title: Vinca

paragraphs: Vinca (from Latin "vincire" "to bind, fetter") is a genus of five species in the family Apocynaceae, that grows in Europe, northwest Africa and southwest Asia. The common name, shared with the related genus "Catharanthus", is Periwinkle.

paragraphs: They are subshrubs or herbaceous, and have slender stems 1–2 m (3–6 feet) long but not growing more than 20–70 cm (8-30 inches) above ground; the stems frequently take root where they touch the ground, so the plant can spread widely


title: Shikoku (dog)

paragraphs: The Shikoku is a Japanese breed of dog. Other names for it is Tosa-ken. It is different from Tosa-touken. It looks like Japanese Wolf. It has a life span of ten to twelve years.


title: Eddie Murphy

paragraphs: Edward "Eddie" Regan Murphy (born April 3, 1961) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, writer, singer and producer. He won the Golden Globe Award in 2006 and was nominated for an Academy Award in 2002.

paragraphs: He has received Golden Globe Award nominations for best actor in a comedy or musical for his performances in "Beverly Hills Cop", "Beverly Hills Cop II", "Beverly Hills Cop III", "Trading Places", and "The Nutty Professor". In 2007, he won the Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor for his portrayal of soul singer James "Thunder" Early in "Dreamgirls", and received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for the same role.

paragraphs: His work as a voice actor includes Thurgood Stubbs in "The PJs", Donkey in the "Shrek" series and the dragon Mushu in Disney's "Mulan". In some of his films, he plays multiple roles in addition to his main character, intended as a tribute to one of his idols Peter Sellers, who played multiple roles in "Dr. Strangelove" and elsewhere. Murphy has played multiple roles in "Coming to America", Wes Craven's "Vampire In Brooklyn", the "Nutty Professor" films (where he played the title role in two incarnations, plus his father, brother, mother and grandmother), "Bowfinger" and 2007's "Norbit".

paragraphs: His brother was comedian and screenwriter Charlie Murphy, who wrote the screenplay for "Norbit" and "Vampire in Brooklyn".

paragraphs: He was a usual member on "Saturday Night Live" from 1980 to 1984, and has worked as a stand-up comedian. He has worked a little as a singer too, having a number 87 on the uk singles chart and number 2 on the "billboard" hot 100 with "Party All The Time" and a uk singles chart number 64 with "I Was A King".

paragraphs: In 1992 Murphy acted in the music video for Michael Jackson's single "Remember the Time". In 1993 Murphy released a song with Michael Jackson called "Whatzupwitu". It was voted by MTV viewers in 1999 as the third worst music video of all time.


title: Jennifer Connelly

paragraphs: Jennifer Lynn Connelly (born December 12, 1970) is an American movie actress. She also worked as child model. Although she has been working in the movie industry since she was a teenager and became famous for her roles in movies like "Labyrinth" and "Career Opportunities", she did not become a big movie star until the 2000 drama "Requiem for a Dream", and the 2001 biopic film "A Beautiful Mind", for which she won an Oscar for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Judy Garland

paragraphs: Judy Garland (June 10, 1922 – June 22, 1969) was an American actress, singer and vaudevillian. She got international fame as an actress in musical and dramatic roles, as a recording artist, and on the concert stage. She got a Juvenile Academy Award and won a Golden Globe Award. She also won Grammy Awards and a Special Tony Award. She was nominated for the Academy Award for "Best Actress" for her role in the remake of "A Star is Born". She also got a nomination for "Best Supporting Actress" for her performance in the 1961 movie, "Judgment at Nuremberg". She was the youngest person to be given the Cecil B. DeMille Award for lifetime achievement in the movie industry.

paragraphs: Garland was in vaudeville with her two older sisters. She was signed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer as a teenager. She made more than two dozen MGM movies. Nine of these movies co-starred Mickey Rooney. Her most famous MGM movie was "The Wizard of Oz" of 1939. She worked with MGM for 15 years. She went on to make record-breaking concert appearances.

paragraphs: Garland had personal problems throughout her life. She did not like the way she looked. Her feelings were made worse by movie executives who told her she did not look good. They changed the way she looked physically in movies. She also had financial problems. She often owed hundreds of thousands of dollars in unpaid taxes. She married five times. Her first four marriages ended in divorce. She had a long struggle with alcohol and drug use during most of her career. She died of an accidental drug overdose at the age of 47. She had three children. They are Liza Minnelli, Lorna Luft, and Joey Luft.

paragraphs: In 1997, Garland was given a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award years after her death. Several of her recordings have been sent to the Grammy Hall of Fame. In 1999, the American Film Institute placed her among the ten greatest female stars in the history of American movies.


title: Liza Minnelli

paragraphs: Liza May Minnelli (born March 12, 1946 ) is an American actress and singer, who has won the Oscar and the Tony Award, and also many others.

paragraphs: She was born at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California , She is the daughter of famous actress and singer Judy Garland and her second husband, movie director Vincente Minnelli. She acted and sang in many famous movies, including "Cabaret". Her half sister is actress and singer Lorna Luft.


title: Storage

paragraphs: Storage means the "act of keeping things" and the "place" where you keep them.


title: Publishing

paragraphs: Publishing is making information available for public view. A publisher makes and sells literature or information. Publishers can pay their authors, or authors who want to be published can pay the publisher. Sometimes authors are their own publishers.

paragraphs: Traditionally, publishing means the creation and distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. Since the late 20th century it can also mean internet publishing.

paragraphs: A publication is the product of publishing.


title: Song Dynasty

paragraphs: The Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960–1279. It started the reunification of China for the first time since the fall of the Tang Dynasty in 907. The years in between, known as the Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, were a time of division between north and south, and of rapidly changing administrations. In 960, a general of the Later Zhou dynasty named Zhao Kuangyin (the later Emperor Taizu of Song) overthrew the emperor through a mutiny and established the Song dynasty. Although it unified China, its army was weak and lost the wars against the Liao dynasty and Western Xia. Soon after the death of Emperor Taizu, the empire faced many economic and military problems.

paragraphs: In 1127, the Manchu clans led by the Jin Dynasty emperors destroyed the Liao Dynasty, invaded Song, and captured the emperor, princes, and ministers. A prince at southern China was lucky to be the only one who was not taken by the Manchus, and after the invasion of northern China he succeeded the throne at Hangzhou. Because of this, historians named the Song that was before the invasion as Northern Song, and the one after the invasion as Southern Song. Southern Song made peace with the Manchus and existed until Kublai Khan of the Mongols conquered all of southern China in 1279.

paragraphs: The Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor Zhao Kuangyin set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history. In 1126, the army from Jin Dynasty started attcking Bianliang city and Northern Song Dynasty ended the next year. The Song Dynasty also was one of the best dynasties in architecture.


title: Great Red Spot

paragraphs: The Great Red Spot is a hurricane on the surface of the planet Jupiter. It is so big that two or three Earths could fit inside it. It has been going on for at least 340 years.


title: Sodomy

paragraphs: Sodomy is anal or oral sex. The word "sodomy" is derived from Sodom and Gomorrah in the "Book of Genesis". Some countries have passed laws making sodomy a crime. Some of these sodomy laws have been overturned in the western world. In some places, they are not routinely enforced.


title: Bipolar disorder

paragraphs: Bipolar disorder (also known as manic depression) is a mental illness where a person will have repeated, long-lasting feelings (episodes) of high (mania) and low mood (depression). It may occur with or without cycles of normal mood, called euthymia. A mixed episode occurs when both mania and depression are present at the same time.

paragraphs: "Bipolar" literally means "two poles" or two extremes in how much energy the brain has. Sometimes, a person can experience something called mania. Mania is when a person's brain goes into a high-energy state. When in a high-energy state, mania can cause extreme emotions such as panic attacks or extreme happiness such as euphoria. This feeling is often followed by a period of depression, which is a low-energy state. A person who is depressed may act sad or hopeless. People with bipolar disorder switch between these two states.

paragraphs: People who are in a manic state are often over-confident and very optimistic. This can cause them to take large risks and do things that are not normal for them to do. Manic episodes last for at least a week, but can last as long as three to six months. They are usually followed by a depressive episode. A person who is manic may talk very quickly with no pauses, have thoughts that change very quickly, or act without thinking. They may also experience psychosis, where they cannot tell what is real and what is not. They may think that they are unstoppable or that they are on a mission for God. Mania may become so severe that it can affect the person’s ability to work or interact with others. Every person is different, so it is important to remember that these things do not happen to all people with bipolar disorder.

paragraphs: Hypomania is a less extreme version of mania. Someone who is hypomanic will have symptoms similar to mania. They may have increased energy and may deny that anything is wrong. A hypomanic episode may last from a few days to a few months.

paragraphs: People who are in a depressive state are often sad and pessimistic. They may lose interest in activities they usually like, or become isolated and lonely. Other symptoms include anxiety, hopelessness, changes in sleep, and suicidal thoughts. A depressive episode can last from a few weeks to several months. When bipolar disorder develops at a young age, the first few episodes are usually depressive. Because a manic or hypomanic episode is needed to diagnose bipolar disorder, some people are diagnosed with major depression at first.

paragraphs: Bipolar disorder is an illness that can show in different ways. It is often diagnosed in adolescents or young adults. A few subtypes have been identified; these subtypes mostly describe the nature of the "episodes" of the disease:

paragraphs: The exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. It is estimated that there is a 71 percent chance of bipolar disorder passing from parent to child. If one identical twin has bipolar disorder, there is a 40 to 70 percent chance that the other will develop bipolar disorder in their lifetime. MRI studies have shown that certain parts of the brain responsible for mood regulation are larger in bipolar patients. It is also possible for bipolar disorder to develop after a stroke, brain injury, or certain infections.

paragraphs: Like most mental illnesses, there are ways to treat bipolar disorder. The most common way to treat bipolar disorder is by using medications called mood stabilizers. These medicines prevent and control the manic and depressive episodes. One of the most common mood stabilizers is lithium. Therapy can also be used to control the symptoms. The same treatments and medicines do not work for everyone, and it is not uncommon for people to have symptoms return if they stop taking medication. Things like this can make bipolar disorder a difficult illness to live with, but educating patients about it makes it easier. Sometimes, people need to be treated against their will. Patients may be thinking about or have tried to commit suicide, or they may be unable to see their situation properly. In many cases, teaching people about their disease helps. When they have gone through the phases of the illness a few times, they often see that treatment can make their life easier.


title: The Left Party.PDS

paragraphs: The Left Party.PDS (in German: Die Linkspartei or Linkspartei.PDS) was a left-winged political party in Germany. After joining with another political party, it became "Die Linke", or "The Left" in 2007.

paragraphs: After the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany "Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands" (SED) changed to the SED-PDS and later to the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).

paragraphs: In the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.

paragraphs: In the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.

paragraphs: Some people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice "Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit" (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.

paragraphs: They - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.

paragraphs: In the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.

paragraphs: Die Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want.

paragraphs: They want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.

paragraphs: They are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school ("gesamtschule") instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.

paragraphs: Their foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party "Bündnis 90/Die Grüne" and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.

paragraphs: In the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well.


title: Laptop

paragraphs: A laptop is a computer which is easy to carry around. Its user can fold the laptop along its hinge for carrying. The laptop was created mainly for this particular reason. Computer parts were scaled to smaller size so this could happen. A modern laptop is self-contained, with built-in rechargeable battery and peripheral equipment. The user can also plug it in, for longer battery life and additional peripherals.

paragraphs: Disadvantages of portable computers include:

paragraphs: The first laptop was made in 1981 by British Designer Adam Osborn. GRiD Systems Corporation helped improve his design. GRiD made the product with a fold-down display that covered the keyboard. It was called the "GriD Compass". In 1982, GRiD Systems began to make many GriD Compass laptops. They were mostly sold to NASA and the Military of the United States.

paragraphs: GRiD's computer was one fifth the weight of any other computer used at that time. NASA used the laptop in its Space Shuttle program, in the 1980s. The Grid Compass required mains power.

paragraphs: GRiD owned patents for the "Clamshell" design which is used in almost all modern laptop designs. GRiD Systems was bought by Tandy Corporation in 1988.

paragraphs: The portable micro computer the "Portal" of the French company R2E Micral CCMC officially appeared in September 1980 at the SICOB show in Paris. The Portal was based on an Intel 8085 processor, 8-bit, clocked at 2 MHz. It was equipped with a central 64K byte Ram, a keyboard with 58 alpha numeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character LED screen, a floppy disk: capacity = 140 000 characters, a thermal printer: speed = 28 characters / second, an asynchronous channel, a synchronous channel, a 220V power supply. It weighed 12 kg and its dimensions were 45 cm × 45 cm × 15 cm. It had no hinge and its operating system was Prolog.

paragraphs: Some historians, however, count as the first "true" portable the "Osborne 1". It was created in 1981 by Adam Osborne who was also a former book publisher. He was the founder of Osborne Computer. His portable computer weighed 11 kg (24 pounds).

paragraphs: The computer had a five-inch screen, a serial port and two floppy disk drives. Several programs were included with the Osborne 1. Customers could also buy a 1-hour battery pack.

paragraphs: Also in 1981, another laptop computer called Epson HX-20 went on sale. It was a portable computer with a liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor. The computer also included a built-in printer. The whole device could be battery powered.

paragraphs: One year later, in 1982, two computer designers from Microsoft, Kazuhiko Nishi and Bill Gates, discussed a new portable computer. The main thing about the computer was a new LCD technology. The prototype of the new laptop was presented to Radio Shack. Radio Shack agreed to start making the computer. A year later the company launched its TRS-80 Model 100, which was a computer that looked pretty much like the laptops that we know today. In 1986 the company created its improved version called TRS Model 200. The following two years saw the appearance of a laptop PC from Compaq Computers and the first notebook-style laptop from NEC called NEC UltraLite.

paragraphs: The year 1989 was quite successful for laptop producers. First there was Apple Computer that developed its first portable computer called Macintosh Portable the evolution of which turned it into PowerBook. Then the company named Zenith Data Systems introduced its Zenith MinisPort – a portable computer weighing 6 pounds (2.5 kg). Finally there was Compaq Computer that designed its first laptop PC called Compaq LTE.

paragraphs: The development of laptops continued with various upgrades and additional functions added.

paragraphs: In 2005, an organisation called One Laptop Per Child started trying to improve education using cheap laptops.

paragraphs: Notebook computers are small laptops. After 2010 people bought fewer laptops because tablet computers are even more portable. Some laptops have touch screen like tablet computers.

paragraphs: The year 2020 once time in the history ,The Laptop manufactories from Hardware this is refer to formed inside PC, be inside other behind from Digital Transformation the Andriod system


title: Notebook

paragraphs: A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar.


title: InuYasha

paragraphs: Inuyasha is a manga and anime series created by Rumiko Takahashi.

paragraphs: Fifty years ago, a priestess named Kikyo had a relationship with a half–demon named Inuyasha. When they end up betraying each other, Inuyasha becomes unconscious and Kikyo dies from her injury while keeping the Shikon Jewel (Shikon no Tama), she leaves her sister (Kaede) alive. Kagome is a teenage student, who discovers a well in her house and ends up traveling to the past. She meets and rescues Inuyasha, who slept in a sacred tree for fifty years. Kagome learns that she is Kikyo's reincarnation and had the jewel inside her body, which the demon extracted it. The magical necklace allows Inuyasha to control his behaviour. Kagome inadvertently shatters the jewel into pieces, which Naraku uses one of them to summon the army of incarnations. Inuyasha recruits a few allies on his journey. After Kikyo's death, Inuyasha defeats Naraku, making the jewel vanished from the world and Kagome is sent back to the present day. Three years later, Miroku and Sango have three children, Rin lives with Kaede, and Kagome returns to the feudal era after graduating from high school.


title: Kurt Schumacher

paragraphs: Kurt Schumacher (born 13 October 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia (now Chełmno in Poland) - died 20 August 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.

paragraphs: Schumacher was the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in Württemberg. He became the SPD leader for Württemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.

paragraphs: After the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.

paragraphs: After the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.


title: Free Democratic Party (Germany)

paragraphs: The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.

paragraphs: Several liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.

paragraphs: The FDP was founded in West Germany in September of 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.

paragraphs: Similar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.

paragraphs: In 1947, on March 17th, the "Demokratische Partei Deutschlands" (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm Külz, but it broke down after a short while.

paragraphs: On 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.

paragraphs: Chief of the party was Theodor Heuss. The next important man was Thomas Dehler.

paragraphs: In its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.

paragraphs: The FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.

paragraphs: In 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.

paragraphs: The party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like

paragraphs: civil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).

paragraphs: It changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.

paragraphs: It became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tarif - especially for high incomes.

paragraphs: It fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day "We are the party of the best-incomes".

paragraphs: In 1998 it lost its power and became part of the opposition.

paragraphs: In some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.

paragraphs: The party's unofficial motto is "So viel Staat wie nötig, so wenig Staat wie möglich!", meaning "as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!"


title: Alliance '90/The Greens

paragraphs: Alliance '90/The Greens (), commonly referred to as "(The) Greens", is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party "Die Grünen" and the Eastern German "Bündnis '90". Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society. Their motto is "now, for tomorrow".

paragraphs: In the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany. So they got the idea to found their own party.

paragraphs: This Party was founded under the Name Die Grünen in Karlsruhe on January 13th, 1980.

paragraphs: Since their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party.

paragraphs: The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe.

paragraphs: First chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a left-winged party.

paragraphs: In the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the Bündnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Grünen joined them.

paragraphs: In 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schröder together with the Social democrats.

paragraphs: The Greens are interested in ecology, so one of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.

paragraphs: The second main issue of the Greens is gender mainstraming.

paragraphs: The third issue are the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.

paragraphs: In the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by development policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the development of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague.


title: Christian Social Union of Bavaria

paragraphs: The Christian Social Union of Bavaria or Christlich Soziale Union (short CSU) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.

paragraphs: In the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.

paragraphs: In 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in Würzburg and the other in Munich.

paragraphs: In January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.

paragraphs: All state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.

paragraphs: In the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.

paragraphs: The CSU is more conservative than the CDU.

paragraphs: One very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strauß. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.

paragraphs: The CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.

paragraphs: Traditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.

paragraphs: Currently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care.


title: Christian Democratic Union of Germany

paragraphs: The Christian Democratic Union of Germany or "Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)" is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic, liberal and conservative party of the centre.

paragraphs: In November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Dr. Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany.

paragraphs: The CDU was founded after World War II. The first German Chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, a member of the CDU. He ruled from 1949-1963. During the Government of Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), Germany was reunited.

paragraphs: The CDU was the Government Party for most of the younger German history, only from 1969-1982 and from 1998-2005 there have been Chancellors from different parties.

paragraphs: The CDU has more than 400,000 members. It has 255 of 631 Members of Parliament in the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) and 34 of 99 Members of European Parliament of Germany.


title: Income

paragraphs: Income is the money that someone gets for business activities. For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions have been made by their employer. Overall it is the amount you earn after all outstanding deductions have been made. Gross income is the income from all sources including wages or salary.

paragraphs: For business, there is a difference between the USA, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings.


title: Theory of computation

paragraphs: The theory of computation is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way.

paragraphs: There are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.

paragraphs: Once it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do.


title: Jermaine Jackson

paragraphs: Jermaine La Jaune Jackson (December 11, 1954) is an American singer, recording artist, dancer and bass guitarist. He is a former member of The Jackson 5 group, brother of Janet Jackson & brother of late American pop star Michael Jackson. In 1980 he was nominated for a Grammy Award. He was a housemate in Celebrity Big Brother UK 2007. In September 2009, he planned a memorial fan based concert for Michael in historic part of Vienna, Austria but not many big stars registered so the event was canceled. He hopes more top stars will show up for July 2, 2010 worldwide tribute in Europe.

paragraphs: On December 15, 1973, Jackson married Hazel Joy Gordy.

paragraphs: Jermaine always sternly defended his brother Michael without exception; in life and in death he officially represented Michael on behalf of Jackson family & friends.

paragraphs: Jackson has eight children. They are Jermaine Jr., Autumn, Dawn, Jeremy, Jaimy, Joudynn, Jaffar and Jermajesty.

paragraphs: On February 22, 2013 his second name was changed to Jacksun for "artistic reasons".

paragraphs: Jermaine Jackson had converted to Islam and is a practicing Muslim.


title: Wilhelm Hauff

paragraphs: Wilhelm Hauff (29 November 1802 - 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist.

paragraphs: Some of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff — all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany.


title: Link (unit)

paragraphs: A link, also called a Gunter’s link, was a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the twentieth century, but are never used. "Link" is abbreviated as "ln". It was invented by Edmund Gunter, a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, the same man who made the chain. He made the link as a low-technology piece of equipment that could survey small areas of land very accurately, whereas the chain could measure towns and large areas of land.


title: Algebraic structure

paragraphs: In mathematics an algebraic structure is a set with one, two or more binary operations on it.

paragraphs: The basic algebraic structures with one binary operation are the following:

paragraphs: The basic algebraic structures with two binary operations are the following:


title: Rod (unit)

paragraphs: A rod, a perch or a pole is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.

paragraphs: In medieval times English ploughmen used a wooden stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen. The rod was the length of this stick. In use from the 6th century, its modern value was standardized in the 12th century with Composito Ulnarum et Perticarum.

paragraphs: The rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields. In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod.

paragraphs: In the episode of "The Simpsons" entitled "A Star is Burns", Grampa Simpson said "My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!" That's about 1.2 litres per metre, 12 feet per imperial gallon or 10 feet per U.S. gallon.


title: Chain (unit)

paragraphs: A chain was a unit of length. It is part of the imperial and United States customary systems. It was used for measuring land. The short way of writing chains is ch.

paragraphs: There are a number of different definitions of the chain, from 50 to 100 feet long. In the imperial system, one chain is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a "Gunter's chain", "surveyor's chain" or "land chain".

paragraphs: The chain was originally called an "acre's breadth", because it was the width of a acre, while a furlong was the length.

paragraphs: Edmund Gunter, a clergyman and mathematician, invented a measuring device called a chain. The chain was long. It was divided by 100 in small metal links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name "chain" comes from these devices.

paragraphs: The unit was once important in everyday life in the United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns. Land was surveyed and measured using these chains. Even after more accurate ways of measuring land were invented, many people continued to use the chain as a unit because land had already been surveyed in this method for so long.

paragraphs: In England, it is still used in old railways, along with miles. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain.

paragraphs: The Gunter's chain is the standard unit.


title: Furlong

paragraphs: A furlong is a unit for measuring distance. It is part of the imperial and US customary systems. It is equal to . There are eight furlongs in a mile.

paragraphs: The unit was first used in the ninth century at the latest. The word "furlong" comes from Old English words "furh" ("furrow") and "lang" ("long"). Originally it was the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed field. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an "acre's length". Around the year 1300, England standardized the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.

paragraphs: The length of the furlong was standardized between South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada , New Zealand and the United States in the International Pound and Yard Agreement.

paragraphs: The furlong was abolished for official use in the UK in 1985. It is still occasionally seen on road signs in Burma.

paragraphs: Distances for horse racing in the UK, Ireland, and Canada are still given in miles and furlongs. The unit is not used otherwise. It is considered to be an "archaic" unit.

paragraphs: The proverb "one furlong per fortnight" means to express something in as obscure and little-used units as possible. (A fortnight is two weeks, or fourteen days). The proverb itself means speed, and is the same as 0.000166309524 m/s or 0.17 mm/s.


title: Stefan Zweig

paragraphs: Stefan Zweig (; November 28, 1881 – February 22, 1942) was an Austrian writer of Jewish descent. He was born in Vienna. He volunteered to be a soldier in the First World War, and got the post as a military commentator. This made him an enemy of war. The Nazis gained power in Germany in 1933, and their influence could be felt in Austria as well. 1934, Stefan Zweig emigrated, first to London, then to South America. That way he lost much of his audience. He committed suicide (together with his second wife) by barbiturate overdose in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro in 1942.

paragraphs: He has written many books and poems. One of his best-known works is called "'Schachnovelle" ("The Royal Game", in English. In it, he describes a Chess player, that is forced to play against himself (while imprisoned). He explores the theme of madness. This book inspired the movie Geri's Game, made by Pixar in 1997.


title: Leeward Islands (Society Islands)

paragraphs: The Leeward Islands are part of the Society Islands in French Polynesia.


title: Complexity theory

paragraphs: Complexity theory is a type of Computer science. It looks at how hard a problem is to do for a computer, and how good particular solutions (algorithms) to that problem are. Different algorithms that solve a problem may be better or worse in multiple ways. An algorithm may be faster than some other algorithm, but it may need more resources, like memory.

paragraphs: Part of complexity theory is understanding how algorithms perform in their worst-case scenario. An algorithm's worst-case scenario is a problem that will take a long time, or lots of resources, to solve. If people know how good an algorithm is in its worst case, they can guarantee that the algorithm will be at least that good in "every" case. People are also interested in how a certain algorithm does on average; many algorithms are very inefficient in their worst case, but are okay on most cases. Knowing how good an algorithm is on average lets people know what to generally expect when using that algorithm.


title: Binary operation

paragraphs: In mathematics, a binary operation, often denoted *, on a set is a way of combining a pair of elements in that set that results in another element of the set. For example, if we take a pair of natural numbers and let the operation * be addition, then their sum is also a natural number, and is the result of applying this particular binary operation. Another example of an operation on the natural numbers is multiplication. For instance, take the natural numbers 2 and 3. When multiplied together they give 6, another natural number.

paragraphs: Others: The sum between matrices. The composition of functions. The union and the intersection of sets are also two different binary operations on the set of all sets, or on subsets in a power set.


title: Kubuntu

paragraphs: Kubuntu is a version of the free Linux distribution Ubuntu. It uses the desktop environment KDE instead of GNOME. Most of the software used in Kubuntu, is part of the KDE project, but all other software used in Ubuntu can also be used.

paragraphs: Because the only difference of Kubuntu and Ubuntu is the default software, an Ubuntu system can turn into a Kubuntu system, or a Kubuntu system into an Ubuntu system, only by installing some software.


title: Xubuntu

paragraphs: Xubuntu is a free Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It uses the Xfce desktop environment.


title: Edubuntu

paragraphs: Edubuntu is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu. It is used for education. It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.

paragraphs: Edubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6–18 years age group.

paragraphs: Included with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called "Breezy Badger" on 2005. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.

paragraphs: The principal design goals of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education.


title: Dissociative identity disorder

paragraphs: Dissociative identity disorder (DID), is a mental disorder.

paragraphs: It was called multiple personality disorder (MPD). It is listed in the mental health diagnosis manual DSM IV.

paragraphs: This is one of the most controversial mental disorders because people disagree about what causes it. The main symptoms of DID are a person showing two or more "identities" or "personality states". The person behaves differently depending which identity is in control. The second important symptom is when a person forgets important, personal things which people normally do not forget.

paragraphs: A person is not diagnosed with DID if the symptoms are caused by drugs, illness or (with children) pretending to play with imaginary friends. Doctors must also rule out pretending to have DID for attention or sympathy, and malingering (pretending to have DID for some personal gain). Most patients with DID are also diagnosed with other mental disorders.

paragraphs: The DSM IV uses the terms "identity", "personality states" and "alternate identities" when talking about DID and other people use the term "alters" to mean the same thing. These words can be confusing since not everyone uses the same definition. Professionals have not agreed on a specific definition for a personality; other terms, including dissociation and amnesia, may also be defined differently by different professionals. When talking about DID, saying someone changes personalities or alters means the person speaks and acts differently, and usually responds to a different name.

paragraphs: Dissociation is a symptom. Most people experience normal dissociation, where they stop paying attention to what is happening around them. People with DID have pathological dissociation, which is much more serious. It involves problems with memory and attention that make it hard for people to work, shop and have relationships with other people. Everyone can dissociate but some people can do it much more easily and to an extreme that can be unhealthy. Some doctors think trauma causes the dissociation that is seen in disorders like DID.

paragraphs: According to the DSM-IV, the symptoms of DID are "the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states" (which are often called "alters"), as well as forgetting things that people normally don't forget. Also, the symptoms cannot be caused by drugs or normal childhood play. People can report having a lot of alters, or just a couple. Most people diagnosed with DID have less than ten, though some have said they have several thousand. A person diagnosed with DID cannot be diagnosed with another dissociative disorder. Because people with DID hear voices of different alters, it may be confused with schizophrenia. However, the two problems are very different and doctors can usually tell if a patient has DID or schizophrenia by asking the right questions. DID is always diagnosed by what patients tell their doctors and what the doctor thinks this means. There are no objective tests using blood or machines that can tell if someone has DID. Though people have tried diagnosing and studying DID using medical imaging or brain scanning.

paragraphs: The DSM uses the following criteria to diagnose DID:

paragraphs: The International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) uses the term multiple personality disorder instead of dissociative identity disorder. It classifies DID in section F44.8, "Other dissociative [conversion] disorders".

paragraphs: There are two main ideas about what causes DID, but there is still disagreement about which is correct. The trauma model says that DID is caused by parents or family that abuse or neglect their children. Some of these children deny the abuse is happening or pretend it is happening to someone else, and this eventually becomes a different identity or alter. Most people diagnosed with DID say they remember being abused by their parents or other caregivers when they were children. When asked about their childhood, patients with DID are more likely to say they were abused or neglected than people with any other diagnosis. However, the idea that DID develops in childhood is disputed because childhood memories are not very reliable and it is not clear if the abuse actually happened. Though DID has been diagnosed in children, there are reasons to believe the diagnosis is because of the influence of parents and doctors rather than abuse. There is not enough good scientific evidence about DID in childhood to be sure DID is actually caused by abuse or something else.

paragraphs: The iatrogenic or sociocognitive model (SCM) of DID says it is created during psychotherapy when the therapist creates false memories and patients become convinced they have multiple personalities. Some patients may be more likely to develop DID in these circumstances because they are naturally more likely to accept their therapists are right about DID. SCM supporters also think that patients have seen DID in movies and books, and this shows them how people with DID are supposed to behave, which makes it easier for them to change their behavior when they are supposed to be a new alter. They also say the criteria used by the DSM are unclear which makes it hard to agree whether a patient has DID or another diagnosis.

paragraphs: A middle position says that trauma may change how the brain remembers things which makes it easier to remember things that did not actually happen. It has also been suggested that early trauma may make children more likely to use their imaginations to pretend abuse or other painful situations are not happening, and if they enter therapy when they are older, it is easier for therapists to convince them they have DID.

paragraphs: There is no treatment approach that has been scientifically proven to work. Most therapists who treat patients with DID use several different approaches. Therapy usually lasts for several years, and does not always work. Some therapists try to reduce or eliminate the alters so the patient only has one personality, while others do not. The ISSTD recommends first improving a patient's ability to deal with symptoms and live more normal lives, then trying to deal with traumatic memories. The final step is bringing all the identities together so the patient can access all of their memories.

paragraphs: Sometimes patients with DID will get better without any help, but this is not common. Patients with more diagnoses than just DID often take longer to improve.

paragraphs: There have been no large-scale studies to learn how common DID is. The ISSTD says DID occurs in between 1 and 3% in the general population, and between 1 and 5% in groups of patients in hospitals. DID is more common in women than in men but this may be caused by men with DID being sent to prison instead of hospitals. The number of people diagnosed with DID increased from about 200 in 1970 to about 20,000 in the 1990s. According to the ISSTD this is because doctors did not have the training or experience to recognize DID. Instead they diagnosed people with depression, PTSD or borderline personality disorder. People who support the SCM say the increase in diagnoses was because a small number of doctors diagnosed a large number of people and because a large number of therapists began using types of psychotherapy that made people think they had DID.

paragraphs: Before 1900 it was thought DID was caused by spirits or ghosts who controlled people's behavior. The first case of DID described in medicine was in 1646 by the Swiss doctor Paracelsus. DID was very uncommon until the 1970s. Between 1980 and 1990 the number of cases reported in medicine went from about 200 to more than 20,000. In 1994, the 4th edition of the DSM was published, which changed the name from "multiple personality disorder" to "dissociative identity disorder". The DSM also changed how DID was diagnosed. Many scientific articles were written about DID during the same period, though after 1995 the number of articles published every year decreased. Today there is little research on DID.

paragraphs: Even though DID is a very rare, there are a lot of books, plays and movies about people with DID. In 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson published the short book "The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" which was very popular. People later thought that Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were examples of someone with DID. "The Three Faces Of Eve" was a movie made in 1957 about a woman with DID. "Sybil", a popular book about a woman with DID, was published in 1973. It was made into a movie in 1976, and a second time in 2007. A survey done in 2001 of American and Canadian psychiatrists found that there was a lot of disagreement and skepticism about diagnosing DID and if the diagnosis was based on enough good quality science.

paragraphs: Lawyers and doctors who work with the law also consider DID to be very controversial. Since the 1990s, DID has become more common in courts. People have tried to avoid going to prison for such crimes as murder and serial rape by claiming to have DID, and lawyers and judges are concerned about people pretending to have DID to avoid going to prison. The first time this happened was in 1976, and since that time most people who commit crimes claim it was because of DID have gone to prison.


title: Zucchini

paragraphs: Zucchini (British English: courgette) are a type of fruit. Usually, they are served cooked. They can also be used as an ingredient in a sweet bread.


title: Civil service

paragraphs: A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.

paragraphs: Workers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service.


title: Employee

paragraphs: An employee is a term for workers and managers working for a company, organization or community. These people are the staff of the organization. In general, any person hired by an employer to do a particular job in exchange for payment is an employee, but there are different kinds of employees. In some countries, employers are required by law to do certain things, like obey minimum wage laws, provide a safe workplace, and sometimes pay a tax. Employers also have to give their official employees benefits, like paying for health insurance. Because of this, some employers like to hire independent contractors to do work instead of regular employees. In the United States, a worker is an employee if their employer gets to tell them what do do, how to do it, and when to do it in a material way and an independent contractor if they get to make their own decisions about how to do what the employer wants.

paragraphs: The relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.

paragraphs: An employee usually has to provide a resume and have an interview before being offered a job.

paragraphs: Some employers like to hire independent contractors, or workers who are technically running their own businesses, because they do not have to follow all of the same laws. For example, in the United States, an employer has to some of the employee's social security taxes and the employee pays the rest. A self-employed person pays for all of his or her own social security taxes.

paragraphs: For example, if a company hires a plumber every time they need a leak or pipe fixed in their building, that plumber is an independent contractor. If a company hires a plumber to be part of their company, then that plumber is an employee. They must pay the employee plumber whether there are leaks to fix or not. They must obey any minimum wage laws that the country has. They must provide other things. But the employer gets to tell the employee plumber what to do and how to do it much more than an independent contractor plumber. They can make the employee plumber follow a dress code, while the independent plumber gets to wear what he or she wants. They can make the employee plumber come in or leave on a set schedule like other employees. The independent contractor plumber gets to decide when to come to work, usually by making an appointment with the employer.

paragraphs: Some companies like to hire independent contractors and then tell them exactly what to do and when to do it, like regular employees. They can get in trouble for this. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service can sue companies that lie about whether their employees really are independent contractors.


title: Employer

paragraphs: An employer is a person or institution that hires employees. Employers offer wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.

paragraphs: One speaks of wages if the employee is paid by the hour and of salary if he is paid a set rate per pay period. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime, but a salary is typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum.

paragraphs: Employers include everything from individuals hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector.


title: Public sector

paragraphs: The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by civil service and for the government, whether national, or local/. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social welfare, administering infrastructure and urban planning and organising national defences.


Administration


title: Kingdom Hearts II

paragraphs: Kingdom Hearts II is a video game from the "Kingdom Hearts" series for the PlayStation 2. It has the characters of the Final Fantasy series and Walt Disney characters; for example Donald Duck, Goofy and Mickey Mouse. "Kingdom Hearts II" starts one year after the end of and continues the story from "Kingdom Hearts" and "Chain of Memories", for PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006, and in Europe on September 29, 2006.

paragraphs: In "Kingdom Hearts II", the player controls a 15-year-old boy named Sora. Sora goes through different worlds (based around many different Disney movies) fighting different enemies like Heartless and Nobodies. Occasionally, there will be enemies you have to defeat that are based on the world you are in, such as the cursed pirates in Pirates of the Caribbean.

paragraphs: The player starts the game controlling Roxas, a 15-year-old boy living in a town called Twilight Town. He is on summer vacation with his three best friends, Hayner, Pence, and Olette. As a week goes by, strange things begin to happen. A man named Axel, a member of Organization XIII who was in "Chain of Memories", shows up and is surprised and upset that Roxas does not remember him. They fight, and Roxas discovers that he can use a Keyblade. Roxas also meets Naminé and a man named DiZ who was in Riku's side of "Chain of Memories". Naminé tells Roxas she has been changing his memories so he can become "whole" again. Axel tells Roxas they used to be friends and that he must either take Roxas back to the Organization or destroy him. They battle, and Axel disappears. Roxas then finds Sora, and disappears himself.

paragraphs: After Roxas disappears, Sora wakes up and becomes the new player character. Donald and Goofy also wake up, and the three of them continue their mission to find Riku. As they search for him, they meet the rest of the members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, their body becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, is trying to summon Kingdom Hearts, which he claims will enable the Nobodies to get their hearts back. To summon Kingdom Hearts, Heartless must be killed with a Keyblade, which will release the hearts they hold and let them return to Kingdom Hearts. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them.

paragraphs: It is later revealed that Roxas is Sora's Nobody, and was a member of Organization XIII. Roxas was created when Sora briefly lost his heart in "Kingdom Hearts". Naminé is then revealed to be Kairi's Nobody, who was created when Kairi lost her heart at the beginning of "Kingdom Hearts". Xemnas is the Nobody of a man called Xehanort, who no longer exists. Ansem, the main enemy from the first game, was Xehanort's Heartless.

paragraphs: Near the end of the game, Sora, Kairi and Riku reunite and destroy Xemnas. With all members of Organization XIII destroyed and the worlds apparently safe, Sora, Riku and Kairi go home to Destiny Islands.

paragraphs: "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +" is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on March 29, 2007. It has more content than "Kingdom Hearts II", including new areas, new battles, and a new secret ending. It is also for the PlayStation 2.


title: Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children

paragraphs: Final Fantasy VII: Advent Children is a computer animated movie. It was released in 2005 by Square Enix.

paragraphs: The movie is set two years after "Final Fantasy VII" . A mysterious illness has spread against humanity, Cloud Strife and the children are infected. He does not tell anyone he is infected. The villains included Kadaj, Loz, and Yazoo, are trying to find the "Cells of JENOVA". The Cells are a lifeform which fell to the planet hundreds of years ago and tried to destroy it.


title: Mithril

paragraphs: Mithril is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe.

paragraphs: "Mithril" is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. "Mithril" is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-dûm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in Númenor.

paragraphs: The name ""mithril"" comes from the Sindarin words "mith", meaning "grey", and "ril" meaning "glitter". In Quenya, its name is "mistarille". "Mithril" was also called "true-silver" or "Moria-silver".

paragraphs: The most well known object made of "mithril" is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.

paragraphs: "Mithril" is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, "mithril" it is also sometimes written differently, for example as "mythril" or "mithral".


title: Shaw and Crompton

paragraphs: Shaw and Crompton is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester. Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.

paragraphs: Shaw and Crompton grew during the Industrial Revolution because of its large cotton factories which sent fabric across the world.


title: Greater Manchester

paragraphs: Greater Manchester is a county in North West England. It has 2.7 million people living there. It was created on 1 April 1974. Its cities are Manchester and Salford and its large towns are Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton. It also has smaller towns and villages, for example, Shaw and Crompton.


title: League (unit)

paragraphs: A league is an old unit of length. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.

paragraphs: In English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556 km) at sea. However, in writing the word "league" often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.

paragraphs: The league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22 km). The origin is the "leuga gallica" " (also: leuca Gallica)", the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.

paragraphs: In Argentina a league is a distance of 5 km.

paragraphs: In Brazil the league was 6 km but it is not used anymore.

paragraphs: The French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25 km to about 4.68 km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The French league was three nautical miles.

paragraphs: In the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.

paragraphs: The Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2 km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries).


title: Gill (unit)

paragraphs: The gill (pronounced like the girl's name "Jill") is a unit for measuring volume. It is equal to a quarter of a pint. People do not use it much now .


title: Quart

paragraphs: A quart is a unit of measurement for volume. It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints. Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons their quarts are different too.

paragraphs: In the American system, there are two different quarts. There is a wet quart and a dry quart. There is only one imperial quart. One U.S. dry quart is smaller than one imperial quart.


title: Ampere

paragraphs: The ampere or amp (Symbol: A) is the standard unit of electric current. An electric current of one amp is one coulomb per second. The amp is named after André-Marie Ampère who studied electromagnetism.

paragraphs: The ampere is defined so the elementary charge "e" is 1.602 176 634 × 10 C or A•s.


title: Newton (unit)

paragraphs: The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics. A "newton" is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of one metre per second squared.

paragraphs: In 1946, Conférence Générale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) set the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second each second. In 1948, the CGPM adopted the name "newton" for this force. The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI International System of Units. That made the newton the standard unit of force.

paragraphs: This SI unit is named after Isaac Newton. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (newton)—except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that "degree Celsius" conforms to this rule because the "d" is lowercase.— Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.

paragraphs: Newton's second law of motion states that F = ma, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore:[2]


title: Corporation

paragraphs: A corporation is a union of natural persons that has its own legal status. This status is independent from the persons involved.

paragraphs: Because it is recognized by governments as a separate entity, the corporation must file tax returns and pay taxes and conform to state and federal law. This separation of persons and corporation gives it special powers. A corporation's status and capacity is determined by the law of the place of incorporation.

paragraphs: Investors and entrepreneurs often form joint stock companies. Therefore, the term "corporation" often means such "business corporations". Corporations may also be formed for local government (municipal corporation), political, religious, and charitable purposes (not-for-profit corporation), or government programs (government-owned corporation). Condominiums are a common kind of non-profit corporation.

paragraphs: In common speech, the word "corporation" refers usually to limited responsibility corporation. That is a business firm where each of the partners invest a sum of money in as the capital of the corporation. They receive shares for the sum they have invested. If the company becomes bankrupt, the business partners are responsible for only the name value of their shares of the company's debts. The partners do not use their personal money to pay for the debt.


title: Natural person

paragraphs: In jurisprudence, a natural person is a real human being in contrast to an artificial person, meaning an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner.

paragraphs: For example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only. That is the case for most of the human rights. Therefore, obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.

paragraphs: Although science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams "Bicentennial Man"), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a "natural person".


title: Jurisprudence

paragraphs: Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages:

paragraphs: Modern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks.


title: Orascom

paragraphs: Orascom is an Egyptian company that offers mobile telephone services in many countries.


title: Legal entity

paragraphs: A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes. The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.

paragraphs: A legal entity is not always something else than the natural persons of which it is composed as one can see with a company or corporation.

paragraphs: Some examples of legal entities include:

paragraphs: There are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons. Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy. The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country. Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.

paragraphs: Recently, in India, a company despite being artificial person has got court stay, from High Court Jaipur Bench against an employee seeking justice in labour court.


title: Ownership

paragraphs: Ownership means total possession or control of property, which may be a business, an object, land or real estate, intellectual property or some other kind of property.

paragraphs: Ownership can be divided, or shared between owners. Ownership has no legal value until money is added into the situation. The surplus, or profits, or money value of what is owned is divided according to the ownership accounts.

paragraphs: Ownership is needed for the development of the capitalist socio-economic system. The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures.


title: Possession

paragraphs: Possession usually means to have some sort of ownership over something else. A person may be in possession of some property, which is legal ownership, under property law.

paragraphs: There are some other related uses of the term. When English explorer, Captain James Cook, claimed the country of Australia as a British country, he took "possession" of the land. The spot where he made his claim on 22 August 1770, a small island in the Torres Strait, is now called Possession Island.

paragraphs: In some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits. These people may do evil or terrible things because of their "possession."


title: Officer of arms

paragraphs: An officer of arms is someone who is chosen by a sovereign or state to do some important jobs relating to:

paragraphs: In Scotland the officers of arms maintain the old job of a herald - passing on royal messages. Three days after parliament is dissolved in London the royal proclamation is read out at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. They wait three days because this is how long it used to take to get from London to Edinburgh by horse.


title: Personal property

paragraphs: Personal property means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another.

paragraphs: In the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate.

paragraphs: In the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.

paragraphs: A machinery, which can be dismantled and moved to a new place, which is installed in a building falls into which category.


title: Statutory law

paragraphs: Statutory law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment.

paragraphs: The term codified law is sometimes used as a synonym for statutory law in general. In some U.S. states, the entire body of statutory law is referred to as a "code," such as the Ohio Revised Code. At the federal and state level in the United States, portions of the statutory law are also referred to as "code," such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Code.


title: Oral law

paragraphs: An oral law are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other group, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected. Oral law is spoken, as opposed to statutory law, which is written down. Like customary law, oral laws depend not on legislation passed by a government, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.

paragraphs: Many cultures do have an oral law, while most legal systems of today have a formal written organisation.


title: Oral tradition

paragraphs: An oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next, without a writing system, by voice. People tell stories. Often the stories are made into poems and songs to make remembering easy. For example, the Homeric poetry of the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey" combined oral literature and oral history. Eventually they were written down.


title: Royal Canadian Air Cadets

paragraphs: The Royal Canadian Air Cadets is a program for Canadian youth. It is supported by sponsors in the community and Canada's Canadian Armed Forces funded by the Department of National Defence. There are about 450 Air Cadet squadrons, located in every province and territory in Canada. The two other cadet programs for youth in Canada are the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Army Cadets.

paragraphs: People between the ages of 12 and 18 inclusive can join this program for free, and they are led by the officers of the Canadian Forces Cadet Instructor Cadre.

paragraphs: The aim of the Air Cadets is to "develop in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership; promote physical fitness; and to stimulate the interest of youth in the sea, land and air activities of the Canadian Armed Forces". The Motto of the Air Cadets is "To Learn, to Serve, to Advance". It was created by Robert Myles Colwell in 1966 while he was a cadet with 625 (Southern Victoria) Squadron in Perth-Andover, New Brunswick. The cadet program focuses on social development, decision-making and leadership. As cadets acquire skills and knowledge, they pass it along to younger cadets.

paragraphs: The rank system in Air Cadets is founded in that ranking system used by the non-commissioned member's ranks of the pre-unification Royal Canadian Air Force with some modifications. Royal Canadian Air Cadets are not part of the Canadian Forces and do not have to join the Canadian Armed Forces.

paragraphs: 1) Air Cadet (AC)- On joining Air Cadets, recruits receive the rank of Air Cadet and are addressed as "Cadet".

paragraphs: 2) Leading Air Cadet (LAC)- After five months of membership and training, a cadet is eligible to be promoted to the rank of Leading Air Cadet on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander, and is usually addressed by the initials "LAC".

paragraphs: After successful completion of Level 1 Air Cadet training and having participated in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, a cadet holding the rank of LAC is eligible to be promoted to the rank of Corporal on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.

paragraphs: A cadet is eligible to be promoted to Flight Corporal after completing level 2 training.

paragraphs: A Cadet who has held the rank of flight corporal for at least 6 months, has participated in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and has successfully finish Level 3 training in air cadets is eligible for promotion to Sergeant on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO 303 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Sergeant.

paragraphs: After holding the rank of Sergeant for six months and successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, a cadet is eligible for promotion to Flight Sergeant on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO3 403 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Flight Sergeant.

paragraphs: 7) Warrant Officer Second Class (WO2) After holding the rank of Flight Sergeant for six months, successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO2 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. Cadets must attain a minimum of "completed without difficulty" in PO3 503 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class.

paragraphs: 8) Warrant Officer First Class (WO1) After holding the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class for six months, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO1 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. There is only one cadet in each squadron who can hold the rank of WO1.


title: Legal case

paragraphs: A legal case is a dispute between two parties that is resolved by a court or other legal process. A legal case may be either civil or criminal. The decision of a court is usually published in one form or another for later reference. In countries like the United States which have a common law system, decisions by a higher court are binding on lower courts when the facts and issues are similar. Stare decisis, or the concept of precedent, means to follow cases that were decided earlier when judging the current case.


title: Nasal hair

paragraphs: Nasal hair are small hair-like cells in the nose. Most of them can be found near the nostrils. The purpose of these hairs is to act as a filter, keeping dust and dirt out of the nasal passages. They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action. In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages and stop them from drying out. The hairs trap moisture as air is breathed out. The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs increases the humidity of air as it is breathed in. Note that nasal hair is different from the cilia found in the nose, which are part of the olfactory system.

paragraphs: Some cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be ugly. The increased growth of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment. A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including small rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers. However, given the role of nasal cilia, many doctors recommend trimming them lightly, if at all. There is evidence that the movement in the ciliar slows down with age. This may be the reason that old people have more respiratory infections.


title: Willis Tower

paragraphs: Willis Tower is a skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. Sears, Roebuck and Company paid for it to be built in August 1970. The building was finished in 1973. It was the tallest building in the world from 1973 to 1996. It has 110 levels. From the ground to the roof it is tall. It was designed by Fazlur Khan and Bruce Graham.

paragraphs: Willis Tower is the second-tallest building in the United States. It is the eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world. It is the second tallest skyscraper in the Americas. It is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Chicago. More than one million people visit its observation deck every year.

paragraphs: Until July 16, 2009, the building was called Sears Tower. It was renamed after the Willis Group bought it.

paragraphs: In 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Company was the largest retailer in the world. It had thousands of workers in offices in the Chicago area. Sears managers decided to put all of those workers into one building. They wanted of space. Sears hired architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM) to design one of the largest office buildings in the world. Architect Bruce Graham and structural engineer Fazlur Khan designed the building.

paragraphs: Sears and the City of Chicago approved the design. Steel was transported from South Chicago. The first steel was put in place in April 1971. The tower was completed in May 1973. It cost about US$150 million to build. That is equivalent to $800 million in 2014.

paragraphs: The building was built with a fire sprinkler system, even though it wasn't required at the time. There are about 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building. The sprinkler system cost $4 million.

paragraphs: In February 1982, two television antennas were added to the tower. That made the building tall. On June 5, 2000, the western antenna was made longer to improve reception of local NBC. That made the overall height

paragraphs: Before Willis Tower was completed, the tallest building in the world was the World Trade Center. In 1996, the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia became the world's tallest buildings.

paragraphs: The building's name was changed to Willis Tower in July 2009 after the Willis Group bought the skyscraper. "Time" magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes. An online petition was created to change their decision. The naming rights issue continued into 2013. It began when a news reporter of the "Chicago Tribune" said in 2013 that "We're stubborn about such things. This month marked four years since the former Sears Tower was re-christened Willis Tower, and the new name has yet to stick."

paragraphs: In 2015 the Blackstone company bought the building. In 2017 it began an extensive repurposing of the lower part of the building.

paragraphs: Skidmore architects designed Willis Tower to have large floors of in the lower part of the building. They got the idea for the design from an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.

paragraphs: From the ground to the top of the taller antenna, Willis Tower is tall. It leans about towards the west because of the unequal loads on its foundation. Willis Tower is the second tallest skyscraper in North America. The observatory elevators in the tower are the fastest in the world at per minute. With clear weather, four states can be seen from the observation deck: Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin.

paragraphs: On November 8, 2013, architects in Chicago and New York City started talking about the height of the One World Trade Center. They were saying that Willis Tower might be taller. On November 12, it was confirmed that One World Trade Center is taller than the Willis Tower.

paragraphs: Willis Tower has an observation deck. It is called the Skydeck. It opened on June 22, 1974. It is on the 103rd floor of the building. It is high. It is one of the most famous tourist attractions in Chicago. The observation deck is the highest public viewing area in the United States. Tourists on the Skydeck can feel the building moving on windy days. They can see the plains of Illinois and across Lake Michigan. Elevators take tourists to the top in about 60 seconds. People on the elevator can feel air pressure changes during the ride.

paragraphs: In January 2009, Willis Tower's owners began making major changes to the Skydeck. They added retractable glass balconies. The balconies extend about from the tower. They allow visitors to look through the floor to the street below. The boxes can hold up to of weight. They were opened to the public on July 2, 2009.

paragraphs: The building has been given ENERGY STAR certification by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). This is for being in the top quarter of buildings of its type in the U.S. in terms of energy efficiency.


title: Beetle

paragraphs: Beetles, the order Coleoptera, are the largest group of insects. There are 350,000 different species of beetles which have been named: about 40% of all known insects. There are an estimated 800,000 to a million living species. Beetles live almost everywhere, though not in the ocean or in places that are very cold, such as Antarctica.

paragraphs: Beetles went through a massive adaptive radiation early in their evolutionary history. The evolution of flowering plants helped drive the diversification of beetles. Four of the six biggest families of beetles mainly eat flowering plants.

paragraphs: In common with other insects, there are three main parts to a beetle's body: the head, the thorax (the middle part), and the abdomen (the back part). On the head, beetles have antennae (feelers), eyes, and a mouth. The legs and wings of the beetle are attached to the thorax. The abdomen of a beetle does not usually have special parts on the outside, but it has the beetle’s gut inside. Like other insects, beetles have no internal bones, but instead have a hard exoskeleton on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton is made of hard plates of chitin.

paragraphs: Beetles differ from other flying insects because their front wings have evolved into hard covers, or elytra. The back wings are used for flying. They are thin and are kept under the elytra when at rest. Beetles lift their elytra out of the way in order to fly. A few species of true bugs have a similar arrangement.

paragraphs: Not all beetles can fly. Some beetles do not have back wings, and some cannot lift their front wings out of the way. A few beetles have no wings at all. Some beetles with no wings look like larvae, and are called "larviform". An example is the family Phengodidae, glow-worms where the females are larviform throughout their lives.

paragraphs: The legs of beetles help them to walk, run, swim, and dig. All beetles have six legs that is made out of several parts. Each leg ends in two to five small segments called "tarsi". The last tarsus (the singular of tarsi) of each beetle “foot” has one or two claws on the end of it. Most beetles use their legs to walk or run. Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them. These kinds of legs are found on water beetles. Beetles that often dig in soil have flat legs with spines or horns at the edges. Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs. A few beetles have large hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers, which help the beetle to jump. Flea beetles are an example of jumping beetle.

paragraphs: Beetles have compound eyes, which means the two big shiny eyes on the head are actually made out of many smaller parts. Sometimes the two eyes are each divided in half so that it looks like there are four eyes. One beetle family, the whirligig beetles, has divided eyes so that when they are swimming they can see on top of the water and under the water at the same time. A few beetles have extra simple eyes (usually two) called ocelli. The ocelli are on the top of the beetle’s head.

paragraphs: Beetles use their antennae to smell things. Beetles also use their antennae to feel things around them. Beetle antennae do not all look the same. Some antennae are long and thin, while others are short and wide. Thin antennae are called filiform antennae, and antennae that are wide on the end are called clavate antennae.

paragraphs: The mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person. Most beetles have two hard mandibles at the front of their mouth which are a bit like teeth. Mandibles help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food. In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pincers. Beetles also have four “fingers” around their mouth that push food into the mouth of the beetle. These fingers are called palpi.

paragraphs: Beetles do not breathe; instead they have holes called spiracles in the sides of their bodies which lead to trachea, which act like lungs. Beetles do not have blood, but they have something like blood, called haemolymph. It is a green colour. That's because their haemoglobin molecule has a copper atom at its centre, whereas ours has an iron atom there.

paragraphs: Beetles start out as eggs that a female beetle lays. Some beetles can lay thousands of eggs during their lives. A larva comes out when an egg hatches. Most beetle larvae do not look like adult beetles. A beetle larva eats and grows larger until it changes and becomes a pupa. When the pupa opens, an adult beetle, sometimes called an imago, comes out. This way of growing up is called complete metamorphosis.

paragraphs: Beetles eat the most when they are larvae. Some beetle larvae eat the outside of plants; some eat inside plants. Some beetle larvae are predators, which means they hunt for other insects to eat. Other beetle larvae eat dead things, such as dead plants and dead animals.

paragraphs: Not all beetle larvae look the same. Some beetle larvae are flat and move very fast. To describe these larvae, scientists use the descriptive word campodeiform. Some beetle larvae look similar to hard worms with tiny legs. These have an elateriform shape. Click beetle larvae have a special name: wireworms. Other beetle larvae are short and very thick and are called grubs. In a few beetles, the larvae change their shape after some time. Blister beetle larvae start out moving fast, such as campodeiform larvae, but end up slow and thick.

paragraphs: Beetles eat many different things including living plants, rotting plants, animals that may be dead or alive, and animal faeces. Some beetles can eat both plants and animals, while others eat just one type of food. Beetles that can only eat one kind of thing are said to be host specific. Many leaf beetles and longhorn beetles are host specific.

paragraphs: Beetles are tough animals for their size. They are mechanically tough (the elytra), and have a variety of strategies to avoid being attacked by predators or parasitoids. These include camouflage, mimicry, toxicity, and active defence.

paragraphs: Some beetles live in places that are hard for predators to find. Some beetles, such as longhorn beetles, live in tunnels inside tree branches. Only special predators that are small enough to use the long-horned beetle tunnels can eat the longhorn beetles.

paragraphs: Other beetles do not live in special places but they have colours or shapes that make them hard to find. When beetles have colours so that predators cannot see them, this is called camouflage. Some leaf beetles are green so that they can not be seen when they are on green leaves. Some beetles have very complex colours so that they look like bird droppings.

paragraphs: Sometimes beetles use colour to warn predators (warning colouration). Some beetles have black and yellow stripes so that they look similar to bees and wasps. Some beetles even behave similar to bees to confuse predators.

paragraphs: Beetles have a wide range of chemical defences, mostly got from plants their larvae eat. These chemicals make them taste bad when predators eat them. Blister beetles are so poisonous that if a horse eats only a few of them, the horse may die. Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers. Lady beetles put out a cyanide compound when molested. Lady beetles also have colours that warn predators that they taste bad. Insects which taste foul use warning colours which birds learn to avoid. Also, other species which are tasty copy those warning colours. This is a type of mimicry, and is quite common in insects.

paragraphs: Very large beetles sometimes fight predators. Beetles that fight will often use their mandibles to injure their predators.

paragraphs: Beetles have sexual reproduction, and almost all go through complete metamorphosis. Some beetles have complex behavior to get a mate. Pheromones are used, and different species use different pheromones. Before reproduction, some male beetles sometimes fight to claim a female. This especially happens with stag beetles: males will fight using their long mandibles. More often, male and female beetle go through a long routine before mating. The details differ in each species and that is the point. It is essential that mating takes place between beetles of the same species.

paragraphs: Some beetles give special care to their eggs or larvae. Some scarab beetles, called dung beetles, roll balls of dung (faeces) and put them in a hole in the ground. The female lays her eggs in the dung. When the eggs hatch, the larvae will eat the dung that their mother supplied for them.

paragraphs: In 2009, a fossil beetle was found in the Pennsylvanian of Mazon Creek, Illinois. This put the origin of the beetles back to . Fossils from this time have been found in Asia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany. Other fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural Mountains, Russia. The first discoveries from North America in Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008.

paragraphs: After the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the fossil record of insects is poor, but there are some beetles from the Lower Triassic. At the Babiy Kamen site in the Kuznetsk Basin, there are many beetle fossils, including entire specimens of the infraorders Archostemata (e.g. Ademosynidae, Schizocoleidae), Adephaga (e.g., Triaplidae, Trachypachidae) and Polyphaga (e.g. Hydrophilidae, Byrrhidae, Elateroidea).

paragraphs: During the Jurassic (), there was a dramatic increase in the number of beetle families, including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species. Dung beetles, and herbivorous beetles living on conifers, were common in the Jurassic period. The evolution of flowering plants in the Cretaceous led to the vast numbers of beetle species there are today.

paragraphs: There are four living suborders of beetles:

paragraphs: Different kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families. There are many beetle families. The biggest families are listed here.

paragraphs: Popular names are often misleading; that is why biologists use scientific names in Latin. People call some beetles by other names. Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds or ladybugs, which biologists call lady beetles.

paragraphs: Some beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees. These beetles are called pests. One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado beetle; another is the Maize weevil. One that destroys trees is the Emerald ash borer.

paragraphs: Other beetles help people; lady beetles (also called ladybirds and ladybugs) eat insects that hurt crops and trees.

paragraphs: People who study beetles are called coleopterists.


title: Pope John IX

paragraphs: Although his exact birth day is unknown, he was a native of Tivoli, which is near Rome.

paragraphs: He was made Pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto. Lambert was of the Formosian party. Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms. John IX died unexpectedly in the year 900, which again led to feuds between different groups.


title: Houston Steward Chamberlain

paragraphs: Houston Steward Chamberlain (September 9,1855 - January 9, 1927) was a writer of books. He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others. He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany. In later life he became a German citizen. He was acquainted with Hitler and died in Bayreuth. He is known for his Antisemitism. His best-known book, "The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century" is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century.


title: Arthur de Gobineau

paragraphs: Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 — October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat. He was well educated, and wrote many things. He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book "An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races" (1853-1855).


title: Staff (music)

paragraphs: A staff (or stave) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music. Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space. There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom.

paragraphs: The higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff. Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc.) is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc.). A clef is needed to show which notes they are. There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.

paragraphs: This musical example shows the opening of "Symphony no 5" by Beethoven. The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom). They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff. The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat). The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F). After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.

paragraphs: Sometimes composers have used staves with fewer or more than 5 lines, but the five-line staff started to become the usual one in Western music in the 13th century.

paragraphs: When notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used. These are called ledger lines.

paragraphs: If two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a brace. Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.

paragraphs: Instruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave. The notes can be written just on one line. The beats are crosses. It's modern notation started from the Catholic Church.