title: Sport psychology

paragraphs: Sport psychology means applying parts of psychology to sports and athletes. One of the main ways that sports psychologists use is to help athletes meet their goals. The main group of people that sports psychologists try to help are professional athletes. They can help non-professional athletes as well. Sports psychologists mainly focus on problems the athlete has on the field but they can also help athletes with problems that they have off the field. Sports psychology did not become a recognized area of study until recently, but it has been used in the past.

paragraphs: Sports psychology began at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe. Sports and the body were now a more important part of people’s lives. During the 1880s, more sports were a part of the lifestyle of the people. But, the word psychology was not used in connection with the word sport before the late 1890s. In 1899 and 1900, the phrase, psychology of sport, appeared in the titles of two journal articles. The first one was by Balduin Groller. It was published in two parts in 1899, in the journal Die Wage under the title “Zur Psychologie des Sportes” (translated About the Psychology of Sport). This article said that there were parts of psychology that had not been researched at that time, that could be connected to sports and physical activities. Then in May 1900, an essay by the founder of the modern Olympic movement, Pierre de Coubertin, was published. It was titled “Le Psychologie du Sport” (translated The Psychology of Sport).

paragraphs: In 1875, Pyotr Francevich Lesgaft started a system of physical education. Lesgaft was a Russian scientist who studied the human body. His aim was to promote harmony between the body and soul or mind. The method Lesgaft suggested was to learn conscious control of the body; being able to think about controlling the body and then actually doing it. Then in 1884-1885, Karoly Budinsky wrote an article called “About Gymnastic Activity and the Development of Will”. The article was about how self-control and willpower could make the nervous system stronger through physical exercise.

paragraphs: Two scientists were at the beginning of European sport psychology: Angelo Mosso and Philippe Tissie. Angelo Mosso was an Italian who studied the human body. He was also interested in using science to study physical education, exercise, and sport. In his experiments, Mosso found that mental work causes weakness of the muscles. He also found that physical work causes weakness in mental performance. In 1894, Mosso conducted an experiment with his brother, Ugolino Mosso. He had ten Italian Mountain soldiers climb to the top of the mountain and live in a hut for ten days. He also had them perform physical exercises. There are two parts of his results that are related to sports psychology. The first one is called the pioneer effect. The pioneer effect is when in mountain climbing, the person who is leading the group will be more tired than all the others. The second is called the rivaling effect. The rivaling effect is when the soldiers, especially in periods of boredom, would begin to compete with each other in their weight lifting tests. Philippe Tissie viewed sports as a way to treat mental disorders. He published several articles between 1894 and 1909. These articles talked about how sports could help people with mental disorders. He thought that a combination of sports, gymnastics, and psychology could help people with mental disorders. He also thought that playing in too many sports could cause people to have mental disorders and behavioral problems.

paragraphs: In 1896, a French doctor named Charles du Pasquier published an article about how sports could help people with depression. In 1900, Eduard Bertz said that sports could help people maintain a healthy body and soul or mind. Later in 1913, Toby Cohn believed sports was a way for people to develop self-confidence, emotional health, and goal orientation. In 1914, Bernhard Berliner conducted the first study on what effect sports and exercise had on the mind and psychology. In his study, he looked at children who exercised and played sports while at a camp. His study found that children who played sports and exercised were able to concentrate better.

paragraphs: The first sports psychology laboratory was opened in 1920 in Berlin, Germany by Carl Diem. That same year, a psychological lab was opened by Robert Werner Schulte at the Deutsche Hochschue fur Leibesubungen near Berlin. This was a college for physical education. The lab was used to study the natural ability that people had for doing good in sports. Schulte also included sports psychology in his talks to students who took physical education. Then in 1921, he published his first book. This book was named Body and Mind in Sport. He then continued to go on to write many books about the topic of sport psychology. One of these books was called Aptitude and Performance Testing in Sport. The next development, in 1926, was the first psychoanalysis of what motivated people to want to play sports. This was done by Helene Deutsch. She found that playing in sports could help people with depression, anxiety and overcoming fears.

paragraphs: There were also major developments to the field of sports psychology that took place in Russia. In 1925, Russian sports psychologist Petr Antonovic Rudik did research on the development of skills and on reaction times. A reaction time is how quickly someone responds to something. In 1926, Alexander Netchayev did research on how perception, memory, imagination, and attention are influenced by sports and physical activities.

paragraphs: Sports psychology in North America began in the 1890s. E. W. Scripture began to study the reaction times of runners in his Yale lab. He also watched how athletes could be helped by experimental psychology. Experimental psychology uses experiments and science to study the brain and the mind. He also wrote papers about how sports affected who a person was. In his papers he argued that prisoners who participated in sports while in jail got a better attitude.

paragraphs: George Wells Fitz was also active in sports psychology at this time. Fitz created the first known physical education lab in North America. In 1895, Fitz ran an experiment. This experiment focused on studying the reaction times of people. He found one thing in his results: people who had quicker and more accurate reaction times would be better at sports. Fitz was the first to run experiments on reaction times in North America.

paragraphs: The next major event in sports psychology was an idea known as transfer of training. Transfer of training happens when you exercise one arm or one side of the body to make it stronger and the other side also becomes stronger without having any exercise. This area was first studied by Walter Wells Davis in the late 1800s. Davis ran an experiment that involved having people lift weights with one arm and not the other. His results proved the theory of transfer of training. William G. Anderson also studied this concept. In his experiments he found that people who squeezed an object on one side of the body also got stronger on the opposite side of the body.

paragraphs: The next developments came from Norman Tripplett. Norman Tripplett worked at the University of Indiana as a psychologist. He conducted an experiment that focused on competition. This experiment started to connect sports and psychology. His experiment also began to combine them into one field. In 1897, Tripplett started his study. He focused on how the performance of one person is influenced by other people being around. In 1898, he wrote about his results in his article, “The Dynamogenic Factors Involved in Pace-making and Competition”. His beliefs and findings were that cyclists were more likely to cycle faster when in the presence of a pacemaker or a competitor. People were more likely to cycle faster because the presence of another person caused them to put in more effort and use energy that they were not before. In 1898, Tripplett tried to confirm his predictions and beliefs he came up with during the cycling study by running an experiment in laboratory. This experiment consisted of people winding fishing line as fast as they could in order to move a flag around a course. The results of this experiment confirmed the results and predictions that were found in the cycling study.

paragraphs: In 1903, G.T.W Patrick studied the psychology of American football and why people loved the game so much. Next in 1912, Howard wanted to discover why people became so emotional while watching sports. Then in 1915, Karl S. Lashley and John B. Watson started a study that focused on the learning curve of people in sports. A learning curve is how people learn the skills they need to in order to succeed in sports. The sport that they focused their study on was archery. The results of their study lead them to argue that when people were participating in harder tasks, like archery, they were more likely to work harder to complete the task.

paragraphs: Sportswriter Hugh S. Fullerton is involved in the next development in the history of sports psychology. Fullerton brought New York Yankees player Babe Ruth to a psychology laboratory at Columbia University. Fullerton brought Ruth there to participate in a study run by Albert Johanson and Joseph Holmes. He wanted Ruth to participate in the study because he wanted to find a reason for why Ruth hit so many home runs. He also wanted to prove to other baseball scouts whether or not other players like Ruth existed. The study that Ruth participated in was used to study sensory-motor performance. Sensory-motor performance is how things that we perceive with our senses influence our movements. The study involved measuring the power of Ruth’s swing, his reaction time, his attention, his memory, and his motor skills. The results of this study offered a reason for why Ruth hit so many home runs. His skill for hitting home runs could be because on the tests his motor skills and reflexes scored above average. The next development that came regarded football. At Stanford University, B.C. Graves, a psychology graduate student, Walter Miles, a professor, and Glenn “Pop” Warner, a college football coach started an experiment. Their experiment studied reaction time. They ran their ran experiment so they could find the fastest way to get the offense to move together when the center hiked the ball. This led to the use of psychology as a way to gain an advantage over your opponent in a competition.

paragraphs: Even though there were many developments to this field prior to this point, the most important did not come until the time of Coleman Griffith. Griffith was a professor at the University of Illinois. He is considered to be the father of sports psychology in North America. Griffith's first contribution was that he started a section in his introductory to psychology class that only athletes could take. Then in 1921, he gave the first public talk about psychology and athletics. In 1923, he started a special course focusing on psychology and sports. It was called Psychology and Athletics. The textbook that was used for this class was Griffith’s third book, called Psychology of Coaching. Later in 1924, Griffith began meeting with Knute Rockne, who was a football coach at Notre Dame. He met with Rockne to explore how coaching was affected by psychology.

paragraphs: The next major contribution that Griffith made was in 1925, when he opened the first sports psychology lab in North America. This lab was only able to stay open for six years. After the closure of the laboratory, Griffith was contacted in 1937 by Philip Wrigley. Wrigley was the owner of the Major League Baseball team the Chicago Cubs. He contacted Griffith to offer him a job. Griffith accepted the job. He called the project Experimental Laboratories of the Chicago National League Ball Club. While with the Cubs, Griffith studied how psychological factors influenced performance. Based on the results of his research Griffith made recommendations to Wrigley. These recommendations included psychological clinics for the players, holding fielding practice, and having achievement tests to measure the athletes’ basic skills. However, Wrigley did not follow these recommendations but was still impressed by Griffith’s work. Wrigley offered Griffith a full-time position as a sports psychologist in 1939. Griffith refused the job to stay with his family. After this Griffith did not conduct anymore major research in the area of sports psychology. Griffith was an important part of sport psychology's history. He was an important part because not only was he the first sports psychologist but he also opened the first laboratory in America that studied the relationship between sports and psychology.

paragraphs: In the 1920s and 1930s, psychology was beginning to be taught at coaching schools. Some coaches used what they were learning about sports psychology while coaching their teams. Paul Brown was head coach of the Cincinnati Bengals. He began using psychological testing with his players. His tests eventually became known as the beginning of the National Football League’s tests that are still used today. During the 1940s, psychology was starting to be used as a way for athletes to improve their performance. Psychology professor Dorothy Hazeltine Yates helped a boxer try to improve his skills through psychology; the boxer then went on to have the best fights of his career. Also during the 1940s, hypnosis was starting to be used to help athletes to relax. During the 1950s, David F. Tracy began using psychological methods to help players on the St. Louis Browns, a major league baseball team, now known as the Baltimore Orioles.

paragraphs: In the late 1950s and early 1960s, sports were becoming more important to people. So, psychology of sports was more accepted because it helped athletes. Four things were important to expand the field of sports psychology. These were textbooks, graduate programs, associations, and journals. One of the main areas that was being studied during this time period was the affect stress had on athletes and their performance. In 1960, Warren R. Johnson continued the research he started in 1949. This research was about the effect stress had on an athlete. He continued this research by creating the first textbook on the topic. In 1961, Maxwell Howell started the first graduate school program in physical education. He did this at the University of Alberta in Canada. The creation of associations and journals was the next development of this time period. In 1967, the North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity or (NASPSPA)was created. It was created by a group of sport psychologists led by Warren Johnson. One of the first things that this organization did was to start publishing the "Sport Psychology Bulletin". The "Sport Psychology Bulletin" included research reports and the writings of the members of the NASPSPA. Then in 1970, the "International Journal of Sport Psychology" was started. During the 1970s and 1980s, there were many associations and journals that were started. These were the Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology, the American Psychological Association's Division 47 of Exercise and Sport Psychology, the Sport Psychology Academy of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Dance, the "Journal of Sports Psychology", the "Journal of Sport Science", the "Sport Psychologist", and the "Journal of Applied Sport Psychology". The next major developments involved the United States Olympic Committee. In 1978, they started a Sports Medicine Council that included sports psychologists. In 1985, they created the first registry or list of sports psychologists.

paragraphs: Now there are two types of sports psychology, academic and applied. Academic sports psychology does the research. Applied sports psychology uses that research to teach coaches and trainers. There are three main areas of need in applied sports psychology. They are what kinds of certification, education, or licenses are necessary to practice applied sports psychology, the need to provide proper training for people who are studying applied sports psychology, and developing new ways to help athletes.

paragraphs: Today the number of sports psychologists that are being used by athletes is increasing. In fact, so many athletes are being helped by sports psychologists, that some organizations are starting to limit how many coaches can be on the field during a game. Many athletes are now using sports psychology as part of their everyday lives and training for games.


title: Alexa Vega

paragraphs: Alexa Vega (born August 27, 1988) is an American singer, musician and actress. She starred in lots of movies and TV series, among which are "Ghost Whisperer", "Evening Shade", "Twister", "The Glimmer Man", "Nine Months" and the "Spy Kids" movie series. Vega was born in Miami.


title: NXT Tag Team Championship

paragraphs: The NXT Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling championship in the WWE. The title is a NXT-only championship.

paragraphs: The title was introduced by special guest Shawn Michaels on the January 23, 2013 edition of NXT. He announced that there would be a tournament held to crown the inaugural champions. A team called the British Ambition (whose members were Adrian Neville and Oliver Grey) beat a team called The Wyatt Family (Luke Harper and Erick Rowan) to become the first champions on January 31, 2013 (but it could not be watched on TV until February 13). In their first match for the title, Neville and Bo Dallas fought the Wyatt Family because Grey was hurt badly and could not fight. Neville and Dallas lost. Neville and Corey Graves beat the Wyatt family for the titles on June 20 (televised on July 17) and Neville became the first wrestler to win the title twice. At in June 2016, the Revival (Dash Wilder and Scott Dawson) became the first team to win the title twice by beating American Alpha (Chad Gable and Jason Jordan).

paragraphs: Right now, the champions are War Raiders whose members are Hanson and Rowe and they are in their first reign. They won the titles by beating The Undisputed Era whose members are Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong.


title: Al Plastino

paragraphs: Al Plastino (December 15, 1921 – November 25, 2013) was an American comic book artist. He was best known as one of the most important Superman artists of the 1950s, along with his DC Comics colleague Wayne Boring. Plastino also worked as a comics writer, editor, letterer and colorist.

paragraphs: He co-created the DC characters Supergirl and Braniac, as well as the teenage team the Legion of Super-Heroes.

paragraphs: Plastino lived for many years in Shirley, New York, on Long Island. At the time of his death on November 25, 2013, after suffering from prostate cancer, aged 91.


title: William Atherton

paragraphs: William Atherton (born William Atherton Knight; July 30, 1947) is an American movie, stage and television actor. He is known for his roles as Richard "Dick" Thornburg in "Die Hard" and in "Die Hard 2" and as Walter Peck in "Ghostbusters".

paragraphs: Atherton was born on July 30, 1947 in Orange, Connecticut. He studied acting at the Drama School at Carnegie Tech and graduated from Carnegie-Mellon University in 1969.


title: Troubadour

paragraphs: A troubadour was someone who composed and performed Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages. A female troubadour is usually called a trobairitz.

paragraphs: Troubadour songs were mainly about chivalry and courtly love. Many were humorous or vulgar satires. A Troubadour was considered a profession with great honor.


title: Pope Dionysius

paragraphs: Pope Dionysius (??? − 26 December 268) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 22 July 259 until he died on 26 December 268. He was born in Greece.


title: Food group

paragraphs: A food group is a collection of foods that have nutritional properties or biological classifications that are almost the same. People have written nutrition guides to put different foods into food groups and recommend daily servings of each group for a healthy diet.

paragraphs: The number of "common" food groups can change depending on who is defining them. Canada's Food Guide, which has been printed every year since 1942 and is the second most requested government document (after the income tax form) in Canada, recognizes only four official food groups, with all other foods called "another." Some of these "others" include:


title: Anne Morrow Lindbergh

paragraphs: Anne Morrow Lindbergh (née Anne Spencer Morrow; June 22, 1906February 7, 2001) was an American writer and aviator. She was married to Charles Lindbergh. She wrote poetry and non-fiction. She wrote about many different things. Lindbergh's "Gift from the Sea" was an important feminist book.

paragraphs: Anne Spencer Morrow was born on June 22, 1906 in Englewood, New Jersey. She was the second of four children. Her father was Dwight W. Morrow, a partner in J.P. Morgan & Co.. He became United States Ambassador to Mexico and United States Senator from New Jersey. Her mother, Elizabeth Reeve Cutter Morrow, was a poet, teacher, and acting president of Smith College.

paragraphs: Lindbergh attended Smith College. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1928. She received the Elizabeth Montagu Prize for her essay on women of the 18th century and Madame d'Houdetot. She received the Mary Augusta Jordan Literary Prize for her piece of fiction called "Lida Was Beautiful".

paragraphs: Anne and Charles Lindbergh met on December 21, 1927, in Mexico City. Her father was Lindbergh's financial adviser at J. P. Morgan and Co.. He invited Lindbergh to Mexico in order to help create good relations between that country and the United States. Anne later wrote in her diary:

paragraphs: Anne Morrow and Charles Lindbergh married on May 27, 1929. The ceremony was a private one at her parents' home in Englewood, New Jersey.

paragraphs: That year, Anne flew a plane by herself for the first time. In 1930, she became the first American woman to earn a first-class glider pilot license. In the 1930s, Anne and Charles explored and charted air routes between continents. The Lindberghs were the first to fly from Africa to South America. They explored polar air routes from North America to Asia and Europe.

paragraphs: The Lindbergh's first child, Charles Augustus Lindbergh, Jr., was born on June 22, 1930. On March 1, 1932, he was kidnapped from their home in East Amwell, New Jersey. The following May 12, a baby's body was found from the Lindberghs' home. Bruno Richard Hauptmann was tried, convicted, and executed for the murder of the Lindberghs' son.

paragraphs: Because of the kidnapping of their son and other things, a lot of attention was paid to the Lindberghs. That made them decide to move. First they went to England. Later they went France.

paragraphs: While in Europe, the Lindberghs started to believe that the United States should not be involved with other countries. Many people disliked them because of that. Lindbergh thought the United States should not be involved in war in Europe. In 1940, Anne wrote a booklet called "The Wave of the Future" in support of her husband. The booklet became one of the most hated writings of the time. Anne also wrote about Hitler, saying that he was "a very great man, like an inspired religious leader—and as such rather fanatical—but not scheming, not selfish, not greedy for power."

paragraphs: In 1938, the Lindberghs moved back to the United States. They later had five more children: sons Jon, Land and Scott, and daughters Anne and Reeve.

paragraphs: After the war, Anne and Charles wrote books that made people think better of them again. Anne's 1955 book "Gift from the Sea" earned Anne's place as "one of the leading advocates of the nascent environmental movement". It became a national best seller.

paragraphs: During their 45-year marriage, Charles and Anne lived in New Jersey, New York, England, France, Maine, Michigan, Connecticut, Switzerland, and Hawaii. In the early 1950s, Anne had a three-year affair with her doctor. Charles died on Maui in 1974.

paragraphs: In the early 1990s, Anne had a series of strokes which left her confused and disabled. After that, she continued to live in her home in Connecticut with round-the-clock caregivers. In 1999, she came down with pneumonia, after which she went to live in a small home built on her daughter Reeve's Vermont farm. In 2001, at the age of 94, Anne died there from another stroke. Reeve Lindbergh's book, "No More Words", tells the story of her mother's last years.

paragraphs: In 1933, Lindbergh received the U.S. Flag Association Cross of Honor for surveying transatlantic air routes. The following year, she received the Hubbard Medal from the National Geographic Society for of exploratory flying with her husband. In 1993, Women in Aerospace gave her an Aerospace Explorer Award for her achievements and contributions in aerospace.

paragraphs: She was added to the National Aviation Hall of Fame (1979), the National Women's Hall of Fame (1996), the Aviation Hall of Fame of New Jersey, and the International Women in Aviation Pioneer Hall of Fame (1999).

paragraphs: Lindbergh's first book, "North to the Orient" (1935) won a National Book Award for the Most Distinguished General Nonfiction of 1935. Her second book, "Listen! The Wind" (1938), won the same award. She received the Christopher Award for "War Within and Without", the last book of her published diaries.

paragraphs: Lindbergh received honorary degrees from her alma mater Smith College. She also received honorary degrees from Amherst College, the University of Rochester, Middlebury College, and Gustavus Adolphus College.


title: Taipei Grand Mosque

paragraphs: The Taipei Grand Mosque () is a mosque in Taipei, Taiwan. It is the first and largest mosque in Taiwan. The original building of the mosque was built in 1947.

paragraphs: After the handover of Taiwan from Japan to the Republic of China (ROC) in 1945, the Chinese Muslim Association (CMA) in ROC capital, Nanking, established the preparatory committee to create the Taiwan branch of the CMA in 1947. Since there was no place for Chinese Muslim to pray in Taiwan at that time, they raised money to build the very first mosque in Taiwan which was located at Lishui Street in Taipei City. After they have finished constructing the mosque, Muslims started to pray there in August 1948.

