title: Saint

paragraphs: A saint is a holy person. In many religions, saints are people who are believed to be holy.

paragraphs: In Christianity, the word "saint" refers to any person who is "in Christ", and in whom Christ dwells, whether in Heaven or in earth. Orthodox Christians and Catholics teach that all Christians in Heaven are saints, but some are worthy of more honor than others.

paragraphs: In the Christian Bible, only one person is actually called a saint: "They envied Moses also in the camp, and Aaron the saint of the LORD." () The apostle Paul called himself "less than the least of all saints" in .

paragraphs: Many religions use the "saint" idea to honor people, like Hindu saints. If a person is considered a saint, no matter what religion they belong to, they are usually:

paragraphs: In the Anglican Communion and the Continuing Anglican movement, a Saint is a person who has been elevated by popular opinion as a holy person. The saints are seen as models of holiness to be followed, and as a 'cloud of witnesses' that strengthen and encourage the believer during his or her spiritual journey (). Official Anglican policy recognizes the existence of the saints in heaven.

paragraphs: In the Eastern Orthodox Church a saint is defined as anyone who is in Heaven, whether recognized here on earth, or not. This means Adam and Eve, Moses, and the various prophets (except for the angels and archangels) are all given the title of "Saint". In the Orthodox Church, sainthood refers to closeness to God.

paragraphs: In the Lutheran Church, all Christians, whether in heaven or on earth, are regarded as saints. However, the church still recognizes and honors certain saints, including some saints honored by the Catholic Church.

paragraphs: While Methodists as a whole do not practice the patronage or veneration of saints, they do honor and admire them. Methodists believe that all Christians are saints, but mostly use the term to refer to biblical people, Christian leaders, and martyrs of the faith. Many Methodist churches are named after saints, such as the Twelve Apostles, John Wesley, etc.

paragraphs: The beliefs within The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) with regard to saints are close to the beliefs of the Protestant faith. In the New Testament the saints are all those who have been baptized. "Latter-day" refers to the doctrine that members are living in the "latter days", before the Second Coming of Christ. Therefore members are often referred to as "Latter-day Saints" or "LDS", and among themselves as "Saints".

paragraphs: The Syriac Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria, Ethiopian Orthodox, Eritrean Orthodox, Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church and Armenian Apostolic Church do accept the existence of saints, but officially recognize them in their own ways. For example, the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria canonizes saints, through the approval of that church's Holy Synod. A requirement of the Coptic Orthodox faith is that at least 50 years must pass from a saint's death to his canonization, and the Coptic Orthodox Pope must follow that rule.

paragraphs: There are some groups who do not accept the idea of the Communion of Saints. Some believe all of the departed are in soul sleep until the final resurrection on Judgment Day. Others believe that the departed go to either Paradise or Tartarus, to await the day in which the living and the dead are judged. Certain groups do not believe that the departed have any connection with the living.

paragraphs: In many Protestant churches, the word "saint" is used more generally to refer to anyone who is a Christian. This is similar to Paul's numerous references in the New Testament of the Bible. In this way, anyone who is within the Body of Christ (any Christian) is a 'saint' because of their relationship with Christ Jesus. Many Protestants consider prayers to the saints to be idolatry because they believe prayers should be given only to God himself.

paragraphs: One Roman Catholic website says that "There are over 10,000 named saints and beatified people from history, the Roman Martyrology and Orthodox sources, but no definitive head count".

paragraphs: Rev. Alban Butler published "Lives of the Saints" in 1756, containing 1,486 saints. The latest edition of this work contains the lives of 2,565 saints. Monsignor Robert Sarno, an official of Vatican's Congregation for the Causes of Saints, said it is impossible to say the exact number of saints.

paragraphs: The Catholic Church teaches that it does not make anyone into a saint. Instead, it recognizes a saint. In the Church, the title of Saint refers to a person who has been canonized (officially recognized) by the Catholic Church, and is therefore believed to be in Heaven.

paragraphs: Because the Church believes all people in Heaven are saints, there are many people believed to be in Heaven who have not been officially declared as saints. Sometimes the word "saint" is used to refer to Christians still living here on earth.

paragraphs: The veneration of saints, in Latin, "cultus", or the "cult of the saints", describes devotion to a particular saint or saints. Sometimes this is called "worship", but only in the old-sense meaning "to honor or give respect". According to the Catholic Church, Divine Worship is properly reserved only for God and never to the saints. Saints can be asked for help, just as one can ask someone on earth to pray for them.

paragraphs: A saint may be a patron saint of a cause or profession, or invoked against specific illnesses or disasters, sometimes by popular custom and sometimes by official statements of the Magisterium. Saints are not thought to have power of their own, but only that granted by God.

paragraphs: A person who is seen as very holy can be declared a saint by a formal process, called canonization. Formal canonization is a lengthy process often taking many years, even centuries. The first step in this process is an investigation of the candidate's life, undertaken by an expert. After this, the report on the candidate is given to the bishop of the area and more studying is done. It is then sent to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints in Rome.

paragraphs: If the application is approved, the person may be granted the title of "Venerable". Further investigations may lead to the candidate's beatification and given title of "Blessed". At least two important miracles are required to be formally declared a saint. These miracles must have happened after the candidate died. Finally, when all of this is done the Pope canonizes the saint.

paragraphs: Once a person has been declared a saint, the body of the saint is considered holy. The remains of saints are called holy relics and are usually used in churches. Saints' personal belongings may also be used as relics. Some of the saints have a symbol that represents their life.

paragraphs: The word "saint" is not only used by Christianity. In many religions, there are people who have been recognized as having reached the highest goals of religious teaching. In English, the term saint is often used to translate this idea from many world religions.

paragraphs: Cuban Santería, Haitian Vodou, Brazilian Umbanda and Candomblé, and other similar syncretist religions adopted the Catholic saints, or at least the images of the saints, and applied their own spirits/deities to them. They are worshiped in churches (where they appear as saints) and in religious festivals, where they appear as the deities. The name "santería" was originally a negative term for those whose worship of saints deviated from Catholic norms.

paragraphs: Buddhists hold the Arhats and Arahants in special esteem, as well as Bodhisattvas and Buddhas.

paragraphs: In Discordianism, anyone, living or dead, or even anything can be named a saint. Anyone may canonize anything or anyone else as everyone, whether they are aware of it or not, is a pope in the POEE. This is because "moral perfection isn't necessary for Discordian Sainthood. You just have to suffer a lot."

paragraphs: There are people who have been described as being Hindu saints, most of whom have also been more specifically identified by the terms Sant, Mahatma, Paramahamsa, or Swami, or with the titles "Sri" or "Srila".

paragraphs: The Arabic word "wali" (Arabic ولي, plural Awliyā' أولياء) is usually translated into English as "Saint". However, the "wali" should not be confused with the Christian tradition of sainthood. An important early scholar of Sunni Islamic beliefs, Ahmad ibn Muhammad al-Tahawi, mentioned in his book "Al-Aqidah At-Tahawiya":

paragraphs: "We do not prefer any of the saintly men among the Ummah over any of the Prophets but rather we say that any one of the Prophets is better than all the awliya' put together. We believe in what we know of Karamat, the marvels of the awliya' and in authentic stories about them from trustworthy sources.

paragraphs: Unlike Prophets and Messengers, the "awliya" can be either male and female. One of the best known female saints is Rabi`a al-Adawiyya.

paragraphs: It is widely regarded in Islam that the saints of saints is Ali Ibn Abi Talib the cousin of Muhammad all Sufi orders originate through his teachings. In addition all saints regard him as their champion 'The Saints of Saints'

paragraphs: In Sufism, the major "wali" are considered to have been masters in the art of spiritual purification. Some groups within Islam hold the Hadrat (literally, Presence, a title of Sufi saints) in esteem.

paragraphs: The word "Tzadik" "righteous", and its associated meanings, developed in Rabbinic thought from its Talmudic contrast with "Hasid" ("Pious" honorific), to its exploration in Ethical literature, and its spiritualisation in Kabbalah. In Hasidic Judaism, the institution of the Tzadik assumed central importance.

paragraphs: The concept of sant or bhagat is found in North Indian religious thought including Sikhism. Figures such as Kabir, Ravidas, Nanak, and others are widely regarded as belonging to the Sant tradition. Some of their mystical compositions are incorporated in the Guru Granth Sahib. The term "Sant" is still sometimes loosely applied to living individuals in the Sikh and related communities.


title: Anne Bancroft

paragraphs: Anne Bancroft (September 17, 1931 - June 6, 2005) was an American actress. She was born Anna Maria Louisa Italiano in the Bronx, New York City. She had Italian grandparents and was raised Roman Catholic.

paragraphs: She won an Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1962 movie "The Miracle Worker". She also won three BAFTA Awards, an Emmy Award, two Golden Globe Awards and two Tony Awards. She is best known for her role as Mrs Robinson in "The Graduate".

paragraphs: Her first marriage ended in divorce. Her second marriage was to actor-filmmaker Mel Brooks. It lasted from 1964 until her death in Mount Sinai Hospital, Manhattan, New York City, from uterine cancer. Their son, writer Max Brooks (born 1972), is her only child.


title: Apples and oranges

paragraphs: Apples and oranges is a common English idiom. It is used to describe unlike objects or people. One of the most well-known bits of popular wisdom in the English-speaking world is that apples and oranges cannot be compared. The ability to tell apples from oranges is learned.

paragraphs: The phrase is almost always used along with a warning that things in different categories cannot be compared, or that the comparison is improper.

paragraphs: This idiom began as a comparison of "apples and oysters" in a book of proverbs published in 1670. This idiom has become a marker in English-speaking culture. Idioms are a common stumbling block for learners of a language.

paragraphs: In French-speaking Quebec, the idiom is "comparer des pommes avec des oranges" (to compare apples and oranges), In Europe, the French idiom is "comparer des pommes et des poires" (to compare apples and pears).

paragraphs: In Latin America, the Spanish idiom is "comparar papas y boniatos" (comparing potatoes and sweet potatoes) or "comparar peras con manzanas" (comparing pears and apples).

paragraphs: In British English, the phrase "chalk and cheese" means the same thing as "apples and oranges".

paragraphs: In order to compare anything, there needs to be a theory to be proven and framework for testing the theory. Three basic questions come first:

paragraphs: The idiom has inspired scientific research projects. For example, the "British Medical Journal" published a study of red delicious apples compared with navel oranges. They were found to have many similarities.

paragraphs: There are differences in nutritional value.

paragraphs: Experiments at NASA Ames Research Center showed that apples and oranges decay at similar rates.


