title: Mike Kostka

paragraphs: Mike Kostka (born November 28, 1985 in Ajax, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for the New York Rangers of the NHL. He has also played for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Chicago Blackhawks, and Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraphs: He started his hockey career with the Ajax-Pickering Raiders of the Eastern AAA Hockey League. He played 2 seasons with them and then moved on to play in the Ontario Provincial Junior Hockey League for the Ajax Axemen for 2 seasons and the Aurora Tigers for 1 season. He went on to play in college for the University of Massachusetts Amherst where he played 4 years for the Minutemen.

paragraphs: He went undrafted but was signed to a professional contract by the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League on March 25, 2008. He spent 1 season with the Sabres' AHL, the Rochester Americans and then two seasons with the new affiliate, the Portland Pirates. He returned to the Rochester Americans for the 2010–11 AHL season. He then signed a contract with Rochester's then-affiliate, Florida Panthers. The Panthers traded Kostka along with Evan Oberg, to the Tampa Bay Lightning for James Wright and Mike Vernace. He played for the Norfolk Admirals and helped them win the Calder Cup during the 2011–12 AHL playoffs. He was then signed as a free agent by the Toronto Maple Leafs to a one-year contract. He got his first NHL point during his debut NHL game against the Montreal Canadiens on January 19, 2013.

paragraphs: On July 19, 2013, He signed as a free agent with the defending champions, the Chicago Blackhawks to a one-year, two way contract.

paragraphs: On February 23, 2014, Kostka was claimed off waivers by the Tampa Bay Lightning.

paragraphs: On June 28, 2014, Kostka was signed as a free agent by the New York Rangers to a one-year contract.


title: Fifty Shades of Grey (movie)

paragraphs: Fifty Shades of Grey is a 2015 American erotic romance-drama movie set in Washington (U.S. state). At first it was scheduled for an August 2014 release in the United States. In November 2013 the release date was changed to February 13, 2015. The story is about BDSM, sexual relations, seduction and romance. An MPAA rating has not been decided, but the screenwriter, Kelly Marcel, has hinted at the possibility of this movie being marked NC-17. It is based on the best-selling novel of the same name by E.L. James. The director is Sam Taylor-Wood. Dakota Johnson plays Anastasia Steele and Jamie Dornan plays Christian Grey.

paragraphs: The casting of the film upset many fans of the novel. An internet petition was made to get Alexis Bledel to replace Johnson and Matt Bomer replace Charlie Hunnam. It did not work.

paragraphs: The movie was released on February 13, 2015.


title: Juan dela Cruz

paragraphs: Juan dela Cruz is the national personification of the Philippines. He is often used to represent the common "Filipino". He is usually shown wearing the native "salakot" hat, "Barong Tagalog", long pants, and "tsinelas" ().

paragraphs: Activists often portray Juan dela Cruz as a victim of American imperialism. During the American period he is often shown with Uncle Sam in many editorial cartoons. of the often depicted him alongside Uncle Sam. In modern times, he is used to show the opinion and feelings of Filipino about their government and society.

paragraphs: The term, sometimes shortened to "Juan", also refers to the whole Filipino people.

paragraphs: Juan dela Cruz is the Spanish for "John of the Cross". The name is often used to refer to a anonymous Filipino, like how John Doe is used to refer Americans. For females the term María dela Cruz is used instead.


title: Juan dela Cruz (TV series)

paragraphs: Juan dela Cruz is a Philippine television drama series. It is directed by Malu Sevilla. It stars Coco Martin as Juan dela Cruz, a half-"tagabantay" and half-"aswang" who falls in love with Rosario (Erich Gonzales). It is filmed and shown in high definition. The show was first shown on ABS-CBN and worldwide on TFC on 4 February 2013. It replaced the television show "Princess and I".

paragraphs: The story is about Juan dela Cruz. Juan was an orphan. He was taken care by a Catholic priest named Father Cito. Father Cito taught Juan good values and faith on Jesus. Juan was so devoted to Jesus Christ that he called him "bossing" (Filipino word, for "boss"). On one day, Father Cito was killed by a thief. Juan went to Quaipo, Manila with Lola Belen after Father Cito's death. Juan does not know that he is a half-aswang, the son of the "Haring Aswang" (King of the Aswangs) and the "Anak ng Dilim" (Child of Darkness). According to a prophecy, the Anak ng Dilim is fated to lead the aswangs and take over the human race. However, Juan's mother, Amelia, is a human and a "Tagabantay" (Guardian). The Tagabantay's duty is to protect the humans from the aswangs. The Tagabantay also wields a weapon called the Bakal na Krus.

paragraphs: By the time he grows up as an adult, Juan later joins the "Kapatiran" (Brotherhood). The Kapatiran is a group that seek to destroy the aswangs. The group then trains Juan into becoming the next "Tagabantay". Later in the story, the "engkantos" and "diwatas" comes to help Juan in his adventures. They have a bigger and important role in the continuing between the aswangs and the humans.

paragraphs: Due to the success of "Juan dela Cruz", the show was given a new series called "My Little Juan". The new series which tells more about Juan's childhood before he was known as the new ""Tagabantay"". The series was first shown on 20 May 2013 and ended on 13 September 2013.


title: Flag of the Philippines

paragraphs: The Flag of the Philippines has two horizontal bands colored royal blue and scarlet. It also has a triangle on its left side with an 8-rayed sun and three stars. The three stars symbolizes the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. The 8 rays of the sun of the flag symbolizes the provinces of Manila, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna and Batangas. The latter group were the first to be placed under Martial Law by Spain when the Philippine Revolution began. The flag of the Philippines can be also hoisted upside-down to show that the country is at war. The flag was designed by Emilio Aguinaldo.


title: Bangsamoro Republik

paragraphs: The Bangsamoro Republik, officially the United Federated States of Bangsamoro Republik () was a former unrecognized breakaway territory in the Philippines. All countries consider the Bangsamoro Republik to be part of the Philippines. Nur Misuari, the chaiman of the Moro National Liberation Front declared the independence of the Bangsamoro Republik in Talipao, Sulu. Davao City is declared to be the capital of the state.

paragraphs: It was said to be a federal republic. The government was in exile. According to Misuari, the republic's territory covers the islands of Basilan, Mindanao, Palawan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi. These are places where the Bangsamoro traditionally lived. But according to Emmanuel Fontanilla, Bangsamoro Republik also includes the Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak. Fontanilla is Misuari's legal counsel.


title: Moro National Liberation Front

paragraphs: The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) is a rebel group in the Philippines. It was started by Nur Misuari in 1969. The MNLF fights against the Philippine government for the independence of the Bangsamoro Land. Over the years there have been several attempts to achieve peace between the MNLF and the government. In 1976 a treaty was arranged by the Organization of Islamic Cooperation but this failed. In 1986 President Corazon Aquino met with Misuari, and in 1989 the area was given a level of autonomy. President Fidel Ramos arranged a peace deal in 1996 which allowed Misuari to be elected as regional governor. Misuari led an uprising against the federal government in 2001, but this failed and he was sent to prison. The MNLF says that the territory of Bangsamoro Land covers Sulu, Mindanao, Palawan and Sabah (in Malaysia). The MNLF is an observer member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.


title: Marlon Stöckinger

paragraphs: Marlon Alexander Stöckinger (born 4 April 1991 in Manila) is a Filipino-Swiss racing driver. He raced for Status Grand Prix in the 2012 GP3 Series. He is currently driving for Lotus F1 Team Juniors in the 2013 World Series by Renault. He is the first Filipino to win a formula race in Europe.

paragraphs: Stöckinger is the 2006 Asian Karting Champion, 2007 Philippine Rotax Max Champion and the 2008 Formula BMW Pacific Scholarship Winner.

paragraphs: Stöckinger was born in Manila, Philippines. He is the son of a Swiss businessman and racing enthusiast, Tom Stöckinger, and a Filipina woman, Egin San Pedro. He grew up in the Philippines. When he became 17 he went to Europe to be a racing driver.


title: ClariS

paragraphs: ClariS is a Japanese pop music duo and idol unit. The members are high-school girls Clara and Alice from Hokkaido. ClariS was originally known as "Alice Clara". ClariS began singing covers of songs mostly featured in anime and songs originally sung by Vocaloids. They posted their cover song in Nico Nico Douga video sharing website between October 2009 and June 2010. In September 2010, ClariS was signed to SME Records. They released their first single "Irony" in October 2010. That song was used as the opening theme to the 2010 anime "Oreimo". ClariS released six more singles between 2011 and 2013. Their debut album "Birthday" was released in April 2012.


title: Philippine eagle

paragraphs: The Philippine eagle ("Pithecophaga jefferyi") is a bird of prey that can be found only in the Philippines. It is also called the monkey-eating eagle, as well as "agila" ("eagle"), "haribon", "haring ibon" ("king bird") and "banog" ("kite") by the locals. This eagle is known to be the largest eagle in wing surface and length. It is the national bird of the Philippines. The Philippine eagle is protected by law in the Philippines. learning that the Philippine Eagle has been found in danger, it has been made to be the national bird of the Philippines.

paragraphs: Cutting down a large number of trees (Deforestation) is one of the important reasons why the Philippine Eagle is in danger. Scientists have learned that the eagle lives in the eastern Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and that many eagles live in Mindanao. The eagle is known to live a long time, but it is still unknown how long it can live in the wild. The Philippines made this eagle the national bird in 4 July 1995 for a reason - to give attention to this bird. Gaining a lot of attention, the Philippines held events such as "The Philippine Eagle Foundation" in order to save this eagle .

paragraphs: The people of the Philippines have learned that the Philippine Eagle likes eating flying lemurs and civets . The eagle's known food is only in Mindanao. It is unknown in the eastern Luzon on what the eagle eats, because flying lemurs live in the home of Mindanao and are not present in Luzon . The eagle's preferred food can change depending on the time of the season or where the eagle lives. With enough information on each animal that the eagle eats, the eagle's preferred animals are mostly animals that live in trees.


title: Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood

paragraphs: Shifty Adventures in Nookie Wood is the fifteenth studio album by multi-instrumentalist John Cale. It was released in October 2012. It was his first full-length album on Double Six Records label.


title: Battle of New Orleans

paragraphs: The Battle of New Orleans was the last battle fought in the War of 1812 between the British and the Americans. It involved a series of smaller battles leading up to the main engagement on January 8, 1815. The British had 8,000 infantry in the line out of a total strength of 11,000. The British force was commanded by General Edward Pakenham. The Americans were under the command of General Andrew Jackson. The battle took place at the Plains of Chalmette a few miles from New Orleans.

paragraphs: After the 1793 Treaty of Paris, which officially ended the American Revolutionary War, the British were still present on the American continent. They were trading with the Indians and at times were inciting them against the Americans. The British were blockading American ships, capturing American seamen and forcing them into the Royal Navy to fight against Napoleon. On June 18, 1812, President Madison signed the formal declaration of war against Britain. The fighting began in Canada in an attempt to cut off the British supply lines. At that same time, the British were fighting Napoleon but when that war ended these skilled troops were sent to Canada. The Americans did not have a standing army as such and was still composed of individual militias, men who signed up for short periods of time. By 1813, the British had won nearly every major battle in the war. In August 24, 1814 The British entered Washington D.C., and burned the Capitol to the ground.

paragraphs: On December 24, 1814 the Treaty of Ghent was signed ending the War of 1812. The treaty called for returning all borders and lands as they were before the war. Because of the distances involved and the delay in communications, at the time of the battles neither side knew a peace treaty had been signed.

paragraphs: As the Ghent negotiations suggested, the real causes of the war of 1812, were not merely commerce and neutral rights. They were also the issues of US western expansion, relations with American Indians, and control of the

paragraphs: The British fleet of some 30 warships sailed out of Negril Bay, Jamaica on 26 November, 1814. The fleet under command of Admiral Cochrane moved into the Gulf of Mexico ready to attack New Orleans. Cochrane's fleet was transporting 14,450 British troops who had recently been fighting in the Napoleonic wars in France and Spain. The first the Americans learned of this was through the leader of the Baratarian pirates, Jean Lafitte. The British had offered him several thousand dollars if he would join them. They wanted him to guide them through the swamps in and around New Orleans. Asking for time to consider, Lafitte contacted the American governor of Louisiana, Claiborne and told him of their plans. Claiborne contacted General Andrew Jackson. At first the Americans were wary but they accepted his help. Lafitte offered much needed gunpowder, fuses, cannonballs and the artillery expertise of his men. The pirates knew the swamps around New Orleans and helped guide the Americans to outmaneuver the British.

paragraphs: Andrew Jackson arrived in New Orleans December 2, 1814. He declared martial law and rallied the formerly reluctant citizens to fight the British. Jackson told the people of New Orleans that every citizen was needed to protect the city. He also told them "All those who are not for us are against us". He then blocked all approaches to the City by water.

paragraphs: On December 22 the British moved in barges toward the narrow opening at Lake Borgne. They soon found their way blocked by five American gunboats under the command of Lieutenant Thomas Jones. The British, guided by Spanish and Portuguese fisherman from the area, had an assault force of forty-five boats under the command of Captain Nicholas Lockyer. In the engagement that followed, the British prevailed but suffered about 100 casualties. Lieutenant Thomas Jones lost about 40 killed and wounded. The rest of his men were captured. One man escaped and warned the Americans. The British moved in barges from Lake Borgne to land seven miles below New Orleans on the Mississippi river. Their fishermen guides landed them at Villere Plantation.

paragraphs: When Jackson learned of the landing at Villere Plantation he immediately planned an attack that night. The British general Keene had about 1,900 men when he landed at Villere. More British soldiers landed and by evening there were about 2,300 at the plantation. Under cover of darkness the Americans surprised the British in their camp. Over 2,100 Americans began firing on the British, many of whom were still being landed in boats. The American schooner, "Carolina", had anchored in the Mississippi near the plantation and opened a murderous fire on the British camp. Even after the Americans withdrew the "Carolina" kept up the bombardment until it was blown up by Heated shot and sunk on December 27th. The battle had no clear winner, but the British were delayed in their attempt to capture New Orleans. The Americans lost about 200 men while the British losses were fixed at about 300.

paragraphs: After the battle Jackson began building his defenses at the Rodriguez Canal. This was an abandoned millrace approximately 20 feet wide and 3 to 5 feet deep. It was in a swampy area which gave the Americans a clear advantage. The defensive mill earthworks blocked the British approach to New Orleans. They could only attack from the front as the swamps and river protected the flank. The American position was two miles from the British camp and about five miles below New Orleans. A body of mounted American riflemen kept track of all British movements.

paragraphs: On 25 December General Pakenham landed at the Villere Plantation and took charge of all British forces. The British began moving on 27 December but encountered the American earthworks and halted.

paragraphs: The British were surprised to see the American earthworks. Apparently they had not thought enough of the Americans to even keep an eye on them. In addition to the fortifications in front of them the American cutter "Louisiana" was anchored in the river. As soon as the British appeared the guns of the Americans drove them back. But undaunted they began construction of their own earthworks and setting up their artillery positions.

paragraphs: The British brought up guns from their ships and built earthworks for them under cover of darkness. This was to counter the American guns mounted on their earthworks as well as those on the anchored cutter in the river. On the morning of 1 January 1815 the British opened up with their artillery and rockets. The surprised Americans quickly returned fire but with greater accuracy. Jackson’s line lost two of their guns in the exchange but one by one the cannon fire from the American line took out all fourteen of the British guns. By noon the British had been driven back from their artillery emplacements and the artillery duel was over for the present. Both the Americans and British had placed artillery on the opposite bank of the Mississippi and those batteries exchanged fire most of the afternoon. At night Jackson’s backwoodsmen kept shooting sentries, driving back the pickets and gave the British camp no peace.

paragraphs: Early on the morning of 8 January the British attacked General Jackson’s earthworks. General Packenham’s infantry numbered about 8,000 out of a total force of 11,000. He moved his columns forward while it was still dark to get close to the Americans without being seen. But the element of surprise was lost when a junior officer forgot to bring scaling ladders. When he returned with the ladders it was too late, the Americans could see them. The brigade under the command of General Gibbs attacked the left and center of Jackson’s line. But the American artillery tore large holes in the British line. A regiment of highlanders was sent to help Gibbs but suffered tremendous casualties under the American rifle and musket fire. The British second in command, General Gibbs, was killed on the battlefield. General Pakenham, the overall commander, was shot and killed as he rallied his soldiers. The third in command of British forces, General Lambert, finally called off the assault. The British lost 2,057 men while the Americans lost only 71. The British were veterans of the Napoleonic War and were well experienced and fought bravely but could not break the American defense system.

paragraphs: Fort St. Philip was located on the east bank of the Mississippi river. It protected New Orleans from any river approach to the city. The Americans took over the fort, originally built by the Spanish, in 1808. It was rebuilt with bricks and had two facing the river. The bastions were where most of the fort's twenty guns were mounted. The fort was attacked at the same time General Pakenham led his infantry attack on Jackson's earthworks. The fort was by five British warships for over a week. Finally, on 18 January 1815 the British fleet withdrew. They were damaged but had been unable to do much damage to the fort.

paragraphs: As the gunships retreated on January 18th the British soldiers were recalled to their transport ships. They were required to leave eighteen badly wounded men, two of whom were officers. In their haste they left fourteen artillery pieces and a large quantity of cannon shot. One of the two medical personnel left to take care of the British wounded gave General Jackson a letter from General Lambert. In his letter Lambert stated he had given up all further operations against New Orleans. He asked too that his men be protected and cared for. Jackson had given thought to pursuing the retreating British. But he decided not to risk any of his men's lives needlessly. He thought the lives of ten British soldiers were not worth the loss of one of his own men.

paragraphs: As General Jackson stated in his letter to the Secretary of War, he was not convinced the British had given up on trying to take the Louisiana territory by force. By Jackson's the British had lost over four thousand men either dead, wounded or who had deserted. Jackson left infantry units to guard the earthworks and the Villere plantation should the British return. He brought the rest of his army back to New Orleans on 20 January 1815.


title: Tlazolteotl

paragraphs: Tlazolteotl (or "Tlaçolteotl") is an Aztec goddess. She is the goddess of purification, steam bath, midwives, sin and adulterers. In Nahuatl, the word "tlazolli" means vice and diseases. Thus, Tlazolteotl was a goddess of filth (sin), vice and sexual misdeeds. However, she was also a purification goddess. Her dual nature is seen in her epithets; "Tlaelquani" ('she who eats filth [sin]') and "Tlazolmiquiztli" ('the death caused by lust'), and Ixcuina or Ixcuinan ('she of two faces'). Her sisters include Tiacapan (the first born), Teicu (the younger sister), Tlaco (the middle sister) and Xocotzin (the youngest sister).

paragraphs: She is the mother of Centeotl and Yum-Kax, the Maya maize god.


title: Washington Navy Yard shooting

paragraphs: On September 16, 2013, Aaron Alexis, a lone man armed with a shotgun, killed twelve people and injured fourteen others in a mass shooting at the headquarters of the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA) inside the Washington Navy Yard in Southeast Washington, D.C. The attack happened at around 8:20 a.m. in Building 197. Alexis was shot dead by police after he shot at them.

paragraphs: It was the second-deadliest mass murder on a U.S. military base after the Fort Hood shooting in November 2009, and the deadliest mass murder in the Washington metropolitan area since the September 11 attacks in 2001.


title: Looper (movie)

paragraphs: Looper is a 2012 American science fiction action-thriller movie directed and written by Rian Johnson. It stars Bruce Willis, Joseph Gordon-Levitt, Emily Blunt, and Jeff Daniels. It was released to positive reviews on September 28, 2012. Critic Roger Ebert gave the movie 3.5/4 stars. It won nine awards and was nominated for twenty-six.


title: Roman house

paragraphs: Roman houses were of several types. Those in Rome were of at least three different types.

paragraphs: Ordinary people lived in apartment blocks called "Insulae", a kind of apartment building. It housed most people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs). The wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the equites) had their own homes.

paragraphs: Insulae were of poor quality, but they did have running water and sanitation. Rooms could be owned or rented. They were built in timber, mud brick, and later primitive concrete. They were restricted in height to about 20 metres.

paragraphs: Fires and collapses happened. Among his many business interests, Marcus Licinius Crassus speculated in real estate and owned numerous "insulae" in the city. When one collapsed from poor construction, Cicero said that Crassus was happy that he could charge higher rents for a new building than the collapsed one.

paragraphs: Houses of the rich and upper classes were lavish. The atrium was the most important part of the house. It was where guests were greeted. The atrium was open in the centre, surrounded at least in part by porticoes with high ceilings, that often contained only a little furniture to give the effect of a large space. In the centre was a square roof opening in which rainwater could come, draining inwards from the slanted tiled roof. There were kitchens, bedrooms, a dining room, and a number of open rooms.

paragraphs: The master's office was placed so that the master could see what others were doing. The "domus" was not just a house; it was a place of business as well.

paragraphs: Servants would use a servants' entrance, not the main entrance. Slaves could not leave the house without permission of the master.

paragraphs: A Roman villa was a Roman country house built for the upper classes. There were two kinds of villas. The "villa urbana", was a country seat in easy reach of Rome (or another city). The "villa rustica" was a farm-house estate, like the later English country house. It was occupied by servants who ran the estate.

