title: Theriodont

paragraphs: Theriodonts are a major group of therapsids. They are a clade which include not only the traditional theriodonts, but also their descendants the mammals as well (in the same way that theropod dinosaurs include the birds as a sub-clade).

paragraphs: They can be defined in traditional terms as a suborder of Synapsida that lived from the Middle Permian to the Middle Cretaceous. Theriodonts appeared about 265 million years ago, in the Middle Permian. Even these early theriodonts were more mammal-like than their relatives.

paragraphs: Theriodonts fall into three main groups: Gorgonopsia, Therocephalia and Cynodontia. Early theriodonts may have been warm-blooded. Early forms were carnivorous, but several later groups became herbivorous during the Triassic.

paragraphs: Theriodont jaws were more mammal-like than was the case of other therapsids, because their dentary (lower jaw) was larger, which gave them more efficient chewing. Several other bones that were previously on the lower jaw, moved into the ears, allowing the theriodonts to hear better and their mouths to open wider. This made the theriodonts the most successful group of synapsids.

paragraphs: Eutheriodonts refer to all theriodonts except the gorgonopsians (the most primitive group). They included the therocephalians, cynodonts and their descendants – the mammals. The name means "true beast tooth". The eutheriodonts have larger skulls, accommodating larger brains and improved jaw muscles.

paragraphs: The theriodonts (eutheriodonts) are one of the two synapsid survivors of the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, the other being the dicynodonts. Therocephalians included both carnivorous and herbivorous forms; both died out after the Lower Triassic.

paragraphs: The remaining theriodonts, the cynodonts, also included carrnivores such as "Cynognathus", as well as newly evolved herbivorous Traversodonts. While Traversodonts for the most part remained medium-sized to reasonably large (length of largest species up to 2 meters), the carnivorous forms became progressively smaller as the Triassic progressed.

paragraphs: By the Upper Triassic the small cynodonts included the rodent-like tritylodonts (possibly related to or descended from travsersodonts), and the tiny, shrew-like, trithelodonts, which evolved into the first mammals. The trithelodonts died out during the Jurassic, and the tritylodonts survived in the Cretaceous, but the mammals continued to evolve. Many mammal groups managed to survive the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out the non-avian dinosaurs, allowing the mammals to diversify and dominate the Earth.


title: Laura Ingraham

paragraphs: Laura Ingraham (born 19 June 1964) is an American conservative political commentator, author and radio host. Her nationally syndicated talk show "The Laura Ingraham Show" was broadcast for nine years on the Talk Radio Network. She has been known for her controversial statements against the left wing party.


title: Peptide bond

paragraphs: A Peptide bond is a special chemical bond that happens between two amino acids. In the reaction (called condensation), the two amino acids are combined into a "dipeptide".


title: Repenomamus

paragraphs: Repenomamus is the largest known mammal known from the Cretaceous period. Its fossil was found in Manchuria.

paragraphs: There is good evidence that it fed on dinosaurs. It is not known whether "Repenomamus" was a hunter or a scavenger.

paragraphs: "Repenomamus" was carnivorous. A specimen of "R. robustus" has been discovered with the fragmentary skeleton of a juvenile "Psittacosaurus" preserved in its stomach.

paragraphs: This is the strongest evidence that Mesozoic mammals fed on dinosaurs, though there were earlier indications of this.

paragraphs: The larger species, "R. giganticus", is the largest mammal known from the Cretaceous. "R. giganticus" was more than 1 metre (39 inches) long and weighed about 12–14 kg (26–31 lb). Its skull measures 16 cm (6.25 in) long, its body 52 cm (20.5 in), and the preserved part of its tail 36 cm (14 in).

paragraphs: The fossils were recovered from the lagerstätte of the Yixian Formation in the Liaoning Province of China, renowned for its extraordinarily well-preserved fossils of feathered dinosaurs. They have been dated to 130 million years ago, during the Lower Cretaceous period.

paragraphs: "Repenomamus" is a genus of triconodonts, a group of mammaliaformes with no modern relatives.


title: Frederick William III of Prussia

paragraphs: Frederick William III () (3 August 1770 – 7 June 1840) was king of Prussia from 1797 to 1840.

paragraphs: Frederick William was born in Potsdam in 1770 as the son of Friedrich Wilhelm II of Prussia and Frederika Louisa of Hesse-Darmstadt. He was considered to be a shy and reserved boy,

paragraphs: As a soldier he received the usual training of a Prussian prince, obtained his lieutenancy in 1784, became a colonel in 1790, and took part in the campaigns against France of 1792-1794. On December 24, 1793, Frederick William married Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. They had ten children. In the "Kronprinzenpalais" (Crown Prince's palace) in Berlin, Frederick William lived a civil life with a problem-free marriage, which did not change even when he became King of Prussia in 1797.

paragraphs: He succeeded to the throne on 16 November 1797 and took over personal power without giving responsibility to his ministers. Unfortunately he was not able to follow a consistent course for himself.

paragraphs: His sense of duty can be seen from this quote:

paragraphs: At first Frederick William tried to follow a policy of neutrality in the Napoleonic Wars. But in the end he entered into war in October 1806. On 14 October 1806, at the Battle of Jena-Auerstädt, the French defeated the Prussian army, and it collapsed. The royal family fled to East Prussia, where Emperor Alexander I of Russia (who, rumour has it, had fallen in love with Queen Louise) helped them against Napoleon.

paragraphs: But Alexander was defeated as well. At Tilsit France made peace with Russia and Prussia. Napoleon dealt with Prussia very harshly, Prussia lost many of its Polish territories, as well as all territory west of the Elbe, and had to pay for French troops that occupied Prussia.

paragraphs: Although Frederick William himself resigned to Prussia's fate, his ministers set about a reform of Prussia's administration and military.

paragraphs: After Napoleon's defeat in Russia (1813) Frederick William turned against France and signed an alliance with Russia. Prussian troops played a key part in the victories of the allies in 1813 and 1814.

paragraphs: At the Congress of Vienna, Frederick William's ministers succeeded in securing important territorial increases for Prussia. After the war, Frederick William did not keep the promises he had made in 1813 to supply Prussia with a constitution.

paragraphs: He died on 7 June 1840. His eldest son, Frederick William IV, succeeded him.


title: Population growth

paragraphs: Population growth is the rate at which a population grows or expands. For example, if a population increased from 100 to 110 in a year, then it would have had a population growth of 10% per year.


title: Olathe, Kansas

paragraphs: Olathe is a city in Johnson County, Kansas, United States. It is also the county seat of Johnson County. In 2010, 125,872 people lived in Olathe. It is the fourth biggest city in Kansas. By 2018, the Census Bureau estimated 139,605 people lived in Olathe.

paragraphs: Olathe was created by Dr. John T. Barton in Spring 1857. He came to the center of Johnson County, Kansas. He later told about his ride to friends: "...the prairie was covered with verbena and other wild flowers. I kept thinking the land was beautiful and that I should name the town Beautiful." Purportedly, Barton asked a Shawnee interpreter how to say "Beautiful" in his native language. The interpreter responded, "Olathe."

paragraphs: Olathe was incorporated in 1857. It was not the first city in Johnson County. Because it grew very quickly, it became the county seat in October 1859. Growing hatred across the United States about the issue of slavery led to many fights between abolitionist settlers and nearby slave state Missouri. These fights would grow, and they would become a part of the bigger fight known as Bleeding Kansas. When Kansas became a state in 1861, it was a free state. When it became a state, violence stopped. Peace, however, would continue to elude Olathe for many years to come. In 1861 Union officials and local military forces created a military post in the city. It had one company of soldiers, and it had the local militia.

paragraphs: On September 6, 1862, William Quantrill led guerrilla Confederate soldiers in an attack against Olathe. A half dozen people died, and most of the city was destroyed. Quantrill captured the outpost, and he tried forcing the men to fight for the Confederacy. Kansas militia continued to stay in the Olathe military post for the rest of the Civil War.

paragraphs: Confederate soldiers would try to attack Olathe two more times. The first time happened on August 20–21, 1863 as Quantrill was going through on his way to Lawrence, Kansas (see Lawrence Massacre). The second raid happened on October 24-5, 1864, when Confederate Major General Sterling Price with 10,000 men went through on their retreat South (see Price's Raid).

paragraphs: When the Confederates surrendered, the military post was ended in August 1865.

paragraphs: In 2008, the U.S. Census Bureau said Olathe was the 24th fastest-growing city in the United States. The same year, CNN/Money and "Money" magazine said Olathe was #11 on its list of the "100 Best Cities to Live in the United States."

paragraphs: On February 22, 2017, Adam Purinton said racial things and shot at crowded Austins Bar and Grill in southern Olathe. He shot and injured three people. One person died. The victims were Alok Madasani, Srinivas Kuchibhotla, and Ian Grillot. Purinton was later arrested in Clinton, Missouri. He was charged with one count of first-degree murder and two counts of attempted first-degree murder. This shooting got international attention because two of the victims were Indian.

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of . Of that, is land and is water. Olathe has two public lakes: Lake Olathe and Cedar Lake with .

paragraphs: Olathe's Black Bob Park is named after Hathawekela Shawnee Chief Black Bob.

paragraphs: Olathe has a humid continental climate. It has cold winters and hot summers. Temperatures range from an average high of and low in January to an average high of nearly in July. The temperature reaches an average of 36 days per year and an average of 3 days per year. The minimum temperature falls below freezing (32 °F) on average of 102 days per year. It does not go below very often.

paragraphs: The area gets about of precipitation during an average year. Most of the rain happens in May and June.

paragraphs: The 2010 census says that there were 125,872 people, 44,507 households, and 33,274 families living in Olathe.

paragraphs: The headquarters of Garmin, a company famous for making GPS systems, is in Olathe.

paragraphs: The city's 2015 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report says that the biggest employers in the city are:


title: 2010 United States Census

paragraphs: The Twenty-Third United States Census, known as Census 2010 or 2010 Census was a count of the population of the United States. It was done by the Census Bureau. It found that the population of the United States on April 1, 2010 was 308,745,538. This was an increase of 9.7 percent over the 281,421,906 people counted during the 2000 Census. This was the twenty-third federal census.

paragraphs: The Census Bureau did not use a long form for the 2010 Census. The 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions.

paragraphs: The 2010 census cost $13 billion. It cost about $42 per capita. To compare, the 2010 census per-capita cost for China was about US$1; for India, the cost was US$0.40. Operational costs were $5.4 billion, under the $7 billion budget. In December 2010 the Government Accountability Office (GAO) noted that the cost of doing the census has doubled each decade since 1970. In a detailed 2004 report to Congress, the GAO asked the Census Bureau to fix cost and design problems. They estimated the 2010 Census cost to be $11 billion.

paragraphs: In August 2010, Commerce Secretary Gary Locke said that the census operational costs were a lot less than what they thought it would be. Their budget was almost $7 billion, but they saved:


Objectivism


title: Attila the Hun

paragraphs: Attila, or Attila the Hun (406-453), was a leader of the Huns from 434 CE until he died in 453 CE. He was one of the most common ruler.

paragraphs: Attila led the Hunnic Empire, and was known as a feared military commander. He invaded Gaul, and nearly captured the city of Aurelianum. In 451 CE, he lost the Battle of the Catalaunian Plains, the only one he ever lost. He also invaded Italy and attacked and looted several towns.

paragraphs: Attila died in 453. The traditional account of his death is that it happened the night after his marriage to a woman named Ildiko. The Huns declined in the years immediately after Attila's death.


title: SEPTA

paragraphs: The Southeastern Pennsylvania Transportation Authority (SEPTA) is an agency that is in control of many types of transport, including buses, commuter rail, elevated rail and subways. It operates 13 "Regional Rail" services in the Philadelphia, Pennsylvania area.


title: Mount Pinatubo

paragraphs: Mount Pinatubo is a stratovolcano on Luzon in the Philippines. It is near the Tri-Cabusilan Mountain range, separating Luzon's west coast from the central plains.

paragraphs: Before 1991 the volcano was inconspicuous and heavily eroded. It was covered with dense forest, and several thousand indigenous people lived there. The volcano erupted in June 1991, destroying thousands of buildings and houses and killing over 800 people. Mount Pinatubo's eruption effects were felt worldwide. There is now a caldera where before was the central cone.

paragraphs: It erupted in June 15, 1991 and is located on the island of Luzon in the Phillipines. Many Lahars and pyroclastic flows damaged much of the infrastructure of the country. They also killed upwards of 800 people. Officials at the US marine base were able to evacuate many people, but property damage was costly, totaling billions of phillipine pesos.


title: SEPTA Regional Rail

paragraphs: The transit agency SEPTA operates many Regional Rail services. SEPTA Regional Rail runs in the city and suburbs of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The lines were originally owned by the Reading Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad, long-time competitors. The Center City Commuter Connection connects the thirteen lines. The core stations in the CCCC are Suburban Station, the elevated 30th Street Station and Jefferson Station.


title: Brookings, South Dakota

paragraphs: Brookings is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Brookings County, and 22,056 people lived there at the 2010 census. The mayor of Brookings is Tim Reed. Brookings was founded in 1883. The city of Brookings was named after Wilmot Wood Brookings, a pioneer promoter.


title: Mama's Family

paragraphs: Mama's Family was an American sitcom that aired beginning January 22, 1983 and ended February 24, 1990. The show was first canceled in May 1984, but returned in September 1986 in first run syndication; between its cancellation and September 1985 NBC aired reruns of the sitcom.

paragraphs: The show's theme song is "Bless My Happy Home" by Emmy and Grammy award winner Peter Matz (music) and Vicki Lawrence (lyrics). The show's producers chose to use an instrumental version.


title: University of South Dakota

paragraphs: University of South Dakota is a public university in Vermillion, South Dakota. The university has about 10,515 students. It was founded in 1862. The current president of the university is James W. Abbott.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Coyotes. They have 15 varsity teams, most of which compete in The Summit League. The football team plays in the Missouri Valley Football Conference.


title: South Dakota State University

paragraphs: South Dakota State University is a public university in Brookings, South Dakota. The university has about 12,816 students. It was founded in 1881. The current president of the university is David Chicoine.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Jackrabbits. They have 19 varsity teams, most of which compete in The Summit League. The football team plays in the Missouri Valley Football Conference.


title: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club

paragraphs: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club is an American rock band from San Francisco, California. Black Rebel Motorcycle Club has three members in the band; the current band members are Peter Hayes, Robert Levon Been and Leah Shapiro.


title: DJ Hero

paragraphs: DJ Hero is a music video game, released on October 27, 2009 in North America, October 28, 2009 in Australia and on October 29, 2009 in Europe. The game was released for the PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and Wii video game consoles. The game uses a turntable-shaped controller that allows players to simulate the motions of a DJ. The game is a spin-off of the "Guitar Hero" video game series. It was well-received by journalists. GameSpot gave the game a 8.0 for both the 360 and PS3 and IGN gave the game a 9.0 for both the 360 and PS3. The game had such good sales that it produced a sequel called "DJ Hero 2".


paragraphs: The NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship, or NCAA Tournament is a single-elimination (if you lose a game, you stop playing) college basketball tournament with 68 college teams playing each other. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) created it in 1939. When it was started in 1939, it only had eight teams. It has grown slowly, but steadily.

paragraphs: The tournament is played from mid-March to early April, so basketball around that time is sometimes called "March Madness".

paragraphs: There are two ways to get in. You can win your conference (a group of about 8 to 12 basketball teams) championship, or get voted in by the NCAA. At first, only one team was allowed in from each conference, but now more can come from each conference.

paragraphs: The tournament is split into four groups called regionals. Each regional has 17 teams, seeded (numbered from best to worst) 1 through 17. The 16 and 17 seeds play each other at the beginning. Then the 1 seed plays the 16 seed, the 2 seed plays the 15 seed, and so on. Then the winners advance to the next round. There are six rounds.


title: These Words

paragraphs: "These Words" is a pop and R&B single. It is sung by Natasha Bedingfield. It comes from Bedingfield's debut record "Unwritten". It was the album's 2nd international single. The song hit top forty worldwide and was certified platinum for the United States and Australia. It was released in 2005 in the United States.


title: Jarome Iginla

paragraphs: Jarome Arthur-Leigh Adekunle Tig Junior Elvis Iginla (born July 1, 1977) is a Canadian professional ice hockey right winger. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: He played in the WHL for the Kamloops Blazers where he played three seasons. He was drafted by the Dallas Stars with the 11th overall pick in the 1995 NHL Draft but did not play a game with them. He also played for the Calgary Flames for 16 years where he was the captain. He was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins on March 28, 2013 in exchange for Kenneth Agostino, Ben Hanowski, and a first-round draft pick in the 2013 NHL Draft. He played 28 combined games with the Penguins. He is a Christian of his father's faith.

paragraphs: On July 5, 2013, Iginla signed a one-year, $6 million contract with the Boston Bruins.

paragraphs: On July 1, 2014, Iginla signed three-year, $16 million contract with the Colorado Avalanche.


title: Suze Orman

paragraphs: Susan Lynn Orman, better known as Suze Orman (born June 5, 1951) is an American financial advisor, motivational speaker, and television host. Orman was born in Chicago. She received her B.A. in social work. She worked as a financial advisor for Merrill Lynch. In 1983 she became the vice-president of investments at Prudential Bache Securities. In 1987, she founded the Suze Orman Financial Group. She hosts "The Suze Orman Show" on CNBC since 2002. Orman has written seven New York Times best seller books. She also hosted six PBS specials based on her books, for which she won two daytime Emmy Awards. In addition to this, she also hosts programs on QVC.


title: Finding Nemo (video game)

paragraphs: Finding Nemo is an action-adventure video game. The game was released for the Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, Xbox, and Nintendo GameCube video game consoles. The game was also released for the Macintosh, Mobile phone, and for Microsoft Windows. GameSpot gave the game a 6.2 for the Xbox, PS2 and GameCube and IGN gave the game a 6.0 for the Xbox, PS2 and GameCube. The game is based on the 2003 movie "Finding Nemo".

paragraphs: There was also a sequel for the Nintendo DS called, that was released on February 9, 2006.


title: Estelle Getty

paragraphs: Estelle Getty (July 25, 1923 July 22, 2008) was an American actress. She was born in New York City to Polish immigrants and was Jewish. She is best known for playing Sophia on the television show "The Golden Girls" from 19851992. She also starred in several motion pictures and other television sitcoms.

paragraphs: Estelle Scher was the daughter of the Polish-Jewish immigrants Sarah and Charles Scher. Her father opened a glass business in New York City.

paragraphs: She had an acting career and got a job in New York and then, she began to appear in films.

paragraphs: From 1985-1992 she played in "The Golden Girls" as "Sophia Petrillo". In 1986 she was awarded a Golden Globe Award and in 1988, an Emmy Award.

paragraphs: In the spinoff series "The Golden Palace" (1992-1993), she played the same role

paragraphs: After the end of "The Golden Girls" and "The Golden Palace" she played the role of "Sophia" in "Empty Nest".

paragraphs: She was also in films like "Stuart Little" and "Stop! Or My Mom Will Shoot" with Sylvester Stallone.

paragraphs: In 1947 she married Arthur Gettleman and took the surname of her husband. She changed the surname in Getty. In 2000 she was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease and didn't appear in public. In 2004, her husband died and she moved to Los Angeles. She died in 2008, just 3 days before her birthday. In her later years, after retiring from acting, she also battled Lewy body dementia.


title: Aqua (band)

paragraphs: Aqua is a Danish-Norwegian group who sing dance-pop music. The group were first singed in 1994. They have made two studio albums, two compilation albums, two remix albums and sixteen singles. The group split up in 2001 and reformed in 2007.


title: Saturn Vue

paragraphs: The Saturn Vue was a compact crossover SUV that was built by General Motors' Saturn brand. The Vue was made by the Saturn Corporation from 2002 to 2005. The Vue was the first GM vehicle to utilize the Theta platform which has become global since it has replaced the GM SUV frames most notably the Chevrolet Blazer frame. In 2006 GM introduced the second generation of the Vue, built by Opel. Basically a rebadged Opel Antara with modifications for the American market. This generation of the Vue was sold from 2007-2009 until Saturn went defunct in 2010. The Vue is still being made under the General Motors company. General Motors reintroduced the Vue to fleets and companies as the Chevrolet Captiva Sport. In September 2014 GM announced that it would discontinue the Captiva Sport due to the introduction of its new subcompact CUV the Trax. Until 2012 the Vue was the only Saturn model that was re-introduced later followed by the Outlook's body style being used on the Acadia.


title: Blister

paragraphs: Blisters are small pockets of fluid in an upper layer of the skin caused by friction, burning or freezing. Most blisters are filled with a clear fluid called serum or plasma (blister water). Some blisters, however, are filled with blood; they are called blood blisters.


title: Saturn Outlook

paragraphs: The Saturn Outlook was a full-size crossover SUV that was built by General Motors' Saturn brand. The Outlook was made by the Saturn Corporation from 2006 to 2010 until Saturn went defunct in 2010. The Saturn Outlook replaced the Relay minivan which was discontinued due to its unsuccessful sales. The vehicle received a 5 out of 5 stars for both frontal and side by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration and was also named Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's Top Safety Pick in both 2008 and 2009. Although the Saturn brand is no longer active GM has decided to use the bodyshell of the Outlook on the redesigned GMC Acadia.


title: Saturn Relay

paragraphs: The Saturn Relay was a minivan that was built by General Motor's Saturn brand. The Relay was made by the Saturn Corporation from 2005 to 2007. The Relay was the first and only minivan made by the Saturn company. The Relay is also the only Saturn vehicle that was a badge engineered vehicle. Due to poor sales the Relay was replaced by the Saturn Outlook in 2006.


title: Weeds (TV series)

paragraphs: Weeds is an American comedy television series which was on Showtime from August 8, 2005 - September 16, 2012. The series is about a widow (who is played by Mary-Louise Parker) who is a mother of two sons Silas (who is played by Hunter Parrish) and Shane (who is played by Alexander Gould) and she turns to selling marijuana to support her family after her husband, Judah (who was played by Jeffrey Dean Morgan) suddenly dies.


title: The Highwayman (poem)

paragraphs: The Highwayman is a long poem by Alfred Noyes published in 1906. It is written in ballad form. It was very popular when first published, and is still a commonly read narrative poem today.

paragraphs: "The Highwayman" tells the story of a highwayman who is in love with the daughter of an innkeeper. Her name is Bess and she has long black hair and red lips. A jealous ostler (person who works in the stable) who is in love with Bess reports the highwayman to the army.

paragraphs: When they come to ambush him, Bess kills herself to warn him and save his life. When he hears about the way she died, he becomes very angry and is shot down on the highway. The poem ends by saying that the ghosts of the two lovers still meet on nights like the one where we first see them.


title: Source Code

paragraphs: Source Code is a 2011 American science fiction-thriller movie that was produced by Mark Gordon, Jordan Wynn and Philippe Rousselet and was directed by Duncan Jones. Source Code was released on April 1, 2011 in North America. The movie gained very positive reviews with a 90% from Rotten Tomatoes and a 74 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Highwayman

paragraphs: A highwayman was a type of robber who attacked people who were travelling. They were common in the British Isles from the time of Elizabeth I to the 1800s. Highwaymen rode on horses. They were thought to be socially superior to footpads (who robbed on foot).

paragraphs: Some highwaymen robbed alone but others worked in gangs. They often targeted coaches because they did not have much defence, They stole money, jewellery and other valuable items. The penalty for robbery with violence was execution by hanging. The 17th century highwayman James Hind was hanged, drawn and quartered. As a supporter of King Charles, the Protectorate charged him with treason.

paragraphs: One of the most famous highwaymen was Dick Turpin, who was hanged for his crimes in 1739. The Australian bushranger Ben Hall was said to be one too.

paragraphs: The worst place for highwayman were Shooter’s Hill and Finchely Common.

paragraphs: Highwayman were not only just men but woman too.The Soldiers would catch the Highwayman.


title: Narrative poetry

paragraphs: Narrative poetry is a type of poetry that tells a story. Narrative poems can be short or long. Some are novels or short stories written in verse form. Many older narrative poems were designed to be passed on through generations as a way of recording history.


title: Bothwell Castle

paragraphs: Bothwell Castle is a large medieval castle in Scotland. It is sited on a high, steep bank, above a bend in the River Clyde, in South Lanarkshire. It is located between Uddingston and Bothwell, about south-east of Glasgow. The castle was built in the 13th century by the ancestors of Clan Murray. It was built to guard a strategic crossing point of the Clyde. Bothwell played a key role in Scotland's Wars of Independence. It changed hands several times.


title: Velpur

paragraphs: Velpur is a village in India. It is in the state of Andhra Pradesh in the West Godavari district.


title: Child labour

paragraphs: Child labour means that children are forced to work like adults and take part in an economic activity. According to the ILO International Labour Organization the term is applied to people up to age thirteen, or seventeen in case of dangerous work. Only about a fourth of the ILO members have ratified the respective convention, but the age limits are generally accepted.

paragraphs: When children work like adults, this will deprive them of their childhood: Very often, they cannot attend regular school either. This kind of work is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

paragraphs: Child labour is fundamentally different from casual work done by children, like guarding other children, or helping here and there. Child labour is forbidden in most countries. In some places minor boys and girls work in tea stalls, restaurants, hotels and other small shops. Some work in huge factories like brick factories. The main reason why child labour occurs is poverty.

paragraphs: There are two kinds of work that minors can do:

paragraphs: In general the second kind of work is usually labelled child labour. Estimates are that up to 350 million children are affected by child labour. Eight million of these are affected by the worst forms of child labour: they are child soldiers, they are forced into child prostitution, they are used for child pornography, they are child slaves, debt bondage or affected by human trafficking.

paragraphs: Often such cases are known through scandals in the mass media. In that manner, a working child is often seen as a slave, working in a Sweet shop in a third world country, producing textiles, or as one of the street children in South America. The reality is different though: Such shops exist all over the world, also in countries like the United States or Italy. The fact that child labour is involved is often hidden: More than three quarters of this work is done in the sector of agriculture, or it has to do with activities done at home, in the context of the family. If child-slaves exist, they are only a minority. This form of work done by children also existed before industrialisation and globalisation, the two phenomena have made it more visible.


title: Cash crop

paragraphs: A cash crop is a crop that is grown to be sold on the market. This is different from a subsistence crop which is grown for the personal use of the farmer, or as food for the farmer's animals.

paragraphs: There are several different categories of cash crops, for different purposes.

paragraphs: Food crops are grown to be eaten by humans or animals. Since modern agriculture(farming) methods allow farmers to grow much more food than they need to feed themselves and their families, the extra is sold to others.

paragraphs: Spices and herbs are ingredients added to food in order to make it taste less bland. Spices/herbs do not make up much of a meal but are very flavorful. Since spices/herbs are used in small amounts but can be grown in much larger quantities, the surplus grown is sold as a cash crop.

paragraphs: Material crops are plants which have parts that can be used as raw materials to create objects with. Material crops are not eaten, but sold to the market for usage for various purposes.

paragraphs: Medicinal and drug crops are grown for their effects on the human or animal body. Medicinal crops can help with healing, relieving pain, and curing illness. Some medicinal crops can be used to substitute for sugars. Drug crops are crops that are used for recreational purposes and often have addicting effects.

paragraphs: Ornamental plants are crops grown and sold for the purpose of making a place look more attractive. These include flowers, though they can be any plant that decorates an indoor or outdoor space. Ornamental crops are frequently used in gardens, parks, and public places.


title: Caulfield, Victoria

paragraphs: Caulfield is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 7 miles south-east from Melbourne's central business district. Its Local Government Area is the City of Glen Eira. In 2006 there were 4790 people living in Caulfied.

paragraphs: The boundaries of Caulfield are Kooyong Road in the west, Glen Eira Road in the north, Glenhuntly Road in the south and Booran Road in the east.

paragraphs: Caulfield is best known as the location of Caulfield Racecourse and the Caulfield campus of Monash University.

paragraphs: It is not known why the area was called Caulfield, but it is probably linked with Baron Caulfeild of Ireland. John Caulfield was an early settler in the colony of Victoria. The name Caulfield was in use by 1853, and the early maps always place it somewhere around the racecourse.

paragraphs: The whole area was named the Caulfield Road District in 1857. Caulfield Post Office opened on 1 January 1863 and closed in 1974. Caulfield Junction Post Office opened in 1923 and is still open.

paragraphs: Caulfield Park is a large Victorian era garden between by Hawthorn, Balaclava and Inkerman Roads. It has a war memorial, a decorative lake and playing fields for various sports.

paragraphs: Caulfield is one of Melbourne's suburbs most serviced by public transport.

paragraphs: Trains connect the suburb to the city via the major transport interchange, Caulfield railway station at Caulfield East.

paragraphs: Trams service North, South and East Caulfield with route 67 (along Glenhuntly Road) route 64 (along Hawthorn Road), crossing Hawthorn Road at both Balaclava Road and Glenhuntly Road and route 3 near the railway station.

paragraphs: Helen Shardey is the Liberal State Member for Caulfield.

paragraphs: Caulfield has an football team playing in the Southern Football League.


title: Stereo MCs

paragraphs: The Stereo MCs are an electronic dance group from London which formed in 1985. They are best known worldwide for their 1992 top 20 single "Connected".


title: Stratosphere

paragraphs: The stratosphere is one of the layers of the atmosphere of the planet Earth. It extends from about 8 km above the poles (18 km above the equator) to about 50 km. In the stratosphere, the temperature rises with increasing height. This makes the stratosphere very stable. This temperature gradient is caused by the ozone layer which absorbs some UV radiation from sunlight. The absorbed radiation is converted to heat.

paragraphs: This differs from the lower layer, the troposphere, where temperature declines with higher altitude, and from the next higher layer, the mesosphere, where the temperature again declines.

paragraphs: Airplanes that are going far usually fly in the lower stratosphere, because the engines are more efficient in cold air and drag is small in low air density air.


title: MAC address

paragraphs: Computers that uses a computer network or internet network need to be identified. For this reason, many network connection types, like Ethernet or WiFi, use unique addresses to identify the network card, a part of a computer, to access the network. These addresses are usually called the Media Access Control address or MAC address.

paragraphs: Each computer is given a MAC address by its computer maker. The way for giving MAC addresses to computers, created by Xerox, is used. MAC addresses have 48-bits (how many 1s or 0s it has in it). There are 2 (or 281,474,976,710,656) possible MAC addresses. MAC addresses identify many things, such as the type of device being used.

paragraphs: A MAC address is used by the network to send and receive data (computer information) to the right place almost like mail being sent and received from a home mail address. The MAC address is like door number or street number.


title: Chloë Sevigny

paragraphs: Chloë Sevigny (born November 18, 1974) is an American actress, fashion designer and former model. She was born in Springfield, Massachusetts and raised in Darien, Connecticut. Her father was of French Canadian origin; her mother is Polish American. Sevigny starred in many independent or "avant garde" movies during the 1990s and 2000s. She also had a fashion career during the mid 1990s.


title: Tara Lipinski

paragraphs: Tara Lipinski (born June 10, 1982) is an American figure skater. She won the Ladies' Singles Olympic gold medal for figure skating at the 1998 Winter Olympics. She is the youngest individual to win a gold medal in Winter Olympics' history.

paragraphs: Lipinski was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She was the daughter of Patricia (née Brozyniak), a secretary, and Jack Lipinski, an oil executive and lawyer. She was raised in New Jersey.

paragraphs: The year before her Olympic win, the U.S. Olympic Committee named Lipinski the 1997 Female Athlete of the Year. Lipinski is particularly proud of the recognition she has received from fans. In 1999 and 2000 she was voted Best Female Athlete at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards.


title: Anna Freud

paragraphs: Anna Freud (3 December 1895 – 9 October 1982) was the sixth and last child of Sigmund Freud and his wife Martha Bernays Freud.

paragraphs: She was born in Vienna. She followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis.

paragraphs: With Melanie Klein, she may be considered the founder of psychoanalytic child psychology. As her father put it, child analysis had received a powerful impetus through "the work of Frau Melanie Klein and of my daughter, Anna Freud". Her work emphasized the importance of the ego and its ability to be trained socially.

paragraphs: After a somewhat troubled childhood, Anna was psychoanalysed by her father. When her analysis was completed in 1922, she became a psychoanalyist herself. She taught at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association. She continued child analysis and seminars and conferences on the subject.

paragraphs: After the Anschluss in 1938 the Freuds fled Vienna and came to London. Freud himself was dying of cancer, so Anna ran the household. Anna had a professional disagreement with Melanie Klein, who had come to London much earlier, and was already established as a child psychologist. A series of 'controversial discussions' were held by the British Psychoanalytical Society. The discussions were about the training and the ideas of both parties. Eventually agreement was reached that both 'schools' should co-exist inside the Society. The Society now has three training divisions: Kleinian, Freudian and Independent.

paragraphs: During the war, Freud studied the effect of deprivation of parental care on children. She set up a centre for young war victims, called "The Hampstead War Nursery". Here the children got foster care, with mothers

paragraphs: encouraged to visit as often as possible.

paragraphs: In 1947, Freud and Kate Friedlaender established the Hampstead Child Therapy Courses. Five years later, a children's clinic was added. Freud started lecturing on child psychology.

paragraphs: From the 1950s until the end of her life Freud travelled regularly to the United States to lecture, teach and visit friends. During the 1970s she was concerned with the problems of emotionally deprived and socially disadvantaged children. At Yale Law School, she taught seminars on crime and the family.

paragraphs: Freud died in London on 9 October 1982. She was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium and her ashes placed in a marble shelf next to her parents' ancient Greek funeral urn. Her lifelong friend Dorothy Burlingham and several other members of the Freud family also rest there.

paragraphs: Anna Freud lived with her close friend Dorothy Burlingham, daughter of Louis Comfort Tiffany, for years.

paragraphs: Freud, Anna (1966–1980). "The writings of Anna Freud": 8 Volumes. New York: Indiana University of Pennsylvania


title: F.C. Steaua Bucureşti

paragraphs: F.C. Steaua Bucureşti is a football team from Bucharest, Romania. It was founded on 7 June 1947 as "ASA Bucureşti" ("ASA Bucharest"). It has won the most championships in Romania, 23, and it is the only team from Romania to win a UEFA Champions League title. Its chairman is George Becali (usually "Gigi" Becali).


title: Chevrolet Express

paragraphs: Chevrolet Express and GMC Savana are full sized passenger or cargo vans made via General Motors. These vans seat between eight and fifteen passengers. The cargo vans are used for commercial and business purposes. The Express/Savana vans were first produced around 1996.


title: Weatherford, Texas

paragraphs: Weatherford is a city in Parker County, Texas near Fort Worth. It is part of Dallas-Fort Worth metropolitan area.


title: Green River Formation

paragraphs: The Green River Formation is an Eocene rock formation on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains. It records sediment from a group of intermountain lakes. Its fine fossils make this a lagerstätte, a place of exceptional preservation.

paragraphs: The various fossil beds of the Green River Formation span a 5 million year period, dating to between 53.5 and 48.5 million years ago (mya). During this period the climate moved from the moist early Eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-Eocene.

paragraphs: The sediments are deposited in very fine layers, in pairs: a dark layer from the growing season, and a light-hue inorganic layer in winter.

paragraphs: Each pair of layers is called a varve and represents one year. The sediments of the Green River Formation present a continuous record of six million years. The mean thickness of a varve here is 0.18 mm, with a minimum thickness of 0.014 mm and maximum of 9.8 mm.

paragraphs: The sedimentary layers were formed in a large area named after the present-day Green River, a tributary of the Colorado River. The formation is in three separate basins around the Uinta Mountains of northeastern Utah:

paragraphs: The formation has many evaporites – minerals formed by the evaporation of lakes. This suggests that high salinity was one of the causes of the superb fossilisation.

paragraphs: Another factor was the frequent ash falls from nearby volcanoes. Rapid burial also prevents normal decomposition.

paragraphs: Fossils preserved suggest that the region was a low, subtropical, freshwater basin when the sediments accumulated.

paragraphs: The Green River fossils show a transition between the moist early Eocene climate and the slightly drier mid-Eocene. The climate was moist and mild enough to support crocodiles, which do not tolerate frost, and the lakes were surrounded by sycamore forests. As the lake configurations shifted, each Green River location is distinct in character and time. The lake system formed over underlying river deltas and shifted in the flat landscape with slight tectonic movements

paragraphs: The Green River Formation contains the largest oil shale deposits in the world. The 213 billion tons of oil shale contain an estimated 2.38 × 10¹¹ m³ (1.5 trillion US barrels) of shale oil. This is a tribute to the high volume of organic material that was buried. The source of the organic material was probably cyanobacteria, which thrive in warm alkaline lake conditions.

paragraphs: The lagerstätten formed in anoxic conditions in the fine carbonate muds that formed in the lakebeds. Lack of oxygen slowed bacterial decomposition and kept scavengers away. Leaves of palms, ferns and sycamores, some showing the insect damage got during their growth, were covered with fine-grained sediment and preserved. Insects were preserved whole, even delicate wing membranes and spider spinnerets.

paragraphs: The fauna included fish, alligators, bats, turtles, dog-sized horses, insects, and many other species of plants and animals


title: Peggy Lee

paragraphs: Norma Egstrom (May 26, 1920 - January 2002) was an American actress and jazz singer. She is better known as Peggy Lee. She acted in many movies. She also wrote the music for them. She sang and acted for six decades. Lee was born in Jamestown, North Dakota.


title: Hurricane Alex (2010)

paragraphs: Hurricane Alex was a rare June hurricane and the first tropical cyclone of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm first struck near Belize as a tropical storm. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, Alex became a hurricane and struck northeast Mexico; it was the first hurricane in June since Hurricane Allison in 1995. The storm killed 51 people (33 directly) and caused almost $1.9 billion in damage (2010 USD).


title: Optical gain medium

paragraphs: An optical gain medium (also called an "active laser medium") can make light stronger. In general, gain media must be powered by another energy source in order to have energy to provide as light. Some gain media can be powered using electricity, but many others need light energy from bright flash lamps or a laser. Optical gain media are used in lasers. The first lasers used artificial ruby as their optical gain medium.


title: Microvillus

paragraphs: Microvillus (plural microvilli) is a very tiny hair-like membrane in the body. The microvillus greatly increase the amount of surface area for a cell. In humans, the microvilli can give a cell 600 times more surface area. They are good for absorbing things and for secreting things. They are found in many places in a human body including the ear, the tongue, the nose and the intestines.

paragraphs: On a tongue, the microvilli are the tiny hairs on the taste buds that send signals to the brain. These signals are interpreted by the brain, and tells the brain what things taste like. Over time, as a person tastes more and more things, the brain stores the information the microvilli send in a databank of information. This databank is used to compare new tastes to old tastes, and help to classify them by comparing and contrasting their qualities.

paragraphs: In the intestines, the microvilli are able to absorb (take) nutrients from the digested food for the body to use.


title: Languages of the United States

paragraphs: English is the "de facto" national language of the United States, with 82% of the population claiming it as a mother tongue, and some 96% claiming to speak it "well" or "very well". However, no "official language" exists at the Federal level. There have been several proposals to make English the national language in amendments to immigration reform bills, but none of these bills have made a federal language. However, some states have adopted the English language as their official language. On the other hand, a lot of another languages, like Spanish, French, Italian, Arabic, Japanese, Korean, Russian, Polish, Finnish, Dutch, German, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Welsh, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Hindi, Mandarin, Hebrew, Cantonese, Chinese, Ukrainian, Navajo, Indonesian, Malay, Vietnamese, Tagalog, Portuguese, etc. Are spoken in the United States as second languages.


title: Judith Miller (journalist)

paragraphs: Judith Miller is an American conservative journalist. She was born January 2, 1948. She worked for the New York Times until retiring from there around November 2005. She later became a contributor to Fox News and then a contributing writer for a conservative magazine called "Newsmax".

paragraphs: Her coverage of Iraq's alleged Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) program both before and after the 2003 invasion generated much controversy. A number of stories she wrote while working for "The New York Times" later turned out to be inaccurate or simply false.<


title: Gilda Radner

paragraphs: Gilda Susan Radner (born June 28, 1946 - May 20, 1989) was an American actress and comedian. She was born in Detroit, Michigan. She was one of the original cast members of NBC's comedy program "Saturday Night Live" (for which she won an Emmy Award in 1978). She died from ovarian cancer in Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: She was married to actor Gene Wilder before her death.


title: September Affair

paragraphs: September Affair is a 1950 musical movie that was produced by Hal B. Wallis and was directed by William Dieterle. The movie was released on October 18, 1950 in North America. The movie received positive reviews and also won a Golden Globe Award in 1951 for Best Original Score.


title: How to Train Your Dragon (movie)

paragraphs: How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 computer animated fantasy-comedy movie based on the 2003 book of the same name and made by DreamWorks Animation. It was released on March 26, 2010. It received positive reviews with Rotten Tomatoes giving the movie a 98% and Metacritic gave it a 74 out of 100. The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature and Best Original Score. A sequel, "How to Train Your Dragon 2", was released on June 13, 2014. A third film, "How to Train Your Dragon 3", was released in 2019.


title: Christopher Mintz-Plasse

paragraphs: Christopher Charles Mintz-Plasse (born June 20, 1989 in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, California) is an American Actor. He is famous for playing the character "Fogell/McLovin" in the movie, Superbad and "Chris D'Amico/Red Mist" in the movie, Kick-Ass.


title: Jonah Hill

paragraphs: Jonah Hill Feldstein (born December 20, 1983 in Los Angeles, California) better known as, Jonah Hill is an American actor, producer, screenwriter and comedian. He is notable for playing the character "Seth" in the movie, Superbad. He started his acting career in his first philosophical comedy movie, I Heart Huckabees as Bret.


title: Cheryl Hines

paragraphs: Cheryl Hines is an American actress and television director. She is most noted for playing Cheryl in the HBO show "Curb Your Enthusiasm". She was born September 21, 1965, Miami Beach, Florida.


title: Jill Eikenberry

paragraphs: Jill Eikenberry (born 21 January 1947) is an American actress. She was born in New Haven, Connecticut. Her most well known role was playing Ann Kelsey in "L.A. Law" (1986-1994). She appeared in many television movies in the 1980s.


title: Kids Help Line

paragraphs: The Kids Helpline is a counselling service in Australia for people who are between 5 and 25 years old. Children & young people ring Kids Helpline to speak about problems in their lives. These problems range from fighting with friends and breaking up with a partner to suicidal thoughts and being hurt or abused.

paragraphs: The Kids Helpline employs about 110 people to work as counsellors. The call centres are based in Brisbane so all the calls that people make to the Kids Helpline go through to a call centre in Brisbane. These counsellors listen to nearly 6,000 calls from young people each week.

paragraphs: The Kids Helpline is run by yourtown. Most of the money needed for it to run is raised through lotteries held by yourtown. The Australian Government also helps by giving some money and Optus is their biggest sponsor.

paragraphs: Kids Helpline was opened for taking calls on the 25 March 1991. On the first day more than 3,200 young people rang up to ask for help. By the 17th day, 122,000 thousand calls had been made. Not many of these calls were able to be answered. After a year of been open for people to call the Kids Helpline had answered 75,000 calls.

paragraphs: Kids Helpline was added into different states one at a time. In 1993 it was open into the whole nation of Australia. In 1999 "Email Counselling" was offered for the first time and in May 2000 "Web Counselling" was offered for the first time.

paragraphs: Since the first call was taken in 1991, the Kids Helpline has been contacted more than 7.5 million (7,500,000) times.

paragraphs: The Kids Helpline offers three different ways of communicating with them.

paragraphs: Phoning 1800 55 1800 anywhere in Australia will connect you to a counsellor from Kids Helpline. The contact by phone can be made at any time of the day and on any day in the week. This is the quickest way of getting support. If the problem is really urgent Kids Helpline advises that contacting them by phone is the best way to get support immediately. Contacting this number in Australia is for free using a landline & mobile phone.

paragraphs: This is called "Web Counselling". Web Counselling allows the person who is wanting help to talk over the Internet to a counsellor. This is done by Instant Messaging each other. What that means is the messages are sent from one computer to the other very slowly (similar to Skype and eHeadspace). Web Counselling is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.

paragraphs: A person needing help may send an email to the Kids Helpline and then wait for a response. This is the slowest way of getting help because it sometimes takes a counsellor up to two weeks to reply to each email. For a person needing immediate assistance it is recommended to phone Kids Helpline on 1800 55 1800.


title: Zack and Miri Make a Porno

paragraphs: Zack and Miri Make a Porno is a 2008 American romantic sex comedy movie. It was produced by Scott Mosier and was directed by Kevin Smith. The movie was released on October 31, 2008 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 65% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 56 out of 100 from Metacritic.

paragraphs: Zack Brown and Miri Linky are stuck living together in a run down apartment in Monroeville, Pennsylvania. They have been unable to keep up with their monthly rent, causing the landlord to shut off electricity and water in their apartment. In this dire situation, Zack and Miri turn to making pornography as a means of paying back their rent. Zack turns to a longtime friend and co-worker for some money to kick start his career in pornography. They hire a group of talented actors and actresses, who are seeking to advance themselves in the movie industry. Like many new movie directors, Zack encounters some difficulties during the first few weeks of his movie career. The room that he rents out to movie his pornographic masterpiece is destroyed.


title: Pineapple Express (movie)

paragraphs: Pineapple Express is an 2008 American stoner action comedy movie produced by Judd Apatow and Shauna Robertson, and directed by David Gordon Green. It was released on August 6, 2008 in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 68% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 64 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: The Twilight Zone (1959 TV series)

paragraphs: The Twilight Zone is an American television series created by Rod Serling. It is a series of unrelated stories of drama, psychological thriller, fantasy, science fiction, suspense, and/or horror, often ending with a dark or unexpected twist. A popular and critical success, it introduced many Americans to serious science fiction and abstract ideas through television and "Twilight Zone" books and comics.

paragraphs: The success of the first series started two revival series: one series that ran for several seasons on CBS and in syndication in the 1980s, and another series that ran on UPN from 2002 to 2003. It would also lead to a movie, a radio series, a comic book, a magazine and other spin-offs that would go on for 50 years.

paragraphs: Aside from Serling himself, who wrote nearly two-thirds of the series' total episodes, writers for "The Twilight Zone" included authors such as Charles Beaumont, Richard Matheson, Jerry Sohl, George Clayton Johnson, Earl Hamner, Jr., Reginald Rose, Harlan Ellison and Ray Bradbury. Many episodes also featured adaptations of classic stories by such writers as Ambrose Bierce, Lewis Padgett, Jerome Bixby and Damon Knight.

paragraphs: "Twilight Zone"'s writers often used science fiction as a way for social commentary. Television networks and sponsors who had censored all possible offensive material from the mostly live dramas were not aware of the methods developed by writers such as Ray Bradbury for dealing with important issues through fantasy. Themes include nuclear war, mass hysteria, and McCarthyism, subjects that were not allowed on more "serious" primetime television.

paragraphs: The first series contained 156 episodes. Seasons 1, 2, 3, 5 were half hour shows. Season four (1962–1963) contained one-hour episodes.


title: Black Shirts

paragraphs: The Black Shirts were a Fascist paramilitary group in Italy during the rise and reign of Benito Mussolini.


title: Catherine Deshayes

paragraphs: Caterine Deshayes, sometimes known as Catherine Monvoisin, or simply La Voisin was a French serial killer. She was born around 1640, and executed as a witch on 16 February 1680, in Paris; together with several others. She played an important role in the so-called Affair of the Poisons. She lived from charging high fees to make horosocopes. She celebrated black masses, practiced abortions, sold love potions and poisons. She is said to have sacrificed infants. Together with the Hellfire club this is one of the earliest known examples of theistic satanism.

paragraphs: Many nobles were among her clients, among them, Madame de Montespan a courtesan of Louis XIV.


title: Carol Burnett

paragraphs: Carol Burnett is an American singer, writer, dancer, actress and comedian. She is notable for her stage and television acting. She began her career in New York. She had her own television program: "The Carol Burnett Show" (1967-1978 on CBS). Burnett was born in San Antonio, Texas in 1933.

paragraphs: Burnett has won many awards. These include six Emmy Awards, five Golden Globes and a Tony.


title: Boy Meets Curl

paragraphs: "Boy Meets Curl" is the twelfth episode of The Simpsons twenty-first season. In this episode, The Simpson family visit Vancouver where Marge and Homer compete in the 2010 Winter Olympics in the mixed-doubles curling team with Seymour Skinner and his mother Agnes. Marge's sweeping earns a win for the team and they earn a spot for the Olympics. Meanwhile, Lisa is given an Olympic mascot pin and she decides to collect them but her pin collecting addiction goes out of control. Marge injures her shoulder in the semi-finals and she is told that she will never sweep again and that the American mixed curling team must concede the gold medal to Sweden. Lisa buys so many Olympic mascot pins that she doesn't have anymore money left so she trades her pearl necklace for a mascot pin from the 1924 Winter Olympics. Bart offers to help Lisa with defeating her pin collecting addiction and manages to get back her necklace by tricking the pin vendor with "Fatov," who is a phony mascot that was "created" in advance for the 2014 Winter Olympics but the mascot is really Homer's mouth, clipped by Bart from his driver's license. When Marge is about to leave Vancouver, she reveals that she is left-handed to Homer and says that she always used her right hand to not seem unusual. She has enough strength to change Maggie's diaper and dress her with one hand. They both decide to re-participate in the gold medal game where they defeated Sweden and won the gold medal.


title: Ball and socket joint

paragraphs: A ball and socket joint (enarthrosis, spheroidal joint) is a joint in which the ball-shaped surface of a bone fits into the cup-like indentation of another bone. This type of joint allows the bone to move in a 360° angle—with more freedom than other joints.


title: Alexandre Étienne Choron

paragraphs: Alexandre Étienne Choron (Caen, 1837 – 1924) was a French chef. As "chef de cuisine" of the celebrated restaurant Voisin on the rue Saint Honoré, Choron is best known for his invention of Choron sauce, a béarnaise sauce enriched with tomato concentrate.

paragraphs: Choron is also remembered for the food he served during the Siege of Paris by the Prussians, which began on 19 September 1870. During the siege, Parisians were reduced to eating cats, dogs, and rats. The bourgeois did not want to eat such "low" animals, and the "de luxe" restaurants had plenty of customers. As food reserves dwindled, these restaurants, including Voisin, improvised. Choron served exotic animal dishes at Voisin. For the midnight Christmas meal of 1870, Choron had a menu mostly of the best parts of the animals kept in the "Jardin d'acclimatation" (one of the Paris zoos). The menu – stuffed head of donkey, elephant consommé, roasted camel, kangaroo stew, bear shanks roasted in pepper sauce, wolf in deer sauce, cat with rat, and antelope in truffle sauce – has become legendary. The menu's wines were Mouton-Rothschild 1846, Romanée-Conti 1858 and Château Palmer 1864.

paragraphs: Choron became famous for his elephant dishes (): "Trompe d’éléphant in sauce chasseur" and "Éléphant bourguignon". After the elephant at the "Jardin d'acclimatation" were used at the Christmas table, the two elephants (Castor and Pollux) at the Paris' "jardin zoologique" were consumed on 31 December 1870 at Voisin. In early January, it was the elephant at the "Jardin des Plantes" (Paris' botanical garden) which was sent to the abbatoir. It was bought by Choron for his restaurant at the price of 15 francs per pound. By 13 January Voisin was out of elephant meat and substituted horse. The siege was lifted two weeks later.


title: Femme Fatale

paragraphs: Femme Fatale is the seventh studio album by American recording artist Britney Spears. It was released on March 25, 2011 by Jive Records.


title: Sassafras

paragraphs: Sassafras is a genus that contains three current and one extinct species of deciduous trees in the family Lauraceae. It was originally in eastern North America and eastern Asia.

paragraphs: Sassafras trees grow from tall and from wide. The trunk grows across.

paragraphs: "Sassafras" was named by the botanist Nicolas Monardes in the 16th century. It is said to be a corruption of the Spanish word for saxifrage.


title: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot

paragraphs: Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot 16 July 1796 – 22 February 1875) was a French landscape and portrait painter as well as a printmaker in etching.

paragraphs: He is a key figure in landscape painting, and painted many works. He was in the Neo-Classical tradition, but he anticipated the "en plein air" (painting outside in front of the scenery) of impressionism.


title: Poa pratensis

paragraphs: Poa pratensis, also Smooth Meadow-grass, Common Meadow Grass, or Kentucky Bluegrass, is a perennial species of the grass family "Poaceae". It is native to Europe, Asia, and northern Africa. It is tall.

paragraphs: "Poa pratensis" makes a useful pasture plant. It is also used for making lawns in parks and gardens. "Poa" is Greek for fodder, which is food fed to livestock.

paragraphs: The name Kentucky Bluegrass came from its blue flower heads.


title: Tim Russert

paragraphs: Tim Russert (May 7, 1950 - June 13, 2008) was an American television journalist and lawyer. He was the longest serving moderator for NBC's "Meet the Press" beginning in 1991. He was the senior vice president of NBC News and a frequent correspondent and guest on NBC's "The Today Show" and "Hardball". He was born in Buffalo, New York. Russert died from a heart attack in Washington, D.C.


title: Kangaroo Jack

paragraphs: Kangaroo Jack is an 2003 American-Australian adventure comedy movie set in New York City and Australia. It was produced by Jerry Bruckheimer and was directed by David McNally. "Kangaroo Jack" was released on January 17, 2003 in North America. The movie received negative reviews with a 8% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 16 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: University of Kentucky

paragraphs: The University of Kentucky sometimes shortened to UK is a public, co-educational university in Lexington, Kentucky. The university has about 27,209 students. It was founded in 1865. The current president of the university is Dr. Eli Capilouto.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Wildcats. They have 19 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Southeastern Conference. The men's soccer team plays in Conference USA, and the rifle team competes in the Great America Rifle Conference.

paragraphs: In the 2014-15 season of the men's basketball team, the team won all 31 regular season games and started 38-0. However, they were upset by Wisconsin in the final four, who they played also the year before. They would finish 38-1.


title: Central Connecticut State University

paragraphs: Central Connecticut State University is a public university in New Britain, Connecticut. The university has about 12,315 students. It was founded in 1849. The current president of the university is Jack Miller.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Blue Devils. They have 14 varsity teams and they compete in the Northeast Conference.


paragraphs: The University of North Carolina at Charlotte is a public, coeducational university in Charlotte, North Carolina. The university has about 24,700 students. It was started in 1946. The current chancellor of the university is Dr. Phillip L. Dubois.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Charlotte 49ers. They have 16 varsity teams, most of which compete in Conference USA (C-USA). The football team, which only started playing in 2013, will not join C-USA until 2015.

paragraphs: On April 30, 2019, a mass shooting happened at the university in which two people were killed and four other people were hurt.


title: George Hearst

paragraphs: George Hearst (1820 – 1891) was a successful prospector during the Gold Rush. He was born in Missouri into a family of farmers. He went west during the Gold Rush. By the 1860s he owned many copper and silver mines. His mining business grew bigger. In 1880 he bought the San Francisco "Examiner" to promote his political opinions and himself. He favored the two-party system. He said to Mark Twain in San Francisco that he was a Republican so his little boy, William Randolph Hearst, would become a Democrat. In 1886 he became a state senator in California. Later, his son bought more and more newspapers, which were often accused of being sensational.


title: Dances with Wolves

paragraphs: Dances with Wolves is an 1990 American epic drama-western movie that was produced by Jim Wilson, Kevin Costner and Jake Eberts and was directed by Kevin Costner. Dances with Wolves was released on November 21, 1990, in North America. The movie received positive reviews with a 76% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 72 out of 100 from Metacritic. The movie won 7 Academy Awards for Best Picture, Directing, Writing Adapted Screenplay, Best Cinematography, Film Editing, Sound Mixing and Original Music Score. The movie also won 2 Golden Globe Awards for Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director.


title: Surfer, Dude

paragraphs: Surfer, Dude is an 2008 comedy movie that was produced by Sidney Gus Gustawes, Mark Gustawes and Matthew McConaughey and was directed by S.R. Bindler. "Surfer, Dude" was released on September 5, 2008 in North America. The movie received strongly negative reviews with a 0% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 16 out of 100 from Metacritic.


title: Meet the Fockers

paragraphs: Meet the Fockers is a 2004 American comedy movie. It was produced by Robert De Niro, Jon Poll, Jay Roach, Jane Rosenthal and Nancy Tenenbaum and was directed by Jay Roach. Meet the Fockers was released on December 22, 2004 in North America. The movie received mixed reviews with a 38% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 41 out of 100 from Metacritic. It is the first sequel to the 2000 movie, "Meet the Parents". The second sequel which was called, "Little Fockers" was released in 2010.


title: Barcelona Sants railway station

paragraphs: Barcelona Sants (also ) is the main railway station in Barcelona, operated by RENFE. Built in the 1970s, the current station has become Barcelona's most important transport centre. The station is named after Sants, the neighbourhood of Barcelona that it is in.

paragraphs: The station has recently been remodeled to accommodate the Spanish high-speed train AVE, which began service on 20 February 2008.

paragraphs: The station is in the Sants-Montjuïc district of Barcelona, northwest of the city centre. It is easily reached by metro or bus from anywhere in the city. The station has two entrances.

paragraphs: The station has been built in a modern airport style. All its platforms are underground. The current redevelopment is aimed to make the surface-level entrance and ticket-hall area larger and brighter. A four-star hotel (Hotel Barceló Sants) occupies most of the upper floors of the station's main building. There is also an adjacent international bus station also called Barcelona Sants.


title: Hampton University

paragraphs: Hampton University is a private university in Hampton, Virginia. The university has about 5,000 students. It was founded in 1868. The current president of the university is William R. Harvey. It is a historically black university.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Pirates. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference.


title: Bethune-Cookman University

paragraphs: Bethune-Cookman University is a private university in Daytona Beach, Florida. The university has about 4,000 students. It was founded in 1904. The current president of the university is Trudie Kibbe Reed. It is a historically black university, which means that it was founded to educate African American students.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Wildcats. They have 7 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-Eastern Athletic Conference.


title: Bain-marie

paragraphs: A bain-marie (or water bath) is a piece of equipment used in science, industry, and cooking to heat materials gently and gradually to fixed temperatures, or to keep materials warm over a period of time.

paragraphs: The bain-marie comes in a wide variety of shapes, sizes, and types, but traditionally is a wide, cylindrical, usually metal container made of three or four basic parts: a handle, an outer (or lower) container that holds the working liquid, an inner (or upper), smaller container that fits inside the outer one and which holds the material to be heated or cooked, and sometimes a base underneath. Under the outer container of the bain-marie (or built into its base) is a heat source.

paragraphs: Typically the inner container is immersed about halfway into the working liquid.

paragraphs: The smaller container, filled with the substance to be heated, fits inside the outer container, filled with the working liquid (usually water), and the whole is heated at, or below, the base, causing the temperature of the materials in both containers to rise as needed. The insulating action of the water helps to keep contents of the inner pot from boiling or scorching.

paragraphs: When a bain-marie is filled with water the maximum temperature of the material in the lower container will not exceed 100 degrees Celsius (the boiling point of water at sea level). Using different working liquids (oils, salt solutions, etc.) in the lower container will result in different maximum temperatures.

paragraphs: A contemporary alternative to the traditional, liquid-filled bain-marie is the electric "dry-heat" bain-marie, heated by element below both pots. The dry-heat form of electric bains-marie often consumes less energy, requires little cleaning, and can be heated more quickly than traditional versions. They can also operate at higher temperatures, and are often much less expensive than their traditional counterparts.

paragraphs: Electric bains-marie can also be wet, using either hot water or vapor, or steam, in the heating process. The open, bath-type bain-marie heats via a small, hot-water tub (or "bath"), and the vapour-type bain-marie heats with scalding-hot steam.

paragraphs: Bains-marie were originally developed for use in the practice of alchemy, when alchemists needed a way to heat materials slowly and gently. In that early form of chemical science, it was believed by many that the best way to heat certain materials was to mimic the supposed natural processes, occurring in the Earth's core, by which precious metals were believed to be germinated.

paragraphs: The name comes from the medieval-Latin term "balneum" (or "balineum") "Mariae"—literally, "Mary's bath"—from which the French "bain de Marie", or "bain-marie", is derived. There are many theories as to how the name "Marie" came to be associated with this equipment:


title: Creighton University

paragraphs: Creighton University is a private, coeducational, Jesuit, Roman Catholic university in Omaha, Nebraska. The university has about 7,385 students. It was founded in 1878.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Blue Jays. They have 14 varsity teams, 13 of which compete in the Big East Conference. In women's rowing, a sport that the Big East does not sponsor, Creighton competes in the West Coast Conference.


title: Austin Peay State University

paragraphs: Austin Peay State University is a public university in Clarksville, Tennessee. The university has about 10,723 students. It was founded in 1927. The current president of the university is Timothy Hall.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Governors. They have 7 varsity teams and they compete in the Ohio Valley Conference.


title: Mercedes Ruehl

paragraphs: Mercedes Ruehl (born February 28. 1948) is an American stage, television and motion picture actress. She was born in New York City. She is best known for her supporting role in the 1991 movie "The Fisher King".


title: University of Akron

paragraphs: The University of Akron is a public, coeducational university in Akron, Ohio. The university has about 29,251 students. It was founded in 1870. The current president of the university is Luis M. Proenza.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Zips. They have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference.


title: Eastern Michigan University

paragraphs: Eastern Michigan University is a public, coeducational university in Ypsilanti, Michigan. The university has about 23,000 students. It was founded in 1849. The current president of the university is Susan Martin.

paragraphs: Eastern Michigan University has degrees and programs at the bachelor's, master's, specialist's and doctoral levels.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Eagles. They have 21 varsity teams, almost all of which compete in the Mid-American Conference. In women's rowing, a sport that the MAC does not sponsor, the Eagles compete in the Colonial Athletic Association.


title: Western Michigan University

paragraphs: Western Michigan University is a public university in Kalamazoo, Michigan. The university has about 25,045 students. It was founded in 1903. Since 2000, the president of the university has been John M. Dunn.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called "the Broncos". They have 15 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference except in men's ice hockey, where they compete in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.


title: Central Michigan University

paragraphs: Central Michigan University is a public, coeducational university in Mount Pleasant, Michigan. The university has about 28,389 students. It was founded in 1892. The current president of the university is George E. Ross.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Chippewas. They have 16 varsity teams, all but one of which competes in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The only exception is the women's lacrosse team. Because CMU is the only MAC member that plays women's lacrosse, that team plays in the Atlantic Sun Conference.


title: Perleberg

paragraphs: Perleberg is a German town in the state of Brandenburg. It is halfway between the cities Berlin and Hamburg. It is the capital of the district of Prignitz. In 2010 about 12,400 persons lived in this town.


title: Northern Illinois University

paragraphs: Northern Illinois University is a public university in DeKalb, Illinois. The university has about 25,313 students. It was founded in 1895. The current president of the university is John G. Peters. On February 14, 2008, a gunman named Steven Kazmierczak shot and killed 6 people (including himself) as well as injured 21 people on the university campus which made it the fourth-deadliest university shooting in United States history.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Huskies. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference.


title: Bowling Green State University

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Falcons. They have 7 varsity teams for men and 10 for women, most of which compete in the Mid-American Conference. The men's ice hockey team plays in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association, but is one of seven WCHA men's teams (out of 10) that will leave that league after the 2020–21 season to form a new Central Collegiate Hockey Association. Bowling Green had been a member of the first CCHA for that league's entire history (1971–2013).


title: Kent State University

paragraphs: Kent State University is a public university in Kent, Ohio. The university has about 41,365 students. It was founded in 1910. The current president of the university is Beverly Warren.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Golden Flashes. They have 17 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference.


title: Ohio University

paragraphs: Ohio University is a public university in Athens, Ohio. The university has about 25,908 students. It was founded in 1804. The current president of the university is M. Duane Nellis.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Bobcats. They have 16 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference.


title: St. Cloud State University

paragraphs: The St. Cloud State University is a university in St. Cloud, Minnesota. It was established in 1869. It has over 15,000 students. It is the largest member of the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities system.

paragraphs: St. Cloud State has teams in 20 NCAA sports, plus the non-NCAA sport of Nordic skiing, nicknamed Huskies. Of the NCAA teams, 18 play in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, a Division II conference. The men's and women's ice hockey teams compete in the top-level NCAA Division I, with the men playing in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference and the women in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association.


title: Ball State University

paragraphs: Ball State University is a public, coeducational university in Muncie, Indiana. The university has about 21,401 students. It was founded in 1918. The current president of the university is Jo Ann M. Gora.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Cardinals. They have 18 varsity teams and they compete in the Mid-American Conference.


title: Miami University

paragraphs: "This is the university in Ohio. For the university in Florida, see University of Miami."

paragraphs: Miami University is a public, coeducational university in Oxford, Ohio. The university has about 20,126 students. It was founded in 1809. The current president of the university is David C. Hodge.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the RedHawks. They have 8 varsity teams for men and 10 for women, most of which play in the Mid-American Conference. The men's ice hockey team plays in the National Collegiate Hockey Conference.


title: Colgate University

paragraphs: Colgate University is a private university in Hamilton, New York. The university has about 2,837 students with really really white teeth. It was founded in 1819. Since 2010 the president of the university is Jeffrey Herbst.

paragraphs: The athletics teams of the university are called the Raiders. They have 25 varsity teams and they compete in the Patriot League.


title: La Niña

paragraphs: La Niña is a coupled ocean atmosphere phenomenon that is counterpart to El Niño. The

paragraphs: name means "little girl" in Spanish. La Niñas are often, though not always, preceded by an El Niño phenomenon. Weather patterns in the United States are usually different than during El Niño years. During La Niñas the Atlantic hurricane season produces more intense storms than normal.

paragraphs: A strong La Niña hit in 1988-1989. A weaker one took place during 1995. An extended strong La Niña spell took place from 1998 to 2000, followed by neutral periods between 2000 and 2002. A more recent La Niña happened in 2007-2008, followed by neutral conditions in 2008-2009.


title: Central Committee

paragraphs: In political parties, the Central Committee (also called Steering Committee or National Committee) is a group of party members that make all decisions for the party.

paragraphs: The Committee is usually led by a Chairman. The Committee usually elects it's Chairman to represent it, and also elects other important members of the party.

paragraphs: In one-party dictatorships, the Central Committee is all-powerful and leads the country. In the Soviet Union, for example, Joseph Stalin, used his power as General Secretary to have complete control over the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee and was able to become more powerful than the Committee itself.


title: This Tuesday in Texas

paragraphs: This Tuesday in Texas was a professional wrestling pay-per-view show made by World Wrestling Federation (WWF). It was held on December 3, 1991 at Freeman Coliseum in San Antonio, Texas. There were five professional wrestling matches were scheduled on the card. The main event was a rematch involving Hulk Hogan and the Undertaker. Lukewarm reaction made the experiment a failure.


title: Perry Saturn

paragraphs: Perry Arthur Satullo (born October 25, 1966) is a American professional wrestler. He is best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation (WWF) and Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) under the ring name, Perry Saturn.

paragraphs: In an interview, Saturn revealed that he had been shot with a .25 caliber handgun in the back of the neck while he was trying to save a woman who was being raped by two men. After he was shot, Satullo became addicted to crystal meth and was homeless for two and a half years. Many friends and fans believed that he was dead until he made a surprise appearance at a WWE event.


title: John Tenta

paragraphs: John Anthony Tenta, Jr. (June 22, 1963 – June 7, 2006) was a Canadian sumōtori and professional wrestler. He was best known for wrestling with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring names, Earthquake and Golga and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under the ring names, Avalanche and The Shark.

paragraphs: He was also known for being a sumo wrestler where did quite well but retired from the sport due to the difficulty of the sumo lifestyle, the toll the hard ring surface was taking on his body and the large tattoo of a tiger on his left biceps which in Japan is associated with gangsters. He was born on June 22, 1963 in Surrey, British Columbia and died on June 7, 2006 in Sanford, Florida from bladder cancer.

paragraphs: Tenta was shown in the video games, WWF WrestleFest in 1991, WWF Super WrestleMania in 1992, King of Colosseum II in 2004 and as DLC character in WWE SmackDown vs. Raw 2009 in 2009.

paragraphs: Tenta held many championships during his professional wrestling career:


title: Arthur Griffith

paragraphs: Arthur Griffith (; 31 March 1872 – 12 August 1922) was the founder of Sinn Fein, which became the political wing of the Irish Republican Army. Griffith said the Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 was illegal and that there should therefore be one government for Great Britain and another for Ireland. The King of Great Britain would also be King of Ireland.

paragraphs: Elected to the parliament in 1918, he was also responsible for the Anglo-Irish Treaty (1921) which helped set up the Irish Free State.


title: Aristide Briand

paragraphs: Aristide Briand (; 28 March 1862 – 7 March 1932) became the Prime Minister of France in 1909. He participated in the movement for labour-union formation and also in drafting the law of separation of church and state. Briand was criticised for trying to make peace with Germany. However, it was Briand who played a leading role in formulating the Locarno Pact, a treaty intended to establish peace in western Europe and ease relations with Germany.


title: Jimmy Snuka

paragraphs: James William "Jimmy" Reihsnukks (May 18, 1943 – January 15, 2017) was a Fijian semi-retired professional wrestler. He is better known by his ring name, Jimmy "Superfly" Snuka. His first match was in 1967. Snuka is one of the most remembered wrestlers, along with Hulk Hogan, Ted DiBiase, and more. His daughter Tamina Snuka currently works for the WWE. His son Jimmy Snuka, Jr. also worked for the company.

paragraphs: As of March 2013, he no longer wrestles although he still makes appearances now and again. In August 2015, his wife announced that Snuka was diagnosed with stomach cancer.

paragraphs: On September 1, 2015, Snuka was arrested and charged with third-degree murder and involuntary manslaughter in the 1983 death of his girlfriend Nancy Argentino at an Allentown, Pennsylvania hotel. The charges were dismissed in 2017, because of Snuka's terminal illness and dementia.

paragraphs: Snuka died of stomach cancer on January 15, 2017 in Pompano Beach, Florida, aged 74.


title: Bill Goldberg

paragraphs: William Scott "Bill" Goldberg (born March 27, 1966 in Tulsa, Oklahoma) is an American professional wrestler who is best known for wrestling with WCW and WWE. Goldberg also played professional football with the Los Angeles Rams and the Atlanta Falcons. He currently hosts the television show "Garage Mahal" which is shown on the DIY Network and he is currently a WWE Hall of Famer .


title: Sienna Miller

paragraphs: Sienna Rose Diana Miller (born December 28, 1981) is an English-American actress, model and fashion designer. She has starred in "Layer Cake", "Alfie", "Factory Girl", and "The Edge of Love". She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2008.

paragraphs: Miller was born on December 28, 1981 in New York City, United States to a South African mother and American father. She has lived in England for most of her life and has dual citizenship - American and British.

paragraphs: Before her professional acting career, Miller worked as a photographic model. She signed with Tandy Anderson of Select Model Management London. She modeled for Coca-Cola, Italian "Vogue", and posed topless in the 2003 Pirelli Calendar. Miller signed a two-year contract with Pepe Jeans London. The jeans ad campaign first appeared in magazines March 2006. In February 2009, Hugo Boss Fragrances said that Miller would be the new ambassador for their "BOSS Orange" women's perfume.

paragraphs: Miller's had a relationship with Jude Law, her co-star from "Alfie". On Christmas Day 2004, they became engaged. On July 8, 2005, Law issued a public apology to Miller for having an affair with the nanny of his children. After trying to mend their relationship, Miller and Law finally separated the following November.

paragraphs: In 2008, Miller had a highly publicized affair with married actor Balthazar Getty. Miller later sued two British tabloids over the publication of photos showing her and Getty together.

paragraphs: She has been dating actor Tom Sturridge since 2011. They have a daughter, Marlowe Ottoline, born in July 2012.


title: Julie Christie

paragraphs: Julie Christie (born 14 April 1941) is a British actress. She has worked in theatre, motion picture and television. She has won the Academy, Golden Globe, BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Award. In 1997 she was given a BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. She has starred in many movies throughout her career. She was born in British India to British parents.

paragraphs: In 1967, "Time" magazine said of her: "What Julie Christie wears has more real impact on fashion than all the clothes of the ten best-dressed women combined".

paragraphs: In the early 1960s, Christie dated actor Terence Stamp. She became engaged to Don Bessant, a lithographer and art teacher, in 1965. She dated actor Warren Beatty from 1967 to 1974. In November 2007, aged 66, Christie married "The Guardian" journalist Duncan Campbell. He had been her partner since 1979.

paragraphs: She is active in various causes, including animal rights, environmental protection, and the anti-nuclear power movement. She is also a Patron of the Palestine Solidarity Campaign.

paragraphs: Chichester Festival Theatre (and on tour, Bath, Oxford, Richmond and Guildford)


title: 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami

paragraphs: The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami was a 9.0-magnitude earthquake followed by tsunami waves. It was measured at 8.4 on the JMA seismic intensity scale The earthquake happened off Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, on the east coast of the Tōhoku of Japan, on March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC. It was at a depth of 24.4 km (15.2 miles). It was the most powerful earthquake to hit Japan in recorded history. It was also the fourth most powerful earthquake on Earth since modern record-keeping began in 1900.

paragraphs: On 10 February 2015, the Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing.

paragraphs: Days before the main earthquake, there were several foreshocks. The biggest one was a 7.2 magnitude earthquake on 9 March, about from the main earthquake's location.

paragraphs: The United States Geological Survey said the centre of the earthquake was from Tokyo. A 7.7 aftershock happened 30 minutes following the first quake. There have been more than 600 aftershocks bigger than magnitude 4.5 or more.

paragraphs: The earthquake damaged buildings and started fires. The Shinkansen high speed bullet trains were stopped and Haneda Airport was closed after the quake. Various train services around Japan were also stopped. Hundreds of flights to Japan were cancelled due to the earthquake and tsunami, affecting many people. A large fire broke out at an oil refinery in Ichihara, Chiba prefecture.

paragraphs: The nuclear power plants shut down automatically. At first the Japanese Prime Minister said that no radioactive material leaked. About 51,000 people were moved away from the nuclear reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant in Fukushima city when its cooling system failed. There are fears that the nuclear reactor might meltdown.

paragraphs: The earthquake started a tsunami warning for Japan's Pacific coast and other countries, including New Zealand, Australia, Russia, Guam, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Nauru, Hawaii, Northern Mariana Islands (USA) and Taiwan. The tsunami warning issued by Japan was the most serious on its warning scale. It warned that the wave could be as much as 10 meters high. A 0.5 meter high wave hit Japan's northern coast. Kyodo news agency reported a four-metre-high tsunami hit the Iwate Prefecture in Japan. Miyagi Prefecture was flooded, with waves carrying buildings and cars along as they travelled inland. In some areas the waves reached 10 km inland.

paragraphs: At 9:28 p.m (HST) the National Weather Service issued a tsunami warning until 7 a.m. for all of Hawaii. Tsunami waves were expected to arrive in Hawaii at 2:59 am local time. A wave two meters high reached California, after travelling across the Pacific Ocean at a speed of 500 kilometres per hour. A man in California was drowned after being swept into the ocean while trying to take a photograph of the tsunami wave.

paragraphs: The Japanese National Police Agency has officially confirmed 15,890 deaths, 6,152 injured, and 2,590 people missing across 18 prefectures, as well as over 126,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.

paragraphs: The Fukushima nuclear disaster began on March 11 2011, just hours after the initial wave. The connection to the electrical grid was broken. All power for cooling was lost and reactors started to overheat. There was a partial core meltdown in reactors 1, 2, and 3; hydrogen explosions destroyed the upper part of the buildings housing reactors 1, 3, and 4; an explosion damaged the containment inside reactor 2; fires broke out at reactor 4. Despite being initially shutdown, reactors 5 and 6 began to overheat. Spent nuclear fuel rods stored in pools in each reactor building overheated as water levels in the pools dropped. The accident is the second biggest nuclear accident after the Chernobyl disaster, but more complex as all reactors are involved.

paragraphs: There were 4.4 million households that had their electricity supply cut off, including 11 nuclear power plants.

paragraphs: The quake moved parts of northeast Japan as much as closer to North America, making parts of Japan's land "wider than before," according to geophysicist Ross Stein. Areas of Japan closest to the epi-center shifted the most.

paragraphs: The Pacific plate itself may have moved westwards by up to . Other estimates put the amount of slippage at as much as , covering an area some long by wide. If confirmed, this would be one of the largest recorded fault movements to have been associated with an earthquake.

paragraphs: According to Italy's National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology, the earthquake shifted the Earth's axis by . This deviation led to a number of small planetary changes, including the length of a day and the tilt of the Earth. The speed of the Earth's rotation increased, shortening the day by 1.8 microseconds due to the redistribution of Earth's mass.

paragraphs: The axial shift was caused by the redistribution of mass on the Earth's surface, which changed the planet's moment of inertia. Due to the conservation of angular momentum, such changes of inertia result in small changes to the Earth's rate of rotation. These are expected changes for an earthquake of this magnitude.

paragraphs: The Tōhoku Expressway, which serves northern Japan, had to be closed due to cracks on the roads. The whole railway network was closed, but was reopened hours after the earthquake. Up to 100,000 people were stuck waiting for a ride straight out of the city.

paragraphs: In response to the great disaster, Emperor Akihito directly addressed his subjects in a television broadcast. This was the first time any emperor used television in this way.

paragraphs: There were other people from other countries helping people after this disaster. For example, Google set up a people finder service, which allowed users to ask for or post information about missing people.