title: John Nance Garner

paragraphs: John Nance Garner IV nicknamed "Cactus Jack" (November 22, 1868 – November 7, 1967) was the forty-fourth Speaker of the United States House of Representatives (1931-33) and the thirty-second Vice President of the United States (1933-41). Garner once described the Vice-Presidency as being "not worth a bucket of warm spit." Also, he lived to be 98 years old. That made him the oldest former Vice President of the United States.

paragraphs: Garner was born near the village of Detroit in Red River County in eastern Texas. His parents were John Nance Garner III and his wife, the former Sarah Jane Guest. Garner studied at Vanderbilt University in Nashville, Tennessee, for one semester before dropping out and returning home. He was a member of the Pi Kappa Alpha fraternity. He eventually studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1890, and began practice in Uvalde, Uvalde County, Texas.

paragraphs: On the morning of Garner's 95th birthday on November 22, 1963, President John F. Kennedy called to wish the former Vice President a happy birthday, just hours before his assassination in Dallas.

paragraphs: Garner died on November 7, 1967, at the age of 98 years and 350 days, 15 days before his 99th birthday, making him the longest-living Vice President in United States history, a record which was previously held by Benjamin Harrison's Vice President, Levi P. Morton (who died in 1920, on his 96th birthday). He is interred in Uvalde Cemetery.


title: Thomas A. Hendricks

paragraphs: Thomas Andrews Hendricks (September 7, 1819 – November 25, 1885) was a U.S. Representative and a Senator from Indiana, a Governor of Indiana, and the twenty-first Vice President of the United States (serving with Grover Cleveland).

paragraphs: Hendricks died in his sleep at home in Indianapolis on November 25, 1885. Following his death, Congress changed the order of succession for the presidency by removing the leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives.


title: Levi P. Morton

paragraphs: Levi Parsons Morton (May 16, 1824 – May 16, 1920) was a Representative from New York and the twenty-second Vice President of the United States. He also later served as Governor of New York.


title: Garret Hobart

paragraphs: Garret Augustus Hobart (June 3, 1844 – November 21, 1899) was the twenty-fourth Vice President of the United States.


title: Charles W. Fairbanks

paragraphs: Charles Warren Fairbanks (May 11, 1852 – June 4, 1918) was a Senator from Indiana and the twenty-sixth Vice President of the United States.


title: Thomas R. Marshall

paragraphs: Thomas Riley Marshall (March 14, 1854 – June 1, 1925) was an American politician. He was the twenty-eighth Vice President of the United States of America. He served under Woodrow Wilson from 1913 to 1921.


title: Charles G. Dawes

paragraphs: Charles Gates Dawes (August 27, 1865 – April 23, 1951) was an American banker and politician who was the thirtieth Vice President of the United States. For his work on the Dawes Plan for World War I reparations he was a co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served in the First World War, was U.S. Comptroller of the Currency and the first director of the Bureau of the Budget, and in later life the U.S. ambassador to the United Kingdom.


title: Rainulf Drengot

paragraphs: Rainulf Drengot (dead in 1045) was a Norman adventurer.

paragraphs: In 1016, Rainulf went in the South Italy where he was a mercenary. In 1030, Drengot was the first count of Aversa (near Naples) and was married to the duke of Naples’s daughter.


title: Gregg Gillis

paragraphs: Gregg Gillis, better known by his stage name Girl Talk, is an American musian who remixes music. Gillis, who lives in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has released four LPs on Illegal Art and EPs on 333 and 12 Apostles record labels. He began making music while studying Biomedical Engineering at Case Western Reserve University. He specializes in mash-up style remixes, in which he uses often a dozen or more unauthorized samples from different songs to create a new song; "The New York Times Magazine" has called his music "a lawsuit waiting to happen."

paragraphs: In 2007, Gillis was the winner of Wired Magazine's Rave Award.


title: A∴A∴

paragraphs: The A∴A∴ (Latin: "Argenteum Astrum" or Greek: "Άστρον Αργόν", ""Astron Argon"", both literally; "Silver star", alternately, Latin: "Arcanum Arcanorum", is a magical order created by Aleister Crowley in 1907 after leaving the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn. It is a Thelemic magical fraternity in which the holy book of the order is "The Book of the Law". Its motto is: "The method of science, the aim of religion." While the A∴A∴ was not part of Ordo Templi Orientis, the O.T.O. did consider the A∴A∴ to be a close ally.

paragraphs: Various lineages of the A∴A∴ survive today that can be traced back to the founders Aleister Crowley and George Cecil Jones.


title: The Book of the Law

paragraphs: The Book of the Law is the central sacred text of Thelema, written by Aleister Crowley in Cairo, Egypt in the year 1904. Its full title is "Liber AL vel Legis, sub figura CCXX, as delivered by XCIII=418 to DCLXVI", and it is commonly referred to as Liber AL vel Legis or just "Liber Al". It contains three chapters, each of which was written down in one hour, beginning at noon, on April 8, April 9, and April 10.


title: Ordo Templi Orientis

paragraphs: Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.) ("Order of the Temple of the East", or the "Order of Oriental Templars") is an international fraternal and religious organization founded at the beginning of the 20th century. Originally it was intended to be modelled after and associated with Freemasonry, but under the leadership of Aleister Crowley was reorganized based on the Law of Thelema as its central religious principle along with "The Book of the Law". Similar to many secret societies, O.T.O. membership is based on an initiatory system with a series of degree ceremonies that use ritual drama to establish fraternal bonds and impart spiritual and philosophical teachings.

paragraphs: O.T.O. also includes the Ecclesia Gnostica Catholica (EGC) or Gnostic Catholic Church, which is the ecclesiastical arm of the Order. Its central rite, which is public, is the Gnostic Mass.


title: Luther Bible

paragraphs: The Luther Bible is a German Bible translation by Martin Luther, first printed with both testaments in 1534.


title: Wycliffe's Bible

paragraphs: Wycliffe's Bible is the name now given to a group of Bible translations into Middle English, that were made under the guidance of John Wycliffe. They appeared over a period from about 1382 to 1395. Although unauthorized, the work was popular. Wycliffite Bible texts are the most common manuscript literature in Middle English. More than 250 manuscripts of the Wycliffite Bible survive.

paragraphs: These Bible translations were the chief inspiration and chief cause of the Lollard movement, a pre-Reformation movement that rejected many of the distinctive teachings of the Roman Catholic Church.

paragraphs: The Catholic Church started a campaign to suppress it. In the early 15th century, Henry IV, Archbishop Thomas Arundel, and Henry Knighton put into law some of the severest religious censorship laws in Europe at that time. Manuscripts of the Wycliffe Bible, if inscribed with a date before 1409 (the date of the ban) circulated freely and were widely used by clergy and laity.

paragraphs: Wycliffe's Bible was edited later in stages to bring it closer to spoken English of the day. His translation followed the Latin word order very closely, which is different from English word order:

paragraphs: Wyclif's Bible was followed later by William Tyndale, who translated the Bible into a more modern form of English, and used Greek manuscript sources for the first time. He was pursued for many years by Thomas More, whose agents finally caught him near Brussels in 1535. He was arrested, tried, convicted and executed by garrotte. His body was burnt at the stake.


title: Jens Jeremies

paragraphs: Jens Jeremies (born 5 March, 1974) is a former German football player. He has played for Germany national team.


title: Ferenc Puskás

paragraphs: Ferenc Puskás (2 April 1927 - 17 November 2006) was a Hungarian football striker, regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time. He played for Hungary national team and Spain national team. He died of pneumonia at the age of 79.


title: Michel Platini

paragraphs: Michel Platini (born 21 June 1955) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team. He is regarded as one of the greatest footballers of all time.


title: Hidetoshi Nakata

paragraphs: Nakata played for the Japanese team in three FIFA World Cup tournaments,

paragraphs: He was part of the team which competed in the 1996 Summer Olympics at Atlanta and in the 2000 Summer Olympics) at Sydney.


title: Relient K

paragraphs: Relient K is an American band from Ohio. Their music has been considered Pop punk and Christian rock. They have released five studio albums and several EPs. Their album "The Bird and the Bee Sides" was released in July 2 2008.

paragraphs: There has been criticism about whether the band are in the Christian music genre. Not all the songs mention God or focus on Christian faith. Matt Thiessen has said "we really don't care, you can call us rock 'n roll or Christian rock or whatever, and we can tour with this band or that band, but at the end of the day, we're doing what we want, and writing from our hearts".

paragraphs: Relient K formed as a four member band back in 1998. At the time they were still attending high school. The members have changed a little since then, but the two Matthews are still there.

paragraphs: The song "Hoopes I did It Again", from their third album, may remind one of Britney Spears, but it's referring to Matt Hoopes' last name. In the song, during the first verse, the two Matts sing back to each other as if in a phone conversation.

paragraphs: For their fourth album, titled "Mmhmm", they added instruments like a banjo and another guitar player, because they wanted more piano in their music, and the addition of another guitar player made this possible for Matt. It can be pronounced different ways, and can also be written as "MMHMM" or "MmHmm".

paragraphs: Relient K is known for their brand of tongue-in cheek humor. Tongue-in-cheek meaning when words are said only half seriously. They used this in many of their earlier songs such as "Marilyn Manson Ate My Girlfriend" "Nancy Drew" (a song about the fictional character) and "May the Horse Be With You" (which clearly plays on the popular Star Wars phrase).

paragraphs: Their second album was indeed titled "The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek" although you could argue the third album used more humor.


title: Hieronymus Bosch

paragraphs: Hieronymus Bosch, (born Jeroen Anthonissen van Aken, c. 1450 – 9 August 1516) was an early Dutch painter. He lived, worked and died in 's-Hertogenbosch, a Dutch town. This was then the capital of the Duchy of Brabant, a region which included much of modern Belgium and Holland.

paragraphs: Many of his works depict temptation, sin and punishment in hell. The paintings have a dreamlike surreal quality, with sexual and sadistic images. The intent was probably serious, to warn of the punishment which awaited sinners in hell.

paragraphs: The paintings often look like, and certainly did influence, the modern art movement known as surrealism. Bosch used images of demons, half-human animals and machines, to evoke fear and confusion, and to portray the evil of man. His works contain complex, highly original, imaginative, and dense use of symbolic figures and iconography, some of which was obscure even in his own time.

paragraphs: Today only 25 paintings are known to be by him; Philip II of Spain collected some of the best, which are now in the Prado Museum, Madrid.


