title: Louise de Coligny

paragraphs: Louise de Coligny (Châtillon-sur-Loing, 23 September 1555 – Fontainebleau, 13 November 1620) was the fourth wife of Prince William the Silent. She was the daughter of an important French Protestant leader, Gaspard de Coligny.

paragraphs: She married Charles de Téligny when she was 16 years old in 1571. He was a Protestant diplomat who was also friendly with the French king Charles IX. Both her father and her husband were killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572.

paragraphs: In 1583 she (27) married William the Silent in Antwerp. She became the Princess of Orange. Their son Frederik Hendrik was born on 29 January 1584. On the 10th of July that year, William was shot by catholic Balthasar Gerards and died.

paragraphs: She stayed in the Netherlands with her 6 stepdaughters. In 1619, she asked her stepson Maurits to stop the execution of high-placed Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, but he did not listen. She then left Holland and went to France where she (65) died in 1620. On 24 May 1621, she was buried in the crypt of the House of Orange-Nassau in the New Church in Delft.


title: African National Congress

paragraphs: The African National Congress (ANC), supported by the Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU) and the South African Communist Party (SACP), has been South Africa's governing centre-left political party since the establishment of non-racial democracy in April 1994. It defines itself as a "disciplined force of the left". Members founded the organization as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) on 8 January 1912 in Bloemfontein to increase the rights of the black South African population. John Dube, its first president, and poet and author Sol Plaatje are among its founding members. The organization became the ANC in 1923 and formed a military wing, the Umkhonto we Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) in 1961.

paragraphs: It has been the ruling party of post-apartheid South Africa on the national level since 1994. It gained support in the 1999 elections, and further increased its majority in 2004, with 69.7% of the votes. In 2009 its share of the vote reduced slightly, but it remained the dominant party with 65.9% of the votes.

paragraphs: The ANC was founded in direct response to what was seen as injustices against black South Africans at the hands of their white, mostly Afrikaner government. The ANC had its origins in a pronouncement by Pixley ka Isaka Seme who said in 1911 "Forget all the past differences among Africans and unite in one national organisation." The ANC was set up the next year on 8 January 1912.

paragraphs: The government of the newly formed Union of South Africa began a systematic oppression of black people in South Africa. The Natives' Land Act was issued in 1913. The effect of these laws was to force many non-whites from their farms into the cities and towns to work, and to restrict their movement within South Africa. By 1919, the ANC led a campaign against passes, and in 1929 the ANC supported a militant mineworkers' strike.

paragraphs: The ANC became dormant in the mid-1920s. During that time, black people were also represented by the Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union and the once white-only Communist party. By 1927, J.T. Gumende (president of the ANC) proposed cooperation with the Communists in a bid to revitalise the organisation, but he was voted out of power in the 1930s. This led to the ANC becoming largely ineffectual and inactive, until the mid-1940s when the ANC was remodelled as a mass movement.

paragraphs: The ANC responded militarily to attacks on the rights of black South Africans, as well as calling for strikes, boycotts, and defiance. This led to a later Defiance Campaign in the 1950s, a mass movement of resistance to South Africa under apartheid. The government tried to stop the ANC by banning party leaders and enacting new laws to stop the ANC, however these measures failed.

paragraphs: In 1955, the Congress of the People officially adopted the Freedom Charter, stating the core principles of the South African Congress Alliance, which consisted of the African National Congress and its allies the South African Indian Congress, the South African Congress of Democrats and the Coloured People's Congress. The government claimed that this was a communist document, and consequently leaders of the ANC and Congress were arrested. 1960 saw the Sharpeville Massacre, in which 69 people were killed when police opened fire on anti-apartheid protesters.

paragraphs: Whites eventually joined the fight against apartheid, leading many black supremacists to break away from the ANC.

paragraphs: Umkhonto we Sizwe (or MK), translated "Spear of the Nation", was the military wing of the ANC. Partly in response to the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960, individual members of the ANC thought violence was needed because peaceful passive protest had failed. There was a significant portion of the ANC who therefore turned to violence in order to achieve their goals. A significant portion of ANC leadership agreed that this violence was needed to combat increasing backlash from the government.

paragraphs: Some ANC members were upset by the actions of the MK, and refused to accept violence as necessary for the ending of Apartheid, but these individuals became a minority as the militant leaders such as Nelson Mandela gained significant popularity. Many consider their actions to be criminal, but the MK said violence was justified by the goal of ending apartheid. Some members of MK committed terrorist acts to achieve their aims, and MK was responsible for the deaths of both civilians and members of the military.

paragraphs: In cooperation with the South African Communist Party, MK was founded in 1961.

paragraphs: The ANC calls itself a force of national liberation in the post-apartheid era; it officially defines its umbrella agenda as the "National Democratic Revolution". The ANC is a member of the Socialist International. It also sets forth the redressing of socio-economic differences stemming from colonial- and apartheid-era policies as a central focus of ANC policy.

paragraphs: The National Democratic Revolution (NDR) is described as a process through which the National Democratic Society (NDS) is achieved; a society in which people are intellectually, socially, economically and politically empowered.

paragraphs: The ANC holds a historic alliance with the South African Communist Party (SACP) and Congress of South African Trade Unions (COSATU), known as the "Tripartite Alliance". The SACP and COSATU have not contested any election in South Africa, but field candidates through the ANC, hold senior positions in the ANC, and influence party policy and dialogue. During Mbeki's presidency, the government took a more pro-capitalist stance, often running counter to the demands of the SACP and COSATU.

paragraphs: Following Zuma's accession to the ANC leadership in 2007 and Mbeki's resignation as president in 2008, the Mbeki faction of former ministers led by Mosiuoa Lekota split away from the ANC to form the Congress of the People.

paragraphs: The ANC flag is composed of three stripes – black, green and gold. Black symbolizes the native people of South Africa, green represents the land and gold represents the mineral and other natural wealth of South Africa. This flag was also the battle flag of the Umkhonto we Sizwe. The official party flag also has the emblem of the party incorporated onto the flag.

paragraphs: Politicians in the party win a place in parliament by being on the "Party List", which is drawn up before the elections and enumerates, in order, the party's preferred MPs. The number of seats allocated is proportional to the popular national vote, and this determines the cut-off point.

paragraphs: The ANC has also gained members through the controversial floor crossing process.

paragraphs: Although most South African parties announced their candidate list for provincial premierships in the 2009 election, the ANC did not. It is not required for parties to do so.

paragraphs: The ANC was the main opposition to the government during apartheid and played a major role in resolving the conflict through the peacemaking and peace-building processes. Initially members of the National Party met in secret with ANC leaders, including Nelson Mandela, to see if peace was possible. Discussions and negotiations took place leading to the eventual unbanning of the ANC and other opposing political parties by then President de Klerk on 2 February 1990. These initial meetings were the first crucial steps towards resolution.

paragraphs: The next official step towards rebuilding South Africa was the Groote Schuur Minute where the government and the ANC agreed on a common commitment towards the end of violence and intimidation, as well as a commitment to stability and to a peaceful process of negotiations. The ANC negotiated the release of political prisoners and the immunity from prosecution for returning exiles and moreover channels of communication were established between the Government and the ANC.

paragraphs: Later the Pretoria Minute was another step towards resolution where agreements at Groote Schuur were reconsolidated and steps towards setting up an interim government and drafting a new constitution were established as well as suspension of the military wing of the ANC – the Umkhonto we Sizwe. This step helped end much of the violence within South Africa. Another agreement that came out of the Pretoria Minute was that both parties would try and raise awareness that a new way of governing was being created for South Africa, and that further violence would only hinder this process. However violence still continued in Kwazulu-Natal, which violated the trust between Mandela and de Klerk. Moreover, internal disputes in the ANC prolonged the war as consensus on peace was not reached.

paragraphs: The next significant steps towards resolution were:

paragraphs: These measures ensured no one could claim, or be deprived of any rights on the basis of race.

paragraphs: In December 1991 the Convention for a Democratic South Africa (CODESA) was held with the aim of establishing an interim government. But in June 1992 there was the Boipatong massacre. Negotiations stopped as the ANC pulled out. Only Cyril Ramaphosa of the ANC, and Roelf Meyer of the National Party carried on talking. In over 40 meetings the two men discussed and negotiated over many issues including the nature of the future political system, the fate of over 40,000 government employees and if/how the country would be divided. The result of these negotiations was a temporary constitution that meant the transition from apartheid to democracy was a constitutional continuation and that the rule of law and state sovereignty remained intact during the change, which was vital for stability within the country. A date was set for the first democratic elections on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62.5% of the votes and has been in power ever since.

paragraphs: The most prominent corruption case involving the ANC relates to a series of bribes paid to companies involved in the ongoing R55 billion Arms Deal saga, which resulted in a long term jail sentence to former Deputy President Jacob Zuma's legal adviser Schabir Shaik. Zuma, now the State president, currently faces 7 813 charges relating to alleged fraud, bribery and corruption in the Arms Deal. The ANC has also been criticised for its subsequent abolishment of the Scorpions, the multidisciplinary agency that investigated and prosecuted organised crime and corruption, and was heavily involved in the investigation into Zuma and Shaik.

paragraphs: Other recent corruption issues include the sexual misconduct and criminal charges of Beaufort West municipal manager Truman Prince, and the Oilgate scandal, in which millions of Rand in funds from a state-owned company were allegedly funneled into ANC coffers. Links between factions in the ANC, specifically the ANC Youth League leadership, and businessman Brett Kebble gained media attention following Kebble's murder in September 2005.

paragraphs: In December 2007 the ANC elected their new National Executive Committee (NEC), the highest structure in the party. Out of the 80 member committee, 9% are (post-apartheid) convicted criminals. Most of these members have been convicted of fraud, while one member, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, was convicted of the kidnapping of a 14-year-old boy, James Seipei (1974–1988), also known as Stompie Moeketsi (who was also murdered). According to an article in the "Mail & Guardian", "by adding those who have been disciplined or moved, and those with dark clouds of unanswered questions hanging over their heads, the figure shifts to 29%."

paragraphs: The ANC has also been accused of using government and civil society to fight its political battles against opposition parties such as the Democratic Alliance. The result has been a number of complaints and allegations that none of the political parties truly represent the interests of the poor. This has resulted in the "No Land! No House! No Vote!" Campaign which becomes very prominent each time the country holds elections.

