title: Governor of Michigan

paragraphs: The Governor of Michigan is the chief executive of the U.S. State of Michigan. The current Governor is Gretchen Whitmer, a member of the Democratic Party.

paragraphs: From the time the state was created until the election of 1966, governors were elected to two-year terms. Elections are held in November and the governor took office the next January. Until 1851, elections were held in odd-numbered years. A new state constitution was created in 1850 and took effect in 1851. Because of this, there was a single one-year term of governor in 1851. After this, elections were held on even years.

paragraphs: The constitution adopted in 1963 changed the governor's term to four years, starting in 1967. Since then, elections for governor have been two years before U.S. Presidential elections (for example, Presidential elections were in 2000 and 2004, elections for governor were in 1998 and 2002). The winner of the election takes office at noon on January 1 of the year after the election.

paragraphs: In 1992, a change to the Michigan constitution said that a person could only be governor for two terms. Before this, they were not limited as to how many terms they could serve. John Engler, the governor at the time, served three terms as his first term took place before the change was made. Engler was reelected in 1994 and 1998 before being term limited in 2002.

paragraphs: Forty-eight people have been governor of the state. Before becoming a state, there were five governors of the Michigan Territory. Stevens T. Mason, Michigan's first governor, also served as a territorial governor. He was elected governor at age 23 as a member of the Democratic Party in 1835 and served until 1840. Mason was the youngest state governor in United States history.

paragraphs: Jennifer Granholm became the first female Governor of Michigan on January 1, 2003. She served for 8 years, until January 1, 2011.


title: Anisul Hoque

paragraphs: Anisul Hoque (), (born March 4, 1965) is a Bangladeshi author, novelist, dramatist, and journalist. Anisul Hoque was born in Rangpur in 1965. His father was Mofazzal Hoque. His mother is Mst Anwara Begum. Hoque graduated from Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, trained as a civil engineer. Now he working as a journalist. Currently, Hoque is working as an Associate Editor of a Bengali language daily, Prothom Alo.


title: Kabir Bakul

paragraphs: Kabir Bakul (born November 21, 1966) is a lyricist from Bangladesh. He has also worked as a journalist. He earned the National Film Award as the Best Lyricist at 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2013. Kabir Bakul was born on November 21, 1966 in Chandpur District. His wife is singer Dinat Jahan Munni. They have two daughters, Prerona and Protikkha, and a son, Procchod. At present, he is working at Maasranga Television as Head of Event and Planning. In 1994, he wrote a song for the movie “Ogni Sontan”. For this song he was nominated for the Best Lyricist at the Bangladesh Film Director Samity Awards.

paragraphs: Kabir Bakul has written poems since he was young. He started writing song lyrics in 1988. That year, he wrote 13 songs for singer Tapan Chowdhury. From those songs, two were released on albums. The first song was "Kal sara raat tomari kakon jeno mone mone rinijhini bejeche". The singer was Ayub Bacchu. The second song was "Pothe jete jete khujechi tomay" for singer Nasim Ali Khan. He has written 800 songs for movies. He has written over 5000 songs in total.

paragraphs: Kabir Bakul wrote a drama named "Goodbye America". It was broadcast July 2012 on Eid program. His second drama, "Kajoler Ontordan" was broadcast October 2012 on RTV.


title: Marisa Miller

paragraphs: Marisa Lee Miller (born August 6, 1978),née Berdetta, is an American actress and model. She is best known for being in the "Sports Illustrated" Swimsuit Issues and her work for lingerie retailer Victoria's Secret.


title: Louis-Frédéric

paragraphs: Louis-Frédéric Nussbaum (1923-1996 ), also known as Louis Frédéric or Louis-Frédéric, was a French scholar, art historian, writer, translator and editor. He was a specialist in the cultures of Asia, especially India and Japan.

paragraphs: Louis-Frédéric was born in Paris in 1923. He studied at the Sorbonne and the École Pratique des Hautes Études.

paragraphs: Louis-Frédéric wrote many books on India, Japan and Southeast Asia.

paragraphs: He was the editor of the 10-volume "Encyclopaedia of Asian Civilizations" which was published in eight editions in English between 1977 and 1987.

paragraphs: Louis-Frédéric's "Japan encyclopedia" was published in six editions in English and French between 1996 and 2005.

paragraphs: In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 170 works in 337 publications in 14 languages and 7,762 library holdings.


title: Lois Griffin

paragraphs: Lois Griffin is a character in the television comedy Family Guy. She is the wife of Peter Griffin. He has three children. They are an American family and Lois has a New Yorker accent. Alex Borstein does her voice. She is 43 years old.


title: Demographics

paragraphs: Demographics are statistical information about human populations (groups of people). Sociology, demography, marketing, business, and other studies use the information from people who study demographics. Some demographics that many demographers study are gender, race, jobs, and location (where people live).

paragraphs: "Demographic trends" are changes in those areas. For example, if a city was half women and half men in 1940 and was more than half women in 1980, and the number of women kept going up, that would be a demographic trend.


title: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh

paragraphs: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh is the 22nd full-length animated movie produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was first released on March 11, 1977.

paragraphs: The movie is made from three previously released animated short movies based upon the Winnie-the-Pooh books by A. A. Milne: "Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree" (1966), "Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day" (1968), and "Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too" (1974). This is also the last movie in the Disney canon that Walt Disney was personally involved with, because one of the shorts ("Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree") was released during his lifetime, and he was involved in the production of "Blustery Day". A fourth and final short movie based on the original books, "Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore", was released in 1983. It is included as a bonus feature on the VHS and DVD release of the movie.

paragraphs: The characters from the movie became very popular. There have been sequels, television programs, clothing, books, and toys based on the characters. The movie is different from the three individual shorts by having newly created material to link the stories together. It also has an ending to close the stories. The ending is based on the final chapter of "The House at Pooh Corner". It was always Walt Disney's intention to make a movie, but he decided to make shorts instead — after production had begun — to familiarize US audiences with the characters. All three shorts as well as future movies boast classic songs by the Sherman Brothers including "Winnie the Pooh" and "The Wonderful Thing About Tiggers".

paragraphs: The movie also inspired an attraction of the same name at Disneyland, Walt Disney World, and Hong Kong Disneyland. A much more elaborate attraction, also based on the movie, opened in Tokyo Disneyland as "Pooh's Hunny Hunt".

paragraphs: For the character Piglet, hand gestures and other movements were used by the animators to make expressions, because he (and Pooh) had the look of dolls or stuffed animals with relatively simple button eyes. The scene where Rabbit deals with Pooh's being part of the "decor of his home" was not in the original book, but was reportedly made by Disney when he first read the book.

paragraphs: Movie critic Leonard Maltin called the original Pooh featurettes "gems". He also noted that the artwork resembles the book illustrations, and that the particular length of these short movies meant that the moviemakers didn't have to "compress or protract their script." The movie has a 91% "fresh" rating from critics on Rotten Tomatoes.

paragraphs: Ruth Hill Viguers, however, when writing in "A Critical History of Children’s Literature" during the 1960s, mentioned Disney’s Winnie the Pooh along with several other Disney adaptations as having “destroyed the integrity of the original books”.

paragraphs: The American Film Institute nominated "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" for its Top 10 Animated Films list.

paragraphs: "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh" was first released on VHS, Betamax, CED videorecord, and laserdisc in the early 1980s. In 1996, it was re-released on VHS as part of the Masterpiece Collection. It included video footage of the making which was shown before the movie starts. It was released on DVD for the first time in 2002 to commemorate its 25th anniversary, with digitally restored picture and sound. The separate shorts had also been released on their own on VHS in the 1990s.

paragraphs: The 25th anniversary edition DVD includes, among other bonus features, "The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh: The Story Behind the Masterpiece", which documents the history of the books and their initial movie adaptations. It also features interviews with animators Ollie Johnston, Frank Thomas, and Burny Mattinson, as well as the Sherman brothers, Paul Winchell, and others. Digital Media FX reviewer Shannon Muir said that the audio and video quality of the movie on this DVD was very high.

paragraphs: The "Friendship Edition" DVD was re-released on June 19, 2007. All of the special features from the previous "25th Anniversary Edition" DVD were recycled; the only new addition being an episode of Playhouse Disney's computer-animated series "My Friends Tigger & Pooh". The DVD re-release coincides with the 30th anniversary of the release of the movie.

paragraphs: The Blu-Ray version was released for the first time in August 2013.


title: The Black Cauldron (movie)

paragraphs: The Black Cauldron is a 1985 American animated dark fantasy movie based on Lloyd Alexander's Welsh mythology novel series "The Chronicles of Prydain". The movie is directed by Ted Berman and Richard Rich, who directed the previous movie "The Fox and the Hound".

paragraphs: The movie follows a villager and his allies on a quest to stop the evil Horned King from using the magical Black Cauldron.

paragraphs: It was not popular when it was first released. It is a cult movie. It cost $25 million to make. It earned only $21 million at the North American box office. It is said to be one of the worst box-office failures from Walt Disney Animation Studios.


title: The Rescuers Down Under

paragraphs: The Rescuers Down Under is a 1990 American animated adventure movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation. It was released by Walt Disney Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution on November 16, 1990. The movie is the sequel to the 1977 movie "The Rescuers". The original movie was based on the novels of Margery Sharp. This movie is based on the characters created by Sharp.

paragraphs: This movie, "Fantasia 2000", "Winnie the Pooh", "Ralph Breaks the Internet", and "Frozen II", are the only Disney sequels that are part of the Disney canon. This is because all three were produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. Set in the Australian Outback, "The Rescuers Down Under" was Eva Gabor's final movie role before her retirement from acting in 1994 and death in 1995.

paragraphs: "The Rescuers Down Under" has three characters from the first movie: Bernard, Bianca, and the Chairmouse. All of them are played by the same actors as in the first movie.

paragraphs: "The Rescuers Down Under" was released in the Walt Disney Classics video series on September 20, 1991 with a home video trailer for "The Jungle Book", while "The Rescuers" was released on VHS a year later in September 1992. However, unlike "The Rescuers", "The Rescuers Down Under" did not make it to the "Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection". It was re-released on VHS and DVD on August 1, 2000 as part of the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection.

paragraphs: "The Rescuers Down Under" was released alongside "The Rescuers" on Blu-ray in a "2-Movie Collection" on August 21, 2012 to commemorate the first movie's 35th anniversary.


title: Fantasia 2000

paragraphs: Fantasia 2000 is a 1999 American animated movie. It was produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation and released by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a sequel to "Fantasia" (1940). Like the earlier movie, it has animated segments set to pieces of classical music. "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" is the only segment that is in both movies.