title: Bush (band)

paragraphs: Bush were a British post-grunge band, formed in London in 1992. Their debut album was the self-released "Sixteen Stone" in 1994. They have sold well over 10 million records in the United States. The band, while hugely successful in the United States, was less well known in their native UK and enjoyed only marginal success there.


title: Fell on Black Days

paragraphs: "Fell on Black Days" is a song by the American rock band Soundgarden, released in 1994 as the fifth single from the band's fourth studio album, "Superunknown" (1994). The song peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. It would later appear on the band's greatest hits album "A-Sides" and the 2007 Chris Cornell compilation "The Roads We Choose - A Retrospective".

paragraphs: The song was written by frontman Chris Cornell. The time signature of the song is in 6/4.

paragraphs: "Fell on Black Days" was like this ongoing fear I've had for years...It's a feeling that everyone gets. You're happy with your life, everything's going well, things are exciting - when all of a sudden you realise you're unhappy in the extreme, to the point of being really, really scared. There's no particular event you can pin the feeling down to, it's just that you realise one day that everything in your life is FUCKED!

paragraphs: It was released as a single in many different versions, each with different B-sides. Several of the singles featured an original demo version of the song. This demo is completely different from the more familiar version. It features different lyrics and music, with considerably heavier drop-D guitar. Only the chorus contains lyrical similarities to the final version. Soundgarden performed this version live on Pearl Jam's "Self-Pollution" radio broadcast in early 1995.

paragraphs: It appeared on "Billboard" magazine's Hot 100 Airplay chart, peaking at number 54 in its tenth week and remaining on the chart until its twentieth week. The song peaked at number four on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 13 on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart.

paragraphs: Outside of the United States, the single was released in Australia and the United Kingdom. In Canada, the song reached the top 70 on the Canadian Singles Chart and remained in the top 70 for two weeks. "Fell on Black Days" reached the top 50 in the Netherlands and in Ireland it was a moderate top 20 success.

paragraphs: After the September 11, 2001 attacks, Clear Channel included the song on its list of possibly inappropriate songs.

paragraphs: In the music video, the band was filmed performing the song in-studio, with Brendan O'Brien producing the recording. The video was directed by Jake Scott. The video was released in November 1994. It is available on the CD-ROM "Alive in the Superunknown". The video version of the track can be found on the "Fell on Black Days" single and "Songs from the Superunknown".

paragraphs: A live version of the song appears on the "Black Hole Sun" and "Fell on Black Days" singles.

paragraphs: In 2005, when Audioslave toured with Seether, Cornell sang "Fell on Black Days" with Shaun Morgan, Seether's lead vocalist.

paragraphs: In 2006, Classic Case did a cover of "Fell on Black Days" on the band's "Black Unicorn" Split EP with "He is Legend".


title: Scarborough railway station

paragraphs: Scarborough railway station is a railway station in Scarborough, North Yorkshire, England. It opened in 1845. It is one of the eastern termini (end stations) of the North TransPennine route operated by First TransPennine Express. It is also at the northern end of the Yorkshire Coast Line. It also has the longest station seat in the world at in length.

paragraphs: Until 1950 it served a line to Pickering. Until 1965 it served a line from Whitby.

paragraphs: From Monday to Saturdays there is normally an hourly First TransPennine Express service to York, Leeds, Manchester Piccadilly and Liverpool Lime Street. There is a two-hourly service to Bridlington and Hull on the Yorkshire Coast Line.

paragraphs: On Sundays there is a two-hourly service to York and beyond. There is also a summer only two-hourly service to Hull.

paragraphs: East Midlands Trains provide a limited direct summertime service to St Pancras International along the Midland Main Line. It goes via Sheffield and Leicester.


title: Methil

paragraphs: Methil is a town in Fife, Scotland. There used to be a power station there.


title: Chris Brown (album)

paragraphs: Chris Brown is the self-titled debut album by American R&B recording artist Chris Brown. It was released on November 29, 2005 by Jive Records. The album also earned Brown his first two Grammy nominations for Best New Artist and Best Contemporary R&B Album at the 52nd Grammy Awards in 2006. The album is mainly a hip hop and R&B album.

paragraphs: Through the winter, Brown joined the Scream V Encore Tour, featuring Ciara, Bow Wow, Omarion and Marques Houston, as a supporting act. Later, he headlined the Xbox 360 Presents: Chris Brown Tour, supported by T-Pain.


title: Economy of Pakistan

paragraphs: Pakistan is a nation with a diverse economy that include textiles, chemicals, food processing, agriculture and other industries. It is the 25th largest economy in the world.


title: National Stock Exchange of Pakistan

paragraphs: The Karachi Stock Exchange or KSE (founded 1947) is a stock exchange in Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. It is Pakistan's largest and oldest stock exchange and also South Asia's second oldest stock exchange.


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title: Flora and fauna of Pakistan

paragraphs: Vast Indus plains have had vegetation taken away to grow crops. Very little wildlife lives there and only animals like the jackal, mongoose, jungle cat, civet cat, scaly anteater, desert cat and the wild hare live in these areas.

paragraphs: Parts of Thal desert and Cholistan desert are now being irrigated. The Chinkara is the only animal living there now. The blackbuck, who lived there once in big numbers, is now extinct. However, efforts are being made to reintroduce them back into the country.

paragraphs: Irrigated forest plantations are now being made. These give very good conditions for chinkara, hog deer and blue bull to live in.

paragraphs: The striped hyena and the wolf are found almost everywhere in the country. However, little is known about the black bear and brown bear populations.

paragraphs: Birds of prey like the peregrine, cherrug or saker falcons, tawny eagle, imperial and greater spotted eagles, osprey, awesome

paragraphs: shikra, and the black-winged kite live throughout Pakistan but their population statuses are unknown.


title: Resurrection of Jesus

paragraphs: In the New Testament, Jesus is crucified, dies, is buried within a tomb, and resurrected (came back to life) three days later. Christians celebrate the resurrection at Easter. Easter and Christmas are the most important Christian holidays.

paragraphs: Christians believe that Jesus is the son of God. They believe that the best proof of this is that he came back to life after his death. In Christian theology, the death, resurrection, and return to heaven of Jesus are the most important events of the Christian faith. The Nicene Creed states: "On the third day he rose again in accordance with the Scriptures". According to Terry Miethe, a Christian philosopher at Oxford University, the question " 'Did Jesus rise from the dead?' is the most important question regarding the claims of the Christian faith." According to John R. Rice, a Baptist evangelist, the resurrection of Jesus was part of God's plan for forgiving people by paying the penalty for man's sin. The Catholic church teaches:

paragraphs: All of these New Testament writers tell about the resurrection.


title: Crucifixion of Jesus

paragraphs: The crucifixion of Jesus is an event recorded in all four Gospels in the Bible. The crucifixion happens after Jesus' arrest at Gethsemane and trial before Pontius Pilate. It includes his scourging, crucifixion on the cross, and burial. In Christian theology, the death of Jesus by crucifixion is a major event. (See salvation).

paragraphs: Christians believe that Jesus was God in human form. They believe that after he died on the Cross on Friday, he went down to Hell to free the souls of the people who had died before Jesus' coming. On Sunday, Christians believe that Jesus came back to life and left the tomb where he was buried. This is called the "resurrection".

paragraphs: The crucifixion is, according to the Bible, necessary to Christianity. Christians believe that Jesus suffered very much on the cross as a way of paying for all of mankind's sins (bad actions, thoughts, and deeds). By taking on all of this suffering, mankind was freed from the punishment that God should have given to man (because of man's weakness and bad choices in life).

paragraphs: The crucifixion itself is a very sad event as Jesus had to suffer horribly. His friends and his own mother had to see it. However, Christians believe this was necessary for him to come back to life and to show that death had no power over him. Through the crucifixion, Christians believe that God has set us free and shown to the world that Jesus is God and that life is forever. According to the Bible, Jesus sacrificed himself for all of mankind not only to show his love but also to pay the penalty of our sin, restore our relationship with God, and to destroy the power of death and the grave.

paragraphs: A "passion play" is a play that tells this story of Jesus' trial and then his crucifixion. A recent version, The Passion of the Christ, was produced and released by Mel Gibson. It was and still is very popular with Christians and non-Christians alike.


title: Jim Ross

paragraphs: James William "Jim" Ross (born January 3, 1952 in Fort Bragg, California) is a professional wrestling commentator. He is also known by his nicknames Good Ol' J.R. or simply J.R.. Ross is a restaurateur, former professional wrestling commentator and former company executive. He is most well known for working for World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) as a play-by-play commentator.

paragraphs: He was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2007 and is widely regarded as one of the greatest commentators in wrestling history.


title: King of the Ring

paragraphs: King of the Ring is a professional wrestling single-elimination tournament held by World Wrestling Entertainment. The tournament was held annually from 1985 to 2002 (except for 1992), and from 1993 until 2002, the tournament was produced as a pay-per-view event.


title: John Layfield

paragraphs: John Charles Layfield (born November 29, 1966) known by his ring name's John "Bradshaw" Layfield and JBL, is a retired American professional wrestler that is currently working for the WWE as a color commentator and host.

paragraphs: Outside of wrestling, he works as a financial analyst for Fox News and has also commentated and hosted for the mixed martial arts promotion Vyper Fight League. He is the longest reigning World Champion in SmackDown history longest reigning WWE Champion in SmackDown history which he held for 280 days.


title: Mary J. Blige

paragraphs: Mary Jane Blige (or simply Mary J Blige, born January 11, 1971) is an American R&B, hip hop and soul singer. She released 11 studio albums, 82 singles, and 8 other albums.

paragraphs: In 1988, just for fun, Blige recorded an cover of Anita Baker's "Caught Up in the Rapture" at a recording booth in a local mall. Her mother's boyfriend at the time later played the cassette for Jeff Redd, a recording artist and A&R runner for Uptown Records. Redd then sent it to the president and CEO of the label, Andre Harrell. Harrell met with Blige and, in 1989, she joined the label, becoming the company's youngest and first female artist.

paragraphs: Production for Blige's first album, "Whats the 411?", began in 1991. Sean "Puffy" Combs (at the time a beginning A&R executive at Uptown) organised the project. Also enlisted were some of the top R&B and hip hop producers of the time, among them Tony Dofat, Mark Morales and Cory Rooney, Dave "Jam" Hall, and DeVante Swing.

paragraphs: In 2014 Blige will tour with R. Kelly called "The King and Queen Tour".


title: Dancing Beijing

paragraphs: Dancing Beijing is the name of the symbol of the 2008 Summer Olympics, in Beijing in China. It was shown in August 2003 in a ceremony attended by 2,008 people in Beijing.

paragraphs: The symbol draws on Chinese culture, showing a red Chinese seal above the words "Beijing 2008" and the Olympic rings. The seal is written with a calligraphic rendition of the Chinese character 京 ("jīng", meaning 'capital', from the name of the host city) in the form of a dancing figure. The curves are also claimed to show the body of a wriggling dragon. The open arms of the figure show China inviting the world to share in its culture. The figure also looks like that of a runner. Red, is an important colour in Chinese society, often meaning good luck.

paragraphs: The logo was created by Guo Chunning. There was only one picture among the 1,985 entries givin by designers from China and others. Other entries included a lot Great Walls, pandas and dragons. Other designers include Chang Wu (張武).


title: Exploration

paragraphs: Exploration is the act of searching an unfamiliar area in order to learn about it. It involves the discovery of new information. Human beings explore even when they have everything they need where they are. They are the only mammal that does this.

paragraphs: Neanderthals existed for hundreds of thousands of years in Eurasia. But their range was limited compared to modern humans. In less than 500,000 years humans have explored and spread out to all the continents. Exploration had its most dramatic rise during the Age of Discovery. This is when European explorers sailed and charted much of the rest of the world. Humans have explored geographically even into outer space. They explore ideas, art, even the very nature of life.

paragraphs: The Phoenicians were a culture that existed in the coastal region of the Levant as early as the 3rd millennium BC. They were not a significant culture until about 1100 bc. By the 9th century BC the Phoenicians had became the dominant culture in the Mediterranean Sea. They grew wealthy through trade. Instead of war they used trade agreements and alliances to expand their colonies. The Phoenicians developed advanced navigational skills and had the best ships in the Mediterranean. They explored over land routes and developed caravan routes to trade with distant places. Carthage got its start as a Phoenician colony on the north coast of Africa. It grew to be their largest and most successful colony.

paragraphs: Gradually the western Mediterranean Phoenician colonies all came under the control of Carthage. The Carthaginians were explorers too. Two major explorations are are mentioned by early writers. Both took place around 500 BC. Pliny the Elder wrote that Carthage sent an explorer named Himilco to explore the remote parts of Europe. The report, or "periplus" (sailing record), has not survived but other early writers have seen it. He had as many as 60 ships in his fleet. He would have traveled along the Iberian Peninsula up the coast of Gaul. Avienus, a Roman writer of the 4th century AD, wrote about the expedition. Himilco moved north from Brittany to the British Isles. It is likely he was looking for tin, a rare metal at the time. He reached a land called , “The Holy Island”, generally believed to be Ireland.

paragraphs: About the same time, Hanno the Navigator was sent to explore the western coast of Africa. His periplus has survived and is one of the earliest surviving manuscripts. The periplus records landmarks, ports and sailing distance between them. It is a guide for other ship captains to follow. Hanno's 60 ships moved south along the African coast. He may have reached as far as an island off the coast of Sierra Leone. There is no record of any other explorations of the west Africa coast until the time of Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese explorer.

paragraphs: One of the first scientific explorers was Pytheas of Massalia. He was an ancient Greek from the then Greek colony of Massalia (now Marseille). He made a voyage to northwestern Europe in about 325 BC. He circumnavigated Great Britain. Pytheas was the first person on record to describe the Midnight Sun. He is the first known scientific visitor and reporter of the Arctic polar ice. His account of the tides is the earliest known to suggest the moon as their cause.

paragraphs: During the 2nd century BC, the Han dynasty explored much of the eastern part of the Northern Hemisphere. In 139 BC, the Han diplomat Zhang Qian traveled west in an unsuccessful attempt to secure an alliance with the Da Yuezhi. He discovered countries the Chinese did not even know existed. He had traveled as far as the Indus River in northwestern India.

paragraphs: During the Viking Age Three different groups of Vikings can be identified from different parts of Scandinavia. The Danes, Swedes (also called the "Rus") and Norwegian vikings. The 'Rus', founded the settlement of Kiev. Named for themselves they called it Russland (later known as Russia). Swedish Viking explorer Garðar Svavarsson was the first to circumnavigate Iceland in 870 and establish that it was an island. About 890 CE Vikings, led by Ohthere of Norway, traveled north above the Arctic Circle to the White Sea.

paragraphs: About 982, the Norwegian Erik the Red explored Greenland. In 986 he returned to Iceland, from where he sailed. He convinced others to follow him and founded the first settlement there. By the year 1000 there were a thousand settlers living there. Erik's second of three sons, Leif Erikson was probably the first European to set foot on North America. He landed at a place he called "Vinland".

paragraphs: Marco Polo (1254-1324) was a Venetian merchant and explorer. He traveled across Asia during the height of the Mongol Empire. He was one of the first Europeans to explore Eastern Asia. He left Venice at age 17 with his father and uncle. They traveled what later became the Silk Road. They reached Cathay (China) where Marco Polo entered the court of Kublai Khan. He traveled and explored China for 24 years. He brought back ivory, jade, jewels, porcelain and silk. He brought back many other things including noodles from China which the Italians called pasta.

paragraphs: This was a period in European history from the early 15th century to the early 17th century. During this relatively short period of time, the way Europeans saw the world was completely changed. The European powers sent ships around the world to search for new trading routes. They were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. In the process, Europeans discovered new people and lands completely unknown to them. Some of the explorers of this age are:

paragraphs: There are many reasons humans explore outer space. It was first explored with human eyes. Ancient men mapped the universe they could see. Then came the invention of telescopes. In the mid-20th century man actually began exploring space with rockets and spacecraft. The most important reasons are scientific research and the interest of humans to learn more about the universe. Space exploration has developed new technologies. It has created new products and new industries.

paragraphs: In scientific research, exploration is one of three purposes of empirical research. The other two are description and explanation. The term is commonly used metaphorically. For example, a person may speak of exploring the Internet, exploring sexuality, or concepts one cannot physically explore.


title: Lactobacillus

paragraphs: Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria. Most "Lactobacillus" species are non-spore-forming and ferment glucose into lactose. This genus also contains several bacteria that make up part of the natural flora of the human vagina.

paragraphs: It is really helpful in the gut. It is a rod-shaped non-spore forming bacteria. It can be found in foods like yogurt.


title: Waterford United F.C.

paragraphs: Waterford United F.C. is a football club which plays in Republic of Ireland.


title: Montpellier HSC

paragraphs: Montpellier H.S.C. is a football club which plays in France.


title: A.S. Monaco F.C.

paragraphs: A.S. Monaco F.C. is a football club which plays in Monaco.


title: Olympique de Marseille

paragraphs: Olympique de Marseille is a football club from France. The club competes in Ligue 1. It was founded in 1899. Its home stadium is Stade Vélodrome in Marseille.

paragraphs: Olympique de Marseille has won the Ligue 1 9 times, the French Cup 10 times and 2 League Cups. It has also won the UEFA Champions League in 1993.


title: Arsène Wenger

paragraphs: Arsène Wenger (born 22 October 1949) is a French football manager. He has been managing Arsenal (1996-2018).

paragraphs: He has won the Premier League and the FA Cup and also made it to the Champions League final.


title: John Arne Riise

paragraphs: John Arne Riise (born 24 September 1980) is a Norwegian football player. He played for Roma and the Norway national football team before retiring in 2016


title: Patrick Vieira

paragraphs: Patrick Vieira (born 23 June 1976) is a French professional football head coach and former player. He is the manager of Nice. He played for Manchester City and France national team.


title: David Seaman

paragraphs: David Seaman (born 19 September 1963) is an English retired football player. He has played for England national team as well as many other league teams.

paragraphs: Seaman was a contestant on the first series of "Dancing on Ice" in 2006.


title: Luther Blissett

paragraphs: Luther Blissett is a Jamaican-born former English football player. He has played for England national team.


title: Chinese architecture

paragraphs: Chinese architecture refers to the architecture of China. Sometimes it might also mean architecture outside of China but built in the same style. Chinese architecture is very influential in East Asia where many other countries and cultures' architecture also modeled upon it. Well known example of Chinese architecture are the Great Wall of China and the Forbidden City.


title: Jimmy Greaves

paragraphs: Jimmy Greaves (born 20 February 1940) is a former English football player. He has played for England national team. In May 2015, he experienced a stroke.


title: Eugenio Corini

paragraphs: Eugenio Corini (born 30 July 1970) is a former Italian football player.


title: Vasile Miriuţă

paragraphs: Vasile Miriuţă is a former football player. He has played for Hungary national team.


title: Jerzy Dudek

paragraphs: Jerzy Dudek (born 23 March 1973) is a Polish football player. He plays for Real Madrid.


title: Henrik Larsson

paragraphs: Henrik Larsson (born 20 September, 1971) is a former Swedish football player. He has played for the Sweden national team.


title: Ian Wright

paragraphs: Ian Wright is a footballer turned television personality. He has played for England national team. He is the adopted father of Shaun Wright-Phillips and the father of Bradley Wright-Phillips.


title: Clyde Best

paragraphs: Clyde Best is a former football player. He has played for Bermuda national team.


title: Edgar Davids

paragraphs: Edgar Davids (born 13 March 1973) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


title: Marc-Vivien Foé

paragraphs: Marc-Vivien Foé (1 May 1975 – 26 June 2003) is a former Cameroonian football player. He has played for the Cameroonian national team.


title: Ian Hamilton

paragraphs: Ian Hamilton is a former football player.


title: Olympique Lyonnais

paragraphs: Olympique Lyonnais is a football club which plays in France.


title: F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux

paragraphs: F.C. Girondins de Bordeaux is a football club which plays in France.


title: Glasgow Central station

paragraphs: Glasgow Central station is a railway station in Glasgow, Scotland. It first opened in 1879.


title: Mary of Teck

paragraphs: Mary of Teck (Victoria Mary Augusta Louise Olga Pauline Claudine Agnes; 26 May 1867 – 24 March 1953) was the queen consort of King George V of the United Kingdom, who was also Emperor of India. By birth, she was a member of the House of Teck in Germany, and through her mother, she was a distant member of the British Royal Family. Within her family, she was given the nickname "May".

paragraphs: Princess Mary was born at Kensington Palace in London on 26 May 1867. Her mother was Princess Mary Adelaide, a daughter of Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, and a granddaughter of King George III. Her father was Francis, Duke of Teck. Due to her parent's financial troubles, Princess Mary spent much of her early life abroad in order to economise, the Tecks returned to London in 1883, living at White Lodge in Richmond Park.

paragraphs: In 1891, Princess Mary, who was liked by Queen Victoria, became engaged to her double second cousin once removed Prince Albert Victor, the eldest son of Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. Prince Albert Victor was the heir to the throne after his father, bringing Princess Mary and her family to the senior end of the Royal Family. However, a few weeks before the wedding, Prince Albert Victor died of influenza. Nevertheless, Queen Victoria still favoured Mary as a royal bride, and therefore arranged for her to marry Albert Victor's brother, Prince George, created Duke of York. They were married at St. James's Palace, London, on 6 July 1893.

paragraphs: Princess Mary was devoted to her children and to her public duties. She left her children in the care of a nanny, Charlotte "Lalla" Bill, and taught her children history and music. With her public duties, she was equally devoted, becoming Patron of a number of charities. When her father-in-law became King Edward VII, Prince George and Princess Mary undertook an eight month tour of the British Empire. No royal had undertaken such a big tour before. Princess Mary broke down in tears at the thought of leaving her children, though they were in the care of their doting grandparents.

paragraphs: In 1910, Edward VII died, and Prince George ascended the throne as George V. Mary thus became Queen. During the First World War, Queen Mary was criticised for her German heritage. The conflict with Germany forced George V to change the name of the Royal House from Saxe-Coburg and Gotha to Windsor. He also stripped all titles from those members of the Royal Family who fought for Germany. Following the war, Queen Mary continued her public duties, and suffered family tragedy when she lost her youngest son, Prince John. In 1935, King George celebrated his Silver Jubilee, commemorating 25 years of his reign, and Queen Mary accompanied him during the official tours and visits that took place. Queen Mary used her extensive knowledge of history and royal protocol to advise and support her husband on matters of state.

paragraphs: In 1936, King George V died. His death was shortened by an injection of morphine and cocaine, administered by his doctor. Queen Mary supported her son, now King Edward VIII, during his reign. In December, however, the King abdicated the throne because he wished to marry a divorced American commoner, Wallis Simpson. This put his brother, Prince Albert, Duke of York, in his place as King George VI. King George VI was shy, and was at first reluctant to take on his new duties and responsibilities. Queen Mary and his wife, Queen Elizabeth, supported him in his new role. The former King Edward VIII became the Duke of Windsor, went to live in France, and maintained a cool relationship with his family in England. No member of the family attended his wedding to Wallis in 1937, and she was never received by Queen Mary.

paragraphs: During the Second World War, Queen Mary lived at Badminton House, owned by her niece's husband, the Duke of Beaufort. She continued her duties and supported the war effort. Following the war, she returned to her pre-war home, Marlborough House. She continued her public duties in old age, surviving to see her granddaughter, Elizabeth, ascend the throne as Queen Elizabeth II. After suffering with lung cancer (described publically as "gastric problems"), Queen Mary died of the disease at Marlborough House on 24 March 1953. She lay in state at Westminster Hall before being buried beside her husband at St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle.


title: Marlborough House

paragraphs: Marlborough House is a mansion in Westminster, London, England. It was built for a royal favourite, Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, in 1711. Following her death, it passed to the hands of successive Dukes of Marlborough.

paragraphs: In 1817, it became Crown property. It was used by members of the royal family, including Queen Adelaide. It served as a base for the predecessor of the Royal College of Art, the "National Art Training School". In 1861, Marlborough House was made the Prince of Wales's London residence. It was used by him for the next 40 years, until he became king in 1901. It continued as a royal residence, and was last used by Queen Mary until 1953. After her death, her granddaughter, Queen Elizabeth II, gave the house to the Commonwealth Secretariat, which continues to use it today.


title: Richmond Park

paragraphs: Richmond Park is a 955 hectare (2,360 acres) park in outer London. Originally, it was outside London, in Surrey. It is now in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames.

paragraphs: The park was created by Charles I in the 17th century as a deer park. It is the largest of London's Royal Parks. It is of national and international importance for wildlife conservation. The park is a national nature reserve, a Site of Special Scientific Interest and a Special Area of Conservation. It is included, at Grade I, on the "Register of Historic Parks and Gardens of special historic interest in England".

paragraphs: It is the largest of the eight Royal Parks in London, and is famous for red and fallow deer. It is about three times the size of Central Park in New York (341 hectares or 843 acres).

paragraphs: Notable features in the park include Pembroke Lodge, once the home of the British Prime Minister Lord John Russell. Also in the park is White Lodge, home of the Royal Ballet School and once a royal residence. One house in the park, Thatched House Lodge, is the residence of Princess Alexandra.

paragraphs: The park is fully open to the public, with access by road, bicycles and pedestrians.


title: Brantridge Park

paragraphs: Brantridge Park is a former royal residence in Balcombe, West Sussex, England. It was owned by Princess Alice, and her husband Alexander Cambridge, the first Earl of Athlone. Following the Athlone's departure to Canada as viceroy and viceregal consort, it was occupied by Princess Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Queen Victoria. Beatrice died there in 1945. It is now a hotel operated by Timeshare.


title: Osborne House

paragraphs: Osborne House is a former royal residence East Cowes on the Isle of Wight, England. It was in purchased by Queen Victoria and Prince Albert in 1845. The solent reminded by Prince Albert of the Gulf of Naples, but the old house was too small for their needs, and the house was demolished and rebuilt by Thomas Cubitt.

paragraphs: The house became a family home, as Queen Victoria and Prince Albert were determined to bring their children up in a natural and loving environment. Within the grounds was a smaller structure, Swiss Cottage, which was where the royal children played and learned practical skills, such as cooking and farming. The children often entertained their parents here, and Queen Victoria used the simplicity of the cottage to deal with personal correspondence.

paragraphs: Following Prince Albert's death in 1861, Osborne became an effective mausoleum in his memory. Queen Victoria used the house as a retreat away from public life. She died there on 22 January 1901, and her son, King Edward VII, gave the house to the nation. It was used as a naval training school, and then a convalescent home for officers. During the Second World War, Adolf Hitler ordered that the estate was not to be bombed because he wanted to use it as a post-war retreat.


title: Docetism

paragraphs: Docetism is an early Christian teaching that says that Jesus only appeared to have a human body. The term comes from "dokein": "to seem".

paragraphs: Early Gnostics, whose teachings began to threaten Christian doctrine and theology, believed all matter was unclean. For this reason, Christ could not have a physical body, as he was seen as the eternal Logos.

paragraphs: Today, it is unclear where this teaching came from. It might have been influenced by the teachings of Plato. Plato taught that only ideas mattered and that matter itself was inferior.

paragraphs: Many Gnostic teachings are docetic. For a long time, people believed that docetism and Gnosticism were developed together. This is however not the case, there are also some Gnostic systems that are not docetic, as well as some docetic systems that are not gnostic.

paragraphs: Today, most Christian theologians see docetism as a heresy.


title: Tazz

paragraphs: Peter Senerchia (born October 11 1967) is an American retired professional wrestler and current color commentator best known by his ring name Tazz, (originally Tazmaniac and later shortened to simply Taz). He is currently under contract to Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. On the 3rd April, 2009 he was dismissed by WWE.


title: Lille O.S.C.

paragraphs: Lille O.S.C. is a football club which plays in France.

paragraphs: Based in the northern city of Lille founded in 1944 from the merger of the Olympique Lillois (founded in 1902) and the S.C. Fives (founded in 1901).


title: Prince Andrew, Duke of York

paragraphs: Prince Andrew, Duke of York, (Andrew Albert Christian Edward, born 19 February 1960) is a member of the British Royal Family, the second son of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He has been titled Duke of York since 1986, and is eighth in line to the succession to the throne of the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Prince Andrew was born at Buckingham Palace in London. He went to Heatherdown Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, and Gordonstoun in Scotland. Prince Andrew did not go to university, he went to Britannia Royal Naval College instead. In the Navy, he served in the Falklands War, and continued his career, becoming a commander in 1999 and an honorary captain in 2001.

paragraphs: In 1986, Prince Andrew married Sarah Ferguson, the younger daughter of Ronald Ferguson, the polo manager for the Prince of Wales. They have two daughters from the marriage: Princess Beatrice and Princess Eugenie. Andrew and Sarah separated in 1992, and divorced in May 1996.

paragraphs: In November 2019, Prince Andrew was interviewed for the BBC television programme "Newsnight" on 16 November 2019. The interviewer talked about the Prince's friendship with the convicted child sex offender Jeffrey Epstein before he died. The interview was very bad for the British royal family, because many people who saw the interview thought Prince Andrew was unsympathetic to Epstein's victims. As of 20 November, he has no official royal duties.

paragraphs: Prince Andrew's current full style is "His Royal Highness" "The Prince Andrew Albert Christian Edward, Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, Baron Killyleagh, Knight Companion of the Most Noble Order of the Garter, Knight Grand Cross of the Royal Victorian Order, Personal Aide-de-Camp to The Queen."

paragraphs: He holds the following military appointments:

paragraphs: The Duke's personal coat of arms are those of the Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom with a label for difference: "Quarterly (by quarters):

paragraphs: The whole differenced by a Label of three points Argent the central point charged with an "Anchor Azure". The anchor is in reference to his naval career.

paragraphs: The arms are identical to those his grandfather George VI used when still Duke of York.


title: Jinnah International Airport

paragraphs: Jinnah International Airport previously Quaid-e-Azam International Airport (IATA: KHI, ICAO: OPKC) is Pakistan's largest international and domestic airport. It is located in Karachi, in Sindh, and is also commonly known as the Jinnah Terminal.


title: Demi Lovato

paragraphs: Demetria Devonne Lovato (born 20 August 1992) is an American singer, songwriter, and actress.

paragraphs: Demetria Devonne Lovato was born on 20 August 1992 in Albuquerque, New Mexico,the daughter of engineer and musician Patrick Martin Lovato (12 March 1960 — 22 June 2013) and former Dallas Cowboys cheerleader Dianna Lee Hart (born Dianna Lee Smith; 8 August 1962). Lovato has an older sister, Dallas (born 4 February 1988); a younger maternal half-sister, actress Madison De La Garza (born on 28 December 2001), and an older paternal half-sister, Amber, to whom she first spoke when she was 20.

paragraphs: Her parents divorced in the late summer of 1994, shortly after her second birthday. Lovato's father was of Mexican, Indigenous Mexican, Jewish, Portuguese and Spanish descent, and her mother is of Italian, English, Scottish and Irish ancestry. Patrick's patrilineal great-grandmother, Maria Cristina Perea, was a daughter of Civil War Union veteran Francisco Perea (1830–1913) and a great-granddaughter of Santa Fe de Nuevo México governor Francisco Xavier Chávez. She received her high-school diploma through homeschooling in April 2009. She began playing piano at age seven and guitar at ten, when she also began dancing and acting classes. Lovato told Ellen DeGeneres that she was bullied so badly that she asked for homeschooling.

paragraphs: As a solo musical artist, Lovato released her first album, "Don't Forget", on September 23, 2008. The album started at number two on the "Billboard" 200. It sold 89,000 copies in the first week. It has since shipped over 500,000 copies in the United States. This earned it a gold certification in the United States. Lovato released her second album, "Here We Go Again", on July 21, 2009. The album started at number one on the "Billboard" 200. It sold 108,000 copies in the first week. Her third studio album, "Unbroken", was released on September 20, 2011. It peaked at number four on the "Billboard" 200. Her fourth studio album is "Demi". It reached #3 on the "Billboard" 200.

paragraphs: Lovato released her third album, "Unbroken", on September 20, 2011. Begun in July 2010, the album experimented with R&B and featured less pop rock. The album and the stylistic change received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who saw a growth in musicianship because of her struggles and have praised Lovato's vocals but found the music more generic than her previous efforts. The record was a commercial success, peaking at number four on the "Billboard" 200, with sales exceeding 97,000 copies in its first week of release, and going on to sell over 500,000 copies in the United States, being certified Gold.

paragraphs: The album's lead single, "Skyscraper", was acclaimed for its messages of self-worth and confidence, peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, selling 176,000 downloads during the first week of release, becoming Lovato's highest first week sales, until the release of "Heart Attack" by Lovato in 2013. The song also Lovato's highest-peaked single since "This Is Me" reached number nine in August 2008. The song also debuted at number two on the Hot Digital Songs chart. "Skyscraper" received the Best Video with a Message award at the September 2012 MTV Video Music Awards. The album's second and final single, "Give Your Heart a Break", peaked "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 16, making Lovato's fourth highest peaking song. Also, it has peaked at number 12 on the US Adult Top 40 chart, number 1 on the US Pop Songs chart and became the longest climb by a female artist to #1 in the Pop Songs chart history. In April 2014, the song was certified three-times platinum by the RIAA; as of October 2014, it has sold 2.1 million digital copies.

paragraphs: Lovato released her fourth studio album, "Demi", on May 14, 2013. It became a top-three album in the US. The album’s first single, "Heart Attack", reached number ten on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The next two singles, “Neon Lights” and “Really Don’t Care” with British singer Cher Lloyd, reached the top 40 and were both certified platinum.

paragraphs: Her fifth studio album, "Confident", was her first album to have a Parental Advisory label. It entered the "Billboard" 200 album chart at number two and was released on October 16, 2015. "Confident" became her first album issued through Island Records and Safehouse, a label she formed with singer-actor Nick Jonas. The first single from "Confident", “Cool for the Summer”, reached number 11 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was certified platinum in the US and became her first top-ten hit in the UK. The single “Confident” was performed at the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia in support of Hillary Clinton. “Stone Cold” was issued as the third single from "Confident". The album gave Lovato her first Grammy Award nomination when it was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album.

paragraphs: Lovato released her sixth studio album, "Tell Me You Love Me", on September 29, 2017. It opened at number three on the "Billboard" 200 album chart in the US. It featured the single “Sorry Not Sorry”, which became her highest-charting song in the US when it reached number six on the Hot 100. It also reached number nine in the UK. She performed this song at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards. The promotional singles “Tell Me You Love Me” and “You Don’t Do It for Me Anymore” were also released from the album.

paragraphs: In 2007 and 2008, Lovato played Charlotte Adams on the Disney Channel short series "As the Bell Rings". Lovato auditioned for the channel's television film "Camp Rock" and series "Sonny with a Chance" during the summer of 2007, and got both parts. Lovato played the lead character, aspiring singer Mitchie Torres, in "Camp Rock". The film premiered on June 20, 2008 to 8.9 million viewers.

paragraphs: Lovato's Disney Channel sitcom "Sonny with a Chance", with her character Sonny Munroe the newest cast member of the show-within-a-show "So Random!", premiered on February 8. Lovato's acting ability was described by Robert Lloyd of the "Los Angeles Times" as "very good", and he compared her favorably to "Hannah Montana" star (and friend) Miley Cyrus. That June, she co-starred as Princess Rosalinda with Selena Gomez in the Disney Channel film, "Princess Protection Program". The film, the third highest-rated Disney Channel original movie, premiered to 8.5 million viewers.

paragraphs: In May Lovato guest-starred as a teenage schizophrenic in the sixth-season "Grey's Anatomy" episode, "Shiny Happy People". Critics praised her versatility.

paragraphs: "", with Lovato reprising her role as Mitchie Torres, premiered on September 3, 2010. The film premiered to eight million viewers, the number-one cable-television movie of the year by the number of viewers.

paragraphs: That month Lovato also announced her departure from "Sonny with a Chance", putting her acting career on hiatus and ending the series; she later said that she would return to acting when she felt confident doing so. Her departure led to the spin-off series "So Random!" with the "Sonny" cast, featuring sketches from the former show-within-a-show. The series was cancelled after one season.

paragraphs: In May, she became a judge for the second season of the American version of "The X Factor", with a reported salary of one million dollars. Joining Britney Spears, Simon Cowell and L.A. Reid, it was speculated that she was chosen to attract a younger audience. Mentoring the Young Adults category, her final act (CeCe Frey) finished sixth. At the Minnesota State Fair in August, Lovato announced that after a pre-show performance at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards she would release a single by December. On December 24, she released a video on her YouTube account of herself singing "Angels Among Us" dedicated to the victims of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. In March she was confirmed as returning for "The X Factor"s third season, with her salary reportedly doubling.

paragraphs: Lovato has an eating disorder and has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Lovato’s father, Patrick, died of cancer on June 22, 2013, at age 53. On October 17, 2017, Lovato released a YouTube documentary called "Demi Lovato: Simply Complicated", in which she described her teenage use of cocaine and performing on "American Idol" while hungover. She credits having the right support system with saving her life.

paragraphs: She dated Joe Jonas, whom she first met while filming "Camp Rock" in 2007 through 2010. Lovato dated actor Wilmer Valderrama on-and-off from 2010 until 2016.

paragraphs: On July 24, 2018, the Los Angeles Police Department arrived at Lovato's home for Lovato suffering an alleged drug overdose. She was later revealed to be in stable condition.


title: Road (sports)

paragraphs: Road game (short for on the road), better known as an away game, is a reference to all cities and stadia/arenas/fields/venues where an athletic team plays games for which they are not the host.


title: Parqués

paragraphs: Parqués is the Colombian board game. The game is similar to those in the Cross and Circle family (the category that includes Pachisi). The game is described as a "random thinking" one: the moves depend on the roll of the dice but players must consider possible strategies before executing their move. The objective of the game is to advance all the pieces to the end.

paragraphs: Parqués is the Colombian version of Pachisi, which originated in India. Although it could be argued that the game comes from Spain (exactly as a derivation from Parchís) due to the similarity between both games, there is wide agreement in Colombia that the game is completely Colombian. Parqués stems directly from Pachisi in the same way as Parcheesi, Parchís or Ludo. There is no proof to the claim that it stems from a country other than India. Moreover, no Parqués game is played in any other Latin American countries, neither the world.

paragraphs: Parqués is a mixture of the original Indian game and the influences of local Colombian culture. Other Colombian variations also exist.

paragraphs: In Colombia, people from all parts of the country play the game; it is very popular, played by both children and adults. Adults usually play the game by betting money on the first piece, on capturing pieces, or on winning the game, to make gameplay more interesting. There are boards for 4, 6 and 8 players. The boards usually contain pictures of soccer teams, singers, actors, or other cultural figures on the jail boxes.

paragraphs: The board itself is usually placed on a box covered by glass. The use of glass is to allow dice to be thrown more easily. There are versions of the board that are made from paper to make it portable.

paragraphs: Parqués is played with two dice; two to eight players can compete in the same match, depending on what type of game board is used. Each player is given four pieces and uses a specific colour. The most common colours are red, blue, yellow and green, usually arranged in that order. The game can also be played with fewer than four pieces

paragraphs: The jail box is where the pieces are placed at the beginning of the match and is where they go whenever an opponent "captures" them. The player throws the dice three times and attempts to get a pair in order to "free" the pieces. Rolling different pairs or "doubles" allows more pieces to be "freed":

paragraphs: When the pieces are freed, they are placed in a special box next to the jail. This box is called "Home", or "Salida" (literally, "exit" in Spanish).

paragraphs: If a player does not roll any pairs during his turn, he passes the dice to the player on his right. Otherwise, he frees the pieces and wins an extra turn to move them. He throws again and must move the values of the dice with his pieces.

paragraphs: After he makes his move, he must pass his turn to the player on the right.

paragraphs: The pieces cannot advance backwards and they cannot be in any of the four boxes before their "Home" box.

paragraphs: Each player can throw the dice once. There are some exceptions to this rule:

paragraphs: The player can capture an opponent’s piece by placing his own piece on the same box as the other player’s piece. However, he cannot capture a piece that is on a SAFE or a HOME box. Capturing in Colombia is called “eating” (“comer” in Spanish).

paragraphs: However, the player can capture pieces on his HOME box. When he frees any piece from jail, the pieces placed on his HOME are captured, that is, sent to its jail, losing all their advances.

paragraphs: The player can avoid capturing the piece. On that case, an opponent has to accuse him and the piece that did not capture must go to jail. If nobody notices, nothing happens.


title: Home (sports)

paragraphs: In sports, home is the city and stadium, arena, or field where an athletic team plays games at their own venue, not visiting other teams.


