title: Grand jury

paragraphs: A grand jury is a legal body which has the power to conduct official proceedings to investigate possible criminal conduct. They also decide whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena evidence and may compel the sworn testimony of witnesses who appear before it. Grand juries are made up of from 16 to 23 people in the United States. They meet for a period of one month up to a year. However, jurors may only have to meet for a few days each month. The juries meet in private. The suspected person, called a suspect, is not usually present. About half the state in the US do not regularly use grand juries. A preliminary hearing may be used instead. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution requires the use of grand juries by the federal legal system for all capital and "infamous crimes" (cases involving treason, certain felonies or gross moral turpitude).

paragraphs: In 1166 an enactment of King Henry II of England, called the Assize of Clarendon, called for "the oath of *twelve men from every hundred and four men from every vill" to meet and decide who was guilty of robbery, theft or murder. It was the early ancestor of the jury system and of the grand jury. The United Kingdom abolished grand juries in 1933. Many of their former colonies including

paragraphs: Canada, Australia and New Zealand have also stopped using them. The United States is one of the few remaining countries that uses the grand jury.

paragraphs: Grand juries are called by a federal judge and are required to supervise them. But judges almost never interfere. The grand jury is led by a federal prosecutor. He cannot testify or be present while the jury deliberates. But most federal grand juries will return any indictment presented to it. This led to the famous saying "a prosecutor can get a grand jury to indict a ham sandwich." They can subpoena anything they want with very few restrictions. In United States v. R. Enterprises, Inc., 498 U.S. 292 (1991), the Supreme Court of the United States ruled "federal grand jury subpoenas are presumed to be reasonable and the burden of showing unreasonableness is on the recipient."

paragraphs: A grand jury, state or federal, has two functions. The first is to go over all evidence of criminal wrongdoing and to issue an indictment only if there is enough evidence. Their other purpose is to investigate and help the prosecutor gather evidence. Critics claim grand juries have failed to do both.


title: Vault (gymnastics)

paragraphs: A vault is an apparatus that male and female gymnasts perform on. A vault is included in gymnastics competitions such as the olympics. The gymnasts first run before they flip on the vault. Either the male or female gymnast perform a flip in the air and land on the floor. When the gymnast lands on the floor, he or she has to be in balance.

paragraphs: Early forms of the vault were invented by German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn. The apparatus itself originated as a "horse", much like the pommel horse but without the handles. It was sometimes called a "vaulting horse". The horse was set up with its long side perpendicular to the run for women, and parallel for men. The vaulting horse was the apparatus used in the Olympics for over a century It began with the 1896 Summer Olympics and ending with the Gymnastics at the 2000 Summer Olympics.

paragraphs: Following a number of problems, International Gymnastics Federation (FIG) changed the apparatus. They did it for both safety reasons and for better acrobatics. The 2001 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships were the first international competition to make use of the "vaulting table". This was an apparatus made by Dutch gymnastics equipment company Janssen-Fritsen since the mid-1990s. It features a flat, larger, and more cushioned surface almost parallel to the floor. It slopes downward at the end closest to the springboard. Gymnasts nicknamed it the "tongue".


title: Web design

paragraphs: Web design is a profession where a person designs a web page or a web site. The web page can have graphics, music, animations, and many other things on it. Some web design is done for businesses, and some is done for individual people. Some web designs are used a lot and have standard templates that are free for people to use.

paragraphs: People who design web pages are called web designers. Web designers use HTML or Dynamic HTML ("DHTML"), Cascading Style Sheets ("CSS"), JavaScript, and many other technologies to make their pages. Web designers can make their pages on the Internet using website building software, or offline on their computer. Web designers in the United States of America can earn between $31,650 and $69,510 a year, with a median salary of $46,327.

paragraphs: Web design includes layouts, colors, graphics, fonts, and content.


title: Dallas McKennon

paragraphs: Dallas Raymond McKennon (July 19, 1919 – July 14, 2009), sometimes credited as Dal McKennon, was an American actor. He had many roles as a voice actor in a career lasting over 50 years. His best-known roles were that of Gumby for Art Clokey, Archie Andrews for Filmation's "Archie" series, and the main voice of Buzz Buzzard in the "Woody Woodpecker" cartoons.


title: Jefferson City

paragraphs: Jefferson City is the name of three places in the United States:


title: Albany County

paragraphs: Albany County is the name of two counties in the United States:


title: Sussex County

paragraphs:
Sussex County may refer to:
In the United States:


Kent County


title: Sten Mk II

paragraphs: The Sten Mk II was the main submachine gun of the British military in World War II.

paragraphs: Early in the war, the US lent many weapons to the British to fight German forces, including the Thompson submachine gun. However, since the Thompson was expensive to make in large numbers, the British made a submachine gun of their own, that would be cheap and quick to make. This was the Sten Mk II.

paragraphs: The weapon was only made of 47 parts, making it relatively fast to put together and take apart and therefore easy to ship and hide. This feature made it popular among resistance fighters, including the Free French.

paragraphs: It was also the first SMG to have a silencer made for it, making it useful for stealth and surprise. However, due to its low quality, it was not a very reliable weapon as it had the tendency to jam, and to fire entire clips without pulling the trigger.

paragraphs: It is stated that British soldiers who captured German MP-40's would often abandon the Sten and fight using the MP-40 instead. The switch was not difficult since both weapons fired the same type of bullet, the 9x19mm Parabellum, with the same type of clips (which meant that they could use the enemy's ammunition to load their Stens or vice versa).


title: Hughes County

paragraphs: Hughes County is the name of two counties in the United States:


title: Thompson submachine gun

paragraphs: The Thompson submachine gun, a.k.a. the Tommy gun, was an early submachine gun design. It was popular among soldiers, police, and civilians alike. It was invented by Brigadier General John T. Thompson at the end of World War I as a "trench-boom" weapon, or a weapon that could clear out trenches very quickly. The war ended before the submachine gun could be used in battle. In 1919, Brigadier General Thompson had the company he founded, Auto-Ordnance Company, modify the gun for civilian use. The gun was classified as a submachine gun, meaning a small, fully automatic, hand-held gun that fires pistol ammunition. It remains an iconic firearm that is very popular with collectors. It fires .45 ACP caliber bullets, an effective and accurate combat bullet against human targets.

paragraphs: In 1882, John T. Thompson entered the United States Army. During the Spanish–American War he made a reputation for himself making sure ammunition got to the front lines. This was at a time of almost complete chaos in the army supply system. He later played a part in developing two important American military weapons. These were the M1903 Springfield rifle and the M1911 pistol. In 1916 Auto-Ordnance was started with Thompson holding the majority of shares. Designed for use in World War I, the gun was first called "The Annihilator I" (Thompson nicknamed it a trench broom) could fire 20 rounds per second. The first cases of the new submachine gun arrived on the docks for shipment on November 11, 1918; the same day the war ended. Thompson and Auto-Ordnance began developing the gun for civilian markets. In 1921 the first model, called the M1921, was produced.

paragraphs: In 1921, the Colt Patent Firearms Company made 15,000 Thompson submachine guns for Auto-Ordinance at a cost of $38.25 each. These were called the “Model 1921A”. This model weighed and had an effective range (distance it was accurate) of . General Thompson tried to sell his gun to European countries with little success. He tried selling it in the US but sales were slow. In 1926 he got orders from the United States Postal Service and the United States Marine Corps. The Marines used the guns during the Banana Wars. It worked well to counter ambushes by Nicaraguan guerrillas. The Irish Republican Army used them in 1921 during the last part of the Irish War of Independence. They were not impressed by the fact they could only kill about 32 percent of those they fired at. Others who bought his submachine gun included Law enforcement agencies and ranchers. Organized crime quickly found uses for the gun. Later, the United States Navy ordered 1,500.

paragraphs: The US military began using the weapon in 1938 and used it throughout World War II. There were two variants used. The model M1928A1 could use either stick or drum magazines, it had a muzzle brake (to counter the gun's tendency to rise when fired) and had Cooling fins (to counter the barrel of the gun getting too hot). The M1A1 model had no cooling fins, could only use the stick magazines and had a simplified sight. It was used by all the allies during the war. The main problem of the Thompson submachine gun was it was complex and expensive to manufacture. It was also heavy at about loaded. It had to be kept very clean or it would misfire. But soldiers liked the weapon. It was a favorite of British and Australian soldiers. In the US military it was carried by squad leaders and officers. In the heavy jungles in the Pacific War, it sounded dangerously like the Japanese light machine guns causing some confusion on both sides. When the US developed the M3 submachine gun, also called the "grease gun", it was much lighter, cheaper to make and had a slower rate of fire. Most soldiers who had Thompsons were very slow to give them up in favor of the less well-liked grease gun.

paragraphs: It was used during the Korean War and later during the Vietnam War. The Thompson submachine gun was retired in 1971 after 33 years of service.

paragraphs: The Thompson was used in the Arab–Israeli conflict, the Cuban Revolution and in the Northern Ireland conflict (1969–1998. The gun continues to be produced today, with many countries around the world still using it. Over 1,700,000 Thompson submachine guns have been made.


title: Philip Bailey

paragraphs: Philip James Bailey (born May 8, 1951) is an American singer-songwriter, percussionist and actor. He was one of the lead singers (along with group founder Maurice White) of the band Earth, Wind & Fire. He has won seven Grammy Awards. He has released ten albums, including "Chinese Wall". He also performed the duet "Easy Lover" with Phil Collins.

paragraphs: Bailey was born in Denver, Colorado. He has been married twice and has six children.


title: .45 ACP

paragraphs: The .45 ACP is a type of bullet, made to be used in the M1911 pistol used by the U.S. Military. It was first made by John Browning in 1904, the "ACP" in the name stands for "Automatic Colt Pistol". It was the standard for handguns in the U.S. military until they switched to the Beretta M9 (Beretta 92) in 1985 that used a smaller caliber 9mm bullet.

paragraphs: The .45 is famous for being the bullet used in the M1911 and for being the choice of the U.S. Military for their pistols for almost 75 years. The .45 ACP has good stopping power because of the large size of the bullet, a .45 ACP bullet is almost half an inch. When shot at human targets, the .45 ACP bullet makes a big hole that causes blood loss and leads to faster death.

paragraphs: It was used for guns like the M1911, the Thompson submachine gun, the M3 Grease Gun, the USP45, the UMP45, the TDI Kriss Super V, the MAC-10, and many other guns.


title: John Jenkins (composer)

paragraphs: John Jenkins (1592–1678) was an English composer. He became famous for writing music for small groups for amateurs and gentlemen to perform in their houses. He performed at court for King Charles I. After the Restoration he was appointed as a court musician.

paragraphs: He is best known for his consort music for viols, mainly fantasias. About 800 of his works have survived.


title: Minik Wallace

paragraphs: Minik Wallace (also called Mene ; about 1890 – 29 October 1918) was an Inuit from Greenland. He was brought to New York City as a child in 1897, by the explorer Robert Peary. His father and four others were also brought. The six of them were studied by staff at the American Museum of Natural History, which was given custody of them. Most of them died soon after arriving.

paragraphs: Minik was a member of the Inughuit, the northernmost group of Inuit in Greenland. His father was named Qisuk. They met Peary when the explorer employed men from the Inughuit during several expeditions into the Arctic. Peary asked some of them to come with him to New York. Six of them agreed, including Qisuk and Minik. Peary did not tell them about the real purpose of the trip. Some agreed to travel to see new places; others did not want to be separated from relatives. Peary promised them that they would be able to return to Greenland. Soon after their arrival, the group became the objects of study. The museum staff had not made plans for their care, nor for their return.

paragraphs: Soon after arriving in New York, most of the Inuit contracted the disease tuberculosis. Three adults and one child died, including Minik's father. A fourth adult survived and was returned to Greenland. Minik was the only one left. William Wallace, the curator of the museum, adopted Minik. Minik pleaded for a proper Inuit burial for his father. The museum staff wanted to preserve Qisuk's body for study. They made a fake body and put it in a coffin. They staged a fake burial so that Minik would think he was burying his father.

paragraphs: The museum put the skeleton on display. In about 1906, a story was published in local newspapers that stated Qisuk's skeleton was displayed in the museum. Minik was told about it by his classmates at school. He then asked that his father's bones be given to him for traditional burial. Wallace supported Minik in this, but the museum denied that they had the body. Minik was never able to reclaim his father's bones.

paragraphs: Minik returned to Greenland in 1910, with the help of Peary. He came back to the United States in 1916. He lived and worked there until dying of influenza in the pandemic of 1918.

paragraphs: Kenn Harper wrote a book about Minik in 1986. The book was called "Give Me My Father's Body". Harper spent several years trying to persuade the Museum of Natural History to return the remains of the four Inuit to Greenland. He succeeded in 1993. The bodies were buried in a funeral in Qaanaaq. Minik is buried in a cemetery in Pittsburg, New Hampshire.


Shaolin


title: Social spider

paragraphs: A social spider is a species of spider which lives in a group. Most spiders are solitary, but a few species in tropical habitats live in large groups.

paragraphs: This social organisation has evolved independently a number of times. At least 23 species in eight families are known.

paragraphs: These spiders have not developed a caste system, and so they are not classed as eusocial. The first one was discovered over a century ago by Eugène Simon (30 April 1848 – 17 November 1924). This French naturalist described over 4,000 species of spider.


title: Fayetteville

paragraphs: Fayetteville is the name several places in the United States.


title: Fayette

paragraphs: Fayette is the name of several places in the United States.


title: Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks

paragraphs: The Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks are the sports teams that play for the University of Louisiana at Monroe. There are 16 teams.


title: Luger

paragraphs: The Luger was a German semi-automatic pistol that was introduced in 1908. It was the first pistol to use the 9x19mm Parabellum bullet. Its magazines hold eight bullets.

paragraphs: Technically, it was and is held in high esteem. The workmanship was top-class, and its performance was highly respected. The Luger was eventually replaced by the Walther P38 officialy, but there were still many German soldiers and officers who used the Luger during World War II.

paragraphs: The 9 millimeter bullets designed for the gun are still a standard for NATO forces.


title: FedEx Express

paragraphs: FedEx Express is an international cargo airline and delivery service. It has a hub in Memphis, Tennessee, in the United States. FedEx Express is part of FedEx Corporation.


title: Hui people

paragraphs: The Hui people () are one of the 56 recognized ethnic groups in China. Even though they are ethnically related to the Han Chinese (being from the Central Plains) they are considered distinct from them because the majority practice Islam, unlike most of the Han Chinese. They are called the Hui (which translates into "return" in Chinese) because the Chinese recognize that one of the Five Pillars of Faith in Islam is the hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca. A traditional name for Islam in Chinese is "Huíjiào" () for the same reason.

paragraphs: The Hui are the third largest ethnic group in and the largest Muslim-majority ethnic group in China with about 9.8 million people. The region with the largest number of Hui is Ningxia, China's Hui autonomous region. However, there are also many Hui living in Gansu, Xinjiang, Qinghai, Hebei, Henan, Yunnan, and Shandong.

paragraphs: Despite using some Arabic and Persian words in religious activities, Chinese is the first language of most Hui. As a matter of fact, there are many Hui who know no Arabic other than words in everyday Islamic vocabulary.

paragraphs: Since the Hui follow the halal diet, the diet Muslims are commanded to eat, Hui food is made largely of wheat, beef, and mutton, which is different from other kinds of Chinese food since they more often use rice and pork. A Hui dish famous throughout China is "Lanzhou niurou lamian", or Lanzhou beef pulled noodles, which has around 100,000 restaurants in China.

paragraphs: Hui who live in regions of the former Soviet Union and Xinjiang are called Dungan by Russians and Turkic-speaking people, but the Hui do not call themselves that name.


title: Greenville

paragraphs: Greenville is the name of several places:


title: Cerebrospinal fluid

paragraphs: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) bathes and protects the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal cord). "Cerebro" means "brain"; "spinal" is a short version of "spinal cord"; and fluid is a liquid.

paragraphs: CSF is made by networks of blood vessels called choriod plexuses in each of the brain's four ventricles.

paragraphs: CSF flows through the subarachnoid space – the space between the two layers of meninges that are closest to the skull (the arachnoid layer and the dura mater). CSF also fills the brain's ventricles, and flows down the middle of the spinal cord (the "central canal").

paragraphs: CSF is created from blood plasma (the liquid part of blood), so CSF's contents are very similar to plasma's. CSF is 99% water. It carries:

paragraphs: There should be very few white blood cells in the CSF, or none at all. There should be no red blood cells in the CSF.

paragraphs: Being surrounded by CSF helps the brain float inside the skull, like a buoy in water. Because the brain is surrounded by fluid, it floats like it weighs only 2% of what it really does. If the brain did not have CSF to float in, it would sit on the bottom of the skull. The brain's weight would push the bottom of the brain against the skull. Blood would not be able to get to the bottom of the brain because the blood vessels would be getting crushed by the weight of the brain on top of them. Without getting blood (and the oxygen it carries), the neurons in the bottom of the brain would die.

paragraphs: CSF protects the brain by acting like a cushion. Without CSF, every time a person moved their head, their brain would hit the inside of their skull. This could injure the brain.

paragraphs: When a person hits their head, CSF acts like the airbag in a car and can sometimes keep the brain from slamming into the inside of the skull. However, when a person hits their head very hard – in a car accident, for example – the CSF cannot protect the brain from hitting the skull. This can cause concussions, bleeding in the brain, brain damage, or even death.

paragraphs: The brain's cells do chemical reactions to change one chemical to another chemical that the brain needs. Sometimes, after a chemical reaction, chemicals that the brain does not need are left over. These chemicals are called "waste products." For example, when the brain's cells use oxygen and glucose (sugar) to create energy, carbon dioxide (CO) is left over. Too much carbon dioxide can poison the brain.

paragraphs: To keep waste products from building up in the CSF, the choroid plexuses make new CSF about four times a day. The old CSF drains out into the bloodstream, bringing waste products and toxins with it. In this way, the CSF rinses things that could hurt the brain out into the bloodstream. The bloodstream can then carry these chemicals to organs that can get rid of them, like the kidneys and the lungs. For example, the bloodstream carries carbon dioxide to the lungs, where it can be breathed out.

paragraphs: Doctors can use samples of CSF to find out if a person has a brain infection, like meningitis, encephalitis, or syphilis. CSF samples can also show bleeding from certain parts of the brain. Swelling in the brain, caused by some inflammatory diseases like multiple sclerosis, can show in a CSF sample as well.

paragraphs: Usually, doctors take samples of CSF by doing a lumbar puncture (spinal tap).

paragraphs: Normal CSF should be clear and colorless, with no red blood cells, and very few white blood cells.

paragraphs: Protein levels that are higher than normal can be a sign of inflammation in the brain. However, they can also be a sign of other problems, like a bleed in the brain; a brain tumor; epilepsy; and "acute alcoholism."

paragraphs: Cancer cells in the CSF are a sign that a person has brain cancer, or has cancer that started somewhere else and spread to the brain.

paragraphs: Head injuries and some diseases can make too much CSF build up in the brain. This is called hydrocephalus. The extra fluid puts pressure on (squeezes) the brain. This is called increased intracranial pressure. If the pressure gets high enough, the brain's blood vessels get crushed, and blood cannot get to the brain. If a person's brain does not get enough blood and oxygen, they will become unconscious and their brain cells will die. Eventually, the person will die.

paragraphs: Without treatment, 6 out of every 10 people with hydrocephalus will die. The rest will have physical disabilities, intellectual disabilities, and/or other brain problems.

paragraphs: Some problems can cause CSF to leak out through a hole or tear in the dura mater (the layer of the meninges that is next to the skull and the bones of the spinal cord). CSF leaks are usually a complication of a lumbar puncture or certain kinds of surgery on the head, neck, or brain. However, an injury to the head or spine can also cause a CSF leak. Sometimes, doctors cannot find a cause for a CSF leak.

paragraphs: Most people with CSF leaks get better on their own, after the hole in the dura mater heals. However, some CSF leaks can cause serious complications:


title: Bodil Malmsten

paragraphs: Bodil Malmsten (19 August 1944 – 5 February 2016) was a Swedish poet and novelist. She wrote over fifteen books from 1977 to her death. Her best known book was the English translation of "Priset på vatten i Finistère" ("The Price of Water in Finistère") which was awarded Book of the Week by BBC Radio 4.

paragraphs: Malmsten was born in Bjärme, Jämtland. Her grandfather was designer and architect Carl Malmsten (1888–1972).

paragraphs: Malmsten died from cancer on 5 February 2016 in Stockholm. She was aged 71.


title: Mohamed Fahmy

paragraphs: Mohamed Fahmy () is a Canadian-Egyptian journalist. He was born in Cairo. Fahmy was in prison in Egypt for two years. When he came out, he started the Fahmy Foundation for free speech.

paragraphs: Mohamed Fahmy was a producer for CNN and a writer for the "Los Angeles Times". He was also the Cairo bureau chief for Al-Jazeera's English channel.

paragraphs: Fahmy was arrested on December 29, 2013 with two other journalists, Baher Mohamed and Peter Greste, in their hotel in Cairo. This was after General Abdel Fattah el-Sisi became president of Egypt. Sisi replaced the elected president, Mohammed Morsi, of the Muslim Brotherhood. The three reporters were accused of helping the Muslim Brotherhood. At the time, Fahmy worked for Al-Jazeera, which is owned by the government of Qatar. Qatar supported the Muslim Brotherhood, even after Morsi was out of power.

paragraphs: In January 2015, Australian Peter Greste went back to Australia. But Fahmy and Baher had a new trial and got three more years in prison. Finally, human rights lawyer Amal Clooney helped them. Because of world pressure, President Sisi said they could go free.


title: Jürgen Klopp

paragraphs: Jürgen Norbert Klopp (born 16 June 1967) is a German professional football manager and former player. He is the current manager of Premier League club Liverpool. He also managed and played for 1. FSV Mainz 05, and later managed Borussia Dortmund from 2008 to 2015.

paragraphs: Klopp was born in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg. He is married and has two children. He is a Protestant Christian.


title: Eddy Wally

paragraphs: Eddy Wally (born Eduard René Van De Walle; 12 July 1932 – 6 February 2016) was a Belgian singer. He was nicknamed the "Voice of Europe". He was best known for his hits "Chérie" (1966), "Als marktkramer ben ik geboren" (1969) and "Ik spring uit een vliegmachien" (1996). He was also a popular meme in 2014.

paragraphs: Wally was born in Zelzate, East Flanders. He was married to Mariëtte Roegiers until her death in October 2012. They had a daughter, Marina Wally (born 1957), who became a singer. He retired in 2012 after poor health.

paragraphs: Wally died from a brain haemorrhage on 6 February 2016 in Zelzate. He was aged 83.


title: Mika Waltari

paragraphs: Mika Toimi Waltari () (19 September 1908 – 26 August 1979) was a Finnish writer. He is best known for his best-selling novel "The Egyptian" (). His career lasted over 40 years. He wrote at least 29 novels, 15 novellas, 6 collections of stories or fairy tales, 6 collections of poetry and 26 plays. Waltari wrote screenplays, radio plays, non-fiction, translations, and hundreds of reviews and articles. He is also internationally the best-known Finnish writer. His works have been translated into more than 30 languages.

paragraphs: Waltari graduated from the University of Helsinki. He first studied theology, then history and languages. His career as writer started with religious poems and horror short stories. His first novel "Suuri illusioni" ('The Great Illusion') was his fifth work and a big success. It has been compared to the famous works of the 1920s by Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald.

paragraphs: Waltari's chief work, which made him internationally famous, was published after World War II. This was the large novel "Sinuhe Egyptilainen" (UK title: Sinuhe the Egyptian; US title: The Egyptian). The story is placed in ancient Egypt. Waltari knew a lot about life there. Between the lines one can read a story about Christianity and history. The book contains comparison of idealism and realism but it does not tell which of them wins. It became popular also as a Hollywood movie. In later life he worked as a member of the Academy of Finland. He never finished his last novel on the Knights of Malta due to illness. First awarded in 1979, the Mika Waltari Award is named in his honor.


title: River Avon, Bristol

paragraphs: The River Avon runs through Bristol. The river is the 19th longest river in the United Kingdom. It is 75 miles (121km) long. The source of the river is in the Severn Estuary. The river rises in the county of Gloucestershire. It then flows through Wiltshire, for example in the city of Salisbury.


title: Sam Spence

paragraphs: Samuel Lloyd "Sam" Spence (March 29, 1927 – February 6, 2016) was an American soundtrack composer. He was best known for his work with NFL Films. His work has also been on the "Madden NFL" football video games and various advertisements related to American football.


title: 2016 southern Taiwan earthquake

paragraphs: The 2016 Taiwan earthquake happened in Taiwan on 6 February 2016. 106 people were killed. The source of the earthquake came from Kaohsiung.


title: Magic Kingdom for Sale–SOLD!

paragraphs: Magic Kingdom for Sale–Sold! is the first book in a series written by Terry Brooks. It is the story of a trial lawyer named Ben Holiday who gets a catalog from Rosen's, LTD. that is selling a fantasy kingdom named Landover. He buys the kingdom but learns that it is more challenging than he thought it would be.

paragraphs: Ben Holiday is a lawyer from Chicago who works in a law office with his partner Miles Bennett. He is depressed after the death of his wife, Annie. He becomes king of Landover, and is crowned after joining the people together and killing the Iron Mark. He learns that he can become the Paladin when he is in danger.


title: Bamberg State Library

paragraphs: The Bamberg State Library () is a library in Bamberg, Germany. The library was founded in 1803. It is operated by Bavaria, a state of Germany.

paragraphs: There are about 545,000 books in the library. The oldest of them are from the Middle Ages.

paragraphs: There are also about 6,350 manuscripts in the library. Among these is the Bamberg Apocalypse, a richly illuminated manuscript from the 11th century. The Bamberg Apocalypse and two other manuscripts were recognized in UNESCO's "Memory of the World" register. Some of the library's oldest manuscripts were brought to Bamberg by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry II.

paragraphs: The library also contains 3,550 early books that were printed – not handwritten – before the year 1501 in Europe, known as incunabula.


title: CentraleSupélec

paragraphs: CentraleSupélec is a graduate school of engineering in France. Its main campus is located at the Paris-Saclay plateau, and is one of the constituent institutes of the University of Paris-Saclay.

paragraphs: Its different curricula lead to the following French & European degrees :

paragraphs: The academic and research programs, including industrial research collaborations, are mainly offered in French in English.

paragraphs: Most of the 5000 students in the Graduate Engineer program at CentraleSupélec live in dedicated student residences near the research labs and metro train station. Some of the campus facilities are shared with 65,000 students from other constituent schools of the University of Paris-Saclay.

paragraphs: CentraleSupélec was created 1 January 2015 from École Centrale de Paris and Supélec. This was in order to create one of the best universities in the world.

paragraphs: Admission to the CentraleSupélec Programme (2-year curriculum) is by:

paragraphs: The CentraleSupélec Programme typically lasts three years. It results in a master's degree, in addition to international experience. The undergraduate studies plus the CentraleSupélec Programme account for more than a 300 ECTS credits in the European education system.

paragraphs: However, graduate students enrolled in the TIME double degree program are required to spend two-years at CentraleSupélec and spend two years in the TIME-partner institute for a total of four years. This results in a double master's degree.

paragraphs: Research activities at CentraleSupélec relate to the following topics:


paragraphs: The United Kingdom European Union membership referendum took place on 23 June 2016 in the UK and Gibraltar. It was to decide whether the United Kingdom would stay in the European Union (EU).

paragraphs: The referendum ended with 51.9% of votes in favour of leaving the EU.

paragraphs: On 24 June, the then Conservative Party leader and Prime Minister David Cameron announced that he would resign. He was replaced on 13 July by Theresa May.

paragraphs: Members of the "Remain" campaign wanted the United Kingdom to stay in the European Union. Political parties that wanted the UK to stay in the EU include the Labour Party, the Liberal Democrats and the Scottish National Party. They said that being in the EU gave the UK many advantages in trade.

paragraphs: Prime Minister David Cameron supported staying in the EU, but the Conservative Party was neutral. It was up to each MP to have their own view. Other well-known Conservatives who wanted to remain in the EU include George Osborne, Theresa May and Philip Hammond.

paragraphs: Members of the "leave" campaign, commonly called "Brexit", wanted the UK to leave the European Union. Political parties who supported leaving the EU include United Kingdom Independence Party, the Respect Party and many members of the Conservative Party. Those who supported "leave" were especially concerned about the EU's "open border" policies and mass migration.

paragraphs: Some well known members of the Conservative party who wanted to leave the EU included Iain Duncan Smith, Michael Gove and Boris Johnson.

paragraphs: Shortly after the results were announced, David Cameron said that he would resign by October 2016. After a leadership election, Theresa May became Prime Minister on 13 July.

paragraphs: The Scottish government announced on 24 June 2016 that they were planning to hold a second independence referendum. Northern Ireland politician Martin McGuinness also called for an Irish reunification referendum. A movement for London independence even occurred, with an online petition reaching thousands of signatures.

paragraphs: A "Bregret"/"Regrexit" petition was proposed by William Oliver Healey on 24 May 2016. It was made to support the creation of a second European Union membership referendum. By 25 June, more than two and a half million people signed the petition. Calls for a second referendum was later rejected by the government.

paragraphs: Theresa May officially triggered Article 50 on 29 March 2017. This means that negotiations have started between the UK government and the European Union. These talks are expected to last 2 years and after they have finished the UK will be out of the EU.


title: The Black Unicorn

paragraphs: The Black Unicorn is a fantasy book written by Terry Brooks. It is the second book in the "Magic Kingdom of Landover" series. The book continues the stories of Ben Holiday, Willow, and Questor Thews. Each of them had a dream about something important to them. They each left Sterling Silver (the castle they live in) to look for what they dreamed about. The dreams led Ben Holiday to Chicago, Questor Thews to find the books of magic, and Willow to hunt for the black unicorn.


title: Ciriaco Cañete

paragraphs: Ciriaco "Cacoy" Cañete (August 8, 1919 – February 5, 2016) was a Filipino martial artist. He was a member of the Doce Pares Eskrima Club. He was the last surviving member of the club, which was founded in January 1932. In 1951 he developed his own martial art system named Eskrido. He was born in San Fernando, Cebu.

paragraphs: Cañete died in a hospital in Downtown Cebu City on February 5, 2016. He died from prostate cancer. He was aged 96.


title: Dan Hicks (singer)

paragraphs: Daniel Ivan Hicks (December 9, 1941 – February 6, 2016) was an American singer-songwriter and musician. He made music with elements of cowboy folk, jazz, country, swing, bluegrass, pop and gypsy. He led the band Dan Hicks and His Hot Licks. His career began in 1965.

paragraphs: He was best known for the songs "I Scare Myself" and "Canned Music." His songs were known for having humor. One of his songs was titled "How Can I Miss You When You Won't Go Away?" His latest album, "Live at Davies", was released in 2013.

paragraphs: Hicks died on February 6, 2016 from throat and liver cancer. He died in Mill Valley, California. He was 74 years old. He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 2014 and had liver cancer since 2015.


title: Fife Symington

paragraphs: John Fife Symington III (born August 12, 1945) is an American politician and businessman. He was born in New York City. He served as the 19th Governor of the U.S. state of Arizona. He served from 1991 until his resignation in 1997. He was a member of the Republican Party.


title: Alvin Baldus

paragraphs: Alvin James Baldus (April 27, 1926 – February 2, 2017) was an American politician. He was member of the Democratic Party. He served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1981, as a member for Wisconsin. He lost his re-election in 1980.

paragraphs: Baldus was born in Garner, Iowa. He grew up in Elkton and Austin in Minnesota. He studied at Riverland Community College. Baldus died on February 2, 2017 in Menomonie, Wisconsin, aged 90.


title: USS Nitze (DDG-94)

paragraphs: The USS "Nitze" (DDG 94) is an Arleigh Burke class destroyer. It is owned by the United States Navy. The ship was built at Bath Iron Works in Maine. It was finished in 2004. The ship was commissioned on March 5, 2005 after almost a year of testing at sea.

paragraphs: The USS "Nitze" has done four deployments. The deployments were January 2007 (part of the USS "Bataan" strike group), September 2008 (part of the USS "Theodore Roosevelt" strike group), March 2012 (part of the USS "Enterprise" strike group), and November 2013 (deployed alone).

paragraphs: As of February 2016, the "Nitze"'s Commanding Officer was CDR Paul Kaylor, the Executive Officer was CDR Michael Cloud, and the Command Master Chief was Sean Brown.


title: Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution

paragraphs: Created on December 15, 1791, the Sixth Amendment (Amendment VI) to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. It provides many protections and rights to those accused of a crime. Among the provisions are the right to a lawyer, the right to a speedy public trial and the right to an impartial jury. It gives defendants the right to know who his (or her) accusers are. It also give the defendant the right to know the charges and evidence against him.

paragraphs: One of the most important rights given is that to legal counsel. It is so important that another right is associated with it. All those who cannot afford to pay for legal assistance will have a lawyer appointed for them at government expense. The federal, state and local justice systems all have provisions to appoint legal counsel for indigent defendants. The appointed counsel assists the defendant in any interrogations by law enforcement. They assist the defendant through the trial phase, sentencing and the initial appeal if there is a conviction. Legal systems, including the U.S. legal system, are complex and not easily understood by the average person. Having an attorney is critical to guiding the defendant through the legal processes. An attorney advises his client, the defendant, as to his or her rights and explains all processes of the criminal proceedings. The attorney protects the defendant's Constitutional rights. An attorney also can negotiate with the prosecution and the court in cases of plea bargains.

paragraphs: The right to a speedy trail originated with the Assize of Clarendon in 1166. It says that justice must be provided to robbers, murders, and thieves "speedily enough." Those who wrote the Bill of Rights did not want defendants to be prisoners for a long time without the benefit of a trial. They did not want the accused to have their life disrupted, especially when the Fifth and Sixth Amendments both hold a presumption of innocence. Also, the longer a trial is delayed, the more likely that evidence may be lost and that witnesses may forget or cannot be found.

paragraphs: A right to a speedy trial does not begin until a person has been arrested or formally charged. The government may investigate a crime (within any applicable statute of limitations) for as long as they find it is necessary. They are under no obligation to bring an indictment within a certain period of time. The prosecution may drop any pending criminal charges and open the investigation again at a later time without penalty of the Sixth Amendment.

paragraphs: If a defendant brings a claim that their speedy trial rights have been violated the court may look at the reasons for the delay, any prejudice or injury to the defendant and how far the prosecution has gone into the criminal proceedings. If a defendant does not assert the right to a speedy trial early enough, they may lose their claim. Defendants who cause unnecessary delays also lose their rights to a speedy trial claim.

paragraphs: If the delay in bringing a defendant to trial exceeds one year following the arrest, this will trigger a presumption that the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial may have been violated. The government may counter if they have good or plausible reasons for the delay. Requests by the prosecution for additional time may be granted if plausible. But if none are offered or the court finds the reasons not plausible, they may dismiss the indictment, overturn a conviction or hear other remedies the defense might seek.

paragraphs: This right, to a public trial, has its roots in English common law. It reflects the hostility and suspicion felt at the time towards secret proceedings such as the Spanish Inquisition, the French "Lettre de cachet" or England's Star Chamber. The framers of the Bill of Rights believed that public trials would help prevent corruption in judges and prosecutors. It was also thought it might reduce witnesses committing perjury. The United States Supreme Court has held that the right to a public trial applies to federal, state, and local governments. The right is not absolute however. While the public and the press have a First Amendment interest in open proceedings, under some circumstances a defendant waive his rights to a public trial. In cases where undue publicity might hurt the defendant's case, public access to the trial can be restricted.

paragraphs: The right to a jury has always depended on the nature of the offense with which the defendant is charged. Petty offenses—those punishable by imprisonment for no more than six months—are not covered by the jury requirement. Even where multiple petty offenses are concerned, the total time of imprisonment possibly exceeding six months, the right to a jury trial does not exist. Also, in the United States, except for serious offenses (such as murder), minors are usually tried in a juvenile court, which lessens the sentence allowed, but forfeits the right to a jury.

paragraphs: Originally, the Supreme Court held that the Sixth Amendment right to a jury trial indicated a right to “a trial by jury as understood and applied at common law. This includes all the essential elements as they were recognized in this country and England when the Constitution was adopted. Therefore, it was held that juries had to be composed of twelve persons and that verdicts had to be unanimous, as was customary in England.

paragraphs: When, under the Fourteenth Amendment, the Supreme Court extended the right to a trial by jury to defendants in state courts, it re-examined some of the standards. It has been held that twelve came to be the number of jurors by "historical accident," and that a jury of six would be sufficient, but anything less would deprive the defendant of a right to trial by jury. The Sixth Amendment requires unanimity in a federal jury trial. However, the Supreme Court has ruled that the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, while requiring states to provide jury trials for serious crimes, does not incorporate all the elements of a jury trial within the meaning of the Sixth Amendment. Thus, states are not mandated to require jury unanimity.

paragraphs: The Sixth Amendment's confrontational clause grants the defendant the right to face their accusers. It allows the defense to dispute the testimony given by prosecution witnesses. It also allows the jury the opportunity to decide if a witness is being dishonest in any way. This applies to statements made in court and out of court statements. A court may prevent repeated questioning of witnesses on the same question or harassing a witness. But if a judge restricts the cross-examination of a witness too severely, it may cause a violation of the defendant's Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses.

paragraphs: Admitting out of court statements, often called hearsay evidence, may also prevent a defendant from confronting his accusers. There are some exceptions. For example, if a witness is unavailable and testified against the defendant in previous judicial proceedings, and the defendant was able to cross-examine the witness, a transcript of the testimony may be used as evidence.

paragraphs: The compulsory clause also allows the accused to present witness testimony favorable to the defense.


title: Trier of fact

paragraphs: In a criminal trial the trier of fact, also called the finder of fact, is the person or persons responsible for deciding the factual issues. This is also called a finding of fact. In a jury trial the trier of fact is the jury. If there is no jury, the trier of fact is the judge. In many types of hearings the trier of fact may be an administrative law judge, a board, commission, or referee. Trier of fact is now considered an older term. The term "finder of fact" has come into use more recently. Once the trier of fact determines what is assumed to be the truth of a matter, then legal rules are applied to those facts. A judge instructs a jury about the legal rules applying to the case. These instructions include what the findings may be. For example the jury may find for the plantiff or the jury may find for the defendant.


title: Joel Anthony

paragraphs: Joel Vincent Anthony (born August 9, 1982) is a Canadian professional basketball player. He is a former center of the Detroit Pistons and Miami Heat of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He also plays for the Canadian national basketball team.

paragraphs: Anthony attended Pensacola State College in Pensacola, Florida and transferred to the University of Nevada, Las Vegas after two years. He played college basketball with the Runnin' Rebels from 2004 until 2007.

paragraphs: He went undrafted. He signed a one-year contract with the Miami Heat on July 3, 2007. Anthony re-signed with the Heat on July 20, 2009. On July 16, 2010, Anthony signed a five-year, $18 million contract to stay with Miami. Anthony won his first NBA championship with the Heat after the defeated the Oklahoma City Thunder 4 games to 1 in the 2012 NBA Finals. He won his second championship with the Heat the next when they defeated the San Antonio Spurs 4 games to 3 in the 2013 NBA Finals.

paragraphs: On January 15, 2014, a three-team trade happened involving the Heat, Boston Celtics, and Golden State Warriors. The Heat traded Anthony and a future draft pick, and a 2016 second-round draft pick to the Celtics. The Heat received Toney Douglas from the Warriors and the Warriors received Jordan Crawford and MarShon Brooks from the Celtics. Anthony played a total of 21 regular season games with the Celtics.

paragraphs: On October 17, 2014, the Celtics traded Anthony to the Detroit Pistons in exchange for Will Bynum.


title: Dalian

paragraphs: Dalian () is an important port city in the Liaoning province of China. It is located on the Liaodong Peninsula. It is the northernmost warm water port in China as well as the southernmost city in Northeast China. The name of the city translates into "Great Link", due to its strategic location on the coast of the East China Sea since it is used for trade with countries like Russia, the North and South Korea, and Japan. Because the port can be used all year, the Russian Empire took control of it in 1898 and built the Trans-Siberian railway to Dailan. The Empire of Japan later took it away from Russia.


title: Magdalena River

paragraphs: The Magdalena River is the most important river in the western part of Colombia. It has a length of . Its course is from south to north. About 80 percent of the population of Colombia live on the banks of the river or one of its tributaries. Barranquilla, Colombia's biggest city, lies on the banks of the river.

paragraphs: The river is navigable up to the city of Honda, about upstream. At Honda, there are rapids. After these rapids, the river is navigable for another .


title: Trey Lyles

paragraphs: Trey Anthony Lyles (born November 5, 1995) is a Canadian-American professional basketball player. He is a power forward/small forward for the Utah Jazz of the National Basketball Association (NBA).

paragraphs: Lyles played college basketball with the University of Kentucky Wildcats from 2014 until 2015. Lyles had originally committed to play for Indiana but he decommitted in August 2012. He did not play in Kentucky's six-game exhibition series in Nassau, Bahamas because of a leg injury.

paragraphs: Lyles was drafted by the Utah Jazz in the first round with the 12th overall pick in the 2015 NBA Draft. The Jazz signed him to rookie scale contract on July 7, 2015. On January 14, 2016, Lyles was able to score a season-high 19 points in a 103-101 loss to the Sacramento Kings.


title: Sturla Gunnarsson

paragraphs: Sturla Gunnarsson (born August 30, 1951) is a Canadian movie director and producer.

paragraphs: Gunnarsson was born in Reykjavík, Iceland in 1951. He moved to Vancouver, British Columbia, with his parents when he was seven years old. His movie "After the Axe", received an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary Feature. He has since won a number of awards including Emmy Award, Genie Award and Gemini Awards.


title: Exposure (toxicology)

paragraphs: Toxic exposure means that a toxin (poison) touched or got into a person's body. That person has been exposed to the toxin.

paragraphs: After a person is exposed to a toxin, many different things about that person, the toxin, and the exposure affect "toxicity". Toxicity is how the person reacts to the toxin, including what symptoms they may have.

paragraphs: A person can get exposed to a toxin accidentally or on purpose. People can also use toxins as weapons to try to kill other people (for example, during chemical or biological warfare).

paragraphs: Anything can be a toxin if enough of it gets into a person's body. For example, even water can be toxic. If a person drinks enough water (usually more than 6 gallons in one day), they can get water toxicity (also called "water poisoning" or "water intoxication"). This causes the body's cells to swell up with extra water. Swelling in the brain's cells can cause brain damage or death. Water, in normal amounts, helps keep us alive; but if a person is exposed to enough of it, it becomes a toxin, and it can kill the person.

paragraphs: There are two major types of exposure: acute and chronic.

paragraphs: An acute exposure happens only one time. Chronic exposure happens many times, over a long period of time.

paragraphs: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines these types of exposure this way:

paragraphs: Toxins can get into the body in four different ways. These are called "routes of exposure." The route of exposure is one of the many things that affects toxicity.

paragraphs: Toxins can get into the body through inhalation (the person breathes in the toxin). If a toxin is a gas, inhalation is usually the way it gets into the body.

paragraphs: When a toxin is inhaled, it may injure the airways and the lungs. Also, some toxins can go from the lungs into the bloodstream. The bloodstream then delivers blood - with the toxin in it - to all of the organs in the body. The toxin can then damage those organs.

paragraphs: Inhalation is one of the easiest and fastest ways for toxins to get into the body. The lining of the respiratory tract absorbs toxins into the bloodstream very quickly.

paragraphs: An example of a commonly inhaled toxin is cigarette smoke. There are over 100 toxins in cigarette smoke, including formaldehyde, arsenic, and hydrogen cyanide. Smoking is also an example of "chronic" toxic exposure. The exposure is chronic because the smoker is breathing in toxins many times, over a long period of time.

paragraphs: Another inhaled toxin that causes "acute" exposure is smoke from house fires. There are many toxins in this kind of smoke, including carbon monoxide and cyanide. Firefighters or people who were trapped in fires can get cyanide poisoning or carbon monoxide poisoning from breathing in these toxins. This is an example of an acute exposure, because the smoke was not breathed in for more than 24 hours.

paragraphs: If a toxin gets in a person's eyes or on their skin, it can get taken up into the bloodstream. This is called absorption. Absorption through the skin is the most common route of toxic exposure.

paragraphs: The skin is able to keep some toxins from getting into the body. However, if a person has a cut or wound on their skin, any toxin will be able to get into the body through that wound. Also, the toxin will be taken up into the bloodstream more quickly, because it does not have to get absorbed through the skin.

paragraphs: Exposure by absorption often happens in workplaces where people work with toxins. For example, if a person who works at a gas station spills gasoline on himself, the body will quickly absorb the gasoline into the bloodstream. Some chemical weapons like sarin, a nerve gas, can also be absorbed through the skin and the eyes, along with being inhaled.

paragraphs: Ingestion means that a person swallowed the toxin. Some chemicals cannot get into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract. However, others are absorbed through the lining of the intestinal tract into the bloodstream.

paragraphs: Ingestion of toxins is very common in developing countries, where many people do not have safe drinking water. There are many different toxins that can be carried in water. They can be chemicals, like lead. They can also be biological toxins, like the bacteria that causes cholera, and the viruses that cause Hepatitis A and polio. People ingest these toxins by drinking the contaminated water, or eating food made with the water. The World Health Organization says that about 502,000 people die every year because of toxins in water and the diseases they cause.

paragraphs: Food poisoning is also caused by ingestion of toxins, like "E. coli" bacteria, which can live in foods like meat and poultry.

paragraphs: An injected toxin gets into the body when something carrying the toxin breaks the skin. Injections can go into a vein, a muscle, or just under the skin. Toxins that are injected into a vein have the fastest effects, because the toxin is being put right into the bloodstream.

paragraphs: Some snakes, scorpions, and spiders carry venom. If they bite or sting a person, they are injecting that toxin into the person's body.

paragraphs: An example of a toxin which is often injected on purpose is Botulinum. This is a very deadly toxin that causes botulism, but it is also sold under the name "Botox." Many people choose to get Botulinum toxin injected into their faces to get rid of wrinkles. The toxin paralyzes some of the muscles in the face, usually for three to 12 months, and makes the face look smoother.

paragraphs: Some toxins can get into the body through more than one route of exposure. For example, if water is polluted, a person can get exposed to the toxins in the water by drinking it (ingestion) and by showering or swimming in it (absorption).

paragraphs: Once a person has been exposed to a toxin, there are many things that affect toxicity. This article talks about only a few.

paragraphs: Many things about a person's exposure affect toxicity. Three of the most important things are:

paragraphs: The route of exposure also affects toxicity. For example, if it is injected, snake venom can be life-threatening. However, if it is ingested, snake venom is usually not harmful. The effects of this toxin are very different depending on the route of exposure.

paragraphs: Toxins sometimes affect different people in different ways. This is partly caused by differences in people's bodies. A person's age, gender, genes, hormones, nutrition, and the strength of their immune system all affect toxicity. For example, infants, young children, and the elderly are more likely to get sick from lower concentrations of toxins, which might not make a healthy adult sick.

paragraphs: Some health problems can affect toxicity. For example, inhaling toxins is especially dangerous for people who already have lung diseases, like emphysema. If the lungs are already damaged, breathing in toxins is likely to cause even more damage, and puts the person at risk for respiratory failure.

paragraphs: Also, once a toxin gets into the bloodstream, the body immediately starts trying to get rid of it through excretion. The main organs involved with excretion are the kidneys, liver, and lungs. If a person has damage to any of these organs (like kidney failure or cirrhosis of the liver), they will be unable to get rid of the toxin as fast as a healthy person will. The chemical will stay in their body longer, and have more toxic effects.

paragraphs: Many things about the type of toxin a person was exposed to affect toxicity. Two examples are solubility and pH.

paragraphs: A toxin's solubility is its ability to mix into a liquid. If a toxin is not water-soluble (it cannot dissolve in water), it cannot absorb into the bloodstream. (Plasma, the liquid part of blood, is made mostly of water.) If a person ingests a toxin that cannot dissolve into the watery plasma, the toxin will not absorb into the bloodstream through the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. It will pass out of the body through the gastrointestinal tract.

paragraphs: However, many toxins are water-soluble and will get absorbed into the bloodstream. For example, the "Vibrio cholerae" bacteria is water-soluble. If a person ingests water or food that has this toxin in it, they can get cholera.

paragraphs: Other toxins are "lipid-soluble" (they dissolve in fats). Instead of getting absorbed into the bloodstream, these toxins get stored in the body's fat. When the person's body burns fat to make energy, these toxins are let out and can poison the person. Examples of fat-soluble toxins include lead, DDT, and mercury.

paragraphs: The toxin's pH is also important. For example, if a toxin is a strong acid or a strong base, it can cause severe chemical burns to the eyes and skin. Toxins that have a more neutral pH can still hurt the body by being absorbed into the bloodstream, but they will not burn the eyes and skin. For example, if a person swims or bathes in water contaminated with cholera toxin, the toxin can still get absorbed through his eyes or skin. However, the water will not burn the eyes or skin.


title: Combatant

paragraphs: A combatant is a person who fights in an armed conflict. Combatants are protected by parts of the Geneva Convention as long as they obey the rules of war.


title: Stromule

paragraphs: A stromule is a microscopic structure found in plant cells. Stromules (stroma-filled tubules) are highly dynamic structures extending from the surface of all plastids, including chloroplasts.

paragraphs: Protrusions from and interconnections between plastids were seen in 1888 and 1908, and have been described from time to time in the literature since then.

paragraphs: Stromules were recently rediscovered in 1997. They exist in a number of angiosperm species including "Arabidopsis thaliana", wheat, rice and tomato, but their role is not yet fully understood.


title: Coffin ship

paragraphs: Coffin ships transported Irish immigrants to America and other colonies during the Great Irish Famine (1845-1852). They were the cheapest way to cross the Atlantic but it was a miserable and dangerous journey. The conditions on board were horrible because the ships were so crowded. Also, there was little food and water. There were often diseases on board.

paragraphs: One third (30%) of the passengers died before the arrival in Canada or the USA. Legend says sharks liked to follow coffin ships because the crew threw the dead bodies overboard.


title: Marcos Milinkovic

paragraphs: Marcos Antonio Milinković (born December 22, 1971 in Villa Ballester, Buenos Aires) is an Argentine volleyball player. Milinković is 203 cm and weighs 100 kg. He competed in the 1996, 2000 and 2004 Summer Olympics.


title: Lauren Collins

paragraphs: Lauren Felice Collins (born August 29, 1986) is a Canadian actress. She acts in both movies and television. She started acting in 1998. Between 2001 and 2008, she played Paige Michalchuk on "". She played a Host in "1 Girl 5 Gays". In 2002, she won a Young Artist Award for her performance in "Degrassi: The Next Generation".

paragraphs: Collins was born in the Thornhill area of the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario.


title: Roger Willemsen

paragraphs: Roger Willemsen (15 August 1955 – 7 February 2016) was a German author, essayist and television presenter. He was born in Bonn, North-Rhine Westphalia. He began his career in 1991. In 1994, he starred in his own show "Willemsens Woche". He interviewed many famous people such as Madonna, Jesse Jackson, Audrey Hepburn and Yasser Arafat. He retired in 2006.

paragraphs: Willemsen died of pancreatic cancer on 7 February 2016 in Wentorf bei Hamburg, Schleswig-Holstein. He was aged 60.


title: Bill Birchfield

paragraphs: William O. Birchfield (December 19, 1935 – February 5, 2016) was an American politician, lawyer, and civic leader in the state of Florida. He called himself as the "Duke of Mayo". He was born in Mayo, Florida. He served in the Florida House of Representatives for the 21st district from 1971 until his resignation in 1974.

paragraphs: Birchfield died in Jacksonville, Florida on February 5, 2016. He died from a heart attack. He was aged 80.


title: Nida Fazli

paragraphs: Muqtida Hasan Nida Fazli, known as Nida Fazli (; 12 October 1938 – 8 February 2016), was an Indian Hindi and Urdu poet. He was born in Gwalior, British Raj. He wrote essays critical of poets of the 1960s in his book "Mulaqatein". This book made many poets angry, including Sahir Ludhianvi, Ali Sardar Jafri and Kaifi Azmi. As a result, he was boycotted in some poetic sessions. He recently wrote columns for the BBC Hindi website on various contemporary issues and literature.

paragraphs: Fazli died of a heart attack in Mumbai on 8 February 2016. He was aged 77.


title: Sushil Koirala

paragraphs: Sushil Koirala (; 12 August 1939 – 9 February 2016) was a Nepalese politician. He was the Prime Minister of Nepal from 11 February 2014 to 10 October 2015. He was also President of the Nepali Congress party beginning in 2010.

paragraphs: Koirala was elected as Prime Minister of Nepal by the parliament on 10 February 2014. Koirala joined the Nepali Congress in 1952 and served in various roles before becoming its president in 2010.

paragraphs: Koirala was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2006 and lung cancer in July 2014. He died on 9 February 2016 of pneumonia in Kathmandu. He was aged 76.


title: Roy Rogers (basketball)

paragraphs: Roy Lee Rogers, Jr. (born August 19, 1973) is an American retired professional basketball player. He played in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played a total of 137 games in the NBA from 1996 until 2000. He played for the Vancouver Grizzlies, Boston Celtics, Toronto Raptors, and the Denver Nuggets. After retiring, Rogers became an assistant coach. He currently serves as an assistant coach for the Washington Wizards of the NBA.

paragraphs: Rogers played college basketball for the University of Alabama. He played college basketball with the Crimson Tide from 1992 until 1996.

paragraphs: Rogers was drafted by the Vancouver Grizzlies in the first round with the 22nd overall pick in the 1996 NBA Draft. He played a total of 82 games and started 50 games with the Grizzlies. He scored a total of 543 points during his time in Vancouver. On October 28, 1997, the Grizzlies traded Rogers to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Tony Massenburg and a 2nd-round pick in the 1999 NBA draft.

paragraphs: He only played nine games with the Celtics. He scored seven points with them. On February 18, 1998, the Celtics traded Roger along with Chauncey Billups, Dee Brown and John Thomas to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for Kenny Anderson, Popeye Jones and Žan Tabak.

paragraphs: With the Raptors, Rogers played in six games and scored a total of 13 points. On June 9, 1998, the Raptors traded Rogers along with a two 1st-round picks in the 1998 NBA draft to the Houston Rockets in exchange for Kevin Willis.

paragraphs: Rogers did not play for the Rockets and played most of the 1998 season in Italy. On January 22, 1999, the Rockets traded Rogers along with a 2nd-round pick in the 2000 NBA draft to the Chicago Bulls in exchange for Scottie Pippen. Rogers never played a game for the Bulls and they waived him on February 1, 1999.

paragraphs: On October 1, 1999, he signed a contract with the Denver Nuggets. He played 40 games with them. He retired from playing professional basketball in 2004.

paragraphs: After retiring, Rogers joined the Brooklyn Nets as an assistant coach in 2013. He left the next year and joined the Washington Wizards as their assistant coach.


title: Suba language

paragraphs: Suba is a language spoken by the Suba people of east Africa. It is almost extinct. It is a Bantu language believed to have developed from the interactions between the Luo and the Bantu speakers of Lusoga. These Lusoga migrated from the Baganda kingdom because of a conflict between tribes.


title: Robin Chandler Duke

paragraphs: Robin Chandler Duke (born Grace Esther Tippett; October 13, 1923 – February 6, 2016) was an American socialite, journalist, women's rights advocate and diplomat. She served as the United States Ambassador to Norway from September 12, 2000 until March 1, 2001.

paragraphs: Duke was born in Baltimore, Maryland. She was married to actor Jeffrey Lynn and later diplomat Angier Biddle Duke until his death in 1995. She had three children.

paragraphs: Duke died on February 6, 2016 in Charleston, South Carolina. She was aged 92.


title: Problem solving

paragraphs: Problem solving is a mental activity related to intelligence and thinking. It consists of finding solutions to problems. A problem is a situation that needs to be changed. It suggests that the solution is not totally obvious, for then it would not be a problem. A great deal of human life is spent solving problems. Social life is based on the notion that together we might solve problems which we could not as individuals.

paragraphs: The word "problem" comes from a Greek word meaning an "obstacle" (something that is in your way). If someone has a problem, they have to find a way of solving the problem. The way to solve it is called a solution. Some problem-solving techniques have been developed and used in artificial intelligence, computer science, engineering, and mathematics. Some are related to mental problem-solving techniques studied in gestalt psychology, cognitive psychology. and chess.

paragraphs: Problems can be classified as ill-defined or well-defined. Ill-defined problems are those that do not have clear goals, solution paths, or expected solution. An example is how to face threats which might perhaps be made in the future. Well-defined problems have specific goals, clearly defined solution paths, and clear expected solutions. These problems also allow for more initial planning than ill-defined problems.

paragraphs: Being able to solve problems involves the ability to understand what the goal of the problem is and what rules could be applied to solving the problem. Sometimes the problem requires abstract thinking and coming up with a creative solution.


title: Internet safety

paragraphs: Internet safety is the topic of teaching people how to be safe when using the internet. It is particularly important when using social media, through which personal information is shared.

paragraphs: Internet safety is mainly taught in primary and secondary schools and focuses on making sure children know that:

paragraphs: Choose a strong password with different characters and numbers.

paragraphs: There are more another ways to secure your devices when surfing through Internet ,You can use a VPN (Virtual Private Network) they are usually more secure then simple , also they help to unlock many websites which are blocked by your service provider , It is usually recommended to use a Paid service rather than using free service. And an Anti-virus must have to be in your device if you want a secure surfing.


title: Onan

paragraphs: Onan (, Modern Onan, Tiberian ʼÔnān ; "Strong") is a person in the Bible. He is in the Book of Genesis, chapter 38. He was the second son of Judah. Like his older brother, Er, Onan was killed by Yahweh. Onan's death was because he was "evil in the sight of the Lord" for being unwilling to father a child by his widowed sister-in-law.


title: Bad Aibling rail accident

paragraphs: The Bad Aibling rail accident was an accident that happened on the railway line in Bad Aibling in Bavaria, Germany, on 9 February 2016. Twelve people were killed and many more injured when two trains collided head-on, along a single-track line.

paragraphs: The accident happened on the line between Holzkirchen and Rosenheim, in Bavaria. The whole line only has a single track. Trains usually cross at stations. The line is equipped with a security system that functioned normally at the time of the accident. In addition, it has been equipped with GSM-R, in 2007. In some places on the line, autonomous block signals are used to secure the track. The line is controlled by different human controllers. The control statiion responsible for the section where the accident happened is in Bad Aibling. The whole infrastructure had been checked a week before the accident, and was found to be without fault.

paragraphs: One pf the trains left Kolbermoor on schedule, and headed towards Holzkirchen, and entered the single track section. The other train was 4 minutes late. The accident happened because of human error. The person responsible gave the orders to pass by a signal, because he said the signal in question was broken. That meant that both trains were circulating on the same track, and headed towards each other. This was not apparent to the train drivers, because there is a long bend in the track, at that position. The person in charge in Bad Aibling recognised that he had made an error, and issued orders for emergency braking using GSM-R. The first of these was given 36 seconds before the collision. Because he didn't use the correct keys, these orders didn't reach the train drivers, but other personnel responsible for securing the line. The accident happened at nearly 6:47 local time. Emergency braking was effective only one second before the collision. The trains were running at 52 and 87 km per hour.

paragraphs: Both train drivers were killed in the accident. In total, twelve people were killed, and 87 injured.

paragraphs: 800 people were involved in the rescue. The rescue was very difficult, because the section of track were the accident happened is badly accessible by road. There is a steep hill, on one side, and a canal, with no road access on the other side.

paragraphs: The site of the accident is only 800m from the site where another similar accident had happened in 1945.


title: Bren light machine gun

paragraphs: The Bren is a light machine gun (LMG) that was used by the British military during World War II. The gun was based on a Czechoslovak gun, the ZB z/26. The name is a shortening of "Brno-Enfield". Brno was the city where the earlier z/26 was made, and Enfield was the company that made the Bren.

paragraphs: It was a simple but well-made LMG. It was well-known for using a curved, top-loading magazine, a carrying handle, and being light enough for one man to carry and use. It was so popular that even the Japanese made their own LMG based on the Bren, the Type-99 light machine gun.

paragraphs: It was so popular among British soldiers that it was used by the British Armed Forces from 1938 to the 1990s.


title: Big Kap

paragraphs: Big Kap (1970–2016) was a DJ. He was born in New York City. He is well known for his album "The Tunnel" with DJ Funkmaster Flex, which was released in 1999. He died due to a heart attack on February 3, 2016 in New York. He was aged 45 at the time of his death.


title: Black Mountain (Kentucky)

paragraphs: Black Mountain is a mountain in Kentucky. It is the highest mountain peak in the Commonwealth of Kentucky, USA. The height of the summit is . It is near the Virginia border. Black bears live on the mountain.


title: Spring Awakening (festival)

paragraphs: The Spring Awakening Music Festival is an elecronic music festival that has been held at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois since 2012. Its music is, mostly, within the genres of Progressive house, Electro house, Techno, and Dubstep. The Main Stage of the Festival is located on the heart of the sports field itself. Two smaller stages are around the outside of the stadium. This setup makes for very loud sound that is heard all around the festival. The festival usually takes place in June. In 2015, the festival had an age limit (18+) for theifirst time.

paragraphs: Chicago is city that is well-known for its culture of House Music. Spring Awakening Music Festival was started in 2012 by the Chicago promotion company React Presents. With main artists like Skrillex and Afrojack the first year of the Festival received a very large crowd and has been held every year since. Spring Awakening Music Festival has included DJ sets from famous DJs such as Calvin Harris, Tiesto, Datsik, Excision, Diplo, Dillon Francis, and Hardwell as well as up-and-coming producers such as Bro Safari, Adventure Club, Figure, Zeds Dead, and Borgore. Over the years, the Festival has grown more and more popular because of the large fan base of Electronic Dance Music in the Chicago-land area. With people now coming from around the world to attend the Festival, there has been talk that the planners of the Festival might also hold other events outside Chicago.


title: John Holt (educator)

paragraphs: John Caldwell Holt was an American educator and author. He supported homeschooling and unschooling.

paragraphs: Holt became disappointed with the United States school system after several years of working in it. He became convinced that improving the school system was not possible, and began to support homeschooling. Holt believed that children did not need to be pressured into learning. They would learn naturally if they had a variety of resources, and could follow their own interests.

paragraphs: Holt's "Growing Without Schooling", founded in 1977, was the nation's first home education newsletter.

paragraphs: Holt, in his 1964 best-seller "How Children Fail" (2nd ed 1982), said schooling does more harm than good to a child's desire to truly learn. The book was followed by "How Children Learn", which explained his positive ideas (1967, 2nd ed 1983.

paragraphs: Holt's sole book on homeschooling, "Teach Your Own", was published in 1981. It was revised by his colleague Patrick Farenga and republished in 2003.

paragraphs: In his 1974 book, "Escape from Childhood: the needs and rights of children", Holt said that children should have the same independence as adults. These included the right to work for money, sign contracts and be allowed to vote in elections.


title: Fahmy Foundation

paragraphs: The Fahmy Foundation for free press is a non-profit organization based in Canada. It works for freedom of the press and tries to help journalists who are in prison.

paragraphs: Journalist Mohamed Fahmy started the group with his fiancee Marwa Omara in 2015. Their first case was Mahmoud Abou Zeid, known as "Shawkan", a photojournalist who is in prison in Egypt. the Fahmi Foundation also tried to help American journalist Jason Rezaian in Iran, Ahmed Ziada in Egypt, and Mohamed Al-Ajami, a Qatari poet. Jason Rezaian was free in January 2016.


title: Sara al-Drees

paragraphs: Sara al-Drees () or Sara Abd al-Wehab al-Drees () is a Kuwaiti teacher. She is Kuwait's first political detainee.

paragraphs: Sara al-Drees got a BA in Sociology and Administration from Kuwait University. She is a writer for "Al-Ra'i" newspaper in Kuwait. She is in the Kuwaiti Journalists' Association. She was the leader of the literary cultural club of Kuwait University from 2010 to 2011. She wrote three books. In 2011 she was chosen for a special "nadwa", or workshop for young writers.

paragraphs: The Kuwaiti government arrested her because she made political comments on Twitter. Al-Drees also worked with the Civil Democratic Movement, a group of political parties against the Muslim Brotherhood.

paragraphs: In 2013, al-Drees got a prison sentence of 20 months for her political comments on Twitter. In November 2015 she got another arrest warrant for criticizing one of the wives of the Prophet Mohammed on Twitter. She was in London, but she said she would go back to Kuwait.


title: Custer County

paragraphs: Custer County is the name of six counties in the United States:


title: William Katt

paragraphs: William Theodore Katt (born February 16, 1951) is an American actor and voice actor. He is best known for playing Ralph Hinkley in "The Greatest American Hero".

paragraphs: Katt was born to Bill Williams and Barbara Hale in Los Angeles.


title: The Greatest American Hero

paragraphs: The Greatest American Hero is an American comedy-drama television series. It was shown for three seasons from 1981 to 1983 on ABC. It was created by producer Stephen J. Cannell. It premiered as a two-hour television pilot on March 18, 1981. The series features William Katt as teacher Ralph Hinkley. It also starred Robert Culp as FBI agent Bill Maxwell, and Connie Sellecca as lawyer Pam Davidson.

paragraphs: The series chronicles Ralph's adventures after a group of aliens gives him a red suit that gives him superhuman abilities. Unfortunately for Ralph he loses the instruction booklet, and thus has to learn how to use its powers by trial and error.


title: Planet Asia

paragraphs: Jason Green (better known as Planet Asia; born October 24, 1976) is an American rapper. He is known for being part of the hip hop duo Cali Agents. He is also well known for producing many mixtapes. He was with Interscope Records. However, he was not promoted like more popular Interscope rappers 50 Cent and Eminem.

paragraphs: He was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2002 for the song "W" by Mystic.

paragraphs: He was born Jason Green in Fresno, California.


title: Codex

paragraphs: A codex (plural "codices") is a book-like object with writing on it. On a codex there are separate pages, whereas a scroll is one continuous long document. The term is used for book-type objects written by hand, and includes books written on vellum or parchment.

paragraphs: The codex transformed the shape of the book itself. As an objects, books can last for centuries, and many codices are in the great modern libraries. The codex was first described by the 1st-century AD Roman poet Martial, who praised it. The codex was as common as scrolls by about AD 300. It had completely replaced scrolls in the Greco-Roman world by the 6th century.


title: Chester-le-Street

paragraphs: Chester-le-Street is an ancient town in the northeast of England. It is in County Durham. Where it stands was a Roman fort called Concangis. This is the 'Chester' (from the Latin "castra") of the town's name. 'Street' refers to the paved Roman road that ran north-south through the town. It is now called Front Street (shown at right).

paragraphs: Chester-le-Street is south of Newcastle upon Tyne and west of Sunderland. It is on the River Wear.

paragraphs: The parish church of St Mary and St Cuthbert is where the body of St Cuthbert lay for 112 years. Then it was taken to Durham Cathedral. The church is the site of the first translation of the Gospels into English. There Aldred wrote the Old English gloss between the lines of the Lindisfarne Gospels.

paragraphs: It is a market town. Markets are held on Tuesdays, Fridays and Saturdays. Until 2009 the town had its own local government district. The status of the town has been changed several times by local government regulations. The changes were controversial at the time.


title: Cumberland Mountains

paragraphs: The Cumberland Mountains are a mountain range in the southeastern part of the Appalachian Mountains. They run from northern Tennessee to West Virginia. They include parts of western Virginia and eastern Kentucky. Their highest peak, with an elevation of above sea level, is High Knob near Norton, Virginia. According to the United States Geological Survey, the Cumberland Mountain range is long and wide. It is bounded by the Russell Fork on the northeast, the Pound River and Powell River on the southeast, Cove Creek on the southwest, and Tackett Creek, the Cumberland River, Poor Fork Cumberland River, and Elkhorn Creek on the northwest. It forms the part of the boundary between Kentucky and Virginia. The Cumberland Mountains were named for England's Duke of Cumberland. There are a large number of limestone caves on the Virginia side.


title: Cumberland Gap

paragraphs: The Cumberland Gap is a narrow pass through the Cumberland Mountains. It is apart of the Appalachian Mountains. It is near the junction of the U.S. states of Kentucky, Virginia, and Tennessee. First used by Native Americans, it was famous during American colonial history as a key passage through the lower Appalachians. In 1775 the trail was blazed by Daniel Boone. Over the next 35 years, over 300,000 Settlers used it to get to the western frontiers of Kentucky and Tennessee. It was an important part of the Wilderness Road. It is now part of the Cumberland Gap National Historical Park.


title: Matricide

paragraphs: Matricide is the act of killing one's mother. In the case of teenage daughters, it is often for one of two reasons. Either the daughter "snapped" (suddenly lost her temper) after suffering abuse or became an abuser herself. Few studies have been done to discover why children commit parricide, matricide or patricide.


title: Vertical transmission

paragraphs: Vertical transmission (also called mother-to-child transmission, or MTCT) means that an infection is spread from a mother to her fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. Vertically transmitted infections are usually caused by bacteria or viruses.

paragraphs: If the baby still has the infection after he or she is born, the infection may be called a congenital infection.

paragraphs: Here are some examples of infections that can be "vertically transmitted."

paragraphs: Many (but not all) sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be vertically transmitted. STIs that can be spread from mother to fetus include:

paragraphs: Almost every type of hepatitis can be vertically transmitted. Hepatitis C, D, and E can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.

paragraphs: Hepatitis B cannot be spread during pregnancy. However, it can be spread during childbirth if the infant touches its mother's blood or other body fluids.

paragraphs: In developed countries, Group B streptococcal infection is the most common cause of bacterial infections in newborns. It can cause infections that are very dangerous to newborns, like meningitis, septicaemia, and pneumonia. These infections can kill a newborn or cause serious long-term health problems.

paragraphs: There are two main ways that infections can be spread during pregnancy or childbirth.

paragraphs: The placenta surrounds and protects the fetus during pregnancy. It keeps the mother's blood from mixing with the fetus's. However, some infections can cross the placenta and infect the fetus. This is called "perinatal infection."

paragraphs: These infections are especially dangerous because they affect the fetus while it is still developing. This is why many vertically transmitted infections are most dangerous to the fetus early on in a pregnancy. All of the fetus's important organs start to grow by the time the fetus is nine weeks old, and they grow the most early on in the pregnancy. If the fetus gets an infection while important parts of its body are developing, the infection can cause problems in the way those parts of the body grow.

paragraphs: These infections are also dangerous because a fetus does not have an immune system of its own. It depends on its mother's immune system. If the mother has an infection that has not been treated, and her immune system cannot fight off the infection, the fetus will not be able to fight off the infection either.

paragraphs: During pregnancy, the placenta protects the fetus from its mother's blood. However, during childbirth, the placenta stays in the womb while the baby travels through the birth canal. While it is being born, the mother's blood and other body fluids get on the baby, and the baby also touches its mother's genitals. Because of this, infections that are carried in the blood, in body fluids, or in sores on the mother's genitals can infect the baby.

paragraphs: Infections are usually more dangerous for newborns and infants than for adults. This is because it takes about six months for an infant's immune system to develop completely. Until the infant's immune system is fully grown, it will not be able to fight off infections as well as an adult could.

paragraphs: Sometimes, medical treatment, like antibiotics, can prevent a baby from getting infections that spread during childbirth.

paragraphs: Some vertically transmitted infections can be prevented if the mother gets vaccines before getting pregnant. These infections include HPV, chickenpox, measles, and rubella. However, while these vaccines are common in developed countries, many people in developing countries do not have good medical care and cannot get vaccines.

paragraphs: Other vertically transmitted infections, like syphilis, can be cured with antibiotics before the mother gets pregnant.

paragraphs: Sexually transmitted infections can often be prevented by having safer sex.

paragraphs: The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests these ways of preventing vertically transmitted infections:

paragraphs: The World Health Organization says that mothers with HIV can lower their baby's risk of getting vertically transmitted HIV to 2% if:


title: VX

paragraphs: VX is a type of chemical weapon called a nerve agent. It is a very toxic chemical. Because it is so toxic, it cannot be used as anything other than a chemical weapon. The United Nations classifies VX as a weapon of mass destruction.

paragraphs: VX is the most toxic nerve agent ever created. The Council on Foreign Relations says: "A fraction of a drop of VX, absorbed through the skin, can fatally disrupt the nervous system."

paragraphs: The Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993, an international law, made it illegal for countries to use chemical weapons like VX. It also made it illegal to make or keep more than 100 grams of VX. It allows some scientists to make and use amounts under 100 grams only if they are trying to create an antidote, or doing medical research.

paragraphs: VX is one of the "V-series nerve agents" which were made in the 1950s by the United Kingdom's military researchers. Nobody agrees on why these nerve agents are called "V-series." Different people say the "V" stands for "Victory" or "Venomous" (poisonous), or "Viscous" (thick liquid).

paragraphs: VX is a liquid that cannot be smelled or tasted. It is a thick liquid with the texture of motor oil. As a weapon, it can be used as a liquid or an aerosol. It could be spread by air, through water, or through food.

paragraphs: Making VX is difficult and very dangerous. Many toxic and dangerous chemicals are used in the process.

paragraphs: VX works the same way other nerve agents do. It blocks nerve signals from getting from the brain to the body. Normally, a neurotransmitter (chemical messenger) called acetylcholine tells the body's muscles to tighten up when they need to. When it is time for the muscles to relax, an enzyme called acetylcholinesterase destroys acetylcholine, so the muscles stop getting the signal to relax.

paragraphs: VX blocks acetylcholinesterase. Acetylcholine builds up, because it is not getting destroyed by acetylcholinesterase. The muscles get tighter and tighter, because the extra acetylcholine keeps telling them to. The extra acetylcholine also signals the parasympathetic nervous system to work extra hard. These changes in the body cause the signs and symptoms of VX poisoning.

paragraphs: The earliest symptoms of VX poisoning depend on how a person was exposed to VX. If VX got on a person's skin, their first symptoms might be sweating or twitching muscles near where the VX was. If the person breathed in VX, their first symptoms might be a runny nose and trouble breathing, caused by the bronchi (the tubes that bring air to the lungs) getting narrower.

paragraphs: All nerve agents have the same symptoms, because they work the same way. They make the parasympathetic nervous system work too hard. They also keep signals from the brain from getting through to the body, so the brain cannot tell the muscles to relax. This causes a group of unique symptoms:

paragraphs: People with VX poisoning can have seizures and go into status epilepticus. They can die because their breathing muscles get so tight that they do not work.

paragraphs: If a person got VX on their skin, the first step is to wash away the VX with bleach and water. This is called "decontamination." Removing clothing that the VX touched is also part of decontamination.

paragraphs: There are antidotes for nerve agent poisoning. They have to be given together.

paragraphs: However, nerve agents like VX work very quickly. Antidotes usually have to be given within a few minutes after a person was exposed to VX. If pralidoxime is not given soon enough, it cannot reverse VX's effects.

paragraphs: Usually, a sedative like diazepam (Valium) is also given. This will help the body's muscles relax, and can prevent seizures.


title: Central Zazaki

paragraphs: Central Zazaki (in Zaza language: Zazakiyê Merkezi or Zazakiyê Miyani; means Middle Zazaki) is one of three main dialects of the Zazaki language. This is spoken by the Zaza people in central parts of Eastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Central Zazaki is spoken by over 1 million people in the eastern cities of Turkey, such as Elazığ, north of Diyarbakır, west of Bingöl and east of Malatya.


title: Mawlid of the Nebi

paragraphs: Mawlif of the Nebi (in Zazaki language: "Mewlıdê Nebi", or in modern Zazaki, "Biyayışê Peyğemberi") is the first book written in the Zazaki language. It was written by Ahmed el-Hasi in Diyarbakır in 1899 and was published on March 25, 1899. The book is a religious book and includes stories about the birth of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The title of the book means "Birth of the Prophet".

paragraphs: It was originally written in the Ottoman Turkish alphabet, which uses the Arabic script. Zazaki turned to using the Latin script in 1928 and the Mawlid was rewritten in this writing system, using the Zazaki alphabet.


title: Me and My Gang

paragraphs: Me and My Gang is the fourth studio album by American country music duo Rascal Flatts. The album was released on April 4, 2006, through Lyric Street Records. It debuted as No. 1 on Billboard 200. It held that position for three weeks. "Me and My Gang" had the highest sales of any album in 2006. RIAA certified it as five times platinum.

paragraphs: On April 25, 2007, Rascal Flatts performed "My Wish" on "American Idol" as part of fundraising for charities. The campaign was named "Idol Gives Back".


title: Yucatan, Missouri

paragraphs: Yucatan is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States.


title: Portland, Missouri

paragraphs: Portland is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, Missouri, United States. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri . It is located at (38.710161,-91.717166) on Route 94 about twenty miles northeast of Jefferson City.

paragraphs: The village was laid out in 1831. Its location on the Missouri River made it a popular shipping point for the farms and plantations of Callaway County. The name Portland stems from that activity.


title: Toledo, Callaway County, Missouri

paragraphs: Toledo is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.

paragraphs: A post office called Toledo was established in 1887. It operated until 1905.


title: Toledo, Ozark County, Missouri

paragraphs: Toledo is an unincorporated community in Ozark County, in the U.S. state of Missouri.


title: Songül Öden

paragraphs: Songül Öden (born 1979 in Diyarbakır) is a Turkish actress. She is famous for her role as Gümüş Şadoğlu in Turkish series "Gümüş". She graduated in theatre from the University of Ankara. She is an ethnic Zaza.

paragraphs: She is well-liked as an actress in the Middle East.


title: Fulton, Missouri

paragraphs: Fulton is a town in Missouri, United States. It is the county seat of Callaway County. It is part of the Jefferson City, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 12,790 in the 2010 census.


title: Callaway County, Missouri

paragraphs: Callaway County is a county located in the U.S. state of Missouri. In the 2010 U.S. Census, the county's population was 44,332. Its county seat is Fulton. It is named for Captain James Callaway, grandson of Daniel Boone.


title: Kansas City metropolitan area

paragraphs: The Kansas City metropolitan area surrounds the city of Kansas City, Missouri. It includes 15 counties in both Missouri and Kansas. With a population of 2.34 million people, it is the second largest metropolitan area in Missouri behind Greater St. Louis. However, the Kansas city metropolitan area is currently showing a 3.1 percent growth rate. The St. Louis metropolitan area is only growing at a rate of .7 percent.