title: Maryland Heights, Missouri

paragraphs: Maryland Heights is a city in the eastern part of the state of Missouri. It is west of St. Louis. The city was officially incorporated in 1985.


title: Chinua Achebe

paragraphs: Chinua Achebe (born Albert Chinụalụmọgụ Achebe, 16 November 1930 - 22 March 2013) was a Nigerian novelist, poet, professor, and critic. He was best known for writing the novel, "Things Fall Apart" which was first printed in 1958. It is the most widely read book in modern African literature. Achebe went to Nigeria's first university, University College. Achebe wrote his first short story, "In a Village Church," at university.

paragraphs: Achebe was an Igbo man. The Igbo are one of the biggest tribes in Nigeria. His parents were Christians. They gave him the English name Albert. His full Igbo name is "Chinualumogu," which means "may God fight on my behalf."

paragraphs: Achebe went to University College in Ibadan to study medicine on a scholarship, but then decided to study English, history, and theology after reading a book written by a white man that made Nigerians and Africans look bad. He wanted to tell the world stories that did not make Africans look bad. Because he switched his field of study, he lost his scholarship.

paragraphs: Achebe's writing style is based on how the Igbo tell stories orally (by word of mouth). The Igbo did not write down their stories before Europeans came to Africa. His stories use a lot of folk tales, songs, and proverbs. The characters in his book also make long speeches.

paragraphs: Many other African writers criticized Achebe for writing in English instead of in an African language. They said that by using the colonizer's language, he was spreading neo-colonial ideas that were preventing progress in Africa.

paragraphs: Achebe said that writing in English let everyone in Nigeria read in one language. Before colonization, the different tribes spoke different languages. He also said that writing in English allowed for people in other countries read his stories. However, he says that there are many African concepts and words that cannot be fully expressed in English.

paragraphs: Achebe wrote in English but used it in ways that reflected an African style.

paragraphs: Themes are the ideas or topics that are present in a story.

paragraphs: In his writing, Achebe talks about African culture and the effects of European colonization on African societies.

paragraphs: Achebe's stories also talk about gender roles.

paragraphs: Achebe has influenced many other modern African writers. He got a lot of awards for his stories. Even to this day, people still talk about him and the stories he wrote.


title: Birthday cake

paragraphs: The birthday cake is part of birthday celebrations in European countries since 19th century. It is popular to song birthday songs, clap hands and cheer when the cake is brought. The tradition of adding candles to the top of a birthday cake comes from Germany. Some forms of birthday cakes and such celebrating goes as far as to ancient Rome. Often good wishes are written on the cake using sugar or chocolate. Since long times birthday cakes were a sign of wealth, but since a century they became easily accessible to all parts of society. Around the world many types of the birthday cake are used often looking more like candies and combined sweets. Before the cake is eaten, the person whose birthday it is should make a wish, blow out the candles in one try - this would guarantee that the wish will come true.


title: Miscegenation

paragraphs: Miscegenation () is the mixing of different racial groups with marriage, relationship, sexual relations, and procreation.

paragraphs: The word "miscegenation" has been used since the 19th century. It is often the name given to describe interracial marriage, interracial dating and interracial sex. In the past, it is used to describe the study of human race mixtures.

paragraphs: Today, the use of the phrase is considered outdated and offensive.


title: Tagalog Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Tagalog Wikipedia is the Tagalog version of the online encyclopedia, Wikipedia. It was started on December 1, 2003. In 2011, it had reached over 50,000 articles.

paragraphs: It is 68th largest edition by article count.

paragraphs: It has over 51,000 articles and is the as of May 31, 2011.


title: WikiPilipinas

paragraphs: WikiPilipinas was an online, free content website. It is a combination "non-academic encyclopedia", web portal, directory and almanac for Philippine-based knowledge. It mostly contains various articles on Philippine-related topics. It was known before as Wikipiniana.


title: Almanac

paragraphs: An almanac is a type of reference that is published yearly. It includes information about weather forecasts, farmers' planting dates and tide tables. Information about astronomy are also found in almanacs, such as the times of the rising and setting of the sun and moon, eclipses, hours of full tide, stated festivals of churches, terms of courts, lists of all types, timelines, and more.


title: Isurus

paragraphs: Isurus is the mako shark or mackeral shark. It is a genus of fast-swimming sharks, the Lamnidae. This is the same family as the great white shark. "Isurus" ranges in length from , and can grow to about . The genus has a long fossil history.

paragraphs: There are two living species in this genus: the common shortfin mako shark and the rare longfin mako shark.

paragraphs: The shortfin mako shark, as the name suggests, has smaller pectoral fins to the Longfin mako shark. The shortfin mako shark also has smaller eyes. It is smaller than the Longfin mako shark, reaching a maximum length of 3.8 metres, but weighs more, with the heaviest shortfin mako shark found weighing 506 kg (1116 pounds).

paragraphs: The shortfin mako has a wide distribution, being found in tropical and temperate waters throughout the world's oceans. It is a true pelagic species, but it inhabits the cooler, deeper water of tropical regions. The shortfin mako shark has been recorded at depths of up to 740 metres.

paragraphs: The shortfin mako is the fastest species of shark known, reaching speeds of up to 32 km/h (20 mph), and with bursts of up to . Its great speed helps it to capture other fast swimming animals on which it preys. The shortfin mako shark feeds on pelagic fish such as swordfish, tunas, and other sharks, as well as squid. The shortfin mako holds the record for the longest distance travel: about in 37 days. This is an average of about per day.

paragraphs: Shortfin mako often leap in sets of three. The third leap is usually the highest. It can reach as high as above the surface. This high-leaping fish is a highly sought-after game fish worldwide. There are cases when an angry shortfin jumped into a boat after it was hooked.

paragraphs: The longfin mako shark has longer pectoral fins and larger eyes than the shortfin shark. It is longer than the shortfin, reaching a maximum length of 4.2 metres. However, it weighs less than the shortfin, weighing up to only 70 kg (154 pounds).

paragraphs: The longfin mako is a pelagic species, and is found in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Ocean. It is common in the western Atlantic and central Pacific, but elsewhere it is rare. It is thought to be a bottom-dwelling shark, living in tropical and warm temperate waters, but this is uncertain.

paragraphs: Not a lot is known about the Longfin mako shark's feeding habits, but it is thought to feed on schooling fish and pelagic cephalopods.


title: Ryan Gosling

paragraphs: Ryan Thomas Gosling (born November 12, 1980) is a Canadian actor, director, writer and musician. He is known for his roles in "The Notebook", in "Half Nelson", "The Big Short", "La La Land", and "Blade Runner 2049". He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Academy Award.

paragraphs: Gosling was born on November 12, 1980 in London, Ontario, Canada. He studied at Cornwall Collegiate, at the Vocational School, and at the Lester B. Pearson High School. He now lives in Los Angeles, California.


title: Pilbara

paragraphs: The Pilbara is a large, thinly populated region in the north of Western Australia. The region has (2010) a population of about 48,600.

paragraphs: Pilbara is known for Aboriginal peoples, its stunning landscapes, its red earth and its vast mineral deposits, in particular iron ore. It is a dry region, but it has cyclones every year or two. The cyclones bring a great deal of rain when they do occur.

paragraphs: The area is known for its petroleum, natural gas and iron ore deposits, which make up much of the economy of Western Australia. Other than mining, pastoral activities as well as fishing and tourism are the main industries.

paragraphs: The Pilbara covers an area of 502,000 km². It includes some of Earth's oldest rock formations in the Pilbara craton. This is one of the world's oldest undisturbed rock formations, dating back to the Archaean eon. It includes landscapes of coastal plains and mountain ranges with cliffs and gorges. The major settlements of the region are Port Hedland, Karratha and Newman.

paragraphs: The Pilbara includes the two of the largest national parks in Australia:


title: 2000 UEFA Cup semi-final violence

paragraphs: The 2000 UEFA Cup semi-final violence was a number of fights in Istanbul, Turkey between fans of English football team Leeds United and Turkish team, Galatasaray before their UEFA Cup semi-final first leg. It is noted for the deaths of two Leeds fans.

paragraphs: The events happened at 21:00 in Istanbul's Taksim Square during a fight between Leeds fans and Galatasaray fans the day before their UEFA Cup semi-final first leg at Galatasaray's Ali Sami Yen Stadium in Istanbul on 6 April 2000.

paragraphs: Leeds fans had been reportedly taunting people from local bars, to which the Turkish police were called in to stop fights breaking out. There were reports that a Galatasaray fan had run to a nearby phone box to call for help when he saw Leeds fans coming into the area. A large number of Galatasaray fans, reportedly part of a gang called "The Night Watchmen", entered the area soon after which led to a fight between the two sets of fans which led to the two Leeds fans being stabbed. Police arrested Ali Umit Demir and three other men for the stabbings.

paragraphs: It was not clear how the fight started with reports of the fight either being started by Leeds fans throwing beer glasses at Galatasaray fans and being rude about the Turkish flag or being started by Galatasaray fans throwing chairs or attacking Leeds fans with knives.


title: Louis Theroux

paragraphs: Louis Sebastian Theroux (born 20 May 1970) is an English-American broadcaster. He is best known for his investigative series such as When Louis Met, Louis Theroux's Weird Weekends, Louis Theroux's BBC Two Specials.

paragraphs: Theroux was born in Singapore and is a dual citizen. He moved to London when he was a year old. He was educated at Westminster School and Magdalen College, Oxford where he gained a degree in history. In 2013, he moved to Los Angeles. Theroux's mother is British; his father is American writer Paul Theroux.


title: Barangay

paragraphs: A barangay is a local term for an administrative division in the Philippines. It is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines. As of 2011, it is recorded that there are a total of 42,026 barangays throughout the Philippines.


title: Malagasy ariary

paragraphs: The ariary (Ar; ISO 4217 code MGA) is the currency of Madagascar. It is equal to 5 "iraimbilanja". The ariary is one of only two non-decimal currencies currently being used. The other is the Mauritanian ouguiya.

paragraphs: The names ariary and iraimbilanja come from earlier currency. Ariary was the name for a silver dollar. Iraimbilanja means "one iron weight". It was the name of an old coin worth ⅕ of an ariary.

paragraphs: The ariary was first used in 1961. It was equal to 5 Malagasy francs. Coins and banknotes were printed in both francs and ariary. The sub-unit of the ariary, the "iraimbilanja", was worth ⅕ of an ariary. Because of this, it was equal to one franc. The ariary replaced the franc as the official currency of Madagascar on January 1, 2005.


title: Manila Bulletin

paragraphs: The Manila Bulletin is a broadsheet newspaper in the Philippines. It is the largest newspaper by circulation in the Philippines. It was founded in 1900 as a shipping journal and it is also the second-oldest Philippine newspaper, following "The Manila Times". It was previously known as "Manila Daily Bulletin" and as the "Bulletin Today".


title: Broadsheet

paragraphs: A broadsheet is a format of a newspaper. It is characterized by long vertical pages measuring 22 inches / 560 millimetres or more. The term "broadsheet" was derived from types of popular prints usually just of a single sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material, from ballads to political satire.


title: The Manila Times

paragraphs: The Manila Times is a broadsheet newspaper in the Philippines. It is the oldest Philippine newspaper company that was founded on 1898.


title: Sigma Team

paragraphs: Sigma Team is a Russian video game company. It was founded in the year 2003. The headquarters of the company is in Novosibirsk and its office will be in . Their first game, "Alien Shooter" was an arcade game with RPG elements.


title: Henri Bergson

paragraphs: Henri-Louis Bergson (18 October 1859 - 4 January 1941), was a French philosopher.

paragraphs: Bergson convinced many thinkers that the processes of immediate experience and intuition are more significant than abstract rationalism and science for understanding reality.

paragraphs: He was born on the Rue Lamartine in Paris, France. His mother, Katherine Levison, was of English and Irish Jewish descent. His father, the pianist Michał Bergson, was of Polish Jewish descent.

paragraphs: His early childhood was spent mostly in London after his birth. He learned the English language from his mother. He returned to Paris when he was nine years old, and became a naturalized French citizen.

paragraphs: He attended the "Lycée Fontanes" in Paris from 1868 to 1878. There he was given the 1877 prize for school mathematics, for the solution of a mathematical problem. When he was nineteen, he studied at École Normale Supérieure (ENS). He read many philosophy books, especially Herbert Spencer.

paragraphs: He was given the 1927 Nobel Prize in Literature.

paragraphs: In 4 January 1941, Bergson died in occupied Paris from bronchitis.


title: Lee Radziwill

paragraphs: Caroline Lee Radziwiłł (née Bouvier'; March 3, 1933 – February 15, 2019) was an American socialite. She was the younger sister of former US First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis.

paragraphs: Radziwill was born Caroline Lee Bouvier, in Southampton, Long Island, New York. She was the second daughter of wealthy stockbroker John Vernou Bouvier III and Janet Norton Lee. Her older sister was Jacqueline Lee Bouvier (1929-1994), future First Lady of the United States. She also had a step-sister and a step-brother, Janet (1945-1985) and James Auchincloss (b. 1947). They were the children of her mother by her second husband Hugh D. Auchincloss.

paragraphs: She has been known as "Lee" since childhood. Like her older sister, she was educated at selective schools for high society girls. She graduated from Miss Porter's in 1951.

paragraphs: Radziwill married three times. Her first husband was Michael Canfield, a publishing executive. They married on April 18, 1953, and moved to London, England. They divorced in 1958. She married Prince Stanislas Radziwill on March 19, 1959. They had two children; Anthony (1959-1999) and Christina (b. 1960). They divorced in 1974. She then moved back to the United States, where she married film director Herbert Ross, on September 23, 1988. They divorced in 2001 shortly before Ross's death.

paragraphs: In March 1962, Radziwill went with her sister Jacqueline Kennedy, then First Lady, on a goodwill tour of India and Pakistan.

paragraphs: In the 1960s, Radziwill tried a career as an actress. She was unsuccessful. She later tried interior decoration with some success.

paragraphs: Her son Anthony died of cancer in August 1999, one month after the death in a plane crash of her nephew John F. Kennedy Jr..

paragraphs: She lived in Paris, France. Radziwill died on February 15, 2019 in New York City, aged 85.


title: NH Industries NH90

paragraphs: The NH90 is a European military helicopter. It is built by NH Industries, a company of four countries (France, Germany, Italy, and Netherlands). It is a stealth technology helicopter. It can do transport. It can also attack submarines with torpedoes.

paragraphs: In France it is called "Caïman" (in English Caiman) by the French Army and French Navy. The Italian Navy call it "SH-90". It first flew in December 1995.


title: The Chase (British game show)

paragraphs: The Chase is a British television game show that airs on ITV. It started on 29 June 2009. It is presented by Bradley Walsh. So far, it has run for thirteen series.

paragraphs: Four players work together as a team. At the start, each player takes a turn in answering as many questions as they can in 60 seconds. Each correct answer is worth £1,000. This money goes into the player's bank. After all four players have their turn, they then take turns going against the "Chaser."

paragraphs: At the start, the player's money goes on a sloped board. The board has seven spaces. The player starts three spaces ahead of the Chaser. The Chaser then offers two amounts: one higher than their bank, and one lower than their bank. For example, if the player won £6,000, the Chaser might offer £12,000 as the high amount and £3,000 as the low amount. If the player takes the high amount, their head start is lowered to two spaces. If they take the low amount, their head start is increased to four spaces.

paragraphs: After the player decides on what to do, the player and the Chaser are both asked the same multiple-choice question. They both lock in their answers at the same time. If one answers and the other does not do so at the same time, a five-second time limit is given for the one that did not answer. If the player answers correctly, they move one space closer to the bottom of the board. If the Chaser answers correctly, they move one space closer to "catching" the player. If an incorrect answer is given by either, they stay where they are on the board.

paragraphs: If the player reaches the end of the board, their amount is added to the team bank. However, if the Chaser catches the player, the player is out of the game, and their bank is lost. This is done three more times with the other three players. The players still in the game move to on the Final Chase. If all four players are caught, their bank is set to £4,000, and they must choose one player to play the Final Chase.

paragraphs: The player(s) still in the game face the Chaser to win their prize money. They start with a one-step head start for each player in the Final Chase. They then have two minutes to answer as many questions as they can. Each correct answer gives them another step. After their time ends, the Chaser is given two minutes to catch the player(s). If the Chaser does not catch them, the player(s) win their prize money. If the Chaser does catch them, the player(s) leave with nothing.


title: Albert Sabin

paragraphs: Albert Bruce Sabin (August 26, 1906 – March 3, 1993) was a Polish-born American medical researcher best known for having developed an oral polio vaccine. He received many awards and honors including the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

paragraphs: Sabin was born Albert Saperstein on August 26, 1906 in Białystok, Russian Empire (now Poland). He was of Jewish descent. He was raised in New York City, New York and in Patterson, New Jersey. He became a naturalized citizen of the United States in 1930 and changed his last name to Sabin. Sabin studied at Patterson High School and at New York University.

paragraphs: He was married to Sylvia Tregillus from 1935 until her death in 1966. Then he was married to Jane Warner from 1967 until they divorced in 1971. Then he was married to Heloisa Dunshee de Abranches from 1972 until his death in 1996. He had two daughters with Tregillus.

paragraphs: Sabin died on March 3, 1993 in his home in Washington, D.C. from heart failure, aged 86. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.


title: Dragons' Den

paragraphs: Dragons' Den is a reality television series that has aired in over 20 countries. The show originated in Japan as "Manē no Tora" ("Tiger of Money"), first airing in 2001. It has aired in countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Small companies and investors pitch their ideas to a group of investors known as the "dragons" in exchange for a percentage of their company and the rights to their product. They also have an amount of money they want to get from the dragons. If they do not get at least the amount they are looking for, they get nothing. In the United States, the show is known as "Shark Tank", and the investors are known as the "sharks." The format is owned by Sony Pictures Television International.

paragraphs: In the British version the dragons are Touker Suleyman, Deborah Meaden, Sara Davies and Peter Jones.


title: Division of West Sydney

paragraphs: The Division of West Sydney was an Australian Electoral Division in New South Wales. The division was one of the original 75 divisions created in 1900 for the first federal election in 1901. It was abolished in 1968. It covered the inner western suburbs of Sydney, and at various times included the suburbs of Pyrmont, Darling Harbour, Surry Hills, Balmain and Glebe.

paragraphs: It was the first of four seats to be held by Billy Hughes, the 11th Prime Minister of Australia and the longest-serving member of the Australian Parliament. It was also held by T. J. Ryan, a former Premier of Queensland.


title: Patmos

paragraphs: Patmos is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea. There are about 3000 people living there. It is famous for being the place where Saint John wrote the Book of Revelation.


title: Philippine Daily Inquirer

paragraphs: The Philippine Daily Inquirer, commonly known as the Inquirer, is a broadsheet newspaper in the Philippines. Its headquarters is in Makati City. It was founded in December 9, 1985.


title: Makati

paragraphs: The City of Makati ( ; ), in the Philippines, is one of the sixteen cities that make up Metro Manila. Makati is the financial center of the Philippines. As the host of various embassies, it is also an important center for international affairs.

paragraphs: With 529,039 people, Makati is the 16th-largest city in the country and ranked as the 41st most densely populated city in the world with 19,336 inhabitants per square kilometer.

paragraphs: Makati became the financial center of the Philippines during the 1960s. It is home to the Philippine Stock Exchange and the Makati Business Club.

paragraphs: Makati is notable for its exceptionally multicultural lifestyle, as a significant center for intercontinental matters and for its reputation as a major entertainment center in the metropolis.

paragraphs: The city is also known for its cosmopolitan culture because of its major shopping centers, condominiums, financial hubs, hotels, and entertainment hubs, which are located around the city.

paragraphs: Makati first became as the financial center of the Philippines during the 1960s. The Philippine Stock Exchange and the Makati Business Club are there.


title: John C. Frémont

paragraphs: John Charles Frémont or Fremont (January 21, 1813 – July 13, 1890) was an American military officer, and explorer. He was the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States in 1856.

paragraphs: Frémont was born on January 21, 1813 in Savannah, Georgia. He studied at the College of Charleston. Frémont was married to Jessie Benton from 1841 until his death in 1890. They had no children. Frémont died on July 13, 1890 in his home in New York City from peritonitis, aged 77.


title: The Philippine Star

paragraphs: The Philippine Star is a daily broadsheet newspaper in the Philippines. It was established on July 28, 1986 and is owned and published by PhilSTAR Daily, Inc. by veteran journalists Max Soliven, Betty Go-Belmonte and Art Borjal in the wake of the EDSA People Power Revolution.


title: Cartoon series

paragraphs: A cartoon series is a set of animated television programs (cartoons). Episodes are played regularly, and each series will have its own title.


title: Charles Sumner

paragraphs: Charles Sumner (January 6, 1811 – March 11, 1874) was an American politician, and lawyer. He was senator from Massachusetts from April 24, 1851 until his death.

paragraphs: Sumner was the leader of the antislavery forces in Massachusetts. He was a leader of the Radical Republicans in the United States Senate during the American Civil War. He worked to destroy the Confederacy, free all the slaves and keep on good terms with Europe. During Reconstruction, he fought to minimize the power of the ex-Confederates and guarantee equal rights to the Freedmen.

paragraphs: In 1856 Sumner made a speech against slavery and the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Sumner attacked many senators about bleeding Kansas and slavery including Senator Stephen A. Douglas and South Carolina's Andrew Butler. The Representative from South Carolina, Preston Brooks (Andrew Butler's nephew), became angry because he attacked his uncle. Brooks grabbed his cane and knocked Sumner onto the Senate floor. Sumner had to stop his political career until he recovered two years later.

paragraphs: Sumner was born on January 6, 1811 in Boston, Massachusetts. He studied at Boston Latin School and at Harvard College. Sumner was married to Alice Hopper from 1866 until they divorced in 1873. They had no children. Sumner died on March 11, 1874 in Washington, D.C. from an heart attack, aged 63.


title: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue

paragraphs: The Epifanio de los Santos Avenue, commonly abbreviated as EDSA, is a freeway in the Philippines. The avenue serves the National Capital Region, or the Metropolitan Manila, passing through 6 of the 17 settlements in the region, namely, the cities of Caloocan, Quezon City, Mandaluyong, San Juan City, Makati and Pasay. It is the longest highway in the area that measures about 23.8 kilometres (14.8 mi).


title: BusinessWorld

paragraphs: BusinessWorld is a newspaper in the Philippines that is about business. It was established on February 27, 1967 as "BusinessDay". Its headquarters is in Quezon City


title: Cebuano Wikipedia

paragraphs: The Cebuano Wikipedia () is the Cebuano-language edition of Wikipedia. This edition started on June 22, 2005. Cebuano is the second most spoken language in the Philippines. As of 2021 it has about articles. This makes it the second-largest language edition of Wikipedia, and the largest Philippine-based language on Wikipedia.


title: The Call

paragraphs: The Call is a 2013 mystery drama thriller movie focusing on a 911 operator who gets called into rescuing a kidnapped child. Halle Berry plays the operator and Abigail Breslin plays the abducted teenager.


title: Coefficient of friction

paragraphs: A "coefficient of friction" is a value that shows the relationship between two objects and the normal reaction between the objects that are involved. It is a value that is sometimes used in physics to find an object's normal force or frictional force when other methods are unavailable.

paragraphs: The coefficient of friction is shown by formula_1 . In that equation, formula_2 is the frictional force, formula_3 is the coefficient of friction, and formula_4 is the normal force.

paragraphs: The coefficient formula_5 can be two different things. It is either the coefficient of static friction formula_6, or the coefficient of Dynamic friction formula_7.The coefficient of static friction is the friction force between two objects when neither of the objects is moving. The coefficient of dynamic friction is the force between two objects when one object is moving, or if two objects are moving against one another.

paragraphs: The coefficient of friction is dimensionless and it does not have any unit. It is a scalar, meaning the direction of the force does not affect the physical quantity.

paragraphs: The coefficient of friction depends on the objects that are causing friction. The value is usually between 0 and 1 but can be greater than 1. A value of 0 means there is no friction at all between the objects; such is possible with Superfluidity. All objects, otherwise, will have some friction when they touch each other. A value of 1 means the frictional force is equal to the normal force. It is a misconception that the coefficient of friction is limited to values between zero and one. A coefficient of friction that is more than one just means that the frictional force is stronger than the normal force. An object such as , for example, can have a coefficient of friction much greater than one.

paragraphs: The friction force is the force exerted by a surface when an object moves across it - or makes an effort to move across it.

paragraphs: The frictional force or force of friction (static or kinetic) can be expressed as

paragraphs: formula_2 is the frictional force (in Newtons),

paragraphs: formula_5 is the static (formula_6) or kinetic (formula_7) frictional coefficient (dimensionless) and

paragraphs: formula_13 is the normal force (in Newtons).

paragraphs: it could also be known as a friction.It is represented as(f).


title: Admission

paragraphs: Admission is an American romantic comedy-drama movie about life in college. It was released in 2013. Tina Fey acts as Portia and Lily Tomlin acts as Susannah in this movie.


title: New General Catalogue

paragraphs: The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars<ref name="The NGC/IC Project"></ref> is a list of stars, nebulae and galaxies. It is abbreviated NGC, and is sometimes called just New General Catalogue. It has 7,840 objects on it. These objects are called "NGC objects". It was created by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. It's the most famous and known deep-sky catalogue for amateur astronomy.

paragraphs: Most of observations were rewarded by William Herschel and his son, and expanded by the known catalogue Index Catalogues I and II, adding about 5000 new objects.

paragraphs: South Hemisphere objects are less studied than North Hemisphere objects, observed by John Herschel. The "New General Catalogue" had some mistakes, that were corrected in a special revised edition: RNGC

paragraphs: It's a copy of NGC objects using J2000.0 coordenates created in 1988


title: Junkers Ju 87

paragraphs: The Junkers Ju 87 or Ju 87 was a German light bomber of World War II. It was used as a dive bomber. Its crew was a pilot with a navigator/radio operator behind him. He also handled the rear machine gun. The Ju 87 could drop 500 kg of bombs. Some Ju-87 were modified as attack aircraft against tanks. More than 6500 were made.

paragraphs: It's universally known as "Stuka", an abbreviation of "", German for dive bomber.

paragraphs: The plane was designed by Hermann Pohlmann. It has first flight 17 September 1935. The first time it was used in battle was 1936 during the Spanish Civil War. Junkers Ju 87 attacked Guernica.

paragraphs: In World War II, Ju-87 were used for bombing against Poland, and later against Belgium, Netherlands, France, and Greece. Early in the Battle of Britain Junkers Ju87 were used to attack Dover, Folkestone and other harbours of the Channel.

paragraphs: Early in the war this aircraft became famous for the siren it used to panic people. It was removed when enemy forces became accustomed to it.

paragraphs: Many Ju-87 were used in the Soviet Union against Soviet troops. In the Battle of Stalingrad, they were used to bomb the town.


title: Reye's syndrome

paragraphs: Reye syndrome (also called Reye's syndrome) is an extremely rare though incredibly serious condition that is sometimes fatal. This condition affects primarily the brain and the liver in the body. Aspirin may cause Reye syndrome in teenagers and young adults. The symptoms include but are not limited to vomiting and other problems.


title: Huarache

paragraphs: Huarache shoes are Mexican shoes that are made with leather and worn mostly by females. They date back to the late 1920s. Huaraches come in many shapes and sizes. They are usually worn during late spring or the summer in many countries.


title: Pope Gregory VIII

paragraphs: Pope Gregory VIII (; c.1100 – 17 December 1187), born Alberto di Morra, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 174th Pope from 25 October 1073 until he died in 1085.

paragraphs: Alberto di Morra was born in Benvenuo, Italy.

paragraphs: Pope Adrian IV made him a Cardinal in 1155.

paragraphs: He was one of two men sent to England by Pope Alexander III after the murder of St. Thomas a Becket.

paragraphs: Cardinal Morra was elected pope on 11 October 1187. and he chose to be called Gregory VIII.


title: University of Birmingham

paragraphs: The University of Birmingham (or Birmingham University) is a British red brick university in the city of Birmingham, England. It is based in the suburb of Edgbaston. It got its royal charter in 1900, and included the Birmingham Medical School (founded 1825) and Mason Science College (1875).

paragraphs: Birmingham was the first redbrick university to get university status. It is a member of the Russell Group of research universities and a founding member of Universitas 21. Birmingham is one of the 12 institutions in England with highest entry requirements.

paragraphs: The student population includes around 19,000 undergraduate and 9,000 postgraduate students, making the 11th largest in the UK. As of 2011 it is the seventh most popular English university by number of applications.

paragraphs: In 2010 Birmingham was ranked as the 10th most popular British university by graduate employers. The annual income of the institution for 2010-11 was £470.7 million, with an expenditure of £443.7 million. Birmingham has the ninth largest financial endowment of any British university at approximately £85 million in 2009.

paragraphs: Birmingham is ranked nationally between 10th and 23rd. Internationally it is 99th in the 2010 rankings, and 67th in the 2011 rankings. The "Sunday Times" composite ranking put the university 19th from 1998 to 2007. Birmingham was ranked 12th in the 2008 research assessment.


title: Donkey Kong Land 2

paragraphs: Donkey Kong Land 2 is a Game Boy video game that is a part of the "Donkey Kong" video game series. This game was released in 1996 by Nintendo and was developed by Rare, Ltd.. There is a predecessor to this game named "Donkey Kong Land" and a sequel called "Donkey Kong Land III".

paragraphs: The plot is similar to "<nowiki>'</nowiki>"s plot. It has King K. Rool once again kidnapping Donkey Kong, who can only be freed if Diddy Kong gives the bananas from the Banana Hoard to K. Rool.

paragraphs: This game has seven total worlds in the game, as opposed to eight in "Donkey Kong Country 2". The second and third worlds (Crocodile Cauldron and Krem Quay) of "Donkey Kong Country 2" have been merged into Krem Cauldron, possibly to save memory on the game's cartridge. Like "Donkey Kong Country 2", there is a Lost World which can be unlocked if Diddy and Dixie pay Klubba fifteen Kremkoins to a level per world. The worlds include:


title: Wild Things

paragraphs: Wild Things is a 1998 American erotic crime drama mystery movie. It is set in Miami, Florida. It stars Kevin Bacon, Matt Dillon, Denise Richards, Neve Campbell and Bill Murray.


title: Invader Zim

paragraphs: Invader Zim, branded as Invader ZIM, is an American animated television series aired on Nickelodeon. It started on March 30, 2001 and was cancelled on December 10, 2002. The show centers around Zim, an eponymous alien from the planet Irk, who inhabitants participate in an event called "Impending Doom". After failing it, Zim is determined to prove himself to his leaders, the almighty tallest and conquer Earth. However, the tallest only sent him to his planet as a "secret mission" only to get rid of him. The series has high cost to air and the age demographic was aimed toward children. Nickelodeon cancelled the series on January 17, 2002, before the second season was completed. The rest of the completed episodes were first made available on DVD on October 12, 2004.

paragraphs: The series follows Zim, an alien from the planet Irken. He was sent to a "mysterious planet", because the Tallest sent him for Operation Impending Doom II. Six months later, Zim lives in a house shaped base, planning world domination on Earth.


title: The Keg

paragraphs: The Keg () is a Canadian steakhouse chain of restaurants. It has restaurants in both Canada and the United States.

paragraphs: It was started by George Tidball in North Vancouver, British Columbia in 1971. The chain is currently owned by David Aisenstat and is operating in every province in Canada except Prince Edward Island. It is also operating in Phoenix, Tucson, Dallas/Fort Worth, Denver, and Seattle.


title: Nintendo Vs. System

paragraphs: The Nintendo Vs. System is a series of arcade ports of Nintendo Entertainment System home video games made by Nintendo. It was released in the late 1980s. The games are designed for two-player multiplayer. Some of the games were different from their NES versions. For example, "Vs. Super Mario Bros." was more difficult, having levels from the Japanese "" along with the "Super Mario Bros." levels. Others, such as "Vs. Duck Hunt", had better graphics.


title: Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow

paragraphs: Nicolai Stepanowitsch Turczaninow (1796 - 1863) was a Russian botanist. He was born in Nikitovka, in the south of European Russia near the Ukrainian city of Kharkiv. He first identified several genera and many species of plants. Several species have been named after him.

paragraphs: He is also known as Nikolai Stepanovich Turchaninov and Nikolaus von Turczaninow.

paragraphs: Turczaninow was born in 1796 (probably in May) in the town of Nikitovka, Voronezh Oblast (now in the Krasnogvardeysky District, Belgorod Oblast), Russian Empire.

paragraphs: In 1810 he was in high school in the city of Voronezh and later studied in the University of Kharkiv. In 1814 he graduated from Kharkiv and went to Saint Petersburg (St. Petersburg) to work with the government.

paragraphs: While he was in St. Petersburg, Turczaninow studied the plants of the area of that city and, in 1825, he published a "List of plants of the area of Saint Petersburg" with 646 species of plants that he found.

paragraphs: In 1828, Turczaninow was sent to Irkutsk, eastern Siberia, to work with the government of the region. In his free time he could travel around the Lake Baikal area, collecting many plants that later he sent some to St. Petersburg and keeping the rest for his own herbarium.

paragraphs: He became a "Fellow" of the Imperial Botanical Garden of St. Petersburg in 1830 so he could explore the Siberian region between the "Altai Mountains and the eastern ocean" (Pacific Ocean).

paragraphs: He collected plants in the Lake Baikal region and other regions, including northern China and Mongolia. He sent the collected plants and seeds to the St. Petersburg Botanical Garden, keeping some copies in his herbarium. In 1831, 1832 and 1834 Turczaninov wrote some articles in the "Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalistes de Moscou" ("Bulletin of the Imperial Society of Naturalists of Moscow") on the botany of Siberia and Mongolia.

paragraphs: In 1837 he was sent more to west to the town of Krasnoyarsk, and later he became Governor of the region. In Krasnioarsk, Turczaninov began to publish "Flora Baikalensi-Dahurica" in separate parts from 1842 to 1857 in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des naturalists de Moscow. He wrote those articles in Latin. Later all these articles were published in 2 volumes with the first part (introduction) written in French.

paragraphs: When he was 49 years old, in 1845, and after 17 years in Siberia, Turczaninov went to live in Taganrog on the Sea of Azov near the Black Sea. In Taganrog, Turczaninov fell from a ladder and broke one leg; this affected his life and he could not travel to South America as he wanted. In 1847, Turczaninov move to the city of Kharkiv to work in the herbarium of the University of Kharkiv.

paragraphs: Turczaninov died in Kharkiv on 26 December 1863.

paragraphs: In 1857, The Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg gave him the Demidov Prize because of his contribution to Russian botany. And the University of Kharkiv named him a member of honour.

paragraphs: Several species of plantas are named after Turczaninov, and the Altai State University publishes the bulletin "Turczaninowia" ( for the printed version and for the electronic version).


title: Jean Kennedy Smith

paragraphs: Jean Ann Kennedy Smith (February 20, 1928 – June 17, 2020) was an American diplomat. She was the Ambassador of Ireland from 1993 to 1998. She is the eighth of nine children born to Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr.. and Rose Kennedy. She was their last surviving child. Her siblings include President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, longtime Senator Ted Kennedy, and Special Olympics founder Eunice Kennedy Shriver.

paragraphs: In 2011, she was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation’s highest civilian honor, by President Barack Obama for her work with Very Special Arts and the disabled.

paragraphs: Jean Ann Kennedy was born on February 20, 1928 in Brookline, Massachusetts, on her elder sister Kathleen's eighth birthday. She was raised in Boston, Massachusetts. She studied at Manhattanville College.

paragraphs: Kennedy was married to Stephen Edward Smith from 1956 until his death in 1990. They had four children.

paragraphs: Smith died on June 17, 2020 in Manhattan, aged 92.


title: George H. Pendleton

paragraphs: George Hunt Pendleton (July 19, 1825 – November 24, 1889) or Gentleman George was an American politician and lawyer.

paragraphs: Pendleton was representative from Ohio from March 4, 1879 through March 4, 1885. Later he was the Senator from Ohio from March 4, 1879 through March 4, 1885. He was nominated as Vice President with George McClellan, but they lost to Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.

paragraphs: He was one of the major Democratic politicians who supported slavery. He helped create many laws. Of those laws was the Pendleton Act, which put an end to the system of patronage during the 1880s. He was later the Envoy of Germany from March 4, 1885 until his death on November 24, 1889.

paragraphs: Pendleton was born on July 19, 1825 in Cincinnati, Ohio. He studied at Cincinnati College and at University of Heidelberg in Germany. He was never married and had no children. Pendleton died on November 24, 1889 while on a trip in Brussels, Belgium from an illness, aged 64.


title: Greenwood, British Columbia

paragraphs: Greenwood is a small city in the Canadian province of British Columbia.

paragraphs: The population of Coquitlam is 708 which makes it the Canada's Smallest City as well as the smallest city in British Columbia. The population was larger at one point but the population decreased when the city shut down the area's industries. The mayor of Greenwood is Colleen Lang.

paragraphs: 1200 Japanese Canadians were sent to Greenwood because of the Japanese Canadian internment in 1942. The movie "Snow Falling on Cedars" was filmed in Greenwood.


title: Halloween III: Season of the Witch

paragraphs: Halloween III: Season of the Witch is an 1982 American science fiction horror movie. It is the third movie in the "Halloween" movie series. The movie was released on October 22, 1982. This movie was not about Michael Myers nor Dr. Loomis.


title: Katharine Houghton

paragraphs: Katharine Houghton (born March 10, 1945) is an American actress. She has acted in a few movies. She played Joanna in the 1967 movie "Guess Who's Coming to Dinner". Houghton was born in Hartford, Connecticut.


paragraphs: Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers is an 1988 horror movie. It is the fourth movie in the "Halloween" movie series. The movie was about Michael Myers returning home to kill his niece Jamie Lloyd (Danielle Harris), the daughter of Laurie Strode. Dr. Loomis (Donald Pleasence) tries to stop him. The movie was released on October 21, 1988.


title: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later

paragraphs: Halloween H20: 20 Years Later is a 1998 American horror thriller movie. It is the seventh movie in the "Halloween" movie series. The movie was released on August 5, 1998. The movie was released to positive reviews.

paragraphs: The movie is set twenty years after the events of the first two movies. It is about a post-traumatic Laurie Strode. She is afraid of her brother, Michael Myers, who tried to kill her in the past. When Michael appears, Laurie must face him one last time. The life of her teenage son is in danger. At the end, Laurie cuts off her brother's head. She is sent into an asylum. The movie was dedicated to Donald Pleasence.


title: Halloween: Resurrection

paragraphs: Halloween: Resurrection is a 2002 American horror movie. It is the eighth movie in the "Halloween" movie series. In the movie, the masked serial killer Michael Myers continues killing in his hometown of Haddonfield. This time it is in his old childhood home, which is being used for a live internet horror show. In this movie, Michael Myers finally kills his sister Laurie Strode while she was in an asylum. The movie was released in July 12, 2002.


title: Hermóðr

paragraphs: Hermodr (Old Norse: "Hermóðr" - “Spirit of War”) is the messenger of the gods in Norse mythology, and is the fastest among the Æsir. When Baldr died, Hermóðr volunteered to go to Niflheimr to ask Hel to release Odin's beloved son. Hermóðr was said to have galloped on the horse Sleipnir for nine days and nine nights.

paragraphs: Upon reaching the dreaded world of ice and mist, Hermóðr encountered the female jötunn Móðguðr (Old Norse: “Furious Battler”), guardian of Gjallarbrú, the bridge which spans the river Gjöll (Old Norse: Gjǫll - “Noisy”), which separates the realm of the living and the dead. When Hermóðr stated his business as to why he wished to enter Hel, Móðguðr let him pass. He finally met with Hel, and begged her to release Baldr. Hel eventually agreed to his request, on the condition that all of creation weep for Baldr.


title: Hlín

paragraphs: Hlin is the goddess of protection. She is one of Frigg's guardians. It is possible that Hlin may be another aspect of Frigg.


title: Hœnir

paragraphs: Hœnir is a warrior god in Norse mythology. He is sometimes confused with Vili. Hœnir is part of the Aesir. Hœnir and Mimir were hostages in a war between the Aesir and Vanir gods. He was also an original Aesir god himself. Hœnir usually relied on Mimir. Hœnir is the god of silence, spirituality, poetry and of passion.

paragraphs: Hoenir is the travel companion of Odin and Loki and was also part of the creation of Ask and Embla.

paragraphs: Hœnir goes with Mímir to the Vanir as hostage, in order to seal a truce to the Æsir-Vanir war. During the negotiations, Hœnir heavily relies on Mímir to address any query, as the latter was better informed and knowledgeable. The Vanir perceived this indecision and thus noticing a character flaw within Hœnir, which resulted in beheading Mímir as retaliation, thinking the Æsir cheated them in their hostage exchange. Hœnir is one of the few gods to survive Ragnarök.


title: Kvasir

paragraphs: Kvasir is a wise god in Norse mythology. He was made when the spit of the Vanir gods and Aesir gods was mixed after their battle. He became the new god of knowledge and diplomacy. Kvasir walked the world spreading his great wisdom to any who asked for it.

paragraphs: He was killed by two dwarves, Fjalar and Galar, who mixed his blood with honey to make a powerful mead that inspired any who drank it to speak with wisdom and poetry. Odin drank all the mead to gain its knowledge. He spilled a few drops which fell into Midgard and was said to be the source of all the bad poets and artists. Odin is said to give the mead to those he feels worthy and this is the source for all the great poets.

paragraphs: He's also considered to be the god of inspiration.


title: Corpus Christi

paragraphs: Corpus Christi is Latin for the Body of Christ. It is a Catholic Festival that occurs every year after Trinity Sunday. In 2013 it was on May 30 or June 2. It celebrates the Real Presence of Christ in the Eucharist.


title: Máni

paragraphs: Mani is a god in Norse mythology. He was made when the sparks of the realm of fire were collected. The other gods were not pleased with Mani and his sister Sol. So the gods made them ride in carts. The purpose of the siblings being in the carts was to guide the moon and sun. The reason for the waxing and waning moons is because Mani took two kids so they would cover parts of the moon. The reason for lunar eclipses is Hati (the offspring of Fenrir who is to chase Mani) getting close to Mani. At Ragnarok, Hati will finally consume Mani.


title: Mímir

paragraphs: Mimir was one of the Norse gods. After his head was chopped off in a battle between the Aesir and the Vanir, Odin carried it around. The head told him secrets and offered him advice. Mimir is the god of wisdom. He was the thinking part of Hoenir, the silent god.


title: Iridescent shark

paragraphs: The iridescent shark is a shark catfish that is a native to the rivers across Southeast Asia. They are not really sharks. They do, however, look very similar to small sharks. They are found over Mekong Basin and the Chao Phraya River areas and used for food there. The fish are marketed as swai in the United States. They are very similar to the US catfish.


title: Bullets Over Broadway

paragraphs: Bullets Over Broadway is a 1994 American crime comedy movie. It is about Broadway theatre and the Mafia. This was released in October 1994 for the United States. Dianne Wiest plays Helen Sinclair, Jennifer Tilly plays Olive Neal and Mary-Louise Parker plays Ellen. This comedy is set in 1928. The director and co-writer of "Bullets Over Broadway" is Woody Allen. The reviews for this crime comedy were very positive.


title: Rheology

paragraphs: Rheology is the study of the flow of liquids and soft solids like mud or blood. Rheo means flow in Greek.


title: Arkansas State University

paragraphs: The Arkansas State University is a public university in Jonesboro, Arkansas. It was established in 1909. The university is a division of the Arkansas State University System. The school has over twelve thousand students.


title: Science (journal)

paragraphs: Science is one of the world's top science journals. It is also referred to as "Science magazine". It is published weekly, and a peer-reviewed journal. The publisher is the American Association for the Advancement of Science. "Science" was founded by John Michaels in 1880 with financial support from Thomas Edison and later from Alexander Graham Bell.


title: Anne Hathaway (Shakespeare)

paragraphs: Anne Hathaway (1555/56 – 6 August 1623) was the wife of English playwright and poet, William Shakespeare. Little is known about her early life. Hathaway married Shakespeare in 1582 at the village of Temple Grafton, near Stratford-upon-Avon. She lived in Stratford all her life, even while Shakespeare was working and living in London. She died in Stratford on 6 August 1623 and is buried next to her husband in the Holy Trinity Church, Stratford.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

paragraphs: The Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor ("Pathetique"), Op. 13 is a work for solo piano written by Ludwig van Beethoven. It was written between 1797 and 1798. It was published in Vienna, Austria in 1799. The work is written in three movements. The first opens with a slow and serious introduction. It is followed by an quick section in sonata form. This section is driven forward by tremolando octaves in the left hand. The movement expresses a questing, uncertain mood. The second movement is a slow piece in rondo form. The third movement is a quick, melancholic rondo. Its main theme is accompanied by arpeggios in the left hand. This movement concludes with a brilliant coda.


title: Caloocan

paragraphs: Caloocan is one of the cities of Metro Manila in the Philippines. Caloocan is north of Manila. It is the third most populous city in the Philippines with 1,489,040 people as of 2010.


title: Bhimber

paragraphs: Bhimber () is the main town of the Bhimber District in Azad Kashmir. The town is on the border between Azad Kashmir and Pakistan. It is about 50 km from Mirpur.


title: Backdraft (movie)

paragraphs: Backdraft is a 1991 American crime drama action movie. It was directed by Ron Howard. The movie is about firefighters in the Chicago metropolitan area. Kurt Russell and William Baldwin star as firefighters of the Chicago Fire Department. Donald Sutherland and Robert De Niro also act in the movie. "Backdraft" was released in May 1991. It was well liked by the critics. It did well in the box office, earning over $152 million worldwide.


title: La Goulue

paragraphs: La Goulue was Louise Weber (13 July 1866, Clichy, Paris 30 January 1929), a French can-can dancer. She was always known by her nickname. "La Goulue" is French slang for 'greedy guts'. It came from her habit of picking up a customer's glass and drinking it while dancing past the table.

paragraphs: Growing up, Weber was a poor Jewish girl who loved to dance. She would dressed up and pretended to be a glamorous star on a great stage. At 16, she was working with her mother in the laundry. Without her mother knowing, she began sneaking off to a dance hall wearing a dress she would "borrow" from one of their customers.

paragraphs: Weber quickly became popular because of her dancing at small clubs in Paris. She was liked for her dancing skills and her behaviour. In her routine, she teased the male audience by swirling her raised dress to reveal the heart embroidered on her panties. Another trick of hers was to kick off a man's hat with her toe.

paragraphs: Later, she met the Montmartre painter Pierre-Auguste Renoir. He introduced her to a group of models who earned money posing for artists and photographers.


title: Pope Leo I

paragraphs: Leo I (; c. 400 – 10 November 461), also known as Leo the Great, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 45th Pope from 29 September 440 to his death on 10 November 461.

paragraphs: Nothing is known about his early life. Little is known about his early work in the church. The first unmistakable reference to Pope Leo is in 429 when he was only a deacon.

paragraphs: Leo was made Bishop of Rome on 29 September 440. In other words, he became pope.

paragraphs: Leo is one of only two popes who are called "the Great". The other "great" is the first pope named Gregory.

paragraphs: In 452, Leo I peacefully convinced Attila the Hun "not" to destroy and plunder Rome. This made him a legendary figure in Italy.

paragraphs: Leo also wrote many scholarly books. One of them, a "Tome" on the Nature of Christ, was read out to both the Roman Emperor and to the Patriarch of Constantinople. Afterwards, they followed Leo's recommendations, and officially accepted certain religious matters, and rejected others. These decisions had many political implications, in many areas of the Eastern Roman Empire, for centuries to come.


title: Arthur Darvill

paragraphs: Arthur Darvill (born Thomas Arthur Darvill on 17 June 1982) is a English actor. He is best known for playing Rory Williams in the television series "Doctor Who". He has also acted in "Terre Haute" and "Swimming with Sharks".


title: Donkey Kong 3

paragraphs: Donkey Kong 3 is an arcade video game made by Nintendo in 1984. It is the third game in the "Donkey Kong" arcade series. A port was released for the Nintendo Entertainment System in 1986. It was later re-released for the Wii Virtual Console in North America and Europe in 2008 and 2009.

paragraphs: Donkey Kong has taken cover in Stanley's greenhouse. Stanley is a bugman, and must stop insects from destroying his flowers. He does this by killing them with bug spray. The main goal is to shoot Donkey Kong with the bug spray and force him to the top of the vine he is on while killing the insects. When Donkey Kong gets to the top, the player moves on to the next stage. The player can also complete a stage by killing all of the insects, which forces Donkey Kong to the top. At the start of a stage, Stanley can get a special bug spray which allows him to shoot Donkey Kong up at a faster rate. It is on one of Donkey Kong's vines. It is dropped when Donkey Kong reaches the point on the vine where the bug spray is. It only lasts for a certain amount of shots.


title: Costa Rican colón

paragraphs: The colón is the official currency of Costa Rica. It is named after Christopher Columbus, known as Cristóbal Colón in Spanish. The plural is "colones" in Spanish. The ISO 4217 code is CRC.

paragraphs: The symbol for the colón is a "c" with two slashes (₡). The symbol for the colón in many English language Windows keyboards can be made by pressing +.

paragraphs: The colón sign is not the same as the US cent sign, but the US cent sign is much more commonly available (¢). As such, it is frequently used instead of the colón's own sign in price markings and advertisements.

paragraphs: The colón is divided into 100 "centimos"

paragraphs: The colón was introduced in 1896 and replaced the Costa Rican peso. Between 1917 and 1919 coins were issued using the name centavo for the 1/100 subunit.

paragraphs: In 1897 gold 2, 5, 10 and 20 colones were issued. Later, silver 50 centimos and cupro-nickel 2 centimos were issued in 1903. In 1905 silver 5 and 10 centimos were issued. The 5 and 10 centimos had the initials G.C.R. ("Gobierno de Costa Rica") because they were issued by the government.

paragraphs: The government resumed in 1920 making 5 and 10 centimos coins with the G.C.R initials. Silver 25 centimos coins were made in 1925. The last government issued coins were brass 10 centimos coins in 1941.

paragraphs: In 1935, the International Bank of Costa Rica "(Banco Internacional de Costa Rica)" issued cupro-nickel coins of 25 and 50 centimos and 1 colón. These had the initials B.I.C.R.

paragraphs: The National Bank made 25 and 50 centimos coins in 1937. This bank also issued 1 colón coins. These coins had the initials B.N.C.R. 5 and 10 centimos coins were made in 1942. 2 colones coins were made in 1948.

paragraphs: The Central Bank of Costa Rica took over coin production in 1951. These coins had the initials B.C.C.R. "(Banco Central de Costa Rica)".

paragraphs: The first Banco Central coins were 5 and 10 centimos. Then 1 and 2 colones coins in 1954. In 1965, 50 centimos coins were made. 25 centimos coins were made in 1967.

paragraphs: By 1983, 5 and 10 centimos coins were discontinued. 25 centimos to 2 colon coins were made smaller in size. By this time 5, 10 and 20 colon coins were made.

paragraphs: By 1998, small brass 1, 5 and 10 colon coins were made. In this same year 25, 50 & 100 colones coins were added. In 2003, 500 colones coins were made. In 2006 aluminium 5 and 10 colones coins were made.

paragraphs: 1 colón coins are no longer used. In 2009 the large silver-colored ¢5, ¢10 & ¢20 were withdrawn. There are only the smaller silver-colored ¢5 and ¢10 coins and gold-colored ¢5, ¢10, ¢25, ¢50, ¢100 & ¢500 coins.

paragraphs: Four private banks, the "Banco Anglo–Costarricense", the "Banco Comercial de Costa Rica", the "Banco de Costa Rica" and the "Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica", issued notes between 1864 and 1917.

paragraphs: The Banco Anglo–Costarricense was established in 1864 and issued notes from 1864 to 1917. It later became a state-owned bank and in 1994 went bankrupt and closed. Notes were issued in denominations of 1, 25, 50, and 100 pesos as well as 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 colones. Some 1, 5, 10 and 20 colon notes (unsigned and undated) were released in 1963 when the bank celebrated its 100th anniversary. Some had "Muestra sin Valor" ("sample without value") printed on them in order to nullify the legal tender status and to prevent people from selling them. Most, however, didn't have that printed on them, which makes it harder nowadays to find notes with the seal.

paragraphs: The Banco de Costa Rica was established in 1890 and issued notes from 1890 to 1914. It is currently a state-owned bank. Notes were issued in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 100 pesos as well as 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.

paragraphs: The Banco Comercial de Costa Rica issued notes between 1906 and 1914 in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones. The Banco Mercantil de Costa Rica issued notes between 1910 and 1916, also in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones.

paragraphs: The government issued gold certificates in 1897 for 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 colones. Between 1902 and 1917, it issued silver certificates for 50 centimos, 1, 2, 50 and 100 colones.

paragraphs: In 1914, the "Banco Internacional de Costa Rica" introduced notes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones, to which 25 and 50 centimos, 1 and 2 colones were added in 1918. Although 25 centimos were not issued after 1919, the other denominations continued to be issued until 1936. After 1917, the Banco Internacional's notes were the only issued for circulation.

paragraphs: In 1937, the "Banco Nacional de Costa Rica" took over paper money issuing and issued notes for 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones until 1949. Many of the early notes were provisional issues overprinted on notes of the Banco Internacional, including the 1 colón notes which were briefly issued.

paragraphs: The "Banco Central de Costa Rica" began issuing paper money in 1950, with notes for 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 colones. The first notes were provisional issues produced from Banco Nacional notes (unsigned and undated). The Central Bank printed on them the corresponding signatures and dates, and the legend "BANCO CENTRAL DE COSTA RICA" over "BANCO NACIONAL DE COSTA RICA". Regular issues of notes began in 1951, but a second provisional issue of 2 colon notes was made in 1967. 1000 colon notes were added in 1958, followed by 500 colones in 1973, 5000 colones in 1992, and 2000 and 10,000 colones in 1997.

paragraphs: Whenever a banknote of a specific denomination is changed (design, security features, colour, etc.), a new series is released. Every banknote issued by this bank measures approximately 6.6 cm x 15.5 cm. Every note also has the serial and series numbers printed in red ink. Exceptions occurred with:

paragraphs: Every issue also features the signatures, date, and the agreement number printed in black.

paragraphs: The 1983 "Z" series of the 20 colón note was an experimental issue of the American Banknote Company which made the notes out of a polymer. To date, this has been the only Costa Rican note made of that material.

paragraphs: Since 2012, Costa Rican banknotes are undergoing a reform and are being replaced by a new model. Two new denominations were introduced as part of the reform; 20,000 and 50,000 colones. The old notes will all be withdrawn from circulation and be replaced by new ones. The new banknotes will have different colors, shapes and images than their predecessors. All the denominations have a different length so that people with visual impairments can recognize the banknotes easily.

paragraphs: On February 6, 2011, the United States dollar was worth 508.11 colones. The colón has had an unusual relationship with the U.S. dollar that may best be described as a "crawling peg"; instead of being defined by a constant value to the dollar, the colón instead would grow progressively weaker at a fixed rate of about 3.294 colones per dollar per month. On October 16, 2006, however, this crawling peg was modified due to weakness in the U.S. dollar and the perception that the colón is now undervalued. The exchange rate is now free to float within a currency band referenced to the United States dollar. The floor of the band has been set at a fixed value, while the ceiling changes at a fixed rate. In practice the exchange rate has remained fixed at the lower value of the currency band.

paragraphs: Since October 17, 2006 the colón is no longer bound to controlled devaluations (known in Costa Rica as "minidevaluaciones") by the Central Bank of Costa Rica. With the new system, "sistema cambiario de bandas", the exchange rates posted by the Central Bank are a "reference" and each authorized financial institution can determine their value independently in hopes that the free market will provide a mechanism to keep them reasonable.

paragraphs: The colón is sometimes referred to as the "peso", which was the name of the Costa Rican currency before the colón, until 1896. This is very common across Latin American countries, where most have (or had at some point) currencies called pesos. Another nickname is "caña" (Spanish for sugar cane, plural cañas) but this nickname is more often used in plural for amounts under 100 colones. For example: 5 cañas, 10 cañas, 20 cañas. This term has become less popular.

paragraphs: "Teja" (roof tile in Spanish) is used as another nickname. It means one hundred colones. For example: five hundred colones are called ""cinco tejas"". "Teja" can also be used for 100,000 colones. ""Media Teja"" (half a roof tile in Spanish) is used for 50 colones or 50,000 colones.

paragraphs: The one thousand colones note is called "un rojo" (one red) because of its red color.


title: Sainte-Mélanie, Quebec

paragraphs: Sainte-Mélanie is a municipality in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. It is part of the Joliette Regional County Municipality. It is located along the western shores of the L'Assomption River.

paragraphs: Sainte-Mélanie used to be part of the territory of the Ailleboust Seignory, which was given to Jean d'Ailleboust d'Argenteuil (1694-1785) in 1736. By 1800, Pierre-Louis Panet (1761-1812) was Lord of Ailleboust. His daughter Charlotte-Mélanie Panet (1794-1872) may have been the source of the name Sainte-Mélanie, also a reference to Melania the Younger (383-439). Charlotte-Mélanie's husband, Marc-Antoine-Louis Lévesque (1782-1833), donated the land in 1814 for a chapel that was built in 1830. The Parish of Sainte-Mélanie was founded in 1832. Four years later, in 1836, the post office opened under the name Daillebout.


title: L'Assomption River

paragraphs: The Assomption River (in French "", named after the Assumption of Mary) is the most important waterway in the Lanaudière region of Quebec, Canada. It is over long. It has a drainage basin of . It flows from the Mont Tremblant massif. Seven significant rivers flow into the Assomption (de la Boule, Versailles, Noire, la Chaloupe, Ouareau, Saint-Esprit, and Achigan) before it flows into the Rivière des Prairies at Repentigny, Quebec.

paragraphs: About 150000 people live in the drainage area of this river.


title: Long-tailed river stingray

paragraphs: The long-tailed river stingray or antenna ray, "Plesiotrygon iwamae", is a species of freshwater stingray in the family Potamotrygonidae.

paragraphs: These animals have a long tail, small eyes, and few pectoral-fin radials.

paragraphs: They eat worms, crustaceans, mollusks, and small bottom fish (such as small catfish). They can detect electrical and chemical signals from prey in mud and sand.

paragraphs: The species was mentioned in 1987 by Hugo P. Castello from Museu de Zoologia, University of São Paulo. Examples were then found in other museums that had been given wrong names or identified incorrectly.

paragraphs: This fish does not appear often in the aquarium trade.


title: Lofn

paragraphs: Lofn is a goddess in Norse mythology. Lofn is described in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson. She is described as a gentle woman who arranges marriages. She survived the Ragnarök, the battle at the end of the world to determine the fate of the gods.


title: Hawthorne effect

paragraphs: The Hawthorne effect is a form of reactivity. When the group which is under study knows about the study and their behavior changes after knowing that they are being studied, this change of behavior is the Hawthorne effect. For example: a group of 10 people are being studied for their health after exercising. Without knowing that they are being studied, they do or not do exercise, but after knowing that they are being studied they regularly do exercise.


title: Donkey Kong Country (TV series)

paragraphs: Donkey Kong Country was a French/Canadian animated television series. It was based off the video game of the same name. It first aired in France on September 4, 1996. It aired in the United States starting on August 15, 1997. It first aired on the Fox Box, but after 2 episodes, it moved to Fox Family. It aired until July 7, 2000.

paragraphs: The series involved a magical coconut named the Crystal Coconut found by Donkey Kong. It could grant wishes and answer any question. King K. Rool wanted to steal the Crystal Coconut along with taking over Kongo Bongo Island, the show's setting. Despite his efforts, he was never able to steal the Crystal Coconut.

paragraphs: Several things from this show, such as the Crystal Coconut, later appeared in the Nintendo 64 video game "Donkey Kong 64". Shigeru Miyamoto was critical of the show, stating his dislike for the show on several occasions.


title: Pac-Man (TV series)

paragraphs: Pac-Man was an animated television series that aired on ABC. It was created by Hanna-Barbera. It was based on the video game series of the same name. It aired from 1982 to 1983. Two seasons of 21 episodes were aired.

paragraphs: The show followed Pac-Man, his wife Pepper, their child Pac-Baby, their dog Chomp-Chomp, and their cat Sour Puss. They live in Pac-Land, a place built mostly of spheres and sphere-like shapes. Episodes were mainly about the Pac family and their battles with their enemies, the Ghost Monsters. The Ghost Monsters were Blinky, Inky, Pinky, Clyde, and Sue. They worked for Mezamaron, whose goal was to locate and control the Power Pellets. The Power Pellets were the food and power source for Pac-Land.

paragraphs: Two special episodes aired. The first one was the "Pac-Man Halloween Special", which was two Halloween episodes of the show. It aired in primetime on October 30, 1982. The second was "Christmas Comes to Pac-Land", which was a Christmas special where Pac-Man and his family had to help Santa Claus after he crash-landed in Pac-Land.


title: Cerro Chirripó

paragraphs: Cerro Chirripó is the highest mountain peak of Costa Rica. This mountain is in Chirripó National Park. It is known for its biodiversity. From the mountain, it is possible to see both the Carribean Sea and the Pacific Ocean at the same time on a clear day.


title: Serampore

paragraphs: Serampore () (also called Serampur, Srirampur, Srirampore, Shreerampur, Shreerampore, Shrirampur, Shrirampore) is a city and a municipality in Hooghly district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority. It is a town on the right bank of the Hoogly River.

paragraphs: Serampore was a colony of Denmark (what is known as Danish India) under the name Frederiksnagore from 1755 to 1845, when it became a British colony.

paragraphs: In the 2011 census,the population of Serampore was of 183,339 personas, of which 94,514 (52%) were male and 88,825 (%) were female; 12,817 (7%) were under 6 years of age. Those that could read and write were 153,460 (8%): 81,592 men (86% of men) and 71,868 women (81% of women).


title: San Isidro de El General

paragraphs: San Isidro de El General is a city in Costa Rica. It is the capital of Pérez Zeledón canton located in the province of San José. It is located 130 km from San José and 212 km from Paso Canoas, a border town with Panama.


title: Eau de toilette

paragraphs: Eau de toilette is a kind of perfume used to make skin smell nice. It is also called "aromatic waters". It is based on alcohol, its main ingredient. It is usually used on the skin after bathing or shaving. It is considered a "weak" and cheap version of perfume. Toilet water is defined as a dilute perfume (perfume is only ingredient mixed with alcohol and few other lowering the production cost). It was originally composed of alcohol and various volatile oils.


title: Newmarket, Ontario

paragraphs: Newmarket is a town in Ontario, Canada. The town is north of Toronto. The town was founded in 1801. Actors John Candy and Jim Carrey were born here.


title: Trecento

paragraphs: Trecento was the Italian word for the Italian culture during the 14th century.

paragraphs: The Trecento is considered the beginning of the Italian Renaissance cultural movement. It is sometimes called "Proto-Renaissance".

paragraphs: One of the most important centres of art and architecture in this period is Florence, a political, economical and cultural pole of Italy.

paragraphs: The most important artists who represent this period are Giotto, in painting, and Donatello, in sculpture. Indeed the Trecento begins with the works of the painter Giotto and includes Taddeo Gaddi, Orcagna, Altichiero and the sculptor Nicola Pisano.

paragraphs: In 1334 Giotto was appointed chief architect to Florence Cathedral, of which the "Campanile" (founded by him on 18 July 1334 AD) bears his name, but was not completed to his design. Most of the famous Florence Cathedral, an architecture masterpiece, was built during the Trecento.

paragraphs: Important sculptors included two pupils of Giovanni Pisano: Arnolfo di Cambio and Tino di Camaino, and Bonino da Campione.

paragraphs: The Trecento was also famous as a time of heightened literary activity, with writers working in the vernacular instead of Latin. Dante, Petrarch and Boccaccio were the leading writers of the age. Dante produced his famous "La Divina commedia" (The Divine Comedy), a summation of the medieval worldview, and Petrarch wrote verse in a lyrical style influenced by the Provençal poetry of the troubadours.

paragraphs: In music, the Trecento was a time of vigorous activity in Italy. Musicians and composers of the Trecento included the renowned Francesco Landini, as well as Maestro Piero, Gherardello da Firenze, Jacopo da Bologna, Giovanni da Cascia, Paolo "Tenorista" da Firenze, Niccolò da Perugia, Bartolino da Padova, Antonio Zachara da Teramo and Matteo da Perugia.


title: Socotra

paragraphs: Socotra ( "") is an island east of the Horn of Africa. It lies between the Guardafui Channel and the Indian Ocean. Although Socotra belongs to Yemen, in 2018 it was taken over by the United Arab Emirates.

paragraphs: To its west it is joined by an archipelago of much smaller islands. It is also named the Islands of San Gustav after the navigator who discovered them, Gustav Peter Galle Daniels. It is located east of the Horn of Africa and south of the Arabian Peninsula.

paragraphs: Socotra has a borderline tropical, desert climate and semi-desert climate (Köppen climate classification: "BWh" and "BSh"), with an average yearly temperature over . With a total of only , the yearly rainfall is light but is fairly spread throughout the year. The total rainfall in the mountains can average as much as per year and can average over per month from October to December, during the northeast monsoon. The southwest monsoon season from June to September brings strong winds and high seas.

paragraphs: The island is very isolated and some 30% of its plant species are found only on Socotra. It has been described as the most alien-looking place on Earth. The island is in length and in width.

paragraphs: Socotra belongs to the Republic of Yemen. From late 2017 to mid-2018, Socotra was occupied by the United Arab Emirates. In 2018, the island was also occupied by Saudi Arabia. The Emiratis and later the Saudis came to Socotra because of the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present). Since 2017, Socotra is no longer under the control of the internationally recognized Yemeni government. The island is under the control of the UAE and under the authority of the sessecionist Southern Transitional Council which is supported by UAE troops.


title: The Ice Sports Forum

paragraphs: The Ice Sports Forum is the official practicing ice area of the National Hockey League's Tampa Bay Lightning. The forum has two NHL approved rinks and a laser tag arena. It is located in Brandon, Florida.

paragraphs: The Ice Sports Forum is the home of the USF Ice Bulls, an ACHA Division III hockey club.


title: The Paper

paragraphs: The Paper is a 1994 comedy movie. It was directed by Ron Howard. The movie is about people who work for a newspaper in New York City. It involves personal affairs between members of staff. The movie stars Michael Keaton as Henry, Glenn Close as Alicia Clark and Marisa Tomei as Henry's wife Martha. "The Paper" was well liked by critics but earned less than $50 million at the box office.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

paragraphs: Yasujirō Ozu (12 December 1903 – 12 December 1963) was a Japanese movie director. He made many movies. These include "Tokyo Story" in 1953. His movies show Japanese families and their lives.


title: Even Cowgirls Get the Blues

paragraphs: Even Cowgirls Get the Blues is a 1993 drama-comedy-romance movie. It is about homosexuality, use of drugs and political rebellion. It stars Lorraine Bracco as Delores Del Ruby, Uma Thurman as Sissy and Roseanne Barr as Madame Zoe. The movie was not liked by critics.


title: Sacré-Cœur

paragraphs: Sacre Coeur is a Catholic basilica in Montmartre, Paris. The foundation was laid in 1875. It was finished in 1914. It is named after the Sacred Heart of Jesus. It is built in the Romano-byzantine style.


title: Beit HaNassi

paragraphs: Beit HaNassi ("President's House" in Hebrew), also known as Mishkan HaNassi ( "Presidential Residence") is the main residence of the President of Israel. It is in Jerusalem. The building was opened in 1971, after the Israeli government approved a state home for the president. In 2011, renovations were started after defects were found in the building.


title: Addicted to Love (movie)

paragraphs: Addicted to Love is a 1997 American romantic comedy movie set in New York City. It is about manipulation and revenge. The movie stars Meg Ryan as Maggie and Matthew Broderick as Sam. "Addicted to Love" was released in May 1997. It got both good and bad reviews by critics.


title: Pyramid (geometry)

paragraphs: A pyramid is a three-dimensional shape. It has triangular sides that come together in a point at the top, call the "apex". A pyramid with a square base (bottom) and four sides is called a square pyramid. A pyramid with a triangular base and is called a tetrahedron.

paragraphs: The formula for the volume of a pyramid is:

paragraphs: This means that one must find the volume by multiplying the base (B) by the height (h), then dividing the product by three.

paragraphs: The base is also known as the product of the length and the width, thus this formula could alternatively be written:

paragraphs: Either way works, but the technical formula for the volume of a pyramid is the former, due to its use of the capital B, which is shorthand for length and width as previously mentioned.


title: People Power Revolution

paragraphs: The People Power Revolution was a historic event that happened in the Philippines from 22-25 February 1986. It is also known as the EDSA Revolution, the Philippine Revolution of 1986, and the Yellow Revolution. This case of nonviolent revolution led to the departure of President Ferdinand Marcos from presidency and the restoration of the country's democracy. It is also referred to as the Yellow Revolution because of the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations following the assassination of Benigno Aquino, Jr.. It was widely seen as a victory of the people against the 20-year running authoritarian, repressive regime of then president Ferdinand Marcos and made news headlines as "the revolution that surprised the world".


title: Land of Israel

paragraphs: The Land of Israel ( , ; ) is a name for the region also known as Canaan, Palestine or the Holy Land. The name comes from the Torah and the Bible. The area is in the Middle East, and covers the southern part of the Levant.

paragraphs: Before the rise of the Kingdom of Israel, the region was called the Land of Canaan (the home of the Canaanites). In the Bible, the land was referred to as the ’Promised Land’ or the ‘Holy Land’.


title: Eparchy

paragraphs: Eparchy is the name of a diocese in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic churches. An eparchy is headed by a bishop, who is called "eparch". Churches with the Byzantine Rite (or the Rite of Constantinople) also have eparchies.


title: Gibbsite

paragraphs: Gibbsite, Al(OH), is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide. It is often designated as γ-Al(OH) (but sometimes as α-Al(OH)). It is also sometimes called hydrargillite (or hydrargyllite). It is an important ore of aluminium, and one of the main parts of the rock Bauxite.


title: Tel Aviv University

paragraphs: Tel Aviv University (TAU) ( ) is a university in Israel. It is in Tel Aviv, in the Ramat Aviv neighborhood, next to the Land of Israel Museum. It is the second-largest university in Israel, after the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The Museum of the Jewish People is on the university campus.


title: Haifa University

paragraphs: Haifa University is a public university in Haifa, Israel. It was opened in 1963, several years after the opening of the Tel Aviv University. The university's faculties are located in a big tower on the Mount Carmel viewing the Carmel Forest.


title: Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

paragraphs: Ben-Gurion University is a new public university in Israel. The university was opened in 1970 in Beer Sheba next to the Soroka Medical Center.


title: Mendeleev's predicted elements

paragraphs: In 1869, Professor Dmitri Mendeleev created the first periodic table of chemical elements. He arranged the elements from the lightest one to the heaviest one. When he proposed his periodic table, he placed empty spaces between some elements. He said that the empty spaces were for undiscovered elements. Mendeleev had also predicted the properties of these undiscovered elements.

paragraphs: Mendeleev gave temporary names for the undiscovered elements. He used the prefixes eka-, dvi- and tri- and combined it with any known elements in the same group with the undiscovered element. Eka-, dvi- and tri- are numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the Sanskrit language. The use of the prefix depends on how far the known element is from the unknown element. For example, germanium was called eka-silicon because silicon is placed one row above germanium, and rhenium was called dvi-manganese because manganese is placed two rows above rhenium. The names of these elements were changed after they were discovered.

paragraphs: Other scientists use the eka- prefix, too. Eka- is also used in the names of elements that Mendeleev did not predict. Before francium was discovered, it was called "eka-caesium", and before astatine was discovered, it was called "eka-iodine". The eka- prefix is also used to name transuranic elements (elements after uranium). For example, ununoctium is also called "eka-radon", and untriennium (element number 139) is also called "eka-actinium". Today, the IUPAC uses the systematic element name to give new elements a temporary name. This new way of naming elements depends on the atomic number of the element. It does not depend on the position of the element in the periodic table.


title: Christopher Jones

paragraphs: Christopher Jones (about 1570 – about 5 March 1622) was Master of the "Mayflower" when the ship carried the Pilgrims to North America in 1620.

paragraphs: Jones was born about 1570 to Christopher and Sybil Jones of Harwich, co. Essex, England. The Harwich records for the year of his birth are missing. Christopher was his father's eldest son. He lived in a house on High Street. Jones was eight years old when his father died. Christopher was left his father's share in the ship "Marie Fortune" when he turned eighteen. His brother Roger was left an eighth part and stock in another ship, the "Centurion", when he turned eighteen. Christopher's mother married Robert Russell on 20 September 1579.

paragraphs: On 23 December 1593, Jones married Sarah Twitt, the daughter of a fairly wealthy Harwich merchant. She lived across the street from Jones in Harwich. Within a year of their marriage in St. Nicholas's Church, Harwich, they had a son, Thomas. The boy was baptized on 1 December 1595. He died a few months later on 17 April 1596. Sarah's father died in 1599, leaving Christopher and Sarah Jones a twelfth share in the ship "Apollo". Sarah died in 1603. She was buried on 23 May 1603 in Harwich.

paragraphs: Six months after his wife's death, Jones married Josian Gray in St. Nicholas' church. She was the widow of Richard Gray, and the daughter of Thomas Thompson. Both men were ship owners and Harwich merchants. The Joneses had eight children, four born in Harwich and four born in Rotherhithe where the family moved in 1609.

paragraphs: By the time of his first wedding, Jones' father had died. He left Jones his share in the ship "Mary Fortune". Sarah Twitt received £20 and a twelfth share in the ship "Apollo" at her father's death. In 1601, Jones was elected freeman of the Borough of Harwich. He served as tax assessor and jury member in Harwich.

paragraphs: His name is listed as one of the 24 capital burgesses on the Great Charter granted to the Borough by James I in 1604. In 1605, he was accused of keeping hunting dogs (greyhounds), an interest open only to gentlemen whose land was valued at more than 40 shillings per year.

paragraphs: With what wealth he had acquired through inheritance and marriage, Jones was able to pursue a seafaring career. He built the ship, "Josian", named after his wife. He traded between England and Europe with voyages to Norway, Bordeaux, and Rochelle. He carried woolen cloth on outward bound voyages and wine on return trips.

paragraphs: Jones was part owner in the "Mayflower". He had been the master of the ship for about 11 years when it was hired to carry the Pilgrims to North America. Jones and his 102 passengers and 30-40 crew members left Plymouth, England in September 1620. They arrived in North America in November. Jones remained in the New World through a harsh winter and returned to England in the spring of 1621.

paragraphs: Jones' wintering in the New World very likely undermined his health. He died about 5 March 1622. His burial is recorded in the Parish Register of St Mary's church, Rotherhithe, as 5 March 1622. His house still stands in Harwich on King's Head St.


title: California Attorney General

paragraphs: The California Attorney General is the State Attorney General of California. The officer's duty is to ensure that the laws of the state are enforced. The Attorney General does their job through the California Department of Justice.

paragraphs: The Attorney General is elected to a four-year term, with a maximum of two terms. The election is held at the same statewide election as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Controller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Insurance Commissioner. The current Attorney General is Xavier Becerra, a former U.S. Representative.


title: Secretary of State of California

paragraphs: The Secretary of State of California is the chief elections officer of that U.S. state. The Secretary of State is also responsible for the California State Archives, as well as chartering corporations. The Secretary of State is elected to four year terms, concurrent with the other constitutional officers of California, and is restricted by term limits to only two terms. The incumbent, Alex Padilla, took office on January 5, 2015. He was elected on November 4, 2014 and his term will end on January 7, 2019.


title: Debra Bowen

paragraphs: Debra Lynn Bowen (born October 27, 1955), is an American politician. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She was the Secretary of State of California from 2007 to 2015. Before that, she was a member of the California State Legislature from 1992 to 2006. In March 2008, she was given the Profile in Courage Award by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. Bowen was unable to run for a third term in 2014 because of term limits.


title: Quesada, San Carlos

paragraphs: Ciudad Quesada (Quesada City) is a city in Costa Rica. It is the capital of the district of Quesada in the San Carlos canton of Alajuela. Ciudad Quesada is the official name (formerly La Unión) but is commonly called San Carlos (like the canton). Ciudad Quesada is the most populated city of the canton of San Carlos.

paragraphs: The city is the region's economic and political center. Ciudad Quesada and the neighboring area produces 65% of all the milk that the nation of Costa Rica uses.


title: Steak tartare

paragraphs: Steak tartare is a dish which is produced using finely chopped or ground meat of beef or horse. In Belgium and Luxembourg the dish is called "filet américain". The meat used for producing steak tartare is usually of a very high quality. The name refers to the Tatars, who are said to have had meat under their saddle when riding. Because the dish is usually eaten raw, there are health concerns: The meat may have been contaminated with bacteria or parasites. These risks can be reduced when folling basic rules of hygiene and by using fresh meat.


title: Alajuela

paragraphs: Alajuela is the second largest city in Costa Rica. It is the capital of Alajuela Province. It is the birthplace of Juan Santamaría (the national hero of Costa Rica). It is also the birthplace of Carlos Luis Fallas. Juan Santamaría International Airport of Costa Rica is south of Alajuela's downtown.


title: Cruel Intentions

paragraphs: Cruel Intentions is a 1999 American romantic teen drama movie set in New York City. It is about seduction, manipulation and lies.

paragraphs: Sarah Michelle Gellar plays Kathryn Merteuil, Ryan Phillippe plays her stepbrother Sebastian Valmont, Reese Witherspoon plays Annette Hargrove, Selma Blair plays Cecile Caldwell and Swoosie Kurtz plays Regina. "Cruel Intentions" got mixed reviews while playing in theaters, though it made close to $76 million. The movie became a cult favorite in the years after its release.


title: Nâzım Hikmet Ran

paragraphs: Nâzım Hikmet Ran (15 January 1902 – 3 June 1963), commonly known as Nâzım Hikmet, was a Turkish poet, playwright and novelist. He was well liked for the "lyrical flow of his statements". Hikmet was often arrested for his political beliefs. He spent much of his adult life in prison or in exile. His poetry has been translated into more than fifty languages.


title: Santa Rosa National Park

paragraphs: Santa Rosa National Park is a national park in Costa Rica. It is located in the northwestern part of Costa Rica, in the Guanacaste Province. It was originally made to protect the place where the Battle of Santa Rosa happened. It is north of Liberia city.


title: Ariel University

paragraphs: Ariel University is a public university in Ariel, a Jewish settlement in the West Bank. It used to be called the "Ariel University Center of Samaria". The university was founded in 1982.


title: John Alden

paragraphs: John Alden (c. 1599 – 1687) was a passenger on the ship "Mayflower". He was hired in England to be the cooper (barrel-maker) aboard the ship during her 1620 voyage. It is not known when or where he was born.

paragraphs: The Mayflower left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on November 21. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in the Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

paragraphs: Alden was one of the signers of the Mayflower Compact in November 1620. In Plymouth Colony, he became an assistant to the Governor.

paragraphs: Alden married Priscilla Mullins on 12 May 1622. They had ten children. He died on 12 September 1687. John and Priscilla were buried in the Myles Standish Burial Ground in Duxbury, Massachusetts.


title: San José Province

paragraphs: San José is a province of Costa Rica. It is in the central part of the country. The provincial capital, and the national capital since 1823, is the city of San José.

paragraphs: The San José province borders with the Alajuela and Heredia provinces to the north, with the Cartago and Limón provinces to the east; and the Puntarenas to the south and the west.

paragraphs: San José is in the central part of the country. The province has an area of .

paragraphs: The main mountains in the province are Turrubares, Camora, Cangreja, Nara, Cerro de la Muerte, San Jerónimo and Las Vueltas.

paragraphs: Some of the rivers that flow through the province are Grande de Candelaria, Pirrís, Virilla, Naranjo, División, Chirripó, General y Pejibaye.

paragraphs: People from the province are known as "josefinos" (women:"josefinas").

paragraphs: The San José province had a population, in 2011, of 1,404,242 for a population density of inhabitants/km. The canton of San José, with 288,054 inhabitants, is the canton with more inhabitants.

paragraphs: Evolution of the population in San José province

paragraphs: The San José province is divided in 20 cantons, which are divided into 124 Districts.


title: Frankie Stein (Monster High)

paragraphs: Frankie Stein is a fictional character on the television series "Monster High". She is the daughter of Frankenstein. The character is voiced by Kate Higgins.

paragraphs: Frankie is 15 years old. She is clumsy, polite, and athletic, but a good friend. Frankie has black and white hair. Her body is made of stitches and bolts. She is the new ghoul at Monster High. Her best ghoul friends are Draculaura and Clawdeen wolf .when she is nervous her bolts begin to spark and give people a bit of a shock.


title: Devourment

paragraphs: Devourment is an American death metal band from Dallas, Texas.


title: Relapse Records

paragraphs: Relapse Records is an independent record label based in Upper Darby, Pennsylvania.


title: Supreme Director of Chile

paragraphs: The Supreme Director of Chile was the person in charge of Chile's government after its independence from Spain. Several juntas also ruled the country during this period. The title came before the President of Chile


title: Limón y Sal

paragraphs: Limón y Sal ("Lemon and Salt") is the fourth studio album released by Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas.


title: Sí (album)

paragraphs: Sí ("Yes") is the third album by the Mexican singer-songwriter Julieta Venegas. She co-produced the album with Cachorro López and Coti Sorokin.


title: Growth factor

paragraphs: Growth factors are things in the body that allow or deny cells to grow. These factors are normally made up of cell hormones or other proteins within the body. All growth factors occur naturally within cells and are necessary for the cell life progression and death.

paragraphs: The first growth factor discovered and publicly recognized was in 1986. It was recognized in the form of a Nobel Prize. The award was given to Rita Levi-Montalcini and Stanley Cohen.


title: Pope Gregory III

paragraphs: Pope Gregory III (; died 28 November 741) was an Syrian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 90th Pope from 11 February 731 to 28 November 741.

paragraphs: Gregory was born in Syria, but the date of his birth is not known.

paragraphs: Gregory was elected pope in 731. During his reign, the issue of iconoclasm or image worship was an important controvery.

paragraphs: After the reign of Gregory III, there were no other non-European popes until Pope Francis in 2013.


title: King Kong vs. Godzilla

paragraphs: King Kong vs. Godzilla is a 1962 Japanese monster movie. It was produced by Toho Studios. It is the third "Godzilla" movie and first Japanese "King Kong" movie. It is the first time Godzilla and King Kong appear together in a movie, and the first time they appear in color. The movie involves Godzilla and King Kong fighting on Mount Fuji after King Kong fights a giant octopus and Godzilla attacks Japan.

paragraphs: The movie has the highest box office figures of any "Godzilla" movie. It sold 11.2 million tickets and made ¥350,000,000. The movie was produced as a part of Toho's 30th anniversary celebration. It was later released in the United States in the summer of 1963.


title: Cyclothymia

paragraphs: Cyclothymia is a mental illness characterized by mood swings - a mood disorder. The disease is a milder version of bipolar disorder. The mood swings are usually less extreme. Mood swings can be spontaneous, or triggered by an event.

paragraphs: Cyclothymia is also an old name for bipolar disorder.


title: The Evening Star

paragraphs: The Evening Star is a 1996 romance comedy-drama movie. It is about a dysfunctional family in Houston, Texas. Shirley MacLaine plays Aurora Greenway, Juliette Lewis plays Melanie Horton and Miranda Richardson plays Patsy Carpenter. This movie was released on Christmas 1996 in the United States. It is a sequel to "Terms of Endearment" "The Evening Star" got negative reviews from critics. It performed poorly at the box office. The movie is set in the years between 1988 and 1993.


title: Being Julia

paragraphs: Being Julia is a 2004 romance drama movie. Annette Bening stars as Julia. This movie is set in 1938 in London, England. Its subjects are sarcasm, seduction and finding true love. The movie got positive reviews from the critics.


title: Rhode Island Sound

paragraphs: Rhode Island Sound is an area of sea off the coast of Rhode Island, New England.


paragraphs: The State Administration of Foreign Exchange of the People's Republic of China is agency that controls foreign exchange market activities, and manages Chinese foreign exchange reserves valued at $3.2 trillion. The current director is Yi Gang.

paragraphs: SAFE's was kept in secret from world and its actions were often anonymous. In last decade the agency became so big it it had to come out from hiding and open up for media. SAFE is making a lot of investing on forex and commodity market. The head office is located in Bejing and it is closely connected to ruling party.