title: History of Curitiba

paragraphs: The history of Curitiba has many different periods.

paragraphs: In the past, the region where today is the city of Curitiba was a region of exuberant forest, where the parana-pine was dominant. The first inhabitants of the region were the indigenous tribe Tingüi, by the Tupi-Guarani nation.

paragraphs: At the beginning of the Christian Era, the Plateau Curitibano (also known as First Plateau of Paraná) was inhabited by peoples potters. Subterranean houses, found at archaeological sites on the outskirts of Curitiba, show the adaptation of native to the adverse conditions of climate, as the cold wind, frost and snow.

paragraphs: In time of arrival of the Portuguese to Brazil, the Plateau Curitibano was occupied by groups of linguistic families Jê and Tupi-Guarani.

paragraphs: The first ten years of the 16th century marked the beginning of a war of conquest of Europeans against the indigenous peoples who inhabited the plateaus of southeastern and southern Brazil. Were Portuguese and Spanish expeditions in search of precious metals and stones, and Indians to enslave.

paragraphs: The region of Curitiba began to be populated by non-Indians around 1630, by people from Paranaguá, where the alluvium gold had been discovered, forming the village of "Our Lady of Light and Good Jesus of Pine Forest", which was became in town in 1693. The Portuguese who founded a village in 1693 gave it the name of "Vila da Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais" ("Our Lady of the Light in the Pine Forest"). The name was changed to "Curitiba" in 1721.

paragraphs: There is a legend telling that around 1648 a group of pioneers founded a small village near the Atuba River while searching for gold. These pioneers venerated "Nossa Senhor da Luz" and made a special place there for her statue. The legend tells that every morning the image turned her eyes to a pine tree forest, which the pioneers knew was a sacred place of the Indians. The explorers took this as a sign that "Nossa Senhora" was showing them a special place for their village. Even though they knew that the Indians took them as enemies, the pioneers took the risk and went in to the forest to find this special place. When the pioneers got close to the tribe, a miracle happened: the Indians were peaceful and expecting them to come. Done contact with the leader of the Tingüi tribe, the cacique Tindiqüera would have said the new location and put a stick in the ground, saying "Coré Etuba" ("many pines"). By this stick would have grown a great tree, where today is the "zero mark" of Curitiba. At that place the pioneers built a chapel in honor of the saint, now called "Nossa Senhora da Luz dos Pinhais" ("Our Lady of the Light in the Pine Forest").

paragraphs: Curitiba officially became a town in 1812, orthography its name as "Curityba". An alternative orthography also came up: "Coritiba". This orthography looked to become dominant for it was used in press and state documents, but a state decree in 1919 decided the dispute by orthography the city name "Curitiba". Growth was based on the cattle trade, being a way between cattle breeding country to the South and markets to the North. Developing effective started from the beginning of the 19th century, with the exploitation and exportation of Yerba mate ("Ilex paraguariensis"), and the elevation to the condition that city in 1842.

paragraphs: Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. In 1853, the south and southwest of the province of São Paulo are separated, forming the new province of Paraná, and Curitiba has become capital. The "Universidade Federal do Paraná" (Federal University of Paraná), the first in Brazil, was established in Curitiba in 1913, the same year in which electric streetcars were first deployed.

paragraphs: As most of Southern Brazil's population, Curitiba is mostly inhabited by Brazilians of European descent. The first Europeans to arrive in the region were of Portuguese origin, during the 17th century. They intermarried with the native people and with the African slaves.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, the influx of immigrants from Europe increased. In 1828, the first German immigrants settled in Paraná. However, large numbers of immigrants from Germany only arrived in Curitiba during the 1870s, most of them was Volga Germans from Russia.

paragraphs: Immigrants from Poland first arrived in 1871, settling in rural areas near to Curitiba. They largely influenced the agriculture of the region. Curitiba has the second largest Polish diaspora in the world, second only to Chicago, and is the only Brazilian city to have orthography in Polish language: "Kurytyba".

paragraphs: Italian immigrants started arriving in Curitiba in 1878. They came mostly from the Veneto and Trento regions, in Northern Italy and settled mostly in the Santa Felicidade neighborhood, still today the center of the large Italian community of Curitiba.

paragraphs: Large numbers of Ukrainian immigrants settled in Curitiba, mostly between 1895 and 1897, when 20 thousands arrived. They were peasants from Galicia, who immigrated to Brazil to become small farmers. Nowadays there are 300 thousand Ukrainian-Brazilians living in Paraná.

paragraphs: Japanese immigrants starting arriving in the region in 1915. Curitiba received significant numbers of immigrants from Japan. Nowadays, there are about 40 thousand Japanese-Brazilians living in the city.

paragraphs: Other immigrants, such as jewishes, Arabs from Lebanon and Syria, English, French, Russians and other Eastern Europeans also settled in Curitiba.

paragraphs: During the 20th century, especially after the middle, the city is going through a large increase in population and is consolidating as regional hub for trade and services, becoming one of the richest cities in Brazil and pioneer in urban solutions. In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Agache, co-founder of the French Society for Urban Studies, was hired to produce the first city plan. It emphasised a "star" of boulevards, with public amenities downtown, an industrial district and sanitation. It was followed when possible, but was too expensive to complete.

paragraphs: By the 1960s, Curitiba's population had increased to 430,000, and some residents feared that the growth in population threatened to drastically change the character of the city. In 1964, Mayor Ivo Arzua solicited proposals for urban design. Architect Jaime Lerner - who later became mayor - led a team from the Universidade Federal do Paraná that suggested strict controls on urban sprawl, a reduction of traffic in the downtown area, preservation of Curitiba's Historic Sector, and a convenient and affordable public transit system. This plan, known as the Curitiba Master Plan, was adopted in 1968. Lerner closed the XV de Novembro St. to vehicles, because it had very high pedestrian traffic. The plan had a new road design to minimise traffic: the Trinary Road System. This uses two one-way streets moving in opposite directions which surround a smaller, two-lane street where the express buses have their exclusive lane. Five of these roads form a star that converges to the city centre. Land farther from these roads is zoned for lower density developments, to reduce traffic away from the main roads. A number of areas subject to floods were condemned and became parks.

paragraphs: Currently, the immigration of foreigners is small - is common only immigrants from China, some Middle Eastern and South American countries -, has been replaced by migration of Brazilians from other regions of the country (it is estimated that nowadays about half the population of Curitiba is composed of migrants).


title: Cosmopolitan

paragraphs: Cosmopolitan is a word considered first made by Diogenes of Sinope and is made of two parts, "cosmos" and "politics". It can be used for:


title: Coimbra

paragraphs: Coimbra is a city in Portugal. It was the capital city of the country during the 12th century, and is home of the University of Coimbra, the oldest academic institution in the Portuguese language-speaking world.

paragraphs: According to the census of 2001, the city had a population of 101,069 inhabitants, and the municipality had a population of 148,443 inhabitants in a 319.4 km² land area. Over 430,000 inhabitants live in the Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra.


title: Corrientes

paragraphs: Corrientes is a city in Argentina. It is the capital city of the province of Corrientes, on the eastern shore of the Paraná River, and about 1,000 km from Buenos Aires. According to the census of 2001, the city had 328,689 people.

paragraphs: As the provincial capital, Corrientes is the most important city in the province, being an economical center, and holds the authorities and governmental institutions.

paragraphs: The annual average temperature is 20 °C, with maximum and minimum averages of 33 °C and 10 °C, respectively. The annual rainfall is around 1,200 mm.


title: Emerald ash borer

paragraphs: The emerald ash borer ("Agrilus planipennis" or "Agrilus marcopoli") is a shiny green beetle native to Asia. It made its way into the United States by accident and has since been spread to eleven states and to the border with Canada.

paragraphs: The beetle is an invasive species, and a serious pest which destroys ash trees. It has killed at least 25 million ash trees so far and threatens to kill most of the ash trees throughout North America.

paragraphs: Adults lay eggs in crevasses in the bark. Larvae burrow into the bark after hatching and consume the living tissue of cambium and phloem. This causes death within two years. The average emerging season for the emerald ash borer is early spring to late summer. Females lay around 75 eggs, but up to 300 from early May to mid-July. The borer's life cycle is estimated to be one year in southern Michigan but may be up to two years in colder regions.

paragraphs: Huge efforts have been made to slow down its spread, but nothing has worked so far. Parasitoid wasps from Asia are being released, and a fungus which kills insects is being tried.


title: Ratite

paragraphs: The ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of which are flightless. Most of them, including the largest (moas and elephant birds) are now extinct.

paragraphs: Unlike other flightless birds, the ratites have no keel on their sternum. In a flying bird the sternum anchors the wing muscles.

paragraphs: Most parts of the former super-continent Gondwana have ratites, or did have until the fairly recent past. Their closest living relatives are the tinamous of South America.

paragraphs: The classification used here includes all ratites in the order Struthioniformes, but not the tinamous. This may change in future.

paragraphs: It was once thought that ratites were all one monophyletic group, which evolved together in Gondwana in the Upper Cretaceous. Then they evolved in their separate ways as Gondwana split up, and the parts drifted apart. The parts became the modern southern continents, plus Africa and the Indian subcontinent.

paragraphs: However, modern gene analysis conflicts with this. DNA analysis shows that the ratites diverged from one another too recently to share a common Gondwanian ancestor. However, all analyses show that rheas (South America) and the living Australasian/Oceanian ratites "are" monophyletic.

paragraphs: Recent analysis of twenty nuclear genes suggests that the flighted tinamous cluster within the ratite lineage. The timamids are the sister group of the Australo-Pacific ratites.

paragraphs: If so, this would make 'ratites', as a whole, paraphyletic rather than monophyletic. Since tinamous are weak fliers, this raises interesting questions about the evolution of flightlessness in this group. If timamous are inside the ratite lineage, then ratites evolved flightlessness at least three times. Re-evolution of flight in the tinamous would be an alternative explanation, but that has no precedent in bird evolution, while loss of flight is commonplace.

paragraphs: Tinamous are ratites. Therefore, ratites are a group of medium to large birds, most of whom are flightless, with the exception of the tinamous. The ratites evolved flightlessness more than once. The similarities between Ostriches and the Australo-Pacific ratites is due to convergent evolution.


title: New Britain

paragraphs: New Britain is the largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago (named for Otto von Bismarck) of Papua New Guinea. It is separated from the island of New Guinea by the Dampier Strait, and from New Ireland by the St. George's Channel. The main towns of New Britain are Rabaul/Kokopo and Kimbe.


title: Gosford

paragraphs: Gosford is a city on the Central Coast of New South Wales, Australia, approximately 80 km north of the Sydney central business district. Gosford is the 18th largest local government area in Australia with a total resident population of 158,157.


title: Airlie Beach, Queensland

paragraphs: Airlie Beach is a town in the Whitsunday Region of Queensland, Australia. At the 2006 census, Airlie Beach had a population of 2,751. The greater Whitsunday region had a population of approximately 31,000.


title: Agama

paragraphs: Agama is a genus of lizards. It contains at least 31 species across Africa, where they are the most common lizard.

paragraphs: They can be found in many sizes, from 5 inches to a foot in length and a wide variety of colors. One of the best known species is the red-headed rock agama ("Agama agama"), widespread in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Hurricane Luis

paragraphs: Hurricane Luis was one of the most powerful storms of the very active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season. Even though Luis was strong it was still only the second strongest storm in 1995, the strongest was Hurricane Opal. Hurricane Luis was the strongest storm to hit the Leeward Islands since Hurricane Hugo in 1989. From August 22 to September 1 Humberto, Iris, Jerry, Luis, and Karen were active at the same time. Most of the places damaged by Luis were damaged only a week earlier by Hurricane Iris, except for the United States and Newfoundland (Canada) and most of the islands would be damaged again less than two weeks later by Hurricane Marilyn.

paragraphs: The early stages of Luis's formation is track back to a tropical wave that moved off of Africa on August 26. The next day it became Tropical Depression Thirteen near Cape Verde. It reached Tropical Storm status on the 29th and was named Luis. It reached hurricane status on August 30 and reach category 4 strength on September 2. The next day Luis reached it's highest winds of 150 mph making it a Category 4. Luis continued west and crossed over Barbuda late on September 4. At this time Luis came very close to Antigua, St. Barthelemy, St. Martin and Anguilla. Luis turned northwest and while it was 150 miles to the north of Puerto Rico Luis weakened to a category 2 hurricane, after being a major hurricane for a week. Luis kept slowly weakening and headed to the northeast. While Luis was offshore of Newfoundland he caused a wave more than 98 feet tall. Luis made landfall in eastern Newfoundland on September 11 while a category 1. That same day Luis became extratropical and died near Greenland.

paragraphs: These were the places impacted by Hurricane Luis. Many of the Island Countries were affected by Hurricane Iris a week before; many would also be affected by Hurricane Marilyn only ten days later.

paragraphs: Luis caused a lot of damage in Antigua and Barbuda because it made landfall in that country. In Antigua about 50% of houses were either destroyed of damaged. In Barbuda nearly 70% of houses were either destroyed of damaged. The government of the country spent about $350 million in U.S. Dollars to fix the damage.

paragraphs: In Bermuda winds were reported up to 46 mph. However, there was no damage or people killed in Bermuda. On September 11 a ship called Queen Elizabeth 2 got caught in the 98 foot wave that Luis caused. The ship was not damaged but it arrived late in New York.

paragraphs: The only Providence in Canada affected by Luis was Newfoundland.

paragraphs: In Newfoundland, Luis killed one person and caused about $500,000 in damage. Luis dropped 2.4 to 4.7 inches of rain while it passed over Newfoundland on September 11.

paragraphs: In Dominica, larges waves from Hurricane Luis caused one fisherman to get killed. Hurricane Luis caused about $47 million in damage to the island nation.

paragraphs: St. Martin, a small island was hurt most by Luis. Luis did not strike St. Martin, but it was hurt most by Luis because he caused 9 people to get killed and $1.8 billion in damage.

paragraphs: In North Carolina, a U.S. state, a wave caused one person to get killed. Also, in New York, a wave washed under a house and later destroyed causing $1.9 million in damage.

paragraphs: In Guadeloupe, Luis killed one. In Saint Barthelemy, winds were recorded up to 155 mph. In Saint Kitts and Nevis, damages from Luis were at $197 million.

paragraphs: After Hurricane Luis many organizations and Governments donated money to help fix the damage on the affect islands. The largest donation was the Government of the Netherlands, which donated $15.2 million.

paragraphs: When Tropical Depression Thirteen became Tropical Storm Luis on August 29, it marked the earliest date of a seasons 12th named storm. While Luis was becoming extratropical it sped up to nearly 65 mph, making it the third fastest traveling Atlantic hurricane. On September 11 when Luis caused that 98 foot wave it was the highest wave recorded from an Atlantic hurricane. Until 2004, when Hurricane Ivan may have caused a wave up to 130 feet.

paragraphs: The name Luis was retired in the spring of 1996. Luis was the first name retired since Andrew in 1992. Luis was also the first named storm starting with L to get its name retired. Luis is now only one of two L names to get retired, the other was Lili in 2002. In 2001 Lorenzo was used instead.


title: Mossman, Queensland

paragraphs: Mossman is a town in north Queensland, Australia. It is on the Mossman River. There are bout 1700 people living in Mossman. It was first called Mosman; the name was changed because there was a Sydney suburb called Mosman. Mossman is on the Captain Cook Highway, north of Cairns.

paragraphs: Mossman Gorge, a popular attraction in Daintree National Park, is located west of town. Sugar cane farming is a major crop around Mossman. The Mossman Central Mill is the only sugar mill in the area; turns the cane into sugar.

paragraphs: The Mossman area was served by 2 separate tram systems using 2 foot (610 mm) gauge tracks (width of track). The trams carried passengers and general goods, as well as sugar cane. These tramways were the first transport in the area, proper roads were built much later.

paragraphs: Mossman has 5 primary schools and one high school. Mossman was once part of the old Douglas Shire. It is now part of the Cairns Regional Council. Mossman has a number of sporting clubs such as the Mossman Sharks rugby league club and the Port Douglas Australian Rules Football club. Mossman has the cleanest water in Australia. It is free from chlorine and fluoride and comes straight from the Mossman Gorge.


Satoshi Tsunami


title: Ryuji Kawai

paragraphs: Ryuji Kawai (born 14 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Yokohama F. Marinos.


Kiyotaka Matsui


title: Ryūji Bando

paragraphs: Bando's play was been noted by the international press, including reports of games against Mexican and British teams.


Yasutoshi Miura


title: Wim Jansen

paragraphs: Wim Jansen (born 28 October 1946) is a former Dutch football player. He has played for Netherlands national team.


Yuji Nakazawa


title: A.S. Roma

paragraphs: A.S. Roma is a football club which plays in Italy.

paragraphs: The club formed from a merger of three clubs: Alba-Audace Roma, Fortitudo-Pro Roma and Roman in 1927.

paragraphs: The current captain of the club is vacant


title: A.S.D. Spezia Calcio

paragraphs: A.S.D. Spezia Calcio 2008, more commonly known as Spezia Calcio, is a football club which plays in Liguria, Italy.


title: Cagliari Calcio

paragraphs: Cagliari Calcio is a football club which plays in Italy.


title: Hellas Verona F.C.

paragraphs: Hellas Verona F.C. is a football club from Verona, Veneto, Italy.


title: U.C. Sampdoria

paragraphs: U.C. Sampdoria is a football club which plays in Italy.

paragraphs: The club formed from a merger of two clubs; Andrea Doria and Sampierdarenese in 1946.


title: Microsoft Office 2010

paragraphs: Microsoft Office 2010 is a previous version of Microsoft Office, now replaced by Microsoft Office 2016. It included Microsoft Office Web Apps, an online version of Microsoft Office. The software was officially released to the public on June 15, 2010.

paragraphs: The Microsoft Office Web Apps was introduced as a new feature of Microsoft Office. It allows users to share documents easily with one another. Many people can edit the document and also download to edit on their version of Microsoft Office 2010. However, users need to have a Windows Live ID, and the storage space is only limited to 25 GB.

paragraphs: Office Web Apps can only create 4 types of documents:

paragraphs: Other types of documents, like Microsoft Publisher, can only be created using a paid version of the software.

paragraphs: This service is also similar to Google Docs, a service by Google to create documents and share with people.


title: Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor

paragraphs: Rudolf II (July 18, 1552 - January 20, 1612) was King of Hungary (as Rudolf, 1572-1608), King of Bohemia (as Rudolf II, 1575-1608/1611), Archduke of Austria (as Rudolf V, 1576-1608), and Holy Roman Emperor (as Rudolf II, 1576-1612). He was a member of the Habsburg family.


title: Christine Anu

paragraphs: Christine Anu (born 15 March 1970) is an Australian pop singer and actress. She studied dancing at National Aboriginal and Islander Skills Association (NAISDA) Dance College in Sydney. She began to sing backing vocals with Australian band, Neil Murray and the Rainmakers. Murray wrote the song "My Island Home", which became Anu's first big hit. Anu won an Australian Recording Industry Award (ARIA) for her first album, "Stylin' Up".

paragraphs: Anu was born in Cairns, Queensland. Her mother is a Torres Strait Islander.


paragraphs: The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is the national government body for scientific research in Australia. It was founded in 1926 originally as the Advisory Council of Science and Industry.


title: Mission Beach, Queensland

paragraphs: Mission Beach is a small village along the Coral Sea in Queensland, Australia. Dunk Island, a popular tourist destination is away. It is in the tropical rainforest. Mission Beach is a good place to see the cassowary, an endangered flightless bird.


title: John Gould

paragraphs: John Gould (14 September 1804 – 3 February 1881) was an English ornithologist (bird scientist). The Gould League (a bird group) started in Australia in 1909, was named after him. His knowledge of the birds now called "Darwin's finches" was a turning point in the Charles Darwin's thinking about evolution by natural selection. They are barely mentioned in Charles Darwin's book, "On the Origin of Species".


title: Red-violet

paragraphs: Red-violet is a deep tone of rosy magenta. It may also be considered a reddish tone of purple or a bluish tone of rose.

paragraphs: On the old fashioned, now obsolete red-yellow-blue pigment color wheel (in which red, yellow, and blue were regarded as the primary colors and orange, green, and violet were regarded as the secondary colors), "red-violet" was a tertiary color between red and violet on the red-yellow-blue pigment color wheel and thus was the equivalent of pigment purple. The other tertiary colors on a red-yellow-blue (RYB) color wheel were called blue-violet, blue-green, yellow-green, yellow-orange, and red-orange.

paragraphs: The RYB color wheel is still often used to teach color to children.

paragraphs: It has been reported by ophthalmologists that those who have their lenses removed and replaced with clear plastic intraocular lenses can see partway into the ultraviolet and view electric purple (a tone of red-violet) on the spectrum beyond Violet because it has been shown that the retina has some ultraviolet sensitivity which is normally blocked by the natural lens. Presumably, tetrachromatic animals such as birds can also see this color on the spectrum. These observers able to see partially into the ultraviolet describe the color they can see beyond violet in the ultraviolet as a sort of lilac, that is, a reddish-violet (purple) color that is the color of the lilac flower. (Presumably this color that they see would be electric purple, since electric purple is a pure chroma on the color wheel and would presumably be the color we would see on the spectrum beyond violet if we could see into the ultraviolet.)

paragraphs: Note: The spectrum colors can only be approximated on a computer screen but the colors shown below are a close approximation of the spectral colors red and violet, shown compared to the non-spectral color red-violet (a deep tone of the color magenta tending toward rose).


title: Philatelic materials

paragraphs: Philatelic materials are postage stamps, se-tenants, souvenir sheets, sheets of stamps, postal stationery, postal markings, and other indicia (markings on a mail piece showing that postage has been paid by the sender) that are objects of stamp collecting.


title: Postage meter

paragraphs: A postage meter is a mechanical device used to create and apply physical evidence of postage to mailed matter.


title: Kiloware

paragraphs: Kiloware is a term for packages of postage stamps sold to stamp collectors by weight rather than by quantity, often in kilograms, hence the name. Kiloware usually consists of used stamps and commonly still on paper, although off paper stamps may also be sold as kiloware.


Bent


title: Candidiasis

paragraphs: Candidiasis, often called yeast infection or thrush, is a type of infectious disease. It is a fungal infection (mycosis). The disease is caused by any of the "Candida" species of yeast. "Candida albicans" is the most common species.

paragraphs: "Candida" yeasts are common in most people. The yeast is usually controlled in the body. When the yeast grows without control, an infection happens.

paragraphs: A weakened, unhealthy, or young immune system may allow candidiasis to develop. HIV/AIDS, cancer treatments, steroids, stress and not enough nutrients may cause candidiasis.

paragraphs: Antibiotic and steroid use are the most common reason for uncontrolled yeast. Antibiotic kills some bacteria, and changes the balance of microorganisms in the body. This may allow the yeast to multiply.

paragraphs: Esophageal candidiasis is an infection of the esophagus by "Candida albicans". The disease happens in unhealthy people. Sometimes people will get the infection when they are treated with chemotherapy. People with AIDS can also get this infection more often.

paragraphs: One sign of esophageal candidiasis is painful swallowing. Weight loss can happen when a person has esophageal candidiasis for a long time.

paragraphs: Oral candidiasis is a yeast infection of the mouth. It is located on the mucous membranes of the mouth. It is caused by "Candida albicans", "Candida glabrata" or "Candida tropicalis".

paragraphs: Candida may appear as thick white or cream-coloured areas on mucosal membranes. The infected mucosa of the mouth may look inflamed. In babies the condition is called thrush. For babies, it is usually painless and causes no pain. Adults may experience discomfort or burning sensation.

paragraphs: In healthy persons, candidiasis is usually a very small infection of the skin or mucous membranes. These areas include:

paragraphs: Candidiasis is a very common cause of vaginal irritation, or vaginitis. It can also occur on the penis or scrotum. In unhealthy patients, the "Candida" infection can affect the esophagus. It could get everywhere in the body. This would cause a much more serious health condition, a state called candidemia.


title: Graphics processing unit

paragraphs: A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a processor that renders (or creates) images, animations, and graphics and displays them for the computer’s screen. A strong GPU is able to process complex animations and graphics smoothly and efficiently.

paragraphs: There are generally two types of images which GPU has to calculate, which is also called rendering. Most applications like the operating system’s desktop (except e.g. Windows Vista’s Aero Desktop) or office applications, the GPU has to render two dimensional (2D) pictures. Modern GPUs are so powerful that there is no difference in 2D performance between low-cost and expensive GPUs.

paragraphs: Some applications use 3D pictures to simulate three-dimensionality. Examples for such applications are computer and video games or applications for design and technical construction (CAD). The 3D acceleration performance of GPUs differs greatly. Generally, more expensive GPUs can render faster than low-cost ones.

paragraphs: Nvidia, AMD, and Intel are the most common designers of graphics cards. However, many manufacturers work with these three companies to manufacture the actual hardware. These manufacturers include, but are not limited to, Asus, MSI, and EVGA. AMD and Intel sometimes include integrated GPUs embedded in their CPUs but these are not as powerful as a dedicated external GPU that is seperate from the CPU.

paragraphs: The first graphics cards were used in the 1970’s within arcade machines as a cheaper alternative to random access memory (RAM). However, graphics cards were not viable for consumer products until the release of the Large Scale Integration (LSI) circuit chip in the 1980’s. During the early-to-mid 1990’s, graphics cards that were capable of 3D support became more common in arcade, computer, and console games. The first consumer-level GPU meant for personal computers was the Nvidia GeForce 256, which was released in 1999.

paragraphs: GPUs are commonly used in computers and video game systems to render graphics for video games that may not be playable without the proper GPU. However, other devices such as virtual reality headsets and driverless cars also use GPUs. GPU computing, which every tasks that a GPU can do, includes calculations, artificial intelligence programming, photo editing, and other applications.

paragraphs: The term GPU computing combines all tasks a GPU can calculate that go beyond simple calculation and output of pictures. It is also known under the term General Purpose Computation on Graphics Processing Unit. Tasks are calculation of physics, Artificial Intelligence or even acceleration of video and picture editing. One of the first applications to support GPU computing is Adobe’s Photoshop CS4.

paragraphs: nVidia calls their attempt at GPU Computing CUDA. This is nVidia's interface for using their GPUs for general computing tasks. CUDA is based on the C programming language.

paragraphs: ATi is calling their attempt Stream. There were some earlier attempts under a different name prior to Stream’s release with ATi’s graphics driver “Catalyst 8.12” in December 2008.

paragraphs: S3 Graphics showed a first application for video editing which is accelerated by their latest GPUs. Yet, there is no information whether S3 Graphics will continue to increase their efforts in GPU computing.

paragraphs: The latest milestone in GPU computing was AMD’s announcement of a Super-Computer based on GPUs at the CES in January 2009. It will be built of more than a thousand GPUs and will have a computing power of one petaflop.

paragraphs: An external GPU is a graphics processor located outside of the housing of the computer. External graphics processors are used with laptop computers, which lack a powerful graphics processor. On-board graphics chips are not powerful enough for graphically intensive tasks. Therefore, attaching a GPU to some notebook is desirable.

paragraphs: Most GPUs made since 1995 support YUV color space and hardware overlays, and many GPUs made since 2000 also support MPEG primitives. This process of hardware accelerated video decoding. Most recent graphics cards even decode high-definition video on the card, offloading the central processing unit.

paragraphs: Early GPUs used Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) interface to communicate with the motherboard of a computer, a type of slot which is still used today for simple motherboard add-ons such as extra audio-processing cards or USB ports. As graphics cards became more powerful and graphics applications more demanding, a faster kind of interface called Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) was created and then PCIe x16 (PCI Express 16-lane) after it, the current overall standard. In 2008 PCIe 2.0 was introduced, doubling the speed of PCIe 1.0 and still working with older PCI Express interfaces.

paragraphs: PCI graphics cards will only work in PCI slots; AGP will only work in AGP slots. PCIe graphics cards will not function in PCI slots and PCI graphics cards will not function in PCIe slots. However, PCI Express 2.0 graphics cards will work in PCI Express x16 1.0 motherboard slots and vice-versa.

paragraphs: Multi-GPU Systems are computers which use more than one GPU. Generally this is used in high-end home computers to accelerate computer games, but there is also the ability to have one GPU rendering normal game scenes and one GPU calculating physics. This is currently supported by nVidia’s GPUs only and called PhysX. ATi and Intel have developed their own physics engine named Havok.

paragraphs: The first attempts in Multi-GPU Systems were done by 3Dfx, which was bought by nVidia later. Their Voodoo video cards, which were 3D only accelerators, could be hooked up to a second Voodoo video card to gain more performance. This was called SLi. Theoretically the performance would double, practically it increased far less, depending on the video game, which is still a problem in today’s Multi-GPU Systems. Later, 3Dfx built more than one GPU on one video card. It’s latest video card, the Voodoo 6, was based on four GPUs, but it was never released. However there exist several engineering samples of the Voodoo 6, mostly owned by collectors.

paragraphs: After nVidia bought 3Dfx, Multi-GPU Systems were dead for several years until nVidia came up with this idea again in 2004. As nVidia had bought all technologies and market names from 3Dfx, too, they simply used the name SLi again. Today’s SLi works with up to three video cards, which is called 3-way-SLi. There were also attempts with four cards, but this failed due to limitations in the DirectX9 API. Today’s DirectX10 API however would support this.

paragraphs: Despite the video cards, a SLi compatible motherboard is needed to build a SLi-System. Such motherboards have several PEG Slots (the successor to AGP, based on PCI-Express Technology) for more than one video card.

paragraphs: nVidia offers various Multi-GPU video cards, where two GPUs are built on one video card. These are often called Dual-GPU video cards and do not need a SLi compatible motherboard.

paragraphs: ATi’s Multi-GPU Technology is called Cross Fire. It works quite the same way, though there are fewer limitations for video card combinations. CrossFire was renamed as CrossFire X in 2007 to represent the possibility to combine more than two cards. Today, it is possible to have a CrossFire X system based on four video cards or two Dual-GPU cards.

paragraphs: Just like with SLi, there is the necessity for a CrossFire compatible motherboard in order to build a CrossFire System. One Dual-GPU video card from ATi does not necessarily need such a Crossfire compatible motherboard, however for two of them, it is needed.


title: 1970 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1970 Atlantic hurricane season was the period of time in 1970 that tropical cyclones formed in Atlantic Ocean. It officially began on June 1, 1970, and it ended on November 30, 1970. Strong storms of 1970 include Hurricane Celia, which killed 20 and caused severe damage. Also, Tropical Storm Dorothy killed 51 people, most in Martinique.

paragraphs: These are the names of the tropical cyclones that formed in the season:

paragraphs: These are the names set aside for 1970. Names that were not used are in .

paragraphs: After this season there was one name that got retired: Celia. In 1974, the name "Carmen" was used instead.


title: Orange Bowl

paragraphs: The Orange Bowl Game is an American college football bowl game at the Dolphin Stadium. It is played every year. It first started on January 1, 1935.


title: Gary Karr

paragraphs: Gary Karr (born 20 November 1941), is an American classical double bass virtuoso and teacher.

paragraphs: There were several double bass players in his family, but he did not meet them. He studied with several teachers. He went to the Juilliard School. In 1962 he became famous when he was a soloist in a nationally televised New York Philharmonic Young People's Concert, conducted by Leonard Bernstein. On that famous telecast, Karr performed "The Swan" from "Carnival of the Animals" by Camille Saint-Saëns.

paragraphs: Gary Karr has given performances in many parts of the world. He has published a number of books for learning to play the double bass. After 40 years as a concert artist he retired in 2001 to Victoria, British Columbia, where he lives with his dog Shin-Ju.

paragraphs: In 1967, Karr founded the International Society of Bassists (ISB), an organization which encourages the playing of the double bass all over the world. Every two years the ISB has a big international conference.

paragraphs: Olga Koussevitzky, widow of the conductor and double bass player Serge Koussevitzky (1874-1951) heard Karr play when he was young, and gave him the beautiful Amati double bass made in 1611 which her husband had played. Karr later gave this double bass to the ISB so that double bassists world-wide could play on it.

paragraphs: In 1984 the Karr Doublebass Foundation was established by Karr, which loans instruments to promising young double bassists to help them in their careers.


title: 1996 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season officially began on June 1, 1996, and lasted until November 30, 1996. Tropical Cyclones can and have formed outside these dates but not in 1996, because Hurricane Marco ended on November 24. The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season was very active, but not as active as 1995, but it was more active then 1997.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Arthur was the first tropical storm of the 1996 season. It started on June 17 in the Bahamas as Tropical Depression One. One became Tropical Storm Arthur late on June 19. Tropical Storm Arthur made landfall in Cape Lookout, North Carolina was a weak tropical storm. It moved to the east and went back into the Atlantic Ocean and died on June 21. Arthur killed no one and caused only $1 million in damage.

paragraphs: Hurricane Bertha was the first hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. It started on July 5 near the Cape Verde Islands. On that same day it became Tropical Storm Bertha. By July 7 it became a hurricane, during that day it struck Antigua, and Sint Maarten. Bertha moved along the edges of the islands in the Bahamas. Hurricane Bertha made landfall in North Carolina on July 12 as a category 2 hurricane. It quickly got weaker and died on July 14 as it entered Canada. Bertha killed 9 people and caused $335 million in damage.

paragraphs: Hurricane Cesar started off the coast of Venezuela on July 24, it was a tropical depression at this time. It slowly got stronger, becoming a tropical storm the next day and a hurricane by July 27. On July 28 it made landfall as a hurricane in Nicaragua. Cesar weakened to a tropical storm over land, but it reached the Pacific Ocean and later on it became Hurricane Douglas. Hurricane Cesar killed 77 people and caused $206 million in damage.

paragraphs: Hurricane Dolly started as Tropical Depression Four near Jamaica. It got stronger and it became Tropical Storm Dolly soon after. Tropical Storm Dolly became Hurricane Dolly just before it made landfall in the Yucatan Peninsula on August 20. It weakened over land and entered the southern Gulf of Mexico as a tropical depression. Dolly quickly got stronger again and became a tropical storm. Just before it made another landfall in Mexico, it became Hurricane Dolly again on August 23. The storm weakened a lot over Mexico and it died on August 26. It killed about 14 in Mexico.

paragraphs: Hurricane Edouard was the strongest hurricane of the 1996 Atlantic hurricane season. It started as Tropical Depression Five near Cape Verde on August 19. Tropical Depression Five did not become Tropical Storm Edouard until August 22. By the next day it had gotten stronger and it was Hurricane Edouard at this point.

paragraphs: Hurricane Edouard strengthened fast, peaking as a category 4 hurricane on from August 24 - 28. After this, it weakened slightly, back to a category 3 hurricane. It turned to the north and repeated this but did not again re-strengthen into a category 4 hurricane. On September 2, Hurricane Edouard passed only 90 miles to the south of Massachusetts. By the next day Hurricane Edouard had died.

paragraphs: Edouard killed 2 people and caused around $3.5 million in damage.

paragraphs: Fran started on August 23 as Tropical Depression Six. It slowly got stronger because Hurricane Edouard was near it. The depression became Tropical Storm Fran on August 27. Fran became a hurricane on August 29, weakened back to a tropical storm on August 30, and became a hurricane again on August 31. Hurricane Fran did not get much stronger until it began on a track more to the north. By September 5, it made landfall in Cape Fear, North Carolina as a category 3 hurricane. It died on September 8. Fran caused the deaths of 26 people and caused $3.2 billion in damage.

paragraphs: On August 26, Tropical Depression Seven started. It slowly grew and became Tropical Storm Gustav. It headed northwest and did not get any stronger because of the large size of Hurricane Fran and wind shear. Wind shear also caused in to die on September 2.

paragraphs: Hortense started on September 3 as the eighth tropical depression in 1996 in the Atlantic. It slowly strengthened, becoming Tropical Storm Hortense on September 7, four days later. As a tropical storm, it passed into the Leeward Islands and entered the Caribbean Sea. Continuing to slowly strengthen, it became Hurricane Hortense on September 9. Hurricane Hortense made landfall on the southwestern part of Puerto Rico. This resulted in $155 million in damage and the deaths of 18 people. It also moved along the coast of Dominican Republic, which killed 3 people.

paragraphs: It soon re-entered the Atlantic Ocean, and it quickly strengthened. By September 13, it had become a 140 miles per hour, category 4 hurricane. Hortense started moving faster, but weakened at the same time. Finally, by September 15 it had made another landfall in Nova Scotia. In Nova Scotia, there was $3 million in damage. Hurricane Hortense died on later on September 15.

paragraphs: Isidore started on September 24 a few hundred miles south of Cape Verde. It headed westward and later peaked as a category 3 hurricane. Hurricane Isidore began heading north after it became a category 3 hurricane. Isidore weakened and died on October 1.

paragraphs: The 1996 Atlantic hurricane season had 4 tropical storms, 3 hurricane, 6 major hurricanes and 1 possible storm.

paragraphs: There were 8 unused names in 1996 they include:

paragraphs: In the spring of 1997 the following names got retired: "Cesar, Fran and Hortense" and there are replaced by "Cristobal, Fay and Hanna" for the 2002 season.


title: Nilotic peoples

paragraphs: Nilotic is a word that refers to a number of people who speak Nilotic languages. Today they live in Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Ethiopia. Most of them are farmers, raising cattle.


title: Roman Patkoló

paragraphs: Roman Patkoló (born 6 February 1982 in Zilina, Slovakia) is a Slovak virtuoso double bass player.

paragraphs: Patkoló started to play the double bass when he was only 13. This is quite a young age to play the double bass which is a very large instrument. He soon showed his amazing talent and two years later won 1st prize in the National Slovak Competition.

paragraphs: Since then he has won many other competitions, including the International Double Bass Competition in 1999 in Iowa, USA. The following year he won the Johannes Matthias Sperger International Music Competition, which is the world’s most famous competition for double bass playing. Many other prizes followed. He finished his studies in Munich in 2005.

paragraphs: He got a scholarship from the foundation organized by the violinist Anne-Sophie Mutter. This foundation has encouraged several composers to write new solo works for the double bass. Mutter’s husband, the conductor Sir André Previn, composed a concerto for violin, double bass and orchestra, which was first performed in 2007 by the Boston Symphony Orchestra with Previn conducting and Mutter and Patkoló as soloists.

paragraphs: A notable recent collaboration is with composer . Their performance of Gelgotas' Sanctifaction premiered in February 2018 with publications by the Gramophone Magazine and the Strad. In June 2018 both musicians performed live on BR Klassik.

paragraphs: Roman Patkoló was named as one of five instrumentalists of the year by Opus Klassik award (succeeding Echo Klassik) in Germany in 2018.

paragraphs: Patkoló is asked to perform all over the world. He now teaches at the University of Music Basel.


title: Healesville Sanctuary

paragraphs: Healesville Sanctuary, or the Sir Colin MacKenzie Fauna Park, is a zoo at Healesville in Victoria. It only keeps animals that come from Australia. It has a history of breeding Australian animals. In 1943 it became the first zoo to breed a platypus. The only other zoo to have bred a platypus is Sydney's Taronga Zoo. It also helps by breeding the endangered Helmeted honeyeater. It is one of three zoos in Victoria run by Zoos Victoria; the others are the Melbourne Zoo and the Werribee Open Range Zoo.

paragraphs: The zoo is in a natural bush setting. Paths wind through different habitat areas with wallabies, wombats, dingoes, kangaroos, and over 200 Australian birds. There are tours, bird shows and information areas for visitors.

paragraphs: Dr Colin MacKenzie (knighted in 1929) set up the "Institute of Anatomical Research" in 1921. It was on of land which had been part of the Coranderrk Aboriginal Reserve. The Reserve was given to the Healesville Council in 1927. It became the "Sir Colin MacKenzie Sanctuary" in 1934. By 1947 the sanctuary had grown into a major tourist attraction and the management was taken over by the Victorian government. Since then the zoo has grown with new special features and facilites including the $6 million Australian Wildlife Health Centre in 2005.

paragraphs: The Healesville Sanctuary is currently working on breeding programs for endangered species including the:


title: Tropical Storm Barry (2007)

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Barry is a tropical cyclone that grew quickly. It made landfall on Florida in early June 2007. It was the second Atlantic named storm of the 2007 Atlantic hurricane season. Barry formed in the Gulf of Mexico and moved toward the northeast, reaching top wind speeds of 60 mph (95 km/h). It then weakened and first reached land near Tampa Bay, Florida. Barry quickly weakened after wind shear blew away most of the thunderstorms. Barry moved up the East Coast of the United States and by June 5, it was taken over by a bigger storm.

paragraphs: Rain from Barry in the Cuban province of Pinar del Río hurt three people and damaged 55 houses. In Florida, Barry caused heavy rain in an area that had been in drought. Flooding and wet roads killed two people in traffic accidents. Rough seas killed one surfer in Pinellas County, Florida. In Florida and Georgia, the rain helped firefighters fight bad wildfires. Damage from the storm was minor.

paragraphs: On May 29, a weather system in the Yucatán Peninsula created a small area of thunderstorms over the Yucatán Channel. The thunderstorms got stronger near the weather system. By May 30, clouds from the area reached from Nicaragua to the southeastern Gulf of Mexico. Another weather system, called a tropical wave, created a storm on May 30. The next day, a cyclone formed inside the system. The storm moved towards the north-northeast, and slowly gained strength. More thunderstorms formed near the center, and the system became a tropical depression. A tropical depression is a type of storm.

paragraphs: The depression developed an area of squalls (sudden, violent storms with wind and rain). A Hurricane Hunters airplane flew into the area to collect information about the cyclone. At the beginning, the tropical depression looked to be both a tropical and subtropical cyclone. On June 1, the National Hurricane Center named the storm "Tropical Storm Barry". Barry was now 235 miles (375 km) to the west of Key West, Florida. Barry moved quickly towards the north. On June 2, it reached its strongest with winds of 60 mph (95 km/h).

paragraphs: After Barry reached its highest strength, strong wind shear removed most of the thunderstorms from the tropical cyclone. The center of the system then increased in length, and it began to weaken. At 1400 UTC on June 2, Barry made landfall near Tampa, Florida while it was at tropical depression status. As Barry moved inland, it weakened more. Later that day, the National Hurricane Center said that Barry had died out over northeastern Florida. What was left of Barry continued to move northeast. On June 3, it moved onto shore again, this time in South Carolina. Late on June 4, the extratropical system entered New England. Late on June 5, what was left of the cyclone was taken over by a larger weather system, near the border of the U.S. state of Maine and the Canadian province of Quebec.

paragraphs: When Barry was named as a tropical storm, the National Hurricane Center sent out a tropical storm warning for the west coast of Florida from Bonita Beach through Keaton Beach. Also, a tropical storm watch was issued from Keaton Beach, northward to Saint Marks. An inland tropical storm warning was also sent out for inland parts of Charlotte, Citrus, DeSoto, Hardee, Hernando, Highlands, Lee, Levy, Manatee, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, Sarasota, and Sumter counties. The storm increased the risk of rip currents, so officials told swimmers to stay out of the water until the storm left the area. A tornado watch was sent out for the southern part of the state, but it was removed after the storm lost strength.

paragraphs: After becoming an extratropical cyclone, National Weather Service offices sent out flood watches for parts of: South Carolina, eastern North Carolina, southeastern Virginia, and southeastern Maryland.

paragraphs: Flood watches were also sent out for: southeast Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, northern New Jersey, east-central New York, southern New England.

paragraphs: A wind advisory was sent out for parts of Georgia.

paragraphs: Barry caused heavy rain in Florida, the most rain being 6.99 inches (178 mm) at Palm Beach International Airport. Other areas reported over 3 inches (75 mm) of rain. The rain helped to get rid of drought conditions. It also helped in fighting bad wildfires across the state. In Brevard County, the rain caused a large sinkhole, a hole in the ground, to open in the middle of a road. Other roads were flooded. On Interstate 95, near Lake Worth, another sinkhole closed two lanes of traffic. Wet slippery roads caused many traffic accidents in the state. In Brevard and Volusia counties, drivers were killed in traffic accidents. On Interstate 4, a tractor trailer crashed into a guardrail because of the weather.

paragraphs: The storm caused stormy seas along the coastline of Florida, with a storm surge of 4.78 feet (1.46 m) at Clearwater Beach. The waves caused minor beach erosion. The high surge also caused minor flooding on many roads near Tampa Bay. At Indian Shores, a woman died after being injured by the high seas.

paragraphs: Barry caused high winds in Florida, which reached 47 mph (76 km/h), near the southeastern coastline of the state. The winds knocked down trees and caused power failures. In Carrolwood, one person was injured when a tree crashed onto their house. The storm created at least two tornadoes, including some that damaged fences and power lines. One possible tornado in Goulds, Florida left about 2,000 people without power.

paragraphs: The storm also caused heavy rain in Georgia of up to 8 inches (203 mm). The rain helped put out wildfires. It also caused some minor flooding, and in Savannah, there were a few minor car accidents. Winds blew down some trees and power lines. Heavy rain from the storm moved across much of the East Coast of the United States. High winds also occurred in South Carolina.

paragraphs: The remains of Barry caused strong winds along the Atlantic coast. They reached 60 mph (97 km/h) near Charleston, South Carolina. Around 200 houses in Craven County, North Carolina lost power. In southeastern Virginia, the storm caused over 60 traffic accidents. Ten people were injured in them. High seas off Cape Fear left a sailboat with three people needing rescue from the Coast Guard.

paragraphs: Rain went north into the Mid-Atlantic States and New England, with 4.50 inches (113 mm) at Absecon, New Jersey, 3.91 inches (99 mm) near Central Park, New York, and 3.19 inches (81 mm) at Taunton, Massachusetts. Several roads and driveways were damaged by flooding in the Finger Lakes region of New York State. Flash floods were seen in southeast New York, and high wind gusts caused some damage to trees. In New Jersey, winds pushing over land caused high tides and minor coastal flooding.


title: 2009 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 2009 Atlantic hurricane season was a time period of 2009 when tropical cyclones were likely form in the Atlantic Ocean. The season started on June 1, 2009 and it ended on November 30, 2009. In this season Tropical Depression One formed early, on May 28. In June and July there were no storms. The most recent occurrence of no storms in June or July was in 1992. In total there were 2 tropical depressions, 7 tropical storms, 3 hurricanes, and two of the three were major hurricanes.

paragraphs: On May 28, a small storm formed off the coast of North Carolina and became a tropical depression, called "One" by the National Hurricane Center. The National Hurricane Center said that Tropical Depression One might strengthen into a tropical storm, but it did not because the water was cold and did not give enough energy to the storm. It weakened and stopped being a depression the next day.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Two formed on August 11 south of Cape Verde. The system moved west and dissipated on August 13. On August 15 the remains of Tropical Depression Two reformed. Tropical Depression Two quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Ana. The storm continued west towards the Leeward Islands. A few days later as the storm was still headed for the Leeward Islands it weakened to a tropical depression. Ana struck Dominica on August 16 and dissipated the next day.

paragraphs: On August 15, Tropical Depression Three formed and quickly strengthened into Tropical Storm Bill. On August 17 Tropical Storm Bill became Hurricane Bill. On August 18 Hurricane Bill became a major hurricane (Category 3+). Hurricane Bill quickly strengthened into a category 4 hurricane on August 19, but weakened back on to a category 3 on August 20. Hurricane Bill weakened to a category 2 on August 21, it again weakened the next day to a category 1 hurricane. As a category one hurricane Bill came close to a landfall in Nova Scotia. Near midnight (Eastern Time Zone) on August 23, Bill made landfall in Newfoundland and became extratropical the next day. The remains affected United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Claudette formed in the Gulf of Mexico as Tropical Depression Four early on August 16. At 12:15 p.m. EDT the same day, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Claudette. Early the next morning Claudette struck Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Tropical Storm Claudette weakened and dissipated on August 18.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Danny formed north of Puerto Rico on August 26. Danny top winds were at 60 mph. Danny did not become a hurricane. Danny instead, moved toward North Carolina as a weak tropical storm. On August 29 Danny weaken into a depression and lost it clouds to an extratropical storm. Danny did not reach North Carolina before losing its cloud. Danny killed a boy in North Carolina due to rip currents.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Erika formed on September 1 as Tropical Storm Erika, meaning it was never a tropical depression. Tropical Storm Erika moved mostly west for most of the lifespan of it. On September 2 Tropical Storm Erika made landfall in Guadeloupe. Tropical Storm Erika weaken to a tropical depression and a remnant low on September 3. The remnant low caused some rain to some of the northern islands of the Caribbean Sea.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Seven formed on September 7 south of the Cape Verde Islands. Later on September 7 it became a tropical storm and was named Fred. Early the next day, Tropical Storm Fred became Hurricane Fred, the second hurricane of the season. Hurricane Fred became a major hurricane (Cat 3+). Fred slowly weakened after becoming a category 3 hurricane. On September 12 while a tropical storm, Fred became a remnant low and is no longer a tropical storm.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Eight formed near Cape Verde on September 25. Tropical Depression Eight was said that it would become a tropical storm, this did not happen. Tropical Depression Eight instead became a tropical wave on September 26. It is no longer a tropical depression.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Grace became a tropical storm late on October 4, it was also never a tropical depression while it was forming. Tropical Storm Grace moved towards Ireland, but went into a frontal system on October 5, Grace was not a tropical storm anymore. The remains affect Ireland and the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Henri was a weak storm that stayed out in the ocean for most of its life. It formed from a tropical wave on October 6 while moving northwest across the Atlantic. On the next day, wind shear around the storm caused it to weaken into a remnant low. Its remains were last seen near Cuba. The storm did not come close to any land and did not cause any damage to property.

paragraphs: On November 4, Tropical Depression Eleven started in the Caribbean Sea. Later that same day it became a tropical storm and was given the name "Ida". Ida became a hurricane just before landfall on November 5. Ida weakened fast over land and was a depression before the end of the day. On November 6, Ida came back into the Caribbean Sea just north of Honduras. Ida became a tropical storm again on November 7. Ida later on became a hurricane again and weakened back to a tropical storm on November 9. Ida made landfall in Alabama on November 10. The storm died only about 4 hours later. The remains of Ida became a nor'easter that killed 9 people. Hurricane Ida also caused about $5.6 million in damage.

paragraphs: The following names will be used for named storms that form in the North Atlantic in 2009. This is the same list that was used in the 2003 season, except for "Fred", "Ida", and "Joaquin". In 2003 those three names were Fabian, Isabel, and Juan, because they were bad storms in 2003, their names were retired from the list of names.


title: Tropical Depression Seven (2003)

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Seven was a weak tropical depression that formed near the northeast Florida coast. It was the seventh tropical cyclone of the 2003 Atlantic hurricane season. The depression formed on July 25 from the same tropical wave that created another weather system. It was a small and disorganized depression, and it never became a tropical storm, which is stronger than a tropical depression. The depression moved onto land at St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and it quickly weakened. Because the storm was weak, the effects were limited to heavy rain in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina and North Carolina.

paragraphs: A tropical wave, which had also created Tropical Depression Six, combined itself with an upper-level low pressure area to create an area of deep convection near Hispaniola on July 23, 2003. A mid- to lower-level circulation started to form inside the storm as it moved mostly in a north-northwest direction. According to surface and satellite observations, it is thought that the system became Tropical Depression Seven at 1200 UTC on July 25 about 60 miles (95 km) east of Daytona Beach, Florida. The system was caught in an environment characterized by high surface pressures.

paragraphs: At first, the depression moved west-northwest at about 13 mph (20 km/h), and most of the convection from the storm was separated from the center. However, the cloud pattern became organized, and was made up of a number of curved banding features. The storm continued to move northwestward for its whole life, from the steering currents of a subtropical ridge and an approaching mid-level trough.

paragraphs: Moving through an area of cool water temperatures, as well as unfavorable upper-level winds, the depression was not able to get winds greater than 35 mph (55 km/h), and as a result did not gain tropical storm status. Before landfall, the highest winds were measured to exist in a small area northeast of the center of circulation, where a well-defined group of clouds persisted. Early on July 26, it moved onto land on St. Catherines Island, Georgia, and after slowly weakening over land, it died out on July 27.

paragraphs: The depression was never predicted to become tropical storm status. Because of this, no tropical storm warnings or watches were issued. However, flood watches were issued for part of Georgia and South Carolina. At Georgetown County, South Carolina, officials watched the storm closely.

paragraphs: The depression dropped light to moderate rain from Florida to the coast of North Carolina. The highest rain was 5.17 inches (131 mm) in Savannah, Georgia. Other rainfall totals of 2 to 3 in (50 to 75 mm) were common. There were no damages or casualties because of this depression.


title: Mark Donaldson

paragraphs: Mark Donaldson is an Australian soldier who was given the first Victoria Cross for Australia. The is the highest medal for bravery for people in the Australian Defence Forces, replacing the Victoria Cross. He is the 97th Australian to be given the highest bravery award, and the first for 40 years.

paragraphs: Donaldson was given the award by the Governor General of Australia, Quentin Bryce, on January 16, 2009. The ceremony was at Government House in Canberra. Donaldson had risked his life to save nine wounded Australian soldiers and an Afghan interpreter. They had been in a group of vehicles travelling in the Uruzgan Province in Afghanistan in September, 2008. They had been hurt when the Taliban attacked them.

paragraphs: Mark Donaldson was born on 2 April, 1979 at Waratah, New South Wales. He grew up in the small town of Dorrigo, New South Wales. He went to Dorrigo High School. After finishing high school, Donaldson went to an art college in Sydney. He then worked at a number of different jobs in Australia and overseas.

paragraphs: In 1999 his mother, Bernadette, was listed as a missing person. The police believe she has been murdered.

paragraphs: Donaldson joined the Australian Army on 18 June 2002. He trained at Army Recruit Training Centre, Kapooka, NSW. He won prizes as the best shot and best at physical training in his platoon. Sent to the Royal Australian Infantry Corps he then did more training at Singleton, NSW, where he again won prizes for shooting and physical training, and also as the best soldier in his platoon. He was then posted to 1st Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, based at Townsville, Queensland.

paragraphs: From February to April 2004 Donaldson did the Special Air Service training course, and was posted to I Troop, 3 Special Air Service Squadron in May 2004. He has served in East Timor, Iraq (Operation Falconer) and Afghanistan (Operation Slipper). During his time in Afghanistan he was slightly wounded on 12 August 2008.

paragraphs: A week after being given the medal, Donaldson loaned his VC and other medals to the Australian War Memorial where they will be placed on public show.


title: Greater Curitiba

paragraphs: The Greater Curitiba is a metropolitan area of Curitiba, the largest city in Southern Brazil; its the 118th largest metropolitan area in the world. Estimates from the 2007 Census show that the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba have 3,172,357 inhabitants, the second most populated in the south of Brazil. Have an area of 15.418,543 km².

paragraphs: Created in 1973, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba is currently composed of 26 municipalities, including the capital: Adrianópolis, Agudos do Sul, Almirante Tamandaré, Araucária, Balsa Nova, Bocaiúva do Sul, Campina Grande do Sul, Campo Largo, Campo Magro, Cerro Azul, Colombo, Contenda, Curitiba, Doutor Ulysses, Fazenda Rio Grande, Itaperuçu, Lapa, Mandirituba, Pinhais, Piraquara, Quatro Barras, Quitandinha, Rio Branco do Sul, São José dos Pinhais, Tijucas do Sul and Tunas do Paraná.

paragraphs: In 1974 was created the COMEC ("Curitiba Metropolitan Area Coordenation"), to integrate and organize the planning and execution of public functions of interest of the population and municipalities that make up the Greater Curitiba. In other words, which are of interest to more than one municipality.

paragraphs: So, the integrated planning of economic and social development, control the use and occupation of soil, housing, water supply, waste, public transport between cities, etc., are coordinated by this secretariat.

paragraphs: With an industrial park of 43 million square meters, the Metropolitan Area of Curitiba has attracted large companies such as Audi, VW, Nissan, Renault, New Holland, Volvo, Fiat, ExxonMobil, Sadia, Kraft Foods, Esso, HSBC and Siemens.

paragraphs: The Greater Curitiba is home to the Afonso Pena International Airport (located in the city of São José dos Pinhais) and the motorsports circuit Autódromo Internacional de Curitiba (located in the city of Pinhais).


title: Kero Kero Keroppi

paragraphs: Kero Kero Keroppi is a Japanese character of a frog. It was made in 1987 by a Japanese design company called Sanrio. Sales of the first goods were in June, 1988. He got the first place in popularity vote of character in 1990. Kero Kero Keroppi was made into a game. That game was released on the Nintendo Famicom console in Japan in 1991. He lives in Doughnut pond with his brother and sister, Koroppi and Picky, father and mother. His father is a doctor and mother runs a small restaurant. Keroppi likes rice balls that his mother made. He has girlfriend. Her name is Keroleen. His birthday is July 10. He likes adventures and he is good at swimming and singing. He is a popular frog in the Doughnut pond.


title: Air Jordan

paragraphs: Air Jordan is a type or brand of basketball shoes produced by Nike, Inc. since 1984. In the name “Air” means air cushion technology. “Jordan” means Michael Jordan who is an NBA basketball player. Also, “Air Jordan” or mj is a nickname of Michael Jordan. There have been many styles of Air Jordan shoes and it has been selling over the past 20 years.

paragraphs: They are proven to be expensive at some retailers and can get dirty easily as per their white color


title: Tatsuya Ishikawa

paragraphs: Tatsuya Ishikawa (born 25 December 1979) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Montedio Yamagata.


Go Oiwa


title: Adrian Ilie

paragraphs: Adrian Ilie (born 24 April 1974) is a former Romanian football player. He has played for Romania national team.


Takafumi Ogura


title: Émerson Leão

paragraphs: Émerson Leão (born 11 July 1949) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


Nobuhiro Takeda


title: Valeri Nepomniachi

paragraphs: Valeri Nepomniachi (born 7 August 1943) is a Russian football manager.


title: Eddie Thomson

paragraphs: Eddie Thomson (25 February 1947 – 21 February 2003) is a former Scottish football player.


Tatsuya Masushima


title: Jozef Vengloš

paragraphs: Jozef Vengloš (born 18 February 1936) is a former Slovak football player. He has played for Slovan Bratislava.


title: Adriano Leite Ribeiro

paragraphs: Adriano Leite Ribeiro (born 17 February 1982) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Flamengo and Brazil national team.


title: Andrea Pirlo

paragraphs: Andrea Pirlo (born 19 May 1979) is an Italian football player. He plays for Juventus and Italy national team.


title: Mr Blobby

paragraphs: Mr Blobby is a fictional character from the BBC1 television programme "Noel's House Party". He was a large pink "blob" covered with yellow spots. Mr Blobby had a toothy grin and jiggling eyes. He communicated by saying the word "blobby" in an electronically-changed voice. His moods were shown by changes in the tone of his voice and repetition.


title: Baduhenna

paragraphs: In Germanic paganism, Baduhenna is a goddess of war. She is only referred to by Tacitus in the "Annals," where he tells of a grove in Frisia that was dedicated to her, near where 900 Roman prisoners were killed in 28 CE.


title: 2001 Atlantic hurricane season

paragraphs: The 2001 Atlantic hurricane season was a fairly active Atlantic hurricane season. The season had 17 tropical cyclones. Out of the 17 cyclones, 15 became named storms, 9 became hurricanes, and 4 became major hurricanes. A "major hurricane" is a storm that is above Category 3 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale. The season officially started on June 1, 2001, and it ended on November 30, 2001. This time period is when tropical cyclones usually form in the Atlantic Ocean.

paragraphs: Tropical Storm Allison was the costliest tropical storm in United States history. Allison caused so much damage because she moved very slow over Texas. It took Allison about 4 days to move from Lufkin, Texas to the Gulf of Mexico. Allison left $5.5 billion in damage and killed 55 people.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Two formed on July 11. Forecasters said that it might become a tropical storm. This did not happen. Tropical Depression Two died on July 12.

paragraphs: Barry formed as Tropical Depression Two on August 2. It later became Tropical Storm Barry. Barry moved west and weakened to a tropical depression and made a loop at the same time. Barry became a Tropical Storm again and made landfall in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida on August 6. Barry was last seen in Missouri. Barry killed 9 and left $30 million in damage.

paragraphs: Chantal started from Tropical Depression Three on August 14. Tropical Depression Three weakened into a wave and was no longer a depression. It reformed but as a tropical storm it was given the name Chantal. Chantal crossed the rest of the Caribbean Sea and made landfall in Belize. Chantal died over Mexico on August 22. Chantal killed 2 people and caused $4 million in damage.

paragraphs: Dean formed on August 22, it skipped becoming a tropical depression. Dean weakened and became a tropical wave and then reformed. It died on again on August 28 when a low that was not a tropical wave took over the storm. Dean left $7.7 million damage in Puerto Rico and Dean did not killed anyone.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Six formed on September 1. It later became a Tropical Storm before weakening back to a tropical wave. It became a tropical storm again, and later a hurricane. Erin moved around it the Atlantic until dying near Newfoundland on September 15. Erin caused no damage and killed no one.

paragraphs: A tropical wave off the coast of Africa organized into Tropical Depression Seven on September 7 while near the Cape Verde islands. It moved quickly to the west, and broke down to a tropical wave the next day. By September 10, the wave had reorganized, and it was again named Tropical Depression Seven. The depression continued to strengthen, and became Hurricane Felix by September 13. Now moving north, Felix intensified rapidly, reaching Category 3 status. Felix turned to the northeast and started to weaken. By September 17, Felix had dropped to tropical storm strength, and it died on the 19th. No damage was reported.

paragraphs: Gabrielle started as Tropical Depression Seven in the eastern Gulf of Mexico. As a depression it moved west and then moved back almost exactly the way it moved west. It because a tropical storm and made landfall in Venice, Florida on September 14. Gabrielle became a hurricane later on before it started dying while south of Newfoundland. Gabrielle killed 2 and caused $230 million in damage.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Nine was a short lived tropical depression. In formed on September 19 and made landfall in Nicaragua September 20. Nine died on September 20. Nine killed no one and caused no damage. Nine reformed in the Pacific and became Hurricane Juliette.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Eight formed on September 21. It became a tropical storm and a hurricane later on. Humberto died on September 27, without affecting land. Humberto caused no damage and killed no one.

paragraphs: Iris started as Tropical Depression Eleven on October 4. It became a tropical storm and a hurricane in the next few days. Iris tracked all the way across the Caribbean Sea. When Iris had its top winds it made landfall in Belize, which was on October 9. Iris weakened over land very fast. Iris died not even twenty hours after landfall. The remains reformed in the Pacific Ocean as Tropical Storm Manuel. Iris left $150 million and killed 49 people.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Twelve formed on October 6. It later on became Tropical Storm Jerry. Jerry passed just south of Barbados on October 7. Jerry weakened and then died on October 8. Jerry did not kill any one and no one knows the damage caused by Jerry.

paragraphs: Karen started as a subtropical storm. It became a tropical storm and a hurricane later on. The hurricane weakened to tropical storm before making landfall in Nova Scotia on October 15. Karen died on the same day of landfall. There was no one killed by Karen, but there was $1.4 million in damage from Karen.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Fourteen formed on October 27. It became Tropical Storm Lorenzo on October 30. Lorenzo died on October 31 without coming anywhere near land.

paragraphs: Tropical Depression Fifteen formed on October 29. Fifteen stay over Nicaragua for about 36 hours, before going into the Caribbean Sea and becoming Tropical Storm Michelle. On November 2 Michelle became a hurricane. The hurricane strengthened very fast and was a category 4 by the next day. Michelle struck Cuba and the Bahamas twice before it started dying on November 5. The dying storm completely died a little bit south of Bermuda. Michelle killed 17 and left $2 billion in damage.

paragraphs: Hurricane Noel was a short-lived hurricane that started as a subtropical storm. On November 5 it became Hurricane Noel. Noel died the next day without affecting land badly. The remains caused high winds and waves in eastern Canada. No one was killed and there was no damage.

paragraphs: Olga started on November 24 as a subtropical storm. It quickly became a tropical storm. On November 26 it became Hurricane Olga. Olga later on weakened and finally died on December 6. Olga had no affect on land.

paragraphs: These names were used for tropical storms and hurricanes that formed in the north Atlantic in 2001. This is the same list that was used for the 1995 season except for Lorenzo, Michelle, Olga, and Rebekah. Lorenzo, Michelle, and Olga were used for the first time in 2001. Names that were set aside for the 2001 season, but were not used, are marked in .

paragraphs: The World Meteorological Organization retired three names because of their damage: Allison, Iris, and Michelle. These names were replaced in the 2007 season by Andrea, Ingrid, and Melissa. Allison the first Atlantic "tropical storm" to have its name retired.


title: Methane hydrate

paragraphs: Methane hydrate, also called methane ice or methane clathrate, consists of methane, which is enclosed in frozen water. The water molecules completely surround the methane. Methane hydrate is a common constituent of the shallow marine (ocean) geosphere. In 1971, it was first discovered in Black Sea.

paragraphs: Methane hydrate is often described as “methane gas surrounded by ice.” Although this description is easy to understand, it's not completely accurate. A more accurate description would be that methane hydrate consists of "methane gas trapped inside cage-like crystal structures made up of water molecules." These “cages” have a size of atoms and molecules, far too small to see with the naked eye. Under normal temperature and pressure, one litre methane hydrate is equal to 168 litres methane gas.

paragraphs: Methane hydrate is thought to be formed by dead organic matter trapped between the earth's layers, and then broken down by microorganisms and the earth's heat. The process is similar to the one that produces methane when organic waste is dumped at a garbage pit and covered with earth, except that it occurs deep below the earth's surface. The organisms which produce methane by a process of fermentation are the methaneogen Archea.

paragraphs: Areas where natural methane hydrate is thought to exist are generally areas under the ocean where continental plates meet. In depths between 500 to 1000 meter, where pressure is high and temperature low enough.


title: Grodno

paragraphs: Grodno or Hrodna is a city in the west of Belarus, Europe. It is on the Neman River, close to the borders of Poland and Lithuania. It is the capital of Grodno Region. About 365 thousand people live in the city.


title: Suong, Cambodia

paragraphs: Suong is a city in Cambodia. It is in Kampong Cham Province.


title: Grand Olympic Auditorium

paragraphs: The Grand Olympic Auditorium is the old name of a sports arena in Los Angeles, California, United States, located at 1801 S. Grand Avenue. It was built in 1924 for the 1932 Summer Olympics. The boxing, weightlifting, and wrestling events were held there. At the time it was the largest indoor venue in the U.S with seats for around 10,500. It opened on August 5, 1925, and famous people like boxer Jack Dempsey and silent film actor Rudolph Valentino were there.

paragraphs: In the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s it was home to some of the biggest boxing, wrestling and roller derby events.

paragraphs: The 1960s and 1970s were a major boom period for the Olympic Auditorium, as major wrestling events were held at the arena every other Friday night. It was the home of the T-Birds, who played a game called "Roller Derby". In the late 1980s it was changed and 3,000 seats were taken out, leaving space for about 7,500.

paragraphs: Some scenes from the movie "Rocky" were filmed there.

paragraphs: In June 2005, the Glory Church of Jesus Christ, a Korean-American Christian church, bought the entire property and changed the name. In 2007, the arena was painted brown like it used to be.


title: Hydrography

paragraphs: Hydrography is a subject of Geography. It concerns itself with measuring the physical characteristics of waters, such as rivers, lakes and oceans. It can also be about such measurement in navigable waters, as they are necessary for the safe passage of ships and vessels.

paragraphs: Massive hydrographical studies are usually undertaken by national or international organizations that sponsor data collection through surveys and publication of charts and descriptive materials for navigational purposes.

paragraphs: Hydrography's origin lies in the making of chart like drawings and notations made by individual mariners. It was usually a private property, even closely held secrets, used for commercial or military advantage.


title: Pluviometry

paragraphs: Pluviometry is a field of meteorology concerned with the measurement of rainfall. The word comes from the Latin word "pluvius" which means "rain", and the Greek word "metron (μέτρον)", meaning "measure". The amount of rain can be measured in a rain gauge, or pluviometer.


title: Doctor of Law

paragraphs: Doctor of Law or Doctor of Laws is a degree in law. The term varies from country to country, and includes degrees such as the Doctor of Juridical Science (J.S.D. or S.J.D), Doctor juris (Dr. iur. or Dr. jur.), Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.), Juris Doctor (J.D.), and Legum Doctor (LL.D.).

paragraphs: Juris Doctor is an academic degree in law. Like the Doctor of Medicine degree it is a professional doctorate, which prepares lawyers for their profession. It is the primary law degree in the United States.


title: Waldsassen

paragraphs: Waldsassen is a town in Bavaria. It borders the Czech Republic. A German football player named Dietmar Hamann was born there. The town is famous for its Papal Basilica and Waldsassen Abbey.

paragraphs: Famous person from the town is the German footballer Dietmar Hamann.


title: Plaintiff

paragraphs: A plaintiff is a person who starts a lawsuit in court. Sometimes a plaintiff will have to fill out a form called a summons, claim form, or complaint. This document tells what the person they are suing (the defendant) did. If the case is a criminal case and not a lawsuit, the plaintiff can be called a complainant.


title: Defendant

paragraphs: A defendant is the person or group of people who comes to court because of a complaint by a plaintiff. A defendant may also be called a respondent, if a petition is used against them to make them come to court.


title: St Peter's College, Auckland

paragraphs: St Peter's College, Auckland is a Catholic secondary school for boys in central Auckland, New Zealand. The school is the largest Catholic secondary school in New Zealand. It was established in 1939 by the Christian Brothers, but from 2008 is entirely lay-staffed. The school has a multi-ethnic roll of 1200 (for example, 50% are pākehā (i.e. New Zealand-born non-Māori); 20% are Asian; and 20% Polynesian). Academically, the school offers for senior years (i.e. years 11 to 13) the National Certificate of Educational Achievement assessment system (NCEA) and the Cambridge International Examinations (CIE). The school enrols approximately 70 international students. Prominent graduates include: Sir Michael Gerard Fay (b. 1949), merchant banker, chair of the campaigns for three New Zealand challenges for the America's Cup in 1987, 1988 and 1992; and Sam Hunt (b. 1946), who is a well-known poet.

paragraphs: Official website : St Peter's College website

paragraphs: Motto: To Love and To Serve (Amare et Servire)

paragraphs: Type: Integrated Catholic Boys Secondary (Year 7-13)

paragraphs: Address: 23 Mountain Rd, Epsom, Auckland 3 Phone: +64 9 524 8108 Fax: +64 9 524 9459


title: Game Boy Player

paragraphs: The Game Boy Player is a device for the Nintendo GameCube console that allows a person to be able to play Game Boy, Game Boy Color, and Game Boy Advance video games on the console. It was released in Japan, North America, and Europe in June 2003 and discontinued in 2007.


title: Tibor Sekelj

paragraphs: Tibor Sekelj (in Hungarian: "Székely Tibor") (14 February 1912 – 20 September 1988) was an explorer, writer and lawyer. He traveled a lot in South America, Africa and Asia. He spoke many languages, including Esperanto, the made up international language. He was member of the Academy of Esperanto and honorary member of the Universal Association of Esperanto (UEA). He wrote books in Esperanto. He came from a Jewish family.

paragraphs: Sekelj was born in Spišská Sobota, which was then in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. It is now called Poprad, in Slovakia. His father was a veterinarian (animal doctor), and the family moved around extensively. They moved to Cheney, now in Romania. In 1922 they moved to Kikinda, Serbia. He went to elementary school in Kikinda. The family moved to Nikšić, in Montenegro where he finished high school. He went to Zagreb where he studied in law at university.

paragraphs: Disinterested in practicing law, he began working as a journalist in Zagreb. In 1939 he went to Argentina to write about former Croates who had left Yugoslavia to settle in South America. He stayed there for the next 15 years as a journalist and explorer. In 1944 he was part of a trekking party that climbed to the top of highest mountain in the western hemisphere Aconcagua , near Argentina. He used this experience to write a novel (story) in Spanish about Aconcagua, which became a best seller there. In 1946 he undertook the first of two expeditions into the Amazon jungle, the first of which produced a popular book, (Por Tierra De Indios). His companion from that expedition, Mary Reznik—whom he later married—was the first white woman to have penetrated that deeply into the Brazilian jungle. Together they returned to the Amazon in 1948, after which he penned "Where Civilization Ends" (Donde La Civilizacion Termina). The marriage produced a son, Diego. In 1954 Sekelj returned to Yugoslavia and settled in Belgrade, although he still traveled extensively. In 1962 he traveled through Africa. He married Erzsebet Sekelj, a young woman he met on a trip through Hungary. From 1972 he lived in Subotica (Vojvodina), now in Serbia. He was in charge of a museum in Subotica. He died in Subotica, and is buried there.

paragraphs: During his travels in South America, Africa, Asia, Oceania, Sekelj collected many important items from other cultures. He gave these to the Ethnographic Museum of Zagreb.

paragraphs: His main book on other cultures is " Tirez the arrow: oral poetry of the world ", Rotterdam: UEA, 1983, 187 pages, . He translated into Esperanto, the poetry he had collected during his travels.

paragraphs: Sekelj worked with many other writers on a dictionary of museums, called the "Dictionarium Museologicum", 1986.


title: Nintendo DSi

paragraphs: The is the third version of the Nintendo DS handheld. It was first announced in October 2008 and was available in Japan in November of the same year and worldwide in 2009/2010. Development of the DSi began in late 2006, shortly after the release of the DS Lite.

paragraphs: The DSi is about 12% thinner (2.6 mm) and the screen is about 17% bigger than the Nintendo DS Lite. It has two Video Graphics Array (or VGA) 0.3 megapixel digital cameras; one is pointed at the user and the other is in the outer shell. The power switch is now a power button like the original Nintendo DS instead of a switch and is moved to the bottom to make it harder to bump by accident. It no longer has a slot to play Game Boy Advance games in and one will not be able to play games such as "" on the DSi because the game requires the slot and the download games. A larger version of the DSi titled the Nintendo DSi XL was released in 2009. Like the original DS and DS Lite, the DSi and DSi XL were also discontinued in early 2014.


title: Charles IV of Spain

paragraphs: Charles IV (11 November 1748 – 20 January 1819) was King of Spain from 14 December 1788 until his abdication on 19 March 1808. Later that year, Joseph Bonaparte became king.

paragraphs: Charles IV married his first cousin Princess Maria Luisa, the daughter of Philip, Duke of Parma, in 1765. The couple had fourteen children, six of whom survived into adulthood:


title: Tapestry

paragraphs: Tapestry is art made with threads. It is woven by hand on a vertical loom. It is weft-faced weaving. This means all the warp threads (the ones that go up and down) are hidden in the completed work. In normal cloth weaving both the warp and the weft threads can be seen.

paragraphs: In this way, a colourful pattern or image is made. Most weavers use a natural warp thread such as linen or cotton. The weft threads, which will be seen, are usually wool or cotton. They can also be made of silk, gold, silver, or other things.

paragraphs: Both craftsmen and artists have made tapestries. The 'blueprints' on cardboard (also known as 'tapestry cartoons') were made by artists, while actual weaving of the tapestries was done by craftsmen.

paragraphs: The success of decorative tapestry can be partially explained by its portability (Le Corbusier once called tapestries "nomadic murals"). Kings and noblemen could roll up and transport tapestries from one residence to another. In churches, they were displayed on special occasions. Tapestries were also draped on the walls of castles for insulation during winter, as well as for decorative display.

paragraphs: The famous Bayeux tapestry is not actually a tapestry, but a decorated cloth. And it was probably designed and made in England by Anglo-Saxon artists.


title: Critically endangered species

paragraphs: A critically endangered species is a species of plant or animal, that has an extremely high chance of dying out in the future.


title: Yushi Soda

paragraphs: Yushi Soda (born 5 July 1978) is a Japanese football player. He has played for Consadole Sapporo.


Koji Morisaki


title: Kazuyuki Morisaki

paragraphs: Kazuyuki Morisaki (born 9 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


title: Kota Hattori

paragraphs: Kota Hattori (born 22 November 1977) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


title: Kohei Morita

paragraphs: Kohei Morita (born 13 July 1976) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sanfrecce Hiroshima.


Kenichi Uemura


title: Dunga

paragraphs: Dunga (born 31 October 1963) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team. Now he is the coach of Brazil national team.


title: Ri Han-Jae

paragraphs: Ri Han-Jae (born 27 June 1982) is a North Korean football player. He plays for Consadole Sapporo.


title: Clarence Seedorf

paragraphs: Clarence Clyde Seedorf (born 1 April 1976) is a Dutch football player. He plays for Botafogo and Netherlands national team.


title: Ryuta Matsushima

paragraphs: Ryuta Matsushima (born 12 November 1980) is a former Japanese football player. He has played for Kashima Antlers.


title: Stuart Baxter

paragraphs: Stuart Baxter (born 16 August 1953) is an English footballer turned manager.


Hiroyoshi Kuwabara


title: Claudio Ranieri

paragraphs: Claudio Ranieri (born 20 October 1951) is an Italian former football player and the current manager of the Serie A club Sampdoria.

paragraphs: Claudio Ranieri won the 2015–16 Premier League title with Leicester City.


Takuya Takagi


title: Peppered moth

paragraphs: The peppered moth ("Biston betularia") is a species of night-flying moth. They are often used by educators as an example of natural selection: see peppered moth evolution.

paragraphs: The caterpillars of the peppered moth mimic the form and also the colour of the twig they rest on. The caterpillars can sense the twig’s colour with their skin and match their body colour to the background to protect themselves from predators.


title: Peppered moth evolution

paragraphs: The evolution of the peppered moth has been studied in detail over the last 150 years. At first, almost all of the moths were light coloured. This gave them camouflage against the light-coloured trees and lichens where they rested during the day. As pollution increased during the Industrial Revolution in England, many of the lichens died out. The trees became blackened by soot, and most of the light-coloured moths, or typica, became rare. At the same time, the dark-coloured, or "melanic", moths, carbonaria, flourished. This change took place because the best camouflaged moths survived better. The term industrial melanism refers to the genetic darkening of species in response to pollutants.

paragraphs: Since then, with an improved environment, light-coloured peppered moths have again become common. As a result of the relatively simple and easy-to-understand circumstances of the adaptation, the peppered moth has become a common example used in explaining or demonstrating natural selection.

paragraphs: Melanism has appeared in the European and North American peppered moth populations. Information about the initial rise in melanic frequency is scarce. Much more is known about the subsequent fall in phenotype frequency, because it was measured with moth traps.

paragraphs: A black peppered moth was found in 1811, a rareity, no doubt caused by a gene mutation. By 1864 the darker 'carbonaria' form was the more common morph in Manchester. By 1895, it reached a frequency of 98% in Manchester.

paragraphs: From around 1962 to the present, the phenotype frequency of "carbonaria" has steadily fallen. Its decline has been measured more accurately than its rise, because of better scientific studies. Bernard Kettlewell conducted a national survey in 1956, Bruce Grant conducted a similar one in early 1996, and L.M. Cook in 2003.

paragraphs: Similar results were found in America. Melanic forms have not been found in Japan. This may be because peppered moths in Japan do not live in industrialised regions.

paragraphs: In 1896 J.W. Tutt suggested that the increased proportion of "carbonaria" was caused by differential bird predation. This meant birds took more light-coloured moths in dark areas, and more dark-coloured moths in light areas. Various experiments have been performed on predation of the peppered moth, and each has supported this hypothesis.

paragraphs: The most famous experiments on the peppered moth were carried out by Bernard Kettlewell under the supervision of E.B. Ford. In one of Kettlewell's experiments, moths were released into a large (18 m by 6 m) aviary, where they were fed on by Great Tits ("Parus major"). In 1953, Kettlewell experimented at Cadbury Nature Reserve in Birmingham. He marked, released and recaptured the marked moths. He found, in polluted woodland, more "typica" morphs were taken. This showed that the melanistic phenotype was important to the survival of peppered moths in such a habitat. Kettlewell repeated the experiment in 1955 in an unpolluted woodland in Dorset, and again in polluted woods in Birmingham. He was accompanied by Niko Tinbergen, and they made a film of this. Further studies by others found similar results. Finally, in 1996, work on both sides of the Atlantic found a correlation between changes in melanic frequencies and pollution levels.

paragraphs: A field experiment in biology will always have some artificiality, but that has to be balanced against practicality and costs. The most important aspect is that an experiment gives useful information. The only previous experiments of this type were R.A. Fisher and E.B. Ford's with the Scarlet tiger moth.

paragraphs: In 2000 Majerus developed plans for further experiments. In the main experiment in Cambridge from 20012007 Majerus added an experiment to find if bat predation might have skewed the results – this found that bats preyed equally on both forms of the moth. He observed a number bird species preying on the moths. The overall data led him to conclude that differential bird predation was a major factor responsible for the decline in "carbonaria" frequency compared to "typica" in Cambridge during the study period. He described his results as a complete vindication of the peppered moth story, and said "If the rise and fall of the peppered moth is one of the most visually impacting and easily understood examples of Darwinian evolution in action, it should be taught. It provides after all the proof of evolution".

paragraphs: Majerus died before he could complete the writing up of his experiments, but the work was carried on by others. The paper said that "These data provide the most direct evidence yet to implicate camouflage and bird predation as the overriding explanation for the rise and fall of melanism in moths". The new data, coupled with the weight of previous data show that "industrial melanism in the peppered moth is still one of the clearest and most easily understood examples of Darwinian evolution in action".

paragraphs: "Biston betularia" caterpillars also occur in two forms, each adapted to a different situation. They develop body colours which match the brown or green twigs of their host plant. This is done by a mechanism called polyphenism. Polyphenism is a kind of polymorphism where different forms of an animal are caused by the same genome. The animal inherits the capability, but the environment determines which form develops. This contrasts with genetic polymorphism of the adults, where each morph (form) inherits a slightly different genome.

paragraphs: Polyphenism occurs when the animal inherits a developmental switch. The switch is sensitive to some environmental cue or trigger. In this case, researchers discovered that visual experience triggered precise color matching.


title: Papilionoidea

paragraphs: The superfamily Papilionoidea (from the genus Papilio, meaning "butterfly") has all the butterflies except for the skippers, which are in the superfamily Hesperioidea, and the moth-like Hedyloidea.


title: Ditrysia

paragraphs: The Ditrysia are a natural group or clade of insects in the Lepidopteran order. It contains both butterflies and moths. They are called ditrisians because the female has two distinct sexual openings: one for mating, and the other for laying eggs.

paragraphs: About 98% of described species of Lepidoptera belong to Ditrysia. The group can be divided into basal or "incertae sedis" "micromoths", and the Apoditrysia. The Apoditrysia includes mostly the larger moths and the butterflies.


title: Lycaenidae

paragraphs: The Lycaenidae are the second-largest family of butterflies, with about 6000 species worldwide. They are also called gossamer-winged butterflies.

paragraphs: The family includes many beautiful species. Some, like the Palos Verdes blue, are critically endangered. The Lycaenids were favourites of the Russian novelist and lepidopterist Vladimir Nabokov.


title: Allotinus fabius

paragraphs: The Angled Darkie ("Allotinus fabius") is a small butterfly. It is found in India, Myanmar and South East Asia. It belongs to the Lycaenidae family.


title: Allotinus

paragraphs: Allotinus is a genus of butterflies in the family Lycaenidae.