title: Arrondissement of Saint-Jean-d'Angély

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Saint-Jean-d'Angély is an arrondissement of France, in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Saint-Jean-d'Angély.

paragraphs: When the Charente-Maritime department was created on 1790, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély was part of that original department.

paragraphs: On 10 September 1926, the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, together with Marennes, was eliminated. In 1943, Saint-Jean-d'Angély was made again an "arrondissement".

paragraphs: Saint-Jean-d'Angély is the "arrondissement" of the Charente-Maritime department with fewest people living in it. It has an area of , and a population of 53,336 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély is in the northeast of the department, in the historical and geographical region of "Basse Saintonge."

paragraphs: It is bordered to the west by the "arrondissement" of Rochefort, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Saintes, to the east by the Charente department and to the north and northeast by the Deux-Sèvres department.

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, there are only three cantons. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the cantons and "arrondissements":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Saint-Jean-d'Angély has 111 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes):


title: Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh

paragraphs: In 2015, Islamic extremists killed four bloggers and a publisher in Bangladesh. A report by the Committee to Protect Journalists said Bangladesh was the fourth most deadly country for journalists.

paragraphs: In 2013, a local al-Qaeda group called Ansarullah Bengali Team had a list of 84 names of people it wanted silenced. By 2015, 8 of them were dead: Avajit Roy, Rajeeb Haider, Jafar Munshi, Mamun Hossain, Jagatjyoti Talukder, Arif Hossain Dwip, Ziauddin Zakaria Babu and Wasikur Rahman.

paragraphs: Jafar Munshi ( জাফর মুন্সি ) and Anjali Devi ( অঞ্জলী দেবীর ) were killed for supposed "defamation of religion", such as refusing to enforce hijab on students. Some of the people murdered were supporter of the Shahbag movement (শাহবাগ আন্দোলন ) named for the Shahbag (শাহবাগ) district: Ashraful Alam (আশরাফুল আলম ), Arif Raihan Deep (আরিফ রায়হান দীপ ), Nurul Islam Faruki (নুরুল ইসলাম ফারুকী), Jagat Jyoti Talukder (জগৎজ্যোতি তালুকদার ), and Jakaria Babu (জাকারিয়া বাবু ).

paragraphs: Nazimuddin Samad, a law student, was hacked and shot to death on a busy street in Dhaka.

paragraphs: Xulhaz Mannan, editor Of Bangladesh’s only LGBT magazine was hacked to death.

paragraphs: Rezaul Karim Siddique, English professor was hacked to death in the city of Rajshahi, Bangladesh, after he organized a music school.

paragraphs: Avijit Roy, a writer who started the blog Mukto-Mona, was hacked to death with machetes in Dhaka after a book fair. His wife, Rafida Bonya Ahmed, was hurt.

paragraphs: Washiqur Rahman Babu was killed with knives at his house in Dhaka. Police said he wrote about religion on Facebook under the name Washiqur Babu.

paragraphs: Ananta Bijoy Das was a blogger with Avaijit Roy's Mukto-Mona. He was hacked to death with machetes in Sylhet.

paragraphs: Niladri Chakrabarti wrote under the name Niloy Neel. He was killed in his apartment.

paragraphs: Faisal Abedin Deepan was killed in his office. He was a publisher who published Roy's books. Another publisher, Ahmed Rahim Tutal, was attacked, but he lived.

paragraphs: Ahmed Rajib Haider was hacked to death near his home in Dhaka in February 2013. He wrote under the name Thaba Baba on his blog Somewhere in Blog.


title: Aysén Region

paragraphs: The XI Aysén Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

paragraphs: The capital city of the region is Coyhaique. Other towns are Puerto Cisnes and Río Ibáñez.


title: Magallanes Region

paragraphs: The XII Magallanes Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has four provinces.

paragraphs: It contains the chilean territory claim in Antarctica.

paragraphs: The capital city of the region is Punta Arenas. Other towns are Puerto Natales, Porvenir and Puerto Williams.

paragraphs: This region has the world famous Torres del Paine National Park.


title: Santiago Metropolitan Region

paragraphs: The Santiago Metropolitan Region () is one of the fifteen regions of Chile. It has six provinces.

paragraphs: The capital city of the region is Santiago. Other towns are Providencia, Peñalolén and Lo Barnechea.


title: Täuffelen

paragraphs: Täuffelen is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Tavannes, Switzerland

paragraphs: Tavannes is a municipality in Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Île d'Oléron

paragraphs: Île d'Oléron () is an island and canton in the Atlantic coast of France (to the west of Rochefort). It is the second largest island of Metropolitan France, after Corsica. The capital, and largest town, is Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron; it is in the centre of the island.

paragraphs: Since 1966, there is a bridge that connects the island with mainland.

paragraphs: The Île d'Oléron is on the southern side of the "Pertuis d'Antioche" strait.

paragraphs: The island is long and wide; it has an area of . It is a very flat island and its highest point, the "Grande dune de Saint-Trojan" dune in the southern part of the island, is only high.

paragraphs: The southern point of the island is "Pointe de Gatseau", the northern one is "Pointe de Chassiron" and the eastern one is "Pointe des Saumonards". Near this last point is the "Fort Boyard", a fortification in the "Pertuis d'Antioche" that is used for the French TV show of the same name.

paragraphs: The climate in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the Köppen climate classification.

paragraphs: The average amount of precipitation for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The month with the most precipitation on average is December with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is August with an average of .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year in Saint-Denis-d'Oléron is . The warmest month, on average, is August with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: Administratively, the island belongs to the Charente-Maritime department, "arrondissement" of Rochefort, in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

paragraphs: The island was divided in two cantons: "Canton du Château-d'Oléron" and "Canton de Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron", with 4 "communes" each. In 27 February 2014, the number of cantons was reduced and the two cantons of the island were combined to form only one: the Canton de l'Île d'Oléron, divided in 8 communes.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Île d'Oléron are known, in French, as "Oléronais" (women: "Oléronaises").

paragraphs: Île d'Oléron has a population, in 2014, of 22,032, for a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The eight communes of the island and their populations (2013) are:


title: Owen Smith

paragraphs: Owen Smith (born 2 May 1970) is a British Labour Party politician. He has been the Member of Parliament for Pontypridd in Wales since 2010. In July 2015 he challenged Jeremy Corbyn for the leadership of the Labour Party. Before he became an MP he worked for the BBC and as a lobbyist for Pfizer, a company that makes drugs or pharmaceuticals.


title: Lobbying

paragraphs: Lobbying is the act of trying to persuade governments to make decisions or support something. Lobbying can be done by many sorts of people, alone or in groups. Often it is done by big companies or businesses. Sometimes people are given jobs to lobby for big businesses. These people are called lobbyists.


title: Pontypridd

paragraphs: Pontypridd is a town in southern Wales. It is about ten miles south of Wales' capital city, Cardiff. Its name comes from the Welsh "Pont-y-ty-pridd” which means 'bridge by the earthen house'.


title: Princess of Xiaohe

paragraphs: The Princess of Xiaohe (), also known as the Beauty of Xiaohe (), is a female mummy discovered in 1934 by Swedish archaeologist Folke Bergman, at Xiaohe Tomb (小河墓地; literally "Little River Tomb"), Luobu Po (罗布泊), Ruoqiang County (若羌县), Xinjiang. Because of its beauty, this mummy was also nicknamed Marlene Dietrich of the Desert and Sophia Loren of Xiaohe.

paragraphs: The mummy was discovered in the Tarim Basin, 60 km south of the river Konqi He (孔雀河) at the coordinates .

paragraphs: Estimated to have lived between 1900 BC and 1613 BC, the mummy was between 20 and 40 years old at the time of death, and is noteworthy for being more similar to a European than an Asian. The mummy's hair, teeth and eyelashes are well preserved; its facial features are accentuated by a sharp nose and cavernous eyes.


title: Teuffenthal

paragraphs: Teuffenthal is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Thierachern

paragraphs: Thierachern is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Thörigen

paragraphs: Thörigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Thun

paragraphs: Thun () is a city of the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. The city has about 43,783 inhabitants (around 90,000 in the agglomeration), as of 31 December 2013.

paragraphs: It is located where the Aare flows out of Lake Thun (Thunersee), 30 km (19 mi) south of Berne.


title: Jerusalem Archaeological Park

paragraphs: Jerusalem Archaeological Park (also known as Ophel Garden) is an archaeological park and visitor centre. It is in the Old City of Jerusalem. The park is south of the Western Wall Plaza and under the Dung Gate.


title: Kawhi Leonard

paragraphs: Kawhi Leonard is an American professional basketball player for the Los Angeles Clippers. He used to play for the San Antonio Spurs.He played two seasons of college basketball for the San Diego State Aztecs and was named a consensus second-team All-American as a sophomore.

paragraphs: Leonard won Defensive Player of the Year in 2015 and 2016. He won the Most Valuable Player for the 2014 Finals win. He was not drafted by the Spurs. Rather he was traded on draft night from the Indiana Pacers.

paragraphs: In 2018, Leonard joined the Toronto Raptors. He helped the team to the 2019 NBA Finals. His contract ended on June 30, 2019.

paragraphs: Leonard has scored more than 30 points in a game thirteen times in the 2019 playoff season. He has been compared to LeBron James, Kevin Durant, and Stephen Curry.


title: Jonzac

paragraphs: Jonzac is a commune and a sub-prefecture in southwestern France, in the Charente-Maritime department (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region).

paragraphs: It is the capital of the southern "arrondissement" of the Charente-Maritime department.

paragraphs: Jonzac is in the historical region of "Haute Saintonge". The city started on two hills, "Balaguier" et "Montguimar", where are the main historical buildings of the city: the "Saint-Gervais-Saint-Protais de Jonzac" church and the "Château de Jonzac" castle.

