shenandoah Valley in Virginia. The battle was part of the Union Army Valley Campaigns of 1864. Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant had ordered General Franz Sigel to take his army into the Shenandoah Valley and clear it of Confederate forces. Siegel had about 9,000 men when he started up the valley, but for some reason split his army. When he arrived outside the town of New Market, he had with him a force of about 6,500 Union soldiers. The Shenandoah valley was the breadbasket of the Confederacy and provided food to feed General Robert E. Lee's hungry army. Lee sent General John C. Breckinridge with about 4,100 men to stop Siegel and force the Union Army out of the valley. Breckenridge, with Lee's permission, called up the 500 cadets from the nearby Virginia Military Institute (VMI), some as young as 15 years old. The Confederates won the battle, defeating Siegel's larger force.

paragraphs: For some time during the war, the Shenandoah Valley had been a series of problems for the Union Army. In 1862, Confederate General Stonewall Jackson, in a series of six small battles, had tied up federal forces that could have been used against Richmond, Virginia, the Confederate capital. Just a year later, Lee's army had used the valley to move north to invade Pennsylvania. In addition to providing the food necessary to keep Lee's army going, it remained a very real threat to Washington, D.C.. The Shenandoah Valley was strategically the left flank of Lee's defense of Richmond. Jackson had said early in the war, "If the Valley is lost, Virginia is lost."

paragraphs: Grant placed Major General Philip Sheridan in charge of clearing the Shenandoah Valley. He gave Sheridan the order "to put himself south of the enemy and follow him to the death…" Siegel, under Sheridan's command, was ordered to march up the valley to Staunton from Martinsburg (now in West Virginia). Siegel was a political general and had not been trained at West Point. He had been appointed to his position to attract support from German Immigrants for the Union cause. Siegel had shown poor tactical and strategic skills and had lost a number of battles. Also, when he was under stress, he would bark out his orders in German, confusing his men. Yet he was Grant's choice for this mission. Confederate General Brekenridge was also a political general, but proved to be more than Siegel could handle.

paragraphs: Siegel was sent into the Shenandoah Valley while Grant was fighting Lee, first at the Battle of the Wilderness then at the Battle of Spotsylvania Court House. Siegel's main purpose was to prevent Breckinridge from reinforcing Lee.

paragraphs: As Siegel crossed the Shenandoah River north of New Market, he started making mistakes. He sent some of his force after the Confederate cavalry in the area. He ordered two regiments of troops to stand guard over the bridges (apparently in case he had to retreat). Meanwhile, Breckinridge had managed to scrape together only two brigades of Confederate infantry, a few cavalry, and 247 cadets from VMI in nearby Lexington, Virginia. On the morning of May 15, Breckinridge decided to remain on the defensive since he had fewer soldiers and held the high ground. Siegel attacked but was quickly pushed back. Breckinridge saw he had an advantage and attacked the Union line in the afternoon during a heavy rainstorm. He had intended to keep the cadets in reserve but now he needed them. Siegel was forced back across the Shenandoah and this time burned the bridge behind him.

paragraphs: There were about 831 Union casualties. About 96 were killed, 479 wounded, and 256 were reported captured or missing. The Confederates had about 577 casualties. Of these, 43 were killed, 534 were wounded, captured or missing. In total, 10 VMI cadets lost their lives. The Battle of New Market is mainly remembered for the VMI Corps of Cadets who fought there and for those who died there. Beginning in 1878, VMI has held a formal ceremony every year. About the same time they began the French custom of the roll call (reading the names out loud) of the dead who had been killed at New Market. At each ceremony, a cadet is selected to answer for each of the 10 cadets who were killed. On the name being called, the cadet answers: "Died on the field of honor."


title: Amnesic shellfish poisoning

paragraphs: Amnesic shellfish poisoning is an illness caused by poisoning with a particular toxin called "domoic acid".

paragraphs: At times, some diatoms produce domoic acid in ocean water. Shellfish accumulate this poison, and when they are eaten by people, the people get poisoned. The symptoms may be very severe: they include permanent memory loss, brain damage, and vomiting.

paragraphs: This disease was discovered in 1987 in eastern Canada when many people got poisoned after eating shellfish in a restaurant. Several people died of this disease then.

