title: Edmund Muskie

paragraphs: Edmund Sixtus "Ed" Muskie (March 28, 1914March 26, 1996) was an American politician. He was a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine to a Polish family.

paragraphs: He was the Governor of Maine serving from 1955 to 1959, and a United States Senator from 1959 to 1980. He served as United States Secretary of State from 1980 to 1981 under the Carter administration. President Jimmy Carter gave Muskie the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1981.

paragraphs: Muskie died in Washington, D.C. from congestive heart failure. He was 81 years old.

paragraphs: Muskie was born in Rumford, Maine on March 28, 1914. His father, Stephen Marciszewski (mar-chih-SHEF-ski) immigrated to the United States in 1903 and changed his name to Muskie.

paragraphs: Muskie graduated from Bates College in 1936. He graduated from Cornell University Law School in 1939. He enlisted in the U.S. Navy during World War II. He served in the Atlantic and Asiatic-Pacific Theaters from 1942 to 1945.

paragraphs: Muskie was the Democratic nominee for Vice President in the 1968 presidential election. Muskie later ran for President in the 1972 presidential election. After announcing that Muskie had lost, Muskie chocked with anger and began to cry. Afterwards, Muskie refused the fact that he cried at simply said that "melted snow flakes" in eyes and not tears. Muskie later said the reason he cried was that because newspapers insulted his wife.

paragraphs: Muskie held the highest office (Secretary of State) by a Polish American in U.S. history. If Muskie won the Presidential election in 1972, Muskie would have been the first Polish-American President of the United States.

paragraphs: In 1987, President Ronald Reagan appointed Muskie to serve in the Tower Commission to investigate the Iran-Contra affair.

paragraphs: He was married to Jane Gray from 1940 until his death in 1996. He died of congestive heart failure. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.


title: Lewiston, Maine

paragraphs: Lewiston is a city in Androscoggin County in Maine, and the second-largest city in the state. The population was 36,592 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: It is one of two principal cities of and included within the Lewiston-Auburn, Maine metropolitan New England city and town area and the Lewiston-Auburn Maine Metropolitan Statistical Area.

paragraphs: As of 2006 census estimates has a combined population of 107,702. It is also part of the extended Portland-Lewiston-South Portland, Maine combined statistical area, which has a combined population 621,219 as of 2006 estimates.


title: Bijou Theater

paragraphs: The Bijou Theater is a gay adult theater and sex club in Chicago, Illinois. It was established in 1970, and is the oldest such theater and club in the United States of America. It is located at 1349 N. Wells St. in Chicago's Old Town neighborhood.

paragraphs: In January 1970, the Bijou opened on the first floor of a four story Victorian. The first movie shown was Richard Nixon's Checkers speech, named after Nixon's dog Checkers. The movie that followed was a gay porn movie.

paragraphs: In 1980, the Bijou expanded to the second floor, where a sexual playground was established. On this floor are booths, glory holes, a dungeon with slings, and a Saint Andrew's cross. The same year, the back yard was overhauled for summer frolicking. The Bijou was opened 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In 1984, the Bijou expanded to the third floor.


title: BC Place

paragraphs: BC Place is a sports stadium in Vancouver, British Columbia. The arena opened on June 19, 1983, and is the current home to the BC Lions of the Canadian Football League and the Vancouver Whitecaps FC of Major League Soccer.

paragraphs: The stadium was originally built for the Expo 86 which was held in Vancouver. Until May 4, 2010, the stadium was the world's largest air-supported domed stadium. It was deflated and replaced with a retractable roof. The Vancouver Whitecaps of the North American Soccer League played in the arena from 1983 to 1984. There have been 8 Grey Cup championship games held in BC Place in 1983, 1986, 1987, 1990, 1994, 1999, 2005, and 2011. The Vancouver Nighthawks of the World Basketball League played in the stadium for their 1988 season.

paragraphs: The stadium hosted the opening and closing ceremonies of the XXI Olympic Winter Games and the opening ceremonies of the X Paralympic Winter Games. The stadium is set to host the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup final game.


title: Anxiety disorder

paragraphs: The term anxiety disorder is a term for a number of psychiatric disorders. These disorders can be classified into two very broad groups:

paragraphs: Anxiety conditions include phobia, social anxiety disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Other anxiety disorders include agoraphobia and panic disorder. Stress from life events, including past abuse, being intimidated or health worries, can trigger anxiety problems for many people. Symptoms include headache, spasms in the muscle, trembling, fatigue and exhaustion. There are various manners for treating anxiety disorders. These include medication and therapy. There is some recent research.


title: Rumination

paragraphs: Rumination is the constant urge for a person to focus their attention on their troubles, misery or worries and possible causes or consequences. Rumination is having thoughts about earlier events, failures, abuse or hardships. The tendency to ruminate often serves as a big factor for clinical depression. People who ruminate a lot are more likely to become depressed and to carry major mental troubles, such as generalized anxiety disorder and suicidal behavior. One type of rumination, the state rumination, is connected with pessimism and serious neurosis.


title: Steve Dubinsky

paragraphs: Steven Dubinsky (born July 9, 1970 in Montreal, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre. He played a total of 12 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL). He played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Calgary Flames, Nashville Predators, and St. Louis Blues

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, Dubinsky played 4 seasons at Clarkson University.

paragraphs: He was drafted 226th overall by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. From 1993 to 1998, Dubinsky would play for both the Indianapolis Ice of the International Hockey League and the Chicago Blackhawks. He was traded to the Calgary Flames and played 2 seasons with them. He rejoined the Blackhawks in the 2000-01 NHL season and played 2 seasons with them before being traded by the Blackhawks to the Nashville Predators. He played 1 season with the Predators and signed with the St. Louis Blues. He only played half of the season with the Blues because of a head injury. He would retire from playing professional hockey the next season.

paragraphs: Dubinsky is Jewish. He has 3 sons and his middle son plays for the Junior Blackhawks.


title: Chicken fingers

paragraphs: Chicken fingers (also known as chicken tenders, chicken tendies or chicken strips) are chicken meat dipped in breading and then deep-fried, grilled or baked. In the Northeastern United States or the Midwest, chicken strips are often made by way of egg batter and have smooth texture. Elsewhere, however, chicken strips may lack egg batter and the texture can be rather coarse. Chicken strips are provided to customers in certain restaurants, including KFC, McDonald's and Wendy's fast food networks.


title: Maclyn McCarty

paragraphs: Maclyn McCarty (June 9, 1911 – January 2, 2005) was an American geneticist. He was best known for proving that DNA, not protein, was the chemical basis of the gene.

paragraphs: McCarty devoted his life to studying infectious disease organisms. Studies of bacteria led the way to studying heredity through genetics and biochemistry. This started the age of molecular biology.

paragraphs: McCarty was the youngest and longest surviving member of the research team responsible for the Avery-MacLeod-McCarty experiment. He won the Wolf Prize in Medicine for 1990. MacCarty died on January 2, 2005, from congestive heart failure.

paragraphs: The phenomenon was first described in Griffith's experiment of 1928, which suggested DNA was the material of heredity. In this early experiment dead "Streptococcus pneumoniae" of the virulent strain type III-S, was injected along with living but non-virulent type II-R pneumococci. This resulted in a deadly infection of type III-S pneumococci. This meant the non-virulent strain had been transformed (changed) by something in the dead bacteria.

paragraphs: Work to prove DNA was responsible took many years, starting in 1928. Griffith's work was suggestive, but not sufficient. In their paper of 1944, Avery and his colleagues decided that DNA, rather than protein was the hereditary material of bacteria, and was analogous to genes and/or viruses in higher organisms.

paragraphs: This was epoch-making work, but the three men did not get the Nobel Prize. McCarty later explained the work for the general reader.


title: Propene

paragraphs: Propene is an organic compound. The substance is also known as propylene and has the formula CH. It is the second-simplest alkene. Since it is only made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, it is a hydrocarbon. At room temperature and normal pressure it is a gas.

paragraphs: Propene is produced from fossil fuels, and from coal. Propene is the second most important product used in the petrochemical industry, after ethene. About two thirds are used to produce polypropylene. Propene and benzene are converted to acetone and phenol via the cumene process. Propene is also used to produce isopropanol (propan-2-ol), acrylonitrile, propylene oxide (epoxypropane) and epichlorohydrin.


title: Céline (brand)

paragraphs: Céline is a French luxury fashion house. It was founded in 1945 by Céline Vipiana. Today, it is an international brand owned by LVMH. It was sold to LVMH in July 1988 for 2.7 billion francs (US$540 million).

paragraphs: Céline started as a children's shoe business. It later began selling women's shoes and accessories. It began selling ready-to-wear shoes in the 1960s. Celine Vipiana remained the designer until 1997. American fashion designer Michael Kors then took over as creative director for the brand. Kors turned the fashion house into a highly successful brand. The current creative director of Céline is Hedi Slimane, who replaced Phoebe Philo at the beginning of 2018.


title: Céline

paragraphs: Céline is a French female given name that comes from Greek. It may refer to:


title: Price controls

paragraphs: In economics, price control is the idea that the government fixes the prices that can be charged for a given product or service, in a given market. The government either fixes an absolute price that is charged, or a price range, with a minimum and a maxium. Usually this is done so that goods such as staple food remain affordable. It can also be done to avoid people charging way too much for a good or service, which is known as price gouging. Another field where it is done is to ensure a minimum wage or salary that employers must pay.

paragraphs: The problem with the approach is that according to the Law of Supply and Demand, the price of a good or service depends on its supply compared with the demand for it. If the price is fixed below the price the market would normally ask, the demand will increase - the product is "cheaper" than it should be. In general, the supply is fixed- at some point it is not possible to increase the production, and the supply. In the long term, it will therefore not be possible to meet the demand, and there will be a shortage.

paragraphs: In the 4th century BC, Lactantius wrote that Diocletian "by various taxes he had made all things exceedingly expensive, attempted by a law to limit their prices. Then much blood [of merchants] was shed for trifles, men were afraid to offer anything for sale, and the scarcity became more excessive and grievous than ever. Until, in the end, the [price limit] law, after having proved destructive to many people, was from mere necessity abolished." As with Diocletian's Edict on Maximum Prices, shortages lead to black markets where prices for the same good exceed those of an uncontrolled market. Furthermore, once controls are removed, prices will immediately increase, which can temporarily shock the economic system.

