title: New York Philharmonic

paragraphs: The New York Philharmonic is the oldest symphony orchestra in the United States. It performs most of its concerts at the Avery Fisher Hall in New York.

paragraphs: The orchestra started in 1842. At that time it was called the Philharmonic Society. At its first concert the orchestra played a very long programme which included Beethoven’s "Symphony No. 5" conducted by Ureli Corelli Hill. The musicians worked as a cooperative or "communistic" society. This meant that the musicians themselves made up the rules about how the orchestra should be run: who would become a member, which music would be performed, and who would conduct. At the end of each season they divided any money the orchestra had earned amongst themselves.

paragraphs: The orchestra were a great success, but they needed a new concert hall. They gave a fund-raising concert which included Beethoven's "Symphony No. 9". It was the first time it had ever been played in America. The concert took place in Castle Garden on the southern tip of Manhattan. There were about 400 performers in the orchestra and choir. The words that the choir sings were translated into English. It was the first time this work had been sung in English anywhere in the world. However, the tickets cost a lot of money: US$2.00 each, so not so many people came. It was some time before the orchestra got their concert hall. Many people thought Beethoven's 9th symphony was a strange piece of music because the choir only sing in the last movement which is called "Ode to Joy". In 1865 Theodore Eisfeld conducted the Orchestra’s memorial concert for the recently assassinated Abraham Lincoln, but the last movement was not performed because it was thought that the "Ode to Joy" was not suitable for the sad occasion.

paragraphs: Leopold Damrosch, who had been Franz Liszt's concertmaster at Weimar, was the orchestra’s conductor for the 1876-1877 season. But the public did not like him, so he started his own orchestra: the Symphony Society of New York. When he died in 1885, his 23-year-old son Walter Johannes Damrosch took over and continued the competition with the old Philharmonic. It was Walter who would make the rich Scotsman Andrew Carnegie realize that New York needed a really good concert hall and on May 5, 1891 both Walter and the Russian composer Tchaikovsky conducted at the first concert of the city's new Music Hall. A few years later this new hall was renamed Carnegie Hall after the man who gave the money for it to be built.

paragraphs: Theodore Thomas began conducting the Philharmonic in 1877 and made it a very good orchestra. In 1891 Thomas left New York to found the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.

paragraphs: Anton Seidl conducted the orchestra until 1898. Seidl had worked as Wagner's assistant and was famous for conducting Wagner’s music. He gave the first performance of Antonín Dvořák's Ninth Symphony "From the New World." Many people were sad when Seidl suddenly died in 1898 from food poisoning at the age of 47. Twelve thousand people applied for tickets to his funeral at the Metropolitan Opera House at 39th Street and Broadway and the streets were jammed with people and traffic.

paragraphs: In 1909 the orchestra was organized differently. Instead of a cooperative, they were run by a small group of people called . They persuaded Gustav Mahler to be principal conductor. Instead of 18 concerts a season they gave 54, which included a tour of New England. Mahler was used to conducting opera, but now he could conduct symphonies, and he introduced audiences to his own compositions. During his time the orchestra were given regular salaries for the first time.

paragraphs: Between 1911 and 1920, the Philharmonic's conductor was Josef Stransky, who led every single one of the orchestra's concerts during this period.

paragraphs: When the Philharmonic joined together with the National Symphony in 1921, they had the Dutch conductor Willem Mengelberg. He stayed there for nine years, although other conductors, including Bruno Walter, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Igor Stravinsky, and Arturo Toscanini, led about half the concerts. They started to have an outdoor symphony series, playing low-priced summer concerts at Lewisohn Stadium in upper Manhattan. In 1920 the orchestra hired Henry Hadley as "associate conductor" to perform concerts which included works by American composers.

paragraphs: In 1924, the Young People's Concerts were started, and soon grew to 15 concerts per season by the end of the 1920s. They started to make recordings. In 1928 they joined together with another orchestra, the New York Symphony Society. Toscanini conducted the newly organized orchestra, and continued until 1936.

paragraphs: The English conductor John Barbirolli and the Pole Artur Rodzinski, were joint replacements for Toscanini in 1936. The next year Barbirolli was made the main conductor, a post he held until the spring of 1941. In 1943, Rodzinski became conductor. He had also been conducting on the Sunday afternoon radio broadcast when CBS listeners around the country heard the announcer break in on Arthur Rubinstein's performance of Brahms's Second Piano Concerto to tell them about the attack on Pearl Harbor.

paragraphs: Artur Rodzinski, Bruno Walter, and Sir Thomas Beecham made a series of recordings with the Philharmonic for Columbia Records during the 1940s.

paragraphs: Leopold Stokowski and Dimitri Mitropoulos were the orchestra’s two conductors in 1949, with Mitropoulos becoming conductor in 1951. Mitropoulos often conducted new music and music that was not well known. In 1957, Mitropoulos and Leonard Bernstein served together as Principal Conductors until, in the course of the season, Bernstein was made conductor, becoming the first American-born-and-trained conductor of the Philharmonic.

paragraphs: Leonard Bernstein was Music Director for 11 seasons. Many new things happened during this time. Two television series were started on CBS: the "Young People's Concerts" and "Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic." The first of these started in 1958. It was a new idea and it won every award for educational television. Bernstein continued the orchestra's recordings with Columbia Records until he retired as music director in 1969. He got lots of composers, especially American composers such as Aaron Copland, to write new works for the orchestra.

paragraphs: In 1971 Pierre Boulez became the first Frenchman to have the job of conductor of the Philharmonic. Boulez had new ideas about music to be performed. He was a composer himself and often performed modern music.

paragraphs: Zubin Mehta became conductor in 1978. He, too, conducted a lot of new music.

paragraphs: Kurt Masur, who had often been conducting the Philharmonic since 1981, became conductor in 1991. During his time he included a series of free Memorial Day Concerts at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine and annual concert tours abroad that included the orchestra's first trip to mainland China. His stayed until 2002, and was then given the honorary title “Music Director Emeritus of the Philharmonic”.

paragraphs: On 26 February 2008 the Philharmonic gave a concert in Pyongyang in North Korea. It was the first time since the end of the Korean War in 1953 that there had been an important cultural visit from the United States to North Korea.

paragraphs: In September 2002, 60 years after conducting the Orchestra at the age of twelve at Lewisohn Stadium, Lorin Maazel became conductor of the Philharmonic. In his first subscription week he conducted the first ever performance of John Adams' "On the Transmigration of Souls". This work had been composed in memory of those who lost their lives on September 11, 2001. He performed new music as well as music of the well-known composers. He stayed with the orchestra until the end of the 2008-2009 season.


title: Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis

paragraphs: Cyrtodactylus phongnhakebangensis (Vietnamese: "Thằn lằn Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng") is a type of gecko native to Phong Nha-Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh province, Bac Trung Bo, Vietnam. It was found and described in 2002.


title: Philip II of Macedon

paragraphs: Philip II was an ancient king of Macedonia. He ruled from 359 BC to 336 BC. He was the father of the emperor Alexander the Great, who was born in 356 BC. Philip united all of Ancient Greece. He would either bring a city-state into his hegemony with his military or he would talk/bribe the leaders into joining his empire. It was under his reign in 338 BC at Chaeronea against Athens that Alexander first showed his military genius. Philip was assassinated by one of his bodyguards, at the celebration of the wedding of his daughter. Alexander soon carried out Philip's plan to attack the Persian Empire.


title: Lake Enriquillo

paragraphs: Lake Enriquillo is a lake in western Dominican Republic, near the border with Haiti. Its Taíno name was "Hagueygagon" but, in colonial times, it had the name "Jaragua Lake".

paragraphs: It is in the "Hoya de Enriquillo" valley, a long valley between the "Sierra de Neiba", to the north, and the "Sierra de Bahoruco", to the south.

paragraphs: The lake has an area of 265 km², and its surface is around 44 meters below sea level, the lowest point in the Caribbean. There are three small islands in the lake: Isla Cabritos, Barbarita, and La Islita.

paragraphs: Only small rivers flow into the lake. The rivers that flow from the Sierra de Neiba always have water. Those rivers that flow from the Sierra de Bahoruco sometimes do not have water.

paragraphs: It is a salt water lake with a higher concentration of salt than the sea water because the rivers that flow into the lake are small and the evaporation of its water is high.

paragraphs: Many water birds visit the lake to feed, including flamingos. There are also American crocodiles and some fishes as tilapia. Because it is an arid region, the vegetation around the lake is poor with cacti and small shrubs.

paragraphs: The lake is part of the "Lago Enriquillo e Isla Cabritos National Park" and of the "Jaragua - Bahoruco - Enriquillo Biosphere Reserve".

paragraphs: The main cities on the coast (or very near) of the lake are:


title: Nebuchadnezzar II

paragraphs: Nebuchadnezzar II (about 634 – 562 BC) was king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and reigned ~605 BC – 562 BC.

paragraphs: According to the Bible, he conquered Judah and Jerusalem, and sent the Jews into exile. He is featured in the Book of Daniel and is mentioned in several other books of the Bible. He (allegedly) destroyed Solomon's Temple.

paragraphs: He is said to have built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. The king built the hanging gardens in attempt to please his wife. His kingdom had a great flow of trade and prosperity. However, some scholars argue that the Gardens may have been constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib in his capital city, Nineveh.


title: Orthopedic cast

paragraphs: Orthopedic casts are casts made of plaster that cover a limb to hold a broken bone in place while it heals. Doctors use casts of fiberglass currently. In early times, people often used splints to help heal broken bones. It is thought that orthopedic casts came about from splints.


title: Battle of Patay

paragraphs: The Battle of Patay (18 June 1429) was an important battle in the Hundred Years' War between the French and the English in north-central France. The French won and the English lost badly. Many men in the English longbow corps died. Many English leaders of the battle were killed or taken prisoner. This battle changed the course of the war and made the French more powerful. Joan of Arc was the head of the battle leading the French and was the reason that the French won the battle and the Hundred Years' War.


title: Battletoads

paragraphs: Battletoads is a fighting video game by Rare Ltd. where the players play as toads that fight.

paragraphs: The game offers gameplay changes as the player battles with toads, fights with frogs or attack other amphibians.


title: Battle of Crécy

paragraphs: The Battle of Crécy happened on 26 August 1346 near Crécy in northern France, and was one of the most important battles of the Hundred Years' War. The smaller English army won against the much larger French army. New tactics and weapons make this an important battle in the history of warfare because the English used longbows to win against French knights. The longbow was a faster weapon to fire than the French and Genoan crossbow and could send arrows farther than the crossbow could and with more force. Before this battle during the Middle Ages, knights had been the most important part of an army. Because of this change some historians call this battle the beginning of the end of chivalry.

paragraphs: In the battle, the French knights, protected by chain mail reinforced with metal plate, were nearly exhausted by charging several miles into the battle (against their king's wishes). Their horses had to walk through deep mud and charge up a hill into English and Welsh arrow storm. They were cut down. Many French nobles died.

paragraphs: The knights' horses were barely protected at all. The storm of arrows killed or disabled the knights' mounts, and left the knights floundering in the mud on foot beneath a hail of arrows.

paragraphs: The bolts (heavy arrows) of the Genoese crossbowmen at the forefront of the battle could not reach the English. They fell short because the crossbow strings were wet. The archers had also misjudged the range and shot too early and too low. The English, controlling the high ground, were able to run a short distance down the hill and pick off the Genoese with volleys of arrows. As the Genoese attempted to retreat, they were cut down by the French knights, who thought the withdrawal was cowardly. This wasted the first charge of French cavalry, and left them disorganized for the charge on the English.

paragraphs: In a strong defensive position, Edward III ordered that everyone fight on foot. He split the army in three divisions, one commanded by his sixteen-year-old son, Edward, the Black Prince. The archers were set in a 'V-formation' along the top of the hill. While they waited, the English built a system of ditches, pits and caltrops, to hurt and bring down the enemy cavalry.


title: 102 (number)

paragraphs: 102 (also written as CII or one hundred [and] two) is a number. It is after 101 and before 103, and is even. 102 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 6, 17, 34, 51, and 102.


title: Coffea

paragraphs: Coffea (coffee) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. Out of about 120 species, we make coffee from only two, "Coffea arabica" and "C. canephora".

paragraphs: "Coffea" are shrubs or small trees, native to subtropical Africa and southern Asia. The seeds are called "beans" in the coffee trade. Beans from the two productive species are widely cultivated in tropical countries. Coffee is one of the world's major commodity crops and is the major export product of some countries.

paragraphs: The caffeine in coffee "beans" protects the seeds of the plant. It is a form of natural plant defense against herbivory. The fruits and leaves also contain caffeine, and can be used to make a tea called 'Coffee cherry tea'. The fruit is also used in many types of soft drink.

paragraphs: Several insect pests attack the plants and affect coffee production.

paragraphs: Coffee is used as a food plant by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) species.


title: Arthur Schlesinger Jr

paragraphs: Arthur Meier Schlesinger, Jr., born Arthur Bancroft Schlesinger (October 15, 1917 – February 28, 2007), was an American historian and social critic. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize. His work explored the liberalism of American political leaders, especially that of Franklin D. Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, and Robert F. Kennedy. He served as Special Assistant and Court Historian to the President in John F. Kennedy's administration. He wrote a lot about the Kennedy administration. These writings have the title "A Thousand Days".

paragraphs: When the United States thought about invading Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, he was one of only two people who opposed the invasion. The other was William Fulbright. Schlesinger sat silent, except for a private memorandum to the president. He did this, because he did not want to undermine the President's desire for a unanimous decision.

paragraphs: When it had become clear the invasion had failed, Schlesinger later wrote: "In the months after the Bay of Pigs, I bitterly reproached myself for having kept so silent during those crucial discussions in the cabinet room ... I can only explain my failure to do more than raise a few timid questions by reporting that one's impulse to blow the whistle on this nonsense was simply undone by the circumstances of the discussion."

paragraphs: Schlesinger contributed many things to liberal theory. He was mostly for the kind of liberalism Kennedy did. He was admired for his wit, scholarship, and devotion to delineating the history and nature of liberalism. Since 1990 he had been a critic of multiculturalism.

paragraphs: He popularized the term "imperial presidency" during the Nixon administration by writing the book "The Imperial Presidency".


title: Vu Quang National Park

paragraphs: Vu Quang National Park is a national park in Ha Tinh Province, Bac Trung Bo, Vietnam. Saola and "Muntiacus vuquangensis" are a species found in this park. Vu Quang National park has a high mountainous topography, which is separated from the surrounding. It has a tropical climate that is a good condition for the growth of animals and plants. This is a precinct virgin forest that is remained in Vietnam and is a value ecology for economy, scientific and landscape.


title: Bae Yong Joon

paragraphs: Bae Young Joon is an actor from Seoul. He became popular in Japan on the hit Korean drama, "A Winter Tale". He was born on August 29, 1972.

paragraphs: He is known for being handsome. He stars in another Korean history drama, "Tae Wang Sa Shin Gi", which is popular in both Korea and Japan.


title: Urban districts of Germany

paragraphs: In Germany an Urban District ( is a large town or city that is responsible for its own local government. Germany is divided into 429 districts. 313 are rural districts ("Landkreise", see List of German rural districts) and 116 urban districts ("Kreisfreie Städte" / "Stadtkreise") which are listed below.

paragraphs: It is not part of a rural district, or county ().

paragraphs: In some states, there is another level of government, the Regierungsbezirk or governmental district. Several urban and rural districts are joined together to make a regierungsbezirk, which does some of their jobs, especially things in land-use planning which can affect several districts.

paragraphs: They are the equivalent of an independent city in the United States or unitary authority in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: ¹ "following the "Göttingen Law" of January 1 1964, the town of Göttingen is incorporated into the district ("Landkreis") of Göttingen, but the rules on urban districts still apply, as long as no other rules exist."

paragraphs: ² "following the "Law on the region of Hannover", Hannover counts since November 1 2001 as an urban district as long as no other rules apply."

paragraphs: There are no longer any urban districts. The town of Saarbrücken used to be an urban district but became incorporated into the Saarbrücken Town Federation on January 1 1974.

paragraphs: The urban districts of Görlitz, Hoyerswerda, Plauen und Zwickau will lose their status as „kreisfreie Stadt“ probably on 1st July 2008 in a reform of Saxony's districts.


title: Tel Megiddo

paragraphs: Megiddo () is a hill in Israel. It is near the modern settlement of Megiddo, known for theological, historical and geographical reasons.

paragraphs: In ancient times, Megiddo was an important city state. It is also known alternatively as Tel Megiddo (Hebrew) and Tell al-Mutesellim (Arabic). According to some interpretations of the Christian Bible, this will be the place for Armageddon (that derives from the name's place in Hebrew) or the final battle between the forces of light led by Jesus Christ and the forces of darkness led by Satan or the Anti-Christ after the "End of Days".

paragraphs: Megiddo is a "tel" (hill or mound) made of 26 layers of the ruins of ancient cities in a strategic location at the head of a pass through the Carmel Ridge, which overlooks the Valley of Jezreel from the west.


title: Neo-Babylonian Empire

paragraphs: The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire (also known as Chaldea) refers Babylonia during the 11th, or Chaldean, dynasty. The old empire was torn apart by civil wars in the middle 7th Century BC. "Chaldea" meant the southern part of Babylonia, until a Chaldean became the king of Babylon.

paragraphs: This new dynasty ruled between 626 BC when Nabopolassar rebelled against Assyria, till 539 BC when Cyrus the Great captured the city of Babylon. The king Nebuchadnezzar II ruled this kingdom from 605 BC - 562 BC.


title: CornerShot

paragraphs: CornerShot is a special-use weapon that can fire around corners. It was first made in the early 2000s for SWAT teams and special forces in situations usually involving terrorists and hostages.

paragraphs: Its designers were two former Israeli Army senior officers. It was made with money invested by American investors. It has several different types. So far, the types made are the Standard, the 40 mm grenade launcher, the APR, and an Anti-tank version. It works because its many parts are either on the front or the back end, which are linked by a steel hinge. It is manufactured by Corner Shot Holdings, LLC, a company in Miami with offices in Israel. Units have been sold in 15 countries. The CornerShot was recently evaluated by the UK Ministry of Defence.

paragraphs: The CornerShot is available in several different types. A standard pistol version is available, along with a 40 mm grenade launcher. Because they are fitted with very good digital cameras, any type can also be used as a tool to spy with. All the models come with the same camera and 2.5 inch color LCD screen. this provides video and a sighting system with transmission capability. The flashlight and camera let it work in either day or night. A variety of cameras, as well as a folding stocks, are available. An accessory rail is standard.

paragraphs: The standard CornerShot can put a normal semi-automatic pistol in the front part of the weapon. It has a remote linkage to the trigger mechanism in the rear part. The mechanism has a trigger pull of 21 newtons (4.7 lbf). It is 820 millimetres (32.67 in) long, with a weight of 3.86 kilograms (8.5 lb).

paragraphs: The 40 mm Grenade Launcher is a breech-loading, single shot grenade launcher. Manually operated, or it can only fire one round at a time. It fires all 40 mm grenades, less-deadly and non-deadly ammunition (or what a gun fires), and tear/irritant gas capsules (the container in a liquid or gas is stored). Spent ammunition is ejected for easier reloading. The same system is available in 37 mm size for police. The 40 mm model has a rifling of 1:1.224, is 900 mm long, and weighs 4.4 kg (9.5 lb). The muzzle velocity is 74.7 m/s (M-406 grenade). Its range for normal fire, single target is 150 meters. For area coverage, with fragmentation munitions, or ammunition that blows apart when it hits its target, is 350 meters.

paragraphs: The Assault Pistol Rifle mounts an assault pistol in the front part of the weapon to allow the use of rifle bullets. It fires 5.56 mm ammunition. The APR pistol can be removed from the CornerShot frame.

paragraphs: It was first shown at the Eurosatory 2004 military trade show in Paris. The model for use against armored vehicles is designed to fire Panzerfaust anti-tank rockets. It can turn 90 degrees instead of the standard 60 degrees.

paragraphs: In the standard version a pistol is mounted in the front end of the weapon, which bends horizontally (like a door does) at a mid-gun sixty-degree hinge. There is a digital camera and a flashlight attached to the barrel in the bayonet position. On the butt side of the hinge are the trigger, camera screen (which is on a horizontal hinge just like the mid-gun hinge but it is off of the left side of the gun), and controls for the camera and light.

paragraphs: The Krummlauf was a bent barrel designed for the Sturmgewehr 44. It was used by Germans in World War II. It allowed for looking and firing around corners with its 30 degree barrel and a periscope-style sight.


title: Local government in Germany

paragraphs: There are five levels of government in Germany. The German government is called local government in the lowest two levels. The five levels of German government are all legally independent. This means that each level of government has a separate job in Germany. The German constitution (the Grundgesetz) lists the five levels of government and says what each level should do.

paragraphs: Some states have "regierungsbezirke" which are a group of counties and cities in an area to help run certain tasks across the area.

paragraphs: Other states have "Amt" which is a collection of municipalities in a district usually because the municipalities themselves are too small to run many services

paragraphs: Regierungsbezirke and Ämte are not guaranteed by the constitution, they are a way of helping the various levels of government to do their job.

paragraphs: The idea of subsidiarity means that government jobs should be done by the lowest possible level.

paragraphs: There are two types of tasks (jobs) for a municipality. "Voluntary" which a town or municipality can do if it wants, and "mandatory" or things which must be done because of a federal or state law.

paragraphs: Setting up a theatre, a museum, a sports field or a meeting hall is a voluntary task. If the municipality can afford to set these things up, the "Land" cannot stop them. Also the "Land" cannot order the municipality to set these things up.

paragraphs: The mandatory self-government tasks are things which a municipality must do itself, or must arrange to be done on its behalf. For example one of the most important jobs of any local council is to providing the citizens with water, electricity, district heating, gas as well as wastewater services and waste removal.

paragraphs: A council could run its own waterworks or join with others to share a larger facility. Modern electricity supply means that a council does not have to run their own power station anymore. But they must help private companies get the electricity supply to local houses and factories.

paragraphs: Although the Federation or state might have the right to control some things, the idea of subsidiarity means that they are "administered" (carried out) at the lowest possible level. For example, marriage ceremonies and issuing birth and death certificates are arranged by the town registrar, the Federation and the Land arrange legal and expert supervision so that the task is done properly and is the same across Germany.

paragraphs: Who runs the town or district government depends on where in Germany the town is.

paragraphs: The town council, or town council meeting is responsible for all jobs not given to the "magistrat". The magistrat is the executive responsible for administering services. It is chosen by the town council, and can have both professional and honorary members. The mayor is head of the magistrate, but not of the town council meeting. The mayor is chosen separately by the people not the council. the system is only used in Hesse. It is the oldest system, and the only system where a group of elected people are responsible for the administration, instead of just one, the mayor.

paragraphs: The mayor is head of the council and the administration.

paragraphs: Power is split between the mayor and the town clerk. The mayor has some functions, but day to day administration is done by the professional town clerk.

paragraphs: Used in Bavaria and the old eastern länder. The mayor is elected by the people, and he heads the council and the town government. The council is responsible for nearly all decisions. Some decisions are taken by the mayor. The council may give some of its tasks to the mayor, in which case they cannot change the mayor's decision.


title: Aguascalientes

paragraphs: Aguascalientes is a state in Mexico that is in the center of the country. Its state capital is the city of Aguascalientes. The state's name means "hot waters" in Spanish. People gave it this name because there are many hot springs in the area. The adjective for Aguascalientes is "hidrocálido", because "hidro" means water and "cálido" means hot.


title: Vicksburg, Mississippi

paragraphs: Vicksburg is the nineteenth-largest city in the U.S. state of Mississippi. It is the seat of the County of Warren. It is the only city in the county. It is a riverport on the east bank of the Mississippi River. It is most famous for the American Civil War battle fought there, in which the Union won. It is the county seat of Warren Country, Mississippi. The July 2006 estimate, (a guess based on some information) of the population (the number of people living there) was 25,740.


title: Chrysler Building

paragraphs: The Chrysler Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 319 meters (1046 feet) tall and has 77 floors. It was built in 1931 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

paragraphs: The Chrysler Building was the tallest building in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Bank of the Manhattan Company Building, now called The Trump Building. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later. The Chrysler Building is still the tallest brick building in the world.

paragraphs: The Chrysler Building was also the tallest structure in the world from 1930 to 1931. Before it was built, the tallest structure in the world was Eiffel Tower. The Empire State Building became the tallest one year later.


title: Mendelian inheritance

paragraphs: Mendelian inheritance is a set of rules about genetic inheritance.

paragraphs: The basic rules of genetics were first discovered by a monk named Gregor Mendel in the 1850s, and published in 1866. For thousands of years, people had noticed how traits are inherited from parents to their children. However, Mendel's work was different because he did experiments on plants, and designed those experiments very carefully.

paragraphs: In his experiments, Mendel studied how traits were passed on in pea plants. He started his crosses with plants that bred true, and counted characters that were either/or in nature (either "tall" or "short"). He bred large numbers of plants, and expressed his results numerically. He used test crosses to reveal the presence and proportion of recessive characters.

paragraphs: Mendel's laws apply widely, but not to all living things. They apply to any organism which is diploid (has two paired sets of chromosomes) and which engages in sexual reproduction. They would not apply to bacteria, for example, or to asexual reproduction. They do apply to the great majority of plants and animals.

paragraphs: Mendel explained the results of his experiment using two scientific laws:

paragraphs: Mendel's laws explained the results he got with his pea plants. Later, geneticists discovered that his laws were also true for other living things, even humans. Mendel's findings from his work on the garden pea plants helped to establish the field of genetics. His contributions were not limited to the basic rules that he discovered. Mendel's care towards controlling experiment conditions along with his attention to his numerical results set a standard for future experiments.


title: Altenburger Land

paragraphs: Altenburger Land is a rural district in Thuringia, Germany.

paragraphs: The city of Altenburg and the surrounding land were the tiny duchy of Saxe-Altenburg from 1826 to 1918; afterwards it was a state within the Weimar Republic for a short time, before it was dissolved in 1922 in order to join the state of Thuringia.

paragraphs: The district in its present borders was started in 1922 as "Altenburg". In 1952 districts was split in two, called Altenburg and Schmölln. They were joined up again in 1994, but called "Altenburger Land".

paragraphs: Altenburger Land is the easternmost district of Thuringia. It is a mainly agricultural region.


title: Tennessee River

paragraphs: The Tennessee River is a tributary, or a river that flows into, the Ohio River. Its path makes a crescent. It starts in eastern Tennessee before entering Alabama. After entering Alabama it goes north and for a few miles, forms the boundary between Alabama and Mississippi. Then it flows through Tennessee and Kentucky, where it joins with the Ohio River at the city of Paducah. The watershed for the Tennessee River includes parts of the states of Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi.


title: Woolworth Building

paragraphs: The Woolworth Building is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 241 meters (792 feet) tall and has 57 floors. It was built in 1913 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world.

paragraphs: A businessman named Frank Winfield Woolworth wanted the building to be built for his business, F. W. Woolworth Company. It was created by an architect named Cass Gilbert. The building was called "the Cathedral of Commerce," which means it was like a church of business.

paragraphs: The Woolworth Building was the tallest building in the world from 1913 to 1930. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower. The Bank of the Manhattan Company Building (now named The Trump Building) became the tallest twenty-seven years later.


title: Keystroke logging

paragraphs: A keylogger is a piece of software or computer hardware which records keystrokes on a computer. Its most common use is in spyware to obtain passwords and credit card details. The government sometimes uses keyloggers to break encryption and to spy on wrong-doers.


paragraphs: The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower (also called the Met Life Tower) is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is 213 meters (700 feet) tall and has 50 floors. It was built in 1909.

paragraphs: The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower was the tallest building in the world from 1909 to 1913. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was the Singer Building. The Woolworth Building became the tallest four years later.


title: KLM

paragraphs: KLM Royal Dutch Airlines is an airline that is a part of Air France-KLM. It is based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. It has flights that stay in Netherlands and other flights that go world-wide. KLM goes to 90 different places and its main airport or hub is Amsterdam Schiphol Airport. Before KLM combined with Air France, KLM was the main airline of the Netherlands. KLM is the world's oldest airline with its original name. In September 2014, KLM had around 32,000 people working for it.


title: Kentucky River

paragraphs: The Kentucky River is a river in the state of Kentucky. It is a tributary of, or flows into, the Ohio River and is 259 miles long. The city of Frankfort is located on the Kentucky River. It is formed at Beattyville, Kentucky, which is in Lee County, which is where the North and South Forks come together.

paragraphs: The river is formed in eastern Kentucky at Beattyville, in Lee County, when the North, Middle and South Forks meet at about 670 feet (204 m). The river flows generally northwest, and is highly meandering in the mountains. It then flows through Daniel Boone National Forest, then past Irvine and Boonesborough, then southwest, passing south of Lexington, then north through Frankfort. It joins the Ohio at Carrollton.

paragraphs: Approximately 15 mi (25 km) southwest of Boonesborough it is joined by the Red River. About 20 mi (30 km) southwest of Boonesborough it is joined by Silver Creek. At High Bridge, it is joined by the Dix River. At Frankfort, it is joined by Benson Creek. 10 mi north of Frankfort, Elkhorn Creek flows into the river.

paragraphs: Between Clays Ferry in Madison County and Frankfort, the river passes through the Kentucky River Palisades. The latter is a series of steep gorges approximately 100 mi (160 km) in length.

paragraphs: According to Robert F. Collins of the United States Forest Service, Dr. Thomas Walker named the river, in 1750, Louisa River, after Princess Louisa, the wife of Prince William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland. Later, the name Louisa became Levisa and shifted to the nearby stream today called Levisa Fork River.


title: Singer Building

paragraphs: The Singer Building was a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It was 213 meters (700 feet) tall and had 50 floors. It was built in 1908 and torn down in 1968 to make room for the U.S. Steel Building (now One Liberty Plaza). The Singer Building was the tallest building ever demolished by a company.

paragraphs: The Singer Building was the tallest building in the world from 1908 to 1909. Before it was built, the tallest building in the world was Philadelphia City Hall. The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company Tower became the tallest one year later.


title: Maurizio Giuliano

paragraphs: Maurizio Giuliano (born 1975) is a person from Italy and England, who travels a lot, writes books, and writes in newspapers. In 2004 he was in the Guinness Book of World Records as the youngest person who has been to all the countries in the world. In 2006/2007 he worked for the UN.

paragraphs: Maurizio Giuliano was born on 24 February 1975 in Milan, Italy, with a lawyer as a father and a housewife as a mother. He lived in Cuba, Chile, and Indonesia, among other countries. As of 2004, he knew eight languages according to one source, while another source specified that he "spoke" five and had a "passion" for two more.

paragraphs: He went to school in Milan and Manchester, and then studied at the University of Oxford in 1996 and the University of Cambridge in 1997. At Oxford, he studied at University College to know about Oxford's inter-disciplinary course in "Philosophy, Politics, and Economics" (PPE), especially Latin America and eastern Europe.

paragraphs: As of 1998, he was a research fellow at the Centre for Social Studies (CESOC) in Santiago, Chile.

paragraphs: He wrote two books and some articles on Cuban politics, especially on the US embargo (which usually stops Americans from doing business with Cubans), which he thinks (in the book ""La Transición Cubana y el "Bloqueo" Norteamericano"" and other works) is not good.

paragraphs: In an article published in the British academic journal "Democratization" in 1998, he focused in particular on how the US embargo against Cuba helps create "empathy" by third parties towards Cuba, so that Cubans think it is support for Cuba's government. So he argued that the US Government – in addition to the embargo's direct influence on supporting Cuba's regime – indirectly interferes with the possibility of improving Cuba. That is because third countries, foreign non-governmental organizations and prominent individuals lend support to Cuba's resistance to the US embargo, and this offsets external pressures for democracy, thereby allowing the Cuban regime to convert such "empathy" into a source of legitimacy at home.

paragraphs: His scholarly work on internal Cuban politics, notably on the 1996 purge of Havana's Centre for American Studies (CEA) (contained in the book ""El Caso CEA"" published in 1998), has been the object of academic reviews, as it exposed the internal conflicts between Cuba's political apparatus and the country's intelligentsia (most intelligent people), previously unknown.

paragraphs: According to some reviews, the book, a work of investigative journalism helped by academic analysis, dealt a strong blow to hard-liners within the regime,

paragraphs: by exposing for the first time the internal conflicts between Cuba's apparatus and its intelligentsia.

paragraphs: In 2001, Cuban exiled scholars Alberto Álvarez and Gerardo González, who were among those purged from the CEA, wrote the book ""¿ Intelectuales vs. Revolución ? El caso del Centro de Estudios sobre América"", which strongly built upon Giuliano's book to offer further insights on relations between Cuba's political apparatus and the country's intellectuals.

paragraphs: Besides work on Cuba, other countries Giuliano covered in his journalistic work include East Timor and Myanmar (formerly known as Burma).

paragraphs: In 2000, he visited North Korea and published an essay about his visit, essentially describing his tour around the country as being like a movie made by the North Korean authorities.

paragraphs: In his journalistic work, he reportedly ran into problems with the authorities of at least two countries. In 1998, he was denied entry to Myanmar after making contact with the National League for Democracy and taking photos of its leader Aung San Suu Kyi. And on 30 October 2002, he was reportedly detained and manhandled by Israeli authorities while crossing the Allenby Bridge.

paragraphs: Giuliano's writings have also included lighter topics. During his time in Kabul, for example, he wrote restaurant reviews for a local English-language magazine.

paragraphs: In the early 2000s, Giuliano was a consultant for the Italian Senate's Committee on Human Rights. At that time, at least some of his writings were also intended to influence the positions of the Italian Government on certain human rights issues, as was the case with material that he wrote on North Korea.

paragraphs: In 2004, Giuliano worked for the International Organization for Migration in the elections for Afghan refugees in Pakistan,

paragraphs: and in 2005 worked in Afghanistan for the United Nations Development Programme.

paragraphs: In both cases, he was working in the field of communications with the media.

paragraphs: Between 2006 and 2008, he served with the United Nations, again in the field of media relations, in the Central African Republic,

paragraphs: and Cameroon following the refugee crisis caused by the battle of N'Djamena of February 2008.

paragraphs: According to the Guinness Book, through his work, he had travelled to every single sovereign country in the world (which totalled 193 according to the Guinness Book) by 20 February 2004, aged 28 years and 361 days. He claimed that he had visited a total of up to 238 territories (including the 193 sovereign countries recognized by Guinness), and stated that the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) had been the hardest country to get into, after numerous attempts and long waits to get a visa.

paragraphs: He started travelling at age 14, and believes that, as of 2004, he had travelled at least two million miles, including on the Trans-Siberian Railway and through 11 round-the-world air journeys. Some of his earliest journeys were to Albania and Sierra Leone in 1991, aged 16, and to Mongolia in 1992 for their national festivities Naadam. Most of his later travels were related to his journalistic work.

paragraphs: On 20 February 2004 he visited Suriname, thereby completing his visit to all sovereign nations of the world. He held a press conference there on 24 February, where he stated that he had chosen Suriname to complete his record, as the country had always fascinated him due to its richness and variety in cultures and ethnicities.

paragraphs: He then travelled from Suriname to London, with 42 passports (of which 30 were Italian and 12 British) filled with immigration stamps, in order to prove his record to Guinness World Records.

paragraphs: He claimed that most of his travels were unrelated to the record, and that only since 2001, on the suggestion of friends, did he have the Guinness Record in mind when planning his travels. In explaining his record, however, he stated that he might have an "addiction to crossing borders".


title: Aang

paragraphs: Aang is a fictional character and the main hero in Nickelodeon's television series "". The character was made by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko and voiced by Zach Tyler Eisen. He has take part in all the episodes of "Avatar", except "Zuko Alone" (7th episode of ). Aang is also in the first episode, "The Boy In The Iceberg". Aang appears in other media, like trading cards (a card that is collected), video games, T-shirts, and web comics.

paragraphs: Aang is the last Airbender. They were the only race of people who could control the air. He is 112 years old. He has not become older because he had been frozen in an iceberg for 96 years, and is still like a 16 year old, because he used Avatar State to protect himself and his bison. In the second show, it is discovered that Aang is the living form of the Avatar. This is the spirit of the planet in human form. As the Avatar, Aang controls the elements and must keep the Four Nations at peace. The show follows Aang's journeys to do this.

paragraphs: Most of Aang's habits, such as vegetarianism, are based on Buddhist and Taoist tradition. Aang is the series' unwilling hero. He shows hesitation when joining his friends to save the world from the Fire Nation. His "lighthearted" personality has been praised by critics. The creators wanted Aang to "win enemies with his wits" and be a "trickster hero".

paragraphs: Aang's character was created by Bryan Konietzko. The sketch showed a middle-aged man with an arrow on his head. Konietzko changed the character into a picture of a child with a flying bison. At the same time, Michael Dante DiMartino was interested in a documentary about explorers trapped in the South Pole. The idea caused the pair to think:

paragraphs: The plot they described relates with the first and second episodes of the series, where the "water people" (Katara and Sokka) find the "air guy" (Aang) while "trapped in a snowy wasteland" (the Southern Water Tribe) with "some fire people [that] are pressing down on them" (Fire Navy and Zuko). The creators of the show made Aang to be frozen in an iceberg for 1000 years. He was to wake inside a futuristic world, where he would have a robot named Momo and a flying bison named Appa. The creators lost interest in the theme, and changed it to 100 years of suspended animation. The robotic Momo was changed to a flying lemur, and the herd of bison was reduced to one.

paragraphs: Aang's character has a well grown cultural belief. According to the show's creators, ""Avatar" based on the belief of Buddhism and Taoism." A important part of the character is his vegetarian diet, regular with Buddhism or Taoism. In the Brahmajala Sutra, a Buddhist code of ethics, vegetarianism is encouraged. In "The King of Omashu" (the 5th episode of first season), Aang shows his vegetarian beliefs by refusing to eat meat. Aang shows a reluctance to fight and an dislike of killing. In "The Spirit World (Winter Solstice, Part 1)", Aang gets into a fight with an angry spirit who is destroying a village because the people burned his home (one forest). Instead of fighting the spirit, Aang talks with it.

paragraphs: Airbending, the element that Aang mainly uses in the show, is based on Baguazhang, an "internal" Chinese martial art. This fighting style focuses on circular movements, and does not have many finishing moves. These characteristics were meant to show the unpredictability of air and the peaceful nature of Airbenders in the show.<ref name="avatar2/index.jhtml"></ref>

paragraphs: In the episode "Tales of Ba Sing Se" (the 15th episode of ), Aang’s name was written as (ān áng) in Chinese.

paragraphs: The creators of the show call each a "book" and each episode a "chapter"; each of these books was take the name of element that Aang must control, except the air. Flashbacks also reveal events that happened before the show opened. In a flashback during "The Storm", Aang remembered the day when elder monks told him that he was the Avatar. Monk Gyatso, Aang's teacher and father-figure, said that Aang must be raised as a normal child. Nearing the end, the monks began to believe that Gyatso interfered too much, so they decide to send Aang to the Eastern Air Temple. Aang refuses to be torn away from his mentor; he writes a note for Gyatso before flying away on his bison, Appa. It is revealed in the first episodes of the show that a violent storm catches Aang and sends him into the ocean during his escape. Aang then enters the Avatar State, unknowingly, for the first time to encase himself and Appa in a frozen air bubble. An image of this air bubble, resembling an iceberg, ends the flashback.

paragraphs: After the 100 years he was in the iceberg with his bison, the story starts when Katara and her brother Sokka free Aang and Appa in the . In the next episode, they all started the trip to the Northern Water Tribe, with hope to find a waterbending master to teach Aang and Katara how to control the water. During their journey they are chased by Zuko, the banished prince of the Fire Nation, who must capture the Avatar to return his honor. In one episode, Aang meets his previous incarnation, Avatar Roku (born on Fire Nation), who said him that he must learn all four bending arts and win Fire Lord Ozai before the end of summer. When the team, named team "Avatar", arrived in the Northern Water Tribe, a Waterbender named Master Pakku teaches Aang (and later Katara) waterbending. Later, in the , Aang meets Toph Bei Fong, a blind earthbending, who becomes his earthbending teacher. Later, Aang and his friends learn about the solar eclipse, which will occur before the end of the summer, and will block the Firebenders powerless. During the season finale, a guru tried to teach Aang how to open up his seven "chakras" in order to control the Avatar State. When Aang has a vision of Katara being in danger, he leaves the Air Temple where he is being taught before the seventh "chakra" is opened, locking it. He then battles in the underground caverns of Ba Sing Se. He is killed when Azula strikes him with lightning, but is brought back to life thanks to Katara's special water that has healing abilities, and also her healing abilities.

paragraphs: In the , Aang and his friends had to win a new enemy - an killer hired by Zuko who shoots with his third eye. Aang and his friends from Earth Kingdom attack the Fire Nation capital during the solar eclipse, but the invasion failed because Azula knew about it. In the next episode, Zuko offers to teach Aang firebending. Aang accepts, despite the group's strong opposition. In "The Firebending Masters" (the 13th episode of third season) Aang learns firebending with the help of the last two dragons.

paragraphs: Before the , he is trapped with his friends because he does not find correct he kills Ozai. After he sleepwalks into a forest, he speaks with four previous Avatars (Roku, Kyoshi, Kuruk, Yangchen), and asking for advice. Each gives him a reason to kill the Fire Lord Ozai, discouraging him. After discovering that the forest is atop a swimming lion-turtle, and receiving advice from said lion-turtle, he prepares to confront the Fire Lord. Once Ozai arrives, Aang engages him in battle. After sparing Ozai when redirecting his lightning and then being backed into a corner, Aang enters the Avatar State. The Avatar State tips the battle in Aang's favor, and makes swift work of Ozai. Using a technique taught to him by the lion-turtle, which called Energybending, Aang removes Ozai's ability to firebend, effectively eliminating the threat. Later, in the Fire Nation capital, Aang is seen in monk robes, standing beside Zuko while he become Fire Lord. He is later seen relaxing with his friends in Ba Sing Se. The series ends with Aang and Katara kissing.

paragraphs: Michael Dante DiMartino, one of the show's creators, said:

paragraphs: Aang is a vegetarian, as shown in "The King of Omashu" (the 5th episode of first season) and "The Headband" (the 2nd episode of third season) when he refuses to eat meat since the Air Nomads taught him that life is holy. Aang states a reluctance to fight in "The Spirit World (Winter Solstice, Part 1)"; Aang hopelessly negotiates with a spirit who is destroying a village instead of fighting. Due to his non-violent nature, he also shows ethical reluctance refusing to killing Firelord Ozai, and eventually strips Ozai of his bending instead of killing him. In the show, Aang has a complex network of friends extending over all four nations.

paragraphs: Aang, in "The Storm" (the 12th episode of first season), said that he wishes he had been there to help Air Nomads a century ago, but would rather live a child's carefree life. Many times in the show, Aang shows how much he cares for those are close to him. He also showed that he can act immaturely, and once tried to deceive others in order to keep the group together. In "Bato of the Water Tribe" (the 15th episode of first season), Aang thinks Katara and Sokka might leave to visit their father. Aang hides the map showing their father's whereabouts and lies about having it in the first place.

paragraphs: In some episodes, he shows flight abilities with airbending. One technique for this is to make a sphere of air and ride on it, which Aang calls the Air Scooter. Other methods of flying include his glider, and Appa. In the Avatar State, Aang can also fly inside a ball of air.

paragraphs: In the show's intended demographics, Aang has been received very well. Kendall Lyons said that, "Aang seems to be the happy kid that you can easily familiarize yourself with", and that he "seems to bring comfort in the most dangerous or trouble situations." There are many similar descriptions about Aang as a childlike character who is "reckless and excitable". Reviews point out that "as the Avatar, Aang seems unstoppable, but as Aang, he is just another like an airbender". The review says later that the show continues to focus on a more realistic character instead of a perfect one by showing many weaknesses in his character.

paragraphs: Aang's character showed in the "". He is 1 of the 4 characters of , a video game based on the first season of the show. Two sequels were made: "", a video game based on the second season of the show, and "", a video game based on the third season. Avatar T-shirts, some with Aang's face on them, are being sold on the Nickelodeon Shop website. Tokyopop has published a films comic (sometimes referred to as cine-manga), in which Aang is the main character, like in "Avatar: The Last Airbender".

paragraphs: Aang is in "Escape from the Spirit World", an online video game that is on Nickelodeon's real website. The game has some plot changes that are not in the show. The show's directors, Michael DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, say the events are canon.

paragraphs: In 2008, M. Night Shyamalan, a film director, cast 12-year-old Tae Kwon Do practitioner Noah Ringer as Aang in the film adaptation of the series, "The Last Airbender". The casting of a white actor in the role of Aang (as well as a primarily Caucasian cast) in the Asian-influenced "Avatar" universe triggered negative reactions from some fans marked by accusations of racism, a letter-writing campaign, and a protest outside of a Philadelphia casting call for movie extras. The casting decisions were also negatively received by several critics who stated that the original casting call expressed a preference for Caucasian actors over others.


title: Batuque (religion)

paragraphs: Batuque is an African-inspired or Afro-Brazilian religion, practiced mainly in Brazil. The religion started in the city of Porto Alegre, the capital of Rio Grande do Sul.


title: Macumba

paragraphs: Macumba is one of the Afro-Brazilian religion that mixes Umbanda, Quimbanda, Candomblé and other religions, in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and specially Bahia, Brazil, where those religions were born.


title: Umbanda

paragraphs: Umbanda is the only 100% Brazilian religion. It mixes Candomblé and Kardecism.

paragraphs: It was created in November 15th, 1908 in Niterói, a city from Rio de Janeiro, by Zélio de Morais and a Spirit called Caboclo das Sete Encruzilhadas.


Guitar Hero


title: Jak and Daxter

paragraphs: Jak and Daxter is a series of video games, developed by the company Naughty Dog. It is named after the two heroes of the games. Right now, five games are in the series.

paragraphs: All of the "Jak and Daxter" games happen on a planet that is similar to Earth, where many creatures who look like humans with long ears live. A long time ago, beings called "Precursors" lived on the planet, but disappeared, and the people use the machines the Precursors left behind. Outside of cities and villages, there are many wild and dangerous animals.

paragraphs: A substance called "Eco" is also used by the people. It can be found as gas, liquid, or even solid crystals. There are several different kinds of Eco, and all the different Ecos can do special things. Green Eco can heal injuries or damage, and Blue Eco can make things move faster. There is also Dark Eco, a dangerous kind of Eco which can kill or mutate. In the first "Jak and Daxter" game, "", the character Daxter falls into a pit full of Dark Eco and turns into an "Ottsel", a fictional, or not real, cross between an otter and a weasel.

paragraphs: When Naughty Dog first told people about "Jak and Daxter", people were very excited, because Naughty Dog had made the famous "Crash Bandicoot" series. "Jak and Daxter: The Precursor Legacy" was one of the first video games to use something called streaming, which means that the game loads while it is being played, so there are no loading screens. It was also very similar to the games "Super Mario 64" and "Banjo-Kazooie", because players need to jump, explore, and collect a special kind of object to win the game.

paragraphs: After "The Precursor Legacy", the "Jak and Daxter" games started to be about other things, not just jumping and finding things. "Jak II", the second game, gives the player guns to shoot and vehicles to drive. This is like in the "Grand Theft Auto" video games.

paragraphs: The first three games of the "Jak" series; "Precursor Legacy", "Jak II", and "Jak 3"; are still mainly about platforming. The player controls the character Jak or the character Daxter in jumping puzzles to get to a goal. The character can only get hit by wild animals or monsters only a few times before dying and having to start the goal over, but the character can get life back by touching Green Eco. In "Jak 3", the player can get armor that lets Jak be hit more before dying.

paragraphs: The player can also use attacks or guns to kill the monsters before Jak or Daxter is hit and hurt.


title: Chevrolet Geo

paragraphs: Geo was a brand of economy cars sold by Chevrolet dealerships. Geo was founded in 1989 to compete with Japanese automotives. Geo's roots date back to the 1970s in which General Motors began selling and offering captive imports. The Buick Opel which was originally an Isuzu Gemini and was also offered to future GM marque Daewoo as the Maepsy (which was sold as a Saehan and later Daewoo model). Geo cars were a joint venture between GM and its Japanese partners which included Toyota, Suzuki and Isuzu. Chevrolet's revived Nova (the Corolla Sprinter) led to Chevrolet Sprint (Suzuki Cultus) and the Spectrum (Isuzu Gemini). All three cars were rebranded as Geo in 1989. Geo was cancelled in 1997 and merged into the Chevrolet brand. The Geo models were the Metro, Prizm, Storm, Tracker, and Spectrum. The Prizm was made at New United Motor Manufacturing, Inc. which was jointly owned by Toyota and General Motors. While the Metro and Tracker were made at CAMI Automotive a joint venture between GM and Suzuki, and the Storm and Spectrum were made entirely in Japan by Isuzu, and because of dwindling Isuzu sales they were short-lived. Many Geo models continued as Chevrolet's and were later replaced by in-house cars (i.e. Chevrolet Cobalt (Geo Prizm), a another joint venture vehicle or inherited models from GM Daewoo/Korea.


title: Geo/Chevrolet Prizm

paragraphs: The Geo Prizm was a small car sold by Chevrolet from 1990 to 1997. Replacing the Chevrolet Nova, it was based off Toyota Corolla Sprinter with the Geo name on it. The Prizm was produced alongside the Corolla and the Tacoma pickup truck at New United Motor Manufacturing in Fremont, California which was jointly owned by General Motors and Toyota from 1985-2010. From 1989-1992 it was sold as a subcompact sedan and hatchback, but in 1992 it was redesigned and sold solely as a compact sedan (this was due to Toyota Corolla and Sprinter being redesigned). The Prizm and the Corolla shared the same parts and engines. It is the only Geo model not sold in Canada under Pontiac. In 1998, the name of the car was changed to Chevrolet Prizm. Due to the discontinued Toyota Sprinter and a loss in sales General Motors replaced the Prizm with the Pontiac Vibe and the Chevrolet Cobalt.


title: Pontiac Vibe

paragraphs: The Pontiac Vibe was a compact car made by General Motors with Toyota at New United Motor Manufacturing plant in Freemont, California. It was only sold as a five-door hatchback. The Vibe has the same engine and parts as the Toyota Matrix and Toyota Corolla. The Vibe and Matrix were made in different factories. The Vibe had replaced the Chevrolet Prizm in 2002 due to low sales and the discontinued Toyota Sprinter (Prizm was a mere rebadged version of this car).The Vibe was sold in Japan by Toyota as the Voltz from 2002 to 2004. Pontiac Vibe discontinued in 2009 due to General Motors and Toyota's decision to close down NUMMI. After Pontiac announced it would go out of business, General Motors announced that the Vibe would be replaced with Buick Verano (a badge engineered Opel Astra). Though it only offered limited AWD it was often categorized as a compact crossover and competed with the Dodge Caliber.


title: Geo Metro

paragraphs: The Geo Metro was a small car sold by Chevrolet from 1989 to 2001. The Metro was made by Suzuki and sold at Chevrolet dealerships. The Metro was the twin car of the similar Suzuki Cultus, with only minor differences in grilles and interior. The other names for this car were the Chevrolet Sprint, Suzuki Swift, and Pontiac Firefly. From 1989-1997 the Metro was offered as a convertible, sedan and three-door/five-door hatchback. In 1997 the car was absorbed into the Chevrolet brand along with its Geo siblings. From 1998-2001 it was sold under Chevrolet as a three-door hatchback and a sedan. In 2001 the Metro was reduced strictly to rental and fleet status. The Metro was discontinued after 2001. Only to be replaced by the Chevrolet Aveo (derived from the Daewoo Kalos, a Korean model) in 2004. It had the best fuel economy of any gasoline vehicle in the US, with 41 MPG.


title: One Liberty Plaza

paragraphs: One Liberty Plaza is a skyscraper in New York City, United States. It is tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 1973.

paragraphs: At first it was named the U.S. Steel Building, but later the name was changed to One Liberty Plaza.

paragraphs: The Singer Building, built in 1908 and once the tallest building in the world, was torn down in 1968 to make room for One Liberty Plaza.


title: Malware

paragraphs: Malware, short for malicious software, is a kind of software that can be installed on a computer without approval from the computer's owner. There are different kinds of malware that can hurt computers, such as viruses and Trojan horses. The term also includes other intentionally harmful programs, such as spyware and ransomware. These programs can steal passwords, delete files, collect personal information, or even stop a computer from working at all. Computer security or anti-malware software is usually good at stopping malware from installing itself. When security software is not installed, malware can get into the computer. Getting rid of malware can be difficult, even when using programs designed to remove it.

paragraphs: The term "malware" only refers to software that is made for malicious purposes and works against users' expectations — and so does not include applications that may do unintended harm due to some deficiency.

paragraphs: People first started writing malware in the 1970s and early 1980s. Computers were very simple then. They did not have any interesting information for malware to take. Instead, people wrote malware for fun or just to show that they could. Even the most common piece of malware from this time did not do damage to people's computers. In fact, malware was so rare that the word "malware" was not coined until 1990.

paragraphs: More people started using the computers in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Computers were getting more complex just as fast. People saw that they could use malware to get useful information now, like passwords and credit card information. So, more programmers started writing malware. The number of malware programs on the Internet has grown very quickly ever since then the late 1990s and is still growing today. Experts think that 31.5% of the world's computers have some type of malware installed.

paragraphs: The main reason people write malware is to hurt others and make money, usually by stealing or deleting important information. The Cryptolocker computer virus, for example, makes it so a person cannot use their own computer until they pay the malware writers for a software key to unlock it. Another virus, CIH, tries to make it so the victim can never use their files or turn on their computer again. Malicious keystroke logging software remembers everything a user types in and gives it to the malware author to read.

paragraphs: World governments have written malware to hurt their enemies. Experts think that the United States government made a virus named Stuxnet to stop an important place in Iran from working. The Chinese government probably used a virus to stop people from protesting its decisions.

paragraphs: There are a lot of ways malware can get onto someone's computer. One common way is through email attachments. These attachments are usually sent from other computers that already have malware on them. When someone downloads and opens the attachment, the virus installs and uses their computer to send itself to even more people.

paragraphs: Another way malware installs itself is when a victim gets malware just by going to a website with the malware hidden on it. This is called drive-by downloading. A user does not have to click anything for their computer to get infected from a drive-by download. This kind of malware attack is usually found on websites that are not used a lot or whose security methods are very old. However, even current websites that people use all the time can host drive-by downloads when someone hacks the site.

paragraphs: People who write malware also get their programs onto computers by attaching them to real programs that people want. This is most common with pirated programs. This is because the downloader was doing something illegal and cannot complain to the authorities without getting in trouble themselves. However, some non-piracy websites also put malware (or other unwanted programs that are almost as bad as malware) in a download with real, legal software in a process known as bundling. Computer security experts complain about websites that bundle real software with malware. Their complaints do not always stop the websites from bundling.

paragraphs: There are many different kinds of malware. Each acts a different way.

paragraphs: There are a few reasons why computers get programs a user didn't mean to install. One common reason is because of regular programs that have software bugs. Malware can use bugs, such as a buffer overflow, to make a program do something it was not designed to do. Malware can also get onto a computer if it tricks a user into putting it there themselves. This can happen when a user plugs in a USB flash drive that has a virus on it already. Malware also commonly uses social engineering to get users to run it, like pretending to be an important email attachment for work. Some malware even pretends to be an anti-malware program to get people to run it.

paragraphs: Since malware is such a big problem, many companies make programs to try to stop it. These anti-malware programs have a lot of different ways to find malware. One is static analysis, which looks at the source code of a program before it is run. Then, if the program is similar to malware the static analysis program has seen before, the anti-malware program will stop the code from running. Another way of finding malware is dynamic analysis. Dynamic analysis runs only part of a program it is checking. If this part of the program tries to do anything that could be bad or harmful, the anti-malware program will not let the program run.

paragraphs: Malware can also be stopped without a program. This can be done by not letting a computer connect to the Internet or other computers, called creating an air gap. However, these computers can still get malware if someone puts it there another way. One example is when someone plugs in a Universal Serial Bus (USB) drive that was already plugged into a computer with a virus.


title: Matrixism

paragraphs: Matrixism or The path of the One is a new religion based on the movie "The Matrix". It was started by a group of people in the year 2004. By the year 2005, Matrixism had over 300 members and it was seen in books and newspapers. There are now 16,000 members of Matrixism.

paragraphs: Matrixism is a syncretic religion (a religion that joins together all religions). The words "the matrix" are seen in a Baha'i book from the year 1912 named "The Promulgation (starting) of Universal (complete international) Peace". Matrixism uses this fact to make a connection to the history of world religion but the three "Matrix" motion pictures are Matrixism's Bible (prime book).

paragraphs: Matrixism has four beliefs called "The Four Tenets (rules) of Matrixism". The four rules are; 1) Belief in the prophecy of the One. 2) Use of psychedelics (mind expansion medicine) as sacrament. 3) Seeing the relative nature of the world. 4) Acting by the rules of one of the world's religions. For Matrixism April 19th is a holiday (special day) named Bicycle Day. November 22nd is another holiday for Matrixism named the Day of Remembrance and Reflection. Aldous Huxley, John F. Kennedy and C.S. Lewis all died on this day in 1963.

paragraphs: The sign for Matrixism is 赤, the Japanese kanji for the word "red". This sign was used in the computer game "Enter the Matrix". The color is a reference to the "red pill", from the motion picture "The Matrix", which is representative of being able to see that which is true. The word (sign) 赤 is also a Chinese word (character). In fact, the Japanese kanji is from a Chinese character.


title: Boston Celtics

paragraphs: The Boston Celtics are a professional basketball team. They play their home games in the TD Garden in Boston, Massachusetts. They are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and play in the Atlantic Division.

paragraphs: The Celtics were one of the first NBA teams. Since their start in 1913, they have been the most successful teams, winning 17 NBA championships, including eight championships in a row at one point. The Celtics' seventeen championships is more than any other team. The Celtics play their home games at the TD Garden.

paragraphs: From 2008 to 2013, they were lead by the big three: Kevin Garnett, Paul Pierce and Rajon Rondo. But in July 2013, Garnett and Pierce were traded to the Brooklyn Nets, and Rondo was traded to the Dallas Mavericks.

paragraphs: The rivalry between the Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers is between two most of the best franchises in NBA history. It has been called the NBA's best rivalry. The two teams have met a record twelve times in the NBA Finals, starting with their first Finals meeting in 1959. They would go on to win the league in the 1920s and the 1980s, playing each other six times in the 1960s and three times in the 1980s.

paragraphs: The rivalry had been less known since the retirements of Magic Johnson and Larry Bird in the early 1990s, but in 2008 it happened again when the Celtics and Lakers met in the Finals for the first time since 1987, with the Celtics winning the series in six games. They played once again in the 2010 NBA Finals which the Lakers won in seven games. The two teams have won the two highest numbers of championships, the Celtics 17, the Lakers 16; together, the 33 championships account for almost half of the 67 championships in NBA history.


title: Across the Universe

paragraphs: "Across the Universe" is a song by the English rock group The Beatles. It was written by John Lennon, and credited to Lennon/McCartney.


title: Bastia

paragraphs: Bastia is a town and commune of northern Corsica, in France. It is the capital (in French "préfecture") of the Haute-Corse "département" and has a population of about 40,000 inhabitants. Bastia is also an important Corsican port and is famous for its wines. The rate of unemployment in the commune has been very high, and was 20% in 2004.

paragraphs: Bastia is in the northeast of Corsica, at the base of Cap Corse. Bastia is the main port of the island and its principal commercial town. The wind in Bastia is frequent and violent.

paragraphs: Before the occupation of Corsica by the Genoese, Cardo was a large city. Around the city were little villages where the fishermen of Cardo lived. This little port was called Porto Cardo, which means "the port of Cardo."

paragraphs: The Genoese felt the need to shelter the city from the sea storms and began to construct walls and buildings. In the time of governor Leonello Lomellini, in 1380, they built a "bastiglia", also known as a citadel. With time, the "bastiglia" (Bastia) became more prosperous and important than Cardo.

paragraphs: Bastia was the capital of Corsica until 1791.

paragraphs: The official football team of Basti is the Sporting Club de Bastia.


title: Alchevsk

paragraphs: Alchevsk () is a city in the Luhansk Oblast of south-eastern Ukraine.

paragraphs: Alchevsk is one of the largest industrial centers in the Donbas, and comprises a quarter of the oblast's entire production. The city economy depends on OJSC "Alchevsk Iron & Steel Works" and "Alchevsk Coke-Chemical Plant" companies.

paragraphs: The city was known as "Voroshilovsk" () from 1931 to 1961, and then Kommunarsk () until 1992.


title: Kommunarsk

paragraphs: Kommunarsk (, ) is the railway station in the city of Alchevsk (Ukraine).

paragraphs: Also Kommunarsk is one of old names of Alchevsk.


title: Shche ne vmerla Ukrainy i slava i volya

paragraphs: "Šče ne vmerła Ukrajina" ( Ще не вмерла Україна, [ˈʃtʃɛ nɛ ˈu̯mɛrɫɐ ʊkrɐˈjinɐ] ; 'Ukraine Hath Not Perished' or 'Nay, Ukraine Is Not Dead') was originally a 19th-century patriotic poem written by Kievan ethnographer Paul Chubinsky (Pavło Čubynśkyj). Now currently the national anthem of Ukraine, the music composed by Michael Werbitzky (Mychajło Verbyćkyj)—a Ukrainian Greek Catholic priest—was officially adopted by the country's unicameral parliament Verchovna Rada in 1992 after the end of the Soviet Union. The lyrics (words), which have been changed a bit, were adopted in 2003 by the Law on the Anthem of Ukraine.

paragraphs: The title is officially called the State Anthem of Ukraine (Державний Гімн України / "Deržavnyj Himn Ukrajiny"), rather than "Ukraine Hath Not Yet Perished".

paragraphs: As Ukraine is a very diverse multi-ethnic country with several foreign languages spoken besides Ukrainian and Russian, the anthem's lyrics have been unofficially translated into various foreign languages spoken by the various ethnic groups in Ukraine. (Note that this is a dynamic list which does not include every spoken language of Ukraine for the sake of space.)

paragraphs: This version in English was translated by George Yury Right, a Russian American antisexual activist, scholar, computer programmer, video game designer and writer.

paragraphs: A poetic version in Esperanto was translated by Viktor Jaskovec and Volodymyr Pacjurko in 1991.


title: Guitar Hero: Aerosmith

paragraphs: Guitar Hero: Aerosmith is a rhythm game made by Neversoft with other help from Activision. It is part of the "Guitar Hero" franchise. The game was released in North America on June 29 2008, and two days earlier in Europe.

paragraphs: Some of the songs featured in the game include "Combination", "Kings and Queens", "Train Kept A Rollin" and "Mama Kin".


title: Guitar Hero: On Tour

paragraphs: Guitar Hero: On Tour is a music video game developed by Vicarious Visions and published by RedOctane and Activision. It's the first "Guitar Hero" game made for a handheld game system. To play, players use Slot 2 (the bottom loading slot of the DS) to attach a device with red, green, blue, and yellow buttons on it. The player uses those four keys to play the game.

paragraphs: The gameplay of "Guitar Hero: On Tour" is like the other "Guitar Hero" games where the player strums and hits the fret buttons when the notes appear on the screen.

paragraphs: "Guitar Hero: On Tour" has two track lists. One's for North America, the UK, and Australia, and the other's for non-English speaking countries in Europe. Both have five songs that the other does not have. They both have 26 songs including one bonus track.

paragraphs: "Guitar Hero: On Tour" got mostly good reviews with 81% at Game Rankings and 76/100 at Meta Critic. It was praised for being a challenging and fun game. Some reviewers complained about hand cramps from playing.

paragraphs: "On Tour" was the second best-selling games of June 2008, having sold 422,000 copies. It's Activision's fastest-selling DS game.


Geo


title: Toad (Nintendo)

paragraphs: Toad and the species were first seen in the game "Super Mario Bros.". Toad's design was made directly from the power up, the Super Mushroom as well as the game's general use with mushrooms. Shigeru Miyamoto, the creator of the Mario series, made a reason that Toad's creation was that of being a character that has a simplistic design; yet, still appears cute and lovely and pleases to everybody. In the game, the peaceful Toads of the Mushroom Kingdom had been turned into various objects such as bricks and pipes by the evil King Bowser; however, some of Princess Toadstool's loyal servants, known as the "Mushroom Retainers" were simply kidnapped. During the making of "New Super Mario Bros. Wii", the developers at Nintendo decided between four characters to be playable in the game: Princess Peach, Toad, Wario and Waluigi (all suggestions made by fans). Two Toads (yellow and navy) were eventually included as playable characters in "New Super Mario Bros. Wii" due to their physical similarity to Mario and Luigi.

paragraphs: Being a character who appears often in the series, Toad is considered as one of the major Mario series characters being playable and appearing in many of the games. Toad appears in the Mario merchandise varying from toys and plushies, keychains etc. Toad is featured in Nintendo's board games such as being on the protagonist side in the Mario themed chess set, as well as being a purchasable character in the Nintendo monopoly game. In , Toad's hat is available after getting 3000 points in Tom Nook's Point Tracking system.

paragraphs: "Black Pear Tree", an EP by The Mountain Goats and Kaki King, features a song titled "Thank You Mario But Our Princess is in Another Castle," sung from the view of Toad. Toad ranked in the seventh slot on Game Daily's top 10 Nintendo characters that deserve their own games list; the site explained that he has a strong appeal that Nintendo has yet to tap into. Toad is listed as number two in the most neglected Mario Bros. characters list as he has been described by the site to have been ignored by Nintendo for quite a while due to the lack of starring roles he gets in the more recent games. In an Oricon poll from 2008, Toad was voted as the eighth most popular video game character in Japan. IGN editor Matt Casamassina criticized Nintendo for including the Toads over more notable characters in the "Mario" series for New Super Mario Bros. Wii, arguing that the developers were being lazy to not include other characters because the Toads were easier to make.


title: Itanagar

paragraphs: Itanagar is the capital of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.

paragraphs: Ita Fort is one of the most important historical sites in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.


title: Redwall

paragraphs: Redwall is a series of books written by Brian Jacques. The first book was written in 1986, and the people are all animals, like mice, rats, moles, otters, stoats, and weasels. The story is about an abbey called Redwall, and the animals that live there. "Redwall" has been made into an opera, and an animated TV series based on three of the novels ("Redwall", "Mattimeo", and "Martin the Warrior"), which first aired in 1999. The books are mainly aimed at older children. There were twenty-two novels and two picture books published. The twenty-second, and last novel, "The Rogue Crew", was published on May 3, 2011, after Jacques' death.

paragraphs: The book series does not happen in one particular timeframe. Instead, it is set in many different times in the history of the world of Redwall. Some of the books focus on characters who, in another book, are historical figures (e.g., Martin the Warrior's father, Luke, in "The Legend of Luke"). Usually, those books are set before Redwall Abbey was started. There is a timeline in the Redwall series, but it often places the books in a completely different order than the order they were written. However, there were two times when the novels were published in chronological order.


title: Lommiswil

paragraphs: Lommiswil is a municipality in the district Lebern in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.


title: Lostorf

paragraphs: Lostorf is a municipality in the district Gösgen in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.


title: Luterbach

paragraphs: Luterbach is a municipality in the district Wasseramt in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.


title: Lüsslingen

paragraphs: Lüsslingen is a former municipality in the district Bucheggberg, in the canton of Solothurn, Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Lüsslingen and Nennigkofen merged to form the new municipality of Lüsslingen-Nennigkofen.


title: Matzendorf

paragraphs: Matzendorf is a municipality in the district Thal in the canton of Solothurn in Switzerland.


title: Redwall (novel)

paragraphs: Redwall is a fantasy book written by Brian Jacques in 1986. It was illustrated by Gary Chalk, and was translated into nine different languages. Redwall is the first book in the Redwall series.


title: Mossflower

paragraphs: Mossflower is a fantasy book that was written in 1988 by Brian Jacques. It is the second book in the "Redwall" series, and was translated into eight different languages besides English.


title: LeToya Luckett

paragraphs: LeToya Nicole Luckett (born March 11, 1981), known professionally as LeToya, is an Americansinger, actress, producer and songwriter. She is a former member of the R&B female group, Destiny's Child with whom she won two Grammy Awards, but when the group was successfully prompted in the world she was forced to leave.

paragraphs: When interviewed by MTV News, Luckett said that she and LaTavia Roberson created a new group called Anjel. Auditions were made, then Naty Quinones and Tiffany Beaudoin were selected as members. The group recorded demo songs. Their production company which handled the group fell through, and the members of Anjel went on to pursue solo projects.

paragraphs: In 2004, Capitol Records signed Luckett, then she started her solo career. Her solo debut album, "LeToya", topped the U.S. "Billboard" 200 albums chart in July 2006 and was certified platinum by the RIAA in December 2006. The album spawned five singles. Two were released with promotional purpose, to see the audience reaction towards her, but "Torn" would be her most notable song. It achieved records on BET's top ten countdown show "106 & Park". She was also named "One of the Best New Artists of 2006" by AOL and the "Top Songwriter of 2006" by ASCAP. Luckett's second album, "Lady Love", was scheduled for a spring 2008 release. It was released in 2009. She is now on road with the stage play tour ""Rumors"".


title: Annie Oliv

paragraphs: Annie Oliv(born 1988 in Jönköping, Sweden) is a Swedish beauty queen, cello player and personal assistant to a disabled person.

paragraphs: On September 8, 2007, Oliv won the "Miss Sweden World" title. She later represented her country at Miss World 2007. She placed 4th in the competition. She won the title "Miss World Europe 2007". Annie Oliv played cello during Melodifestivalen 2008 in Mickey Huskics entry in semifinal number three on February 23.


title: Musical movie

paragraphs: The musical movie is a movie genre in which several songs sung by the characters are linked into the story line. The songs are used to advance the plot or develop the movie's characters.

paragraphs: The musical movie was a natural development of the stage musical. Typically, the biggest difference between movie and stage musicals is the use of expensive and impressive background scenery which would not be in a theater. Musical movies usually contain elements similar of theater; performers often treat their song and dance numbers as if there is a live audience watching.


title: Julie Taymor

paragraphs: Julie Taymor (born December 15, 1952) is an American director of Broadway theatre and movies. Taymor's work has received lots of praise from critics. She has won two Tony Awards out of four nominations, an Emmy Award, and an Academy Award nomination for her work, known for its visual flair and colorful costuming choices. She lives in New York City with her partner Elliot Goldenthal, who she has been with for over 20 years.


title: Evan Rachel Wood

paragraphs: Evan Rachel Wood (born September 7, 1987) is an American movie, television and theater actress. She began acting in the late 1990s, appearing in several television roles, including "American Gothic" and "Once and Again". Wood's first role as a leading movie actress was in 2002's "Little Secrets", and she became well known after changing to a more adult-orientated Golden Globe-nominated role in the critically acclaimed "Thirteen" (2003).

paragraphs: Wood continued acting in mostly independent films, including "Pretty Persuasion" (2005), "Down in the Valley" (2006), and in the big studio production "Across the Universe" (2007). Critics have praised Wood's acting, such as "The Guardian" newspaper describing her as being "wise beyond her years" and as "one of the best actresses of her generation". Her personal relationship with singer Marilyn Manson received media coverage. She is openly bisexual.


title: Jim Sturgess

paragraphs: James Sturgess (born 1981) is a British actor. He has acted in both television and movies as well as radio. He is perhaps most famous for playing Jude in "Across the Universe" and the younger Charlie in "The Quest" series of television movies.

paragraphs: Sturgess was born in London. He is a former member of the National Youth Music Theatre (1993-95) and studied at the University of Salford's School of Media, Music and Performance.

paragraphs: Sturgess recently worked on the movie "Fifty Dead Men Walking". In the movie, he plays Martin McGartland, the writer of the book on which the movie is based.


title: Joe Anderson

paragraphs: Joe Anderson (born 1982) is a English actor.

paragraphs: He attended Richmond upon Thames College and later the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London. Both his parents work in the movie industry. Anderson has acted professionally since childhood. His skills include photography, guitar and gymnastics.

paragraphs: Anderson has worked in movie, television and on the stage at the Chichester Festival Theatre. He appeared in "Copying Beethoven", playing Ludwig van Beethoven's nephew. He also appeared in "Across the Universe" as Max, an American teenager drafted into the Vietnam War. Anderson is also starring as Joy Division bass player Peter Hook in Anton Corbijn's 2007 movie "Control".


title: Dana Fuchs

paragraphs: Dana Fuchs (born 10 January 1976) is an American singer, songwriter, actress and voice over talent.

paragraphs: The youngest of six musical children, Fuchs was born and raised in Wildwood, Florida. It is a small rural town. She is the daughter of Sandy and Don Fuchs. At the age of twelve she joined the First Baptist Gospel Choir and began singing in public. At sixteen she became the lead singer of a popular local band at a roadside Holiday Inn. She moved to New York City at nineteen and began working with Jon Diamond, a guitarist who had toured with Joan Osborne and W.C. Handy Award winner Debbie Davies. They formed the Dana Fuchs Band. The band was a feature act at a number of clubs, performing with people like John Popper, James Cotton, and Taj Mahal.

paragraphs: Fuchs plays Sadie in the Julie Taymor movie "Across the Universe". She also played the singing Janis Joplin in the Eric Nederlander production of Randall Myler's off Broadway musical "Love, Janis".


title: Martin Luther McCoy

paragraphs: Martin Luther McCoy is an American musician and actor. He worked with The Roots a lot and appears as one of the six lead characters in the 2007 Beatles musical "Across the Universe" in the role of "JoJo".

paragraphs: McCoy goes by the stage name of "Martin Luther" in his music career. For his acting work he is known under his full name.

paragraphs: Martin Luther released his first solo album "The Calling" in 1999 and followed it with an independent release of his second album "Rebel Soul Music" in 2004 on his own label Rebel Soul Records. His third album "Love is the Hero" was supposed to be released in 2011


title: T. V. Carpio

paragraphs: Teresa Victoria Carpio, more commonly known as T. V. Carpio, is a Chinese / Filipina singer, songwriter and actress. She is the daughter of Asian singing star Teresa Carpio, with whom she has performed on stage as a backup singer.

paragraphs: Carpio played Prudence in the 2007 musical movie "Across the Universe". She has also appeared on television, including a TV movie and episodes of "The Jury" and "Law & Order". She made her Broadway debut in "Rent" as Alexi Darling and others, appearing from December 2006 until April 2007.


title: Joe Cocker

paragraphs: Joe Cocker, OBE (20 May 1944 – 21 December 2014) was an English rock/blues singer who came to popularity in the 1960s, and was most known for his gritty voice and his cover versions of popular songs, particularly those of The Beatles. The cover of their song "With A Little Help From My Friends", sung by Cocker at the Woodstock Festival, initially made him famous.

paragraphs: On 22 December 2014, Cocker died of lung cancer at his home in Crawford, Colorado at the age of 70.


title: Elliot Goldenthal

paragraphs: Elliot Goldenthal (born May 2, 1954 in Brooklyn, New York City) is an American composer of modern classical music. He was a student of Aaron Copland and John Corigliano. Goldenthal is best known for his ability to blend different musical styles and techniques in original and inventive ways.


title: Corte

paragraphs: Corte () in is a city (a "commune" in French) in the Haute-Corse "département" in central area of Corsica, in France. It is the fourth-largest city in Corsica (after Ajaccio, Bastia, and Porto-Vecchio), with a population of 6,329 inhabitants in 1999. Corte was the capital of the Corsican independent state during the period of Pasquale Paoli.

paragraphs: Corte is connected to Ajaccio, Bastia and Calvi by the Corsican railway.

paragraphs: Corte has become a major University town in Corsica since the Pasquale Paoli University opened 1980.


title: Sartène

paragraphs: Sartène (), is a town (a "commune" in French) of Southern Corsica, in the Corse-du-Sud "département", in France. The city is famous since medieval times for granite buildings in 16th century. One of the main incidents in the town's history was an attack by pirates from Algiers in 1583, after which 400 people were taken away. These attacks continued into the 18th century.

paragraphs: The town is centered around the Place de la Libération (previously the Place Porta), at the edge of which is the church of Sainte Marie. The town allows good views across the valley. Sartene wine is well known amongst wine buffs as being a good drop.

paragraphs: Sartene has given its name to one of the southern-Corsican dialects that are most like the Sardinian language.


title: Saint-Florent, Haute-Corse

paragraphs: Saint-Florent () is a commune in Haute-Corse, Corsica, France. It is a fishing port located near the gulf of the same name (Saint-Florent Gulf).

paragraphs: Today, it is a popular summer vacation spot for many tourists for one of the most beautiful beaches on the Mediterranean coast, Saleccia.

paragraphs: Saint-Florent has a typically Mediterranean climate - mild winters with temperatures rarely under zero, warm, dry summers with temperatures at around 35°C in July and August.

paragraphs: Saint-Florent was created by the Genoese in the 16th century as a base for to fight the Corsican patriots in their villages. The colonial state and imperialist France later used it for getting troops of mercenaries and colonists during August 1764. After the defeat at Ponte Novu Bridge, the army of Pasquale Paoli, helped by Horatio Nelson, reconquered Saint-Florent in 1793 during the brief Anglo-Corsican rule.

paragraphs: The Genoise citadel constructed in 1440.


title: Calvi, Haute-Corse

paragraphs: Calvi is a small town and commune of the Haute-Corse, in France. It is on the northwest coast of the island of Corsica, 95 km from Bastia and 24 km from L'Île-Rousse. The town has 5,177 people (1999), and is the fifth-largest commune in Corsica. There is a legend that Christopher Columbus was from Calvi, which at the time was part of the Genoese empire. The 2nd Foreign Parachute Regiment of the French Foreign Legion is based in Calvi.

paragraphs: The economy of Calvi is mainly based on tourism, which started in 1950.


title: L'Île-Rousse

paragraphs: L'Île-Rousse () is a commune in the Haute-Corse department of Corsica, France. It has a permanent population of around 2,500. It was founded in 1758 by Pasquale Paoli to create a port that would not be in the hands of the Genoese like Calvi.


title: Carbon footprint

paragraphs: The term carbon footprint is how much carbon goes into the air because of something done by people or that is not done by nature. Doing something that burns fuel will make carbon dioxide gas (CO2). It is the total amount of greenhouse gases produced to directly and indirectly support human activities, usually expressed in equivalent tons of carbon dioxide. Just as walking on the sand leaves a footprint, burning fuel leaves carbon dioxide in the air, which is called a carbon footprint. Total carbon footprint/emission would include energy emissions from human activities - that is, from heat, light, power and refrigeration and all transport related emissions from cars, freight and distribution.

paragraphs: The words "carbon footprint" are often seen in the news. They are used with the word sustainability, which means that we can keep doing something without making something bad happen. That is, if there is too much of a carbon footprint, then there is no sustainability. People and businesses are often asked to think about how much carbon they are putting into the air, and how this changes the environment and maybe causes global warming. This is often said about traveling by airplane or by car, because burning fuel makes carbon dioxide gas.

paragraphs: Oil, gas, and coal are called "fossil fuels" because they come from fossils of ancient plants and animals. Those plants and animals had carbon in them. When we burn oil, gas, and coal, the carbon becomes carbon dioxide and goes into the air. This makes the greenhouse effect, which means that the carbon dioxide makes the earth warmer, like a greenhouse. A carbon footprint is the carbon dioxide that is put into the air because of a person, a group of people, an event or a product.

paragraphs: The most common way to reduce the carbon footprint of humans is to Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refuse. Another easy option is to drive less. By walking or biking to the destination rather than driving, not only is a person going to save money on gas, but they will be burning less fuel and releasing fewer emissions into the atmosphere. However, if walking is not an option, one can look into carpooling use public transportation options in their area.

paragraphs: Yet another option for reducing the carbon footprint of humans is to use less air conditioning and heating in the home. By adding insulation to the walls and attic of one's home, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows one can lower their heating costs more than 25 percent.

paragraphs: Choice of diet is a major influence on a person's carbon footprint. Animal sources of protein (especially red meat), rice (typically produced in high methane-emitting paddies), foods transported long distance and/or via fuel-inefficient transport (e.g., highly perishable produce flown long distance) and heavily processed and packaged foods are among the major contributors to a high carbon diet.