title: Lay

paragraphs: Zhāng Yìxīng (hangul: 장이씽; hanja: 张艺兴; born in Changsha on October 7, 1991) better known by his stage name Lay (hangul: 레이) is a Chinese singer, songwriter, dancer and actor. He became known after participating in a television program called "Star Academy" in 2005. He joined in EXO on January 2012, as lead dancer, vocalist and visual member. In September of 2015, it published its autobiography, titled "Standing Firm At 24", beating records of book sold more in its pre-sale.

paragraphs: Lay was born on October 7, 1991 in Changsha, Hunan, China. His first television role was at the age of six starring as Huan Huan in "We The People" in 1998. In 2000, when he was nine years old, he participated in a Chinese television program as a member of the fan club of actor and singer Jimmy Lin, giving him his first contact with the entertainment industry. Lay began his career as a local children's star in Hunan province, after winning third place in a contest organized by the popular television program "Star Academy" in 2005. He also appeared in an episode of "Yue Ce Yue Xin Kai" and the variety show of Liu Na, "Na Ke Bu Yi Yang" between 2005 and 2006. In April 2006, he auditioned for the series "The Duke of Mount Deer" directed by Zhang Jizhong. Despite being one of the finalists, he did not win the role. In 2008, Lay joined S.M. Entertainment after a successful audition in Changsha. At the time of the auditions, he was sixteen and was studying for his university entrance exams when he had become an apprentice, so he moved to Korea to begin his training. Prior to that, he studied at High School Attached to Hunan Normal University, where he had been presented as an exceptional student for his achievements.

paragraphs: In 2011, before debuting with EXO, he worked briefly with SHINee during the concert tour, replacing Jonghyun in her dance performance.

paragraphs: Lay became the sixth member of EXO and was formally presented to the public on January 17, 2012, debuting as the fourth Chinese member of the EXO-M subunit. Following the release of the singles "What Is Love" and "History" in 2012, he and the other eleven members celebrated their pre-debut showcase at the Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 31, and a second showcase and press conference in Beijing at the Great Hall of the Beijing University of Business and International Economics. The group officially debuted on April 8, 2012 with their song titled "Mama", and EXO-M's first performance in China was at the 12th Yinyue Fengyun Bang Awards.

paragraphs: In December 2012, Lay joined the musical project S.M. the Performance, along with his bandmate Kai and his colleagues Yunho, Eunhyuk, Donghae, Minho and Taemin. On December 29, the group performed the single "Spectrum", which was released the next day, in "2012 SBS Gayo Daejeon".

paragraphs: In early 2014, Lay composed and performed the song "I'm Lay" for his solo performance during the first EXO tour titled The Lost Planet. Later in 2014, he performed another song titled "I'm Coming" on a special end-of-year TV show on Hunan TV.

paragraphs: In April 2015, S.M. Entertainment announced that a personal study had been established for Lay's activities in China. In May 2015, he became a cast member of the Chinese program "Go Fighting!" In June 2015, Lay composed the song "Promise" for the re-release of EXO's second studio album, "Love Me Right". He also wrote the lyrics for the Chinese version of the song, while the Korean version was co-written by Chen and Chanyeol.

paragraphs: On September 18, 2015, the limited edition of his autobiography entitled "Standing Firm At 24" was published, while the standard edition went on sale on October 7. The book documents important events throughout his life and broke several online sales records selling 68,537 copies in the first twenty-four minutes of pre-sale. With less than three months of sale with 1.4 million copies sold, it obtained the fourth place in "The 10th Chinese Celebrity Writers List", released by the influential Chinese media, WCC Daily, Cover News and Great Star Media, becoming in the youngest author to enter the list. He was also the champion of the 2015 Annual Celebrity Book Sales, and ranked first in Asia's Best Books, twice during his monthly ranking and six times for the weekly list. He was also on the Rakuten list, with 400,000 copies sold within six months, and has received much acclaim and praise from readers.

paragraphs: In the same month, he appeared in the film "Kung Fu Yoga", starring Jackie Chan and directed by Stanley Tong, and later as protagonist with his labelmate Krystal in the upcoming film entitled "Unexpected Love", which was postponed for release in August 2017, whose poster was revealed at the Cannes Film Festival.

paragraphs: In November 2015, Lay made his big-screen debut with a supporting role in the Chinese movie "Ex Files 2: The Backup Strikes Back", which was a blockbuster, getting two billion in sales within ten days of its release. He later won the Best Supporting Actor Award at the 2016 China Great Britain Film Festival for his performance. He also wrote and recorded an original soundtrack for the film entitled "Alone (One Person)", which reached number one on Baidu Music Chart, and later won the award for the best original soundtrack at 16th Top Chinese Music Awards and 4th V-Chart Awards. Lay also starred in the Chinese film "Oh My God" and collaborated with his co-stars Coco Jiang Wen and Li Xiaolu on an original soundtrack for the film entitled "Happy Youth", which debuted at number eight on Billboard V Chart.

paragraphs: In January 2016, Lay and the other cast members of "Go Fighting!" they appeared in the Chinese movie "Royal Treasure". In April 2016, he received the Most Popular Newcomer award at the 16th Top Chinese Music Awards. In May 2016, Lay made her debut on the small screen on the Chinese television series "To Be A Better Man" and released a Chinese song titled "Monodrama" as part of "SM Station". Written by Lay and co-composed and arranged with Divine Channel, "Monodrama" broke a record by staying in the first position in YinYueTai VChart for five consecutive weeks.

paragraphs: In May 2016, Lay starred in the Chinese television drama "The Mystic Nine", a prequel to "The Lost Tomb". The series achieved an unprecedented success, placing first in the television ratings and establishing a record for obtaining several online visits within 24 hours, and has accumulated more than ten billion visits in total. The television series went on to have a secondary story called "The Mystic Nine Side Story: Flowers Bloom" in February, which focused solely on Lay's character, Er Yue Hong.

paragraphs: In October of 2016, Lay's solo career began with the release of "what U need?" as a surprise gift for his fans on his birthday. The song was ranked number one in China V Chart, as well as in "Billboard" World Digital Songs and had entered the top 60 of iTunes, making Lay the first Chinese artist to appear on the list. He performed the song for the first time on October 10 at Asia Song Festival in Busan. On October 28, a day after holding a press conference in Shanghai Town & Country Community, Lay released his first mini-album titled "Lose Control", which contains six songs in Mandarin, and the music video for the single. Lay participated in the production of the album as a producer, and was personally in charge of the composition, arrangement and writing of the lyrics of each song, as well as the translation of the same lyrics in three other languages including English and Japanese. The single "Lose Control" remained in first place in Billboard China V Chart for six consecutive weeks. "Lose Control" broke the record in South Korea by a large majority of sales of a solo artist, with pre-orders surpassing 200,000 copies before the physical album was published, making the number one album in sales. Lay also became the first solo artist to sell more than 40,000 copies of the album within a day and 125,000 after a week of album release. More than a million copies of the digital album have been sold in Xiami. He performed "Lose Control" for the first time on "The Show" on November 15. "Lose Control" was a commercial success reaching first place in Gaon Album Chart.

paragraphs: Later in November, Lay was announced to star in a Chinese remake of the hit Japanese drama television series "Operation Love", which began airing on Dragon TV from April 24, 2017 with 32 episodes.

paragraphs: On January 27, 2017, Zhang made his first appearance at the CCTV Spring Gala Festival and presented alongside Chinese actor Jing Boran. In April of that same year, it was confirmed in the cast of the historical film "The Founding of the Army", released on July 28, 2017 to mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the People's Liberation Army. In May he released the song "祈愿 (Pray)" for the soundtrack of "Operation Love", reaching the top position in QQ Music. Also in May, he participated in the release ceremony of Huawei Nova 2 at the Hunan International Exhibition and Conference Center, where he expressed his gratitude for his continued appointment as Huawei Nova's ambassador. In July 2017, the variety show "Go Fighting!" premiered its third season, with Zhang in the main cast. He was later revealed as the voice actor of the Chinese dubbing for the main antagonist of the cartoon film "Cars 3".

paragraphs: A wax sculpture of him in Madame Tussauds had his exhibition on September 8, 2017 in Beijing. On September 17, 2017, it was confirmed to be or protagonist of drama "The Golden Eyes", announced in a pre-release conference. On September 22, S.M. Entertainment revealed a teaser image about his upcoming comeback. On September 25, he released the song "I Need U (需要 你)" as a pre-release track for his first studio album "Lay 02 Sheep", digitally released on October 7, 2017, along with the title track "Sheep (羊)".

paragraphs: On October 10, 2013, the survey on the "Top 10 of Asia's Most Beautiful Men" organized by Youth Entertainment's website reported that Lay ranked at #6 position with more than 27 million votes. In April 2014, Lay was ranked #10 in the annual survey of "The Most Beautiful Man of Asia". In March 2017, the Top Star News did a study to see which hallyu stars were most popular in China between January and February 2017, referring to Weibo hashtags, showing Lay at the top with ten billion views and queries.

paragraphs: Between 2015-2016, Lay was chosen to be the spokesperson for several brands, in particular "Pancoat" and "Mentos" for which he became the first spokesperson in Asia. He also became Asia's first male artist to endorse "Vichy", and China's first endorser for "Planters". In addition to endorsing the "Lay's" brands, "Olay", "Clarisonic", "Kangshifu Ice Tea", "Tide", "Huawei", "AirBender", "Chushou TV", "Tmall" and "Cornetto".

paragraphs: On February 13, 2015, Lay participated in the "LOVE TO GO HOME" community service. The service was carried out by Chinese bicycle company AIMA to help people who were returning home during Lunar New Year holidays on motorcycles. Lay represented all EXO members and handed out hot water bags, handkerchiefs, emergency medicine, ramen, water and toys for everyone. And he also received a plaque from AIMA for help. Lay said:

paragraphs: On October 7, 2015, Lay fans collected money that was donated on their behalf for the construction of a well and a public toilet in a needy village in Cambodia. On October 6, the fan club "DAILYIXING" posted photos of the finished project, including photos of some of the village residents with a sign thanking Lay and wishing him a happy birthday. In addition, the fan club collected used clothing to donate through the OTCAN charity. They also donated money on behalf of Lay to the Coal Briquettes organization for neighbors in Korea, which helps keep the heat needed in the winter by providing them with charcoal briquettes for their heaters.


title: Park Chan-yeol

paragraphs: Park Chan-yeol (hangul: 박찬열; hanja: 朴燦烈; born November 27, 1992 in Seoul), better known by mononym Chanyeol, is a South Korean singer. He is a member of the South Korean boy band EXO.

paragraphs: Chanyeol was born November 27, 1992 in Seoul, South Korea. After watching the film "School of Rock" in elementary school, Chanyeol became interested in music and began to play drums. During his teenage years, he studied at Hyundai Senior High School in Apgujeong-dong. He participated in the band of his school, Siren. When he was in his first year of high school, Chanyeol formed a band with his best friends, Heavy Noise, having played in it for three years. At the age of sixteen, he was accepted into a private acting university. In the same year, he reached second position Smart Model Contest and became a trainee of S.M. Entertainment. Also in 2008, he participated in the clip "HaHaHa Song" of his companion of company TVXQ. The following year, she appeared in the Japanese version of the video "Genie" of the group Girls' Generation. He went on to dream of being a singer after listening to the song "Unconditional Kismet" of songwriter and music producer Yoo Young-jin.

paragraphs: On February 22, 2012, Chanyeol was officially introduced as one of the twelve members of the original formation of the South Korean-Chinese group EXO. The group debuted on April 8 of the same year with the release of extended play "MAMA". In April 2012, he participated in the music video for the song "Twinkle", debut single from the first sub-unit of Girls 'Generation,Girls' Generation-TTS. In October 2013, Chanyeol joined the cast of SBS's "Law of the Jungle" reality show during filming in Micronesia. He also composed and recorded a soundtrack titled "Last Hunter" for the show.

paragraphs: In 2014, Chanyeol wrote the rap of the Korean version of the "Run" track of EXO's extended extended play, "Overdose", and participated in the debut EPs of his companions Henry and Zhou Mi. In May 2014, he became a regular cast member of the first season of the SBS's "Roommate" reality show. He left the program in September of the same year because of scheduling conflicts.

paragraphs: In April 2015, Chanyeol made his film debut with South Korean film "Salut d'Amour" alongside actress Moon Ga-young, who later co-starred with him on the "EXO Next Door" web drama. In June of 2015, cast-wrote the Korean version of the track "Promise" of the reissue of the success of sales "EXODUS", titled "Love Me Right", next to its companions of group Chen and Lay. He later wrote the rap for "Lightsaber", the EXO promotional single for "", which was later included in the band's extended play "Sing for You".

paragraphs: In April 2016, Chanyeol wrote and performed rap for the song "Confession" of Yesung's debut EP, "Here I Am". On EXO's third studio album, "EX'ACT", released in May 2016, he co-wrote the lyrics for the track "Heaven." In June 2016, Chanyeol starred with actresses Yuan Shanshan and Seohyun in the South Korean-Chinese film "So I Married an Anti-fan". He and Yuan Shanshan also recorded a duet titled "I Hate You" as the soundtrack for the film. In October 2016, Chanyeol and singer Tinashe participated in the song "Freal Luv" by artists Far East Movement and Marshmello. The song, which he helped write and produce, was released on October 14. In December 2016, she collaborated with singer Punch on the song "Stay With Me," part of the soundtrack for the "Goblin" drama.

paragraphs: In January of 2017, Chanyeol participated in the drama "Missing 9". On February 22, he released a duet titled "Let Me Love You" with Junggigo.


title: Byun Baek-hyun

paragraphs: Byun Baek-hyun (hangul: 변백현; hanja:卞白贤; born May 6, 1992 in Bucheon) better known for his mononym name Baekhyun, is a South Korean actor, singer, dancer and TV presenter. He is a member of the boy band EXO where he performs as main vocalist and dancer.

paragraphs: Baekhyun was born in Bucheon, Gyeonggi Province on May 6, 1992. He has an older brother named Baek-beom, who is seven years older.

paragraphs: Baekhyun began training to be a singer at age 11, influenced by Rain. He attended Jungwon High School in Bucheon, where he was the lead singer of a band called 상태 상태 (Coma), which won at a local music festival. Baekhyun received piano lessons by Kim Hyun-woo from DickPunks.

paragraphs: In addition to musical activities, Baekhyun was formed as a martial artist in his youth and obtained a black belt in Hapkido.

paragraphs: Baekhyun was discovered by an agent of S.M. Entertainment when he was practicing for his admission exams for the Seoul Institute of Arts. Then he joined the company by S.M. Casting System in 2011.

paragraphs: He and his fellows Chanyeol and Suho attend Kyung Hee University taking culture and arts classes in the Department of Business Administration.

paragraphs: Baekhyun was the last member to join EXO and was officially revealed as the ninth member of the group on January 30, 2012.

paragraphs: In February 2014, Baekhyun and his partner Suho became regular hosts for SBS's "Inkigayo" television program. They left the program in November 2014 to focus on the comeback of EXO. In July 2014, Baekhyun made his musical theater debut, playing the lead role of Don Lockwood in South Korean production of the musical "Singin' in the Rain" by SM C&C.

paragraphs: In April of 2015, Baekhyun released its first song solo since its debut titled "Beautiful" like the soundtrack of the drama "EXO Next Door". The song became the first soundtrack of a web drama that was within the best positions of several musical lists. In May of 2015, Baekhyun was announced that it would be the protagonist of the action film "Dokgo" alongside actor Yeo Jin-goo. However, the film's production was announced to be canceled in January 2016. In December 2015, Baekhyun paid a tribute to the late South Korean singer Kim Hyun-sik performing his song "Like Rain Like Music" on "SBS Gayo Daejeon's" end-of-year music program. The recording of a song performed by Baekhyun was digitally published.

paragraphs: In January 2016, Baekhyun and Suzy of Miss A performed a duet entitled "Dream". The song quickly reached the best position in the music charts after it positioned itself in the first place of Gaon Digital Chart. "Dream" also won five times the first place in "Music Bank" and "Inkigayo". In April 2016, Baekhyun received a YinYueTai V-Chart award for being the Most Popular Singer in South Korea. In May 2016, Baekhyun and South Korean singer K.Will released a duet titled "The Day" as part of SM Station.

paragraphs: In August 2016, Baekhyun made his acting debut on the small screen in the historical drama "", a South Korean adaptation of the Chinese novel "Bu Bu Jing Xin". For his performance in the drama, received a prize like New Star in 2016 SBS Drama Awards. He also collaborated with his labelmates Chen and Xiumin on a soundtrack titled "For You" for the drama. In October 2016, along with Chen and Xiumin, Baekhyun became a member of the first official EXO unit, EXO-CBX. His debut was on October 31 with the release of the extended play "Hey Mama!". In November 2016, Baekhyun began to participate S.M. Entertainment's "League of Legends" tournament "2016 S.M. Super Celeb League", where he and his labelmate, Heechul, played with professional players and fans from China and South Korea.

paragraphs: In February 2017, Baekhyun and Soyou of Sistar released a duet titled "Rain" The song peaked at number one on several music charts and achieved an achievement known as "all-kill", making it the first artist of S.M. to achieve an "all-kill" in 2016 and 2017 with "Dream" and "Rain", respectively. In April 2017, Baekhyun released a single titled "Take You Home" for the second season of SM Station. The song was positioned in the twelve position of Gaon Digital Chart.

paragraphs: On June 19, 2014, S.M. Entertainment confirmed that Baekhyun along with another recording artist, Taeyeon of the girl band Girls' Generation were in a relationship.


title: Luhan

paragraphs: Lù Hán (hanja: 鹿晗; hangul: 루한; born April 20, 1990 in Haidian) better known by mononym Luhan, is a Chinese singer. He was introduced as a member of EXO in December 2011, officially debuting in April 2012, and in October 2014, left the group after filing a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to reverse its exclusivity agreement.

paragraphs: In December 2014, China National Radio ranked Luhan in sixth place among the top 10 most popular entertainment stars in the country. He began his career as an actor in the film "20 Once Again", released in January 2015. In May of 2015, it appeared in 37th position of the richest celebrities of Forbes China. Luhan made his debut as a solo artist with the release of his first extended play, titled "Reloaded I", on September 14, 2015. He became the first celebrity born after the 1990s to be named the "Artist of the Year" by China Newsweek in 2016.

paragraphs: Luhan was born in Haidian, Beijing, China, on April 20, 1990. He graduated from Beijing Shida Middle School and attended the Beijing Haidian Foreign Language Shi Yan School before leaving for South Korea to attend Yonsei University as an exchange student. In 2008, he auditioned for JYP Entertainment's worldwide audition in China, but did not pass the audition. While studying in Seoul, he was observed by an S.M. Entertainment agent, who advised him to do a successful audition for the agency, being placed in a dormitory with other SM interns, and trained in singing, dancing, and acting.

paragraphs: Luhan was the second member of EXO to be formally presented to the public on December 27, 2011. Along with Tao, Chen, and Kai, he made his first television performance at the "SBS Gayo Daejun" event on December 29 of the same year. The group's first single, "What Is Love," was released on January 30, 2012. The group released their second single, titled "History" on March 9. The pre-show showcase of the group was held at the Seoul Olympic Stadium on March 31, 2012, one hundred days after the launch of the first trailer of its debut on December 21, 2011. The showcase was held for about 3,000 fans ff 8,000 selected candidates to watch their performances. The group held a press conference and showed their performances at the Great Hall of the University of Economics and International Business in Beijing, China on April 1, 2012. On April 24, along with D.O., Baekhyun, Chen, BoA, Kangta, TVXQ, Taeyeon, Yesung, Jonghyun and Luna, released a song for the soundtrack of the film "I AM.", titled "Dear My Family". On August 23, 2012, S.M. Entertainment announced that Luhan would perform with BoA in the song "Only One," for the August 24 episode of "Music Bank". Luhan became the fourth to perform with the singer after Yunho, Eunhyuk, Taemin and Sehun.

paragraphs: On October 16 of the same year, it was announced that he would participate in the 6-member dance group Younique Unit, alongside Eunhyuk, Hyoyeon, Taemin, Henry Lau and Kai performing the veloster theme song titled "Maxstep" for the album "PYL Younique Album", being a collaboration album between S.M. Entertainment and Hyundai. A video teaser of the song was shown on the PYL Younique Show the next day. The song was officially released on October 31, 2012.

paragraphs: On June 23, 2013, he participated in the Chinese team for a football match at the 2013 Asian Dream Cup in Shanghai. In January 2014, he participated in the "Idol Star Athletics Championship". On April 23, 2014, he was cast in the cast of "20 Once Again", directed by East Chen. A representative from SM told Newsen: "Luhan was confirmed in 20 Once Again. At the moment we're adjusting the shooting times". The film is a Chinese version of the Korean film, "Miss Granny", in which an old lady returns to be young, and premiered in January of 2015. On August 13, 2014, a post by Luhan on his official Weibo account reached over 13 million comments, thus entering the "Guinness World Records" as the person who has the most comments in a Weibo post. On August 19, S.M. Entertainment posted a photo of Luhan with his "Guinness World Records" certificate and a world record holder medal. On October 10 of the same year, he filed a lawsuit against S.M. Entertainment to cancel its exclusivity agreement, mainly due to health problems. Still in October, he starred in the remake of the music video for "The Last Game" made for "". On December 1, he released the song "Our Tomorrow" for the soundtrack of "20 Once Again". The song peaked number one position on Baidu Music Chart.

paragraphs: On January 26, 2015, it was announced that Luhan would sing the theme song for the release of the movie "Comrades: Almost a Love Story", in China. The song titled "Tian Mi Mi," was officially released on February 3. On January 28, it was announced that the South Korean film "Blind" would win a Chinese version, titled "The Witness", starring Luhan. The film was released in China on October 30 of the same year. In February of 2015, appeared in the movie "12 Golden Ducks". On March 11, Legendary Entertainment announced that Luhan would be cast in "The Great Wall", directed by Zhang Yimou along with Matt Damon, Andy Lau and Pedro Pascal. The film was released by China Film Group in China on December 15, 2016, and in the United States on February 17, 2017 by Universal. On May 27, 2015, it was revealed that Luhan and Taiwanese singer David Tao had recorded the theme song for the 2022 Winter Olympics. The song titled "Please Come to the Great Wall to Ski" had its music video released in July 2015. On August 28, he became a fixed member of the Chinese version of "Running Man" program, titled "Hurry Up, Brother". On September 11, Luhan was confirmed in the movie version of the popular web drama "The Lost Tomb", titled "Time Raiders", playing Wu Xie. Released by Le Vision Pictures on August 5, 2016.

paragraphs: On September 14, he released his first mini-album titled "Reloaded I", along with the title track "That Good Good", via QQ Music Charts. The album sold 880,000 copies on the first day, the highest number of sales recorded on the first day of official release, and also reached more than one million sales at QQ Music, setting the record for faster digital album sales. Days later he released the song "Your Song". Still in September Lu Han broke his own record on Guinness World Records as the person with the highest amount of comments in a Weibo post, surpassing 87 million comments. On October 14, 2015, he released the song "Medals" as a single and soundtrack for the movie "The Witness". Being released on iTunes on November 4 of the same year, debuting at number one position on the China V Chart as well as Billboard Hot 100, making it the first single in Mandarin to come in last. Also in October he released the single "Football Gang". In early November he released the music video for the song "Promises", being released as a single days later. On December 1 he released the mini-album "Reloaded II", containing the songs "Lu" and "Deep". The song "Deep" was also included in the soundtrack of "Kung Fu Panda 3". He released his first studio album, titled "Reloaded", on December 22, 2015. The album topped the Tower Records chart in Japan, and became the only album from mainland China to enter the Top 5 of Taiwan's G-Music chart.

paragraphs: On January 6, 2016, he released the song "The Inner Force" for the soundtrack of "", debuting at number two on the China V Chart. On February 16 of the same year, he released the mini-album "Reloaded+", along with the title track "Excited". In March of the same year he released the music video for the song "Adventure Time". On March 26, 2016, Luhan began his first solo tour, titled "Luhan Reloaded: 2016 Luhan 1st China Tour", in Beijing and Guangzhou on April 2, and Shanghai on April 9 of the same year. In June 2016, he landed the lead role of Chen Changsheng in the Hunan Television series, "Fighter of The Destiny". On October 21 of the same year, he released the "Xperience" mini-album, with the title track "Catch Me When I Fall". In December 2016, he made an appearance in the film "See You Tomorrow". In December On December 27, he released the mini-album "Xplore", along with the songs "Winter Song" and "Skin to Skin". With his music videos released in January 2017.

paragraphs: In 2017, Luhan will be starring in his first television drama, "Fighter of the Destiny", a series of wuxia fantasy. In February of the same year he was also cast for the film "5 Centimeters Per Second" adapted from the Japanese novel of the same name. On January 21, it officially launched the single digital album "Venture" along with the single "What If I Said" on QQ Music, KuGou Music and Kuwo Music, selling 60,000 copies in just 3 minutes and 160,000 in 10 minutes. The song "Roleplay" was released as a single on February 27. He released the mini-album "Imagination" on April 19, 2017, accompanied by songs "On Call" and "Say It".

paragraphs: On October 10, 2013, the survey on the "Top 10 of Asia's Most Beautiful Men" organized by Youth Entertainment's website reported that Luhan was chosen as Asia's most handsome man 2013 with over 40 million votes.

paragraphs: On May 11, 2015, it was the cover of Forbes China magazine, where it ranked 37th among the richest celebrities for making a profit of 28.5 million yuan (about $ 4.6 million). In the edition, Forbes described Luhan as: "In less than five months, attracted the most attention by the Chinese entertainment industry, becoming a new force on the rise." Also in May, Models.com selected Luhan as one of their "Five Faces of China", which were chosen for their innovative talent, creativity and originality. The site describes him as the "reigning king of the idol scene" being one of the most famous in the world, and credits his fame partially to his "army of fans." And that although Luhan is constantly followed by the eyes of millions of fans (especially in social media), he remains humble. In July 2015, during the press conference of "The Great Wall", Matt Damon revealed that he was impressed by Luhan's popularity, saying, "I think the first night we started filming there were about 400 flower arrangements that they came to Luhan all the way down to the hotel."

paragraphs: From 2015 to 2016, Luhan appeared on the cover of more than 20 magazines. He became the first Chinese celebrity to grace the covers of China Elle, GQ Style, China Forbes, Harper's Bazaar and Cosmopolitan. He received the Guinness World Record for having more than 200,000 people buying a limited edition of 20,000 copies of a magazine cover in a second. Luhan won his own wax statue in January 2016, from the Madame Tussaud's Wax Museum in Beijing. In October 2016, Luhan was featured in the "BOF 100" ranking of Business of Fashion, becoming the only Chinese celebrity to reach the ranking and received the title of "Most Anticipated Chinese Star". He also became the first celebrity born after the 1990s to be named the "Artist of the Year" by China Newsweek in December 2016. In December 2016, it was ranked 69th in the Top 100 Most Handsome Faces of 2016 by TC Candler.

paragraphs: In April 2014, endorsed commercial to Chinese cosmetics company KanS. During 2015, he starred in campaigns for the French cosmetics company L'Oréal, as well as endorsing for Baidu Maps OPPO's R7 Plus, Lenovo, KFC and Sony. He became the first Asian artist to endorse for Puma. In December 2015, Luhan was introduced as the official "Star Wars" ambassador to China. He released a single titled "The Inner Force", which is the official Chinese theme song for "". In May 2016, he became a spokesman for Volkswagen. In July of the same year, it became the face of Cartier SA.

paragraphs: On February 5, 2015, S.M. Entertainment released an official statement that stated that Luhan had left the EXO without permission and announced that the company had filed lawsuits against not only Luhan but also the advertisers who used it as a spokesperson. According to Chinese entertainment source Sina Entertainment, a representative of Luhan issued an official statement on February 6 on allegations made in the lawsuit filed against S.M. Entertainment. The representative said: "We are launching this official statement in order to clarify the truth and protect the reputation of Luhan. SM filed a lawsuit for the Shanghai courts, claiming that 'Luhan has been participating in activities in China without permission.' However, according to the rules of jurisdiction, SM has no right to bring a lawsuit over [Luhan's] exclusive contract to a Chinese court. In fact, the courts do not have jurisdiction in Shanghai [on this matter]." He continues: "The results of [our] investigation show that SM sued an advertiser affiliated with Luhan for copyright infringement. This does not correspond with the reasons given for their actions [SM]. The statement that SM issued through the press is misleading. The SM is aware of the reasons behind the filing [of its annulment] of its [Luhan] exclusive contract, but in its statement, the company said that luhan was unethical when leaving the company without any legitimate reason. "To say that he [Luhan] left EXO for no reason other than his own gain "is a malicious attempt to defame Luhan." The statement concludes with: "In order to protect your legitimate rights and interests, we will take legal action against all the full reports Which defame Luhan's reputation."

paragraphs: In July 2016, the recommended court for the reconciliation of the two parties, ruled that Luhan's exclusive contract with S.M. Entertainment would be in effect until 2022, as originally decided. The law firm representative of SM announced through an official press release on July 21, "We can not disclose the details of the agreement, but according to the court of decision and the agreement of the parties involved, the exclusive contract of Luhan Will be effective until 2022, as initially contracted." The press further revealed: "Excluding areas in Korea and Japan, Luhan will entrust jurisdiction rights entirely to S.M. Entertainment, and will share a portion of its revenue with the agency.

paragraphs: In May 2016, it was revealed that Luhan was banned from entering Taiwan for five years. Several Chinese media reported that Luhan went into hot waters after filming for Chinese variety show "Back to School" in Taiwan with a tourist visa. A tourist visa prohibits a person from working in the country in which he or she is visiting. In June of 2016, he was filmed screaming with a taxi driver, after being followed during the filming of a series.


title: 4 in the Morning

paragraphs: "4 in the Morning" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second studio album "The Sweet Escape" (2006). It was written by Stefani and co-written and produced by Tony Kanal and was released on May 8, 2007. Whilst writing the song, Stefani was pregnant with her first child and listened to songs sung by Roberta Flack and Billy Idol.

paragraphs: "4 in the Morning" was written by Stefani and Kanal after Stefani finished her "Harajuku Lovers Tour" in 2005. The song was influenced by songs from Stefani's debut album "Love. Angel. Music. Baby." (2004). Stefani listened to ballads sung by Roberta Flack and Billy Idol. Stefani also said that "4 in the Morning" was one of her favorite songs from the album.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape"


title: Kirchdorf, Switzerland

paragraphs: Kirchdorf is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2018 the former municipalities of Gelterfingen, Mühledorf and Noflen merged into the municipality of Kirchdorf.


title: Kirchenthurnen

paragraphs: Kirchenthurnen is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the former municipalities of Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen merged to form the new municipality of Thurnen.


title: Kirchlindach

paragraphs: Kirchlindach is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Chiggiogna

paragraphs: Chiggiogna is a village and former municipality of the district Leventina in the canton of Ticino, Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 29 January 2006 the former municipalities of Calonico, Chiggiogna and Rossura merged into the municipality of Faido.


title: Diesbach, Glarus

paragraphs: Diesbach is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Diesbach and Hätzingen merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.


title: Pesaro

paragraphs: Pesaro is a city and "comune" in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pesaro and Urbino, on the Adriatic Sea. It is the second most populous city in the Marche, after Ancona.

paragraphs: Pesaro is on the coast of the Adriatic Sea. The city is between two small hills: the "Monte Ardizio" to the southeast, and the "Colle San Bartolo" to the northwest where is the "Parco naturale regionale del Monte San Bartolo". The Foglia river flows through the city.

paragraphs: The "comune" of Pesaro has an area of and its altitude is .

paragraphs: Pesaro borders with the "comuni" Fano, Gabicce Mare, Gradara, Mombaroccio, Monteciccardo, Montelabbate, Tavullia and Vallefoglia (a small part).

paragraphs: The following "frazioni" (hamlets) are part of Pesaroː

paragraphs: There are 94,813 persons living in the "comune" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The people from this "comune" are known, in Italian, as "pesaresi".


title: Gylfi Sigurðsson

paragraphs: Gylfi Þór Sigurðsson (born 9 September 1989 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as a midfielder. He currently plays for the Premier League club Everton and the Iceland national team. He has also previously played for Fimleikafélag Hafnarfjarðar, Breiðablik UBK, Reading, Shrewsbury Town, Crewe Alexandra, TSG 1899 Hoffenheim and the Tottenham Hotspurs. He has great long-range shooting abilities.


title: Kleindietwil

paragraphs: Kleindietwil is a former municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2011 Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil.


title: Köniz

paragraphs: Köniz () is a city in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. It has population of 38,793 inhabitants (2008), the municipality is one of the 15 most populous cities in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The official language of Köniz is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemmanic Swiss German dialect.


title: Konolfingen

paragraphs: Konolfingen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Koppigen

paragraphs: Koppigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Bettingen

paragraphs: Bettingen (Swiss German: "Bettige") is a municipality in the canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland.


title: Riehen

paragraphs: Riehen (Swiss German: "Rieche") is a municipality of the canton of Basel-Stadt in Switzerland.


title: Ragnar Sigurðsson

paragraphs: Ragnar Sigurðsson (born 19 June 1986 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as centre back. He currently plays for the Russian Premier League club Krasnodar and the Iceland national football team. He has previously played for Fylkir, IFK Göteborg and F.C. Copenhagen. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad.


title: Jón Daði Böðvarsson

paragraphs: Jón Daði Böðvarsson (born 25 May 1992 in Selfoss, Iceland) is an Icelandic footballer who currently plays as a right winger. He plays for the Bundesliga club 1. FC Kaiserslautern and the Iceland national team. He previously played for UMF Selfoss and Viking FK. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad.


title: Special Order 191

paragraphs: Special Order 191 was issued by Robert E. Lee in early September 1862. It was a handwritten order detailing Lee's planned troop movements during his Maryland Campaign intended to win the American Civil War. The document was recovered by Union soldiers and passed on to Major general George B. McClellan. This was a piece of intelligence few battle commanders are ever lucky enough to receive. It gave the details of how Lee had weakened his forces by splitting them up into several columns. It also laid out where each part of his army was to be at any given time. McClellan, usually very slow to act, moved his forces more quickly this time. By the night of September 14, 1862, Lee was no longer following his plan of attack. He was now reacting to McClellan's troop movements. At this point Lee's main problem became how to keep his army from being destroyed.

paragraphs: Following his success at the Second Battle of Bull Run (also called the Second Battle of Manassas), Lee made plans to invade the North. Lee thought that if he took the Civil War to the Union states, a major victory might convince Great Britain and France to support the South. He also thought it would make the North sue for peace. This would insure the Confederate States of America could remain an independent country. Lee led his Army of Northern Virginia into Maryland on September 4, 1862. He concentrated his army at Frederick, Maryland, about northwest of Washington, D.C. The story of the lost order 191 and the events of early September 1862 revolve around two sheets of paper.

paragraphs: Lee's army was camped near Frederick on September 7. General J.E.B. Stuart's three cavalry brigades had been given the task of forming a screen (protective line) between the encampment and the Union Army to their east. Lee met with his generals suggesting to James Longstreet that he should surround Harpers Ferry Armory and attack the large Union garrison which was threatening their supply lines to their rear. Longstreet objected saying his troops needed rest from the long march. He also pointed out it was a bad idea to split Lee's forces when they were so close to the enemy. If the Union army discovered Lee had weakened his main force, they might attack in force. Once rested, organized and fully supplied, Lee's army could do what it wanted. After the meeting, Longstreet assumed Lee had given up the risky Harpers Ferry scheme. A day or two later, Longstreet entered Lee's tent. He found Lee and General Stonewall Jackson finalizing the plan to attack Harpers Ferry. Longstreet realized the plan had gone ahead without him. Reluctantly, he went along with the plan. On September 9, Lee wrote out the details of the plan in Special Order 191.

paragraphs: Each of Lee's commanders received a copy of the handwritten order. Hill already had been sent a copy of the order from Lee. He did not know a second copy had been sent to him from Jackson. This is the copy that was lost.

paragraphs: On September 13, while about south of Frederick, Maryland, Corporal Barton W. Mitchell of the 27th Indiana Volunteers (Union Army) found a bundle of cigars wrapped inside some paper. The paper turned out to be Special Order 191. The field had recently been occupied by Confederate General Hill and the order was addressed to General Hill. He gave the order to his sergeant who passed it up the chain of command to General McClellan. The division's adjutant general, Samuel Pittman, was able to confirm it was the handwriting of his former colleague before the war, Robert Chilton, who was Lee's adjutant general. It was in McClellan's hands the same day.

paragraphs: Lee had about 50,000 soldiers to McClellan's 85,000. But McClellan thought Lee had 100,000 troops and was extremely reluctant to engage him. McClellan now had a chance to destroy Lee's Army of Northern Virginia while it was weak and divided, if he acted quickly. This unexpected piece of valuable information led the usually overcautious McClellan to commit his forces on September 14 resulting in the Battle of South Mountain.


title: Birkir Már Sævarsson

paragraphs: Birkir Már Sævarsson (born 11 November 1984 in Reykjavik, Iceland) is an Icelandic footballer who can play as a right fullback, right winger, left fullback or center back. He currently plays for the Swedish club Hammarby Fotboll and the Iceland national football team. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad.

paragraphs: Birkir Már Sævarsson at National-Football-Teams.com


title: Hannes Þór Halldórsson

paragraphs: Hannes Þór Halldórsson (born 27 April 1984 in Reykjavík, Iceland) is an Icelandic professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for the Iceland national football team and Bodø/Glimt, on loan from the Norwegian club NEC Nijmegen. He has also played for Leiknir Reykjavík, Ungmennafélagið Afturelding, Stjarnan, Knattspyrnufélagið Fram, Knattspyrnufélag Reykjavíkur, SK Brann, Sandnes Ulf and N.E.C.. Hannes has found some work as a film director when not playing football. He was included in Iceland's UEFA Euro 2016 squad.

paragraphs: He took part in the 2018 FIFA World Cup and saved Lionel Messi's penalty kick against Argentina which later ended 1-1.


title: Krattigen

paragraphs: Krattigen is a municipality of the administrative district Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Ermensee

paragraphs: Ermensee is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Hätzingen

paragraphs: Hätzingen is a village and former municipality in the canton of Glarus, Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004 the former municipalities of Hätzingen and Diesbach merged into the municipality of Luchsingen.


title: Glarus Nord

paragraphs: Glarus Nord is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.

paragraphs: Glarus Nord is one of three municipalities of the canton of Glarus, the others being Glarus and Glarus Süd.


title: Myco-heterotrophy

paragraphs: Myco-heterotrophy is a relationship between certain plants and fungi. The plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism on fungi, not from photosynthesis.

paragraphs: In the past, non-photosynthetic plants were thought to get food by breaking down organic matter like fungi do. Such plants were therefore called "saprophytes". That was wrong. It is now known that "no plant is physiologically capable of direct breakdown of organic matter".

paragraphs: To get food, non-photosynthetic plants engage in parasitism, by myco-heterotrophy or direct parasitism of other plants.

paragraphs: The interface between the plant and fungal partners in this association is between the roots of the plant and the mycelium of the fungus. Myco-heterotrophy therefore closely resembles mycorrhiza, and is thought to have evolved from mycorrhiza.


title: Suet

paragraphs: Suet is the hard white fat that surrounds internal organs, especially the kidneys.

paragraphs: It is available to buy ready prepared, in which case it is mixed with flour to stop it melting at room temperature.


title: Kriechenwil

paragraphs: Kriechenwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Kriechenwil has a population () of . , 3.6% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years (2001-2011) the population has changed at a rate of 0.7%. Migration accounted for 0.5%, while births and deaths accounted for 0%.


title: La Ferrière

paragraphs: La Ferrière is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: La Heutte

paragraphs: La Heutte is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of La Heutte and Péry merged into the new municipality of Péry-La Heutte.


title: Englisberg

paragraphs: Englisberg was amunicipality in Seftigen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2004 Englisberg and Zimmerwald joined together to become the new municipality, Wald.


title: Herlisberg

paragraphs: Herlisberg is a village and former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne, Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2005 the former municipality of Herlisberg merged into the municipality of Römerswil.


title: Yves Bonnefoy

paragraphs: Yves Jean Bonnefoy (June 24, 1923 – July 1, 2016) was a French poet, art critics and translator. Bonnefoy published many of translations into French, mainly poems of William Shakespeare. He was born in Tours, France.

paragraphs: He was a professor at the Collège de France from 1981 to 1993. He was the author of several works on art, art history, and artists including Miró and Giacometti.

paragraphs: The Encyclopædia Britannica presents him as ″perhaps the most important French poet of the latter half of the 20th century″.

paragraphs: Bonnefoy died in Paris on July 1, 2016, aged 93.


title: Abderrahmane Meziani

paragraphs: Abderrahmane Meziani (12 May 1942 – 2 June 2016) was a professional Algerian footballer. He played as a forward for the national football team in 1963.

paragraphs: Meziani died from a heart disease in Algiers on 2 June 2016, aged 74.


title: István Halász

paragraphs: István Halász (12 October 1951 – 4 June 2016) was a Hungarian football midfielder. He played for Hungary in the 1978 FIFA World Cup. He also played for FC Tatabánya.


title: Westfjords

paragraphs: The Westfjords or West Fjords (Icelandic: "Vestfirðir") is the name of a large peninsula and region in northern Iceland. It is next to the Denmark Strait and faces the east coast of Greenland. The Westfjords have a lot of mountains and fjords around the coast. Because of this, the road system is complex and communicating by land is difficult.

paragraphs: The largest settlement is Ísafjörður, with a population of 4,000 people.

paragraphs: Because of the East Greenland Current, the Westfjords are generally the coldest area in Iceland.

paragraphs: In 1615, 32 shipwrecked Basque whalers were killed by locals. This caused the government to pass a law allowing the murder of any Basque person seen in the Westfjords. This law was ended in May of 2015.


title: Carmen Pereira

paragraphs: Carmen Pereira (1937 – 4 June 2016) was a politician in Guinea-Bissau. She served three days as Acting President in 1984. She was the first woman in this role in Africa and the only one in Guinea-Bissau's history. She had the shortest term as the Acting President, serving only three days in office.


title: Southern Region (Iceland)

paragraphs: The Southern Region (Icelandic: "Suðurland") is a region of Iceland. The population of the region was 23,311 (1 October 2007). The biggest town in the region is Selfoss, with a population of 6,000.


title: Manohar Aich

paragraphs: Manohar Aich (17 March 1912 – 5 June 2016) was an Indian bodybuilder. He was the second Indian (after Monotosh Roy in 1951) to win any Mr. Universe title. He did so in the 1952 NABBA Universe Championships.

paragraphs: At tall, he was given the name "Pocket Hercules".

paragraphs: On 5 June 2016, Manohar Aich died in Kolkata, aged 104 years.


title: Gianluca Buonanno

paragraphs: Gianluca Buonanno (15 May 1966 – 5 June 2016) was an Italian politician. He was born in Borgosesia.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Italian Social Movement from 1982 to 1995, when he switched to the National Alliance. Buonanno left the National Alliance for Lega Nord in 2002.

paragraphs: He was elected to the XVI and XVII Parliaments and to the European Parliament in 2014. As an MEP, Buonanno was an unaffiliated Non-Inscrit before joining Europe of Nations and Freedom, and was backed by the European Alliance for Freedom and Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom.

paragraphs: Buonanno died at the age of 50 in 2016 in a car accident near Varese.


title: Jerome Bruner

paragraphs: Jerome Seymour Bruner (October 1, 1915 – June 5, 2016) was an American psychologist. He was known for his works to human cognitive psychology and cognitive learning theory in educational psychology.

paragraphs: Bruner was a senior research fellow at the New York University School of Law. He received a B.A. in 1937 from Duke University and a Ph.D. from Harvard University in 1941.


title: Jarbas Passarinho

paragraphs: Jarbas Gonçalves Passarinho (January 11, 1920 – June 5, 2016) was a Brazilian military officer and politician. Passarinho began his political career when he was appointed Governor of Pará. He served as head of several government ministries during both the Brazilian military government (1964–1985) and the transition to democracy.

paragraphs: He served as the Minister of Labor (1967–1969), Minister of Education (1969–1974), Minister of Social Security (1983–1985), and Minister of Justice (1990–1992). Passarinho was also a member of the Federal Senate, representing Pará for two tenures during military rule and the return to democracy, including a period as President of the Federal Senate from 1981 to 1983.


title: Ayaz Jani

paragraphs: Ayaz Jani (original name Ayaz Hussain Memon) (, born 4 October 1967 – died 6 June 2016) was a Pakistani poet and journalist. He wrote in the Sindhi language. Jani had been writing poetry since his school days and gained popularity as a romantic poet.

paragraphs: Jani died on 6 June 2016 due to a heart attack in Larkana, Pakistan, aged 48.


title: Steve Pisanos

paragraphs: Steve Pisanos (born Spiros Pisanos ( του Νικολάου και της Αθηνάς); November 10, 1919 – June 6, 2016) was a American USAF Colonel. He served successfully as a fighter pilot with the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Air Force (USAF) 4th Fighter Group in World War II. By the end of his career in 1974, he received 33 decorations and distinctions.

paragraphs: He was the author of the book The Flying Greek, published in April 2008, where he has recorded all of his personal adventures and detailed war fighting experiences. The book is commented by his friends and renowned USAF aviators Gabby Gabreski and Chuck Yeager.

paragraphs: Pisanos died on June 6, 2016 from heart failure at his home in Rancho Bernardo, San Diego, California, aged 96.


title: Theresa Saldana

paragraphs: Theresa Saldana (August 20, 1954 – June 6, 2016) was an American actress and author.

paragraphs: Saldana was born in Brooklyn, New York. She was adopted at five days old by Divina and Tony Saldana, a family of Puerto Rican and Italian-American heritage.

paragraphs: She is known for her role as Rachel Scali, the wife of Police Commissioner Tony Scali, in the 1990s television series "The Commish", for which she received a Golden Globe nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Supporting Role, in 1994.

paragraphs: She played the role of 'Lenore La Motta', the wife of Joe Pesci's character, in the 1980 feature movie "Raging Bull" and Robert Zemeckis's Beatlemania ensemble "I Wanna Hold Your Hand".

paragraphs: She was also known for raising public awareness of the crime of stalking, after surviving a murder attempt by an obsessed fan in 1982. The fan approached Saldana in front of her West Hollywood residence in broad daylight and stabbed her in the torso 10 times with a 5½-inch (14 cm) knife, nearly killing her.

paragraphs: A television movie, "" was about the attack and was released in 1984 starring Saldana as herself.

paragraphs: Saldana died on June 6, 2016 from an illness at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, aged 61.


title: Johnny Brooks

paragraphs: John "Johnny" Brooks (23 December 1931 – 7 June 2016) was a former professional footballer and manager. He was born in Reading, Berkshire.

paragraphs: He played for Reading, Tottenham Hotspur, Chelsea, Brentford, Crystal Palace in the Football League. Brooks won three England caps, scoring two goals.

paragraphs: Towards the end of his career he played in non-league football with Stevenage Town and Cambridge City and in North America with Cleveland Stokers. He later player-managed Knebworth.

paragraphs: Brooks died of vascular dementia on 7 June 2016, aged 84.


title: Amber Gurung

paragraphs: Amber Gurung () (February 26, 1938 – June 7, 2016) was a Nepali composer, singer and lyricist. He was popularly known as the music composer of Nepal's national anthem "Sayaun Thunga Phool Ka".

paragraphs: Gurung died of esophageal cancer in Kathmandu, Nepal on June 7, 2016, aged 78.


title: Thomas J. Perkins

paragraphs: Thomas James Perkins (January 7, 1932 – June 7, 2016) was an American businessman and capitalist. He was one of the founders of venture capital firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers.

paragraphs: Perkins died June 7, 2016 after a long-illness at his home in Marin County, California, aged 84.


title: La Neuveville

paragraphs: La Neuveville () is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Landiswil

paragraphs: Landiswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Längenbühl

paragraphs: Längenbühl is a village in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. The former municipality of the district of Thun merged with Forst on January 1, 2007 to form Forst-Längenbühl.

paragraphs: There are three smaller lakes in Längenbühl: Dittligsee, Geistsee and a smaller pond.


title: Eschenbach, Lucerne

paragraphs: Eschenbach is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.


title: Langenthal, Switzerland

paragraphs: Langenthal is a town in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2010 the former municipality of Untersteckholz merged into the municipality of Langenthal.

paragraphs: Langenthal is an educational, cultural, and economic center for the region of Oberaargau.


title: Ouroboros

paragraphs: The ouroboros or oroboros is an ancient symbol of a serpent or dragon eating its own tail.

paragraphs: The ouroboros symbolizes eternity or cyclicality. It is the sense of something constantly re-creating itself. Like the phoenix, it symbolises cycles that begin again as soon as they end.

paragraphs: The first known appearance of the ouroboros motif is in KV62, the tomb of Tutankhamun, in the 14th century BC. The text is about the god Ra and his union with Osiris in the underworld. In an illustration, two serpents, with their tails in their mouths, coil around the head and feet of an enormous god (this the unified Ra-Osiris). The whole figure represents the beginning and the end of time.


title: Gelfingen

paragraphs: Gelfingen is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Gelfingen, Hämikon, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch.


title: Lauenen

paragraphs: Lauenen (, ) is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Laupen, Bern

paragraphs: Laupen () is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Glarus Süd

paragraphs: Glarus Süd is a municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Mitlödi, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.

paragraphs: Glarus Süd is one of three municipalities of the canton of Glarus, the others being Glarus and Glarus Nord.


title: Biel, Valais

paragraphs: Biel is a village and former municipality in the canton of Valais, Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2001 the former municipalities of Biel, Ritzingen and Selkingen merged into the new municipality of Grafschaft.


title: Arica y Parinacota Region

paragraphs: The XV Arica and Parinacota Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the country's newest region, created under Law 20.175. It became operational on 8 October 2007.

paragraphs: Chile's former Tarapacá region was a former Peruvian province, which was occupied by Chile under the 1883 Treaty of Ancón at the close of the War of the Pacific, and then formally annexed in 1929 by the Treaty of Lima.

paragraphs: The Arica and Parinacota borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the east and Chile's Tarapacá region to the south.

paragraphs: The region is within the Norte Grande ("Far North") natural region. It combines deserts, green valleys, the steep and volcanic Andes mountains, and the Altiplano (high plain) to the east. A narrow coastal strip of low-lying land no more than wide separates the Pacific's Nazca plate from the Andes. Its Parinacota volcano is the region's highest elevation at and is on the northern border with Bolivia in Lauca National Park.

paragraphs: The two main rivers of the region are the Lauca, which flows into the Coipasa lake in Bolivia, and the Lluta, which flows into the Pacific Ocean. Lake Chungará at above sea level ranks as one of the highest in the world

paragraphs: , there were (estimated) 239,126 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city in the region is Arica, with 210,936 inhabitants.

paragraphs: In 2007, the region was subdivided to create the Arica y Parinacota region and the present day Tarapacá Region to the south. The region is further subdivided into two provinces: Arica and Parinacota.


title: Khamseh

paragraphs: The Khamseh is a tribal confederation in the province of Fars in southwestern Iran. It consists of five tribes.It was created in 1861 by Naser al-Din Shah Qajar to decrease strength of the Qashqai, who were gaining so much power. The Khamseh tribes were a mixture of Persians, Turks, and Arabs.


title: Khamseh Arabs

paragraphs: The Khamseh Arabs are an Arab nomadic and pastoral tribe of the Fars Province in Iran. They are a part of Khamseh confederation. They speak a dialect of Arabic.

paragraphs: The tribe has two branches: Sheybani and Jabbareh


title: Susana Trimarco

paragraphs: Susana Trimarco or Sara Susana del Valle Trimarco de Veron (born May 25, 1954 in San Miguel de Tucumán) is an Argentinian mother. In 2007 she received the International Women of Courage Award.

paragraphs: In 2002, Trimarco's daughter, Maria de los Angeles Veron ("Marita"), disappeared. She was kidnapped by human traffickers. Trimarco went to brothels to look for her daughter. She said she wanted to buy women. She did not find Marita, but she found 129 other women and got their freedom.

paragraphs: Trimarco saved many women. Some of them stayed at her house. Finally there were so many women she could not take care of them, so she started the Fundacion Maria de los Angeles, named for her daughter.


title: Cecilia Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne

paragraphs: Cecilia Nina Bowes-Lyon, Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne, née Cavendish-Bentinck,GCVO (11 September 1862 – 23 June 1938) was the mother of Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and maternal grandmother and godmother of Elizabeth II.


title: Lauperswil

paragraphs: Lauperswil is a municipality of the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Lauperswil, Emmenmatt, Wittenbach, Längenbach, Moosegg, Obermatt, Mungnau and Zollbrück.


title: Lauterbrunnen

paragraphs: Lauterbrunnen is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Ruzizi River

paragraphs: The Ruzizi River, or Rusizi River, is a river, long. It flows from Lake Kivu to Lake Tanganyika in East Africa.

paragraphs: A notorious man-eating crocodile, Gustave, roams the banks of the Ruzizi River and the northern shores of Lake Tanganyika. Gustave is a Nile crocodile and is about long and weighs about . He is said to have killed and eaten many people. Though the actual number is difficult to verify, he is a near-mythical creature and is greatly feared by people in the region.


title: Leimiswil

paragraphs: Leimiswil is a former municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2011 Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil.


title: Popi Maliotaki

paragraphs: Popi Malliotaki ( 16 October 1971), is a Greek singer. Malliotaki has credited with gold record for her second album entitled "Alli Mia Fora".

paragraphs: Malliotaki was born in Ierapetra, Crete. Popi has released three albums and several singles. She has collaborated with important Greek artists in the music industry and is over 20 years in the song field. In 2008 after the great success of the third album entitled "Popara", she collaborated with mobile operator "Helen Q Card" and released calling card with name "Popara" which was the title of their third album.

paragraphs: She has been married twice. From her first marriage with singer Sakis Galanis has a daughter and the name of the daughter is Rania. Her second marriage was in 1999 and lasted until 2008. From her second marriage with businessman Babis Lazaridis has a son, Vasilis.

paragraphs: In December 2008, her husband murdered by unknown men in the area of Voula in Athens.


title: Leissigen

paragraphs: Leissigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Lenk

paragraphs: Lenk or Lenk im Simmental is a municipality in the administrative district of Obersimmental-Saanen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Leuzigen

paragraphs: Leuzigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. The village is between the cities Biel/Bienne and Solothurn and borders on the river Aare.


title: Ligerz

paragraphs: Ligerz () is a municipality of the administrative district of Biel/Bienne in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Limpach, Switzerland

paragraphs: Limpach is a former municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2014 the former municipalities of Limpach, Büren zum Hof, Etzelkofen, Grafenried, Mülchi, Schalunen and Zauggenried merged into the municipality of Fraubrunnen.


title: Daniel Harvey Hill

paragraphs: Daniel Harvey Hill, or more commonly D. H. Hill, (July 12, 1821 - September 24, 1889) was a Confederate Major general during the American Civil War. He was an officer in the Mexican-American War and received two brevet promotions for his performance; one to captain and another to major. He left the army to become a Professor. When North Carolina seceded from the Union, Hill was appointed Colonel of the 1st North Carolina Infantry. By 1862 he was a major general serving in the Army of Northern Virginia. Hill's reputation was tarnished over the lost copy of Special Order 191 which fell into the hands of Union general George McClellan. This gave away Robert E. Lees plans for the Confederate Maryland Campaign. He was considered a military genius by some, including Lieutenant general Stonewall Jackson (his Brother-in-law).

paragraphs: Hill was born on July 12, 1821 at Hill's Iron Works in York County, South Carolina. He was the son of Solomon and Nancy Hill. His grandfather, William Hill, a native of Ireland, built an iron foundry that made cannon for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He was also a Revolutionary War soldier. Hill was educated locally and in 1838 accepted an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He was in the same class as James Longstreet, William Rosecrans, John Pope, and George Sykes. He graduated four years later ranked 28th in a class of 56. He was given a commission in the 1st US Artillery.

paragraphs: He participated in nearly every important battle in the Mexican–American War. He rose to the rank of First lieutenant. He won the brevet rank of Captain at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco. For his actions at the Battle of Chapultepec he was breveted the rank of major. The state of

paragraphs: South Carolina gave him a gold sword in appreciation for his services.

paragraphs: He resigned from the army in 1849 and became Professor of Mathematics at Washington College (now Washington and Lee University). In 1854 Hill became a professor at Davidson College. In 1859 he resigned his chair position to become the superintendent of the North Carolina Military Institute.

paragraphs: As a colonel of the 1st North Carolina Infantry he quickly became successful. In 1861 he led his forces to a victory in the Battle of Big Bethel (Virginia). By the spring of the following year, Hill had been promoted to major general in the Army of Northern Virginia. He led his division at the battles of Yorktown, Williamsburg, Seven Pines and all through the Seven Days Battles. It was Hill who advised his commander, Robert E. Lee, not to attack the Union positions at the Battle of Malvern Hill saying "If General McClellan is there in strength, we had better let him alone." Lee ignored the advice and the attacks were unsuccessful. Hill was left to defend Richmond, Virginia during the Northern Virginia Campaign. While in Richmond, Hill and Union general John Adams Dix worked out a system to exchange prisoners of war. He rejoined Lee for the Maryland Campaign.

paragraphs: It was during the Maryland Campaign that Hill was mistakenly sent two copies of Special Order 191. The second copy, which came to be known as the "lost copy" was found on September 13 by a Union soldier who quickly sent it up the chain of command to McClellan. Now McClellan knew the details of how Lee had weakened his forces by splitting them up into several columns. It also laid out where each part of his army was to be at any given time. McClellan acted, quicker than usual, and attacked Lee's positions. Hill's outnumbered men delayed the Union advance at the Battle of South Mountain long enough for Lee to regroup. Three days later Hill's division defended the "Bloody Lane" against several Union attacks at the Battle of Antietam before being driven back. Hill's division was also in the Battle of Fredericksburg. In 1863 Hill was sent to help defend Southern Virginia and North Caroline. He never returned to Lee's army. He was next sent west to command a Corps under Lieutenant general Braxton Bragg. At the Battle of Chickamauga Hill led his corps. But he did not get along at all with Bragg and was left without a command. This also stopped his promotion to Lieutenant general. He did not command troops again until the

paragraphs: In the spring of 1863, Hill was detached to help defend North Carolina and Southern Virginia. He never rejoined Lee’s army. After helping defend Richmond during Lee’s Gettysburg Campaign, Hill was sent west to command a corps in Braxton Bragg’s Army of Tennessee. Hill led his corps in the victory at the Battle of Chickamauga. After the battle, however, tensions with Bragg led to Hill being sidelined and to the cancellation of his promotion to lieutenant general. Hill did not command troops again until the final weeks of the war at the Battle of Bentonville.

paragraphs: Hill was a very good combat leader but he made enemies among other Confederate generals. He was said to be sarcastic, abrupt and often insulting. James Longstreet once said Hill's problem was he was a North Carolinian in an army of Virginians.

paragraphs: Hill edited a magazine at Charlotte called "The Land We Love." Between 1877 and 1880 he was president of the Arkansas Industrial university (later renamed the University of Arkansas). Following that he was president of the Middle Georgia Military and Agricultural College (now Georgia Military College). He remained there until August of 1889 when ill health caused him to resign. He died at Charlotte September 23, 1899. Hill was buried at the Davidson College Cemetery.


title: Belpberg

paragraphs: Belpberg is a former municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The municipality of Belpberg merged on 1 January 2012 into the municipality of Belp.


title: Linden, Switzerland

paragraphs: Linden is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Lohnstorf

paragraphs: Lohnstorf was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2020 the municipalities Kirchenthurnen, Lohnstorf and Mühlethurnen joined together to become the new municipality Thurnen.


title: Lotzwil

paragraphs: Lotzwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Loveresse

paragraphs: Loveresse is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Brevet (military)

paragraphs: A brevet in most militaries is a promotion to a higher rank without the increase in pay or full privileges. It is often given as an honor. It was a term borrowed from the British during the American Revolutionary War and used in the Continental Army. Since that time the United States Congress has had several reasons for granting brevet ranks. In some of these instances the officer received the higher pay of the breveted rank. The term brevet comes from the Latin words "breve" and "brevia" meaning a legal brief.

paragraphs: In the early history, the King of France would call on his feudal lords for troops. These feudal lords raised armies and appointed officers, but they did not have the authority to give a rank in the king's army. The king would give a commissioned rank to leaders that would be recognized throughout his army by the use of Letters patent or brevet. Soon all French officers from a cornet (sub-lieutenant) to the Marshal of France received their commission in this way. They came to be styled "Officers a'Brevet". The official document granting the brevet was called a "brevet d'invention".

paragraphs: The British army that served in the American colonies during the American Revolution were made up of mostly infantry regiments. During the war the strength (numbers) of infantry regiments varied. The actual strength was usually not the established strength. But in general, a regiment at the time averaged about 500 soldiers. Regiments were then divided into ten companies usually of equal size. Each company had three officers and was commanded by a captain. Three of these company captains also held a higher rank in the regiment. These included the colonel, the lieutenant colonel and the major. Collectively these three were called "field officers". So in actuality, each regiment had three field officers and seven captains for a total of ten. On muster rolls it was not unusual to see an officer listed as "Major and Captain". But usually, only the higher of the officer's two ranks were used. But, whereas companies were commanded by captains, it is sometime curious to see mention of something like "Lt. Col. Campbell's company" (instead of Captain Campbell's company).

paragraphs: In 1861, during the American Civil War, graduates of West Point were given commissions in the Union Army as brevet 2nd lieutenants. This was because there were not enough vacancies to commission them as 2nd lieutenants. Many officers have held brevet commissions for gallant actions, meritorious service or to serve in a staff position when their permanent rank did not allow it. After the war there were thousands of brevet officers. Of the 1,978 Civil War generals, 1,700 were brevet Brigadier generals or Major generals, most with a date of rank of 13 March 1865. Many, Like George Armstrong Custer held the brevet rank of major general, but wanting to remain in the army after the war was returned to his permanent rank of captain.


title: Parinacota Province

paragraphs: Parinacota Province () is a province of Chile. It belongs to the Arica and Parinacota region (XV), the northernmost and the newest of the Chilean regions. Its capital is Putre.

paragraphs: It is named after the Parinacota volcano.

paragraphs: The Arica and Parinacota region was created on 8 October 2007 under Law 20.175, promulgated on March 23, 2007. The law divided the former "Tarapacá" region into two: the northern portion became the XV Arica y Parinacota Region, and the southern portion remained the I Tarapacá Region.

paragraphs: The Parinacota province has an area of .

paragraphs: Parinacota borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the east, the Tamarugal province in the Tarapacá region to the south and the Arica province to the west.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 3,156 people (2,106 men and 1,050 women) living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest town of the province is Putre, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 1,498 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Parinacota is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"): General Lagos in the northern portion and Putre in the south. The town of Putre is the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Abbas Kiarostami

paragraphs: Abbas Kiarostami ( ; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016) was an Iranian movie director, screenwriter, photographer and movie producer.

paragraphs: He was known for making documentaries or short movies. His best known works are the "Koker trilogy" (1987–94), "Close-Up" (1990), "Taste of Cherry" (1997) and "The Wind Will Carry Us" (1999). In his later works, "Certified Copy" (2010) and "Like Someone in Love".

paragraphs: Kiarostami died at a Paris hospital on 4 July 2016 from gastrointestinal cancer, aged 76.


title: Kathryn Beaumont

paragraphs: Kathryn Beaumont (born 27 June 1938) is an English actress, singer and school teacher who is best known for providing Disney animated films with the voices of both Alice in "Alice in Wonderland" (1951); and Wendy Darling in "Peter Pan" (1953) for which she was named a Disney Legend in 1998.

paragraphs: Beaumont retired as the voice of Alice and Wendy in 2005, her roles as these two characters was taken over by Hynden Walch since 2005.

paragraphs: She has been married to Allan Levine since 1981. Together they have two children.


title: Parinacota Volcano

paragraphs: Parinacota or Parina Quta (from Aymara "parina" flamingo, "quta" lake, "flamingo lake") is a massive dormant volcano (a stratovolcano) on the border of Chile and Bolivia.

paragraphs: The first ascent of this peak was made by Carlos Terán, Bolivian, and Joseph Prem, Austrian on 12 December 1928.

paragraphs: It is part of the Payachata volcanic group formed by the Parinacota together with the Pleistocene peak of Pomerape.

paragraphs: The volcano and Pomerape straddle the border between Sajama National Park (Oruro Department, Bolivia) and Lauca National Park (Parinacota Province, Chile).


title: Steven Adams

paragraphs: Steven Adams is a basketball player. He currently plays for the Oklahoma City Thunder. Before that, he played for the Wellington Saints of New Zealand.


title: Enes Kanter

paragraphs: Enes Kanter (born 1992) is a Turkish basketball player. He plays the center position. He has played for the Utah Jazz, the Oklahoma City Thunder, and the New York Knicks.


title: Param Vir Chakra

paragraphs: The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military decoration awarded for the highest degree of valour or self-sacrifice in the presence of the enemy. The medal has been awarded 21 times, 14 of which were posthumous awards.

paragraphs: Literally Param Vir Chakra means "Wheel (or Cross) of the Ultimate Brave", it is equal to the Medal of Honor in the United States and the Victoria Cross in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Instituted on 26 January 1950, by the President of India, with effect from 15 August 1947, this award can also be awarded posthumously. Officers or enlisted personnel from all branches of the Indian Armed Forces are eligible for the award. Recipients of the decoration have the right to use PVC as a postnominal abbreviation.

paragraphs: There is a provision for the award of a bar for a second (or subsequent) awards of the Param Vir Chakra, with a replica of the Vajra, the weapon of Indra, the god of heaven. However, no one has received it to date.


title: Robin Hardy

paragraphs: Robin St. Clair Rimington Hardy (2 October 1929 – 1 July 2016) was an English screenwriter and movie director. His most famous directorial work is the 1973 movie "The Wicker Man".


title: Caroline Aherne

paragraphs: Caroline Mary Aherne (24 December 1963 – 2 July 2016) was an English comedian and BAFTA Award-winning writer and actress. She was best known for performing as the chat show host "Mrs Merton". She was also known for her roles in the "The Fast Show", and as lead in the "The Royle Family", a show that she co-wrote.

paragraphs: On 2 July 2016, Aherne died at her home in Timperley, Greater Manchester from throat cancer at the age of 52.


title: Roscoe Brown

paragraphs: Roscoe C. Brown, Jr. (March 9, 1922 – July 2, 2016) was one of the Tuskegee Airmen and a squadron commander of the 100th Fighter Squadron of the 332nd Fighter Group. He served in the U.S. Army Air Forces in Europe during World War II. During this period, Captain Brown shot down an advanced German Me-262 jet fighter and a FW-190 fighter.


title: Rudolf E. Kálmán

paragraphs: Rudolf (Rudi) Emil Kálmán (; May 19, 1930 – July 2, 2016) was a Hungarian-born American electrical engineer, mathematician, and inventor.

paragraphs: He was known for his co-invention and development of the Kalman filter. It was a mathematical algorithm that is widely used in signal processing, control systems, and guidance, navigation and control. For this work, U.S. President Barack Obama awarded Kálmán the National Medal of Science on October 7, 2009.


title: Robert Nye

paragraphs: Robert Nye FRSL (15 March 1939 – 2 July 2016) was an English poet and author. His bestselling novel "Falstaff" was published in 1976. It was described by Michael Ratcliffe (writing in "The Times") as "one of the most ambitious and seductive novels of the decade", and went on to win both The Hawthornden Prize and Guardian Fiction Prize.

paragraphs: The novel was also included in Anthony Burgess's "99 Novels: The Best in English Since 1939" (1984).


title: Jack C. Taylor

paragraphs: Jack Crawford Taylor (April 14, 1922 – July 2, 2016) was an American businessman, philanthropist and billionaire. He founded the Enterprise Rent-A-Car Company. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He was worth a US$8.6 billion as of February 2016.

paragraphs: Taylor died on July 2, 2016 in St. Louis, Missouri, aged 94.


title: Michael Beaumont, 22nd Seigneur of Sark

paragraphs: John Michael Beaumont OBE (20 December 1927 – 3 July 2016) was the twenty-second Seigneur of Sark in the Channel Islands.

paragraphs: He worked as a civil engineer before replacing his paternal grandmother, Sibyl Hathaway, the 21st Dame of Sark, in 1974.

paragraphs: During his rule, Beaumont saw the loss of many feudal rights enjoyed by the seigneurs, and was consequently often described as the "last feudal baron".


title: Roger Dumas

paragraphs: Roger Dumas (9 May 1932 – 2 July 2016) was a French actor and comedian. He appeared in more than 100 movies between 1954 and 2016. He was born in Annonay, Ardèche. He was known for his roles in "That Man from Rio", "Le Concert", and "The First Day of the Rest of Your Life".

paragraphs: Dumas died in Paris, France on 2 July 2016, aged 84.


title: Lou Fontinato

paragraphs: Louis Joseph "Leapin' Louie" Fontinato (January 20, 1932 – July 3, 2016) was a Canadian defenceman in the National Hockey League. He played with the New York Rangers from 1954 to 1961 and the Montreal Canadiens from 1961 to 1963.


title: Beatrice de Cardi

paragraphs: Beatrice Eileen de Cardi (5 June 1914 – 5 July 2016) was a British archaeologist. He worked in the study of the Persian Gulf and the Baluchistan region of Pakistan. She was president of the British Foundation for the Study of Arabia, and she was Secretary of the Council for British Archaeology from 1949 to 1973.


title: Lüscherz

paragraphs: Lüscherz is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Kim Chaek

paragraphs: Kim Chaek(Korea:김책, 金策; 14 August 1903 - January 31 1951) was a North Korean resistance activist, military leader, politician and poet. His realname was Kim Hong-gye(김홍계, 金洪啓). First Industry Minister of DPRK, September 2 1948 to January 31 1951. He was military leader of North Korea in the time of Korean War.

paragraphs: In his child years, his family went to Manchuria after 1926, he joined to communist organization. In 1925, he was study to Dongheung Middle school, but in 1927, dropped out of Middle School. In 1930s he was in a communist military organization and friend of Soviet Union. In September 2, 1948, he was appointed to Industry Minister of DPRK, until his death. In January 31, 1951, he died in battle at the time of Korean war, in Pyongyang. His death cause was myocardial infarction or wartime bombing.


title: UEFA Euro 2016 Final

paragraphs: The UEFA Euro 2016 Final was a football match that took place on 10 July 2016 at the Stade de France in Saint-Denis, Île-de-France, France. The game determined the winner of the UEFA Euro 2016. The match was played with Portugal and France, and Portugal won the match with a goal from Éder at the 109th minute.


title: Sperlinga

paragraphs: Sperlinga is a comune in the province of Enna, in the central part of Sicily. Sperlinga is about above sea level. It is on a hill on the southern slopes of the Nebrodi mountains, about north of Enna. It has a number of dwellings. The village has a large medieval castle, dating from Norman times.

paragraphs: In 2014 the population was 819 people. The main activity in the area is farming.

paragraphs: The village is first mentioned (as "Sperlingua") in a document belonging to the Norman Count Roger from 1082. The castle is first mentioned in 1113.

paragraphs: It is believed that Sperlinga did not take part in the Sicilian Vespers, the bloody uprising against the Angevin French rulers of Sicily in 1282. The village may have offered them protection. There was an inscription over a door in the castle which read , meaning "what pleased the Sicilians, only Sperlinga denied".

