title: Atlantic Standard Time Zone

paragraphs: The Atlantic Standard Time Zone (AST) is a geographic region that keeps time by subtracting four hours from Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), resulting in GMT-4 (UTC-4). The clock time in this zone is based on the mean solar time of the 60th degree meridian west of the Greenwich Observatory.

paragraphs: The Canadian provinces of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island keep time by subtracting four hours from UTC. So does Bermuda, an island territory in the North Atlantic. In the summer, both places use daylight saving time. They keep "Atlantic Daylight Time (ADT)" (UTC-3) in the summer.

paragraphs: Other parts of the world that keep time by subtracting four hours from UTC include: many Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands, and several South American countries, such as Paraguay, Chile, Bolivia, and parts of Brazil. Venezuela used AST until December 9, 2007, when it switched to , but switched back to AST on May 1, 2016, at 2:30 a.m. local time.


title: Figueirense F.C.

paragraphs: Figueirense Futebol Clube, also known as Figueirense, is a Brazilian football team in Florianópolis, Santa Catarina.

paragraphs: In 1921, the club was founded as Figueirense Football Club.

paragraphs: In 1932 the team won their first state championship.

paragraphs: From 1935 to 1937, Figueirense was three times in a row Catarinense champion.

paragraphs: In 1973, Figueirense was the first team of Santa Catarina state in Campeonato Brasileiro Série A.

paragraphs: In 1987, the club played at Campeonato Catarinense Second Division, and won the promotion to the First Division.

paragraphs: In 2001, the club was Campeonato Brasileiro Second Division runner-up, and was promoted to the following year's First Division.

paragraphs: From 2002 to 2004, Figueirense was three times in a row Campeonato Catarinense champion.

paragraphs: The stadium of Figueirense is Estádio Orlando Scarpelli. It was built in 1961. Its a maximum capacity is 19,908 people.


title: C Sharp (programming language)

paragraphs: C# (pronounced "see sharp") is a computer programming language. It is developed by Microsoft. It was created to use all capacities of .NET platform. The first version was released in 2001. The most recent version is C# 8.0, which was released in September 2019. C# is a modern language. C#'s development team is led by Anders Hejlsberg, the creator of Delphi.

paragraphs: Today, C# can be run on most platforms (Windows, Linux, etc.) without changing the source code. C# can be run on the Xbox 360 platform with a special framework.

paragraphs: C# code is similar to C++ and Java code. The CLR (Common Language Runtime) is needed in order to run a C# program.

paragraphs: * This program asks for input from the user, i.e. a name. It then prints "Hello [name]", replacing [name] with whatever the person typed in.

paragraphs: C# can be edited in a number of IDEs (Integrated Development Environments), some of which are listed below:


title: Wilmington, North Carolina

paragraphs: Wilmington is a city in New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States.

paragraphs: The population was around at 96,000 during 2006;. It is the county seat of New Hanover County. It was named in honor of Spencer Compton, the Earl of Wilmington, who was Prime Minister at the same time as George II was King of England.

paragraphs: It was the site of the 1898 insurrection where many white people killed African-American politicians in the city. It is seen as the only coup d'état on American soil.


title: Plantation Key

paragraphs: Plantation Key is an island in Monroe County, Florida, United States. It is in the upper Florida Keys on U.S. Route 1 (or the "Overseas Highway"), between Key Largo and Windley Key.


title: Oak Island, North Carolina

paragraphs: Oak Island, North Carolina is a town mostly on Oak Island (which also contains the town of Caswell Beach and the North Carolina Baptist Assembly at Fort Caswell) in Brunswick County, North Carolina; a small part of the town extends onto the mainland north of the island's bridge. 6,571 people lived there at the 2000 census. It was founded in 1999 by the consolidation of the towns of Long Beach and Yaupon Beach. Its main industry is tourism; the town has about 30,000-40,000 people in the summer.


title: Avegno, Switzerland

paragraphs: Avegno was a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008, Avegno and Gordevio merged to form the new municipality of Avegno Gordevio.

paragraphs: In 1982, the Swiss Heritage Society gave the Wakker Prize to Avegno for the saving of its historical buildings.


title: Wakker Prize

paragraphs: The Wakker Prize (in German: "Wakkerpreis", in French "Prix Wakker") is given every year by the Swiss Heritage Society to a municipality of Switzerland for the making and saving of its historical buildings.

paragraphs: In 2005, the prize was given to the Swiss Federal Railways, rather than a municipality.

paragraphs: The prize is named for Henri-Louis Wakker.


title: Ehrendingen

paragraphs: Ehrendingen is a municipality of the district Baden in the canton of Aargau in Switzerland.


title: Barbengo

paragraphs: Barbengo is a former municipality until 2008, when it was moved to the municipality of Lugano and in the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Bedano

paragraphs: Bedano is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Bedigliora

paragraphs: Bedigliora is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Hurricane Fabian

paragraphs: Hurricane Fabian was a powerful Cape Verde-type hurricane that hit Bermuda in early September during the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. Fabian was the sixth named storm, fourth hurricane, and first major hurricane of the season.

paragraphs: Fabian developed from a tropical wave in the tropical Atlantic Ocean on August 25. It moved west-northwestward under the influence of the subtropical ridge to its north, and steadily strengthened in an area of warm water temperatures and light wind shear. The hurricane attained a peak intensity of 145 mph (230 km/h) on September 1, and it slowly weakened as it turned northward. On September 5, Fabian made a direct hit on the island of Bermuda with wind speeds of over 120 mph (195 km/h). After passing the island, the hurricane turned to the northeast, and became extratropical on September 8.

paragraphs: Fabian was the strongest hurricane to hit Bermuda since Hurricane Arlene in 1963. It was both the most damaging and the first hurricane to cause a death on the island since 1926. The hurricane's powerful winds resulted in moderate damage and destroyed roofs throughout the island. A strong storm surge associated with the hurricane killed four people crossing a causeway on Bermuda, temporarily closing the only link between two islands. The endangered Bermuda Petrel, better known as the Cahow, was threatened by the hurricane, which destroyed ten nests, although volunteer work transported the species to a safer location. Strong swells resulted in damage in northern Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, and also caused four people to drown along the United States' Atlantic coast. In all, Fabian caused around $300 million (2003 USD, $357 million in damage and eight deaths.

paragraphs: Because the devastating affects in Bermuda the name Fabian was retired. It was replaced by Fred in 2009.


title: Bedretto

paragraphs: Bedretto is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: High five

paragraphs: A high five is a hand gesture done with two people who want to express joy over an common achievement. The five refers to the five fingers on each hand.

paragraphs: It might mean "Good Job!". High fives are not done because a person is mad at someone else, even though doing one may hurt.

paragraphs: To do a high five, both people open one hand and raise it, and slap them together. It is morally wrong to slap someone in the face, instead of the hand. Sometimes this is confusing.

paragraphs: Depending on the situation, a high-five may be changed to a slap-n-slide of the palms.


title: Revolver (Beatles album)

paragraphs: Revolver is a 1966 album by British rock band The Beatles. It was their 7th album. Its front cover is a , designed by Klaus Voormann, an artist friend of the Beatles from Germany.

paragraphs: The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios in London, England. While most of the Beatles's records were made in Studio Two, it was being used for another project, so much of "Revolver" was made in Studio Three, which was much smaller and meant for use by soloists. Space was cramped, and the sound of the record was different from their earlier ones.

paragraphs: The album also got a different from earlier Beatles albums. The band felt free to "branch out" into new themes and ideas, that nobody had tried in a pop music recording before. "Taxman" commented on the tax system in England. "Eleanor Rigby" was about . "Yellow Submarine" became a hit with children. "Good Day Sunshine" and "Got to Get You Into My Life" were covered by other bands.

paragraphs: A few of the songs made references to drugs, particularly John Lennon's songs. "She Said She Said" was about a party in Los Angeles the Beatles had gone to, and had taken LSD. "Doctor Robert" was about a New York doctor (Charles Roberts) who sedatives and "feel-good" drugs for his patients. "Tomorrow Never Knows" came from Lennon's reading "The Psychedelic Experience", which adapted the "Tibetan Book of the Dead" as a drug-user's guide.

paragraphs: Beatles lead guitarist George Harrison was pleased to have three of his own songs included on "Revolver", "Taxman", "Love You To", and "I Want to Tell You". Most Beatles albums only had one or two Harrison songs. "Love You To" did not feature guitars, but Harrison instead played a sitar. World-famous sitarist Ravi Shankar heard the song, but did not like it, and offered to teach Harrison to play sitar properly. Shankar and Harrison went on to become lifelong friends.

paragraphs: Three songs from the album were "borrowed" by Capitol Records in the United States, and used on a compilation album, "Yesterday... and Today", which came out before "Revolver". The songs were "I'm Only Sleeping", "Doctor Robert", and "And Your Bird Can Sing". Capitol Records then released "Revolver" in a shortened version. The compact disc edition for sale today follows the original British version.

paragraphs: "Revolver" came out while the Beatles were on a concert tour. Bands normally perform songs from their latest album as a part of a concert. Strangely, the Beatles did not perform any "Revolver" songs on tour, but instead played the same music as on earlier tours. This got them criticism from some listeners. The tour also turned out to be the band's last. They played their final public concert in San Francisco, California on August 29, 1966.


title: Besazio

paragraphs: Besazio is a former municipality of the district of Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Besazio, Ligornetto and Meride merged into the municipality of Mendrisio.


title: Rip current

paragraphs: A rip current is a strong surface flow of water returning outward from near the shore (not to be confused with an undertow). It is often mistakenly called a "rip tide" or "riptide", which is a flow of water out of an inland lagoon or channel during an ebb tide. Colloquially a rip current is known simply as a rip. Although rip currents would exist even without the tides, tides can make an existing rip much more dangerous (especially low tide). Typical flow is at 0.5 meters per second (1-2 feet per second), and can be as fast as 2.5 meters per second (8 feet per second). Rip currents can move to different locations on a beach break, up to tens of metres (a few hundred feet) a day. They can happen at any beach with breaking waves, including the world's oceans, seas, and large lakes such as the Great Lakes in Canada and the United States.


title: Bidogno

paragraphs: Bidogno was a municipality of the district Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 20 April 2008 the former municipalities of Bidogno, Corticiasca and Lugaggia joined together and became the municipality of Capriasca.


title: Biasca

paragraphs: Biasca is the capital of the district Riviera in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The municipality lies at the entrance to the Blenio valley, 19 km north of Bellinzona, on the banks of the Brenno. About 3 km east of Biasca is the small lake of Carigiolo. The villages of Loderio, Ponte, Pontirone, Sant'Anna, and Valle are a part of Biasca.

paragraphs: Roman coins has been found in Biasca, which means that it had people living in it in old times.

paragraphs: The church of Biasca has sculptures and paintings from the 1400s and 1500s. It was built in 1213. A second Catholic church, the Rotonda di San Carlo, is a nice example of the modern building of the Milanese builder Macciacchini.

paragraphs: An avalanche from the Monte Crenone (now called Pizzo Magno) in 1512 buried many houses in Biasca and killed hundreds of people. This was one of the big avalanches in the Alps in modern times. It dammed the Brenno, forming a 14 kilometer long lake. This dam broke in the spring of 1514, flooding the Ticino valley to the Magadino plain.


title: Bioggio

paragraphs: Bioggio is a municipality of the district of Lugano, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: Bioggio was created on 4 April 2004 from the merger of Bosco Luganese and Cimo. On 20 April 2008, Iseo used to be part of the municipality of Bioggio.


title: St. David's Island, Bermuda

paragraphs: St. David's Island is one of the main islands of Bermuda. It is located in the far north of the territory, one of the two similarly sized islands that makeup the majority of St. George's Parish.


title: St. John's International Airport

paragraphs: St. John's International Airport is 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) northwest of St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The airport is part of the National Airports System, and is operated by St. John's International Airport Authority Inc.


title: Capitol Records

paragraphs: Capitol Records is an American major record label based in Hollywood, California. It was founded in 1942 by musician Johnny Mercer, with partners Buddy DeSylva and Glenn Wallichs. The company was later bought by EMI, a company based in England. The buyout gave Capitol's American recording artists an outlet for their records in England and Europe, while EMI's artists could sell their works in America.

paragraphs: Capitol's biggest-selling "imported" artist is The Beatles. When the Beatles had their first hits in England and Europe, Capitol Records did not want to market their recordings. Record producer George Martin turned instead to other American labels, trying to give the Beatles a hit record in America. Their records did not sell well in America at first, but "I Want to Hold Your Hand" became a hit through radio airplay of a British copy. Capitol Records changed their minds, released "I Want to Hold Your Hand", and it became a best-seller. Capitol then became the exclusive record label for the Beatles in America. When Universal Music sold Parlophone (the Beatles' British label) to Warner Music Group, Universal moved the Beatles' music to Capitol Records worldwide.

paragraphs: Capitol's Hollywood headquarters is in a building called the Capitol Tower. It is round, and built to resemble a stack of records. The building houses offices, and also Capitol's own recording studio, with large echo chambers under the building.

paragraphs: Today Capitol Records supervises many smaller record labels. Capitol and UMG are part of a larger company, named Vivendi.


title: Recording studio

paragraphs: A recording studio is a place prepared for the recording of music, or other sound media. Some studios are independent, but many are part of a larger business, like a record label. Independent studios may only record one band or set of performers, but may also lease time to outsiders. Some studios charge an hourly rate, while others charge by the project.

paragraphs: Recording studios are usually divided into three areas: a "live area" (with natural ) for recording groups, a "dead area" (with to prevent reverb and echoes) for vocals and soloists, and a control booth, to house the recording equipment. Studios are usually soundproofed, to keep outside noises from getting into recordings. and other objects are used inside studios, to isolate sound sources. room shapes are also used, to prevent "standing waves" and sound interference.

paragraphs: Early recording studios were not much different from radio studios, and the techniques used were , but this changed over the years. Recordings could present sounds in ways radio could not carry, and radio did not play only recordings, so the shift was natural. When recording was developed in the 1950s, radio stations did not need multitrack equipment, for example. (Today some radio stations have such equipment, but use it to pre-record material.)

paragraphs: After effects were developed, the natural sound of a recording space was ignored by many new studios. The people who operated them depended on effects to create the sound they wanted. Today the trend is back toward good natural sounds, with less processing.


title: Hamilton Parish, Bermuda

paragraphs: Hamilton Parish (originally Bedford Parish) is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It was renamed for Scottish aristocrat James Hamilton, 2nd Marquess of Hamilton (1589-1625) when he purchased the shares originally held in the Virginia Company by Lucy, Countess of Bedford.


title: The Causeway, Bermuda

paragraphs: The Causeway is a narrow strip of reclaimed land and bridges in the north of Bermuda linking Hamilton Parish on the mainland in the southwest and Bermuda International Airport on St. David's Island in St. George's Parish in the northeast, which are otherwise divided by Castle Harbour.


title: Southampton Parish, Bermuda

paragraphs: Southampton Parish is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named for Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton (1573-1624).


title: Joaquín Rodrigo

paragraphs: Joaquín Rodrigo (born Sagunto, Valencia, 22 November 1901; died Madrid, 6 July 1999) was a Spanish composer of classical music and a virtuoso pianist. Although he was blind from an early age, he became one of the most important Spanish composers of the 20th century. He wrote a lot of music for guitar, which helped classical guitar music worldwide to become more popular. His most famous work is a guitar concerto called "Concierto de Aranjuez".

paragraphs: Rodrigo became blind at the age of three after becoming ill with diphtheria. When he was eight he began to learn piano and violin. He also learned the guitar, but never became very good at it, although he was to compose some wonderful music for the instrument.

paragraphs: After studying music in Valencia he went to Paris where he studied with Paul Dukas in Paris. After a short time back in Spain he returned to Paris to study musicology, first under Maurice Emmanuel and then under André Pirro. In 1925 he received Spain's National Prize for Orchestra for his pieces "Cinco piezas infantiles" (Five Children's Pieces). In 1947 Rodrigo became a professor of music history in Madrid, a job that was made especially for him.

paragraphs: Rodrigo’s most famous work, "de Aranjuez", was composed in 1939 in Paris. It is a concerto for solo classical guitar and orchestra. There are three movements. The middle movement is a slow movement with a tune which is played on the cor anglais. It has become one of classical music’s best-loved tunes.

paragraphs: After the success of this piece several other musicians asked him to write concertos for them, e.g. the flautist James Galway, the cellist Julian Lloyd Webber and the guitarist Andrés Segovia, for whom he composed "Fantasía para un gentilhombre" in 1954. Another of his works is called "Concierto Andaluz," for four guitars and orchestra.

paragraphs: In 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the nobility by King Juan Carlos; he was given the title "Marqués de los Jardines de Aranjuez" (Marquis of the Gardens of Aranjuez). He was given the Prince of Asturias Award in 1996, the highest honour a Spanish civilian can get. He was made Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters by the French government in 1998.

paragraphs: He married Victoria Kamhi, a Turkish-born pianist, in 1933. They had a daughter called Cecilia. Rodrigo died in 1999 in Madrid at the age of 97. Joaquín Rodrigo and his wife Victoria are buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez.

paragraphs: Rodrigo composed about 170 works. These include 11 concertos, lots of pieces for choir, songs, piano music and guitar music. Like Manuel de Falla in the early 20th century, Rodrigo became the leading figure in Spanish music in the later part of the century. His music is not like most of the music that was being written in Europe at the time. At first his music was influenced by that of Stravinsky, Ravel and Granados, but later his personality gave it a special Spanish character. He had a lot of knowledge and wrote articles about lots of different arts subjects.


title: St. George's Parish, Bermuda

paragraphs: St. George's Parish is one of the nine parishes of Bermuda. It is named in honour of the patron saint of England, though it is indirectly regarded as being named for the founder of the Bermuda colony, Englishman Admiral Sir George Somers.


title: Cape Breton Island

paragraphs: Cape Breton Island (French: "île du Cap-Breton" - formerly "île Royale", Scottish Gaelic: "Eilean Cheap Breatuinn", Míkmaq: "Únamakika", simply: "Cape Breton") is an island on the Atlantic coast of North America. It likely corresponds to the European word "Breton", referring to Brittany.


title: Focke-Wulf Fw 190

paragraphs: The Fw 190 was a German fighter aircraft made by Focke-Wulf during World War II. It first flew in 1939 and was introduced in 1941. Even though it was not sleek, it could still go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour). It was also called the Shrike and the Butcher Bird.

paragraphs: In 1942, Luftwaffe pilot Armin Faber landed by accident at a British airfield. They were then able to find out things about the aircraft.

paragraphs: The FW 190 was 29 feet (8.84 meters) long, had a wingspan of 34 feet 5.5 inches (10.49 meters), was 13 feet (3.96 meters) high, weighed 7,055 pounds (3,200 kilograms) empty and 10,800 pounds (4,900 kilograms) operational. It could go 408 miles per hour (653 kilometers per hour), could fly up to 37,400 feet (11,410 meters), and could go 560 miles (900 kilometers) without refueling.

paragraphs: FW 109 was 1500 kg heavier than Bf 109. It was also faster (FW 190 A-8 was 16 kph faster than Bf 109 G-6) but it didn't climb as fast as Bf 109 (at 15 m/s compared to 17 m/s of Bf 109). FW 190 was much better armed than Bf 109 - it had 2 machine guns above the engine and four cannons in the wings. Bf 109 had only one cannon and two machine guns.


title: Warriors (book series)

paragraphs: Warriors is a series of fantasy fiction books written by Erin Hunter. The series is about the adventures of wild cats as they try to survive in their forest homes. The series is made up of four mini-series with six books in each series. The first of these, called "Warriors", was released in 2003, starting with the book "Into the Wild". The authors were not planning to write another mini-series, but they eventually began the second mini-series. The second mini-series is titled "Warriors: The New Prophecy" and was published in 2005. The first book was called "Midnight". The first book of the third series "Warriors: The Power of Three", "The Sight", was released on April 24, 2007. The fourth series, "Warriors: Omen of the Stars", began with "The Fourth Apprentice"

paragraphs: Four field guides were also released. They give more information about the Clans that are not mentioned in the series. "Firestar's Quest", a "Super Edition", was released on August 21, 2005. After it, two other super editions were released; Bluestar's Prophecy and SkyClan's Destiny. Several three volume manga series have been printed as well. The title of the first volume was "The Lost Warrior", and followed Graystripe after he was taken away by "twolegs" (humans). The second volume, "Warrior's Refuge", was released on December 26, 2007, and the second book of "Power of Three", "Dark River", was also released December 26, 2007.

paragraphs: The series focuses on a group of cats called ThunderClan. Each mini-series focuses on different characters.

paragraphs: The original series and the first two books of "Warriors: The New Prophecy" are set in a forest that the authors have said was based on the New Forest area of England.

paragraphs: The first six books center around Rusty, a kittypet (housecat) who joins ThunderClan, and finds out that there is a prophecy about him. The second series finds the forest in turmoil. "Twolegs" (humans) are destroying the forest, and a cat from each Clan (there are four) must go on a journey. Then, all the cats must find a new home. This involves mostly Leafpool and Squirrelflight, daughters of Rusty, now called Firestar. The third series, The Power of Three, involves Squirrelflight's "kits", Jaypaw, Hollypaw, and Lionpaw, and the special powers that they have. The next series, Omen of the Stars, came out a while ago. Squirrelflight's"children" discover their true identity and save all the clans.

paragraphs: This mini-series focuses on the young kitten Rusty. In the first book, "Into the Wild", he discovers a kitten named Graypaw in the woods. After a cat named Bluestar asks him to join ThunderClan, Rusty decides to leave his home in the town and join Bluestar's Clan - who she turns out to lead. There, he is given the name Firepaw. Some of his friends include Graypaw, Sandpaw, Dustpaw, and Ravenpaw - they become Graystripe, Sandstorm, and Dustpelt, but Ravenpaw is chased off due to his mentor's evil intentions. Firepaw himself is later named a warrior, Fireheart.

paragraphs: Fireheart finds out that a fellow warrior, Tigerclaw, has killed a cat in ThunderClan because he wanted to take this cat's position. Fireheart reveals this to his Clan in "Forest of Secrets". Tigerclaw is then forced away from ThunderClan and lives as a lone cat in the forest. However, he is always watching for a chance to take revenge on Fireheart.

paragraphs: However, Tigerclaw then becomes leader of a rival clan, ShadowClan. He tries to get the four Clans to join and form one single Clan called TigerClan. When they refuse, he asks a group of city cats called BloodClan to fight the other Clans. However, this plan fails and Tigerclaw is killed by the leader of BloodClan.

paragraphs: The books in the original "Warriors" series are:

paragraphs: The next mini-series focuses on three cats: Brambleclaw, Squirrelpaw, and Leafpaw of ThunderClan. One night, in a dream, Brambleclaw speaks to the old ThunderClan leader, Bluestar, who tells him to meet with three other cats and to listen to what midnight tells them. He meets Tawnypelt of ShadowClan, Feathertail of RiverClan, and Crowpaw of WindClan, and together with their friends Stormfur and Squirrelpaw, they travel to the "sun-drown-place" (the ocean). There they learn that twolegs (humans) will destroy the forest because they want to build more thunderpaths (roads).

paragraphs: The six cats hurry back, but on the way, they meet some cats in the mountains known as the Tribe of Rushing Water. The tribe is being hunted by a large mountain cat, named Sharptooth. (mountain lion) . And they think that Stormfur is the cat that is foretold to save them. In the end, it is Feathertail, Stormfur's sister, who kills the mountain cat, but she dies on the way. After leaving the tribe, the five remaining cats go home but find that the clans are worse than they had thought. The cats are all starving because the humans are scaring away all the prey and destroying the land. Firestar finally manages to convince the other clan leaders, (Leopardstar of Riverclan, Blackstar of ShadowClan, and Tallstar of Windclan, though he was willing) to come with him, and the four clans travel to a new territory by a lake.

paragraphs: But even though the cats are now safe, the trouble is not over. Squirrelpaw, given her warrior name Squirrelflight, does not trust Brambleclaw because he is friends with his half-brother Hawkfrost, son of Tigerstar and a rogue called Sasha. And Leafpaw falls in love with Crowpaw, now known as Crowfeather. As the cats fight and fall in love, lots of badgers attack ThunderClan, making Leafpaw make the choice to give up Crowfeather and letting Brambleclaw and Squirrelflight realize how much they mean to each other. In "Sunset," Hawkfrost wants to kill Firestar so Brambleclaw can become leader. Brambleclaw realizes that he is more loyal to Firestar than to his half-brother, and he kills Hawkfrost to save his leader.

paragraphs: This series is about three cats - Jaypaw, Hollypaw, and Lionpaw. They are the kits Squirrelflight and Brambleclaw and they are also grandchildren of Firestar.

paragraphs: These three kittens are about to be ThunderClan apprentices. Hollypaw wants to be a medicine cat, and Jaypaw and Lionpaw will train to be warriors. However, Jaypaw is blind, and training to be a warrior will be hard for him. Eventually Hollypaw and Jaypaw switch roles after StarClan, the warrior ancestors, tell Jaypaw he needs to become a medicine cat. A few moons later, Lionpaw begins secretly meeting a WindClan apprentice, Heatherpaw while being trained by Tigerstar. Heatherpaw finds a set of secret tunnels under the ground and she and Lionpaw meet in them. Hollypaw finds out about this, and she and her friend Cinderpaw try to stop him from going to the tunnels. He eventually realizes that it is wrong to meet a cat from another clan, and breaks off the friendship. Then, three WindClan kittens get lost in the tunnels and Heatherpaw, Lionpaw, Hollypaw, Jaypaw, and Breezepaw have to save them.

paragraphs: In "Outcast", the Tribe of Rushing Water is in danger from another band of cats in the mountains. Firestar sends the original New Prophecy cats, plus some extras, to the mountains to try to help them. Jaypaw meets the Tribe of Endless Hunting, the tribe’s ancestors, and realizes that the tribe is not all that different. In Eclipse, WindClan is not happy about ThunderClan taking in non-clan cats, so all four clans battle(Thunder and Shadow VS. Wind and River) and the fighting is only stopped by an eclipse. A strange cat named Sol had predicted it, and Jaypaw thinks Sol is very powerful. After the battle, Hollypaw and Lionpaw get their warrior names, Hollyleaf and Lionblaze.

paragraphs: Sol tries to become powerful within the clans by convincing ShadowClan to stop believing in the Warrior code. Jaypaw, Hollyleaf, and Lionblaze fake a sign from StarClan with TawnyPelt's kits Help to make Blackstar believe in his warrior ancestors again. Sol is driven out, and Jaypaw, after saving ThunderClan from a greencough, is given his medicine cat name, Jayfeather. When the clan is in the camp, a fire starts, and the three are trapped on a cliff. Squirrelflight tries to save them, but a warrior called Ashfur blocks the way. It turns out he was mad that Squirrelflight chose Brambleclaw to be with her and not him. In order to save the three, Squirrelflight has to tell Ashfur an important secret - Jayfeather, Lionblaze, and Hollyleaf are not her kittens. Ashfur wants to tell all the clans, so right before the gathering, he is found dead in a river. The cats think Sol did it, so some of them go on a trip to a Twolegplace, find him, and take him back to ThunderClan. Meanwhile, Jayfeather is trying to find out who his mother is. After finding some clues, he realizes that she is Leafpool, and his father is Crowfeather. Hollyleaf is very mad upon hearing this, and she herself tells the cats at the gathering about it. She also tells her brothers that she killed Ashfur to protect them. Then to escape what she did, she runs into one of the tunnels and it collapses.

paragraphs: The authors have said that a fourth six-book series called "Omen of the Stars" is going to be written. Book 1 is called the "Fourth Apprentice" It is based on Dovekit and Ivykit, the daughters of Whitewing and Birchfall and the granddaughters of Cloudtail and Brightheart. It is out in stores now. The second book is called Fading Echoes. This book is out now. It is available for people to read. And the third book, Night Whispers, is now also available at book stores. The fourth book, Sign Of the Moon, is now out and available for purchase and the fifth book, The Forgotten Warrior, is now able for purchase.The sixth book, The Last Hope, is out.

paragraphs: Firestar goes on a quest with Sandstorm to save SkyClan.

paragraphs: Tallstar sets out on a quest for revenge outside the borders of the warrior code.

paragraphs: Mistystar discovers a shocking secret about RiverClan after she becomes leader.

paragraphs: "Secrets of the Clans" has a list of herbs, all four camp tours, maps, stories, mythology, clan histories, prophecies, and a catspeak:humanspeak glossary.

paragraphs: "Cats of the Clans" has biographies and drawings of most important Warriors characters.

paragraphs: "Code of the Clans" explains the reasons behind all the rules of the warrior code using 15 short stories.

paragraphs: "Battles of the Clans" explains all of the clans' battle moves.

paragraphs: "Enter the Clans" is "Secrets of the Clans" and "Code of the Clans" in one book.

paragraphs: There is a three book manga series based on what happened to Graystripe between the time that he was taken by "twolegs" in "Dawn" until he returned to ThunderClan in "The Sight".

paragraphs: This series follows the life of Sasha, a kittypet who is forced to leave her home and who falls in love with a dangerous clan cat, Tigerstar.

paragraphs: This manga series features Ravenpaw, a former apprentice of Thunderclan, and his adventures to take back his home from former Bloodclan cats.

paragraphs: This graphic novel follows SkyClan four seasons after SkyClan's Destiny, and features Leafstar's experience having kits while leading her Clan through Sol's regime in SkyClan.

paragraphs: A small kitten named Tiny eventually becomes the feared leader of BloodClan.

paragraphs: Written by Vicky Holmes for a tour, a play entitled "After" Sunset": We Need to Talk" was first premiered on April 28, 2007 at the Secret Garden bookstore in Seattle, Washington. It shows a meeting between Leafpool of ThunderClan and Crowfeather of WindClan after the events of "Sunset". The script was released to the public at www.warriorcats.com, the official site for the "Warriors" series. In 2009, another short play called "Brightspirit's Mercy" was released. This play was about the ThunderClan cat Jayfeather helping the other clans even though it is against the warrior code. This play was also released at www.warriorcats.com.


title: Tsar Bomba

paragraphs: Tsar Bomba, the nickname for the AN602 H-bomb, was the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever used. It was originally tested by the Soviet Union on October 30, 1961. It was a three stage H-bomb.

paragraphs: This bomb is also called the "Father of Bombs".

paragraphs: The explosion had a power of 56,000,000 tonns of TNT (56 Megatonns). The Tsar Bomb was actually designed as a 100 Megatonn-Bomb. But as there were problems to detonate a bomb as strong as 100,000,000 tonns of TNT, the Soviet Union technicians reduced its power to 56 Megatonns.

paragraphs: The testing site of the nuclear bomb was Novaya Zemlya. There was not much fallout because the bomb was detonated at height.

paragraphs: The bomb was dropped by a Soviet bomber, the Tupolev Tu-95. This was the only plane in the world which could carry the bomb. When the bomb exploded, the bomber fell one Kilometer in height from the huge blast wave.


title: 243 Ida

paragraphs: 243 Ida is a Main belt asteroid with pictures taken by the "Galileo" spacecraft on August 28, 1993. It was the first binary asteroid to be found and is a member of the Koronis family of asteroids.

paragraphs: Ida was found by Johann Palisa on September 29, 1884 in Vienna. It is named after Ida, a Cretan nymph in Greek mythology who lived on a mountain that has her name (see Mount Ida, Crete).

paragraphs: Ida has a small moon, Dactyl, which was found on February 17, 1994 by "Galileo" mission member Ann Harch, while examining the delayed image downloads. The moon was given the designation S/1993 (243) 1 and later named (243) Ida I Dactyl. The pictures where it was first seen were taken on 28 August 1993, hence the designation. The moon was reported on 12 March 1994.

paragraphs: Dactyl is only 1.4 km in diameter. Some researchers believe that Dactyl formed from debris blown off from Ida because of cratering, while others suggest that Ida and Dactyl formed as a pair a billion or more years ago when Ida's parent body was disrupted. Both of these theories present difficulties that are unresolved at this time. Since Dactyl was found, other sightings have suggested that asteroid moons are common.

paragraphs: Although Ida's dimensions, measured along the principal axes (based on its rotation) are 53.6×24.0×15.2 km, the best-fit ellipsoid measures 60.0×25.2×18.6 km. Since its mass is well known thanks to its little moon, one can calculate that its surface gravity can be between 0.0031 and 0.0324 m/s². The rotation axis is within one degree of the shorter dimension axis, which means the centrifugal effect can reach a value as high as 0.0042 m/s² — at the tips of its longest axes, Ida is actually under tension.


title: Bironico

paragraphs: Bironico was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the municipalities of Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become a new municipality, Monteceneri.


title: Bissone

paragraphs: Bissone is a municipality of the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Bodio

paragraphs: Bodio is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Bogno

paragraphs: Bogno is a former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.


title: Borgnone

paragraphs: Borgnone is a former municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Borgnone, Intragna and Palagnedra merged into the new municipality of Centovalli.


title: Principality of Khachen

paragraphs: The Principality of Khachen () was a medieval Armenian principality, in part of historical Artsakh (present-day Nagorno-Karabakh). The regions of Artsakh and Utik were provinces of the Kingdom of Armenia in Antiquity. From the twelfth century the Khachen principality dominated the region. The Byzantine emperor Constantine VII addressed his letters to the prince of Khachen with the inscription "To Prince of Khachen, Armenia." Today the region is recognised to be part of Azerbaijan.


title: Therapy

paragraphs: Therapy, in the medical field also called treatment, is what people do to try to solve or care for a health problem, physical or mental. When a person is ill or injured, a doctor may make a medical diagnosis and then recommend a therapy to try to make the person well. The therapy can be, for example, medications (drugs), surgery or a change of diet.

paragraphs: A person who does therapy as a job is called a therapist. There are many kinds of therapists. for example:

paragraphs: Medical treatments may have four results:


title: 253 Mathilde

paragraphs: 253 Mathilde is a main belt asteroid found by Johann Palisa in 1885. It has a fairly elliptical orbit that takes more than four years to circle the Sun. This asteroid has an unusually slow rate of rotation, taking 17.4 days to complete a 360° revolution about its axis. It is a primitive C-type asteroid, which means the surface has lots of carbon; giving it a dark surface that reflects only 4% of the light that falls on it.

paragraphs: This asteroid was visited by the NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft during June 1997, on its way to asteroid 433 Eros. The spacecraft took pictures of one side of the asteroid, finding many big craters that have gouged out depressions in the surface. It is currently the biggest asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft, and the first C-type asteroid to be so explored.

paragraphs: 253 Mathilde is very dark. The asteroid has a number of very big craters, with the individual craters being named for coal fields and basins around the world. The two biggest craters, Ishikari (29.3 km) and Karoo (33.4 km), are as wide as the asteroid's average radius. The impacts appear to have blown big volumes off the asteroid, as suggested by the angular edges of the craters.

paragraphs: The density measured by NEAR Shoemaker, 1,300 kg/m³, is less than half that of a normal carbonaceous chondrite; this may indicate that the asteroid is very loosely packed rubble pile (an asteroid that has been broken apart by a collision and pulled back together by gravity). The same is true of several C-type asteroids studied by ground-based telescopes with adaptive optics systems (45 Eugenia, 90 Antiope, 87 Sylvia and 121 Hermione). Up to 50% of the volume inside of 253 Mathilde has open space. However, the existence of a 20-km-long scarp may indicate that the asteroid does have some structural strength, so it could contain some big internal components. The low interior density is an inefficient transmitter of impact shock through the asteroid, which also helps to preserve the surface features to a high degree.

paragraphs: Mathilde's orbit is eccentric, taking it to the farther reaches of the Main belt. Nonetheless, the orbit lies between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter; it does not cross the planetary orbits. It also has one of the slowest rotation periods of the known asteroids — most asteroids have a rotation period in the range of 2 – 24 hours. Because of the slow rotation rate, NEAR Shoemaker was only able to take pictures of 60% of the asteroid's surface. The slow rate of rotation may been accounted for by a moon orbiting the asteroid, but a search of the NEAR images revealed none bigger than 10 km in diameter out to 20 times the radius of 253 Mathilde.


title: Yōkai

paragraphs: Yōkai are creature in old Japanese stories, such as oni, kappa, or tengu. They have mysterious supernatural powers. There are thousands of yōkai. In the Edo period, yōkai were characters in story books. Recently, many new yōkai have been made. There is even a yōkai dictionary. The yōkai are monsters or ghosts in Japanese tradition. In the past people believed they caused disease, accidents, and natural disasters. People were often scared of them.

paragraphs: The most famous yōkai are Tengu, Oni (Japanese ogre), and Kyubi no Kitsune (a fox with nine tails). When some people and animals are filled with hate, they became yōkai. For example, Sutoku. Sutoku (Japanese ancient emperor) died filled with hate. Then, he became a Tengu and caused a disaster. Also, a cat which lived too long time became Nekomata.

paragraphs: Recently, yōkai are familiar with people as subculture in Japan.

paragraphs: In recent decades, the yōkai have been frequently depicted in Japanese fiction and media, particularly in horror or fantasy-themed works, such as in manga, anime and films, as well as in videogames, a notable example of this is the manga "GeGeGe no Kitarō", written by mangaka Shigeru Mizuki, of which is entirely based on the "yōkai" myth. Other examples includes the manga series "Death Note", "Pet Shop of Horrors", "Good Luck Girl!", light novel "Ghost Hunt", the 2011 animated film "A Letter to Momo" and RPG videogame franchise "Yo-kai Watch".


title: Stamp album

paragraphs: A stamp album is a book, often loose-leafed (with its papers not attached to the book, but hanging loose inside), in which a collection of postage stamps may be stored and displayed. There are also stamp albums in the form of binders.

paragraphs: Many collectors buy preprinted (already printed) albums and pages, which are made and sold. The usual format is to print a black-and-white picture of the stamp in each space. Album pages are almost always one-sided pages.

paragraphs: Stamp hinges are used by stamp collectors to put postage stamps onto the pages of the stamp album.


title: Stamp collector

paragraphs: A stamp collector or philatelist collects postage stamps as a hobby. Stamp collectors normally keep the stamps in books called stamp albums. A philatelist can study various aspects of definitive stamps and other types of stamps, cancellations, and other philatelic materials.

paragraphs: There are many stamp collecting clubs around the world. Belonging to a stamp club or philatelic society has many advantages. For example, Royal Philatelic Society of Canada members receive magazines, can get help with questions through phone support, and purchase insurance for their collections at a discounted group rate.


title: Pansexuality

paragraphs: Pansexual people are people attracted to people regardless of their gender. This is similar to many bisexual people. The word "pansexual" comes from the Greek word 'pan-', meaning "all".

paragraphs: Pansexuality is one of the many sexualities from the LGBT community. Although the sexuality overlaps with bisexuality, both labels are accepted as long as the person is comfortable and respects the other equally.

paragraphs: Originally, Sigmund Freud invented the word "pansexual". It meant attraction to all ages and species - pedophilia and zoophilia. The definition has changed since then.

paragraphs: Pansexuality is often described as ‘attraction to people regardless of gender (including those who may not identify as boys or girls or as men or women, or to those who are intersex, genderfluid, etc.) pansexuality can also be described as "gender blind".

paragraphs: Some may describe it as "gender blind" because those who identify as pansexual do not consider gender important when they are attracted to others.

paragraphs: Pansexuality is considered the opposite of asexuality, as pansexuality means a person may be sexually attracted to anyone regardless of their gender identity, but asexuality means a person is sexually attracted to no one. However, pansexuals are not necessarily sexually attracted to everyone they meet, nor do they necessarily have strong sex drives.

paragraphs: The pansexual colors from the pride flag all have different meanings, pink meaning women, blue, men, and yellow for people (for an example) of a non-binary gender, such as agender, bigender or genderfluid.


title: Adverse effect (medicine)

paragraphs: In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect that results from a therapy like medication, chemotherapy, surgery or other intervention. An adverse effect may be called a "side-effect" (when it is less important than the therapeutic effect).

paragraphs: It may result from an unsuitable or incorrect dosage or procedure (which could be caused by medical error). Some adverse effects happen only at the beginning or a change of a treatment.

paragraphs: In many countries, adverse effects have to be reported and researched in clinical trials and included into the patient information accompanying medical devices and drugs for sale to the public.


title: Technosexuality

paragraphs: Technosexuality is a word used to mean two things:

paragraphs: Sometimes "technosexual" is used as an insult, implying that someone would prefer a sex toy to an actual sexual partner.

paragraphs: The Calvin Klein company trademarked the term "technosexual" in 2005.

paragraphs: 'i-wear' (or 'e-wear') is "intelligent" clothing that joins fashion with technology. i-wear was born out of the collaboration between European fashion designers and computer technicians. i-wear is a step made towards technologizing a person's fashion, and in this sense, a person can be more as a part of technosexuality.


title: Antisexuality

paragraphs: Antisexualism, sex-negativity or antisexuality is opposition or hostility towards sexual behavior and sexuality.

paragraphs: Some forms of early ascetic Gnosticism held all matter to be evil, and that unnecessary gratifications of the physical senses were to be avoided. Married couples were encouraged to be celibate. The Skoptsys were a radical sect of the Russian Orthodox Church that practiced castration and amputation of sexual organs. The Skoptsy believed that Christ had been castrated during his crucifixion, and it was this castration that brought about salvation.

paragraphs: The Shakers was a radical Protestant sect that opposed procreation and all sexual activity. The Shakers were more opposed to pregnancy than anything else.

paragraphs: John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of corn flakes breakfast cereal, was opposed to all forms of sexual activity, especially masturbation. "The Road to Wellville" satirized his life and practices. Father Divine, founder of the International Peace Mission Movement, advocated religious abstinence from sex and marriage and taught that sexual objectification is a root cause of undesirable social and political conditions.

paragraphs: The Anti-Flirt Club, set up in the United States during the interwar period, was set up in order to protect women from unwanted advances from men.

paragraphs: A popular venue of antisexuals is the Antisex.info (Antisexual Stronghold) website founded by Yuri Nesterenko. He launched a FidoNet-based antisexual community in 1995. While putting forward the slogan "Say No to sex", the spokesmen said that no sexual urges are so violent that they may not be deterred through mental reason, or else transformed through abstinence. Some members of the IAM say they have successfully overcome the desire for sex.


title: Ned Flanders

paragraphs: Nedward "Ned" Flanders (born September 18, 1945) is a character in the animated television series "The Simpsons".

paragraphs: Ned Flanders and his son Todd first appeared in the season one episode "Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire", which was the series first episode. The first episode in which Flanders and his family were seen is season two's "Dead Putting Society", which also showed the first appearance of Maude and Rod Flanders.

paragraphs: Flanders was named after Flanders St. in Portland, Oregon, the hometown of "Simpsons" creator Matt Groening. Groening wanted Flanders as "just a guy who was truly nice, that Homer had no justifiable reason to loathe, but then did." It was not until after the first few episodes that it was decided Flanders would be a faithful Christian. Mike Scully said that Flanders is "everything Homer would love to be, although he'll never admit it." Flanders had originally been meant to just be a neighbor that Homer was jealous of, but Harry Shearer used "such a sweet voice" and Flanders was planned to become a Christian and a sweet guy that someone would choose to live next to over Homer.

paragraphs: Ned's "unbearable niceness" has been described as ""The Simpsons"<nowiki>'</nowiki> worst comment about religion. Although Flanders was meant to be only a character making fun of Christian right, he has since become a favorite of many Christian viewers. He has been described as "[The United States]' most well-known evangelical." Dr. Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, declared himself as a "Simpsons" fan, and likes Flanders.


title: Mike Scully

paragraphs: Mike Scully (born October 2, 1956 in West Springfield, Massachusetts) is an Emmy Award-winning American television writer best known for his work as show runner of the Fox series "The Simpsons" from 1997 - 2001 (Seasons 9-12).


title: George Meyer

paragraphs: George Meyer is an American producer and screenwriter for the television series "The Simpsons". He is arguably the writer who has done the most to the series over the many years it has been made. In 2000, Meyer was called "the funniest man behind the funniest show on TV" by "The New Yorker".


title: Christian right

paragraphs: The Christian right (known as the religious right in the United States) is the name for right-wing Christian political and social movements. They also exist in other countries, such as Canada. However, the term is most often used in the United States. These groups have a strong support of conservative social and political ideas. Usually, this comes from a belief that the United States was founded on a strong belief in God. It also come from a belief that American laws and policies should be based on what is in the Bible. Members of the Christian right can be from any branch of Christianity, including Catholicism. However, the religious right is most often used with Evangelical Christians, Fundamentalists (such as Born-agains) and Mormons. About 15% of Americans say they are part of the Christian or religious right.

paragraphs: People who have been conservative due to their religion have been in the United States for hundreds of years. For example, the people who put John Scopes on trial would later be called members of the religious right. However, the term first came into use in the 1970s. Jerry Falwell was one of the first people to use it. He and others felt that the country and its institutions (such as schools and colleges) were run by left-wing intellectuals who did not believe in God. They thought that in reality most people believed in God and did not care for left-wing intellectuals. The fight between left-wing intellectuals and the religious right is often called the "culture wars".

paragraphs: Presidents Ronald Reagan, George H. W. Bush and Donald Trump were elected in part due to support from the religious right.

paragraphs: As well as the Christian right, there is something called the Christian left. However, it is not as well-known or powerful.

paragraphs: Here are some issues that the Christian right feels strongly about:

paragraphs: The Christian right became more popular again in the 1970s under Falwell due to abortion. This was in response to the "Roe v. Wade" decision made by the U.S. Supreme Court. Most members of the Christian right feel that life begins at conception. They think that killing a fetus is murder. Therefore they think abortion should be illegal in most or all cases. This is called being "pro-life". Though the right has not been able to get rid of "Roe" (and it is now considered to be a precedent by most judges), they have been successful in making it harder to get abortions in some states.

paragraphs: Many members of the Christian right believe that the Bible says it is bad to be homosexual (gay or lesbian). They used to support sodomy laws. Today, they are mostly against allowing gay marriage. They have had many laws and initiatives passed to stop gay people from marrying (such as California's Proposition 8). Some of these were found to be unconstitutional in the courts. To make stopping gay marriage constitutional, many have pushed for an amendment to the United States constitution to ban gay marriage.

paragraphs: Many members of the Christian right do not believe in evolution, because it goes against the creation story of the Bible. They instead favor creationism or intelligent design. Most biologists believe that evolution is true and that arguments against evolution are weak. In a few places, they have been successful in teaching intelligent design alongside evolution in public schools.

paragraphs: Many members of the Christian right want to allow prayer in public schools and display of things related to Christ in public or government places. As with gay marriage, this has been questioned in the courts, usually due to the freedom of religion clause in the First Amendment.


title: Tress MacNeille

paragraphs: Tress MacNeille (born June 20, 1951) is an American voice actress best known for doing voices on the animated television series "The Simpsons", "Futurama", and "Animaniacs", The Powerpuff Girls". Her most famous characters on "The Simpsons" include Agnes Skinner, Brandine Spuckler and Lindsey Naegle, while her performance as Mom is her most notable "Futurama" role.

paragraphs: She also been the voice of the penguins in the Disney TV Series Club Penguin, and the voice of Daisy Duck.


title: Karl Wiedergott

paragraphs: Karl Wiedergott (born February 8, 1969) is a German actor. He has regularly played various voice roles in the television program "The Simpsons", beginning in 1998. He has also worked on The Simpsons Movie which was released July 27, 2007.


title: Bill Oakley

paragraphs: Bill Oakley (born in 1966) is an American television writer, best known for his work on "The Simpsons". Along with his writing partner Josh Weinstein, Oakley was the executive producer and showrunner during the seventh and eighth seasons. Before serving as the show's executive producers, the pair were hired onto the writing staff during the fourth season. Together, the two wrote episodes such as "Who Shot Mr. Burns?". After leaving "The Simpsons", Oakley and Weinstein created "Mission Hill", "The Mullets", and served as consulting producers on "Futurama".


title: David X. Cohen

paragraphs: David X. Cohen (born July 13, 1966), born David Samuel Cohen, is an American television writer. He has written for "The Simpsons". He also runs and is the main writer for "Futurama".


title: Canterbury Cathedral

paragraphs: Canterbury Cathedral is one of the oldest and most famous churches in England. The cathedral is in Canterbury, Kent. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is also one of the greatest examples of mediaeval Norman architecture in Britain. The cathedral is the official 'seat' of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The archbishop is the leader of the Church of England.

paragraphs: The church was founded by Augustine of Canterbury in 597 AD. The present version was built on the remains of the old Saxon church by Lanfranc, starting in 1066. Lanfranc, the first Norman Archbishop, was put in position by William the Conqueror. His cathedral was dedicated in 1077. The architecture of the present cathedral is basically Romanesque, with many later repairs and additions. The nave (where the congregation sits) was rebuilt in the 14th century with newly discovered building methods. The new style of English Gothic architecture ('perpendicular') gave the building greater height and larger windows.

paragraphs: The cathedral area, called the precinct, has walls all around it, just as the centre of Canterbury was a walled city. Much of this is still standing. The cathedral precinct includes many other buildings: a school, a conference building, a number of houses and a Palace. The Deanery is where the Dean of Canterbury lives: he is the manager of the Cathedral. The Dean and Chapter (a committee) take the decisions; the Archbishop's job is to run the Anglican Church.

paragraphs: The cathedral costs £12,000 a day to run and repair, and there are no government grants. Because of this, fund-raising is one of the Dean's main jobs. The cathedral is a working church. On Sundays there are six services (of different kinds). On weekdays there are three services. These are free of any entry charge. Tourists visiting pay a fee to see the cathedral when there is no service.

paragraphs: The cathedral has seen every important change in English life for 1400 years. It was where Thomas Becket was murdered by the soldiers of Henry II, after Henry asked, supposedly, "Who will rid me of this turbulent priest?" Beckett was the second Archbishop of Canterbury to be murdered. The first was St. Alphege in 1012, the third was Thomas Cranmer, in 1533.

paragraphs: Canterbury Cathedral, the ruins of St Augustine's Abbey and St Martin's Church were together named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1988. As a group, they are buildings which show the development of Christianity in Britain.


title: Bosco Gurin

paragraphs: Bosco Gurin or Bosco/Gurin (Walser German: "Gurin" / "Guryn", Lombard: "Bosch" / "Gürin") is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. It is the only municipality in Ticino where German is a co-official language.


title: Brione (Verzasca)

paragraphs: Brione is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Brione sopra Minusio

paragraphs: Brione sopra Minusio is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Brissago

paragraphs: Brissago is a municipality of the district of Locarno in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Brusino Arsizio

paragraphs: Brusino Arsizio is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Bruzella

paragraphs: Bruzella was a municipality of the district Mendrisio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 25 October 2009 the former municipalities of Bruzella, Cabbio, Caneggio, Morbio Superiore, Muggio and Sagno merged into the new municipality of Breggia.


title: Second-in-command

paragraphs: The Second-in-Command (2i/c or 2IC) is the second commander, the person that is in charge after the commander, of any British Army or British Royal Marines unit/group. He or she is the same as an Executive Officer in the United States Army. This term or word is also used in many other Commonwealth militaries.

paragraphs: The Second-in-Command of a group is usually a Major. The Second-in-Command of a smaller group is usually a Captain (although infantry groups' Second-in-Command's were usually Lieutenants until after the Second World War), the Second-in-Command of an even smaller group is the Sergeant of the group, and the Second-in-Command of a section is usually a Lance Corporal.

paragraphs: In the Royal Navy the second-in-command of a vessel or ship is known as the First Lieutenant or Executive Officer.

paragraphs: "Second-in-command" is a term/word used, usually as a joke, for any deputy or person that is right below the commander. Its basic meaning is "someone that relieves a commander".


title: Cademario

paragraphs: Cademario is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the Swiss canton of Ticino.


title: Cadempino

paragraphs: Cadempino is a municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Cadenazzo

paragraphs: Cadenazzo is a municipality of the district of Bellinzona, in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Cadro

paragraphs: Cadro is a former municipality of the district of Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 14 April 2013 the former municipalities of Bogno, Cadro, Carona, Certara, Cimadera, Valcolla and Sonvico merged into the city of Lugano.


title: Calpiogna

paragraphs: Calpiogna is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.


title: Camignolo

paragraphs: Camignolo was a municipality in Lugano in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 21 November 2010 the former municipalities Bironico, Camignolo, Medeglia, Rivera and Sigirino joined together to become one new municipality called Monteceneri.


title: Camorino

paragraphs: Camorino was a municipality, in the municipality of Bellinzona and the district of Bellinzona in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Campello, Switzerland

paragraphs: Campello is a municipality of the district of Leventina in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland. On 1 April 2012 the former municipalities of Anzonico, Calpiogna, Campello, Cavagnago, Chironico, Mairengo and Osco merged to form the municipality of Faido.


title: Vicente Blasco Ibañez

paragraphs: Vicente Blasco Ibáñez (29 January 1867-28 January 1928) was a Spanish realist novelist writing in Spanish, a screenwriter and occasional film director.


title: Pistoia

paragraphs: Pistoia is a city in the Tuscany region of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Pistoia. The city is about west and north of Florence.

paragraphs: "Pistoria", the old Latin name of Pistoia, was a Gallic, Ligurian and Etruscan city. After the city became a Roman colony in the 6th century BC, it was a place for activities or trades. Near the end of the 6th century, the city was captured by troops of the Lombardic king. The city did very well under the control of the Lombards. In 1177, Pistoia chose to become a free commune. In the following years, it became an important political centre. It built walls and several public and religious buildings.

paragraphs: In 1254 Pistoia was captured by troops from Florentine. Pistoia stayed a Florentine city except for few years in the 14th century, when Castruccio Castracani captured it for Lucca. It was annexed to (made a part of) Florence in 1530. During the 14th century Ormanno Tedici was one of the Lords of the city.

paragraphs: Dante mentioned the town in his Divina Commedia. Michelangelo called the people of Pistoia the "enemies of heaven".

paragraphs: The large Piazza del Duomo is connected near to other famous buildings, for example the " Palazzo del Comune" and the "Palazzo del Podestà". In July, the "Giostra dell'Orso" ("Bear Joust") takes place in the square. At the joust, horsemen try to strike a target held by a dummy shaped like a bear. The 14th century Baptistry, in Gothic style is also in the square.

paragraphs: The "Palazzo dei Vescovi" ("Bishops' Palace") includes a loggia in gothic style.


title: Seleute

paragraphs: Seleute was a municipality, in the new municipality of Clos du Doubs and district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Vendlincourt

paragraphs: Vendlincourt is a municipality of the district of Porrentruy in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Bassecourt

paragraphs: Bassecourt is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Bassecourt, Courfaivre, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged to form the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.


title: Boécourt

paragraphs: Boécourt is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Bourrignon

paragraphs: Bourrignon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Châtillon, Jura

paragraphs: Châtillon is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Trans fat

paragraphs: Trans fat is a type of unsaturated fat. Trans fat is often produced in higher amounts in factories when manufacturing certain processed foods such as margarine. Trans fat occurs in nature only very rarely, found in small amounts in meat and milk fat. When vegetable oils are heated or when they are "hydrogenated", trans fats are made. Hydrogenation is the process of bubbling hydrogen gas through the oil to change its consistency. The bubbling raises the melting point of the oil. As the hydrogen passes through, the oil begins to become solid. By stopping the hydrogenation part of the way through, manufacturers obtain "partially hydrogenated oil". This is similar to butter, but much cheaper to produce. It is sold as "margarine", "oleo" or "vegetable shortening". The process allows cheaply adding a butter-like consistency to food products.

paragraphs: Trans fat is bad for human health and has been linked to a number of problems including: coronary heart disease, cancer, diabetes, obesity, liver dysfunction, and infertility. Healthy oils are always liquid at the temperature of blood. Saturated and trans fats are not.

paragraphs: There has yet to be a study which shows that trans fat is good for human health in any way. Since scientists and nutritionists now know the health issues related to eating trans fats, trans fats are being used less but there are still some in commercial food products.

paragraphs: For some time, the US government's "Food and Drug Administration" allowed makers of food products to label their products as having "0 grams of trans fat per serving" as long as the amount of trans fat in the food product falls below 0.5 grams per serving. Since partially hydrogenated oils are the major source of trans fat, reading the "ingredients" label is the safest way to ensure that a food does not contain any trans fat at all. Fried foods will likely, but not necessarily, contain trans fat since fried foods are produced by using very hot oil.

paragraphs: In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration began to gradually stop the use of trans fats in all foods. It said there is no safe amount that should be in food eaten by humans.

paragraphs: In June 2015, the FDA issued a final statement. It says there is no agreement by scientists that artificial trans fatty acids are safe for any use in human food. Trans fat must be taken out of all food production within three years (by June 2018). The FDA says the ban will cost the food industry $6.2 billion over 20 years. The food industry must use new formulas and recipes using ingredients without trans fat. The benefits will be about $140 billion over 20 years. This will be mostly from lower health care costs. Food companies can issue requests to the FDA for permission to use partially hydrogenated oils. The companies must prove the oils' use is safe.


title: Cluny

paragraphs: Cluny is a city in eastern France. It lies in the region of Burgundy. The city grew around the Abbey of Cluny in the 10th century. The town of Mâcon is about 30 km to the southeast. Lyon is about 60 km to the south. Today, about 4,400 people live in the city. The Cluniac Reforms started here.


title: Integumentary system

paragraphs: The integumentary system is everything covering the outside of an animal's body. This account is written mostly with people in mind, but it applies more widely.

paragraphs: The integument means skin, hair, scales, nails, sweat glands and their products (sweat and mucus). The name comes from the Latin "integumentum", which means 'a covering'.

paragraphs: Skin, hair, scales, feathers and nails make up the integumentary system.

paragraphs: The integumentary system has lots of different functions. It:

paragraphs: There are other skin problems that are less common.


title: Auditory system

paragraphs: The auditory system is the sensory system for the sense for hearing. The sense organ for hearing is the ear.

paragraphs: The outer ear is the folds of cartilage surrounding the ear canal. They are called the pinna.

paragraphs: Sound waves travelling through the ear canal will hit the tympanum, or eardrum. Three tiny bones, the ossicles, convert the waves to high pressure vibrations. They are then converted to nerve impulses in the cochlea.

paragraphs: The inner ear is made mostly of the cochlea. The cochlea is made up of three pieces, and is filled with liquid. It transforms sound waves to electric signals in neurons. The semicircular canals of the inner ear are used in equilibrioception, the sense of balance.


title: Northbridge

paragraphs: The northbridge is one of two basic chips on the motherboard of a computer. The other basic chip is the southbridge and together they create the computer chipset. Usually, north- and southbridge are on different ICs; it is rare for both of them to be on one chip.

paragraphs: Northbridge supports communication between CPU, RAM memory, AGP port or PCI Express bus and also supports connection with southbridge. There exist some chipsets which support two types of RAM memory and which are accessible during transition to new standard.

paragraphs: Northbridge is a basic part of motherboard which establishes speed, types of processors, quantity of processors and kind of RAM memory. Other important factors are, for example, voltage regulation and number of connectors.

paragraphs: Sequencers of RAM memory was, in AMD64 architecture, shifted directly into processor. Other producers (like Intel or IBM) also incorporated this change into their new processors.

paragraphs: A perspective to the future is SOC (System On Chip). With it will also decrease the number of components on the motherboard. But bigger chips hold under universality of solution, they have more pins and they are more difficult. Present high-speed buses are series (PCIe, SATA) and they decline the complexity. In the future we can expect return to the standard interface of other circuits using bus (probably PCI express) and maybe they will be connected to the single Super I/O sequencer. Saved lads can be used for another integrated turn like SATA, USB, IDE, SDIO scanner of cards and sequencers of PCI.


title: Mitlödi

paragraphs: Mitlödi is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Mitlödi, Betschwanden, Braunwald, Elm, Engi, Haslen, Linthal, Luchsingen, Matt, Rüti, Schwanden, Schwändi and Sool merged into the new municipality of Glarus Süd.


title: Mollis

paragraphs: Mollis is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Mühlehorn

paragraphs: Mühlehorn is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municpalities of Mühlehorn, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Näfels, Niederurnen, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.


title: Näfels

paragraphs: Näfels is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Nord and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Netstal

paragraphs: Netstal is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Netstal is part of the municipality of Glarus.


title: Niederurnen

paragraphs: Niederurnen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in the country of Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Niederurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Oberurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.


title: Oberurnen

paragraphs: Oberurnen is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Oberurnen, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Obstalden merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord.


title: Obstalden

paragraphs: Obstalden is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. On 1 January 2011 the former municipalities of Obstalden, Bilten, Filzbach, Mollis, Mühlehorn, Näfels, Niederurnen and Oberurnen merged into the new municipality of Glarus Nord


title: Riedern

paragraphs: Riedern is a former municipality of the canton of Glarus in Switzerland. Since 1 January 2011, Riedern is part of the municipality of Glarus.


title: Rüti, Glarus

paragraphs: Rüti was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Schwanden, Glarus

paragraphs: Schwanden is a former municipality, in the municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland. The lake Garichtisee can be reached by cable car.


title: Garichtisee

paragraphs: Garichtisee is a lake on Mettmenalp in the Canton of Glarus, Switzerland. It is above the municipality of Schwanden. The lake's area is .


title: Appenzell Ausserrhoden

paragraphs: Appenzell Ausserrhoden is a canton of Switzerland. Appenzell Ausserrhoden is in the northeast of Switzerland, next to the cantons of St. Gallen and Appenzell Innerrhoden.

paragraphs: Settlement in Appenzell began in the 7th and the 8th century alongside the river Glatt. In 907 Herisau is mentioned for the first time, the canton (Appenzell: "abbatis cella") is named first in 1071.

paragraphs: The canton witnessed a number of battles, including the Battle of Vögelinsegg (1403) and the Battle at the Stoss (1405).

paragraphs: In 1513 Appenzell joined the Swiss confederation as the 13th canton. In 1597 the Protestant canton was divided for religious reasons from the former canton "Appenzell", with the Catholic Appenzell Innerrhoden being the other half.

paragraphs: From the 16th century onwards linen production was established little by little. Larger textile businesses established themselves, later diversifying into weaving and embroidery. The textile industry collapsed between 1920 and 1939.

paragraphs: In 1834 for the first time a constitution was adapted, undergoing reforms in 1876 and 1908. The construction of numerous railway lines between 1875 and 1913 helped the local industry and the population grew to a maximum of 57,973 people in 1910 (compared with 53,200 in 2001).

paragraphs: In 1934 Johannes Baumann was the first citizen from Appenzell Ausserrhoden to become a federal councilor. Women's right to vote was introduced in 1972 on a local level, but only in 1989 on a canton-wide level. In 1994 for the first time two women were elected into government. The open assembly ("Landsgemeinde") was abolished in 1997. The right of foreigners to vote is determined by each municipality.


title: Appenzell (district)

paragraphs: Appenzell is a district of the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden in Switzerland. The district of Appenzell contains part of the town "Appenzell", as well as Rinkenbach, Kau and Meistersrüte.


title: Corban, Switzerland

paragraphs: Corban is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2018 the former municipality of Corban merged into the municipality of Val Terbi.


title: Courchapoix

paragraphs: Courchapoix is a municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.


title: Courfaivre

paragraphs: Courfaivre is a former municipality of the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2013 the former municipalities of Courfaivre, Bassecourt, Glovelier, Soulce and Undervelier merged into the new municipality of Haute-Sorne.


title: Electric eel

paragraphs: The electric eel, "Electrophorus electricus", is a species of fish. It can weigh up to six pounds. It can give electric shocks of up to six hundred fifty watts of electricity. The animal uses these shocks both for hunting and to defend itself. It lives in the stagnant muddy river bottoms of the Orinoco and the Amazon, and uses low-voltage electric fields to find its prey.

paragraphs: The electric eel is an apex predator in the parts of South America where it lives. This means it usually has no enemies except other animals of its own species. It can kill animals larger than itself. Its electric organs evolved from muscles, and make up four fifths of its body.

paragraphs: Despite its name, the electric eel is not an eel. It is a knifefish. It is an obligatory air breather (must breath air). This makes sense, because the muddy water is very low in oxygen, and it needs oxygen to power its electric organs.

paragraphs: Because they can shock, very few of these fish are kept as pets. But if the eel repeatedly shocks, its electric organs become completely discharged. Then a person can touch it without being shocked.


title: Gymnotiformes

paragraphs: The Gymnotiformes is a lineage of electric fishes. Common names include the Neotropical electric fishes, South American electric fishes, or American knifefishes. They are primarily freshwater inhabitants. They have organs adapted to the generation of electric fields.

paragraphs: Perhaps the best-known species is the electric eel ("Electrophorus electricus") which uses powerful electric shocks (up to 600 V) for hunting and self-defense. Other species familiar in the aquarium trade are: the black ghost knifefish ("Apteronotus albifrons"), the glass knifefish ("Eigenmannia virescens"), and the banded knifefish "Gymnotus carapo".


title: Electric fish

paragraphs: An electric fish is a fish that can make electric fields. Many fish (sharks, rays, and catfish) can detect electric fields: they are 'electroreceptive'. They cannot make electric fields, and are not called electric fish.

paragraphs: Electric fish have a special organ that makes electricity. This organ is called an electric organ. It is usually near the tail of the fish. It is made from specialised muscle or nerve cells. When the organ releases electricity this is called an "electric organ discharge" (or "EOD" for short).

paragraphs: Based on the strength of the EOD, the electrogenic fish are two types:

paragraphs: In total, there are 348 known species of electric fish, in about 56 genera. The only known species that lives in salt water are the electric rays, with 23 species.


title: Sergeant

paragraphs: Sergeant is a rank used in most militaries, police forces, and other uniformed organizations around the world. The word comes from the Latin "serviens", "one who serves", through the French term "Sergent".

paragraphs: A sergeant (Sgt) in the British Army wears three point-down chevrons, or "checks" on their sleeve. They usually serves as a platoon, troop, or group sergeant, or in a specialist position.

paragraphs: A Lance-Sergeant (LSgt) was originally a Corporal doing the work of a Sergeant. The job is now used mostly in the Guards, where it is given to all Corporals. A Lance-Sergeant in the Guards and Honourable Artillery Company wears three chevrons, and is considered senior or higher up to "normal" Corporals. For most purposes, he still remains a Corporal rather than an acting Sergeant (e.g., he will typically command a section). In the Household Cavalry, the same rank is Lance-Corporal of Horse.

paragraphs: The official spelling was Serjeant (Sjt) (still used by The Rifles) until after World War II, although the modern spelling had already been in common use for many years.


title: Gourgen Yanikian

paragraphs: Kourken Megerdich Yanigian (, December 24, 1895, Erzurum, Ottoman Armenia - March 27, 1984, USA) was an Armenian terrorist who killed two Turkish consular officials in California in 1973. His stated purpose was "to demand justice" for the Armenian Genocide.

paragraphs: Armenians hoped Yanigian's trial would provide a vehicle for proving the massacres in a court of law, while there were still surviving witnesses. Yanigian took the Armenian Genocide witness stand, accompanied by his friend and interpreter, Santa Barbaran Aram Saroyan, the uncle of famous author William Saroyan. Yanigian told of his 26 family members killed in the massacres, and how he watched in hiding as marauding Turks slit his brother's throat. Finally, he said that he killed the Turkish

paragraphs: diplomats as representatives of the "government that had massacred his people".

paragraphs: He was sentenced to life in prison in July 1973 and paroled in 1984, over the objection of the Turkish government.

paragraphs: After Yanigian's death, District Attorney David D. Minner wrote: "Looking back, I regret that I did not allow the genocide to

paragraphs: be proven. Not because Yanigian should have gone free, but because

paragraphs: history's darkest chapters - its genocides - should be exposed, so

paragraphs: their horrors are less likely to be repeated".


title: Campo (Blenio)

paragraphs: Campo Blenio was a municipality of the district of Blenio in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 25 January 2005, the people in charge announced that Campo Blenio would merge with Aquila, Ghirone, Olivone and Torre to form a new municipality to be called Blenio. This union was carried through on 22 October 2006.


title: Campo (Vallemaggia)

paragraphs: Campo is a municipality of the district of Vallemaggia in the canton of Ticino in Switzerland.


title: Schwändi

paragraphs: Schwändi was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: Sool, Switzerland

paragraphs: Sool was a municipality, in the new municipality of Glarus Süd and canton of Glarus in Switzerland.


title: DDR2 SDRAM

paragraphs: In information technologies we use the term DDR2 SDRAM for a Double Data Rate memory module of the second generation. This technology is used for high speed storage of the working data.

paragraphs: The main difference between DDR and DDR2 modules is that the bus on which the DDR2 memory modules are working is clocked at twice the speed of the memory cells. In practical terms we can say that four words of data can be transferred during one memory cell cycle. To sum it up DDR2 can effectively operate at twice the bus speed of DDR.

paragraphs: For use in PCs, DDR2 SDRAM is supplied in DIMMs with 240 pins and a single locating notch. DIMMs are identified by their peak transfer capacity (often called bandwidth).


title: Southbridge (computing)

paragraphs: Southbridge is also known as Input/Output Controller Hub. The microchip realizes lower functions of the motherboard in computer architecture with northbridge and southbridge. It's easy to distinguish southbridge and northbridge: the southbridge is not directly connected to the processor. Northbridge realizes connection between southbridge and processor.


title: Organic light-emitting diode

paragraphs: Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) is a type of light-emitting diode (LED). The part of the OLED that creates light is made of a very thin layer of organic compounds. The main use of OLED technology is for flat panel displays for smartphones and other mobile devices where they are in some ways better than LCDs. OLEDs can be used to make displays that can bend. These can be used in many different ways. For example, they can be used in clothing.

paragraphs: LCDs are in some ways better than OLEDs and some ways worse. OLEDs can make more colors and levels of brightness than LEDs. Unlike LCDs their colors do not change when viewed at an angle. They are also much cheaper to make. OLEDs make light, so they do not need a light shining through from the back as LCDs do. This also makes black parts of the screen able to be fully turned "off" making them darker. LCDs also need to use filters to work properly. These filters block much of the light created by the LED/CCFL. Because of backlighting and filtering, OLEDs use far less power than LCDs for the amount of light made. OLEDs also react faster to changes in electricity. They turn on and off much faster than LCDs.

paragraphs: LEDs will last longer than OLEDs. This is the biggest problem with OLEDs. Currently most OLEDs used in displays will work for about 5,000 hours of use. LEDs normally work for 60,000 hours. This may change as experiments in 2007 created a type of OLED that worked for 198,000 hours. The organic compounds that make up OLEDs are also more easily damaged by water.

paragraphs: OLED technology is currently patented by the Eastman Kodak company and several other companies. Because of this, a company must pay to be allowed to use it in their product.

paragraphs: The emissive and conductive layers are made of special organic molecules that conduct electricity. The anode and cathode connect the OLED to the source of electricity.

paragraphs: When electricity is applied to an OLED, the emissive layer becomes negatively charged and the conductive layer becomes positively charged. Electrostatic forces cause electrons to move from the positive conductive layer toward the negative emissive layer. This causes a change in the electrical levels and makes radiation that has a frequency in the range of visible light.

paragraphs: OLED, as with all diodes, can only work if electricity flows through them in the correct direction. The Anode, connected to the emmisive layer must be at a higher electrical potential (more volts, more "positive") than the cathode, connected to the conductive layer, for the OLED to work.


title: Karl Arnold

paragraphs: Karl Arnold (born 21 March 1901 in Herrlishöfen, died 29 June 1958 in Düsseldorf) was a German politician. He was Minister President of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1947 to 1956.

paragraphs: After 1920 Arnold worked full-time basis for the Christian trade union movement. He became Secretary of the Düsseldorf District of the Christian trade union in 1924.

paragraphs: In 1928 Arnold married Arnold Liesl Joeres. Their son Gottfried was born in 1933 and was a member of the German Bundestag between 1961 and 1983.

paragraphs: Arnold was partner in a business in Düsseldorf in 1933. During the Third Reich the Gestapo watched and followed him. He was arrested after Count von Stauffenberg tried to assassinate (murder) Hitler on 20 July 1944.

paragraphs: Arnold helped to found the industrial unions, today's DGB, with Hans Böckler in the Rhineland in 1945.

paragraphs: He got permission from the American Army to publish the Rheinische Post (Rhenish Post) daily newspaper. His family still own part of the paper today.

paragraphs: He died of a heart attack on 29 June 1958, during the Landtag (state parliament) election campaign.

paragraphs: Karl Arnold was buried in Düsseldorf's South Cemetery.

paragraphs: After the World War II Arnold founded the of Düsseldorf Christian democratic party in 1945. Later this became a part of CDU. Arnold was the CDU's deputy federal chairman from 1956 until his death.

paragraphs: 1925 to 1933 he was a member of the city council of Düsseldorf and acting chairman the of the Centre Party group.

paragraphs: He was a member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia from 1946 until his death. Between 1947 and 1949 he was also a member of the parliament of the Bizone (which was the British and American occupation zones).

paragraphs: In 1957 Arnold was elected to the Bundestag with 72.6% of the votes in the Gelsenkirchen-Erkelenz Jülich constituency . He was deputy chairman of the CDU/CSU parliamentary group.

paragraphs: On 29 January 1946 Arnold was appointed mayor of Düsseldorf by the American Military Government. He was elected mayor in the first free elections on 26 October 1946.

paragraphs: From December 1946 until 1956 he was Minister President of North Rhine Westphalia.

paragraphs: From 7 September 1949 to 6 September 1950 he was the first President of the Bundesrat.

paragraphs: This also mean that between 7 and 13 September 1949 he was Acting President of Germany, until Theodor Heuss was elected Federal President.

paragraphs: Arnold lost a constructive vote of 'no confidence' on 20 February 1956. His successor (person who followed) as Minister President was Fritz Steinhoff.

paragraphs: Arnold died one week before the next state elections, in 1958. He was only 57 years old.


title: Courrendlin

paragraphs: Courrendlin is a municipality in Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland. On 1 January 2019 the former municipalities of Rebeuvelier and Vellerat merged into the municipality of Courrendlin.


title: Courroux

paragraphs: Courroux is a municipality in the district of Delémont in the canton of Jura in Switzerland.

paragraphs: It is three kilometers southeast of the city of Delémont. It is the third largest municipality in the canton of Jura by area.


title: 279 Thule

paragraphs: 279 Thule is a very big Main belt asteroid. It is classified as a D-type asteroid and is probably made of organic rich silicates, carbon and anhydrous silicates.

paragraphs: The orbit of Thule is unusual. It appears to orbit in the farthest edge of the Main belt in a 3:4 orbital resonance with planet Jupiter. Unlike the Hilda asteroids whose eccentricity is fairly common of main belt asteroids, Thule has a very low eccentricity - actually much lower than that of Jupiter itself and only a bit higher than that of Earth. Why it has this orbit is not clear, as is the reason for the absence of smaller bodies in similar 4:3 resonances with Jupiter.

paragraphs: Some astronomers have argued that Thule's present orbit is the natural result of the force of Jupiter on a body orbiting at exactly the distance from the Sun Thule does, in the same way (though with the reverse effect) as the Kirkwood gaps in the more closer parts of the asteroid belt. It could thus be that the resonance which holds Thule in a very low-eccentricity orbit serves to eject other smaller bodies whose distance from the Sun is only a bit different from that of Thule itself.

paragraphs: It is the main member of the Thule dynamical group.

paragraphs: It was found by Johann Palisa on October 25, 1888 in Vienna and was named aptly after the ultimate northern land of Thule.


title: Caucus

paragraphs: A caucus is basically a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement. Caucuses are slightly different in different countries.

paragraphs: In the United States, in some states, such as Iowa, political parties have a caucus to choose presidential nominees for their parties.