paragraphs: After the Chinese Civil War in 1949, there were many Chinese Muslims fled Mainland China to Taiwan with the Nationalist (Kuomintang) government army. The first mosque was not enough to accommodate all of them, therefore they had to find a new place to rebuild the mosque. The new mosque was proposed by CMA Director-General Bai Chongxi and ROC Minister of Foreign Affairs George Yeh. The mosque was finally built at the Xinsheng South Street in Taipei. The mosque was inaugurated on 13 April 1960 by ROC Vice President Chen Cheng.

paragraphs: The mosque was designed by Taiwanese famous architect Yang Cho-cheng, the same architect who had designed the Taipei Grand Hotel, Chang Kai-shek Memorial Hall, National Theater and Concert Hall and many other buildings in Taiwan. The mosque was registered as a historic landmark by the Taipei City Government on 29 June 1999.

paragraphs: The mosque houses the Chinese Muslim Association, the largest Islamic organization in Taiwan. It houses also the headquarter for the Chinese Islamic Cultural and Educational Foundation.


title: Kaohsiung Mosque

paragraphs: The Kaohsiung Mosque () is a mosque in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. It is the second mosque to be built in Taiwan.

paragraphs: The original building of the mosque was built in 1949 by the Nationalist Muslims whom mostly came with the Nationalist Army who fled from Mainland China after their defeat in the Chinese Civil War by the Communist Army. This wave of migration is considered to be the second wave of Muslim migration to Taiwan in the 1950s. The construction of the mosque was initially suggested by the Muslim public officers working for the Nationalist government.

paragraphs: The first mosque building was built at Wufu 4th Road in Kaohsiung City. After two years, they moved the mosque to a new bigger place at Linsen 1st Road in 1951 to accommodate larger crowds. In 1990, they moved the mosque again to its current location at the Jianjun Road. The mosque was opened on April 1992.


title: Taipei Cultural Mosque

paragraphs: The Taipei Cultural Mosque () is a mosque in Taipei, Taiwan. It is the third mosque in Taiwan.

paragraphs: The mosque was originally built in 1950 at Roosevelt Road in Taipei. Because of the expansion of roads a few year later, the mosque was moved to Xinhai Road. It was reopened in 1983. The mosque was inaugurated by the Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the ROC, Assad Abdul Aziz Al-Zuhair. The mosque was renovated on April 2010 with help from the Indonesian Economic and Trade Office to Taipei.

paragraphs: The mosque is a building with five floors. It has Islamic traditional culture and modern architecture.

paragraphs: The mosque serves as the headquarters of the Chinese Muslim Youth League. It also houses the office of the Taiwan Halal Integrity Development Association, a group that issues Halal certification to food products produced in Taiwan for Muslims to eat. The mosque also has dormitories for Muslim travelers and foreign missionaries to stay.

paragraphs: It is not like Taipei Grand Mosque, which is heavily supported by the ROC government and Kuomintang. Taipei Cultural Mosque depends heavily on private donations. This makes it a purely civilian mosque concentrating on religious affairs.


title: Taichung Mosque

paragraphs: The Taichung Mosque () is a mosque in Taichung, Taiwan. It is the fourth mosque in Taiwan. The original building of the mosque was built in 1951.

paragraphs: After fleeing Mainland China at the end of Chinese Civil War in 1949, some of the Nationalist Muslim army resided in Changhua. Most of them did their prayers in some residential houses. To accommodate the growing number of Muslims in Taiwan, a mosque was planned to be built in 1951. The first location of the mosque was at Zhongxiao Road in Taichung City. When the number of Muslims grew, the new Taichung Mosque was constructed and reopened in 1990 at Dadun South Road.

paragraphs: Taichung Mosque is a building with three floors. It has shop, restaurant, dormitories and classroom.

paragraphs: The library at the mosque is used as a place to spread information about Islam to the public.


title: Longgang Mosque

paragraphs: The Longgang Mosque or Lungkang Mosque () is a mosque in Taoyuan County, Taiwan. It is the fifth mosque in Taiwan. The original building of the mosque was built in 1967.


title: Victor Hasselblad

paragraphs: Fritz Victor Hasselblad (8 March 1906 in Gothenburg – 5 August 1978 in Gothenburg) was a Swedish camera designer and photographer. He was the founder and CEO of Victor Hasselblad AB, and the creator of the Hasselblad camera 1948. The U.S. space agency NASA chose the Hasselblad camera to be its official "place camera" and it was later used by astronauts on the moon.


title: Feeling Good

paragraphs: "Feeling Good" (or "Feelin' Good") is a jazz ballad. It was first performed, written and released in 1964. It was first done by Nina Simone. The ballad was then performed again and covered by Michael Bublé and Muse, along with others throughout the years. The song has been also sampled in other recording artists' music.


title: God Bless the Child

paragraphs: "God Bless the Child" is a popular jazz ballad. It was first written in 1939 though not released until 1942. Billie Holiday sang the first version. Lisa Simpson (voiced by Yeardley Smith), made this ballad more popular in 1990-1991.


title: The Simpsons Sing the Blues

paragraphs: The Simpsons Sing the Blues is an album of songs sung by the characters from "The Simpsons". The songs are not on the television series, except for "Moaning Lisa Blues". The album was released in early December 1990. It included many songs, including "Do the Bartman" and "Deep Deep Trouble". The most notable, however, was Lisa Simpson's version of "God Bless the Child" (originally by Billie Holiday). That song was a major hit during early 1991.


title: George Monbiot

paragraphs: George Joshua Richard Monbiot (born 27 January 1963) is an English writer and activist. He writes for "The Guardian" every week about environment issues. Seven of his books have been published. In 1995, Nelson Mandela gave him a United Nations Global 500 Award. In January 2010 he started a website called "ArrestBlair.org". The website offers money to people who are trying to have Tony Blair arrested for crimes against peace.

paragraphs: Monbiot was born in Kensington, London. Both his parents worked in politics. He grew up in a house in Henley-on-Thames. He went to Stowe School. He then won a scholarship to study at Brasenose College, Oxford. He did a Master's degree in zoology there.

paragraphs: After he got his degree, Monbiot made radio programmes about natural history for the BBC Natural History Unit. Then he left and joined the BBC's World Service. He left to write his first book, "Poisoned Arrows".

paragraphs: Monbiot was in the 2009 movie "The Age of Stupid".

paragraphs: In 2013, Monbiot's book "Feral: Searching for Enchantment on the Frontiers of Rewilding" was published.

paragraphs: In July 2013, he gave a TED talk about "Feral".

paragraphs: Monbiot lives in Wales with his wife Angharad Penrhyn Jones.


title: Bat For Lashes

paragraphs: Natasha Khan (born 25 October 1979) is a British singer-songwriter better known as Bat For Lashes. She is the daughter of Pakistani squash player Rehmat Khan. Her first album, "Fur and Gold", was released by The Echo Label on 11 September 2006 in the United Kingdom. It got good reviews. It was nominated for the 2007 Mercury Prize. In 2008 Khan performed at some of the shows in Radiohead's tour. She did a cover of The Cure's song "A Forest". It was put on "Perfect as Cats: A Tribute to the Cure". On 3 April 2009 her second album "Two Suns" was released. It went straight to No.5 in the UK Albums Chart. Like "Fur and Gold" it was nominated for the Mercury Prize but didn't win. The first single from the album, "Daniel", is her best-selling single so far. It has sold over 46,000 copies around the world. It won Best Contemporary Song at the 2010 Ivor Novello Awards. Khan sang a song with Beck called "Let's Get Lost" for the soundtrack to the 2010 movie "". Bat For Lashes' third album, "The Haunted Man", was released on 11 October 2012. Pitchfork gave it 8.4 out of 10.

paragraphs: In July 2013 Bat For Lashes released a single with Toy called "The Bride".

paragraphs: In 2013 Khan wrote and sung a song with Jon Hopkins called "Garden's Heart". It was released as a single. It is on the soundtrack to the film "How I Live Now". Khan directed the music video.


title: Ola Orekunrin

paragraphs: Ola Orekunrin (born 1986 / 1987) is a Nigerian-British doctor and entrepreneur.

paragraphs: Orekunrin was raised by foster parents in Lowestoft. She started studying Medicine at the University of York in England when she was fifteen.

paragraphs: Orekunrin became a doctor when she was twenty one. This made her one of the United Kingdom's youngest doctors. She started a charity called Flying Doctors Nigeria Lt in Lagos in 2007. It is West Africa's first air ambulance service. In 2008 she was given the MEXT Japanese Government Scholarship. In 2012 she gave a talk at TEDxSendai and TEDxVictoriaIsland. She was on the cover of "Ladybrille magazine". In 2013 the World Economic Forum put her on their list of Young Global Leaders.


title: Julianna Barwick

paragraphs: Julianna Barwick is an American singer. She was born in Louisiana. She has released three albums.

paragraphs: In 2006 Barwick released "Sanguine". Her first album "The Magic Place" was released by Asthmatic Kitty Records on February 21, 2011. It got good reviews. Pitchfork gave it 8.5 out of 10. On June 14 2011, "FRKWYS Vol. 6" was released. It is an album that Barwick made with Ikue Mori. On August 20, 2013, "Nepenthe" was released by Dead Oceans Records. Amiina play string instruments in it. There is also a choir of teenage girls in it. "Pitchfork" said that it 'sounds like nobody else'. They gave it 8.5 out of 10. Barwick is currently doing a tour for the album.


title: Dolmabahçe Palace

paragraphs: Dolmabahçe Palace is a palace in the Beşiktaş district of Istanbul, Turkey. It was the main administrative center of the Ottoman Empire from 1856 to 1922. Construction of the palace started in 1843.


title: Siraj ud-Daulah

paragraphs: Mirza Muhammad Siraj ud-Daulah, more commonly known as "Siraj ud-Daulah" (1733 – July 2, 1757), was the last independent Nawab of Bengal. The end of his reign marked the start of British East India Company's rule over Bengal and later almost all of South Asia.

paragraphs: Mirza Muhammad Siraj-ud-Daulah was the grandson of Nawab Alivardi Khan and son of Amina Begum and Zainuddin Ahmed Khan. He was born in 1733 and soon after his birth Alivardi Khan appointed as the deputy governor of Bihar. So Siraj-ud-Daula was regarded as a "fortune child" in the family and his grandfather had special affection and favour for him. It is stated that Alivardi had given his heart to Siraj ud Daula from the day of his birth and "never kept him apart from himself".