paragraphs: The Arab oil embargo between October 19, 1973 and March 17, 1974 is another example on how price controls cause shortages: Long lines of cars and trucks quickly appeared at retail gas stations in the U.S. and some stations closed because of a shortage of fuel at the low price set by the U.S. Cost of Living Council. The fixed price was below what the market would otherwise pay and, as a result, the inventory disappeared. It made no difference whether prices were voluntarily or involuntarily posted below the market clearing price. Scarcity resulted in either case. Price controls fail to achieve their proximate aim, which is to reduce prices paid by retail consumers, but such controls do manage to reduce supply. When price controls on gasoline were lifted, the shortage ended and the long lines of cars at gas pumps disappeared.

paragraphs: Nobel prize winner Milton Friedman said "We economists don't know much, but we do know how to create a shortage. If you want to create a shortage of tomatoes, for example, just pass a law that retailers can't sell tomatoes for more than two cents per pound. Instantly you'll have a tomato shortage. It's the same with oil or gas."


title: Schizoid personality disorder

paragraphs: Schizoid personality disorder is a Cluster A personality disorder which involves not being interested in social relationships, tendency toward a solitary lifestyle, being secretive and being emotionally cold.

paragraphs: This condition is by no means the same as schizophrenia. People with SzPD will typically share some of the negative symptoms and characteristics of schizophrenia, such as blunted affect or detachment. However, schizoids do not have the positive symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations.

paragraphs: People who have SzPD do not want interpersonal relationships which require emotion and commitment. People with SzPD are introverts who feel the need to be independent or alone. Many schizoids are asexual or have little interest in sexual encounters. Any relationships they may have likely do not involve emotional attachment. SzPD is more common in men than women.

paragraphs: Some of the negative symptoms of the disorder (such as low energy) may be treated with atypical antipsychotic drugs.

paragraphs: Theodore Millon said that there are four types of schizoid: languid, remote, depersonalized, and affectless.


title: Apathy

paragraphs: Apathy (also called impassivity) is a state of indifference or suppression of concern, not being excited or having no passion to perform things. Apathy is often expressed by people with schizoid personality disorder, depression and schizophrenia.


title: Rosemary Kennedy

paragraphs: Rose Marie "Rosemary" Kennedy (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was a member of the Kennedy family. She was the first sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was said to have substandard intelligence, with a mental age of between age 8 and 13.

paragraphs: Rosemary was born at her parents' home in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the third child and first daughter of Joseph Patrick Kennedy, Sr. and Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald. Although named after her mother, she was commonly called "Rosemary" or "Rosie".

paragraphs: Rose Kennedy sent Rosemary to the Sacred Heart Convent in Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island, at age 15, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level. She studied hard but felt she disappointed her parents, whom she wanted to please. During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother Jack to accompany her to a tea-dance. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the tea-dance.

paragraphs: Rosemary Kennedy died from natural causes on January 7, 2005, at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin, at the age of 86, with her sisters Jean, Eunice, and Patricia, and brother Ted, by her side. She was buried beside her parents in Holyhood Cemetery in Brookline, Massachusetts.


title: Patricia Kennedy Lawford

paragraphs: Patricia Helen "Pat" Kennedy Lawford (May 6, 1924 – September 17, 2006) was an American socialite and the sixth of nine children of Rose and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. She was a sister of President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and longtime Senator Ted Kennedy. She was married to actor Peter Lawford from 1954 to 1966.

paragraphs: She was born in Brookline, Massachusetts. She was the sixth of nine children born to Rose (nee Fitzgerald) and Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr..

paragraphs: She met English actor Peter Lawford through her sister Eunice in the 1940s. They met again in 1949, and again in 1953. They courted briefly and officially announced their engagement in February 1954. They married on April 24, 1954, at the Roman Catholic Church of St. Thomas More in New York City, twelve days before her thirtieth birthday. They settled in Santa Monica, California, and often socialized with actress Judy Garland and her family. Garland gave birth to her son Joseph at the same hospital and on the same day Kennedy gave birth to her son Christopher.

paragraphs: The couple had four children, all born in Santa Monica, California:

paragraphs: After her divorce, Kennedy battled alcoholism and suffered from tongue cancer. She worked with the John F. Kennedy Library and Museum, as well as with the National Center on Addiction, and was a founder of the National Committee for the Literary Arts, for which she arranged a series of author lectures and scholarships.

paragraphs: Lawford died at her Manhattan home from pneumonia at the age of 82. She was survived by her four children and ten grandchildren, as well as, at the time, her sisters Eunice and Jean, and her brother Ted.


title: The Student and Schoolmate

paragraphs: The Student and Schoolmate was a 19th-century monthly American children's magazine. It was the product of a merger between the children's magazines, "The Student" and "The Schoolmate". It began publication in New York City by Calkins & Stiles in 1855, and in Boston the same year by James Robinson.

paragraphs: The magazine went through various name changes: "The Student and Schoolmate" (November 1855-1865); "The Student and Schoolmate, and Forrester’s Boy's and Girl's Magazine" (1865-1866); and "The Student and Schoolmate" (1866-1871); and "The Schoolmate" (1872).

paragraphs: Boys' book writer William Taylor Adams ("Oliver Optic") edited the magazine between 1858 and 1862. He first published some of his boys' books as serials in its pages. Many of Horatio Alger, Jr.'s boys' books were first published as serials in the magazine, including his all-time bestseller, "Ragged Dick".


title: Air America

paragraphs: Air America (also called Air America Radio or Air America Media) was an American radio network which represented in liberal and progressive talk radio.

paragraphs: Air America began in March 2004. It dissolved in January 2010. The network had discussion and information programs from the liberal perspectives. Several shows had audiences over one million. Liberal and progressive personalities included Rachel Maddow and Robert Fitzgerald Kennedy, Jr. The network was financially troubled, however, and the radio network declared Chapter 11 bankruptcy once. The radio group resumed. However, financial problems caused the radio group to stop programming in early 2010.


title: American Mafia

paragraphs: The American Mafia (or simply Mob or Mafia in the United States) are an Italian American criminal society who do not carry a formal name. Its members refer to it as Cosa Nostra. They are especially active in New York City, Philadelphia, New England, Detroit and Chicago. Smaller families and crews operate in places like Texas and Los Angeles. Most of the activities performed by the American Mafia, however, are over New England, Northeastern United States and Chicago.


title: Bank of England

paragraphs: The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom. It is the model on which most modern central banks have been based. It was set up to act as the government's banker, and is still the banker for the British Government. The Bank was privately owned from 1694. The Government took it over in 1946.

paragraphs: It is the second oldest central bank in the world (after the Swedish Riksbank), and the world's 8th oldest bank.

paragraphs: In 1998 it became an independent public organisation. Though wholly owned by the government, it has independence in setting monetary policy.

paragraphs: The Bank is one of eight banks authorised to issue banknotes in the United Kingdom. It has a monopoly on the issue of banknotes in England and Wales, and regulates the issue of banknotes by commercial banks in Scotland and Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: The Bank's Monetary Policy Committee manages money supply and interest rates. The Treasury has reserve powers to give orders to the committee "if they are required in the public interest and by extreme economic circumstances" but such orders must be endorsed by Parliament within 28 days.

paragraphs: The Bank's headquarters have been in London's main financial district, the City of London, on Threadneedle Street, since 1734. It is sometimes known as "The Old Lady of Threadneedle Street" or "The Old Lady".

paragraphs: Mark Carney assumed the post of Governor of the Bank of England on 1 July 2013. He succeeded Sir Mervyn King, who took over on 30 June 2003. Carney will serve an initial five-year term, and will seek UK citizenship. He is the first non-Briton to hold the post.


title: Northeastern United States

paragraphs: The Northeastern United States, or simply the Northeast, is a region defined by the US Census Bureau. It consists of New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The border States of Delaware and Maryland and other states are sometimes included in other definitions of the Northeast. Cities in the Northeast include Boston, Philadelphia and New York City.

paragraphs: The following table provides information about the population, size (land area) and population density of states in the Northeast region as defined by the U.S. Census bureau. Population density is defined as the population divided by the area of land in the state or region. The rank column in the table shows how the states rank among the entire 50 states in population density. Note that New Jersey has the highest population density of any state and that the 4 highest density states are all in the Northeast. The rank for the Census divisions (in pink) is the rank in population density among the 9 total divisions in the country. Note that the two divisions in the Northeast (New England and Mid-Atlantic) are ranked #1 and #2 in the 2013 population estimate. The South Atlantic region was close behind New England and is projected to surpass New England in the next population estimate because it is growing faster. Finally, note that the entire Northeast region is ranked #1 among the 4 Census Bureau regions. With 345.5 people per square mile, the population density of the Northeast is about 2.5 times the density or the #2 ranked region which is the South.


title: The Open Road

paragraphs: The Open Road was a 20th-century American monthly magazine for teen boys. It focused on outdoor life, sports, and other subjects of interest to teen males. It was published from November 1919 to 1954.

paragraphs: The magazine went through several title changes: "The Open Road" (November 1919); "The Open Road for Boys" (October 1925); "Open Road: The Young People's Magazine" (April 1950); and "American Boy and Open Road" (July 1953).


title: Little Auk

paragraphs: The Little Auk, or Dovekie ("Alle alle"), is a small auk, the only member of the genus, "Alle". It breeds on islands in the high Arctic. There are two subspecies: "A. a. alle" breeds in Greenland, Iceland, Novaya Zemlya and Spitsbergen, and "A. a. polaris" on Franz Josef Land.


title: Seychelles parakeet

paragraphs: The Seychelles Parakeet "(Psittacula wardi)" is an extinct bird. It used to live on the Seychelles islands in the Indian Ocean.


title: Palfrey

paragraphs: A palfrey is a type of horse that was valued as a riding horse in the Middle Ages. It is not a breed.

paragraphs: The term 'palfrey' usually meant a more expensive and well bred type of riding horse popular during the Middle Ages, sometimes equalling the Knight's Destrier in price. It was popular with nobles, ladies and knights for riding, hunting and ceremonial use during the medieval period. A palfrey had a smooth, ambling gait.

