title: Nonverbal communication

paragraphs: Nonverbal communication (NVC) is sending and receiving wordless messages. Language is not the only way to communicate, there are other means. Much nonverbal communication is unconscious: it happens without thinking about it.

paragraphs: NVC can use gestures and touch, body language or posture, facial expression and eye contact. NVC can be communicated through objects such as clothing and hairstyles. Dance is also a type of nonverbal communication.

paragraphs: Speech has nonverbal elements known as paralanguage. These include voice quality, emotion and speaking style, rhythm, intonation and stress. Likewise, written texts have nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words, or the use of emoticons, such as :).

paragraphs: Nonverbal communication has three main aspects: the situation where it takes place, the communicators, and their behavior during the interaction.

paragraphs: Verbal means 'the use of words'. Thus, vocal sounds that are not words, such as a grunt, or singing a wordless note, are nonverbal. Sign languages and writing are understood as verbal communication, as both make use of words – although like speech, paralinguistic elements do occur alongside nonverbal messages. Nonverbal communication can occur through any sensory channel – sight, sound, smell, touch or taste. NVC is important because:

paragraphs: "When we speak (or listen), our attention is focused on words rather than body language. But our judgement includes both. An audience is simultaneously processing both verbal and nonverbal cues. Body movements are not usually positive or negative in and of themselves; rather, the situation and the message will determine the appraisal".

paragraphs: Spoken language is often used for communicating information about external events, but non-verbal codes are more used in interpersonal relationships. According to Argyle, there are five primary functions of nonverbal bodily behavior in human communication:

paragraphs: Paralanguage is the study of nonverbal cues of the voice. Various acoustic properties of speech such as tone, pitch and accent, collectively known as prosody, can all give off nonverbal cues. Paralanguage may change the meaning of words.

paragraphs: The linguist George L. Trager developed a classification of voice set, voice qualities, and vocalization.

paragraphs: Clothes, and fashion generally, send messages. We judge others by what we see, at least when we first meet them. Fashion is a reflection of the time and place. The styles show as much about history and the time period as any history book. Clothes reflect on what people think, and how they live. Fashion is a nonverbal statement. It reflects our time, our beliefs and sometimes our religion.

paragraphs: Body language means how your body is held: the "stance". It tends to show your attitude (state of mind) to what is going on round you. Others pick up the signs in a flash.

paragraphs: Eye contact can indicate interest, attention, and involvement. Gaze includes looking while talking, looking while listening, amount of gaze, and frequency of glances, patterns of fixation, pupil dilation, and blink rate.

paragraphs: Showing strong emotions is powerful communication which is immediately understood. Many of the signals are the same in all cultures, as Darwin showed. Examples of strong emotions shown visually are:

paragraphs: These are listed in order of clarity. No-one mistakes anger or fear, but more subtle emotions may sometimes be missed by the onlooker.

paragraphs: Touch is classic nonverbal communication. It is perhaps the most intimate (closest) thing one person can do to another. What it means depends on the context. Here is a short-list of what we may do when we touch another person:

paragraphs: Most of the arts are forms of non-verbal communication:

paragraphs: Animals other than humans do not have our kind of language, but many make use of non-verbal communication. With many, scent plays a greater role in their communication. Also, social animals can get to understand the meaning of tone of voice, and even understand key words. Say "walkies!" to the family dog... With animals which are social and intelligent, humans can have a genuine relationship. In general, that means animals which are mammals. Communication of the non-verbal kind is strongly developed in mammals, and mammals are mostly social animals.

paragraphs: Many animals recognise each other's alarm signals (cross-species communication). Indeed animal communication of one kind or another is almost universal amongst vertebrates.


title: Triangular number

paragraphs: A triangular number is a number that is the sum of all of the natural numbers up to a certain number. For example, 10 is a triangular number because . The first 25 triangular numbers are:0, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190, 210, 231, 253, 276, 300.

paragraphs: A triangular number is calculated by the equation:


title: Skeptical Inquirer

paragraphs: The Skeptical Inquirer is an American science magazine. The Committee for Skeptical Inquiry (CSI) publishes this magazine every other month. This magazine's subtitle is now "The magazine for science and reason". Articles in the magazine are about science and pseudoscience (fake or phony science).

paragraphs: "The mission of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry is to promote scientific inquiry, critical investigation, and the use of reason in examining controversial and extraordinary claims." The "Skeptical Inquirer" is not a formal scientific journal.

paragraphs: The Skeptical Inquirer criticizes topics, such as homeopathy, astrology, SETI, the creationism-evolution controversy, global warming, AIDS denial, and whether legendary persons such as King Arthur were real. The magazine also includes general interest science articles.

paragraphs: The founder of CSICOP (the original name of CSI) Paul Kurtz listed four policies in 2006:

paragraphs: Several collections of articles from the "Skeptical Inquirer," have been published. Books of collections of articles are:


title: Animal Collective

paragraphs: Animal Collective is a band originally from Baltimore, Maryland, but are now based in New York City. Animal Collective consists of Avey Tare (David Portner), Panda Bear (Noah Lennox), Deakin, also spelled as Deacon or Deaken (Josh Dibb), and Geologist (Brian Weitz).


title: Comox, British Columbia

paragraphs: Comox, British Columbia is a town in British Columbia on Vancouver Island. Comox is known for having the HMCS Quadra Sea Cadet training facility and Canadian air force base CFB Comox.

paragraphs: The population is 12,136 from the 2006 census.


title: Walled In

paragraphs: Walled In is a 2009 horror/thriller movie that was produced by Kevin DeWalt and directed by Gilles Paquet-Brenner.

paragraphs: The plot of the movie is based on the best-selling novel "Les Emmures" and is about a woman (Mischa Barton) who discovers past residents who were entombed within the walls of a building by a vicious murderer.


title: Pair production

paragraphs: In physics, pair production is what happens when a photon interacts with the nucleus of an atom, instead of the electron like in lower level x-ray interactions. The photon gives its energy to the nucleus and then creates a pair of positively and negatively charged electrons. The positive electron (positron) ionizes until it combines with a free electron. The two particles scatter in opposite directions.

paragraphs: The probability of pair production is proportional to the energy of the incoming photons and is affected by the material's atomic number. Pair production usually happens with energy levels over 25 MeV. Pair production happens sometimes in radiation therapy treatments with high-energy photon beams.

paragraphs: It is somewhat related to photoelectric effect.


title: Acupuncture

paragraphs: Acupuncture is an ancient kind of medical treatment where the doctor sticks needles in certain places of a person's body. The oldest records are at least 2,500 years old. Thin metal needles are pushed into the body at certain places called "acupuncture points". It is a form of alternative medicine, and a key part of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). It uses the Chinese philosophy of yin and yang.

paragraphs: There is no general agreement as to whether acupuncture is effective. It is difficult to do good research on this issue.

paragraphs: A 2014 review article said "researchers usually find that it generally does not matter where the needles are inserted, how often (that is, no dose-response effect is observed), or even if needles are actually inserted. In other words, 'sham' or 'placebo' acupuncture generally produces the same effects as 'real' acupuncture and, in some cases, does better". A 2013 analysis found little evidence that the effectiveness of acupuncture on pain (compared to sham) was modified by the location of the needles, the number of needles used, the experience or technique of the practitioner, or by the circumstances of the sessions.

paragraphs: Using the principles of "evidence-based medicine" (~ scientific research) to research acupuncture is controversial, and has produced different results. Some research suggests acupuncture can alleviate pain but the majority of research suggests that acupuncture's effects are mainly due to placebo. Evidence suggests that any benefits of acupuncture are short-lasting. There is insufficient evidence to support use of acupuncture compared to mainstream medical treatments. Acupuncture is not better than mainstream treatment in the long term.

paragraphs: Chinese doctors have claimed to perform surgery with acupuncture as the only anaesthetic. This is a claim which is difficult to test. In some cases at least, the claim has been fraudulent, because morphine, or other sedatives were delivered through a drip. In 2006, a BBC documentary "Alternative Medicine" filmed a patient undergoing open heart surgery allegedly under acupuncture-induced anesthesia. It was later revealed that the patient had been given a cocktail of anesthetics.

paragraphs: Recently, acupuncture has begun to be used more frequently in the West. In the United States acupuncture has often been used to help control pain and drug and alcohol addiction. It is also often used to treat headaches, asthma, and arthritis. It is widely agreed that acupuncture treatment is safe when done by well-trained doctors using clean needles.

paragraphs: Guidelines from the NICE (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence) is that

paragraphs: "The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) only recommends considering acupuncture as a treatment option for chronic lower back pain, chronic tension-type headaches and migraine".


title: Nishogakusha University

paragraphs: The school was founded in 1877. It was established as a university in 1949.

paragraphs: There are two campuses—the Kundan campus and the Kashiwa campus.


title: Order of Australia

paragraphs: The Order of Australia was created by Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia on 14 February 1975. It was created to show the very best people of Australia. The award is given to notable Australian citizens who make big changes to Australia or internationally with their work. Sometimes the award is given to people who are not citizens of Australia.

paragraphs: The Order has many groups. The awarded person will join one of these groups:


title: Pedro María Zabalza

paragraphs: Pedro María Zabalza (born 13 April 1944) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Ilsinho

paragraphs: Ilsinho (born 12 October 1985) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Shakhtar Donetsk.


title: Osamu Adachi

paragraphs: Osamu Adachi (born 19 August 1972) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Akihiro Kameda

paragraphs: Akihiro Kameda (born 16 December 1966) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Angelos Basinas

paragraphs: Angelos Basinas (born 3 January 1976) is a Greek football player. He plays for Portsmouth and Greece national team.


title: Claude Davis

paragraphs: Claude Davis (born 6 March 1979) is a Jamaican football player. He plays for Crystal Palace and Jamaica national team.


title: Tommaso Rocchi

paragraphs: Tommaso Rocchi (born 19 September 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Lazio.


title: Futoshi Ikeda

paragraphs: Futoshi Ikeda (born 4 October 1970) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Denílson Pereira Neves

paragraphs: Denílson Pereira Neves (born 16 February 1988) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Arsenal.


title: Maurizio Ganz

paragraphs: Maurizio Ganz (born 13 October 1968) is a former Italian football player.


title: Rami Shaaban

paragraphs: Rami Shaaban (born 30 June 1975) is a Swedish football player. He has played for Sweden national team.


title: Nawaf Al-Temyat

paragraphs: Nawaf Al-Temyat (born 28 June 1976) is a former Saudi Arabian football player. He has played for Saudi Arabia national team.


title: Clemente Rodríguez

paragraphs: Clemente Rodríguez (born 31 July 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Estudiantes La Plata and Argentina national team.


title: Martín Palermo

paragraphs: Martín Palermo (born 7 November 1973) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Boca Juniors and Argentina national team.


title: Sheamus

paragraphs: Stephen Farrelly () (born 28 January 1978) is an Irish professional wrestler and actor, best known by his ring name Sheamus, . He is signed with WWE and competes on the Raw program, currently tag teaming with Cesaro, where they are former 2 time Raw Tag Team Champions.

paragraphs: Prior to joining WWE, Farrelly was also a two-time International Heavyweight Champion during his tenure in Irish Whip Wrestling. He is a three-time World Champion, having held the WWE Championship on two occasions and is the current World Heavyweight Champion in his first reign. He also won the King of the Ring in 2010 and the Royal Rumble in 2012, as well as the WWE United States Championship once.

paragraphs: Farrelly was born in Cabra, Dublin and was raised within the city. His father, Mark, was an amateur bodybuilder. Farrelly speaks fluent Gaelic, having attended Scoil Caoimhin Primary and Secondary School, a Gaelscoil During his school years he sang in the Palestrina Choir until the age of thirteen, as part of which he appeared on the Late Late Show and Live at Three television programmes. He played Gaelic football for the Erin's Isle team where he was declared sports star of the month. He also played rugby for the National College of Ireland, where he gained a National Diploma.

paragraphs: Farrelly is a former IT technician. He also worked as security for a nightclub which led to him occasionally working personal security for Bono and Larry Mullen Jr. of U2 as well as Denise van Outen.

paragraphs: Farrelly's inspiration into a professional wrestling career came from watching both British wrestling from ITV's "World of Sport" and American wrestling from the World Wrestling Federation on Sky One. On the advice of Bret Hart, Farrelly began training in Larry Sharpe's Monster Factory wrestling school in April 2002, alongside Tank Toland, Cliff Compton and Cindy Rogers. Six weeks later he officially debuted as a fan favorite under the name Sheamus O'Shaunessy against Robert Pigeon. It was during this time that he developed the nickname the "Irish Curse" after low-blowing an opponent. He soon suffered a serious neck injury after botching a hip toss which sidetracked his career for two years.

paragraphs: Farrelly soon developed his wrestling character by drawing on Celtic mythology. Wanting to move away from limiting Irish stereotypes of lucky charms, leprechauns and alcoholism, he instead wanted to portray an Irish warrior. Going to a Gaelscoil, Farelly grew up aware of the four cycles of Irish mythology and, inspired by the artwork of Jim Fitzpatrick, incorporated the sword and axe-wielding imagery into his gimmick. This included the design of his own pendant, the crossos, which combines the Celtic cross with a Celtic War sword to illustrate his character's "indigenous origins with a hybrid of warrior strength matched with a strong ethical centre."

paragraphs: In May 2004, still using the ring name Sheamus O'Shaunessy, Farrelly returned to wrestling at the newly opened Irish Whip Wrestling (IWW) school in Dublin. He then made his debut match for the promotion at their Mount Temple show on 9 July against Mark Burns, who he easily defeated. He went on to win a battle royal the following month.

paragraphs: O'Shaunessy spent the rest of the year engaged in a rivalry with Vid Vain after losing to his tag team partner Joey Cabray the same night as winning the battle royal. On 22 and 23 October they traded wins, leading to O'Shaunessy recruiting help from CJ Summers to help defeat the tag team on 24 October. Still O'Shaunessy failed to defeat Vain in singles action the following day.Despite these losses, his impressive showings earned him a place against Alex Shane in a guest match for the Frontier Wrestling Alliance (FWA) British Heavyweight Championship. Despite putting on a strong showing and being close to winning, his friend Red Vinny interfered in the match and cost him the championship.

paragraphs: In March 2005 he avenged this loss by teaming with Raven to defeat Shane and Vinny. This victory was part of a winning streak over the end of March where O'Shaunessy wrestled twice a day on 24, 25, 26 – including an 11 man Rumble win – and 27 March with a standard tag match and a ten-man tag team match. This series of victories, aside from one loss by disqualification to Vain, put him good stead for the one-day tournament held in County Kildare to crown the inaugural IWW International Heavyweight Champion. On March 28, O'Shaunessy put an end to his main rivalries when he defeated Vinny and then Vain in the quarter and semi finals, respectively. He met Darren Burridge in the final match and won to become IWW's first champion, but had to compete again in an evening show in Dublin, defeating Burridge and Vinny once more in a tag match alongside Vain.

paragraphs: O'Shaunessy's first successful title defence came against Burridge the following month but Burridge would not let his grudge rest, continuing to attack O'Shaunessy and finally costing him the title during a match against D'Lo Brown on 29 May. O'Shaunessy earned revenge in July by defeating Burridge in a grudge match, though lost to him in an arm wrestling contest the following day. Still, he continued on his quest to regain the title by winning a contendership three way match against Vinny and Red Viper in August setting him up to regain the International Heavyweight Championship in October from Brown in Newcastle upon Tyne in England.

paragraphs: After defending his title against Vampiro O'Shaunessy found himself embroiled in a new feud with rising Scottish wrestling star "Thee" Drew Galloway, whom he later admitted was his toughest opponent. On 28 January 2006, he received his first championship match, evolving their rivalry from previous non-title contests. The rivalry quickly took on a patriotic flavour, with Galloway's blue colours of Scotland clashing O'Shaunnesy's green colours of Ireland, mirroring the Old Firm football derby between Glasgow Rangers and Glasgow Celtic, respectively. This football allusion became particularly prominent when the two met again at Verona Football Club once again for the title, though the match changed into a Lumberjack match, the result and champion remained the same.

paragraphs: With Galloway defeated, O'Shaunessy continued to dominate by again defending his title against Vampiro on 17 March. Galloway earned himself a two out of three falls match against the champion the following day, however, which O'Shaunessy won two falls to one; the next day produced the same result in a match O'Shaunessy claimed was his best on the independent circuit. With Galloway briefly answered, O'Shaunessy took on the newcomer Pierre Marcaeu and defeated him in two successive title matches only to find Galloway had earned another shot. With their rivalry intensifying, Galloway's next challenge to O'Shaunnesy was given the stipulation of a Last Man Standing match. O'Shaunessy retained the title, as he also did in June with the same stipulation. Finally, on 28 August, O'Shaunessy lost the IwW International Heavyweight Championship in a singles match to Galloway in what would be his last appearance with the promotion.

paragraphs: As well as wrestling in Ireland, O'Shaunessy occasionally travelled to Great Britain to make appearances on the British independent circuit. In April 2006 he was brought into Wales' Celtic Wrestling promotion as a contender for their top title but was defeated by the champion, Chris Recall. Later that year in November, he was employed by London's LDN Wrestling to appear on their "Capital TV" show where, after quickly defeating William Hill, he gained an LDN Championship match against Tex Benedict which ended with Benedict winning by disqualification and O'Shaunessy attacking him after the match.

paragraphs: During his time overseas he worked for Brian Dixon's All Star Wrestling, which gave him a taste of large audiences that he had not experienced in Ireland, as well as wrestling English veteran Robbie Brookside and other British wrestling luminaries, including Nigel McGuinness and Doug Williams. He also represented the UK in a Battle of the Nations tag team match between the UK and Austria alongside Drew McDonald and The Celtic Warrior in a losing effort against Chris Raaber, Michael Kovac & Robert Ray Kreuzer at the European Wrestlng Association's Night of Gladiators.

paragraphs: As well as making top contender appearances based on his growing reputation, O'Shaunessy also brought with him to Britain his long-standing rivalry with Galloway. He had already wrestled in Galloway's home promotion, British Championship Wrestling (BCW), twice in 2005 losing to Jay Phoenix on the day before Phoenix would lose to Galloway in March, and returning in September to defeat one of BCW's top stars, Wolfgang, via countout. In the middle of their IWW feud the following year, O'Shaunessy went back to Scotland to take part in BCW's Path To Glory tour, defeating Galloway on the first night but conceding a loss the to him next night in May. Though their feud finished in Ireland in August 2006, it continued on across the Irish Sea when the two wrestled for the umbrella promotion Real Quality Wrestling (RQW) the following year. The two first met during April's "Taking On The World" show which ended in a double countout. The lack of a decision led to a rematch in June, and one of O'Shaunessy's last on the independent circuit, where Galloway picked up the victory in a No Holds Barred match ahead of an RQW Heavyweight Championship match.

paragraphs: On 13 November 2006, O'Shaunessy appeared on the World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) show "Raw" at the Manchester Evening News Arena as part of the security team ejecting D-Generation X from ringside only to later receive a Pedigree from Triple H. The following day he and Galloway had a try out match against each other. The following year in April he received another set of try out matches in Milan and London against Galloway as well as Stu Sanders and WWE talent Jimmy Wang Yang and Monster Factory alumnus Domino. This led to an offer for signing a developmental contract for WWE from renowned trainer at which point he relocated to the United States.

paragraphs: O'Shaunessy debuted for the WWE developmental territory Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW) on 2 October in a double-debut match with a win over Bryan Kelly. While wrestling regularly, he was not part of any long feuds but did wrestle with a number of short-term tag teams alongside Hade Vansen and Jake Hager before teaming with Kafu (and managed by Dave Taylor) in the tournament to crown the inaugural FCW Florida Tag Team Champions. They advanced past the first round after defeating The British Lions ("Thee Superstar" Christopher Gray and "The Rascal" Tommy Taylor) but lost to Brad Allen and Nick Nemeth in the second round.

paragraphs: By September, O'Shaunessy had focused his attention to singles competition and wrestled his way to the top of the card, successfully defeating former partner Hager for the Florida Heavyweight Championship. He defended the title against Hager on 23 October and took on a number of competitors, with Eric Escobar and Joe Hennig consistently earning themselves into contention. Eventually, on 11 December, O'Shaunessy lost the title to Escobar in a four-way match also involving Hennig and Drew McIntyre (formerly Drew Galloway).

paragraphs: O'Shaunessy spent 2009 continuing to chase gold, earning two shots over January and February at the Florida Tag Team Champions Johnny Curtis and Tyler Reks but he and Ryback were unsuccessful in both attempts. In March he challenged the two for the titles once again, this time with McIntyre as his partner but could not defeat them, nor could he defeat McIntyre for the Florida Heavyweight Championship the following month. He received a series of chances throughout the rest of the year but could not win any more titles before being called up to WWE television, unsuccessfully challenging Justin Angel for the Florida Heavyweight Championship in November.

paragraphs: On 22 July 2008 O'Shaunessy worked a dark match at a "SmackDown" taping, losing to R-Truth. The following year in May, O'Shaunessy began appearing at the Raw brand's house shows, and on both 8 and 9 May he defeated Jamie Noble along with another dark match victory over Noble before an episode of "Raw".

paragraphs: On the 30 June 2009 episode of "ECW", Farrelly made his unannounced debut as a villain under the shortened ring name of Sheamus, quickly defeating a local competitor. Sheamus soon entered into a critically well-received rivalry with Goldust after defeating him on 29 July. After exchanging victories in the following weeks the two appeared on the "Abraham Washington Show" talk segment leading to a No Disqualification match on 1 September which was won by Sheamus. Sheamus then began a feud with Shelton Benjamin which was hot-shot into a deciding match on 27 October which Sheamus won.

paragraphs: His rivalry with Benjamin ended prematurely because Sheamus had already been moved to the Raw brand. He made his "Raw" debut by defeating Jamie Noble on 26 October. In the following weeks, he continued to attack Noble causing him to retire, and, in lieu of competition, assaulted the timekeeper and commentator Jerry Lawler on November 16 at Madison Square Garden. The following week Sheamus appeared on his first WWE pay-per-view event, Survivor Series. Sheamus appeared as part of The Miz's team in a traditional five-on-five elimination tag team match. He eliminated fellow Irishman Finlay and made the final pinfall to eliminate the opposing captain John Morrison and survive along with Miz and long-time former rival Drew McIntyre.

paragraphs: The following night on "Raw", Sheamus won a "break-through" battle royal for wrestlers who had never won a world championship, to become the number one contender to John Cena's WWE Championship. At the contract signing immediately afterwards, Sheamus put Cena through the table as the Raw guest host Jesse Ventura announced it would be a Table match. On 13 December, at the pay-per-view, Sheamus defeated Cena to win the WWE Championship, his first championship in WWE, making him the first Irish-born WWE Champion. The following night on "Raw", Sheamus was awarded the 2009 Breakout Superstar of the Year Slammy Award. On 31 January at the Royal Rumble, Sheamus retained the his title against Randy Orton via disqualification after he was attacked by Cody Rhodes. On 21 February, Sheamus lost the WWE Championship at the Elimination Chamber pay-per-view in the Elimination Chamber match after he was eliminated by Triple H. During the match, Sheamus suffered a concussion and as a result did not attend "Raw" the following night. Upon his return, he took revenge on Triple H with an attack to set up a match at WrestleMania XXVI that Sheamus lost. The following month at Extreme Rules, Sheamus attacked Triple H at the beginning of the show and later defeated him in a Street Fight. After a series of kicks to the head to win, he continued his assault after the match finished resulting in Triple H being written off television for ten months.

paragraphs: On 20 June, at the Fatal 4-Way pay-per-view, Sheamus won a fatal four-way match, following interference from The Nexus that allowed him to pin John Cena, thus winning the WWE Championship, and beginning his second World Championship reign. He went on to defeat Cena a third time in a steel cage match to retain the championship at the WWE Money in the Bank pay-per-view, and against Randy Orton at SummerSlam, which ended in disqualification, meaning that Sheamus retained his title. At Night of Champions, Sheamus was pinned by Randy Orton in a Six-Pack Elimination Challenge for the WWE Championship.

paragraphs: He bounced back on 29 November, with wins over Kofi Kingston and John Morrison to become King of the Ring, after receiving a bye through the second round. As King Sheamus, he faced Morrison again at the PPV for a future WWE Championship match but lost the Ladder match. Going into 2011, he continued to lose to Morrison in a mixture of singles and tag team matches. Triple H returned on 28 February and took revenge for his scripted ten month injury by putting him through the announce table. Right after that, Sheamus was defeated by Evan Bourne who returned to Raw after a four month injury. On 7 March, after losing a match against Daniel Bryan, Sheamus challenged him to a rematch with his WWE career on the line against Bryan's United States Championship. He won his match against Bryan the following week, winning his first United States Title. The rematch between Sheamus and Bryan took place on 3 April, during the preshow of WrestleMania XXVII, and ended in a draw after interference from the lumberjacks.

paragraphs: In the 2011 Supplemental Draft, Sheamus was drafted to the SmackDown brand. Although he took the United States Championship with him, he lost it back to the Raw brand at Extreme Rules when Kofi Kingston defeated him in a Table match. On the 3 June episode of "SmackDown", Sheamus lost a World Heavyweight Championship match to Randy Orton due to biased refereeing from Christian, beginning a turn from a villainous character to a fan favorite over the following weeks. Two weeks later, he was put in a match against Christian with a stipulation that if Sheamus won, he would be able to compete in the World Heavyweight Championship match at WWE Capitol Punishment. However he was unsuccessful in the match, and was he was punted by Randy Orton after the match. Sheamus' face turn culminated in him attacking Mark Henry for being a bully, though he lost to him by count-out at Summerslam. After this loss, Sheamus went on a 14 match winning streak that ended after outside interference from Christian, with whom he had been feuding. During this time, Sheamus defeated Christian in three consecutive matches at Hell in a Cell, Vengeance, and on "Smackdown". He then went on a 12 match winning streak building towards winning the 2012 Royal Rumble. He entered the match twenty-second and won by last eliminating Chris Jericho to earn a main event championship match at WrestleMania XXVIII.

paragraphs: At Elimination Chamber, Sheamus attacked World Heavyweight Champion Daniel Bryan after the latter retained his title in the Elimination Chamber match; confirming he would face Bryan at WrestleMania. At WrestleMania XXVIII, Sheamus defeated Bryan in eighteen seconds to win his first World Heavyweight Championship. On the 6 April episode of "Smackdown", Sheamus was defeated by Alberto Del Rio via disqualification, thus earning Del Rio a future title match. At Extreme Rules, Sheamus successfully defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Bryan in a two out of three falls match. At Over the Limit, Sheamus defeated Randy Orton, Chris Jericho, and Alberto Del Rio in a fatal-four-way match to retain the World Heavyweight Championship. At No Way Out, Sheamus defeated Dolph Ziggler to again retain the World Heavyweight Championship.

paragraphs: After losing the WWE World Championship to Roman Reigns, Sheamus would go to tag team with Cesaro and win the Raw Tag Team Championships, before losing them to Karl Anderson and Luke Gallows.

paragraphs: Farrelly played the role of Two Ton in the 2008 movie "The Escapist", which starred Joseph Fiennes and Brian Cox. He had a small role in the 2006 Irish film, "3 Crosses", and was a Celtic Warrior Zombie in the opening sequence of the 2009 movie "Assault of Darkness" opposite Vinnie Jones. He appeared on several episodes of the famous Irish sock puppet, Dustin the Turkey's show "Dustin's Daily News" where he had a rivalry with Dustin. It ended with Dustin and Sheamus having a "fight", which Dustin won. He also appeared on "The Podge and Rodge Show" as a leprechaun wrestler, along with IWW alumnus George McFly.


title: Glenmore, Wisconsin

paragraphs: Glenmore is a town in Brown County of the state of Wisconsin in the United States. 1,187 people were living in Glenmore as of 2000. Shirley can be found in Glenmore.


title: Rover 600 Series

paragraphs: The Rover 600 Series is a car produced by Rover. It replaced the Austin Montego in 1993, and were in 1999 replaced by the Rover 75.

paragraphs: It were only available as 4-door saloon with 4-cylinder engines.


title: Radymno

paragraphs: Radymno is a town and commune in Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in Jarosław district, Poland. Between 1975–1998 the town was in Przemyskie Voivodeship.

paragraphs: In the past Radymno was a town of people with different faiths: Roman Catholic, Judaic and Greek Catholic. Currently most of the residents are Roman Catholic. The town is situated in the Przemyśl Gate on a plateau in the foothills of the Carpathian Mountains, in the valley of the San River, sited on the left bank of the Rada River, on the international road A4 which runs from Jędrzychowice-Korczowa (State Border) to Lviv (Ukraine).

paragraphs: Radymno is a small town, but it is highly developed in terms of sport. Currently in the city there are 4 sports club.

paragraphs: It is a football men’s club. Military&Civil Sports Society operated in Radymno since 1934. Later, the name of this club has changed. Until now its name is MKS Radymno. The team has its own stadium, where we can find about 1000 seats. At the moment, MKS Radymno plays in the Fifth Division. There are 3 sections age. Currently, Grzegorz Olech is the president of the club. (Official page [http://mksradymno.futbolowo.pl/ <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>] )

paragraphs: It is a volleyball men’s club. “Żagiel” is a relatively young club, because it has started its activity in 2010. That’s the only club in the city, in which men can play the volleyball. There are 2 sections: senior and cadet. The senior's team play in the Second Podkarpacie League. Cadets play in Podkarpacie League Cadets. Zdzisław Koniuch is the founder and the president of the club. (Official page [http://www.zagiel.org/ <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>] )

paragraphs: It is a volleyball women’s club. Women’s passion and involvement womens in volleyball were the main factors why this club was created. That was in 2012. Feniks Radymno has 2 sections: junior and youngster. From the beginning the team play in Amateur Volleyball League. Every year the club gets one of three places on the podium. Also every year Feniks with the president of the city are organize New Year's female Volleyball Tournament. (Official page [http://feniksradymno.blogspot.com/ <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] )

paragraphs: It is the youngest club in the city. The club was created by involved parents, in 2015. Giganci Radymno is mainly football club, but it has also a chess section. In the club yoy can find children aged 7 to 13 years. (Official page [http://uksgiganciradymno.futbolowo.pl/ <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>] )


title: Volkswagen Golf Plus

paragraphs: The Volkswagen Golf Plus is a minivan based on the Volkswagen Golf.

paragraphs: The first generation of the Golf Plus were launched in 2005, and were based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk5.

paragraphs: The second generation of the Golf Plus were launched in 2009, and were based on the Volkswagen Golf Mk6.


title: Sexual selection

paragraphs: Sexual selection is a special kind of natural selection. It is a theory of Charles Darwin that certain traits can be explained by competition "within" a species.

paragraphs: Darwin defined sexual selection as the effects of the "struggle between the individuals of one sex, generally the males, for the possession of the other sex". It is usually males who fight each other. Traits selected by male combat are called secondary sexual characteristics. They include horns, antlers, which are sometimes referred to as 'weapons'.

paragraphs: Traits selected by mate choice are called 'ornaments'. Females often prefer to mate with males with external ornaments exaggerated features of morphology. Genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism. This idea is known as the 'good genes' hypothesis. Sexual selection is still being researched and discussed today.

paragraphs: One author says studies on sexual selection have something important to tell us, namely "how males and females came to be what they are".

paragraphs: Today, biologists would say that certain evolutionary traits can be explained by competition between members of the "same" species. Competition can be "before" or "after" sexual intercourse.

paragraphs: Finally, sexual conflict is said to occur between breeding partners, sometimes leading to an evolutionary arms race between males and females. This is based on the simple fact that the interests of males and females in reproduction are fundamentally different.

paragraphs: Males: their interest is to mate with a large number of completely faithful females, thus spreading their genes widely in the population.

paragraphs: Females: Their interest is to mate with a large number of fit males, thus producing a large number of fit and "varied" offspring.

paragraphs: Female mating preferences are widely recognized as being responsible for the rapid and divergent evolution of male secondary sexual traits. Females of many animal species prefer to mate with males with external ornaments – exaggerated features such as elaborate sex organs. Alternatively, genes that enable males to develop impressive ornaments or fighting ability may simply show off greater disease resistance or a more efficient metabolism. "These" features would be likely to be inherited by offspring of both sexes.


title: Sabine Bergmann-Pohl

paragraphs: Sabine Bergmann-Pohl (born 20 April 1946) is a German conservative politician. She was the last head of state of East Germany from 5 April to 2 October 1990. On 3 October, East and West Germany were reunited.

paragraphs: She was born in Eisenach and studied medicine. She joined the CDU in 1981 and, after East Germany's only free elections, held in March 1990, became a member of the Volkskammer. On 5 April 1990 she became the President of the Volkskammer and, as the Council of State of the German Democratic Republic had been abolished, head of state of East Germany - the only woman to hold the post.

paragraphs: She met with former United States President Ronald Reagan in East Berlin before reunification and said "Mr. President, we have much to thank you for."

paragraphs: Upon reunification she was named a Minister Without Portfolio. She was Federal Minister for Special Affairs from 1990 to 1991, and Under-Secretary of State for Health between 1991 and 1998. She also became a member of the Bundestag.

paragraphs: She retired from the Bundestag in September 2002. She is a Lutheran.


title: Google Sidewiki

paragraphs: Google Sidewiki is an online service from Google launched on September 23, 2009. Google Sidewiki is an extension for web browser. You have Sidewiki for Internet Explorer and Firefox through Google Toolbar. You have Sidewiki for Google Chrome browser through an add-on. You have Sidewiki for other browsers like Safari as a bookmarklet. When you visit a website with Google Sidewiki you can press on Sidewiki button. It opens a window where you can read others' comments or write your own comments. The owner of the website can not stop you from doing this.


title: César Aparecido Rodrigues

paragraphs: César Aparecido Rodrigues (born 24 October 1974) is a Brazilian football player. He has played for Brazil national team.


title: Shoji Akimitsu

paragraphs: Shoji Akimitsu (born 7 May 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Javier Navarro

paragraphs: Javier Navarro (born 6 February 1974) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Paul Telfer

paragraphs: Paul Telfer (born 21 October 1971) is a former Scottish football player. He has played for Scotland national team.


title: Minoru Ueda

paragraphs: Minoru Ueda (born 20 June 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Kazutoshi Miura

paragraphs: Kazutoshi Miura (born 7 March 1977) is a former Japanese football player.


title: José Marcelo Ferreira

paragraphs: José Marcelo Ferreira (born 25 July 1973) is a former Brazilian football player. He has played for the Brazil national team.


title: Onagraceae

paragraphs: Onagraceae is a family of flowering plants, beloging to the myrtle order comprising 21 genera concentrated in the temperate region of the New World. The family is characterized by flowers with parts mostly on the plan of four (four sepals, four petals, four or eight stamens), but there are some exceptions. The ovary is inferior (i.e., below the flower proper).


title: Yusuke Amano

paragraphs: Yusuke Amano (born 10 April 1978) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Ryuzo Okamitsu

paragraphs: Ryuzo Okamitsu (born 1940) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Shinya Tamaoki

paragraphs: Shinya Tamaoki (born 8 October 1988) is a Japanese football player.


title: Damiano Zenoni

paragraphs: Damiano Zenoni (born 23 April 1977) is an Italian football player. He plays for Parma.


title: Giampiero Pinzi

paragraphs: Giampiero Pinzi (born 11 March 1981) is an Italian football player. He plays for ChievoVerona.


title: Tamon Machida

paragraphs: Tamon Machida (born 14 February 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Sony Sendai.


title: Suguru Hashimoto

paragraphs: Suguru Hashimoto (born 16 June 1982) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Gifu.


title: Yusuke Tasaka

paragraphs: Yusuke Tasaka (born 8 July 1985) is a Japanese football player. He plays for Kawasaki Frontale.


title: Blood atonement

paragraphs: Blood atonement was once a teaching of the Mormon Church. Brigham Young first preached about blood atonement in the 1850s, though Joseph Smith may have thought of it first.

paragraphs: Blood atonement taught that murder is so bad that the only way the murderer could pay for their sins was to be killed. This was sometimes called "blood-for-blood" punishment because it was used to punish murder. However, sometimes it was also used for non-violent crimes, like denying or leaving the church or marrying someone of a different race.

paragraphs: The idea of blood atonement led to firing squads being allowed in Utah for many years. It also may have led to the , where Mormons killed some emigrants from Arkansas.

paragraphs: At one time, most Mormons believed in blood atonement. Today, only some fundamentalists do.


title: František Straka

paragraphs: František Straka (born 28 May 1958) is a former Czech football player. He has played for Czechoslovakia national team.


title: Luís Boa Morte

paragraphs: Luís Boa Morte (born 4 August 1977) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for West Ham United and Portugal national team.


title: John Michael Wright

paragraphs: John Michael Wright (May 1617 – July 1694) was a British portrait painter in the Baroque style.

paragraphs: Wright was taught in Edinburgh by the Scots painter George Jamesone. He became a famous artist and scholar during his long journey in Rome. There, he entered the Accademia di San Luca, and came to know some of the most important artists of his time. He was hired by Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria, the governor of the Spanish Netherlands in 1655. His job was to find artworks in Oliver Cromwell's England in 1655.

paragraphs: He settled in England from 1656. He served there as a court painter before and after the English Restoration. A Roman Catholic, he was favoured by the Stuart court. Hired by both Charles II and James II, he saw many of the political experiences of the era. In the last years of the Stuart rule he went back to Rome as part of an embassy to Pope Innocent XI.

paragraphs: Today, Wright is seen as one of the most important British painters of his time. He is important mostly because of the special realism he used in his portraits. Perhaps because of his unusual experiences, he was favoured by people of the highest level of society. This was surprising in an age in which foreign artists were usually more liked. Wright's paintings of royalty and aristocracy are in the collections of many great galleries today.

paragraphs: John Michael Wright, who would later sign himself ""Anglus"" or ""Scotus"", is of uncertain origin. The diarist John Evelyn called him a Scotsman. Horace Walpole and his later biographer, Verne, agreed with this.

paragraphs: But in 1700, Thomas Hearne claimed that Wright was born in Shoe Lane, London. He added that after Wright became a Roman Catholic when he was an adolescent, he was taken to Scotland by a priest. A baptismal record, dated 25 May 1617, for a "Mighell Wryghtt", son of James Wright, described as a tailor and a citizen of London, in London, seems to agree with this claim.


title: Frank Leboeuf

paragraphs: Frank Leboeuf (born 22 January 1968) is a former French football player. He has played for France national team.


title: Öland

paragraphs: Öland is an island on the east coast of Sweden. It has a total area of , making it the second biggest Swedish island. Öland is connected with Sweden via a bridge.


title: Gräsö

paragraphs: Gräsö is an island on the east coast of Sweden. It has a total area of .


title: Vicente del Bosque

paragraphs: Vicente del Bosque (born 23 December 1949) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Xenophanes

paragraphs: Xenophanes of Colophon, c.570 – c.475 , was a Greek philosopher, poet, and social and religious critic.

paragraphs: Our knowledge of his views comes from fragments of his poetry, surviving as quotations by later Greek writers. To judge from these, his poetry criticized and satirized a wide range of ideas. This included Homer and Hesiod, the belief in the pantheon of anthropomorphic gods and the Greeks' love of athletics and athleticism. He is the earliest Greek poet who claims explicitly to be writing for future generations, creating "fame that will reach all of Greece, and never die while the Greek kind of songs survives".

paragraphs: Xenophanes' surviving writings display a skepticism that became more commonly expressed during the 4th century BC. He satirized the polytheistic beliefs of earlier Greek poets and of his own contemporaries. "Homer and Hesiod" one fragment states, "have attributed to the gods all sorts of things that are matters of reproach and censure among men: theft, adultery, and mutual deception". Sextus Empiricus reported that such ideas were savored by Christian apologists. Xenophanes is quoted, memorably, in Clement of Alexandria, arguing against the conception of gods as fundamentally anthropomorphic:

paragraphs: But if cattle and horses and lions had handsor could paint with their hands and create works such as men do,horses like horses and cattle like cattlealso would depict the gods' shapes and make their bodiesof such a sort as the form they themselves have...Ethiopians say that their gods are snubnosed and blackThracians that they are pale and red-haired.

paragraphs: His remark "God is one, supreme among gods and men, and not like mortals in body or in mind". led some to claim he was the first monotheist. Others pointed out that he still referred to other gods.


title: Modus tollens

paragraphs: Modus tollendo tollens (Latin: "the way that denies by denying") is a valid, simple argument form in classical logic. It is referred to as denying the consequent. It is closely related to another valid form of argument, "modus ponens" or affirming the antecedent. "Modus tollens" is a very common rule of inference, and takes this form:


title: Metta World Peace

paragraphs: Metta World Peace (born Ron Artest, November 13, 1979 ) is an American basketball player. He plays for the Los Angeles Lakers in the NBA.

paragraphs: Ron Artest has had a very interesting NBA career. He was drafted out of St. John's University by the Chicago Bulls and was known primarily as a defensive stopper. Later, he played for the Indiana Pacers, where he was involved in one of the most vicious NBA fights of all-time. After leaving Indiana in disgrace, he played briefly for a couple teams before settling with the Lakers and becoming the "Robin" to Kobe Bryant's "Batman."

paragraphs: Today Ron Artest is respected in the NBA for his loyalty, and his quality play for the Lakers shows that he was worthy of a second chance at an NBA career.


title: On the Origin of Species

paragraphs: On the Origin of Species is the famous book by Charles Darwin. It gave evidence for evolution, and suggested what had caused evolution to happen.

paragraphs: Its full title was "On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life".

paragraphs: It was published in London by John Murray in November 1859. It was translated into many languages, and has been in print ever since. The title since the 6th edition of 1872 has been "The Origin of Species". This is the most important single book in the biological sciences, and its main ideas are well-supported by modern research.

paragraphs: Darwin's book did two things. First, it provided a great deal of evidence that evolution has taken place. Second, it proposed a theory to explain "how" evolution works. That theory is natural selection. Evolution by natural selection is the key to understanding biology, and the diversity of life on Earth.

paragraphs: Darwin's ideas on the connection between natural selection and inheritance were unclear, mainly because the process of genetic inheritance was unknown at that time. This was solved in the mid-20th century by the modern evolutionary synthesis, which showed that Gregor Mendel's genetics was compatible with evolution in small steps. Darwin made almost no mention of the evolution of the human race, though most of the controversy raged around this topic. Darwin eventually published "The Descent of Man" in 1871.

paragraphs: The "Origin" was a serious blow to all who interpreted the Bible literally. However, even in 1860, there were many Christians who thought some of the Old Testament could not be literally true. Even the early Church Fathers had not interpreted Genesis literally. Today, both the Anglican and Catholic churches hold that evolution is not inconsistent with their beliefs.

paragraphs: The "Origin" marked a big step in the history of science. Before it, religious leaders often gave their opinions on science; after – though it took time – science increasingly became the business of professional scientists. Darwin's friend Thomas Henry Huxley devoted many years to supporting Darwin, and opposing any interference of religion in science.

paragraphs: All aspects of biology have been affected by evolution. Before Darwin, most biology was natural history, done by dedicated amateurs. After Darwin, most biology was done by professionals trained in modern techniques. The book helped this change by providing evolution as the explanation of how living things came to be as they are.

paragraphs: Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change.

paragraphs: Many readers were already familiar with the idea of evolution from a book published anonymously in 1844, "Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation" (actually by Robert Chambers). In his introduction Darwin ridicules that work as failing to provide a mechanism (a way it could happen).

paragraphs: The first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication.

paragraphs: Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines. The idea was to show that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable if species had been individually created.

paragraphs: There were six editions of the "Origin" during Darwin's life. The second, in 1860, was almost the same as the first. The sixth edition bore the title: "The origin of species".

paragraphs: There were many changes in the text in later editions. In the fifth edition of 1869 Darwin used Herbert Spencer's phrase 'survival of the fittest' for the first time, in the heading of chapter 4.

paragraphs: In the sixth and last edition, Darwin uses the word 'evolution' for the first time in this book. There is a new chapter 7 inserted:

paragraphs: The "Origin" was translated during Darwin's lifetime into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Hungarian, Italian, Polish, Serbian, Spanish and Swedish, and into 18 more languages since. Translations into some languages, such as French and German, were done more than once.

paragraphs: There are some reference works which help scholars to do research on the "Origin".

paragraphs: Peckham, Morse (ed) 1959. "The Origin of Species: a variorum text". University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. A variorum contains all variants of a text; this records every change made by Darwin to the first edition up to 1890.

paragraphs: Horblit H.D. 1964. "One hundred books famous in science". Grolier Club. Contains the first full bibliographic description of the first edition.

paragraphs: Barrett, Paul H., Weinshank D.J. and Gottleber T.T. 1961, reprint 1981. "A concordance to Darwin's "Origin of Species", first edition". Cornell, Ithaca & London. This takes every substantive word in the book in alphabetical order, and lists every occurrence with context and page number. Same idea as concordances to the Bible.

paragraphs: Stauffer R.C. (ed) 1975. "Charles Darwin's Natural Selection being the second part of his big species book written from 1856 to 1858". Edited from manuscript. Cambridge.

paragraphs: Freeman, Richard Broke 1965, 2nd ed 1977. "The works of Charles Darwin: an annotated bibliographical handlist". Dawson, Folkestone. Includes all the editions and reprints of all Darwin's works, as far as could be ascertained. Also, an on-line version with a few later corrections:


title: Armitage Shanks

paragraphs: Armitage Shanks is a porcelain sanitary-ware company that started in 1969. Its headquarters are in Stoke-on-Trent, United Kingdom. Its main product is toilets, but they also make bathroom fixtures and plumbing supplies. They have eight factories. A punk rock music band from the 1990s is named after them.

paragraphs: Armitage Shanks is made up of two older companies. Armitage started in 1817, when Thomas Bond started a pottery at Armitage, in Staffordshire. They began making toilets in the 1850s. The second company was Shanks which started making toilets at Barrhead near Glasgow, Scotland in 1878. The two companies joined together in 1969.


title: Standard of living

paragraphs: Standard of living usually refers to the economic level of an individual, family, or nation. People can measure it by the value of the goods and services produced or used by the individual, family, or nation in a period of time.

paragraphs: Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights affirms a good standard of living as a human right with enough food, clothing, housing, social security and aid when having difficult situation, such as joblessness, illness, disability, losing one's partner, and being old. Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights affirms this as well.

paragraphs: Some measures try to take non-material things into account when trying to understand how people live. In an Economist study in 2005 Ireland was rated highest in quality of living, while Zimbabwe was seen as having one of the worst quality of life rates in the world.


title: Canaanite

paragraphs: Canaanites were a people mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, or Old Testament. Most of their land, called Canaan, later became known as Israel.

paragraphs: The Canaanites settled in the region about 2000 BCE. They were the main inhabitants until about 1200 B.C. The Book of Joshua says that the Israelites conquered Canaan. However, archaeology and the Bible suggest that the Israelites only gradually became the area's main people. Archaeology also suggests that many Canaanite cities were destroyed by the Sea Peoples, or Philistines, in the 1100s BCE. The Sea Peoples may have sailed to Canaan from the area around the Aegean Sea.

paragraphs: The Canaanites were a Semitic people related to the Phoenicians, Amorites, Assyrians and Israelites. The Canaanites had a developed civilization. Their main political group was the city-state. In a city-state, a king ruled a city or town and the villages and land around it. The Bible mentions a number of Canaanite tribes.

paragraphs: The chief Canaanite gods were El (a creator god) and Baal (a storm god). The main goddesses were Anat, Asherah, and Astarte. They were fertility goddesses.


title: U.S. Route 101 in California

paragraphs: In the U.S. state of California, U.S. Route 101 (US 101) is one of the last remaining and longest U.S. Routes still active in the state, and the longest highway of any kind in California. US 101 was also one of the original U.S. Routes established in 1926.

paragraphs: This route is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System.

paragraphs: US 101 starts at Olympia, Washington, runs south through the rest of Washington, through Oregon and then through California to Los Angeles.

paragraphs: The Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco is part of US 101.

paragraphs: Southern Californians usually refer to the highway as The 101 (where it is mostly a freeway). In Northern California, people simply call it 101.


title: Yelp, Inc.

paragraphs: Yelp, Inc. is a company that operates a social networking, user review, and local search web site of the same name. Over 31 million people access Yelp's website each month, putting it in the top 150 of U.S. Internet web sites.


title: John Stalberg, Jr.

paragraphs: John Stalberg, Jr. is an American movie director and screenwriter.

paragraphs: The first movie Stalberg directed was the comedy "High School". It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival. It was released theatrically by Anchor Bay Entertainment on June, 1, 2012. He is also developing the project "Spanking Shakespeare", which he is writing and directing.


title: Free State Stadium

paragraphs: Free State Stadium is a sports stadium in Bloemfontein, South Africa.

paragraphs: The stadium will host the 2010 FIFA World Cup. Is one of the 10 stadiums where World Cup games will be played.

paragraphs: All times are given in South African Standard time (UTC+2).


title: Peter Mokaba Stadium

paragraphs: Peter Mokaba Stadium is a sports stadium in Polokwane, South Africa.

paragraphs: The stadium hosted the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It is one of the 10 stadiums where the World Cup games were played.


title: Royal Bafokeng Stadium

paragraphs: Royal Bafokeng Stadium is a sports stadium in Rustenburg, South Africa.


title: The Dirty Energy Dilemma

paragraphs: The Dirty Energy Dilemma is a 2008 book by academic Benjamin K. Sovacool. In the book Sovacool discusses some of the "big energy challenges" facing the United States, and suggests that the fix for these problems is 'clean energy' in the form of energy efficiency and renewable energy. Sovacool sees no role for nuclear power in a clean energy transition.

paragraphs: "The Dirty Energy Dilemma" won a 2009 Nautilus Award.


title: Nobuhiro Sadatomi

paragraphs: Nobuhiro Sadatomi (born 5 July 1979) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Veljko Paunović

paragraphs: Veljko Paunović (born 21 August 1977) is a former Serbian football player. He has played for Serbia national team.


title: Sebastián Battaglia

paragraphs: Sebastián Battaglia (born 8 November 1980) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Boca Juniors and Argentina national team.


title: Piotr Sowisz

paragraphs: Piotr Sowisz (born 10 September 1971) is a former Polish football player.


title: Frédéric Kanouté

paragraphs: Frédéric Kanouté (born 2 September 1977) is a Malian football player. He plays for Sevilla and Mali national team.


title: Cosmin Contra

paragraphs: Cosmin Contra (born 15 December 1975) is a Romanian football player. He plays for Timişoara and Romania national team.


title: Manu del Moral

paragraphs: Manu del Moral (born 25 February 1984) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Getafe.


title: Miguel de las Cuevas

paragraphs: Miguel de las Cuevas (born 19 June 1986) is a Spanish football player. He plays for Sporting Gijón.


title: Fabiano Eller

paragraphs: Fabiano Eller (born 19 November 1977) is a Brazilian football player. He plays for Internacional.


title: Julien Escudé

paragraphs: Julien Escudé (born 17 August 1979) is a French football player. He plays for Sevilla and France national team.


title: Antonio Puerta

paragraphs: Antonio Puerta (26 November 1984 – 28 August 2007) is a former Spanish football player. He has played for Spain national team.


title: Nélson Marcos

paragraphs: Nélson Marcos (born 10 June 1983) is a Portuguese football player. He plays for Real Betis Balompié and Portugal national team.


title: Fumiaki Iwamoto

paragraphs: Fumiaki Iwamoto (born 23 April 1968) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Leandro Somoza

paragraphs: Leandro Somoza (born 26 January 1981) is an Argentine football player. He plays for Vélez Sársfield.


title: Sylvain N'Diaye

paragraphs: Sylvain N'Diaye (born 25 June 1976) is a Senegalese football player. He has played for Senegal national team.


title: Ramesses II

paragraphs: Ramesses II was one of the greatest Pharaohs of Ancient Egypt. He was the third Pharaoh of the Nineteenth dynasty. His successors and later Egyptians called him the "Great Ancestor".

paragraphs: When he was 14, Ramesses was appointed successor by his father Seti I. He ruled Egypt from 1279 BC to 1213 BC. This is a total of 66 years and 2 months. It is likely that he died in his 90th or 91st year. On his death, he was buried in a tomb in the Valley of the Kings; his body was later moved to a royal cache (hidden wall slot) where it was discovered in 1881. It is now on display in the Cairo Museum.

paragraphs: Ramesses II led several expeditions north into the lands east of the Mediterranean (the location of the modern Israel, Lebanon and Syria). He also led expeditions to the south, into Nubia.

paragraphs: The early part of his reign was focused on building cities, temples and monuments. He established the city of Pi-Ramesses in the Nile Delta as his new capital and main base for his campaigns in Syria.

paragraphs: Early in his life, Ramesses went on campaigns to get land back from Nubian and Hittite hands, and to secure Egypt's borders. He also stopped Nubian revolts and ran a campaign in Libya. During Ramesses's reign, the Egyptian army may have included about 100,000 men, a force that he used to strengthen Egyptian influence over neighbouring lands.

paragraphs: In his second year, Ramesses defeated the Sherden sea pirates. They were causing problems along Egypt's Mediterranean coast by attacking cargo-laden vessels on the sea routes to Egypt. Ramesses posted troops and ships at strategic points along the coast, and allowed the pirates to attack their prey. He then caught them by surprise in a sea battle, capturing them all in a single action. A stele says they came "in their war-ships from the midst of the sea, and none were able to stand before them". Shortly afterwards Sherden are seen in the Pharaoh's body-guard with their horned helmets, round shields and the great Naue II swords.

paragraphs: The Hittite Mursili III fled to Egypt, after he failed to take his uncle's throne. The uncle, Hattusili III, demanded that Ramesses extradite (send back) his nephew back to Hatti.

paragraphs: This caused a crisis between Egypt and Hatti, when Ramesses said he did not know where Mursili was. The two empires came close to war. Eventually, in the twenty-first year of his reign (1258 BC), Ramesses decided to make an agreement with Hattusili III, to end the conflict. The document they agreed is the earliest known peace treaty in world history.

paragraphs: The peace treaty was recorded in two versions, one in Egyptian hieroglyphs, the other in Akkadian, using cuneiform script; both versions survive. Such dual-language recording is common to many treaties. This treaty differs from others in that the two language versions are differently worded. Although the majority of the text is identical, the Hittite version claims that the Egyptians came suing for peace, while the Egyptian version claims the reverse. The treaty was given to the Egyptians in the form of a silver plaque. This 'pocket-book' version was taken back to Egypt, and a copy carved into the Temple of Karnak.

paragraphs: The most important and famous of Ramesses' Queen consorts was discovered in 1904. The tomb of Nefertari is extremely important, because its magnificent wall painting is regarded as one of the greatest examples of ancient Egyptian art.

paragraphs: A flight of steps cut out of the rock makes it possible to go to the antechamber. This is decorated with paintings based on chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. The astronomical ceiling represents the heavens and is painted in dark blue, with many golden five-pointed stars. The east wall of the antechamber is interrupted by a large opening with paintings of Osiris and Anubis. This leads to the side chamber, decorated with offering scenes. A vestibule with paintings shows Nefertari being presented to the gods, who welcome her. On the north wall of the antechamber is the stairway that goes down to the burial chamber. This is a vast quadrangular room covering a surface area of about , the astronomical ceiling of which is supported by four pillars entirely covered with decoration.


title: David Rozehnal

paragraphs: David Rozehnal (born 5 July 1980) is a Czech football player. He plays for Hamburg and the Czech Republic national team.


title: Ballonmuseum Gersthofen

paragraphs: The Ballonmuseum Gersthofen was started in 1985 on appr. exhibition area in Gersthofen near Augsburg.


title: Governor of New South Wales

paragraphs: The Governor of New South Wales is the oldest political office of Australia. Captain Arthur Phillip RN became the first Governor of New South Wales on 7 February 1788. The Colony of New South Wales was the first British settlement in Australia. The first governors had almost autocratic powers due to the distance from and poor communications with Great Britain. In 1824 the New South Wales Legislative Council, Australia's first legislature, was appointed to help the governor.

paragraphs: Between 1850 and 1861, the Governor of New South Wales was also called the Governor-General. All letters between the Australian colonies and the British Government were meant to go through the Governor-General. The other colonies had Lieutenant-Governors. As they became independent, South Australia in 1836, Tasmania January 1855 and Victoria May 1855 replaced their Lieutenant-Governors with Governors. Sir William Denison kept the title of Governor-General until h is retirement.

paragraphs: The Governor acts on the advice of the head of the elected government, the Premier of New South Wales. The Governor does have power of the Crown, and has the right to dismiss the Premier. This power was last used in 1932, when Sir lachlan mendham dismissed toby erin rodgers

paragraphs: If the Governor dies, resigns or is absent their duties are carried out by the Lieutenant Governor of New South Wales.

paragraphs: The Governor of New South Wales used Government House as a home, office and official reception space until 1996. The Governor's office is now in the historic Chief Secretary’s Building at 121 Macquarie Street. In 2011, the Premier of New South Wales, Barry O'Farrell, said that this would change and the governor would move back into Government House.

paragraphs: The first Australian-born Governor of New South Wales (or of any Australian state) was Lieutenant General Sir John Northcott in 1946. All governors since then have been Australian-born except for Gordon Samuels, who was born in the United Kingdom but came to Australia at an early age. Northcott's successor, Lieutenant General Sir Eric Woodward (1957), was the first born in New South Wales.


title: Chūbu region

paragraphs: The regions of Japan are a fusion of historical divisions and modern administrative needs". The significance of the region in Japan is geographical, cultural and administrative.

paragraphs: In the late 7th century, the "Hokuridō" was identified as one of the eight largest administrative areas of the Imperial system ("ritsuryo seido").

paragraphs: "Gokishichidō" is an ancient system of names for parts of the country, including "Hokuridō". Chūbu covers a central part of the island of Honshū in roughly the same area as the traditional "Hokuriku", "Kōshin'etsu" and "Tōkai".

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the modern regional system was made by Imperial decree. Japan was divided into regions ("chihō"), including the Hokuriku and Tokai or Chūbu region. A regional council ("chihō gyōsei kyōgisai") was headed by the governor of the most powerful prefecture in the regional grouping. The council also included regional chiefs of central government ministries.

paragraphs: Over time, Chūbu has developed its own regional dialects, customs and unique traditional culture.

paragraphs: The Chūbu region is a large area of Honshū. Chūbu has traditional subddivisions, including Hokuriku, Kōshin'etsu, Shin'etsu, and Tōkai.


title: Space bar

paragraphs: The space bar, also called the 'spacebar' or 'space key', is one of the most commonly used keys on a computer keyboard. It is used to put a space into something being typed. It is at the bottom of most standard keyboard layouts, such as the QWERTY keyboard. The space bar is wider than all of the other keys on the keyboard.

paragraphs: On many computers, pressing the space bar at the same time as the ALT or CTRL key can activate many useful functions. For example, it can minimize a window in some operating systems. In some web browsers, pressing the space bar makes a window scroll down.


title: AZERTY

paragraphs: AZERTY is a keyboard layout. It is very similar to the QWERTY keyboard layout. It is mainly used in France and Belgium.


title: Parintins

paragraphs: Parintins is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas. It has 107,250 inhabitants and an area of 5.952 km². It was founded in 1852 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.

paragraphs: Below is a list of famous people born in Parintins.


title: Itacoatiara

paragraphs: Itacoatiara is a Brazilian city of the state of Amazonas. It has 89.840 inhabitants and an area of 8.600 km². It was founded in 1874 and it is one of the most important cities in state of Amazonas.


title: East River

paragraphs: The East River is a tidal strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island, including the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, from the island of Manhattan and the Bronx. Several bridges and tunnels cross the East River. The Brooklyn Bridge is the oldest and most famous.


title: American Society of Civil Engineers

paragraphs: The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) founded in 1852 to represent members of the civil engineering profession worldwide is the oldest national engineering society in the United States. Its world headquarters is in Reston, Virginia.

paragraphs: ASCE's mission is to provide essential value to its members and their careers; to its partners and to the public. ASCE seeks to provide value by:


title: Tarbosaurus

paragraphs: Tarbosaurus was a large carnivorous theropod dinosaur from Asia, especially Mongolia and China. It was a tyrannosaurid dinosaur which flourished between 70 and 65 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous period.

paragraphs: "Tarbosaurus" lived in a humid floodplain criss-crossed by river channels. In this environment, it was a predator at the top of the food chain, probably preying on other large dinosaurs like the hadrosaur "Saurolophus" or the sauropod "Nemegtosaurus".

paragraphs: Tarbosaurus is known from dozens of specimens, with several complete skulls and skeletons. These remains have allowed scientific studies on its phylogeny, skull mechanics, and brain structure.

paragraphs: Like its close North American relative Tyrannosaurus rex, it had a large head and powerful jaws, but was not top heavy. Its huge skull was comparatively light, with large air pockets. Many of its bones were hollow, making them strong but light, so they did not add excessive weight to this large predator.

paragraphs: Its skull was similar to that of "Tyrannosaurus", but more rigid. Also, because its skull was not so broad at the back, it did not have binocular vision like "Tyrannosaurus".

paragraphs: In the lower jaw, a ridge on the outer surface of the angular bone articulated with the rear of the dentary bone, creating a locking mechanism unique to "Tarbosaurus" and "Alioramus". Other tyrannosaurids lacked this ridge and had more flexibility in the lower jaw.

paragraphs: Its forlimbs were small with two fingers, as with its larger relative. The small, two-fingered, front limb is absolutely distinctive of tyrannosaurids.

paragraphs: The three-toed hind limbs were long and thick, supporting the body in a bipedal posture. The long, heavy tail served as a counterweight to the head and torso and put the center of gravity over the hips.

paragraphs: Some scientists think the more rigid skull of "Tarbosaurus" was an adaptation to hunting the massive sauropods found in Asia, which did not exist in most of North America during the later Cretaceous.


title: Torosaurus

paragraphs: Torosaurus (meaning "pierced lizard") was a large, quadrupedal, plant-eating Ceratopsian dinosaur with three horns on its large head. "Torosaurus" hatched from eggs and may have lived in herds.

paragraphs: "Torosaurus" lived during the Upper Cretaceous, about 70–65 million years ago, in what is now western North America. It was similar to "Triceratops". Some had thought that "Triceratops" was a younger form of "Torosaurus".

paragraphs: However, latest thinking is that the two are definitely different genera. In 2011, 2012 and 2013, studies of external features of known specimens decided that shape and development differences mean the two genera are not synonyms. The main problems in the "one genus" idea are:


title: Dung beetle

paragraphs: Dung beetles are beetles that feed partly or only on the dung of mammals. They are a kind of scarab beetle. All these species belong to the superfamily Scarabaeoidea, and most of them to the family Scarabaeidae. The subfamily Scarabaeinae alone has more than 5,000 species. There are dung-feeding beetles in other related families, such as the Geotrupidae (the 'earth-boring dung beetles').

paragraphs: Many dung beetles, known as "rollers", roll dung into balls, which are used as a food source or brooding chambers. Other dung beetles, known as "tunnelers", bury the dung wherever they find it. A third group, the "dwellers", neither roll nor burrow: they simply live in dung. They are often attracted by the dung burrowing owls collect.

paragraphs: Dung beetles are not a single taxonomic group: dung feeding is found in a number of beetle families. The behaviour probably evolved more than once.

paragraphs: Dung beetles live in many different habitats, including deserts, farmlands, forests, and grasslands. They do not like extremely cold or dry weather. They are found on all continents except Antarctica.

paragraphs: Dung beetles eat the dung of herbivores and omnivores, and prefer it to any other kind of dung. They may also feed on mushrooms and rotting leaves and fruits. One species living in South America, "Deltochilum valgum", is a carnivore which eats millipedes. Those that eat dung do not need to eat or drink anything else, because the dung provides all the necessary nutrients.

paragraphs: Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. Some of the smaller species simply attach themselves to the dung-providers to wait for their reward. After capturing the dung, a dung beetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal the dung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once they have rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. Dung beetles can roll up to 50 times their weight. Male "Onthophagus taurus" beetles can pull 1,141 times their own body weight: the equivalent of an average person pulling six double-decker buses full of people. In 2003, researchers found one species of dung beetle (the African "Scarabaeus zambesianus") navigates by using polarization patterns in moonlight. The discovery is the first proof any animal can use polarized moonlight for orientation.

paragraphs: The "rollers" roll and bury a dung ball either for food storage or to make a brooding ball. In the latter case, two beetles, one male and one female, will be seen around the dung ball during the rolling process. Usually it is the male that rolls the ball, with the female hitch-hiking or simply following behind. In some cases the male and the female roll together. When a spot with soft soil is found, they stop and bury the dung ball. They will then mate underground. After the mating, both or one of them will prepare the brooding ball. When the ball is finished, the female lays eggs inside it. Some species do not leave after this stage, but remain to safeguard their offspring.

paragraphs: The dung beetle goes through a complete metamorphosis. The larvae live in brood balls made with dung prepared by their parents. During the larval stage, the grub feeds on the dung surrounding it.

paragraphs: The behavior of the beetles was much misunderstood until the studies of Jean Henri Fabre. Fabre corrected the myth that a dung beetle would seek aid from other dung beetles when confronted by obstacles. By painstaking observations and experiments, he found the seeming helpers were, in fact, robbers awaiting an opportunity to steal the roller's food source.


title: Bombardier beetle

paragraphs: Bombardier beetles are ground beetles in the family Carabidae. There are more than 500 species which are notable for their defence mechanism. Most of them are found in rainforests.

paragraphs: When disturbed, the beetle squirts a poisonous chemical spray from special glands in its abdomen. The ejection makes a popping sound.

paragraphs: A bombardier beetle produces and stores (separately) two chemical compounds which react with each other: hydroquinone and hydrogen peroxide.

paragraphs: When threatened, the beetle contracts muscles that force the two reactants through tubes into a mixing chamber containing water and enzymes. The reactants undergo a violent chemical reaction which gives off heat. This raises the temperature to near the boiling point of water.

paragraphs: The beetle swivels the tip of its abdomen around, and shoots a spray of boiling hot, poisonous chemicals at its attacker.


title: Luigi Delneri

paragraphs: Luigi Delneri (born 23 August 1950) is a former Italian football player.


title: Toshikazu Kato

paragraphs: Toshikazu Kato (born 28 May 1981) is a Japanese football player. He plays for V-Varen Nagasaki.


title: Hidekazu Tajiri

paragraphs: Hidekazu Tajiri (born 19 April 1975) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Wataru Tagami

paragraphs: Wataru Tagami (born 7 May 1982) is a Japanese football player.


title: Yoshihiro Saisho

paragraphs: Yoshihiro Saisho (born 20 November 1982) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Valentino Mazzola

paragraphs: Valentino Mazzola (26 January 1919 – 4 May 1949) was a Italian football player. He has played for the Italy national team.


title: Guillermo Barros Schelotto

paragraphs: Guillermo Barros Schelotto (born 4 May 1973) is a former Argentine football player. He has played for Argentina national team. Currently the First Team Coach of the Los Angeles Galaxy


title: Hidekazu Orita

paragraphs: Hidekazu Orita (born 22 April 1961) is a former Japanese football player.


title: Hiroshi Kagawa

paragraphs: Hiroshi Kagawa (born 29 December 1924) is a former Japanese football player. He is currently sports writer.

paragraphs: He was awarded the Presidential Award at the Ballon D'OR award 2014 held in Zurich Jan 12th 2015.

paragraphs: It is "bestowed upon a person or institution that has made a superlative contribution to football without seeking to monopolise the limelight" apparently.

paragraphs: Wonderful speech from Hiroshi Kagawa during the ceremony. Even the hardened of footballers will have lumps in their throats.

paragraphs: "I'm very proud to attend this wonderful ceremony," he begins. "This is the greatest honour to be presented with this award.

paragraphs: "In 1979 Mr Blatter was part of the Fifa organising committee of a youth tournament in Japan. Unfortunately my English has not made any progress since that tournament!

paragraphs: "So I was sceptical about coming to the this ceremony today. But my friends in Japan said I must come - even if only to meet Manuel Neuer, Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi, and bring back some autographs."


title: Mauricio Salles

paragraphs: Mauricio Salles (born 1 March 1978) is a Brazilian football player.


title: Stanislav Varga

paragraphs: Stanislav Varga (born 8 October 1972) is a former Slovak football player. He has played for Slovakia national team.


title: Albert Meyong

paragraphs: Albert Meyong (born 19 October 1980) is a Cameroonian football player. He plays for Braga and Cameroon national team.


title: Bonaventure Kalou

paragraphs: Bonaventure Kalou (born 12 January 1978) is a Côte d'Ivoire football player. He has played for Côte d'Ivoire national team.


title: Matías Fernández

paragraphs: Matías Fernández (born 15 May 1986) is a Chilean football player. He plays for Sporting Portugal and Chile national team.


title: Jason Culina

paragraphs: Jason Culina (born 5 August 1980) is an Australian football player. He plays for Gold Coast United and Australia national team.


title: Martin Laursen

paragraphs: Martin Laursen (born 26 July 1977) is a former Danish football player. He has played for Denmark national team.


title: Libor Sionko

paragraphs: Libor Sionko (born 1 February 1977) is a Czech football player. He plays for Sparta Prague and Czech Republic national team.


title: Lightning arrester

paragraphs: A lightning arrester is a device that is used to switch a lightning strike from something such as a television antenna to a metal rod about two meters long that is buried in the ground. If a lightning arrester is not used, then the lightning will go through the television set and burn it out.

paragraphs: A "lightning arrester" does not really "arrest" or stop lightning. It "diverts" or changes the way lightning goes so that it ends up going into the ground instead of going into a television set or other device that it could hurt.


title: Alfred Macalik

paragraphs: Alfred (Alfréd) Macalik (10 September 1888 in Vienna - 20 September 1979 in Oradea) was an Austrian-Romanian landscape painter, sculptor and composer.

paragraphs: At the suggestion of his former art teacher, Szőke Gyula, he studied art at the art university in Craiova (1910-1911). Later Macalik studied at the art university in Budapest (1914-1918).

paragraphs: Macalik influenced drastic the cultural life in Oradea.


title: StarHub TV

paragraphs: StarHub TV is a cable television service in Singapore. It is owned by StarHub Limited.

paragraphs: The cable network has been operating since 1991. It was then operated by Singapore Cable Vision (SCV). By 1996, SCV had built a S$600 million broadband cable network across the country. In 2002, SCV merged with StarHub, and was renamed StarHub Cable Vision. In 2007, StarHub Cable Television was rebranded as StarHub TV.

paragraphs: It is the only cable television service in Singapore. It was previously also the only pay television service in the country until 2007, when mio TV was launched.

paragraphs: On 17 February 2009, StarHub announced that their television will be converted to digital and analogue set-top boxes will be terminated by 30 June 2009, beginning a phase of digital television transition in Singapore.

paragraphs: On 30 April 2010, channel numbers for StarHub TV was overhauled into a three-digit numbering system, allowing easier recall for subscribers. The channels were also classified into eight categories based on the channel's genre and its first number.

paragraphs: Since 2010, many channels were made to free-viewing for a brief period of time to commemorate a holiday. Its first free preview was held between 28 May to 13 June due to a school holiday. Since then, a weeklong free previewing of channels were held on other major public holidays.

paragraphs: On 1 August 2010, StarHub TV will cease broadcasting the Barclays English Premier League for the 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons as it did not procure the rights to do so. Its carriage of Goal TV 1, Goal TV 2, ESPN, STAR Sports and STAR Cricket will also cease at the same time. The ESS channels were unavailable on StarHub's platform for two years until in December 2012, it was announced that ESPN, STAR Sports and STAR Cricket will return to StarHub on 14 December on a non-exclusive basis. The channel was revived after StarHub TV acquired its rights to broadcast the 2018-19 season of UEFA Champions League.


title: Mediacorp

paragraphs: MediaCorp is a Singapore-owned media company that provides free to air channels (free channels). It is made up of different companies. They are:

paragraphs: The headquarters of MediaCorp is at Caldecott Broadcast Hill.

paragraphs: MediaCorp TV(Also known as MediaCorp TV Pte Ltd) has a total of 7 channels under it. They are:


title: Glomerular filtration rate

paragraphs: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used by physicians and other medical professionals to see if the kidneys are working correctly. In basic terms, it is a measurement of how much liquid and waste is passing from the blood through the tiny filters in the kidney, called the glomeruli, and out into the urine during each minute. The test measures how much creatinine is in the blood. This shows how well the kidneys are performing. In a normal healthy person the GFR stays close to the same value all of the time. The test is done by taking blood from a person and sending it to a laboratory. Normal values are between 90ml/min and 110ml/min. A value below 60ml/minute means the person has chronic renal disease and a value below 15ml/minute means the person's kidneys have stopped working.

paragraphs: Measurement of the GFR can be very helpful to medical professionals. It helps them decide if a person has a disease of the kidneys or not. A normal value for GFR is between 90-110ml/min. This will normally go down in older people. It will also go down in people with kidney disease. As well as helping a medical professional diagnose a kidney disease, the GFR is also used to monitor the progress of a disease.

paragraphs: The test begins by taking blood from a person's veins. The most common places are the vein in the elbow and the veins on the back of the hands. People usually feel a sharp stinging pain when the needle enters their skin. After the blood is drawn out, it is sent to a medical laboratory where a laboratory technician calculates the GFR. It is possible to calculate an exact value for the GFR but this is rarely done any more. Most of the time, the value is estimated (this is called an eGFR). The basis for this estimate is a chemical in the blood called creatinine. The calculation may also include things such as gender, age, height, weight, and race. Getting an exact measurement needs more tests and special equipment. Doctors now normally use the estimated GFR with signs, symptoms and the medical history given by the patient to come to a diagnosis. A final diagnosis of kidney disease may sometimes be made by a pathologist using tests such as a kidney biopsy.

paragraphs: There are some slight risks when this test is done. These include, too much bleeding from the needle entering the skin and vein, blood collecting under the skin, feeling faint, and infection from the skin being pierced by the needle.

paragraphs: There are many functions that make up the GFR. These include: nitrogen based waste, sodium (salt), water, potassium, phosphate, and some medicines dissolved in the plasma such as digoxin and gentamicin. Blood pressure, the balance of acids to bases, the release of erythropoietin (a chemical that tells the body to make more red blood cells). The activation of vitamin D1, the formation of glucose in the fasting state, and the creation of peptide hormones (including insulin) all affect the GFR.

paragraphs: A GFR of less than 60ml/minute for three or more months indicates chronic kidney disease. A GFR of less than 15ml/minute indicates full failure of the kidneys. GFR estimates between 60 and 89 mL/minute do not mean a person has chronic kidney disease unless there are other signs of disease. People with either higher than normal amounts of muscle mass, such as bodybuilders or people with lower than normal amounts of muscle mass, such as amputees or people with muscle wasting disorders (when the muscles become less dense than normal) can have GFR test results that do not appear normal, but may still be normal. A medical professional will explain the meaning of any GFR test done on a patient.


title: Sutton United F.C.

paragraphs: Sutton United Football Club is an amateur football club in Sutton, London. They play in the Conference South Division. In 1970, they beat Coventry City, who were in Division One then, in the FA Cup, last time a non-league club beat a major league club.


title: Freaky Friday (1976 movie)

paragraphs: Freaky Friday is a 1976 American fantasy comedy movie starring Jodie Foster and Barbara Harris as a teenage daughter and her mother who switch bodies. It is based on a novel of the same name by Mary Rodgers.


title: Dairy Queen

paragraphs: Dairy Queen is an international chain of fast food restaurants started by John Fremont McCullough on June 22, 1940 in Joliet, Illinois. Dairy Queen's menu is mostly Soft serve ice cream, hamburgers, hot dogs and chicken.


title: Fallout (video game)

paragraphs: Fallout: A Post Nuclear Role Playing Game (usually just called Fallout) is a role-playing game for the computer. It was made by Interplay Entertainment. It was completed in 1997. It is sometimes called "Fallout 1" because it is the first game in the "Fallout" series. It takes place 84 years after nuclear bombs have turned the Earth into a desert, and destroyed all the governments.

paragraphs: The player controls the character by using the mouse to make the character go places. When the character gets there, the player can make the character do other things. Some things the character can do are fighting, stealing, and talking. When the player is done playing in one town or place, he or she can use a map to get to a new place.

paragraphs: Because life is hard in the game, there are people who need help in every town. The player can choose to help the good guys or the bad guys (or both). Helping the good guys gives "karma points." Helping the bad guys costs karma points. A very evil character will have negative karma. No matter who the player helps, the character gets "experience points," which help the character get better at doing things.

paragraphs: The world is full of danger. There are people who will try to kill the character and take his stuff, and there are dangerous mutant animals that will try to eat the character. When this happens, the player must fight.

paragraphs: Combat in "Fallout" is like chess, because every character gets a turn. If the player attacks a character, then that character cannot act until the player is done with that attack. Then the character gets a turn to attack the player. This goes on, back and forth, until one of them dies or runs away. Some characters can do more actions per turn, depending on how long it takes to do the action, and how much agility the character has. More agile characters can do more actions per turn.

paragraphs: The player and other characters in "Fallout" can attack with their fists, with hand-held weapons like sledgehammers, with thrown weapons like grenades and with guns. Guns can be as small as pistols, or as large as gatling guns. There are even energy weapons, such as lasers.

paragraphs: In 2077, nuclear war erupted between the United States and China. Most of the people on Earth died, and the world became a desert. Fortunately, the United States government had already built underground fallout shelters called "Vaults," where some of the people went to survive. The player character was born in Vault 13, in what had been California. The people living in the vault were too scared to ever come out of the Vault, so they stayed inside it for 84 years.

paragraphs: Then, the computer chip that makes their water safe to drink breaks down. The Vault does not have any extra "water chips," so they send the player character into the desert to find a new one. He or she has 150 days to do, or else the people in the Vault will die.

paragraphs: Although the search for a new water chip is what starts the game, the player can do many other things while he or she is looking for the chip, and even afterward.

paragraphs: One interesting thing about "Fallout" is its "retrofuturistic" style. Retrofuturism means that, although the game is set in the future ("-futurism"), it looks like the past ("retro-"). Another way of explaining retrofuturism would be to say that the game shows the kind of future that people in the past would have imagined.

paragraphs: Specifically, "Fallout" is the future as 1955 America might have seen it. This can be seen in the themes of the game -- fear of nuclear war and a need for fallout shelters for safety -- and in the artistic style, or "looks" of the game. For example, all computers in "Fallout" contain either vacuum tubes or magnetic tape reels. Of course no one at Interplay in 1997 thought that there would be vacuum tubes in the future, but they put them in the game for style.

paragraphs: Many famous actors voiced some of the characters in "Fallout". These include Richard Dean Anderson from "MacGyver", David Warner from "", Tony Shalhoub from "Monk", Brad Garrett from "Everybody Loves Raymond", Keith David from "There's Something About Mary", Richard Moll from "Night Court", and Tony Jay from "ReBoot". Also, Ron Perlman from "Hellboy" was the narrator in the opening credits.

paragraphs: A lot of the people who worked on the game later joined Black Isle Studios, a smaller company inside Interplay that just made role-playing games. One of the games Black Isle Studios made was "Fallout 2". After Interplay shut Black Isle Studios down, many of those game-makers went on to start Obsidian Entertainment, the game company that made in 2010.

paragraphs: "Fallout" was very popular when it came out, and continues to be remembered as a great game. It was ranked #4 on "PC Gamer's" list of top games of all time in 2001. It was named #5 on the "IGN" list of the top 25 PC games of all time in 2007, and #19 in 2009. The year it came out it was awarded "RPG of the Year" by "GameSpot", and is now on their "Greatest Games of All Time" list. "Fallout" was ranked #55 on "IGN"'s 2005 top 100 games of all time, and #33 in 2007.


title: Hamilton, Bermuda

paragraphs: Hamilton is the capital city of Bermuda. The population of Hamilton as of 2006 is 902.

paragraphs: The city is named after Sir Henry Hamilton who was the governor of Hamilton from 1778 to 1794.