paragraphs: Siraj ud-Daulah received the title of "Mansur-ul-Mulk, Seraj-ud-Daulla, Ghaseti Begum"(Victory of the Country, Light of the State, Horror in War). He was to succeed as the Nawab of Bengal in April 1756 AD at the age of twenty seven. Siraj ud-Daulah's nomination to the nawabship caused jealousy and enmity of "Mehar-un-nisa Begum" or "Ghaseti Begum"(eldest sister of Siraj's Mother Amina Begum), Raja Rajballabh, Mir Jafar Ali Khan and "Shaukat Jang"(Siraj's Cousin). Ghaseti Begum possessed huge wealth, which was the source of her influence and strength. On Perceiving serious opposition from her, Siraj ud-Daulah seized her wealth from Moti Jheel Palace and placed her in confinement. The "nawab" also made certain changes in high government positions giving them to his own favorites.


title: Exeter College, Oxford

paragraphs: Exeter College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. The full name of the college is "The Rector and Scholars of Exeter College at the University of Oxford". It was founded in 1314, making it the fourth oldest college at Oxford. The college was founded by the Bishop of Exeter, Walter de Stapledon.

paragraphs: Exeter first allowed women to enroll in 1979. In 1993, it became the first Oxford college to elect a female Rector, Marilyn Butler.

paragraphs: Famous people who attended Exeter college include authors J.R.R. Tolkien and Phillip Pullman.


title: Green Templeton College, Oxford

paragraphs: Green Templeton College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 2008, when Green College and Templeton College merged. It is the newest college at Oxford.

paragraphs: The former Green College was formed in 1979, and was named after one of its largest donors, Cecil H. Green, the founder of Texas Instruments.

paragraphs: The former Templeton College was originally formed in 1965 as the Oxford Center for Management Studies. It was renamed Templeton College in 1983 after John Templeton donated a large endowment. In 1995, Templeton College was granted a charter as a graduate college of the University.

paragraphs: Green Templeton College is a graduate college only. It does not have any undergraduate students.

paragraphs: The college is located at the former Green College campus in North Oxford. Its most notable building is the Radcliffe Observatory at the center of the campus.


title: Harris Manchester College, Oxford

paragraphs: Harris Manchester College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. Its formal name is "Manchester Academy and Harris College". It was founded in 1786 as the Manchester Academy in Manchester. The college moved from Manchester to York in 1803. It moved back to Manchester in 1840 and began an association with the University of London. The college moved to London in 1853. In 1889, the college moved to Oxford, and a new campus, designed by Thomas Worthington was completed in 1893.

paragraphs: The college became a full college of the University in 1996. At that time, it changed its name to Harris Manchester College.

paragraphs: Harris Manchester College only admits students who are at least 21 years old.


title: Hank Green

paragraphs: William Henry "Hank" Green ll (born May 5, 1980) is an American YouTube celebrity and musician. He is the younger brother of John Green.

paragraphs: He lives with his wife Katherine Green, in Missoula, Montana. He was born in Alabama.

paragraphs: Hank and John have a YouTube channel called VlogBrothers. The brothers began the channel on January 1, 2007, when Hank made the channel's first video blog. Since then, Hank and John have been active on the channel, making videos back and forth. In the beginning of their channel's history, the videos were being made as a way to talk to each other without having to text. The two brothers made their goal to do this for a year, as a way to grow close to each other again, and called the project "Brotherhood 2.0."

paragraphs: Once 2007 ended, the brother said that the Brotherhood 2.0 project would end, but that they would continue making video blogs on the channel. Since then, the amount of fans of the channel, or as Hank and John call them, "Nerdfighters," have grown.

paragraphs: In 2007, Hank and John started "Project 4 Awesome," a charity fundraiser that takes place every year through the internet. Hank and John also started VidCon, a conference and convention held every year, beginning 2010.

paragraphs: In 2011, YouTube gave the Greens funds to start two educational channels, "Crash Course", and "SciShow". Hank hosts "SciShow", which has videos on different science topics. On "Crash Course", Hank teaches viewers science subjects, and started with biology.

paragraphs: In 2012, Hank made "The Lizzie Bennet Diaries", a present-day adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice", with producer Bernie Su. The show put up its episodes on YouTube, in a vlog diary style. Hank was an executive producer and a writer on the show. In 2013, the show won a Creative Arts Emmy Award in the "Interactive Media" category.

paragraphs: Hank started a record label called DFTBA Records with Alan Lastufka in 2008.


title: Kellogg College, Oxford

paragraphs: Kellogg College is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was founded in 1990 as "Rewley House". It was renamed as Kellogg College in 1994 to honor large financial donations from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.

paragraphs: Kellogg College only admits graduate students. It does not have any undergraduate students. It was the first college at the University to allow part-time students.


title: Palace of Fine Arts

paragraphs: The Palace of Fine Arts () is the most important cultural center in Mexico. It is located in the historic center of Mexico City. The building has several murals by Diego Rivera, Siqueiros and others. Exhibitions and theatrical performances take place here, including performances of the Ballet Folklorico de Mexico.


title: Operation Restore Hope

paragraphs: The Operation Restore Hope was an operation of the United States and many of its allied countries in Somalia. The operation was protected by the United Nations. The United States was the leader of this operation. Somalia was in civil war and many people were dying from hunger in this country. The goal of this operation was creating suitable conditions and calming down the situation in Somalia for helping the Somali people who needed food in the southern part of this country.

paragraphs: After the killing of several Pakistani peacekeepers, the Security Council ordered the allied forces by the Resolution 837, that they can do anything for sending the humanitarian aid to the Somali people in accordance to Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter. This operation was successful.


title: Apollo 8 Genesis reading

paragraphs: On December 24, 1968, the crew of Apollo 8 read from the Book of Genesis on a television broadcast of their mission as they orbited the moon. Bill Anders, Jim Lovell, and Frank Borman read verses 1 through 10, using the Authorized King James Version text. This was the most watched television broadcast at the time of its broadcast.


title: Electric power distribution

paragraphs: Electric power distribution is the delivery system of electricity to places that use it, such as homes and other buildings. It is done mainly by power lines, transformers, substations and meters. The electricity comes from the power station at high voltage and is delivered at medium to low voltage levels.

paragraphs: In early days, electricity was distributed as direct current (DC). Alternating current (AC) was later introduced during the War of Currents. DC distribution disappeared because transformers can easily convert AC to high voltage for electric power transmission and low voltage to use at home.


title: Electricity meter

paragraphs: An electricity meter (or energy meter) is a device that measures the amount of electricity used by a house or business. Measurements are usually taken in kilowatt hours (kWh).

paragraphs: Electricity meters became popular when more and more houses were connected to electricity in the 1880s. Instead of charging the homes based on how many electricity loads they had, charging on how much electricity they used became more accurate and fair.

paragraphs: This type electricity meter uses the force generated by current when passing through magnetic field to rotate a spinning disk inside the meter. The disk is then turn the number to indicate how much electricity has been used which is recorded by the meter.

paragraphs: This type of electricity meter converts electricity directly with an analogue-to-digital converter inside a microprocessor to get the exact electricity usage reading.

paragraphs: Electricity meters can easily be tampered with. This may allow the customers to use electricity for free. Tampering with electricity meters is illegal and can carry fines or legal actions.


title: High-voltage direct current

paragraphs: A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) is a transmission system which uses direct electric current (DC) to transmit electricity. It is more efficient over long distances than the usual high-voltage alternating current (HVAC).

paragraphs: HVDC was first demonstrated in 1882 in Germany. The technology was further developed during the 1930s in Sweden and Nazi Germany. Early commercial uses were in the Soviet Union and Sweden in 1951.

paragraphs: The converter in HVDC system converts AC electricity to DC electricity or vice versa. Converting AC to DC, it acts as a rectifier. Converting DC to AC, it acts as an inverter.

paragraphs: The transformer at the converter station ensures that the station is isolated from the AC system connected to the HVDC system. It also provides the correct voltage level which will be converted to DC voltage.

paragraphs: Because harmonics are always produced in electronic equipment, harmonic filters are used at the AC terminal of the converter. The DC harmonic filters can also be used at the DC line after the AC/DC conversion.

paragraphs: The electrode provides a ground return path for line current in monopolar configuration and unbalanced current in bipolar configuration.

paragraphs: In HVDC monopole configuration, one of the terminals of the rectifier is connected to earth ground. The other terminal is connected to the transmission line. The earthed terminal may be connected to the corresponding connection at the inverting station by means of a second conductor.

paragraphs: In HVDC bipolar configuration, a pair of conductors are used, each at a high potential with respect to ground in opposite polarity. The DC current flows via the positive pole and returns via the negative pole. The connection point between the positive and negative poles is grounded to the earth.

paragraphs: In this configuration, virtually no earth or neutral current is flowing. When one pole is broken, half of its transfer capability is still available.

paragraphs: A back-to-back HVDC station is a HVDC station in which both converters are located within the same building area where the length of the DC line is being kept as short as possible.


title: Ronda Rousey

paragraphs: Ronda Jean Rousey (born February 1, 1987) is an American mixed martial artist.

paragraphs: She used to be the UFC Female Bantamweight Champion until November 2015 when she got defeated by American Holly Holm. It was her first ever loss. In December 2016 she tried to win the championship back but she got defeated by TOTAL KNOCKOUT (TKO) just 48 seconds into the first round, this time by Brazilian Amanda Nunes. She now has a career in the WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment, Inc). Well known as ( Rowdy Ronda Rousey )

paragraphs: She is expected to also act in movies beginning in summer 2014. She will act in the movies of Expendables 3 and Fast & Furious 7.

paragraphs: She was born in the city of Riverside, California.

paragraphs: She has endorsed Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign for the 2016 United States presidential election.


title: Alicia Vikander

paragraphs: Alicia Vikander (born October 3, 1988) is a Swedish actress. She will play Alice Deane in "Seventh Son". She has also been in lots of other movies, such as the 2015 "Ex Machina".

paragraphs: Vikander was born in Gothenburg, Sweden.


title: Seventh Son

paragraphs: Seventh Son is a 2014 fantasy-action movie. The movie is set during the medieval period. In this movie are Julianne Moore, Alicia Vikander and Jeff Bridges. This movie was released in the United States in February 2015. The studio which distributes "Seventh Son" is Universal Pictures.


title: Hau Pei-tsun

paragraphs: Hau Pei-tsun (; 8 August 1919 – 30 March 2020) was the Premier of the Republic of China from May 30, 1990 to February 10, 1993. He was also a 4-star general in that country's army.

