title: Brave (2012 movie)

paragraphs: Brave is a 2012 American animated adventure movie which stars Billy Connolly and Emma Thompson. The movie was released on June 22, 2012, by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures and distributed by Walt Disney Pictures. Pixar was the studio that worked on this movie. It received positive responses from critics and won an Oscar.

paragraphs: The movie is set in Scotland during the Medieval period. 16-year-old Princess causes chaos in the kingdom of DunBroch by not wanting to marry.


title: France at the Olympics

paragraphs: France has taken part in every Olympic Games with the possible exception of the 1904 Games. In 1904, different sources list Albert Corey as taking place in the games for either the United States or France.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for France is FRA.

paragraphs: French athletes have won 671 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. Fencing and cycling are their best sports. France has won 94 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Most of these are in alpine skiing.


title: Jean-Honoré Fragonard

paragraphs: Jean-Honoré Fragonard (5 April 1732 in Grasse - 22 August 1806 in Paris) was a French artist. He is remembered as one of the most important French painters of the rococo style. He was a pupil of François Boucher, and developed Boucher's style further. At first he did historical paintings, but soon gave up on these.

paragraphs: He then painted things that were light-hearted, gay, and slightly erotic. His works include "The Swing", "A Young Girl Reading", and "The Secret Meeting". Together with Boucher and Antoine Watteau, he is one of the principal painters of French Rococo. He lost his wealth during the French Revolution. After the revolution, the painting style was different, because he had trouble adapting, he died a poor man.


title: System of linear equations

paragraphs: In mathematics, a system of linear equations (or linear system) is a collection of linear equations involving the same set of variables.

paragraphs: Mathematicians show the relationship between different factors in the form of equations. "Linear equations" mean the variable appears only once in each equation without being raised to a power. A "system" of linear equations means that all of the equations are true at the same time. So, the person solving the system of equations is looking for the values of each variable that will make all of the equations true at the same time. If no such values can satisfy all of the equations in the system, then the equations are called "inconsistent."

paragraphs: is a system of three equations in the three variables formula_2, formula_3, formula_4. A "solution" to a linear system is an assignment of numbers to the variables such that all the equations are simultaneously satisfied. A solution to the system above is given by

paragraphs: since it makes all three equations valid:

paragraphs: In mathematics, the theory of linear systems is a branch of linear algebra, a subject which is fundamental to modern mathematics. Computer algorithms for finding the solutions are an important part of numerical linear algebra, and such methods play a prominent role in engineering, physics, chemistry, computer science, and economics. A system of non-linear equations can often be approximated by a linear system (see linearization), a helpful technique when making a mathematical model, computer model, or computer simulation of a relatively complex system. For complex systems, there are many equations and many variables, not just two or three. In many cases, the number of equations and variables in the system are the same. In some cases, there are more variables than equations, and the solution will be a range of different values rather than one exact solution.

paragraphs: The simplest kind of linear system involves two equations and two variables:

paragraphs: One method for solving such a system is as follows. First, solve the top equation for formula_2 in terms of formula_3:

paragraphs: Now substitute this expression for "x" into the bottom equation:

paragraphs: This results in a single equation involving only the variable formula_3. Solving gives formula_13, and substituting this back into the equation for formula_2 yields formula_15:

paragraphs: This method generalizes to systems with additional variables.

paragraphs: Very often, all the coefficients are written in the form of a matrix A, which is called a coefficient matrix.

paragraphs: In much the same way, the variables can be written in the form of a vector:

paragraphs: Mathematically, the vector defined above is a 1-by-n matrix. The system of equations can then be solved using the multiplication operation defined on matrices. A, x and b are all part of the same algebraic field.

paragraphs: There a three cases when looking for solutions to a system of linear equations:

paragraphs: There are two categories of methods for solving a system of linear equations. Iterative methods use many steps to get a solution, direct methods only need one step:

paragraphs: There are examples such as geodesy where there many more measurements than unknowns. Such a system is almost always overdetermined and has no exact solution. Each measurement is usually inaccurate and includes some amount of error. Since the measurements are not exact, it is not possible to obtain an exact solution to the system of linear equations; methods such as Least squares can be used to compute a solution that best fits the overdetermined system. This least squares solution can often be used as a stand-in for an exact solution.

paragraphs: Solving a system of linear equations has a complexity of at most O (n). At least n operations are needed to solve a general system of n linear equations. The best algorithm known to date was developed by Don Coppersmith and Shmuel Winograd and dates from 1990. It has a complexity of n Unfortunately, it is of little practical use.

paragraphs: Using computers to solve systems of linear equations is used every day. For example, it is used in weather forecasting models. Hot dog factories use it to make small changes in the receipe as food ingredient prices change. College cafeterias use it to figure out how much food to cook based on past experience when the cafeteria gives students the choice between multiple entrees.


title: François Boucher

paragraphs: François Boucher (29 September 1703 in Paris - 30 May 1770) was a French painter, mostly known as one of the main artists of the French rococo movement. He painted several portraits of his patroness, Madame de Pompadour. He is also known for his open-minded voluptuous paintings.


title: Valdivia expedition

paragraphs: The Valdivia expedition was a scientific exedition to explore the Deep sea. It was a German expedition, done in 1898 and 1899. A ship was bought from "Hamburg-Amerikanischen Packetfahrt-Actien-Gesellschaft" HAPAG and given instruments to be able to perform scientific measurements. The ship left Hamburg on 31st July 1898 and returned on 1st May 1899. The ship had travelled over 32.000 nautical miles. The expedition was very successful. The results were published in 24 volumes; publishing them took until 1940.


title: Spain at the Olympics

paragraphs: Spain first took part in the Olympic Games in 1900. It has sent athletes to compete in most Summer Olympic Games since 1920. Spain has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since 1936.

paragraphs: Spain boycotted the 1936 Summer Olympics in Nazi Germany. They also boycotted the 1956 Games in Melbourne because of the Soviet Union's invasion of Hungary. The equestrian events in 1956 took place five months earlier in Stockholm, and Spain did compete in those events.

paragraphs: Spain hosted the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona. Barcelona was the home city of the International Olympic Committee's president at the time, Juan Antonio Samaranch.

paragraphs: Spanish athletes have won a total of 132 medals. Sailing has given them their largest number of medals in one sport. Spain has only won two medals at the Winter Games.

paragraphs: The Spanish Olympic Committee ("Comité Olímpico Español") was created in 1924.


title: Croatia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Croatia took part in the Olympic Games for the first time as an its own nation in 1992. It has taken part in every Games since then. Before 1992, Croatian athletes competed for Yugoslavia at the Olympics.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Croatia is the Croatian Olympic Committee. It was created in 1991. The IOC accepted the committee in 1993.

paragraphs: Croatian athletes have won 23 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They won gold medals by the men's handball team in 1996 and 2004. At the Winter Olympic Games, Janica Kostelić won six medals (four gold) between 2002 and 2006. Her brother Ivica won several silver medals (in 2006 and 2010). Jakov Fak won a bronze in 2010.


title: Cyprus at the Olympics

paragraphs: Cyprus (CYP) has sent athletes to every Olympic Games held since 1980.

paragraphs: Cyprus earned its first Olympic medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. Pavlos Kontides earned a silver medal in the men's laser sailing event.

paragraphs: They almost won a medal in the 2008 Olympics when Antonis Nikolaidis lost the bronze medal shoot-off in men's skeet. The first athlete from Cyprus in the modern Olympics was Anastasios Andreou in 1896. He competed under the Greek flag. At this time, Cyprus was a British colony. The olympics does not recognise Northern Cyprus and Turkish Cypriots are unable to participate.


title: Czech Republic at the Olympics

paragraphs: The Czech Republic first took part in the Olympic Games as an independent country in 1994. It has competed in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Before 1993, Czech athletes took part in the Olympics from 1920 to 1992 as Czechoslovakia and from 1900 to 1912 as Bohemia.

paragraphs: Athletes from the Czech Republic have won a total of 43 medals at the Summer Games. Canoeing, shooting and athletics have been their best sports. They have also won 16 medals at the Winter Games. Most of their medals came from the Czech Republic national ice hockey team and cross-country skier Kateřina Neumannová.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for the Czech Republic is the Czech Olympic Committee. It was founded in 1899 and accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.


title: Scaphognathus

paragraphs: Scaphognathus was a rhamphorhyncoid pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone of the Upper Jurassic.

paragraphs: It had wings that was about one meter long and a long tail shaped like a leaf. The leaf-tail probably acted like a rudder, helping it steer through the air. It was probably a diurnal (daytime) flier, where "Rhamphorhynchus" was probably nocturnal.


title: Czechoslovakia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Czechoslovakia in the Olympics is a history which includes 32 games in 20 countries and 2,000+ athletes. Since 1920, Nicaragua has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Czechoslovakia was CZS. Czechoslovakia was peacefully separated into two nations in 1993. The Czech Republic is now is CZE and Slovakia is now SVK.

paragraphs: Czechoslovakia first took part in the Olympic Games in 1920. Before this, it competed as Bohemia from 1900 to 1912. The nation sent athletes to compete almost every Summer Olympic Games since then. They did not take part in the 1984 Games as part of the Soviet boycott of those Games.

paragraphs: Czechoslovakia has taken part in every Winter Olympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1924.

paragraphs: In 1993, Czechoslovakia was divided into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Each of these countries sent their own teams to the Olympics since 1994.

paragraphs: Czechoslovakian athletes have won a total of 143 medals at the Summer Games. Most of these medals were won in gymnastics. The nation also won 25 medals at the Winter Games. Ski jumping and ice hockey have been their best sports.

paragraphs: "This table of summer sports does not include the bronze medal won in ice hockey at the 1920 Summer Olympics."

paragraphs: "This table includes the bronze medal won in Ice hockey in the 1920 Summer Olympics."


title: Denmark at the Olympics

paragraphs: Denmark at the Olympics is a history which includes 40 games in 22 countries and 1,800+ athletes. Since 1896, Denmark has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Denmark is DEN.

paragraphs: Teams from Denmark have taken part in the Olympic Games since the very first games in 1896.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Denmark (National Olympic Committee and Sports Confederation of Denmark or "Danmarks Idræts-Forbund Olympisk Komite") was created in 1905; and it was recognized by the International Olympic Committee the same year.

paragraphs: Denmark has sent athletes to every Summer Olympic Games except for the 1904 Games.

paragraphs: Denmark has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games several times since 1948. They have been at every Games since 1988.

paragraphs: Danish athletes have won a total of 171 medals. Sailing is their best medal winning sport.

paragraphs: Denmark has won only one medal at the Winter Games. This was in curling at the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano


title: Drug cartel

paragraphs: The term drug cartel is used to describe a group who makes, distributes and sells illegal drugs on national level. Drug cartels are often doing so across multiple countries. Mostly, the cartels in areas like Mexico and South America bring drugs to North America.


title: Estonia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Estonia first competed in the Olympic Games at the 1920 Summer Olympics after becoming independence from Russia in 1918. The National Olympic Committee was created in 1923. They were a part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924. Estonian athletes took part of the Olympic Games until the country became a part of the Soviet Union in 1940. In the 1980 Summer Olympics, the Sailing regatta was held in the capital city of Tallinn. Estonia has taken part in all Olympics since it became independent again in 1991. Estonia has won most of its medals in athletics, weightlifting, wrestling and cross-country skiing.


title: Neo-Keynesian economics

paragraphs: Neo-Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomic thought that was developed after World War II from the writings of John Maynard Keynes. A group of economists (notably John Hicks, Franco Modigliani, and Paul Samuelson), attempted to interpret and formalize Keynes' writings, and to synthesize it with the neo-classical models of economics. This model, the IS/LM model, is nearly as influential as Keynes' original analysis in determining actual policy and economics education. It relates aggregate demand and employment to three variables, that is, the amount of money in circulation, the government budget, and the state of business expectations. This model was very popular with economists after World War II because it could be understood in terms of general equilibrium theory. Their work has become known as the neo-classical synthesis. It created the models that formed the core ideas of neo-Keynesian economics. These ideas dominated mainstream economics in the post-war period, and formed the mainstream of macroeconomic thought in the 1950s, 60s and 70s.

paragraphs: In the 1970s a series of developments occurred that shook neo-Keynesian theory. The developed world suffered from slow economic growth and high inflation at the same time (stagflation). Also, the work of monetarists like Milton Friedman cast doubt on neo-Keynesian theories. The result was a series of new ideas to bring tools to Keynesian analysis that would be capable of explaining the economic events of the 1970s. The next great wave of Keynesian thinking began with the attempt to give Keynesian macroeconomic reasoning a microeconomic basis. The new Keynesians helped create a "new neo-classical synthesis" that currently forms the mainstream of macroeconomic theory. Following the emergence of the new Keynesian school, neo-Keynesians have sometimes been referred to as Old-Keynesians.


title: Pinetop Smith

paragraphs: Clarence Smith, better known as Pinetop Smith or Pine Top Smith (June 11, 1904 – March 15, 1929) was an American boogie-woogie style blues pianist. His hit tune, "Pine Top's Boogie Woogie," featured rhythmic "breaks" that were an essential ingredient of ragtime music.

paragraphs: In 1991, he was added to the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame.


title: Sea wall

paragraphs: A sea wall is a wall built to protect land along the coast from erosion and flooding from the sea. While they do provide protection from the waves and tides, a sea wall may also create more problems. Erosion of beach sand may increase because of the wall, and the wall may change the direction and flow of waves and caused erosion in other places.


title: Unity Broadcasting Network

paragraphs: The Unity Broadcasting Network is an over-the-air religious television network. The office of the company is in Booneville, Mississippi, and individual transmitter stations are located in Mississippi and Tennessee.

paragraphs: UBN's website says that their Booneville Channel 34 programs are carried on Comcast Cable channel 8 in Corinth, MS, and their MySpace account says they are on Comcast Cable channel 56.


title: Jewish Life Television

paragraphs: Jewish Life Television (JLTV) is a TV network. It shows Jewish-themed programs.  It started in 2007. JLTV has news, sports, lifestyle and entertainment programming. It shows movies, documentaries, music, reviews, interviews and special events.  It has broadcast studios in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto. JLTV has bureaus in Jerusalem, Tel Aviv, Washington DC, Miami, London and Moscow. Members can access live and on-demand programming and watch local, national and international news stories. In the U.S., JLTV can be seen by 33 million households across all 50 states through DIRECTV, Time Warner Cable, Comcast and independent broadcast systems.

paragraphs: On January 26, 2011, Jewish Life Television was officially added to the CRTC's approved list of foreign services, allowing the channel to expand into Canada. Ethnic Channels Group sponsored the application to get JLTV on the approved list. That company is the official Canadian distributor of the channel.


title: Rolla, Missouri

paragraphs: Rolla is a city in Phelps County, Missouri, United States, midway between the larger cities of St. Louis and Springfield along Interstate 44. Its population in the 2010 United States Census was 19,559.

paragraphs: It is the county seat of Phelps County. The Rolla Micropolitan Statistical Area consists of Phelps County.

paragraphs: Rolla is an important center for education and research in science and technology. It is the home of the Missouri University of Science and Technology. In addition, the US Geological Survey operates a large regional facility. This office includes: the National Geospatial Technical Operations Center III, the Missouri Water Science Center, the Mid-Continent Geographic Science Center, National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Office Liaisons, and the Rolla Science Information and Library Services office. The main office of the Mark Twain National Forest is also located in Rolla.

paragraphs: Although private businesses are more limited, Royal Canin, a major manufacturer of dog and cat food, operates in Rolla. Small-engine manufacturer Briggs & Stratton operated a major plant in Rolla from 1996 to 2007.

paragraphs: The Rolla area is part of the Ozark Highlands American Viticultural Area, with vineyards established first by Italian immigrants to the area.


title: Gerald Jatzek

paragraphs: Gerald Jatzek (born 23 January 1956 in Vienna) is an Austrian author, composer and musician. In 1980 he won the Liechtenstein price for poetry. In 2001 he was given the Austrian State Prize for Children's Poetry.


title: Polar night

paragraphs: The polar night is when it stays dark outside for more than twenty four hours. This occurs only inside the polar circles (the northernmost and southernmost areas on Earth).. A lot of times It will be a polar night for the winter and the opposite happens in the summer.


title: Succession to the Japanese throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Japanese throne is the list of people who may become Emperor of Japan.

paragraphs: In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.

paragraphs: Emperor Naruhito has one daughter, Princess Aiko. Prince Akishino currently has two daughters (Princess Mako and Princess Kako) and one son (Prince Hisahito).


title: Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art

paragraphs: The Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art ("The Johnson Museum") is an art museum in Ithaca, New York. It is in the Arts Quad on the main campus of Cornell University. It is best known for its unusual concrete facade. The museum has more than 32,000 pieces of art. Each year, over 80,000 people go to the museum. It shows over 20 special exhibitions each year.

paragraphs: Cornell president Deane Waldo Malott started the University Art Museum in 1953. The A. D. White House was changed to hold Cornell's art collections. The current museum was built in 1973. It is named after Herbert Fisk Johnson, Jr.. Johnson was head of S.C. Johnson & Sons of Racine, Wisconsin ("Johnson Wax"). He was a former member of the university's Board of Trustees. He graduated in 1922. His son also served as a trustee.

paragraphs: The Johnson Museum of Art was designed by architect I.M. Pei. Many people say it looks like a sewing machine from the side. Its fifth floor bridges over the open aired sculpture garden. It was made so that it would not block the view of Cayuga Lake. It has a very good view of the lake from its north and west sides. It also has a room for meetings on the sixth floor. This room was used for many years by Cornell's Board of Trustees.

paragraphs: The location of the museum caused many architectural problems. There was a limited amount of space to build. Also, the building could not have a large affect on the view of the lake or the Arts Quad. It is also located on the knoll where tradition said Ezra Cornell chose the site for his university, at the north end of the Stone Row of Morrill, McGraw, and White Halls. The design wanted to visually anchor the north end of Library Slope. The final design was a narrow tower and a bridge. Critics have said it looks like a giant sewing machine.

paragraphs: One part of the design, which was never built, was an underground Asian art gallery. It would have included windows that opened into the Southern face of Fall Creek Gorge.

paragraphs: The building was awarded the American Institute of Architects Honor Award in 1975. The building's design was used on the cover of "Scientific American" as an early example of computer graphics.

paragraphs: In 2011, a new wing opened to help hold the museum's increasing collection. The new part mirrored the plans drawn up by Pei Cobb Freed & Partners. The architect in charge was John L. Sullivan III. He graduated Cornell in 1962. The project cost $22 million. This included some changes to the main building. The money for the project came from large grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Kresge Foundation. The Asian art storage area was moved from the center of the fifth floor to the lower level of the section. This allows them to make the public gallery space on the fifth floor larger. Galleries in the new wing will be used to show contemporary art. The upper level of the new section includes an outdoor Japanese garden. The plans wanted a tunnel under Campus Road to be added. It would have gone through the wall of the Fall Creek gorge. This was not done because of environmental issues.

paragraphs: The permanent collection has more than 32,000 works of art. Most notable is the George and Mary Rockwell Asian Art collection. There are also a large number of works by American artists. These artist include Stuart Davis and Robert Rauschenberg. There is also many works by members of the Hudson River School and the American Impressionists to contemporary art. The Collection of Prints, Drawings, and Photographs has more than 15,000 works. These include works by Berenice Abbott, Robert Frank, Alfred Stieglitz, and Garry Winogrand. The fifth floor observation level holds the museum's large Asian collection. The permanent collection also includes works from Africa, pre-Columbian America, and Oceania. It range from ancient to contemporary societies. Its collection has two windows from Frank Lloyd Wright's Darwin D. Martin House.