paragraphs: The city of Jonzac is far from the prefecture of Charente-Maritime, La Rochelle, that is at to the northwest, but it is at only from Angoulême, prefecture of the neighbour department of Charente, and at from Bordeaux, prefecture of the department of Gironde and main city of the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

paragraphs: Jonzac has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .

paragraphs: The "communes" that are around Jonzac are Saint-Martial-de-Vitaterne, Réaux, Champagnac, Ozillac, Saint-Simon-de-Bordes and Saint-Simon-de-Bordes.

paragraphs: The Seugne river, a left tributary of the Charente river, flows through the city from southeast to northwest.

paragraphs: The climate of Jonzac, in the Köppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.

paragraphs: With a population of 3,465, Jonzac has a population density of inhabitants/km.

paragraphs: The inhabitants of Jonzac are known, in French, as "Jonzacais" (women: "Jonzacaises").

paragraphs: Jonzac is a subprefecture of the Charente-Maritime department since 1800. Its INSEE code is 197 (combined with the code of the department: 17197). It is also the capital of the canton of Jonzac.


title: Alex Higgins

paragraphs: Alex Higgins (born in Belfast on March 18, 1949) was a snooker player from Northern Ireland. He started playing snooker at the age of 11. He became a professional player in 1972 when he was 22. He won the 1972 World Snooker Championship by beating John Spencer 37 frames to 32. Ten years later, he won the 1982 World Snooker Championship by defeating Ray Reardon 18 frames to 15. Higgins was nicknamed the "Hurricane" because of his fast play around the table. Higgins retired from professional snooker in 1997.

paragraphs: Higgins smoked 60 cigarettes a day for many years. In June 1998, He was found to have throat cancer. On July 24, 2010, he died in Belfast at the age of 61. The cause of death was a combination of malnutrition, pneumonia, and a bronchial condition. He was clear from throat cancer when he died.


title: Thunstetten

paragraphs: Thunstetten is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Toffen

paragraphs: Toffen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Stitch (Lilo & Stitch)

paragraphs: Stitch is the main character of the Disney Lilo & Stitch franchise. He is voiced by creator Chris Sanders and is an alien that poses as a dog.

paragraphs: Stitch was created as Jumba Jookiba's 626th experiment. He left the galactic prison and landed on Hawaii, where he met Lilo Pelekai.


title: Berga (Spain, Catalonia)

paragraphs: Berga is the capital of the "comarca" (county) of Berguedà, in Catalonia, northeast Spain.

paragraphs: Berga name is from the Bergistani, an Iberian tribe who lived in the area before the Roman conquest. Berga was ruled by viscounts in the Early Middle Ages. It had its own counts starting in 988. Berga was sold to King Peter II of Aragon in 1199.

paragraphs: Berga is perhaps most famous for its traditional festival of "La Patum". The celebration occurs every Corpus Christi, lasting for five days.


title: Planum

paragraphs: Planum is a Italian academic journal about urban planning and design. It is published in Italy by the Italian National Institute of Urban Planning.


title: Power (Kanye West song)

paragraphs: "Power" is a song by American hip hop performer Kanye West. It was released as the main single from his album "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy". It peaked at #22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. It got very good reviews from critics.

paragraphs: The song is performed by Kanye West. It has extra vocals from the soul singer Dwele. It was co-produced by West and Symbolyc One. The song has samples from "21st Century Schizoid Man" by King Crimson, "Afromerica" by Continent Number 6 and "It's Your Thing" by Cold Grits.


title: The Life of Pablo

paragraphs: The Life of Pablo is the seventh studio album by American rapper Kanye West. It was released in early 2016 by Roc-A-Fella Records, GOOD Music and Def Jam Recordings. Most recording of the album took place between 2013 and 2016 and production was done mainly by West as well as other big producers like Mike Dean and Rick Rubin. It got good reviews from music critics and also debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200.


title: T24

paragraphs: T24 (Techno 24, Russian: "Техно 24") - Russian scientific educational TV channel of male`s interests. It is devoted to the achievements of science in the civil and military technologies, development of engineers and designers; it explains the newest types of weapons, space exploration, sports science, engineering and strategic sites. It is a part of the "Digital TV" package of media holding VGTRK

paragraphs: The 24TECHNO TV channel began broadcasting on June 18, 2007. It was the sixth TV channel of "ArtMedia Group", the leading manufacturer of TV channels for basic cable and satellite broadcasting.

paragraphs: At first, T24 provided documentary television programming focused primarily on popular science: technique, technology and incredible experiments. The main idea of the channel was to bring together the best scientific programs of Russian and overseas production.

paragraphs: Half of the content was Russian, including the channel’s original content. The other 50% of broadcasting was filled with Western programs and films which met the channel`s subject . 24TEHNO TV used to buy programs from companies such as BBC, Electric Sky, F For Films, World Wide Entertainment and others. Categories: "Man", "Technology", "Discovery", "Space", "The X-Files", "Curiosities" and "Evolution" explained the latest scientific developments in different science branches, as well as the history of discoveries. By 2008, the audience of the channel had reached two million people from Russia, CIS and Baltic countries. At 2011, entered media holding "NCC Media".

paragraphs: On February 1, 2015 former 24TECHNO entered the thematic channels package "Digital TV" (subsidiary RTR and "Rostelecom"). There was a full restart of the channel. The channel got the name " TEHNO 24" or "T24", a new logo and corporate identity, and a new programming lineup. The main idea of the channel was also changed. Oleg Ternovoy became an editor of the “24T”. After restarting, the updated "T24" will offer its viewers a few special projects dedicated to tanks, modern armies armament , as well as will make shows about men, enthusiastic restoration of military equipment. Two "T24" projects are devoted to military and civil engineering. The basis of “T24” is the channel’s own content. In 2015, viewers saw 500 hours of original content. The audience of the channel at the time of start-up was 15.2 million subscribers in Russia, the Baltics and the CIS.


title: Seugne

paragraphs: The Seugne is a river in southwestern France and a left tributary of the Charente river. It flows through the Charente-Maritime department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region.

paragraphs: The Seugne river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is 7.6 cubic metres per second at "Saint-Seurin-de-Palenne".

paragraphs: The Seugne river starts in the "commune" of Montlieu-la-Garde, near the place called "Chez Bourdeau", at an elevation of about . It flows generally north-northwest.

paragraphs: The river flows through the small cities of Jonzac, subprefecture and Pons, both in the Charente-Maritime department.

paragraphs: After the small town of Colombiers, the river flows into the Charente river in Les Gonds, a suburb of Saintes.

paragraphs: The Seugne flows through 2 "arrondissements" (Jonzac and Saintes), 7 cantons and 34 "communes", all in the Charente-Maritime department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region:

paragraphs: The river starts in the canton of Montlieu-la-Garde, flows through the cantons of Montendre, Jonzac, Saint-Genis-de-Saintonge, Pons, Gémozac and, finally, ends in the canton of Saintes-Est.

paragraphs: It flows through the following communes, from its starts to its confluence : Montlieu-la-Garde, Chepniers, Pouillac, Sainte-Colombe, Polignac, Chatenet, Le Pin, Sousmoulins, Mérignac, Pommiers-Moulons, Vibrac, Chaunac, Fontaines-d'Ozillac, Léoville, Saint-Médard, Champagnac, Ozillac, Jonzac, Saint-Germain-de-Lusignan, Lussac, Clion, Saint-Georges-Antignac, Mosnac, Fléac-sur-Seugne, Belluire, Pons, Bougneau, Saint-Léger, Colombiers, Montils, La Jard, Berneuil, Les Gonds, Courcoury, Saint-Sever-de-Saintonge.

paragraphs: All the tributaries of the Seugne river are small rivers or streams:


title: Trachselwald

paragraphs: Trachselwald is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the Swiss canton of Berne.


title: Tramelan

paragraphs: Tramelan is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: National Liberation Day of Korea

paragraphs: The National Liberation Day of Korea, is a holiday on August 15 in both North and South Korea. It is to celebrate Victory over Japan Day, the day when Korea was freed from Imperial Japanese control by the United States and the Soviet Union. In South Korean, it is written as 광복절 or 光復節, and pronounced gwangbokjeol. In North Korea, it is written as 조국해방의 날 or 祖國解放의 날, and is pronounced jogukhaebangui nal.


paragraphs: United States of America Mathematical Olympiad, or USAMO, is a highly selective (only very good people take it) mathematics competition that takes place in the United States. The first USAMO was in 1972. It is the final round of the AMC series of contests. The United States of America Junior Mathematical Olympiad (USAJMO) was created in 2010 to recognize top scorers based on their AMC10-based index (score). Qualifying for the USAMO is considered one of the most prestigious, or best, awards for high school students in the United States, with only 264 students qualifying in 2013 out of over 350,000 students competing. Top scorers on the USAMO are invited to the Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program to represent the United States at the International Mathematical Olympiad.

paragraphs: The AMC Competition Series consists of multiple tests to determine the 6 people that will represent the United States in the International Mathematical Olympiad:

paragraphs: Mathematical Olympiad Program, is an intense summer program for the top scorers in the USAMO. In MOP, students take tests called TSTST and TST. 6 top scorers will represent the United States at the IMO.


title: Joey Graceffa

paragraphs: Joseph Michael "Joey" Graceffa (born May 16, 1991) is an American YouTuber who became known for his musical parodies, including the 2012 Hunger Games song "I Wanna Go." He competed in the 22nd and 24th seasons of The Amazing Race. In 2014, he won a Streamy Award for Best Actor in a Drama for Storytellers. He started his YouTube career making videos (short movies) with Brittany Joyal. In 2012 they stopped working together.

paragraphs: Graceffa launched his own web series on Teen.com called Joey's Dystopia. He released a book in 2015 titled "In Real Life: My Journey to a Pixelated World". In the book he came out as gay. He also later released a music video called "Don't Wait" introducing his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. Graceffa has 3.9 million followers on Twitter (October 2017). He has also released a storybook series, called the Children of Eden. On October 4, 2016, Graceffa, along with co-author Laura L. Sullivan, released a young adult novel titled "Children of Eden". The sequel, "Elites of Eden", was published on October 3, 2017.