title: Hurricane Hugo

paragraphs: Hurricane Hugo was a powerful Category 5 hurricane that struck Guadeloupe, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, St. Croix, South Carolina and North Carolina in September of the 1989 Atlantic hurricane season, killing 82 people and leaving 100,000 homeless. At the time, Hurricane Hugo left the most damage for a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean, although other storms have since caused more destruction. Hugo is currently the tenth costliest hurricane in the United States.

paragraphs: The name Hugo was retired. The name Humberto has been used every six years since 1995 instead.


title: Jerry Lawler

paragraphs: Jerry Lawler (born November 29, 1949) is an American professional wrestler and wrestling commentator, known also by his nickname "The King". He has won more championship belts than any other wrestler. His son was Brian Christopher who was also a WWE wrestler.

paragraphs: Lawler's home city Memphis is where he is most famous and had the biggest moments of his career including a steel cage match against Randy Savage and his famous clashes with Andy Kaufman. He also had a memorable "Empty Arena Match" against Terry Funk and some classic matches facing Ric Flair.

paragraphs: Lawler joined WWE in 1993, feuding with Bret Hart.

paragraphs: Jerry became a commentator for WWF Raw and WWF SmackDown but changed to just Raw in the Brand Extension in 2002. In 2005, he entered a feud with Muhammed Hassan his first main wrestling rivalry, losing to Hassan at New Years Revolution with Jim Ross in his corner. He called the Royal Rumble 2006 match alongside SmackDown announcer Michael Cole. Lawler was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame at WrestleMania 23 in 2007. In the summer of 2007 he entered a feud with King Booker over who was the real 'King' which resulted in Booker beating down Jerry on an episode of Raw and an episode of Saturday Night's Main Event. At the Great American Bash 2007, Booker demanded that Jerry give him his crown but Jerry told him to get it himself which Booker refused. In June 2008, his long commentary team with Jim Ross came to an end when Ross was drafted to SmackDown and Michael Cole was drafted to Raw. The following week they were attacked by Kane. On the March 30, 2009 episode of Raw he lost to Chris Jericho after challenging him to a match. On the July 20th episode of Raw he managed to defeat Brian Kendrick. On the November 16th episode of Raw he was attacked by Sheamus. In June 2010, he was attacked by The Nexus during their invasion on Raw while Michael Cole escaped. He teamed with other Nexus victims in a losing effort against The Nexus. On the November 29th episode of Raw he challenged The Miz for the WWE Championship in a TLC match but lost when Michael Cole and Alex Riley attacked him. He won a battle royal to challenge Miz again at Elimination Chamber 2011 for the title but lost. The following night on Raw, Cole mocked him and his deceased mother resulting in a match between the two at WrestleMania 27. Jim Ross returned to show his support for Lawler and at the event lost to Cole via disqualification after guest ref Steve Austin pushed Cole. He and Ross then began feuding with Cole and his trainer, Jack Swagger. At Extreme Rules they lost to them in a Country Whipping match. At Over The Limit, Lawler beat Cole in a Kiss My Foot match. Had Cole won, Lawler would have been forced to give him his Hall of Fame ring. The following week on Raw, Cole apologised and they went back to being a commentary team.

paragraphs: Jerry Lawler participated in the 2012 Royal Rumble match but was eliminated by Cody Rhodes after just 43 seconds. Fellow commentators, Michael Cole and Booker T also competed with Rhodes eliminating Booker and them both eliminating Cole. On the April 30th episode of Raw, Lawler competed in a Beat The Clock challenge but was beaten in the finals by Daniel Bryan who earned a WWE Championship match at Over The Limit. On the July 9th episode of Raw he was granted his rematch with Cole and won but the GM overuled the decision and Santino Marella revealed the Anonymous GM to be Hornswoggle. On July 23rd during Raw 1000, CM Punk attacked The Rock and Lawler proclaiméd that Punk had turned his back on the WWE Universe. The following week, Punk defended this and was involved in a confrontation with Lawler and Jerry apologised. On the August 30th episode of Raw after John Cena refused to say that Punk was the 'Best in the World' seeing as Punk had been WWE Champion for almost a year, Punk told Jerry to come in the ring and say it. When Jerry refused, Punk attacked him. On the September 3rd episode of Raw, Lawler asked Punk for an apology but after Punk mocked him, they faced off in a steel cage match that night with Punk winning and beating Jerry down after the match until John Cena made the save. The following week on Raw, Jerry teamed with Randy Orton to face CM Punk and Dolph Ziggler and won. However, later in the show Jerry suffered a legit heart attack on commentary during a tag team match between Kane and Daniel Bryan and Darren Young and Titus O'Neill. He was taken to hospital and his life was saved. He returned to WWE on the November 12th episode of Raw but his return was interrupted by CM Punk and Paul Heyman who mocked his heart attack.

paragraphs: At Wrestlemania XXVII, he faced Michael Cole with "Stone Cold" Steve Austin as the special guest referee. Lawler won the match by submission but the anonymous Raw General Manager reversed the decision because Stone Cole had pushed Cole in the match earlier on which made Cole the victor.

paragraphs: Lawler was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2007 by William Shatner.


title: We Rock (Camp Rock song)

paragraphs: We Rock is a song off the soundtrack of Camp Rock. The song also featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie "Camp Rock". "We Rock is also the first track on the "Camp Rock Soundtrack". The song was sung by Demi Lavoto and other cast members of the movie "Camp Rock". The song was released in May 2008. The song was also the on the pre-release version of the Soundtrack.


title: Turkish alphabet

paragraphs: The "Turkish alphabet" is used for writing, speaking and reading in Turkish. This alphabet is modified from the Latin alphabet.

paragraphs: There are 29 letters in the Turkish alphabet of Turkey. The English letters, "Q", "W" and "X" are not in Turkish alphabet. Seven Turkish letters (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş, and Ü) are in the Turkish alphabet.

paragraphs: There are 8 vowels in Turkish alphabet : A,E,I,İ,O,Ö,U,Ü

paragraphs: There are 21 consonants in Turkish alphabet : B, C, Ç, D, F, G, Ğ, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, Ş, T, V, Y, Z.


title: This Is Me

paragraphs: "This Is Me" is a single by Demi Lovato on "The Camp Rock Soundtrack". The song was released the same day the soundtrack appeared in stores. The song was also remixed on the pre-release CD of "Camp Rock" and the "Camp Rock Soundtrack" pre-release version.

paragraphs: This is the first song that Demi Lovato's character, Mitchie Torres, sang in "Camp Rock" with Joe Jonas's character, Shane Gray. Mitchie wrote the song in the beginning of the movie. She was later heard (in an acoustic version on piano), but not seen, by Shane. He started to search for the girl behind the amazing voice. After most people performed already in the "Final Jam" session, Mitchie sang the song (original version), and Shane saw her and sang part of the song he wrote, "Gotta Find You". The two songs are combined to make the original version, as featured on the Camp Rock soundtrack CD.


title: Play My Music

paragraphs: "Play My Music" is a 2008 song performed and recorded by The Jonas Brothers. The song was featured on the Disney Channel Original Movie "Camp Rock". "Play My Music" is also on the original version of The Camp Rock Soundtrack and the pre-release album ("Camp Rock Soundtrack (Pre-release)").


title: Michael

paragraphs: Michael is a male Hebrew name, popular in English. It is from the angel Michael in the Bible. (See for example Book of Revelation 12:7) Michael is also popular in English speaking countries, and in modified forms, many other countries.


title: Rivaldo

paragraphs: Rivaldo (born 19 April 1972) is a Brazilian football player as a midfielder. He plays for Bunyodkor.


title: Peter Reid

paragraphs: Peter Reid is a football manager. He manages for Plymouth Argyle.


title: Mehdi Mahdavikia

paragraphs: Mehdi Mahdavikia (born 24 July 1977) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team.


title: Ali Karimi

paragraphs: Ali Karimi (born 8 November 1978) is an Iranian football player. He plays for Steel Azin and Iran national team.


title: Ray Harford

paragraphs: Raymond Thomas (Ray) Harford (1 June 1945 — 9 August 2003) is a former English football player.


title: John Welsh

paragraphs: John Welsh is a football player. He plays for Hull City.


title: José Luis Chilavert

paragraphs: José Luis Chilavert (born 27 July 1965) is a former Paraguayan football player. He has played for Paraguay national team.


title: Erik Nevland

paragraphs: Erik Nevland is a football player. He plays for Fulham and Norway national team.


title: Bill Shankly

paragraphs: Bill Shankly is a former football player. He has played for Scotland national team.

paragraphs: He was brought up in the mining village of Glenbuck. His dad was a miner, but Bill would not go down the mine so he went to football training instead. Glenbuck Cherrypickers were the start of his playing job. He then went to Scotland for a year (1938–1939). After that he went to Preston North End.


title: Billy McNeill

paragraphs: William McNeill (2 March 1940 – 22 April 2019) was a Scottish football player and manager. He played as a defender.

paragraphs: McNeill was born in Bellshill. He played for nearby club Blantyre Victoria before signing for Celtic in 1957. During his playing career at Celtic, McNeill was the captain of the clubs most successful sides of the 1960s and 1970s. In his 18 seasons at the club, Celtic won many honours. This totalled nine league titles, seven Scottish Cups, six Scottish League Cups and one European Cup. In the 1966–67 season, Celtic won the European Cup Final against Inter Milan, with McNeill as captain. This was the first European Cup won by a British side, and the only to date won by a Scottish side. Celtic again made the European Cup Final in 1970. However, McNeill's side lost to Feyenoord.

paragraphs: McNeill played all of his senior games for Celtic. This makes him the Celtic player with the most games played for the club at 822. He retired from playing in 1975.

paragraphs: McNeill played for Scotland between 1961 and 1972. In the 29 games played for his country, he scored three goals.

paragraphs: Soon after retirement from playing, McNeill became a football manager. For a short time, he managed Clyde. He left Clyde after a short time for Aberdeen. He finished as a runner-up in the league and Scottish Cup with Aberdeen. Celtic manager Jock Stein left the club in 1978. McNeill soon became Celtic's manager. As Celtic manager between 1978 and 1983, he won three league titles, a Scottish Cup and a Scottish League Cup. He would go on to manage English sides Manchester City (1983–86) and Aston Villa (1986–87).

paragraphs: McNeill returned to manage Celtic in 1987. In his first season in his second stint, Celtic won the league and Cup double. The next season, 1988–89, the side won another Scottish Cup. However, the next two seasons saw no trophies won at Celtic and McNeill was sacked in May 1991. He never returned to full management but was caretaker manager at Hibernian for a short time in 1998.

paragraphs: McNeill was awarded an MBE in 1974. He also wrote three books, "For Celtic and Scotland" (1966), "Back to Paradise" (1988) and "Hail Cesar" (2004).

paragraphs: In February 2017, McNeill's family said that he had been living with dementia for many years. He died on 22 April 2019, at the age of 79.


title: Edmundo Alves de Souza Neto

paragraphs: Edmundo (born 2 April, 1971) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Adrian Mutu

paragraphs: Adrian Mutu (born 8 January 1979) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Fiorentina and the Romania national team.


title: David Moyes

paragraphs: David Moyes is a Scottish footballer turned manager. He was the manager of Everton until half way into 2013, when he moved to Manchester United to become manager there. He left the club on 22 April 14 because Manchester United were not winning enough games.


title: Gérard Houllier

paragraphs: Gérard Houllier (born 3 September 1947) is a French football manager and former player.


title: Waggle dance

paragraphs: The waggle dance is a special 'figure-of-eight' dance that is done by the honey bee in its hive. By this, a worker tells the others where it has found nectar. This was shown by the Austrian ethologist Karl von Frisch.

paragraphs: The dance is a type of communication for bees. It is done to give other bees information about the direction and distance to flowers that have nectar or pollen, or both. It is also used to tell the bees where water can be found.

paragraphs: The dance is used for bees to get others to help them collect resources for the hive. It used to be thought that bees have two distinct "recruitment" dances. There were the "round dances" and waggle dances. Round dances were thought to be used for things that were close by and wiggle dances were for things farther away. It is now known that a round dance is only a waggle dance with a very short "waggle run" (see below).

paragraphs: A waggle dance is made up of one to 100 or more circuits. Each circuit has two phases. These phases are the waggle phase and the return phase. When a bee returns to the hive after finding a good food source, it performs the dance. The bee will run through a small wave-like pattern (a waggle run or waggle phase). After this, it will turn to the right and circle back to the starting point (the return phase). It will then do another waggle run and then turn to the left and circle back to the beginning. The waggle phase of the dance is the most notable and informative part of the dance.

paragraphs: The direction and duration of waggle runs show the direction and distance to flowers. Flowers that are located directly in line with the sun are shown by waggle runs in an upward direction on the vertical combs. If the flowers are at an angle to the right or left of the sun, the waggle run is done at the same angle to the upward direction. The distance between hive and flowers is shown in the duration of the waggle runs. The farther the flowers are from the hive, the longer the waggle phase. For every 100 meters the flowers are distant from the hive, the waggle phase lasts about 75 milliseconds.

paragraphs: People study the swarm intelligence of social insects and animals such as fish, birds, and ants. Recently, there has been research on using bee waggle dance behavior for fault-tolerant routing. From the abstract of Wedde, Farooq, and Zhang (2004)

paragraphs: Another technique based on bees is called bee colony optimization. It is used help Internet servers communicate better.


title: Jim McLean

paragraphs: James (Jim) Yuille McLean (born 1937) is a former Scottish football player and manager. He is best known for being the manager of Dundee United F.C. for 22 years between 1971 and 1993. While he was at Dundee United, the team won the 1982/83 Scottish Football League Championship and made it to many cup finals including the 1987 UEFA Cup Final against IFK Gothenburg.


title: German Grand Prix

paragraphs: "Embolded constructors are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."


title: Hockenheimring

paragraphs: The Hockenheimring Baden-Württemberg is an automobile racing track near the town of Hockenheim in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Amongst other motor racing events, it holds the annual Formula One German Grand Prix in turns with the Nürburgring. Being in the Rhine valley, the circuit is almost completely flat, with very little change in height.


title: Singapore Grand Prix

paragraphs: The Singapore Grand Prix is a Formula One race staged in the Marina Bay area of Singapore, the race is Formula One's first night race. The first race was won by Spanish driver Fernando Alonso of the Renault F1 team on 28 September 2008.

paragraphs: "Event that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a" pink background.

paragraphs: No team has won the grand prix more than once.


title: Morrissey

paragraphs: Steven Patrick Morrissey (born 22 May 1959), known by the stage name of Morrissey from his surname, is an English musician, singer and songwriter. He helped form and sang lead for the English band The Smiths from 1982 to 1987. After the band's breakup, he went on to become a successful solo artist. Morrissey has had many Top 10 hits. In 2013 Morrissey released his autobiography. Morrissey is known for his support of animal rights.

paragraphs: Born at Park Hospital in Davyhulme, Morrissey grew up as a Catholic as his parents were Irish Catholic immigrants. His parents had emigrated to England just before Morrissey's birth and, along with his only sibling (elder sister Jackie) they created a new life for themselves within the Manchester district of Hulme.

paragraphs: The Smiths were formed in early 1982 by Steven Morrissey and John Maher, a guitarist and songwriter, Maher later changed his surname to Marr to avoid confusion with the Buzzcocks drummer. During the five years of The Smiths, Marr and Morrissey produced four studio albums, one live album as well as nineteen singles, along with the two other band members, bass player Andy Rourke and drummer Mike Joyce.

paragraphs: Each of their four albums The Smiths, Meat Is Murder, The Queen Is Dead and Strangeways, Here We Come charted in the top two of the UK Albums Chart, with Meat Is Murder charting at number one. Their live album Rank also peaked at number two in the album charts. To date seven compilation albums have been produced with an eighth due for release in November of this year.

paragraphs: Following the split of The Smiths, Morrissey has produced and released nine studio albums under five different music labels. His ninth album, Years of Refusal, was released on 16 February 2009. The album got good reviews from music critics.

paragraphs: Morrissey has been vegetarian since he was 11 years old.

paragraphs: Morrissey said in a statement posted on his website in October 2013, "Unfortunately, I am not homosexual. In technical fact, I am humasexual. I am attracted to humans. But, of course ... not many".

paragraphs: In early 2013, Morrissey was diagnosed with a bleeding ulcer. In March 2013, he had double pneumonia. In June 2014, he had a respiratory infection. In October 2014, he said that he has had treatment for cancer.


title: Hernando de Soto (economist)

paragraphs: Hernando de Soto (born June 2, 1941 in Lima) is an economist from Peru. He has become known for what he wrote and said on the Informal economy and property rights.

paragraphs: In his books, de Soto says that an economy cannot go past the stage of a subsistence economy if there is not a formal system of owning property (land or goods). Developing countries have "informal ownership" since no formal certificate says that land or goods really belong to a certain person.

paragraphs: De Soto thinks the capitalist economies of the United States developed because they had a clear system of owning property. For the United States, the formal system of owning property came from it being a colony of England. Japan's formal system came after the Second World War.

paragraphs: Because formal ownership systems do not exist in developing countries, the poor people in these nations cannot develop. They cannot use their land as a guarantee to the bank to get money to build something, for example. De Soto argues that this is the basis for enterpreneurship. In much of the developing world,famers therefore are left with subsistence agriculture. As such, he argues that this informal ownership should be made formal, for example by giving squatters in shanty towns land titles to the land they now live on.

paragraphs: De Soto also argues that government bureaucracy greatly hinders the ability for people to hold private property, for example:

paragraphs: Thus entrepreneurs are driven to form "underground" economies, but de Soto points out the serious disadvantages:


title: Belgian Grand Prix

paragraphs: The Belgian Grand Prix is an motor race, part of the Formula One World Championship.

paragraphs: The first national race of Belgium was held in 1925 at the Spa region's race course, an area of the country that had been associated with motor sport since the very early years of racing before the turn of the century. To accommodate Grand Prix racing, the Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps race course was built in 1921 but it was only used for motorcycle racing until 1924. After the 1923 success of the new 24 hours of Le Mans in France, the Spa 24 Hours, a similar 24 hour endurance race, was run at the Spa track.

paragraphs: "Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."

paragraphs: "Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."

paragraphs: "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."

paragraphs: "A yellow background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war European Championship."

paragraphs: "Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Built by Cosworth, funded by Ford

paragraphs: <nowiki>**</nowiki> Between 1999–2005 built by Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

paragraphs: "A green background indicates an event which was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.


title: Hernando de Soto

paragraphs: Hernando de Soto (Jerez de los Caballeros, Badajoz, Spain, c.1496/1497–May 21, 1542) was a Spanish explorer and conquistador. He lead the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States and was probably the first European to discover the Mississippi River.

paragraphs: The expedition was looking for gold and for a way to China. They explored the southern United States. De Soto died in 1542 on the banks of the Mississippi River at present-day Lake Village, Arkansas. Hernando de Soto was born to parents who were hidalgos in Extremadura, a region of poverty and hardship from which many young people looked for ways to seek their fortune elsewhere. His parents were poor, too. Two towns, Badajoz and Jerez de los Caballeros, claim to be his birthplace. All that is known with certainty is that he spent time as a child at both places. In his will, he wanted to be buried at Jerez de los Caballeros, where other members of his family were also buried. The age of the Conquerors came on the heels of the Spanish reconquest of the Iberian peninsula from Islamic forces. Spain and Portugal were filled with young men begging for a chance to find military fame after the Moors were defeated. With discovery of new lands to the West (which seemed at the time to be far East Asia), the whispers of glory and wealth were too compelling for the poor.

paragraphs: De Soto sailed to the New World in 1514 with the first Governor of Panama, Pedrarias Dávila. Brave leadership, unwavering loyalty, and clever schemes for the extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs, became De Soto's hallmark during the Conquest of Central America. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician, but was notorious for the extreme brutality with which he wielded these gifts.

paragraphs: During that time, Juan Ponce de León, who discovered Florida, Vasco Núñez de Balboa, who discovered the Pacific (he called it the "South Sea" below Panama), and Ferdinand Magellan, who first sailed that ocean to the Orient, profoundly influenced de Soto's ambitions.


title: Circuit de Monaco

paragraphs: Circuit de Monaco is the name given to a motor racing circuit laid out on the city streets of Monte Carlo and La Condamine around the harbor of the principality of Monaco. It is commonly referred to as "Monte Carlo" because it is largely inside the Monte Carlo neighborhood of Monaco.


title: Dutch Grand Prix

paragraphs: The Dutch Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Circuit Zandvoort, from 1952 to 1985.

paragraphs: In 1985 the company that ran the circuit (CENAV) went out of business. This marked the end of Circuit Zandvoort. The municipality of Zandvoort took over ownership. Part of the grounds and track were sold in 1987 to Vendorado, a Bungalow park developer.