paragraphs: It was an ideal horse for traveling long distances comfortably.


title: Cadillac CTS

paragraphs: Cadillac CTS is a mid-size luxury vehicle that was manufactured by Cadillac. The car was available as a saloon or coupé. The vehicle was introduced in early 2002 as a 2003 model. It entered its second generation in late 2007 as a 2008 model, with the coupé versions being added later on. The third generation arrived in late 2013 as a 2014 model and was discontinued in 2019.


title: Destrier

paragraphs: The destrier is the best-known type of Warhorse of the medieval era. It carried knights in battles, tournaments, and jousts. It was described by contemporary sources as the "Great Horse", due to its significance.

paragraphs: The word "destrier" comes from the Vulgar Latin "dextarius", meaning "right-sided" (the same root as our modern "dexterous" and "dexterity"). This may refer to it being led by the squire at the knight's right side (or led by the right hand) or to the horse's gait, (possibly leading with the right).

paragraphs: While highly prized by knights and men-at-arms, the destrier was not very common. Most knights and mounted men-at-arms rode other war horses, such as coursers and rounceys. These three types of horse were often called chargers.

paragraphs: The word "destrier" does not refer to a breed, but to a "type" of horse: the finest and strongest warhorse. These horses were usually stallions, bred and raised from colts specifically for the needs of war. The destrier was also considered the most suited to the joust; coursers seem to have been preferred for other forms of warfare. They had powerful hindquarters, able to easily coil and spring to stop, spin, turn or sprint forward. They also had a short back and well-muscled loin, strong bone, and a well-arched neck. From medieval art, the head of the destrier appears to have had a straight or slightly convex profile, strong, wide jaw, and good width between the eyes.

paragraphs: The destrier was specifically for use in battle or tournament; for everyday riding, a knight would use a palfrey, and his baggage would be carried on a sumpter horse (or packhorse), or possibly in wagons.


title: Ford Taurus X

paragraphs: The Ford Taurus X (previously called Ford Freestyle in 2005) was a six or seven passenger crossover that was produced in the United States by the Ford Motor Company. The Taurus X name was phased out in the 2010 model year, and succeeded by the Ford Flex, which overlapped production in the same platform, until it was discontinued.


title: Yukio Hatoyama

paragraphs: Yukio Hatoyama (born 11 February 1947) is a Japanese politician. He was born in Bunkyō, Tokyo. He was Prime Minister of Japan starting in 2009 and resigned in 2010. He was a member of the Democratic Party of Japan until 2012. His brother, Kunio, is also a politician. He is married to Miyuki Hatoyama. In 2013 Japan's defense minister called Hatoyama a 'traitor' for his acknowledgement of the land dispute between China and Japan.


title: Democratic Party of Japan

paragraphs: The was a centre to centre-left political party in Japan. It was founded in April 1998. It used to be the the second largest political party in Japan after Jiminto. It was led by Katsuya Okada. The party dissolved in March 2016.


title: Banri Kaieda

paragraphs: Banri Kaieda is a Japanese politician. He was born in 1949 in Tokyo and went to Keio University. He is as of 2013 the leader of the Democratic Party of Japan.


title: Henry de Bohun

paragraphs: Sir Henry de Bohun (died 23 June 1314) was an English knight, the nephew of Humphrey de Bohun, Earl of Hereford. He was killed on the first day of the Battle of Bannockburn by King Robert the Bruce.

paragraphs: Riding in the vanguard of heavy cavalry, de Bohun caught sight of the Scottish king who was mounted on a small palfrey "(ane gay palfray Li till and joly)" armed only with a battle-axe. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged, but Bruce stood his ground. At the last moment Bruce manoeuvred his mount nimbly to one side, stood up in his stirrups and hit de Bohun so hard with his axe that he split his helmet and head in two. Despite the great risk the King had taken, he merely expressed regret that he had broken the shaft of his favorite axe.


title: Antoni Gaudí

paragraphs: Antoni Gaudí i Cornet (25 June 1852 – 10 June 1926) was a Spanish architect. He was born in Reus, in Catalonia, and became a leader of Catalan modernism. Gaudí's works are in his own style. Most are in the Catalan capital of Barcelona, especially his greatest work, the Sagrada Família.

paragraphs: He got some ideas from neo-Gothic art, Art Deco and Oriental techniques, and became part of the modernist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

paragraphs: Between 1984 and 2005, seven of his works were declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO. The seven works were: the Park Güell, the Palau Güell and the Casa Milà; the Nativity facade, the crypt and the apse of the Sagrada Família, the Casa Vicens and the Casa Batlló in Barcelona, and the crypt of the Colònia Güell in Santa Coloma de Cervelló.

paragraphs: Gaudí's Roman Catholic faith grew during his life, and religious images are found in his work. This earned him the nickname "God's Architect", and eventually led to his beatification in 2011.

paragraphs: His work had a style inspired by nature. Gaudí rarely drew detailed plans of his works, instead preferring to create them as three-dimensional scale models and molding the details as he was conceiving them.

paragraphs: Gaudí died on 10 June 1926 in Barcelona, Spain, after being hit by a tram, aged 73.


title: Ramona and Beezus

paragraphs: Ramona and Beezus is a 2010 Fox-Walden comedy movie adaptation of the Ramona series of novels by Beverly Cleary. It stars Selena Gomez, Joey King, Josh Duhamel, and Sandra Oh. It was released on July 23, 2010.

paragraphs: This is a kids movie and rated PG by the movie MPAA board. Ramona and Beezus are two sisters living together. They get into a lot of trouble while having fun with their teacher, their parents, and other children in the neighborhood.


title: Battle-axe

paragraphs: A battle-axe (also battle axe or battle-ax) is an axe designed for combat. Battle axes were versions of utility axes. Many were suitable for use in one hand, while others were larger and were used two-handed.

paragraphs: Axes designed for warfare ranged in weight from just over 0.5 kg to 3 kg (1 to 6 pounds), and in length from just over 30 cm to upwards of 1.5 m (1 to 5 feet), as in the case of the Danish axe or the sparth axe. Cleaving weapons longer than 1.5 m would arguably fall into the category of polearms.

paragraphs: Through the course of human history, commonplace objects have been used as weapons. Axes, because they are common, are no exception. Besides axes designed for combat, there were many axes that were also used as tools. Axes could be modified into throwing weapons as well (see the francisca for an example).

paragraphs: Axes were always cheaper than swords and were always available.


title: Let's Play

paragraphs: A Let's Play, often called an LP, is a recorded video of a video game that includes commentary from the person playing the game. Let's Play videos can be seen on video sharing websites such as YouTube. Many people do Let's Play videos as a series of videos showing a play-through of a video game.


title: The Children's Magazine

paragraphs: The Children's Magazine was the first magazine for children published in the United States. Its run was brief, however; it only appeared between January and April 1789. Contents included pieces on school subjects (like geography), verses, and articles on social values.

paragraphs: Lack of contributions from competent writers forced the editor to republish material from "The Juvenile Magazine", a monthly London magazine of 1788. "The Children's Magazine" folded after four issues, probably in part because the United States postal system in 1789 was not up to handling the distribution of magazines.

paragraphs: "The Children's Magazine" was published in Hartford, Connecticut and printed by Hudson & Goodwin. A notice in Hartford's "Connecticut Courant" on February 2, 1789 alerted readers to its publication and intent:Calculated for the Use of Families and Schools ... Each Number of this work will contain 48 Pages, duodecimo, printed on good paper and letter, and will be sold at Four Shillings and Six-Pence a dozen, or Six Pence a single number. This work is designed to furnish Children, from seven to twelve years of age, with a variety of lessons on various subjects, written in a plain, familiar style, and proper to lead them from the easy language of Spelling-Books up to the more difficult style of the best writers. Teachers of Schools have long complained of the want of such a work, and the Publishers are happy that they are now enabled to furnish it at a small expence.


title: Philadelphia International Airport

paragraphs: The Philadelphia International Airport (code: PHL) is an important airport in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is the biggest airport in the state and in the Delaware Valley. Starting around 1924 or 1925, the Pennsylvania National Guard began using what is now known as PHL (also called Hog Island) for a practice airfield. The site was later named the Philadelphia Municipal Airport, though it had no proper terminal building until around 1940. The name changed to Philadelphia International near the end of World War II. The airport has grown a lot over the decades.


title: Miguel Ángel Deniz Mendez

paragraphs: Miguel Ángel Deniz Mendez (born November 17, 1982 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race and third in the 100 meter backstroke event. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.


title: Robert E. Gilka

paragraphs: Robert E. Gilka (July 12, 1916 – June 25, 2013) was an American photojournalist best known for being an editor and director of photography at National Geographic for 27 years.

paragraphs: Gilka was born on July 12, 1916 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was married to Janet Gilka from 1941 until her death in 2004. They had four children. Gilka died on June 25, 2013 from pneumonia in Arlington, Virginia, aged 96.


title: Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih

paragraphs: Enhamed Enhamed Mohamed Yahdih (born September 11, 1987 in Las Palmas, Canary Islands) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is an B1/S11 type swimmer. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 400 meter Freestyle and 100 meter Butterfly races. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished number one in the 50 meter Freestyle, 100 meter Freestyle and 400 meter Freestyle races. He was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter Butterfly race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two person to finish in the 400 meter Freestyle race. He was the number three person to finish in the 50 meter Freestyle and the 100 meter Butterfly races.

paragraphs: In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open. Before the 2010 Adapted Swimming World Championship in the Netherlands, he went to a swimming camp with the national team that was part of the Paralympic High Performance Program (HARP Program).

paragraphs: He raced at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany.


title: Quad City International Airport

paragraphs: The Quad City International Airport (code: MLI) is public airport in Moline, Illinois; it provides service in the Quad Cities of southeastern Iowa and western Illinois. It is the third busiest in Illinois. The international designation is for being an official port of entry and having a customs service, though there are no commercial flights scheduled to leave the United States. The airport was established in 1947.


title: William F. Nolan

paragraphs: William Francis Nolan (born March 6, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri) is an American author. He had written hundreds of stories in the science fiction, fantasy and horror genres. Nolan was known for writing the science fiction novel "Logan's Run".

paragraphs: Nolan was born on March 6, 1928 in Kansas City, Missouri. He studied at Kansas City Art Institute before dropping-out.


title: Mary Beth Peil

paragraphs: Mary Beth Peil (born 25 June 1940 in Davenport, Iowa) is an American actress and singer. She acts on stage and in movies. She played Alma in the 1971 play "Summer and Smoke". She also performed in many other plays. Her last name is pronounced "peel".


paragraphs: The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. is a book of essays and short stories by Washington Irving. It was published in 1819. "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" are two of the collection's short stories. Both have been adapted to comic books, animated movies, plays, television programs, and other media.


title: Burton's Gentleman's Magazine

paragraphs: Burton's Gentleman's Magazine was a 19th-century American men's magazine. It was founded by William Evans Burton, and published between 1837 and 1841 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The magazine focused on material of interest to American gentlemen of the period such as sports, fiction, theater, art, and the western frontier.

paragraphs: Edgar Allan Poe sent short stories to the magazine that included "The Fall of the House of Usher" and "William Wilson". He edited it from 1839 until 1840. The magazine merged with "Atkinson's Casket" to become "Graham's Magazine".


title: Bix Beiderbecke

paragraphs: Bix Beiderbecke (March 10, 1903 – August 6, 1931) was an American jazz performer and pianist who was highly influential in the 1920s. He was very popular among other celebrities. He was born in Davenport, Iowa; he died, age twenty-eight in Queens, New York due to lobar pneumonia.


title: Enrique Floriano Millan

paragraphs: Enrique Floriano Millan (born October 9, 1982 in Lorca, Murcia) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He was the number one swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and 200 meter individual medley race. He was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter backstroke race. He was in the number three team in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race. He raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle and in the 4 x 100 meter medley Relay 49 Points race. He was the number three swimmer in the 200 meter individual medley race. He raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race. He raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. He was the number two swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.

paragraphs: He got a job with help from the Employment HPOD PROAD Program, which is helped by ONCE.

paragraphs: In 2010, he raced at the Tenerife International Open. He race at the 2011 IPC European Swimming Championships in Berlin, Germany. Two times, he was one of the top three swimmers in his races. He finished first in the 5 km open water swim.


title: Linnea Quigley

paragraphs: Linnea Quigley (born May 27, 1958) is an American actress. She acts mostly in movies. She acted in the 1985 horror movie "Return of the Living Dead". She also did a lot of independent movies. Quigley was born in Davenport, Iowa.


title: Laraine Newman

paragraphs: Laraine Newman (born March 2, 1952) is an American comedian and actress who acts mostly in movies. She acted in "The Powerpuff Girls" franchise, "Finding Nemo" and "Wreck-It Ralph". Newman was born in Los Angeles.


title: Deborah Font Jimenez

paragraphs: Deborah Font Jimenez (born September 6, 1985 in El Vendrell, Tarragona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race and the 200 meter individual medley race. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She was the number three swimmer in the 50 meter freestyle race. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the number three swimmer in the 400 meter freestyle race.


title: Juan José Fuertes Martinez

paragraphs: Juan Jose Fuertes Martinez (born March 11, 1976 in Pamplona, Navarra) is a swimmer from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is an S5 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the number one swimmer in the 50 meter freestyle and the 100 meter freestyle races. He was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter freestyle race and the 4 x 50 meter Freestyle relay 20 Points race. He was in the number three swimming team in the 4 x 50 meter medley relay 20 Points race.


title: Anais García Balmaña

paragraphs: Anais Garcia Balmaña (born September 29, 1980 in Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she is blind. When she was born, one eye had glaucoma and one eye was detached. She is an B1/S11 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She was in the number 3 team to finish in the 4 x 100 meter medley 49 Points relay race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100 meter freestyle and 400 meter freestyle races. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was the number one swimmer to finish in the 100 meter freestyle race. She competed at the IBSA World Blind Swimming Championships in 2003. She created 3 world records. One was in the 4x50 meter freestyle S11-S13 race. Another world record was in the 800 meter freestyle S11 race. The number three world record was in the 4x50 meter medley, S11-S13 race.


title: Noelia García Martin

paragraphs: Noelia Garcia Martin (born April 20, 1973 in Plasencia, Cáceres) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a physical disability: she is an S6 type swimmer. Her disability is because of an problem with doctors and a blood clot was made in her bone after she had surgery on her knee. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was part of the number two team in the 4 x 50 meter medley relay 20 points race.


title: Amy Yasbeck

paragraphs: Amy Marie Yasbeck (born September 12, 1962 in Cincinnati, Ohio) is an American actress who works mostly in comedy movies. She played Elizabeth Stuckey in "Pretty Woman". She played Annie Young in the 1991 comedy movie "Problem Child 2". She has done some television work.

paragraphs: Yasbeck was married to actor and comedian John Ritter from 1999 until his death in 2003. Together they have a daughter, who was born on September 11, 1998, one year before they married.


title: Problem Child 2

paragraphs: The movie Problem Child 2 is the 1991 sequel to the 1990 comedy "Problem Child". This movie was rated PG-13. John Ritter stars as Benjamin Healy, Laraine Newman as LaWanda and Amy Yasbeck as Annie Young. The movie performed not too good at the box office. It received a higher rating than the earlier movie.


title: Ana García-Arcicollar Vallejo

paragraphs: Ana Garcia-Arcicollar Vallejo (born May 28, 1982 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. She is a teacher. She has a disability: she is blind because of a congenital disease and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She was on the team that finished number three in the 4 X 100 meter medley 49 points S11 - S13 race. She was number three in the 200 meter breaststroke race and the 100 meter backstroke race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. She was the second person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race. She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She was the first person to finish in the 400 meter freestyle race. She was the number three person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She was the number two person to finish in the 100 meter butterfly race. She also raced at the IBSA World Games in Sao Paulo, Brazil. She raced at the 2006 World Swimming Championship in Durban, South Africa. II IBSA World Blind Championships in 2003 in Quebec, Canada. She made world records in the 2003 races in the 4 X 50 meter Freestyle S11 - S13 race, the 800 meter freestyle S12 race and the 4 X 50 meter medley S11 - S13 race.


title: County Antrim

paragraphs: County Antrim is one of the six counties of Northern Ireland. It is in the province of Ulster. It is named after its former county town, Antrim. The name comes from the Irish "Aontroim" which means "lone ridge". The largest part of the capital city of Northern Ireland, Belfast, is also in County Antrim. The rest of Belfast is in County Down.

paragraphs: A large part of Antrim is very hilly. The highest hills are in the east of the county. The mountain range runs north and south, and, following this direction the highest points are Knocklayd , Slieveanorra , Trostan , Slemish , Agnew's Hill and Divis . Along the coast there are a lot of cliffs in the north. Some of the most remarkable cliffs are those formed of vertical basaltic columns, like at the Giant's Causeway.

paragraphs: The only large island of County Antrim is L-shaped Rathlin Island, off Ballycastle, in total length by maximum breadth, from the coast.

paragraphs: The river Bann and the river Lagan are the two important rivers in the county. The fisheries of the Bann and of Lough Neagh (especially for salmon and eels) are of value both commercially and to sportsmen. The county borders Lough Neagh.

paragraphs: County Antrim has a number of air, rail and sea links.

paragraphs: Belfast International Airport is in County Antrim. It is Northern Ireland's main airport. There are regular flights to Great Britain, Europe and North America.

paragraphs: The other airport in the area, George Best Belfast City Airport, lies a mile east of Belfast city centre on the County Down side of the city.

paragraphs: The main Translink Northern Ireland Railways routes are the major line between Belfast, Antrim, Ballymena, Coleraine and Londonderry, Belfast to Carrickfergus and Larne, the port for Stranraer in Scotland and Coleraine to Portrush.

paragraphs: Two of Northern Ireland's main ports are in County Antrim, Larne and Belfast.

paragraphs: Ferries sail from Larne Harbour to destinations including Cairnryan and Troon in Scotland, and Fleetwood in England.

paragraphs: The Port of Belfast is Northern Ireland's main port. It is a major centre of industry and commerce and has become established as the focus of logistics activity for Northern Ireland. Around two thirds of Northern Ireland's seaborne trade, and a quarter of that for Ireland as a whole, is handled at the port which receives over 6,000 vessels each year.

paragraphs: Statistics for 2009-2010 show 1,832 students attending the 12 Gaelscoileanna (Irish language primary schools) and 1 Gaelcholáiste (Irish language secondary school).

paragraphs: The Presbyterian Church in Ireland is the largest religious denomination, followed by the Catholic Church and the Church of Ireland. County Antrim is one of two counties in Ireland in which most of people are Protestant, according to the 2001 census, the other being Down. The strong Presbyterian presence in the county is mostly because of the county's historical links with lowland Scotland.

paragraphs: It is unknown when the county of Antrim was formed. It was the name of a district in the early 14th century, before Edward II was king. The earliest known people to live here were Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of pre-Celtic origin.

paragraphs: In ancient times, a Celtic people called the Darini lived in Antrim.

paragraphs: In the early Middle Ages, southern County Antrim was part of the Kingdom of Ulidia. It was ruled by the Dál Fiatach clans Keenan and MacDonlevy/McDunlavey. The north was part of Dál Riada, which stretched into what is now western Scotland over the Irish Sea. Dál Riada was ruled by the O'Lynch clan. The Dál nAraide and the Cruthin, who were pre-Gaelic Celts and probably related to the Picts of Britain lived in lower County Antrim. Between the 8th and 11th centuries there were Vikings in Antrim too.

paragraphs: In the late 12th century Antrim became part of the Earldom of Ulster, won by Anglo-Norman invaders. Edward Bruce fought to restore local, Gaelic, government in 1315. It left Carrickfergus as the only significant English stronghold.

paragraphs: In the late Middle Ages, Antrim was divided into three parts: northern Clandeboye, the Glynnes and the Route. The Cambro-Norman MacQuillans were powerful in the Route. A branch of the O'Neills of Tyrone migrated to Clandeboye in the 14th century, and ruled it for a time. Their family was called O'Neill Clannaboy. A Gallowglass sept, the MacDonnells, became the most powerful in the Glynnes in the 15th century.