paragraphs: Classes for credit are taught by Cornell's academic departments, not by the museum. The museum does work with the teachers. It has gallery sessions for some classes. It also has gallery tours and course-related exhibitions that are run by the faculty. The museum also hosts thematic tours for local school student field trips. Over 7,000 schoolchildren go to the museum each year. The Johnson Museum Club is a Cornell student group that promotes student awareness of the Johnson Museum's collections, exhibitions, and resources. It hosts concerts, scavenger hunts and other events.


title: Line of succession to the Danish throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Danish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Denmark.

paragraphs: Since 2009, Danish law identifies the eldest child of a Danish monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

paragraphs: In 2018, the current order of succession is clear.


title: Order of succession

paragraphs: The order of succession is a sequence of people and events in a specific order. It may mean the passing of royal or other powers, for example in a dynasty.

paragraphs: The "order of succession" may be used in a historical way, such as a list of former leaders. Also, the phrase may mean the pre-planned process through which a leader takes over from another because of death, resignation, or removal

paragraphs: Succession becomes a chronology which has developed during time which has passed—like a list of popes or list of Emperors of Japan.

paragraphs: Succession histories are unique, but not always obvious. For example, Charles IX of Sweden (1604–1611) was only the third Swedish king named Charles.

paragraphs: Pope Francis is the 266th Pope of the Roman Catholic Church. Saint Peter is listed as the first of 266 popes.

paragraphs: Across the span of centuries, there have been problems with the list and order of succession after St. Peter. For example: During the Western schism in the 14th century, there was more than one pope at the same time. Each had notable international support. Only some are included on the chronology of today's list.

paragraphs: At that time, European leaders had to choose to support one pope or the other.

paragraphs: Akihito is the 125th Emperor of Japan. Emperor Jimmu is listed as the first of 125 emperors.

paragraphs: Across time, there have been difficulties with the list and order of succession after Jimmu. For example: During the Nanboku-chō period in the 14th century, there was more than one emperor at the same time. Each had notable support. Only some are included in today's list

paragraphs: For 500 years, the Imperial chronology included Emperor Kōgon, Emperor Kōmyō, Emperor Sukō, Emperor Go-Kōgon and Emperor Go-En'yū. In the 19th century, these men were removed from the list. At the same time, Emperor Go-Murakami, Emperor Chōkei and Emperor Go-Kameyama were added.

paragraphs: The "order of succession" or "line of succession" is a formal plan which determines who inherits a future role or a position in a hierarchy after death or other cause creates a vacancy or an opportunity for succession.

paragraphs: Many countries have developed formal succession planning. In contrast, Kim Jong-il of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea selected his youngest son as the "Dear Successor" or "Great Successor". The process which led to this choice is not known.

paragraphs: In some countries including Sweden since 1980, the Netherlands since 1983, Norway since 1990, Belgium since 1991, Denmark since 2009, and the United Kingdom since 2015, the eldest child of a monarch is expected to become the next monarch. This is known as "full" or "equal" as primogeniture.

paragraphs: In many countries including Spain and Japan, special preference is given to male children. This is known as "male primogeniture."

paragraphs: In the United States, the line of succession is explained in the "Presidential Succession Act of 1947". If the president cannot fullfil his duties, the Vice President is expected to take his place; and then the Speaker of the United States House of Representatives is next.


title: Synchrotron light source

paragraphs: A synchrotron light source is a source of electromagnetic radiation produced by a synchrotron. The radiation can be artificially produced for scientific and technical purposes by specialized particle accelerators, typically by accelerating electrons. Once the high-energy electron beam has been generated, it is directed into auxiliary components such as bending magnets and insertion devices (undulators or wigglers) in storage rings and free-electron lasers.

paragraphs: These supply the strong magnetic fields perpendicular to the beam which are needed to convert the high-energy electron energy into light or some other form of electronmagnetic radiation.

paragraphs: Synchrotron radiation may occur in accelerators either as a nuisance in particle physics experiments, or on purpose for many laboratory uses.

paragraphs: Electrons are accelerated to high speeds in several stages to achieve a final energy that can be in the GeV range. In the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), proton bunches also produce the radiation at increasing amplitude and frequency as they accelerate in the vacuum field, making photoelectrons. The photoelectrons then make secondary electrons from the pipe walls with increasing frequency and density up to 7x10. Each proton may lose 6.7keV per turn due to this phenomenon. So, both electron synchrotrons and proton synchrotrons can be a light source.

paragraphs: The major applications of synchrotron light are in condensed matter physics, materials science, biology and medicine. Many experiments using synchrotron light probe the structure of matter from the sub-nanometer level of electronic structure to the micrometer and millimeter level. This is important in medical imaging. An example of a practical industrial application is the manufacturing of microstructures by the Lithography, Electroplating, and Molding (LIGA) process.


title: Line of succession to the Swedish throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Swedish throne is the list of people who may become Queen or King of Sweden.

paragraphs: Since 1980, Swedish law identifies the eldest child of a Swedish monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.


title: Line of succession to the Dutch throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Dutch throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of the Netherlands.

paragraphs: Since 1983, Dutch law identifies the eldest child of a Dutch monarch as the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.


title: Hawker

paragraphs: A hawker is a person who sells things that can be easily moved from place to place. They are also known as peddlers, costermongers, or street vendors. Hawkers often sell food. They attract attention by calling out, singing chants, and interacting loudly with customers. While hawkers can be found in markets, they often move their products from place to place in small carts. In 19th century Australia, the hawkers travelled around to distant towns and remote farms, carrying a large range of items to sell in horse drawn wagons.


title: Disc-detainer lock

paragraphs: A disc-detainer lock, also called a disc-tumbler, Abloy lock, or simply disc lock is a high-security keyed lock that uses a set of discs similar to those used in a combination lock. The difference is that the discs are rotated by a key instead of a dial.

paragraphs: When the key is put into the lock, it rotates a set of discs with notches on them to different positions depending on the depth of the cuts in the key. The right key will line up a set of notches in a straight line, allowing a bar to fall into the notches, opening the lock. The wrong key will not put the notches in a straight line, and the bar will not fall, preventing the lock from opening. On high-end disc-detainer locks (such as Abloy), there are usually "false" notches on the disc as well. These feel like the real notch to someone trying to pick the lock, but do not allow the bar to fall. This makes it nearly impossible to pick the lock. It is possible to pick some lower-end disc-detainer locks. The disc-detainer mechanism usually does not contain any springs. This reduces the amount of wear on the cylinder.


title: Ecological succession

paragraphs: Ecological succession, is the process by which a specific ecology has more or less orderly and predictably changed after a disturbance like a fire. In long-term studies, there is a species succession process in the way forests develop.

paragraphs: Several scientists are prominent in the history of this process theory:


title: Burrel, Albania

paragraphs: Burrel is a small town in Albania. It is 91 km from Tirana. Its population is about 18,000. It is about 320 metres above sea level, and surrounded by mountains.

paragraphs: The area was settled about the 8th century BC by the Illyrians. There have been 54 Illyrian burial mounds found around Burrel. The town of Burrel began in 1922 as the centre of the Mat District.


title: Black powder rocket motor

paragraphs: A black powder rocket motor pushes a model rocket using black powder. Black powder in the rockets is made of charcoal, sulphur, and potassium nitrate. The amount of each part can be changed to change how fast the black powder burns. The black powder burns very fast. The hot gases move fast as they leave the back of the rocket. This pushes the rocket forward.

paragraphs: Black powder rocket motors were made in a simple form by the Chinese. They were first written about in the early 13th century. The rocket motors have gotten better over the years. They have several uses. Some can be used as weapons. Some have cameras to take pictures from a height to get information. Some are also used just for fun.

paragraphs: Black powder rocket motors are only made in small sizes. If they are bigger there is a bigger chance of exploding. They also do not perform as well if they are bigger. They are made in different sizes called classes. The classes are 1/4 A through E. If the motor needs to be bigger than this, a different type of fuel is used. This is called a composite fuel. Some examples of composite fuels are ammonium perchlorate or ammonium nitrate.

paragraphs: Black powder is the oldest type of mixed rocket fuel. It was used in rockets even before it was used in guns. The three main parts of black powder are charcoal, sulphur, and saltpetre (or potassium nitrate). The Chinese were making black powder as early as 1045, which is about 1000 years ago. In the early thirteenth century (about 800 years ago) the Chinese turned black powder into a way to power weapons. Before that it was only used for fun. The first recorded use of rockets as military weapons was in 1232. The Chinese ‘arrows of fire’ were fired from a sort of catapult. The black powder was packed in a closed tube that had a hole in one end for escaping hot gases. The tube was mounted on a long stick so it was more balanced.

paragraphs: Black powder had a very low specific impulse. The way rockets were made got more advanced, but only on paper. People had not really built a much better rocket yet. They only had ideas and sketches of better models. In 1591 a Belgian, Jean Beavie, wrote about and drew the important idea of rockets that had more than one stage. This is called Multistaging. This means that the fuel is burned through in more than one step. This is the answer to escaping earth’s gravity and going into space.

paragraphs: By 1600, rockets were being used in some parts of Europe. They were used against cavalry, which is a group of fighting soldiers on horseback. By 1688, rockets weighing over 120 pounds had been built and fired in Germany. These German rockets could carry 16-pound warheads.

paragraphs: During the late 1700s, a London lawyer, Sir William Congreve, wanted to try to make rockets better. He did many experiments with different fuels and cases. His experiments were careful and orderly. He improved how far rockets could go, how stable they were, and how accurate they were. The British army used Congreve's new rockets to help them in the Napoleonic wars.