paragraphs: From about 1360 Sperlinga was ruled by the Ventimiglia family. In 1597 it was sold for 30,834 ounces of gold to Giovanni Natoli. Natoli was granted a "licentia populandi" or "licence to populate" by the king of Sicily, Philip II of Spain, and was made Prince of Sperlinga in 1627. His son Francesco sold Sperlinga in 1656 to Giovanni Stefano Oneto, but kept the princely title. Oneto was made Duke of Sperlinga in 1666 by Charles II of Spain.

paragraphs: During the Allied invasion of Sicily, in the Second World War, Allied forces moved past Sperlinga to envelop Nicosia, a few kilometres to the south. They met strong resistance. After a show of force by American tanks, the Axis forces withdrew from Sperlinga and Nicosia during the night of 27 July 1943. Units of the American 16th Infantry Regiment entered Sperlinga the next morning.


title: Lütschental

paragraphs: Lütschental is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Italy national under-21 football team

paragraphs: The Italy national under-21 football team is the national under-21 football team of Italy. They are the most successful team in the UEFA European Under-21 Championship (with 5 titles).

paragraphs: Andrea Pirlo has made the most appearances for the team, with 46, and Alberto Gilardino is the top scorer, with 19 goals.

paragraphs: Since 1992 Olympics football changed to U-23 event, and the European U-21 teams, technically is a U-23 teams.

paragraphs: The winner, runner-up and third place of UEFA U-21 Championship qualify for Olympics.


title: Lützelflüh

paragraphs: Lützelflüh is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Lyssach

paragraphs: Lyssach is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Madiswil

paragraphs: Madiswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Since January 1, 2007, Gutenburg is part of the municipality. On 1 January 2011 Kleindietwil and Leimiswil were merged with the municipality of Madiswil.


title: Gutenburg, Switzerland

paragraphs: Gutenburg was a municipality in the Swiss canton of Bern.

paragraphs: Since January 1, 2007, it is part of the municipality of Madiswil.


title: Malleray

paragraphs: Malleray is a former municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2015 the former municipalities of Malleray, Bévilard and Pontenet merged into the new municipality of Valbirse.


title: Hämikon

paragraphs: Hämikon is a former municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Hämikon, Gelfingen, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz merged into the municipality of Hitzkirch.


title: Hitzkirch

paragraphs: Hitzkirch is a municipality of the district of Hochdorf in the canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009, Gelfingen, Hämikon, Mosen, Müswangen, Retschwil and Sulz joined Hitzkirch.


title: Brief (law)

paragraphs: In law a brief is a formal written argument submitted to a court. It is in a format required by that particular court system. in civil law A brief generally contains the legal arguments in a lawsuit. In a criminal procedure briefs involve the state prosecuting one or more defendants for breaking one or more laws. In general, briefs contain references to the statutes, legal precedents and arguments applied to the facts for this particular case. When an attorney writes a brief, they are implicitly promising to give the court good reasons for ruling in favor of their client.

paragraphs: An appellate brief is a brief prepared for an appellate court. An "amicus curiae", literally a "friend of the court", is a third party not involved in the case but who has a strong interest in the case. They may ask the court's permission to file an amicus brief in support of one of the parties.


title: Matten bei Interlaken

paragraphs: Matten is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Letters patent

paragraphs: Letters patent (always in the plural) are a type of legal instrument in the form of a published written order issued by a monarch, or government. They are generally used in granting an office, right, monopoly, title, or status to a person or corporation. Letters patent can be used for the creation of corporations or government offices. They may be used for the granting of city status or a coat of arms. Letters patent are issued for the appointment of representatives of the Crown, such as Governors and Governors-General of Commonwealth realms. In the United Kingdom they are also issued for the creation of peers of the realm. A particular form of letters patent has evolved into the modern patent (referred to as a utility patent or design patent in United States patent law). This grants exclusive rights of an invention (or a design in the case of a design patent). In this case it is essential that the written grant should be in the form of a public document so other inventors can consult it to avoid infringement. It is also important to understand how to "practice" the invention or put it into practical use.

paragraphs: The opposite of letters patent are letters close. These are personal in nature and sealed so that only the recipient can read their contents. Letters patent are comparable to other kinds of open letters in that their audience is wide.


title: Mattstetten

paragraphs: Mattstetten is a municipality of the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Ravichandran Ashwin

paragraphs: Ravichandran Ashwin (born 17 September 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu) is an Indian cricketer playing for the international team. He is a right arm spin bowler. But he bats too well in Test cricket.Ashwin is a right hand batsman. He is a 6 ft 2 inch tall cricketer.

paragraphs: Ravichandran Ashwin had played for Indian international cricket team, Chennai Super Kings (IPL), Rising Pune Supergiants (IPL), Tamil Nadu (Ranji trophy) etc. teams.

paragraphs: Ashwin scored 2 centuries in Test cricket, 124 and 103 both vs West Indies cricket team. His best bowling figure in Test cricket is 12/85 vs Australia in Hyderabad. Ashwin is the fastest Indian bowler to reach 100 wickets in 18th Test match and 5th fastest bowler in the world. He became the first Indian to hit a century and take 5 wickets in the same match. The third Indian to receive Man of the Match award on debut. He took 28 wickets in a single series against Australia beating Anil Kumble's world record. He totally picked up 176 wickets and scored 1204 runs in 32 Matches.

paragraphs: Ravichandran Ashwin scored 658 runs and picked up 142 wickets in 102 matches. His best bowling figure in ODI is 4/25 vs U.A.E in World Cup 2015. He is appreciated in One day Internationals for his economy rate while bowling and different variations. His highest batting score is 65 vs New Zealand.


title: Iffwil

paragraphs: Iffwil is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Meienried

paragraphs: Meienried is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: La Baroche

paragraphs: La Baroche is a municipality in the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 the former municipalities of Asuel, Charmoille, Fregiécourt, Miécourt and Pleujouse merged into the new municipality of La Baroche.


title: Uma Shankar Mishra

paragraphs: Uma Shankar Mishra (1923 – 3 July 2016) was an Indian politician. He was a Indian Independence Movement Activist. He served as President-District Congress Committee Raebareli until his death in 2016. His political party is Indian National Congress. He was born in Raebareli, Uttar Pradesh.

paragraphs: Mishra died in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh on 3 July 2016, aged 93.


title: Mauricio Walerstein

paragraphs: Mauricio Walerstein (29 March 1945 – 3 July 2016) was a Mexican movie director, screenwriter and movie producer. He directed 17 movies between 1971 and 2014. His 1973 movie "Cuando quiero llorar no lloro" was entered into the 8th Moscow International Film Festival. He also directed "Spaniards in Paris" (1973).

paragraphs: Walerstein died on 3 July 2016 in Mexico City, Mexico, aged 71.


title: William Hawkins (writer)

paragraphs: William Alfred Hawkins (May 20, 1940 – July 4, 2016) was a Canadian songwriter, poet, musician and journalist. He was known for his works in the 1960s to Canadian folk rock music and to Canadian poetry. His best known song is "Gnostic Serenade", originally recorded by 3's a Crowd.


title: Markus Werner

paragraphs: Markus Werner (; 27 December 1944 – 3 July 2016) was a Swiss writer. He was known as the author of the novels "Zündels Abgang" ("Zündel’s Departure") and "Am Hang" ("On the Edge"). He was born in Eschlikon, Thurgau. From 1975 to 1985, he worked as a teacher, and from 1985 to 1990 as an assistant professor at the "Kantonsschule" (high school) in Schaffhausen.

paragraphs: Werner died on 3 July 2016 in Schaffhausen, Switzerland, aged 72.


title: Gordon Murray (puppeteer)

paragraphs: Gordon Murray (3 May 1921 – 30 June 2016) was a British television producer and puppeteer. He created and wrote popular children's television programmes. "Camberwick Green", "Trumpton", and "Chigley", known as the "Trumptonshire Trilogy," were all made by the company he set up.

paragraphs: Murray died in London on 30 June 2016, aged 95.


title: Martin Lundström

paragraphs: Martin Lundström (30 May 1918 – 30 June 2016) was a Swedish cross-country skier. He competed in the late 1940s and early 1950s. He was born in Tvärliden, Norsjö Municipality.

paragraphs: Lundström won two Olympic gold medals during the 1948 Winter Olympics in Saint-Moritz, Switzerland at the 18 km and 4 x 10 km relay events. He also won a bronze medal in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 1952 Winter Olympics.

paragraphs: Lundström also won at the 18 km event at the Holmenkollen ski festival in 1948. Additionally, he won a gold in the 4 x 10 km relay at the 1950 FIS Nordic World Ski Championships.

paragraphs: He died in June 2016 in Stockholm at the age of 98.


title: Geoffrey Hill

paragraphs: Sir Geoffrey William Hill, FRSL (18 June 1932 – 30 June 2016) was an English poet, professor emeritus of English literature and religion, and former co-director of the Editorial Institute, at Boston University.

paragraphs: Hill has been thought to be among the most famous poets of his generation and was called the "greatest living poet in the English language."

paragraphs: From 2010 to 2015, he held the position of Professor of Poetry in the University of Oxford.


title: Juan Habichuela

paragraphs: Juan Habichuela ("né" Juan Carmona Carmona; 1933 – 30 June 2016) was a Spanish flamenco guitarist. He began his artistic life as a dancer, and later learned guitar.

paragraphs: He wrote songs with many famous Spanish musicians such as Manolo Caracol, Juan Valderrama, Fosforito, and Enrique Morente. He was nominated for the Latin Grammy Award for Best Flamenco Album in 2000. Habichuela received the Latin Grammy Trustees Award in 2012 for "significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording during their careers".


title: Don Friedman

paragraphs: Donald Ernest "Don" Friedman (May 4, 1935 – June 30, 2016) was an American jazz pianist. He was born in San Francisco, California.

paragraphs: Friedman performed with Dexter Gordon, Chet Baker, Buddy DeFranco and Ornette Coleman, among others, before moving to New York. There, he led his own trio in addition to playing in Pepper Adams's, Booker Little's and Jimmy Giuffre's bands in the 1960s. He was also a part of Clark Terry's big band.

paragraphs: He most recently worked in New York as a pianist and jazz educator. He

paragraphs: Friedman died on June 30, 2016 in The Bronx, New York, aged 81.