title: Kai Province

paragraphs: , also known as , is an old province in Japan in the area of Yamanashi Prefecture on the island of Honshū.

paragraphs: During the Sengoku period, the warlord Takeda Shingen ruled Kai from his stronghold at Kōfu. After the Takeda, the area was controlled by the Tokugawa clan.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kai Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: The area was briefly re-named Kōfu Prefecture; and it was re-named Yamanashi Prefecture in 1871.

paragraphs: Kai is west of Tokyo. The province is landlocked. It is in a mountainous region that includes Mount Fuji along its border with Shizuoka Prefecture.

paragraphs: "Asama jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Kai.


title: Dewa Province

paragraphs: In 708, Dewa"-no kuni" was separated from Echigo.

paragraphs: In 712, Dewa and Mutsu Province were reorganized

paragraphs: Shiba Kaneyori received the Dewa Province as a fief from Ashikaga Takauji in 1335.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Dewa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Ōmonoimi jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Dewa.


title: Jack Abramoff

paragraphs: Jack Abramoff (; born February 28, 1958) is an American former lobbyist and businessman. In 2006, courts found him guilty of mail fraud and conspiracy. He was the center of very large corruption investigation. The investigation led to the conviction of White House officials J. Steven Griles and David Safavian, U.S. Representative Bob Ney, and nine other lobbyists and Congressional aides. He served three years, six months of a six-year sentence in federal prison before being released early to a Baltimore halfway house on June 8, 2010.

paragraphs: Abramoff was College Republican National Committee National Chairman from 1981 to 1985. He was a founding member of the International Freedom Foundation. He later became a lobbyist for the firm of Preston Gates & Ellis and later the firm of Greenberg Traurig. He served as a director of the National Center for Public Policy Research, a conservative think tank, and Toward Tradition. His wife Pam and their five children live in Maryland.

paragraphs: Abramoff's lobbying and the scandals and investigation are the subject of two 2010 movies. These first movie was the documentary "Casino Jack and the United States of Money". It was released in May 2010. The second movie was "Casino Jack". It was released on December 17, 2010 and starred Kevin Spacey as Abramoff.

paragraphs: In late 2004, the Senate Indian Affairs Committee began to investigate Abramoff's lobbying for American Indian tribes and casinos. In September he was called before the Committee to answer questions about that work. He did not answer their questions and pleaded the fifth. In August 2005, Abramoff and Kidan were indicted by a federal jury in Miami for wire fraud in their dealings with SunCruz Casinos.

paragraphs: On January 3, 2006, Abramoff said he was guilty of three criminal felonies related to the defrauding of American Indian tribes and corruption of public officials in a Washington, D.C., federal court. The four tribes Abramoff and his associates had been involved with included Michigan's Saginaw Chippewas, California's Agua Caliente, the Mississippi Choctaws, and the Louisiana Coushattas. It was said that Abramoff defrauded the tribes of tens of millions of dollars.

paragraphs: The next day, he said he was guilty of two criminal felonies in a separate federal court, in Miami. These felonies involved the SunCruz deal.

paragraphs: On September 4, 2008, a Washington court found Abramoff guilty of trading expensive gifts, meals and sports trips for political favors. He was given a four-year term in prison. This time was to be served concurrent ("at the same time") with his earlier sentences.

paragraphs: Abramoff served three and a half years of a six-year sentence for conspiracy, honest services fraud, and tax evasion. He could have spent up to 11 years in prison for the mail fraud, conspiracy, and tax evasion charges because of the influence-peddling scandal in Washington. U.S. District Judge Ellen Segal Huvelle sentenced Abramoff to four years in federal prison on September 4, 2008. Abramoff helped in a bribery investigation involving lawmakers, their aides, and members of the George W. Bush administration.

paragraphs: Jack Abramoff was born in Atlantic City, New Jersey into a wealthy and well known Jewish family. His father, Franklin Abramoff, was president of the Franchises unit of Diners Club.

paragraphs: In 1968, when Abramoff was 10, his family moved to Beverly Hills, California. Abramoff studied at Beverly Hills High School. In high school he played football and was a member of the wrestling team.

paragraphs: As an undergraduate at Brandeis University, Abramoff was Chairman of the Massachusetts Alliance of College Republicans. That group organized student volunteers for Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. He graduated with a B.A. in English in 1981. He took six years to finish his degree. Abramoff got his Juris Doctor from the Georgetown University Law Center in 1986.

paragraphs: After graduating from Brandeis, Abramoff ran for election as chairman of the College Republican National Committee (CRNC). His campaign cost over $10,000 and was managed by Grover Norquist. Abramoff won the election after his main competitor was persuaded to drop out. Norquist was executive director of the committee under Abramoff. He later recruited Ralph Reed, a former president of the University of Georgia College Republicans chapter, as an unpaid intern. Reed was invited to sleep on Abramoff’s couch. At the CRNC, Abramoff created political alliances with College Republican chapter presidents across the nation. Many of these people later had key roles in state and national politics and business. Some of them would later work with Abramoff as a lobbyist. Some of those relationships were a main part of the federal investigation.

paragraphs: In 1984, Abramoff and other College Republicans formed the "USA Foundation". It was a non-partisan tax-exempt organization that held two days of rallies on college campuses around the United States. These rallies celebrated the first anniversary of the invasion of Grenada. In a letter to campus Republican leaders, Abramoff said:

paragraphs: In 1985, Abramoff joined Citizens for America. It was a pro-Reagan group that helped Oliver North build support for the Nicaraguan Contras. Citizens for America had a meeting of anti-Communist rebel leaders known as the Democratic International in Jamba, Angola. This conference included leaders of the Mujahedeen from Afghanistan, UNITA from Angola, the Contras, and opposition groups from Laos. Out of this conference came the International Freedom Foundation. Abramoff helped to organize, and also went to the conference. Abramoff's membership ended badly when Citizens for America's sponsor Lewis Lehrman, a former New York gubernatorial candidate, said that Abramoff had spent his money carelessly.

paragraphs: In 1986, Reagan made Abramoff a member of the United States Holocaust Memorial Council.

