title: Dissection (band)

paragraphs: Dissection was a Swedish black and death metal band from Strömstad, Sweden.

paragraphs: Dissection was formed in autumn 1989 by lead singer Jon Nödtveidt and bassist Peter Palmdahl. The band recorded and released a demo tape titled "The Grief Prophecy" in December 1990. The band released their debut album "The Somberlain" in 1993. Their second studio album "Storm of the Light's Bane" was released on November 17, 1995.

paragraphs: Their final studio album "Reinkaos" was released on April 30, 2006 in Europe and on May 16, 2006 in North America. The band a final European concert and broke up on 24 June 2006. On 13 August 2006, lead singer Jon Nödtveidt committed suicide by an apparent self-inflicted gunshot wound inside a circle of lit candles.


title: Mike Eastwood

paragraphs: Michael Barry Eastwood (born July 1, 1967 in Ottawa, Ontario) is a Canadian retired professional ice hockey centre that played 13 seasons in National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: He played college hockey at Western Michigan University. Eastwood was drafted by the Toronto Maple Leafs with the 91st overall pick in the 1987 NHL Draft.

paragraphs: Eastwood played in the NHL for seven teams, Toronto Maple Leafs from 1991 to 1995, Winnipeg Jets from 1994 to 1996, Phoenix Coyotes during the 1996–97 NHL season, New York Rangers from 1996 to 1998, St. Louis Blues from 1997 to 2003, Chicago Blackhawks during the 2002–03 NHL season and the Pittsburgh Penguins during the 2003-04 NHL season. He retired in 2004 and currently co-hosts the Ottawa Senators post-game show with Scott MacArthur.


title: Jack Dyte

paragraphs: John Leonard "Jack" Dyte (October 13, 1918 - April 9, 1974) was a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman that played 27 games in National Hockey League with the Chicago Black Hawks.

paragraphs: He played with the Baltimore Orioles of the Eastern Hockey League for 2 seasons as well as the Jonestown Bluebirds for 1 season. He played for the Montreal Royals of the Quebec Senior Hockey League for 1 season. He played in the AHL with Providence-Buffalo for 1 season, the Buffalo Bisons for 2 seasons and the St. Louis Flyers for 1 season. He played in the CBSHL with the Northside Victorias for 1 season and then retired from playing professional hockey. He died on April 9, 1974.


title: West Fertilizer Plant explosion

paragraphs: The West Fertilizer Plant explosion was an explosion in West, Texas, near Waco. It happened just before 7:50 pm CDT. There was a lot of damage to buildings and houses. Fourteen people were killed and over 160 injured. The cause of this blast was ammonium nitrate. However, the cause of the fire that took place before the explosion is currently unknown.


title: Mädchen Amick

paragraphs: Mädchen Amick (born December 12, 1970) is an American actress. She began acting in television programs. She starred as Shelly Johnson on the television series "Twin Peaks" and its 1992 prequel movie "Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me". She was born east of Reno, Nevada and raised in Sparks, Nevada. Amick's parents are German.


title: Geoffrey

paragraphs: Geoffrey is an English male given name. It is often spelled Jeffrey and abbreviated as "Geoff", "Jeff" or "Geof". It was very prominent in the early 1990s in England and America.


title: Sub-Roman Britain

paragraphs: Sub-Roman Britain is the name given to Britain after the Roman legions left. It usually means the time between 410 AD and the beginning of the seventh century.

paragraphs: After four centuries of controlling Britain, the Romans left Roman Britain at the beginning of the fifth century. However Roman culture and probably a kind of Latin language survived for another two centuries with the Anglo-Saxons slowly settling from northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula.

paragraphs: The invasion was first stopped by the Romano-British. Indeed Subroman Britain initially successfully fought the invasion of the anglosaxons from northern Germany and the Jutland peninsula, thanks to a mytical king named King Arthur. Probably Ambrosius Aurelianus, who was a powerful Romano-British leader in Subroman Britain around mid-5th century, was King Arthur. He was renowned for his campaigns against the Saxons, and there is some speculation that he (or his son, according to the historian Gildas) may have commanded the Romano-british forces at the Battle of Badon Hill, where the barbarians were won around 500 AD.

paragraphs: The Anglo-Saxons obtained control of eastern England at the end of the 5th century. In the mid-6th century they started expanding again into the English Midlands. Then in the 7th century they expanded again into the south-west and the north of England. The unconquered parts of southern Britain, notably Wales and surrounding areas of western Britain, retained their Romano-British culture, in particular Christianity.

paragraphs: The Anglo-Saxons gained control of eastern England at the end of the 5th century. In the mid-6th century they started moving again into the English Midlands. Then in the 7th century they moved again into the south-west and the north of England. The parts of southern Britain they hadn't invaded yet, notably Wales and surrounding areas of western Britain, kept their Romano-British culture, in particular Christianity.

paragraphs: Some Anglo-Saxon histories (in context) call the Romano-British people "Welsh", which is an Old English word meaning 'foreigner'. Historically, Wales and the south-western peninsula were known respectively as North Wales and West Wales.

paragraphs: Recent discoveries have helped document the continuing urban occupation of some Romano-British towns near Watling Street such as "Viriconium" (Wroxeter) and "Venta" (Caerwent), in those two centuries.

paragraphs: One of the last Sub-Roman cities to be conquered by the Anglo-Saxons was "Deva Victrix" (Chester), where Roman "amphoras" were used until 616 AD. The Romano-British may have survived partly because of the Chester city walls; the city had been defended by walls since the Deva Victrix fort was built on the site in 79 AD.

paragraphs: However there were romanized Britons -retaining their "insular latin"- until the late seventh century, as demonstrated by archaeological discoveries in Tintagel and other localities.


title: Dreaming

paragraphs: Dreaming, Dreamin' or similar may refer to:


title: Rufous hare-wallaby

paragraphs: The rufous hare-wallaby ("Lagorchestes hirsutus") is a small wallaby found in Australia. It is also known by its Western Desert name mala. It used to be found widely across the western half of Australia, but is now only found in Bernier and Dorre Islands in Shark Bay. It is currently classified as a vulnerable species.

paragraphs: The rufous hare-wallaby is a nocturnal herbivore that eats herbs, leaves and seeds. It is usually solitary, meaning that it lives alone. The species was first described by John Gould in "The Mammals of Australia" (1844). It is currently being reintroduced to mainland Australia, to the Tanami Desert in the Northern Territory. Four distinct groups of this species have been described as subspecies:

paragraphs: The mala is a common totem in Western Desert Aboriginal Dreamings.


title: ITT Corporation

paragraphs: ITT Corporation is a global manufacturing company in the United States, in aerospace, transportation, energy and industrial markets. They are in global markets including water and fluids management. ITT originally stood for International Telephone and Telegraph; it was founded around 1920. It was originally combined from other telephone companies. Today's ITT Corporation was founded in 2006.


title: George Gamow

paragraphs: George Gamow (August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov (), was a theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He discovered a theoretical explanation of alpha decay through quantum tunneling. Gamow was born in Odessa in the Russian Empire. He studied atomic physics and a few other kinds of physics. He ran away from the Soviet Union in 1933. He went to the United States and taught at the University of Washington. He wrote books in German, French and Russian, and later in English. Some of his books were for fellow scientists and some explained science to laymen. His most famous book was "One Two Three... Infinity."


title: Hasty generalization

paragraphs: Hasty generalization is an informal fallacy of generalisation by making decisions based on too little evidence or without recognizing all of the variables. In statistics, it may mean basing broad conclusions of a survey from a small sample group.

paragraphs: A hasty generalization made from a single example is sometimes called the "fallacy of the lonely fact" or the "proof by example fallacy".

paragraphs: When evidence is intentionally excluded to bias the result, it is sometimes termed the "fallacy of exclusion".

paragraphs: Hasty generalization may follow this pattern


title: Kelly Hills

paragraphs: The Kelly Hills () are a mountain range at the southern end of the Northern Territory of Australia. It is located directly north of the Musgrave Ranges, and about northeast of Amaṯa. Its highest point is about above sea level. Mount Robert, at the eastern end of the range, is about 796 metres above sea level. The area is known as Aputjilpinya in the native Yankunytjatjara language. It forms part of an important Mala Dreaming track that runs between Uluṟu and Ulkiya.

paragraphs: There are a few soakages located within the hills. One of them, Puntitjara, was recorded by several early White explorers travelling through the Kelly Hills. The South Australian government's North-West Prospecting Expedition, led by Lawrence Wells, was brought there by an Aboriginal guide in 1903. One of the expedition's prospectors, Herbert Basedow, recorded the name as "Punndijarrinna" and reported that it was a good source of water. Basedow returned to Puntitjara in June 1926 on another expedition, this one led by Donald Mackay. According to Mackay, they found it dry and covered with a layer of sand. The anthropologist Ted Strehlow visited Puntitjara in August 1936, but founded it covered by mud.


title: Pikmin 3

paragraphs: Pikmin 3 is a real-time strategy video game that was released by Nintendo for the Wii U game console. It is the sequel to "Pikmin 2" and the third game in the "Pikmin" series. It was released in Japan on July 13, 2013, in Europe on July 26, 2013, and in North America on August 4, 2013.

paragraphs: "Pikmin 3" has the same gameplay as the last 2 "Pikmin" games. Players control 100 plant-like creatures called Pikmin. The player uses them to pick up object, reach areas, and fight enemies. There are three characters that players can play as. In addition to the five types of Pikmin from "Pikmin 2" (Red Pikmin, Yellow Pikmin, Blue Pikmin, Purple Pikmin, and White Pikmin), there is two new types of Pikmin. The Rock Pikmin can destroy tough barriers, while the Flying Pink "Winged" Pikmin can attack airborne enemies and carry items in the air.

paragraphs: The player is able to control the game with the Wii U GamePad or the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination. The Wii U GamePad gives the player a map of the game environment, which is visible on its touch screen.


title: Tivoli Gardens

paragraphs: Tivoli Gardens (or Tivoli) is an amusement park in Copenhagen, Denmark. It opened on 15 August 1843 and it was founded by Georg Carstensen. It is the second oldest amusement park in the world. The oldest is Dyrehavsbakken in Klampenborg, Denmark. Tivoli's original Chinese decorations inspired Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale".


title: Jenny Lind

paragraphs: Jenny Lind (Johanna Maria Lind, Stockholm, 6 October 1820 – Wynd's Point, Herefordshire, 2 November 1887) was a Swedish opera singer. She was nicknamed the "Swedish Nightingale". She was in great demand in opera roles throughout Sweden and northern Europe during the 1840s, and became the protégée of Felix Mendelssohn. After two acclaimed seasons in London, she announced her retirement from opera at the age of 29.

paragraphs: In 1850, Lind went to America at the invitation of the showman P. T. Barnum. She gave 93 concerts for him and then continued to tour under her own management. She donated her proceeds to charities, mainly the endowment of free schools in Sweden. With her husband, Otto Goldschmidt, she returned to Europe in 1852. They had three children. She gave occasional concerts over the next two decades, settling in England in 1855. From 1882, for some years, she was a professor of singing at the Royal College of Music in London. She was the inspiration for Hans Christian Andersen's "The Nightingale". Lind died on 2 November 1887 in Herefordshire, England, of cancer. She is buried in the Great Malvern Cemetery.


title: Compound (linguistics)

paragraphs: Compound words are words that add together to make a new word, like the word "side" and "walk", to make "sidewalk". These words often develop over time. They can start as two words joined with a hyphen, and then become a compound word. There are three types of compound words; closed, hyphenated and open. A closed compound word is joined into one word like "keyboard" or "makeup". A hyphenated word is two words joined with a hyphen like "mother-in-law". Open compound words are words which are used together like "police station", or "fire engine".

paragraphs: This is a short list with some common compound words.


title: Raymond Briggs

paragraphs: Raymond Briggs (1934- ) is an English writer and artist, known for his books for children. His books include "The Snowman", "Fungus the Bogeyman", "When the Wind Blows" and "Father Christmas".


title: Nintendo Land

paragraphs: Nintendo Land is a 2012 party video game developed and published by Nintendo for the Wii U video game console. It was announced during E3 2012.

paragraphs: The game has twelve mini-games that are playable in it, based off of famous Nintendo franchises like "The Legend of Zelda", "Mario" and "Metroid". Each minigames are styled like theme park attractions. They are supposed to show off how the Wii U GamePad works, and they all use some of its abilities, such as motion controls and the touch screen. The game supports the Wii Remote controller. The game had 'asymmetric gameplay', which means to have a different experience depending on what controller you use.

paragraphs: The game was mostly liked by reviewers and sold five million copies.

paragraphs: "Nintendo Land" takes place in a theme park, which also serves as the game's hub for its twelve minigames. A robot named Monita acts as a guide throughout the game, and teaches the player the basics of the game. Finishing minigames will earn the player coins, which can be used to play a pachinko game. If the player wins the pachinko game, they get a prize of a building from one of the minigames that they can decorate the theme park with.

paragraphs: This minigame is based on "The Legend of Zelda" series. Players using the Wii Remote wield a sword to fight enemies with. The player using the Wii U GamePad has a bow, and they must shoot the bow at enemies. The GamePad player can also spy on enemies by lifting the GamePad, or reload their arrows by facing the GamePad down.

paragraphs: This minigame is based on the "Metroid" series. Players using the Wii Remote and Nunchuk battle on the ground and players using the Wii U GamePad battle in Samus Aran's gunship. There are three game modes in this minigame. There is "Assault Mission", where the player must pass each level, "Surface-Air Combat", where those on foot must kill the player in the air and "Ground Battle", where all players are on foot and have to collect tokens. "Metroid Blast" is based off of a Nintendo tech demo from E3 2011.


title: Ambrosius Aurelianus

paragraphs: Ambrosius Aurelianus was a powerful Romano-British leader in Sub-Roman Britain around mid-5th century. He has been identified with the legendary King Arthur by historians like John Morris.

paragraphs: Ambrosius Aurelianus was born in Roman Britain in the years when Roman legions withdrew from the British isles and started the Anglo-Saxon conquest. He seems to be born in a noble Roman family, resident in Britain for many generations. He also appeared independently in the legends of the Britons, beginning with the 9th-century "Historia Brittonum", written by Nennius.

paragraphs: His importance comes from the fact that he is the "only Romano-british leader" named by Gildas, who was the only historian who lived during Sub-Roman Britain times: this fact makes Ambrosius Aurelianus an historical and "real" personality in the King Arthur legends.

paragraphs: He was renowned for his campaigns against the Anglo-Saxons, and there is some speculation that he (or his son, according to the historian Gildas) may have commanded the Romano-British forces at the Battle of Badon Hill, where the barbarians were won around 500 AD. After this battle for fifty years the Anglo-Saxons were stopped fron conquering all Britain.

paragraphs: Ambrosius Aurelianus is one of the few people that Gildas (a sixth century historian who lived in South-west Britain and wrote "De Excidio Britanniae", which focused largely on the history of Christian Britain) identifies by name in his sermon "De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae", and the only one named from the 5th century. Following the destructive assault of the Saxons, the survivors gather together under the leadership of Ambrosius, who is described as:

paragraphs: We know from Gildas that he was of high birth, and had Roman ancestry; he was presumably a Romano-Briton, rather than a Roman from elsewhere in the empire, though it is impossible to be sure. It also appears that Ambrosius was a Christian: Gildas says that he won his battles "with God's help". According to Gildas, Ambrosius organised the survivors into an armed force and achieved the first military victory over the Saxon invaders. However, this victory was not decisive: "Sometimes the Saxons and sometimes the citizens (meaning the Romano-British inhabitants) were victorious."


title: Home economics

paragraphs: Home economics is the study of the economics and management of the home and community. It is about managing a home and family, and cooking.


title: Fools Garden

paragraphs: Fools Garden is a German musical group. It was formed in 1991 under the name Fool's Garden. They started in 1991 with the album "Fool's Garden". The offical first album which included the complete band was "Once in a Blue Moon" (1993). Two years later, Fool's Garden released their third album "Dish of the Day", which scored a hit on the music charts in Europe and Asia with "Lemon Tree". The re-released track peaked at #26 in the UK Singles Chart in August 1996.

paragraphs: "Go And Ask Peggy For The Principal Thing" followed in 1997, along with three more albums in 2000, 2003 and 2005. In 2003, three members left the band, and were replaced by Dirk Blümlein (bassist), Claus Müller (drummer) and Gabriel Holz (second guitarist, who then left the band in 2007). The name of the band was changed to Fools Garden (without the apostrophe).

paragraphs: The band has released cover-versions of rock and roll songs during live performances (The Beatles' "Ticket to Ride" or The Who's "My Generation"). Fools Garden's interest in The Beatles's led them to put cover versions of songs "Cry Baby Cry" and "Martha My Dear" on their studio albums.

paragraphs: The band released a greatest hits compilation album in October 2009. The album, "High Times", contained fifteen songs. They included a brand new song, "High Time", and some of the well-known hits re-recorded with the new band ("Lemon Tree", "Wild Days", "Suzy").

paragraphs: The latest album "Who Is Jo King?" was released in October 2012.


title: Freehold (law)

paragraphs: In property law, a freehold (also called frank-tenement) is the ownership of real property. This includes land and everything that naturally comes with it, such as buildings, trees and natural resources. Freehold is different to a leasehold, in which the property is kept by the owner of the land after the lease has expired. Ownership of a freehold estate is indefinite amount of time.

paragraphs: Freehold is used in the laws of many Commonwealth countries. It comes from the United Kingdom.


title: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8

paragraphs: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of "America's Next Top Model". Thirteen girls participated. The winner was 20-year old Jaslene Gonzalez (who did not make the cut last cycle).


title: Control unit

paragraphs: The control unit is a circuit inside of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It controls the activity of all other units in the computer system, giving them directions. Its main job is to get the code from the program, decode it and operate the arithmetic logic unit and other units to run the code. The control unit manages all the computer resources. It directs the flow of data between the CPU and the other devices.


title: South China Sea Islands

paragraphs: South China Sea Islands are 250+ small islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs, and sandbars in the South China Sea. Most of these small islands are uninhabited.

paragraphs: There are minerals, natural gas, and oil deposits on the islands or under the seafloor near the islands.

paragraphs: The islands in the South China Sea include


title: Jim Kelly

paragraphs: James Edward Kelly (born February 14, 1960) is a former American football quarterback in the NFL for the Buffalo Bills and in the USFL for the Houston Gamblers. He played college football for the Miami Hurricanes. While Kelly was drafted by the Bills in 1983, he did not want to play for them at first, instead joining the Gamblers in the USFL. He was a star player for Houston until the USFL went out of business in 1986, after which he finally joined the Bills.

paragraphs: Kelly continued playing at a high level, helping the Bills become one of the NFL's best teams for some time. From 1990 to 1993, the Bills appeared in four straight Super Bowls with Kelly at quarterback. Though the Bills failed to win every time, they remain the only team in NFL history to make it to four or more Super Bowls as of 2019. Long after retiring in 1997, Kelly is still considered the greatest quarterback in Buffalo Bills team history by many people, as he still holds many passing records for the team.


title: W. E. B. Du Bois

paragraphs: William Edward Burghardt "W. E. B." Du Bois ( ; February 23, 1868 – August 27, 1963) was an very respected American-Ghanaian sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, Pan-Africanist, author, and editor. He was the leader of a group of African-American activists who wanted equal rights for blacks. Du Bois and his supporters opposed the Atlanta Compromise by Booker T. Washington.

paragraphs: Du Bois was born on February 23, 1868 (approximately) in Great Barrington, Massachusetts. He studied at Fisk University, Harvard University, and the University of Berlin.

paragraphs: Du Bois was married to Nina Gomer Du Bois from 1895 until her death in 1950. Then he was married to Shirley Lola Graham from 1951 until his death in 1963. Du Bois had two children with Gomer and one son with Graham.

paragraphs: In early 1963, the United States refused to renew his passport, so he decided to become a citizen of Ghana. Du Bois did not renounce his U.S. citizenship and moved from his home in New York City to Accra, Ghana.

paragraphs: Du Bois died on August 27, 1963 in his home in Accra from natural causes, aged 95. Du Bois received a state funeral. He was buried near his home in Accra.


title: John Jay O'Connor

paragraphs: John Jay O'Connor III (January 10, 1930 – November 11, 2009) was an American lawyer and the husband United States Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, the first woman to serve the court. He had Alzheimer's disease. Because of the disease, his wife retired from the United States Supreme Court in 2005.

paragraphs: O'Connor was born on January 10, 1930 in San Francisco, California. He studied at Stanford University. He received many college degrees during the 1950s. O'Connor married Sandra Day O'Connor in 1952, after they met in Arizona. They had three sons. O'Connor died on November 11, 2009 in his home in Phoenix, Arizona from Alzheimer's disease, aged 79.


title: Texas City disaster

paragraphs: The Texas City Disaster of 1947 was a major and very deadly incident. It happened on Wednesday, April 16, 1947, and was one of the largest non-nuclear explosions to hit the United States. The incident began as a late morning fire on the French vessel SS "Grandcamp" which had been docked next to Texas City and nearby Galveston. But then, its almost twenty three hundred ton cargo of ammonium nitrate detonated, creating several massive explosions that caused serious damage. The incident killed 581 people.

paragraphs: The Grandcamp, a World War II Liberty ship that had been converted to a French merchant vessel, was taking on a load of ammonium nitrate fertilizer at a quay next to a complex of Monsanto chemical factories, offices and labs. The ship's carpenter smelled smoke in the No. 4 hold around 8 a.m. on April 16 and found that a few bags of fertilizer were on fire. He tried dousing it with a few buckets of water, then a fire extinguisher.

paragraphs: When he called for a hose, the ship's captain forbade it, fearful that water would destroy the $500 worth of cargo that was on fire. The skipper ordered the hold closed and its fire-suppression valves opened to release steam. Ordinarily a good idea, but not in this case.

paragraphs: Ammonium nitrate decomposes at around 350 degrees Fahrenheit. The fire grew. The captain ordered his crew to abandon ship.Firefighters tried spraying the burning ship from the dock. Spectators, including schoolchildren crowded the quayside to watch the action. Bad idea, since the Grandcamp exploded at 9:12 a.m. The captain and 32 of the Grandcamp's crew died; 10 somehow survived. More than 200 people were killed on the quay. The blast was heard 160 miles away. It shattered all the windows in Texas City and half of those in Galveston, 10 miles away.

paragraphs: Some debris reached an altitude of nearly 3 miles before falling back to earth. Two airplanes circling overhead were blown apart by the heavy shrapnel. A one-ton piece of the ship's propeller shaft landed 2½ miles away. Other pieces sailed 5 miles.The blast flattened 20 waterfront blocks and 12 blocks inland. Flaming debris ignited oil, gas and chemical tanks at the sprawling Monsanto complex and three nearby oil companies.

paragraphs: People died everywhere, blown up by the blast, decapitated by flying metal, sliced by falling glass, burned by flaming metal and chemicals, crushed by falling buildings. The litany of death was long and varied. Thousands more suffered injuries.

paragraphs: Fire and rescue workers rushed in from nearby cities, and the Red Cross mobilized a massive national response, but these were the days before jet passenger and cargo planes. Local authorities set up temporary morgues and pressed medical students into duty in overwhelmed emergency rooms.

paragraphs: The cargo ship Highflyer, which had been moored near the Grandcamp, caught fire the morning after the explosion. When the fire seemed to be getting out of control, tugs were called to tow the ship out of the port, lest its own cargo of fertilizer explode, too. Unfortunately, the force of the Grandcamp explosion had locked the Highflyer into a deadly embrace with another ship, the Wilson B. Keene, and the Highflyer wouldn't budge. The tugs gave up. The Highflyer blew up, also demolishing the Keene, and raining death and fire anew on Texas City. The shockwave and new fires killed hundreds more.

paragraphs: The fires were not put out until April 18. Bodies and parts of bodies were strewn all over town. The state government ultimately listed 405 identified and 63 unidentified dead. Another 100 or perhaps 200 were counted as missing. Injuries may have reached 3,500. That's 4,000 casualties in a town of 16,000.

paragraphs: More than 1,500 houses – a third of the town's housing – were destroyed. Two thousand of the survivors were rendered homeless. Property damage reached at least $600 million (almost $6 billion in today's money).

paragraphs: An official report on the disaster recommended improved containers, labeling and special handling of ammonium nitrate fertilizer; prohibiting smoking in all piers and docks at all times; and worst-case-scenario community disaster plans to coordinate relief agencies, police and fire departments, hospitals, doctors and nurses, civil officials and military authorities.

paragraphs: Today, the unknown dead rest in a special cemetery. Monuments in Texas City include the propeller of the Highflyer and an anchor from the Grandcamp.


title: Texas City, Texas

paragraphs: Texas City is a city in Chambers and Galveston counties in southeastern Texas. The 2010 Census showed over 45,000 people living there. This city was officially incorporated in 1911.


title: Dead reckoning

paragraphs: Dead Reckoning (or DR) is a method of estimating a position. It is an important part of navigation. It uses the last known point (a fix), and speed and direction the vehicle or person has moved since it was at the fix, to make a good guess where the current position is.

paragraphs: It is used to track where a ship or airplane or sometimes where a vehicle on land is at. Now, Global Positioning System (GPS) is used and dead reckoning is not as important. But it is still used in areas where GPS is not available or for short periods of time if a GPS update is missed. It is also good to know in case the GPS satellites are damaged by a solar flare, or equipment is lost or broken, so it is still taught to sailors and pilots.

paragraphs: Dead Reckoning is how the sailors mapped the world after Christopher Columbus came to the New World. Using the stars, they could find their latitude (distance between the equator and the poles). But before accurate clocks were created, they could not tell their longitude (how far east or west they were) unless they saw land that they knew. So to cross the oceans they used dead reckoning. This is also how Richard Byrd became the first person to fly to the North Pole in 1926. He was able to fly for 16 hours and come back to the place he had left, with only ice fields beneath him.

paragraphs: Dead reckoning starts from a known point (the fix). Then the speed of the vehicle needs to be known. In old times, ships would throw a log over the side (tied to a rope) and count how long it took to pass this log (or to pull a rope with knots and count how many knots get pulled out in a certain amount of time). This would give the speed of the ship. Knowing the direction from a compass would give the direction. From these two numbers an estimate (a good guess) could be made about the current location of the vehicle. However, a wind pushes the vehicle to one side (called "drift") so this needs to be measured as well. Also there are currents in the water, even in the middle of the ocean. Over time this could make errors as well, so charts were made to correct for currents.

paragraphs: Airplanes can measure their windspeed easily (how fast they are going through the air), but not how fast they are moving over the land (called "ground speed"). A head wind, tail wind, or cross wind changes the ground speed. If the altitude of the plane is known, then the ground speed can be found by timing how fast the plane goes past an object on the ground. (The higher you are, the slower the ground seems to move). A window on the floor of the airplane can be used to find the ground speed and the drift of the airplane.

paragraphs: A vehicle on ground can also use dead reckoning. Usually they do not need to worry about drift from the wind, and there are no currents on land, so this reckoning is easier.


title: Yum! Brands

paragraphs: Yum! Brands, Inc., or Yum, are an American based corporation which licenses KFC, Pizza Hut and the Taco Bell restaurants. Before 2011, they also owned the Long John Silver's franchise. The company is based in Louisville, Kentucky. It started on October 7, 1997 as the Tricon Global Restaurants, Inc., which in turn was an independent company and spinoff of PepsiCo. Because of its previous relationship with PepsiCo, this company has a lifetime contract to Pepsi.


title: Iltur, South Australia

paragraphs: Iltur is the name of a remote Pitjantjatjara homeland in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. It is also known as Ilturnga or Coffin Hill after the rocky outcrop where it is located. It is located at the southern end of the Birksgate Range, and is one of the most southerly locations on the Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands. It was visited by the Elder Scientific Exploring Expedition in 1981, led by the explorer David Lindsay.

paragraphs: Many of the families who had lived in this region historically were forced to leave the area due to nuclear weapons tests at Maralinga. They were moved to Fregon in the north and to Yalata, very far to the south. Not all of them left, however, and some still living around Iltur reported that they were affected by the fallout of the tests. In 1976, the Department of Aboriginal Affairs offered AU$10,000 for the establishment of an outstation community at Iltur. An outstation was built, but is not always occupied.


title: Honeypot ant

paragraphs: Honeypot ants, or repletes, are sterile worker ants which are used as food stores. They develop swelled abdomens, filled with food by other worker ants. They are living storage containers. There are five genera of honepot ants.

paragraphs: Ant species often have polymorphs: different forms of the same type. The soldier ants which defend colonies are genetically the same as the normal workers. The way they develop is different. This is done by changes in food, or by pheromones.

paragraphs: Young honeypot ants are more or less force-fed until their gasters (=stomachs) are swelled up. Then they act as living food storage vessels. These food storage workers are called "repletes".

paragraphs: These replete workers develop in the North American honeypot ant "Myrmecocystus mexicanus". Rissing found that usually the largest workers in the colony develop into repletes; and, if repletes are removed from the colony, other workers become repletes. This shows the flexibility of this polymorphism.

paragraphs: Honey ants use their own bodies as living storage, but they have more function than just storing food. Some store liquids, body fat, and water brought to them by worker ants. They can later serve as a food source for their fellow ants when food is otherwise scarce. When the liquid stored inside a honeypot ant is needed, the worker ants stroke the antennae of the honeypot ant, causing the honeypot ant to regurgitate the stored liquid.

paragraphs: In certain places, such as the Australian outback, honeypot ants are eaten by people as sweets and are considered a delicacy.


title: Makiri, South Australia

paragraphs: Makiri is a place in the northwest of South Australia, where a rock hole and an Aboriginal outstation are located. It is in the Great Victoria Desert, between Kaltjiti and Watarru. It is an important sacred site for the "" (honey ant) Dreaming, a women's law. Much of the site was desecrated by a surveying team in 1969. It was officially declared a Prohibited Area by the South Australian government in 1973, as an "important Aboriginal mythological and cultural site".

paragraphs: Makiri is located in a region of shrubland and sand dunes. The outstation here was established in the early 1980s. Since 1984, it has been governed and supported by the Irintata Homelands group from Kaltjiti. There is one house with solar power. Water is supplied from a rainwater tank and a bore. It is often used as a research base by scientists, as the area supports several endangered species.


title: Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model

paragraphs: Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model (known as BINTM) is a reality show in which several women compete as models. It is a spin-off from the series "America's Next Top Model". The hosts are/were Lisa Butcher, Lisa Snowdown and recently Elle Macpherson. The show contains 9 seasons. A

paragraphs: Seven contestants from BNTM were competing against seven hopeful American models.

paragraphs: The returning contestants from "Britain's Next Top Model" and their placements for Cycle 18 are:


title: Ambrose Rogers

paragraphs: Ambrose Rodgers is a Gaelic footballer who plays for Down. He is the current captain and was also the captain of the Down Under-21 team in 2005 when they won the Ulster Under-21 Football Championship.


title: Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model, Cycle 8

paragraphs: Britain and Ireland's next Top Model, Cycle 8 is the eighth cycle of "Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model". This cycle contains 14 contestants. The host is still Elle MacPherson. The winner was 18-year-old Letitia Herod.


title: River mouth

paragraphs: The river mouth is the point where a stream flows into a body of water such as a river or an ocean.


title: Storm Thorgerson

paragraphs: Storm Elvin Thorgerson (28 February 1944 – 18 April 2013) was an English graphic designer who worked with music bands such as Led Zeppelin and Pink Floyd. Thorgerson was born on 28 February 1944 in Potters Bar, Middlesex, England. He died from cancer in England on 18 April 2013 at age 69.


title: Hogna

paragraphs: Spiders of the Hogna are large and powerful wolf spiders. They belong to the Family called "Lycosidae." They will readily catch and eat crickets and other large insects. They do not try to hurt humans unless they are getting hurt themselves. Usually their colors are dull, mostly they are brown, dark brown, or black.

paragraphs: "Hogna carolinensis" is the largest spider in the United States and can have a body length (head to tail) of up to almost 1.5 inches or 35mm. They scare people, but it is hard to get them even to try to bite. Instead of showing their , they will run away. They can run very fast. They are about 16 times larger than the smallest species of wolf spiders. For instance, the smallest of the wolf spiders of the genus "Trabeops" are only 4 mm. long.

paragraphs: "Hogna carolinensis" often digs burrows to live in.

paragraphs: In Europe there is a slightly smaller spider called "Lycosa tarantula," a kind of wolf spider that people once believed could kill people. It gets its name from the city of Taranto in Italy. There are other wolf spiders that get a little larger than "Hogna carolinensis", one of which is found in the Canary Islands, "Allohogna singoriensis," which reaches a full 40mm.


title: Great Expectations

paragraphs: Great Expectations is a novel by Charles Dickens. It depicts the growth and personal development of an orphan named Philip Pirrip ("Pip"). The novel was first published in serial form in Dickens' weekly periodical "All the Year Round", from 1 December 1860 to August 1861. In October 1861, Chapman and Hall published the novel in three volumes.

paragraphs: It is set among the marshes of Kent and in London in the early to mid 19th century. From the outset, the reader is "treated" by the terrifying encounter between Pip, the protagonist, and the escaped convict, Abel Magwitch. "Great Expectations" is a graphic book, full of extreme imagery, poverty, prison ships, "the hulks," barriers and chains, and fights to the death. It therefore combines intrigue and unexpected twists of autobiographical detail in different tones. Regardless of its narrative technique, the novel reflects the events of the time, Dickens' concerns, and the relationship between society and man.

paragraphs: Dickens felt "Great Expectations" was his best work, calling it "a very fine idea," and was very sensitive to compliments from his friends: "Bulwer, who has been, as I think you know, extraordinarily taken by the book." The cast includes the capricious Miss Havisham, the cold and beautiful Estella, the kind and generous blacksmith Joe, the dry and sycophantic Uncle Pumblechook, and the eloquent and wise Herbert Pocket. Throughout the narrative, typical Dickensian themes emerge: wealth and poverty, love and rejection, and the eventual triumph of good over evil.

paragraphs: "Great Expectations" has been translated into many languages and adapted many times to movies and other media.


title: A&W Restaurants

paragraphs: A&W Restaurants is a chain of fast food restaurants known for its draft root beer and root beer floats.

paragraphs: A&W was the first successful franchise company: the franchises began in the 1920s in California. The company's name was taken from the surnames of partners Roy W. Allen and Frank Wright. Yum! Brands purchased the company in 2002. In 2011 the company was sold back to a group of franchise owners. Kevin Bazner returned as the CEO.

paragraphs: The menu of A&W includes hamburgers, french fries, hot dogs and other fast food style meals. A&W has restaurants across the United States. A&W exists in Canada, but it has been owned by a different company since 1972. As of 2017 there were 634 restaurants in the United States and 328 international restaurants.

paragraphs: A&W is known for "frosty mugs". This is when the mug is kept in the freezer. It is removed, filled with A&W Root Beer, and then served to the customer. A number of A&W's are drive-in restaurants with carhops.


title: Tigrosa

paragraphs: Spiders in the genus Tigrosa were formerly included in the genus "Hogna", and before that to the genus "Lycosa". As people who study spiders make more progress they divide things in new ways.

paragraphs: Among the species included in this genus are:


title: Tigrosa helluo

paragraphs: Tigrosa helluo is a large species of American wolf spider. It used to be classified as a member of the genus "Hogna", and was called Hogna helluo. Before that it was classified as "Lycosa helluo". Female "Tigrosa helluo" spiders can have body lengths as great as 21 mm, and males can get up to 12 mm. Sometimes the females are found in holes under rocks. They dig a shallow hole and line it with silk. When they lay eggs they put them in silk sacs that they make. Then they carry them along with them by attaching the egg sac to their spinnerets. They may lay from 150 to 500 eggs at a time. All mother wolf spiders let their babies ride on top of their abdomens for several days after they hatch.


title: Leandra Leal

paragraphs: Leandra Rodrigues Leal Braz e Silva (born 8 September 1982 in Rio de Janeiro) is a Brazilian actress.

paragraphs: Leal is the granddaughter of the cultural producer Américo Leal and daughter of actress Ângela Leal. She started acting at the age of seven. When she was eight years old, she started on television, in the last episode of the soap opera "Pantanal", in which her mother also worked. Leal is an only child. She seems to have been influenced by her mother in her career choice, because since she was a little girl she has been living among the artistic and was fascinated by the art of interpretation.

paragraphs: In 2000, she co-starred in the miniseries "A Muralha" and then the sopa opera "O Cravo e a Rosa". Both of these contributed to her fame. In 2002 she participated in the "Pastores da Noite" miniseries, and in 2003, she was present in a season of children's series "Sítio do Picapau Amarelo". She also came to participate in some episodes of "A Grande Família", as Viviane, one of Tuco's girlfriends.

paragraphs: In 2004 she acted in the soap opera "Senhora do Destino", getting the sympathy of the audience by clashing with the villain Nazaré, played by Renata Sorrah. Later that year, she also served in the movie "Cazuza - O Tempo Não Pára", as Bebel Gilberto, singer's best friend.

paragraphs: In 2008 she co-starred in the remake of "Ciranda de Pedra" as Elzinha. At the end of the year, she debuted as a director in the "Mercadorias e Futuro" goods and theatrical spectacle, with José Paes de Lira.

paragraphs: In 2011, she was part of the cast of the movie "Estamos Juntos", and participated in the last episode of the soap opera "Insensato Coração". She also participated in a framework called the Fantástico, "A História do Amor", in which she played 64 different characters next to the actor Daniel de Oliveira.

paragraphs: In 2012, Leal was in the episode "A Sexóloga de Floripa" in series "As Brasileiras". And the soap opera is "Cheias de Charme", playing Maria do Rosário.


title: Stoker (movie)

paragraphs: Stoker is a 2013 British-American drama thriller movie. It was directed by Park Chan-wook. The movie stars Mia Wasikowska, Nicole Kidman and Matthew Goode.

paragraphs: After India's father dies in an auto accident, her Uncle Charlie, who she never knew existed, comes to live with her and her emotionally unstable mother. Soon after his arrival, she comes to suspect this mysterious, charming man has ulterior motives, but instead of feeling outrage or horror, this friendless girl becomes increasingly infatuated with him.


title: Kaḻayapiṯi

paragraphs: Kaḻayapiṯi (also written Kaḻaya Piṯi and Kaḻaiapiṯi) is a rock hole in the Birksgate Range in northwestern South Australia. It is an important location in the early history of the Pitjantjatjara people. The name comes from the words ' (emu) and ' (referring to a place from which the ancestral being is believed to originate; "" is a waterhole). It is a major sacred site for the (Emu Dreaming), and has been used for ceremonies by the Pitjantjatjara since long before colonisation of Australia.

paragraphs: Kaḻayapiṯi forms the southern heartland of the traditional Pitjantjatjara territory. According to the anthropologist Norman Tindale, the Pitjantjatjara people originally migrated from the southern coast. Kaḻayapiṯi served as their main home as they moved further north and northeast into the Tomkinson, Mann and Petermann Ranges. The rock hole here was very important during droughts, as there were few sources of water so reliable and permanent in the Great Victoria Desert to the south. However, during a long and severe drought between 1914 and 1916, the Pitjantjatjara were forced to move further east into the Musgrave Ranges, traditionally Yankunytjatjara territory.


title: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5

paragraphs: America's Next Top Model, Cycle 5 was the fifth season of "America's Next Top Model". There were 13 contestants. The winner was 18-year-old Nicole Linkletter.


title: Petra Mede

paragraphs: Petra Maria Mede (born 7 March 1970, in Stockholm, Sweden) is a Swedish comedian, dancer and television host. She grew up in Gothenburg.

paragraphs: Mede hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2013. She she hosted the contest for a second time for the Eurovision Song Contest in 2016, this time along with Måns Zelmerlöw.


title: Political geography

paragraphs: Political geography is the study of the spaces of politics and the politics of space. It is the field of geography which is concerned with the relationships between people, the state, and territory.

paragraphs: Political geography is organized or studied in three scaled groups.

paragraphs: The British academic Halford Mackinder created the study of "political geography".


title: Conflation

paragraphs: Conflation is what happens when two or more individuals, concepts, or places seem to be a single identity. Although they may share one or more characteristics, the differences somehow seem to be lost.

paragraphs: In logic, conflation is the practice of treating two distinct concepts as if they were one. This produces errors or misunderstandings. The fusion or merge of distinct subjects tends to obscure analysis of relationships which are emphasized by contrasts.


title: Tjayanka Woods

paragraphs: Tjayanka Woods is an Australian Aboriginal artist. She was one of the pioneers of the art movement across the Ngaanyatjarra, Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara lands, which began in 2000. She is best known for her paintings, but also a craftswoman who makes baskets and other woven artworks. Her paintings are held in the Art Gallery of Western Australia, National Gallery of Victoria, and the National Gallery of Australia.

paragraphs: Woods was born about 1935. She was born close to Kaḻayapiṯi, a rock hole in the Great Victoria Desert of South Australia. She grew up living a traditional, nomadic way of life in the bush with her family, before any contact with Euro-Australian society. They often camped at Kaḻayapiṯi, where Woods and the other girls would gather bushfood together. She learned to carve basic tools and decorative objects, and to burn traditional patterns into the wood (this is called ""). She also learned to spin hair string on a hand-spun spindle and weave head rings and ceremonial belts from hair and feathers.

paragraphs: Woods began painting in 2000, after moving to Irrunytju. The women there opened an art centre as an community-owned economic project, called Irrunytju Arts. From the beginning of her career, Brown often painted with her friend Anmanari Brown. When Brown's husband died in 2007, the two women left Irrunytju and went to live at Papulankutja, on Ngaanyatjarra lands. Here, they paint for Papulankutja Artists. In April 2010, the two women held their first solo exhibition together at the Vivien Anderson Gallery in Melbourne. Woods has had two of her paintings chosen as finalists for the National Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Art Award, in 2006 and 2008.

paragraphs: Woods' paintings are mostly about the (Two Sisters Dreaming), which is her personal Dreaming. They are structured like maps drawn in the sand, tracing the journey of the two sisters around the edge of the canvas. She paints in earthy colours, and uses solid and dotted lines in concentric circles to depict the journeys and activities of figures in the story.


title: Benin City

paragraphs: Benin City is one of the large cities in Nigeria. It is the capital of Edo State in southern Nigeria. It is a located about north of the Benin River, and by road east of Lagos. Benin is the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, but processing palm nuts for oil is also an important traditional industry.


title: Karl Benz

paragraphs: Karl Friedrich Benz (November 25, 1844 – April 4, 1929) was a German engine designer and car engineer, generally regarded as the inventor of the petrol-powered automobile, and together with his wife Bertha Benz pioneering founder of the automobile manufacturer Mercedes-Benz.


title: Kunytjanu, South Australia

paragraphs: Kunytjanu (commonly written Kuntjanu) is an Aboriginal outstation and waterhole in northwestern South Australia. It is serviced from the community of Pipalyatjara to the north. It is located on the road between Pipalyatjara and Watarru. The outstation was established in 1975, along with Iltur, Walytjatjata, Kunamata and several others that used Pipalyatjara as a base. It received a grant for development from the government in 1978.

paragraphs: The area around Kunytjanu is connected with several Dreamings. The waterhole itself is associated with the , the Dreaming of the water-snake or Rainbow Serpent.


title: AirTran Airways

paragraphs: AirTran was a low-cost American airline formerly known as ValuJet. It's hub was in Atlanta, Georgia and it operated routes throughout the Americas.

paragraphs: ValuJet's first flight was in 1993. In 1996, ValuJet Flight 592, a DC-9 aircraft, crashed into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, after a fire on board. 110 people died in the crash. The NTSB blamed Valujet's maintenance contractor, SabreTech for improper maintenance.

paragraphs: After the large amount of negative publicity surrounding this tragedy, ValuJet suffered serious financial problems and nearly went bankrupt. It merged with a smaller airline called AirTran and assumed its name in 1997.

paragraphs: After management turnover and some replacement of older airplanes, AirTran appears to have turned around financially and has become profitable, even in the very difficult business environment encountered by all U.S. airlines since the September 11 Attacks.

paragraphs: In 2011, AirTran merged with Southwest Airlines. The merger was completed in 2014 and the "AirTran" name was no longer used.


title: DualShock

paragraphs: The DualShock is a video game controller made by Sony for the PlayStation line of game consoles. It was first released in Japan in 1997, and was later released in North America in 1998. It is a vibration-feedback controller, meaning that it shakes in appropriate situations during a game. The name comes from the fact that it has two vibration motors. The motors are in the handles of the controller.


title: Emmelie de Forest

paragraphs: Emmelie Charlotte-Victoria de Forest (born 28 February 1993; née Emmelie Engström), better known as "Emmelie de Forest", is a Danish singer. She represented Denmark with the song "Only Teardrops" in the Eurovision Song Contest 2013 in Malmö, Sweden winning the contest.


title: Save Rock and Roll

paragraphs: Save Rock and Roll is a studio album released by Chicago punk rock group Fall Out Boy on April 12, 2013 under Island Records in the United States. The album was produced by American singer and songwriter Butch Walker. It is the band's fifth album and first album since the release of "Folie à Deux" in December 2008. The band went on an indefinite hiatus in late 2009, parting ways to endure in solo projects and super groups. In 2013, the band returned with the first single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", released on February 4, 2013, accompanied with a music video, peaking at number-twenty six on the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The video featured rapper 2 Chainz. The band announced the Save Rock and Roll tour in May through June in support of the album. This fall, the band is set to go on their comeback Save Rock and Roll Fall Arena Tour in September with pop punk band Panic! at the Disco and rapper Big Sean.

paragraphs: On March 24, 2013, the band released the promotional single "The Phoenix", along with a music video. The song debuted and peaked at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart. They followed it up with the release of the second promotional single, "Young Volcanoes" released on April 8, 2013, also accompanied with a music video, which premiered on April 18 on YouTube.

paragraphs: In 2009, following two nationwide tours and the release of a greatest hits compilation, the members of Fall Out Boy decided to take a break. The band's decision stemmed from disillusionment with the music industry and the constant promotion of fourth record "Folie à Deux". The band's, specifically bassist/lyricist Pete Wentz, every movement had become fodder for gossip in tabloids, and lead vocalist/guitarist Patrick Stump recalled that "We found ourselves running on fumes a little bit -- creatively and probably as people, too."

paragraphs: On February 4, 2013, the band called off the hiatus announcing a new single, new album, and a new tour.

paragraphs: Fall Out Boy did a concert tour in support of the album. It consisted of 16 shows in September 2013. The opening acts were Big Sean, who assists on the track "The Mighty Fall" on the album, and Panic! at the Disco.


paragraphs: My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up) is a song composed by American pop punk group Fall out Boy released on February 4, 2013, in the United States. The single marks the band's comeback four years of being on an indefinite hiatus in 2009. The band announced that "Light 'Em Up" is the lead single from the fifth studio album "Save Rock and Roll", which was released on April 12, 2013.

paragraphs: Commercially, "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)" debuted on charts worldwide with modest success, debuting in the top five in the United Kingdom and at No. 36 on the Australian ARIA Chart, charts the band have previously received success from with singles like "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" and "Thnks fr th Mmrs". On the Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at No. 26 and No. 8 on US Rock Songs; it reached No. 2 on iTunes upon its release. Fall Out Boy performed the song on Jimmy Kimmel Live! for their first post-hiatus TV performance on February 13.


title: The Phoenix (song)

paragraphs: "The Phoenix" is a promotional single by American pop rock band Fall Out Boy. The single was released on March 24, 2013 in the United States. It was accompanied by a music video, released on the same day. It peaked and debuted at number-eighty on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart and at number-fourteen on the Billboard Rock Songs chart. The music video's plot follows the story line of Fall Out Boy's capture in the video for "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light 'Em Up)", which was released on February 4, 2013.

paragraphs: The song was succeeded by the second promotional single from "Save Rock and Roll" titled "Young Volcanoes", released on April 8, 2013 on Soundcloud. The music video for the song was released on April 18 on YouTube.

paragraphs: The song sampled a various amount of genres and sounds. The introduction to the track samples an orchestral like symphonic build up leading to the song's high-NRG sound. Overall, it is an alternative dance pop, punk rock song composed by producer Butch Walker.


title: Araneomorphae

paragraphs: The Araneomorphae are the kinds of spiders that humans most often see around their homes and gardens. They are different from the Mygalomorphae, the group of spiders that includes the tarantulas (also called "bird-eating spider"). There is a third group of spiders that is extremely ancient and now has few species remaining. It is called the "Mesothelae".


title: The Tinderbox

paragraphs: "The Tinderbox" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was originally published in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 1835 in the first booklet of "Fairy Tales Told for Children". The three other stories in the booklet were "Big Claus and Little Claus", "The Princess and the Pea", and "Little Ida's Flowers". The critics did not like these stories. They thought the stories immoral. "The Tinderbox" is Andersen's retelling of "The Spirit in the Candle", a traditional Danish story he knew as a child. It is also similar to "Aladdin and the Magic Lamp", another Andersen childhood favorite. The tale has been adapted to various media including the first Danish animated movie.

paragraphs: A soldier steals a magic tinderbox from an old witch. The tinderbox can summon three magic dogs that will do what the soldier wants them to do. He orders one dog to bring him a sleeping princess from her parents' castle. When the king and queen learn where their daughter is, the soldier is arrested and sentenced to death. At the last moment, he summons the dogs. They save his life and he marries the princess.


title: The Princess and the Pea

paragraphs: "The Princess and the Pea" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark in 1835. It appeared as the third tale in the first book of Andersen's "Fairy Tales Told for Children". The other tales in the little book were "The Tinderbox", "Big Claus and Little Claus", and "Little Ida's Flowers".

paragraphs: The story tells of a maiden whose royalty is established by her sensitivity to a pea placed under her matresses. Stories of super-sensitivity are rare. They are not unknown however in world literature and lore. Andersen heard the tale of the pea as a child, but it is unknown in Danish folk tradition. He probably heard a Swedish version of the tale.

paragraphs: The critics did not like these four stories. They did not like their informal, chatty style. They thought the stories immoral. The stories did not promote good behaviour and the mores of the times. "Little Claus and Big Claus", for instance, featured unpunished lying, hoodwinking, theft, and adulterous conduct.

paragraphs: The story has been adapted to various media including a television program on Shelley Duval's "Fairy Tale Theatre". A popular musical play of the 1960s was based on the story called "Once Upon a Mattress". It starred comedienne Carol Burnett.

paragraphs: A prince decides to marry. He wants a real princess as his bride. He searches the world, but does not find one. He returns home disappointed.

paragraphs: One stormy night, a rain-soaked maiden comes to the castle door. She is seeking shelter. She says she is a real princess.

paragraphs: The Queen uses a test to determine if the maiden is really a princess. She puts a pea upon a bed. She then puts 20 mattresses and 20 feather beds upon the bed. Here the princess must pass the night.

paragraphs: In the morning, the maiden says that she could not sleep. She says there was something hard in the bed that kept her tossing and turning all night. Everyone now realizes she is a real princess! Only a real princess is so sensitive that she can feel a pea beneath a huge pile of bedding!


title: The Rev

paragraphs: James Owen Sullivan (February 9, 1981 – December 28, 2009), known by his stage name The Reverend Tholomew Plague, usually shortened to The Rev, was an American musician, best known as a co-founder and drummer of the American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold.

paragraphs: Sullivan was also the lead vocalist and pianist in the side-project Pinkly Smooth along with Synyster Gates.

paragraphs: He was born in Huntington Beach, California and started playing the drums when he was 10 years old. Before he joined Avenged Sevenfold, he was a member of the third wave ska band Suburban Legends. The last album that Sullivan was featured on was "Nightmare" which was released on July 27, 2010.

paragraphs: On the morning of December 28, 2009, Sullivan was found dead in his Huntington Beach home. Toxicology results later revealed that his death was from an overdose of Oxycodone, oxymorphone, diazepam, nordiazepam and alcohol. The coroner also said that an enlarged heart may have played a role in his death.


title: Loftus Road

paragraphs: Loftus Road is a football stadium in Shepherd's Bush, West London. It is the home of Queens Park Rangers F.C..


title: Chrissy Amphlett

paragraphs: Christine Joy "Chrissy" Amphlett (October 25, 1959 - April 21, 2013) was an Australian singer-songwriter who was the lead singer of the rock band Divinyls. She had many hits with the group and in solo.

paragraphs: Amphlett was born in Geelong, Victoria, Australia. She died from breast cancer. She also had multiple sclerosis. She died in New York City at age 53.


title: Father Divine

paragraphs: Father Divine (c. 1876September 10, 1965), also known as Reverend M. J. Divine, was an African American spiritual leader from about 1907 until his death. His full self-given name was Reverend Major Jealous Divine, and he was also known as "the Messenger" early in his life. He founded the International Peace Mission movement, formulated its doctrine, and oversaw its growth from a small and predominantly black congregation into a multiracial and international church.

paragraphs: Father Divine claimed to be God. Some people who lived at the same time claimed he was a charlatan; others say he was one of the first modern cult leaders. Father Divine made numerous contributions toward his followers' economic independence and racial equality. Father Divine was a contemporary of other religious leaders at that time such as Daddy Grace, Charles Harrison Mason, Noble Drew Ali and James F. Jones, also known as Prophet Jones. Another minister by the name of Jones would play an important part in a brief struggle to gain control of the Peace Mission following Divine's death - Jim Jones, of the 'apostolic socialist' movement Peoples Temple.


title: Defiance (2008 movie)

paragraphs: Defiance is a 2008 American war-drama movie. The movie directed by Edward Zwick. The movie stars Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, Jamie Bell and Mia Wasikowska.

paragraphs: Inspired by a true story, director Edward Zwick's epic World War II drama Defiance tells the tale of three Jewish Eastern European brothers (Daniel Craig, Liev Schreiber, and Jamie Bell) who narrowly escape certain death at the hands of the Nazis, subsequently vowing to avenge the deaths of their loves ones by launching a desperate battle against the forces that seek to exterminate their entire race. The year is 1941, and the setting is Nazi-occupied Belarus. The Final Solution is in full effect, and the Jews of Eastern Europe are being slaughtered wholesale. Tuvia, Zus and Asael have miraculously managed to escape into the dense surrounding forest. Having played in these woods since childhood, the brothers have a distinct advantage over their adversaries, and soon decide that simply surviving is not enough. In order to make a difference, they must take action, but in order to take action they will need support. As whispers of their bravery take wind, others like them appear determined to lay their lives on the line for the cause of freedom. Tuvia has become the de facto leader of the group, but he's still somewhat reluctant to take on such a heavy responsibility and his brother Zus expresses concern that his idealistic plan will ultimately bring about the group's downfall. With winter setting in, everyone works to create a functioning community that will help them endure the frigid months that lie ahead, and Asael reluctantly finds himself caught in the crossfire of his older siblings' rivalry. Is it possible to keep faith alive in a time when the world seems devoid of humanity and survival becomes a way of life?


title: Ruby (programming language)

paragraphs: Ruby is the name of a programming language that was created in the mid-1990s by Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto in Japan. Like other programming languages, such as Python, its structure (the way it works) is very similar to the English language. It has these qualities:

paragraphs: Many programmers like it because the creator tried to make it easy and nice to use.

paragraphs: Ruby on Rails (RoR) is a web application framework that is implemented using the Ruby language.

paragraphs: An example program in Ruby that asks for your name and then says it:

paragraphs: A function in Ruby that joins the 2 strings (or arrays/integers) into one, removes all numbers from it, capitalizes the string and then repeats it 5 times:

paragraphs: def somefunction(arg1, arg2) # creates a function with 2 arguments. the args can be called anything

paragraphs: somefunction("h1e2l6lo7,"," W5o6r8l9d!3") # does the function


title: Hurricane Earl (2010)

paragraphs: Hurricane Earl was an intense and long-lived hurricane that was also the first such storm to threaten New England since Hurricane Bob nineteen years earlier. The storm's center passed eighty six miles east of North Carolina on September 3, 2010. The storm then moved northeast, eventually being downgraded to tropical storm status and then becoming a hurricane again shortly before the storm made landfall in Nova Scotia. Before lashing the eastern United States, the hurricane passed extremely close to the Leeward Islands; the damage there totaled $40 million (2010 USD).


title: The Snow Queen

paragraphs: "The Snow Queen" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published 21 December 1844 with "The Fir Tree" in "New Fairy Tales" "(Nye Eventyr)". It is one of Andersen's longest stories and is divided into seven chapters. It tells the story of a mirror fashioned by demons that is shattered. A piece of the glass enters the eye and the heart of a little boy named Kai. He is carried by the Snow Queen to her palace in the far north. He is rescued by his friend Gerda. His vision and his heart are restored. The story was adapted to movies and television. It is also in the book the land of stories the enchantress returns.


title: Zara (Italian province)

paragraphs: The Italian Province of Spalato (1941-1943) was an administrative section of the Governorate of Dalmatia. It was created during World War II by the Italian government with "Regio Decreto Legge" of May 18, 1941.

paragraphs: The Province of Zara was part of the Italian Governorate of Dalmatia and had an area of 3,179 km² with a population of 211,900 inhabitants. It had included the two main cities of Zara (Zadar) and Sebenico (Sibenik).

paragraphs: The province bordered the Independent State of Croatia and to the south the Province of Spalato. The "Capoluogo" (administrative center) was Zara, where there was the "Tribunal" and the main administrative offices.

paragraphs: There were 20 municipalities (called in Italian: Comuni):

paragraphs: The province was an enlargement of the "Territory of Zara" obtained by the Kingdom of Italy after WWI. Indeed in 1937 this small territory had an area of just 110.21 km² and a population of 25,000 inhabitants, concentrated in the city of Zara.


title: Gingerbread Man (fairy tale)

paragraphs: "The Gingerbread Man" (sometimes, "The Gingerbread Boy") is an American fairy tale. It is a variant of the European runaway pancake story. The American version first appeared in the May 1875 issue of" St. Nicholas Magazine". The story tells of a Gingerbread Man who runs away from the old woman who baked him. He is chased by several people and animals. A crafty fox finally eats him. The tale is known for the title character's chant: "Run, run, run as fast as you can! / You can't catch me, I'm the Gingerbread Man!" Gingerbread men were popular characters in children's stories of the late 19th century. The most notable gingerbread character was L. Frank Baum's John Dough. The Gingerbread Man is also in the commonly known movie "Shrek".


title: Richie Havens

paragraphs: Richard "Richie" Havens (January 21, 1941 – April 22, 2013) or Richard P. Havens; was an American folk singer and guitarist who performed at Woodstock 1969. He also performed cover versions of famous popular songs.

paragraphs: Havens was born on January 21, 1941 in Brooklyn, New York City. He died due to a heart attack in Jersey City, New Jersey, April 22, 2013 at 72.


title: Jessica McClure

paragraphs: Jessica McClure Morales (March 26, 1986), better called Baby Jessica, became famous at eighteen months because of an ordeal in Midland, Texas in which she tumbled into a well on Wednesday, October 14, 1987. Between then and October 16, workers spent almost 58 hours to free her from the 8 inch wide well casing 22 feet below the ground. This story gained worldwide attention, and became the subject of a television movie two years following the incident.


title: GoldenEye 007 (2010 video game)

paragraphs: GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game for the Nintendo Wii and Nintendo DS. It is a modern retelling of the "GoldenEye" movie, and a remake of the 1997 Nintendo 64 game "GoldenEye 007". It was released in North America on November 2, 2010, in Europe on November 5, 2010, and in Japan on June 30, 2011. The game's main character is James Bond, Agent 007. A version of the game with better graphics and sound titled "GoldenEye 007: Reloaded" was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in 2011.

paragraphs: While keeping the same gameplay as the Nintendo 64's "GoldenEye 007", modern elements of first-person shooter games such as environments that can be destroyed and a health meter that fills up after a while of not taking damage are added to the game. Levels from the Nintendo 64's "GoldenEye 007" have been changed due to the game's changed storyline. Players can use the Wii Remote and Nunchuk combination, the Wii Zapper, Classic Controller, Classic Controller Pro, or Nintendo GameCube controller.

paragraphs: The game features both local multiplayer for four players and online multiplayer for up to eight players. Online play is done through the free Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection service.


title: Constitution of Japan

paragraphs: The Constitution of Japan is the legal document that lays out the rules of how Japan is governed. It dates 3 November 1946 on creation and from 3 May 1947 it entered into force, when it replaced the earlier Meiji Constitution, by legal process of earlier Constitution. This Constitution consists Preamble, affirming that Japanese people should contribute for all human being to live in peace and tolerance, free from fear and want and 11 Chapters, and contrary to former Constitution, it ensure all human rights as unalienable, both civil rights and economic, social and cultural rights (at Chapter III), Article 98 affirms that any laws or orders against the Constitution are invalid and international law must be earnestly observed, Article 99 says that Empire and all public sector have duty to respect and observe the Constitution and the Article 9 of Chapter II prohibits all war and army for purpose of making war.


title: Italian irredentism in Dalmatia

paragraphs: Italian irredentism in Dalmatia is related to the tentative of accession to Italy of coastal Dalmatia, promoted by the Dalmatian Italians from the Napoleonic era to World War II.

paragraphs: With the rise of the Risorgimento, in all Italian areas that were excluded from the unification of Italy (and with Italian majority population) started to be widely diffused the Italian movement called "Irredentism".

paragraphs: In the case of Dalmatia, after Napoleon there was the development of Slav nationalism against Italian irredentism. But until 1848 there were still some convergence between these two ethnic groups, in order to create an independent Dalmatia inside the Hapsburg Empire.

paragraphs: Dalmatian Italians always felt connected to the Italian Risorgimento, and among them were widely followed the ideas, intentions and ideals that flourished in the Peninsula. At Zara, in 1822, the Imperial Government made an 'Inquisition of State' to twenty-five Dalmatian Italians "Carbonari", another twenty-five were "persecuted" and sixty declared "suspicious." One of the supporters of this initial irredentism was Niccolo Tommaseo, born in Sebenico. He was an Italian Dalmatian linguist, journalist and essayist who become internationally famous because editor of the first Dizionario della Lingua Italiana.

paragraphs: In 1848, many young Italians from Istria and Dalmatia formed a 'Legion', crossed the Adriatic and fought with Niccolo Tommaseo for the "Republic of Venice". And in the same year, six Dalmatian Italians also fought for the "Roman Republic". One of them was Federico Seismit-Doda from Ragusa, who became a member of the Italian Parliament and even Finance Minister of the Kingdom of Italy under Benedetto Cairoli (1878) and Francesco Crispi (1889–1890). In the battle of Curtatone, as a first lieutenant of the Battalion 'Bande Nere', fought against the Austrians the Dalmatian Giurovich Marino: he was killed by the Austrian soldiers in Livorno as a promoter of the ideals of Giuseppe Mazzini. Twenty were the Dalmatians in the Italian independence war of 1859-1860 enrolled in the Italian army, or in the red shirts of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Among others, Marco Cossovich, a former lieutenant of the "Guardia Nobile" for the protection of Venice, who fought in Calatafimi and Palermo: one of the few that Garibaldi recalled by name in his book "I Mille". In the third Italian war of Independence, George Caravan from Tenin (near Zara), commanded the 5th Regiment of Grenadiers; after promotion, he became adjutant general of the King of Italy Umberto I.

paragraphs: With the battle of Lissa, part of Third Italian War of Independence, in 1866 began a period of open hostility against the Dalmatian Italians by the Austrians, who favored the Croatian part because on their side.

paragraphs: The historian Matteo Bartoli in his book "The language of the Italian Venezia Giulia and Dalmatia", wrote that:

paragraphs: The most renowned Dalmatian Italian in those years was Antonio Bajamonti, the last Italian mayor of Spalato. He spent his entire life and his own activity for this city, but his economic expenses were never reimbursed by the Austrians despite repeated promises. He was a moderate irredentist who was the propeller of important public works in his city, including the introduction of lighting gas, building the aqueduct and the hospital, creating technical schools and doing the foundation of the Dalmatian Bank. For his initiative Split was also given a square surrounded by galleries. His most famous work was the construction of the big fountain that was named later after him. Three months later after the second opening of the fountain, Antonio Bajamonti died (the fountain was destroyed in 1947 by Yugoslav authorities who considered it as a symbol of fascism and Italian domination of the city). He created the Società Politica Dalmata in 1886 in order to defend the Italian characteristics of Spalato, but died at age 69 in 1891 with debt up to his neck.

paragraphs: Another famous Dalmatian irredentist was Arturo Colautti. He was a writer and journalist who -from his native Zara- relocated to Spalato in 1876, where he founded the magazine of culture and literature, "Rivista Dalmatica". The magazine did not last long, because strongly pro-Italian and related to Antonio Bajamonti. In the same year, he was asked to direct "L'Avvenire" and, from 1876 al 1880, he developed it as an irredentist newspaper. Following the publication of an anti-Austrian article on his newspaper, in September 1880, Colautti was attacked by a group of Croatian soldiers who rendered him impaired for a few months. Shortly after, also because of the threat of lawsuit for crimes against the stringent Austrian press laws and for his support of Italian irredentism, Colautti chose the path of exile and took refuge in the Kingdom of Italy (where he strongly supported the intervention of Italy in World War I).

paragraphs: In 1885 a group of young Dalmatian Italians created a sort of secret pact which pledged to fight on a united front against the government of Vienna. They chose to use all legal means available. They were: John Marino Bonda Avoscan (from Ragusa), Stefano Smerchinich (from Curzola) and Ercolano Salvi Pezzoli Leonardo (from Premuda), John Lubin (from Trau), Emanuele Fenzi and Louise Pini (from Sebenico), Christmas Krekich, Luigi and Roberto Ziliotto Ghiglianovich (from Zara), all representatives of the Italian irredentistm with the most sincere patriotism. The same (precisely Ghiglianovich, Krekich, Lubin, Pini, Salvi, Ziliotto, Smerchinich) in 1919, during the crisis in the city of Fiume (Rijeka), wrote the articles "Application of the Dalmatians" and "Cry of Sebenico" published on 2 October by the national newspaper ""The national responsibility"" (according to them one of the few Italian newspapers promoting the union of Dalmatia to Italy).

paragraphs: In the late nineteenth century were created in Dalmatia some Italian cultural associations, as the irredentist "Philological circle" in Ragusa and the "National Union Committee," the "Diadora" and "Iuventus Iadertina" in Zara. Also active in these years was the "National Association" in Spalato, based on the Bajamonti theater, which was set on fire (officially by unknown people) in 1893. In Spalato, the city of Emperor Diocletian, in the year 1910 there were 1,046 Italians officially counted, when in the same year more than 3,000 were enrolled in the cultural and patriotic public association "Dante Alighieri." In Zara a group, under the leadership of irredentists Desanti and Boxich (dissatisfied followers of the "Dalmatian Autonomist Party" of Luigi Ziliotto), founded the newspaper "Il Risorgimento" in 1908, promoting openly the unification to Italy of Dalmatia, but was closed in 1914.

paragraphs: About 3,500 Italians in Dalmatia during World War I took refuge as exiles in Italy. They were led by Antonio Cippico, Alessandro and Roberto Dudan Ghiglianovich: more than 250 volunteers enrolled in the Italian army and risked the gallows, as when the Austrians killed Francesco Rismondo (executed in Gorizia in 1915 and active member of the irredentist organization "Pro Patria" in Spalato). To Francesco Rismondo the Kingdom of Italy awarded the Gold Medal of Military Valor.

paragraphs: The number of volunteers from the remote ports of Montenegro (as Cattaro, Castelnuovo di Cattaro and Perasto) appears very high in proportion to the total number of enrolled in the Italian Army. In fact, these volunteers in Spalato, Cattaro, Ragusa, Perasto, Castelnuovo di Cattaro, Trau and Macarsca (not less than 90 in total, almost half of all volunteers in Dalmatia) fought in Italy despite the "Treaty of London", which categorically excluded the possible "Redemption" and annexation to Italy of their cities.

paragraphs: Dalmatian Italians obtained their "Redenzione" (meaning redemption or union to Italy) in the years following the Italian victory in World War I. In the peace treaty the territory of Zara and some Dalmatian islands (Cherso, Lussino and Lagosta) were united to the Kingdom of Italy. But the full agreements reached in 1915 in the Treaty of London were not respected by the Allies, because of the opposition from US president Woodrow Wilson. This created huge resentment, that was pinpointed in the phrase "Vittoria mutilata" (mutilated victory) created by the nationalist D'Annunzio.

paragraphs: As a direct consequence in 1920 Gabriele D'Annunzio made his famous Occupation of Fiume. The so-called "Poeta imaginífico" did a dramatic attack with paramilitaries and a group of "Legionaires" from the Italian city of Monfalcone and occupied the city of Fiume, which the Allied powers had assigned to Italy as winner of the war. With this gesture D'Annunzio reached the pinnacle of the process of building their own personal and political myth. D'Annunzio personally entered in Fiume with a column of Dalmatian Italian volunteers (mostly irredentist).

paragraphs: On November 12, 1920 was signed the Treaty of Rapallo: Fiume became a free city (Free State of Fiume), while Zara was given to Italy. But D'Annunzio did not accept the agreement and the Italian Government, on 26 December 1920, evicted from Fiume the Legionaries by force. Fiume and the more northern islands of Dalmatia were incorporated in 1924 to the Kingdom of Italy, thanks to the large contribution of the Italian irredentists in town.

paragraphs: Even in Trau the irredentists attempted to repeat what D'Annunzio did in Fiume: the local Count Farfogna in September 1919 occupied Trau with some Italian troops, but the Us intervention blocked him. Other problems arose in Spalato in 1920, in the so-called Incidents of Spalato.

paragraphs: The irredentist aspiration of the Dalmatian Italians was fully met when Yugoslavia in April 1941 was conquered and occupied by Italy and Germany. At the end of that month almost all of the Dalmatian coast, with the major cities of Spalato, Sebenico and Cattaro were annexed to Italy with the name Governatorate of Dalmatia. The coastal area between Fiume and Segna was not incorporated in the Governatorate and went to the fascist Croatia of Ante Pavelić (although it was controlled militarily by the Italian army). Even the area around Ragusa was theoretically croatian, but the Italians ruled everything in the city, opening even Italian schools.

paragraphs: The Governatorate was divided between the three provinces of Zara, Spalato and Cattaro, and many families of Dalmatian italians who were forced to move to Italy after World War I were relocated in these provinces (mainly in order to administer it).

paragraphs: Though Italy had initially larger territorial aims that extended from the Velebit mountains to the Albanian Alps, Mussolini decided against annexing further territories due to a number of factors. One was that Dalmatian irredentists like Antonio Tacconi complained that a larger annexation would have included hundreds of thousands of Slavs, who were partially hostile to Italy within the enlarged national borders.

paragraphs: But this "Redemption" (as was called by the Dalmatian Italians) lasted only a few years: with the defeat of Italy in World War II the Italians of Istria and Dalmatia were expelled 'en masse' during the Istrian-Dalmatian exodus (while Zara was fully destroyed by Allies bombings promoted by Tito and later nicknamed the "Italian Dresden" by Enzo Bettiza).


paragraphs: Roman expeditions to Lake Chad and western Africa were a group of military and commercial expeditions by the Romans across the Sahara Desert, into the interior of Africa and its coast. They were made by the Roman Empire between the first and the fourth century AD. One of the main reasons of the explorations, according to academics like Jonathan Roth, was to procure gold and spices

paragraphs: The Romans organized expeditions to cross the Sahara desert with five different routes:

paragraphs: All these expeditions were supported by legionaries and had mainly a commercial purpose. Only the one done by emperor Nero seemed to be a preparative for the conquest of Ethiopia or Nubia: in 62 AD two legionaries explored the sources of the Nile river.

paragraphs: One of the main reasons for the explorations was to get gold using the camel to transport it.

paragraphs: The explorations near the African western and eastern coasts were supported by Roman ships and deeply related to the naval commerce (mainly toward the Indian Ocean).

paragraphs: The first Roman expedition was done by Lucius Cornelius Balbus, following Augustus' wish to expand his Empire. In 19 BC he conquered the Garamantes (who lived in the Fezzan of Libya) and sent an expedition under Septimus Flaccus south across the Tibesti mountains, reaching the River Niger.

paragraphs: Gaius Suetonius Paulinus did another expedition to what is now southern Maroc (former Spanish Sahara) and Mauretania in 41 AD. He reached the northern area of the Senegal river and probably the western Niger river's affluents.

paragraphs: In the year 41 AD Suetonius Paullinus, afterwards Consul, was the first of the Romans who led an army across the Atlas Mountains. At the end of a ten days' march he reached the summit,—which even in summer was covered with snow,—and from thence, after passing a desert of black sand and burnt rocks, he arrived at a river called Gerj...he then penetrated into the country of the Canarii and Perorsi, the former of whom inhabited a woody region abounding in elephants and serpents, and the latter were Ethiopians, not far distant from the Pharusii and the river Daras (modern river Senegal). From the first century after Christ there is evidence (coins, fibulas) of Roman commerce and contacts in Akjoujt and Tamkartkart near Tichit in actual Mauritania.

paragraphs: The third was done a few years before by Julius Maternus, a Roman explorer who reached the Lake Chad area and described the abundance of animals like hippopotamus and rhinoceros in that northern Nigerian region. His travel lasted four months.

paragraphs: In the eastern Sahara was done the Nero expedition to Ethiopia: it was an exploratory expedition promoted by the Roman emperor Nero to discover the sources of the Nile River. Seneca wrote that around 62 AD Nero sent some legionaries to the city of Meroe in Nubia in order to explore all the Nile southward from that capital. Another expedition was recorded by Plinius the Elder in 68 AD. This expedition was the first in history from Europe to the interior of equatorial Africa. It probably lasted several months and bypassed the Sudanese swamps called Sudd during the dry season, reaching the northern portion of present-day Uganda.

paragraphs: The western coast of Africa was explored by the Romans after the conquest of northern Morocco (then called "Mauretania Tingitana"): the Roman vassal king Juba II organized a successful trade from the area of Volubilis. Pliny the Elder, a 1st century Roman author and military officer, drawing upon the accounts of Juba II, king of Mauretania, stated that a Roman expedition from Mauritania visited the islands of the archipelago of the Canaries and Madeira around 10 AD and found great ruins but no population, only dogs (from those animals he called the islands, using the latin word "canarius" or "canis" for dog).

paragraphs: According to Pliny the Elder, an expedition of Mauretanians sent by Juba II to the archipelago visited the islands: when King Juba II dispatched a contingent to re-open the dye production facility at Mogador (historical name of Essaouira, Morocco) in the early 1st century CE Juba's naval force was subsequently sent on an exploration of the Canary Islands, Madeira and probably the Cape Verde islands, using Mogador as their mission base.

paragraphs: We have even recorded historically that, according to Pliny the Elder, the Greek Xenophon of Lampsacus stated that the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) were situated two days from "Hesperu Ceras" (today called Cap-Vert), the westernmost part of the African continent, showing a knowledge of the area by the Romans.

paragraphs: Furthermore, according to Pliny the Elder and his citation by Gaius Julius Solinus, the sea voyage time crossing the Gorgades (Cape Verde islands) to the islands of the Ladies of the West ("Hesperides", actual São Tomé and Príncipe and Fernando Po) was around 40 days: this fact has created academic discussions about the possibility of further Roman travels toward Guinea and even the Gulf of Guinea. A Roman coin of the emperor Trajan has been found in Congo.

paragraphs: Aelius Gallus in 25 BCE led an expedition across the Red Sea against the Sabaeans of Arabia Felix (modern Yemen). In order to control Sabaea the Romans took control of both sides of the entrance to the Red Sea, the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, since Cornelius Gallus had established a garrison at Arsinoe (near Assab, in actual Eritrea) on the Ethiopian shore.

paragraphs: This was the only Roman outpost in eastern Africa south of Egypt and lasted a few decades.

paragraphs: Emperor Augustus decided that the circumnavigation of Africa should also be attempted (in 1 BC). Romans had two naval ouposts in the Atlantic coast of Africa: Sala near present Rabat and Mogador in southern Maroc (north of Agadir). The island of Mogador prospered for the local exploitation of purple (highly esteemed in imperial Rome) from Augustus until Septimius Severus times. Augustus, based even in the discovery of a sunken merchant ship from southern Spain in the Djibuti area (done by his adoptive son Gaius Caesar when he sailed toward Aden), wanted to organize an expedition from Egypt to Mogador and Sala around Africa.

paragraphs: The eastern coast of Africa south of Egypt was at the center of a huge sea commerce between Rome and India through the Somali coast.

paragraphs: Roman books such as the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea and Ptolomey's "Geography" list a string of market places (emporia) along this coast. Finds of Roman-era coins along the coast confirm the existence of this huge trade even in coastal Tanzania, and Ptolomey's Geography refers to a town of Rhapta as "metropolis" of a political entity called Azania near actual Zanzibar. Archaeologists have not yet succeeded in identifying the location of Rhapta, though many believe it lies deeply buried in the silt of the delta of the Rufiji River.

paragraphs: The scholar Felix Chami found archaeological evidence for extensive Roman trade on Mafija island near the Kenyan coast and, not far away, on the African mainland, near the mouth of the Rufiji River and the northern Mozambique coast, which he dated to the first few centuries AD.

paragraphs: Roman coins have been found in Zimbabwe and Madagascar, supporting the possibility that Roman vessels sailed south of Azania toward the area of the gold mines of the Zambesi river and the legendary Greater Zimbabwe kingdom.


title: The Little Match Girl

paragraphs: "The Little Match Girl" is a story by Hans Christian Andersen. It was first published in December 1845. Andersen got the idea to write the story after seeing a print by Johan Thomas Lundbye of a little girl selling matches. The story has been adapted to various media including an animated movie.

paragraphs: A little match girl in poverty lights all the matches she carries to keep herself warm on a cold New Year's Eve. In the glow of the firelight, she sees wonderful visions of a Christmas tree and a festive dinner. The last vision is her dead grandmother, the only person to ever show her any love. The little match girl dies in the cold, and ascends into Heaven with her grandmother.


title: The Steadfast Tin Soldier

paragraphs: "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" is a literary fairy tale by Hans Christian Andersen. The story was first published in Copenhagen, Denmark by C.A. Reitzel on 2 October 1838 in the first booklet of "Fairy Tales Told for Children." The booklet includes Andersen's "The Daisy" and "The Wild Swans". The story was Andersen’s first story not based upon a folk tale or a literary model. "The Steadfast Tin Soldier" has been adapted to various media including ballet and animated movie.

paragraphs: The story tells of a tin soldier who loves a paper ballerina. He falls from the window in the toy room. After many adventures, he is returned to the toy room. A little boy throws the tin soldier in the fire. A breeze blows the paper ballerina into the fire. The two toys are destroyed together.

paragraphs: Joan G. Haahr writes in "The Oxford Companion to Fairy Tales": "The story is unusual among Andersen's early tales, both in its emphasis on sensual desire and in its ambiguities. Blind fate, not intention, determines all events. Moreover, the narrative questions the very decorum it praises. The tin soldier's passive acceptance of whatever happens to him, while exemplifying pietistic ideals of self-denial, also contributes to his doom. Were he to speak and act, the soldier might gain both life and love. Restrained, however, by inhibition and convention, he finds only tragedy and death. The tale is often read autobiographically, with the soldier viewed as symbolizing Andersen's feelings of inadequacy with women, his passive acceptance of bourgeois class attitudes, or his sense of alienation as an artist and an outsider, from full participation in everyday life."


title: Haley Bennett

paragraphs: Haley Bennett (born January 7, 1988) is an American singer and actress. Her movies include "The Haunting of Molly Hartley" and "Music and Lyrics By". She was born in Fort Myers, Florida. Bennett also acted in other movies.


title: Jessica Charlotte Poland

paragraphs: Jessica Charlotte Poland (born January 15, 1988), more often called via her stage name Charlotte Sometimes, is an American singer-songwriter. She is from New York State. She grew up around New Jersey.

paragraphs: Poland has had four EPs and a full-length studio album.


title: Turpan

paragraphs: Turpan, also referred to Turfan or Tulufan in Chinese, is an oasis county-level city in Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

paragraphs: Historically, Turpan is an important ancient stop on the Silk Road in China. Turpan means 'the lowest place' in Uygur and 'the fertile land' in Turki. Now the city is a tourist spot with unique landscape, abundant historical relics and fertile farmland.


title: Ürümqi

paragraphs: Ürümqi is the capital city of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (East Turkestan) in northwest China. It is at the foot of the Tianshan Mountains.

paragraphs: With a population of two million people, this prairie city is a major hub on the ancient Silk Road , leading to Central Asia and even as far as Europe. It developed its reputation as a leading cultural and commercial center during the Qing Dynasty.

paragraphs: Ürümqi, whose name means "beautiful pasture" in the Mongolian language of the Dzungar people, is the largest city in China's western interior. Since the 1990s Ürümqi has developed economically and is now a regional transport node, cultural, and commercial centre.


title: Visual poetry

paragraphs: Visual poetry is poetry in which the typographical arrangement of words and images is important in conveying the intended effect.

paragraphs: It was influenced by Fluxus, the international artistic Movement of the 1960s, well known for blending different disciplines and artistic media.


title: Billy The Kid (book)

paragraphs: Billy the Kid is the story of a boy who has a dream to become a professional footballer. The book was published in 2000 and was written by Michael Morpurgo. It is illustrated by Michael Foreman.

paragraphs: Most of the book is set during World War II. Throughout the story, Billy, the main character, has to cope with a lot of sadness and loss. Whilst playing football in the local park, he is scouted by the club of his dreams: Chelsea FC. But his mood quickly changes when his brother dies in the war. This persuades Billy to join the army.

paragraphs: The idea for the book came about when Michael Foreman took Michael Morpurgo to a Chelsea game and pointed out the Chelsea pensioners, who get free tickets for every game. Morpurgo was fascinated to learn that one pensioner chose to pay for his ticket still so he could sit with the same fans he did during his childhood.


title: Mimaropa

paragraphs: MIMAROPA, also known as Southern Tagalog Islands, is a region of the Philippines. The provinces of the region are Occidental Mindoro, Oriental Mindoro, Marinduque, Romblon, and Palawan. The capital is Calapan.

paragraphs: Puerto Princesa Subterranean River National Park and El Nido Marine Reserve Park are in the region.

paragraphs: The MIMAROPA region was created by Executive Order No. 103 in 2002.


title: Palawan

paragraphs: Palawan () is a province of the Philippines. It is in the western MIMAROPA region.

paragraphs: The province includes many local governments.


title: Kalayaan, Palawan

paragraphs: Kalayaan is a Philippine municipality in the province of Palawan. It is in the eastern part of the South China Sea.

paragraphs: In 1978, the Presidential Decree No. 1596 established the municipality as part of Palawan.

paragraphs: Control of the seas around Kalayaan is disputed. The 2010 Philippine census identifies a population of 200+ people.

paragraphs: Kalayaan is in the eastern part of the South China Sea. The Phillipines claims that these mostly uninhabited off-shore islands are in an area which is distinct from the Spratly Islands.

paragraphs: Kalayaan has a land area of approximately 85 hectares.