paragraphs: In the Empire, there was a concentration of Imperial villas near the Gulf of Naples, on the Isle of Capri, at Monte Circeo on the coast and at Antium (Anzio). Wealthy Romans escaped the summer heat in the hills round Rome, especially around Frascati (such as Hadrian's Villa). Cicero had at least seven villas. The oldest of these was near Arpinum, which he inherited. Pliny the Younger had three or four, of which the example near Laurentium is the best known from his descriptions.

paragraphs: Large villas were important to the Roman economy. They dominated the Po valley, Campania, and Sicily, and were also found in Gaul. Villas were centres of mining, pottery, or horse raising. Villas specializing in shipping olive oil to Roman legions in Germany were a feature of the southern Iberian province of Hispania Baetica. Some luxurious villas have been excavated in North Africa in Africa Province and Numidia, or Fishbourne Palace in Britannia.


title: Yomiuri Giants

paragraphs: The Yomiuri Giants is a Japanese baseball team based in Tokyo. They are owned by a major newspaper company, and are the most successful team in Japan. They play home games at the Toyko Dome.


title: Dili Municipality

paragraphs: Dili is the name of one of the 13 municipalities of East Timor, which includes the national capital Dili.

paragraphs: Dili is the smallest municipality in East Timor, but it has the highest population. It is the economic and political centre of East Timor.

paragraphs: The district of Dili, with , is the smallest district of the country; it lies on the north coast of the island of Timor on the Savu Sea. It borders the districts of Manatuto to the east, Aileu to the south, Liquiçá to the west and the Savu Sea to the north. Atauro Island, to the north of the district opposite the capital, is one of its administrative posts.

paragraphs: The district is divided in six administrative posts: Atauro, Cristo Rei, Dom Aleixo, Metinaro, Nain Feto and Vera Cruz.

paragraphs: The capital of the district is Dili and the administrative headquarters of the district are located in Caicoli, in the administrative post of Vera Cruz. The city of Dili extends over several administrative posts. Other settlements in the district are Dar (administrative post Veracruz), Hera (Cristo Rei) and Metinaro (Metinaro).

paragraphs: Mountains are close to the coast so that most of the landscape is mountainous. Near the western border is the "Lake Tibar", one of the few large lakes of East Timor. Three small lakes with salt water are near Tasitolu and they have been named as Important Bird Area and also the entire island of Atauro.

paragraphs: The climate of Dili is typical of the north coast of East Timor. In the dry season, the temperature could get up to about ; at night, the temperature is around . In the rainy season the temperature is around . The annual average is . Rain falls almost exclusively during the rainy season from late November to April. The average annual rainfall is .

paragraphs: The district of Dili had a population of 245,873 in 2011, more than in any other district in the country. Its density is inhabitants per km², the greatest in East Timor.

paragraphs: The administrative posts with more people living there are Nain Feto, Dom Aleixo and Cristo Rei Veracruz. Atauro and Metinaro have less people living there. The average age is 20.8 years (2010), well above the national average of 18.8

paragraphs: Tetum, the official language, is the dominant language on the coast where the dialect "Tetum Praça" (a dialect with a great influence from Portuguese) is spoken; in the interior of the district and in Metinaro, the national language Mambai is often spoken.


title: Turquoise-browed motmot

paragraphs: The turquoise-browed motmot ("Eumomota superciliosa") is a bird of the motmot family. It lives in Central America, from south-east Mexico (mostly the Yucatán Peninsula) to Costa Rica. The turquoise-browed motmot is a colourful bird, mostly turquoise, green and orange. It is common and not in danger. It lives in fairly open habitats such as on the edges of forests and scrubland.

paragraphs: The motmots live in the tropical forests of Central America. They are brightly coloured with a strong beak. They have a signature tail with two bare feathers ending in tufts, just like this bird. This effect is got by the tail feathers having no barbs along the middle section.

paragraphs: This motmot has other local names. Itis called "Torogoz" in El Salvador and "Guardabarranco" in Nicaragua. It is the national bird of these two countries.


title: Holyoke, Massachusetts

paragraphs: Holyoke is a city in southwestern Massachusetts. It is close to Springfield. The city was settled in 1745 and incorporated in 1850. Holyoke had almost 40,000 people at the 2010 census.


title: Nymphomaniac (movie)

paragraphs: Nymphomaniac is a 2013 two-part erotic drama movie. It was directed by Lars von Trier. It is about a nymphomaniac who meets an asexual virgin and tells him about her sexual adventures. In the movie are Charlotte Gainsbourg, Stacy Martin, Stellan Skarsgard, Shia LaBeouf, Uma Thurman and Christian Slater. The movie was released on December 25, 2013 in Denmark. It was released in early 2014 in some other countries. It was filmed in Germany and Belgium in 2012. "The Guardian" gave the movie four out of five stars.


title: Lauren Bush

paragraphs: Lauren Pierce Bush (born June 25, 1984) is a fashion model and designer. She is a niece of former President George W. Bush and granddaughter of former President George H. W. Bush. Bush was born in Denver, Colorado and raised in Houston, Texas.


title: Greg Wilcock

paragraphs: Gregory "Greg" Anatole Wilcock is an Australian diplomat. He is a career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

paragraphs: On 14 June 2012, Wilcock was made the next High Commissioner of Australia to Bangladesh by Bob Carr. He gave his credentials to Bangladeshi President Zillur Rahman on 19 July 2012.

paragraphs: His previous jobs overseas with the department were to Washington, D.C. and Jakarta. He also worked with the team that set up Australia's Embassy in East Timor.

paragraphs: Before arriving in Bangladesh, Wilcock worked in Canberra on Middle East policy. This was after he worked for almost three years as an adviser to Stephen Smith, when Smith was Australia's Foreign Minister and later Defence Minister.

paragraphs: Wilcock studied politics and international relations at the Australian National University and Monash University. He is married, and he and his wife have two young sons.


title: Louise Hand

paragraphs: Louise Hand is an Australian diplomat. She is a senior career officer with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.

paragraphs: On 29 December 2011, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs, Martin Ferguson, made Hand the new Australian High Commissioner to Canada.

paragraphs: Before this appointment, Hand was worked for the Department of Climate Change as the Ambassador for Climate Change (2009–2011). Hand has served overseas as Minister and Deputy Head of Mission at the Australian Embassy, Jakarta (2005 to 2009), Ambassador to Cambodia (2000 to 2003), Counselor, Australian Permanent Mission on Disarmament, Geneva (1995 to 1998), and Third (later Second) Secretary at the Australian Embassy in Vienna (1986 to 1989).

paragraphs: In Canberra, Hand has held the jobs of Assistant Secretary in the Arms Control Branch (1999 to 2000), Director of the Ministerial and Executive Liaison Section (1999), Director of the Business Affairs Unit (1993 to 1994) and Executive Assistant to the Secretary (1992 to 1993).

paragraphs: Hand holds a Bachelor of Arts and Masters Qualifying degree from the University of Queensland and an MBA from Deakin University. She is married and has two daughters.

paragraphs: In January 2009, she was awarded a Public Service Medal for her work in Indonesia.


title: The Saint of Bleecker Street

paragraphs: The Saint of Bleecker Street is a three-act opera with words and music by Gian Carlo Menotti. It was first performed at The Broadway Theatre in New York City on December 27, 1954. The opera won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 1955 and the New York Drama Critics Circle award for best musical. The opera is about a young woman in New York City's Little Italy who receives the stigmata.


title: Assemblywomen

paragraphs: Assemblywomen is a satirical comedy by Aristophanes on the idea that women might be better than men at running the state.

paragraphs: The play is about a group of women, and their leader Praxagora. She has decided that the women must convince the men to give them control of Athens, because they could rule it better. The women, in the guise of men, sneak into the assembly and vote the measure, convincing some of the men to vote for it because it is the only thing they have not tried.

paragraphs: The women set up a government in which the state feeds, houses, and generally takes care of every Athenian. They enforce an idea of equality by allowing every man to sleep with every woman, but that the man must sleep with an ugly woman before he may sleep with a beautiful one.

paragraphs: There is a scene in which two men are talking. One of them is going along with the new government, giving his property to the women, and obeying their orders. The other does not wish to give up his property, but he is more than willing to take advantage of the free food.

paragraphs: The following scene has a pair of young lovers unable to make their tryst, as a succession of ever older and more hideous women attempt to and eventually succeed in dragging the man off to make love to him first, as laid down by the new laws.

paragraphs: After the oligarchy put in place after the war fell, Athenians asserted their democracy and equality very strongly. The play makes its point that excessive democracy has its problems.

paragraphs: In the play is what appears to be an exceptionally long word:

paragraphs: In reality it is a series of words stuck together, not a genuine word. It describes a fictional food dish. Liddell and Scott translate this as "name of a dish compounded of all kinds of dainties, fish, flesh, fowl, and sauces". The Greek word contains 171 letters, which far surpasses that of Shakespeare's 27-letter long word, "honorificabilitudinitatibus" in his Love's Labour's Lost V.I.

paragraphs: It is a transliteration of the Ancient Greek word . It is the longest word to appear in literature.

paragraphs: The dish has at least 16 ingredients, including:


title: Night on Bald Mountain

paragraphs: Night on Bald Mountain or Night on Bare Mountain is a piece of music (tone poem) for orchestra by Modest Mussorgsky. He completed it in 1867. It was first performed in 1886 in a version by Rimsky-Korsakov after Mussorgsky's 1881 death. The music depicts a witches' Sabbath on St. John's Night. The music was used in Walt Disney's animated movie, "Fantasia" in 1940.


title: Iron deficiency anemia

paragraphs: Iron-deficiency anemia (or iron-deficiency anaemia) is a common type of anemia. It is caused by not having enough iron in food, not absorbing the iron in food, and/or losing iron because of bleeding.

paragraphs: Iron deficiency causes approximately half of all anemia cases worldwide, and affects women more often than men. This is partly because most women have periods (menstruate). There are probably more than one billion people who have anemia.

paragraphs: Anemia is most common in areas like Brazil or Central Africa. Asia, Central America and Eastern Europe are affected too, with North America least affected.

paragraphs: Symptoms include pale skin, tiredness, and weakness.

paragraphs: Anemia can be diagnosed with a blood test by finding out if there is little enough hemoglobin in the blood.


title: Romeo and Juliet (ballet)

paragraphs: Romeo and Juliet is a ballet. The music was written by Sergei Prokofiev. The ballet is based on Shakespeare's play, "Romeo and Juliet". The ballet was first performed in Brno (now in the Czech Republic) in 1938. It has been re-choreographed many times, notably by Sir Frederick Ashton in 1955, John Cranko in 1962, Kenneth MacMillan in 1965, and Rudolph Nureyev in 1977.


title: Jenůfa

paragraphs: Jenůfa is a three-act opera of realism with words and music by Leoš Janáček. It is based on the play "Její pastorkyňa" by Gabriela Preissová. The opera was first performed in 21 January 1904 in Brno, (now in the Czech Republic). It was a great success when it was performed in Prague in 1916. The opera is about the murder of a baby (this is called infanticide).


title: L'Orfeo

paragraphs: L'Orfeo is a three-act opera. The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written by Alessandro Striggio. The opera is based on the myth of Orpheus, his descent to Hades and his attempt to bring his dead wife Eurydice back. It was first performed in February 1607. It is a transitional work between the music of the Renaissance and the music of the Baroque. It is one of the earliest operas that is still performed.


title: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria

paragraphs: Il ritorno d'Ulisse in patria () is an opera in a prologue and five acts (later revised to three acts). The music was written by Claudio Monteverdi. The words were written in Italian by Giacomo Badoaro. It was first performed in Venice during the 1639–1640 carnival season. It was not performed very much until the 20th century. The opera is based on the story of Odysseus' return to Ithaca and his contest with the unwanted suitors of his loyal wife Penelope.


title: Dmitri Kulikov

paragraphs: Dmitri Vladimirovich Kulikov (; born October 29, 1990) is a Russian professional ice hockey defenseman currently playing for the Winnipeg Jets of the National Hockey League (NHL). He also played for the Florida Panthers and Buffalo Sabres.

paragraphs: He started his hockey career with Lokomotiv-2 Yaroslavl in the Pervaya Liga and played a season with them.

paragraphs: He then moved to North America to play for the Drummondville Voltigeurs of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League. During his time in the QMJHL, he led all of the Quebec League blueliners with 62 points in 57 games and won a bunch of trophies which included the Emile Bouchard Trophy as the QMJHL Defenceman of the Year; the Raymond Lagacé Trophy as the Defensive Rookie of the Year; and the Mike Bossy Trophy as the league's best pro prospect.

paragraphs: He was drafted with the 14th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft by the Florida Panthers. The Panthers signed Kulikov on September 29, 2009. He has shown high levels of skill and confidence after playing in 68 games with the Florida Panthers.


title: Archaeocyatha

paragraphs: Archaeocyatha is a group of extinct sponges.


title: Fanfare for the Common Man

paragraphs: Fanfare for the Common Man is piece of music. It was written by Aaron Copland in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. The piece is scored for brass and percussion. It is often heard on television, at national events such as Fourth of July celebrations, sports events, etc.


title: Rodeo (ballet)

paragraphs: Rodeo is a ballet. The story and dances were designed by Agnes de Mille. The music was written by Aaron Copland. The ballet was first performed on October 16, 1942 at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. It was a great success. The ballet consists of five sections: "Buckaroo Holiday", "Ranch House Party", "Corral Nocturne", "Saturday Night Waltz", and "Hoe-Down". The ballet tells the story of an awkward cowgirl's romance.


title: Land bridge

paragraphs: A land bridge is a term in biogeography. It is a narrow land connection between otherwise separate areas, sometimes called an isthmus.

paragraphs: Its significance is that animals and plants may cross over it when the sea level is lower. They cannot easily cross when the sea level is higher, and water covers the land bridge. The separation of a once connected population often leads to speciation, the splitting of one species into two and the two species change over time to be different but have distant similarities.

paragraphs: Several kinds of change can cause a land bridge to rise above or sink below the water. Plate tectonics may cause the rise or lowering of land. The causes of general sea level changes are not fully understood, but often big polar ice caps lower sea level by locking up much of the water. When sea levels fall, shallow sections of continental shelf may get exposed. Sometimes the sea floor rises due to "post-glacial rebound" after an ice age.


title: Nathan MacKinnon

paragraphs: Nathan MacKinnon (born September 1, 1995) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays for the Colorado Avalanche of the National Hockey League (NL). He was drafted 1st overall by the Colorado Avalanche in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft.

paragraphs: When he was playing an atom aged player, he recorded 200 points in 50 games. He started his hockey career with the Cole Harbour Red Wings in Bantam AAA and played 2 seasons with them. During that time, he recorded 145 points in 110 seasons respectively. He also played for Shattuck-Saint Mary's in Bantam AAA and Midget AAA for 2 seasons. He scored 101 points in 58 games played that he played to finish second in team scoring in their Bantam Tier I program.

paragraphs: On June 4, 2011, He was drafted first overall by the Baie-Comeau Drakkar in the 2011 QMJHL Draft. On July 13, 2011, His rights were traded to the Halifax Mooseheads for Carl Gélinas, Francis Turbide, the Mooseheads' first round draft picks in 2012 and 2013, and the Quebec Remparts' first round draft pick in 2013 which was previously acquired by Halifax. On May 26, 2013, He led the Mooseheads to their first Memorial Cup championship win and scored a hat-trick in the final game against the Portland Winterhawks. He was named the Most Valuable Player and scored a tournament-best seven goals and six assists in four games as well earned a spot on the Tournament All-Star Team.

paragraphs: On June 30, 2013, he was drafted by the Colorado Avalanche with the 1st overall pick in the 2013 NHL Entry Draft. On July 9, 2013, the Avalanche signed MacKinnon to his first NHL contract, a three-year entry level deal.


title: Invitation to the Dance

paragraphs: "Invitation to the Dance" is a piece of music for solo piano written by Carl Maria von Weber in 1819. It is written in D-flat major in rondo form. It was the first concert waltz. This means it was meant to be listened to rather than danced to.

paragraphs: In 1841, Hector Berlioz made an arrangement for orchestra. In 1911, the Berlioz version was used for a short ballet called "Le Spectre de la rose". This ballet starred Nijinsky and Karsavina. It became very well known.


title: Konzertstück in F minor

paragraphs: Concert Piece (Konzertstück) in F minor for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 79, J. 282 is a piece of music for piano and orchestra. It was written by Carl Maria von Weber, and first performed on June 25, 1821 in Berlin, Germany.

paragraphs: It is one unbroken piece of music with four sections in different tempos. Weber wrote a program for the piece. It tells of a lady and her knight. They are separated by war, but are happily reunited by the end of the music. Mendelssohn played the piece in a concert when he was 18 years old. Liszt and Stravinsky were both influenced by the piece when writing similar works of their own.


title: Chaperone (protein)

paragraphs: Molecular chaperones are proteins which help large molecules fold or unfold. Some help assemble or take apart other macromolecular structures. They do not occur in these structures when the structures go about their normal functions.

paragraphs: The first protein to be called a chaperone assists the assembly of nucleosomes from folded histones and DNA. Those assembly chaperones, especially in the nucleus, assemble folded subunits into larger structures such as cell organelles.

paragraphs: One major function of chaperones is to prevent polypeptide chains and assembled subunits sticking together in clumps which do not function. Some chaperones are "holdases" which act to stop aggregation. Others, called "foldases", do help fold proteins which cannot do it themselves. Such proteins violate Anfinsen's dogma.


title: Ribonuclease

paragraphs: Ribonuclease (commonly abbreviated RNase) is a type of enzyme that chops RNA into smaller parts. There are many different versions of the enzyme.

paragraphs: All organisms studied contain many RNases of many different sorts. This shows that RNA degradation is a very ancient and important process.


title: Baucau Municipality

paragraphs: Baucau (Tetum: Baukau), is the name of one of the 13 municipalities of East Timor, on the northern coast in the eastern part of the country. The municipality was the same during colonial times.

paragraphs: The capital is the city of Baucau (formerly Vila Salazar), the second city of East Timor after Dili that is at about to the west; it lies at about 512 meters above sea level.

paragraphs: Its north edge is to the Wetar Strait, opposite the island of Wetar; it also borders the municipalities of Lautém to the east, Viqueque to the south, and Manatuto to the west.

paragraphs: The municipality has an area of . The largest part of the municipality is at an altitude between . Just right on the coast, the country is falling fast at sea level.

paragraphs: The highest mountain of Baucau, and the third highest in East Timor, is Matebian, with high; it is in the Quelicai subdistrict.

paragraphs: The rivers Laleia and Manuleiden, in the west of the district, flow to the north into the Wetar Strait. The rivers Seiçal, Borauai, Lequinamo, Binagua and other small rivers are to the east of the city of Baucau; only the Seiçal has water all year round.

paragraphs: Baucau also has a wide shoreline with sandy beaches that are ideal for swimming and other water sports.

paragraphs: In 2015, about 123,000 people lived in Baucau. The average age is 18.5 years.

paragraphs: Besides the national official languages of Tetum and Portuguese, most of the inhabitants speak the Papuan language Makasae. While most of the inhabitants are Roman Catholics, a few Muslims also live there.

paragraphs: It is divided in six administrative posts:Baucau, Laga, and Vemasse with a coastal plain, while Venilale, Quelicai, and Baguia are located inland.

paragraphs: Baucau has the most highly developed agriculture in East Timor. Besides the staples rice and corn, Baucau produces beans, peanuts, sweet potatoes, coconuts, candlenut and manioc. It also raises buffalo and goats.


title: Illinois Secretary of State

paragraphs: The Secretary of State of Illinois is one of the six elected executive state offices of the government of Illinois, and one of the 47 secretaries of states in the United States. The Illinois Secretary of State keeps the state records, laws, library, and archives, and is the state's vehicle registration and driver licensing authority. The current Secretary of State is Jesse White, a Democrat who took office in 1999.


title: Illinois Attorney General

paragraphs: The Illinois Attorney General is the highest legal officer of the state of Illinois in the United States. Originally an appointed office, it is now an office filled by election through universal suffrage. Based in Chicago and Springfield, Illinois, the Attorney General is responsible for providing legal counsel for the various state agencies including the Governor of Illinois and Illinois General Assembly, and conducting all legal affairs pertaining to the state. The current Attorney General is Kwame Raoul.


title: Illinois Comptroller

paragraphs: The Comptroller of Illinois is an elected official of the U.S. state of Illinois.

paragraphs: He or she is responsible for keeping the State's accounts, and for ordering payments into and out of them. The office was created by the Illinois Constitution of 1970, replacing the office of Auditor of Public Accounts. The current Comptroller is Leslie Munger.


title: Illinois Treasurer

paragraphs: The Treasurer of Illinois is an elected official of the U.S. state of Illinois. The office was created by the Constitution of Illinois. The current Treasurer is .

paragraphs: Treasurer of the state of Illinois holds responsibility for the safekeeping and investment of the monies and securities deposited in the public funds of Illinois. The Treasurer is not the state's chief financial officer, that is the Illinois Comptrollers job.


title: Jesse White (politician)

paragraphs: Jesse Clark White (born June 23, 1934) is a Democratic American politician. He is currently the 37th and the longest serving Secretary of State of Illinois and the first African American to hold this position.

paragraphs: White was born in Alton, Illinois on June 23, 1934. He attended Alabama State University.

paragraphs: First elected to Secretary of State of Illinois in 1998, White was re-elected in 2002 by winning all 102 counties and garnering more than 2.3 million votes, the largest vote total by any candidate for Illinois statewide office in a quarter of a century. In 2006, White was re-elected to a third term, having received 63 percent of the vote statewide. White was elected to a fourth term in 2010, the leading vote-getter in the entire state.


title: Lieutenant Governor of Illinois

paragraphs: The Lieutenant Governor of Illinois is the second highest office of the State of Illinois. As of January 14, 2019, the lieutenant governor is Juliana Stratton.

paragraphs: In Illinois, the lieutenant governor and governor run on a joint ticket, and are directly elected by popular vote. Candidates for lieutenant governor run separately in the primary from candidates for governor.

paragraphs: When the Governor of Illinois becomes unable to discharge the duties of that office, the lieutenant governor becomes acting governor. If the Governor dies, resigns or is removed from office, the lieutenant governor becomes governor. Under the Illinois Constitution, the Attorney General, currently Lisa Madigan, is next in line of succession to the Governor's office after the lieutenant governor, but does not succeed to the Lieutenant Governor's office. Historically, the lieutenant governor has been from either the Democratic Party or Republican Party.


title: Illinois House of Representatives

paragraphs: The Illinois House of Representatives is the lower house of the Illinois General Assembly, the state legislature of the U.S. state of Illinois. The body was created by the first Illinois Constitution created in 1818. The state House of Representatives is made of 118 representatives elected from different legislative districts for a two-year term with no limits. The leader of the body is the Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives.


title: Animal hoarding

paragraphs: Animal hoarding is keeping a higher-than-usual number of animals as pets without ability to look after them. Hoarders believe that they take care for their pets usually.


title: Jesse White (actor)

paragraphs: Jesse Marc Weidenfeld (January 4, 1917 – January 9, 1997) was an American television, movie, and stage character actor. He is best remembered for playing the Maytag repairman in television commercials, a role that he starred from 1967 to 1988.

paragraphs: White was born Jesse Marc Weidenfeld on January 4, 1917 in Buffalo, New York. He was raised in Akron, Ohio and in Cleveland, Ohio.

paragraphs: In 1947, White starred in his first movie called "Kiss of Death". White appeared in "The Bad Seed" (1956); "Designing Woman" (1957), with Lauren Bacall; and Marjorie Morningstar (1958), with Natalie Wood and Gene Kelly. He also appeared in the epic comedy "It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World".

paragraphs: On October 2, 1958, White played the fast-talking, dishonest, used-car salesman San Fernando Harry in the segment "The New Car" of the ABC sitcom, "The Real McCoys", starring Walter Brennan, Richard Crenna, and Kathleen Nolan.

paragraphs: His last movie was in the 1993 comedy "Matinee". His last television appearance was on "Seinfeld".

paragraphs: White was married to Celia Cohn from 1942 until his death in 1997. They had two children. One of his daughters is actress Carole Ita White. He lived in Beverley Hills, California.

paragraphs: White died on January 9, 1997 from complications of a heart attack following a surgical operation. He was 80 years old. He died 5 days after his birthday. He was buried at Mount Sinai Memorial Park in Los Angeles, California.


title: Lisa Madigan

paragraphs: Lisa Madigan (born July 30, 1966) was the 41st Attorney General of the US state of Illinois from 2003, when she became the first female attorney general for Illinois, until 2019.

paragraphs: She is a Democrat and the daughter of Michael Madigan, who has been Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives for most of the last 50 years.

paragraphs: On December 12, 2008, she attracted national attention after filing a motion with the Supreme Court of Illinois to remove Governor Rod Blagojevich from office. The motion was denied by the court without a hearing.

paragraphs: Madigan was born on July 30, 1966 in Chicago, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown University and at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. Madigan has been married to Pat Byrnes.

paragraphs: She was once said by "The New York Times" to be among the seventeen most likely women to become the first female President of the United States.

paragraphs: On July 14, 2013 Madigan, who was widely expected to run, announced she would not run for governor in 2014 because of her father’s decision to stay in his post as speaker of the Illinois House, but that she would run for reelection instead.


title: Sheila Simon

paragraphs: Sheila J. Simon (born March 13, 1961) is an American politician and educator who was the 46th Lieutenant Governor of the state of Illinois.

paragraphs: She was a Professor of Law at the Southern Illinois University School of Law. Simon is the daughter of former U.S. Senator Paul Simon, who had previously served as Lieutenant Governor of Illinois (1969-1973), and his first wife, former Illinois State Representative Jeanne Hurley Simon.

paragraphs: On September 7, 2015, Simon announced her candidacy for the Illinois Senate. Simon was defeated by her Republican opponent Paul Schimpf.

paragraphs: Simon was born on March 31, 1961 in Springfield, Illinois. She studied at Georgetown Law School. Simon has been married to Perry Knop since 1987. They have two children. She lives in Carbondale, Illinois.


title: Judy Baar Topinka

paragraphs: Judy Baar Topinka (January 16, 1944 – December 10, 2014) was an American politician. She served as the Illinois Comptroller and Illinois Treasurer, having served as Treasurer from 1995 to 2007, and former chairwoman of the Illinois Republican Party.

paragraphs: Topinka was born on January 16, 1944 in Chicago, Illinois.

paragraphs: She was the first woman to become state treasurer, first to be elected to three consecutive terms and the first Republican to hold the post in more than thirty-two years. During her last term, she was the only elected statewide official from the Republican Party, in Illinois.

paragraphs: In November 2005, Topinka announced her decision to run for Governor of Illinois. In March 2006, she was nominated as the Republican candidate. She was the second woman (after 1994 Democratic nominee Dawn Clark Netsch) and first Republican woman to be nominated for governor of Illinois. She went on to lose the election to Rod Blagojevich.

paragraphs: In 2010, she successfully ran for the office of Illinois State Comptroller and was re-elected in 2014, one month before her death.

paragraphs: Topinka died in Berwyn, Illinois from a stroke, aged 70.


title: Dan Rutherford

paragraphs: Dan Rutherford (born May 26, 1955) is an American politician. Rutherford is a former Illinois Treasurer. He served as a Republican member of the Illinois Senate, representing the 53rd district, from 2003 to 2011, in the Illinois House of Representatives from 1993 to 2003, and as the Treasurer of Illinois from 2011 to 2015.

paragraphs: Rutherford was born in Pontiac, Illinois on May 16, 1955. He attended Pontiac Township High School. Following high school, Rutherford attended Illinois State University.

paragraphs: Rutherford won the open seat of Illinois Treasurer. Also running were Democratic nominee Robin Kelly, Constitution Party nominee Dawn Czarny, Green Party Party nominee Scott K. Summers, Libertarian nominee James Pauly, and Independent Conservative Christopher Pedersen.

paragraphs: On June 2, 2013, Dan Rutherford officially announced his candidacy for Governor of Illinois. His running mate is attorney Steve Kim.


title: Michael Madigan

paragraphs: Michael J. Madigan (born April 19, 1942) is the Speaker of the Illinois House of Representatives and Chairman of the Democratic Party of Illinois. A Democrat, he has held the position of Speaker of the House for all but two years since 1983—those two years being a brief interregnum of Republican majority and is the longest serving Speaker.

paragraphs: He has been a member of the Illinois House since 1971, and currently represents the 22nd district. He is known for having a rough relationship with former Illinois Governor Rod Blagojevich.

paragraphs: Madigan was born on April 19, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois. He studied at University of Notre Dame and graduated from the Loyola University Chicago School of Law.

paragraphs: He has been Speaker of the Illinois House since 1982, with the exception of 1995–1996 when Republicans took control of the chamber. Madigan engineered a Democratic comeback and regained his majority at the elections of November 1996, which he continues to defend today. He has feuded with other Democratic leaders since 2002when Democrats took control of all branches of the state governmentmost notably Governor Rod Blagojevich and Senate President Emil Jones.

paragraphs: One of Madigan's chief Democratic deputies in the House is Gary Hannig, who often handles budget issues.

paragraphs: He is the longest-serving leader of any state or federal legislative body in the history of the United States, having held the position for all but two years since 1983.

paragraphs: Madigan is married to Shirley Madigan. They had one daughter. His daughter is Illinois Attorney General Lisa Madigan. He lives and represents West Lawn, Chicago.


title: The Evil Within

paragraphs: The Evil Within, known in Japan as Psychobreak, is an action video game.

paragraphs: It was being developed by a Japanese studio, Tango Gameworks. The game can be run on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One. It was released on October 14, 2014.

paragraphs: "The Evil Within" is the first product of Tango Gameworks.


title: Thematic map

paragraphs: A thematic map is a kind of map. Different from normal maps, a thematic map is designed to show the distribution of human or natural features or data. The information may or may not be related to geography. For example, a map which shows population is a thematic map.

paragraphs: Thematic maps are called so because they show features relating to a particular theme or aspect of geography.

paragraphs: An early contributor to thematic mapping in England was the English astronomer Edmond Halley (1656–1742). His first important map was a star chart of the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, published in 1686. In the same year he also published something new, a map of the globe (Earth) in an article about trade winds. This map is sometimes called the first weather map.

paragraphs: Another example of early thematic mapping comes from London physician John Snow. Snow’s cholera map of 1854 is the best known example of using thematic maps for analysis of data. His method anticipates the principles of a geographic information system (GIS). He started with an accurate map of a London neighborhood which included streets and water pump locations. Onto this Snow placed a dot for each cholera death. The pattern centered around one particular pump on Broad Street. At Snow’s request, the handle of the pump was removed, and new cholera cases ceased almost at once. Further investigation of the area revealed the Broad Street pump was near a cesspit under the home of the outbreak's first cholera victim.


title: Fruit Ninja

paragraphs: Fruit Ninja is a video game made by Halfbrick. The game can be played on different platforms such as Xbox 360 and Windows Phone.

paragraphs: The target of this game is get score by slicing fruits. For the classical mode, fruit can't leave the screen without being sliced. Extra points are awarded for slicing three or more fruits with one swipe.


title: David Luiz

paragraphs: David Luiz Moreira Marinho (born 22 April 1987), known as David Luiz, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Arsenal F.C. in English Premier League and as vice-captain for the Brazil national team.


title: Jack Wilshere

paragraphs: Jack Andrew Garry Wilshere (born 1 January 1992) is an English footballer who plays for West Ham United F.C. and the England national team.


title: Ruggero Leoncavallo

paragraphs: Ruggero Leoncavallo (April 23, 1857 – August 9, 1919) was an Italian opera composer and librettist. He is best known for his 1892 opera, "I pagliacci". In 1906, he toured the United States with success. He was born in Naples, and died in Montecatini Terme, Tuscany.


title: Pagliacci

paragraphs: I pagliacci or Pagliacci () is a short two-act opera with libretto and music by Ruggero Leoncavallo. It was first performed in the Teatro Dal Verme in Milan, Italy on May 21, 1892. It was conducted by Arturo Toscanini.

paragraphs: The opera is about an adulterous love affair between the wife of a traveling actor and a village man that ends in the murders of both.

paragraphs: The role of Canio became Enrico Caruso's signature role. "Pagliacci" is the only opera by Leoncavallo still performed. It is usually paired with Pietro Mascagni's "Cavalleria rusticana".


title: Beorhtric of Wessex

paragraphs: Beorhtric (also Brihtric; meaning 'Magnificent ruler') († 802) was the King of Wessex from 786 to 802. He ruled Wessex as a king. His wife and father-in-law exercised most of the power.

paragraphs: The names of his parents and his ancestry are unknown. In 786, Cynewulf, king of Wessex, was killed by Cyneheard, brother of the former King Sigeberht. Either with help of Offa of Mercia or quickly coming under his influence, Beorhtric became King of Wessex. In 787, he held the Synod of Chelsea jointly with Offa. In 789 he married Eadburh, Offa's daughter. That same year Vikings appeared off the coast of Devon. Believing they were traders the local went to meet them and was killed. This was the first encounter with Vikings in southern England.

paragraphs: After Offa's death in 796, Mercian power over England was weakened. There was a period of three years when some West Saxons tried to break free of Mercian control. But Beorhtric and Cenfulf, the new king, signed a peace treaty. From that time on Wessex remained subordinate to Mercia. Three West Saxon coins have survived from Beorhtric's reign. In style they are very similar to coins struck by Offa. They were probably minted at Southampton after Offa's death.

paragraphs: Queen Eadburh, as Offa's daughter, seems to have held all the power in Wessex. She had a reputation for great cruelty. In later years Asser, a scholar at Alfred the Great's court, recorded the story that Beorhtric had died from being accidentally poisoned by his wife, Eadburh. She fled to a nunnery in Francia, from which she was later ejected after being found with a man. It was a good story but probably more myth than real. But she was the reason Wessex would not have another queen for several generations. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that Beorhtric was buried at Wareham in 802. He left no heirs.


title: American Airlines Flight 191

paragraphs: American Airlines Flight 191 was a scheduled commercial flight from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Los Angeles International Airport. The aircraft used was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10. On May 25, 1979, the aircraft crashed into an open field in Des Plaines, Illinois. All 271 people (258 passengers and 13 crew) on the flight were killed. Two people on the ground were killed and five others were hurt. The crash was caused by the loss of one of the engines, which caused damage to the left wing. The loss of the engine happened because of bad maintenance to the aircraft that had been done eight weeks before the crash. It is the worst plane crash to happen in the United States.

paragraphs: The airplane that crashed was a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10, tail number N110AA. It was delivered new to American Airlines after its first flight in 1972, and at time of accident it has flown for 19871 hours. It was powered by 3 General Electric CF6-6D engines.

paragraphs: The plane, which just arrived from Phoenix, was assigned to fly flight 191 from Chicago to Los Angeles. At 2.59pm (local time GMT-6) the plane began its taxi to runway 32 right (32R) and at 3.02pm was cleared to takeoff from the runway. However, as the pilots began to raise the nose of the plane, the number one engine, located on the left wing, broke off from the plane. With the remaining length of the runway, stopping the plane would be impossible, so the pilots continued with the takeoff, knowing that two engines are enough to fly a DC-10.

paragraphs: Shortly after the engine broke off, the plane climbed to 300 ft. It then began to roll to the left and turn. The pilots could not control the plane as the plane turned further left and began to fall. The plane crashed into a trailer park 4680 feet northwest from the end of runway 32R, with the left wing hitting the ground first. All 258 passengers, 13 crew and 2 others on the ground were killed. This became the worst ever plane crash in the United States, not counting the September 11 attacks which were crashed by hijackers and had more ground fatalities than those passengers killed in the planes.


title: Ken Norton

paragraphs: Kenneth Howard Norton Sr. (August 9, 1943 – September 18, 2013) was an American heavyweight boxer and WBC world Heavyweight Champion.

paragraphs: He was best known for his 12-round victory over Muhammad Ali, when he famously broke Ali's jaw, on March 31, 1973, becoming only the second man to defeat a peak Ali as a professional (after Joe Frazier, who won a 15-round unanimous decision against Ali on March 8, 1971).

paragraphs: Norton was born on August 9, 1943 in Jackson, Illinois. He studied at Northeast Missouri State University. Norton had two sons.

paragraphs: Norton died on September 18, 2013, at a care facility in Las Vegas, Nevada from heart failure. He was 70 years old and had suffered a series of strokes in later life.


title: Marcel Reich-Ranicki

paragraphs: Marcel Reich-Ranicki (2 June 1920 – 18 September 2013) was a Polish-German literary critic and member of the literary group Gruppe 47. He was regarded as one of the most influential contemporary literary critics in the field of German literature and has often been called "Literaturpapst" ("Pope of Literature") in Germany.

paragraphs: Reich-Ranicki was born on 2 June 1920 in Włocławek, Poland. He was raised in Berlin, Germany. Reich-Ranicki was married to Teofila Reich-Ranicki from 1942 until her death in 2011. They had no children. Reich-Ranicki died on 18 September 2013 in Frankfurt, having previously been diagnosed with prostate cancer.


title: Michael Giannatos

paragraphs: Michael or Mihalis Giannatos (1941 – 17 September 2013), alternatively spelled as Yannatos (), was a Greek actοr.

paragraphs: Giannatos was born in Istanbul, Turkey in 1941. He left the city for Greece in 1964 during the long eviction period of Greeks. He was married to Chaido Giannatos. Giannatos died on 17 September 2013 from a heart attack in his Athens, Greece home, aged 72.


title: Eiji Toyoda

paragraphs: Toyoda was born on 12 September 1913 in Nagoya, Japan. He studied at Tokyo Imperial University. Toyoda was married to Kazuko Toyoda until her death in 2002. They had three children. Toyoda died on 17 September 2013 in Toyota, Aichi from natural causes, aged 100.


title: Erich Loest

paragraphs: Erich Loest (24 February 1926 – 12 September 2013) was a German writer. He also wrote under the pseudonyms Hans Walldorf, Bernd Diksen, and Waldemar Naß. From 1965 to 1975, he wrote eleven novels and 30 short stories, some under pseudonyms. In 1979 he was ostracized from East Germany and did not return until after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1990.

paragraphs: Loest was born on 24 February 1926 in Mittweida, Saxony. In his later years, Loest became seriously ill and announced at an Academy of Arts ceremony in 2010 that he did not have the strength to write another novel. On the morning of 12 September 2013, he committed suicide by falling from a second-floor hospital window in Leipzig, Saxony. He was 87 years old.


title: Cynewulf of Wessex

paragraphs: Cynewulf ( 786) was a West Saxon nobleman, a member of the West Saxon , and was King of Wessex from 757 until his death in 786.

paragraphs: Cynewulf was a member of the West Saxon witan. He led that council in expelling Sigeberht. Cynewulf was elected by the witan to rule Wessex in place of Sigeberht. He attested a at the court of King Æthelbald of Mercia. The charter was for Cynewulf to grant land to an abbot in Wiltshire. This indicates Wessex was still a dependency of Mercia. Æthelbald died a few months later. Taking advantage of this Cynewulf took back lands he lost in Berkshire and Wiltshire. Cynewulf was occupied during much of his reign in wars against the Welsh of Dumnonia. He was never able to conqueror Cornwall however. In 779, Cynewulf was defeated by Offa of Mercia at the Battle of Bensington. and Offa then retook Berkshire, and perhaps also London. Despite this defeat, there is no evidence to suggest Cynewulf became subject to Offa (as his successor, Beorhtric was).

paragraphs: In 786 Cynewulf was surprised and killed by Cyneheard, the brother of the king Sigeberht. The entry for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the year 784 (actual date 786) was: "This year Cyneheard slew [killed] king Cenewulf, and he was there slain, and eighty-four men with him; then Beorhtric succeeded to the kingdom of the West Saxons..." Cynewulf had a long reign of twenty-nine years. He died leaving no heirs.


title: Mengjiang United Autonomous Government

paragraphs: Mengjiang United Autonomous Government () was a puppet state of the Japanese Empire. It was located in inter Mongolia. The capital city was Kalgan.

paragraphs: It existed from 1939 to 1945. The ruler of the state is Demchugdongrub.


title: Andrea Palladio

paragraphs: Andrea Palladio (November 30, 1508 – August 19, 1580) was an Italian architect. He was born in Padua and died at Maser, near Treviso. He worked in and around Venice. He was influenced by Greek and Roman architecture. He influenced architects for centuries.

paragraphs: He wrote several books about architecture. His most famous buildings are: Villa Barbaro, Villa Capra "La Rotonda", Basilica Palladiana, Church of San Giorgio Maggiore, Il Redentore, and Teatro Olimpico.


title: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

paragraphs: Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (March 5, 1696 – March 27, 1770) was an Italian decorative painter of the Baroque. He was born in Venice and died in Madrid. He sired nine children upon his wife Maria Cecilia Guardi. Two of his three sons became his assistants; the third became a priest. He worked churches and palaces in Italy, Germany, and Spain.


title: Elegy for Brahms

paragraphs: Elegy for Brahms is a short orchestral work. It was written by Hubert Parry in 1897. It is in the key of A minor, and is marked "Maestoso espressivo - Largamente - Tempo primo". The work quotes Brahms's music in several places.

paragraphs: It was first performed after Parry's death in October 1918 at a memorial concert for him at the Royal College of Music on 8 November 1918. It received its second performance in 1977. It has been recorded by Sir Adrian Boult and Matthias Bamert.


title: Das Lied von der Erde

paragraphs: Das Lied von der Erde is a piece of music. It was written by Gustav Mahler in 1908-1909. It is a large work of six separate songs for two voices and orchestra. It is based on Hans Bethge's "The Chinese Flute", an anthology of ancient Chinese poetry. It was first performed on November 20, 1911 in Munich.


title: Evaporating dish

paragraphs: An evaporating dish is used to evaporate solutions - that is, to turn them from a liquid state into a gaseous (gas) state. They are often made from ceramics.


title: Muhammed Ahmed

paragraphs: Muhammad Ahmad bin Abd Allah (12 August 1845 – 22 June 1885) was a religious leader of the Sufi Samaniyya order in Sudan. On 29 June 1881, he proclaimed himself as the Mahdi or messianic redeemer of the Islamic faith.

paragraphs: His proclamation came during a period of widespread resentment among the Arabic part of the Sudanese population. They resented the oppressive policies of their Turco-Egyptian rulers (who were also muslims).

paragraphs: There were messianic beliefs among the various Sudanese religious sects of the time. There were earlier Mahdist movements in West Africa, and Wahhabism and other puritanical forms of Islamic revivalism. The root cause of this was the growing military and economic dominance of the European powers throughout the 19th century.

paragraphs: The British influenced the Sudan, and had claimed it as a "Joint Anglo-Egyptian Condominion". In general, the British were behind the rule of the Khedives of the Muhammad Ali Pasha dynasty in Egypt. At the time of the Mahdi, Egypt and the Sudan were ruled jointly by Tewfik Pasha as recognised by the Ottoman Empire, and by the British. Britain's claim to the Sudan led to British forces being sent there after the Mahdi had beaten the forces of the Khedive. The British government appointed General Charles George Gordon ("Gordon pasha") to be Governor General of the Sudan, and that led to his famous death in Khartoum at the hands of the Mahdi's forces.

paragraphs: From his announcement of the Mahdiyya in June 1881 until the fall of Khartoum in January 1885, Muhammad Ahmad led a successful military campaign against the Turco-Egyptian government of the Sudan. The fighting ended with the death of Gordon in Khartoum. After Muhammad Ahmad's unexpected death on 22 June 1885, only six months after the conquest of Khartoum, his chief deputy took over the administration of the Sudan. Churchill says they had by then killed all the people capable of running the country.

paragraphs: The rule of Sudan by the Mahdists turned out badly for its people. Sudan's economy was all but destroyed, and the population had declined by about one-half because of famine, disease, persecution, and warfare. Millions died in the Sudan from the start of the Mahdist state to its fall. None of the country's traditional institutions or loyalties remained intact. Tribes had been divided in their attitudes toward Mahdism, religious brotherhoods had been weakened, and orthodox religious leaders had vanished.

paragraphs: In 1895, the British Government authorized Herbert Kitchener to launch a campaign to reconquer the Sudan. Britain provided men and matériel, while Egypt financed the expedition. The Anglo-Egyptian Nile Expeditionary Force included 25,800 men, 8,600 of whom were British. The remainder were troops belonging to Egyptian units, including six battalions recruited in southern Sudan.

paragraphs: An armed river flotilla escorted the force, which also had artillery support. In preparation for the attack, the British established army headquarters at Wadi Halfa. In March 1896, the campaign started. In September, Kitchener captured Dunqulah. The British then constructed a rail line from Wadi Halfa to Abu Hamad and an extension parallel to the Nile to transport troops and supplies to Berber. Anglo-Egyptian units fought and won various smaller engagements. Eventually, Kitchener's soldiers marched and sailed toward Omdurman.

paragraphs: In Omdurman, on 2 September 1898, the Sudanese leader, now known as the Khalifa, committed his 52,000-man army to a frontal assault against the Anglo-Egyptian force, which was massed on the plain outside the town. The outcome never was in doubt, largely because of superior British firepower. During the five-hour battle, about 11,000 Mahdists died, whereas Anglo-Egyptian losses amounted to 48 dead and fewer than 400 wounded.

paragraphs: Mopping-up operations took several years, but organized resistance ended when the Khalifa, who had escaped to Kurdufan, died fighting in battle at Umm Diwaykarat, November 1899. Many areas welcomed the downfall of his regime.


title: Sigeberht of Wessex

paragraphs: Sigeberht ( ) was a West Saxon nobleman and . He was King of Wessex from 756 to 757.

paragraphs: Sigeberht was a West Saxon atheling (prince) who in 756 succeeded Cuthred as King of Wessex. in 756. After ruling a year he was accused of unlawful acts and removed from power by the . This council was led by Cynewulf. This same council then elected Cynewulf to replace Sigeberht as king. Sigeberht was allowed to keep Hampshire and was supported there by the Cumbra. But Sigeberht then killed Cumbra and as a result was driven out of Hampshire. Sigeberht met his end while wandering in the great forest of the , killed by a herdsman. The herdsman killed Sigeberht in revenge for killing Cumbra.

paragraphs: This series of events formed the basis for the story of Cynewulf and Cyneheard. Thirty years later Cynewulf was killed by Cyneheard, the brother of Sigeberht. This was either in revenge for killing his brother or because Cyneheard was about to be expelled from Wessex.


title: Enrico Caruso

paragraphs: Enrico Caruso (February 25, 1873 – August 2, 1921) was an Italian operic tenor. He was born and died in Naples. He sang at La Scala and the Metropolitan Opera House. In 1987, he received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: David Wright (baseball)

paragraphs: David Wright is an American professional baseball player. He plays on the New York Mets of Major League Baseball. He plays third base. He wears number 5.

paragraphs: Wright was born on December 20, 1982 in Norfolk, Virginia. He was drafted by the Mets in the 2001 draft. He started playing in the minor leagues later that year.

paragraphs: Wright first played for the Mets in July 2004. Since that time, he has been the Mets regular third basemen. He has been in 7 all-star games. Wright was chosen as captain of the Mets in 2013


title: Enough Said (movie)

paragraphs: Enough Said is a 2013 American comedy movie directed and written by Nicole Holofcener. It is a romantic comedy with Julia Louis-Dreyfus, James Gandolfini (in one of his final film roles), Toni Collette, Catherine Keener, Ben Falcone, and Toby Huss. The movie was released to very positive reviews on September 18, 2013.


title: The Amazing Spider-Man 2

paragraphs: The Amazing Spider-Man 2 is an 2014 superhero-action movie directed by Marc Webb. It is a sequel to the 2012 Spider-Man movie "The Amazing Spider-Man". Andrew Garfield, Emma Stone, Jamie Foxx, Dane DeHaan, Paul Giamatti, Martin Sheen, Denis Leary, Colm Feore, Chris Cooper, Sally Field, Chris Zylka, Marton Csokas, and Felicity Jones are in the cast.

paragraphs: Hans Zimmer composed the music for the movie. Spider-Man co-creator Stan Lee once again had a cameo appearance as a graduation guest. It was released on May 2, 2014.

paragraphs: The film starts with Richard Parker uploading a video explaining why he is disapearing. While on the plane, an assassin comes & attempts to kill Richard & Mary, the plane the crashes. After the events of the first film, Spider-Man is trying to stop Alexi Syetsevich hijacking an Oscorp truck filled with plutonium.


title: Cuthred of Wessex

paragraphs: Cuthred ( ) was a West Saxon nobleman and . He was King of Wessex from 740 to 756. Cuthred succeeded in restoring much of the of Wessex.

paragraphs: At the death of King Athelheard, his Cuthred became king. During the time of Athelheard much of Wessex had been lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. Cuthred made it known he was not as weak a ruler as Athelheard and struggled against Aethelbald being his overlord. In the first three years of Cuthred's rule he warred with Mercia. In 743 Cuthred joined Aethelbald in fighting the Welsh. By all appearances this was a friendly alliance between the two kings. But the friendship soon ended. In 748 Cuthred's son, Cynric, tried to depose his father and died in the rebellion. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the rebellion was encouraged by the Mercian king.

paragraphs: Two years later in 750 Cuthred put down another rebellion by Athelhun, one of his . In the day-long battle, Athelhun had fewer men but was winning until he was severely wounded. In 752, Cuthred again tried to get free of King Aethelbald. This led to a battle at Burford where Cuthred, assisted by a now faithful Athelhun, met Aethelbald and his army. The battle ended up with Aethelbald fleeing the battlefield. From that time on Cuthred maintained independence from Mercia for the rest of his reign. Cuthred died in 756. But he left a much stronger Wessex free of Mercian rule. He was succeeded by Sigeberht.

paragraphs: The name of Cuthred's wife is unknown. His son:


title: 2011 Joplin tornado

paragraphs: The 2011 Joplin tornado was a very violent EF5 tornado that hit Joplin, Missouri on the afternoon of May 22, 2011. It had winds of over 200 miles per hour. It killed 158 people and hurt 1,150 others. It caused $2.8 billion in damage. It is the costliest tornado to hit the United States. It was the third tornado to hit Joplin since May 1971.


title: Alex Henrique da Silva

paragraphs: Alex Henrique da Silva, better known as Alex (; born 6 January 1982), is an Armenian-Brazilian football player. He played as a defender for the club Mika Yerevan in the Armenian Premier League. He also played for the Armenian national team.

paragraphs: Alex Henrique da Silva started playing football for Botafogo-SP in 2011. This is his hometown's club. In 2005, he moved to São Carlos. After getting an Armenian passport, Alex moved to Armenia in the next season. He joined Mika Yerevan. Alex, with Mika, won the Armenian Cup in 2011 and the Armenian Supercup in 2012–13.

paragraphs: He became a member of the Armenian national team in 2012. Alex played in two 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification matches that year. The matches were against Malta and Bulgaria.


title: São Miguel Island

paragraphs: São Miguel Island, named for the Archangel Michael (), is also referred to locally as "The Green Island", is the largest and most populous island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The island has around 138,000 inhabitants and its largest city, and in the archipelago, is Ponta Delgada.

paragraphs: In 1427, São Miguel became the second of the islands discovered by Gonçalo Velho Cabral to be settled by people from continental Portugal.

paragraphs: The first capital of the island was Vila Franca do Campo, which was devastated by a major earthquake and landslides in 1522. The tragedy helped to elevate Ponta Delgada to the administrative and economic status of capital and business centre from 1546.

paragraphs: With the Portuguese Restoration War (1640), the island became a commercial centre, establishing new contacts in Brazil. Some of the island’s historic buildings, including mansions and churches, date from this period; the island's development came from revenues from the export of oranges, mainly to Great Britain.

paragraphs: The period after the Liberal Wars allowed the economy to flourish, and the port of Ponta Delgada expanded, through the export of new crops such as tea, pineapple, and tobacco. The development of the fishing industry, cultivation of staple food and expansion of the dairy industry permitted the growth of many of the towns on the island.

paragraphs: The São Miguel Island has an area of . It is a narrow island; it is long (from southeast to northwest) and wide (from southwest to northeast).

paragraphs: The island, of volcanic nature and subject to activity, presents many mountains, mainly in the interior, dominated by the "Pico da Vara"; those mountains are cut by valleys, gullies and streams - the only waterways because there are not rivers.

paragraphs: The island consists of an ancient in the eastern end, and three stratovolcanoes: Sete Cidades, Fogo and Furnas. The stratovolcano of Sete Cidades is known for its large caldera () of in diameter and of mean depth; in it there are two small lakes ("Lagoa Verde" to the south and "Lagoa Azul" to north).

paragraphs: In the eastern part of the island is the Pico da Vara () - the highest mountain of the island - with of altitude. In the central area, is the Sierra de Água de Pau with 940 m height and on the west lies the Caldeira das Sete Cidades, 850 m altitude.

paragraphs: Lying at the eastern end of the island, Pico da Vara is the focus of a Special Protection Area containing the largest remaining laurisilva forest on the island, which is home to the endemic and critically endangered bird, the Azores Bullfinch.

paragraphs: Its fertile lands produce cereals, tea, grapes (for wine), fruits and food for cattle.

paragraphs: Similar to other islands in the Azores archipelago, São Miguel is influenced by ocean currents and winds, in particular, the Gulf Stream. It functions as a moderating force in the islands, keeping temperatures hovering between throughout the year. Rainfall is distributed evenly throughout the year, although it is most abundant in the cool season. The island's location also makes it susceptible to many Atlantic storms.

paragraphs: The Köppen climate classification subtype for the climate of Sâo Miguel Island, in Ponta Delgada, is Csb (Mediterranean Climate).

paragraphs: Most towns and cities are in plains, some along the coast and a few in the interior of the island. There are several communities within ancient craters (such as Sete Cidades, Furnas or Povoação), river valleys (such as Ribeira Chã, Pilar da Bretanha) or coastal deltas (Mosteiros).

paragraphs: There are two cities in the islands: Ponta Delgada and Ribeira Grande.

paragraphs: The island is divided in six municipalities ():


title: Power forward (basketball)

paragraphs: Power forward is a position in basketball.  Power forwards play a role similar to that of a center in what is called the "post" or "low blocks". They usually play offensively with their backs towards the basket and position themselves defensively under the basket in a zone defense or against the power forward from the other team in a man-to-man defense.


title: Tsubasa Imai

paragraphs: Imai works for the Japanese agency Johnny & Associates. He joined Johnny & Associates in 1995. He officially debuted in 2002 in the duo Tackey & Tsubasa with Hideaki Takizawa. They are signed under the record label Avex Trax.

paragraphs: Imai released his solo debut single "Backborn" on 24 February 2010.


title: Hideaki Takizawa

paragraphs: He is a member of the J-pop duo Tackey & Tsubasa from Tokyo. In 2012 he reached the age of 20 and completed his graduation from Johnny's Junior. In the same year he debuted with Tsubasa Imai in the group "Tackey & Tsubasa" under the record label Avex Trax.


title: Planets beyond Neptune

paragraphs: The planet Neptune was discovered in 1846. After this, many people thought that there might be more planets, which are further away from the sun than Neptune. In the early 20th century, Percival Lowell stated that there must be another planet-like body, farther out than Neptune. Lowell said that such a planet-like object could explain some irregularities in the orbits of the gas giants, in particular Uranus and Neptune. The gravity of a large unseen ninth planet could have perturbed Uranus enough to explain the irregularities. He called it "Planet X".

paragraphs: In 1930, Clyde Tombaugh discovered Pluto. This seemed to validate Lowell's hypothesis. Pluto was officially considered the ninth planet until 2006. There was a problem, however: In 1978, Pluto was found to be too small. Its gravity would be unable to affect the gas giants. This finding triggered a search for a tenth planet. The spacecraft Voyager 2 supplied new measurements in the early 1990s. These measurements showed that Pluto was even smaller than in the 1978 measurement. According to a scientific study published at the time, the error could explain the irregularities observed in Uranus's orbit. After the study had been published, the search was largely abandoned.

paragraphs: After 1992, the discovery of many small icy objects with similar or even wider orbits than Pluto led to a debate over whether Pluto should remain a planet, or whether it and its neighbours should, like the asteroids, be given their own separate classification. Although a number of the larger members of this group were initially described as planets, in 2006 the International Astronomical Union reclassified Pluto and its largest neighbours as dwarf planets, leaving only eight planets in the Solar System. Pluto was taken as a model for a dwarf planet.

paragraphs: Today, the astronomical community widely agrees that Planet X, as originally envisioned, does not exist. A number of astronomers have used the concept of Planet X to explain other anomalies observed in the outer Solar System. In popular culture, and even among some astronomers, "Planet X" has become a stand-in term for any undiscovered planet in the outer Solar System, regardless of its relationship to Lowell's hypothesis. Other trans-Neptunian planets have also been suggested, based on different evidence.

paragraphs: Beyond the orbit of Neptune, there is a structure called the Kuiper belt. It contains objects called centaurs. Plutinos have also been discovered beyond the orbit of Neptune. Many of these were discovered between 1980 and 1992.

paragraphs: In 2004, the media again talked about the subject, when Sedna was discovered, twice as far from the sun than Pluto. Sedna is not a planet. In 2005, the discovery of Eris was announced. This was called a planet at first; but later reclassified. Today it is the biggest of the Dwarf planets. Many other objects were discovered, but none of these is made of solid rock, they more resemble asteroids and comets.

paragraphs: As of 2013, it is possible that a planet outside the orbit of Neptune exists. If it does, it would have to meet the following conditions:

paragraphs: Different hypotheses have been put forward: A hypothetical star, located at about 50,000 AU distance, has been called Nemesis. Nemesis is either a red dwarf or a brown dwarf. In the original article, it was claimed Nemesis would orbit the sun at about 95,000 AU. The existence of Nemesis could explain events of mass extinction on earth which seem to occur at intervals of 26 million years.

paragraphs: A hypothetical planet, located in the Oort cloud has been called Tyche. Tyche would be at least as large as Jupiter, and could be up to ten time as large. Originally, it was postulated to be hundreds of times farther than Neptune, at a distance of between 30,000 to 50,000 AU.

paragraphs: In the year 2013, neither hypothesis could be proved.


title: Pietro Mascagni

paragraphs: Pietro Antonio Stefano Mascagni (December 7, 1863 – August 2, 1945) was an Italian composer. He was born in Livorno, Tuscany and died in Rome. In 1890, he wrote the one-act opera, "Cavalleria rusticana". This famous opera is often paired with Ruggero Leoncavallo's "I pagliacci". Mascagni also wrote "Iris", "L'amico Fritz", and other operas. He married Lina Carbognani in 1889. They had two sons and one daughter.


title: Combat Zone Wrestling

paragraphs: Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) is an independent professional wrestling company founded in 1999 by John Zandig. The company is headquartered in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They are known for their hardcore wrestling style which is dubbed as "ultraviolence". The company holds an annual Tournament of Death show that highlights the ultraviolent style of CZW and their annual Best of the Best highlights the technical and aerial style of professional wrestling. They hold annual shows at the Asylum Arena which was the former home to Extreme Championship Wrestling.


title: Jean de Venette

paragraphs: Jean de Venette (circa 1307 – after 1360) was born in Venette, France. He was a chronicler of the Hundred Years' War. He also recorded the events of the Black Plague, the revolt of the Jacquerie, and other historical events that occurred in his lifetime. Venette studied at the University of Paris. He became a Carmelite friar and shared his knowledge with his fellow monks. Jean de Venette realized the importance of education and taught many monks how to read and write. He also wrote a history of the Order of the Carmelites.

paragraphs: Jean de Venette became the Prior of the Carmelite monastery in Paris from 1339 to 1342, and was the Provincial Superior of France from 1341 to 1366. This later title made him the head of all of the Carmelite monasteries in the Province.

paragraphs: About 1340, he began to write down historical events happening around him. He said he recorded them "...in great measure as I have seen and heard them". He describes a great famine that he witnessed at age seven or eight years old. He states it started on the 15th day of March in 1315 and lasted more than two years and ended in 1318."

paragraphs: In that same year of 1340 he describes a great comet that appeared in Gaul. He believed, as did many people in his time, that these events were warnings from God of bad things that would happen.

paragraphs: In 1341, de Venette states Prince John II of Brittany died.

paragraphs: In 1346 he announces that "King Edward of England set sail for Normandy with a great many armed men".

paragraphs: In 1348, de Venette described the Black Plague and how brave the nuns were that cared for the people. Also how many of them died as a result of their dedication.

paragraphs: He wrote of battles between England and France during the Hundred Years' War where he was so close, "the arrows darkened the sky around him”. Some of these battles he described were the siege of Calais in 1347 and the Battle of Poitiers (1356) where the French King and his son were captured. He gives an account of what happened after Poitiers where he states that there seem to be no rule in the kingdom. He wrote that "thieves and robbers rose up everywhere in the land and the Nobles also robbed and pillaged the peasants and took no thought for the people but rather for their own profit".

paragraphs: He states that in 1356, he witnessed the people of Paris building walls around their city because they did not trust the Nobles to protect them. De Venette goes into great detail, stating that the "citizens placed iron chains across the streets and crossways of Paris". They also built new walls, dug great ditches and tore down houses near the walls whether they were new or old.

paragraphs: Jean de Venette's writings are considered very important because he was an eye witness to many historical events. His writings are detailed and vivid. Many of the other well-known chroniclers wrote about events much later then they actually happened and relied upon one-sided accounts. They were often commissioned by Kings and Nobles who wanted their particular point of view to be stressed.


title: Athelheard of Wessex

paragraphs: Athelheard, also spelled Æthelheard ( 740), was a West Saxon nobleman and . He was the King of Wessex from 726 until his death. He took the powerful kingdom of Wessex left to him by Ine and lost much of it to Mercia.

paragraphs: When Ine stepped down as King of Wessex it caused a problem of succession. Ine's son had been killed rebelling against Ine a year earlier. Ine was now in his sixties and retired to Rome. He 'commended his kingdom to younger men'. It came down to a struggle between the two athelings, Oswald and Athelheard, Oswald was descended from Ceawlin. The same entry calls Athelheard kinsman to Ine. The two fought and Athelheard became king. In one charter Athelheard is called the brother of Ine's wife Atelburh.

paragraphs: In 733 Somerton was lost to King Aethelbald of Mercia. This was quickly followed by the territory beyond Selwood being lost to Mercia. Athelheard's authority was so weak that Aethelbald was able to give the Archbishop of Canterbury a gift of the monastery of Cookham in Berkshire (Wessex). Aethelbald also took Wiltshire, Sussex and much of the heartlands of Wessex. Athelheard could do nothing to prevent this loss. He also took part in Athelbald's wars with the Welsh. It seems Athelbald's wife, Frithugyth, was Mercian herself. In 737 she made a pilgrimage to Rome along with bishop Forthhere of Sherborne. Athelheard died in 740, his successor was his kinsman Cuthred.

paragraphs: He married Frithugyth. They had no known children.