paragraphs: "Events that were not part of the Formula One World Championship have a" pink background.


title: United States Grand Prix

paragraphs: The United States Grand Prix is a motor race which has been run on and off since 1908, when it was known as the "American Grand Prize". The race later became part of the Formula One World Championship. From 2000 to 2007, the race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course. the United States Grand Prix was dropped from the Formula One calendar starting in 2008.

paragraphs: In 2010, the FIA announced that the race would return to the United States at a new circuit near Austin, Texas. The new track, known as the Circuit of the Americas, hosted its first U.S. Grand Prix in .

paragraphs: Formula One returned to the United States in . The race was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. A road course was built for the Formula one race. Part of the oval track was used, including the main straightaway and turn 4. The remaining part of the road course was built in the infield portion of the track. Even thought most American races run counter-clockwise, including the Indianapolis 500, the Formula One course was built to run clockwise.

paragraphs: A new race track is being built in the Austin area. This track is being designed and built for the use of Formula One racing and MotoGP, and will also host a round of V8 Supercars, an Australia-based touring car racing series. The track will be located southeast of Austin next to state highway 130. The track will be located on a 900 acre site. The location used to known as the Wandering Creek property.

paragraphs: Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season. A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship.

paragraphs: "Teams in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br>

paragraphs: "Manufacturers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br>

paragraphs: <nowiki>**</nowiki> Built by Ilmor in 2001, funded by Mercedes


title: Spanish Grand Prix

paragraphs: The Spanish Grand Prix () is a Formula One race currently held at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. The race is one of the oldest in Formula 1 racing.

paragraphs: "Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season"<br>

paragraphs: "A pink background indicates an event that was not part of the Formula One World Championship."<br>

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Designed and built by Cosworth, funded by Ford

paragraphs: <nowiki>**</nowiki> Between 1998-2005 designed and built by Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

paragraphs: "A yellow background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war European Championship."<br>

paragraphs: "A green background indicates an event that was part of the pre-war World Manufacturers' Championship.


title: Canadian Grand Prix

paragraphs: The Canadian Grand Prix (known in French as the "Grand Prix du Canada") is an auto race held in Canada since 1961. It has been part of the Formula One World Championship since 1967. It was first staged at Mosport Park in Bowmanville, Ontario as a sports car event before it alternated between Mosport and Circuit Mont-Tremblant, Quebec after Formula One took over the event. After 1971 safety concerns led to the Grand Prix moving permanently to Mosport. In 1978 the Canadian Grand Prix moved to its current home on Circuit Île Notre-Dame in Montreal. In 1982, the track was renamed to Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. This was to honour Canadian Formula One driver Gilles Villeneuve, following his death in 1982.

paragraphs: "Drivers in bold are competing in the Formula One championship in the current season."<br>

paragraphs: "A pink background indicates an event which was not part of the Formula One World Championship."

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Built by Cosworth, funded by Ford

paragraphs: <nowiki>**</nowiki> Between 1999-2005 built by Ilmor, funded by Mercedes

paragraphs: 2006: Race started on ITV4 due to ITV showing coverage of the FIFA World Cup but simulcasted the race with ITV until the end of the race. <br>


title: Anantnag District

paragraphs: Anantnag () is a district in the state of Jammu and Kashmir in northwestern India. It is one of six districts which make up the Kashmir Valley. The district headquarters is Anantnag.


title: Pakistan International Airlines

paragraphs: Pakistan International Airlines Corporation, more commonly known as Pakistan International Airlines or PIA ( or ), is the flag carrier and national airline of Pakistan.


title: Islamabad International Airport

paragraphs: Islamabad International Airport is the main international airport serving the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area and surrounding suburbs. It is Pakistan's largest airport, after Jinnah International Airport in Karachi and is built 20 km away from the twin cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi near the Kashmir Highway and Motorway Interchange.

paragraphs: The airport commenced full operations on 3 May 2018, replacing the defunct Benazir Bhutto International Airport which now forms part of the Pakistan Air Force Base Nur Khan.


title: International Air Transport Association

paragraphs: The International Air Transport Association is an international industry trade group of airlines. It is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, where the International Civil Aviation Organization also is. The main goal of the organization is to assist airline companies to achieve lawful competition and uniformity in prices.


title: Indian Sign Language

paragraphs: Indian Sign Language (ISL) is possibly the predominant sign language variety in South Asia, used by at least several hundred thousand deaf signers (2003).


title: 1935–36 NHL season

paragraphs: The 1935–36 NHL season was the 19th season of the National Hockey League (NHL). Eight teams each played 48 games. The Detroit Red Wings were the Stanley Cup winners as they beat the Toronto Maple Leafs three games to one in the final series.

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes"

paragraphs: "Note: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold"

paragraphs: "Note: GP = Games played, G = Goals, A = Assists, PTS = Points, PIM = Penalties in minutes"


title: Coppins

paragraphs: Coppins is an English country house in the village of Iver in Buckinghamshire. It was changed for Princess Victoria, a daughter of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra. After her father's death, Princess Victoria stayed with Queen Alexandra at Sandringham House as her mother's companion. After Queen Alexandra's death in 1925, Princess Victoria moved into Coppins, which had a "relaxed air of a holiday villa". Victoria lived for another ten years, dying at Coppins on 2 December 1935, aged 67. She left the house to her nephew, Prince George, the Duke of Kent, and his wife Princess Marina. It was owned by the Kent family for two generations, and was sold in 1973 to Commander Eli Gottlieb.


title: Bagshot Park

paragraphs: Bagshot Park (Grid reference: ) is a royal residence. It is eleven miles south of Windsor. It is located in Bagshot, Surrey, and is the current home and official residence of Prince Edward, the Earl of Wessex and Sophie, Countess of Wessex. Bagshot Park is a few miles from Sunninghill Park, the former home of Prince Andrew, Duke of York.


title: Balmoral Castle

paragraphs: Balmoral Castle is a royal residence in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was purchased by Prince Albert, Queen Victoria's husband, in 1848. Victoria and Albert paid £300,000 for full ownership of the house in 1852. Queen Victoria laid the foundation stone in 1853, signed a parchment recording the date, and placed it in the hole prepared for the stone. Today, Balmoral is owned privately by the royal family, and is one of Queen Elizabeth II's favourite summer retreats.


title: Beech

paragraphs: The Beech is a large tree in the genus Fagus in the plant family Fagaceae. There are about 10 species, all native to Europe Asia and North America.

paragraphs: The leaves of beech trees are smooth with light hairs and with a smooth or slightly toothed edge, they are from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad. The flowers are small and single-sex (monoecious), the female flowers are carried in pairs, the male flowers are wind-pollinating catkins, produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear. The bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–anglend nut 10–15 mm long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1.5–2.5 cm long, known as cupules. The nuts are edible, though bitter (though not nearly as bitter as acorns) with a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast.

paragraphs: Beech grows on a wide range of soil types, acid or basic, provided they are not wet for long periods. The tree canopy casts a heavy shade shade, and the leaves, when dropped, cover the ground thickly. Few plant grow under beech trees.

paragraphs: In North America, they often form Beech-Maple forests by growing together with the Sugar Maple.

paragraphs: The beech has been used for its wood by man for thousands of years. The wood is white, or reddish if grown on acid soil, but fine grained, smooth and heavy when first cut. It may split as it dries. It is a good wood for making ornaments, tool handles, kitchen utensils, furniture and parts of buildings. Beechwood burns well and is used, among other woods, to smoke herrings in Scotland. It can also be made into charcoal.

paragraphs: The southern beeches Nothofagus previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family, Nothofagaceae. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile (mostly on the southern tip in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego).

paragraphs: The beech blight aphid (Grylloprociphilus imbricator) is a common pest of beech trees. Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of butterflies and moths (see .


title: Fagales

paragraphs: The Fagales are an order of flowering plants, including some of the best known trees. The order name is derived from genus "Fagus", Beeches. They belong among the rosid group of dicotyledons. The families currently included are as follows:


title: Bioethics

paragraphs: Bioethics is a field of ethics in philosophy that studies the ethical, legal and social issues in medicine and biology. It is often used to study how the new discoveries in science will affect humans, animals and nature.


title: Caricaceae

paragraphs: Caricaceae is a family of flowering plants in the order Brassicales, found in tropical regions of Central and South America and Africa. They are short-lived evergreen pachycaul shrubs or small trees growing to 5–10 m tall; many bear edible fruit.

paragraphs: The family comprises six genera and about 34-35 species:


title: Pollen

paragraphs: Pollen is a powder made of pollen grains, which produce sperm cells (male cells used for reproduction) of seed plants. The pollen grains are actually haploid male gametophytes.

paragraphs: The anther contains microsporangia. Each microsporangium contains pollen mother cells. These undergo meiosis, and produce pollen grains, which produce the male gametes (sperm).

paragraphs: The pollen is released by the opening of the anther. The pollen is carried by some agent (wind, or some animal) to the receptive surface of the carpel of the same or another flower. This process is known as pollination. After successful pollination, the pollen grain (immature microgametophyte) completes its development by growing a "pollen tube" and undergoing mitosis to produce two male gametes.

paragraphs: There are two main kinds of pollination. One kind happens when pollen from a stamen sticks to the pistil of the same plant. That is self-pollination.

paragraphs: The other kind of pollination takes place when pollen from one plant travels to the pistil of another plant. Most plants use this kind of pollination. Plants need help for this kind of pollination, because they cannot move. So, they need another way to move pollen from one plant to another plant.

paragraphs: The wind helps move pollen between plants. The pollen of some plants is very light. Wind blows it from the flowers on one plant to the flowers on another plant. The wind can move pollen a long way before the pollen hits the sticky top of a pistil.

paragraphs: Animals also help move pollen between plants. Many flowers are colourful and their scent attracts some animals. These flowers also make a sweet juice called nectar. Sometimes an animal, such as a bee, sees or smells a flower. Then, it lands on the flower to get nectar. As the bee drinks the nectar, the stamens brush pollen onto its body. Then, the bee flies to another flower that has a pistil. The pollen on the bee's body brushes onto the sticky top of the flower's pistil. The pollen is used as protein for the bee larvae.

paragraphs: The plants help feed the animal. In return, the animal helps the plants by moving pollen from flower to flower. The relationship has evolved together; it is a kind of co-evolution called mutualism or symbiosis.