paragraphs: Abramoff became a full-time lobbyist and used his CRNC friends to gain access to members of the Bush Administration. He represented indian tribes and on-line gambling interests. To get the gaming interest to hire him to fight against new laws to control gambling, Abramoff had his friends start efforts against gambling. Abramoff bought a restaurant in Washington, D.C. He used it to impress clients and government officials. Abramoff got press coverage and was known for wearing a fedora hat. Abramoff started a charity called the "Capital Athletic Foundation". In 2002, Abramoff started an Orthodox Jewish school in Maryland called "Eshkol Academy".

paragraphs: The lawmakers, lobbyists, Bush administration officials, congressional staffers, and businessmen in the Jack Abramoff public corruption probe were:

paragraphs: Abramoff and his partner Michael Scanlon (a former Tom DeLay aide) conspired to bilk Indian casinos of about $85 million. The lobbyists also created lobbying against their own clients to force them to pay for lobbying services. These actions were the subject both of criminal prosecution and hearings by the Senate Indian Affairs Committee. On November 21, 2005, Scanlon pleaded guilty to conspiring to bribe a member of Congress and other public officials.

paragraphs: On January 3, 2006, Abramoff pleaded guilty to three felony counts (conspiracy, fraud, and tax evasion) involving his lobbying activities in Washington on behalf of Native American tribes. Abramoff and other defendants had to pay back at least $25 million that they took from clients. Abramoff also owes the Internal Revenue Service $1.7 million because of the tax evasion. In the agreement, Abramoff said he bribed public officials, including Ney. Also included: the hiring of congressional staffers and conspiring with them to lobby their former employers. This included members of Congress.

paragraphs: Later in 2006 Abramoff lobbyists Neil Volz and Tony Rudy pleaded guilty to conspiracy charges. In September 2006, Ney pleaded guilty to conspiracy and making false statements.

paragraphs: On August 11, 2005, Abramoff and Kidan were indicted by a federal grand jury in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on fraud charges from a 2000 deal to buy SunCruz Casinos from Konstantinos "Gus" Boulis. Abramoff and Kidan were said to have used a fake wire transfer to make people believe that they had made a $23 million down payment needed to qualify for a $60 million loan. Kidan received the same sentence as Abramoff — 5 years, 10 months — which he began serving at Fort Dix Federal Penetentiary, in Fort Dix, New Jersey, on October 23, 2006. Ney also was implicated in helping to make the deal.

paragraphs: After the partners bought SunCruz in September 2000, the business relationship with Boulis got bad. It ending in a fight between Kidan and Boulis in December 2000. In February 2001 Boulis was murdered in his car. The murder is currently not solved. SunCruz is now owned by Oceans Casinos Cruises.

paragraphs: On March 29, 2006, Abramoff and Kidan were both sentenced in the SunCruz case to the minimum amount of 70 months. They also had to pay US$21.7 million in restitution. The judge, U.S. District Judge Paul C. Huck, got over 260 pleas for leniency from people. These included "rabbis, military officers and even a professional hockey referee." The defendants are still helping with federal investigators and will be sentenced later in the Indian lobbying case.

paragraphs: In 2002, Guam Superior Court hired Abramoff to lobby against a bill wanting to put the Superior Court under the authority of the Guam Supreme Court. On November 18, 2002, a grand jury issued a subpoena demanding that the administrator of the Guam Superior Court release all records dealing with to the contract. On November 19, 2002, U.S. Attorney Frederick A. Black, the chief prosecutor for Guam and the person who caused the indictment, was removed from the office he had held since 1991. The federal grand jury investigation was quickly ended and took no more action. In 2005 Public Auditor Doris Flores Brooks started a new investigation of the Abramoff contract.

paragraphs: In 2006 California attorney and Marshall Islands lobbyist Howard Hills, and Tony Sanchez, a former administrator of the Guam Superior Court, were indicted for unlawful influence, conspiracy for unlawful influence, theft of property held in trust, and official misconduct. It is believed that they allowed 36 payments of $9,000 in connection with a contract between Hills and the Guam Superior Court. These payments were written out to Hills, but went to Abramoff. Hills trusted Sanchez as a court official. Hills believed that this was temporary and agreed to help with the transition for what he thought was a standard government contract between Abramoff and the court. For this Hills got nothing. Before indictments or investigations were started, Hills ended his temporary contract with Abramoff and reported what he thought was unusual behavior to public officials when he thought that something may be wrong. In 2007, indictments were issued against Hills and Sanchez. In 2008 more indictments were handed down against Abramoff and Abramoff's firm at the time, Greenberg Traurig. The charges against both attorney Howard Hills and Greenberg Traurig have since been dismissed.

paragraphs: On November 15, 2006, Abramoff began serving his term in the minimum security prison of Federal Correctional Institution, Cumberland, Maryland, as inmate number 27593-112. The Justice Department asked that he serve his sentence there so that he would be closer to agents in Washington to help with the investigations of his associates.

paragraphs: On June 8, 2010, Abramoff was transferred to a halfway house in Baltimore, Maryland. While there, he worked for kosher pizza firm Tov Pizza. He earned between $7.50 and $10.00 per hour.

paragraphs: He was released from the halfway house on December 3, 2010. On December 13, 2010, it was said that Abramoff ended working at Tov Pizza.

paragraphs: On 8 December 2011 Abramoff was on The Colbert Report. He promoted his book "Capitol Punishment: The Hard Truth About Corruption From America's Most Notorious Lobbyist".


title: Revivor

paragraphs: Revivor is the eighth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Navigator (album)

paragraphs: Navigator is the ninth studio album by the German aggrotech band Funker Vogt.


title: Shinano Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Matsumoto.

paragraphs: The boundaries of Mutsu were formally established during the reigns of Empress Genshō and Empress Kōken.

paragraphs: In 713, the road between Mino Province and Shinano Province was widened. There were increasing numbers of travelers on this road.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Shinano Province weres reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: The World War II–era Japanese aircraft carrier "Shinano" was named after this old province.

paragraphs: "Suwa taisha" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Shinano.


title: Rafinha Bastos

paragraphs: Rafael Bastos Hocsman, better known by his stage name Rafinha Bastos (born December 5, 1976 in Porto Alegre, Brazil) is a Brazilian comedian, journalist and television personality.


title: Matt Lucas

paragraphs: Matthew Richard Lucas (born 5 March 1974) is a British comedian, actor and writer. He is best known for "Little Britain", a comedy sketch programme he and David Walliams wrote and performed.

