title: Infinite monkey theorem

paragraphs: The infinite monkey theorem says that a monkey randomly hitting keys on a typewriter will eventually type out one of William Shakespeare's works. When people talk about the infinite monkey theorem, the "monkey" is not always a real monkey. Instead, it is an example of a device that produces random letters. However, the chances of a monkey actually typing a text, like Shakespeare's "Hamlet", are very small.

paragraphs: For example, let it be that Shakespeare wrote "Wikipedia is the best website in the world". If the monkey does not have extra characters like numbers (example: 4, 2) and symbols (example: #, ~) then the monkey will only have 53 things on is keyboard to press. Those are: a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, and the spacebar.

paragraphs: Since there are only 53 buttons the monkey is allowed to press, eventually, he will hit the "W" button. This is because the monkey has infinite time to press the buttons and has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the W button. Then, he will probably hit another button and not type the sentence "Wikipedia is the best website in the world".

paragraphs: But, the monkey has infinite time. That means, in total, he will press the "W" button infinity times. After every time the monkey presses the "W" button, he has a 1 in 53 chance of pressing the "i" button. But, since the "W" button will be pressed infinite times, the word "Wi" will appear infinite times too. This is because the chance of "i" following "W" is equal to the chance of "W" which is 1/53 multiplied by the chance of "i" following it which is 1/53. That is 1/2809. That is really small, but since "W" and "i" appear an infinite amount of times in the monkey's words it becomes certain. Meaning there is a 100% chance that "eventually", the word "Wi" will appear. However, since "W" and "i" both will be presses by the monkey an infinite amount of time, "Wi" will actually appear an infinite amount of times too.

paragraphs: This goes on and on. Eventually, after even longer time, there will be the word "Wik" because "Wi" appears infinite times and "k" has a 1 in 53 chance of following it. Now, since "Wik" appears infinite times, we know that "Wiki" will eventually appear too. Not only that, we know "Wiki" will appear an infinite amount of times.

paragraphs: Following this logic, we will see "Wikip" and "Wikipe" and "Wikiped" and "Wikipedi" all the way until we will see "Wikipedia is the best website in the world". Not only that, but we will see it infinite times.

paragraphs: Since the sentence "Wikipedia is the best website in the world" was just any sentence, by using the proof above, one can know "anything" appears an infinite amount of times. Therefore, we know that all of Shakespeare's things will appear. Even the things he threw away, even the thoughts he had at night, and even Hamlet.

paragraphs: This is like how you can find any combination of numbers (example:1829192) in the number pi since it has an infinite amount of random numbers.

paragraphs: The above proof was an example of a Proof by induction.


title: Ascomycota

paragraphs: Ascomycota is a phylum of fungi (kingdom Fungi), members are commonly known as the Sac Fungi, characterized by a saclike structure, the ascus, which contains four to eight ascospores in the sexual stage.


title: Random variable

paragraphs: A random variable is used in mathematics to study probability theory. It was developed to model the chance of events happening in all kinds of real-life scenarios.

paragraphs: Take two measurable spaces, and name them formula_1 and formula_2. A measurable space is any pair of sets, called formula_3 and formula_4, that follow these rules:

paragraphs: A random variable, named formula_11, is a measurable function from formula_12 to formula_13. This is written formula_14. A random variable is typically represented by capital roman letters such as formula_15, formula_16, formula_17 and formula_18, and can be either discrete (taking on a countable set of values) or continuous (taking on an interval of values).

paragraphs: The set formula_12 is called the sample space. The set formula_20 is called the event space.

paragraphs: Take a probability measure formula_21 on formula_1. Take a set formula_23 in formula_24. Then formula_25 is defined to mean formula_26.

paragraphs: When you roll a dice, 6 events can happen. These events are the different numbers that can show on the dice: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

paragraphs: Here is an example of a random variable. You roll a fair dice once. If the number on the dice is odd, you eat an apple, and if the number is even, you eat an orange. The random variable is the type of fruit that you will eat. Before you roll the dice, you don't know if you will eat an apple or an orange. We can also write this with mathematics:

paragraphs: Take formula_27. Take formula_20 to be the power set of formula_12. Take formula_30. Take formula_24 to be the power set of formula_13. Our random variable follows the even/odd rule from above:

paragraphs: Here formula_34 represents the number on the dice after you roll it. We said the dice is fair. In mathematics, this means formula_35 for formula_36 and formula_37.

paragraphs: The event that you eat an apple is a set in the event space. It is formula_38. The probability that you eat an apple is the probability measure of this set. It is formula_39.

paragraphs: Here is another example. Sometimes a dice is unbalanced. This means that it rolls some numbers more often than others. We can do the same experiment as above, but with an unbalanced dice.

paragraphs: For example, let's say that we use a dice that has been changed in one way: it never rolls the number 5. Then you are less likely to eat an apple, because 5 is an odd number. The random variable is "exactly" the same as before:

paragraphs: This is because end possibilities have not changed. After the dice is rolled, you will eat an apple or an orange. You don't know which. What has changed is the "probability" that you eat an apple or an orange. In mathematics, this means

paragraphs: The event that you eat an apple is "the same set" as for the fair dice. It is formula_38. But this event is now less likely to happen, because the dice cannot roll a 5. In other words, the probability that you eat an apple is "different" than for the fair dice. It is formula_43.

paragraphs: The examples show that a random variable doesn't automatically give probabilities. If we choose formula_44 differently, one random variable can give different probabilities. This can be confusing. For this reason, mathematicians often define a random variable on a probability space. The mathematical notation for this is formula_45. This fixes the probability measure. Then there is no confusion about the probabilities of events.


title: María Trinidad Sánchez Province

paragraphs: María Trinidad Sánchez is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the northeastern part of the country, along the Atlantic coast. Its capital city is Nagua.

paragraphs: It was created on 1958. It was a municipality of the Samaná province before being elevated to the category of province.

paragraphs: "María Trinidad Sánchez" was an aunt of Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, one of the founders of the country. She helped the Dominican soldiers during the first days of the independence from Haiti. She was killed on 27 February 1845 by orders of the first Dominican president, Pedro Santana.

paragraphs: The territory of the province was part of the Duarte province and then it was made a municipality of the Samaná province. In 1958, it was made a province with the name "Julia Molina", after the mother of the dictator Rafael Trujillo, with the municipalities of Julia Molina and Cabrera and the municipal district, later a municipality, of Río San Juan. In 1961, after Trujillo's death, the province was given the present name and the capital was named Nagua.

paragraphs: The municipality of El Factor was created in 1988.

paragraphs: San José de Matanzas was made a municipal district in 1996, Arroyo Salado in 2000, La Entrada and El Pozo in 2001, Las Gordas in 2003 and Arroyo al Medio in 2006.

paragraphs: María Trinidad Sánchez is in the northeast of the country. The province has the Samaná province to the southeast, the Duarte province to the south and west and the Espaillat province to the northwest. The Atlantic Ocean is to the north and east of the province.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the María Trinidad Sánchez province, and 74,019 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 141,331 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Nagua, its capital, with a population (in ) of 40,611 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The María Trinidad Sánchez province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 20th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of Nagua, provincial capital, is .

paragraphs: The "Cordillera Septentrional" (in English, "Northern mountain range") is in the southern part of the province, going from the northwest to the southeast. The mountains here are not very high, and the mountain range ends in the southeastern part of the province, in a large swamp called "Gran Estero" close to the Samaná province.

paragraphs: Because the mountain range is close to the sea, the rivers are short.

paragraphs: The protected areas in the province are the Natural Scientific Reserve Loma Guaconejo ("Reserva Científica Natural Loma Guaconejo"), the National Park Cabo Francés Viejo and the National Park Gran Laguna.

paragraphs: The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.

paragraphs: There are 4 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

paragraphs: The main economic activities in the province are farming and fishing. In some partes of the province, mainly in the northern parte (Río San Juan and Cabrera), tourism is an important activity because there are many beautiful beaches.


title: Monseñor Nouel Province

paragraphs: Monseñor Nouel is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is in the central part of the country. Its capital city is Bonao.

paragraphs: The province was created in 1982. It was a municipality of the La Vega province before being elevated to the category of province.

paragraphs: The province was named after Archbishop Adolfo Alejandro Nouel, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1912-1913.

paragraphs: The valley where is the province was named by the Spanish conquistadors as "Sabana de Bonao" ("Bonao Savanna"; Bonao was the Taíno name of the region.

paragraphs: Bartholomew Columbus, younger brother of Christopher Columbus, founded here a fort in 1495-1497 and Bonao became one of the most important city of the Hispaniola island during the first years of the Spanish colony.

paragraphs: Later, the city was abandoned and was founded again during the Haitian occupation with the name of "Paraje del Yuna". In 1859, it became a military post in the municipality of La Vega. In 1936, it became a municipality of La Vega province under the name of Monseñor Nouel.

paragraphs: The province was created in 1982 with the municipality of Monseñor Nouel and the municipal districts of Piedra Blanca and Maimón. In 2005, the name of the municipality of Monseñor Nouel was changed to Bonao even if the name had been changed since 1960.

paragraphs: In 1982, Maimón became a municipality and in 1991 Piedra Blanca became the third municipality of the province. Villa Sonador became a municipal district in 1999, Sabana del Puerto in 2000, Juan Adrián in 2001, Juma Bejucal in 2004, and Arroyo Toro-Masipedro and Jayaco in 2006.

paragraphs: The Monseñor Nouel province is bordered to the north and the west by the La Vega province, to the east by the Juan Sánchez Ramírez and Monte Plata provinces and to the south by the San Cristóbal and San José de Ocoa provinces.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Monseñor Nouel province, and 112,305 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 17th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 171,040 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Bonao, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 76,241 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Monseñor Nouel province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 24th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of Bonao, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The province is mainly in a valley surrounded by mountains: the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range" by the north, west and south, and by the "Sierra de Yamasá" ("Yamasá mountain range"), a branch of the Cordillera Central, by the east.

paragraphs: The most important river is the Yuna, one of the largest of the Dominican Republic and of the Hispaniola island.

paragraphs: There are three municipalities and seven municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: The main economic activities in the province are farming and mining (mainly surface mining of nickel).

paragraphs: It is a province with an important production of rice. Cattle raising is also important, mainly for milk.


title: Monte Cristi Province

paragraphs: Monte Cristi is a province in the north-west of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is San Fernando de Monte Cristi (usually simply Monte Cristi). The spelling Montecristi is also seen.

paragraphs: When Christopher Columbus visited for the first time the northern coast of the Hispaniola island, he saw on 4 January 1493 a mountain with the shape of a dromedary and named it as "Monte Cristo" or "Monte Christi" ("Mountain of Christ") to this mountain now known as "El Morro", close to the city of San Fernando de Monte Cristi.

paragraphs: Nicolás de Ovando founded a small fishing hamlet in the place where is now Monte Cristi. In 1533, Juan de Bolaños brought a group of 60 families from the Canary Islands to live in the place. In 1545, other 30 families to live here.

paragraphs: The town was destroyed in 1606 by order of the Spanish Crown and the inhabitants were moved, together with the inhabitants of Puerto Plata inhabitants, away from the northern coast to form the new town of Monte Plata. In 1751, Monte Cristi was founded again by order of Ferdinand VI, king of Spain.

paragraphs: Monte Cristi was made as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1879. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province. It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province.

paragraphs: Guayubín is a municipality since 1855, Villa Vásquez since 1938, Pepillo Salcedo since 1949, Castañuelas since 1974 and Las Matas de Santa Cruz since 1985. Villa Elisa and Hatillo Palma became municipal districts in 1997, Cana Chapetón in 1999 and Palo Verde in 2002.

paragraphs: The Monte Cristi province is bordered to the north and est by the Atlantic Ocean, to the east by the Puerto Plata and Valverde provinces and to the south by the Dajabón and Santiago Rodríguez provinces.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Monte Cristi province, and 58,224 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 21st (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 114,624 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Monte Cristi, its head municipality or capital, with a population (in ) of 24,644 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Monte Cristi province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 9th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of San Fernando de Monte Cristi, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The Monte Cristi province is in the northwestern part of the Cibao Valley; this part is also called the "Yaque del Norte Valley" or "Línea Noroeste" and is very dry because it does not rain much here.

paragraphs: The most important river in the province is the Yaque del Norte, the longest river of the Dominican Republic. Other rivers are Guayubín and Maguaca, tributaries of the Yaque del Norte.

paragraphs: The "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") runs along the northern coast of the province; there are not high mountains, only low hills. At the western end of this mountain range is the "El Morro" mountain, forming a headland or a small peninsula.

paragraphs: The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.

paragraphs: There are six municipalities and four municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: The main economic activity in the province is farming and banana and rice are grown here. Fishing and salt production is also important in the capital city of San Fernando de Monte Cristi.


title: Monte Plata Province

paragraphs: Monte Plata is a province of the Dominican Republic; its capital city has the same name, Monte Plata. It was split from San Cristóbal in 1982.

paragraphs: The province was given the name of the capital city, Monte Plata. In colonial times, people from Monte Cristi and Puerto Plata came to live to this region by orders of the Spanish king and gave to the town a new name that comes from the two original towns, "Monte Plata".

paragraphs: After the Dominican independence from Haiti in 1844, this region was part of the old Santo Domingo Province. During the Restoration War against Spain (1861 - 1865), there were several important battles in the region.

paragraphs: In 1932, the region was made part of the new San Cristóbal province and then it was made a province with the name of "Monte Plata" but soon the name was changed to "Monseñor Meriño" after the Archbishop Fernando Arturo de Meriño, who was President of the Dominican Republic in 1880-1882.

paragraphs: Then, in 1944, the province was made part of the San Cristóbal province again until 1982 when the new Monte Plata province was created with the municipalities of Monte Plata, Sabana Grande de Boyá, Yamasá and Bayaguana. In 2004, Peralvillo became a municipality.

paragraphs: Don Juan became a municipal district in 1987, Gonzalo in 1997, Los Botados in 1998, Majagual in 2001, Chirino in 2002, Boyá in 2004 and Mamá Tingó in 2010.

paragraphs: The Monte Plata province is in the centre of the country. To the north, it has the Sánchez Ramírez, Duarte and Samaná provinces; to the east, the Hato Mayor and San Pedro de Macorís; to the south, the Santo Domingo province; and to the west, the San Cristóbal and Monseñor Nouel provinces.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Monte Plata province, and 91,838 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 15th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 189,166 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Bayaguana, with an urban population (in ) of 20,303 inhabitants. The capital of the province, Monte Plata, has an urban population of 16,115 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Monte Plata province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 5th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of Monte Plata, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The Sierra de Yamasá is found to the east and north of the province. "Los Haitises" is a karstic region found in the northwestern part of the province; most of it is now a national park.

paragraphs: The river Ozama is the most important river in the province. Other rivers are Yabacao, Yamasá, Comate, Mijo and Guanuma, all tributaries of the Ozama.

paragraphs: The Monte Plata province has a tropical wet climate with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist.

paragraphs: There are five municipalities and seven municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: The most important economic activity of the province is farming. Some important crops are sugar cane, cacao and fruits like orange.


title: Luís Pereira

paragraphs: Luís Pereira (born 21 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Marinho Peres

paragraphs: Marinho Peres (born 19 March, 1947) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: José Maria Rodrigues Alves

paragraphs: José Maria Rodrigues Alves (born 18 May, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Wilson da Silva Piazza

paragraphs: Wilson da Silva Piazza (born 25 February, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Marinho Chagas

paragraphs: Marinho Chagas (8 February, 1952 - 1 June 2014) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Jairzinho

paragraphs: Jairzinho (born 25 December, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Leivinha

paragraphs: Leivinha (born 11 September, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: César Augusto da Silva Lemos

paragraphs: César Augusto da Silva Lemos (born 17 May, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Paulo César Lima

paragraphs: Paulo César Lima (born 16 June, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Renato Cunha Valle

paragraphs: Renato Cunha Valle (born 5 December 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Valdomiro Vaz Franco

paragraphs: Valdomiro Vaz Franco (born 17 February, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Alfredo Mostarda Filho

paragraphs: Alfredo Mostarda Filho (born 18 October, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Marco Antônio

paragraphs: Marco Antônio (born 6 February, 1951) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Paulo César Carpegiani

paragraphs: Paulo César Carpegiani (born 7 February, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Ademir da Guia

paragraphs: Ademir da Guia (born 3 April 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Sebastião Miranda da Silva Filho

paragraphs: Sebastião Miranda da Silva Filho (born 26 February, 1952) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Jonas Eduardo Américo

paragraphs: Jonas Eduardo Américo (born 6 August, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Félix Miéli Venerando

paragraphs: Félix Miéli Venerando (born 24 December, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Hércules Brito Ruas

paragraphs: Hércules Brito Ruas (born 9 August, 1939) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Clodoaldo

paragraphs: Clodoaldo (born 26 September, 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Gérson

paragraphs: Gérson (born 11 January 1941) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Tostão

paragraphs: Tostão (born 25 January 1947) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Ado

paragraphs: Ado (born 4 July, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Roberto Miranda

paragraphs: Roberto Miranda (born 31 July, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: José Guilherme Baldocchi

paragraphs: José Guilherme Baldocchi (born 14 March, 1946) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: José de Anchieta Fontana

paragraphs: José de Anchieta Fontana (born 31 December, 1940) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Everaldo

paragraphs: Everaldo (born 11 September, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Grêmio and Brazil national team.


title: Joel Camargo

paragraphs: Joel Camargo (18 September, 1946 – 23 May 2014) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

paragraphs: Camargo died on 23 May 2014 from renal failure, aged 67.


title: Dadá Maravilha

paragraphs: Dadá Maravilha (born 4 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Gylmar dos Santos Neves

paragraphs: Gylmar dos Santos Neves (22 August 1930 – 25 August 2013) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national football team.


title: Djalma Santos

paragraphs: Djalma Santos (27 February 1929 – 23 July 2013) was a Brazilian footballer. He played for Brazil national team. He died of pneumonia.


title: José Maria Fidélis dos Santos

paragraphs: José Maria Fidélis dos Santos (born 13 March, 1944) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Hilderaldo Bellini

paragraphs: Hilderaldo Bellini (7 June 1930 – 20 March 2014) was a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.

paragraphs: Bellini died on 20 March 2014, aged 83, in São Paulo, due to complications caused by Alzheimer's disease ending with cardiac arrest.


title: Altair Gomes de Figueiredo

paragraphs: Altair Gomes de Figueiredo (22 January, 1938 – 9 August, 2019) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Fluminense and Brazil national team.

paragraphs: de Figueiredo died on 9 August 2019 in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro at the age of 81.


title: Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho

paragraphs: Orlando Peçanha de Carvalho (20 September, 1935 – 10 February, 2010) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira

paragraphs: Paulo Henrique Souza de Oliveira (born 5 January, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Rildo da Costa Menezes

paragraphs: Rildo da Costa Menezes (born 23 January, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Aílton Corrêa Arruda

paragraphs: Aílton Corrêa Arruda (born 26 April, 1937) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Denílson Custódio Machado

paragraphs: Denílson Custódio Machado (born 28 March, 1943) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Antônio Lima dos Santos

paragraphs: Antônio Lima dos Santos (born 18 January, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Zito

paragraphs: Zito (18 August 1932 – 14 June 2015) was a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Alcindo Martha de Freitas

paragraphs: Alcindo Martha de Freitas (born 31 March, 1945) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Silva Batuta

paragraphs: Wálter Machado da Silva (2 January 1940 – 29 September 2020) was a Brazilian football player. He played for Brazil national team.

paragraphs: Batuta died on 29 September 2020 in Rio de Janeiro, aged 80.


title: Adhemir de Barros

paragraphs: Adhemir de Barros (born 21 March, 1942) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Vicente Feola

paragraphs: Vicente Feola (born 20 November, 1909) is a former Brazilian football manager.


title: Lje

paragraphs: The Cyrillic letter lyeh (Љ, љ) is a combination of Л and Ь and is used in Serbian and Macedonian. It is used to denote the palatal lateral approximant , a sound similar (but not equal) to the palatalized alveolar lateral represented by the digraph Ль. It was created by Vuk Karadžić and is same to the Latin digraph in Serbian language and Croatian language. It is romanized using the letter L with caron (Ľ ľ).


title: Countdown

paragraphs: A countdown is a series of numbers getting lower in value towards zero. Usually something will happen when the counter finishes.


title: Higher

paragraphs: A Higher is a level of study in the Scottish educational system. It is studied by students in their last two years at secondary school aged fifteen to seventeen and is slightly harder than the English GCSE.


title: San Cristóbal Province

paragraphs: San Cristóbal is a province of the Dominican Republic. It is along the south coast of the country. Its capital city has the same name, San Cristóbal.

paragraphs: The province has the name of the capital city, San Cristóbal, but it was created with the name Trujillo, after the dictator Rafael Trujillo who was born in that city.

paragraphs: The province of San Cristóbal was created on 1932 with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, San José de Ocoa and Bonao; its capital was the city of San Cristóbal.

paragraphs: In 1934, the name was changed to Provincia Trujillo with the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Baní, Monte Plata, Yamasá, Villa Mella, La Victoria, Guerra and Bayaguana. In 1961, the name was changed again to the present one, Provincia San Cristóbal. When the Monte Plata province was created in 1982, the San Cristóbal province had the municipalities of San Cristóbal, Villa Altagracia, Bajos de Haina and Yaguate, and the municipal districts of Cambita Garabitos and Sabana Grande de Palenque.

paragraphs: Cambita Garabitos became a municipality in 1987, Sabana Grande de Palenque in 1997, San Gregorio de Nigua in 2001 and Los Cacaos in 2004. In 2004, Hato Damas became a municipal district; El Carril in 2001; San José del Puerto, Medina and La Cuchilla in 2002; and Cambita el Pueblecito in 2005.

paragraphs: The San Cristóbal province is in the southern part of the country. It is bordered to the north by the Monseñor Nouel province, to the northeast by the Monte Plata province, to the east by the Santo Domingo province and to the west by the Peravia and San José de Ocoa province. The Caribbean Sea is to the south.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the San Cristóbal province, and 295,539 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 4th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 611,677 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is San Cristóbal, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 138,455 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The San Cristóbal province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 19st (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of the city of San Cristóbal, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: There are 8 municipalities and 6 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.


title: Reading F.C.

paragraphs: Reading Football Club are an football club in Reading, Berkshire.

paragraphs: The team plays in the Football League. The team play at the Madejski Stadium, named after their owner, John Madejski. They are currently managed by José Manuel Gomes.

paragraphs: Reading were formed on 25 December 1871 and were known for many years as 'the Biscuitmen' because of the local biscuit factory in the town.


title: Oxalidales

paragraphs: The Oxalidales is a group of six families of flowering plants. This family has about 1300 species. These include some herbs, shrubs and trees.


title: Edict of Nantes

paragraphs: The Edict of Nantes was a law that allowed people to be Protestants in France from 1598 to 1685. It was signed in Nantes by King Henry IV in April 1598, although some provinces blocked it until 1610. The purpose of the law was to make peace after the French Wars of Religion. Henry IV was a former Huguenot (French Protestant) who had changed his religion to being Catholic so that he could be the king of France.

paragraphs: The edict was an early example of freedom of religion in Europe. However, it did not make Catholics and Protestants equal. It said that the Catholic Church was the national religion of France. It only allowed people to be Protestants in certain areas, where they were allowed to defend their own fortress towns. They also still had to pay money to the Catholic Church and have Catholic holidays. Many Catholics in France hated the idea of allowing people to be Protestant, while the Protestants thought that it did not go far enough.

paragraphs: The Edict of Nantes was weakened during the reign of King Louis XIII, with many of the fortress towns being captured by the government. In 1685, King Louis XIV replaced the Edict of Nantes with the Edict of Fontainebleau, which banned people from being Protestant. This made many Huguenots leave the country, and a hundred years later there were not many left. In 1787, King Louis XVI made it legal for people to be Protestant again. During the French Revolution a few years later, France gave people full freedom of religion.

paragraphs: Louis XIV did not like the Edict of Nantes. Being an ruler, Louis thought that there should be one king, one nation, and one church only - and that church had to be the Roman Catholic Church. The king let Roman Catholics Huguenots even after the Edict. He hoped the Huguenots would become Roman Catholics. Finally, in 1685 King Louis withdrew the Edict of Nantes.

paragraphs: The government declared that no one could believe in any religion except Roman Catholicism. Anyone joining in a Protestant service could die. Because of this, many Huguenots died for their faith. Some, though, gave up and became Roman Catholics. Others, refusing to stop being Protestants, ran away from France.

paragraphs: Louis XIV was horrified when he lost the Huguenots. They were among the most skilled workers in France. Many bankers, weavers, and merchants were Huguenots. Louis XIV ordered that France's borders be closed, and said that nobody could leave the country without his permission. However, Protestants still found ways to escape. Some hid in barrels on ships sailing away from France. Others disguised themselves as peasants and escaped. All together, probably more than two hundred thousand Huguenots ran away.

paragraphs: Protestant countries in Europe were glad to have such hard-working subjects: over a third of the Huguenots went to the Netherlands. From there many of them went to the Dutch colony at the Cape of Good Hope. Many went to England, and from there to America, especially Virginia and the Carolinas.

paragraphs: These immigrants were very valuable to their new home countries. They were hard working, obedient, and talented. They also brought many secrets of French manufacturing with them: for example, they introduced silk production to the rest of Europe.


title: Cross product

paragraphs: The cross product is a mathematical operation which can be done between two three-dimensional vectors. It is often represented by the symbol formula_1. After performing the cross product, a new vector is formed. The cross product of two vectors is always perpendicular to both of the vectors which were "crossed". This means that cross product is normally only valid in three-dimensional space.

paragraphs: Being a vector operation, the cross product is extremely important in all sorts of sciences (particularly physics), engineering, and mathematics. One important example of the cross product involves torque or moment. Another important application involves the magnetic field.

paragraphs: The cross product of formula_2 and formula_3 is a vector that we shall call formula_4:

paragraphs: The vector formula_6 is perpendicular to both formula_7 and formula_8. The direction of formula_6 is determined by a variation of the right-hand rule. By holding your right hand as shown in the picture, your thumb points in the direction of formula_4 (the cross product of formula_7 and formula_8), with the index finger pointing in the direction that formula_7 points, and the middle finger pointing in the direction that formula_8 points. If the angle between the index and middle fingers is greater than 180°, then you need to turn the hand upside down.

paragraphs: Like any mathematical operation, the cross product can be done in a straightforward way.

paragraphs: Since cross products are usually only defined for three-dimensional vectors, the calculation of cross product in two dimensions treat the vectors as if they are vectors on the xy-plane in three dimension.

paragraphs: where formula_20 is just a symbol indicating that the new vector is pointing up (in the z-direction). If one "crosses" two vectors which are both in the xy-plane, then the product, being perpendicular to both vectors, must point in the z direction. If the value of formula_21 is positive, then it points out of the page; if its value is negative, then it points into the page.

paragraphs: There are two ways to find the cross product of two 3D vectors: with coordinate notation or with angle.

paragraphs: Given vectors formula_7 and formula_8, where

paragraphs: Then the cross product of formula_7 and formula_8 is:

paragraphs: where formula_36 is the angle between formula_7 and formula_8, ‖a‖ and ‖b‖ are the magnitudes of vectors formula_2 and formula_3, and n is a unit vector perpendicular to the plane containing formula_2 and formula_3.


title: Knowth

paragraphs: Knowth is the name given to a number of passage graves, in the Boyne valley in Ireland. It consists of a bigger tumulus with two passages, and of 20 smaller ones. Of the smaller graves, 17 remain, 3 have been destroyed. Knowth is approximately 1 km west of Newgrange. It is probably older than Newgrange, which has been dated to about 3.150 BCE, but not as old as Dowth. The main tumulus is one of the biggest to be found in Ireland.


title: Kill switch

paragraphs: A kill switch, sometimes called an emergency stop, is a part of a user interface. User interfaces allow people to operate machines. The kill switch is there for security. Its purpose is to switch off the machine as quickly as possible, or to bring it into a state where it can no longer do harm. It is used in an emergency. In many ways, switching off the machine in an emergency is different from switching it off normally, as it has to avoid injury or harm at all costs.


title: Communist Party of Bangladesh

paragraphs: The Communist Party of Bangladesh (বাংলাদেশের কমিউনিস্ট পার্টি) is a Marxist-Leninist political party in Bangladesh, founded in 1968 as the Communist Party of East Pakistan.


title: Trial by ordeal

paragraphs: Trial by ordeal was a way to decide if someone was guilty or innocent of a crime. This was usually done by causing the accused person to do a painful task. If that task was completed without injury or if the injuries healed fast, this taken as a "sign of God", which meant that the accused was innocent. People believed that God would not allow innocent people to be harmed. He would therefore help them by doing a miracle. There were three common types of Trial by Ordeal:

paragraphs: Ordeals had to be watched over by a religious person, such as a priest, because each ordeal was supposed to show the judgement of God. In England, Ordeals were common up to and including the reign of Henry II, who introduced Trials by Jury.

paragraphs: In pre-modern society, the ordeal typically was done together with the oath and witness accounts as the central means by which to reach a verdict. The term "ordeal" itself, Old English "ordǣl", has the meaning of "judgment, verdict" (German "Urteil", Dutch "oordeel"), from Proto-Germanic "*uzdailjam" "that which is dealt out".

paragraphs: In Europe, ordeals commonly required an accused person to test himself or herself against fire or water. How this was done varied in detail, and was different at different places and times. In England, ordeals were common under both the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans. Fire was the element typically used to test noble defendants, while water was more commonly used by lesser folk.

paragraphs: Priestly cooperation in trials by fire and water was forbidden by Pope Innocent III at the Fourth Lateran Council of 1215, and replaced by compurgation. Trials by ordeal became more rare over the Late Middle Ages, often replaced by confessions extracted under torture, but the practice was discontinued only in the 16th century. Johannes Hartlieb in 1456 reports a popular superstition for how to identify a thief by an ordeal by ingestion practiced privately without judicial sanction.

paragraphs: Trial by ordeal has existed in polytheistic cultures as far back as the Code of Hammurabi and the Code of Ur-Nammu, and in animist tribal societies, such as the trial by drinking "red water" (calabar bean) in Sierra Leone. There the intended effect is magical rather than calling forth justice from a god.


title: Kurt von Schleicher

paragraphs: Kurt Ferdinand Friedrich Hermann von Schleicher (7 April 1882 - 30 June 1934) was chancellor of Germany in the last days of the Weimar Republic, before Adolf Hitler became Chancellor and Führer (dictator). He was also earlier known for being a general during World War I, under Paul von Hindenburg, the President of Germany whilst Schleicher was Chancellor. General Schleicher cooperated with the Nazis in the 1920s. He helped them with weapons and military training.

paragraphs: He was killed as a main target during the Night of the Long Knives by the SS. Hitler justified his actions the next day by announcing that Von Schleicher and Ernst Röhm were plotting to overthrow him. His wife, Elizabeth, was also killed in the attack.


title: Vienna Philharmonic

paragraphs: The Vienna Philharmonic (in German: die Wiener Philharmoniker) is an orchestra based in Vienna, Austria. It is thought of as one of the greatest orchestras in the world.

paragraphs: The orchestra play in a concert hall called the Musikverein. Before becoming a member of the Vienna Philharmonic the musicians have to work for at least three years in the opera house (the Vienna State Opera). Then they are allowed to try to become a member of the Vienna Philharmonic.

paragraphs: The orchestra started in 1842, when Otto Nicolai formed the "Philharmonische Academie". The members of this orchestra made all the decisions about how the orchestra should be organized, and the orchestra still works in this way today.

paragraphs: When Nicolai left in 1847, the orchestra nearly came to an end. They did not play very much until 1860, when Karl Anton Eckert joined as conductor. Since then, the orchestra has given concerts all the time.

paragraphs: From 1875 to 1898 Hans Richter was principal conductor, except for the season 1882-1883 when he had an argument with the orchestral committee. During the time Richter was conductor the orchestra gave the first performances of several very famous works, including Symphonies no 2 and 3 by Brahms and Symphony no 8 by Anton Bruckner.

paragraphs: Gustav Mahler was their conductor from 1898 to 1901. During this time the orchestra played abroad for the first time. They played at the 1900 Paris World Exposition. The next conductors of the orchestra were Felix Weingartner, Wilhelm Furtwängler and Clemens Krauss.

paragraphs: Since 1933, the orchestra has not had one main conductor, but instead it has many guest conductors who have stayed for short periods. These have included a great many of the world's best known conductors, including Richard Strauss, Arturo Toscanini, Hans Knappertsbusch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Karl Böhm, John Barbirolli, Herbert von Karajan, Carlo Maria Giulini, Georg Solti, Erich Kleiber, James Levine, Zubin Mehta, Carlos Kleiber, Leonard Bernstein, Claudio Abbado, Riccardo Muti, Nikolaus Harnoncourt, Pierre Boulez, Lorin Maazel, Mariss Jansons, Daniel Barenboim and Valery Gergiev. Three conductors, however, gave many concerts with the orchestra during the period after World War II: Karajan and Böhm, who were made honorary conductors, and Bernstein, who was made an honorary member of the orchestra.

paragraphs: Since 1941 the orchestra has played the New Year's Day concert every January 1, in their concert hall Musikverein. The concert is dedicated to the music of the Strauss family composers, especially Johann Strauss II. The concert is watched on television by people all over the world.

paragraphs: In recent years the orchestra has been criticised because they did not allow women to become full members of the orchestra. This is now gradually starting to change. They were also criticised for racism because they only took people who were white. In 2001 they appointed a violinist who was half-Asian.


title: Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra

paragraphs: The Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra (in German: Gewandhausorchester Leipzig or just Gewandhausorchester) is a famous German orchestra based in Leipzig, Germany. It is named after the concert hall in which it is based, the Gewandhaus (pronounce: “Ge-VANT-house”). The word “Gewandhaus” means "Textiles Hall". It is a hall that originally was used for people to buy and sell textiles.

paragraphs: The beginnings of the orchestra go back to 1743, when a society called the "Grosses Concert" began performing in private homes. In 1744 the "Grosses Concert" moved its concerts to the "Three Swans" Tavern. Their concerts continued there for 36 years. Gradually more and more people started to complain about the noise and the behaviour in the tavern, so in 1780 the mayor and city council of Leipzig offered to let the orchestra use part of the Gewandhaus, the building where the merchants were selling textiles. The orchestra gave its first concert in the Gewandhaus in 1781. It is the oldest orchestra in Germany, apart from private orchestras who belonged to rich people.

paragraphs: In 1835 the great composer Felix Mendelssohn became the orchestra's main conductor (music director). He was called the "Gewandhauskapellmeister". He kept this position, apart from one year, until his death in 1847. In 1885, the orchestra moved into a new hall which was given the same name. This was destroyed by bombing in World War II in 1944. The present Gewandhaus is the third building with the name. It was opened in 1981.

paragraphs: The orchestra gives concerts in Leipzig and all over the world, and makes many recordings. They also play at the Thomaskirche, the church where Johann Sebastian Bach used to work, and as the official opera orchestra of the Leipzig Opera.

paragraphs: Later principal conductors included Arthur Nikisch, Wilhelm Furtwängler, Bruno Walter, and Václav Neumann. From 1970 to 1996, Kurt Masur was Gewandhauskapellmeister. From 1998 to 2005 their conductor was Herbert Blomstedt.

paragraphs: In 2005, Riccardo Chailly took over as both Gewandhauskapellmeister and music director of the Leipzig Opera. They have released recordings on the Decca label of Felix Mendelssohn, Johannes Brahms, and the Robert Schumann symphonies in the re-orchestrations by Gustav Mahler.


title: Troll (internet)

paragraphs: A troll is someone who tries to make people mad by saying things on the Internet. The purpose is to excite strong emotion in an online community. This is to get a reaction from other online users, or to cause problems. In social networks platforms, troll is a user who make inflammatory or inappropriate comments for the sole purpose of upsetting other users and provoking a response.

paragraphs: Sometimes trolling can get a user banned as it can be disruptive. Some users do it to be humorous when they know others will be angry. The best solution is to ignore trolls and to not give them the attention they want. This has become known as "don't feed the trolls". It can also mean destroying other people's stuff on online video games (specifically Minecraft) or "spawn killing" which is when a player in a war game "kills" another player repeatedly after they re-spawn but before they have a chance to fight back. This is sometimes called "griefing" because trolls cause grief and make them sad or angry.

paragraphs: On websites such as Encyclopedia Dramatica where trolling is welcomed, users can troll without fear of being banned.

paragraphs: In October 2012, the internet news site Gawker, publicly revealed the name of an internet troll who had called himself "Violentacrez". Michael Brutcsh had collected photos of young girls from Facebook, often in bikinis or short skirts, and them posted them on the site Reddit. He also posted photos of women, taken without their permission, which focused on their breasts or bottoms. His actions made many people very angry. Brutsch said he was an internet troll because "...I just like riling people up in my spare time."

paragraphs: There are a lot of efforts to detect and ban trolls on social networks platform such as "TrollSpot" in which Li et al. uses machine learning techniques to propose a comprehensive approach to detect trolls.

paragraphs: Wikipedia takes a very tough stance on trolls. Any recent changes made to a Wikipedia page is automatically displayed on a list and volunteers and administrators look over the page and determines if the change is acceptable.


title: Santalales

paragraphs: Santalales is an order of flowering plants. It has eight families, 151 genera, and about 1,000 species. All the families in Santalales are parasitic to some degree. They attach either to the roots or branches of their hosts.


title: Chivalry

paragraphs: Chivalry is a word from Old French in medieval times when it meant the use of a horse, thus cavalry and knighthood. Later, it meant the qualities of honour and love. Today, the terms "chivalry" and "chivalrous" are used to describe courteous behavior, especially that of men towards women.


title: Digraph (orthography)

paragraphs: A digraph, bigraph, or digram (from the , "dís", "double" and γράφω, "gráphō", "write") is a string of two letters where the number of written characters does not match the number of sounds that are spoken. In other words, two graphemes (units of writing, or letters) are used to represent one phoneme (distinct sound). For example, since there are no single letters in English alphabet to represent the sounds /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /θ/, English uses a string of two letters to represent the sounds in the same order "sh", "ch", and "th." While other sounds such as /f/ and /w/ already have letters that correspond to the sounds, "f" and "w", digraphs "ph" and "wh" are used in some words to show their etymologies (origins of words) rather than their current pronunciation.

paragraphs: This is different from a trigraph since digraphs are made up of only two letters, while trigraphs are made up of only three.


title: Nje

paragraphs: The Cyrillic letter Nyeh (Њ, њ) is a something like a combination of Н and Ь. It is used in Macedonian and Serbian and pronounced like Spanish ñ in "señor" (cf. Polish ń, Czech and Slovak ň). Like Љ, Nje has been created by Vuk Karadžić.


title: Politika

paragraphs: Politika (sr. Политика) is a daily newspaper that is very popular in Serbia. It is the longest-published newspaper in this country. It is over one hundred years old (established in 1904). This newspaper costs around 30 Dinars in Serbia. Its founder is Vladislav Ribnikar.


title: Bože Pravde

paragraphs: "Bože pravde" ( Боже правде, [bǒʒe prâːʋde] ; 'God of Justice') is the national anthem of Serbia, enshrined in Article 7 of the Constitution. It has been around since the 19th century; the music was composed by Slovene musician Davorin Jenko (Davorin Yenko) and the lyrics were written by Jovan Đorđević (Yovan Gyorgyevich) in 1872. Ten years later, it was first adopted when the Kingdom of Serbia was formed, which then lasted until 1919, a year after the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (then known as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) was formed. It was fully relinquished in 1945 and was replaced by "Hej, Slaveni!".

paragraphs: Shortly after Serbia and Montenegro split, "Bože pravde" was readopted in November 2006.


title: Sremska Mitrovica

paragraphs: Sremska Mitrovica is a city in the Vojvodina province of Serbia. Today, about 39.000 people live in the city, about 85.000 in its urban area. The city has a long history going back to the Romans. Many Roman emperors were born in or around the city.


title: Mitrovica

paragraphs: "Mitrovica is a term which can apply with to cities in Serbia:"


title: Troll

paragraphs: A Troll is a Nordic mythological creature, may be: elves, dwarves, or monsters. Is a usually a giant that lives in caverns or undergrounds. It is also a well known internet meme.

paragraphs: They are quite short in stature and are violent in nature as their name suggests. Their appearance is similar to that of a goblin. They tend to live in caves and under bridges. Some say they are huge others say they're dwarves. These monsters live under bridges,in burrows underground or in caves. They rarely leave their lairs during the day because sunlight turns them into stone. Water trolls are agile in water but clumsy on land. But they all have strong teeth and jaws.

paragraphs: Gallery of trolls as imagined by various Nordic artists.


title: Dinornis

paragraphs: Dinornis is an extinct genus of ratite birds. They are ostrich-like birds of gigantic size, known as Moa. They were unique to New Zealand. The genus has five species:


title: Moscow Symphony Orchestra

paragraphs: The Moscow Symphony Orchestra is an orchestra based in Moscow, Russia. It was started in 1989. It was the first orchestra that was started in modern Russia with private money, not with money from the government. The orchestra have played under famous Russian conductors and with famous soloists, including Yuri Bashmet and Vadim Repin.

paragraphs: The orchestra's main conductor is Vladimir Ziva, and its main guest conductor is Ignat Solzhenitsyn. The Orchestra have given concerts in United States, Japan, South Korea and Western Europe.


title: Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra

paragraphs: The Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra is an orchestra based in Saint Petersburg in Russia. It is the oldest orchestra in Russia. It has had several changes of name because of the way that Russia has often changed.

paragraphs: The orchestra started in 1882. It was then called the "Imperial Music Choir". It was the orchestra that belonged to the emperor and it played privately for the court of Alexander III of Russia.

paragraphs: By the 1900s it had started to give public performances. Richard Strauss conducted the orchestra in 1912.

paragraphs: After the Russian Revolution the country no longer had a tsar. The town of Saint Petersburg changed its name to Petrograd, so the orchestra's name changed to "State Philharmonic Orchestra of Petrograd". In the 1920s the orchestra began to get money from the state. It was an excellent orchestra and was famous abroad. Guest conductors who conducted the orchestra included Bruno Walter, Ernest Ansermet and Hans Knappertsbusch at this time. Around this time the orchestra changed its name to Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra, because the city had changed its name again, this time to "Leningrad".

paragraphs: Evgeny Mravinsky conducted the orchestra for 50 years. They were not allowed to travel abroad, so they were only known outside Russia (the USSR) by their gramophone recordings. Symphony no 8 by Shostakovich was one famous work of which they gave the first performance.

paragraphs: By 1991 Leningrad had changed its name again to Saint Petersburg, so the orchestra was renamed Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra. It is an internationally well-known orchestra. Their conductor today is Yuri Temirkanov.


title: Rob Tapert

paragraphs: Robert Gerard Tapert (born 14 May 1955) is an American movie producer. He produced "", "", "" and "Legend of the Seeker", all filmed in Auckland, New Zealand. Tapert's partner is Sam Raimi.

paragraphs: Tapert married Lucy Lawless on 28 March 1998. Together they have two sons, Julius Robert Bay Tapert (born 16 October 1999) and Judah Miro Tapert (born 7 May 2002). Tapert is stepdad to Lawless' daughter from a previous marriage, Daisy Lawless (born 15 July 1988).


Mouthpiece


title: NHK Symphony Orchestra

paragraphs: The NHK Symphony Orchestra is a Japanese orchestra based in Tokyo, Japan. In Japanese it is written: NHK交響楽団, pronounced: Enueichikei Kōkyō Gakudan. When the orchestra was started in 1926 it was called "New Symphony Orchestra". It was the first large professional orchestra in Japan. Later, it changed its name to "Japan Symphony Orchestra". In 1951 it started to get money from the Japanese radio station NHK (Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai), so it changed its name again to the name it has now. It is thought of as the best orchestra in Japan. They have played in many parts of the world, including at the BBC Proms in London.

paragraphs: Vladimir Ashkenazy is the orchestra's main conductor (music director) and Charles Dutoit is music director emeritus. Wolfgang Sawallisch is honorary conductor laureate.


title: Israel Philharmonic Orchestra

paragraphs: The Israel Philharmonic Orchestra in Tel Aviv is the most famous orchestra in Israel. It is usually called the Israel Philharmonic Orchestra, or abbreviated IPO. In Hebrew it is written: , pronounced: "ha-Tizmoret ha-Filharmonit ha-Yisre'elit". It was started in 1936 by the violinist Bronisław Huberman when it was known as the Palestine Orchestra. At this time the Nazis were in power in Germany and Jews were being persecuted. Many European orchestras were getting rid of their Jewish musicians. The orchestra gave their first concert in Tel Aviv on 26 December 1936, and was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

paragraphs: The orchestra tours to many parts of the world. In 1971 they visited Germany. Some of the world's greatest conductors have conducted the orchestra. Leonard Bernstein and Zubin Mehta in particular have had a close relationship with them. They did not have a main conductor until 1977 when Mehta was made Music Director.

paragraphs: The IPO have made many recordings with Mehta, and also with Bernstein.

paragraphs: After 1938 the orchestra have refused to play the music of Richard Wagner because he was anti-Jewish.

paragraphs: Until 1977 the orchestra had no Music Directors. The conductors most closely associated with the orchestra were called "musical advisors".


title: Metropolitan Opera

paragraphs: The Metropolitan Opera Association is a big organization in New York City which puts on performances of opera. The Metropolitan Opera House (often simply called: The Met) is one of the most famous opera houses in the world. It was started in 1880. Today the music director is James Levine.


title: Mouthpiece (woodwind)

paragraphs: The mouthpiece of a woodwind instrument is the part which the player blows into.

paragraphs: On single-reed instruments like a clarinet or saxophone the mouthpiece is shaped like a wedge. The reed is placed near the player's bottom lip. This area is called the "table". When the player blows, the reed vibrates. This is then made louder by the instrument.

paragraphs: The shape of the inside of the mouthpiece can change the sound very much. The sound made by a mouthpiece that is large and round will be very different from the sound made by a mouthpiece that is small and square.

paragraphs: The space between the end of the reed and the end of the mouthpiece is called the "tip opening".

paragraphs: The "facing" (or "lay") is the part of the reed that starts to curve around the end of the mouthpiece. The length of the facing can change the response of the instrument.

paragraphs: The ligature is what holds the reed onto the mouthpiece. Anything that can hold the reed onto the mouthpiece can be called a ligature. Most ligatures are made from metal or plastic. Some people like to use ordinary string to hold the reed onto the mouthpiece.


title: Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar

paragraphs: The Orquesta Sinfónica Simón Bolívar (Simón Bolívar Symphony Orchestra) is a youth orchestra from Venezuela. The musicians are nearly all in their 20s. The orchestra was started by the economist José Antonio Abreu in 1975. Children from poor backgrounds had been given the opportunity, by the Venezuelan government, to learn a musical instrument. The orchestra consists of some of the best of these players.

paragraphs: The conductor Gustavo Dudamel has been the orchestra's artistic director since 1999. They have made recordings of music by Beethoven as well as Latin American music.

paragraphs: They became internationally famous when they played at the BBC Proms in London in August 2007.


title: European Union Youth Orchestra

paragraphs: The European Union Youth Orchestra (EUYO) is an orchestra for young people from countries in the European Union. The orchestra is given money by the European Union and by a number of EU member states. It gives young players experience at working together with some of the world's best music teachers and conductors.

paragraphs: The orchestra was started in 1978. Some of the greatest conductors have worked with the EUYO, including Herbert von Karajan, Vladimir Ashkenazy and Claudio Abbado.


title: Wiener schnitzel

paragraphs: Wiener Schnitzel ("Viennese Schnitzel" in German, where "Schnitzel" means a without bones) is a traditional Austrian dish and is a popular part of Viennese and Austrian cuisine, consisting of a thin slice of veal coated in breadcrumbs and fried.

paragraphs: In Austria the dish is traditionally served with a lemon slice, lingonberry jam and either potato salad or potatoes with parsley and butter. While the traditional Wiener Schnitzel is made of veal, it is now sometimes made of pork, though in that case it is often called "Schnitzel Wiener Art" (Germany) (Viennese style schnitzel) or "Wiener Schnitzel vom Schwein" (Austria) (Viennese schnitzel from the pig) to differentiate it from the original. In Austria, the term "Wiener Schnitzel" is protected by law, and any schnitzel called by that name has to be made from veal.

paragraphs: The dish may have originated in Milan, northern Italy, as "cotoletta alla milanese", and may have appeared in Vienna during the 15th or 16th century. According to another theory, it was introduced in 1857 by Field Marshal Radetzky, who spent much of his life in Milan. The term "Wiener Schnitzel" itself dates to at least 1862.

paragraphs: Schnitzel is often mistaken for sausage in the modern American society. What many Americans do not realize about schnitzel is that its part of the melting pot of American cultures. For example, German immigrants to Texas in the 1800s combined schnitzel recipes to make chicken fried steak -- popular in the southwest U.S.A.. Chicken tenders are similar to Schnitzel as well.

paragraphs: Even Israel has its own type of schnitzel. Areas with large German populations like Argentina also carry schnitzel.

paragraphs: Even though schnitzel is often served as a platter, it comes in sandwiches as well. If it's a platter, it usually comes with "Spätzle" -- German egg noodles.


title: Gel

paragraphs: A gel is a semi-solid substance material which usually wobbles.

paragraphs: By weight, gels are mostly liquid. But gels also behave like solids. They have a three-dimensional cross-linked network within the liquid. It is the crosslinks in the fluid that give a gel its structure.

paragraphs: As colloids, gels are a dispersion of molecules of a liquid within a solid. In a gel, the solid is the continuous phase; the liquid is the discontinuous phase.

paragraphs: Examples: Jellies, agar, contact lenses, organic slime.


title: Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa

paragraphs: Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is a Spanish mission. It was founded by Father Junipero Serra in 1772. It is on the central coast of California, halfway between San Diego and Monterey. It was named after Saint Louis, the bishop of Toulouse. It was the fifth of twenty-one missions in California. Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa is noted for its beautiful architectural features, mission life, and historical events.

paragraphs: Mission San Luis Obispo is different from all the other' missions' because it is one of the smallest and has a unique design. The design has both belfry (a bell tower) and a vestibule, which is an entrance hall between the outer door and the interior of a building. These are not found on any of the other California missions. The main nave (the long entrance part of the church) is long and narrow. At San Luis Obispo there is a secondary nave that is the same size and at the right of the altar. This is the only "L"-shaped mission church. Windows around the courtyard have round pillars with square opening, unlike the arches of other missions. San Luis Obispo is painted white and is surrounded by gardens, wine vineyards, and a fountain.

paragraphs: Mission life was hard for the California Indians because they had to work hard and study Catholic Religon.

paragraphs: Women had to cook, sew, garden, and make candles and soap. Men had to farm and care for the animals while the older people had to fish and make arrows. The children attended church every day to study Catholicism. When their studies were done they would work hard helping their families. The Spanish introduced the gun to the Chumash. The Hupa were grateful for the Spaniard guns as they depended on them for hunting bears for food. The Chumash helped these Spaniards build the missions and take care of it and its surrounding

paragraphs: Other hostile Indians attacked San Luis Obispo on three separate occasions before 1774. During the attack, the thatched roofs of the mission buildings were set afire by blazing arrows. In May 1807, the mission was designated as one of six in which the California priests could make their annual retreats for spiritual exercises. Following Mexico's war against Spain in 1810, all the California missions were forced to contribute food and clothing to the army. In 1830, the bell tower was destroyed in an earthquake, but was later rebuilt with stone.

paragraphs: Today, the mission serves as a parish church of the diocese of Monterey.


title: You Nazty Spy!

paragraphs: You Nazty Spy! is the 44th short movie by The Three Stooges. It was the first Hollywood movie to make fun of Adolf Hitler. In the movie, Germany is replaced by the pretend country of Moronica and the Hitler-type character is called Moe Hailstone, and is played by Stooge Moe Howard. This made Howard the first US actor to play Hitler.


title: Mačvanska Mitrovica

paragraphs: Mačvanska Mitrovica (Мачванска Митровица) is a town located in the Sremska Mitrovica province, in the Srem, province of Serbia. It is in the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina. In the town are around all population: Serbs ethnic and its population numbering 3,896 people (according to the census 2002).


title: Troll (movie)

paragraphs: Troll is a 1986 horror movie. It has no relation to the movies "Troll 2" and "Troll 3".


title: Troll 2

paragraphs: Troll 2 is a 1990 horror comedy movie, directed by Claudio Fragasso, under the pseudonym Drake Floyd. During production, the movie was known as Goblins, and some foreign releases of the movie were labeled as such, but upon release in the United States, the title was changed to "Troll 2" in an attempt to help sell the movie by connecting it to an established horror movie, the 1986 Empire Pictures movie "Troll". The two movies, however, have no connection apart from the title. In fact, despite the title, no actual trolls appear in "Troll 2".


title: Boris Tadić

paragraphs: Boris Tadić (; born on January 15, 1958 in Sarajevo) is a former president of Serbia. He is involved in psychology and he is also the current president of the Democratic Party (Serbia). Tadić was elected for president on June 27, 2004 with a five-year term of office. On July 11, 2004 he passed the oath of president. Second five-year mandate he received by winning on the president elections on February 3, 2008. Before applying for president of Serbia, he was a Minister of Telecommunications in Yugoslav government and a minister of defense in Serbo-Montenegrin's government.


title: .gu

paragraphs: .gu is the Internet abbreviation of country (top-level domain) (ccTLD) for Guam.


title: Swindon Town F.C.

paragraphs: Swindon Town F.C. are an English football club. They are based in Swindon and play in Football League One. They play their home games at the County Ground.


title: County Ground

paragraphs: The County Ground is an association football stadium. It is the home stadium of Swindon Town F.C.


title: Coscoroba swan

paragraphs: The coscoroba swan ("Coscoroba coscoroba") is a distant relative of the true swan. Many specialists merge this genus, "Coscoroba", with ducks, like whistling ducks. The coscoroba swan is found in South America from southern Chile and central Argentina south to Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands.

paragraphs: Recent genetic studies have found a relationship between this species and Cape Barren goose ("Cereopsis novaehollandiae"). They are sister groups.


title: Pitchfork Media

paragraphs: Pitchfork Media is a daily music webzine. It is based in Chicago, United States. Its focus is on independent music, especially indie rock.

paragraphs: Pitchfork was made in 1995. It talks about new music, but journalists there also review albums that have been released again.

paragraphs: Each year Pitchfork chooses an Album of the Year. Since 2003 they have chose a Track of the Year each year too.


title: Ultratop

paragraphs: Ultratop is the name of the official Belgian record charts. Due to the two different regions (Flanders and Wallonia) there are two different record charts. In Flanders the most important charts are the "Ultratop 50 Singles" and the "Ultratop 200 Albums". In Wallonia the most important charts are the "Ultratop 40 Singles" and the "Ultratop 200 Albums". The rankings in these charts are based on record sales.


title: Paste (magazine)

paragraphs: Paste is a monthly music and entertainment magazine. It is published in the United States.

paragraphs: In 2005, "Paste" was listed at #21 on The Chicago Tribune's list of "50 Best Magazines". "Paste" appeared on that newspaper's list again in 2007. "Paste" was also named "Magazine of the Year" by the PLUG Independent Music Awards in 2006, 2007 and 2008. In 2008, "Paste" was nominated for a National Magazine Award in the category of General .


title: Tambourine

paragraphs: The tambourine is a common percussion instrument.

paragraphs: The tambourine looks like a small hand-held drum. But in addition to the skin (drumhead) there are also small pairs of jingles - like tiny cymbals - in slots around the frame. However, tambourines come in many types. Some are made without a skin, particularly for use in schools. The tambourine came to Europe through the Arabs who brought it to Italy and Spain.

paragraphs: The tambourine is usually held in the hand. The jingles can be made to sound by hitting the frame of the instrument with the other hand, or by shaking the instrument. Often the player will hold the instrument high in the air. This not only looks good, but it can also be heard well. The other hand can tap rhythms on the skin which makes it sound like a drum as well as making the jingles sound. It can be hit by the knuckles, or with the finger tips, or the flat of the hand or the back of the hand. It can also be hit against the side of the leg. A good player with a good tambourine can sometimes create a nice effect with a "thumb roll". This is done by making the tip of the thumb slightly wet and then moving it fast along the edge of the skin so that the thumb bounces very fast.

paragraphs: It is also possible to put the instrument, with the head up, on the player's lap or on a table or chair, and play with the fingers or with drumsticks.

paragraphs: When a tambourine is used in an orchestra it is usually just one tambourine, although Berlioz asked for two tambourines in his overture "Le carnaval romain". It is very often used in music which sounds Italian or Spanish. It nearly always makes music sound very lively, for example in the second movement of Prokofiev's First Violin Concerto.


title: Tachyon

paragraphs: A tachyon is any hypothetical particle that can travel faster than the speed of light. The term "tachyon" was coined by in 1967.

paragraphs: Most scientists do not believe that tachyons exist. Einstein's theory of special relativity states that nothing can accelerate faster than the speed of light, while tachyons are theorized to be constantly traveling faster than the speed of light. If a tachyon did exist, it would have an imaginary number as its mass.

paragraphs: In September 2011, it was reported that a tau neutrino had traveled faster than the speed of light in a major release by CERN; however, later updates from CERN on the OPERA project indicate that the faster-than-light readings were resultant from "a faulty element of the experiment's fibre optic timing system".

paragraphs: In modern physics the term "tachyon" often refers to imaginary mass fields rather than to faster-than-light particles. Such fields have come to play an important role in modern physics.


title: Kenny Ortega

paragraphs: Kenneth John "Kenny" Ortega (born April 18, 1950) is an American producer, director, and choreographer. He was the director of all the "High School Musical" movies.


title: Gelatin

paragraphs: Gelatin is a protein substance that comes from collagen. Collagen is a natural protein found in the tendons, ligaments, and tissues of mammals as well as fish. Gelatin has no smell, no taste, and is either colorless or light yellow. It can be found in sheets, flakes, or as a powder. It can be dissolved in water, but not in alcohol.

paragraphs: It is made by boiling the connective tissues, bones and skins of animals, usually cows and pigs. Once the boiling is done, the collagen will cool and make a jelly. As a food, gelatin is used to make jellied desserts; used in the preservation of fruit and meat, and to make powdered milk. Gelatin can also be used as glue for matches or for paper money. You can also find it used as the syrup in medicine, also known as medicine emulsions. Gelatin is also found in some makeup.

paragraphs: Gelatin is classed as a liquid when above room temperature but reverts to a solid if below room temperature.

paragraphs: Because gelatin comes from animals, vegetarians and vegans do not eat or use products that have gelatin added. Some religious or cultural groups also do not eat gelatin because of the animals used to make it. For example, people that keep kosher or halal will not eat gelatin because it is often made from cows. Alternatives to gelatin are products like agar or carrageenan which comes from seaweed or pectin which comes from plants.


title: Christian naturism

paragraphs: Naturist Christians are the Christians who practice naturism or nudism, and are a part of the clothes-free movement. They believe that the human body was the greatest making of God, and is neither shameful nor should be covered. Naturist Christians can be found in almost all of the different groups of Christianity (called "denominations"), and they do not find any conflict with the teachings of the Bible, and living their lives and worshiping God without any clothing. However, most have various differences with New Age and man-centered philosophy (called "humanism") which is common among other naturists and wish to be separated from it. This includes not worshiping nature at all.

paragraphs: In the Book of Genesis, Adam and Eve were living in the Garden of Eden as 'man and wife' . They ate the fruit not allowed by God, after being talked into it by the devil in the form of a snake. Then their eyes were opened, and they knew that they were naked. So, they gathered fig leaves to be used as simple clothing to cover their sexual organs. These became lacking very quickly, and Adam and Eve hid themselves from God in the trees.


title: Lake Eyre

paragraphs: Lake Eyre (pronounced "air") is the lowest point in Australia, at about below sea level. When it fills with water, it is the largest lake in Australia, being long and wide. It is also in the driest part of Australia, getting only about of rain each year. It is in the north of South Australia, about north of Adelaide. The lake was named after the explorer, Edward Eyre, who was the first Europen to see it in 1840. It is the centre of the Lake Eyre National Park.

paragraphs: Lake Eyre is in the driest desert region of central Australia. It is a large endorheic lake system, which means that the water flows in, but does not flow out. As the water evaporates, the lake dries up leaving a dry salt lake. The lake does not usually completely dry up, there is often water in small areas on the lake surface. The rate that the water dries up is per year, that is about 20 times more than the rainfall in the area.

paragraphs: During the wet season the rivers from Queensland flow towards the lake through the Channel Country. These rivers drain about one sixth of Australia, an area the size of Spain. How much water reaches the lake depends on how rain falls in Queensland. Since 1885 the lake has filled in 1886/1887, 1889/1890, 1916/1917, 1950, 1955 and 1974-1976. In 1974 Lake Eyre was deep. Local rain filled Lake Eyre to in 1984 and 1989. Very heavy rain in January 2007 took about six weeks to reach the lake but put only a small amount of water into it. In February 2009, water from flooding rains in Queensland were flowing along the creeks to the lake covering about 40 km per day. The lake fills to about every three years, to , every ten years, and fills up about four times every 100 years.

paragraphs: When Lake Eyre is full, the water is almost fresh and native fresh water fish can live in it. The lake becomes saltier as the salt crust dissolves over six months. This kills millions of fish. When about 4m deep the Lake is as salty as the sea. It becomes more salty as the water evaporates. At about 500mm depth the Lake becomes a "pink" color because of a beta-carotene pigment made by the algae "Dunaliella salina".

paragraphs: Beaches made by wave action suggest that during the Medieval Warm Period Lake Eyre possibly held "permanent water" at levels above those of 1974.

paragraphs: The local Aboriginal people, the Arabunna people, have stories that explain the creation of Lake Eyre. These stories are part of their sacred traditions, and are only told to initiated people.

paragraphs: Fresh water fish found in the full lake include boney bream ("Nematolosa erebi"), the Lake Eyre Basin sub-species of golden perch ("Macquaria ambigua") and various small hardyhead species ("Craterocephalus spp"). The Lake Eyre hardyhead, can live in water up to 15 times saltier than the ocean.

paragraphs: When there is water more than 8 million birds, from more than 60 different species, flock to the lake. The pelicans are usually the first to arrive, followed by silver gulls, hoary headed grebes, Australasian grebes, cormorants, ducks, banded stilts, kites, falcons and wedge tailed eagles. Scientists still do not know how the birds know when the lake holds water.

paragraphs: There is also a lizard, the Lake Eyre Dragon, Ctenophorus maculosus, that lives in the cool mud below the salt crust of the lake.

paragraphs: The "Lake Eyre Yacht Club" is a small group of people who sail on the lake's floods, including recent trips in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2004, 2007 and 2009. A number of 6 m Trailer Sailers sailed on Lake Eyre in 1975, 1976 and 1984 when the flood depth reached 3–6 m.

paragraphs: The salt crust on the lake is not thick and can break like glass under a person's weight. At Level Post Bay, the crust is more than one metre thick, and because of its flat surface it has been the site for various land speed record attempts. In 1964, British driver, Sir Donald Campbell, set a new record of , in the "Bluebird-Proteus CN7".


title: Castanets

paragraphs: Castanets are percussion instruments which come from Spain. They are often used in an orchestra. Castanets are hollowed-out wooden shells. A hardwood such as ebony or rosewood is used.

paragraphs: Castanets are used in pairs. Traditionally two pairs are played together, one pair held in each hand. There is a string which passes through small holes in the shells. The player winds the string around the thumb and finger so that the two shells can be clicked together. The two pairs of castanets used are slightly different sizes so that they make a slightly different pitch. The higher pair, known as "hembra" (female), is usually held in the right hand, with the larger "macho" (male) pair held in the left.

paragraphs: Castanets are traditionally played by singers and dancers. Spanish folk dancers often use castanets. They are often associated with flamenco dancing.

paragraphs: When they are played in an orchestra they are often attached to a stand. The technique of playing is therefore different. They can be tapped by the fingers and palm of the hand. They are often used in music which is supposed to sound Spanish. In ballet and opera they are used to accompany Spanish dances. Carmen, the character in Bizet's opera "Carmen", sings a song and accompanies herself on the castanets. Usually the opera singer does not have the skill to play them, so the castanets are played by a percussion player in the orchestra while Carmen pretends to be playing them.

paragraphs: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann;


title: Peravia Province

paragraphs: Peravia is a province in along the southern coast of the Dominican Republic. The capital city is Baní.

paragraphs: The province was created in 1944 with the name of "Baní Province", with the municipal district of Nizao, but that same year the name was changed to "José Trujillo Valdez Province" after the father of dictator Rafael Trujillo. In 1961, the name of the province was changed to the present Peravia. In 1988, Nizao became a municipality in the province.

paragraphs: Matanzas, Villa Fundación and Sabana Buey became municipal districts in 1991; Pizarrete en 1997; Santana and Paya in 1998; Villa Saombrero and El Carretón in 2001; Catalina in 2004; and El Limonal and Las Barías in 2006.

paragraphs: In 2000, the province was divided in two parts and the province of San José de Ocoa was formed with the northern part.

paragraphs: The Peravia province is bordered to the north by the San José de Ocoa province, to the east by the San Cristóbal province, to west by the Azua province and to the south by the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Peravia province, and 125,534 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 16th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 192,660 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Baní, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 72,466 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Peravia province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 29th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The province is along the Caribbean coast, in the eastern part of the "Llano Costero del Caribe" ("Caribbean Coastal Plain"). There are several small valleys in the southern part of the province, surrounded by the north and west by mountains of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range").

paragraphs: The altitude of Baní, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The most important rivers in the province are the Nizao and Ocoa rivers.

paragraphs: The climate of the province is tropical dry climate, hot most of the year, but it is cooler on the mountains. It is very dry in the savannas and plains, with long droughts.

paragraphs: There are two municipalities and 11 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: The main economic activity in the province is farming, growing fruits (like mangos) and vegetables (tomatoes and onions). Fishing and salt production is also important along the Caribbean Sea and there are some factories in Baní.


title: Puerto Plata Province

paragraphs: The Puerto Plata Province is one of the northern provinces of the Dominican Republic. The province is a popular tourist attraction since the late 1990s because there are many fine beaches.

paragraphs: Its capital is the city of San Felipe de Puerto Plata.

paragraphs: The province is named after its capital city, Puerto Plata.

paragraphs: When Christopher Columbus visited the northern coast of the Hispaniola island for the first time, on 11 January 1493, he saw a mountain with clouds on its top and he gave it the name of "Monte de Plata" ("Mountain of Silver"). The town that was founded on the foot of that mountain was called "Puerto de Plata" ("Port of Silver"); the name was changed later to just "Puerto Plata".

paragraphs: The first European town, La Isabela, was founded by Columbus in January 1493 by Columbus near the city of Puerto Plata; the city of Puerto Plata was founded in 1502.

paragraphs: In 1605, the towns of Puerto Plata along with Monte Cristi, Bayajá and La Yaguana were destroyed by the governor, Antonio de Osorio. All the people living in those towns had to move to places closer to the capital due to the amount of illegal trade happening in these towns. These towns formed what are now Monte Plata and Bayaguana.

paragraphs: It was created as a Maritime District (a special administrative category similar to a province and that has been abandoned) in 1865. It was part of the Santiago province before being elevated to the category of province. The 1907 Dominican Constitution changed its status to province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Blanco and Bajabonico.

paragraphs: In 1959, Puerto Plata was confirmed as a province with the municipalities of Puerto Plata, Altamira, Imbert and Luperón, and the municipal district of Sosúa; its capital was San Felipe de Puerto Plata.

paragraphs: In 1978, Sosúa and Los Hidalgos were made municipalities of the province. In 1989, Villa Isabela became a municipality, Guananico in 1992 and Villa Montellano in 2006.

paragraphs: La Isabela and Estero Hondo became municipal districts in 1998; Belloso, Cabarete and Sabaneta de Yásica in 2002; La Jaiba in 2003; Yásica Arriba in 2005; Maimón, Río Grande and Estrecho de Luperón - Omar Bross in 2006; and Gualete in 2007.

paragraphs: The Puerto Plata province is along the northern coast of the island. To the north, it has the Atlantic Ocean; to the east, the Espaillat province; to the south, the Santiago and Valverde provinces; and to the west, the Monte Cristi province.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Puerto Plata province, and 187,767 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 6th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 329,482 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is San Felipe de Puerto Plata, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 118,496 inhabitants.

paragraphs: Most of the population is composed of blacks and mulattoes.

paragraphs: The Puerto Plata province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 10th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The "Cordillera Septentrional" ("Northern mountain range") runs along the southern half of the province. Another mountain range is "Sierra Atravesada" that goes from the Cordillera Septentrional to the coast. The mountain "Isabel de Torres" (the "Monte de Plata" of Columbus) is close to the city of San Felipe de Puerto Plata.

paragraphs: Because the Cordillera Septentrional is close to the coast, rivers in this province are short. The most important rivers are Bajabonico, Yásica and Camú del Norte.

paragraphs: The altitude of San Felipe de Puerto Plata, provincial capital, is above sea level.

paragraphs: There are nine municipalities and 12 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: There are several important economic activities in the province, like tourism along the coast, farming and industry (like food products and rum).


title: Santo Domingo Province

paragraphs: Santo Domingo is a Dominican province. It is in the southern part of the country, on the Caribbean coast. Its capital city is Santo Domingo Este.

paragraphs: The Santo Domingo province is named after the city of Santo Domingo, which has been always the capital city of the country.

paragraphs: The province was created on 16 October 2001. It was part of the Distrito Nacional ("National District") before being elevated to the category of province with most of the territory of the old Distrito Nacional.

paragraphs: The new province had the municipalities of Santo Domingo Este, Santo Domingo Oeste, Santo Domingo Norte and Boca Chica. San Antonio de Guerra became a municipality in 2004, and Pedro Brand and Los Alcarrizos in 2005.

paragraphs: The municipal districts of the province were created in:

paragraphs: The Santo Domingo province is bordered to the north by the province of Monte Plata, to the east by the San Pedro de Macorís province, to the south by the Caribbean Sea and to the west by San Cristóbal.

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the Santo Domingo province, and 2,084,651 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km².

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 1st (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 2,702,028 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest urban area of the province is Santo Domingo Este, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in ) of 851,853 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The Santo Domingo province has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 16th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province.

paragraphs: The altitude of the provincial capital, Santo Domingo Este, is above sea level.

paragraphs: The Santo Domingo province is in the "Llano Costero del Caribe" ("Caribbean Coastal Plain"), a large plain in southeastern Dominican Republic. There are not mountains in the province, only some low hills.

paragraphs: The most important rivers are Haina, that makes the western border of the province, and the Ozama with its tributary La Isabela and that separates the province from the Distrito Nacional.

paragraphs: The climate of the province is a tropical climate, hot most of the year.

paragraphs: There are 7 municipalities and 8 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province.

paragraphs: It is the province of highest economic activity in the country, with many industries and companies in its territory.

paragraphs: Tourism is an important activity in Boca Chica because there is a beach with white sand.


title: Vibraphone

paragraphs: The vibraphone is an percussion instrument. It looks like a xylophone but the bars are made of aluminium instead of wood. Like the xylophone, the bars are arranged in a similar way to a piano keyboard so that tunes can be played. An alternate form is the 6-plus-6-system, where each row has the bars in a whole-tone distance and both rows are in a half-tone distance. The player uses mallets (beaters), either one or two in each hand. There are tubes underneath each bar. These are called "resonators". They make the sound louder. There is also an electric motor which can be switched on by a pedal. This makes fans go round and round in the ventilators and makes a very strong, vibrating sound. This is why the instrument has its name. Sometimes people call a vibraphone vibes.

paragraphs: Vibraphones were first made in the United States in 1921.

paragraphs: The mallets are beaters with a rubber ball at the end. Yarn or a hard cord is wound tightly round these balls. Vibraphone mallets are usually slightly harder than the ones ones used for the marimba. They usually consist of a rubber ball core wrapped in yarn or cord and attached to a narrow dowel, most commonly made of rattan or birch (other materials, such as nylon, are sometimes used). Mallets suitable for the vibraphone are also generally suitable for the marimba. There are different ways of holding them. A common way is to hold them between the thumb and index finger, using the other fingers to help control the sticks. Playing with four mallets is harder, but allows the player to play harmony (chord with four notes).

paragraphs: Sometimes special techniques are used such as "pitch bending". This is done by sliding one of the mallets along a bar in a special way. Occasionally players are asked to use a bow such as cello or double bass bow, and bow across the edge of a bar.

paragraphs: The vibraphone is used in the orchestra in Alban Berg's opera "Lulu". It is also used in works by Olivier Messiaen, Leonard Bernstein, Benjamin Britten and Vaughan Williams (opening of Symphony no 8). Vibraphones are commonly heard in jazz, especially in combos.

paragraphs: The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Musical Instruments, Könemann;


title: Simon Doull

paragraphs: Simon Blair Doull (born 6 August 1969 in Pukekohe, Auckland) is a New Zealand radio personality, commentator and former international cricketer.

paragraphs: He was a right arm medium pace swing bowler. He played in 32 Test matches and 42 one-day internationals for the New Zealand national cricket team. Doull took his career best bowling figures of seven for 65 in the Boxing Day Test in 1998 against India at the Basin Reserve in Wellington. Due to that performance, he reached a career-high ranking of 6 in the ICC Player Rankings on December 26, 1998.


title: Oberlungwitz

paragraphs: Oberlungwitz is a town in the rural district Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is about 18 km northeast of the city of Zwickau and about 15 km in the west of Chemnitz.


title: Waldenburg, Saxony

paragraphs: Waldenburg is a town in the rural district Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is near Glauchau, northeast to Zwickau.


title: Wildenfels

paragraphs: Wildenfels is a town in the rural District Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is 9 km southeast of Zwickau.


title: Wilkau-Haßlau

paragraphs: Wilkau-Haßlau is a town in the rural district Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. It is about 6 km south of Zwickau.


title: Hugh Laurie

paragraphs: Hugh James Calum Laurie (born 11 June 1959) is an English actor, musician and writer who was born in Oxford. He played Dr. Gregory House in the TV series "House MD" and Frederick Little in "Stuart Little" and "Stuart Little 2". He is also famous in Britain for his job with Stephen Fry and for the BBC series "Blackadder".

paragraphs: Laurie was born in 1959 in Oxford and his family was rich. His mother, Patricia (née Laidlaw), died when he was 29 and his father, W.G.R.M. "Ran" Laurie, was a doctor and an athlete who won the gold medal in rowing 1948 in London. Hugh has two sisters and a brother and all of them are older than he is.

paragraphs: Laurie studied at Eton and then went to Selwyn College, Cambridge: he took a degree in archeology and social anthropology. He was an athlete like his father, but he became an actor after meeting Emma Thompson, who presented him his future best friend and co-worker Stephen Fry.

paragraphs: In 1989, he married Jo Green and now they live in London with their two sons, Charles and Bill, and daughter Rebecca.

paragraphs: All of the following are nominations or wins for Laurie's role on "House":


title: Mauro Ramos

paragraphs: Mauro Ramos (born 30 August, 1930) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Zózimo

paragraphs: Zózimo (born 19 June, 1932) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Juan Valera

paragraphs: Juan Valera y Alcalá-Galiano (October 18 1824 – April 18 1905), was a Spanish author, writer and political figure.


title: Valdir Pereira

paragraphs: Valdir Pereira (8 October 1929 – 12 May 2001) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Coutinho

paragraphs: "This page is about the retired Countinho".

paragraphs: Coutinho (11 June 1943 – 11 March 2019) was a former Brazilian football player. He mostly played for Santos F.C. and the Brazil national team.

paragraphs: Coutinho died on March 11, 2019, in Santos, São Paulo from a heart attack due to diabetes and hypertension, aged 75.


title: José Macia

paragraphs: José Macia (born 25 February, 1935) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Santos and Brazil national team.


title: Jair Marinho

paragraphs: Jair Marinho de Oliveira (17 July 1936 – 7 March 2020) was a Brazilian footballer.


title: Jurandir de Freitas

paragraphs: Jurandir de Freitas (born 12 November, 1940) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Zequinha

paragraphs: Zequinha (born 18 November, 1934) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Mengálvio Pedro Figueiró

paragraphs: Mengálvio Pedro Figueiró (born 17 December, 1939) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Jair da Costa

paragraphs: Jair da Costa (born 9 July, 1940) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.