title: Ryukyuan people

paragraphs: The Ryukyuan people (琉球民族, Okinawan: "Ruuchuu minzuku"; Japanese: "Ryuukyuu minzoku") are the natives of the Ryūkyū Islands, a collection of islands located in Japan.

paragraphs: The Ryukyuans descend from the Jōmon and Yayoi peoples.

paragraphs: By the 14th century, numerous chiefs ruled the Ryukyu Islands. In Okinawa, a new chief named Tamagusuku was unpopular among local lords, causing the island to be split into three kingdoms (Chūzan, Nanzan and Hokuzan). By the 15th century, the island was re-united, causing the Ryukyu Kingdom to be born. In the following centuries, the Ryukyu Kingdom would expand its rule over the Amami, Miyako and Yaeyama islands. They would also become a vassal state of China.

paragraphs: In 1609, the Japanese domain of Satsuma took over the Ryukyu Kingdom. The Amami Islands were then ruled by Satsuma, whereas the rest of the Ryukyu Kingdom was turned into a vassal.

paragraphs: In 1872, the Ryukyu Kingdom became the Ryūkyū Domain. In 1879, the Japanese Empire took control of the country.

paragraphs: After Japanese annexation happened, the local cultures and languages of Ryukyu were suppressed. Children who spoke the native Ryukyuan languages at school were punished with dialect cards.

paragraphs: During the Battle of Okinawa (World War II), between 40,000 to 150,000 Okinawans were killed. After World War II ended, the Ryukyu Islands were placed under American administration. The Amami Islands were returned to Japan in 1953, whereas the ofher island groups were returned in 1972.

paragraphs: Many Ryukyuans (especially the diaspora communities in Hawaii and Brazil) consider themselves to be different from the Japanese, who mainly inhabit the mainland (Honshū, Kyūshū, Shikoku and Hokkaidō).

paragraphs: On the other hand, a lot of other Ryukyuans identify as “Japanese”, which is the result of assimilation that dates back to the Meiji Era.

paragraphs: Historically, the Ryukyuans spoke the Ryukyuan languages. Because Japan suppressed them in the past, they are all endangered, with most speakers being elderly. A Japanese speaker wouldn’t be able to understand any of the six Ryukyuan languages without any knowledge out of it. Despite this, the Japanese government calls the Ryukyuan languages ”Japanese dialects” for political reasons. Most linguists on the other hand refer to the Ryukyuan languages as separate languages.

paragraphs: The native religion of the Ryukyuans is the Ryukyuan religion, an animistic faith that believes in ancestor worship. Other religions practiced in Ryukyu include Shintoism, Buddhism and Christianity.


title: Two Pints of Lager and a Packet for Crisps

paragraphs: Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps is a British comedy sitcom that ran from 26 February 2001 to 24 May 2011 from BBC Two. It starred Ralf Little, Natalie Casey, Will Mellor, Sheridan Smith, Karthyn Drysdale, Beverley Callard, and more.


title: Jaguar F-Type

paragraphs: The Jaguar F-Type (project code X152) is a two-door, two-seater sports car, manufactured by British luxury car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover.


title: Ralf Little

paragraphs: Ralf Alastair John Little (born 8 February 1980) is an English actor, writer, and semi-professional footballer, working mainly in television comedy. He has played Antony Doyle in The Royle Family and Jenny Keogh in the BBC Two first six series of Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, as well as known for playing Joseph in an episode of the second season for the BBC series 'Robin Hood'.


title: Simon Gregson

paragraphs: Simon Alan Gregory, (born 2 October 1974) better known by his stage name, Simon Gregson, is an British actor, model, voice actor, stunt performer, film director, film producer and film actor known for his portrayal as Steve McDonald in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 1989. He has received 17 Awards for comedy and performance, plus a Legunds of Industry Award. He is a patron for Scotty's Little Soldiers.


title: Fiestas de San Blas y Santa Águeda (Mequinenza)

paragraphs: Fiestas de San Blas and Santa Águeda is a celebration of the municipality of Mequinenza in the province of Zaragoza, an autonomous community of Aragon that consists of a holiday that is part of the historical tradition of the town due to its age and continuity through time and for the originality and diversity of its acts, becoming a tourist phenomenon with great attraction of visitors. There is evidence of more than 300 years of celebration, with an active participation of the local population in both religious and festive celebrations. These parties include unique events such as the delivery of the baton, costume contests (both children and adults) as well as the elaboration of "coca" and "pa beneït". They take place during the first half of February, they are considered as the winter celebrations of the town and since 2018 they have been recognized as a Festival of Tourist Interest in Aragon.

paragraphs: It exists proof of at least three centuries of celebration of Saint Blas and Saint Águeda in Mequinenza, a tradition that stressed when, with the construction of the reservoir of Riba-red in the years 70, the Old Village remained under the river Ebro and the urban core of the place had to move to his current location to few kilometres water up, to river banks Segre. Historically, the procession of Saint Blas ran to charge of the men and the one of Saint Águeda to the women, but the natural evolution of the tradition has comported that in the actuality the Commissions of Saint Blas and Santa Águeda are exclusively formed by women that purchase a special leadership during the days of celebration. Saint Blas and Santa Águeda took importance during the Franco regime, since although it was forbidden to disguise, Mequinenza continued challenging the prohibition imposed by the authorities, a fact that boosted even more the popular rooting and the singular character of the tradition.

paragraphs: The festivity initiates with the delivery of the Clave of Control to the Commissions of Saint Blas and Santa Águeda, to continue the day 3 February with the religious celebrations of Saint Blas and the day 5 with the ones of Santa Águeda. The day concludes with the known contests of costumes artesanales for small and greater, at the same time that diverse and colourful rúas visit the population accompanied of music in direct. During the celebrations elaborate “cokes”, a sweet typical traditional to base of oil, flour and water, to which adds a secret ingredient that knows only each Commission. The process of preparation of “cokes” transmits of generation in generation through the members of the Commission of Saint Blas and Santa Águeda.

paragraphs: Tradition, party and colour join during the parties, filling the population during these days of national visitors and foreigners attracted by the big espectacularidad of the handmade costumes. The groups parade by the streets of the place disguised with attires of historical characters, imaginary or of fiction to rhythm of musics varied. The works of preparation of the costumes initiate months before the festivity with an intense work done entirely manually, fruit of the creativity and the wit in which it involves all the population. The festivity of Saint Blas and Santa Águeda is the expression of the collective effort and the artistic expression of all the population of Mequinenza, as well as a signal of identity and referent in all the Region of the Low/Baix Cinca.


title: Candy bar

paragraphs: A candy bar is a type of candy that has been made into the shape of a bar. The most common kind of candy bar is made with chocolate, but there may be other kinds as well, like a granola bar.


title: Jupiter Award (science fiction award)

paragraphs: The Jupiter Awards were prizes for writing science fiction. There were awards for the best novel, novella, novelette and short story. These awards were given most years from 1974 to 1978. The group called "Instructors of Science Fiction in Higher Education" gave the awards.


title: Robert Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart

paragraphs: Robert Adam Ross Maclennan, Baron Maclennan of Rogart (26 June 1936 – 18 January 2020) was a British politician and life peer. He was the last leader of the Social Democratic Party (SDP) from 1987 to 1988. He was the president of the Liberal Democrats from 1995 to 1998. He served as a Member of Parliament (MP) from 1966 to 2001, when he was raised to the House of Lords.

paragraphs: Maclennan was born in Glasgow. His father was Sir Hector MacLennan. He died in January 2020, at the age of 83.


title: Rolf Koschorrek

paragraphs: Rolf Koschorrek (17 June 1956 – 12 January 2020) was a German politician. He was a member of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was a member of the national Bundestag from 2005 to 2013. He was in the dentistry industry outside of politics.

paragraphs: Koschorrek was born in Bad Bramstedt. On 12 January 2020, he died of cancer in Berlin. He was 64.


title: Deaths in February 2020

paragraphs: The following is a list of deaths that should be noted in February 2020. For deaths that should be noted before the month that the world is in, please see "Months". Names under each date are noted in the order of the alphabet by last name or pseudonym. Deaths of non-humans are noted here also if it is worth noting.

paragraphs: Each listing of a death must have a source. If no reference is included, the death notice will be removed. The following are the requirements of adding a name to the list in its order: name, age, where they came from, what the person is known for, cause of death (if known) and a source.


title: National Book Foundation

paragraphs: The National Book Foundation (NBF) is an American nonprofit organization established "to raise the cultural appreciation of great writing in America". Established 1989 by National Book Awards, Inc.,

paragraphs: Some of the Foundation's programs include:


title: Petr Pokorný (theologian)

paragraphs: Petr Pokorný (April 21, 1933 – January 18, 2020) was a Protestant theologian. He was a professor at Charles University in Prague, and pastor of the Evangelical Church of Czech Brethren. He was one of the leading biblical scholars in the Czech Republic.


title: Piri Sciascia

paragraphs: Piri John Ngarangikaunuhia Sciascia (6 November 1946 – 18 January 2020) was a New Zealand Māori leader and university administrator. From 2016 until his death, he was kaumātua and advisor to the governor-general and government of New Zealand. He was a member of the organising committee for the international exhibition "Te Maori".


title: James Mollison

paragraphs: James Mollison (20 March 1931 – 19 January 2020) was an Australian arts administrator. He was acting director of the National Gallery of Australia (NGA) from 1971 to 1977 and director from 1977 to 1990. He was also director of the National Gallery of Victoria from 1989 to 1995. He was born in Wonthaggi, Victoria.

paragraphs: Mollison retired as the NGA's director in 1990 and moved to Melbourne to become director of the National Gallery of Victoria. He died on 19 January 2020, at the age of 88.


title: Sunanda Patnaik

paragraphs: Sunanda Patnaik (7 November 1934 – 19 January 2020) was an Indian classical singer of Gwalior gharana. She was thought to be one of the great singers of Hindustani music.


title: Claremont, California

paragraphs: Claremont () is a city on the eastern edge of Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is east of downtown Los Angeles. It is in the Pomona Valley, at the foothills of the San Gabriel Mountains. As of the 2010 census it had a population of 34,926. It is home to the Claremont Colleges, a group of seven colleges.


title: Los Osos, California

paragraphs: Los Osos is an unincorporated community and a census-designated place located along the Pacific coast of San Luis Obispo County, California. The community is part of the 93402 and 93412 ZIP codes and area code 805. The population was 14,276 at the 2010 census.


title: Dinwiddie County, Virginia

paragraphs: Dinwiddie County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2010 census, the population was 28,001. Its county seat is Dinwiddie.


title: Dinwiddie, Virginia

paragraphs: Dinwiddie is a small unincorporated community and the county seat of Dinwiddie County, Virginia, United States.


title: Ingham County, Michigan

paragraphs: Ingham County is a county located in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 280,895. The county seat is Mason.


title: Mason, Michigan

paragraphs: Mason is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is named after the state's first governor, Stevens T. Mason. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 8,252. It is the county seat of Ingham County.


title: Genesee County, Michigan

paragraphs: Genesee County is a county in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2010 census, the population was 425,790, making it the fifth-most populous county in Michigan. The county seat and population center is Flint.


title: Helen Flanagan

paragraphs: Helen Joyce Gabriel Flanagan (born 7 August 1990) is an English actress. She is best known for presenting the role as Rosie Webster in Coronation Street with Jack P. Shepherd. Flangan is an anchor from the ITV reality show I'm a Celebrity, Get Me Out Here.

paragraphs: She was born at Bury, Greater Manchester, England.


title: Malcolm Hebden

paragraphs: Malcolm Hebden (born 21 December 1939) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Norris Cole in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street since 1994-1997-1999-2017.


title: Brooke Vincent

paragraphs: Brooke Levi Vincent (born 4 June 1992) is an English actress. She is known for his role as Sophie Webster in the ITV soap-opera "Coronation Street" which she has been playing from 2004 to 2019.

paragraphs: Vincent was born in Audenshaw, Greater Manchester, England.


title: Stanisław Stefanek

paragraphs: Stanisław Stefanek (7 May 1936 – 17 January 2020) was a Polish bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. He was born in Majdan Sobieszczański. He became a priest in 1959. He later held the roles of auxiliary bishop of Szczecin-Kamień and titular bishop of "Forum Popilii". He served as bishop of Łomża from 1996 until his retirement in 2011.

paragraphs: Stefanek died on 17 January 2020 in Lublin, at the age of 83.


title: Rob Mallard

paragraphs: Robert Stephen Mallard (born 19 May 1992), known professionally as Rob Mallard, is an English actor best known for playing as Daniel Osbourne in "Coronation Street". He is the third actor to play the role, replacing Lewis Harney and Dominic Holmes. He was born in Manchester, England.


title: David Rudman

paragraphs: David Larry Rudman (born June 1, 1963) is an American puppeteer, cartoonist, producer, director, and singer, best known for performing Ernie, Big Bird, Oscar the Grouch, Grover, and the left Two-Headed-Monster on Sesame Street.


title: Two-Headed Monster

paragraphs: The Two-Headed Monster is a light purple monster on "Sesame Street". It first appeared in 1978 in Season 9.

paragraphs: The performers for the Two-Headed Monster are listed below:


title: Sky Atlantic

paragraphs: Sky Atlantic is a British pay drama comedy television channel also by the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland, owned by Sky Limited in the United States.


title: David Neilson

paragraphs: David Neilson (born 13 March 1949) is an English actor best known as Roy Cropper in the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street from 1995 onwards.

paragraphs: He was born in Loughborough, Leicester, England.


title: Tristan Gemmill

paragraphs: Tristan John Gemmill (born 6 June 1967) is an English actor, most notable for his roles as Dr Adam Trueman on "Casualty", and Robert Preston in "Coronation Street". He was born in Kensington, London, England.


title: Dick Scott (historian)

paragraphs: Richard George Scott (17 November 1923 – 1 January 2020) was a New Zealand historian and journalist. He wrote many books on the history of New Zealand. His first book, "151 Days" (1952), was about the 1951 New Zealand waterfront dispute. His most well-known work is "Ask That Mountain" (1975), which tells the events of the non-violent Māori resistance to European occupation in Parihaka. Former New Zealand Prime Minister Helen Clark called it "one of New Zealand's most influential books." His autobiography, "Dick Scott: A Radical Writer's Life", was published in 2004.

paragraphs: Scott was born in Palmerston North. He was the father of writer Rosie Scott (1948–2017).

paragraphs: Scott died on 1 January 2020, at the age of 96.


title: John N. Brandenburg

paragraphs: John Nelson Brandenburg (April 29, 1929 – January 14, 2020) was an American lieutenant general in the U.S. Army. He was born in Enid, Oklahoma. He was a commander of the I Corps at Fort Lewis, a post which he served from 1981 to 1984. He was also a commander of the 101st Airborne Division from 1978 to 1980. He retired from the military in May 1984 after 33 years of service.

paragraphs: On January 14, 2020, Brandenburg died at his home in Canton, Georgia. He was 90.


title: Palmerston North

paragraphs: Palmerston North is a city in the North Island of New Zealand. It is the seat of the Manawatū-Whanganui region. The city is north of the capital, Wellington. Palmerston North is the country's seventh-largest city. As of June 2018, the city had an urban population of 86,600.


title: Canton, Georgia

paragraphs: Canton is a city in and the county seat of Cherokee County, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 22,958.


title: Jane Danson

paragraphs: Jane Danson (born 8 November 1978) is an English actress. She is known for her portrayal as Leanne Battersby in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street between 1997 and 2000, and from 2004 onwards. Her other television credits include Children's Ward since 1995-1997, The Grand since 1997 and The Bill since 2002 to 2003.


title: Georgia Taylor

paragraphs: Georgia Taylor (born 26 February 1980) is an English actor and actress, best known for her roles as Toyah Battersby in the ITV soap opera Coronation Street, as Ruth Winters in the BBC show Casualty, and as Kate Barker in .

paragraphs: She was born in Wigan, Greater Manchester, England.


title: Alan Halsall

paragraphs: Alan David Halsall (born 11 August 1982 in Walkden, Worsley) is an English actor known for playing Tyrone Dobbs in Coronation Street, a role which he has played since 1998. She was born in Salford.

paragraphs: He has 1 child and spouse Lucy-Jo Hudson.


title: David Maslanka

paragraphs: David Maslanka (August 30, 1943 - August 7, 2017) was a composer. He is best known for his pieces for wind ensemble and his fourth symphony.

paragraphs: Maslanka learned how to write music with H. Owen Reed. He taught at Kingsborough Community College and Sarah Lawrence College. After 1990, Maslanka stopped teaching. He only wrote music after then. He lived in Missoula, Montana for most of his career.


title: Jimmi Harkishin

paragraphs: James "Jimmi" Harkishin (born Rajan Harkinshindas; 19 March 1965) is a British actor best known for his role as shopkeeper Dev Alahan in "Coronation Street", which he has played since 10 November 1999. He also had a small role in the movie "East is East" as well as "Bhaji on the Beach". Harkishin played Gary Lobo in the "Jonathan Creek" episode "Danse Macabre".

paragraphs: Harkishin was born in Paris, France, to an Indian father, Deepak, and an Italian mother, Soni.

paragraphs: He began acting in 1987 under the stage name James Harkishin, and played the regular character of Jose Cuervo for 18 episodes between 1990–1993 in the children's TV series "Uncle Jack".


title: Sue Cleaver

paragraphs: Sue Cleaver (born 2 September 1963) is a English actress. She is best known for playing Eileen Grimshaw on the long-running ITV soap opera "Coronation Street". She also played Glenda alongside Victoria Wood in the BBC comedy's "Dinnerladies", and Denise Robertson in the ITV longest daytime show "This Morning" since 2016. Cleaver was born in Watford, Hertfordshire, England.


title: This Morning

paragraphs: This Morning is a British daytime television programme that is broadcast on ITV in the United Kingdom, presented alternatively by Phillip Smug Schofield, Holly Rough Bint Willoughby, Ruth Langsford, Eamonn Holmes, Rochelle Humes, John Barrowman and Ben Shephard.


title: Cherokee County, Georgia

paragraphs: Cherokee County is a county in the U.S. state of Georgia. As of the 2010 census, the county had a population of 214,346. The county seat is Canton.


title: Shale gas

paragraphs: Shale gas is natural gas that comes from shale, a kind of sedimentary rocks. The majority of natural gas in the world is thought to be shale gas, but getting it out of the Earth is difficult.


title: Jimmy Heath

paragraphs: James Edward Heath (October 25, 1926 – January 19, 2020), nicknamed "Little Bird", was an American jazz saxophonist, composer, arranger and big band leader. He was the brother of bassist Percy Heath and drummer Albert Heath. In 1975, the brothers formed the Heath Brothers. He worked with notable musicians such as John Coltrane, Stanley Cowell, Benny Golson, Specs Wright, Cal Massey, Johnny Coles, Ray Bryant, Nelson Boyd, Miles Davis, Kenny Dorham, Gil Evans, Milt Jackson, Nancy Wilson, Gerald Wilson and Art Farmer. Heath was nominated for three Grammy Awards.

paragraphs: Heath was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was the father of musician James Mtume.

paragraphs: On January 19, 2020, Heath died of natural causes in Loganville, Georgia. He was 93.


title: Samia Longchambon

paragraphs: Samia Maxine Longchambon (née Ghadid, previously Smith; born 13 July 1982) also known as Samia Ghadie, or simply Samia Smith, is a British actress. She is best known as Maria Connor in Coronation Street. She was born in London, England.


title: Albert Heath

paragraphs: Albert "Tootie" Heath (born May 31, 1935) is an American jazz hard bop drummer. He is the brother of saxophonist Jimmy Heath and the bassist Percy Heath. In 1975, the brothers formed the Heath Brothers. He notably worked with musicians such as John Coltrane, J. J. Johnson, Wes Montgomery, Art Farmer and Benny Golson's Jazztet, Cedar Walton, Bobby Timmons, Kenny Drew, Sonny Rollins, Dexter Gordon, Johnny Griffin, Herbie Hancock, Friedrich Gulda, Nina Simone and Yusef Lateef.

paragraphs: Heath was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.


title: Loganville, Georgia

paragraphs: Loganville is a city in Walton and Gwinnett counties, Georgia, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 10,458.


title: East is East

paragraphs: East is East is a 1994 British comedy-drama movie produced by Sky Cinema. It is directed by Damien O'Donnell. It stars Om Puri, Linda Bassett, Jimi Mistry, Jordan Routledge and more.


title: Minié ball

paragraphs: The Minié ball, or Minni ball, is a type of muzzle-loading spin-stabilized bullet for rifled muskets named after its developer, Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle. It came to prominence in the Crimean War and American Civil War.

paragraphs: Rifling, the addition of spiral grooves inside a gun barrel, givesa spin to a bullet, greatly increasing the range and accuracy of a gun. Before the Minié ball, balls had to be jammed down the rifle barrel, sometimes with a mallet, and after a relatively small number of shots, gunpowder leftovers built up in the spiral grooves, which then had to be cleaned out. The development of the Minié ball was significant, because it was the first projectile that was small enough to be easily put down the barrel of a rifled long gun. Both the American Springfield Model 1861 and the British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled muskets, the most common weapons used during the American Civil War, used the Minié ball.

paragraphs: The Minié ball did a lot if damage in the American Civil War. It made it really hard for surgeons to treat wounded soldiers because Minié balls shattered bones often.


title: Rhona and Rhoda Wurtele

paragraphs: Grace Rhona Wurtele Gillis (January 21, 1922 – January 17, 2020) and Isabella Rhoda Wurtele Eaves (born January 21, 1922) were Canadian skiers. They were identical twin sisters. The pair were active in the 1940s and 1950s. The duo won many North American skiing competitions. Together they made up the entire 1948 Winter Olympics women's alpine team for Canada. Rhoda also competed at the 1952 Winter Olympics. The Wurteles were born in Saint-Lambert, Quebec.


title: Weekend (Polish band)

paragraphs: Weekend is a Polish band. They have made disco polo music and dance music.


title: Globe Town

paragraphs: Globe Town is an area in East London. It is in the borough of Tower Hamlets, in London, United Kingdom. It is centered around Roman Road. Globe Town can be described as being east of Bethnal Green.


title: John Mackey

paragraphs: John Mackey (born October 1, 1973) is an American composer. He writes for wind ensemble most of the time. He used to write for dance companies. He studied at Cleveland Institute of Music first and then Juillard. Mackey currently lives in San Francisco, California.


title: Ludovico Einaudi

paragraphs: Ludovico Maria Enrico Einaudi OMRI (born 23 November 1955) is an Italian pianist and composer. He has made several original albums of piano music and has made the soundtracks for several films. He now lives in Milan, Italy.


title: Crossroads (British TV series)

paragraphs: Crossroads (later known as Crossroads Motel) is a British television soap opera. It was shown on ITV. It began in 1964 and finished in 1988. There was a revival from 2001 to 2003.

paragraphs: "Crossroads" was set in a fictional motel in the Midlands. "Crossroads" was later called a hotel. The show became a byword for cheap production values. Despite this, the series regularly attracted huge audiences. It had as many as 15 million viewers.

paragraphs: It was created by Hazel Adair and Peter Ling and produced by ATV. In 1981, Central Independent Television took over ATV's broadcast licence and continued the programme until it was cancelled in 1988. In 2001, the series was revived by Carlton Television. It was cancelled again in 2003.

paragraphs: The original idea of "Crossroads" was based around two feuding sisters, Kitty Jarvis, played by Beryl Johnstone, and Meg Richardson, played by Noele Gordon. Meg is a wealthy woman. She had her late husband Charles' insurance money, and compensation money from the council. The compensation was for them building a motorway through her land. Meg used her money to turn her large Georgian house into a motel.

paragraphs: "The Crossroads Motel" was located near the fictional small village of King's Oak. This was on the edge of Birmingham. Meg had two children. A girl named Jill, played by Jane Rossington), born in 1946, and a boy Alexander, born in 1950. Alexander was called "Sandy" and played by Roger Tonge.

paragraphs: The other sister, Kitty, is married to the unemployed Dick played by Brian Kent. She is not wealthy. Dick and Kitty bought a newsagents and tobacconists shop in the nearby town of Heathbury a few years after the show started. Kitty and Dick had a son called Brian, played by David Fennell, born in 1945. The story idea of the sisters feuding was dropped early in the series.

paragraphs: Characters in the show's early years included Meg and Kitty's brother, Andy Fraser, played by Ian Patterson. In 1965, Andy marries motel secretary Ruth Bailey, played by Pamela Greenhall. Other characters in the first series include

paragraphs: Amy was briefly arrested as a suspected Soviet spy.

paragraphs: In 1966, long running character Diane Lawton, played by Susan Hanson arrived. Other additions included

paragraphs: Perhaps the most memorable character was the "village idiot" Benny Hawkins, played by Paul Henry. His trademark was a woolly hat that he wore all the time. His fans included British troops serving in the Falklands War. In 1982, they nicknamed the Falkland Islanders "Bennies" after the character. Instructed to stop using the name, the troops came up with "Stills" for locals - because they were "still Bennies".

paragraphs: The series had storylines which were controversial at the time. These include

paragraphs: The series also saw black characters appearing regularly. This followed from the 1960s BBC soap "Compact". This was also created by Hazel Adair and Peter Ling. Melanie Harper, played by Cleo Sylvestre, arrived at the motel in 1970 as Meg's foster daughter. Sylvestre was given the role by producer Reg Watson after press coverage of racial tensions in Birmingham.

paragraphs: In 1977, an interracial summer romance took place between Cockney garage mechanic Dennis Harper, played by Guy Ward, and motel receptionist Meena Chaudri, played by Karen David.

paragraphs: In 1978, garage mechanic Joe MacDonald, played by Carl Andrews, arrived.

paragraphs: In 1981, a storyline about a false accusation of rape.

paragraphs: In 1983, a storyline about a test tube baby born to Glenda and Kevin Banks, played by Lynette McMorrough and David Moran.

paragraphs: In 1983, the subject of Down syndrome was also raised when a little girl was befriended by three of the regular characters.

paragraphs: The character of Meg Mortimer was axed in 1981. She was thought to have died in a motel fire. Later she turned up alive aboard the QE2, about to sail to a new life overseas. Newspapers reported that two endings were planned for Meg. She would either die in the fire or disappear and turn up on the QE2. Viewers were surprised to see producers had used both. Meg returned briefly in 1983 for a reunion with Jill and Adam on their honeymoon in Venice.

paragraphs: In 1985, new producer Phillip Bowman was planning to bring the character of Meg Mortimer back into the show as a "permanent occasional." Plans were well advanced when Noele Gordon died in April of that year, aged 65. Edward Clayton was brought back as Jill's ex-husband Stan Harvey to read the lines originally written for Gordon.

paragraphs: In 1986, the new character Ray Grice played by Al Hunter Ashton was introduced as part of an attempt to create wider storylines.

paragraphs: In 2001, the show was revived. Changes were made to characters and stories. Jill Chance had married John Maddingham, played by Jeremy Nicholas. She had been widowed and was calling herself Jill Harvey again. This had been her name before her marriage to Adam Chance in 1983. References were also made to the Russell family taking over a "failing motel", despite Crossroads having become a hotel in the late 1980s. In the final episode of the original series, the name 'King's Oak Country Hotel' was seen over the entrance doors.

paragraphs: Lack of real links to the past, and the killing of Jill a few months into the new run, turned many fans away. Popular characters in the new "Crossroads" included new owner Kate Russell, played by Jane Gurnett. Receptionist Virginia Raven, played by Sherrie Hewson, and womanising deputy manager Jake Booth, played by Colin Wells. The storyline of the final episode was the revelation that the revived series and glamorous hotel had been a dream of supermarket worker and Crossroads fan Angela, with all the other characters revealed as shoppers. Angela even approaches a female customer in the supermarket and tells her she recognises her as "Tracey Booth from Crossroads". Tracey's mother-in-law, Kate, was also shown as one of Angela's colleagues in the supermarket.

paragraphs: "Crossroads" began its run on Monday 2 November 1964. It was shown five days a week. The episodes were recorded "as live", a common practice at the time, with few opportunities for retakes. Within a few months, 10 of the ITV companies had started broadcasting the series. Granada never screened it during the 1960s. The Independent Television Authority (ITA) decreed in 1967 that "Crossroads" should be reduced to four episodes per week to improve its quality.

paragraphs: The series was no longer networked and each ITV station broadcast the show on different days.

paragraphs: The series was widely derided by critics who criticised the wobbly sets and fluffed lines, but gained many fans. Prime Minister Harold Wilson's wife Mary complained when the newly formed Thames Television decided to stop showing it in 1968. The decision proved unpopular with viewers and was reversed six months later. As a result of the gap in transmission, viewers in the Thames region were six months behind the rest of the country for several years. In 1972, Granada became the last ITV company to show "Crossroads". By the early 1970s it was second only to "Coronation Street" in the ratings. In the mid-1970s it beat "Coronation Street" gaining audiences of up to 15 million viewers.

paragraphs: From April 1980, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), commercial television's regulator, decided production should be reduced further to three episodes a week. The chairman of the IBA Lady Plowden described the soap opera as "distressingly popular".

paragraphs: ATV planned to replace the fourth episode with a spin-off series called "A Family Affair" but this idea was dropped. Series star Noele Gordon, who played Meg Richardson, regularly won the "TV Times" Most Popular Female Personality viewers award during the 1970s.

paragraphs: Viewers reacted negatively at the dismissal of Gordon in 1981, an action taken by head of programming Charles Denton. He became a "national hate figure".

paragraphs: The series producer Jack Barton agreed with Denton that Gordon's character had become too dominant.

paragraphs: Why Gordon was sacked remains a mystery to TV historians as she was the most popular character on the soap and no real reason was given other than that producers felt it was time for a change. The actress herself was terribly upset by the decision. She was the only cast member on a permanent contract. She had been misled that the meeting where she was dismissed was to be the annual negotiation for the next years contract. In interviews she made it clear that she did not want to go. There is debate about the reason for her dismissal. Some people have said that Gordon's attitude within the company had upset some executives and they simply wanted rid of her. Gordon was very passionate about the soap and would regularly defend it against the many critics. Others believe that ITV found Crossroads an embarrassment and wanted to find a way of decreasing the viewing figures by sacking Gordon. She was the biggest audience draw. With fewer viewers it could be justified to axe it. Whatever the reason, the series never recovered from her loss.

paragraphs: ATV lost its ITV franchise at the end of 1981. It was ordered by the IBA to reform into Central Independent Television. It took over the franchise on 1 January 1982. It was thought to have little enthusiasm for the programmes it inherited.

paragraphs: Further changes were introduced in March 1985, when new filming locations, sets and characters were introduced. Many storylines were about the new motel owner, Nicola Freeman, played by Gabrielle Drake. Long-term characters, such as David and Barbara Hunter, were axed. The theme tune was updated and the opening titles replaced with a longer version. Finally, the show was renamed "Crossroads Motel" with the word "Motel" added in the opening titles. The closing titles, which had scrolled in multiple 'crossroad' directions since the start, were replaced with conventional scrolling credits.

paragraphs: In 1986, a new producer, William Smethurst, took over the series following the sacking of his predecessor, Philip Bowman. Smethurst had been brought in by Central Television's new head of drama, Ted Childs. He ordered changes, creating a wittier serial and improving the production values of the show. Smethurst shifted the story to the nearby village of King's Oak. Yet more long-running characters, such as Diane Hunter and Benny Hawkins, were dropped. This was unpopular with viewers, who telephoned Central in protest.

paragraphs: Further changes included the series being renamed "Crossroads Kings Oak" for a time, with the intention in the future of shortening this to "King's Oak". This final change was overtaken by the decision in June 1987 by Andy Allen, Central's director of programmes, to axe the series. The familiar theme tune was replaced in September 1987 by a new theme composed by Max Early and Raf Ravenscroft. New titles were introduced to accompany the new theme, which featured stills of King's Oak and the new King's Oak Country Hotel. Michele Buck guided the show through its final few months on air as series producer, with William Smethurst still on hand as executive producer.

paragraphs: In January 1988, the series was reduced to only two episodes a week, with "Crossroads King's Oak" finally coming to an end on 4 April 1988 (the Easter bank holiday). The last, extended episode saw the character of Jill (Jane Rossington) riding off with her lover, John Maddingham (Jeremy Nicholas). Asked what name she would give the hotel she would be running in her new life, the character remarked, a little sadly, "I always thought Crossroads was an awfully good name".

paragraphs: In 1994, Carlton Television bought Central Television.

paragraphs: In April 2000, Carlton announced that they would be reviving "Crossroads" for the daytime slot on ITV. The first episode was shown on 5 March 2001. The revived series was sponsored by washing detergent Surf and was broadcast each weekday at 1.30pm and 5.05pm on ITV, with a Sunday omnibus on ITV2. The revived series was also broadcast in Ireland on RTÉ One and in New Zealand on TV One.

paragraphs: Four characters from the original series returned: Doris Luke (Kathy Staff), Jill Harvey (née Richardson), Jill's ex-husband Adam Chance (Tony Adams), and Jill's daughter Sarah-Jane Harvey (Joanne Farrell/Holly Newman). Initial reactions were favourable. However, changes in the story from the original puzzled fans and did not help ratings. Kathy Staff left in dismay at the amount of sex. She told ITV Teletext she felt it was no longer the family-friendly show she had originally been part of.

paragraphs: The story where original character Adam Chance murders ex-wife Jill Harvey three months into the new series' was unpopular with fans. Jane Rossington said she did not want to commit herself to another long run in the show, but warned Carlton it would be suicidal to kill Jill.

paragraphs: Episode 137 of the second revived series remains the only episode never to be shown in full on ITV. The lunchtime screening on Tuesday 11 September 2001 began at 14:10 BST. At the halfway commercial-break point however, the programme was interrupted to hand over to ITV News for then very sketchy details of the 9/11 attacks in New York City, USA. As the afternoon went on and the seriousness of the situation became clear, all ITV Network daytime programmes, starting with CITV transmissions at 15:15, were relegated to ITV2 to continue rolling news coverage. The semi-dropped episode was therefore transmitted in full on ITV2 at 17:30 BST. However, at the time, the channel was only available to a small number of viewers able to view the subscription-based ITV Digital, Telewest or NTL. As a result, the episode remains unseen by most of the programme's regular fanbase, including the entire Channel Islands who could not receive ITV Digital. A short re-cap of events in Episode 137 was screened before both the 14:10 and 17:05 showings of Episode 138 on 12 September 2001. The episode was included in the Omnibus edition that Sunday. This also only was shown on ITV2.

paragraphs: The series was reduced to four episodes a week from November 2001 until January 2002.

paragraphs: The series paused in August 2002. In January 2003, a changed series, under producer Yvon Grace, reappeared. It seemed to be a self-consciously camp parody, with Jane Asher playing a new central character - the glamorous and bitchy Angel Samson. The series also had appearances from Kate O'Mara, and people associated with light entertainment, such as Lionel Blair, Les Dennis and Tim Brooke-Taylor. The revived series also launched the careers of Freema Agyeman ("Doctor Who", ""), Luke Roberts ("Holby City" and "Mile High"), Lucy Pargeter, Shauna Shim and Jessica Fox.

paragraphs: Yvon Grace admitted she was aiming the new "Crossroads" towards the LGBT TV audience.

paragraphs: Plans were in place to bring Adam Chance back on a three-month contract in a last attempt to bring in more viewers; actor Tony Adams said that a down-on-his luck Adam would have been taken under Angel's wing as her personal assistant.

paragraphs: With ratings continuing to decline, the revived series was axed in March 2003. The final episode was shown on Friday 30 May 2003.

paragraphs: The 2003 series was criticised by fans who felt the series had moved away from the 1964-88 series and the 2001-02 series, as well as being "too gay".

paragraphs: The "Crossroads" theme tune was composed by Tony Hatch. In 2004 Hatch said:

paragraphs: A selection of cues were recorded, including "Meg's Theme" which eventually became the standard opening theme, "Kitty's Theme" which was phased out as action focussed on the motel, the closing theme which combined both "Meg's" and "Kitty's" themes, and a variety of background pieces.

paragraphs: A rerecording by The Tony Hatch Sound was issued as a single by Pye Records in 1965. A special arrangement of the theme by Paul McCartney and Wings, was also used from the late seventies, usually when an episode ended with a dramatic event. Central Independent Television's head of music Johnny Patrick rearranged the tune in 1985 for piano and synthesiser, upon the show's relaunch as "Crossroads Motel" by producer Philip Bowman. Following William Smethurst's arrival as producer in 1987, this recording was overdubbed with added synthesisers.

paragraphs: An entirely new theme aired in late 1987 when the series was relaunched as "Crossroads, Kings Oak", composed by Johnny Patrick, with Raf Ravenscroft and Max Early, with the CBSO. This later formed the basis of the single released by actress Shona Linsdey, "Goodbye", to commemorate the end of the show in 1988.

paragraphs: The 2001 revival brought back the original Tony Hatch theme, this time arranged and performed by TV theme composer Tony Flynn. Another version, in 2003, was arranged by Patrick Dineen and performed by the Liverpool Philharmonic.

paragraphs: The fictional Crossroads Motel was in a fictional village near Birmingham called Kings Oak. There are real suburbs in south-west Birmingham called Kings Heath, Kings Norton and Selly Oak). A number of real-life hotels doubled for location filming. The 1982 "Crossroads Special" said that the Longshoot Motel in Nuneaton) was used in designing the motel. It is likely that some scenes were filmed there.

paragraphs: In 1970, the series gained an O.B unit, giving it the freedom to do location shooting. Originally, Tanworth-in-Arden was used for King's Oak. Outside scenes were only occasionally used. From 1981 more location filming was used. Some early King's Oak location material was also filmed in Wolverhampton.

paragraphs: The most famous location, seen in the programme during the 1960s and 1970s, was not a motel. It was the Shropshire Agricultural Institution, now called North Shropshire College. In October 2019 two of the buildings used during filming, a teaching block and Bridden accommodation block were demolished.

paragraphs: It has been suggested that "Crossroads" was filmed at a 1960s motel on Stratford Road in Alcester Warwickshire. It was called CherryTrees. The buildings were demolished in 2001. A nearby petrol station, since closed, was used in the early 1980s to film a couple of outdoor scenes of the Crossroads garage.

paragraphs: In 1982, the fictional motel was destroyed by fire. The revamped motel was filmed at the Golden Valley Hotel (now Jurys Inn) in Cheltenham.

paragraphs: From 1985 filming moved to the Penns Hall Hotel (now Ramada Jarvis Birmingham) in Sutton Coldfield. The changed appearance was explained as being due to rebuilding. New studio sets were also introduced.

paragraphs: Other locations included the canal (including Gas Street Basin) behind the studios in Birmingham. in the story this was the King's Oak Canal, on which Vera had a barge. The Chateau Impney Hotel, called the Droitwich Hotel in the story, was also used. In 1983, St Laurence's Church in Alvechurch was the setting for Jill and Adam Chance's wedding. Hagley Hall was used for the wedding reception. Helios Health Club in Brierley Hill was used as the location for the Motel Health Club. It was filmed on Mondays when the health club was closed.

paragraphs: In 1985, "Crossroads" gained its first set of full length opening titles, filmed around Sutton Coldfield, Tanworth-in-Arden and in Birmingham city centre.

paragraphs: The revived "Crossroads" from 2001 was still set in the West Midlands. Exterior shots were filmed at locations in and around Nottingham, such as Bingham and Redmile.

paragraphs: The original series was recorded at ATV's/Central's Broad Street studios in Birmingham, while the revived series was filmed at Carlton Studios in Nottingham.

paragraphs: Despite the popularity of "Crossroads" with the viewing public, the show was often criticised by TV reviewers and ridiculed by British comedians. Television historian Hilary Kingsley stated that "Crossroads" never failed "to provide its critics with ammunition. Some of the acting would have disgraced the humblest of village halls; many of the plots were so farcical they could have been written in a bad dream, and much of the dialogue was pathetic." "The Guinness Book of Classic British TV" noted that ""Crossroads" was the series that no-one seemed to love. Yet at its peak, it was watched by more viewers than any other soap except "Coronation Street"."

paragraphs: The revived series also received mixed reviews from critics.

paragraphs: Spoof soap opera "Acorn Antiques", created by comedian Victoria Wood as part of "Victoria Wood As Seen On TV", is a deliberate parody of "Crossroads". The final episode of "As Seen on TV" in 1987 features a hoax documentary, 'The Making of Acorn Antiques', in which the actress playing Mrs Overall (Julie Walters) - a character based on "Crossroads" characters Amy Turtle and Mavis Hooper - is revealed as a rather grand character who considers herself a huge star. This portrayal, plus a later pretend news item in which it is revealed she has been sacked from the show, both suggest the actress character (later given the name Bo Beaumont in the musical based on the sketches) is based on Noele Gordon, with Bo making her 'goodbye' appearance to the press in headscarf and large sunglasses and making a dramatic speech, just as Gordon did.

paragraphs: In 2005, Network DVD issued four volumes of the series on DVD (UK Region 2). Each volume has 12 of the original ATV episodes. The first volume includes Meg's 1975 wedding, the highest rated episode.

paragraphs: In February 2007, "Crossroads Volume 3" was released. There are two versions of the DVD, one being a special limited edition, which contains an extra third disc - featuring recently found episodes from 1976.

paragraphs: In September 2007, "Crossroads Volume 4" was released.

paragraphs: In 2008, Network DVD started to release all the surviving episodes in transmission order through its website. The first set of 16 episodes was released in January 2008 and contained some episodes not available on earlier DVD releases.

paragraphs: There are 1,700 episodes of "Crossroads" in existence; most of these are from Central Television's run of the show from 1982 to 1988.

paragraphs: A black and white "Crossroads Archive Volume 1.1" has also been released, containing the episode from April 1965, along with 2 further episodes, numbered 1884 and 1886 from March 1973. These were both originally made in colour but now survive only as black and white telerecordings.

paragraphs: On 2 November 2009, to coincide with the show's 45th anniversary, Network DVD re-released 21 volumes in a 41-disc box-set. Susan Hanson, who played Diane Hunter, appeared on "The Alan Titchmarsh Show" and "Loose Women" on 6 and 13 November 2009 respectively, to promote the box-set.

paragraphs: From 1996 until 2001, episodes of the original series were repeated on UKTV channel "UK Gold".

paragraphs: From February to September 2015, the original series aired on Big Centre TV on Freeview channel 8 in the Midlands or available online live at 9.00pm each evening Monday to Saturday, which could also be watched free on their catchup service.

paragraphs: "Crossroads" was adapted into a weekly comic strip in 1972 by Dutch comics artist Alfred Mazure, published in TVTimes.


title: The Brian May Band

paragraphs: The Brian May Band was an English-American rock band formed by Queen guitarist Brian May. The band was originally formed in October 1991 for May's performance at Guitar Legends guitar festival in Seville, Spain. They toured with May to promote some of his studio albums.

paragraphs: The rhythm section for the band was Cozy Powell and Neil Murray, who had already worked together in Black Sabbath and Whitesnake. Spike Edney, who was the tour keyboardist for Queen between 1984 and 1986 took the keyboard spot.

paragraphs: The band soon went on a tour of the United States, Europe and Japan. The tour ended in December 1993, when May returned to the studio with fellow Queen band mates Roger Taylor and John Deacon for Queen's final studio album, "Made In Heaven". Meanwhile, Cozy Powell and Neil Murray returned to work with Black Sabbath, and both later joined Peter Green's Band.

paragraphs: The band reunited in 1998 to promote Brian May's "Another World" album. Eric Singer, of later KISS fame, was brought as the last minute replacement for Cozy Powell, who had died in a car accident earlier that year.

paragraphs: In 2005, both Jamie Moses and Spike Edney joined the Queen + Paul Rodgers collaboration on their worldwide tour.

paragraphs: Their only release was the live album, "Live at the Brixton Academy" in 1993.


title: Paola Santana

paragraphs: Paola Santana is a Dominican entrepreneur, lawyer and faculty at Singularity University. She is best known for establishing the first constitutional court in the Dominican Republic and founding a drone based logistics company, Matternet that first drone delivery platform authorized for permanent operations in any city. Santana has also founded Social Glass, a software product for the government system.

paragraphs: Santana got her Bachelor's degree in Law from the Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra in 2009. She enrolled at Ecole nationale d'administration for a Master of Public Administration and thereafter completed a program in the Foundations of American Law and Legal Education from the Georgetown University. In 2012, she completed an LLM from The George Washington University and also enrolled for a program in Policy, Law and Ethics of Exponential Technologies from Singularity University.

paragraphs: In 2011, Santana was appointed as the Chief of Staff and Strategic Technical Advisor at Tribunal Constitucional de la República Dominicana, where she co-led to establish the first constitutional court in the Dominican Republic. She has worked as a legal consultant at The Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development (OECD) and The World Bank. Santana co-founded Matternet, a drone delivery platform which received an FAA regulatory waiver to operate in the United States.

paragraphs: Santana has also worked with NASA to work on the UAS Traffic Management Software System for low-altitude airspace operations under Matternet’s partnership program. Since then she has co-led several advisory committees for drone including the Federal Drone Advisory Committee, Unmanned Aircraft Systems Advisory Group and F38 Subcommittee on Markings for Small UAS. Santana also co-drafted the public-private partnership for Hyperloop Transportation Technologies, to enable a multi-state Hyperloop system in the United States. In 2017, she founded a software company, Social Glass that builds an artificial intelligence based software to help the government with automation of processes and help in the decision making.


title: Andrew Whyment

paragraphs: Andrew Whyment (born 2 April 1981) is an English actor. He is best known for his roles as Darren Sinclair-Jones in the BBC comedy "The Royle Family" and Kirk Sutherland in "Coronation Street", which he has played since 2000.


title: Gross indecency

paragraphs: Gross indecency is a legal term used in some English-speaking countries. It was first used to criminalize sexual acts between men, in 1855. Oscar Wilde was charged with gross indecency, in 1895. Alan Turing also pleaded guilty to the charge of gross indecency. If two men either have oral or anal sex, this is called sodomy. It is punished differently, in places where it is a crime.


title: Realism theory

paragraphs: Realism is one of the main schools of thought in international relations theory. It gives the theoretic background to Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern Europe. According to Realism, world politics is always and necessarily a field of conflict among actors who want power. The theories of realism are contrasted by the cooperative ideals of liberalism.

paragraphs: Depending on what they see as the cause of the conflict between states, realists can be divided into three classes: Classical realists believe it follows from human nature; neorealists attribute it to the dynamics of the anarchic state system; neoclassical realists believe it results from both, in combination with domestic politics. Neorealists are also divided between defensive and offensive realism. Realists trace the history of their ideas back through classical antiquity, beginning with Thucydides.

paragraphs: Jonathan Haslam defines realism as "a spectrum of ideas." Its theories revolve around four main rules:

paragraphs: Realism is often associated with Realpolitik, as both deal with the pursuit, possession, and application of power. Realpolitik, however, is an older prescriptive guideline limited to policy-making, while realism is a wider theoretical and methodological paradigm to describe, explain, and predict events in international relations. As an academic pursuit, realism is not tied to ideology; it does not favor any particular moral philosophy, nor does it consider ideology to be a major factor in the behavior of nations. Priorities of realists have been described as Machiavellian, single-mindedly seeking the power of one's own nation over others.


title: Loris Zanatta

paragraphs: Loris Zanatta, born 1962, is Professor of Latin American History at the University of Bologna (Italy).

paragraphs: He is author of several books and articles, published in Europe and Latin America, and commentator on Latin America in various media.

paragraphs: Del Estado liberal a la Nación católica. Iglesia y Ejército en los orígenes del peronismo. 1930-1943 (Buenos Aires, 1996)

paragraphs: Perón y el mito de la Nación católica. 1943-1946 (Buenos Aires, 1999)

paragraphs: Historia de la Iglesia argentina (Buenos Aires, 2000)

paragraphs: Breve Historia del peronismo clásico (Buenos Aires, 2009)

paragraphs: Eva Perón. Una biografía política (Buenos Aires, 2011)

paragraphs: Historia de América Latina: de la Colonia al siglo XXI (Buenos Aires, 2012)

paragraphs: La internacional justicialista (Buenos Aires, 2012)

paragraphs: La larga agonía de la nación católica (Buenos Aires, 2015)


title: Blagovest Sendov

paragraphs: Blagovest Hristov Sendov (; 8 February 1932 – 19 January 2020) was a Bulgarian diplomat, mathematician and politician. He served as the chairperson of the National Assembly from 1995 to 1997. He was also the National Assembly's deputy chairperson from 1997 to 2002. He was the Bulgarian ambassador to Japan from 2004 to 2009. He was born in Asenovgrad.

paragraphs: On 19 January 2020, Sendov died at the age of 87.


title: Claudio Roditi

paragraphs: Cláudio Roditi (28 May 1946 – 17 January 2020) was a Brazilian jazz trumpeter. He was born in Rio de Janeiro. In 1976, he moved to New York City. Roditi was a member of Dizzy Gillespie's United Nations Orchestra. He also notably worked with Herbie Mann, Charlie Rouse and Paquito D'Rivera. He was nominated for two Grammy Awards in 1995 and 2010.

paragraphs: On 17 January 2020, Roditi died of prostate cancer in South Orange, New Jersey. He was 73.


title: Jaroslav Kubera

paragraphs: Jaroslav Kubera (16 February 1947 – 20 January 2020) was a Czech politician. He was a member of the Civic Democratic Party (ODS). At the time of his death, he was the President of the Senate since November 2018. He was Senator from Teplice from 2000 until his death in 2020. He served as mayor of Teplice from 1994 to 2018.

paragraphs: Kubera was born in Louny. He had a small role as Edvard Beneš in historical drama movie "Toman", directed by Ondřej Trojan.

paragraphs: Kubera died on 20 January 2020 in Ústí nad Labem. He was 72.


title: ZAPiT Games

paragraphs: ZAPiT Games, Inc. was a company from Mississauga, Canada. It started in 2003 to make a home video game console for families. To do that, they worked with companies such as National Semiconductor, Panasonic and Altera to make the Game Wave Family Entertainment System.

paragraphs: ZAPiT Games also makes games for the BlackBerry and iPhone.

paragraphs: The Game Wave Family Entertainment System is a hybrid DVD player and video game console. That means it can play both DVDs and video games. It first came out in October 2005 during the seventh generation of video game consoles. The games for the system are trivia games, video game versions of traditional board or card games.


title: Lech Raczak

paragraphs: Lech Raczak (27 January 1946 – 17 January 2020) was a Polish theatre director. He was born in Poznań. He was one of the founders of the Theatre of the Eighth Day. From 1995 to 1998, Raczak was an artistic director of the Polish Theatre in Poznań. He also worked for Malta Festival as an artistic director between 1993 and 2012. He was a professor at University of Arts in Poznań from 2003.

paragraphs: Raczak died of a heart attack on 17 January 2020 at the age of 73.


title: Lucy Fallon

paragraphs: Lucy Fallon (born 13 November 1995) is an English actress from Cleveleys, Lancashire. She found popular success playing Bethany Platt in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" (2015–2020). The role has earned her widespread recognition and several accolades, including two British Soap Awards, an "Inside Soap" Award, and a National Television Award. Fallon was born in Blackpool, Lancashire, England.


title: Sam Robertson

paragraphs: Samuel Robertson (born 11 October 1985) is a Scottish actor and model. He is best known for his roles as Flynn on the E4 comedy-drama "Beaver Falls", and as Adam Barlow in the ITV soap opera "Coronation Street." Robertson studied Drama and English at the University of Manchester, but dropped out at 18 to focus on his role of Adam Barlow in "Coronation Street" since 1960. In 2005 and 2006, he took part in the second to myers the third series of Sky1's The Match.


title: Jennie McAlpine

paragraphs: Jennie Elizabeth McAlpine (born 12 February 1984 in Greater Manchester, England) is a British television actress, comedian and businesswoman. She is best known for her role as Fiz Brown in the soap opera Coronation Street. She also part in season 17 of the British ITV television reality show, I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! in 2017 in the fourth place.


title: Camagüey

paragraphs: Camagüey is a city and municipality in central Cuba. It is the country's third largest city and capital of the Camagüey Province. It has more than 321,000 inhabitants.


title: DirectX Raytracing

paragraphs: DirectX Raytracing (DXR) is a feature of Microsoft's DirectX that can do raytracing in real-time. It is a big development in computer graphics. It was first made to use Nvidia's Volta platform. Some of the first products for consumers that use DXR include the Nvidia GeForce 20 series of GPUs, which was announced in 2018. DXR came out as an extension to DirectX 12 instead of a new version of DirectX.

paragraphs: The Windows 10 October 2018 update includes the public release of DirectX Raytracing.

paragraphs: DXR adds 4 main elements to the DirectX 12 API:


title: Johann Heinrich Tischbein

paragraphs: Johann Heinrich Tischbein, the younger (1742-1808) was a German painter and engraver, from the Tischbein family of artists.


title: Lou Diamond Phillips

paragraphs: Louis Diamond Phillips (né Upchurch; born February 17, 1962) is a Filipino-American actor and movie director. He is known for his role as Ritchie Valens in the biographical drama movie "La Bamba" (1987).


title: William Bogert

paragraphs: William "Bill" Bogert (January 24, 1936 – January 12, 2020) was an American character actor. He was best known for his role as Brandon Brindle on the TV series "Small Wonder" from 1985 to 1989. He also played Kent Wallace, the host of "Chappelle's Show"s "Frontline" spoofs.

paragraphs: Bogert died in New York City on January 12, 2020. He was 83 years old.


title: Urs Egger

paragraphs: Urs Egger (1955 – January 19, 2020) was a Swiss movie and television director and journalist. From 1974 to 1997, he worked for the Swiss "Neue Zürcher Zeitung" and the Australian "Cinema Papers" as a correspondent. His best known movies were "Kinder der Landstrasse" (1992) and "Opernball" (1998).

paragraphs: Egger died on January 19, 2020 at the age of 66.


title: Danny Talbott

paragraphs: Joseph Daniel Talbott (November 1, 1944 – January 19, 2020) was an American football, baseball, and basketball player. He quarterbacked two seasons of football at UNC-Chapel Hill. He was named the ACC Player of the Year in 1966.

paragraphs: He was drafted 17th overall by the San Francisco 49ers before backing up quarterback Sonny Jurgensen for the Washington Redskins under Vince Lombardi. He also played baseball professionally in the Baltimore Orioles's minor league system.

paragraphs: Talbott was born in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. He died on January 19, 2020 in Rocky Mount of cancer-related problems at the age of 75.


title: Sam Anderson

paragraphs: Sam Anderson (born May 13, 1945) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Sam Gorpley on "Perfect Strangers", as dentist Bernard Nadler on "Lost", and as Holland Manners on "Angel".


title: Wahpeton, North Dakota

paragraphs: Wahpeton ( ) is a city in Richland County, in southeastern North Dakota, United States. It is on the Bois de Sioux River. Wahpeton is the county seat of Richland County. The population was 7,766 at the 2010 Census.


title: Bois de Sioux River

paragraphs: The Bois de Sioux River drains Lake Traverse, the southernmost body of water in the Hudson Bay watershed of North America. It is a tributary of the Red River of the North. It makes up part of the western border of the U.S. state of Minnesota, and the eastern borders of North Dakota and South Dakota. It is about 41 miles (66 km) in length. The Dakota name for this River is Caninkpa Wakpa ( can = wood; inkpa = point; wakpa = river) named because it is the point or beginning of the woods all the way to Hudson Bay.[2] Where the Waters Gather and the Rivers Meet. By Paul C. Durand, Privately published, 1994 ISBN 0-9641469-0-8.


title: Rosanna DeSoto

paragraphs: Rosanna DeSoto (born September 2, 1950) is an American actress. She is best known for her roles in "Stand and Deliver", for which she won an Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female, and in "" as Azetbur.


title: Bombshell (2019 movie)

paragraphs: Bombshell is a 2019 American biographical drama movie directed by Jay Roach and written by Charles Randolph. The movie stars Charlize Theron, Nicole Kidman, and Margot Robbie. It is based on the stories of many women at Fox News who set out to expose CEO Roger Ailes for sexual harassment. Actors John Lithgow, Kate McKinnon, Connie Britton, Malcolm McDowell, and Allison Janney appear in supporting roles.

paragraphs: "Bombshell" received generally favorable reviews.


title: La Bamba (movie)

paragraphs: La Bamba is a 1987 American biographical movie written and directed by Luis Valdez. It is about the life and career of Chicano rock 'n' roll star Ritchie Valens. The movie stars Lou Diamond Phillips as Valens, Esai Morales, Rosanna DeSoto, Elizabeth Peña, Danielle von Zerneck, and Joe Pantoliano.

paragraphs: It was released on July 24, 1987 to positive reviews. In 2017, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Esai Morales

paragraphs: Esai Manuel Morales Jr. (born October 1, 1962) is an American actor. He played Bob Morales in the 1987 biopic "La Bamba". He also appeared in the PBS drama "American Family" and in the Showtime series "Resurrection Blvd."

paragraphs: He is best known for his roles as Lt. Tony Rodriguez on "NYPD Blue," Joseph Adama in the science fiction television series "Caprica," and Camino del Rio in the Netflix original series "Ozark".


title: Pramila Jayapal

paragraphs: Pramila Jayapal (; born September 21, 1965) is an American politician and activist. She is the U.S. Representative from since 2017. She is a member of the Democratic Party. She is the first Indian-American woman to serve in the House of Representatives.


title: Joe Pantoliano

paragraphs: Joseph Peter Pantoliano (born September 12, 1951) is an American actor. He is known for his roles in "Risky Business", "The Goonies", "La Bamba" and "Midnight Run". He has also played Captain Conrad Howard in the "Bad Boys" trilogy and Ralph Cifaretto during seasons 3–4 of "The Sopranos".


title: Hudson County, New Jersey

paragraphs: Hudson County, a county in the U.S. state of New Jersey. It is west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson. The county seat is Jersey City.

paragraphs: As of the 2018 Census estimate, Hudson County was the fastest-growing county in New Jersey compared to 2010; the county's population was 676,061.


title: Danielle von Zerneck

paragraphs: Danielle von Zerneck (born December 21, 1965) is an American actress and movie producer. She is best known for her role of Donna Ludwig, Ritchie Valens' girlfriend in the movie "La Bamba" (1987).


title: Egil Krogh

paragraphs: Egil "Bud" Krogh Jr. (August 3, 1939 – January 18, 2020) was an American lawyer and Republican politician. He was born in Chicago, but raised in Seattle. During the Richard Nixon presidency, he was the United States Under Secretary of Transportation from February 1973 through May 1973.

paragraphs: Krogh was a key figure of the Watergate scandal as he was the person who approved the break-ins of the Watergate complex.

paragraphs: Krogh died on January 18, 2020 at a Washington, D.C. hospital from heart failure at the age of 80.


title: The Day the Music Died

paragraphs: On February 3, 1959, American rock and roll musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and "The Big Bopper" J. P. Richardson were killed in a plane crash near Clear Lake, Iowa, together with pilot Roger Peterson.

paragraphs: The event later became known as "The Day the Music Died", after singer-songwriter Don McLean called it as such in his 1971 song "American Pie".

paragraphs: On the night before their deaths, Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and Jiles Perry "J.P" Richardson jr. a.k.a The Big Bopper had played one of their gigs for the 24 city Winter Dance Party Tour. They boarded a tour bus when the heating system broke down, which meant all the musicians, including Holly's band, had to board a Beechcraft Bonanza 35 plane bound for the next gig in Moorhead, Minnesota. After the time went to 1:00 a.m, pilot Roger Peterson lost control of the plane, which crashed into a cornfield, killing Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and The Big Bopper instantly, ejecting them on impact.


title: Ricky Ponting

paragraphs: Ricky Thomas Ponting (born 19 December 1974) is an Australian cricket coach, commentator and former cricketer. He is widely thought of as as one of the greatest batsmen of all time.

paragraphs: Ponting captained his country between 2004 and 2011 in Tests and 2002 and 2011 in One Day Internationals (ODIs). With the Australian national team, he has won the World Cup three times, the ICC Champions Trophy twice and the Ashes once. He appeared in 168 Tests for Australia between 1995 and 2012. His first Test was against Sri Lanka and his last was against South Africa. He also played for Tasmania from 1992 to 2013.

paragraphs: Ponting has been assistant coach of the Australia national cricket team since February 2019.

paragraphs: Ponting was born in Launceston, Tasmania. He is married to Rianna Cantor. The couple have three children.


title: Steve Gillespie (wrestler)

paragraphs: Steve Gillespie (July 22, 1963 – January 18, 2020), better known under the ring name Dr. Hannibal, was a Canadian professional wrestler. He was born in Calgary, Alberta. He wrestled from 1987 until his retirement in 2013. He worked in promotions such as Stampede Wrestling, Canadian Rocky Mountain Wrestling, Frontier Martial-Arts Wrestling (FMW) and the World Wrestling Federation (WWF).

paragraphs: On January 18, 2020, Gillespie was found dead in his car in Calgary. He was 56.


title: Robert Parker (singer)

paragraphs: Robert Parker (October 14, 1930 – January 19, 2020) was an American R&B singer and musician. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana. He is best known for his 1966 hit "Barefootin'". It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA. The song reached #2 on the U.S. Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart and #7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The single also charted in the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: On January 19, 2020, Parker died of natural causes in Roseland, Louisiana. He was 89.


title: Mario Bergamaschi

paragraphs: Mario Bergamaschi (7 January 1929 – 18 January 2020) was an Italian footballer. He played as a midfielder.

paragraphs: Bergamaschi was born in Crema, Lombardy. He played for 14 seasons in Serie A for Como (1950–1953), Milan (1953–1958) and Sampdoria (1958–1964). He also played for the Italy national team, playing his first game against Argentina in 1954.

paragraphs: Bergamaschi died on 18 January 2020 in Crema. He was 91.


title: Roseland, Louisiana

paragraphs: Roseland is a town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 1,162 at the 2000 census.


title: Joseph Hannesschläger

paragraphs: Joseph Hannesschläger (2 June 1962 – 20 January 2020) was a German actor and musician. He was born in Munich. He played the main role of Chief of Police Korbinian Hofer in "Die Rosenheim-Cops" from 2002 to 2019.

paragraphs: In October 2019, Hannesschläger was diagnosed with neuroendocrine cancer. He died from the disease in Munich on 20 January 2020 at the age of 57.


title: Ismat Ara Sadique

paragraphs: Ismat Ara Sadique (12 December 1942 – 21 January 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. She was the Minister of Ministry of Public Administration from 2014 to 2018. She was a member of Jatiya Sangsad from 2014 until 2020. She was a member of the Awami League.

paragraphs: Sadique died on 21 January 2020 in Dhaka at the age of 77.


title: Percy Heath

paragraphs: Percy Heath (April 30, 1923 – April 28, 2005) was an American jazz bassist. He was the brother of saxophonist Jimmy Heath and drummer Albert Heath, with whom he formed the Heath Brothers in 1975.

paragraphs: Heath played with the Modern Jazz Quartet throughout their long history and also worked with Miles Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, Charlie Parker, Wes Montgomery, and Thelonious Monk.


title: Kenny Burrell

paragraphs: Kenneth Earl Burrell (born July 31, 1931) is an American jazz guitarist. He is known for his work on the Blue Note label. His works with Jimmy Smith produced the 1965 "Billboard" Top Twenty hit album "Organ Grinder Swing".

paragraphs: Jimi Hendrix has said Burrell as an inspiration.

paragraphs: Burrell is a professor and Director of Jazz Studies at the UCLA Herb Alpert School of Music.


title: Curtis Fuller

paragraphs: Curtis DuBois Fuller (born December 15, 1934) is an American jazz trombonist. He is known as a member of Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers and works to many classic jazz recordings.

paragraphs: Fuller continues to perform and record, and is a faculty member of the New York State Summer School of the Arts (NYSSSA) School of Jazz Studies (SJS).


title: Benny Golson

paragraphs: Benny Golson (born January 25, 1929) is an American bebop/hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist, composer, and arranger. He was a member of Lionel Hampton and Dizzy Gillespie led bands. Golson is known for co-founding and co-leading The Jazztet with trumpeter Art Farmer in 1959. His best known song is "I Remember Clifford".


title: Aloïse Moudileno Massengo

paragraphs: Aloïse Moudileno Massengo (11 March 1933 – 6 January 2020) was a Congolese politician and lawyer. He served as Vice President of the Republic of the Congo from 1971 to 1972. He has been called the first Congolese lawyer. He was born in Vindza District.

paragraphs: Moudileno Massengo died on 6 January 2020 in the French city of Nancy. He was 86.


title: David Olney

paragraphs: David Charles Olney (March 23, 1948 – January 18, 2020) was an American folk singer-songwriter. He was born in Providence, Rhode Island. Olney performed as a solo singer-songwriter, and released more than 20 albums over forty years. He worked with artists such as John Hadley and Sergio Webb.

paragraphs: His songs were covered by and co-written with Emmylou Harris, Steve Earle, Linda Ronstadt, Steve Young, Del McCoury, and Laurie Lewis, among others.

paragraphs: Olney died of a heart attack during a performance onstage at the 30A Songwriter Festival in Santa Rosa Beach, Florida, on January 18, 2020, at age 71.


title: Del McCoury

paragraphs: Delano Floyd "Del" McCoury (born February 1, 1939) is an American bluegrass musician and singer. He was leader of the Del McCoury Band. He plays guitar and sings lead vocals along with his two sons, Ronnie McCoury and Rob McCoury.

paragraphs: In June 2010, he received a National Heritage Fellowship lifetime achievement award from the National Endowment for the Arts and in 2011 he was elected into the International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame.


title: York County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: York County is a county in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 434,972. Its county seat is York.


title: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Lancaster County , (Pennsylvania German: Lengeschder Kaundi) sometimes nicknamed "the Garden Spot of America" or "Pennsylvania Dutch Country", is a county located in the south central part of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 519,445. Its county seat is Lancaster.


title: Chambersburg, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Chambersburg is a borough in and the county seat of Franklin County, in the South Central region of Pennsylvania, United States. According to the United States Census Bureau, Chambersburg's 2010 population was 20,268.


title: Franklin County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Franklin County is a county located in South Central Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 149,618. Its county seat is Chambersburg.


title: Waynesboro, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Waynesboro is a borough in Franklin County, Pennsylvania, on the southern border of the state. The population within the borough limits was 10,568 at the 2010 census.


title: Franklin, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Franklin is a city in Venango County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 6,545 in the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Venango County.


title: Oil City, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Oil City is a city in Venango County, Pennsylvania. It is located at a bend in the Allegheny River. The population was 10,557 at the 2010 census.


title: Ivan Ustinov

paragraphs: Ivan Lavrentevich Ustinov (; 1 January 1920 – 15 January 2020) was a Soviet intelligence officer. He had many posts in Soviet military counterintelligence, reaching the rank of general-lieutenant. He was Third Directorate of the KGB and Office of Special Divisions of the KGB for the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany.

paragraphs: Ustinov died in Moscow on 15 January 2020 at the age of 100.


title: Hwang Sun-hui

paragraphs: Hwang Sun-hui (, 3 May 1919 – 17 January 2020) was a North Korean politician and military personnel. She worked in many top-ranking positions in the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK). She worked in the Supreme People's Assembly and the Central Committee of the WPK. She was a member with the Korean Revolution Museum since 1965, and was its director since 1990. She was born in North Hamgyong Province.

paragraphs: Hwang died on 17 January 2020 in Pyongyang of pneumonia at the age of 100.


title: Wolfgang J. Fuchs

paragraphs: Wolfgang J. Fuchs (16 September 1945 – 20 January 2020) was a German historian and comic book translator. He was born in Unsleben, Germany. He was known as the main editor of "Die tollsten Geschichten von Donald Duck – Sonderheft", a German Disney comic. He was also known for his comic "Disneys Heimliche Helden" (2005–2009).

paragraphs: Fuchs died on 20 January 2020 in Munich at the age of 74.


title: Cobleskill (village), New York

paragraphs: Cobleskill is a village in the western part of the town of Cobleskill in Schoharie County, New York, USA. The population was 4,678 at the 2010 census.


title: Fonda, New York

paragraphs: Fonda is a village in and the county seat of Montgomery County, New York, United States. The population was 795 at the 2010 census.


title: Woodbury, New Jersey

paragraphs: Woodbury is a city in Gloucester County, New Jersey, in the United States. As of the 2010 United States Census the city's population was 10,174. Woodbury is the county seat of Gloucester County.


title: Gloucester County, New Jersey

paragraphs: Gloucester County () is a county located in the U.S. state of New Jersey. As of the 2017 Census estimate, the county's population was 292,206. Its county seat is Woodbury.


title: Portland, Texas

paragraphs: Portland is a city in Nueces and San Patricio counties in the U.S. state of Texas. The population was 15,099 at the 2010 census.


title: Sinton, Texas

paragraphs: Sinton is a city in and the county seat of San Patricio County, Texas, United States. The population was 5,665 at the 2010 census.


title: Stanton, Texas

paragraphs: Stanton is a city in and the county seat of Martin County, Texas, United States. The population was 2,492 at the 2010 census.


title: Bridgehampton, New York

paragraphs: Bridgehampton is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) on the South Fork of Suffolk County, New York, USA. The population was 1,756 at the 2010 census.


title: LaPorte County, Indiana

paragraphs: LaPorte County is a county located in the U.S. state of Indiana. As of 2010, the population was 111,467. The county seat is the city of La Porte, and the largest city is Michigan City.

paragraphs: This county is part of the Northwest Indiana and Michiana regions of the Chicago metropolitan area.


title: Marc Morgan

paragraphs: Marc Wathieu (30 April 1962 – 10 January 2020), better known as Marc Morgan, was a Belgian singer and songwriter. He was born in Huy. His single "Notre Mystère, nos reunions" reached the French top 50 charts in 1993. He also worked as a professor. He worked at the École de recherche graphique in Brussels, the École supérieure des arts Le 75 in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and the Haute école Albert Jacquard in Namur.

paragraphs: Morgan died on 10 January 2020, at the age of 57.


title: Robert Molimard

paragraphs: Robert Molimard (16 December 1927 – 9 January 2020) was a French doctor. He served as a professor at Paris-Sud University. He was a pioneer in tobacco research in France. He worked on four publications. His last publication was "L’Homme, avatar de Dieu" in 2016.

paragraphs: Molimard was born in Cournon-d'Auvergne. He died on 9 January 2020, at the age of 92.


title: Red brick university

paragraphs: A red brick university (or redbrick university) was one of the nine civic universities founded in the major industrial cities of England. They are founded in the 19th century. These universities were different from other universities as they accepted students regardless of religion or background. They concentrated on imparting to their students "real-world" skills such as engineering and medicine.


title: Endocarp

paragraphs: Endocarp is the inside of the fruit, particularly of the Valencia navel orange hesperidium. You may also refer to the endocarp as the carpel or pulp of the orange. Exocarp or would be the outside skin or rind of the fruit.


title: Iznasen (Morocco)

paragraphs: The Iznasen or Beni Znassen (, Berber : ⵢⴰⵜ ⵉⵣⵏⴰⵙⵏ) are a set of tribes of Zenata Berber origin, inhabiting the northeastern region of Morocco.

paragraphs: The Beni Iznasen are a group of tribes of Zenata Berber origin. They were originally inhabiting near of Mascara, present-day Algeria, and migrated westwards in the seventh century CE.

paragraphs: In the 19th century, they welcomed in the north of their territory a group of 4 Arab tribes of the Angad, who settled in the plain of the Triffa.

paragraphs: In 1859, the people of Beni-Znassen were the target of a French military expedition, directed by the general of Martimprey from colonial Algeria.

paragraphs: The Beni Znassen land represents a triangular area bounded by the Moulouya river to the west, the Kiss river to the east and the Angad plain to the south. It thus includes the mountainous complex of Beni-Znassen and the Triffa plain.

paragraphs: The Beni-Znassen area thus includes the cities of :

paragraphs: Near the municipality of ElAioun Sidi Mellouk

paragraphs: The confederation of Beni-Znassen is made up of 4 main tribes, and it hosts 4 arabic tribes called Arabs of Triffa :

paragraphs: The Beni-Znassen speak Iznasen Berber, a Berber language, as well as Moroccan Arabic.

paragraphs: Since the 19th century, Arabic took over the Berber languages, mainly among the Aït Khaled and at the southern margins of the three other tribes.


title: Eugène Berger

paragraphs: Eugène Berger (4 December 1960 – 21 January 2020) was a Luxembourg politician, teacher and alpinist. He was a member of the Democratic Party. At the time of his death in 2020, he was a member of the Chamber of Deputies since 2007. He was first elected to the Chamber of Deputies in 1994, serving until 2004. He was State Secretary of the Environment from 1999 to 2004.

paragraphs: In 1992, Berger became the first Luxembourger to climb Mount Everest. For this feat, he won the title of Luxembourgian Sportsman of the Year.

paragraphs: Berger was born in Bettembourg. He had two children. He died on 21 January 2020, at the age of 59.


title: Independent city (United States)

paragraphs: In the United States, an independent city is a city that does not belong to any particular county. The United States has 41 independent cities: 38 in Virginia (whose state constitution designates all municipalities incorporated as "cities" as such), plus Baltimore, Maryland; St. Louis, Missouri; and Carson City, Nevada.


title: Donetsk People's Republic

paragraphs: Donetsk People’s Republic is a non-recognised state in the Donbass region of Ukraine. When the War in Donbass started in 2014, a few hundred separatists proclaimed it in part of Donetsk Oblast. Donetsk Oblast is all to the east of Ukraine, at the border with Russia. Approximately at the same time, other people started Luhansk People's Republic in Luhansk Oblast. In both parts, there are many etrhnic Russians. Russia helped a lot to start these non-recognised states.


title: Antony Cotton

paragraphs: Antony Cotton (born Antony Dunn; 5 August 1975) is an English actor. He is best known as Sean Tully in Coronation Street and as Alexander Perry in the original UK version of Queer as Folk. He was born in Bury, Greater Manchester, England.


title: Kate Malone

paragraphs: Kate Olivia Malone (born 29 January 1959) in London, is a British potter and ceramic artist. With Keith Brymer Jones, she judges BBC2’s "The Great Pottery Throw Down". She is known for her large sculptures and using bright colors.


title: Ian Tuxworth

paragraphs: Ian Lindsay Tuxworth (18 June 1942 – 21 January 2020) was an Australian politician. He was a member of the Country Liberal Party and later the Northern Territory Nationals. He served as the second Chief Minister of the Northern Territory from 1984 until he resigned in 1986. He was also elected to the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly in 1974.

paragraphs: Tuxworth was born in Wollongong, New South Wales. In 1951, he moved to Tennant Creek, Northern Territory. Tuxworth died on 21 January 2020 in Perth, Western Australia. He was 77.


title: Public

paragraphs: In communication science and public relations, "public" mostly means people. The meaning of this is different than other ideas, such as gatherings in social life to talk about people (public sphere). The meaning of this is also talked about in the learning of government (political science), the learning of how humans think (psychology), and the learning of giving things to people (marketing). This word's meaning is very hard to make, as people think that public has different meanings.

paragraphs: The word "public" comes from the Latin "publicus", or "of the people".

paragraphs: In the learning of government (politics), "public" means a group of people who are related to government (leader group). In psychology and public relations, public has even more different meanings.

paragraphs: In the year of 1929, John Dewey had the meaning of "public" as a group of people who answer the same problem. This means that this meaning is about problems (situational). This definition of "public" with "problem" is so misunderstood that people made a whole new learning place, called as "the idea of the public being about problems" (situational theory of publics) created by James E Gruning, who was so into "the idea of the public being about problems” that he also thought of “the idea of the public "not" being about problems", and so made sets that put the ideas of the meaning of public in order. This includes "the idea of a public without a problem" (nonpublics), "the idea of public with a problem" (latent publics), and "the idea of public who know they have a problem" (active publics).

paragraphs: In this meaning, the meaning of “public” is not someone who likes business (stakeholder) or a system of getting and giving things for money (market). This meaning of "public" here is that it is a part of a group of multiple people who like business (stakeholder) who all need to solve a problem. This is not a market because it does not have any money moving system (exchange system), and that a "public" is created by itself (self-forming) and puts itself in order by itself (self-organizing). The people who are in public relations do things for the "public". People who are needed to make a group's dreams come true are named as "target publics", and people that help the target publics are named as "influentials". Influentials are important, because they give answers to the target public's problems. The "target publics" are also important, because their answers to the government problems (like electoral votes) are very important.

paragraphs: The public also has rules of being in the public ("social norms"), that play a major role in how information is moved.

paragraphs: Public relations theory shows that the meaning of publics is situational, according to John Dewey and James E. Gruning, and is simply a group of people. According to Gabriel M. Vasquez, a public has people that all know about their common problem and all try to solve that problem (“homo narrans” [Latin for "storytelling human"]), and create a list of problems to be solved (agenda-building). For example, Schools are commonly talked about for their agenda-building, on whether they should teach about religion or not (secular). Some people think publics are about the government (political) and last forever.

paragraphs: But, other people think that the meaning of public is non-situational. Kirk Hallahan, professor at Colorado State University, thinks that the meaning of public is about another organization, and has public as that it is people who are about (relate) to an organization, who show different amounts of activity—passivity (getting information without giving it), and who might (or might not) talk with others about their relationship with the group.

paragraphs: Social publics are people who like the same ideas or hobbies.

paragraphs: Networked publics are social publics who are organized by the new technology. Because of this, networked publics are the result of technologies that connect people (networked technologies, like social media), and the whole result from a combination of the people in the networked public, their technologies, and their ideas.

paragraphs: The situational theory of publics, is about the idea that publics can be used and organized by how much they know (are aware of) their common problem, and how much action the group has taken to resolve that problem. This theory shows when people communicate ideas and when the ideas are about the people who are important in solving the common problem. This theory is almost the same as John Dewey's theory of publics and Blumer's theory of publics.

paragraphs: The five key concepts in this theory are:

paragraphs: This theory comes from James E. Grunig's writing, "The Role of Information in Economic Decision Making" in 1966. This writing was the beginning of the situational theory of publics, as it had the first key idea, problem recognition, in the writing. Then, when he wrote about the decisions of people who own land in Columbia to become a professor, he also wrote about the second key idea, constraint recognition. He then added Herbert Krugman's idea of the third key idea, level of involvement, to explain the difference between the fourth and fifth key ideas, information seeking and information processing. After that, he wrote a book in 1984 which was named "Managing Public Relations", which further made the situational theory of publics make more sense, based on John Dewey's book, which was named "The Public and Its Problems".

paragraphs: People who use the theory created equations which used the theory to organize the different types of publics, and the most real effects of communication for each public. Because these math rules were created, it made the theory more understandable and became used in a more common way in learning the theory (academic studies) and in some professional learning. This theory is like the learning of the actions of people buy things (consumer behavior), health communication, how media works (media exposure), and the communication of government related ideas (political communication), which are common in other parts of the learning of communication (communication research). But, this theory has more common key ideas and a more developed system of learning and analysis because of the equations. Because of this, it can become more common (popular) and include other smaller less common theories inside it (subsume).

paragraphs: Even though the theory is well developed, it develops even more common. The theory has been used to show why people join groups who really want things to happen (activist groups), to organize the external (real, actual) and internal (perceived) parts (dimensions) of problem recognition, and to learn whether information that is used in information processing (processed information) can create publics. Also, some more research was done on the internal and external dimensions of problem recognition, constraint recognition, and level of involvement (Grunig & Hon, 1988; Grunig, 1997). The research is about whether the ideas are internal or external. The research shows that if the concepts are internal, they can be changed by communication, and that if they are external, then the holdable things that are around the person need to be changed in order for the person's concept of the variables to change (Grunig, 1997, p. 25). But, there is a small amount of research on the internal and external dimensions of the three key concepts, so there can be more studies on these concepts (Grunig, 1997). Then, in 2011, Jeong-Nam Kim and Grunig extended the theory to the situational theory of problem solving.


title: Barbara Barrett

paragraphs: Barbara McConnell Barrett (born December 26, 1950) is an American politician, businesswoman, and lawyer. She is the 25th and current United States Secretary of the Air Force since October 18, 2019.

paragraphs: From May 23, 2008 through January 16, 2009, she was the United States Ambassador to Finland for the George W. Bush administration.

paragraphs: Barrett was former chair of the Aerospace Corporation and a member on the boards of California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, RAND Corporation, Smithsonian Institution, Horatio Alger Association of Distinguished Americans, and Lasker Foundation.

paragraphs: On May 21, 2019, President Donald Trump announced he would nominate Barrett as Secretary of the Air Force. Her nomination was confirmed with an 85-7 U.S. Senate vote on October 18, 2019. She was sworn in October 18, 2019.


title: Indiana County, Pennsylvania

paragraphs: Indiana County is a county located in the central west part of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 88,880. Its county seat is Indiana.


title: Keene, New Hampshire

paragraphs: Keene is the only city in and the seat of Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 23,409 at the 2010 census.


title: Sam Aston

paragraphs: Samuel David Aston (born 7 June 1993) is an English actor, known for portraying the role as Chesney Brown on the ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Aston made his television debut at the age of five, as an extra in Eddie Mountain.

paragraphs: Aston was awarded Best Newcomer at the National Television Awards in 2004. He also won Best Dramatic Performance for a Young Actor or Actress at the British Soap Awards.


title: Impeachment process against Richard Nixon

paragraphs: The impeachment process against Richard Nixon began in the United States House of Representatives on October 30, 1973, following the "Saturday Night Massacre" episode of the Watergate scandal.

paragraphs: The House Committee on the Judiciary set up an impeachment inquiry staff and began investigations into possible impeachable offenses by Richard Nixon, the 37th president of the United States.

paragraphs: The process began on February 6, 1974, when the House granted the Judiciary Committee authority to investigate whether sufficient grounds existed to impeach President Nixon of high crimes and misdemeanors under , of the United States Constitution.

paragraphs: This investigation happened one year after the United States Senate created the Select Committee on Presidential Campaign Activities to investigate the 1972 break-in at the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel in Washington, D.C..

paragraphs: On August 9, 1974, before the full House could vote on the articles of impeachment, Nixon resigned thus ending the impeachment process.


title: Chamber of Deputies (Luxembourg)

paragraphs: The Chamber of Deputies (, , ), abbreviated to the Chamber, is the unicameral national legislature of Luxembourg. The Chamber is made up of 60 seats. Deputies are elected to have five-year terms by proportional representation in four multi-seat constituencies. Voters may vote for as many candidates as the constituency elects deputies.


title: Joe Shishido

paragraphs: In Japan, he was also known by the nickname for his popular role in the Western "Fast-Draw Guy" (1961). He was born in Kita, Osaka, Japan.

paragraphs: Shishido died on January 20, 2020 of a suspected heart attack in Tokyo at the age of 86.


title: De'Runnya Wilson

paragraphs: De'Runnya S. Wilson (September 14, 1994 – January 21, 2020) was an American football player. He played as a wide receiver. At the time of his death in 2020, he played for Albany Empire of the Arena Football League (AFL). He played college football at Mississippi State. He was born in Birmingham, Alabama.

paragraphs: Wilson died on January 21, 2020 in Birmingham, Alabama. He was 25. Police treated his death as a murder.


title: Theodor Wagner

paragraphs: Theodor "Turl" Wagner (6 August 1927 – 21 January 2020) was an Austrian footballer. He played as a striker.

paragraphs: Wagner was born in Vienna. He played club football between 1946 and 1964. He played for Wacker Wien, Linz and Wacker Innsbruck.

paragraphs: Wagner played for Austria between 1946 and 1957. He played 46 times for his country, and scored 22 goals. He was part of the 1954 FIFA World Cup squad that finished third. He famously scored a hat-trick in Austria's 7–5 quarterfinal win over Switzerland at the 1954 FIFA World Cup.

paragraphs: Wagner died on 21 January 2020 in Vienna. He was 92.


title: Antelope Valley

paragraphs: Antelope Valley is in northern Los Angeles County, California, and the southeast part of Kern County, California, and is a part of the western tip of the Mojave Desert. It is between the Tehachapi, Sierra Pelona, and the San Gabriel Mountains. The valley was named for the pronghorns that roamed there until they were all killed in the 1880s, mostly by hunting, or moved to other areas. The main cities in the Antelope Valley are Palmdale and Lancaster.


title: Joyce Bryant

paragraphs: Joyce Bryant (born October 14, 1927) is an African-American singer and actress. She was popular in the late 1940s and early 1950s as a theater and nightclub performer.

paragraphs: She became an early African-American sex symbol. She had nicknames such as "The Bronze Blond Bombshell", "the black Marilyn Monroe", "The Belter", and "The Voice You'll Always Remember".


title: Point Clear, Alabama

paragraphs: Point Clear is an unincorporated census-designated place (CDP) in Baldwin County, Alabama, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 2,125. It is part of the Daphne–Fairhope–Foley Micropolitan Statistical Area.


title: The Wayfaring Stranger (song)

paragraphs: "The Wayfaring Stranger" (also known as "Poor Wayfaring Stranger" or "I Am a Poor Wayfaring Stranger"), Roud 3339, is a famous American folk and gospel song probably coming from the early 1800s about a soul on the journey through life. There are many versions of the song. During a period during and several years after the American Civil War, the lyrics were known as the Libby Prison Hymn (named after a Confederate prison).