title: Carmine (color)

paragraphs: Carmine is the general term for a particularly deep red color. Some rubies are colored the color shown in the color chart below as "rich carmine". The deep red color shown at right as "carmine" is the color of the raw unprocessed pigment, but lighter, richer, or brighter colors are produced when the raw pigment is processed, some of which are shown below.

paragraphs: The color carmine comes from the pigment "carmine", which is a deep red color obtained from the carminic acid produced by some scale insects, such as the cochineal and the Polish cochineal, and is used as a general term for a particularly deep red color. The pigment carmine is used in the manufacture of artificial flowers, paints, rouge, yogurt, cosmetics, food additives, and crimson ink.

paragraphs: The first recorded use of "carmine" as a color name in English was in 1523.


title: Taupe

paragraphs: Taupe refers to a dark grayish-brown color. The word "taupe" derives from the Latin name for the European Mole, "Talpa europaea".

paragraphs: Originally, this referred only to the average color of the French mole, but like the colors pink and lavender, the name expanded (in the case of "taupe" beginning in the 1940s) to encompass a wide range of varying shades. It seems that this occurred because the color of the fur of the mole can itself be a wide range of shades, from gray through yellowish, brownish, and even purplish.

paragraphs: The first use of "taupe" as a color name in English was in the early 1800s (exact year is not known).


title: Chavo Guerrero, Jr.

paragraphs: Salvador Guerrero IV (born March 20, 1970 in El Paso, Texas) also known as Chavo Guerrero and Chavo Guerrero, Jr., is a third generation American professional wrestler and member of the famous Guerrero wrestling family. He currently wrestle for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. He has also wrestled for World Wrestling Entertainment and World Championship Wrestling.


title: Violaceae

paragraphs: Violaceae (alternatively Alsodeiaceae, Leoniaceae and Retrosepalaceae) is a family of flowering plants consisting of about 800 species in 21 genera. It takes its name from the genus Viola, the violets and pansies.


title: Euphorbiaceae

paragraphs: The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae) is a large family of flowering plants with 300 genera and around 7,500 species. Most are herbs, but some, especially in the tropics, are also shrubs or trees. The name "Spurge" comes from the Latin word "espurge" meaning to purge, due to its use as a laxative.


title: Joan of Kent

paragraphs: Joan of Kent (29 September 1328 – 7 August 1385) was the wife of Edward, the Black Prince, who was the son and heir of Edward III of England. She was the mother of King Richard II of England.


title: Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover

paragraphs: Ernest Augustus (5 June 1771 – 18 November 1851) was the fifth son and eighth child of George III of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: He was made Duke of Cumberland by his father and became King of Hanover on 28 June 1837 on the death of his brother William IV of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: His successor in Hanover was his only son George V of Hanover.


title: Champagne (color)

paragraphs: The color champagne is a name given for various very pale tints of yellowish-orange that are close to beige. The color's name came from the average color of the drink champagne.

paragraphs: The first written use of "champagne" as a color name in English was in 1915.


title: Passifloraceae

paragraphs: Passifloraceae is a family of flowering plants, containing about 530 species classified in around 18 genera. They include trees, shrubs, lianas and climbing plants, and are mostly found in tropical regions.


title: Laurel

paragraphs: The Lauraceae or laurel family is a group of flowering plants in the order Laurales. It includes the bay laurel and its closest relatives.

paragraphs: The family has over 3000 species of flowering plants in over 50 genera worldwide. They mostly live in warm temperate and tropical regions, especially southeast Asia and South America. Most are aromatic evergreen trees or shrubs, but one or two genera such as "Sassafras" are deciduous, and "Cassytha" is a genus of parasitic vines.


title: Serviciul Român de Informaţii

paragraphs: Serviciul Român de Informaţii (SRI) is the Romanian intelligence service for home defense.


title: Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party (Romania)

paragraphs: The Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party is a Romanian Christian-Democratic party, or group of politicians.


title: National Liberal Party

paragraphs: National Liberal Party can be any of the following parties:


title: National Liberal Party (Romania)

paragraphs: The Partidul Naţional Liberal ("National Liberal Party") is a conservative-liberal political party in Romania. It is a "historical" renewed liberal party in Romania, founded in 1875, in 2009 the third biggest party in Romania..In the National Liberal Party has joined a coalition with the Social Democrat Party called "Social Liberal Union" which fell in 2014. On 26 July 2014, The Democratic Liberal Party formed a alliance with the National Liberal Party , the alliance was named ACL.


title: Gravitational constant

paragraphs: The gravitational constant, called formula_1 in physics equations, is an empirical physical constant. It is used to show the force between two objects caused by gravity. The gravitational constant appears in Isaac Newton's universal law of gravitation.

paragraphs: formula_1 is about N⋅m/kg, and is denoted by letter formula_1.

paragraphs: It usually appears in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation, and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity. It is also known as the universal gravitational constant, Newton's constant, and colloquially as Big G. It should not be confused with "small g" ("g"), which is the local gravitational field of the Earth (equivalent to the free-fall acceleration).


title: Chepstow

paragraphs: Chepstow () is a town in Monmouthshire, Wales. It is next to the border with England. It is built beside the River Wye, close to where it joins with the River Severn. It is near the western end of the Severn Bridge on the M48 motorway. It is east of Newport and west of London.

paragraphs: Chepstow is famous for its castle, the oldest stone castle still standing in Britain, and for Chepstow Racecourse which is home to the Welsh Grand National. The town is on the west bank of the Wye; villages on the east bank of the Wye, Tutshill and Sedbury, are in England.


title: Victoria Cross

paragraphs: The Victoria Cross (VC) is the highest military medal given for bravery "in the face of the enemy" to members of the defence forces of Commonwealth countries, and former British Empire territories. It is the most important medal, more important than all other orders, decorations and medals.

paragraphs: It may be given to a person of any rank in any service (army, navy or air force) or anyone working for the military. It is usually presented to the person, or a family member if they were killed, by the British monarch during a ceremony at Buckingham Palace. It can be presented by the Governor-General for awards made by other Commonwealth countries.

paragraphs: It is the joint highest medal for bravery in the United Kingdom with the George Cross, which is for bravery "not" in the face of the enemy. However, the VC is higher in the order of importance and would be worn first by a person who had been given both medals (which has not happened).

paragraphs: The VC was begun on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria for acts of bravery during the Crimean War. Since then, the medal has been given 1,356 times to 1,353 people. Only 13 medals, nine to members of the British Army, and four to the Australian Army have been presented since the Second World War.

paragraphs: Since 1990, Australia, New Zealand and Canada, have started their own versions of the VC.

paragraphs: The list of living s of the Victoria Cross is small.


title: Pit (Kid Icarus)

paragraphs: Pit is based on Icarus and Eros (also known as Cupid), figures from Greek mythology. The clothes that he wears and the fact that he is an angel resembles Perseus, Bellerophon, and Hercules, the last also being an archer. His looks have changed very little over the years, having always included things that have to do with classical antiquity (such as the chiton and sandals). His weapon is the bow and arrow. In "Of Myths and Monsters", Pit first received a crown of laurel, as well as revealing his eye color, blue. In "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", Pit is seen wearing an exomis. On the official "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" website, it is said that Pit is an angel that cannot normally fly. Much like Samus Aran from the "Metroid" series and Link from "The Legend of Zelda (series)" series, Pit did not talk much in Super Smash Bros. Brawl, either.

paragraphs: As part of changing the character, the designers of "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" saw it fit to change his character design (looks) by combining parts of his looks from the promotional artworks of both Kid Icarus titles with new ideas. Pit now appears older than the child-age designs from older games and now has a more anime/manga-like appearance, although he still seems to have a childish voice in the Japanese version. In The English version of Super Smash Bros. Brawl, he has a deeper-sounding teenaged voice. Nintendo has described the redesign as "a giant leap forward in his evolution". It is also said on the "Smash Bros. Dojo" that one of Pit's color changes is black, a ""Fallen Angel color"" choice. This new look had became popular among most nintendo fans. It will be used for the upcoming Kid Icarus Uprising.


title: Solomonovo

paragraphs: Solomonovo (; ) is a village in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion (district) in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine.

paragraphs: According to the 2001 census, 1342 people were living there.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast (, translit. ; , translit. ; ; ; also referred to as the Transcarpathian Oblast, Transcarpathia, Zakarpattya, or historically Subcarpathian Rus) is an administrative oblast (province) in western Ukraine. Its administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod. Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove and Chop which is home to railroad transport infrastructure.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast was formally established on January 22, 1946 after the annexation of Subcarpathian Rus lands to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic. During the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpattia Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favored autonomy for the region. Although a large majority favored autonomy, it was not granted.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast is in the Carpathian Mountains landscape of western Ukraine, and is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The Carpathian Mountains play a major part in the oblast's economy, making the region an important tourist and travel destination housing many ski and spa resorts.

paragraphs: The oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 17th by population. According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. Excluding Ukrainians, this total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians, Romanians and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of the province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove).