paragraphs: Birds can get this disease too when they eat poisoned shellfish. Such birds lose the coordination ability, and may crash into car and house windows.

paragraphs: Scientists found that the incidents of this disease occur more frequently in the recent years.

paragraphs: In the United States it is illegal to catch and sell shellfish without a license. Caught shellfish have to be frequently tested. When this toxin is found in the shellfish, government bans fishing and selling it in the area.


title: Salak

paragraphs: Salak fruit is grown in southeast Asia. It has a spiky look and has a leathery rap and a nut shaped inside. You can eat it with a little sugar or salt or even make it into a helpful eye cream.


title: Reno (river)

paragraphs: The Reno () is a river of northeastern Italy that starts in the Northern Apennines mountain range in Tuscany but flows mainly through the Emilia-Romagna region. It is one of the longest river in Italy.

paragraphs: The Reno river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: The Reno river starts in the Apennines to the northwest of the city of Pistoia, Pistoia province (Tuscany). The Reno is formed by the confluence, at about above sea level, of two streams: Reno di Prunetta (with its source at an altitude of ) and the Reno di Campolungo.

paragraphs: Its upper course, going to the west, marks the border between Tuscany and Emilia-Romagna. In this part, there are several artificial reservoirs whose dams are used for hydro-electric energy production.

paragraphs: In Sant'Agostino, the river turns to the southwest and passes west of Bologna, at Casalecchio di Reno.

paragraphs: In its lower course the Reno receives the water of numerous streams, some of which are seasonal (they have water only when it rains)

paragraphs: The Reno was a tributary of the Po until the middle of the 18th century when the course was changed to avoid the frequent floods. It now joins the Adriatic Sea near Casalborsetti, south-east of the "Valli di Comacchio", a lagoon in the commune of Comacchio.

paragraphs: The Reno flows through many municipalities; some of them in the lower course, in the Emilia-Romagna region, are:

paragraphs: The main tributaries of the Reno river are:


title: Fatih Terim

paragraphs: Fatih Terim (born 4 September 1953) is a Turkish football manager. He managed the Turkey national football team from 2013 to 2017.

paragraphs: He has been the manager of Galatasaray S.K. since 2017.


title: Agglutinative language

paragraphs: An agglutinative language is a type of language where words are made up of different types of morphemes to determine their meaning. What makes these languages different from others, is that if one removes the morphemes from the word, they will be able to stand on their own.

paragraphs: Below is a list of modern agglutinative languages:


title: Suffocation (band)

paragraphs: Suffocation is an American technical death metal band from Centereach, New York, United States. The band members are Frank Mullen (vocalist), Terrance Hobbs and Charlie Errigo (both guitarisits), Eric Morotti (drummer) and Derek Boyer (bassist). Their 1991 album, Effigy of the Forgotten, created a blueprint for the genre for the 1990s. The band has a raw death metal style that uses growled vocals with a downtuned guitar sound, fast and complex guitar riffs and drumming, open chord notes, breakdowns, and a complex sense of songwriting. "Decibel Magazine" has stated that Suffocation's music completely influenced the creation of deathcore.


title: Steve Hickner

paragraphs: Steve Hickner is an American animator and director who directed "Bee Movie" and "The Prince of Egypt".


title: Paul Bostaph

paragraphs: Paul Steven Bostaph (born 4 March 1964 in San Francisco, California) is an American metal drummer who is currently performing with the thrash metal band Slayer. He began his drumming career in 1984, and has since worked with bands like Forbidden, Exodus, Systematic, and Testament. "Metal-Rules.com" described Bostaph as "a true professional and one of the best drummers on today's metal music scene."

paragraphs: Bostaph first wanted to play the bass guitar, but later chose the drums because he found a kit that was cheaper than a bass. He listened to The Beatles and The Beach Boys, but AC/DC got him into rock drumming. He bought his first drum kit at the age of 15 and decided to become a metal drummer after listening to "Killers" by Iron Maiden. He was also influenced by bands like ELO, Blue Öyster Cult and Black Sabbath. His biggest drumming inspirations are Phil Rudd, Clive Burr, Tommy Aldridge, Nicko McBrain, Cozy Powell, Jeff Porcaro, Steve Smith, Dave Lombardo, and Tommy Lee.

paragraphs: Bostaph played drums for Forbidden from 1985–1992, playing on their first two studio albums, "Forbidden Evil" and "Twisted into Form". He also played on their 1989 live EP "Raw Evil: Live at the Dynamo". He is regarded as their most prolific 'permanent' drummer to date.

paragraphs: After drummer Dave Lombardo of Slayer left in 1992, the band was looking for a new drummer. Lombardo's drum tech was filling in but kept on making errors. After auditioning several drummers and listening to hundreds of demo tapes, Bostaph was recommended by Slayer guitarist Kerry King's guitar technician. Slayer members listened to some Forbidden records, however, they did not see how Bostaph could fit in Slayer – Lombardo's style was "over the top", while Forbidden was more melodic. Slayer auditioned Bostaph with nine songs, and he made only one error on "Angel of Death". Bostaph had to practice a lot to improve the strength of his hands and feet; "I respected and loved Dave's drumming but as a fan, if they got a new drummer and I bought a ticket to a show, I would expect to hear the stuff that Dave does, that's what I would want. So, I went in and every time I had to learn a new song I would play them exactly how Dave played them".

paragraphs: Bostaph recorded four albums with Slayer; his least favorite is 1994's "Divine Intervention". This is due to the guitars not being loud enough as they were in the recording session, the band moving around to several recording studios, and a producer who had never done any heavy metal music. The producer changed near the end of recording to Toby Wright – Bostaph stating "that record never had any consistency to it although a lot of fans still like it." Bostaph left the band in 1996 to concentrate on his solo project, Truth About Seafood, and was replaced by Jon Dette; however, he returned in 1997. His second favorite album is 2001's "God Hates Us All"; "The whole era that I was with the band that was the album that was the most well-rounded and mixed the best" with "Diabolus in Musica".

paragraphs: Bostaph left Slayer after the release of "God Hates Us All", after a chronic elbow injury he had received restricted his ability to play. (although he later said that he actually left because "Musically, I wanted to do something else".) His third last performance with the band is recorded on the DVD "War at the Warfield" recorded on December 7, 2001. Bostaph is yet to watch it as he feels "It's like breaking up with a girlfriend" and needs to move on with his life. He remained friends with the Slayer members, and when asked if he would work with them in the future, he replied "sure". Bostaph was temporarily replaced by original Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo, which later proved to be a permanent arrangement until 2013, when the band announced he has replaced Lombardo for the second time.


title: Homologous series

paragraphs: In chemistry, a homologous series is a series of chemical compounds with the same general formula. Usually these compounds vary by a single parameter such as the length of a carbon chain. Examples of such series are the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), and some of their derivatives (such as the primary alcohols, aldehydes, and (mono)carboxylic acids).

paragraphs: Compounds within a homologous series typically have a fixed set of functional groups that gives them similar chemical and physical properties. For example, the series of primary straight-chained alcohols has an hydroxyl at the end of the carbon chain. These properties typically change gradually along the series, and the changes can often be explained by small differences in molecular size and mass.


title: Canada men's national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Canada national volleyball team represents Canada in international volleyball competitions.


title: Czech Republic men's national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Czech Republic national volleyball team represents Czech Republic in international volleyball competitions.


title: Egypt men's national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Egypt national volleyball team represents Egypt in international volleyball competitions.


title: Tunisia men's national volleyball team

paragraphs: The Tunisia national volleyball team represents Tunisia in international volleyball competitions.


title: Shenandoah Valley

paragraphs: The Shenandoah Valley (nicknamed "The Big Valley" ) is a geographic valley and cultural region of western Virginia and the Eastern Panhandle of West Virginia in the United States. The valley is bounded on the east by the Blue Ridge Mountains. On the west it is bounded by the eastern front of the Appalachians. To the north it goes to the Potomac River and to the south by the James River. The cultural region covers a larger area that includes all of the valley plus the Virginia highlands to the west, and the Roanoke Valley to the south. The Valley is about 200 miles long. It is the home of two well-known universities, James Madison and Shenandoah University.

paragraphs: For nearly 11,000 years before the Europeans came, Native Americans lived in the Shenandoah Valley. The first European to visit the area was probably a Jesuit priest in 1632. However, the first European credited with exploring the Valley was a German doctor named John Lederer in 1669. In the 1600s, Englishmen were told about the large forests which included chestnut trees as tall as .

paragraphs: Jackson's Valley Campaign Was fought here in 1862.

paragraphs: It is named for the river that stretches much of its length. The Shenandoah Valley has eight counties in Virginia and two counties in West Virginia.

paragraphs: The cultural region includes five more counties in Virginia:

paragraphs: At Harpers Ferry the Shenandoah River joins the Potomac. The Valley's cultural region contains 10 independent cities:


title: Reductio ad Hitlerum

paragraphs: Reductio ad Hitlerum, also known as playing the Hitler card, is a logical fallacy described by Leo Strauss, a philosopher, in 1951. It happens when someone compares their opponent's view with Hitler or something that he did.

paragraphs: It is a form of ad hominem, distracting from the argument by criticizing the opponent. It works because in the modern world, people think of Nazism as a bad thing.

paragraphs: During the 2016 US Presidential Election, Republican candidate Donald J. Trump has been repeatedly compared to Hitler by commentators and comedians.

paragraphs: As person 2 has criticized the opponent as opposed to the argument by comparing them to Hitler without giving any reasons as to why X is not true, they have committed reductio ad Hitlerum.


title: Leo Strauss

paragraphs: Leo Strauss (September 20, 1899 - October 18, 1973) was a German-American political philosopher and classicist who became an expert on political philosophy. He was born in Germany to Jewish parents and later went to the United States. He spent most of his time as a teacher of political science at the University of Chicago, where he taught students and put into print 15 books.

paragraphs: He was particularly concerned with the idea of whether freedom and excellence could go together, but his ideas were criticised by Nicholas Xenos as wanting to go back to an era of fascism.

paragraphs: He was against the idea of a world state as he thought it would lead to tyranny.


title: Wachseldorn

paragraphs: Wachseldorn is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Wahlern

paragraphs: Wahlern was a municipality in Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011, Wahlern and Albligen joined together to become the new municipality, Schwarzenburg.


title: Schwarzenburg

paragraphs: Schwarzenburg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It was created on 1 January 2011 through the merger of the municipalities of Wahlern and Albligen.


title: Mosen, Lucerne

paragraphs: Mosen was a municipality of the district Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.


title: Müswangen

paragraphs: Müswangen is a former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2009, it became part of the municipality of Hitzkirch.


title: Brontallo

paragraphs: Brontallo is a village and former municipality of the district Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, Peccia and Prato-Sornico merged to form the new municipality of Lavizzara.


title: Peccia

paragraphs: Peccia is one of six small Swiss municipalities that merged on 4 April 2004 to form the new municipality of Lavizzara, with about 1000 people. The other municipalities were Broglio, Brontallo, Fusio, Menzonio, and Prato-Sornico.


title: Web crawler

paragraphs: A web crawler or spider is a computer program that automatically fetches the contents of a web page. The program then analyses the content, for example to index it by certain search terms. Search engines commonly use web crawlers.


title: Per capita income

paragraphs: Per capita income or average income is the average amount of money a person gets in a year. It is found by dividing the amount of money in an area by the number of people living there.

paragraphs: Per capita income is often used to measure an area's average income. The currency used is often the euro or the US dollar as they are widely used international currencies.

paragraphs: It has been criticised for not accounting for inflation. This means that it overstates economic growth. It also means that a small number of wealthy people can increase the country's per capita income whilst the rest of the population experience no change. It does not account for the differences in the cost of living between countries.


title: Sunnyvale, California

paragraphs: Sunnyvale is a city in the U.S. state of California. It is near San Francisco and San Jose. It is the seventh most populated city in the San Francisco Bay Area. As of the 2010 census, 140,095 people were living in Sunnyvale.


title: Booby trap

paragraphs: A booby trap is a device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person. It is usually triggered by the actions of the victim who did not know the booby trap was there. During the Vietnam War nearly 70% of American casualties were due to booby traps. In war, booby traps are a form of psychological warfare. They are designed to make soldiers slow down and be very cautious. As the word "trap" implies, they sometimes have some form of bait to attract the victim. At other times, the trap is set to act upon trespassers that come into personal or restricted areas. The device can be triggered when the victim performs some type of everyday action. For example opening a door, picking something up or switching something on. They can also be triggered by vehicles driving along a road such as an improvised explosive devices (IED's). Often booby traps are placed in a choke point where people or vehicles would normally move through. Lethal booby traps are often used in warfare, particularly guerrilla warfare. Traps designed to cause injury or pain are sometimes used by criminals wanting to protect drugs or other illicit property. They are also used some owners of legal property who wish to protect it from theft.


title: San Pedro Department, Paraguay

paragraphs: The San Pedro department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú. Its code is PY-02.

paragraphs: The name San Pedro ("Saint Peter") was given after its capital.

paragraphs: During the 17th and 18th centuries there was much problems with the people in the region. To help for the economic growth, three towns were started: San Estanislao (1749), Villa del Rosario (1786) and San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú (1786).

paragraphs: San Pedro, the second department of the country, was created by law in 1906, and had the territories of Itacurubí del Rosario, Santa Rosa del Aguaray, Tacuatí, Unión, Ygatimi and Curuguaty, as well as the area of the present Canindeyú department. Its limits were given finally by the Law 426 of 26 December 1973.

paragraphs: The San Pedro department is in the north central part of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , the largest of the "Oriental" region, with a population of 360,094 for a population density of .

paragraphs: The main river in the department, and of Paraguay, is the Paraguay that makes the western border of the department.

paragraphs: Other rivers are the Jejuí Guazú, long, and the Ypané, long.

paragraphs: , the total amount of precipitation in the city of San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú was . The month with the most precipitation was April with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year 2014 in San Pedro de Ycuamandiyú was . The warmest month, on average, was February with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The department is divided in 20 districts:


title: Jeju Island

paragraphs: Jejudo (also known as Jeju Island) is the largest island off the coast of the Korean Peninsula. It is the main island of Jeju Province of South Korea. The island lies in the Korea Strait, southwest of South Jeolla Province. The island contains the natural World Heritage Site Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes. The highest point in South Korea is the Island's dormant volcano, Hallasan, which stands above sea level. Jejudo has a temperate climate. Even in winter, the temperature rarely falls below . The Island is a popular place for Korean newlyweds to honeymoon.

paragraphs: Jeju Island is 73 km wide from east to west and 31 km wide from north to south. Most of Jeju Island is made out of volcanic rocks from the Holocene era.

paragraphs: First, the basalt lava erupted to make the Hallasan shield volcano about 2 million years ago. Hallasan was still active into recorded history, but it is not active now. Then this first layer of volcanic rock was covered up with sediment. Then there was another set of eruptions, which made most of the rock on the surface of Jeju Island today. In the third round of volcanic activity, Hallasan grew to its current, tall height, 1950 m.


title: Sinusitis

paragraphs: Sinusitis means infection or inflammation of the sinuses, which are air-filled spaces inside the bones of the face. There are many symptoms, including thick nasal mucus, a plugged nose, and pain in the face.


title: Rain, Switzerland

paragraphs: Rain is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Retschwil

paragraphs: Retschwil is a former municipality, in the municipality of Hitzkirch and the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Queen Anne of Romania

paragraphs: Princess Anne of Bourbon-Parma, also known as Queen Anne of Romania ("Anne Antoinette Françoise Charlotte Zita Marguerite of Bourbon-Parma", 18 September 1923 – 1 August 2016), was the wife of former king Michael I of Romania.

paragraphs: Anne was born in Paris, France, the only daughter of Prince René of Bourbon-Parma and Princess Margaret of Denmark. Anne was the younger sister of Prince Jacques of Bourbon-Parma and elder sister to Prince Michel of Bourbon-Parma who married Princess Maria Pia of Savoy (eldest child of King Umberto II of Italy and Queen Marie José), and Prince André of Bourbon-Parma. As a granddaughter of Robert I, Duke of Parma she was first cousin to: King Boris III of Bulgaria; Robert Hugo, Duke of Parma; Princess Alicia, Dowager Duchess of Calabria; Carlos Hugo, Duke of Parma; Crown Prince Otto of Austria; and Grand Duke Jean of Luxembourg.

paragraphs: In 1939 Anne's family fled from the Nazi Germans and escaped to Spain, then to Portugal finally to the United States. She attended the Parsons School of Design in New York City from 1940 to 1943. She also worked as a sales assistant at Macy's department store. In 1943 she joined the French Army as an ambulance driver. She served in Algeria, Morocco, Italy, Luxembourg and Germany. She received the French "Croix de guerre" for her wartime service.

paragraphs: In November 1947, Anne met King Michael I of Romania who was visiting London for the wedding of Princess Elizabeth and Philip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh. They met several times in London, always with her mother or brother. Michael asked her to marry him. Michael returned to Romania, where he was told by the prime minister it was not the right tine to announce the wedding. A few days later, the government said the wedding was the reason for Michael's sudden "abdication". In fact the king was deposed by the Communists on 30 December.

paragraphs: Anne was a Catholic and under their rules, she needed the church's permission to marry Michael who was not a Catholic. This permission could be given if Michael agreed to allow their future children to be raised as Catholics. Michael refused to do this, as it was against the laws of Romania, and it would make it impossible for him to regain his position as king. The Holy See refused to grant permission for the wedding. The two families decided to take their case to the Vatican. In early March, the couple's mothers met with Pope Pius XII who also refused permission for Anne to marry Michael.

paragraphs: Anne and Michael decided to marry without church permission. Anne's paternal uncle, Xavier, Duke of Parma, said he objected to the marriage that did not have the Pope's permission. He also told Anne's parents not to attend the wedding. Anne's family was represented at the ceremony by her maternal uncle, Prince Eric of Denmark.

paragraphs: The wedding ceremony was held on 10 June 1948 in Athens, Greece, in the throne room of the Royal Palace. The ceremony was performed by Archbishop Damaskinos. Guests at the wedding included: Helen, Queen Mother of Romania, Michael's aunts Queen Frederica, Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, Duchess of Aosta, Princess Katherine of Greece and Denmark; his cousins Alexandra, Queen Consort of Yugoslavia, Prince Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, King Paul of Greece, Princess Sophia of Greece and Denmark, Crown Prince Constantine of Greece and Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark, the three youngest ones serving as bridesmaids and pageboys; Anne's maternal uncle Prince Eric of Denmark; Princess Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, Prince George William of Hanover and many others.

paragraphs: The couple took part in a religious ceremony on 9 November 1966, at the Roman Catholic Church of St Charles in Monaco, to make the marriage "legal" for the church.

paragraphs: After their wedding in 1948, Anne and Michael lived in Hertfordshire for four years. They became market gardeners and farmed poultry. In 1956 they moved to Versoix on Lake Geneva, and raised five daughters there. In 1992 Anne and Michael visited Romania for three days; it was Anne's first visit to the country. From 1993 to 1997, Michael was refused entry to Romania by the Romanian government. Anne visited the country a number of times representing her husband. After 1997, there were no restrictions on Anne and Michael's entry into Romania. Elisabeta Palace was made available for them to use, and they recovered some properties from the state, including Săvârşin Castle and Peleş Castle.

paragraphs: In June 2008, Anne and Michael celebrated their 60th Wedding Anniversary, with three days of events in Romania. Events included a concert by the George Enescu Philharmonic Orchestra at the Romanian Athenaeum, an official reception at Athenee Palace in Bucharest, and book launch at the National Museum of Romanian History.

paragraphs: Anne died on 1 August 2016 in a hospital in Morges, Switzerland, at the age of 92. The family refused a posthumous military medal. Romania's President Klaus Iohannis said "Her Majesty Queen Ana of Romania will remain forever in memory and in our hearts as one of the most important symbols of wisdom, dignity and, especially, as a model of moral conduct." The government made 13 August 2016 a national day of mourning. The Romanian flag was flown at half-mast on all buildings. Television and radio broadcasts were told to make their programs suitable for the memory of Anne of Romania. The funeral was held at the Curtea de Argeș Cathedral. The government of Moldova also held a national day of mourning on 13 August in memory of Queen Anne, asking for everyone to observe a moment of silence at 10 am on that day.


title: Colin Bean

paragraphs: Colin Bean (15 April 1926 – 20 June 2009) was an English actor. He was best known for his role as Private Sponge in the BBC comedy series "Dad's Army". He appeared in 45 episodes between 1968 and 1977. He also had roles in "Are You Being Served?", "Hi-de-Hi!" and "Z Cars".

paragraphs: Bean was born in Wigan, Lancashire (now Greater Manchester). He died on 20 June 2009, aged 83.