title: King of Bahrain

paragraphs: The King of Bahrain is the monarch and head of state of Bahrain. Between 1783 and 1971, the Bahraini monarch held the title of Hakim. From 1971 until 2002 the title was Emir. On 14 February 2002, the then-Emir of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa, said Bahrain was a kingdom. He made himself the first king.

paragraphs: The Arabic title of the Hakim was "Hakim al-Bahrayn". The Hakim also held the honorific title of sheikh.

paragraphs: The Arabic title of the Emir was "Amir dawlat al-Bahrayn". The Emir also held the honorific title of sheikh.

paragraphs: The Arabic title of the King is "Malik al-Bahrayn". The King also holds the honorific title of sheikh.


title: Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa

paragraphs: Hamad bin Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa (born 28 January 1950) is the King of Bahrain. He became King on 14 February 2002. He was also "Emir" from 6 March 1999. He is the son of Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa, the previous "Emir". He was proclaimed Crown Prince on June 27, 1964.


title: Line of succession to the Bahraini throne

paragraphs: Succession to the Bahraini throne is done by primogeniture from the male descendants of Sheikh Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa (1848 – 1932). However, the ruling King of Bahrain can select any of his other sons as his successor if he wishes to. The current ruler of Bahrain is King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifah.

paragraphs: After Sheikh Isa bin Muhammad Al Khalifa come firstly the descendants of Hakim Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, and then last in line the descendants of Hakim Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa.


title: Synecdoche

paragraphs: Synecdoche is a figure of speech. It uses a part for the whole thing, or the whole for one of its parts. Examples:

paragraphs: These three examples, and most other cases, use the part for the whole. But an expression like "The West" might just mean the U.S.A. It depends on context.

paragraphs: The Government did not actually make the statement: a spokesperson did.

paragraphs: Synecdoche is a type of metonymy, because it refers to its target by using a related term. It is similar to metaphor in its use in prose.


title: Metonymy

paragraphs: Metonymy is a term for a figure of speech. Metonymy a thing or concept is indirectly named. It is not called by its own name, but by the name of something which is closely related or implicit in the context.

paragraphs: One of the most common metonyms is the use of the capital city of a country to mean the government of that country, which is usually in the capital city. For example, mass media uses the word "Washington" to talk about the federal government and national politics of the United States, Other examples of metonyms often use place names to mean major industries which are based there. For example, the stock markets of the US are located on Wall Street in New York City, so "Wall Street" is used as a general word for the US economy. Here is a list of some well-known metonyms:


title: Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa

paragraphs: Prince Salman bin Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Crown Prince of Bahrain (born 21 October 1969) is the heir apparent of the Kingdom of Bahrain. He is deputy supreme commander of the Bahrain Defense Force. Prince Salman is the oldest son of the current king of Bahrain, Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa and his first wife Queen Sabika bint Ibrahim Al Khalifa.

paragraphs: Salman went to high school at Bahrain School. He went to American University in Washington D.C. (1992). Then he got a MPhil degree from the University of Cambridge, England (1994).


title: Prime Minister of Bahrain

paragraphs: In Bahrain, the Prime Minister is the head of government of the country. According to the Constitution of Bahrain, the Prime Minister is selected by the King. They do not need to be an elected member of the Council of Representatives.

paragraphs: Bahrain has had only one Prime Minister since the country's independence, Khalifah ibn Sulman al-Khalifah. He is the uncle of the King Hamad ibn Isa al-Khalifah.


title: Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa

paragraphs: His Royal Highness Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa (born 24 November 1935) has been the unelected Prime Minister of Bahrain since 1971. He is the longest-serving prime minister in the world. Khalifa is the uncle of the King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa.


title: National Assembly of Bahrain

paragraphs: The National Assembly is the name of both chambers of the Bahraini parliament. This is in the Constitution of 2002.

paragraphs: It has 80 seats. There are 40 elected members of the Council of Representatives (the lower house). There are 40 royally-appointed members of the Consultative Council (the upper house).

paragraphs: It is chaired by the Speaker of the Consultative Council. If that person is gone the chair is the Speaker of the Council of Representatives.


title: Bahraini dinar

paragraphs: The dinar (sign: .د.ب or BD; code: BHD) is the currency of Bahrain. It is divided into 1000 fils. The name dinar is from the Roman denarius. The dinar was started to be used in 1965. Before Bahrain used the Gulf rupee.


title: Telephone numbers in Bahrain

paragraphs: Telephone numbers in Bahrain are usually eight digits long. Most of the fixed land line numbers start with 1. Cellular (Mobile) phone numbers and pager numbers start with 3* or 663* or 669* depending on the service provider.

paragraphs: The country code is +973. There is no area code in Bahrain. The two digit numbers after the land line prefixes are for different cities or regions in Bahrain.

paragraphs: Batelco is the main service provider for land lines. Mobile users commonly subscribe to Batelco, Zain or Viva.


title: Dilmun

paragraphs: Dilmun is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian civilizations. It was a trade partner, a source of the metal copper, and an entrepôt of the Mesopotamia-to-Indus Valley Civilization trade route. Although the exact location of Dilmun is not known, it was most likely located in the islands of Bahrain and Failaka island, Kuwait. Dilmun had a presence in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman and nearby Iranian coast in the Persian Gulf. Gilgamesh had to pass through Mount Mashu to reach Dilmun in the Epic of Gilgamesh.

paragraphs: Dilmun appears first in Sumerian cuneiform clay tablets from the end of fourth millennium BC.


title: Tylos

paragraphs: Bahrain was referred to by the Greeks as Tylos. It was the centre of pearl trading, when "Nearchus" came to discover it serving under Alexander the Great. From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was in the Persian Empire. The Greek historian, Theophrastus, states that much of the islands were covered in cotton trees. Tylos was famous for selling walking canes that were carried in Babylon. Ares was worshipped by the ancient Baharna and the Greek colonists.

paragraphs: It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the Seleucid Empire. Alexander planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists. The upper classes spoke Greek. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.

paragraphs: With the lessening of Greek power, Tylos was added into Characene or Mesenian. From the third century BC to the arrival of Islam in the seventh AD, Bahrain was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties of Parthians and Sassanids.


title: Awal

paragraphs: Awal is the old name of Bahrain, an island country in the Persian Gulf. The name "Awal" was used for eight centuries. Awal is from the name of a god that was worshiped by people of the islands before Islam. Awal looked like the head of an ox. The god Awal is very similar to the god Nandi of the Hindus.


title: 23rd century BC

paragraphs: The 23rd century BC is a century which was from the year 2300 BC to 2201 BC.


title: 24th century BC

paragraphs: The 24th century BC is a century which was from the year 2400 BC to 2301 BC.

paragraphs: In modern South Korean national mythology, the character Dangun founded the state Gojoseon in 2333 BC. Danjun ruled it for about 2000 years.


title: 22nd century BC

paragraphs: The 22nd century BC is a century which was from the year 2200 BC to 2101 BC.


title: 29th century BC

paragraphs: The 29th century BC is a century which was from the year 2900 BC to 2801 BC.


title: Pacific Northwest tree octopus

paragraphs: The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus is a fake animal created in 1998 by Lyle Zapato. Zapato's website says the tree octopus is real, and that it lives on both land and water. Zapato created this website about the fake tree octopus to show how important it is to think carefully about whether things on the Internet are true or not.

paragraphs: The original website that described the fake species is commonly used as an example in internet literacy classes to teach students to check more carefully if sources of information are reliable.

paragraphs: The text included other hoax species and organizations, mixed with links to pages about "real" species and organizations. Despite the falsehoods shown on the site, all 25 seventh-grade students involved in one well-publicized test believed the content. All but one of the 25 rated the site as "very credible".


title: 26th century BC

paragraphs: The 26th century BC is a century which was from the year 2600 BC to 2501 BC.


title: Xenon difluoride

paragraphs: Xenon difluoride is a chemical compound with the formula XeF. This noble gas compound can be used as a good fluorinating agent. Xenon difluoride is the most stable compound of all xenon compounds.

paragraphs: The compound shows a trigonal bipyramidal pseudostructure or a linear real structure in VSEPR theory.

paragraphs: Xenon difluoride is solid in state of matter. It is achromatic (without color) and in crystal form. Under high pressure and temperature, the compound can be produced from xenon and fluorine directly.

paragraphs: Xenon difluoride is used in organic syntheses as fluorinating agent.

paragraphs: Xenon difluoride can be destroyed by heating. It then results in the pure substances fluorine and xenon. This reactions happens explosively, even though that the enthalpy of reaction is negative (formula_2). That is because the reaction changes the state of matter from solid to gas. The gas needs more space in room.


title: Viktor Troicki

paragraphs: Viktor Troicki (pronounced , , , ; born 10 February 1986 in Belgrade) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Viktor became pro in 2006. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Viktor play tennis right hand, two hand backhand.


title: Janko Tipsarević

paragraphs: Janko Tipsarević (born June 22, 1984) is a Serbian professional tennis player. Janko became pro in 2002. He was born in Belgrade, Serbia. Janko plays tennis right handed. He has a two-handed backhand.


paragraphs: Plausible Prejudices: Essays on American Writing is a book of essays about writing. The author is Joseph Epstein.

paragraphs: "Kirkus Reviews" and "Los Angeles Times" wrote about the book. The "Chicago Tribune" also had good things to say about the book. It said that Epstein's essays of literary criticism are his most interesting works and that they were definitely worth preserving together in a collection.


title: Stranger with My Face

paragraphs: Stranger with My Face is a fiction book. The author is Lois Duncan. It won an award called ALA Best Book for Young Adults.


title: Delhi Capitals

paragraphs: The Delhi Daredevils are a team in the Indian Premier League. In 2012 they qualified for the playoffs.


title: Euclid's lemma

paragraphs: Euclid's lemma, also called Euclid's division lemma or Euclid's first theorem, is an important lemma. It was made by the mathematician Euclid.

paragraphs: He basically proposed that for any two integers (let us call them 'a' and 'b') there exists 2 unique integers (Let us call them ' q ' and ' r ') that satisfies the equation, a = qb + r, where r<a.

paragraphs: In the equation, the variable 'b' is dividing the variable 'a'. This makes 'b' the divisor and 'a' as the dividend

paragraphs: 'q' is the quotient and 'r' is the remainder

paragraphs: The equation thus means that a dividend is equal to its divisor multiplied with its quotient and added with its remainder.


title: Thiruvalluvar

paragraphs: Thiruvalluvar ( in Tamil), was a Tamil poet and philosopher who wrote the classic of couplets of Tamil, "Thirukkural".


title: Tephritidae

paragraphs: The Tephritidae are one of two fly families known as fruit flies. The other family is the Drosophilidae.

paragraphs: There are nearly 5,000 species of tephritid fruit fly in almost 500 genera of the Tephritidae. Description and genetic analyses are constantly changing the taxonomy of this family. To distinguish them from the Drosophilidae, the Tephritidae are sometimes called 'peacock flies'.


title: Japanese imperial family tree

paragraphs: This is a family tree of the Emperors of Japan ("tenno") from Jimmu to the present day.

paragraphs: The legendary genealogy of the emperors includes Shinto deities.

paragraphs: The traditional order of succession begins with Emperor Jimmu.

paragraphs: In the graphic chart, the names of Jimmu and his successors are highlighted in yellow. The ordinal numbers of the Japanese monarchs are in red; and these are also highlighted in yellow.

paragraphs: The pretenders of the Nanboku-chō period are highlighted in beige.


title: Magnetic monopole

paragraphs: A magnetic monopole is a hypothetical particle in particle physics that is a magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or the other way around). Scientists are interested in this, as they are predicted in several particle theories, such as grand unified and superstring. Magnetism in normal bar magnets and electromagnets does not come from magnetic monopoles. There is not enough evidence to even be sure that magnetic monopoles exist in this universe.


title: Frank Bruno

paragraphs: Franklin Roy Bruno MBE (born 16 November 1961) is a British boxer-turned actor. His parents were from the Caribbean. He was born in Hammersmith, west London and grew up in Wandsworth, south London. He won the WBC heavyweight championship in 1995.

paragraphs: Bruno has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder.


title: Carina nebula

paragraphs: The Carina nebula (NGC 3372 or the Great Nebula in Carina, the Eta Carina nebula) is a large, bright nebula. It is around 7,500 light years from Earth and has over 14,000 stars. It appears in the constellation of Carina in the Carina–Sagittarius Arm of the Milky Way. The Carina nebula was discovered by Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1751 from the Cape of Good Hope. The French astronomer had made an astronomical expedition to record objects in the southern sky.


title: ’O sole mio

paragraphs: "" is a famous Naples song written in 1898. The lyrics were written by Giovanni Capurro and the music was composed by Eduardo di Capua.

paragraphs: It has been performed and covered by many artists as Enrico Caruso, Beniamino Gigli, Mario Lanza and The Three Tenors. It has also been performed by rock/pop artists such as Dalida, Anna Oxa, Bryan Adams, Me First, Vitas Al Bano, Elvis Presley ("It's Now or Never"). Luciano Pavarotti won the 1980 Grammy Award for Best Classical Vocal Performance for his rendition of "’O Sole Mio."


title: Gian Carlo Menotti

paragraphs: Gian Carlo Menotti (July 7, 1911 - February 1, 2007) was an Italian-American composer and librettist. Although he often referred to himself as an American composer, he kept his Italian citizenship.


title: Arquette

paragraphs: Arquette is a surname. People with this name include an American family, many of whom are actors:


title: David Arquette

paragraphs: David James Arquette is an American actor, movie director, and producer. He was born in Winchester, Virginia to actor Lewis Arquette (1935-2001) and poet Mardi (née Nowak, died 1997). He is best known for his role as Deputy Sheriff Dewey Riley in the "Scream" movies.

paragraphs: Arquette played a wrestling fan in the movie "Ready to Rumble". To market this movie, WCW hired Arquette to appear on their TV show and win their world title. Arquette argued he should not win the belt because he is not a real wrestler but WCW talked him into it. The attention received was only negative and the backlash eventually caused WCW to go out of business. The movie was also a critical disaster that ruined the careers of some of the actors in it, like Oliver Platt.

paragraphs: Because Arquette is also a wrestling fan in real life, he regretted making a mockery of wrestling and donated the money he made from WCW to families of dead wrestlers Owen Hart and Brian Pillman and also to Darren Drozdov, who was paralyzed in a wrestling match.

paragraphs: Arquette was a contestant on the 13th season of "Dancing with the Stars" in fall 2011.


title: President of Ecuador

paragraphs: The President of Ecuador () is the chief of state and the head of government in the country. Under the current Constitution (adopted in 2008), the President is elected by popular (by many people) vote, for a period of four years. They can serve two terms (periods of four years). Before 2008, people could be the president for only one term.

paragraphs: The President of Ecuador right now is Lenín Moreno since May 24, 2017. He was elected as the president on April 2, 2017.


title: Opéra de Monte-Carlo

paragraphs: The Opéra de Monte-Carlo (Salle Garnier) is an opera house in Monaco. It was built in the 1870s by Prince Charles III of Monaco and the Société des bains de mer de Monaco. Building was directed by the architect Charles Garnier, who also designed the Palais Garnier in Paris. The Monaco opera house is an exact miniature of the Paris Opera House. It seats 524. It is in Belle Epoque style. It opened on 25 January 1879. The house was renovated in 2004-5.


title: Google Play

paragraphs: Google Play is a platform by Google. It is a online store for music, books, movies and a few million Android applications. Google formed it in March 2012 by merging for different stores:

paragraphs: Google Play also sold Google hardware devices, until 2015 when Google started a new Google Store for that.


title: Ragged Island

paragraphs: Ragged Island is a small island and district in the southern Bahamas. The island was badly damaged by Hurricane Donna. In 2000 there were just 72 people.


title: The Open Door Tour

paragraphs: The Open Door Tour is the second worldwide tour by American alternative metal band Evanescence. Supporting the bands' second album, "The Open Door", the tour began October 5, 2006, in Toronto, Canada and lasted for a little over a year. During the tour, the band performed at several popular music festivals, including Download and PinkPop festivals and Z100's Jingle Ball. The setlist included songs from The Open Door and the bands debut album, Fallen.

paragraphs: For the first leg of the tour, the band toured locations in North America in October and traveled to Europe in November to play a number of shows before returning to the U.S. in December to perform in large arenas. The band later continued this leg of the tour in January 2007 in Montreal, Canada, playing in locations in Canada before heading to Japan and Australia.

paragraphs: The second leg of the tour began on March 16, kicking off in Fresno, California. The tour ran through the U.S., South America, South Africa and Europe, closing their European tour with a sell-out concert at the Amphi in Ra'anana, Israel, on June 26, 2007. On May 4, 2007, guitarist John LeCompt was fired and drummer Rocky Grey quit. They were replaced by Troy McLawhorn and Will Hunt from the band Dark New Day.

paragraphs: Evanescence later co-headlined The Family Values Tour alongside Korn from July 27 until September 2, 2007. Afterwards, the band left on their Winter tour on October 23, playing shows in the U.S. and Mexico, before concluding the album's tour on December 8, 2007 in Kingston, Rhode Island. It was initially stated that McLawhorn and Hunt would tour with Evanescence till the end of the Family Values Tour in September, but continued to play with the band through The Open Door tour.


title: Chelsea (name)

paragraphs: The name Chelsea is a given name used for females. It is pronounced CHELL-see. There are many famous people named Chelsea, including Chelsea Clinton (the daughter of former President Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham Clinton). The name was used most in 1992, when it was at #15 in the United States on the USA Social Security Administration baby naming chart.

paragraphs: The name might come from the Old English language and mean "chalk landing place".


title: Stairlift

paragraphs: A stairlift or stair lift is a special type of chair. The user sits in the chair and it moves him or her up the stairs. Stairlifts are often used by people who are handicapped or cannot walk up the stairs.

paragraphs: Stairlifts travel on rails that are bolted to the staircase, not the wall. Most stairlifts have a battery-powered motor. The battery allows the user to ride the lift even if the power goes out.


title: Teatro Regio (Turin)

paragraphs: The Teatro Regio ('Royal Theatre') is a well-known opera house and opera company in Turin, Italy.

paragraphs: Operas had been performed in various buildings in Turin during the 17th century but it was not until 1713 that a proper opera house was planned. It was not built and finished until 1740. It was a beautiful opera house with 1,500 seats and with 139 boxes.

paragraphs: In 1792 it was closed and became a warehouse. With the French occupation of Turin during the Napoleonic War the theatre was renamed the "Teatro Nazionale" and finally, after Napoleon became emperor, renamed again as the "Teatro Imperiale". When Napoleon's lost power in 1814 it got its original name back: the "Regio".

paragraphs: Other theatres were built and gave seasons of opera in Turin. Among them was the restored "Teatro Carignano" in 1824. It was taken over by the municipality in 1932 and, after the destruction by fire of the "Teatro Regio" in 1936, the Carignano was the main opera house in the city until the "Regio" reopened in 1973.

paragraphs: The Regio was rebuilt in 1905 but the theatre closed during the First World War and re-opened in 1919. Until February 1936, seasons of opera were presented until fire then destroyed everything except the front of the building. It remained closed for thirty-seven years. Arturo Toscanini was the conductor of the Turin Opera from 1895 to 1898, during which time several production of works of Wagner were given their first Italian performances.

paragraphs: The opera house was rebuilt an opened in 10 April 1973 with a production of Verdi's "I Vespri Siciliani" directed by Maria Callas and Giuseppe Di Stefano.

paragraphs: The new house, which uses the original frontage, seats 1,750 and is elliptical in shape with a large orchestra level and 37 boxes. An acoustic shell was added to improve its sound. Many operas are performed there, including modern operas.


title: Al-Hasa

paragraphs: Al-Ahsa, sometimes Al-Hasa, El Hasa, or Hadjar is a traditional oasis region in eastern Saudi Arabia. The oasis is about 60 km inland from the Persian Gulf.

paragraphs: Al-Ahsa is part of the region known historically as Al-Bahrayn. It includes the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula down to the borders of Oman. It also includes the island of Awal (modern-day Bahrain).

paragraphs: Al-Hasa has one of the largest numbers of Shia Muslims in mostly Sunni Saudi Arabia.

paragraphs: With an area of around , Al-Ahsa Oasis is the largest oasis in the world. There are more than 2.5 million palm trees including date palms in the oasis, which is fed from a huge underground aquifer and irrigated by the flow of more than 280 artesian springs, which allows agriculture all year round in a region that is otherwise sand desert.


title: Qatif

paragraphs: Qatif or Al-Qatif is a governorate and urban area in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. It goes from Ras Tanura and Jubail in the north to Dammam in the south. It is from the Persian Gulf in the east to King Fahd International Airport in the west.

paragraphs: Qatif is one of the oldest towns in the eastern side of the Arabian peninsula. Its history goes back to 3500 BC. Qatifi people used to work as merchants, farmers, and fishers. Now most of Qatifi's people are working in oil, industry, public services, education and health care sectors.


title: House of Khalifa

paragraphs: The Al Khalifa family is the ruling royal family of Bahrain. The Al Khalifa are Sunni Islam. They belong to the Anizah tribe that came from Najd to Kuwait in the early 18th century. They are also from the Utub tribe. The current head of the family is Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa. He became the Emir of Bahrain in 1999 and made himself King of Bahrain in 2002.

paragraphs: As of 2010, about half of the cabinet ministers of Bahrain are from the Al Khalifa royal family. The country's Prime Minister, Khalifah bin Salman al-Khalifah, is also from the Al Khalifa family and is the uncle of the current King.

paragraphs: Public offices in Bahrain that Al Khalifa family members have:


title: Islamic Consultative Assembly

paragraphs: The National Consultative Assembly of Iran, also called The Iranian Parliament or People's House, is the national legislative body of Iran. The Parliament has 290 representatives. There were 272 seats since the 18 February 2000 election. The election took place on 2 March 2012. The new parliament will be opened on 27 May 2012.

paragraphs: The first national assembly, the "Majlis", was formed in 1906, after the 1905-1906 revolution. The Majlis wrote a constitution for the Persian empire.

paragraphs: The first Majlis had 156 delegates. Tehran had 60 of the 156 seats. Major provinces like Azerbaijan had 12 delegates. Smaller provinces like Gilan and Tavala had 6 delegates each.

paragraphs: In 1941, Britain and Russia invaded Persia to put the Germans out. This happened during the 13th Majlis. Mohamed Reza Shah was the constitutional monarch from 1941-1953. From 1953 until the revolution of 1979, Shah was the absolute ruler. Elections for the 14th Majlis were in 1943. In 1950, a special assembly met to create a new upper house, or senate, with half of the members appointed by Shah. The assembly also gave Shah the power to dissolve the national assembly. The 21st Majlis was elected in September 1963.

paragraphs: After the revolution, Iran changed the name of the parliament from the National Assembly to the Islamic Assembly.


title: Charles Belgrave

paragraphs: Charles Dalrymple Belgrave (1894–1969) was a British citizen. He was an advisor to the rulers of Bahrain from 1926 until 1957. He first was under Shaikh Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifa. The he was under Shaikh Salman ibn Hamad Al-Khalifa.

paragraphs: During the war he was with the Imperial Camel Corps. He spent two years in Siwa Oasis. He got better at his Arabic at the School of Oriental and African Studies in London. He came to Bahrain in March 1926. He stayed there until 1957.

paragraphs: The biggest long-term benefit to the country has said to be the making of schools for girls by his wife Marjorie Belgrave.


title: Abdul Amir al-Jamri

paragraphs: Sheikh Abdul Amir al-Jamri (1937-December 18, 2006) was the 'spiritual leader' of Bahrain's Twelver Shi'a population and the 1990s Intifada. He is the father of Mansoor Al-Jamri, editor-in-chief of the Al Wasat daily newspaper.

paragraphs: Al-Jamri was born in the village of Bani Jamra, Bahrain, in 1937. In 1962 he went to school at the Najaf Religious Institute in Iraq. In 1973 al-Jamri became a member of Bahrain's parliament, the National Assembly of Bahrain.

paragraphs: Beginning in 1977, al-Jamri was a judge at the High Religious Court of Bahrain. In 1992, al-Jamri joined with Islamists, liberals and leftists to ask the ruler of Bahrain to make a new parliament. In 1994, he asked again.

paragraphs: On April 1, 1995, al-Jamri was placed under house arrest for two weeks. He then went to jail. He was let go on September 25, 1995. On January 21, 1996 he went to jail again. On July 7, 1999 al-Jamri was given 10 years imprisonment and fined $15 million. He was let go a day later and placed under house arrest until January 23, 2001. Less than one month later he called on the people to support the reforms of the King of Bahrain, Hamad ibn Isa Al Khalifah.

paragraphs: In June 2002, al-Jamri suffered a stroke. He died at home on December 18, 2006.


title: Sheikh

paragraphs: Sheikh — also spelled Sheik or Shaikh or Shekh — is an honorific in the Arabic language. It means "elder" and often means "leader and/or governor". It is commonly used for the front man of a tribe. He can be an Islamic scholar who got this title after graduating from a basic Islamic school. Sheikha is the female term. These are uncommon in the Arabic world. A sheikh who is wise is called "ḥakīm" and can rule.

paragraphs: The word is also generally used for a man over forty or fifty years of age.

paragraphs: In Bangladesh, India and Pakistan, "Sheikh" is a common surname among Muslims. It generally means there is Arab ancestry.


title: Abdulhadi al-Khawaja

paragraphs: Abdulhadi Abdulla Hubail Alkhawaja is a Bahraini-Danish human rights activists. He is now in prison in Bahrain after the Bahraini uprising.

paragraphs: He is former president and co-founder of the Bahrain Centre for Human Rights (BCHR). This is a nonprofit non-governmental group which works to promote human rights in Bahrain.

paragraphs: On 9 April 2011, Alkhawaja was arrested. Alkhawaja was given life imprisonment on 22 June 2011. On 8 February 2012, he started a hunger strike until "freedom or death".


title: Hasan Mushaima

paragraphs: Hasan Mushaima is an opposition leader in Bahrain. He is the secretary-general of the Haq Movement. He wants more democratic rights in Bahrain. He was a starting member of Al Wefaq. He was in the 1994 uprising in Bahrain.

paragraphs: The Bahraini government arrested Mushaima many times.

paragraphs: In 2010 Mushaima traveled to Great Britain to be treated for lung cancer.

paragraphs: Mushaima said he was going to return to Bahrain during the protests in February 2011. He was kept in Lebanon. Mushaima finally did return to Bahrain on Saturday, February 26, 2011.

paragraphs: On 22 June 2011, Mushaima was given life imprisonment by a military court for "attempting to overthrow the monarchy".


title: Governorate

paragraphs: A governorate is an administrative division of a country. It is headed by a governor. English-speaking nations call regions who have governors either states, provinces, or colonies.

paragraphs: The word governorate is widely used in Arab countries.


title: Governorates of Jordan

paragraphs: Jordan is divided into 12 governorates. In 1994, four new governorates were created: Jerash, Ajloun, Madaba and Aqaba.

paragraphs: The governorates of Jordan are in one of three regions: the North Region, Central Region and the South Region. The regions are mainly distributed by the distance between the cities.


title: Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority

paragraphs: The Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip were divided into three areas and 16 governorates. They are under the Palestinian National Authority.


title: Governorates of Saudi Arabia

paragraphs: Governorates are the second level of regional administration within Saudi Arabia. Each of Saudi Arabia's 13 emirates is divided into governorates. Governorates are then divided into sub-governorates. Governorates in Saudi Arabia can be either "Category A" or "Category B", depending on how many people live there. The number of Governorates in Saudi Arabia is 118. 119 if you include the special municipality of Al-Udayd.


title: Capital Governorate, Bahrain

paragraphs: The Capital Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the municipalities of Al Manamah, Ras Roman and Jidd Haffs.


title: Central Governorate

paragraphs: The Central Governorate was one of the five governorates of Bahrain until 23 September 2014. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, Madinat 'Isa, Sitrah and A'ali.


title: Northern Governorate

paragraphs: The Northern Governorate is one of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of the former municipalities of Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Al Mintaqah al Wusta, Al Mintaqah al Shamaliyah, Jidd Haffs and Madinat Hamad.


title: Southern Governorate

paragraphs: The Southern Governorate is the largest of the five governorates of Bahrain. It includes parts of Bahrain's old municipalities - Al Mintaqah al Gharbiyah, Ar Rifa' wa al Mintaqah al Janubiyah, and Juzur Hawar (the Hawar Islands). It has the least number of people of the regions on Bahrain. It is the least economically productive.


Arabian Gulf


title: Mountain of Smoke

paragraphs: The Mountain of Smoke is a hill in the Southern Governorate of Bahrain. At above mean sea level, it is the country's highest point.

paragraphs: The Mountain of Smoke is named because of the haze which often surrounds it on humid days. A number of caves are around the mountain.


title: Territorial waters

paragraphs: Territorial waters, or a territorial sea is a belt of coastal waters that go at most from the edge of a coastal state. The territorial sea is land of the state. Ships are let to sail on it. Ownership also extends to the airspace over and seabed below.

paragraphs: The term "territorial waters" is also sometimes used to mean any area of water a state has jurisdiction. This includes internal waters, the contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and potentially the continental shelf.

paragraphs: The contiguous zone is a band of water that goes from the outer edge of the territorial sea to up to from the baseline.


title: Refinery

paragraphs: A refinery is a production place that breaks down certain materials and makes raw material into products of value.

paragraphs: Different types of refineries are as follows:


title: Master of Business Administration

paragraphs: Master of Business Administration (often shortened to MBA) is a postgraduate academic degree. People who study for an MBA already have a degree in another field of study and study management. Very often, a master's degree is required, but sometimes bachelor's degree-holders with work experience are also accepted. Unlike other areas of study, MBA courses are often targeted at people who work, and can be done in a part-time fashion, including distance learning. MBA programs usually take two years, full-time. The main target group for MBAs are engineers, lawyers, doctors of medicine, and other with a background form the humanities. The idea of the MBA is to give those people qualifications in management positions.


title: Australian Greens

paragraphs: The Australian Greens is a green political party in Australia founded in 1992. Right now, they are the third-biggest political party in Australia, based on how many votes they got in the 2019 federal election. The leader right now is Adam Bandt. Nine members of the Senate and one member of the House of Representatives are a part of the Greens.

paragraphs: Bob Brown lead the party in federal parliament from 2005 to 2012. In 2010 Adam Bandt was elected to the seat of Melbourne and became one of several crossbenchers providing support to the Gillard Labor minority government.

paragraphs: The Greens also discuss other issues than the environment, such as equality, human rights, peace and non-violence.


title: Grande école

paragraphs: Grandes écoles are specialized universities in France. Each grande école only teaches a very limited number of subjects. Unlike the other universities in France, the grandes écoles can pick the students they admit. These students have to follow special courses and tests before they are admitted. The grandes écoles award degrees that correspond to a master's degree; they do not award bachelor's degrees. There is no exhaustive list, but in general, there are the following types of grandes écoles, along with some of the representative schools in each category:


title: Kerrang! Awards

paragraphs: The Kerrang! Awards are the United Kingdom's annual music awards run by the music magazine "Kerrang!". Since they began in 1993, the Kerrang! Awards have become one of Britain's biggest and most advertised music awards.


title: Beginnings

paragraphs: Beginnings is a 1969 rock album by English band Slade, under their earlier name Ambrose Slade. It was the band's first studio album, which failed to chart. In America, the album was titled "Ballzy" and featured new artwork.

paragraphs: The album featured the instrumental single "Genesis".


title: Play It Loud

paragraphs: Play It Loud is a 1970 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's second studio album, released before their fame and therefore failing to chart. In Canada, the album was released in 1973 where it charted at #40.

paragraphs: The album featured the two singles "Shape of Things to Come" and "Know Who You Are" which did not chart.


title: Slayed?

paragraphs: Slayed? is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's third studio album, released as the first since their rise to fame. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the two singles "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" and "Gudbuy T'Jane".


title: Sladest

paragraphs: Sladest is a 1973 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's first UK compilation, mixing all the band's hit singles with some songs from before the band's fame. A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.


title: Old New Borrowed and Blue

paragraphs: Old New Borrowed and Blue is a 1974 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fourth studio album. In America, the album was titled "Stomp Your Hands, Clap Your Feet". A successful album, it went to number one in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "My Friend Stan" and "Everyday".


title: Slade Alive!

paragraphs: Slade Alive! is a 1972 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's first live album. A successful album, it went to number two in the UK.


title: Slade in Flame (album)

paragraphs: Slade in Flame is a 1974 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fifth studio album. The album was a soundtrack to the band's own 1975 film "Slade in Flame". A successful album, it went to number six in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Far Far Away" and "How Does It Feel?".

paragraphs: There were "Bangin' Man" instead of "Summer Song (Wishing You Were Here)" and "Thanks For The Memories" instead of "Heaven Knows" on US version.


title: Nobody's Fools

paragraphs: Nobody's Fools is a 1976 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's sixth studio album. A year before, the band had moved to America to try and gain success in the country, causing the band to lose popularity in the UK and Europe. The album showed the band's declining popularity by peaking at #14 in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "In For A Penny", "Let's Call It Quits" and "Nobody's Fool".


title: Whatever Happened to Slade

paragraphs: Whatever Happened to Slade is a 1977 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's seventh studio album. After the band had tried to find success in America, the band were no longer popular in the UK or Europe. The album failed to chart in the UK, due to the new interest in Punk music.

paragraphs: The album featured the single "Gypsy Roadhog".


title: Return to Base

paragraphs: Return to Base is a 1979 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's eighth studio album. Continuing the band's period of low popularity, the band were no longer able to get hit singles or albums. The album was released to failure, where it failed to chart.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Ginny, Ginny" and "Sign of the Times".


title: We'll Bring the House Down

paragraphs: We'll Bring the House Down is a 1981 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's ninth studio album. After the band's period of low popularity, the band played at the 1980 Reading Festival, after Ozzy Osbourne cancelled his appearance at the last minute. The band's performance gave them popularity again and the album peaked at #25 in the UK, becoming their comeback album. The album used some songs from their previous album "Return to Base" from 1979.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "We'll Bring the House Down" and "Wheels ain't Coming Down".


title: Till Deaf Do Us Part

paragraphs: Till Deaf Do Us Part is a 1981 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's tenth studio album. After the band's comeback at the 1980 Reading Festival, the band were now popular again amongst heavy metal fans. The band released a hard rock/heavy metal album to fit with this new success, and the album itself peaked at #68 in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Knuckle Sandwich Nancy", "Lock Up Your Daughters", Ruby Red" and "Rock and Roll Preacher".


title: The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome

paragraphs: The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome is a 1983 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's eleventh studio album. The album featured two successful UK top ten singles, whilst the album itself peaked at #49 in the UK. It was the band's most successful album of the 1980s.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "(And Now the Waltz) C'est La Vie", "My Oh My" and "Run Runaway".


title: Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply

paragraphs: Keep Your Hands Off My Power Supply is a 1984 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's twelfth studio album. The album was a new version of the band's previous album "The Amazing Kamikaze Syndrome", where it was released in America only, after heavy metal band Quiet Riot had big success with a cover of the Slade song "Cum on Feel the Noize". It became the band's most successful album in America, peaking at #33.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Run Runaway", "My Oh My" and the promotional single "Slam the Hammer Down".


title: Rogues Gallery

paragraphs: Rogues Gallery is a 1985 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's thirteenth studio album. Following from the band's European and American success with the singles "My Oh My" and "Run Runaway", the band decided to stop touring but continue recording. The album featured ten radio-friendly songs, although the album was not as successful as hoped, peaking at #60 in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "All Join Hands", "7 Year Bitch", "Myzsterious Mizster Jones" and "Little Sheila".


title: Natalie

paragraphs: Natalie is a female given name derived from late Latin name Natalia (which in turn means "Christmas Day". "Natalie" is found in many languages but is especially prevalent in French and English speaking countries. There are many famous people with this female name, such as Natalie Portman and Natalie Cole.


title: Crackers – The Christmas Party Album

paragraphs: Crackers – The Christmas Party Album is a 1985 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fourteenth studio album. The album mainly featured new versions of Slade songs, various versions of party anthems, previous Slade hits. The album was successful, peaking at #34 in the UK, receiving a Gold award for sales.

paragraphs: The album featured the single "Do You Believe in Miracles".


title: You Boyz Make Big Noize

paragraphs: You Boyz Make Big Noize is a 1987 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's fourteenth and last studio album. The album featured twelve radio-friendly songs, although the album was not as successful as hoped, peaking at #98 in the UK.

paragraphs: The album featured the singles "Still the Same", "That's What Friends Are For", "You Boyz Make Big Noize", "Ooh La La in L.A." and "We Won't Give In".


title: Slade Alive, Vol. 2

paragraphs: Slade Alive, Vol. 2 is a 1978 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's second live album. Released during the band's period of low popularity, the album failed to chart or gain the same success as the first live album "Slade Alive!" did.


title: Slade on Stage

paragraphs: Slade on Stage is a 1982 rock album by English band Slade. It was the band's third and last live album. The album peaked at #58 in the UK.


title: Salon du livre aéronautique

paragraphs: The Salon du livre aéronautique (in English : aeronautical literary festival) is an events for aviation books and writing created in 2009 and organized each year in Toulouse (campus of ENAC) by the French Civil Aviation University and the ENAC Alumni association.

paragraphs: The event welcomes both large and small publishers and representatives of the book industry. Its originality is to be open to professionals and general public. On one day, meetings are organized with writers, authors ... The diversity of participants, book signings, discussion topics and activities have helped to make this appointment a great cultural and festive time.


title: Laura

paragraphs: The name Laura is a female given name in Latin Europe whose meaning, "Bay Laurel", translates to everyman. The name is from the bay laurel plant, which in the Greco-Roman era, was used as a symbol of victory, fame or honor.

paragraphs: Around British North America, it is likely the name "Laura" was strongly popular for female babies until its rapid decline in late 19th century. It rebounded various times since, although it has steadily declined in popularity in some countries.

paragraphs: There are many celebrities carrying the name "Laura".


title: 39th G8 summit

paragraphs: The 39th G8 summit took place in Northern Ireland on 17th and 18th June 2013. The meeting was at the Lough Erne Golf Resort in Enniskillen, Northern Ireland

paragraphs: In the Queen's speech at the state opening of Parliament in 2012, Elizabeth II said that "my government will use this opportunity to promote international security and prosperity."

paragraphs: The gathering of the Group of Eight (G8) will be the 39th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

paragraphs: Previous G8 summits have been hosted by the United Kingdom at London (1977, 1984, 1991) and Birmingham (1998) in England. The 2005 summit was in Scotland at Gleneagles.

paragraphs: The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

paragraphs: The participants will be the "core members" of the group:

paragraphs: A number of national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit. They are asked to participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities.

paragraphs: The summit meetings are intended as a way to resolve differences among the G8 members.

paragraphs: Traditionally, the host country sets the agenda. As host, Prime Minister Cameron is expected to try to change the G8. He has criticised costs and questioned the value of G8 meetings.

paragraphs: Discussions at the 39th G8 summit will include some issues which remain unresolved from previous summits.

paragraphs: The G8 discussions will be about a range of topics, including

paragraphs: Because of the nature of the summit, protest groups and other activists usually attend. The planning for the summit includes how to deal with these groups.

paragraphs: Britain's leading aid groups and charities are planning a "propaganda offensive" which hopes to affect the food-dominated agenda for the G8.


title: Bugatti

paragraphs: Bugatti is a French supercar company currently owned by Volkswagen. They made cars back in the early 1900s. They made cars such as the Bugatti Veyron. Unlike the regular Veyron, with 300 produced, there are only 20 supersport versions, which used to hold the record for world's fastest car at 267mph. However, that record has been broken by the new Bugatti Chiron, breaking the 300mph barrier. All Bugattis have a 16-cylinder engine and all cost between $1.8 million to $2.2 million (not counting the extras).


title: Samantha Mumba

paragraphs: Samantha Tamania Anne Cecilia Mumba (born 18 January 1983) is an Irish singer, dancer, actress and musician who first became famous around 2000 with the single "Gotta Tell You". Samantha sings contralto. Mumba has also been in many movies, in particular independent movies.

paragraphs: Mumba's first single, "Gotta Tell You", reached No. 1 in the Irish charts. It later reached No. 2 in the British charts. Mumba also had success in the USA, with the song reaching No. 4 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. To date, her first album has sold over 4 million copies worldwide.


title: Financial Times

paragraphs: The Financial Times (FT) is an international business newspaper. It is a morning daily newspaper published in London. It is printed in 24 cities around the world. About 110 of its 475 journalists are outside the UK.

paragraphs: Along with FT.com, it has an average daily readership of 2.1 million people worldwide. FT.com has 4 million registered users and 250,000 digital subscribers, as well as 585,681 paying users. The "Financial Times" in print format has an average daily circulation of three hundred and five thousand copies worldwide as of April 2012.

paragraphs: It was started in 1888 by James Sheridan and Horatio Bottomley. The "FT" specialises in UK and international business and financial news. It is printed as a broadsheet on light salmon paper.


title: Bahraini people

paragraphs: The Baharna (singular Bahrani) are the people of the archipelago of Bahrain and the oasis of Qatif on the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia. The term is sometimes also given to the Shi'a people of the al-Hasa oasis. They are all Arabic speaking. They claim descent from Arab tribes. Their dialect of Arabic is known as "Bahrani" or "Bahrani Arabic". Almost all follow Shia Islam.


title: Muharraq

paragraphs: Muharraq (meaning Place of Ashes), is Bahrain's third largest city. It was the capital until 1923. The Muharraq Town was replaced by Manama as the capital of Bahrain.

paragraphs: The city is on Muharraq Island. Bahrain International Airport is located on the island.

paragraphs: Muharraq is home to Muharraq Club, which is Bahrain's most successful football club. The city is also known for its traditional market, or souq, and as a home of traditional arts and music. Ali Bahar, a popular and successful Bahraini singer is from Muharraq.

paragraphs: Gulf Air and Bahrain Air have headquarters in Muharraq.


title: Bani Jamra

paragraphs: Bani Jamra is a village in the north-west of Bahrain. It is east of Budaiya and south of Diraz. It is in the Northern Governorate. Before the discovery of oil in Bahrain, most of the people were involved in farming, especially date palms. Bani Jamra is also famous as a center of traditional fabric weaving, a rapidly dying art.

paragraphs: Almost all of the people of Bani Jamra are Baharna Shias. Leading cleric and political activist Abdul Amir al-Jamri, and his son Mansoor Al-Jamri are from the village.


title: A'ali

paragraphs: A'ali is one of the biggest towns in Bahrain. Before it was a part of the municipality of Mintaqah. Since 2001 it is in the Central Governorate. A'ali is famous for its 170,000+ ancient burial mounds. These are one of the largest graveyards in the world. A'ali is famous also for its old pottery handicraft.

paragraphs: A'ali is in the middle of Bahrain. It is south of Isa Town and north of Riffa. A'ali has a National Driving School. A'ali is mainly a Shia town. It is approximately 15 km (9.3 miles) southwest of the capital of Bahrain.


title: Souq

paragraphs: A souq or souk (also spelled soq, souk, esouk, suk, sooq, souq, or suq) is an open-air marketplace or commercial quarter in an Arab, or Berber city. A souk or souq is a free-market where vendors can say the going market price for their products. The term is often used for the market in any Arab or Muslim city. In modern times, it appears in Western cities, too. It may also be the weekly market in some smaller towns where no tribal conflicts would be allowed.


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title: Muharram

paragraphs: Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar. It is one of the four sacred months of the year in which fighting is not allowed. The other months are Dhu al-Qi'dah, Dhu al-Hijjah and Rajab. Since the Islamic calendar is a lunar calendar, Muharram moves from year to year when compared with the Gregorian calendar.

paragraphs: Muharram is held to be the most sacred of all the months, except for Ramadan. Some Muslims fast during these days. The tenth day of Muharram is the Day of Ashura. To Shia Muslims it is part of the Mourning of Muharram. The mourning is for Husayn ibn Ali who was the grandson of Prophet Muhammad and their third Imam.

paragraphs: Many Sunni Muslims fast during this day. It is in the "hadith" that Musa (Moses) and his people had a victory over the Egyptian Pharaoh on the 10th day of Muharram. The Islamic prophet Muhammad asked Muslims to fast on this day, and also a day extra either before or after. Many Muslims cook something sweet like sweet rice and share with their family and circle of friends to eat when breaking their fast.


title: Diana Dors

paragraphs: Diana Dors (born Diana Mary Fluck, 23 October 1931 – 4 May 1984) was a British actress. She was born in Swindon, Wiltshire.

paragraphs: Dors died of ovarian cancer in Windsor, Berkshire.


title: Day of Ashura

paragraphs: The Day of Ashura is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar. It is the high point of the Remembrance of Muharram.

paragraphs: Shi'a Muslims mourn for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad. He died at the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram in the year 61 AH (October 10, 680 AD). According to Sunni Muslim tradition, Muhammad fasted on this day and asked other people to fast.

paragraphs: In many Shi'a regions of Muslim countries such as Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Lebanon, and Bahrain; the Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a national holiday. Most ethnic and religious communities participate in it. Even in a mostly Hindu country like India, Ashura is a public holiday.


title: Scientific management

paragraphs: Scientific management is a field of study which was started by Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856-1915). In his honor, the domain is sometimes called Taylorism. Taylor believed he could improve work in a company and its management through scientific procedures. This would solve the social problems in the company and guarantee wealth for all people. Very important components are:

paragraphs: It was mainly used for manufacturing processes, where workers operated machines to get a product. Today, the main problems seen with this approach is that the workers were treated like machines and not like human beings. It is the division of labour pushed to its extreme.


title: 40th G7 summit

paragraphs: The 40th G8 summit was held in Brussels on June 4–5, 2014. It was originally going to be held at the Black Sea resort of Sochi, Russia.

paragraphs: After Russia's involvement in the 2014 Crimean crisis, some people wanted Russia to leave the G8. On March 24, United Kingdom Prime Minister David Cameron said that the meeting would not occur in Russia due to the Crimean crisis. The other seven countries decided to hold it without Russia.

paragraphs: The participants will be the "core members" of the group:

paragraphs: A number of national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit.

paragraphs: On June 4, 2014 on G7 meeting in Brussels leaders of the G7 nations in their joint statement condemned Moscow for its «continuing violation» of Ukraine's sovereignty and say they are prepared to impose further sanctions on Russia over its actions in Ukraine.

paragraphs: The G7 summit on June 4–5, 2014 is the first since Russia was expelled from the group following its annexation of Crimea in March.

paragraphs: Planning for the summit has to anticipate protest groups and other activists.

paragraphs: For some, the G8 summit will be a profit-generating event; as for example, the "G8 Summit" magazines which have been published since 1998.


title: President of Bangladesh

paragraphs: The President of Bangladesh is the Head of State of Bangladesh. Since 1991, Bangladesh is a parliamentary democracy. This makes the President a mostly ceremonial post elected by the parliament. The President lives at the Bangabhaban Palace which is his office and home.


title: Zillur Rahman

paragraphs: Mohammed Zillur Rahman (9 March 1929 - 20 March 2013) was the President of Bangladesh. He was a senior member of the Awami League. He was made the nineteenth president by the Election Commission of Bangladesh on 11 February 2009. No other candidate filed to run in the presidential election. Rahman died on March 20, 2013 after being taken to Singapore City from an lung infection, aged 84.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

paragraphs: The Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh is the Head of the Government of Bangladesh. The current Prime Minister, Hasina Wajed, was elected on December 29, 2008. The office of the Prime Minister is at Tejgaon in Dhaka city.


title: Father Ted

paragraphs: Father Ted is an Anglo-Irish sitcom created for Channel 4. It was created by Graham Linehan and Arthur Mathews and produced by Hat Trick Productions. It was shown from 21 April 1995 until 1 May 1998. It is set on a fictional island off the west of Ireland. It is about three Roman Catholic priests who share a house. It stars Dermot Morgan as Father Ted Crilly, Ardal O'Hanlon as Father Dougal McGuire and Frank Kelly as Father Jack Hackett. Pauline McLynn plays their housekeeper Mrs Doyle.


title: Sheikh Hasina

paragraphs: Sheikh Hasina Wazed (born September 28, 1947) is a Bangladeshi politician. She is the 10th and current Prime Minister of Bangladesh. She has been the President of the Bangladesh Awami League, a major political party, since 1981. She is the oldest of five children of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman. Sheikh Hasina also held the office, from 1996 to 2001.


title: Abdul Hamid (politician)

paragraphs: Mohammed Abdul Hamid (born 1 January 1944) is the 15th President of Bangladesh since 2013. He was the Speaker of the National Parliament of Bangladesh from 2009 through 2013.

paragraphs: Hamid was born in Mithamoin in the Kishoreganj District.

paragraphs: He started his political career while a student in Kishoreganj. He was the vice president of Gurudayal Government College. He later became a lawyer in the Kishoreganj Judge Court. He was president of Kishoreganj Bar Association several times. He has been elected 7 times as a member of Parliament from 1970 to 2009.

paragraphs: On 25 January 2009, he became the Speaker of the National Parliament of Bangladesh. Currently he is the 20th President of Bangladesh.


title: Chief Justice of Bangladesh

paragraphs: Chief Justice of Bangladesh is the chief of the judges of the Supreme Court of Bangladesh. The Chief Justice is picked by the President of Bangladesh.


title: Cox's Bazar

paragraphs: Cox's Bazar is a town, a fishing port and district headquarters in Bangladesh. It is known for its wide sandy beach. It is the world's longest natural sandy sea beach. It is 150 km south of the port Chittagong. Cox’s Bazar is also known by the name "Panowa". The modern Cox's Bazar gets its name from Captain Hiram Cox (died 1799), an officer serving in British India.

paragraphs: Today, Cox's Bazar is one of the most-visited tourist destinations in Bangladesh. It has not yet become a major international tourist destination.


title: Sundarbans

paragraphs: The Sundarbans is the largest single block of tidal halophytic mangrove forest in the world. The Sunderbans is a UNESCO World Heritage Site covering parts of Khulna Division of Bangladesh. This is because it is made up of lots of cities.

paragraphs: The Sundarbans National Park is a National Park, Tiger Reserve, and a Biosphere Reserve. It is in the Sundarbans delta in the Indian state of West Bengal. This region is covered by mangrove forests. It is one of the largest reserves for the Bengal tiger.


title: Rangpur Division

paragraphs: Rangpur Division became Bangladesh's seventh division on January 25, 2010. Before that, it was the northern 8 districts of the Rajshahi Division. The Rangpur division has eight districts: Rangpur, Dinajpur, Kurigram, Gaibandha, Nilphamari, Panchagarh, Thakurgaon, and Lalmonirhat. There are 58 subdistricts under these eight districts. Rangpur is the northernmost division of Bangladesh. There were 15,665,000 people at the 2011 Census.

paragraphs: The major cities of this new division are Rangpur and Dinajpur. Rangpur has well-known schools, such as Carmichael College, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Rangpur Medical College, Rangpur Cadet College, and Begum Rokeya University.

paragraphs: In 1947 it became a part of the former East Pakistan province as a district.


title: Tigon

paragraphs: A tigon or tiglon is a big cat whose father is a male tiger and whose mother is a female lion.


title: Eosinophil granulocyte

paragraphs: Eosinophil granulocytes, usually called "eosinophils" or "eosinophiles", are granulocyte white blood cells that fight off certain parasites and infections in vertebrates. When they are activated, eosinophils release a cocktail of proteins from their granules, including heparin. Like mast cells and basophils, their main targets are parasites, and they are part causes of the syndromes called asthma and allergy.

paragraphs: Eosinophils make up 1-6% of white blood cells circulating in the body. They are similar in size to neutrophils but have reddish-orange granules (when stained with eosin) and a bilobed nucleus. Eosinophil granulocytes are important defenders against large, multi-cellular parasites, such as worms and flukes. Their numbers increase during a parasitic infection.


title: Christine Milne

paragraphs: Christine Anne Milne (born 14 May 1953) is an Australian senator for Tasmania and leader of the Australian Greens since 13 April 2012. She held the position after the previous leader Bob Brown resigned.


title: Aerostatics

paragraphs: Aerostatics is the study of gases that are not in motion. The study of gases in motion is called aerodynamics. It is a part of fluid statics.

paragraphs: An aerostat is a lighter than air craft, such as an airship or balloon, which uses the principles of aerostatics to float.


title: 37th G8 summit

paragraphs: The 37th G8 summit was held 26–27 May 2011 in the commune of Deauville in France.

paragraphs: The Deauville summit of the Group of Eight (G8) was the 37th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

paragraphs: Previous G8 summits have been hosted by France at Rambouillet (1975); Versailles (1982); Paris (1989); Lyon (1996); and Évian-les-Bains (2003).

paragraphs: The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

paragraphs: These summit participants were the current "core members" of the G8:

paragraphs: Other national leaders are traditionally invited to attend the summit. They participate in some, but not all, G8 summit activities. African leaders who came to Deauville included:

paragraphs: Traditionally, the host country of the G8 summit sets the agenda. French general priorities included peace and security.

paragraphs: Discussions included some issues which remained unresolved from previous summits.

paragraphs: Some of the specific topics on the agenda were:

paragraphs: World events caused the list of topics to grow, including

paragraphs: Protest groups and others organized public events. In these demonstrations, the slogan "G8 dégage" ("G8 Go Away") was notable.

paragraphs: The demonstrators are widely understood to be against globalisation.

paragraphs: According to the Mayor of Deauville, "Our main interest is the economic implications."

paragraphs: For some, the G8 summit became a profit-generating event. For example, the "G8 Summit" magazines have been published under the auspices of the host nations for distribution to all attendees since 1998.


title: Khulna

paragraphs: Khulna is the fourth largest city in Bangladesh. It is on the banks of the Rupsha and Bhairab rivers in Khulna District. It is the headquarters of Khulna Division. It is a major industrial and commercial center. It has a seaport named Mongla on its outskirts, 38 km from Khulna City. There were about 1,000,000 people in 2010 estimation.

paragraphs: The city is 333 km southwest of Bangladesh's capital Dhaka. It is connected by air, road, train and water transportation.

paragraphs: Khulna is known as the city of shrimp, because 75% of shrimp exported from Bangladesh are from the Khulna zone. It is also known for its lobster, prawn, catfish, and crab.


title: Rajshahi

paragraphs: The city of Rajshahi is the headquarters of Rajshahi Division and Rajshahi District. It is one of the six metropolitan cities of Bangladesh. It is called "Silk City" and "Education City". There are around 1,000,000 people. It is on the northern banks of the river Padma.

paragraphs: Rajshahi used to be known as Rampur Boalia.


title: Sylhet

paragraphs: Sylhet is a major city in north-eastern Bangladesh. It is the main city of Sylhet Division and Sylhet District. It was given metropolitan city status in March 2009. Sylhet is on the banks of the Surma Valley. It is surrounded by the Jaintia, Khasi and Tripura hills. The city has almost 500,000 people. It is one of the largest cities in Bangladesh. The Sylhet region is well known for its tea gardens and tropical forests. Sylhet is one of the richest cities in Bangladesh.

paragraphs: The city is called a City of Saints. There is the mausoleum of the great saint Hazrat Shah Jalal, who brought Islam to Bengal during the 14th century.


title: Barisal

paragraphs: Barisal, officially known as Barishal, ( "Bengali Pron: [boɾiʃal]") is a town in southern Bangladesh. It is an old port on the Kirtankhola. It is 142 km (373 km by road) away from the capital city Dhaka. It is now the headquarters of both the Barisal Division and the Barisal District. The city has 30 wards and 50 mahallas. Barisal municipality was formed in 1957 and was turned into a City Corporation in 2000.

paragraphs: Barisal is a major center for higher education in Bangladesh. A few of city’s education institutions are:

paragraphs: There is also a Physical education college, a Nursing institute and two Teacher's training colleges.


title: Bogra

paragraphs: Bogra is one of the oldest towns in northern Bangladesh. It is a centre of commerce and trade within the Bogra District. It is under the Rajshahi Division. They have hosted cricket test matches in Shaheed Chandu Stadium. Bogra is also home to the Western Wing of Bangladesh Highway Police.

paragraphs: Ziaur Rahman, former president of Bangladesh, and Muhammad Ali Bogra, a former Prime Minister of Pakistan, were both born in the district.

paragraphs: Bogra is often called the heart of North-Bengal.


title: Cumilla

paragraphs: Comilla is a metropolitan city in south-eastern Bangladesh.It is the third largest city in Bangladesh. It is along the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. It is the center of the Comilla District and part of the Chittagong Division. It is one of the oldest cities in Bangladesh.

paragraphs: The Eastern Wing of Bangladesh Highway Police is in Comilla. The Gomti River and Little Feni River pass through the city. The Tropic of Cancer crosses Comilla city on the south side.

paragraphs: The Comilla Victorians are a professional cricket team. They play in the Bangladesh Premier League.


title: Mymensingh

paragraphs: Mymensingh, pronounced "moy-mon-shing-haw", is a city of Bangladesh on the river Brahmaputra. It is the headquarters of Mymensingh District. The city is known for schools like Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh Engineering College, Mymensingh Ananda Mohan College, Mymensingh Muminunnesa Women College, Mymensingh Poly technique Institute and Mymensingh Girls' Cadet College. Other landmark institutions include Mymensingh Army Cantonment. Mymensingh city is about north of Dhaka which is the capital of the country.


title: Rangpur, Bangladesh

paragraphs: Rangpur is one of the major cities in Bangladesh. Rangpur is the centre of northwestern Bangladesh. Rangpur used to be the headquarter of "Greater Rangpur" district. Later the Greater Rangpur district was broken down into Rangpur, Kurigram, Nilphamari, Lalmonirhat and Gaibandha districts. A public university "Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur" was recently started in the southern part of the city.


title: San Cristóbal, Táchira

paragraphs: San Cristobal is the capital city of the Táchira State in Venezuela, a mountain state. It is located in the southwest region of Táchira. San Cristobal was founded by Juan de Maldonado in March 31, 1561. San Cristobal makes a frontier by the west with Cúcuta, Colombia; by the east with the Apure state; and by the north with the states of Zulia, Barinas and Trujillo.

paragraphs: San Cristobal has a large student population. There are many post-secondary schools, both public and private, in San Cristobal. Major colleges and universities of San Cristobal are listed below:

paragraphs: The weather in San Cristobal is tropical; the temperatures are between 19℃ and 28℃ (66 °F and 83 °F). San Cristobal is characterized has two seasons: summer and spring. The temperatures between those two seasons do not change a lot. However, there is more rain in the spring than in the summer.

paragraphs: The Deportivo Táchira Fútbol Club was founded in 1974 by Gaetano Greco. The Stadium of the Deportivo Tachira is located in the north side of San Cristobal, and it is called Polideportivo de Pueblo Nuevo, and it has a capacity for 38,755 people.


title: Elizabeth Hurley

paragraphs: Elizabeth Jane Hurley (born 10 June 1965) is a British actress and model. She was born in Basingstoke, Hampshire. She played Vanessa Kensington in "" and "". She played the Devil in "Bedazzled". She currently owns her own beachwear line. Hurley has been with the cosmetics company Estée Lauder for over 15 years. They gave Hurley her first modelling job at the age of 29.


title: Sledgehammer Games

paragraphs: Sledgehammer Games is an American video game developer. It was founded in 2009 by Glen Schofield and Michael Condrey, who worked at Visceral Games and have been an important of the "Dead Space" franchise development.

paragraphs: Sledgehammer Games began to work on a "Call of Duty" third-person shooter in 2009, which would have changed the series dramatically: they planned to turn it into an adventure game. But when Jason West and Vince Zampella, and many other employees from left Infinity Ward in spring 2010, Activision stopped the developement of that new game. Instead, they asked Sledgehammer Games to work with Infinity Ward to develop "" together. Sledgehammer Games had spent six months working on the "Call of Duty" third-person shooter before they began working with Infinity Ward. In October 2011, Sledgehammer Games have said that they will likely cancel the third-person shooter development, but will maybe continue developing in the future.

paragraphs: Sledgehammer's first title, "Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 3", sold 6.8 million copies in the US and UK alone and grossed $470 million within 24 hours. It grossed more than $775 million globally in the first 5 days. "Modern Warfare 3" also topped the UK video game sales chart in the first seven days. By November 21, 2011, the game was the bestselling title in the United Kingdom, sales dropping by 87%. "Modern Warfare 3" was still the top spot on the UK charts in the third and fourth week. The PS3 version of "Modern Warfare 3" also topped the Japanese chart in its first week on sale. The PS3 version sold 180,372 copies, while the Xbox 360 version sold around 30,000.


title: Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation

paragraphs: The degree of Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation (TAE, in English aeronautical operations Technician) has been created in 2011. It is recognized by CNCP, and recorded level IV in the "nomenclature des niveaux de formation" (levels of training). The training is organized by the French Civil Aviation University.

paragraphs: The TAE course started in 1962. It was originally named « Agent d'Exploitation » (Handling Agent / Flight Dispatcher). The new name was introduced in November 2010.

paragraphs: The training is in seven months in Toulouse or, since September 2012, on the Aerocampus » of Latresne. The curriculum propose, in substantially equal parts, general lessons of aeronautics and practical lessons : air navigation, telecommunications and aeronautical information, aircraft flight mechanics, navigation, avionics, meteorology, air operations, air law, English, ...

paragraphs: The "Technicien aéronautique d'exploitation" is responsible for the flight preparation and flight planning, passengers, freight management and pricing. he works for an airline or an airport.


title: 6th G7 summit

paragraphs: The 6th G7 summit was a meeting in 1980 for the leaders of Canada, the European Commission, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.

paragraphs: The international group of leaders were together in Italy on June 22-23. The meetings were held in Venice.

paragraphs: The Venice summit of the Group of Seven (G7) was the 6th meeting in a series which began in 1976.

paragraphs: This was the first G7 summit hosted by Italy.

paragraphs: The G8 and the summit are part of a consultation process. The G8 is not an international organization. It is an informal group.

paragraphs: The participants were the "core members" of the group:

paragraphs: Japanese Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira had a fatal heart attack only 10 days before the summit. The Foreign Minister led the Japanese delegation.

paragraphs: The G7 leaders agreed to work together to break the link between oil consumption and economic growth. Medium- and long-term policies were identified as important issues.


title: Meghna River

paragraphs: The Meghna River is an important river in Bangladesh. It is one of the three that forms the Ganges delta. This delta is the largest on earth. The river meets Padma River in Chandpur District. The river ends in the Bay of Bengal in Bhola District.

paragraphs: Major tributaries of the Meghna include the Dhaleshwari River, Gumti River, and Feni River. The river's average depth is . The maximum depth is .

paragraphs: The Meghna is the widest river of those that are completely inside Bangladesh. At one point near Bhola, Meghna is 12 km wide. In its lower parts this river follows almost a straight line. Despite its very calm and quiet look, this river is the cause of many deaths every year. Several ferry sinkings in the past have killed hundreds. Near Chandpur it is very dangerous.


title: Jatiya Sangsad

paragraphs: Jatiya Sangsad or National Assembly is the national parliament of Bangladesh. The current parliament of Bangladesh has 345 seats. This includes 45 seats held for women. People who are in the Jatiya Sangsad are called Members of Parliament or MPs. The last 9th National Parliamentary Election was held on December 29, 2008. Normally elections are every five years.

paragraphs: The leader of the party that has most of seats is the Prime Minister of Bangladesh. The President of Bangladesh, who is the ceremonial head of state, is picked by Parliament.

paragraphs: The parliament itself meets in the Jatiyo Sangshad Bhaban. The current majority party is the Bangladesh Awami League.

paragraphs: Members of Parliament can be citizens of "only" Bangladesh and above the age of 25.


title: Independence Day of Bangladesh

paragraphs: The Independence Day of Bangladesh is a national holiday. It commemorates the country's declaration of independence from Pakistan. It is celebrated on March 26 each year.

paragraphs: Independence Day is commonly associated with parades, political speeches,fairs,concerts,and ceremonies to celebrate the history and traditions of Bangladesh.

paragraphs: The Independence Day Award is the highest state award given by the Government of Bangladesh.


title: Telephone numbers in Bangladesh

paragraphs: Bangladesh telephone numbers use a calling code of +880.


title: Charyapada

paragraphs: The Charyapada is a collection of 8th-12th century Vajrayana Buddhist "caryagiti". They are mystical poems from the tantric tradition in eastern India. The Charyapada were meant to be sung.

paragraphs: A manuscript of this anthology was found in the early 20th century. It shows early examples of the Assamese, Oriya, Maithili and Bengali languages. The writers of the Charyapada belonged to the various regions of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. A Tibetan translation of the Charyapada was also kept in the Tibetan Buddhist canon.


title: Michael Madhusudan Dutt

paragraphs: Michael Madhusudan Dutt, or Michael Madhusudan Dutta, (25 January 1824 – 29 June 1873) was Bengali poet and dramatist. He was the first great poet of modern Bengali literature. He was educated at the Hindu College, Calcutta. In 1843, he became a Christian. He was born in Sagordari, a village in Keshobpur Upozila, Jessore District, East Bengal (now in Bangladesh). He was a pioneer of Bengali drama. His famous work "Meghnad Bodh Kavya", is a tragic Novel. It has nine cantos and is exceptional in Bengali literature both in terms of style and content. He also wrote poems about the sorrows and pains of love as spoken by women.

paragraphs: From an early age, Dutt wanted to be an Englishman in form and manner. In later life, he regretted his attraction to England and the Occident. He wrote lovingly of his homeland in his poems and sonnets from this period.

paragraphs: His early writings were in English, but they were unsuccessful. He turned, reluctantly at first, to Bengali. His main works, written mostly between 1858 and 1862, include prose drama, long narrative poems, and lyrics. His first play, "Sarmistha" (1858), was well received. His poetical works are "Tilottamasambhab" (1860), a narrative poem on the story of Sunda and Upasunda; "Meghnadbadh" (1861), his most important piece, an epic on the Rāmāyaṇa theme; "Brajangana" (1861), a cycle of lyrics on the "Rādhā-Kṛṣṇa" theme; and "Birangana" (1862), a set of 21 epistolary poems on the model of Ovid’s Heroides.

paragraphs: Dutt is widely said to be one of the greatest poets in Bengali literature. He is the father of the Bengali sonnet. He was the first to make what came to be called "amitrakshar chhanda" (blank verse). Dutt died in Kolkata, India on 29 June 1873.


title: Kazi Nazrul Islam

paragraphs: Kazi Nazrul Islam (24 May 1899–29 August 1976) was a Bangladeshi poet, musician and revolutionary. His nickname was "Rebel Poet". He was the first to make poems talking about intense spiritual rebellion against fascism and oppression. Nazrul is the national poet of Bangladesh. He is commemorated in India.

paragraphs: Born into a Muslim family in India, Nazrul received religious education. He worked as a muezzin at a local mosque. He learned of poetry, drama, and literature while working with theatrical groups. After being in the British Indian Army, Nazrul made himself a journalist in Kolkata (then Calcutta). He was against the British Raj in India. He talked about revolution through his poetic works. Some examples are "Bidrohi" ("The Rebel") and "Bhangar Gaan" ("The Song of Destruction"), as well as his publication "Dhumketu" ("The Comet"). His work in the Indian independence movement often led to going to jail by British authorities. While in prison, Nazrul wrote the "Rajbandir Jabanbandi" ("Deposition of a Political Prisoner").

paragraphs: Nazrul's writings are about themes such as love, freedom, and revolution. He was against all bigotry, including religious and gender. Throughout his career, Nazrul wrote short stories, novels, and essays but is best known for his poems. He started new forms such as Bengali ghazals. Nazrul wrote and composed music for his nearly 4,000 songs. The are collectively known as Complete Works of Kazi Nazrul Islam, which are widely popular today. At the age of 43 (in 1942) he began suffering from an unknown disease. He was losing his voice and memory. It is often said, the reason was slow poisoning by British Government. He lived alone for many years. Invited by the Government of Bangladesh, Nazrul and his family moved to Dhaka in 1972. He died four years later.


title: Ektara

paragraphs: Ektara (literally "one-string", also called iktar, ', yaktaro gopichand) is a one-string instrument. It is most often used in traditional music from Bangladesh, India , Egypt, and Pakistan.

paragraphs: The ektara was a regular string instrument of wandering bards and minstrels from India. It is plucked with one finger. The ektara usually has a stretched single string. An animal skin is over a head made of dried pumpkin/gourd, wood or coconut. The neck is a pole or split bamboo cane.

paragraphs: Pressing the two halves of the neck together loosens the string. This lowers its pants. The sound can be changed many ways by slight changes in pressure.

paragraphs: The various sizes of ektara are soprano, tenor, and bass. The bass ektara, sometimes called a "dotara" often has two strings.


title: Biryani

paragraphs: Biryani, biriani, beryani or beriani is a set of rice-based foods made with spices, rice (usually basmati) and meat, fish, eggs or vegetables. The name comes from the Persian word "beryā(n)" which means "fried" or "roasted".

paragraphs: The cooking method of Biryani came from Iran. It was brought to the Indian subcontinent by Iranian travelers and merchants. In India, the recipe of biryani developed to its current form. Local variants of this dish are popular not only in South Asia but also in Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Arabia, and within various South Asian communities in Western countries.

paragraphs: The spices and condiments used in biryani may include, but are not limited to, ghee, nutmeg, mace, cumin, pepper, cloves, cardamom, cinnamon, bay leaves, coriander, mint leaves, ginger, onions, and garlic. The premium varieties include saffron. For a non-vegetarian biryani, the main ingredient with the spices is the meat—beef, chicken, goat, lamb, fish or shrimp. The dish may be served with dahi chutney or Raita, korma, curry, a sour dish of eggplant (brinjal), boiled egg and salad.

paragraphs: Biryani and pullao are different. In biryani the rice (plain or fried) is cooked separately from the thick sauce (curry of meat or vegetables). The curry and the rice are then brought together and layered. This makes a dish with contrasting flavors of flavored rice and strongly flavored sauce and meat or vegetables.


title: Vesak

paragraphs: Vesākha or Vesak is a holy day. It is observed traditionally by Buddhists in Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and the South East Asian countries of Singapore, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Burma, and Indonesia. Sometimes it is called "Buddha's Birthday". It is basically Buddha's birthday and actually includes the birth, enlightenment (nirvāna), and passing away (Parinirvāna) of Gautama Buddha.

paragraphs: The exact date of Vesākha varies according to the lunar calendars used in different traditions. In Theravada countries following the Buddhist calendar, it falls on a full moon Uposatha day. This is typically in the 5th or 6th lunar month. Vesākha Day in China is on the eighth of the fourth month in the Chinese lunar calendar. The date varies from year to year in the Western Gregorian calendar. It usually falls in April or May. In leap years Vesākha is celebrated in June.


title: Pohela Boishakh

paragraphs: Pôhela Boishakh (Bengali New Year) is the first day of the Bengali calendar. It is on 14 April in Bangladesh and 15 April in other places. The holiday is celebrated in Bangladesh and the Indian state of West Bengal. It is also celebrated in Bengali communities in the other Indian states like Assam, Tripura, Jharkhand and Orissa and all over India as well where the Bengali community is. It is the same day as the New Year's Days of many Southern Asian calendars.

paragraphs: In Bangladesh, it is a national holiday .

paragraphs: In Bengali, Pohela means ‘first’. Baisakh is the first month of the Bengali calendar.

paragraphs: "Boishakhi" fairs are held in many parts of the country. Various agricultural products, traditional handicrafts, toys, cosmetics, as well as various kinds of food and sweets are sold at these fairs. The fairs also provide entertainment, with singers and dancers. They present folk songs. Among other attractions of these fairs are puppet shows and merry-go-rounds.


title: Magpie-robin

paragraphs: The magpie-robins or shamas are medium-sized birds. They mostly eat insects. Some also eat berries and other fruit. They are in the genera "Copsychus" and "Trichixos". They were used to be in the thrush family Turdidae. They are now treated as part of the Old World flycatcher Muscicapidae.

paragraphs: These are African and Asian garden and forest dwelling species.


title: Juliette Binoche

paragraphs: Juliette Binoche (born 9 March 1964) is a French actress. She was born in Paris. Her maternal grandparents were Poles. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie "Chocolat". She won a BAFTA Award for her role as Hana in "The English Patient".


title: Scientific model

paragraphs: A scientific model is a simplified abstract view of a complex reality. Scientific models are used as a basis for scientific work. They can be used to explain, predict, and test, or to develop computer programs or mathematical equations.

paragraphs: An example of a complex model is the software used for weather forecasts. The program is based on equations for the variables which affect weather. Meteorological data is fed in, and the program produces predictions (graphs and data) of future weather patterns.

