title: Heat index

paragraphs: The "heat index" (HI, also "humiture") is a measurement which combines air temperature and relative humidity as being the human-perceived equivalent temperature — how hot it feels. The result is also known as the "felt air temperature" or "apparent temperature". For example, when the temperature is with very high humidity, the heat index can be about .

paragraphs: The human body normally cools itself by perspiration, or sweating, which evaporates and carries heat away from the body. However, when the relative humidity is high, then the evaporation rate is reduced, so heat is removed from the body at a lower rate, causing it to retain more heat than it would in dry air. Measurements have been taken based on subjective descriptions of how hot subjects feel for a given temperature and humidity, allowing an index to be made which relates one temperature and humidity combination, to another, at a higher temperature in drier air.

paragraphs: The heat index was developed in 1978 by George Winterling as the "humiture" and was adopted by the National Weather Service a year later. It is derived from work carried out by Robert G. Steadman. Like the wind chill index, the heat index contains assumptions about the human body mass and height, clothing, amount of physical activity, thickness of blood, sunlight and ultraviolet radiation exposure, and the wind speed. Large deviations from the typical values will result in heat-index values which do not accurately reflect the perceived temperature.

paragraphs: In Canada, the similar humidex is used in place of the heat index. The humidex differs from the heat index in using the dew point rather than the relative humidity.

paragraphs: The heat index is defined so as to equal the actual air temperature when the partial pressure of water vapor is equal to a baseline value of 1.6 kPa. At standard atmospheric pressure (101.325 kPa), this baseline corresponds to a dew point of 14 °C (57 °F) and a mixing ratio of 0.01 (10 g of water vapor per kilogram of dry air). This corresponds to an air temperature of 25°C and relative humidity of 50% in the sea-level psychrometric chart.

paragraphs: At high temperatures, the level of "relative" humidity needed to make the heat index higher than the actual temperature is lower than at cooler temperatures. For example, at approximately 27 °C (80 °F), the heat index will agree with the actual temperature if the relative humidity is 45%, but at about 43°C (110°F), any relative-humidity reading above 17% will make the Heat Index higher than 43°C (110 °F).

paragraphs: The heat index is calculated only if the actual temperature is above 27 °C (80 °F), dew point temperatures greater than 12 °C (54 °F), and relative humidities higher than 40%. The heat index and humidex figures are based on temperature measurements taken in the shade and not the sun, so extra care must be taken while in the sun.

paragraphs: Sometimes the heat index and the wind chill are denoted collectively by the single terms "apparent temperature" or "relative outdoor temperature".


title: Blue Velvet (movie)

paragraphs: Blue Velvet is a 1986 American mystery movie by David Lynch. It is set in North Carolina. The cast include Dennis Hopper, Laura Dern and Kyle MacLachlan. The title is from the 1963 Bobby Vinton song of the same name. This movie was originally detested by certain movie critics, although it is now widely acclaimed. It was controversial at the time of its 1986 release, and has since become a cult favorite. Lynch got his second Academy Award nomination for Best Director for the movie.


title: Charlotte Hounds

paragraphs: The Charlotte Hounds are a men's professional field lacrosse team that is based in Charlotte, North Carolina. The Hounds joined Major League Lacrosse (MLL) in 2012. They play their home games at American Legion Memorial Stadium.


title: Manhunter (movie)

paragraphs: Manhunter is an American crime thriller movie. It is the first film with the character Hannibal Lecter, a psychotic killer. It is based on a book by Thomas Harris, called "Red Dragon". The movie was written and directed by Michael Mann. It stars William Petersen, Brian Cox, Dennis Farina and Tom Noonan. It tells the story of a serial killer and the detectives who are trying to find him.

paragraphs: "Manhunter" shows the science that police use to find criminals. This movie was not the only movie made from a book by Thomas Harris. Earlier, "Black Sunday" had been made, but not with the character of Lector. Later, "The Silence of the Lambs", "Hannibal", "Red Dragon" and "Hannibal Rising" were also made from his books.

paragraphs: "Manhunter" did not get very good reviews when it came out. It did not make a lot of money in cinemas. It took $15 million to make "Manhunter" but the movie only made $8.6 million in the United States. Today the movie gets better reviews and is seen by more people. It is thought of as a 'cult movie'.

paragraphs: Will Graham (William Petersen) is an agent who worked for the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He retired after he caught a killer named Hannibal Lecter (Brian Cox). Graham is asked by Jack Crawford (Dennis Farina) to help with a new police case. Crawford is trying to find a killer named "The Tooth Fairy". Graham goes to the house of the killer's victims. He finds The Tooth Fairy's fingerprints there.

paragraphs: Graham goes to a prison to meet Hannibal Lector again. Lector is very good at understanding how other people think. Graham asks him for help. It is clear that Graham is afraid of Lecter. Later on, a prison guard finds a letter that belongs to Lecter. The letter is from The Tooth Fairy. Graham and Crawford find out that The Tooth Fairy is talking to Lecter through advertisements in a newspaper. Graham asks a journalist from the newspaper to write an article despising the Tooth Fairy. They feel sure this will result in another advertisement, and this time they will pick up the code. The journalist is caught by The Tooth Fairy (Tom Noonan) and killed.

paragraphs: The Tooth Fairy, called "Francis Dollarhyde", works in a photographic lab. He is attracted to a woman he works with called Reba McClane. Reba is blind. Dollarhyde drives her home one night. They start a relationship with each other. This stops Dollarhyde from killing more people. One night Dollarhyde sees Reba with another man. He thinks she is having an affair but he is mistaken. Dollarhyde kills the other man and takes Reba to his house.

paragraphs: Graham has found out how The Tooth Fairy finds his victims. The Tooth Fairy uses the home movies brought to his job to pick a family to kill. Now that he knows this, Graham is able to find out who The Tooth Fairy is. He goes to Dollarhyde's house with several policemen. Dollarhyde uses a shotgun to kill some of the policemen. Graham kills Dollarhyde and rescues Reba.

paragraphs: The movie was going to be named "Red Dragon" because this was the name of the book. The name was changed because it sounded like a karate movie. It was also changed because a movie named "Year of the Dragon" did very badly in cinemas.

paragraphs: William Petersen worked with policemen in Chicago and with the Federal Bureau of Investigation to learn more about his part. Michael Mann took three years to write the movie, and he also spoke to policemen to learn about their jobs. Because of this, books have said the movie is very true to real life.

paragraphs: Tom Noonan started getting ready for the movie by reading about other serial killers. He did not like this idea when he started. He changed his mind and acted his own way instead. He said he wanted The Tooth Fairy to seem like "he was doing this out of love". Joan Allen played Dollarhyde's blind girlfriend. She went to the New York Institute for the Blind to learn about blind people. She walked with a mask on to learn about being blind.

paragraphs: Actors John Lithgow, Mandy Patinkin, William Friedkin and Brian Dennehy were all asked to play Hannibal Lecktor. Brian Cox played the part instead. Cox read about a Scottish serial killer named Peter Manuel to learn about his part. William Petersen played Will Graham. He was chosen because Michael Mann liked his movie "To Live and Die in L.A.". Richard Gere, Mel Gibson and Paul Newman were also asked to play the part. Tom Noonan says he was asked to act his part because Michael Mann thought he was very scary in real life.

paragraphs: Dante Spinotti, who filmed the movie, made use of strong colors. Parts of the movie with Will Graham and his wife use a "romantic blue". Parts that show The Tooth Fairy use an ugly green or purple color.

paragraphs: When the move was being made, Tom Noonan asked that nobody saw him. Those people who could saw him called him "Francis", because he pretended to be his character the whole time. This made the other actors afraid of him. The first time Noonan met William Petersen was when Petersen jumped through a large window while making the last part of the movie. At first, actor Tom Noonan wore a fake tattoo of a dragon on his chest. The parts of the movie that showed this were made again without the tattoo. This is because Michael Mann and Tom Noonan thought it did not look right.

paragraphs: "Manhunter"'s soundtrack album came out in 1986. It could be bought on cassette, tape and vinyl record but not on CD. In March 2010, the soundtrack came out on CD for the first time. One more song, named "Jogger's Stakeout" by The Reds, was on the CD.

paragraphs: Music in the film's screen credits which are not listed above included:

paragraphs: Books written about the movie discuss the relationship between Graham and The Tooth Fairy. They make a comparison between the characters and how they both live. It has also been said that movie gives the idea that to catch a killer you must think like one.

paragraphs: "Manhunter" came out in the United States on 15 August 1986. It earned $8,620,929 in the United States. Its budget was $15 million, so it did not make as much money as it cost. It was shown in November 1987 during the London Film Festival and came out in the United Kingdom on 24 February 1989. In France, the movie was shown on 9 April 1987 at the Cognac Festival du Film Policier. It won the Critics Prize at this festival. It was also shown at the 2009 Camerimage Film Festival in Łódź, Poland. On 19 March 2011, the movie was showne at Grauman's Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood for its 25th anniversary. Michael Mann answered questions at this event.

paragraphs: "Manhunter" came out on laserdisc in 1986. It also came out on VHS several times. It came out on DVD first in 2000. This DVD was made by Anchor Bay Entertainment and it could be bought with one disc or two discs. A different DVD also came out in 2003. In 2004, MGM also made a DVD of the movie. In 2007, "The Hannibal Lecter Collection" came out. This was a collection of "Manhunter", "The Silence of the Lambs" and "Hannibal". "The Hannibal Lector Collection" also came out on Blu-ray in September 2009.

paragraphs: When "Manhunter" came out, its reviews were not very good.

paragraphs: Reviews thought that the music and the color effects were not very good. William Petersen's acting was also thought of negatively. The "New York Times" thought the movie was very bad, and so did the "Chicago Tribune". The "Los Angeles Times" said the movie was too much like Michael Mann's television program "Miami Vice"; and so did "Film Threat", who thought that was why the movie did not do very well. The "San Francisco Chronicle" did not like the movie's acting. On the other hand, "Time" magazine liked the movie. It called "Manhunter" "bold" and "intelligent." Leonard Maltin liked the movie, and called it "gripping".

paragraphs: Today, the reviews for the movie are much better. Salon.com says it is the best Hannibal movie. "Slate" magazine also thought it was very good, and said it inspired television programs like "Millennium" and "". "The Independent", Film4, Sky Movies, BBC, "Total Film"' magazine and "Empire" magazine have all praised the movie as being very good. Television channel Bravo put the movie in a program named "30 Even Scarier Movie Moments" in 2007. The website UGO Networks thought that Tom Noonan's acting in "Manhunter" was the best he has done.

paragraphs: Today, "Manhunter" is more popular. It is thought of as a 'cult movie'. This new popularity might be because of the other Hannibal movies doing very well. The websites Metacritic and Rotten Tomatoes compare the modern reviews of the movie and give an average review. Metacritic used ten reviews to give "Manhunter" a score of 78 out of 100. Rotten Tomatoes used 33 reviews to give the movie a score of 94 out of 100.

paragraphs: "Manhunter" shows how police use forensic science to catch criminals. This has inspired other movies and television programs. These include "", "Millennium", "John Doe", "Profiler", and "The X-Files"; as well as movies such as "Copycat", "Switchback", "The Bone Collector", "Seven" and "Fallen".

paragraphs: "The Silence of the Lambs" came out in 1991. It was based on a different book by Thomas Harris. It earned many awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture. It is one of only three movies that have won the Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor and Actress, and Best Screenplay. After "The Silence of the Lambs", three more Hannibal movies came out. These were "Hannibal", "Red Dragon" and "Hannibal Rising".

paragraphs: The 2002 movie "Red Dragon" was based on the same book as "Manhunter". It made much more money than "Manhunter" did. It earned $209,196,298 and it cost $78 million to film it. Rotten Tomatoes used 183 reviews to give "Red Dragon" a score of 68 out of 100. Metacritic used 36 reviews to give it a score of 60 out of 100. The same man, Dante Spinotti, did the filming for both movies.


title: Mononucleosis

paragraphs: Mononucleosis is the presence of Lymphocytes in the bloodstream. There are two forms:

paragraphs: The term usually refers to Glandular fever.


title: Great White Spot

paragraphs: The Great White Spot, also known as Great White Oval, on Saturn, is a name given to storms that are large enough to be seen by telescope from Earth. The spots appear to be white, and the name was based on Jupiter's Great Red Spot. The spots can be several thousands of kilometers wide. Currently, a large band of white clouds called the Northern Electrostatic Disturbance (because of an increase in radio and plasma interference) has covered Saturn since 2010, and the Cassini orbiter is tracking the storm. Cassini information shows a loss of acetylene in the white clouds, an increase of phosphine, and an unusual temperature drop in the center of the storm. In April 2011, the storm had a second eruption. Scientists believe the white spots are made from ammonia ice pushed up by warmer gas through the tops of the planet's clouds.

paragraphs: The spots happen every 28.5 Earth years. This is the solstice when Saturn's northern hemisphere tilts most toward the Sun. The following is a list of recorded sightings; years with spots that are part of the cycle are 1876, 1903, 1933, 1960, and 1990.

paragraphs: Why there were no spots recorded before 1876 is a mystery. It is like the break in sightings of the Great Red Spot in the 18th and early 19th centuries. The 1876 Great White Spot was very large, and could be seen even with small telescopes. Was the earlier record simply poor, or was the 1876 GWS truly a first for the telescopic era? Some believe that neither scenario is likely.

paragraphs: Mark Kidger has described three important Great White Spot patterns:

paragraphs: Kidger predicts that the next Great White Spot will happen in the NTZ in 2016, and will probably be less spectacular than the 1990 Great White Spot.

paragraphs: A "classic" Great White Spot is a spectacular event. Very bright white storms light up Saturn's usually dull atmosphere. All the major ones have happened in the planet's northern hemisphere. They usually begin as separate "spots", but then rapidly get bigger in longitude, as the 1933 and 1990 Great White Spots did. In 1990 the Great White Spot grew to circle the whole planet..


title: Hand, foot and mouth disease

paragraphs: Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is a human disease which is caused by a strain of Coxsackie A virus. Symptoms include:

paragraphs: HFMD is very common, especially in babies and young children. It is easily spread from person to person, so it often happens in a nursery or kindergarten. Only a small number of people get sick enough to go to a hospital. There is also no specific treatment for HFMD. It goes away on its own after one or two weeks.


title: Ontario Hockey League

paragraphs: The Ontario Hockey League or OHL, is a professional ice hockey league based in Canada and features 17 teams from Canada and 3 teams from the United States. For a player to play in the Ontario Hockey League they have to be between the ages of 15 to 20. The main championship for the OHL is the J. Ross Robertson Cup which is awarded to the winner of the Ontario Hockey League playoff championship. The current holders of the Cup is the Owen Sound Attack. The Ontario Hockey League is one of the three Major Junior ice hockey leagues which is part of the Canadian Hockey League.


title: Deen (band)

paragraphs: Deen is a popular music group from Japan which started in 1993. In April 2011 they released the song "Konomama kimidakewo ubaisaritai" which means "I want to steal only you."


title: Open Season 3

paragraphs: Open Season 3 is a 2010 animated-comedy direct-to-video movie and is the third movie in the "Open Season" movie series, directed by Cody Cameron and produced by Kirk Bodyfelt. The movie was released on October 21, 2010 and received negative reviews from reviewers.

paragraphs: In the movie, Boog (Matthew J. Munn) is about to go on a special guys' trip with the boys, but everyone is extremely busy living with their families. This disappoints Boog and it makes him go on a trip himself and encounters the Maslova Family Circus that came from Russia and meets a doppelganger named Doug (Matthew J. Munn), his annoying friend Alistair (Dana Snyder), and a circus performer named Ursa (Melissa Sturm), whom he falls in love with. When the animals at the forest find out the circus is going back to Russia, they make a whole new plan to rescue Boog and bring him back home.

paragraphs: Boog (Matthew J. Munn) plans an annual guys' trip to spend time with his male friends. But Elliot (Maddie Taylor) has distanced himself from him since he had started a family with his wife Giselle (Melissa Sturm) and his three children: Gisela (Karley Scott Collins), Giselita (Ciara Bravo), and Elvis (Harrison Fahn). Boog is disappointed since everyone else wanted to spend time with their families, which makes the grizzly go on a trip of his own, which leads him to a Russian traveling circus called the Maslova Family Circus.

paragraphs: While in the circus, Boog meets Doug (Matthew J. Munn), a lazy, scruffy grizzly bear who is tired of performing in the circus on the sidelines (as well, Boog also meets Doug's friend, a Argentina llama named Alistair {Dana Snyder}). Doug craves recognition as a full-fledged king of the forest, the ruler of wildlife. Doug convinces Boog to switch his life in the forest for his place at the circus, which Boog accepts. But the whole thing turns out a scam since all Doug really wanted to do all this time was escape.

paragraphs: Meanwhile, Boog falls madly in love with Ursa (Melissa Sturm), a female grizzly bear who was born in Russia and can effortlessly walk on a tightrope, juggle and dance. When the couple begin working together, they obtain much more as a harmonious duet than it might seem at first glance. When Boog's pals find out about Boog's disappearance, they, as well as the pets put aside their differences and hatch a rescue mission to save Boog.

paragraphs: Boog's friends arrive at the circus. They want Boog to return home, but he doesn't want to leave Ursa. All of a sudden, Doug arrives and apologizes to Boog for tricking him. While Doug performs the circus acts for the audience, Elliot tells Boog that he can stay at the circus if he wants to.Elliot is at the circus with Dug, Alistair and of course Boog and four form a band for the circus.

paragraphs: Boog and Elliot move his family to the circus.

paragraphs: Non-speaking characters include the rabbits, Buddy's wife, the does, some circus performers, and Carmen.

paragraphs: "Open Season 3" was animated at Reel FX Creative Studios, which also did animation for "Open Season 2".

paragraphs: "Open Season 3" got negative reviews by reviewers and critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, it has no score, but it does have 4 reviews. One reviewer said, "This tiresomely predictable tale exemplifies everything that's wrong about straight-to-DVD animated sequels to big-budget mainstream films: the plot is utterly predictable and rehashes a lot of beats from the original effort, the major voice actors have been replaced by poor substitutes and the quality of the animation has dropped dramatically (most of the visuals are on the level of a video game or one of those cheap CGI Saturday morning TV shows)".

paragraphs: It was released on Blu-ray, UMD Video and DVD in the United States on January 25, 2011.


title: Rahm Emanuel

paragraphs: Rahm Israel Emanuel (; born November 29, 1959) is an American politician. He is the 55th Mayor of Chicago from 2011 to 2019.

paragraphs: Emanuel was born on November 29, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois to a Jewish family. He studied at Sarah Lawrence College and at Northwestern University.

paragraphs: He was a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, representing , from 2003 until his resignation in 2009 to become a member of the Obama Administration. He is the first Jewish mayor of Chicago.

paragraphs: Emanuel was chair of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee during the 2006 mid-term elections and remained a top strategist for House Democrats during the 2008 cycle. After Democrats regained control of the House in 2006, Emanuel was elected chairman of the Democratic Caucus. This made him the fourth-ranking House Democrat, behind Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer and Majority Whip Jim Clyburn.

paragraphs: Two days after Obama's election victory, Emanuel was announced as Obama's designee for White House Chief of Staff. He resigned from the House on January 2, 2009, and began his duties as Chief of Staff on January 20, 2009, the day of Obama's inauguration.

paragraphs: Emanuel resigned as Chief of Staff effective October 1, 2010, in order to run for Mayor of Chicago pending the announced retirement of six term incumbent Richard M. Daley.

paragraphs: On January 27, 2011, the Illinois Supreme Court reversed a lower court's ruling that had cast doubt on Emanuel's candidacy; the court unanimously decided that Emanuel did not abandon his Chicago residency by serving in the White House, thus affirming his ability to run for mayor. He won the Mayoral election on February 22, 2011, with 55% of the vote. President Obama appointed William M. Daley, the brother of Emanuel's predecessor as mayor, as Chief of Staff to replace Emanuel.

paragraphs: Emanuel created a transition team from varied backgrounds. On November 16, the city council voted unanimously to adopt the mayor's first budget, which decreased the budget by $34 million and increased spending by $46.2 million, supported by increasing fees and fines. Despite most Aldermen opposing cuts to library workers and the closure of mental health clinics, they ultimately supported it, calling it "honest". At a news conference in November 2012, Emanuel listed his top three priorities for the state legislature as security and pension reform, adding a casino to Chicago, and equal marriage rights for same-sex couples. At a press conference with Illinois Governor Pat Quinn, who previously vetoed legislation to put a casino in Chicago, the two were "very close" to reaching a deal.

paragraphs: Emanuel won his second term during the run-off re-election campaign. He defeated Jesus "Chuy" Garcia. Emanuel won 56.76% of the votes.

paragraphs: In November and into December 2015, Emanuel has been criticized for his handling of the Laquan McDonald shooting, mainly for covering and allowing Chicago police to get away with excessive use of force on black minorities. "Chicago Tribune" columnist John Kass wrote that the Emanuel administration withheld from the public the police dashboard camera video of the Laquan McDonald shooting in order to secure the re-election. Since December 2015, over half of Chicagoans believe that Emanuel should resign with such support from the "New York Times", Al Sharpton, Black Lives Matter, U.S senator Bernie Sanders and Illinois governor Bruce Rauner.

paragraphs: Despite growing disapproval ratings, Emanuel announced his candidacy for re-election in the 2019 mayoral race, though there are petitions seeking for a two-term limit for Chicago mayors. However, on September 4, 2018, Emanuel reversed this decision and stated he would not seek a third term.

paragraphs: While a high school student working part-time at an Arby's restaurant, Emanuel severely cut his right middle finger on a meat slicer, which was later infected from swimming in Lake Michigan. His finger was partially amputated due to the severity of the infection.

paragraphs: Emanuel married Amy Merritt Rule in 1994. They have three children. They live in Ravenswood, Chicago.


title: Mayor of Chicago

paragraphs: The mayoral term in Chicago was one year from 1837 through 1863, when it was increased to two years. In 1907 it was again lengthened to four years, the present duration. Until 1861, municipal elections were held in March. In that year, legislation changed them to April. In 1869, however, election time was changed to November, and terms expiring in April of that year were lengthened. In 1875, the election day was moved back to April by the city's vote to operate under the Cities and Villages Act of 1872. Lester L. Bond was the acting mayor when Joseph Medill left to a tour around Europe. Thomas Hoyne won election as mayor, but could not become the mayor so the election became a void. As of 1995, no mayor can run for a political party, they are considered as nonpartisans.

paragraphs: The city council elects a vice mayor who is interim mayor in the event of a vacancy in the office of the mayor or the inability of the mayor to serve due to illness or injury. As of May 2019, the current vice mayor is Tom Tunney.

paragraphs: Past holders of this office have included Brendan Reilly (2015–2019) Ray Suarez (2011–2015), and David Orr.

paragraphs: Rahm Emanuel is a Democrat, but he and all other candidates in the 2011 election officially ran as nonpartisans. Under a 1995 Illinois law, "candidates for mayor . . . no longer would run under party labels in Chicago."


title: Richard M. Daley

paragraphs: Richard Michael Daley (born April 24, 1942) was an American politician. He was the 54th Mayor of Chicago. Daley was mayor from 1989-2011. He was a member of the Democratic party. His father was also the Mayor of Chicago, Richard J. Daley.


title: Basic Instinct

paragraphs: Basic Instinct is a 1992 American erotic thriller. The movie was directed by Paul Verhoeven and stars Michael Douglas and Sharon Stone. Douglas plays a San Francisco police detective who investigates the murder of a rich rock star. During this investigation he gets personally involved with the prime suspect, Catherine Tramell (played by Stone). The movie generated a lot of controversy due to its strong and graphic violence. It was strongly opposed by gay rights activists for its portrayal of a bisexual woman as a narcissistic psychopath. The movie was given mixed reviews, but it took in millions at the box office. It was originally under a rating of NC-17. It was later edited down for an R rating before release.

paragraphs: It was followed by a sequel, "Basic Instinct 2".


title: Congressional Gold Medal

paragraphs: The Congressional Gold Medal is awarded by the United States Congress. It is one of the highest awards like Presidential Medal of Freedom given to people who are not in the military. Gold medals have been awarded since the days of the Continental Congress. A gold medal often includes a picture of the person who received it.


title: Presidential Medal of Freedom

paragraphs: The Presidential Medal of Freedom is an award given by the President of the United States. It recognizes those individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors". The award is not limited to U.S. citizens and, while it is a civilian award, it can also be awarded to military personnel and worn on the uniform.

paragraphs: It was established in 1963 and replaced the earlier Medal of Freedom that was established by President Harry S Truman in 1945.


title: Plant cell

paragraphs: Like all organisms, plants have cells. Plant cells have a nucleus with chromosomes and DNA, and they have mitochondria. Those are common to all eukaryotic cells. But in some ways they are different from animal cells and the cells of other eukaryotes.


title: Abé language

paragraphs: Abé is a language spoken in Côte d'Ivoire. Its name is also spelled Abbé, Abbey, and Abi. About 170,000 people spoke the language in 1995. These people mostly lived in the Department of Agboville.

paragraphs: The Abé language is part of the Niger-Congo language family. It has four dialects: Tioffo, Morie, Abbey-Ve, and Kos


title: Southern Bantoid languages

paragraphs: The Southern Bantoid languages are a group of African languages of the Niger-Congo language family. This group was first described by Kay Williamson in 1989. Williamson described a way of splitting the Bantoid languages into two groups, North and South.

paragraphs: According to the "Ethnologue", there are 643 languages in the Southern Bantoid group. Many of these languages are mutually intelligible (someone who is speaking one language can be understood by someone who speaks another language.) The group includes a number of smaller language families:

paragraphs: There are also some languages in the Southern Bantoid group that have not been classified into one of these language families.


title: The Boy Who Cried Wolf

paragraphs: The Boy Who Cried Wolf is a fable by Aesop.

paragraphs: "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" is number 210 in the Perry Index. The fable is about a shepherd boy who keeps tricking people into believing that a wolf is attacking his flock of sheep. The boy tricks the people so many times that when a wolf actually comes to kill the flock, the townspeople don't believe his cries for help and the wolf eats his flock. The moral of the story is that this is how liars are rewarded: even if they tell the truth, no one believes them. The story dates back to Classical times.


title: The Crow and the Pitcher

paragraphs: "The Crow and the Pitcher" is a fable by Aesop. "The Crow and the Pitcher" is numbered at 390 in the Perry Index. The fable is in the 2nd century AD Greek fable collection by pseudo-Dositheus and also later appears in the 4th–5th century Latin verse collection by Avianus.

paragraphs: The fable is about a crow that is thirsty and comes across a pitcher of water. When the crow looks in the pitcher, the water is at the bottom and is out of the crow's reach. The crow tries to push the pitcher over but fails to do so. It drops pebbles in the pitcher, one by one, until the water rises to the top of the pitcher which allows the crow to drink. Avianus follows the fable with a moral that emphasizes the virtue of ingenuity: "This fable shows us that thoughtfulness is superior to brute strength."


title: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award

paragraphs: The Duke of Edinburgh's Award (DofE) is a programme of activities for anyone aged 14 to 24. There are three levels of the award: "Bronze", "Silver" and "Gold". There are different sections in each level. At Bronze and Silver level, participants must do four sections: "Volunteering", "Physical", "Skills" and "Expedition". At Gold level, participants must do another section, as well as the other four, called "Residential". Each level can take between 1-4 years to complete. All activities must be done by the participant's 25th birthday. Around 275,000 participants are taking part in their DofE programme at any time in the United Kingdom. The aim of the programme is to evidence a person's dedication to improving themselves. DofE is also run in other countries under the name of the International Award.

paragraphs: "e"DofE is an online system that lets participants manage their DofE programme. It also enables leaders to look at participants' progress.


title: Languages of Africa

paragraphs: The languages of Africa include more than 3,000 languages. These languages include native languages (languages that come from Africa) and colonial languages, which were brought to Africa by colonists from Europe. The continent has the highest concentration of languages in the world. At least 30% of the world's languages come from and are spoken in Africa.

paragraphs: Over the years, many African languages have died out and become extinct. This happens for several reasons, including wars and genocide by other African tribes. Other languages were abandoned, or its speakers disappeared.

paragraphs: There are more than 3,000 languages spoken in Africa. These languages are grouped into several major language families. Linguists do not agree about which groupings are "correct" and valid.

paragraphs: Most linguists organize the African languages into four major language families. These are:

paragraphs: This classification of languages is based on the research of the linguist Joseph Greenberg, who published "The Languages of Africa" in 1963.

paragraphs: The African languages were traditionally (historically) organized into six language families. Today, some linguists doubt that some of these groupings are valid. The six traditional families are:

paragraphs: Still other linguists believe that the Nilo-Saharan languages and the Niger-Congo languages are part of the same family. These linguists organize the African languages into only three language families: Niger-Congo languages, Afroasiatic languages, and Khoisan languages.

paragraphs: No matter how the major language families are organized, there are many smaller families and language isolates. In addition, there are some obscure (rare, uncommon) languages that are not yet classified into any family. Africa also has some sign languages, which are mostly language isolates.


title: Herbert Rettensteiner

paragraphs: Herbert Rettensteiner (born 26 August 1946 in Schwarzach, Austria) was an Austrian football goalkeeper. He also played for the Austrian national football team.

paragraphs: He started playing with his local club SV Lend. In 1967 he went to SK Bischofshofen and played with them in the second league. His next team was FC Wacker Innsbruck in the Nationalliga (then first league in Austria). In Innsbruck the club joined with Wattens and Wacker Innsbruck and formed SSW Innsbruck.

paragraphs: The goalkeeper of Wattens, Friedl Koncilia, often played instead of him so Rettensteiner, after the second title with Innsbruck, went to SK VOEST Linz. In 1975 he went on to SV Austria Salzburg, where he played in the first and second division until 1982.

paragraphs: In his time with Salzburg he scored two penalty goals. After the end of his professional career he became part of the coaching team of SV Austria Salzburg and was coach of SV Grödig.

paragraphs: He played his first match for the national football team on 12 April 1970 against CSSR when he came on in the second half. He played his last international match in 1974.


title: Independent sources

paragraphs: The term "multiple independent sources" in journalism, criminal justice, science and general research, are two or more unconnected people, organizations, or objects which provide a given set of information or samples. For example, two separate people who see a traffic accident, at the spot, could be considered independent sources. However, if one person saw the accident and told the other one about it, then they would not be "independent", since one would "depend" on the other for their information. Also, if two witnesses to an event discuss what they saw before they are asked about it and agree to tell the same story, then they are also no longer independent. As another example, two scientific devices could be considered independent sources of measurement data, unless they shared the same wiring or electrical power supply (or similar factors).

paragraphs: Consulting multiple independent sources is a common technique for detecting errors and deception, as any divergences or contradictions between statements, or data samples, would likely indicate one of these.

paragraphs: Famously, the "New York Times' " minimal standard for reporting a fact not otherwise attributed to a single speaker is that it be verified by at least two independent sources.

paragraphs: Circular reporting is a situation where multiple sources "appear" to be independent, but in reality originate from a single source. Because circular reporting can happen inadvertently in many situations, extra care must be taken to ensure that multiple sources actually are independent, rather than interconnected in an obscure manner.


title: Nair

paragraphs: Nair, also known as Nayar, is a Hindu caste of the Indian state of Kerala on the Malabar Coast.

paragraphs: According to some theories, the Nair have Indo-Scythian ancestry. . During British rule, Nair were known as Nayarkutti and were important in politics, government, medicine, education, and law.


title: Johnny Rebel (singer)

paragraphs: Clifford Joseph Trahan (born September 25, 1938 in Moss Bluff, Louisiana; died September 3, 2016 in Rayne, Louisiana), better known as Johnny Rebel or Pee Wee Trahan, is an American country music singer-songwriter who is known for writing and performing racist songs under the name, Johnny Rebel. His songs usually use the racial slur nigger and sometimes he voices sympathy for Jim Crow-era segregation and the Ku Klux Klan. He went on hiatus for about three decades and then came back in 2001 after the September 11, 2001 attacks and issued his CD single "Infidel Anthem".


title: Clarissa Explains It All

paragraphs: Clarissa Explains It All is an American teen sitcom set in Ohio. It was aired on Nickelodeon from March 1991 to October 1994. Melissa Joan Hart plays Clarissa Darling, who lives with her parents and younger brother.


title: Withermarsh Green

paragraphs: Withermarsh Green is a village in Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a church.


title: Polstead Heath

paragraphs: Polstead Heath is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1838. It also has three listed buildings, including Spencer's Farmhouse, The Orchards and White House Farmhouse. In "The Dentists Register 1999" there was a dentist at Spencers Farm. A developer (someone who plans housing) wanted to add some housing in Polstead Heath, but this was not wanted. There is also a 19th century orchard in Polstead Heath.


title: Hadleigh Heath

paragraphs: Hadleigh Heath is a hamlet in Polstead, Babergh, Suffolk, England. A chapel was built in 1823, it was removed to Polstead in 1849. It also has one listed building called Evans Hall.


title: Levamisole

paragraphs: Levamisole is a drug that was used to treat infections with parasitic worms, and for some forms of chemotherapy, to treat cancer. The drug was discovered in 1966. It was withdrawn from the US and Canadian markets in 2000 and 2003, because of a serious risk of side effects; better drugs can replace it.

paragraphs: Currently, levamisole remains in veterinary use as a dewormer for livestock. The drugs has also been used as an adulterant in cocaine sold in the US and Canada. This use resulted in serious side effects.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

paragraphs: Roland Ratzenberger (4 July 1960 – 30 April 1994) was an Austrian Formula One driver. He was killed in a crash at the San Marino Grand Prix at Imola. He had a short career, and drove for Simtek.


title: Girl, Interrupted (movie)

paragraphs: Girl, Interrupted is a 1999 American drama movie. The cast of the movie are Winona Ryder, Angelina Jolie, Brittany Murphy and Whoopi Goldberg. The story of the movie is about a young woman's 18 month stay on a mental ward in Pennsylvania in the late 1960s after taking a drug overdose. Ryder plays Susanna Kaysen, the central character on whose novel the movie is based. Kaysen has borderline personality disorder. Jolie won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance as Lisa Rowe, who has antisocial personality disorder. Murphy's character Daisy Randone has bulimia and obsessive-compulsive disorder.


title: Bupropion

paragraphs: Bupropion is an antidepressant. It is also used to help people quit smoking. It is marketed as Wellbutrin.


title: Dunkleosteus

paragraphs: Dunkleosteus was a prehistoric arthrodire. It was a primitive fish from the later Devonian period, about 360 million years ago. "Dunkleosteus" was a heavily armoured placoderm. Fossils have been found in Morocco, Africa, Poland, Belgium, China, and the USA.

paragraphs: Placodermi first appeared in the Silurian, and the group became extinct during the transition from the Devonian to the Carboniferous, leaving no descendants. The class lasted barely 50 million years, in comparison to the 400 million year long history of sharks.

paragraphs: This top predator was up to 11.5 ft (3.5 m) long and had large, scissor-like cutting jaws with serrated, razor-sharp bones, but no teeth. Its skull was over 2 feet (65 cm) long. It had a jointed neck, an eel-like tail, a scale-less body, and hinged body shields.


title: Vector (biology)

paragraphs: A vector in biology is an animal on or in which a small living thing gets transported. The vector gets no benefit and sometimes loses fitness by the arrangement.

paragraphs: The term is most used for the transport of parasites and agents of disease. So, deadly diseases, such as malaria and dengue fever, are carried by some mosquitoes.

paragraphs: The study of vectors gives us knowledge about the life cycle of parasitic diseases, and this helps us control those diseases.


title: Donnie Wahlberg

paragraphs: Donald Edward "Donnie" Wahlberg (born August 17, 1969, Boston, Massachusetts) is a American singer, movie actor, director and producer. In the 1980s and 1990s he was a part of the group New Kids on the Block; he has rejoined the group from 2008 and after. He also had featured roles in the "Saw" franchise. His father is of Swedish and Irish descent and his mother is of English, French-Canadian, Irish and Scottish descent. He stars on "Blue Bloods" since 2010 on CBS.


title: New Kids on the Block

paragraphs: New Kids on the Block are an American pop group who were formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1984. They had many hit songs in the 1980s and 1990s. They disbanded in 1994 and regrouped in 2008.


title: Little Walter

paragraphs: Little Walter, born as Marion Walter Jacobs, (*May 1, 1930 in Marksville, Louisiana †February 15, 1968 in Chicago, Illinois) was an American blues harp player. He was very important for the development of playing harp.

paragraphs: Jacobs was born in Marksville, Louisiana and grew up in Alexandria, Louisiana, where he first learned to play the harmonica. At the age of 12 he left school and travelled around. He played in the streets of New Orleans, Memphis, Helena, Arkansas and St. Louis and made his living. He learned more about playing harp from Sonny Boy Williamson II, Sunnyland Slim, Honeyboy Edwards and others.

paragraphs: 1945 he went to Chicago. There he made first recordings playing guitar for Floyd Jones. Frustrated about the fact that guitars were louder than his harmonica he started using a microphon and pluging it into the guitar amplifiers. So he could compet with any guitar sound. 1947 he did his first recordings for a small label in Chicago. 1948 he became member of Muddy Waters band and recorded with him for Chess records. First he played acoustic, the first appearance on record of Little Walter's amplified harmonica sound was on Muddy's "Country Boy"/"Too Young To Know" (Chess 1452), recorded on July 11, 1951.

paragraphs: His first hit record was "Juke", an instrumental, which was intended to be the signature song of Muddy Waters band. The song was published on Checkers, a sub label of Chess. It stayed 20 weeks in the charts, eight of them on #1. Till 1957 he played with Muddy Waters but in this year he was replaced by Junior Wells. Walter took his band "The Aces" and renamed them into "The Jukes". Walter had a lot of hits, f.e. "My Babe" written by Willie Dixon, but with the beginning of the 1960s his success faded away.

paragraphs: 1964 and 1967 he came with the American Folk Blues Festival to Europe. After his second tour he was involved in a fight during a concert break. Although he was not severely injured he died in the night due to an heart failure. He was buried on February 22, 1968 at St. Mary's Cemetery in Evergreen Park, IL on February 22, 1968.

paragraphs: His influence can be heard in every modern blues harp player, from blues greats such as Junior Wells, James Cotton, George "Harmonica" Smith, Carey Bell, and Big Walter Horton, through modern-day masters Sugar Blue, Billy Branch, Kim Wilson, Rod Piazza, William Clarke, and Charlie Musselwhite, in blues-rock crossover artists such as Paul Butterfield, Southside Johnny (who named his band The Asbury Jukes after Little Walter's band), and John Popper of the band Blues Traveler.

paragraphs: Little Walter made 15 singles that reached the Billboard R&B chart.

paragraphs: <nowiki>*</nowiki>Also reached #106 on the Billboard Pop chart.


title: Nedging

paragraphs: Nedging is a village in the civil parish of Nedging-with-Naughton in Babergh, Suffolk, England. Nedging has a church.


title: Nayland

paragraphs: Nayland is a village in the civil of Nayland With Wissington, in Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a church.


title: Steve Earle

paragraphs: Stephen Fain "Steve" Earle (born January 17, 1955 in Hampton, Virginia) is an American country/rock singer-songwriter. He has received a total of fourteen nominations for Grammy Awards and has won three; one for Best Contemporary Folk Album for "The Revolution Starts Now", one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album (Vocal or Instrumental) for "Washington Square Serenade" and one for Best Contemporary Folk/Americana Album for "Townes".

paragraphs: He is also known for being a political activist and his views towards anti-war and anti-death penalty policies.


title: Wissington

paragraphs: Wissington is a village in the civil parish of Nayland With Wissington, in Babergh, Suffolk, England. It has a church.


title: Nicolae Dică

paragraphs: Nicolae Dică (born 9 May 1980) is a former Romanian football player. He plays for Romania national team.


title: Metaphilosophy

paragraphs: Metaphilosophy is the study of the nature of philosophy. Philosophy is the study of ideas connected with existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Metaphilosophy investigates the aims, boundaries, and methods of philosophy. Metaphilosophers ask the question, "What is philosophy?" and seek to understand what its purpose is.


title: Aaron Spelling

paragraphs: Aaron Spelling (April 22, 1923 - June 23, 2006) was an American executive producer of many television shows. He was born in Dallas, Texas. His shows included "Beverly Hills, 90210" and "Melrose Place". The earlier had Spelling's daughter Tori starring with Shannen Doherty, Gabrielle Carteris and Luke Perry. The latter had Courtney Thorne-Smith, Heather Locklear and Marcia Cross acting in the show.

paragraphs: Spelling was diagnosed with oral cancer in 2001. He died of a stroke in Holmby Hills, Los Angeles, California.

paragraphs: Spelling had a daughter, Tori, and son, Randy.


title: Men in Black (movie)

paragraphs: Men in Black is a 1997 American supernatural action comedy movie. It is set in New York City and stars Will Smith and Tommy Lee Jones.

paragraphs: In the story, a New York police officer, James Edwards, is persuaded to join a very secret organisation known as Men In Black. The name comes from the black clothes they wear. He is given the new name Agent J and works with Agent K. The organisation is intended to monitor the many alien beings that live on Earth - mainly in New York - disguised as normal humans.

paragraphs: One day, a flying saucer crashes into Earth. The 'Bug' that it contains is a powerful alien that takes the body of a human. It is searching for an energy source called "The Galaxy". Agents J and K must stop the bug before it can escape. This they manage to do. At the end of the film, Agent K decides that he doesn't want to do this work anymore, and is treated by Agent J so that he won't remember the work he used to do

paragraphs: The movie made over $500 million worldwide in total.

paragraphs: It was followed by sequels Men in Black II and Men in Black 3.


title: Richard Petty

paragraphs: Richard Lee Petty (born July 2, 1937) is a former NASCAR racing driver. Petty won 200 Cup races, more than any other driver in the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Richard has also won the Winston Cup (now Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series) seven times. Only Dale Earnhardt, Jimmie Johnson and Petty have this championship seven times. Richard is often called "The King" of NASCAR.


title: App Store

paragraphs: App Store means "Application Store" and means a method of online shopping for software, including mobile apps. It may be a mobile app itself, or a Web site:


title: Barycenter

paragraphs: The barycenter (or barycentre; from the Greek "βαρύκεντρον") is the point between two objects where they balance each other. For example, it is the center of mass where two or more planets orbit each other. When a moon orbits a planet, or a planet orbits a star, both bodies are actually orbiting around a point that lies outside the center of the larger body. For example, the moon does not orbit the exact center of the Earth. It actually orbits a point on a line between the center of the Earth and the Moon. This is about 1,710 km below the surface of the Earth. This is the point where the mass of the moon and the mass of the Earth balance. This is the point about which the Earth and Moon orbit as they travel around the Sun.

paragraphs: The solar system of course also has a barycenter—depending on the current locations of the planets the barycenter of the solar system is below the surface of the sun or more than twice the sun’s diameter outside of the sun's surface.

paragraphs: Also the barycenter exists in the world of geometry. For example, the circle has a barycenter.


title: John Ritter

paragraphs: Jonathan Southworth "John" Ritter (September 17, 1948 - September 11, 2003) was an American television and movie actor and comedian. He was featured in the 1970s television series "The Waltons". He performed in several situation comedies on the television, including "Three's Company". He also appeared in "It".

paragraphs: Ritter was born in Burbank, California and died there on September 11, 2003 of aortic dissection caused by heart disease. He also did the voice for Clifford the Big Red Dog.

paragraphs: Ritter was first married actress Nancy Morgan, from 1977 to 1996. Together they have three children, Two sons, Jason and Tyler who are also actors, and a daughter Carly.

paragraphs: After divorced from Morgon, he later married actress Amy Yasbeck on September 18, 1999, at the Murphy Theatre in Wilmington, Ohio. Their daughter was born on September 11, 1998, one year before they married.

paragraphs: Ritter's parents were Tex Ritter and Dorothy Fay.


title: Southern Bantu languages

paragraphs: The Southern Bantu languages, also known as Bantu zone S, are a group of languages in the Bantu language family. It was first described by Malcolm Guthrie in 1948. Guthrie's divisions of the Bantu languages were based on geography, not on language characteristics. The Southern Bantu languages, however, are also a valid linguistic group.

paragraphs: The Southern Bantu languages are a group of languages in the Niger-Congo language superfamily. The group includes all of the important Bantu languages of South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. It also includes some important languages of southern Mozambique.

paragraphs: The Southern Bantu language group includes six sub-groups of languages:


title: Estelle Yancey

paragraphs: Estelle "Mama" Yancey (January 1, 1896–April 19, 1986) was an American blues singer. She was the wife of pianist Jimmy Yancey. She recorded often with her husband.

paragraphs: Yancey, born Estelle Harris, grew up in Chicago, where she sang in church choirs and learned how to play the guitar. In 1917, when she was 21, she married Jimmy Yancey. She often sang with him at meetings and house parties in the 1930s and 1940s and performed with him at Carnegie Hall, New York in 1948. Because Jimmy Yancey was a great boogie-woogie/blues piano player, but a poor singer, Estelle recorded frequently with her husband. In 1943, the Yanceys recorded for Session Records, and went back into the studio to record the album "Pure Blues" for Atlantic Records. The session was just a few months before Jimmy Yancey's death that same year.

paragraphs: Estelle continued to perform and record. Mama Yancey's recordings with other pianists include "South Side Blues" for the Riverside label (1961), some records with Art Hodes for Verve Records in 1965, and "Maybe I'll Cry" with Erwin Helfer for the Red Beans label in 1983, recorded at age 87.

paragraphs: Estelle Yancey died April 19, 1986 in Chicago, Illinois.


title: George "Harmonica" Smith

paragraphs: George "Harmonica" Smith (born April 22, 1924 in West Helena, Arkansas; died October 2, 1983 in Los Angeles, California ) (born Allen George Smith) was an American blues harmonica player.

paragraphs: Born in West Helena, Arkansas he was brought up in Cairo, Illinois.He began playing professionally in 1951. He joined Muddy Waters' band in 1954. He was again member of the band in 1966.He left Chicago and spent much of his adult life on the West Coast.

paragraphs: Smith played with the blues combo, Bacon Fat, and mentored its harmonica player Rod Piazza. After this he played harmonica for Big Mama Thornton in the 1970s. He appeared on her album "Jail" (1975).Another student of him was William Clarke.

paragraphs: On the few solo albums he recorded one can hear the influence of Little Walter on his harmonica playing.George "Harmonica" Smith died in 1983, in Los Angeles, California at the age of 59.


title: Rochester, Minnesota

paragraphs: Rochester is a city in southeast Minnesota. It is Minnesota's third largest city, with about 115,700 people as of 2017. The Mayo Clinic is there. It was named after Rochester, New York.

paragraphs: On August 21, 1883, a strong tornado severely damaged much of the city. Almost 40 people were killed by the tornado.


title: Uchiwa

paragraphs: Uchiwa is a traditional Japanese fan. It is often used to create a breeze to keep cool in hot weather. They are part of Japanese seasonal traditions and are often given as gifts during these times. Originally, uchiwa were made from big leaves and animal hair. The purpose was to purify and pray. Over time they have changed, and are now made from bamboo and paper. There are many kinds of pattern; during the Han Dynasty they were often decorated by famous calligraphers. During the Edo period they were made as souvenirs for shrines. During the Meiji period they were admired by foreigners and imported to other countries.

paragraphs: The oldest uchiwa can be seen in the records of ancient China, as well as the wall paintings of Ancient Egypt. By the end of the Kōan (Muromachi period) period, uchiwa was made from bamboo and paper.

paragraphs: Uchiwa is used to fan cooking and to keep cool. Some people use it to purify disease. Uchiwa is almost always used in summer festival dances.


title: Alessandro Matri

paragraphs: Alessandro Matri (born 19 August 1984) is an Italian football player. He plays for Brescia (on loan from Sassuolo) and Italy national team.


title: Fabio Quagliarella

paragraphs: Fabio Quagliarella (born 31 January 1983) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.


title: Expedition

paragraphs: An expedition usually means a long journey or voyage done for a specific purpose, often exploratory, scientific, geographic, military or political in nature.


title: Secret sharing

paragraphs: Secret sharing is used as a term to refer to ways of sharing a secret among many people. Each person knows part of the secret that is shared, but a number of people need to cooperate to rebuild the secret. The knowledge of one person alone is not enough to reconstruct the secret. Adi Shamir and George Blakley developed the method independently of each other, in 1979.

paragraphs: One example where secret sharing is used is the RSA cryptosystem. It uses a "secret key". If this key is distributed among many people, no single person can make a signature. Even if the part of one person is revealed or lost, a number of them can still make a signature. This is often used is areas where security is very important, such as banks, or the military.

paragraphs: The dealer hands each player their part of the secret. In an easier setup, the parts of the players can be combined to form the secret, but with each part there is extra information. Say that a secret needs five parts, and three parts are known. In this setup, guessing the two parts that are missing will be easier than guessing the secret awhen no parts are known. The other setup is said to be secure from the point of view of information theory, because knowing part of the required number of player parts will not change how difficult it is to guess the secret.

paragraphs: There are different methods of secure secret sharing techniques.

paragraphs: In this method, any t out of the n shares may be used to recover the secret. The idea is that a polynomial of degree t-1 is defined by t points on the polynomial: It takes two points to define a straight line, three to define a quadratic curve, four for a cubic, and so on. It takes t points ot define a polynomial of degree t-1. That way it is possible to build a polynomial, the first coefficient is the secret; there are n randomly picked coefficients. Each player receives one of the n coefficients. If there are at least t players, they can rebuild the original curve, and get the secret.


title: Zero-knowledge proof

paragraphs: A zero-knowledge proof or zero-knowledge protocol is a protocol used in cryptography. In such a protocol, two parties are communicating. The task of one party is to convince the other that it knows some secret, but without revealing the secret.

paragraphs: There is a well-known story showing some of the ideas of zero-knowledge proofs. Usually, the two parties in a zero-knowledge proof are called Peggy (the prover of the statement) and Victor (the verifier of the statement).

paragraphs: In this story, Peggy has uncovered the secret word used to open a magic door in a cave. The cave is shaped like a circle, with the entrance on one side and the magic door blocking the opposite side. Victor says he'll pay her for the secret, but not until he's sure that she really knows it. Peggy says she'll tell him the secret, but not until she receives the money. They devise a scheme by which Peggy can prove that she knows the word without telling it to Victor.

paragraphs: First, Victor waits outside the cave as Peggy goes in. They label the left and right paths from the entrance A and B. Peggy randomly takes either path A or B. Then, Victor enters the cave and shouts the name of the path he wants her to use to return, either A or B, chosen at random. Providing she really does know the magic word, this is easy: she opens the door, if necessary, and returns along the desired path. Note that Victor does not know which path she has gone down.

paragraphs: However, suppose she did not know the word. Then, she would only be able to return by the named path if Victor were to give the name of the same path that she had entered by. Since Victor would choose A or B at random, he would have a 50% chance of guessing correctly. If they were to repeat this trick many times, say 20 times in a row, her chance of successfully anticipating all of Victor's requests would become very small.

paragraphs: For this reason, if Peggy reliably appears at the exit Victor names, he can conclude that she is very likely to know the secret word.


title: Universidad del Desarrollo

paragraphs: Universidad del Desarrollo is a private university in Chile. Three headquarters in Concepción and other 3 headquarters in Santiago de Chile. There are about 9,950 students.

paragraphs: It was founded in 1990 by some Chilean economists.


title: Universidad de Los Andes (Chile)

paragraphs: Universidad de Los Andes is a private university with headquarters located in Santiago de Chile. There are about 6,048 students.


title: Capacitance Electronic Disc

paragraphs: The Capacitance Electronic Disc (also known as a CED) was a type of video disc. It was made in 1964 by the company RCA. The CED is similar to a record because it stores the video and sound as small groves on a black disk. Because of this, the CED is an analog disc format instead of a digital format like a CD. The CED is stored inside a plastic case so you can not touch the disk as it is very easy to damage. On the plastic case is a label that has the name of the movie on the disc as well as other information such as a summary of the movie.

paragraphs: The first CED was made in 1964 but were not available for purchase until 1981. About 200 movies were made available on CED. Each movie that was on CED was about $15 to $35 depending on the length of the movie. The CED did not sell well, this is because you could not record on the disc like you could with a video tape. The production of the CED stopped in 1986.

paragraphs: CEDs are conductive vinyl platters that are 30.0 cm (11.8 in) in diameter. To avoid using the metric system to name their discs, they were called "12 inch discs" even though they were actually slightly smaller. Each side of the disc has grooves that are about 19 miles long and are 37 times smaller than the grooves on a regular phonograph record. When the disc is playing, it spins at about 450 times per minute and each rotation of the disc contained several frames of audio and visual information.

paragraphs: To read the disc, a titanium needle was placed very lightly on the outer edge of the disc. A small electric current was then passed through the center of the needle, where it would touch the bottom of the groove and read the audio information, which was stored in small holes. The needle would read these by detecting how much air was between the needle and the pit and then the electronics of the player would convert these into audio. The visual information was stored in the grooves and were read like a regular phonograph record. As the needle passed over the grooves, it would vibrate and the player would convert the vibrations into the pictures.


title: Superstars (TV program)

paragraphs: Superstars is TV program. The show is a sports competition between very good athletes from different sports. They try to win a series of athletic events similar to a decathlon. Figure skating champion Dick Button developed the idea. ABC bought it as a special for the winter of 1973. The first "Superstars" competition was held in Rotonda West, Florida in March 1973. The winner was pole vaulter Bob Seagren. The BBC covered the competition and aired their own programme on December 31, 1973. The BBC version featured British athletes.

paragraphs: Competitors usually participate in ten different sporting events, including a 100-yard dash, run, obstacle course, weightlifting, bowling, rowing, tennis, basketball, bicycle racing, and swimming. Sometimes the sports have changed over time and between the European and American competitions. For example, in the first USA competition, there was no obstacle course, but there was table tennis and baseball. Athletes get points for the position they finish in each event. The competitor with the most points at the end of all ten events is the winner.


title: Kiki Cutter

paragraphs: Christina "Kiki" Cutter (b. July 24, 1949) is an alpine skier from the United States. She was the first American to win a World Cup skiing event. She came in first in the World Cup slalom race in 1968 in Oslo, Norway. She only competed in World Cup skiing for a just over three years. But, she had five World Cup wins. That was the U.S. record for most World Cup victories by a U.S. skier for eleven years from 1968 to 1979. Phil Mahre went past her total in 1979.


title: Asbury Park, New Jersey

paragraphs: Asbury Park is a city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. It is next to the Atlantic Ocean on the Jersey Shore. Asbury Park is part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. In the 2010 United States Census, the city population was 16,116.

paragraphs: Asbury Park started as a borough on March 26, 1874. It included parts of Ocean Township. Asbury Park became a city as of March 25, 1897.

paragraphs: The city is known for music. Bruce Springsteen comes from the city and started his career there. The New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium called Asbury Park the sixth best beach in New Jersey in the 2008 Top 10 Beaches Contest.


title: Donkey Kong Country

paragraphs: Donkey Kong Country is the first installment of the "Donkey Kong Country" series. This video game was released in 1994 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. This game is a platformer developed by Rare and published by Nintendo. The playable characters in this game are Donkey Kong and Diddy Kong.

paragraphs: This game was later made for the Game Boy Color in 2000, the Game Boy Advance in 2003 and the Wii's Virtual Console in 2006, later taken down from it on November 2012 in North America and Europe.

paragraphs: The story for "Donkey Kong Country" involves the Kremlings stealing Donkey Kong's bananas. The storyline goes as;

paragraphs: "Storms lashed the rugged terrain of Donkey Kong Island, home of the famous video game ape and his family and friends. Near Donkey Kong's tree house, a small monkey named Diddy cowered in fear of the savage lightning which periodically illuminated the lush, dark jungle that covered most of the island. Donkey Kong had assigned Diddy to guard duty on this awful night, and he was not happy about his fate."

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong's earlier pep talk kept creeping back into Diddy's mind. "OK, little buddy," Donkey had said in his patronizing voice. "As part of your hero training, you've got to stand guard tonight over my bananas... I'll relive you at midnight, so try and stay awake until then!""

paragraphs: "Buddy? Yeah, right. Now he was alone. Alone unless you counted the unknown threats which lurked behind every tree that he glimpsed during the lightning flashes. The Kremlings were out there, this much was certain. They coveted Donkey Kong's banana stockpile, the largest on the island, and probably in the world. A treasure in potassium and Vitamin A. The perfect food. "Ahhh... delicious bananas..." The thought of DK's golden horde almost made Diddy forget his uncomfortable situation. But a rustling in the under-growth and the sound of several snapping twigs brought him out of his reverie."

paragraphs: ""W-w-who goes there?!" Diddy challenged the sounds in the darkened, dripping foliage. There was no answer but the flashing of claws and teeth, followed by a fleeting vision of many reptilian eyes and a crack of thunder. Diddy somersaulted into the fray with his signature cartwheel attack, but he was quickly overcome by the weight of many scaly assailants. The enormous bulk of Klump the Kremling landed on top of Diddy, knocking him senseless. His last memory was of a hissing voice..."It'ssss the sssmall one... Ssseal him inssside thisss barrel and tosss it into the bussshesss... Donkey Kong'sss bananasss are ourssss!" The barrel lid closed on Diddy, blotting out even the fleeting light of the storm. Seconds later, the barrel flew through the air, courtesy of Klump's army boot-assisted punt, and landed roughly in the jungle foliage. Diddy Kong knew no more."

paragraphs: "The entire Donkey Kong clan was oblivious as the Kremlings then loaded the banana horde into their Kremling karts and wheeled them off through the jungle, leaving an obvious trail of dropped fruit from their overloaded conveyances."

paragraphs: "The next morning, Donkey Kong was awakened by frantic shouting of his name. "Keep it down!!" he growled. He suddenly realized what time it was. "Morning already... I slept through my watch!" Falling out of bed and through his tree house door, Donkey Kong slid down the tree house ladder without using any of the rungs, and assumed his characteristic fighting pose, with sun-blinded, squinting eyes! One swift blow was all that was needed to leave him sprawled on the floor, face down! he groggily rolled over to see the familiar wrinkled, white-bearded, grouchy face of his old granddad "Cranky Kong" peering down at him. In his heyday, Cranky was the original Donkey Kong who battled Mario in several of his own games."

paragraphs: ""What 'cha do that for?!" Donkey Kong asked, knowing full well that Cranky was prone to cuffing him at every whim."

paragraphs: ""Take a look inside your banana cave. You're in for a big surprise!" Cranky crackled."

paragraphs: "Donkey's mind raced as he vaulted to the cave and peered inside. Instead of the dull golden glow of thousands of bananas, there were only a few discarded peels. These had been trampled into the dirt by hundreds of reptilian feet, judging from the many three-toed footprints that covered the damp cavern floor. But what about..."

paragraphs: ""Diddy's gone, too!" Cranky laughed. "That's what you get for shirking your responsibility, you good-for-nothing bum! In my days we would have been happy to stand guard in the rain, 'cause that might have meant having an extra frame of animation! Of course, having rain would have been impossible, given our pitiful processing power, but...""

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong stood there in stunned disbelief and hadn't heard most of what Cranky said. "Diddy... gone... My little buddy..." he murmured to himself."

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong was suddenly filled with conviction. "The Kremlings will pay!" he raged. "I'll hunt them down through every corner of my island, until I have every last banana from my horde back!!""

paragraphs: ""Find your little buddy and retrieve a bunch of bananas?!" Cranky snorted. "What kind of game idea is that?! Where's the screaming damsel in distress?!""

paragraphs: ""Diddy's obsession with being like me has gone too far! He may be a long way from being a true video game hero, but he had the guts, the reflexes, the heart...""

paragraphs: ""If you ask me, neither of you are ready for prime time," Cranky interrupted. "You'll never be as popular a character as I was! Why, in my heyday, kids lined up to play my games! The quarters were stacked on the machine as they waited for their turn! If you go on this ridiculous adventure, you'll be lucky to sell ten copies!""

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong fumed. He usually let Cranky's rambling roll off his back, but this time was different. "What do you know about adventure, you flea-bitten old ape?" yelled Donkey Kong, edging closer and closer, braving Cranky's cane, until he was totally in his face. "I'm sick of hearing about your boring, single screen adventures! Diddy's in trouble, my banana horde is gone, and I'm going to get them all back!""

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong stormed off in search of his missing buddy, following the trail of bananas the Kremlings had dropped."

paragraphs: ""Well, it's not exactly rescuing a Princess, but it'll do in a pinch," Cranky snorted as DK disappeared into the lush jungle. After a moment's hesitation, Cranky followed him. "The lad may just need my help..." he mumbled to himself. "Kids today... they just don't have any respect for their elders...""

paragraphs: There are six worlds and a final boss battle on Gangplank Galleon sometimes referred to as a world. The worlds are;

paragraphs: There are seven bosses in "Donkey Kong Country". These bosses include;

paragraphs: "Donkey Kong Country" had received two remakes; one for the Game Boy Color and one for the Game Boy Advance. The Game Boy Advance version has a larger amount of changes, while the Game Boy Color version doesn't have as much changes. The changes are listed below;


title: Hatchet (movie)

paragraphs: Hatchet is a 2006 supernatural horror and comedy movie set in the Louisiana bayou. A group of tourists learn that a legend is real and more scary than they thought. The movie was originally given a rating of NC-17 for extreme violence and gore, although it was later edited for an R-rating. This motion picture was released during 2007 in the United States.

paragraphs: Kane Hodder, Joel Murray, Richard Riehle, Robert Englund, Tony Todd, Patrika Darbo and John Carl Buechler star in the movie.


title: Charismatic Movement

paragraphs: Charismatic refers to Pentecostal style Christianity outside of Pentecostalism. (see Holy Spirit) The Book of Acts describes the apostles having supernatural gifts such as the power of healing and the ability to talk in other languages. Charismatics believe these gifts of the Holy Spirit are still available to Christians today.


title: Parietal bone

paragraphs: The parietal bones are bones that are part of the human skull. They form the sides and the roof of the cranium. The Latin name for one such bone is "os parietale". The musculus temporalis, which is used for chewing, is attached to the parietal bone.


title: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir

paragraphs: Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir (pronounced ), (born 4 October 1942) is a former Icelandic politician and the former Prime Minister of Iceland. She has been a politician for many years. She was Iceland's Minister of Social Affairs and Social Security from 1987–1994 and 2007–2009. She has been a member of the Althing (Iceland's parliament) for Reykjavík constituencies since 1978. She has been re-elected eight times. She became Iceland's first female Prime Minister on 1 February 2009, the world's first openly gay head of government of the modern era.

paragraphs: Jóhanna is a social democrat and Iceland's longest-serving member of Parliament. In the 1990s, when she lost a bid to head the party, she lifted her fist and declared "Minn tími mun koma!" -- ""My time will come!""—a phrase that became a popular Icelandic expression.


title: Krasnodar

paragraphs: Krasnodar () is a city in Southern Russia on the Kuban River, around northeast of the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk.

paragraphs: It is the administrative center of Krasnodar Krai (also known as Kuban). It had a population of 744,900 in 2010, 646,175 in 2002 and 620,516 in 1989.

paragraphs: The city was founded on January 12, 1794 (Gregorian calendar) as Yekaterinodar (). The original name meant "Catherine's Gift", both in recognition of Catherine the Great's grant of land in the Kuban region to the Black Sea Cossacks (later the Kuban Cossacks), and also in recognition of Saint Catherine, "the Martyr", who is considered to be the patron of the city. After the October Revolution, Yekaterinodar was renamed Krasnodar (December 1920). There are two potential meanings for the new name of the city: Krasno- (Красно-), meaning either 'beautiful' (an older root) or 'red' (especially relevant considering the political atmosphere of the time); and -dar (-дар), meaning 'gift'. Thus, the city's name means either "beautiful gift" or "red gift" (i.e. 'gift of the reds')..

paragraphs: The origin of the city starts with a fortress built by the Cossacks in order to defend imperial borders and claim Russian ownership over Circassia, which was contested by Ottoman Turkey. In the first half of the 19th century Yekaterinodar grew into a busy center of the Kuban Cossacks. It was granted town status in 1867. By 1888 about 45,000 people lived in the city and it became a vital trade center of southern Russia. In 1897, an obelisk commemorating 200 year old history of Kuban Cossack Host was built in Yekaterinodar.

paragraphs: During the Russian Civil War the city changed hands several times between the Red Army and Volunteer Army, many Kuban Cossacks were committed anti-Bolsheviks who supported the White Movement.

paragraphs: During the Great Patriotic War (World War II), Krasnodar was occupied by the German Army between August 12, 1942 and February 12, 1943. The city sustained heavy damage in the fighting but was rebuilt and renovated after the war.

paragraphs: In the summer of 1943, the Soviets began trials, including of their own citizens, for collusion with the Nazis and participation in war crimes. The first such trial was held at Krasnodar on July 14–17, 1943. This was the first public trial of the mass murder of Jews during the Holocaust. The Krasnodar tribunal pronounced eight death sentences, which were summarily conducted in the city square in front of a crowd of about thirty thousand people.

paragraphs: Famous Russian soprano Anna Netrebko, soprano Evgenia Kononova, cosmonaut Gennady Padalka, counterrevolutionary Andrei Shkuro and rhythmic gymnast Inna Zhukova were born in Krasnodar. Another notable native of Krasnodar is Greece basketball international Lazaros Papadopoulos, who emigrated to Greece with his Pontic Greek parents when he was 10 years old.

paragraphs: Krasnodar is home to the steel lattice hyperboloid tower built by the Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov in 1928; it is near Krasnodar Circus.

paragraphs: Other attractions include St. Catherine's Cathedral, the State Arts Museum, a park and theatre named after Maxim Gorky, the beautiful concert hall of the Krasnodar Philharmonic Society, which is considered to have some of the best acoustics in southern Russia, State Cossack Choir and the Krasnodar circus

paragraphs: The most interesting place of Krasnodar is Krasnaya Street (which translates as "Red, Beautiful Street"). There are many sights there. In the beginning of this street one can see the Central Concert Hall; at the other end one can see the Avrora cinemacenter. A "Triumphal Arch" is in the middle of Krasnaya Street.

paragraphs: The main airline is Kuban Airlines (at Krasnodar International Airport), and the largest hotels in the city include the Intourist, Hotel Moskva, and Hotel Platan. Krasnodar uses a 220 V/50 Hz power supply with two round-pin outlets, like most European countries.

paragraphs: Public transportation within Krasnodar consists of city buses, trolleybuses, trams, and marshrutkas. Trolleybuses and trams, both powered by overhead electric wires, are the main form of transportation in Krasnodar. Unlike Moscow and Saint Petersburg, Krasnodar does not have a metro system.

paragraphs: The coat of arms of Yekaterinodar was introduced in 1841 by the Cossack yesaul Ivan Chernik. The royal letter "E" in the middle is for Ekaterina II (Russian for Catherine II). It also depicts the date city was founded, the Imperial double headed eagle (symbolizing Tsar's patronage of Black Sea Cossacks), a bulawa of a Cossack ataman, Yekaterinodar fortress, and flags with letters "E", "P", "A", and "N" standing for Catherine II, Paul I, Alexander I and Nicholas I. Yellow stars around the shield symbolized 59 Black Sea stanitsas around the city.

paragraphs: Krasnodar has five sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International, Inc. (SCI):


title: House 2

paragraphs: Dom-2 ("House-2") is a Russian reality television show created by TNT channel. In the show, contestants are building a house and trying to find someone to love in the process. Couples then compete for the house itself.

paragraphs: First episode of "Dom-2" was aired on May 11, 2004. It remains the most highly-rated, profitable and long-running reality show on television in Russia. "Dom-2" broadcasts on the TNT channel at 11 pm every day. It is hosted by Vlad Kadoni, Olga Orlova, and Kseniya Borodina.

paragraphs: After more than 3,000 episodes, as on August, 2012, it is the longest running reality show in the world.


title: Periodic comet

paragraphs: A periodic comet is a comet which orbits around the Sun. A short-period comet will complete its orbit in less than 200 years. A long-period comet will take more than 200 years to orbit. In most cases the comets are named after the person who discovered them. The Shoemaker-Levy comets were named after Eugene Shoemaker, Carolyn Shoemaker and David Levy. A few comets are named after the person who calculated the orbits, such as 2P/Encke and 27P/Crommelin. It is very difficult to work out the orbit of a long-period comet because of the effect of planets, or the release of gas or material from the comet itself. Short-period comets can be predicted with a lot of accuracy.

paragraphs: Periodic comets sometimes have the same name, for example there are nine Shoemaker-Levy comets and twenty-four NEAT comets. The Minor Planet Center, a part of the International Astronomical Union gives comets a different number prefix or uses the full title such as 181P/Shoemaker-Levy and 192/Shoemaker-Levy which are both "Comet Shoemaker-Levy". Sometimes an informal numbering system is used for periodic comets so 181P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 6 and 192P is Comet Shoemaker-Levy 1. Because non-periodic Shoemaker-Levy comets are included in the number sequences there appear to be gaps in the numbers, for example C/1991 B1 is between Shoemaker-Levy 2 and 3, C/1991 T2 is between 5 and 6, C/1993 K1 and C/1994 E2 after Shoemaker-Levy 9.

paragraphs: In naming a comet, the letter before the "/" is:

paragraphs: Some lists keep the "C" prefix for comets of with orbits longer than about 30 years until their return is confirmed.


title: Tommy Mottola

paragraphs: Thomas Daniel "Tommy" Mottola (born July 14, 1949) is a music executive, producer and author. He is currently the Chairman of Mottola Media Group and previously the Chairman & CEO of Sony Music Entertainment, parent of the Columbia label, for nearly 15 years. He is married to the Mexican actress and singer Thalía.

paragraphs: Mottola was born in The Bronx, New York. He graduated from Iona Grammar School in 1962 and Iona Preparatory School in New Rochelle, New York in 1966. He briefly attended Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York before dropping out. He initially had aspirations of a music career, and released with CBS Records, but his singing career was short-lived.

paragraphs: Wishing to stay in the industry, Mottola started Champion Entertainment Organization Inc. to manage other artists. While working at the Chappell music-publishing company, he became the mentor to Philadelphia-based soul/rock performers Daryl Hall and John Oates.

paragraphs: His belief in the duo led him to push them relentlessly to do appearances and advertising promotions, including some of the first specialized music videos and one of the first modern "sponsored tours," for Beech-Nut's Care Free Gum, Panasonic, and Pontiac.

paragraphs: Hall & Oates paid tribute to him in their track "Gino (the Manager)" on their self-titled 1975 RCA release, better known as the Silver Album. Mottola also figured—this time, being mentioned by name—in "Cherchez La Femme," the 1976 dance hit by another Mottola act, Dr. Buzzard's Original Savannah Band. ("Tommy Mottola / Lives on the road ...")

paragraphs: Raised as a Roman Catholic, Mottola converted to Judaism shortly before his marriage to Lisa Clark. That marriage, which ended in divorce in 1992, produced a daughter (Sarah) and a son (Michael, who is now a production assistant with MTV).

paragraphs: Brisbane rock band Regurgitator wrote a tribute song to him called "I Love Tommy Mottola" for their 1999 album "...Art".

paragraphs: In 1987, Mottola was chosen to run CBS Records at the age of 37.

paragraphs: Soon afterward, Sony Corporation closed on its deal to buy the CBS Records group unit from CBS, naming him President and CEO of the music division, where he succeeded his former mentor Walter Yetnikoff, who had originally brought Mottola into CBS. Mottola served as Chairman and CEO Sony Music Entertainment.

paragraphs: During his tenure, he transformed Sony into one of the most successful global music companies, expanding its businesses into over 60 countries, while creating one of the strongest management teams in the industry. He revitalized Sony Music's publishing division by making such acquisitions as the Beatles catalogue and enabled Sony to become the first major music company to make available commercial digital downloads. He is widely well known for signing, developing, and nurturing the careers of Mariah Carey, Celine Dion, Destiny's Child, Jennifer Lopez, Shakira, Gloria Estefan, the Dixie Chicks, Marc Anthony, Barbra Streisand, Bruce Springsteen, Billy Joel, among others. He also worked with Michael Jackson from the time he began recording his "Dangerous" (1991) album. Jackson would later state that his relationship with Mottola dissolved based on corruption in his working practices, publicly referring to him as a "racist" and "devil". "The recording companies really, really do conspire against the artists." Jackson said.(source: Vh1).

paragraphs: In 1988, Brenda K. Starr, a Columbia artist, handed Mottola a demo tape from one of her backup singers. Initially he tossed it aside, but later decided to listen to it. He was impressed by the demo and tracked down the singer, a then-unknown Mariah Carey, and eventually signed her. Mottola is seen as the main architect for Mariah's success in the early years of her career.

paragraphs: In June 1993, Mottola and Carey married in a lavish ceremony, but the marriage was short-lived with the couple separating shortly before Christmas 1996 and divorcing in early 1998. In 2000, Carey, at the time Columbia's biggest selling artist, signed an $80 million contract with Virgin Records, but after the commercial and critical failure of her first album for the label, "the Glitter soundtrack", Virgin dropped her from the company and it rescinded the $80 million contract. Carey later signed with Island Records.

paragraphs: Mottola later went on to date other stars before dating Mexican singer Thalía, whom he married December 2, 2000. They have a daughter together, Sabrina Sakaë (Oct 7, 2007). Their second child, a son, Matteo Alejandro was born on June 25th 2011 . He also is credited with creating the Latin Explosion in popular music by championing such Sony artists as Marc Anthony, Ricky Martin, Jennifer Lopez and Gloria Estefan. Additionally, Mottola was the architect for some of Sony's biggest global brands such as Celine Dion and Mariah Carey. During his 15-year tenure, Mottola built Sony up from a company with revenues of 800 million dollars a year to one with over 6 billion dollars of annual revenue by the year 2000.

paragraphs: In June 2010, he decided to sell his Ranch in Colorado, for an amount of 27.5 million dollars, as he was not spending time in it anymore and wanted to be closer to his family.

paragraphs: Tommy Mottola was the head of Sony Music Entertainment until January 2003. Since leaving his post as chief of Sony Music, Mottola has been building a new entertainment company, complete with recorded music, television production, theater, and fashion, alongside a branding and management company launching. He was instrumental in re-launching the various careers of such artists as Grammy winner and Latin pop star Marc Anthony, and teen sensation Lindsay Lohan. Later signings included Cassie Ventura in 2006 and Mika, who in 2007 had a #1 single in the UK.

paragraphs: A collaboration with former Miramax chief Harvey Weinstein has them teamed on two current projects for live theater, namely producers of Pink Floyd's "The Wall". Mottola's TV production arm is currently producing and developing many shows for cable and network television.

paragraphs: Mottola bought out the rights to Casablanca Records (a then-diminished imprint of Polygram), and resurrected it, signing actress Lindsay Lohan, and singer Mika.

paragraphs: Known also for his many philanthropic activities, Mottola has served on the Board of Directors of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, the Police Athletic League of New York City, T.J. Martell Foundation for Cancer, Leukemia and AIDS Research, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Foundation and Museum, and the Federal Law Enforcement Foundation.

paragraphs: The character of Gene Balboa in the Channel 101 Internet TV Series Yacht Rock is loosely based on Mottola, in particular his time as manager of Hall and Oates.

paragraphs: The Australian band Regurgitator include the song "i love tommy mottola" on their 1999 album "...art".


title: Enamel

paragraphs: Enamel is a smooth hard covering substance. It may refer to:


title: Sophie Ellis-Bextor

paragraphs: Sophie Michelle Ellis-Bextor (born 10 April 1979) is a British singer, songwriter, DJ and model. From 1996 to 1999 she was the singer of band Theaudience. In 2000 Ellis-Bextor sung on Spiller's song "Groovejet (If This Ain't Love)". It went straight to No.1 in the UK. In 2001 she released her first album, "Read My Lips". The album's second single "Murder on the Dancefloor" was the most played song in 2002 in all of Europe. In 2003 her second album "Shoot from the Hip" was released. It was not as successful as "Read My Lips", but two top-ten singles were released from it. In May 2007 "Trip the Light Fantastic", Ellis-Bextor's third album, was released. The album's fourth single "If I Can't Dance" was on the soundtrack to the movie "St Trinian's". In 2011 Ellis-Bextor's fourth album "Make a Scene" was released. Her fifth album "Wanderlust" was released in 2014. Her sixth album "Familia" was released in September 2016.

paragraphs: Ellis Bextor was born in London. She is the daughter of television producer-director Robin Bextor and television presenter Janet Ellis.

paragraphs: Sophie has been married to musician Richard Jones since 25 June 2005. The couple have four sons together: born in 2004, 2009, 2012 and 2015.


title: Bayeux Tapestry

paragraphs: The Bayeux Tapestry is a long embroidered cloth – not an actual tapestry – which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England as well as the events of the invasion itself. The tapestry is annotated in Latin. It is exhibited in a special museum in Bayeux, Normandy called "Musée de la Tapisserie de Bayeux".

paragraphs: The tapestry tells the story of the Norman conquest of England. The two combatants are the Anglo-Saxon English, led by Harold Godwinson, recently crowned as King of England, and the Normans, led by William the Conqueror.

paragraphs: The tapestry is regarded as one of the greatest examples of Anglo-Saxon art, because, though ordered by a Norman, it was made by English (Anglo-Saxon) artisans. It is also extremely important as a historical document.

paragraphs: In common with other embroidered hangings of the early medieval period, this piece is conventionally referred to as a "tapestry", although it is not a true tapestry in which the design is woven into the cloth; it is in fact an embroidery.

paragraphs: The Bayeux tapestry is embroidered in wool yarn on a tabby-woven linen ground using two methods of stitching: outline or stem stitch for lettering and the outlines of figures, and couching or laid work for filling in figures. The linen is assembled in panels and has been patched in numerous places.

paragraphs: The main yarn colours are terracotta or russet, blue-green, dull gold, olive green, and blue, with small amounts of dark blue or black and sage green.


title: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle

paragraphs: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. The annals were initially created late in the 9th century, probably in Wessex, during the reign of Alfred the Great. Multiple manuscript copies were made and distributed to monasteries across England and were independently updated. In one case, the chronicle was still being actively updated in 1154.

paragraphs: Nine manuscripts survive in whole or in part, though not all are of equal historical value and none of them is the original version. The oldest seems to have been started towards the end of Alfred's reign, while the most recent was written at Peterborough Abbey after a fire at that monastery in 1116.

paragraphs: Almost all of the material in the chronicle is in the form of annals, by year; the earliest are dated at 60 BC, and historical material follows up to the year in which the chronicle was written, at which point contemporary records begin. These manuscripts collectively are known as the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle".

paragraphs: The Chronicle is not unbiased: there are occasions when comparison with other medieval sources makes it clear that the scribes who wrote it omitted events or told one-sided versions of stories; there are also places where the different versions contradict each other.

paragraphs: Taken as a whole the Chronicle is the single most important historical source for the period in England between the end of Roman rule in Britain and the decades following the Norman Conquest. Much of the information given in the Chronicle is not recorded elsewhere. In addition, the manuscripts are important sources for the history of the English language; in particular, the later Peterborough Chronicle is one of the earliest examples of Middle English in existence.

paragraphs: Seven of the nine surviving manuscripts and fragments are now in the British Library. The remaining two are in the Bodleian Library at Oxford and the Parker Library of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge.


title: Chenab College Jhang

paragraphs: Chenab College Jhang is an intermediate college in Jhang, Pakistan. It is the main campus of Chenab group of colleges.


title: Sutton Hoo

paragraphs: Sutton Hoo is the site of two Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dating to the 6th and early 7th centuries CE that is located near Woodbridge, Suffolk, England. One contained an undisturbed ship burial including a wealth of Anglo-Saxon artefacts of outstanding art-historical and archaeological significance, which are now held in the British Museum in London. Other sites had produced significant finds, but had previously been looted.

paragraphs: The ship-burial, probably dating from the early 7th century and excavated in 1939, is one of the most magnificent archaeological finds in England for its size and completeness, its meaning, the quality and beauty of its contents, and for the profound interest of the burial ritual itself.


title: Å

paragraphs: Å (small å) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian, Swedish and Finnish languages. The letter Å is an A with a ring. The letter came from the Old Norse vowel Á.


title: Ø

paragraphs: Ø (small ø) is a letter used in the Danish, Norwegian and Faroese languages. The letter combination 'oe' is used instead in languages that do not use Ø in their alphabet.


title: The Urbz: Sims in the City

paragraphs: The Urbz: Sims in the City is a video game that was published by Electronic Arts and is developed by Maxis and Griptonite Games. The game is available for the Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS systems. The game was the third "The Sims" game for video game consoles and is also the second "Sims" game that was not released on the PC.

paragraphs: The point of the game is to go to each to nine Districts and build the reputation (which is called "Rep" in the game) of your sim and the districts. Rep is a measurement of how popular a character in the game is. When a character gains more reputation, they can gain access to larger apartments and also different Districts. In the end of the game, the character will have the largest apartment and be able to visit any of the Districts.

paragraphs: The hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas provides several music for the game, which have also been translated into Simlish (sim language). The members of the group also appear as guest characters in the game.


title: Ape Escape 3

paragraphs: Ape Escape 3 is a video game that was published by Sony Computer Entertainment and was developed by Japan Studio. The game was only available for the PlayStation 2 system. The game was the third Ape Escape game in the Ape Escape.

paragraphs: The game was first released in Japan on July 14, 2005, and was later released in North America on January 17, 2006, in Europe on May 5, 2006, and in Australia on May 18, 2006. The game was then re-released in Japan on the PlayStation 2 on November 2, 2005.

paragraphs: The game received positive reviews with a X-Play giving it a 3/5, Game Informer gave it a 8.5/10, Computer Games Magazine gave it 90/100 and stated ""This is the best and most spirited of the Ape Escapes, which is faint praise if you're only familiar with the recent half-assed PSP version."".