paragraphs: The ANC has reportedly wasted over R1 billion of taxpayers' money over the past eight months on luxury vehicles, expensive hotels, banquets, advertising and other "wasteful expenditure"

paragraphs: The main thrust behind this reporting is the official opposition in the country, the Democratic Alliance (DA). They have kept a tally of the expenditure called 'The Wasteful Expenditure Monitor'

paragraphs: According to the DA, this waste could have:


title: Environment of Florida

paragraphs: The state of Florida in the U.S.A. has a mild subtropical climate. Because of that, millions of people have settled in the once rural state over the last hundred years. Florida's population increases by about 1,000 residents each day. Land development and water use have changed the state, mostly by draining the wetlands that once covered most of the peninsula.

paragraphs: Much of Florida is made of karst limestone with water-filled caves and sinkholes, which provide homes to many species of aquatic life, some of which only live in Florida. As more and more people move to Florida, they use up the water in the underground caves. When a cave has no more water, it will sometimes collapse, forming a sinkhole, which can hurt animals, people, and buildings.

paragraphs: For a long time, the state has been trying to restore the Everglades. In 2000, Congress passed the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan, a $7.8 billion, 30-year project aimed at preserving and restoring the region and its unique combination of environments.

paragraphs: Florida ranks forty-fifth in total energy use, despite the heavy reliance on air conditioners and pool pumps. This includes coal, natural gas, petroleum, and retail electricity sales. About 4 percent of energy in the state is generated through renewable resources. Florida produces 6.0% of the nation's total energy, while total production of pollutants is lower, with figures of 5.6 percent for nitrogen oxide, 5.1 percent for carbon dioxide, and 3.5 percent for sulfur dioxide.

paragraphs: There are two oil-producing areas in Florida. One is in South Florida, with 14 fields, and the other is in the western panhandle, with seven fields. The South Florida fields are located in Lee, Hendry, and Collier county. Florida’s first oil field, the Sunniland field, in Collier County, was discovered in 1943. It has since produced over 18 million barrels of oil. After that, 13 more field discoveries were found. Although these fields are small, production is large. Together, the three Felda fields (West Felda, Mid-Felda, and Sunoco Felda) in Hendry County have produced over 54 million barrels of oil.

paragraphs: Production in the western panhandle began with the discovery of the Jay field in June 1970. Jay is the largest oil field discovered in North America since the discovery of the giant Prudhoe Bay Oil Field on the Alaskan North Slope in 1968. Since then, six more oil fields have been discovered in the western panhandle of Florida. North Florida has dominated Florida oil production since the discovery of the Jay field. North Florida oil fields account for 83 percent of the state’s production, with the Jay field alone producing 71 percent.

paragraphs: It is believed that significant energy resources are located off of Florida's western coast in the Gulf of Mexico, but that region has been closed to exploration since 1981.

paragraphs: In July 2007, Florida Governor Charlie Crist announced plans to sign executive orders that would impose strict new air-pollution standards in the state, with aims to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions by 80 percent of 1990 levels by 2050. Crist's orders would set new emissions targets for power companies, automobiles and trucks, and toughen conservation goals for state agencies and require state-owned vehicles to use alternative fuels.

paragraphs: Florida gets much of its drinking water from the Floridan Aquifer and the Biscayne Aquifer, as well as from surface water from Lake Okeechobee and other lakes, but population increases have begun to strain available sources. The state has built 120 desalination plants, more than three times as many as any other state, including the largest plant in the United States. Additionally, an electrodialysis reversal plant in Sarasota is the largest of its type in the world, and a nanofiltration plant in Boca Raton is the largest of its type in the western hemisphere.

paragraphs: Increasing landfill space is also an issue. St. Lucie County is planning to experiment with burning trash through plasma arc gasification to generate energy and reduce landfill space. The experiment will be the largest of its kind in the world to date, and begin operation no later than 2009. If successful, experts estimate that the entire St. Lucie County landfill, estimated to contain 4.3 million tons of trash, will disappear within 18 years. Materials created in the energy production can also be used in road construction.

paragraphs: Areas under control of the National Park Service include:

paragraphs: Areas under the control of the USDA United States Forest Service include:

paragraphs: The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Ocean Service is responsible for one sanctuary:

paragraphs: Florida is a biodiverse state, with 3,500 native vascular plants and 1,500 vertebrates, a higher number than all but three other states. A 2003 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization study stated that the Florida Straits had the highest biodiversity in the Atlantic Ocean, and were the home to 25 endemic species.

paragraphs: Red tide has also been an issue on the southwest coast of Florida. While there has been a great deal of guessing over the cause of the toxic algae bloom, there is no evidence that it is being caused by pollution or that there has been an increase in the length or frequency of red tide outbreaks.

paragraphs: Native flora is threatened by various invasive plants, including the Brazilian Pepper ("Schinus terebinthifolius"). Owning and growing this tree is illegal. Large numbers of volunteers cut down these invaders, particularly along waterways. The Australian pine ("Casuarina" spp.) is being actively attacked.

paragraphs: Other foreign pests include the Asian ambrosia beetle ("Xyleborus glabratus"), which threatens the local avocado industry and redbay trees ("Persea borbonia").

paragraphs: It is illegal to import Giant African land snails (achatina fulica). These threaten buildings, 500 types of local plants, and carry meningitis.

paragraphs: Endemic species in Florida include the Florida Scrub Jay ("Aphelocoma coerulescens"), Miami blue ("Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri"), Okaloosa darter ("Etheostoma okaloosae"), and Key Deer ("Odocoileus virginianus clavium").

paragraphs: Florida is a popular destination for birdwatching, because of the many species that can be found in the state at various times of the year. The Florida Ornithological Society maintains the official state list of the birds of Florida, which currently contains 498 species. A study published in 2003 by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission documented 196 species of birds which were confirmed to breed in the state, with an additional 19 species listed as possible or probable breeders. The Great Florida Birding Trail, a 2,000-mile-long (3,200 km) trail, is composed of 489 locations throughout the state which are excellent observation sites.

paragraphs: Sport fishing is also popular in Florida; over 250 different species of fishes (including 73 non-native species) can be found in Florida. There are more than 1,000 species of fish in Florida's inshore waters.

paragraphs: In 2010, NOAA, citing the Magnuson-Stevens Act, banned fishing of red snapper until the population has time to recover.

paragraphs: Florida's Atlantic coast is home to the only extensive coral reefs in the continental United States, and the third largest in the world. The entire reef system in the Florida Keys is part of the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, and large parts of reef are protected as part of Biscayne National Park.

paragraphs: In 1977, the federal government placed alligators on the endangered species list. They were removed from the endangered list in 1987 and Florida allowed selective hunting in 1988.

paragraphs: In 1987, Brevard County, Florida hosted the last member of the Dusky Seaside Sparrow, now extinct. There have been only two extinct bird species since listing of endangered species began in 1973. This event has presented a challenge to ensure that other environmental concerns are addressed quickly.

paragraphs: The Florida Scrub Jay has been thought to be threatened for many years, because the species is territorial and cannot move to better grounds when its habitat is in danger.

paragraphs: Nesting beaches of loggerhead sea turtles are protected.


title: Tarafa Baghajati

paragraphs: Tarafa Baghajati (, (born September 1st 1961) in Damascus, Syria) is a human right activist and writer, he is also the chairman of the Austrian Muslim Initiative (AMI).

paragraphs: Tarafa Baghajati was born in Damascus, to parents Adnan Baghajati,an author and former Syrian Education minster,and Amal Homsi,an economic journalist.

paragraphs: In 1984 the Syrian regime detained Baghajati for more than 8 months,he spent three of them in Tadmor Prison due to his political views.

paragraphs: Since he moved to Austria in 1986,Baghajati is active on the topics of immigration, anti-racism , human right and political issues which also involve the Middle East especially his home country Syria, he is also very active on the topics of Islam and "Muslim in Austria and Europe", and opposition what is known as Islamophobia, and the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), in Africa and Europe.

paragraphs: In 1999, he found the initiative of Muslim Austrians ( IMOE ) with his wife Carla Amina Baghajati , Omar Al-Rawi , Mouddar Khouja and Andrea Saleh, who are members of the Islamic Religion Community in Austria .

paragraphs: Baghajati is a former board member . (2001 - 2007 , 2004-2007 Vice- President ) and member of the Honorary Advisory Board of European Network Against Racism (ENAR)

paragraphs: He is also a board member of the Platform for Intercultural Europe (PIE).

paragraphs: On March 2009, Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met Sheikh Prof.Dr Yusuf al-Qaradawi in Qatar, one of the most best known Islamic contemporary authority scholar. They obtained a fatwa issued by the recognized legal scholars, stating the genital mutilation of girls is referred to and forbidden as "devil's work" because it is directed against the ethics of Islam. Speaking at the Hamburg Museum of Ethnology, 6 February 2011 Baghajati ventured to predict to celebrate the end of this practice as early as 2020.

paragraphs: on February 2011,Rüdiger Nehberg and Tarafa Baghajati met this time Sheikh Prof.Dr Mohamed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti and obtained a similar fatwa against female genital mutilation.

paragraphs: Baghajati is one of the finders and a board member of European Muslim Initiative for Social Cohesion (EMISCO).

paragraphs: Baghajati graduated as civil engineer from Polytechnic University of Timișoara in 1986

paragraphs: Initiative of Muslim Austrians (IMOE) won democracy award by in 2008.

paragraphs: He is married to since 1990,has four children.


title: Micronation

paragraphs: Micronations are countries started by one or a group of people which is not noticed by the United Nations. These countries are mostly used in people's heads, or on the internet.

paragraphs: People make micronations for lots of reasons. Some are to show they do not like their main country (for example the United Kingdom), or if they want to make money, or to use it as a place for themselves.

paragraphs: The biggest football organisation for micronations is known as the MFA "(Micronational Football Association)", founded by Joe Foxon in 2009. It has 13 micronations from 7 countries as members. It makes a competition every 4 years called the MFA World Cup for all the micronations in the world to play in. The first World Cup will be in Southern England in 2013.

paragraphs: Every year there is a chess competition for micronations to play in. It is played on the computer and in the first year, 3 micronations took part.

paragraphs: Every year there is a singing competition called the MicroVision Song Contest. Micronations make a song and put it on the internet, and then other micronations vote for the best song. The winner then makes the next one.


title: Palaestra

paragraphs: A palaestra was a building in ancient Greece. It is the place where wrestling was taught and practiced. It consisted of a large square or rectangular courtyard. This courtyard was open to the sky. It was surrounded by colonnades. Off these colonnades were dressing rooms, lecture rooms, bath rooms, and rooms for storing equipment. Wrestlers practiced under the colonnades in all weathers.

paragraphs: Palaestras were often near gymnasiums. They were sometimes a part of gymnasium complexes. Most cities in the Greek world had a palaestra. Large cities may have had several. Some palaestras were privately owned. Most were built with taxes. The palaestra was very much a part of the everyday lives of Greek men and boys. Some men felt as much affection for the palaestra they grew up in as modern men feel for their "alma mater". Some men were buried in their favorite palaestra.

paragraphs: A palaestra was a building in ancient Greece where wrestling was taught and practiced. The word "palaestra" is based on the Greek word "pale", which means wrestling. From the sixth century BC through the end of the Roman Imperial age, palaestras were built throughout Greece. The earliest ones were privately owned, but by the fifth century BC public ones were being built. Almost every Greek city had at least one palaestra and some large cities had several.

paragraphs: Palaestras were often located near or were attached to gymnasiums. The gymnasium probably first appeared in the sixth century BC. Both were often referred to simply as "the gymnasium". Greek historian, biographer, and essayist Plutarch writes that a palaestra was used solely for wrestling and the "pankration", a sport similar to but much rougher than wrestling. Boxing was taught and practiced in the gymnasium. Retired athletes owned and operated small palaestras. Greek males of all ages joined palaestras. Elderly (old) men sometimes had their own palaestras.

paragraphs: Vitruvius was a Roman architect who lived in the age of Augustus. He made a plan for the perfect palaestra in his book "On Architecture". This palaestra is similar to the one at Olympia, Greece, the site of the ancient Olympic Games. Vitruvius' palaestra has a large courtyard open to the sky. This courtyard is surrounded by roofed colonnades.

paragraphs: The yard would have been filled with "skammata"pits where wrestlers and pankratiasts would have practiced. A "skamma" ("dug-up part") was an area where the soil had been turned over and covered with a thick layer of sand to provide a firm foundation for the wrestlers. Because wrestlers may have had to compete in rainy weather, there were two "skamma" in the palaestra: a dry one and a wet one. Wrestlers called the mud in the wet "skamma" "beeswax".

paragraphs: The wrestlers themselves turned over the soil and sand with a pick axe. This was considered a meaningful exercise and the pick axe became a symbol for wrestling in Greek art. It is likely the wet "skamma" was located under the colonnades to prevent evaporation. Greek physicians thought a mixture of mud and oil had curative powers and a mixture of mud and oil was often used in the pits.

paragraphs: Vitruvius describes single colonnades on three sides of the yard and a double colonnade on the north side. This double colonnade would protect the room behind it from sun and rain. The palaestra was a place for training the body and the mind. This room was the "ephebeion". It was here that young men ("ephebes") would receive instruction on Greek culture. Stone benches would have been set into the walls.

paragraphs: To the right of the "ephebeion" Vitruvius would have had three rooms: the punching bag room, the dust and powder room, and a room for bathing. To the left of the "ephebeion" would be a room for storing oil, and a group of rooms for a furnace and hot baths. Hot baths were a Roman necessity and were not found at Olympia however. This may have been because of the scarcity of water at Olympia. The baths at Olympia were simple but those at Delphi were large and elaborate.

paragraphs: Vitruvius does not mention the undressing room ("apodyterion") but there certainly would have been at least one in every palaestra. "Pale" and "pankration" were both practiced in the nude. Vitruvius does not mention a ball room ("sphairisterion") either, which some palaestra had. It is not known if this room was used for ball games, storage, or exercise.

paragraphs: On rainy days, wrestling was taught and practiced beneath the two to four roofed colonnades that lined the yard. Just off these colonnades were dressing rooms, rooms for bathing, storage rooms, and rooms for lectures and meeting friends. These rooms were often used for homosexual or pederastic trysts.

paragraphs: Hermes Enagonios ("Hermes of the Contest") presided over the palaestra. He was depicted on a rectangular piece of marble as a head and an erect penis. Hermes was the god of wrestling and sometimes said to be the father of Palaestra, the goddess of wrestling. In Greek art, a herm often indicates the scene is a palaestra. Statues of Apollo and Herakles also stood in a palaestra.

paragraphs: Wrestling was a highly esteemed sport in ancient Greece. It was less rough than boxing or the pankration, required less space than other sports, and, as a result, was the most popular sport among athletes. References to the sport are frequent in the literature of ancient Greece, especially poetry.

paragraphs: Males of all ages joined palaestras, just as modern men and boys join the YMCA, gyms, or health clubs. Greek men developed an affection for the gymnasiums and the palaestras where they grew up, and some were buried in their favorite gymnasium or palaestra. These buildings could be a center for politics: the plot to free Thebes from Sparta was formed in a palaestra and a revolt against Macedon found its supporters in the gymnasiums and palaestras of Argos.

paragraphs: Some people were not allowed in the palaestra. These included the "paidogogos"older slaves or grandfathers who led young boys to the palaestra and waited for them near the front door. Others not allowed in the palaestra included girls and women, cripples, alcoholics, craftsmen, vendors (salesmen), slaves or freed slaves, the insane, and openly lewd homosexuals. Death was not unknown in the palaestra. One wrestler fell on a hard surface and died ten days later from chest injuries.

paragraphs: Every palaestra had a number of handsome young men called "prosgymnastes". They waited around offering to wrestle others for a fee. These young men were known casually as "statues". Wrestling one was known as "hugging a statue". These young men were not held in high esteem.

paragraphs: In a place where men, young men, and boys were nude, homosexual interaction was common. The authorities tried unsuccessfully to curb it. Greek vase paintings of males in the palaestra show teens goosing each other or older males offering love gifts such as hares to teens. In "Lysis", the Athenian philosopher Sokrates is pulled into a palaestra by a group of teenagers. They tell him that one of their number is in love with another. Most Greek males considered a homosexual relationship a positive palaestra experience. Archaeologist Stephen Miller writes that Eros was worshipped as much as Hermes and Herakles in the palaestra.


title: Black-tailed rattlesnake

paragraphs: The Black-Tailed Rattlesnake ("Crotalus Molossus") is a species of venomous Pit vipers, found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. There are currently three subspecies recognized.

paragraphs: Most Black-tailed Rattlesnakes grow to the length of . They can be as long as . Females are said to be larger than males.

paragraphs: The Black-tailed Rattlesnake is olive green, yellow, brown, or black in color. They are called the "Black-tailed Rattlesnake" because of their tail which is the color of black. Like other rattlesnakes the Black-tailed Rattlesnake has a rattle on the end of its tail, but its rattle is weak and can be broken. They can shed their skin several times a year.

paragraphs: The Black-tailed Rattlesnake is also called the "Green Rattler", the "Dog-faced Rattlesnake", and the "Mountain Diamondback".

paragraphs: The Black-tailed Rattlesnake is found in southwestern United States of America and Mexico. In the U.S.A it is found in Arizona, New Mexico, and west and central Texas, in Mexico it is found in Oaxaca. It is also found on islands of the Gulf of California, like San Estèban Island and Tiburòn Island.

paragraphs: In the spring and fall the Black-tailed Rattlesnake are diurnal, in the summer they are nocturnal so they can avoid the heat, and in the winter they hibernate in other animals dens. Even though they are okay climbers and good swimmers they are terrestrial. They live in grasslands, deserts, mountain areas, and forests.

paragraphs: Like all rattlesnakes they are carnivores and eat rodents, other small mammals, birds, and small reptiles.

paragraphs: The Black-tailed Rattlesnakes mate in the spring, once they have mated the male stays with the female to stop other males from mating with her. It is in the summer that the female gives birth to her young, the young stay with their mother for around a day or two before leaving by their selves. A female usually mates every year and has 10-12 young at a time. They live for around 15–20 years.


title: YMCA

paragraphs: Young Men's Christian Association (or the YMCA or the Y) is an organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. It was originally meant to put Christian principles into practice. It was founded in 1844 in London, England, United Kingdom. At first, the organization provided beds and shelter to young men leaving the countryside for work in the cities. It promotes Muscular Christianity.

paragraphs: Basketball was invented in an American YMCA.

paragraphs: The similar Young Women's Christian Association or YWCA was founded in 1870.


title: Antisocial personality disorder

paragraphs: Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is a personality disorder in which a person fails to conform with socially accepted behavior. People with this disorder often disregard social norms or the rights of other people. Other names for the condition are sociopathy and dissocial personality disorder (DPD). However, because of the many definitions of sociopathy, that word is no longer used in a medical context.

paragraphs: The ASPD pattern begins in childhood or adolescence and continues into adulthood. People with ASPD have no conscience or sense of morality, although the large majority know right from wrong. Those with ASPD often commit crimes, have legal problems, and show behavior that is aggressive and, in the large majority of cases, impulsive, reckless and destructive. About three percent of men and one percent of women have ASPD.

paragraphs: According to the latest version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (the DSM-IV), a person has ASPD if they fit the following requirements:

paragraphs: A. Since age 15, the person has shown a pattern of not caring about and violating others' rights. This pattern must be pervasive, meaning that the person habitually acts this way in different settings. This pattern is shown by at least three of the following actions:

paragraphs: B. To be diagnosed with ASPD, the person must be at least 18 years old.

paragraphs: C. By age 15, he or she seemed to exhibit conduct disorder.

paragraphs: D. The person's antisocial behavior is not caused by schizophrenia or a manic episode.

paragraphs: ASPD is not the same as psychopathy. The two are similar; people with both conditions may show similar behaviors. However, they are diagnosed differently. Using the DSM criteria, a diagnosis of ASPD is based on a person's behaviors. No official, agreed-upon definition or set of diagnostic criteria exists for psychopathy, but most tools that measure psychopathy focus on personality characteristics as well as behaviors.

paragraphs: Most people who score highly on the Hare Psychopathy Checklist (PCL-R), the most popular measure of psychopathy, also qualify for ASPD. However, people with ASPD do not routinely score high on the PCL-R. This suggests that most psychopaths qualify for ASPD, but most people with ASPD do not qualify as psychopaths. The diagnosis of ASPD covers most psychopaths, as well as many more people who are not psychopaths. The diagnosis of ASPD covers two to three times as many prisoners as the diagnosis of psychopathy does.

paragraphs: Depending on the behaviour, different ASPD subtypes have been identified:

paragraphs: Mixed types also occur. There is a debate on the subtypes.


title: Causinae

paragraphs: The Causinae, commonly known as the "night adders", are a subfamily of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa. The family is monotypic, since it only has the genus "Causus". There are six species.

paragraphs: The night adders can grow to around 60 to 90 centimeters (24 to 36 in) long. They are usually dark gray, light gray, light brown, or black in color with gray or black blotches.

paragraphs: Even though they are called the night adders, they are usually active at day, but some are active at night. When they are attacked or disturbed, they usually coil up and start hissing at their enemy to scare it off. Some may raise their head and neck off the ground, and with their tongue sticking out, move froward like a the Cobra does.

paragraphs: They eat mainly toads and frogs, but there are reports of some night adders eating almost everything they can find until they are completely unable to swallow any more food.

paragraphs: All night adders are oviparous, which means they lay eggs. This is unusual for most vipers, because most vipers are viviparous, they give live birth. They lay around two dozen eggs at a time. These eggs take around four months to hatch, when they hatch the hatchlings are 4-5 inches (10-12.5 cm) long.

paragraphs: The night adders have very big venom glands, which are around 10 centimeters long. But even though the venom glands are big, the adders don't always use their venom on their prey. The venom would kill the prey fast enough, but they usually seize their prey and swallow it.

paragraphs: When someone is bitten by a night adder, the venom does not spread around the body, and only causes swelling in the place of the bite. There have been no reports of deaths by night adder venom.


title: Common night adder

paragraphs: The common night adder is a species of venomous vipers found in sub-Saharan Africa.

paragraphs: The common night adder can grow up to around 60 centimeters (24 in) long, making it the longest species of the genus "Causus". The longest ever recorded was a male found in eastern Zimbabwe which was 93 centimeters (around 37 in) long. They are usually olive green, brown, or grayish-brown in color with black rhombic-shaped blotches, but not all have blotches on them.

paragraphs: The common night adder is also called the "rhombic night adder", the "demon night adder", the "Cape Viper", and the "African night adder".

paragraphs: The common night adder is found in the savannas of Sub-Saharan Africa, from Nigeria, east to Sudan, Ethiopia, Somalia and Kenya, south to Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, northern Botswana, Mozambique, Swaziland, and eastern South Africa.

paragraphs: The common night adder is a fairly fast species of snake; it can move at the speed of 3.3 km per hour. They are usually found on the ground, but they can climb trees and can swim. They are mainly nocturnal, but some have been seen basking in the early morning or late afternoon. When disturbed they coil up, inflate their body (which makes the black blotches on them stand out), and start hissing loudly.

paragraphs: Common night adders are oviparous, meaning that they lay eggs, while other vipers are usually viviparous, meaning that they give live birth. Females lay around two dozen eggs at a time, which take around four months to hatch. Once hatched, the young are 10 to 12.5 cm long and eat small frogs and toads.

paragraphs: Their diet is made up of mainly frogs and toads, and sometimes small mammals like mice and rats.


title: Polystyrene

paragraphs: Polystyrene is a form of chemical compound that is mainly used for a wide variety of packaging.It is an aromatic polymer made from the monomer styrene, a liquid hydrocarbon that is manufactured from petroleum by the chemical industry. Polystyrene is one of the most widely used plastics, the scale being several billion kilograms per year.

paragraphs: Polystyrene can be in either a thermoset or a thermoplastic form.


title: Allometry

paragraphs: Allometry is the study of the relationship of body size to shape. In particular, it refers to the rate of growth of one part of the body compared to other parts. In most cases, the relative size of body parts changes as the body grows. Most allometric relationships are adaptive. For example, organs which depend on their surface area (such as the intestine) grow faster as the body weight increases.

paragraphs: Also, there are changes in allometry as a clade evolves. Allometry is an important way to describe changes in gross morphology (body shape) during evolution. Changes in time of development in an evolutionary series or clade are very common. The trend is known as heterochrony.

paragraphs: Allometry was first outlined by Otto Snell in 1892, D'Arcy Thompson in 1917, and Julian Huxley in 1932. The relationship between two measured quantities is often expressed as a power law:

paragraphs: where formula_3 is the scaling exponent of the law.

paragraphs: JBS Haldane's 1926 essay "On being the right size" gives an overview of the way size interacts with body structure. Haldane's thesis is that sheer size very often defines what bodily equipment an animal must have:

paragraphs: Many of his examples are based on the square-cube law. If an animal's length is doubled, its surface area will be squared and its weight cubed. This alone causes allometric changes in any evolutionary lineage where successive species get larger of smaller. There are many such lineages.

paragraphs: The bigger an animal gets, the more would they have to change their physical shape, but the weaker they would become.


title: Keiko Ikeda

paragraphs: , also known by her married name as , is a Japanese amateur athlete, coach, university professor and sports administrator. She is best known as a gymnast who competed in the 1956 Summer Olympics, in the 1960 Summer Olympics, and in the 1964 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: She won a gold medal on the balance beam at the 1954 World Gymnastics Championships. She is the only Japanese woman to win a gold medal in this international competition.


title: Abhinav Bindra

paragraphs: Abhinav Bindra (born September 28, 1982, in Dehradun) is an Indian amateur athlete and businessman. He is best known as the current World and Olympic champion in the 10 m Air Rifle event.

paragraphs: At the Beijing Olympic Games, he became the first Indian to win an individual Olympic gold medal.

paragraphs: He was born in Punjab. He became interested in shooting a gun as a sport when he was in school in Chandigarh


title: Lake Mackay

paragraphs: Lake Mackay (Pintupi: "Wilkinkarra") is a large salt lake in central Australia. It stretches across the border between Western Australia and the Northern Territory. All around it is desert. The Great Sandy Desert is to the northwest, the Tanami Desert is to the northeast, and the Gibson Desert is to the south. There are hundreds of salt lakes along this border area, and Lake Mackay is the largest. It has a surface area of , and is about long from east to west and north to south. It is the second-largest lake in Australia.

paragraphs: The lake was named after the first European to visit it, Donald George Mackay. The lake is most often dry, because of quick evaporation. Salt and other minerals float on the surface.

paragraphs: Lake Mackay is a central place in dreamtime stories for several Aboriginal groups, especially the Pintupi. The lake forms the centre of the Pintupi ancestral lands. Many sacred paths and tracks come together at the shores of the lake. According to mythology, the lake was formed after a fierce bushfire that ruined the land around it.


title: Papunya, Northern Territory

paragraphs: Papunya is a small community in central Australia. It is about northwest of Alice Springs in the Northern Territory. The people who live there are Aboriginal people who were forced off their traditional country during the 1930s and 1940s. They are mainly from Pintupi- and Luritja-speaking groups. In the 2006 census, Papunya had a population of 299. The town is now on private Aboriginal land. People visiting or travelling through need a permit.

paragraphs: During the late 1950s, a Lutheran mission was set up at Papunya. In the 1970s, many of the people living here moved back to their homelands as part of the outstation movement. The Pintupi moved back west, closer to their homeland around Lake Mackay. They set up the town of Kintore in 1981, about west of Papunya. During this time, local painters were slowly forming a new style of art. By the mid-1980s, it became internationally known as Papunya Tula.


title: William Thomas Stead

paragraphs: William Thomas Stead (5 July 1849 – 15 April 1912) was a British writer and journalist. He was a pioneer of investigative journalism, and one of the most controversial figures in British journalism during the Victorian era.

paragraphs: His death occurred during the sinking of RMS Titanic.


title: Kintore, Northern Territory

paragraphs: Kintore (Pintupi: "Waḻungurru"; ) is a remote town in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is about west of Alice Springs and close to the border with Western Australia. Almost all the people who live there are Aboriginal, and most are Pintupi.

paragraphs: Kintore was founded in 1981. Many Pintupi people who lived in the community of Papunya (to the east) decided to move back to their own country. They had been forced to leave these lands decades before because of weapons testing at Woomera in South Australia. Kintore is a major centre for the Western Desert art movement, which began at Papunya during the 1970s. The paintings made here are visual descriptions of dreamtime stories. They have gained fame around the world. A number of members of the Aboriginal art school Papunya Tula live at Kintore.


title: Tim Conway

paragraphs: Thomas Daniel "Tim" Conway (December 15, 1933 – May 14, 2019) was an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, writer, singer, voice artist, and comedian. He has worked in sitcoms, comedy sketches, and in movies. Conway is best known for "McHale's Navy" as Ensign Charles Parker. To younger viewers, Conway is known for Barnacle Boy in "SpongeBob SquarePants".

paragraphs: Conway was born Thomas Daniel Conway in Willoughby, Ohio on December 15, 1933. His mother was Romanian. He was raised in Chagrin Falls, Ohio.

paragraphs: Conway went to Bowling Green State University.

paragraphs: Conway was married twice: His first marriage was to Mary Anne Dalton in 1961.

paragraphs: Conway and Dalton had six children. One of them is radio host Tim Conway, Jr.. Conway and Dalton divorced in 1978. Conway's second marriage was in 1984 to Charlene Fusco. Conway and Ernest Borgnine were good friends until Borgnine's death in 2012.

paragraphs: Conway died on May 14, 2019, at the age of 85 from complications of normal pressure hydrocephalus.


title: Cillian Murphy

paragraphs: Cillian Murphy (born 25 May 1976) is an Irish movie and theatre actor. Murphy is known for his multiple roles and his blue eyes.

paragraphs: Murphy was born on 25 May 1976 in Douglas, County Cork, Ireland. He was raised in Ballintemple, a suburb of Cork. His father, Brendan Murphy, worked for the Irish Department of Education. His mother is a French teacher. He went to University College Cork.

paragraphs: Murphy started his career as a rock musician. After he turned down a record deal, he started his acting career in a play in Disco Pigs in 1996. He went on to star in a British and Irish movie and stage production in the late 1990s and early 2000s. His first worldwide role was in 2003 as the hero in the horror movie "28 Days Later".

paragraphs: Murphy's best-known roles were villains in two blockbusters: Scarecrow in the superhero movie "Batman Begins", and as Jackson Rippner in the thriller movie "Red Eye". He also played the Scarecrow in the next two Batman movies: "The Dark Knight" and "The Dark Knight Rises". He played the orphan teen in the 2005's "Breakfast on Pluto". For that role, he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award. He played a 1920s Irish revolutionary in "The Wind That Shakes the Barley".

paragraphs: He has also played the main protagonist, Thomas Shelby, in the BBC drama "Peaky Blinders."

paragraphs: Murphy lived in London, England from 2001 until 2015 when he moved to Dublin, Ireland. He often works in or near a city. He has no thoughts of moving to Hollywood. He doesn't feel right with the celebrity circuit. He often gives interviews about his movies. He does not give information about his private life. He didn't appear on TV interviews until 2010. He won an Irish Film & Television Award in 2007. He won a Drama Desk Award in 2012.

paragraphs: Murphy married Yvonne McGuinness in 2004. They have two sons; Malachy (b. 2005) and Carrick (b. 2007). He currently lives in Monkstown, Dublin, Ireland.


title: Hurricane Charlie (1951)

paragraphs: Hurricane Charlie was the deadliest storm in 1951. It was the second hurricane of the year in the Atlantic hurricane season. This hurricane hit Jamaica with winds around Category 3 levels, strengthened to Category 4 at 135 miles an hour and then struck Mexican Yucatán Peninsula. The storm made its last landfall in the Tampico area of Mexico. Over 250 people died, half of whom near the Tampico region. This hurricane was Tampico's worst tropical cyclone since 1936.


title: Tom Hardy

paragraphs: Edward Thomas "Tom" Hardy, CBE, (born 15 September 1977) is an English movie, television, stage, voice actor and screenwriter. He is known for his roles in "", "RocknRolla", "Bronson", "Inception", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy", "This Means War", and the television series "".

paragraphs: For his work in that series, he earned a nomination for a BAFTA Award for Best Actor. He also played Freddie Jackson in Martina Cole's "The Take". That was a television movie based on Cole's novel of the same name. He played Bane in Christopher Nolan's 2012 movie "The Dark Knight Rises". Hardy also played Max Rockatansky in "Mad Max" and as Venom in the 2018 movie "Venom".

paragraphs: Hardy appeared as Farrier in the 2017 Nolan movie "Dunkirk".

paragraphs: Hardy was born on September 15, 1977 in Hammersmith, London, England. He is an only child. His parents were Anne (née Barrett) and Edward "Chips" Hardy. He was raised in East Sheen, London. Hardy went to Reed's School, Tower House School, and the Drama Centre London.

paragraphs: Hardy married Sarah Ward in 1999. They divorced in 2004. He has a son with ex-girlfriend Rachael Speed, Louis Thomas Hardy (born 8 April 2008). Hardy proposed to actress Charlotte Riley, after a year of dating. They were married in 2014.

paragraphs: He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to drama.


title: Ebers papyrus

paragraphs: The Ebers Papyrus (c. 1550 BC) is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise. It covers both practical and magical advice. There are over 700 different drugs described in the papyrus. Some are useful such as opium for pain. Other things in the papyrus can seem ridiculous. An example of that is tapping a person on the head with a fish if they have a migraine. Aside from covering a large number of treatments, the papyrus also has information on a broad range of ailments from intestinal complaints and eye problems to depression or other mental disorders.


title: Marion Cotillard

paragraphs: Marion Cotillard (born September 30, 1975) is a French stage and movie actress, and singer.

paragraphs: She made her career well-known by roles in such movies as in "La Vie en Rosa", "My Sex Life...or How I Got Into an Argument", "Taxi", "Furia" and "Jeux d'enfants". She has also appeared in movies like "Big Fish", "A Good Year", "Public Enemies", "Nine", "Inception", "Midnight in Paris", "Contagion", and "The Dark Knight Rises" "Rust & Bone.

paragraphs: In 2007, Cotillard starred as a French singer in Édith Piaf in "La Vie en Rose". For that role she won the Academy Award, the BAFTA Award, the César Award, and the Golden Globe Award for best actress. She made movie history by becoming the first person to win an Academy Award for a French language performance. In 2010 she received a Golden Globe nomination for her performance in the musical "Nine".

paragraphs: Cotillard was born in Paris, France on September 30, 1975 to Jean Claude-Cotillard who is an actor, former mime, and a Molière Award winning director. Cotillard's mother Monique (known as Niseema) Theillaud, is also an actress and a drama teacher. She has two younger twin brothers, Quentin and Guillaume. Guillaume is a screenwriter and director. She began acting during her childhood, appearing on stage for her father's plays.

paragraphs: Cotillard currently lives with her partner Guillaume Canet. Many reports say the couple prefer to live in a simple lifestyle, and they are often spotted in cafes and shopping together in Paris. Neither of the two discusses their relationship with the media, although photos of the couple regularly surface in the European tabloids. On May 20, 2011 the couple had their first child called Marcel.


title: Matthew Modine

paragraphs: Matthew Avery Modine (born March 22, 1959) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor. His movie roles include Private Joker in Stanley Kubrick's "Full Metal Jacket", the title character in Alan Parker's "Birdy", high school wrestler Louden Swain in "Vision Quest", football star turned spy Alec McCall in "Funcky Monkey" and the oversexed Sullivan Groff in "Weeds". He appeared in Christopher Nolan's "The Dark Knight Rises" as Officer Peter Foley.

paragraphs: Modine was born on March 22, 1959 in Loma Linda, California. He is the son of Dolores (née Warner), a bookkeeper, and Mark Alexander Modine, who managed a drive-in theater. He was educated at Brigham Young University. Modine is married to Caridad Rivera since 1980 and have 2 children.


title: Omar Suleiman

paragraphs: Omar Suleiman (, 2 July 1936-19 July 2012) was an Egyptian general, diplomat, and politician. He was the spy intelligence chief from 1993 to 2011 while Hosni Mubarak was President of Egypt. In January 2011 Suleiman was appointed vice-president by Mubarak. He served until they left in early February 2011. In 2012, Suleiman wanted to be president but was disqualified from running. He was not seen in public since Mubarak's regime ended. On 19 July 2012, Suleiman died in Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. from heart attack while undergoing medical trials.


title: Dacquoise

paragraphs: A dacquoise is a dessert cake. It is made with layers of almond and hazelnut meringue and whipped cream or buttercream. The name comes from the French word "", meaning "of Dax". (Dax is a town in southwestern France.) It is usually served chilled with fruit. One form of dacquoise is "marjolaine". "Marjolaine" is long and rectangular and combines almond and hazelnut meringue layers with chocolate buttercream.

paragraphs: A classic "dacquoise" is made of two layers of a meringue filled with an egg-yolk-based buttercream. Often, the layers are of a meringue "japonais". (Meringue "japonais" means there are ground nuts added.) The nuts can be blanched almonds or hazelnuts. While this "dacquoise" is based on layers of meringue "japonais", it is held together with a mix of sour cream and milk and dark chocolates.


title: Stapleton

paragraphs: Stapleton is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 221 people living in Stapleton. It has a church called St Mary.


title: Parton

paragraphs: Parton is a village and civil parish in Copeland, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 924 people living in Parton.


title: Bewcastle

paragraphs: Bewcastle is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 411 people living in Bewcastle.


title: Burtholme

paragraphs: Burtholme is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 184 people living in Burtholme.


title: Castle Carrock

paragraphs: Castle Carrock is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 303 people living in Castle Carrock.


title: Cumrew

paragraphs: Cumrew is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 85 people living in Cumrew. It has a church called St Mary.


title: Cumwhitton

paragraphs: Cumwhitton is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 293 people living in Cumwhitton.


title: Farlam

paragraphs: Farlam is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 590 people living in Farlam.


title: Irthington

paragraphs: Irthington is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 712 people living in Irthington.


title: Midgeholme

paragraphs: Midgeholme is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 67 people living in Midgeholme. There is also Midgeholme Colliery in Midgeholme.


title: Upper Denton

paragraphs: Upper Denton is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001 there were 92 people living in Upper Denton. It has a church.


title: Westlinton

paragraphs: Westlinton is a village and civil parish in City of Carlisle, Cumbria, England. In 2001, there were 359 people living in Westlinton.


title: Rika Komazawa

paragraphs: Komazawa was born in Osaka. As a schoolgirl, she became interested in field hockey. At Tenri University, she played on the school's field hockey team.


title: Arjuna Award

paragraphs: The Arjuna Awards were established by the government of India in 1961. The honour recognizes "outstanding achievement in sports and games". The award includes a cash prize. The Arjuna Awards recognise the achievements of the country’s sportsmen.

paragraphs: The symbol of the award is a small bronze statue of Arjuna with his bow.

paragraphs: The Indian government confers Arjuna Award on selected athletes who take part in Olympic Games, Asian Games, Commonwealth Games, World Cup Championships and sports for the physically challenged.


title: Renault 12 Toros

paragraphs: Renault 12 Toros is a modernized version of Renault 12 in Turkey. It was designed in 1989. It was released in the second half of the year. Its name comes from the Taurus mountains. Renault 12 Toros had high traction so it used for many years. It was used as the official vehicle for many years by the Turkish National Police and Turkish Gendarmerie. Production stopped in 2000 because its emissions polluted too much for the European Union's Emission Norms. It is sold 4000 TL to 13000 TL in Turkey.


title: Karnam Malleswari

paragraphs: Karnam Malleswari (born June 1, 1975) is an Indian athlete. She is best known as a weightlifter who won a bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics at Sydney. She became the first Indian woman to stand on an Olympic victor's podium, and she was the only Indian to win a medal in the 2000 olympic games.

paragraphs: In 1992, Malleswari was the first Indian woman to win a world title in any sport.


title: Onuk Sazan

paragraphs: Onuk Sazan was the first supercar and second sports car made in Turkey. It was developed by Onuk Company (a military and civilian speedboat producer in Turkey) and Renault. Onuk Sazan was designed by Demir Sümer, Gökhan Akış, Eralp Noyan and Jan Nahum. Its name was inspired by the Dr. Ekber Onuk's deceased son's nickname, Sazan ("Carp"). Only 5 of these cars are made each year. Its price is €200000.


title: Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore

paragraphs: Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore (born January 29, 1970) Jaisalmer, Rajasthan is an Indian athlete. He is best known for shooting in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens.

paragraphs: In the 2004 games, Rathore finished second in the men's double-trap shooting event. He was the first Indian to win an individual silver medal.


title: Bradley Wiggins

paragraphs: Sir Bradley Marc Wiggins, CBE (born 28 April 1980) is a British cyclist. He was born in Ghent, Belgium. He grew up in Kilburn and Maida Vale, London. His mother Linda is English; his father was Australian cyclist Gary Wiggins (1952-2008).

paragraphs: Wiggins won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics, a gold medal, silver medal and bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics, two gold medals at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics. He won the 2012 Tour de France.


title: David Kelly (actor)

paragraphs: David William Kelly (July 11, 1929 – February 12, 2012) was an Irish actor. He acted in several movies and television shows from the 1950s until his death in 2012. Kelly is known in Ireland as Rashers Tierney in "Strumpet City".

paragraphs: In Britain, he is known as Cousin Edna in "Me Mammy" and as the builder Mr. O'Reilly in "Fawlty Towers". In the United States, Kelly is known as Grandpa Joe in Tim Burton's "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory". He is also known as Michael O'Sullivan in "Waking Ned".

paragraphs: Kelly was born on July 11, 1929 in Dublin, Ireland. He went to The Abbey School of Acting. Kelly was married to Laurie Morton from 1961 until his death in 2012. They had two children; David Kelly, Jr. and Miriam Kelly. Kelly died on February 12, 2012, his cause of death was pneumonia complicated by lung cancer in Dublin, Ireland. He was 82 years old. Kelly was buried at the Mount Jerome Cemetery & Crematorium.


title: Jonathan Frid

paragraphs: Jonathan Frid (John Herbert Frid; December 2, 1924 – April 14, 2012) was a Canadian stage, radio, voice, television, and movie actor. He was best known for playing the role of vampire Barnabas Collins on the Gothic American television show "Dark Shadows".

paragraphs: Frid was born on December 2, 1924 in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He had Scottish, English, German, and Danish ancestry. He learned how to become an actor in Ontario, New York City, and London. Frid was not married.

paragraphs: Frid died in the early hours of April 14, 2012 at the Juravinski Hospital in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. He died from complications of pneumonia due to a fall he had several days before, he was 87 years old. Frid had a nephew David Howitt, who confirmed his death.


title: Hiroshi Hoketsu

paragraphs: Hoketsu is the oldest Olympian to compete for Japan. He is the second oldest Olympian after Oscar Swahn who was a 72-year-old Swedish shooter who won bronze medal at the 1920 Summer Olympics in Antwerp.


title: Michael Gough

paragraphs: Francis Michael Gough (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011) was an English character actor who as appeared in over 150 movies. He is perhaps best known world wide for his roles in the Hammer Horror Films from 1958, and for his work as Batman's loyal butler Alfred Pennyworth in "Batman", "Batman Returns", "Batman Forever", and "Batman & Robin". Gough and actor Pat Hingle are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies directed by Tim Burton or Joel Schumacher. Gough has also been in some other Tim Burton movies, "Sleepy Hollow", "Tim Burton's Corpse Bride", and "Alice in Wonderland".

paragraphs: Gough was born on 23 November 1916 in Kuala Lumpur, British Malaya. His parents were Frances Atkins (née Baillie) and Frances Berkely Gough.

paragraphs: Gough was married four times; first to Dinan Graves they divorced. Second to Anne Leon in 1950 through 1964. Third to Anneke Wills in 1962 until they divorced in 1979. Lastly to Henrietta Lawrence in 1980 until his death in 2011. Gough had 3 children; Emma, Simon, and Jasper.

paragraphs: Gough died on 17 March 2011 in his home in Salisbury, Wiltshire from pneumonia complicated from prostate cancer. He was 94 years old. He was cremated. Michael Keaton who played Batman in the first two Batman films, said "To Mick - my butler, my confidant, my friend, my Alfred. I love you. God bless. Michael (Mr. Wayne) Keaton.". Gough was cremated and his ashes were rest at sea.


title: 2012 Aurora shooting

paragraphs: The 2012 Aurora shooting took place in Aurora, Colorado on 20 July 2012. Gunman James Eagan Holmes shot dead 12 people and wounded 58 others at "The Dark Knight Rises" premiere at a movie theater. He was arrested a few minutes later.

paragraphs: Eagan was later convicted in 2015 of twenty-four counts of first-degree murder, 140 counts of attempted first-degree murder, one count of possessing explosives and a sentence enhancement of a crime of violence. He was sentenced to life in prison without possibility of parole.


title: Pat Hingle

paragraphs: Martin Patterson "Pat" Hingle (July 19, 1924 January 3, 2009) was an American actor. He played Commissioner James Gordon in the Tim Burton/Joel Schumacher Batman films: "Batman", "Batman Returns", "Batman Forever", and "Batman & Robin". Hingle and Michael Gough are the only two actors to appear in all 4 Batman movies. Hingle worked from 1954 through 2006.

paragraphs: Hingle was born on July 19, 1924 in Miami, Florida. His parents were Marvin Louise (née Patterson), a schoolteacher and musician, and Clarence Martin Hingle, a building contractor.

paragraphs: Hingle enlisted in the U.S. Navy in December 1941, dropping out of the University of Texas. He served on the destroyer "USS Marshall" during World War II. He returned to the University of Texas after the war ended and earned a degree in radio broadcasting. He learned to act at the Actors Studio.

paragraphs: Hingle was married two times; first to Alyce Faye Dorsey in 1947 until they divorced in 1972. He was married to Julie Wright from 1979 until his death in 2009. Hingle had 3 children with Dorsey; Jody, Billy, and Molly. With Wright, he had two children.

paragraphs: In 1960, he had been offered the title role in "Elmer Gantry", but Burt Lancaster filled the part because Hingle had been in a near fatal accident. He was caught in his West End Avenue apartment building in an elevator that had stalled between the second and third floors. He crawled out and sought to reach the second floor corridor but lost his balance and fell fifty-four feet down the shaft. He fractured his skull, wrist, hip, and most of the ribs on his left side. He broke his left leg in three places and lost the little finger on his left hand. He lay near death for two weeks, and his recovery required more than a year.

paragraphs: Hingle died on January 3, 2009 in Carolina Beach, North Carolina from Myelodysplastic syndrome, he was 84 years old. Hingle was cremated and his ashes were scattered into the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Bernard Hill

paragraphs: Bernard Hill (born 17 December 1944) is a British movie, theatre, and television actor since 1975. His career has lasted more than 30 years.

paragraphs: Hill is known for playing Yosser Hughes in the British television drama "Boys from the Blackstuff". He is also known for the roles in movie blockbusters films such as Captain Edward Smith in "Titanic", King Theoden in "The Lord of the Rings movie series", and as the Warden of the San Quentin Prison in Clint Eastwood's "True Crime".

paragraphs: Hill was born in Blackley, Manchester, England in 17 December 1944. He attended at Xaverian College although back then it was called "The Xaverian School", and then to the Manchester Polytechnic School of Drama at the same time as Richard Griffiths. He graduated with a diploma in theatre in 1970.

paragraphs: He is married to Marianne Hill and has a son named Gabriel Hill.

paragraphs: In his commentary on "" (2002) Extended Edition DVD, he admits that during the course of shooting he first broke his sternum, then had his ear slashed open by a sword.


title: Optic nerve

paragraphs: The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II or simply as CN II, is one of twelve cranial nerves but is also considered to be part of the central nervous system. It sends information from the retina (the outermost part of the eye) to the brain. The brain forms a picture using the information so that you can see things.

paragraphs: The retina sees the image upside-down and the optic nerve sends it to the brain so it turns it back into normal.


title: Aaron Eckhart

paragraphs: Aaron Edward Eckhart (born March 22, 1968) is an American movie, television, stage, and voice actor.

paragraphs: Eckhart became known world-wide in such films as in "Erin Brockovich" (2000), and gained a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor for his role in "Thank You for Smoking" (2006). He is also known for his role as Two-Face in the 2008 summer blockbuster "The Dark Kinght" (2008). Eckhart alongside Nicole Kidman worked in a movie called "Rabbit Hole" (2010)

paragraphs: Eckhart was born in Cupertino, California on March 22, 1968. He was raised in Los Angeles, California. Eckhart studied at the American Community School and at the American International School of Sydney. He was once engaged to actress Emily Cline. They separated in 1998. Eckhart now lives in Beverly Hills, California.


title: Tom Wilkinson

paragraphs: Thomas Geoffrey "Tom" Wilkinson (born 5 February 1948) is an English movie, television, stage, and voice actor. He has been nominated for an Academy Award, for his roles in "In the Bedroom" and "Michael Clayton". In 2009, he won Golden Globe and a Primetime Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or Film for his role in "John Adams". Wilkinson is also known for his works in 2005 blockbuster "Batman Begins" and as Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. (the father of President John F. Kennedy). in 2011 miniseries "The Kennedys".

paragraphs: Wilkinson was born on 5 February 1948 in Wharfedale, West Riding of Yorkshire, England to Thomas Wilkinson, Sr. a farmer. Wilkinson was trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Arts and University of Kent. Wilkinson is married to Diana Hardcastle since 1998 and have two daughters, Alice and Mollie. Both Wilkinson and Hardcastle both played the real life couple Joe and Rose Kennedy in the 2011 miniseries "The Kennedys".


title: Rutger Hauer

paragraphs: Rutger Oelsen Hauer (January 23, 1944 – July 19, 2019) was a Dutch stage, television, and movie actor.

paragraphs: Hauer's career began during the year 1969 with the role in a popular Dutch television series "Floris", directed by Paul Verhoeven. His notable works include "Flesh & Blood", "Blind Fury", "Blade Runner", "The Hitcher", "Nighthawks", "Wedlock", "Sin City", "Confessions of a Dangerous Mind", "Ladyhawke", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "The Osterman Weekend", "The Blood of Heroes", "Batman Begins", "Hobo with a Shotgun", "The Rite", and he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in "Escape from Sobibor". Hauer was a dedicated environmentalist and founded an AIDS awareness organization, the Rutger Hauer Starfish Association.

paragraphs: Hauer was born on January 23, 1944 in Breukelen, Netherlands. His parents were Arend and Teunuk Hauer, both drama teachers. Hauer was raised in Beetsterzwaag, Netherlands. Hauer lived in Malibu, California, United States. Hauer married Ineke ten Kate in 1985. He had one daughter, Aysha Hauer, with his first wife Heidi Merz. He was the grandfather of fashion model Leandro Maeder.

paragraphs: Hauer was made a knight in the Order of the Netherlands Lion in 2013.

paragraphs: Hauer died on 19 July 2019 at his home in Beetsterzwaag, Switzerland at the age of 75 after a short-illness.


title: Naoko Takahashi

paragraphs: Takahashi was not a successful runner in high school. She improved after she graduated from college.


title: James Whitmore

paragraphs: James Allen Whitmore, Jr. (October 1, 1921 February 6, 2009) was an American stage and movie actor.

paragraphs: Born on October 1, 1921 in White Plains, New York. to Florence Belle (née Crane) and James Allen Whitmore, Sr.. Whitmore graduated from Yale University before serving in the United States Marine Corps during World War II.

paragraphs: Following the war, Whitmore appeared on Broadway, where he won a special Tony Award in 1948. His first major movie was "Battleground", for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. Other major movies include; "The Asphalt Jungle", "The Next Voice You Hear", "Kiss Me, Kate", "Them!", "Black Like Me", and "Give 'em Hell, Harry", for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as 33rd President of the United States Harry S. Truman.

paragraphs: Whitmore also appeared as General Oliver O. Howard in the 1975 TV movie "I Will Fight No More Forever", based on the 1877 conflict between the United States and Nez Perce trib, led by Chief Joseph.

paragraphs: Whitmore's last major role was as librarian Brooks Hatlen in the critically-acclaimed and the Academy Award-nominated 1994 movie "The Shawshank Redemption".

paragraphs: Although not always politically active, in 2007, Whitmore received some publicity with his endorsement of Barack Obama for U.S. President. In January 2008, Whitmore appeared in television commercials for the First Freedom First campaign, which advocates preserving "the separation of church and state" and protecting religious liberty.

paragraphs: Whitmore was married four times; once to Nancy Mygatt in 1947 until they divorced in 1971. Then he married Audra Lindley in 1972 until they divorced in 1979. Later he once again married Nancy Mygatt in 1979 until they divorced once again in 1981. Lastly Whitmore married Noreen Nash in 2001 until Whitmore's death in 2009. He only has three sons from his first marriage including; James Whitmore, Jr..

paragraphs: Whitmore died on February 6, 2009 in his Malibu, California home from lung cancer from which he had since November 2008. He was 87 years old. Whitmore was later cremated and his ashes were scattered at sea.


title: Rohullah Nikpai

paragraphs: Rohullah Nikpai (born June 15, 1987) is an athlete from Afghanistan. He won an Olympic bronze medal for taekwondo.

paragraphs: Nikpai started his training in Kabul, Afghanistan, at the age of 10. At the 2006 Asian Games in Doha, Qatar Nikpai was in the flyweight division. He lost to silver medalist Nattapong Tewawetchapong of Thailand in round 16.

paragraphs: Nikpai was in Taekwondo at the 2008 Summer Olympics. He defeated two-time world champion Juan Antonio Ramos of Spain. Winning the bronze medal made him Afghanistan's first Olympic medalist in any event. Afghanistan president Hamid Karzai immediately called to congratulate Nikpai. He also gave him a house paid by the government. "I hope this will send a message of peace to my country after 30 years of war," Nikpai said.


title: Mustapha Moussa

paragraphs: Mustapha Moussa (born February 2, 1962 in Oran) is a boxer from Algeria.

paragraphs: Moussa won the bronze medal in the Light Heavyweight division (75–81 kg) at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. He was the first Algerian to win an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: Moussa became a professional boxer in 1988. He was not very successful. He lost his first fight toMauro Galvano. He fought once in 1992 and 2004, losing both fights.


title: Crotalus enyo

paragraphs: Crotalus enyo, also known as the ""Lower California Rattlesnake"", is a species of venomous Pit viper. There are currently two subspecies found.

paragraphs: Male Baja California Rattlesnakes are larger than females with some which can grow up to the length of . The head is small and narrow while the eyes are very big. They are usually light brown or dark brown in color, but some are also gray. They have blotches which are black or light brown with dark edges.

paragraphs: The Baja California Rattlesnake is found in deserts and pine-oak forests of northwestern Mexico. They are also found on islands of the Gulf of California.

paragraphs: Young Baja California Rattlesnakes eat lizards and small centipedes, while adults eat rodents and large centipedes of the genus Scolopendra.

paragraphs: Baja California Rattlesnakes mate in the spring and give birth to their young in summer or early fall. They give birth to 2-7 young at a time, and the young are around long.


title: Mohamed Zaoui

paragraphs: Mohamed Zaoui (born May 14, 1960) is a boxer from Algeria. Zaoui won the bronze medal in the Middleweight division (71–75 kg) at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.


title: Hal Holbrook

paragraphs: Harold Rowe "Hal" Holbrook (born February 17, 1925) is an American movie, television, stage and voice actor. Holbrook is known to the general audience for playing famous author Mark Twain in plays or on biographical shows.

paragraphs: Holbrook was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He began acting in 1954. He began his Mark Twain routine, so that he can earn money.

paragraphs: Holbrook soon began appearing on plays. He then called his Twain show "Mark Twain Tonight". He is also known for his fictional-political shows and as "Deep Throat" in "All the President's Men". He also played Abraham Lincoln in several biographical television movies.

paragraphs: Holbrook was nominated for many awards during his career. He is the oldest actor to have nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor.

paragraphs: Holbrook now lives in his wife, Dixie Carter's home, McLemoresville, Tennessee and in Beverly Hills, California.

paragraphs: Holbrook was born on February 17, 1925 in Cleveland, Ohio. His parents were Harold Rowe Holbrook and Aileen Davenport. His parents left him, so he and his two sisters were raised by his grandparents in South Weymouth, Massachusetts. He studied at Culver Academies and at Denison University. His acting career would begin in theater in 1954.

paragraphs: Holbrook is known for his television roles. These include Abraham Lincoln, Hays Stone in "The Bold Ones: The Senator" and Capt. Lloyd Bucher in "Pueblo". But he is best known as Mark Twain in comedy stage works and comedy shows. His first solo performance as Twain was at Lock Haven State Teachers College in Pennsylvania in 1954. Holbrook had to smoke for his role as Twain. He would later name that play "Mark Twain Tonight". He has portrayed Twain longer than Samuel Langhorne Clemens did.

paragraphs: Holbrook first appeared in movies in 1966, in "The Group". After this, he appeared in two more movies: "Magnum Force" in 1973 and "All the President's Men" in 1976. Later, he appeared in "The Fog", "Wall Street", "Hercules", "The Bachelor", and in "Walking the Dead".

paragraphs: He is also known for his role in the 2007 movie "Into the Wild", for which he was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild Award and an Academy Award. He also appeared in "Water for Elephants" in 2011.

paragraphs: Later he has appeared as Francis Preston Blair in Steven Spielberg's movie "Lincoln" in 2012. He appeared during the opening ceremony of the 2013 Screen Actors Guild Awards.

paragraphs: Holbrook starred in the 2014 animated movie "" as a fire truck named Mayday. Holbrook is set to star in the 2015 thriller movie "Go with Me" along with Anthony Hopkins.

paragraphs: Holbrook was married to Ruby Holbrook from 1945 until they divorced in 1965. Then he was married to Carol Eve Rossen from 1966 until they divorced in 1979. He was last married to Dixie Carter from 1984 until her death in 2010. Holbrook has two children with Ruby and one with Rossen.

paragraphs: Holbrook met Carter on the set of "The Killing of Randy Webster" in 1980. Holbrook now lives in McLemoresville, Tennessee, and in Beverly Hills, California. Holbrook has stated that he is a political independent because he votes for both Democrats and Republicans.

paragraphs: Holbrook has won three Tony Awards, in 1971, 1974, and in 1976. He won a Drama Desk Award in 1989. He also won a Primetime Emmy Award in 1966. He was nominated for an Academy Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award in 2007 for his role in "Into the Wild". In 2008, at age 82, he became the oldest male actor to be nominated for an Academy Award. His nomination displaced Ralph Richardson, who previously held that distinction. Here is the list of nominations or winning awards:

paragraphs: Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards


title: Hassiba Boulmerka

paragraphs: Hassiba Boulmerka (born 10 July 1968 in Constantine, Algeria) is a former Algerian middle distance athlete.

paragraphs: Boulmerka started running seriously at the age of ten. She focused on the 800 and 1500 metres. She was successful in national and regional races. Her first major international tournament was the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul. She was eliminated in the preliminary heat of both the 800 and 1500 m.

paragraphs: The first major race she won was the 800 m. at the "Golden Gala" race in Rome, Italy. A month later, she was at the World Championships. She won the 1500 m.

paragraphs: Muslim groups in Algeria did not like her. They thought she showed too much of her body when racing. Boulmerka received death threats. She had to move to Europe to train. She won the 1500 m gold medal at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. It was Algeria's first gold medal at the Olympic Games.

paragraphs: She won a bronze medal at the 1993 World Championships in Stuttgart. In 1995, she did not win a single race until the World Championships in Gothenburg. She was at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, but sprained her ankle in the semi-finals. She stopped racing after 1997.

paragraphs: Boulmerka was later elected to the Athletes' Commission of the International Olympic Committee.

paragraphs: Boulmerka has returned to Algeria and is now a businesswoman.


title: Hocine Soltani

paragraphs: Hocine Soltani (December 27, 1972 in Thenia – March 1, 2002 in Marseille) was a boxer from Algeria. He won two Olympic medals. In 1992 he was third in the featherweight division (54–57 kg). At the 1996 Summer Olympics he won a gold medal in lightweight.

paragraphs: Hocine became a professional boxer in 1998. He only fought four times, winning each time. He quit boxing in 2000. Soltani disappeared in March 2002. His body was found near Marseille, France in September 2004.


title: Hendrik Verwoerd

paragraphs: Hendrik Frensch Verwoerd (September 8, 1901 - September 6, 1966) was Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 to 1966. He was the person chiefly responsible for apartheid.

paragraphs: He was born in the Netherlands. His parents emigrated to southern Africa when he was two years old. In 1950, Verwoerd became Minister of Native Affairs (native meant the black Africans in the country). He was Prime Minister from 1958 to 1966, when he was murdered. Verwoerd was associated with the National Party.

paragraphs: Verwoerd is often called the "Architect of Apartheid" for his role in apartheid policy when he was Minister of Native Affairs and then Prime Minister. Verwoerd once described apartheid as a "policy of good neighbourliness".

paragraphs: On 9 April 1960 a white farmer named David Pratt attempted to murder Verwoerd by shooting him, but Verwoerd survived the attack.

paragraphs: In 1960, Verwoerd announced that he planned to hold a referendum in South Africa on whether to remain a Commonwealth realm under the British monarch's rule or become a republic. The South African Parliament (a kind of legislature) voted to present the referendum to the people, and it was held in October. Voters were asked if they wanted to remain under the British monarch's rule, or become a republic. 52% voted to change to a republic. South Africa became a republic on May 31, 1961.

paragraphs: The National Party government under Verowoerd continued to develop the military, and it successfully made new developments in arms production including aircraft, small arms, armed vehicles, and even nuclear weapons.

paragraphs: Three days before his death, Verwoerd held talks with the Prime Minister of the Lesotho, one of the native tribes in South Africa, Chief Leabua Jonathan, at the Union Buildings in Pretoria. Following the meeting, a joint statement was issued by the two governments with special emphasis on "co-operation without interference in each others' internal affairs".

paragraphs: On 6 September 1966, Verwoerd was murdered in Cape Town, shortly after entering the House of Assembly at 2:15 pm. A parliamentary messenger named Dimitri Tsafendas stabbed Verwoerd in the neck and chest four times before other Assembly members restrained him. Members who were also trained as medical practitioners rushed to aid Verwoerd and started giving cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Verwoerd was rushed to Groote Schuur Hospital, but was declared dead upon arrival.


title: Dick Van Dyke

paragraphs: Richard Wayne "Dick" Van Dyke (born December 13, 1925) is an American actor, writer, comedian, singer, entertainer, personality, and producer with his career that has lasted 60 years. He is the older brother of Jerry Van Dyke and father of Barry Van Dyke.

paragraphs: Van Dyke starred in many movies; "Bye Bye Birdie", "Mary Poppins", "Night at the Museum", and "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" and in television series "The Dick Van Dyke Show" and in "Diagnosis: Murder". He has a star in the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Van Dyke was once offered the role as Ambassador Thorn in the 1976 movie "The Omen", but turned it down because of the movie's violent gory content.

paragraphs: Van Dyke was born on December 13, 1925 in West Plains, Missouri. He was raised in Danville, Illinois. Van Dyke now lives in Malibu, California. During his early years, Van Dyke use to work as a weather man.

paragraphs: Van Dyke has been married to Margie Willett in 1948 until they divorced in 1984. He was married to Arlene Silver since 2012. Van Dyke had been partners with Michelle Triola from 1976 until her death from lung cancer in 2009. Van Dyke has 4 children and one grandson.

paragraphs: He has won a Grammy Award, a Tony Award, and an Emmy Award. He has been honored a Disney Legend Award in 1999. He was given The Life Achievement Award from the Screen Actors Guild in 2013.

paragraphs: Van Dyke was a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life. He has been using Nicorette gum since 2003.

paragraphs: In April 2013, Van Dyke revealed that he has been displaying symptoms of a neurological disorder since 2006, but despite undergoing tests no diagnosis has been made. In 2013 the actor stated that his dental-related implants might be responsible.

paragraphs: On August 19, 2013, it was reported that Van Dyke, age 87, was rescued from inside his Jaguar by a passerby as the actor's car caught fire on a Los Angeles-area highway. He was not injured in the fire. The car burned down to its frame.


title: Eli Wallach

paragraphs: Eli Herschel Wallach (December 7, 1915 – June 24, 2014) was an American movie, television, voice, and stage actor who gained fame during the late 1950s. For his performance as Silva Vacarro in "Baby Doll", he won a BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer, an Honorary Academy Award, an Emmy Award, a Tony Award, and a Golden Globe Award nomination.

paragraphs: Wallach was born on December 7, 1915 in Red Hook, Brooklyn, New York and studied at the University of Texas at Austin, City College of New York, and at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of Theatre.

paragraphs: Wallach's famous roles are Tuco in "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", Calvera in "The Magnificent Seven", and as Mr. Freeze in "Batman". Other roles includes; Don Altobello in "The Godfather Part III", Cotton Weinberger in "The Two Jakes", and Arthur Abbott in "The Holiday". He is still an active actor even in his nineties and being in films as in "Wall Street: Money Never Sleeps" and in "The Ghost Writer".

paragraphs: Wallach was married to Anne Jackson since 1948. They had three children. His great nephew was movie critic A. O. Scott. Wallach lived in East Hampton, New York.

paragraphs: Wallach, during a set of a movie he was in, accidentally drank from a bottle of acid that a technician had carelessly placed next to his soda bottle. He spat it out quickly, but was angry because his vocal cords could have been damaged if he had swallowed any of it.

paragraphs: Wallach died at his home in New York City, New York from natural causes on June 24, 2014, aged 98.


title: Outstation movement

paragraphs: In Australia, the outstation movement is the movement of Australian Aboriginal people from large towns to much smaller communities, called outstations. It is mostly seen in the Northern Territory and amongst the people of the Western Desert.

paragraphs: Before the 20th century, most Aboriginal families lived by themselves or in groups of 20–30 people. They were nomadic (moving from place to place), hunting and foraging across the deserts. As Euro-Australians started to build roads, towns and farms on Aboriginal lands, the native people were forced out. They had to move off their lands into towns or missions. There, the government would give them food, water and clothes.

paragraphs: This way of life did not suit them. In the towns, there were many conflicts between different ethnic groups, people became addicted to alcohol, and many of them died from foreign diseases. Many groups were also far away from their traditional homelands, which were important to them and their spirituality. From the 1970s, many families started to move away from the towns. They returned to the places they grew up, and set up smaller communities.

paragraphs: One of the main reasons behind the movement is for Aboriginal people to get back autonomy and self-sufficiency. The communities manage themselves, as nomadic groups (or "tribe") did many years before. Hunting and foraging – getting their own food, and food for everybody – is still important.


title: Santa Catalina rattlesnake

paragraphs: The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake ("Crotalus catalinensis"), also known as the ""Santa Catalina Island Rattlesnake"", is a species of venomous Pit viper found on Santa Catalina Island. There are currently no subspecies recognized.

paragraphs: The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is a small and slender species of rattlesnake. It can grow up to the length of 73.1 centimeters (28.8 in), and is known for being one of the few rattlesnakes which don't have a rattle on the end of their tail. Some Santa Catalina Rattlesnakes are light cream in color with reddish-brown blotches down their back, while some are ash gray with dark gray blotches on them.

paragraphs: The Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is found on Santa Catalina Island in the Gulf of California.

paragraphs: While other rattlesnakes of the genus ""Crotalus"" are mainly terrestrial (live on land), the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's small size makes it very good climber. In July, the hottest month on Santa Catalina Island, the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake is found on branches of bushes and trees so they can escape the heat on the ground.

paragraphs: Since the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake lives mainly in trees, scientist first thought this rattlesnake eats birds, but scientist have now found out that around 70% of the Santa Catalina Rattlesnake's diet is made up of small mammals like the Santa Catalina Deer Mouse, and around 30% is made up of lizards like the Santa Catalina Desert Iguana and the Santa Catalina Side-blotched lizard.


title: Claire McCaskill

paragraphs: Claire Conner McCaskill (born July 24, 1953) is an American politician. She was the United States Senator from Missouri from 2007 to 2019. She is a member of the U.S. Democratic Party. She was the first female elected to the Senate of United States in her own right. Before being elected to United States Senate McCaskill was the Missouri State Auditor from 1999 to 2007. She is a native of Rolla and a graduate of the University of Missouri.

paragraphs: McCaskill lost to Josh Hawley by nearly 9% in her re-election bid in 2018.


title: Arlene Dahl

paragraphs: Arlene Carol Dahl (born August 11, 1925) is an American actress. She is a former MGM contract star. Dahl became famous in the 1950s. She was born in Minneapolis and starred in many movies. She is the mother of actor Lorenzo Lamas.


title: Didache

paragraphs: The Didache (pronounced ""did" ah kay") or The Teaching of the Twelve Apostles is an early Christian hand book. It was written in the first or early second century AD.

paragraphs: It gives information about Christian ethics, rituals such as baptism and Eucharist, and Church organization.


title: Youth Riding a Rooster (Epiktetos)

paragraphs: Youth Riding a Rooster is a red-figure plate painted by Epiktetos about 520–510 BC. Its diameter measures 7 3/8 in. (18.7 cm). The plate is in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. It shows a boy riding a rooster. It was a rare subject among ancient artists. It probably references homosexual relations between older men and youths. It also references the practice among Greek males of giving a rooster as a love gift.

paragraphs: The vase scholar Sir John Beazley wrote in 1918 in "Attic Red-Figured Vases in American Museums" (p. 18): "The best of [Epiktetos] is in his plates. You cannot draw better, you can only draw differently. Epiktetos' people are all lightness and fairy grace, as if they belonged to a world where passion and pain were unknown, to those 'woods of Athens' where Oberon reigned in the days before 'the middle summer's spring'".

paragraphs: The plate was discovered in Vulci in 1828. Twenty years later it became the possession of the second marquess of Northampton. On July 2, 1980, his great-great-grandson, the seventh marquess, sold it with other pottery at Christie's in London.


title: Footrace on a Panathenaic Amphora

paragraphs: Footrace on a Panathenaic Amphora is a depiction of an ancient Greek footrace on a terracotta amphora dated about 530 BC. It is said to be by the Euphiletos Painter. The height of the amphora is 24 1/2 in. (62.23 cm).

paragraphs: The amphora would have been filled with olive oil from the sacred groves at Athens then given as a prize to the winner of a footrace in the Panathenaic Games at Athens. These games were held every four years. The amphora is held in the collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City.

paragraphs: These prize amphores were made to a standardized shape, held about 42 quarts, and were decorated in the black-figure technique. An armed Athena was depicted on the front of the amphora and a picture of the sport on the back. This amphora depicts five men and a youth.

paragraphs: The museum writes, "Notice the wealth of incised lines depicting musculature, a preoccupation of Greek artists for centuries to come ... An inscription on the front of the amphora gives not only the official designation of the vase as a prize, but also the signature of the potter, Nikias, a rare occurrence on pots of this shape."


title: Greg Louganis

paragraphs: Greg Louganis (born January 29, 1960) is an American Olympic diver and author. He was born in El Cajon, California. He is of Samoan and Swedish descent and was adopted by a Greek-American couple. He received a James E. Sullivan Award from the Amateur Athletic Union. He won a silver medal at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal.

paragraphs: Two years later, Louganis received his first world title in a tower event. He won many gold medals each at the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles and 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul.

paragraphs: Greg Louganis is openly gay. He was diagnosed with HIV in 1988. He wrote the book "Breaking the Surface" about his life.


title: Vicki Lawrence

paragraphs: Vicki Ann Axelrad (also called Vicki Lawrence; born March 26 1949) is an American comedienne, actress and a singer. She is best known for her acting on the "Carol Burnett Show" and as Thelma Harper on "Mama's Family". She was often on game shows in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Georges Pompidou

paragraphs: Georges Jean Raymond Pompidou (5 July 1911 - 2 April 1974) was a French politician. He was the President of the French Republic from 20 June 1969 until 2 April 1974. He was born in Cantal. He fought in World War II.

paragraphs: He also was Prime Minister of France from 14 April 1962 until 10 July 1968. In 1968, he was elected president. He died of lymphoma in Paris. He is the only French president of the French Fifth Republic to die in office.