title: Anonymous (group)

paragraphs: Anonymous is a group of anonymous online activists. They are associated with many online and offline protests. These protests commonly relate to freedom of speech. They often protest against political corruption and censorship. Anonymous also makes DDoS attacks (where an attacker disconnects his or her target from the internet, sometimes forever) on popular websites such as PayPal and the United States' Department of Justice homepage. Other common targets include organizations who seem to limit people's freedom of speech.

paragraphs: Anonymous is also often associated with image boards such as 4chan and protests such as the Occupy Movement.

paragraphs: Some people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey. Views of the group's actions and usefulness vary widely. Supporters have called the group "freedom fighters" and digital Robin Hoods while some have judged them as "a cyber lynch-mob" or "cyber terrorists". In 2012, "Time" called Anonymous one of the "100 most influential people" of 2012 in the world.

paragraphs: Members of anonymous are called "Anons". When anons appear in public, they often wear Guy Fawkes masks. Guy Fawkes masks come from a graphic novel and film called "V for Vendetta". Some Anons also disguise their voice with voice changers (products that distort a user's voice) or text-to-speech programs.

paragraphs: Anons regularly have conflicting opinions, but mostly they are non-extremist and socialist. Anonymous does not have a heirarchy or a leader. Instead, anons work together because they have similar interests. Parmy Olson explains, "There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt."

paragraphs: Generally, anons fight censorship on the Internet, and they mostly target governments, organizations, and corporations who they believe to use censorship. Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy Movement and the Arab Spring.

paragraphs: Since 2008, Anons have disagreed on whether Anonymous should focus on pranks and entertainment or serious activism.We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need—just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'

paragraphs: — Trent Peacock. "Search Engine: The Face of Anonymous", February 7, 2008.Members of Anonymous protest in legal and illegal ways. In 2012, Olson described Anonymous as a "movement" rather than a group: "anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes."

paragraphs: Anonymous has few rules. These rules include not sharing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media (such as news, television, and film).We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.


title: MTV

paragraphs: MTV (music television) is an American cable television network. They are based in New York City. The channel launched on August 1, 1981. They used to only show music videos. The first music video shown on MTV was "Video Killed the Radio Star" by The Buggles. Today, the channel shows many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults.


title: Bundesautobahn 45

paragraphs: The Bundesautobahn 45 ("in German: A 45"), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.

paragraphs: The highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse. The A 45 ends in Bavaria.


title: A.F.C. Ajax

paragraphs: Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Ajax Amsterdam, AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Players like Johan Cruyff, Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Jari Litmanen played for this club.

paragraphs: The club was founded on March 18, 1900. The founders were Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser and Johan Dade. It was the second attempt to found Ajax. In 1894 they tried it too. Ajax is named after the mythological hero Ajax the Great.

paragraphs: Ajax promoted to the highest level in 1911. Their coach was Jack Kirwan. Because Sparta Rotterdam had almost the same kit (clothes), they had to change it.

paragraphs: The name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the number of seats) of about 52.000. The Amsterdam ArenA was opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Their previous stadium was named De Meer.


title: Fungicide

paragraphs: A fungicide is a poison. It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted.


title: Chad Kroeger

paragraphs: Chad Robert Turton (better known as Chad Kroeger) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback. He was born on November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada.

paragraphs: Kroeger is of American, English, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh descent. Kroeger became engaged to Canadian singer Avril Lavigne in 2012. The couple married in 2013 and separated in 2015.

paragraphs: Nickelback consists of four band members. Chad Kroeger (vocals, lead guitar), Mike Kroeger (bass guitar), Ryan Peake (rhythm guitar) and Daniel Adair (drums).


title: Consecutive integer

paragraphs: Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal.

paragraphs: If "n" is a number, then the next numbers will be "n+1" and "n+2".

paragraphs: Consecutive numbers that follow each other in order:

paragraphs: Consecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

paragraphs: If "n" is an even integer, then "n," "n"+2, "n"+4 and "n"+6 will be consecutive even numbers.

paragraphs: Consecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.

paragraphs: If "n" is an odd integer, then "n," "n"+2, "n"+4 and "n"+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.


title: Beowulf (hero)

paragraphs: Beowulf is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem "Beowulf". He was the son of Ecgþeow, a banished warrior of the Wægmundings. Ecgþeow had killed a man from another clan and had to flee to the Danes. The Danish king Hroðgar accepted him as one of his warriors. The king also paid to repay the blood feud that was threatening Ecgþeow.

paragraphs: When King Hroðgar came upon difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel- a descendant of Cain, and cursed-, Ecgþeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors. During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men. Grendel gruesomely slaughtered one man before anyone awoke, but Beowulf attacked him. Beowulf had earlier decided to fight without his sword because he thought it would be shameful to fight with unequal weaponry. He, however, outmatched Grendel in strength and tore off his arm. Grendel fled back to his cave, where he died and his arm was fixed to the wall like a trophy. During the following night, Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, as she stole back her son's arm and retreated to her underwater cave. Beowulf followed her and spent a day sinking to the bottom of the lake, and they fought it out a while before Beowulf saw a sword, which conveniently was the only sword that could possibly kill Grendel's mother. He stabbed her with it, and she died. The sword dissolved and he found and beheaded Grendel's body. He brought back the head as a trophy. Beowulf was greatly rewarded for both of these feats, and he and his men were showered in glory and riches. All the gold was presented to their king, and Beowulf was rewarded with a great sword, land, a hall, and the throne of the Geats when the current king dies.

paragraphs: Later on in life, Beowulf ruled over his native Geatland for 50 years until a dragon attacked after a golden goblet was stolen from its cave by a slave. He travels to its cave and successfully slays it, but is severely injured in the melee. He was bitten in the neck, and the venom will kill him. The dying Beowulf then crowns a young warrior called Wiglaf as his successor (as he himself does not have children and all his predecessors have died). Wiglaf is one of the 12 soldiers he took with him to fight the dragon, but the only one who stayed when they saw he was losing. He is then burned on a pyre with all of his gold he won by slaying the dragon.

paragraphs: There have been many fictional books and films made based on "Beowulf". Beowulf appeared in most of them.


title: Clan

paragraphs: A clan is a group of people who – following a tradition – belong to the same kin. The word comes from the Gaelic language, and means 'family'. It is similar in meaning to the more general word tribe.

paragraphs: In Europe, the best-known clans system is that in Scotland, which still has some effects today, especially in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. It existed before the land was unified under a Scottish king, and continued long afterwards. Clans also


title: Muon-catalyzed fusion

paragraphs: Muon-catalyzed fusion (μCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.

paragraphs: To create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and "glue" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.

paragraphs: Now, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.

paragraphs: The good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business.


Berber


title: Nomadic people

paragraphs: Nomadic people (or nomads) are people who move from one place to another, instead of living in one place. The best known examples in Europe are gypsies, Roma, Sinti, and Irish travelers. Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic; such as Berbers, Kazakhs, and Bedouin.

paragraphs: People are nomads for many reasons. Most nomads are family men herding their livestock, such as cattle, or horses from pasture to pasture. These people have to change places because of the weather. Other nomads are traders and craftsmen (people who make things), traveling to exchange goods or to practice their craft where it is needed.

paragraphs: Nomads who follow their herds usually live in tents with few things inside, like the Mongols. Nomads who trade or practice crafts usually have wagons in which they travel, because wagons are better for carrying goods.

paragraphs: The Sami of Lapland are semi-nomadic tribe following a herd of reindeer. They are a migratory people who lead their own herd of reindeer to winter feeding grounds and then return them in the spring to their feeding ground close to a permanent home base, where their family lives. This cycle happens every year.

paragraphs: The skills of nomadic life can also be useful in mobile warfare, and have been used in attacking sedentary agricultural and urban people. Genghis Khan and the Mongol hordes, for example conquered vast areas in Asia by organizing themselves as cavalry.


title: Geodesic dome

paragraphs: A geodesic dome is a type of structure that looks like half a ball shape (like half a soccer ball), made of many little shapes, usually triangles. It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel. They are cheap to make, and bigger than square buildings. It was first created in 20th century by an American engineer, Buckminster Fuller.


title: Coprolalia

paragraphs: Coprolalia is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome. Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control. This is often in the form of a stream of curse words.

paragraphs: People who have Tourette syndrome are not the only people who experience coprolalia. For example, it can happen in people who have had a stroke, or who have schizophrenia.


title: Billy Talent

paragraphs: Billy Talent, before called Pezz, is a Canadian punk rock band from Mississauga, Ontario. The name Billy Talent was inspired by the guitarist "Billy Tallent" from the Michael Turner novel "Hard Core Logo". They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous.


title: Don Cheadle

paragraphs: .Donald Frank Cheadle Jr. (/ˈtʃiːdəl/; born November 29, 1964) is an American actor, author, director, producer and writer. Following early roles in "Hamburger Hill" (1987), and as the gangster "Rocket" in the film "Colors" (1988), Cheadle built his career in the 1990s with roles in "Devil in a Blue Dress" (1995), "Rosewood" (1997) and "Boogie Nights" (1997). His collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh resulted in the films "Out of Sight" (1998), "Traffic" (2000) and "The Ocean's Trilogy" (2001–2007).

paragraphs: Cheadle was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role as Rwandan hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina in the historical genocide drama film "Hotel Rwanda" (2004). From 2012 to 2016, he starred as Marty Kaan on the Showtime comedy series "House of Lies"; he won a Golden Globe Award in 2013 for the role.

paragraphs: Cheadle extended his global recognition with his role as the superhero War Machine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Terrence Howard. He appeared in "Iron Man 2" (2010), "Iron Man 3" (2013), "Avengers: Age of Ultron" (2015), "Captain America: Civil War" (2016), "Avengers: Infinity War" (2018), "Captain Marvel" (2019) and "Avengers: Endgame" (2019).

paragraphs: Cheadle became eligible for his Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card when he appeared as a burger joint employee in the 1985 comedy "Moving Violations". In 1987 he received a small role in episode 19, season 7 of "Hill Street Blues" where he played a teenager with learning difficulties. Followed by an appearance in "Hamburger Hill" the same year; Cheadle secured the role of Jack in the April 1, 1988, "Jung and the Restless" episode of "Night Court". Although his character was 16 years old, Cheadle was 23 at the time.

paragraphs: Cheadle then played the role of Rocket in the 1988 movie "Colors". In 1989, he appeared in a video for Angela Winbush's No. 2 hit single "It's the Real Thing", performing dance moves in an orange jumpsuit, working at a car wash. In 1990, he appeared in an episode of "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air" titled "Homeboy, Sweet Homeboy", playing Will Smith's friend and Hilary's first love interest, Ice Tray. In 1992, he played a supporting role in "The Golden Girls" spin-off "The Golden Palace". Cheadle subsequently played district attorney John Littleton on three seasons of "Picket Fences".

paragraphs: Cheadle first received widespread notice for his portrayal of Mouse Alexander in the film "Devil in a Blue Dress", for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the National Society of Film Critics and was nominated for similar awards from the Screen Actors Guild and the NAACP Image Awards. Following soon thereafter was his performance in the title role of the 1996 HBO TV movie "Rebound: The Legend of Earl "The Goat" Manigault". He also starred in the 1997 film "Volcano", directed by Mick Jackson.Don Cheadle also starred in Rush Hour 2 (2001), with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker..

paragraphs: Cheadle's television credits include Emmy-nominated performances in the movies "The Rat Pack", "A Lesson Before Dying", "Things Behind the Sun" and in a guest appearance on "ER". The last of these spanned four episodes during the show's ninth season, in which he portrayed Paul Nathan, a medical student struggling to cope with Parkinson's disease. He has made appearances in films including "Rosewood", "The Family Man", "Boogie Nights", "Out of Sight", "Traffic", and "Ocean's Eleven". These last three were directed by Steven Soderbergh. He made a cameo appearance in the film "Abby Singer". In 2005, Cheadle was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Paul Rusesabagina in the film "Hotel Rwanda". He also starred in and co-produced "Crash", which won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture. For his performance in "Crash", Cheadle was nominated for the BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He played the main character in the movie "Traitor".

paragraphs: In March 2007, Cheadle starred with comedian Adam Sandler in Mike Binder's "Reign Over Me", a comedy-drama about a man who has slipped away from reality after the death of his wife and three daughters in 9/11. The film was a box office flop, earning a domestic gross of $22.2 million. Cheadle later starred in the 2009 DreamWorks Pictures film "Hotel for Dogs". Cheadle was to make his directorial debut with the adaptation of Elmore Leonard's "Tishomingo Blues", but in July 2007 he stated, "'Tishomingo' is dead..."

paragraphs: Cheadle appeared in NFL commercials promoting the Super Bowl from 2002 to 2005. He so regularly appeared for the NFL in its Super Bowl advertising that in 2006, in a drive to get fans to submit their own advertising ideas, the NFL sought his permission to reference his previous commercials to portray themselves as having no new ideas: "he quickly signed off on the idea and found it funny." Abe Sutton (along with Etan Bednarsh), one of the finalists in this NFL contest, played on this commercial by proposing an ad where every player on a football team is Don Cheadle.

paragraphs: In 2009, Cheadle and "Boondocks" creator Aaron McGruder worked on a potential comedy show on NBC. The "project revolve[d] around mismatched brothers who reunite to open a private security company." Cheadle and McGruder were slated to serve as executive producers, while McGruder was expected to write the script.

paragraphs: Also in 2009, Cheadle performed in "The People Speak", a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's "A People's History of the United States".

paragraphs: In 2010, Cheadle assumed the role of War Machine / James Rhodes in "Iron Man 2" (2010), replacing Terrence Howard. Cheadle reprised this role in "Iron Man 3" (2013), "Avengers: Age of Ultron" (2015), "Captain America: Civil War" (2016), "Avengers: Infinity War" (2018), and "Avengers: Endgame" (2019).