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of 12,800 km² and is in the Carpathian Mountains region of western Ukraine. It is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureş Counties of Romania, on the East and Northeast—Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and on the North—Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows. Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-East to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, part of which are within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.

paragraphs: The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa, Borzhava, and the Tereblia. The region's climate is moderate and continental with about 700-1000 millimetres of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21°С (70°F) and -4°С (25 °F) in winter. With a total height of , Hoverla, part of the Chornohora mountain range, is the tallest point in the oblast. The lowest point, 101 metres above sea level, is in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion.

paragraphs: The four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle, Museum upon the Chorna River, Mykhailiv Orthodox Church, and the Nevytsky Castle.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia was part of Kingdom of Hungary, later Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I. This region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918 and occupied by Romania at end of that year. It was later recaptured by Hungary in the summer of 1919. Finally, it joined the newly formed Czechoslovakia as "Subcarpathian Rus", of which it formed one of the four main regions, the others being Bohemia, Moravia and Slovakia.

paragraphs: During the World War II German occupation of Czechoslovakia, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938. The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czecho-Slovak Republic. After the occupation of Bohemia and Moravia on March 15, 1939 and the Slovak declaration of an independent state, Ruthenia declared its independence (Republic of Carpatho-Ukraine) but it was immediately occupied and later annexed by Hungary.

paragraphs: During the German occupation of Hungary in 1944, almost the entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust. When the Soviet Army crossed the pre-1938 borders of Czechoslovakia in 1944, Soviet authorities refused to allow Czechoslovak governmental officials to resume control over the region, and in June 1945, President Edvard Beneš formally signed a treaty ceding the area to the Soviet Union. It was then incorporated into the Ukrainian SSR. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, it became part of independent Ukraine as "Zakarpattia Oblast".

paragraphs: The province has a unique footnote in history as the only region in the former Soviet Union to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zatkovich, an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S. Zatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, Tomáš Masaryk, in 1920 and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding the region's autonomy.

paragraphs: After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favor of autonomy, however, it was not granted. There were also propositions of separating from Ukraine to rejoin Czechoslovakia, but after Czechoslovakia's dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovakia on January 1, 1993, these ideas have been rendered largely moot.

paragraphs: On October 25, 2008, delegates to the Congress Of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia. The prosecutor’s office of Zakarpattia region has filed a case against Russian Orthodox Church priest Dmytro Sidor and Yevhen Zhupan, an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People’s Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast's local administration is controlled by the Zakarpattia Oblast Council ("rada"). The Chairman of the Council is Mykhailo Kichkovskyi, elected from the People's Union "Our Ukraine" party. Kichkovsky holds this position since his election in April 2006.

paragraphs: The Zakarpattia Oblast Rada consists of a total of 90 deputies. Based on the March 26, 2006 regional election results, the distribution of the council's mandates is as follows: 30 mandates for the People's Union "Our Ukraine;" 25 for the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc; 7 for the Lytvyn People's Bloc; 5 for the Party of Hungarians of Ukraine "KMKS;" 4 for the Democratic Party of Hungarians of Ukraine; and 4 for the Socialist Party of Ukraine.

paragraphs: The oblast's governor (currently Oleh Havashi) is appointed by the President of Ukraine.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast is administratively subdivided into 13 raions (districts), as well as 5 cities (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Berehove, Chop, Khust, Mukachevo, and the administrative center of the oblast, Uzhhorod. There are a total of 7 cities, 19 towns, and more than 579 villages.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast can also be divided into four unofficial geographic-historic regions (counties): Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa, and Northern Maramuresh.

paragraphs: The following data incorporates the number of each type of administrative divisions of Zakarpattia Oblast:

paragraphs: There are 13 raions (districts) in the oblast:

paragraphs: Largest cities and towns in the province are (with population figures in 2007):

paragraphs: According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is 1.2 million people (as of 2004).

paragraphs: Although ethnic Ukrainians are in majority here (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census.

paragraphs: Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of the population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (otherwise known as Gypsies), the largest population of Roma in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College.

paragraphs: Zakarpattia Oblast's economy depends mostly on trans-border trade, vinery and forestry. The oblast is also home to a special economic zone.

paragraphs: The oblast's main industry includes woodworking. Other industries include food, light industry, and mechanical engineering. Segment of foodstuffs in the structure of ware production of national consumption is 45%. The total number of large industrial organisations is 319, compared to 733 small industrial organisations.

paragraphs: The most common crops grown within the region include cereals, potatoes and other vegetables. In 1999, the total amount of grain produced was 175,800 tons, of sunflower seeds — 1,300 tons, and potatoes — 378,200 tons. The region also produced 76,100 tons of meat, 363,400 tons of milk and 241,900,000 eggs. The total amount of registered farms in the region was 1,400 in 1999.


title: Uzhhorodskyi Raion

paragraphs: Uzhhorodskyi Raion (, ) is one of the raions (districts) of Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. It's administrative center is the city of Uzhhorod, also the center of the surrounding oblast.


title: Tysaashvan

paragraphs: Tisaashvan (; ) is a Ukrainian village. It is in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion (district) in the Zakarpattia Oblast (province) in western Ukraine.

paragraphs: It had 852 people according to the 2001 census.


title: Total Nonstop Action Wrestling roster

paragraphs: This is a list of the current Total Nonstop Action Wrestling roster.


title: Judgment Day (2009)

paragraphs: Judgment Day (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on May 17, 2009 at the Allstate Arena in Rosemont, Illinois,<ref name="date/location"></ref> a suburb of Chicago.


title: Night of Champions (2009)

paragraphs: Night of Champions (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on July 26, 2009 at the Wachovia Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was the third annual event under the Night of Champions name and the ninth annual event under the Vengeance/Night of Champions chronology. Similar to the previous two events, the concept of the show was that every championship in the company would be defended. It featured talent from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the card.

paragraphs: Night of Champions will have professional wrestling matches with different wrestlers from the "Raw", "Friday Night SmackDown", and "ECW on Sci Fi" brands. Wrestlers will play a villain or a hero. All wrestlers will be from WWE's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands—a storyline division in which WWE employees are assigned to a television program of the same name.

paragraphs: The main rivalry from SmackDown for Night of Champions is between CM Punk and Jeff Hardy in their battle over the World Heavyweight Championship. One month before the show, at Extreme Rules, Punk used his guaranteed title match he earned by winning the Money in the Bank ladder match against Hardy; he beat him, and won the World Heavyweight title. The two had many confrontations about it which lead to The Bash and a match that saw Punk get disqualified for kicking the referee. Then, Hardy attacked Punk because Hardy thought Punk kicked the referee on purpose. On the July 2 episode of "Superstars" fans were told that Punk had suffered a storyline eye injury. Punk's reasoning to Hardy's accusation was that he kicked the referee on accident due to his inability to clearly see Jeff, who he was really trying to kick. To settle the dispute on to who the rightful champion was, SmackDown general manager, Theodore Long, announced another match between the two at Night of Champions, which was accepted by both competitors.

paragraphs: Raw will be represented by Randy Orton defending the WWE Championship. After beating Triple H at The Bash, Orton did not have a contender for the championship, so on the June 29 episode of "Raw", special guest host of the week, as well as onscreen matchmaker, Batista, said that the title would be defended at Night of Champions against the winner of a single-elimination tournament. The first two matches of the four-person tournament were that night with Triple H beating Montel Vontavious Porter (MVP) and John Cena beating The Miz (Mike Mizanin). Triple H and Cena wrestled each other the next week on "Raw", but Orton's allies, Cody Rhodes and Ted DiBiase, interfered in the match, attacking both Cena and Triple H. Because of that, it was announced Orton would defend the title against both Triple H and Cena in a triple threat match.


title: SummerSlam (2009)

paragraphs: SummerSlam (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), which took place on August 23, 2009 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California. It was the 22nd annual SummerSlam event and featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands. Eight matches were contested on the event's card.


title: Survivor Series (2009)

paragraphs: Survivor Series (2009) was a professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), that took place on November 22, 2009 at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C.. It was the twenty-third and last Survivor Series and featured WWE Employees.


title: Let It Rock (Kevin Rudolf song)

paragraphs: "Let It Rock" is the first single of Kevin Rudolf from his first album "In the City". Rapper Lil Wayne is featured in the song. The track was written by Rudolf. It was used as the theme song for WWE's 2009 Royal Rumble.


title: Kevin Rudolf

paragraphs: Kevin Winston Rudolf (born February 17, 1983) is an American musician, director, actor, and record producer from New York City, New York.


title: Legacy (2008 movie)

paragraphs: Legacy is a movie starring Haylie Duff and Madeline Zima, due in theaters in 2008. It was filmed in Los Angeles and concerns a sorority house where one of the rushees is found dead and the primary suspects are three of the most popular girls of the house. The movie was released Straight to DVD on the 12 August 2008 in the United States and has had mixed reviews from critics. In some countries like Australia, the movie is also called "Pretty Little Devils" and was also released straight to video.


title: Ezekiel Hart

paragraphs: Ezekiel Hart (; May 15, 1770 - September 16, 1843) was a Jewish Canadian businessman and politician, and the first Jew to be elected to public office in the British Empire.

paragraphs: He was born May 15, 1770 at Trois-Rivières, Quebec to Aaron Hart and Dorothea Judah.

paragraphs: Ezekiel Hart created a brewery with his brothers in Trois-Rivières and, on April 11, 1807 was elected to the "Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada". Because he was Jewish, he swore his oath on a Hebrew Bible, instead of a Christian Bible, and while wearing a kippah. At the time, British laws did not let Jews have important positions like these, and Hart was expelled from the assembly. He was elected again in 1808 and expelled again.

paragraphs: He did not run for public office again. He continued to live in Trois-Rivières where he was a successful businessman and well-respected member of the community. He served in the militia during the War of 1812 and became colonel in 1830.

paragraphs: He came from a very important and rich family. His father, Aaron Hart, was member of the British forces, and a well-known businessman in Canada. His brothers, Moses and Benjamin, were important businessmen at Trois-Rivières and Montreal. His cousin, Henry Judah, later became a member of the "Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada".

paragraphs: Ezekiel Hart died on September 16, 1843 at Trois-Rivières, at the age of 76.


title: Blabbermouth.net

paragraphs: Blabbermouth.net is a website that is dedicated to heavy metal and hard rock news, as well as album and music DVD reviews.


title: Craig Jones

paragraphs: Craig '133' Jones also known as 133 (or 133 mHz), The Silent One, or by his number #5, (born on February 11, 1973), is an American musician. He is best known as the sampler and keyboard player of the metal band, Slipknot.


title: Mick Thomson

paragraphs: Mickael Gordon Thomson (born on November 3, 1973), or known simply as Mick, is an American musician best known as being the lead guitarist of Slipknot since 1997.


title: Shawn Crahan

paragraphs: Michael Shawn Crahan (born on September 24, 1969), is an American musician, music producer, and artist. He is better known by his stage name "Clown". He is best known as one of the two custom percussionists of Slipknot. He looks like a clown when he is wearing his mask.


title: Colin Richardson

paragraphs: Colin Richardson (born 31 December 1936 in London) is a British record producer, mixer and recording engineer. He has worked on about 80 different albums, and is most frequently associated with hard rock and heavy metal music.


title: Dave Fortman

paragraphs: Dave Fortman is an American music producer. He used to play rhythm guitar in California-based hard rock band, Ugly Kid Joe, through the 1990s. Fortman also co-owns a recording studio called Balance Productions which is in Louisiana. He recently worked with Slipknot on their new fourth studio album called "All Hope Is Gone".


title: Sampler (musical instrument)

paragraphs: A sampler is an electronic musical instrument that is similar to the synthesizer. What a sample does is that instead of creating sounds from scratch however, a sampler starts with more than one recording (or "samples") of different sounds added by the user, and then plays each back based on how the instrument is configured. Because these samples are usually stored in RAM, the information can be quickly accessed.


title: Headbangers Ball

paragraphs: Headbangers Ball is a television program about heavy metal and hardcore punk music airing on MTV2, and other channels.


title: Solar cooker

paragraphs: A solar cooker is a device that uses sunlight from energy. They use no fuel and cost nothing to run. They also help slow deforestation and desertification. Another benefit of solar cooking is that unlike cooking with fire, Solar cookers don't pollute the air. Solar cookers are also sometimes used for cooking outside, especially when using fire is risky or there is no fuel. The solar cooker is very useful. It is a renewable source of energy

paragraphs: Solar box cookers can be made of materials or be manufactured in a factory for sale. There are many kinds of solar box cookers, from small cardboard boxes, that can be used to cook a single meal, to wood and glass boxes built into the sunny side of a house. Although the solar cooker was invented by Horace de Saussure, a Swiss naturalist, as early as 1767, solar box cookers have only become popular since the 1970s. They are found in almost every country of the world.


title: House of mirrors

paragraphs: A house of mirrors or hall of mirrors is a traditional attraction at carnivals and amusement parks.


title: Phonograph

paragraphs: The phonograph is a device for the mechanical recording and reproduction of sound. It was the most common device for playing recorded music from the 1870s through the 1980s. It was invented by Thomas Edison, after other inventors had studied the idea. Early phonographs recorded sound on cylinders, in addition to playing sound. In its later forms, it is also called a gramophone (as a trademark since 1887, as a generic name in the UK since 1910) or, since the 1940s, a record player.

paragraphs: Thomas Edison made his first phonograph with the mouth piece of the early telephone and some tinfoil. He thought he could talk into the mouth piece to make a disk vibrate, as the disk vibrated a needle would put grooves in the tinfoil. When Edison adjusted the machine to play and cranked the lever, he was surprised to hear his voice play back to him. He said his ideas rarely worked the first time. These cylinders could record sound, but due to their cylindrical shape, they could not be copied cheaply with a mold.

paragraphs: The gramophone, invented by Emile Berliner, plays sounds from a flat disk record. The record is placed onto the turntable. The turntable spins the record while a lever with a small needle on the bottom lies between the little grooves in the disk. When the grooves make the needle vibrate, music is played. These machines do not record, but the disks could be copied quickly onto vinyl disks in a factory with a mold, called a master.


title: Social Democratic Party (Romania)

paragraphs: The Social Democratic Party is a big political party in Romania. It started in January of 2001.It has been in a political association called "Uniunea Socială Liberală" along with the National Liberal Party that in 2014 has ended. Now it is in association with PC and UNPR (commonly known as USD).


title: James Dewees

paragraphs: James Dewees (born March 13, 1976) is an American musician who has been involved in many musical projects including The Get Up Kids, Reggie and the Full Effect, Coalesce, New Found Glory, and My Chemical Romance.


title: Resaca Confederate Cemetery

paragraphs: Resaca Confederate Cemetery in Resaca, Georgia is home to over 400 confederate soldiers who died during the American Civil War, also known as the War Between the States. This particular cemetery is designated for the soldiers that fought in the Battle of Resaca which took place May 14 and 15, 1864. Although the battle lasted two days, there are only three graves where the death date is listed as May 15, 1864. The remaining graves are listed as May 14, 1864. There are 424 graves marked 'unknown'.

paragraphs: After the battle, a family known as the Green family returned to their plantation and the sight that met them there was almost more than they could bear. The bodies of confederate soldiers were buried in crude makeshift graves all across the yard. Compelled by a since of respect to those who had fallen in action, Mary J. Green and her sister began collecting the bodies to bury properly. Though poverty was rampant the Green daughters wrote friends asking for any amount money they could give. Col. John Green gave his daughters 2.5 acres of land for use as a cemetery for these soldiers. With the money collected and the land provided, the Green daughters and their mother began work on what we now call the Resaca Confederate Cemetery.

paragraphs: The Resaca Confederate Cemetery was founded on October 25, 1866. This cemetery and one in Winchester, Virginia were both dedicated on the same day. Each group thought they were the first confederate cemetery.


title: Palm Sunday

paragraphs: Palm Sunday is a Christian festival. It is always happens on a Sunday but the date each year changes. It is a day to celebrate the day that Jesus entered the city of Jerusalem in Israel as was written about in the Bible in Mark 11:1-11, Matthew 21:1-11, Luke 19:28-44, and in John 12:12-19. During Palm Sunday many Christians celebrate with Crosses made out of Palm leaves and by going to church.


title: Passive solar building design

paragraphs: In passive solar building design, windows, walls, and floors are made to collect, store, and distribute solar energy in the form of heat in the winter and reject solar heat in the summer. This is called passive solar design or climatic design because, unlike active solar heating systems, it doesn't involve

paragraphs: the use of mechanical and electrical devices.

paragraphs: The key to designing a passive solar home is to best take advantage of the local climate. Elements to be considered include window placement and glazing type, thermal insulation, thermal mass, and shading. Passive solar design techniques can be applied most easily to new buildings, but existing buildings can be adapted or "retrofitted".


title: Moraceae

paragraphs: Moraceae are often called the mulberry family or fig family, is a family of flowering plants comprising about 40 genera and over 1000 species. Included are well-known plants such as the fig, banyan, breadfruit, mulberry, and osage-orange.


title: Ulmaceae

paragraphs: Ulmaceae is a family of flowering plants that includes the elms (genus "Ulmus"), and the zelkovas (genus "Zelkova"). Members of the family are widely distributed throughout the north temperate zone, and have a scattered distribution elsewhere except for Australasia.


title: Vickie Guerrero

paragraphs: Vickie Lynn Guerrero (maiden name Lara)(born March 16, 1968) is an American professional wrestling authority figure. She is best known for her time with the WWE. She is the widow of professional wrestler and WWE Hall of Famer Eddie Guerrero. During her time in the WWE, she was known for yelling the catchphrase "Excuse Me!" which received negative reactions from the fans. She was also an occasional wrestler.

paragraphs: On June 23, 2014 episode of "Raw", Guerrero was fired after she lost a pudding match against Stephanie McMahon with her job on the line. McMahon won with help from Alicia Fox, Layla, and Rosa Mendes. Guerrero would get revenge on McMahon by throwing her into mud pool. She then pointed to the sky, said "this was for you"; as a tribute to her late husband, Eddie, and did Eddie's taunt before leaving.


title: Renewable energy in developing countries

paragraphs: Most developing countries have good renewable energy resources, including solar energy, wind power, geothermal energy, and biomass. These can help developing countries reduce their dependence on oil and natural gas. Investments in renewables can be less expensive than fossil fuel energy systems.

paragraphs: Renewable energy can be particularly suitable for developing countries. In rural and remote areas, transmission and distribution of energy generated from fossil fuels can be difficult and expensive. Producing renewable energy locally can offer a viable alternative.

paragraphs: Interest in renewable energies has increased in recent years due to environmental concerns about global warming and air pollution, reduced costs of renewable energy technologies, and improved efficiency and reliability.

paragraphs: Renewable energy projects in many developing countries contribute to poverty alleviation by providing the energy needed for creating businesses and employment. Renewable energy technologies can also make indirect contributions to alleviating poverty by providing energy for cooking, space heating, and lighting.

paragraphs: Renewable energy can also contribute to education, by providing electricity to schools. Renewable energy for cooking and heating can reduce the time that children, spend out of school collecting fuel. In addition, the displacement of traditional fuels reduces the health problems from indoor air pollution produced by burning those fuels.

paragraphs: Renewable energy can also contribute to better health by providing energy to refrigerate medicine and sterilize medical equipment. It can also provide power for supplying the fresh water and sewerage services needed to reduce infectious disease.

paragraphs: Kenya is the world leader in the number of solar power systems installed per capita. More than 30,000 small solar panels, each producing 12 to 30 watts, are sold in Kenya

paragraphs: annually. For an investment of as little as $100 for the panel and wiring, the PV system can be used to charge a car battery, which can then provide power to run a fluorescent lamp or a small television for a few hours a day. More Kenyans adopt solar power every year than make connections to the country’s electric grid.


title: Yom Kippur War

paragraphs: The Yom Kippur War (also known as the Ramadan War and the October War) was a war between Israel and a group of Arab countries led by Egypt and Syria. The war took place from October 6-24, 1973. The war began on the Jewish day of repentance of Yom Kippur in 1973, and it happened during the Muslim month of Ramadan. The attack by Egypt and Syria was a surprise to Israel after Israel conquered the Sinai peninsula and the Golan Heights from Egypt in 1967. Egypt's army entered the Sinai Peninsula to retrieve their land from Israel.

paragraphs: The Sinai and the Golan Heights previously belonged to Egypt and Syria, but they were occupied by Israel since 1967 during the Six Day War. Syria's aim of the war was to liberate all of the Golan Heights using military means. However, Egypt's Anwar Sadat wanted to use the military to stir diplomatic talks. Sadat achieved this in his limited war.

paragraphs: During the first few days of the war, Egypt and Syria scored astounding victories. Israel was shocked by the attack and was on the verge of defeat. The first Israeli counterattacks failed against both Egypt and Syria. However, Israeli attacks later repelled the Syrian forces and pushed them back further into Syria. The IDF came 40 kilometres from Damascus, the capital of Syria. The Iraqi army joined the war with Syria and the Israeli army stopped advancing.

paragraphs: On the Egyptian front, Israel's attacks against Syria had served as a 'distraction' against the Egyptian offense. This allowed the Egyptian army to dig deeper into Sinai, around 12 km, an extra 2 km to the original 10 km plan. Israel feared a massive military defeat and so called on America for aid. Initially, America refused so Israel threatened to use its nuclear weapons, this threat was enough to persuade President Richard Nixon to send aid to Israel. America conducted "Operation Nickel Grass", which gave Israel a resupply of 20 tons of military equipment and ammunition. This proved vital to Israel and it allowed Israel to continue fighting . Henry Kissinger, United State of Secretary at the time, later said to Israel, "America saved you during the Yom Kippur War."

paragraphs: The Western world expected Israel to win quickly against Egypt because of its better military. The Egyptian army crossed the Suez Canal on October 6 and destroyed the Israeli defenses and forts on the other side. Israel tried for the next few days to defeat the Egyptians and push them back behind the canal. However the Israelis could not push them back. The United States of America started sending ammunition and weapons to Israel using airplanes to help the Israeli army win the war in Operation Nickel Grass. Syria soon pleaded Egypt to attack Israel to lessen the pressure on it. On October 14, Egypt attacked again, trying to advance even more into the Sinai. Israel defeated the attack, and the Egyptians lost about 250 tanks. After this, the Israelis attacked again. After heavy fighting, they crossed the canal at its center, between two Egyptian armies. They advanced north and south. They kept moving south until the reached the city of Suez, and they trapped a large Egyptian force on the eastern side of the canal, in the Sinai. The Israelis tried to capture Suez, but they were defeated. They also failed to advance north. They reached an area 101 kilometers from Cairo, the capital of Egypt.

paragraphs: The United Nations passed a resolution in the security council that asked all the countries to bring a temporary stop to the war (called a 'ceasefire'). The Arab countries and Israel agreed. However the ceasefire failed when the Israeli army advanced south to reach Suez. After this, the Soviet leader, Leonid Brezhnev, said to the US president that if the US did not send troops that he would send Soviet troops to the area. This was believed to be a threat and the United States put their military on full nuclear alert. Because of this tension between the United States and the Soviets, Israel agreed to a ceasefire, and the war ended. It was the closest the two superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, had been to nuclear war (and World War III) since the Cuban Missile Crisis of the 1960s.

paragraphs: The war ended on October 26, 1973. After the war, Egypt and Israel negotiated. They reached an agreement to separate their forces. The agreement led to Israel retreating behind the Suez Canal. The Egyptian forces stayed in the Sinai near the canal and did not retreat from the places they captured. There was a large distance between Egyptian and Israeli forces in the Sinai as part of the agreement.

paragraphs: Israel also held negotiations with Syria and agreed to withdraw from the places the captured in Syria, but they stayed in the Golan Heights. Egypt and Israel kept their negotiations, and in 1979 they signed the Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty. The treaty brought peace between Israel and Egypt, and Israel retreated from the whole Sinai and returned it to Egypt. The treaty still holds to this day.no real military victory was ever won; it was a military "stalemate" (where no one won and no one lost). However the war agreed to be a political victory for the Arabs, especially for Egypt. Syrians on the other hand do not like to talk about the war as much of it was seen as a defeat rather than a victory or stalemate.


title: Papaveraceae

paragraphs: Papaveraceae is a family of flowering plants. The family has been universally recognized by taxonomists, and is also known as the "poppy family". Most are herbaceous plants, but a few are shrubs and small trees.


title: Myristicaceae

paragraphs: Myristicaceae is the botanical name for a family of flowering plants, mostly from Africa, Asia, Pacific islands, and the Americas. The family has been recognised by most taxonomists, and it is sometimes called the "nutmeg family", after its most famous member, the nutmeg ("Myristica fragrans"). It has about 21 genera and 520 species. They are mostly trees and shrubs.


title: Dirac delta function

paragraphs: The Dirac delta function, often written as formula_1, is a made-up concept by mathematician Paul Dirac. It is a really pointy and skinny function that pokes out a point along a wave. Loosely speaking, it has the value of zero everywhere except at formula_2, in such a way that the area between the function and the "x"-axis adds up to 1. The delta function is often used in sampling theory, where its pointiness is useful for getting clean samples.

paragraphs: The integral of the Dirac delta function is the Heaviside function. Thus Dirac delta function can be view as the derivative of Heaviside function.


title: Newton's method

paragraphs: Newton's method provides a way for finding the real zeros of a function. This algorithm is sometimes called the Newton–Raphson method, named after Sir Isaac Newton and Joseph Raphson.

paragraphs: The method uses the derivative of the function in order to find its roots. An initial "guess value" for the location of the zero must be made. From this value, a new guess is calculated by this formula:

paragraphs: Here x is the initial guess and x is the next guess. The function f (whose zero is being solved for) has the derivative f'.

paragraphs: By repeatedly applying this formula to the generated guesses (that is by setting the value of x to the formula's output and recomputing), the value of the guesses will approach a zero of the function.

paragraphs: Newton's method can be explained graphically by looking at intersections of tangent lines with the x-axis. First, a line tangent to the f at x is calculated. Next, the intersection between this tangent line and the x-axis is found. Finally, the x-position of this intersection is recorded as the next guess, x.

paragraphs: Newton's method can find a solution quickly if the guess value begins sufficiently near the desired root. However, when the initial guess value is not close, and depending on the function, Newton's method may find the answer slowly or not at all.


title: Asimo

paragraphs: Asimo was a robot that was built by Honda. The current models could walk, run, and go up and down stairs. Engineers planned to add laser capabilities. Its height was 130 centimeters (4 feet 3 inches) and weight 54 kilograms (119 pounds). Asimo was just like an astronaut wearing a backpack and could walk or run on two feet.

paragraphs: ASIMO was created at Honda's Research & Development "Wako Fundamental Technical Research Center" in Japan. Honda will not confirm how much it costs.

paragraphs: ASIMO is an acronym. ASIMO stands for "Advanced Step in Innovative MObility". It should be pronounced “ah she moh” to match the original Japanese pronunciation.

paragraphs: As of February 2009, there are over 100 ASIMO units in existence.

paragraphs: ASIMO has made lots of public appearances.


title: Fahrenheit 451

paragraphs: Fahrenheit 451 is an American dystopian fiction novel. It was written by Ray Bradbury and first published in 1953.

paragraphs: The novel is about a future American society in which people are hedonistic (meaning they live only for pleasure), and reading is against the law because it makes them think. The main character, Guy Montag, has a job as a "fireman" (which, in this future, means "book burner"). The number "451" refers to the temperature (in Fahrenheit) at which the books burn when the "firemen" burn them "for the good of humanity". Written in the early years of the Cold War, the novel is a critique of what Bradbury saw as an increasingly dysfunctional American society.

paragraphs: The idea began with Bradbury's short story "Bright Phoenix," written in 1947 but first published in the "Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction" in 1963. The original short story was reworked into the novella, "The Fireman", and published in the February 1951 issue of "Galaxy Science Fiction". The novel was also serialized in the March, April, and May 1954 issues of "Playboy" magazine. Bradbury wrote the entire novel on a pay typewriter in the basement of UCLA's Powell library. His original idea in writing "Fahrenheit 451" was to show his great love for books and libraries. He has often referred to Montag as an allusion to himself.

paragraphs: Over the years, the novel has been subject to various interpretations, primarily focusing on the historical role of book burning in suppressing dissenting ideas. Bradbury has said that the novel is not about censorship; he says that "Fahrenheit 451" is a story about how television destroys interest in reading literature, which leads to people thinking that knowledge is made up of "factoids", partial information without context, such as Napoleon's birth date alone, without an indication of who he was.

paragraphs: A movie version of the novel was released in 1966, and at least two BBC Radio 4 dramatizations have also been aired, both of which follow the book very closely.


title: Collingwood School

paragraphs: Collingwood School is a private school in West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It teaches from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 12.

paragraphs: Collingwood School was opened in 1984 by West Vancouver and North Vancouver parents who wanted a private school nearby. The school was named after a ship called the HMCS Collingwood. The school used the buildings from the old Glenmore Elementary School. Now the school has buildings in two different parts of West Vancouver.

paragraphs: The "Morven" campus is the oldest part of the school. This is where they teach the older children, from Grade 6 to Grade 12. It is in a part of West Vancouver called the British Properties. The address is 70 Morven Drive, West Vancouver. The "Wentworth" campus was built later. This is where they teach the younger children, from Junior Kindergarten to Grade 5. It is right below Cypress Provincial Park in West Vancouver.


title: Stack (data structure)

paragraphs: The stack is one of the most important data structures in computer science. To understand how a stack works, think of a deck of playing cards that is face down. We can only easily access the card that is on top. When we want to look at the top card, there are two things we can do: we can peek at it, but leave it on the stack, or we can pop it off. When we pop off the top object, we are taking it off the stack. If we want to add another card to the top of the stack, we push.

paragraphs: A stack is called a last-in-first-out (LIFO) collection. This means that the last thing we added (pushed) is the first thing that gets pulled (popped) off. If the last card we put on our stack of cards was an ace, then the first card we pulled from the top is that same ace.

paragraphs: The stack was first proposed in 1955, and then patented in 1957, by the German Friedrich L. Bauer. The same concept was developed independently, at around the same time, by the Australian Charles Leonard Hamblin.

paragraphs: In modern computer languages, the stack is usually implemented with more operations than just "push" and "pop". Some implementations have a function which returns the current length of the stack. Another typical helper operation is "top" (also known as "peek"), which can return the current top element of the stack without removing it. Another common operation is "dup," which makes a copy of the element at the top of the stack.


title: Nocturnal emission

paragraphs: A nocturnal emission or "wet dream" is when a boy or man has an orgasm while sleeping. Wet dreams can begin after a boy goes through puberty. Many young men have their first orgasm this way. They might not understand what has happened to them, if they have not been taught anything about sex.

paragraphs: Nocturnal emissions are called wet dreams because of the dampness caused by ejaculation and because the orgasm and ejaculation often happen during a sexually exciting dream. Scientists are not sure what causes them. Most sexual dreams "do not" cause orgasms.

paragraphs: Wet dreams are natural and harmless. They do not mean that anything is wrong with you. Many men stop having wet dreams if they masturbate often or once they begin having sexual intercourse on a regular basis.

paragraphs: If you urinate while asleep, this is called wetting the bed, not a wet dream.


title: Tevatron

paragraphs: The Tevatron was a giant Particle accelerator in Illinois that was used by scientists to make protons go very fast, almost the speed of light in some cases. Scientists looked at what happens when the protons hit antiprotons to see if they are right about their ideas as to what protons are made of.

paragraphs: The Tevatron was a circular particle accelerator at the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (also known as Fermilab), just east of Batavia, Illinois. It was the second highest energy particle collider in the world after the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The Tevatron is a synchrotron that accelerates protons and antiprotons in a 6.28 km (3.90 miles) ring to energies of up to 1 TeV, hence its name. The Tevatron was completed in 1983 at a cost of $120 million ($ today) and has been regularly upgraded since then. (The 'Energy Doubler', as it was known then, produced its first accelerated beam — 512 GeV — on July 3, 1983.) The "Main Injector" was the most substantial addition, built over five years from 1994 at a cost of $290 million. The Tevatron was shut down on September 30, 2011.

paragraphs: The Large Hadron Collider was later built in Switzerland to look for one of those pieces, called the Higgs Boson. The LHC broke and is now being fixed. The Tevatron scientists also tried to find the Higgs Boson. They need to do this before the LHC is fixed, because the LHC is much better at finding things.

paragraphs: The scientists at the Tevatron had a year's headstart on the scientists at the LHC. Whoever finds the Higgs will be honored by other scientists. That is why the scientists at the Tevatron wanted to find it before the scientists at the LHC.

paragraphs: The Tevatron discovered three of the 17 fundamental particles including the top quark. The main ring of the Tevatron will probably be reused in future experiments, and its components may be transferred to other particle accelerators.


title: MOSFET

paragraphs: MOSFET stands for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor. Transistors are small electrical devices that are used in, amongst other things, alarm clocks, calculators, and, perhaps most famously, computers; they are some of the most basic building blocks of modern electronics. A few MOSFETs amplify or process analog signals. Most are used in digital electronics.

paragraphs: MOSFETs act like valves for electricity. They have one input connection (the "gate") which is used to control the flow of electricity between two other connections (the "source" and "drain"). Said another way, the gate acts as a switch that controls the two outputs. Think of a dimmable light switch: the knob itself selects 'ON', 'OFF', or somewhere in between, controlling the brightness of the light. Think of a MOSFET in place of the light switch: the switch itself is the "gate", the "source" is the power coming into the house, and the "drain" is the light bulb.

paragraphs: The name MOSFET describes the structure and the function of the transistor. MOS refers to the fact that a MOSFET is built by layering metal (the "gate") on oxide (an insulator which prevents the flow of electricity) on semiconductor (the "source" and "drain"). FET describes the action of the gate on the semiconductor. An electric signal is sent to the gate, which creates an electric field that alters the connection between the "source" and "drain".

paragraphs: Almost all MOSFETs are used in integrated circuits. As of 2008, it is possible to fit 2,000,000,000 transistors on a single integrated circuit. In 1970, that number was around 2,000.

paragraphs: There are many different ways to make MOSFETs on the semiconductor. The simplest method is shown in the diagram to the right of this text. The blue part represents P-type silicon, while the red part represents N-type silicon. The intersection of the two types makes a diode. In silicon semiconductor, there is a quirk called the "Depletion Region". In doped silicon, with one part being doped N-Type, and one part being doped P-Type, a depletion region will naturally form on the intersection between the two. This is because of their acceptors and donors. P-type silicon has acceptors, also known as holes, which attract electrons towards them. The N-Type silicon has donors, or electrons, which are attracted to holes. In the border between the two, the electrons from the N-Type fill the holes in the P-type. This results in the acceptor, or P-type atoms becoming negatively charged, and since negative charges attract positive charges, acceptors, or holes, will flow towards the "junction". On the N-Type side, there is a positive charge, which results in the donors, or electrons, flowing towards the "junction." When they get there, they will be repelled by the negative charge on the other side of the junction, since alike charges repel. The same will happen on the P-Type side, the donors, or holes will be repelled by the positive area in the N type side. No electricity can flow between the two, since no electrons can move to the other side.

paragraphs: MOSFETs use this to their advantage. The "Body" of the MOSFET is powered negatively, which widens the depletion region, since the holes are filled with the new electrons, so the opposite force to the electrons on the N side becomes much larger. The "Source" of the MOSFET is powered negatively, which shrinks the depletion zone in the N type entirely, since there are enough electrons to fulfill the positive depletion zone. The "Drain" has a positive power. When the "Gate" is supplied with positive power, it will make a small electromagnetic field, which will remove the depletion zone directly below the gate, since there will be a "spray" of holes, which will make something called an "N-Channel". The N-Channel is a temporary region of the P-Type silicon area where there is no depletion zone. The positive electric field will neutralize all of the spare electrons that make up the depletion zone. The electrons in the source area will then have a clear way to move to the "Drain", which would make electricity flow from source to drain.


title: First Punic War

paragraphs: The First Punic War started in 264 BC. It lasted for 23 years, ending in 241 BC. It was the first of three wars fought between ancient Carthage and the Roman Republic. They were rivals for trade and influence in the Mediterranean. For more than 20 years the two powers struggled for supremacy. Key areas were the island of Sicily and its surrounding waters, and also North Africa. Rome eventually won control of Sicily.

paragraphs: With the help of her own allies and rebels among the indigenous African allies of Carthage, Rome won the First Punic War after 23 years. In the end it became the dominant naval power of the Mediterranean. To get terms for peace, the Carthaginians had to pay a large amount of money (in silver), and give up a number of islands in the Mediterranean. They kept Sardinia and Corsica.


title: Scott Westerfeld

paragraphs: Scott Westerfeld is an American author of science fiction and young adult literature. One of his most famous book series was "Uglies".


title: Partial differential equation

paragraphs: Partial Differential equations (abbreviated as PDEs) are a kind of mathematical equation. They are related to partial derivatives, in that obtaining an antiderivative of a partial derivative involves integration of partial differential equations.

paragraphs: Since PDEs have appeared in mathematics and physics, many scientists have studied methods to solve them. But unfortunately, no one could establish methods to solve any kind of PDE. Therefore, numerical methods for PDEs (such as the finite element method) are widely studied since the appearance of computers.


title: Trade paperback (comics)

paragraphs: Unlike graphic novels, the material in a trade paperback is reprinted from comic magazines that were released in the standard 32-page format. Unlike comic books, which only tell one small part of a story, trade paperbacks usually collect a complete story, story arc, or a large part of a story. They usually reprint the material from 4 to 12 comic books, depending on the size of the trade and the story being collected.

paragraphs: Some famous examples of trade paperbacks:


title: Mathematical induction

paragraphs: Mathematical induction is a special way of proving a mathematical truth. It can be used to prove that something is true for all the natural numbers (or all positive numbers from a point onwards). The idea is that if:

paragraphs: In the careful language of mathematics, a proof by induction often proceeds as follows:

paragraphs: Because it is true for 1, then it is true for 1+1 (=2, by the induction step), then it is true for 2+1 (=3), then it is true for 3+1 (=4), and so on.

paragraphs: An example of proof by induction is the following:

paragraphs: Next, assume that for some "n"="n" the statement is true. That is,:

paragraphs: Hence the proof is complete by induction.

paragraphs: Mathematical induction is often stated with the starting value 0 (rather than 1). In fact, it will work just as well with a variety of starting values. Here is an example when the starting value is 3: "The sum of the interior angles of a formula_1-sided polygon is formula_15 degrees."

paragraphs: The initial starting value is 3, and the interior angles of a triangle is formula_16 degrees.

paragraphs: Assume that the interior angles of a formula_1-sided polygon is formula_15 degrees. Add on a triangle which makes the figure a formula_5-sided polygon, and that increases the count of the angles by 180 degrees formula_20 degrees. Since both the base case and the inductive case are handled, the proof is now complete.

paragraphs: There are a great many mathematical objects for which proofs by mathematical induction works. The technical term is a "well-ordered set".

paragraphs: The same idea can work to "define" a set of objects, as well as to prove statements about that set of objects.

paragraphs: For example, we can define formula_1th degree cousin as follows:

paragraphs: There is a set of axioms for the arithmetic of the natural numbers which is based on mathematical induction. This is called "Peano's Axioms". The undefined symbols are | and =.

paragraphs: One can then define the operations of addition and multiplication and so on by mathematical induction. For example:


title: Kader Abdolah

paragraphs: Kader Abdolah is a Dutch author who was born in Iran.

paragraphs: Kader Abdolah was born "Hossein Sadjadi Ghaemmaghami Farahani" () in Arak, Iran. Since 1988 he has lived in the Netherlands.

paragraphs: His books are often written in Dutch. He adds ideas from Persian literature. He wrote "De reis van de lege flessen", "The journey of the empty bottles". The book is about an Iranian who goes to live in the Netherlands. "The House of the Mosque" was voted second best Dutch novel ever in Holland. "My Father's Notebook: A Novel of Iran" and "The House of the Mosque" are available in English.


title: Wigan

paragraphs: Wigan is a town located within the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan in Greater Manchester, North West England. It is home to Wigan Athletic football club and Wigan Warriors rugby league team. It is about twenty miles from Liverpool, Manchester and Preston.


title: Polymerization

paragraphs: Polymerization is the process in which small molecules, called monomers, join chemically to produce a very large chain-like or network molecules, called a polymer. The monomer molecules may all be alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties—such as elasticity, high tensile strength, or the ability to form fibres—that differentiate polymers from substances composed of smaller and simpler molecules. Often, many thousands of monomer units are in a single molecule of a polymer. The formation of stable covalent chemical bonds between the monomers sets polymerization apart from other processes, such as crystallization, in which large numbers of molecules aggregate under the influence of weak intermolecular forces.

paragraphs: Alkene molecules can react with themselves, by adding polymerization to form 'plastic' or polymeric materials. When a catalyst (a substance that speeds up chemical processes) is added to the reaction, or it is heated under pressure, unsaturated alkenes link together, when the double bond partially breaks.

paragraphs: Uses of polymers: Polyethene- it is a cheap and useful plastic used for plastic bags and bottles, it is also very flexible and quite strong.


title: Final Crisis

paragraphs: Final Crisis is was a seven issue miniseries published by DC Comics from May 2008 to January 2009 written by Grant Morrison and drawn by JG Jones, Carlos Pacheco and Doug Mahnke.

paragraphs: In "Final Crisis", the bad guys win. But after some fighting, Superman deep freezes the Earth's population. After he defeats a vampire god called the Dark Monitor, he brings the world back with his imagination.


title: Portishead

paragraphs: "This article is about the town. For the band with the same name, see Portishead (band)."

paragraphs: Portishead is a town near the sea in North Somerset, England, where about 21000 people live (Local council update July 24, 2007).

paragraphs: Portishead has had a history since Roman times. Its name comes from the words ‘port at the head of the river’. The town was built on the mouth of a small river; the main road in the town once met the water at the top of the river.

paragraphs: Lots of buildings in the town are of a Victorian style.

paragraphs: In the 1860s, in the middle of the iron and steel era, a pier and a dock were built for the big boats that could not easily get to Bristol Harbour. The ships brought in expensive items from around the world and took items made in the town to other countries. Many ships carried coal.

paragraphs: In the 1880s Portishead Dock was bought by Bristol Corporation, and was managed as part of the Port of Bristol until it closed.

paragraphs: The Portishead power stations were coal power stations built near the dock. The first power station was built in 1926. It began making electricity in 1929 for the Bristol Corporation. The power station was made bigger in 1948.

paragraphs: A 2nd power station was started in 1949 and began making electricity in 1955.

paragraphs: After 1949, the power stations became part of the country's electricity industry. They used some local coal produced in the Somerset coalfield which was moved by train along the Portishead Railway. The line had opened on 12 April 1867 as the Bristol and Portishead Pier and Railway Company; it opened to the dock on 5 July 1879.

paragraphs: The 1st power station closed in 1976, and the 2nd closed in 1982. The dock was closed in 1992.

paragraphs: Portishead had two train stations for people who lived in the town. The main station was near the centre of Portishead, and the other was at the Pier. The construction of the 2nd power station caused the 1st train station to be removed and another station was opened in the main street of the town on 2 January 1954. The new station closed on 7 September 1964. People who live in Portishead now want the train station to be opened again.


title: Okashina Okashi

paragraphs: Okashina Okashi - Strange Candy is a webcomic drawn by Emily Snodgrass (Emi-chan) and written by Allison Brownlow (Tanzy), Karen Olympia (Kourin), and J. Baird (Xuanwu). It started in 2001, with Brownlow as its first writer and Olympia added to the team in October 2001. Snodgrass has appeared at conventions (large groups of people with a common interest), speaking as an amateur artist answering questions from an audience. Snodgrass is an amateur artist who does not earn a living from her online comic.

paragraphs: "Okashina Okashi" is hosted on Comic Genesis, a free online provider of webcomics. Baird used his comics while teaching for Hess Educational Organization, an English education business in the Republic of China and Singapore. He used "Okashina Okashi" in the "Create a Comic Project" when he volunteered to teach a free after-school youth literacy library event in New Haven, CT.

paragraphs: In August 2007, Emi-chan added a new comic set in the Beauty Man Garden, a chain of restaurants featured prominently throughout "Okashina Okashi". The new comic is called "Mini BMG".

paragraphs: A group of people who don't know each other are sucked into a different universe called UberTokyo. They must try to find a way home by using "plotholes" (holes in the air) to move between worlds. Each world is a parody of a kind of anime and manga, such as sports, sentai, and fantasy. The stories from beginning to present are:

paragraphs: In addition to these stories, there are many smaller stories. The longest small story has Kerisu, an evil overlord, who needs new servants and wants the main cast to replace them. Ho-chan and Daisuke, who were left behind in the sentai adventure world, have been seen again a number of times for their own small story. A third small story has Professor Li and his assistant Terra.

paragraphs: The comic features a large number of references to many anime and video games, such as Neon Genesis Evangelion, Revolutionary Girl Utena, and Guilty Gear. It also uses male homoeroticism as fanservice. One of its important male characters, Eeichi, is bisexual. Another male character, Takeshi, frequently cross dresses. Two less important female characters, Jen Puni and Zuga Ma, are hinted to be lesbians.


title: Adverse possession

paragraphs: Adverse possession is a rule in property law. This rule says that if property is not being used by its owner while another person is using the property, this other person (called an "adverse possessor") becomes the new owner of the property. To get these rights, the adverse possessor usually must use the property in the way a normal owner would do for a period of time, typically 20 years. In some jurisdictions, a form of adverse possession exists in which the adverse possessor ends up with sharing some rights to property with the owner, such as a right-of-way, instead of getting all the rights.


title: Rule against perpetuities

paragraphs: The Rule against Perpetuities is one of the most complicated rules in property law and wills and trusts. In general, the rule states that a gift of a will (or a trust) will not be enforced if the subject of the gift is to be given to a person who can not be known now, and will not be able to be known, by the end of 21 years after the death of everyone who was alive (including children in their mother's uterus but not yet born) at the time the gift was created.

paragraphs: For example, if a woman says in her will that her house is to be given "to the children of her children when they graduate from college" this would not be enforced by a court. It would not be enforced because one (or more) of her children's children might not graduate from college until 21 years after everyone who was alive at the time of the woman's death has died.

paragraphs: The purpose of the rule is to prevent property from being tied up for "perpetuity" (a very long time). The courts (and many people in society) do not want to hold property to see who will receive it after a complicated set of rules from the gift-giver. First, this would result in a waste of the courts' time and resources. Second, it would be a waste of the property that is being given through the gift. If a gift in a will violates the Rule against Perpetuities, the court will simply strike that gift and transfer the subject of the gift as if the will had not mentioned it.

paragraphs: However, many countries and states have changed this rule, and it does not apply at all, or in a changed way, in those countries and states.


title: Polypeptide

paragraphs: A polypeptide is a string or linear chain of amino acids linked together. Amino acids are the basic building blocks of proteins. A single polypeptide chain might make up the entire primary structure of a simple protein; more complex proteins are formed when two or more polypeptides link together. Each protein is a polymer of amino acids.

paragraphs: Polypeptides are made when mRNA is translated, a process involving ribosomes, tRNA and amino acids.


title: Solipsism

paragraphs: Solipsism (pronounced "soll ipps is-um") is the philosophical theory that only one's own mind is the sure existence. As an epistemological position, it is the concept that nothing but one's own mind can be "certain" to exist. The existence of other minds, in this position, is considered a possibility, but not a certainty. Including time, which does not stop just because there would be nobody being to experience it (which is probably going to happen in the end of the universe when there would be simply nothing)


title: SS Nomadic

paragraphs: SS "Nomadic" is a steamship of the White Star Line, launched on 25 April 1911 in Belfast. She was built as a tender to the liners RMS "Olympic" and RMS "Titanic", and is the last remaining boat built for the White Star Line still afloat.

paragraphs: The keel of "Nomadic" was laid down in the Harland and Wolff shipyards, Belfast in 1910 (yard number 422). She was launched on 25 April 1911 and delivered to the White Star Line on the 27 May. The ship was 67 meters (220 ft) long and 11.3 meters (37 ft) wide, with a gross tonnage of 1,273 tons. She had two three-bladed screws, propelling her to a maximum speed of 12 knots.

paragraphs: With her sister ship SS "Traffic", "Nomadic" was used as a tender for "Titanic" and "Olympic" at Cherbourg in France. This meant she would ferry the passengers from Cherbourg to "Titanic" "Olympic" as they were too big to fit into the port at Cherbourg.

paragraphs: "Nomadic" was fitted with a luxurious interior and was used for the first and second class passengers, whilst "Traffic" served the third class travellers.

paragraphs: During World War I "Nomadic" saw service in carrying American troops at Brest (France).

paragraphs: In 1927, she was sold to Compagnie Cherbourghoise de Transbordement and then sold again to the Société Cherbourghoise de Remorquage et de Sauvetage in 1934. Then under the name "Ingenieur Minard", she again served as troop ship in World War II.

paragraphs: After the war she continued tendering Cunard White Star (White Star Lines and "Cunard" merged in 1934) ships until November 1968. She then served RMS "Queen Elizabeth" for the last time.

paragraphs: In 1974, "Nomadic" was bought by a private individual and converted into a restaurant on the Seine in Paris, where she remained docked and semi-abandoned after the closure of the restaurant, until she was moved to the port of Le Havre in 2003.

paragraphs: A public appeal for donations to return "Nomadic" to the Harland and Wolff shipyard for restoration was organised by Belfast Industrial Heritage (BIH), a non-profit organisation in Northern Ireland in collaboration with enthusiasts through the SaveNomadic.com Appeal.

paragraphs: On 26 January 2006, SS "Nomadic" was purchased at auction in Paris by the Department for Social Development, part of the Northern Ireland Office. She cost £171,320 (the reserve price being £165,000).

paragraphs: SS "Nomadic" left Le Havre to return to Belfast on 12 July, and arrived back close to where she was built on 18 July 2006. The vessel was welcomed back by the Social Development Minister David Hanson MP and the Deputy Lord Mayor of the City of Belfast, Councillor Ruth Patterson and a number of well wishers. The "Nomadic" arrived "piggy backed" on a marine transportation barge, which had been contracted from Anchor Marine Transportation Limited.

paragraphs: A study by Belfast City Council has estimated the cost of restoring "Nomadic" at £7 million. Belfast Harbour Commissioners have agreed to provide a temporary berth for the ship, and a charitable trust to co-ordinate fundraising for the restoration has been set up.

paragraphs: Now that the vessel is on the United Kingdom's National Register of Historic Vessels, the project should qualify for a National Lottery grant application, which should greatly enhance existing funds of £60,000 from a public appeal and £100,000 from Belfast City Council.

paragraphs: The Nomadic Appeal Public Website has now founded the Nomadic Preservation Society.

paragraphs: On her return to Belfast, SS "Nomadic" was moored at Queen's Quay just outside the Odyssey Arena in Belfast and opened with a temporary exhibition. In late 2008 the ship was closed to the public and moved to Barnett's Dock for internal maintenance. It is expected she will soon enter Hamilton Graving Dock for drydocking and complete restoration.

paragraphs: In January 2009, the company Frazer-Nash has been appointed to manage the Conservation Management Plan. The level of restoration will then be decided.

paragraphs: It is planned that the restoration of SS "Nomadic" will be completed in time for the 100th anniversary of the sinking of "Titanic" in 2012.


title: Dipstick

paragraphs: A dipstick is a tool which can be dipped into liquid to measure how much of it there is, or to test it for things.

paragraphs: A testing dipstick is usually made of paper or cardboard. It contains substances which change colour when something is found in a liquid.

paragraphs: Measuring dipsticks show the amount of liquid in a container. These containers are usually hard to access. Measuring dipsticks are used by inserting and removing the stick and then checking how much of the stick is covered by the liquid. The oil level dipstick is an example of a measuring dipstick found on most internal combustion engines.


title: Elliptic curve

paragraphs: An elliptic curve is a plane cubic curve that does not have any sharp turns.


title: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit

paragraphs: The Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit, also called the Stealth Bomber, is an American strategic bomber. It has a lot of stealth technology, and it is designed to get through many anti-aircraft defenses. It can drop both conventional and nuclear weapons. Two people fly the bomber, and it can drop up to 80 -class JDAM GPS-guided bombs, or sixteen B83 nuclear bombs.

paragraphs: The bomber began being designed as the "Advanced Technology Bomber" (ATB) during the Carter administration. The designing of the ATB continued during the Reagan administration. The bomber was designed and is made by Northrop Grumman, with help from Boeing. Each aircraft cost US$737 million (in 1997 dollars).

paragraphs: Because the bomber is very expensive, the project was controversial in the U.S. Congress. The end of the Cold War meant that the bomber was not really needed anymore. Congress wanted to buy 132 bombers, but during the late 1980s and 1990s, Congress reduced this to 21. In 2008, a B-2 was destroyed in a crash shortly after takeoff. The crew got out safely. 20 B-2s are being used by the United States Air Force.

paragraphs: Although the B-2 was supposed to be a mainly nuclear bomber, it was first used in combat to drop normal bombs on Serbia during the Kosovo War in 1999. It was used during the Iraq War and it is being used in the war in Afghanistan.


title: Diapause

paragraphs: Diapause is a delay in development which has evolved in response to regular periods of adverse environmental conditions.

paragraphs: It is a physiological state with very specific conditions. Diapause is a mechanism used as a means to survive predictable, unfavourable environmental conditions, such as temperature extremes, drought or reduced food availability. It is most often observed in arthropods, especially insects, and in the embryos of many of the oviparous species of fish in the order Cyprinodontiformes.

paragraphs: Not only is diapause started by specific stimuli or conditions, but once it is started, only certain other stimuli are capable of bringing the organism out of diapause. This distinguishes diapause from other forms of dormancy such as hibernation.

paragraphs: Activity levels of diapausing stages can vary considerably among species. Diapause may occur in a completely immobile stage, such as the pupae and eggs, or it may occur in very active stages that undergo extensive migrations, such as the adult Monarch butterfly, "Danaus plexippus". In cases where the insect remains active, feeding is reduced and reproductive development is slowed or halted.


title: Electric field

paragraphs: An electric field is a vector field that shows the direction that a positively charged particle will move when placed in the field. More precisely, if a particle has an electric charge formula_1 and is in an electric field formula_2, the electric force the charge will feel is formula_3 .Electric fields are produced around objects that have electrical charge, or by a magnetic field that changes with time. Electric field lines are used to represent the influence of electric field. The idea of an electric field was first made by Michael Faraday.

paragraphs: Electric fields are caused by electric charges, described by Gauss's law, or varying magnetic fields, described by Faraday's law of induction. The equations of both fields are coupled and together form Maxwell's equations that describe both fields as a function of charges and currents.


title: Audiobook

paragraphs: Audiobooks or "talking books" are books that have been read aloud by someone and recorded. Nowadays, they are usually recorded onto compact discs (CDs), although some older editions remain on cassette tapes. (This is why many texts in this format were first called books-on-tape.) More recently, audiobooks have been available to download from the internet (free or paid-for) and pre-recorded on special MP3 players.

paragraphs: While audiobooks can be used by anyone, they serve as a main resource for people who are blind or cannot see well.

paragraphs: Many popular books are often chosen to be turned into audiobooks. The original author may or may not be involved in choosing the narrator for the reading. Some authors often use the same reader for many books, so that their audiobooks have a similar sound or style.


title: Power spectrum

paragraphs: The power spectrum of a signal is the power or more simply the energy of the signal at each frequency that it contains. It can also be considered as the range or spectra of energy or power of the given signal derived from the signals' range of frequencies. For example, white noise, which contains all frequencies at the same power, has a flat power spectrum. The power spectrum of the sound of the bottom key on a piano would have a high value at the frequency corresponding to its note, and low values elsewhere.


title: Slovak Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Slovak Wikipedia (In Slovak: "Slovenská Wikipédia") is the Slovak-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition began in October 2003.

paragraphs: As of October 2015, it is the 37th largest edition of Wikipedia by number of articles.


title: Potato gun

paragraphs: A potato gun or Potato cannon is a type of cannon that uses combustion or air pressure to fire a projectile. They are called potato guns because potatoes are a commonly used projectile.

paragraphs: There are two main types of potato guns. Combustion guns use a flammable fuel and igniter to move an object. Another type uses compressed air. Potato guns are usually built of PVC or ABS (a type of plastic) piping.

paragraphs: Combustion potato guns have 4 parts. These are the barrel, combustion chamber, a cap, and an igniter.

paragraphs: A potato cannon can move a 2" diameter potato projectile over 100 yards at a speed of 40 mph. This makes potato guns dangerous.

paragraphs: A air powered potato cannon is much stronger than a combustion cannon. A combustion potato gun will launch projectiles at a pressure of about 10-20 psi. Air powered guns often use pressures over 100 psi.


title: Parsec

paragraphs: A parsec is a unit of distance used in astronomy. It is the distance that light travels in 3.26 years, or just under 31 trillion kilometres (about 19 trillion miles). This is from the definition: a parsec is the distance from the Sun to an object which has a parallax angle of one arcsecond.

paragraphs: Distances measured in fractions of a parsec usually involve objects within the same star system.

paragraphs: Surveying provides an everyday example of parallax. Go outside and look at a distant object. Hold your hand out with one finger raised and close one eye. Line up your finger so it covers the object from view. Then close that eye and open the other without moving your arm. Now, move your finger to block that eye's line of sight. The two positions your finger was at can be used to find the distance from the object. This is what a survey crew does to figure out land plot boundaries. The mathematical technique used in the calculation is trigonometry. A parsec is so large that if you could see that far that you would be looking in to the past. You are looking 3.26 years in the past because it takes 3.26 years for the light to come from a parsec away.


title: Deterministic algorithm

paragraphs: A deterministic algorithm is a computer science term. Functions are deterministic when if you never change what you give it (the input), that what you get out (the output) never changes either; and you can do this as many times as you want.


title: Puget Sound

paragraphs: Puget Sound is a sound in Western Washington. It is a large area of salt water that is partially cut off from the rest of the Pacific Ocean. Many of Washington's cities, like Seattle and Tacoma are next to the sound. Many boats travel on the sound. Some of the boats are Ferries which take people from the main part of Washington to the islands in the sound. Many boats come from across the Ocean from places like Japan, and China to trade in Washington.


title: The Legacy of Heorot

paragraphs: The Legacy of Heorot is a science fiction novel written in 1987 by Larry Niven, Jerry Pournelle and Steven Barnes.

paragraphs: This is the first book in the "Heorot" series. It is about a human space colony at the star Tau Ceti.

paragraphs: Hundreds of years in the future, people travel to the star Tau Ceti. It takes 100 years to fly there. To live that long the people go to sleep and freeze each other. When they get there they unfreeze, but some people do not wake up. Some people wake up but are not as smart as they were.

paragraphs: They land on the fourth planet from the sun and build a town on a big island. Everything is peaceful until they are attacked by a large animal. The animal is like a cross between a frog and an alligator. It is big but also "very" fast and smart. They call it a Grendel. The Grendel kills several people but then it is killed.

paragraphs: The people get very scared and build fences, land mines, and guns. After a while they get less scared and think that the Grendel they killed was the only one. They build boats and get brave. Then another bigger Grendel kills some of the people in the boats. The People trap and kill this Grendel.

paragraphs: The People get really mad. They find out that Grendels have to stay near water because when a Grendel moves fast it makes a lot of heat. If it does not cool off it will die. They go all around the island and kill all the Grendels. This makes them very happy.

paragraphs: They feel safe and travel all around the island. They notice that the alien fish are big now. They think that without the Grendels around there will be lots of fish to eat. This makes them happy.

paragraphs: Everything is good until the fish get very big. When they get big enough they grow legs, breath air, and move very fast. The fish are "baby Grendels". Now instead of a few big Grendels there are thousands of small ones.

paragraphs: Some people escape to the space ship. But, other stay to defend the town. They use the electric fences and land mines and guns to kill the little Grendels. After awhile the town gets too damaged to protect anymore. The people run away to a cave on a mountain. The Grendels follow them up a river and attack the cave. The people use kerosene to burn the Grendels. Also, they knock big rocks down onto them. After enough Grendels get killed, the other Grendels learn to run away instead of just attack. The people "win".

paragraphs: Over time the people hunt down all the new Grendels and all the alien fish. Finally they are safe.


title: Xkcd

paragraphs: xkcd is a comic strip on the Internet. American cartoonist Randall Munroe draws and writes the comic. The comic is drawn in boxes. It is one of the most popular comics on the Internet. It is "a webcomic of romance, sarcasm, math and language". Sometimes, the readers of the comic act out things that Munroe puts in his comics. There are also messages in some comics that show up when moused over. In October 2007, the comic was viewed about 60 million times. The comic has won many awards. The name "xkcd" does not mean anything and was just made so people do not say it as a word. there are more than 2200 different "xkcd" comics.

paragraphs: In November 2015, Munroe wrote a book named "Thing Explainer", using the same stick figure drawings from his comic. The book is about how things work, and is written in Simple English. It uses only one thousand different simple words. The idea for it came from a comic "Up goer Five" which is about the Saturn V rocket.


title: Lamar Advertising

paragraphs: Lamar Advertising is an outdoor advertising company. The company was founded in the year 1902. The company's headquarters is in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Lamar operates in the United States of America, Canada and Puerto Rico. They sell advertising on billboards. They sell advertising on buses. They have digital billboards.

paragraphs: Lamar has many parts called "departments". This is common in most companies. Here are some parts of Lamar.


title: Carl Pomerance

paragraphs: Carl Pomerance (born 1944, Joplin, Missouri) is a mathematician. Most of his work has been in number theory. He helped find the quadratic sieve which is a way to factor big numbers very fast. He teaches at Dartmouth College. He has Erdős number 1.


title: University College London

paragraphs: University College London (UCL) is a large university in London. It is the largest college of the federal University of London. As well as undergraduate teaching, it is one of the largest research universities in the country.

paragraphs: UCL was founded in 1826 as 'University College'. It was the first university institution to be founded in London and the first in England to be established on an entirely secular (non-religious) basis. It admits students regardless of their religious beliefs. UCL was also the first admit women on equal terms with men. University College became one of the two founding colleges of the University of London in 1836.

paragraphs: UCL has over 100 departments, institutes and research centres in eight faculties. Its main campus is in the Bloomsbury area of central London. There are also a number of institutes and teaching hospitals elsewhere in central London.

paragraphs: It has grown through mergers. These include the Institute of Neurology (in 1997), the Royal Free Hospital Medical School (in 1998), the Eastman Dental Institute (in 1999), the School of Slavonic and East European Studies (in 1999), the School of Pharmacy (in 2012) and the Institute of Education (in 2014).

paragraphs: The original University College was based largely on ideas of Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832), a lawyer, social philosopher and free-thinker. Bentham believed in libertarianism, utilitarianism, women's suffrage, and the separation of church and state. These are beliefs of liberalism. The college was unique in that it was secular, and was called "that Godless institution in Gower Street".

paragraphs: University College was founded on 11 February 1826, under the name "London University", as a secular alternative to the strictly Anglican universities of Oxford and Cambridge. It was founded from the beginning as a university, not a college or institute.

paragraphs: However, its founders got such strong opposition from the Church of England that it prevented them from getting the Royal Charter needed for the award of degrees. King's College London was specifically founded to provide an Anglican rival to UCL. It was not until 1836, when the latter-day University of London was established, that University College was legally recognised and granted the power to award degrees of the University of London.

paragraphs: UCL has over 7,000 academic and research staff and 840 professors, the highest number of any British university. There are currently 56 Fellows of the Royal Society, 51 Fellows of the British Academy, 15 Fellows of the Royal Academy of Engineering and 121 Fellows of the Academy of Medical Sciences amongst UCL academic and research staff.

paragraphs: UCL is a major centre for biomedical research; it is part of three of the 12 biomedical research centres established by the NHS in England and is a founding member of UCL Partners, the largest academic health science centre in Europe.

paragraphs: For the period 1999 to 2009 it was the 13th most-cited university in the world (and the most-cited in Europe). There has been at least one Nobel Prize winner from UCL every decade since the establishment of the Nobel Prizes in 1901. There are 29 Nobel Prize winners and three Fields Medalists amongst UCL’s alumni and current and former staff, the most recent being Sir Charles Kao, who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 2009.

paragraphs: According to a ranking of universities produced by SCImago Research Group, UCL is ranked 12th in the world (and 1st in Europe) in terms of total research output. According to data released in July 2008 by ISI Web of Knowledge, UCL is the 13th most-cited university in the world (and most-cited in Europe). The analysis covered citations from 1 January 1998 to 30 April 2008, during which 46,166 UCL research papers attracted 803,566 citations. The report covered citations in 21 subject areas and the results revealed some of UCL's key strengths, including: Clinical Medicine (1st outside North America); Immunology (2nd in Europe); Neuroscience & Behaviour (1st outside North America and 2nd in the world); Pharmacology & Toxicology (1st outside North America and 4th in the world); Psychiatry & Psychology (2nd outside North America); and Social Sciences, General (1st outside North America).

paragraphs: UCL is a member of the G5, the League of European Research Universities, the Russell Group, and other national and international groups. It forms part of the 'Golden Triangle' of British universities.


title: Carnegie Mellon University

paragraphs: Carnegie Mellon University is a research university. It is in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is known for research in computer science. It is ranked #1 in the United States for computer science.


title: Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords

paragraphs: Puzzle Quest: Challenge of the Warlords is an adventure puzzle video game made by Infinite Interactive and published by D3 Publisher in 2007.