title: Pontiac's War

paragraphs: Pontiac's War (also known as Pontiac's Conspiracy or Pontiac's Rebellion) was an uprising of Native American tribes against English rule in America. A few tribes, mainly from the Great Lakes region, the Illinois Country, and Ohio Country started it in 1763. The cause of the war was that these tribes were dissatisfied with British poltics in the region. Warriors from other tribes joined the uprising, to help drive the English soldiers and settlers out of the region. The war is named after the Odawa leader Pontiac, the most prominent of many native leaders in the conflict.

paragraphs: The British were among the winners of the French and Indian War, which lasted from 1754 to 1763. As a result, large territories in the region that were controlled by the French came under English rule. French and English politics were very different.

paragraphs: The war began in May 1763 when Native Americans attacked a number of British forts and settlements. They attacked, because they had been offended by the policies of British General Jeffrey Amherst. Eight forts were destroyed, and hundreds of colonists were killed or captured. Many people fled from the region. Hostilities came to an end after British Army expeditions in 1764 led to peace negotiations over the next two years. Native Americans were unable to drive away the British, but the uprising prompted the British government to change the policies that had provoked the conflict.

paragraphs: Warfare on the North American frontier was brutal: Prisoners were often killed. Civilians were often targeted.  Other atrocities were widespread. The population of Native Americans and British settlers had very little in common. In this conflict, this fact showed as ruthlessness and treachery. Contrary to popular belief, the British government did not issue the Royal Proclamation of 1763 in reaction to Pontiac's War. Because of the conflict, the Proclamation's Indian clauses were applied more often, though. This proved unpopular with British colonists, and may have been one of the early contributing factors to the American Revolution.

paragraphs: The conflict is named after its most famous participant, the Ottawa leader Pontiac; variations include "Pontiac's War", "Pontiac's Rebellion", and "Pontiac's Uprising". An early name for the war was the "Kiyasuta and Pontiac War"."Kiyasuta" is a different spelling for Guyasuta, an influential Seneca/Mingo leader. The war became widely known as "Pontiac's Conspiracy" after Francis Parkman's "The Conspiracy of Pontiac" was published in 1851. This important book has been the definitive account of the war for nearly a century and is still in print.

paragraphs: In the 20th century, some historians argued that Parkman exaggerated  Pontiac's influence in the conflict and that it was misleading to name the war after him. For example, in 1988 Francis Jennings wrote: "In Francis Parkman's murky mind the backwoods plots [came] from one savage genius, the Ottawa chief Pontiac, and [for this reason] they became 'The Conspiracy of Pontiac,' but Pontiac was only a local Ottawa war chief in a 'resistance' involving many tribes." Even though other names for the war have been proposed, many historians still use familiar names for this war. "Pontiac's War" is probably the most commonly used. Scholars use the name "Pontiac's Conspiracy" less often.

paragraphs: In the decades before Pontiac's rebellion, there were a number of wars in Europe which also had an influence on the French and Indian Wars in North America. The largest of these wars was the Seven Years' War. In this war, France lost New France in North America to Great Britain.  The Shawnee and Lenape had also fought in this war. The Treaty of Easton was signed in 1758, and brought peace with these tribes. In the treaty, the British promised not to settle further beyond the ridge of the Alleghenies. This line was confirmed in 1763, but few people respected it.  Most fighting in the North American theater of the war, generally referred to as the French and Indian War in the United States, came to an end after British General Jeffrey Amherst captured Montreal, the last important French settlement, in 1760.

paragraphs: British troops then occupied the various forts in the Ohio Country and Great Lakes region previously held by the French. Even before the war officially ended with the Treaty of Paris (1763), the British Crown began to implement changes in order to administer its vastly expanded North American territory. The politics of the French and the English was different, though. The French had made alliaces with certain Native American tribes, and traded with them. After the war, these Native American tribes were conquered people. Before long, Native Americans who had been allies of the defeated French were more and more dissatisfied with the British occupation and the new policies imposed by the victors.

paragraphs: Today, it is difficult to say who exactly took part in the rebellion. At the time, the region was known as "pays d'en haut" ("upper country"), but its borders were not defined exactly. Until the Paris peace treaty of 1763, it was claimed by France. Native Americans from many different tribes lived there. At the time, a "tribe" was a group of people who spoke the same language, or a group of people who belonged to the same family. It was not a political unit. No chief spoke for an entire tribe, and no tribe acted in unison. For example, Ottawas did not go to war as a tribe: some Ottawa leaders chose to do so, while other Ottawa leaders denounced the war and stayed clear of the conflict.

paragraphs: There were three basic groups of tribes. The first group was composed of tribes of the Great Lakes region: Ojibwe, Odawa, and Potawatomi, who spoke Algonquian languages; and the Huron, who spoke an Iroquoian language. They had long been allied with French "habitants". They lived among them, they traded with them, and marriages between French settlers and Native Americans were common. Great Lakes Native Americans were alarmed to learn that they were under British sovereignty after the French loss of North America. When a British garrison took possession of Fort Detroit from the French in 1760, local Native Americans cautioned them that "this country was given by God to the Indians."

paragraphs: The second group was made of the tribes from eastern Illinois Country: It included the Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, Mascouten, and Piankashaw. Like the Great Lakes tribes, these people had a long history of close trading and other relations with the French. Throughout the war, the British were unable to project military power into the Illinois Country, which was on the remote western edge of the conflict. The Illinois tribes were the last to come to terms with the British.

paragraphs: The third group was made of tribes of the Ohio Country: Delawares (Lenape), Shawnee, Wyandot, and Mingo. These people had migrated to the Ohio valley earlier in the century from the mid-Atlantic and other eastern areas. They did this to  escape British, French, and Iroquois domination in the New York and Pennsylvania area. Unlike the Great Lakes and Illinois Country tribes, Ohio Native Americans had no great attachment to the French regime. They had fought as French allies in the previous war in an effort to drive away the British. They made a separate peace with the British with the understanding that the British Army would withdraw from the Ohio Country. But after the departure of the French, the British strengthened their forts in the region rather than abandoning them, and so the Ohioans went to war in 1763 in another attempt to drive out the British.

paragraphs: Outside the "pays d'en haut", most warriors of the influential Iroquois Confederacy did not participate in Pontiac's War because of their alliance with the British, known as the "Covenant Chain". However, the westernmost Iroquois nation, the Seneca tribe, had become disaffected with the alliance. As early as 1761, the Seneca began to send out war messages to the Great Lakes and Ohio Country tribes, urging them to unite in an attempt to drive out the British. When the war finally came in 1763, many Seneca were quick to take action.

paragraphs: General Amherst was the British commander-in-chief in North America. He was also responsible for the policy regarding the treatmemt of Native Americans. This involved  both military matters and the regulation of the fur trade. In Amerst's opinion, the Native Amricans had to accept British rule, since the French were no longer in control of the territory.  He also believed that they were incapable of resisting against the British Army; therefore, of the 8,000 troops under his command in North America, only about 500 were stationed in the region where the war erupted. Amherst and officers such as Major Henry Gladwin, commander at Fort Detroit, made little effort to conceal their contempt for the Native Americans. Native Americans involved in the uprising frequently complained that the British treated them no better than slaves or dogs.

paragraphs: In February 1761, Amherst took the decison to offer fewer gifts to the Native Americans. With the French, the giving of gifts had been common, and part of the relationship between French and Native Americans. Therefore, Amherst's decision led to more resentment towards the English. Following a Native American custom the exchange of gifts had an important symbolic meaning: the French gave presents (such as guns, knives, tobacco, and clothing) to village chiefs, who in turn redistributed these gifts to their people. By this process, the village chiefs gained stature among their people, and were able to maintain the alliance with the French. Amherst, however, considered this process to be a form of bribery that was no longer necessary, especially since he was under pressure to cut expenses after the war with France. Many Native Americans regarded this change in policy as an insult and an indication that the British looked upon them as conquered people rather than as allies.

paragraphs: Amherst also began to restrict the amount of ammunition and gunpowder that traders could sell to Native Americans. The French had always made these goods available. Amherst, however, did not trust the Native Americans, particularly after the "Cherokee Rebellion" of 1761. In this rebellion Cherokee warriors took up arms against their former British allies. The Cherokee war effort had collapsed because of a shortage of gunpowder. Amherst therefore hoped that future uprisings could be prevented by restricting the supply of  gunpowder. This created resentment and hardship: Native American men neeed gunpowder and ammunition, because it helped them with hunting. With gunpowder and ammunition, they had more game for their families and skins for the fur trade. Many Native Americans began to believe that the British were disarming them before starting war against them. Sir William Johnson, the Superintendent of the Indian Department, tried to warn Amherst of the dangers of cutting back on gifts and gunpowder, but he was not successful.

paragraphs: Land was also an issue in the coming of the war. With the French, there were relatively few colonists. Most of the colonists were farmers, who also traded fur during the hunting season. In contrast, there were many British colonists. The British colonists wanted to clear the land of the trees and occupy it.  Shawnees and Delawares in the Ohio Country had been displaced by British colonists in the east: This was the main reson for their involvment in the war. On the other hand, Native Americans in the Great Lakes region and the Illinois Country had not been greatly affected by white settlement. They were aware of the experiences of tribes in the east, though. Historian Gregory Dowd argues that most Native Americans involved in Pontiac's Rebellion were not immediately threatened with displacement by white settlers. Dowd argues that historians have therefore overemphasized British colonial expansion as a cause of the war. He believes that the presence, attitude, and policies of the British Army, which the Native Americans found threatening and insulting, were more important factors.

paragraphs: Another factor that led to the outbreak of the war was a religious awakening of the Native Americans in the region in the 1760s. Food shortages and epidemics, as well as discontent with the British fed the movement.  The most influential person in this phenomenon was Neolin, known as the "Delaware Prophet". Neolin said,  Native Americans should steer clear of the trade goods, alcohol, and weapons of the whites. Merging elements from Christianity into traditional religious beliefs, Neolin told listeners that the Master of Life was displeased with the Native Americans for taking up the bad habits of the white men, and that the British posed a threat to their very existence. "If you suffer the English among you," Neolin said, "you are dead men. Sickness, smallpox, and their poison [alcohol] will destroy you entirely." It was a powerful message for a people whose world was being changed by forces that seemed beyond their control.

paragraphs: Although fighting in Pontiac's Rebellion began in 1763, rumors reached British officials as early as 1761. According to these rumors, discontented Native Americans were planning an attack. Senecas of the Ohio Country (Mingos) circulated messages ("war belts" made of wampum) which called for the tribes to form a confederacy and drive away the British. The Mingos, led by Guyasuta and Tahaiadoris, were concerned about being surrounded by British forts. Similar war belts originated from Detroit and the Illinois Country. The Native Americans were not unified, however, and in June 1761, Native Americans at Detroit informed the British commander of the Seneca plot. After William Johnson held a large council with the tribes at Detroit in September 1761, peace was maintained, but war belts continued to circulate. Violence finally erupted after the Native Americans learned in early 1763 that the French would give the "pays d'en haut" to the British.

paragraphs: The war began at Fort Detroit under the leadership of Pontiac. It quickly spread throughout the region. Eight British forts were taken; others, including Fort Detroit and Fort Pitt, were unsuccessfully besieged. Francis Parkman's "The Conspiracy of Pontiac" portrayed these attacks as a coordinated operation planned by Pontiac. Parkman's interpretation remains well known. Other historians have since argued that there is no clear evidence that the attacks were part of a master plan or overall "conspiracy". The most common view among scholars today is that, rather than being planned in advance, the uprising spread as word of Pontiac's actions at Detroit traveled throughout the "pays d'en haut", inspiring already discontented Native Americans to join the revolt. The attacks on British forts did not happen at the same time: most Ohio Native Americans did not enter the war until nearly a month after the beginning of Pontiac's siege at Detroit.

paragraphs: Parkman also believed that Pontiac's War had been secretly instigated by French colonists who were stirring up the Native Americans in order to make trouble for the British. This belief was widely held by British officials at the time, but historians have found no evidence of official French involvement in the uprising. (The rumor of French instigation arose in part because French war belts from the Seven Years' War were still in circulation in some Native villages.) Rather than the French stirring up the Native Americans, some historians now argue that the Native Americans were trying to stir up the French. Pontiac and other native leaders frequently spoke about the fact that French power was about to return. When this happened, the  the Franco-Native alliance would be revived; Pontiac even flew a French flag in his village. All of this was apparently intended to inspire the French to rejoin the struggle against the British. Although some French colonists and traders supported the uprising, the war was initiated and conducted by Native Americans who had Native—not French—objectives.

paragraphs: Historian Richard Middleton (2007) argues that Pontiac's vision, courage, persistence, and organizational abilities allowed him to activate a remarkable coalition of Indian nations prepared to fight successfully against the British. The idea to gain independence for all Native Americans west of the Allegheny Mountains did not originate with Pontiac, but with two Seneca leaders, Tahaiadoris and Guyasuta. By February 1763 Pontiac appeared to embrace the idea. At an emergency council meeting, Pontiac clarified his military support of the broad Seneca plan and worked to motivate other nations to join the the military operation that he helped lead. This was in direct contradiction to traditional Indian leadership and tribal structure. He achieved this coordination through the distribution of war belts: first to the northern Ojibwa and Ottawa near Michilimackinac; and then after the failure to seize Detroit by stratagem, to the Mingo (Seneca) on the upper Allegheny River, the Ohio Delaware near Fort Pitt, and the more westerly Miami, Kickapoo, Piankashaw and Wea peoples.

paragraphs: On April 27, 1763, Pontiac spoke at a council on the banks of the Ecorse River, in what is now Lincoln Park, Michigan, about 10 miles (15 km) southwest of Detroit. Using the teachings of Neolin, Pontiac convinced a number of Ottawas, Ojibwas, Potawatomis, and Hurons to join him in an attempt to seize Fort Detroit. On May 1, Pontiac visited the fort with 50 Ottawas in order to assess the strength of the garrison. According to a French chronicler, in a second council Pontiac proclaimed:It is important for us, my brothers, that we exterminate from our lands this nation which seeks only to destroy us. You see as well as I that we can no longer supply our needs, as we have done from our brothers, the French... Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. Nothing prevents us; they are few in numbers, and we can accomplish it.Hoping to take the stronghold by surprise, on May 7 Pontiac entered Fort Detroit with about 300 men carrying concealed weapons. The British had learned of Pontiac's plan, however, and were armed and ready. As his tactic had not worked, Pontiac withdrew after a brief council.  Two days later,  he started a siege of the fort. Pontiac and his allies killed all of the British soldiers and settlers they could find outside of the fort, including women and children. One of the soldiers was ritually cannibalized, as was the custom in some Great Lakes Native cultures. The violence was directed at the British; French colonists were generally left alone. Eventually more than 900 soldiers from a half-dozen tribes joined the siege. Meanwhile, on May 28 a British supply from Fort Niagara led by Lieutenant Abraham Cuyler was ambushed and defeated at Point Pelee.

paragraphs: After receiving reinforcements, the British attempted to make a surprise attack on Pontiac's encampment. But Pontiac was ready and waiting, and defeated them at the Battle of Bloody Run on July 31, 1763. Nevertheless, the situation at Fort Detroit remained a stalemate. Pontiac's influence among his followers began to fade. Groups of Native Americans began to abandon the siege, some of them making peace with the British before departing. On October 31, 1763, finally convinced that the French in Illinois would not come to his aid at Detroit, Pontiac lifted the siege and removed to the Maumee River, where he continued his efforts to rally resistance against the British.

paragraphs: Before other British outposts had learned about Pontiac's siege at Detroit, Native Americans captured five small forts in a series of attacks between May 16 and June 2. The first to be taken was Fort Sandusky, a small blockhouse on the shore of Lake Erie. It had been built in 1761 by order of General Amherst, despite the objections of local Wyandots, who in 1762 warned the commander that they would soon burn it down. On May 16, 1763, a group of Wyandots gained entry under the pretense of holding a council, the same stratagem that had failed in Detroit nine days earlier. They seized the commander and killed the other 15 soldiers, as well as British traders at the fort. These were among the first of about 100 traders who were killed in the early stages of the war. The dead were ritually scalped and the fort—as the Wyandots had warned a year earlier—was burned to the ground.

paragraphs: Fort St. Joseph (the site of present-day Niles, Michigan) was captured on May 25, 1763, by the same method as at Sandusky. Potawatomis seized the commander and killed most of the 15-man garrison. Fort Miami (on the site of present Fort Wayne, Indiana) was the third fort to fall. On May 27, 1763, the commander was lured out of the fort by his Native mistress and shot dead by Miami Native Americans. The nine-man garrison surrendered after the fort was surrounded.

paragraphs: In the Illinois Country, , Kickapoos, and Mascoutens took Fort Ouiatenon (about west of present Lafayette, Indiana) on June 1, 1763. They lured soldiers outside for a council, and took the 20-man garrison captive without bloodshed. The Native Americans around Fort Ouiatenon had good relations with the British garrison, but emissaries from Pontiac at Detroit had convinced them to strike. The warriors apologized to the commander for taking the fort, saying that "they were obliged to do it by the other Nations." In contrast with other forts, the Natives did not kill the British captives at Ouiatenon.

paragraphs: The fifth fort to fall, Fort Michilimackinac (present Mackinaw City, Michigan), was the largest fort taken by surprise. On June 2, 1763, local Ojibwas staged a game of stickball (a forerunner of lacrosse) with visiting Sauks. The soldiers watched the game, as they had done on previous occasions. The ball was hit through the open gate of the fort; the teams rushed in and were given weapons which Native women had smuggled into the fort. The warriors killed about 15 of the 35-man garrison in the struggle; later they killed five more in ritual torture.

paragraphs: Three forts in the Ohio Country were taken in a second wave of attacks in mid-June. Iroquois Senecas took Fort Venango (near the site of the present Franklin, Pennsylvania) around June 16, 1763. They killed the entire 12-man garrison, keeping the commander alive to write down the grievances of the Senecas. After that, they ritually burned him at the stake. Possibly the same Seneca warriors attacked Fort Le Boeuf (on the site of Waterford, Pennsylvania) on June 18, but most of the 12-man garrison escaped to Fort Pitt.

paragraphs: On June 19, 1763, about 250 Ottawa, Ojibwa, Wyandot, and Seneca warriors surrounded Fort Presque Isle (on the site of Erie, Pennsylvania), the eighth and final fort to fall. After holding out for two days, the garrison of about 30 to 60 men surrendered, on the condition that they could return to Fort Pitt. The warriors killed most of the soldiers after they came out of the fort.

paragraphs: Colonists in western Pennsylvania fled to the safety of Fort Pitt after the outbreak of the war. Nearly 550 people crowded inside, including more than 200 women and children. Simeon Ecuyer, the Swiss-born British officer in command, wrote:  "We are so crowded in the fort that I fear disease...; the smallpox is among us." Fort Pitt was attacked on June 22, 1763, primarily by Delawares. The fort was too strong to be taken by force. A siege was organized, which lasted during the month of July. In the meantime, war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking prisoners and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms.Too strong to be taken by force, the fort was kept under siege throughout July. Meanwhile, Delaware and Shawnee war parties raided deep into Pennsylvania, taking captives and killing unknown numbers of settlers in scattered farms. Two smaller strongholds that linked Fort Pitt to the east, Fort Bedford and Fort Ligonier, were fired upon throughout the conflict, but were never taken.

paragraphs: Before the war, Amherst did not believe that the Native Americans would offer any effective resistance to British rule. During that summer, he was convinced of the contrary. He ordered   to "immediately ... put to death" captured enemy Native American warriors. To Colonel Henry Bouquet at Lancaster, Pennsylvania, who was preparing to lead an expedition to relieve Fort Pitt, Amherst wrote on about June 29, 1763: "Could it not be contrived to send the small pox among the disaffected tribes of Indians? We must on this occasion use every stratagem in our power to reduce them." Bouquet responded to Amherst (summer of 1763):

paragraphs: "P.S. I will try to inocculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets that may fall in their hands, taking care however not to get the disease myself. As it is pity to oppose good men against them, I wish we could make use of the Spaniard's Method, and hunt them with English Dogs. Supported by Rangers, and some Light Horse, who would I think effectively extirpate or remove that Vermine."

paragraphs: "P.S. You will Do well to try to Innoculate [sic] the Indians by means of Blankets, as well as to try Every other method that can serve to Extirpate this Execrable Race. I should be very glad your Scheme for Hunting them Down by Dogs could take Effect, but England is at too great a Distance to think of that at present."

paragraphs: Officers at the besieged Fort Pitt had already attempted to do what Amherst and Bouquet were discussing. During a parley at Fort Pitt on June 24, 1763, Ecuyer gave Delaware representatives, Turtleheart and Mamaltee, two blankets and a handkerchief that had been exposed to smallpox, hoping to spread the disease to the Native Americans in order to "extirpate" them from the territory. William Trent, the militia commander, left records that showed the purpose of giving the blankets was "to Convey the Smallpox to the Indians." Turtleheart and Killbuck would later represent the Delaware at the Treaty of Fort Stanwix in 1768.

paragraphs: On July 22, Trent writes, "Gray Eyes, Wingenum, Turtle's Heart and Mamaultee, came over the River told us their Chiefs were in Council, that they waited for Custaluga who they expected that Day". There are eyewitness reports that outbreaks of smallpox and other diseases had plagued the Ohio Native Americans in the years before the siege of Fort Pitt. Colonists also caught smallpox from Native Americans at a peace conference in 1759 which then led to an epidemic in Charleston and the surrounding areas in South Carolina.

paragraphs: Historians cannot agree how much damage the attempt to spread smallpox at Fort Pitt caused. Historian Francis Jennings concluded that the attempt was "unquestionably successful and effective" and inflicted great damage to the Native Americans. Historian Michael McConnell writes that, "Ironically, British efforts to use pestilence as a weapon may not have been either necessary or particularly effective", noting that smallpox was already entering the territory by several means, and Native Americans were familiar with the disease and good at isolating the infected. Historians widely agree that smallpox devastated the Native American population. It is estimated that 400,000–500,000 (possibly up to 1.5 million) Native Americans died during and years after the Pontiac's War, mostly from smallpox,

paragraphs: On August 1, 1763, most of the Native Americans broke off the siege at Fort Pitt in order to intercept 500 British troops marching to the fort under Colonel Bouquet. On August 5, these two forces met at the Battle of Bushy Run. Although his force suffered heavy casualties, Bouquet fought off the attack and relieved Fort Pitt on August 20, bringing the siege to an end. His victory at Bushy Run was celebrated in the British colonies—church bells rang through the night in Philadelphia—and praised by King George.

paragraphs: This victory was soon followed by a costly defeat. Fort Niagara, one of the most important western forts, was not assaulted, but on September 14, 1763, at least 300 Senecas, Ottawas, and Ojibwas attacked a supply train along the Niagara Falls portage. Two companies sent from Fort Niagara to rescue the supply train were also defeated. More than 70 soldiers and teamsters were killed in these actions, which Anglo-Americans called the "Devil's Hole Massacre", the deadliest engagement for British soldiers during the war.

paragraphs: The violence and terror of Pontiac's War convinced many western Pennsylvanians that their government was not doing enough to protect them. This discontent was manifested most seriously in an uprising led by a vigilante group that came to be known as the Paxton Boys.  They had this name because they were primarily from the area around the Pennsylvania village of Paxton (or Paxtang). The Paxtonians turned their anger towards Native Americans—many of them Christians—who lived peacefully in small enclaves in the midst of white Pennsylvania settlements. Prompted by rumors that a Native war party had been seen at the Native village of Conestoga, on December 14, 1763, a group of more than 50 Paxton Boys marched on the village and murdered the six Susquehannocks they found there. Pennsylvania officials placed the remaining 16 Susquehannocks in protective custody in Lancaster, but on December 27 the Paxton Boys broke into the jail and slaughtered most of them. Governor John Penn issued bounties for the arrest of the murderers, but no one came forward to identify them.

paragraphs: The Paxton Boys then set their sights on other Native Americans living within eastern Pennsylvania, many of whom fled to Philadelphia for protection. Several hundred Paxtonians marched on Philadelphia in January 1764, where the presence of British troops and Philadelphia militia prevented them from committing more violence. Benjamin Franklin, who had helped organize the local militia, negotiated with the Paxton leaders and brought an end to the immediate crisis. Franklin published a scathing indictment of the Paxton Boys. "If an "Indian" injures me," he asked, "does it follow that I may revenge that Injury on all "Indians"?" One leader of the Paxton Boys was Lazarus Stewart who would be killed in the Wyoming Massacre of 1778.

paragraphs: In spring and summer of 11764, there were more Native American raids on frontier settlements that usual. The hardest hit colony that year was Virginia. In July, four Delaware Indian soldiers killed and scalped a school teacher and ten children in what is now Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Incidents such as these prompted the Pennsylvania Assembly, with the approval of Governor Penn, to reintroduce the scalp bounties offered during the French and Indian War: money was paid for every Native killed above the age of ten, including women.

paragraphs: The Board of Trade held General Amherst responsible for the uprising. As a consequence, he was recalled to London in August 1763. Major General Thomas Gage replaced him. In 1764, Gage sent two expeditions into the west to crush the rebellion, rescue British prisoners, and arrest the Native Americans responsible for the war. According to historian Fred Anderson, Gage's campaign, which had been designed by Amherst, prolonged the war for more than a year because it focused on punishing the Native Americans rather than ending the war. Gage's one significant departure from Amherst's plan was to allow William Johnson to conduct a peace treaty at Niagara, giving those Native Americans who were ready to "bury the hatchet" a chance to do so.

paragraphs: From July to August 1764, Johnson negotiated a treaty at Fort Niagara. About 2,000 Native Americans were present, primarily Iroquois. Although most Iroquois had stayed out of the war, Senecas from the Genesee River valley had taken up arms against the British, and Johnson worked to bring them back into the Covenant Chain alliance. As restitution for the Devil's Hole ambush, the Senecas were compelled to cede the strategically important Niagara portage to the British. Johnson even convinced the Iroquois to send a war party against the Ohio Native Americans. This Iroquois expedition captured a number of Delawares and destroyed abandoned Delaware and Shawnee towns in the Susquehanna Valley, but otherwise the Iroquois did not contribute to the war effort as much as Johnson had desired.

paragraphs: After they had secured the area around Fort Niagara, the British launched two military expeditions into the west. The first expedition, led by Colonel John Bradstreet, was to travel by boat across Lake Erie and reinforce Detroit. Bradstreet was to subdue the Native Americans around Detroit before marching south into the Ohio Country. The second expedition, commanded by Colonel Bouquet, was to march west from Fort Pitt and form a second front in the Ohio Country.

paragraphs: Bradstreet set out from Fort Schlosser in early August 1764 with about 1,200 soldiers and a large contingent of Native allies enlisted by Sir William Johnson. Bradstreet felt that he did not have enough troops to subdue enemy Native Americans by force. When strong winds on Lake Erie forced him to stop at Presque Isle on August 12, he decided to negotiate a treaty with a delegation of Ohio Native Americans led by Guyasuta instead. Bradstreet exceeded his authority by conducting a peace treaty rather than a simple truce, and by agreeing to halt Bouquet's expedition, which had not yet left Fort Pitt. Gage, Johnson, and Bouquet were outraged when they learned what Bradstreet had done. Gage rejected the treaty, believing that Bradstreet had been convinced to abandoning his offensive in the Ohio Country. Gage may have been correct: the Ohio Native Americans did not return prisoners as promised in a second meeting with Bradstreet in September, and some Shawnees were trying to enlist French aid in order to continue the war.

paragraphs: Bradstreet continued westward. He did not know yet that his unauthorized diplomacy was angering his superiors. He reached Fort Detroit on August 26, where he negotiated another treaty. In an attempt to discredit Pontiac, who was not present, Bradstreet chopped up a peace belt the Ottawa leader had sent to the meeting. According to historian Richard White, "such an act, roughly equivalent to a European ambassador's urinating on a proposed treaty, had shocked and offended the gathered Indians." Bradstreet also claimed that the Native Americans had accepted British sovereignty as a result of his negotiations, but Johnson believed that this had not been fully explained to the Native Americans and that further councils would be needed. Although Bradstreet had successfully reinforced and reoccupied British forts in the region, his diplomacy proved to be controversial and inconclusive.

paragraphs: Colonel Bouquet was delayed in Pennsylvania while mustering the militia. He finally set out from Fort Pitt on October 3, 1764, with 1,150 men. He marched to the Muskingum River in the Ohio Country, within striking distance of a number of native villages. Now that treaties had been negotiated at Fort Niagara and Fort Detroit, the Ohio Native Americans were isolated and, with some exceptions, ready to make peace. In a council which began on October 17, Bouquet demanded that the Ohio Native Americans return all captives, including those not yet returned from the French and Indian War. Guyasuta and other leaders reluctantly handed over more than 200 captives, many of whom had been adopted into Native families. Because not all of the captives were present, the Native Americans were compelled to surrender hostages as a guarantee that the other captives would be returned. The Ohio Native Americans agreed to attend a more formal peace conference with William Johnson, which was finalized in July 1765.

paragraphs: The military conflict essentially ended with the 1764 expeditions. Some Native Americans still called for resistance in the Illinois Country, where British troops had yet to take possession of Fort de Chartres from the French. A Shawnee war chief named Charlot Kaské emerged as the most strident anti-British leader in the region, temporarily surpassing Pontiac in influence. Kaské traveled as far south as New Orleans in an effort to enlist French aid against the British.

paragraphs: In 1765, the British decided that the occupation of the Illinois Country could only be accomplished by diplomatic means. As Gage commented to one of his officers, he was determined to have "none our enemy" among the Indian peoples, and that included Pontiac, to whom he now sent a wampum belt suggesting peace talks. Pontiac had by now become less militant after hearing of Bouquet's truce with the Ohio country Native Americans. Johnson's deputy, George Croghan,  travelled to the Illinois country in the summer of 1765. Even thogh he was injured along the way in an attack by Kickapoos and Mascoutens, he managed to meet and negotiate with Pontiac. While Charlot Kaské wanted to burn Croghan at the stake, Pontiac urged moderation and agreed to travel to New York, where he made a formal treaty with William Johnson at Fort Ontario on July 25, 1766. It was hardly a surrender: no lands were ceded, no prisoners returned, and no hostages were taken. Rather than accept British sovereignty, Kaské left British territory by crossing the Mississippi River with other French and Native refugees.

paragraphs: The total loss of life resulting from Pontiac's War is unknown. About 400 British soldiers were killed in action and perhaps 50 were captured and tortured to death. George Croghan estimated that 2,000 settlers had been killed or captured, a figure sometimes repeated as 2,000 settlers "killed". The violence compelled approximately 4,000 settlers from Pennsylvania and Virginia to flee from their homes. Native American losses went mostly unrecorded.

paragraphs: Pontiac's War has traditionally been portrayed as a defeat for the Native Americans. Scholars now usually view it as a military stalemate: while the Native Americans had failed to drive away the British, the British were unable to conquer the Native Americans. Negotiation and accommodation, rather than success on the battlefield, ultimately brought an end to the war. The Native Americans had in fact won a victory of sorts: They forced the British government to abandon Amherst's policies and instead create a relationship with the Native Americans modeled on the Franco-Native alliance.

paragraphs: Relations between British colonists and Native Americans, which had been severely strained during the French and Indian War, reached a new low during Pontiac's Rebellion. According to historian David Dixon, "Pontiac's War was unprecedented for its awful violence, as both sides seemed intoxicated with genocidal fanaticism." Historian Daniel Richter characterizes the Native attempt to drive out the British, and the effort of the Paxton Boys to eliminate Native Americans from their midst, as parallel examples of ethnic cleansing. People on both sides of the conflict had come to the conclusion that colonists and Native Americans were inherently different and could not live with each other. According to Richter, the war saw the emergence of "the novel idea that all Native people were 'Indians,' that all Euro-Americans were 'Whites,' and that all on one side must unite to destroy the other."

paragraphs: The British government also came to the conclusion that colonists and Native Americans must be kept apart. On October 7, 1763, the Crown issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, an effort to reorganize British North America after the Treaty of Paris. The Proclamation had already been worked on  when Pontiac's War erupted. It was hurriedly issued after news of the uprising reached London. Officials drew a boundary line between the British colonies along the seaboard, and Native American lands west of the Allegheny Ridge (i.e., the Eastern Divide). This created a vast 'Indian Reserve' that stretched from the Alleghenies to the Mississippi River and from Florida to Quebec. It also confirmed the demarcation line that had been set before the war by the Treaty of Easton in 1758. By forbidding colonists from trespassing on Native lands, the British government hoped to avoid more conflicts like Pontiac's Rebellion. "The Royal Proclamation," writes historian Colin Calloway, "reflected the notion that segregation not interaction should characterize Indian-white relations."

paragraphs: The effects of Pontiac's War lasted for a long time. Because the Proclamation officially recognized that indigenous people had certain rights to the lands they occupied, it has been called the Native Americans' "Bill of Rights", and still informs the relationship between the Canadian government and First Nations. For British colonists and land speculators, however, the Proclamation seemed to deny them the fruits of victory—western lands—that had been won in the war with France. The resentment which this created undermined colonial attachment to the Empire. It also contributed to the coming of the American Revolution. According to Colin Calloway, "Pontiac's Revolt was not the last American war for independence—American colonists launched a rather more successful effort a dozen years later, prompted in part by the measures the British government took to try to prevent another war like Pontiac's."

paragraphs: For Native Americans, Pontiac's War demonstrated the possibilities of cooperation between tribes for resisting colonial expansion. Although the conflict divided tribes and villages, the war also saw the first extensive multi-tribal resistance to European colonization in North America, and was the first war between Europeans and Native North Americans that did not end in complete defeat for the Native Americans. The Proclamation of 1763 ultimately did not prevent British colonists and land speculators from expanding westward, and so Native Americans found it necessary to form new resistance movements. Beginning with conferences hosted by Shawnees in 1767, in the following decades leaders such as Joseph Brant, Alexander McGillivray, Blue Jacket, and Tecumseh would attempt to forge confederacies that would revive the resistance efforts of Pontiac's War.


title: Google Assistant

paragraphs: Google Assistant is an artificial intelligence virtual assistant. It is developed by Google. It can be used on many devices, on mobile devices, like smartphones, tablets, and laptops. It can also be used in smart home devices.

paragraphs: It encompasses a wide variety of different tasks, such as rolling dice, reading reminders, Mad Libs, Lucky Trivia (includes a sports version), Snake, a geography quiz, and many more. It can also look up different songs.

paragraphs: If one says, "Ok Google", "Hey Google", "Google" etc., it responses as, "Hi, how can I help?"

paragraphs: Google Assistant can help one to show results with voice searching.

paragraphs: In navigation, Google Assistant can help. For example, when one says, "I'm hungry", "Restaurants nearby" etc., Assistant will show restaurants near his home. It can also help with telling the shortest distance between the location and the destination.

paragraphs: If one says, "I'm bored", Assistant can show him interesting facts, jokes, riddles etc. to make him free from .

paragraphs: The Google Assistant has a variaty of games to choose from. One of them is Crystal Ball on which the voice will be more softly speaking and the voice will ask the player to ask a "yes or no question". Once the player has given the question, the soothing female voice will give the player an answer. The assistant also has a game called Lucky Trivia where the voice pretends to be a gameshow host. The player has to try and answer all five questions to win the game. In the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, the voices in the Crystal Ball and Lucky Trivia are high quality and were recorded by voice actors. Another game that can be played in the US is Mad Libs which is a word accosiation game.


title: Deaths in June 2018

paragraphs: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in June 2018. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

paragraphs: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: Michel Stolker

paragraphs: Michel Stolker (29 September 1933 – 28 May 2018) was a Dutch former professional racing cyclist. He rode in three editions of the Tour de France. He was born in Utrecht, Netherlands.

paragraphs: Stolker died on 28 May 2018 in Etten Leur at the age of 84.

paragraphs: [[Category:Sportspeople from Utrecht (city)]]


title: Jan Janssen

paragraphs: Johannes Adrianus "Jan" Janssen (; born 19 May 1940) is a Dutch former professional cyclist (1962–1972). He was world champion and winner of the Tour de France and the Vuelta a España. He was born in Nootdorp, South Holland.

paragraphs: He was the first Dutch rider to win the Tour de France and the first to win the Vuelta a España. He rode the Tour de France eight times and finished all but the first time. He competed in the individual road race at the 1960 Summer Olympics.


title: Navy Goal 2030

paragraphs: Forces Goal 2030 is an ongoing modernization program for the Bangladesh Navy. The goal includes increasing personnel, warships, and aircraft to transform the Navy into a three-dimensional force. The requirement for the program was first identified in 2009.

paragraphs: The main objective of the Navy Goal 2030 is to develop a self-reliable naval force. Since the implementation of the modernization program, Bangladesh navy has increased its naval fleet. There is also a naval air force. During the first phase of the program, Bangladesh Navy added over twenty-five ships to its fleet, including submarines, frigates, and corvettes.

paragraphs: In 2017, The Navy officially announced the establishment of indigenous frigate and corvette programs. To implement the programs, the navy expanded Khulna Shipyard and Dockyard and Engineering Works Limited.


title: 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage

paragraphs: The 2017–18 UEFA Europa League group stage began on 14 September and ended on 7 December 2017. A total of 48 teams competed in the group stage to decide 24 of the 32 places in the knockout stage of the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League.

paragraphs: Below are the teams that were participating in the tournament (with their 2017 UEFA club coefficients), grouped by their seeding pot. They included 16 teams which entered in this stage, the 22 winners of the play-off round, and the 10 losers of the Champions League play-off round (5 in Champions Route, 5 in League Route).

paragraphs: In each group, teams played against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advanced to the round of 32, where they were joined by the eight third-placed teams of the Champions League group stage.

paragraphs: Teams were ranked according to points (3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, 0 points for a loss), and if tied on points, the following tiebreaking criteria were applied, in the order given, to determine the rankings (Regulations Articles 16.01):


title: Hosny Abd Rabo

paragraphs: Hosny Abd Rabo Abdel Mottaleb Ibrahim (; born 1 November 1984 in Ismaïlia) is an Egyptian footballer. He plays as a defensive midfielder for Ismaily Sporting Club. He plays for Egypt national football team and won 2008 African Nations Cup with the team. He was also chosen as "Player of the Tournament".


title: Nidda (river)

paragraphs: The Nidda is a river in Hesse, Germany which has a length of nearly 90 kilometers. It starts in the Vogelsberg and ends at the Wörthspitze between the two districts Höchst and Nied of Frankfurt into the Main.


title: Sando Gali

paragraphs: Sando Gali is a village in Pakistan. It is about 25 km from Abbottabad.


title: Mohamed El-Shenawy

paragraphs: Mohamed El Shenawy (; born 18 December 1988) is an Egyptian footballer. He plays for Al Ahly in the Egyptian Premier League.

paragraphs: In May 2018, he was chosen in Egypt’s squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.


title: Chuang Chih-Yuan

paragraphs: Chuang Chih-Yuan (; born April 2, 1981 in Kaohsiung, Taiwan) is a male table tennis player who competed at the 2012 Olympics in London. He is since 2012 the best Taiwanese table tennis player. He is righthanded-player and uses the European Shakehand-grip. Chuang (family name) played for a short time in the German national league. 2013 he won the World Championships in the doubles.

paragraphs: Chuang began to play table tennis very early because his parents and his older brother played, too. At the age of eight he had his first appearances, for example the Mini-championships in Taiwan. As the parents saw the talent of their son, Chuang got a coach and his parents tranied him, too. 1993 Chuang traveled (to the table tennis capital) China. This moving was no easy decision for his mother Li Gumei, but it doesn't get back at home. And to that time the family Chuang wasn't very rich. Chuang had to train in very hot gyms and sportclubs. The working had success: In 1998 he got to the Taiwanese National team.

paragraphs: After gotting in the National team he played only one year later his first World Tour tournament, at the Austrian Open he reached in the singles and doubles the quarterfinals and makes with that headlines. In the same year (1999) he was nominated from coaches and players to come to Germany. The hard times for mother and son became further. It was difficult for Chuang to be a friend of German table tennis players because he doens't spoke German. Moreover he had no assistent for matches and in the training, so he had no coach. But he was very diligent and became very early best player in Germany. In 2002 he came back to Taiwan.

paragraphs: At diverse World Tour events he reached the final. So for example the Asian Games, where he beat Kong Linghui. In the final he lost to Wang Liqin. At the Greand Finals at the end of the year 2002 he won his first singles title. He beat again Kong Linghui. In the quarterfinals he beat Jean-Michel Saive. Than he beat the Chinese top star Wang Hao and the Austrian table tennis player Werner Schlager. This was his first international single title. Already in 2002 he beacame best Taiwanese table tennis player. In 2003 he clambered from place 40 in the world rankings to place 7. His mother was very proud and trained very hard with him, too. She's a very important coach of him. After a very successful season 2002 he would like to plays so too in 2003- he played his first World Championships but lost in the Round of 16 to Joo Se-hyuk. In the doubles he lost, too. Chuang played more international event but he doesn't got a success. But in this year he won World Tour Brasilia Open. 2011 in Chile and 2012 in Spania he won these torunament, too. The next years he played very good, again. At the London 2012 Olympics he beat in the quarterfinals Adrian Crișan and reached so the semifinals- the fourth place was him sure, now. In a spectaculary match against Chinas Wang Hao he lost very scarce with 2:4 games. At the bronzemedal-macth hw had the chance to win. In a very important match for Chuang he lost 2:4 too and became the fourth place. With the team he got place 5-9. Despite these losing was it Chuangs best placement at Olympics. In 2013 he took part in the World Championships, where Chuang got his best position ever- the quarterfinals. In the doubles he reached the 1st place after beating a Chinese duo in the final. This was the first gold for the country Taiwan anyway. At the World Cups from (2004-2015) he reached six times the quarterfinals. 2014 he won bronze with the Taiwanese team at the WTTC, at the Pro Tour Gran Finals he only reached the quarterfinals. At the WTTC 2015 he lost already in his first match against Ádám Pattantyús. At the World Cup, wehere he played for the 7th time, he reached the quarterfinals again. At the Pro Tour Grand Finals (today World Tour Grand Finals) he can't reached the final and slipped on place 14 in the world rankings. At the WTTC 2016 the team of Taiwan became only the 17th place, at the Olympics 2016 Chuang lost in a strong match against Ma Long and became a place from 1-32. In this year he was dated from Chen Chien-An and was to that moment not the best Taiwanese table tennis player. At Asian Games and World Cups he doesn't and fell back on place 34. But through the reaching of the Round of 16 at the WTTC 2017 in Düsseldorf he climbs on place 7 back.


title: Hemet, California

paragraphs: Hemet is a city in the San Jacinto Valley in Riverside County, California. It covers a total area of , about half of the valley, which it shares with the neighboring city of San Jacinto. The population was 78,657 at the 2010 census.


title: Julian Sands

paragraphs: Julian Richard Morley Sands (born 4 January 1958) is an English actor. He is known for his roles in movies such as "The Killing Fields", "A Room with a View", "Warlock", "Arachnophobia", and "Vatel". He is known for his roles in television series, such as Vladimir Bierko in "24", and Jor-El in "Smallville".


title: Colobops

paragraphs: Colobops is a genus of reptile from the Late Triassic of Connecticut. It was named as a distinct species in 2018.


title: Deinocheiridae

paragraphs: Deinocheiridae is a family of ornithomimosaurs. The family was originally named by Halszka Osmólska and Roniewicz in 1970, including only the type genus "Deinocheirus". In a 2014 study by Yuong-Nam Lee and others published in the journal "Nature", it was found that Deinocheiridae was a valid family.


title: Dinesh D'Souza

paragraphs: Dinesh Joseph D'Souza (; born April 25, 1961) is an Indian-American conservative political commentator, author, convicted felon, and filmmaker. From 2010 to 2012, he was president of The King's College, a Christian school in New York City.

paragraphs: On May 20, 2014, D'Souza pleaded guilty in federal court to one charge of using a "straw donor" to make an illegal campaign contribution to a 2012 United States Senate campaign, a felony. On September 23, he was sentenced to eight months in a halfway house near his home in San Diego, five years probation, and a $30,000 fine. On May 31, 2018, D'Souza was issued a full pardon by President Donald Trump.


title: Irvington, New York

paragraphs: Irvington, sometimes known as Irvington-on-Hudson, is an rich suburban village in the town of Greenburgh in Westchester County, New York, United States.

paragraphs: It is located on the eastern bank of the Hudson River, north of midtown Manhattan in New York City, and is served by a station stop on the Metro-North Hudson Line.

paragraphs: To the north of Irvington is the village of Tarrytown, to the south the village of Dobbs Ferry, and to the east unincorporated parts of Greenburgh, including East Irvington. Irvington includes within its boundaries the community of Ardsley-on-Hudson, which has its own ZIP code and Metro-North station, but which should not be confused with the nearby village of Ardsley, New York.

paragraphs: The population of Irvington at the 2010 census was 6,420.


title: Dobbs Ferry, New York

paragraphs: Dobbs Ferry is a village in Westchester County, New York. The population was 11,093 according to the 2016 census. The Village of Dobbs Ferry is located in, and is a part of, the town of Greenburgh.


title: Greenburgh, New York

paragraphs: Greenburgh is a town in the western part of Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 88,400 at the 2010 census.


title: Harrison Schmitt

paragraphs: Dr. Harrison Hagan "Jack" Schmitt (born July 3, 1935) is an American geologist, retired NASA astronaut, university professor, former U.S. senator from New Mexico. He is the most recent living person to have walked on the Moon. As of 2018, he is also the last living crew member of Apollo 17.

paragraphs: Schmitt resigned from NASA in August 1975 in order to run for election to the United States Senate as a member from New Mexico. As the Republican. He lost his re-election campaign in 1982.


title: Charles Duke

paragraphs: Charles Moss "Charlie" Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935), (Brig Gen, USAF, Ret.), is an American former astronaut, retired U.S. Air Force officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module Pilot for Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon.

paragraphs: He is a former test pilot, Duke has logged 4,147 hours flying time, which includes 3,632 hours in jet aircraft; and 265 hours in space, plus 20 hours and 15 minutes of extravehicular activity.


title: Jürgen Prochnow

paragraphs: Jürgen Prochnow ( ; born 10 June 1941) is a German-American actor. His best-known roles are: the U-Boat captain in "Das Boot" (1981), Duke Leto Atreides in "Dune" (1984), the minor but important role of Kazakh dictator General Ivan Radek in "Air Force One" (1997), and the antagonist Maxwell Dent in "Beverly Hills Cop II" (1987).


title: Stuyvesant High School

paragraphs: Stuyvesant High School is a high school in New York City.


title: Michael D. Ford

paragraphs: Michael Dickins Ford (1928 – 31 May 2018) was an English movie art director and set decorator.

paragraphs: In 1982, Ford was a co-recipient of the Academy Award for Best Art Direction for his work as set decorator to "Raiders of the Lost Ark" (1981). Before, he had a nomination for "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980) and followed by nominations for "Return of the Jedi" (1983) and "Empire of the Sun" (1987). He won his second Academy Award in 1998 for his work on "Titanic" (1997).

paragraphs: Ford died on 31 May 2018 at the age of 90.


title: Aníbal Quijano

paragraphs: Aníbal Quijano (17 November 1928–31 May 2018) was a Peruvian sociologist and humanist thinker. He was born in Yungay, Peru. He was known for having developed the concept of "coloniality of power". His body of work has been influential in the fields of decolonial studies and critical theory.

paragraphs: Quijano died on 31 May 2018 at the age of 90.


title: Royalty payment

paragraphs: A royalty is a payment made to someone for the use of something, an asset, that they have created or own. For example a musician who writes a song is paid a royalty each time the song is played on the radio, or each time another musician plays the song. The owner can allow other people to use their asset by paying a license or a franchise. The amount paid is usually a percentage of the all the money made from using the asset, the gross, or from the just the profit, the net. Another way is to set a fixed price, for example a set amount for each book or recording. There are many other ways that the royalty fee can be calculated and paid. A royalty interest is the right to collect a stream of future royalty payments.

paragraphs: A license agreement defines the terms for these payments. The agreement can also set conditions for how, where and when an asset can be used. License agreements can also be regulated. A government of a country might receive royalty payments for mining, or extracting oil, and would protect its interest in the agreement with laws.


title: Barbara Nawrocka-Dońska

paragraphs: Barbara Nawrocka-Dońska (17 October 1924 – 15 May 2018) was a Polish prose writer, feminist essayist and journalist. She was born in Warsaw. She served as a soldier of the Home Army and took part in the Warsaw Uprising as a nurse during World War II. Nawrocka-Dońska published 28 books, including 5 book editions of foreign reportages. She also wrote in the women's press, including in "Zwierciadło".

paragraphs: Nawrocka-Dońska died on 15 May 2018 in Warsaw at the age of 93.


title: Tom Murphy (playwright)

paragraphs: Tom Murphy (23 February 1935 – 15 May 2018) was an Irish playwright. He worked closely with the Abbey Theatre in Dublin and with Druid Theatre, Galway. He was born in County Galway, Ireland and later lived in Dublin.

paragraphs: Murphy's first successful play, "A Whistle in the Dark", was performed at the Theatre Royal Stratford East in London in 1961. It was very controversial. He also wrote "The Sanctuary Lamp", "Famine", "The Gigli Concert", and "Conversations on a Homecoming". He wrote one novel, "The Seduction of Morality" (1994).

paragraphs: Murphy died on 15 May 2018 in Dublin at the age of 83. President Michael D. Higgins said: “The importance of Tom Murphy’s contribution to Irish theatre is immeasurable and outstanding. We have had no greater use of language for the stage than in the body of work produced by Tom Murphy since his earliest work in the 1960s.”


title: Mohamed Abdel-Shafy

paragraphs: Mohamed Abdel-Shafy (; born on 1 July 1985) is an Egyptian footballer. He plays as a left-back for Al-Ahli. He also plays for the Egypt national team.


title: Karim-Mohamed Maamoun

paragraphs: Karim-Mohamed Maamoun (born 9 April 1991 in Cairo) is an Egyptian tennis player. The highest ATP ranking Maamoun achieved was 225, he achieved it on 2 October 2017. Maamoun has played at the Davis Cup, He won in 15 matches and lost in 4.


title: Laurie Hernandez

paragraphs: Lauren Zoe "Laurie" Hernandez (born June 9, 2000) is an American artistic gymnast and actress. She competed as a member of the U.S. women's gymnastics team at the 2016 Summer Olympics, winning gold in the team event and silver on the balance beam.

paragraphs: In 2016, Hernandez won season 23 of "Dancing with the Stars" with partner Val Chmerkovskiy.

paragraphs: In 2017, Hernandez was on an episode of "Stuck In The Middle" and "Sesame Street".


title: Nicole Leach

paragraphs: Nicolle Rochelle (born May 10, 1979), often credited professionally as Nicole Leach (especially early in her career), is an American actress, dancer, activist and jazz singer. She is known for her appearances on television including "The Cosby Show", "Third Watch", and "Law & Order".

paragraphs: On Monday April 9, 2018, Rochelle was arrested for protesting comedian Bill Cosby while topless outside a Norristown, Pennsylvania courthouse where a sexual assault trial against Cosby was being held.


title: Shikabala

paragraphs: Mahmoud Abdel Razek Fadlallah (; born 5 March 1986), or Shikabala () is an Egyptian footballer. He plays for Al-Raed FC on loan from Zamalek.


title: Pelecanimimus

paragraphs: Pelecanimimus (meaning "pelican mimic") is a primitive theropod dinosaur from Spain. It is notable for possessing more teeth than any other member of the Ornithomimosauria (or any other theropod), most of which were toothless.


title: Ibrahim Salah

paragraphs: Ibrahim Salah Abdel-Fattah (; born on April 1, 1987) is an Egyptian football midfielder. He plays for El Mokawloon SC.


title: Valchava

paragraphs: Valchava is a village and former municipality in the Val Müstair of the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland. In 2009, Valchava merged into the municipality of Val Müstair.


title: Val Müstair

paragraphs: Val Müstair is a municipality of the district of Inn in the canton of Graubünden in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It was formed on 1 January 2009 through the merger of Tschierv, Fuldera, Lü, Valchava, Santa Maria Val Müstair and Müstair.


title: Simon de Montfort

paragraphs: Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester ( – 4 August 1265) was a Franco-English nobleman. He inherited the title and estates of the earldom of Leicester in England. He led a rebellion against King Henry III of England during the Second Barons' War of 1263–64. He became the "de facto" ruler of England.

paragraphs: During his rule, Montfort called two famous parliaments. The first, the Oxford Parliament of 1258), stripped the King of his unlimited authority. The second parliament was in 1265. Its first meeting was in the Palace of Westminster. In it, de Montfort included ordinary citizens from the towns. For this reason, de Montfort is seen as one of the builders of modern parliamentary democracy.

paragraphs: As Earl of Leicester he expelled Jews from the city. When he became ruler of England he cancelled debts owed to Jews. The Jews' records were violently seized. In London and Worcester this policy led to led to massacres. After ruling for just over a year, Montfort was killed by forces loyal to the King in the Battle of Evesham.


title: Richard Thompson (cartoonist)

paragraphs: Richard Church Thompson (October 8, 1957 – July 27, 2016) was an American illustrator and cartoonist. He was best known for his syndicated comic strip "Cul de Sac" and the illustrated poem "Make the Pie Higher". He was given the Reuben Award for Outstanding Cartoonist of the Year for 2010.

paragraphs: Thompson died on July 27, 2016, from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 58.


title: Mohamed Khan

paragraphs: Mohamed Hamed Hassan Khan (  ; 26 October 1942 – 26 July 2016) was an Egyptian-British movie director, screenwriter and actor. He was a well-known member of the "1980s generation" in Egyptian cinema, along with directors such as Khairy Beshara, Daoud Abdel Sayed, Atef El-Tayeb, and Yousry Nasrallah. His 1983 movie "The Street Player" was entered into the 13th Moscow International Film Festival. He was known for directing "Ayyam El Sadat", "Mr Karate" and "Before the Summer Crowds".

paragraphs: Khan died on 26 July 2016 at the age of 73.


title: La Quinta, California

paragraphs: La Quinta is a resort city in Riverside County, California, United States. It is in the Coachella Valley between Indian Wells and Indio. The population was 37,467 at the 2010 census, up from 23,694 at the 2000 census.


title: Mohamed Safwat

paragraphs: Mohamed Safwat (; born 19 September 1990) is an Egyptian tennis player. He is the Egyptian Number 1, and the second-highest ranked Arab player behind Malek Jaziri.


title: Temecula, California

paragraphs: Temecula is a city in southwestern Riverside County, California, United States. It has a population of 100,097 during the 2010 census and an estimated 2013 population of 106,780. It was incorporated on April 22, 1859.


title: Pedro Sánchez

paragraphs: Pedro Sánchez Pérez-Castejón (, born 29 February 1972) is a Spanish politician. He is the 12th and current Prime Minister of Spain since 1 June 2018. He is leader (Secretary-General) of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). He first held the post from 2014 to October 2016 when, as a result of tensions within the party, he stood down to be replaced by a caretaker committee.

paragraphs: In the 2016 general election he lost to then-Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy. The party of Rajoy had many corruption scandals and because of this a lot of people in Spanish congress voted to quit him from presidency on June 1, 2018 and put Pedro Sánchez in his place. He won elections in April 2019 but he could not organize a goverment. On November 2019 he won other elections and on 7 January 2020 he formed a goverment with the party Unidas Podemos.


title: John Julius Norwich

paragraphs: John Julius Cooper, 2nd Viscount Norwich, (15 September 1929 – 1 June 2018), known as John Julius Norwich, was an English popular historian, travel writer and television personality. He was a member of the House of Lords from January 1952 to November 1999.

paragraphs: In 1964, Norwich left the diplomatic service to become a writer. His books included histories of Sicily under the Normans (1967, 1970), Venice (1977, 1981), Byzantium (1988, 1992, 1995), the Mediterranean (2006), and the Papacy (2011). Norwich worked extensively in radio and television. He was host of the BBC radio panel game "My Word!" for four years (1978–82) and also a regional contestant on "Round Britain Quiz".

paragraphs: In 1993, Norwich was named as a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order. in 1992 by the Queen after curating a Victoria and Albert Museum exhibition entitled "Sovereign", which marked the 40th anniversary of the Queen's accession.

paragraphs: Norwich died on 1 June 2018 at the age of 88.


title: Jean-Claude Boulard

paragraphs: Jean-Claude Boulard (28 March 1943 – 1 June 2018) was a French politician. He was Mayor of Le Mans from 2001 until his death, Senator from 2014 to 2017, and Deputy from 1988 to 1993 and again from 1997 to 2002. He was born in Nantes, France.

paragraphs: Boulard died in Le Mans on 1 June 2018 of a long-illness, aged 75.


title: Jaime Camil

paragraphs: Jaime Federico Said Camil Saldaña da Gama (born July 22, 1973), known professionally as Jaime Camil, is a Mexican actor, singer and television presenter. He is best known for his roles as Fernando Mendiola in "La fea más bella", Rogelio de la Vega in "Jane the Virgin" and as Papá Enrique Rivera in "Coco".


title: Nasirul Mulk

paragraphs: Nasirul Mulk (, ; born 17 August 1950), is a Pakistani jurist. He served as the Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan and the 22nd Chief Justice of Pakistan.


title: Giuseppe Conte

paragraphs: Giuseppe Conte (; born 8 August 1964) is an Italian jurist and politician. He serves as the 58th and current Prime Minister of Italy since 1 June 2018.

paragraphs: On 20 August 2019, he officially announced his plans to resign from the position. However, eight days later, the parliament reappointed him as prime minister after forming a new coalition.


title: Enzo Moavero Milanesi

paragraphs: Enzo Moavero Milanesi (born 17 August 1954 in Rome) is an Italian independent politician, law professor and EU official. He is the Minister of Foreign Affairs since 1 June 2018 under the Conte Cabinet.

paragraphs: Milanesi served as Minister of European Affairs in the Monti Cabinet and the Letta Cabinet from 16 November 2011 to 22 February 2014. He has formerly served as Deputy Secretary-General of the European Commission.


title: Eddy Clearwater

paragraphs: Eddy "The Chief" Clearwater was the stage name of Edward Harrington (January 10, 1935 – June 1, 2018), an American blues singer and musician. His main genre work was in Chicago blues. "Blues Revue" said he plays “joyous rave-ups…he testifies with stunning soul fervor and powerful guitar. One of the blues’ finest songwriters.” He was known for playing guitar with Muddy Waters.

paragraphs: The release of his 1980 album, "The Chief", on the Rooster Blues label, made him known on the Chicago blues scene. Two encores for Rooster Blues, "Help Yourself" (1992) and "Mean Case of the Blues" (1996), made Clearwater famous.

paragraphs: His album "Cool Blues Walk" was released in 1998, followed by "Chicago Daily Blues" in 1989 and "Reservation Blues" in mid-2000. In 2004, he was nominated for a Grammy Award with Los Straitjackets for their collaborative album "Rock 'n' Roll City".

paragraphs: Clearwater died at his home in Skokie, Illinois on June 1, 2018 of heart failure at the age of 83.


title: Rockin' Rebel

paragraphs: Chuck Williams (January 13, 1966 – June 1, 2018) was an American professional wrestler. He was better known by his ring name, Rockin' Rebel.

paragraphs: Williams was best known for his appearances on the U.S. independent circuit with promotions such as Eastern Championship Wrestling, Combat Zone Wrestling, Atomic Championship Wrestling, Classic Championship Wrestling, 1CW (Delaware) and Valour Pro Wrestling.

paragraphs: Williams owned the trademark to his ring name.

paragraphs: On June 1, 2018, police found a dead man and woman in a home in West Goshen Township, Pennsylvania. They said it appeared to be a murder-suicide. Williams was 52 years old. On June 3, West Goshen Township Police Department said it appeared he had shot his wife to death before shooting himself.


title: The First Snow of Winter

paragraphs: The First Snow of Winter is an animated television movie, produced by Hibbert Ralph Entertainment and Link Entertainment. It first aired on the BBC on 25 December 1998.


title: Takeo Hoshi

paragraphs: Takeo Hoshi (Japanese 星 岳雄, "Hoshi Takeo") is an economist. He is Henri and Tomoye Takahashi Senior Fellow at the Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center at Stanford University. He also works at several other institutions. He is an expert on how to control banks and on the Japanese banking and financial systems. He won the Nakahara Prize in 2005 from the Japanese Economic Association. He has worked with several research organizations and is one of the founders of the Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research.


title: Karim Hossam

paragraphs: Karim Hossam (born 8 April 1994) is an Egyptian tennis player. Hossam's career high ATP singles ranking is 337, He achieved it on 9 December 2013. Hossam played for Egypt national team at Davis cup in 2013 ,2014 and 2015.


title: Bunk'd

paragraphs: Bunk'd is an American comedy television series created by Pamela Eells O'Connell that premiered on Disney Channel on July 31, 2015. The series is a spinoff of "Jessie" and stars Peyton List, Karan Brar, Skai Jackson, Miranda May, Kevin Quinn, Nathan Arenas, Nina Lu, Raphael Alejandro, Will Buie Jr., and Mallory Mahoney.


title: Privateer

paragraphs: A privateer was a privately owned vessel that was given a Offical Government Letter of Marque to raid enemy shipping during wartime.

paragraphs: Well known privateers include Sir Francis Drake and Martin Frobisher

paragraphs: During the American Revolution Privateers were used to raid British Shipping.<br>

paragraphs: During the War of 1812 Privateers were again used to raid British shipping.<br>

paragraphs: During the US Civil War the CSA Issued Privateer/Letters of Marque.


title: Hugo Gaston

paragraphs: Hugo Gaston (; born 26 September 2000) is a French tennis player.

paragraphs: The highest ATP singles ranking Gaston achieved was 1335, he achieved it on 27 November 2017.

paragraphs: In December 2017, Gaston won the Orange Bowl International Tennis Championship.


title: Maurice Germot

paragraphs: Maurice Germot (; 15 November 1882 – 6 August 1958) was a French tennis player and Olympic champion. He won two Olympic Gold medals in doubles. The first time was with his partner Max Decugis in 1906 and the second time with André Gobert in 1912. He also won a Silver medal in singles in 1906.


title: Smilja Mučibabić

paragraphs: Smilja Mučibabić (14 October 1912 – 12 August 2006) was a reputable and effective Bosnian biologist. She was among the most distinguished biologists in the former Yugoslavia in 20th century. She was born in Mostar and died in Sarajevo.

paragraphs: Smilja Mučibabić was born in Mostar, 14 September 1912, where she acquired elementary and high school education. From 1930 until 1934 she studied biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade. Mostar was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

paragraphs: Before the World War II she was professor in Veliko Gradište, and then in Sremski Karlovci. As a member of a group of pro-communist activists, she was arrested and taken to the German camp Jankomir near Zagreb, and later to the prison on the Savska cesta where she was detained until the end of the war 1945.

paragraphs: In the first after the war days, Smilja Mučibabić returned to Krapina and worked ina high school until the end of the school 1945/1946 . She was transferred to the Teacher School in Mostar. The following year, as an experienced professional,she was appointed director of this gymnasium. Her successful management of the Gymnasium and her care for the improvement of teaching was noted, and she got numerous awards and prizes.

paragraphs: In autumn 1949 she became professor Higher Pedagogical School in Sarajevo. She worked there until the founding of the Department of Biology at the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo (1954). Then she was sent to the Zoological Institute of the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Beograd. For two years she worked for the opening and launching of the newly established Chair for biology in Sarajevo.

paragraphs: She got a British Council scholarship to the University of Cambridge. for two years, She worked on a PhD doctoral dissertation in the protozoological ecology. Smilja Mučibabić was exceptionally allowed to defending doctoral thesis after two years.


title: Shill

paragraphs: A shill is a 'plant' or stooge. They are people, usually paid, who promote something while pretending to be independent.

paragraphs: Shills publicly help or give credibility to a person or organization with which they have a private relationship. Shills operate in media, journalism, marketing, confidence games, or other business areas. A shill may also discredit opponents or critics of their client by character assassination or other means.

paragraphs: Usually, "shill" refers to someone who purposely gives onlookers, or "marks", the impression of an enthusiastic customer. They pretend independence of the seller, marketer or "con artist", for whom they are secretly working.

paragraphs: The shill works for "the man" who does the tricks to extract money from the onlookers. The arena can be as basic as a street three-shell game, or as complex as a massive stock exchange fraud. All it takes is someone who looks like a fellow player to show big appreciation of the seller's product.

paragraphs: The shill and his client ("the man") rely on crowd psychology to encourage other onlookers or audience members to do business with the seller or accept the ideas they are promoting. With a big audience, such as a magician's show or a political rally, there are placed people in the audience very often. Then the shill is called a plant or stooge.

paragraphs: What the shill does is similar or identical to what advertising and public relations do. However, it is more obvious that the latter have a vested interest because everyone knows they are being paid for their work. Another place for shilling is the many web auctions.


title: Sam Morsy

paragraphs: Samy Sayed Morsy (born 10 September 1991) is a professional footballer. He plays as a midfielder for Barnsley, on loan from Wigan Athletic. He was born in England, but plays for Egypt national football team.


title: Croton-on-Hudson, New York

paragraphs: Croton-on-Hudson is a village in Westchester County, New York, United States. The population was 8,070 at the 2010 census. It is in the town of Cortlandt as part of New York City's northern suburbs. The village was incorporated in 1898.

paragraphs: Croton-on-Hudson is the original home of the Hudson Institute, a key Cold War think tank where the justification for nuclear war was developed.


title: Gabès

paragraphs: Gabès ( ")", also spelled "Cabès", "Cabes", "Kabes", "Gabbs" and "Gaps", is a city in Tunisia. It has a population of 152,921 people. It is the sixth largest city in Tunisia.


title: 1980 Kalamazoo tornado

paragraphs: The 1980 Kalamazoo tornado was a natural disaster in Michigan in the United States on May 13, 1980.

paragraphs: Tuesday, May 13, 1980 began with temperatures in the upper 50s with fog. By 3:00 p.m., A warm front lifted north of the city, and thunderstorms began developing later that afternoon. By 3:30 p.m., A thunderstorm rapidly intensified, so the National Weather Service issued a severe thunderstorm warning.

paragraphs: The first tornado began around 3:40 p.m. and dissipated at 3:50 p.m. The first tornado did not cause any deaths but injured 25 people. Shortly after the first tornado dissipated, a supercell thunderstorm caused a new tornado to form as it was moving into Kalamazoo. The first images were captured by two news reporters in the city, where shortly thereafter caused its first fatality. As the tornado moved into downtown, an employee at a local electronics store captured it. The tornado could be seen moving southeast, damaging homes and uprooting trees as it moved into downtown. As the employee ran to the basement, the tornado killed three more people, two at Gilmore's Apartment Store and a motorcyclist struck by a falling tree. The tornado killed one more person in Constock Township before dissipating.

paragraphs: This tornado was responsible for 5 deaths and 79 injuries, and $50,000,000 worth of property damage. It also left 1,200 without homes.


title: Poldy Bird

paragraphs: Poldy Bird (16 December 1941 – 1 June 2018) was an Argentinian writer and poet. She made poems and collaborations in several newspapers of Argentina and the world. She was born in Paraná, in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. She was raised in Buenos Aires. Among her most famous texts are "Cuentos para Verónica" (in honor of her first daughter), "Cuentos para leer sin rimel", "Nuevos cuentos para Verónica" and "Cuentos con niebla".

paragraphs: Bird died at her home in Buenos Aires on 1 June 2018 at the age of 76.


title: Jill Ker Conway

paragraphs: Jill Ker Conway OA (9 October 1934 – 1 June 2018) was an Australian-American author. She was born in Hillston, New South Wales.

paragraphs: Conway was known for her autobiographies, in particular her first memoir, "The Road from Coorain". She was also Smith College's first female president, from 1975 to 1985, and served as a visiting professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. In 2004 she was designated a Women's History Month Honoree by the National Women's History Project. In 2013, she received a 2012 National Humanities Medal from President Barack Obama.

paragraphs: Conway died on 1 June 2018 at her home in Boston, Massachusetts at the age of 83.


title: Hilmar Hoffmann

paragraphs: Hilmar Hoffmann (25 August 1925 – 1 June 2018) was a German cultural and movie historian. He was born in Bremen, Germany. Between 1970 and 1990 he was a City Councillor in Frankfurt am Main, and initiated the promotion of free groups in urban culture. From 1993 to 2001 he was president of the Goethe-Institut (Munich). He taught movie theory and cultural politics at the Goethe University Frankfurt.

paragraphs: Hoffmann died in Frankfurt, Germany on 1 June 2018 of a stroke at the age of 92.


title: Andrée Lachapelle

paragraphs: Andrée Lachapelle OC, CQ (November 13, 1931 – November 21, 2019) was a Canadian actress. She was born in Montreal, Quebec. She was known for her roles in "Léolo", "Cap Tourmente", "Route 132", "The Last Escape" and "Don't Let the Angels Fall".

paragraphs: In 1985, she was made an Officer of the Order of Canada. In 1997, she was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec.

paragraphs: On November 21, 2019, Lachapelle, who had cancer, died by assisted suicide at a Montreal hospital. She was 88 years old.


title: Fredericksburg, Texas

paragraphs: Fredericksburg () is the seat of Gillespie County, in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2010 Census, the city had a population of 10,530.


title: Macon, Mississippi

paragraphs: Macon is a city in Noxubee County, Mississippi along the Noxubee River. The population was 2,461 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Noxubee County.


title: Nakahara Prize

paragraphs: The Nakahara Prize is an award from the Japanese Economic Association. It is given every year since 1995. The prize is for Japanese economists younger than 45 years old. They get the prize because their work has become well-known internationally. The prize is named after its sponsor Nobuyuki Nakahara. The purpose of the prize is to encourage young economists to publish excellent papers and books internationally. In 2016, Sagiri Kitao was the first woman to win the prize.


title: Hitotsubashi University

paragraphs: Hitotsubashi University has about 4,500 undergraduate students and 2,100 postgraduate students. There are about 630 faculty members.

paragraphs: Parentheses show how many students enter in a year.

paragraphs: Hitotsubashi University is a very hard school to enter. So there are many textbooks for their entrance exams. One Japanese publisher has made a 15-year collection of their English tests. Another publisher made a 50-year collection of their mathematics exam.


title: Sagiri Kitao

paragraphs: Kitao was born on 1972 , in Saitama, Japan. She graduated from Waseda University in 1996. She worked for Goldman Sachs for several years.

paragraphs: She earned a M.P.A./I.D. (Master in Public Administration/International Development) from Harvard Kennedy School in 2001. She received a Ph.D. from New York University in 2007.

paragraphs: Kitao was an assistant professor at University of Southern California (2007-2009). Next, she was an associate professor at City University of New York (2011-2015). She is now a professor at University of Tokyo.

paragraphs: She won the Nakahara Prize for young Japanese economists in 2016. She is the first woman to win the prize.


title: Swann VR

paragraphs: Swann VR is a spatial memory training tool for Alzheimer's disease. It uses virtual reality. Users are given a map with objects placed in it, and they are to memorize it and find the items within the immersive environment. It was created by Taegh Sokhey a pharmaceutical consultant and Northwestern University graduate. The application is designed to work with Oculus Rift and Rift S.


title: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt

paragraphs: Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt (15 June 1928 – 2 June 2018) was an Austrian ethologist. He was the founder of the field of human ethology. In authoring the book which bears that title, he applied ethology to humans by studying them in a perspective more common to volumes studying animal behavior. He was born in Vienna.

paragraphs: In 1970 he became Professor for Zoology at the University of Munich. From 1975 to 2018, he was the head of the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology, Department of Human Ethology in Andechs, Germany. He was the co-founder and first president of the International Society for Human Ethology.

paragraphs: From 1992 until his death, he was Honorary Director of the Ludwig-Boltzmann-Institute for Urban Ethology in Vienna.

paragraphs: For many years he dived with Hans Hass on his diving boat "Xarifa".

paragraphs: Eibl-Eibesfeldt died on 2 June 2018 in Vienna at the age of 89.


title: Life of the Party (movie)

paragraphs: Life of the Party is a 2018 American comedy movie directed by Ben Falcone and written by Falcone and Melissa McCarthy. It is the third movie directed by Falcone and co-written by the pair, following "Tammy" (2014) and "The Boss" (2016).

paragraphs: The movie, starring McCarthy, Molly Gordon, Gillian Jacobs, Maya Rudolph, Julie Bowen, Matt Walsh, Debby Ryan, Adria Arjona, Jessie Ennis, Stephen Root, and Jacki Weaver.

paragraphs: It is about a newly divorced mother who returns to college to complete her degree, and ends up bonding with her daughter's friends.

paragraphs: It is produced by On the Day Productions and New Line Cinema. The movie was released on May 11, 2018, by Warner Bros. Pictures. It has made $49 million worldwide and received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Gillian Jacobs

paragraphs: Gillian MacLaren Jacobs (; born October 19, 1982) is an American actress. She is known for playing Britta Perry on the NBC/Yahoo! Screen comedy series "Community", Mickey Dobbs on the Netflix series "Love", and "The Powerpuff Girls".

paragraphs: She also starred in the HBO television show "Girls". She appeared in many movies such as "Gardens of the Night" (2008), "The Lookalike" (2014), "Life Partners" (2014), "Hot Tub Time Machine 2" (2015), "Don't Think Twice" (2016), "Brother Nature" (2016), "Life of the Party" (2018) and "Ibiza" (2018).


title: Keeping Up with the Joneses (movie)

paragraphs: Keeping Up with the Joneses is a 2016 American action comedy movie directed by Greg Mottola and written by Michael LeSieur. It stars Zach Galifianakis, Jon Hamm, Isla Fisher and Gal Gadot.

paragraphs: The movie is about a suburban couple (Galifianakis and Fisher) who begin to suspect their new neighbors (Hamm and Gadot) are secret agents. The movie was released on October 21, 2016 by 20th Century Fox, received got negative reviews and was a box office bomb, grossing $29 million against its $40 million budget.


title: Masterminds (2016 movie)

paragraphs: Masterminds is a 2016 American comedy movie which is based on the October 1997 Loomis Fargo Robbery in North Carolina. It is directed by Jared Hess and written by Chris Bowman, Hubbel Palmer and Emily Spivey. It stars Zach Galifianakis, Owen Wilson, Kristen Wiig, Kate McKinnon, Leslie Jones and Jason Sudeikis.

paragraphs: It premiered in Los Angeles on September 26, 2016 and was theatrically released in the United States on September 30, 2016, by Relativity Media. The movie received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $30 million.


title: Adria Arjona

paragraphs: Adria Arjona Torres (born April 25, 1992) is a American-Guatemalan actress. She is best known for her role as Emily in the HBO television series "True Detective" (2015) and as Dani Silva in two episodes of the CBS television series "Person of Interest" (2014, 2015).

paragraphs: In 2018, she starred as Amanda in "Life of the Party". She also voices Ramirez in the video game "Fortnite".


title: Matt Walsh (comedian)

paragraphs: Matt Walsh (born October 13, 1964) is an American actor, comedian, movie director, and screenwriter. He is best known as a founding member of the Upright Citizens Brigade sketch comedy troupe and for playing Mike McLintock on the HBO series "Veep".


title: The Boss (2016 movie)

paragraphs: The Boss is a 2016 American comedy movie directed by Ben Falcone and written by Falcone, Melissa McCarthy and Steve Mallory. The movie stars McCarthy, Kristen Bell, Ella Anderson, Tyler Labine, Kathy Bates, Annie Mumolo, Timothy Simons, and Peter Dinklage.

paragraphs: The movie is about a wealthy woman who, after being arrested and losing her fortune, uses her assistant's daughter's Dandelion Girls cookie sales to return to the top. The movie was released on April 8, 2016, by Universal Pictures. It made $78 million worldwide.


title: Ben Falcone

paragraphs: Benjamin Scott Falcone (born August 25, 1973) is an American actor, comedian and movie director. He is married to actress Melissa McCarthy, with whom he has two children.

paragraphs: Falcone appeared in small roles of McCarthy's movies "Bridesmaids", "Identity Thief", "The Heat", and Life of the Party and co-starred in "What to Expect When You're Expecting" and "Enough Said".

paragraphs: Falcone made his directorial debut in 2014 with "Tammy". He would go on to direct "The Boss" and "Life of the Party", all of which starred McCarthy.


title: Bridesmaids (2011 movie)

paragraphs: Bridesmaids is a 2011 American comedy movie directed by Paul Feig, written by Annie Mumolo and Kristen Wiig, and produced by Judd Apatow, Barry Mendel, and Clayton Townsend.

paragraphs: The plot is about Annie (Wiig), who suffers a series of misfortunes after being asked to serve as maid of honor for her best friend, Lillian, played by Maya Rudolph. Rose Byrne, Melissa McCarthy, Ellie Kemper, and Wendi McLendon-Covey co-star as Lillian's bridesmaids, with Chris O'Dowd, Rebel Wilson, Matt Lucas, Michael Hitchcock, Jon Hamm, and Jill Clayburgh, in her final movie role, in supporting roles.

paragraphs: Upon its opening release in the United States and Canada on May 13, 2011, "Bridesmaids" was both critically and commercially successful. The movie made $26 million in its opening weekend, eventually made over $288 million worldwide. After the movie was made, many other women-only comedies were made due to the success.

paragraphs: The movie was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy. On January 24, 2012, the movie was nominated for both the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Melissa McCarthy and Best Original Screenplay for Wiig and Mumolo.


title: The Nutcracker and the Four Realms

paragraphs: The Nutcracker and the Four Realms is an American fantasy movie directed by Lasse Hallström and written by Ashleigh Powell and Simon Beaufoy. It is based on E. T. A. Hoffmann's "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" and Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky's ballet "The Nutcracker". It is about a young girl who finds a Nutcracker doll among the family's gifts and is charged by her parents to take special care of it.

paragraphs: The movie stars Keira Knightley, Mackenzie Foy, Helen Mirren, Morgan Freeman, Richard E. Grant, Miranda Hart and Eugenio Derbez with Misty Copeland.

paragraphs: It was released by Walt Disney Pictures on November 2, 2018 in Real D 3D and IMAX 3D. The movie received mainly negative reviews with a 34% on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Ahmed Sofa

paragraphs: Ahmed Sofa (; 30 June 194328 July 2001) was a Bangladeshi writer and novelist.

paragraphs: Born in Chittagong, Sofa was educated at the University of Dhaka. He served many newspapers, and magazines as editors. A writer by occupation, Sofa wrote 18 non-fiction books, 8 novels, 4 collections of poems, 1 collection of short stories, and several books in other genres.

paragraphs: In "Buddhibrittir Natun Binyas" (A New Mode of Intellectualism, 1972), Sofa reminded the writers and artists of their true responsibility. In "Bangali Musalmaner Man" (The Mind of the Bengali Muslims, 1981), Sofa surveyed the history of Bengali Muslims to explain how their identity was formed, and how they might overcome the causes of their backwardness.

paragraphs: In "Gabhi Bittanta" (A Tale of a Cow, 1995), Sofa satirizes Bangladeshi university teachers engaged in party politics and corruption. "Pushpa Briksa ebang Bihanga Puran" (Tales of Flowers, Trees, and Birds, 1996) narrates Sofa's personal relation with birds, plants and nature.

paragraphs: Sofa is a very influential writer in Bangladesh. Sofa was criticized for his bohemian lifestyle. He was called rebel, mad and insolent

paragraphs: He was awarded Ekushe Padak posthumously by the Government of Bangladesh in 2002. Sofa rejected Lekhak Shibir Award in 1975, and Sa'dat Ali Akanda Award offered by Bangla Academy in 1993.


title: London Has Fallen

paragraphs: London Has Fallen is a 2016 American action thriller movie directed by Babak Najafi and written by Creighton Rothenberger, Katrin Benedikt, Chad St. John and Christian Gudegast. It is a sequel to Antoine Fuqua's 2013 movie "Olympus Has Fallen".

paragraphs: It stars Gerard Butler, Aaron Eckhart and Morgan Freeman, with Alon Moni Aboutboul, Angela Bassett, Robert Forster, Jackie Earle Haley, Melissa Leo, Radha Mitchell, Sean O'Bryan, Waleed Zuaiter and Charlotte Riley in supporting roles.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

paragraphs: DuPage County () is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois. As of the 2010 census, the population was 916,924, making it Illinois' second-most populous county. Its county seat is Wheaton.

paragraphs: DuPage County has become mostly developed and suburbanized. Residents of Hinsdale, Naperville, and Oak Brook include some of the richest people in the Midwest, and in 2010, "Midwest Living" voted Hinsdale the Midwest's second-richest town.


title: Oak Brook, Illinois

paragraphs: Oak Brook is a village in DuPage County with a small portion in Cook County in Illinois. The population was 7,883 at the 2010 census. It was made into a village in 1958.


title: Despicable Me 3

paragraphs: Despicable Me 3 is a 2017 American 3D computer-animated action comedy movie produced by Illumination Entertainment for Universal Pictures.

paragraphs: It is the third main installment, fourth overall movie in the "Despicable Me" movie series and the sequel to "Despicable Me 2" (2013). The movie is directed by Pierre Coffin and Kyle Balda, co-directed by Eric Guillon and written by Cinco Paul and Ken Daurio.

paragraphs: It stars Steve Carell, Kristen Wiig, Trey Parker, Miranda Cosgrove, Steve Coogan, Jenny Slate, Dana Gaier and Julie Andrews.

paragraphs: "Despicable Me 3" was released on June 14, 2017, at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival, and had a theatrical release in the United States on June 30, 2017, by Universal Pictures in 3D, RealD 3D, Dolby Cinema and IMAX 3D.

paragraphs: A spin-off and prequel, will be released on July 2, 2021.


title: Ramnath Thakur

paragraphs: Ram Nath Thakur, (born March 3, 1950 Birth Place- Karpoori Gram, District Samastipur (Bihar)) is a politician from Janata Dal (United) party. He is a Member of the Parliament of India representing Bihar in the Rajya Sabha, the upper house of the Parliament.

paragraphs: He was elected in for the term April 2014-April-2020.


title: Janata Dal (United)

paragraphs: Janata Dal (United) (JD(U)) is a centre-left Indian political party with political presence mainly in Bihar and Jharkhand. The Janata Dal (United) was formed with the merger of the Sharad Yadav faction of the Janata Dal, the Lokshakti Party and the Samta Party on 30 October 2003. Janata Dal (United)'s party mentor and patron is the veteran socialist leader George Fernandes. JD(U) is currently a part of BJP led National Democratic Alliance (NDA).


title: Ahmed Elmohamady

paragraphs: Ahmed Eissa Elmohamady Abdel Fattah (; born 9 September 1987) is an Egyptian professional footballer. He plays as a winger for Aston Villa and the Egypt national team. Elmohamady won the 2008 and 2010 Africa Cup of Nations with Egypt national football team.


title: Penn Jillette

paragraphs: Penn Fraser Jillette (born March 5, 1955) is an American magician, juggler, comedian, musician, inventor, actor, filmmaker, television personality and best-selling author. He is known for his work with fellow magician Teller as half of the team Penn & Teller.

paragraphs: He has published eight books, including the New York Times Bestseller, "God, No!: Signs You May Already Be an Atheist and Other Magical Tales". He is also known for his advocacy of atheism, scientific skepticism, the First Amendment, libertarianism, and free-market capitalism.


title: Maxime Cadé

paragraphs: Maxime Cadé (born 21 January 1994) is a French olympian combat sports player which known as fencer. He will participate in the individual foil event at the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: 2018 FIFA World Cup statistics

paragraphs: These are the statistics for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which is taking place in Russia from 14 June to 15 July 2018.

paragraphs: Goals scored from penalty shoot-outs are not counted, and matches decided by penalty shoot-outs are counted as draws.


title: Philippe Crébassa

paragraphs: Philippe Crébassa, is a French aerospace engineer and businessman. He is the current President of Toulouse-Blagnac Airport.

paragraphs: Graduate from the École Polytechnique, the French Civil Aviation University and the Toulouse School of Economics, Philippe Crébassa starts his career in 1992 at the Directorate General for Civil Aviation. In 2013, he becomes Vice-President of the French Civil Aviation University. He is nominated President of Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in June 2018.


title: Lion's Club

paragraphs: Lions Clubs International (LCI) is an international non-political service organization founded originally in 1917 in Chicago, Illinois by Melvin Jones. It is now headquartered in Oak Brook, Illinois. , it had over 46,000 local clubs and more than 1.4 million members in over 200 countries around the world.