paragraphs: He grew up with his family in Boston before moving on his own to California to pursue his career. His parents divorced when he was young. He has a brother named Jett and a sister named Nicole. In 2016 he introduced his boyfriend, Daniel Preda. He is good friends with many fellow YouTubers, including Cat Valdes and Louise Pentland.


title: Treiten

paragraphs: Treiten () is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Trimstein

paragraphs: Trimstein was a municipality in Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2013 Trimstein became part of Münsingen.


title: ISO 3166-2:PY

paragraphs: ISO 3166-2:PY is the entry for Paraguay in ISO 3166-2, part of the ISO 3166 standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), which defines codes for the names of the principal subdivisions (e.g., provinces, departments or states) of all countries that are in ISO 3166-1.

paragraphs: Currently for Paraguay, ISO 3166-2 codes are defined for 1 capital and 17 departments. The capital of the country Asunción is similar to the departments.

paragraphs: Each code has of two parts, separated by a hyphen. The first part is , the second part is either of the following:

paragraphs: Subdivision names are listed as in the ISO 3166-2 standard published by the ISO 3166 Maintenance Agency (ISO 3166/MA).


title: Departments of Paraguay

paragraphs: Paraguay has 17 departments and one capital district ("Distrito Capital"). The departments are formed by districts.

paragraphs: The departments are grouped in two geographic regions, separated by the Paraguay river:


title: Trubschachen

paragraphs: Trubschachen is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Kambly is a Swiss biscuit factory headquartered in Trubschachen.


title: Tschugg

paragraphs: Tschugg is a municipality in the administrative district of Seeland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Kalika purana

paragraphs: The Kalika Purana is a Hindu script. It is one of the 18 uppurana. There are 98 lesson and 9000 sloka in this holy book. This is the only book written for Godess Kali and her special form. It explains the kamrupa mountain, river and kamakhya temple. It also records how to worship Kali, Kamakhya and Durga. It is the main book of the Shakta branch in Hinduism. Probably this book was written in Kamrup (present Assam) or Bengal. This Purana is an important scripture. Most modern writers mention that it is a main script of shaktadharma. This Purana mentions the mythological story. It is the rare book where we find the term of Hindu.

paragraphs: The oldest printed version of the Kalika Purana was printed in Mumbai in 1907 by Venkateswar Press. Later the first Bengali version of was printed by Kolkata Bangabasi Press in 1909.


title: Trabzon

paragraphs: Trabzon, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey. It is the capital of Trabzon Province. Trabzon is well known for its fish production which it meets 20% of the total fish production in Turkey. It was started as a trading colony of ancient Greece and later became capital of the Empire of Trabizond.


title: Wabern bei Bern

paragraphs: Wabern bei Bern is a village in the municipality of Köniz in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Branching

paragraphs: Branching is a term in linguistics. It refers to the way a phrase or sentence is made up. There is a head word and various other words to make the phrase or sentence.

paragraphs: Most languages make phrases with a head word and dependents (modifiers). These examples show the phrase heads in bold.

paragraphs: Examples of left-branching phrases (= head-final phrases):

paragraphs: Examples of right-branching phrases (= head-initial phrases):

paragraphs: Example of phrases that contain both left- and right-branching (= head-medial phrases):

paragraphs: Most structures in English are, however, not completely left- or completely right-branching, but rather they combine both. The following trees show a combination of left- and right-branching in English:

paragraphs: There are more right-branching structures than left-branching structures in English. This means that trees usually grow down to the right.


title: Mürren

paragraphs: Mürren is a village in the municipality of Lauterbrunnen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Ghasem Rezaei

paragraphs: Ghasem Rezaei (Persian: قاسم رضايى, born August 18, 1985 in Amol) is an Iranian wrestler from Mazandaran Province of Iran.

paragraphs: He won the gold medal in the men’s 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2012 London Olympics. Rezaei won the bronze medal in the men's 96 kg Greco-Roman at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Rezaei's first success at the international level was 2007 when he won bronze in the FILA Senior World Championships.


title: Seeland (administrative district)

paragraphs: The administrative district of Seeland in the Swiss canton of Bern has 46 municipalities in an area of 335 km².


title: Concepción Department, Paraguay

paragraphs: The Concepción department () is a department of Paraguay. The capital is the city of Concepción.

paragraphs: The Concepción department is in the central part of the country, in the northwest of the "Oriental" region. It has an area of , with a population of 189,929 for a Population density of .

paragraphs: The main river in the department is the Paraguay river. Other rivers are the Apa and the Ypané.

paragraphs: , the total amount of precipitation for the year 2012 in the city of Concepción was . The month with the most precipitation was March with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation was August with .

paragraphs: The average temperature for the year 2012 in Concepción was . The warmest month, on average, was January with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is July, with an average temperature of .

paragraphs: The department is divided in 11 districts:


title: Angora goat

paragraphs: The Angora goat () is a breed of domestic goat. It is named for Ankara, Turkey (before 1930, Angora). The Angora produces fine quality white or coloured mohair which is very similar to wool. Angoras were imported into Europe in 1554 by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. In 1765 they were imported into Spain and about 1785 they were introduced into France. None of these were able to set up a successful mohair production. But in 1838 Angoras were successfully introduced in South Africa. Today, the Union of South Africa is one of the world's top mohair producers. Angora goats are kept mostly for their output of mohair.


title: Tüscherz-Alfermée

paragraphs: Tüscherz-Alfermée () was a municipality in the district Nidau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Tüscherz-Alfermée and Twann merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.


title: Twann

paragraphs: Twann () is a former municipality of the district Nidau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2010 the former municipalities of Twann and Tüscherz-Alfermée merged into the new municipality of Twann-Tüscherz.


title: Bümpliz

paragraphs: Bümpliz is a quarter of the city of Bern in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Until 1919 it was a municipality of its own. It was then incorporated into Bern.


title: Spencer repeating rifle

paragraphs: The Spencer repeating rifle was a lever-action, seven shot repeating rifle with a rotating block. It had a tubular magazine that fed 56-56 rimfire cartridges into the chamber. The rifle was invented by Christopher Miner Spencer and patented in 1860.

paragraphs: Spencer had formerly worked for Samuel Colt. His rifle was one of the most advanced designs of the American Civil War. It took some time to sell the idea to the United States Government so the rifles were not produced until 1863. The war department was looking at a number of rifle designs and it took time to decide on Spencer's rifle.

paragraphs: When Spencer was trying to get his rifle accepted, he faced a number of bureaucratic obstacles. He decided to try to see the one person who might be able to cut through the red tape, President Abraham Lincoln. He got an appointment with Lincoln and brought a Spencer rifle and ammunition to the White House. Lincoln was impressed and asked Spencer to take it apart and explain how it worked. When Spencer put it back together for the President, Lincoln asked if Spencer was busy the next day. When Spencer said he was not, Lincoln said “Come over tomorrow at 2 o’clock, and we’ll see the thing shoot.”

paragraphs: At 2:00 p.m. the next day, Spencer, President Lincoln and his son Todd, went to the open field nearby (later the site of the Washington Monument). Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton had been asked to attend but did not show up. Lincoln fired the gun and tested it thoroughly. Lincoln decided to keep the rifle. He shot it again the next day with his secretary, John Hay. Lincoln directed the War Department to order Spencer rifles. By the end of the war about 230,000 had been produced. Some were made by Spencer's company and later others were made by the Burnside Rifle Company in Providence, Rhode Island. After the Sharps rifle, the Spencer was the most widely used carbine during the war.

paragraphs: An excellent example of the firepower of the new Spencer carbines was the action at Parker's Store on the morning of May 5, 1864. The 500 cavalrymen of the Fifth New York Cavalry dismounted to form a skirmish line. They were attacked by an entire division of Confederate infantry The Union cavalry held off the Confederates for over three hours until they ran low on ammunition, forcing them to pull back. The cavalry lost about 80 casualties in the skirmish. The Confederates believed they were facing an entire Union brigade and had no idea it was a small cavalry regiment using Spencer repeating carbines.

paragraphs: The Spencer repeating rifle had a "rolling block" design. It was activated by lowering the trigger guard which opened the breech and extracted the spent cartridge shell. Raising the lever loaded a new cartridge from a spring-loaded 7-round magazine in the stock. The gun had few parts, many of which were common to the Sharps rifle. This made it easy and relatively inexpensive to make. One of its main advantages was its breech loading design. The Spencer proved to be very reliable under battlefield conditions. The muzzleloading rifles were slow to load compared to the Spencer. Also, in battlefield conditions, muzzleloaders could only aim the first few shots. With the enemy bearing down on them the remaining shots were fired as quickly as possible and were almost always poorly aimed. Muzzleloaders could fire only two or three shots a minute. A soldier trained to use the Spencer could fire from 20 to 30 aimed shots a minute when using a cartridge box that held 10 pre-loaded magazines. The only weakness of the Spencer was the small powder charge that did not have great range. But it proved to be an excellent rifle for the cavalry because they usually fought at close range. It allowed a smaller cavalry unit to lay down devastating firepower on an enemy. Several times, larger Confederate units had to retreat to save themselves from being cut to pieces by Spencer-equipped Union cavalry units.


title: Strongpoint

paragraphs: A strongpoint is a key point in a defensive fighting position which the rest of the positions rely on. Its primary requirement is that it should not be easy to defeat by the enemy. In general, high ground is preferred. But any good tactically important terrain can be used as a strongpoint. Examples from history include Battle of Thermopylae, where 300 Spartans held off an entire Persian army at a narrow pass in the mountains. In the Battle of Monte Cassino in Italy in World War II, the area around the abbey of Monte Cassino was used by the German army as a strongpoint until it was destroyed by American bombers.


title: Banshee

paragraphs: In Celtic mythology, a Banshee is a female spirit, who usually announces that a person from the family will die soon. The word is from "bean sí", which literally means woman from the hills. An older spelling is "bean sidhe". "Bean sith," and bean-nighe are variants.


title: Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan

paragraphs: This article is about the ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan.

paragraphs: Although more than 91% of the people are ethnic Azerbaijanis, Azerbaijan has many ethnic minorities including Russians, Ukrainians, Georgians, Jews and other minorities. However the numbers of most of these ethnic minorities are small.

paragraphs: After the end of the Soviet Union with the independence of Azerbaijan and the Nagorno-Karabakh War, almost all Armenians (outside the separatist region of Nagorno-Karabakh) fled or were deported from the country. At the same time, almost all Azerbaijanis fled or were deported from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh.

paragraphs: Most Russians and other minorities have also left the country and are continuing to leave the country. As a result, Azerbaijan has become ethnically more "pure".


title: Waterloo International Airport

paragraphs: Waterloo International Airport is an airport in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

paragraphs: It is an international airport because it does flights to Chicago, Illinois in the United States.


title: Chañaral Province

paragraphs: The Chañaral Province () is one of three provinces in the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). The capital is the small coastal town of Chañaral.

paragraphs: Chañaral is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: About north of the town of Chañaral is the "Pan de Azúcar National Park".

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 32,132 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Chañaral, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 6,384 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Chañaral is a second-level administrative division, consisting of two communes ("comunas"). The city of Chañaral serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Chamber (firearms)

paragraphs: The chamber is that part of a firearm into which the cartridge is loaded. The chamber is also the place the cartridge is fired from. In a breech-loading weapon the chamber is directly behind and in line with the barrel. In a revolver there are multiple chambers contained in a revolving cylinder.

paragraphs: The typical number is 6, which is the reason for the nickname Six Shooter and indicates the cylinder has six chambers each holding one cartridge. Most rifles and pistols have a single chamber. To "chamber" a round means to load a cartridge into the chamber.

paragraphs: In a semi-automatic firearm, the weapon can fire a bullet each time the trigger is pulled (until the magazine is empty). A semi-automatic firearm can be a pistol, rifle, or shotgun. Each time the trigger is pulled, the gun fires, the spent shell is ejected and a new round is loaded into the chamber. The semi-automatic is a very popular choice for sporting use.

paragraphs: Semi-automatic pistols and rifles use the pressure of the fired cartridge to move the slide backwards. A fraction of a second later, the slide moves forward loading a fresh cartridge into the chamber. The magazine uses a spring to feed one cartridge at a time into the chamber.

paragraphs: Fully-automatic firearms are those that automatically reload and fire again repeatedly as long as their triggers are depressed and they still have ammunition in their magazines. Fully automatic weapons are not for sporting use but are used by police and militaries. An assault rifle is "a gun that can shoot many bullets quickly and that is designed for use by the military". Like semiautomatic firearms, automatics have a single chamber.

paragraphs: A manually loaded firearm is one in which the chamber is loaded by hand each time the weapon is fired. For example, a Bolt action rifle ejects the spent cartridge when the bolt is pulled back, then loads another cartridge into the chamber when the bolt pushed forward (and locked).

paragraphs: A lever action rifle does the same thing when the lever is moved down (ejects the spent cartridge), then up (loads a new round in the chamber). There are also single shot pistols, rifles and shotguns in which the breech is opened to eject a spent shell, then the shooter loads a round into the chamber manually.

paragraphs: A popular type of manually loaded firearms for sporting and hunting use is the pump action shotgun. Here, a sliding handle (usually located under the barrel) is moved backwards to eject the spent shotgun shell, then when moved forward it loads a fresh shotgun shell from a tubular magazine.


title: Uebeschi

paragraphs: Uebeschi is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Trump

paragraphs:
Trump most commonly refers to:
Trump may also refer to:


title: Uetendorf

paragraphs: Uetendorf is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: 2013 Africa Cup of Nations

paragraphs: The 2013 Africa Cup of Nations was the 29th Africa Cup of Nations held from 19 January to 10 February 2013. It was organized by the Confederation of African Football (CAF). South Africa hosted the tournament for the second time. This was also the first tournament to be held on an odd-numbered year. This was done so that it doesn't get in the way of the FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: Nigeria won the tournament after a 1–0 victory over Burkina Faso in the final. Mali also won the third-place game. Nigeria later represented Africa in the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup.

paragraphs: A total of 47 countries entered the qualification.

paragraphs: The average daytime temperature of the host cities ranges from to .


title: Unterlangenegg

paragraphs: Unterlangenegg is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: 1994 African Cup of Nations

paragraphs: The 1994 African Cup of Nations was the 19th Africa Cup of Nations held from 26 March to 10 April. It was hosted by Tunisia and had 12 teams who qualified.

paragraphs: Nigeria won their 2nd title after defeating Zambia 2−1 in the final. The Zambian team featured new players because the 1993 Zambia national football team air disaster occurred a few months earlier.

paragraphs: Teams highlighted in green move on to the quarter-finals.


title: Unterseen

paragraphs: Unterseen is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Ulsan

paragraphs: Ulsan is a metropolitan city in the southeast of South Korea. Big companies like Hyundai Heavy Industries, Hyundai Hysco, Hyundai Mipo Dockyard, Hyundai Motor Company, SK Innovation, S-Oil, etc. are located in Ulsan. Motors, shipbuilding and petrochemical industries are developed here. It has the largest area among the metropolitan cities but has the lowest population. In Ulsan there is a Whale Festival every year to celebrate whales.


title: AC Sparta Prague

paragraphs: Athletic Club Sparta Praha (), commonly known as Sparta Prague, is a football club from the Czech Republic. It is the most successful football club in the Czech Republic. Its nickname is Iron Sparta. Its biggest rival is Slavia Prague.

paragraphs: In 1991, Sparta came in third place in the Champions League. The other finalists were F.C. Barcelona, F.C. Porto, and F.C. Spartak Moscow.

paragraphs: Sparta last won a title in the Czech Republic during the 2013/2014 season. Sparta also won the Czech League Cup and the Super Cup that season. Because of this, Sparta fans call the 2013/2014 season the "Sparta treble season."

paragraphs: In the 2015/2016 season of the Europa League, Sparta made it to the quarterfinals, but lost to Villarreal C.F.

paragraphs: Famous players who have played for Sparta include Pavel Nedvěd, Jan Koller, Andrej Kvašňák, Jan Berger, Tomáš Rosický, Horst Siegl, Václav Mašek, Jiří Novotný, Jiří Jarošík, Libor Sionko, Wilfried Bony, and Leonard Kweuke.

paragraphs: Sparta's most famous coach was Václav Ježek.

paragraphs: The following is a list of the all-time statistics from Sparta's games in the three UEFA tournaments it has participated in, as well as the overall total. The list contains the tournament, the number of seasons (S), games played (P), won (W), drawn (D) and lost (L). The statistics include qualification matches.


title: George Meade

paragraphs: George Gordon Meade (1815-1872) was one of the few Union Army generals in the American Civil War who was born and began his career in a foreign country. He was born in Cadiz, Spain on December 31, 1815. He came to the United States after his family was financially ruined during the Napoleonic Wars. Meade was made commander of the Union Army of the Potomac just before the Battle of Gettysburg. After the Civil War he stayed in the army, serving in the South during the Reconstruction. Meade served as commissioner of Fairmount Park in Philadelphia until his death in 1872.

paragraphs: Meade was born in Cadiz, Spain to American parents, Richard W. Meade and Margaret Coates Meade. His father was an agent for the United States Navy. Richard Meade died in 1828 leaving his family with very little money. The family returned to the United States settling in Philadelphia. In 1831, because his family was still struggling financially, Meade entered the United States Military Academy at West Point. Four years later he graduated 19th in a class of 56.

paragraphs: Meade was commissioned a second lieutenant and served in the Seminole Wars in Florida. He was an artillery officer for a year before resigning in 1837 to become a civil engineer. He reentered the army in 1842 after having difficulty in finding jobs. Meade was a second lieutenant in the Corps of Topographical Engineers when the Mexican–American War broke out in 1846. He was then placed in charge of lighthouse construction and later, surveying the Great Lakes.

paragraphs: At the outbreak of the Civil War, Meade had risen to the rank of captain in the regular army. He was appointed a brigadier general to command a brigade of Pennsylvania volunteers. He was given the task of building several fortifications near Tenallytown, Maryland. It was about this time he gained his nickname "The Old Snapping Turtle" for being short-tempered with junior officers and his superiors. He was especially short with civilians and newspaper reporters. His command was attached to the Army of the Potomac in March 1862. His troops fought in the Battle of Beaver Dam Creek and the Battle of Gaines's Mill. Meade was seriously wounded at the Battle of Glendale. He remained on the battlefield giving orders until a loss of blood from two bullet wounds forced him to leave the field. He recovered in a Philadelphia hospital and returned to duty in September. He led a division of "Pennsylvania Reserves" at the Battle of South Mountain and again three days later on September 17, 1862 at the Battle of Antietam. At Antietam he took temporary command of I Corps after the corps commander was wounded. He participated in the Battle of Fredericksburg and after the battle was made commander of the V Corps. In May 1863, Meade's V Corps protected the important fords on the Rappahannock River at the Battle of Chancellorsville. Despite the Union Army heavily outnumbering the Confederates, the Army of the Potomac was defeated. This led to General Hooker being replaced as commander. On June 28, 1863 Meade was given overall command of the Army of the Potomac.

paragraphs: Having had command of the Army of the Potomac for only three days, and having to deal with a Confederate army which had already invaded Pennsylvania, Meade quickly reorganized his forces. He moved the army towards Gettysburg, Pennsylvania to stop Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia.

paragraphs: With parts of his army already at Gettysburg, Meade arrived late in the day on July 1. He decided to fight a defensive battle. His army held ground just south of Gettysburg. The next day saw some of the bloodiest fighting with the Union army holding the high ground and Lee's army attacking both flanks. Each attack was thrown back. That evening, Meade held a "council of war" with his officers. All said the army should stay and fight the Confederates. On July 3 the Confederates attacked the Union center with about 13,000 men. They broke through the center of the Union line only to be thrown back again. When Lee told General George Pickett to gather his division together and attack again, Picket replied he no longer had a division. They had been nearly wiped out during Pickett's Charge. At that point Lee realized he had been defeated. On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges. Meade sent out skirmishers to probe the Confederate lines. But no order was given to attack. Lee was now concerned with getting his army and all their captured supplies back to Virginia. His army held its position while the more than 10,000 wounded men were moved by wagon train to Williamsport, Maryland. The train of wagons and ambulances with the wounded was some long. Meade discovered Lee's army had left the morning of July 5. Meade then ordered his nearly exhausted army to pursue Lee. Since the Potomac River was flooded, Lee's army was delayed in crossing. But by the time Meade's forces reached the Potomac, Lee had already escaped back into Virginia.

paragraphs: While Meade was proclaimed the "hero of Gettysburg", President Lincoln wasn't satisfied. He had expected Meade to follow and destroy Lee's army, which could have ended the war. Meade offered Lincoln his resignation but Lincoln refused to accept it. On July 7, 1863, Meade was promoted to brigadier general in the regular army. Both the battles of Bristoe Station and Mine Run were undecisive for the Union army under Meade. In the spring of 1864, Meade again offered his resignation when General Ulysses S. Grant became general-in-chief of all Union forces and made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac. While Meade remained in command, nearly all command decisions were made by Grant. This continued through the Siege of Petersburg after which Meade was promoted to major general. A week later, when Lee surrendered his army to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Meade was not present.

paragraphs: Meade commanded several military departments. One of these was the Department of the South. In the fall of 1872, he came down with pneumonia. He died on November 6, 1872. His funeral became a state affair with President Grant attending. Thousands of people in Philadelphia lined the route of his funeral to say goodbye to the "hero of Gettysburg". On July 18, 1917, by order of the United States Department of War, Camp Meade, Maryland was named in honor of George G. Meade. In 1929, to differentiate it from Fort Meade in South Dakota, the camp was renamed Fort George G. Meade.


title: Clementi MRT station

paragraphs: Clementi MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. Part of the East West Line, Clementi MRT Station is heavily used by commuters who live in Clementi itself or further west to go to work and also, by students of the National University of Singapore, Ngee Ann Polytechnic and other schools around Clementi. Hence, the station experiences high passenger traffic throughout the day due to it serving a wide range of passengers.

paragraphs: The tracks between this station and Jurong East is the second longest between any two stations on the East West Line, the longest being the tracks between Expo and Changi Airport MRT Stations. It takes four minutes for trains to travel between these two stations.

paragraphs: The station is also directly linked to the Clementi Mall and Clementi Bus Interchange. Together, they form the Clementi Integrated Transport Hub (ITH).

paragraphs: On 5 August 1993, at around 7.53 am, two trains collided in the station. It appeared that one train had stopped at the station for longer than usual after experiencing a technical fault, and then a second westward train hit the first. It was caused by a 50 litre oil spill. 156 commuters were injured, many of whom were on their way to work. Eight were admitted to three hospitals, while the rest received outpatient treatment. In the aftermath of the accident, SMRT said that it would replace the faulty maintenance locomotives and purchase new ones. It also introduced a new policy for station managers to inspect tracks for oil or foreign objects before the start of service.

paragraphs: Together with Commonwealth and Queenstown stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. It was completed and opened on 25 August 2015.


title: Queenstown MRT station

paragraphs: Queenstown MRT Station (EW23) is an above-ground Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

paragraphs: The station was opened on 13 April 1988, as part of the extension of the MRT system from Outram Park to Clementi.

paragraphs: Together with Commonwealth and Clementi stations, this station will see the construction of an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits, one on each side of the road. The exits will be equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines. Construction started in mid-2012 and opened on August 23, 2015, together with Commonwealth.


title: Commonwealth MRT station

paragraphs: Commonwealth MRT Station (EW20) is an MRT station in Singapore. It is part of the East West MRT Line. It was opened on 12 March 1988.

paragraphs: Together with Queenstown and Clementi stations, an additional pedestrian link bridge linking the station to two new exits were built, one on each side of the road. The exits are equipped with fare gates and ticketing machines, whereas the exit numbers are divided into 1 and 2 respectively. These new exits were opened on 23 August 2015, alongside Queenstown.


title: Chañaral

paragraphs: Chañaral is a small coastal city and commune in the Atacama region in the north of Chile. It is the capital of the province of Chañaral.

paragraphs: Its name, "Chañaral" means a "place where there are many trees of chaña" (the Chilean name for "Geoffroea decorticans").

paragraphs: In 1824, Diego de Almeyda found a large area with copper ore in the region; later, he looked for a place from where to export the mineral and began to form a small village in the place where is the present town of Chanaral. In 26 October 1833, José Joaquín Prieto founded the Distrito de Chañaral ("Chañaral District").

paragraphs: The commune of Chañaral has an area of . The city of Chañaral is to the north of Santiago at and to the north of the city of Copiapó at .

paragraphs: The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by the Diego de Almagro commune, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: Near the town of Chañaral, to the north, is the "Pan de Azúcar National Park".

paragraphs: The "Salado" river flows into the Pacific Ocean in the commune of "Chañaral"; it is about long.

paragraphs: Chañaral has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 47 years, is only .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 13,143 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: Chañaral is the largest city of the province with a population, in 2002, of 12,123 inhabitants. The small town of "Salado" has 1,149 inhabitants.


title: Linda Partridge

paragraphs: Dame Linda Partridge DBE FRS (born 18 March 1950) is a British geneticist. She studies the biology and genetics of ageing (biogerontology) and age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.

paragraphs: Partridge is the Weldon Professor of Biometry at University College London, and director of UCL's Institute of Healthy Ageing.

paragraphs: She is also founding director of the Max Planck Institute for the Biology of Ageing.

paragraphs: Partridge was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1996 and appointed CBE in 2003. She was awarded the Linnean Society of London's prestigious Darwin–Wallace Medal in 2008.

paragraphs: In 2009, she was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE), and received the Croonian lectureship from the Royal Society.

paragraphs: In March 2009, the UKRC announced Dame Linda was one of six Women of Outstanding Achievement in Science, Engineering and Technology.

paragraphs: She is a member of the Advisory Council for the Campaign for Science and Engineering.

paragraphs: She was awarded Foreign Honorary Membership from the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010.

paragraphs: She has been awarded Honorary Degrees (DSc) from the University of Bath in 2011, the University of Oxford and the University of Brighton.

paragraphs: In a recent BBC radio interview Partridge talked about her life and work.


title: Now That You Got It

paragraphs: "Now That You Got It" is a song by American singer and songwriter Gwen Stefani from her second solo studio album, "The Sweet Escape" (2006). Stefani co-wrote the song with its producers Sean Garrett and Swizz Beatz. The album version of the song is a hip hop and R&B song and the remix is a reggae song.

paragraphs: The song's music video was directed by The Saline Project and was shot in Puerto Rico and Jamaica. The Puerto Rico scenes were filmed after Stefani's concert there on July 19, 2007. Most of the video were shot in a studio, including scenes of Stefani riding a motorbike in front of a green screen.

paragraphs: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "The Sweet Escape".


title: Diego de Almagro, Chile

paragraphs: Diego de Almagro is a small Chilean city and commune in the Chañaral Province, Atacama Region. The commune is named after Diego de Almagro, a Spanish conquistador.

paragraphs: Its inhabitants are called "dieguinos" (women: "dieguinas").

paragraphs: The commune was created on 19 August 1972 with the name of "Pueblo Hundido" but its name was changed on 13 April 1977 to the present name of "Diego de Almagro".

paragraphs: The commune of Diego de Almagro has an area of . The city of Diego de Almagro is at from Chañaral (capital of the province and at from the city of Copiapó (capital of the Atacama region).

paragraphs: The commune is bordered on the north by the Antofagasta region, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Copiapó province and on the west by the Chañaral commune.

paragraphs: Diego de Almagro has a very dry climate, a desert climate. The average amount of precipitation for the year, during 10 years, is only .

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 18,589 people living in the commune, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest town of the commune is "Salvador", a mining town, with a population, in 2002, of 9,745 inhabitants. The town of Diego de Almagro has 8,192 inhabitants.


title: Copiapó Province

paragraphs: Copiapó Province () is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Copiapó.

paragraphs: The Copiapó province has an area of , the largest province in the Atacama region.

paragraphs: Copiapó is bordered on the north by the Chañaral province, on the northeast by Argentina, on the east by the Tierra Amarilla commune, on the south by the Huasco province and on the west by the Pacific Ocean and the Caldera commune.

paragraphs: The main river of the province is the Copiapó river that is long. In the valley of the Copiapó river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 155,713 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Copiapó, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 129,091 inhabitants.

paragraphs: As a province, Copiapó is a second-level administrative division, consisting of three communes ("comunas"). The city of Copiapó serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Huasco Province

paragraphs: Huasco Province ) is one of three provinces of the northern Chilean region of Atacama (III). Its capital is the city of Vallenar.

paragraphs: The Huasco province has an area of , the smallest province in the Atacama region.

paragraphs: Huasco is bordered on the north by the Copiapó province, on the east by Argentina, on the south by the Coquimbo region and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: The main river of the province is the Huasco river that is long. In the valley of the river, fruits, including grapes, are grown.

paragraphs: (last national census), there were 6,649 people living in the province, giving it a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Vallenar, its capital, with a population, in 2002, of 48,040 inhabitants in the commune.

paragraphs: As a province, Huasco is a second-level administrative division, consisting of four communes ("comunas"). The city of Vallenar serves as the provincial capital. The province is administered by a governor.


title: Cimo, Ticino

paragraphs: Cimo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 4 April 2004 the former municipalities of Bosco Luganese and Cimo merged to form the municipality of Bioggio.


title: Breno, Ticino

paragraphs: Breno is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 13 March 2005 the former municipalities of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.


title: Sirtuin

paragraphs: Sirtuin or Sir2 proteins are a class of enzymes that are important in cell biology.

paragraphs: Sirtuins regulate important biological pathways in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. The name Sir2 comes from the yeast gene 'silent mating-type information regulation 2', the gene responsible for cellular regulation in yeast.

paragraphs: Sirtuins influence many cellular processes like ageing, transcription, apoptosis, inflammation and stress resistance, as well as energy efficiency and alertness during low-calorie situations. Sirtuins can also control circadian clocks and mitochondrial biogenesis.


title: Euryale

paragraphs: Euryale is one of the gorgons in Greek myth. Her sisters are Stheno and the infamous Medusa. All three were once ravishing young women, particularly Medusa, who also happened to a priestess in the temple of Athena and took a vow of chastity, until she was raped by Poseidon. This was much to the ire of Athena and to punish Medusa, she had her and her sisters, who had been watching, turned into monsters with snakes for hair and a killer gaze, which turned onlookers into stone. The trio of sisters were later banished to a remote island.

paragraphs: A side effect of the transformation was that while Medusa's sisters were immortal, she herself wasn't, which would lead to Perseus killing her. Euryale is well known for her loud cries, particularly after her younger sister's death.


title: MTOR

paragraphs: mTOR is a protein, an enzyme which regulates cell growth, cell division, cell movement, cell survival, protein synthesis, autophagy, and transcription. It is a protein that in humans is encoded by the "MTOR" gene.

paragraphs: It has been given various names. It was originally called the 'mammalian target of rapamycin', but is also known as the 'mechanistic target of rapamycin' and 'FK506-binding protein 12-rapamycin-associated protein 1' (FRAP1).

paragraphs: The mTOR pathway is a central regulator of mammalian metabolism and physiology, with important roles in the function of tissues including liver, muscle, white and brown adipose tissue, and the brain.


title: Rapamycin

paragraphs: Rapamycin, also known as sirolimus, is a compound produced by the bacterium "Streptomyces hygroscopicus".

paragraphs: It is used in medicine to prevent organ transplant rejection. It has immunosuppressant functions in humans and is especially useful in preventing the rejection of kidney transplants. It inhibits activation of T cells and B cells by reducing the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2). Sirolimus is also used as a coating for coronary stents.

paragraphs: Rapamycin was first shown to extend lifespan in eukaryotes (actually, yeast cells) in 2006.

paragraphs: In a 2009 study, the lifespans of mice fed rapamycin were increased between 28 and 38% from the beginning of treatment. That is a 9 to 14% increased maximum lifespan. The treatment began in mice aged 20 months, the equivalent of 60 human years.

paragraphs: Later, rapamycin has been shown to extend mouse lifespan in several separate experiments. It is now being tested for this purpose on nonhuman primates (the marmoset monkey). A study on dogs is also planned.

paragraphs: Because rapamycin at high doses can suppress the immune system, people taking rapamycin for transplant or cancer therapy are more susceptible to dangerous infections.

paragraphs: It is thought that some dietary regimes, like restricting calories and methionine, cause lifespan extension by decreasing mTOR activity. It is believed that this is achieved by limiting the essential amino acid leucine, a potent activator of mTOR. The administration of leucine into the rat brain has been shown to decrease food intake and body weight via activation of the mTOR pathway.

paragraphs: According to the free radical theory of aging, reactive oxygen causes damage to mitochondrial proteins, and decreases ATP production. Then, the mTOR pathway is inhibited and ATP consuming protein synthesis is downregulated. This means the proportion of damaged proteins grows. Moreover, disruption of mTORC1 directly inhibits mitochondrial respiration.

paragraphs: These positive feedbacks on the aging process are counteracted by protective mechanisms: decreased mTOR activity (among other factors) upregulates glycolysis, and removal of dysfunctional cellular components by autophagy.


title: Bristoe Campaign

paragraphs: The Bristoe Campaign was a series of minor battles fought in Virginia during October and November 1863, in the American Civil War. Major general George G. Meade, commanding the Union Army of the Potomac, began an unsuccessful attempt to defeat General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Lee countered with a turning movement. Not willing to do battle on ground he did not choose, Meade gradually withdrew his army back toward Centreville. His object was to keep Lee from getting between his Union forces in Virginia and Washington, DC.

paragraphs: In September, Lee was forced to send his I Corps commanded by general James Longstreet to the Western Theatre around Chattanooga, Tennessee. Meade lost his Union XI and XII Corps who were also sent to Tennessee. Lee was left with about 55,000 men while Meade’s forces now numbered about 80,000. Meade was unhappy about having to give up two Corps and felt he did not have a large enough force to defeat Lee. Lee, however, proceeded with his plan for a turning movement, to get between Meade and Washington DC.

paragraphs: Early on the morning of October 9, the Confederates broke camp to try to move unnoticed around Meade's flank. They avoided hills and dusty roads where marching might raise clouds of dust that could be seen for miles. Lee knew that if Meade discovered his movements he would either commit to battle or move north of the Rappahannock. But Union pickets reported there were no drum or bugle calls and no smoke from the morning cooking fires coming from the Confederate camps. Word was sent to Meade's headquarters that the rebel army seemed to be moving westward. Meade still did not know what was happening but was very uneasy about these reports. Lee might be moving south to Richmond or he could be moving north trying to turn Meade's flank. Meade also realized that Lincoln was unhappy with his letting Lee escape after Gettysburg. So Meade knew he had to do something.

paragraphs: Throughout the day on October 9, Meade waited on news of Lee's movement. That evening his sent orders for general John Buford’s 1st Cavalry Division to cross the Rapidan at Germanna Ford to find out where the Confederates were. But Buford did not get the orders until the following morning. His cavalry left right away but did not get to the area where the Confederates had been camped before 11:00 a.m.. It wasn't until sunset they made contact with Confederate troops at Morton’s Ford. Meade did not get word of this until the next day, October 11.

paragraphs: At Culpepper Courthouse, Meade was beginning to think Lee was moving north around his flank. But he still had no reports showing this was the case. By the night of October 10, Meade decided a fight in the constricted area of Culpepper was dangerous and might give Lee an advantage. He ordered his entire army north of the Rappahannock. Buford had not received word of the Union army moving north and waited for support from I Corps on the morning of October 11. Instead, he was attacked by Confederate cavalry. The Union and Confederate cavalry units fought throughout the day and by evening Buford had fought his way back across the Rappahannock. But this had distracted the Union cavalry from discovering where Lee's army was.

paragraphs: On October 13, in what became known as the First Battle of Auburn, Confederate general J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was riding ahead of Lee's army. He blundered into Federal troops guarding a supply train. Seeing he was outnumbered, Stuart's cavalry hid in the thick bushes waiting for a chance to attack. But they quickly found themselves surrounded by Union troops who did not know Stuart's men were there. The Confederate cavalry remained in hiding, gathering information about what they saw. The next morning, in what was called the Second Battle of Auburn, Stuart's cavalry fought its way out of the area.

paragraphs: On October 14, 1863 Hill's Corps attacked two Union corps who were retreating north. Hill's mistake was in not ordering any reconnaissance before the attack to see what they were up against. One of Hill's divisions was badly beaten and one artillery battery was lost. After reinforcing his line Hill was not able to make any progress against the Union corps who were dug in behind the Orange and Alexandria Railroad embankment. After beating Hill, the Union army continued on to Centerville, Virginia. Lee was angry with Hill over his mistakes at Bristoe Station. He told hill, "bury your dead and say no more about it!"

paragraphs: After defeat at Bristoe Station and an aborted advance on Centreville, Stuart's cavalry shielded the withdrawal of Lee's army from the vicinity of Manassas Junction. Union cavalry under general Judson Kilpatrick pursued Stuart's cavalry along the Warrenton Turnpike. But they were lured into an ambush near Chestnut Hill and were routed. The Federal troopers were scattered and chased five miles (8 km) in an affair that came to be known as the "Buckland Races".

paragraphs: Lee returned to his old position behind the Rappahannock but left a fortified bridgehead on the north bank. This protected the approach to Kelly's Ford. On November 7, Meade forced passage of the Rappahannock at two places. A surprise attack by general John Sedgwick's VI Corps at dusk overran the Confederate bridgehead at Rappahannock Station. They captured two Confederate brigades (more than 1,600 men) of general Jubal A. Early's division. Fighting at Kelly's Ford was less severe, but the Confederates retreated, allowing the Federals across in force.


title: Turning movement

paragraphs: A turning movement , also called a wide envelopment is a maneuver designed to pass around the enemy's front to strike a vital part of the enemy's rear. It is a military tactic where a command is divided into two parts. The first part holds the enemy from the front while the other part moves around to attack the enemy's rear or flank. Unlike an envelopment or a flanking maneuver, the two forces operate beyond the distance where they could usually support each other. It is often easier for an enemy force to avoid an envelopment than it is to avoid a turning movement. To counter a turning movement, the enemy must either abandon their position or turn to meet the new threat. The turning movement is a variation of the envelopment tactic. Another difference is that the turning movement often seeks to "avoid" enemy contact until they are deep in the enemy's rear. Faced with a new threat in his rear area, the enemy is "turned" out of his defensive position and forced to act.

paragraphs: An early example of a turning movement was by Julius Caesar in 48 BC. One of Napoleon I of France's favorite tactics was the "Strategy of Indirect Approach" or the turning movement. One corps of his army would hold the enemy's attention while the main force would move behind the enemy in a wide circle. Ideally he would use the terrain to hide the turning movement. He used this to great effect during his 1805 Ulm Campaign. He repeated his success with this tactic at the Battle of Jena–Auerstedt in 1806, and at the Battle of Friedland in 1807.

paragraphs: The famous "left hook" maneuver by American and French troops during Operation Desert Storm was another example of a turning movement. Paratroopers of the American 82nd Airborne Division in vehicles along with the French 6th Light Armoured Brigade moved up the flanks. At the same time the 101st Airborne Division made the largest helicopter assault in history in the rear of Saddam Hussein's Republican Guard to cut off their retreat.


title: Geoffroea decorticans

paragraphs: The Geoffroea decorticans or Chañar is a small tree in the pea family, Fabaceae. It is found in very arid places of southern South America. It is a deciduous tree that loses its leaves in winter with the cold and also in summer if it gets too dry.

paragraphs: The trunk of "Geoffroea decorticans" grows vertically when grows alone but the plant looks like a shrub when it grows inside the forest. The tree grows up to tall.

paragraphs: The trunk could have up to in diameter, with yellow bark that off, revealing the underneath young green bark. The plant has many branches and many leaves, and the tree have a rounded look in its upper part.

paragraphs: The flowers are very visible, small, papery and yellow-coloured. The tree produces flowers in spring (September to October, in the Southern hemisphere), either singly or in groups ("clusters)", and produces fruits from November to January.

paragraphs: "Geoffroea decorticans" is unique among legumes in that it produces fleshy, oval s that hold a single seed. Fruits are initially green but turn deep orange as they mature.

paragraphs: The second name of the species, " decorticans", means that the bark of the trunk peels off.

paragraphs: Common names for this tree are "chañar", Chilean palo verde and "kumbaru".

paragraphs: The species have the following synonyms:

paragraphs: The plant grows naturally in very dry regions in South America. "Geoffroea decorticans" is found in Argentina (northwest and central), Bolivia, northern Chile, western Paraguay, southern Peru and western Uruguay.

paragraphs: The "chañar" grows from sea level up to above sea level. In Chile, it grows in the Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama and Coquimbo regions, and grows in groups called , in plural ( in singular).

paragraphs: "Geoffroea decorticans" is an average tree with a wood moderately hard and dense, good for carpentry and furniture making. It is also used as firewood and to make cheap posts (tall sticks) for fences.

paragraphs: The fruits are sweet and can be eaten, as well as the seeds; both are used as human and animal feed. The fruits are very commonly used for both cooking and medical purposes in the processed form of chañar molasses.

paragraphs: Because they produce many bright, yellow flowers, "Geoffroea decorticans" is also used as ornamental plants.


title: Cyclone Bobby

paragraphs: Cyclone Bobby took place on February 19, 1995. The cyclone hit parts of Western Australia. It moved slowly before hitting the east of Onslow. Cyclone Bobby had 40mm of rain and a maximum winds of 270km/h. Three people died from Bobby and many were injured. Cyclone Bobby was one of the most devastating cyclones in the history of Western Australia.


title: Postal codes in Azerbaijan

paragraphs: Postal codes in Azerbaijan consist of four digits.

paragraphs: The four-digit postcode shows the nationwide format "AZ NNNN". The first two digits show the regions of Azerbaijan in accordance with the modern administrative divisions, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic and occupied Nagorno-Karabakh.

paragraphs: From 1970 until 1991, when Azerbaijan was part of the Soviet Union as the Azerbaijan SSR, the entire territory of the Soviet Union used the six-digit postcode "37NNNN". After gaining independence, Azerbaijan switched to the current four-digit postcode.


title: ENSAE ParisTech

paragraphs: École nationale de la statistique et de l'administration économique (ENSAE ParisTech) is a renowned graduate engineering school in France. It is in a campus of the University of Paris-Saclay.

paragraphs: Its curricula lead to these French & European degrees:

paragraphs: Academic activities and industrial applied research are taught mainly in French and English languages. The students are from a dozen nationalities.

paragraphs: Research activities at ENSAE ParisTech relate to the following topics:


title: Hayflick limit

paragraphs: The Hayflick limit (or Hayflick phenomenon) is a phenomenon of cell division in tissue culture. It is the number of times a normal human cell population divides until cell division stops.

paragraphs: We now know that the telomeres associated with each cell's chromosomes will get slightly shorter with each new cell division until they shorten to a critical length.

paragraphs: The idea of the Hayflick limit was suggested by American anatomist Leonard Hayflick in 1961, at the Wistar Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hayflick showed that a population of normal human fetal cells in a cell culture will divide between 40 to 60 times. The population then goes into senescence. This refutes the idea of Nobel laureate Alexis Carrel that normal cells are immortal.

paragraphs: Each mitosis slightly shortens each of the telomeres on the DNA of the cells. Telomere shortening in humans eventually makes cell division impossible, and this aging of the cell population appears to correlate with the overall physical aging of the human body.

paragraphs: The process of telomere shortening leads to apoptosis, the technical name given to programmed cell death. Although the Hayflick experiments were done on human cells in tissue culture, there is nothing special about human cells which would not be found in the cells of other living organisms. Apoptosis is thought to happen in all multicellular organisms. The 2002 Nobel Prize in Medicine was awarded to Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz and John E. Sulston for their work identifying genes that control apoptosis. The genes were identified by studies in the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans" and these same genes function in humans for apoptosis.


title: Cantor's diagonal argument

paragraphs: Cantor's diagonal argument is a mathematical method to prove that two infinite sets have the same cardinality. Cantor published articles on it in 1877, 1891 and 1899. His first proof of the diagonal argument was published in 1890 in the journal of the German Mathematical Society (Deutsche Mathematiker-Vereinigung). According to Cantor, two sets have the same cardinality, "if it is possible to associate an element from the second set to each element of the first set, and to associate an element of the first set to each element of the second set". This statement works well for sets with a finite number of elements. It is less intuitive for sets with an infinite number of elements.

paragraphs: The example below uses two of the simplest infinite sets, that of natural numbers, and that of positive fractions. The idea is to show that both of these sets, formula_1 and formula_2 have the same cardinality.

paragraphs: First, the fractions are aligned in an array, as follows:

paragraphs: Next, the numbers are counted, as shown. Fractions which can be simplified are left out:

paragraphs: By omitting fractions that can still be simplified, there is a bijection which associates each element of the natural numbers, to one element of the fractions:

paragraphs: To show that all natural numbers and the fractions have the same cardinality, the element 0 needs to be added; after each fraction its negative is added;

paragraphs: That way, there is a complete bijection, which associates a fraction to each natural number. In other words: both sets have the same cardinality. Today, sets that have the same number of elements than the set of natural numbers are called countable. Sets which have fewer elements than the natural numbers are called at most countable. With that definition, the set of rational numbers / fractions is countable.

paragraphs: Infinite sets often have properties which go against intuition: David Hilbert showed this in an experiment which is called Hilbert's paradox of the Grand Hotel.

paragraphs: The set of real numbers does not have the same cardinality than those of the natural numbers; there are more real numbers than natural numbers. The idea outlined above influenced his proof. In his 1891 article, Cantor considered the set "T" of all infinite sequences of binary digits (i.e. each digit is zero or one).

paragraphs: He begins with a constructive proof of the following theorem:

paragraphs: To prove this, given an enumeration of elements from "T", like e.g.

paragraphs: The sequence "s" is constructed by choosing the 1st digit as complementary to the 1st digit of "s" (swapping 0s for 1s and vice versa), the 2nd digit as complementary to the 2nd digit of "s", the 3rd digit as complementary to the 3rd digit of "s", and generally for every "n", the "n" digit as complementary to the "n" digit of "s". In the example, this yields:

paragraphs: By construction, "s" differs from each "s", since their "n" digits differ (highlighted in the example).

paragraphs: Hence, "s" cannot occur in the enumeration.

paragraphs: Based on this theorem, Cantor then uses a proof by contradiction to show that:

paragraphs: He assumes for contradiction that "T" was countable. In that case, all its elements could be written as an enumeration "s", "s", … , "s", … .

paragraphs: Applying the previous theorem to this enumeration would produce a sequence "s" not belonging to the enumeration.

paragraphs: However, "s" was an element of "T" and should therefore be in the enumeration.

paragraphs: This contradicts the original assumption, so "T" must be uncountable.


title: Arrondissements of the Deux-Sèvres department

paragraphs: There are 3 arrondissements in the Deux-Sèvres department. The French departments, and in other countries, are divided into "arrondissements", which may be translated into English as districts (in some cases, as boroughs).  The capital of an arrondissement is called a subprefecture.

paragraphs: If the prefecture (capital) of the department is in an arrondissement, that prefecture is the capital of the arrondissement, acting both as a prefecture and as a subprefecture.

paragraphs: Arrondissements are further divided into communes.

paragraphs: Since its creation, the Deux-Sèvres department has had some changes:


title: Arrondissement of Bressuire

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Bressuire is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Bressuire.

paragraphs: When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Bressuire was not one of the original districts but, in 1804, it was made one of the "arrondissements" of the department when the subprefecture of Thouars was moved to Bressuire.

paragraphs: Bressuire is the northernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the Maine-et-Loire department, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Parthenay and to the west by the Vendée department.

paragraphs: It has an area of , and a population of 96,703 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Bressuire, there are 3 cantons with all their "communes"  in the "arrondissement": Bressuire, Mauléon and Thouars,

paragraphs: The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement" of  Bressuire:

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Bressuire has 53 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː


title: Cynthia Kenyon

paragraphs: Cynthia Jane Kenyon (born February 21, 1954) is an American molecular biologist and geneticist. She does research on the genetics of aging in the model organism "Caenorhabditis elegans", which is a roundworm.

paragraphs: Kenyon did postdoctoral studies with Nobel laureate Sydney Brenner at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, England, studying the development of "C. elegans".

paragraphs: Since 1986 she has been at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), as the Herbert Boyer Distinguished Professor of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and now as an American Cancer Society professor. She is also Vice President of Aging Research at Calico, a new company focused on health, well-being, and longevity.

paragraphs: Her early work led to the discovery that hox genes, known to pattern the body segments of the fruit fly "Drosophila", also pattern the body of "C. elegans". These findings showed that hox genes were part of an ancient and fundamental metazoan patterning system.

paragraphs: Michael Klass discovered that lifespan of "C. elegans" could be altered by mutations, but he believed the effect was due to reduced food consumption (calorie restriction). Later, Thomas Johnson showed that the 65% life extension effect was due to the mutation itself, not calorie restriction.

paragraphs: In 1993, Kenyon discovered that a single gene mutation (daf-2) could double the lifespan of "C. elegans" and that this could be reversed by a second mutation in daf-16m. This set off an intensive study of the molecular biology of aging. Kenyon's findings led to the discovery that an evolutionarily-conserved hormone signaling system influences aging in other organisms, perhaps also mammals.

paragraphs: The company she founded, Elixir Pharmaceuticals, is trying to make a pill that would slow down the process that makes people age. It would mimic gene manipulation.

paragraphs: Kenyon has received many honors, including the King Faisal Prize for Medicine, the American Association of Medical Colleges Award for Distinguished Research, the Ilse & Helmut Wachter Award for Exceptional Scientific Achievement, and La Fondation IPSEN Prize, for her findings. She is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. She is now the director of the Hillblom Center for the Biology of Aging at UCSF. She is also one of featured biologists in the 1995 science documentary "Death by Design / The Life and Times of Life and Times".

paragraphs: Kenyon's research prompted her to make personal dietary changes. She stopped eating high glycemic index carbohydrates when she discovered that putting sugar on the worms' food shortened their lifespans.

paragraphs: Kenyon follows a low glycemic index diet similar to the Atkins diet and the South Beach Diet.

paragraphs: In the past, Kenyon had also briefly experimented with a calorie restriction diet for two days, but couldn't stand the constant hunger.


title: Randall Woolf

paragraphs: Randall Woolf (born 23 August 1959) is an American composer. He studied at Harvard University. Woolf received Guggenheim Fellowship in 1999. One of his piaces is called "White Heat". He is a long time collaborator of Welsh musician John Cale. He arranged Cale's score for Mary Harron's movie "American Psycho". His wife Kathleen Supové is a pianist.


title: Arrondissement of Niort

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Niort is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Niort.

paragraphs: When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Niort was one of the original districts.

paragraphs: Niort is the southernmost "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Parthenay, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the Charente-Maritime department and to the west by the Vendée department.

paragraphs: It has an area of , and a population of 212,425 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: In the case of the "arrondissement" of Niort, all its cantons have their "communes" within the "arrondissement". The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Niort has 163 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː


title: Arrondissement of Parthenay

paragraphs: The arrondissement of Parthenay is an arrondissement of France, in the Deux-Sèvres department, Nouvelle-Aquitaine region. Its capital is the city of Parthenay.

paragraphs: When the Deux-Sèvres department was created on 1790, Parthenay was one of the original districts.

paragraphs: The territory of the present "arrondissement" of Parthenay is the historical region of Gâtine vendéenne; several "communes" are named after this region: La Boissière-en-Gâtine, Mazières-en-Gâtine, Saint-Paul-en-Gâtine, Vernoux-en-Gâtine.

paragraphs: Parthenay is the central "arrondissement" of the department. It is bordered to the north by the "arrondissement" of Bressuire, to the east by the Vienne department, to the south by the "arrondissement" of Niort and to the west by the Vendée department.

paragraphs: It has an area of , and a population of 64,425 inhabitants for a density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: After the reorganisation of the cantons in France, cantons are not subdivisions of the "arrondissements" so they could have "communes" that belong to different "arrondissements".

paragraphs: In the "arrondissement" of Parthenay, there are 2 cantons with all their "communes" in the "arrondissement": La Gâtine and Parthenay. The following table shows the distribution of the "communes" in the "arrondissement":

paragraphs: The "arrondissement" of Parthenay has 77 "communes"; they are (with their INSEE codes)ː


title: Arosio, Switzerland

paragraphs: Arosio is a village and former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 13 March 2005 the former municipalites of Arosio, Breno, Fescoggia, Mugena and Vezio merged into the new municipality of Alto Malcantone.


title: Envelopment

paragraphs: Envelopment is the military tactic of attacking the enemy's flank or rear. This is done while keeping the enemy's attention focused on his front by the use of diversionary attacks. The envelopment makes the enemy fight in a direction they are the least prepared for. The maneuver requires a flank that can be attacked. Unlike a flanking maneuver, which uses the enemy's forward movement to create an attackable flank, envelopment depends on the enemy's defensive position, any obstacles and the terrain. The envelopment has both advantages and disadvantages. Advantages include being able to capture or defeat all or part of an opposing army. It offers less risk than other offensive maneuvers. Disadvantages include the possibility of an enemy counterattack on the weakened center or on the other flank.

paragraphs: Famous examples of the single envelopment include Alexander the Great who used it at the in 331 BC. Robert E. Lee used the tactic at the Battle of Chancellorsville in 1863. During World War II, German General Erwin Rommel used it successfully at the Battle of Gazala, which led directly to his capture of Tobruk in 1941. Some of the famous double envelopments include Hannibal at the Battle of Cannae where he defeated the Roman army in . In 1781 during the American Revolutionary War, American general used it successfully against British general , causing many of the British soldiers to surrender. In the 1944 during Operation Overlord, German troops were caught in a double envelopment by British and American forces.


title: Knap of Howar

paragraphs: Knap of Howar is a neolithic settlement on Papa Westray (one of the Orkney Islands) in Scotland. The farm was occupied from about 3700 to 2800 BC. The farm consists of two buildings: One has been interpreted as house where people lived, the other as a workshop of sorts.The houses have no windows, both entries face the sea. It is believed that the houses where lit by fires.


title: DeAndre Yedlin

paragraphs: DeAndre Yedlin is an American soccer player for Newcastle United.


title: Sèvre Nantaise

paragraphs: The Sèvre Nantaise is a river in western France, a left tributary of the Loire river.

paragraphs: It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Niortaise river that flows through Niort) and ends in the city of Nantes (and is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

paragraphs: The Sèvre Nantaise river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Nantes, where the Sèvre Nantaise joins the Loire river.

paragraphs: Average monthly discharge (m/s) at Nantes

paragraphs: The Sèvre Nantaise starts in the "Gâtines" plateau, "commune" of Neuvy-Bouin, near the "commune" of Secondigny in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée, Maine-et-Loire and Loire-Atlantique.

paragraphs: Finally, the river flows into the Loire river in the city of Nantes.

paragraphs: The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 4 departments and 44 "communes":

paragraphs: The main tributaries of the Sèvre Nantaise river are:


title: Ricardo Lucarelli

paragraphs: Ricardo Samuel Lucarelli Santos de Souza (born February 14, 1992) is a Brazilian volleyball player. He is a member of the Brazil national volleyball team and Brazilian club Funvic Taubaté. He competed on the winning volleyball team at the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Aaron Russell

paragraphs: Aaron Russell (born June 4, 1993) is an American volleyball player. He is a member of the United States men's national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. He won a bronze medal. Since late 2015, he plays for an Italian volleyball club.


title: Artem Volvich

paragraphs: Artem Aleksandrovich Volvich (born 22 January 1990) is an Russian volleyball player. He is a member of the Russia national volleyball team. He competed in the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.


title: Lazarus

paragraphs: Lazarus is a given name and surname (family name). It is derived from the Hebrew אלעזר, Elʿāzār (Eleazar) meaning "God has helped".


title: Cagiallo

paragraphs: Cagiallo is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 15 October 2001 the former municipalities of Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca, Tesserete and Vaglio merged to form the new municipality Capriasca.


title: Sala Capriasca

paragraphs: Sala Capriasca is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Tesserete and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.


title: Tesserete

paragraphs: Tesserete is a village and former municipality of the district Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: In 1976 the neighboring municipality Campestro was incorporated into Tesserete.

paragraphs: On 15 October 2001 the municipality was merged with the other, neighboring municipalities Cagiallo, Lopagno, Roveredo, Sala Capriasca and Vaglio to form a new and larger municipality Capriasca.


title: Ardfern

paragraphs: Ardfern ( = "the head-land of alder-trees") is a village in Argyll and Bute, Scotland. It is on the south coast of the Craignish peninsula, facing Loch Craignish.


title: Rosh Chodesh

paragraphs: Rosh Chodesh or Rosh Hodesh (; trans. "Beginning of the Month"; lit. "Head of the Month") is the name for the first day of every month in the Hebrew calendar, marked by the birth of a new moon. It is considered a minor holiday, like the middle days of Passover and Sukkot.

paragraphs: When a Hebrew calendar month is 30 days long, day 30 is considered Rosh Chodesh of the next month. Then Rosh Chodesh is two days long: day 30 of the old month and day 1 of the new month.


title: Sèvre Niortaise

paragraphs: The Sèvre Niortaise is a river in western France, flowing into the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: It starts in the Deux-Sèvres department (named "Two Sèvres" after this and the Sèvre Nantaise) and flows through Niort (that is the origin of the second part of the river's name).

paragraphs: The Sèvre Niortaise river has a length of and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: Its average yearly discharge (volume of water which passes through a section of the river per unit of time) is at Niort.

paragraphs: Average monthly discharge (m/s) at Niort

paragraphs: The Sèvre Niortaise starts in the "commune" of Sepvret in the Deux-Sèvres department, at an elevation of about . It then flows to the northwest through the departments of Vendée and Charente-Maritime.

paragraphs: Finally, the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean to north of the city of La Rochelle.

paragraphs: The Sèvre Nantaise flows through 2 regions, 3 departments and 38 "communes":

paragraphs: The main tributaries of the Sèvre Niortaise river are: