title: Heliantheae

paragraphs: Heliantheae is the most well known tribe of the sunflower family (Asteraceae). The name comes from the Greek word for "sun flower". The Heliantheae is the third largest tribe in the sunflower family, which has 190 genera and about 2500 species. Only the tribes Senecioneae and Astereae are larger. Most Heliantheae come from North America and South America, and Mexico. A few genera come from tropical areas.

paragraphs: Most Heliantheae are herbs or shrubs, but there are some that grow to the size of small trees. Leaves are usually hairy and arranged in opposite pairs. The anthers are usually black.

paragraphs: Heliantheae can be grown on farms. These include sunflowers and jerusalem artichokes. Many garden flowers are also in this group, such as "Coreopsis", "Cosmos", "Echinacea", "Rudbeckia", and "Zinnia".

paragraphs: There are also some weeds in the family. Species of "Ambrosia" (ragweed) produce lots of pollen. Each plant can produce about a billion grains of pollen over a season, and the plant is wind-pollinated. It is one of the main causes of hay fever.

paragraphs: In 1981 Harold Ernest Robinson came up with a new way to describe the tribe. He divided Heliantheae into 35 subtribes:


title: Levir Culpi

paragraphs: Levir Culpi (born 28 February 1953) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Hiroshi Sowa

paragraphs: Hiroshi Sowa (born 1 May 1956) is a former Japanese football player.


Tadashi Nakamura


title: Kensaku Omori

paragraphs: Kensaku Omori (born 21 November 1975) is a former Japanese football player.


title: René Desayere

paragraphs: René Desayere (born 14 September 1947) is a former Belgian football player.


title: Romanian Land Forces

paragraphs: The Romanian Land Forces is what the army of Romania is called. It is a branch of the Romanian military. Since they renewed their supply of armor and arms, they are now very well equipped today and is an important member of NATO.


title: Zé Mario

paragraphs: Zé Mario (born 1 February 1949) is a former Brazilian football player.


title: Takayoshi Toda

paragraphs: Takayoshi Toda (born 8 December 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Shinya Yoshihara

paragraphs: Shinya Yoshihara (born 19 April 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kashiwa Reysol.


Takashi Aizawa


Shuhei Terada


Hiroyuki Taniguchi


title: Dâmboviţa River

paragraphs: The Dâmboviţa River is a river in Romania. It starts at the joining of the headwaters Valea Vladului and Boarcăşu. The source of the river is in the Făgăraş Mountains, and it flows south. It passes through Bucharest and flows into the Argeş River 258 kilometers from its source. This is near Budeşti, which is in Călăraşi County. The Romanian county of Dâmboviţa County is named after this river.

paragraphs: These are the communes, towns and cities that the Dâmboviţa River flows through:

paragraphs: These are the tributaries of the Dâmboviţa River:

paragraphs: Left: Valea Vladului, Berevoescu, Luţele Mari, Luţele Mici, Valea lui Aron, Valea Comisului, Valea Nemţoaicelor, Răchita, Valea lui Stanciu, Valea Turcilor, Tămaşul, Valea Dragoslăvenilor, Valea lui Ivan, Valea Largă, Valea Seacă, Valea Speriatei, Valea Gruiului, Berila, Dâmbovicioara, Valea Orăţiilor, Cheia, Ghimbav, Valea Luncii, Valea Caselor, Valea Hotarului, Olăneasca, Valea Runcului, Valea Jocii, Bădeni, Valea Grecului, Pârâul lui Coman, Valea Chiliilor, Valea Pleşei, Valea Măgurii, Valea Vlazilor, Valea Ulmului, Valea Largă, Râul Alb, Valea Satului, Ilfov, Colentina, Pasărea

paragraphs: Right: Boarcăşu, Colţii lui Andrei, Izvorul Foişorului, Valea Barbului, Izvorul Hotarului, Valea lui Aron, Bălţatul, Dracsin, Cascue, Râul Căciulelor, Valea Şaului, Clăbucet, Oncioaia, Valea Jugii, Valea Arşiţei, Râuşorul, Frasinu, Stoeneasca, Valea Cheii, Muscel, Aninoasa, Grui


title: Dâmbovița County

paragraphs: Dâmboviţa is a county (judeţ) of Romania in the historical area of Muntenia. The capital city of Dâmboviţa County is Târgovişte.

paragraphs: Dâmboviţa County has an area of 4,054 square kilometers. The main river of Dâmboviţa County is the Dâmboviţa River. The Ialomiţa River and the Argeş River both also flow through Dâmboviţa County.

paragraphs: Dâmboviţa County has 2 municipalities, 5 towns and 82 communes. The following is a list of the municipalities, towns and communes of Dâmboviţa County:


title: Argeș River

paragraphs: Argeş is a river in the southern part of Romania. It is a tributary of the Danube River.

paragraphs: The following are the tributaries of the Argeș River:

paragraphs: Left: Buda, Valea cu Peşti, Valea Lupului, Limpedea, Chiciura, Valea Iaşului, Vâlsan, Valea Satului, Râul Doamnei, Râncaciov, Cârcinov, Budişteanca, Sabar, Câlnău, Dâmboviţa, Rasa, and Luica.

paragraphs: Right: Capra, Cumpăna, Valea lui Stan, Arefu, Băneşti, Valea Danului, Tutana, Schiau, Bascov, Neajlov and Zboiul.


Kengo Nakamura


title: Yasuhiro Nagahashi

paragraphs: Yasuhiro Nagahashi (born 2 August 1975) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Ialomiţa River

paragraphs: The Ialomiţa River ("Râul Ialomiţa" in Romanian) is a river in the southern part of Romania. It comes up from the Bucegi Mountains of the Carpathians and flows into the Danube.

paragraphs: The upper part of the river is sometimes called Valea Obârşiei River or Obârşia Ialomiţei River.


title: Gentry

paragraphs: Gentry means “well-born people”. The word comes from the latin word "gentis" which means “clan” or “extended family”. In England, gentry is the social class below the aristocracy. It gets its income from large landholdings.


title: Nassau, Bahamas

paragraphs: Nassau is the largest city and the capital of the Bahamas. Nassau is on New Providence Island. In 2008 about 260,000 people lived in Nassau. Nassau used to be named Charles Town.


title: Wade Redden

paragraphs: Wade Redden (born June 12, 1977) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. Right now, he plays in the New York Rangers organization for its American Hockey League (AHL) team, the Connecticut Whale. He joined the Rangers in 2008 after 11 seasons with the Ottawa Senators. He has played for Canada internationally seven times, winning two gold medals in the World Junior Championships and once in the World Cup of Hockey.


title: Marty Murray

paragraphs: Marty Murray (born February 16, 1975) is a former Canadian professional ice hockey centre who played eight seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Calgary Flames, Philadelphia Flyers, Carolina Hurricanes and Los Angeles Kings.


title: Ekwerazu

paragraphs: Ekwerazu (or Ekwereazu) is a town in southeastern Nigeria. It is in the Imo State, in the local government area of Ahiazu Mbaise. It is made up of the villages of Eleke na Owasi, Eziama, Ihite Afo Ukwu, Mpam, Oboohia, Ogbo, Opara na Dim, Umuchieze, Umuhu Ocha, Umuokirika and Okirika Nweke. Okirika Nweke is made up of Umuevu and Akpim which previously were part of Umuokirika.

paragraphs: Most development is from self-help community efforts. The people and their leaders usually meet every eight days at the Eke Okwe market square to talk about matters affecting the community.


title: Borderline personality disorder

paragraphs: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a long-term mental illness. It is a type of cluster B personality disorder. People diagnosed with BPD are often very impulsive, and generally have a low self-esteem. Moods often change quickly. For these reasons, these people often have trouble keeping a stable relationship. Frequently, people with BPD also suffer from other conditions, such as clinical depression or they show self-harming behavior. Treating people with BPD is difficult, and is usually done using a combination of therapy and drugs.

paragraphs: C.H.Huges used the term "Borderland", to describe a number of conditions bordering mental health issues. Adolf Stern gave a description of some of the symptoms in 1938, and called them "border line group". People showed both conditions related to psychosis, and related to neurosis, so the term was thought fitting, at the time.

paragraphs: People diagnosed with BPD have strong mood swings. They see things as "all good" or "all bad" (splitting), and are frequently confused about their identity. They usually have a lot of trouble with relationships with people. They have strong emotions which often change quickly. They are often reckless, destructive or self-destructive.

paragraphs: People with BPD feel emotions more easily, more deeply and for longer than others do. Emotions may repeatedly return and last a long time. Because of this, it may take longer than normal for people with BPD to return to a normal and stable emotional state. This can have both positive and negative effects. People with BPD are often very happy and loving. People with BPD are also often sad and mad. They feel emotions in a stronger way than most people - grief instead of sadness, rage instead of being annoyed, and panic instead of being anxious. People with BPD are especially sensitive to feelings of being abandoned, being alone, and being a "failure". They are often aware of how strong their emotions are, and, since they cannot control them, they sometimes shut them down entirely.

paragraphs: Their emotions are intense and their emotions are also quick to change. The most common mood swings they have are between anger and anxiety and between depression and anxiety.

paragraphs: People with BPD often act impulsively, which means they do things or say things without thinking. This behavior can be dangerous, and includes: abusing drugs or alcohol, eating too much or too little, having unsafe sex or frequent sex with multiple partners, spending a lot of money, and driving dangerously. Impulsive behavior may also include leaving jobs or relationships, running away and self-injury.

paragraphs: People with BPD sometimes act impulsively because it gives them instant relief from their emotional pain. However, in the long term people with BPD go through more pain from the shame and guilt that follow these actions. A cycle often begins where people with BPD feels emotional pain and acts impulsively to relieve that pain. Then they feel bad about what they did, and have strong urges to act impulsively to relieve the new pain. As time goes on, impulsive behavior may start to be an automatic reaction to emotional pain.

paragraphs: Self-injury is common for people with BPD. Sometimes people hurt themselves without wanting to commit suicide. Common methods include cutting, burning, head banging, and drug overdose. The reasons people with BPD give for non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) are different from their reasons for suicide attempts. Reasons they give for hurting themselves include expressing anger, punishing themselves, creating normal feelings, and distracting themselves from emotional pain or difficult situations. When suicide is the goal, they usually attempt suicide with the belief that others will be better off without them. Both suicidal and non-suicidal self-injury are a response to feeling negative emotions.

paragraphs: People with BPD can be very sensitive to the way others treat them. They can feel very happy and grateful when they feel someone has been nice to them, and very sad or angry when they feel someone has been hurtful to them. Their feelings about others often switch from positive to negative if they feel like they might lose someone, if they think someone important to them does not care about them, or if something is not as good as they expected. They think in extremes, seeing things or people as "all good" or "all bad". This is sometimes called black-and-white thinking. It includes a change from admiring someone to devaluing them, often feeling pure anger or dislike.The way they see themselves can also change quickly from positive to negative.

paragraphs: While strongly wanting to feel closeness, people with BPD tend to be anxious, have mixed feelings, or be paranoid when it comes to their relationships. They often view the world as dangerous and bad. BPD is linked to high levels of stress and conflict in romantic relationships, abuse, and unwanted pregnancy. These things are also common with other types of personality disorders.

paragraphs: People with BPD tend to have trouble seeing a clear picture of their identity. It is difficult for them to know what they value and love. They often do not know about their long-term goals for relationships and jobs. They often have trouble making decisions and can change their minds quickly. These difficulties can cause people with BPD to feel "empty" and "lost".

paragraphs: People with BPD are easily bored and it is hard for them to concentrate. People with BPD may tend to disconnect or "dissociate" from people and things around them, which can be thought of as an intense form of "zoning out". This often happens in response to a painful event, or something that triggers the memory of a painful event. This can give make the person feel better for a short time, it can also have the unwanted side effect of blocking ordinary feelings. This has the result of keeping people with BPD from learning how to handle these feelings, and can make it difficult for them to make positive choices when they feel these emotions. Sometimes other people can see when someone with BPD is dissociating because the expressions in their face or voice can seem emotionless, or they look like they are distracted. Sometimes when someone with BPD is dissociating, other people are not able to see or know that it is happening.

paragraphs: Psychiatrists and other mental health professionals diagnose people with BPD using a book called the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV-TR). They look at a person's behaviour and how they are feeling. If the person has five or more of the following signs, the DSM-IV-TR says that they have BPD.

paragraphs: Nearly all people with BPD also have other mental health problems, such as: mood disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, eating disorders, anxiety disorders (especially post-traumatic stress disorder), and other personality disorders. Most have or have had substance abuse and/or addictions. Self-harm and suicidal behavior are also common.

paragraphs: Other illnesses that often happen with BPD include diabetes, high blood pressure, chronic back pain, arthritis, and fibromyalgia.

paragraphs: The cause for BPD is not known. There may be several causes for people developing BPD. Some researchers think that it might be caused by trauma in childhood, such as sexual abuse, physical abuse and neglect. Many people with BPD were abused when they were children. Modern thinking as demonstrated by functioning MRI scans is that neurotransmitters within the brain are not working correctly, and messages are not conducted in the usual way.

paragraphs: Treating BPD is very difficult and takes a long time. Today, most people with BPD are treated with different kinds of psychotherapy. One of these is called dialectical behavioral therapy. In addition to therapy, drugs such as antidepressants, antipsychotics or mood stabilizers are often used. Many sufferers recover within 10 years.


title: Personality disorder

paragraphs: A personality disorder or character disorder is a type of disorder where a person thinks, feels and behaves differently from how society expects them to. Where these traits would be flexible in most people, these traits are rigid and unworkable in someone with a personality disorder and create lasting patterns and often lasting problems. These thoughts, feelings and behaviours can cause problems for the person, and for other people around them. In the United States, the United Kingdom, and many other countries, personality disorders are classed as a kind of mental disorder and are treated by medical professionals. About ten percent of adults have PDs.

paragraphs: In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", a book about mental illness written by the American Psychiatric Association, there are ten personality disorders. They are split into three "clusters" or groups.

paragraphs: Cluster A is the odd or eccentric group of personality disorders. They are:

paragraphs: Cluster A disorders are more common in men.

paragraphs: Cluster B is the dramatic or emotional group of personality disorders. They are:

paragraphs: All Cluster B disorders are comorbid with each other. There are things that are in more than one PD. For example, selfishness and lack of empathy are major parts of ASPD and NPD. Needing to be admired is a major part of HPD and NPD.

paragraphs: Cluster C is the anxious or fearful group of personality disorders. They are:

paragraphs: The World Health Organization has a different way of describing personality disorders. It makes use of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD).


title: Mood disorder

paragraphs: A mood disorder or affective disorder is a type of mental illness where the main problem is the person's mood. The two main kinds of mood disorder are depressive disorders (like major depressive disorder) and bipolar disorder. Some other mood disorders can be caused by using drugs.

paragraphs: Most people who have mood disorders also have other mental disorders, such as personality disorders and anxiety disorders.


title: Mood

paragraphs: A mood is an emotional state of mind. They can be positive or negative. People sometimes say they are in a "good mood", if they are happy, or a "bad mood" if they are sad, or angry. Moods can last for several hours or days.

paragraphs: Sometimes, people's moods depend on what kind of personality they have. People who are optimistic are often in a good mood. People who are pessimistic are often in a bad mood. People's moods also change when things happen to them. For example, if something bad happens in a person's life, they may be sad or angry as a result.

paragraphs: When people's moods are disturbed for a long time, they may have a mental illness called a mood disorder, like major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder.


title: Appetite

paragraphs: Appetite is wanting to eat food, the feeling of hunger. Humans and animals have appetite to make sure that they eat enough food to survive. A loss of appetite is also called anorexia (this is not the same as the eating disorder anorexia nervosa).

paragraphs: Appetite can change when people are ill, when they have eating disorders and when they are on different types of medications. A big appetite can make somebody eat more than they need to, and they can put on weight, even becoming obese. A small appetite can make someone eat less than they need to, making them lose weight or become malnourished.


title: Fatigue

paragraphs: Fatigue or tiredness is a physical or mental feeling. It happens when someone is ready to sleep or has done a lot of physical exercise. The person may feel weak, slow or sleepy. They may yawn, and may find it difficult to keep the eyes open. Usual fatigue goes away when you rest or sleep.

paragraphs: Fatigue may also be caused by physical or mental illness, jet lag, drug or alcohol use, medications, blood loss, malnutrition, starvation, stress or boredom.


title: Guy Carbonneau

paragraphs: Guy Carbonneau (born March 18, 1960) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player in the National Hockey League (NHL) and the former head coach of the Montreal Canadiens from 2006 until being fired on March 9, 2009. He is also the president of the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL)'s Chicoutimi Saguenéens.


title: Reg Abbott

paragraphs: Reginald Abbott (born February 4, 1930) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player who played in the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Reg Abbott played only three games in the NHL in 1952–53 for the Montreal Canadiens. During those three games, he did not score any points nor did he earn any penalty minutes.

paragraphs: Abbott also played baseball as the second baseman for the provincial champion Rosedales in Manitoba.


title: Doug Bentley

paragraphs: Douglas Wagner Bentley (September 3, 1916 – November 24 1972) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger who played 13 seasons in the National Hockey League for the Chicago Black Hawks and New York Rangers. Bentley missed the entire 1944–45 NHL season after being given permission to stay home and tend the family farm by Canadian Armed Forces officials, September, 1944.

paragraphs: From 1940 to 1947, his brother Max Bentley was his teammate and linemate in Chicago. Both brothers have been elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame, and in 1998, both brothers were named to "The Hockey News"' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, Max at number 48 and Doug at number 73.

paragraphs: On March 13, 1966 in an Eastern Hockey League game vs Jacksonville, Doug Bentley inserted his son, Doug Jr. (b. June 1, 1951) into the game when the team was short of players due to injuries. Doug Jr. was only 14 years of age at the time, becoming the youngest player to play a shift in a professional hockey league.


title: Eric Staal

paragraphs: Eric Craig Staal (born 29 October 1984 in Thunder Bay, Ontario) is a Canadian ice hockey player and alternate captain for the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League. He is the older brother of Jordan Staal, who is playing for the Pittsburgh Penguins, Marc Staal, who is playing for the New York Rangers, and Jared Staal, who was drafted by the Phoenix Coyotes in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft but is currently playing for the AHL's San Antonio Rampage.


title: Peter Schaefer

paragraphs: Peter Schaefer (born July 12, 1977 in Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan, Canada) is a retired Canadian ice hockey left winger. He has played in the National Hockey League with the Vancouver Canucks, Ottawa Senators and the Boston Bruins. He is best known as a two-way forward.

paragraphs: Peter has a younger brother, Nolan Schaefer, who is a goaltender in the Minnesota Wild organization, currently playing for the Houston Aeros of the American Hockey League.


title: Parliament of Australia

paragraphs: The Parliament of Australia is the federal governing system in Australia. It was formed on May 9, 1901. The parliament is bicameral, which means it has two houses, the House of Representatives and the Senate. It was copied mainly from the way the United Kingdom's Parliament was run, the Westminster system, but it also has some ideas from the United States Congress. The laws which control the way the parliament is set up and its powers are part of the Australian Constitution. The Parliament meets in a special building, Parliament House, in Canberra.

paragraphs: The Australian Parliament first met in the Royal Exhibition Building in Melbourne in 1901. It then took over the Victorian Parliament in Melbourne until it moved to Canberra in 1927. A new building for the Parliament was finished in 1988 to celebrate 200 years of European settlement in Australia.

paragraphs: There are 150 members of the House of Representatives, each one elected for a three year term. Each member represents about 150,000 people living in an electorate. The boundaries of each electorate are often changed to keep the number of people in each electorate is the same. The size of each electorate can be very different. The electorate of Kalgoorlie, in Western Australia, covers an area of 2.3 million square kilometres, while Wentworth in New South Wales is only 26 square kilometres.

paragraphs: The government is formed by the political party (or group of political parties) who have the most members in the House. The House is set out in the British style, even using the green colours of the House of Commons. The Speaker sits at the front; the members of the government sit on the seats to his right, and the opposition sits on the seats to his left. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, government ministers, and the shadow ministers, sit at a large table in the centre.

paragraphs: The Senate is the upper house of the Australian Parliament. There are 76 members in the Senate. There are 12 senators for each Australian state, and 2 for each territory. The Senate makes and changes legislation. To become law, legislation must be passed by both houses and then be signed by the Governor-General.

paragraphs: The colours in the Australian Senate are red, as in the British House of Lords. The senators sit in a U shape around a central table. The head of the Senate, known as the President, sits at the head of the table. On his right are the government senators, and on his left the opposition. Senators from minor political parties and Independent senators sit at the bottom of the U shape.


title: Mathematics Subject Classification

paragraphs: The Mathematics Subject Classification (MSC) system is an alphanumeric ordering system for categorizing or arranging mathematical topics, similar to how a library arranges or orders their books on the shelves. The system was invented by the American Mathematical Society based on two major mathematical publishers: Mathematical Reviews and Zentralblatt MATH. The MSC system is used by many journals of mathematics which ask authors to list the MSC subject codes in their papers when submitted for publication.


title: American Mathematical Society

paragraphs: The American Mathematical Society (AMS) is an association of professional mathematicians who work together in the interests of mathematical education, research, and scholarships. It does so with publications, conferences, services, and monetary awards and prizes to mathematicians.


title: Mathematical Reviews

paragraphs: Mathematical Reviews is a journal and online database published by the American Mathematical Society that contains many articles in mathematics, statistics, and related topics.


title: Arthur Sarkissian

paragraphs: Arthur Sarkissian (born 11 May 1960) is an Armenian artist and painter. He is one of the top twelve artists working now in Armenia.

paragraphs: Sarkissian was born in 1960 in Gyumri, Armenia and went to the School of Fine Arts there in 1977, then the Armenian Pedagogical University (Drawing) in 1989. He now lives and works in the city of Yerevan in Armenia.

paragraphs: Sarkissian creates abstract art to show and enjoy the post-soviet freedom in Armenia. In 2005 he said that his way of painting was because he wanted to free himself from "Socialist Realism"." His paintings put together oil paint, silkscreen printing, words, photographs and parts of other paintings, and other materials.

paragraphs: His work can be seen in the Public Collection of the Museum of Modern Art in Yerevan. Many private collections of art across the world also include his paintings.

paragraphs: These exhibitions had only Sarkissian's art work in them:

paragraphs: Lots of other exhibitions in Europe and America have included Sarkissian's work together with other artists' work, including:


title: Largest known prime number

paragraphs: The largest known prime number is the biggest known integer which is a prime number. To date, it equals 2 − 1, it would take 24,862,048 digits to write that entire number out. The number was found on December 21, 2018.

paragraphs: This table lists every number that was once the largest known prime number. The first known record was from 1456. The number 524,287 was the largest known prime number for 144 years.

paragraphs: "M" is short for 2 − 1, the Mersenne number with exponent "n".


title: Northern League (baseball)

paragraphs: The Northern League, was an independent baseball league which merged with the Golden Baseball League and the United Baseball League to form the North American League. It was affiliated with neither Major League Baseball nor the organized minor leagues.


title: Carey Price

paragraphs: Carey Price (born August 16, 1987 in Anahim Lake, British Columbia) is a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender playing for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League.


title: Las Meninas

paragraphs: Las Meninas is an oil painting by the Spanish painter Diego Velázquez. The painting hangs in the Museo del Prado in Madrid, the capital of Spain. It was painted in 1656.

paragraphs: The word “Menina” means “lady-in-waiting” or “Maid of Honour”, i.e. a girl who serves in a royal court. There is a lot of detail in the painting, and more has been written about it than about almost any other Western painting because it is quite complicated. For example: people do not always agree about who is looking at whom and why they are standing there.

paragraphs: "Las Meninas" shows a large room in the Madrid palace of King Phillip IV of Spain . Several people are in the painting, and we know who they are. Some are looking at one another and others are looking out from the painting at the viewer (the person who is looking at the painting).

paragraphs: The person who stands in the middle is the Infanta Margarita Teresa of Austria (the princess, daughter of the king and queen). She has two maids of honour, one on each side of her, a chaperone, a bodyguard, two dwarfs and a dog. Velázquez has also painted himself, standing just behind the princess and her companions. He is standing at the artist’s easel. He has stopped painting for a moment and looks straight out at the viewer. At the back of the room is a mirror in which we can see the top halves of the bodies of the king and queen. This means that the king and queen are the viewers who are looking at the painting. The king and queen are probably being painted by Velázquez, but not everybody agrees with this.

paragraphs: Velázquez was very famous in his lifetime. He painted portraits of several royal people at the Spanish court. Philip himself did not like being painted when he was old, but he allowed Velázquez to include him in "Las Meninas". He had given Velázquez a special room where he could paint, and he often sat and watched the painter at work in his studio.

paragraphs: The painting was damaged a bit by a fire in 1734 and some of it was repainted, including the left cheek of the Infanta. In recent years it lost some of its colour, partly due to the pollution caused by so many visitors to the gallery. It was cleaned in 1984. Some people thought it made the picture look different.

paragraphs: The people in "Las Meninas" are in Velázquez's studio in the royal palace. The Infanta Margarita Teresa of Austria (number 1 in the key picture) in the middle of the picture is five years old. She later married the Roman Emperor Leopold. She has two ladies-in-waiting ("meninas"): doña Isabel de Velasco (2), who is about to curtsy to the princess, and doña María Agustina Sarmiento de Sotomayor (3), who kneels in front of Margarita, offering her a drink from a red cup, or "bucaro", that she holds on a golden tray. To the right of the Infanta are two dwarfs: Maribarbola (4) who was German, and Nicolas Pertusato (5) who was Italian. He is trying to wake up a dog by his feet. Behind them stands doña Marcela de Ulloa (6), the princess's chaperone, dressed in mourning and talking to a bodyguard (or "guardadamas") (7). We do not know the name of the bodyguard.

paragraphs: At the back on the right stands Don José Nieto Velázquez (8)—the queen's chamberlain during the 1650s, and the head of the royal tapestry works—who may have been a relative of the artist. Nieto is shown pausing, with his right knee bent and his feet on different steps. We are not sure what he is doing. None of the people in the picture can see him. Only the viewer (the king and queen?) can.

paragraphs: Velázquez himself (9) stands to the left of the scene, looking outward past a large canvas supported by an easel. On his chest is the red cross of the Order of Santiago, which he did not receive until 1659, three years after the painting was completed. He later added the cross to the painting.

paragraphs: The mirror on the back wall reflects the upper bodies and heads of the King Philip IV (10) and his queen, Mariana (11). Most people think that they are being painted by Velázquez, and that their daughter, the Infanta, is watching them.


title: Walt Poddubny

paragraphs: Walter Michael Poddubny (February 14, 1960–March 21, 2009) was a Canadian professional ice hockey left winger and coach who played eleven seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) from 1981–1982 until 1991–1992.

paragraphs: He died at the age of 49, after collapsing at his sister's house in Thunder Bay. The cause of death was heart attack.


title: Bertie Ahern

paragraphs: Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern (; born 12 September 1951, Dublin) is a former Taoiseach of Ireland leader of Fianna Fáil, the Irish Republic's largest political party. He oversaw the largest economic expansion in Irish history and was important in making the Good Friday Agreement.


title: Nonkilling

paragraphs: Nonkilling is a worldview that affirms the possibility of a society where killing is absent. In such a society there would be no killings, threats to kill, weapons made to kill or reasons for people to kill each other.


title: Bonao

paragraphs: Bonao is a Dominican city and the head municipality of the Monseñor Nouel province, in the center of the country.

paragraphs: "Bonao" is the Taíno name of the region where the old city was founded. The city is in the Bonao Valley, at about 85 km to the northwest of Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic.

paragraphs: The municipality had, in , a total population of 76,241: 37,349 men and 38,892 women. The urban population was of the total population.

paragraphs: Christopher Columbus founded in 1494 a small fort in the region known by the Taíno people as Bonao. The fort was built to protect the gold mines around Maimón and other places. But there was not much gold in the region and the fort was soon left without people.

paragraphs: The town was founded again during the early years of the 19th century but at about to the north of the old place, closer to the River Yuna. The new town had the name "Yuna" was soon was changed to the old one: "Bonao". It was also called "El Bonao" (English: "The Bonao") but the article "El" (English: "The") was left out during the first years of the 20th century and it is never used now.

paragraphs: The new small town was made a "Puesto Cantonal" (and old category, like a "Military Post") in 1859 and then a municipality of La Vega province in 1865.

paragraphs: In 1936, its name was changed to "Monseñor Meriño" after the Archbishop Adolfo A. Nouel, past president of the country. In 1960, it got is old name of Bonao.

paragraphs: Bonao is in the Bonao Valley in the centre of the Dominican Republic. It has a total area of . It has five municipal districts (a municipal district is a subdivision of a municipality); these are Arroyo Toro-Masipedro, Jayaco, Juma Bejucal, La Salvia-Los Quemados and Sabana del Puerto.

paragraphs: The altitude of the city of Bonao is above sea level.

paragraphs: The municipality of Bonao has the La Vega province to the north and to the west, the Sánchez Ramírez province to the east, the municipality of Maimón to the southeast, the municipality of Piedra Blanc to the south and the province of San José de Ocoa province to the southwest.

paragraphs: The city is near the River Yuna, one of the most important river of the Hispaniola island; the sources of the river are on the eastern side of the "Cordillera Central" ("Central mountain range"). It flows through the Bonao Valley and then through the Cibao Valley and into the Samaná Bay.

paragraphs: There are other smaller rivers near Bonao, tributaries of the River Yuna.

paragraphs: Bonao has a tropical wet climate (Köppen-Geiger classification: Af) with no dry or cold season as it is constantly moist (rainfalls during the whole year).

paragraphs: The average amount of rainfall for the year in the city is . The month with the most precipitation on average is May with of rainfall, followed by October with .

paragraphs: The driest season is winter. The month with the least rainfall on average is January with an average of followed by February with an average of .

paragraphs: The municipality of Bonao has five municipal districts:

paragraphs: Farming is very important around the city; it is one of main regions of the country where rice is grown.

paragraphs: Mining is also important here; nickel is mined in a mountain close to the city by the Falconbridge, a Canadian company.


title: Lewis and Clark Expedition

paragraphs: The Lewis and Clark Expedition was an expedition by Meriwether Lewis (1774–1809) and William Clark (1770–1838), two men chosen by United States President Thomas Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase, which the country had just bought from France. (This land was made up of much of what is now the Central and Western United States). They left Saint Louis in 1804, leading a group of 33 people. The group reached the Pacific in 1806, viewing much of the West on the way and writing down what they saw. Along the way, the group was joined by a Shoshone Native American woman named Sacagawea, who helped guide them. After their exploration, Lewis became Governor of Louisiana Territory, and Clark became Governor of Missouri Territory. The only person that died on the trip was Sergeant Charles Floyd who died August 20, 1804 of Dysentery.


title: Baia Mare

paragraphs: Baia Mare is a municipality in the northwestern part of Romania. It is the seat of Maramureş County. 137,921 people were living in Baia Mare as of 2002.

paragraphs: Cyanide Spill of 2000: An hour before midnight on January 30, 2000, a dam holding back water in a settling area for the Baia Mare gold mine burst, spilling its contents into the Somes river, and subsequently into the Tisza river. The spill resulted in the release of at least 100,000 cubic meters of water containing high concentrations of cyanide, as well as heavy metals such as copper, zinc and lead. Cyanide is used to purify gold from rocks, and the water contained concentrations that exceeded the 'heavily polluted' threshold by 40 to 160 times. Zinc concentration was twice the acceptable standard, and lead concentration was 5 to 9 times greater. Rumanian authorities were quickly notified of the spill and immediately raised an alarm that prevented the loss of any human life. However, the spill killed all aquatic plant and animal life for dozens of miles downstream. On February 12, the toxic water flowed into the Danube, which receives water from the Tisza, carrying its impact into Hungary and Serbia, as well. Inhabitants of Belgrade witnessed a Danube with dead fish floating on the surface. Up to 100 people, most of them children, were treated after eating fish contaminated by the heavy chemicals. The Rumanian media entitled this environmental disaster ‘the largest since Chernobyl’.

paragraphs: Baia Mare has the following towns as its 'sister cities':


title: Umm Kulthum

paragraphs: Umm Kulthum (May 4, 1904 – February 3, 1975). She was an Egyptian singer, songwriter, and actress. She was born in Tamay ez-Zahayra. She is a famous and distinguished singer of the 20th century in the Arab world.


title: Craig Parker

paragraphs: Craig Parker was born 12 November, 1970 in Suva, Fiji. He is a New Zealand actor who played Guy Warner in "Shortland Street".


title: Moon landing conspiracy theories

paragraphs: The moon landing conspiracy theories (also known as moon landing hoax or Apollo hoax) are beliefs that men did not land on the Moon in 1969–1972 during the Apollo program and that NASA faked the information. Some conspiracy theorists believe the Skylab space station is also a hoax.

paragraphs: This belief is considered by the scientific community and historians to be irrational. But on the internet, the debate can occur since it is easy for anyone to publish their ideas. There are subcultures within the USA and cultures around the world that believe that the Moon landings were faked. This view is claimed to have been taught in Cuban schools and wherever else Cuban teachers are sent (Nicaragua, Angola). It is also shared by the Taliban and by the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON).

paragraphs: On 12 April 1961, the USSR sent the first man into space in Vostok 1, Yuri Gagarin. Six weeks later, US President John Kennedy promised a manned Moon landing by 1969 to win the battle of systems and impress the world with technical superiority:

paragraphs: Moon conspiracy theorists say that NASA had too many technical problems to meet the eight year deadline for going to the moon. But the USA could not afford to appear lose the race to the moon to the Soviet Union, and so the moon landings were faked. In 2004, President George Bush gave not eight but sixteen years for a manned return to the Moon, even though the technologies for it should have already been developed forty years earlier. In 2010, President Barack Obama canceled this plan, which seemed to the moon conspiracy theorists to be an admission that the USA still does not have the technology to go to the moon.

paragraphs: Doubts about the authenticity of the Apollo Moon landings appeared first in December 1968 when Apollo 8 was launched. The almost perfectly executed odyssey of Apollo 11 amazed many around the world, and some people doubted it was real.

paragraphs: The first book on the subject ("Did man land on the Moon?") was issued in Texas by the mathematician James J. Cranny in 1970.

paragraphs: NASA commented on some of the conspiracy theories in June 1977. But in August 1997, their Director of Media Services (1998–2000) Brian Welch (1958–2000) said in an interview with Sky TV News:

paragraphs: When Fox TV aired Bruce Nash's film "Conspiracy theory: Did we land on the Moon?" in 2001, NASA released hoax theory rebuttal materials on their web and FTP sites. They also wrote suggestions for science teachers on how to refute the hoax claims using the Lunar Sample Disk Kits.

paragraphs: In 2002, NASA hired James Edward Oberg, to write a book intended to challenge those who claim the Apollo Moon landings were a hoax. Oberg was a former rocket scientist, MSNBC News space consultant and analyst and journalist, and, it was later discovered, a moon landing conspiracy theorist. But NASA soon cancelled the project, declining to give the reasons for this. NASA spokesman Bob Jacobs said criticism that NASA was displaying poor judgement and a lack of confidence in commissioning the book caused the agency to abort it. For example, then NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe said:

paragraphs: In 2006, some of the recordings of the Apollo era were declared missing. The question of what happened to the recordings was seen by conspiracy theorists as confirmation of their beliefs, and in 2009, NASA revealed that the tapes were erased.

paragraphs: The arguments about the moon conspiracy theories are detailed and complex. Some of the major points and counterpoints are listed below.

paragraphs: Moon conspiracy theorists think that NASA faked the Apollo mission with a secret program. According to James Longuski, the complexity of the conspiracy theory scenarios make them impossible. More than 400,000 people worked on the Apollo project for almost ten years, and 12 men who walked on the Moon returned to Earth to talk about their experiences. Hundreds of thousands of people would have had to keep the secret. Longuski says that it would have been a lot easier to actually land on the Moon than to create such a large conspiracy to fake it.

paragraphs: 1. In some photos, the are seemed to be partially covered by objects. Some conspiracy theorists suggest that the NASA composed the photographs by "cutting and pasting" objects over the background images.

paragraphs: 2. In some photos, the crosshairs are rotated.

paragraphs: 3. The letter "C" appears on some rocks. This is maybe a designation by the studio props.

paragraphs: 4. The book "Moon Shot" contains a fake photo of Alan Shepard hitting a golf ball on the Moon with another astronaut.

paragraphs: 1. The Apollo 16 crew could not have survived solar flares when they were on their way to the Moon.

paragraphs: 2. During the Apollo 15 mission, David Scott did an experiment by dropping a hammer and a falcon feather at the same time. Both hit the ground at the same time.

paragraphs: Blueprints and drawings of the machines used in the Apollo project are missing. Some Apollo 11 tapes containing telemetry and high quality video of the first moonwalk are also missing. Moon landing conspiracy theorists believe that this is because they never existed, since the mission was faked.

paragraphs: Dr. David Williams (NASA archivist at Goddard Space Flight Center) and Apollo 11 flight director Eugene F. Kranz acknowledged that some of the Apollo 11 tapes are missing. When the recordings were sent back to Earth to be shown on TV, they were converted to a different format which was lower quality. Now the lower quality tapes are available, but the original high quality videos received in Australia are missing. Some pictures of the original high quality image are still available, and videos have been released from other missions too, like the Apollo Lunar Surface Experiments Package.

paragraphs: Some people at NASA are looking for the tapes to help them plan for future missions. They believe the Apollo 11 tapes were sent for storage at the U.S. National Archives in 1970, but by 1984 all the Apollo 11 tapes had been returned to the Goddard Space Flight Center. The tapes may have been stored rather than re-used, and efforts to determine where they were stored are ongoing. Goddard was storing 35,000 new tapes per year in 1967, even before the lunar landings.

paragraphs: On November 1, 2006 Cosmos Magazine reported that 100 data tapes recorded in Australia during the Apollo 11 mission had been found in the basement of the Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Australia. One of the old tapes was sent to NASA for analysis.

paragraphs: On July 16, 2009, NASA said that it must have erased the original Apollo 11 Moon footage years ago so that it could reuse the tape. On December 22, 2009 NASA issued a final report on the tapes. Senior engineer Dick Nafzger concluded that approximately 45 tapes of Apollo 11 video were erased and reused. For the 40th anniversary of the Apollo moon landing, Lowry Digital of Burbank, California restored the low quality videos. Some pieces of the restored footage are available on the NASA website.

paragraphs: Some conspiracy theorists say that some astronauts were killed as part of a cover up. In a television program about the conspiracy theory, Fox Entertainment Group listed 10 astronauts and 2 others who conspiracy theorists said were killed.

paragraphs: All the deaths except for Irwin's were related to their job with NASA or the Air Force. Mike Adams and Robert Lawrence were not involved with the civilian space program. James Irwin already had several heart attacks before his death. All except two of the deaths happened at least one or two years "before" Apollo 11. Also, Brian Welch was speaking out "against" the moon hoax, so he would not have been a good target to be killed.

paragraphs: As of November 2018, four of the twelve Apollo astronauts who landed on the Moon between 1969 and 1972 were still alive, including Buzz Aldrin. Also, nine of the twelve Apollo astronauts who flew to the Moon without landing between 1968 and 1972 are still alive, for example Michael Collins.

paragraphs: During 1961 to 1972, at least eight Russian cosmonauts died:

paragraphs: Additionally, the chief of their spaceflight program, Sergei Korolev, died in January 1966.

paragraphs: Conspiracy theorists say that telescopes, for example the Hubble, should be able to take pictures of the moon where Apollo landed, and if people really did land on the moon, then the pictures should show the scars on the moon's surface and equipment it left behind. They believe that our major observatories will not take pictures of the landing sites because it would expose the cover-up.

paragraphs: NASA has said that images have been taken of these landing sites, but the pictures taken by Hubble are too low quality to see very much detail. In 2009 NASA released pictures from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter showing the Apollo landing sites in more detail. These photographs have not convinced the conspiracy theorists because the pictures were taken by NASA, and they think NASA is behind the cover-up.

paragraphs: Bart Sibrel (a conspiracy theorist) says that the Soviet Union had much more time in space than the United States before the Apollo Program. The Soviet Union put the first satellite in orbit in October 1957 named Sputnik 1. They also put the first animal in space in Sputnik 2, and were the first country to safely bring back an animal from space in Sputnik 5. Yuri Gagrin was the first man to orbit the Earth in Vostok 1, who was also from the Soviet Union. Sibrel believes that since the Soviet Union was so far ahead of the United States in the Moon race, the United States had to fake the landings to win.

paragraphs: On January 27, 1967, Apollo 1 caught fire and killed 3 astronauts. Two years later, NASA said that the problems which caused the fire were fixed. Bart Sibrel believes that the problems could not be fixed, so NASA decided to fake the landings to win the Moon race.

paragraphs: NASA says that the Soviet Union's achievements were not as impressive as the United States. According to the "Encyclopaedia Astronautica", the US spent 1,864 hours in space, while the Soviets spent 697 hours at the completion of Soyuz 5. Apollo 7 launched in October 1968, 21 months after the Apollo 1 fire, with an astronaut on board. By Apollo 11, the Uninted States' lead was even bigger.

paragraphs: Both the United States and the Soviet Union had many problems during the Moon race. The Soviet Union had the first in-flight death in 1967, only 3 months after the Apollo 1 fire. According to NASA, most of the accomplishments first made by the Soviets were also made by the US within a year. By 1965, the US started to beat the Soviets to a few important steps. The Soviets had never developed a rocket which could land on the Moon, and they never tested landing on the Moon with an astronaut on board. "

paragraphs: Some conspiracy theorists say that the Moon rocks collected by the Apollo Program are actually meteorites from Antarctica. Wernher von Braun, the Marshall Space Flight Center Director, and three others traveled to Antarctica in 1967 (three years before the Apollo launch) to explore for future space missions. Some conspiracy theorists believe that Braun collected meteorites during this trip to use as fake moon rocks.

paragraphs: The Apollo Program collected of moon rocks during the Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17 missions. According to scientists around the world, these rocks are very different from meteorites and other rocks found on Earth. The rocks are also 200,000,000 (200 million) years older than any rock found on Earth, and are similar to moon rocks later brought back by the USSR.

paragraphs: Some moon rocks could have been collected without landing on the moon, but the first moon rock was found on Earth in 1979, and it was only discovered in 1982 that it came from the moon. Also, moon rocks are very rare on Earth, and only have ever been discovered, while the Apollo missions brought back 380 kilograms.

paragraphs: In 2004, Martin Hendry and Ken Skeldon from the University of Glasgow investigated the 'Moon Hoax'. In November 2004, they spoke at the Glasgow Science Centre and examined the top ten lines of evidence that a hoax had taken place.


title: Illinois General Assembly

paragraphs: The Illinois General Assembly is the state legislature of the state of Illinois. It comprises the Illinois House of Representatives and the Illinois Senate. The General Assembly was created by the first state constitution which was adopted in 1818. Illinois has 59 legislative districts. It had two representatives and one senator from each district.


title: Whig Party (United States)

paragraphs: The Whig Party was a political party of the United States. It was famous during the years of Jacksonian democracy. It is thought to be important to the Second Party System. Operating from 1833 to 1856, the party was formed opposing the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. The Whigs supported the importance of Congress over the importance of the executive branch. They favored a program of modernization. Their name was chosen to tell people about the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence. "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing autocratic rule. The Whig Party had national leaders as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, Henry Clay of Kentucky. The Whig Party also had four war heroes among them, such as Generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was a Whig leader in frontier Illinois.

paragraphs: In its over two decades of existence, the Whig Party saw two of its candidates, Harrison and Taylor, elected president. Both died in office. John Tyler became president after Harrison's death, but was thrown out from the party. Millard Fillmore, who became president after Taylor's death, was the last Whig to hold the nation's highest office.

paragraphs: The party was ultimately destroyed by the question of whether to allow the expansion of slavery to the territories. The anti-slavery faction successfully prevented the nomination of its own incumbent President Fillmore in the 1852 presidential election. Instead, the party nominated General Winfield Scott, who was defeated. Its leaders quit politics (as Lincoln did temporarily) or changed parties. The voter base defected to the Republican Party, various coalition parties in some states, and to the Democratic Party. By the 1856 presidential election, the party had lost its ability to maintain a national coalition of effective state parties and endorsed Millard Fillmore, now of the American Party, at its last national convention.


title: Metronet

paragraphs: Metronet Rail was the brand of a partnership within the London Underground group. The group was responsible for the maintenance and upgrade of the infrastructure on nine London Underground lines. They would do the maintenance of tracks, trains, signals, civil work and stations. From 18 July 2007 to 26 May 2008, the company was in administration and had to be bailed out by the government. On 27 May 2008, the company was transferred back into public ownership under the authority of Transport for London.


title: Coriaria nepalensis

paragraphs: Coriaria nepalensis is a shrub growing in the foot hills of Himalayas. It blooms in spring and has beautiful yellow flowers and red fruits in summer.

paragraphs: In India, this plant is known in English as masuri berry, tanner's tree, mansur shrub; in Hindi as masuri, makola, masurya; in Nepali, macchaino.

paragraphs: It is a shrub, 1.5-2.5 metres tall. Flowers are in groups (inflorescences ) and they are male or female but in the same plant; their color is yellow. It blooms from February to May.

paragraphs: Fruits are red to dark purple when mature. They look like berries but they are small nuts (achenes) protected by enlarged and colored petals. Fruits are produced from May to August but they cannot be eaten because their seeds are poisonous.

paragraphs: C. nepalensis grows in southern slopes of the Himalayas (Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan), usually between 800-2500 m.

paragraphs: This species was also found in southern China in mountain slopes at 200—3200 m high. It has been found in the Chinese provinces of Gansu, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hong Kong, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Xizang, Yunnan.


title: Leishmania

paragraphs: organism which causes Leishmaniasis. It is a Trypanosomatid parasite in the Euglenozoa phylum.

paragraphs: It is spread by sandflies of the genus "Phlebotomus" in the Old World, and of the genus "Lutzomyia" in the New World.

paragraphs: Their primary hosts are vertebrates; Leishmania commonly infects hyraxes, canids, rodents, and humans. Leishmania currently affects 12 million people in 98 countries.

paragraphs: The parasite was named in 1903 after the Scottish pathologist William Boog Leishman.

paragraphs: The parasite causes three kinds of disease. Each type of disease is caused by different species of the parasite.

paragraphs: "Leishmania" have a lipophosphoglycan coat on the outside of the cell. This is a trigger for toll-like receptor 2, a signalling receptor which triggers an innate immune response in mammals. The parasite can withstand the counter-attack by the immune system. There are treatments, which consist in helping the immune system to respond.


title: Neil Kinnock

paragraphs: Neil Gordon Kinnock, Baron Kinnock, PC, (born 28 March 1942) is a Welsh politician. He was a Member of Parliament from 1970 to 1995. From 1983 to 1992 he was the Leader of the Opposition and the leader of the Labour Party. In the general election in 1992 he was beaten. After this he gave up his post of leading the Labour Party (and sitting in Parliament). He was a British politician in the European Commission from 1995 until 2004, and is now Chairman of the British Council and President of Cardiff University.

paragraphs: He was introduced to the House of Lords on 31 January 2005. He was created Baron Kinnock, of Bedwellty in the County of Gwent.

paragraphs: He is married to Glenys Kinnock. She was Britain's Minister for Africa and the United Nations from 2009 to 2010, and a Labour Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1994 to 2009. She was made a life peer in 2009. They became one of the few couples to both hold titles in their own right. The two met while studying at University College, Cardiff. They married on 25 March 1967. In 2008 they moved to Tufnell Park, London, to be closer to their daughter and grandchildren.

paragraphs: They have a son, Stephen and a daughter, Rachel.

paragraphs: Neil Kinnock is a lifelong Cardiff City F.C. fan and regularly attends matches.

paragraphs: In 2011 Kinnock took part in the BBC Wales programme Coming Home about his Welsh family history. The programme was broadcast on 30 November 2011.


title: South Talpatti Island

paragraphs: South Talpatti Island is a small uninhabited island in the Bay of Bengal. Indians call it New Moore Island or Purbasha. This is a disputed island between Bangladesh and India. The island did not exist before 1970. It emerged after the Bhola cyclone hit the area in 1970.


title: 50000 Quaoar

paragraphs: 50000 Quaoar is a Trans-Neptunian object and could be a dwarf planet. It was found on June 4, 2002 by Chad Trujillo and Michael Brown at the California Institute of Technology.


title: Make It or Break It

paragraphs: Make It Or Break It is an ABC Family drama. It is set in Boulder, Colorado. It is about the sport of gymnastics, where elite gymnasts try to make it to the 2012 Summer Olympics while trying to follow the rules.


title: Samlesbury witches

paragraphs: The Samlesbury witches were three women who were said to be witches, murderers and cannibals. The three women, Jane Southworth, Jennet Bierley, and Ellen Bierley, were accused of practising witchcraft by a 14-year-old girl, Grace Sowerbutts. They were tried in the village of Samlesbury in Lancashire. Their trial on 19 August 1612 was one of a series of witch trials held over two days. It is among the most famous in English history. The trials were unusual for England at that time for two reasons. First, Thomas Potts, the clerk to the court, wrote about it in his "The Wonderfull Discoverie of Witches in the Countie of Lancaster". Secondly, the number of people found guilty and hanged were high: ten at Lancaster and another at York. Some of those accused were burnt alive and hung.

paragraphs: However, the three Samlesbury women were found not guilty of witchcraft.

paragraphs: The women were accused of murdering children, and of cannibalism, amongst other things. In contrast, other people tried at the same time were accused of "maleficium", that is causing harm by witchcraft. This included the Pendle witches. The case against the three women collapsed "spectacularly" when the main witness, Grace Sowerbutts, was shown by the trial judge to be "the perjuring tool of a Catholic priest".

paragraphs: Many historians, most notably Hugh Trevor-Roper, have said that the witch trials of the 16th and 17th century were a result of the religious struggles of the period. During this time, both the Catholic and Protestant Churches wanted to stamp out what they saw as heresy. The trial of the Samlesbury witches is perhaps one clear example of that trend; it has been described as "largely a piece of anti-Catholic propaganda". A trial would show that Lancashire, a wild and lawless area, was being cleared not only of witches but also of "popish plotters", that is, Catholics.

paragraphs: King James I, came to the English throne in 1603. He was influenced by the strict Scottish Reformation very much. He was very interested in witchcraft. By the early 1590s, he was convinced that Scottish witches plotted against him. His 1597 book, "Daemonologie", he told his followers that they must report and prosecute any supporters or practitioners of witchcraft. In 1604 a new witchcraft law was made, called "An Act against Conjuration, Witchcraft and dealing with evil and wicked spirits". Anyone who caused harm by the use of magic or the exhumation of corpses for magical purposes would be given the death penalty. James was, did not believe some of the evidence presented in witch trials, he even personally showed discrepancies in the testimonies presented against some accused witches.

paragraphs: The accused witches lived in Lancashire. At the end of the 16th century, the government thought this county was a wild and lawless area, "fabled for its theft, violence and sexual laxity, where the church was honoured without much understanding of its doctrines by the common people". Since the death of Queen Mary and the coming to the throne of her half-sister Elizabeth in 1558, Catholic priests had been forced to hide, but in remote areas like Lancashire they were still able to celebrate mass in secret. In early 1612, the year of the trials, each justice of the peace (JP) in Lancashire was ordered to make a list of the recusants in their area—those who refused to attend the services of the Church of England, which was a criminal offence at that time.

paragraphs: During the 16th century English Reformation, the Church of England broke away from the rule of the pope and the Catholic Church. This event split up the Southworth family of Samlesbury Hall. Sir John Southworth, head of the family until his death in 1595, was a leading recusant. He had been arrested many times for not giving up his Catholic faith. His eldest son, also called John, did join the Church of England, for which his father disinherited him. The rest of the family stayed strictly Catholic.

paragraphs: One of the accused witches, Jane Southworth, was the widow of the disinherited son, John. Relations father and son were not polite; John Singleton, said that the father would not even go passed his son's house if he could keep clear of it, and believed that Jane would probably kill her husband. Jane Southworth (born Jane Sherburne) and John were married in about 1598, and the couple lived in Samlesbury Lower Hall. John had died only a few months before her trial for witchcraft in 1612, and she had seven children.

paragraphs: On 21 March 1612, Alizon Device, who lived just outside the Lancashire village of Fence, near Pendle Hill, met John Law, a pedlar from Halifax. She asked him for some pins, which he refused to give to her, and a few minutes later Law suffered a stroke, for which he blamed Alizon. Along with her mother Elizabeth and her brother James, Alizon had to appear before local magistrate Roger Nowell on 30 March 1612. Based on the evidence and confessions he obtained, Nowell sent Alizon and ten others to Lancaster Gaol, to be tried for "maleficium"—causing harm by witchcraft.

paragraphs: Other Lancashire magistrates learned of Nowell's discovery of witchcraft in the county. On 15 April 1612 JP Robert Holden began investigations in his own area of Samlesbury. As a result, eight individuals were sent to trial, including Jane Southworth, Jennet Bierley, and Ellen Bierley. They were said to have used witchcraft on Grace Sowerbutts, Jennet's granddaughter and Ellen's niece.

paragraphs: The trial was held on 19 August 1612 before Sir Edward Bromley, a judge seeking promotion to a circuit nearer London. He may have wanted to impress King James, the head of the judiciary. Before the trial, Bromley ordered the release of five of the eight defendants from Samlesbury, with a warning about their future conduct. Jane Southworth, Jennet Bierley, and Ellen Bierley were said to have used "diverse devilish and wicked Arts, called Witchcrafts, Inchauntments, Charmes, and Sorceries, in and upon one Grace Sowerbutts", to which they pleaded not guilty. Fourteen-year-old Grace was the chief prosecution witness.

paragraphs: Grace was the first to give evidence. She said that both her grandmother and aunt, Jennet and Ellen Bierley, were able to change themselves into dogs and that they had "haunted and vexed her" for years. She also said that they had transported her to the top of a hayrick by her hair. They had also tried to make her drown herself. Grace said the women had taken her to the house of Thomas Walshman and his wife, from whom they had stolen a baby to suck its blood. Grace said the child died the next night and after its burial at Samlesbury Church, Ellen and Jennet dug up the body and took it home. The women then cooked and ate some of it and used the rest to make an ointment that let them change themselves into other shapes.

paragraphs: Grace also said that her grandmother and aunt, with Jane Southworth, went to sabbats held every Thursday and Sunday night at Red Bank, on the north shore of the River Ribble. At those secret meetings they met with "foure black things, going upright, and yet not like men in the face", with whom they ate, danced, and had sex.

paragraphs: Thomas Walshman, the father of the baby allegedly killed and eaten by the accused, was the next to give evidence. He confirmed that his child had died of unknown causes at about one-year-old. He added that Grace Sowerbutts was discovered lying as if dead in his father's barn on about 15 April, and did not recover until the following day. Two other witnesses, John Singleton and William Alker, confirmed that Sir John Southworth, Jane Southworth's father-in-law, had been reluctant to pass the house where his son lived, as he believed Jane to be an "evil woman, and a Witch".

paragraphs: Thomas Potts, the clerk, wrote that after hearing the evidence many of those in court were persuaded of the accused's guilt. On being asked by the judge what answer they could make to the charges laid against them, Potts reports that they "humbly fell upon their knees with weeping tears", and "desired him [Bromley] for Gods cause to examine Grace Sowerbutts". Immediately "the countenance of this Grace Sowerbutts changed"; the witnesses "began to quarrel and accuse one another", and eventually admitted that Grace had been coached in her story by a Catholic priest they called Thompson. Bromley then committed the girl to be examined by two JPs, William Leigh and Edward Chisnal. Under questioning Grace readily admitted that her story was untrue, and said she had been told what to say by Jane Southworth's uncle, Christopher Southworth aka Thompson, a Jesuit priest who was in hiding in the Samlesbury area; Southworth was the chaplain at Samlesbury Hall, and Jane Southworth's uncle by marriage. Leigh and Chisnal questioned the three accused women in an attempt to discover why Southworth might have fabricated evidence against them, but none could offer any reason other than that each of them "goeth to the [Anglican] Church".

paragraphs: After the statements had been read out in court Bromley ordered the jury to find the defendants not guilty, stating that:

paragraphs: Potts finished his book with the words: "Thus were these poore Innocent creatures, by the great care and paines of this honourable Judge, delivered from the danger of this Conspiracie; this bloudie practise of the Priest laid open".

paragraphs: Almost everything that is known about the trials comes from a report of the proceedings written by Thomas Potts, the clerk to the Lancaster Assizes. Potts was told to write his account by the trial judges, and had completed the work by 16 November 1612. Bromley revised and corrected the manuscript before its publication in 1613, and said it was "truly reported" and "fit and worthy to be published". Although written as an apparently verbatim account, the book is not a report of what was actually said at the trial, but instead a reflection on what happened. Nevertheless, Potts "seems to give a generally trustworthy, although not comprehensive, account of an Assize witchcraft trial, provided that the reader is constantly aware of his use of written material instead of verbatim reports".

paragraphs: In his introduction to the trial, Potts writes; "Thus have we for a time left the Graund Witches of the Forest of Pendle, to the good consideration of a very sufficient jury." Bromley had by then heard the cases against the three Pendle witches who had confessed to their guilt, but he had yet to deal with the others, who maintained their innocence. He knew that the only testimony against them would come from a nine-year-old girl, and that King James had cautioned judges to examine carefully the evidence presented against accused witches, warning against credulity. In his conclusion to the account of the trial, Potts says that it was interposed in the expected sequence "by special order and commandment", presumably of the trial judges. After having convicted and sentenced to death three witches, Bromley may have been keen to avoid any suspicion of credulity by presenting his "masterful exposure" of the evidence presented by Grace Sowerbutts, before turning his attention back to the remainder of the Pendle witches.

paragraphs: Potts declares that "this Countie of Lancashire ... now may lawfully bee said to abound as much in Witches of divers kinds as Seminaries, Jesuites, and Papists", and describes the three accused women as having once been "obstinate Papists, and now came to Church". The judges would certainly have been keen to be regarded by King James, the head of the judiciary, as having dealt resolutely with Catholic recusants as well as with witchcraft, the "two big threats to Jacobean order in Lancashire". Samlesbury Hall, the family home of the Southworths, was suspected by the authorities of being a refuge for Catholic priests, and it was under secret government surveillance for some considerable time before the trial of 1612. It may be that JP Robert Holden was at least partially motivated in his investigations by a desire to "smoke out its Jesuit chaplain", Christopher Southworth.

paragraphs: The English experience of witchcraft was somewhat different from the European one, with only one really mass witch hunt, that of Matthew Hopkins in East Anglia during 1645. That one incident accounted for more than 20% of the number of witches it is estimated were executed in England between the early 15th and mid-18th century, fewer than 500. The English legal system also differed significantly from the inquisitorial model used in Europe, requiring members of the public to accuse their neighbours of some crime, and for the case to be decided by a jury of their peers. English witch trials of the period "revolved around popular beliefs, according to which the crime of witchcraft was one of ... evil-doing", for which evidence had to be provided.

paragraphs: Potts devotes several pages to a fairly detailed criticism of the evidence presented in Grace Sowerbutts' statement, giving an insight into the discrepancies which existed during the early 17th century between the Protestant establishment's view of witchcraft and the beliefs of the common people, who may have been influenced by the more continental views of Catholic priests such as Christopher Southworth. Unlike their European counterparts, the English Protestant elite believed that witches kept familiars, or companion animals, and so it was not considered credible that the Samlesbury witches had none. Grace's story of the sabbat, too, was unfamiliar to the English at that time, although belief in such secret gatherings of witches was widespread in Europe. Most demonologists of the period, including King James, held that only God could perform miracles, and that he had not given the power to go against the laws of nature to those in league with the Devil. Hence Potts dismisses Sowerbutts' claim that Jennet Bierley transformed herself into a black dog with the comment "I would know by what means any Priest can maintain this point of Evidence". He equally lightly dismisses Grace's account of the sabbat she claimed to have attended, where she met with "foure black things ... not like men in the face", with the comment that "The Seminarie [priest] mistakes the face for the feete: For Chattox [one of the Pendle witches] and all her fellow witches agree, the Devill is cloven-footed: but Fancie [Chattox's familiar] had a very good face, and was a proper man."

paragraphs: It is perhaps unlikely that the accused women would have failed to draw the examining magistrate's attention to their suspicions concerning Grace Sowerbutts' motivations when first examined, only to do so at the very end of their trial when asked by the judge if they had anything to say in their defence. The trial of the Samlesbury witches in 1612 may have been "largely a piece of anti-Catholic propaganda", or even a "show-trial", the purpose of which was to demonstrate that Lancashire was being purged not only of witches, but also of "popish plotters".

paragraphs: Bromley achieved his desired promotion to the Midlands Circuit in 1616. Potts was given the keepership of Skalme Park by King James in 1615, to breed and train the king's hounds. In 1618, he was given responsibility for "collecting the forfeitures on the laws concerning sewers, for twenty-one years". Jane Southworth's eldest son, Thomas, eventually inherited his grandfather's estate of Samlesbury Hall.


title: Guernica (painting)

paragraphs: Guernica is a world-famous painting by Pablo Picasso. It is one of the world's greatest anti-war paintings. It is a very large painting (a mural) which shows the bombing of the Spanish town of Guernica in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War.

paragraphs: The Spanish Republican government asked Pablo Picasso to paint a large mural for an art exhibition in Paris. It shows how people, as well as animals, all suffer because of the tragedies of war. The painting soon became so famous that it was seen as a world symbol for peace. The fame of the painting helped to bring the Spanish Civil War to an end.

paragraphs: "Guernica" is navy blue, black and white, 3.5 metre (11 ft) tall and 7.8 metre (25.6 ft) wide, a mural-size canvas painted in oil. It hangs in the Museo Reina Sofía in Madrid.

paragraphs: Guernica shows a large, open room with people and animals who are suffering. A bull stands over a woman crying over a dead child in her arms. A horse falls in terrible pain as it dies after being run through with a spear. A dead soldier lies under the horse, his arm has been chopped off, but the hand grasps a shattered sword from which a flower grows. A light bulb shines strongly like an evil eye (the Spanish word for "light bulb" is "bombilla" which sounds like "bomb"). A female figure floats in, holding a lamp which is a symbol of hope. There are many other smaller details in the painting.

paragraphs: The painting soon travelled to many countries. It was seen in several towns in the United States during the 1940s and early 1950s. The Spanish dictator Francisco Franco wanted it to come to Spain, but Picasso said that he would not allow it to go to Spain until Spain became a democratic country. Picasso died in 1973. Franco died in 1975 and Spain became a democratic country. The painting went to Spain in 1981 and it now hangs in an art gallery, the Museo Reina Sofía, in Madrid.


title: Guernica (town)

paragraphs: Guernica (pronounce: "GHER-nee-kah") is a town in Spain. It is in the province of Biscay, in the Basque Country. The town of Guernica belongs to the same municipality as the near town of Luno ("Lumo" in Basque), Gernika-Lumo. The population of the whole municipality is 15,571 (2004).

paragraphs: Guernica is known internationally because it was bombed by the Nazis in 1937 during the Spanish Civil War. Pablo Picasso painted a huge anti-war painting called Guernica which is world-famous.


title: Flat Earth Society

paragraphs: The Flat Earth Society (or the International Flat Earth Research Society) is an organization claiming that the Earth is flat (most of us think it is round; a sphere). It was started by Samuel Shenton in 1956. Charles K. Johnson was the leader and made his home the organization's base. The Flat Earth Society is thought to have "disbanded" (stopped existing) after Johnson's death in 2001, but some websites still use the organization's name.

paragraphs: Some people say NASA proved that the Earth is not flat by taking pictures of the planet from space. Others say the round Earth was proven long before NASA existed. The Society says the pictures are fake, and that NASA is a part of a conspiracy.


title: John Birmingham

paragraphs: John Birmingham (August 7, 1964) is an Australian writer. His book, "He Died With A Falafel In His Hand" was made into a movie in 2001.

paragraphs: Birmingham was born in Liverpool, England in 1964. He came to Australia with his family in 1970 and settled in Ipswich, Queensland. His first book written in 1994, "He Died With A Falafel In His Hand", was about his experiences sharing a house with other people.

paragraphs: His other books are "The Tasmanian Babes Fiasco" (1997), "Leviathan: the unauthorised biography of Sydney" (1999), "Off One's Tits" (2002) and "Without Warning" (2008).


title: Balibo (movie)

paragraphs: Balibo is an Australian movie directed by Robert Connolly and released in 2009. It starred Australian actor Anthony LaPaglia who also was the film's producer. It based on the true story of 5 Australian news reporters working for Australian TV during the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975. They were murdered by the Indonesian army in the small village of Balibo.

paragraphs: The Indonesian National Armed Forces did not want the movie shown in Indonesia, with a spokesman saying the movie could harm Indonesia's relations with East Timor and Australia.

paragraphs: The movie was finally forbidden in Indonesia by the Film Censorship Agency. Foreign Minister Marty Natalegawa said the ban was to avoid a negative image of Indonesia. The Indonesian National Armed Forces supports the ban, with a spokesman saying the official version of the event is that the journalists were killed in a crossfire, and not murdered by Indonesian troops.


title: Nagoya University of Foreign Studies

paragraphs: The Nagoya University of Foreign Studies is in Nisshin, Aichi Prefecture, Japan. it started in 1988. It mainly teachs languages, but also has a strong emphasis on Japanese culture. It has 4 main schools:


title: Al Wasl SC

paragraphs: Al Wasl Sports Club () is a sports club in Dubai, the United Arab Emirates. It is best known for its football team.


title: Cork City F.C.

paragraphs: Cork City F.C. is a professional Irish football club in Cork and competing in the FAI League of Ireland. They are one of the most successful clubs in Ireland, having won the league twice and numerous FAI Cups, as well as nine Munster Senior Cups in a row.


title: Discogs

paragraphs: Discogs is a website and database of information about music recordings. Discogs is owned by Zink Media, Inc. in Portland, Oregon, United States. Discogs is one of the largest online databases of electronic music releases. It is believed to be the largest online database of releases on vinyl also.

paragraphs: The discogs.com domain name was registered in August 2000. Discogs was released in October 2000 by Kevin Lewandowski. It started as a database of his personal music collection. The name of the site is short for discographies.

paragraphs: The information on Discogs comes from members of the web site.


title: Watch the Ride

paragraphs: Watch the Ride is a compilation album made by Zinc and released by Harmless in 2007.


title: Wedgie

paragraphs: A wedgie happens when a person's underwear is forcibly pulled up their buttocks. A wedgie can be given by bullies to humiliate their target, or as a prank between friends. Wedgies can be given from the front ("melvins") and in many other ways. They can cause the underwear to rip. They are very painful and are used in many situations. They are also very commonly shown in Low Comedy.

paragraphs: There are many forms of wedgies. Wedgies can be given along with a spanking. A hanging wedgie is when the underwear is hung on a hook. A bra connection wedgie is when a girl's underwear is hooked in her bra. "Atomic wedgies" are when the underwear is pulled over the victim's head. A "messy wedgie" is when food or other substances are put down the pants of the victim while wedgied. A "squeaky clean wedgie" is when the victim's underwear is pulled up at the front then the back creating friction. In a "bouncing wedgie", the person is bounced while in the wedgie.


title: Med Hondo

paragraphs: Med Hondo (born Mohamed Abid Hondo, 4 May 1936 – 2 March 2019) was a Mauritanian movie director, producer, screenwriter, actor and voice actor.

paragraphs: He moved to France in 1959 and began to work in movies during the 1960s. In 1967, critics praised for the first movie he directed, "Soleil O". It won a Golden Leopard Award at the Locarno International Film Festival in Italy. When American movies are dubbed into French, Hondo often plays the French version of a character. For example, he played the French version of Eddie Murphy's character Donkey in "Shrek".

paragraphs: Hondo died in Paris on 2 March 2019, aged 82.


title: Happy Hardcore

paragraphs: Happy Hardcore is a type of dance music. It has a very fast tempo (usually around 160–180 BPM). It also normally has solo vocals.


title: Log cabin

paragraphs: A log cabin is a house built from wooden logs. They were first built in Norway, but are usually associated with the woods areas of the United States. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin, and that is the basis for the toy "Lincoln Logs". Log Cabins have also been a symbol in American politics, as some Presidents said they were born in log cabins to make them seem closer to the people." A group of Republicans who dislike some of the stands of the Republican Party call themselves "Log Cabin Republicans"..


title: Basmati rice

paragraphs: Basmati rice is a kind of long-grain rice. It is known for its fragrance and its flavour. The biggest producers of Basmati rice are India and Pakistan, it is mainly grown in Punjab. The main method of growing it is paddy field farming, that is to say fields that are put under water.

paragraphs: The grains of basmati rice are longer than most other types of rice. Cooked grains of Basmati rice are characteristically free flowing rather than sticky. This is a characteristic of most long-grain rice. Cooked basmati rice can be uniquely identified by its fragrance. Basmati rice is available in two varieties - white and brown.

paragraphs: Basmati rice is also considered useful to make biriyani in most Asian countries and also to make yellow rice. In the past 2 years there is good demand of Basmati rice in India and even for export purposes.


title: Sarah Thyre

paragraphs: Sarah Christine Thyre (born July 7, 1968) is an American actress and writer. She is best known for her role as Mary Frances Gibbons on "The Mighty B!". She is married to Andy Richter.


title: Antidepressant

paragraphs: An antidepressant is a type of medication that is used to treat people with mood disorders including depression and also to treat people with anxiety disorders. Some people take antidepressants to lower their sex drive and treat premature ejaculation.

paragraphs: There are different types of antidepressant, such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), tetracyclic antidepressants (TeCAs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs).

paragraphs: Antidepressants work to improve the mood. Doctors think that when someone is depressed, the chemicals in their brain are not working properly. Antidepressants balance these chemicals, lifting the depression.


title: Dirty bomb

paragraphs: A dirty bomb, also known as a radiological dispersal device (RDD) is a radioactive explosive weapon. It is designed to spread radioactive material to a large area.


title: Jude the Apostle

paragraphs: Saint Jude the Apostle was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus. He was also called Jude of James and Jude Thaddeus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, along with Saint Bartholemew. He is also the patron saint of lost causes and desperate situations.

paragraphs: St. Jude was martyred (killed for his beliefs) with another apostle, Simon the Zealot in Beirut, Lebanon, around AD 65. In the Roman Catholic church, Jude and Simon's feast day is celebrated on 29 October.


title: Pitcher plant

paragraphs: A pitcher plant is a carnivorous plant (also called as Insectivorous plant). Carnivorous plants are plants that eat insects and other small animals. Carnivorous plants grow in soil that has little nitrogen. All living things must have nitrogen. Carnivorous plants get nitrogen from the insects they eat.

paragraphs: Pitcher of the pitcher plant is actually a modified leaf. The apex of the leaf is the lid.

paragraphs: Pitcher plants catch (get) insects in a cup of liquid. The walls of the cup make nectar (sweet liquid) . The nectar attracts insects. When an insect lands on the wall, it falls down into the liquid. The insect cannot get out of the cup because the walls are smooth and slippery and the walls have hairs pointing down. After the insect is dead, its body rots. Rotting releases (lets loose) the nitrogen from the insect's body. The nitrogen then goes into the liquid and the plant takes in the nitrogen from the liquid.

paragraphs: In a pitcher plant, leaves are modified in container or pitcher like structure with a lid. When an insect lands on the edge of the pitcher, the lid closes, trapping the insect inside. Later, the insect is digested by secretion of the Pitcher plant.


title: Fried Green Tomatoes (movie)

paragraphs: Fried Green Tomatoes is a 1991 American drama movie directed by Jon Avnet. It is set in 1920s and 1980s Birmingham, Alabama and is based on a novel by Fannie Flagg called "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe". The movie stars Kathy Bates, Jessica Tandy, Mary-Louise Parker and Mary Stuart Masterson.

paragraphs: In Birmingham, Alabama, a woman called Evelyn goes to a nursing home to visit her mother-in-law and meets an elderly woman called Ninny. They become friends. Ninny tells Evelyn stories about when she was younger, and about the people she used to know. In particular, she tells Evelyn about two young women, Idgie and Ruth.

paragraphs: In Ninny's stories, Idgie and Ruth are friends who run a café together and raise Ruth's son Buddy. Ruth has separated from her husband Frank because he used to hit her. One day, Frank goes missing and the police begin to think that Idgie has killed him.

paragraphs: Ninny tells Evelyn her stories over several visits. During that time, Evelyn, who was depressed, is inspired by Ruth and Idgie to have more power in her life. In the end, Ninny goes to live with Evelyn and her husband. There is a hint that Ninny and Idgie might be the same person.

paragraphs: There are some differences between the movie and the novel it was made from. In the novel, Idgie and Ruth are a lesbian couple. In the movie they may be just friends. The director, John Avnet said that he wanted viewers to make up their own minds. In one part of the movie, Idgie and Ruth have a food fight. Avnet said that the food fight is symbolic of love-making. When it was released, some critics and LGBT activists were angry that the lesbian part of the story had been "glossed over". Even though the lesbian content had been hidden, the movie won an award from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) for best feature movie with lesbian content.

paragraphs: Another difference is that at the end of the movie, it seems possible that Ninny is really Idgie. In the novel, they are completely separate characters and are sisters-in-law.

paragraphs: The movie was nominated for two Academy Awards and two BAFTA awards.


title: Ischemic colitis

paragraphs: Ischemic colitis (also called Colonic ischemia) is a medical condition in which inflammation and injury cause an inadequite blood supply to the large instestine. It occurs more often in older people. In fact, more than 90% of cases occur in people over the age of 60. Ischemic colitis is the most common form of bowel ischemia.

paragraphs: Most cases of ischemic colitis are mild and will get better on their own. IV fluids are givin to patients to treat dehydration. Patients are also told not to eat or drink anything until the symptoms get better. Severe ischemic colitis that leads to gangrene can be treated with antibiotics and surgery.


title: Hypotension

paragraphs: Hypotension is low blood pressure. A person with low blood pressure is called hypotensive.

paragraphs: Everybody's blood pressure is different. Some people have naturally low blood pressure. However, for most adults, a systolic blood pressure of under 90, or a diastolic blood pressure of under 60, is low blood pressure. (Systolic is the top number in a blood pressure reading; diastolic is the bottom number.)

paragraphs: Low blood pressure is not always dangerous. However, low blood pressure is dangerous if it causes any of these symptoms:

paragraphs: If low blood pressure makes a person faint, the person could hurt themselves while falling.

paragraphs: If a person's blood pressure is very low, the heart will be unable to pump blood and oxygen to important parts of the body. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to live. Without blood and oxygen, important parts of the body, like the heart and brain, can be damaged.

paragraphs: If a person's blood pressure is low enough that they are feeling dizzy, they should lay down on the ground. Putting their feet up, or bending their knees, is also helpful. This makes it easier for blood and oxygen to get to the brain (because the blood does not have to work against gravity to get up to the brain, like it would if the person were standing). Lying down will also make sure that the person does not hurt themselves by falling if they faint.

paragraphs: Doctors can treat hypotension by treating whatever is causing the low blood pressure. Sometimes, low blood pressure is caused by dehydration. This can be treated by having the patient eat more salt, drink more fluids, or (in serious cases) get fluids through a needle placed into a vein.

paragraphs: If low blood pressure is caused by medicines, doctors can change those medications to others that do not lower blood pressure as much.

paragraphs: There are also medications that increase blood pressure. They work by making it harder for blood vessels to relax. (When blood vessels relax, blood pressure goes down. If the blood vessels cannot relax as easily, blood pressure goes up.)


title: Race condition

paragraphs: A Race condition (also called race hazard) is a problem with the design of a system. With a race condition, the result of a calculation or the behaviour of the system as a whole is dependent on how long a certain calculation takes, or when it is started. Race conditions occur in logic circuits and computer software, especially with multi-threaded or distributed systems.

paragraphs: It is often difficult to explain what a race condition is, but the metaphor of a horse race can be used as an explanation.

paragraphs: A computer program is like a horse race. The computer program does several things at the same time, similarly to how several horses run at the same time in a horse race. Each horse represents what is usually called a "thread of execution". That way, one such thread may handle network communication, another one may be responsible for redrawing the user interface. In the case of a race condition, the application works properly if a given horse "wins the race". For example, the application may work if horse number five wins, but it will crash if any other horse wins the race. One solution to the problem is to use synchronization. This is like several jockeys teaming up, to make sure horse number five is ahead.

paragraphs: On different computers, or in different situations, computers programs can run at different speeds. Sometimes, they will be faster, other times slower. This may mean that on some systems, the race condition will never show up, even though it may be easy to show it on others. Race conditions can be difficult to find. Bugs caused by race conditions are a frequent source of frustration within the profession of software development.


title: Mary-Louise Parker

paragraphs: Mary-Louise Parker (born August 2, 1964) is an American television and movie actress.

paragraphs: Parker was born in 1964 in Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Her mother was Swedish and her father was a judge and served in the United States Army. They lived in Thailand where she attended the International School Bangkok. Parker studied drama at the North Carolina School of the Arts. Her first job in television was a small part on the soap opera "Ryan's Hope" in 1975. In the late 1980s, she moved to New York, where she got a job measuring feet at ECCO (a shoe shop). After a few small roles, she had her first part in a Broadway play in 1990. The play was called "Prelude to a Kiss" and she played the main character called Rita. She won the Clarence Derwent Award for this play and was nominated for a Tony Award. Parker dated her co-star Timothy Hutton for a short time.

paragraphs: That same year, Parker was noticed by critics when she appeared in a movie called "Longtime Companion". It was one of the first movies about AIDS. After that, she acted in 1991's "Grand Canyon", which also starred Mary McDonnell, Danny Glover, Alfre Woodard and Kevin Kline. Parker's next film was "Fried Green Tomatoes", with Jessica Tandy, Mary Stuart Masterson, Kathy Bates and Cicely Tyson.


paragraphs: The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) is an American group that works to make sure that LGBT are not made to look bad in the media, and works so that the public are more accepting of LGBT people. It was founded in 1985 in New York City after there were a lot of negative reports about LGBT people, after the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. Their policies are for the freedom to be homosexual and not be judged.

paragraphs: The Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation was started in 1985 in New York City. After the start of the AIDS epidemic, several newspapers, like the "New York Post" wrote reports that some people thought were homophobic and unfair. The Alliance was founded to protest against such negative coverage in the media.

paragraphs: Because of this, a group of people decided to band together and begin a group to change things. They were Vito Russo, Gregory Kolovakos, Darryl Rist, Allen Barnett and Jewelle Gomez. They named their group the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. At first they were more concerned with changing the way that stories about AIDS were reported to the public. As the group grew, they began to work with people in the entertainment industry to change the way that gay and lesbian people were made to look on films and on television.

paragraphs: Every year, GLAAD hosts a ceremony where s are given to people in the media and in entertainment that have represented LGBT people and issues fairly. Since 2009, there have been three ceremonies every year, one each in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco.