paragraphs: The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution was an addition to the United States Constitution that put a limit on how many times a person could be elected to be President. A person is limited to being elected twice, or once if they have already served more than two years as President. Congress passed the amendment on 21 March 1947. It was ratified on 27 February 1951.

paragraphs: The President of the United States is elected to have that position for a period, or "term", that lasts for four years. The Constitution had no limit on how many times a person could be elected as president. The nation’s first president, George Washington chose not to try to be elected for a third term. This suggested that two terms were enough for any president. Washington’s two-term limit became the unwritten rule for all Presidents until 1940.

paragraphs: In 1940, President Franklin D. Roosevelt won a third term. He also won a fourth term in 1944. Roosevelt was president through the Great Depression of the 1930s and almost all of World War II. He held approval ratings in the mid-50% to the low 60% ranges over his many years in office. Roosevelt died of a cerebral hemorrhage in April 1945, just months after the start of his fourth term. Soon after, Republicans in Congress began the work of creating Amendment XXII. Roosevelt was the first and only President to serve more than two terms.

paragraphs: The amendment was passed by Congress in 1947, and was ratified by the states on 27 February 1951. The Twenty-Second Amendment says a person can only be elected to be president two times for a total of eight years. It does make it possible for a person to serve up to ten years as president. This can happen if a person (most likely the Vice-President) takes over for a president who can no longer serve their term. If this person serves two years or less of the preceding President’s term, they may serve for two more four-year terms. If they served more than two years of the last President's term, the new President can serve only one full four-year term. Under the language of the amendment, the President at the time of its ratification (Harry S. Truman) was exempt from the two-term limitation. Truman served nearly all of Roosevelt's unexpired fourth term and then was elected President once, serving his own four year term.

paragraphs: Since 1985, there have been many attempts to either change or remove this amendment. This began when Ronald Reagan was serving his second term as President. Since then, changes have been tried from both Democrats and Republicans. No changes have been made.

paragraphs: There is some debate about how this amendment works with the 12th Amendment. The 12th Amendment limits who can become Vice-President to only people who meet the requirements of being President. The central question in this debate is whether the 22nd Amendment is imposing requirements on eligibility for "holding" the office of President or if it is merely imposing requirements on "being elected to" the office of President.

paragraphs: One side of the debate argues that the 22nd Amendment explicitly uses the language "No person shall be elected" and is therefore issuing guidance on elections. The existence of other means of assuming the office (as enumerated in the 20th Amendment, Section 3 and the 25th Amendment) lends support to this argument.

paragraphs: The other side of the debate argues that the 12th Amendment, in describing how elections are to be carried out, is enumerating additional requirement for holding the office of President. In support of this side of the argument is the fact that the requirements for holding the office of President are not restricted to Article 2 (where the main requirements like age and citizenship are listed). For example, impeachment is described in Article 1, Section 3 and upon impeachment, conviction, and removal from office a person becomes ineligible to hold the office in the future. Similarly, the 14th Amendment establishes a requirement that a President must not have fought against the United States or given aid and comfort to its enemies. These amendments suggest a pattern of enumerating additional requirements for the presidency and proponents of this side of the debate would argue that the 22nd Amendment was intended to add yet another requirement.

paragraphs: Since no president who has served two terms has ever tried to be vice-president, this situation has not yet been decided by the courts.

paragraphs: Harry S Truman became President because of the death of Roosevelt. He served most of Roosevelt's last term as President. This would have limited him to being elected only one time, but he was not affected since the amendment did not affect the person who was the current President when the amendment was originally proposed by Congress. Since this provision could only have applied to Truman, it was an obvious effort not to limit him. Truman did win the election in 1948 but ended his try to be President in 1952 before the election began.

paragraphs: Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected President in 1952 and won a second term in 1956. He therefore became the first President not allowed to run again because of the amendment.

paragraphs: Lyndon B. Johnson is the only president so far who could have served more than 8 years under this amendment. He became President in 1963 after John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He served the last 14 months of Kennedy's term. Because this was less than two years, he was allowed to be elected for two additional terms. He won the first term in 1964, but chose not to run for a second term before the elections in 1968.

paragraphs: Richard M. Nixon became the second person not allowed to run again for President when he won the elections in 1968 and 1972, but he was forced to resign due to the Watergate scandal 19 months into his second term. Gerald Ford became President in 1974 after Nixon left office. Ford served the last 29 months of Nixon's term. This meant he could only be elected as president once, but he lost the election to Jimmy Carter in 1976 and did not try to become President again.

paragraphs: Ronald Reagan became the third President to be not allowed to run again after he won the elections in 1980 and 1984.

paragraphs: Out of the U.S. Presidents that are still alive in 2020, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama could not be elected again because of this amendment. All of them were elected twice. Jimmy Carter and Donald Trump (the current U.S. President) can run for president again as they have been elected only once.

paragraphs: "Section 1". No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the office of President more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of President when this Article was proposed by Congress, and shall not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.

paragraphs: "Section 2". This Article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.


title: Cats & Dogs

paragraphs: Cats & Dogs is a family action comedy movie from 2001. It had a sequel called "" (2010).


paragraphs: Cats & Dogs: The Revenge of Kitty Galore is a 2010 family action comedy movie. It was directed by Brad Peyton. It is the sequel to "Cats & Dogs".


title: Thermosetting polymer

paragraphs: A thermosetting plastic, also known as a thermoset, is polymer material that irreversibly cures. The curing may be done by:

paragraphs: Thermoset materials are usually liquid or malleable before curing, so they can be molded into their final form. Others are used as adhesives. Others are solids. Some solid thermosetting polymers are used as molding compound in semiconductors and integrated circuits (IC). Once hardened a thermoset resin cannot be reheated and melted back to a liquid form.

paragraphs: The curing process transforms the resin into a plastic or rubber by a cross-linking process. Energy and/or catalysts are added that cause the molecular chains to react at chemically active sites (unsaturated or epoxy sites, for example), linking into a rigid, 3-D structure. The cross-linking forms a molecule with a larger molecular weight, resulting in a material with a higher melting point. During the reaction, the polymer's molecular weight increases to the point that its melting point is higher than the surrounding ambient temperature. So, the material forms into a solid material.

paragraphs: Uncontrolled reheating of the material results in reaching the decomposition temperature before the melting point is reached. So, a thermoset material cannot be melted and re-shaped after it is cured. This implies that thermosets cannot be recycled, except as filler material.

paragraphs: Thermoset materials are generally stronger than thermoplastic materials due to this three dimensional network of bonds (cross-linking). Thermoset materials are also better suited to high-temperature applications up to the decomposition temperature. However, they are more brittle. Many thermosetting polymers are difficult to recycle.


title: Emperor Taizong of Tang

paragraphs: Emperor Taizong of Tang (born Li Shimin, January 23, 599 – July 10, 649) was the second emperor of the Tang Dynasty of China. He was the emperor who conquered all of China under Tang control. His ancestral name is Taizong. His rule of the Tang Dynasty earned him the nickname of "Rome of the East" by the Romans. His throne name was Zhenguan. This was considered one of the best times of rule in China. Taizong had three siblings: two brothers and a sister. They were: , and .


title: The Death of General Wolfe

paragraphs: The Death of General Wolfe is a painting by Anglo-American artist Benjamin West.

paragraphs: The painting shows the death of British General James Wolfe during the Battle of Quebec of the Seven Years' War in 1759. The painting is an oil on canvas of the Age of Enlightenment. West made the painting in 1770. It is now in the National Gallery of Canada in Ottawa.


title: Polo Grounds

paragraphs: The Polo Grounds was a sports stadium in New York City. It was actually the name of four different stadiums, which were all located in New York. The first Polo Grounds was the home of the New York Metropolitans baseball team from 1880 to 1885, and the New York Giants also played there. When this stadium was destroyed in 1889, the Giants moved to a new stadium, which they also called the Polo Grounds. Finally, in 1890, the Giants moved to the final version of the Polo Grounds, where they stayed until 1957. The New York Mets played at the Polo Grounds for two years after the Giants moved to San Francisco. The New York Giants and New York Jets football teams also played at the Polo Grounds, and the New York Yankees played there before Yankee Stadium was built. The Polo Grounds was torn down in 1964, and apartment buildings are now on the site.


title: Framly Nainggolan

paragraphs: Framly Nainggolan (born in Jakarta, Indonesia, July 29, 1984) is an actor from Indonesia. He played in several movies such as Jenglot Pantai Selatan (2011). He is the winner of the competition of L-Men Of The Year 2005.


title: The Death of the Earl of Chatham

paragraphs: The Death of the Earl of Chatham is the title of a 1781 oil-on-canvas painting by Boston-born American artist John Singleton Copley.

paragraphs: The painting shows the fallen body of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham on 7 April 1778, during a debate in the House of Lords on the American War of Independence. The painting includes fifty-five portraits.


title: TCP/IP model

paragraphs: The TCP/IP model (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is a model with four layers which is for both modelling current Internet architecture, as well as providing a set a rules that govern all forms of transmission over a network. DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense,created it in the 1970s. It evolved from ARPANET, which was an early wide area network and a predecessor of the Internet. The TCP/IP Model is sometimes called the "Internet Model" or less often the "DoD Model."

paragraphs: This model was being made at the same time as the OSI Model was created. The TCP/IP model is not the same as the OSI Model, however it was influenced by the model, which is why many names of the different layers are the same.

paragraphs: The TCP/IP model describes a set of general design guidelines and implementations of specific networking protocols to enable computers to communicate over a network. TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. Protocols exist for a variety of different types of communication services between computers.

paragraphs: TCP/IP has four abstraction layers as defined in RFC 1122: link layer, IP layer, transport layer and application layer. People often compare this layer architecture with the seven-layer OSI Reference Model; using terms such as "Internet reference model". This is incorrect, however, because it is descriptive while the OSI Reference Model was intended to be prescriptive, hence being a reference model.

paragraphs: The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).


title: Chiropractic

paragraphs: Chiropractic is a form of alternative medicine. A chiropractor is a person who went to school to learn chiropractic. Chiropractors may diagnose and treat many conditions relating to muscles, joints, and nerves of the body. They may give what is called an "adjustment" to the body. An adjustment is a fast short push to an area of the patient's spine or other joints to help their condition. Chiropractors do not use drugs to treat patients. They use natural treatments such as nutrition, exercise, physical therapy, adjustments, and massage in order to help their patients.

paragraphs: Chiropractic has changed since it was created over 100 years ago because chiropractors learn new facts and do new research. Chiropractors have many different ways to treat their patients. They all use drug free treatments. Chiropractic is best known for helping people with spine pain, but chiropractors can also help other problems.


title: King Kong Bundy

paragraphs: Christopher Alan "Chris" Pallies (November 7, 1957 – March 4, 2019) better known by his ring name, King Kong Bundy, was an American stand-up comedian, actor and professional wrestler who was best known for wrestling with World Wrestling Federation. He won a Slammy Award in 1987 for the Bobby "The Brain" Heenan Scholarship Award. While he was signed to the WWF, Bundy had numerous feuds with Andre the Giant, Hulk Hogan and The Undertaker.

paragraphs: Bundy died at his home in Glassboro, New Jersey on March 4, 2019, aged 61.

paragraphs: Bundy held many championships during his professional wrestling career:


title: Apostatic selection

paragraphs: Apostatic selection is frequency-dependent selection by predators. It applies when prey are two or more forms (morphs) which look quite different. This is a kind of polymorphic species, where the predator learns to select the more common form. Then there is an advantage in looking different, and this advantage keeps the frequency above the mutation rate. The second form, or 'morph', becomes better known by predators as its number increases. So the population tends to have a kind of balance between the frequency of the two morphs.

paragraphs: Apostatic selection is similar to the idea of prey switching. Apostatic selection is the term used when the different forms are genetic morphs. In comparison, 'prey switching' is used when describing the predator's choice between different species.


title: Above mean sea level

paragraphs: The term above mean sea level (AMSL) is the elevation or altitude used by engineers to determine the coverage area a station will be able to reach. It is also used in aviation, where most heights are recorded and reported in AMSL (see flight level), and in the atmospheric sciences.

paragraphs: A "mean sea level" is imaginary. It is not possible to know the average sea level for the entire planet. The sea level also changes over time when measured in the same place. The sea moves, high and low pressure zones affect the height, tides change the sea level, and local difference in gravity all affect the sea level. People can only pick a spot and calculate the mean sea level at that point and use it as a datum. For example, the British Ordnance Survey uses a datum based on the measurements of mean sea level at a gauge at Newlyn, Cornwall from 1915 to 1921 for their maps of Great Britain. This datum is actually about 80 cm different from the mean sea level reading on the other side of the country. An alternative is to base height measurements on an ellipsoid of the entire earth. GPS and other satellite systems do this. In aviation, the ellipsoid known as World Geodetic System 84 is increasingly used to define mean sea level. Another alternative is to use a geoid based datum such as NAVD88.


title: Trichomonas gallinae

paragraphs: The protozoan Trichomonas gallinae is a cosmopolitan parasite found in birds. It most often infects pigeons and doves, but can also affect other birds such as domestic and wild turkeys, chickens and birds of prey. The disease in pigeons is commonly called canker. A similar parasite in falcons is called "frounce".


title: Only Connect

paragraphs: Only Connect is a British television quiz show. It was first shown on BBC Four on 15 September 2008. It is presented by Victoria Coren Mitchell. The programme is in the form of a tournament. Teams have to find connections between clues. "Radio Times"s listings describe it as "a game of patience and lateral thinking".

paragraphs: The phrase "only connect" was first used as the epigraph to E. M. Forster's 1910 novel "Howards End".

paragraphs: Each programme has two teams of three people. They have four rounds of gameplay. In the first three series, clues in Rounds 1 and 2 and the connecting walls in Round 3 are were shown by Greek letters. From series 4 Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs have been used instead. Coren joked that this was because the Greek letters were too pretentious.

paragraphs: Teams are given up to four clues. They then try to understand the connection between them. Teams are allowed 40 seconds to guess. The team is first shown one clue. They may ask for the other three clues at any time within the 40 seconds. The team may press their buzzer to guess after the first clue for 5 points, the second for 3, the third for 2, or the fourth for 1. If the team guesses wrong, or fails to buzz within the 40 seconds allowed, the question is given to the other team for a bonus point. The other team will be shown all the clues. There is often one puzzle out of the six with pictures. Another puzzle will use pieces of music.

paragraphs: Each set of clues is now a sequence. Teams must try to work out the fourth item in the sequence. They do this with as few clues as they can. They must tell Coren the last item in the sequence. They will score points even if their theory for the connection is wrong. Like in the first round, each team will play three sets. Like in the first round, if one team fails to guess, it is given to the other team. They can see any clues there are left and earn one point by guessing correctly. There's one puzzle in this round that uses pictures and more recently music clues have been used in this round.

paragraphs: Each team is given a wall of 16 clues and must work out the solution, which will be four groups of four connected items. The puzzles are designed to suggest more connections than actually exist. Some clues look like they fit into more than one category. Teams score 1 point for each group found within 2 minutes 30 seconds. They may make all the guesses they want until they have identified two of the four groups, but have only three guesses for the remaining connections. Teams can then score 1 additional point for identifying the connection within each group, even if they did not spot them earlier. Two bonus points, for a total of ten, are earned for getting everything right. On 1 March 2010, an interactive online version of this round was put on the Only Connect website. In the Summer of 2011, the website let viewers put their own connecting walls up. Not all good connecting walls are put on the website. Connecting walls are now put on the website at the same time as they are shown on the television. The Connecting Wall is the most popular round on the show.

paragraphs: In a final buzzer round, the teams are shown a series of word puzzles. Each puzzle is a word or phrase with the vowels removed and the spaces moved to disguise the original words. The connection between the puzzles is told before the puzzles are shown.

paragraphs: Teams score 1 point for each puzzle they get right, but lose 1 point for guessing wrong or don't give an answer if they buzz in. After a wrong answer the other team can take a guess. The team with the most points at the end of the game goes on to the next round of the tournament. If teams are tied, then a single puzzle is given to the captains of each team with no category given. If a captain correctly buzzes in with the correct answer first then their team wins, but an incorrect answer automatically loses the game.


title: Chromatophore

paragraphs: Chromatophores are pigment-containing and light-reflecting cells found in amphibians, fish, reptiles, crustaceans, and cephalopods. They are largely responsible for generating skin and eye colour in cold-blooded animals.

paragraphs: Some species can rapidly change colour so as to keep in camouflage, or to signal. They do this by moving pigment and reflective plates in chromatophores. This process is called physiological colour change. Cephalopods such as octopus have complex chromatophore organs controlled by muscles to achieve this. The display is under central nervous control based usually on input from the eyes.

paragraphs: Vertebrates such as chameleons get a similar effect by cell signalling. Such signals can be hormones or neurotransmitters. They may be started by changes in mood, temperature, stress or visible changes around the animal.

paragraphs: Colleoid cephalopods have complex organs which they use to change colour rapidly. This is seen in squid, cuttlefish and octopuses. Each chromatophore unit is a single chromatophore cell and muscle, nerve, glial and sheath cells. Inside the chromatophore cell, pigment granules are in an elastic sac. To change colour the animal changes the sac form or size by muscular contraction. This changes its appearance. This differs from the mechanism used in fish, amphibians and reptiles, because the shape of the sac is being changed rather than pigment being moved in the cell. However, a similar effect is achieved.

paragraphs: Octopuses can operate chromatophores in complex, wavelike displays, giving rapidly changing colour schemes. The nerves that operate the chromatophores are thought to be positioned in the brain in a pattern similar to that of the chromatophores they each control. This may explain why, as the neurons are activated one after another, the colour change occurs in waves.

paragraphs: Like chameleons, cephalopods use colour change for social interaction. They are also among the most skilled at camouflage, with the ability to match both the colour and the texture of their local environment with remarkable accuracy.


title: UGK Records

paragraphs: UGK records is an American record label. It was created by rapper Pimp C just after he got out of prison. The company is named after the rap group UGK (UnderGround Kingz). The label was in the process of reaching a distribution deal when Pimp C died.

paragraphs: Artists currently signed to the label include:


title: Tree fern

paragraphs: Tree ferns are a large group of ferns with tree-like form. They are part of a subclass of ferns which is monophyletic by DNA sequence analysis.

paragraphs: The tree-ferns and some other ferns with creeping rhizome stems make up the Cyatheales group of ferns (as a sub-class or order). The tree-like habit has evolved a number of times in this group. They can grow up to 20 metres tall, with their large fronds at the top.

paragraphs: Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas as well as temperate rainforests in Australia, New Zealand, and other island groups nearby. A few genera extend further, such as "Culcita" in southern Europe. Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of spores developed in sporangia on the undersides of the fronds.

paragraphs: The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large, and multiple-divided fronds. The young fronds of tree ferns emerge in coils that uncurl as they grow.

paragraphs: Unlike flowering plants, tree ferns do not form new woody tissue in their trunk as they grow. Rather, the trunk is supported by a fibrous mass of roots that expands as the tree fern grows.

paragraphs: It is not certain how many species of tree fern there are but it is likely to be around a thousand. New species are discovered in New Guinea with each botanical survey. Many species must have become extinct in the last century as forest habitats were cut down by people.


title: George Eastman

paragraphs: George Eastman (July 12, 1854 - March 14, 1932) was an American inventor and businessman.

paragraphs: Eastman was born in Waterville, New York. He founded the Eastman Kodak Company and invented roll film. This made photography popular and led to other men inventing film stock. His Kodak company still runs today, but more focused on printers and printing.

paragraphs: Eastman shot himself dead in Rochester, New York.


title: Pervasive Developmental Disorder

paragraphs: Pervasive developmental disorder is an autistic spectrum disorder. The full name for this condition is "pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified". It is also known as "atypical autism".


title: Eric Lloyd

paragraphs: Eric Lloyd (born David Eric Lloyd Morelli on May 19, 1986) is an American actor and comedian. He is known for his role as Charlie Calvin in "The Santa Clause" movie series.


title: Sonic Youth

paragraphs: Sonic Youth is an American rock band from New York City. The band was formed in 1981. In the beginning of their career, the band was associated with the underground art and music scene in New York City, No Wave. Sonic Youth was part of the first wave of American noise rock groups, but made their own interpretation of hardcore punk sound. Critics consider Sonic Youth as an important element in the rise of indie rock movements. The band members are: Thurston Moore (guitar and vocals), Kim Gordon (bass, vocals, and guitar), Lee Ranaldo (guitar and vocals), Steve Shelley (drums), and Mark Ibold (guitar and bass).


title: Leroy Goldsworthy

paragraphs: Leroy "Goldy" Goldsworthy (October 18, 1908 – March 16, 1980) was an American ice hockey player. He played 11 seasons in the NHL. Goldsworthy won the Stanley Cup while a member of the Chicago Black Hawks in 1934. Goldsworthy along with Rosario Couture were given the task of helping identify the body of their Black Hawks teammate Jack Leswick when Leswicks body was pulled out of the Assiniboine River in August of 1934.


title: Communes of the Martinique department

paragraphs: The following is a list of the 34 communes of the Martinique overseas department of France.


title: The Jerk

paragraphs: The Jerk is a 1979 American comedy movie. It starred Steve Martin in his first movie role. Martin also wrote the movie with Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias. The movie was directed by Carl Reiner.


title: Porsche 944

paragraphs: The Porsche 944 is a front engine four cylinder sports car. Porsche built the car from 1983 until 1991.


title: Porsche 924

paragraphs: The Porsche 924 is a sports car built by Porsche of Germany. It was made from 1976 to 1988.

paragraphs: In 2017 a stolen 1979 Porsche 924 stolen in 1991 was found after 25 years


title: Jemaah Islamiyah

paragraphs: Jemaah Islamiah (, "al-Jamāʿat ul-Islāmíyatu", meaning "Islamic Congregation", frequently abbreviated JI), is a Southeast Asian militant Islamic organization. It wants the creation of an Islamic caliphate (Daulah Islamiyah) in Southeast Asia. It would include Indonesia, Malaysia, the southern Philippines, Singapore and Brunei. JI was added to the United Nations 1267 Committee's list of terrorist organizations linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban on 25 October 2002 under UN Security Council Resolution 1267.


title: Smosh

paragraphs: Smosh is a web-based comedy duo. The members are Ian Hecox and Anthony Padilla who have been on YouTube since 2005. Today they have over 5 different channels, over 300 videos on their main channel and over 10 million subscribers.

paragraphs: Smosh started as early as 2001 when Anthony created a website named smosh.com and started adding flash videos. Shortly after Ian joined him.

paragraphs: They both started their famous YouTube channel Smosh in November 2005 uploading the Pokemon Theme Song which eventually gained 25 million views which was, at the time, the most viewed video on YouTube, however six months later into the fame the video was removed for copyright reasons.

paragraphs: Later on in March 2007 though, a user named Andi2000 re-uploaded the video and today, it has 15 million views. Smosh also re-made the video in November 2010 changing the lyrics a little bit so it wouldn't be removed again.

paragraphs: In 2009 smosh.com had a major redesign. Adding a games section and an extras and bloopers for their skit. 2010 also a new iSHUT UP app available on the App Store and Google Play and three new web-series': Ask Charlie, Lunchtime with Smosh and Ian is Bored.

paragraphs: In January 2013 Smosh became the most subscribed channel on the internet beating Ray William Johnson.

paragraphs: The head channel where Padilla and Hecox post new skits every Friday.

paragraphs: IanH is their second channel which was originally just Hecox's personal channel for unscripted vlogs and such. It's now known for Ian is Bored, where the two do random things and sometimes also do mail times and foreign food tests, Lunchtime with Smosh, where Padilla and Hecox go out to various restaurants to eat different foods and answer twitter questions and Smosh Pit Weekly, a show that features different pieces and internet memes, hosted by the alternative worker, Mari Takahashi. Smosh Pit Weekly is posted every Saturday, while Ian is Bored is posted every second Monday with Lunchtime with Smosh during the other Mondays.

paragraphs: Padilla's personal channel, where he does unscheduled vlogs.

paragraphs: Padilla and his girlfriend Kalel made this channel on June 9, 2013 and have been posting vlogs on here since.

paragraphs: Based on the January 2010 skit Charlie the Drunk Guinea Pig. This is a channel where Charlie answers questions asked by users. This show ran from January 2010 until December 2011 before he was killed off because it was too hard for Smosh to keep up.

paragraphs: ElSmosh is the Spanish version of Smosh where Padilla and Hecox post the Spanish version of Smosh Pit Weekly, El Smosh Pit de la Semana, on Wednesdays, and post a Spanish skit on Sundays, both two days after the English version.

paragraphs: An animated web-series animated by different animators, post different videos Monday, Wednesday, Friday and Sunday.

paragraphs: Smosh's gaming channel, with two new videos every day except for Saturday when they only post one video.

paragraphs: Podcast created by Smosh as part of being bought by Mythical Entertainment


title: Geophysics

paragraphs: Geophysics () is the physics of the Earth and its environment in space. It is also the study of the Earth by measuring things and collecting data. Sometimes "geophysics" means only studying the geology of the earth such as its shape, gravitational and magnetic field, internal structure and composition. It is can also mean how those create plate tectonics, magmas, volcanism and rock formation.

paragraphs: Some geophysicists now also study the hydrological cycle including snow and ice. They study how the oceans and the atmosphere move. They study electricity and magnetism in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere. How the earth and sun affect each other is also part of geophysics.

paragraphs: Geophysics was only recognized as a special area of study in the 19th century. But, there were geophysicists in ancient history. The first magnetic compasses were made in the fourth century BC and the first seismoscope was built in 132 BC. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox. Instruments were developed to measure the Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as parts of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean.

paragraphs: Studying geophysics may help with problems such as mineral resources, reducing natural hazards, and protecting the environment. Geophysical survey data help find petroleum reservoirs, mineral deposits, groundwater, and archaeological relics. Such data can also tell the thickness of glaciers and soils, and tell which areas have environmental damage that should be fixed.


title: Kōfu

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

paragraphs: Kōfu's name means "capital of Kai Province". During the Sengoku period, it was the stronghold of Takeda Shingen.

paragraphs: A J-League football team, Ventforet Kofu is based in Kōfu. Their home ground is the Kose Sports Stadium.


title: Sumoto, Hyōgo

paragraphs: Sumoto city is famous for many foods, for example: Awaji onions, Naruto oranges, and Kobe Beef.

paragraphs: Sumoto runs runs a cheap electric bike rental program with Awaji and Minami Awaji. It is to help visitors stay for more than one day and explore the island.


title: Mourning collared dove

paragraphs: The mourning collared dove ("Streptopelia decipiens") is a pigeon that lives in Africa, south of Sahara. Despite its name, it is not a close relative of the North American mourning dove ("Zenaida macroura"). This species is found most near water.


paragraphs: A Diplôme d'études universitaires générales (DEUG) is the French certificate given to a university student after he has completed two years of study. It was created in 1973.


title: Netherlands Bridge League

paragraphs: The Netherlands Bridge League (; NBB) is an association of bridge clubs in the Netherlands. It was founded in 1930.


title: Lugo

paragraphs: Lugo is a city of the autonomous community of Galicia (Spain). It is a United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Site. Lugo is the only city in the world to be surrounded by completely intact Roman walls.

paragraphs: The city is in the northwest of Spain. It is capital city of the Province of Lugo.


title: Porsche 928

paragraphs: The Porsche 928 was an automobile designed and built by Porsche in Germany. It had an aluminum V8 engine. It was made famous in movies such as "Scarface", "Risky Business" and "Leonard".


title: Milton Brink

paragraphs: Milton "Milt, Curly" Brink (November 26, 1910 – October 31, 1999) was an American ice hockey player. He played 5 games in the NHL, all with the Chicago Black Hawks. Brink spent most of his ice hockey career in the American Hockey Association where he played a combined 5 seasons.


title: Andy Hilbert

paragraphs: Andrew John Hilbert (born February 6, 1981) is an American former professional ice hockey forward who played in the National Hockey League. He was drafted with the 37th overall pick by the Boston Bruins in the 2000 NHL Entry Draft. Hilbert has also played 3 seasons with the Boston Bruins, 1 season with the Chicago Blackhawks, 1 season with the Pittsburgh Penguins and 1 season with the Minnesota Wild.


title: Hilbert space

paragraphs: A Hilbert space is a mathematical concept covering the extra-dimensional use of Euclidean space—i.e., a space with more than three dimensions. A Hilbert space uses the mathematics of two and three dimensions to try and describe what happens in greater than three dimensions. It is named after David Hilbert.

paragraphs: Vector algebra and calculus are methods normally used in the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space. In Hilbert spaces, these methods can be used with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is a vector space that has the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Hilbert spaces also have to be complete, which means that enough limits have to exist for calculus to work.

paragraphs: The earliest Hilbert spaces were studied in the first decade of the 20th century by David Hilbert, Erhard Schmidt, and Frigyes Riesz. John von Neumann first came up with the name "Hilbert Space". Hilbert space methods made a big difference to functional analysis.

paragraphs: Hilbert spaces show up a lot in mathematics, physics, and engineering, often as infinite-dimensional function spaces. They are especially useful for studying partial differential equations, quantum mechanics, Fourier analysis (which includes signal processing and heat transfer). Hilbert spaces are used in ergodic theory which is the mathematical basis of thermodynamics. All normal Euclidean spaces are also Hilbert spaces. Other examples of Hilbert spaces include spaces of square-integrable functions, spaces of sequences, Sobolev spaces made up of generalized functions, and Hardy spaces of holomorphic functions.


title: Christian Laflamme

paragraphs: Christian Laflamme (born November 24, 1976 in St-Charles, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played a combined 10 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 45th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. Laflamme played 3 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks before being traded along with Daniel Cleary, Ethan Moreau and Chad Kilger to the Edmonton Oilers for Boris Mironov, Dean McAmmond and Jonas Elofsson. He only played 2 seasons with the Oilers before being traded along with Matthieu Descoteaux to the Montreal Canadiens for Igor Ulanov and Alain Nasreddine. After playing 2 seasons with the Canadiens, he signed a contract with the St. Louis Blues.


title: Machine Gun Kelly (rapper)

paragraphs: Colson Baker (born Richard Colson Baker; born April 22, 1990), known professionally as Machine Gun Kelly (abbreviated as MGK), is an American music artist and actor.

paragraphs: He is currently signed to Sean Combs' Bad Boy Records and Interscope Records. He was also named the "Hottest Breakthrough MC of 2011" by MTV on December 14, 2011. His song "Invincible" featuring co-writer and singer Ester Dean is the official theme song of WrestleMania XXVIII.


title: The New York Zoo hoax

paragraphs: The New York Zoo hoax was a false story. The "New York Herald" printed an untrue story about a fictional breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo on November 9, 1874. It is also known as "The Central Park Zoo Escape" and the "Central Park Menagerie Scare of 1874"

paragraphs: The article warned that dangerous animals were loose in the city. The article said that 49 people died and 200 were injured. Many readers panicked, even though the end of the story said that everything in it was not true. The authors later said they wanted to make people pay attention to weak safety precautions at the zoo. They said they were surprised at the strong reaction to their story.


title: Karl Dykhuis

paragraphs: Karl Dykhuis (born July 8, 1972 in Sept-Îles, Quebec) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey defenceman that played a combined 14 seasons in the NHL. He was drafted with the 16th overall pick by the Chicago Blackhawks in the 1990 NHL Entry Draft. He played 2 seasons with the Chicago Blackhawks, 5 with the Philadelphia Flyers, 2 with the Tampa Bay Lightning and 5 with the Montreal Canadiens. He was named the QMJHL Defensive Rookie of the Year and was named to the QMJHL All-Rookie Team in 1989. He was also a World Junior U20 Gold Medalist in 1991.


title: Makinohara, Shizuoka

paragraphs: Makinohara is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is a coastal city on the island of Honshū next to Suruga Bay. Nearby cities are: Omaezaki, Kikugawa, Shimada, and Yoshida.


title: Yokkaichi, Mie

paragraphs: Yokkaichi is a Japanese city in Mie Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It is a port near Nagoya.

paragraphs: It has been recognized as a special city since 2000.

paragraphs: In the Edo period, "Yokkaichi-juku" was 43rd of the 53 shogunate-maintained waystations ("shuku-eki") along the Tōkaidō road which connected Edo and Kyoto.

paragraphs: In 1936, Yokkaichi hosted an international trade fair called "Exposition of Yokkaichi City".


title: Abiko, Chiba

paragraphs: Abiko (我孫子市, Abiko-shi) is a city in Chiba Prefecture, Japan. It is next to the Tone River.


title: Shimada, Shizuoka

paragraphs: Shimada is a city in Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Honshū.

paragraphs: Shimada is on the Shida Plain. Several rivers pass through Shimada including the Tochiyama River and the Õi River.


title: Ōnojō

paragraphs: Ōnojō is a small city in Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan. It is on the island of Kyūshū.


title: Asakuchi, Okayama

paragraphs: Asakuchi (浅口市, Asakuchi-shi) is a city in Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is on the main island of Honshū.


title: Erotic asphyxiation

paragraphs: Erotic asphyxiation is a sexual act where strangling is used to increase sexual pleasure. It can result in accidental death.


title: Ludwig von Mises

paragraphs: Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (Galicia, Austro-Hungary, 29 September 1881 – New York City, 10 October 1973) was an Austrian-American economist, philosopher, and classical liberal. He was of Jewish descent and a prominent figure in the Austrian School of economic thought.

paragraphs: Fearing a Nazi take-over of Europe, Mises emigrated to New York in 1940. He published his most famous work "Human action" in 1949. Mises had a big influence on the Libertarian movement that developed in the United States in the mid-20th century.

paragraphs: The family of his father Arthur Edler von Mises had been elevated to the Austrian nobility in the 19th century, and was involved in building and financing railroads.

paragraphs: At the age of twelve Ludwig spoke fluent Yiddish, German, Polish, and French, read Latin, and could understand Ukrainian. Mises was the older brother of the physicist Richard von Mises, a member of the Vienna Circle.

paragraphs: In 1900, he attended the University of Vienna, becoming influenced by the works of Carl Menger. In 1906 Mises was awarded his doctorate from the school of law.

paragraphs: Economist and political theorist Friedrich Hayek came to know Mises while working as Mises' subordinate at a government office dealing with Austria's post-World War I debt. Hayek wrote, "there I came to know him mainly as a tremendously efficient executive, the kind of man who, as was said of John Stuart Mill, because he does a normal day's work in two hours, always has a clear desk and time to talk about anything. I came to know him as one of the best educated and informed men I have ever known...". Hayek's development of Mises' theoretical work on the business cycle later earned Hayek the 1974 Nobel Prize in Economics (shared with Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal).

paragraphs: In 1934, Mises left Austria for Geneva, Switzerland, where he was a professor at the Institute of International Studies until 1940. Fearing that Germany might take control over Switzerland, in 1940 Mises left Europe and emigrated to New York City. There he became a visiting professor at New York University. He held this position from 1945 until his retirement in 1969. He was not employed by the university, but funded by businessmen. For part of this period, Mises worked on currency issues. In 1947, Mises became one of the founding members of the Mont Pelerin Society.

paragraphs: Despite fleeing Europe, Mises is credited for having an influential role in the economic reconstruction of Europe after World War II through his professional relationships with Ludwig Erhard, Charles de Gaulle and Luigi Einaudi.

paragraphs: In a 1978 interview, Friedrich Hayek said about Mises' book "Socialism":

paragraphs: After his death, his wife quoted a passage that Mises had written about Benjamin Anderson, and said that it best described Mises' own personality: "His most eminent qualities were his inflexible honesty, his unhesitating sincerity. He never yielded. He always freely enunciated [said] what he considered to be true. If he had been prepared to suppress or only to soften his criticisms of popular, but irresponsible, policies, the most influential positions and offices would have been offered him. But he never compromised".


title: Thomas Funck

paragraphs: Thomas Funck (26 October 1919, Linköping, Östergötland, Sweden – 30 December 2010) was a Swedish writer of children's literature. He is known for his stories about Charlie Strap and Froggy Ball.


title: Gord Wilson

paragraphs: Gordon Allan Wilson (born August 13, 1932) is a retired professional ice hockey player. He played two games in the National Hockey League. He played with the Boston Bruins.


title: Percy Wickman

paragraphs: Percy Dwight Wickman (June 10, 1941 – July 3, 2004) was a Canadian politician and well-known activist for people with disabilities who was born in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

paragraphs: Wickman served as an alderman on Edmonton City Council from 1977 to 1986. He made the news when he was elected as Liberal MLA for Edmonton-Whitemud after unseating Alberta premier Don Getty in the 1989 election, despite the fact Getty had otherwise won a majority government. In 1993 election and 1997 election Wickman was re-elected as the MLA for Edmonton Rutherford. Wickman retired from politics in 2001.

paragraphs: Wickman died in 2004 due to a paraplegic-related illness.


title: Rob Whistle

paragraphs: Robert Douglas Whistle (born April 4, 1961) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey defenceman who played for the New York Rangers and St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Whistle was signed as a free agent by the New York Rangers on August 13, 1985. He played 32 games for the Rangers before getting traded to St. Louis for Tony McKegney and Bruce Bell. After playing 19 games for the Blues, he was traded to the Washington Capitals. However, he played for their farm team the whole season, and he retired at the end of that season.


title: James Whalen

paragraphs: James Whalen (1869 – 1929) was a Canadian businessperson and entrepreneur based in Port Arthur, Ontario, now part of Thunder Bay, Ontario, with interests in the forest industries, shipbuilding, dredging, and towing. He began as a timber contractor in the 1890s, he built an impressive business empire in various Great Lakes marine businesses. With the help of his brothers he was less successful in entering the competitive British Columbia pulp and paper business that went bankrupt in 1925.

paragraphs: He was born in Collingwood, Ontario, April 29, 1869, to Joseph Whalen and Alice Broad, and died in Duluth, Minnesota June 4, 1929. His marriage to Laurel Conmee in 1896 allied his fortunes to her father, the formidable Ontario politician and contractor James Conmee.

paragraphs: He constructed the eight storey Whalen building in Port Arthur in 1913.


title: ISG Business School

paragraphs: Institut supérieur de gestion, commonly named ISG, is a European higher studies establishment. The school is in three places, in Paris (France), in New-York (USA) and in Tokyo (Japan). ISG delivers Bachelor's degree, Master's degree and MBA.

paragraphs: ISG is specialist in the fields of economics, social sciences and management.

paragraphs: Since the 10th of April 2012, the school is member of the "Conférence des Grandes Écoles".


title: Terry Watkinson

paragraphs: Terry Watkinson (born 1940 in what is now Thunder Bay, Ontario) is an artist, painter, illustrator, and musician.

paragraphs: After spending his youth in Thunder Bay and Iroquois Falls Ontario, Watkinson attended the University of Toronto for two years in the field of architecture, until he left to participate in the band Max Webster. Upon the dissolution of the band, he returned to the university to study medical illustration. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science, he taught the subject at the University of Toronto.

paragraphs: He gained national prominence as a keyboardist for rock group Max Webster during the 1970s and early 1980s.

paragraphs: He is also active as a painter of other subjects. In 1993 he painted the cover of Klaatu's compilation album, Peaks.


paragraphs: The Western Dry Dock and Shipbuilding Company operated at Port Arthur, Ontario, now part of Thunder Bay, on Lake Superior from its organization in October 1909 until its reorganization in November 1916 as the Port Arthur Shipbuilding Company. It was probably a subsidiary of the Cleveland-based American Ship Building Company until entrepreneur James Whalen took control in 1916. Whalen was president from 1909–1916.

paragraphs: Its dry dock and shops were located at Bare Point at the extreme eastern end of the Thunder Bay harbour. They were constructed in 1910. The first launching of a vessel was June 27, 1911, a scow or barge for the Great Lakes Dredging Company.

paragraphs: During the First World War, the company also produced shells and munitions for the Imperial Munitions Board. It also built Big Bull tractors in 1915.


title: HMCS Fort Frances (J396)

paragraphs: HMCS "Fort Frances" (J396) was an that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II.


title: Goh Keng Swee

paragraphs: Goh Keng Swee (; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Gô͘ Khèng-sūi; 6 October 1918 – 14 May 2010) was the second Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore between 1973 and 1984, and a Member of Parliament for the Kreta Ayer constituency for a quarter of a century.

paragraphs: Goh died in the early morning of 14 May 2010 at the age of 91. His body lay in state at Parliament House from 20 to 22 May. A state funeral was held on 23 May 2010 at the Singapore Conference Hall. After the ceremony, a private ceremony for family members was held at the Mandai Crematorium. As a mark of respect, the State flag was flown at half-mast from all Government buildings between 20 and 23 May.


title: HMCS Chaleur (MCB 144)

paragraphs: HMCS "Chaleur" (MCB 144) was a that served in the Royal Canadian Navy for three and a half months in 1954 before being sold to the French Navy to become "La Dieppoise". She was eventually replaced by .


title: HMCS Middlesex (J328)

paragraphs: HMCS "Middlesex" (J328) was an that served in the Royal Canadian Navy during World War II.


title: Composition (visual arts)

paragraphs: In visual arts, the composition is the way that colors or shapes are put together or arranged in a particular painting, graphic, photograph or sculpture.


title: Paper cup

paragraphs: A paper cup is a drinking cup made out of paper. Paper cups are usually coated with plastic or wax to stop liquid leaking out or soaking through the paper.


title: Provinces of Japan

paragraphs: The were historical subdivisions of the island country. They developed and changed from the 7th century until the Meiji Period. In the 1870s, the provincial system was replaced by a new system of prefectures.

paragraphs: The early provinces were created by Imperial decree. Over time, there were many changes in the numbers of provinces.

paragraphs: The national system of provinces was established at the beginning of the 8th century.

paragraphs: The borders of the provinces were often changed until the end of the Nara period.

paragraphs: From the Heian Period through Edo period, provincial borders were generally stable, but there were some changes.

paragraphs: In the early Meiji period some provincial borders were changed before the prefectural system was established.


title: Yuki Iwata

paragraphs: Yuki Iwata (; born 1972 in Shimada, Shizuoka) is a Japanese artist. She is a movie director, screenwriter, illustrator, and lyricist. She has won prizes at several film festivals in Japan. Her most recent movie was "Yubiwa wo Hametai" in 2011.


title: Royce Clayton

paragraphs: Royce Clayton (born January 2, 1970) is a retired American baseball player. He played for many teams in the Major League. Clayton played for 17 seasons. He played in the 1997 All-Star game.


title: Futaba, Fukushima

paragraphs: The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant was built in Futaba.

paragraphs: The area was evacuated because of the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011.

paragraphs: In 2013, the future is uncertain for the people of Futuba. According to the town's spokesman,

paragraphs: The people who used to live in Futuba are called "nuclear refugees".


title: Katsurao, Fukushima

paragraphs: After the March 11 disasters, the town offices moved to Aizubange, Fukushima. On 15 June 2011, the offices moved again to Miharu, Fukushima.


title: Naraha, Fukushima

paragraphs: After the March 11 disaster, the town offices moved to Iwaki, Fukushima. On 25 March 2011, the offices moved again to Aizumisato, Fukushima


title: Tomioka, Fukushima

paragraphs: Tomioka is close to Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. The town is inside the 20 km exclusion zone which was created after the Fukushima nuclear disaster in 2011. Animals still live in the Tomioka "no-go zone".

paragraphs: The Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant is partly in Tomioka. The town government has moved temporarily to Kōriyama since 17 March 2011.


title: Hair coloring

paragraphs: Hair coloring or hair dyeing is changing the color of hair. Common reasons are to cover gray hair, to change to a color that a person likes better, and to return the hair to its normal color after it has been badly changed by hairdressing or sun bleaching. The 1661 book "Eighteen Books of the Secrets of Art & Nature" explained ways of coloring hair black, gold, green, red, yellow, and white .

paragraphs: The four common types of hair coloring are "permanent", "demi-permanent" (sometimes called "deposit only"), "semi-permanent", and "temporary".


title: Flight information display system

paragraphs: A Flight Information Display System (FIDS) is a computer system in airports. It tells passengers about arrivals and departures as they happen. The computer system controls mechanical or electronic displays or TV screens.

paragraphs: In large airports, there is a FIDS for each terminal. Some airports use a separate FIDS for each major airline. FID systems help passengers during air travel and people who want to pick-up passengers after the flight.

paragraphs: Each line on an FIDS shows a different flight number and:

paragraphs: Because of code sharing, a single flight may be shown with many different flight numbers. For example, a flight may use the flight numbers LH474 and AC9099) even though there is just one aircraft doing both flights. Lines may be sorted by time, airline name, or city.


title: Flash point

paragraphs: The flash point of a volatile substance is the lowest temperature at which it can become vapor, mix with air, and burn.

paragraphs: The flash point describes liquid fuel. It helps to tell about the danger of fire from liquids. “Flash point” can describe both flammable liquids and combustible liquids.

paragraphs: Several national and international committees and organizations decide how everyone should measure the flash point. The three main groups that decide this standard for measurement are the CEN / ISO Joint Working Group on Flash Point (JWG-FP), ASTM D02.8B Flammability Section, and the Energy Institute's TMS SC-B-4 Flammability Panel.

paragraphs: The standard for testing the temperature of the flash point tells the equipment, units of measure, the steps to follow, and the precision of the test method.


title: Open Season (movie series)

paragraphs: The series of Open Season movies from Sony Pictures Animation includes four films: "Open Season" (2006), "Open Season 2" (2008), "Open Season 3" (2010), "" (2015), as well as a short movie called "Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run" (2006). A video game based on the first movie was released on many platforms.

paragraphs: A 900-pound grizzly bear named Boog living in the town of Timberline (Martin Lawrence) meets Elliot (Ashton Kutcher), a one-horned mule deer. They end up stranded together in the woods during hunting season and they have to beat the hunters with the help of all the other animals. In the end, Boog decides to stay in the forest and says goodbye to his owner Ranger Beth (Debra Messing).

paragraphs: Elliot (Joel McHale) falls in love with Giselle (Jane Krakowski). However, his friend Mr. Weenie (Cody Cameron) is kidnapped by a group of pampered pets determined to return him to his owners. Elliot (who leads the way), Boog (Mike Epps) (who also leads the way), Giselle, McSquizzy (Billy Connolly), Buddy (Maddie Taylor), and Serge (Danny Mann) and Deni (Maddie Taylor) go on a long journey to rescue Weenie. However, the pets, lead by a poodle named Fifi (Crispin Glover), insist on fighting for Weenie. In the end, Mr. Weenie decides to go back to his owners and leave the wild.

paragraphs: Boog (Matthew J. Munn) thinks that Elliot (Maddie Taylor) has not been as close a friend since he started a family with kids of his own. In search for real friends, Boog stumbles upon a circus in Russia where he meets a talented female bear named Ursa (Melissa Sturm) (whom he falls madly in love with) and a clever bear who looks like him, named Doug (Matthew J. Munn). Boog switches places with Doug while so Doug can escape. When Elliot, Mr. Weenie, and the pets and other wild animals realize Boog is missing, they all get together and set up a plan to get Boog back. In the end, Ursa decides to live with Boog and his friends.

paragraphs: When an unknown creature gets mistaken for a werewolf, former hunter Shaw (Trevor Devall) reopens open season. With the animals of Timberline National Forest being at risk, Boog (Donny Lucas), Elliot (Will Townsend), and Mr. Weenie (Will Townsend) set out to uncover the mystery of the werewolf, and get open season closed.

paragraphs: A short movie, "Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run", was released in 2007 and is featured on the "Open Season" DVD and Blu-ray.


title: Morgan Oey

paragraphs: Morgan Oey (born in Singkawang, Indonesia, May 25, 1990) is an Indonesian pop singer, dancer, model, actor who joined the group SM*SH.


title: Vladimir Stasov

paragraphs: Vladimir Vasilievich Stasov (born 14 January 1824, Saint Petersburg; died 23 October 1906, Saint Petersburg) was a Russian art and music critic. He wrote a lot about art and music in journals, newspapers and in letters to the press. He lived at a time when classical music and other forms of culture were quite new in Russia. Russian artists were imitating European art, but Stasov encouraged them to create a culture which was typically Russian, showing its own nationalism. People saw him as the champion of the new Russian school in all the Russian arts. He knew most of the great Russian writers, artists and composers of his day, and he wrote many letters including letters to the press in which he stated his views very forcefully.

paragraphs: Stasov’s father was an architect. Stasov graduated from the School of Jurisprudence in 1843. In 1847 he began his career as a music critic. He gave a lot of support to Glinka who was trying to compose music that reflected Russian nationalism. In 1856 a group of five composers often got together to discuss ideas about music. Stasov called this group Moguchaya kuchka (“The Mighty Handful”). The oldest one of the group was Balakirev who was like a leader and teacher to the others. The other four were Mussorgsky, Cui, Borodin and Rimsky Korsakov. They had ideas about music which were very different from those of Anton Rubinstein, the composer who had founded the Petersburg Conservatory. Rubinstein thought that Russian composers such as Glinka were all amateurs and that music should be taught like it was in Germany. Stasov and Balakirev were very angry about his views. They started a Free Music School as a rival to the Conservatory. They wanted music to reflect Russian folk singing, dancing and the tolling of Russian church bells.

paragraphs: Stasov gave a lot of encouragement to Russian composers and suggested ideas for compositions to them. It is thanks to his suggestions that many great Russian operas were composed: Borodin’s Prince Igor, Mussorgsky’s Boris Godunov, Rimsky-Korsakov’s The Tale of Tsar Saltan, Sadko and The Maid of Pskov and Tchaikovsky's The Tempest and Manfred. Stasov wrote biographies of the composers Glinka, Dargomïzhsky, Musorgsky and Borodin.

paragraphs: Stasov wrote in an interesting way that made the reader become enthusiasic about the subject. He talked a lot about ‘nationalism’ and ‘realism’. ‘Nationalism’ meant that it should reflect the daily lives of the Russian people. He encouraged painters such as Repin, Kramskoi, Vasnetsov and Antokolsky to paint the lives of the Russian people instead of classical or biblical subjects that were popular with European artists. He became a member of the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1859 and stayed there, even when he was offered better jobs, because he felt that the Academy gave him freedom to express his thoughts. He was made honorary fellow of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1900, together with the great novelist Leo Tolstoy.


title: Art critic

paragraphs: An art critic is a person who writes about art. He writes reviews which are published in newspapers, magazines, books and on web sites. He often goes to museums and art exhibitions and then writes about the paintings and sculptures on display.

paragraphs: Professional art critics should know a lot about art history.

paragraphs: People often discuss what the art critic has said or written. It may lead to a lot of discussion among art lovers. When art critics write good things about young artists it may help them to become famous. If they write bad things then it makes it difficult for young artists to have a good career. So, art critics (just like music critics with music) have a lot of influence on art culture. Critics such as Roger Fry have helped the public to understand the Post-Impressionist movement, and Lawrence Alloway helped to explain Pop Art.


title: Goh Chok Tong

paragraphs: Bole Goh Chok Tong (; born 20 May 1941) was the second Prime Minister of the Republic of Singapore. A member of the People's Action Party (PAP), he became Prime Minister on 28 November 1990, succeeding Lee Kuan Yew, and served in the role until 12 August 2004, when he stepped down and was succeeded by Lee Hsien Loong. He subsequently served as Singapore's Senior Minister until May 2011, and as the Chairman of the Monetary Authority of Singapore. He continues to serve as a Member of Parliament (MP) representing the Marine Parade Group Representation Constituency and holds the honorary title of "Emeritus Senior Minister".


title: Microsoft Small Basic

paragraphs: Microsoft Small Basic is a programming language made by Microsoft. It is a simplified version of the BASIC programming language. It was first released in 2008. Small Basic was designed by Microsoft DevLabs. The language has only 14 keywords, and the interface is simple.


title: Charles Cahill

paragraphs: Charles "Charlie, Moose" Cahill (January 4, 1904 – June 5, 1954) was a Canadian ice hockey right winger. He was born in Summerside, Prince Edward Island. He played one National Hockey League season with the Boston Bruins.


title: Alf Handrahan

paragraphs: Alf Handrahan (born December 27, 1949) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey player. He played in the World Hockey Association. He played fourteen games for the Cincinnati Stingers. He was born in Alberton, Prince Edward Island.


title: Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

paragraphs: The (JSPS), also known as "Gakushin", is an independent administrative institution in Japan.

paragraphs: JSPS exists to contribute to the advancement of all fields of the natural and social sciences and the humanities.

paragraphs: The Society was created in 1932. An endowment given by Emperor Shōwa helped establish Gakushin.

paragraphs: Popular interest in the history of science led to the establishment of JSPS

paragraphs: Gakushin evolved in a context of other societies and groups such as the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers and the Research Institute for Chemistry and Physics.

paragraphs: The Japanese government has always supported the society.

paragraphs: In 1967, JSPS became a semi-governmental organization. The Society was reorganized as an independent administrative institution in 2003.

paragraphs: JSPS has many scientific and academic programs. Its mission is


title: Chromosome inversion

paragraphs: An inversion is a chromosome rearrangement out of mutation. In chromosome inversion, a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion is when the chromosome breaks at two points in a chromosome (or at the end) and does a 180 degree flip. The genes inside the inversion are in the reverse of the original order.

paragraphs: What matters is whether the inversion interferes with crossing-over during meiosis. Meiosis is the type of cell division which produces sex cells (gametes).

paragraphs: If both chromosomes of a pair have the same inversion, and there is no extra or missing genes, then there is no problem with meiosis.

paragraphs: When the homologous chromosomes pair in prophase I of meiosis, the genes on the chromosomes pair up. The only way this can happen after an inversion is if the homologous pairs form a loop. If a cross-over occurs within this inversion loop, it can lead to loss or gain of DNA. For this reason, people with inversions in their germ cells often have lower fertility. This is because the gametes are damaged.

paragraphs: Families that are carriers of inversions may be offered genetic counselling and testing.


title: Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant

paragraphs: The is a nuclear power plant in the towns of Naraha and Tomioka in the Futaba District of Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. The Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) runs the plant. There are four nuclear reactors at the plant. All four of them automatically shut down after the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. The plant is sometimes called "Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant" because "Daini" means "Number 2" in Japanese.

paragraphs: The plant uses Boiling Water Reactors. Toshiba built reactors 1 and 3. Hitachi built reactors 2 and 4.

paragraphs: All reactors at the plant reached cold shutdown by March 15, 2011. In June 2011, 7,000 tons of seawater from the tsunami were still in the plant. TEPCO planned to put it all back into the ocean. But, about 3,000 tons of the water had radioactive chemicals in it. Japan's Fisheries Agency did not let TEPCO release the water back into the ocean. Japan's Prime Minister said the nuclear emergency at the Fukushima Daini plant was over on December 26, 2011.


title: National Institute for Minamata Disease

paragraphs: Japan's National Institute for Minamata Disease (NIMD), is a medical research facility in Minamata, Kumamoto Prefecture. NIMD studies Minamata disease.

paragraphs: The research center is part of Japan's Ministry of the Environment


title: Ted Lilly

paragraphs: Ted Lilly (born 4 January 1976, in Torrance, California) was a Major League Baseball pitcher. He played for the Montreal Expos, New York Yankees, Oakland Athletics, Toronto Blue Jays, Chicago Cubs, and Los Angeles Dodgers. He retired after the 2013 season.


title: Geospatial Information Authority of Japan

paragraphs: The or GSI is the national institution responsible for surveying and mapping the land and geography of Japan. The main offices of GSI are in Tsukuba City of Ibaraki Prefecture.

paragraphs: From 1949 through May 2010, it was known as the "Geographical Survey Institute".

paragraphs: GSI is part of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism.


title: Ellie Goulding

paragraphs: Elena Jane "Ellie" Goulding (born 30 December 1986) is a British singer-songwriter and actress. She was born in Hereford and raised in Herefordshire, England. Her debut studio album was "Lights" in 2010.

paragraphs: Goulding studied drama, politics, and English at the University of Kent.

paragraphs: In 2010, she became the second artist to both top the BBC's yearly Sound of... poll and win the Critics' Choice Award at the Brit Awards in the same year. The first was Adele in 2008.

paragraphs: Goulding released her first studio album, "Lights", in 2010. The album started at number one on the UK Albums Chart. It has sold over 850,000 copies in the UK. The album's title track was released as a single and rose to number 2 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was later ranked as the number-five song of 2012 in the United States.

paragraphs: She performed her cover of Elton John's "Your Song" at the wedding reception of Prince William and Kate Middleton at Buckingham Palace. On 6 August 2011, Goulding performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago. Goulding performed at the yearly Nobel Peace Prize Concert on 11 December 2011 in Oslo, Norway. She also was on a panel discussion with Amy Lee of Evanescence and Janelle Monáe. On 1 December 2011, Goulding performed at the White House during the National Christmas Tree lighting ceremony.

paragraphs: She will make her film debut in John Grisham's adaptation of "The Testament" with Nicole Appleton.

paragraphs: Her 2012 album, "Halcyon", debuted at number 9 on the US "Billboard" 200 album chart. Its lead single, "Anything Could Happen", reached number five in the UK, while it made the top 50 in the US. The album was re-released as "Halcyon Days" in 2013 and provided the single, "Burn", which reached number one in the UK and the top twenty in the US.

paragraphs: In 2015, her song "Love Me like You Do" was released from the soundtrack for the movie "Fifty Shades of Grey", based on the novel by E. L. James. The song reached the top three in the US and reached number one in the United Kingdom. She released her third studio album, "Delirium", in November of that year. It included the singles "On My Mind", "Love Me like You Do", and a collaboration with Scottish DJ Calvin Harris, "Outside".

paragraphs: Goulding recorded a single in 2016, "Still Falling for You", for the movie "Bridget Jones's Baby". She also released a collaboration with rapper Swae Lee and DJ Diplo, "Close to Me".


title: Yifan Hou

paragraphs: Yifan Hou (born 27 February 1994, in Xinghua, Taizhou, Jiangsu, China) is a female Chinese chess prodigy. She was the Women's World Chess Champion 20102012. She was the youngest ever to win the title, and the youngest female player ever to qualify for the title of Grandmaster.

paragraphs: At the age of 12, Hou became the youngest player ever to take part in the Women's World Championship and the Chess Olympiad (Turin 2006). In June 2007, she became China's youngest National Women's Champion ever. In 2010, she became the youngest World Chess Champion in chess history (men's or women's) by winning the Women's World Chess Championship 2010 in Hatay, Turkey, at the age of 16. She then defended her title by defeating Indian Koneru Humpy in the Women's World Chess Championship 2011.

paragraphs: In the most recent (January 2012) FIDE rating list, Hou is ranked as the #1 girl player in the world, the #2 female player, the #10 junior player, and the #3 player aged 17 or under. She is only the third female chess player to achieve a FIDE chess rating of over 2600. In January 2011, Hou was recognised as the best Sportsperson of the Year in China involved in a non-Olympic event.

paragraphs: In January 2012 Yifan broke through to the highest level in chess. She came joint first in the very strong Gibraltar chess tournament, an event with many grandmasters. She tied with Nigel Short on 8/10 points ahead of top players like Michael Adams and Shakhriyar Mamedyarov. To divide the prize money, a two game rapidplay match was won by Short 1½–½.

paragraphs: Significantly, she beat Judit Polgar and finished well above her. This was the "first time Polgar has lost to a woman since 1992". Then, aged 16, she lost to her eldest sister, Susan Polgar, who was at that time a stronger player. Yifan also beat Alexei Shirov, Zoltan Almasi and Le Quang Liem, and drew with Adams and Mamedyarov for a tournament performance rating of 2872. This means she is the second highest rated female in the history of the game, and is closing in on Polgar's record grading. There has been talk of a match between Polgar and Hou. Polgar has never competed in events limited to women, but the prospects of such a match is "interesting". Polgar, now 35, is still an extremely strong player.


title: Yi Gi

paragraphs: Yi Gi (이기, 李芑, October 26, 1476 - April 28, 1552) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and writer of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His other name was Gyungjae (경재, 敬齋), and his Chinese style name was Munjung (문중, 文仲). He came from the Deoksu Lee clan (Hangul: 덕수이씨, Hanja: 德水李氏).

paragraphs: nephew of Seong Dam su (성담수) and Seong Dam-nyun (성담년). One of the members of Saengyukshin (생육신), and first cousin once removed of Seong Sam-mun (성삼문). He was one of the members of Sayukshin. He was grand uncle of Yulgok Yi I (율곡 이이). Prime minister of Joseon Dynastys 1549 to 1551.


title: Kim Seok-ju

paragraphs: Kim Seok-ju(김석주, 金錫冑, 1634 – September 20 1684) was a Confucian scholar, writer and politician of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. He is the elder cousin of Queen Myungsung and paternal first cousin once removed of 19th king Sukjong. His penname was Shigam(식암, 息庵) and Chinese style name was Sabaik(사백, 斯百).


title: Po (Kung Fu Panda)

paragraphs: Master Po Ping (more commonly known simply as Po) is a fictional character and the main character of the "Kung Fu Panda" franchise. He is a 20-30 years old giant panda who was improbably chosen as the "Dragon Warrior", the kung fu champion of the Valley of Peace in the first movie.

paragraphs: Po is the adoptive son of Mr. Ping, the Warrior of Black-and-White (as revealed in "Kung Fu Panda 2"). Po is one of Master Shifu's students. In "", Po is revealed to have the ability to be able to learn kung fu at a glance.


title: Kung Fu Panda (franchise)

paragraphs: The "Kung Fu Panda" franchise from DreamWorks Animation, consists of three movies: "Kung Fu Panda" (2008), "Kung Fu Panda 2" (2011) and "Kung Fu Panda 3" (2016). Two Annie Award-winning shorts, "Secrets of the Furious Five" (2008) and "Kung Fu Panda Holiday" (2010), were also released. A TV show for Nickelodeon called "" premiered in the fall of 2011 and is currently on the air.


title: Moravian Academy

paragraphs: Moravian Academy is a school in historical center of Bethlehem, Pennsylvania in the United States. It was founded by the Moravian Church in 1741. It is the ninth oldest independent school in the United States. Moravian Academy has a religious heritage in the Moravian Church. Now it says that it is a "church-related school" and welcomes students from all religious and cultural backgrounds.

paragraphs: The school was founded in 1741 and in one year later it was the first school for girls in American colonies. Moravians believed, that education is a duty and they kept educational tradition of Comenius. Today's Moravian Academy was founded combining the Moravian Seminary for Girls and Moravian Preparatory School in 1971.


title: Gemini (astrology)

paragraphs: Gemini is the astrological Zodiac sign that represents the constellation Gemini. In the tropical zodiac, Gemini is from May 20 to June 20. Under the sidereal zodiac, it is now from June 15 to July 15. The opposite sign to Gemini is Sagittarius.

paragraphs: This sign for Gemini was made from two lines, representing the twins.

paragraphs: In mythology Gemini is related to Greek myth of the twins of Zeus and Leda, Castor and Pollux.

paragraphs: Astrologers broadly agree that the following are the characteristics of Gemini:

paragraphs: mental, adaptable, flexible, changeable, responsive, sociable, superficial

paragraphs: In astrology Gemini is ruled by the planet Mercury.

paragraphs: It is said that people born in Gemini can have jobs where quick thinking and flexibility are important.

paragraphs: In medical astrology and anatomy Gemini is said to rule the shoulders, arms and hands.


title: Windows Live Writer

paragraphs: Windows Live Writer is a web logging application. It was made by Microsoft and is part of the Windows Live Essentials group of applications. Writer has WYSIWYG post editing features. Writer lets users add images and maps to their posts as well as other things. The application works with Windows Live Spaces, SharePoint blogs, Blogger, LiveJournal, TypePad, WordPress and other services.


title: Kim Ikhun

paragraphs: General Kim Ikhun (Korean: 김익훈, 金益勳, 1619 – March 11 1689) was one of the Neo-Confucian scholars, politicians and Solders of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was Kwangnam(광남, 光南), a Chinese style name was Moosook(무숙, 懋叔). He was a grand uncle of Queen Inkyung, wife of Joseon Dynastys 19th king of Joseon Sukjong.


title: Nam Gon

paragraphs: Nam Gon (Korean: 남곤, 南袞, 1471 – March 10 1527) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was Jijeong (止亭, 지정)·Jijokdang (知足堂, 지족당)·Jijok (知足, 지족), a Chinese style name was Sahwa (士華, 사화). He was a mental grandfather of Song in married to princess Jeongsun (정순옹주, 貞順翁主), illegitimate daughter of King Joseon Jungjong

paragraphs: A member of Sarim (사림, 士林), Vice Prime minister to 1521 and Prime minister of Joseon 1523 to 1527.


title: Song Si-yeol

paragraphs: Song Siyeol (, 宋時烈, 1607 – 1689) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician, and soldier of the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His nickname was Uam (우암, 尤庵) Ujae (우재, 尤齋) Gyosannobu (교산노부, 橋山老夫) Namgannosu (남간노수, 南澗老叟) Hwayangdongju (화양동주, 華陽洞主) Hwayanbgbuja (화양부자, 華陽夫子), a Chinese style name was Youngbo (영보, 英甫). header of Westner Partys.


paragraphs: The Association Aéronautique et Astronautique de France (3AF) is the French national aeronautical and astronautical non-profit association. Is has been created in 1971 and is located in Paris.

paragraphs: The main activity of 3AF is to bring together people interested in aerospace activities.


title: Independent Administrative Institution

paragraphs: The IAI are semi-governmental organizations. They are regulated by the "Basic Law on Reforming Government Ministries" of 1998. There are about 100 IAIs.

paragraphs: IAIs employ management methods of private-sector corporations. Each IAI has autonomy in operations and in budgeting.


title: Josh Towers

paragraphs: Josh Towers (born February 26, 1977 in Port Hueneme, California) is a retired baseball pitcher. He played for the Toronto Blue Jays and other MLB teams.


title: Académie de l'air et de l'espace

paragraphs: The Académie de l'air et de l'espace (AAE) is the French national air and space non-profit academy. It was been created in 1983. by André Turcat. It is in Toulouse.

paragraphs: The main activity of AAE is to promote knowledge and development in aerospace activities.


title: University of Toulouse

paragraphs: The University of Toulouse is a network of French universities and grandes écoles in the city of Toulouse. It was founded in 2007.


title: The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill

paragraphs: The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill is the debut solo album by American R&B musician Lauryn Hill. It was released on August 25, 1998.


title: The Five

paragraphs: The Five, often known as The Mighty Handful, are a group of five Russian composers who met regularly in Saint Petersburg, Russia, in the mid-19th century. The Russian name for the group: "Moguchaya kuchka" ("The Mighty Handful") was given to them by Vladimir Stasov, the famous music critic. The five composers were: Mily Balakirev, César Cui, Modest Mussorgsky, Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov and Alexander Borodin. The group all wanted to write music in a Russian style, rather than imitating European composers. They were part of the movement known in music as Nationalism. They were five of the most important composers of the time. Note that Tchaikovsky was not one of the group. His music is more European-based, but he, too, often wrote very Russian music based on folk tunes.

paragraphs: Before The Five were established as a group, Mikhail Glinka and Alexander Dargomyzhsky were trying to create a Russian kind of music. All the composers of The Five were amateur composers. This does not mean that they were bad, it means that they earned their living in other ways and composed when they had time. Rimsky-Korsakov was a naval officer, Borodin was a professor of chemistry, Cui was an expert in military armaments and Mussorgsky had been in the Guards and then in the civil service before he took up music full time. Balakirev, the leader of the group, worked for a time for the Warsaw Railways. He was the spiritual leader of the group: a kind of teacher and guide.

paragraphs: The composers of The Five tried to put the sounds of village songs, Cossack and Caucasian dances, and church chants in their music. Russian peasants used to sing folk songs in which words or syllables were spun out with several notes into a long, lyrical line. This influence can be heard in many of the Five’s works, especially in Mussorgsky’s operas. They also frequently used music which sounded like that from Eastern Asia (“Orientalism”).

paragraphs: The group began to meet in 1856. This was before Anton Rubinstein founded the St Petersburg Conservatoire. Music at the Conservatoire was taught in a European way. This is what The Five, together with the music critic Vladimir Stasov, were against. However, in later years Rimsky-Korsakov taught at the Conservatoire, and Rubinstein who had left in to concentrate on his career as a pianist, often used ideas from Russian folk music. The difference between the two parties had become blurred. By the 1880s The Five were drifting apart because they each had developed their own personal styles. Apart from Cui, whose music is not often heard today, the members of the group influenced or taught many of the next generation of Russian composers, such as Alexander Glazunov, Mikhail Ippolitov-Ivanov, Sergei Prokofiev, Igor Stravinsky, and Dmitri Shostakovich.


title: Tracy Pollan

paragraphs: Tracy Pollan (born June 22, 1960) is an American actress. She is best known for her work on the sitcom "Family Ties" She is married to former actor Michael J. Fox. They have 4 children. Pollan was born on June 22, 1960 in Long Island, New York.


title: Aéro-Club de France

paragraphs: The Aéro-Club de France (AéCF) is the oldest aeronautical institution in the world. It was created on 20 October 1898. It is in Paris.

paragraphs: The main activity of AéCF is to promote aviation and certification.


title: Drina Martyrs

paragraphs: Drina Martyrs were Catholic nuns of the Congregation of the Daughters of Divine Charity. They were killed in Bosnia and Herzegovina between December 15 and 23, 1941 because of their religion.

paragraphs: Their names were Marija Jula (Kata) Ivanišević, Marija Bernadeta (Terezija) Banja, Marija Krizina (Josefa) Bojanc, Marija Antonija (Josefa) Fabjan and Maria Berchmana (Carolina Anna) Leidenix. They died in Goražde and near Sjetlina in 1941. They are beatified in Sarajevo on 24th September, 2010.


title: Hans Zimmer

paragraphs: Hans Florian Zimmer (born 12 September 1957) is a German movie score composer and music producer. He has written music for over 100 movies.

paragraphs: His works include "The Lion King" (1994), "Crimson Tide" (1995), "Gladiator" (2000), "Batman Begins" (2005), "The Dark Knight" (2008), "Inception" (2010), "Rango" (2011), "The Dark Knight Rises" (2012), "Man of Steel" (2013), "The Amazing Spider-Man 2" (2014), "" (2016), "Dunkirk" (2017), "Widows" (2018) and "The Lion King" (2019).

paragraphs: His next projects are "No Time to Die" (2020), "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020) and "" (2020).

paragraphs: Zimmer spent the early part of his career in the United Kingdom before moving to the United States. He is in charge of the movie music division at DreamWorks studios. He also works with other composers through the company he founded, Remote Control Productions.

paragraphs: Zimmer's works are notable for combining electronic music sounds with traditional orchestral arrangements. He has been given four Grammy Awards, two Golden Globe Awards, a Classical BRIT Award, and an Academy Award. He was also named on the list of Top 100 Living Geniuses, published by "The Daily Telegraph".

paragraphs: In 2000, Zimmer's score for "Gladiator" became one of the best selling movie score albums of all time. He also composed video game scores such as "Call of Duty" and "Fortnite".


title: Arka Sokaklar

paragraphs: Arka Sokaklar (Turkish for "Back Alleys" or "Back Streets"), is a Turkish crime television series. It has been broadcast on Kanal D (Channel D) since 2006.


title: Shin Suk-ju

paragraphs: Shin Suk-ju (1417 - June 21, 1475) was a Neo-Confucian scholar, politician and diplomat, linguist, and painter during the Korean Joseon Dynasty. His cousin was Deposed Queen Lady Yun His pen name was Huihyundang (희현당, 希賢堂), Bohanjae (보한재, 保閑齋), Chinese style name was Beomong (범옹, 泛翁).


title: Fontenai-sur-Orne

paragraphs: Fontenai-sur-Orne is a former commune in the Orne department of Lower Normandy, France. There were 254 people in 2006. The size of the village is 651 hectare (ha). Its Saint-Martin church was built in classical times. The west gate was built in 16th century, but the Virgin statues are from the 18th century. An underground vaulted cave made in stone is in the presbytery. There is a local party organized on the 3rd Sunday of July. The city's main activities are mixed farming and bird-raising. On 1 January 2018, it was merged into the commune Écouché-les-Vallées.


title: Sled dog racing

paragraphs: Sled dog racing (sometimes termed dog sled racing or husky racing) is a winter sport most popular in the Arctic regions of Canada, Russia, the United States and some European countries. It is a race of teams of sled dogs that pull a sled with the dog driver or "musher" standing on the runners.


title: Is the glass half empty or half full?

paragraphs: Is the glass half empty or half full? is an idiom.

paragraphs: The question is a common expression with both an obvious meaning and a meaning which is inferred or implied.

paragraphs: The phrase describes two different ways of understanding the meaning of a situation.

paragraphs: The idiom is used rhetorically to indicate that a particular situation could be a cause for optimism (half full) or pessimism (half empty).


title: Safe (container)

paragraphs: A safe is a container where people can put important things to protect them from fire, theft, or both. A safe is usually a box-shaped container with a lock. Safes that are designed to protect things from just fire may not have a lock or may have only a simple lock or padlock hasp. It is usually heavy and made of a strong substance such as steel. It is designed to be very hard to open with crowbars, hammers, drills, lock picks, and other tools. Safes are available in many different security levels. These range from those designed to protect from common burglars to those designed to protect from professional thieves and spies. Fire ratings are usually based on how long the safe can be in a common structure fire before the inside of the safe reaches 175 degrees Celsius. This is the temperature at which paper and wood are destroyed. The fire rating usually ranges from 15 minutes up to 3 hours. Some safes are also waterproof, which both protects the contents from flood and prevents the contents from getting wet when a fire is put out by firefighters. A large safe that is part of a building is called a vault. Vaults have usually one or more rooms.


title: Bear (gay slang)

paragraphs: Bear is a gay slang term. It describes a hairy, heavy-setgay or bisexual man. A bear typically projects an image of rugged masculinity. Some bears present a very masculine, over-the-top image of a ruggedly masculine man. These men may disdain or even shun hanging out with men who exhibit any trace of effeminacy (womanliness). Bears often form clubs modeled on biker clubs. Clubs are formed for bears to hang out with their own kind. These clubs may have bylaws, membership requirements, and charities the clubs support. They may host bear-related events such as "Mr. Bear" male beauty contests.

paragraphs: A younger (or younger looking) version of a bear is called a cub. A cub can be hairy or not. He typically has (but not always) a smaller frame. The term is sometimes used to imply the passive partner in a relationship. An "otter" is a slimmer or less hairy bear regardless of age.

paragraphs: Bears have scrapped within their communities from time to time. Discrimination has increased. Some bears and "muscle bears" do not welcome higher-bodyfat men at their events. Some bears do not want to associate with men who do not fit their notion of what a "real bear" should be. Fat (or lack of it) has become an issue. Some men regard their overweight condition as a form of self-acceptance. There is a lack of racial diversity in the bear community. Hairiness is regarded as a standard of physical attractiveness that genetically favors white men aesthetically, socially, and sexually.

paragraphs: Although typically excluded from the mainstream gay media, there are several publications that exist for the bear community. Although most are more beefcake and porn-focused, there are some, such as "Bear World Magazine", which focus on the bear lifestyle, covering a range of topics and celebrating the bear community as a whole.


title: Colin Firth

paragraphs: Colin Andrew Firth CBE (born 10 September 1960) is an English actor who has received an Academy Award, a Golden Globe Award, two BAFTA Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards, as well as the Volpi Cup for Best Actor at the Venice Film Festival. In 2010, Firth's portrayal of King George VI in Tom Hooper's The King's Speech won him the Academy Award for Best Actor.

paragraphs: Identified in the late 1980s with the "Brit Pack" of rising, young British actors, it was not until his portrayal of Fitzwilliam Darcy in the 1995 television adaptation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice that he received more widespread attention. This led to roles in films, such as The English Patient, Bridget Jones's Diary, for which he was nominated for a BAFTA Award, Shakespeare in Love, and Love Actually. In 2009, Firth received widespread critical acclaim for his leading role in A Single Man, for which he gained his first Academy Award nomination, and won a BAFTA Award. In 2014, Firth portrayed secret agent Harry Hart in the film Kingsman: The Secret Service; he later reprised the role in the 2017 sequel Kingsman: The Golden Circle. In 2018, he co-starred as William "Weatherall" Wilkins in the musical fantasy Mary Poppins Returns.

paragraphs: His films have grossed more than $3 billion from 42 releases worldwide. In 2011, Firth received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and was also selected as one of the Time 100. He was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Winchester in 2007, and was made a Freeman of the City of London in 2012. He has campaigned for the rights of indigenous tribal people, and is a member of Survival International. Firth has campaigned on issues of asylum seekers, refugees' rights, and the environment. He commissioned and co-authored a scientific paper on a study into the differences in brain structure between people of differing political orientations.


title: T-Pain

paragraphs: Faheem Rasheed Najm (born September 30, 1985), better known by his stage name T-Pain, is an American rapper, singer, songwriter, record producer and streamer. His debut album, "Rappa Ternt Sanga", was released in 2005. In 2007, T-Pain released his second album "Epiphany", which reached number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart. His third album, "Thr33 Ringz", was released in 2008. The albums included a string of hit singles, including "I'm Sprung", "I'm 'n Luv (Wit a Stripper)", "Buy U a Drank (Shawty Snappin')", "Bartender", "Can't Believe It", and "5 O'Clock", among others. T-Pain has earned two Grammy Awards, alongside artists Kanye West and Jamie Foxx respectively.

paragraphs: T-Pain is the founder of the record label imprint Nappy Boy Entertainment, established in 2005. Throughout his career as a singer, T-Pain is best known for using and popularizing the creative use of the Auto-Tune pitch correction effect, used with extreme parameter settings to create distinctive vocal sounds. From 2006 to 2010, T-Pain was featured on more than 50 chart topping singles. His most successful feature to date was on Flo Rida's debut single "Low", which has since been certified 6x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Hot Chelle Rae

paragraphs: Hot Chelle Rae is an American pop rock band. They formed near Nashville, Tennessee around 2005. Their debut album "Lovesick Electric" was released in 2009. The band is best known for their 2011 song, "Tonight Tonight".


title: Jones (Animal Farm)

paragraphs: Mr. Jones is a character in the book "Animal Farm". He is the brutal (and often drunk) owner of Manor Farm.

paragraphs: Jones is kicked out of his farm when the animals start their rebellion. Later he returns with several others, and tries to get his farm back. There is a battle, but the animals win.


title: Walter Johnson

paragraphs: Walter Perry Johnson (November 6, 1887 – December 10, 1946) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher. He played 21 years in the Major Leagues, all for the Washington Senators. He was then the manager of the Senators from 1929 to 1932, and he managed the Cleveland Indians from 1933 to 1935. He was known for being able to throw baseballs with great speed, and he was nicknamed "The Big Train". He set many baseball records and has the second-most wins of all-time. Many people think he is the greatest pitcher of all-time.

paragraphs: Walter Johnson was born on November 6, 1887 on a farm near Humboldt, Kansas. His parents were Frank and Minnie Johnson, and he had five siblings. When Johnson was 14, his family moved to Orange County, California. Later, he moved to Idaho, where he played baseball for a small team from Idaho and worked for a phone company. When someone from the Washington Senators saw him pitch, they signed him to a contract in 1907.

paragraphs: Walter Johnson was known for being a "power pitcher," meaning he could throw the ball very hard and fast. His fastball was the main reason he was able to accomplish so much, like having the most 3,509 career strikeouts and the most shutouts of all-time. He also won the American League Most Valuable Player award twice, in 1913 and 1924.

paragraphs: After he retired from playing in 1927, Johnson was one of the first five players elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1936. He later ran for a spot in the United States House of Representatives, but lost the election. He died from a brain tumor in Washington, D.C. on December 10, 1946.


title: Tris Speaker

paragraphs: Tristram E. Speaker (April 4, 1888 - December 8, 1958), was an American baseball player. He was one of the greatest center fielders in baseball history, both on offense and defense. He had a .345 career batting average (fourth all-time), and the record for most career doubles, with 792. He played 22 seasons in Major League Baseball, with the Boston Americans/Red Sox, Cleveland Indians, Washington Senators, and Philadelphia Athletics. He also was the manager of the Indians from 1916 to 1926. Speaker was born in Hubbard, Texas on April 4, 1888.

paragraphs: Speaker, who retired from baseball in 1928, was chosen for the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937. His induction ceremony was held in 1939.

paragraphs: Speaker died of a heart attack in Lake Whitney, Texas on December 8, 1958. He was on a fishing trip with a friend when he died.


title: Paulie (movie)

paragraphs: Paulie is a 1998 family movie about a talking parrot named "Paulie". It was directed by John Roberts and written by Laurie Craig, and it was produced by Mark Gordon, Gary Levinsohn, and Allyson Lyon Segan for Mutual Film Company and DreamWorks Pictures. It stars Jay Mohr as Paulie's voice and Tony Shalhoub as a janitor who finds the parrot kept captive in a biological research laboratory. It also stars Gena Rowlands, Cheech Marin, Bruce Davison, Trini Alvarado, and Buddy Hackett in his final film role.

paragraphs: The film was released on VHS in 1998 by DreamWorks Home Entertainment.


title: Mike Posner

paragraphs: Mike Posner (born February 12, 1988) is an American pop singer. His first studio album was "31 Minutes to Takeoff". It was released on August 10, 2010. This album included the single "Please Don't Go" and the hit song "Cooler Than Me". He was born in Southfield, Michigan.


title: Robin (comics)

paragraphs: Robin is a comic book superhero and Batman's sidekick. The character appears in American comic books published by DC Comics. There are many characters that became Robin, but the first one was Dick Grayson. The first version of Robin was presented in Detective Comics #38 (April 1940). He was created by Bob Kane, Bill Finger and Jerry Robinson. The team of Batman and Robin is also called "the Dynamic Duo" or "the Caped Crusaders". He is member of the Teen Titans.