title: Inteha (1999 movie)

paragraphs: Inteha () is a Pakistani Urdu movie. It was released in 1999 across theaters in Pakistan. The movie was Samina Peerzada's debut directorial attempt, and established the careers of its two leading men Humayun Saeed and Zeeshan Sikander. Incidentally, both the actors also made their debut with Inteha.


title: Mujhe Jeene Do (1999 movie)

paragraphs: Mujhe Jeene Do is a 1999 Urdu movie. It is directed by Javed Sheikh. The movie stars Meera, Babar Ali, Sana and Javed Sheikh. The music is by Amjad Bobby.


title: Cloud computing

paragraphs: Cloud computing is when computing services are provided by a company or place outside of where they are being used. It is like the way in which electricity is sent to users: they simply use the electricity that is sent to them and do not need to worry where the electricity is from or how it is made and brought to them. Every month, they pay only for what they used and nothing more. The idea behind cloud computing is similar: The user can simply use storage, computing power, or development environments, without having to worry how they work behind the scenes.

paragraphs: The cloud is a metaphor for the Internet based on how it is described in computer network diagrams. Just as how in the real world, clouds hide parts of the sky from sight, the "cloud" in computing hides the complex infrastructure that makes the Internet work. It is a type of computing in which IT-related actions are provided “as a service”, allowing users to access these services through the Internet ("in the "cloud""). They do not have to know or control the technologies behind them, preventing them from running into ethical and legal problems.

paragraphs: According to the IEEE, cloud computing is a concept where information is placed on servers and sent over the Internet to other devices, such as computers, laptops, handhelds, and sensors. It includes the idea of having software as a service (SaaS), such as Web 2.0, that depend on the Internet to meet the needs of their users. For example, Google has made several office suite apps which are accessed from a web browser. Unlike other software that does the same tasks, including Microsoft Office, the software and data are stored on Google's servers, not on the machine in which they are used.

paragraphs: Cloud computing is often confused with other ideas:

paragraphs: Cloud computing often uses grid computing, has autonomic characteristics and is billed like utilities, but cloud computing can be seen as a "natural next step" from the "grid-utility model". Some successful cloud architectures have little or no centralised infrastructure or billing systems including peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent and Skype.

paragraphs: The majority of cloud computing infrastructure currently consists of reliable services delivered through data centers that are built on computer and storage virtualization technologies. The services are accessible anywhere in the world, with "The Cloud" appearing as a single point of access for all the computing needs of consumers. Commercial offerings need to meet the quality of service requirements of customers and typically offer service level agreements. Open standards and open source software are also critical to the growth of cloud computing.

paragraphs: As customers generally do not own the infrastructure or know all details about it, mainly they are accessing or renting, so they can consume resources as a service, and may be paying for what they do not need, instead of what they actually do need to use. Many cloud computing providers use the utility computing model which is analogous to how traditional public utilities like electricity are consumed, while others are billed on a subscription basis. By sharing consumable and ""intangible"" computing power between multiple ""tenants"", utilization rates can be improved (as servers are not left idle) which can reduce costs significantly while increasing the speed of application development.

paragraphs: A side effect of this approach is that "computer capacity rises dramatically" as customers do not have to engineer for peak loads. Adoption has been enabled by "increased high-speed bandwidth" which makes it possible to receive the same response times from centralized infrastructure at other sites.

paragraphs: Cloud computing is being driven by providers including Google, Amazon.com, and Yahoo! as well as traditional vendors including IBM, Intel, Microsoft and SAP. It can adopted by all kinds of users, be they individuals or large enterprises. Most internet users are currently using cloud services, even if they do not realize it. Webmail for example is a cloud service, as are Facebook and Wikipedia and contact list synchronization and online data backups.

paragraphs: "The Cloud" is a metaphor for the Internet, or more generally components and services which are managed by others.

paragraphs: The underlying concept dates back to 1960 when expressed his opinion that "computation may someday be organized as a public utility" and the term "Cloud" was already in commercial use in the early 1990s to refer to large ATM networks. By the turn of the 21st century, cloud computing solutions had started to appear on the market, though most of the focus at this time was on Software as a service.

paragraphs: Amazon.com played a key role in the development of cloud computing when upgrading their data centers after the dot-com bubble and providing access to their systems by way of Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a basis. They found the new cloud architecture resulted in significant internal efficiency improvements.

paragraphs: 2007 observed increased activity, including Google, IBM and a number of universities starting large scale "cloud computing" research project, around the time the term started gaining popularity in the mainstream press. It was a hot topic by mid-2008 and numerous cloud computing events had been scheduled.

paragraphs: In August 2008 Gartner observed that "organizations are switching from company-owned hardware and software assets to per-use service-based models" and that the "projected shift to cloud computing will result in dramatic growth in IT products in some areas and in significant reductions in other areas".

paragraphs: "Clouds" cross many country borders and "may be the ultimate form of globalisation". As such it is the subject of complex geopolitical issues, whereby providers must satisfy many legal restrictions in order to deliver service to a global market. This dates back to the early days of the Internet, where libertarian thinkers felt that "cyberspace was a distinct place calling for laws and legal institutions of its own"; author Neal Stephenson envisaged this as a tiny island data haven in his science-fiction classic novel Cryptonomicon.

paragraphs: Although there have been efforts to match the legal environment (such as US-EU Safe Harbor), providers like Amazon Web Services usually deal with international markets (typically the United States and European Union) by deploying local infrastructure and allowing customers to select their countries. However, there are still concerns about security and privacy for individual through various governmental levels, (for example the USA PATRIOT Act and use of national security letters and title II of the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, the Stored Communications Act).

paragraphs: In March 2007, Dell applied to trademark the term '"cloud computing" in the United States. It received a "Notice of Allowance" in July 2008 which was subsequently canceled on August 6, resulting in a formal rejection of the trademark application in less than a week later.

paragraphs: In November 2007, the Free Software Foundation released the Affero General Public License (abbreviated as Affero GPL and AGPL), a version of GPLv3 designed to close a perceived legal loophole associated with Free software designed to be run over a network, particularly software as a service. According to the AGPL license application service providers are required to release any changes they make to an AGPL open source code.

paragraphs: "Cloud architecture" is the systems architecture of the software systems involved in the delivery of "cloud computing" (e.g. hardware, software) as designed by a "cloud architect" who typically works for a "cloud integrator". It typically involves multiple "cloud components" communicating with each other over application programming interfaces (usually web services).

paragraphs: This is very similar to the Unix philosophy of having multiple programs doing one thing well and working together over universal interfaces. Complexity is controlled and the resulting systems are more manageable than their monolithic counterparts.

paragraphs: "Cloud architecture" extends to the client where web browsers and/or software applications are used to access "cloud applications".

paragraphs: "Cloud storage architecture" is loosely coupled where metadata operations are centralized enabling the data nodes to scale into the hundreds, each independently delivering data to applications or users.

paragraphs: A "cloud application" influences The Cloud model of software architecture, often eliminating the need to install and run the application on the customer's own computer, thus reducing software maintenance, ongoing operations, and support. For example:

paragraphs: A "cloud client" is computer hardware and/or computer software which relies on The Cloud for application delivery, or which is specifically designed for delivery of cloud services, and which is in either case essentially useless without a Cloud. For example:

paragraphs: "Cloud infrastructure" (e.g. Infrastructure as a service) is the delivery of computer infrastructure (typically a platform virtualization environment) as a service. For example:

paragraphs: A "cloud platform" (e.g. Platform as a service) (the delivery of a computing platform and/or solution stack as a service) facilitates deployment of applications without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the underlying hardware and software layers. For example:

paragraphs: A "cloud service" (e.g. Web Service) is "software system[s] designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network" which may be accessed by other cloud computing components, software (e.g. Software plus services) or end users directly. For example:

paragraphs: "Cloud storage" is the delivery of data storage as a service (including database-like services), often billed on a utility computing basis (e.g. per gigabyte per month). For example:

paragraphs: Traditional storage vendors have recently begun to offer their own flavor of cloud storage, sometimes in conjunction with their existing software products (e.g. Symantec's Online Storage for Backup Exec). Others focus on providing a new kind of back-end storage optimally designed for delivering cloud storage (EMC's Atmos), categorically known as Cloud Optimized Storage.

paragraphs: A "cloud computing provider" or "cloud computing service provider" owns and operates "cloud computing" systems serve someone else. Usually this needs building and managing new data centers. Some organisations get some of the benefits of cloud computing by becoming "internal" cloud providers and servicing themselves, though they do not benefit from the same economies of scale and still have to engineer for peak loads. The barrier to entry is also significantly higher with capital expenditure required and billing and management creates some overhead. However, significant operational efficiency and quickness advantages can be achieved even by small organizations, and server consolidation and virtualization rollouts are already in progress. Amazon.com was the first such provider, modernising its data centers which, like most computer networks were using as little as 10% of its capacity at any one time just to leave room for occasional spikes. They opened it up to outsiders as Amazon Web Services in 2002 on a utility computing basis.

paragraphs: A user is a consumer of "cloud computing". The privacy of users in cloud computing has become of increasing concern. The rights of users is also an issue, which is being addressed via a community effort to create a bill of rights (currently in draft).

paragraphs: A vendor sells products and services that facilitate the delivery, adoption and use of "cloud computing". For example:

paragraphs: A "cloud standard" is one of a number of existing (typically lightweight) open standards that have facilitated the growth of cloud computing, including:


title: Avant-garde music

paragraphs: Avant-garde music, or experimental music, is a type of music that is meant to push the boundaries of "what music is." It started in the 1940s and 1950s after World War II. Some famous avant-garde composers were John Cage, Karlheinz Stockhausen, and Henry Cowell.

paragraphs: This was a song written by John Cage that is 4 minutes and 33 seconds of complete silence. It is meant to make the audience listen to the sounds around them.

paragraphs: This is a song by the popular English rock band The Beatles. It appeared on their album "The Beatles", also known as "The White Album" (released in 1968.) "Revolution 9" is over 8 minutes of random sounds, and someone repeatedly saying "number 9...number 9...number 9...number 9..." It was mostly the work of John Lennon and his wife, Yoko Ono.

paragraphs: This is a song by the American grunge band Pearl Jam. It is the last song on their third album "Vitalogy", released in 1994. It is over seven minutes long. It is made up of conversations between mental patients in asylums, and psychiatrists, with distorted bass guitar and drums laid over them.


title: Red deer

paragraphs: The red deer, "Cervus elaphus", is one of the largest deer species. The red deer lives in most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor and parts of western and central Asia, in Kashmir as the state animal. They can also be found in the Atlas Mountains region between Algeria and Tunisia in northwestern Africa. They are the only species of deer in Africa. Red deer have been introduced to other areas including Australia, New Zealand and Argentina. In many parts of the world the meat (venison) from red deer is widely used as a food source.


title: Lisa Gerrard

paragraphs: Lisa Gerrard (born 12 April 1961) is an Australian musician, singer and composer who rose to fame as part of the group Dead Can Dance with former music partner Brendan Perry.

paragraphs: Gerrard received a Golden Globe award and an Academy Award nomination for the score for the 2000 film "Gladiator" on which she teamed up with Hans Zimmer.

paragraphs: Gerrard possesses the vocal range of a contralto, spanning from E3-F5. Her voice has been described as rich, deep, dark, mournful and unique.

paragraphs: She also has the ability to extend upwards into the dramatic mezzo-soprano range, examples of such would be on the songs "The Host of Seraphim", "Elegy", "Space Weaver", "Come This Way" and "One Perfect Sunrise". Gerrard however performs more predominantly in the dramatic contralto range in her other songs, "Sanvean", "Sacrifice", "Largo" and "Not Yet".

paragraphs: Gerrard sings many of her songs, such as "Now We Are Free", "Come Tenderness", "Serenity", "The Valley of the Moon", "Tempest", "Pilgrimage of Lost Children", "Coming Home" and "Sanvean" in an idioglossia (an idiosyncratic language) that she has developed since the age of twelve.


title: Stop sign

paragraphs: The stop sign is a sign which is often met at crossroads, when a road does not have traffic lights. This sign instruct the drivers to stop when they reach the crossroad. They can only proceed when the road ahead is empty. Otherwise they must wait for the other vehicles to pass. When the other vehicle have passed, the driver can proceed. This sign is one of the most significant and known signs of road traffic.

paragraphs: The stop sign is very common in every country. In some countries the stop sign is also written in the local language. For example in Japan, the stop sign is written in Japanese and English. Some decades ago a different symbol was used to indicate the stop sign.


title: Salwar kameez

paragraphs: Salwar kameez (also spelled shalwar kameez or shalwar qameez) is a traditional dress worn by both women and men in Southern Asia. Salvars or shalvars are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top, and narrow at the bottom. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams (known as the chaak) are left open below the waist-line, which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. It is the most common dress for men in Pakistan and Afghanistan.


title: Zayin

paragraphs: Zayin is the seventh letter of the Hebrew alphabet. It is also spelled zain or zayn or simply zay.

paragraphs: The Phoenician letter gave rise to the Greek zeta (Ζ), Etruscan "z" , Latin Z, and Cyrillic Ze З.


title: Resh

paragraphs: Resh is the twentieth letter of the Hebrew alphabet.


title: Ocimum tenuiflorum

paragraphs: Ocimum tenuiflorum (also known as Ocimum sanctum, Tulsi, Tulasī ( in Sanskrit ,Hindi and Nepali in Malayalam, in Tamil, in Kannada, Maduruthala in Sinhalese) is an plant in the family Lamiaceae. It is also called Holy Basil.

paragraphs: Holy Basil, as the name suggest has a holy meaning for people of India, especially towards North and South India. It is usually placed or grown in every household in India and carries religious meanings. In bigger households, the holy basil or tulsi plant is placed in the centre of the house and prayers are offered in the morning time. People usually light an incense stick or agarbatti and pour water on the plant during the prayer.


title: Allspice

paragraphs: Allspice (also called Jamaica pepper, Kurundu, Myrtle pepper, pimento, allspice berries, or newspice) is a spice which is the dried unripe fruit of the "Pimenta dioica" plant, a tree native to the West Indies, southern Mexico and Central America. The tree Pimenta diocia is from the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), and it is very valued for its berries. The allspice was named because the flavor of the berry is like a mixture of cloves, cinnamon, and nutmeg. It is used very much in baking, mostly for making mincemeat and mixed pickling spice. It was discovered first by the early Spanish explorers, who mistook it for a type of pepper.

paragraphs: Allspice is the only spice grown in the Western Hemisphere. But after that, the wild trees were cut down to get the berries and only a few allspice are left. There are many plantations in Mexico and Central America, too. However, the best allspice comes from Jamaica where the weather and soil are best for the berries.

paragraphs: Allspice was used by the Mayans and by other South American Indians when making chocolate. The name "Jamaica" comes from Xamayca. This means ‘land of wood and water’ in the language of the Arawaks. The Arawaks used allspice to help keep the meat from rotting, or sometimes against their enemies.

paragraphs: The spice was imported to Europe after it was discovered. There were many tries to plant it in the East, but it did not work because the trees could not give a lot of fruit. Even though it had a rich smell and a tasty flavor, allspice never had the same caché in Europe as cinnamon or pepper. The English started taking the spice by ship to England in 1737, but by that time the want for spices had been taken over by other kinds of products such as sugar and coffee. It was still a little popular in England though, where it came to be known as the "English Spice".

paragraphs: In the Napoleonic war of 1812, Russian soldiers put the spice in their boots to keep their feet warm. Because of this, today the pimento oil from the allspice is usually used for the men’s dress.

paragraphs: Dried allspice berries look like large brown peppercorns and their colors are cocoa brown. When the berries are not yet ripe, they are harvested and dried by the sun. They are different in size from between 4 and 7 mm (1/8 - 1/4 in) in diameter and are dark brown. Their skin is very wrinkled, and the outer case has two seeds. Allspice can be eaten ground or whole.

paragraphs: Whole dried allspice can keep without a time limit if they are properly kept in airtight jars. They also must not face the light. It can be ground in a mill or an electric coffee grinder. After it is ground, the spice loses its flavor in a few days.


title: Peony

paragraphs: The peony or paeony (Paeonia) is the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, southern Europe and western North America. It is the national flower of China.


title: Liriodendron tulipifera

paragraphs: American tulip tree ("Liriodendron tulipifera"), also called tulip poplar or yellow poplar is a type of tree. It is one of the two species in the genus "Liriodendron". "L. tulipifera" can be found in Eastern North America. The tree can grow to over . It often has no limbs until it reaches 25-30 m (80-100 feet) in height. This makes it a good tree for timber.


title: ActionScript

paragraphs: ActionScript is a scripting language similar to JavaScript. It is used for Adobe Flash and Adobe Flex.

paragraphs: An example Hello World program in ActionScript 3.0:


title: Sean Kingston

paragraphs: Kisean Anderson (born February 3, 1990) better known by his stage name Sean Kingston, is a Jamaican-American reggae singer and rapper. He is best known for his number 1 single "Beautiful Girls". On May 29, 2011, Kingston was seriously injured along with a female passenger in a jet ski accident in Miami, Florida. He was reported to be in critical condition.


title: Galaga

paragraphs: Galaga is a sci-fi arcade game released by Namco in 1981. It is the sequel to "Galaxian". In this game, the player controls a spaceship and shoots enemies coming down in different directions.

paragraphs: The game was published by Chunsoft and developed by Namco.


title: Funker Vogt

paragraphs: Funker Vogt is a German aggrotech band, formed by Gerrit Thomas and Jens Kästel in 1995.


title: Metropolis Records

paragraphs: Metropolis Records is a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania based record label, distributor, and mail-order store specializing in the electro-industrial, synthpop, futurepop, darkwave, and gothic musical genres.

paragraphs: Many of the bands on Metropolis are signed to European labels for their European releases while releasing albums in North America through Metropolis.


title: Apoptygma Berzerk

paragraphs: Apoptygma Berzerk is a Norwegian musical group. They have achieved success with a brand of upbeat and danceable synthpop, winning awards and top-10 spots in Germany and Scandinavia. Apoptygma Berzerk (abbreviated to APB or APOP) has toured Europe, North America, South America and Israel with bands such as VNV Nation, Beborn Beton and Unheilig.


title: VNV Nation

paragraphs: VNV Nation are an electronic music band originally from Wexford and London, now based in Hamburg, that combines elements of trance, synthpop and electronic body music (EBM), into what they call futurepop. Earlier works also include some electro-industrial influences. The members are Ronan Harris and Mark Jackson.

paragraphs: The "VNV" in the name stands for Victory, not Vengeance, in keeping with the group's motto, ""One should strive to achieve; not sit in bitter regret.""


title: Synth-pop

paragraphs: Synth-pop is a subgenre of pop music in which the synthesizer is the main musical instrument. An electronic music genre, synthpop is additionally influenced by rock genres such as New Wave music and punk rock, as well as disco music. It is most closely associated with the era between the late 1970s and early to middle 1980s, although it has continued to exist and develop ever since.


title: Futurepop

paragraphs: Futurepop is a type of electronic dance music which uses influences from the genre synthpop (like song structure and vocal style), uplifting trance (grandiose and arpeggiated synthesizer melodies), and EBM. The name was created by Ronan Harris (of VNV Nation) and Stephan Groth (of Apoptygma Berzerk) while trying to describe the style of music their bands produced.


title: Blutengel

paragraphs: Blutengel () are a German futurepop musical group with a gothic appearance. Blutengel was formed in 1998 by singer Chris Pohl (also of the groups Terminal Choice, Tumor, and Miss Construction and the owner of the Fear Section label) after he had decided to give up the preceding project, Seelenkrank (which had released two albums), due to contractual problems. The lyrics are written primarily in German and English and are presented with male and female vocals.

paragraphs: Seelenschmerz, Angel Dust, Demon Kiss and Labyrinth come with a hard-box limited edition including a bonus CD and exclusive booklet, sticker and post cards.<br>

paragraphs: Tränenherz also came as a limited edition boxset which included, "Tränenherz" Deluxe Edition Digi 2CD, "Signs of the zodiac" Bonus CD and a 100 pages photo book,


title: The Host (novel)

paragraphs: The Host is a 2008 science-fiction/romance book by Stephenie Meyer. A movie based on the book is currently in development.

paragraphs: Melanie Stryder refuses to fade away. The earth has been invaded by a species that takes over the minds of their human hosts while leaving their bodies intact, and most of humanity has succumbed.

paragraphs: Wanderer, the invading ‘soul’ who has been given Melanie’s body, knew about the challenges of living inside a human: the overwhelming emotions, the too-vivid memories. But there was one difficulty Wanderer didn’t expect: the former tenant of her body refusing to relinquish possession of her mind.

paragraphs: Melanie fills Wanderer’s thoughts with visions of the man Melanie loves – Jared, a human who still lives in hiding. Unable to separate herself from her body’s desires, Wanderer yearns for a man she’s never met. As outside forces make Wanderer and Melanie unwilling allies, they set off to search for the man they both love.


title: Polly Adler

paragraphs: Pearl "Polly" Adler (April 16, 1900 July 11, 1962) was a Russian-born madam (owner-manager of a brothel) of Jewish descent. Adler was born in Ivanava (nowadays Belarus).

paragraphs: She opened her first bordello in 1920, under the protection of mobster Dutch Schultz and a friend of mobster Charles "Lucky" Luciano. One building she used was "The Majestic" at 215 West 75th Street, designed by architects Schwartz and Gross and completed in 1924 with hidden stairways and secret doorways. Her brothel there boasted such patrons as Robert Benchley, New York City mayor Jimmy Walker, and Dutch Schultz.

paragraphs: "A House is Not a Home" was a 1953 book of Polly Adler's life that was ghosted (written anonymously) by Virginia Faulkner. The 1989 "Perry Mason" TV-movie "Musical Murder" revolved around a faux-musical based on Adler.


Kitty Hawk


title: Morse code

paragraphs: Morse code is a type of code that is used to send telegraphic information using rhythm. Morse code uses "dots" and "dashes" to show the alphabet letters, numbers, punctuation and special characters of a given message. When messages are sent by Morse code, dots are short beeps or clicks or flashes, and dashes are longer ones.

paragraphs: Morse code is named after Samuel Morse, who helped invent it. It is not used as much today as it was in the 19th and 20th centuries. Teletypewriters were invented in the early 20th century with their own codes and gradually replaced Morse code. Other types of technology that are easier to use for communication became even more common. However, some people still use Morse code to communicate on amateur radio.

paragraphs: There are different types of Morse code for some different countries.

paragraphs: There are three different symbols in Morse code; there's a short one, usually called 'dit', a long one, called 'dah', and the pause. A dah is three times as long as a dit, and the pause has the same length as the dit.

paragraphs: Morse code can be sent in different ways. On ships, flickering lights were often used instead of radio communication.

paragraphs: The S.O.S as it is used today, was introduced by the Imperial German Marine in 1904. It was mandatory for all German ships starting in 1905. It was meant as a distress signal, and should be repeated until all other stations stopped sending. Afterwards the real message would be sent. Also, there is no pause between the characters.

paragraphs: At the time, the market was controlled by two companies; one was Telefunken, and the other was Marconi. Marconi was under British control, Telefunken was German. Marconi used CQD as a distress signal.

paragraphs: The people doing the communication were employees of either Marconi or Telefunken; they were not employed by the ships' owners. These operators were not allowed to answer calls sent by the competing company, which also included distress signals. As this was against the laws of the sea, a conference in Berlin decided to use the German distress signal internationally. This started in 1908. When the ship Republic sent a distress signal in 1909, it was still CQD, and the Titanic also sent CQD at first, in 1912.

paragraphs: The first ship to use the new signal was the RMS Slavonia, in 1909.

paragraphs: The Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) is a satellite-based system that was introduced in 1999 to handle distress situations. It defines four different regions, three of which are covered by satellite. The fourth, which covers the polar regions, is covered by shortwave radio. With the introduction of GMDSS, the S.O.S signal is no longer used.


title: Chives

paragraphs: Chives are herbs which are related to the onion. Its leaves are used for flavoring.


title: Premier of New South Wales

paragraphs: The Premier of New South Wales is the leader of the New South Wales government. He or she is the most powerful politician in the Australian state of New South Wales.

paragraphs: The current Premier is Gladys Berejiklian from the Liberal Party.

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Askin's given name was Robin but he changed it legally to Robert in 1971, prior to being knighted in 1972. Before then, he was generally known as Bob.


title: Excitebike

paragraphs: In 2011, a re-release of "Excitebike" called "3D Classics: Excitebike" was released for the Nintendo 3DS. It is a 3D version of the original game.


title: Morris Iemma

paragraphs: Morris Iemma (born 21 July 1961) was the 40th Premier of New South Wales from 3 August 2005 to 5 September 2008. He was from the Labor Party.


title: Lukáčovce

paragraphs: Lukáčovce is a village and in the Nitra District in western central Slovakia.


title: Houbara bustard

paragraphs: The Houbara Bustard, Chlamydotis undulata, is a large bird in the bustard family. It breeds in the Canary Islands, North Africa, Iran and western Pakistan.


title: Sindh Ibex

paragraphs: The Sindh Ibex or Turkman Wild Goat (Capra aegagrus blythi) is a vulnerable wild goat native to Iran, Iraq, Turkmenistan Pakistan within Pakistan it is the Provincial animal of Sindh.


title: Juniperus squamata

paragraphs: Juniperus squamata (flaky juniper or Himalayan juniper) is a species of juniper native to the Himalaya and China, from northeastern Afghanistan and Pakistan east to Yunnan in southwestern China, and with disjunct populations north to western Gansu and east to Fujian.

paragraphs: It grows at 1,600-4,900 m altitude. It is the provincial tree of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (unofficial).


title: Rose-ringed parakeet

paragraphs: The rose-ringed parakeet is "Psittacula krameri". It is also known as the ringnecked parakeet. It is a tropical species, with a wide range in Africa and south Asia (the Indian subcontinent).

paragraphs: The rose-ringed parakeet is sexually dimorphic. The adult male has a red or black neck ring and the hen and immature birds of both sexes show little or no neck rings. Both sexes have a distinctive green colour.

paragraphs: Rose-ringed parakeets measure on average in length, including the tail feathers, a large portion of their total length. Their average single-wing length is about . In the wild, this is a noisy species with an unmistakable squawk. Captive birds can be taught to speak. It is herbivorous and not migratory.


title: Saludos Amigos

paragraphs: Saludos Amigos is a 1942 movie that takes place in Latin America, produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. The sixth animated feature in the Disney animated features canon, it is made up of four different segments; Donald Duck stars in two of them and Goofy stars in one. It also features the first appearance of José Carioca. "Saludos Amigos" was popular enough for a sequel, "The Three Caballeros", to be produced two years later. The movie premiered in Rio de Janeiro on August 24, 1942. It was released in the United States on February 6, 1943. It got mixed reviews and was only rereleased once, in 1949, when it was shown on a double bill with the first rerelease of "Dumbo".

paragraphs: Its title in Spanish means, "Hello, Friends". This was the first Disney animated feature to be shown in South America before it was shown in the USA. At 42 minutes, this is the shortest Disney feature to date.

paragraphs: The movie features four different parts, or segments. Each of them begin with different clips of the Disney artists roaming the country drawing cartoons of some of the local cultures and scenery:


title: Ghar Kab Aao Gay

paragraphs: Ghar Kab Ao Gey is a Pakistani Urdu language movie directed by Iqbal Kashmiri. It was released in theaters across Pakistan in Eid-ul-Fittar on January 9, 2000.


title: Tere Pyar Mein

paragraphs: Tere Pyar Mein (, "In Your Love") is a Pakistani movie which was released in December 2000. It launched the career of Zara Sheikh in Lollywood.


title: Electronic body music

paragraphs: Electronic body music (EBM, also known as aggropop) is a music genre that mixes together parts of industrial music and electronic dance music. It first became popular in Belgium.


title: The Birthday Massacre

paragraphs: The Birthday Massacre is a synthpop band, based in Toronto, Canada. The band was officially formed in 1999, known at that time as Imagica, a name taken from a novel by Clive Barker called Imajica. In 2001 they changed their name to The Birthday Massacre. They have released 5 studio albums and they announced in January 2013 that they are working on a 6th album. In 2013 they did a tour with Emilie Autumn. In 2014 The Birthday Massacre will release their sixth album.

paragraphs: In 2002 The Birthday Massacre released their first album, "Nothing and Nowhere". In 2005 "Violet" was released. "Walking with Strangers" was released in 2007. During the spring and summer of 2009, the band went on tour with bands I Am Ghost and Dommin in North America and Europe.


title: Clive Barker

paragraphs: Clive Barker (born 5 October 1952) is an English author, movie director and visual artist. He was born in Liverpool. He is openly gay.


title: Hellraiser

paragraphs: Hellraiser is a 1987 British horror movie exploring the themes of sadomasochism, pain as a source of pleasure, and morality under duress and fear. It is based on the novella "The Hellbound Heart" by Clive Barker, who also wrote the screenplay and directed the movie.

paragraphs: "Hellraiser" was number 19 on the cable channel Bravo's list of the "100 Scariest Movie Moments".


title: Sesame

paragraphs: A sesame ("Sesamum indicum") is a flowering plant in the genus "Sesamum". It grows to a height of 2-3 feet.


title: Pedaliaceae

paragraphs: Pedaliaceae (pedalium family or sesame family) is a flowering plant in the Scrophulariales family.

paragraphs: Sesame, "Sesamum indicum", is the source of sesame seeds.


title: Komodo dragon

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon ("Varanus komodoensis") is a species of lizard that lives in the Indonesian islands of Komodo, Rincah, Flores, Gili Motang, and Gili Dasami. It is the largest living lizard. They grow to an average length of 2–3 meters (approximately 6.5–10 ft) and weigh around 70 kg (154 pounds). Komodo dragon bites can be very dangerous, and they sometimes attack people.

paragraphs: Western scientists first saw Komodo dragons in 1910. They are very popular animals in zoos because they are very big and look scary. The lizards are in some danger. There are very few Komodo dragons still alive on their home islands. Indonesian law does not allow hunting these lizards. Komodo National Park was made to help protect Komodo dragons.

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon has other names. It can also be called the Komodo monitor or the Komodo Island monitor by some scientists, but this is not very common. The people who live in Komodo Island call them "ora", "buaja durat" (land crocodile) or "biawak raksasa" (giant monitor).

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon is cold-blooded. Its tail is as long as its body. It has about 60 sharp teeth that can grow up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long. It also has a long, yellow, forked tongue. Its skin can be blue, orange, green, gray, or brown. Its saliva is red because its gums almost completely cover its teeth. When they eat, their teeth cut their gums and make them bleed. This creates a good environment for the dangerous bacteria that live in its mouth.

paragraphs: These lizards are the top predators in the places where they live because they are so big.

paragraphs: People used to think they were very big because there are no other large, meat-eating animals on the islands where they live. Therefore they did not have to compete with other similar animals for the same food and places to live. People also thought they were big because of their low metabolic rate.

paragraphs: However, facts are different. The fossil record shows that the Komodo is the last of a group of lizards called varanids. These lizards have been about the same size for nearly a million years. They had their origin in Australia nearly four million years ago, and spread later to much of Indonesia. Their size has nothing to do with being on a relatively small island.

paragraphs: Most of them died out after contact with the

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon's earholes are easy to see, but Komodo dragons are not very good at hearing. It is able to see as far away as 300 meters (985 feet), but it is thought to have poor night vision. The Komodo dragon is able to see in color, but has trouble seeing objects that do not move.

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon uses its tongue to taste and smell like many other reptiles. They have a special part of the body called the Jacobson's organ for smelling. With the help of a good wind, they can smell dead animals from 4–9.5 kilometres (2.5–6 mi) away. The Komodo dragon's nostrils are not very useful for smelling, because it does not have a diaphragm. It only has a few taste buds in the back of its throat. Its scales have special connections to nerves that give the lizard a sense of touch. The scales around its ears, lips, chin, and bottoms of the feet may have three or more of these connections.

paragraphs: Komodo dragons have dangerous bacteria in their saliva. Scientists have identified 57 of them. One of the most dangerous bacteria in Komodo dragon saliva appears to be a kind of "Pasteurella multocida". These bacteria cause disease in the blood of their victim. If a bite does not kill an animal and it escapes, it will usually die within a week from infection. The Komodo dragon seems to never get sick from its own bacteria. So, researchers have been looking for the lizard's antibacterial. This may be used as medicine for humans.

paragraphs: In addition to the deadly bacteria, the Komodo dragon has venom glands in its lower jaws which match the potency of the inland taipan, a venomous snake. The venom acts as a blood thinner, and will cause death by heart failure and massive internal bleeding in as little as 30 minutes.

paragraphs: Mating begins between May and August, and the eggs are laid in September. Dragons leave about twenty eggs in empty nests left by birds called megapodes. The eggs develop for seven to eight months. The eggs open and the baby lizards come out in April, when there are many insects to eat. Young Komodo dragons live in trees, where they are safe from adult Komodo dragons and other animals that might eat them. They take around three to five years to mature and may live as long as fifty years. Female Komodo dragons can have babies without fertilisation (parthenogenesis).

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon likes hot and dry places and lives in dry open grassland, savanna, and tropical forest on lower land. It is most active in the day because it is cold-blooded, although it is sometimes active at night. Komodo dragons live alone. They come together only to breed and eat. They can run up to 20 kilometers per hour (12.4 mph), dive up to 4.5 metres (15 ft) at top speed for short periods of time. When they are young, they climb trees with their strong claws. As the Komodo dragon grows bigger, its claws are used mostly as weapons, because it is too big to climb trees well.

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon digs holes for protection with its powerful legs and claws. These holes can be from 1–3 metres (3–10 ft) wide.

paragraphs: Because it is very big and sleeps in holes, it is able to keep itself warm through the night. The Komodo dragon usually hunts in the afternoon, but stays in the shade during the hottest part of the day. Komodo dragons have special resting places on ridges that catch cool sea breezes.

paragraphs: Komodo dragons are carnivores, which means that they eat meat. Although they eat mostly dead animals they will also catch live animals as prey. When prey goes by a Komodo dragon, it will suddenly charge at the animal and bite or claw the belly or the throat. To catch animals that are up high and out of reach, the Komodo dragon may stand on its back legs and use its tail as a support.

paragraphs: Komodo dragons do not chew their food. They eat by biting and pulling off large chunks of flesh and swallowing them whole. They can swallow smaller prey, up to the size of a goat, whole. This is because they have flexible jaws and skulls, and their stomachs can expand. Komodo dragons make much saliva to help the food move easily, but swallowing still takes a long time (15–20 minutes to swallow a goat). Komodo dragons may try to swallow faster by running and pushing the dead animal in its mouth very hard against a tree. Sometimes a lizard hits the tree so hard that it gets knocked out. Dragons breathe using a small tube under the tongue that connects to the lungs. This allows it to continue breathing even while swallowing large things. Komodo dragons can eat up to 80 percent of its body weight in one meal. After swallowing its food, it drags itself to a sunny place to speed up digestion so the food does not rot and poison the dragon. Large dragons can survive on as little as 12 meals a year. After digestion, the Komodo dragon vomits the horns, hair, and teeth of the animal it ate. This vomit is covered in a smelly mucus. After vomiting, it rubs its face in the dirt or on bushes to get rid of the mucus. This suggests that komodo dragons dislike the smell, just like humans do.

paragraphs: The largest animals usually eat first, while the smaller ones eat later. Dragons of equal size may wrestle each other. Losers usually run away, although sometimes they are chased and eaten by the winners.

paragraphs: The Komodo dragon's diet includes invertebrates, other reptiles (including smaller Komodo dragons), birds, bird eggs, small mammals, monkeys, wild boars, goats, deer, horses, and water buffalo. Young Komodo dragons will eat insects, eggs, geckoes, and small mammals. Komodo dragons may eat people and, they can even dig up bodies from their graves to eat them. Therefore, people on Komodo Island moved their graves from sandy to clay ground and piled rocks on top to stop the lizards from digging up dead bodies.

paragraphs: Because the Komodo dragon does not have a diaphragm, it cannot suck water when drinking. It cannot lap water with its tongue either. Instead, it drinks by taking a mouthful of water, lifting its head, and letting the water run down its throat.

paragraphs: Recent fossils from Queensland suggests that the Komodo dragon evolved in Australia before spreading to Indonesia. Its body size remained stable on Flores, ever since the islands were isolated by rising sea levels, about 900,000 years ago. The sea level dropped very low during the last ice age and uncovered wide areas of continental shelf. The Komodo dragon spread into these areas. They became isolated on the islands where they live today when sea levels rose again. They moved into what is now the Indonesian island group. They spread as far east as the island of Timor.

paragraphs: Komodo dragons have been popular in zoos for a long time. However, there are few of them in zoos because they may become sick and do not have babies easily. As of May 2009, there are 13 European, 2 African, 35 North American, 1 Singaporean, and 2 Australian institutions that keep Komodo dragons.

paragraphs: A Komodo dragon was shown in a zoo for the first time in 1934 at the Smithsonian National Zoological Park. But, it lived for only two years. People continued to try to keep Komodo dragons in zoos, but the lives of these creatures was very short. The average life of a dragon in a zoo was five years in the National Zoological Park. Walter Auffenberg studied the dragons in zoos and eventually helped zoos to keep dragons more successfully.

paragraphs: Many dragons in zoos may become tamer than wild lizards within a short period of time in a zoo. Many zoo keepers have brought the animals out of their cages to meet visitors without any problems. Dragons can also recognize individual humans. However, even dragons that seem tame may surprise people and become aggressive. This can often happen when a stranger enters the animal's home.

paragraphs: Research with captive Komodo dragons has shown that they play. One dragon would push a shovel left and seemed attracted to the sound of it moving across rocks. A young female dragon at the National Zoo in Washington, D.C. would grab and shake things like statues, drink cans, plastic rings, and blankets. She would also put her head in boxes, shoes, and other objects. She did not make a mistake and think these objects were food; she would only swallow them if they were covered in rat blood.

paragraphs: Komodo dragons do not attack humans very often. However, they do sometimes hurt or kill people.

paragraphs: In June 2001, a Komodo dragon seriously hurt Phil Bronstein—executive editor of the "San Francisco Chronicle". Bronstein had entered the dragon's cage at the Los Angeles Zoo after being invited in by its keeper. The zoo keeper had told him to take off his white shoes, which could have excited the Komodo dragon. Bronstein was bitten on his bare foot. Although he escaped, he needed surgery to repair his foot.

paragraphs: On June 4, 2007, a Komodo dragon attacked an eight-year-old boy on Komodo Island. The boy later died because he lost too much blood. This was the first time that people know a dragon had killed a human in 33 years. Local people blamed the attack on environmentalists. People from outside the island had stopped local people from killing goats and leaving them for the dragons. The Komodo dragons no longer found the food they needed, so they came into places where humans lived in search of food. Many natives of Komodo Island believe that Komodo dragons are actually the reincarnation of relatives and should be treated with respect.

paragraphs: On March 24, 2009, two Komodo dragons attacked and killed fisherman Muhamad Anwar on Komodo Island. They attacked Anwar after he fell out of a sugar-apple tree. He was bleeding badly from bites on his hands, body, legs, and neck. He was taken to a clinic on the nearby island of Flores, but doctors said he was dead when he arrived.

paragraphs: There are very few Komodo dragons, and they may not survive. The lizards are on the IUCN Red List of animals in danger. Not many Komodo dragons still live on their home islands.

paragraphs: However, there may now be only 352 females having babies in the wild. The Komodo National Park was founded in 1980 to protect the Komodo dragon on its home islands.

paragraphs: Many things have reduced the number of dragons, including: volcanoes, earthquakes, loss of good places to live, fire, not enough animals to eat, tourism, and illegal hunting.

paragraphs: Buying or selling Komodo dragons or their skins is illegal as part of an international law called CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species).


title: Organized crime

paragraphs: Organized crime is an act committed by a group or groups of people, usually mobsters and other criminals, who work to make money or achieve certain motive illegally.


title: The Singles 1992-2003

paragraphs: The Singles 1992-2003 is a greatest hits album by the American alternative rock band No Doubt. It was released on November 25, 2003 (the same day as "Boom Box", a box set album by No Doubt.) The album contained all of the singles the band had released at the time, except for "Squeal" and "Doghouse" (two singles from their album "The Beacon Street Collection" that never became popular.) However, it also included two songs that were not singles: "Trapped in a Box" from their first album "No Doubt", and a cover version of the song "It's My Life" by Talk Talk.


title: Nathan Kress

paragraphs: Nathan Karl Kress also Nate Kress (born November 18, 1992) is an American teen actor and voice actor.

paragraphs: Nathan Kress was born in Glendale, California and resides in Southern California. He acts on the hit Nickelodeon show "iCarly as Freddie Benson."

paragraphs: When Kress was young, he would quote lines and monologues from television and perform for his family and friends. He began modeling, acting and voiceover work at 3 years old. At age 6, he took a break from acting, and at about age 10, asked his mom to begin homeschooling him so that he could pursue acting again. He voiced the role of Eizan Kaburagi from Nickelodeon's animated series, Shuriken School. He has also guest starred in The Suite Life of Zack and Cody as Jamie. Kress has enjoyed playing dramatic roles in "House", "Standoff", and "Without a Trace".

paragraphs: In early 2007, Nathan performed in a short film, "Bag", for which he won a Jury Honorable Mention Award at the 168 Hour Film Festival for the role of Albert. "Bag" also won the Festival award for Best Comedy.

paragraphs: On "iCarly", Nathan's role is that of Freddie Benson, the technical producer for Carly's webshow, iCarly. Freddie is a computer whiz kid who has a crush on Carly (Miranda Cosgrove) and an ongoing feud with Sam (Jennette McCurdy). "It's weird," says Kress, "I have to pretend to love Carly and kiss Sam when actually we are just all really good friends." He co-stars with Miranda Cosgrove, Jennette McCurdy, and Jerry Trainor on iCarly.


title: Monster truck

paragraphs: A monster truck is a vehicle usually styled after a pickup truck. It is changed or purposely built with very big wheels and suspension. Monster trucks are used for competition and popular entertainment.

paragraphs: Usually, a monster truck show involves the truck crushing smaller cars under its huge tires.


title: Harlem Globetrotters

paragraphs: The Harlem Globetrotters are an exhibition basketball team that combines athleticism and comedy. They are a "barnstorming" team, which means they travel around the world playing basketball in many different places. Sometimes they play college or pro teams, but usually they play a team called the Washington Generals.

paragraphs: They were founded in 1925 in Chicago. Almost all their players are African-American, which was unusual at the time of their founding (at that time, most professional basketball players were white). In the 1930s and 1940s, they were one of the best basketball teams in the country, along with the New York Rens, another African-American basketball team. By the 1950s, a lot of black players started playing in the NBA, and the Globetrobbers became a clown team.

paragraphs: The best-known Globetrotter is Meadowlark Lemon. Wilt Chamberlain played for the Globetrotters for a while. They were placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame as a team in 2001.


title: Burt Ward

paragraphs: Burt Ward (born Bert John Gervis, Jr., on July 6, 1945) is an American television actor. He is best known for his work as Robin, the "Boy Wonder," in the 1960s television series "Batman". In 1992 he wrote a book called “Burt Ward: My life in tights.”


title: Batman (TV series)

paragraphs: Batman is a 1960s American television series, based on the DC comic book character Batman. It aired on the ABC network for two and a half seasons from 1966 to 1968. Even though it was on TV for such a short time, the series had two new episodes each week, giving the show a total of 120 episodes (the equivalent of roughly five regular seasons).


title: Graduate school

paragraphs: A graduate school (or grad school) is a school that gives advanced academic degrees, such as Master's degrees (M.S. or M.B.A.) and Doctoral degrees (Ph.D. or L.L.D. or D.D.S. etc.). A graduate student (or grad student) is a student who has earned a Bachelor's degree and is pursuing additional education in a specific field, though this is not always the case. In British English, the term "postgraduate student" is more common.

paragraphs: A graduate school is not always a separate school.

paragraphs: The term "graduate school" could be confusing because the verb "graduate" is also used to mean completing high school education or earning a Bachelor's degree. The verb is used for all those types of schools, but the meaning of the adjective "graduate" is changed to mean "postgraduate" in the term "graduate school". The small change in meaning can be viewed with an air of sophistication, where experienced students are often more aware of the issue, while novice students might not be aware, as being more naive.


title: SAT

paragraphs: The SAT Reasoning Test (used to be called Scholastic Aptitude Test and Scholastic Assessment Test) is a test for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned, published, and created by the College Board, a non-profit organization in the United States, and was once owned by the Educational Testing Service (ETS). ETS now administers the exam.

paragraphs: The test tests students (usually high school seniors) in three areas: Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. The newest section is Writing, introduced in 2005, with a new essay section. The scores in each area go from 200 to 800, 800 being the best score. The scores in the three areas are added up, for a score between 600 and 2400. The average score is about 1500 in total. On the old SAT administered before 2005, the top score was 1600. Getting near the highest or lowest scores is rare.

paragraphs: The test has ten sections, with the essay always coming first. There is also a section that is not scored. College Board says:

paragraphs: The sections are mostly 25 minutes long, but the later sections start to get shorter, with fewer questions. The whole test lasts 3 hours and 45 minutes.

paragraphs: The PSAT is also fee-based, and is practice for the real SAT. The SAT Subject Tests are not to be confused with the SAT.

paragraphs: The NMSQT is the National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test. It's a qualifying test for the National Merit Scholarship Program.

paragraphs: As of March 5, 2016, the College Board has begun using a new SAT, which has four sections (reading, writing, math without calculator, math with calculator) plus an optional essay.

paragraphs: The reading section comes first. It is 65 minutes long, and has 52 questions. Unlike on the pre-2016 SAT, there are no vocabulary words or sentences to fill in.

paragraphs: The writing section, which is 35 minutes long and has 44 questions, comes next. It is similar to the old writing section.

paragraphs: The math section is split into two parts: one which lets students use calculators, and one which does not. The no-calculator section comes before the calculator section, and has 20 problems to be finished in 25 minutes. The calculator section has 38 problems to be done in 55 minutes.

paragraphs: Finally, the essay is 50 minutes long, but does not have to be taken by every student. The new essay is based on analyzing a passage, instead of answering a question about life experiences.

paragraphs: Scores on the new SAT range from 400 to 1600, as on the pre-2005 SAT.


title: Lucky Luciano

paragraphs: Charles "Lucky" Luciano (born Salvatore Lucania; November 24, 1897 – January 26, 1962) was a Sicilian mobster. Luciano is considered to have been the father of modern organized crime and the mastermind of the postwar expansion of the international heroin trade. He was the first official boss of the modern Genovese crime family.

paragraphs: "Time" magazine named Luciano among the top 20 most influential builders and titans of the 20th century.


title: Genovese crime family

paragraphs: The Genovese crime family is one of the "Five Families" that controls organized crime activities in New York City, within the nationwide criminal phenomenon known as the Mafia (or Cosa Nostra). The Genovese crime family has been nicknamed the "Ivy League" and "Rolls Royce" of organized crime.


title: ACT (test)

paragraphs: The ACT is an achievement test for college admissions in the United States made by ACT, Inc. It was first given in Fall 1959 by Everett Franklin Lindquist as a competitor to the College Board's Scholastic Aptitude Test, now the SAT Reasoning Test. Some students who perform poorly on the SAT find that they perform better on the ACT and vice versa. The ACT test is made of 4 tests: English, Math, Reading, and Science reasoning. In February 2005, an optional writing test was added to the ACT, like changes to the SAT that took place later in March of the same year. All four-year colleges and universities in the U.S. accept the ACT.


title: Pakistan Declaration

paragraphs: The Pakistan Declaration (titled Now or Never; Are We to Live or Perish Forever?) was a pamphlet published in January 1933 by Choudhary Rahmat Ali in which the word Pakistan was used for the first time.

paragraphs: The pamphlet was written when Pakistan was part of British India. The pamphlet asked that "the five Northern units of India" - Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (Afghan Province), Kashmir, Sindh and Baluchistan (or Pakstan) become an independent state and not part of India.

paragraphs: After the pamphlet was published the name of Pakistan became very popular and led to the Pakistan Movement. Fourteen years after the pamphlet was published, in 1947, Pakistan became an independent state.


title: Pamphlet

paragraphs: A pamphlet is a small book without a hard cover or binding. It can be made up of a single sheet of paper that is printed on both sides and folded in half, in thirds, or in fourths (called a leaflet).

paragraphs: It can also be made up of a few pages that are folded in half and stapled at the crease to make a simple book. In order to count as a pamphlet, UNESCO requires the pamphlet to have 'at least 5 but not more than 48 pages' not including the cover page; a longer item is a book.

paragraphs: Pamphlets can contain anything, such as user instructions information for kitchen appliances, or religious and political ideas. Pamphlets have been important in history, publishing a lot of pamphlets can help spread ideas, for instance during revolutions pamphlets were used to influence people. Pamphlets are also important in advertising as they are cheap to produce and can be distributed easily to customers.


title: Pattaya

paragraphs: Pattaya (, ) is a city in Thailand. It is on the east coast of the Gulf of Thailand, about 165 km southeast of Bangkok.

paragraphs: In 2016, 65% of the tourists (coming to the city) where foreigners. Of foreigners there were most Chinese, followed by Russians, and then by Koreans, and then by Indians, and then by Germans.


title: Vernon Chatman

paragraphs: Vernon Chatman (born October 31, 1972) is an Emmy Award winning American television producer, writer, voice actor, comedian and musician. He is best known as the voice of "Towelie" on the cartoon series "South Park".


title: Yasothon

paragraphs: Yasothon is a town in the Isan region of Thailand. It is far from Bangkok about 500 km. In the village people grow rice and houseplants. The weather is very hot in the summer (more than other provinces) and the famous festival is Bang Fai Rocket Festival. This festival is really beautiful, every year the visitor from all over the country come to visit this festival. The festival features large home-made rockets, fireworks displays, parades and beauty contests. Normally people have created the rockets for launched in to the sky; they believe that the god will send the planting season.

paragraphs: From Yasothon city of nearby province are Mukdahan, Nakhonpanom, Rio Et, Sisakat and Ubom Ratchathani.


title: Thai food

paragraphs: Thai food is a type of food that was first made in Thailand. Thai food is often spicy, but does not have to be. Thai food is shared with every person at the table. The meal is not thrown away. The Thai believe that throwing food away would anger the "god of rice". Thai food is eaten with a fork and a large spoon.


title: Lopburi

paragraphs: Lopburi is a province in the center of Thailand. It is good farming land. Lopburi has a long history. It was first called La-vo. Lopburi was settled during the Bronze Age. The Khmer expanded their power in the area during the 10th century and ruled from the town of La-vo.

paragraphs: The administration of Lopburi is divided into 11 districts and 124 sub-districts. The tourist attractions are Narainivech Palace, Narai National Museum, Pralarn shrine (famous for the monkeys that come out of the jungle), Pasakchonlasit dam, Mahatad temple, Lopburi's zoo, Indian pagoda's shrine, Lai temple, Vichayenn's house -it's the place where the royal government welcome the foreign envoys, and Vangkanleung's waterfall.


title: Volkswagen Golf

paragraphs: Volkswagen Golf is a car produced by Volkswagen since 1974. It entered its 8th generation in 2019.


title: Capparis decidua

paragraphs: Capparis decidua is commonly known as karir, kair, kirir, karril, etc. It is either a small tree with many branches or a shrub of the Thar desert and other hot and dry regions in southern Asia. It has a lot of thin, leafless branches, the small leaves being found only on young shoots. It rarely grows above a height of 5 meters (15 feet).

paragraphs: The berries can be eaten and mixed with sangri (beans from the tree Prosopis cineraria) form a vegetable dish called "Kair sangri" in Rajasthan, India, which is a delicacy to many.khair is also used for preparing pickle and can be stored for long time .

paragraphs: They are highly tolerant to salinity of soil (8 mmhos) .

paragraphs: These plants grow in extremely scarce condition of water ( xerophytes ) like ber .


title: Pilgrims

paragraphs: The Pilgrims is the name for the early settlers of the Plymouth Colony, which is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. These people referred to themselves as "Separatists". Most of them were either Methodists or Puritans. In 1620 they traveled from England on a ship called the "Mayflower". There were 102 people on the ship including crew members. The Pilgrims had left England years earlier to live in Leiden because of religious differences with the Church of England. The original settlers of Plymouth Colony are known as the Pilgrim Fathers, or simply as the Pilgrims.

paragraphs: The Mayflower was a cargo ship and was not meant for passengers. It was uncomfortable and small. Many Pilgrims got sick on the journey or soon after they arrived. One child was born on the Mayflower.

paragraphs: When they arrived in America, they built homes and farms. They received help from the Wampanoag people. The Wampanoag people taught the Pilgrims how to plant corn, hunt, and fish in the new land. They had a big feast for 3 days.

paragraphs: Foods commonly eaten by the Pilgrims included bread, grains, corn, venison, turkey, mussels, lobster, eel, and clams.


title: G major

paragraphs: G major (or the key of G) is a major scale based on G, with the pitches G, A, B, C, D, E,F, and G. Its key signature has one sharp, F.

paragraphs: Its relative minor is E minor, and its parallel minor is G minor.


title: Classic female blues

paragraphs: Classic female blues music was played from 1920 to 1929. The most popular of female blues singers were Ma Rainey, Bessie Smith, Mamie Smith, Ethel Waters and Rosa Henderson.


title: Delta blues

paragraphs: The Delta blues is one of the earliest types of blues music. It started in the Mississippi Delta (a place in the US that goes from Memphis to Mississippi). Guitar and harmonica are usually used to play it.

paragraphs: Delta blues music was first played in the 1920s. Tommy Johnson and Ishman Bracey were recorded by Victor in 1928. Robert Wilkins was first recorded by Victor in Memphis in 1928, and Big Joe Williams and Garfield Akers were also recorded in Memphis in 1929 by Brunswick/Vocalion.


title: Chuck (album)

paragraphs: Chuck is the third album by Sum 41. It was released on October 12, 2004.

paragraphs: Chuck Acoustic EP (Tour Edition Promo) is an acoustic EP released by Sum 41 in 2005 in Japan only.


title: Sexual dimorphism

paragraphs: Sexual dimorphism is a concept in biology. It means that the male and the female of a species look noticeably different. The word comes from the Greek: "di" (two) and "morphe" (form).

paragraphs: It is the most common type of polymorphism. It may be the result of sexual selection, that is, competition between members of the same species for reproduction. More generally, sexual dimorphism is inherited, which means the differences between males and females have survival value.

paragraphs: The features that distinguish the two sexes of a species are called secondary sex characteristics. They are not directly part of the reproductive system. They are the product of sexual selection for traits which give an individual an advantage over its rivals in survival and reproduction.

paragraphs: The difference between sexes can include:

paragraphs: The main functions of sexual dimorphism are to improve the individual's chance of mating in various ways:

paragraphs: Some animals show these differences only during mating season. Deer shed their antlers and peacocks shed their tails out of season. This minimises the key disadvantage of sexual dimorphism, which is, it makes the male much easier to be seen by predators.


title: Jonathan Swift

paragraphs: Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667 – 19 October 1745) was an Anglo-Irish satirist, essayist, political pamphleteer (first for Whigs then for the Tories), poet and cleric. He became Dean of St. Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin.

paragraphs: He is remembered for books and poems he wrote like: "Gulliver's Travels", "A Modest Proposal", "A Journal to Stella", "Drapier's Letters", "The Battle of the Books", "An Argument Against Abolishing Christianity", and "A Tale of a Tub". Swift is probably the most well known prose satirist in the English language. He is less well known for his poetry.

paragraphs: Swift originally published all of his work under pseudonyms — such as Lemuel Gulliver, Isaac Bickerstaff, M.B. Drapier — or anonymously. He is known for being a master of two styles of satire; the Horatian and Juvenalian styles.

paragraphs: Swift was a good writer, famous for his satires. The most recent collection of his prose works (Herbert Davis, ed. Basil Blackwell, 1965-) comprises fourteen volumes. A recent edition of his complete poetry (Pat Rodges, ed. Penguin, 1983) is 953 pages long. One edition of his correspondence (David Woolley, ed. P. Lang, 1999) fills three volumes.

paragraphs: John Ruskin named him as one of the three people in history who were the most influential for him.


title: Cato the Elder

paragraphs: Marcus Porcius Cato (Latin: ) (234 BC, Tusculum–149 BC) was a Roman statesman, surnamed the Censor ("Censorius"), "Sapiens, Priscus", or the Elder ("Major"), to distinguish him from Cato the Younger (his great-grandson).

paragraphs: He came of an ancient Plebeian family who all were noted for some military service but not for the discharge of the higher civil offices. He was bred, after the manner of his Latin forefathers, to agriculture, to which he devoted himself when not engaged in military service. But, having attracted the notice of Lucius Valerius Flaccus, he was brought to Rome, and successively held the offices of Cursus Honorum: Tribune (214 BC), Quaestor (204 BC), Aedile (199 BC), Praetor (198 BC), Consul (195 BC) together with his old patron, and finally Censor (184 BC).

paragraphs: Late in life, he encouraged the Romans to start the Third Punic War to destroy Carthage.


title: Malaria

paragraphs: Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite: it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. People catch malaria when the parasite enters the blood. The parasite causes a deadly infection which kills many people each year (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s). However, due to the development of insecticide resistance among mosquitoes and other factors, it staged a comeback in the mid 1970s (6.47 million cases in 1976), and continues to prevail in endemic/subendemic proportions, so that 80% indian population lives in malaria risk areas.

paragraphs: Malaria is produced by 4 species of the protozoal parasite Plasmodium, is endemic in many tropical countries. It is one of the most common health problems. As per latest WHO estimates (2011)* between 149–274 (median 216) million clinical cases and ~ 0.655 million deaths occur globally due to malaria each year, 90% of which are in Africa. This amounts to one malaria death every minute. In India, the National Malaria Eradication Programme (NMEP), started in 1958, achieved near complete disappearance of the disease in 1960s (from 75 million cases in 1950s to 0.1 million cases in 1960s).

paragraphs: The parasite that causes malaria is a protozoan called 'Plasmodium'. Protozoa are organisms with only one cell, but they are not bacteria. Bacteria are smaller and simpler than protozoans.

paragraphs: People usually get malaria from the "Anopheles" or "Culex" mosquitoes: they are the vectors of the disease. The "Plasmodium" gets into people by the bites of mosquitoes. The "Plasmodium" is in the mosquito's special saliva. The mosquito's saliva injects an anticoagulant into the person to prevent their blood from clotting. The person is then infected with "Plasmodium" as a by-product. This makes the person have the disease we call malaria.

paragraphs: Only the female mosquito gives people malaria, because only the female mosquito consumes blood. The male mosquito lives on the nectar of flowers. The female uses blood as a source of protein for its eggs.

paragraphs: Some people do not get malaria from mosquitoes. A baby can get it while inside its mother. This is called "maternal-foetal transmission". People can also get malaria from a blood transfusion. This is when someone gives blood to another person. Another way people can catch malaria is by using a needle that someone with the disease used before them.

paragraphs: There are several species (kinds) of "Plasmodium" that cause malaria in humans:

paragraphs: "P. vivax" and "P. falciparum" cause the most malaria in people. "Falciparum" malaria is the worst kind, and kills the most people.

paragraphs: When "Plasmodium" enters the blood, they are then called "sporozoites". Sporozoites go to the liver, where they make many more sporozoites. Then they change into a different form of "Plasmodium". This form is the "merozoite". The merozoites go into the red blood cells, then they make many more merozoites.

paragraphs: The merozoites break out of the red blood cells again and again. When they do this, the person gets very sick, and shows symptoms of malaria. This happens every few days, and is called a paroxysm.

paragraphs: "P. vivax" and "P. ovale" can live in the liver for a long time. A person can look well, but still have the "Plasmodium" in the liver. This is called a "dormant phase". Weeks or months later, the "Plasmodium" can leave the liver to the blood, and the person will get sick again.

paragraphs: "P. falciparum" is the most dangerous type of malaria. It makes people sicker than those with other types of malaria, because there are more of them in the blood. Also, with "falciparum" malaria, the red blood cells are sticky. This makes the red blood cells block blood vessels. If blood vessels are blocked, this can hurt what the blood vessel brings blood to, and can hurt people's organs.

paragraphs: Pregnant women and children are hurt most by malaria. When they get malaria, they get sicker.

paragraphs: 40% of people live in a place where there is malaria. Malaria is in these places:

paragraphs: Every year, 300 to 700 million people get malaria. It kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa. Most of the people who die from malaria are children. Even if children do not die, many have brain damage.

paragraphs: Many of these deaths might be stopped with medicine or mosquito control. But many of the places malaria may be found are in poor countries. These countries do not have enough money to stop the mosquitoes, or to give people medicine. Money, however, is not the only problem. A country must have an organised medical system to provide services. Many countries in central Africa have been disrupted by warfare and conflict between groups, and general unrest. Also, easy solutions to kill the parasites do not exist as they did 50 years ago. This is because the insects are resistant to many insecticides, and the "Plasmodium" parasite is highly resistant to quinine and most other common drugs. This is a normal evolutionary process: the chemicals weed out the non-resistant organisms, and the offspring of the few resistant organisms multiply.

paragraphs: Symptoms are changes in someone's body that are signs for a disease. Most people who get malaria get symptoms 10–30 days after they get infected (the "Plasmodium" gets in their blood.) But some people can get symptoms after only a week, and some may be infected with malaria and not have symptoms for a year.

paragraphs: The most common symptom of malaria is fever, when the body temperature is high. The fever from malaria usually comes very suddenly. The people who have malaria often feel like they had influenza.

paragraphs: Complications are problems that happen because of a disease.

paragraphs: Pregnant women and young children have more complications. People who get malaria for the first time have more complications. "Falciparum" malaria has the most complications.

paragraphs: A clinical diagnosis is based on the signs and symptoms of a disease, it is a diagnosis made without medical testing. In the case of malaria one of the main symptoms which may lead to a clinical diagnosis of malaria is a fever.

paragraphs: Any clinical diagnosis of malaria should be confirmed by a trained professional based upon laboratory results as soon as it is possible.

paragraphs: A Malaria rapid diagnostic test is a blood test which can confirm a diagnosis of malaria in about twenty minutes. RDTs are not foolproof and have a number of drawbacks, and as such a negative rapid diagnostic test should not be accepted at face-value and follow-up with malaria microscopy is necessary.

paragraphs: To see if patients have malaria, doctors may do a blood test. This test is called a "Giemsa blood smear". Blood is put on a slide which is a thin piece of glass. The "Giemsa" stain is put on the slide. This stain helps doctors see the malaria. Then they look at the slide under a microscope. The "Plasmodium" is seen in the red blood cells.

paragraphs: People with different kinds of malaria need different medicines. The medicine that works for one kind of malaria may not for another kind. So it is very important to know which species of "Plasmodium" the person has.

paragraphs: If the species is not known, the person should be given medicine and care like they have "falciparum" malaria the worst kind.

paragraphs: It is also important to know "where" the person got malaria. "Plasmodium" in some places is resistant to some medicines. So the medicines to treat malaria in Africa are different from the medicines to treat malaria from South America.

paragraphs: Everywhere except New Guinea, the treatment is the same. In New Guinea most "P. vivax" is resistant to "chloroquine". It can be treated with quinine, but this medicine can make people sick. Everywhere else, non-"falciparum" malaria is treated with chloroquine.

paragraphs: Chloroquine kills the "Plasmodium" in the blood. But the "Plasmodium" in the liver is not killed by chloroquine. "P. vivax" and "P. ovale" both stay in the liver a "long" time. This is the "dormant phase". Another medicine must be given with chloroquine for "P. vivax" and "P. ovale". This is to kill the "Plasmodium" in the liver. The medicine used to kill malaria in the liver is "primaquine". In southeast Asia, some "P. vivax" is resistant to primaquine. Most other places, "primaquine" works very well.

paragraphs: Some people get very sick from "primaquine". So people have to be tested to see if they have G6PD-deficiency before they take "primaquine".

paragraphs: Falciparum is the worst kind of malaria. People with "falciparum" malaria should be treated in a hospital if they are:

paragraphs: Even people who are treated with medicines at home should stay with the doctor for 8 hours. This is to make sure they do not get sicker.It also makes sure they can take the medicines by mouth. Malaria does not start to become a life-threatening disease until it has been a couple of weeks after the bite without being treated.

paragraphs: "Falciparum" malaria also has more resistance to medicines. This makes it much harder to treat. "Falciparum" malaria is always treated with two or more medicines. Doctors choose the medicines by where in the world the person got malaria. Different places have "P. falciparum" that is resistant to different medicines.

paragraphs: The most important resistance is chloroquine-resistance. In some places in the world, "P. falciparum" is killed by chloroquine. In some places it is chloroquine-resistant. This means chloroquine does not kill it. In these places quinine can be used. Quinine is taken by mouth.

paragraphs: There are three ways to prevent malaria:

paragraphs: "Vector control" is one way to stop malaria. Vector means an organism that carries an infectious disease to another organism. For malaria, the vector is the "Anopheles" mosquito.

paragraphs: The most used method of vector control is pesticides. These are chemicals that kill the mosquito. The first pesticide used for vector control was DDT. DDT worked very well for vector control. It killed mosquitoes. It did not make people very sick at the time it was used. It did not cost very much money. Other chemicals for vector control had not been invented yet.

paragraphs: In many places mosquitoes became resistant to DDT. This meant that DDT did not work anymore in these areas. Scientists worried that DDT was making people and animals sick. It killed a lot of wildlife too. DDT also stays in the environment for a long time. For these reasons, people mostly use other chemicals for vector control. "Organophosphate" or "carbonate" pesticides are used, like "malathion" or "bendiocarb".

paragraphs: Vector control is not the only way to stop malaria. And DDT is not the only chemical that can be used for vector control. The best way to stop malaria is to use a combination of methods. In some places, DDT may be a useful part of a program to stop malaria. This is why DDT is still allowed to be used for controlling malaria.

paragraphs: The mosquito that carries malaria comes more at dawn (when the sun comes up) and dusk (when the sun goes down.) Be most careful at these times. Wear long trousers and shirts with long sleeves. Wear mosquito repellent (this is a chemical that mosquitoes do not like, so they do not bite.) Mosquitoes will bite through thin cloth. So repellent should be used on skin "and clothes".

paragraphs: Pesticides can be used in rooms to kill mosquitoes. When sleeping outside, people use a mosquito net. This is made from cloth that air can go through but keeps mosquitoes out. It is put over a bed where people sleep to keep mosquitoes out. Sometimes people also use it when they are not sleeping. It is best to use mosquito nets that have been treated with Permethrin, which repels and kills mosquitoes.

paragraphs: People can take medicine when they are in a place where there is malaria. This reduces the chances that they contract malaria. This is called "prophylaxis".

paragraphs: Some people take prophylactic medicines for years. Many people in areas where there is malaria do not have the money to buy this medicine.

paragraphs: People who live where there is no malaria usually have "not" had malaria. The first case malaria is usually much worse. So people from places where there is no malaria may take prophylactic medicines when they go to places where there is malaria. The kind of prophylactic medicines people take depends on where they are. This is because not all medicines work on the malaria in every place.

paragraphs: To make them work best, prophylactic medicines have to be taken the right way. The medicine should start "before" going to an area with malaria. Most medicines should be taken for 4 weeks after coming home. One medicine (Malarone) only needs to be used for "one" week after coming home.

paragraphs: There are some children in Tanzania who are naturally immune to malaria. Researchers are using this to develop a new vaccine. U.S. researchers have found the children produce an antibody which attacks the malaria-causing parasite. Injecting a form of this antibody into mice protected the animals from the disease. The researchers plan to do tests on primates, including humans.

paragraphs: It was Britain's Sir Ronald Ross, working in the Presidency General Hospital in the Kolkata, who finally proved in 1898 that malaria is transmitted by "anopheles" mosquitoes. He did this by showing that certain mosquito species transmit malaria to birds. He isolated malaria parasites from the salivary glands of mosquitoes that had fed on infected birds. For this work, Ross received the 1902 Nobel Prize in Medicine. After resigning from the Indian Medical Service, Ross worked at the newly established Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and directed malaria-control efforts in Egypt, Panama, Greece and Mauritius. The findings of Finlay and Ross were later confirmed by a medical board headed by Walter Reed in 1900. Its recommendations were used during construction of the Panama Canal. This public-health work saved the lives of thousands of workers and helped develop the methods used in future public-health campaigns against the disease.

paragraphs: The first effective treatment for malaria came from the bark of cinchona tree, which contains quinine. This tree grows on the slopes of the Andes, mainly in Peru. The indigenous peoples of Peru made a tincture of cinchona to control malaria. The Jesuits noted the efficacy of the practice and introduced the treatment to Europe during the 1640s, where it was rapidly accepted. It was not until 1820 that the active ingredient, quinine, was extracted from the bark, isolated and named by French chemists.

paragraphs: In the early 20th century, before antibiotics became available, Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovered that patients with syphilis could be treated by intentionally infecting them with malaria. The resulting fever would kill the syphilis spirochaetes, and quinine could be administered to control the malaria. Although some patients died from malaria, this was preferable to the almost-certain death from syphilis.

paragraphs: Malaria was the largest hazard encountered by U.S. troops in the South Pacific during World War II, where about 500,000 men were infected. Sixty thousand American soldiers died of malaria during the North African and South Pacific campaigns.


title: Blood vessel

paragraphs: A blood vessel is a tube that carries blood in the circulatory system. Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Blood vessels that take blood back to the heart are veins. Capillaries are between veins and arteries and they supply tissue with blood.

paragraphs: The heart plus all of the blood vessels in the body together are called the circulatory system. Blood is moved by the pumping of the heart and carries oxygen to the tissues.

paragraphs: The expansion of blood vessels is called vasodilation, it helps the body to get rid of heat energy ("vas-" in Latin means "container" or "vessel").

paragraphs: The constriction of blood vessels is called vasoconstriction, it prevents the body from losing warmth.

paragraphs: There are 100,000 km (60,000 miles) of blood vessels in an adult human body.

paragraphs: Growing new blood vessels is called angiogenesis.


title: Jana Gana Mana

paragraphs: "Jana Gana Mana" (जन-गण-मन) is the title for the national anthem of India. In 1911, it was composed and originally written in Bengali by popular Indic poet and artist Rabindranath Tagore—the same author for the Bangladeshi anthem ""Amar Shonar Bangla"". Originally a five-verse Brahmo hymn in Bengali called ""Bharoto Bhagyo Bidhata"", in January 1950, only the first verse was made to be officially part of the national anthem of India per the . In addition, the lyrics now contain many words of Sanskrit origin.


title: Circulatory system

paragraphs: The circulatory system (also called the cardiovascular system) is the body system that moves blood around the body. It consists of the heart and blood vessels. The blood carries various materials that the body needs, and takes away waste or harmful substances.

paragraphs: Blood vessels that take blood away from the heart are arteries. Arteries divide into smaller arteries as they go away from the heart. The smaller arteries that connect to the capillaries, are called "arterioles".

paragraphs: Blood vessels that take blood towards the heart are veins. Veins get bigger as they go towards the heart. The smallest veins are called "venules". Pronounced (VEHN-yools)

paragraphs: Capillaries go between arteries and veins. Capillaries are quite thin, hence the name which comes from the Latin "capillus" meaning "hair."

paragraphs: So blood moves: heart→artery→arteriole→capillary→venule→vein→heart. This is called circulation. There are two different "circulations" in the circulatory system. The "systemic circulation" is how blood goes to most of the body. The "pulmonary circulation" is how blood goes through the lungs. (Pulmonary means ¨about the lungs¨). This is how it works in mammals, including humans. Circulatory systems of other vertebrates differ somewhat.

paragraphs: Blood that comes from the left side of the heart is full of oxygen and nutrients. Nutrients are substances that your body needs to live, like protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals. The blood brings the oxygen and nutrients to your body.

paragraphs: This blood in "systemic" arteries that is full of oxygen and nutrients is "systemic arterial blood". It is sometimes just called "arterial blood".

paragraphs: The biggest systemic artery in the body is the aorta. This is the large blood vessel that comes out of the heart. Smaller arteries branch off from the aorta. These arteries have smaller arteries that branch off from them. The smallest arteries turn into arterioles.

paragraphs: The smallest blood vessels are capillaries. Systemic arterioles turn into capillaries. The blood from arterioles goes into the capillaries. There oxygen and nutrients go out of the blood into the tissue around the capillaries. The blood also picks up carbon dioxide and waste from the tissue. The network of capillaries that brings blood to an area is called a "capillary bed".

paragraphs: On the other end of the capillary, it turns into a venule. Venules are the smallest veins. Veins take blood back to the heart. As veins go back to the heart, they merge and get bigger. The biggest systemic veins in the body are the vena cava. There are two vena cava. The "inferior vena cava" takes blood from the lower part of the body to the right side of the heart. (In anatomy, inferior means below.) The "superior vena cava" takes blood from the upper part of the body to the heart. (Superior means above.)

paragraphs: This same movement of blood goes through the lungs in the "pulmonary circulation".

paragraphs: The blood that the vena cava vein takes to the heart is full of carbon dioxide. It has much less oxygen than (systemic) arterial blood. The right side of the heart pushes the venous blood into the pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery takes blood to the lungs. In the lungs, the blood goes through the "pulmonary capillary bed". (The capillaries that are in the lungs). Here it gets more oxygen. It also drops off carbon dioxide. (This is the opposite of what happens in capillary beds in the rest of the body. In the systemic circulation blood drops off oxygen and picks up carbon dioxide).

paragraphs: After the pulmonary capillary bed, the blood goes to the pulmonary veins. This "pulmonary venous blood" now is full of oxygen. The pulmonary veins take blood to the left side of the heart. Then the blood goes to the systemic circulation again.

paragraphs: Veins from the gut shunt to the liver before returning to the right atrium and ventricle. The shunt is called the hepatic portal vein.

paragraphs: The meaning of this is as follows. The liver is the body's main chemical factory. It takes in the flow of nutrients from the gut, and adjusts them to suit what the body needs. It can store surplus nutrients, or release extra nutrients from store. It can change the chemical make-up of many nutrients. In this way it adapts to the many different kinds of food which the body digests.


title: Pink triangle

paragraphs: The pink triangle is one of the two big symbols of the LGBT community. The other is the rainbow flag.

paragraphs: The pink triangle was first used in Nazi Germany to mark homosexual prisoners. There was also a "black triangle" that marked "anti-social women". Many but not all of these women were lesbians. Jews wore the famous yellow star of David. If a prisoner was both Jewish and gay, he would wear a yellow triangle overlapped by a pink triangle, creating a star of David.

paragraphs: Homosexuality was illegal in Nazi Germany under a law called "Paragraph 175", which made it a felony (a "very serious" crime). About 100,000 people were arrested, with about 50,000 sent to prison. Some were sent to mental hospitals. Some were castrated (had their testicles removed). Some homosexual men were also sent to concentration camps, especially Jewish homosexuals. Between 15,000 and 600,000 homosexual men were sent to concentration camps. Most of them died there. We are not sure of the real number. Prisoners who were Jewish and homosexual may not have been counted as homosexual.

paragraphs: Homosexual prisoners were treated worse than other prisoners. Their death rates were higher than other "anti-social" groups. One story by a gay man who lived in a concentration camp shows how it was. Pierre Seel was sent to the Schirmeck concentration camp. The Nazis said a public execution would happen. A man was brought out. Seel saw that the man was his 18 year old lover. The Nazis took all the clothes of Seel's lover and put a bucket over his head. Then Seel had to watch as the Nazis let German Shepherds (dogs) maul his lover to death.

paragraphs: After World War II, homosexual men were still not treated well in Germany. The law continued. It was used to hurt homosexuals and to put them in prison. Many spent years in prison.

paragraphs: The pink triangle observes the memory of the homosexual people who died in the Holocaust. It is important not to ignore these deaths. The killing of homosexuals both during WWII "and" "after" WWII ended is the secret story of the Holocaust. Using the pink triangle symbol puts these victims in the public view. It is in respect for those who died.


title: Chat room

paragraphs: A chat room is a virtual place on the Internet where people can get together and type messages to each other using text. People use programs like IRC to join a chat room and type messages or send pictures to the other people within that chat. There are also other programs called instant messengers to stay in contact with friends, colleagues and other people. Websites on the Internet often have types of chat rooms built into them, and lots of chat rooms also use .

paragraphs: Chat rooms are normally used as tools to talk with people that are far away, but many people still use them to talk to people who live near them, because it's very convenient.


title: Alan Wake

paragraphs: Alan Wake is a video game made by Remedy Entertainment. It is a "thriller" game and was voted best game of E3 in 2005. It was released on Xbox 360 in May 2010 and Microsoft Windows in February 16, 2012.


title: Devil May Cry 4

paragraphs: Devil May Cry 4 is the fourth video game in the series of "Devil May Cry". It was released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 on February 5 2008. Before to this game, all "Devil May Cry" games had only been released on the PlayStation video game consoles. This one was the first game to be released on the Xbox as well as The PlayStation. In January, gamers could download a demo at the PlayStation Store and Xbox Live Marketplace .

paragraphs: One big difference in this game is that Dante is no longer the main character. A new character named Nero is the new hero. Lady and Trish from older games return in this game. This game has more new characters, such as Kyrie, Credo, Agnus, Gloria, and Sanctus and new demons and bosses for the player to fight.

paragraphs: This game is just like the first games. It follows the usual "Devil May Cry" gameplay using a variety of melee and long-range weapons


title: 50 Cent

paragraphs: 50 Cent (also known as Fitty" or "Fifty") is an American rap artist, hip hop artist, rapper, actor, entrepreneur and executive producer. He was born in Queens, New York City on July 6, 1975. "50 Cent" is his public name, but his birth name is Curtis Jackson. Growing up, he never knew his father and his mother was murdered when he was just 8 years old. He grew up mostly in a neighborhood called STP. He learned how to play basketball and football. He got shot nine times in STP. Before he was a rapper he was a drug dealer.

paragraphs: 50 Cent first became successful in rap music in 2002. He was helped by his fellow gang boss Rijaan D. M. (the same person who helped him release track "Wanksta"). Since then, he has sold millions of records. His first album, "Get Rich Or Die Tryin'" broke music records and went multi-platinum. It was number one right away on the "Billboard" 200. It sold 872,000 copies in the first four days. 50 and the album both won an American Music Award. He won the first Sound of... award by the BBC for new artists. He also won the BET Award for Best New Artist.

paragraphs: In the summer of 2005, 50 Cent had a fight (or ""beef"") with The Game, a rapper in his G-Unit group. After this, The Game left G-Unit, and made some diss songs about 50 Cent. 50 Cent answered with songs like "Mr. Potato Head" and "300 shots" featuring G-Unit. 50 Cent was also the first to sign onto a joint effort between Eminem's Shady Records and Dr. Dre's Aftermath Entertainment. 50 Cent also mentions Rijaan D.M. in many of his tracks e.g. 'Candy Shop', 'Down On Me FT Jeremih' etc. As a teen 50 Cent's role model was Tupac Shakur so, from the start his ambition was to be a gangster rapper. 50 Cent rapped on "Monster" on Michael Jackson's 2010 album "Michael".

paragraphs: The Grammy Awards are awarded each year by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. 50 Cent has been nominated 14 times and won once.

paragraphs: The World Music Awards is a yearly international awards show. It honors recording artists based on their worldwide sales figures. The figures are provided by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry. 50 Cent has won six awards.


title: Talk

paragraphs: Talking is communication using language and speech. See also chat and vocal chords. Talking is used to express feelings and thoughts.


title: Subject (school)

paragraphs: Subjects are the parts into which learning can be divided. At school, each lesson usually covers one subject only. Some of the most common subjects at school are English, history, mathematics, physical education and science.


title: Learning English

paragraphs: Learning English is what people do when they want to use the English language. In language learning, we often talk about language skills and language systems. Language skills include: speaking, listening, reading, and writing. Language systems include vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation.

paragraphs: A lot of people learn English at school, where English is a common subjects. Many people also want to spend their own personal time to learn English. Some of these people may not know any English, where others will have learned some English in school, and will want to advance their knowledge of it.

paragraphs: English is taught in many schools. It may be a required course for graduation, or students may choose to study it. For profit language schools are also common in many countries. These businesses sell English lessons.

paragraphs: Other people try to learn English on their own, or in a less formal setting than in a group of people with a teacher.

paragraphs: People might meet with others who are trying to learn English, in order to practice speaking.

paragraphs: People can also listen to radio broadcasts in English, or watch television programmes in English to help them improve their listening ability. A popular channel to listen to the radio on is broadcast by the BBC, called the BBC World Service.

paragraphs: People can also study English by reading books, or listening to English courses on recorded CDs or cassettes.

paragraphs: The internet boom has created lot of avenues for learning. People can get lot of ideas on how to improve English communication skills using search engines like Google, Yahoo, etc. Especially during the lockdown due to Covid-19, online classes and courses became a main source of learning. The BBC World Service has a free website for people who are learning English as a second or foreign language called BBC Learning English.