paragraphs: He was born on 8 August 1919 in Yancheng, Jiangsu. He studied at the Chinese Military Academy.

paragraphs: In the 1996 elections, he ran for vice-president as an independent. He ran with Lin Yang-kang, who was running for president. His party later collapsed and was expelled from the elections. His party's membership was restored in 2005.

paragraphs: He married Kuo Wan-hua and had two sons and three daughters. One of his sons is politician Hau Lung-pin, the former chairman of the New Party, and current Mayor of Taipei.

paragraphs: Hau died of multiple organ failure on 30 March 2020 in Taipei at the age of 100.


title: Skin effect

paragraphs: Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current to flow towards the perimeter of a conductor and leave the center part of the conductor without (or barely) any electricity flow. This effect increases as frequency increases.


title: Utility frequency

paragraphs: Utility frequency, line frequency or mains frequency is the frequency level of the AC electricity used in transmission and distribution from electricity generation sources to customers. The world's two major utility frequencies are 50 Hz (most, but not all, of the Eastern hemisphere) and 60 Hz (most, but not all, of the Western hemisphere).

paragraphs: Many electric railways in Europe use a frequency of 16.7 Hz (one third of 50 Hz). Early electric railways sometimes used 25 Hz (half of 50 Hz). New electric railways usually use the standard mains frequency of 50 Hz. Some lines in the northeast United States still use 25 Hz.


title: Rogelio Guerra

paragraphs: Hildegardo Francisco Guerra Martínez (8 October 1936 in Aguascalientes, Mexico – 28 February 2018 in Mexico City) or Rogelio Guerra, was a Mexican movie actor and television actor. He has also sometimes worked as a voice actor.

paragraphs: He appeared in over 200 Spanish sitcoms since his career began in 1957. He has also appeared on several international movies as a Spanish-dub actor such as Perry White in "Superman Returns".

paragraphs: Guerra was born on 8 October 1936 in Aguascalientes, Mexico. He was married to Maribel Robles. Guerra died in Mexico City of a heart attack while suffering from complications of a stroke he had in 2015. He was 81 years old.


title: Power system harmonics

paragraphs: Power system harmonics are the harmonic contents from the utility frequency. Harmonics are one kind of distortion to a voltage or current's waveform. This distortion is produced by non-linear devices connected to the power system. Since equipment is made to work at the utility frequency, harmonics can make it work wrong. This is one kind of power quality problem. It increases heating in power equipment.

paragraphs: Harmonics can be eliminated or reduced by using harmonic filter.


title: Eric del Castillo

paragraphs: José Eduardo Eric del Castillo Negrete-Galván (born July 22, 1934) is a well-known Mexican actor who appeared in many telenovelas and movies. He appeared in over 200 television or movies related to Mexico or voice dubbing since 1960. He has won several awards throughout his career.

paragraphs: del Castillo was born on July 22, 1934 in Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. He is married to Kate Trillo. They have two children. He now lives in Mexico City, Mexico.


title: New College of Florida

paragraphs: New College of Florida is a public liberal arts college in Sarasota, Florida, in the United States. It started as a private college in 1960. In 2001, it became public.


title: Changhua County

paragraphs: Changhua County () is a county in Taiwan. It is the smallest county on the island, though there are smaller counties on some of Taiwan's other islands. The capital is Changhua City.

paragraphs: About 1.3 million people live in this county. It has the second-largest population after Taoyuan City.


title: Chiayi County

paragraphs: Chiayi County () is a county in Taiwan. It is in the south-west of the island. It surrounds Chiayi City, but does not include it. The seat of the county's government is in Taibao. Chiayi is the sixth largest county in Taiwan. The National Chung Cheng University is in this county.


title: Dušan Dragosavac

paragraphs: Dušan Dragosavac (; 1 December 1919 – 21 December 2014) was a former Yugoslav politician. He was a Serb from Croatia. He was the Chairman of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia from 20 October 1981 until 20 June 1982.


title: Pope Eleuterus

paragraphs: Pope Eleuterus (??? − 189) was thirteenth Pope, the official title is the Bishop of Rome of the Catholic Church from c. 174 to his death in 189. He was born in Nicopolis, Epirus, Greece.

paragraphs: According to "Liber Pontificalis", they ascribe a decree to Pope Eleutherius that no kind of food should be despised by Christians (Et hoc iterum firmavit ut nulla esca a Christianis repudiaretur, maxime fidelibus, quod Deus creavit, quæ tamen rationalis et humana est).


title: Underground cable

paragraphs: An underground cable is a cable that is buried below the ground. They distribute electrical power or telecommunications. Such cables are an alternative to overhead cables, which are several meters above the ground. Overhead cables are often replaced with underground cables. Downtown areas with many tall buildings usually have few or no cables above ground, This is mainly for aesthetic purposes because underground cables can not be seen. They are also less dangerous to people because they are out of the way. They cost more to install, but last longer.


title: Pope Gelasius II

paragraphs: Pope Gelasius II (??? − 29 January 1119) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 24 January 1118 to his death in 29 January 1119.

paragraphs: He was born in Gaeta, Principality of Capua and died in Cluny, Duchy of Burgundy, Kingdom of France. He was ordained a priest on 9 March 1118 after he fled to Gaeta. He returned to Rome in July under Norman protection after he excommunicated Henry V and the antipope.


title: Hualien County

paragraphs: Hualien County () is a county in Taiwan. It is the largest county in Taiwan in terms of area. It is located on the mountainous eastern coast.

paragraphs: It contains the Port of Hualien. It is famous for tourism.


title: Kinmen

paragraphs: Kinmen (or Quemoy) is a small group of islands close to the coast of China. It is governed by the Republic of China (Taiwan). It forms a county, Kinmen County (), of Fujian Province. The capital is Jincheng Township.

paragraphs: The county is claimed by the People's Republic of China (PRC) as part of its own Fujian Province. It is very close to Xiamen, no more than 2 kilometres.


title: Matsu Islands

paragraphs: The Matsu Islands () are a small group of islands in the Taiwan Strait. There are 19 islands.

paragraphs: They are governed as a county of the Republic of China (ROC), Lienchiang County (). This county is part of Fujian Province. It is the smallest county in the ROC.


title: Cross-Strait relations

paragraphs: Cross-strait relations () is the relations between the governments of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Republic of China (ROC). Neither government recognises one another. Both officially use the One-China policy. Under this policy, there is only one legitimate government of China. Both the PRC and the ROC claim to be that government.

paragraphs: Cross-strait relations are not international relations, where matters are handled by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is because both governments claim that each other's territory is part of their country. However, the relations are not purely domestic relations either.

paragraphs: Any interaction by the PRC's government with Taiwan is done by the Association of Relations Across the Taiwan Strait (ARATS). This is under the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC. Any interaction by the ROC's government with Mainland China is done by Strait Exchange Foundation (SEF) under the Mainland Affairs Council of the ROC.

paragraphs: The PRC's view is that Taiwan is part of PRC under the "One Country, Two Systems" () policy. This policy was introduced by Deng Xiaoping in 1984. The ROC's view is that Mainland China is part of the ROC under the "'One Country, Two Areas" () policy. This policy was introduced by Wu Po-hsiung in 2012.

paragraphs: However, currently both sides temporarily agree that both countries belong to One China. This was agreed under the "1992 consensus" () to facilitate cross-strait matters. The PRC regards Taiwan as part of the PRC, while the ROC regards Mainland China as part of the ROC.


title: Tainan Mosque

paragraphs: The Tainan Mosque () is a mosque in Tainan, Taiwan. It is the sixth mosque in Taiwan, and the first and only mosque in Tainan. The mosque was built in 1996.

paragraphs: A land was initially donated by an Chinese Muslim living in the United States to Taipei Grand Mosque. It was then transferred to Kaohsiung Mosque which managed the construction of the Tainan Mosque. Starting in 1983, they collected money for 10 years for the mosque construction, and the construction finally started in 1993 and the mosque was opened in 1996.

paragraphs: The mosque has four floors, which consists of prayer hall, shop, meeting room, ablution room and office.


title: At-Taqwa Mosque

paragraphs: The At-Taqwa Mosque () is a mosque in Dayuan Township, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. It is the seventh and latest mosque in Taiwan. The mosque was built in 2013.

paragraphs: The construction of the mosque was started by an Indonesian-Taiwanese couple who has an Indonesian shop around Dayuan. The couple purchased a land beside their shop to build a mosque. After collecting all of the money needed to make the mosque, the mosque was finally constructed and opened on 9 June 2013.

paragraphs: The establishment of the mosque shows that the number of Muslim is growing in Taiwan, where many of them work in factories, shops or houses. Many of those Muslims come from Indonesia. This can be considered as the fourth Muslim migration to Taiwan.

paragraphs: The mosque area is 130 square meter. It has three floors, where it consists of male prayer hall, female prayer hall, guess room, classes and dormitories.


title: Jamia Mosque

paragraphs: The Jamia Mosque or Shelley Street Mosque () is a mosque in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. It is the first and oldest mosque in Hong Kong.

paragraphs: The original building of the mosque was built in 1890 during the British Hong Kong government as the Mohammedan Mosque on a piece of land rented by the government in 1850. In 1915, the building of the mosque was expanded and it was renamed to Jamia Mosque after World War II.

paragraphs: The mosque building is included into the Grade I Building in which it is considered as a historical building which needs to be protected and conserved.


title: Kowloon Mosque and Islamic Centre

paragraphs: The Kowloon Mosque and Islamic Centre () is a mosque and Islamic center in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. It is the largest mosque and second mosque to be built in Hong Kong.

paragraphs: The original building of the mosque was built in 1896 at the site where the Tsim Sha Tsui police station now is located. The mosque served the Indian Muslim troops in British Hong Kong stationed at Whitfield Barracks. In the late 1970s, the mosque was relocated to its current site at Nathan Road by compensation given by MTR Corporation and donations from Muslims around Hong Kong.

paragraphs: The mosque was designed by architect I. M. Kadri. The building was designed with traditional Muslim architecture. The unique feature of this mosque are the four 11-meters-high minarets. There are three prayer halls, community hall, clinic and library. Around 3,500 people can fit into this mosque for prayer.

paragraphs: The mosque primarily serves the Hong Kong Muslims with origin from South Asia. Therefore, the most becomes an important place for the non-Chinese Muslims in Hong Kong.


paragraphs: The Ammar Mosque and Osman Ramju Sadick Islamic Centre () or Wan Chai Mosque is a mosque and Islamic center in Hong Kong, People's Republic of China. It is the third mosque in Hong Kong. The original building of the mosque was built in 1967.

paragraphs: The original building of the mosque was a small mosque besides a cemetery at 7 Seymore Street. In 1978, the mosque was relocated to a new place at Oi Kwan Road because the land was needed by the government to construct Aberdeen tunnel. The new mosque building was reopened on September 1981.

paragraphs: The mosque was designed by architect Ramju Sadick. The mosque has eight floors which consists of prayer hall, Chinese restaurant, bakery, clinic, classrooms, library and seminar room.

paragraphs: The mosque is the headquarter place for Incorporated Trustees of the Islamic Community Fund of Hong Kong (the main Islamic organization in Hong Kong) and the Hong Kong Islamic Youth Association.


title: Atoms for Peace (band)

paragraphs: Atoms for Peace is a band from California. They started in 2009. They did not have a name until February 2010. The members are Thom Yorke, Flea, Nigel Godrich, Joey Waronker, and Mauro Refosco. In February 2013, they released their first album, "Amok" on XL Recordings. The album charted at number 1 in nine countries. "Pitchfork" scored it 6.9/10.


title: Coal mining

paragraphs: Coal mining is the process of getting coal out of the ground. It is part of the mining industry. Coal is used as a resource for making electricity.

paragraphs: Surface mining is done when the coal is near the surface. Coal miners remove the soil above the coal. The coal can then be removed without the coal miners having to go deep underground..

paragraphs: Underground mining is when the coal is farther underground, making it too expensive to remove soil. In this process, coal miners and all of the coal mining equipment are brought deep underground and coal is carried up out of the ground. This is especially dangerous because of fires, explosions, and poison gas in coal mines.

paragraphs: Before coal can be used, it must be processed in a coal processing plant. It is made smaller using a sizer and crusher. Parts that might be harmful to any equipment which will use the coal later on, such as the screening for metallic parts inside the mined coal.

paragraphs: Coal is delivered to customers in several ways. Trucks, conveyors, trains and ships transport coal to be used in factories and power plants.


title: Mustafa Abdul Jalil

paragraphs: Mustafa Abdul Jalil (born 1952) is a Libyan politician. He was the Chairman (leader) of the National Transitional Council from 5 March 2011 until it ended on 8 August 2012. He supported the Libyan revolution. He was born in Badya. He is a Sunni Muslim.


title: PJ Harvey

paragraphs: Polly Jean Harvey MBE (born 9 October 1969) is an English musician. She is best known for being a singer and guitarist. Her music is usually released under the name PJ Harvey. She plays lots of instruments as well as the guitar. These include piano, organ, bass, saxophone, harmonica, and most recently, the autoharp. She has a contralto singing range. In June 2013, she made a Member of the Order of the British Empire for her music.

paragraphs: Harvey was born in Bridport, Dorset, England. She grew up on a farm in Corscombe, Dorset.

paragraphs: In 1988, Harvey became a member of a band called Automatic Dlamini. The band was started by John Parish in 1983. She left it in January 1991. This was to make her own band with Rob Ellis and Steve Vaughan. The band was called the PJ Harvey Trio.

paragraphs: Their first extended play was "Dress". In March 1992, she released her first album with them on Too Pure Records. It was called "Dry". It entered the UK Albums Chart at number 3. It got good reviews. The album's first single, "50ft Queenie", was released in April 1992.

paragraphs: The PJ Harvey Trio's second album "Rid of Me" was released by Island Records in May 1993. It reached number 27 in the UK Singles Chart. It was produced by Steve Albini and Head.

paragraphs: In 1995, Harvey released her first album on her own, "To Bring You My Love". It is her best-selling album in the United States. Three singles were released from it. The album was produced by Harvey, Flood, and John Parish. Parish also played guitar, organ, drums, and percussion on it.

paragraphs: In 1996, she released an album with John Parish. It was called "Dance Hall at Louse Point". That year she also sung on two songs called "Death is Not the End" and "Henry Lee" on Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds' album "Murder Ballads". "Henry Lee" was released as a single.

paragraphs: In 1998, she released "Is This Desire?". The reviews it got from critics were not as good as for "To Bring You My Love". However, "Is This Desire?"'s first single "A Perfect Day Elise" was Harvey's best-selling single in the UK so far. The album was nominated for Best Alternative Music Performance. Parish played guitar and keyboards on it. Harvey produced the album with Flood and Head.

paragraphs: Harvey acted in the 1998 movie "The Book of Life" and a short movie called "A Bunny Girl's Tale".

paragraphs: On 23 October 2000, "Stories from the City, Stories from the Sea" was released. In won the 2001 Mercury Prize. It is PJ Harvey's best-selling album in the UK so far. Thom Yorke is on three of the songs. In 2005 Rolling Stone put it at number 431 in their list Greatest Albums of All Time. The album's third single "This Is Love" was nominated for Best Rock Album and Best Female Rock Performance at the Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: Harvey's sixth album "Uh Huh Her" was released in 2004. In 2007 a band started called Uh Huh Her. They got their name from the album's title.

paragraphs: In 2007, "White Chalk" was released. Parish played instruments on it and sang. Harvey produced the album with Flood and Parish. Harvey released three singles from the album.

paragraphs: Harvey released her second album with John Parish, "A Woman a Man Walked By", in 2009.

paragraphs: "Let England Shake" was released in 2011. It got good reviews. "Pitchfork" gave it 8.8/10. It won the 2011 Mercury Prize. Two singles were released from it. John Parish plays instruments on it.


title: Mallika Sherawat

paragraphs: Mallika Sherawat (born on October 24, 1976 as Reema Lamba) is an Indian actress. She was born in Rohtak to a Jatt family. The first movie she acted in was the 2002 Bollywood movie "Jeena Sirf Merre Liye". She acted in the 2005 Chinese movie "The Myth". In 2010, "Hisss" was released. It was her first English movie. Sherawat played the main character, Naagin. In 2011, she was in another English movie, "The Politics of Love".


title: Yeah Yeah Yeahs

paragraphs: Yeah Yeah Yeahs is an indie rock band from New York City. They are two boys, Nick Zinner and Brian Chase, and one girl, Karen O. Karen O is the singer. They started in the world of music in 2000. In 2009 a second guitarist, David Pajo, joined the band and replaced Imad Wasif. They have four albums, which are: "Fever to Tell", the first, "Show Your Bones", the second, "It's Blitz!", the third, and the fourth, "Mosquito". They play different genres of music: alternative rock, indie rock, art punk, dance punk and post punk revival. They were nominated to the Grammy Awards on 3 occasions: "Fever to tell", "Show your bones" and "It’s blitz!". And they have had 7 nominations to the MTV Awards for three of their works: "Maps" in 2004, "Heads will roll" in 2009 and "Sacrilege" in 2013.


title: Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford

paragraphs: Lady Margaret Hall is one of the colleges of the University of Oxford. It was established in 1878 as the first women's college at the University. It first admitted male students in 1979.


title: Bonfire Night

paragraphs: Bonfire Night is an event dedicated to celebration with bonfires or fireworks. Different traditions celebrate Bonfire Night on different days. In Great Britain, it is celebrated as Guy Fawkes Night on 5th November. Other versions of Bonfire Night are also celebrated on this date in several other Commonwealth countries. A similar bonfire tradition is celebrated in parts of Scandinavia and is known as Walpurgis Night.


title: Collateral (movie)

paragraphs: Collateral is a 2004 American crime thriller movie. This movie is set in Los Angeles. It is about a hit-man named Vincent who is out to murder several witnesses and a prosecutor. His main hostage, taxi driver Max, reluctantly agrees to do some harsh things along with him. Max, though, eventually has enough. He then shoots Vincent, killing him. Jamie Foxx plays Max and Tom Cruise plays Vincent. The movie was released in late August 2004. It became a success in the U.S. box office and worldwide. The reviews were excellent.


title: Passenger name record

paragraphs: Passenger name record is the name for a set of data in a database, which contains the path a passenger travelling with one or more airlines takes. In some cases, groups of people travelling together are stored in the same passenger name record. Passenger details often contain more information than that which is strictly necessary. Additional information stored includes the gender of the passenger, if the passenger is part of a frequent flyer programme, details about the ticket, or if the passenger has special meal requirements - for example vegetarian.

paragraphs: United States–European Union Agreement on Passenger Name Records.

paragraphs: On January 16, 2004, the Article 29 Working Party released their "Opinion 1/2004 (WP85)" on the level of PNR protection ensured in Australia for the transmission of Passenger Name Record data from airlines.

paragraphs: In 2010 the European Commission's Directorate-General for Justice, Freedom and Security was split in two. The resulting bodies were the Directorate-General for Justice (European Commission) and the Directorate-General for Home Affairs (European Commission).

paragraphs: On the 4th of May 2011, Stefano Manservisi, Director-General at the Directorate-General for Home Affairs (European Commission) wrote to the European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) with regards to a PNR sharing agreement with Australia, a close ally of the US and signatory to the UKUSA Agreement on signals intelligence.

paragraphs: The EDPS responded on the 5th of May in "Letter 0420 D845":

paragraphs: The Article 29 Working Party document "Opinion 1/2005 on the level of protection ensured in Canada for the transmission of Passenger Name Record and Advance Passenger Information from airlines (WP 103)", 19 January 2005, offers information on the nature of PNR agreements with Canada.

paragraphs: In India PNR is used by Indian Railway as Passenger Name Record Usually Travelers need it to check their confirmation of their seats. It is a 10 Digit Number which has to be entered on website for checking PNR Status.


title: David Karp

paragraphs: David Karp (born July 6, 1986) is an American entrepreneur who started the website Tumblr in 2007. He sold the website to Yahoo! for US$1.1 billion in 2013. He was born in New York City. He started learning HTML when he was 11. When he was 15 he stopped going to high school. He was taught at home instead. In 2013, "Forbes" said that Karp's net worth is more than $200 million. His cultural and ethnic background is Jewish.


title: Kwame Kilpatrick

paragraphs: Kwame Malik Kilpatrick (born June 8, 1970) is an American politician. He was a Michigan state representative and mayor of Detroit. He is a Democrat. Kilpatrick was mayor of Detroit from 2002 until he resigned in 2008. In spring 2013, Kilpatrick was sentenced to almost 28 years in prison after being declared guilty on many criminal charges, including fraud. He went to federal prison in eastern Michigan.


title: John of Damascus

paragraphs: Saint John of Damascus ( 675 or 676 – 4 December 749) was a Christian leader from Damascus. He was a monk and a priest (a Christian preacher). He was born and raised in Damascus, which is today the capital of the country of Syria. He died in the Jerusalem in Palestine, at the Mar Saba monastery.

paragraphs: John of Damascus studied religion. He also studied law, theology, philosophy and music. He is said by some sources to have served as a Chief Administrator to the Muslim caliph of Damascus before he became a priest. He wrote works about Christianity. He composed hymns that are still used by Greek Orthodox churches around the world. He is considered "the last of the Fathers" of the Eastern Orthodox church. He is best known for arguing to let people use pictures of Greek Orthodox saints, which are called "icons". He is also honored by Catholic churches, specifically the Roman Catholic Church.


title: Pope Leo IV

paragraphs: Pope Saint Leo IV (790 – 17 July 855) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from 10 April 847 until he died in 855.

paragraphs: He was born in Rome. He died in Rome on 17 July 855 and was buried in St. Peter's Basilica. There was a medieval tradition that had claimed that a woman, Pope Joan, had succeeded him by disguising herself as a man but she is believed to be fictitious.


title: Rosamund Pike

paragraphs: Rosamund Pike (born 27 January 1979) is an English actress. She became known in the 2002 movie "Die Another Day" in which she played the Bond girl Miranda Frost. She also played Helen in the 2012 melodrama movie "Jack Reacher". Pike was born in London.


title: Pope John XV

paragraphs: Pope John XV (??? − March 996) was pope of the Roman Catholic Church from August 985 to his death in 996.

paragraphs: He was born in Rome, Papal States and died in March 996 in Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire.

paragraphs: During his time as pope, there was a dispute that arose over the deposition in 991 of Arnulf, Archbishop of Reims. Arnulf was made archbishop of Reims in 988 by Hugh Capet of France. Arnulf was the nephew of the King's bitter rival, Charles of Lorraine and considered Arnulf a turncoat. He demanded his deposition by John XV. Hugh Capet captured both Charles and Archbishop Arnulf and convoked a synod at Reims in June 991. He deposed Arnulf and chose as his successor Abbot Gerbert of Aurillac who would later be known as Pope Silvester II.

paragraphs: At the synod, Arnulf, Bishop of Orléans accused John XV:


title: Die Another Day

paragraphs: Die Another Day is a 2002 British action thriller spy movie. It is about James Bond going across North Korea trying to get redemption. Pierce Brosnan plays James Bond and Rosamund Pike plays the double agent Miranda Frost. The movie got negative reviews. The box office of the movie, however, was positive. The movie was released in November 2002.


title: Black Friday

paragraphs: Black Friday is the day after Thanksgiving in the United States. Even though it falls on a Friday, which is the last day before the weekend, and comes right after Thanksgiving Thursday, it is not a federal holiday. There are some states, however, that observe this day instead of Columbus Day for workers of the state government.

paragraphs: The name "Black Friday" started to be used sometime after World War II, but it was not popular outside of Philadelphia until around 1975.

paragraphs: Many Americans see Black Friday as the official beginning of the Christmas holiday season, a time when many people go shopping for gifts to give to their family and friends on Christmas Day. On Black Friday, many stores have big sales, and it is common to see long lines of people waiting outside stores and in malls to get the best deals first before they run out. Because of this, stores usually open around 6 am in the morning or later. Some stores, though, started opening at 5 am and even 4 am in the late 20th century. Now, a few stores even open at midnight. Shoppers like to stay out all day to get what they need, making Black Friday the busiest shopping day of the year.

paragraphs: On the first Monday after the long weekend is Cyber Monday, when many people go online shopping.


title: Lions in heraldry

paragraphs: Lions appear in heraldry more often than any other animal. It traditionally symbolises bravery, valour, strength, and royalty.

paragraphs: They may appear as a charge on the shield or as a crest. They are described in the "blazon" (heraldic description) by their "tincture" (color) and "attitude" (position). Sometimes the teeth and claws of a lion can be colored differently from the rest of its body; it is said to be "armed" of that color (e.g. "A lion Or armed gules" is a gold lion with red teeth and claws). Sometimes the tail is even described, if it is shown in an unusual way. One reason why lions are shown in so many different ways is because when heraldry developed, a lot of people wanted a lion on their coat of arms, but no two coats of arms can be the same. The purpose of heraldry in the Middle Ages was to identify people with bold images over the outside of their armour. Since a lot of people started putting lions on their coats of arms, they placed them in a lot of different positions and in every color used in heraldry. In France and Germany, they even made patterns of colors on some of their lions, as if they were painted.

paragraphs: French heralds refer to lions in the walking positions as "leopards", but this term is seldom used by British heralds.

paragraphs: Although there are many "attitudes" or positions now used in heraldry, very few of these were known to medieval heralds, who simply wanted to draw a lion to fill the space provided on the shield. The following table describes the different attitudes of heraldic lions:

paragraphs: Other terms are used to describe the lion's position in further detail. The lion's head is normally seen in agreement with the overall position, (facing left) unless otherwise stated. If a lion's "whole body" is turned to face right, he is "to sinister" or "contourné". If his "whole body" faces the viewer, he is "affronté". If his "head only" faces the viewer he is "guardant" or "gardant", and if he looks back over his shoulder (body facing left but head turned to face right) he is "regardant". These words follow the main description of position, and then the lion is further described as "armed" (teeth and claws) of another color, if another color is used. And finally, the tail may be described if it is unusual. A lion (or other beast) "coward" carries its tail between its hind legs. The tail also may be "nowed" (knotted), or the lion may be "queue fourchée" (forked tail) or "double-queued" (two tails).


title: Monkwearmouth–Jarrow Abbey

paragraphs: Monkwearmouth–Jarrow was a combination of two English monasteries run as a single community. Both were founded by Benedict Biscop. Monkwearmouth, built first, was a magnificent example of the Roman style of architecture. It housed one of the first stained glass works in England. Jarrow became the center of Anglo-Saxon learning in the north of England and contained the largest library in Anglo-Saxon England. Bede, the great Anglo-Saxon scholar, studied, taught and wrote there. The sister Anglo-Saxon monasteries were the UK nomination for World Heritage Site status in 2011.

paragraphs: In 674 Benedict Biscop, a Northumbrian nobleman, built a monastery known as Monkwearmouth. Egfrith, King of Northumbria gave him fifty hides of land at the mouth of the River Wear. This monastery would be dedicated to Saint Peter and came to be called St. Peter's at Monkwearmouth. Benedict wanted his monastery to be a center of both learning and religion. Benedict used Frankish stonemasons who he brought over to England to construct the monastery. Monkwearmouth was the first (and Jarrow the second) church structures to be built of stone in England. Benedict them brought over glassmakers from Frankia to fit the windows of the church and chapels with fine stained glass. They established a workshop there at Monkwearwolf. Within a year the monastery was completed. In 678 a letter from Pope Agatho exempted the monastery from external control. Benedict got all the , sacred vessels, decorations and . Some he found locally while others he bought in Francia and Rome. In 682 King Egfrith gave another forty hides of land to Benedict for a second monastery. It was to be at the mouth of the River Trent at Jarrow. The dedication ceremony for Jarrow abbey was held on 23 April 685. Named for Saint Paul when the sister monastery was completed Benedict assigned Ceolfrith to the abbot. Bede, who was about ten years old at the time, was one of the monks who went with him. King Egfrid, who was at the dedication, died in battle against the Picts less than a month later. The two sister abbeys, only seven miles apart, were thought of as one.

paragraphs: The library that Benedict started made it possible for Bede to write his works including his famous "Ecclesiastical History of the English People".information from. There wasn't another library like it in England. By the time of his death in 689 Benedict had completed four trips to Rome and the south and brought back large collections of books each time. The full extent of Bede's work would still not be possible if not for Ceolfrid, the fourth abbot. He doubled the size of the library left by Benedict Biscop.

paragraphs: The at Monkwearmouth-Jarrow was kept very busy. There was a growing demand for copies of bibles, books, documents and especially the works of Bede. Requests came in from other parts of England and the . Works from the scriptorium would be found in Leningrad, Rome, and other parts of Europe. Under increasing requests for its products, the Monkwearmouth-Jarrow scriptorium adopted a faster script style used in later works.

paragraphs: In 794, just a year after the Vikings sacked Lindisfarne, the Vikings attacked Monkwearmouth and Jarrow. The flames were so hot the glass was melted. Both sites were abandoned for a time. Their location on the coast of Northumbria made them easy targets for Viking raids. The twin monasteries were rebuilt. Unlike many old ruins that disappear over time, the old walls of Monkwearmouth and Jarrow can still be seen. They are next to or part of the modern buildings that replaced the original buildings built in 674 and 682.


title: Wrecking Ball (Miley Cyrus song)

paragraphs: "Wrecking Ball" is a song performed by Miley Cyrus. It was released on August 25, 2013. "Wrecking Ball" is a pop song which is about the ending of a relationship. It was thought to be inspired by Cyrus' former engagement to Australian actor Liam Hemsworth. "Wrecking Ball" was the Vevo record with most views in the first 24 hours after its release, and the record for being the fastest clip to reach 100 million views on the service. The record was broken in 2014 by Anaconda of Nicki Minaj.


title: Troublemaker (Olly Murs song)

paragraphs: "Troublemaker" is a song by Olly Murs. He also wrote the song. It was released on October 12, 2012. The song features Flo Rida. "Troublemaker" was a major commercial success. It was a success across the United Kingdom and the United States. It also served as the closing song at Murs's 2013 arena tour.


title: Green Acres

paragraphs: Green Acres is an American sitcom that was produced by Filmways and released by Orion Pictures (now Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer). "Green Acres" stars Eddie Albert and Eva Gabor as a couple who move from New York City to a rural country farm in the fictional community of Hooterville. The show also had supporting roles by Tom Lester, Frank Cady, Pat Buttram, Alvy Moore, Hank Patterson, Barbara Pepper, and several others. "Green Acres" is a sister show to "Petticoat Junction" which also takes place in Hooterville.

paragraphs: "Green Acres" was created by Jay Sommers who was also a writer and executive producer for "Petticoat Junction". The idea of "Green Acres" came from a radio show which Sommers directed and produced. The series was first broadcast on CBS on September 15, 1965, and was canceled on April 27, 1971. During its run, "Green Acres" had six seasons with a total of 170 episodes.


title: Hal Linden

paragraphs: Hal Linden (born Harold Lipshitz; March 20, 1931 in New York City, New York) is an American stage and screen actor, television director and musician. Linden is known for his role as Cpt. Barney Miller in "Barney Miller". He won two special Daytime Emmy Awards and a Tony Award. Linden is the spokesman for the Jewish National Fund, a position he has held since 1997.


title: Theodore Kaczynski

paragraphs: Theodore John "Ted" Kaczynski (born May 22, 1942 in Evergreen Park, Illinois) is an American mathematician and the Unabomber He was known as The Unabomber. Between 1978 and 1995, Kaczynski engaged in a nationwide bombing campaign against people involved with modern technology, planting or mailing numerous home-made bombs, ultimately killing a total of three people and injuring 23 others.

paragraphs: Kaczynski was born and raised in Evergreen Park, Illinois, a Chicago suburb. Kaczynski was accepted to Harvard University at the age of 16. He earned an undergraduate degree. He then earned a PhD in mathematics from the University of Michigan. He became an assistant professor at the University of California, Berkeley in 1967 at age 25. He resigned two years later.

paragraphs: In 1971, he moved to a cabin without electricity or running water, in Lincoln, Montana. He lived there while learning survival skills. From 1978 to 1995, Kaczynski sent 16 bombs to targets including universities and airlines, killing three people and injuring 23.

paragraphs: Kaczynski sent a letter to The New York Times on April 24, 1995. He promised "to desist from terrorism" if the Times or the Washington Post published his stories about his killing spree.

paragraphs: Kaczynski was arrested in his cabin on April 3, 1996. His brother, David, called the police so that they could arrest him. He pleaded guilty for his crimes on January 22, 1998. He is an inmate of ADX Florence, Fremont County, Colorado.


title: Opposing Viewpoints series

paragraphs: Opposing Viewpoints is a series of books on current events. It tries to explore the many different opinions of each event in the style of a debate. The series tries to encourage critical thinking and public awareness by providing opposing views on issues that have been debated.


title: Evergreen Park, Illinois

paragraphs: Evergreen Park is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. It is a suburb of Chicago. The population was 19,852 at the 2010 census. Serial killer Theodore Kaczynski was born here in 1942 and Playboy model Jenny McCarthy was also born here in 1972.


title: Price Tower

paragraphs: The Price Tower is a nineteen-story, 221-foot-high tower in Bartlesville, Oklahoma. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. It is the only well-known skyscraper by Wright, and is one of only two vertically buildings designed by Wright. The Price Tower was commissioned by Harold C. Price of the H. C. Price Company, a local oil pipeline and chemical firm. It opened to the public in February 1956.


title: Imperial Hotel, Tokyo

paragraphs: The Imperial Hotel, Tokyo is a hotel in Tokyo. It was built in the late 1880s at the request of the Japanese aristocracy to increase Western visitors to Japan. It was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright. The hotel site is located just south of the Imperial Palace grounds, next to the previous location of the Palace moat.

paragraphs: The modern hotel overlooks the Palace, the western-style Hibiya Park, and the Ginza neighborhood. Three buildings have stood on the hotel site, each of which embodied the finest western design of its era. The hotel eventually slipped into decay as time took its toll. In a controversial decision, it was decided to demolish the old hotel and replace it with a high-rise structure, to maximize the use of land.


title: Yury Yakovlev

paragraphs: Yury Vasilyevich Yakovlev (25 April 1928 – 30 November 2013) was a Russian movie and stage actor. Yakovlev appeared in over 100 Russian-language movies.

paragraphs: His most popular movies include; "The Irony of Fate", "Anna Karenina", "", and in "Hussar Ballad". He has won many awards throughout his career including Russia's highest civilian honor the Order of Lenin.

paragraphs: Yakovlev was born on 25 April 1928 in Moscow, Soviet Union. He studied at the Vakhtangov Theatre. Yakovlev was married three times. He had one son, Anton. Yakovlev now lived in Moscow, Russia.

paragraphs: Yakovlev felt ill in early morning of 29 November 2013. He soon fainted in his home. He was rushed to a Moscow hospital where he died there on 30 November 2013 from heart failure, aged 85.


title: Arnold Peralta

paragraphs: Arnold Peralta (29 March 1989 – 10 December 2015) was a Honduran football player. He played as a defensive midfielder for C.D.S. Vida, Rangers F.C. and Olimpia. He also played for the Honduras national football team. He represented Honduras in seven FIFA World Cup qualification games.

paragraphs: Peralta was shot dead sixteen times by an unknown gunman on 10 December 2015 in his hometown of La Ceiba, aged 26.


title: Fujian Province, Republic of China

paragraphs: Fujian Province or Fukien Province () is a province of the Republic of China. The capital of the province is Jincheng Township in Kinmen County.


title: Palais Royal

paragraphs: The Palais Royal is a building in Paris. It was once a palace of the French royal family. It was built in the 1630s by Cardinal Richelieu to hold his art collection. When Richelieu died in 1642, it became the property of the young King Louis XIV. It was successively the property of the Dukes of Orléans and later Marie Antoinette before being destroyed in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War.

paragraphs: From 1649, the exiled Henrietta Maria of France and her daughter Princess Henrietta lived here. The two had escaped England during the English Civil War. They were sheltered here by King Louis XIV, who was Henrietta Maria's nephew.

paragraphs: In 1692, when the Duke of Chartres (future Regent of France) married Françoise Marie de Bourbon, the King gave the Palais Royal to his brother, Philippe of France, Duke of Orléans, ""Monsieur"".

paragraphs: Louis Philippe I, future King of the French, was born here. He was the son of the young Philippe Égalité and his wife Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon.

paragraphs: Louise Henriette de Bourbon also died here. She was married to Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans. The future Louis Philippe I was also born here.


title: Julia Serano

paragraphs: Julia Serano (born 1967 as Thomas L. Serano) is a transsexual American writer, biologist, musician, poet, and activist. She lives in Oakland, California. In 2007 her first full-length book Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity" was published by Seal Press. In October 2013 was published. Her essays have also been published on websites and in magazines and books about feminism.

paragraphs: Serano did a PhD in biochemistry and molecular biophysics at Columbia University. Serano worked at UC Berkeley as a researcher for seventeen years.

paragraphs: She was a member of the indie rock band Bitesize.

paragraphs: For years she was a crossdresser. She wore clothes made for women but still called herself a man. In 1998 Serano moved to the San Francisco Bay Area. There she met her wife Dani. Around this time Serano started identifying as bigender and transgender. In 2001 she started identifying as a trans woman. She calls herself a "femme tomboy".

paragraphs: In 2002 made a chapbook called "Either/Or". In 2004 she made a chapbook called "Draw Blood".

paragraphs: In 2005 Serano made a chapbook called "On the Outside Looking In: A Trans Woman's Perspective on Feminism and the Exclusion of Trans Women from Lesbian and Women-only Spaces".

paragraphs: Serano's first book "Whipping Girl" talks about transmisogyny. Transmisogyny is a word that Serano uses to talk about a kind of misogyny (woman-hating) that is experienced by trans women. "Whipping Girl" has updated versions of three of the four essays in "On the Outside Looking In".

paragraphs: In her second book "Excluded", Serano wrote about how feminist and queer movements have left out transgender women, feminine people, bisexuals, sex workers, and others.

paragraphs: In both of her books Serano talks about how gender is not a performance.


title: Judith Butler

paragraphs: Judith Butler (born February 24, 1956) is an American philosopher. She was born in Ohio. She got her PhD in philosophy from Yale University in 1984. She lives in Berkeley, California, with her partner Wendy Brown. In 1990 her book "Gender Trouble" was published by Routledge. It is considered an important work in modern feminism. In the book Butler talks about her theory of gender performativity, which is that gender, along with sex and sexuality, is something you "perform" rather than an expression of human biology. In other politics, she has supported Palestine and the Democratic Party, including Hillary Clinton and Kamala Harris.

paragraphs: Butler was born in Ohio and went to Hebrew school. She studied at Bennington College in the 70s before moving on to study philosophy at Yale University.


title: Melissa Harris-Perry

paragraphs: Melissa Victoria Harris-Perry (born October 2, 1973) is an American television host and writer. She hosts a television programme on MSNBC called "Melissa Harris-Perry".

paragraphs: She got a Ph.D. in political science from Duke University in 1999. That year she married Dennis Lacewell. She divorced him in 2005. She is a professor of political science at Tulane University. In 2004 her first book "Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought" was published. In 2011 Yale Press published Perry's book "Sister Citizen: Shame, Stereotypes, and Black Women in America".


title: Enrico Letta

paragraphs: Enrico Letta (born 20 August 1966) was the Prime Minister of Italy (head of government) from 2013 to 2014. Previously, he had also been a member of several Italian governments, as of 1998. In April 2015 he announced that he was not going to be a professional politician anymore, and that he wanted to concentrate on academia.

paragraphs: He was born in Pisa, Tuscany. He is married to Gianna Fregonara and has 3 children.


title: Chancellor, South Dakota

paragraphs: Chancellor is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 264 people lived there at the 2010 census. Chancellor was started in 1886.


title: Prime Minister of Italy

paragraphs: The Prime Minister of Italy, officially President of the Council of Ministers, is the head of government of Italy. Giuseppe Conte became Prime Minister on 1 June 2018. The one before him was Paolo Gentiloni.


title: Davis, South Dakota

paragraphs: Davis is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 85 people lived there at the 2010 census. Davis became a town in 1896.


title: Dolton, South Dakota

paragraphs: Dolton is a town in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is located in Turner County, and 37 people lived there at the 2010 census. Dolton became a town in 1909.


paragraphs: Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport , is a major airport in the United States. It is in the Detroit area and serves all the city. It is one of the busiest airports in the United States and gets many passengers. It has many international and domestic destinations. It is one of Delta Airlines biggest airport hubs after Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta. It is also a hub of Spirit Airlines. Its many destinations include cities in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia.


title: Helipad

paragraphs: A helicopter landing pad (helipad) is a landing area for helicopters, like a runway for an airplane.


title: Korean Air

paragraphs: Korean Air is the flag carrier and largest airline of South Korea. Its headquarters are in Seoul. It has two hubs at both airports in Seoul, the major international airport Incheon International Airport and the smaller domestic airport Seoul Gimpo. Korean Air has planes from both Boeing and Airbus, including the Boeing 747 and Airbus 380. These fly to destinations all over the world, including places in Asia, Africa, Europe, South America, and North America.