paragraphs: During the Tudor era (16th century) numerous adventurers from Britain wanted to come and live in the region. Many Scots settled in Antrim around this time. In 1588 the Antrim coast was the scene of one of the 24 wrecks of the Spanish Armada in Ireland. The Spanish vessel "La Girona" was wrecked off Lacana Point, Giant's Causeway in 1588 with the loss of nearly 1,300 lives.

paragraphs: The historical monuments of the county consist of cairns, mounts or forts, remains of religious and military structures, and round towers.

paragraphs: The principal cairns are: one on Colin mountain, near Lisburn; one on Slieve True, near Carrickfergus; and two on Colinward. The cromlechs most worthy of notice are: one near Cairngrainey, to the north-east of the old road from Belfast to Templepatrick; the large cromlech at Mount Druid, near Ballintoy; and one at the northern extremity of Islandmagee. The mounts, forts and entrenchments are very numerous.

paragraphs: There are three round towers: one at Antrim, one at Armoy, and one on Ram's Island in Lough Neagh. There are some remains of the religious establishments at Bonamargy, where the earls of Antrim are buried, Kells, Glenarm, Glynn, Muckamore and Whiteabbey.

paragraphs: Carrickfergus Castle, dating from the Norman invasion of Ireland is a well preserved medieval structure. There are, however, remains of other ancient castles, as Olderfleet, Cam's, Shane's, Glenarm, Garron Tower, Red Bay, and Dunluce Castle, notable for its dramatic location on a rocky hill.

paragraphs: Slemish, about eight miles (13 km) east of Ballymena, is where St Patrick's lived when he was young. According to tradition Saint Patrick was a slave for seven years, near the hill of Slemish, until he escaped back to Great Britain.

paragraphs: Linen manufacturing was previously an important industry in the County. At the time Ireland produced a large amount of flax. Cotton-spinning by jennies was first introduced to Belfast by industrialists Robert Joy and Thomas M'Cabe in 1777; and twenty-three years later it was estimated that more than 27,000 people were employed in the industry within ten miles (16 km) of Belfast.

paragraphs: The traditional county town is Antrim. More recently, Ballymena was the seat of county government. The counties of Northern Ireland ceased to be administrative entities in 1973, with the reorganization of local government.

paragraphs: In Northern Ireland the county structure is no longer used in local government. Northern Ireland is split into districts. The majority of County Antrim residents are administered by the following nine councils:

paragraphs: Small portions of the county are administered by councils that are based in neighbouring counties, notably the village of Aghagallon in the Craigavon Borough and the town of Portrush in the Coleraine Borough.

paragraphs: The county contains all of five parliamentary constituencies:

paragraphs: Parts of the following constituencies are also in County Antrim:


title: Sarai Gascon Moreno

paragraphs: Sarai Gascon Moreno (born November 16, 1992 in Terrassa, Barcelona) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she is an S9 type swimmer. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter breaststroke race. She raced at the 2012 Summer Paralympics. She was the number two swimmer in the 100 meter butterfly race. She was the number three swimmer in the 100 meter freestyle race.


title: My Boss's Daughter

paragraphs: My Boss's Daughter is a 2003 romantic comedy movie in which Ashton Kutcher, Molly Shannon and Tara Reid star. The subject in this romantic comedy is researchers working at a publishing company. One researcher, Tom, carries a crush on the daughter of the boss. This movie was released in August 2003. Its budget was $14 million; it got back over $18 million. Reviews, however, were rather substandard. The original of this movie was rated PG-13, though an R-rated version of this exists.


PE


title: Treasury

paragraphs: The treasury as a place to keep the king's (or city's) gold and valuables has a long history. The winners in a war would take back whatever they wanted, and slaves and booty were top of the list. The first recorded booty in history is a stele taken during 1160 BC.

paragraphs: The earliest found artefacts made of silver and gold are from Lake Varna in Bulgaria dated 4250–4000 BC, the earliest made of copper are dated 9000–7000 BC.

paragraphs: The term "treasury" was first used in classical antiquity to describe the places built for gifts to the gods. An example is the Siphnian Treasury in Delphi. Many similar buildings were put up in Olympia, Greece by city-states hoping to impress others during the ancient Olympic Games. In Ancient Greece treasuries were almost always inside religious buildings such as temples. This made state funds sacrosanct, and adding moral constraints to the punishment for thieves.

paragraphs: The sovereigns' treasury in the palace in ancient Jerusalem,was similar in nature to the temple treasury. Those treasuries had officials, and worked rather like a bank.

paragraphs: In excavations of Persopolis a text about to the activities of a treasury were discovered. It dates to the fifth century BC. The texts were written in the Elamite language.

paragraphs: The ancient Roman word "aerarium" signified the treasury of the Senate, "fiscus" was used to indicate the imperial treasury used by Caesar.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, Her Majesty's Treasury is overseen by the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The traditional honorary title of First Lord of the Treasury is held by the Prime Minister. Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs administers the taxation system.

paragraphs: In the United States, the Treasurer reports to an executive-appointed Secretary of the Treasury. The IRS is the revenue agency of the US Department of the Treasury.

paragraphs: In many other countries, the treasury is called the Ministry of Finance. Its head is known as the Finance Minister. Examples include New Zealand, Canada, Malaysia, Singapore, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Japan.

paragraphs: In some other countries, a Treasury will co-exist with a separate Ministry of Finance, with divided functions.

paragraphs: The government of Poland includes the Ministry of Finance as well as the Ministry of State Treasury, as does the government of the Ukraine. It was the same in Italy before the creation of the united Ministry of Economy. In the Australian federal government a treasurer and a finance minister co-exist.


title: St. Nicholas Magazine

paragraphs: St. Nicholas Magazine was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published between 1873 and 1943 by Scribner's & Co. It was directed for 32 years by Mary Mapes Dodge. Writers published in the magazine include Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, and Rudyard Kipling. It folded in 1943.


title: Mary Mapes Dodge

paragraphs: Mary Mapes Dodge (January 26, 1831 – August 21, 1905) was an American writer. She wrote "Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates". She also edited "St. Nicholas Magazine".


title: Lance

paragraphs: A lance is a pole weapon or spear used by a mounted warrior. The lance is longer, thicker and heavier than an infantry spear, and is not intended for throwing, or for quick thrusting. Lances did not have tips meant to break off or bend, unlike many throwing weapons of the spear and javelin family. They often had a vamplate, a small circular plate to prevent the hand sliding up the shaft upon impact.

paragraphs: The lance was longer than a spear, about 9–10 feet long. When charging the lance was carried under the arm (couched) using the weight of the horse and rider to push the lance tip into its intended target. It was a medieval shock and awe weapon (caused great fear) to have a number of mounted knights with lances charging towards you. In may cases it caused panic and the enemy fled the battle.

paragraphs: They were used by European knights, but the use of lances was spread over the Old World wherever horses were available. The use of the lance was made possible by the use of the stirrup added to saddles. It allowed the knight to control the horse and stand in the saddle. As a backup weapon, lancers (one who used a lance) of that period also carried swords, maces (a type of club) or something else suited to hand-to-hand (or close) combat, since the lance was often used only once during an event. It could not be used once the combatants were close to each other.


title: Hans Brinker and the Silver Skates

paragraphs: Hans Brinker, or The Silver Skates (1865) is a book by Mary Mapes Dodge. It is about a Dutch boy who enters an ice skating race.


title: The Slave's Friend

paragraphs: The Slave's Friend was a 19th-century American monthly children's magazine. It was published in New York City, New York by the American Anti-Slavery Society beginning in 1835 and ending some time before 1839.

paragraphs: Thirty-eight issues were published. Single copies cost 1 cent, but the magazine was made available in public places for free. The 16-page, tiny magazine (4.5" h x 2.75") was considered dangerous reading by anti-abolitionists. Copies were destroyed in Charleston, South Carolina and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: True (magazine)

paragraphs: True was an American men's magazine. It was published monthly by Fawcett Publications between 1937 and 1974. Articles were of interest to men such as sports, adventure, technology, etc.


title: Squire

paragraphs: A squire was the shield bearer or armour bearer of a knight, and at times was a knight's servant.

paragraphs: Use of the term has changed over time. In the Middle Ages, a squire was the apprentice of a knight. Later it meant a leader in an English village or Lord of the manor might be called a squire. Later still it was used for key public figures such as Justice of the Peace or Member of Parliament. In modern American usage a squire is the title given to a Justice of the Peace or similar local official. "Squire" is a shortened version of the word "Esquire".


title: Arunachalam Mahadeva

paragraphs: Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva (5 October 1885 – 8 June 1969) was a Sri Lankan diplomat and legislator. He was a minister of the Home Affairs of the State Council. He later served as Ceylon's High Commissioner to India from 1948 to 1950.

paragraphs: Mahadeva is the son of Sir Ponnambalam Arunachalam. Like his father, Mahadeva was educated at the Royal College Colombo.

paragraphs: Arunachalam Mahadeva was elected as a member of both the Legislative and State Councils of Ceylon. He became the Home Minister in 1942, when D. S. Senanayake became Leader of the House of the State Council.


title: PZL 102 Kos

paragraphs: The PZL 102 Kos is a Polish training and sport light aircraft. Built in wood and metal, it is a twin-seats single-engine. Engine is an American-built Continental C90-12F. Only ten examples were built between 1959 and 1962.


title: Lockheed L-100

paragraphs: The Lockheed L-100 is the civilian variant of the famous military cargo aircraft C-130 Hercules. It is also used like cargo but generally by airliners. L-100 are sometimes also named "Hercules". Some are used in Algeria, Canada, France, and the United States. More the 110 examples were built. Some are used by air forces in addition of militaries variants. Few L-100 are used like water bomber, like in the U.S.


title: Ponnambalam Arunachalam

paragraphs: Sir Ponnambalam Arunachchalam (14 September 1853 – 9 January 1924) was a Ceylonese statesman. He was a member of the Executive Council and the Legislative Council.

paragraphs: His father was Gate Mudaliyar Arunachalam Ponnambalam. His mother was Sellachchi Ammaiyar. He was the third son of their parents and the younger brother of Sir Ponnambalam Ramanathan who was another famous Ceylon Tamil leader. He was educated at the Colombo Academy (Royal College Colombo), Colombo, and at Christ's College, Cambridge.

paragraphs: He married Swarnambal Namasivayam and had three sons, Sir Arunachalam Mahadeva, KCMG; Sivananthan Arunachalam and Arunachalam Ramanathan.

paragraphs: He was one of the first Ceylonese to enter the Ceylon Civil Service in 1875. He was appointed General in 1887. He showed his positive work in all the positions he held. On his retirement from the Public Service in 1913, he was honored in recognition of his service to the country. He was also nominated by the Governor to a seat in the Executive Council.


title: Mercure Hotels

paragraphs: Mercure Hotels is a chain of hotels run by French corporation Accor. Most Mercure hotels are positioned between Ibis and Novotel in the Accor estate.


title: RIU Hotels

paragraphs: RIU Hotels & Resorts is a Spanish hotel chain. It was founded by the Riu family as a small holiday hotel. The first hotel was Riu San Francisco in Mallorca. The RIU Hotels & Resorts chain is owned by the Riu family's third generation. The RIU Hotels chain now expanded in most Spanish-speaking countries but also others.


title: Novotel

paragraphs: Novotel is a hotel chain in the Accor group. Novotel has almost 400 hotels and resorts in 60 countries, situated in the business districts and tourist destinations of international cities.


title: Godey's Lady's Book

paragraphs: Godey's Lady's Book was a 19th-century American monthly women's magazine. It began publication in 1830 as "The Lady's Book". "Godey's" was added to the title about 1840. It was also known as "Godey's Magazine". It was published in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania by Louis Antoine Godey.

paragraphs: In 1836, Godey bought the Boston-based "American Ladies' Magazine", and merged it with his own magazine. Sarah Josepha Hale became the literary editor. Contents included recipes, etiquette, health advice, fiction, poetry, fashions, household tips, exercises, moral instruction, etc. The monthly fashion plates were hand-colored by 150 women. Unusual for the times, the magazine's contents were copyrighted.

paragraphs: Subscriptions dropped off during the American Civil War, though the magazine was careful not to mention politics, war, or other divisive or controversial topics. Public interest in the magazine declined after Godey and Hale retired. The magazine was absorbed by "Puritan" in 1898.


title: Michal Grošek

paragraphs: Michal Grošek (born June 1, 1975 in Vyškov, Czechoslovakia) is a retired Czech professional ice hockey player that played a combined 11 seasons in the NHL.

paragraphs: Grošek was drafted 145th overall in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft by the Winnipeg Jets. He played 3 years with the Jets and became the first Czech born player to play for the team. He then went to the Buffalo Sabres and played 5 seasons with them. He played 14 games with the Chicago Blackhawks and the played for the New York Rangers. He played for both the New York Rangers for 2 seasons and their AHL farm team, the Hartford Wolf Pack. He last played in the NHL for the Boston Bruins for 2 seasons.

paragraphs: He left the NHL and went to play in the National League A with Geneve Servette. He played 2 seasons with them and decided to play for SKA Saint Petersburg of Russian Superleague. He only played 13 games with them and returned to the NLA to play for EV Zug. He last played for the Leksands IF of the Swedish Hockey League.


title: Women's magazine

paragraphs: A women's magazine is a magazine that is mostly for women. These magazines were started because big newsapers sometimes had parts that were for women. Sometimes tabloid journalism is also for women. Unlike tabloids, which are published daily, women's magazines are usually published weekly or monthly.


title: Margarita Henríquez

paragraphs: Margarita Esther Henríquez Rodríguez (born April 17, 1991, Panama) is the winner of the third season of "Latin American Idol", which she won on October 9, 2008.

paragraphs: Henríquez became the youngest contestant to win and the third one since Carlos Peña. Henríquez beat the runner up María José Castillo for the title. She released her first album under the Sony BMG label on December 1, 2008. It has been very successful in Panama. It contains six songs that she performed during the TV Show. Her song "Vuela" has been successful on Panamanian radio stations.


title: Frank Ticheli

paragraphs: Frank Ticheli (born January 21, 1958 in Monroe, Louisiana) is an American composer. He writes music for orchestras, choirs, and concert bands, as well as chamber works. He lives in Los Angeles, California and is a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California. Many of the pieces he has written are very famous.

paragraphs: He graduated from L.V. Berkner High School in Richardson, Texas and earned a Bachelor of Music in Composition from Southern Methodist Universitywhere he studied with Donald Erb and Jack Waldenmaier. He got his master's and doctoral degrees in composition from the University of Michigan, where he studied with William Albright, Leslie Bassett, George Wilson, and William Bolcom.

paragraphs: Later, Ticheli was an Assistant Professor of Music at Trinity University in San Antonio, Texas. From 1991 to 1998, Ticheli was composer-in-residence with the Pacific Symphony Orchestra in Orange County, California. Since 1991, he has been a Professor of Composition at the University of Southern California's Thornton School of Music.

paragraphs: In 2011, he started the "Frank Ticheli Composition Scholarship," which will be awarded each year to a student who is starting to study Composition in graduate school.

paragraphs: Ticheli has won many awards. Many organizations, orchestras, and universities have paid him to write music.

paragraphs: Ticheli's works are published by Manhattan Beach Music, Encore Music Publishers, and Hinshaw Music, and are recorded on the labels of Albany, Chandos, Clarion, Delos, Equilibrium, Klavier, Koch International Classics, Mark, Naxos, Reference, and others. They include the following:


title: Louis Antoine Godey

paragraphs: Louis Antoine Godey (June 6, 1804 – November 29, 1878) was founder and publisher of the 19th-century women's magazine, "Godey's Lady's Book".

paragraphs: He was born in poverty in New York City, New York. His parents were survivors of the French Revolution. He was mostly self-educated. Godey went to work as a paperboy at age 15, moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and went to work for the "Daily Chronicle".

paragraphs: Within a few years, he began publishing his own magazine, "The Lady's Book". Contributors included Harriet Beecher Stowe, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Godey also published "The Young People’s Book" in 1841, and the "Lady’s Musical Library" in 1842.

paragraphs: On August 31, 1833, Godey married Maria Duke. They had five children. He retired to St. Augustine, Florida. He died after a short illness in Philadelphia in 1878.


title: Michael Leighton

paragraphs: Michael "Mike" Leighton (born May 19, 1981 in Petrolia, Ontario) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender that played for the Rockford IceHogs of the American Hockey League (AHL). He also played for the Chicago Blackhawks, Nashville Predators, Philadelphia Flyers, and Carolina Hurricanes.

paragraphs: He started his career with the Windsor Spitfires of the Ontario Hockey League. He played 3 seasons and during that time he was named the All-star Team West Goalie in 2000.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Chicago Blackhawks with the 165th overall pick in the 1999 NHL Entry draft.

paragraphs: He started his NHL career with the Blackhawks and during that time he became the first Blackhawks player to record a shutout in his debut. He competed with Craig Anderson for back-up duties and never really got to spend a complete season in the NHL during his time with Chicago.

paragraphs: On October 4, 2005, he was traded to the Buffalo Sabres in exchange for Milan Bartovic. He didn't appear in a game with the Sabres however and played the season with their AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans. The Sabres didn't tender him a qualifying offer in the off-season which made him an unrestricted free agent.

paragraphs: On July 13, 2006, he signed as a free agent with the Anaheim Ducks. He played for the Ducks' farm team, the Portland Pirates. The Ducks called Leighton up when both their goalies Ilya Bryzgalov and Jean-Sébastien Giguère got injured but Leighton was claimed off waivers by the Nashville Predators before he could play. He only played 20 minutes of one game with the Predators and he was placed on waivers again.

paragraphs: On January 11, 2007, he was claimed by the Philadelphia Flyers. After playing 4 games with the Flyers, he was placed on waivers and picked up by the Montreal Canadiens but didn't play a game with them because he had already finished the season.

paragraphs: During the off-season, the Canadiens traded him to the Carolina Hurricanes in exchange for a 7th round pick in the 2007 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: He first played for their farm team, the Albany River Rats but was called up to the NHL when John Grahame got sent down after he got placed on waivers. Leighton played 3 games and was sent back down to the River Rats. During his time with the River Rats he set an AHL record by making 98 saves on 101 shots, in a playoff game that went to 5 overtimes which was also an AHL record.

paragraphs: He played as the Hurricanes' backup goaltender, behind Cam Ward, during the 2008–09 NHL season. He played 19 regular season games but he didn't play in the playoffs, when the team advanced to the Eastern Conference Finals. Ward suffered a leg injury in November 2009 and missed a month of play. The Hurricanes signed goaltender Manny Legace, who became the backup when Ward returned.

paragraphs: On December 15, 2009, Leighton was brought back to the Flyers when they claimed him off waivers to back up Brian Boucher while Ray Emery recovered from injury. On December 21, Leighton was given a starting role when Boucher suffered an injury. On January 1, 2010, he started in goal for the Flyers for the 2010 Winter Classic. During a playoff game against the Boston Bruins, Leighton stepped in for an injured Boucher to play in his first ever NHL playoff game where he helped keep Boucher's shutout in a 4-0 win. During the 2010 Eastern Conference Finals against the Montreal Canadiens, he only let in 7 goals in five games and recorded 3 shutouts as the Flyers advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals to face the Chicago Blackhawks. Leighton started all six games of the Finals but struggled where he recorded a goals against average of 3.96 and a save percentage of 0.876. Leighton was the losing goalie in game 6 when the Blackhawks defeated the Flyers four games to two which ending with an overtime goal by Patrick Kane.

paragraphs: On June 30, 2010, he re-signed with the Flyers with a two-year deal. On January 3, 2011, the Flyer placed Leighton on waivers. He cleared waivers the next day and was assigned to the Adirondack Phantoms. He rejoined the Flyers three months later after he cleared re-entry waivers.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2012, he re-signed with the Flyers with a one-year contract and was announced as Ilya Bryzgalov's backup. He only played one game for the Flyers during the 2012–13 season and was traded along with a 2015 third-round draft pick to the Columbus Blue Jackets for Steve Mason.