paragraphs: The soundtrack was performed by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra with conductor James Levine. A group of celebrities introduce each segment in live-action scenes. The celebrities include Steve Martin, Bette Midler, Penn & Teller, James Earl Jones, Quincy Jones and Angela Lansbury.

paragraphs: "Fantasia 2000" was shown at Carnegie Hall on December 17, 1999. It was part of a five-city concert tour, with performances in London, Paris, Tokyo and Pasadena, California. An exclusive release in IMAX theatres followed from January 1 to April 30, 2000. It became the first animated feature-length movie in the IMAX format. "Fantasia 2000" was opened in the United States on June 16, 2000. It has earned $90.8 million in gross revenue worldwide.


title: The Emperor's New Groove

paragraphs: The Emperor's New Groove is a 2000 American animated family movie. It was made by Walt Disney Animation Studios released on December 15, 2000, and is the 40th motion picture produced by Disney. The title refers to the fairy tale "The Emperor's New Clothes" by Hans Christian Andersen, but has little in common with the fairy tale.

paragraphs: The movie received an Academy Award nomination for Best Song for "My Funny Friend and Me" performed by Sting. It lost against "Things Have Changed" by Bob Dylan from "Wonder Boys".

paragraphs: A direct-to-video sequel, "Kronk's New Groove", was released in December 2005. There was also an animated television series, "The Emperor's New School", in January 2006.

paragraphs: Kuzco (David Spade) is a selfish, bratty South American emperor, who lives the high life and punishes those who offend him. He summons Pacha (John Goodman), the leader of a local village, and tells him he intends to build a lavish resort called Kuzcotopia for himself, destroying the village. Pacha attempts to protest but is dismissed. Meanwhile, Yzma (Eartha Kitt), Kuzco's aged adviser, who is angry about him firing her, decides to get revenge on the emperor so she can take over the throne. She and her muscle-bound but dimwitted lackey Kronk (Patrick Warburton), organize a dinner for Kuzco, where they plan to poison him, but the plan goes awry when the emperor is transformed into a llama.

paragraphs: After knocking him unconscious, Yzma orders Kronk to dispose of Kuzco. He does so and throws his unconscious body into a river, but has a change of heart, and saves him at the last second, accidentally losing him on Pacha's cart. When he arrives at the village, Kuzco wakes up and orders Pacha to return him to the palace. Pacha agrees, but only if he builds his resort somewhere else. Kuzco refuses and, against Pacha's warnings, decides to travel back to the palace on his own, but ends up lost in the jungle where he is nearly killed by black panthers and is rescued by Pacha. Meanwhile, Yzma seizes control of the empire, but when she learns Kuzco has survived, she and Kronk search for him.

paragraphs: Kuzco seemingly agrees with Pacha's demands, but during the journey to the palace, the two fight on a collapsing bridge when Kuzco reveals he still intends to destroy the village. Working together, the two climb out of the valley, after the bridge collapses. During their search, Yzma and Kronk end up in the jungle and take directions from Bucky, a squirrel who Kuzco had encountered earlier.

paragraphs: Kuzco and Pacha arrive at a roadside diner; unbeknown to them, Yzma and Kronk have followed them there. While Kuzco complains to the chef, Pacha eavesdrops on Yzma's plan, and tries to warn Kuzco that she is planning to kill him; however, he refuses to listen, convinced that Yzma is loyal to him, and reveals that he plans to go back on his word and destroy Pacha's village. When he overhears her planning to kill him due to his selfishness, he leaves the diner on his own and consigns himself to live out his life as a normal llama, before reuniting and reconciling with Pacha. When the two return to his house to pick up supplies, they discover Yzma and Kronk have arrived, searching for them.

paragraphs: Pacha has his family distract Yzma and Kronk, giving him and Kuzco a head-start as they travel to the palace to find a potion to reverse the effects of the curse; however, they are ambushed by Yzma and Kronk, who somehow beat them to the palace. When Yzma orders Kronk to kill the two, he is hesitant, prompting her to insult him and his cooking, prompting him to betray her, but she drops him down a trapdoor. Yzma then summons the palace guards, who are transformed into animals, tricking them into thinking they murdered Kuzco, forcing the pair to flee with an armful of potions (Yzma intentionally knocked them to the floor as a means of preventing Kuzco and Pacha finding the right one), and during their pursuit, Kuzco is turned into various animals. When the duo is cornered, Kuzco and Yzma struggle over the vials, crushing one and transforming Yzma into a cat.

paragraphs: Kuzco and Pacha team up to retrieve the potion, which Yzma snatches, but is knocked out by Kronk, who found a secret exit. Pacha gives Kuzco the potion, and he is transformed back into a human. Later, having realized the consequences of his selfishness, takes Pacha's suggestion to move Kuzcotopia to a neighboring hill. He later joins Pacha and his family at a smaller resort, and elsewhere Kronk becomes a scout leader, training a group of scouts, including Yzma as a cat.

paragraphs: According to the 2002 documentary The Sweatbox, The Emperor's New Groove started production in late 1994 by Roger Allers as Kingdom of the Sun, a more traditional Disney animated movie. By 1997 with the releases of both Pocahontas and The Hunchback of Notre Dame and their financial failures, the executives wanted something more comedic and less formulaic.

paragraphs: Annie Awards are an award each year for animated movies.


title: Dave Pasch

paragraphs: Dave Pasch (b. 1972) is an American sportscaster. Pasch works for ESPN. He calls play-by-play of college football, college basketball, NBA, WNBA, and Arena football games. He has also been the radio voice for the Arizona Cardinals of the NFL since 2002, teaming with Ron Wolfley. In 2007, Pasch called the Little League World Series.


title: 2012 Green Bay Packers season

paragraphs: The 2012 Green Bay Packers season was the Green Bay Packers' 92nd season in the National Football League, the 94th overall and the seventh under head coach Mike McCarthy.

paragraphs: The Packers acquired the No. 224 selection in a trade that sent guard Caleb Schlauderaff to the New York Jets.

paragraphs: The Packers have received the maximum number of compensatory selections available to teams through the NFL's compensatory draft program. Two addition picks in both the 4th and 7th rounds.

paragraphs: The Packers traded the No. 54 and No. 123 picks to receive No. 51 from the Philadelphia Eagles.

paragraphs: The Packers traded the No. 90 and No. 163 picks to receive No. 62 for the New England Patriots .


title: Small Smiles Dental Centers

paragraphs: Small Smiles Dental Centers (called Church Street Health Management and previously called FORBA) is a company that manages dental offices in the United States for poor people. Small Smiles has 70 centers in 22 states and Washington, DC. It has its headquarters in Nashville, Tennessee. The clinics are called many names, including Children's Dental Clinic, Indian Springs Dental Clinic, Oklahoma Smiles, Small Smiles Dentistry, Texas Smiles, and Wild Smiles.

paragraphs: The clinic comes from a dental clinic in Pueblo, Colorado that was started in 1928. The DeRose family and Dr. William Mueller owned the company.

paragraphs: In 2003 Michael DeRose, one of the DeRoses, bought a very expensive house in Pueblo for $3.4 million. When they owned the clinics, they put children in "papoose boards" to stop them from moving so they could quickly do dental work. The State of Colorado made a law to limit how much they could use the papoose boards. The offices also did lots of dental work on the children and put a lot of crowns on the children's teeth, so the Colorado government said that the clinics could only place a specified number crowns for each day. In 2006 the DeRose family sold the company to new owners.

paragraphs: In 2007 a news reporter named Roberta Baskin filmed the inside of a Small Smiles clinic. The film showed children screaming as the dentists did work on them, as the children were held in papoose boards. The main dentist said that, in one time, they often did six or more baby root canals on a child. He also said the clinic had goals to do a certain amount of dental work so the clinic could make money. The news report went on television and people began filing lawsuits against Small Smiles. A woman from Kentucky named Debbie Hagan started a blog that was against Small Smiles and what it did. Journalists and people from the New York State government talked to Hagan to learn about what was happening. On November 14, 2008, Small Smiles sued Hagan, saying that she published their documents without their permission. On April 16, 2009 the company stopped the lawsuit.

paragraphs: The US government filed a lawsuit against Small Smiles for cheating it of money that was to be spent on dental work for poor children. Small Smiles agreed to pay $24 million to the US government so the lawsuit would be ended. In February 2012 Small Smiles asked for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection.


title: Denmark at the 1972 Summer Paralympics

paragraphs: Denmark sent a delegation to compete at the 1972 Summer Paralympics in Heidelberg, West Germany. They sent ten athletes, eight male and two female.

paragraphs: Athletes at the Paralympics in 1972 were all afflicted by spinal cord injuries and required the use of a wheelchair. This is different from later Paralympics that include events for participants that fit into any of five different disability categories; amputation, either congenital or sustained through injury or illness; cerebral palsy; wheelchair athletes; visual impairment, including blindness; Les autres, any physical disability that does not fall strictly under one of the other categories, for example dwarfism or multiple sclerosis. Each Paralympic sport then has its own classifications, dependent upon the specific physical demands of competition. Events are given a code, made of numbers and letters, describing the type of event and classification of the athletes competing.


title: Ernest Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen

paragraphs: Ernst Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen (Gotha, 21 August 1681 – Hildburghausen, 9 March 1724), was a duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen. He was the oldest son of Ernst, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen and Countess Sophie Henriette of Waldeck.

paragraphs: When he was younger, he served in the Netherlands army. He was wounded in the Spanish Succession War at Höchstädt. In 1715, after the death of his father, he left the Army and governed the duchy of Saxe-Hildburghausen.

paragraphs: Like many German princes, He wanted his duchy to have the splendor of the court of the King Louis XIV of France. This caused him to be ruined financially.

paragraphs: Because he always needed money, he raised taxes and sold towns. He sold the county of Cuylenburg which was the dowry of his wife. The county was sold in 1720. He did not sell it to pay any money he owed to others. It was sold so that a garden and a channel could be built in his palace. In 1723 the Schalkau was sold to the duchy of Saxe-Meiningen. At the time, Schalkau had city privileges, and the right to hold a market. What was sold was an administrative division, much like a county, only smaller, which included Schalkau. The sale without the agreement of his wife was illegal. This led to a war with Saxe-Meiningen. At the end of the war, all of the county was ruined.

paragraphs: Because of his very bad taxes, in 1717 an open revolt took place in the duchy.