paragraphs: In 1939 researchers at the California Institute of Technology were trying to make a motor to help launch aircraft. They mixed black powder with common road asphalt to make the first composite motor. This was the beginning of the composite motor. It also ended the use of black powder for big rockets.

paragraphs: Black powder rocket propellant is a lot like old fashioned gunpowder. It has one different part called a binder. The binder is usually a substance called Dextrin. One common model rocket engine company is Estes Industries. Their motors are made with black powder propellant. Black powder propellant must be pressed very tightly to work well. If it is not packed tightly, it will burn too fast and might explode. A simple way of combining the parts to make black powder rocket propellant is: 75% potassium nitrate, 10% sulphur, and 15% charcoal. This is the most common way of making it. Dextrin may be added as a binder (usually between 0 and 5%). Extra (coarse) charcoal or metal powders (5 - 10%) may be added to make a spark trail. Adding these extras might change how fast the fuel burns.

paragraphs: Thrust is how hard of a push the rocket produces. Burn time is how long the fuel in the motor takes to burn while pushing gases out of the back of the rocket. The impulse of a rocket motor is the area under the thrust-time curve. This means the impulse is a number for how much force the rocket makes and for how long. The impulse of a black powder motor is used to tell what size class it is in. Motors are divided into classes from 1/4A to E. These classes hold rockets with impulses from 0 to 40 Ns (Newtons*seconds). Other kinds of model rocket motors can be named up to an ‘H’, which is up to 320 Ns.

paragraphs: Figures from tests of Estes rocket motors are used in the following examples of rocket motor performance.

paragraphs: For miniature black powder rocket motors (13 mm diameter), the maximum thrust is between 5 and 12 N, the total impulse is between .5 and 2.2 Ns, and the burn time is between .25 and 1 second. For Estes ‘regular size’ rocket motors (18 mm diameter), there are three classes: A, B, and C. The A class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 9.5 and 9.75 N, a total impulse between 2.1 and 2.3 Ns, and a burn time between .5 and .75 seconds. The B class 18 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 12.15 and 12.75 N, a total impulse between 4.2 and 4.35 Ns, and a burn time between .85 and 1 second. The C class 18mm motors have a maximum thrust from 14 – 14.15 N, a total impulse between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between 1.85 and 2 seconds.

paragraphs: There are also 3 classes included in Estes large (24 mm diameter) rocket motors: C, D, and E. The C class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 21.6 and 21.75 N, a total impulse of between 8.8 and 9 Ns, and a burn time between .8 and .85 seconds. The D class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 29.7 and 29.8 N, a total impulse between 16.7 and 16.85 Ns, and a burn time between 1.6 and 1.7 seconds. The E class 24 mm motors have a maximum thrust between 19.4 and 19.5 N, a total impulse between 28.45 and 28.6 Ns, and a burn time between 3 and 3.1 seconds.


title: Line of succession to the Belgian throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Belgian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Belgium.

paragraphs: The death of King Baudouin in 1993 caused a short period of uncertainty about the succession. Prince Philippe was the expected to be the next king; but Baudouin's brother Albert became the new monarch.

paragraphs: Since 2009, Belgian law identifies the eldest child of a Belgian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

paragraphs: In 2013, Albert abdicated for health reasons and his son, Philippe became the King.

paragraphs: In 2019, the current order of succession is clear.


title: Line of succession to the Norwegian throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Norwegian throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Norway.

paragraphs: Since 1990, Norwegian law identifies the eldest child of a Norwegian monarch the royal heir. The first-born child follows his or her parent on the throne. This is known as full or equal primogeniture.

paragraphs: In 2011, the current order of succession is clear.


title: Bogan River

paragraphs: The Bogan River is an inland river of New South Wales, Australia. It begins at Goonumbla, near Parkes. It flows in a north west direction for about before it joins the Darling River near Bourke. The towns of Tottenham, Peak Hill and Nyngan are built on the banks of the Bogan River.

paragraphs: The first Europen to see the Bogan River was Charles Sturt in 1828-9. He named it New Year Creek. However the Indigenous Australian name, Bogan, which means birthplace of a king, was the name that was used. The explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell created a painting in 1836 of an Aboriginal man, Combo, from the Bogan River.


title: Castlereagh River

paragraphs: The Castlereagh River is an inland river in New South Wales, Australia. It begins in the Warrumbungles, a mountain range, and flows east towards Coonabarabran. It turns to the south, and then flows north west through Gilgandra and Coonamble, before joining the Macquarie River. The length of the river is about .

paragraphs: The first Europen to see the Castlereagh River was George William Evans in 1818 during John Oxley's expedition. It was later explored by Charles Sturt in 1829. The river is named after Lord Castlereagh, a British politician who was the Secretary of State for the Colonies.


title: Switzerland at the Olympics

paragraphs: Switzerland has sent athletes to every Olympic Games since the first Games in 1896. Switzerland boycotted the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne but the equestrian events for those Games were held in Stockholm, Sweden earlier that year. The Swiss dressage team won a bronze medal. Switzerland has hosted the Games twice. They hosted the 1928 Winter Olympics and the 1948 Winter Olympics. Both were in St. Moritz. Swiss athletes have won a total of 181 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won 127 at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Switzerland was created in 1912


title: Legionary

paragraphs: A Roman legionary was a professional soldier of the Roman army. Legionaries had to be Roman citizens under the age of 45. They were members of a Roman legion. Legionaries went through very tough training. They had to do what they were told or they would be punished badly. Legionaries had to carry lots of heavy equipment when they were marching.


title: Digital pet

paragraphs: A digital pet (also known as a virtual pet or an artificial pet) are pets that exist only in computers. A good example of a game with digital pets is Nintendogs. People may keep virtual pets as a replacement for real pets.


title: Emperor Go-Toba

paragraphs: This 12th century sovereign was named after Emperor Toba and means "later". He is sometimes called the later Emperor Toba. In some older sources, this emperor may be identified as "Toba the Second" or as "Toba II".

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, his personal name ("imina") was , or Takanari"-shinnō"

paragraphs: He was the fourth son of Emperor Takakura.

paragraphs: Go-Toba was placed on the throne at the age of three.

paragraphs: Go-Toba was buried on Dōgo Island in the Oki Islands group. Later a part of his body was re-buried in Kyoto.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Go-Toba is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at "Ōhara no Misasagi".

paragraphs: The years of Go-Toba's reign are marked by more than one era name:.


title: Toys "R" Us

paragraphs: Toys Я Us (founded in 1948) is a toy store. It had its headquarters in Wayne, New Jersey, United States. The company had around 875 Toys “R” Us and Babies “R” Us stores in the United States, more than 600 international stores, and over 140 licensed stores in 35 countries and jurisdictions. It controls the FAO Schwarz brand. It has its flagship store on Fifth Avenue in New York City. Toys "R" Us also has many e-commerce sites. Some of these are Toysrus.com, Babiesrus.com, eToys.com and FAO.com. Kids "R" Us is a former clothing store just for kids established in Manchester, NH in 1983 and disestablished in 2003. In the 1999 website commercial, there was a probably 7 year old raincheck boy who dresses like Linus from Peanuts and is friends with his raincheck. Toys "R" us has toys for different ages.

paragraphs: On March 14, 2018, it was revealed that all Toys "R" Us stores in the United Kingdom would close. The next day, it was announced that Toys "R" Us is officially going out of business and selling all 800 of its U.S. stores. In addition, all Toys "R" Us stores worldwide would be sold off. At the time, toy maker MGA Entertainment has made a bid to take over the company's stores in Canada, but it failed.

paragraphs: On March 22, 2018, its founder Charles Lazarus died aged 94 years.

paragraphs: The remaining Toys "R" Us stores closed on June 29, 2018 after 70 years. In October 2018, Toys "R" Us announced that it would return, and the company did so by opening 2 new stores in the United States a year later.


title: Succession to the Spanish throne

paragraphs: The line of succession to the Spanish throne is the list of people who may become King or Queen of Spain.

paragraphs: Spanish royal succession follows a system of male-preference primogeniture.

paragraphs: In 2020, the current order of succession is clear.


title: Lake Blanche

paragraphs: Lake Blanche is a large salt lake in the north east corner of South Australia. It is normally dry, but can be filled by local flooding or when the Strzelecki Creek flows into it. It covers an area of about . When Lake Blanche was first seen by the explorer Edward John Eyre in 1840, he believed it was part of a large horse shoe shaped lake at the end of the Flinders Ranges. This lake stopped the explorers from being able to travel any further to the north. When Charles Sturt visited the lake shore in 1845 he also thought it was part of a larger lake. In 1858 the explorer Augustus Charles Gregory was the first European to find a path between Lake Blanche and Lake Callabonna. Lake Blanche was named after the wife of the Governor of South Australia, Sir Richard Graves McDonnell. The area near the lake had been called Blanchewater Plains by explorer Benjamin Herschel Babbage in 1856. In August 1857, Captain Freeling attempted to explore the flooded lake by boat. The water was not deep enough to float the boat, and even after walking more than into the lake it was still only ankle deep.

paragraphs: The area around Lake Blanche is now being explored for development of a uranium mine.


title: Finland at the Olympics

paragraphs: Finland was first at the Olympic Games in 1908.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Finland is FIN.

paragraphs: Teams from Finland have been in every Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. Finland was also the host nation for the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki.

paragraphs: Finnish athletes have won a total of 299 medals at the Summer Games, mostly in athletics and wrestling. Finland has also won 151 medals at the Winter Games, mostly in Nordic skiing events.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Finland is the Finnish Olympic Committee. It was formed and recognized in 1907, when Finland was a part of the Russian Empire.

paragraphs: "This table of summer sports does not include the gold medal won in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics."

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki>Total medal counts include a gold medal in Figure skating at the 1920 Summer Olympics. This medal is in the summer games medal totals and the winter sport medal totals. This is why the totals for summer and winter games do not match the totals for summer and winter sports.


title: Georgia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Georgia was first at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

paragraphs: Previously, Georgian athletes were part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. In 1992 they were part of the Unified Team.

paragraphs: The Georgian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1989 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.


title: Greece at the Olympics

paragraphs: Greece at the Olympics is a history which began in ancient times. Greece was home of the Ancient Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Greece is GRE.

paragraphs: Greece hosted the revival of the modern Olympic Games in 1896. They have been at every Summer Olympic Games since then. They are one of only four countries to compete in all modern Summer games. Greece has been in most Winter Olympic Games since 1936. During the Parade of Nations at the Opening Ceremony, Greece is always called first, due to its status as being the founder of the Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Greece hosted the games in 1896 Summer Olympics and the 2004 Summer Olympics, both in Athens. The National Olympic Committee for Greece is the Hellenic Olympic Committee, formed in 1894 and recognized in 1895.

paragraphs: According to official data of the International Olympic Committee.


title: Hungary at the Olympics

paragraphs: Hungary at the Olympics is ahistory which began at the first Olympic Games in 1896.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Hungary is HUN.

paragraphs: Teams from Hungary have been in most Summer Olympic Games and every Winter Olympic Games since then. The nation was not invited to the 1920 Games after World War I.

paragraphs: Hungarian athletes have won a total of 475 medals, with fencing as the top medal-producing sport. Hungary has won more Olympic medals than any other nation that has never hosted Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Hungary is the "Hungarian Olympic Committee". It was formed and recognized in 1895.


title: Malta at the Olympics

paragraphs: Malta at the Olympics is a history which began in 1928.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Malta was MAT. It is now MLT.

paragraphs: Teams from Malta have been in 15 Summer Olympic Games and 1 Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: As of 2014 no Maltese athlete has won an Olympic medal.

paragraphs: The Maltese Olympic Committee was formed in 1928 and recognized by the IOC in 1936.


title: Itraconazole

paragraphs: Itraconazole (i tra ko' na zole) is a medication used to treat fungal infections of the lungs and other parts of the body.

paragraphs: Itraconazole comes as a pill (capsule) and also as a liquid (solution) and they are taken by mouth.

paragraphs: Itraconazole is prescribed by a doctor and sold by a pharmacist.


title: Donkey Kong Land

paragraphs: Donkey Kong Land is a video game released for the Game Boy system in 1995. It is a semi-sequel to "Donkey Kong Country" as it takes place after "Donkey Kong Country", but yet is part of a different portion of the "Donkey Kong" series. Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong are once again the playable characters in the game.


title: Moldova at the Olympics

paragraphs: Moldova first took part at the Olympic Games as an independent nation in 1994. It has sent athletes to every Games since then. Moldovan athletes were a part of the Soviet Union at the Olympics from 1952 to 1988. Moldova was part of the Unified Team in 1992.

paragraphs: Moldovan athletes have won a total of seven medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won medals in five different sports. The nation has not won any medals at the Winter Olympic Games.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Moldova was created in 1991. It was accepted by the International Olympic Committee in 1993.

paragraphs: Moldova has won 7 medals, all in the Summer Olympics


title: Bronchiolitis

paragraphs: Bronchiolitis is a medical condition where the smaller parts of the lung (called bronchioles) are irritated. This makes it very hard to move air in and out of the lungs. Many things can cause bronchiolitis. The most common is the respiratory syncytial virus. The disease Bronchiolitis is not the same as Bronchitis. The medicine used to treat bronchitis may not be the same as those used to treat bronchiolitis. The disease is more common in children.

paragraphs: Usually treatment for bronchiolitis is to make the person as comfortable as possible. This can sometimes be giving them oxygen through tubes sitting on their nose ("nasal cannula"). A doctor may also use medicines such as epinephrine or dexamethasone.


title: Respiratory syncytial virus

paragraphs: Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes lung infections,(usually called respiratory tract infections). It is the major cause of lung infections and hospital visits in babies and children. There is a medicine that can help prevent the virus in babies that have not been born yet if the doctor is worried the baby may get the virus.


title: Lake Alexandrina

paragraphs: Lake Alexandrina is a large lake about south east of Adelaide, South Australia. The lake covers an area of . The Murray River flows into the north of the lake near Wellington. Water from the lake enters the sea through an opening into Encounter Bay. In 1940 a number of walls were built to stop sea water from flowing back into the lake which would stop the lake from being salty. These walls separate the lake from the Murray River's estuary lagoon, called the Coorong.

paragraphs: Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong are a Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. Many bird species live around the lake including Curlew Sandpiper, Banded Stilt, Red-capped Plover, Masked Lapwing, Redkneed Dotterel, Black Swan, Cape Barren Goose, Musk Duck, Straw-necked Ibis, Royal Spoonbill, Rufus Night Heron and the Australian Pelican. Rare species such as the Orange Bellied Parrot and the Southern Mount Lofty Ranges Emu Wren have been seen. The large Murray Cod can also be found in the lake.

paragraphs: The Ngarrindjeri, an Indigenous Australian people, have lived around the lake and the wetlands for thousands of years. The first Europens to find the lake were people hunting seals along the south east coast of Australia in 1828. In 1830, the explorer Charles Sturt reached the lake by boat after a long journey down the Murrumbidgee, the Darling and the Murray Rivers. Sturt named the lake after Princess Alexandrina, who later became Queen Victoria.

paragraphs: Lake Alexandina became important during the 1870s when paddle steamers began to use the Murray River system to carry goods around New South Wales, Victoria, and South Australia. The town of Milang, on the lake, became an important port. It is now popular as a place for holidays with activities including sailing, power boating, fishing and swimming.


title: Béla Guttmann

paragraphs: Béla Guttmann (27 January 1899 – 28 August 1981) was a Hungarian footballer and coach of Jewish origin. His playing position was midfielder.

paragraphs: He started his career with the MTK Hungária FC team of the early 1920s. He won the championship in 1920 and 1921. In 1922 he went to Vienna to escape the antisemitism of the Hungarian regime. There he played for SC Hakoah Wien. In 1925 he won another league title when Hakoah won the Austrian League. In April 1926 the SC Hakoah Wien team sailed to New York to play against different American teams. He stayed in the USA and played for the Brooklyn Wanderers, New York Giants, New York Hakoah, New York Soccer Club and the Hakoah All-Stars.

paragraphs: As player he had 6 matches with the Hungarian national football team and scored one goal there.

paragraphs: Guttmann returned to Europe in 1932. He coached teams in Austria, The Netherlands and Hungary . (SC Hakoah Wien, SC Enschede) He had his first success with Újpest FC in the 1938–39 season. He won the Hungarian League and the Mitropa Cup. How Guttman spent the war years in unclear. Guttmann himself is said to have escaped to Switzerland where he was interned. The years after the Second World War he spent as coach in Italy, South America and Portugal.(São Paulo FC, AC Milan, Benfica Lisabon and others).

paragraphs: Together with Márton Bukovi and Gusztáv Sebes, Guttmann formed a triumvirate of Hungarian coaches who pioneered the 4–2–4 formation. Guttman is also credited with mentoring Eusébio. He was as player and coach always good for controversy. Some people compare his self-confidence with José Mourinho.


title: Emperor Fushimi

paragraphs: Emperor Fushimi (伏見天皇 "Fushimi-tennō") (10 May 1265 – 8 October 1317) was the 92nd emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession. His reign started in 1287 and ended in 1298.

paragraphs: Before he became the monarch, this prince's personal name ("imina") was .

paragraphs: Prince Hirohito was the second son of Emperor Go-Fukakusa.

paragraphs: Hirohito"-shinnō" was named Crown Prince. He became heir to Emperor Go-Uda.

paragraphs: According to the Imperial Household Agency, the mausoleum ("misasagi") of Kammu is in Kyoto. The emperor is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto shrine at "Fukakusa no kita no misasagi" (深草北陵) in Fushimi-ku in Kyoto.

paragraphs: The years of Fushimi's reign are marked by more than one era name.


title: Rodney King

paragraphs: Rodney Glen King (April 2, 1965 - June 17, 2012) was an African-American man who was beat up by police officers on camera in 1991. When a jury did not find the officers guilty of beating him up, large riots started in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: King was born in Sacramento, California to Odessa and Ronald King, who had four other children. His father was an alcoholic who died in 1984 aged 42. King grew up in Altadena, California.

paragraphs: In November 1989, King robbed a store in Monterey Park, California. King was carrying an iron bar, which he threatened the Korean store owner with. He hit the owner and stole $200. He was convicted of robbery and sentenced to two years imprisonment. He was released after a year.

paragraphs: On March 3, 1991, King was driving after drinking alcohol. Police officers tried to pull him over, but King would not stop. The officers chased him for miles. King finally stopped. One of the officers shot two electronic darts at King because they thought he might hurt them. King ran at one of the officers. The officers beat King while he was on the ground with a baton more than 50 times.

paragraphs: A man named George Holliday, who lived nearby, saw what was going on. He used a camcorder to record a video of the beating. The video later went on television.

paragraphs: Of the four officers that went on trial for beating King, only one of them was found guilty by the state of California. With large public protest, rioting began in Los Angeles, during which more than 50 people were killed, thousands were hurt, and one billion dollars worth of property damage occurred.

paragraphs: In a different trial, the United States government later found two of the officers guilty.

paragraphs: King was found dead by his fiancée at the bottom of his swimming pool in the early morning hours of June 17, 2012 in Rialto, California. An autopsy was performed and the results said that King died of accidental drowning and that alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana were all found in his blood which were a contributing factor in his death.


title: Pyŏngyang metro system

paragraphs: Pyŏngyang metro system is the only rapid transit system in Pyongyang, North Korea. It has two lines with 17 station. It is estimated that between 300,000 and 700,000 people ride the system every day.


title: Tung Chung Line (MTR)

paragraphs: The Tung Chung Line is one of the 10 lines of the MTR system in Hong Kong. It links Tung Chung with Hong Kong Island. A part of the Tung Chung Line was built along with the two bridges and two mountains, Kap Shui Mun Bridge and the Tsing Ma Bridge. It currently travels through eight stations in 27 minutes along its route, which is indicated in orange.


title: Wiggler (synchrotron)

paragraphs: A wiggler is an insertion device in a synchrotron. It is a series of magnets designed to repeatedly laterally deflect ('wiggle') a beam of charged particles inside a storage ring of a synchrotron. These deflections release synchrotron radiation. Although synchrotrons give off such radiation anyway as magnets work to bend the particles on a circle-like path, a wiggler release more intense radiation than the bending magnets.

paragraphs: A wiggler has a broader spectrum of radiation than an undulator. In a wiggler, the period and the strength of the magnetic field is not tuned to the frequency of radiation produced by the electrons. So, every electron in the electron bunch radiates independently. This makes a broad radiation spectrum. A wiggler can be considered to be series of bending magnets stuck together, and its radiation intensity goes up as the number of magnetic poles in the wiggler goes up.

paragraphs: Typically the magnets in a wiggler are arranged in a Halbach array. The design shown above is usually known as a Halbach wiggler.


title: Gold coin

paragraphs: A gold coin is a coin made entirely (or almost entirely) of gold. Gold has been used since the invention of coins. It is used because gold is an easy metal to use, and because gold is very valuable. So, a person could have a small quantity of gold coins but still buy many things. Gold is also a very dense metal, making gold coins hard to fake. Gold is good for storing coins because it does not rust.

paragraphs: People have used gold to trade since the Bronze Age. However, gold coins have only existed since the 6th century BC, in Anatolia (Turkey). Gold coins were also used in China.

paragraphs: In the Middle Ages, gold coins were common because of the Florin and the Guilder, two important gold coins.

paragraphs: Between 1873 and the early 1900s, gold coins were the main way to pay. Countries stopped using gold coins in 1933 because of the Great Depression. People were collecting and keeping the coins, so there were not enough for the economy to work. Today, many countries make gold coins, but they are for collectors.

paragraphs: Many people enjoy collecting coins. The rarest (most rare) coins are the most expensive. Usually, very few of these coins were made, or they have mistakes, or they are very old. Some countries have made very large coins for collectors.

paragraphs: When people want to buy gold as a way to store money, they can buy gold coins. These coins are called "Bullion coins". These coins are usually very pure and have exact weights, for example one troy ounce. Many people who buy bullion coins hope they become more expensive in the future so they can be sold.


title: Bournville

paragraphs: Bournville is a model village on the south side of Birmingham, England, best known for its connections with the Cadbury family and chocolate – including a dark chocolate bar called "Bournville". It is also a ward within the council constituency of Selly Oak and home to the Bournville Centre for Visual Arts. Research by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation has claimed that it is "one of the nicest places to live in Britain".

paragraphs: Originally the area that was to become Bournville consisted of a few scattered farmsteads and cottages, linked by winding country lanes, with the only visual highlight being the Georgian built Bournbrook Hall.

paragraphs: The bluebell glades of Stocks Wood were said to be a relic of the Forest of Arden and there are Roman remains nearby.

paragraphs: Having taken over their father John Cadbury's expanding business in 1861, the Quakers George and Richard Cadbury needed to move their cocoa and chocolate factory from Bridge Street in central Birmingham to a greenfield site to allow for expansion.

paragraphs: Cadbury were reliant on the canals for milk delivery, and on the railways for cocoa deliveries from the ports of London and Southampton. They therefore need a site which was undeveloped and had easy access to both canal and rail. The brothers noticed the proposed development of the Birmingham West Suburban Railway, which would extend from central Birmingham south along the path of the Worcester and Birmingham Canal into the then green fields of southern Birmingham and the villages of northern Worcestershire.

paragraphs: In 1879, they moved their business to Bournbrook Hall, to the south of Birmingham. The location was chosen as it was regarded as cleaner, healthier and more amenable to longer-term expansion plans. Although rural, it was also already serviced by the new Stirchley Street railway station, which itself was located right next to the canal.

paragraphs: The Cadburys named the area 'Bournville' after the Bourn Brook (now known as The Bourn); with 'ville' being French for 'town', this set Bournville apart from the local area (some people wrongly believe Bournville was originally known as Bournbrook - Bournbrook exists as a separate area to the north of Bournville). Then Cadburys began to develop their factory in the new suburb. Loyal and hard-working workers were treated with great respect and relatively high wages and good working conditions; Cadbury also pioneered pension schemes, joint works committees and a full staff medical service.

paragraphs: In 1893, George Cadbury bought 120 acres (0.5 km²) of land close to the works and planned, at his own expense, a model village which would 'alleviate the evils of modern more cramped living conditions'. By 1900, the estate included 313 cottages and houses set on of land, and many more similar properties were built in the years leading up to the World War I, with smaller developments taking place later on in the 20th century. These almost 'Arts and crafts' houses were traditional in design but with large gardens and modern interiors, and were designed by the resident architect William Alexander Harvey. These designs became a blueprint for many other model village estates around Britain. It is also noteworthy that, because George Cadbury was a temperance Quaker, no public houses have ever been built in Bournville although, since the late 1940s, there has been a licensed members' bar at Rowheath Pavilion.

paragraphs: The Cadburys were particularly concerned with the health and fitness of their workforce, incorporating park and recreation areas into the Bournville village plans and encouraging swimming, walking and indeed all forms of outdoor sports. In the early 1920s, extensive open lands were purchased at Rowheath and laid to football and hockey pitches together with a grassed running track. Rowheath Pavilion was designed and built in accordance with the instructions of George Cadbury and opened in July 1924. At that time, it served as the clubhouse and changing rooms for the acres of sports playing fields, several bowling greens, a fishing lake and an outdoor swimming lido, a natural mineral spring forming the source for the lido's healthy waters. The Rowheath Pavilion itself, which still exists, was used for balls and dinners and the whole area was specifically for the benefit of the Cadbury workers and their families with no charges for the use of any of the sporting facilities by Cadbury employees or their families. The lido was eventually closed in the 1970s after complaints of noise disturbance were made by residents of the newly built Oak Farm estate, coupled with new and stringent health and safety regulations relating to outdoor public swimming facilities. Cadbury's also built the Bournville indoor swimming baths on Bournville Lane (separate buildings for 'girls' and men), the Valley pool boating lake and the picturesque cricket pitch adjacent to the factory site, that was made famous as the picture on boxes of Milk Tray chocolates throughout the 1950s and early 1960s.

paragraphs: In 1900, the Bournville Village Trust was set up to formally control the development of the estate, independently of George Cadbury or the Cadbury company. The trust focused on providing schools, hospitals, museums, public baths and reading rooms. As Bournville is a conservation area, another job of the Bournville Village Trust is to accept or reject plans for building extension and modification.

paragraphs: An almost campus feel evolved, with a triangular village green, infant and junior schools, the School of Art and the Day Continuation School (originally intended for young Cadbury employees) and a host of events such as fêtes and Maypole dances. The carillon and a Quaker meeting house are also beside the village green.

paragraphs: The trust continues to exercise an international influence on housing and town planning generally. Now containing 7,800 homes on 1,000 acres (4 km²) of land with 100 acres (0.4 km²) of parks and open spaces, Bournville remains a popular residential area of Birmingham.

paragraphs: Cadbury is still one of Birmingham's main employers, making all manner of chocolate products.

paragraphs: The dark chocolate Bournville Plain is now manufactured in France and sold in the UK.

paragraphs: Cadbury also named their brand of malted drinks Bournvita after Bournville.

paragraphs: The ward is served by three councillors, all of whom are Conservative; Bill Evans, Nigel Dawkins and Timothy Huxtable.

paragraphs: Bournville has adopted a Ward Support Officer with the current holder of the title being Karen Stevens.


title: Matt Ryan (American football)

paragraphs: Matthew Thomas "Matt" Ryan (born May 17, 1985), nicknamed "Matty Ice," is the starting American football quarterback for the Atlanta Falcons of the National Football League. He was the 3rd person drafted in the 2008 NFL Draft. He played college football at Boston College.


title: Tim Tebow

paragraphs: Timothy Richard "Tim" Tebow (born August 14, 1987) is a free agent American football quarterback. He is currently an analyst for the SEC Network. Tebow played college football for the Florida Gators and in 2007 became the first sophomore (second-year) player to win the Heisman Trophy. Tebow was the 25th person drafted in the 2010 NFL Draft. He played college football at The University of Florida. He is known for his running ability and strong Christian beliefs (made "Tebowing, or Tebow's version of kneeling in prayer famous), as well as late-game heroics. During the 2011 season, Tim Tebow played 7 games including his OT win over the Steelers in the playoffs. On March 21, 2012, Tebow was traded by the Broncos to the New York Jets. He then played briefly for the New England Patriots in 2013 and Philadelphia Eagles in 2015. He created a gesture called "Tebowing".


title: Adrian Peterson

paragraphs: Adrian Lewis Peterson (born March 21, 1985) is an American football running back for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League. He was the 7th person drafted in the 2007 NFL Draft. He played college football at the University of Oklahoma.


title: Iceland at the Olympics

paragraphs: Iceland at the Olympics is a history which began in 1912.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Iceland was ICE. It is now ISL.

paragraphs: Iceland was first at the Olympic Games in 1912. Then they missed the next four Games. After returning in 1936, the nation has been in every Summer Olympic Games since.

paragraphs: Iceland has also been in all but one Winter Olympic Games since 1948. They were not at the 1972 Winter Games.

paragraphs: Icelandic athletes have won a total of four medals. The National Olympic Committee for Iceland was formed in 1921 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1935.


title: Auto-ethnography

paragraphs: Auto-ethnography is a method of social research whose defining characteristic is that the author links personal experience and autobiography with social, political, and cultural concepts. Its difference from ethnography is the high degree of subjectivity that is introduced to the study, and the fact that the perspective of the author shows personal involvement with the subject much more than participant observation invites.

paragraphs: From the 1970s onwards, auto-ethnography has been gaining impact and is being used more and more. However, it still constitutes an issue of controversy and is, sometimes, criticized because of its individualistic and subjective nature, which is seen as potentially undermining of its scientific credibility. That is, the author’s personal involvement with the events and society he/she describes and analyzes is sometimes considered as something that clouds his/her objectivity. It remains, however, questionable whether auto-ethnography should be judged on the same terms as traditional ethnography, as one may argue that they have different purposes altogether, and that a subjective point of view is advantageous and what auto-ethnography has to add to traditional methods.

paragraphs: The importance of culture in shaping identity

paragraphs: Culture has been in a long period of time been the biggest identification point for a lot of people and needless to say, the same applies to me. As a male individual who identifies as a black when it comes to race, I also consider myself to be an African American ethnically. Black culture will always be a part of me regardless of whether it is on the African context, African American or both. Identifying with this gives me a sense of belonging in the African American culture and community. A sense of belong bigger than family and friends in this day and age is way more important because it shades a light of your history and what you should be proud of.

paragraphs: My first in-depth understanding of culture was at the time when me and my family moved from Africa to the United states of America. My short childhood living in Africa exposed me to how people in my country truly lived their culture in their day to day endeavors. It was not until we moved from Africa to the United States that I got a good comprehension of what culture really is and a clearer understanding of what cultural and ethnic belonging is and how greatly it contributes one’s wellbeing. Cultures across the world differ in diverse ways. While cultures in one continent might have some roots of similarities, crossing over to another continent illuminates the big cultural differences that exist in the world. This was brought out in the sense of living that I witnessed in the United states which was more individualistic compared to African communities who are more collectivists. I felt a little left out in the African American culture since it lacked a strong sense of community like it was in Africa.

paragraphs: Living in my neighborhood was really tough at first because of the necessary adjustments that had to take place in terms of culture, what to do and what not to do. This did not only apply to my immediate neighborhood but also to the city I live in. Learning how people conduct themselves and living according to their norms has proven to be easier with time. The most advantageous part of my relocation was the fact that I could easily understand the language that the natives speak meaning there was no communication barrier. The neighborhood and city culture has definitely changed me into being a more open minded person and take cognizance of equality in the world across all platforms, an example respecting women and not discriminating against them on the same level as men.

paragraphs: Some of the things that define my relation with my culture are rooted in my every day practices such as the food I eat. Some of my favorite foods include Jollof rice, Mandazi and fried chicken as well as fries. I love reading books that talk about the black culture and its growth over decades, I listen to Hip-Hop music, I love watching African dances. My choice in fashion is heavily influenced by the African American trends and when it comes to art, I appreciate both African and African American art. All these things define how I relate to the two diverse culture and how I stay connected with each. They also help me know my history and give a point of identification.

paragraphs: As a male individual in the African American Society, who has been exposed to two different diverse cultures, navigating my gender roles have proven to be challenging over the time. While I agree with some things in my current cultural setting, I do not stand with other informalities that exist here. While I support the idea of having equality among all human beings, I do not agree that there should be selective service that favors women into getting jobs faster and those that are not dangerous. Equality should apply all the way. Other roles include behavior and dressing that should also apply equality.

paragraphs: Some of the gender roles that taught in the United states include standards of behavior, dressing and speaking in regards to whether one is female or male. One particular gender role that exist in the broader African American society which I have managed to navigate through is learning how to respect people’s choice of dressing and act regardless of their sex or whatever gender they choose to identify with. I have conformed to the fact that gender roles are not really defined by a person’s gender in this society, people will do what they want to do since they have the freedom to make their own choice.

paragraphs: My personal understanding of resistance in relation to both African and African American cultures would be; having to defy the norms that have been set by the society. Going against the cultural normality that exist brings up a resistance which in some cases gives rise to a new acceptable behavior. Living in Africa, sex orientations have always been limited to being male or female, in the recent past, other orientations such as being transgender are slowly coming up even though it does not sit in well with the norms of that society.

paragraphs: Living in a world where digital standards are taking over everything, a platform where people can use to fight oppression and injustice, have cropped up as well. The power of social media is offering a platform where masses of people from different locations can rally up and protest for their cultural freedoms. Some forms of oppression that people in my neighborhood go through would be racism and police brutality. The use of twitter, as an example has enabled many to fight for their rights and have their issues resolved or at least get recognized. Fighting oppression has also been witnessed through peaceful demonstrations to make sure they are taken with all the seriousness that they deserve.

paragraphs: Maréchal defines auto-ethnography as “a form or method of research that involves self-observation and reflexive investigation in the context of ethnographic field work and writing”. In the 1970s it was more simply defined as “insider ethnography”, referring to the fact that the group of study is the ethnographer’s own.

paragraphs: The most significant element that auto-ethnography introduces to the study of culture and society is the shift from a depersonalized, “seen from a vantage point” and neutrally distanced narrative to a storyline with which the audience can engage morally, aesthetically, and intellectually, and, thus, co-participate in the events described. Especially for ethnographers who use multiple informants, auto-ethnography introduces an alternative way of writing where “the distinction between ethnographer and ‘others’ is unclear”, thereby challenging “imposed identities and boundaries”.

paragraphs: However, auto-ethnographers should avoid some dangerous pitfalls that could undermine the credibility and usefulness of their work. Chang identifies the following: "(1) excessive focus on self in isolation from others; (2) overemphasis on narration rather than analysis and cultural interpretation; (3) exclusive reliance on personal memory and recalling as a data source; (4) negligence of ethical standards regarding others in self-narratives; and (5) inappropriate application of the label autoethnography".


title: Cape Girardeau, Missouri

paragraphs: Cape Girardeau is a city in eastern Missouri. It is next to the Mississippi River.


title: Homo sacer

paragraphs: Homo sacer (Latin for the ‘sacred man’ or ‘accursed man’) is a phrase taken from Roman law. It is

paragraphs: used to describe someone who is banished, and may be killed by anybody but not used in a religious killing

paragraphs: (sacrifice). Described by Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben in his book "Homo Sacer"; ‘sovereign

paragraphs: power and bare life’ as a person who is living a ‘naked life’ and is an outcast of society.

paragraphs: Someone becomes Homo Sacer by breaking a legal agreement or oath; people who

paragraphs: illegally cross the borders between countries have often been referred to and treated as Homo

paragraphs: Sacer. In Shahram Khosravi’s book "Illegal traveller" he talks about how someone

paragraphs: forced to leave their country to find a better life elsewhere can become ‘homo sacer’, which can

paragraphs: lead to a feeling of separation from the rest of society.

paragraphs: This makes the person an outlaw; they have no civil rights and lose their protection

paragraphs: from the state. They are often victims of abuse and unfair treatment both through this loss of rights


title: Ireland at the Olympics

paragraphs: Ireland has been at the Summer Olympic Games since 1924, and at the Winter Olympic Games since 1992. Before 1922, Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Irish athletes at earlier Games are counted as British in Olympic numbers.

paragraphs: The following tables include medals won by athletes on Irish teams together with one poet. All medals are from the Summer Games. Ireland's best result at the Winter Games was fourth, by Clifton Wrottesley in the Men's Skeleton in 2002 at Salt Lake City.


title: Rites of passage

paragraphs: Rites of passage are rituals performed by human beings, individually or collectively as a social group, that symbolically acknowledge the departure from one phase of life and the arrival into another.

paragraphs: All people in every society and culture experience rites of passage but, these often happen differently, for diverse reasons and, at special times depending on what society or culture the person comes from. Rites of passage celebrate and protect the person or people who are changing. They communicate shared ideas of socially expectable behavior and responsibility, and they signify the transformation from one social status (e.g. coming of age), place (e.g. crossing a national border), condition (e.g. recovering from sickness), time (e.g. celebrating the new year), to the next.

paragraphs: The French social scientist Arnold van Gennep (23 April 1873 – 7 May 1957) most famously defined the concept of rites of passage in his book "" ("The Rites of Passage"), first published in 1909. Van Gennep studied ethnographic reports from various parts of the world that described rites of passage. He concluded that they are universally structured even if the rites of passage themselves differ significantly in character between societies and cultures.

paragraphs: Rites of passage are ordered into three phases.

paragraphs: By acknowledging the various ways different societies and cultures perform rites of passage we observe cultural diversity. Learning about rites of passage cross culturally can help us to understand others and ourselves. An awareness of cultural diversity is essential to form an open-minded, tolerant and accepting view of people who are not from the same society or culture as our own.


title: Israel at the Olympics

paragraphs: Israel has been at the Olympic Games as a nation since 1952. Its National Olympic Committee was formed in 1933 during the British Mandate of Palestine. As the team represented the Jewish community, it boycotted the 1936 Games in Germany in protest of the Nazi Party's anti-Semitic policies. Israel has sent a team to each Summer Olympic Games since 1952 (except the 1980 Summer Olympics) and to each Winter Olympic Games since 1994. In 1972, 11 members of the Israeli delegation were murdered by Black September terrorists.

paragraphs: The eleven members of Israel's 1972 Olympic team killed during the Munich massacre:


title: Totemism

paragraphs: Totemism is a belief about the relationship between people and nature. The term totem comes from an Ojibwe word meaning “a relative of mine”. It was first written about in 1791 by a trader, James Long. It has been recorded across native tribes of America, Africa and Australia. It has been the subject of much research into ethnic groups. Usually, totems of a kinship group will be animals or plants. They will be represented in sacred objects and will belong exclusively to them.

paragraphs: Totemism was considered a primitive religion by many European thinkers in the 1800s. It was thought to be related to beliefs about food and incest taboos. In 1869, John Ferguson McLennan said that "there is no race of men that has not come through this primitive stage of speculative belief". Early thinkers had the idea that beliefs in totemism came from indiginous clans being uneducated about the difference between humans and animals. This is not still talked about as true in modern discussions on totemism.

paragraphs: Totem poles are carved with symbols on large trees, mostly cedar or spruce, by native northwest North American clans. Totem poles are also found in Alaska. They are not for worship, but early missionaries had them burned down. This was a mistake because the poles just tell stories about the clan they belong to. Eagles or ravens are carved at the highest level. Lower down the pole are carved beavers, foxes, bears and frogs. A carving of a person is located on top. He is the watchman, who warns about approaching danger in the village.

paragraphs: Émile Durkheim said in 1915 that totemism was just a way of thinking about groups in society. Durkheim decided this because he spent time working with Aboriginal Australian clans. Each clan had its own totem, which could be any natural feature such as animals, plants or rivers. These totems and symbols of them were worshiped and protected. This was because only as long as the totem was healthy would the clan stay healthy. Durkheim decided that the worship of the totems was a type of self-worship for the clan.

paragraphs: Claude Lévi-Strauss published "Totemism" in 1962. In this book he says that totemism is a way that humans tend to classify people into similar groups. Once a population has made rules like exogamy (marrying outside the group) it becomes important to keep the clan different from others. But humans themselves do not have different features like wolves or birds do, so giving the identity of an animal to the clan makes its member distinctly different. This makes social boundaries.


title: Italy at the Olympics

paragraphs: Italy at the Olympics is a history which includes 50 games in 23 countries and 4,000+ athletes. Since 1896, Italy (ITA) has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The Italian National Olympic Committee was formed in 1908. It was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1915.

paragraphs: Italy's team first competed at the 1896 Summer Olympics in Athens.

paragraphs: Italy has been at most of the Olympic Games, missing only the 1904 Summer Olympics. Italian athletes have won 550 medals at the Summer Olympic Games and another 106 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Italy has won a total of 236 gold medals which makes them the 5th most successful country in Olympic history, below USA, Soviet Union, Germany and Great Britain.

paragraphs: Fencer Edoardo Mangiarotti has won the most medals for Italy.


title: Neocolonialism

paragraphs: Neocolonialism is a system where empires pretend to let their colonies be free, but they continue to run them secretly. The term "neo" means "new", so it means that the system is a new version of colonialism. The word neocolonialism was carefully explained by socialists in the 1960s, who were afraid their countries wouldn't really be independent. The socialists mostly talked about the old empires controlling the politics and economy of their countries, but some people also talk about neocolonialism as a way to control culture too.

paragraphs: Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana after it became independent from the British Empire, wrote a well-known book about neocolonialism. Many people have heard of the idea because of his book. Che Guevara is another famous opponent of neocolonialism.

paragraphs: Most people who use the word neocolonialism and believe it describes the world today are socialists, anti-imperialists, and other types of leftists. Liberals and right-wing people tend to disagree with the idea of neocolonialism.


title: Latvia at the Olympics

paragraphs: Latvia was first at the Olympic Games in 1924. After the nation was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940, Latvian athletes were part of Soviet Union at the Olympics between 1952 and 1988. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and independence of Latvia in 1991, the nation returned to the Olympic Games in 1992. They have been at every Games since then.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Latvia was first formed in 1922. The current NOC is the Latvian Olympic Committee, which was recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 1991.


title: Liechtenstein at the Olympics

paragraphs: Liechtenstein at the Olympics is a history which began in 1948.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Liechtenstein was LIC. It is now LIE.

paragraphs: Liechtenstein was first at the Olympic Games in 1936. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then.

paragraphs: Athletes from Liechtenstein have won a total of nine medals, all in alpine skiing. It is the only nation to have won all of its medals at the Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Liechtenstein was formed in 1935.

paragraphs: Xaver Frick, a founding member of the country's NOC, is the only Liechtenstein athlete to have been in both the summer and winter Olympic games.


title: Lithuania at the Olympics

paragraphs: Lithuania was first in the 1924 Summer Olympics in Paris.


title: Luxembourg at the Olympics

paragraphs: Luxembourg at the Olympicsis a history which began in 1912.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Luxembourg is LUX.

paragraphs: Teams from Luxembourg have been in 28 modern Olympic Games. Luxembourg's National Olympic Committee, the Comité Olympique et Sportif Luxembourgeois, was formed in 1912. They sent their first team to the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm.

paragraphs: Luxembourg has won four Olympic medals (one gold and three silver) in its 28 Olympic appearances.

paragraphs: Luxembourg was first at the Winter Olympic Games in 1928. They have been in seven Winter Games.


title: North Macedonia at the Olympics

paragraphs: The Republic of North Macedonia was first at the Olympic Games at the 1996 Summer Olympics. They have been in every Summer Olympic Games and Winter Olympic Games since then. Until 1988 North Macedonia was part of Yugoslavia.

paragraphs: Several other athletes from the Socialist Republic of Macedonia (a constituent country of the former SFR Yugoslavia) have also won Olympic medals, competing for Yugoslavia.


title: Monaco at the Olympics

paragraphs: Albania at the Olympics is a history which began in 1920.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for Monaco is MON.

paragraphs: A team from Monaco was first at the Olympic Games in 1920. They have been in most Summer Olympic Games since then. They were not at the 1932 Games, the 1956 Games, and the 1980 Games. Monaco has also been in every Winter Olympic Games since 1984.

paragraphs: As of 2010, no athlete from Monaco has ever won an Olympic medal. Monaco has the most appearances at the Olympics (25) without winning a medal.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Monaco was formed in 1907 but not recognized by the International Olympic Committee until 1953.


title: San Marino at the Olympics

paragraphs: San Marino at the Olympics is a history of 21 games in 16 countries and 80+ athletes. Since 1960, San Marino has contributed to the growth of the "Olympic Movement".

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for San Marino was SMA. It is now SMR.

paragraphs: A team from San Marino was first at the 1960 Summer Olympics. They have been in 12 Summer Olympics and 7 Winter Olympics. The country has never won a medal.

paragraphs: Among its most successful athletes are Francesco Amici and Emanuela Felici. Both competed in shooting at the 2004 Summer Olympics and "missed out on places in the finals by the narrowest of margins".


title: Montenegro at the Olympics

paragraphs: Montenegro was at the Olympic Games for the first time as an independent nation in 2008 at the Beijing Games. Before Montenegrin athletes were part of Serbia and Montenegro in 2004 and as part of Yugoslavia before that.

paragraphs: The National Olympic Committee for Montenegro is the Montenegrin Olympic Committee. It was formed in 2006 and recognized by the International Olympic Committee in 2007.


title: Saar at the 1952 Summer Olympics

paragraphs: A National Olympic Committee of the Saarland was created in spring of 1950 in the "Saar protectorate", a part of Western Germany that was controlled in 1945 by France. As a separate team, they only took part in the 1952 Summer Olympics. The athletes of Saar joined the German team for the summer games of 1956. 36 people, 31 men and 5 women, took part in 32 events in 9 sports. The Protectorate became the German state of Saarland after 1956.

paragraphs: After World War II, the Saarland was not allowed to become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in May 1949. Its annexation by France was not allowed by the other Allies and the Atlantic charter's points 2 and 3.

paragraphs: Because local population did not want to join France, separate international organisations were created. These included the Saarland football team and in 1950 a NOC, in German called "Nationales Olympisches Komitee des Saarlandes". The region did not send athletes to Oslo for the 1952 Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: The Saarland had history of over 500 years of coal mining. They gave a miner's safety lamp in which the flame of the torch relay of the 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki could be carried safely on airplanes. At the opening ceremony, 36 athletes from the Saarland marched in front of the team of Germany. They did not win a medal. They were ranked 44th among a total of 69 teams Many other teams with no wins were all ranked 44th together.

paragraphs: The Saar treaty of October 1956 allowed the Saarland to rejoin Germany as of 1 January 1957.

paragraphs: Although it was possible, no separate Saarland teams were sent to the 1956 games. A United Team of Germany that included athletes of all three German states took part in the Olympics that year. 1952 was the only Olympic appearance of the Saarland as a separate team. The "Olympic Committee of the Saarland" ended in February 1957 and its members became part of the German NOC.


title: Netherlands at the Olympics

paragraphs: Netherlands at the Olympics is a history which began in 1900.

paragraphs: The International Olympic Committee's official abbreviation for the Netherlands was NLD. It is now NED.

paragraphs: The Netherlands sent athletes to the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900. They have taken part in almost all Games since then. In 1956, the nation boycotted the Games in Melbourne as a protest against the Soviet invasion in Hungary just a few weeks before the Games. They did have one person take part in the Equestrian events that were held in Stockholm a few months before the rest of the Games.

paragraphs: The Netherlands hosted the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. The Netherlands want to host the 2028 Summer Olympics in either Amsterdam or Rotterdam, as a 100 year celebration of the 1928 Games.

paragraphs: Before to the 1992 Olympics, the country name was "Holland" with the country code of "HOL". From the 1992 onward, they have used the "Netherlands" and "NED".

paragraphs: Dutch athletes have won 246 medals at the Summer Olympic Games. They have won the most of their medals in swimming and cycling. The nation has won 86 medals at the Winter Olympic Games. Eighty-two of these medals have come from speed skating.

paragraphs: The Netherlands Antilles, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands), left the Netherlands in 2010. This caused the Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee (NAOC) to lose its Olympic license in July, 2011. After the 2012 Olympic Games in London, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles can choose to be a member of the team for the Netherlands or Aruba, which is a semi-independent part of the kingdom of the Netherlands. At the 2012 Games, athletes from the Netherlands Antilles will be a part of the unified Olympic team under the IOC flag. Some athletes have said that they want to be a part of either the Netherlands or Aruba in London.