title: Retro Studios

paragraphs: Retro Studios is a video game developer and a part of Nintendo. The company was started in 1998. They are most famous for the "Metroid Prime" and "Donkey Kong Country" series.


title: Missile Command

paragraphs: Missile Command is an arcade video game released by Atari in 1981. In this game, the player has to defend six cities from falling missiles. The player does so by hitting the missiles with their own counter-missiles. The player moves a crosshair to launch missiles. When a missile hits the crosshair, it creates a fireball that stays for a few seconds and destroys any missiles that hit it. The player has three batteries with ten missiles each. When a battery has no more missiles left or it is destroyed, the player can no longer use it. The game is played as a series of levels, each having a higher difficulty. A level ends if all of the player's cities are destroyed, or all of the falling missiles are destroyed. If a player runs out of missiles, they no longer have control in the level they are playing on. At the end of a level, the player gets extra points for cities that have not been destroyed and missiles they did not use.

paragraphs: The game has been released on many home video game consoles, including the Atari 2600, the Game Boy, and the Xbox 360.


title: Grand Forks, British Columbia

paragraphs: Grand Forks is a city in the Canadian province of British Columbia. Grand Forks is in Boundary Country near the Canada–United States border.

paragraphs: The population of Grand Forks was 3,985 in 2011. The mayor of Grand Forks is Frank Konrad. The city started in the late 19th century when copper mining was popular in both the Boundary and Kootenay regions of British Columbia. It officially became a city on April 15, 1897. In both 1908 and 1911, fires destroyed the downtown core because of the large number of wood frame buildings and stores. Grand Forks has an ice hockey team, the Grand Forks Border Bruins which play in the Kootenay International Junior Hockey League.


title: Business jet

paragraphs: A business jet is an aircraft designed and built for transporting a small group of passengers, between four and twenty people. Generally it is a twin-turbojet aircraft, but some are tri-jet (such as Falcon 50), or four-engine (like the Jetstar). In some cases it is even airliners that have been turned into this kind of aircraft, like Airbus A320CJ or Boeing 737BJ.

paragraphs: Some business jets are used by air forces for priority and VIP transport.Prestige,Flexibility and Comfort are Featured aspects of Jet travel, Considering these wonderful aspects some of the Companies like XOJet,JetSuite are Offering Private Jet Facilities For Business or Private Trips.


title: Water bomber

paragraphs: A water bomber is an aircraft dedicated to firefighting, and in particular for forest fires. It can be a helicopter or a sea plane. Generally it is a conversion of a former military or cargo aircraft, but some were designed and built at the beginning like water bombers. It is the case of Canadian Canadair CL-215. Water bombers are used both by air forces, administrations, and private societies.


title: Sarah Josepha Hale

paragraphs: Sarah Josepha Hale (October 24, 1788 – April 30, 1879) was a 19th century American writer and magazine editor. She wrote the poem "Mary Had a Little Lamb". She campaigned to make Thanksgiving a national holiday, to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and raised funds to complete the Bunker Hill monument.

paragraphs: Hale was born in Newport, New Hampshire to Gordon Buell, a Revolutionary War captain, and his wife, Martha (Whittlesay) Buell. Sarah married lawyer David Hale in 1813, and bore him five children.

paragraphs: Widowed in 1822, Hale entered the literary field in order to support her children. In 1827, she published "Northwood: A Tale of New England". It was one of the first novels to be published by an American woman.

paragraphs: She edited "Ladies' Magazine" in Boston, Massachusetts, then moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1837 to edit "Godey's Lady's Book", the premiere woman's magazine in America. She edited the magazine until 1877. She died in 1879.

paragraphs: Hale raised funds for the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument. She urged the Federal government to make Mount Vernon a national shrine, and to declare Thanksgiving a national holiday.


title: City of Joy

paragraphs: City of Joy is a 1985 book by French author and journalist Dominique Lapierre. It was made into a 1991 movie by Roland Joffe. It is based on the lives of people in a slum in Kolkata. The slum is called "City of Joy". A Polish Catholic priest and a rickshaw driver are two of the main characters.


title: Mary Had a Little Lamb

paragraphs: "Mary Had a Little Lamb" (originally, "Mary's Lamb") is a poem by Sarah Josepha Hale. It was published in her "Poetry for Children" in 1823. It tells of a lamb who follows his little mistress to school. In the 1830s, Lowell Mason set the poem to music. In 1877, Thomas Edison recited "Mary Had a Little Lamb" for the first recording of the human voice.


title: Codell, Kansas

paragraphs: Codell is an unincorporated community in Rooks County, Kansas, United States. It is south of the city of Stockton (the county seat of Rooks County). It is near the southeastern corner of Rooks County. The nearest city, Plainville, is about northwest by road.

paragraphs: On May 20 in 1916, 1917, and 1918, Codell was hit by tornadoes. The 1918 tornado was the worst. It killed ten people and did a lot of damage.


title: Shakespeare's Sonnets

paragraphs: Shakespeare's Sonnets is the title of a collection of 154 sonnets written by William Shakespeare. The collection was first published in 1609 by Thomas Thorpe. In general, each sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and consists of three quatrains followed by a concluding couplet. The sonnets are about love, death, jealousy, procreation, beauty, etc.


title: Death Be Not Proud

paragraphs: "Death Be Not Proud" is a poem written by John Donne about 1610. It was published in 1663, after his death.

paragraphs: Death, be not proud, though some have called thee

paragraphs: Mighty and dreadful, for thou art not so;

paragraphs: For those whom thou think'st thou dost overthrow

paragraphs: Die not, poor death, nor yet canst thou kill me.

paragraphs: From rest and sleep, which but thy pictures be,

paragraphs: Much pleasure; then from thee much more must flow,

paragraphs: And soonest our best men with thee do go,

paragraphs: Rest of their bones, and soul's delivery.

paragraphs: Thou art slave to fate, chance, kings, and desperate men,

paragraphs: And dost with poison, war, and sickness dwell,

paragraphs: And poppy or charms can make us sleep as well

paragraphs: And better than thy stroke; why swell'st thou then?

paragraphs: One short sleep past, we wake eternally,

paragraphs: And death shall be no more, death, thou shalt die.


title: Shakespeare's birthplace

paragraphs: Shakespeare's birthplace is a house in Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. It is the birthplace of William Shakespeare, and one of several sites in Stratford associated with him.


title: New Place

paragraphs: New Place is a site in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England where a house once stood belonging to William Shakespeare. He retired to the house following his career in the London theatres. Many years after his death in 1623, the house became a tourist attraction. A neighbor, weary of constant visitors, bought the house and tore it down.


title: Holy Trinity Church

paragraphs: Holy Trinity Church is a church in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England. William Shakespeare is buried beneath the stones of the floor. It is one of several sites in Stratford associated with the poet. These sites include his birthplace in Henley Street and New Place, the site of his house.


title: Venus and Adonis

paragraphs: Venus and Adonis is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was published in 1593. It tells of Venus' love for Adonis, a mortal man.


title: Aubrey Plaza

paragraphs: Aubrey Plaza (born 26 June 1984, Wilmington, Delaware) is an American actress and comedian. She performs in movies and television. She starred as April Ludgate in the NBC television show"Parks and Recreation". She acted as Claire in "Monsters University" and as Darius in "Safety not Guaranteed".

paragraphs: Plaza will star as Karen Barclay in the 2019 horror movie "Child's Play".

paragraphs: Plaza acts the speaking voice of Grumpy Cat in the Lifetime TV network movie "Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever". It was first shown on November 29, 2014.


title: The Rape of Lucrece

paragraphs: The Rape of Lucrece is a long poem by William Shakespeare. It was first published in 1594. It tells of the rape of Lucretia by Tarquin and her suicide.


title: Big Brother (U.S.)

paragraphs: Big Brother is a reality television game show. It is based on an originally Dutch language TV series of the same name which was created by John de Mol in 1997. The show follows a group of House Guests living together 24 hours a day in the "Big Brother" house. They are isolated from everyone outside of the house. They are videotaped with no privacy for three months. Since its US television start in 2000, "Big Brother" has continue airing with at least one season of the show on CBS each year. It is currently the second longest version of the show to have done so, after the Spanish version. On September 19, 2012, CBS announced that "Big Brother" was renewed for its 15th season in summer 2013. The 15th season began on June 26, 2013.

paragraphs: The HouseGuests compete for the chance to win $500,000. They must try to avoid weekly eviction, until the last HouseGuest remains. The American series is hosted by television personality Julie Chen. It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly On The Wall Entertainment. It currently airs in the United States on CBS and in Canada on Global.

paragraphs: Eviction night are hosted by television personality and news anchor, Julie Chen. She is the wife of CBS President Les Moonves and co-host of the network's "The Talk". Chen was a former co-host of CBS's "The Early Show". Television critics gave Chen negative reviews during her first season (2000). Many critics did not like that she was very stale when presenting. They also did not like her "weak" interviews with evictees during the live program. They also did not like Chen's phrase "But first...", they believed she used it too much. Many fans of the show began calling her "the Chenbot". Chen later stated that she knows about this and accepts it.

paragraphs: There was an announcer during the first season. The announcer introduced every scene. As the show progressed, the announcer only came on during the opening and closing of each episode. There have been several different announcers throughout the years. Past announcers include Dave Walsh (season and episode 2 of season two), Chuck Riley (season two), and Phil Proctor (seasons 3-6). The current announcer is Clayton Halsey and has been the announcer since season seven.

paragraphs: The format for the first season is very different than the following seasons. The first season was very similar to international versions of "Big Brother". Each HouseGuest would individually go to the Diary Room and nominate two fellow HouseGuests for banishment. The term "eviction" was not used until the second season. The two or more HouseGuests with the most nominations are then revealed to the House and were "Marked for Banishment". The public were invited to vote for who they wish to evict by calling a premium rate telephone number. The HouseGuest who received the most public vote was evicted. When there were three HouseGuests left, the public would vote for the winner.

paragraphs: Starting with the second season, the HouseGuests compete to become Head of Household or HoH. The Head of Household is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction. During the Live Eviction show, HouseGuests individually go into the Diary Room and vote on who they wish to evict. Julie then reveals the results of the vote to the House. She then tells the evicted HouseGuest that s/he only has a few moments to leave the house. In the event of a tie, the HoH will be the deciding vote. When two HouseGuests remain, the evicted HouseGuests voted for the winner. However, if there were a tie the public would vote.

paragraphs: In "Big Brother 3" (2002), a new power was introduced called the Power of Veto (PoV). The Power of Veto winner can choose to veto one of the Head of Household's nominations. When this happens, the HoH chooses someone else to replace that nominee. The winner is also protected from becoming a replacement nominee for the week. At first, the Power of Veto was silver and if a nominee won the Power of Veto the nominee could not save themselves. The "Golden" Power of Veto was introduced in the last veto competition in season three. If a nominee won it, they could save themselves.

paragraphs: The "Crystal" Power of Veto was introduced in the final veto competition of "Big Brother 4" (2003). It could only be used by a nominee. If anyone else won it, it could not be used. The Golden Power of Veto is now the standard veto since season four. The fourth season also started the Big Brother Jury or sometimes called the "Jury of Seven". The Jury is made up of the final seven evicted HouseGuests. Each member of the Jury are isolated in a different house. The Jury members are not allowed to watch the show except for small parts such as the nominations and the Power of Veto ceremonies. They are not allowed to see any Diary Room interviews or any footage involving strategy or twists to the game. The Big Brother Jury votes to determine the winner of "Big Brother" each season.

paragraphs: Ten years later, "Big Brother 15" (2013) raised the number of nominees from two to three a week. This is similar to the French Canadian version of the show. In addition, a new weekly power called the Most Valuable Player (MVP) will give this HouseGuest a special power. The MVP will have the ability to nominate the 3rd nominee, without anyone knowing who the MVP was.

paragraphs: Live shows have been broadcast on Thursday nights in every season. However, the first, fourth, ninth and the fifteenth seasons were not broadcast on Thursday nights. The fourth, ninth and fifteenth seasons were instead on Wednesday nights. Later in the season, there would be live shows on other days. These examples were for double evictions. From the second season through the ninth season, Chen presented the live show in an empty studio next to the house. Starting with the tenth season, the live shows once again had an audience.


title: To Helen

paragraphs: "To Helen" is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. The poem was first published in 1831 in "Poems of Edgar A. Poe". It was republished in 1836 in the "Southern Literary Messenger". Poe's inspiration was Jane Stith Stanard, the mother of his childhood friend Robert Stanard.

paragraphs: The poem consists of three stanzas of five lines each. The rhyme scheme is irregular: the first stanza is ABABB, the second is ABABA, and the third is ABBAB. The poem includes the well known lines, "... the glory that was Greece / And the grandeur that was Rome".


title: Surcoat

paragraphs: A surcoat, or surcote, was an outer garment commonly worn in the Middle Ages by men. About 100 years later, women started to wear surcoats. It can either mean a coat worn over other garments or the outer garment commonly worn over armour. The name comes from the French meaning "over the cotta", a long, wide coat reaching down to the feet without sleeves.

paragraphs: Starting about the 12th century, knights wore long and flowing surcoats over their armour. They would often show the coat of arms of the wearer. A knight's surcoat reached almost to the ankles. It had slits (cuts) in the bottom front and back so a wearer could sit. It also had no sleeves. One purpose for the surcoat was to protect armour from the rain. Another use was during the Crusades to keep the armour cooler in the sun.

paragraphs: By the middle of the 14th century the long surcoat was replaced with the "Jupon" (or "Gipon"). This was a much shorter garment, which was often padded for extra protection. Once suits of plate (solid) armour became common, the surcoat was no longer used.


title: The Gold-Bug

paragraphs: "The Gold-Bug" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in "Philadelphia Dollar Newspaper" in June 1843.


title: Alexey Pajitnov

paragraphs: Alexéy Leonídovich Pájitnov (born 14 March 1956) is a Russian computer engineer who lives in the United States. He is best known for creating the popular video game "Tetris". He was born in Moscow, USSR.

paragraphs: Pajitnov created "Tetris" in 1985. The game was first sold in the Soviet Union. In 1986, the game began being sold in the West. Since then, it has become a very successful series. In 1996, he started The Tetris Company, which owns the trademark to "Tetris".

paragraphs: In 1996, GameSpot named him the fourth most influential computer game developer of all time.


title: Bertha von Suttner

paragraphs: Bertha von Suttner was an Austrian novelist. She was the first woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Suttner wrote a novel called "Die Waffen nieder!". This means "Lay Down Your Arms!" in English.


title: The Gift of the Magi

paragraphs: "The Gift of the Magi" is a short story by O. Henry. It was published in "The New York Sunday World" on December 10, 1905.


title: Pole Position (video game)

paragraphs: Pole Position is an arcade racing video game released by Namco in 1982 and designed by Toru Iwatani. In this game, the player controls a Formula One race car. The player completes a time trial lap to be able to compete in an F1 race at the Fuji Racetrack. After completing the time trial race, the player races against other cars in a championship race. The player has to complete the race in the time allowed. They have to avoid crashing into the other cars and objects along the side of the track.

paragraphs: The game was the highest selling arcade game of 1983 in North America. It sold over 21,000 machines for $61 million. It has been released for many video game consoles as part of Namco game collections, including the PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Nintendo GameCube, and Xbox.

paragraphs: In 1983, a sequel called "Pole Position II" was released. It features three new tracks in addition to the one from the first game.


title: The Open Boat

paragraphs: "The Open Boat" is a short story by Stephen Crane. It was first published in the June 1897 issue of "Scribner's Magazine".


title: Young Goodman Brown

paragraphs: "Young Goodman Brown" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in the April 1835 issue of "New England Magazine".


title: Rappaccini's Daughter

paragraphs: "Rappaccini's Daughter" is a short story by Nathaniel Hawthorne. It was first published in "United States Democratic Review" in December 1844. It was reprinted in Hawthorne's collection of short stories and sketches, "Mosses From an Old Manse" in 1846. The story has been adapted to many media including opera and movies.


title: Henry Dunant

paragraphs: Jean Henri Dunant was a Swiss businessman and social activist. A book he wrote influenced the International Committee of the Red Cross to be formed in 1863. The 1864 Geneva Convention was based on Dunant's ideas. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Frédéric Passy.


title: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets

paragraphs: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets is a novella (short novel) by Stephen Crane. It was published in 1893. The story is about a young prostitute in New York City.


title: Frédéric Passy

paragraphs: Frédéric Passy (May 20, 1822 – June 12, 1912) was a French economist. In 1901 he received the first Nobel Peace Prize together with Henry Dunant.

paragraphs: Passy wrote and talked to others about free trade. He followed the ideas of Richard Cobden.


title: Irenaeus

paragraphs: Saint Irenaeus (130 AD - 202) was a Roman Catholic Bishop of Lyon, France. He is a Church Father. He is known for his Christian writings. He is remembered on the 28 June.


title: Church Father

paragraphs: The Church Fathers are ancient and influential Christian theologians, some of whom were great teachers or bishops. Only early teachers of Christianity are seen as Fathers by the Western Church. However, the Orthodox Church honors many more recent saints as "Fathers".


title: Brenda Holloway

paragraphs: Brenda Holloway (born 21 June 1946, California) is an American singer-songwriter. Her genre is R&B. She covered the songs "When I'm Gone", "You've Made Me so Very Happy" and many others. She worked for Motown Records in the 1960s.


title: Cessna Citation X

paragraphs: The Cessna Citation X is a twin-turbojet business jet designed and built in the United States. It can carry between eight and twelve passengers. It is a swept-wing aircraft built entirely of metal. Its first flight was in 1996.


title: Vought F7U Cutlass

paragraphs: The Vought F7U Cutlass is a navalized fighter aircraft that served in the U.S. Navy. It was used for the Cold War, from American aircraft carriers. None were sold to other countries. Some Vought F7U Cutlass were modified for aerial reconnaissance as "F7U-3P". It was used by the Blue Angels in 1953.


title: UTVA Model 75

paragraphs: The UTVA Model 75 is a training single-engine aircraft that was designed and built in Yugoslavia. It is also used as civilian sport light aircraft. Apart from former Yugoslavian countries, this aircraft was sold to Sudan.


title: Madylin Sweeten

paragraphs: Madylin Sweeten (June 27, 1991, Brownwood, Texas) is an American actress who performs on television. She played Ally Barone in the 1996-2005 television series "Everybody Loves Raymond".


title: Andrea Barber

paragraphs: Andrea Laura Barber (born July 3, 1976) is an American former child actress who acts mainly in TV. She played Kimmy Gibbler in the sitcom "Full House". Before that, she played Carrie Brady in the soap opera "Days of our Lives". Barber was born in Los Angeles.


title: Bridgette Andersen

paragraphs: Bridgette Andersen (July 11, 1975 - May 18, 1997) was an American actress. She acted mostly on television. She acted in "Family Ties" and "Remington Steele". She also did Pepsi commercials.


title: Kary Mullis

paragraphs: Kary Banks Mullis (December 28, 1944 – August 7, 2019) was an American biochemist. In 1993, he shared the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Michael Smith for his role in discovering the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

paragraphs: The process of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was first described by Kjell Kleppe and 1968 Nobel laureate H. Gobind Khorana. It allows specific DNA sequences to be amplified (multiplied hugely). Mullis greatly improved the technique, and it became a standard tool in DNA research.

paragraphs: In 1983, Mullis was working for Cetus Corp. as a chemist. That spring, according to Mullis, he was driving his vehicle late one night, when he had the idea to use a pair of primers to bracket the desired DNA sequence and to copy it using DNA polymerase. This would allow a small strand of DNA to be copied almost an infinite number of times. Cetus took Mullis off his usual projects to concentrate on PCR full-time. Mullis succeeded in demonstrating PCR on December 16, 1983.

paragraphs: Cetus paid him a mere $10,000 for the discovery but later sold it to Hoffmann-La Roche, owned by Roche Holding Ltd., for $300 million.

paragraphs: Mullis died on August 7, 2019 from pneumonia in Newport Beach, California at the age of 74.