title: Game artist

paragraphs: A game artist is an artist who creates art for video games. Game artists are in charge of all game development of visual art.

paragraphs: Many game artists are asked to develop graphical environments and elements in which role-playing games take place. For example, in the "Monster Manual" early "Dungeons & Dragons" artists created visual imitations of monsters players might see while playing the video game.

paragraphs: Visual art can help make the gameplay of a video game more appealing to a player. Art for role-playing games can be expressed in a lot of different ways. These can include from pencil drawings, pen and ink drawings, oil paintings or even 3D models created with a computer.


title: Video game music

paragraphs: Video game music is any musical instruments or soundtrack and background music found in video games. It can be from just a synthesizer tune to an orchestral piece. The older a game is, the simpler the music will be. In recent times, many games have had complex soundtracks similar to those of movies.

paragraphs: Interactive soundtracks in a video game is music changing into different sounds, depending on what the player does. It is also common for a video game soundtrack to be sold in stores or performed in concerts. Music is very important to gameplay.

paragraphs: There are many awards for composers who create the music in a video game. Awards available are from the Ivor Novello Awards, Spike Video Game Awards, Grammy Awards, International Film Music Critics Association, Inside Gaming and the MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine

paragraphs: Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine (OPM) was a monthly video game magazine. It was published by Ziff Davis Media. It was a sister publication of "Electronic Gaming Monthly". The magazine talked about anything that dealt with the PlayStation.

paragraphs: Topics included its hardware, software, and culture. It covered new video game releases and critics gave reviews on games available on PlayStation One, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3 and PlayStation Portable.

paragraphs: The magazine was known for its free demos it included in each issue. The demos were upcoming or new video games that might be interesting to buy by the player. The magazine was produced for almost ten years. The first issue was the September 1997 issue and the final issue was released on January 2007.

paragraphs: In December 2007, one month after the magazine was discontinued, the "" (PSM), replaced OPM as the official magazine focusing on Sony game consoles.

paragraphs: In the last issue of "OPM" staff included:


title: Adolphe Nourrit

paragraphs: Adolphe Nourrit (3 March 1802 – 8 March 1839) was a French operatic tenor, librettist, and composer. He was born in Montpellier, Hérault. His father was an operatic tenor. Nourrit was almost 20 when he made his professional operatic debut in 1821 in Gluck's "Iphigénie en Tauride". In 1826, he succeeded his father as the principal tenor at the Paris Opéra. He held the position until 1836. He became a pupil of Rossini, and created all the principal tenor roles in Rossini's French operas. In time, he gained considerable power at the Opéra. He was consulted by composers and his approval was sought for works in progress. He was appointed to the Conservatoire de Paris in 1827. He wrote many libretti for ballets at the Opéra, and, in 1832, he wrote the libretto for "La Sylphide", the seminal romantic ballet. In 1836, he went hoarse during a performance at the Opéra and thereafter turned to salon recitals, introducing Schubert's songs to the salon audiences. He studied in Naples with Donizetti and made his debut in that city in 1838. His physical and mental health declined and in 1839 he committed suicide. He was buried in Montmartre Cemetery with his wife, who only survived him by a few months, dying in childbirth.


title: Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri

paragraphs: Pierre-Luc-Charles Cicéri (17 August 178222 August 1868) was a 19th century French set designer. He was born in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, and died in Saint-Chéron, Essonne. Cicéri designed the scenery for the first performance of "La belle au bois dormant" which opened on 2 March 1825 at the Théâtre de l'Académie Royale de Musique in Paris. He also designed the sets for a ballet version of "Jocko ou le Singe du Brésil" ("Jocko or the Monkey of Brazil") by Frédéric-Auguste Blache with music by Alexandre Piccinni. The ballet was first performed at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris on 16 March 1825. He designed the scenery for the first performance of the ballet "Giselle" in 1841. The ballet opened at the Opéra and was especially acclaimed for the setting of its second act. He was awarded a Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur.


title: Jesse Robredo

paragraphs: Jesse Manalastas Robredo (May 27, 1958 – August 18, 2012) was the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government of the Philippines. Robredo was a member of the Liberal Party.

paragraphs: Until his death in 2012, Robredo was married to Leni Gerona who is the 14th and current Vice President of the Philippines.

paragraphs: On July 9, 2010, President Benigno Aquino III named Robredo as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. Robredo was a former Mayor of Naga City in Camarines Sur. He was the first Filipino Mayor to receive the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Government Service in 2000.

paragraphs: On August 18, 2012 (PHT), the aircraft carrying Robredo crashed off Masbate bay. He was scheduled to attend a political event in Naga City. The Philippine Department of Interior and Local Government said that the pilot sent a distress call to the Masbate airport. The pilot was requesting an emergency landing. The plane never made it to the airport and crashed in the ocean. His body was retrieved three days later, August 21, 800 meters from the shore and 180 feet below sea level.


title: Michael Stuhlbarg

paragraphs: Michael S. Stuhlbarg (born July 5, 1968), is an American theatre, movie and television actor. His most important movie roles are "Larry Gopnik" in "A Serious Man" (2009), and "Griffin" in "Men in Black 3" (2012) . Stuhlbarg is Jewish. He recently appeared as "Dr. Robert Hoffstetler/Dimitri Mosenkov" in "The Shape of Water" (2017).


title: Mount Herzl

paragraphs: Mount Herzl (, ), also called "Har HaZikaron" (, which means "Mount of Remembrance"), is the national cemetery of Israel in Jerusalem. It is named for Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. Yad Vashem, the main Holocaust museum of Israel is on the Mount of Remembrance. It is an extension of Mount Herzl. Mount Herzl is 834 meters above sea level. The northern area is the National Military and Police cemetery and the southern area is the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel.

paragraphs: The southern slope of Mount Herzl is dedicated to the leaders and important public persons of the state of Israel. In Hebrew this cemetery is called Helkat Gdolei Ha'Uma ("the section of the great people of the nation"). The cemetery region includes national memorials of the Israeli public and memorial gardens of leaders that visit the state of Israel.

paragraphs: Mount Herzl Plaza is central ceremonial plaza in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. The plaza is used for the opening ceremony of Israel Independence Day every year. On the northern side of the plaza is the grave of Theodor Herzl, the founder of modern political Zionism. The plaza is at the highest spot of Mount Herzl in the center of the national cemetery. On 18 April 2012, during the rehearsals for the Independence Day ceremony, an electrical lamppost fell down. It killed one soldier and wounded seven other soldiers. The soldier was buried in the military cemetery nearby.

paragraphs: The Menorah sculpture is at the entrance to Mount Herzl. It is dedicated to the Third Temple. It was made in 2002 by sculptor Ben Zion Tzefoni.

paragraphs: The Garden of the Nations is a public garden. It has been planted with olives trees by foreign leaders visiting Israel. Each tree is has a plaque with the name of the leader who planted it.

paragraphs: The Herzl Museum is a biographical museum. It tells the story of Theodor Herzl and his vision to create a Zionist country. The museum opened in 2005.

paragraphs: Mount Herzl Educational Center - The Stella and Alexander Margolis Educational Center for study of Zionism is located beside the Herzl Museum. It opened in 2013. A small memorial garden to Norman Herzl was planted beside the study center.

paragraphs: The memorial path was designed by the architect Uri Abramson and was built by Israeli youth organizations in 2003. It tells the story of the birth of the state of Israel, from the beginning of the Zionism until the declaration of the state. The path runs from the National Civil Cemetery to Yad Vashem.

paragraphs: The Victims of Acts of Terror Memorial is the main memorial for all victims of terrorism in Israel from 1851 until today. The Memorial was opened in 1997, and every year, a ceremony is held on the plaza of the memorial.

paragraphs: The main Israel Defense Forces cemetery is on the northern slope of Mt. Herzl. The cemetery includes memorials to members of the IDF who have fallen in the line of duty, and memorial gardens to the people who fought for the pre Zionist state. The Israel Police cemetery, for police officers who have fallen in the line of duty, is also located there.

paragraphs: The Garden of Those Missing in Action is a Memorial Garden in the National Military and Police Cemetery dedicated to people who have gone missing in action so that their burial place is unknown. It is also dedicated to the memory of unknown soldiers. In the garden there is a wall of names of people hwo have gone missing starting in 1914 until the present day. Beside it, empty graves represent missing soldiers and officers who have fought in the Israeli Defense Forces.

paragraphs: The National Memorial Hall For Israel's Fallen () at Mount Herzl in Jerusalem is an initiative of the Israeli Ministry of Defense to commemorate all military Israeli casualties of war and Jewish fighters from 1860 until today. The proposal to build the hall was announced by Defense Minister Ehud Barak in 2010.

paragraphs: In 2012, the Israeli government approved the establishment of the National Memorial Hall at a cost of $40 million. Certification has been delayed because of a petition to the court by families of terror victims. They say that there is no mention in the hall of the names of those victims, although the Hall is planned to be built next to the main memorial to Israeli terror victims.

paragraphs: The Memorial Hall opened on 30 April 2017.

paragraphs: In the center of the hall is the eternal flame dedicated to the unknown soldiers of Israel. This means at least one unidentified set of remains is buried there so that the families of soldiers whose bodies were never brought back can go there, imagine it is their dead relative, and mourn.

paragraphs: An ancient Jewish burial cave from the Second Temple period was found in the military cemetery in 1954. Architect Asher Hiram designed a new entrance for the cave, so it is included in the cemetery.

paragraphs: The Mount of Remembrance is the western summit of Mount Herzl. It is 806 meters above sea level. It is called Mount of Remembrance in memory of the victims of the Holocaust. Yad Vashem museum is on the top of the mountain.

paragraphs: Yad Vashem is the national Holocaust museum of Israel. The museum includes the International School for Holocaust Studies, the International Institute for Holocaust Research, the Valley of the Destroyed Communities, the Hall of Names, and the Righteous Among the Nations memorial path.


title: National Library of Israel

paragraphs: The National Library of Israel (NLI; ; formerly Jewish National and University Library - JNUL, ), is the national library of the state of Israel. It is on the campus of Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Givat Ram.


title: Israel Museum

paragraphs: The Israel Museum (, Muze'on Yisrael, Yerushalayim) is Israel's national museum. It is in Jerusalem. It was founded in 1965. It is on a hill in the Givat Ram near The National Campus for the Archaeology of Israel, Bible Lands Museum and the Knesset.


title: Emperor newt

paragraphs: The emperor newt (Tylototriton shanjing) is a highly toxic newt. It lives in southeast Asia. They live in pools and slow-moving streams in subtropical forests.They mostly are awake during night and sleep during the day. The emperor newt usually eats small insects. These include crickets and worms.

paragraphs: It is also called the mandarin newt or mandarin salamander. They can grow up to long. It has a ridged orange head. A single orange ridge runs along its back. This ridge is lined with two parallel rows of orange bumps on a black background. The tail and legs are entirely orange. There are different shades of orange.

paragraphs: When the newt is grabbed, the tips of the ribs will squeeze out poison. Emperor newts have enough toxin to kill about 7,500 mice.


title: Elle Varner

paragraphs: Gabrielle Shellise Varner (born February 12, 1989), simply known as Elle Varner is an American singer-songwriter. Her parents, Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner were publishers and songwriters. Elle signed a recording agreement with Sony Music in 2009. Her debut album "Perfectly Imperfect" was released on August 7, 2012. Two singles from the album were released: "Only Wanna Give It to You" and "Refill". The singles reached the top twenty on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.

paragraphs: Elle is of Cape Verdean descent. She is the daughter of Mikelyn Roderick and Jimmy Varner. They are publishers and songwriters. Roderick was a backing vocalist for Barry White and has written and recorded with Tevin Campbell and Rahsaan Patterson. Jimmy Varner has done collaborations with Gerald Alston, Kool & the Gang, and Will Downing.

paragraphs: Elle began playing the flute at age 6 and the piano at age 9. She grew up around recording studios because of her parents jobs. She attended Alexander Hamilton High School's Academy of Music's Vocal Jazz Group. She wrote songs while being there. One of which "Thankful" won the top prize at their talent show. Because of this, she was accepted in NYU's Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music. She graduated there in 2008. In October 2009, she signed a recording agreement with MBK/J-RCA Records along with an agreement with Sony Music. She became the first artist to be featured on BET's Music Matters campaign that same year.

paragraphs: Elle's debut single "Only Wanna Give It to You" was released on August 6, 2011, from her debut album "Perfectly Imperfect" (2012). It features American rapper J. Cole. It got to number 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. In October 2011, Elle was listed as one of TheBoomBox's "15 Artists to Watch". On October 7, 2011, Elle was moved to RCA Records.

paragraphs: Elle released a mixtape "Conversational Lush" on January 23, 2012, as a promotion of her new album. The song "Refill" was released as the second single on January 31, 2012, on iTunes. It debuted at number 78 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Elle's debut album was released on August 7, 2012 and got to number three on the US "Billboard" 200 albums chart.


title: Perfectly Imperfect

paragraphs: Perfectly Imperfect is the first album by American singer-songwriter Elle Varner. It was released on August 7, 2012 by RCA Records. Songwriters and producers on the album include Jermaine Lamar Cole, Andrew "Pop" Wansel, Warren "Oak" Felder, Frankie Storm and Darrhyl Camper.

paragraphs: On January 23, 2012, Varner released a mixtape, titled "Conversational Lush" as part of a promotion for the album. The mixtape was released after the first single of the album, "Only Wanna Give It to You". The mixtape includes 13 tracks, and production from J.U.S.T.I.C.E. League, Bei Maejor, Andrew "Pop" Wansel and Warren "Oak" Felderand.

paragraphs: There have been three singles to have been released. The lead single "Only Wanna Give It to You" was released on August 16, 2011. It features American rapper J. Cole. It got to number 20 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. The second single "Refill" was released on January 31, 2012. It got to number 10 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. "I Don't Care" was released on July 16, 2012, the third single. It got to number 80 on the same chart.

paragraphs: Allmusic compared the album to the debuts of American singer Chrisette Michele and Jazmine Sullivan. Allmusic gave a positive review saying ""Perfectly Imperfect" sounds like the assured work of a singer and songwriter -- one who co-composes and co-produces her material -- who is on her third or fourth album." They also liked Varner's vocals.


title: Elle Varner discography

paragraphs: Elle Varner, an American singer-songwriter, has released one studio album, one mixtape, three singles, one promotional single and two music videos.


title: Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller

paragraphs: Friedrich Burgmüller (Johann Friedrich Franz Burgmüller, 4 December 1806 – 13 February 1874) was a German pianist and composer. He was born in Regensberg, Germany, to a musical family. In 1832, he settled in Paris and adopted the French musical style. He wrote many works for piano, especially etudes for children that are still played today. His best known work is probably the "Peasant pas de deus" (originally "Souvenirs de Ratisbonne") in Adolphe Adam's ballet "Giselle" (1841). It is not known how this music came to be inserted into the ballet.


title: Hurricane Richard

paragraphs: Hurricane Richard was the seventeenth named storm and the tenth hurricane of the 2010 Atlantic hurricane season. The National Hurricane Center declared it a tropical storm on October 20.

paragraphs: Throughout Belize, Hurricane Richard caused about US$80 million in damage. Two deaths took place in the country, one direct and the other indirect. One person drowned after his ship broke during the storm. Another was mauled to death by a jaguar that escaped its cage after a tree fell and broke the cage.


title: Belize District

paragraphs: The Belize District is a district of the nation of Belize. The district capital is the nation's largest city, Belize City.

paragraphs: San Pedro Town, which is on the island of Ambergris Caye, is also in the Belize District. Caye Caulker and St. George's Caye are the island villages in this district. Maskall, Bomba, Corozalito, Santana, Lucky Strike, Rockstone Pond, Boston, Crooked Tree, Biscayne, May Pen, Gardenia, Grace Bank, Sand Hill, Lord's Bank, Ladyville, Burrel Boom, Buttercup, Scotland Halfmoon, Flowers Bank, Bermudian Landing, Isabella Bank, Double Head Cabbage, Willows Bank, Saint Paul's Bank, Big Falls, Rancho Dolores, Hattieville, Freetown Sibun, Gracie Rock, La Democracia, and Gales Point are all mainland villages in the Belize District. The Crooked Tree and Monkey Bay Wildlife Sanctuaries, the Belize Zoo (30 miles west of Belize City), as well as the ancient Maya ruins of Altun Ha are all in this district.

paragraphs: The Belize District was the area first settled by Europeans. They lived along the rivers and creeks because these waterways were used for transportation. Many of the estates were called the owner's 'bank'(as in the banks of a river). Therefore, Mr. Lord's estate on the bank of the Belize River became Lord's Bank. Mr. Flowers' home place on this same river became Flowers Bank. Many of these old estates have grown into villages. Other places such as Baker, Bob Eiley, Bocotora, Nago Bank, Washing Tree, Cedar Bank, Churchyard, Egypt, Watters Bank, and White Hill are old estates which did not become villages. Some places like Davis Bank and Tropical Park have now become parts of larger communities.

paragraphs: Most of the Belize District is in the east central mainland of Belize. The Belize District also includes offshore islands, including Ambergris Caye, Caye Caulker, St. George's Caye, Caye Chapel, English Caye and Goff's Caye. Ambergris Caye and Caye Caulker are two of the country's main tourism areas. The longest river in the country, the Belize River, passes through the district and joins the Caribbean Sea along its coast. The Northern River, Sibun River, and Manatee River are also in this District.


title: Atelopus longirostris

paragraphs: Atelopus longirostris, an harlequin frog or jambato, is a member of the family of true toads: Bufonidae. It has only been found in northern Ecuador. It is extinct. The species has not been seen since 1989.

paragraphs: "Atelopus longirostris" has a slender body with long legs. Males have legs up to 35 mm, and females up to 47 mm. The dorsum is brown with yellow or cream rounded spots. The flanks are dark brown or black. The venter is whitish with some brown in the throat and chest.


title: Atelopus

paragraphs: Atelopus, commonly known as harlequin frogs, is a large genus of true toads. They live in Central and South America. They go as far north as Costa Rica and as far south as Bolivia. "Atelopus" are small, generally brightly colored and diurnal. Most species live near mid- to high-elevation streams. Many species are now considered endangered, while others already are extinct. The cause of these declines mostly appears to be the chytrid fungus "Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis".

paragraphs: New "Atelopus" species are discovered with some regularity. Many new species have been described in the last ten years.


title: Adenomus

paragraphs: Adenomus is a small genus of true toads. It only has three species. These all live in Sri Lanka. "Adenomus kandianus" was thought to be extinct for 133 years. It was rediscovered in October 2009 in the Kandy area.


title: Altiphrynoides

paragraphs: Altiphrynoides is a genus of toads. They are commonly called Ethiopian toads. They only live in the highlands of south-central Ethiopia in the Arussi, Bale, and Sidamo provinces. Both species are threatened by habitat loss. They used to be included in "Nectophrynoides". Now they are separate because they lay eggs, while "Nectophrynoides" give birth to fully developed young.


title: Amietophrynus

paragraphs: Amietophrynus is a large genus of true toads. They live in Africa. At first "Amietophrynus" species were included in the genus "Bufo". They have been split because they are considered different enough.


title: Andinophryne

paragraphs: Andinophryne is a small genus of true toads. There are only three species. They are found in the Andes.


title: Ansonia (genus)

paragraphs: Ansonia (Stream Toads) is a small genus of true toads. They are found in South India; northern Thailand; Malay Peninsula; Tioman Island; Borneo and Mindanao (Philippines). These are a small forest species. They spawn in streams and have torrent-adapted tadpoles.


title: Darryl F. Zanuck

paragraphs: Darryl Francis Zanuck (September 5, 1902 – December 22, 1979) was an American producer, writer, actor, director and studio executive. He played a major parts in the Hollywood studio system. He earned three Academy Awards. His career lasted 48 years.

paragraphs: Zanuck was born in Wahoo, Nebraska on September 5, 1902 to Louise (née Torpin) and Frank Zanuck. Zanuck was married to Virginia Fox from 1924 until they separated in 1956. They had three children. One of their children was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck who produced "Jaws".

paragraphs: Zanuck died on December 22, 1979 in Palm Springs, California from jaw cancer. He was 77 years old.


title: Bufoides

paragraphs: Bufoides is a genus of true toad. Bufoides meghalayanus is the only species. They are known as "Mawblang Toad" or "Khasi Hills Toad". They live in north-eastern India.


title: Capensibufo

paragraphs: Capensibufo is a genus of true toads with only two species. The common English name is Cape Toads. They live in the Republic of South Africa from Breede River to north of Knysna, Western Cape Province.


