title: Doom engine

paragraphs: The Doom engine, sometimes called ID Tech 1, is the computer code behind the video game Doom. It is also used by several other games, including Doom 2 (but not Doom 3, which has its own engine). Heavily modified versions of the Doom engine are used in Heretic, Hexen, and Strife.

paragraphs: The Doom engine uses a technique called binary space partitioning to represent 3D levels in a way that a computer can process quickly. It is written mostly in C. The source code has been released for free under the GNU General Public License. Many Doom fans have made their own modified versions called source ports. Source ports often add new features and fix problems in the original engine. Popular source ports include Boom, PrBoom, PrBoom+, Zdoom, and Chocolate Doom.

paragraphs: The Doom engine represents levels internally using structures called linedefs, sidedefs, sectors, verticies, and things (meaning monsters, items, decorations, etc.). The doom engine reads levels and other data from a file called a WAD.

paragraphs: The Doom engine renders levels entirely on the CPU, not the video card, as most video cards at the time (1993) did not have 3D acceleration. This required very efficient algorithms to make the game work on the slow computers of the time.

paragraphs: The Doom engine has been made available for more types of computers than any other first person shooter engine. It is easy for a programmer to make it work on a new type of computer because it is written in C and it uses very few system resources, allowing it to run on handheld computers and computers without a 3D accelerator.


title: Sociolinguistics

paragraphs: Sociolinguistics is the study of how language is related to society. It also studies how people affect language usage. Sociolinguistics studies how variety in language changes between groups of people because of things such as race, gender, status, age, etc.

paragraphs: Indian and Japanese linguists first studied the social parts of language in the 1930s. Louis Gauchat in Switzerland also studied this in the early 1900s. However, none of them were known in the West until much later. The study of why s started during the late 1900's in the wave model. was the first person to us the word "sociolinguistics". It was in an article he wrote in 1939 called "Sociolinguistics in India". This was printed in a magazine called "Man in India". Sociolinguistics in the West first came in the 1960s. It was pushed forward by linguists such as (in the US) and (in the UK). In the 1960s, and introduced the simple ideas for the concept of . This explains how varieties are different between countries (e.g. /// ""; // ""; /// "").

paragraphs: For example, a sociolinguist might research how a particular variety of language () would not be considered correct in a business place. Sociolinguists might also study the , , and of this sociolect. Similarly, would study the same things for a .

paragraphs: The study of language focuses on how language changes with social pressure and when in a specific . is a word used to explain the language changes in new environments.

paragraphs: William Labov is often thought of as the most important person who studies sociolinguistics. He is especially known for introducing a way to measure language variation and change. This made the study of language into a scientific area of study.


title: J. G. Ballard

paragraphs: James Graham Ballard (often "Jim"; 15 November 1930 – 19 April 2009) was an English novelist, short story writer, and important member of the New Wave movement in science fiction. His best-known books are "Crash" (1973) and "Empire of the Sun" (1984).

paragraphs: Ballard's father was a chemist at a company called the Calico Printers Association. The company was based in Manchester and made cloth. Ballard was born and raised in the Shanghai International Settlement, an area under foreign control where people "lived an American style of life". He went to the Cathedral School in Shanghai. After the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War, Ballard's family temporarily left their suburban home and rented a house in downtown Shanghai to avoid the shells fired by Chinese and Japanese forces.

paragraphs: After the Pearl Harbor attack, the Japanese occupied the International Settlement. In early 1943 they began interning Allied civilians. Ballard was sent to the Lunghua Civilian Assembly Center with his parents and younger sister. He spent over two years in the internment camp. His family lived in a small area in G block, a two-story residence for 40 families. He went to school in the camp.

paragraphs: Many think that Ballard's exposure to the atrocities of war at a young age explains the conflicts and violence in much of his fiction.

paragraphs: In 1946, after the end of the war, his mother returned to England with Ballard and his sister on the SS "Arrawa". They in Plymouth, and he attended The Leys School in Cambridge. After a couple of years his mother and sister returned to China, rejoining Ballard's father. Ballard went to live with his grandparents when he was not at boarding school. In 1949 he went on to study medicine at King's College, Cambridge and planned to become a psychiatrist.

paragraphs: At university, Ballard was writing avant-garde fiction heavily influenced by psychoanalysis and surrealist painters. At this time, he wanted to become a writer as well as pursue a medical career. Ballard stopped his medical studies, and in 1952 he enrolled at Queen Mary, University of London to read English Literature. However, he was asked to leave at the end of the year. Ballard then worked for an advertising agency and as an encyclopedia salesman. He kept writing short fiction but did not get published.

paragraphs: In 1953 Ballard joined the Royal Air Force and was sent to the RCAF flight-training base in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan, Canada. He left the RAF in 1954 after two years and returned to England. In 1955 he married Helen Mary Matthews and they lived in Chiswick.

paragraphs: Ballard published several novels and short-story collections during the seventies and eighties. However, he only became popular in the mainstream with his novel "Empire of the Sun" in 1984. This novel was based on his years in Shanghai and in an internment camp. It became a bestseller,

paragraphs: Ballard continued to write until the end of his life. He died of prostate cancer in London.

paragraphs: Bruce Sterling called Ballard is an important writer leading to cyberpunk in the introduction to the "Mirrorshades" anthology.

paragraphs: Jean Baudrillard praised "Crash" as the first great novel of the universe of simulation in "Simulacra and Simulation"

paragraphs: Ballard was interested in the relationship between different media. He was one of the trustees of the Institute for Research in Art and Technology in the early 1970s.


title: Indian cormorant

paragraphs: The Indian cormorant or Indian shag ("Phalacrocorax fuscicollis") is a member of the cormorant family. It is found mainly along the inland waters of the Indian Subcontinent but extending west to Sindh (S Pakistan) and east to Thailand and Cambodia. It is a gregarious species that can be easily distinguished from the similar sized Little cormorant by its blue eye, small head with a sloping forehead and a long narrow bill ending in a hooked tip.


title: Oriental Darter

paragraphs: The Oriental Darter or Indian Darter ("Anhinga melanogaster"), sometimes called Snakebird, is a water bird of tropical South Asia and Southeast Asia.


title: Charades

paragraphs: Charades or charade ( or ) is a word guessing game. A player acts out a word or phrase and the other players attempt to guess what the word or phrase is in a certain amount of time. The person who is acting usually pantomimes similar sounding words. The game has also been adapted into television shows like Acting Crazy, Party Game, Give Us a Clue, Body Language and Celebrity Charades.


title: Aestivation

paragraphs: Aestivation, also spelled estivation in the USA, is a state of animal dormancy.

paragraphs: It is somewhat similar to hibernation. The animals are inactive and have a lowered metabolic rate. The state is entered in response to high temperatures and dry conditions. Lungfish have been doing this since the Devonian period. It takes place during times of heat and dryness, the hot dry season, which is often but not necessarily the summer months. A wide range of animals aestivate, including the Nile crocodile and many snails and lady beetles.

paragraphs: Invertebrate and vertebrate animals are known to enter this state to avoid damage from high temperatures and the risk of drying out. Both land- and water-living animals can undergo aestivation.


title: Dormancy

paragraphs: Dormancy is a period in an organism's life cycle when growth, development, and (in animals) physical activity are temporarily stopped. This minimizes metabolic activity and therefore helps an organism to conserve energy. Dormancy tends to be closely associated with environmental conditions. Organisms can synchronize entry to a dormant phase with their environment through predictive or consequential means.

paragraphs: Predictive dormancy occurs when an organism enters a dormant phase "before" the onset of adverse conditions. For example, day length and decreasing temperature are used by many plants as triggers to start dormancy before the onset of winter.

paragraphs: Consequential dormancy occurs when organisms enter a dormant phase "after" adverse conditions arise. This is often found in areas with an unpredictable climate. Sudden changes in conditions may lead to a high mortality rate among animals relying on consequential dormancy. On the other hand, its use can be advantageous, as organisms remain active longer and are able to make greater use of available resources.

paragraphs: A seed, though not active, is a tiny living thing. It contains the embryo of the future plant, which is not changing or developing: it is "dormant". The common idea is that the seed "sleeps" until it gets what it needs to wake up. That is not correct. Different seeds have different habits, no doubt adapted to their habitat. There are different kinds of resting stages in seeds:

paragraphs: When a seed germinates ("wakes up"), it begins to grow into a little plant called a "seedling". It uses the soft fleshy material inside the seed for nutrients (food) until it is ready to make food on its own using sunlight, water and air.

paragraphs: Most seeds germinate underground where there is no sunlight. The plant does not need the nutrients in soil for a few days or weeks, because the seed has all the things it needs to grow. Later, though, it will begin to need sunlight. If there is sunlight, the plant will use it to grow healthy. If there is no light, the plant will still grow for a while, but its plastids will not mature: the chlorophyll does not turn green. If the plant does not get enough light, it will eventually die. It needs light to make food for itself when the reserve in the seed runs out.


title: Wedding officiant

paragraphs: A wedding officiant is a person who is allowed by the government to perform weddings. This person may be a civil servant, or they may hold a religious position (for example, a priest or a rabbi). In some countries, certain religious officials are automatically allowed to perform weddings. In other countries, they must first ask permission from the government.

paragraphs: Wedding officiants who work for the government must often follow special rules, that others do not have to follow. For example, the government might not allow them to refuse to perform a wedding, if the people who want to get married are allowed to by the law.

paragraphs: Some countries allow anyone, not just civil servants or religious officials, to become wedding officiants temporarily. A temporary wedding officiant is usually allowed to carry out only one specific wedding that they asked permission for. If they want to perform another one, they have to ask the government for permission again.


title: Masked booby

paragraphs: The masked booby, "Sula dactylatra", is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.

paragraphs: These birds often fight each other for certain types of fish. Many adults will create a flock of their own to take down a school of fish but many boobies hunt alone so their catch is not stolen by the other birds in the area.

paragraphs: They are often mistaken for the common seagull due to the primary white color on its feathers.

paragraphs: The masked booby nests in small colonies. It lays two chalky white eggs on sandy beaches in shallow depressions, which are incubated by both adults for 45 days.

paragraphs: In most cases, the first chick will kill its smaller, weaker sibling after it hatches. Siblicide is what it is called. Research shows that the boobies can feed two chicks, but they do so at a cost to health and future reproductive success.

paragraphs: Compared to other species of boobies such as the blue-footed booby, siblicide always happens in the masked booby. One reason is because the masked boobies build very shallow flat nests, so older chicks can expel their younger siblings with relative ease. Blue-footed booby parents, meanwhile, build nests with steeper sides, thus preventing some older chicks from engaging in siblicidal behaviour.


title: Great cormorant

paragraphs: The great cormorant "(Phalacrocorax carbo)", is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds. It is a large black bird which breeds in much of the Old World and the Atlantic coast of North America. There is a lot of in its size in different parts of the world.Weight is reported to vary from to .


title: Little cormorant

paragraphs: The little cormorant ("Microcarbo niger") is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.


title: Pygmy cormorant

paragraphs: The pygmy cormorant ("Microcarbo pygmaeus") is a member of the cormorant family of seabirds.


title: Biographical movie

paragraphs: A biographical film or biopic is a movie about a particular person or group of people, based on events that actually happened. These may present the events as they actually happened, or may stretch and adjust the truth for other purposes.

paragraphs: Biographical movies often single out the most important events of the lives involved to focus on. They may also cross over between genres, such as drama, comedy and action.


title: Joplin, Missouri

paragraphs: Joplin is a city in Jasper County Missouri. In 2011, about 25% of the city was destroyed by an EF5 tornado.


title: Bonsai Kitten

paragraphs: Bonsai Kitten was a satirical website which claimed that you could make a "shaped" cat by putting a kitten in a jar and letting it grow into the shape of the jar. It was named after bonsai, a Japanese art in which trees are shaped. The site was made by a university student with the nickname "Dr. Michael Wong Chang". The site claimed that many different shapes and "containment vessels" are possible, including a cube, a sphere, a wire cage, and even a Klein bottle. Supposedly, the kittens are force-fed through a tube, and the kitten's anus is sealed with super glue.


title: Grey heron

paragraphs: The grey heron is a bird that lives in temperate parts of Europe, Asia and also parts of Africa. It has long legs and walks through shallow water looking for food. The bird's scientific name is "Ardea cinerea".


title: Goliath heron

paragraphs: The Goliath heron ("Ardea goliath") is a large wading bird of the heron family Ardeidae. It is found in sub-Saharan Africa, with smaller numbers in Southwest Asia and South Asia.


title: Purple Heron

paragraphs: The Purple Heron is a kind of bird. It has long legs and walk through shallow water looking for food. Is breeding in Africa, central and southern Europe, and southern and eastern Asia. The bird's scientific name is "Ardea purpurea".


title: Striated Heron

paragraphs: The Striated Heron, "Butorides striata", also known as Mangrove Heron, Little Heron or Green-backed Heron, is a small heron.


title: Nauplius

paragraphs: A nauplius (plural: "nauplii") is the first larval form of most crustacea. It develops from the egg, and may be followed by later stages before the adult form is reached. In some groups there can be as many as nine larval stages. Sometimes the nauplius stage is passed through in the egg, and then a later stage emerges from the egg.


title: Arnold Skaaland

paragraphs: Arnold Skaaland (January 21, 1925 – March 13, 2007) was an American professional wrestler and professional wrestling manager who was best known for wrestling and managing with the World Wide Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Federation. He was nicknamed "The Golden Boy". During his managing career, he managed Bob Backlund, Tony Parisi, Bruno Sammartino and Rick McGraw. He was inducted into the WWF Hall of Fame in 1994 by Bob Backlund.

paragraphs: Skaaland held many championships during his professional wrestling career:


title: Fiat Duna

paragraphs: The Fiat Duna is a automobile produced by Fiat between 1987 and 2000. It is a sedan and station wagon version of the Fiat Uno.


title: Night of Champions (2011)

paragraphs: Night of Champions (2011) was a professional wrestling event that was done by WWE. It happened on September 18th, 2011 at the First Niagra Centre in Buffalo, New York. It was the 4th Annual Night of Champions event, and the 11th overall. Seven matches were played.


title: 2010–11 NHL season

paragraphs: The 2010–11 NHL season was the 94th season of operation (93rd season of play) of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: The Vancouver Canucks placed first overall, winning the Presidents' Trophy and home advantage throughout the playoffs. The Washington Capitals placed first in the Eastern Conference, earning home advantage in Eastern Conference playoffs.

paragraphs: "Note:" Bolded teams qualified for the playoffs.

paragraphs: Under NHL rules, first-place teams in each division receive a conference ranking between 1 and 3 regardless of overall points. The Pittsburgh Penguins placed fourth yet had more points than the Boston Bruins, but the Bruins placed first in the Northeast Division to get the third-place ranking.

paragraphs: The 2011 playoffs started on Wednesday, April 13, 2011, and ended with the seventh game of the Stanley Cup Final on Wednesday, June 15, 2011.

paragraphs: In each round, the highest remaining seed in each conference is matched against the lowest remaining seed. The higher-seeded team is awarded home ice advantage. In the Stanley Cup Final series, home ice is determined based on regular season points. Each best-of-seven series follows a 2–2–1–1–1 format: the higher-seeded team plays at home for games one and two (plus five and seven if necessary), and the lower-seeded team is at home for games three and four (and if necessary, game six).

paragraphs: The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the regular season.

paragraphs: "GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/– = Plus-minus; PIM = Penalty minutes"

paragraphs: The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 1800 minutes.

paragraphs: "GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average"


title: Dorothée Pousséo

paragraphs: Dorothée Pousséo (born on February 13, 1979 in Paris, France) is a French voice actress.

paragraphs: She is known for being the official French voice of actresses such as Margot Robbie, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, Brittany Murphy; as well as cartoon characters like Diane in "Martin Mystery", Dee Dee in "Dexter's Laboratory", and Mandy in "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy".

paragraphs: Pousséo started acting when she was 8 years old, when she appeared in the play "Le Malade Imaginaire" with French actor Michel Bouquet.


title: Parallel universe

paragraphs: A parallel universe is a universe that is different from the observable universe. This may be due to time travel or other things.


title: Teen Wolf (2011 TV series)

paragraphs: Teen Wolf is an American TV series. It airs on MTV and in reruns on TeenNick. Season 5 is airing June of 2015.

paragraphs: Teen Wolf is about Scott McCall, who is bitten by a werewolf in the pilot. He falls in love with Allison Argent, whose family are werewolf hunters. Teaming up with his best friend, Stiles, Scott must learn to deal with being a werewolf while at high school and encountering many different obstacles and beasts.


title: Odessa, Texas

paragraphs: Odessa is a city in Texas. Odessa had 99,940 people at the 2010 census.


title: Mission, Texas

paragraphs: Mission is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. 77,058 people lived there at the 2010 census.


title: McAllen, Texas

paragraphs: McAllen is a city in Hidalgo County, Texas. As of the 2010 census 129,877 people lived there. It ranks #22nd as the most populous city in Texas.


title: Municipal corporation

paragraphs: A municipal corporation is a term used by the local government. An incorporated town is able to create its own laws. These laws are in addition to the laws of the country, province, or state where the town is located.

paragraphs: Municipal corporation happens when an urban neighborhood becomes a self-governing entity under state laws. After this event, an award or declaration is presented by the municipal charter.

paragraphs: A municipal charters is a legal paper that establishes municipality; such as a city or town. This was created in Europe during the Middle Ages time. With a municipal charter, the new towns or cities are given rights.

paragraphs: In Canada, charters are given by the provincial authorities.

paragraphs: In Germany, the municipal charters have existed since the Medieval Times.

paragraphs: In India the municipal corporation has a local government that is in charge of a city population that has 200,000 people or more. Because of the panchayati raj system, the city government has to discuss with the state government. Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad have the biggest municipal corporations. Members are chosen from the wards of the city. The municipal corporations are responsible for roads, public transportation, water supply, records of births and deaths, sanitation that includes waste management, sewage, drainage and flood control, public safety services like fire and ambulance services, gardens and maintenance of buildings. Taxes is where the municipal corporations get their money from to fix problems in their cities.

paragraphs: In Ireland municipal corporations have been in Ireland since the Medieval Times. In Dublin, the municipal corporation have been there since the 13th century.

paragraphs: In Durban the municipal corporation was called the "Durban Corporation".

paragraphs: In Sweden, cities were made by the royal charter until 1951.

paragraphs: In the Philippines, cities are made by the laws enacted by a lot of national legislatures.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom, cities are made by the royal letter patent.

paragraphs: In the United States, cities are made by the municipal charters. This is usually followed by a referendum vote.


title: Hunico

paragraphs: Jorge Arias (born September 5, 1977) is a Mexican American professional wrestler. He currently works for the WWE. He is currently portraying the Sin Cara character. He was formerly known by the ring name Hunico. Before working with WWE, Arias was better known under the ring name Incognito. He mainly worked for the Asistencia Asesoría y Administración (AAA) in Mexico and Chikara in the United States. Arias first wrestled under the name "Místico"

paragraphs: Incognito is perhaps best known in the USA for being a member of Team Mexico along with Puma, Magno, and Shocker during Total Nonstop Action Wrestling's 2006 World X-Cup Tournament. Team Mexico finished in 3rd place with Team USA in 1st place, Team Canada in 2nd place, and Team Japan in last place. As well as his career in Mexico working for AAA, he is also known for competing in Chikara, where he won both the 2008 King of Trios (alongside El Pantera and Lince Dorado) and the 2008 Rey de Voladores tournament.


title: Lucky Cannon

paragraphs: Jonathan David "Jon" Emminger is an American professional wrestler better known by the ring names Johnny Prime and Lucky Cannon. He is best known for working with the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), where he appeared on "NXT" as Lucky Cannon and in their developmental territory, Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) as Johnny Prime.

paragraphs: On June 1, 2010, it was announced that Emminger would be participating in the second season of "NXT", under the name "Lucky Cannon", with Mark Henry as his mentor.

paragraphs: He was released from his WWE contract on August 8, 2011.


title: Orlando Cole

paragraphs: Orlando Cole (August 16, 1908 – January 25, 2010) was a cello teacher who had taught soloists and first cellists in a dozen leading orchestras. Among them are Lynn Harrell, David Cole, Ron Leonard, Owen Carman, Daniel Lee, Lorne Munroe, and Marcie Rosen. He had held master-classes all over the world and continued his seventy-five year teaching career at the Curtis Institute and Temple University with his assistant Metta Watts.


title: Edwin G. Krebs

paragraphs: Dr. Edwin G. Krebs (June 6, 1918 – December 21, 2009) was an American biochemist. He and Edmond H. Fischer were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1992 for describing how reversible phosphorylation works as a switch to activate proteins and control different cellular processes.


title: Joseph L. Goldstein

paragraphs: Joseph L. Goldstein (b. April 18, 1940) is a biochemist and geneticist of Jewish descent. He is from Kingstree, South Carolina. He was given the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (together with Michael S. Brown) for his research on the metabolism of LDL.


title: International human rights law

paragraphs: International human rights law is a series of the international laws on human rights. International human rights law is based upon the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and Charter of the United Nations that declare human dignity and rights of all human being on the earth. Its fundamental philosophy and aim are to prevent war and keep world peace on the earth, with the idea of rule of law.

paragraphs: United Nations has adopted Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 to affirm all human rights. To give authority to it by international law, United Nations has adopted International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights for civil rights in 1966. Those treaties are to ensure more in detail the contents of human rights and often called "International Human Rights Bill" together with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

paragraphs: Further, the United Nations has adopted treaties on human rights to fortify or supply them. as follow:

paragraphs: And also United Nations has made United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights accoding to the Vienna Declaration and the Yogyakarta Principles for LGBT rights by International Commission of Jurists and approved by the United Nations Human Rights Council in 2006.

paragraphs: Council of Europe had adopted the European Convention on Human Rights in 1951 to ensure human rights according to Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights is made by this Convention to realize human rights in the member countries of Council of Europe with legal force.

paragraphs: As well, the Organization of American States has adopted the American Convention on Human Rights in 1969 and the African Union has adopted the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights in 1981. Those Organizations also have their own Human Rights Court to ensure human rights affirmed in the Convention or Chater.


title: Genocide Convention

paragraphs: The Genocide Convention (formally Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide) is a treaty of the international human rights law on genocide created on 9 December 1948 by United Nations. This is to prevent all form of genocide and its incitation and to show how the actors of those must be punished.

paragraphs: This Convention protects all ethnic groups and races of any kind of religions.

paragraphs: Now actor of genocide written in this Convention will be judged by the International Criminal Court but there are some countries which do not ratify this Convention and international law on Internationl Criminal Court.


title: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift

paragraphs: The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift is an 2006 action street racing movie that was produced by Neal H. Moritz and was directed by Justin Lin. "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift" was released on June 16, 2006 in North America. It is the third movie in "The Fast and the Furious" movie series. The movie received mixed reviews with a 34% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 46 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Michael Madsen

paragraphs: Michael Søren Madsen (born September 25, 1957) is an American actor, poet and photographer. He has been in most movies and television series, including "Reservoir Dogs", "Free Willy", "Donnie Brasco", "Kill Bill" and "Sin City". Madsen is also the voice actor for video games, including "Grand Theft Auto III", "" and "DRIV3R".

paragraphs: Madsen was born in Chicago, the son of Elaine (née Melson), an Emmy-winning poet, television producer and playwright, who often works for PBS, and Calvin Madsen, a firefighter. Madsen's mother left a career in corporate business to start a writing career. Madsen's paternal grandparents were Danish and his mother has Irish and Native American ancestry. He has two sisters, Virginia Madsen and Cheri. He began acting at the Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, where he served as an apprentice under actor John Malkovich. Madsen is a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother 2012 (UK).


title: Chris Penn

paragraphs: Christopher Shannon "Chris" Penn (October 10, 1965 – January 24, 2006) was an American movie and television actor. he is known for being in movies such as " The Wild Life", "Reservoir Dogs", "Footloose", "Rush Hour", "True Romance", "All the Right Moves" and "Pale Rider".

paragraphs: Penn was born in Los Angeles, California, the youngest son of Leo Penn, an actor and director, and Eileen Ryan (née Annucci), an actress. His paternal grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Lithuania and Russia, and his mother was a Roman Catholic of Italian and Irish descent. According to Penn's mother, Leo Penn may have had distant Spanish ancestry, as the family's surname was originally "Piñón". His brothers are actor Sean Penn and musician Michael Penn.


title: St. John's IceCaps

paragraphs: The St. John's IcedCapps are an American Hockey League (AHL) team based in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. Previously the team was the Manitoba Moose and played in Winnipeg, Manitoba.


title: Lawrence Bender

paragraphs: Lawrence Bender (born October 17, 1957) is an American movie producer. He became famous when he was the producer of "Reservoir Dogs" in 1992. He has produced all of Quentin Tarantino's movies except "Death Proof".

paragraphs: In the 1980s, he worked as a grip on the series "Tales from the Darkside". In 1989, he produced the movie "Intruder", in which leading roles are Sam Raimi and Bruce Campbell. He has also been the producer on many other successful movies including "Good Will Hunting", "The Mexican", the 2007 Academy Award winning movie "An Inconvenient Truth", "Kill Bill", "Pulp Fiction", and the "From Dusk Till Dawn" trilogy. He was an executive producer of the "Legend of Earthsea" TV miniseries.

paragraphs: Bender makes cameo appearance in many of the movies he produces: he was a police officer chasing Mr. Pink in "Reservoir Dogs", a guest billed as a "long-haired yuppie scum" in both "Pulp Fiction" and "Four Rooms" and a hotel clerk in "Kill Bill Volume 2".

paragraphs: Since May 2005 Bender has been a blogger at The Huffington Post. He now works in Hollywood running the day-to-day operations of his own production company, Lawrence Bender Productions. Bender has been working with Nine Inch Nails' Trent Reznor to create a television TV series based on the 2007 album "Year Zero".


title: The Cider House Rules (movie)

paragraphs: The Cider House Rules is a 1999 American drama movie. It is set in Maine and was produced by Richard N. Gladstein, Bob Weinstein and Harvey Weinstein and was directed by Lasse Hallström. "The Cider House Rules" was released on December 17, 1999 in North America. The movie is based on the novel of the same name written by John Irving. The movie received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 75 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie won "Best Adapted Screenplay" and Michael Caine won "Best Actor in a Supporting Role" at the 72nd Academy Awards.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 6)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club (season 6) is the sixth season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on January 10, 2011.

paragraphs: The season had beat ratings from the previous season. Season six also had a lot of conflicts. Some people in the area, complained to local police that the girls were screaming all night club. They also stated that their children heard curse words coming from them. Season 6 was filmed in Hollywood, California. Perez Hilton hosted the reunion specials. Guinness Book of World Records named their creed as "the tallest creed in history". In this season, there were a high number of "replacements". The season was nominated for "Favorite Reality-Show Guilty Pleasure" at the iVillage Entertainment Awards.


title: Convention against Torture

paragraphs: Convention against Torture is a treaty of international human rights law created by United Nations on December 10 1984 that prohibits all kind of torture, any cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment or treatment harming the person's dignity. The Convention entered into force on 26 June 1987.

paragraphs: The Convention also has the optional protocol that enables national or international organization for human rights investigators to research the prisons in a country that ratifies the protocol for knowing if any torture or inhuman treatments or punishments prohibited by the Convention are done.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 5)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club (season 5) (or "Bad Girls Club:Miami") was the fifth season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on August 3, 2010.

paragraphs: Season five's debut episode had beat the previous season. It was watched by 1.34 million people. It became the #1 program for women 18-34. The season also outperformed CBS and ABC. It was declared as the "most watched" in Oxygen history. Filming was done in Maimi, Florida and South Beach, Florida. Season five also had a high number of replacement "bad girls". After the show, Lea starred in (season 2).


title: Flow (psychology)

paragraphs: Flow is a term used in psychology to mean the mental state of a person completely immersed in an activity. It is an altered state of consciousness. The person is fully focused, performing actively and successfully. The situation is widely recognised by phrases like "in the zone", "in the bubble", "on the ball", "in the moment", "wired in", "in the groove". The performer almost loses touch with their surroundings: phrases like "lost to the world" reflect this mental absorption.

paragraphs: The term "flow" was given to this experience by a psychologist, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. He said it was completely focused motivation. The hallmark of flow is a feeling of spontaneous joy, even rapture, while performing a task. Flow is also described as a deep focus on nothing but the activity – not even oneself or one's emotions.

paragraphs: Csíkszentmihályi identifies the following ten factors as accompanying an experience of flow:

paragraphs: Not all are needed for flow to be experienced.

paragraphs: Flow operates on both physical and mental tasks. It applies to dance, football, chess and many other areas where people perform tasks in well-defined competitive situations, but also in art where the situation may be much more open. Evidence about flow comes from interviews with people after various types of performance. Efforts are being made to develop ways of enhancing flow for personal and commercial benefit.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 4)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club 4 was the fourth season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on December 1, 2009.

paragraphs: Season 4 became the "breakthrough season" for "The Bad Girls Club". The episode "Go With The Flo" had 2.27 million views. Season 4 had the highest ratings in the history of the show. After the show, Natalie Nunn had a conflict with Chris Brown and Rihanna. Nunn stated some comments that angered fans of the show. At the reunion show, she said that she does not believe in domestic violence. She made her apologies. After the reunion, Nunn and Kendra have starred in . This season also had the highest number of celebrity appearances.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 3)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club (season 3) is the third season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on December 2, 2008.

paragraphs: Season 3 was the first season to have one million views. It had beat the records from the second season and first season. Perez Hilton hosted the reunion special. After the show, the Ambers and Sarah competed on . They had done a pilot for their show called "The Amber Show". Oxygen did not pick it up. This was the first season to have the girls on vacation. This was also the first season to have 60 minute episodes.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 2)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club season 2 is the second season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on December 4, 2007.

paragraphs: Season 2 had an average of 600,000 viewers per episode. The first season had 330,000 viewers per episode. The second season reunion was hosted by Star Jones. After the show, Tanisha Thomas became the host for . She also had done a lot of talk shows. She is regarded as the "godmother of the Bad Girls". She also had done two talk shows for the Bad Girls Club. She later married in early 2011. Hanna started acting on broadway after the show. This was the last time 30 minute episodes would air.


title: The Bad Girls Club (season 1)

paragraphs: The Bad Girls Club (season 1) was the first season of "The Bad Girls Club". It aired on Oxygen on December 5, 2006.

paragraphs: The first season had on average of 300,000 viewers per episode. This record was later beat in the second season. The show became the "most watched" show on Oxygen history until season two aired. Kerry Harick became a successful country singer. Some of her songs appeared on "Billboard". This is the first season to have a lot of replacements. The reunion show was taped inside the house.


title: Halifax Mooseheads

paragraphs: The Halifax Mooseheads are a Canadian ice hockey team. They began playing in 1994. The team currently plays in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). They play their home games in Halifax, Nova Scotia at the Halifax Metro Centre.


title: Johnathan Aitken

paragraphs: Johnathan James Aitken (born May 24, 1978) is a Canadian retired ice hockey defenceman. Aitken was drafted 8th overall in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Boston Bruins and played three games for them. For the 2000–01 season joined HC Sparta Praha in the Czech Republic. He returned to North America after only a year, and made it back to the NHL during the 2003–04 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, playing 41 games. Afterwards he headed to the Austrian Hockey League for Klagenfurt AC for the 2006–07 season before retiring from hockey.


title: Ray Allison

paragraphs: Raymond Peter Allison (born March 4, 1959) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey forward who played 7 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Hartford Whalers and Philadelphia Flyers.

paragraphs: Following his junior career, Allison became the first draft pick in the history of the Hartford Whalers franchise. A year later, Allison was traded in a ten player trade to the Philadelphia Flyers. There he would develop into a scoring forward but suffered a broken ankle during the 1982–83 season. He never regained a regular spot on the Flyers roster, and played his last few seasons in the AHL and Swiss leagues.


title: Edifício Copan

paragraphs: Edifício Copan is a skyscraper in São Paulo, Brazil. It is 140 meters (460 feet) tall and has 38 floors. It was built in 1966. The building was designed by Oscar Niemeyer.


title: UEFA Euro 2012 qualifying Group A

paragraphs: This page shows the results for Group A of the UEFA Euro 2012 qualification. Germany qualified, and the Turkey went to the playoffs, which in the end they did not qualify. Germany did not lose a single game, with a record of 10 wins. The top scorer of the group was Miroslav Klose (Germany) with 9 goals.


title: UEFA Euro 2012

paragraphs: The UEFA Euro 2012 was the 14th UEFA European Football Championship tournament. Its formal name was "2012 UEFA European Football Championship". It was held in 8 June to 1 July. All the European football teams could compete. In general the contet of match was more higher than FIFA World Cup. The defending champion was Spain. The tournament was hosted in Poland and Ukraine. 16 teams were qualified for the final group stage. The winner of competition qualifies for the FIFA Confederations Cup.

paragraphs: 51 teams wanted to join the Euro 2012, so UEFA organized the teams into 9 groups. Qualification began on August 2010 and ended on November 2011. The following teams qualified:

paragraphs: There were 8 stadiums in 8 host cities. The host cities were Warsaw, Gdańsk, Wrocław, Poznań, Kyiv, Lviv, Donetsk and Kharkiv. The Euro 2012 allowed new stadiums to be built. Six of the eight stadiums are either completely new, or greatly improved. Below is a table that will show what stadiums are being used, and in which cities.

paragraphs: "Greece were placed above Russia based on their head-to-head record (1-0)."

paragraphs: "The Czech Republic became the first team to win a European Championship group with a negative goal difference"

paragraphs: "Ukraine was placed on top of Sweden, because of their previous match against each other (2 – 1)"


title: Private property

paragraphs: Private property is a concept used in law, which is defined as a certain type of thing which is owned and controlled by an individual or a group separate from the state. Private property differs from public property, where such property belongs to all. That way, a person may own a car, but the park in the city is only administered by the city, and belongs to all people (or to no one at all).

paragraphs: Different schools of thought have different ideas of how private property should be handled.

paragraphs: For instance, according to capitalism, private property is needed so that a society can work as it should. That way, trade can only be done using private property. As a secondary example, private property in Marxist theory refers to the means of production, such as mines, factories, burger joints, and so on. These are things communists want to be democratically owned by workers. This is different from personal property, such as a toothbrush.


title: Radiata

paragraphs: The Radiata is a superphylum which includes both the echinoderms and the ctenophores. It is not part of the usual classification system, and is not used by all biologists.

paragraphs: The group includes the radially symmetric animals of the Eumetazoa. The echinoderms, however, are members of the Bilateria, because they exhibit bilateral symmetry in their developing stages. Their radial symmetry is secondary.

paragraphs: Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 1983 defined a subkingdom called Radiata consisting of the phyla Porifera, Myxozoa, Placozoa, Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata, that is, all the animals that are not in Bilateria.

paragraphs: The "Five Kingdom" classification of Lynn Margulis and K.V. Schwartz keeps only Cnidaria and Ctenophora in Radiata.

paragraphs: Cladistic classifications do not recognize Radiata as a clade. The radiata, in this sense, are diploblastic, meaning they have two primary germ layers: endoderm and ectoderm. Cavalier-Smith's use of the term Radiata includes animals with a single germ layer such as sponges.

paragraphs: Although radial symmetry is usually given as a defining characteristic of radiates, a few members of the class Anthozoa, which are now considered as the most basal and oldest group of cnidarians, are actually bilaterally symmetric.

paragraphs: Newer research strongly indicates that bilateral symmetry evolved before the split between Cnidaria and Bilateria: the radially symmetrical cnidarians have evolved radial symmetry secondarily. This means the bilaterism in species like "N. vectensis" has a primary origin. Also the free-swimming planula larvae of cnidarians exhibit bilateral symmetry. Ctenophores show biradial symmetry.


title: Wangari Maathai

paragraphs: Wangari Muta Mary Jo Maathai (1 April 1940 – 25 September 2011) was a Kenyan environmentalist, political activist and the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.


title: Trochophore

paragraphs: A trochophore is a type of larva found in marine plankton. It belongs to animals of several related phyla, in the superphylum Lophotrochozoa.

paragraphs: They have two or more bands of cilia. By moving their cilia rapidly, a water eddy is created. In this way they control the direction of their movement. Also, in this way they bring their food closer, to capture it more easily.


title: Orthonectida

paragraphs: Orthonectida is a small phylum of poorly-known parasites of marine invertebrates. They are among the simplest of multi-cellular organisms.

paragraphs: The adults are microscopic wormlike animals. They have a single layer of outer cells surrounding a mass of sex cells. They swim freely within the bodies of their hosts, which include flatworms, polychaete worms, bivalve molluscs, and echinoderms. They have separate male and female individuals.

paragraphs: When they are ready to reproduce, the adults are released from the host, and sperm from the males penetrates the bodies of the females to achieve fertilisation. The resulting zygote develops into a ciliated larva that escapes from the mother to seek out new hosts. Once it finds a host, the larva loses its cilia and develops into a syncytial plasmodium larva. This, in turn, breaks up into numerous individual cells that become the next generation of adults.

paragraphs: The orthonectids were originally described in 1877 as a class, and placed as an order of the phylum Mesozoa. Recent study shows that orthonectids are quite different from the rhombozoans, the other group in Mesozoa.


title: Lophophore

paragraphs: The lophophore is the characteristic feeding organ of four major groups of animals: the Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Entoprocta, and Phoronida. All lophophores are found in aquatic organisms.

paragraphs: It can most easily be described as a ring of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth. It is often horseshoe-shaped or coiled. Phoronids have their lophophores in plain view, but the valves of brachiopods must be opened wide to get a good view of their lophophore.

paragraphs: The lophophore surrounds the mouth and is an upstream collecting system for suspension feeding. The gut is U-shaped with the anterior mouth at the center of the lophophore. The anus, where present, is also anterior, and is above the mouth. In the Bryozoa it is outside the ring of the lophophore; in the Entoprocta the anus is within the ring of the lophophore. Some brachiopods do not have an anus.


title: Rhombozoa

paragraphs: The Rhombozoa, or Dicyemida, are a group of tiny parasites that live in the renal appendages of cephalopods.

paragraphs: Classification is controversial. They are probably a new phylum. Traditionally, dicyemids have been grouped with the Orthonectida in the Mesozoa. However, molecular phylogeny indicates that dicyemids may be more closely related to the roundworms.

paragraphs: Adult dicyemids range in length from , and they can be seen through a light microscope. They have eutely: each adult individual of a given species has the same number of cells. Cell number is a useful identifying character.

paragraphs: The organism's structure is simple: a single axial cell is surrounded by a jacket of twenty to thirty ciliated cells.

paragraphs: Dicyemids exist in both asexual and sexual forms. The asexual forms are found in juvenile and immature hosts; and the sexual forms in mature hosts.

paragraphs: The asexual stage is termed a "nematogen"; it produces "vermiform" (worm-like) larvae in the axial cell. These mature through direct development to form more nematogens. Nematogens proliferate in young cephalopods, filling the kidneys. Later, as the hosts mature, sexual forms called "rhombogens" are formed. They are hermaphrodites, with gonads of both sexes. The rhombogens self-fertilise, and later release larvae.


title: Besitos

paragraphs: "Besitos" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song became the fourth and last single from "Selena" (1989). The song peaked at number-twenty on the US Hot Latin Tracks.


title: Baila Esta Cumbia

paragraphs: "Baila Esta Cumbia" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song was the lead single from "Ven Conmigo" (1990). It peaked at number-one on the Mexican Singles Chart (1994), Italy Singles Chart (1996), Argentinian Singles Chart (1994) and France Singles Chart (1995). It peaked in the top 20 on the US Hot Latin Tracks (1990), Latin Regional Mexican Airplay (1991) chart and the Spanish Singles Chart (1996). It then became one of Selena's signature songs. Her brother, A.B. Quintanilla III remixed the song as "Baila Esta Kumbia". It peaked at number 44 on the US Hot Latin Tracks and number 16 on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart. A.B. performed the song during the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert with his band.


title: No Quiero Saber

paragraphs: "No Quiero Saber" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song was featured at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia as a remix version.


title: Ya Ves

paragraphs: "Ya Ves" () is a song by American singer Selena. It was the second single released from "Ven Conmigo" (1990). The song was covered at the Selena ¡VIVE! tribute concert. "Ya Ves" was selected as "AMG pick tracks".


title: La Tracalera

paragraphs: "La Tracalera" () is a song by American singer Selena. The song was first recorded in 1985 for "The New Girl in Town". It was re-recorded in 1990 for "Ven Conmigo". The original version of the song called "El Tracalero" () was recorded by Selena's father Abraham Quintanilla Jr. Abraham had his own band called "Los Dinos" from the 1960s-1970s. Anselmo Sanchez Chavez covered the song in 1996.


title: El Chico Del Apartamento 512

paragraphs: "El Chico Del Apartamento 512" () is the sixth and final single released from Selena's grammy nominated album "Amor Prohibido" (1994). The song never had a music video because it was released one day before Selena was killed. The song had positive feedback from music critics. The song was performed on C minor with 102 beats per minute. The song was covered by many Latin American artists.


title: Greatest Hits (Selena album)

paragraphs: Greatest Hits is a compilation album by American singer Selena. The songs used in the album were all in English. The only two other English songs Selena recorded that did not made it on the album were "Give Me One More Chance" and "Call Me". Both of those songs were on "Selena y Los Dinos" (1984). The album peaked at number 108 on the Billboard 200 chart in 2003. A special edition of the album was released. It had a DVD of all of Selena's music videos.


title: Momentos Intimos

paragraphs: Momentos Intimos () is a compilation album by American singer Selena. It was released on March 23, 2004.

paragraphs: An unreleased duet called "Puede Ser" () was included in the album. It was a duet with Nando "Guero" Dominguez. It was recorded two weeks before Selena was murdered. It then became the very last song to be recorded by her. "No Llores Mas Corazon" () and "Como Te Quiero Yo A Ti" () were digitally remastered. Both of those songs were turned into ballad songs. The album had bonus tracks that her family tells fans how it was like when Selena recorded those songs. The album peaked at number seven on the US Regional Mexican Albums Charts. The album also peaked at number eleven on the Top Latin Albums chart on "Billboard" in 2004.


title: Dos Historias

paragraphs: Dos Historias () is a compilation album by American singer Selena and Mexican singer Ana Barbara. The album peaked at number three on the US Latin Regional Mexican Albums chart. It also peaked at number 21 on the Top Latin Albums Chart on "Billboard" in 2006.

paragraphs: A special edition was released as well. It included a DVD of four music videos, two each, from Selena and Ana.


title: 2011 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 2011 Atlantic hurricane season was one of the most active Atlantic hurricane seasons since 1851. The season started on June 1, 2011 and it ended on November 30, 2011. This season has been "above-average". This means that there has been a lot of tropical cyclones that have developed in the Atlantic basin. The season started when Tropical Storm Arlene formed on June 29. It formed in the Gulf of Mexico. It then made landfall on Veracruz. The storm killed 25 people. The amount of damage was $223 million (2011 USD). After Arlene dissipated, a lot of tropical storms began developing. Most of them developed from a frontal boundary. Which makes this season the first time to have the first eight named storms to have not reached hurricane status.

paragraphs: The record ended when Hurricane Irene formed in late August. Irene also became the first major hurricane (being a category three or higher on the Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale). After Irene dissipated, Hurricane Katia became the second major hurricane of the season. With seventeen tropical storms, only four became hurricanes. The following hurricane was Hurricane Rina. Between September 7-9, there were three tropical cyclones active, which were Katia, Maria and Nate. This information made the Climate Prediction Center issue a La Niña Advisory.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Arlene formed off of a tropical wave. It moved across Central America. It brought a lot of rain and caused local flooding. Because of this, three people were killed. On June 27, the disturbance crossed the Yucatán Peninsula and into the Bay of Campeche. The storm began to develop over warm water. It was then given the name Arlene on June 29, around midnight. Arlene made landfall on Cabo Rojo with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph. It then died on July 1. About 22 people were killed while the storm passed through. Arlene cost over 2.6 billion pesos ($207.4 million) of damage.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Bret formed off of a cold front. This front was near Florida. On July 16, a low-pressure area formed north of the Bahamas. It then began strengthening. The storm became tropical depression number 2 when it was near the Great Abaco Island. Within three hours, the storm was given the name Bret. Bret strengthen while it moved north-east. The storm began to weaken because of wind shear. It then died on July 22 with maximum sustained winds of 65 mph.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Cindy formed on July 20, when it developed into a tropical depression east of Bermuda. It then died two days later. It did not make landfall.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Don formed on July 27. It then made landfall as it weakened at Galveston, Texas. The storm did not help the drought the state of was in, dropping no more than of an inch, which was lower than was forecasted.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Emily formed on August 1. The storm made landfall as a remnant low in Haiti. It then strengthened while it passed through the Bahamas. When the storm left, it began to die.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Franklin formed on August 12. It did not make landfall. Bermuda was able to get some rain bands from the storm when it moved close by. The storm began to dissipate after it had left Bermuda.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Gert formed on August 14. It did not make landfall. As Gert neared Bermuda, a small eye-like feature became apparent on radar imagery. Coinciding with this, Gert reached its peak strength with winds of 60 mph (100 km/h).

paragraphs: Passing roughly 90 mi (150 km) east of Bermuda, Gert brought light rain and winds up to 25 mph (40 km/h) to the islands.

paragraphs: By August 16, convection associated with Gert had mostly dissipated and whether or not the system retained a closed surface low was ambiguous. As a result, Gert deteriorated into a post-tropical cyclone over the open Atlantic.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 18. Harvey made landfall in Belize. It was upgraded to Tropical Storm Harvey on August 19. By late August 19 the storm was strengthening rapidly and it was announced that it could become a hurricane just before landfall. However, it only strengthened a little bit. The storm then broke the Atlantic record for having eight tropical storms that did not become a hurricane. Harvey was then downgraded into a depression though it briefly regained tropical storm status in the Bay of Campeche. The storm then dissipated on August 22.

paragraphs: Hurricane Irene formed on August 20. It became a hurricane while it passed through Puerto Rico. Irene then became the first hurricane of the season. Irene became a category 2 hurricane before reaching the Bahamas. It then strengthen into a major hurricane. Irene then became the first major hurricane of the season as well. Irene made landfall on Cape Lookout, North Carolina as a category 1 hurricane with 85 mph winds with an unusually low pressure for a category 1 hurricane. It then moved northeast. After weakening to a tropical storm, Irene made a second U.S. landfall at Brigantine Island in New Jersey at 5:35 a.m. The storm then moved northern and impacted New York City and New England. A total of 56 people were confirmed dead across the Caribbean, 10 U.S. states and Canada in the aftermath and damage from Hurricane Irene totaled $19 billion (2011 USD), making it the fifth costliest hurricane in the Atlantic basin. Irene then dissipated on August 29.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Ten formed on August 25. It moved off the coast from Africa. It then began to move northeast. The storm dissipated the next day.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Jose formed on August 27. Jose did not make any landfall.

paragraphs: Yet very early on August 28 and during the next few hours, the tropical wave partially strengthened as conditions for development slightly improved. However, early on August 28 – during the morning hours – the tropical wave nearly dissipated due to the high wind shear once again, this time generated by Hurricane Irene, after the tropical wave passed east to the south of Bermuda. But soon afterwards on August 28, the tropical wave managed to develop into Tropical Storm Jose, just to the west of Bermuda; Jose then began to move north-northeast, slowly. It lasted only 27 hours, as it dissipated on August 29.

paragraphs: The eleventh named storm of the season formed south of the Cape Verde Islands on August 29. The system became a tropical storm on August 30, at which time it was named Katia.

paragraphs: Hurricane Katia formed on August 29. It became the season's second hurricane early on September 1; however, its strength until September 4 when it reached category 2 hurricane strength. On September 5 the system reached Category 3 (major hurricane status). Katia further strengthened into a Category 4 hurricane on September 5. It was downgraded to a category 1 storm by the end of the following day, and remained at that strength even as it became extra-tropical. The storm was of potential concern and was being monitored closely as it may have indirectly impacted the east coast of the United States and Canada. Warnings of severe weather were made for Northern Ireland and Scotland for the remnants of Katia. Its remnants struck the UK and the Republic of Ireland on September 11 and September 12, killing one. Its remnants caused blackouts as far east as Saint Petersburg.

paragraphs: The Unnamed Tropical Storm formed on September 1 east of Boston, Massachusetts as a tropical depression. The storm continued to strengthen and became a tropical storm later that day. It lost all of its tropical characteristics on September 2.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Lee formed on September 1. It moved into the Gulf of Mexico. It made landfall in Lafayette, Louisiana as a minor tropical storm. It then moved northeastern before it dissipated on September 5.

paragraphs: Hurricane Maria formed on September 6. It moved close to Puerto Rico bringing a lot of rain to the island. Maria became a category 1 hurricane before it made landfall in Newfoundland. Maria then dissipated on September 16.

paragraphs: Hurricane Nate formed on September 7. Nate made landfall near the Mexican coastline. It dissipated on September 12.

paragraphs: Hurricane Ophelia formed on September 20. Ophelia then became a remnant low five days later. On September 27, the storm began to build strength. It then became a category 1 hurricane on September 30. On the same day, it became a category 2 hurricane. The next day, the storm became a category 3 hurricane. On October 1, the storm became a category 4 hurricane. After wards, the storm weakened quickly and lost its tropical features on October 3.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Philippe formed on September 24. It was a tropical storm for 12 days before becoming a category 1 hurricane on October 6. It weakened again to a tropical storm the next day and was no longer tropical on October 8.

paragraphs: Hurricane Rina formed on October 23 in the Caribbean Sea as a tropical depression. It began to strengthen quickly and became Tropical Storm Rina just hours later. On October 24, Rina reached Category 1 hurricane status. It was still strengthening quickly by October 25, with Rina becoming a category 2 hurricane in the morning hours. It later weakened again to a Category 1 hurricane, then a tropical storm. It continued to weaken, it then became a tropical depression (39 mph or less) on October 28. It became post-tropical (lost its tropical features) later that day.

paragraphs: A large area of cloud that moved off North Carolina became Tropical Storm Sean with winds of 50 mph on November 8. The storm continued to strengthen and peaked at 65 mph. It dissipated on November 12 because of being merged with a cold front.

paragraphs: In the spring of 2012, the WMO (World Meteorological Organization) has retired the name "Irene". The name "Irene" will never be used again in the Atlantic. "Irma" was chosen to replace that name.


title: Oxygen (TV channel)

paragraphs: Oxygen is a US TV channel, currently available in 65 million homes. It was launched in 2000 and carries programming aimed at women.


title: Kerry Harvick

paragraphs: Kerry Harvick (born September 10, 1974; Comanche, Texas) is an American country music singer. She first appeared on Oxygen's first season of "The Bad Girls Club".


title: Ireland's Call

paragraphs: Ireland's Call is the anthem for the Ireland national rugby union team. The anthem replaced "Amhrán na bhFiann" because the players had came from both Ireland and Northern Ireland.

paragraphs: In most games today, the first part has been sung, then the chorus two times.

paragraphs: We have come to answer our country's call

paragraphs: From the four proud provinces of Ireland

paragraphs: From the walls of Limerick and Dublin Bay

paragraphs: We will fight until we can fight no more

paragraphs: Steadfast souls confront their challenge


title: Chinese musical system

paragraphs: The ancient Chinese musical system depends on very ancient mathematics used to determine sound frequencies. The easiest way to explain it is to work through a real example.

paragraphs: Suppose that somebody wanted to make a musical instrument that could play any song in the ancient Chinese system. Here are the instructions:

paragraphs: Make a wooden box 105 cm long and 60 cm wide. Put guides for the strings near each end of the box, and fix it so that these two guides are 99 cm apart.

paragraphs: Multiply 99 cm by 2/3, which is 66 cm. Place a fret all the way across the box on the 66 cm line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply 66 cm by 4/3, which is 88 cm. Place a fret along the 88 cm line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply 88 cm by 2/3, which is 58.66...6 cm. Place a fret along this line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply 58.66...6 cm by 4/3, which is 78.22...2 cm. Place a fret along this line. <br>

paragraphs: Multiply 78.22...2 cm by 2/3, which is 54.148148...148 cm. Place a fret along this line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply 54.148148...148 cm by 4/3, which is 69.531 cm. Place a fret along this line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply 69.531 cm by 2/3, which is 46.354 -- and which is too short, so double it to get 92.708 cm. Place a fret along this line.<br>

paragraphs: Multiply the previous answer by 2/3...<br>

paragraphs: Keep going until you have put down eleven frets.

paragraphs: Counting the frequency on the open string and the frequencies on the fretted strings, for each string there will be 12 defined frequencies.

paragraphs: Tune the bottom string to some basic frequency. Tune the next string to the frequency of the bottom string at the first fret. Tune the third string to the bottom string's second fret. Keep going until you have tuned all twelve strings.

paragraphs: When you pluck these strings at all the fretted and unfretted positions, you will get 144 frequencies. Some of them will be duplicates, but not as many as you might think because this system is not like the Equal tempered system now used for almost all Western music.

paragraphs: Out of each twelve frequencies on a single string, you can make many selections of either five frequencies (for the pentatonic scales) or seven frequencies (for the heptatonic scales).

paragraphs: Here is a chart showing how frequencies and scales can be produced. The frequency of 440 hertz could have been any other frequency. Once this frequency is chosen, it is multiplied by the ratios to produce the first column of frequencies. Each of these 12 frequencies is used to start its own column. (See the dotted red line for one example.) Any five frequencies in a column can be chosen to make a pentatonic scale, as long as they are not right together and are not more than two apart.

paragraphs: In the United States, students are taught the scale whose notes are named: "do, re, mi, fa, sol, la, and ti." Those seven (known to many from the "Doe, a deer, a female deer" song) produce a major scale. In Western music we also use a minor scale fairly frequently. But we only have those two. Chinese traditional music uses five different scales of five notes each. It also has pentatonic scales, but they are not discussed in this article.


title: The Enemy (Higson novel)

paragraphs: The Enemy is a young adult horror novel. It was written by English author Charlie Higson. The novel takes place in London. It is about the life of children after a worldwide sickness has turned adults into zombies. It was published by Puffin Books in the UK on 3 September 2009.


title: David Norris

paragraphs: David Patrick Bernard Norris (born 1 July 1944) is an Irish scholar, independent Senator, and gay and civil rights activist.

paragraphs: He was in the election for President of Ireland in 2011. If elected, he would have become the world's first openly gay head of state. He left the race before the election.

paragraphs: Norris lives in his house in Dublin. The house is on North Great Georges Street. When he bought the house he became a landlord.

paragraphs: He was a lecturer in Trinity College Dublin. He is especially interested in James Joyce.


title: Spinneret

paragraphs: A spinneret is the part of a spider's body that makes its silk. Spiders have one, two, or three pairs of spinnerets. The spinnerets are usually close together.


title: Endocardium

paragraphs: The Endocardium is the innermost layer of tissue which lines the inside of the heart. It plays a role in controlling the function of the myocardium, the heart muscle. The endocardium is made of simple epithelial cells similar to those which line blood vessels.

paragraphs: In addition to lining the inside of the heart, the endocardium also regulates heart contractions and aids cardiac embryo development.


title: Selena singles discography

paragraphs: This is the singles discography page of American singer Selena. This list has her 93 singles, two EPs and eight duets she had made in her music career. Selena was named the "top Latin artist of the '90s" as well as the "Best selling Latin artist of the decade" by "Billboard". Mostly because of her fourteen top-ten singles in the Top Latin Songs chart, including seven number-one hits. To date, Selena has sold over 5,000,000 singles worldwide.

paragraphs: "Contigo Quiero Estar" () was the lead single from "Selena" (1989). The song peaked at number eight on the US Hot Latin Tracks. "Baila Esta Cumbia" () was the lead single from "Ven Conmigo" (1990). The song peaked at number 20 on the Hot Latin Tracks. The song "Buenos Amigos" () was a duet with Salvadoran singer Alvaro Torres. The song peaked at number-one on the Hot Latin Tracks. It became Selena's and Torres' first number-one single. The song was a non-album single for Selena because it was not included in any of Selena's albums when she was alive. "La Carcacha" () became the lead single off of "Entre A Mi Mundo" (1992). The song peaked at number seven on the Latin Regional Mexican Airplay chart. "Como La Flor" () became one of Selena's signature songs. The song peaked at number-one on the Hot Latin Tracks. It became Selena's first song to peak at number-one as a solo artist. "¿Qué Creias?" () became the third single released from "Entre A Mi Mundo". The song peaked at number 14 on the Hot Latin Tracks. "Como La Flor", "La Carcacha" and "¿Qué Creias?" helped Selena to be accepted into Mexico. She began touring there for the first time and broke several audience attendance records. After Selena had won her first Grammy Award for "Selena Live!" (1993), the album released three singles. "No Debes Jugar" (), "La Llamada" () and "Tu Robaste Mi Corazon" () peaked within the top five of the Hot Latin Tracks chart.

paragraphs: When "Amor Prohibido" (1994) was released, it had four number-one singles. Selena became the first Hispanic singer to do this. The four number-one singles were "Amor Prohibido" (), "Bidi Bidi Bom Bom", "No Me Queda Mas" () and "Fotos y Recuerdos" (). These songs helped expanded Selena's fan base. The non-album single "Donde Quiera Que Estes" () peaked at number-one on both the Hot Latin Tracks and Latin Regional Mexican Airplay charts. The song was a duet with the Barrio Boyzz. The song made Selena to tour in New York City, Puerto Rico, South America and Central America where she was not known before. The songs "Amor Prohibido" and "No Me Queda Mas" became the most successful singles of 1994 and 1995 in the United States Hispanic communities and Mexico.

paragraphs: Selena began recording songs for her crossover album. She only recorded six by January 20, 1995. She was killed on March 31, 1995. The album was released on July 18, 1995 as "Dreaming of You". "I Could Fall in Love" peaked at number-one on the Hot Latin Tracks while also peaking in eight different countries worldwide. "Dreaming of You" peaked at number-one in five different music charts worldwide. The song peaked in 13 different countries worldwide. It sold 4,798,706 copies worldwide, while selling 2,000,000 copies in the United States. The song was certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song was given 11 certifications worldwide. It is among the best-selling singles worldwide. It is the second-fastest-selling single of 1995 in the United States. The song was the 83rd best-selling single of the 1990s in the United Kingdom. It also became the 65th best-selling single of the 1990s in France. "Dreaming of You" and "I Could Fall in Love" continues to be played on radio stations in the United States. The most recent peak positions for the songs was in 2010. The Barrio Boyzz recorded their duet with Selena in English for the crossover album. The English version stood on Spain's music chart for two years straight. After Selena's murder, eighteen singles were released. Many of those peaked in music charts in the United States, Spanish-speaking countries, France and Canada.


title: Beelzebufo

paragraphs: Beelzebufo was a large frog discovered in the Upper Cretaceous of Madagascar. The media called it 'Devil Toad', and 'The Frog From Hell'. The frog lived some 70 million years ago.

paragraphs: With a body length of about 16 inches (40.5 cm) the frog was larger than any living frog. Its weight in life was about 9-10 lbs (4.5 kg).

paragraphs: The bones of the skull roof shows a rugous (wrinkled) external surface, indicating that at least parts of the head may have borne bony scutes.

paragraphs: The "Beelzebufo" was a member of the horned toad sub-family, the Ceratophryinae. Living members of the family are found only in South America, but were once more widely distributed in Gondwana. Both South America and Madagascar were part of the supercontinent Gondwana before it broke up in the Cretaceous.

paragraphs: "Beelzebufo" was an ambush predator whose wide mouth let it eat relatively large prey, perhaps even juvenile dinosaurs. It probably lived in warm, seasonally dry habitats with occasional pools of water. Its modern relatives live in similar habitats, and can burrow.


title: Fezouata Formation

paragraphs: The Upper and Lower Fezouata formations of Morocco are Burgess Shale type deposits dating to the Lower Ordovician. In the fossilized fauna were numerous organisms previously thought to have died out after the mid-Cambrian. The discovery proves conclusively that the Burgess Shale biota did not go extinct in the Cambrian.

paragraphs: Over 1500 non-mineralized Burgess Shale types, representing 50 taxa, have been recovered from the formations. There are also a less abundant shelly fauna. The make-up of the community varies significantly through the stratigraphic sequence, with both abundances and faunal composition changing as time progresses. Small (1–3 mm wide) burrows are present in the sediment, but major burrowing is absent; this may suggest a paucity of oxygen in the water or sediment.

paragraphs: Particularly notable is the presence of bryozoa and graptolites, forms that are absent in the Cambrian period. Various echinoderms indicate a normal range of salinity, and the overall shelly assemblage is not significantly different from the normal shelly fauna expected in open Ordovician waters.

paragraphs: The non-mineralized (soft-bodied) fossils contains a range of forms familiar from the Burgess Shale. Other Ordovician oddballs are also present, including cheloniellids and horseshoe crabs in abundance.

paragraphs: The fossiliferous strata were deposited in quiet, deep waters, below the influence of wave action in all but the fiercest of storms. Such storms, or similar high-energy events, would have mobilized sediment that could be quickly deposited, trapping animals and leading to their preservation. Consequently, the assemblage is dominated by benthic organisms.

paragraphs: Fossils of the Fezouata formation, which are usually squashed flat (although some do retain some degree of their original three-dimensionality) are often coated with a dusting of pyrite, and tin; this aspect of the fossil preservation is very similar to that at Chengjiang. Non-mineralized appendages are often preserved.

paragraphs: The fossils a span an area of 500 km, in southeast Morocco's Draa Valley, north of Zagora. Fossils are found are found through a 1.1 km-thick column of rock that spans the two lowest epochs of the Ordovician.

paragraphs: The lagerstätten were first identified in the late 1990s when a local fossil collector, Ben Moula, showed some of the finds to a PhD student who was then working in the area.


title: 1961–62 AHL season

paragraphs: The 1961–62 AHL season was the 26th season of the American Hockey League. The league initiates the James C. Hendy Memorial Award for outstanding team or league executives. The league resumes East and West Divisions. The John D. Chick Trophy is first awarded for the West Division champions of the regular season. The F. G. "Teddy" Oke Trophy is awarded to East Division champions of the regular season. Eight teams played 70 games each in the schedule. The Springfield Indians finished first overall again in the regular season, and won their third consecutive Calder Cup championship.

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GF = Goals for; GA = Goals against; Pts = Points;

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes"


title: 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships

paragraphs: The 1961 World Ice Hockey Championships was the 28th time the Ice Hockey World Championships were held. The tournament was in Geneva and Lausanne, Switzerland from March 1 to March 12, 1961. Canada won their nineteenth international title. It would be the last championship for Canada in thirty-three years. Canada was represented by the Trail Smoke Eaters.


title: 1961 Stanley Cup Finals

paragraphs: The 1961 Stanley Cup Final was played by the Detroit Red Wings and the Chicago Blackhawks. Chicago had not been in the Final since , and Detroit had last played in the Final in . The Blackhawks won the best-of-seven series four games to two, winning their third Stanley Cup. This ended up being the last time Chicago won the Cup until , a 49-year drought.


title: Wolf spider

paragraphs: A Wolf spider is a member of the group of spiders whose is the "Lycosidae." "Lycos" means "wolf" in . These spiders get their name from the way they hunt, which the people who named them thought was like the way wolves hunt. However, wolves hunt in but spiders are animals. Their way of hunting is more like that of solitary cats such as the cheetahs. They generally wait for their to close by, and then they in to kill it.

paragraphs: The wolf spiders belong to a large group. The smallest are less than 0.04 inches (1 mm) in body length. The largest are around 1.5 inches (38 mm) in body length. Some wolf spiders spend all of their lives above ground (taking the best shelter they can find), others dig burrows but come out of the burrows to wander about and hunt, and some spend almost all of their lives waiting for passing insects in their burrows.

paragraphs: One species of wolf spider gives us the name that is now used in English for an entirely different kind of spider. This is "Hogna tarantula" because it found around Taranto, a city in Italy. People there once believed that if a human were bitten by one of these wolf spiders, they would surely die unless made to do a wild dance. Actually, "Hogna tarantula" does not give bites that need medical help. Any deaths from spiders in the area of Taranto probably came from the local Widow spider.

paragraphs: After a female wolf spider mates, she creates a clear space on the ground, lays down a rough sheet of silk, and on top of that sheet she makes a silken cup in which she lays her eggs. She next closes the cup, making a round ball, and holds onto it using her spinnerets until the babies begin to hatch. She then opens the silk ball and lets the baby spiders come out. They all run up her legs and cover the top part of her body.. There may be more than one hundred baby spiders on her back.

paragraphs: As you can see from the second photograph, mother wolf spiders carry their baby spiders around on their backs. They protect the babies for a few days, and then the babies leave her and go off on their own.

paragraphs: There are several kinds of spiders that look almost like wolf spiders. The best way to be sure is to look at the eyes. There are four small eyes at the bottom, then two very large eyes, then two somewhat smaller eyes.

paragraphs: Wolf spiders come in various sizes, ranging from 2 millimeter to 40 millimeter in size (more than an inch in body size).


title: Andrea Cano

paragraphs: Andrea Cano (born 18 May 1976) is an Italian football manager and former player. He played as a goalkeeper. He is currently a coach for goalkeepers at Padova.


title: Web feed

paragraphs: A web feed is an XML-based document which contains a sequence of content items. Web logs or blogs are a common source for web feeds. However, web feeds may also be associated with different sources other than blogs.

paragraphs: The term syndication is used to describe the availability of a web feed for an information source, such as a blog. This is also known as "publishing" a feed.

paragraphs: The term aggregation is used to describe the process of combining the contents of multiple web feeds, such as for display on a single web page. This is also known as "subscribing" to a web feed.

paragraphs: Web feeds are designed to be machine readable, so there is no requirement that they be destined only for user consumption. For example, business partners could use web feeds to exchange information without any user intervention.

paragraphs: Web feeds are commonly in RSS or Atom "feed" format. They may also be in RDF format.


title: Barcelona-Sagrera

paragraphs: Estació de la Sagrera () is an upcoming major transport railway. It will be in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The railway is currently under construction. They believe it will be finished by 2016-2020. The train will be at Barcelona Metro station that will serve the north of the city. It will include services from AVE high-speed rail. The Spanish Ministry of Public Works, Generalitat de Catalunya and the Barcelona City Council gave money to have the train completed.


title: Connectivity

paragraphs: Connect, connection, connections, connected, or connectivity can be:


title: Cross-conjugation

paragraphs: In chemistry, cross-conjugation is a special type of conjugation (a form of connection between two things) in a molecule. When in a set of 3 Pi bonds two pi bonds interact with each other by "conjugation".


title: Eric Serra

paragraphs: Eric Serra (born September 9, 1959) is a French composer, often working with Luc Besson on his movie scores. He has won many awards for his works.

paragraphs: Éric Serra's father Claude was a famous French songwriter in the 1950s and '60s. Because Claude worked on his music around his son Eric; he became aware of music when he was very young. Eric's mother had died when he was only seven years old. In the early 1980s, Serra had met Luc Besson. Besson was a movie director. Besson had asked Serra to write a score his first movie "Le Dernier Combat" (1983). Serra then began creating scores to most of Besson's movies.

paragraphs: In 1995, Serra was chosen to write the score to GoldenEye. The 17th James Bond movie was directed by Martin Campbell. The score had mixed feedback from film critics.


title: Education in the United States

paragraphs: Education in the United States is provided by the public sector. The federal, state and local governments control and give funds to help local schools. Public education is available everywhere in the United States. School's curriculum, funds, teaching, employment and other policies are created by the elected school boards.

paragraphs: School districts are sometimes different from other local jurisdictions. They have their own officials and budgets. Education standards and state tests are created by the state governments. Since child education is required by law, ages to start school are different from each state. Children usually start school between the ages of five to six. They usually end their education when they are between the ages of seventeen and eighteen. Education requirements can be done by educating children in public schools, private schools (who is known by the government to be trusted) or a home school program. In most public schools, education is divided into three levels. The first level is elementary school. Grades in elementary school are different in each state. The second level is middle school. Grades in middle school are different in each state as well. The last level is high school. In some states, middle school is called "junior high school". Grades in high school are also different in each state. After a child has completed their senior year (12th grade), they will earn a high school diploma.

paragraphs: If a child would like to continue on with their education or want to start a career, they can apply for college. After four years at a university or college, they will earn a bachelor's degree in one subject. Students can also choose to attend a two-year community college. Some two-year community colleges are called "Junior colleges". Colleges are not required and are not forced by local laws. Students must pay to attend college, but the price is lowered if they get a scholarship. After college, the now adult can earn a number of certificates for a career. Graduate school is another option after college. A student can earn a master's degree or Ph.D. in any subject. They may go to medical school to earn an M.D. and become a physician, law school to earn a J.D. and become a lawyer, or business school to earn an MBA.


title: 1961 Memorial Cup

paragraphs: The 1961 Memorial Cup final was the 43rd junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams involved were the Toronto St. Michael's Majors of the Ontario Hockey Association who played against the Edmonton Oil Kings of the Central Alberta Hockey League. St. Michael's won their 4th Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 2.

paragraphs: Arnie Brown, Andre Champagne, Gerry Cheevers, Jack Cole, Paul Conlin, Terry Clancy, Bruce Draper, Dave Draper, Dave Dryden, Roger Galipeau, Paul Jackson, Larry Keenan, Duncan MacDonald, Bill MacMillan, Barry MacKenzie, Peter Noakes, Terry O'Malley, Sonny Osborne, Brian Walsh. Coach: Father David Bauer.


title: Ergonomic keyboard

paragraphs: An ergonomic keyboard is a computer keyboard. It has an ergonomic design to lower changes of muscle strain and a lot of other related problems. These keyboards are created in a "V" shape. This can allow the right and left hand to type at a more natural way.


title: 1962 Memorial Cup

paragraphs: The 1962 Memorial Cup final was the 44th junior ice hockey championship of the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association. The teams playing were the Hamilton Red Wings of the Ontario Hockey Association who completed against the Edmonton Oil Kings. Hamilton won their 1st Memorial Cup, defeating Edmonton 4 games to 1.

paragraphs: Bud Blom, Joe Bujdoso, Bryan Campbell, Bob Dean, John Gofton, Bob Hamilton, Ron Harris, Larry Harrop, Earl Heiskala, Paul Henderson, Roger LaFreniere, Lowell MacDonald, Pit Martin, Jim Peters, Wayne Rivers, Bob Wall, Jack Wildfong, Larry Ziliotto. Captain: Howie Menard Coach: Eddie Bush


title: 1961 in sports

paragraphs: 1961 in sports describes the year's events in world sport.


title: 2011 in sports

paragraphs: 2011 in sports will describe the year's events in world sport.

paragraphs: 28 April- 2 May – The Walt Disney World Resort, Orlando, Florida, USA

paragraphs: September 24-25, Sydney Olympic Park Sports Centre, New South Wales

paragraphs: The following is a list of major noteworthy MMA events during 2011 in chronological order.


title: Rafael Correa

paragraphs: Rafael Vicente Correa Delgado born April 6, 1963 in Guayaquil, was the 43rd President of Ecuador, and in 2009-2010 was the president "pro tempore" of the UNASUR.

paragraphs: Correa was elected President of Ecuador in late 2006 and took office in January 2007. In December 2008, he declared Ecuador's national debt illegitimate, based on the argument that it had been contracted by despotic prior regimes.

paragraphs: Correa's first term in office had been due to end on January 15, 2011, but the new approved constitution, written by the new National Assembly, called for general elections for April 26, 2009. In that election, Rafael Correa won in the first round with 51.9% of votes counted.

paragraphs: Rafael Correa was raised in a working class family from Guayaquil, the country's largest city. His father was Rafael Correa Icaza, born in the Province of Los Ríos, Ecuador, 23 March 1934, and deceased 10 June 1995. His mother is Norma Delgado Rendón, born 1 September 1939. His parents had three more children: Fabricio Correa, Pierina Correa and Bernardita Correa.

paragraphs: He attended primary and secondary school in San José-La Salle School in Guayaquil. During his youth he was a boy scout. Correa met his future Vice President, Jorge Glas while they were scouts as youth.

paragraphs: During his secondary studies he was president of the Lasallian Student Cultural Association ("ACEL" in Spanish). Afterwards and based on his academic achievements, he was given a scholarship to study at the Catholic University of Santiago de Guayaquil (UCSG in Spanish), a private higher education institution in Guayaquil, Ecuador, where he obtained an undergraduate degree in economics in 1987.


title: Elissa

paragraphs: Elissar Zakaria Khoury () was born on October 27, 1972 in Deir el Ahmar, Lebanon. She is known simply as "Elissa". She is a Lebanese singer.

paragraphs: Elissa was born on October 27, 1972 to a Lebanese father Zakaria Khoury and a Syrian mother Youmna Suud. In 1992, she competed in "Studio El Fan" and won a silver medal. She released her debut album "Baddi Doub" in 1999 with EMI. In 2006, Elissa released "Bastanak", her fifth studio album. "Bastanak" () became her most successful album. It peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts. The album won the World Music Award for "Best Arabic Artist". She has done a lot of duets with famous Arab and international singers as well. She has done duets with Ragheb Alama, Cheb Mami, Fadl Shaker, Chris DeBurgh and Gypsy Kings.


title: Bastanak

paragraphs: Bastanak (; in ) is the fifth studio album by Lebanese singer Elissa. The album won the World Music Award in 2007. Elissa was awarded "Best Lebanese Artist of the Year". The album peaked at number-one in eight Arab music charts.

paragraphs: The lead single from the album was also called "Bastanak". The song became one of Elissa's signature songs, and helped Elissa to perform at more venues across the world. The song "Bastanak" peaked at number-one in several Arab music charts.

paragraphs: A conflict between Elissa and another female Arab singer began to get media attention. The other Arab singer accused Elissa of stealing the lyrics of the song from a composer that left the lyrics by mistake at her house. The composer was Elissa's friend who had helped her with writing songs for her albums. Elissa then stated that she was wrong and said that she indeed wrote the entire song by herself.

paragraphs: "Bastanak" is performed on E minor with 100 beats per minute. The song has folk fusion, roots reggae, R&B and Arabic pop music genres. The song talks about a lonely sad girl wishing to be with her boyfriend. In the song she states that each guy she has been has not been the same. She also states that she will wait for days, months and even years to be with him once again.

paragraphs: A music video, which was directed by Brandon Dickerson, was released in the summer of 2007. The music video starts off with Elissa in a restaurant enjoying her day with her friends. The video then turns to the next scene with Elissa in a angel outfit. The concept of the song was also in the music video. Elissa goes about her day feeling sad while guys hit on her.

paragraphs: Pepsi also released a commercial with Elissa singing the song. The commercial also had American singer Christina Aguilera singing a song from her album "Back to Basics" (2006). The video has Elissa singing the hook of the song to a guy during a snow storm and to two young Chinese girls in China.


title: Order of the Solar Temple

paragraphs: The Order of the Solar Temple (or Ordre du Temple Solaire, International Chivalric Organization of the Solar Tradition) was a secret society that existed in the second half of the 20th century and that was based on the belief that the Knights Templar still existed. OTS was started by Joseph Di Mambro and Luc Jouret in 1984 in Geneva as "l'Ordre International Chevaleresque de Tradition Solaire" (OICTS) and renamed "Ordre du Temple Solaire". OTS is considered to be a sect. The organisation was involved in mass suicides in France, Switzerland and Canada. The beliefs of the society were a mix of protestant Christianity and New Age philosophy; it also used and changed different Freemason rituals.


title: Epistemic community

paragraphs: Epistemic community is a large network of people who work towards a common knowledge-based goal—like the community of people who work together to create and maintain Wikipedia.

paragraphs: An epistemic community is a group of people who do not have any specific history together. They join to form a kind of community based on a similar focus on an information-based project.

paragraphs: The community group can be made of people with a range of special interests.

paragraphs: This kind of community has four characteristics or typical features:

paragraphs: The shared explanations for how the community functions includes "the appalling silence of good people", which encourages the growth of perverse incentives.

paragraphs: An example of a scientific epistemic community is the 1975 Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP). This is a marine pollution control regime for the Mediterranean Sea developed by the United Nations.


title: Biosemiotics

paragraphs: Biosemiotics is a science where the models of sign processes are used to study living systems. Unlike biophysics, biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where the quantitative physical laws are used to explain the living things, biosemioticians study the organisms and phenomena of life on the basis of qualitative semiotic principles.


title: University of Tartu

paragraphs: University of Tartu is the main university in Estonia. It is in Tartu. It is the second oldest university in Northern Europe. It was established in 1632.

paragraphs: The university is particularly famous due to its semiotics school established by Juri Lotman.


title: Marcel Dionne

paragraphs: Marcel Elphege "Little Beaver" Dionne (born August 3, 1951) is a retired Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers. Dionne entered the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992.


title: Infant mortality

paragraphs: Infant mortality is a measure of how many babies die during the first 12 months after birth. It is usually measured as being a number of deaths for every thousand births. The rate of infant mortality in a given place is the total number of babies dying under one year of age divided by the total number of live births during the year, then all multiplied by 1,000. For example, in 2009 the infant mortality rate in the USA was 6.8. That means for every 1000 births, 6.8 babies will die before the age of one.


title: What a Girl Wants

paragraphs: "What a Girl Wants" is a 1999 pop song by American singer Christina Aguilera, from her first album "Christina Aguilera". It peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Aguilera got a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance with this song.


title: Bryan Trottier

paragraphs: Bryan John Trottier (born July 17, 1956) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the New York Islanders and Pittsburgh Penguins. He won four Stanley Cups with the Islanders, two with the Penguins and one as an assistant coach with the Colorado Avalanche.

paragraphs: On August 4, 2014, Trottier was hired to be an assistant coach of the Buffalo Sabres.


title: Woohoo

paragraphs: "Woohoo" is a song sung by Christina Aguilera and Nicki Minaj, from Aguilera's 2010 album "Bionic". The song was written by Aguilera, Minaj, Claude Kelly, Jamal "Polow da Don" Jones and Ester Dean. It is a uptempo electrohop song with R&B and hip hop influences; lyrically it speaks of cunnilingus. The song was released on May 18, 2010 as the second single from Aguilera's "Bionic" album.