paragraphs: A scientific model represents complex objects, events, and physical processes in a logical way.

paragraphs: For instance, models of our universe are part of astrophysics - the biggest things in nature - and physics - the smallest. This is not usually what we mean by nature, however. We mean the models studied in biology, ecology, economics, environmental health and healing. Most models of nature are of things that humans really affect directly, and which affect humans back:

paragraphs: For instance, to dump toxic waste in a river will harm others down the river. But without models of nature we do not know who, and cannot say how much is harmed or harmful.

paragraphs: Models of nature affect human decision-making. They are very important to human health, wellness and economics. They also matter in ethics, since most people wish to reduce harm done by their decisions. They matter in law because harms can be proven to have been done in a court.

paragraphs: A forest is very hard to bring back to life, once it is degraded. Smaller models of bits of nature help to understand how much must be left, so future generations can use nature too.

paragraphs: In many ways humans and nature can be said to be in conflict. Natural capital like soil and large healthy trees, which nature needs to make more of itself, is also useful to humans as natural resources. To know how much can be drawn out of nature, before it dies, is important. This is another reason for a model:

paragraphs: There are three main ways in which models of nature affect human life:

paragraphs: To preserve nature, ecology movement activists now cooperate in a global power network. It includes not just parties in politics but also NGOs like Greenpeace, Earth First or World Wide Fund for Nature.

paragraphs: One model of nature they have agreed on is a map that shows ecoregions, which are the natural borders of ecology maps. According to this map, there are 867 regions divided into 8 ecozones - plus others which are in the ocean.

paragraphs: Most anthropologists agree that aboriginal languages have a small model of local nature in them. For instance, there will be more words to describe snow in an Arctic language, and more words to describe shades of green in a rainforest. This is part of the reason to use ecology borders in politics, since people who do not live inside the border do not see or make the same distinctions about nature.

paragraphs: A very small number of people think that humans do not need nature at all, and can replace everything that it does. To prove them wrong, some economists made another model of nature:

paragraphs: Economists study nature's services to see how hard it would be to replace what nature does for humans. They showed in 1995 that the services nature performed for humans were more valuable than all services humans perform for each other all over the world. The value of Earth as a living thing was much more than we could ever afford to replace with our own technology. There has been no real disagreement about any of this.

paragraphs: Pricing all the value of Earth to humans gives a huge number - which proves the pricing is right, since, we must put a high price on anything we have no way to replace.


title: Skadi

paragraphs: Skaði (sometimes anglicized as Skadi or Skathi) is the goddess of hunting, the wild, mountains, and skiing in Norse mythology. She was born a jötunn, daughter of the late Thjazi. She is the wife of Njörðr, whom she married as part of the compensation provided to her by the Æsir for killing her father. Her marriage to Njörðr was an unhappy one, however, ultimately ending in their separation, as Skaði then took the god Ullr (the stepson of Thor) for her lover. In addition to being Njörðr’s wife, Skaði is the stepmother of his twin children, Freyr and Freyja.

paragraphs: The gods were celebrating their slaying of the giant (jötunn) Thjazi and the simultaneous return of the youth-giving goddess Iðunn when Skaði arrived, ready to avenge the death of Thjazi, her father. The gods were patient with the giantess, and convinced Skaði to ultimately accept a form of compensation instead of seeking vengeance.

paragraphs: First, Odin took Thjazi’s eyes and cast them into the night sky, where they became stars.

paragraphs: Second, the gods were to make Skaði laugh. After many feats were tried, none succeeded in bringing a smile to the jötunn's face. At last, Loki tied one end of a rope to a goat and the other around his testicles as he began a game of tug of war with the creature.

paragraphs: Each screeched and howled in turn, until at last Loki fell over into Skaði's lap. The giantess could not help but chuckle. Third, Skaði was to be given a god of her choosing in marriage, but she was to select him by the sight of his feet alone. She picked the fairest pair of feet she could see, thinking them to be those of Baldr. However, as it turned out, they were those of the sea god, Njörðr.


title: Hawkeye (Marvel Comics)

paragraphs: Hawkeye is a superhero created by Marvel Comics. Hawkeye's real name is Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton. In the live-action movie "The Avengers" (2012), Hawkeye is portrayed by Jeremy Renner.

paragraphs: None. As Goliath, Barton used gases designed by Hank Pym to grow to great heights, with appropriate increases in strength and toughness. (He could also use them to shrink to minuscule size.)

paragraphs: Abilities Ronin is a world-class archer and marksman. His above average reflexes and hand-eye-coordination make him the most proficient archer ever known. He is also trained to throw knifes, darts, balls, bolas and boomerangs. He is natural athlete. He is also formidable unarmed combatant, thanks largelymore

paragraphs: Group Affililations Avengers; formerly founding member of Avengers West Coast and first chairman, Thunderbolts, S.H.I.E.L.D. (unofficial), Chain Gang 421-011, Shadows, Great Lakes Avengers, Cross Technological Enterprises, Defenders, Carson Carnival of Traveling Wonders, Tiboldt Circus (a.k.a.more

paragraphs: First Appearance (as Hawkeye) Tales of Suspense #57 (1964); (as Goliath) Avengers #63 (1969); (as Ronin) New Avengers #27 (2007)


title: Commercial pilot licence

paragraphs: A commercial pilot license (CPL), is a qualification that permits a person to be a pilot of an aircraft. It allows a person to be the pilot in command (Captain) of a single-pilot aircraft, or as co-pilot of a multi-pilot aircraft and be paid for this work.


title: Airline Transport Pilot Licence

paragraphs: The Airline Transport Pilot License (ATPL) is the highest level of aviator qualification or license. Those certified as Airline Transport Pilots are authorized to act as pilot-in-command of an aircraft having a maximum weight over or having over 9 passenger seats.

paragraphs: Any pilot operating an aircraft for money must start by obtaining a Commercial pilot licence (CPL).

paragraphs: Theoretical subjects included for ATPL applicants are:


title: Fushimi Inari-taisha

paragraphs: It is the head shrine of Inari, the rice god. There are Inari shrines in many parts of Japan. There are 32,000+ sub-shrines or .

paragraphs: Fushimi Inari-taisha has been associated with the emperors of Japan since the early Heian period.

paragraphs: From 1871 through 1946, it was in the first rank of government supported shrines.


title: Technicien supérieur de l'aviation

paragraphs: The degree of Technicien supérieur de l'aviation (TSA, in ) was created in 2010 from the "Technicien supérieur des études et de l'exploitation de l'aviation civile" degree. It is recognized by CNCP, and recorder level III in the "nomenclature des niveaux de formation" (level of training). The degree is obtained after training at the "École nationale de l'aviation civile" (French civil aviation university).


title: Ectopic pregnancy

paragraphs: An ectopic pregnancy is a when an embryo implants itself (sticks to somewhere) outside the uterus. In a normal pregnancy, the embryo implants (sticks) itself into the wall of the uterus. The uterus is the only place in the body where an embryo can grow into a fetus.

paragraphs: Most ectopic pregnancies happen in a Fallopian tube (one of the two tubes that connect the ovaries and the uterus). For this reason, ectopic pregnancies are often called tubal pregnancies. Rarely, ectopic pregnancies can happen in an ovary or in the cervix.

paragraphs: Ectopic pregnancies cannot become normal pregnancies, and will not result in a baby. They can also cause serious health problems for the mother.

paragraphs: Risk factors (things that make a woman more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy) include:

paragraphs: At first, there may be no symptoms. A woman may not even know she is pregnant at this point. Sometimes she might have pain in her pelvis, or bleeding from her vagina.

paragraphs: But once the embryo has grown for about 6 to 8 weeks, it gets large enough to make the Fallopian tube rupture (break open). This is a medical emergency, and can kill a woman.

paragraphs: Once the Fallopian tube has ruptured, it will start to bleed into the abdomen. Symptoms will include:

paragraphs: A physician can do an exam of the pelvis to test for sensitivity and pain, to figure out if a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. There are also blood tests for the pregnancy hormone hCG. In a normal pregnancy, the hGC levels double every day. Low levels are evidence of a problem, like an ectopic pregnancy. An ultrasound can also be used to see if the embryo is implanted in the uterus or not.

paragraphs: There are two main ways to treat an ectopic pregnancy if it is diagnosed before the Fallopian tube ruptures. The first is with the medicine methotrexate. If it is given early enough, it can cause an abortion and end the pregnancy. The second is with a surgery called a laparoscopy (a surgery done with a laser). The surgeon makes a small cut in the belly and removes the embryo. A laparoscopy is done after the first few weeks of the pregnancy.

paragraphs: Once the Fallopian tube ruptures, emergency surgery is needed to fix the broken Fallopian tube and remove the blood from inside the abdomen. The patient may also needed to be treated for blood loss.

paragraphs: An ectopic pregnancy cannot become a baby. But it can have effects on future pregnancies and fertility. Because in an ectopic pregnancy the embryo usually grows in a Fallopian tube, the Fallopian tube can become damaged. This makes it more likely for another embryo to get stuck there. The likeness of another ectopic pregnancy depends on the amount of damage to the Fallopian tube, and the health of the tubes. However, even after a ectopic pregnancy, it is entirely possible to have a normal pregnancy.


title: Bangladesh national cricket team

paragraphs: The Bangladesh national cricket team is the national cricket team for Bangladesh. The rules are set by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB). Bangladesh is a full member of the International Cricket Council (ICC) with Test and One Day International (ODI) status. It played its first Test match in 2000 against India in Dhaka. Bangladesh was the tenth Test cricket playing nation.

paragraphs: Bangladesh's first time in international cricket came in the 1979 ICC Trophy in England. They left the tournament with 2 wins and 2 defeats. Seven years later, on 31 March 1986, Bangladesh played in its first ODI match against Pakistan in the 1986 Asia Cup. Bangladesh won the 1997 ICC Trophy in Malaysia. By winning the tournament, Bangladesh qualified for the 1999 Cricket World Cup for the first time. In 1997, Bangladesh became a regular ICC member with the right to play ODIs. It got the status of a Test playing country on 26 June 2000. Bangladesh has the record for most losses in a row in Tests (21 between 1999 and 2002) and ODIs (23 between 2001 and 2004).

paragraphs: As of April 2012, Bangladesh has played 73 Tests, winning only 3. Its first victory was against Zimbabwe. The other two were against a West Indian team crippled by a players' strike. Of the 63 matches it has lost, 35 were by an innings. The team has been more successful in ODIs, having won 72 of its 262 matches. They have also played 18 Twenty20 Internationals, winning four.