title: Churamiti

paragraphs: Churamiti is a genus of the true toads. The only species is Churamiti maridadi. They live in Tanzania. It is listed as a critically endangered species. This is due to a restricted range and habitat loss.


title: Crepidophryne

paragraphs: Crepidophryne is a genus of toads commonly called Cerro Utyum Toads. The genus has three species. They live throughout the Costa Rican and Panamian highlands.


title: Dendrophryniscus

paragraphs: Dendrophryniscus is a genus of true toads. They live in the forests of Brazil, amazonian Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and the Guianas. They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.


title: Virginia Fox

paragraphs: Virginia Fox (April 2, 1902 - October 14, 1982) was an American actress who starred in many silent movie of the 1910s and 1920s, her career would span for 14 years.

paragraphs: Fox was born in Wheeling, West Virginia to Marie (née Oglseby) and Frederick Fox. She was married to Darryl F. Zanuck from 1924 until they separated in 1956, they had three children, one of them was movie producer Richard D. Zanuck. Fox died on October 14, 1982 in Palm Springs, California from emphysema and from cerebral thrombosis, she was 80 years old.


title: Didynamipus

paragraphs: Didynamipus is a genus in the Bufonidae family. Didynamipus sjostedti, also called the four-digit toad, is the only species. They live in Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Nigeria. They prefer to live in subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and heavily degraded former forest. They are threatened by habitat loss.


title: Duttaphrynus

paragraphs: Duttaphrynus is a genus of true toads. They live in southwestern and southern China (including Taiwan and Hainan) and throughout southern Asia from northern Pakistan and Nepal through India to Sri Lanka, Andaman Island, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, and Bali.

paragraphs: These toads have heads with bony ridges. The nose area is short and blunt. The first finger of these toads is longer than the second. The toes are half webbed. The toads are brown above and yellow beneath, marbled with brown.


title: Natterjack Toad

paragraphs: The Natterjack Toad ("Epidalea calamita", formerly "Bufo calamita") is a toad. They live in the sandy and heathland areas of Europe. Adults are 60–70 mm in length. They are different from other toads because they have a yellow line down the middle of the back. They have relatively short legs. This gives them a distinctive gait, which is different than the hopping movement of many other toad species.

paragraphs: Natterjacks have a very loud and distinctive mating call.

paragraphs: Natterjacks live for up to 15 years and feed on insects, worms and small reptiles. At night they move around open land with little vegetation. Their tracks can often be seen in loose sand. They move large distances each night.

paragraphs: The Natterjack Toad spawns between the end of April and July. They lay 'strings' of eggs in shallow, warm pools. Because the Natterjack Toad is often present in low numbers, its loud mating calls are important so that the sexes can find each other.

paragraphs: For Natterjacks, pools need to have a small slope with little vegetation on the banks and in the water. Sometimes the larvae die when the pools dry out. The Natterjack mates a few times each summer. The age of the young can vary from a month to 3 months in September.

paragraphs: There are toads in seventeen European countries. In the British Isles the toad is mostly in coastal areas. In mainland Europe, particularly in the southern part of its range, it lives inland in a variety of places.

paragraphs: The Natterjack Toad is the only species of toad native to Ireland. It is found on the Dingle peninsula and Derrynane in County Kerry and also in County Wexford.


title: Frostius

paragraphs: Frostius — also called Frost's Toads — is a small genus of true toads. There are only two species.


title: Ingerophrynus

paragraphs: Ingerophrynus is a genus of true toads with eleven species. Ten of the species in this genus used to be thought to be species of the genus "Bufo". In 2007 a new species, "Ingerophrynus gollum", was added to this genus. This species is named after the character Gollum created by J. R. R. Tolkien. These species live in Southern Yunnan and Indochina; peninsular Thailand and Malaya to Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Nias Island, and Sulawesi.


title: Liquidity preference

paragraphs: In Macroeconomics, the liquidity preference is the demand to hold cash as risk-free wealth. This is also known as Cash preference. The idea was first developed by John Maynard Keynes in his book The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936).


title: Miroslava Karpovich

paragraphs: Miroslava Olegovna Karpovich (, ; born on March 1, 1986 in Berdyansk, Ukrainian SSR, USSR) is a Ukraine-born Russian movie, television and theatre actress, comedian, model. Most famous for role of Maria Vasnetsova in sitcom "", where she has been playing since July 13, 2007.


title: Saina Nehwal

paragraphs: Saina Nehwal (born March 17, 1990) is an Indian female athlete. She is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: Saina won a bronze medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London.

paragraphs: SAINA NEHWAL was awarded the Arjuna Award in 2009 and a year later, the Government of India honoured her with the Padma Shri, the fourth highest civilian honour in India.

paragraphs: In 2009, Nehwal was honoured with India’s highest award for sporting excellence - the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award.

paragraphs: In 2016, the Government of India awarded Saina Nehwal the Padma Bhushan. It is the 3rd highest civilian honour in the country.

paragraphs: She became the first Indian badminton player to win a BWF Series event and continued to impress on her way to winning the gold medal at the Commonwealth Games in 2010.

paragraphs: In 2015, Saina Nehwal won the singles event at the India Open BWF Super Series and became the number 1 women’s player in the Badminton World Federation rankings.


title: Laurentophryne parkeri

paragraphs: Laurentophryne parkeri, also called "Parkers Tree Toad", is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Laurentophryne. They live in the Kivu region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


title: Leptophryne

paragraphs: Leptophryne is a small genus of true toads. There are only two species. They are found in southeast Asia, in Peninsular Thailand through the Malay Peninsula.


title: Melanophryniscus

paragraphs: Melanophryniscus (South American Redbelly Toads) is a genus of toads. There are 25 amphibian species located in Argentina, south of Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay.


title: Mertensophryne

paragraphs: Mertensophryne or "Snouted Frogs" is a genus of true toads. They live in eastern and southern Democratic Republic of Congo to Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, southeastern Zimbabwe and Mozambique.


title: Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka

paragraphs: The Sapito Rugoso Del Marahuaka (Metaphryniscus sosae) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus "Metaphryniscus". It lives in Venezuela. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.


title: Nectophryne

paragraphs: Nectophryne (African Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads. There are only two species. They live in western Africa - Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, northeastern Congo, Bioko and Equatorial Guinea.


title: Filling Station (ballet)

paragraphs: Filling Station is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is based on a newspaper report. Virgil Thomson wrote the music. Lew Christensen choreographed (designed) the dances. Christensen performed the role of Mac, the filling station attendant. Paul Cadmus designed the sets and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Hartford, Connecticut by Ballet Caravan in November 1937. A performance was given at the Martin Beck Theater in New York City on May 18, 1939, with Christensen again in the role of the attendant.

paragraphs: Mac is a young, good-looking filling station attendant. His evening solitude is broken by two young and greasy but good-natured truck drivers. The State Trooper (policeman) enters in pursuit. He lectures the boys on their disregard for the speed limit. A brash motorist, his wife, and bratty child interrupt. The Rich Boy and The Rich Girl enter. They are drunken refugees from a country club dance. They rhumba and the others join them. Suddenly, a gangster enters shooting his gun. Mac, the truck drivers, and The State Trooper thwart his attempt to stage a robbery. The Rich Girl however is caught in the gangster's line of fire and dies on the pavement. Her limp body is carried off. The spectators drift away. Mac settles down with his radio and a newspaper to wait for business.

paragraphs: Dance historian Grace Robert praises the ballet in her book "The Borzoi Book of Ballets". She singles out the characterizations in particular, noting that they are "definite and well-rounded" and that all of them are seen in terms that are "balletic". She points to the pursuit of the gangster as an especially effective moment. On a darkened stage, several figures with flashlights perform "grand jetée" (leaps). The beams of light and flying figures create an effect "dramatic out of all proportion to the simplicity of the means employed." The ballet was popular in South America when it was performed there in 1941 by an American company assembled by Lincoln Kirstein. Writing in 1949, Robert noted that only the score survived at that date but a suite arranged from it was heard occasionally in concert or on the radio.


title: Billy the Kid (ballet)

paragraphs: Billy the Kid is a one-act ballet. The libretto (story) is attributed to Lincoln Kirstein and is based on the life of Billy the Kid. The music was written by Aaron Copland. Eugene Loring designed the dances. Jared French designed the scenery and costumes. The ballet was first performed in Chicago in October 1938. It was performed in New York City at the Martin Beck Theater on May 24, 1939 with Loring as Billy and Marie-Jeanne in the dual role of Mother and Mexican Sweetheart. During Christmas week 1939, the ballet was presented at the St. James Theater in New York City with Michael Kidd as Billy and Alicia Alonso as Mother and Mexican Sweetheart.

paragraphs: The ballet opens with pioneers heading west led by Pat Garrett in "March". In "Street Scene", cowboys, Indians, dance hall girls, and other western types throng the street of a town. Billy and his Mother enter as a brawl breaks out. Alias (as cowboy) kills Billy's Mother with a wild shot. Billy stabs Alias and runs away.

paragraphs: In "Billy's Soliloquy", Billy shoots Alias (as land agent) during a card game. In "Card Game on the Desert" and "Gun Battle", Garrett accuse Billy of cheating at cards and goes off. The posse approaches led by Alias (as sheriff). Billy's gang is killed, but Billy kills Alias. The posse takes him to jail. At the end of "Macabre Dance", the Mexican Sweetheart enters looking for Billy. In "Jail Scene" Billy escapes by killing Alias (as jailer).

paragraphs: In "Desert", Alias (as Indian Guide) leads Billy to the Mexican Sweetheart's hide-out. Billy has no thought for anyone but himself and the Sweetheart leaves. The Indian Guide returns with Garrett, and, when Billy lights a cigarette in the darkness, Garret kills him ("Billy's Death"). Mexican women mourn Billy's death in "Pietà". The ballet ends with Garret leading pioneers in "Closing March".


title: Ballet d'action

paragraphs: Ballet d'action is an 18th-century ballet movement. It was started by French choreographer Jean Georges Noverre in 1760. The movement focused on character and emotional expression through dancers' bodies and faces, instead of elaborate costumes and props. Noverre started the movement because he was unhappy with the attention focused on technical expertise. He expressed his views in his book "Lettres sur la danse et les ballets". He stated there that the purpose of ballet is "to represent characters and express their feelings" through movement rather than costume.


title: Nectophrynoides

paragraphs: Nectophrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in Eastern Arc forests and wetlands in Tanzania. All but "N. tornieri" are threatened. Species of the genus are ovoviviparous: fertilization is internal, and the females give birth to fully developed, small toadlets. Together with the West Africa "Nimbaphrynoides", they are the only frogs/toads in the world that do not lay eggs.


title: Nimbaphrynoides

paragraphs: Nimbaphrynoides is a genus of true toads. They live in the highlands in the Mount Nimba region of the West African countries of Guinea, Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. They are Critically Endangered due to habitat loss, and iron and bauxite mining in their small ranges.

paragraphs: The two species are viviparous. This means they have internal fertilisation. The female gives birth to fully developed, tiny toadlets. "Nectophrynoides" and "Nimbaphrynoides" are the only frogs/toads that do not lay eggs.


title: Oreophrynella

paragraphs: Oreophrynella (Bush Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in southern Venezuela, Guyana and far northern Brazil.


title: Black-knobbed map turtle

paragraphs: The black-knobbed map turtle ("Graptemys nigrinoda") is a species of aquatic turtles. Their skin is light gray and have spikes on their shell. They are part of the "Graptemys" genus and were once called the black-knobbed sawback turtle. They live in rivers in the Mobile Bay in Alabama and Mississippi.


title: Amazonas (Venezuela)

paragraphs: Amazonas is one of the 23 states into which Venezuela is divided. Amazonas State covers a total surface area of 176,899 km² and, in 2007, had a population of 142,200.

paragraphs: The state capital is Puerto Ayacucho. Amazonas has Venezuela's highest proportion of indigenous peoples of Venezuela.

paragraphs: In this state comes the main river of Venezuela, the Orinoco, in the mount delgado Chalbaud. Other rivers in the state are: Ventuari river, Yatití, Parú, Asita, Manapiare, Marieta, Guapachí, Ocamo, Putaco, Padamo, Cuntinamo, Botamo, Matacuní, Ugueto, Mavaca, Manaviche, Cunucunuma, Guanane, Yagua, Guaviare, Sipapo, Cataniapo Atabapo, Uesete, Siapa, Ararí, Manipitare, Casiquiare, Pamoni, Pasiba, Pasimoni, Negro and Guainía.

paragraphs: The State of Amazonas has many natural sites of great interest.

paragraphs: The rich fauna of the region is represented by numerous specimens of mammals, reptiles, fish and birds.


title: Osornophryne

paragraphs: Osornophryne (Plump Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Colombia and Ecuador.


title: Pedostibes

paragraphs: Pedostibes (Asian Tree Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in South India, Malay Peninsula to Borneo and Sumatra. They have horizontal pupils and webbed fingers and toes.


title: Pelophryne

paragraphs: Pelophryne (Flathead Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in the Philippines, Borneo, Malaya, Singapore and Hainan Island, China.


title: Pseudobufo subasper

paragraphs: Pseudobufo subasper is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Pseudobufo. They are found in Indonesia and Malaysia. They live in subtropical or tropical swamps. They are threatened by habitat loss.

paragraphs: This toad can only be found in peat swamps. They have fully webbed back feet.


title: Rhinella

paragraphs: Rhinella (Beaked Toads or Rio Viejo Toads) is a subgenus of Bufo. Some people call it its own genus. It has 71 species of true toads. They live in Central and South America.

paragraphs: Note: Species below are shown as species of "Rhinella". They are treated as species of "Bufo" by many authors.


title: African Red Toad

paragraphs: The African Red Toad or African Split-skin Toad (Schismaderma carens) is a species of toad in the Bufonidae family. It is the only species in the genus Schismaderma.

paragraphs: It is found in Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and possibly Lesotho.

paragraphs: It lives in many habitats. These are dry savanna, moist savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical dry lowland grassland, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marches, arable land, pastureland, urban areas, water storage areas, ponds, canals and ditches, and man-made karsts.


title: Truebella

paragraphs: Truebella is a genus of true toads. They live in Peru at the Ayacucho and Junín regions.


title: Werneria

paragraphs: Werneria (Smalltongue Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea.


title: Wolterstorffina

paragraphs: Wolterstorffina (Wolterstorff Toads) is a genus of true toads. They live in Nigeria and Cameroon.


title: Common toad

paragraphs: The common toad or European toad ("Bufo bufo") is an amphibian. They are found in most of Europe, except for Ireland, Iceland and some Mediterranean islands. The toad usually lies hidden during the day. It becomes active at dusk and spends the night hunting for the invertebrates on which it feeds. It moves with a slow ungainly walk or a short jump. It has a greyish brown skin covered with wart-like lumps.

paragraphs: The toads in this genus are known as true toads. They have no teeth, a dry warty skin and horizontal pupils to the eyes.

paragraphs: The common toad can grow to about in length. Females grow larger than males. Those in the south tend to be larger than ones in the north. The head is broad with a wide mouth. The nose has two small nostrils. There are no teeth. The large, protruding eyes have yellow or copper coloured irises and horizontal slit-shaped pupils. They have a noxious substance called bufotoxin. It is used to keep away predators. The head joins the body without a noticeable neck. There is no external vocal sac. The body is broad and squat. The front limbs are short with the toes of the front feet turning inwards. At breeding time, the male gets nuptial pads on the first three fingers. These are to hold the female. The back legs are short and the back feet have long, unwebbed toes. There is no tail. The skin is dry and covered with small warts. The colour is brown, olive-brown or greyish-brown. Sometimes it is partly blotched or banded with a darker shade. The common toad tends to be sexually dimorphic. The females are browner and the males greyer.

paragraphs: Common toads can live for many years. They have lived for fifty years in captivity. In the wild, common toads are thought to live for about ten to twelve years. Their age can be found by counting the number of yearly growth rings in the bones of their phalanges.

paragraphs: The common toad usually moves by walking rather slowly or in short jumps using all four legs. It spends the day hiding. It comes out at dusk. It may travel some distance in the dark while hunting. It is most active in wet weather. By morning it has returned to its base. It may live in the same place for several months. It has a large appetite and eats woodlice, slugs, beetles, caterpillars, flies, worms and even small mice. Small, fast moving prey may be caught by a flick of the tongue. Larger items are grabbed with the jaws. Having no teeth, it swallows food whole in a series of gulps. It will try to eat any small, dark coloured, moving object it encounters at night. A research study showed that it would snap at a moving piece of black paper as if it were prey. It would ignore a larger moving piece. On occasion, the common toad sheds its skin which comes away in tattered pieces. The skin is then eaten.

paragraphs: When attacked, the common toad puffs up its body and stands with its back end raised and its head lowered. Its main means of defence is a foul tasting secretion. It has a bufotoxin called bufagin and is enough to keep away many predators. Grass snakes seem to be unaffected by it. Other predators of adult toads include hedgehogs, rats and mink, and even domestic cats. Birds that feed on toads include herons, crows and birds of prey. The tadpoles also have noxious substances which keep fishes from eating them but not the great crested newt. Aquatic invertebrates that feed on toad tadpoles include dragonfly larvae, diving beetles and water boatmen. These usually avoid the noxious secretion by puncturing the tadpole's skin and sucking out its juices.

paragraphs: A parasitic fly, "Lucilia bufonivora", attacks adult common toads. It lays its eggs on the toad's skin. When these hatch, the larvae crawl into the toad's nostrils and eat its flesh.

paragraphs: The common toad comes out of hibernation in spring. Large numbers of toads move towards the breeding ponds. The toads meet on certain ponds that they favour. Adults use the same pond year after year. Over 80% of males marked as juveniles have been found to return to the pond at which they were spawned.

paragraphs: The males arrive first and stay for several weeks. The females only stay long enough to mate and spawn. Rather than fighting for the right to mate with a female, male toads use the pitch of their voice. Croaking gives a sign of body size and prowess. Fights do sometimes happen. Male toads outnumber female toads at breeding ponds.

paragraphs: The males mount on the females' backs. They hold the females with their front limbs in a grip called amplexus. The males are very enthusiastic. They will try to grasp fish or inanimate objects and often mount on the backs of other males. Sometimes several toads form a heap, each male trying to grasp the female at the base. It is a stressful period and deaths are high among breeding toads. A successful male stays in amplexus for several days. The female lays a long, double string of small black eggs. He fertilises them with his sperm. The egg strings may have 3,000 to 6,000 eggs and be in length. They get tangled in plant stalks.

paragraphs: The strings of eggs absorb water and swell in size. Small tadpoles hatch out after two to three weeks. At first they hold onto the remains of the strings and feed on the jelly. They later attach themselves to the underside of the leaves of water weed before becoming free swimming. The tadpoles look like those of the common frog ("Rana temporaria"). They are a darker colour, being blackish above and dark grey below. They can be told apart from the tadpoles of other species by the fact that the mouth is the same width as the space between the eyes, and this is twice as large as the distance between the nostrils. Over a few weeks their legs develop and their tail slowly gets reabsorbed. By twelve weeks of age, they are small toads measuring about long and ready to leave the pond.

paragraphs: The common toad reaches maturity at three to seven years.

paragraphs: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species says the common toad is of Least Concern. This is because it lives in many areas and is common in those areas. It is not threatened very much by habitat loss. It can live in many different areas. Chytridiomycosis, an infectious disease of amphibians, has been reported in common toads in Spain and the United Kingdom. This may affect some populations.

paragraphs: The toad has long been thought to be an animal of ill omen or a connection to the other world. This may be because it is at home both on land and in the water. It may cause people to not like it because of its blackish, warty skin, its slow movements and the way it comes from some dark hole.

paragraphs: One of the earliest references to toads as being linked to the forces of darkness was when Zoroaster said in 600 BC that all toads should be killed. In Europe in the Middle Ages, the toad was associated with the Devil, whose coat-of-arms has three toads on it. It was thought that the toad could poison people. It was also thought that it was the witch's familiar and thus had magical powers. In France it was thought that witches could be found because they were marked by a toad's foot somewhere on their body. In Dorset it was believed that if one found a toad in the house it should be removed without harming it or the householder would face the wrath of the witch whose familiar it was. In some areas, the finding of a toad in a house was seen as evidence that a witch was present. The saliva of the toad was thought to be poisonous. It was believed that it could spit or vomit poisonous fire. It was thought unlucky for a toad to jump over one's foot and in some regions, this was a sign of death. Toads were associated with devils and demons and in "Paradise Lost". John Milton showed Satan as a toad when he poured poison into Eve's ear. The First Witch in Shakespeare's Macbeth gave instructions on using a toad in the making of spells:

paragraphs: The toad is also associated with female fecundity. Models of toads were left at shrines by women who wanted to conceive. In Romania it was believed that someone who killed a toad was able to kill their own mother. In Scottish folklore it was said that the tongue of a toad, carried by a man in his breast pocket, would let him have his way with any woman. It was also believed that there was a jewel inside a toad's head called a "toadstone". It was said that when worn as a necklace or ring would warn the wearer of attempts to poison them. Shakespeare mentioned this in "As you like it":

paragraphs: Touching a toad has long been thought to cause warts. This has been shown to be a myth and warts are actually caused by the human papillomavirus. They are transferred by direct contact from person to person.

paragraphs: Mr. Toad Esq. is one of the main characters in the children's novel, The Wind in the Willows, by Kenneth Grahame. This has been dramatized by several authors including A. A. Milne who called his play Toad of Toad Hall. Mr Toad is a very conceited,anthropomorphic toad.


title: Pelobatidae

paragraphs: The European spadefoot toads are a family of frogs, the Pelobatidae. There is only one living genus, called "Pelobates". It has four species. They live in Europe, the Mediterranean, northwestern Africa and western Asia.

paragraphs: The European spadefoot toads are small to large sized frogs. They grow up to in length. They burrow in sandy soils. They have a hardened growth on their feet to help in digging. They will come out from the ground during times of rain and breed in pools, which are usually temporary.

paragraphs: All of the species from this family have free-living, aquatic tadpoles. The eggs are laid in temporary ponds that may quickly evaporate. The tadpole stage is very short. They grow to adult form in as little as two weeks. To further speed their growth, some of the tadpoles are cannibalistic, eating their brood-mates to increase their supply of protein.


title: Archaeobatrachia

paragraphs: Archaeobatrachia is a suborder of Anura. It has various primitive frogs and toads. As the name literally suggests, these are the most primitive frogs. Many of the species (28 in total) show certain body features which are not in other frogs and toads. They are mostly found in Eurasia, New Zealand, the Philippines and Borneo.

paragraphs: In addition, the family Ascaphidae is found in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. They are only represented by two species.


title: Mesobatrachia

paragraphs: Mesobatrachia is the second largest of the Anura suborders of amphibians. It has 6 families, 20 genera and 168 species. The name suggests they are moderately old.

paragraphs: Mesobatrachia are a newer group. They were identified in 1993.


title: Tony Scott

paragraphs: Anthony David "Tony" Scott (21 June 1944 – 19 August 2012) was a British movie director. He was the younger brother of movie director Ridley Scott.

paragraphs: Scott was born in North Shields, the son of Elizabeth and Colonel Francis Percy Scott. Scott was educated at the Royal College of Art and at the University of Sunderland.

paragraphs: His movies include "The Hunger", "Top Gun", "Beverly Hills Cop II", "The Last Boy Scout", "True Romance", "Crimson Tide", "Enemy of the State", "Spy Game", "Man on Fire", "Déjà Vu", "The Taking of Pelham 123" and "Unstoppable". In 2010, the Scott brothers produced "The A-Team" of the television series. Scott's film, "Unstoppable", again starring Washington (with Chris Pine), the movie was released in November 2010.

paragraphs: Scott was married to Gerry Scott from 1967 until they divorced 1974. Second he married 1986 until they divorced in 1987. Lastly he married Donna W. Scott from 1994 until his death in 2012. He had 2 children.

paragraphs: On 19 August 2012, Scott had committed suicide by jumping off the Vincent Thomas Bridge in the San Pedro, Los Angeles, port district of Los Angeles, California. A memorial service was held and celebrities also attended; Tom Cruise, Val Kilmer, Eddie Murphy, Denzel Washington, Gene Hackman, Elijah Wood, Dane Cook, Dwayne Johnson, Stephen Fry, Peter Fonda, and Keira Knightley where some that attended the memorial service.


title: James Gandolfini

paragraphs: James Joseph Gandolfini Jr. (September 18, 1961 – June 19, 2013) was an American movie and television actor. He was best known for playing Tony Soprano in the HBO television series, "The Sopranos". He won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe Award for his performance in the role.

paragraphs: Gandolfini was born on September 18, 1961 in Westwood, New Jersey. He was of Italian ancestry. He was raised in New Jersey. Gandolfini studied at Paramus Catholic High School.

paragraphs: He grew up in Park Ridge, New Jersey. Gandolfini graduated from Park Ridge High School in 1979. He played basketball and acted in school plays. He won the title "Class Flirt" in his senior yearbook. Gandolfini earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in communication studies from Rutgers University. While at Rutgers University, Gandolfini worked as a bouncer at local school pub. He also worked as a bartender and club manager not including his acting career. He first got his acting job as a young man living in New York City.

paragraphs: Gandolfini became famous for his role as Tony Soprano, a New Jersey Mafia boss and family man who was the lead character in the HBO drama "The Sopranos". The series started in 1999 and ran until 2007. He won three Emmy Awards for "Best Actor in a Drama" for his role as Soprano. "Entertainment Weekly" listed him as the 42nd Greatest TV Icon of All Time.

paragraphs: Gandolfini earned fame for this role, winning both the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series and the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series three times. With a career span of 20 years, Gandolfini's other roles include Virgil in "True Romance", Bobby Dougherty in "Crimson Tide", Bear in "Get Shorty", and Carol in "Where the Wild Things Are". In 2012, Gandolfini appeared in two major movies, "Killing Them Softly" and in "Zero Dark Thirty". He starred in the main role in the 2013 movie "Enough Said". It was released three months after his death. Gandolfini's last movie was the 2014 movie "The Drop".

paragraphs: Gandolfini was married to Marcy Wudarski from 1999 until they divorced in 2002. He was then married to Deborah Lin from 2008 until his death in 2013. With Wudarski he had a son named Michael (born 1999). He had one daughter with Lin, named Liliana Ruth (born 2012).

paragraphs: A fan of motorcycles, Gandolfini owned a Harley-Davidson and a Vespa scooter. On May 4, 2006, he was riding the Vespa in New York City traffic when it was hit by a taxi cab. Gandolfini had knee surgery because of the accident. The incident caused the production for "The Sopranos" to stop shooting for three months. The accident happened when Gandolfini was filming of the final "Sopranos" episodes.

paragraphs: On October 31, 2009, Gandolfini was in New York City when a photographer wanted to take a picture of him. Gandolfini lost his temper and punched the photographer. A year before the incident, Gandolfini punched a paparazzi at the John F. Kennedy International Airport in New York City.

paragraphs: On June 19, 2013, Gandolfini died suddenly while vacationing in Rome. Ambulance staff arrived around 10:40pm and tried to save Gandolfini's life. It was said that Gandolfini was still alive at the hotel but died on the way to the hospital. Early reports thought the cause of death was either a heart attack or stroke. Later on June 20, 2013, hospital official said that Gandolfini died from cardiac arrest. It wasn't until on June 21 an autopsy was performed on Gandolfini. It was confirmed that he had died of a heart attack. "The Sopranos" creator David Chase called Gandolfini "a genius" and "his partner and brother". New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said he was "a New Jersey treasure".

paragraphs: Gandolfini's body was returned to the United States on June 23. Broadway dimmed theater marquee lights on the night of Wednesday, June 26 in Gandolfini's honor. His funeral was held at Saint John the Divine cathedral in Manhattan, New York on June 27. His remains were later cremated and given to his family.

paragraphs: Word of his death spread quickly with many of Gandolfini's friends. Former co-stars, many fans throughout the entertainment business along with politicians such as John McCain and Chris Christie taking to the internet to respond to his sudden death. Christie ordered all State buildings to fly flags at half-staff on June 24, to honor Gandolfini.

paragraphs: The day following his death, Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band, which features Gandolfini's "Sopranos" co-star Steven Van Zandt on guitar, gave a full album performance of their 1975 classic "Born to Run". His performance was dedicated it to Gandolfini.

paragraphs: At the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards, Edie Falco honored the career and life of Gandolfini.


title: Sleep hygiene

paragraphs: Sleep hygiene is the name for a number of practices and changes in behaviour, that make it easier to get restful sleep. These techniques can also stop or act against insomnia, and other sleeping problems.


title: Parupalli Kashyap

paragraphs: Parupalli Kashyap () (born 8 September 1986), also known as Kashyap Parupalli, is an Indian athlete. He is best known as a badminton player who competed in the Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: In the 2012 Summer Olympics at London, Parupalli reached quarter-finals in the badminton tournament.


title: Sushil Kumar

paragraphs: Sushil Kumar is an Indian sportsman. He is best known as a wrestler who competed in two Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: In the 2008 Summer Olympics at Beijing, Kumar won a bronze medal in wrestling.

paragraphs: He won a silver medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics at London.


title: Gagan Narang

paragraphs: Gagan Narang (born 6 May 1983) is an Indian sportsman. His is best known as an shooter (marksman) who competed in three Summer Olympic Games.

paragraphs: He was born in Chennai on 6 May 1983 and his ancestors belonged to Samalkha in Panipat district in Haryana.

paragraphs: Gagan was born in Madras in Tamil Nadu. He was raised in Hyderabad.

paragraphs: Gagan Narang is a gold medalist in the Afro Asian games, 2003 in Hyderabad on October 26, 2003 in Men's 10m air rifle competition.

paragraphs: He also won gold medals in the Commonwealth Games in 2006 and 2010.

paragraphs: Gagan Narang won the bronze medal in the 10m air rifle event at the 2012 London Olympics


title: Zara Phillips

paragraphs: Zara Anne Elizabeth Phillips (born 15 May 1981), who is known as Zara Phillips, and formally as Mrs Michael Tindall, is a British equestrian and the second-eldest grandchild of Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.

paragraphs: Zara is the second child, and only daughter, of Anne, Princess Royal and her first husband, Mark Phillips. She is 17th in the line to the 16 thrones of the Commonwealth realms. She is married to Mike Tindall, who used to be a rugby player for England. She is better known by her maiden (old name before marriage) name. In the line of succession, she is called "Mrs Michael Tindall".

paragraphs: She was given an Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) honour in the 2007 New Year's Honours List, by her grandmother for her services to equestrianism. In 2012, she carried an Olympic flame at a racecourse in Cheltenham.

paragraphs: Zara was born at St Mary's Hospital in London. She is the eldest granddaughter of Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. When she was born, she was sixth in line to the throne. She is now 18th in line.

paragraphs: She has an older brother, Peter Phillips (born 15 November 1977). She has two half-sisters, Felicity Tonkin (born in 1985 after her father had an affair) and Stephanie Phillips, born 2 October 1997, from her father's second marriage.

paragraphs: The children of the Princess Royal do not hold a title. It is thought their mother did not want them to have one.

paragraphs: On 21 December 2010, Buckingham Palace said she was engaged to Mike Tindall MBE. She got a diamond and platinum engagement ring from Tindall. They married in 2011. Her first daughter and child, Mia Grace Tindall, was born on 17 January 2014 at Gloucestershire Royal Hospital in Gloucestershire. She is 19th in line to the British throne. Her second daughter and child, Lena Elizabeth Tindall was born on 18 June 2018 in Stroud Maternity Hospital at Stroud, She is 20th in line to the British throne.


title: Jean-Georges Noverre

paragraphs: Jean-Georges Noverre (29 April 172719 October 1810) was a French dancer and ballet master (choreographer). He is considered the creator of the ballet d'action. He performed or held posts across Europe. His first great success was the ballet "Les Fêtes Chinoises". Other ballets include "Jason et Médée", "La Toilette de Venus", "Les Jalousies du sérail", "La dour corsaire" and "Le Jaloux sans rival". He expressed his views on dance in the book "Lettres sur la danse et les ballets" in 1756 (published in 1760). The French Revolution reduced Noverre to poverty. He died in 1810.


title: Ballet blanc

paragraphs: A ballet blanc (literally, "white ballet") is a ballet in the style of the 19th century romantic ballet. The ballerinas and the female members of the "corps de ballet" wear bell-shaped, calf-length, white ballet tutus. The second acts of "La Sylphide" and "Giselle" are representatives of the "ballet blanc". Fokine's "Les Sylphides" is a 20th-century homage to the "ballet blanc".


title: Jean-Claude Juncker

paragraphs: Jean-Claude Juncker (born 9 December 1954) is a politician from Luxembourg. Juncker studied Law. He was one of the people who designed the Maastricht Treaty. Junker was Prime Minister of Luxembourg from 1995 to 2013. In 2014, he was elected President of the European Commission.


title: Outsider art

paragraphs: Outsider art is art that is non-commercial and that lives outside the usual art galleries.

paragraphs: Usually it is created by people who have little or no artistic training in art schools. Some may have a mental illness like schizophrenia. People who do outsider art are called outsider artists. They create their art from their own inner experience, not caring or knowing what other artists maybe doing. The term outsider art was first used by art critic Roger Casement in 1972. These artists often create buildings with strange architecture they build alone. Some of them also do more conventional arts like painting, sculpture.


title: William Windom (actor)

paragraphs: William Windom (September 28, 1923 – August 16, 2012) was an American movie, radio, stage, voice, and mostly television actor who's career has lasted for 56 years. Windom is mostly known for his roles in popular television series such as; Matt Decker in "Star Trek", as Dr. Seth Hazlitt in "Murder, She Wrote", Glen Morley in "The Twilight Zone", and is also known for his voice as Puppetino in "Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night".

paragraphs: Windom was born on September 28, 1923 in New York City, New York to Isobel Wells (née Peckham) and Paul Windom.

paragraphs: Windom was married to Carol Keyser from 1947 until they divorced in 1955. Secondly he married Barbara Joyce from 1958 until they divorced in 1963. Thirdly he married Barbara Goetz from 1963 until they divorced in 1968. Fourthly he married Jacqulyn Hopkins from 1969 until they divorced in 1974. Lastly he married Patricia Tunder from 1975 until his death in 2012.

paragraphs: Windom died on August 16, 2012 from congestive heart failure in his home in Woodacre, California, he was 88 years old.


title: Asano Nagasato

paragraphs: Asano Nagasato was born in Atsugi, Kanagawa. She is the sister of footballers Genki Nagasato and Yūki Nagasato.

paragraphs: Nagasato was on the women's team which played in the 2008 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup. Her play was highlighted when she scored against the German team.

paragraphs: In 2012, she is a member of the Japan women's national football team. She took part in the process of qualifying for the 2012 Summer Olympics, but she did not compete in London.


title: Kōra taisha

paragraphs: "Kōra taisha" was founded in the fifth century. It is mentioned in the "Engishiki".

paragraphs: It was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Chikugo Province and it is one of four in Fukuoka Prefecture.

paragraphs: In 1915, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It was one of six most highly ranked, nationally significant shrines or .


title: GamePro

paragraphs: Gamepro was an American video game magazine. It focuses on anything to do with video games (such as the PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, Wii), PCs and even mobile devices (such as the PlayStation Portable, Nintendo DS, iPhone). Gamepro Media had owned and published the monthly magazine issue and the official website Gamepro.com. The company was also a partly-owned subsidiary of International Data Group (IDG), a technology media, events and research company.

paragraphs: The very first issue of Gamepro was originally published in April 1989. It was a monthly magazine and had its last headquarters based in Oakland, California from June 2002 through May 2015. The official website of the magazine launched in 1998. It was updated daily and had included several game articles, news, previews, reviews, game screenshots and gaming videos on various video games, video game console system platform hardware and video game software development upon in the entertainment gaming industry. The official website also included various user forums, game reviews and other interesting game blogs as well. The official website's headquarters was then and formerly based in San Francisco from May 1998 through May 2002.

paragraphs: Gamepro is currently now-defunct as a magazine and a website.

paragraphs: Gamepro would only then now become part of the PC World website, covering on the latest and most recently developed video games in the entertainment video gaming industry, and to which is now currently being run by the new PC World staff.


title: Second derivative

paragraphs: In physics and mathematics (particularly in differential calculus), the second derivative is the derivative of the derivative of a function, say formula_1. The second derivative has many real-life applications, especially in the study of mathematical optimization and acceleration. Second derivatives can be notated in several ways, some of which are

paragraphs: Other notations are used, but the above two are the most commonly used.

paragraphs: If we have a function formula_5, then the second derivative of the function can be found using the power rule for second derivatives. That is,


title: Horatio Alger, Jr.

paragraphs: Horatio Alger, Jr. (January 13, 1832 – July 18, 1899) was an American writer. He wrote magazine stories and poems, a few novels for adults, and 100 plus boys' books. His boys' books were hugely popular.

paragraphs: Alger was born in Massachusetts, and attended Harvard College. He became a Unitarian minister, but his career as a clergyman was brief. It ended when his congregation charged him with child molestation. Criminal charges were not placed against him, but his career in the church was finished.

paragraphs: He moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In 1868, Alger found his place in the literary world with his fourth boys' book, "Ragged Dick". This book is about a poor shoe shine boy in New York City who rises to middle class comfort and security through hard work, honesty, and a little luck. The book was a great success.

paragraphs: Alger continued to write boys' books. They were similar to "Ragged Dick" in theme and other details. Characters such as the poor but honest boy, the snobbish youth, and the greedy lawyer appeared in one book after another. Details changed from book to book, but the essentials remained the same. Boys loved the books.

paragraphs: By the 1870s, boys' tastes had changed. They wanted cowboys, hunters, and Indians. Alger headed west to gather material for future books. The trip had little impact on his writing however. He wrote four books set in the west called the "Pacific Series", but they were stuck in Alger's rags-to-riches rut.

paragraphs: In the last decades of the 19th century, boys' tastes changed again. They wanted violence, murder, and other sensational themes. Alger gave them what they wanted. Public librarians did not like these books. They wondered whether children should be reading them. They began throwing Alger's books away.

paragraphs: Alger passed his last years quietly. He went to the theatre, visited old friends, and kept in touch with the boys he had helped over the years. He based new books on those of his past. He died at his sister's home in South Natick, Massachusetts, in 1899.

paragraphs: Horatio Alger, Jr. was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts on January 13, 1832. His parents were Horatio Alger, a Unitarian clergyman, and his wife Olive Augusta Fenno Alger. Horatio was the eldest of the couple's five children. He was a descendant of several Plymouth Pilgrims, a brigadier general of the American Revolution, and a member of the Constitutional Convention.

paragraphs: Horatio was a sickly child. He had asthma and myopia. He was timid and shy. He was bullied by the bigger boys in the neighborhood. His father decided Horatio would become a clergyman. He taught the boy Greek and Latin. He took Horatio along with him on parish house calls to give the boy a sense of a minister's duties.

paragraphs: In 1842, Horatio entered the Chelsea Grammar School. He was a good student. His father had money troubles about this time. He took a better paying job in Marlborough, Massachusetts, a farming community about 25 miles west of Boston. The Alger family moved there in December 1844.

paragraphs: In Marlborough, Horatio went to a prep school called Gates Academy. He began writing poems and short stories. He sent his writings to local newspapers. The family's money troubles made a lasting impression on Horatio. Money ills like foreclosure and bankruptcy became themes in his books. He had fond memories of Marlborough, despite the family's woes. Quiet country villages are settings in many of his boys' books.

paragraphs: Alger entered Harvard College in 1848. He became a professional writer the following year when he sold two essays and a poem to a Boston magazine. He was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, a fraternity for outstanding scholars. He graduated in 1852, ranking eighth in a class of eighty-eight. He went to Harvard Divinity School in 1853. He quit the same year to take a job as an assistant editor with a Boston magazine. He hated editing, and quit in 1854.

paragraphs: He taught briefly in two New England boys' boarding schools. In 1856 he published "Bertha's Christmas Vision", a book of short stories and poems. He returned to the Harvard Divinity School in 1857, and graduated in 1860. His health was poor. He was rejected for military service during the American Civil War, but wrote for the Union cause instead. His first boys' book "Frank's Campaign" was published in 1864.

paragraphs: On December 8, 1864, Alger became pastor of the First Unitarian Church and Society in Brewster, Massachusetts. The people of Brewster liked him. He was a good speaker. He played ball games with the boys, and took walks with them. He kept writing stories, and sent them to a boys' magazine in Boston called "Student and Schoolmate". He wrote another boys' book, "Paul Prescott's Charge". It was published in September 1865. The critics gave it good reviews.

paragraphs: Early in 1866, the people of Brewster accused Alger of sexually molesting two boys. These boys were 13 and 15 years old. Three men of the church discovered that this was true. Alger said that he had been "unwise", and quit his job with the Brewster church. He left town quickly, and went to his parents' home in South Natick, Massachusetts.

paragraphs: His father got in touch with Unitarian church authorities in Boston. He promised them that his son would never take a job in the church again. These authorities were satisfied. Further action was not taken. This was probably done so Alger's father would not be publicly embarrassed. Some members of the Brewster church wanted Alger put to death as the Bible ordered. Alger never mentioned his days in Brewster again.

paragraphs: In April 1866, Alger moved to New York City to become a professional writer. In the summer of 1866, he wrote "John Maynard". This is a poem about a real shipwreck on Lake Erie. It brought Alger the notice of other writers when it was published in "Student and Schoolmate" in January 1868. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, for example, sent a letter of compliments to Alger. Children loved the poem and read it aloud in classrooms for many years.

paragraphs: Alger loved the attention, but he needed money. He rewrote some of his old stories. One became his third boys' book "Charlie Codman's Cruise". Although readers liked the book, it did not make much money. Alger made more money with the boys' stories he published in "Student and Schoolmate". His writings for boys satisfied his two biggest concerns at this time—the need for a good income and the need to atone for his crimes in Brewster.

paragraphs: Alger met many poor boys on the docks and streets of New York City. These boys had been made homeless by the Civil War. They had drifted to the city looking for work. Alger collected material from them about their lives in the city and the lives of the poor. He put this material into his books.

paragraphs: Some of these real boys became characters in his books. Johnny Nolan, for example, was one of the first boys Alger met in New York City. He appears in several of Alger's early books as a lazy, carefree street boy. Alger often had a crowd of street boys in his apartment. They would play while Alger sat calmly at his desk writing a page or two for his latest book. There is no record of sexual misconduct on Alger's part during this period.

paragraphs: In 1866, Alger began visiting the shelters for homeless boys in the city such as the YMCA, the Five Points Mission, and the Newsboys Lodging House. This last shelter was opened in 1854 by people concerned about the welfare of street children.

paragraphs: At this shelter, a homeless boy could have a hot meal and a clean bed for a few pennies. He could come and go as he pleased. There was even something like a savings bank at the shelter.

paragraphs: Alger had his own room, a desk, and a bed at the Newsboys Lodging House. He wandered about in slippers and an old sweater talking to the boys. In this way, he gathered the material he needed for his stories. In the introductions to his books, Alger asked his readers to give generously to such shelters.

paragraphs: In October 1866, Reverend Henry Morgan published "Ned Nevins, the Newsboy; or, Street Life in Boston". It was a great success. Alger sharpened his pencils and began a similar story. He wanted readers to believe his story was a realistic picture of street life, but it was actually a sentimental story that carefully avoided any mention of the sex and violence that threatened street boys every day.

paragraphs: In January 1867, Alger's "Ragged Dick" began serialization (publication in parts) in "Student and Schoolmate". The story is about a poor shoe shine boy's rise to middle class comfort and security. The book was a huge success. Boys' loved it. It had all sorts of exciting adventures in a big city. It had lots of street slang. It exposed the swindles and crimes practiced by big city crooks. The story surprised and delighted boys in small town America. They had never read of such things.

paragraphs: The parts of the story were gathered together and published as a book in 1868. It became Alger's all-time bestseller. It is the first in the 6-volume Ragged Dick Series. This series follows the further adventures of Ragged Dick and his friends. Alger wrote almost entirely for boys after the success of "Ragged Dick". He had found his place in literary America.

paragraphs: In 1875, Alger's stories about street boys were growing stale. Boys' tastes had changed. They wanted exciting stories about hunters, cowboys, and Indians. Alger went West to look for material.

paragraphs: He arrived in California in February 1877. He travelled the length of the West Coast, then returned to New York late in the year. In 1878, Alger went West again.

paragraphs: These two trips had little impact on his stories. He wrote a few dull books with western settings in the following years, but remained stuck in his "poor boy makes good" formula.

paragraphs: In the early 1870s, librarians, teachers, ministers, and others interested in the well being of the young said the stories by Alger and other boys' writers were not suitable for children. These people thought such books were too violent.

paragraphs: Critics said his popularity among boys was due to his "sensational" style. In 1877, one minister wondered why the public library allowed children to read books that could only demoralize and weaken them. He complained about "the endless reams of such drivel poured forth by Horatio Alger, Jr." In 1879, a public library in Vermont was the first library in America to throw away Alger's books. Other public libraries then did the same.

paragraphs: Alger's publisher A. K. Loring of Boston, Massachusetts was a victim of this censorship effort. The company had relied on Alger's stories to make them money, but Loring went bankrupt in 1881. These efforts to get rid of Alger's books were defeated. People started reading them again after his death.

paragraphs: In 1881, Alger wrote President James A. Garfield's biography, "From Canal Boy to President". He thought this was serious literary work. He hoped the book would make him famous. He paid no attention to the facts however. Instead, he filled the book with exciting details to thrill boy readers. The book was a success. It sold 20,000 copies. The publisher wanted to bring out an entire series about the great men of America.

paragraphs: Alger was hired to write Abraham Lincoln's biography. Once again, he paid no attention to the facts. He wrote thrilling details for boy readers. The book did not sell well. He went on to write a biography of Daniel Webster. Then he stopped writing biographies. He said such books were time-consuming and required too much work. The publisher dropped the idea of a series.

paragraphs: Alger led a quiet life in the years before his death. He dined out, went to the theater, and visited old friends. He kept in touch with the boys he had taken an interest in over the years. He read parts of "Ragged Dick" to boys' groups.

paragraphs: He was a Republican, and took an interest in politics. He forgot his past life in Brewster, and wrote of his days as a clergyman: "I studied theology chiefly as a branch of literary culture and without any intention of devoting myself to it as a profession."

paragraphs: The quality of his writing deteriorated in his last years. He reworked his old books. Times had changed. Boys wanted more excitement and violence in books. Alger gave them what they wanted.

paragraphs: Critics complained of the sameness in his characters, themes, and other details. Alger defended his work. He said that his readers did not object to the "family resemblances", so why should the critics?

paragraphs: In the last years of the 1890s, Alger's books did not sell well. His income dwindled. In 1896, he had (what he called) a nervous breakdown. He moved to his sister's house in South Natick, Massachusetts. He died there on July 18, 1899 after an asthma attack. He was almost forgotten by the public in his last years. His death received little attention in the newspapers.

paragraphs: Alger once estimated that he made no more than $100,000 during his New York years (1866–1896). He was paid about US$250 for each of his stories published in parts in magazines. He received a small amount of money when each story was published in book form. He was not rich at the end of his life, but he was not poor either. He left only small amounts of money to family and friends. He also left them his copyrights, his manuscripts, and his personal library.

paragraphs: People became interested in Alger's books in the twenty years after his death. This was the Progressive Era. It was a time when people wanted honest business practices, equal opportunity, and a return to old-fashioned values. About seventeen to twenty million Alger books were printed and sold during this time.

paragraphs: People lost interest in Alger's books in the early 1920s. His leading publisher stopped printing the books.

paragraphs: Alger was competing at that time with "The Rover Boys", "Tom Swift", and other popular books for boys. Surveys in 1932 and 1947 indicated that very few children had read or even heard of Alger. In 1932 (one hundred years after Alger's birth), "The Literary Digest" declared him "forgotten".

paragraphs: Just before his death, Alger claimed to have sold 800,000 books during his years as a writer. After his death, his books sold at one million "per year". More Alger books were sold per year after his death than were sold during the writer's lifetime. Edward Stratemeyer, the head of a company that published a great amount of boys' fiction, adopted Alger's heroic moral stance to his own books for boys. Other writers adjusted Alger's morality and ethics to suit more money-focused times. These revisions remained strong until the beginning of the Great Depression in 1929.

paragraphs: The quality of his literary allusions however makes his writing distinctive. These allusions set his work apart from the books cranked out in the "fiction factories" of the day. Great authors alluded to in Alger's boys' book include Shakespeare, Milton, Longfellow, Cicero, Horace, Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, and dozens of others. The Bible is referenced in more than half of his works. These allusions reveal Alger's knowledge of literature and "enhance the literary quality of his work".

paragraphs: The most prevalent theme in Alger's novels is the "rise to respectability". Business success was important to the young Alger hero, but even more important was becoming a respected citizen. This does not mean a rise to wealth and riches. Many of Alger's books end with their young heroes getting modest clerical jobs in large firms. These jobs offer chances to rise further. Alger's heroes deserve their good fortune because they are virtuous young men. Alger was mainly a moral instructor for the young. He was content to guide boys on the path of piety and moral virtue rather than business success. Other themes in his works include Strength through Adversity, Beauty versus Money, the Country versus the City, the Old World versus the New World, and the Search for an Identity.

paragraphs: Alger's books are filled with stereotypical characters and dramatic highpoints (setpieces) played over and over again in book after book. One such setpiece is the struggle between the virtuous young hero and a snobbish youth. These setpieces always end with the snobbish youth getting his just deserts. This particular setpiece likely has its source in the childhood bullying Alger suffered from neighborhood boys in Chelsea.

paragraphs: Other setpieces include the cold, unfeeling lawyer threatening the young hero and his widowed mother with foreclosure (another setpiece taken from Alger's childhood), and the brutal poorhouse staff making the young hero's life miserable while he dwells under their roof. Alger's young readers never tired of these stock characters and setpieces.

paragraphs: In the 1970s Alger's work was regarded by readers and scholars as almost unreadable. He received a new lease on literary life when his homosexuality became known. Edwin Hoyt speculated in "Horatio' Boys" (1974) that Alger might become of interest to communities outside the literary one, and may even attain a status to rival that of Oscar Wilde.

paragraphs: Alger's success stories provided material for satirists. One of the earliest satires is William Dean Howells' "The Minister's Charge; or, The Apprenticeship of Lemuel Barker" (1887). This novel satirizes in a serious, realistic way Alger's "country boy makes good" theme. Stephen Crane satirizes the Alger success story with a ridiculous version of one in "A Self-Made Man: An Example of Success That Anyone Can Follow" (1899).

paragraphs: In the 20th century, F. Scott Fitzgerald satirized Alger in his play "The Vegetable: or From President to Postman" (1922), the Dan Cody episode in "The Great Gatsby" (1925), and the short story "Forging Ahead" (1929). Nathaniel West parodied Alger in "A Cool Million" (1934). John Seelye did the same in "Dirty Tricks; or, Nick Noxin's Natural Nobility" (1973). Glendon Swarthout followed the sexual misadventures of an Alger anti-hero in "Luck and Pluck" (1973). William Gaddis took the Alger success story to absurd lengths in "JR".

paragraphs: The Horatio Alger Association is a "nonprofit educational organization, [that] was established in 1947 to dispel the mounting belief among the nation's youth that the American Dream was no longer attainable." The Association awards scholarships to young people who pursue their own idea of the American Dream.

paragraphs: An annual street fair (once the Horatio Alger Street Fair) was held annually in October in Marlborough, Massachusetts. The Fair became the Heritage Festival in 2006, and Alger's name dropped from the event. It originally used Alger's name because he lived in a house in the town as a teenager, but accusations of child sexual abuse forced fair organizers to part company with Alger.


title: Berlin, New Hampshire

paragraphs: "Berlin" is a city on the Androscoggin River in Coos County, New Hampshire. It was first settled in 1823-1824 by William Sessions and Cyrus Wheeler. It was Incorporated as a city in 1897 and ccording to the United States census of 2010, has a population of 10,051.


title: Cryptobranchoidea

paragraphs: Cryptobranchoidea is a suborder of salamanders. They are found in eastern North America, China, Taiwan, and Japan. They are known as primitive salamanders. This is in contrast to Salamandroidea, or advanced salamander.

paragraphs: This suborder has only two families. Other families went extinct in the past and are only known as fossils.


title: Salamandroidea

paragraphs: Salamandroidea is a suborder of salamanders, the advanced salamanders. The members of the suborder are found worldwide except for Antarctica, Southern Sahara, and Oceania.

paragraphs: All members use internal fertilization. The female is fertilized by a spermatophore, a sperm-containing cap put by the male in her cloaca. The sperm is stored in on the roof of the cloaca until it is needed at the time of egg laying.

paragraphs: The earliest known salamandroid fossils are from the Tiaojishan Formation. They are dated to the late Jurassic period about 157 million years ago.


title: Wendy Schaal

paragraphs: Wendy Schaal (born July 2, 1954) is an American actress. She starred in Seth MacFarlane's animated series "American Dad!" She was born in Chicago, Illinois. She is currently not married. Her father was actor Richard Schaal. Valerie Harper is her former step-mother.


title: Scott Grimes

paragraphs: Scott Christopher Richard Grimes (born July 9, 1971) is an American actor and songwriter. He played Archie Morris in "ER", Will McCorkle in "Party of Five", Donald Malarkey in "Band of Brothers", and Steve Smith in "American Dad!". Grimes was born in Lowell, Massachusetts. He married Dawn Bailey-Grimes for ten years.


title: Rachael MacFarlane

paragraphs: Rachael Ann MacFarlane (born March 21, 1976) is an American voice actress best known for her voice roles in "Codename: Kids Next Door" as supreme leader Numbuh 362, "The Powerpuff Girls" voicing various characters and Blossom in outside of media series, and the FOX television animated series "Family Guy" and "American Dad!", both created by her brother Seth MacFarlane. She was born in Kent, Connecticut. She has been married to Spencer Laudiero since 2008. They have two daughters.


title: Caeciliidae

paragraphs: Caeciliidae is the family of common caecilians. They are found in Central and South America, equatorial Africa and India. Like other caecilians, they look like worms or snakes.

paragraphs: Although they are the most diverse of the caecilian families, the caeciliids do have a number of features in common that make them different from other caecilians. In particular, their skulls have few bones. The ones tey have are fused to form a solid ram. This helps in digging through the soil. The mouth is beneath the nose area. There is no tail.

paragraphs: Many caeciliids lay their eggs in moist soil. The eggs then hatch into aquatic larvae. However, some species do not have a larval stage. The eggs hatch into juveniles with the same form as the adults. In some they lack eggs and give birth to live young.


title: Sylvester Weaver (executive)

paragraphs: Sylvester Laflin "Pat" Weaver, Jr. (December 21, 1908 – March 15, 2002) was an American radio advertising executive, who became president of NBC between 1953 and 1955. He has been well-known for his commercial broadcasting's format and philosophy as radio gave way to television as America's dominant home entertainment. He was married to Elizabeth Inglis from 1942 until his death in 2002, they had two children; a son Trajan Victor Charles and a daughter Sigourney Weaver.

paragraphs: Weaver was born in Los Angeles, California on December 21, 1908. He was the son of actor/director Sylvester Laflin Weaver, Sr. (1874-1964) and actress Eleanor Isabel Dixon (1879-1966), Sylvester Jr.'s grandfather was Peter Laflin Weaver (1841-1912), a businessman, his great-grandfather was Henry Laflin Weaver (1808-1894), also a businessman, his great-great-grandfather was Charles Laflin Weaver (1708-1816), a manufacturer, Sylvester, Jr. died on March 15, 2002 in his home in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, he was 93 years old.


title: Elizabeth Inglis

paragraphs: Elizabeth Inglis (July 10, 1913 - August 25, 2007) was a English movie actress, best known for her role in "The Letter", along with actress Bette Davis. She is also known for her role in Alfred Hitchcock's "The 39 Steps", she was the last known survivor of the movie before her death in 2007.

paragraphs: Inglis was born in Colchester, England on July 10, 1913. She was married to Sylvester Weaver from 1942 until his death in 2002, they had two children, Trajan Victor Charles Weaver and Sigourney Weaver. Inglis died on August 25, 2007 in Santa Barbara, California from natural causes, she was 94 years old.


title: Ichthyophiidae

paragraphs: Ichthyophiidae is the family of Asiatic tailed caecilians or fish caecilians. They are found in south-east Asia.

paragraphs: They are primitive caecilians. They do not have some of the features found in the other families. For example, the mouth is not back underneath the head, they have tails, and have many scales on their body. They have two sets of muscles for closing the jaw. This is a feature unique to caecilians, but absent in the related family Rhinatrematidae.

paragraphs: They lay their eggs in small holes in moist soil. The eggs hatch into larvae. They live in streams or underground seepages. They the change into adults. There is some evidence that the female may protect the eggs until they hatch.


title: Rhinatrematidae

paragraphs: Rhinatrematidae is the family of neotropical tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians. They are found in the equatorial countries of South America.

paragraphs: They are usually said to be the most primitive of the caecilian families. They have many features other groups do not. For example, they still have a tail, and the mouth is not to the back on the underside of the head. They lay their eggs in small holes in the soil. The larvae have external gills. They live in seepages until they change into adults. The adults live in moist soil and leaf litter.


title: Emily Jacir

paragraphs: Emily Jacir (, born 1970 in Bethlehem) is a Palestinian artist. She uses movies, photography, video and performance art. Her work was first shown in 1994. Since then, it has been shown in exhibitions around the Americas, Europe and the Middle East. It is held in museums in Italy, Palestine, England, San Francisco, and several museums in New York.

paragraphs: Jacir won the Golden Lion for artists under 40 () at the Venice Biennale in October 2007. She also won the Prince Claus Award in 2007. In 2008, the won the annual Hugo Boss Prize.


title: Jeff Fischer

paragraphs: Jeff Fischer (born 1968) is an American voice actor. He is known for his work in commercials, cartoons, and video games. In 2005 he was chosen to announce the Teen Choice Awards. He is mostly known for his role as Jeff Fischer in "American Dad!".


title: Meles Zenawi

paragraphs: Meles Zenawi Asres (8 May 1955 – 20 August 2012) was the Prime Minister of Ethiopia since 1995 till his death on 20 August 2012. He was President of Ethiopia from 1991 to 1995. Since 1985, he was the chairman of the Tigrayan Peoples' Liberation Front, and the head of the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front.

paragraphs: Meles was born in Adwa, Tigray in Northern Ethiopia, to an Ethiopian father from Adwa, Ethiopia, and a mother from Adi Quala, Eritrea. Meles Zenawi was married to Azeb Mesfin and was the father of three children. Meles died on August 20, 2012 in a hospital in Brussels, Belgium after having a brain tumor removed. Zenawi's health was in question for weeks until his death. Meles was admitted to hospital in July 2012. He was 57 years old.


title: Just for Laughs: Gags

paragraphs: Just for Laughs: Gags is a Canadian quiet comedy show. In 2000 the Gags began airing on French and Canadian television Télé Québec. In the next years, the show was picked up by TVA, CBC and The Comedy Television in Canada.

paragraphs: This series' format is the hidden camera filming the jokes. Music plays in the background, but there is no sound or speech other than some sound effects and laughter. It is mostly filmed in downtown Montreal and rural Quebec although some parts have been filmed in Mexico. British and Asian versions have also been produced in the UK and Singapore respectively.

paragraphs: With its quiet format and no translation required, "Just for Laughs Gags" has been purchased for use in over 100 countries throughout the world as well as in airports and airlines.


title: Neon Trees

paragraphs: Neon Trees is an American alternative rock band from Provo, Utah. Neon Trees has four members in the band; the current band members are Tyler Glenn, Chris Allen, Branden Campbell and Elaine Bradley.

paragraphs: The band was formed in 2005 by band members and neighbours at the time; Tyler Glenn and Chris Allen. The bands name originates from the lighted trees on the In-N-Out Burger signs.

paragraphs: They released an EP titled ""Start a Fire"" in 2009 and it was limited to one pressing of 600 units and was only available for sale at shows in their late 2009. They released their debut album ""Habits"" on March 16, 2010, under Mercury and Def Jam Recordings. They are currently signed to Mercury Records and Def Jam Recordings. They released their second studio album ""Picture Show"" on April 17, 2012. They released their third album, "Pop Psychology", on April 22, 2014.

paragraphs: So far as of 2014, Neon Trees have released three albums and one EP:


title: Victor Ponta

paragraphs: Victor Ponta (b. 20 September 1972, Bucharest) is a Romanian politician. He was president of the Social Democratic Party (PSD) from February 2010 until July 2015 when he resigned. On 7 May 2012, he became Prime Minister of Romania.. He resigned on 4 November 2015

paragraphs: He studied law in Bucharest, finishing in 1995. He was PSD's candidate for the Romanian presidential elections in 2014, but since then has left the Social Democratic Party and created his own party which he called the Pro Romania Party.


title: Steering

paragraphs: Steering is the collection of mechanical parts which allow a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (truck, car, motorcycle or bicycle) to follow the desired course. Rail transport vehicles (trains and trams or streetcars) are steered by their rail tracks.

paragraphs: In vehicle steering, the person turning the steering wheel directly controls the rate of the turn. Response is immediate. Submarines and ships operate in water, and use control surfaces that work on the fluid. There is a delay between the steering controls and the time it takes for the system to respond.

paragraphs: Some land vehicles such as tanks, and some boats, can use differential steering, in which one side is pushed forward.