title: Hardness

paragraphs: Hardness is a measure of how much a material resists changes in shape. Hard things resist pressure. Some examples of hard materials are diamond, boron carbide, quartz, tempered steel, ice, granite, concrete. Ability of material to resist wear, tear, scratching, abrasion cutting is called hardness.

paragraphs: Harder materials are more difficult to cut and shape than softer ones. They are also usually more brittle which means they do not bend much but can shatter. Hard materials are used in cutting tools, machines and construction materials and other industrial goods.

paragraphs: Hardness tests are important in materials science. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness tests the hardness of minerals. The Brinell scale and various compression tests and rebound tests are more used for metals and artificial materials.


title: Asia Pacific

paragraphs: Asia-Pacific or Asia Pacific (abbreviated as Asia-Pac, Asia Pac, Apac, APAC, APNIC, APJ, JAPA or JAPAC) is the part of the world in or near the Western Pacific Ocean. The region varies in size. It typically includes much of East Asia, Southeast Asia, and Oceania.

paragraphs: The term may also include Russia (on the North Pacific) and countries in North and South America which are on the coast of the Eastern Pacific Ocean; the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), for example, includes Canada, Chile, Russia, Mexico, Peru, and the United States.

paragraphs: The term sometimes includes all of Asia and Australasia as well as the many Pacific island nations.

paragraphs: Even though imprecise, the term has become popular since the late 1980s in commerce, finance and politics. It is popular even though the economies within the region are not the same.)

paragraphs: The Asia-Pacific region generally includes:


title: Small Island Developing States

paragraphs: Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are low-lying coastal countries. They share similar problems because of their size. Some of these problems are: small but growing populations, limited resources, and long distances from other countries.

paragraphs: The SIDS were first seen as a distinct group of developing countries at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in June 1992. The Barbados Programme of Action was made in 1994 to help the SIDS to develop.

paragraphs: Currently, the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs lists 44 small island developing states. These are broken down into three geographic regions: the Caribbean; the Pacific; and Africa, Indian Ocean, Mediterranean and South China Sea (AIMS). Each of these regions has a regional organisation for cooperation: the Caribbean Community, the Pacific Islands Forum and the Indian Ocean Commission.


title: Provinces of Vanuatu

paragraphs: Vanuatu is divided into six provinces. It has been divided this way since 1994.

paragraphs: The provinces are divided into municipalities (usually consisting of an individual island) headed by a council and a mayor elected from among the members of the council.

paragraphs: From 1985 to 1994 Vanuatu was divided into eleven island regions:

paragraphs: During the Condominium era, specifically from 1968 to 1984 the group was divided into four administrative districts:


title: Gran Valira

paragraphs: The Gran Valira is the biggest river in Andorra. It flows through the capital, Andorra la Vella, and exits the country in the south near the Spain–Andorra road border crossing.

paragraphs: The Gran Valira is a tributary to the Segre, a tributary to the Ebro. It flows into the Segre in La Seu d'Urgell, Spain.

paragraphs: The Gran Valira river has a length of , only outside Andorra, and a drainage basin with an area of for the whole Valira system including the Valira d'Orient and the Valira del Nord rivers.

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at La Seu d'Urgell in the Catalonia, Spain.

paragraphs: The Valira river has the shape of "Y". The upper branches are the "Valira del Nord" an the "Valira d'Orient" rivers. They join in Escaldes-Engordany and, from here, the river is called the "Gran Valira".

paragraphs: Le Valira del Nord river is also called "Valira de la Massana", "Valira de Ordino" or "ribera de Ordino". It starts in the "Estanys de Tristaina", a group of 3 lakes in northwestern Andorra, in the Ordino parish at an altitude of above sea level. From here, the river flows to the centre of the country, flowing through the villages El Serrat, Les Salines, Llorts, Arans, La Cortinada, Ansalonga, Ordino, La Massana, Anyós and Engordany (part of Escaldes-Engordany). Its main tributaries are the "Sorteny" and "Arinsal" rivers.

paragraphs: The Valira d'Orient river is also called "Valira de Encamp", "Valira de Canillo" or "Valira de Soldeu". It starts in the "Cirque des Pessons" in northeastern Andorra, in the Encamp parish. From here, the river flows through the villages Soldeu, El Tarter, L'Aldosa, El Vilar, Canillo, Molleres, Les Bons, Encamp et Escaldes (part of Escaldes-Engordany). Its main tributary is the "Madriu" river.

paragraphs: The Gran Valira river starts with the confluence of the two previous rivers in Escaldes-Engordany. It flows through the towns Andorra la Vella, Santa Coloma, La Margineda, Aixovall and Sant Julià de Lòria. Then it flows into Spain where it is joined, by the left side, by its main tributary, the Runer river.

paragraphs: Finally, it flows into the Segre river in La Seu d'Urgell.


title: Water bodies of Azerbaijan

paragraphs: Below is a list of the water bodies of Azerbaijan, which include rivers and lakes. Canals which are artificial rivers and reservoirs which are artifical lakes are also a part of Azerbaijan's water systems.

paragraphs: The hydrography of Azerbaijan basically belongs to the Caspian Sea drainage basin.

paragraphs: There are 8,359 rivers of various lengths within Azerbaijan. Of them 8,188 rivers are less than 25 kilometers in length. Only 24 rivers are over 100 kilometers long. The largest rivers that flow through the country are:

paragraphs: The rivers in Azerbaijan can be divided into three groups:

paragraphs: The Kur and Aras are the longest rivers in Azerbaijan. The rivers directly flow into the Caspian Sea. They come from the north-eastern slope of the Greater Caucasus and Talysh Mountains and run along the Samur-Devechi and Lenkeran lowlands.

paragraphs: The Kur River drainage basin area (86,000 km²) up to the junction with the Aras River is smaller than the Aras drainage basin (101,937 km²). The river is still called Kur on the junction because the water level of the Kura is twice as high as that of the Aras River.

paragraphs: There are over 60 water reservoirs. These help guide the river flow in Azerbaijan. Most of them are used for irrigation. The largest water reservoirs are:


title: Hulme

paragraphs: Hulme is an inner city area and electoral ward of Manchester, England which is south of Manchester city centre and divided from it by the River Medlock. Historically a part of Lancashire, the name Hulme comes from the Old Norse word for a small island, or land surrounded by water or marsh, showing that it was probably settled by Norse invaders during the period of the Danelaw.

paragraphs: The part of Hulme nearest to Old Trafford is known as Cornbrook from the Corn Brook, a tributary of the River Irwell. The Bridgewater Canal passes through Hulme. Chorlton-on-Medlock is to the east, Moss Side to the south and Old Trafford to the west.


title: Jean Coralli

paragraphs: Jean Coralli (January 15, 1779 – May 1, 1854), born Jean Coralli Peracini, was a French dancer and choreographer of Italian background. He debuted in Paris in 1803. He choreographed for Vienna, Milan, Lisbon, and Marseilles. He later held the post of First Ballet Master of the Paris Opéra Ballet. He is best known for the creation of the Romantic ballet "Giselle" (1841). This ballet was choreographed with Jules Perrot. Other ballets include "Le Diable Boiteux", "La Tarentule", and "La Péri".


title: Heather Whitestone

paragraphs: Heather Leigh Whitestone (born February 24, 1973) is an American former beauty queen. She became Miss America 1995 on September 17, 1994. She was the first deaf Miss America. She lost most of her hearing about 18 months after birth.


title: Major Lance

paragraphs: Major Lance (April 4, 1939, 1941 or 1942, – September 3, 1994) was a solo singer. 'Major' was his given name; it was not a nickname or stage name. Born in Winterville, Mississippi, Lance moved to Chicago as a kid and became friends with Otis Leavill Cobb. Both of them took boxing and also worked at a drug store.

paragraphs: Although he was arrested a couple of times in his life and his earliest records were not successful, Lance was most known for his music hits in the United States called "Monkey Time" and "Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um". He was considered the most successful Okeh artist. After these hits, he became an iconic figure in Britain, where he lived throughout in the 1970s, among followers of Northern soul.

paragraphs: Lance continued to tour and perform at clubs and music festivals, such as in the United Kingdom and England, until he died in 1994 from a certain heart attack at the age of 55. Lance is buried in Homewood, Illinois.

paragraphs: Major Lance was born in Winterville, Mississippi. There has been something confusing over Lance's birth year; some sources say he was born 1941 or 1942 (as Lance claimed), while his gravestone states he was born in 1939. 'Major' was his given name; it was not a nickname or stage name. Major Lance was one of 12 children. One of his hobbies was playing Baseball.

paragraphs: Lance moved with his family on the northwest side of Chicago in the Cabrini-Green projects, where there was a lot of crime in the area, as a child. After moving to Chicago, he developed a boyhood friendship with another singer named Otis Leavill Cobb. They both attended Wells High School. This was the same school Curtis Mayfield and Jerry Butler, who were also both singers too, went to. Mayfield called him a "sparkly fellow, and a great basketball player, which is probably how we met. His hero was Jackie Wilson, and he was always coming round and looking through my bag for songs that I'd written but didn't want to do with the Impressions. He was pretty good at picking them, too." Lance and Otis both toke boxing and were also singing as members of the Five Gospel Harmonaires. Both of them also worked together at a drug store.

paragraphs: Lance and Otis Leavill formed a group named the Floats in the mid-1950s. However, they broke up before recording any songs. But Lance became a featured dancer on a local TV show named "Time for Teens", and presenter Jim Lounsbury gave him a one-off record deal with Mercury Records. Mercury released his single "I Got a Girl", written and produced by Curtis Mayfield, in 1959, which was not successful. Because of this, Lance worked at various jobs over the next few years.

paragraphs: Lance signed with OKeh Records in 1962 as Curtis Mayfield recommended. Major was constantly showing up at the Okeh offices, offering to run errands for Carl Davis, telling him about the record he'd once made and how he and Curtis Mayfield were friends from their childhood. Major Lance's first single was called "Delilah", which was made by Curtis Mayfield. Although it was not successful, it made his partnership with a writing and arranging team for Curtis Mayfield, Carl Davis, and Johnny Pate, often with members of Mayfield's music group called The Impressions on backing vocals. Together they made a distinctive, Latin-tinged sound which epitomised Chicago soul unlike other music.

paragraphs: Major Lance's second Okeh single was called "The Monkey Time". This song was also written by Mayfield. Unlike his first Okeh single, Monkey Time was a success, becoming #2 on the "Billboard" R&B chart. It was also the #8 pop hit in 1963. "The Monkey Time" became Okeh's first hit single for 10 years.