paragraphs: Ernst Frederick married Countess Sophia Albertine of Erbach-Erbach in Erbach on 4 February 1704. They had fourteen children:


title: Espadrille

paragraphs: Espadrilles are flat casual shoes or high heel sandals usually consisting of canvas or cotton fabric uppers and flexible sole made of jute, a natural fiber with vulcanized rubber underneath. These are worn primarily by women, although men wear the shoes also. These shoes are usually manufactured in Bangladesh and Spain. The soles of an espadrille are usually flat or platform wedge shape. These shoes are usually closed toed and closed backed, although some are open. Espadrilles can be easily slipped on the foot.

paragraphs: Closed toe canvas upper with flat wedge sole made of jute braids are the most popular casual espadrilles known as "Classic" or "Cotheeka Basic" espadrilles in the world. Different colored cotton or jute canvas uppers are used for this style of espadrille that made it very popular among the women as well as men. Striped canvas uppers are also used for these shoes.

paragraphs: High wedge jute sole with uppers of different materials like fabrics, leather etc. are used to make "Fashion espadrilles" which are also very popular among the women. Super models put on these style of espadrilles at fashion shows. These espadrilles are also known as "Party espadrilles". Almost all the designer brands of Europe and North America design these styles of espadrilles.


title: ReachOut Healthcare America

paragraphs: ReachOut Healthcare America (RHA) is an American company that manages dental clinics. Its headquarters are in Phoenix, Arizona. Under the name "Big Smiles," it coordinates dentist vans that go to American schools and do dental checkups and dental work on poor children. In 2011 the dentists that do business with the company went to 8,700 schools and screened and/or worked on 488,000 children.

paragraphs: Michael Howell and Daniel Goldsmith started the ReachOut company in 1997. At first the company coordinated dental checkups and dental work for people in nursing homes in Michigan. The company began coordinating services to schools. It later began doing coordination for schools, foster programs, group homes, homeless shelters, and mental health facilities by late 2003.

paragraphs: In October 2011 a Camp Verde, Arizona boy who had dental work done by a dentist linked with ReachOut complained of pain. His mother, Stacey Gagnon, said that the dentist did dental work on the boy without asking the parents if it was okay. Darren and Stacey Gagnon, the parents of the boy, sued the dentist and the Reachout company. In November 2011, Dan Brown, then the superintendent of the Camp Verde Unified School District, signed a letter saying that ReachOut cannot go to the district's schools anymore.

paragraphs: At one time ReachOut had dentists go to schools in the Clark County School District, the biggest school district in the state of Nevada. In December 2011 the district stopped working with ReachOut.

paragraphs: Ken Tucker, a reporter for the newspaper "Arizona Republic", said said that some parents at the schools said that ReachOut dentists did dental work without telling the parents. He said that the main reason was that ReachOut did not give good care after the dental work was done because the dentists only came to the school two times per year. A mobile dentist who worked with ReachOut, Derryl Brian, said that the dentists under ReachOut had, since 2006, done screenings and work on 80,000 children. Brian said that a lot of people liked what they did.

paragraphs: Several school districts in Arizona, as of August 2012, still work with ReachOut. ReachOut gave care for over 2,000 students of the Peoria Unified School District in Greater Phoenix. ReachOut gave care to twenty Peoria USD schools that have lots of poor children. The ReachOut website has leters from a school nurse in Tucson, Arizona and an elementary school principal of the Deer Valley Unified School District in Greater Phoenix which say good things about ReachOut.


title: Hinglaj Shakti Peeth

paragraphs: Hinglaj Shakti Peeth is a place of worship and pilgrimage of Hindu religion. It is in , in Kadasar village, , Gujarat.

paragraphs: It is also known by the names Hingdaj, Bhavani and Hingraj Mata

paragraphs: To stop the divine dance (Tandava) of Lord Shiva after the death of Dakshayani, Lord Vishnu scattered Shiva's remains over many places on the Indian subcontinent. It is said that the head fell at Hingula or Hinglaj. Because of this, this place is considered the most important of the 51 Shakti Peeths. At each of the Peeths, Bhairava (a manifestation of Shiva) accompanies the relics. The Bhairava at Hinglaj is called Bhimalochana. It is in Koteshwar, Kutch. The Sanskrit texts mention the part as 'Brahmadreya' or vital essence.

paragraphs: Shri brought from Pakistan (Balochistan) to Kadasar village. Kadasar is in Rajkot, Gujarat.

paragraphs: Historically, this area is called Saurashtra. It is the worship place for Mata Hingdaj. One day, Mata and Vikram Raja came to Hingdaj ‘"Shakti Peeth’".

paragraphs: Hinglaj is worshiped as Kuldevi by many Kshatriya, , and Rao of India.


title: Edo-Tokyo Museum

paragraphs: The is a museum of the history of Tokyo during he Edo period. It was established in 1993.

paragraphs: The permanent exhibition includes a replica of the Nihonbashi and scale models of the city.

paragraphs: The museum was designed by Kiyonori Kikutake.

paragraphs: The Edo-Tokyo Open Air Architectural Museum is a branch of the Edo-Tokyo Museum.


title: Self-organization

paragraphs: Self-organization is a process where some form of order arises out of a random system. The process is spontaneous: it happens on its own. It is not directed or controlled by any agent inside or outside the system.

paragraphs: Self-organization occurs in a variety of physical, chemical, biological, social and cognitive systems. A common example is crystallization. An example from biological chemistry is the lipid bilayer, which is the basis of the cell membrane, and so is of great importance.

paragraphs: Many self-organising things have properties which are "emergent". What this means is that one can't predict what will happen, usually because the possibilities are too many to study. Some examples:


title: Okayama Prefectural Museum

paragraphs: The collection includes important historical objects from the local area.


title: French Indochina

paragraphs: French Indochina is a region that consists of Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. It became part of the French colonial empire in the late 19th century. The Japanese Empire conquered it in the Second World War, and other wars went on for decades.


title: Tara (Ireland)

paragraphs: Tara is a village in eastern Ireland. It is northwest of Dublin. It used to be known for its kings.


title: Kyushu Ceramic Museum

paragraphs: The is a museum in Arita, which is a town in Saga Prefecture, Japan. It is one of Japan's many museums which are supported by a prefecture.

paragraphs: The museum features objects which were made in Arita in the Edo period.


title: Arita, Saga

paragraphs: The town is best known for making porcelain and other ceramics.

paragraphs: Arita is in the western part of Saga Prefecture. It is on the border with Nagasaki Prefecture.


title: Asteria

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Asteria (Ancient Greek: Ἀστερία - "of the stars" or "[the] starry one") was the Titan goddess of falling stars and nocturnal divination, such as astrology. Asteria was apart of the second generation of Titans, the daughter of Koios and Phoebe, and sister of Leto. She is the wife of the Titan Perses, by whom she is the mother of Hecate, goddess of magic and witchcraft. When Zeus began to lust for her, Asteria escaped his advances by leaping into the sea and becoming the floating island Delos, upon which her sister Leto eventually gave birth to the twins Apollo and Artemis. As such, she is often labelled "Delos" on Athenian vase-painting.


title: Venusia

paragraphs: Venusia is a small town in Basilicata, southern Italy.


title: Peer Gynt

paragraphs: Peer Gynt is a dramatic poem by Henrik Ibsen, written in 1867. Ibsen based this work on Norse fairy tales written by Peter Christen Asbjørnsen. Asbjørnsen had written these stories about 1848-1850. Ibsen wrote the poem to analyse and criticize the romantic nationalist movement that was present in Norway during that time.

paragraphs: Originally, Peer Gynt was a poem, but Ibsen later adapted it to be a stage play. Edvard Grieg composed the original music for the stage. The first performance was on 24 February 1876, in Christiania, modern-day Oslo. The musical score for the play is made of 26 pieces. In 1888 and 1891, Grieg took eight pieces, and comined them into two suites, of four pieces each. These are known as the Peer Gynt Suites today, and are widely known.

paragraphs: Many movies were made about the subject, the first in 1915.


title: Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum

paragraphs: Because of a number of dinosaur fossils found here, the whole city of Katsuyama was called “Dinosaur Valley Fukui Katsuyama Geopark” in 2008.

paragraphs: Guide tours are held here during warm seasons. It is said to be one of the Three Greatest Dinosaur Museums with The Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology in Canada and in China.

paragraphs: In 2018, Fukui Prefecture held a big national sporting event called . As a lot of dinosaur fossils were found in Fukui, in 2015 became the symbol of the event. After the event finished, Happy-Ryu became the symbol of Fukui. The motive behind the character is Stegosaurus.

paragraphs: As of 2019, more than 1 million people visited the museum.

paragraphs: The museum was opened in 2000, close to a real dinosaur remains site. It was built in Katsuyama because a lot of fossils have been found there since 1989. Famous fossils such as Fukuiraptor and Fukuisaurus are also showed in this museum.

paragraphs: The cost of the construction was about 14 billion Japanese Yen.

paragraphs: In 2014, a dinosaur building was opened outside, in which people can experience digging fossil as they look at the remains.

paragraphs: The exhibition is divided into 5 zones: "Dino Street", "World of Dinosaurs", "Science of the Earth", "History of Life", and "Dino Lab". More than 40 skeletons of dinosaurs including 10 original fossils are displayed in the "World of Dinosaurs" zone.

paragraphs: The “Science of the Earth” zone shows the earth from two points of view--“Water and the Earth” and “Fire and the Earth”. People can see how active the Earth is by observing its sediments, rocks, and minerals.

paragraphs: The “History of Life” zone shows the origin of life and vertebrates, and how they have evolved for 4.6 billion years. Organisms (lives) on the Earth have evolved through a repeated cycle of evolution and extinction. As living organisms and environment influenced each other, the present Earth environment was formed. You can read the story of life as told by these fossils.


title: Jake LaMotta

paragraphs: Giacobbe "Jake" LaMotta (July 10, 1922 – 19 September 2017), nicknamed "The Bronx Bull" and "The Raging Bull," was an American retired professional boxer and former World Middleweight Champion. He was played by Robert De Niro in the 1980 movie "Raging Bull".

paragraphs: LaMotta was an Italian-American. He was born on July 10, 1921 in The Bronx, New York City. He has been married six times. He has four daughters.

paragraphs: LaMotta died on September 19, 2017 at a retirement home in Aventura, Florida from complications of pneumonia at 95 years old.


title: Joey King

paragraphs: Joey Lynn King (born on July 30, 1999) is an American actress, singer and model, who is perhaps best known for her most prominent roles as Ramona Quimby in "Ramona and Beezus". King also appeared in "The Dark Knight Rises", "Oz the Great and Powerful", "Family Weekend", "White House Down", and in "The Conjuring". She has won a Young Artist Award. Her entire showbiz and entertainment career officially began in 2002.

paragraphs: King was born on July 30, 1999 in Los Angeles, California. She was raised in Los Angeles, California. King has also stated that she is "part Jewish and part Christian, but she's more and mostly Jewish".


title: Rick Baker

paragraphs: Richard A. "Rick" Baker (born December 8, 1950) is an American special makeup effects artist known for his creature effect makeup. He has won seven Academy Awards.

paragraphs: Baker was born in Binghamton, New York on December 8, 1950. He studied at the Academy of Art University.


title: Katsuyama, Fukui

paragraphs: The modern city was established on September 1, 1954.


title: Vin Diesel

paragraphs: Vin Diesel (born Mark Sinclair Vincent; July 18, 1967) is an American actor, writer, director, producer and voice talent. His acting includes movies, television and video games. Diesel is known for his roles in the movies "The Fast and the Furious" series, "The Chronicles of Riddick" trilogy, the voice of Groot in the "Marvel Cinematic Universe" and in "XXX".

paragraphs: Diesel was born in New York City, New York. He studied at Hunter College. He is partners with Paloma Jimenez. His father is African-American and His mother is of English, German, Irish and Scottish descent.


title: Juno Temple

paragraphs: Juno Violet Temple (born 21 July 1989) is an English movie, television, stage, and voice actress who is known for her roles in "Atonement", "Dirty Girl", "St Trinian's", "Killer Joe" and in "The Dark Knight Rises".

paragraphs: Temple was born on 21 July 1989 in London, England to Amanda Pirie and to Julien Temple. She studied at Enmore Primary School, Bedales School, and at King's College.


title: Klara Hitler

paragraphs: Klara Hitler (born Klara Pölzl, 12 August 1860 - 21 December 1907) was an Austrian woman. She was the widow of Alois Hitler and the mother of German dictator Adolf Hitler.

paragraphs: Klara was born in the Austrian village of Spital, Weitra, Lower Austria. Her father was Johann Baptist Pölzl and her mother was Johanna Hiedler. Either Hiedler's father, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler, or his brother, Johann Georg Hiedler, was the biological father of Alois Hitler, the man she would later marry. It is presumed and accepted by most that the father was Johann Georg Hiedler. Klara and Alois were first cousins once removed.

paragraphs: In 1876, three years after Alois Hitler's first marriage to Anna Glasl-Hörer, Klara's uncle Alois had hired her as a household servant. She was 16 years old at the time. After the death of his second wife, Franziska Matzelsberger, in 1884, Alois and Klara were married on 7 January 1885 in a wedding held early in the morning at Hitler's rooms on the top floor of the Pommer Inn in Braunau. Alois then went to work for the day at his job as a customs official. Klara still called Alois "uncle" after the marriage. Their first son, Gustav, was born four months later, on 15 May 1885. Their second child, Ida, was born on 23 September 1886. Both infants died of diphtheria during the winter of 1886-1887. A third child, Otto, was born and died in 1887.

paragraphs: Adolf was born 20 April 1889, followed by Edmund on 24 March 1894 and Paula on 21 January 1896. Edmund died of measles on 28 February 1900, at the age of five. Klara's adult life was spent keeping house and raising children. According to Smith, Alois had little understanding or interest in raising children. Historian Alice Miller later wrote, "The family structure could well be characterized as the prototype of a totalitarian regime. Its sole, undisputed, often brutal ruler is the father. The wife and children are totally subservient to his will, his moods, and his whims; they must accept humiliation and injustice unquestioningly and gratefully. Obedience is their primary rule of conduct."

paragraphs: Klara was very devoted to her children. According to William Patrick Hitler, she was a typical stepmother to her stepchildren, Alois Jr. and Angela.

paragraphs: Klara was a devout Roman Catholic. She worshipped at church regularly with her children. Of her six children with Alois, only Adolf and Paula survived childhood.

paragraphs: When Alois died in 1903, he left her a government pension. She sold the house in Leonding and moved with young Adolf and Paula to an apartment in Linz. Three or four years later, she was diagnosed with breast cancer. After many painful iodoform treatments given by her doctor, Eduard Bloch, Klara died at home in Linz from the toxic medical side-effects on December 21, 1907. Adolf and Paula were at her side. Klara was buried in Leonding near Linz.

paragraphs: Adolf Hitler had a close relationship with his mother. He was crushed by her death and carried the grief for the rest of his long life. Bloch later recalled that, after Klara's death, he had seen in "one young man never so much pain and suffering broken fulfilled". Decades later, in 1940, Hitler showed gratitude to Bloch (who was Jewish) by letting him and his wife to leave Austria and go to the United States.


title: Sylvia Kristel

paragraphs: Sylvia Maria Kristel (28 September 1952 18 October 2012) was a Dutch erotic actress who acted in many movies. She was most notable for her role in the "Emmanuelle" movies from the 1970s through to the early 1990s.

paragraphs: The most successful film in her career was "Private Lessons" (1981). She played the housekeeper who initiates a 15-year-old to the wonders of sex. The film grossed over $50,000,000 worldwide.

paragraphs: Kristel was born on 28 September 1952 in Utrecht, Netherlands. She died on the afternoon of 18 October 2012 in Amsterdam, Netherlands from oesophageal and lung cancer, aged 60. She is survived by her son.

paragraphs: In September 2006, Kristel's autobiography "Nue" ("Nude") was published in France. It was translated into English as "Undressing Emmanuelle: a memoir", by Fourth Estate, 2007. . She told of her turbulent personal life blighted by addictions to drugs and alcohol. Her quest for a father figure led to some destructive relationships with older men. The book received some positive reviews.


title: Paul Berg

paragraphs: Paul Berg (born June 30, 1926) is an American biochemist (a person who studies chemistry in living things). He was given the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1980, with Walter Gilbert and Frederick Sanger. The award recognized their contributions to basic research on nucleic acids.

paragraphs: Berg received his undergraduate education at Penn State University, where he majored in biochemistry. He received his Ph.D. in biochemistry from Case Western Reserve University in 1952.

paragraphs: After 1959 Berg worked at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. There he taught biochemistry from 1959 until 2000. He served as director of the Beckman Center for Molecular and Genetic Medicine from 1985 until 2000. He is now professor emeritus at Stanford University.

paragraphs: In addition to the Nobel Prize, Berg was given with the National Medal of Science in 1983 and the National Library of Medicine Medal in 1986.

paragraphs: Berg is famous for his pioneering work involving recombinant DNA, the process of inserting DNA from another species into a molecule, leading to the development of modern genetic engineering. After developing the technique, Berg used it for his studies of viral genomes.


title: Tamil Eelam

paragraphs: Tamil Eelam is an aspiring state for Tamils in Sri Lanka. It was one of the reasons for the Sri Lankan Civil War. The main leader was Velupillai Prabhakaran, the leader of the Tamil Tigers. His assistant was Vimesh Kulasingam.


title: Thomas Cech

paragraphs: Thomas Robert Cech (born December 8, 1947 in Chicago) is an American chemist who shared the 1989 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Sidney Altman. They discovered that RNA was a catalyst. Cech discovered that RNA could itself cut strands of RNA, which showed that life could have started as RNA.

paragraphs: Cech also studied telomeres, and his lab discovered an enzyme, TERT (telomerase reverse transcriptase), which helps to restore telomeres after they are shortened during cell division.

paragraphs: As president of Howard Hughes Medical Institute, he promoted science education, and he teaches an undergraduate chemistry course at the University of Colorado.

paragraphs: Cech's main research area is transcription in the nucleus of cells. He studies how the genetic code of DNA is transcribed into RNA. In the 1970s, Cech discovered that an unprocessed RNA molecule could splice itself.

paragraphs: In 1982, Cech became the first to show that RNA molecules are not restricted to being passive carriers of genetic information they can have catalytic functions and can take part in cellular reactions. RNA-processing reactions and protein synthesis on ribosomes are catalysed by RNA. RNA enzymes are known as ribozymes and are now used for gene technology. They also cut and destroy invading viral RNAs.


title: Reverse transcriptase

paragraphs: A reverse transcriptase is an enzyme which works 'backwards' from RNA to DNA. Normal transcription involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA; reverse transcription is the "reverse" of this. It is a DNA polymerase enzyme that transcribes single-stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA. It also synthesizes a second strand of DNA complementary to the reverse-transcribed single-stranded cDNA.

paragraphs: Well studied reverse transcriptases include:

paragraphs: Reverse transcriptase was discovered by Howard Temin at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in a cancer virus. It was independently isolated by David Baltimore in 1970 at MIT from two RNA tumour viruses. For their achievements, they shared the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Renato Dulbecco).

paragraphs: The idea of reverse transcription was very unpopular at first because it contradicted the central dogma of molecular biology. This states that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into proteins. However, in 1970 when Howard Temin and David Baltimore both independently discovered the enzyme responsible for reverse transcription, the possibility that genetic information could be passed on in this manner was finally accepted.

paragraphs: Out of this work has come the idea that the first genomes were made of RNA genes. The RNA genes surviving today might be all that remain of this early condition. Reverse transcriptase might be the remnant of a stage when DNA genes were made by copying RNA genes. This theory is relevant to the earliest stages of evolution. Reverse transcription is also used by various semi-independent elements called transposons.


title: Stephen Turnbull

paragraphs: Stephen Richard Turnbull (b. 6 February 1948) is a British academic, historian and writer. He is a specialist in Far Eastern military history. He is best known for his writing about the samurai of Japan.

paragraphs: Turnbull earned a degree at Cambridge University.

paragraphs: Further studies led to his earning an MA in Theology and an MA in Military History. He was awarded a PhD from the University of Leeds.

paragraphs: Turnbull is a lecturer in Far Eastern Religions at Leeds.

paragraphs: In an overview of writings by and about Louis-Frédéric, OCLC/WorldCat lists roughly 100+ works in 400+ publications in 15 languages and 15,000+ library holdings.


title: Renato Dulbecco

paragraphs: Renato Dulbecco (February 22, 1914 – February 19, 2012) was an Italian-born American virologist who won the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on oncogenes. Oncogenes are genes in viruses that cause cancer when they infect animal cells.

paragraphs: The prize was shared with Howard Temin and David Baltimore.

paragraphs: Dulbecco studied at the University of Turin under Giuseppe Levi. His fellow students Salvador Luria and Rita Levi-Montalcini also moved to the U.S. with him and won Nobel prizes. He was drafted into the Italian army in World War II, but later joined the resistance.


title: WorldCat

paragraphs: WorldCat is an online catalog stystem which lists the combined collections of 70,000+ libraries in 170 countries.

paragraphs: WorldCat was built by the Online Computer Library Center (OCLC), which is a global cooperative of libraries. WorldCat is maintained by the group of libraries.

paragraphs: In the 1970s, OCLC grew from a regional computer system for 54 Ohio colleges into an international network.

paragraphs: In 1979, the first Canadian and the first international library joined OCLC.

paragraphs: On August 26, 1971, the OCLC Online Union Catalog, now called WorldCat, went online.


title: Buddha Dhatu Jadi

paragraphs: The Buddha Dhatu Jadi (; also known as the Bandarban Golden Temple) is a Buddhist temple. It is located close to Balaghata town, in Bandarban City, in Bangladesh. Skandha or Dhatu means material remains of a holy person. In this temple, the relics belong to Buddha. It is the largest Theravada Buddhist temple with the second largest Buddha statue in Bangladesh.

paragraphs: The Bandaban Golden Temple belongs to the Theravada Buddhism order, which is practiced by the Chittagonian tribal people, a dominant ethnic group of Bandarban. It was built in 2000 in Arakanese architecture, an adoption of South East Asia style.


title: Somapura Mahavihara

paragraphs: Somapura Mahavihara (Sanskrit; "Shompur Môhabihar") in Paharpur, Badalgachhi Upazila, Naogaon District, Bangladesh is among the best known Buddhist viharas in the Indian subcontinent. It is one of the most important archaeological sites in the country. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.


title: Islam in the Maldives

paragraphs: Islam is the state religion of Maldives, and adherence to it is legally required of citizens by a revision of the constitution in 2008: Article 9, Section D "states that a non-Muslim may not become a citizen of the Maldives."


title: Islam in Lebanon

paragraphs: Islam in Lebanon is divided between four Muslim sects; Shias, Sunnis, Alawites, and Ismailis including the Druze.

paragraphs: Muslims (including Druze) account for 59% of the total population of Lebanon, where 39% are Christians. Shiites - about 27% of the total population of Lebanon - live mostly in the northern area of the Beqaa Valley, Southern Lebanon and southern areas of Beirut. About 26% of the Lebanese population is Sunni, concentrated largely in coastal cities like west Beirut, Tripoli and Sidon. The Druze account for 5% of the population.


title: State of Judea

paragraphs: The State of Judea (, "") is a proposed halachic state in the West Bank. The idea was put forward by Israeli Jewish settlers.


title: Ludovico Ariosto

paragraphs: Ludovico Ariosto (Reggio Emilia, 8 September 1474 – Ferrara 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic "Orlando Furioso" (1516). The poem is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato". It tells about the adventures of Charlemagne, Orlando, and the Franks as they fight the Saracens with diversions into many side plots. Ariosto composed the poem in the ottava rima rhyme scheme and introduced narrative commentary throughout the work.

paragraphs: Ariosto spent the greater part of his life at Ferrara including many years in the service of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este and then of Duke Alfonso I. His poem "Orlando Furioso" is designed to exalt the Este family; in its final form it was first published in 1532. It is the greatest of the Italian romantic epics. Ariosto also wrote lyric poetry in Italian and Latin, some satires and four comedies.


title: Javier Bardem

paragraphs: Javier Ángel Encinas Bardem (born 1 March 1969) is a Spanish movie, television, stage, and voice actor who is known for his roles in "Skyfall", "No Country for Old Men", "Biutiful", "Vicky Cristina Barcelona", "Before Night Falls", "Jamón, jamón" and in "". He has won an Golden Globe Award, an BAFTA Award, and an Academy Award.

paragraphs: Bardem was born on 1 March 1969 in Las Palmas of the Canary Islands. He has been married to Penélope Cruz since 2010. They have two children.


title: Defense of Marriage Act

paragraphs: The Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) is a United States federal law which was signed by the then-President Bill Clinton on September 21, 1996. The law defines that marriage can only be between one man and one woman in regard to federal or inter state recognition purposes in the United States. Under this law, no U.S. State or political subdivision is required to recognize same-sex marriage from outside States. However, the Obama Administration, in 2011, announced that Section 3 was declared unconstitutional and would no longer defend it in courts. The Section 3 part of DOMA has been marked as not constitutional by eight federal courts as of 2012. Currently, 16 states and the District of Columbia perform same sex marriage, although that could change in upcoming years. On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of the act was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: Blake Lively

paragraphs: Blake Lively (born August 25, 1987) is an American movie, television, stage, voice actress and model who is known for her television role as Serena van der Woodsen in "Gossip Girl". She is also known for her roles in "Accepted", "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", "The Private Lives of Pippa Lee", "The Town", "Green Lantern", "The Age of Adaline", and "Savages".

paragraphs: Lively was born on August 25, 1987 in Tarzana, California. She studied at Beverly Hills High School. She married Ryan Reynolds in September 2012.


title: Queen Heonae

paragraphs: Queen Heonae(; 962-1029) was a queen of the Goryeo dynasty of Korea. She was also a politician. She was the second wife of the 5th king, Gyungjong. She was also mother of the 7th king, Mokjong, and the elder sister of the 6th king, Seongjong. Heonae ruled as Regent from 997 to 999 during the early years of her son King Mokjong's reign.


title: Transfection

paragraphs: Transfection is the process of deliberately introducing DNA or RNA into cells. The word is formed from

paragraphs: Transfection can result in unexpected morphologies and abnormalities in target cells. Transfection with RNA molecules produces changes which cannot be permanently transmitted down a line of cells.

paragraphs: A DNA construct is an artificially constructed bit of nucleic acid which is going to be 'transplanted' into a target tissue or cell. It may include a DNA insert, which contains the gene sequence coding for a protein of interest.

paragraphs: The DNA insert is the heart of the molecular biology vector. This is a general term for a vehicle used to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell. Transfection of animal cells usually involves opening temporary pores (holes) in the cell membrane, to allow the cells to take up the vector.


title: Purity

paragraphs: Purity means that a substance is all the same. There are no contaminants or other things added. The word also means no badness in a person's character.


title: Antibiotic resistance

paragraphs: Antibiotics kill certain types of bacteria. Over time, those bacteria change to develop a resistance to the antibiotics. Called antibiotic resistance, this is one of the most serious problems facing modern surgery and medicine. It is also one of the best examples of evolution in action.

paragraphs: Antibiotic resistance spreads very quickly, far faster than microbiologists expected. "As long as new drugs keep coming, resistance is not a problem. "But there has not been a new class of antibiotics discovered since the 1980s"".

paragraphs: This was true until recently. Some scientists have developed new antibiotics to combat resistant bacteria. However, there is a lag-time of about eight years between discovery and possible availability for general use. The process is also extremely costly.

paragraphs: A well-known example of natural selection in action is the development of antibiotic resistance in microorganisms. Since the discovery of penicillin in 1928 by Alexander Fleming, antibiotics have been used to fight bacterial diseases. Natural populations of bacteria contain, among their vast numbers of individual members, considerable variation in their genetic material, as the result of mutations. When exposed to antibiotics, most bacteria die quickly, but some may have mutations that make them slightly less susceptible. If the exposure to antibiotics is short, these individuals will survive the treatment. This selective elimination of maladapted individuals from a population is natural selection.

paragraphs: In Fleming's 1945 Nobel Prize lecture he said:

paragraphs: Maclyn McCarty explained what it was like before antibiotics:

paragraphs: The mechanisms of which the bacteria undergo to become antibiotic resistant are via genetic mutation and horizontal gene transfer.

paragraphs: All surgery that involves cutting open the body poses massive risks of infection. Antibiotics given before and after surgery allow surgeons to do operations that would have been deadly before. Open-heart surgery is one obvious example.

paragraphs: Cancer treatments such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy damage the immune system. Antibiotics are prescribed to boost the body's natural defences. Patients with organ transplants always use drugs to suppress the immune system, otherwise it attacks the transplant. Therefore, antibiotics are used to protect the body. Without effective antibiotics, both sets of patients might die from infections which their immune systems could no longer control.

paragraphs: Medical uses are also threatened. The number of tests coming back with resistance to carbapenems, one of the most powerful groups of antibiotics, has soared from a handful of cases in 2003 to more than 300 cases by 2010. "My lab is seeing an increasing number of resistant strains year on year," said Prof Neil Woodford, of the Health Protection Agency's antimicrobial resistance unit. Most cases are resistant to some drugs. Even worse, there are a few cases of strains which "no antibiotic can touch".

paragraphs: Many infections which were almost eliminated are coming back. The sexually transmitted disease gonorrhoea is becoming increasingly difficult to treat. Around the world, multi-drug resistant and extremely-drug resistant tuberculosis is a growing problem. Only a couple of drugs still work.

paragraphs: Infections that hit the elderly when they are in hospital are one of the main concerns. The greatest threat in the UK is opportunistic bugs which live in the gut such as "E. coli" and "Klebsiella".

paragraphs: They are now the most common form of infection which patients get in hospital. They show rising levels of resistance to antibiotics.

paragraphs: The UK Cabinet Office has issued a warning by the National Risk Register for Civil Emergencies. It says "the number of infections complicated by antimicrobial resistance could increase markedly over the next 20 years".

paragraphs: "Without effective antibiotics, even minor surgery and routine operations could become high-risk procedures, leading to increased duration of illness and ultimately premature mortality".

paragraphs: The WHO has now listed the world's most threatening superbugs. Antibiotic resistant infections are being seen all over the world.

paragraphs: Given enough time, and repeated exposure to the antibiotic, a population of antibiotic-resistant bacteria will emerge. This leads to what is known as an evolutionary arms race, or co-evolution, in which bacteria continue to develop strains that are less susceptible to antibiotics, while medical researchers continue to develop new antibiotics that can kill them. A similar situation occurs with pesticide resistance in plants and insects, and with malarial resistance to quinine.

paragraphs: A man in the UK has caught the "world's worst-ever case" of gonorrhoea, a sexually-transmitted disease. The main treatment by antibiotics azithromycin and ceftriaxone has failed to cure the disease. An authority said "This is the first time a case has displayed such high-level resistance to both of these drugs and to most other commonly used antibiotics".

paragraphs: New strains of Methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) have emerged that are resistant the next generation of drugs.

paragraphs: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. It is caused by various types of mycobacteria, usually "Mycobacterium tuberculosis". The disease usually attacks the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body. The pathogen can travel through the air, and spread from one person to the next. Experts believe that one third of the world population is infected with "M. tuberculosis". New infections occur at a rate of one per second.

paragraphs: Drug-resistant TB is a serious public health issue in many developing countries, as its treatment is longer and requires more expensive drugs. MDR-TB is defined as resistance to the two most effective first-line TB drugs: rifampicin and isoniazid. "Extensively drug-resistant TB" is also resistant to three or more of the six classes of second-line drugs.

paragraphs: Totally drug-resistant TB was first observed in 2003 in Italy, but not widely reported until 2012. It is resistant to all currently used drugs.

paragraphs: Malaria infections are not caused by bacteria: they are caused by a protozoan parasite injected into the blood by a mosquito. They are normally treated by a

paragraphs: combination of two drugs, artemether-lumefantrine. Now four cases have occurred in Britain where the drugs have failed. The patients got the disease in Africa. A doctor said "It is an early sign and we need to take it quite seriously as it may be snowballing into something with greater impact".

paragraphs: "Teixobactin" is an antibiotic discovered in 2015, the first new antibiotic discovered for forty years. It is not yet licensed for general use. It works against all gram-positive bacteria such as "Staphylococcus aureus" and against some other bacteria such as "Mycobacterium tuberculosis".


title: Stanford R. Ovshinsky

paragraphs: Stanford Robert Ovshinsky (November 24, 1922 – October 17, 2012) was an American inventor and scientist. He had well over 400 patents over fifty years. Most of these were in the areas of energy and information. Many of his inventions have had many uses. Among the most important are:


title: Wilhelm Wulff

paragraphs: Wilhelm Theodor H. Wulff (27 March 1892 - 9 June 1979) was a German-Austrian astrologer and writer. He is best known for the 1973 book "Zodiac and Swastika". The book tells about his time as an astrologer in Nazi Germany near the end of World War II. He was Heinrich Himmler's astrologer.


title: Peter Mark Richman

paragraphs: Peter Mark Richman (born Marvin Jack Richman, April 16, 1927) is an American movie, television, stage, voice, and radio actor who is known for his roles in productions like "", "", "Friendly Persuasion", "Agent for H.A.R.M" and "Dark Intruder". He also provided his voice in cartoons such as "Spider-Man: The Animated Series". His career began in 1949.

paragraphs: Richman was born on April 16, 1927 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Yetta Dora Peck and to Benjamin Richman.Richman studied at the Actors Studio. He was married to Helen Richman since 1953. They have five children.


title: Jada Pinkett Smith

paragraphs: Jada Koren Pinkett Smith (born September 18, 1971) is an American movie, television, voice actress, movie produer and director, singer-songwriter, writers, and businesswoman. She is known for her roles as Carla Purty in "The Nutty Professor" and as Gloria the Hippo in "Madagascar", "", and in "". Jada was also entangled with August Alsina in 2016. She won an Image Award in 2010.

paragraphs: Smith was born on September 18, 1971 in Baltimore, Maryland. She studied at the Baltimore School for the Arts and at North Carolina School for the Arts. Smith was married to Will Smith since 1997. They have three children.


title: John Carradine

paragraphs: John Carradine (Richmond Reed Carradine; February 5, 1906 – November 27, 1988) was an American movie, television, voice, stage, and radio actor who is known for his roles in "House of Dracula", "House of Frankenstein", "The Grapes Wrath", "Stagecoach", "Billy the Kid vs. Dracula", and in "House of the Long Shadows". He has won an Daytime Emmy Award.

paragraphs: Carradine was born on February 5, 1906 in New York City, New York. Carradine was married to Ardanelle McCool from 1935 until they divorced in 1944. Then he was married to Sonia Sorel from 1944 until they divorced in 1956. Then he was married to Doris Rich from 1957 until her death in 1971. Then he was last married to Emily Cisneros from 1975 until his death in 1988. He has five children, Bruce (his McCool's son whom he adopted), David, Christopher, Keith and Robert.

paragraphs: Carradine died on November 27, 1988 in Milan, Italy from multiple organ failure, aged 82.


title: Mitch McConnell

paragraphs: Addison Mitchell "Mitch" McConnell, Jr. (born February 20, 1942) is the senior United States Senator from Kentucky. A member of the Republican Party, he is the Majority Leader of the Senate, succeeding Harry Reid. He is the longest-serving U.S. Senator in Kentucky history.

paragraphs: Mitch McConnell was born in Sheffield, Alabama on February 20, 1942. He was raised in southern Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Julia (née Shockley) and Addison Mitchell McConnell. He attended the duPont Manual High School. In 1964, he graduated with honors from the University of Louisville with a B.A. in political science. He graduated in 1967 from the University of Kentucky College of Law.

paragraphs: In 1984, McConnell ran for the United States Senate against two-term Democratic incumbent Walter "Dee" Huddleston. The election race wasn't decided until the last polls returned came in, and McConnell won by a thin margin—only 5,200 votes out of more than 1.8 million votes cast, just over 0.4%.

paragraphs: McConnell was the only Republican Senate challenger to win that year, despite Ronald Reagan's landslide victory in the presidential election. Part of McConnell's success came from a series of television campaign spots called "Where's Dee", which featured a group of bloodhounds trying to find Huddleston, implying that Huddleston's attendance record in the Senate was less than stellar. It is likely that he was helped by Ronald Reagan's 21-point win in Kentucky that year. His campaign bumper stickers and television ads asked voters to "Switch to Mitch".

paragraphs: McConnell has repeatedly been found to have the lowest home state approval rating of any sitting senator.

paragraphs: McConnell is a member of the Baptist Church. His first wife was Sherrill Redmon, from whom he was later divorced; they have three daughters. His second wife, whom he married in 1993, is Elaine Chao, the current Secretary of Transportation under Donald Trump and the former Secretary of Labor under George W. Bush (the first Asian American woman to serve in the Cabinet).

paragraphs: Senator McConnell's personal fortune was between $9,839,049 to $44,587,000 in 2010 and he was ranked as the 10th wealthiest member of the U.S. Senate.


title: Leopard gecko

paragraphs: The leopard gecko, also known as the panther gecko or the common leopard gecko, is a medium-sized lizard. They live in the southern part of Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Iran. They live in dry rocky regions, dry grasslands and deserts.

paragraphs: Leopard geckos are around 7-9 inches (17.8-22.9 cm avg female)& (20-28 avg male) long, with large heads, big eyes with oval-shaped pupils, thin toes, and, unlike other reptiles, they have eyelids. They have thick tails that narrow to a point and, like their bodies and heads, are slightly flattened from top to bottom. Most of their scales are small and rough. Spaced rows of larger, bumpy scales give them a knobby, rough look, but they are actually soft when touched.

paragraphs: mm long when they hatch, and when they hatch they have dark bands which go around their bodies.These bands lighten as the babies grow into adults which have spots instead of bands. Leopard geckos are normally lavender or yellow in colour, but pet leopard geckos come in different "colour morphs" like albino, "Banana blizzard", "Blizzard", "Ghost", "High Yellow", "Hyper Xanthic", "Jungle", "Leucistic", "Normal" or "Wild", "Patternless", "Red-stripe", "Snow", "Tremper Albino" and many more.

paragraphs: Like many lizards, the leopard gecko has a tail that breaks off when grabbed by a predator. The tail breaks at a crack in the vertebra, and the surrounding muscles are arranged so that they separate neatly and instantly. A muscle closes around the artery in the tail at the point of the break and stops blood loss. Normally a new tail grows back. This method helps the leopard gecko to escape when attacked.

paragraphs: The leopard gecko is found in dry rocky regions, dry grasslands and deserts of southern Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, northwest India, and parts of Iran.

paragraphs: The temperatures of these areas during winter can be quite low, below , forcing the animals underground into semi-hibernation, called "brumation", and they live on fat reserves. Leopard geckos are crepuscular reptiles; during the day they hide in burrows, but they are active at dawn and dusk when the temperature is favorable.

paragraphs: Leopard Geckos are friendly, docile creatures by nature, but they sometimes bite. If held in a human hand they will only bite if they mistake a finger for food, or if the person is holding the gecko too tightly.

paragraphs: In the wild, leopard geckos feed mainly on insects, fruits, spiders, snails, small lizards, birds, and bird eggs. In captivity they feed on mealworms, crickets, and sometimes baby mice.

paragraphs: Leopard geckos reach sexual maturity at the age of one to three years. Mating usually happens during the rainy season. During courtship, the male walks alongside the female, licking and lightly biting her side. He then grasps her neck in his mouth. If she accepts to mate with him, she lifts her tail allowing the male to insert one of his paired copulatory organs, called hemipenes. Female leopard geckos can store sperm in their reproductive tracts for 15 months or more. They can lay up to five clutches of one or (usually) two eggs during the five month breeding season, and may use some of the stored sperm to fertilize each clutch. The eggs hatch after around 55 days.

paragraphs: There are five subspecies of the Leopard gecko:


title: Pitchblende

paragraphs: Pitchblende is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore. It has a chemical composition that is largely UO, but also contains UO and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is known as pitchblende due to its black color and high density. It is also commonly referred to as Uraninite. The mineral has been known at least since the 15th century from silver mines in the Ore Mountains, on the German/Czech border. Pitchblende found in Germany was used by M. Klaproth in 1789 to discover the element uranium.

paragraphs: Pitchblende contains a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Because the uranium isotopes U and U will decay to form the lead isotopes Pb and Pb, pitchblende also always contains small amounts of lead. Small amounts of helium are also present in pitchblend as a result of alpha decay. Helium was first found on Earth in pitchblende after having been discovered in the Sun's atmosphere.

paragraphs: Pitchblende is a major ore of uranium. Some of the highest grade uranium ores in the world were found in the Shinkolobwe mine in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (the initial source for the Manhattan Project) and in the Athabasca Basin in northern Canada. Another important source of pitchblende is at Great Bear Lake in the Northwest Territories of Canada, where it is found in large quantities associated with silver. It also occurs in Australia, Germany, England, and South Africa. In the United States it can be found in the states of New Hampshire, Connecticut, North Carolina, Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.

paragraphs: Uranium ore is generally processed close to the mine into yellowcake, which is an intermediate step in the processing of uranium.


title: Rare earth element

paragraphs: Rare earth elements ("REEs") are a set of seventeen chemical elements. They include the fifteen lanthanides plus scandium and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are rare earth elements since they are often found in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and have similar chemical properties.

paragraphs: Although they are called rare, rare earth elements are not extremely rare on Earth. They were called this because they are spread very evenly over the Earth, so it is hard to find a lot in one place. Promethium is rare, because it is radioactive, and decays.

paragraphs: Cerium, one of the lanthanides, is the 25th most common element in the Earth's crust. However, most rare earth elements are not found concentrated or in pure forms.

paragraphs: A table listing the seventeen rare earth elements, their atomic number and symbol, the origin of their names, and some of their uses is provided here. Some of the rare earths are named after the scientists who discovered them, and some are named based on where they were discovered.

paragraphs: Rare earth elements are heavier than iron. They are made by supernovae (exploding stars). In nature, fission of uranium-238 creates very small amounts of radioactive promethium. Most promethium is synthetically created in nuclear reactors.

paragraphs: Rare earth elements change through time in small quantities (ppm, parts per million). Their proportion can be used for geologic dating and dating fossils.

paragraphs: The rare earth elements are often found together. The longest-lived isotope of promethium has a half life of 17.7 years. Because of this, the element exists in nature in only very small amounts. Promethium is one of the two elements that do not have stable (non-radioactive) isotopes and are followed by stable elements (the other being technetium).

paragraphs: Because all lanthanides are close in size, the rare earth elements have always been hard to separate. Even with eons of geological time, separation of the lanthanides in nature has only rarely gone farther than the separation between light versus heavy lanthanides, otherwise known as the cerium and yttrium earths. This geochemical separation is shown in the first two rare earths that were discovered. These were yttria in 1794 and ceria in 1803. When first found, each was a mixture of all of the rare earths. Large ore bodies of the cerium earths can be found around the world and are being exploited. Ore bodies for yttrium are rarer. Also, they are usually smaller and less concentrated.

paragraphs: Until 1948, most of the world's rare earths came from sand deposits in India and Brazil. Through the 1950s, South Africa mined most of the world's rare earths. This happened after large veins of a rare earth bearing mineral were found there. Through the 1960s until the 1980s, a mine in California was the leading producer. Today, the Indian and South African deposits still make some rare earth concentrates, but they are very small compared to the amount being produced in China. China had produced over 95% of the world's rare earth supply. Most of this has been done in Inner Mongolia, even though it had only 37% of proven reserves. Although these numbers have since been said to have lowered to 90% and 23% by 2012. All of the world's heavy rare earths (such as dysprosium) come from Chinese rare earth sources such as the polymetallic Bayan Obo deposit. In 2010, the United States Geological Survey (USGS) released a study which found that the United States had 13 million metric tons of rare earth elements.

paragraphs: New demand for these elements is higher than the supply of them. The world may soon face a shortage of the rare earths. In several years from 2009, worldwide demand for rare earth elements is expected to be more than the supply by 40,000 tonnes each year unless new sources are developed.

paragraphs: These concerns have gotten larger because of the actions of China. China has said it will put regulations on exports and work to stop smuggling. On September 1, 2009, China said it is going to lower its exports to 35,000 tons per year in 2010–2015. China said that this was done to conserve rare resources and protect the environment. On October 19, 2010 "China Daily" reported that China will "further reduce quotas for rare earth exports by 30 percent at most next year to protect the precious metals from over-exploitation". At the end of 2010 China said that the first round of exports in 2011 for rare earths would be 14,446 tons. This was a 35% decrease from the first round of exports in 2010. In September 2011 China said it was stopping production at three of its eight rare earth mines. These mines produced almost 40% of China's total rare earth production. In August 2012, China said there would be another 20% reduction in production.

paragraphs: Because of the increased demand and the restrictions on exports of the metals from China, some countries are stockpiling rare earth resources. Searches for new sources in Australia, Brazil, Canada, South Africa, Tanzania, Greenland, and the United States are taking place. Mines in these countries were closed when China undercut world prices in the 1990s. It will take a few years to restart production.

paragraphs: The European Union has urged the Denmark protectorate Greenland to restrict Chinese development of rare-earth projects there, as China accounts for 95 percent of the world’s current supply. As of early 2013, the government of Greenland has said that it has no plans to impose such restrictions.

paragraphs: Nuclear reprocessing is another possible source of rare earth or any other elements. Nuclear fission of uranium or plutonium creates a many elements as well as all their isotopes. However, it is not likely that creating them can be done safely and economically because of the radioactivity of many of these isotopes.

paragraphs: Another source of rare earths is electronic waste and other wastes that have a large amount of rare earth components. New advances in recycling technology have made getting the rare earths from these materials easier to do. Recycling plants are currently operating in Japan, where there is about 300,000 tons of rare earths in unused electronics. In France, the Rhodia group is setting up two factories in La Rochelle and Saint-Fons. These factories will produce 200 tons a year of rare earths from used fluorescent lamps, magnets and batteries.

paragraphs: China has said that resource depletion and environmental concerns are the reasons for increased nationwide control of its rare earth mineral production. Non-environmental reasons have also been suggested to explain China's rare earth policy. According to "The Economist", "Slashing their exports of rare-earth metals...is all about moving Chinese manufacturers up the supply chain, so they can sell valuable finished goods to the world rather than lowly raw materials."

paragraphs: The United States Department of Energy in its 2010 Critical Materials Strategy report identified dysprosium as the element that was most critical in terms of import reliance.

paragraphs: A 2011 report issued by the U.S. Geological Survey and U.S. Department of the Interior, “China’s Rare-Earth Industry," deals with industry trends in China. It looks at national policies that may guide the future of the country's production. The report says that China’s lead in the production of rare-earth minerals has grown over the past two decades. In 1990, China accounted for only 27% of such minerals. In 2009, world production was 132,000 metric tons. China produced 129,000 of those tons. According to the report, recent patterns suggest that China will slow the export of such materials to the world: “Owing to the increase in domestic demand, the Government has gradually reduced the export quota during the past several years.” In 2006, China allowed 47 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 12 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers to export. By 2011, there were only 22 domestic rare-earth producers and traders and 9 Sino-foreign rare-earth producers. The government’s future policies will likely keep in place strict controls: “According to China’s draft rare-earth development plan, annual rare-earth production may be limited to between 130,000 and 140,000 [metric tons] during the period from 2009 to 2015. The export quota for rare-earth products may be about 35,000 [metric tons] and the Government may allow 20 domestic rare-earth producers and traders to export rare earths.”

paragraphs: The United States Geological Survey is searching southern Afghanistan for rare earth deposits under the protection of United States military forces. Since 2009, the USGS has done remote surveys as well as fieldwork to verify Soviet claims that volcanic rocks containing rare earth metals exist in Helmand province near the village of Khanneshin. The USGS has found an area of rocks in the center of an extinct volcano with light rare earth elements including cerium and neodymium. It has mapped 1.3 million metric tons of useful rock. This is about 10 years of supply at current demand levels. The Pentagon has estimated its value at about $7.4 billion.

paragraphs: Rare earth elements are not exchange-traded in the same way that precious (for instance, gold and silver) or non-ferrous metals (such as nickel, tin, copper, and aluminium) are. Instead, they are sold on the private market. This makes their prices hard to monitor and track. However, prices are published periodically on websites such as mineralprices.com. The 17 elements are not usually sold in their pure form. They are usually distributed in mixtures of varying purity, e.g. "Neodymium metal ≥ 99.5%". because of this, pricing can vary based on the quantity and quality required by the end user.


title: Larry Hankin

paragraphs: Larry Hankin (born August 31, 1940) is an American movie, television, radio, stage, voice actor, movie director and movie producer who is known for his role as Mr. Heckles in "Friends".

paragraphs: Hankin was born on August 31, 1940 in New York City, New York. He studied at Syracuse University.


title: Jonathan Harris

paragraphs: Jonathan Harris (Jonathan Charasuchin; November 6, 1914 – November 3, 2002) was an American movie, television, radio, stage, and voice actor who is known for his role as Dr. Zachary Smith in "Lost in Space".

paragraphs: Harris was born on November 6, 1914 in The Bronx, New York City, New York. He studied at James Monroe High School. Harris was married to Gertrude Bregman from 1938 until his death in 2002. Harris died on November 3, 2002 in Encino, Los Angeles, California from heart failure, aged 87.


title: Zenith

paragraphs: In astronomy, the zenith is a point "above" a particular location, in the sky. "Above" means in the opposite direction of gravity at that location. The zenith is the opposite of the nadir. The nadir is in the direction the direction that gravity pulls. The zenith is not a real point, it is used as a reference for the location of other things in the sky.

paragraphs: For scientists, the zenith is the direction of reference for measuring the zenith angle. The zenith angle is the angle between a place in the sky (usually a star) and the local zenith.


title: Nadir

paragraphs: In astronomy, the nadir is a point "below" a particular location. "Below" means in the same direction of gravity at that location. The nadir is the opposite of the zenith. The nadir is not a real point. It is used as a reference for the location of other things.


title: Herman Bing

paragraphs: Herman Bing (March 30, 1889 – January 9, 1947) was a German-American character actor and voice actor. He was the brother of Gus Bing (1893–1967).


title: Larry Semon

paragraphs: Lawrence "Larry" Semon (February 9, 1889 – October 8, 1928) was an American actor, director, producer, and screenwriter during the silent movie era. In his day, Semon was considered a major movie comedian. He is now remembered mainly for working with both Stan Laurel and Oliver Hardy before they started working together.


title: Joyce Cary

paragraphs: Joyce Cary (December 7, 1888 – March 29, 1957) was an Irish novelist and writer, who was born in Donegal, Ireland.

paragraphs: He studied at Clifton and Trinity College, Oxford. Afterwards, he also spent some time learning art at Edinburgh and Paris. In 1913, he joined the Nigerian Political Service, under the British colonial system and was posted out to Nigeria. While working there, he also fought in the First World War, with the local Nigerian Regiment. After the end of the war, he returned to politics. However, he was becoming very sick, and was advised to retire and go back home.

paragraphs: After retiring back to Britain, he began to write seriously and full-time. His first novel, "Aissa Saved", was published in 1932. He published several other works after this, including "The Captive and the Free", "Herself Surprised", "A Fearful Joy", "The Horse's Mouth", "To be a Pilgrim" and others.


title: Theodore Roethke

paragraphs: Theodore Roethke (1908-1963) was a prominent American poet, who wrote intensely personal, sensitive and spiritualistic poetry.

paragraphs: Roethke's parents were German immigrants, who settled in Michigan and started a highly prosperous floral business. He was born in Michigan. He grew up in an atmosphere of greenhouses and plants. These images stayed with him, and he often alluded to it in his work.

paragraphs: He was educated at the Michigan State University and then Harvard. He became a teacher and sports coach. He began to publish his poetry later, around 1941, with the publication of "Open House". However, according to critics and scholars, he really began to 'mature' with his second book, "The Lost Son and Other Poems" (1948) which was followed by other critically acclaimed volumes.

paragraphs: Roethke joined the University of Washington as a lecturer in 1947. He stayed there until his sudden death in 1963.

paragraphs: Among other prizes and awards, he won the Pulitzer Prize (1953) the Bollinger Prize (1958) and a posthumous National Book Award (1964).


title: Sikandar Hayat Khan

paragraphs: Khan Bahadur Captain (retd) Sardar Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, KBE, (born 1892 - died 1942) was an important Punjabi statesman and popular leader. He was Governor and then Premier of this province in British India.

paragraphs: Sikandar Hayat was the son of Nawab Muhammad Hayat Khan, CSI, of the Cheema tribe of Jat, in Northern Punjab.

paragraphs: After initial education at the Aligarh school and the MAO College at Aligarh (later to become the Aligarh Muslim University), he went for higher education to the King's College London. On returning home, in 1915, he enrolled as an Assistant Recruiting Officer in the Punjab, to help the British Indian Army's efforts during the First World War; and was later one of the very first natives to receive the King's Commission, as a Captain of the 67th Punjabis (later the 1st Battalion of the 2 Punjab Regiment) in 1919. After the war he started his own business ventures and also entered grassroots politics in his area.

paragraphs: In the 1920s, Sikandar Hayat Khan slowly began to make his mark as a statesman, and in collaboration with Sir Fazli Husain and Sir Chotu Ram became one of the founders of the Unionist Party (Punjab). This was a secular party representing all Punjabis of different creeds mostly united by the "zamindar" (rural/agrarian) interest, and it soon became the most popular political group in the province. Due to his special services at this time, in various ways, the Government of British India granted a knighthood to Sir Sikandar. Between 1932 and 1934 he also had the unique honour of being the only native to be appointed acting Governor of the Punjab under British rule.

paragraphs: Thereafter, for a brief while, Sir Sikandar also worked as Deputy-Governor of the Reserve Bank of India but in July 1936, on the demise of Sir Fazli Husain, he returned to take on leadership of the Unionist party for the general elections held in Winter of the same year, winning by a simple majority and forming a coalition government along with the Indian National Congress and the Sikh Akali Dal. Sikandar was now chosen as Leader of the House and the Premier or Chief Minister of the Punjab. He remained in this position from 1937 to December 1942, when he died of a sudden heart failure.

paragraphs: Between 1939 and 1942, when he died, Sir Sikandar supported the British struggle against Nazi Germany and believed in cooperating with the British government in the Second World War. He believed that this support would be good for India and help it towards independence after the War ended. He was very active in maximizing recruitment of troops from the Punjab as part of the 'war effort' and even made morale-boosting tours of the Middle East where most Indian (especially Punjabi)troops where serving. The Muslim League leadership agreed with this perspective of his and also announced full cooperation with the British Raj, or government, to achieve their own ends.

paragraphs: Soon after winning the general elections in 1937, Sir Sikandar felt conscious of the need to maintain a balanced stance in a volatile and divided Punjabi political system. He thus decided to also negotiate with the All India Muslim League under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. As a result, he and Jinnah signed the Jinnah-Sikandar Pact at Lucknow in October 1937, merging the Muslim elements of his powerful Unionist party with the Muslim League, as a move towards forming a common, united front for safeguarding their community rights and interests in India. He was also later one of the chief supporters and architects of the Lahore Resolution, March 1940, calling for an autonomous or semi-independent Muslim majority region within the larger Indian confederation—which demand later led to the demand for an independent Pakistan.

paragraphs: At the time of his sudden death in December 1942, Sir Sikandar was honoured by the people of Lahore and granted burial outside the old Badshahi Mosque there, on the other side from Allama Muhammad Iqbal, the poet. Much of his work was left half done, in particular his plan to help the British war effort towards eventual Indian freedom, and his attempts to weld the Punjab together and save it from communal friction. Many historians have opined that Sir Sikandar's early demise at the age of 50 was, arguably, a major blow to the Indian freedom movements, especially to the Punjab. He wished to preserve this intact, within a larger Indian Confederation whereby his own Muslim community could enjoy full and maximum freedom and self-governance without truncating India or the Punjab region. He was too well aware of the potential bloodbath and conflict resulting from any such division or separation which, alas, was witnessed on such massive scale at the time of the August 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan. It would thus not be wrong to say that Sir Sikandar's presence would certainly have been a 'moderating influence—and his death must be reckoned a great misfortune [at the time]".

paragraphs: Indirectly, however, in due course, his eldest son Shaukat Hayat Khan, would take on a significant role in assisting the All India Muslim League in winning an independent Pakistan, finally, in a somewhat different interpretation of the father's intentions.


title: Abdul Majid Khan Tarin

paragraphs: Khan Abdul Majid Khan Tarin, Khan Sahib, OBE (1877–1939) was a prominent magistrate, judge and later MLA, of the NWFP assembly, in British India.

paragraphs: He was the son of a tribal Tarin (or Tareen) chieftain and cavalry officer, Sardar Habib Khan (1829–1888), Nawab-Bahadur, Risaldar; and was born in Talokar village, near Haripur, in what was later to be the Hazara area of the NWFP, in British India. After his father's death he was educated by English tutors and then sent to Aitchison College, Lahore for studies. Later, he was sent to England and became a Barrister.

paragraphs: Abdul Majid Khan Tarin was a Magistrate and Judge in the Punjab service from 1902 to 1934 and then, after his retirement, he joined the All India Muslim League. In 1937 he was elected an MLA (Member of Legislative Assembly) of the North-West Frontier Province but could not complete his tenure there as he died in September 1939, after a short illness.

paragraphs: His son Khan Abdus Salim Khan was a Pakistani diplomat who was ambassador in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Japan, USA and the UK and his daughter-in-law Begum Mahmooda Salim Khan was later Pakistan's first woman minister during the regime of General Ayub Khan. One of his great-grandsons is the Pakistani poet and scholar, Omer Tarin.

paragraphs: Majid Khan Tarin was also a very active early philanthropist of his area and opened many educational institutions and set up a medical ward for Tuberculosis patients at the Haripur government hospital. His family has continued this charitable tradition.


title: Khattar

paragraphs: Khattar is a tribe found in northern part of Punjab mainly in Rawalpindi and Attock districts and some parts of KPK in Pakistan.A small number of Khattars live in India.

paragraphs: The Khattars belongs to Arora clan which is one of the branches of Khatri Caste (ਖੱਤਰੀ - Kshatriya in Punjab Region). This surname is one of the most predominant Arora Khatri (ਅਰੋੜਾ ਖੱਤਰੀ) surnames whose traces were found in Multan. In post-independence India, Arora Khatris mainly reside in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Jammu, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Gujarat.


title: Shaukat Hayat Khan

paragraphs: Major Sardar Shaukat Hayat Khan (1915-1998) was a leader of the All India Muslim League from the Punjab province of British India, later Pakistan; and he worked as a close assistant to Muhammad Ali Jinnah in the Pakistan Independence Movement from circa 1942/43 to 1947.

paragraphs: He was the eldest son of the former Punjabi statesman and leader, Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan. As a young man, he joined the British Indian Army and served up to the rank of Major before resigning in 1942, on his father's death.

paragraphs: From 1942 to 1947, Khan was active as a leading Punjabi member of the All India Muslim League and assisted the founder of Pakistan, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in the efforts to obtain a separate Muslim nation-state when the British left India. In 1946, he was given the title of "Shaukat i Punjab" (The pride of the Punjab: a play on his name) by Jinnah himself.

paragraphs: After 1947, for quite some time he remained an active political figure and member of parliament. However, gradually between the 1960s and 1980s he became increasingly disillusioned by the corruption and dishonesty of politics in Pakistan and finally quit. He died in September 1998, at Islamabad.


title: Aitchison College

paragraphs: The Aitchison College is Pakistan's most prestigious school and college. It is in the old and historical Punjabi city of Lahore. The school was started during British colonial rule, in 1886. It was first called the 'Punjab Chiefs' School and College'. It is named after Sir Charles Umpherston Aitchison, who was Lieutenant Governor of the Punjab. Only boys aged 4 to 19 go there.


title: Tarin

paragraphs: Tarin (also written as Tareen ), are a large Pashtun tribe. They mostly live in parts of Pakistan and Afghanistan.

paragraphs: The Durrani tribe which ruled Afghanistan for quite some time, is a branch descended from the main Tarin tribe.


title: Kim (book)

paragraphs: Kim is a famous children's book. It is a novel by the Nobel Prize winning English writer, Rudyard Kipling. It was first published in 1901.

paragraphs: The book is set after the Second Anglo-Afghan War which ended in 1881, but before the Third, probably in the period 1893–98 The novel is notable for its detailed picture of the people, culture, and varied religions of India.

paragraphs: The novel tells the story of a young Irish orphan, Kimball O'Hara, better known as 'Kim'. He is living in British India and brought up by his "ayah" (nursemaid) in the old Punjabi city of Lahore (now in Pakistan). Kim meets a Buddhist Lama (priest) and has many exciting adventures, traveling along the Grand Trunk Road. Some other interesting characters in this story are Mahbub Ali, Colonel Creighton, Lurgan-sahib and Hurree Chandar Mukerjee.

paragraphs: "Kim" is Kipling's most important work and a significant work about India and the British Raj, and the famous 'Great Game' of espionage played there between the British Empire and Russia in the 19th century. It is also his most 'enchanting' prose work and may well be compared to other great English literary classics by Geoffrey Chaucer, Shakespeare and Charles Dickens.


title: Maamme

paragraphs: Maamme (in Finnish) or Vårt Land (in Swedish) are the titles of the national anthem of Finland, in the country's two official languages which both mean <nowiki>'</nowiki>Our Land<nowiki>'</nowiki> in English. In the mid-19th century, the lyrics (words) written by Johan Ludvig Runeberg in what was then known as the Grand Duchy of Finland (while under Russian occupation) were originally in Swedish, and the music—the same one used in Estonia's national anthem "Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm"—was composed by German-born musician Fredrich Pacius around the same time. In 1889, the anthem was translated into Finnish by poet Paavo Cajander.

paragraphs: The original text to the song has eleven verses, but nowadays only the first and last verses (in bold) are part of the national anthem. However, three verses – the first in Finnish and in Swedish, and the last in Finnish – can be sung if among the singers are Swedes and Finns together.


title: Chief Justice of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Chief Justice of Pakistan heads the Supreme Court of Pakistan. These are the names of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of Pakistan (known as the Federal Court until 1960).