title: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle

paragraphs: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is one of the most important results of twentieth century physics. It relates to measurements of sub-atomic particles. Certain pairs of measurements such as (a) where a particle is and (b) where it is going (its position and momentum) cannot be precisely pinned down.

paragraphs: Albert Einstein thought that such a quantum theory could give us only a partial description of nature. He thought that Heisenberg's discovery showed that human knowledge is limited, but he also thought that nature is absolute. That is, he thought that there is no "uncertainty" in nature, and that the uncertainty exists only in our knowledge about it. However, many other scientists disagree with Einstein.

paragraphs: Heisenberg's idea is that if something like an electron were shot into a big box with a certain speed and in a certain direction, then it would be possible to calculate a fairly accurate idea of what its path would be like in the future. However, if the box were made smaller then we would have a more certain idea of where it was located, and because of that we would have to have a less certain idea of how it was traveling. American physicist Brian Greene gave the analogy of a moth which flies placidly around in a large closet but who flies frantically back and forth and up and down when placed in a glass jar. Another interesting uncertainty phenomenon, which makes possible many electronic devices, is called quantum tunneling. In our everyday life, people cannot move through walls. However, electrons can move through solid walls. In the animation to the right, you can see a faint white puff on the right side of the wall after a big puff hits the wall from the left. That dim spot of light represents the photon or other atomic particle which tunnels through the wall.

paragraphs: Historically, the uncertainty principle has been confused with a somewhat similar effect in physics, called the observer effect. This says that measurements of some systems cannot be made without affecting the systems. Heisenberg offered such an observer effect at the quantum level as a physical "explanation" of quantum uncertainty.

paragraphs: However, it is now clear that the uncertainty principle is a property of all wave-like systems. It arises in quantum mechanics simply due to the matter wave nature of all quantum objects. Thus, "the uncertainty principle actually states a fundamental property of quantum systems, and is not a statement about the observational success of current technology". "Measurement" does not mean just a process in which a physicist-observer takes part, but rather any interaction between classical and quantum objects regardless of any observer</u/l>.

paragraphs: The uncertainty principle came from Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics. Max Planck already knew that the energy of a unit of light is proportional to the frequency of that unit of light (formula_2), and that its amount of energy can be expressed in familiar terms such as the joule by using a proportionality constant. The constant he gave the world is now called the Planck constant and is represented by the letter h. When matrices are used to express quantum mechanics, frequently two matrices have to be multiplied to get a third matrix that gives the answer the physicist is trying to find. But multiplying a matrix such as P (for momentum) by a matrix such as X (for position) gives a different answer matrix from the one you get when you multiply X by P. The result of multiplying P by X and X by P and then comparing them always involves the Planck constant as a factor. The number used to write the Planck constant will always depend on the system of measurement in use. (With a certain system of measurement, its numerical value is one.) The slope of the line in the diagram to the right that shows the ratio of frequency to energy will also depend on the system of measurement chosen.

paragraphs: The following diagrams show what happens when we try to measure both location and momentum.

paragraphs: The practical result of this mathematical discovery is that when a physicist makes position more clear then momentum becomes less clear, and that when the physicist makes momentum more clear then position becomes less clear. Heisenberg said that things are "indeterminate," and other people liked to say that they were "uncertain." But the mathematics shows that it is the things in the world that are indeterminate or "fuzzy," and not that it is just that humans are uncertain about what is going on.

paragraphs: Here we will show the first equation that gave the basic idea later shown in Heisenberg's uncertainty principle.

paragraphs: Heisenberg's groundbreaking paper of 1925 does not use and does not even mention matrices. Heisenberg's great success was the "scheme which was capable in principle of determining uniquely the relevant physical qualities (transition frequencies and amplitudes)" of hydrogen radiation.

paragraphs: After Heisenberg wrote his breakthrough paper, he gave it to one of his teachers to fix up and went on a vacation. Max Born was puzzled by the equations and the non-commuting equations that even Heisenberg thought were a problem. After several days Born realized that these equations were directions for writing out matrices. Matrices were new and strange, even for mathematicians of that time, but how to do math with them was already clearly known. He and a few others worked everything out in matrix form before Heisenberg came back from his time off, and within a few months the new quantum mechanics in matrix form gave them the basis for another paper.

paragraphs: Max Born saw that when the matrices that represent pq and qp were calculated they would not be equal. Heisenberg had already seen the same thing in terms of his original way of writing things out, and Heisenberg may have guessed what was almost immediately obvious to Born—that the difference between the answer matrices for pq and for qp would always involve two factors that came out of Heisenberg's original math: Planck's constant h and i, which is the square root of negative one. So the very idea of what Heisenberg preferred to call the "indeterminacy principle" (usually known as the uncertainty principle) was hiding in Heisenberg's original equations.

paragraphs: Heisenberg had been looking at changes that happen in an atom when an electron changes its energy level and so gets closer to the center of its atom or gets farther from its center, and, especially, situations in which an electron falls to a lower energy state in two steps. Max Born explained how he took Heisenberg's strange "recipe" for finding the product, C, of some change in an atom from energy level n to energy level n-b, which involved taking the sum of multiplying one change in something called A (which could be, for instance, the frequency of some photon) produced by a change of energy of an electron in the atom between energy state n and energy state n-a) by a succeeding change in something called B (which could be, for instance, the amplitude of a change) produced by another change in energy state from n-a to n-b):

paragraphs: and discovered something ground breaking:

paragraphs: By consideration of ...examples...[Heisenberg] found this rule... This was in the summer of 1925. Heisenberg...took leave of absence...and handed over his paper to me for publication...

paragraphs: Heisenberg's rule of multiplication left me no peace, and after a week of intensive thought and trial, I suddenly remembered an algebraic theory...Such quadratic arrays are quite familiar to mathematicians and are called matrices, in association with a definite rule of multiplication. I applied this rule to Heisenberg's quantum condition and found that it agreed for the diagonal elements. It was easy to guess what the remaining elements must be, namely, null; and immediately there stood before me the strange formula

paragraphs: Later on, Heisenberg put his discovery into another mathematical form:

paragraphs: The math is a way of describing things that happen in the real world. You might imagine that it would be easy to get both the exact position of something and its exact mass, path, and speed at the same time. However, in reality you have to do two things to get your answer. If you are measuring the position and momentum of a bullet that is stuck in a cliff of a great mountain somewhere, it is a simple matter. The mountain does not appear to be going anywhere, and neither is the bullet. So its position is known and its velocity is 0, so its momentum is also 0. But if the bullet is somewhere between a gun and a target, it will be difficult to get its position at any given time. The best we may be able to do is to take its picture using a camera with a very fast shutter. But a single squeeze of the shutter would give you only one thing, the bullet's position at time t. To get the momentum we might put a block of paraffin in the bullet's way and measure how the block of paraffin moved when it stopped the bullet. Or, if we knew the bullet's mass, we might take a sequence of two pictures, compute the velocity by knowing the difference between the two positions of the bullet and the time between its two appearances. However we do it, we need to measure mass and position and time between appearances. We end up making at least two measurements to get to x and p. In that case we have to choose which measurement to make first, and which to make second. It seems to make no difference which order our measurements are made in. Measuring the bullet's mass and then measuring its positions twice, or measuring the bullet's positions twice and then recovering the bullet and measuring its mass would not make any difference, would it? After all, we have not done anything to the bullet when we weigh it or when we make photographs of it.

paragraphs: On the very small scale when we are measuring something like an electron, however, each measurement does something to it. If we measure position first, then we change its momemtum in the process. If we measure the electron's momentum first, then we change its position in the process. Our hope would be to measure one of them and then measure the other before anything changed, but our measuring itself makes a change, and the best we can hope to do is to reduce to a minimum the energy we contribute to the electron by measuring it. That minimum amount of energy has the Planck constant as one of its factors.

paragraphs: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle was found in the earliest equations of the "new" quantum physics, and the theory was given by using matrix math. However, the uncertainty principle is a fact about nature, and it shows up in other ways of talking about quantum physics such as the equations made by Erwin Schrödinger.

paragraphs: There have been two very different ways of looking at what Heisenberg discovered: Some people think that things that happen in nature are "determinate," that is, things happen by a definite rule and if we could know everything we need to know we could always say what will happen next. Other people think that things that happen in nature are guided only by probability, and we can know only how things will behave on the average—but we know that very precisely.

paragraphs: The physicist John Stewart Bell discovered a way to prove that the first way cannot be correct. His work is called Bell's theorem or Bell's Inequality.

paragraphs: The expression "quantum leap" or "quantum jump" has been taken to mean some great and transformative change, and it is often used in hyperbolic expressions by politicians and mass media sales campaigns. In quantum mechanics it is used to describe the transition of an electron from one orbit around the nucleus of an atom to any other orbit, higher or lower.

paragraphs: Sometimes the word "quantum" is used in the names of commercial products and businesses. For instance, Briggs and Stratton manufactures many kinds of small gasoline motors for lawn mowers, rotary tillers, and other such small machines. One of their model names is "Quantum."

paragraphs: Because the uncertainty principle tells us that certain measurements at the atomic level cannot be made without disturbing other measurements, some individuals use this idea to describe instances in the human world where the activity of an observer changes the thing that is being watched. An anthropologist may go to some far away place to learn how people live there, but the fact that a strange person from the outside world is there watching them may change the ways that those people act.

paragraphs: Things that people do while observing things that change what is being observed are cases of the Observer effect. Some things that people do cause changes on the very small level of atoms and are cases of uncertainty or indeterminacy as first described by Heisenberg. The uncertainty principle shows that there is always a limit to how small we can make certain pairs of measurements such as position and speed or trajectory and momentum. The observer effect says that sometimes what people do in observing things, e.g., learning about an ant colony by digging it up with garden tools, can have big effects that change what they were trying to learn about.


title: Anthony Henday

paragraphs: Anthony Henday (fl. 1750 – 1762) was one of the first white men to explore the interior of the Canadian northwest. His explorations were for the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) who were worried that La Vérendrye and the other western commanders were taking furs from the northwest to their forts.

paragraphs: Henday volunteered to undertake an expedition into this territory. He came from the Isle of Wight, and was a convicted smuggler and joined the HBC in 1750 as a net-maker and labourer. Henday had gained some experience in inland travel after arriving at York Factory. On June 26, 1754, he set out with a group of Plains Indians. They passed the French Fort Paskoya where he may have met La Corne, the western commander at that time.

paragraphs: In October of 1754 he and his group came to what is now Alberta from York Factory with a mission to meet the Blackfoot and perhaps trade with them. The Blackfoot did not give a clear answer, but Henday decided they meant “no”, so he travelled back to York Factory with news that he had explored the area and had met with the Blackfoot. Since the answer had been unsure, there was no more expeditions to Alberta.

paragraphs: This trip, and later ones, took Henday across much of the prairies of what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta and his journal shows that he brought a lot of trade to York Factory. Records show that some of the trade also went to the French at Fort Saint-Louis (Fort de la Corne) and Fort Paskoya which were on the route to Hudson Bay. He left the service of the HBC in 1762 largely because his efforts for the company, at least in his estimation, had not been properly recognized.

paragraphs: Anthony Henday Drive, a large ring road in Edmonton is named in his honour.


title: Disney's Hollywood Studios

paragraphs: Disney's Hollywood Studios is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida, United States. Its theme is show business, based on Hollywood in the 1930s and 1940s. It was the third park built at the resort. It opened on May 1, 1989, as Disney-MGM Studios.

paragraphs: In 2009, the park had around 9.7 million guests, ranking it the fourth-most visited amusement park in the United States, and seventh-most visited in the world.

paragraphs: The park symbol is The Sorcerer's Hat, which is based on the magical hat from "Fantasia;" it replaced the Earful Tower as the park's icon in 2001 but now both have been removed.

paragraphs: The park has six themed areas. Unlike the other Walt Disney World parks, Disney's Hollywood Studios does not have a defined layout; it is more a mass of streets and buildings that blend into each other, much like a real movie studio would. The park used to have a large Hidden Mickey in the plaza at the end of Hollywood Boulevard which could be seen in aerial photographs of the park and on the park's early guide maps. However, construction and other changes to the park have gotten rid of much of this image.

paragraphs: Hollywood Boulevard is the park's main entrance and is lined with stores selling Disney merchandise. Parades such as the Pixar Block Party Bash travel down Hollywood Boulevard on their route through the park, and live street entertainment can be found here throughout the day. Michael Eisner, who had a major part in the park's creation ever since the earliest development, demanded the opening land operate on the same principle as Main Street, U.S.A. in Magic Kingdom, but in a style more fitting to the Studios.

paragraphs: At the far end of Hollywood Boulevard is the Sorcerer's Hat, the icon of Disney's Hollywood Studios. Behind it, inside a replica of Grauman's Chinese Theater, is The Great Movie Ride, a dark ride with scenes from several classic movies, including "Casablanca", "The Wizard of Oz" and "Raiders of the Lost Ark".

paragraphs: Echo Lake is the park's small oval-shaped lagoon, which was designed to form one of the ears in the big Hidden Mickey from the park's original layout. Around it are many attractions and services, some in buildings designed to look like the "California Crazy" form of architecture from Hollywood's Golden Age.

paragraphs: At The American Idol Experience, park guests can audition and sing for live audiences, and win a special front-of-the-line pass for the popular TV series' real tryouts. Next door, "Sounds Dangerous!" features a 3-D audio presentation starring comedian Drew Carey. In between them is the A.T.A.S. Hall of Fame Plaza, a display of busts of past and present icons of the television era, such as Oprah Winfrey and Walt Disney.

paragraphs: Echo Lake has three attractions based on characters and movies produced by George Lucas' Lucasfilm studio. "" is an upcoming motion simulator ride set in the "Star Wars" universe, and is a duplicate of the yet-to-be opened attraction at Disneyland. Jedi Training Academy, a live-action stage show, invites children to become "padawan learners" and receive "lightsaber training" from a Jedi master. Lastly, the live-action "Indiana Jones Epic Stunt Spectacular!" re-enacts various scenes from "Raiders of the Lost Ark" while illustrating how movie stunts are performed.

paragraphs: Originally the New York Street backlot set that was part of the park's original Backlot Studio Tour, the section was later opened to pedestrian traffic. Recently, some of it was changed to look like San Francisco and New York. The current version of the Studio Backlot Tour features the American Film Institute Showcase, a rotating exhibit of movie props and memorabilia, and a tram ride through the backlot areas and through "Catastrophe Canyon", an effects-laden "movie set." Kids can play on giant plants and toys at the Honey, I Shrunk the Kids Movie Set Adventure, based on the 1989 Disney movie. Added in 2005, the "Lights, Motors, Action! Extreme Stunt Show" is a behind-the-scenes look at how car action sequences are made for movies, and is based on a similar show at Walt Disney Studios Park.

paragraphs: This section of the park was originally the starting point for the tours of the park's active production studios. Its entrance is marked by a square "studio arch," much like a real Hollywood studio lot entrance might be marked. The Animation Courtyard is home to a number of attractions based on Disney characters of yesterday, today and tomorrow. The Magic of Disney Animation is an attraction that shows how to animate a character. It also has games and exhibits, along with meet-and-greet areas for Disney and Pixar characters.

paragraphs: Mickey Avenue, a section inside the Animation Courtyard, has two walk-through exhibits. is about the life and legacy of Walt Disney. It has photos, models, rare artifacts and a short biographical movie narrated by Julie Andrews. At "Journey into Narnia," guests can see props and set pieces from the "Chronicles of Narnia" movie series (originally distributed by Disney; now handled by 20th Century Fox), as well as meet Prince Caspian from "".

paragraphs: The Courtyard section also has two live shows. "Playhouse Disney Live on Stage!" has puppet characters from "Playhouse Disney" shows on The Disney Channel, including Mickey Mouse Clubhouse, Handy Manny, and Little Einsteins. Across the plaza, "Voyage of the Little Mermaid" uses glow-in-the-dark puppets, lasers, music, projectors, human actors and water effects to re-create favorite scenes and songs from the animated "Little Mermaid" movie.

paragraphs: The park's newest section has many of the original soundstages used when the park still made TV shows. Today, Toy Story Land looks like the Emeryville, California campus of Pixar Animation Studios with attractions including Toy Story Midway Mania!, an interactive 3D attraction based on classic carnival midway games, each hosted by characters from the "Toy Story" movie series. Toy Story Land is also the home of Luxo Jr., a six-foot-tall audio-animatronic version of Pixar's desk-lamp mascot. The moving character performs periodic shows throughout the day and evening across from Toy Story Midway Mania.

paragraphs: Sunset Boulevard was the first expansion to Disney's Hollywood Studios, opening in July 1994. The main attraction on Sunset Boulevard is The Twilight Zone Tower of Terror, a thrill ride based on the classic television series. Located nearby is Rock 'n' Roller Coaster Starring Aerosmith, an indoor roller coaster in the dark with three inversions that starts moving at a high speed.

paragraphs: Sunset Boulevard has two outdoor amphitheaters for live stage shows. The covered Theater of the Stars has "Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage", a stage show with scenes from the movie. The open-air Hollywood Hills Amphitheater is the home of "Fantasmic!", a nighttime show with Mickey Mouse and many other Disney characters in a story filled with fireworks, lasers and water effects.


title: Therocephalia

paragraphs: Therocephalians ('beast-heads') are an extinct group of theriodonts. They lived from the middle Permian into the Triassic 265—245 million years ago, about 20 million years.

paragraphs: The therocephalians are named after their large skulls. Their skulls, with the structure of their teeth, suggest that they were successful carnivores.

paragraphs: Like other non-mammalian therapsids, therocephalians are sometimes described as mammal-like reptiles. In fact Therocephalia is the group most closely related to the cynodonts, which gave rise to the mammals.

paragraphs: This relationship shows in a variety of anatomical features, possibly including whiskers and hair. There remain many unanswered questions about the phylogeny, anatomy, and physiology of therocephalians.

paragraphs: The fossils of therocephalians are numerous in the Karoo of South Africa, but have also been found in Russia, China, and Antarctica.

paragraphs: Early therocephalian fossils discovered in Middle Permian deposits of South Africa support a Gondwanan origin for the group, which seems to have spread quickly throughout the world. Although almost every therocephalian lineage ended during the great Permian–Triassic extinction event, a few representatives of the subgroup (called Eutherocephalia) survived into the early Triassic and continued to diversify.

paragraphs: However, the last therocephalians became extinct by the early middle Triassic. The reasons for their extinction are not known.


title: Matrix mechanics

paragraphs: Matrix mechanics is the first way that physicists found to express quantum physics in mathematical form. Werner Heisenberg initially developed this form of expression of the laws of physics just as an equation that he could use to predict the intensities of the photons in the various bands of the hydrogen spectrum.<br>

paragraphs: Heisenberg's teacher and colleague, Max Born, saw that his equation was essentially the plan for creating and multiplying matrices.

paragraphs: The matrix form of quantum physics is still used since it is useful and convenient for some purposes. Other mathematical ways, particularly Erwin Schrödinger's equation using a wave function, are mathematically equivalent but are easier to use for other purposes.

paragraphs: One of the early successes of this theory was announced shortly thereafter and is now called the Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.


title: Space Shuttle Discovery

paragraphs: Space Shuttle Discovery (OV-103) is the third space shuttle run by NASA. It has flew more missions than any orbiter. It is named after "RRS Discovery". It was retired on March 9, 2011. It has spent one year (365 days) in space. It is now on display at the National Air and Space Museum in Washington D.C.

paragraphs: Space Shuttle Overview: Discovery (OV-103)


title: Narain Karthikeyan

paragraphs: Kumar Ram Narain Karthikeyan is a racing driver. He was born on 14 January 1977 in Coimbatore, India. He is the first Formula One driver from India. He made his Formula One debut in with the Jordan team. In January 2011, he was signed to drive for the Hispania Racing team in the 2011 Formula One season.

paragraphs: Karthikeyan was born to Telugu speaking parents in Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. His father was a former Indian national rally champion. He is also related to the late S. Karivardhan. Karivardhan was India's most famous racing driver before Karthikeyan. Karthikeyan finished on the podium in his first ever race, at Sriperumpudur. He then went onto the Elf Winfield Racing School in France. He returned to India to race in Formula Maruti for the 1993 season. He also competed in the Formula Vauxhall Junior championship in Great Britain.

paragraphs: In 1994, Karthikeyan returned to the UK. He raced in the Formula Ford Zetec series. He also took part in the British Formula Ford Winter Series, and became the first Indian to win any championship in Europe.

paragraphs: In 1995, Karthikeyan moved up to the Formula Asia Championship. In 1996, he became the first Indian and the first Asian to win the Formula Asia International series. He moved back to Britain in 1997. There he competed in the British Formula Opel Championship with the Nemesis Motorsport team.

paragraphs: In 1998, Karthikeyan made his debut in the British Formula Three Championship with the Carlin Motorsport team. He earned two third place finishes in the final two races of the season, and finished 12th overall. In 1999, he finished on the podium five times, including two wins. His season also included two pole positions, three fastest laps and two lap records. Karthikeyan finished sixth in the championship. He also competed in the Macau Grand Prix.

paragraphs: Karthikeyan started 2001 in the Formula Nippon F3000 Championship. He became the first Indian to ever drive a Formula One car, testing for the Jaguar Racing team at Silverstone on 14 June 2001. Karthikeyan was offered a test drive in the Jordan-Honda

paragraphs: In 2002, he moved into the Telefonica World Series. He stayed with the series in 2003, which was now called the Superfund Word Series. Karthikeyan received another Formula One test drive with the Minardi team. He was offered a race drive for the 2004 season. Karthikeyan was unable to raise the sponsorship funds needed to complete the deal. During 2004, he married Pavarna.

paragraphs: He continued in the World Series by Nissan in 2004. Karthikeyan as won championships in British Formula 3, Formula Nippon, Formula Nissan (now merged as Formula Renault).

paragraphs: On 1 February 2005, Karthikeyan announced that he had signed the preliminary deal with Jordan Formula One team. He said that he would be their main driver for the 2005 Formula One season. This would make him India's first Formula One racing driver. His partner was the Portuguese driver, Tiago Monteiro.

paragraphs: His first race was the Australian Grand Prix. Karthikeyan qualified in 12th position and finished in 15th, two laps down. He earned his first points in the United States Grand Prix. In that race, most of the teams pulled over an issue of tyre safety. Only six car ran in the race, and Karthikeyan finished fourth. Other than the USGP, his highest finish was 11th place.

paragraphs: The Jordan team was taken over and renamed Midland for the 2006 season. Karthikeyan left the new team. On 27 January 2006, Williams confirmed Karthikeyan as their fourth driver. He stayed as a reserve test driver for Williams for the 2006 season.

paragraphs: On 6 January 2011, Karthikeyan announced that he will drive for the Hispania team in the season, Karthikeyan confirmed the deal via his Twitter page. He said it would "be a dream come true to race in front of the home crowd in the Indian GP in October." He adding that the support of financial backers Tata Group had been "instrumental."

paragraphs: In the 2007 season, Karthikeyan drove for the A1 Team India. He made his A1 GP debut in New Zealand and he finished 10th in the sprint race and 7th in the Feature Race.

paragraphs: Karthikeyan won the A1GP of Zhuhai (China) for Team India on 16 December 2007.

paragraphs: This was team India's first A1GP win. He also earned the first pole position for India for the feature race in Brands Hatch in 2008. Karthikeyan won two feature races in the 2007-2008 season

paragraphs: In March 2009, Karthikeyan tested for the Kolles Le Mans Team. He joined the team, and was partnered with Christijan Albers. They drove Audi R10 turbo diesel cars.

paragraphs: Karthikeyan made his NASCAR debut at Martinsville Speedway on 27 March 2010 in the Kroger 250 Camping World Truck Series. He drove for Wyler Racing in the #60 Safe Auto Insurance Company Chevrolet Silverado. Because qualifying was rained out, the field set by owner points. Karthikeyan started in the 11th position. He became the first Indian-born driver to compete in NASCAR. Karthikeyan finished on the lead lap in 13th place. Karthikeyan went on to win the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Most Popular Driver Award for the 2010 season. This award is voted on by the fans.

paragraphs: Narain drove for the PSV team in SFL in 2010. He won the 2nd race at Brands Hatch, Great Britain.


title: Diospyros

paragraphs: Diospyros is a genus of about 450–500 species of deciduous and evergreen trees. Most are native to the tropics, with only a few species extending into temperate regions. They are commonly known as ebony or persimmon trees. The generic name is derived from the Greek words διός ("dios"), meaning "of Zeus" and πυρός ("pyros"), meaning "grain" and was originally applied to the Caucasian Persimmon ("D. lotus").


title: Ebenaceae

paragraphs: The Ebenaceae are a family of flowering plants, which includes ebony and persimmon. The family has approximately 500 species of trees and shrubs in two genera, "Diospyros" and "Euclea". The species are mostly evergreen and native to the tropics and subtropics, with a few deciduous species native to temperate regions. Diospyros contains 450-500 species and a pantropical distribution, with the greatest diversity of species in Indonesia and Malaysia. Euclea contains 20 species, native to Africa, the Comoro Islands, and Arabia. A persistent calyx on the fruits is characteristic of the family.


title: Robert Mitchum

paragraphs: Robert Mitchum (August 6, 1917 – July 1, 1997) was an American actor.

paragraphs: He began his career by participating in small roles in movies The Human Comedy (1943), Follow the Band (1943), Beyond the Last Frontier (1943). Mitchum began to make known after playing the role of pilot Bob Gray, in war movie Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo (1944), from that film began to star in many war movies as Story of G.I. Joe (1945), is Capt. Bill Walker, fighting in North Africa during World War II. One Minute to Zero (1952), The Hunters (1958), The Enemy Below (1957), A Terrible Beauty (1960), The Longest Day (1962), Man in the Middle (1963), Anzio (1968), and Midway (1976).

paragraphs: Two of his best films are The Night of the Hunter (1955), by Charles Laughton, He plays a false Reverend Harry Powell, who marries a widow of Ben Harper, who before he died he hid the loot from a robbery at his home.

paragraphs: In the J. Lee Thompson thriller Cape Fear (1962), He embodies the role of a former inmate and dangerous psychopath Max Cady who pursues the lawyer who defended him at his trial. The lawyer's role was played by Gregory Peck.

paragraphs: Mitchum also starred in some Western movies Rachel and the Stranger (1948), Blood on the Moon (1948), The Lusty Men (1952), River of No Return (1954), with Marilyn Monroe, Bandido (1956), What a Way to Go! with Shirley MacLaine (1964), with El Dorado (1966) with John Wayne, The Way West (1967) with Kirk Douglas, Villa Rides (1968), 5 Card Stud (1968) with Dean Martin, Young Billy Young (1969).

paragraphs: With a tough-guy personality into his characters, he was able to work with the greatest directors of film as Robert Wise, John Farrow, Otto Preminger, Charles Laughton, Richard Fleischer, Jack Webb, Howard Hawks and Henry Hathaway.


title: Occipital lobe

paragraphs: The occipital lobe is the back part of a mammal's brain. It is the visual processing center, and it is made up of most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex.


title: Southcentral Alaska

paragraphs: Southcentral Alaska is a part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is around the Gulf of Alaska. Most of the people of the state live in this part of the state. Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska, is here. 40% of the people in Alaska live in or near Anchorage.

paragraphs: The area includes Cook Inlet, the Matanuska-Susitna Valley, the Kenai Peninsula, Prince William Sound, and the Copper River Valley. Tourism, fishing, and making petroleum are the biggest businesses.

paragraphs: Other towns include Palmer, Wasilla, Kenai/Soldotna, Homer, Seward, Valdez, and Cordova.


title: Southwest Alaska

paragraphs: Southwest Alaska is a region of the U.S. state of Alaska. There is no official rule about where it begins and ends.

paragraphs: Southwest Alaska includes a big area that does not have a lot of people or towns in it. It is over 500 miles from the western Bering Sea coast to Cook Inlet. A lot of it is on the coast. There is also thousands of square miles forests, swamps, and mountains. One of these mountain ranges is called the Aleutian Range. It is part of the Ring of Fire, which means it is on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and has lots of volcanoes. iSome of the bigger ones are Mount Katmai, Novarupta and the Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes, Mount Redoubt, Mount Iliamna, and Augustine Volcano.

paragraphs: Also in Southwest Alaska are the "Pribilof Islands", "Nunivak Island" and other Bering Sea islands. There is a very large river delta made by the Yukon River and the Kuskokwim River. Further from the coast there are hundreds of miles of highlands. Parts of the Alaska Range are in Southwest Alaska. The Kodiak Archipelago is another group of islands in Southwest Alaska.

paragraphs: Altogether Southwest Alaska is 442,194 km² (170,732 mi²), slightly larger than California.

paragraphs: Southwest Alaska had a population of about 53,000 people. This is less than 10% of all the people in Alaska. More than half of those people are Alaska Natives. About 121 towns and villages are in Southwest Alaska. A lot of them are very small and far away from other towns.

paragraphs: Natives in Southwest Alaska are descended from different tribes, the Yupik, the Alutiiq, the Aleut and the Dena'ina Athabaskans.

paragraphs: In modern times Alaska Natives are organized into corporations. The corporations have the job of speaking for the members. Four of the corporations are in Southwest Alaska, the Calista Corporation, the Bristol Bay Native Corporation, Koniag Incorporated, and the Aleut Corporation. Each one represents a different part of Southwest Alaska.

paragraphs: Most of the land in Southwest Alaska is owned by the Federal government, the State of Alaska, and the native corporations. There is not much of it that belongs to private persons.

paragraphs: The economy in Southwest Alaska is based on three main things. Resource extraction, meaning the removal of natural things like wood, coal, or fish. Subsistence, meaning people who get their own food is another. The third is government spending.

paragraphs: Fishing is important here. There are big boats that catch lots and lots of fish that end up in stores or in food made from fish. There are also lots of small boats where people fish for their own food or just for fun. A lot of the big boats are owned by people who don't live on Southwest Alaska. Kodiak and Unalaska are two of the most important fishing ports in the United States. They make a lot of money from catching salmon, trout, king crab, and halibut. Because so many of the big boats are owned by companies or people from outside Southwest Alaska most of the fish and the money they make from it does not stay in the area.

paragraphs: Hunting and other tourism are some of the other important businesses in Southwest, but only for part of the year.

paragraphs: There is also mining in Southwest Alaska. Most of the time they are looking for gold, platinum, or mercury. There is not a lot of mining but there are a lot of people who do not agree about it. One thing they don't agree on is the Pebble Mine, which would put a large open pit gold and copper mine near where a lot of the fish that are caught in Bristol Bay come from. Right now it is not allowed to drill for oil in Bristol Bay either, but some people in the government want to change that.

paragraphs: Southwest Alaska is one of the best places in the world to catch salmon. There are also lots of brown bears. They come to eat the salmon, as well as berries and other plants. Bear watching is a popular tourist attraction at Katmai National Park and Preserve. This area is also home to a number of caribou herds. More western Aleutian Islands have no mammals larger than a fox. In the summer, lots of birds fly up and make their nests on the tundra here. A lot of the Aleutian Islands have lots and lots of seabirds on them.

paragraphs: There is no way to get to Southwest Alaska in a car. There are roads in the towns and some of them have roads going to another town, but there is not a road going into the area from anywhere else. Because of that people travel by boat or airplane in Southwest if they need to go a long way. The town of Bethel is a place where big boats will come from the ocean. When they get to Bethel their cargo is moved onto smaller boats that go up the rivers. There are many airports as well. Some of them are big enough that big jets can land there, but a lot of them are small. Snowmachines, also called Snowmobiles are used here a lot in the winter. When the rivers are frozen people use them like a road to drive to another town.


title: Deanna Durbin

paragraphs: Edna Mae Durbin, known as Deanna Durbin (December 4, 1921 – April 20, 2013), was a Canadian actress and singer. She was in a number of musical movies in the 1930s and 1940s, singing standards and operatic arias. Her first movie was in 1936 with Judy Garland in "Every Sunday". She was born in Manitoba, Canada, 4 December 1921 but has lived near Paris since she married Charles David in 1950. Durbin's death was announced on April 30, 2013 in Paris, France from unknown causes, aged 91. It was later announced that Durbin died on April 20.


title: Colony collapse disorder

paragraphs: Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is an occurrence where worker bees from a beehive abruptly disappear. The exact cause of colony collapse disorder is unknown. However, chemicals, parasites, and "Varroa" mites have been proposed as factors contributing to colony collapse disorder.

paragraphs: Early in 2013, the European Food Safety Authority issued a declaration that three specific neonicotinoid pesticides pose an acute risk to honeybees, and the European Commission (EC) proposed a two-year ban on them. David Goulson, who led one of the key 2012 studies at the University of Stirling said that the decision "begs the question of what was going on when these chemicals were first approved." The chemical manufacturer Bayer said it was "ready to work with" the EC and member states.


title: Jaime Pressly

paragraphs: Jaime Pressly is an American model and actress. She played Joy Turner in NBC's sitcom "My Name is Earl". She has also starred in numerous motion pictures. The actress was born July 30, 1977, Kinston, North Carolina.


title: Boris Karloff

paragraphs: Boris Karloff a.k.a. William Henry Pratt (November 23, 1887 – February 2, 1969), was an English actor.

paragraphs: Born in London, England. His career began in silent movies. The Lightning Raider (1919), The Courage of Marge O'Doone (1920), The Woman Conquers (1922), The Greater Glory (1926), and The Devil's Chaplain (1929), are only a few movies in which he worked, in the 1920s.

paragraphs: Boris Karloff along with Bela Lugosi and silent movie actor Lon Chaney, where the firsts actor to play evil roles in movie, undoubtedly his most memorable role is that of the monster in Frankenstein (1931), a masterpiece of horror movie that was directed by James Whale.

paragraphs: In 1932 he starred his second horror movie Behind the Mask (1932), as Jim Henderson. That same year he obtained a role in Scarface, with Paul Muni.

paragraphs: Two of his greatest classics are The Mask of Fu Manchu (1932), and The Mummy (1932), where he played the Mummy. he formed a successful team, with Bela Lugosi in The Black Cat (1934), The Raven (1935), The Invisible Ray (1936).

paragraphs: The work of John Ford in RKO war movie, The Lost Patrol (1934), as Sanders a religious fanatic, in the First World War.

paragraphs: Karloff returned to the character of the monster in Bride of Frankenstein (1935), and Son of Frankenstein (1939).

paragraphs: In the 1940s, starring some good horror movies as The Ape (1940), The Climax (1944), and House of Frankenstein (1944), with Lon Chaney, Jr. and John Carradine.

paragraphs: In 1949, he worked with the famous duo Abbott and Costello, in the comedy movie, Abbott and Costello Meet the Killer, Boris Karloff, followed Abbott and Costello meet Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1953).

paragraphs: In the 60s having a career resurgence, he begins to work with young directors as Roger Corman in The Raven (1963), he plays a wizard who must confront another sorcerer, played by none other than Vincent Price. Another Corman movie, was The Terror (1963).

paragraphs: Karloff returned to work with Vincent Price in The Comedy of Terrors (1963), by Jacques Tourneur.

paragraphs: Karloff appeared in many television shows, including his British TV series, Coronel March of Scotland Yard (1954-56). It was also the host of the American television series Boris Karloff presents (1960-62).

paragraphs: Boris Karloff is a guest star, in TV series Suspense, The United States Steel Hour, The Veil, Hallmark Hall of Fame, Jim West, The Girl from U.N.C.L.E., The Red Skelton Show, I Spy.


title: Kipp Christianson

paragraphs: Kipp Christianson (born September 30, 1974) is a part-time American professional wrestler and a former basketball player. He is best known for his time in the WWE where he wrestled under the ring name Eli Cottonwood.

paragraphs: Christianson competed on the second season of NXT. His pro was John Morrison. He was the second rookie eliminated. He returned to NXT in April 2012. He was teamed with Bray Wyatt for a short time. He asked to be released from the WWE in June 2012.

paragraphs: At an independent wrestling show, Christianson announced that he would retire as a wrestler on July 10, 2014.

paragraphs: Christianson came out of retirement in February 2016.

paragraphs: Christianson wrestled on February 14, 2016 in Minnesota at an independent promotion event.

paragraphs: Christianson is good friends with Professional Wrestlers Travis Tomko and Corey Graves.

paragraphs: Christianson has two kids with wife Tabatha. Son Todd Christanson and daughter Clover Christanson.

paragraphs: Christanson currently owns a Yoga/Gym business called Kipp's Life Flip in Las Vegas since June 14,2015-Feb.18,2017. And he currently owns half of Florida Hardcore Wrestling since January 20, 2014.


title: Morgan Fairchild

paragraphs: Patsy Ann McClenny (born February 3, 1950), better known as Morgan Fairchild, is an American actress. She became famous in the late 1970s and early 1980s. She had important roles in several television series. She also worked in live theater and acted in television comedies. Fairchild was born in Dallas, Texas. She is a board member of the Screen Actors Guild.

paragraphs: Fairchild was married to Jack Calmes from 1967 to 1973. She dated United States Senator and later-presidential candidate, John Kerry, in the early 1980s. She has been in a relationship with movie company executive, Mark Seiler, for over 25 years.

paragraphs: During the early 1970s Fairchild was kidnapped and held against her will on two separate occasions.


title: Hypoglycemia

paragraphs: Hypoglycemia is a medical emergency that involves lower than normal blood sugar. Normal blood sugar is about 70 to 100mg per deciliter. All of the cells in the body need sugar to do their jobs and to survive. When a person does not have enough blood sugar, their body cannot work normally.

paragraphs: Hypoglycemia can cause many symptoms. Some common symptoms are nausea, feeling hungry, sweating, feeling sad, and heart palpitations (feeling the heart pounding). Bad hypoglycemia can make a person act like they are drunk or have taken drugs. Very bad hypoglycemia can look exactly like a stroke.

paragraphs: Hypoglycemia can happen to anyone, at any age, but it usually happens in people who are diabetic. It is often a complication of treatment for diabetes with insulin or oral medications.

paragraphs: Hypoglycemia is treated by returning the blood sugar levels back to normal. Often, a hypoglycemic person can bring their blood sugar levels back up by eating. In the worst cases, when the blood sugar is very low, hypoglycemia is treated by giving sugar water intravenously (through a needle placed into a vein).

paragraphs: The brain and other parts of the body cannot work without sugar. Because of this, severe (very bad) hypoglycemia can cause serious medical problems (like seizures) or even death if it is not treated quickly enough.


title: What the Hell

paragraphs: "What the Hell" is a 2011 single from Canadian singer Avril Lavigne's album "Goodbye Lullaby". It was released on January 11, 2011. The song received a 4 out of 5 from About.com, a 5 out of 5 from Digital Spy, a 3.5 out of 5 from Rolling Stone and was called positive by Blogcritics, "Frost Magazine", Idolator, MTV and was classified as a mixed reaction by Stereoboard.com.


title: Tyson Kidd

paragraphs: Theodore James (TJ) Wilson (born July 11, 1980) is a Canadian retired professional wrestler that currently works for the WWE as a producer, after retiring from in-ring competition in 2017.

paragraphs: He is from Calgary, Alberta and was the final graduate of the famed Hart Dungeon. He competed in his first match with Stampede Wrestling in Calgary at the age of fifteen in 1995. In the WWE, he was a former member of the wrestling stable, The Hart Dynasty along with David Hart Smith and Natalya.

paragraphs: On June 7, 2015, it was announced that Kidd suffered a severe neck and spinal injury in a dark match with Samoa Joe on Raw. Kidd announced that he would be out for over a year. Kidd tweeted that 5% of people are able to survive his injury and that he had 16 staples, 4 screws and a rod inserted in his neck. Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" said "It is unbelievable that Tyson Kidd came through as well as he did", and said that most people who survive the injury end up being a quadriplegic.


title: Aretha Franklin discography

paragraphs: This discography is a list of the albums and singles by Aretha Franklin.

paragraphs: The following singles were released or re-released after Franklin left Columbia.


title: Nate Dogg

paragraphs: Nathaniel Dwayne Hale (August 19, 1969 – March 15, 2011), better known by his stage name, Nate Dogg, was an American rapper, singer, and actor.

paragraphs: On December 19, 2007, he had a stroke and in September 2008 he suffered another stroke.

paragraphs: He died on March 15, 2011 from complications from multiple strokes.

paragraphs: Nate Dogg made 3 studio albums during his career:


title: Disney's Animal Kingdom

paragraphs: Disney's Animal Kingdom is a theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort near Orlando, Florida, United States. It was the fourth park built there, and it opened on April 22, 1998. It is the largest Disney theme park in the world, covering more than . It is also the first Disney theme park to be themed around animal conservation, a philosophy once pioneered by Walt Disney himself. Disney's Animal Kingdom is accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums, meaning they have met or exceeded the standards in Education, Conservation and Research.

paragraphs: Soon after the park opened, Disney advertised the park using the fictional word "nahtazu". It is pronounced "not a zoo". It was meant to state that the park is more than just a city zoo. Disney stopped using the word in January 2006.

paragraphs: The symbol of Disney's Animal Kingdom is The Tree of Life, a sculpted 14-story (145-foot-tall []), tree. The tree is man-made. The leaves are made out of resin. Tourists can walk around the whole park to see all 325 animals carved in the bark of the tree.

paragraphs: In 2009, the park had around 9.59 million guests, ranking it the fifth-most visited amusement park in the United States and eighth-most visited in the world.

paragraphs: The Oasis is the park's main entrance. It has the guest services center and some animal habitats. Guests can see muntjacs, spoonbills, ducks, wallabies and giant anteaters, among others. The main paths lead into the park, and onto Discovery Island.

paragraphs: A Rainforest Cafe is also at the entrance of the Oasis, but it is outside the park boundaries. Guests can eat at the restaurant without entering Disney's Animal Kingdom, while guests entering the restaurant from within the theme park are actually exiting the park and must show their tickets to go back into the park.

paragraphs: Discovery Island is near the center of the park, in the middle of the Discovery River waterway. It was originally called Safari Village, as Discovery Island was the name for the small zoological park in Walt Disney World's Bay Lake. After it closed in 1999, Safari Village was renamed Discovery Island.

paragraphs: This is the "central hub" of Disney's Animal Kingdom, connecting almost all of the other sections of the park, except Rafiki's Planet Watch. The Tree of Life, the park's icon, is here, surrounded by animal enclosures with kangaroos, black crowned cranes, lemurs and others. The park's largest gift shops and two of its major restaurants are on Discovery Island, each with a different design theme, such as decorations based on nocturnal animals, insects and so forth. The island's other major draw is "It's Tough to be a Bug!", a 4-D film starring Flik and Hopper from Disney·Pixar's "A Bug's Life".

paragraphs: Camp Minnie-Mickey is themed as a summer camp. Here guests can meet the Disney characters such as Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Goofy and others. In the area's main theatre is "Festival of the Lion King", a live stage show featuring acrobatics and musical performances inspired by "The Lion King".

paragraphs: Set in the fictional east African village of Harambe, this area has many animal exhibits. Disney's story about Harambe is that it was once part of a Dutch colony, but a peaceful revolution made Harambe independent in 1963. Today, Harambe is the starting point for tourists and students who want to see Africa's animals in their natural habitats.

paragraphs: The village is the namesake of the Harambe Wildlife Preserve, the fictional home of Africa's main attraction, Kilimanjaro Safaris. Guests board an open-sided safari vehicle for a trip to see African animals freely roam through acres of savanna, rivers and rocky hills, including giraffes, hippos, African elephants and lions. On the nearby Pangani Forest Exploration Trail, visitors go into the forest in search of gorillas. Along the way, guests go on a nature walk through an African valley filled with Nile hippos, birds and fish.

paragraphs: The one section of the park not connected to Discovery Island, Rafiki's Planet Watch is instead connected to Africa. Guests board the Wildlife Express Train for the short trip to and from Planet Watch, which has three distinct areas. Guests first see "Habitat Habit!", where they can see cottontop tamarins and learn about the efforts to protect these endangered primates in their natural homes. Along the way, guests can also learn how to provide animal habitats in and around their own homes.

paragraphs: "Conservation Station" shares the conservation efforts supported by the Walt Disney Company. It also gives a behind-the-scenes look into Disney's Animal Kingdom's animal care facilities, including a veterinary examination room complete with a two-way communications system so the veterinary staff can answer guest questions. Outside, "Affection Section" is a petting zoo with goats, sheep and other domesticated animals.

paragraphs: Asia was the first area added to Disney's Animal Kingdom after the park opened. The Asia area opened in 1999. Like Africa, the section's attractions are part of a fictional place, the kingdom of Anandapur (which means "Place of many delights"). Anandapur is made up of two villages: the riverside village of Anandapur and Serka Zong, which is in the foothills of the Himalayan Mountains. Portraits of Anandapur's royal family, the Maharajah and his wife, can be found in most of the businesses within the two villages, and a map of the kingdom, featuring both villages and their location relative to the mountains and river can be found on the wall of the Disney Vacation Club kiosk located there. Much like Harambe, Disney legend states that Anandapur is now a center of animal research and tourism. At the Caravan Stage, these two "worlds" meet in "Flights of Wonder", a live bird show where one of Anandapur's bird researchers educates a tour guide with a fear of birds about natural bird behaviors and the effects of habitat loss and conservation efforts on bird species, such as the Black Crowned Crane and American Bald Eagle.

paragraphs: The Maharajah Jungle Trek leads guests through the forests and ruins outside the village, which are home to many animal species, such as Komodo dragons, fruit bats, tapirs, and tigers. Nearby, Kali River Rapids is a river rapids ride along the fictional Chakranadi River through a rainforest, past an illegal logging operation and down a waterfall. Behind Anandapur is the Forbidden Mountain, the home of Expedition Everest, a roller coaster ride through the Himalayas.

paragraphs: DinoLand U.S.A. is inspired by the public's general interest in dinosaurs. The fictitious Dino Institute attracts those with a scientific interest in the long-extinct animals, while Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama recalls the many roadside attractions that were once scattered throughout the United States. Like the other areas of Disney's Animal Kingdom, there are animals on display.

paragraphs: These animals, such as the American Crocodile and Asian brown tortoise, have evolutionary links to the age of the dinosaurs. Other plant and animal species that have survived since the dinosaur era can be found along the Cretaceous Trail. At the edge of DinoLand U.S.A. is the "Theater in the Wild," which has "Finding Nemo - The Musical", a live-action musical stage show based on the story of the Disney·Pixar feature film.

paragraphs: The Dino Institute is the home of DINOSAUR, a thrill ride trip through time to the Late Cretaceous Period. Just outside the Institute is "Dino-Sue", a casting of a "Tyrannosaurus rex" fossil that is the most complete dinosaur skeleton found so far. At the nearby Boneyard, children can play in a multi-leveled playground area with a mammoth fossil to be uncovered.

paragraphs: Chester and Hester's Dino-Rama, on the other hand, is about dinosaurs as fun. The TriceraTop Spin is a colorful ride for families, while Primeval Whirl is a spinning roller coaster for thrill-seekers. Throughout the area are carnival games and gift shops, as well as chances to meet Disney characters.

paragraphs: The area was sponsored by McDonald's until 2009 when the contract ran out.


title: Disneyland Resort

paragraphs: Disneyland Resort is a recreational resort in Anaheim, California. The resort is owned and operated by The Walt Disney Company through its Parks and Resorts division and is home to two theme parks, three hotels and a shopping, dining, and entertainment area.

paragraphs: The area now known as the Disneyland Resort was developed by Walt Disney in the 1950s and for over 40 years was known simply as "Disneyland". When it opened to guests in 1955, the property consisted of Disneyland, its parking lot, and a hotel known as the Disneyland Hotel, owned and operated by Disney's business partner Jack Wrather.

paragraphs: After doing well with the multi-park, multi-hotel business model at Walt Disney World in Florida, Disney decided to do the same thing in Anaheim and bought a lot of land next to Disneyland. This included buying the Disneyland Hotel from the Wrather company as well as the Pan Pacific Hotel from its Japanese owners. Disney renamed the Pan Pacific Hotel to the "Disneyland Pacific Hotel". After its first publicly known proposal for a second theme park in Anaheim was scrapped, construction began in 1998 on a theme park called Disney's California Adventure Park; a hotel called Disney's Grand Californian Hotel, a renovation, renaming, and re-theming of the Disneyland Pacific Hotel; and an admission-free shopping and dining area called Downtown Disney. During the expansion, the name "Disneyland Resort" was coined to refer to the entire Disney complex, while "Disneyland Park" was coined to refer to the original theme park.

paragraphs: The Disneyland Resort is located several miles south of downtown Anaheim, near the border of neighboring Garden Grove. The resort is bordered by Harbor Boulevard to the east, Katella Avenue to the south, Walnut Street to the west and Ball Road to the north. Interstate 5 borders the resort at an angle on the northeastern corner.

paragraphs: Not all land bordered by these streets is part of the Disneyland Resort, particularly near the intersection of Harbor Boulevard and Katella Avenue, and along Ball Road between Disneyland Drive and Walnut Street. Disneyland Drive cuts through the resort on a north-south route and provides access to the Mickey & Friends Parking Structure, Downtown Disney, and the three hotels. Magic Way connects Walnut Street to Disneyland Drive just south of the Mickey & Friends Parking Structure and provides access to the parking structure, Disneyland Hotel, and Downtown Disney.

paragraphs: Special offramps from Interstate 5 combined with a reversible flyover over the intersection of Ball Road and Disneyland Drive permit easy access into and out of the Mickey & Friends parking garage during peak morning and evening traffic times. The official address of the resort is 1313 South Harbor Boulevard.


title: Tablet computer

paragraphs: A tablet computer (sometimes called a tablet) is a type of computer that can be carried easily. Unlike a laptop it has no physical keyboard or trackpad, though users sometimes add those things. Users control a tablet mostly by using its touchscreen with multi-touch technology similar to a smartphone. The screen can be anywhere from (sometimes called a phablet) to in size, but many have a screen size of about diagonal.

paragraphs: Almost all tablet computers can access the Internet using Wi-Fi, and many can use mobile phone networks like 2G, 3G, and 4G. Like smartphones, many tablets have sensors such as a camera and a microphone. Other features tablets have are high definition, anti-glare (with less reflection) displays, a Bluetooth radio (to connect to printers and other devices), flash memory, and cloud storage services to back up information on the tablet and synchronize data.

paragraphs: Science fiction started putting tablets in stories after the middle 20th century. Some companies started making real tablets late in the century. The release of the Apple iPad in 2010 got much attention, and other companies made and sold more.

paragraphs: Compared to laptop computers, tablets are lighter, more portable, have longer battery life, make less heat, and do not need a mouse or keyboard to be connected. Typing is usually done on the touch screen with a "virtual" keyboard which appears on the screen. Many tablets let the user to get reminders even when the tablet is powered off or on standby

paragraphs: One bad thing is that the "virtual" keyboards are sometimes slow and easy to make typos on. Some tablets can connect to computer keyboards and computer mice to let the user use them in ways similar to a PC. Tablets often have limited storage compared to a laptop.

paragraphs: The majority run a mobile operating system and may not support as many file formats and different types of software as laptops, but they may work with the same kinds of mobile apps that smartphones use. These weaknesses sometimes result in a tablet being used mainly to consume media made by someone else who used a full-service computer.


title: Spanish Data Protection Agency

paragraphs: The Spanish Data Protection Agency ("Agencia Española de Protección de Datos") "(AEPD)" is the national data protection authority from the Kingdom of Spain. It is an agency dependant of the Spanish Ministry of Justice that was created in 1993. It is tasked with protecting Spaniards privacy.

paragraphs: This agency ensures compliance of the Organic Law 15/1999 as of December, 15 "de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal" and the General Data Protection Regulation. It is situated in Madrid and it has the power to act in all the Kingdom. Currently the director of the agency is "Mar España Martín", and previously "José Luis Rodríguez Álvarez" and "Artemi Rallo Lombarte".

paragraphs: The Spanish Data Protection Agency is a public law entity with legal personality. It has full public and private capacity to act independently of public administration in the exercise of their functions. It ensures that the titulars of the files that contains personal information strictly follows the data protection legislation.


title: Moe Howard

paragraphs: Moe Howard (June 19, 1897 –- May 4, 1975) was an American actor and comedian.

paragraphs: Born in New York, U.S., he began his acting career in theater with Ted Healy. The filmed his first short film with Ted Healy Soup to Nuts (1930). Ted Healy and his Stooges, was a comedy group featuring Ted and Moe more Moe's brother Shemp Howard, Larry Fine and Fred Sanborn. Shemp leaving the group was replaced by the younger brother of Moe Curly Howard. After shooting several shorts for MGM, the group disbanded in 1934.

paragraphs: The beginning of The Three Stooges debut was in 1934 with the short film for Columbia Woman Haters (1934). The Three Stooges, 190 short films shot between 1934 and 1958

paragraphs: In the late 50's and early 60s, The Three Stooges began making films as Have Rocket — Will Travel (1959), The Three Stooges in Orbit 1962.

paragraphs: In the last years of his career, made appearances on television on "The Mike Douglas Show".


title: Marisa Tomei

paragraphs: Marisa Tomei is an American movie, stage and television actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She is of Italian ancestry. She has starred in a number of television programs, movies and stage plays. She starred in the comedy "My Cousin Vinny" in 1992.


title: Patrick Macnee

paragraphs: Patrick Macnee (6 February 1922 – 25 June 2015) was a English-American actor.

paragraphs: Macnee was born in London, England. He became an American citizen in 1982.

paragraphs: Macnee made his movie debut as extra in the movie "Pygmalión" (1938), with Leslie Howard. After World War II, he started making British television appearances in "Morning Departure" (1946), "Hamlet" (1947), "Macbeth" (1947), "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (1950). These were all were movies made for television. In 1950, he was in some episodes of the British series "BBC Sunday-Night Theatre", and in 1952 he starred in his first series "Tales of Adventure" as Roger Sudden. "Tales of Adventure" was a Canadian TV series.

paragraphs: Towards the end of 1950, he still acted as a guest on TV programmes in Britain, the United States and Canada.

paragraphs: Among his great performances as a guest star include series "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Rawhide", "The Twilight Zone", "General Motors Presents".

paragraphs: The big rise to fame came in 1961, playing the role of John Steed, British TV Series "The Avengers". He started in the series as a co-star of Ian Hendry, but Hendry left the series at end the first season. The series remained on the air between 1961 and 1969. McNee returned to play the role of John Steed in "The New Avengers" (1976-1977).

paragraphs: He is also remembered for his voice to the presentation of the Sci Fi American television series "Battlestar Galactica" (1978). In the 1980s, he worked in series such as "Gavilan", "Magnum, P.I.", "Hart to Hart", "Hotel", "Alfred Hitchcock present". He also played role Sir John Raleigh in the TV movie, "The Return of the Man from U.N.C.L.E.: The Fifteen Years Later Affair" (1983).

paragraphs: Between 1990 and 1992, he co-starred in the series "Super Force" as E.B. Hungerford. He played Edward Whitaker in TV series "Thunder in Paradise" (1994) with Hulk Hogan.

paragraphs: Macnee had a performance as a guest star in a double episode of the series "Kung Fu: The Legend Continues", with David Carradine.

paragraphs: Among his movie credits include appearances in movies "The Battle of the River Plate" (1956), "Les Girls" (1957), with Gene Kelly, "Incense for the Damned" (1972), "King Solomon's Treasure" (1979), "The Howling" (1988), "The Hot Touch" (1981), "Sweet 16" (1983), and the role of Sir Godfrey Tibbett, in the James Bond movie "A View to a Kill" (1985). His last movie was "The Low Budget Time Machine" (2003)


title: Larry Fine

paragraphs: Larry Fine (October 5, 1902 - January 24, 1975) was an American actor, comedian and violinist.

paragraphs: FIne was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He began working with Ted Healy, Moe Howard and Shemp Howard in the mid 1920s in Broadway. In the 1930s, the group "Ted Healy and His Stooges" started. They starring in short movies such as "Soup to Nuts" (1930). This was their first work in movies.

paragraphs: In 1934, the Stooges separated from Ted Healy. Howard and Fine joined with Curly Howard and started working as The Three Stooges. They were the main actors in 194 episodes of the series of shorts between 1934 and 1958. Fine suffered a stroke during the making of "Kook's Tour" (1970). This was The Three Stooges' last movie.


title: Vaisakhi

paragraphs: Vaisakhi (, ' (also known as Vishu or Baisaki) is an important festival celebrated by Sikhs and Hindus. It is a very big celebration in South Asia and is celebrated around April 13.

paragraphs: Vaisakhi is the ancient in the Punjab region. It is also the start of a new , and new harvest season. Baisakhi is a Sikh religious festival. It falls on the first day of the "Baisakh" month in the , which corresponds to April 13 in the Gregorian calendar. In Sikhism, it remembers the creation of the Khalsa at Anandpur Sahib in 1699, by the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh.

paragraphs: This day is also observed as the beginning of the Hindu solar new year celebrated by the people of Nepal and India in Assam Valley, Kerala, Orissa, West Bengal and some other regions of India. There are regional variation outside of Punjab too. In Himachal Pradesh, the Hindu Goddess Jwalamukhi is worshipped on Vaisakhi, while in Bihar, the Sun-god Surya is honoured.

paragraphs: Hinduism and Sikhism have several religious calendars. Some places of worship accept one version and others use a different version. So the festival will always fall on the same day in the western Gregorian calendar.


title: Curly Howard

paragraphs: Curly Howard (October 22, 1903 – January 18, 1952) was an American comedian and actor.

paragraphs: Born Jerome Lester Horwitz in Brooklyn, New York, U.S., he joined the group of Ted Healy and his Stooges, in 1932 replacing his brother Shemp. He had to shave his mustache and shave his hair to join the group. The first film shot with Ted Healy and His Stooges was "Nertsery Rhymes" (1933), followed by "Beer and Pretzels" (1933), directed by Jack Cummings.

paragraphs: In 1934, the Stooges separated from Ted Healy, and started working as The Three Stooges.

paragraphs: Curly Howard, Larry Fine and Moe Howard filmed together 97 short films, between 1932 and 1947.

paragraphs: He made appearances with Moe and Larry in such films as "Fugitive Lovers" (1934) and "Time Out for Rhythm" (1941).


title: Winston-Salem, North Carolina

paragraphs: Winston-Salem is a city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. It has about 230,000 people. It is near Greensboro, North Carolina. Winston-Salem used to sell tobacco. It is called Winston-Salem because there were two towns, Winston and Salem, that combined.

paragraphs: Winston-Salem is in central North Carolina. Interstate 40 goes through it. It has a mild climate, with hot summers and cool winters. It gets about 40 inches of rain per year. It can also snow in Winston-Salem.

paragraphs: Old Salem is a historic part of Winston-Salem. There people can learn what life was like there around 1800.


title: R. J. Umberger

paragraphs: Richard Alan "R. J." Umberger, Jr. (born May 3, 1982) is a former American professional ice hockey center. In the National Hockey League (NHL) Umberger has played for the Philadelphia Flyers and he has also played for the Columbus Blue Jackets.

paragraphs: He was drafted by the Vancouver Canucks with the 16th overall pick in the 2001 NHL Draft but did not play a game with them. He also played for Philadelphia Flyers from 2004 to 2008. He played college hockey at Ohio State University. On June 23, 2014, Umberger was traded back to the Philadelphia Flyers along with a 2015 4th round draft pick for Scott Hartnell.


title: Akureyri

paragraphs: Akureyri is a city in the northeast of Iceland. It is the second largest city in Iceland. It was founded in 1786. As of 2015, 18,191 people lived there. The mayor of Akureyri is Eiríkur Björn Björgvinsson.


title: Robert Taylor

paragraphs: Robert Taylor (August 5, 1911 – June 8, 1969), was an American actor.

paragraphs: Born Spangler Arlington Brugh in Filley, Nebraska, U.S.. Robert Taylor was one of the greatest figures in Hollywood. His career the most diverse roles from war to historical movies as Bataan (1943), Quo vadis(1951). He starred as a corrupt cop in Rogue Cop (1954).

paragraphs: Among his best movies include Ivanhoe (1953), Above and Beyond (1952), All the Brothers Were Valiant (1953), The House of the Seven Hawks (1959).

paragraphs: He plays the legendary Billy the Kid in Billy the Kid (1941), one of the most successful Westerns of all time.

paragraphs: In 1959 Robert Taylor stars in the television series The Detectives Starring Robert Taylor, He played the role of Det. Capt. Matt Holbrook, in 98 episodes. It was also special guest co-star in the TV movie Hondo and the Apaches (1967).


title: Brian Elliott

paragraphs: Brian Elliott (born April 9, 1985) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender currently playing for the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted by the Ottawa Senators with the 291st overall pick in the 2003 NHL Draft and played 3 seasons with them before being traded to the Colorado Avalanche on February 18, 2011 for Craig Anderson. Brian Elliott has also played for the St. Louis Blues and Calgary Flames.


title: Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby

paragraphs: Talledega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby is a 2006 American sports comedy movie that was produced by Adam McKay, Will Ferrell, Judd Apatow and Jimmy Miller and directed by Adam McKay. "Talledega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby" received positive reviews with a 72% rating on Rotten Tomatoes and a 66 out of 100 rating on Metacritic.


title: Luscious Jackson

paragraphs: Luscious Jackson was an American alternative rock band formed around 1991. The group consisted of Jill Cunniff, Vivian Trimble, Kate Schellenbach and Gabby Glaser. Between 1993 and 2000 they released one EP, three full-length LPs and ten songs. They disbanded around 2000.


title: Ossicles

paragraphs: The ossicles are the three smallest bones in the human body. They may be called ear bones or auditory ossicles. They are in the auditory system of all mammals.

paragraphs: They are contained within the middle ear space and serve to transmit sounds from the air to the fluid-filled labyrinth (cochlea). The absence of the auditory ossicles would cause moderate-to-severe deafness.

paragraphs: The ossicles are, in order from the eardrum to the inner ear (from superficial to deep), the malleus, incus, and stapes. The terms mean hammer, anvil, and stirrup.

paragraphs: Studies have shown that ear bones in mammal embryos are attached to the dentary, which is part of the lower jaw. These are ossified (turned into bone) portions of cartilage -- called Meckel's cartilage -- that are attached to the jaw. As the embryo develops, the cartilage hardens to form bone. Later in development, the bone structure breaks loose from the jaw and migrates to the inner ear area. The structure is known as the middle ear, and is made up of the incus, stapes, malleus, and tympanic membrane. These correspond to the quadrate, prearticular, articular, and angular structures in earlier land vertebrates.


title: Green Hornet

paragraphs: The Green Hornet is a vigilante superhero in the world of comic books, etc. Green Hornet has a sidekick named "Kato". Green Hornet wears a green mask. The character was created by George W. Trendle and Fran Striker.


title: Joanna Kerns

paragraphs: Joanna Crussie DeVarona, better known as Joanna Kerns (born February 12, 1953) in San Francisco, California) is an American actress. She is best known for playing Maggie Seaver in the sitcom "Growing Pains". She has had guest roles on other television series.


title: Faneuil Hall

paragraphs: Faneuil Hall is an historic place near the waterfront in Boston, Massachusetts. It was built in 1742. It has been a marketplace and a meeting hall. Today it is the city's Government Center. It was the site of several speeches by Samuel Adams and others encouraging independence from Great Britain. It is now part of Boston National Historical Park and a stop on the Freedom Trail. It is sometimes called "the Cradle of Liberty".


title: Vilfredo Pareto

paragraphs: Vilfredo Federico Pareto (born Wilfried Fritz Pareto, 1848-1923) was an Italian engineer, economist, and sociologist. He made several important contributions to economics; he looked at the distribution of income. Pareto efficiency is named after him.


title: Chuck Connors

paragraphs: Chuck Connors (April 10, 1921 – November 10, 1992) was an American actor, and athlete.

paragraphs: Connors died in 1992 in Los Angeles at Cedars Sinai Medical Center. The cause of death was lung cancer and pneumonia. He was 71 year old.

paragraphs: In his early years he was a basketball and baseball player, playing for teams such as the Boston Celtics.

paragraphs: Then he was a baseball player, where he started playing in the minor leagues. In 1949, he debuted at the Los Angeles Dodgers, playing only one match for them. On the Chicago Cubs, he playing 66 games at first base.

paragraphs: Chuck Connors did both low-budget movies and big Hollywood productions. These included "South Sea Woman" (1953), with Burt Lancaster, and directed by Arthur Lubin, and William Wyler's western, "The Big Country" (1958), with Gregory Peck.

paragraphs: Among his best performances is the Indian warrior Geronimo, in "Geronimo" (1962). Other classic movies he was in are "Flipper" (1963), "Captain Nemo and the Underwater City" (1969), "Soylent Green" (1973), with Charlton Heston, and directed by Richard Fleischer, "99 44/100% Dead" (1974).

paragraphs: His television career was very successful. he is remembered for playing the role of a widower Lucas McCain, in the ABC series "The Rifleman" (1958-1962). "The Rifleman" told the story of a widower and his son who live on a ranch in the Wild West. Connors played the role of Lucas McCain in 168 episodes of the series.

paragraphs: Another of his successes was the western TV series "Branded" (1965-1966). He played Jason McCord, an army official being falsely accused of cowardice.

paragraphs: He also starred in a crime series "Arrest and Trial" (1962-1964), as attorney John Egan, and the adventure series "Cowboy in Africa" (1967-1968).


title: Neve Campbell

paragraphs: Neve Adrianne Campbell (; born October 3, 1973) is a Canadian actress. She is best known for her role as Sidney Prescott in the horror film series "Scream". She got her start appearing in the Canadian television series "Catwalk" (1992), before she played Julia Salinger in the American drama series "Party of Five" (1994–2000). She has starred in many films, such as "The Craft" (1996), "Wild Things" (1998), "Panic" (2000), "The Company" (2003), and "Skyscraper" (2018). Campbell also starred as LeAnn Harvey in the Netflix drama series "House of Cards" (2016–2017).


title: Spyro the Dragon (video game)

paragraphs: Spyro the Dragon is a platform video game that was published by Sony Computer Entertainment. The video game was released for the PlayStation video game system. The video game was released on April 1, 1999 in Japan, September 10, 1998 in North America, October 23, 1998 in Europe and on November 15, 1998 in Australia.

paragraphs: The game got a 8.3 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 9.0 out of 10 from IGN.

paragraphs: It is the first game in the "Spyro" video game series. It is followed by "" and remade as a part of "Spyro Reignited Trilogy".


title: Bobby McFerrin

paragraphs: Robert "Bobby" McFerrin, Jr. (born March 11, 1950 in Manhattan, New York City) is an American singer and musician. He is probably best known for his 1988 hit song, "Don't Worry, Be Happy". In his musical career he has won 10 Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: Bobby McFerrin has made 19 studio albums during his career:


title: Lee Marvin

paragraphs: Lee Marvin (February 19, 1924 – August 29, 1987), was an American actor.

paragraphs: Marvin was born in New York City, United States. He began his career with small roles in western movies such as "Cave of Outlaws" (1951), "The Duel at Silver Creek" (1952), with Audie Murphy, and "Seminole" (1953), with Rock Hudson. He was also in "The Caine Mutiny" (1954) with Humphrey Bogart.

paragraphs: During the late 1950s and early 1960s, Marvin continued to act in small roles in westerns, including: "Seven Men from Now" (1956), with Randolph Scott, "The Comancheros" (1961), and "The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance" (1962), with John Wayne.

paragraphs: In 1965 Marvin won an Academy Award for the Western Comedy movie, "Cat Ballou" (1965). He played a nice drunken cowboy.

paragraphs: He acted with Burt Lancaster in "The Professionals" (1966), by Richard Brooks.

paragraphs: His became well known after playing the role of Major Reisman, in the Robert Aldrich movie "The Dirty Dozen" (1967). That same year, he starred in "Point Blank".

paragraphs: At the end of the decade from 1960 Marvin had popular movies including "Hell in the Pacific" (1968) and "Paint Your Wagon" (1969), with Clint Eastwood.

paragraphs: In 1973 he had one of his best performances in "Emperor of the North Pole" (1973). He plays a drifter who often stows away on trains. In 1974 he played a sheriff, who must deal with racism in "The Klansman" by Terence Young.

paragraphs: In his later years, he worked with Chuck Norris in "The Delta Force" (1986).

paragraphs: Marvin also had a successful career in television. He was in the television series "M Squad" (1957-1960), as Detective Lt. Frank Ballinger. He was in 117 episodes in this series.

paragraphs: He was a guest star on many series. These include "Wagon Train", "Ben Casey", "Bonanza", "The Virginian", "The Untouchables", "The Twilight Zone" and "Dr. Kildare". He also played the role of Maj. John Reisman, in the TV movie "The Dirty Dozen: Next Mission" (1985).


title: Pocketful of Sunshine (song)

paragraphs: "Pocketful of Sunshine" is a single by Natasha Bedingfield from her United States record of the same name. The song was a top five hit in the United States. This was Bedingfield's second top five hit in the United States of America. It was released in 2008.

paragraphs: "Pocketful of Sunshine" is a pop song. It uses styles of dance-pop. It runs for three minutes and twenty three seconds. The song is built on an electro beat.

paragraphs: "Pocketful of Sunshine" received generally positive reviews from music critics. Julie Farmer of Blogcritics said it as one of the album's standout songs.


title: Ray Winstone

paragraphs: Raymond Andrew "Ray" Winstone (born 19 February 1957 in Homerton, Hackney, London) is a British actor. Winstone made his big screen debut in the 1979 movie That Summer. Winstone is also a former professional boxer in the Repton Amateur Boxing Club where he won 80 out of 88 bouts.


title: Citroën Evasion

paragraphs: The Citroën Evasion was a large MPV produced by Citroën between 1994 and 2002. It is similar to the Fiat Ulysse, Lancia Zeta and Peugeot 806.


title: Fuck You (CeeLo Green song)

paragraphs: "Fuck You", also known as "Forget You" or simply "FU", is a song by American recording artist Cee Lo Green. It was released as a single when he was promoting his third studio album, "The Lady Killer".

paragraphs: This song won the Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance at the "53rd Grammy Awards" on February 13, 2011.

paragraphs: It reached number one in the United Kingdom and Scotland.


title: Only Girl (In the World)

paragraphs: "Only Girl (In the World)" is a song performed by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. It is taken from her fifth studio album, "Loud". It was written by Crystal Johnson, Mikkel S. Eriksen and Tor Erik Hermansen from the Norwegian production team Stargate and Sandy Vee. The latter two also handled production. The song was released on September 10, 2010. It was the lead single from "Loud". Critics have praised the song. They praised the strong chorus and musical production. Critics also complimented the choice of song and strength of Rihanna's voice. The song reached number one on the charts of several countries, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom. It won the award for Best Dance Recording at the 2011 Grammy Awards.


title: Kim Cattrall

paragraphs: Kim Victoria Cattrall (; born 21 August 1956) is a British-Canadian actress. She was born in Liverpool and moved to Canada when she was three months old. She holds British, Canadian and American citizenship. She played Samantha Jones in "Sex and the City" on HBO. She has starred in many films.

paragraphs: Catrall has no children. She was married to Larry Davis from 1977 until the marriage was annulled in 1979. She was married to Andre J. Lyson from 1982 until they divorced in 1989. She was married to Mark Levinson from 1998 until they divorced in 2004. Levinson and Cattrall co-wrote a 2002 book called "Satisfaction: The Art of the Female Orgasm".

paragraphs: Cattrall is a strong supporter of Liverpool F.C.


title: Christian mission

paragraphs: Christian churches often send individuals, or small groups of people to a foreign country. These people should then convince the local population to convert to the Christian faith. Very often, this couples evangelisation with humanitarian work. As well, the missionaries are priests, and can administer sacraments, but sometimes they are laypeople. Today, missionary activity often means cooperating with the local church. As an example, the Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Tanzania has sent missionaries to Mozambique.

paragraphs: Missionary work is often criticized for the ways used. Examples are forced baptisms, proselytism, and that during colonial times, there were strong ties between colonialism and missionary work. Sometimes, there is the problem that the moral standards of the societies are very different from the moral standards of Christianity, missionary work will force different standards onto indigenous societies.


title: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville

paragraphs: Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville (23 February 23 1680 Montreal, Quebec – March 7, 1767). He helped colonise North America for France, and was governor of French Louisiana 4 separate times between 1701 and 1743. He is also known as Sieur de Bienville.

paragraphs: His older brother was the explorer Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.


title: Evolution of the eye

paragraphs: The evolution of the eye is an example of a homologous organ present in a wide variety of taxa.

paragraphs: Certain components of the eye, such as the visual pigments, appear to have a common ancestry – that is, they evolved once, before the animals radiated.

paragraphs: However, complex, image-forming eyes evolved some 50 to 100 times – using many of the same proteins and genetic toolkits in their construction.

paragraphs: Complex eyes appear to have first evolved within a few million years, in the rapid burst of evolution known as the Cambrian explosion. There is no evidence of eyes before the Cambrian, but a wide range of diversity is evident in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale.

paragraphs: Eyes show a wide range of adaptations to meet the requirements of the organisms which bear them. Eyes may vary in their acuity, the range of wavelengths they can detect, their sensitivity in low light levels, their ability to detect motion or resolve objects, and whether they can discriminate colours.

paragraphs: The first fossils of eyes appeared during the lower Cambrian period, about 540 million years ago. This period saw a burst of apparently rapid evolution, dubbed the 'Cambrian explosion'. One biologist holds that the evolution of eyes started an arms race that led to a rapid spate of evolution.

paragraphs: Earlier than this, organisms may have had use for light sensitivity, but not for fast movement and navigation by vision.

paragraphs: It is difficult to estimate the rate of eye evolution. Simple modelling, supposing small mutations exposed to natural selection, shows that a primitive optical sense organ based upon efficient photopigments could evolve into a complex human-like eye in about 400,000 years.

paragraphs: The earliest light sensors were photoreceptor proteins. They are eyespots, found in protists. Eyespots can only distinguish light from dark. This is enough for photoperiodism and daily synchronization of circadian rhythms. They cannot distinguish shapes or determine the direction light is coming from.

paragraphs: Eyespots are found in nearly all major animal groups. The "Euglena"'s eyespot, called a "stigma", is at the front. Its red pigment shades a collection of light sensitive crystals. Together with the leading flagellum, the eyespot allows the organism to move in response to light to assist in photosynthesis, and to predict day and night, the primary function of circadian rhythms.

paragraphs: Visual pigments are located in the brains of more complex organisms, and are thought to have a role in synchronising spawning with lunar cycles. By detecting the subtle changes in night-time illumination, organisms could synchronise the release of sperm and eggs to maximise the probability of fertilisation.

paragraphs: Vision itself relies on a basic biochemistry which is common to all eyes. How this biochemical toolkit is used to interpret an organism's environment varies widely. Eyes have a wide range of structures and forms, all of which have evolved quite late relative to the underlying proteins and molecules.

paragraphs: At a cellular level, there appear to be two main "designs" of eyes, one possessed by the protostomes (molluscs, annelid worms and arthropods), the other by the deuterostomes (chordates and echinoderms).


title: Rudolph Boysen

paragraphs: Charles Rudolph Boysen (July 14, 1895 – November 25, 1950) was a California horticulturist. Boysen worked as Anaheim City Parks superintendent from 1921-1950. He created the boysenberry, a hybrid between several types of blackberries, raspberries, and loganberries.

paragraphs: Rudolph Boysen experimented with various berry crosses in Napa, California in the 1920s. In 1923, his hybrid successfully grew and bore fruit. However, unable to make his new berry a commercial success, Boysen abandoned his crop after breaking his back in an accident.

paragraphs: Years later, after he had moved to Orange County, a fellow grower named Walter Knott heard about the berry and tracked down Boysen. Walter Knott was able to bring a few dying vines back to life at his farm, now known as Knott's Berry Farm in Buena Park, California. Knott named the fruit after Boysen.


title: Spyro the Dragon (character)

paragraphs: Spyro the Dragon is a video game character from the video game series with the same name, where he is the main hero. He is a purple dragon who goes on missions to help protect his home world which is the Dragon Realms. He is usually followed by a yellow dragonfly named Sparx and in the earlier games Sparx would be Spyro's health bar. His main attack in the games are ramming enemies with his horns. He also has 5 breath abilities: fire, water, bubbles, electricity and ice.


title: Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage!

paragraphs: Spyro 2: Ripto's Rage! (known as Spyro 2: Gateway to Glimmer in Europe and Australia and Spyro X Sparx Tondemo Tours in Japan) is a platform video game that was published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was released for the PlayStation video game system on October 31, 1999 in North America, on November 5, 1999 in PAL region and on March 16, 2000 in Japan.

paragraphs: The game got a 8.6 out of 10 from GameSpot and a 8.8 out of 10 from IGN.

paragraphs: It is the second game in the "Spyro" video game series. It is the sequel to "Spyro the Dragon", is followed by "" and remade as a part of "Spyro Reignited Trilogy".


title: Concentrate

paragraphs: A concentrate is a special form of a substance, where one of the base components is mostly removed. The most common case is the removal of the solvent from a solution: Fruit juice concentrate will have most of the water removed. The benefit of this is that the concentrate takes up less volume, and weighs less than the original solution. This can save transportation costs. When needed, the solvent can simply be added again.


title: Biophilia

paragraphs: Biophilia is the musical project and seventh studio album from Icelandic singer Björk. The album was released in 2011.

paragraphs: The album is "partly recorded" on an iPad and was released in the form of a series of apps. The project is directed by Michel Gondry. Björk has described the project as a multimedia collection "encompassing music, apps, internet, installations and live shows". Material from the album debuted in summer 2011 during a series of concerts at the Manchester International Festival.


title: North Atlantic oscillation

paragraphs: The North Atlantic oscillation is a climatic phenomenon in the North Atlantic Ocean. It controls the strength and direction of westerly winds and storms' tracks over the Atlantic Basin. It was discovered during the 1920s by Sir Gilbert Walker.


title: Steve McQueen

paragraphs: Terence Stephen "Steve" McQueen (March 24, 1930 - November 7, 1980) was an American actor.

paragraphs: McQueen died in Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, Mexico on November 7, 1980. The cause of death was mesothelioma. He was 50 years old.

paragraphs: Steve McQueen rose to fame in 1960, starring together with Yul Brynner, in the Western movie "The Magnificent Seven". Three years after that success. He starred in another movie that would become a classic "The Great Escape" (1963), where he plays the role of a U.S. soldier imprisoned in a Nazi Prisoner of war camp.

paragraphs: The 1960s would see more success as McQueen starred in movies as such as "The Cincinnati Kid" (1965), and the action movie "Bullitt" (1968), in this movie he filmed many scenes on the streets of San Francisco, driving a powerful Ford Mustang without using a stunt driver.

paragraphs: In the early 1970s, McQueen had three hits, starring in the movies "The Getaway" (1972), by Sam Peckinpah, "Papillon" (1973), with Dustin Hoffman, and "The Towering Inferno" (1974), in which he plays role of fire department Chief O'Hallorhan, the who led the rescue of people trapped in the building.

paragraphs: Steve McQueen received a four Golden Globe Awards for Love with the "Proper Stranger" (1964), "The Sand Pebbles" (1967), "The Reivers" (1969), and "Papillon" (1973).

paragraphs: He was nominated for an Academy Award for the movie "The Sand Pebbles" (1967).

paragraphs: Steve McQueen starred in the CBS Western TV series "Wanted: Dead or Alive", as Josh Randall bounty hunter, he starred in the series between 1958 and 1961, and recorded 94 episodes.

paragraphs: He was also guest star on the TV series" Goodyear Television Playhouse, "Studio One", "The 20th Century-Fox Hour", "Climax!", "Wells Fargo", "Trackdown".


title: Co-factor

paragraphs: A co-factor (or cofactor) is a chemical compound which is not a protein, but is attached to a protein. The compound is needed for the protein's biological activity. In most cases, the protein will be an enzyme, and the cofactor will help the enzyme work. If so, the cofactors are also called coenzymes.

paragraphs: Cofactors which are complex organic molecules are often called coenzymes. If connected by a covalent bond they are a "prosthetic group". But if they are just temporarily connected then the cofactor is a "cosubstrate".

paragraphs: Some enzymes need several cofactors. Organic cofactors are often vitamins, or made from vitamins. Metallic ions are often cofactors, but many cofactors have both inorganic and organic parts.


title: Connective tissue

paragraphs: Connective tissue is a fibrous tissue. It is one of the four traditional classes of tissues (the others being epithelial, muscle, and nervous tissue).

paragraphs: Connective tissue (CT) is found throughout the body. It has 3 main components; cells, fibres, and extracellular matrix.

paragraphs: Connective tissue makes up a variety of physical structures including, tendons, blood, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and lymphatic tissue. CT is classified into three subtypes: embryonic CT, proper CT, and special CT.

paragraphs: Collagen is the main protein of connective tissue in animals and the most abundant protein in mammals, making up about 25% of the total protein content.


title: Collagen

paragraphs: Collagen is a group of naturally occurring proteins. In nature, it is found exclusively in animals, especially in the flesh and connective tissues of mammals.

paragraphs: It is the main component of connective tissue, and is the most abundant protein in mammals. It makes up about 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content.

paragraphs: Collagen, in the form of elongated fibrils, is mostly found in fibrous tissues such as tendon, ligament and skin, and is also abundant in cornea, cartilage, bone, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral discs.

paragraphs: Collagen constitutes 1% to 2% of muscle tissue, and accounts for 6% of the weight of strong, tendinous muscles.

paragraphs: Gelatin, which is used in food and industry, is collagen that has been irreversibly hydrolyzed.


title: Hurricane Ginger

paragraphs: Hurricane Ginger is the second longest-lasting Atlantic hurricane on record. It started September 6, 1971 and lasted until October 5. The storm struck eastern North Carolina on September 30, causing $10 million in damage. Peak winds were 110 miles per hour during Ginger's life.


title: Priory Green

paragraphs: Priory Green is a hamlet in the civil parish of Edwardstone, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. It has four listed buildings, including Barn to the North of Lynn's Hall, Lynn's Hall, Priory Cottage and Priory Farmhouse. There are also selfcatering cottages in Priory Green.

paragraphs: There used to be a monastery in Priory Green, called Edwardstone Priory. It was stated by Peter, Bishop of Winchester. The site is now Priory Farm.


title: Sudbury, Suffolk

paragraphs: Sudbury is a town in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. For transport there is the A134 road and the A131 road. Sudbury is in the Stour Valley.

paragraphs: It is the birthplace of the eigtheenth century painter Thomas Gainsborough


title: Boxford, Suffolk

paragraphs: Boxford is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. Boxford has a church called St Mary's Church.


title: Shelley, Suffolk

paragraphs: Shelley is a village and civil parish in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. Shelley has a church called All Saints.


title: Hadleigh, Suffolk

paragraphs: Hadleigh is a town near the A1071 road, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. The name Hadleigh comes from Haethlega (a heath-covered place).

paragraphs: Hadleigh is the headquarters of Babergh District Council, but the largest town in the district is Sudbury


title: Lavenham

paragraphs: Lavenham is a village and civil parish on the A1141 road, in the Babergh district, in the county of Suffolk, England. Lavenham has a church called St Peter and St Paul.


Boxford


Hadleigh


title: Hutu

paragraphs: The Hutu or "Abahutu" are a Central African ethnic group. They live mainly in Rwanda and Burundi.

paragraphs: The Hutu are the largest of the three ethnic groups in Burundi and Rwanda. The United States Central Intelligence Agency says 84% of Rwandans and 85% of Burundians are Hutu. Other sources have found different statistics. The division between the Hutu and the Tutsi (the larger of the other two groups) is mainly based on social class, not ethnicity. There are no differences in language, culture or appearance between them.


title: Teenage Dream (song)

paragraphs: "Teenage Dream" is a single from Katy Perry's album of the same name. It was released July 23, 2010 via digital download and received mostly positive reviews from the music critics. The song topped the charts in several countries, including the United States and the Republic of Ireland.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from "Teenage Dream" album liner notes.