paragraphs: His hits quickly became more successful, including "Hey Little Girl", "Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um" (his biggest hit, reaching #5 in the US pop chart and #40 in the UK, where it was his only chart success. It was also one of the top 100 on the Billboard chart in 1964), "The Matador" (the only one not written by Mayfield), "Rhythm", "Sometimes I Wonder", "Come See", and "Ain't It A Shame".

paragraphs: Lance and Davis continued to work together, during the time Pate and Mayfield left Okeh Records. "Too Hot To Hold" was a minor hit, but they had poor success before Davis left the company in turn. During this period, Lance toured in the United Kingdom. This is where he was supported by Bluesology, a band including pianist Reggie Dwight (Reggie was later known as Elton John.). Over the next two years he began working with several music producers. Soon after Lance left OKeh Records in 1968 and moved to Dakar Records, where he had the Top 40 R&B hit "Follow the Leader." He then moved to Mayfield's label named Curtom Records, which resulted in his last two Top 40 R&B hits, "Stay Away From Me (I Love You too Much)" and "Must Be Love Coming Down." One of Lance's song recorded at Curtom called "Stay Away From Me" was listed #4 in Jet Magazine's "Soul Brothers Top 20". He left Curtom in 1971, and recorded for Volt and Columbia Records labels for a short amount of time.

paragraphs: Lance moved to England in 1972. He was to become "legendary as a UK club act, known to deliver 110% at every performance." During his time in England, he recorded an album, "Major Lance's Greatest Hits Recorded Live At The Torch", recorded at The Torch, a club in Stoke-on-Trent, which has been described as "perhaps the best Northern Soul album ever made". Lance returned to Atlanta in 1974. He recorded an updated disco version of "Um, Um, Um, Um, Um, Um" for Playboy Records. He set up a new label, Osiris, with Al Jackson, a former drummer for Booker T and the MG, but again with little success, and his songs became less popular. But later found that his recordings had become popular on the beach music circuit in the Carolinas, where he continued to perform at live performances. He recorded a comeback album, "The Major's Back", and several tracks for the Kat Family label.

paragraphs: Major Lance was married to Christine Boular Lance, and had nine children. He was 6'6 foot tall.

paragraphs: Lance was arrested two times in his life. In 1965, Lance was arrested in violation of the Paternity Act. A Chicago Women, Para Lee Thomas, told she had a son named "Ronnie Maurice Lance" (born ). She declared Lance who promised to pay her doctor and hospital bills around $375, but defaulted in the payment. Judge Benjamin J. Kanter issued for the arrest, setting Lance's bond at $1,000. After recording briefly for the Motown Records subsidiary label Soul in 1978, he was convicted of cocaine possession and was sentenced to four years in Jail.

paragraphs: In 1987, Lance was diagnosed with a heart attack, and he became nearly blind from glaucoma. As a result, he made no more recordings since. In June 1994, he gave his final performance at the 11th Chicago Blues Festival. In September of that year, he died in his sleep at the age of 55 of heart disease in Decatur, Georgia. He was survived by his family. He is buried at Washington Memory Gardens Cemetery in Homewood, Illinois.


title: Shin Saimdang

paragraphs: Shin Saimdang (; , 29 October 1504 – 17 May 1551) or Lady Saimdang Shin (, ) was an artist, poet, writer, and Confucian scholar during the Joseon dynasty of Korea. long time aged she was worship, honored as a symbol of wise mother and wife.

paragraphs: Her real name was Inseon. Her pen names were Saimdang, Inimdang, Imdang, Imsajae. She was the mother of Yi I, the Korean philosopher.


title: Hwang Jinyi

paragraphs: Hwang Jinyi (c. 1520 - c. 1560) was a gisaeng of the Joseon Dynasty who lived during the reign of King Jungjong. Her "gisaeng" name was Myeongwol (meaning "bright moon"). She was said to be charming, witty, very beautiful, and very smart. Her personal life has inspired movies, a TV series, operas, and many novels. She has become a modern popular cultural icon of Korea.


title: Enamorada de Ti (album)

paragraphs: Enamorada de Ti () is a remix album by American singer Selena. It was released on April 3, 2012 by EMI Latin records. It contains remixed songs that were released before Selena's death. It also includes duets with Don Omar, Selena Gomez, Juan Magan, Samo from the Mexican band Camila and the Carlos Santana band. The purpose of the album was to "bring Selena's music into today's pop music scene". Her songs were given "updated" beats and rhythms. The songs remixed were turned into ballads, electronic dance music and reggaeton. Within an hour of its release, the album peaked at number-one on the US iTunes Store and Mexico iTunes Store. The lead single, "Amor Prohibido" (with Samo) peaked at number 20 on the US Latin Pop Airplay and number 48 on the Hot Latin Tracks. The single is currently charting and have been for over a month.


title: Citroën AX

paragraphs: The Citroën AX is a automobile produced by Citroën. It replaced the Citroën LN and Citroën Visa in 1986, and were replaced by the Citroën Saxo in 1996.


title: Margalla Hills

paragraphs: The Margalla Hills (Urdu: مرگله کی پہاڑىاں) is a mountain range in the lesser Himalayas. The Hills are north of Islamabad. The Margalla Range has an area of . The hills are an 'off shoot' or linked part of the bigger Murree hills. It is a range with many valleys as well as mountains. Its highest peak is Tilla Charouni, in its eastern end, which is 1,604 metres tall. The range has an average elevation of 1000 metres. The range gets some snow in some higher places in winters.

paragraphs: Damn-e-Koh is a garden viewing point in the middle of the Margalla Hills. Daman-e-Koh is a midpoint for tourists on their way to the higher view point. There is a plan to construct a chairlift from Daman-e-Koh to Pir Sohawa. Monkeys are a common sight during winter. Cheetahs are frequently reported to descend from higher hills of Murree during snowfall.

paragraphs: Monal is a family resort in the Margalla Hills. It has a restaurant and point from where you can view the city of Islamabad. It is a short way up the Margalla hills. It attracts tourists from several places to eat, buy and enjoy. There is a Motion Ride too.

paragraphs: Pir Sohawa is a rapidly developing tourist resort located 17 kilometers (11 mi) from Islamabad on top of Margalla Hills. It has a 3000 plus ft elevation and located in Monal village which is geographically part of Haripur District.Bright hills is a holiday resorts at scenic views of canyons on Margalla hills.

paragraphs: Margalla National Park is located in the foothills of the Margalla. The park includes the Margalla Hills, which form's the foothills of the Himalayas, along with Shakarparian Park and Rawal Lake. Established in 1980, Margalla Hills National Park covers approximately 17,386 hectares (67.13 sq mi).

paragraphs: Margalla is famous for its hiking routes that go till Pir Sohawa and above. Some famous routes are:


title: Kherimurat

paragraphs: Kherimurat is a mountain range in district Rawalpindi, Punjab, Pakistan. It is long. Its highest point is Tilla Kherimurat at high.


title: Kherimar

paragraphs: Kherimar is a mountain range in district Attock, Punjab, Pakistan. It is long and wide. Its highest point is high.


title: Çankaya University

paragraphs: Çankaya University is a school found in Ankara, Turkey on July 9, 1997. Çankaya University has 4 faculties and 1 vocational training School. It has 3,879 students.


title: Marlee Matlin

paragraphs: Marlee Bethany Matlin (born August 24 1965) is an American television and movie actress. She is also deaf. Deaf means she cannot hear. She is the only deaf person to win an Academy Award for Best Actress. At the age of 21, she was also the youngest woman in history to win. She won for her part in "Children of a Lesser God". In addition to her acting work, she also works with the National Association of the Deaf. She is known for her work on television shows such as "Reasonable Doubts", "Desperate Housewives", "The West Wing", and "Switched at Birth".

paragraphs: Matlin was born in Morton Grove, Illinois to Libby and Donald Matlin. Her father sold cars for a living. She has two older brothers. They are Eric and Marc. At 18 months of age, she lost all hearing in her right ear and 80% of her hearing in her left ear. She thinks she lost her hearing because of a genetic problem in her cochlea. She is the only person in her family who is deaf.

paragraphs: Her family is Jewish. Matlin had a Bat Mitzvah. A Bat Mitzvah is a coming of age party for girls in the Jewish tradition. She had to read the Torah. The Torah is an important book for Jewish people, and it is in Hebrew. Because she was deaf, she learned to read it by memorizing the sounds of the Hebrew letters. She went to John Hersey High School in Arlington Heights and Harper College.

paragraphs: As a child, she had some bad experiences. Two adults touched her in a sexual way. This is called sexual abuse or molestation. She was molested by her babysitter when she was 11 years old and later by a teacher in high school.

paragraphs: Matlin first acted when she was seven years old as Dorothy in the "Wizard of Oz" for a children's theater. As a child, she acted many times with the children's theater. Henry Winkler saw her at one of these shows and asked her to act in "Children of a Lesser God" (1986). "Children of a Lesser God" is about a deaf woman who works cleaning a deaf school. A new teacher comes to the school, and he tries to get her to speak out loud. They fall in love, but because she is deaf and he is hearing, there are some problems. For this movie, Matlin won an Academy Award for Best Actress and Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Drama.

paragraphs: In 1988, Matlin was a guest on "Sesame Street". She sang "Just the Way You Are" with Billy Joel. She used sign language during the song and hugged Oscar the Grouch at the end.

paragraphs: From 1991-1993, Matlin worked on "Reasonable Doubts" which was a crime show. Matlin was a deaf lawyer, and she worked with a police officer who knew sign language. The police officer was played by Mark Harmon. For "Reasonable Doubts" Matlin was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for lead female. Nominate means that people suggest that she should win.

paragraphs: Next, from 1993-1996 Matlin worked on "Picket Fences." This television show was about strange things in the town of Rome, Wisconsin. At first, Matlin was a guest on this show. In the third year of the show, her character became the leader of the town. During the last year of the show, Matlin was a regular actress on the show. She was nominated for an Emmy Award for her work on "Picket Fences.""

paragraphs: In 1994, Matlin acted as Carrie Buck in "Against Her Will: The Carrie Buck Story" (1994). This television movie is about the United States Supreme Court case "Buck v. Bell" 274 U.S. 200 (1927). Matlin played a hearing woman for the first time, and she was nominated for a CableACE award for Best Actress.

paragraphs: From 2000-2006, Matlin worked on "The West Wing." This television show is about the American White House. Matlin's character helped the President.

paragraphs: Matlin was also a guest on many television shows such as "Seinfeld" ("The Lip Reader"), "ER", "The Practice", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", "Desperate Housewives", and "." She was nominated for Emmy Awards for her work on "Seinfeld", "Law & Order: Special Victims Unit", and "The Practice".

paragraphs: From 2007-2009, Matlin worked on "The L Word". Matlin started working on this television show in its fourth year. She was Jodi Lerner. Jodi is a gay artist who works with stone. Jodi is the girlfriend of the show's main character, Bette Porter. Bette Porter is played by Jennifer Beals.

paragraphs: In 2008, Matlin appeared on "Dancing with the Stars". Matlin danced with Fabian Sanchez. They were the sixth group to leave the competition.

paragraphs: Matlin did another reality television show called "The Celebrity Apprentice". "The Celebrity Apprentice" is hosted by Donald Trump and is on NBC. Matlin finished in second place. She won some money, and she gave the money to the Starkey Hearing Foundation. In the fifth show called "The Art of the Deal" on April 3, 2011, Matlin made $986,000 for her group. This was the most money ever given at one time on a television show before. Trump added $14,000 to make one million dollars to give to the Starkey Hearing Foundation.

paragraphs: In addition to acting, Matlin has done other public work. On October 15-18, 2004, Matlin was the host of the 3rd Annual Festival for Cinema of the Deaf in Chicago. Annual means people do it every year. On February 4, 2007, Matlin sang the "Star Spangled Banner" in American Sign Language at the 41st Super Bowl in Miami, Florida.

paragraphs: On May 6, 2009, Matlin got a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.

paragraphs: Matlin appears on "Switched at Birth". "Switched at Birth" is a family television show on ABC.

paragraphs: In 2002, Matlin wrote her first book. It is called "Deaf Child Crossing", and it is based on her childhood. She also wrote a second book called "Nobody's Perfect." The second book was turned into a stage show at the John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts in October 2007.

paragraphs: In 2009, Matlin wrote a book about herself. The name is "I'll Scream Later". She tells about her drug problem and about the time when she was dating William Hurt. William Hurt is also an actor.

paragraphs: Matlin married Kevin Grandalski on August 29, 1993. Grandalski is a police officer. They met when she was working on "Reasonable Doubts". Grandalski was working security and helping with traffic that day. They have four children: Sarah, Brandon, Tyler, and Isabelle.

paragraphs: Matlin works with many groups to help people. She works with Easter Seals, the Children Affected by AIDS Foundation, and the Red Cross. She also supports Jewish groups.

paragraphs: In 1987, Matlin got an honorary degree from Gallaudet University.


title: Memrise

paragraphs: Memrise is a free online language-learning website. It uses flashcards with mnemonics to teach. Users are tested by multiple choice and type-in tests. Memrise was founded by Ed Cooke and Greg Detre. Memrise is headquartered in England.

paragraphs: Memrise uses what's called "elaborate encoding" to help users remember different concepts.


title: Karl Weierstraß

paragraphs: Karl Theodor Wilhelm Weierstraß (31 October 1815 - 19 February 1897) was a German mathematician. Most of his work is about using logic as a thorough foundation of analysis. He mainly used power series for this. He also provided foundations for the theory of elliptic functions, differential geometry and the calculus of variations. The Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem is named in his honour: according to the theorem, finite series have certain properties: finite convergent series of complex numbers have at least one limit point, those of real numbers have at least two. He criticised earlier mathematicians for using assumptions too often, and being too vague in their definitions.


title: Tilla Charouni

paragraphs: Tilla Charouni is the highest peak of Margala Hills National Park in northern Pakistan. Its height is 1604 m / 5263 feet. It is also the highest peak of District Islamabad and District Haripur as it is on the boundary of both districts. It is covered with pine trees.


title: Rivers of Ivory Coast

paragraphs: Four major river systems are in Ivory Coast. They flow from north to south, draining into the Gulf of Guinea. From west to east these are:

paragraphs: In the north, many smaller tributaries change to dry streambeds between rains.


title: Dezső Czigány

paragraphs: Dezső Czigány (June 1, 1883-December 31, 1937) was a Hungarian painter.

paragraphs: He was a member of "The Eight," which was Hungarian group of artists. The Eight was founded in early 1909.


title: Rachel Berry

paragraphs: Rachel Berry is a fictional character from the FOX musical comedy-drama series "Glee". The character is played by actress Lea Michele. The character first appeared in "Glee" from its pilot episode. It was first broadcast on May 19, 2009. Rachel was created by "Glee" creators Ryan Murphy, Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan. She is the glee club captain of the fictional William McKinley High School in Lima, Ohio, where the show is set. Her storylines have seen her suffer feeling alone because of her ambition to win. She has also developed romantic feelings for Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff), a member of the rival (enemy) glee club Vocal Adrenaline. She also had many dates with quarterback and glee club co-captain Finn Hudson (Cory Monteith). The two eventually become engaged.

paragraphs: Michele has stated that she was just like Rachel when she was younger. She had inspiration to play the role as Rachel. These include the movie "Election" and other television roles such as the "Gossip Girl" character Blair Waldorf. Michele has said that she feels "vulnerable" while playing Rachel. She stated, "Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't (are not) considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out." Michele added, "What's so great about "Glee" is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't matter: You can still be who you want to be."

paragraphs: Rachel is a "strong, driven girl" but somewhat nervous about herself. "Glee" follows Rachel's journey to become more of a team player. She does this to fulfill her own dreams. Michele was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series" in 2010. She was also nominated for a Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy" in 2010 and 2011. Rachel has received mostly positive reviews from critics. Maureen Ryan of "The Chicago Tribune" thanked Michele for making the character "more than a humorless (not funny) stereotype". However, "The Wall Street Journal"s Raymund Flandez has described Rachel as "insufferable" (annoying). Several songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as digital download singles. They have also been included on the series' soundtrack albums.

paragraphs: Rachel is the daughter of an interracial same-sex couple. She is Jewish and was named after Rachel Green from "Friends". She joins the glee club. She hopes that fame will increase her popularity and to find a boyfriend. She is bullied by members of the school cheerleading and football teams. She is, however, excited that quarterback Finn Hudson joins the club. She then develops a crush on him. The two kisses in the episode "Showmance". However, Finn tells her to forget that it happened and continues dating his girlfriend, cheerleader Quinn Fabray (Dianna Agron). Rachel quits the glee club. She does this because she is not given a solo she wanted. She is then given the lead role in the school musical, "Cabaret". However, she later quits the musical and rejoins the glee club. She returns because she rather have friends then be alone. She has a short relationship with another glee club member, Puck (Mark Salling). He is also Jewish, and is a football player who used to bully her. Rachel later breaks up with him because she still has feelings for Finn. She later learns that Quinn's pregnancy was not caused by him but by Puck. She then tells Finn the truth who then attacks Puck. Finn then breaks up with Quinn and drops out of glee club. He returns on the day of the group's first major competition, the Sectionals. He does this to undo damage by cheerleading couch Sue Sylvester (Jane Lynch). The group makes up a completely new set list. Rachel starts the show with a solo of "Don't Rain on My Parade". They win by an agreement decision.

paragraphs: For a short time Rachel believes that she is dating Finn. However, he tells her that he needs to take time out for himself. He changes his mind soon after. By that time, Rachel has already begun dating Jesse St. James (Jonathan Groff). He is the lead singer of the enemy glee club Vocal Adrenaline. The rest of the glee club tries to convince Rachel to break up with Jesse. However, he transfers (moved) to William McKinley. He then joins New Directions. Rachel tells Jesse that her dream is to find her birth mother. He offers to help her do so. However, he already knows who it is: Vocal Adrenaline coach Shelby Corcoran (Idina Menzel). Shelby asked Jesse to befriend Rachel. She hopes that it might reconnect with her daughter. Shelby cannot directly contact Rachel until she is eighteen. When Rachel discovers that Shelby is her mother they begin to talk. They both confess to not feel an anything. They eventually decide to not develop a relationship. Jesse betrays Rachel and returns to Vocal Adrenaline. In the episode "Journey to Regionals", Finn tells Rachel that he loves her. Although they lose the competition to Vocal Adrenaline, they become a couple.

paragraphs: Sue Sylvester tells glee club director Will Schuester (Matthew Morrison) about a rule. The rule is that there has to be a minimum of twelve students when competing. Will tells the glee club that they have to find new members. At first Rachel encourages Sunshine Corazon (Charice) to try out. However, when she realizes that she is a good singer, she gives her wrong directions to the auditions. She gives Sunshine directions to an inactive (no longer in service) crack house. Sunshine then transfers (moves to) Carmel High School and joins Vocal Adrenaline. Puck and Finn's friendship becomes stronger again. They work together and sing horribly at the duets competition. They do this so new club member Sam Evans (Chord Overstreet) wins instead. They want him to feel welcomed and appreciated by the club. Rachel later finds out that Finn slept with cheerleader Santana Lopez (Naya Rivera) the previous year. At the time, Rachel was dating Jesse. Finn lied to Rachel, though Rachel herself had lied. She said she slept with Jesse which she had not. Feeling hurt, she makes out with Puck to hurt Finn back. This causes Finn to break up with her. Rachel later tries get back with Finn. However, he begins to dating Quinn again. Feeling hurt, Rachel writes an original song for Regionals, "Get It Right". They win Regionals and Rachel is named MVP.

paragraphs: Just before junior prom, Jesse returns. Rachel invites him to the prom with her, Sam and Mercedes (Amber Riley). Finn and Jesse begins arguing at prom. They then begin to fight and are asked to leave prom. This hurts Finn and Quinn's campaign for prom king and queen. Finn breaks up with Quinn after he realizes he really loves Rachel. At Nationals in New York City, Finn begs Rachel to be his girlfriend again. She says no. She does this because she wants to stay focus on becoming a Broadway star. At the end of their duet—"Pretending", Rachel and Finn kiss. The audience become silent. The glee club comes in twelfth and did not make the top 10. Back in Ohio, Finn reminds Rachel that she has a year until graduation. They then kiss and restart their relationship.

paragraphs: Rachel and Kurt plan to go to a performing arts school in New York City after graduation. School counselor Emma Pillsbury (Jayma Mays) suggests they think about going to The York Academy of the Dramatic Arts (NYADA). The two go to an Ohio "mixer". They attend in hopes to get potential applicants. Rachel proposes McKinley do "West Side Story" as the school musical. She believes she can get the lead role Maria. She also needs the experience for her NYADA application. However, Mercedes also auditions for Maria. The directors were not able to choose between the two. After their callbacks, the casting directors decides to "double-cast" the role. Mercedes begins believing that she did better in the callbacks. She refuses to accept the double-casting. She then quit the show and gives Rachel the part. She and Finn decide to have sex in the episode "The First Time". In the episode "Mash Off", Rachel decides to run for class president. She takes herself off when she realizes Kurt will not go to NYADA if he does not win. In the episode "I Kissed a Girl", she starts an election ballot box. She does this because to keep Kurt from losing. He loses anyway and she tells Kurt what she had done. Rachel is then suspended from school for a week. She is also not allowed to compete in Sectionals with New Directions. While at Sectionals, glee club wins without her. At the end of the episode "Yes/No", Finn asks her to marry him. After taking time to think about it, she accepts.<ref name="Yes/No"></ref> Their parents find out in "Heart". They try everything they could to break them up. However, their plans only made it worse. Finn and Rachel announced their plan to get married in May. When the date seems to be too far away, they decide to get marry sooner. They decide to get marry after Regionals in "On My Way". New Directions wins at Regionals. Hours later, the ceremony begins at City Hall. Their parents arrive to New York. They try to end the wedding. Rachel is waiting for Quinn to arrive. She had to go home to get her bridesmaid dress. While Quinn is driving back to New York City, her car is hit by a truck.

paragraphs: Rachel is portrayed by Lea Michele. Younger Rachel has been played by Lauren Boles. When Ryan Murphy was casting for "Glee", he wanted actors who could take on theatrical roles. Murphy did not want to do network casting calls. He instead, spent three months on Broadway. He found Michele, who was starring in "Spring Awakening". The role of Rachel was written just for Michele. In an interview with "The Washington Post", Michele commented on her casting, saying: "I was kind of just thrown into this—this is one of the first television jobs I've ever had. Of course being able to sing helps bring a sense of comfort. The character I'm playing is really outgoing—she performs in her everyday life as though she's performing in front of a huge audience."

paragraphs: In December 2010, Murphy announced that the cast of "Glee" would be replaced. He stated that the replacements would happen at the end of the third season. Which would be around the time when they graduate. Murphy said: "Every year we're going to add a new group [of people]. There's nothing more sad than a high schooler with a bald spot." He also revealed that some of the original cast will leave as early as 2012: "I think you have to be true to the fact that here is a group of people who come and go in these teachers' lives." Murphy said in July 2011 that Michele would be one of the actors leaving. Michele commented on this, saying: "We always knew we'd graduate in real time. It's all part of the plan and it's all good! It's going to make Season 3 amazing! This is just the beginning!" However, Falchuk later stated that Michele, along with Chris Colfer and Cory Monteith will graduate at the end of the third season. He also said: "because they're (they are) graduating doesn't mean they're (they are) leaving the show." Falchuk also said: "it was never our plan or our intention to let them go…. They are not done with the show after this season."

paragraphs: Sandra Gonzalez of "Entertainment Weekly" commented on the news about the cast leaving. She said: "Indeed, a rolling cast list has done some shows good in the past. I'll admit that it took me some time to warm up to the 'new kids' on "Friday Night Lights", which ends its run tomorrow on NBC, but it was a well-done transition. What I loved most was that the new blood (group) didn't (did not) try to be the new versions of the old characters. They were new characters with completely different outlooks and goals. "Glee" could learn a lot from what "Friday Night Lights" accomplished (have done successfully): a seamless, realistic (real) transition (change). The problem? 'Seamless' and 'realistic' have never been "Glee"s strong points, which is not to say they couldn't (could not) be. But the question is: Is "Glee" looking to be the less-attractive comedy cousin of "Friday Night Lights"… or "Saved By the Bell: The New Class"?"

paragraphs: Michele took the role as Rachel because of her characterization. Michele explained: "Not only is she a singer, but she has so much heart—I think it's what we need on TV. A show that is filled with heart and love that is funny. It sends an amazing message to kids about the arts and being who you are." Michele described the first thirteen episodes of "Glee". She described it as: "Rachel's journey of finding herself within the glee club". She also said that "she's learning how to be a team player and work within this group. She's a very strong, driven girl, who's (who is) sometimes a little misunderstood."

paragraphs: "Glee"s costume designer Lou Eyrich described Rachel's costumes. Eyrich told "Entertainment Weekly": "Originally (at first), the inspiration for her look was Tracy Flick from "Election"—very buttoned-down (someone who is serious in the job they are doing), preppy (someone who looks like a high school student), obnoxious (not very well liked by people), squeaky clean, nerdy. But she's got at least 12 costume changes each episode. That same look all the time just gets boring for the screen (television) and for the actress to wear, so we spread it out a lot. We try to have her buttoned-up or wearing a nerdy sweater over a cute dress, like she doesn't quite get it right. Or she takes that sweater and tucks it into the skirt and pairs it with knee highs and flats. She makes it her way, which is more quirky. The popular girls find a way to make it look cool, but Rachel makes it look nerdy. But it's not old-school nerdy with thick glasses and pocket protectors. She thinks she's taking a trend and making it cool, but she wears it wrong."

paragraphs: Michele have stated that she was just like Rachel when she was younger. She also gets inspiration from the movie "Election", and "Gossip Girl" character Blair Waldorf. She has explained: "[Blair] is shady (a mean person), but you still love her. She's still vulnerable (easy to get hurt). That's what I try to do with Rachel. Rachel will never be popular because her looks aren't (are not) considered beautiful, and when I was in high school it was the same for me. I didn't get a nose job, and every single girl around me did. Therefore, I was out. I was not cool. What's so great about Glee is that it shows you how that kind of stuff hurts, but it doesn't (does not) matter: You can still be who you want to be. And in four years, high school will be over and all of that crap won't (will not) matter anyway."

paragraphs: Some songs performed by Michele as Rachel have been released as digital download singles. They were also on the soundtrack albums, "Glee: The Music, Volume 1" and "Glee: The Music, Volume 2". Rachel has received positive reviews from critics. Michele was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series" in 2010. She also was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy" in 2010. Robert A. George of the "New York Post" stated "the only female [in Glee] who doesn't (does not) come across as manipulative (easy to tell someone what to do) or vapidly (nothing good about her) helpless" (not able to help her own self). "Chicago Tribune"s Maureen Ryan wrote, "Lea Michele not only has an amazing voice but manages to make her character, spoiled (get's whatever she wants in life) diva Rachel Berry, more than a humorless (not funny) stereotype." Denise Martin of "The Los Angeles Times" commented in her review of the episode "The Rhodes Not Taken": "if there's any justice in the world, Lea Michele will win a Golden Globe and an Emmy for playing Rachel".

paragraphs: In the episode "Hairography", Kurt Hummel gives Rachel a bad make over. Mike Hale of the "New York Times" remembered a popular theme that critics give negative reviews because of the way "Glee" treats its female characters. Hale said that he understands why, but also says that the show equally treats male characters the same. However, he wrote that "it was a bit much when Finn looked at Rachel in her catsuit and frizzy hair and said she looked like a 'sad clown hooker.' Come on. She looked fantastic (really good)." Zap2it's Korbi Ghosh commented: "when we saw Rachel fall for them (Finn and Puck), she was actually relatable. Likable even. The type-A (best), uber-talented, self-involved (gets into things by herself) know-it-all (a person who believes they know everything) who's usually alienating her classmates let her guard down to expose (to show) a vulnerable side. And, as a bonus, we got some super solid musical performances from those awkward courtships."

paragraphs: Michele has won a number of awards for her portrayal of Rachel. Michele won the Satellite Awards for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Musical or Comedy Television Series" in 2009. She also won, as part of the cast, for "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" at the Screen Actors Guild Awards. In 2010, Michele won the NewNowNext Awards for "Brink of Fame: Actor". In 2009, she was nominated for a Teen Choice Awards in the category "Choice TV Breakout Star". That same year, Michele was nominated for a Golden Globe for "Best Actress - Television Series Musical or Comedy". She also was nominated for an Emmy Award for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series". She received another Teen Choice Award nomination in 2010 for "Choice TV Actress: Comedy". Michele was included in "Time" magazine's 2010 list of the "100 Most Influential People In the World". Her cover of The All-American Rejects' "Gives You Hell" reached the top 40 on the US "Billboard" 200. Michele is featured as lead singer in 14 of the top 20 selling Glee Cast songs as of 2010. She won the 2012 People's Choice Award for "Favorite TV Comedy Actress".

paragraphs: Michele was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 2011. The first for "Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals" ("Don't Stop Believin"). The second for "Best Compilation Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television, or Other Visual Media" ("Glee: The Music, Volume 1"). Michele said of the first Grammy nomination: "I like that it's for 'Don't Stop Believin", which is for the whole cast, so that we all get to go. That's just awesome." She was nominated again for "Best Actress- Television Series Musical or Comedy" at the 2011 Golden Globe Awards. The cast of Glee was also nominated for the "Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series" award at the 2011 and 2012 Screen Actors Guild Awards.


title: Audrey Tautou

paragraphs: Audrey Justine Tautou (born in Beaumont on 9 August 1976) is a French actress and model. She made her acting debut at 18 on television and the following year in the feature film in "Venus Beauty Institute" (1999) when she won the "César Award for Most Promising Actress". Tautou got recognition for her work in the 2001 film "Amélie", which was a box office success.

paragraphs: She has been nominated three times for the César Award and twice for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She became one of the few French actors in history to have been invited to join the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) in June 2004; she is a member of the Academy since 1 September 2006.

paragraphs: Tautou has modeled for companies such as Chanel, Montblanc, L'Oréal, and others.

paragraphs: Tautou was born in Beaumont in the Puy-de-Dôme department, France, and was raised together with her two sisters and his brother in the city of Montluçon (Allier, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes). Her father is a dental surgeon, and her mother is a teacher. Tautou started her acting lessons at the Cours Florent, an acting school in Paris.

paragraphs: These are the movies where Tautou has acted:


title: Taryn Manning

paragraphs: Taryn Manning (born 6 November 1978) is an American singer, actress and designer. She as raised in Tucson, Arizona. She has performed in many movies in the span of multiple genres from comedy to science fiction. She acted in the movie "Crossroads".


title: American Reunion

paragraphs: American Reunion is the fourth and final movie of the "American Pie" comedy series. It stars Mena Suvari, Alyson Hannigan and Natasha Lyonne. It was released in April 2012.


title: Natasha Lyonne

paragraphs: Natasha Lyonne (born Natasha Braunstein, April 4, 1979) is an American actress. She is Jewish and grew up in New York City, Israel and Miami. As a young child she was signed by Ford Modeling Agency. She has been in movies in the "American Pie" comedy series. She currently plays Nicky Nichols in Orange Is the New Black. In 2012 she played Tiffani in Weeds, a show made by the creator of Orange Is the New Black.


title: Jennifer Coolidge

paragraphs: Jennifer Coolidge (born August 28, 1963 in Boston, Massachusetts) is an American movie and television Actress and Comedian. She acted in "American Pie" in 1999 and "Legally Blonde" in 2001. She has a recurring role in the 2011 television series "2 Broke Girls". She also acted in many other movies and television programs.


title: Sakaser

paragraphs: Sakaser is the highest mountain in the Salt Range area in Pothohar in Pakistan. "Saki" relates to "Sakia" or Buddha and "sar" means "pond". There is a large lake just below the mountain. It is in Khushab District but it can be seen from districts of Mianwali and Chakwal.


title: Tilla Jogian

paragraphs: Tilla Jogian is the highest hill in District Jhelum, Punjab, Pakistan. Its height is . It is about from Jhelum city. The river Jhelum flows beside it. Tilla Jogian can be seen from the nearby districts. There is as a ruined old temple and water tank on top of the Tilla Jogian.

paragraphs: It is said or claimed by various people that the temple of Tilla Jogian was founded in 100 B.C by the "Kan-Phatta" sect of Hindu "Jogis" and the name of this place is in fact derived from this i.e. 'Tilla' (Hill)and 'Jogian' (of the Jogis). Later, Guru Nanak Dev, the founder of Sikhism also spent some time here.


title: Hermaphroditus

paragraphs: In Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. He was a minor god of fertility and symbolized the unity of male and female. His name is the origin of the word hermaphrodite.

paragraphs: According to a myth of Ovid, he was raised by nymphs in a cave on Mount Ida. At the age of fifteen, he traveled to the cities of Lydia and Caria in Asia Minor. It was there that he came upon a pool of fresh water. He undressed and bathed in the pool. Meanwhile, the nymph of the pool Salmacis, fell in love with him. She jumped into the pool and embraced him, not letting go, he struggled to get away from her. Salmacis prayed to the gods that they should never separate and the gods hearing her prayer, merged their bodies together, transforming Hermaphroditus into an androgynous being. Hermaphroditus, in anger of his transformation, cursed the pool so that anyone who bathed in it would suffer the same fate.

paragraphs: The worship of Hermaphroditus originated from Cyprus, under the name of Aphroditus. The cult was introduced into mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. At rituals and sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed; men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The god was also identified with the moon, because the moon was thought to be both male and female.

paragraphs: Hermaphroditus was a popular subject in ancient Greek and Roman art. He is often shown alone and sometimes interacting with satyrs and cupids. There is a famous statue called "The Sleeping Hermaphroditus" at the Louvre Museum in Paris.


title: Max Payne

paragraphs: Max Payne is a third-person shooter video game made by Finnish developers Remedy Entertainment and published by Gathering of Developers in July 2001 for Microsoft Windows. Later in 2001, ports for PlayStation 2, Xbox and GameBoy Advance were published by Rockstar Games. A Macintosh port was published in July 2002 by MacSoft in North America, and by Feral Interactive in the rest of the world. There were plans for a Dreamcast version of "Max Payne", but they were cancelled because of the console had stopped being made. The game was again released in April 2009 as a downloadable game for the Xbox Originals program for the Xbox 360.

paragraphs: The game features a neo-noir type style and uses comic strips (with voice-overs) in place of animated cutscenes to narrate the game. This is because it is inspired by hard-boiled detective novels by authors like Mickey Spillane. The game contains many references to Norse mythology, particularly the myth of Ragnarök. Several of the names used in the game are those of Norse gods. The gameplay is very much influenced by the Hong Kong action cinema genre, particularly the work of director John Woo, and it was the first game to feature the bullet time effect made famous in "The Matrix".

paragraphs: "Max Payne" got very good reviews from critics and was praised for its exciting gun play and use of noir storytelling devices. As of 2012, the "Max Payne" franchise has sold over 7.5 million copies. The game has also won a BAFTA Award.


title: Nautiloid

paragraphs: Nautiloids are a large and varied group of marine cephalopods (Mollusca) in the subclass Nautiloidea. They began in the later Cambrian. "Nautilus" is the only surviving genus.

paragraphs: Nautiloids flourished during the early Palaeozoic era, when they were the main predatory animals. They developed an extraordinary range of shell shapes and forms. Some 2,500 species of fossil nautiloids are known, though only a few species survive today.

paragraphs: Nautiloids are among the group of animals known as cephalopods. The cephalopods are an advanced class of molluscs. The cephalopods also include ammonoids, Belemnites and modern coleoids such as octopus and squid.

paragraphs: Traditionally, the most common classification of the cephalopods has been a three-fold division into the nautiloids, ammonoids, and coleoids. This article is about nautiloids in that broad sense, sometimes called Nautiloidea "sensu lato".

paragraphs: Cladistically speaking, nautiloids are a paraphyletic group united by shared primitive (basal) features not found in derived cephalopods. In other words, they are a evolutionary grade that is thought to have given rise to both ammonoids and coleoids. They are defined by the exclusion of both those descendent groups. Both ammonoids and coleoids probably descended from bactritids, which in turn arose from straight-shelled orthocerid nautiloids.

paragraphs: The ammonoids (a group which includes the ammonites and the goniatites) are extinct cousins of the nautiloids which evolved early in the Devonian, some 400 million years ago.


title: Aphroditus

paragraphs: The worship of Aphroditus comes from Cyprus, a cult of a masculine or hermaphrodite form of Aphrodite. The divinity was introduced into Greece and celebrated in Athens in a cross-dressing ritual.

paragraphs: It is thought that Hesiod's myth, explaining the birth of Aphrodite, born when Cronus cut off the genitals of Uranus and threw it into the sea, originated from the cult of Aphroditus. A terracotta plaque from the 7th century BC found at Perachora in Greece, representing Aphroditus emerging from severed male genitals, suggests this, as there are two different myths of the creation of Aphrodite.

paragraphs: According to Macrobius, Aphroditus was represented in Cyprus with a beard and phallus, wearing female clothing and holding a scepter. At sacrifices to the god, worshipers cross-dressed, men wearing women's clothing and women dressed in men's clothing. The cult spread from Cyprus into southern Asia Minor, eventually reaching mainland Greece around the late 5th century BC. In Athens, the iconography of the god took on the "anasyromenos" pose, a female figure lifting her dress to reveal an erect phallus, a gesture that had apotropaic qualities, much like the god Priapus. By the Hellenistic period, the cult and votives had spread throughout Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy.

paragraphs: Gradually over time the cult lost popularity, Aphroditus was also being called Hermaphroditus, which originally meant Aphroditus in the form of a herm or "a herm of Aphroditus". These were marble or bronze sculptures with a head or torso above a plain rectangular pillar, a symbol of fertility. In later Greek mythology, Hermaphroditus came to be known as the son of Hermes and Aphrodite.


title: Charles Bonnet

paragraphs: Charles Bonnet (March 13, 1720 – May 20, 1793) was a Swiss naturalist and philosopher.


title: Trait theory

paragraphs: In psychology, trait theory is a the study of human personality. Trait theorists are interested in the measurement of "traits", which can be defined as patterns of behaviour, thought, and emotion.


title: Trait (album)

paragraphs: Trait is the first, and only, EP by the industrial rock/metal band Pailhead. The original EP was released in 1988, containing the first four songs in a slightly different order. When re-released on CD in the early 90's, the group's first single ("I Will Refuse" b/w "No Bunny" 12") was added as a bonus.


title: Trait (computer programming)

paragraphs: In computer programming, a trait is a collection of methods. A trait is used to build a simple model for object oriented programs. A trait is a building block for classes. It makes an easy way to reuse code.


title: Granger, Indiana

paragraphs: Granger is a city in Indiana in the United States.


title: Transuranium element

paragraphs: Every transuranium element is a chemical element with an atomic number greater than the atomic number of Uranium. These elements have atomic numbers greater than 92.

paragraphs: The word "transuranium" is made of two parts. The Greek prefix "trans-" means "beyond" or "across". The second part of the word is the name of the element "uranium".

paragraphs: Many transuranium elements are unstable and are not found in nature. An element that is unstable will split into two or more other elements. The process of fission occurs when an element splits into pieces.


title: Stupendemys

paragraphs: Stupendemys is a prehistoric genus of freshwater turtle. Its fossils have been found in northern South America, in rocks dating from the late Miocene to the very start of the Pliocene, about 6 to 5 million years ago.

paragraphs: "Stupendemys"'s carapace measured over in length and was also very wide. With a total carapace length of at least 11 feet (3.3 m) it was the largest turtle that ever existed, surpassing even "Archelon".

paragraphs: Two species have been described to date. "Stupendemys geographicus" from Venezuela, and "Stupendemys souzai", a bit smaller and more slender, from Brazil.

paragraphs: Its weight helped "Stupendemys" stay under water for long periods, grazing on aquatic plants. It was probably a very weak swimmer, unable to move its bulk against a swift current, and probably avoided smaller streams.

paragraphs: Altogether, the fauna of the time had many large herbivores and few terrestrial carnivores. The habitat was mostly low-lying rainforest that was seasonally flooded, as well as floodplains and swampland. The rivers must have been wide and slow-moving.


title: Carol Greider

paragraphs: Carolyn Widney "Carol" Greider (born April 15, 1961) is an American molecular biologist. She is Professor and Director of Molecular Biology and Genetics at Johns Hopkins University.

paragraphs: Greider discovered the enzyme telomerase in 1984, when she was a graduate student of Elizabeth Blackburn at the University of California, Berkeley. Greider pioneered research on the structure of telomeres, the ends of the chromosomes. She was awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, with Blackburn and Jack Szostak, for their discovery that telomeres are protected from progressive shortening by the enzyme telomerase.


title: Telomerase

paragraphs: Telomerase is an RNA protein which is an enzyme. It adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the end of DNA strands in the telomere regions.

paragraphs: The telomeres are disposable buffers blocking the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes. They are a region of repeated nucleotides containing noncoding DNA. Telomeres are destroyed during cell division, and are remade by the enzyme telomerase.

paragraphs: The function of telomeres is to avoid the loss of important DNA from chromosome ends. Every time the chromosome is copied 100–200 meaningless nucleotides are lost, which causes no damage to the organism's DNA. So, the telomeres are shortened after each replication cycle, and then are restored to their proper length by telomerase. Telomerases carry their own RNA molecule, which is used as a template to elongate the telomeres.

paragraphs: The existence of a compensatory mechanism (a 'fix') for telomere shortening was first predicted by Soviet biologist Alexey Olovnikov in 1973. He also suggested the telomere hypothesis of ageing and the telomere's connections to cancer.

paragraphs: Telomerase was discovered by Carol Greider and Elizabeth Blackburn in 1984 in the ciliate "Tetrahymena". Together with Jack Szostak, Greider and Blackburn were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery.


title: Luc Montagnier

paragraphs: Luc Antoine Montagnier (born 18 August 1932 in Chabris, Indre, France) is a French virologist and joint recipient with Françoise Barré-Sinoussi and Harald zur Hausen of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for the discovery made by his team, and particularly Françoise Baré-Sinoussi of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). He currently works as a full time professor at Shanghai Jiaotong University.

paragraphs: He has been discredited by his Nobel peers because of the many fake and dangerous theories he tries to spread, such as "" or Papaya Cure for AIDS or Parkinson disease. In 2009 he published two controversial research studies which, if true, "would be the most significant experiments performed in the past 90 years, demanding re-evaluation of the whole conceptual framework of modern chemistry".

paragraphs: Homeopaths claim his research as support for homeopathy, but Montagnier himself says it cannot be extended to homeopathy. Many scientists have greeted it with scorn and harsh criticism.


title: Brad Falchuk

paragraphs: Brad Falchuk is a television writer, director, and producer. His works include the television series "Nip/Tuck", "Glee", "Mutant X", "", "", and "American Horror Story". He was born in 1971 and is Jewish.


title: Glee club

paragraphs: A glee club is a musical group or choir. During the 19th and early 20th century, the glee club was only for men. Later in the 20th century it became available for all students in college. Glee club was the most popular after-school activity in college campuses. There are some glee clubs in high school. The oldest glee clubs in the United States are the Harvard Glee Club, founded in 1858.


title: Teamwork

paragraphs: Teamwork is when many people work together. They work together to reach a goal. Teamwork helps people to understand others, build friendly friendships, and to get any job done the right way. In health care, teamwork is often practiced to help patients at the hospital. All team members are given a job to do. In teamwork, all work is shared.


title: Interracial marriage

paragraphs: An interracial marriage is a marriage between two people of different races. In some countries, it is against the law to marry someone of a different race. These countries include, Germany (during the Nazi period), South Africa under apartheid, and some U.S. states in the United States before a 1969 ruling. In some Arab countries, it is forbidden for an Arab to marry outside their race because of the law and traditional customs. If an Arab person marries someone out of their race their civil rights are taken away from them. In 2008, Pakistani senators allowed women to be buried alive, if found guilty, of marrying someone outside their race.


title: Interracial

paragraphs: Interracial means two people of two different races.


title: Same-sex relationship

paragraphs: A same sex relationship is a type of relationship between two people of the same sex. The term is associated with the LGBT community. In many countries it is against the law to be in a relationship and have sex with the same gender. Same-sex relationships have been recorded in history. The earliest is from Egyptian royal servants Khnumhotep and Niankhkhnum in the 25th century BC. It is often known as the earliest homosexual relationship couple.


title: Francisco Maschio

paragraphs: Francisco Maschio was a horse race trainer, born in Argentina in the 1890s knowned as "Brujo de Olleros". Maschio began his career working at a Hipodromo de Maronas, Montevideo, Uruguay as thoroughbred trainer. Lately he went to Buenos Aires, Argentina by invitation of the famous tango singer Carlos Gardel. His stables ( named "Stud Yeruá" ) was localized at Olleros Street, Palermo, Buenos Aires, near the actual Olleros (Buenos Aires Metro Station) He was the trainer of the horses of Carlos Gardel, including the legendary Lunático. He won many statistics in Hipodromo de Palermo.


title: Ajax, Ontario

paragraphs: Ajax is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario.


title: Jelly Belly

paragraphs: Jelly Belly is a brand of jelly beans. The beans take 7 to 10 days to make. First they make the outside then they fill it. They put the beans in a spinner then they put sugar and flavoring on them. Then somebody checks for the best ones and puts them in a box. After that the beans are put in a bag and sent to different places around the world.


title: Assa Abloy

paragraphs: Assa Abloy is the world's largest lock and door hardware company. Assa Abloy was formed in 1994 when Swedish company "Assa" purchased Finnish company "Abloy". Assa Abloy's products range from low-security products such as Yale to medium-security locks such as Medeco to high-security locks such as Abloy.

paragraphs: The holding company of Assa Abloy was the Swedish security firm "Securitas", but the firm is now independently quoted on the Swedish Stock Exchange.


title: The Bonfire of the Vanities (movie)

paragraphs: The Bonfire of the Vanities is a 1990 American drama movie. It is based on the novel Bonfire of the Vanities by Tom Wolfe. Tom Hanks plays Sherman McCoy, Bruce Willis plays Peter Fallow, Kim Cattrall plays Judy McCoy, Melanie Griffith plays Maria Ruskin, Morgan Freeman plays Judge Leonard White. The movie is based on the novel of the same name and is focused on corporate greed, vanity and lust during the late 1980s in New York City. This movie was given substandard reviews by the movie critics; it was a huge box office bomb.


title: Rashtrapati Bhavan

paragraphs: Rashtrapati Bhavan (, Bengali: রাষ্ট্রপতি ভবন ; Sanskrit for Presidential House) is the official home of the President of India, located in New Delhi, India. The present president (now Ram Nath Kovind) stays there.


title: President of India

paragraphs: The President of India is the head of state of the Republic of India. The current president, Ram Nath Kovind, who was sworn in on 25 July 2017. He succeeded Pranab Mukherjee. The President resides in an estate known as the Rashtrapati Bhavan in New Delhi.

paragraphs: The Office of the President falls vacant in the following scenarios:

paragraphs: The Vice-President of India will have to discharge the duties, if the Office falls vacant due to any reason other than expiry of the term. when vacancies occur in the offices of the President and of the Vice-President simultaneously, the Chief Justice discharges the functions of the President until a newly elected President.

paragraphs: There is one living former Indian president:


title: Ra.One

paragraphs: Ra.One is an Indian science fiction superhero movie. It was released in 2011. The main characters are "G.One" (played by Shahrukh Khan) and "Ra.One" (played by Arjun Rampal). It also stars Kareena Kapoor and Armaan Verma.


title: J. R. D. Tata

paragraphs: Jehangir Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (29 July 1904 – 29 November 1993) was an aviator and an important businessman in India. He was given India's highest civilian award, the Bharat Ratna in 1992. He was born in Paris. His parents were Persian and French.


title: Chilean Army

paragraphs: The Chilean Army is the land armed forces branch of the Chilean Armed Forces. There are 45,000 recruits in the army of which 12,400 are conscripts.

paragraphs: In terms of innovation, the Chilean Army has become one of the most technologically advanced and professional armies by having used programs to get better and more modern equipment. They have acquired a number of new methods to help them have a completely modern army.

paragraphs: The Chilean Army receives military equipment from many countries of the world.


title: Agent Vinod

paragraphs: Agent Vinod is a spy thriller movie released on 23 March 2012. Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor are the main actors in this movie. It received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Kareena Kapoor

paragraphs: Kareena Kapoor (; born on 21 September 1980), is a famous Bollywood actress. She has been many genres, from romantic dramas to comedies, independent movies to major Bollywood movies.

paragraphs: She is the sister of Bollywood actress Karisma Kapoor. She is the daughter of Bollywood Actors Randhir Kapoor and Babita. Often informally referred to as 'Bebo', she is the granddaughter of actor and filmmaker Raj Kapoor and niece of actor Rishi Kapoor.

paragraphs: She is the partner of Bollywood Actor Saif Ali Khan. They are referred to India's Brangelina (with the name 'Saifeena') by the press.


title: Chilean Air Force

paragraphs: The Chilean Air Force () is the air force of Chile, a branch of the Chilean military.


title: Downtown MRT line

paragraphs: The Downtown Line (DTL), will be the fifth Mass Rapid Transport line in Singapore, the third to be completely underground, and with 3-car trains, the second medium capacity line. Currently in various stages of construction, it will open up in phases, such as Stage 1 in 2013, Stage 2 in 2015 and Stage 3 in 2017. The line is colored blue on the MRT Rail map.

paragraphs: The downtown line starts in Bukit Panjang, where it then passes through the Creative cluster and school belt of Bukit Timah. Along the way, it passes through many food enclaves, such as at Newton. It then passes through the downtown core and financial district before heading east, towards Bedok and Tampenies and the Singapore Expo.

paragraphs: Stage 1 of the Downtown Line was originally planned as the Downtown Extension of the Circle Line since 2005. It was planned to have 6 stations from Bugis and end at Chinatown. It opened on 22 December 2013. The section usually parallels Circle Line from Bayfront to Promenade.

paragraphs: Stage 2 was originally planned as the Bukit Timah Line, and was to terminate at Nicoll Highway, but plans were changed after the Nicoll highway collapse, which deemed the original station unfit for use. It was merged with the Downtown Line in 2005. It opened on 27 December 2015.

paragraphs: Stage 3 was originally planned as the Eastern Region Line, and was meant to relieve congestion on the East West Line. The northern part of the line from Expo to Chinatown was replaced by Downtown Line Stage 3 and opened on 21 October 2017.

paragraphs: Stage 3e is a two station extension that would link the Downtown Line and the Thomson Line at Sungei Bedok. It would be completed around 2024.

paragraphs: Below are the announced station names for all four stages of the Downtown Line.


title: Safe House

paragraphs: Safe House is a 2012 American action thriller movie. It was released across United States and Canada on February 10, 2012. "Safe House" has Denzel Washington as an international criminal. It got mixed reviews by critics, although it took in over $195 million at the box office.


title: Lee Hartwell

paragraphs: Leland Harrison (Lee) Hartwell (born October 30, 1939, in Los Angeles, California) is former president and director of the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle, Washington. He shared the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Paul Nurse and Tim Hunt, for their discoveries of protein molecules that control cell division.

paragraphs: When cells divide, they divide in phases called G1 (growth), S (synthesis), G2 (growth), and M (mitosis). Nurse, Hartwell and Hunt together discovered two proteins, cyclin and CDK (cyclin dependent kinase), which control the change from one stage to another. These proteins are called "checkpoints", because they check whether the cell has divided properly. If the cell does not divide correctly, other proteins will try to repair it. If that does not work, they will destroy the cell. If a cell divides incorrectly and survives, it may cause cancer and other serious diseases.

paragraphs: Working in baker's yeast ("Saccharomyces cerevisiae"), Hartwell identified the fundamental role of checkpoints in cell cycle control, and CDC genes such as CDC28, which controls the start of the cycle – the progression through G1.


title: The Nutcracker and the Mouse King

paragraphs: "The Nutcracker and the Mouse King" () is a story written in 1816 by E. T. A. Hoffmann. It is about a little girl who travels to the Land of Sweets with a Nutcracker Prince. In 1892, the Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and choreographers Marius Petipa and Lev Ivanov turned Alexandre Dumas, père's adaptation of the story into the ballet "The Nutcracker". The ballet became one of Tchaikovsky's most famous compositions, and perhaps the most popular ballet in the world.


title: Victor Ferreyra

paragraphs: Victor Ferreyra (born February 24, 1964) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for the Argentine national team.


title: Marcelo Morales

paragraphs: Marcelo Morales (born October 9, 1966) is a former Argentine football player.


Yoshimasa Suda


title: Eric van Rossum

paragraphs: Eric van Rossum (born March 27, 1963) is a Dutch football player.


title: Formula One car

paragraphs: A Formula One car is a racing car used in Formula One races. They have one seat, which is open to the air. They have aerodynamic wings on their front and rear, and the engine is positioned behind the driver. The regulations governing the cars are unique to the Formula One championship. The regulations say that cars must be built by the racing teams themselves, though the design and manufacture can be done by others.

paragraphs: F1 Cars have technology to make them faster, more drag resistant and safer. Some of this technology is described below.

paragraphs: ERS stand for Energy Recovery Systems. There are two basic types of ERS systems - mechanical and electrical and both recover energy without using fuel and damaging the environment. The rule to use KERS was introduced by the FIA in 2009. It works by storing energy in a flywheel or battery (like the one on the right) that would be lost when braking, and allow that energy to be re-used when accelerating. ERS was introduced in 2014 to activate wherever a driver chose permanently throughout a race weekend

paragraphs: This is used a lot in corners because it controls the wheel spin when under and over steering. They mean simply to which end of the car runs out of grip first as the tyres only have limited amount of grip. In an under steer, the front axle and wheels runs out of grip first and in Over steer the rear end runs out first. When this happens it is like a handbrake skid. Traction Control is the device that tries to keep the car stable by adjusting the wheel movement in these turns.

paragraphs: DRS stands for Drag Reduction System. It is an addition to the rear wing of the car introduced in 2011 Formula 1 season aimed at reducing aerodynamic drag in order to promote overtaking. It is used when a driver is close to somebody in front of him. He will be able to open the rear wing so the car becomes more streamline and aerodynamic so he can overtake his opponent. The device is then disabled as soon as he overtakes his opponent.

paragraphs: Formula One teams do much research into materials. Below are list of materials used in the F1 world, what they are, what they do, where they're placed and why F1 teams choose them over everything else.

paragraphs: Carbon fibre is a very strong and light material that contains carbon fibres. It may sometimes contain other fibres such as Kevlar, aluminium and glass. Although it has a very big price tag, its strength to weight ratio and the good rigidity of it make it a very valuable piece of material. However as is it gets cheaper it is being used in much smaller products like sports equipment, bodies for instruments and also household objects.

paragraphs: Carbon fibre is most commonly used in the bodywork of an F1 car and also the air box, the wings, the engine cover, steering wheel and in the suspension. It is sometimes reinforced with titanium or steel.

paragraphs: It is used over every other kind of material because it’s lightweight, very strong, very stiff and can easily be moulded into any shape.

paragraphs: Kevlar is another fibre like carbon. Some of its properties are very similar. Kevlar is a very strong and lightweight material. If you have an equal amount of steel and Kevlar, Kevlar would be 5 times stronger than the steel. When it is woven, it is suitable to be underwater. Kevlar is also used by the army as it a very sturdy material and it is used to make a range of items like helmets.

paragraphs: Kevlar is used in pretty much the same areas as carbon fibre is used. For example it is used in the bodywork, the wings, the suspension and more.

paragraphs: Kevlar is an extremely firm material. As F1 cars go at high speed it adds extra protection to drivers and stops massive damage being done to the cars.

paragraphs: Aluminium is an element. It is very light and hard. It is often used for ships so that ship doesn’t get corroded and it is very stable due to its oxide coating. Aluminium is used in the bodywork and almost every single part of a F1 car. Aluminium is used because it is extremely light and very strong.

paragraphs: Magnesium is another chemical element and is very light and strong. Its main use is to combine with aluminium to make alloys which are extremely light and strong, such as magnalium. It is used mainly in the wheels and some small parts in the engines.

paragraphs: Gold foil is a type of foil which is gold coloured and stops heat from escaping. It is used between the engine and fuel tank. It is used in that certain position so it can stop heat transfer from the engine to the fuel tank.


Naoto Hori


title: Peter Garrett

paragraphs: Peter Robert Garrett (born 16 April 1953) is an Australian musician, activist, environmentalist and politician. In 2004 he was elected to the House of Representatives as the member for the Division of Kingsford Smith. He served as the Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts, and the Minister for School Education, Early Childhood and Youth. He is from the Australian Labor Party. He did not stand for re-election in the 2013 election.


title: John McConnell

paragraphs: John McConnell (March 22, 1915 – October 20, 2012) was an American peace activist. He was the founder and creator of Earth Day. McConnell is a luminary with a major passion for peace, religion and environmentalism. In 1969 at the UNESCO Conference in San Francisco, John McConnell felt it necessary to propose a holiday in which we celebrate the Earth's life and beauty.


title: Marco Antonio Pais dos Santos

paragraphs: Marco Antônio Paes dos Santos (born August 20, 1963) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Celso Luis Gomes

paragraphs: Celso Luis Gomes (born September 2, 1964) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Edu Manga

paragraphs: Edu Manga (born February 2, 1967) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Structural isomer

paragraphs: Structural isomerism (IUPAC call this constitutional isomerism) is a kind of isomerism. Two chemical in this isomerism have the same molecular formula, but the molecules have bonded together in different orders. The opposite of structual isomerism is stereoisomerism. There are many words that represents structual isomers.

paragraphs: There are three kinds of constitutional isomers. They are skeletal isomers, positional isomers, and functional isomers. Positional isomers are also called regioisomers. Tautomers are also a kind of functional isomers.

paragraphs: In skeletal isomerism, or chain isomerism, components of the skeleton (usually carbon) are re-ordered to make different structures. Pentane has three isomers. They are "n"-pentane (often called simply "pentane"), isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane).

paragraphs: In position isomerism, a functional group or other substituent changes its position on a parent structure. In the table below, the hydroxyl group can stay in three different positions on an n-pentane chain to make three different compounds.

paragraphs: Many aromatic isomers exist because substituents can be positioned on different parts of the benzene ring. Only one isomer of phenol or hydroxybenzene exists but cresol or methylphenol has three isomers where the additional methyl group can be placed on three different positions on the ring. Xylenol has one hydroxyl group and two methyl groups and a total of 6 isomers exist.

paragraphs: Functional isomers are one of the structural isomers. Two compounds in functional isomerism have the same molecular formula (the number of each atom is the same, like cyclohexane: and 1-hexene:). But, the atoms are connected in other ways so that the groupings are different. We call these groups of atoms functional groups, functionalities, or moieties. Another way to say this is that two compounds that have the same molecular formula, but have different functional groups, are functional isomers.

paragraphs: For example, the chemical formula of cyclohexane and 1-hexene are CH. We call them functional group isomers because cyclohexane is a cycloalkane and hex-1-ene is an alkene.

paragraphs: For two molecules to be functional isomers, they must contain key groups of atoms arranged in particular ways. Some of the best examples come from organic chemistry. CHO is a molecular formula. Depending on how the atoms are arranged, it can represent two different compounds dimethyl ether CH-O-CH or ethanol CHCH-O-H. Dimethyl ether and ethanol are functional isomers. The first is an ether. The carbon chain-oxygen-carbon chain functionality is called an ether. The second is an alcohol. The carbon chain-oxygen-hydrogen functionality is called an alcohol.

paragraphs: If the functionalities stay the same, but their locations change, the structural isomers are not functional isomers. 1-Propanol and 2-propanol are structural isomers, but they are not functional isomers. Both of them are alcohols. The functional group (carbon chain-O-H) is present in both of these compounds, but they are not the same.

paragraphs: While some chemists use the terms structural isomer and functional isomer interchangeably, not all structural isomers are functional isomers.

paragraphs: Functional isomers are most often identified in chemistry using infrared spectroscopy. Infrared radiation corresponds to the energies associated primarily with molecular vibration. The alcohol functionality has a very distinct vibration called OH-stretch that is due to hydrogen bonding. All alcohols in liquid and solid form absorb infrared radiation at certain wavelengths.

paragraphs: Compounds with the same functional groups will all absorb certain wavelengths of infrared light because of the vibrations associated with those groups. In fact, the infrared spectrum is divided into two regions. The first part is called the functional group region. Dimethyl ether and ethanol would have dissimilar infrared spectra in the functional group region.

paragraphs: The second part of the infrared spectrum is called the fingerprint region; it is associated with types of motion allowed by the symmetry of the molecule and influenced by the bond energies. The fingerprint region is more specific to an individual compound. Even though 1-propanol and 2-propanol have similar infrared spectra in the functional group region, they differ in the fingerprint region.

paragraphs: In simple terms, functional isomers are structural isomers that have different functional groups like alcohol and ether.

paragraphs: As an example of isomer counting, 7 structural isomers exist with molecular formula CHO, each with different bond connectivities and air-stable at ambient temperature. An additional two structural isomers are the enol tautomers of the carbonyl isomers, but these are not stable.


title: Marcos Fernando Nang

paragraphs: Marcos Fernando Nang (born March 16, 1969) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Luís Müller

paragraphs: Luís Müller (born February 14, 1961) is a former Brazilian football player.


Susumu Uemura


title: Antônio Rinaldo Gonçalves

paragraphs: Antônio Rinaldo Gonçalves (born April 12, 1964) is a former Brazilian football player.


Toru Morikawa


Kazuaki Koezuka


Hiroshi Ninomiya (born in 1969)


Makoto Yamazaki


title: Paulo Rodrigues Bulk

paragraphs: Paulo Rodrigues Bulk (born May 10, 1960) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Capitão

paragraphs: Capitão (born September 19, 1966) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Everton Nogueira

paragraphs: Everton Nogueira (born December 12, 1959) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Aldrovani Menon

paragraphs: Aldrovani Menon (born July 30, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Mirandinha

paragraphs: Mirandinha (born July 2, 1959) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


Hiroshi Saito


Yoshinori Higashikawa


Tetsu Nagasawa


Hiroyuki Yoshida


title: Kiril Metkov

paragraphs: Kiril Metkov (born February 1, 1965) is a former Bulgarian football player. He has played for the Bulgarian national team.


Tetsuya Ogura


Takashi Umezawa