title: Simon Rattle

paragraphs: Sir Simon Denis Rattle CBE, (born Liverpool, 19 January 1955) is an English conductor. He became internationally famous as the conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra which he made into a world-class orchestra. Since 1999 he has been the conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic.

paragraphs: Rattle was born in Liverpool and studied at Liverpool College. He learned to play the piano and the violin. He started to play in orchestras, but as a percussionist. He went to study at the Royal Academy of Music in London in 1971. Three years later he won the John Player Conductor Competition. He organised and conducted a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony whilst still at the Academy. He spent a year studying English Language and literature at St Anne's College, Oxford.

paragraphs: In 1974, he was made assistant conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 1977 assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.

paragraphs: He spent 18 years as conductor of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO), from 1980 to 1998. During this time he made the orchestra into one of the best European orchestras. The orchestra used to give their concerts at the Town Hall in Birmingham, but a new concert hall, the Symphony Hall, was opened in 1991. The BBC made a film about Rattle and the CBSO during his last year with the orchestra. It was called: "Simon Rattle — Moving On".

paragraphs: Rattle was given the award of CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994. In 1992, Rattle was made Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (OAE), together with Frans Brüggen. Rattle now has the title of Principal Artist with the OAE. In 2001, Rattle conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of Beethoven’s opera "Fidelio" with a period instrument orchestra.

paragraphs: In May 2006 he was made an Honorary Member of the Society of Arts.

paragraphs: The first time Rattle conducted the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO) was in 1987 when he gave a performance of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6. In 1999 Rattle was made chief conductor of the orchestra when Claudio Abbado left. Before he agreed to take the job he insisted on making some changes to make sure that all the orchestral members were paid fairly and that the orchestra could make its own decisions instead of having to do what the Berlin Senate told them.

paragraphs: Before he left England he said some very critical things about the British attitude to culture, especially to music. He thought that not enough money was being spent on the arts and that the politicians were not interested in music.

paragraphs: He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002, leading performances of Thomas Adès' "Asyla" and Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 5. He has done many new things since working in Berlin. He has continued to conduct the music of many living British composers. He has formed an educational programme so that young people in Berlin get used to hearing classical music. Some people have criticised what Rattle has done in Berlin, but many people support him.

paragraphs: Rattle was originally going to stay with the BPO until 2012, but in April 2008 the players decided they want him to stay until 2020

paragraphs: Rattle has toured to many countries during his career. He has conducted in North America. In 1979 he conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic (LAP) and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981–1994. He also guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra, and Boston Symphony Orchestra.

paragraphs: In 1993, Rattle conducted the Philadelphia Orchestra. They wanted him to be their chief conductor, but Rattle could not take on the job. Instead, he often performs as their guest conductor.

paragraphs: Rattle has conducted lots of different music, sometimes old music with period instruments, sometimes music by living composers. He is very well known for his performances of Mahler. He has won many awards for his recordings.

paragraphs: Rattle has been married three times. He is a fan of Liverpool F.C.


title: Adhan

paragraphs: The adhān (also Athaan: IPA: [ʔæˈðæːn]) (أَذَان) is the Islamic call to prayer. The muezzin reads it out aloud. The root of the word is ' "to permit", and another derivative of this word is ', meaning "ear."

paragraphs: The muezzin reads Adhan in the mosque, sometimes from a minaret. He usually does this five times a day. Adhan is used to call other Muslims to do the prayers. There is a second call, known as iqama (set up) that is used to tell Muslims to line up for the start of the prayers. Sometimes, loudspeakers are used on the minarets.

paragraphs: Sunni and Shi'a use versions of adhan which are slightly different from each other.


title: Tiger quoll

paragraphs: The tiger quoll ("Dasyurus maculatus") is a carnivorous marsupial of the order of Dasyuromorphia. It is also known as the spotted-tail quoll or the spotted quoll. It is mainland Australia's largest, and the world's longest carnivorous marsupial.


title: Ken Whisenhunt

paragraphs: Kenneth "Ken" Moore Whisenhunt (born February 28, 1962 in Augusta, Georgia) is the American football head coach of the Arizona Cardinals NFL football team, leading them to the first Super Bowl in ream history during the 2008 season. Before that, he was known for his well-planned offensive plays, including the success he had with the Pittsburgh Steelers in his 3 years as their offensive coordinator under Bill Cowher, in which the Steeers won Super Bowl XL during the 2005 season.

paragraphs: After attending the Academy of Richmond County in Augusta, Georgia for high school, Whisenhunt played college football at Georgia Tech (1980-84), where he graduated with a degree in Civil Engineering. During his senior season, he was an honorable mention All-American. He also finished first team all-ACC during his final two college seasons.

paragraphs: Whisenhunt's career as a player included 4 years (1985-88) as a tight end with the Atlanta Falcons, who drafted him in the twelfth round, and then short periods with the Washington Redskins and New York Jets. He retired from the league in 1993 after nine seasons in which he was mostly known as a blocker.

paragraphs: He began his coaching career at Vanderbilt University, where he coached special teams, tight ends and H-backs for the Commodores from 1995–96. In 1997, he returned to the NFL as the tight ends coach for the Baltimore Ravens. Whisenhunt changed teams very often in his early years in the league, moving to the staff of the Cleveland Browns in 1999 and to the New York Jets the following season.

paragraphs: In 2001, Whisenhunt was hired by the Steelers to coach their tight ends. He was able to make players such as Mark Bruener and Jay Riemersma, both considered no longer at their best, into great blocking backs. He became offensive coordinator in Pittsburgh for the 2004 season after Mike Mularkey became the head coach of the Buffalo Bills. Whisenhunt had instant success in his role. While Mularkey was known for creating exciting trick plays, Whisenhunt became more of a cautious play-caller, whose well-timed trick plays surprised the Steelers' opponents because they were very unlike the conservative Pittsburgh run game.

paragraphs: Whisenhunt's most famous moment is the trick play he called in Super Bowl XL. With Pittsburgh leading 14-10 over the Seattle Seahawks, Whisenhunt called a wide receiver reverse pass (Antwaan Randle El to Hines Ward, the only TD pass thrown by a WR in Super Bowl history) that allowed Pittsburgh to get a big lead, which they did not give away.

paragraphs: On January 14, 2007 the Arizona Cardinals hired Whisenhunt as their new head coach. The contract he received promised him an average of $2.5 million annually. Whisenhunt had also interviewed for the head coaching position with the Steelers, Atlanta Falcons and Miami Dolphins. In February 2006, the Oakland Raiders were interviewing him to become their new head coach, but Whisenhunt ended the talks before a deal could be offered. The Cardinals were better in Whisenhunt's first season, finishing with 8 wins and 8 losses after finishing with 5 wins and 11 losses the two seasons before that and losing 10 or more games in seven of the previous eight campaigns. It was their first non-losing season since 1998, even though they still failed to make the playoffs.

paragraphs: Before his second season, Whisenhunt made the experienced Kurt Warner his starting quarterback. In Whisenhunt's first season, Warner had split time with the team's younger quarterback Matt Leinart, although Warner started the final 11 games of the 2007 season after Leinart suffered a season-ending injury. This was a good decision because Warner put up good numbers in leading the Cardinals to a 9 win and 7 loss regular season record in the 2008 season. This was good enough to win NFC West Division, the Cardinals' first division title since 1975, when the team played in St. Louis, Missouri. Whisenhunt's second season was also the Cardinals' first time in the playoffs since 1998. After beating the Atlanta Falcons and the Carolina Panthers in the first two rounds of the NFC playoffs, the Cardinals defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the NFC Championship on January 18, 2009 and advanced to the Super Bowl for the first time in franchise history to face the Pittsburgh Steelers. This gave Whisenhunt an opportunity to play against the team he used to be the offensive coordinator of. The Cardinals lost the game 27-23. Whisenhunt credited the Steelers' players and staff with the win, but also said penalties were one of the reasons for the loss.

paragraphs: Whisenhunt has worked on the staff of four National Football League coaches. They are:

paragraphs: Whisenhunt has had one future National Football League coach work under him. He was:

paragraphs: Ken and his wife, Alice, have two children: a son Kenneth Jr., and daughter Mary Ashley.


title: Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart

paragraphs: Louisa Maria Teresa Stuart was the last child of James II of England and Mary of Modena. She was born in 1692 and died in 1712.


title: Casa Colorada

paragraphs: Casa Colorada [red ochre House] is raised with ashlar stone, his roof was mounted on beech beams, and the mezzanine on canelo wood. Timber framing is made of native bamboo. The constructor was Joseph de la Vega in 1769. This building served as home of Mateo de Toro y Zambrano and now is a Museum, managed by Santiago's Municipality. Kept there the collections, and scale models of the colony life.

paragraphs: "Casa Colorada" was the place were the Chilean Declaration of Independence was signed on September 18th, 1810.

paragraphs: This building was unique with a brick facade stone covered and two storys. In the first have had indoor successive backyards. The first one paved, with a walking trail, around cellars or depots and other products of the farm. The body of the street, was dedicated to commercial activity of family. In central place there was a rest, cuadra and lobby, separated by a "patio" given a space distinguishing semipublic from private areas. This interior backyard, was ornated of vines, flowers and trees, and corridors.


title: El Seibo Province

paragraphs: El Seibo is a Dominican province in the eastern part of the country. Its capital city is Santa Cruz del Seibo.

paragraphs: It was one of the first provinces in the country; the first Dominican constitution made it in 1844 one of the five original provinces of the country. Its name has always been El Seibo, written sometimes as "El Seybo".

paragraphs: The province takes the name from its main city: El Seibo.

paragraphs: The El Seibo province has the La Altagracia province to the east, the San Pedro de Macorís province to the south and the Hato Mayor province to the west. To the north of the El Seibo province is the Samaná Bay, part of the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: On 24 July 1844, after the Dominican independence, the government made five departments (another name for province); one of those departments was the El Seibo Department, with the municipalities of El Seibo, Hato Mayor, Higüey and Samaná. The first Dominican constitution kept that division but as provinces instead of departments.

paragraphs: The original province had all the eastern part of the Hispaniola, including the Samaná peninsula. But soon the province was reduced to make new provinces. The first two new provinces made with land of El Seibo province were Samaná in 1865, and San Pedro de Macorís in 1882.

paragraphs: In 1961, the old La Altagracia province, that later was divided in La Altagracia and La Romana provinces, was made out of the El Seibo province. The last province made with part of El Seibo was Hato Mayor in 1984.

paragraphs: People from this province took part in the war against Haiti during the Independence War; the leader was Pedro Santana, who had a farm near to the city of El Seibo and who became the first president of the country.

paragraphs: Before that, people from El Seibo fought against the French army. The most important battle was the "Palo Hincado Battle" won by the Dominican people on 7 November 1808, in a savanna ("Palo Hincado Savanna") just to the east of Santa Cruz del Seibo. Soon the French had to leave the country, and the whole island; they had lost Haiti, too.

paragraphs: The municipal districts of the province were created in:

paragraphs: In (last national census), there were people living in the El Seibo province, and 45,103 () living in towns and cities. The population density was persons/km², one of the lowest in the country.

paragraphs: Its population represents of the total population of the country and the province is ranked as the 25th (out of 31 plus the National District) more populated province.

paragraphs: , the total estimated propulation of the province is 91,256 inhabitants.

paragraphs: The largest city of the province is Santa Cruz del Seibo, its head municipality or capital, with an urban population (in 2010) of 26,477 inhabitants.

paragraphs: El Seibo has a total area of . It has of the area of the Dominican Republic and it is ranked as the 11th (out of 31 plus the National District) largest province of the country.

paragraphs: There are at least three geographic regions in the province. From north to south, they are:

paragraphs: The River Soco is the most important river of the province; it flows from the Cordillera Oriental to the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: The only main road in the province is the "Carretera Mella" (Mella National Road) that goes through the middle of the province; the road comes from Santo Domingo and goes through the cities of Hato Mayor and Santa Cruz del Seibo and ends in Higüey.

paragraphs: There are 2 municipalities and 5 municipal districts (M.D.) in the province. The municipalities and its municipal districts (M.D.) are:

paragraphs: Cattle raising is the most important activity in the province. Sugar cane and cacao are the most important crops.


title: Al-Masjid al-Nabawi

paragraphs: Al-Masjid an-Nabawī (; Prophet's Mosque) is a mosque established and originally built by the Prophet of Islam Muhammad. It is in the city of Medina in Saudi Arabia. Al-Masjid an-Nabawi was the third mosque built in the history of Islam and is now one of the largest mosques in the world. It is the second-holiest site in Islam, after Masjid al-Haram in Mecca.

paragraphs: The site was originally adjacent to Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijra (emigration) to Medina in 622 CE. He shared in the heavy work of building. The original mosque was an open-air building. The mosque served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Quran. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated it. In 1909, it became the first place in the Arabian Peninsula to be provided with electrical lights. The mosque is under the control of the Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques. The mosque is located in what was traditionally the center of Medina, with many hotels and old markets nearby. It is a major pilgrimage site. Many pilgrims who perform the Hajj go on to Medina to visit the mosque due to its connections to the life of Muhammad.

paragraphs: After an expansion during the reign of the Umayyad caliph al-Walid I, it now incorporates the final resting place of Muhammad and the first two Rashidun caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar. One of the most notable features of the site is the Green Dome in the south-east corner of the mosque, originally Aisha's house, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. In 1279, a wooden cupola was built over the tomb which was later rebuilt and renovated multiple times in late 15th century and once in 1817. The current dome was added in 1818 by the Ottoman sultan Mahmud II, and it was first painted green in 1837, hence becoming known as the "Green Dome"..


title: Sarvestan palace

paragraphs: Sarvestan Palace is a monument of the Sassanid era (226-651). It was built during the reign of Bahram "Gur" (The Zebra-Hunter, 420-438 A.D.) as a leisure mansion. It's excavation revealed that the area was inhabited 6,000 years ago, 4,500 years older than previous estimates.


title: Hypostyle

paragraphs: In architecture, a hypostyle hall has a flat ceiling supported by columns.


title: Sacred architecture

paragraphs: Sacred architecture (also known as religious architecture) is concerned with the design and construction of places of worship and buildings such as churches, mosques, stupas, synagogues, and temples.


title: Iwan

paragraphs: An iwan ( "eyvān") is defined as a vaulted hall or space, walled on three sides, with one end open.

paragraphs: Iwans were a trademark of the Sassanid architecture of Persia. They then found their way into Islamic architecture.

paragraphs: Typically, iwans open on to a central courtyard, and have been used in both public and residential architecture.


title: Hassan II Mosque

paragraphs: The Hassan II Mosque () is in Casablanca. It is the largest mosque in Morocco and the third largest mosque in the world after (i) the Masjid al-Haram (Grand Mosque) of Mecca and (ii) the Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Prophet's Mosque) in Medina. It was designed by the French architect Michel Pinseau. It was built by Bouygues., it stands on a promontory looking out to the Atlantic, which can be seen through a really big glass floor with room for 25,000 worshippers. A further 80,000 can fit in the mosque's adjoining grounds. Its minaret is the world's tallest at .


title: Missa in angustiis

paragraphs: The Missa in Angustiis ("Mass for troubled times") is one of fourteen masses written by Joseph Haydn. It is also called Nelson mass, because it was first performed after Lord Horatio Nelson won a battle against Napoleon Bonaparte. It was written in 1798. It is one of the six masses Haydn wrote towards the end of his life.


title: Victoria, Princess Royal

paragraphs: The Princess Victoria, Princess Royal (Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa; 21 November 1840 – 5 August 1901) was the eldest child and daughter of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. She was created Princess Royal of the United Kingdom in 1841. She became queen of Prussia and Empress of Germany in 1888 until her husband's Friedrich's death a few months later. Her son Wilhelm II of Germany became Emperor then.

paragraphs: Empress Victoria died of breast cancer in Kronberg im Taunus, Germany, in August 1901, a few months after her mother's death.


paragraphs: The Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn KG, KT, KP, PC, GCMG, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, GCB, GCStJ, (Arthur William Patrick Albert; 1 May 1850 – 16 January 1942) was a member of the British Royal Family, the third son and seventh child of Queen Victoria. Arthur served as the Governor General of Canada from 1911 to 1916. He was created Duke of Connaught and Strathearn and Earl of Sussex in 1874. He was the longest lived issue of Queen Victoria.He died in 1942.He lived to age 91. He was the father of the Crown Princess of Sweden.


title: Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany

paragraphs: The Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany (Leopold George Duncan Albert; 7 April 1853 – 28 March 1884) was a member of the British Royal Family, a son of Queen Victoria and Albert, Prince Consort. Leopold was later created the Duke of Albany, Earl of Clarence and Baron Arklow. He was diagnosed with haemophilia as a baby, which later led to his death as an adult after slipping on the floor.


title: Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra

paragraphs: The Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra (in Dutch: "Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest") is an orchestra in the Netherlands. The orchestra is based in Amsterdam. “Concertgebouw” (pronounced: “Con-SERT-ghe-bouw”) is the Dutch word for “concert hall”. For nearly a century the orchestra were just called “Concertgebouw Orchestra”, but in 1988 the Queen Beatrix gave them the "Royal" title.

paragraphs: The concert hall, called the Concertgebouw, was opened on 11 April 1888. The orchestra was formed later that year and gave its first performance on 3 November 1888 under Willem Kes, who was to be their conductor for seven years.

paragraphs: In 1895, Willem Mengelberg became chief conductor. He was to be their conductor for fifty years. He made them into a world-class orchestra. He is particularly remembered for his conducting of the music of Gustav Mahler and Richard Strauss whose music was new in those days.

paragraphs: As well as their chief conductor, the orchestra had assistant conductor positions called “first conductor” and “second conductor”. During Mengelberg’s time the “first conductors” included Karl Muck (1921-1925), Pierre Monteux (1924-1934), Bruno Walter (1934-1939), and Eugen Jochum (1941-1943), and the second conductors included the composer Cornelis Dopper, Evert Cornelis and Eduard van Beinum.

paragraphs: In 1945, after World War II had ended, Mengelberg was not allowed to conduct the orchestra because he had played to the Nazis. He was banned for six years from conducting them, but he died in 1951 just before the six years came to an end.

paragraphs: From 1945 to 1959, the orchestra's main conductor was Eduard van Beinum, who had sometimes conducted the orchestra since 1929. He was especially fond of the symphonies of Anton Bruckner, and he made recordings of Bruckner's Eighth and Ninth Symphonies for the Philips Records. Van Beinum conducted the orchestra until April 1959 when he suddenly had a heart attack and died during a rehearsal.

paragraphs: Bernard Haitink first conducted the Concertgebouw Orchestra on 7 November 1956. After van Beinum's death, Haitink became the orchestra's first conductor in September 1959. From 1961 to 1963, Haitink and Eugen Jochum shared the post of chief conductor of the orchestra. Haitink became the only chief conductor in 1963, and continued in this post until 1988. He had “assistant conductors”, including Edo de Waart and Hans Vonk.

paragraphs: Haitink made many recordings with the orchestra. In the early 1980s, the Dutch government was going to reduce the amount of money that the orchestra would get. This would mean that 23 musicians would have to lose their job. Haitink said he would resign if they did that. Fortunately the government changed their mind.

paragraphs: Riccardo Chailly became chief conductor of the orchestra in 1985. He recorded many symphonies with them including symphonies by Mahler, Bruckner and Shostakovich. When he left in 2004 Mariss Jansons became chief conductor.

paragraphs: In the December 2008 issue of Gramophone Magazine the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra was ranked as the best symphony orchestra in the world.


title: GNU GRUB

paragraphs: GNU GRUB ("GRUB" for short) is a boot loader package from the GNU Project. GRUB is the main example of the Multiboot Specification, which allows a user to have more than one operating systems on their computer at once, and to choose which one to run when the computer starts. GRUB can be used to select from different kernel images available on a particular operating system's partitions, as well as to pass boot-time parameters to such kernels.

paragraphs: When a computer is turned on, the computer's BIOS finds the primary bootable device (usually the computer's hard disk) and loads the initial bootstrap program from the master boot record (MBR), the first 512 bytes of the hard disk, and then transfers control to this code.

paragraphs: The MBR contains GRUB stage 1. Because of the small size of the MBR, Stage 1 just loads the next stage of GRUB (which may be physically elsewhere on the disk). Stage 1 can either load Stage 2 directly, or it can load stage 1.5: GRUB Stage 1.5 is located in the first 30 kilobytes of hard disk immediately following the MBR. Stage 1.5 loads Stage 2.

paragraphs: When GRUB Stage 2 receives control, it presents an interface to the user in order to select which operating system to boot. This normally takes the form of a graphical menu, although if this is not available or the user wishes further control, GRUB has its own command prompt, where the user can manually specify the boot parameters. GRUB can also be set to automatically load a particular kernel after a timeout period.

paragraphs: Once boot options have been selected, GRUB loads the selected kernel into memory and passes control on to the kernel, which then continues to start itself. At this stage GRUB can also pass control of the boot process to another loader, using "chain loading", for operating systems such as Windows that do not support the Multiboot standard. In this case, copies of the other system's boot programs have been saved by GRUB; instead of a kernel, the other system is loaded as though it had been started from the MBR. This may be yet another boot manager, such as the Microsoft boot menu, allowing further selection of non-Multiboot operating systems. (This behavior is often automatic when modern Linux distributions are installed "on top of" existing Windows systems, allowing the user to retain the original operating system without changes, including systems that contain multiple versions of Windows.)


title: Mother Goose

paragraphs: Mother Goose is thought to be the most famous author of nursery rhymes. Some people say that the real "Mother Goose" lived in New England or France 300 years ago. A book of poems for children entitled "Mother Goose's Melody" was published in England in 1781, and the name "Mother Goose" has been associated with children's poetry ever since.


title: Tripe

paragraphs: Tripe is part of an animal's stomach often served as food.


title: Fruiterer

paragraphs: A fruiterer is a fruit seller. Fruiterer known also as "greengrocer"


Jig


title: Ischaemia

paragraphs: In medicine, ischaemia is when the blood supply is blocked or restricted. This is usually caused by problems in the blood vessels, and causes damage to the body. It may also be spelled ischemia or ischæmia. It comes from the Greek words, "isch-" to "restrict" and "hema" or "haema" meaning "blood".


title: Angina pectoris

paragraphs: Angina pectoris (angina of the heart) is pain which is due to ischaemia of the heart muscle. A common cause of angina pectoris is when the heart is working harder than normal e.g. during exercise.


title: Wahhabi

paragraphs: Wahhabi (الوهابية) or Wahhabism is the conservative form of Sunni Islam practised in Saudi Arabia and Qatar. People think Muhammad ibn Abd-al-Wahhab, an 18th century scholar, started this belief. He wanted to see a return to the practices of the first three generations of Islamic history.

paragraphs: Some definitions or uses of the term Wahhabi Islam include:


title: Muawiyah I

paragraphs: Muawiyah I (602-680) was a deeply controversial figure in Islam. He was the nephew of Uthman, and founded the Umayyad dynasty. He was also the rival of Ali.


title: Bell tower

paragraphs: A bell tower (also belfry or campanile) is a tower which contains one or more bells, or which is designed to hold bells, even if it has none. They are usually built at a height that allows the sound to be heard at some distance.

paragraphs: There are different ways to make the bells in a bell tower ring. In many cases, the bell is rung by pulling on a rope that is joined to the bell, making it swing on a hinge and the clapper hit the bell. Another way is to use a keyboard called a carillon. Sometimes, the bells are controlled by a clock mechanism or a computer. This lets them ring at certain times without the need for a human to do it.

paragraphs: There are no examples of bell towers in antiquity. The first to use a bell tower in a church was Paulinus of Nola, about the start of the 5th century. Bell towers in Italy have almost always been plain vertical towers not attached to a building (). From the beginning, bell towers in northern Europe have been attached to churches. They were known of in England at least by the time of Bede. When Hilda, Abbess of Whitby died (680 AD), a nun reported hearing the sound of a bell. Bell towers are repeatedly mentioned during the 8th century. One was the campanile of St. Peter's Basilica at Rome.

paragraphs: Gian Lorenzo Bernini was Pope Urban XIII's choice to design and build twin bell towers on the front of St. Peter's. His first tower shifted and large cracks appeared. Work on the second tower stopped. Bernini was blamed and called incompetent. When Pope Urban died in 1644 it was not decided what to do about the tower disaster. It was a major setback for Bernini's career and for the future of church bell towers. It was later discovered the ground under the towers was not stable. The towers were torn down. Bernini went on to have an otherwise brilliant career.


title: Muezzin

paragraphs: A muezzin is a man who calls muslims to prayer from the minaret of a mosque.

paragraphs: He leads the call ("adhan") to Friday service and the five daily prayers (also known as the salat) from one of the mosque's minarets. Blind people often got the position; this is so that they could not see the places where women gathered. Today, many mosques have electronic amplification, and the muezzin no longer needs to be on the minaret.

paragraphs: In the city of Abu Dhabi, the call to prayer is coordinated, all mosques transmit the call of the muezzin of Sheikh Zayed Mosque. The idea for a similar system in Cairo failed in 2004.


title: Iqama

paragraphs: Iqama () is the second call to Islamic Prayer. It is given immediately before the prayer begins.


title: Aleppo

paragraphs: Aleppo ( ['ħalab], , ) is a city in northern Syria. From 2012 to 2016 it was a battlefield in the Syrian civil war.

paragraphs: In 2010 it had an official population of 4.6 million. Then, Aleppo was the largest Syrian city. After 2010, however, Aleppo is probably the second-largest city in Syria after the capital Damascus.

paragraphs: Aleppo is one of the oldest continuously lived in (lived in all the time) cities in the world. People may have arrived in the 6th millennium BC.

paragraphs: There was a large earthquake near Aleppo in 1138.


title: Mihrab

paragraphs: The Mihrab () is a niche in the wall of a mosque. It indicates the "qibla" (the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, the direction that Muslims should face when praying). The wall in which a "mihrab" appears is the ""qibla" wall."


title: Culver City, California

paragraphs: Culver City is a city in western Los Angeles County, California.


title: Majority rule

paragraphs: Majority rule is a way of making decisions in government or in voting. A decision is made if it gets more than half of the votes. Majority rule is often used in referendums, which is when voters decide if they want to make a law by voting yes or no.

paragraphs: Majority rule is not the same as a plurality vote. In Plurality voting, which is often used in elections, whoever gets the most votes wins. With a plurality vote, the winner can have fewer than half of the votes if there are more than two choices. Elections for the house of Commons and many similar parliamentary bodies are done by plurality.

paragraphs: The U.S uses a plurality rule in their presidential elections.

paragraphs: Some people have criticized majority rule because it can lead to the tyranny of the majority which is not true democracy, where people who are the majority might vote for something that helps them but hurts the people in the minority or may even cause the negation of universal human rights, like Enabling Act. To prevent them, limit of constitutionalism and rule of law are established by German Constitution, as well as Council of Europe and European Union. This was also used in Greek voting.


title: Jama Masjid

paragraphs: The Masjid-i Jahān-Numā (, the 'World-reflecting Mosque'), commonly known as the Jama Masjid of Delhi, is the principal mosque of Old Delhi in India.


title: 2006 Jama Masjid explosions

paragraphs: The 2006 Jama Masjid explosions were two explosions that occurred in the courtyard of Jama Masjid, a 17th-century mosque in Old Delhi (India) on April 14, 2006.


title: Babri Mosque

paragraphs: The Babri Mosque (, ), or Mosque of Babur was a mosque in Ayodhya, India. It was constructed by order of the first Mughal emperor of India, Babur, in Ayodhya in the 16th century.

paragraphs: Statues of Hindu deities were kept in the mosque overnight and claimed by hindus as the birth place of lord Rama.

paragraphs: Later, the site was declared disputed by the court. The mosque i destroyed in 1992 when a Rally of Hindus entered to the Ayodhya.

paragraphs: After the demolition of the Babri Mosque there was violence between Muslims and Hindus. On 27 September 2010 an Indian High Court (Allahabad High Court) decided that the Mosque was built on the Shri Ramlala Temple which was destroyed by Babar. Allahabad High Court decided to split the site into three parts.


title: Wudu

paragraphs: Wudu ( al-wuū', "ābdast", , wazū') is the Islamic act of washing parts of the body using water. It is necessary to do this before one prays.


title: 7 July 2005 London bombings

paragraphs: The 7 July 2005 London bombings (also called 7/7) were suicide bomb attacks aimed at London's public transport system during the morning rush hour. They were carried out by British Muslim extremists.

paragraphs: At 08:50, three bombs exploded within fifty seconds of each other on three London Underground trains. A fourth exploded an hour later at 09:47 on a bus in Tavistock Square. The explosions were caused by home-made bombs. The bombs were packed into rucksacks and set off by the bombers themselves.

paragraphs: A memorial was made in Hyde Park, London on the 7 July 2009. This had 52 stainless steel pillars, one for each murder victim. They were arranged in four clusters for the four bomb sites.

paragraphs: 52 died and over 700 were injured in the attack.

paragraphs: After this attack there was a police reform in the UK. Many police in London are authorised to carry firearms. London is always on high alert for terrorism. The police are supported by the Serious Organised Crime Agency and MI6.


title: Maliki

paragraphs: The Maliki (Arabic مالكي) madhhab is one of the four schools of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. It is the third-largest of the four schools. It is followed by about 15% of Muslims. Most of them are in North Africa and West Africa.


title: Madh'hab

paragraphs: Madhhab or in Urdu Mazhab (Arabic مذهب [mæðhæb] pl. مذاهب [mæðæːhıb]) is an Islamic school of law, or "fiqh" (religious jurisprudence). Sunni Islam has four of them.


title: Masjid al-Haram

paragraphs: Al-Masjid al-Ḥarām ( "The Sacred Mosque"), is the largest mosque in the world. It is in the city of Mecca. It surrounds the Kaaba (the place which Muslims face while offering daily prayers). It is considered the holiest place on Earth by Muslims. The mosque is also known as the Grand Mosque. This mosque has nine minarets. Like Masjid al-Nabawi in Medina, it also has undergone many renovations and expansions. The latest expansion was during King Fahd's reign. Further expansion was planned by the former ruler, King Abdullah.


title: Islamic calligraphy

paragraphs: Islamic calligraphy, also known as Arabic calligraphy, is the art of artistic handwriting, and by extension, of bookmaking. It is both an art, and a practical way of writing.

paragraphs: Arabic calligraphy may be found on tiles and other ornaments. The text usually comes from the Koran (Qur'an).

paragraphs: The different styles of Arabic writing mostly derive from early versions of the Koran. There are geometric styles such as Kufic, and cursive (flowing) styles like Naskh, Thuluth, and Muhaqqaq.


title: Decorum

paragraphs: Decorum (from the Latin: "proper, fit, becoming") was a principle of classical rhetoric, poetry and theatrical theory.


title: Carsten Niebuhr

paragraphs: Carsten Niebuhr or Karsten Niebuhr (March 17, 1733 – April 26, 1815) was a German mathematician, surveyor, cartographer, and explorer.

paragraphs: Niebuhr was the son of a Hanoverian farmer. He was self-educated. He travelled throughout the Middle East including Arabia, Persia (Iran), Syria and India. He was the only surviving member of a Danish/German team after the others died from illness and malaria. He wrote at least two books on his trips to the region which were later translated in to English and published in two volumes in the 1790s. Later editions were published around 1825.

paragraphs: Niebuhr’s maps of the region including "Sinus Persicus", made about 1765 of the Persian Gulf is considered one of the most accurate of his time and was used for nearly 100 years.


title: Madrasa

paragraphs: Madrasa (, "madrasa" pl. , "madāris") is the Arabic word for any type of educational institution, secular or religious (of any religion). It is variously transliterated as madrasah, madarasaa, medresa, madrassa, madraza, madarsa, madrasseh, etc.


title: Umar

paragraphs: Umar (c. 581-83 CE– 7 November, 644), also known as Umar Al-Farooq was a Senior Companion of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad from the Banu Adi clan.and the second Caliph of Islam.

paragraphs: Prophet Muhammad Said IF there was anyone who deserved prophethood after Him, it was Umar.

paragraphs: He is Called the "The 52nd Most influential Person in History."


title: Prince Josias of Coburg

paragraphs: Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, Duke in Saxony (December 26, 1737-February 26, 1815), was a famous general of the Habsburg Emperors.

paragraphs: Born at Schloß Ehrenburg in Coburg, he was the youngest son of Duke Francis Josias, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld and Anna Sophie, Princess of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt.

paragraphs: Josias joined the Habsburg military as Colonel in 1759. After participating in the Seven Years' War, he rose to the rank of Lieutenant Field Marshal by 1773. In the Russo-Turkish-Austrian war of 1788, he commanded an army corps under Freiherr von Laudon, occupying Moldavia, capturing Khotyn in Bessarabia and sharing in Aleksandr Suvorov's success in the Battle of Focşani (August 1, 1789). Having completely beaten the main Ottoman army under Grand Vizier Koca Yusuf Pasha in the Battle of Rymnik, he captured the greater part of Wallachia, including Bucharest, being welcomed by the population after the flight of Prince Nicholas Mavrogenes. Soon after that, he became a Field General.

paragraphs: During the occupation of Moldavia, Josias met Therese Stroffeck, a regular person. On September 24, 1789, in the town of Roman, she gave birth to a son. The son's name was Frederick. Josias married Therese after their return to Coburg, on December 24. He then said that he was the father of Frederick. Frederick was by the Austrian Emperor on August 25, 1808. On February 17, 1853 the Duke Ernst II of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha created him "Freiherr von Rohmann", named after the place of his birth. But Frederick, because he was born before his parents were married, did not inherit the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld.

paragraphs: In 1793 and 1794, Josias commanded the army in the Austrian Netherlands during the Flanders Campaign. Because of his victories in the French Revolutionary Wars (in the Battle of Neerwinden (1793) and the Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)), he returned the region to Austrian control. Entering France, he took Condé, Valenciennes, Quesnoy and Landrecies. However, due to poor positioning he suffered a string of minor setbacks. This poor positioning was caused by disunity amongst the Allied powers and their forces. His army than suffered a decisive defeat at the Battle of Fleurus (26 June).

paragraphs: After these losses, Josias left the Netherlands. Habsburg diplomats had already decided to give up the region, anyway. Upset by both this and the policies of the Baron Thugut, Josias resigned as Field Marshal. The Count of Clerfayt took over the position. Josias then went to Coburg, where he later died.


title: 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing

paragraphs: "This article is about the bombing that took place in 2006. For the later bombing see 2007 al-Askari mosque bombing"

paragraphs: The 2006 al-Askari mosque bombing occurred at the al-Askari mosque in the Iraqi city of Samarra, on February 22, 2006, at about 6:55 a.m. local time.


title: Jumu'ah

paragraphs: Jumu'ah () (also known as jum'ah, Friday prayer, etc.) is a congregational prayer ("salat") that Muslims hold every Friday, just after noon in "dhuhr".


title: Sunrise

paragraphs: Sunrise is the instant at which the upper edge of the Sun appears above the horizon in the east. It is the time when the twilight of night changes to morning. Its opposite is the sunset.


title: Hanafi

paragraphs: The Hanafi (Arabic الحنفي) school is the oldest of the four schools of law "(Madhhabs)" or jurisprudence (Fiqh) within Sunni Islam.


title: Baitul Mukarram

paragraphs: Baitul Mukarram (; The holy house) is the national mosque of Bangladesh.


title: Musalla

paragraphs: al-Musallā, Arabic: ("al-musallā") is the name for an open space outside a mosque that is mainly used for praying. The words is derived from the verb ("sallā") which means to pray.


title: Shafi`i

paragraphs: The Syafi'i (Arabic: الشافعي) or Shafi'i is one of the four schools of jurisprudence within Sunni Islam, third largest by population, and it was founded by Imam Syafi'i.

paragraphs: It is practiced in this Asian and African parts:

paragraphs: South Asia: Maldives, Sri Lanka and most of South Indian states including Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh comes with Maharashtra, along with the largest city Mumbai.

paragraphs: Southeast Asia: Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, southern Philippines and Thailand.

paragraphs: Western Asia: Eastern part of Turkey, large parts of Hadramawt, and Levant.

paragraphs: Africa: Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique.


title: Hanbali

paragraphs: Hanbali () is one of the four schools (Madhhabs) of Fiqh or religious law within Sunni Islam. It is based on the interpretation of Ahmad ibn Hanbal and is influential in Saudi Arabia.


title: Minbar

paragraphs: A minbar (also called mimbar sometimes, ) is a special place in a mosque. It is used by the Imam to speak to the congregation, to deliver sermons. Usually, minbars are raised (to be higher than the crowd, much like pulpits); These sermons are usually called "khutbah" ( خطبه ). In a minbar, the speaker is standing while he is giving the lecture. An alternative to this is to have a Hussainia where the speaker can sit down while giving the lecture.

paragraphs: Very often, the minbar is shaped like a small tower. The minbar is located to the right of the mihrab, the niche that indicates the direction of prayer (i.e. towards Mecca).


title: Iman (concept)

paragraphs: Iman () is an Islamic term usually translated as "belief or faith". It is often used to refer to the strength of conviction in a Muslim.


title: Maghrib

paragraphs: Maghrib () is the fourth daily salat in Islam, offered at sunset.


title: Voter registration

paragraphs: Voter registration is needed in some democracies for citizens and residents to check in with some central registry so that they will be allowed to vote in elections. In Australia, for example, everyone over the age of 18 must register with the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC). Their names are then added to the electoral roll, a list of all people able to vote in future elections. Part of the AEC's job is make sure everyone who is allowed to vote is listed on the roll. They also have to make sure that people who have died are removed from the lists.


title: Petition

paragraphs: A petition is a request to change some thing. They are often made to a government official or public entity. Petitions to a deity are a form of prayer.

paragraphs: "Petition" can also be the title of a legal pleading that initiates a legal case. The initial pleading in a civil lawsuit that seeks only money (damages) might be called (in most U.S. courts) a "complaint". An initial pleading in a lawsuit that seeks non-monetary or "equitable" relief, such as a request for a writ of "mandamus" or "habeas corpus", custody of a child, or probate of a will, is instead called a "petition". A petitioner is a person who pleads with governmental institution for a legal remedy or a redress of grievances, through use of a petition.


title: Texaco Cup

paragraphs: The Texaco Cup was an association football competition in England.

paragraphs: Finals played over two legs except 1973-74, aggregate score given.


title: Rous Cup

paragraphs: The Rous Cup was an association football competition in the second half of the 1980s. It was contested between England, Scotland and, in later years, a guest team from South America.


title: Taça de Portugal

paragraphs: The Portuguese Cup, or Cup of Portugal (Port. "Taça de Portugal", pron. ; Cup of Portugal Millennium for sponsorship reasons) is the Portuguese national association football competition.


title: Finsbury Park Mosque

paragraphs: North London Central Mosque in Finsbury Park, London, was built in the 1990s to serve the large Muslim population in the area.


title: Primeira Liga

paragraphs: Primeira Liga is a football league which is top division in Portugal.


title: Peaceful coexistence

paragraphs: Peaceful coexistence was a theory developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War that said that capitalist states could 'accept' each other. The idea of peaceful coexistence came from before the Communist leader Stalin’s death, as Georgy Malenkov called for it in 1952 but it was more clear after Stalin’s death in 1953 where destalinization (removing the personality and politics of Stalin) began.


title: UEFA Cup Winners' Cup

paragraphs: The UEFA Cup Winners' Cup was an association football club competition which took place every year between winners of all European domestic cup competitions. The first competition was held in the 1960–61 season, and the last in 1998–99. The competition was then abolished to make way for a further expansion to the UEFA Champions League, with domestic cup winners now gaining entry into the UEFA Cup.


title: Bourke, New South Wales

paragraphs: Bourke is a town and Local Government Area (see Bourke Shire Council) in the north of New South Wales, Australia.


title: Shiraz

paragraphs: Shiraz is an important city in Southern Iran. About 1.4 million people live there.Shiraz is the fifth popular city in Iran and the capital of Fars provine.


title: Carlsberg

paragraphs: Carlsberg is a brewery in Denmark. Its headquarters are in Valby. The first beer was manufactured on November 10, 1847. In 1968, Carlsberg opened its first brewery in Malawi, Blantyre.


title: English Football Hall of Fame

paragraphs: The English Football Hall of Fame is in the National Football Museum in Preston, England.


title: Email headers

paragraphs: On the Internet, a header is extra information about a group of data. When someone sends an email, this information might contain when the email was sent, or some data about who sent the email (such as their IP address). You can think of email headers like the address and postage stamp on the outside of an envelope sent through regular mail.

paragraphs: Sometimes, this happens with other data (which is not an email) too. Computers often communicate with each other to transmit other kinds of data, like how to display a webpage, or the contents of an image. When this happens, other headers also come along with it.


title: Esfahān

paragraphs: Esfahān or Isfahan (historically also rendered as "Ispahan" or "Hispahan", Old Persian: "Aspadana", Middle Persian: "Spahān", "Esfahān") is the capital of Esfahan Province in Iran. It is about 340 km south of Tehran. It has a population of 1,583,609. It is Iran's third largest city after Tehran and Mashhad.

paragraphs: Isfahan was once one of the largest cities in the world. It was strong from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty. During this time it was the capital of Persia for the second time in its history. Even today, the city keeps much of its past glory. It is famous for its Islamic architecture, with many beautiful boulevards, covered bridges, palaces, mosques, and minarets.

paragraphs: The Naghsh-e Jahan Square in Isfahan is one of the largest city squares in the world. It is an outstanding example of Iranian and Islamic architecture. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The city also has a many historic monuments.


title: Residentie Orchestra

paragraphs: The Residentie Orchestra (Dutch: Residentie Orkest) is an orchestra from The Hague in the Netherlands. Outside the Netherlands it is often known as The Hague Philharmonic. The name “Residentie” (“Residence”) shows that it comes from The Hague, which is where the Dutch parliament meets. The Hague is the “residence of the Queen’s parliament”, although it is not the capital city of the Netherlands. The orchestra are internationally famous.

paragraphs: The orchestra started to form in 1903 when a group of musicians who called themselves the “Residentie Orkest” gave a concert in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Building for Arts and Sciences) in the centre of the Hague. By the end of the following year they had formed to give regular concerts. Their concert on 20 November 1904 is taken to be the official beginning of the orchestra.

paragraphs: The first conductor of the orchestra was Henri Viotta, who soon made it a very good orchestra. Famous composers came to conduct their own works with the orchestra. These included Richard Strauss, Igor Stravinsky, Max Reger and Maurice Ravel. The orchestra was sometimes conducted by the Dutch composer Peter van Anrooy, as well as their guest conductor George Szell.

paragraphs: The orchestra continued to be internationally known, and some very famous conductors came to conduct the orchestra, including Arturo Toscanini, Bruno Walter, Leonard Bernstein and Hans Knappertsbusch.

paragraphs: During the years after World War II, from 1949 to 1973, Willem van Otterloo was the chief conductor. They gave regular concerts in the Hague and in Amsterdam and made recordings for Philips Gramophone. Van Otterloo introduced them to many different styles of music. As in its earlier days, the orchestra often played modern music conducted by the composers: Bruno Maderna, Mauricio Kagel, John Cage and Pierre Boulez conducted their works. Recordings were made with other conductors including Gennady Rozhdestvensky and Evgenii Svetlanov who included music by less well-known Russian composers.

paragraphs: Jaap van Zweden, who conducted the orchestra for the first five years of this century, took them on tour to Japan and South America and they made recordings to celebrate 100 years of the orchestra. Van Zweden is still Honorary Guest Conductor of the orchestra.

paragraphs: Today the orchestra’s chief conductor is Neeme Järvi. Many new things have been started, including some concerts given by the Residentie Scratch Orchestra, in which amateur players can join the professional players of the orchestra to give a concert.

paragraphs: The Residentie Orchestra gave many of their concerts in the Gebouw voor Kunsten en Wetenschappen (more simply known as “K&W Building”), but also the summer concerts in the Kurzaal in Scheveningen, the seaside resort of the Hague, were very famous. Until 1915 these had been given by the Orchestre Lamoureux. The Residentie took them over and continued them until 1968.

paragraphs: The orchestra moved out of the K&W Building in 1964. Shortly afterwards the building was destroyed by fire. The Residentie Orchestra gave their regular concerts in the Kurzaal until 1968 when they moved to the Congresgebouw (Congress Building) in the west of the Hague. This was still not a very good concert hall and in 1987 they were able to move to the new Dr. Anton Philipszaal in the centre of the town. There are plans now to build a completely new arts complex there.


title: Al-Azhar University

paragraphs: Al-Azhar University is a university and mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It is the main centre of Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning in the world. It is also the world's second-oldest surviving university. It was founded in 975 by the Fatimids of the Shia tradition.


title: Imam Ali Mosque

paragraphs: The Imām ‘Alī Holy Shrine (), also known as Masjid Ali or the Mosque of ‘Alī, is a mosque in Najaf, Iraq.


title: Imam Reza shrine

paragraphs: Imām Rezā shrine () is a complex in Mashhad, Iran. It contains the mausoleum of Imām Ridhā, the eighth Imām of Twelver Shi'ites. Also in the complex are the Goharshad Mosque, a museum, a library, seminaries, a cemetery, a dining hall for pilgrims, vast prayer halls, and other buildings.

paragraphs: This complex is the center of tourism in Iran. It is visited by 15 to 20 million pilgrims every year.


title: Qibla

paragraphs: Qiblah (, also transliterated as Kiblah) is an Arabic word for the direction that should be faced when a Muslim prays during Salah. Most mosques contain a niche in a wall that indicates the qiblah.


title: Terracotta Army

paragraphs: The Terracotta Army is the buried army of Qin Shi Huang, an ancient Chinese emperor. These ancient sculptures were built and buried over two thousand years ago near the city of Xi'an. They were discovered in 1974 by farmers digging a well looking for underground water. Over a thousand terracotta warriors and horses have been uncovered since then. At least 6,000 more are thought to remain buried still.

paragraphs: According to the Chinese historian Sima Qian, Qin Shi Huang ordered this army to be built long before he became the first Emperor of all China in 221 BC. Work started when he was King of Qin in 247 BC. They were constructed to protect him in the afterlife. He died in 210 BC. Over 700,000 workers were needed to build the underground city where he was buried. It is thought to be filled with riches and decorated beautifully. The Chinese government has no plans to uncover the underground palace.

paragraphs: Each terracotta warrior is made of clay. They are around 2 meters tall, with commanders in the army being the tallest. The sculptures are so detailed that it is possible to guess the age, rank and personality of each one. None of the soldiers are the same. Some carry weapons such as daggers, bows and arrows, swords, spears or axes.

paragraphs: The terracotta army figures were made in workshops. The head, arms, legs and torsos were created separately and then assembled. Studies show that eight face moulds were most likely used, and then clay was added to provide individual facial features. Once put together, features such as facial expressions were added.

paragraphs: It is thought their legs were made the same way that terracotta drainage pipes were made at the time. This would make it an assembly line production, with specific parts manufactured and assembled after being fired, as opposed to crafting one solid piece and subsequently firing it. In those times, each workshop had to write its name on items produced. Once they were completed, the terracotta figures were placed in the pits in precise military formation according to rank and duty.


title: Iftar

paragraphs: Iftar () also Afur in (Somali language) refers to the evening meal for breaking (fasting) during the Islamic month of Ramadan.

paragraphs: Muslims fast in the holy month of Ramadan.

paragraphs: At the time of Maghrib (just after sunser) they eat and drink.

paragraphs: ذَهَبَ الظَّمَأُ وَابْتَلَّتِ الْعُرُوقُ وَثَبَتَ الأَجْرُ إِنْ شَاءَ اللَّهُ ."Thirst has gone, the arteries are moist, and the reward is sure, if Allah wills." [1]


title: Potluck

paragraphs: A potluck is a gathering of people. Every person is expected to bring a dish of food to share with the other people.


title: Khatib

paragraphs: Khatib or khateeb ( "khaṭīb") is an Arabic term used to describe a person who delivers the sermon ("khuṭbah"), during the Friday prayer or Eid prayers.


title: Khutbah

paragraphs: Khutbah () is the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition.


title: Gymnasium

paragraphs: A gymnasium (often called a gym) is a place used for physical activity. The word "γυμνάσιον" (gymnasion) was used in Ancient Greece. It meant a place for both physical and intellectual education of young men (see gymnasium (ancient Greece)).

paragraphs: The intellectual education meaning persisted in German and other languages to mean a certain type of school providing secondary education, the Gymnasium, whereas in English the meaning of physical education was pertained in the word gym. However, the word "gymnasium" is not used very often in English nowadays. The term favoured in English is "sports centre", which perhaps seems more natural.

paragraphs: Some gyms offer memberships where people can train and improve their physical appearance. Commercial gyms offer sometimes help from qualified trainer. Again, another term is more used today: "fitness centre".

paragraphs: Sports such as basketball and volleyball are often played in gymnasia.


title: Sulayman Pasha Mosque

paragraphs: The Sulayman Pasha Mosque is a mosque in Cairo, Egypt. It was built in 1528.


title: Nasir al-Mulk Mosque

paragraphs: Nasir al-Mulk Mosque (Nasir ol molk) is a traditional mosque in Shiraz, Iran.


title: Vault (architecture)

paragraphs: A Vault (French. "voute," Italian. "volta," German. "Gewölbe," Polish. "sklepienie", Spanish. "bóveda") is an architectural term for an arched form used to provide a space with a ceiling or roof.


title: Jannah

paragraphs: Jannah () is the Islamic conception of paradise. The Arabic word "Jannah" is a short version of the word "Garden".


title: Salat al-Janazah

paragraphs: Salat al-Janazah () is the funeral prayer held by Muslims before the burial but after the shrouding of the body.

paragraphs: Muslims do this so their soul can rise to Allah.Bye Bye sk sk sk By:Ahmed Ahnaf and Khalid Follow:@kha_4o5


title: Sunnah salat

paragraphs: Sunnah salat () are optional prayers that can be performed by Muslims at almost any time of the day. These prayers are performed in addition to the five daily prayers, which are compulsory for all Muslims.


title: Eid al-Adha

paragraphs: Eid al-Adha ( "‘Īdu l-’Aḍḥā") "Festival " or "Greater Bairam" is a religious festival celebrated by Muslims all over the world. It is when Muslims sacrifice a goat, sheep, cow, camel, and bull sending part of the meat to poor people as a donation. It marks the end of the pilgrimage hajj for the millions of Muslims who make the trip to Mecca each year and pray 5 times a day. They like to tell Allah what they are thinking and hope for him to help them, and remember Ibrahim and Isma’il’s courage and devotion to God.

paragraphs: The festival is to celebrate Ibrahim's (Abraham) willingness to sacrifice his son, Isma’il, because Allah told him to do so in a dream. Showing that he loved Allah more than his own son. And at the final moment, after taking his son's consent, as he was swinging his axe to kill his son God told an angel to switch a lamb instead of his son, and this act of sacrificing a lamb is copied by Muslims all over the world on Eid.

paragraphs: Ibrahim was tempted by Satan not to listen to God, and Ibrahim drove Satan away by throwing pebbles at him. This is also still commemorated by Muslims during Hajj.

paragraphs: The Eid prayer must be offered in congregation. It consists of two Rakaah (units) with seven Takbirs in the first Raka'ah and five Takbirs in the second Raka'ah.

paragraphs: The sacrifice of an animal, usually a cow, sheep or a goat, is a very important part of Eid. The act repeats what Ibrahim did, and also shows Muslims' devotion to God (Allah).

paragraphs: Muslims celebrate by having a feast, and giving gifts to the poor. In some Muslim traditions gifts are also given to children. In Muslim countries the day is given as a national holiday.


title: Salat al Eid

paragraphs: Salat al Eid () also known as Salat al Eidain () is the special prayer offered to commemorate two Islamic festivals. Both the Eids are collectively known as Eidain (عيدين) in Arabic language. The two Islamic festivals are:


title: Convention center

paragraphs: A convention center, in American English, is an exhibition hall, or conference center. It is designed to hold a convention. In British English very large venues suitable for major trade shows are known as exhibition centres. The term "convention centre" is sometimes used for intermediate venues between exhibitions centres and "conference centres", which are much smaller and contain lecture halls and meeting rooms.


title: Al Abbas Mosque

paragraphs: The Al-‘Abbās Mosque or Masjid al-‘Abbās () is the mausoleum of ‘Abbās ibn ‘Alī. It is across from the Imām Husayn Mosque in Karbalā, Iraq.


title: Suhoor

paragraphs: Suhoor () is also called Sehri, Sahari and Sahur in other languages. It is an Islamic term referring to the meal had early in the morning by Muslims before fasting.


title: Fajr

paragraphs: The Fajr () prayer is the first of the five daily prayers ("salat") recited by practising Muslims.

paragraphs: Muslims believe that "He who performs the dawn prayer (fajr) will be under the protection of Allah." (Sahih Muslim, Hadith# 657


title: Isha'a

paragraphs: The Isha () prayer is the night-time daily prayer recited by practising Muslims. It is the fifth of the five daily prayers ("salah").

paragraphs: Isha'a is one of the Muslim prayers. This prayer is used at nightfall before they go to sleep.


title: Laylat al-Qadr

paragraphs: Laylat al-Qadr () (also known as Shab-e-Qadr), basically the Night of Decree or Night of Measures, is the anniversary of two very important dates in Islam. They occurred in the month of Ramadan. It is the anniversary of the night Muslims believe the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Itikaf

paragraphs: Itikaf or Etikaf or E'tikaf is a practice in the Islamic faith. It consists of a period of retreat in a mosque, for a certain number of days in accordance with the believer's own wish.That number of days is 10 days. Ramadan is a perfect opportunity to do this. During Itikaf the people spend the last set of Ramadan in the mosque worshipping Allah. They spend their nights in worship by reciting verses from the Qur'an and praying "thahajjud". During Itikaf, the believers stay at the mosque. E'tikaf is performed during the last set of Ramadan because "laylatul qadr" (the night when the Quran was revealed) is most probably expected in it.The Muslims also worship god more and reflect about what they have done in the past.


title: Saturn's Norse group of satellites

paragraphs: The Norse group is a collection of moons of the planet Saturn that go around the planet in a different direction to the spin of Saturn. They also go in an odd ellipsis direction instead of a circle.

paragraphs: The names of this group come from gods from Norway. However, Phoebe is a Greek god, because it was discovered first.

paragraphs: Saturn has at least 61 moons, which can be put into ten groups. The Norse group is one of these groups, as is the Inuit group, and the Gallic group.

paragraphs: Here are all the moons in the Norse group. The moons at the top of the list are closer to Saturn than those at the bottom of the list.


title: Marcelo H. del Pilar

paragraphs: Marcelo Hilario del Pilar y Gatmaitan (August 30, 1850 – July 4, 1896), was a leading propagandist of the Philippine Revolution in 1896.

paragraphs: Marcelo H. del Pilar was born in Cupang (now Barangay San Nicolas), Bulacan, on August 30, 1850, to parents Julián del Pilar and Blasa Gatmaytan. He studied at the Colegio de San José and later at the University of Santo Tomas, where he finished his law course in 1880. In 1882, del Pilar founded the nationalist newspaper "Diariong Tagalog" (Tagalog Newspaper). He organized various anti-friar demonstrations while in the Philippines. He also wrote anti-friar pamphlets like the "Dasalan at Tocsohan", "Caiigat Cayo", etc. Del Pilar went to Spain in 1888 to escape persecution by the Spanish authorities. He became the second editor of "La Solidaridad" (Solidarity) in Madrid.

paragraphs: Publication of the "La Solidaridad" stopped in 1895 due to lack of money. Del Pilar decided to return to the Philippines to lead a revolution against Spain. However, he cancelled his trip due to his illness. Del Pilar died of tuberculosis in Barcelona on July 4, 1896, a pauper, away from his wife and 2 children.


title: Slut

paragraphs: Slut is a broad word that usually means a woman who has sex with a lot of people. It is a bad word and is generally meant to be offensive to whomever it is describing. It is an insult, and some people would also call it a swear word. Originally it meant "A woman of dirty, slovenly or untidy appearance".


title: King Fahd Mosque, Culver City

paragraphs: The King Fahad Mosque is a mosque in Culver City, California. It is significant in the Muslim community. A mosque is the main public building in Islam. As a gift to the Muslim community of Southern California from Saudi Arabia, Prince Abdulaziz Bin Fahad Bin Abdulaziz Al-Saud, Minister of State and Cabinet Member, provided funding for the land in 1993. King Fahad pledged funds for the construction of the building in 1995. It will serve as a religious and educational center for both Muslims and non-Muslims, worldwide.

paragraphs: Inside the Mosque, the Qiblah (direction of prayer) was built facing towards the Ka'ba (mosque) in the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia. This is the direction that all Muslims face when they pray. Following Islamic tradition, there is a marble facade, hand made tiles from Turkey, and a 72 foot high minaret topped with a gold leaf crescent. The minaret is an architectural symbol of Islam.

paragraphs: The building covers . It is has a central prayer area, an auditorium, conference rooms, and modern amenities for wudu (a-self-purification process performed before prayer).

paragraphs: The King Fahad Mosque is located at 10980 Washington Boulevard in Culver City, California. It is open daily for all five prayers. Owned and operated by The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah, the entire project was guided by Director General, Dr. Khalil Al Khalil. The Islamic Foundation of Shaikh Ibn Taimmiyyah is located across the street from The King Fahad Mosque at 11004 Washington Boulevard.

paragraphs: Ibn Taymiyah Foundation has supervised the project of King Fahad Mosque in Los Angeles since its beginning. It is responsible for management and future activities. The establishment of this foundation dates back to 1400 AH (1980 CE). Its activities began in the "Muslim Student House" in the city's western area. The idea developed further and a house was purchased in the same area for prayers, lectures and Dawa activities.

paragraphs: The foundation is an Islamic charity organization legally recognized by United States authorities. It is exempted from taxes, entitled to own property and practice religious, educational, informational and intellectual activities throughout the United States.

paragraphs: The foundation's established objectives are:

paragraphs: The foundation supervises two other mosques:

paragraphs: The foundation supervises "Zamzam Schools" for girls' education and the memorization of the Qur'an.


title: Jewish Defense League

paragraphs: The Jewish Defense League (JDL) is a Jewish organization started in the US in 1968. Its stated goal is to "protect Jews from antisemitism by whatever means necessary". The JDL was suspected of plotting to bomb the King Fahd Mosque in Culver City, California. The FBI called the JDL a ""right-wing terrorist group"".


title: Hassan Bek Mosque

paragraphs: The Hassan Bek Mosque (, , also known as the Hasan Bey Mosque) is a mosque in Jaffa, which is now part of the Tel Aviv-Yafo municipality, in Israel. It is considered to be one of the most well-known mosques. It's sole minaret was restored two times.


title: Cultural center

paragraphs: Cultural center (or cultural centre) is an organization, building or complex that promotes culture and arts.


title: Fahd of Saudi Arabia

paragraphs: King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, (1921 - August 1, 2005) was the King of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. He was also the leader of the House of Saud and Prime Minister. One of his sons was Abdul Aziz bin Fahd.


title: History of saffron cultivation

paragraphs: The history of saffron growing reaches back more than 3,000 years. The wild plant from which the saffron crocus came was called "Crocus cartwrightianus". Humans began choosing wild plants that had long "stigmas". Gradually, a form of "C. cartwrightianus", "C. sativus", came into being in the late Bronze Age Crete. Experts believe that the first document to mention saffron is a 7th-century BC Assyrian book about botany which was written in the time of Ashurbanipal. Since then, we have found evidence for the use of saffron in the treatment of about 90 illnesses during the past 4,000 years.

paragraphs: The Minoans had pictures of saffron in their palaces as long ago as 1500–1600 BC, showing how it could be used as a medicine. Later, Greek legends told of sea voyages to Cilicia, where adventurers hoped to find the world's most valuable saffron. Another legend tells how someone named Crocus was bewitched and transformed into the original saffron crocus. Ancient Mediterranean peoples - including perfumers in Egypt, physicians in Gaza, townspeople in Rhodes, and the Greek "hetaerae" courtesans- used saffron in their perfumes, ointments, potpourris, mascaras, divine offerings, and medical treatments.

paragraphs: In late Hellenistic Egypt, Cleopatra used saffron in her baths to make her feel good. Egyptian healers used saffron as a treatment for all varieties of gastrointestinal ailments. Saffron was also used as a fabric dye in such Levant cities as Sidon and Tyre. Aulus Cornelius Celsus prescribes saffron in medicines for wounds, cough, colic, and scabies, and in the mithridatium. Such was the Romans' love of saffron that Roman colonists took their saffron with them when they settled in southern Gaul, where it was extensively cultivated until Rome's fall. Competing theories state that saffron only returned to France with 8th century AD Moors or with the Avignon papacy in the 14th century AD.

paragraphs: Paints made from saffron were being used for drawing 50,000 years ago. These have been found in the country that is today called Iraq. Later, people called the Sumerians used wild-growing saffron in their remedies and magical potions. Traders carried saffron for long distances before the 2nd millennium BC. Ancient Persians were growing their own type of saffron ("Crocus sativus" 'Hausknechtii') in Derbena, Isfahan, and Khorasan by the 10th century BC. Sometimes saffron threads were woven into textiles. They were given as offerings to the gods and used in dyes, perfumes, medicines, and body washes. Saffron threads were also scattered across beds and mixed into hot tea as a way of curing sad feelings. Other people were afraid that the Persians would use saffron as a drug and aphrodisiac. During his Asian campaigns, Alexander the Great used Persian saffron in his tea, rice, and baths to help heal his battle wounds. Alexander's troops copied their leader's actions and brought the habit of saffron-bathing back to Greece.

paragraphs: No one knows how saffron arrived in South Asia. Traditional Kashmiri and Chinese accounts date its arrival anywhere between 900–2500 years ago. Meanwhile, historians studying ancient Persian records date the arrival to sometime prior to 500 BC, attributing it to either Persian transplantation of saffron corms to stock new gardens and parks or to a Persian invasion and colonization of Kashmir. Phoenicians then marketed Kashmiri saffron as a dye and a treatment for melancholy. From there, saffron use in foods and dyes spread throughout South Asia. For example, Buddhist monks in India adopted saffron-coloured robes after the Buddha Siddhartha Gautama's death. However, the robes were not dyed with costly saffron but turmeric, a less expensive dye, or jackfruit.

paragraphs: Some historians believe that saffron first came to China with Mongol invaders by way of Persia. On the other hand, saffron is mentioned in ancient Chinese medical texts, including the forty-volume "Shennong Bencaojing" (神農本草經—"Shennong's Great Herbal", also known as "Pen Ts'ao" or "Pun Tsao") pharmacopoeia, a tome dating from 200–300 BC. Traditionally attributed to the legendary "Yan" ("Fire") Emperor (炎帝) Shennong, it documents 252 phytochemical-based medical treatments for various disorders. Yet around the 3rd century AD, the Chinese were referring to saffron as having a Kashmiri provenance. For example, Wan Zhen, a Chinese medical expert, reported that "[t]he habitat of saffron is in Kashmir, where people grow it principally to offer it to the Buddha." Wan also reflected on how saffron was used in his time: "The [saffron crocus] flower withers after a few days, and then the saffron is obtained. It is valued for its uniform yellow colour. It can be used to aromatise wine."

paragraphs: In Europe, saffron cultivation declined steeply following the Roman Empire's fall. Saffron was reintroduced when the Islamic civilization "Al-Andalus" spread to Spain, France, and Italy. During the 14th century Black Death, demand for saffron-based medicine skyrocketed, and much saffron had to be imported via Venetian and Genoan ships from southern and Mediterranean lands such as Rhodes. The theft of one such shipment by noblemen sparked the fourteen-week long "Saffron War". The conflict and resulting fear of rampant saffron piracy spurred significant saffron cultivation in Basel, which grew prosperous. Cultivation and trade then spread to Nuremberg, where epidemic levels of saffron adulteration brought on the "Safranschou" code, under which saffron adulterers were fined, imprisoned, and executed. Soon after, saffron cultivation spread throughout England, especially Norfolk and Suffolk. The Essex town of Saffron Walden, named for its new specialty crop, emerged as England's prime saffron growing and trading center. However, an influx of more exotic spices such as chocolate, coffee, tea, and vanilla from newly contacted Eastern and overseas countries caused European cultivation and usage of saffron to decline. Only in southern France, Italy, and Spain, did significant cultivation endure.

paragraphs: Europeans brought saffron to the Americas when immigrant members of the Schwenkfelder Church left Europe with a trunk containing saffron corms; indeed, many Schwenkfelders had widely grown saffron in Europe. By 1730, the Pennsylvania Dutch were cultivating saffron throughout eastern Pennsylvania. Spanish colonies in the Caribbean bought large amounts of this new American saffron, and high demand ensured that saffron's list price on the Philadelphia commodities exchange was set equal to that of gold. The trade with the Caribbean later collapsed in the aftermath of the War of 1812, when many saffron-transporting merchant vessels were destroyed. Yet the Pennsylvania Dutch continued to grow lesser amounts of saffron for local trade and use in their cakes, noodles, and chicken or trout dishes. American saffron cultivation survived into modern times mainly in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.


title: Ain al-Yaqeen

paragraphs: Ain al-Yaqeen (English: Heart of the Matter) is an Arab news magazine. It is published every week. It is mainly about politics.


title: Bombay riots

paragraphs: Many riots have happened in the City of Mumbai, India (Bombay) since Independence. However the Bombay Riots usually refers to the riots in Mumbai, in December 1992 and January 1993, in which 900 people died.


title: 1993 Bombay bombings

paragraphs: The 1993 Bombay bombings were a series of thirteen bomb explosions. They took place in Bombay (now Mumbai), India on March 12, 1993.


title: Clifford Edmund Bosworth

paragraphs: Clifford Edmund Bosworth FBA (born December 29, 1928, Sheffield, United Kingdom) is an English historian and orientalist. He specializes in Arabic studies.


title: Encyclopaedia of Islam

paragraphs: The "Encyclopaedia of Islam" ("EI") is the standard encyclopaedia of the academic discipline of Islamic studies.


title: Al-Mawardi

paragraphs: Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Muhammad Ibn Habib al-Mawardi( أبو الحسن علي بن محمد بن حبيب البصري الماوردي ), known in Latin as Alboacen (972-1058 CE), was an Arab Muslim jurist of the Shafi`i school.


title: Religious studies

paragraphs: Religious studies (or "religious education") is the academic study of religious beliefs, behaviors, and institutions from a secular viewpoint. The main religions studied are Christianity, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Judaism and Hinduism.


title: Pitch (baseball)

paragraphs: A pitch, in baseball, is when a pitcher throws the baseball to the batter. This is a pitcher's main job. The pitcher tries to get the player who is at-bat out. If a pitcher throws three strikes, the batter strikes out (unless the third strike is a foul tip). A strike is when a pitch is in the zone from the batter's knees to the belt and the width of home plate (the "strike zone"), and if the batter does not swing. A strike is also called if a batter swings at any pitch and misses, or if a batter hits a ball into foul territory (this is called a "foul tip"). If a pitcher throws a ball outside of the strike zone and the batter does not swing, this is called a "ball". If four of these are thrown, the batter gets to go to first base for free. This is called a "walk".

paragraphs: Pitchers use different pitches to try to get the batter out. The most common is a fastball. A fastball is when the pitcher throws the ball as hard as he or she can. The pitcher is trying to get the ball past the batter before the batter can hit it. Another type of pitch is a changeup. A pitcher throws a changeup when he or she wants the batter to swing before the ball gets to home plate. The batter might do this because he or she thinks the pitch is a fastball and the baseball will get to the plate faster. In addition to these two types of pitches, there are also many others.


title: Dida

paragraphs: Dida (born 7 October 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Milan.


title: Juan Silveira dos Santos

paragraphs: Juan Silveira dos Santos (born 1 February 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Roma and Brazil national team.


title: Kaká

paragraphs: Ricardo Izecson dos Santos Leite (born 22 April, 1982), better known as Kaká, is a Brazilian former football player.


title: Zé Roberto

paragraphs: Zé Roberto (born 6 July 1974) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Hamburger SV.


title: Erich Hartmann

paragraphs: Erich Alfred "Bubi" Hartmann (19 April 1922 in Weissach – 20 September 1993 in Weil im Schönbuch) was a German flying ace in World War II. He was the flying ace with the most victories ever: 352 planes. After the war he spent ten years in Soviet prison camps. Later, he joined the West Germany Air Force. He had a conflict with his superiors in the West German Air Force. So he was forced to resign. After that, he worked as a flight instructor.


title: Cicinho

paragraphs: Cicinho (born 24 June 1980) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for São Paulo.


title: Luisão

paragraphs: Luisão (born 13 February 1982) is a Brazilian retired football player.


title: Cristiano Marques Gomes

paragraphs: Cristiano Marques Gomes (born 3 June 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Olympique Lyonnais.


title: Gilberto

paragraphs: Gilberto (born 25 April 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Cruzeiro.


title: Gilberto Silva

paragraphs: Gilberto Silva (born 7 October 1976) is a etired Brazilian football player. He last played for Atletico Mineiro


title: Mineiro

paragraphs: Mineiro (born 2 August 1975) is a Brazilian football player. He play for Schalke.


title: Juninho Pernambucano

paragraphs: Juninho Pernambucano (born 30 January 1975) is a former Brazilian football player. He plays for Vasco da Gama.


title: Preveza

paragraphs: Preveza is a Greek town. It is in the west of Greece in the district of Ipirus. Preveza is the capital of Preveza prefecture. Preveza is a coastal town and it has a big port. Its ports connect Preveza with Ionian islands such as Leukada and Paxoi. Near Preveza is the Arta town.


title: Ricardinho

paragraphs: Ricardinho (born 23 May 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Mineiro.


title: Frederico Chaves Guedes

paragraphs: Frederico Chaves Guedes (born 3 October 1983) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Fluminense.


title: Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)

paragraphs: Júlio César Soares de Espíndola (born 3 September 1979) is a Brazilian former football player. He last played for Benfica and the Brazil national team.

paragraphs: In July 2009, Julio Cesar was awarded by ESPN Brasil (the Brazilian division of ESPN) as the best player of the 2008/09 season. He received an important and highly regarded "Prêmio Futebol no Mundo" ("Worldwide Football award").

paragraphs: He won the treble with Inter in the 2009-10 season, playing 54 games in all competitions.


title: Robinho

paragraphs: Robinho (born 25 January 1984) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Santos and Brazil national team.


title: Carlos Alberto Parreira

paragraphs: Carlos Alberto Parreira (born 27 February 1943) is a Brazilian football manager.


title: Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis

paragraphs: Marcos Roberto Silveira Reis (born 4 August, 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras and Brazil national team.


title: Roque Júnior

paragraphs: Roque Júnior (born 31 August 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazilian national team.


title: Edmílson Gomes

paragraphs: Edmílson Gomes (born 10 July, 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Palmeiras.


title: Juliano Belletti

paragraphs: Juliano Belletti (born 20 June 1976) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Chelsea.


title: Ânderson Polga

paragraphs: Ânderson Polga (born 9 February, 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Corinthians.


title: José Kléberson

paragraphs: José Kléberson (born 19 June, 1979) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Flamengo.


title: Jenílson Ângelo de Souza

paragraphs: Jenílson Ângelo de Souza (born 20 June, 1973) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Atlético Mineiro.


title: Denílson de Oliveira Araújo

paragraphs: Denílson de Oliveira Araújo (born 24 August 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Vampeta

paragraphs: Vampeta (born 13 March 1974) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Edílson

paragraphs: Edílson (born 17 September 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Luiz Bombonato Goulart

paragraphs: Luiz Bombonato Goulart (born 14 November 1975) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Luiz Felipe Scolari

paragraphs: Luiz Felipe Scolari (born 9 November 1948) is a Brazilian football manager.


title: Cláudio Taffarel

paragraphs: Cláudio Taffarel (born 8 May 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Aldair

paragraphs: Aldair (born 30 November 1965) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Júnior Baiano

paragraphs: Júnior Baiano (born 14 March, 1970) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Corfu (city)

paragraphs: Corfu city is the capital of the Corfu Island and it is one of the most beautiful cities in the east Mediterranean. The town has an intense colour of the Italian renaissance, because in the past, Corfu was under the Venice rule. So, Corfu resemble a south Italian City. It a very touristic city and many tourists are coming to Corfu from all the world, mainly from west Europe. The population of Corfu city is 35.851 inhabitants

paragraphs: Corfu has many sights, so it is very interesting for visitors. The city has old buildings with very beautiful architecture. There is the "mon repo" Palace where princess Sissy lived. Another place of interest is the islet pontikonisi.

paragraphs: Corfu is believed that it in the past was the Homeric country of Faekes where Odysseus had arrived, before he reached Ithaki. In the ancient archaist period the Corintians had founded some colonies. In the Middle Ages Corfu belonged to Byzantine Empire and later belonged to Venice state. Corfu was united with Greece in 1864.


title: Giovanni Silva de Oliveira

paragraphs: Giovanni Silva de Oliveira (born 4 February, 1972) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Carlos Germano

paragraphs: Carlos Germano (born 14 August, 1970) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: José Carlos de Almeida

paragraphs: José Carlos de Almeida (born 14 November, 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes

paragraphs: Marcelo Gonçalves Costa Lopes (born 22 February, 1966) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: André Cruz

paragraphs: André Cruz (born 20 September, 1968) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Doriva

paragraphs: Doriva (born 28 May 1972) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Mário Zagallo

paragraphs: Mário Zagallo (born 9 August 1931) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Edessa

paragraphs: Edessa, former Vodena, is a Greek town in the north of Greece. It is in central Macedonia. According to the 2001 census, 19.066 people lived there. Edessa is famous for its waterfalls. In the end of the town there are some very beautiful waterfalls. In the past, the residents used the strength of the waterfalls for different works. Edessa is the capital of Pellas prefecture. It is near the ancient Macedonian city Pella which it was the capital of ancient Macedonia. The former name "Vodena", came from the slavic word "voda", which means "water" and it was given because it has many waterfalls. Today's name, Edessa, is derived from phrygian and it means tower.


title: Ermoupolis

paragraphs: Ermoupolis is a Greek town. It is on the island Syros and it is the capital of Cyclades islands. Ermoupolis has 13.496 people. Ermoupolis has many beautiful old buildings which note the wealth, which there was in the past. Several buildings have a big architectural value, such as ermoupolis' town hall and Apollon theater. Around Ermoupolis there are many places where Catholic people live. The existence of Catholic people has dates back in the Franks and Venetian rule in Middle Ages.

paragraphs: Ermoupolis was founded in the first decades of 19th century and it was developed quickly. Ermoupolis was built next to the Catholic old town Ano Syros. Soon, it became the biggest port of Greece and an important commercial center. The development of the city stopped when Piraeus port developed.

paragraphs: Ermoupolis has many interesting places, which the visitors can see. Near Ermoupolis there are many beautiful villages and beaches. Near Syros are the islands, Mykonos and Tinos which they are very touristic.


title: Hanged, drawn and quartered

paragraphs: To be hanged, drawn and quartered was a punishment in England used for men found guilty of high treason.

paragraphs: The full punishment was made up of the following - the victim was:

paragraphs: Typically, the five body parts (i.e. the four quarters of the body and the head) would be put on public display in different parts of the city, town, or - in more famous cases such as that of William Wallace - in the country, to discourage would-be traitors who had not seen the execution. After the Crimes Act 1814 was passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the prisoner was instead hanged until dead - not having to suffer the extremely painful remainder of the punishment while alive. The public display of the bodies of executed prisoners (whether by "hanging, drawing and quartering", or some other method) was removed from English criminal law in 1843; "drawing" and "quartering" in 1870.

paragraphs: There is debate among modern historians about whether "drawing" referred to the dragging to the place of execution or the disembowelling, but since two different words are used in the official documents detailing the trial of William Wallace (""detrahatur"" for drawing as a method of transport, and ""devaletur"" for disembowelment), there is no doubt that the subjects of the punishment were disembowelled.

paragraphs: Judges delivering sentence at the Old Bailey also seemed to have had some confusion over the term "drawn", and some sentences are summarized as "Drawn, Hanged and Quartered". Nevertheless, the sentence was often recorded quite explicitly. For example, the record of the trial of Thomas Wallcot, John Rouse, William Hone and William Blake for offences against the king, on 12 July 1683 concludes as follows:

paragraphs: The "Oxford English Dictionary" notes both meanings of "drawn": "To draw out the viscera or the like, to the place of execution". It states that "In many cases of executions it is uncertain [which of these senses of "drawn"] is meant. The presumption is that where "drawn" is mentioned after "hanged", the sense is [the second meaning]."

paragraphs: The condemned man would usually be sentenced to the short drop method of hanging, so that the neck would not break. The man was usually dragged alive to the quartering table, although in some cases men were brought to the table dead or unconscious. A splash of water was usually employed to wake the man if unconscious, then he was laid down on the table. A large cut was made in the gut after removing the genitalia, and the intestines would be spooled out on a device that resembled a dough roller. Each piece of organ would be burned before the sufferer's eyes, and when he was completely disembowelled, his head would be cut off. The body would then be cut into four pieces, and the king would decide where they were to be displayed. Usually the head was sent to the Tower of London and, as in the case of William Wallace, the other four pieces were sent to different parts of the country. The head was generally par-boiled in brine to preserve the appearance of the head in display, while the quarters were more often prepared in pitch, for longer-lasting deterrent displays.


title: Australian Film Institute Awards

paragraphs: The Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards, known as the AACTA Awards, formerly known as Australian Film Institute Awards are the main national movie awards in Australia. It is presented annually by the Australian Film Institute. The awards recognize excellence of professionals in the movie industry and television industry, including directors, actors and writers. It is the most prestigious awards ceremony for the Australian movie and television industry.


title: Reichsminister

paragraphs: Reichsministers were some of the members of the German parliament, the Reichstag, between 1919 and 1945. They were leaders of government ministries.

paragraphs: During the German Empire, there were no Reichsministers.


title: Illustration

paragraphs: An illustration is a picture that tries to get the person looking at it to pay more attention to the subject than to the art. Illustrations can be in the form of a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art.

paragraphs: Illustrations often have one of two purposes. One is to give light to the subject. The other purpose is to decorate an informational text (such as a newspaper or article).

paragraphs: illustration can also be a story based on drawings.


title: Nile crocodile

paragraphs: The Nile crocodile ("Crocodylus niloticus") is the largest of the four crocodile species found in Africa. They have a long tail and powerful jaws. Their back feet are webbed for swimming. They can grow up to in length and can weigh up to . The males are usually bigger than the females.

paragraphs: Nile crocodiles are also found in Madagascar, sub-Saharan Africa and the Nile Delta. They were also found in Jordan and Israel before. They live in different habitats including lakes, rivers, estuaries, freshwater marshes, and mangrove swamps.

paragraphs: The Nile Crocodile is carnivorous, or eats meat. The Nile crocodile eats bigger animals as it gets bigger. Young crocodiles will eat insects and small fish, while adult crocodiles can catch and eat zebras, antelopes, wildebeests and buffalo. The Nile Crocodile will attack anything, even other crocodiles.

paragraphs: The crocodiles mate in the water, and then the female lays her eggs in a hole dug in the ground. They can lay 60 eggs which take about 90 days to hatch. One unique thing about the Nile crocodile is that the female will guard the eggs until they hatch. Young crocodiles are able to reproduce when they get to about 12 years old.


title: Reichswehr

paragraphs: Reichswehr was the name of the German military from 1921 to 1935. During these years, their number was severely restricted by the Treaty of Versailles. From 1935 to 1946 they were called Wehrmacht, and since 1946 they have been called Bundeswehr.


title: Debra Messing

paragraphs: Debra Lynn Messing (born August 15, 1968) is an American actress. She has been nominated eight times for Golden Globe Awards. Her work includes acting as Grace Adler in the NBC television series "Will & Grace", and Molly Kagan in the USA television series "The Starter Wife".

paragraphs: Messing was born in the Brooklyn borough of New York City. She is the daughter of Sandra (née Simons), who has worked as a professional singer, banker, travel agent and real estate agent, and Brian Messing, a sales executive for a costume jewelry packaging manufacturer. The Messing family is Jewish, and descends from Russia and Poland. When Messing was three, she moved with her parents and her older brother, Brett, to East Greenwich, a small town outside Providence, Rhode Island.

paragraphs: During her high school years, Messing acted and sang in a number of high school productions. For example, she was a main character in the musicals "Annie" and "Fiddler on the Roof". Messing took lessons in dance, singing, and acting. While her parents encouraged her dream of becoming an actress, they also urged her to finish a liberal arts education before deciding on acting as a career. Following their advice, Messing attended Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts. During her junior year, she studied theater at the well-known London-based British European Studio Group program. This experience made her sure that she wanted to be an actress.

paragraphs: In 1990, Messing graduating from Brandeis University with a bachelor's degree in theater arts She then gained admission to the Graduate Acting Program at New York University. This was a very hard thing to do, because the program only accepts around fifteen new students every year. She earned a Master's Degree in Fine Arts there after three years.

paragraphs: In 1993, Messing was praised for her acting in the pre-Broadway workshop production of Tony Kushner's play "". After that, she appeared in several episodes of the television series "NYPD Blue" during 1994 and 1995.

paragraphs: In 1995, Messing made her film debut in Alfonso Arau's "A Walk in the Clouds". She was playing the unfaithful wife of main character Paul Sutton (Keanu Reeves). Fox Network thought she did well, so they made her the co-star of the television sitcom, "Ned and Stacey". The series lasted for two seasons, from 1995 to 1997. In 1996 and 1997, Messing appeared as Jerry Seinfeld's date in two episodes of the series "Seinfeld". Messing turned down a starring role in another television sitcom so she could appear in Donald Margulies's two-character play "Collected Stories". The play opened at the Off-Broadway Manhattan Theater Club. She also co-starred in McHale's Navy in 1997.

paragraphs: In 1998, Messing played a lead role as the bio-anthropologist Sloan Parker on ABC's dramatic science fiction television series "Prey". During this time, her agent want to her with the script for the first episode of the television show "Will & Grace". Messing was at first wanted to take some time off, but the script get her interest. She for the role of Grace Adler. She got the part, beating out Nicollette Sheridan. Sheridan later guest-starred on the show as a romantic rival of Grace's. "Will & Grace" became a ratings success, and Messing gained fame.

paragraphs: In 2002, Messing was named one of the "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" by "People Magazine". "TV Guide" picked her as its "Best Dressed Woman" in 2003. Messing was cast by director Woody Allen in a small role in his 2002 film "Hollywood Ending". Her film roles since then include a happily married but ill-fated wife in the thriller "The Mothman Prophecies" (2002) and a supporting role in "Along Came Polly" (2004). "The Wedding Date" (2005) was Messing's first leading role in a high-profile film. It received mixed reviews but performed fairly well at the box office. Messing was featured as a judge on the season finale of the second season of Bravo's reality show, "Project Runway". She also starred in the television mini-series "The Starter Wife", which was nominated for ten Emmy awards including one for Messing for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie.

paragraphs: Messing returned to her role as Molly Kagan in a second season of ten episodes of "The Starter Wife" in 2008. In February 2009, USA Network announced that "The Starter Wife" will not be back for another season.

paragraphs: Messing met actor and screenwriter Daniel Zelman, on their first day as graduate students at NYU in 1990. They married on September 3, 2000, and live in New York City. On April 7, 2004, Messing gave birth to a son, Roman Walker Zelman.