title: Emperor Kōgen

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: The "Gukanshō" records that Kōgen ruled from the palace of "Sakaihara-no-miya" at Karu in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

paragraphs: Kōgen is almost certainly a legend. The "Kojiki" records only his name and genealogy. The "Nihonshoki" includes Kōgen as the seventh of .

paragraphs: Kōgen was the eldest son of Emperor Kōrei.

paragraphs: Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Kōgen's grandson (Emperor Sujin) to be the earliest to have actually existed.

paragraphs: The absence of information about Kōgen does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: The Abe clan are said to have descended from a son of Emperor Kōgen.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kōgen.

paragraphs: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.


title: Gukanshō

paragraphs: In "Gukanshō", Jien created a chronicle of the lives of the emperors. Jien wrote about political and military conflicts within the Imperial court. He wrote about disputes with others outside the court.

paragraphs: The text is composed of three major sections:


title: Emperor Kaika

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to the emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: The "Gukanshō" records that Kaika ruled from the palace of "Isakawa-no-miya" at Kasuga in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

paragraphs: Kaika is almost certainly a legend. The "Kojiki" records only his name and genealogy. The "Nihonshoki" includes Kaika as the eighth of .

paragraphs: Kaika was the second son of Emperor Kōgen.

paragraphs: Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Kōgen's son (Suijin) to be the earliest to have actually existed.

paragraphs: The absence of information about Kaika does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Kaika.

paragraphs: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") in Nara.


title: Emperor Sujin

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: The "Gukanshō" records that Sujin ruled from the palace of "Mizogaki-no-miya" at Shiki in what will come to be known Yamato province.

paragraphs: Sujin is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name and genealogy. He was the second son of Emperor Kaika.

paragraphs: Some scholars question the existence of the first nine emperors. These critics consider Sujin to be the earliest to have actually existed.

paragraphs: The limited information about Sujin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: Sujin was interested in agriculture and irrigation. He established a system of taxation.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Sujin.


title: Soda bread

paragraphs: The soda bread is a kind of soft, golden bread made with baking soda. In its most basic form it contains only four ; flour, salt, baking soda, and buttermilk. Yet it can be changed when you add other ingredients. For instance, if you add a little sugar, some raisins, then cut in some butter, it may become a "Raisin" soda bread.

paragraphs: Soda bread does not use yeast to get its rise, instead the rise comes from baking soda reacting with the acid (soured milk or buttermilk). This makes it a 'quick' bread that can be made in under 15 minutes. The important thing to remember is to have mix and the dough quickly and lightly. This will give you a bread that is dense, but not doughy, with a tender, slightly . Once the dough is formed into a round, a cross is cut on the top of the bread, which divides it into quarters called farls.


title: Anne of Denmark

paragraphs: Anne of Denmark (12 December 1574 – 2 March 1619) was queen consort of Scotland, England, and Ireland. She was the wife of King James VI and I.

paragraphs: Anne, the second daughter of King Frederick II of Denmark, married James in 1589 when she was 15 years old. She gave birth to seven children but only three lived to become adults. One of these children was the future Charles I. She often used Scottish politics when she fought with James about her son, Prince Henry. She also used them in her arguments about his treatment of her friend Beatrix Ruthven. Anne seems to have loved James at first. However, they later became cooler towards one another and lived separately. However, though they both had respect and even some love for one another.

paragraphs: In England, Anne was more interested in art than politics. She built a beautiful and culturally rich court of her own. After 1612, she became ill and later stopped being in the center of court life. She was said to have died a Protestant. However, some proof suggests that she may have been a Catholic at some time in her life.

paragraphs: Historians have often thought of Anne as a queen who was light, selfish, and not very important. Recently, however, many people point out Anne's independence and importance as an encourager of the arts in the Jacobean age.

paragraphs: Anne was born on 12 December 1574 at the castle of Skanderborg. Her birth came as a blow to her father, King Frederick II of Denmark, who had been hoping for a son. Anne's mother, Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow, however, was only 17. Three years later she did give birth to a son. He was the future Christian IV of Denmark.

paragraphs: Anne was sent with her older sister Elizabeth to Güstrow, in Germany. She was to be raised there by her grandparents on her mother's side. They were the Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg. This was because the Danish court was very wild at this time. King Frederick was famous for heavy eating and much drinking. He was also unfaithful to the Queen. Compared to this, in Güstrow, Anne enjoyed a quiet and stable life in her early years. Christian was also sent to be brought up at Güstrow. However, two years later, in 1579, the Rigsraad, or Danish Privy Council, successfully asked him to move to Denmark. Anne and Elizabeth came back with him.

paragraphs: Anne enjoyed a close and happy family education in Denmark. This was mostly because of Queen Sophie. She took care of the children herself when they were ill. A great number of people from all over Europe wanted to marry Anne and her older sister. Among these people were James VI of Scotland. He liked Denmark because he thought of it as a kingdom with good religion and a good trading partner. Scottish ambassadors had at first tried to make him marry the oldest daughter. However, Frederick betrothed Elizabeth to Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick. He promised the Scots instead that "for the second [daughter] Anna, if the King did like her, he should have her."

paragraphs: Sophie's position became harder after Frederick's death in 1588. She had to join in a power struggle with the Rigsraad for control of King Christian. However, she worked harder than Frederick in making people marry. She was able to overcome difficult points about the dowry and the position of Orkney. She sealed the agreement by July 1589. Anne seems to have been very excited about the match. On 28 July 1589, the English spy Thomas Fowler said that Anne was greatly in love with James. He said that "it were death to her to have it broken off". He added that she proved her love in a great number of ways. However, Fowler also suggested that James did not return Anne's love, and he liked men better than women. This would not have been told to the 14-year-old Princess. At this time, she was faithfully embroidering shirts for her fiancé. Meanwhile, 300 tailors worked on making her wedding dress.

paragraphs: Even if these rumors were true, James needed a royal marriage. This was because he needed to keep up the Stuart line. "God is my witness," he explained, "I could have abstained longer than the weal of my country could have permitted, [had not] my long delay bred in the breasts of many a great jealousy of my inability, as if I were a barren stock." On 20 August 1589, Anne and James were married separately, but to one another. This is called a "proxy marriage". Their marriage took place in Kronborg Castle. The ceremony ended with James's representative, George Keith, 5th Earl Marischal, sitting next to Anne on the bridal bed.


title: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales

paragraphs: Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales (19 February 1594 – 6 November 1612) was the oldest son of King James I & VI and Anne of Denmark. His name comes from grandfathers Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Frederick II of Denmark.

paragraphs: Prince Henry was widely seen as a bright heir to his father's throne. However, he died before his father because of typhoid fever. Because of this, the English and Scottish thrones' power went to his younger brother Charles.

paragraphs: Several places in Virginia Colony were named in honor of Prince Henry before and after his death.

paragraphs: He was born at Stirling Castle and became Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince and Great Steward of Scotland when he was born. His father made Alexander Erskine, Earl of Mar, take care of him. He did not let his mother take care of him. This was because James worried that the mother's slight liking for Catholicism might have some effect on the son. Although this made lots of fights between Anna and James, Henry was kept under the care of Mar's family until 1603. This was when James became King of England and his family moved south.

paragraphs: Sir George Lauder of The Bass was his teacher until he went to England. Sir George was a Privy Counsellor – described as the King's "familiar councillor" – and he was also taught in music by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger.


title: Maurício Rodrigues Alves Domingues

paragraphs: Maurício Rodrigues Alves Domingues (born 3 July 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Donald-Olivier Sié

paragraphs: Donald-Olivier Sié (born 3 April 1970) is a former Côte d'Ivoire football player. He has played for Côte d'Ivoire national team.


title: Adriano Pimenta

paragraphs: Adriano Pimenta (born 14 November 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Sport Recife.


title: Marc Wilmots

paragraphs: Marc Wilmots (born 22 February 1969) is a Belgian football manager and former football player. He played for the Belgian national team.


title: Taro Ichiki

paragraphs: Taro Ichiki (born 1 September 1976) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Oséas

paragraphs: Oséas Reis dos Santos (born 14 May 1971) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Hidetoki Takahashi

paragraphs: Hidetoki Takahashi (11 April 1916 – 5 February 2000) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Hitachi. When he retired from playing, he managed Japan national team.


title: Flavio Elias Cordeiro

paragraphs: Flavio Elias Cordeiro (born 23 April 1975) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Kim Geun-Chol

paragraphs: Kim Geun-Chol (born 24 June 1983) is a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player.


title: Censorship by Google

paragraphs: Censorship by Google refers to Google's removal of information from its services to comply with censorship laws, company policies, etc. In 2002, Google censored search results about Scientology.


title: Myoglobin

paragraphs: Myoglobin is a protein that is able to bind oxygen. Myoglobin, which is similar to haemoglobin, is the main oxygen-carrying pigment of muscle tissues. Like haemoglobin, it has a porphyrin ring with an iron atom at its centre. It is in the muscle tissue of most mammals. Seals and other marine mammals have more myoglobin in their muscles than land animals.

paragraphs: In humans, increased level of myoglobin in the serum of the blood can be an indication of myocardial infarction. Other factors for a higher level can be damage to the muscles, epileptic seizures, polytrauma. If the value is much too high, this can lead to kidney failure.


title: Proxy marriage

paragraphs: A proxy marriage is when two people are getting married separately, but are getting married to one another. It was common for European kings and nobles to be wed by proxy marriage. Napoleon I of France was wed by proxy marriage to Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma. Catherine of Aragon wed Prince Arthur by proxy. A famous 17th-century painting by Peter Paul Rubens shows the proxy marriage of Marie de Medici.

paragraphs: Today, this form of marriage is illegal in most countries, or it requires a special permit. It is still legal in some US states, and in a few Islamic countries


title: Hyperkalemia

paragraphs: Hyperkalemia is a medical term to indicate that the level of potassium in the blood is too high. Depending on the level of potassium in the blood, this can be a medical emergency. A level that is too high can lead to abnormal hearth rhythms.

paragraphs: Many medications can cause hyperkalemia, and it is much more likely to occur in people kidney problems.

paragraphs: Although hyperkalemia often doesn't cause symptoms, doctors worry about hyperkalemia because it can cause a sudden change of heart rhythm in people who had not been having any symptoms. These abnormal heart rhythms can be deadly.

paragraphs: In the cases where death penalty is carried out using lethal injection, a hyperkalemia may be provoked atificially. Some of the mixtures used in the injections contain potassium chloride which will raise the level of potassium in the blood considerably.


title: Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow

paragraphs: Sophie of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (4 September 1557, Wismar – 14 October 1631, Nykoping) was a German queen of Denmark and Norway. She was the mother of King Christian IV of Denmark and Anne of Denmark.

paragraphs: She was the daughter of Duke Ulrich III of Mecklenburg-Güstrow and Princess Elizabeth of Denmark (a daughter of Frederick I and Sophie of Pomerania). Sophie married her cousin, Frederick II of Denmark, when she was 14. He was 37. The marriage was arranged by the Danish Council, who wished the King to marry. Though their ages were very different, their marriage was usually quiet and even happy. Queen Sophie was a loving mother, nursing her children herself when they were ill. Because her husband drank lots of wine and led an unfaithful life, she sent her three oldest children to live with her parents in Güstrow when they were young. She showed a great interest in science and visited the astronomer Tycho Brahe. She was also interested in the old songs of folklore. Her daughter, Anne of Denmark, would marry James VI of Scotland and become Queen Consort in 1589. She arranged the marriage against the will of the Council.

paragraphs: She died on 4 October 1631 at Nykøbing, Jylland, Denmark.


title: Frederick II of Denmark

paragraphs: Frederick II (1 July 1534 – 4 April 1588), was the king of Denmark-Norway and duke of Schleswig from 1559 until his death. He was the son of King Christian III of Denmark and Norway and Dorothea of Saxe-Lauenburg. He is often seen as the typical Renaissance ruler of Denmark. As a person Frederick was described as hot-headed, proud, brave, and ambitious. He loved hunting, wine and feasts. At his death lots of people thought that he had drunk himself to death.

paragraphs: He built Kronborg castle in Elsinore again between 1574 and 1585. In 1567 he began Fredrikstad in Norway. This was a time of wealth and growth in Danish history.


title: Emperor Suinin

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: The "Gukanshō" records that Suinin he ruled from the palace of "Tamaki-no-miya" at Makimuku in what will come to be known as Yamato province.

paragraphs: Suinin is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name and genealogy. He was the third son of Emperor Sujin.

paragraphs: The limited information about Suinin does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: One of Suinin's daughters was Yamatohime-no-mikoto. She established a site for ceremonies honouring the Shinto sun goddess (Amaterasu Omikami). In the region of Ise, she founded the Ise Shrine. She became the first Saiō at Ise.

paragraphs: The records of Asama Shrine at the base of Mount Fuji describe events in this time frame. The earliest Shinto ceremonies in honour of Konohanasakuya-hime were in the 3rd year of the reign of Emperor Suinin (垂仁天皇3年).

paragraphs: "Nihonshoki" describes a wrestling match during his era. This was the origin of Sumo wrestling.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Suinin.

paragraphs: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.


title: Freudenberg

paragraphs: Freudenberg can refer to several things:


title: Lisa Della Casa

paragraphs: Lisa Della Casa (born Burgdorf, Switzerland, 2 February 1919 – 10 December 2012 Münsterlingen, Switzerland) was a Swiss soprano. She was famous from the 1950s to the mid- 1970s for singing some of the great roles in the operas of Mozart and Richard Strauss. She was known for the naturalness of her singing as well as for her beauty.

paragraphs: Della Casa’s father was an Italian-Swiss doctor. Her mother came from Bavaria.

paragraphs: She studied singing with Margarete Häser at the Zürich Conservatory. Her first performance in opera was singing Madame Butterfly in Puccini's "Madama Butterfly" at Solothurn-Biel Municipal Theater in 1940. She joined the ensemble of the Zürich Municipal Opera House in 1943 and stayed there until 1950.

paragraphs: In 1946 Della Casa sang the part of Zdenka in Richard Strauss's opera "Arabella" in Zürich, and again the following year when she sang for the first time at the Salzburg Festival where she was to sing many times during her career. After the performance, Richard Strauss himself said: "That girl will be "the" Arabella someday!" In the same year, she sang for the first time at the Vienna State Opera House, singing Gilda in Verdi's "Rigoletto". Soon she moved to Vienna and joined the ensemble of the Vienna State Opera House. In 1949, she sang at La Scala Opera House in Milan as Sophie in Richard Strauss's "Der Rosenkavalier" and Marcelline in Beethoven's "Fidelio". She was invited to move to Milan, but she chose to stay in Vienna.

paragraphs: Della Casa appeared in Britain for the first time singing the part of Countess Almaviva in Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro" at the Glyndebourne Festival. She sang the part of Arabella for the first time at the Bavarian State Opera House in Munich in 1951. She was to become most famous for this role. She sang Eva in Wagner's "Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg" at the Bayreuth Festival in 1952, but she did not like the atmosphere there with all the arguments, so she never returned to Bayreuth. From 1953 to 1968 she sang regularly at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York where she was extremely popular.

paragraphs: When the Vienna State Opera House was restored in 1955 there was a special performance of "Der Rosenkavalier". She sang the part of the Marschallin, so she had sung all three famous soprano roles in that opera: the Marschallin, Octavian and Sophie.

paragraphs: She continued to sing many great operatic roles at the Salzburg Festival, including the part of the Marschallin in 1960 under the conductor Herbert von Karajan, celebrating the newly-built Salzburg Festspielhaus.

paragraphs: She sang a few dramatic roles, such as Salome in "Salome" at the Bavarian State Opera House in Munich in 1961, but mostly she sang lyrical roles. When the famous soprano Elisabeth Schwarzkopf first sang at the Met she sang the part of the Marschallin in "Der Rosenkavalier" with Della Casa singing Octavian..

paragraphs: After singing Arabella in Salzburg in 1974, she surprised everyone by announcing her retirement. She gave up her musical career and enjoyed a quiet, domestic life.

paragraphs: She made several complete opera recordings including her singing of Countess Almaviva in "Le nozze di Figaro" (Erich Kleiber conducting) and the role of Arabella in "Arabella" (Georg Solti conducting). These recordings are still thought of as among the finest ever made. She made a wonderful recording of Richard Strauss' "Vier letzte Lieder" "(Four Last Songs)" (Karl Böhm conducting) in 1953.

paragraphs: In 1947, she married Yugoslavian-born journalist Dragan Debeljevic. They had one daughter, who became very ill when she was young. Her daughter says that, later in life, when Lisa had her own health problems, she was able to give back to her mother some of the love and care that she herself had received as a child. Casa died on December 10, 2012 in Münsterlingen, Switzerland from natural causes, aged 93. A black flag was hung in her honor.


title: Samoyed (dog)

paragraphs: The Samoyed is a dog breed that are usually white in color but they can be grey or cream too. They can get between 2-3 feet in height. The Samoyed breed is known for having a curled tail, much like a Husky. They have a thick coat of fur to protect them from the cold because they were used to drag slays in the cold. Samoyeds are really friendly, so they will not make good guard dogs because they are too cute and fluffy and are really friendly.


title: Emperor Hanzei

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: According to "Nihonshoki" and "Kojiki", he was a son of Emperor Nintoku. The eldest son would become known as Emperor Richū.

paragraphs: Hanzei was the brother of Richū. Hanzei's enthronement by-passed Richū's two sons. Few other details have survived.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Hanzei's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: Hanzei's reign is described as a time of peace. He died quietly in his palace.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Hanzei.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at Sakai. Hanzei is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Title role

paragraphs: The title role in a play or an opera is the role (the part) which is also the title of the play or opera.

paragraphs: We say that the actor, singer or dancer who performs that part has the "title role". For example: in the opera "Carmen" by Georges Bizet the part played by the girl called Carmen is the "title role". We may say that a singer took the title role in the opera "Carmen". That means that she sang the part of Carmen in the opera.

paragraphs: The title role is not necessarily the most important role in the play or opera, although it often is.

paragraphs: A few other well-known examples in which the performance is named after one of the characters include the operas "Aida" (by Giuseppe Verdi), "Madame Butterfly" (by Giacomo Puccini) and "Peter Grimes" (by Benjamin Britten), the ballets "Coppélia" (by Léo Delibes) or "Petrushka" (by Stravinsky), or the plays "Othello" or "Hamlet" (by William Shakespeare).

paragraphs: The title character is the character whose name is in the title (or suggested in the title), such as "Harry Potter" in Harry Potter books by J.K. Rowling, or Simba in Disney's "The Lion King" (Simba is the Lion King).

paragraphs: "Title character" always refers to a character.


title: Character actor

paragraphs: A character actor is an actor who plays a particular kind of character in a play, movie, television program, opera or ballet. The character actor is not the main part. He is not the lover or hero. He has a character which helps to support the main characters and therefore the story.

paragraphs: Character roles may be roles such as: the faithful servant, the maid, the villain, the mother-in-law, the priest etc. They may or may not be comic characters.

paragraphs: For example, in "The Wizard of Oz" the main character is Dorothy. The Scarecrow, the Lion and the Tin Man are character roles.

paragraphs: Some actors or singers prefer character roles to main roles. It may be because this kind or role suits their personality or their singing voice. Some people nearly always play the same kind of character role. We say that people like that are "typecast". Some actors are happy to remain typecast. Others may wish to broaden their repertoire and take on different roles.


title: Giulio Caccini

paragraphs: Giulio Caccini (born Rome, 8 October 1551; died Florence, 10 December 1618), also known as Giulio Romano, was an Italian composer and singer. He lived at the very end of Renaissance period and the beginning of the Baroque period. It was the time when opera was starting, and he was one of the first composers to write an opera. His daughter, Francesca Caccini, also became a composer.

paragraphs: We do not know much about his life. He was born in Rome. His father was a carpenter. He learned to play the lute, the viol and the harp, and soon became known as a singer. In the 1560s, Francesco de' Medici, Grand Duke of Florence, was impressed with his talent, so he took him to Florence to study.

paragraphs: By 1579, Caccini was singing at the Medici court. He was a tenor, and he was able to accompany himself on the viol or the archlute; he sang at weddings and other important occasions. He worked closely with the Florentine Camerata, a famous group of people who met at the home of Count Giovanni de' Bardi, and tried to bring the tradition of Greek dramatic music back to life. They liked monody, which means a tune with a simple accompaniment. This was different from polyphony in which several things are being sung at once. Monody made it easy to tell a story because the words could be heard clearly. This was necessary for opera, where it became heard in a simple form called recitative.

paragraphs: Caccini went to Rome, but in Rome the musicians were not so interested in change.

paragraphs: Caccini often got involved in arguments because he was envious and jealous. He often got people into trouble, and he rushed his own opera "Euridice" into print before Peri's opera on the same subject could be published, while telling his own singers not to have anything to do with Peri's opera.

paragraphs: He died in Florence and is buried in the church of St. Annunziata.


title: Free Soil Party

paragraphs: The Free Soil Party was, for a short duration, a political party in the United States. It was active in the 1848 and 1852 president elections, and in some state elections. It got lots of its strength from New York. Most of the important party members were former anti-slavery members of the Whig Party and the Democratic Party. Its main purpose was stopping slavery from spreading into the western lands, arguing that free men on free soil had a morally and economically better system than slavery. Also, many workers feared that slave labor would take away work for white workers.

paragraphs: The party membership was largely taken over by the Republican Party in 1854.


title: The Jungle

paragraphs: The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by journalist Upton Sinclair. Inspired by the Union Stock Yards in Chicago, Sinclair wrote this book to show the sufferings of the working class and to show the corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early-20th century. The book writes about the poverty, bad living and working conditions, and sorrow among the working class. The sad state of turn-of-the-century work is placed for the American public to see, suggesting that something needed to be changed to get rid of American "wage slavery". The novel is also an important example of the "muckraking" tradition begun by journalists such as Jacob Riis.

paragraphs: Upton Sinclair came to Chicago with hopes of writing "The Jungle". When he came to the lobby of the Chicago Transit House, a hotel, he was quoted as saying, "Hello! I'm Upton Sinclair, and I'm here to write the "Uncle Tom's Cabin" of the Labor Movement!". He rented living quarters and immediately began walking its streets, talking to its people and taking pictures. One Sunday afternoon, he worked his way into a group of Lithuanian immigrants getting together for a wedding party, "Behold, there was the opening scene of my story, a gift from the gods". He was welcomed there and was with them until two in the morning.

paragraphs: "The Jungle" was first published in a series in 1905. "After five rejections", its first edition as a book was published by Doubleday, Page & Company on February 28, 1906, and it became an immediate best seller and has been in print ever since.

paragraphs: The main character is Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian man who emigrates to the United States with his fifteen year old fiance Ona Lukoszaite and their extended family. He marries her in Chicago and then soon gets a job at Durham's, a factory in Chicago. The factory mistreats him and Ona and their family. Eventually Ona dies of blood loss because the greedy midwife will not help her because the Rudkus family do not have enough money. Stanislovas, a child in the family who worked in a factory, is killed by an accident while working. Jurgus turns to drinking and Marija Barynczykas, a member of his extended family, becomes a prostitute.


title: Emperor Keikō

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Keikō is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name.

paragraphs: The limited information about Keikō does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: In "Kojiki", Keikō sent his one of his sons to Kyūshū to fight battles on his behalf. In "Nihonshoki", Keikō fought and won these battles against local tribes. According to both sources, he sent Yamatotakeru to Izumo province and eastern provinces to expand his territory.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Keikō.

paragraphs: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara. The "kami" of Emperor Keikō is also venerated at Anaho jinja in Anaho, Ōmi province.

paragraphs: Empress (first): Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume (播磨稲日大郎姫), daughter of Wakatakehiko (若建吉備津日子)

paragraphs: Empress (second): Yasakairihime (八坂入媛命), daughter of Yasakairihiko (八坂入彦命)

paragraphs: Mizuhanoiratume (水歯郎媛), daughter of iwatsukuwake (磐衝別命), younger sister of Iwakiwake (石城別王)

paragraphs: Abe no Takadahime (阿倍高田媛), daughter of Abe no Kogoto (阿倍木事)

paragraphs: Inabinowakairatsume (伊那毘若郎女), daughter of Wakatakehiko, younger sister of Harima no Inabi no Ooiratsume

paragraphs: Igotohime (五十琴姫命),　daughter of Mononobe no Igui (物部胆咋宿禰)


title: James Francis Edward Stuart

paragraphs: James, Prince of Wales (known as James Francis Edward Stuart; "The Old Pretender" or "The Old Chevalier"; 10 June 1688 – 1 January 1766) was the son of James II of England (James VII of Scotland) and his second wife, Mary of Modena. Because of this, he claimed the English, Scottish and Irish thrones (as James III of England and Ireland and James VIII of Scotland) from the death of his father in 1701. He was proclaimed king of England, Scotland and Ireland by his cousin Louis XIV of France. When he died in 1766 in Rome, his son, Charles Edward Stuart, followed him in the Jacobite Succession.


title: Prince of Orange

paragraphs: Prince of Orange is a title of nobility.

paragraphs: The title is used by members of the House of Orange-Nassau, as heirs to the crown of the Netherlands. It also used by members of the House of Hohenzollern. At the moment, the title is used by Prince Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands (Orange-Nassau), Georg Friedrich, Prince of Prussia (Hohenzollern) and Guy, Marquis de Mailly-Neslé, Prince d'Orange.

paragraphs: The title was at first related to a self-ruling state called the Principality of Orange. It lies in the south of what we now call France. The land was the property of the house of Orange and from 1544 of the house of Orange-Nassau.

paragraphs: The last of the original princes, René of Nassau, left the principality to his cousin William the Silent after he died. William the Silent was not related to the original house of Orange, but was the legal heir.

paragraphs: In a war in 1673, Louis XIV of France took over the lands of the principality and added them to his own royal domain. This was part of the war against the stadtholder William III of Orange. Louis XIV then gave the principality to Louis of Mailly-Nesles, marquis of Nesles (1689–1764), a very remote relation of the original princes of Orange. His descendant still claims the title today. In 1714, Louis XIV allowed Prince Louis Armand of Bourbon-Conti to use the land of the Principality to make money. Prince Louis Armand died in 1727 and the principality was merged in the Crown in 1731.

paragraphs: William III died without legitimate children. This meant that the principality was seen as inherited by his closest cognate relative on the basis of the testament of Frederic-Henry, Frederick I of Prussia . He handed over the principality's lands but not the title to France in 1713. France supported his claim. In this way, the territory of the principality was no longer a separate state, but became a part of France. Through the Treaty of Utrecht. A new "Principality of Orange" was created by the King of Prussia as part of the duchy of Gelderland.. The kings of Prussia and the German emperors styled themselves Princes of Orange till 1918.

paragraphs: John William Friso of Nassau was chosen as the heir to the princes of Orange in the Netherlands by the last will of William III. John William Friso was also related to William the Silent through the female line. Several of his descendants became stadtholders. They claim the principality of Orange on the basis of agnatic inheritance (inheritance of lands to the brother rather than the sons of the king) . This way of inheriting is similar to the way William the Silent inherited from his cousin René. The claim to the title is also on basis of the testament of Philips William, Maurice and William III. Although they claimed the title "Prince of Orange", France never allowed them to obtain anything of the lands of the principality itself. It is from this tradition that later stadtholders of the Netherlands, and the present-day royal family of the Netherlands, also hold the title.

paragraphs: Until 1340, it was customary for all sons of the prince of Orange to inherit the title.

paragraphs: Only the direct line of descent to Raimond V is shown here.


title: Danny Jacobs (actor)

paragraphs: Daniel Charles Jacobs, Jr. (born July 7, 1968) is an American actor, singer, voice artist, and comedian, best known as the voice of King Julien in the "Madagascar" franchise, substituting for Sacha Baron Cohen since 2008. In "" (2012), he provided Julien's singing voice in the .

paragraphs: Jacobs was born Daniel Charles Jacobs, Jr. in Detroit, Michigan on July 7, 1968 to Danny Jacobs, Sr. (?–2011). He is the sixth of seven children.

paragraphs: Jacobs attended St. Matthew Elementary School and Bishop Gallagher High School (which later merged with St. Florian High School to become Trinity Catholic High School). For 2 years, he pursued business school at Wayne State University. In 1988, he transferred to the University of Arizona and switched his major to musical theatre.

paragraphs: After graduating from the University of Arizona, Jacobs had acted in regional theaters across the country. He had established himself as a national voice-over talent with clients, including Bissel, Blockbuster, Bud Light, Ford Dealers, GMAC, and KFC, among others.

paragraphs: In 1999, Jacobs appeared in his first live-action role in "Get the Hell Out of Hamtown".

paragraphs: In 2003, he began to tour the nation with "Triple Espresso: A Highly Caffeinated Comedy."

paragraphs: In "Epic Movie" (2007), Jacobs portrayed Borat Sagdiyev and made a cameo appearance as a Pirate with an Eye Patch. When portraying the role of Borat, he impersonated Sacha Baron Cohen, which was praised by the public.

paragraphs: In 1999, Jacobs landed a voice role as Curt in "Full Blast", though he was not credited.

paragraphs: From 2008 to 2015, Jacobs was a substitute for Sacha Baron Cohen as the voice of King Julien in "The Penguins of Madagascar", again as an impression of Baron Cohen; Jacobs also provided additional voices in the series. In 2011, he won a Daytime Emmy Award for the role. Jacobs reprised his role in "Merry Madagascar" (2009) and "Madly Madagascar" (2013). From 2014 to 2017, he returned to the role in "All Hail King Julien". In "Penguins of Madagascar" (2014), Jacobs once again reprised his role as King Julien. He had also provided voice-overs in various commercials.

paragraphs: In addition to the performances that led to "All Hail King Julien", Jacobs had been doing voice work for animated television series, including "Phineas and Ferb" (in which he provided additional voices) and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (in which he voiced Snake / Snakeweed), as well as several video games. He had said that animation, much like the theater, gives actors a chance to play a wide range of roles. He said: He had personally stated that King Julien is his favorite voice role and would gladly reprise his role if ever asked. Jacobs' performance had received more recognition than the character's predecessor Baron Cohen. In "" (2012), he provided Julien's singing voice for the soundtrack.

paragraphs: He provided the voice of Raam and Yeppau in the "Lego Star Wars" franchise. On September 20, 2017, Jacobs and his co-star John DiMaggio (who voiced Baash) also appeared as guests on "The Star Wars Show". He had a voice role in "Teen Titans Go!" as George Washington and Kiril in "The Lion Guard".

paragraphs: In 1993, Jacobs originated the role of Chico Fernández in Jeff Daniels' comedy "The Vast Difference" at the Purple Rose Theatre.

paragraphs: In 1996–97, he won acting awards in Michigan, Florida, and Wisconsin for his portrayal of Aram in Richard Kalinoski's "Beast on the Moon."

paragraphs: On July 16, 2018, Jacobs paid tribute to his late cousin Michael Anthony Risk via a Facebook video.

paragraphs: On July 13, 2015, Jacobs donated to Kids Kicking Cancer and had entertained some children with his King Julien voice.

paragraphs: Jacobs was nominated for the 2010 Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Television Production for his voice role of King Julien in "Merry Madagascar" (2009), but lost the award to Tom Kenny.

paragraphs: He won a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award and 2015 Daytime Emmy Award for his voice role of King Julien in "The Penguins of Madagascar" (2008–2015) and "All Hail King Julien" (2014–2017).


title: Invitation to William

paragraphs: The Invitation to William was a letter sent by seven famous Englishmen. They were later named the Immortal Seven. They sent this letter to William III, Prince of Orange, received by him on 30 June 1688 (Julian calendar, 10 July Gregorian calendar). In England a Catholic male heir to the throne, James Francis Edward Stuart, had been born. The letter asked William to force the ruling king, his father-in-law James II of England to make William's Protestant wife Mary, James's oldest daughter, the heir. This might possibly be done by saying that the newborn Prince of Wales was not really James' son.

paragraphs: The letter told William that if he were to land in England with a small army, they would rise up and support him. The Invitation shortly told him about their complaints against King James. They said that the King's son was not really the King's son and that the English people generally believed him to be false. They complained that William had sent a letter to James congratulating him on the birth of his son. It was carried to William in The Hague by Rear Admiral Arthur Herbert (the later Lord Torrington) disguised as a common sailor. It was read by a secret code.

paragraphs: The invitation made William decide to carry out his existing plans to land with a large Dutch army. This ended in the Glorious Revolution. James was allowed to escape and was replaced by William and Mary as joint rulers.


title: Válber Costa

paragraphs: Válber da Silva Costa (born 6 December 1971) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Royal house

paragraphs: A royal house or royal dynasty is a family title, or family name of sorts. It is used by royalty. It usually means the members of a family in old and young people, who are loosely related. Unlike most western people, a great number of the world's royal families do not have family names, and those that have them do not use them often. They are referred to instead by their titles, often related to an area ruled or once ruled by that family. Royal Houses still exist today.

paragraphs: The majority of these nations are now republics or part of republics. The Princely Houses of Germany often have given their own names to the states they ruled.


title: Andre Luis Neitzke

paragraphs: Andre Luis Neitzke (born 24 November 1986) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Yu Hasegawa

paragraphs: Yu Hasegawa (born 5 June 1987) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.


title: Alex Oliveira

paragraphs: Alexandro Marques de Oliveira (born 17 June 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Leandro Cesar de Souza

paragraphs: Leandro Cesar de Souza (born 6 July 1979) is a former Brazilian football player.


Hiroshi Hirakawa


Satoshi Tezuka


Hiromitsu Horiike


title: Toshihiro Uchida

paragraphs: Toshihiro Uchida (born 12 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kim Yong-sik

paragraphs: Kim Yong-Sik (July 25, 1910 - March 5, 1985) was a South Korean professional athlete. He is best known as an association football player and coach. He was a member of the Japanese national team and the Korean national team. He competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Kim was a member of the Japanese team at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin.

paragraphs: After Korean independence, Kim was a member of the Korean team at the 1948 Summer Olympics in London.


title: Understudy

paragraphs: In theater, an understudy is an actor or singer who studies the part of one of the main actors or singers in cases when they can't perform.

paragraphs: If a main performer is unable to perform, the understudy will take their place. The understudy is often a member of the chorus who might have had a small part in the performance anyway. Sometimes an understudy is called a "standby". A standby is usually not a member of the chorus or ensemble. They may be required to be present in the theatre during the performance, or part of it, in case of a problem.

paragraphs: Sometimes an understudy will become famous when they unexpectedly have to perform instead of the usual lead person.


title: Lady Anne Hyde

paragraphs: Lady Anne Hyde, Duchess of York (22 March 1638 – 31 March 1671) was the first wife of James, Duke of York (the future King James II of England and VII of Scotland). She was also and the mother of two queens, Mary II of England and Scotland and Anne of Great Britain.

paragraphs: She was born on 12 March 1638 (Old Style) or 22 March 1638 (New Style), at Windsor, Berkshire of the Hyde family.

paragraphs: The royal family stayed in exile after the English Civil War. Anne's father served as the Royalist chief adviser to the future King Charles II of England, James's older brother. Anne was Maid of Honour to Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange, sister of Charles and James. It was during this time that James seduced Anne while she was in his sister's service and Charles forced James to marry Anne. He said that her strong character would be a good influence on his weak-willed brother.

paragraphs: The couple went through an official marriage ceremony on 3 September 1660, in London, after the English Restoration of the monarchy. Anne was not a beautiful woman. In fact, Samuel Pepys slights her as being quite plain. However, the French Ambassador described her as having "courage, cleverness, and energy almost worthy of a King's blood".


title: Bill of Rights 1689

paragraphs: The Bill of Rights (a short title) is an act of the Parliament of England. Its full name is The Act Declaring the Rights and Liberties of the Subject and Settling the Succession of the Crown. It is often called the English Bill of Rights. The Bill of Rights was passed by Parliament in December 1689. It provides many of the rights requested in the Petition of Right in February after the overthrow of James II of England in the Glorious Revolution, and is still in effect today.


title: Wilhelm Steinitz

paragraphs: Wilhelm (later "William") Steinitz (Prague, 17 May 1836 – New York, 12 August 1900) was an Austrian chess grandmaster who emigrated first to London, then to the USA.

paragraphs: He was the first undisputed World Chess Champion and held it from 1886 to 1894, unoficially from 1872.

paragraphs: Steinitz won the title by beating Johannes Zukertort in a match in 1886. He lost it to Emanuel Lasker in 1894. He also lost a rematch with Lasker in 1897.<ref name="H/W">Hooper D. and Whyld K. 1992. "The Oxford companion to chess". 2nd ed, Oxford University Press.</ref>

paragraphs: Born a Jew in Bohemia, Steinitz studied mathematics at the Vienna Polytecnic, and won the Vienna chess championship in 1861 with a score of 31/32. After playing in the London 1862 tournament, he stayed in London as a professional player in clubs and coffee houses. He won a series of matches against all the best English and other players living in London. This established him as one of the best player in the world.

paragraphs: Steinitz beat Adolf Anderssen in 1866 and some think he should be regarded as world champion from this date however at the time Zukertort was the stronger player.

paragraphs: Apart from the chess, this match was a landmark in chess organisation. It was the first event to be timed by clocks. The time for each move was recorded by hand. The totals for each player could then be added. This was the first practical step taken to make sure each player had the same total thinking time available. It had always been a problem that some players took much longer than others, unfairly so. Timing also helped to keep the total time for play within bounds. Eventually, special chess clocks were designed, and the idea has spread to other two-person games such as Go.

paragraphs: Steinitz beat Johannes Zukertort in 1872, and again later in 1886. This last match all agree was for the world championship. Zukertort was a brilliant and boastful player, who was also resident in London for many years. Both the men wrote for chess magazines, and there was a good deal of rivalry.

paragraphs: Steinitz did not win a really strong tournament until London 1872, and did not finish above Andersson until Vienna 1873. He came equal first at Vienna 1882, and second (to Zukertort) in London 1883, both top-class events. In general, his tournament play was not so outstanding as his match play. In match play he was the best of his day: he won 24 matches running until Lasker beat him.

paragraphs: As a younger man, Steinitz played in the all-out attacking style that was common in the 1860s. Later, he developed a new positional style of play and demonstrated that it was superior to the previous style. His new style was controversial, and some even branded it as 'cowardly'. Some of Steinitz's games showed that it could also set up attacks as ferocious as those of the old school.

paragraphs: Steinitz was argumentative, and was often in disputes with other chess writers. He was a prolific writer in chess magazines, and defended his ideas vigorously. The debate was bitter and sometimes abusive: it became known as the 'Ink War'. By the early 1890s, Steinitz' approach was more widely accepted and the next generation of top players acknowledged their debt to him, especially his successor as world champion, Emanuel Lasker.

paragraphs: Steinitz left England for the United States in 1886, and became an American citizen in 1888.

paragraphs: He was given an enthusiastic reception, played several exhibitions, many casual games, a match for stakes of £50 with a wealthy amateur, and slightly more serious matches with New World professionals. The match with the Cuban champion Celso Golmayo Zúpide was abandoned when Steinitz was leading (eight wins, one draw, one loss). His hosts even arranged a visit to New Orleans, where Paul Morphy lived.

paragraphs: While based in New York he played matches against Zukertort (St Louis 1883), twice against Russia's Mikhail Chigorin (Havana 1889 & 1892), Isidor Gunsberg (New York 1890/91). Finally, there were the two losing matches against Emanuel Lasker, (Philadelphia/New York/Montreal 1894 and Moscow 1896/97). These were all for the world championship. There were also a dozen matches against lesser masters, including four against J.H. Blackburne, the leading English professional.

paragraphs: The book of the Hastings 1895 chess tournament, written collectively by the players, described Steinitz as follows:

paragraphs: Steinitz died in poverty, having spent some of his last years in a New York mental institution. His second wife and their two young children survived him, and a fund of $1050 was raised to help them.


title: Steinitz

paragraphs: Steinitz is the surname of several notable people:


title: Emperor Seimu

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Seimu is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name.

paragraphs: The limited information about Seimu does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seimu.

paragraphs: The actual site of his grave is not known. According to the Imperial Household Agency, this emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.


title: Emperor Chūai

paragraphs: Chūai is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record his name. He was a grandson of Emperor Keikō.

paragraphs: Chūai's wife is known as Empress Jingū. Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin.

paragraphs: The limited information about Chūai does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Chūai.


title: Empress Jingū

paragraphs: , also known as was a legendary empress of Japan. Although her name was once included in the traditional order of succession, she is now considered as a regent.

paragraphs: Historians consider details about the life of Empress Jingū to be mythical; and the name Jingū"-tennō" was created for her posthumously by later generations.

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this empress's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: Jingū is almost certainly a legend; but the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki" record her name.

paragraphs: Jingū was the principle wife of Emperor Chūai Her son would become known as Emperor Ōjin. The "Gukanshō" mentions her, but she is not included on the list of persons born within the line of Imperial descent.

paragraphs: The limited information about Jingū does not imply that no such person ever existed. Very little information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: After the death of Chūai, Jingū also served as regent, according to the oracle of Sumiyoshi-jinja, until her son was old enough to be emperor.

paragraphs: This empress' official name after her death (her posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Jingū.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the empress's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Jingū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") at Nara.

paragraphs: In the centuries before the Meiji period, Jingū was known as the 15th Japanese imperial ruler, according to the traditional order of succession. However, Jingū's name is now removed from the official list of emperors of Japan. Jingū's son, Emperor Ōjin, is today considered to have been the 15th emperor in the order of succession.


title: Hypermodern

paragraphs: The hypermoderns were a school of chess players who set out to rethink some of the principles of chess openings. The name was given to them by the Polish-French grandmaster Tartakower.

paragraphs: The key idea was, in reaction to the older ideas of Siegbert Tarrasch, to dispute control of the centre by more subtle methods. Whereas old theory was to occupy the centre with two or three pawns immediately, the hypermoderns concentrated more on attacking the opponent's centre. A characteristic first move was 1Nf3 with White, or 1...Nf6 with Black, especially in reply to 1d4. To 1e4 they favoured an asymmetric defence such as 1...e6 or 1...c5 rather than the classical reply 1...e5.

paragraphs: Nimzovich was the founder, and Alekhine, Tartakower, Réti, Grünfeld, and Bogolyubov all took part. All were top grandmasters of the 1920s and 30s. Several modern openings owe their popularity to this group: Alekhine's Defence (1e4 Nf6); Réti's Opening (1Nf3); the King's Indian Defence (1d4 Nf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 Bg7); the Grünfeld Defence (1d4 Bf6 2c4 g6 3Nc3 d5) and the Modern Defence (1...g6).


title: Confidence interval

paragraphs: In statistics, a confidence interval, abbreviated as CI, is a special interval for estimating a certain parameter, such as the population mean. With this method, a whole interval of acceptable values for the parameter is given instead of a single value—together with a likelihood that the real (unknown) value of the parameter will be in the interval. Thus, if we're not sure of the exact number of vehicles that crossed a bridge, we can say 400 plus or minus 10 instead of just saying 400.

paragraphs: The confidence interval is based on the observations from a sample, and hence differs from sample to sample. The likelihood that the parameter will be in the interval is called the confidence level, and the end points of the confidence interval are referred to as confidence limits.

paragraphs: Very often, this is given as a percentage (for example, the 95% confidence interval). The confidence interval is always given together with the confidence level. For a given estimation procedure in a given situation, the higher the confidence level, the wider the confidence interval will be.

paragraphs: The calculation of a confidence interval generally requires assumptions about the nature of the estimation process, since it is primarily a "parametric" method. One common assumption is that the distribution of the population from which the sample came is normal. As such, confidence intervals as discussed below are not robust statistics, though changes can be made to add robustness.

paragraphs: The term "confidence" has a similar meaning in statistics, as in common use. In common usage, a claim to 95% confidence in something is normally taken as indicating near certainty. In statistics, a claim to 95% confidence simply means that the researcher has seen one possible interval from a large number of possible ones, from which 19 out of 20 intervals contain the true value of the parameter.

paragraphs: A machine fills cups with margarine. It is adjusted so that the content of the cups is 250g of margarine. As the machine cannot fill every cup with exactly 250g, the content added to individual cups shows some variation, and is considered a random variable X.

paragraphs: This variation is assumed to be normally distributed around the desired average of 250g, with a standard deviation of 2.5g. To determine if the machine is adequately calibrated, a sample of "n" = 25 cups of margarine is chosen at random, and the cups are weighed. The weights of margarine are "X", ..., "X", a random sample from "X".

paragraphs: To get an impression of the expectation μ, an estimate is needed. The appropriate estimator is the sample mean:

paragraphs: The sample shows actual weights "x", ...,"x", with mean:

paragraphs: If we take another sample of 25 cups, we could easily expect to find values like 250.4 or 251.1 grams. A sample mean value of 280 grams, however, would be extremely rare if the mean content of the cups is in fact close to 250g.

paragraphs: There is a whole interval around the observed value 250.2 of the sample mean within which, if the whole population mean actually takes a value in this range, the observed data would not be considered particularly unusual. Such an interval is called a confidence interval for the parameter "μ".

paragraphs: To calculate such an interval, the endpoints of the interval have to be calculated from the sample, so they are statistics, functions of the sample "X", ..., "X", and hence are random variables themselves.

paragraphs: In our case, we may determine the endpoints by considering that the sample mean from a normally distributed sample is also normally distributed, with the same expectation "μ", but with standard error "σ"/√"n" = 0.5 (grams). By standardizing, we get a random variable

paragraphs: which depends on the parameter μ to be estimated, but with a standard normal distribution independent of the parameter "μ". Hence it is possible to find numbers −"z" and "z", independent of "μ", where "Z" lies in between with probability 1 − α, a measure of how confident we want to be. We take 1 - α = 0.95. So we have:

paragraphs: The number "z" follows from the cumulative distribution function:

paragraphs: This might be interpreted as: with probability 0.95, we will find a confidence interval in which we will meet the parameter "μ" between the stochastic endpoints

paragraphs: This does not mean that there is 0.95 probability of meeting the parameter μ in the calculated interval. Every time the measurements are repeated, there will be another value for the mean of the sample. In 95% of the cases, "μ" will be between the endpoints calculated from this mean, but in 5% of the cases, it will not be. The actual confidence interval is calculated by entering the measured weights in the formula. Our 0.95 confidence interval becomes:

paragraphs: As the desired value 250 of "μ" is within the resulted confidence interval, there is no reason to believe the machine is wrongly calibrated.

paragraphs: The calculated interval has fixed endpoints, where μ might be in between (or not). Thus this event has probability either 0 or 1. We "cannot" say: "with probability (1 − α), the parameter "μ" lies in the confidence interval." We only know that by repetition in 100(1 − α) % of the cases, μ will be in the calculated interval. In 100α % of the cases, however, it does not. And unfortunately we do not know in which of the cases this happens. That is why we say: "with confidence level 100(1 − α) %, "μ" lies in the confidence interval."

paragraphs: The figure on the right shows 50 realisations of a confidence interval for a given population mean μ. If we randomly choose one realisation, the probability that it contains the parameter is 95%. However, it is also possible that we may have unluckily picked the wrong one as well.


title: Emperor Richū

paragraphs: Some scholars identify him with King San in the Book of Song. King San sent messengers to the Song Dynasty at least twice in 421 and 425; and this historical person was succeeded by his younger brother.

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: According to "Nihonshoki" and "Kojiki", he was the first son of Emperor Nintoku.

paragraphs: Richū had two sons; but he was followed on the throne by his brother, who would become known as Emperor Hanzei. The enthronement of Hanzei by-passed Richū's two sons. Few other details have survived.

paragraphs: Two of Richū's grandsons would attain the throne as Emperor Kenzō and as Emperor Ninken.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Richū's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: In his sixth year of his reign, Richū died.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Richū.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at Sakai. Richū is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Jacobitism

paragraphs: Jacobitism was (and, to a much smaller extent, is) the political movement that tried to put the Stuart kings back onto the thrones of England, Scotland, and Kingdom of Ireland. The movement took its name from the Latin form "Jacobus" of the name of King James II and VII.

paragraphs: Jacobitism began after the deposition of James II and VII in 1688. He was replaced by his daughter Mary II jointly with her husband and first cousin William of Orange. The Stuarts lived on the European mainland after that, sometimes trying to get back the throne with the help of France or Spain. The most important places of Jacobitism were Ireland and Scotland, especially the Scottish Highlands. In England, Jacobitism was strongest in the north, and some support was also in Wales.

paragraphs: A great number of Catholic people liked Jacobitism. They hoped the Stuarts would end bad laws. Lots of different helped the military campaigns for all sorts of reasons. In Scotland the Jacobite cause became a lasting romantic memory.


title: Maksim Shatskikh

paragraphs: Maksim Shatskikh (born 30 August 1978) is a Uzbekistani football player. He plays for Arsenal Kyiv and Uzbekistan national team.


title: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough

paragraphs: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (26 May 1650 – 16 June 1722) was an important English soldier and statesman. He lived through the rules of five monarchs through the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Rising from a lowly page at the court of the House of Stuart, he faithfully served the Duke of York through the 1670s and early 1680s. This gave him military and political advancement through his brave, clever skill. Churchill helped secure James on the throne.

paragraphs: However, just three years later he left his Catholic teacher for the Protestant Dutchman, William of Orange. For his help in the Glorious Revolution, William at his coronation made him Earl of Marlborough (pronounced /'mɔ:l bɹə/). He served in the early years of the Nine Years' War and became famous. However, charges of Jacobitism made him fall from office. For some time, he was imprisoned in the Tower. When Queen Anne came to throne in 1702, however, Marlborough secured his fame and lots of money.

paragraphs: His marriage to the quick-tempered Sarah Jennings – Anne's close friend – helped Marlborough's rise. He first became the Captain-Generalcy of British forces. Then he became a duke. Later, he became the richest of all Anne's subjects. Although in the end he could not completely crush his enemies, his victories allowed Britain to rise to very great power. Through him, the country grew more and more rich through the 18th century.


title: Pierre Njanka

paragraphs: Pierre Njanka (born 15 March 1975) is a Cameroonian football player. He has played for Cameroon national team.


title: Rigobert Song

paragraphs: Rigobert Song (born 1 July 1976) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Trabzonspor and the Cameroonian national team. He is the first African who has played in four world cups.


title: Wolfgang Feiersinger

paragraphs: Wolfgang Feiersinger (born 30 January 1965) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team.

paragraphs: Wolfgang Feiersinger started playing football at his local club 1. Saalfeldner SK. 1986 he went to Austria Salzburg, now known as FC Red Bull Salzburg. With this club he became runner up of the Austrian Bundesliga in 1992 and 1993. His first championship he reached 1994. He was part of the team which reached the UEFA Cup final in the 1993/94 season. In 1996 he went on to Borussia Dortmund where he played in the Championsleague due to the injury of Matthias Samer. But in the final he was not even part of the team which won the UEFA Championsleague. Then he came back to Austria playing for LASK Linz and again for Austria Salzburg. In 2002 he finished his professional career but played for the amateur squad of PSV Schwarz-Weiß Salzburg.

paragraphs: He played 46 matches for the national football team as defender but also as offensive midfielder. He was member of Austrias teame for the FIFA World Cup 1998 in France. Since 2009 he works as host in an alpine hut (Hochwildalmhütte Aurach). His daughter Laura plays for FC Bayern München in the German women league.


title: Ernst Happel

paragraphs: Ernst Franz Hermann Happel (29 November 1925 – 14 November 1992) was a former Austrian football player and football coach. He has played for SK Rapid Wien, RC Paris and the Austria national team.

paragraphs: Happel started professionally at the age of 17 with SK Rapid Wien as defender. He played only from 1955 till 1956 for another club. In 1999 he was elected for Rapids team of the century.

paragraphs: He made his first match for Austria in September 1947 against Hungary and was member of the squad for the 1954 World Cup in Switzerlandand and the 1958 World Cup in Sweden.His last match was in September 1958 against Yugoslavia. He played 51 times in the team and shot 5 goals.


title: Baboon

paragraphs: Baboons are monkeys of the genus Papio. They are one of the largest kinds of monkey. It is an intelligent Old World monkey. It lives on the ground in groups called troops. Troops can be as small as a few baboons or as big as several hundred members.

paragraphs: Baboons live in forests and on savannahs in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula. As they move into the open land, the family groups come together into groups several hundred strong, led by adult males that work together to protect the others from predators.

paragraphs: Baboons are omnivores (they eat both plants and meat). They eat grasses, roots, insects and other small animals, like lizards, small mammals, fish, birds, and snakes. In some places, they steal food from humans.

paragraphs: Leopards, cheetahs, African wild dogs, lions, hyenas and people hunt the baboon. To scare the predator away, baboons can show their eyelids, show their teeth, chase the predator, and make noise.

paragraphs: To understand their lives, one must see them in their natural environment.


title: Friedrich Koncilia

paragraphs: Friedrich (Friedl) Koncilia (born 25 February 1948) is a former Austrian football player mainly for FK Austria Wien. He has also played for Austria national team.

paragraphs: At the age of 14 he came to KAC, an icehockeyclub, but the coach of the football department brought him to football. He played in Austria for Austria Klagenfurt, SSW Innsbruck and Austria Wien. Abroad he played for RSC Anderlecht. He is one of the most successful goalkeepers in Austria. During his career he was 8 times Austrian Champion and six times Cup winner and played 526 league matches, 76 Cup matches and 51 matches in European cups.

paragraphs: For Austria he played 85 matches, his first international match was on 27 September 1970 versus Hungary. His last match was in 1985. For Austria he played in the FIFA World Cup 1978 where he played in the legendary match versus Germany in Cordoba and 1982.

paragraphs: He was chosen as goalkeeper for a FIFA-selection playing versus Argentinia on 25 June 1979 He was goalkeeper in the 2nd half time. He was also goalkeeper in an UEFA-team playing versus CSSR, which celebrated the 70th anniversary.

paragraphs: After the end of his playing career he became coach for Austria Wien, Gamba Osaka and Brandl-Bau Ischl.


title: Toni Polster

paragraphs: Toni Polster (born 10 March 1964) is a former Austrian football player. He has played for Austria national team.


title: Daisuke Saito (born in 1980)

paragraphs: Daisuke Saito (born 29 August 1980) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Vegalta Sendai.


Daisuke Saito


Naohito Hirai


title: Emperor Nintoku

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: According to "Nihon Shoki", Nintoku was the fourth son of Emperor Ōjin and the father of three emperors — Richū, Hanzei, and Ingyō .

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Nintoku's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: Nintoku's reign is marked by Japan's first large-scale engineering projects.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Nintoku.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun") at Sakai. Nintoku is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Irukandji jellyfish

paragraphs: The Irukandji Jellyfish, "Carukia barnesi", is a species of jellyfish. It lives in the waters of northern Australia. It is a very deadly jellyfish. The Irukandji is only 2.5 centimeters (with bell and tentacles) in diameter. This makes it hard to find. The Irukandji is believed to be the most poisonous creature in the world. Some people are not sure if that is true.

paragraphs: The Irukandjis' name comes from an Australian Aboriginal tribe. The tribe lived in the Palm Cove region of North Queensland. When the Irukandji people were stung by the Irukandji, there are many symptoms. This includes:

paragraphs: Sometimes, people may also get fluid on their lungs (pulmonary oedema), hypertension, and heart failure.

paragraphs: The Irukandji has killed at least two swimmers in Australia. In 2002, Richard Jordon came to Australia as a tourist. He was a 58 year old British man. He was stung while swimming off Hamilton Island. Jordon died a few days later. There may have been more deaths which doctors did not know were caused by the jellyfish.

paragraphs: The Irukandji is related to another jellyfish. This is the box jellyfish, "Chironex Fleckeri". Irukandji was identified in 1964 by a Cairns doctor, Jack Barnes. Because of this, its scientific name is named after him. When people were getting hurt in the sea, Barnes was sure it was because of a jellyfish. He put on diving equipment and lay on the sea floor for six days until he discovered it. When Barnes discovered the Irukandji jellyfish, he tested its sting on himself, his son, and a lifeguard. They all had to be taken to the hospital.

paragraphs: Irukandji has stingers – not only on its tentacles, but also on its bell. It is very small and weak. Because of this, sudden force may kill it. So, it cannot be kept in a normal aquarium. The first Irukandji jellyfish in captivity was born in Townsville, Queensland.


title: Emperor Yūryaku

paragraphs: According to the "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki", Yūryaku was the fifth and youngest son of Emperor Ingyō.

paragraphs: Yūryaku was followed on the throne by his son, who would come to be known as Emperor Seinei.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Yūryaku's life and rule. Only limited facts can be studied before the rule of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: After Ankō's death, Yūryaku overcame others in the struggle for power. He became the new emperor.

paragraphs: Yūryaku is known as a patron of silk. It is said that he encouraged growing mulberry bushes for silkworms to eat.

paragraphs: Poems that are said to be Yūryaku's are included in the "Manyōshū". A number of his verses are kept in the "Kojiki" and the "Nihonshoki."

paragraphs: He is credited with bringing many artisans from Korea to Japan.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Yūryaku.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Kia Carens

paragraphs: The Kia Carens is a MPV produced by Kia Motors since 1999. It is now in its Third generation, and is called Kia Rondo on the North American market.


title: Renault FR1

paragraphs: The Renault FR1 is a bus produced by Renault from 1987 to 1997.

paragraphs: The FR1 has a 9.8 litre 6-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 223 kW/303 hp or 250 kW/340 hp respectively.

paragraphs: In 1997, the FR1 received a facelift and were renamed Renault Iliade.


title: Kia Soul

paragraphs: The Kia Soul is a car produced by Kia since 2008. It is based on the Hyundai i20 and Kia Venga's platform. It entered its second generation in 2013.

paragraphs: The Soul is available with 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 93 kW/126 hp and 106 kW/144 hp respectively, and a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine with 94 kW/128 hp.


title: Kia Rio

paragraphs: The Kia Rio is a car produced by Kia Motors.

paragraphs: The first generation were produced from 2000 to 2005, and were available with 1.3 and 1.5 litre petrol engines with 55 kW/75 hp and 72 kW/98 hp respectively.

paragraphs: The second generation were launched in 2005, and is available with a 1.4 litre petrol engine in two versions with 55 kW/75 hp and 71 kW/97 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre petrol engine with 82 kW/112 hp and a 1.5 litre turbo diesel engine with 81 kW/110 hp. It is based on the Hyundai Getz's platform.

paragraphs: Both generations are available as 4-door saloon and 5-door hatchback.


title: Kia Magentis

paragraphs: The Kia Magentis is a car produced by Kia Motors. It is the successor of the Kia Clarus, and is based on the Hyundai Sonata's platform.

paragraphs: The first generation were produced from 2000 to 2006. It is available with a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol engine with 100 kW/136 hp and a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 124 kW/169 hp.

paragraphs: The second generation were launched in 2006. It were until 2009 available with 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 106 kW/144 hp and 120 kW/163 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 139 kW/189 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 103 kW/140 hp.

paragraphs: In 2009, the Magentis received a facelift. The engines available are now 2.0 and 2.4 litre 4-cylinder petrol engines with 121 kW/164 hp and 130 kW/175 hp respectively, a 2.7 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 142 kW/193 hp and a 2.0 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 110 kW/150 hp.

paragraphs: In some counties, the first generation Magentis is known as Kia Lotze, and the second generation as Kia Optima.


title: Kia Carnival

paragraphs: The Kia Carnival is a car produced by Kia.

paragraphs: The first generation were launched in 1999 based on the Ford Windstar's platform. It were available with a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 121 kW/165 hp and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 93 kW/126 hp.

paragraphs: It gets a facelift in 2001, and were available until 2006 with a 2.5 litre 6-cylinder petrol engine with 110 kW/150 hp and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 106 kW/144 hp.

paragraphs: In 2006, the second generation were launched based on the Hyundai Entourage's platform. It is available with 2.7 and 3.8 litre 6-cylinder petrol engines with 139 kW/189 hp and 187 kW/254 hp respectively, and a 2.9 litre 4-cylinder turbo diesel engine with 136 kW/185 hp.


title: Kia cee'd

paragraphs: The Kia cee'd is a car produced by Kia since 2006.

paragraphs: It is based on the Hyundai i30's platform, and is available as 3- and 5-door hatchback and 5-door station wagon.

paragraphs: The engines available is 1.4, 1.6 and 2.0 litre petrol engines with 80 kW/109 hp, 92 kW/125 hp and 105 kW/143 hp respectively, a 1.6 litre turbo diesel engine in two versions with 66 kW/90 hp and 85 kW/115 hp respectively, and a 2.0 litre turbo diesel engine with 103 kW/140 hp.

paragraphs: The cee'd received a facelift in 2009. The 1.4 litre petrol engine was changed to 66 kW/90 hp instead of 80 kW/109 hp.


title: Volkswagen Touran

paragraphs: The Volkswagen Touran is a car produced by Volkswagen, launched in 2003.

paragraphs: It is based on the platform of the fifth generation Volkswagen Golf, and were from start available with a 1.6 litre MPI petrol engine with 75 kW/102 hp, 1.6 and 2.0 litre FSI petrol engines with 85 kW/115 hp and 110 kW/150 hp respectively, and 1.9 and 2.0 litre TDI diesel engines with 74 kW/100 hp and 100 kW/136 hp respectively.

paragraphs: The diesel engines received an update in 2004. The 1.9 litre TDI engine are now available in 66 kW/90 hp and 77 kW/105 hp versions, and the 2.0 litre TDI engine has now 103 kW/140 hp.

paragraphs: The Touran received an facelift in late 2006. Both the 1.6 and 2.0 litre FSI petrol engines were replaced by a 1.4 litre TSI petrol engine in 103 kW/140 hp and 125 kW/170 hp versions. The 2.0 litre TDI engine were now also available in a 125 kW/170 hp version.


title: Rade Bogdanović

paragraphs: Rade Bogdanović (born 21 May 1970) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for the Serbian national team.


title: Atsushi Katagiri

paragraphs: Atsushi Katagiri (born 1 August 1983) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Ventforet Kofu.


title: Carlos Gamarra

paragraphs: Carlos Gamarra (born 17 February 1971) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.


title: Flávio Conceição

paragraphs: Flávio Conceição (born 12 June 1974) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


Nariyasu Yasuhara


title: Masafumi Nakaguchi

paragraphs: Masafumi Nakaguchi (born 10 April 1972) is a former Japanese football player. He manages Sagawa Shiga.


title: Emperor Ankan

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: According to "Kojiki" Ankan was the elder son of Emperor Keitai.

paragraphs: Ankan died childless, and the throne passed to his brother, who would become known as Emperor Senka.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Ankan's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: Ankan attained the Imperial throne when his father, Emperor Keitai, abdicated in his favor.

paragraphs: The construction of state granaries in large numbers throughout Japan was a demonstration of the broad reach of Imperial power and concerns.

paragraphs: His death ended his reign after only four years.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Ankan.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Ankan is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Emperor Senka

paragraphs: According to "Kojiki", Senka was a son of Emperor Keitai.

paragraphs: When Emperor Ankan died childless, the throne passed to his brother Senka.

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Senka's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: During this reign, Soga no Iname became the first verifiable "Great Minister" or "Omi" (also identified as "Ō-omi").

paragraphs: The reign of Emperor Senka lasted for three years.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Senka.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). Senka is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging

paragraphs: The Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB) is a South African political party for the white Afrikaner people, the Boers. It was formed in 1973 by Eugène Terre'Blanche. He led the party until his death in 2010. It is now led by Steyn van Ronge.

paragraphs: They are a party for the white South Africans who want their own nation. They want to name it "Boerestaat". The party is not as extreme as other parties who want to kick out all the black South Africans. The AWB simply wants a state within SA borders.

paragraphs: The AWB also wants to go back to apartheid, or at least some of them want it. And they want to end the killing of white people by black people. The organisation is not violent, but it used to be back in the 1990s.


title: XNOR gate

paragraphs: The XNOR gate is a logic gate that outputs 1 (true) when both of its inputs are equal. If only one output is high(1) the output is low (0).

paragraphs: There are three symbols for the XNOR gate:


title: Efim Bogolyubov

paragraphs: Efim Bogolyubov (14 April 1889 – 18 June 1952) was a Ukrainian–German chess grandmaster who won numerous events and played two matches with Alexander Alekhine for the world championship. His weak point, it is said, was over-optimism, but at his best he was one of the world's leading players.

paragraphs: After the World War I, he won international tournaments at Berlin 1919, Stockholm 1919, Stockholm 1920, Kiel 1921, and Pistyan (Pieštany) 1922. He tied for 1st–3rd at Karlsbad (Karlovy Vary) 1923.

paragraphs: In 1924 Bogoljubow briefly returned to Russia, which had since become the Soviet Union, and won consecutive USSR championships in 1924 and 1925. He also won at Breslau (Wroclaw) 1925, and in Moscow 1925, ahead of a field which included Emanuel Lasker and José Raúl Capablanca.

paragraphs: In 1926, he emigrated to Germany. He won, ahead of Akiba Rubinstein that year at Berlin. At Bad Kissingen 1928, he triumphed (+6 –1 =4) over a field which included Capablanca, Nimzovich and Savielly Tartakower. Bogoljubov won two matches against Max Euwe (both 5.5–4.5) in 1928 and 1928/29 in Holland. He played matches for the World Chess Championship twice against Alekhine, losing 15.5–9.5 in 1929, and 15.5–10.5 in 1934.

paragraphs: He represented Germany at first board in the 4th Chess Olympiad at Prague 1931, winning the individual silver medal (+9 –1 =7). Bogoljubov continued to have good tournament results throughout the 1930s.

paragraphs: During World War II, he lost a match to Euwe (+2 –5 =3) at Krefeld 1941, and drew a mini-match with Alekhine (+1 –1 =0) at Warsaw 1943. He also played in numerous tournaments held in Nazi-held territory throughout the war. After the war, he lived in West Germany. In 1947, he won in Lüneburg, and Kassel. In 1949 he won in Bad Pyrmont (3rd West GER-ch), and tied for 1st-2nd in Oldenburg. In 1951, he won in Augsburg, and Saarbrücken.

paragraphs: He was awarded the grandmaster title by the World Chess Federation (FIDE) in 1951.

paragraphs: The Bogo-Indian Defence (1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nf3 Bb4+) is named after Bogolyubov.


title: Imperial Household Agency

paragraphs: The is a government agency of Japan. This bureaucracy is concerned with Imperial House of Japan (Japan's imperial family).

paragraphs: "Kunaichō" keeps the Privy Seal of Japan and the State Seal of Japan.

paragraphs: In the 18 centuries before the Second World War, it was named the .

paragraphs: The current Grand Steward is Shingo Haketa.

paragraphs: The organization and functions of the Imperial Household were established in the eighth century. The fundamental elements of this system evolved during the course of centuries.

paragraphs: The main focus of attention is the living Imperial family. At the same time, the agency looks 890+ sites which may contain the remains of imperial family members.

paragraphs: The Grand Steward is charged with overseeing all activities of today's agency.

paragraphs: The basic structures remained in place until the Meiji Restoration; and some elements of the ancient organizing template remain:

paragraphs: Imperial Household Agency became an external agency of the Cabinet Office.____________________

paragraphs: Imperial Household Office was organized under The Imperial Household Law of 1947 along with the current The Constitution of Japan which was adopted in the post-war period____________________

paragraphs: Imperial Household Ministry was organized under the Imperial House Law of 1889 and the Meiji Constitution which was proclaimed in the course of the Meiji Restoration____________________

paragraphs: Ministry of the Imperial Household was organized under the Taiho Code, which was adopted in during the reign of Emperor Monmu.


title: Operating environment

paragraphs: In computers, an operating environment is the environment in which you can use the operating system with, but is not the whole operating system on its own. For example, Windows 3.x was not considered a full operating system since it ran on top of MS-DOS.


title: Adelong, New South Wales

paragraphs: Adelong is a small town in the Snowy Mountains region of New South Wales, Australia. It is a part of the Tumut Shire. About 1400 people live in the Adelong district, and 829 people live in the town. The town is about 160 kilometres west of Canberra on the Snowy Mountains Highway. The town's name comes from an Aboriginal word meaning "along the way" or "plain with a river".

paragraphs: Hamilton Hume and William Hovell were the first Europeans in to visit the area on their way back to Sydney in 1825. They described it as "rough and difficult country."

paragraphs: Adelong was settled between 1840 and 1850. Gold was discovered at Adelong by a William Williams in 1857. The gold was on the top of Victoria Hill and was part of the Old Hill Reef. Alluvial gold was found in both Adelong Creek and Golden Gully in the same year. Adelong quickly became an important goldfield. Adelong Post Office opened on 1 January 1859.

paragraphs: By 1859 a number of gold reefs were being mined, including the Old Reef and the Great Victoria Mine. Between 1859 and 1876, 3,798 kilograms of gold was mined. During the gold rush the population grew to more than 30,000 people. Over 25 tonnes of gold was mined from 1857 to the close of the mines in 1914. The National Trust of Australia has listed the main street of Adelong and a number of buildings as being important historical places.

paragraphs: A number of narrow tramway tracks were built in the mine area. Adelong is one of the only two gold mining areas in New South Wales known to have used a steam locomotive on its tramways.

paragraphs: During the gold rush many Chinese people worked in the mines. Many died and were buried in a special part of the Adelong cemetery. The Chinese part of the cemetery was destroyed in the early 1900s. One or two old Chinese and Indian people still lived in Adelong in the 1950s. A small town, Cornishtown, was about a mile west of Adelong till the 1940s.

paragraphs: After the gold rush, farming became the main business in the area. This was mainly Merino sheep and beef cattle. Over the last 20 years a tourists have come to visit because of the pleasant scenery and gold mining history. The famous Adelong Falls, with its rich gold-mining past, is an ideal spot to for a picnic or to explore the local area.


title: Cole Porter

paragraphs: Cole Albert Porter (June 9, 1891 – October 15, 1964) was an American composer and songwriter. He wrote musical comedies like "Kiss Me, Kate," "Fifty Million Frenchmen", "DuBarry Was a Lady" and "Anything Goes". He also wrote songs like "Night and Day," "I Get a Kick out of You," "Well, Did You Evah!" and "I've Got You Under My Skin." He was well known for his clever lyrics and rhymes. He wrote a lot of songs that are in the Great American Songbook.

paragraphs: Porter was born in Peru, Indiana, to a rich Baptist family.

paragraphs: One of his grandfathers made a lot of money from coal and timber. He had control over the family. Porter started learning music when he was very young. He learned the violin at age six and the piano at eight. He and his mother wrote an operetta when he was 10. His mother, Kate, was very supportive. His grandfather J.O. Cole wanted him become a lawyer,

paragraphs: He went to Worcester Academy in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1905 and then Yale University in 1909.

paragraphs: When he was at Yale, he wrote 300 songs, including football fight songs that are still played at Yale today.

paragraphs: Porter went to Harvard Law School in 1913 for a year. He then moved into Arts and Sciences.

paragraphs: In 1915, his song, "Esmeralda", was played on Broadway. He had a musical on Broadway in 1916, but it did not do well.

paragraphs: Porter was not doing very well with his music so he went to Paris, France. He was working there when World War I started. He travelled all over Europe, and then joined the French Foreign Legion in 1917. He was a soldier in North Africa, and then he taught American soldiers how to shoot.

paragraphs: Porter was married to Linda Lee Thomas (1883-1954) from 1919 until her death. Some writers have said that Porter also had some gay relationships.

paragraphs: Porter started having musicals on Broadway again in 1926. He wrote some famous songs like "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love", "What Is This Thing Called Love?" and "Night and Day".

paragraphs: He threw lots of parties and had an exciting social life in the 1920s and 1930s. He became very successful with his musicals and songs.

paragraphs: In 1937, Porter had an accident when he was horse-riding. He had a lot of pain and had to have many operations. He became depressed after that. He kept working and in 1948 he wrote a very popular musical called "Kiss Me, Kate". He won a Tony Award for the musical. He also wrote music for movies.

paragraphs: In 1952, Porter's mother died. In 1954, his wife died. In 1958, he had to have his injured leg amputated (cut off). After all these bad things happened, he retired. He died of kidney failure in 1964 in Santa Monica, California. He was 73.


title: Jan van Riebeeck

paragraphs: Johan Anthoniszoon "Jan" van Riebeeck (April 21, 1619 – January 18, 1677) was a Dutch colonial administrator and founder of Cape Town, a city in South Africa.

paragraphs: Van Riebeeck was born in Culemborg in the Netherlands as the son of a surgeon. He grew up in Schiedam, where he married 19-year old Maria de la Quellerie on 28 March 1649. (She died in Malacca, now part of Malaysia, on 2 November 1664, at the age of 35). The couple had eight children, most of whom did not live through infancy. Their son Abraham van Riebeeck, born at the Cape, later became Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies.

paragraphs: Joining the Dutch East India Company (VOC) in 1639, he served in many posts, like an assistant surgeon in the Batavia in the East Indies. He then went to Japan. His most important position was that of head of the VOC trading post in Tonkin, Vietnam. However, he was called back from this post as it was found that he was working trade for his own account.

paragraphs: In 1651 he was asked to undertake the command of the initial Dutch settlement in the future South Africa. He landed three ships "Drommedaris", "Reijger" and "Goede Hoop" at the future Cape Town on 6 April 1652 and strongly make the site as a way-station for the VOC trade route between the Netherlands and the East Indies. The "Walvisch" and the "Oliphant" came later, having had 130 burials at sea.


title: Measles

paragraphs: Measles is an infectious disease, caused by a virus. People catch measles from other people. It is passed on in tiny drops of water when people breathe. People with measles have a sore throat, a fever, a cough, red eyes and a runny nose. They also have a bumpy red rash all over their body. These rashes will cause a high irritation of itching.

paragraphs: Measles is very infectious, which means it is easy to catch. If someone in a house has measles, it is very likely that other people in the house will also get it. In developed countries, lots of children have a vaccination (injection) to stop them from getting measles. Often they are given the MMR vaccine, to stop them getting measles, mumps and rubella. The three vaccinations are all in one injection.

paragraphs: Measles is sometimes also called "rubeola", but it is not the same as rubella (German measles). The German Measles (rubella) was discovered by German scientists.

paragraphs: There is no cure for measles. People with measles may rest and take medicines to make them feel better, to stop pain and make fevers go away. Most people that have measles recover, but some people die from it.


title: Emperor Seinei

paragraphs: No certain dates can be assigned to this emperor's life or reign. The conventionally accepted names and sequence of the early emperors were not to be confirmed as "traditional" until the reign of Emperor Kammu, who was the 50th monarch of the Yamato dynasty.

paragraphs: According to "Kojiki" and "Nihonshoki", Seinei was a son of Emperor Yūryaku.

paragraphs: Seinei fathered no children. He adopted two grandsons of Emperor Richū. Each would attain the throne; and they would become known as Emperor Ninken and as Emperor Kenzo

paragraphs: Very little is known about the events of Seinei's life and reign. Only limited information is available for study prior to the reign of the 29th monarch, Emperor Kimmei.

paragraphs: After the death of his father, Seinei overcame others in the struggle for power.

paragraphs: This emperor's official name after his death (his posthumous name) was regularized many centuries after the lifetime which was ascribed to Seinei.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the emperor's final resting place is in an earthen tumulus ("kofun"). This emperor is venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine ("misasagi") which is associated with the burial mound.


title: Xiphactinus

paragraphs: Xiphactinus (from Latin and Greek for "sword-ray") was a large, 4.5 to 5 m (15 to 20 feet) long predatory bony fish that lived in the Western Interior Sea, over what is now the middle of North America, during the Late Cretaceous. Skeletal remains of Xiphactinus have come from Kansas, Alabama, and Georgia in the United States, as well as Europe and Australia.

paragraphs: Above all else, "Xiphactinus" was a great swimmer, able to speed towards or away from virtually anything else in the seas of the time. It may have been able to leap above the waves at times to help dislodge parasites from its skin. It was not however immune from attack. If injured, its large size meant it was easy to spot and could become prey for sharks, Mosasaurs, and other Xiphactinus.