title: Mandaue

paragraphs: Mandaue City is a city in the province of Cebu in the Philippines. It is one of the three urbanized cities in the island and forms a part of the Cebu Metropolitan area. Mandaue City is on the middle eastern coastal region of Cebu, bordering to its right-side are Mactan Island where Lapu-Lapu City is. Mandaue is connected to Mactan Island via two bridges which includes the Mactan-Cebu Bridge and Marcelo Fernan Bridge And is bounded south and the west by the Provincial Capital, Cebu City and north by Consolacion which is linked with Cansaga Bay Bridge. The city has an area of about 34.87 square kilometres and has a total population of about 337,320 people.

paragraphs: A community was established in Mandaue by a flourishing group of Indonesian, Malayan and Chinese merchants. The Venetian chronicler Antonio Pigafetta wrote a settlement called Mandani existed in the area with a chieftain who was named Aponoan then a few decades later another ruler named Lambusan. Mandaue was established as a mission village (which included present day Consolacion, Liloan and Poro) in 1638 by Jesuit then a century later by the Recollects. The Philippine revolution in 1898 gave the town a new form of administration in accordance with the organic decree of the Central Revolutionary Government. The short lived revolution was overthrown by the American Troops and a battle nearly destroys the town on 1901.

paragraphs: Mandaue was Independent from being an American Commonwealth and a Japanese Garrison on July 4, 1946 along with the entire nation. Mandaue became a chartered city in June 21, 1969 by Mayor Demetrio Cortes Sr. The city was recognized as a HUC (Highly Urban City) on 1991.

paragraphs: Mandaue City is part of the Sixth District of Cebu joined with the municipalities of Consolacion and Cordova. Although qualified for a lone district in 1991 this was neglected by Lawmakers. Mandaue is under the province of Cebu but because it is a Highly Urbanized City it is not under authority to the provincial government and Mandaue is politically subdivided into 27 barangays. The barangay is further divided to a sitio.

paragraphs: Mandaue is divided into 27 administrative villages called barangays.

paragraphs: The city has a total land area of 3,487 hectares or 34.87 square kilometres. Every square kilometre is inhabited by more or less 8,112 people. Land utilization is summarized as follows:

paragraphs: The city is the 6th smallest government unit in terms of land area; among the Metro Cebu local government units the city is the second smallest next to the municipality of Cordova in the island of Mactan. The city’s land area is only 4.5% of the total land area of Metro Cebu and less than 1% of the total land area of the Province of Cebu.

paragraphs: The on-going North Reclamation Project, now known as the North Special Administrative Zone, currently has about 180 hectares reclaimed land. Of the 180 hectares, about 36 hectares belong to the city. The existing mangrove area will be retained as a Marine habitat, part of the area's parks and open spaces.

paragraphs: It is one of the two (the other one being the municipality of Consolacion) local government units located within the mainland Metro Cebu where the elevation of land is less than 100 metres.

paragraphs: Many of the areas of the city are extremely flat. About 77.37% is within the 0-8% slope category. Barangays belonging to this region are Centro, Looc, South Special Administrative Zone, Cambaro, Opao, Umapad, Paknaan, Alang-alang, Tipolo, Ibabao, Guizo, Subangdaku, Mantuyong, Maguikay and Tabok. The greater portion of the city, comprising about 70%, is dominated by the Mandaue Clay Loam soil series. This is in the 0-2% and 2-5% slope ranges. Faraon clay loam characterizes the rest of the land with slope range from 5-8% and up to 25-40%.

paragraphs: Oldest accounts of Mandaue's population was written in Bosetta and Bravo's Diccionario between 1637 to 1638 was 11,034. During the first year of its township in 1899, Mandaue had 42 barrios and with a population of 21,086. When Mandaue was a second class municipality in 1964 she had a population of 33,811.

paragraphs: According to the August 2009 Philippine census, Mandaue City has a population of about 337,320 people. This figure is up by 77,592 from 259,728 persons recorded in the May 2000 census. Mandaue has a significantly large population which is in and below the poverty line.

paragraphs: Mandaue Fiesta:Celebrated on May 8 in honor of the patron St. Joseph. There are a lot of events that occur in this feast like the Miss Mandaue, Mr. Mandaue, Inter-Barangay Sports Competition, Queen Prince and Prices Coronation or QPP, Rodeos, Mantawi Festival, Bailes, Fairs and many more. This is an evident reminder of the Philippines Hispanic influences.

paragraphs: Translacion: (Gathering of the Holy Family) which coincidentally the patrons of Cebu are the Santo Niño and Birhin sa Guadelupe, Saint Joseph in Mandaue City. This is celebrated every January when the three statues meet in The National Shrine of Saint Joseph often called the Translacion where a Fluvial Mass follows after. There are singing and dancing competitions and street dancing that happen during the Bibingkahan in honor of the Sto. Niño.

paragraphs: Comparsa sa Mandaue : A theater dance competition that showcases Mandaue's rich cultural heritage celebrated on August.

paragraphs: Mantawi Festival : Is an event where tribal dances are accompanied by different beats and is played by a brass instead of the usual drum and trumpet Mantawi Festival is on every May 7.

paragraphs: Miss Mandaue: A beauty pageant, that searches for a young woman who will serve as an ambassadress of goodwill and represent the people of Mandaue City in various functions and gatherings in the community...

paragraphs: The Kabayo festival is a horse racing event held annually in the second week of February.

paragraphs: It is an event that is held annually in Mandaue City, Cebu International Convention Center every August 14 which shows Cebu’s culture and different festivals,

paragraphs: it is a fiesta of colorful costumes and elaborate props as dancers from 32 towns and cities from all over Cebu compete which ends with a grand fireworks display.

paragraphs: Mandaue City's road network is composed of a national highway which connects the city to its neighboring cities and municipalities, a national secondary road which traverses the City's metropolitan area. The total length of the city road network (paved and unpaved) and the four bridges, is about 133,676 kilometres, broken down into:

paragraphs: Road density is 3.83 kilometre per square kilometre of land. In terms of population, road density is about 0.52 kilometre per one thousand inhabitants.

paragraphs: Land transportation is being served by PUJ, Utility Vehicles, mini-buses, multi-cabs, tricycles, trisikads and for cargoes, trailers and vans. Sea transport of Mandaue is highly dependent on Port of Cebu and Cebu International Port, because of the city's proximity to these facilities. Likewise, air transport is through the Mactan-Cebu International Airport has direct international flights to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan, China, Palau, Malaysia, Taiwan, Qatar, South Korea and other key Philippine Cities, via the two Mandaue-Mactan bridges.

paragraphs: Schools in Mandaue City follow a system of 6 years for primary education and 4 years for secondary education.

paragraphs: Mandaue has dining restaurants which cater gourmets and international cuisines like Italian, Japanese, Korean, Mexican, Vietnamese, Indian and other cuisines. A variety of restaurants also serves meals of local cuisine.

paragraphs: Many famous Cebuano meals like the Lechon or Inasal is a pride of Cebu being crowned as the best roasted pig in the world, it is eaten with Achara or pickled vegetables. The Sugba or Barbecue is either Isda(fish), Baboy (pork), Manok (chicken) or Baka (beef) is found in any joints in Mandaue eaten with the Puso a diamond shaped hangged rice covered in coco leaves. Kinilaw is raw meat usually pork or fish drenched in vinegar and salt. The Buwad or dried seafood is very smelly but it is crunchy and chewy. There are some exotic meals you can find like the Dinugoan or pig's blood is a eaten like the soup. Barbecued Chicken feet are liked by many locals. + Original cuisine in Mandaue includes the "Bibingka" which is steamed rice cakes mixed with coconut and sometimes egg. "Binangos" a type of salted fish only found in Mandaue.


title: Candida

paragraphs: Candida is a genus or grouping of yeasts. Yeasts are a type of fungus. This group of fungi are the most common cause of fungus infections in the world. Most people have or are exposed to this group of fungus but are not sick. If a person is weak because of another illness, this fungus can cause disease. "Candida albicans" is the most common kind of Candida. Infection with this fungus is called candidiasis or thrush. Other species in this group can be found in the human gut.

paragraphs: People can get a blood infection from this fungus.

paragraphs: Medicines called antibiotics do not cure yeast infections. In fact, an antibiotic can make a Candida infection worse. Women can get a Candida infection in their vagina. Men can also get a Candida infection in their genital area. If a person takes antibiotics for a long time, they have a greater chance of having a Candida infection. People with diabetes or HIV are more likely to get a yeast infection.

paragraphs: This fungus is can be grown in a lab. "Candida" looks like large, round, white or cream circles that smell like bread. "Candida" can be found on almost all healthy skin. Dry skin has less fungus. Small numbers of this fungus are found in other areas of the body. These are the nose, throat and lungs; the digestive system and the vagina. This is normal.

paragraphs: When this fungus causes disease in the mouth it is called thrush (oropharyngeal candidiasis). When this fungus causes disease in the female reproductive organs it is called vaginal candidiasis or just 'yeast infection'. Thrush is common in people who wear dentures.

paragraphs: In people without other illness, a candida infection can be cured with skin ointment or medicine that can be swallowed. Skin medications can be bought over-the-counter without a doctor's prescription. In people who are already sick, candidiasis can become a very serious illness. It can cause abscess, thrombophlebitis, heart infection (endocarditis. It can cause infections of the eyes or other organs. Candida infection can get into the body through cuts in the skin.

paragraphs: Other medically important "Candida" species are "C. parapsilosis", "C. tropicalis", and "C. dubliniensis".


title: Charles Edward Stuart

paragraphs: Charles Edward Stuart (Prince Charles Edward Louis Philip Casimir Stuart, 31 December 1720 - 31 January 1788) is better known as Bonnie Prince Charlie or as 'The Young Pretender'.

paragraphs: Bonnie Prince Charlie was the Jacobite pretender to the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. This claim was as the eldest son of James Francis Edward Stuart, and grandson of James II and VII.

paragraphs: Charles is perhaps best known as the leading the unsuccessful Jacobite uprising of 1745. He led a rebellion which ended in a heavy defeat at the Battle of Culloden. That ended the Jacobite cause. Charles's escape from Scotland after the uprising made him a romantic figure of heroic failure. The "Skye Boat Song" remembers him.

paragraphs: He lived, and died, in Rome, where his father had been given a home by Clement XI.


title: Henry Benedict Stuart

paragraphs: Henry Benedict Maria Clement Thomas Francis Xavier Stuart (11 March 1725 - 13 July 1807) was a Roman Catholic Cardinal, as well as the fourth and final Jacobite heir to publicly claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Unlike his father, James Francis Edward Stuart, and brother, Charles Edward Stuart, Henry made no effort to seize the throne. After Charles's death in January 1788 the Pope did not recognise Henry as the lawful ruler of England, Scotland and Ireland, but referred to him as the Cardinal Duke of York.

paragraphs: He spent his life in the Papal States and had a long career in the clergy of the Roman Catholic Church, rising to become the Dean of the College of Cardinals and Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia and Velletri. At the time of his death he was (and still is) one of the longest serving Cardinals in the Church's history.

paragraphs: When he was young, Henry's father made him Duke of York (in the Jacobite peerage), and that was how he was best known. Upon the death of his brother in 1788 Henry became known by Jacobites, and within his personal entourage, as Henry IX of England, although publicly he referred to himself as Cardinal-Duke of York "nuncupatus".

paragraphs: Henry was born in exile at Rome on 6 March 1725 and baptized on the same day by Pope Benedict XIII, 37 years after his grandfather James II and VII lost the throne, and ten years after his father's failed attempt to regain it. His father was James Francis Edward Stuart, known to his opponents as "the Old Pretender". His mother was the Princess Maria Klementyna Sobieska, granddaughter of the Polish King, John III Sobieski.

paragraphs: Henry went to France in 1745 to help his brother, Prince Charles Edward Stuart ("Bonnie Prince Charlie", or "the Young Pretender") prepare the Jacobite campaign of that year. After its defeat, Henry Stuart returned to Italy. On 30 June 1747 Pope Benedict XIV conferred him with tonsure and created him Cardinal-Deacon of "S. Maria in Portico" in special consistory held on the 3 July 1747. On 27 August 1747 he was promoted to the four minor orders by the Pope. He received the subdiaconate on 18 August 1748 and diaconate on 25 August 1748. He was ordained priest on 1 September 1748 and consecrated titular Archbishop of Corinth on 2 October 1758.

paragraphs: He was made Cardinal Priest in 1748, and Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati on 13 July 1761. When he became the senior cardinal "Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals" on 26 September 1803, he transferred to the See of Ostia and Velletri.

paragraphs: At the time of the French Revolution, he lost the land and income he was given by the French king, and spent a lot of his money helping Pope Pius VI. This, in addition to the seizure of his Frascati property by the French, caused him to descend into poverty. The British Minister in Venice arranged for Henry to receive an annuity of £4,000 from King George III of Great Britain. Although the British government said this as an act of charity, Henry and the Jacobites called it to be a first installment on the money which was legally owed to him. (For many years the British government had promised to return the English dowry of his grandmother, Mary of Modena, but had never did.)

paragraphs: Henry returned to Frascati in 1803. In September of that year he became the Dean of the College of Cardinals and hence Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and Velletri, though he still lived in the episcopal palace at Frascati. He died there on 13 July 1807, aged 82.

paragraphs: Henry was the last claimant to the English throne to touch for the King's Evil.

paragraphs: Under his will, which he signed as "Henry R", he was succeeded in all his claimed British rights by his friend and nearest blood-relative, Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia. But Charles never claimed or denied his Jacobite claims, nor have any of his successors to this day.

paragraphs: Contrary to popular belief, he did not leave the Crown Jewels to the Prince of Wales, afterwards George IV of the United Kingdom. All his property was entrusted to Monsignor Angelo Cesarini, for distribution. Cesarini sent the Prince of Wales several jewels from Henry's private collection. These included a "Lesser George" insignia (thought to have been worn by Charles I at his execution, and now at Windsor Castle) and a St Andrew's Cross (now at Edinburgh Castle), which is an insignia of the order of the Thistle, and also a ruby ring.

paragraphs: Henry Benedict, his brother, his father and his mother are buried in the crypt of St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. There is a monument to the Royal Stuarts designed by Antonio Canova in the basilica to their memory on one of the columns in the basilica proper. It was recently restored, paid for by Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother.

paragraphs: He was a cardinal elector in the papal conclaves of 1758, 1769, 1774-75 and 1799-1800.


title: Cam Plante

paragraphs: Cam Plante (born March 12, 1964 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman. He was drafted in the seventh round, 128th overall, by the Toronto Maple Leafs in the 1983 NHL Entry Draft. He played two games in the National Hockey League with the Maple Leafs in the 1984–85 season.

paragraphs: Plante holds the Western Hockey League record for points in a season by a defenceman. He scored 140 points as a member of the Brandon Wheat Kings in the 1983–84 WHL season. He finished his playing career with the Wichita Thunder of the CHL, having returned to North America following four seasons on the United Kingdom. Most of that time was spent with the Peterborough Pirates, but also encompassed short spells with the Chelmsford Chieftains and Humberside Hawks. He is the father of current Florida Panthers prospect Tyler Plante and current Edmonton Oilers prospect Alex Plante.


title: Tyler Plante

paragraphs: Tyler Plante (born May 17, 1987) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently with the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League.

paragraphs: Tyler was drafted by the Florida Panthers in the second round, 32nd overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft. Tyler gained NHL attention playing for the Brandon Wheat Kings of the Western Hockey League and earning the Jim Piggott Memorial Trophy as the top rookie of the WHL in the 2004–05 season. After three full seasons with the Wheat Kings Plante was signed by the Panthers to a three-year entry level contract on June 1, 2007. Since then, he has spent most of his playing time with the Florida Panthers AHL affiliate, the Rochester Americans.

paragraphs: He was recalled up to Florida for a pre-season game at the start of the 2008–09 NHL season, but did not get any playing time and started the season in Rochester. After a lackluster start with the Americans, he was demoted to the ECHL, and spent time with the Dayton Bombers. After spending over two months with the Bombers, he was called back up to Rochester, where he currently plays.

paragraphs: Plante was born in Milwaukee, Wisconsin and raised in Brandon, Manitoba. Plante was born in while his father Cam was a member of the Milwaukee Admirals. His brother Alex Plante was a first round draft pick of the Edmonton Oilers.


title: Sargon

paragraphs: Sargon may refer to different rulers. The name "Sargon" is what texts in the Bible use, the people were not known as "Sargon" in their native language:


title: Urbi et Orbi

paragraphs: Urbi et Orbi ("to the City of Rome and to the World") was a standard opening of proclamations in Imperial Rome.

paragraphs: Now "Urbi et Orbi" refers to a papal address and Apostolic Blessing that is addressed to the City of Rome and to the entire world from the Apostolic Palace in the Vatican. Usually they are only given at Christmas and Easter, but also the first speech of a new pope is Urbi et Orbi, and sometimes one is given to special gatherings of pilgrims in Rome and during Holy Years

paragraphs: The blessing after the speech is given in Latin, and usually many other languages too. Catholics who listen to the blessing, either because they are present at the Vatican or because they are listening to the radio or television broadcasts, have their sins forgiven because the blessing includes a plenary indulgence.


title: Šarru-kên I

paragraphs: Šarru-kên I, also known as "Sargon I" was the 35th king of Assyria. He reigned from 1920 BC to 1881 BC (Middle chronology), or 1856 to 1817 BC (short chronology). He bears the name Sargon with reference to Sargon of Akkad.


title: Quercus basaseachicensis

paragraphs: Quercus basaseachicensis is a kind of oak tree in the Fagaceae family. It is believed to be a cross of Quercus rugosa and Quercus depressipes It is native to Chihuahua and Durango in Mexico, where there are five known small populations; one in Durango and four in Chihuahua.


title: Ringkøbing

paragraphs: Ringkøbing is a town in Ringkøbing-Skjern municipality in Region Midtjylland on the Jutland peninsula in west Denmark.

paragraphs: As of 1 January 2010, 9,850 people live in the town.

paragraphs: Archeologists believe that the town was started in the 13th century.


title: Bill Ranford

paragraphs: William Edward Ranford (born December 14, 1966 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey goaltender and is the current goaltending coach for the Los Angeles Kings. He graduated from New Westminster Secondary School in 1985. He was selected in the third round of the 1985 NHL Entry Draft, 52nd overall, by the Boston Bruins. Over the course of fifteen NHL seasons, Ranford would play with Boston, the Edmonton Oilers, Washington Capitals, Tampa Bay Lightning, and Detroit Red Wings, winning two Stanley Cups, a Canada Cup, and the 1994 Hockey World Championships while playing for Canada.

paragraphs: As a child, Ranford took figure skating lessons, before eventually decided to go into goaltending. Because his father was in the armed forces, Ranford lived in Germany for a few years, as well as various places in Canada. He played for local teams in Portage la Prairie, Manitoba, Prince Edward Island and Red Deer, Alberta.

paragraphs: Ranford spent his junior career with the New Westminster Bruins, playing two seasons with the team before being drafted by the Boston Bruins in the 3rd round (52nd overall) in the 1985 NHL Entry Draft..

paragraphs: Ranford's post-draft year, 1985–86, was an eventful one, as Ranford was named to the WHL Second All-Star Team, and saw his first NHL action after the WHL season ended, winning three of four games for Boston, before going 0–2 in the playoffs.

paragraphs: To start the next year, Boston assigned him to the Moncton Golden Flames of the AHL, where he went 3–0 to start the season, and wound up spending the rest of the year with Boston. The replacement of Bruins coach Butch Goring with Terry O'Reilly led to Ranford falling out of favour, and eventually being dealt on March 8, 1988 from the Boston Bruins with Geoff Courtnall to the Edmonton Oilers in exchange for Andy Moog.

paragraphs: Following the trade, he spent most of the next season with the AHL's Maine Mariners, but that would be the last time he would play at the minor-league level.

paragraphs: Ranford won his first Stanley Cup in 1988, as the backup to Grant Fuhr. However, in 1990 despite constant comparisons to the injured Fuhr, Ranford emerged as a first-rate goaltender, leading the Oilers to the Stanley Cup and winning the Conn Smythe Trophy (playoff MVP) in the process. It was the last cup that the Edmonton Oilers dynasty would win. Ranford went on to play the next six seasons in Edmonton, before being dealt back to the Boston Bruins on January 11, 1996 for Mariusz Czerkawski, Sean Brown, and a 1st Round Pick in the 1996 Entry Draft (Matthieu Descoteaux).

paragraphs: After less than two seasons with Boston, Ranford was dealt to the Washington Capitals on March 1, 1997 with Adam Oates and Rick Tocchet for Jason Allison, Anson Carter, Jim Carey, a conditional draft pick in the 1998 Entry Draft, and a 3rd Round Pick in the 1997 Entry Draft (Lee Goren). In 1998 the Washington Capitals advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, it was Ranfords third trip to the finals. On June 18, 1998, he was dealt to the Tampa Bay Lightning for a 2nd Round Pick in the 1999 Entry Draft and a 3rd Round Pick in the 1998 Entry Draft (Todd Hornung).

paragraphs: He began the season with the Tampa Bay Lightning, but was traded to the Detroit Red Wings on March 23, 1999 for a conditional draft pick. It was the second deal between the Tampa Bay Lightning and the Detroit Red Wings that day. The prior trade brought Wendel Clark and a draft pick to the Detroit Red Wings and Goaltender Kevin Hodson and a draft pick to the Tampa Bay Lightning. The Wendel Clark trade made the Bill Ranford deal happen.

paragraphs: His final year in the NHL was 2000, where Ranford returned to Edmonton as a free-agent backing up Tommy Salo before announcing his retirement on April 24.

paragraphs: Ranford acted in the movie "Miracle", performing the on-ice scenes as the goaltender for Team USA, Jim Craig, while Eddie Cahill performed the off-ice scenes. Ranford also played net for the Edmonton Oilers alumni team at the Heritage Classic, the first outdoor regular season game in NHL history. Ranford (14 saves) and Grant Fuhr (11 saves) took turns in goal and held the Montreal Canadiens alumni team scoreless in a 2–0 victory.

paragraphs: Bill served as the Goalie Coach for the WHL Vancouver Giants for the 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 seasons.

paragraphs: On July 10, 2006 he was named the goaltending coach of the Los Angeles Kings and continues to hold that position.

paragraphs: He is also a part-owner of the Coquitlam Express of the British Columbia Hockey League (Tier II Junior).


title: Sargon II

paragraphs: Sargon II (, "legitimate king", reigned 722 – 705 BC) was an Assyrian king. Sargon II became co-regent with Shalmaneser V in 722 BC. Shalmaneser V died in 722 BC. From then on, Sargon II was the only ruler of Assyria. It is not clear if he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser III or a usurper unrelated to the royal family. In his inscriptions, he styles himself as a new man and rarely talks about his predecessors. He nevertheless took the name "Sharru-kinu" ("true king"), after Sargon of Akkad — who had founded the first Semitic Empire in the region about 16 centuries earlier. "Sargon" is the Biblical form of the name.


title: Biłgoraj

paragraphs: Biłgoraj is a town in south-eastern Poland. Since 1999, it has been a part of the Lublin Voivodeship; it was previously a part of the Zamość Voivodeship (1975–1998). It is located 90 km south of Lublin and it is also the capital of Biłgoraj County.

paragraphs: In 2006, 27,225 people lived in Biłgoraj.


title: Bryce Salvador

paragraphs: Bryce Chad Salvador (born February 11, 1976 in Brandon, Manitoba) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played for the New Jersey Devils of the NHL. He also played for the St. Louis Blues. Salvador was drafted in the sixth round, 138th overall by the Tampa Bay Lightning in the 1994 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Lewis and Harris

paragraphs: Lewis and Harris in the Outer Hebrides make up the largest island in Scotland. This is the largest single island of the British Isles after Great Britain and Ireland.

paragraphs: The northern part of the island is called Lewis, the southern is Harris and both are frequently referred to as if they were separate islands. The boundary between Lewis and Harris is formed by a line with Loch Resort on the west and Loch Seaforth on the east. The main town is Stornoway in Lewis.

paragraphs: The island does not have a common name in either English or Scottish Gaelic and is referred to as 'Lewis and Harris'. Until 1975, Lewis belonged to the county of Ross and Cromarty and Harris to Inverness-shire. The entire island group now belongs to the Western Isles Council.

paragraphs: The island is the ancestral homeland of the Highland Clan MacLeod, and the Clan Morrison.


title: Station wagon

paragraphs: The station wagon, or estate, is a variant of the sedan/saloon. The difference between station wagons and regular sedans is that the station wagon has no trunk, plus the roofs are extended backwards over a shared passenger or cargo volume with access in the back.

paragraphs: Station wagons have been mostly replaced by minivans/MPVs, SUVs, and crossovers.


title: Chevrolet Silverado

paragraphs: The Chevrolet Silverado and GMC Sierra are pickup trucks manufactured from General Motors. The Chevrolet Silverado first began around 1998, although the name Silverado actually got its use on pickup trucks beginning in 1975.


title: Chuck Scherza

paragraphs: Chuck Scherza (February 15, 1923 – March 16, 2014) is a former professional ice hockey player who played 11 seasons in the American Hockey League, winning a Calder Cup championship in 1949. He was born in Brandon, Manitoba.


title: Servant of God

paragraphs: Servant of God is a title given to individuals by different religions, but in general the phrase is used to describe a person believed to be pious in his or her faith tradition. In the Catholic Church, it designates someone who is being investigated by the Church for possibly being recognized as a saint. In the Eastern Orthodox churches, this term is used to refer to any Eastern Orthodox Christian.

paragraphs: The Arabic name Abdullah عبد الله, the Hebrew name Obadiah עובדיה and the German name Gottschalk literally mean "servant of God".

paragraphs: "Servant of God" is the title given to a deceased person of the Catholic Church whose life and works are being investigated in consideration for official recognition by the Pope and the Catholic Church as a saint in Heaven.

paragraphs: The process for canonization is under the jurisdiction of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.

paragraphs: The title "Servant of God" () should not be confused with "Servus Servorum Dei" (Servant of the Servants of God), one of the titles of the Pope.

paragraphs: Receiving the title "Servant of God" is the first of the four steps in the canonization process. The next step is being declared "Venerable", upon a decree of heroicity or martyrdom by the honored. This is followed by beatification, with the title of "Blessed", after the confirmation of miracles attributed to the honored. The final step is canonization, where the honored would receive the title of "Saint".


title: Venerable

paragraphs: The Venerable is used as a style in several Christian churches. It is also the common English-language translation of a number of Buddhist titles.

paragraphs: In the Latin Rite of the Catholic Church, "The Venerable," is the style used for a person who has been posthumously declared "heroic in virtue" during the investigation and process leading to possible canonization as a saint. Before a person is considered to be "venerable," he or she must be declared as such by a proclamation, approved by the Pope, of having lived a life that was "heroic in virtue" – the virtues being the Theological Virtues of faith, hope, and charity and the Cardinal Virtues of prudence, justice, fortitude, and temperance. The next step is beatification, at which point the person is referred to as "The Blessed", and finally canonization, at which point the person is referred to as "Saint". Two modern and well-known examples of those who have been declared venerable are Popes John Paul II and Pius XII, who were both declared venerable by Pope Benedict XVI in December 2009, and who are likely to be beatified soon.

paragraphs: The 7-8th-century English monk St. Bede was referred to as being "venerable" soon after his death and, by tradition, is therefore often referred to as "the Venerable Bede" despite his also having been canonized. St Bede was the first person to be recorded as "The Venerable".


title: Jane Pauley

paragraphs: Margaret "Jane" Pauley is a news anchor and reporter. She hosted "NBC Today" between 1976 and 1989 and "Dateline NBC" starting in 1992 and ending in 2003. Pauley was born 31 October 1950 in Indianapolis.


title: Burrito

paragraphs: A burrito is a traditional Mexican dish. It is based on a tortilla filled with foods such as meat, beans or cheese. In the United States, however, there are usually several ingredients. They use foods such as Mexican rice, beans, lettuce, salsa, meat, avocado, cheese, and sour cream.


title: Port of Gladstone

paragraphs: The Port of Gladstone is a seaport in Gladstone, Queensland. It exports the fourth largest amount of coal of any seaport in the world.

paragraphs: The port has several different parts to it. Auckland Point was where coal began to be exported in 1925.

paragraphs: Later, live horses were moved there in the mid 1930s. Barney Point was used to export coal from Moura. Barney Point was made part of the Port of Gladstone in November 1998.

paragraphs: The Fisherman’s Landing part was opened in 1980. It was expanded in the 1990s and is planned to be expanded more. Boyne Wharf is used by the Boyne Island aluminium smelter and was opened in August 1982. The South Trees part of the port have been used by Queensland Alumina Limited, an aluminum company. The RG Tanna Coal Terminal was opened in 1997 and is used to export coking coal to Japanese steel mills.


title: Lawrence massacre

paragraphs: The Lawrence Massacre (also known as Quantrill's Raid) was an attack on the town of Lawrence, Kansas on August 21, 1863. The attack was a battle in the U.S. Civil War. The Confederates won the battle. They won because groups of guerillas led by William Quantrill rode into town and shot every man they saw. They killed about 150 people.

paragraphs: The guerillas attacked Lawrence because the city supported abolition and because it was a center for the Jayhawkers. The Jayhawkers were free-state militia groups known for attacking plantations in the pro-slavery western counties of Missouri.

paragraphs: By 1863, there had been a lot of violence in Kansas. This is because people disagreed about whether Kansas should allow slavery or not.

paragraphs: In the summer of 1856, the first sacking of Lawrence started a guerrilla war in Kansas that lasted for years. John Brown might be the most famous person involved in the violence of the late 1850s that fought on the abolitionist or Jayhawker side. However, there were many groups on each side that fought during the "Bleeding Kansas" period.

paragraphs: By the beginning of the American Civil War, Lawrence was already a for pro-slavery violence. This is because Lawrence was the biggest anti-slavery city in the state. It was also where the Union and Jayhawkers started attacks into Missouri. At first, the town and area around it were very prepared. They reacted strongly to any rumors that pro-slavery people might be coming to Lawrence. However, by the summer of 1863, this never happened, so the people did not fear much, and they forgot about their defenses.

paragraphs: Lawrence was a headquarters for a group of Jayhawkers (sometimes called "Red Legs"). They had started a campaign in late March 1863. They had a goal to end support from the people for the Confederate guerillas. Union General Blunt said the actions of the soldiers were as if "a reign of terror started, and no man's property was safe, nor was his life worth much if he fought them in their plans to rob and steal." Many Jayhawker leaders like Charles "Doc" Jennison, James Montgomery, and George Henry Hoyt attacked Western Missouri. This made both pro-southern and pro-Union civilians and politicians angry. The historian Albert Castel says that the bushwhackers under Quantrill also wanted to steal, but revenge was their main reason.

paragraphs: Survivors confirmed the feeling of revenge in the attack on Lawrence. Albert Castel wrote, "all the ladies and others who talked with the butchers of the 21st ult." said that "they were here to revenge the wrongs done their families by our men under Lane, Jennison, Anthony and Co." Charles L. Robinson, the first Governor of Kansas, was an eyewitness to the attack. He said the attack happened for revenge: "Before this raid the entire border counties of Missouri had experienced more terrible outrages (events) than ever the Quantrill raid at Lawrence... There was no burning of feet and torture by hanging in Lawrence as there was in Missouri, neither were women and children outraged." Robinson explained that Quantrill chose Lawrence because Jayhawkers had attacked Missouri "as soon as [started]," and Lawrence was the "headquarters for the thieves and their plunder."

paragraphs: Quantrill said that his reason for the attack was "to steal and the town as revenge for Osceola." He was talking about the Union's attack on Osceola, Missouri in September 1861. Senator James H. Lane led it. His forces plundered Osceola, gave nine men a drumhead court-martial trial, and executed them.

paragraphs: The of the Women's Prison in Kansas City is also often believed to have made some people want to join in on the attack. To try to stop the Missouri guerrillas from being in Kansas, General Thomas Ewing, Jr. issued "General Order No. 10" in April 1863. This ordered anyone helping or comforting the Confederate guerrillas to be arrested. This mostly meant women or girls who were relatives of the guerrillas. Ewing sent the arrested people to some prisons in Kansas City. The women were then kept in two buildings which were either too small or too dirty. Then they were moved to an empty building at 1425 Grand Boulevard. This building was part of the estate of Robert S. Thomas, George Caleb Bingham's father-in-law. In 1861, Bingham and his family were living in the building. However, in early 1862, he and his family moved to Jefferson City when he was chosen to be the treasurer of Missouri. Bingham had added a third level to the building to use as a studio.

paragraphs: At least ten women or girls, all under the age of 20, were prisoners in the building when it collapsed on August 13, 1863, killing four: Charity McCorkle Kerr, Susan Crawford Vandever, Armenia Crawford Selvey, and Josephine Anderson—the 15-year-old sister of William T. "Bloody Bill" Anderson. A few days later, Nannie Harris died from her wounds. The people who did not die from the collapse were Jenny Anderson (injured by the accident), Susan Anne Mundy Womacks, Martha "Mattie" Mundy, Lucinda "Lou" Mundy Gray, Elizabeth Harris (later married to Deal), and Mollie Grindstaff. Anderson's 13-year-old sister, who was stuck to a ball-and-chain inside the jail, got many injuries, including two broken legs.

paragraphs: Even before the jail fell, the arrest and planned deportation of the girls had made Quantrill's guerrillas angry; George Todd left a note for General Ewing threatening to burn Kansas City unless the girls were freed. Quantrill's raid on Lawrence was planned before the jail collapse, and even before General Ewing issued "General Order No. 10". However, the deaths of the guerrillas' female relatives made the raiders want to kill people even more during the attack.

paragraphs: A man from Hesper named Henry Thompson tried to run to Lawrence to tell the people there that an attack was coming. He was able to run all the way to Eudora before he was too tired. An unknown man riding a chaise came across Thompson to ask if he needed help. Thompson told him that he ran all the way from Hester, and that he needed to Lawrence. Thompson and the man were able to get some people from Eudora to go to Lawrence to warn of an attack. They were too late.

paragraphs: Around 450 guerrillas came near Lawrence shortly after 5 a.m. One of the first deaths was a pastor, Samuel S. Snyder. He was outside his cows when the guerillas shot him. Their first goal was to get to the Eldridge House, a big brick hotel in the middle of Lawrence. They gained control of the building (which became Quantrill's headquarters during the raid). After that, Quantrill's men went into smaller groups that spread throughout Lawrence. For the next four hours, the raiders pillaged and burned 25% of the buildings in Lawrence. They burned all businesses except for two. They looted most of the banks and stores in town. They killed more than 150 people. All of the victims were men and boys. Some sources say 183 people were killed. An 1897 source says that among the dead were 18 of 23 untrained army recruits. By 9 a.m., the raiders were leaving Lawrence.

paragraphs: Mayor George W. Collamore hid in his family's well so that the guerillas would not find him. However, they set his house on fire, and he died from breathing in smoke. After the massacre, a friend of Collamore's named Lowe went into the well to find him. The rope he was holding onto broke, and he also died in the well.

paragraphs: Several groups of guerillas came to judge Louis Carpenter's house. They took everything he owned, but he persuaded them to not kill him nor burn his house. Another group of guerillas came and asked him where he was from. He said he was from New York. One of the guerillas said, "It's you New York [people] that are doing all of the ". When the guerilla took out his revolver to shoot Carpenter, Carpenter ran back into his house. The guerillas d him into his house, upstairs, and then back downstairs, shooting at him. Carpenter ran into the basement, but he was bleeding. They found him, and the guerillas chased him outside and shot him. His wife Mary used her body to protect him. A guerilla walked around her to find a place to shoot under her. He lifted her arm and his revolver under it. He fired his gun so that she could see the bullet enter Carpenter's head. Then, the guerillas set the house on fire. His wife's sister was able to stop the fire however.

paragraphs: George Burt was standing near a fence when a guerilla came to him. The guerilla asked for all of his money. When Burt gave the guerilla his pocket book, the guerilla took it with one hand and shot Burt with the other.

paragraphs: A German man named Phillip Albach was sick, laying in bed. Guerillas demanded the family clear the house so they could burn it. The family carried Albach outside on a mattress and laid him in the yard. When the guerillas came out of the house, they killed him on his bed.

paragraphs: Reverend Hugh Dunn Fisher tried to run away from his home with his two sons. Fisher was sick, so he was unable to run. He went back into his house and hid under the stairs in his basement. When some guerillas came into the house, they demanded his wife Elizabeth let them look in the basement. They could not see Fisher in the darkness. When they left, they set the house on fire and watched it burn. They hoped that if Fisher was hiding inside, he would run outside so they could kill him. Elizabeth covered Fisher in an old dress and a carpet, and carried him out of the house. She covered him in the carpet and dress so that it would look like she was simply trying to save her belongings from the fire. Fisher hid under the carpet until the guerillas left, and all of the family lived.

paragraphs: The raiders wanted revenge, so they had a list of people they wanted to kill and buildings they wanted to burn. James H. Lane was at the top of the list. Lane was a military leader and a supporter of the Jayhawkers. Lane by running through a while wearing his nightshirt. John Speer was one of Lane's biggest political supporters. Lane had put Speer into the newspaper business. Speer was also on the list. Charles L. Robinson, first governor of Kansas and an abolitionist, may also have been on the list. However, he was not killed.

paragraphs: Many said that Quantrill's decision to kill young boys was a very bad part of the attack. Bobbie Martin is generally said to be the youngest person who died. Some stories of the raid say he may have been as young as ten to twelve years old, but others say he was fourteen years old. Most sources say he was wearing a Union soldier uniform or clothing made from his father's uniform, but others say he was holding a musket and cartridges. Most of Quantrill's guerrilla fighters were teenagers. One of the youngest was Riley Crawford. He was thirteen years old when his mother took him to Quantrill after Union soldiers shot her husband and burned her home.

paragraphs: The "Kansas State Journal" was the first newspaper in Lawrence to continue publishing after the attack. They released their first copy on October 1, 1863. In it, it said that every business in Lawrence had been sacked; every business except five had been burned; every house in Lawrence had been plundered; 160 men and boys had been killed. The Leavenworth "Daily Conservative," on August 23, 1863, said that the guerrillas caused $2,000,000 worth of damage, and stole $250,000 worth of money.

paragraphs: The Lawrence massacre was one of the bloodiest events in the history of Kansas. The Plymouth Congregational Church in Lawrence wasn't destroyed, but many of its members were killed. Also, many of its records were destroyed.

paragraphs: A day after the attack, some of the people of Lawrence lynched Thomas Corlew, a member of Quantrill's raiders who was still in Lawrence. They believed he was a spy. They hanged him in a barn on Massachusetts Street.

paragraphs: After the attack, Quantrill brought his men south to Texas for the winter. By the next year, however, the raiders broke up as a group. They were unable to get similar successes. Quantrill died of wounds he got in Kentucky in 1865. By that point, he had only a few supporters left. Frank James and his younger brother, Jesse James were some of his supporters.

paragraphs: After Quantrill's attack, the Union built multiple military posts on Mount Oread. They built these to help guard the rebuilt city. However, no more attacks happened in Lawrence, and these forts were removed.


title: Pedro Álvares Cabral

paragraphs: Pedro Álvares Cabral (c. 1467 or 1468 Belmonte – c. 1520 Santarém) was a Portuguese nobleman, navigator and explorer who was the first European to see Brazil (on 22 April 1500).

paragraphs: King Manuel I of Portugal sent Cabral on an expedition to India.

paragraphs: Cabral sailed on 9 March 1500, with 13 ships, following the route of Vasco da Gama.

paragraphs: On 22 April 1500, he sighted land (Brazil), claiming it for the Portuguese Crown and naming it the "Island of the True Cross."

paragraphs: King Manuel I renamed this land "Holy Cross"; it was later renamed once again, to "Brazil", after a kind of wood found there, called pau-brasil.

paragraphs: Cabral stayed in Brazil for 10 days and then continued on his way to India, in a dangerous trip with storms, and he suffered the destruction of some ships at the Cape of Good Hope, and fighting against Muslim traders in Calicut, India (50 men of Cabral were killed in this attack).

paragraphs: Cabral successfully traded for spices in Cochin, now called Kozhikode, India (in early January, 1501).

paragraphs: Cabral returned to Portugal on 23 June 1501, with only 5 of the original 13 ships, carrying a big load of spices.

paragraphs: After this journey, King Manuel I appointed Vasco da Gama to head the next expedition (1502) because Cabral refused to command another expedition to India.

paragraphs: Cabral retired to his properties in Santarém. He died in c. 1520 and was buried in a monastery in Santarém, Portugal.


title: Toyota Sequoia

paragraphs: Toyota Sequoia is a large SUV made by Toyota. The production of the Sequoia began during 2000. This sport utility vehicle is among the largest vehicles from Toyota. It can seat around seven or eight passengers.


title: Mandaue City Central School

paragraphs: Mandaue City Central School is the oldest school in Mandaue, in Cebu, Philippines. It is an elementary school. The school occupies an area of more than . It belongs to the Central District council. For several decades, Mandaue City Central School stood as the only school in the Central District until three schools were established sometime in the 1990s. The first building, the Gabaldon Building, was built in 1904 which is still in use.


title: Battle of Mine Creek

paragraphs: The Battle of Mine Creek (also known as the Battle of the Osage) was a battle in the American Civil War. In total, 1,300 people were killed. The battle was fought in Linn County, Kansas.


title: Wilson prime

paragraphs: A Wilson prime is a special kind of prime number. A prime number "p" is a Wilson prime if (and only if [ iff ])

paragraphs: where "n" is a positive integer (sometimes called natural number). Wilson primes were first described by Emma Lehmer.

paragraphs: The only known Wilson primes are 5, 13, and 563 ; if any others exist, they must be greater than 5. It has been conjectured that there are an infinite number of Wilson primes, and that the number of Wilson primes in an interval is about

paragraphs: Compare this with Wilson's theorem, which states that every prime "p" divides ("p" − 1)! + 1.


title: Honda Odyssey

paragraphs: The Honda Odyssey is a minivan that has been made by Honda since 1994. From 1994-1999, it was also sold as the Isuzu Oasis. A larger version of the minivan has been available since 1999 in North America. It was redesigned in 2005 and 2011. The 2015 model was awarded the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety's top rated pick because of it's collision avoidance system.


title: Short-faced bear

paragraphs: The short-faced bear or bulldog bear (Arctodus) is an extinct genus of bear endemic to North America during the Pleistocene era about 1.8 million years ago (mya) to 11,000 years ago. At that time, "Arctodus simus" may have been one of the largest mammals that lived on land and ate meat.

paragraphs: "Arctodus simus" first appeared during the middle Pleistocene in North America, about 800,000 years ago. It became extinct about 11,600 years ago.

paragraphs: The short-faced bear lived in many parts of North America, ranging from Alaska to Mississippi.

paragraphs: The oldest short-faced bear fossils are from the Santa Fe River 1 paleontological sites in Gilchrist County, Florida.

paragraphs: Archaeologists first found fossils of the short-faced bear in the Potter Creek Cave in Shasta County, California. This animal might have been the largest carnivorous land mammal that ever lived in North America.

paragraphs: Archaeologists have found only one giant short-faced bear skeleton, in Indiana. It is famous because it was the biggest most-nearly complete skeleton of a giant short-faced bear ever found in America. The original bones are in Chicago's Field Museum of Natural History.

paragraphs: A recent study estimated the weight of six short-faced bear specimens. The largest was . This suggested that the bear was probably bigger than scientists had thought. When it was standing on its hind (back) legs, the bear was tall.

paragraphs: One theory is that the short-faced bear was an active predator, attacking bison directly. Another theory is that it let faster predators make the kill, then bullied them off the carcass. This would mean it was a scavenger.


title: Typhoon Mike

paragraphs: Super Typhoon Mike (international designation: 9025, JTWC designation: 27W, PAGASA name: Ruping) was the strongest and deadliest typhoon of the 1990 Pacific typhoon season as it crossed the Philippines in November.

paragraphs: An area of persistent convection over the Caroline Islands was first noted in the Significant Tropical Weather Advisory on November 6. As it headed westward, its outflow rapidly improved, with banding and a more circular cloud pattern. The organization continued, and it was upgraded to Tropical Depression 27W on the 7th. Early on the 8th, the depression strengthened to Tropical Storm Mike near the island of Yap.

paragraphs: Mike continued its westward movement and its intensification rate, and became a typhoon early on November 9, the 18th of the season. At this time, a weakness in the subtropical ridge, which kept the storm on its westward movement, was bring Mike northward. This did not occur, and Mike kept its persistent westward motion. On November 10, the typhoon rapidly intensified, reaching peak winds of 165 mph later that day. In a 48-hour period, the typhoon deepened 99 millibars to a minimum central pressure of 915 mb.

paragraphs: Mike retained its intensity of 165 mph winds for a day as it approached the Philippines. Fortunately for the archipelago, the combination of an eyewall replacement cycle and land interaction to its west weakened the super typhoon. Nevertheless, Mike still hit the eastern Philippines as a 140 mph typhoon on November 12. The typhoon further weakened to an 85 mph typhoon while crossing the islands, but in the South China Sea, conditions favored slight strengthening.

paragraphs: Mike reached a secondary peak of 95 mph winds on November 14, but land interaction with Vietnam again weakened it to a minimal typhoon. The forecast break in the subtropical ridge finally occurred on the 15th, causing a northwest motion. Vertical shear increased, weakening Mike to a tropical storm on the 16th. Early the next day, the storm passed over western Hainan Island, and degraded to a tropical depression that night. After a brief passage over the Gulf of Tonkin Mike hit southern China where it dissipated on November 18.

paragraphs: Template:Retired Philippine typhoon names

paragraphs: While crossing the western Caroline Islands, Mike proved to be quite destructive. Extensive damage occurred to the islands, but no deaths occurred and only one injury was reported.

paragraphs: The Philippines did not fare so well. The typhoon's heavy rainfall produced mudslides which, combined with the heavy wind damage, resulted in over $14 million in damage (1990 USD, $20.8 million 2005 USD). Over 748 people were reported killed, making Mike the most destructive typhoon for the Philippines since Typhoon Ike in 1984, which killed over 1,000 people. President Corazon Aquino declared a state of calamity in the Visayas.

paragraphs: Typhoon Mike's damage to the infrastructure of the city and province of Cebu forced its local leaders to rethink governmental priorities. A conscious effort to rebuild after the damage was promoted, resulting into the boom of the economy of Cebu, dubbed CEBOOM.

paragraphs: Due to the destruction in the Philippines, the name Mike was retired and was replaced by Manny. Its PAGASA name, Ruping, was also retired.


title: Control variable

paragraphs: A control variable is something in an experiment that is kept the same. Having control variables means that the experiment will be a fair test.

paragraphs: The Control Variable is often used with the independent and dependent variables.


title: Negative feedback

paragraphs: Negative feedback is a basic concept of cybernetics; it is the basis of regulation and control. It is important in engineering and physiology. In biology and physiology negative feedback is known as homeostasis.

paragraphs: Negative feedback occurs when the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of a system. This has the result that the changes are made less, and the system kept within limits. The classic example is a central heating system which cuts off when a (suitably placed) temperature sensor hits a pre-set mark. The negative feedback part is the thermostat.

paragraphs: Virtually all aspect of living systems involve homeostasis, and disease follows when any of these systems fail. Examples: blood pressure, glucose level, liver functions, cell division, and so on.

paragraphs: Homeostasis was defined by Claude Bernard and later by Walter Bradford Cannon in 1926, 1929 and 1932 is the property of a system, either open or closed, that regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable, constant condition. The concept came from that of "milieu interieur" which was created by Claude Bernard and published in 1865.

paragraphs: If the overall feedback of the system is negative, then the system will tend to be stable.


title: Vorarlberg

paragraphs: Vorarlberg is the westernmost federal state in Austria. The capital is Bregenz. The biggest cities are Feldkirch and Dornbirn. As of 2016, there were about 384,000 people.

paragraphs: It is the only province in Austria that does not speak an Austro-Bavarian. Instead they speak an Alemannic dialect. This makes it more in common with its Alemannic-speaking neighbors Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Swabia than with Bavaria and the rest of Austria.

paragraphs: The highest mountain is Piz Buin. The main rivers in Vorarlberg are the Ill, the Bregenzer Ach and the Dornbirner Ach.

paragraphs: 78% of the population is Roman Catholic. The second most follow Islam which has a share of 8.4%.

paragraphs: Vorarlberg is divided into four large districts. They are Bregenz, Dornbirn, Feldkirch and Bludenz.

paragraphs: On land, Vorarlberg has borders with Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Germany. The respextive states are the Swiss cantons of St.Gallen and Graubünden, and the German state of Bavaria. Lake Constance is special, there are no borders apart fro the borders on land. Legally, all the states that share this lake, also have a common border. That way, Vorarlberg also has a common border with the German state of Baden-Württemberg, and the Swiss canton of Thurgau.


title: Princess of Wales

paragraphs: Princess of Wales () is a royal title used in the United Kingdom. It is held by the wife of the Prince of Wales. It has been used since the first English Prince of Wales, in 1283.

paragraphs: There have been only ten Princesses of Wales, even though there have been a lot more than ten male heirs to the throne. The majority of Princes of Wales married after acceding to the throne as King. A number of other Princes of Wales died too young to marry.

paragraphs: The second wife of the present Prince of Wales, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall, is the current Princess of Wales, but does not use the title, out of respect for her husband's first wife, the late Diana, Princess of Wales.

paragraphs: The princess is usually entitled to the style of Her Highness.


title: Goh Kun

paragraphs: Goh Gun (; hanja 高建; born January 2, 1938 ) is a Korean politicians and civil servants.

paragraphs: Goh is best known as Interior Minister, Agriculture Minister, and Prime Minister of South Korea. He was also mayor of Seoul.

paragraphs: He served as Acting President of Korea in 2004.


title: Flip Wilson

paragraphs: Clerow "Flip" Wilson Jr. (8 December 1933 – 25 November 1998) was an African-American comedian whose career was successful in the 1960s and 1970s. He is perhaps best known for his television variety series The Flip Wilson Show, which earned him a Golden Globe and two Emmy Awards.


title: Defense mechanism

paragraphs: Defense mechanism is a psychological concept of the mind. It is the coping technique individuals unconsciously use to protect themselves from getting hurt in unpleasant situations (e.g. conflicts, unhappiness). Without defense mechanisms, people may suffer from psychological and mental illness.


title: Chevrolet Volt

paragraphs: Chevrolet Volt is an American plug-in hybrid car. The car was first produced in 2011 and is manufactured by Chevrolet division of General Motors. This vehicle travels 25 to 50 miles (38 miles average) on electric power alone. After the battery is depleted, it switches to the extended range mode.

paragraphs: In the United States, the car has a suggested price of $34,185, but qualifies for a $7500 tax credit. It can carry up to four people (including the driver).

paragraphs: The Volt has 16.5 KWh of lithium batteries and a 1.4 liter engine using premium fuel. The batteries have enough power to drive the car normally (it can go from 0 to 60 mph in 9 seconds). While the batteries have power, the car is like an electric car.

paragraphs: When the batteries run out of charge, they can be recharged from a special electrical outlet, or the car can turn on the gas engine. The gas engine and electric motors combine in a special type of transmission called a planetary gear, like the Toyota Prius. This allows the gas engine to drive the car or to change its power to electricity. The electricity can charge the battery or power the electric motor.

paragraphs: How much gas is used depends on how the car is driven and when the batteries are recharged. It is possible to only use electric power and never use gasoline. The EPA estimates the average person will get 98 miles per gallon (including the equivalent cost of electricity).

paragraphs: The batteries can be recharged in 10 to 16 hours using a 120V charging unit (most circuits in a house are at 120V). A 240V charging unit will recharge the car batteries in four hours. The batteries can also be charged from the gas engine or from the "regenerative" brakes, which turn the energy of the moving car into electricity.


title: La Brea tar pits

paragraphs: The La Brea tar pits (or Rancho La Brea) are a famous cluster of tar pits in central Los Angeles. Complete skeletons of many thousands of large animals have been found here. They date mostly from 40,000 to 8,000 years ago.

paragraphs: Hancock Park was formed around the tar pits, in the heart of Los Angeles. Asphalt or tar ("brea" in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground here for tens of thousands of years. The tar is often covered with water. Over many centuries, animals that came to drink the water fell in, sank in the tar, and died. In the tar, their bones turned into fossils.

paragraphs: The George C. Page Museum is dedicated to researching the tar pits and displaying specimens from the animals that died there. The La Brea Tar Pits are now a registered National Natural Landmark.

paragraphs: At the La Brea Tar Pits, scientists have found the skeletons of many prehistoric species, including:

paragraphs: Only one human has ever been found in the Tar Pits: a partial skeleton of a woman, dated at approximately 9,000 before present. Because of the way her skull was crushed, scientists think she was murdered.

paragraphs: Over a million fossils have been recovered from the Tar Pits. These fossils include individual bones as well as pieces of bone. Scientists estimate that at least 10,000 animals got trapped in the Tar Pits over 30,000 years. These animals belonged to at least 660 different species. This includes at least 135 species of birds, and 59 species of mammals.


title: Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom

paragraphs: The Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom is the official coat of arms of the British monarch, currently Queen Elizabeth II. These arms are used by the Queen in her official capacity as monarch of the United Kingdom, and are officially known as her Arms of Dominion. Different versions are used by other members of the Royal Family; and by the British Government in connection with the administration and government of the country. In Scotland, the Queen has a separate version of the Royal Arms, a variant of which is used by the Scotland Office.

paragraphs: The shield is quartered, depicting in the first and fourth quarters the three passant guardant lions of England; in the second, the rampant lion and double tressure fleury-counter-fleury of Scotland; and in the third, a harp for Ireland.

paragraphs: The version used by the government doe not have the helmet or lion, the version used by the government in Scotland does not have the lion or "In Defens" motto.


title: James Earl Ray

paragraphs: James Earl Ray (March 10, 1928 – April 23, 1998) was the man who was convicted of murdering Martin Luther King, Jr on April 4, 1968. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. At first he said that he had shot King, but he later said that he did not do it. There are many conspiricies about this but the truth is still unknown.

paragraphs: He was born in Alton, Illinois. He was convicted of burglary, robbery, theft and forgery during the 1950s.

paragraphs: He died in Nashville, Tennessee from liver failure caused by hepatitis C.


title: Leadership

paragraphs: Leadership is an approach where “acts by persons influence other persons in a shared direction/[common goal]” (Seeman, 1960).

paragraphs: There are two factors in team leadership, they are: Interpersonal and Analytical. The interpersonal factors are : Talk, Evaluation, Assisting and Motivating. The Analytical aspects for problem solving with team leadership are: Focusing, Organizing, Collecting, Understanding and Synthesizing the material.


title: Deltora Quest

paragraphs: Deltora Quest is three series of books for children by Emily Rodda. It has 15 books overall: the first series "Deltora Quest" has eight books, the second series "Deltora Shadowlands" has three books, and the third series "Dragons of Deltora" has four books. They are all about a group of three friends who try to defeat the evil Shadow Lord and his friends.

paragraphs: Lief is the son of King Endon and Sharn, who went into hiding disguised as Jarred and Anna before their son was born. Lief was raised as a blacksmith's son in the run-down city of Del after the invasion. On his 16th birthday he set off on the Deltora Quest to find the seven gems of Deltora. In the ends he finds out that he is the heir to the throne and becomes the King of Deltora. At the end of the third series he marries Jasmine and has three children.

paragraphs: Barda is a strong bearded man. Before the invasion of the Shadow Lord, he was a guard of the Palace, but then he fled because his mother Min was killed, so he made friends with Endon and Sharn, and pretended to be a beggar for sixteen years, and always guarded Lief when he was in trouble. He accompanied Lief to find the seven gems of the Belt of Deltora. At the end of the last series he married Linden of Broome.

paragraphs: Jasmine is the daughter of Jarred (Doom) and Anna. She was born in the Forests of Silence, but when she was 7, her parents got taken away by Grey Guards. She lived as an orphan, with Kree and Filli for company. She met Lief and Barda in the Forests of Silence, and helped them get the first jewel, the topaz. After that, her mother Anna appeared to her in spirit form (because the topaz lets you come into contact with the dead)and told Jasmine to travel with Lief and Barda to find the jewels. At the end of the third series she married Lief and had three children.

paragraphs: Kree is a raven who used to live in Thaegan's territory, but Thaegen killed his parents so he fled to the Forests of Silence where he met Jasmine. He is very affectionate to Jasmine. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests, warning others of danger by flying ahead. He later became and official messenger bird for the Palace.

paragraphs: Filli is a furry grey small creature who Jasmine found in the Forests of Silence. Like, Kree, he loves Jasmine a lot. He accompanied Jasmine, Lief and Barda on all three quests.

paragraphs: Veritas is the amethyst dragon who is very truthful. He helped to destroy the Sister of the West, and he brought up the baby Diamond Dragon, Forta.

paragraphs: In the first half of this book, it follows Jarred and Endon, how the King of Deltora died, then Endon became King, Jarred fled from the castle, married Anna, and the Shadow Lord invaded. In the second half of the book, it follows Lief, how on his 16th birthday, he set out on the Deltora Quest to find the gems of Deltora, with Barda, and got paralysed by Wenn, saved by Jasmine, and got the topaz from Gorl.


title: Yaws

paragraphs: Yaws is a tropical infection of the skin, bones and joints. It is caused by the spirochaete bacterium "Treponema pallidum pertenue".

paragraphs: The disease begins with a round, hard swelling of the skin, two to five centimeters in diameter. The center may break open and form an ulcer. This usually heals after three to six months. After several weeks, or even years later, the joints and bones may become painful, fatigue may develop, and new skin sores may appear. The skin of the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet may become thick and break open. The bones (especially those of the nose) may change shape. After five years or more large areas of skin can die. This leaves large scars.

paragraphs: Yaws is spread by touching the fluid from the sores of a person with the disease. The disease is most common among children, who spread it by playing together.

paragraphs: Other similar diseases are caused by different strains of the same bacterium, such as syphilis ("Treponema pallidum pallidum"). Once the lesions have appeared doctors are able to tell it is yaws. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the best method of diagnosis.

paragraphs: The main way of stopping the disease spreading, is by curing those who have it. This stops them passing it on to others. Where the disease is common, treating the entire community is effective. Improving cleanliness and sanitation will also decrease spread. Yaws can be treated with antibiotics. Without treatment, physical deformities happen in 10% of cases.

paragraphs: Yaws is common in at least 14 tropical countries as of 2012. The disease infects only humans. In the 1950s and 1960s the World Health Organization (WHO) nearly destroyed yaws. Since then the number of cases has increased.

paragraphs: One of the first descriptions of the disease was made in 1679 by Willem Piso. Archaeology shows that yaws may have been present among humans as far back as 1.6 million years ago.


title: Vibrio

paragraphs: Vibrio is a genus of gram-negative bacteria possessing a curved rod shape, several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in saltwater, "Vibrio" are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores. All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multi-locus sequence analysis).

paragraphs: The name "Vibrio" derives from Filippo Pacini who isolated microorganisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854.


title: Pele (goddess)

paragraphs: Pele was the goddess of fire, dancing, and volcanoes in Hawaiian religion. Pele's husband is Wahielo, also spelled with an "a".

paragraphs: There are several stories about who Pele is. One story says that her sister is the goddess of the ocean. In another story, she lives in a land in the sky.

paragraphs: Pele is well known as a volcano goddess living in the crater of Kilauea on the island of Hawaii.

paragraphs: Pele (Pele), the Hawaiian  transmitted to the volcano of goddesses.


title: Hootie & the Blowfish

paragraphs: Hootie & the Blowfish are an American rock band It formed in 1986. Their first studio album, "Cracked Rear View", was released in 1994. This group became popular in the second half of the 1990s. The group have been semi active since 2008.


title: Chevrolet Impala

paragraphs: The Chevrolet Impala is a full size car made from the Chevrolet network of General Motors. The name "Impala" comes from the southern African antelope. The car was first produced in 1957, discontinued around 1985 and then resumed for the 1994 model year. From 2000 to 2005, the Impala was a mid-sized sedan and succeeded Chevrolet's dwindling Lumina. The 2006 to present Impala is a full-sized sedan and is sold to the public, the previous generation is restricted to fleet and commercial buyers and is dubbed Impala Ltd. The Impala limited is set to conclude production in 2016, while the 2014 to present design is still available.


title: Hydrogenophilaceae

paragraphs: The Hydrogenophilaceae are a family of Betaproteobacteria, with two genera. Like all Proteobacteria, they are gram-negative. "Hydrogenophilus" are thermophilic, growing around 50 °C and obtaining their energy from oxidizing hydrogen. It includes the genera "Hydrogenophilus" and "Thiobacillus" (see below for the removal of certain species).


title: Coral Sea

paragraphs: The Coral Sea is a small sea off the north east coast of Australia. It has Queensland on its west side and the islands of Vanuatu and New Caledonia on its east. On the north edge is the Solomon Islands, and in the south it joins the Tasman Sea. The Great Barrier Reef is in the Coral Sea. It has a warm climate, it often rains and there are often tropical cyclones. It covers an area of about four times the size of Great Britain. The WWF describe the Coral Sea as being one of the last complete tropical wilderness areas on earth. It has beautiful coral reefs with many different sea creatures including grey and white tip reef sharks, hammerheads, manta rays, tuna, barracuda, turtles, whales and the rare nautilus.

paragraphs: Australia claims many of the islands as part of its 780,000 square kilometre Coral Sea Islands Territory. Most of them are small coral or sand islands, and only one has people living on it. It has a population of only four.

paragraphs: In World War II the Battle of the Coral Sea was the first aircraft carrier battle fought between the United States and Australia against Japan. The battle lasted from 4 May to 8 May 1942. During that time none of the ships saw each other or fired their guns at each other. All the fighting was done by aircraft from the carriers. It is the largest naval battle fought near Australia. It was important because it stopped the Japanese from invading Port Moresby, the capital city of New Guinea. Many people regarded it as the battle that saved Australia.


title: Gulf of Carpentaria

paragraphs: The Gulf of Carpentaria () is a large, shallow sea surrounded on three sides by northern Australia. Its north edge is the Arafura Sea; the sea between Australia and New Guinea. At its mouth, the Gulf is 590 km wide, and further south, 675 km. The north south distance is more than 700 km. It covers a water area of about 300,000 km². The gulf is between 55 and 66 meters deep, although there are spots as deep as 82 meters. In the last ice age the Gulf would have been dry land.

paragraphs: The land around the Gulf is generally flat and low-lying. To the west is Arnhem Land, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and Groote Eylandt, the largest island in the Gulf. To the east is the Cape York Peninsula. The area to the south, is a part of Queensland) called the Gulf Country or simply "the Gulf."

paragraphs: The climate is hot and humid with two seasons per year. The dry season lasts from about April until November and is has very dry southeast to east winds, caused by winter high pressure systems to the south. The wet season lasts from December to March. Most of the year's rainfall is happens in these months, and many low-lying areas are flooded. The Gulf is also a breeding ground for tropical cyclones from November and April.

paragraphs: In September and October the Morning Glory cloud appears in the Southern Gulf. The best place to see this is in the Burketown area shortly after dawn.

paragraphs: The first known Europen person to visit the area was the Dutch Willem Janszoon "(whose name is also written as Jansz)" in his 1606 voyage. Jan Carstenszoon (or "Carstensz"), visited in 1623 and named the Gulf after Pieter de Carpentier, who was the Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. Abel Tasman also explored the coast in 1644. The area was later explored and mapped by Matthew Flinders in 1802 and 1803.

paragraphs: The first overland expedition to reach the Gulf was the Burke and Wills expedition, led by Robert O'Hara Burke and William John Wills. They left Melbourne in August 1860 and reached the Bynoe River in February 1861.


title: Le Monde's 100 Books of the Century

paragraphs: "Le Mondes 100 Books of the Century"' is a list of books thought to be the 100 best of the 20th century. The list was made in 1999 by the French retail store Fnac and the Paris newspaper "Le Monde".

paragraphs: Starting with a list of 200 titles made by bookshops and journalists, 17,000 French people answered the question, "Which books have stayed in your memory?" The list includes novels, poetry, theatre, and comic strips. Some received the Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraphs: Note: Language and Country refer to the author's career generally, not to the book specifically.


title: Anton de Bary

paragraphs: Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 1831 – 19 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).

paragraphs: He is considered a founding father of plant pathology (phytopathology) as well as the founder of modern mycology. His extensive and careful studies of the life history of fungi and contribution to the understanding of algae and higher plants were landmarks of biology.

paragraphs: De Bary studied the formation of lichens, the association between a fungus and an alga. He traced the stages through which they grew and reproduced and the adaptations which enabled them to survive drought and winter. He coined the word 'symbiosis' in 1879 in his monograph as "the living together of unlike organisms". He carefully studied the morphology of moulds, yeasts, and fungi and he established mycology as an independent science.

paragraphs: de Bary was one of the first people to do research on slime moulds (Myxomycetes). He published a key paper in 1859, and later a book on the subject.


title: Systematics

paragraphs: Systematics is one of the main fields in biology. It is closely related to taxonomy.

paragraphs: Systematics is the study of the diversification of life on the planet Earth, both past and present, and the relationships among living things through time.

paragraphs: Relationships are usually seen as evolutionary trees (cladograms, phylogenetic trees, phylogenies).

paragraphs: Phylogenies have two components, "branching order" (showing group relationships) and "branch length" (showing amount of evolution). Phylogenetic trees of species and higher taxa are used to study the evolution of traits (anatomical or molecular characteristics), and the distribution of organisms (biogeography). Systematics is used to help us understand the evolutionary history of life on Earth.

paragraphs: "Systematic biology" and "taxonomy" are terms that are often confused and used interchangeably. They were defined as follows:

paragraphs: Systematics is the field which (a) provides scientific names for organisms, (b) describes them, (c) preserves collections of them, (d) provides classifications for the organisms, keys for their identification, and data on their distributions, (e) investigates their evolutionary histories, and (f) considers their environmental adaptations. Taxonomy is that part of systematics concerned with topics (a) to (d) above.


title: Artivism

paragraphs: Artivism combines art and activism. Artivism developed since the Berlin wall collapsed while the anti-globalization and antiwar protests emerged and proliferated. In most of the cases artivists attempt to push political agendas by the means of art and especially, but not only street art.

paragraphs: Protesting against the War in Vietnam, American "hippies" could use poetry, songs, sittings and other non traditional demonstration techniques.

paragraphs: In 1993, Act Up-Paris put a gigantic pink condom on the Concord Obelisk. It was Land art in a way. And it rose interest in France about VIH infection risks. In Mexico the "intergalactic" anonymous Chiapas mouvement used "phony icons", like sub-commander Marcos to attract attention from the media.

paragraphs: In some cases, in Paris in 2003 for instance, artivists were arrested for acts of political art that verged on property destruction. A typical short term goal of artivists is to reclaim public space, especially by subvertising or destroying ads in urban areas or city transportation systems. Nevertheless, artivists engage in different media like the internet not only for actions which could be described as hacktivism.

paragraphs: Often the acts of artivists can be referred to as part of the larger concept of culture jamming.

paragraphs: Artivists are often found in social centers.


title: Gold Coast, Queensland

paragraphs: The Gold Coast is the name given to a 57 kilometer long stretch of coast in the south east corner of Queensland, Australia. At the south end is the town of Coolangatta on the border with New South Wales. The north end of the Gold Coast is at Beenleigh and includes South Stradbroke Island. It also includes the foothills of the Great Dividing Range. The Gold Coast is famous for its surf beaches which include Coolangatta, Currumbin, Palm Beach, Burleigh Heads, Miami, Broadbeach, Surfers Paradise and Main Beach. The Gold Coast City is the sixth largest city in Australia with a population of more than 515,000 people (2010). It has a humid subtropical climate (Cfa in the Koeppen climate classification). Summers are hot and wet; winters are warm with moderate rainfall. It is a very popular place for holidays and has its own international airport. Many people go there for the beaches and to visit the theme parks which include Warner Bros. Movie World, Dreamworld, Seaworld and Wet and Wild.

paragraphs: A lot of houses on the Gold Coast are built in canal estates with over 260 kilometers of canals. Q1 is the tallest residential building in the world. Including the spire it reaches 322.5 metres above the street.


title: Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia

paragraphs: Plaza Monumental Román Eduardo Sandia also known as the Plaza de Toros de Mérida is a plaza de toros first class located in the city of Mérida, Venezuela being one of the main infrastructure for cultural and artistic events to large scale of the city after the Estadio Olímpico Metropolitano and the fence locations for the bullfights in the frame of the Feria Internacional del Sol.

paragraphs: The Plaza was inaugurated in 1967 to serve as a forum to various events of Ferias del Sol, and has a capacity of 16,000 spectators.

paragraphs: He has received prominent bullfighters like Julian López "El Juli", Francisco Rivera Ordóñez, Juan José "Morante de la Puebla", Miguel Ángel Perera, Enrique Ponce, Francisco Rivera "Paquirrí", Pálomo Lináres, Javier Conde, Manuel Bénitez "El Cordobés", José María Manzanares, Antonio Barrera, Paquito Perlaza, Leonardo Bénitez, Luis Bolivar, David Fandila "El Fandi", Mary Paz Vega, Morenito de Maracay, Nerio Ramirez "El Tovareño", Rafael Orellana, César Vanegas, César Faraco, Eduardo Valenzuela, among others.

paragraphs: But he has also received several Venezuelan and international artists and singers like Juanes, Maná, Desorden Público, Caramelos de Cianuro, Franco De Vita, Paulina Rubio, Chino y Nacho, Don Omar, Tito El Bambino, Molotov, Wisin & Yandel, Dalmata, Vos Veis, Los Hombres G, Aterciopelados, Jorge Celedón, Jean Carlos Centeno, L'squadron, Tecupae, Luis Silva, Armando Martínez, among others.


title: Angolemi

paragraphs: Angolemi (Turkish: "Taşpınar" or "Angolem" - the old name) is a village in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Its population is 212. Its area is 6.727 km. It is a village of Lefka Municipality. It is in the Nicosia District of the Republic of Cyprus and Güzelyurt District of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.


title: Kim Jong-pil

paragraphs: Kim Jong-pil (, January 7 1926 – June 23, 2018) was a former South Korean politician and general.

paragraphs: He fought in the Korean War. He was the 11th Prime minister of South Korea (1971 to 1975), 31th Prime minister of South Korea (1998 to 2000). first Central Intelligence Agency of South Korea 1961 to 1963. nickname was 'Unjeong'(Korea:운정, hanja:雲庭) or 'JP'.

paragraphs: Kim died on June 23, 2018 in Seoul from respiratory failure at the age of 92.


title: Vanessa Williams

paragraphs: Vanessa Lynn Williams (born March 18, 1963), known professionally as Vanessa L. Williams or Vanessa Williams, is an American singer, actress, producer and former fashion model. In 1983, she became the first African-American woman crowned Miss America, but a scandal occurred when "Penthouse" bought and published nude photographs of her. She left her title early and was succeeded by the first runner-up, Suzette Charles of New Jersey. Williams earned multiple Grammy, Emmy, and Tony Award nominations.

paragraphs: Williams released her debut album The Right Stuff in 1988, which spawned the hits "The Right Stuff". "The Right Stuff" was a No. 1 on Hot Dance Songs. "Dreamin'" was a No. 1 on R&B and No. 8 on Billboard Hot 100. Her second studio album The Comfort Zone in 1991 topped the Billboard R&B Album Chart, which spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit "Save the Best for Last". In 1994 she performed on Broadway in the musical Kiss of the Spider Woman. In 1995 she recorded "Colors of the Wind", which became the Oscar-winner for Best Original Song from the Disney animated feature movie "Pocahontas", which reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100.

paragraphs: Williams was born in Millwood, New York. She is the daughter of music teachers Helen L. (née Tinch) and Milton Augustine Williams, Jr. A DNA test revealed that her ancestry is 23% from Ghana, 17% from the British Isles, 15% from Cameroon, 12% Finnish, 11% Southern European, 7% Togo, 6% Benin, 5% Senegal and 4% Portuguese. Her parents, put on her birth announcement "Here she is: Miss America"

paragraphs: In September 1983, she became the first African American woman to be crowned Miss America, There was a scandal when Penthouse magazine bought and published nude photographs of her. She gave up her title early and was succeeded by the first runner-up, Suzette Charles of New Jersey. Since then, Vanessa has been successful in every area of her life.

paragraphs: Williams released her debut album "The Right Stuff" in 1988, which spawned the hits "The Right Stuff", a #1 on Hot Dance Songs, and "Dreamin'" a #1 on R&B and #8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Her second studio album, "The Comfort Zone", in 1991 topped the "Billboard" R&B Album Chart, which spawned the Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit "Save the Best for Last". In 1994, she did her first Broadway musical "Kiss of the Spider Woman". In 1995, she recorded "Colors of the Wind", the Oscar-winner for Best Original Song from the Disney animated feature film "Pocahontas", which went to #4 on the Billboard Hot 100.

paragraphs: Williams' first film acting role was as the co-star of the Arnold Schwarzenegger feature film "Eraser" in 1996. She has also been in movies "Soul Food", "Dance with Me", "The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland", "Shaft" and "Johnson Family Vacation". From 2006 to 2010, she played the role of the scheming, self-absorbed diva and former supermodel Wilhelmina Slater in the ABC comedy series "Ugly Betty", for which she got three Emmy Awards nominations. In 2009, Williams released her eighth studio album, "The Real Thing". From 2010 to 2012, she starred in "Desperate Housewives" as spoiled rich woman Renee Perry. She currently stars in the supernatural drama series "666 Park Avenue".

paragraphs: Williams is most often known and publicly recognized simply as "Vanessa Williams". There is, however, occasional confusion with similarly named actress Vanessa A. Williams, who is just two months younger.

paragraphs: It has been reported that Williams first became aware of Vanessa A. in the 1980s when her New York University registrar told her that another, similarly aged student with the same name and from the same state had applied. When Williams appeared as Miss America in a Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade, Vanessa A. accidentally received her check for the appearance, which she returned.

paragraphs: The two ran into name conflict when Screen Actors Guild rules stopped the same stage naming. Vanessa A. had registered the name "Vanessa Williams" first. As a compromise, Williams was occasionally credited as "Vanessa L. Williams" in acting credits. Both actresses starred in versions of the drama "Soul Food" (Williams in the film version, and Vanessa A. in its "Soul Food" adaptation). The Screen Actors Guild eventually took the issue to arbitration, and decided that both actresses could use the professional name "Vanessa Williams". Today, Williams' prominence has led to a more wide association with the stage name "Vanessa Williams", so much so that it has widely become only known to her. She is credited as such in the American television series "Ugly Betty" and "Desperate Housewives". Williams is also the owner of the internet domain name vanessawilliams.com. Today, the younger Vanessa Williams is most often publicly and professionally referenced as "Vanessa A. Williams".


title: Tiger salamander

paragraphs: The tiger salamander is species of mole salamander. Another name for this salamander is the eastern tiger salamander.

paragraphs: Eastern tiger salamanders are big, with a normal length of 6–8 inches (15–20 cm). They can grow up to 14 inches (36 cm) in length. Grown-ups are usually spotted with grey, green, or black, and have large eyes. They have short mouths, big necks, strong legs, and long tails. They eat small insects and worms. Sometimes, grown ups eat small frogs and baby mice

paragraphs: Adults are almost never seen in open fields and often live in holes that are usually 2 feet from the top. Tiger salamanders almost always stay on land as adults, and usually only return to the water to lay eggs. But also they live in both land and water. They also like to swim, even if they are on land. They also are good swimmers. Like all ambystomatids, they are extremely loyal to their birthplace, and will travel long distances to go back. However, a single tiger salamander has only a 50% chance of laying eggs more than once in its lifetime. Males bump a female to initiate mating, and then deposit a spermatophore on the lake bottom. The female picks up the packet and deposits the now-fertilized eggs on vegetation. Large-scale captive breeding of Tiger salamanders has not been accomplished, for unknown reasons.

paragraphs: The larvae are entirely aquatic, with large gills on the outside and a big tail fin that begins just behind the head. Arms are grown within a short time of coming out of their egg. Some larvae metamorphose quickly. These are known as 'small morph adults'. Other larvae, especially in ancestral pools and warmer climates, may not metamorphose until fully adult size. These large larvae are usually known as waterdogs, and are used many times in the fishing bait and pet trade. Some populations may not metamorphose at all, and become sexually mature while in their larval form. These are the neotenes, and are particularly common where terrestrial conditions are bad.

paragraphs: While remaining common in many places, tiger salamander numbers have gone down compared with old levels. One of the threats to them is wetland (habitat) destruction. Since they tend to breed in semipermanent wetlands, baby tiger salamanders often experience mass deaths in association with pond drying.

paragraphs: The California tiger salamander ("Ambystoma californiense"), the barred tiger salamander ("Ambystoma mavortium"), and the plateau tiger salamander ("Ambystoma velasci"), were all once subspecies of "A. tigrinum", but are now separate species. Genetic studies made it right to break up the first "A. tigrinum" population, even though there is some hybridization between the groups.

paragraphs: The Axolotl is also a relative of the tiger salamander.


title: Brewing

paragraphs: Brewing is the process of making beer. It is usually made in a brewery, though it can be made at home. It is made by adding bacteria that ferment malt, barley or sugar into a large vat. Ethanol is produced by bacteria using up the energy from the mixture (which the bacteria digest into glucose) because there is no oxygen in the vat.


title: Interborough Rapid Transit Company

paragraphs: The Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) was the first operator of the original underground New York City Subway line that opened in 1904, as well as other earlier railways and rapid transit lines in New York City. The company was bought by New York City in June 1940. The former IRT lines (the numbered lines in the current subway system) are now the A Division or IRT Division of the Subway.

paragraphs: The following services are or were part of the IRT or MTA IRT Division:


title: BSFA award

paragraphs: The BSFA Awards are prizes given every year by the British Science Fiction Association (BSFA). The prize is for excellent works of science fiction. The first BSFA Award was given in 1970. Prizes are given for works from the year before the award is given. At first, the award was only for novels. Categories for short works and artwork were added in 1980. Awards for media were given from 1979 to 1992. In 2002, the BSFA Award started to be given for nonfiction too.

paragraphs: Members of the BSFA vote for the nominees who may win an award and then for the final winners. Recently members of Eastercon also vote.


title: Reticulated python

paragraphs: The reticulated python (Python reticulatus) is a species of "Python" found in Southeast Asia. Adults can grow to 22.8 feet (6.95 m) in length but average is 9.8-19.7 feet. They are the world's longest snakes and longest reptile, but not the most heavily built. They usually weigh about 350 lbs. The thickest and heaviest living snake is the anaconda, also known as the green anaconda. Like all pythons, they are non-venomous constrictors (they squeeze their prey) and normally not considered dangerous to humans. Although large ones are powerful enough to kill an adult human, attacks seldom happen.


title: Qwest

paragraphs: Qwest Communications International Inc. was an American telecom company. It served 14 north central and western states. Qwest merged with Baby Bell company US West Communications during 2000. US West had consisted of Pacific Northwest Bell, Mountain Bell and Northwestern Bell before 1991, during which year the three telephone companies merged to become US West. Qwest Communications was founded around 1996.

paragraphs: On April 22, 2010, CenturyLink announced that it was going to buy Qwest for $22.4 billion. CenturyLink's purchase of Qwest was completed in early 2011. Qwest now operates as part of CenturyLink.


title: Conan (TV series)

paragraphs: Conan is a late-night talk show on TBS. It is hosted by Conan O'Brien, who used to host "The Tonight Show" and "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". His sidekick and announcer is Andy Richter, and his band is Jimmy Vivino and the Basic Cable Band. The show started in November of 2010. A show has two celebrity guests and a monologue. In addition, there is either a musical guest or a stand-up comedian. Rounding out the show are comedy bits, which include spoofs of local newscasts, recurring characters, and ridiculous things happening to trombone player LaBamba Rosenberg.


title: Flag carrier

paragraphs: A flag carrier is an airline or ship line that is owned by the government of the country it is based in. Sometimes this means that the company has a monopoly on some routes, especially those to other countries. The term may have come about because of laws that all planes and ships have to show the flag of the country they are registered in.


title: Somewhere in Time (album)

paragraphs: Somewhere in Time is a studio album by Iron Maiden. It went on sale on 29 June 1986. It was the third most popular album in England when it started being sold.

paragraphs: The album got average reviews; one reviewer said that it was "less inspired" than Iron Maiden's earlier albums, but that the first half of it was still good.


title: Baird's tapir

paragraphs: Baird’s tapir (Tapirus bairdii) is a species of tapir that is native to Central America and northern South America. It is one of four Latin American species of tapir.

paragraphs: Baird’s tapir is found in the dense jungles of Central America, including southeastern Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador.

paragraphs: The animal can be found at altitudes as high as 3,350 metres (10,990 ft).


title: Malayan tapir

paragraphs: The Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), also called the Asian tapir, is the largest of the five species of tapir. It the only one native to Asia. This shows that the original distribution of its family was much wider, because all the other species are found in Central or South America.

paragraphs: The scientific name refers to the East Indies, the species' natural habitat. In the Malay, the tapir is commonly referred to as "cipan", "tenuk" or "badak tampong".


title: Ford Ranger

paragraphs: Ford Ranger is a North American pickup truck distributed via Ford Motor Company. The Ranger currently in operation dates back to around 1983, although the name "Ranger" first got used on other types of Ford trucks in 1965. The Ford Ranger was discontinued in 2011, though it will be brought back in 2019.


title: Korea under Japanese rule

paragraphs: Korea under Japanese rule is a term to define Korea when it was under Japanese control. Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895 and in the Russo-Japanese War in 1905 cleared the way. Japan controlled Korea for 35 years during Japanese Imperialism. The Japanese control of Korea lasted from 22 August 1910 until 15 August 1945. The Japanese rulers of Korea left the country on 2 September 1945. In Japan, the more common term is "Korea of the Japanese-Governed Period" (日本統治時代の朝鮮, Nippon Tōchi-jidai no Chosen).

paragraphs: The period is usually divided into three parts. In 1910-1919, the Japanese treated Koreans very badly. From 1919 to 1930-s they created better policies to deal with the Korean people. However, they later tried to force them to become Japanese.

paragraphs: Despite them being allies to the United States and having an interest in each other's cultures, Japanese and Koreans still tend to have suspicion of each other because of how Japan treated Korea during its time as a colony.


title: Melanin

paragraphs: Melanin is a special pigment of the epidermis. It helps protect the body from the sun's radiation. This pigment contributes to the color of the skin and is produced deep within the layers of the epidermis. It is created from amino acid tyrosine.


title: Hey There, It's Yogi Bear

paragraphs: Hey There, It's Yogi Bear is a movie starring Daws Butler, Don Messick, Julie Bennett, and Mel Blanc. It's based on the Hanna-Barbera cartoon show, "The Yogi Bear Show".

paragraphs: Yogi tells Ranger Smith that he wants out of the park, so he tries to get Yogi sent away. Cindy gets captured by an evil circus owner, so Yogi and Boo-Boo leave Jellystone Park to save her.


title: Mercury (automobile)

paragraphs: Mercury was the automobile division for Ford. The company was founded in 1938. Between 1945 and 2011, it was the Mercury half of the Lincoln-Mercury division of the Ford Motor Company. The vehicles made by Mercury include Mountaineer, Sable, Milan and Grand Marquis. The Mercury brand was phased out in early 2011.

paragraphs: The car was called Mercury because it was the name of the Roman god of messengers. This claims the car's performence was good.