paragraphs: From 2012 to 2016, Cheadle starred in the Showtime TV series "House of Lies". In 2013, he won the Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the show.

paragraphs: Cheadle spent ten years writing and producing the film "Miles Ahead" (2016) based on the life of jazz musician Miles Davis. Cheadle also directed and starred in the film. Locations for the movie were found in Cincinnati.

paragraphs: In 2018, Cheadle guest-starred in the first-season finale of "DuckTales", providing Donald Duck's new voice box.


title: Massospondylus

paragraphs: Massospondylus was a dinosaur from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic periods.


title: MIRC

paragraphs: mIRC is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012. It is licensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for $20 USD, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch.


title: For Dummies

paragraphs: The ...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang. The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part.


title: The Source (Charmed)

paragraphs: The Source is a fictional character in the television series "Charmed". The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free.


title: Takasaki line

paragraphs: The is a railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.

paragraphs: The fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.

paragraphs: The colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.

paragraphs: The maximum speed of this train . So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.

paragraphs: The Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo.


title: Red panda

paragraphs: The red panda ("Ailurus fulgens") is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: "Ailurus fulgens fulgens" and "Ailurus fulgens styani".

paragraphs: Most that are bred at Japanese zoos are "Ailurus fulgens styani". They are called レッサーパンダ in Japan and 小熊貓 (xiǎo xìong māo ) in China, both literally translating to English as "small bear cat". They have become popular for how they look. The IUCN classes them as 'vulnerable'

paragraphs: The red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a vegetarian diet. They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora.

paragraphs: The red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees. In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal. As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives.

paragraphs: Red pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long. They weigh between three and five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white designs. They eat fruits, roots, bamboo shoots, acorns, and insects. They are active at night and sleep on trees in the daytime. They act alone, not in groups. They eat blossoms, berries, various plants, and bird eggs.


title: Refraction

paragraphs: Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water.

paragraphs: When a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction.

paragraphs: As light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal. When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).

paragraphs: An example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.

paragraphs: A good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction. Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right. The amount of bending is given by . Lenses work by refraction.

paragraphs: When light refracts in a prism, it splits into colours of the rainbow because some wavelengths bend more than others.

paragraphs: In optics the refractive index or index of refraction "n" of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium. It is defined as

paragraphs: where c is the speed of light in a vacuum and "v" is the "phase velocity" of light in the medium. Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction.


title: Psychedelic mushroom

paragraphs: Magic mushrooms or psychedelic mushrooms or Psilocybin mushrooms contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar substances.

paragraphs: Psilocybin is a mind-altering chemical. It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.

paragraphs: "Psilocybe semilanceata" is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others. These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: "Copelandia", "Gymnopilus", "Inocybe", "Mycena", "Panaeolus", "Pholiotina", "Pluteus".

paragraphs: Psilocybin can kill in extremely high doses. The LD of psilocybin is 280 mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60 kg person to reach the 280 mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.

paragraphs: Psilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times. They may be seen in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing. Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms. In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally. Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.

paragraphs: The function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered. It is a defence against herbivory.


title: Harold Godwinson

paragraphs: Harold Godwinson was King Harold II of England (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066). He ruled England after king Edward the Confessor died. He ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.

paragraphs: Harold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman. His sister, Edith, was married to the king he succeeded, Edward the Confessor. About that same time Harold became Earl of East Anglia. When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex. Elfgar, son of Leofric of Mercia was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia. Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again. Wessex itself was, in those days, an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England. Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom, after the King.

paragraphs: Harold Godwinson had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor. Before Harold Godwinson became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy to become king.

paragraphs: In September 1066 Harold Godwinson defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada. He returned south to fight Duke William's invasion. He was killed, it is generally assumed, by an arrow shot by one of William's archers, but some reports say he was cut down by many soldiers.


title: Spanish Armada

paragraphs: The Spanish Armada was a spanish naval fleet (army of ships) most famous for being used by Spain's King Philip II against Britain in 1588. The ships were on their way to Flanders (across the English channel from England) to fetch an army to invade England. The Royal Navy of England during queen Elizabeth I's reign caught up with them on the way. The English defeated the Armada by using the wind to blow ships that were lit on fire into the anchored fleet. This started on 12 July 1588 and ended during August 1588.

paragraphs: The Second in Command of the Royal Navy was Sir Francis Drake. Drake was playing a game of bowling with his friends when he heard of the attack. He boldly insisted that he had time to finish the game and defeat the Spanish Armada afterwards.

paragraphs: The Spanish Armada was led by the Spanish "Duke of Medina Sidonia", who had no naval experience. He replaced the original commander, who died in February.

paragraphs: The defeat of the Armada is often attributed to a severe storm which scattered the Spanish vessels before they met the British fleet, meaning they could not use the many more ships they had to their advantage as planned. The British had only 55 ships, but these ships were not bigger but carried more guns. The Spanish only had short-range cannons, while the English had long-range cannons. Part of the English strategy was to sink or damage the enemy ships before they got close enough to fire back at them.

paragraphs: The English ships were also more manoeuvrable. The Spanish galleons could have their oars broken off completely by a heavy vessel sailing past nearby. The morale and dedication of the British sailors was high, improved by the famous speech by Queen Elizabeth and loyalty to England. They were led by experienced captains who had years of naval battles behind them.

paragraphs: The defeated Spanish fled north through the North Sea with the English chasing them. Many more ships were lost, and thousands of men died during the retreat.

paragraphs: Even though the English sailors had done so well, they didn't get paid and were made to stay on their ships and 'Guard' in case there was another Spanish attack. Lord Howard of Effingham was shocked, when he found out that his soldiers were not getting paid, claiming that "I would rather have never a penny in the world, than they (his sailors) should lack..." ("I would rather die poor than see my men go unpaid)".

paragraphs: A year later, Queen Elizabeth sent a similar English Armada of more than a hundred ships and 19,000 troops to complete her victory. They were to seize a fleet of Spanish treasure ships and impose a new king on Portugal. This expedition also failed.


title: Frank Griswold

paragraphs: Frank Tracy Griswold III (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.

paragraphs: Griswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.

paragraphs: Griswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003. He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.

paragraphs: His term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.


title: Sun

paragraphs: The Sun is the star in the center of our solar system. It is a yellow dwarf star. It gives off energy as light. That includes light, infra-red energy (heat), ultraviolet light and radio waves. It also gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as "solar wind". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy.

paragraphs: The Sun is a star like many others in our Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a type of star called a G-type main-sequence star based on its spectral class. It has existed for a little over 4.5 billion years. It is going to continue for at least as long. The Sun is about a hundred times as wide as the Earth. It has a mass of . This is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. 1.3 million Earths can fit inside the Sun.

paragraphs: The Sun fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second. It can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years for the energy in the core of the Sun to escape.

paragraphs: The Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. The Sun comprises about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. The Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83. It is estimated to be brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a Population I star.

paragraphs: The Sun is the brightest object in the Earth's sky. It has an apparent magnitude of −26.74. It takes 8 minutes and 19 seconds for light to travel from the Sun's horizon to Earth's horizon.

paragraphs: Scientists think that the Sun started from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice about 4.567 billion years ago.

paragraphs: At the center of that huge cloud, gravity caused the material to build up into a ball. Once this got big enough, the huge pressure inside started a fusion reaction. The energy this released caused that ball to heat and shine.

paragraphs: The energy radiated from the Sun pushed away the rest of the cloud from itself, and the planets formed from the rest of this cloud.

paragraphs: The sun can also be used as a source of solar energy.

paragraphs: The Sun and everything that orbits it is in the Milky Way. The Sun orbits around the centre of the Milky Way. It takes along everything in the Solar System. The Sun moves at 820,000 km an hour. At that speed, it still takes 230 million years for a full orbit.

paragraphs: Since the Sun is all gas, surface features come and go. If the Sun is viewed through a special solar telescope, dark areas called sunspots can be seen. These areas are caused by the Sun's magnetic field. The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.

paragraphs: Some space telescopes, including the ones that orbit the Sun have seen huge arches of the Sun's matter extend suddenly from the Sun. These are called solar prominences. Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes. Some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and a few are shaped like hands. Solar flares also come and go.

paragraphs: Sunspots, prominences and flares become rare, and then numerous, and then rare again, every 11 years.

paragraphs: This is the surface of the Sun. The light that the Earth receives from the Sun is radiated from this layer. Below this layer, the Sun is opaque, or not transparent to light.

paragraphs: The Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. All elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, accounts for less than 2% of the mass of the Sun.

paragraphs: The Sun's chemical composition was gotten from the interstellar medium. The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe. The heavier elements were produced by stars that died before the Sun was formed. The heavier elements were released into the interstellar medium when the star exploded as a supernovae.

paragraphs: Five layers make up the atmosphere of the Sun. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the outer photosphere surface of the Sun. It is believed that Alfvén waves may pass through to heat the corona.

paragraphs: The minimum temperature zone, the coolest layer of the Sun, is about above the photosphere. It has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water to form. These molecules can be seen on the Sun with special instruments called spectroscopes.

paragraphs: The chromosphere is the first layer of the Sun which can be seen, especially during a solar eclipse when the moon is covering most of the Sun and blocking the brightest light.

paragraphs: The solar transition region is the part of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and outer part called the corona. It can be seen from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet light. The transition is between two very different layers. In the bottom part it touches the photosphere and gravity shapes the features. At the top, the transition layer touches the corona.

paragraphs: The corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun and is much bigger than the rest of the Sun. The corona continuously expands into space forming the solar wind, which fills all the Solar System. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about . In the hottest regions it is . We do not understand why the corona is so hot. It can be seen during a solar eclipse or with an instrument called a coronagraph.

paragraphs: The heliosphere is the thin outer atmosphere of the Sun, filled with the solar wind plasma. It extends out past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a boundary where it collides with the interstellar medium.

paragraphs: A solar eclipse appears when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. The last total solar eclipse occurred on Dec. 26, 2019, and was visible from Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra and Borneo, with a partial eclipse visible in Australia and much of Asia.

paragraphs: A lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon.The number of lunar eclipses in a single year can range from 0 to 3. Partial eclipses slightly outnumber total eclipses by 7 to 6.

paragraphs: Astrophysicists say our Sun is a G-type main-sequence star in the middle of its life. In a billion years or so, increased solar energy will boil away the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. In a few more billion years, they think the Sun will get bigger and become a red giant star. The Sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as and will swallow up the Earth.

paragraphs: Earth's fate is still a bit of a mystery. In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 billion years. Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit. This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the solar wind. However, in the very long term the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size. Stars like the Sun become red giants at a later stage. The Sun will expand beyond orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. In any event, the ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.

paragraphs: After the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a planetary nebula. Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a white dwarf. Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a black dwarf.


title: Sign of the cross

paragraphs: The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers.

paragraphs: In the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying "Father, Son, Holy Spirit."

paragraphs: In the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human.


title: Seljuk dynasty

paragraphs: The Seljuks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq, sometimes also Seljuq Turks) were a Muslim dynasty. They ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. Their empire was known as Great Seljuk Empire that stretched from Anatolia to Pakistan. The Seljuks also fought the Christians in the First Crusade.

paragraphs: The Seljuks were one of the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Azerbaijan, Turkey, and Turkmenistan. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the "Kinik" Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in their Yabghu Khaganate of the Oghuz confederacy.

paragraphs: Kerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.


title: Jell-O

paragraphs: Jell-O is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.

paragraphs: Jell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.

paragraphs: There are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.

paragraphs: Though the word "Jell-O" is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products.


title: Pteranodon

paragraphs: Pteranodon was a large pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. About 1200 partial skeletons have been found, more than any other pterosaur. It lived in the area of the Western Interior Seaway.

paragraphs: Fossil "Pteranodon" have been found in Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.

paragraphs: With its wings open it was up to 6.25 meters across. "Pteranodon" might have lived much like an albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. "Pteranodon" had a big crest at the back of its head. "Pteranodon longiceps" had a straight crest that went backwards, and "Pteranodon sternbergi" had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.

paragraphs: "Pteranodon" lived mainly on offshore rookeries. Most "Pteranodon" fossils are found where, at the time, they were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.

paragraphs: They certainly fed on fish. Fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one "Pteranodon". Other specimens have fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso.

paragraphs: Females of both species were smaller than the males, and had small, rounded crests. The crests were probably used in display, though they may have had other functions as well.


title: Richard II of England

paragraphs: Richard II (6 January 1367–14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, "The Fair Maid of Kent". He was born in Bordeaux, and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy. His father died before him, so he became king in 1377. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster became regent until Richard II could rule. He was deposed by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), John of Gaunt's son with Blanche of Lancaster, taken prisoner and later died in captivity.

paragraphs: Richard abdicated (resigned) in 1399. He was murdered later that year.


title: Drinker

paragraphs: Drinker was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as "Triceratops", "Anatotitan" and "Tyrannosaurus rex".


title: Franz Ferdinand (band)

paragraphs: Franz Ferdinand is an indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group is named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Franz Ferdinand has released three albums, "Franz Ferdinand", "You Could Have It So Much Better With Franz Ferdinand", and their most recent release, "Tonight: Franz Ferdinand".

paragraphs: The band members are Alex Kapranos, Robert Hardy, Nicholas McCarthy, Paul Thomson.


title: Kress Stores

paragraphs: S. H. Kress & Co. was a group of "five and dime" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Kress Stores were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.

paragraphs: The Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida.


title: Henry V of England

paragraphs: Henry V of England (16 September 1387-31 August 31 1422) was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387.

paragraphs: Henry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king.

paragraphs: During his reign, Henry increased his power as King of England and also took the title of King of France, over which English kings had been fighting for decades. He defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Shakespeare wrote a play about that and made him important in other plays.


title: Athlete's foot

paragraphs: Athlete's Foot is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or do exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpits, knees and elbows.

paragraphs: Athlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics.


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title: Reflection

paragraphs: Reflection is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.

paragraphs: The most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.

paragraphs: Specular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90˚ to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as formula_1 and formula_2) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the "law of reflection".


title: Caspian Sea

paragraphs: The Caspian Sea is the largest lake on Earth by both area and volume. It has a surface area of . Its volume is . The Caspian has for 40 to 44% of the total lake waters of the world.

paragraphs: The Caspian sea is an endorheic body of water. It is bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It has a maximum depth of about . It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water.


title: Complementary angles

paragraphs: Complementary angles are two angles that when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees.


title: Civil rights

paragraphs: Civil rights are rights that all people in a country have. The civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.

paragraphs: In many countries civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens, and from private groups. They may prevent against discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity and disability.

paragraphs: Civil rights are protected by law and custom. The constitutions of many democracies have a "Bill of Rights" that describes the people's liberties and rights. A well-known example is the United States Bill of Rights.

paragraphs: A court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated. The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people.


title: Moscovium

paragraphs: Moscovium is a chemical element. It is also named eka-bismuth. It has the symbol Mc. It has the atomic number 115. It is a superheavy element.

paragraphs: Moscovium does not exist in nature. It is a synthetic element, made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.

paragraphs: The element is named in honor of Russian city Moscow.

paragraphs: Moscovium is in the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been found. Models predict that the stable isotope of ununpentium should have 184 neutrons. The stable isotope with 184 neutrons is Uup. The isotope that has been made has only 173 neutrons (Uup).

paragraphs: On February 2, 2004 a report that moscovium and nihonium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

paragraphs: These people reported that they bombarded americium with calcium to make four atoms of moscovium.

paragraphs: Scientists of Japan also report that they have made moscovium.

paragraphs: In May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.

paragraphs: The name was changed to Moscovium. It used to be named ununpentium

paragraphs: Not enough moscovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may be slightly colored.

paragraphs: Moscovium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of ununpentium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence of a stable oxidation state of +I (Uup). The (Uup) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl.

paragraphs: Moscovium is inside the island of stability. This is probably why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories.

paragraphs: The most popular story about moscovium is from Bob Lazar. It is not pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time.


title: Tennessine

paragraphs: Tennessine (former Ununseptium) is the superheavy man-made chemical element. It has a symbol Ts and atomic number of 117. It is the second heaviest element of all, and is the second to last element. It is in group 17 in the periodic table, where the halogens are. Its properties are not yet fully known but it is probably a metalloid. The discovery of tennessine was announced in 2010 by scientists in Russia and the United States. They collaborated and it is the most recently discovered element as of 2019. It is named after the state of Tennessee and it has no uses except research.

paragraphs: In 2004, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) team in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia planned an experiment to synthesize (create) element 117. It is called "element 117" because the number of protons in its atom is 117. To do this, they needed to fuse the elements berkelium (element 97) and calcium (element 20). However, the American team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the only producer of berkelium in the world, had stopped making berkelium for a while. So, they synthesized the element 118 first using californium (element 98) and calcium.

paragraphs: The Russian team wanted to use berkelium because the isotope of calcium used in the experiment, calcium-48, has 20 protons and 28 neutrons. This is the lightest stable or almost stable nucleus (the middle part of an atom) with much more neutron than proton. Zinc-68 is the second-lightest nucleus of this kind, but it is heavier than calcium-48. Since tennessine has 117 protons, they need another atom with 97 protons to be combined with the calcium atom, and berkelium has 97 protons.

paragraphs: In the experiment, the berkelium is made into a target and the calcium is fired in the form of a beam to the berkelium target. The calcium beam is created in Russia by removing the small amount of calcium-48 from natural calcium using chemical means. The nuclei that is made after the experiment will be heavier and is nearer to the island of stability. This is the idea that some very heavy atoms can be quite stable.

paragraphs: In 2008, the American team started again to create berkelium, and they told the Russian team about it. The program made 22 milligrams of berkelium, and this is enough for the experiment. Soon after, the berkelium was cooled in 90 days and was made more pure by chemical means in 90 more days. The berkelium target had to be taken to Russia quickly because the half-life of the isotope of berkelium used, berkelium-249, is only 330 days. In other words, after 330 days, half of all the berkelium will no longer be berkelium. Actually, if the experiment did not start six months after the target was made, it would have been cancelled because they did not have enough berkelium for the experiment. In summer 2009, the target was packed into five lead containers and was sent by a commercial flight from New York to Moscow.

paragraphs: Both teams had to face the bureaucratic obstacle between America and Russia before they send the berkelium target to allow it to arrive in Russia on time. However, there were still problems: Russian customs did not let the berkelium target get into the country twice due to missing or incomplete paperwork. Even though the target went over the Atlantic Ocean five times, the whole journey only took a few days. When the target finally got into Moscow, it was sent to Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblask. Here, the target was placed on a thin titanium film (layer). This film was then sent to Dubna where it was placed inside the JINR particle accelerator. This particle accelerator is the most powerful particle accelerator in the world for the creation of superheavy elements.

paragraphs: The experiment began in June 2009. In January 2010, the scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions announced within the laboratory that they had found the decay of a new element with atomic number 117 through two decay chains. The odd-odd isotope does 6 alpha decays before doing a spontaneous (sudden) fission. The odd-even isotope does 3 alpha decays before fission. On 9 April 2010, an official report was released in the "Physical Review Letters" journal. It showed that the isotopes that were mentioned in the decay chains were Ts and Ts. The isotopes were made as follows:


title: The World Factbook

paragraphs: The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a book that contains the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries. A new book is published every year. The "Factbook" provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.

paragraphs: "The World Factbook" is designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it is also used by students, on websites, and in other publications that are not made by governments. Because the U.S. Government made it, it is in the public domain.


title: Taco

paragraphs: The traditional taco is a called salsa. It is made from a corn tortilla wrapped around some sort of filling. Traditionally, the tortilla is soft, but some variations from different countries have hard shells, as well as flour tortillas.

paragraphs: Tacos are filled with a variety of filling such as beef, chicken, fish, pork, cheese, lettuce, onions, guacamole, and salsa. Sauces can also be added to tacos ranging from salsa to hot sauces like Tapatío. People use many different combinations of foods to build the taco, so it is very versatile.

paragraphs: Tacos are world popular, but especially so in Mexico, China and the United States. In the United States, tacos have been industrialized by fast food businesses such as Taco Bell, Del Taco, and Chipotle.


title: Gerard Way

paragraphs: Gerard Arthur Way (born April 9, 1977) is an American musician and comic book writer. Way is the lead singer and co-founder of the punk rock band My Chemical Romance. His brother Mikey was the bass player for the band. Way played for the band from their start in September 2001 until they broke up on March 22, 2013., as of October 31th 2019 as of the reunion, he is in the band. Way is known for commonly changing hair color from black to blonde and even a striking red. Gerard married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3rd 2007. He and Lyn Z announced that they were having a baby in November of 2008. Their daughter, Bandit Lee Way, was born on May 27, 2009. She arrived at 2:57 PM and weighed 6 pounds and 5.6 ounces. Gerard has said that both Bandit and Lyn Z are "happy and healthy". Way is also the writer of the comic book series "The Umbrella Academy".

paragraphs: He was born on April 9, 1977 in Summit, New Jersey. Way attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999. As a child, Way grew up in a dangerous neighborhood where crimes happened often. He said that he was not allowed to play outside much when he was younger. In place of that, he had to stay indoors. While not being able to play in the park, he created his own imaginary world in his head. This led to his love for artwork. Gerard hoped to one day be a comic book artist. Before the attack on 9/11, Way was working on his cartoon "The Breakfast Monkey". He wanted it to be shown on Cartoon Network. The cartoon was rejected because it was very similar to the series "Aqua Teen Hunger Force".


title: Emerson, Lake & Palmer

paragraphs: Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts.


title: Newark, New Jersey

paragraphs: Newark is the largest city in U.S. State of New Jersey, 65th largest city in the United States, and serves as the seat of Essex County. It is located 8 miles west of Manhattan.

paragraphs: Newark was originally formed as a township on October 31, 1693. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, New Jersey, Caldwell Township, New Jersey, Orange Township, New Jersey, Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township, New Jersey. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836. The previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905 and became part of West Ward.

paragraphs: Newark is divided into five wards; North Ward, South Ward, West Ward, East Ward, and Central Ward. Central Ward has train stations of Amtrak and New Jersey Transit. It also has museums and tall buildings including headquarters of large corporations. The High Street Historic District is in Central Ward.

paragraphs: East Ward includes a neighborhood called "Ironbound". South Ward has the large Newark Liberty International Airport, one of the first major airports in the United States. Branch Brook Park in North Ward has the biggest display of cherry blossoms in the eastern United States.


title: Aeolic Greek

paragraphs: Aeolic Greek was a dialect of the Greek language that was spoken on the island of Lesbos and nearby parts of Asia Minor.


title: Myst

paragraphs: Myst is a computer game designed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller in a company called Cyan. The Millers started working on Myst in 1991 and released it for the Macintosh computer on September 24, 1993. "Myst" was later released on many different computers and video game consoles.

paragraphs: In "Myst", the player starts by using a special book to travel to Myst Island. There, the player uses other special books to travel to different worlds called "Ages". Solving puzzles on different Ages helps the player learn more about Myst Island and the people who live there. The player can make choices that change the ending of the game.

paragraphs: When "Myst" was released, it became very popular. Critics loved "Myst" because it felt like a real world. "Myst" was the best-selling computer game until The Sims was released in 2002. "Myst" helped the CD-ROM get more popular when the CD-ROM was new. Because "Myst" was so popular, four sequels were made, and three "Myst" novels were written.


title: Father Christmas

paragraphs: Father Christmas is the British name for Santa Claus. The name was used in songs, such as "I Believe in Father Christmas" by Emerson, Lake & Palmer.


title: Wham!

paragraphs: Wham! was an English pop band. It was created in 1981 by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. They released their first single in 1982. For a short time, they were known in the United States as Wham! UK because another band already had that name. They are best known for the songs "Last Christmas" and "Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go".


title: George Michael

paragraphs: Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou, (25 June 1963 – 25 December 2016), known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer-songwriter, and record producer.

paragraphs: George Michael who rose to fame in the 1980s, when he formed the pop duo Wham! with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. The duo released a string of massive singles in 1982 like "Young Guns (Go For It)" and "Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)," both written by Michael. In 1983, Wham’s debut album, "Fantastic" was released. It reached #1 in the UK charts and had the hit single "Club Tropicana" with a music video, shot in Ibiza. After a year, Wham changed its image with the release of their second album Make it Big, which was a critical and commercial success, hitting #1 in both the UK and the USA. It produced four singles, all topping the charts on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the most popular songs in the album, "Careless Whisper," Michael's first solo single, was released in 1984 while he was still performing with Wham!. In 1986, Wham! disbanded after release of a third studio album, single and concert at Wembley Stadium.

paragraphs: Following his split with Wham!, George Michael began a successful solo career, releasing four studio albums, "Faith" (1987), "Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1" (1991), "Older" (1996), and "Patience" (2004). Michael has sold over 100 million records worldwide as of 2010, encompassing 11 British #1 singles, 9 British #1 albums, 10 US #1 singles, and 2 US #1 album. His 1987 debut solo album, "Faith" has sold over 20 million copies worldwide alone and its considered by some music critics to be one of the greatest albums in pop music history. In 2004, Radio Academy has named Michael the most played artist on British radio between the period of 1984-2004.

paragraphs: In 2006, George Michael announced his first tour in 15 years. 25 Live tour was a massive, worldwide undertaking by Michael that spanned forth individual tours over the course of five years (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010).

paragraphs: In November 1984, Michael joined other popular British and Irish pop stars to form Band Aid, singing on the charity song "Do They Know It's Christmas?" for relief of famine in Ethiopia. This single became the UK Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart in December 1984. Michael's own song, "Last Christmas" by Wham!, was held at number two. "Do They Know It's Christmas?" sold 3.75 million copies in the UK. It became the biggest selling single in UK Chart history. It held this position until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997", released in tribute to Princess Diana following her death Michael also attended Diana's funeral with Elton John. Michael donated the royalties from "Last Christmas" to Band Aid and subsequently sang with Elton John at Live Aid (the Band Aid charity concert) in 1985.

paragraphs: Michael was born in London to an English mother and Greek father. Michael was raised there and in Hertfordshire. He was initially private about being homosexual. During his "Wham!" career, he was in relationships with well-known women such as actress Brooke Shields, and model Pat Fernandes. Between 1986-1988, he was romantically involved with Kathy Yueng, an American makeup artist who was featured in "I Want Your Sex" Music Video. Nonetheless, his sexual orientation was well known among London music business people.

paragraphs: These persisted into his solo career, but Michael had already established a relationship with Anselmo Feleppa, whom he had met at the 1991 concert ""Rock in Rio"". Feleppa died of an AIDS-related brain hemorrhage in 1993. Michael's single "Jesus to a Child" is a tribute to Feleppa: (he consistently dedicates it to him before performing it live), as is his 1996 album "Older". Since 1996, Michael has been in a long-term relationship with businessman Kenny Goss. They have homes in London and Dallas.

paragraphs: On 25 December 2016 before 17:24 GMT, Michael died at his property in Goring, Oxfordshire, England from heart failure and a fatty liver. Before 22:59 GMT his publicist stated that he had "passed away peacefully" and Thames Valley Police said they were treating the death as unexplained and there were no suspicious circumstances. South Central Ambulance Service had attended his property at 13:42 GMT on Christmas Day.


title: Chink

paragraphs: Chink is a pejorative term for Chinese people.


title: Spermicide

paragraphs: Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm before it can enter the vagina. When a spermicide is used as the only form of contraception, the pregnancy rate is much higher than it is when other contraceptives are used. Spermicides are normally used with barrier contraception, such as condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges.


title: Big Brother (TV series)

paragraphs: Big Brother is a TV reality show. People known as housemates, enter a house and they do not bring any of their belongings except clothes. They are bored and the people behind the cameras who call themselves Big Brother announce things through the loudspeaker. Housemates would get a task to do so that they can get food. There is also a celebrity version of Big Brother.

paragraphs: The series was developed by Endemol, and the first season was shown in the Netherlands. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including Brazil, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Spain, India, United Kingdom (see Big Brother UK 2008) and US. It also used to be in Australia, It was originally cancelled in 2008, later came back in 2012-2014 and will return again in 2020

paragraphs: In some countries, there are also special editions of the show, for example "Big Brother VIP" or "".

paragraphs: Usually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones.

paragraphs: "Big Brother VIP" is the name of the special edition of the show, in which all the housemates are famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing "Big Brother", for example Bulgaria - "VIP Brother"; Mexico - "Big Brother VIP"; UK - "Celebrity Big Brother".

paragraphs: The duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the nominations and evictions are twice a week.

paragraphs: Sometimes the big prize is given for charity or there is no big prize at all.

paragraphs: As of 10 September 2018, "Big Brother" has produced 426 winners in over 54 franchises.


title: Euphonium

paragraphs: The euphonium is a brass instrument. It is very similar to the baritone horn, but it is different because the tubes are wider and it is bigger. The euphonium makes low sounds, similar to the trombone. The euphonium has 3 or 4 valves and 1-3 spit valves. "Spit" valves do not really mean there is spit in the instrument, it means that there is condensation in the instrument.

paragraphs: The euphonium is seen in different sorts of bands in Europe and America. The musicians make the sound by blowing into the instrument and "buzzing" with their lips.

paragraphs: The word euphonium means: "producing nice sounds"

paragraphs: Euphoniums are basically silver and brass in colour.


title: Blogger

paragraphs: A blogger is a person who keeps a blog as a major activity in their life. This is a diary or journal on the web (also known as 'weblog'). Blogs are usually free to read, but nevertheless some have made fame and fortune for their writing. Tavi Gevinson's blog is an example. Many politicians and journalists are bloggers, perhaps realising that this is one good way to contact the younger voters. Michelle Malkin's blog is an example of this kind of use.

paragraphs: Twitter and Facebook are networking sites which offer some of the functions of a blog. What a blogger can do on sites like that is limited by the proprietary software. The really professional bloggers have their own sites, and also hold pages on social networking sites.


title: Prophylaxis

paragraphs: Prophylaxis is a Greek word and concept. It means any "action taken to guard or prevent beforehand". The corresponding adjective is prophylactic.

paragraphs: The concept of prophylaxis has two parts. First is forethought. A person has to realise the need first of all. Second is taking appropriate action.

paragraphs: Any failure of prophylaxis is a failure at either stage 1 or stage 2. Successful prophylaxis means one has anticipated and avoided some undesirable outcome.

paragraphs: Prophylaxis is the central idea in preventative medicine. People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. Primary prophylaxis tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. Secondary prophylaxis tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse.

paragraphs: Prophylaxis may also be used as a synonym for birth control. Condoms are prophylactic, because when used properly they can prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. In the strict meaning and medical meaning of the word "profylaxe", it only means prevention of DISEASE, not of birth. For example, oral contraceptive is not a profylaxe, because it does not prevent disease.


title: Abu Bakr

paragraphs: Abū Bakr ‘Abdallāh bin Abī Quḥāfah aṣ-Ṣiddīq (; (573 CE 22 August 634 CE) popularly known as Abu Bakr (), was a senior companion and—through his daughter Aisha—the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family. Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammad's lifetime, he was involved in several campaigns and treaties.

paragraphs: He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph, Abu Bakr succeeded to the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. He was commonly known as The Truthful Caliph (, ""). Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 2 years, 3 months and 11 days ending with his death after an illness. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death.

paragraphs: Abu Bakr's full name was Abd Allah ibn 'Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka'ab ibn Sa'ad ibn Taym (from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi) ibn Murrah ibn Ka'ab ibn Lu'ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.

paragraphs: In Arabic, the name "Abd Allah" means "slave of Allah". One of his early titles, preceding his conversion to Islam, was "atiqe", "the saved one". Muhammad later reaffirmed this title when he said that Abu Bakr is the "atiqe" (the one saved from hell fire by God). He was called "Al-Siddiq" (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title several times.

paragraphs: There is a dispute over his name being Abdullah. Ibn Hajar in "Al-Isaabah", and many other narrations, narrates from Qasim Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr, "I asked Ayesha the name of Abu Bakr. She said Abdullah. I said people are saying Ateeq. She said Abu Quhafa had three children, one was Ateeq, second Mu’taq and third, Otaiq. All three names are similar and derived from the same root."

paragraphs: He was mentioned in the Quran as the "second of the two who lay in the cave" in reference to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct mention in the Quran.

paragraphs: Imam Jafar al Sadiq famously narrated how the title "Siddiq" was given to Abu Bakr from Muhammad. Jafar was a direct descendant of Abu Bakr from his maternal side, as well as being a descendant of Ali from his father's side. Jafar al-Sadiq was also the successor of the Naqshbandi Sufi order believed to be originating from Abu Bakr himself. Imam Muhammad al Baqir, the father of Imam Jafar Sadiq, also called Abu Bakr with the title Siddiq.

paragraphs: Much of the available knowledge about Muhammad comes through Abu Bakr's daughter, Aisha. After the death of Abu Bakr, her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali. After Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads, Aisha raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Aisha also taught another nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas] whose views many Sunni follow.

paragraphs: Qasim's mother was of ‘Ali's family and his daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim, who married Muhammad al-Baqir, was the mother of Jafar al-Sadiq. Therefore al-Qasim was the grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr and the grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.

paragraphs: Another of Abu Bakr's grandsons, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, was very close to Husayn bin Ali. After Hussein ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by the Yazid I Army of the, Umayyads ruler, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr confronted Yazid and expelled him from Iraq, southern Arabia and the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. Following a lengthy campaign, on his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr, the daughter of the first caliph, for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son:

paragraphs: "You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free". Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and the army now under the control of the Umayyads.


title: Lemon

paragraphs: The lemon is a small tree ("Citrus limon") that is green even in the winter. It came from Asia, and is also the name of the tree's oval-shaped yellow fruit. The fruit is used for cooking and other things in the world – usually for its juice.

paragraphs: People do not know for sure where lemons have come from. However, most people think that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma, and China. The lemon is the common name for "Citrus limon." A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit. It is related to the orange. Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, and has a pH of 2 to 3. Lemon plants vary in size yet stay generally small. The tallest height they can get is about 6 meters tall.

paragraphs: Lemons taste sour. The juice, zest, and pulp are often used in cooking, often on fish and other meat for better taste. Lemon is also used to flavour drinks, such as lemonade or soft drinks.


title: Elevator

paragraphs: An elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building. They are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.

paragraphs: Languages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g., Japanese) or lift (e.g., Cantonese).

paragraphs: Because of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new multi-story buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps would be impractical.

paragraphs: Some argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day lift consists of a cab (also called a "cage" or "car") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a "hoistway". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a "traction" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight

paragraphs: The friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of lift its name.

paragraphs: Hydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.

paragraphs: The technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.

paragraphs: Lifts are a candidate for mass customization.

paragraphs: There are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage patterns.

paragraphs: Elevator doors protect riders from being crushed in between the cab and the floor. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large "slab" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.

paragraphs: All elevators, whether traction or hydraulic, require a machine room to store large electric motors (or hydraulic pumps) and a controller cabinet. This room is located above or below the hoistway (or only below, for hydraulic elevators) and may contain machinery for a single or a group of elevators. Modern day traction motors boasting gearless and permanent magnet drive can be more compact and efficient; electronic microprocessors have replaced the mechanical relays. As a result, traction elevators can be built without a dedicated room above the shaft, saving valuable space in building planning.

paragraphs: The new lift design presents a departure from the traditional, looped over-the-top traction rope routing of traction elevators. The ends of the cables are fixed to the supporting structure, and the length of the cable are connected to the car and counterweight by means of a force-multiplying, energy saving compound pulley system. Machine room-less elevators have become a welcome alternative to the older hydraulic elevator for low to medium rise buildings.

paragraphs: Kone, a Finnish elevator company, first developed the machine room-less elevator in 1996.

paragraphs: ---this takes away the environmental concern that was created by the hydraulic cylinder being stored underground

paragraphs: ---national and local building codes did not address elevators without machine rooms

paragraphs: The first reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first elevator, probably in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical periods, elevators were mentioned as cabs on a hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals. It is supposed that elevators of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France.

paragraphs: In 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator move at an excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in 1854.

paragraphs: In 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely.

paragraphs: The first electric elevator was constructed by the German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1880.

paragraphs: In 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. It constructed a network of high pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly lifts (elevators) and cranes.

paragraphs: In 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift.

paragraphs: Pneumatic or "Vacuum" elevators operate without cables and can be installed more easily and quickly than their alternatives since their housing comprises prefabricated sections which are considerably narrower than conventional lift shafts. These sections are often transparent and afford the passenger a near 360° view.

paragraphs: Statistically speaking, elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight 100-millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides resulted in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. For all practical purposes, there are no cases of elevators simply free-falling and killing the passengers inside; of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related - for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts, and most of the rest are attributed to easily avoidable accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors. In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant - the female elevator operator. While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by six or eight hoist cables, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five per cent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is moving faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes bronze brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. In addition, a hydraulic buffer is installed at the bottom of the shaft to cushion any impact somewhat.

paragraphs: Most recently, there was an incident in a modern cable-borne elevator that took place in a children's hospital in Seattle, Washington on October 9, 2007. The elevator involved was a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine room-less elevator; The ISIS used Kevlar fiberglass ropes instead of conventional braided-steel ropes all other traction elevators use. One of the ISIS elevators broke free from its cables, slipping between the 6th and 4th floors; the Kevlar ropes were the cause of this incident. After the incident, ThyssenKrupp discontinued production of the ISIS and, the following year, replaced it with the Synergy machine room-less elevator, which uses conventional braided-steel ropes, making it much safer.

paragraphs: Past problems with early hydraulic elevators meant those built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder; therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a "life jacket." This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. This device is also known as a Rupture Valve in some parts of the world.

paragraphs: In addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity.

paragraphs: In the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety.

paragraphs: There are at least four means of moving an elevator:

paragraphs: Geared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by "rolling" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500 ft/min (2.5 m/s).

paragraphs: A climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the Moonlight Towers in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance.

paragraphs: Many elevator installations now feature emergency power systems which allow elevator use in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators.

paragraphs: When power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.

paragraphs: In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current limiting motor starters, commonly known as "Soft-Start" contactors, avoid much of this problem and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.

paragraphs: Elevators may feature talking devices as an accessibility aid for the blind. In addition to floor arrival notifications, the computer announces the direction of travel, and notifies the passengers before the doors are to close.

paragraphs: In addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.

paragraphs: Direction lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means "down" and green means "up". Since the color convention is often undermined or overrided by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for "up" and red for "down." Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.

paragraphs: In addition to lanterns, most elevators have a chime to indicate if the elevator is going up or down either before or after the doors open, usually in conjunction with the lanterns lighting up. Universally, one chime is for up, two is for down, and none indicates an elevator that is 'free'.

paragraphs: Observatory service elevators often convey other facts of interest, including elevator speed, stopwatch, and current position (altitude), as with the case for Taipei 101's service elevators.

paragraphs: The mechanical and electrical design of elevators is dictated according to various standards (aka elevator codes), which may be international, national, state, regional or city based. Whereas once many standards were prescriptive, specifying exact criteria which must be complied with, there has recently been a shift towards more performance-based standards where the onus falls on the designer to ensure that the elevator meets or exceeds the standard.

paragraphs: Some of the national elevator standards include:

paragraphs: Because an elevator is part of a building, it must also comply with standards relating to earthquake resilience, fire standards, electrical wiring rules and so forth.

paragraphs: The American National Elevator Standards Group (ANESG) sets an elevator weight standard to be 2200 lbs.

paragraphs: Additional requirements relating to access by disabled persons, may be mandated by laws or regulations such as the Americans with Disabilities Act.


title: Billy Bragg

paragraphs: Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957), known as Billy Bragg, is an English singer and guitarist. He was born in Barking, Essex. He is famous for his mix of folk, punk, and protest music.


title: Brixton riots

paragraphs: There have been three riots in Brixton, London:


title: Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)

paragraphs: Budweiser is a popular American beer made by the Anheuser-Busch company. It is made with hops, barley, and rice. It is known as the "King of Beers". It is brewed in St. Louis and other cities around the United States. There are several different types of Budweiser beer, such as Bud Light.

paragraphs: The name is similar to a Czech beer of the same name, Budweiser Budvar. They are currently the official beer sponsor of Fantasy Premier League.


title: Shia Islam

paragraphs: Shi'a Islam (, ) is the second largest branch of Islam. Shia Muslims believe that Prophet Muhammad under the command of God chose Ali as Caliph (or Successor) and publicly declared it, in his last sermon after Hajj at Ghadeer Khumm. Shi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the Qu'ran and the Prophet Muhammad's family, whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. The Shias think that the first three ruling Sunni Caliphs had no importance to the development of the faith. The singular/adjective form is "Shī'ī " () and means a follower.

paragraphs: Shi'a Islam, like Sunni Islam, has at times been divided into many branches, however only three of these have a significant number of followers nowadays. The best known and the one with most adherents is Twelvers ("Ithnā 'ashariyya"), followed by the Ismaili and Zaidiyyah.