title: Perry, Iowa

paragraphs: Perry is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Dallas County. It is by the North Raccoon River. There were 7,702 people living in Perry at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Tyson Foods operates a pork plant in Perry.


title: Persia, Iowa

paragraphs: Persia is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Harrison County.


title: Peterson, Iowa

paragraphs: Peterson is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pierson, Iowa

paragraphs: Pierson is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pilot Mound, Iowa

paragraphs: Pilot Mound is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pioneer, Iowa

paragraphs: Pioneer is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pisgah, Iowa

paragraphs: Pisgah is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Plainfield, Iowa

paragraphs: Plainfield is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Plano, Iowa

paragraphs: Plano is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2000, about 58 people lived in 29 households in Plano.


title: Pleasant Hill, Iowa

paragraphs: Pleasant Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Polk County.


title: Pleasant Plain, Iowa

paragraphs: Pleasant Plain is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Jefferson County.


title: Pleasanton, Iowa

paragraphs: Pleasanton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pleasantville, Iowa

paragraphs: Pleasantville is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population is currently at 1,694 people.


title: Plover, Iowa

paragraphs: Plover is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Plymouth, Iowa

paragraphs: Plymouth is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pocahontas, Iowa

paragraphs: Pocahontas is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Polk City, Iowa

paragraphs: Polk City is in Polk County, Iowa, United States. The population was 3,418 in the 2010 census, an increase from 2,344 in 2000 census. It is part of the Des Moines–West Des Moines Metropolitan Statistical Area.

paragraphs: Polk City is located along Saylorville Lake and near Big Creek State Park.


title: Pomeroy, Iowa

paragraphs: Pomeroy is a city in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. The population of Pomeroy was 710 in 2000.

paragraphs: Pomeroy was hit by a tornado on July 6, 1893, that was estimated to be F5 on the Fujita scale. There was a damage path of around 500 yards (460 m) wide and 55 miles (89 km) long and the tornado destroyed about 80% of the homes in Pomeroy. It killed 71 people and injured 200 others.


title: Popejoy, Iowa

paragraphs: Popejoy is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Portsmouth, Iowa

paragraphs: Portsmouth is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Postville, Iowa

paragraphs: Postville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Prairie City, Iowa

paragraphs: Prairie City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Prairieburg, Iowa

paragraphs: Prairieburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Prescott, Iowa

paragraphs: Prescott is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Preston, Iowa

paragraphs: Preston is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Primghar, Iowa

paragraphs: Primghar is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Princeton, Iowa

paragraphs: Princeton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Promise City, Iowa

paragraphs: Promise City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Protivin, Iowa

paragraphs: Protivin is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Pulaski, Iowa

paragraphs: Pulaski is a city in Davis County, Iowa, United States. The population was 260 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Pulaski was founded in 1856. It is named for Casimir Pulaski.


title: Quasqueton, Iowa

paragraphs: Quasqueton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Quimby, Iowa

paragraphs: Quimby is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Radcliffe, Iowa

paragraphs: Radcliffe is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rake, Iowa

paragraphs: Rake is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ralston, Iowa

paragraphs: Ralston is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Randalia, Iowa

paragraphs: Randalia is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Randall, Iowa

paragraphs: Randall is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Hamilton County.


title: Randolph, Iowa

paragraphs: Randolph is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rathbun, Iowa

paragraphs: Rathbun is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Appanoose County. The population was 89 at the 2010 census.


title: Raymond, Iowa

paragraphs: Raymond is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Readlyn, Iowa

paragraphs: Readlyn is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Reasnor, Iowa

paragraphs: Reasnor is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Jasper County. There were 152 people living there in 2010.


title: Red Oak, Iowa

paragraphs: Red Oak is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Redding, Iowa

paragraphs: Redding is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Redfield, Iowa

paragraphs: Redfield is a city in Dallas County, Iowa, United States. It is on the Middle Raccoon River. The population was 833 at the 2000 census.


title: Reinbeck, Iowa

paragraphs: Reinbeck is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rembrandt, Iowa

paragraphs: Rembrandt is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Remsen, Iowa

paragraphs: Remsen is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Renwick, Iowa

paragraphs: Renwick is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rhodes, Iowa

paragraphs: Rhodes is a city in Iowa in the United States. The population was 305 at the 2010 census.

paragraphs: Rhodes was laid out in 1856, and it was incorporated in 1883. It was named after the famous hockey player Dustin Rhodes.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.


title: Riceville, Iowa

paragraphs: Riceville is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Howard and Mitchell Counties.


title: Richland, Iowa

paragraphs: Richland is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rickardsville, Iowa

paragraphs: Rickardsville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ricketts, Iowa

paragraphs: Ricketts is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ridgeway, Iowa

paragraphs: Ridgeway is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rinard, Iowa

paragraphs: Rinard is a city in Iowa in the United States. The had had about 72 inhabitants as of 2000. In 2000, there were 28 households counted in Rinard.


title: Ringsted, Iowa

paragraphs: Ringsted is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rippey, Iowa

paragraphs: Rippey is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Riverdale, Iowa

paragraphs: Riverdale is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Riverside, Iowa

paragraphs: Riverside is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Robins, Iowa

paragraphs: Robins is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rock Falls, Iowa

paragraphs: Rock Falls is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rock Rapids, Iowa

paragraphs: Rock Rapids is a city in Iowa, United States.


title: Rock Valley, Iowa

paragraphs: Rock Valley is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rockford, Iowa

paragraphs: Rockford is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rockwell, Iowa

paragraphs: Rockwell is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rockwell City, Iowa

paragraphs: Rockwell City is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is the county seat of Calhoun County.


title: Rodman, Iowa

paragraphs: Rodman is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rodney, Iowa

paragraphs: Rodney is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Roland, Iowa

paragraphs: Roland is a city of Story County in the state of Iowa, United States.


title: Rolfe, Iowa

paragraphs: Rolfe is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rome, Iowa

paragraphs: Rome is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rose Hill, Iowa

paragraphs: Rose Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.

paragraphs: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 0.14 square miles (0.36 km), all of it land.


title: Rossie, Iowa

paragraphs: Rossie is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rowan, Iowa

paragraphs: Rowan is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rowley, Iowa

paragraphs: Rowley is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Royal, Iowa

paragraphs: Royal is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rudd, Iowa

paragraphs: Rudd is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Runnells, Iowa

paragraphs: Runnells is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rushville, Iowa

paragraphs: Rushville is an unincorporated community of Iowa in the United States. It is in Jasper County.

paragraphs: There are no longer any buildings in Rushville. Only a few nearby farms exist.


title: Russell, Iowa

paragraphs: Russell is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ruthven, Iowa

paragraphs: Ruthven is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Rutland, Iowa

paragraphs: Rutland is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Ryan, Iowa

paragraphs: Ryan is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sabula, Iowa

paragraphs: Sabula is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sac City, Iowa

paragraphs: Sac City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sageville, Iowa

paragraphs: Sageville is a city in Iowa in the United States. In 2008 there were 191 people living in Sageville. The town is named after Chester Sage who built a flour mill there in the 1830's.


title: Salem, Iowa

paragraphs: Salem is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Salix, Iowa

paragraphs: Salix is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sanborn, Iowa

paragraphs: Sanborn is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sandyville, Iowa

paragraphs: Sandyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Scarville, Iowa

paragraphs: Scarville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Schaller, Iowa

paragraphs: Schaller is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Schleswig, Iowa

paragraphs: Schleswig is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Scranton, Iowa

paragraphs: Scranton is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Searsboro, Iowa

paragraphs: Searsboro is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sergeant Bluff, Iowa

paragraphs: Sergeant Bluff is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Seymour, Iowa

paragraphs: Seymour is a city in Iowa in the United States. Seymour is a very tiny commune


title: Shambaugh, Iowa

paragraphs: Shambaugh is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shannon City, Iowa

paragraphs: Shannon City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sharpsburg, Iowa

paragraphs: Sharpsburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sheffield, Iowa

paragraphs: Sheffield is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shelby, Iowa

paragraphs: Shelby is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sheldahl, Iowa

paragraphs: Sheldahl is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sheldon, Iowa

paragraphs: Sheldon is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shell Rock, Iowa

paragraphs: Shell Rock is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shellsburg, Iowa

paragraphs: Shellsburg is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shenandoah, Iowa

paragraphs: Shenandoah is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sherrill, Iowa

paragraphs: Sherrill is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Shueyville, Iowa

paragraphs: Shueyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sibley, Iowa

paragraphs: Sibley is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sidney, Iowa

paragraphs: Sidney is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sigourney, Iowa

paragraphs: Sigourney (pronounced "SIGG-ur-nee") is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa, United States. At the 2012 census, 2,059 people lived there. It is the county seat of Keokuk County.

paragraphs: Keokuk County was opened for white people to live in, in 1843. The town got its start in 1844 when S.A. James built the first cabin there. Other families began to settle there as well, and in 1844, the town was named by county commissioner Dr. George H. Stone, in honour of a popular poet named Lydia Sigourney. A large oil-painted portrait of Lydia is still in the foyer of the county courthouse.

paragraphs: Sigourney's longitude and latitude coordinates in decimals are 41.333244, -92.203220.

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 2.2 square miles (5.6 km²). All of it is land.

paragraphs: Sigourney is represented by Leonard Boswell in the United States House of Representatives.


title: Silver City, Iowa

paragraphs: Silver City is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sioux Center, Iowa

paragraphs: Sioux Center is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Sioux City, Iowa

paragraphs: Sioux City is a city in Iowa, United States. It is located in Woodbury County and Plymouth County, and is the county seat of Woodbury County. Sioux City is the fourth-largest city in Iowa, with a population of 82,684 at the 2010 census. The city sits near two major rivers, the Missouri River and the Big Sioux River.


title: Sioux Rapids, Iowa

paragraphs: Sioux Rapids is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Slater, Iowa

paragraphs: Slater is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Spy Kids

paragraphs: Spy Kids is the first movie of the "Spy Kids" series. It is directed and written by Robert Rodriguez. The movie stars Alexa Vega and Daryl Sabara and was released in United States theaters on March 30, 2001 and on DVD on September 28, 2001.


title: Sloan, Iowa

paragraphs: Sloan is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Smithland, Iowa

paragraphs: Smithland is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Soldier, Iowa

paragraphs: Soldier is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Solon, Iowa

paragraphs: Solon is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Somers, Iowa

paragraphs: Somers is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: South English, Iowa

paragraphs: South English is a city in Keokuk County, Iowa in the United States.


title: Spencer, Iowa

paragraphs: Spencer is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Spillville, Iowa

paragraphs: Spillville is a city in Iowa in the United States. The city has over 300 people in it.


title: Spirit Lake, Iowa

paragraphs: Spirit Lake is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Spragueville, Iowa

paragraphs: Spragueville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Spring Hill, Iowa

paragraphs: Spring Hill is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Springbrook, Iowa

paragraphs: Springbrook is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: University of Michigan Law School

paragraphs: The University of Michigan Law School (Michigan Law) is the law school of the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. Started in 1859, the school has about 1,200 students. The Law School has 81 full-time teachers.


title: Springville, Iowa

paragraphs: Springville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Ansgar, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Ansgar is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Anthony, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Anthony is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Charles, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Charles is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Donatus, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Donatus is a city in Iowa in the United States.

paragraphs: The city of St. Donatus is named after Saint Donatus of Muenstereifel. It used to be called Tetes de Morts, which is the name of a creek that flows through the town.

paragraphs: The geographic coordinates of St. Donatus are (42.360590, -90.538790).

paragraphs: The United States Census Bureau says that the city's land takes up .

paragraphs: In the year 2000, the census showed that there were 153 people living in St. Donatus. These people lived in 53 households and were from 41 families. The average household earned $39,750 each year.


title: St. Lucas, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Lucas is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Marys, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Marys is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: St. Olaf, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Olaf is a city in Clayton County in the state of Iowa, United States.


title: St. Paul, Iowa

paragraphs: St. Paul is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stacyville, Iowa

paragraphs: Stacyville is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Stanhope, Iowa

paragraphs: Stanhope is a city of Hamilton County in the state of Iowa, United States. About 490 people were living in Stanhope as of 2000.


title: Stanton, Iowa

paragraphs: Stanton is a city in Iowa in the United States. It is in Montgomery County.


title: Stanwood, Iowa

paragraphs: Stanwood is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: State Center, Iowa

paragraphs: State Center is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Steamboat Rock, Iowa

paragraphs: Steamboat Rock is a city in Iowa in the United States.


title: Palomar Observatory

paragraphs: Palomar Observatory is a privately owned observatory in San Diego County, California, 90 miles (145 km) southeast of Mount Wilson Observatory, on Palomar Mountain in the Palomar Mountain Range. It is owned and run by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). The observatory is made up of four main telescopes: the 200 inch (5.08 m) Hale telescope, the 48 inch (1.22 m) Samuel Oschin telescope, the 18 inch (457 millimeter) Schmidt telescope, and a 60 inch (1.52 m) reflecting telescope. Also, the Palomar Testbed Interferometer is located at this observatory.

paragraphs: The word "palomar" is from the Spanish language, meaning "pigeon house". The name may be because of the many pigeons that can be seen in the spring and autumn months on Palomar Mountain, or it may be because of an old pigeon-raising building built there by the Spaniards.


title: Addison, Texas

paragraphs: Addison is a city in Dallas County, Texas (United States). About 14,160 people were living in Addison as of the year 2000. It is really a city, but it calls themselves a town. Addison has an area of 4.4 square miles.


title: Law school

paragraphs: A law school (also known as a school of law or college of law) is a school mostly for legal education.


title: European Southern Observatory

paragraphs: The European Southern Observatory (ESO, officially called the "European Organization for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere"), is a research group for astronomy, made up of fourteen countries from Europe. Made in 1962 to give state-of-the-art facilities and a view the Southern Sky to European astronomers, it is well known for using some of the largest and most advanced telescopes in the world, such as the New Technology Telescope (NTT), the telescope that helped create active optics technology, and the VLT (Very Large Telescope), made of four 8-meter class telescopes and four 1.8-m Auxiliary Telescopes.


title: Legal education

paragraphs: Legal education is the education of people who wish to become legal professionals or those who wish to earn their law degree.


title: Wind farm

paragraphs: A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same area. These turbines turn moving air into electricity. A large wind farm has several hundred wind turbines, and covers an area of hundreds of square miles. A wind farm may also be offshore.

paragraphs: Many of the biggest onshore wind farms are in the USA. The Roscoe Wind Farm is the largest onshore wind farm in the world, producing 781.5 MW of power, followed by the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center (735.5 MW). The Thanet Offshore Wind Project in United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 300 MW, followed by Horns Rev II (209 MW) in Denmark.


title: Nitrous oxide

paragraphs: Nitrous oxide is a gas with the chemical formula NO. It is found naturally in the air. It is also made artificially, because it has many uses. It is a strong greenhouse gas, almost 300 times more so, per molecule, than carbon dioxide) and about one thousandth as plentiful. Because it is a greenhouse gas, people are trying to use it less.

paragraphs: Nitrous oxide is used by doctors and dentists to reduce pain. In the body, it makes people feel happy. For this reason it is also called "laughing gas". It is sometimes used "only" to feel happy, like an illegal drug.

paragraphs: Nitrous oxide is used in high performance cars to increase the power of their engines. When it is used this way, it is usually called "nitrous" or "NOS".

paragraphs: Nitrous oxide can also be used in aerosol spray cans, especially for foods like whipped cream. This is because it has a sweet taste and is not toxic, and also makes the whipped cream more fluffy.


title: Choral scholar

paragraphs: A choral scholar is a student at a university who gets money to help with the fees of his or her studies (a “scholarship”) in exchange for singing in the university’s choir. Some private schools also have choral scholarships.

paragraphs: In the United Kingdom there are choral scholarships available at schools belonging to a cathedral or to one of the university colleges in Oxford and Cambridge. Some of these choirs are world famous for their church music such as the choirs of King’s College, Cambridge, St John’s College, Cambridge or New College, Oxford. Choral scholars in such choirs will be expected to sing at the services in the morning and evening (late afternoon) on Sundays as well as at Evensong on several days during the week. There will be rehearsals on most days.


title: George Benjamin

paragraphs: George Benjamin (born 31 January, 1960, London, England) is a British composer.

paragraphs: Benjamin started playing piano when he was seven years old and soon started writing his first pieces of music. In 1976 he went to study at the Paris Conservatoire where Olivier Messiaen taught him musical composition and Yvonne Loriod taught him the piano. He then studied composition with Alexander Goehr at King’s College, Cambridge.

paragraphs: He was still only 20 when one of his compositions was played at the BBC Proms. Since then his works have been played by many famous orchestras. He has worked regularly at the Tanglewood Festival. He has conducted famous orchestras like the London Sinfonietta, Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra and the Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra.

paragraphs: George Benjamin lives in London where he is Professor of Composition at King’s College, London. He has been given many honors including the Chevalier dans l’ordre des Arts et Lettres in 1996.


title: Episcopal High School

paragraphs: Episcopal High School was founded in 1839. It is a private boarding school in Alexandria, VA. The school's nickname is 'The Holy Hill' and it's campus is 130 acres large. Around 435 students live on the campus. These students are from 30 states, the District of Columbia and 17 countries. The school does not take any day students, all of the students have to live on campus.

paragraphs: When it was founded in 1839, it was the first high school in Virginia. It was originally called the 'Howard School'. It became known as 'The High School'. Originally only males were allowed to study at Episcopal. In 1991 the school allowed 48 female students to study. Today 50% of students are female.

paragraphs: The school has a set of simple rules it calls "honor code". Many schools have rules similar to Episcopal's Honor Code.

paragraphs: After a student finishes an important document, he or she must write the following and sign their name:


title: Gordon Gray

paragraphs: Gordon Gray (May 30, 1909 – November 26, 1982) was a government official of the United States during the administrations of Harry Truman (1945-53) and Dwight Eisenhower (1953-61).


title: William Eustis

paragraphs: William Eustis (June 21, 1753 – February 6, 1825) Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He served as United States Secretary of War from March 7, 1809 to January 13, 1813. He was appointed United States Ambassador to Holland by President James Madison, serving from 1814 to 1818.


title: Rheda-Wiedenbrück

paragraphs: Rheda-Wiedenbrück is a town in the district of Gütersloh, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 46,000 people live there. The town is famous for a lot of old and fine houses, which were built hundreds of years ago.


title: Debrecen

paragraphs: Debrecen is a city in Hajdu-Bihar, Northern Great Plain, Hungary. It is Hungary's second largest city by population, after the capital, Budapest.


title: Oryx

paragraphs: The Oryx (also called the sabre antelope) is a fast-running hoofed mammal that lives in dry regions of Africa and Asia (including the Arabian peninsula). They live in steppes (sparse grasslands), semi-deserts, and deserts.

paragraphs: These antelopes congregate in herds of 8 to 60 oryx. Newborn calves can run with the herd within minutes of their birth. Oryxes have a life span of about 20 years.

paragraphs: Some people think that the unicorn of legend was based upon the oryx.

paragraphs: Many types of oryxes (including the Arabian oryx and the scimitar-horned oryx) are endangered species, mostly because of overhunting and disease.

paragraphs: The Oryx is an herbivore (a plant-eater). It eats grasses, shrubs and roots, spending most of its time grazing. Oryx are ruminants; they swallow their food without chewing it. After a while, they regurgitate a partly-digested "cud" which they chew and then swallow for the last time.

paragraphs: This desert animal can go for weeks without water; it gets much of its water from the plants it eats.


title: Kyogo Kawaguchi

paragraphs: Kyogo Kawaguchi (born October 1, 1974 in Sano City, Tochigi Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese singer-songwriter.

paragraphs: He is now working towards world peace with "Chikyukyoudai" ("World Siblings"). His notable works include "Sakura".


title: I WiSH

paragraphs: "I WISH" was a Japanese music group. Members were: ai and nao. Ai is the vocal and plays piano. Nao plays piano　and keyboard. They were famous　for "Asueno Tobira", but this group ended in 2005.


title: Masaharu Fukuyama

paragraphs: Masaharu Fukuyama is a Japanese singer and movie and television actor. He is from Nagasaki, Kyūshū. One of his most well-known songs is "Sakurazaka".


title: Okonomiyaki

paragraphs: The name of this dish means "cook what you like". "Okonomiyaki" is mainly associated with Kansai or Hiroshima, but is widely available throughout the country.

paragraphs: "Okonomiyaki" is the popular food in Japan. In postwar Hiroshima, "okonomiyaki" was invented to save a few wheat flour and vegetables (for example, cabbage, bean sprout, green onion and so on.) because foods are shortage. It is called ""okonomiyaki "(fried liking foods)" because people made "okonomiyaki" to include their favorite foods in the past.

paragraphs: First, you cook mixed water and wheat flour and shape like a thin circle.

paragraphs: Second, you put cabbage, pork , other toppings and "tempura" bits and turn it over.

paragraphs: Fourth, you shape egg like a thin circle and put it below.

paragraphs: Fifth, you turn it over and put sauce and green laver on it.


title: Ōmisoka

paragraphs: New Year's Eve is called "Omisoka" in Japan. People in Japan often eat "Toshikoshi soba ()”. People eat it with the wish of living a simple and long life next year.


title: Advent

paragraphs: The Season of Advent, which begins on a Sunday about four weeks before Christmas Day, is celebrated by most Christian Churches, as well as some other Christian communities. It is a time for people to prepare themselves for two different things: for the coming of the baby Jesus and Christmas, and for the Second Coming of Jesus, when he shall rule over all the Earth in peace. Not all Christian people remember Advent. Some people use it as a time of fasting, study, meditation and prayer. Special Advent Calendars are made for children, with pictures or treats for each day of Advent. In a lot of countries it is very common to have an advent wreath with 4 candles (mostly red), every advent Sunday one candle more will be lighted so that on Advent 4th all 4 candles are burning and its bright, a symbol for Jesus as the light is coming to us on Christmas.

paragraphs: Generally, Advent is a time when many people are very busy in preparation for Christmas Day, cleaning and decorating, buying food and gifts, writing cards and letters, and cooking the Christmas feast. Some churches use special candles during advent.

paragraphs: But most important than any Christmas preparation is preparing your heart for the birth of Jesus who lights up our way to the father and saves our lives.


title: Pirog

paragraphs: Pyrih (the plural is "pyrohy") is a Ukrainian pie that can have either a sweet or savory filling. In Russia and Belarus it is called pirog (plural is "pirogi").

paragraphs: Pyrih (pirog) is usually made from yeast-raised dough, but can also be made from shortcrust or puff pastry. Pyrohy or pirogi are full-sized pies, while pyrizhky or pirozhki are smaller-sized pies that can be eaten with one hand.

paragraphs: The standard shape for pyrohy is oblong with tapering ends, but rectangular or circular pyrohy are also common. They can be closed or open-faced with no crust on top (like a tart).

paragraphs: The filling for pyrohy may be sweet and contain cottage cheese, or fruits like apple, plums or various berries. Savory versions may consist of meat, fish, mushrooms, cabbage, buckwheat groats or potato. In Ukrainian and Russian cuisines, pyrohy with a savory filling are traditionally served (like pirozhki) together with borscht, or soup.


title: Queens' College, Cambridge

paragraphs: Queens' College is one of the colleges that make up the University of Cambridge in England. It was first founded in 1448 by Margaret of Anjou (the Queen of Henry VI), and refounded in 1465 by Elizabeth Woodville (the Queen of Edward IV). This is why the name of the college is spelt Queens' and not Queen's: it was founded by two queens.

paragraphs: The "President's Lodge" of Queens' is the oldest building on the river at Cambridge, dating from about 1460.

paragraphs: The college is on both sides of the river Cam. A bridge joins the two parts. This bridge is always called the "Mathematical Bridge". The students call the older part of the college "The Dark Side" and the newer part "The Light Side".

paragraphs: Many people take photographs of the college. There is a story that the bridge was designed and built by Sir Isaac Newton without the use of nuts or bolts. The story says that once some students tried to take the bridge apart and put it back together again, but were unable to do so. That is why they had to put nuts and bolts in which can be seen today. The story is not true. The bridge was built in 1749, after Newton had died. It was never taken apart although it was rebuilt twice.

paragraphs: Stephen Fry is one of many famous people who have studied there.


title: Peace and Truce of God

paragraphs: The Peace of God was a movement begun by bishops in southern France around 990 CE to limit the violence done to property and to the unarmed. The Carolingian Empire had collapsed and the nobles were making war almost all the time.

paragraphs: The Truce of God extended the Peace by setting aside certain days of the week when violence was not allowed. Where the Peace of God limited violence against the church and the poor, the Truce of God was about preventing fighting between Christians, especially knights.


title: Desmoxytes purpurosea

paragraphs: The shocking pink dragon millipede (also called the dragon millipede ("Desmoxytes purpurosea") is a millipede which has a bright pink color on its spiny body). It is very toxic. They have glands that release cyanide to protect them from predators.

paragraphs: The millipede has glands that produce hydrogen cyanide to protect it from predators, a fact advertised by its aposematic color. Because it produces cyanide, it smells like almonds.

paragraphs: It is one of a thousand new spcies found in the Greater Mekong region in the last ten years. It can be found at the Tai side of the Mekong river.


title: Scholarship

paragraphs: A scholarship is financial help (money) given to someone who wants to study. Scholarships can be given by schools or by universities or colleges or any other institution where people can study or where research needs to be done. It is similar to a bursary.

paragraphs: There are very many kinds of scholarships. Some scholarships will cover all the tuition fees (money that the student needs to pay to study), others may just help towards the tuition fees. Some scholarships may include money for other things such as food and accommodation.

paragraphs: Sometimes the students are expected to do something in return for having a scholarship. They may, for example, be expected to do some particular work after they finish their studies, or they may need to help the institution in some way. Quite often the amount of money a student gets will depend on how much money the family has.

paragraphs: Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women says that scholarship must be equally given for girls without discrimination.


title: Great egret

paragraphs: The great egret ("ardea alba") (also known an the common egret) is a large wading bird found worldwide.

paragraphs: It is the second-largest member of the heron family in America (second only to the great blue heron). It lives in mudflats, tidal shallows marshes, lakes, rivers and flooded paddy fields. It winters in the south down to Colombia. The great egret flies with slow wing beats and has a deep, croaking call. It is 90-102 cm long.

paragraphs: The great egret eats fish, lizards, frogs, crayfish, small rodents, and insects. It often hunts in shallow water, usually impaling the prey on its long, sharp bill.

paragraphs: The great egret's nest is a platform of twigs and sticks that is built in trees or on the ground. Females lay 3-5 pale blue-green eggs in each clutch (a set of eggs laid at one time). The incubation period of the eggs is 23–26 days.

paragraphs: Birds of the Indian Subcontinent-2010, Oxford University Press, Richard Grimmett, Carol Inskipp, Tim Inskipp


title: Leeds Triennial Festival

paragraphs: The Leeds Triennial Festival was a festival of music held in the town of Leeds, Yorkshire in England. The festival started in the 19th century at a time when very large choirs were in fashion. Although there is now no festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival the town of Leeds continues to put on music festivals.

paragraphs: On 7 September 1858 Queen Victoria opened the new Town Hall in Leeds. It was a very large building, big enough for an audience of 4000 and a choir of 400 singers. The composer Sterndale Bennett conducted an orchestra and choir at the opening performance.

paragraphs: Although “triennial” means something that happens every three years, the next festival did not happen until 1874. In 1880 the first festival called the Leeds Triennial Festival was conducted by Arthur Sullivan. These festivals were very famous internationally because a lot of famous composers were asked to write new works for choir and to come and conduct them. Composers such as Raff, Dvorak, Massenet, Humperdinck, Parry, Stanford, Elgar and Sullivan himself all wrote new works for the festival.

paragraphs: Later in the 20th century many famous musicians continued to be associated with the festival including Benjamin Britten and Aaron Copland.

paragraphs: Although the last Leeds Triennial Festival took place in 1985 both the Festival Chorus and the Leeds Philharmonic Chorus continue to perform at the Leeds International Concert Season in the Town Hall.


title: Trimeresurus trigonocephalus

paragraphs: The Trimeresurus trigonocephalus, commonly known as the ""Sri Lankan Green Pit viper"", is a species of venomous Pit vipers found in Sri Lanka. There are no subspecies currently recognized.

paragraphs: Males are smaller than females who can grow to the length of around 130 cm, while males can grow up to the length of 80 cm. They are green in color, and their back has some shades of yellow, they also have black stripes all over them and have a black tail.

paragraphs: The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is nocturnal and arboreal (it lives in trees), but can sometimes be found on the ground looking for food like frogs, lizards, and small mammals, it also eats birds which it finds in the trees. In the morning Sri Lankan Green Pit vipers can be seen on top of trees so they can warm up their body with the sun rays that hit them.

paragraphs: The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is viviparous, meaning they give live birth. They give birth to their young during June and July. The have around 5 to 25 young at a time.

paragraphs: They are found in grasslands and rain forests of Sri Lanka

paragraphs: The Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is also known as the ""Pala Polonga"" and the ""Green Pit viper"".

paragraphs: The venom of the Sri Lankan Green Pit viper is hemotoxic. The bite of a Sri Lakan Green Pit viper is very painful, when someone is bitten by a Sri Lankan Green Pit viper the bitten area swells up, and the pain may last for a few days. The cells of living tissue die, blisters occur, and ptosis and lymphadenopathy take place. However, there have been no reports on deaths.


title: Venomous snake

paragraphs: A venomous snake is a snake that uses venom (poison) on prey to stop them and for self-defense.

paragraphs: Over 600 species are known to be venomous -- about a quarter of all snake species.


title: Yoxall

paragraphs: Yoxall is a town in Staffordshire, England, UK. The river Swabourne flows through the town and it is close to the A515 road.


title: Trimeresurus jerdonii

paragraphs: Trimeresurus jerdonii is a venomous pitviper species found in India (Assam), Burma, Tibet, China and Vietnam. Three subspecies are currently recognized, including this one.

paragraphs: Found from Assam in India, through northern Burma to Tibet, China (Hupeh, Szechwan and Yunnan) and Vietnam. The type locality given is "Khasi Hills, India."

paragraphs: Males grow to a maximum total length of 835 mm with a tail length of 140 mm; females 990 mm with a tail length of females 160 mm.


title: AXXo

paragraphs: aXXo is the Internet alias of an individual or group, who has been allegedly harassed by the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) for copyright infringement. He is famous for converting DVD movies into computer files that can be uploaded into the Internet and be downloaded by other people for free.


title: Ernest Moeran

paragraphs: Ernest Moeran (born Heston, Middlesex, England, 31 December 1894; died 1 December 1950) was an English composer.

paragraphs: Moeran (pronounce: “MOOR-an”) was born in Heston, to the west of London. His father was an Irish clergyman. Ernest spent most of his childhood living on the coast of Norfolk. He learned to play the violin and the piano. At first he was taught at home by a governess. When he was ten he went to school. In 1908, he went to Uppingham School where he spent five years. When he left school in 1913 he started to study piano and composition at the Royal College of Music with Charles Villiers Stanford.

paragraphs: Moeran’s studies at the Royal College of Music were interrupted after 18 months because of the start of World War I. He joined the army as a despatch rider but he was soon badly injured in the head and could no longer fight in the army. After the war he did some music teaching, but then he started to study music again. His teacher this time was John Ireland who had been a pupil of Moeran’s earlier teacher Stanford.

paragraphs: After these studies his music started to be performed a lot. His "First Rhapsody" for orchestra was performed several times, including in 1924 by the Hallé Orchestra conducted by Hamilton Harty. He was asked to compose a symphony for the Hallé Orchestra, but he preferred to write shorter pieces, especially chamber music and piano music. In 1931 he wrote a "String Trio" which is one of his best works.

paragraphs: Moeran became interested in folk music. He liked to go to country pubs and listen to the people singing there. He collected about 150 folk songs in Norfolk and Suffolk and made many arrangements of them.

paragraphs: By the mid-1920s, Moeran had become close friends with Peter Warlock. They lived together and often went out drinking together. Moeran gradually became an alcoholic.

paragraphs: In 1945, after Warlock had died, Moeran married the cellist Peers Coetmore. The marriage was not very happy although it helped Moeran to compose some of his best pieces: the "Cello Concerto" and "Cello Sonata".

paragraphs: Moeran was found drowned in the River Kenmare. At first people thought he had committed suicide but then it was found that he had had a heart attack and died before he fell into the water.

paragraphs: Moeran’s music is influenced by folk song. His harmonies are often like those of Delius. He was also influenced by Vaughan Williams, Holst, Bax, John Ireland and Peter Warlock. For many years he concentrated on piano music, songs and chamber music, but in his later years he wrote larger works such as the Symphony in G minor (1934-7) and his Concertos for the Violin and the Cello.


title: Despatch rider

paragraphs: A despatch rider is someone in the army who delivers messages ("despatch" or "dispatch" means "to send someone or something off on a journey"). A despatch rider either rides a horse or a motorcycle.

paragraphs: Despatch riders were used by armies to send messages between headquarters and the fighting soldiers. They might be delivering reports, but sometimes they took urgent messages which were often secret. It was a very dangerous job. Travelling between the lines of fighting armies the despatch rider could easily be blown up by a mine, shot by gunfire, or captured by the enemy.

paragraphs: Despatch riders always used to ride on horseback. In the 20th century they usually rode motorcycles. They were used a lot in World War I and even in World War II, although by the end of World War II electronic communications and cryptography had improved so that despatch riders were rarer.


title: The Ting Tings

paragraphs: The Ting Tings are an English duo Pop-Retro rock indie band formed in England in 2004. They are famous for the studio album "We Started Nothing" and famous for the hit pop singles "Shut Up and Let Me Go", "Great DJ", "That's Not My Name", and "Be The One". The pop band is only a 2 member band with Katie White and Jules De Martino. The band members met whilst at Leeds University.


title: We Started Nothing

paragraphs: We Started Nothing is an album recorded by Pop duo The Ting Tings. Singles include "Shut Up and Let Me Go", and "Be The One". The studio album was released May 2008. The album was also released as a limited edition LP on red vinyl limited to 2,000 copies.


title: Shut Up and Let Me Go

paragraphs: Shut Up and Let Me Go (aka: Shut Up & Let Me Go) is the third single off the studio album "We Started Nothing" by The Ting Tings. The song was released in the United Kingdom on July 21st of 2008, and was the follow-up to the number one hit single "That's Not My Name". The song was added to the coveted A-list of BBC Radio 1's playlist, and has received a substantial amount of airplay during the day on the station. The single peaked at number six in both the UK Singles Chart and the UK Download Chart.


title: 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish

paragraphs: The 1987 Sino-Indian skirmish occurred at Sumdorong Chu Valley. This was the second conflict between the PRC and India, with the previous one taking place exactly a quarter of a century earlier.


title: Longbridge Plant

paragraphs: Longbridge Plant is an automobile plant in Longbridge, Birmingham, West Midlands, England. Most of it was demolished in 2005 and 2007.


title: Curzon Street railway station

paragraphs: Curzon Street railway station is a former railroad station in Birmingham, United Kingdom. It opened in 1838 and became a goods yard in 1854.


title: Holography

paragraphs: Holography is a way of making three-dimensional (3-D) picture made with a laser. It allows the holographer to make a more exact image than with photography. The holograph seems to move and change slightly to look as if it were three-dimensional. Holography uses the wave aspect of light.

paragraphs: Holograms are made with light flashed onto a plate or screen, almost like how photos are made. To make a hologram instead of a photograph, some of the light, called a "reference beam," has to go directly to the screen. The light has to be a laser because lasers are more accurate and have a wavelength that does not change the way the wavelengths of light from other sources does, like light from lightbulbs. To stop other light from ruining the hologram, holograms are usually taken in the dark. Because even the tiniest vibration can stop the hologram from forming properly, the tables upon which that the holographer places the equipment may be built with shocks or inflated chambers to stop vibrations from the floor.

paragraphs: Holograms can be compared to photos. Holography records both the intensity of light, like photography, but also records the difference in the phase of light. Holography records all of information from the light that the object reflects.

paragraphs: Holography uses a reference wave (which goes onto the plate) and an exposure wave (object wave, which comes from the object). The reference wave can save the phase information as patterns of light and dark on a film. The object wave and reference wave must have the same wavelength in order to save the phase information and they usually come from the same laser.

paragraphs: The most famous person in the history of holography is the physician Dennis Gábor, the inventor of the hologram.

paragraphs: In 1947, he was trying to improve microscopes, and he figured out how to display three-dimensional objects.

paragraphs: Holograms need laser beams. A dispersing lens makes the beam bigger and then it goes through a special mirror. Only a piece of this laser beam can go through the mirror. Then this beam becomes the reference wave, and it is recorded on the film. The other piece of the laser beam is reflected off of the mirror. This piece becomes the exposure wave at the object. The object reflects this wave on the film.

paragraphs: Making a hologram is very similar to making a photograph, and it needs chemicals.

paragraphs: To look at a hologram the film must be lit up with the reference wave. These waves are reflected on the film (hologram) and create a virtual picture of the recorded object, even if that picture can only be seen from a specific angle.

paragraphs: Industries use holograms to measure things. In the car industry, cars are measured using holography so engineers can see bulges and vibration characteristics. Phase-shift holography is one kind of holography used to make cars.

paragraphs: The first step in making a hologram is to examine the ground level state of the object, then overload the object through heat or mechanical pressure. Covering the original hologram and the modified hologram can produce interference fringes. By measuring the interference fringes, engineers learn how big the deformation or other problem is. Engineers can measure tiny terminal expansions or vibrations in mechanical systems. This needs two reference waves.

paragraphs: There are holographic storage machines for analog pictures and digital data. Digital information will be affiliated by a two-dimensional bit-pattern.


title: Dirty paper coding

paragraphs: In telecommunications, dirty paper coding (DPC) is a good way to send digital data through a channel that is subject to some interference that is known to the sender. The sender does precoding of the data so as to cancel the effect of the interference.

paragraphs: When Costa asked his question, the Shannon–Hartley theorem (and the more general noisy-channel coding theorem) was well known.

paragraphs: The Shannon–Hartley theorem tells us that, all else being equal, a paper sent along a path that picks up less dirt can reliably deliver more information than another paper sent along a path that picks up more dirt.

paragraphs: People have also thought up many ways of dealing with such dirt added after the message is written—see error detection and correction for details.

paragraphs: Most people expected that the same thing would happen when dirt is added to the paper before the message was written—the more dirt, the less information can be reliably sent.

paragraphs: In 1983, Costa showed the surprising result that we can send just as much information on such a dirty piece of paper as we can when writing on a clean sheet of paper, and gave a way to get that capacity.

paragraphs: A dirty paper code is a way for the writer to adapt his message to the dirt already on the paper.

paragraphs: The writer and the reader agree ahead of time on which dirty paper code they will use for the messages.

paragraphs: People have thought up several dirty paper codes, including Costa precoding (1983), Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (1971) and the vector perturbation technique of Hochwald et al. (2005).

paragraphs: A similar problem called "writing on dirty tape (WDT)" is more complicated.

paragraphs: As of 2005, the capacity computation problem and the capacity-achieving

paragraphs: problem for writing on dirty tape are unsolved

paragraphs: "Writing on wet paper" is a related problem in steganography

paragraphs: In a wireless network, often a transmitter has many different messages, and each one needs to be sent to a different person.

paragraphs: The sum-rate capacity of a system that transmits all the messages at the same time—and uses dirty-paper codes to reduce the interference between messages—can be many times the sum-rate capacity of a similar system that only sends one message at a time (TDMA).

paragraphs: Any one receiver is only concerned with the messages for that receiver—all the other messages the transmitter is simultaneously sending to everyone else are—to that receiver—irrelevant noise that only interferes with the desired message.

paragraphs: The "dirty paper" story can be seen as a parable for wireless communication.

paragraphs: Recently, there has been interest in DPC as a possible solution to optimize the efficiency of wireless networks, in particular multiuser MIMO networks and into an interference aware coding technique for dynamic wireless networks.

paragraphs: People doing "informed digital watermarking" use dirty paper codes, using this analogy:


title: Klamath River

paragraphs: The Klamath River flows through Oregon and northern California in the United States. It is long. The river empties into the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The Klamath is the second largest river in California after the Sacramento River.


title: Bandai

paragraphs: Bandai Co., Ltd. is a Japanese company that makes toys and video games. It is the third largest toy maker in the world.


title: Battle, East Sussex

paragraphs: Battle is a town in East Sussex, England, UK. It is known as this because it was the place where the Battle of Hastings was fought.


title: John Key

paragraphs: John Phillip Key (born 9 August 1961) was the 38th Prime Minister of New Zealand and was the leader of the New Zealand National Party.

paragraphs: John Key entered the New Zealand Parliament in 2002 representing the north-west Auckland area of Helensville as a National MP, a seat that he still holds. In 2006 he succeeded Don Brash as the National Party leader in 2006. Key led his party to victory in the November 2008 general election.

paragraphs: On 5 December 2016, Key resigned as prime minister and as party leader. Bill English soon replaced Key as prime minister and party leader.

paragraphs: Key was born in Auckland, New Zealand, to George Key and Ruth Key. His father, who was from the UK, died of a heart attack in 1967. Key and his two sisters were raised in a state house in Christchurch by his Jewish mother.

paragraphs: He attended Burnside High School, and earned a Bachelor of Commerce degree in accounting from the University of Canterbury in 1981. He has attended management studies courses at Harvard University, although he did not receive a degree from this institution.

paragraphs: Key met his wife Bronagh when they were both students at Burnside High School. They married in 1984. She is currently full-time mother of their two children, Stephie and Max.

paragraphs: In 1995, he joined Merrill Lynch as head of Asian foreign exchange in Singapore. That same year he was promoted to Merrill's global head of foreign exchange, based in London, where he may have earned around US$2.25 million a year including bonuses, which is about NZ$5 million at 2001 exchange rates. Some co-workers called him "the smiling assassin" for maintaining his usual cheerfulness while sacking dozens (some say hundreds) of staff after heavy losses from the 1998 Russian financial crisis. He was a member of the Foreign Exchange Committee of the New York Federal Reserve Bank from 1999 to 2001.

paragraphs: Key became Prime Minister following the general election on 8 November 2008 which ended the Labour-led government of nine years under Helen Clark. The National Party, promoting a policy of "change", won 45% of the party vote and 59 of the 122 seats in Parliament, a big margin over the Labour Party which won 43 seats.

paragraphs: Key was sworn in as Prime Minister on 19 November 2008 along with his new cabinet. His first international outing as Prime Minister was the 20th APEC meeting in Peru the following day.

paragraphs: Key announced he will step down from the role of Prime Minister and leader of the National Party effective 12 December 2016.


title: Peter Warlock

paragraphs: Peter Warlock (born London, 30 October 1894; died London, 17 December 1930), was an English composer. “Peter Warlock” was not his real name. His real name was Philip Heseltine. He was also a music critic. When he wrote about music he used his real name, but when he composed music he used the pseudonym (borrowed name) "Peter Warlock", which is the name by which he is usually remembered today.

paragraphs: Philip Heseltine did not come from a musical family. When he was two years old his father died. His mother married again and went back to live in Wales, where she came from. Philip went to school at Eton College.

paragraphs: He was still a teenager when he was introduced to the composer Delius, who lived in France. They became good friends and Philip made piano arrangements of some of Delius’s music. Later he wrote a book about Delius. He studied in Germany for a time, and then at Oxford where he studied classics. He learned about music by teaching himself. He did not fight in World War I. He was a conscientious objector, but also, his health was not good enough for him to be in the army.

paragraphs: He spent most of his life in London, but he did visit Ireland for a year, and also spent three years with his mother in Wales, and four years in Kent where he lived with Ernest Moeran. Heseltine and Moeran often got drunk together. He became friends with the composer Bernard van Dieren whose music influenced him a lot. He also liked poetry from the time of Queen Elizabeth I.

paragraphs: He died in his apartment from gas poisoning. It is not certain whether it was suicide, but he did let his cat out before he turned on the gas.

paragraphs: His music, written under the name of Peter Warlock, often has links with his literary writings. Some of the best works he wrote are his songs, especially the song-cycle "The Curlew", which has lyrics from poems by W. B. Yeats. One of his most popular works is the "Capriol Suite" for string orchestra.

paragraphs: Warlock wrote many carols, such as "Adam Lay Ybounden", "Tyrley Tyrlow", and "Bethlehem Down".

paragraphs: Warlock was not influenced by folksong like many other English composers of the time. He liked many different styles, including Renaissance music and the music of Bartók whom he met.


title: Land mine

paragraphs: A land mine (called a "mine" when a naval mine is clearly not what is meant) is an explosive weapon that is put on the ground or just underneath the ground so that it explodes when a person or vehicle goes by. They are called "mines" because people who put them there dig a hole in the ground (like miners who dig for coal etc.). Many people can be killed by mines, including civilians. Sometimes mines can lie in the ground and kill and injure people years after a war has ended.

paragraphs: There are different types of land mines. Big anti-vehicle mines are against vehicles. Smaller iInfantry mines are used against foot soldiers.


title: Charles Wood

paragraphs: Charles Wood (born Armagh, 15 June 1866; died Cambridge, 12 July 1926) was an Irish composer and teacher.

paragraphs: Charles Wood was born in Armagh, Ireland. His father sang in the Cathedral choir. Charles had music lessons from the cathedral organist, then he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied composition with C.V.Stanford and Hubert Parry. He also learned to play the horn and piano. After four years he went to Selwyn College, Cambridge, at first to study, then to teach harmony and counterpoint. In 1889 he got a teaching job at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. Soon he became their first Director of Music and Organist. When Stanford died, Wood became Professor of Music at Cambridge.

paragraphs: Wood is mainly remembered today for his Anglican church music. He wrote music for the Communion Service and service settings of the Magnificat and Nunc dimittis. These are often sung today in cathedrals and churches. He wrote many fine anthems including "O thou, the central orb". In Cambridge he is remembered for the chimes he wrote for the clocks of Gonville and Caius College.

paragraphs: His pupils included Ralph Vaughan Williams at Cambridge and Herbert Howells at the Royal College of Music.

paragraphs: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie ISBN 1-56159-174-2


title: Arthur Bliss

paragraphs: Sir Arthur Bliss CH KCVO (London, 2 August 1891; died London, 27 March 1975) was a British composer (a person who writes music). When he started composing, his music sounded very modern and harsh. As he got older he changed his style and wrote more Romantic music in the style of English composer Edward Elgar. For more than twenty years he was Master of the Queen's Music.

paragraphs: His father was American, his mother was English. He went to school at Rugby. He went to Cambridge University where he studied with Irish composer Charles Wood. Wood also taught the composer Ralph Vaughan Williams. Bliss got to know Elgar whose music influenced him very much.

paragraphs: For a short time he learned music from Charles Villiers Stanford at the Royal College of Music. During World War I he served in the army.

paragraphs: After the war he started to play his music in public. These compositions show the influence of Stravinsky, Ravel and Les Six. His music even sounded jazzy. After a few years his music became more Romantic. Elgar asked him to write something for the Three Choirs Festival in 1922. The piece he composed was his "Colour Symphony" in which he tries to describe colours in music.

paragraphs: During the 1920s his music became more traditional. He wrote a lot of music for movies including music for the movie "Things to Come" (H.G.Wells). He loved the theatre and composed music for the ballets "Checkmate" and "Miracle in the Gorbals". One of his best works is the choral symphony "Morning Heroes" (1930). This was written to remember those who were killed in World War I.

paragraphs: When World War II started he was in the USA. He stayed there and taught at Berkeley, California until 1941. Then he returned to England. For a time he was Director of Music of the BBC. He wrote an opera "The Olympians". In 1953 he was made Master of the Queen's Music. He kept that position until his death, writing many pieces of music for official royal occasions.

paragraphs: He was given many honours, including the Companion of Honour and the Royal Victorian Order.

paragraphs: In his later years he composed several works for orchestra as well as for choirs.

paragraphs: He died on 27 March 1975. His wife, Gertrude died on 21 November 2008 at the age of 104.

paragraphs: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie


title: Plumbing

paragraphs: Plumbing (which comes from the Latin word "plumbum", which means lead, as pipes were once made from lead) is the job of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures for drinking water systems and getting rid of waste. A plumber is someone who fixes or puts in piping systems, plumbing fixtures and equipment such as water heaters. Many plumbers are construction workers. The plumbing industry is an important part of every developed economy because people need clean water and safe ways to move and store waste.

paragraphs: Plumbing also refers to a system of pipes and fixtures put in a building to move water and the get rid of waste that is in water. Plumbing is different from water and sewage systems because plumbing system serves one building, while water and sewage systems serve a group of buildings or a city.

paragraphs: Plumbing was very rare until modern cities grew in the 19th century. At about the same time, public health leaders began wanting better systems to get rid of waste. Before this, people got rid of waste by collecting it and dumping it onto the ground or into rivers. However, there were some plumbing pipes in the city settlements of the Indus Valley Civilization by 2700 B.C. Plumbing was also used during the ancient civilizations such as the Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, and Chinese civilizations as they built public baths and needed drinking water, and somewhere to drain waste. The Romans used pipe inscriptions to stop people from stealing water.

paragraphs: These systems did not improve much over the years. There were almost no improvements from the time of the Roman aqueducts and sewers until the 19th century. Eventually the development of separate, underground water and sewage systems got rid of open sewage ditches and cesspools. Most large cities today send solid wastes through pipes to sewage treatment plants. Treatment separates water from waste and makes the water more pure before it goes into streams or other bodies of water. Most places stopped using lead for drinking water after World War II because of the dangers of lead poisoning. At this time, copper piping was started because it was safer than using lead pipes.

paragraphs: Water systems in ancient times used gravity to move water. They used pipes or channels usually made of clay, lead, bamboo or stone. Today, water-supply systems use a network of high-pressure pumps, and pipes are now made of copper, brass, plastic, or other nontoxic material. Drain and vent lines are made of plastic, steel, cast-iron, and lead. Lead is not used in pipes today because it can be poisonous.

paragraphs: The 'straight' sections of plumbing systems are of pipe or tube. A pipe is usually made by casting or welding, where a tube is made through extrusion. Pipe usually has thicker walls and may be threaded or welded, where tubes have thinner walls, and needs special joining techniques such as 'brazing', 'compression fitting', 'crimping', or for plastics, 'solvent welding'.

paragraphs: As well as the straight pipe or tubing, many fittings are required in plumbing systems, such as valves, elbows, tees, and unions.

paragraphs: Plumbing fixtures are designed for the people who use the water. Some examples of fixtures include water closets (also known as toilets), urinals, bidets, showers, bathtubs, utility and kitchen sinks, drinking fountains, ice makers, humidifiers, air washers, fountains, and eye wash stations.

paragraphs: Much of the plumbing work in places where many people live is done under government rules. Putting in plumbing and fixing plumbing generally must be done according to plumbing and building codes to protect the people who live or work in the buildings.


title: Copepod

paragraphs: Copepods (meaning "oar feet") are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that swim in seas, lakes, and ponds. Copepods are very important in the food web, and many animals eat them.

paragraphs: There are 10 orders of copepods and over 4500 species; a few orders are free-swimming, but many are parasites (of fish). The free-swimming copepods move through the water in jerky motions by moving their swimming legs.


title: Donegal

paragraphs: Donegal is a town in County Donegal, Republic of Ireland.

paragraphs: There are many sandy beaches in the area round Donegal and the town is used as a base for hill-walking in the nearby Bluestack Mountains. Traditionally the largest employer in the town has been Magee of Donegal, makers of tweed garments.


title: Dingle

paragraphs: Dingle is a town in County Kerry, Republic of Ireland. It has a large natural harbour.


title: Young, New South Wales

paragraphs: Young is a town in New South Wales, Australia. It is the centre of Young Shire. It is on the Olympic Highway. It is about 2 hours drive from Canberra. Young is in a valley surrounded by hills. In 2001 there were 6,821 people living in Young.

paragraphs: Young is known as the Cherry Capital Of Australia and every year hosts the National Cherry Festival.

paragraphs: The indigenous people of the district were members of the Burrowmunditory tribe, part of the Wiradjuri people.

paragraphs: James White was the first European settler in the area. He started Burrangong Station (farm) in 1826 by taking an area of 100 square miles.

paragraphs: Gold was found in the area in 1860. Until that time the area was called Lambing Flat. This was an area where sheep were grazed before the gold rush. The town was officially listed in 1861. About 470,000 ounces of gold were sent by the armed gold escort from the goldfields. Up to 20,000 miners were digging for gold including about 2,000 Chinese miners.

paragraphs: From November 1860 through to June 1861 European miners attacked Chinese gold miners in the area. This is now known as the Lambing Flat riots. As gold became harder to find, European miners got upset that the Chinese miners were still finding gold. Many Chinese miners were attacked, robbed and killed. They were chased off the goldfields. Eventually the riots were stopped and the Chinese miners had their mining areas given back. The New South Wales Parliament passed the Chinese Immigration Bill. This put a limit on the number of Chinese that could come to New South Wales on any ship. They also had to pay a tax to come New South Wales.

paragraphs: In 1889 Young was the first country town in Australia to have electricity for the streets and houses. Young was the first Local Government Area to start a country school bus system in New South Wales

paragraphs: Young Shire Council has started these gardens next to Chinaman’s Dam. This is an old railway dam about 4 km south of Young. They are made to create a peaceful feeling like the Japanese garden at Cowra.

paragraphs: Chinaman’s Dam was built in the 1860s by Dutch brothers, Herman and John Tiedeman. They used the water for the sluicing of their Victoria Hill gold claims. In the 1870s, the brothers sold the area, including the dam, to a Chinese group who worked the site. It is in a small gully called Pitstone on Sawpit Gully.

paragraphs: In 1882 the NSW government started to build the first part of the Blayney to Demondrille railway line. To provide water for the steam trains, they decided to use the dam and pump water from it to a tank, known as Young Tank, at the 246 mile post. It is not known whether the railways improved the old dam or built a new one.

paragraphs: From 1885 to 1901, trains stopped at Young Tank to refill with water. In 1901, trains were able to get water at Young Railway Station. The supply of water came from Chinaman’s Dam. The size of the dam was enlarged in 1911 to hold about 2 million gallons.

paragraphs: The dam was a popular spot for swimming.

paragraphs: When the town water supply was connected to the Burrinjuck Dam, the railways stopped using Chinaman’s Dam. In 1937 the area turned into a 36 acre park. The Shire Council looks after the gardens. The dam has since been made bigger.


title: Ammunition

paragraphs: Ammunition, often called ammo, comes from the French word "la munition". At first it meant all items used for war. This was from the Latin word "munire" (to provide). It now is used only for bullets and other projectiles that are thrown at the enemy by guns, and the gunpowder or other propellant that throws the projectiles. The group word for all types of ammunition is munitions. This means any explosive thing that can be used in combat and includes bombs, missiles, warheads, and mines (landmines, naval mines, and claymore mines). These are made in munitions factories.

paragraphs: Ammunition is mainly used to attack a target. Ammunition can include flares and incendiary devices that start fires. Since the invention of the cartridge, ammunition has come to mean the putting of a projectile - the item that is sent to hit the target, and its propellant - the chemical that creates the force, into a single package.

paragraphs: Ammunition is a complex subject. It includes many different weapons used by people, such as explosives and propellants, cartridges, high explosive projectiles (HE), warheads, special shells to attack armour and aircraft, carrier projectiles, fuses, mortar ammunition, small arms (revolver and pistol) ammunition, grenades, mines, flares, improved conventional munitions, and computer guided munition.


title: Emirate

paragraphs: An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by an emir, a dynastic Arab Monarch. The word emirate or amirate comes from , "Imaarah" ; plural: إمارات, "Imaraat". The United Arab Emirates is a federal state of seven federal emirates, each administered by a hereditary emir, these seven elect the federation's President and Prime Minister. Most emirates have either disappeared or become part of a larger modern state, some changed their rulers' title, e.g. to Malik (Arabic for King) or Sultan. Therefore true emirate-states have become rare.

paragraphs: In Arabic the term can be generalized to mean any province of a country that is administered by a member of the ruling class, especially of a member of the royal family, as in Saudi Arabian governorates.


title: Mike Busniuk

paragraphs: Mike Busniuk (born December 13, 1951 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He is the younger brother of Ron Busniuk, who played for the Buffalo Sabres.


title: Glasgow Subway

paragraphs: The Glasgow Subway is a subway system serving Glasgow, Scotland, UK.


title: Tyne and Wear Metro

paragraphs: Tyne and Wear Metro is a rapid transit in Newcastle upon Tyne, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside and Sunderland in United Kingdom.


title: Sydney White

paragraphs: Sydney Rae White (born 30 November 1991) is an English actress and singer.

paragraphs: Sydney was born in London on 30 November 1991. She first attended Broomfield House School in Kew. She got her parents to take her to the children's agency Young'uns. After her first audition she was offered the role of Cosette in "Les Misérables". The next year she had four performances per week at London's Palace Theatre while still doing schoolwork. Sydney then auditioned for the Sylvia Young Theatre School. She was accepted and started in September 2002.

paragraphs: Sydney lives in West London with her parents, two older brothers (Paul and Adam) and two younger brothers (Cameron and Spike). She also has a dog called Digger. She won a LAMDA award in 2003. She currently stars in the CBBC programme "Young Dracula". She plays one of the main characters, Erin Noble.


title: Judicial nullification

paragraphs: Judicial nullification is a right of a judge to nullify (make invalid) a law if they feel it is too harsh in a certain situation where it is being applied. During the Constitutional Convention many, including George Mason, Elbridge Gerry and James Wilson felt the courts could decide if a law was unconstitutional, and if so, refuse to enforce it. Other founding fathers including John Francis Mercer, Gouverneur Morris and John Dickinson argued against allowing judges to have that power. The issue was left unanswered. However, when deciding that a new law needed the approval of the president, all attempts to have the judiciary approve new laws were soundly defeated. Judicial Nullification is sometimes used to mean jury nullification. More often it means nullifying a law, legal code or statute by a member of the judiciary.

paragraphs: In 1832 South Carolina said a new tariff law was unconstitutional, thus not really a law. Vice President John C. Calhoun agreed, but President Andrew Jackson disagreed. Jackson threatened to send troops. The two sides negotiated. Congress changed the tariff, and South Carolina decided the new law was not against the Constitution.

paragraphs: In 2011 the Supreme Court made a ruling that, in essence, says lower court judges can ignore the law. There were three petitions before the Court asking if federal courts need to be stopped from ignoring laws, rules and facts. The Supreme Court refused to grant "certiorari" (a writ seeking judicial review of a matter). In other words, the Court refused to consider the three petitions.


title: Emir

paragraphs: Emir (; female: '; emira; (Persian and Urdu: ') "commander" or "general", also "prince"; also transliterated as amir, aamir or ameer) is a high title of nobility or office. It is used throughout the Arab world and historically in some Turkic states and Afghanistan. Emirs are usually considered high-ranking sheiks, but in monarchical states the term is also used for princes; then "emirate" means more or less the same as principality in this context.

paragraphs: Emir is used also as a name in Turkey like Emir Niego and Emir Sevinc.

paragraphs: "Emir" is the most common spelling in English and many other languages (for example, United Arab Emirates). The spelling "amir", that is closer to the original Arabic, is more common for its compounds (e.g., admiral) and in individual names.


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title: Launceston, Tasmania

paragraphs: Launceston is a city in Australia. It is the second biggest city in the state of Tasmania. It has about 100,000 people. It is at the place where the North Esk, South Esk and Tamar Rivers meet. It was founded in 1806.


title: Governess

paragraphs: A governess is a female person who works for a family, teaching the children in their home. She is not like a nanny who looks after them all day, dressing them etc. The governess's job is to be their teacher. She saw to their discipline and early education. Often girls received all their education from their governess (or sometimes a tutor), though boys usually went away to boarding school before their teen years, and then some went on to college.

paragraphs: Very few children nowadays have a governess, but it was quite common in the families of rich people until around the beginning of the 20th century. In England quite a lot of young children who lived in the country, a long way from good schools, had a governess. When the boys were old enough they were sent away to a boarding school.

paragraphs: Governesses taught basic skills such as Reading, Writing and Arithmetic. They may also have taught other skills such as French, piano playing and drawing or painting. Sometimes other teachers might be

paragraphs: A governess was not a household worker, but she was not treated like a member of the family either. This meant that they were often quite lonely, and they usually ate their meals alone. For girls from a middle class background who were not married it was one of the only ways of earning a living. When the children she taught (her "charges") grew up, she would have to find a new job.

paragraphs: Novels of the time were usually about rich families, and a governess often comes into the story, e.g. in Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre" or Anne Brontë's "Agnes Grey". Maria, the main character in "The Sound of Music", leaves the convent and becomes a governess to the children of the von Trapp family.


title: Confederation of the Rhine

paragraphs: The Confederation of the Rhine was a client state of First French Empire. It existed from 1806 through 1813. Its ruler was a Protector, who was Napoleon I of France. It included most of the German states but not the two biggest, Prussia and Austria. The Confederation of the Rhine was one of the successors of Holy Roman Empire and one of the predecessors of German Confederation.


title: Constant Lambert

paragraphs: Constant Lambert (born London, 23 August 1905; died London, 21 August 1951) was a British composer and conductor.

paragraphs: Lambert’s father was the painter George Washington Lambert who had come to England from Australia. Lambert was often ill when he was a child. He went to school at Christ's Hospital and won a scholarship to the Royal College of Music. He soon became interested in French and Russian music. He became friends with other famous people including the Sitwell family, William Walton, Philip Heseltine and Bernard van Dieren. He and Edith Sitwell were the reciters at a performance of Walton’s "Façade".

paragraphs: Lambert was a prodigy: he was composing music for orchestra when he was only 13, and when he was 20 he was asked to write a ballet for Serge Diaghilev's world-famous Ballets Russes ("Romeo and Juliet").

paragraphs: He soon became very famous. His best known work is "The Rio Grande" for piano solo, chorus and orchestra. It has a mixture of musical styles: jazz, habaneras and the influence of Delius and Duke Ellington.

paragraphs: During the 1930s he performed a lot as a conductor with the Vic-Wells Ballet (later the Royal Ballet), but he stopped composing music. Lambert thought he had failed as a composer, and only finished two more big works in the last sixteen years of his life. He continued conducting, and appeared at Covent Garden and in BBC broadcasts, and travelled to Europe and America conducting ballets. He was an excellent ballet conductor and helped the dancers to give their best performance.

paragraphs: During the war he became ill. He refused to see a doctor. He was working very hard and also drinking a lot.

paragraphs: Lambert liked jazz and thought it was an important influence on popular culture of the time. He wrote a book about this, called "Music Ho!" (1934). The book is widely read today, although it shows a very personal approach to music.

paragraphs: Lambert was married twice. His first marriage was to Florence Kaye. He later married Isabel Nichols, an artist, in 1947. After Constant Lambert's death, Isabel married the composer Alan Rawsthorne.

paragraphs: Lambert died on 21 August 1951. He had pneumonia and it was also found that he had diabetes made worse by alcoholism.


title: Kensington, Calgary

paragraphs: Kensington is a neighborhood in Calgary, Alberta. It is around the intersection of Kensington Road and 10th St. NW.

paragraphs: The neighborhood hosts "Christmas in Kensington Village" in December, the Sun and Salsa Festival in July, as well as the "Bizarre Bikes & Bazaar" in May.

paragraphs: Kensington is home to the Calgary Kookaburras Australian rules football club.


title: Samuel Coleridge-Taylor

paragraphs: Samuel Coleridge-Taylor (born London, 15 August 1875; died Croydon, 1 September 1912) was an English composer.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor was born in Holborn, London. His black father was a doctor from Sierra Leone, his mother was English. His parents were not married. The father went back to Africa by February 1875. He had the job of coroner for the British Empire in the Gambia in the late 1890s. He did not know anything about his son’s existence.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor was brought up in Croydon . He studied the violin at the Royal College of Music and composition with Charles Villiers Stanford. In 1899 he married Jessie Walmisley who had been a student with him at the RCM. Her parents did not want her to be married to someone of mixed race. The couple had a son, Hiawatha (1900-1980) and a daughter, Avril, born Gwendolyn (1903-1998).

paragraphs: Soon Coleridge-Taylor became known as a composer. Edward Elgar helped him get one of his pieces performed at the Three Choirs Festival. Two months later Stanford conducted the cantata "Hiawatha’s Wedding Feast", the piece for which he is best remembered. He toured the United States in 1904. This made him even more interested in finding out about his racial heritage. He wanted to do for African music what Johannes Brahms had done for Hungarian music and Antonín Dvořák for Bohemian music. He had met the American poet Paul Laurence Dunbar in London and set some of his poems to music. Several people encouraged him to learn more about his heritage.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor was a shy man, but he was a very good conductor. He was often asked to adjudicate at music festivals.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor was 37 when he died of pneumonia. His widow hardly had any money, but King George V gave her a pension of GB£100, which shows how popular Coleridge-Taylor had been as a composer. A memorial concert was held later in 1912 at the Royal Albert Hall and gathered £300.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor's works were often performed by Sir Malcolm Sargent who conducted ten seasons of a costumed ballet version of "Hiawatha" at the Royal Albert Hall between 1928 and 1939 with the Royal Choral Society (600 to 800 singers) and 200 dancers.

paragraphs: Coleridge-Taylor's best-known work is his cantata "Hiawatha's Wedding-feast", which was performed very often by choral groups in England during his lifetime and for many years after his death. He wrote several other pieces about Hiawatha: "The Death of Minnehaha", "Overture to The Song of Hiawatha" and "Hiawatha's Departure".

paragraphs: He also wrote a lot of chamber music, anthems and other works. The orchestral piece "Petite Suite de Concert" used to be very popular, but its Romanticism sounds a little old-fashioned now.

paragraphs: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed Stanley Sadie;


paragraphs: The Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro is a Catholic university based in the neighborhood Gavea in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It was founded in 1941 by D. Sebastião Leme and the Rev. Leonel Franca, and was officially recognized in January 15, 1946.

paragraphs: The PUC-Rio was one of the first universities that taught Entrepreneurship in the graduation courses in Brazil.


title: Quim Monzó

paragraphs: Quim Monzó (born in Barcelona, Spain, in 1952) is a Catalan writer of novels, short stories and discursive prose, mostly in the Catalan language.

paragraphs: In the early 1970s, Monzó reported from Vietnam, Cambodia, Northern Ireland and East Africa for newspapers in Barcelona. His fiction is full of irony. His other prose maintains this humor. One collection of his essays, "Catorze ciutats comptant-hi Brooklyn", is notable for its account of New York in the days immediately following September 11.


title: Northern Light Infantry

paragraphs: The Northern Light Infantry (NLI) is a Light Infantry Regiment of the Pakistan Army. Headquartered in Gilgit, the capital of Northern Areas, Pakistan, it is the main force protecting the strategically important northern areas of Pakistan.


title: Pakistan National Command Authority

paragraphs: The National Command Authority (NCA) of Pakistan is the Pakistani organisation responsible for policy formulation. It has control over employment and development for all strategic nuclear forces and strategic organizations.


title: Setting (fiction)

paragraphs: A setting is the time, location, and atmosphere (e.g. happy, sad, exciting, frightening, etc.) the novel is taking place in.


title: National symbols of Pakistan

paragraphs: The National symbols of Pakistan (Urdu:); Each Country of the world adopts some signs or emblems, which they regard as the representative of their country traits. "Pakistan" has several “Official National Symbols”. "Pakistanis" have several official National symbols including a historic document, a flag, an emblem, an anthem, a memorial tower as well as several national heroes. The symbols were adopted at various stages in the existence of Pakistan and there are various rules and regulations governing their definition or use.

paragraphs: The oldest symbol is the Lahore Resolution or ""Resolution of Pakistan"", adopted by the All India Muslim League on the 23rd of March in 1940, and which presented the formal demand for Greater Autonomy for Muslims in United India, and later led to the demand for a separate and Independent 'Pakistan'. The Minar-e-Pakistan memorial tower which was built in 1968 on the site where the Lahore Resolution was passed in 1940.

paragraphs: The national flag was adopted just before independence was achieved on 14 August 1947. The national anthem and the state emblem were each adopted in 1954. There are also several other patriotic symbols including the national animal, bird, flower and tree; and some other things known as "National Identity". The “National symbols” and mostly national things of Pakistan are mentioned and listed here respectively.

paragraphs: The following section introduces you to the natural National Identity Elements of Pakistan. These symbols are intrinsic to the common “Pakistani national identity and heritage”.

paragraphs: Pakistanis are known to be are proud of these patriotic National Symbols as they infuse a sense of pride and patriotism in every Pakistan's heart. They have been selected carefully to project the image of Pakistan at its best.

paragraphs: These are chosen to reflect Pakistani culture and beliefs and also the positive attributes often associated with Pakistani customs and traditions and ideals that reflect the different aspects of the cultural life and history of the country respectively.

paragraphs: These national symbols are mostly the national things from and relating to Pakistan of which are mentioned and listed portrayed elegantly in great detail here:

paragraphs: 1. They exemplify the rich cultural fibre that resides at the core of the country.

paragraphs: 2. Infuse a deep sense of pride in the hearts of Pakistani citizens.

paragraphs: 3. Represent a quality unique to Pakistan and its citizens.

paragraphs: 5. Help to preserve the chosen national symbol for generations to come.

paragraphs: "Here is the detailed information about the National symbols of Pakistan."


title: Sei whale

paragraphs: The Sei whale ("Balaenoptera borealis") is a dark-gray, stream-lined baleen whale that is found worldwide except in polar waters. It swims in small pods of 3-5 whales but larger groups may form at rich feeding grounds. It has very fine grey-black baleen that traps very small particles of food. It is a rorqual whale (a large baleen whale) that is similar to theBryde's whales.

paragraphs: The Sei whale is also called the Sardine whale, the Pollack whale, the Coalfish whale, the Japan Finner, and Rudolphi's rorqual. Large numbers of these whales were hunted until recently for their oil and meat. It is the fastest of the great whales and can swim at about 23 mph (20 knots) in short bursts.

paragraphs: Sei whales are carnivores that filter-feed plankton (tiny crustaceans like krill, copepods, etc.) and small fish from the water.


title: Vithoba

paragraphs: Vithoba is a Hindu god worshipped mainly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka. He is also known as Vitthala and Panduranga. He is generally considered a form of the Hindu god Vishnu or Krishna. In stone images and pictures, he is shown as a dark young boy. He stands on a brick with his hands on his waist. His wife Rukmini or Rakhumai stands with him.

paragraphs: Vithoba's main temple is at Pandharpur in Maharashtra. It is close to its border with Karnataka. Two Hindu sects, the Varkari sect of Maharashtra and Haridasa sect of Karnataka worship Vithoba as their main god. The Varkari poet-saints have written devotional poems called "abhanga"s in praise of god Vithoba. The abhangas are written in the language Marathi. The Haridasa poets have also written poems, devoted to Vithoba in the Kannada language. The two most important festivals associated with Vithoba are "Shayani Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Ashadha, and "Prabodini Ekadashi" in the Hindu month of Kartik.


title: Breadalbane, New South Wales

paragraphs: Breadalbane () is a small village on the Lachlan River in New South Wales, Australia. It is near Goulburn in the Upper Lachlan Shire. This little town is also on the Hume Highway which links Sydney and Melbourne. The highway used to go through the small town but it was bypassed in the early 1990s. Breadalbane is also situated on the Sydney-Melbourne railway line.

paragraphs: Breadalbane is also near the start of the Federal Highway. This branches off the Hume Highway just south of Goulburn and goes to Canberra in the Australian Capital Territory. Canberra is the capital city of Australia where the Federal Parliament sits.

paragraphs: Breadalbane is a very historic town. There are now only a few houses. In the past there was a hotel, service station and a railway station. These are now closed, although the old hotel and service station buildings are still there. They are now used as private houses. The railway station opened in 1875 and closed in 1974. The signal box was still used until 1979. All trace of the station has been removed, although a loading bank is still standing.

paragraphs: There is a memorial at the school to people from Breadalbane who fought in World War II. It has 40 names on it.


title: Hydrofoil

paragraphs: A hydrofoil is a type of boat that can lift its hull out of the water with a pair of special wings underwater. These wings are like the wings of an airplane.

paragraphs: When a hydrofoil moves quickly, its wings allow it to fly. When this happens the boat is said to be in "foilborne". The result of flying means less of the boat is touching the water and can make the boat have less drag which allows it to move faster (drag slows a boat down).

paragraphs: or special pontoons when going fast keep it out of the water.


title: Gundaroo, New South Wales

paragraphs: Gundaroo is a small village in New South Wales, Australia. It is in the Yass Valley Shire. It is built near the Yass River. Gundaroo is about 16 kms north of Sutton and about 15 km west of the Lake George range. About 300 people live there.

paragraphs: The explorers Charles Throsby and Joseph Wild travelled through the Yass River valley in 1820. The Aborigines called the valley "Candariro" which means "blue crane". This name might be the meaning of the word Gundaroo. Governor Lachlan Macquarie gave the first Europen settler, Peter Cooney, 30 acres in 1825. Other farms were started quickly with about 400 people in the 1840s. The Harrow Inn (hotel) was built in 1834. A post office was built in 1848 and an Anglican church, St Lukes in Upper Gundaroo (now part of a pottery business), in 1849. The first school opened in 1850 and a Police station in 1852. When gold was discovered in the area in 1852 many more people came to the town.

paragraphs: Gundaroo has become a place where people who work in Canberra can live. It is a village for tourists from Canberra to visit because of its well cared for historic buildings.


title: Jack Adams

paragraphs: John James "Jack" Adams (June 14, 1895 – May 1, 1968) was a Canadian professional ice hockey player, coach and general manager in the National Hockey League and Pacific Coast Hockey Association. He was a Hall of Fame player during a 10 year professional career with Toronto, Vancouver and Ottawa. He is best known for his 36-year association with the Detroit Red Wings of the NHL as coach or general manager. He later became president of the Central Hockey League.


title: Almas Tower

paragraphs: Almas Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 363 meters (1,191 feet) tall and has 68 floors. It was built in 2009 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world


title: Emirates Office Tower

paragraphs: Emirates Office Tower is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 355 meters (1,163 feet) tall and has 54 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

paragraphs: Emirates Office Tower is next to the Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 309m (1,014ft).


title: Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel

paragraphs: Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is a skyscraper in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. It is 309 meters (1,014 feet) tall and has 56 floors. It was built in 2000 and is one of the tallest buildings in the world

paragraphs: Jumeirah Emirates Towers Hotel is next to the Emirates Office Tower, which is also one of the tallest buildings in the world at 355m (1,163ft).


title: Jeremy Adduono

paragraphs: Jeremy Adduono (born August 4, 1978, in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada) is a Canadian professional ice hockey winger. He was drafted in the seventh round, 184th overall, by the Buffalo Sabres in the 1997 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Old College, University of Edinburgh

paragraphs: Old College is a building in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. It is part of University of Edinburgh.


title: Garage, Inc.

paragraphs: Garage Inc. is a cover album by American heavy metal band Metallica, released in 1998.

paragraphs: It includes recorded cover versions of other artists' songs, all of their b-side covers released up to that point, and the entire "", which had gone out of print since its original release in 1987. The title is a combination of Garage Days Re-Revisited and their song Damage, Inc. Over 5 million copies have been sold in the US as certified by the RIAA.

paragraphs: These tracks were recorded in September-October 1998 for the "Garage Inc." album.

paragraphs: These tracks are a collection of B-sides from artists Metallica were inspired by throughout the early years of the band.


title: Christmas 1994 nor'easter

paragraphs: The Christmas 1994 nor'easter was a strong cyclone along the East Coast of the United States and Atlantic Canada. It developed from an area of low pressure in the southeast Gulf of Mexico near the Florida Keys, and moved across the state of Florida.

paragraphs: A weather system moved towards the southeast from the central Great Plains into the Deep South of the United States. After entering the Gulf of Mexico, the weather system became a cyclone. An approaching trough pushed the system across Florida. A forecaster at the National Hurricane Center, Jack Beven, said that "as it [the storm] moved out into the Bahamas, it appeared to take on the characteristics of a tropical storm." He also noted that because of the uncertainty, the National Hurricane Center did not call the weather system a tropical cyclone.

paragraphs: The cyclone was said to be a "hybrid" storm. The cyclone quickly gained strength in warm waters from the Gulf Stream, and because of cold air over the United States. The system continued to become stronger while moving within the Gulf Stream. The storm developed central atmospheric convection, which is unusual for a storm of its type. Extratropical cyclone. Also, the system developed an eye, which is usually seen in tropical cyclones. Even though the cyclone showed signs of a tropical storm, forecaster Jack Beven stated: "There was no front associated with it [the storm] and it had a warm core, but the radius of maximum winds was more than 150 nautical miles [175 mi, 280 km], so under the standard NHC criteria it didn’t qualify as a tropical storm." On December 23 and 24, the nor'easter intensified to attain a barometric pressure of 970|mb. Another low pressure system that developed behind the storm became stronger, and grew to be larger in size than the original storm. Due to the Fujiwhara effect, the large circulation of the secondary low moved the original nor'easter towards the northwest. The nor'easter passed along the south shore of Long Island, and it made landfall near New York City on December 24. Later, it moved over southeastern New York State. On December 25, which is Christmas Day, the system began to lose strength as it moved towards Nova Scotia, before the pair of low pressure systems moved out to sea early on December 26.


title: River Wear

paragraphs: The Wear is a river in northeast England. It starts in Wearhead, County Durham and opens up into the North Sea at Sunderland.

paragraphs: Much of the River Wear shows the history of the Industrial Revolution. Its upper end runs through lead mining country, until this gives way to coal seams of the Durham coalfield for the rest of its length. As a result of limestone quarrying, lead mining and coal mining, the Wear valley was amongst the first places to see the development of railways. The Weardale Railway continues to run occasional services between Stanhope and Wolsingham.

paragraphs: The upland area of Upper Weardale has a flora which survives from the end of the last Ice Age. After the Ice Age, the Wear valley became thickly forested. During the Neolithic period and increasingly in the Bronze Age, the forests were progressively cleared for agriculture.


title: River Tees

paragraphs: The Tees is a river in England. It starts in Cross Fell (a mountain) in the Pennines, and opens up into the North Sea. It forms a border between North Yorkshire and County Durham and also between the towns of Hartlepool and Redcar. It is also 85 miles or 137 kilometres long. High force waterfalls is 7 feet high. The Pennines Way was opened in 1965.


title: Rutland Boughton

paragraphs: Boughton studied with Charles Villiers Stanford and Walford Davies. He wrote many different kinds of music including symphonies, concertos, part-songs, songs, chamber music and opera. His best known work was the opera "The Immortal Hour". His carol "Bethlehem" (1915) became very popular in England and in many other countries.

paragraphs: He was a great admirer of the composer Richard Wagner who had built his own theatre, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, in the German town of Bayreuth. Boughton wanted to create an "English Bayreuth" at Glastonbury, so he started the series of Glastonbury Festivals that took place from 1914 until 1926. From 1927 until his death in 1960, he lived at Kilcot near Newent, Gloucestershire.