paragraphs: Lucas was born and raised in London. He is from a Jewish family and is openly gay. He has alopecia. He lives with Rebel Wilson in Hollywood.


title: Wendy Richard

paragraphs: Wendy Richard born Wendy Emerton, (20 July 1943 - 26 February 2009) was a British actress. She is best known for her roles as Miss Brahms in "Are You Being Served?" and as Pauline Fowler in "EastEnders".

paragraphs: She was born in Middlesbrough, North Riding of Yorkshire. She lived in London for most of her life. She died of metastatic breast cancer there.


title: Alasdair MacIntyre

paragraphs: Alasdair Chalmers MacIntyre (born 1929) is a Scottish philosopher. He is best known for work on moral and political philosophy. He is also known for his work in history of philosophy and theology. He is Senior Research Fellow at the Centre for Contemporary Aristotelian Studies in Ethics and Politics (CASEP) at London Metropolitan University, and an Emeritus Professor of Philosophy at the University of Notre Dame.


title: Management accounting

paragraphs: Management accounting or managerial accounting gives accounting information to managers within organizations, to provide them with the basis to make informed business decisions that will allow them to be better equipped in their management and control functions.

paragraphs: In contrast to financial accountancy information, management accounting information is:

paragraphs: The Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) recently updated its definition as follows: ""management accounting is a profession that involves partnering in management decision making, devising planning and performance management systems,and providing expertise in financial reporting and control to assist management in the formulation and implementation of an organization’s strategy"".

paragraphs: The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) states that management accounting as practice extends to the following three areas:

paragraphs: The Institute of Certified Management Accountants (ICMA), states ""A management accountant applies his or her professional knowledge and skill in the preparation and presentation of financial and other decision oriented information in such a way as to assist management in the formulation of policies and in the planning and control of the operation of the undertaking"". Management Accountants therefore are seen as the "value-creators" amongst the accountants. They are much more interested in forward looking and taking decisions that will affect the future of the organization, than in the historical recording and compliance (score keeping) aspects of the profession. Management accounting knowledge and experience can therefore be obtained from varied fields and functions within an organization, such as information management, treasury, efficiency auditing, marketing, valuation, pricing, logistics, etc.

paragraphs: The distinction between "‘traditional’" and "‘innovative’" accounting practices is perhaps best illustrated with the visual timeline "(see sidebar)" of managerial costing approaches presented at the Institute of Management Accountants 2011 Annual Conference.

paragraphs: Traditional Standard Costing (TSC), used in Cost Accounting dates back to the 1920’s and is a central method in management accounting practiced today because it is used for financial statement reporting for the valuation of Income Statement and Balance Sheet line items such as Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) and Inventory valuation. Traditional Standard Costing must comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP US) and actually aligns itself more with answering Financial Accounting requirements rather than providing solutions for management accountants. Traditional approaches limit themselves by defining cost behavior only in terms of production or sales volume.

paragraphs: In the late 1980s, accounting practitioners and educators were heavily criticized on the grounds that management accounting practices (and, even more so, the curriculum taught to accounting students) had changed little over the preceding 60 years, despite radical changes in the business environment. In 1993, the Accounting Education Change Commission Statement Number 4 calls for faculty members to come down from their ivory towers and expand their knowledge about the actual practice of accounting in the workplace. Professional accounting institutes, perhaps fearing that management accountants would increasingly be seen as superfluous in business organizations, subsequently devoted considerable resources to the development of a more innovative skills set for management accountants.

paragraphs: Variance analysis, which is a systematic approach to the comparison of the actual and budgeted costs of the raw materials and labor used during a production period. While some form of variance analysis is still used by most manufacturing firms, it nowadays tends to be used in conjunction with innovative techniques such as "life cycle cost analysis" and "activity-based costing", which are designed with specific aspects of the modern business environment in mind. "Life-cycle costing" recognizes that managers’ ability to influence the cost of manufacturing a product is at its greatest when the product is still at the design stage of its product life-cycle (i.e., before the design has been finalized and production commenced), since small changes to the product design may lead to significant savings in the cost of manufacturing the products.

paragraphs: Activity-based costing (ABC) recognizes that, in modern factories, most manufacturing costs are determined by the amount of ‘activities’ (such as the number of production runs per month, and the amount of production equipment idle time). The key to effective cost control is therefore optimizing the efficiency of these activities. Both lifecycle costing and activity-based costing recognize that, in the typical modern factory, the avoidance of disruptive events (such as machine breakdowns and quality control failures) is of far greater importance than (for example) reducing the costs of raw materials. Activity-based costing also focuses less on direct labor as a cost driver and looks instead on activities that drive costs, As the provision of a service or the production of a product component.

paragraphs: One of the more innovative accounting practices available today is Resource consumption accounting (RCA). RCA has been recognized by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) as a "“sophisticated approach at the upper levels of the continuum of costing techniques”" because it provides the ability to derive costs directly from operational resource data or to isolate and measure unused capacity costs. RCA started by taking the best costing characteristics of the German management accounting approach Grenzplankostenrechnung (GPK), and combining the use of activity-based drivers when needed, such as those used in Activity-based costing. With the RCA approach, resources and their costs are considered as "“foundational to robust cost modeling and managerial decision support, because an organization’s costs and revenues are all a function of the resources and the individual capacities that produce them”".

paragraphs: Management accountants have a dual reporting relationship. Management accountants are a strategic partner and provider of decision based financial and operational information. Management accountants are responsible for managing the business team and at the same time having to report relationships and responsibilities to the corporation's finance organization.

paragraphs: The activities management accountants provide inclusive of forecasting and planning, performing variance analysis, reviewing and monitoring costs inherent in the business are ones that have dual accountability to both finance and the business team. Examples of tasks where accountability may be more meaningful to the business management team vs. the corporate finance department are the development of new product costing, operations research, business driver metrics, sales management scorecarding, and client profitability analysis. See Financial modeling. Conversely, the preparation of certain financial reports, reconciliations of the financial data to source systems, risk and regulatory reporting will be more useful to the corporate finance team as they are charged with aggregating certain financial information from all segments of the corporation.

paragraphs: Information technology (IT) costs are a significant source of uncontrollable spending in corporations that derive much of their profits from the information economy, such as banks, publishing houses, telecommunications companies and defence contractors. Information technology costs are often the greatest corporate cost after total compensation costs and property related costs. Management accounting in such organizations work closely with the IT department to provide IT Cost Transparency.

paragraphs: Given the above, one widely held view of the progression of the accounting and finance career path is that financial accounting is a stepping stone to management accounting. Consistent with the notion of value creation, management accountants help drive the success of the business while strict financial accounting is more of a compliance and historical endeavor.

paragraphs: A very rarely expressed alternative view of management accounting is that it is neither a neutral or benign influence in organizations, rather a mechanism for management control through spying on workers (surveillance). This view locates management accounting specifically in the context of management control theory. Stated differently, management accounting information is the mechanism which can be used by managers as a vehicle for the overview of the whole internal structure of the organization to help their control functions within an organization.

paragraphs: Cost accounting is a central element of managerial accounting.

paragraphs: In the mid- to late-1990s several books were written about accounting in the lean enterprise (companies implementing elements of the Toyota Production System). The term lean accounting was coined during that period. These books contest that traditional accounting methods are better suited for mass production and do not support or measure good business practices in just-in-time manufacturing and services. The movement reached a tipping point during the 2005 Lean Accounting Summit in Dearborn, MI. 320 individuals attended and discussed the merits of a new approach to accounting in the lean enterprise. 520 individuals attended the 2nd annual conference in 2006.

paragraphs: Resource Consumption Accounting (RCA) is formally defined as a dynamic, fully integrated, principle-based, and comprehensive management accounting approach that provides managers with decision support information for enterprise optimization. RCA emerged as a management accounting approach around 2000 and was subsequently developed at CAM-I the Consortium for Advanced Manufacturing–International, in a Cost Management Section "RCA interest group" in December 2001.

paragraphs: The most significant recent direction in managerial accounting is throughput accounting; which recognizes the interdependencies of modern production processes. For any given product, customer or supplier, it is a tool to measure the contribution per unit of constrained resource.

paragraphs: Management accounting is an applied discipline used in various industries. The specific functions and principles followed can vary based on the industry. Management accounting principles in banking are specialized but do have some common fundamental concepts used whether the industry is manufacturing based or service oriented. For example, transfer pricing is a concept used in manufacturing but is also applied in banking. It is a fundamental principle used in assigning value and revenue attribution to the various business units. Essentially, transfer pricing in banking is the method of assigning the interest rate risk of the bank to the various funding sources and uses of the enterprise. Thus, the bank's corporate treasury department will assign funding charges to the business units for their use of the bank's resources when they make loans to clients. The treasury department will also assign funding credit to business units who bring in deposits (resources) to the bank. Although the funds transfer pricing process is primarily applicable to the loans and deposits of the various banking units, this proactive is applied to all assets and liabilities of the business segment. Once transfer pricing is applied and any other management accounting entries or adjustments are posted to the ledger (which are usually memo accounts and are not included in the legal entity results), the business units are able to produce segment financial results which are used by both internal and external users to evaluate performance.

paragraphs: There are a variety of ways to keep current and continue to build one's knowledge base in the field of management accounting. Just as people who are Certified Public Accountants must take continuing education each year, Certified Management Accountants (CMAs) have a similar requirement. A company may also have research and training materials available for use in a corporate owned library. This is more common in "Fortune 500" companies who have the resources to fund this type of training.

paragraphs: There are also numerous journals, on-line articles and blogs available. The journal "Cost Management" () and the Institute of Management Accounting (IMA) site are sources which includes Management Accounting Quarterly and "Strategic Finance" publications. Indeed, management accounting is needed in an organization.

paragraphs: Listed below are the primary tasks/ services performed by management accountants. The degree of complexity relative to these activities are dependent on the experience level and abilities of any one individual.

paragraphs: There are several related professional qualifications and certifications in the field of accountancy including:


title: Artur Kasperek

paragraphs: Artur Kasperek (born 17 October 1966 in Lublin) is Polish bassoonist. He plays solo bassoon at the Great Theatre National Opera in Warsaw.


title: Palace of Culture and Science

paragraphs: Palace of Culture and Science is the tallest building in Poland (230 meters). It is in Warsaw.


title: Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows

paragraphs: Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows (also known as D.R.U.G.S.) is an American post-hardcore band. They formed in 2010. D.R.U.G.S released their debut self-titled album on February 22, 2011. It was met with generally positive reviews. AbsolutePunk gave the album a 78%.

paragraphs: On November 11, 2010, Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows released their first song, "If You Think This Song Is About You, It Probably Is." On December 6, 2010, they released their second song, "Mr. Owl Ate My Metal Worm." This was followed by "Sex Life", released on January 18, 2011, which is the first single from the album. The album sold 14,000+ copies and peaked at #29 on the Billboard 200. Since then, it has hit #1 on Billboards Hard Rock charts.


title: Danny Mann

paragraphs: Daniel "Danny" Mann (born July 28, 1951) is an American actor, voice artist, and comedian, known for doing multiple voices, such as Serge in the "Open Season" franchise.

paragraphs: Mann was born Daniel Mann in Mobile, Alabama on July 28, 1951.

paragraphs: Mann has worked as a television writer for "America's Funniest... Part II", "Thicke of the Night", and "An Evening at the Improv". He also did several story material on "Oliver and Company" and worked as an ADR Loop Director on "Shrek 2" (the sequel to "Shrek") and "It's a Very Merry Muppet Christmas Movie". Mann also created the special vocal effects on the classic movie "Born to Be Wild", made in 1995.

paragraphs: Mann sang the song "High Hopes" on "Hudson Street".


title: Denise Welch

paragraphs: Jacqueline Denise Welch (born 22 May 1958) is an English actress and television personality. She was born in County Durham and lives in Manchester.

paragraphs: She presents ITV1 chat show "Loose Women". She was a contestant in the 2011 series of "Dancing on Ice", and won the 2012 UK series of Celebrity "Big Brother.


title: Joel McHale

paragraphs: Joel Edward McHale (born November 20, 1971) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, writer, voice artist, and comedian. He is best known as the host of "Talk Soup" and as Jeff Winger in "Community". He has acted in movies including "" as Wilbur Wilson, "Open Season 2" as the voice of Elliot (taking Ashton Kutcher's place), and "Ted" as Rex.

paragraphs: McHale, the middle of the three brothers, was born Joel Edward McHale in Rome, Italy on November 20, 1971. His mother, Laurie, is from Vancouver, British Columbia, and his father, Jack, is from Chicago. McHale and his brothers were born in Rome, where their father worked for an American university. He grew up in the Seattle area, graduating from Mercer Island High School in 1991. Also he participated at Youth Theatre Northwest.

paragraphs: He received a bachelor's degree in History from the University of Washington in 1995. While at the University of Washington, McHale briefly belonged to the Theta Chi Fraternity. He was recruited to be on the rowing team, but later walked onto the football team, playing tight end for two years. McHale received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Professional Actors Training Program at the University of Washington.

paragraphs: McHale was part of the "Almost Live!" cast, a local sketch-comedy TV show produced by Seattle's KING-TV (Channel 5). From 1993 until 1997, McHale was a member of the improv comedy group at Unexpected Productions, participating in Theatersports! at the Market Theater located in Pike Place Fish Market in downtown Seattle.

paragraphs: After earning his master's degree in acting, McHale moved to Los Angeles and landed small roles in "Oliver Beene", "", and "Will & Grace". He played a TV reporter in the biopic "Lords of Dogtown". He guest-starred as a cast member on the NBC improv comedy show "Thank God You're Here" during the pilot episode and had a guest role on an episode of "Pushing Daisies". McHale also appeared in "Spider-Man 2" in a small role as Mr. Jacks, a bank manager.

paragraphs: In 2004, McHale began hosting "The Soup", a satirical weekly television show on the "E!" television network. Throughout the show, he takes the audience through the oddities and ridiculous happenings of the week in television. He frequently appears as a co-host on "Loveline". He has also had a long association with Circle X Theatre, where he has done several plays. McHale was a weekly guest on "The Adam Carolla Show" and "Mickey and Amelia", and occasional guest on the "Opie and Anthony Show". He has been a judge on "Iron Chef America". He was involved in the American version of the British TV show "The IT Crowd". McHale made a guest appearance on the finale of "Last Comic Standing" sixth season, when he recapped the show's events in his typical format of jokes made popular on "The Soup". He usually appeared in "Countdown with Keith Olbermann" in a humor sequence closing the show.

paragraphs: McHale played FBI Agent Robert Herndon in "The Informant!" (2009), alongside Matt Damon.

paragraphs: He currently stars in "Community", which premiered in fall 2009. He also continues to host "The Soup".

paragraphs: McHale voiced the mule Elliot in "Open Season 2" (the direct-to-video sequel to "Open Season") since Ashton Kutcher didn't come back; but in "Open Season 3", McHale didn't return himself and got replaced by Matthew W. Taylor, who was replaced by Will Townsend in "".

paragraphs: McHale married Sarah Williams in 1996. They have two sons: Edward Roy, "Eddie" (born 2005) and Isaac Hayden (born 2008). McHale and Williams live in the Hollywood Hills.


title: Georgia Engel

paragraphs: Georgia Bright Engel (July 28, 1948 – April 12, 2019) was an American actress. She was the voice of Bobbie in the "Open Season" franchise. She was also on "The Mary Tyler Moore Show" and on "Everybody Loves Raymond". She had two Emmy nominations for both shows. She was born in Washington, D.C..

paragraphs: She played a good witch in the 2007 recurring role of Esmeralda on the NBC soap opera "Passions".

paragraphs: Engel died of unknown causes in Princeton, New Jersey on April 12, 2019 at the age of 70.


title: Kazusa Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was in or near Ichihara, Chiba.

paragraphs: Kazusa was originally part of a larger territory known as , which was divided into Kazusa Province and Shimōsa Province during the reign of Emperor Kōtoku (645-654). Part of Kazusa was made into Awa Province during the reign of Empress Genshō.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kazusa Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Tamasaki jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Kazusa.


title: Equal Vision Records

paragraphs: Equal Vision Records is a record label based in Albany, New York. The record label focuses in metal or punk-based rock genres. Equal Vision Records was founded in the early 1990s by Ray Cappo. In July 2009, Equal Vision Records made a sub-label named "Mantralogy." This sub-label will feature bands that "deliver edgy, Krishna-conscious music."


title: Gary Sinise

paragraphs: Gary Alan Sinise (born March 17, 1955) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, voice artist, and comedian. He as in the movies "Of Mice and Men", "Forrest Gump", "George Wallace", and "Open Season". Since 2004, Sinise has starred in CBS's "" as Detective Mac Taylor.

paragraphs: Sinise has won many awards including an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award and was nominated for an Academy Award. He was awarded the Presidential Citizen Medal by George W. Bush for work he did supporting the U.S Military and supporting Iraqi children.

paragraphs: Sinise has been married to actress Moira Harris since 1981 and they have three children: Sophie Anne (b. 1988), McCanna Anthony (b. 1990), and Ella Jane (b. 1992).


title: Jon Favreau

paragraphs: Jonathan Kolia "Jon" Favreau (; born October 19, 1966) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, director, screenwriter, voice artist, and comedian. He appeared in such movies as "Elf" (in which he was also the director) and "Open Season" (but got replaced by Matt Taylor for the rest of the series). He is also known for directing "Iron Man" and "The Jungle Book".


title: Steve Schirripa

paragraphs: Steven R. "Steve" Schirripa (born September 3, 1957) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, producer, voice artist, and comedian in such movies and TV series as "The Sopranos" as Bobby Baccalieri, "Nothing Personal" (in which he is the host), and the "Open Season" series as Roberto.


title: Crispin Glover

paragraphs: Crispin Hellion Glover (born April 20, 1964) is an American actor. He has acted in such movies as "Back to the Future", "Epic Movie" (where he did a parody of the Willy Wonka played by Johnny Depp) and the "Open Season" series as Fifi.

paragraphs: In the late 1980s, Glover started his company, Volcanic Eruptions. The company publishes his books and also is the production company for his movies, "What Is It?" and "It is Fine. Everything is Fine!".

paragraphs: Glover has written between 15 and 20 books. He makes the books by reusing old novels and other publications which are in the public domain due to their age. He rearranges text, blacks out certain standing passages, and adds his own prose and sometimes images.

paragraphs: His father is actor Bruce Glover. His mother was Betty Glover who died in 2016.


title: Associação Sportiva Sociedade Unida

paragraphs: Associação Sportiva Sociedade Unida is a football club which plays in Brazil.


title: Dave Garroway

paragraphs: David Cunningham "Dave" Garroway (July 13, 1913 – July 21, 1982) was the founding host of NBC's "Today" from 1952 to 1961. He had an easygoing and relaxing style. Yet, Garroway suffered from depression. He has been honored for his contributions to radio and television with a star for each on the Hollywood Walk of Fame as well as the St. Louis Walk of Fame, the city where he spent part of his teenage years and early adulthood.

paragraphs: He was born in Schenectady, New York. By the time Garroway was 14, he had moved with his family 13 times before settling in St. Louis, Missouri. In St. Louis, he attended University City High School. He earned a degree from Washington University in St. Louis in abnormal psychology. Before going into broadcasting, Garroway worked as a Harvard University lab assistant, as a book salesman, and as a piston ring salesman. After not being able to successfully sell either, Garroway decided to try his hand in radio.

paragraphs: Garroway began his broadcasting career modestly. Starting at NBC as an page in 1938, he went on to graduate 23rd in a class of 24 from NBC's school for announcers. Following graduation, he landed a job at Pittsburgh radio station KDKA in 1939. As a station reporter, he went about the region filing reports from a hot-air balloon, a U.S. Navy submarine in the Ohio River, and from deep inside a coal mine. His early reporting efforts earned Garroway a reputation for finding a good story, even if it took him to unusual places. The "Roving Announcer", as he was known, worked his way up to become the station's special events director, while still attending to his on-air work. After two years with KDKA, Garroway left for Chicago.

paragraphs: When the United States entered World War II in 1941, Garroway enlisted in the U.S. Navy. While stationed in Honolulu, he hosted a radio show when off duty, playing jazz records and reminiscing about the old days back in Chicago. After the war, Garroway went to work as a disc jockey at WMAQ (AM) in Chicago. Over time, Garroway hosted a series of radio programs such as "The 11:60 Club", "The Dave Garroway Show", and "Reserved for Garroway". One oddity Garroway introduced on his radio shows was having the studio audience respond to a song number not by applauding but by snapping their fingers. Garroway also worked to organize jazz concerts, creating a "Jazz Circuit" of local clubs in 1947, bringing back interest in this form of music. His fellow disk jockeys voted him the nation's best in the 1948 and 1949 "Billboard" polls. He won the award again in 1951.

paragraphs: Leaving the Midwest again for New York, Garroway was the first "communicator" on NBC Radio's "Monitor" when the program first aired on June 12, 1955. He continued as the Sunday evening host of the news/music program from 1955 to 1961. Garroway worked on the air at WCBS radio in 1964 and briefly hosted the afternoon drive shift at KFI in Los Angeles in late 1970 and early 1971.

paragraphs: Garroway was introduced to the national television audience when he hosted the experimental musical variety show "Garroway at Large", telecast live from Chicago. It was carried by NBC from June 18, 1949, to June 24, 1951.

paragraphs: Garroway's relaxed, informal style when on the air became part of his trademark. In 1960, "New York Times" reviewer Richard F. Shepard wrote, "He does not crash into the home with the false jollity and thunderous witticisms of a backslapper. He is pleasant, serious, scholarly looking and not obtrusively convivial." On television, Garroway was known for his signoff, saying "Peace" with an upraised palm.

paragraphs: Along with Arthur Godfrey, Arlene Francis, and Jack Paar, Garroway was one of the pioneers of the television talk show. Television commentator Steven D. Stark traces the origins of the style to Chicago. Garroway, Studs Terkel, and Hugh Downs all hosted relaxed, garrulous, extemporaneous shows in that city in the early 1950s. Earlier radio and television voices spoke with an authoritative "announcer's" intonation, resembling public oration, often dropping about a musical fifth on the last word of a sentence. Garroway was one of the broadcasters who introduced conversational style and tone to television, beginning some broadcasts as though the viewer were sitting in the studio with him, as in this November 20, 1957, introduction for the "Today" show: "And how are you about the world today? Let's see what kind of shape it's in; there is a glimmer of hope."

paragraphs: NBC president Sylvester "Pat" Weaver picked Garroway to host his new morning news-and-entertainment experiment, the "Today" show, in 1951. Garroway soon was joined by news editor Jim Fleming and announcer Jack Lescoulie as television's first loose "family" of the airwaves when the show debuted on Monday, January 14, 1952. Though initially panned by critics, Garroway's style attracted a large audience that enjoyed his easygoing presence early in the morning. His familiar "cohost," a chimpanzee with the puckish name of J. Fred Muggs, didn't hurt his genial manner, but his concurrent seriousness in dealing with news stories and ability to clearly explain abstract concepts earned him the nickname "The Communicator" and eventually won praise from critics and viewers alike.

paragraphs: At the same time he did "Today", Garroway also hosted a Friday night variety series, "The Dave Garroway Show", from October 2, 1953, to June 25, 1954, and on October 16, 1955, he began hosting NBC's Sunday afternoon live documentary "Wide Wide World", continuing with that series until June 8, 1958. Another Friday evening variety show, "Dave's Place", was on the air in 1960. He also hosted a radio show, "Dial Dave Garroway", that went on the air as soon as "Today" wrapped up each morning. "Dial Dave Garroway" began in 1946 when Garroway was still working for WMAQ in Chicago.

paragraphs: Garroway took "Today" to various locations as its host: Paris in 1959 and Rome in 1960; car shows and technology expos; plays and movies; and aboard an Air Force B-52 for a practice bombing run. Through television, Garroway gave viewers access to a variety of people that included politicians, writers, artists, scientists, economists, and musicians.

paragraphs: In late 1960, Garroway hosted a special filmed program for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association that traced Billy Graham's crusades from 1949 to 1960.

paragraphs: Garroway suffered from depression. Toward the end of his professional career, he began to have disagreements with staff members; some days Garroway would disappear in the middle of the "Today" broadcast, leaving colleagues to finish the live program. Then, on April 28, 1961, Garroway's second wife, Pamela, died of causes related to drug-use. Causing emotional turmoil, Garroway went further into depression and emotional and mental instability. In late May 1961, Garroway resigned, announcing his intention to leave "Today" either at the end of October when his contract was finished or sooner, if possible. He wanted to spend more time with his children. His last "Today" show was on June 16, 1961.

paragraphs: Garroway returned to television on National Educational Television (the forerunner of PBS) with a science series called "Exploring the Universe" in late 1962. Later he went back to working in radio, doing "split shift" shows called "Garroway AM" (mid mornings) and "Garroway PM" (mid afternoons) for WCBS (AM), New York. Garroway also started a magazine, "National FM-Radio". The venture was a costly failure. Garroway realized he was not cut out to be a businessman. While he was in the publishing business, Garroway began reading various law books in an effort to try to understand what his lawyer was saying. His attorney told him that he had done enough legal reading to pass the New York State bar exam. On a bet, Garroway sat for and passed the written exam.

paragraphs: Garroway did other local radio and television shows. Garroway appeared sporadically on other television programs without achieving anywhere near the success and recognition levels he enjoyed on "Today". The most viewers saw of him for the rest of the 1960s and 1970s was whenever he reemerged for "Today" anniversaries. His final such appearance was on the 30th anniversary show, on January 14, 1982.

paragraphs: He was very interested in astronomy, and during a tour of Russian telescopes he met his third wife, astronomer Sarah Lee Lippincott. In his final years, he attended astronomy symposia at Swarthmore College and spent time at Sproul Observatory.

paragraphs: In his role as "Today" host, Garroway acted as pitchman for several of the show's sponsors. Among them were Admiral television sets, Alcoa and Sergeant's dog food. Most of the appearances were in the form of print ads in newspapers and magazines. By 1960, there was also a board game called "Dave Garroway's "Today" Game".

paragraphs: Garroway, an amateur drummer and inveterate music lover, lent his name to a series of recordings of jazz, classical, and pop music released in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Among them were "Wide, Wide World of Jazz", 1957's "Some of My Favorites" and 1958's "Dave Garroway's Orchestra: An Adventure in Hi-Fi Music". In a lighter vein, Garroway narrated a compilation of romantic songs performed by the Boston Pops Orchestra, "Getting Friendly with Music," in 1956.

paragraphs: Garroway also served as narrator for special albums, including 1964's "The Great Campaigners, 1928–1960" and 1960's "Names From the Wars."

paragraphs: In 1960, Garroway penned "Fun on Wheels," an activity book for children on road trips. The book was revised and reissued in 1962 and 1964.

paragraphs: Toward the end of his life, Garroway planned to write an autobiography. The book never made it past the research stage; the surviving notes, manuscripts, audio tapes, and news clippings were sent to former "Today" researcher Lee Lawrence. Upon Lawrence's death in 2003, the boxes were turned over to the Library of American Broadcasting, Special Collections, University of Maryland Libraries, where they resided as of 2009.

paragraphs: After having undergone heart surgery, Garroway was found dead of a self-inflicted gunshot wound at his Swarthmore, Pennsylvania, home on July 21, 1982. He had one son, David Jr., and a daughter, Paris. When he married Pamela in 1956, he adopted her son, Michael, whom he raised as his own after her death.

paragraphs: The July 22 edition of "Today" was mainly a remembrance of Garroway. Sidekick Jack Lescoulie, news editor Frank Blair, and former consumer reporter Betty Furness offered tributes on the show. Garroway's passing was noted on "NBC Nightly News" with John Chancellor, the man who replaced Garroway on "Today" 21 years earlier. On "NBC News Overnight," host Linda Ellerbee closed the program with "Peace" instead of her usual "And so it goes."

paragraphs: Because of Garroway's dedication to the cause of mental health, his third wife, Sarah, helped establish the Dave Garroway Laboratory for the Study of Depression at the University of Pennsylvania. Garroway is buried in West Laurel Hill Cemetery, Bala Cynwyd, Pennsylvania.

paragraphs: Robert McKimson's 1960 cartoon "Wild Wild World" depicts "Cave Darroway" presenting footage from the Stone Age.

paragraphs: "Mad" spoofed him in one issue as "Dave Garrowunway."

paragraphs: In Robert Redford's 1994 film "Quiz Show", Garroway was portrayed by Barry Levinson.


title: Gemma Arterton

paragraphs: Gemma Christina Arterton (born 12 January 1986) is a British actress. She was born and raised in Gravesend, Kent and lives in London.

paragraphs: Gemma was born on 1986 and studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She starred in St Trinian's, was a Bond girl in Quantum of Solace and played the title character in Tamara Drewe. She co-starred with Justin Timberlake in the 2013 film Runner Runner.

paragraphs: She was nominated for the Orange Rising Star Award in 2011.


title: Kia Motors

paragraphs: Kia Motors (, ) is a car company. The headquarters are in Seoul, South Korea. It is the second-largest automobile manufacturer in that country, after Hyundai Motor Company. Kia sold of over 1.4 million vehicles in 2010. The company is partly owned by the Hyundai Motor Group. Hyoung-Keun (Hank) Lee has been president since August 2009.

paragraphs: The word "Kia" comes from Korean words meaning "to arise to the world from Asia".


title: Hyundai Motor Company

paragraphs: Hyundai Motor Company (Hangul : 현대 자동차 주식회사; Hanj : 現代自動車株式會社; , "Hyŏndae", ) is a Korean car company. It is based in Seoul, South Korea. Along with Kia, it makes up the Hyundai Kia Automotive Group. The group is the world's fourth largest maker of cars as of 2009. As of 2011, it is the world's fastest growing automaker for two years in a row. In 2008, Hyundai (without Kia) ranked as the eighth largest automaker. In 2010, Hyundai sold over 3.6 million vehicles worldwide. In 2015 Hyundai announced it would spin-off its Genesis car as a separate luxury brand, that will compete with other luxury brands like Buick, Lexxus, Acura etc.


title: Paedophryne

paragraphs: Paedophryne is a genus of microhylid frogs from Papua New Guinea. All six species known so far are amongst the smallest frog and vertebrate species.

paragraphs: Paedophryne amauensis is a recently discovered species of frog from Papua New Guinea. Only long, it is the world's smallest known vertebrate.

paragraphs: The frog species was discovered in August of 2009 by Christopher Austin when exploring Papua New Guinea. The National Science Foundation sponsored the exploration.

paragraphs: The frog is a millimeter smaller than the previous record holder for being the world's smallest vertebrate – a species of carp ("Paedocypris progenetica") from Indonesia. The frog mainly lives on land. According to its discoverers, the life cycle of the frog does not include a tadpole stage.


title: Travis Lane Stork

paragraphs: Travis Lane Stork, MD (born March 9, 1972, in Fort Collins, Colorado) is an American emergency physician and television personality. He is best known for being "The Bachelor", and as the host of the syndicated daytime talk show, "The Doctors".

paragraphs: Stork graduated "magna cum laude" from Duke University, and earned his M.D. from the University of Virginia. He completed his emergency medicine residency at Vanderbilt University Medical Center in Nashville, Tennessee. Before returning to Vanderbilt as a faculty physician, he worked as an attending physician in a private hospital system in Colorado. Dr. Stork currently splits his time between Nashville and Los Angeles, where he hosts the syndicated television show "The Doctors".

paragraphs: While Stork was finishing his residency program, he met the producers of "The Bachelor" by chance. They invited him to interview for the show. In 2006, Stork was the bachelor during season 8 of "The Bachelor." During the season finale of the show, Stork chose school teacher, Sarah Stone, who coincidentally lived only a few blocks away from his residence. He proposed a relationship instead of marriage. After the series ended, they broke up. In May 2011 Travis got engaged to his girlfriend of two years, Dr. Charlotte Brown, a Nashville native.

paragraphs: In 2007 Stork was selected to serve as the lead host on "The Doctors", a Los Angeles-based daytime medical/talk show, produced by Jay McGraw, son of Dr. Phil McGraw, which debuted in September 2008. On the show, Stork heads a panel of three other physicians from different fields (pediatrics, plastic surgery and obstetrics) as they discuss health issues and answer audience questions. The idea came about from a series of "Dr. Phil" show segments. Stork has been a frequent contributor on "Dr. Phil".


title: Brad Womack

paragraphs: Stephen Bradley Womack (born November 10, 1972 in Atlanta, Georgia) is an American entrepreneur. He is the co-owner of Austin, Texas bars Dizzy Rooster and Chugging Monkey. Brad has an identical twin brother named Chad. He is best known to the American television audience as the bachelor of the eleventh season of the reality dating show "The Bachelor" in which he became the first Bachelor not to choose either of the two finalists. In 2011, Womack returned for a second turn as "The Bachelor".


title: Nika Futterman

paragraphs: Nika Futterman (born October 25, 1969) is an American voice artist, singer and comedienne. She is the voice of Rosie in the "Open Season" series, Stamps in "Back at the Barnyard", one of the dung beetles in "The Wild", Lady Jaye in "", Chum Chum in "Fanboy and Chum Chum", Lola Caricola in "CatDog" and Luna Loud in "The Loud House" and "The Powerpuff Girls". She was born in New York City.

paragraphs: She did the vocals "Give it to me, baby" in The Offspring hit single "Pretty Fly (for a White Guy)."


title: Hida Province

paragraphs: In the late 1580s, Kanamori Nagachika occupied Hida Province. Kanamori's heirs held the province through the Edo Period when it came under direct rule by the Tokugawa shogunate.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Hida Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Hidaichinomiya-Minashi jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Hida.


title: Kōzuke Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Maebashi.

paragraphs: In the Nara period, Kōzuke was part of Keno Province. This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Kōzuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Ichinomiyanukisaki jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Kōzuke.


title: Mino Province

paragraphs: , one of the List of Provinces of Japan, encompassed part of modern-day Gifu Prefecture on the island of Honshū. It was sometimes called .

paragraphs: Mino had borders with Echizen, Hida, Ise, Mikawa, Ōmi, Owari, and Shinano Provinces.

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Tarui. The main castle town was at Gifu.

paragraphs: In 713, the road crossing through Mino and Shinano provinces was widened to accommodate increasing numbers of travelers.

paragraphs: In 1600, the Battle of Sekigahara took place at the western edge of Mino, near the mountains between the Chūbu region and the Kinki region.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. The maps of Japan and Mino Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Shitori jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Mino.


title: Cody Cameron

paragraphs: Cody Cameron (born October 12, 1970) is an American voice actor, writer, animator, director, artist, and screenwriter. He is the voice of many characters; this includes Pinocchio and the Three Little Pigs in the "Shrek" series and Mr. Weenie in the "Open Season" series.

paragraphs: Cameron first started his career at DreamWorks Animation and wrote dialogue and storyboarding for the "Shrek" movies, "Shark Tale", and the 2005 "Madagascar" movie.

paragraphs: In 2004, he decided to leave DreamWorks to join a brand new job at Sony Pictures Animation, where he worked as an actor in the "Open Season" series as Mr. Weenie, directed "Open Season 3" and "The ChubbChubbs Save Xmas" (in which he also co-wrote), and worked as a story artist on "Surf's Up" and the "Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs" movies.


title: Patrick Warburton

paragraphs: Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. He has been in many movies such as the "Emperor's New Groove" series, the "Space Chimps" movies, the "Open Season" franchise and the "Buzz on Maggie" series. He was on "Family Guy". He played Jeff Bingham in "Rules of Engagement".


title: Fred Stoller

paragraphs: Frederick "Fred" Stoller (born March 19, 1958) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, voice artist and writer. He is best known for recurring role on "Everyone Loves Raymond". He has been in many movies such as the "Open Season" franchise and "Austin Powers in Goldmember". Stoller has been very active as a guest star on many Television series. He has been on "Wizards of Waverly Place", "Hannah Montana", "Dharma & Greg", "Seinfeld", and "Scrubs" as well as many others. He wrote two episodes of "Seinfeld".


title: Ryūkyū Domain

paragraphs: In 1609, Japanese forces invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom. After this, the Ryukyuan kings were forced to pay annual tribute to the Shimazu clan of Satsuma Province.

paragraphs: After the Meiji Restoration, the kingdom was replaced by the Ryūkyū Domain which existed from 1872 through 1879.

paragraphs: In 1879, Okinawa Prefecture was established.

paragraphs: "Naminoue Shrine" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of the Ryukyu Islands. In 1890, the shrine was recognized in the system of State Shinto. It is among the ranked, nationally significant shrines or which includes five sanctuaries.


title: Tane Province

paragraphs: Kofun burial mounds are found on Tanegashima. Two very old Shinto shrines on Yakushima suggest that these islands were the southern border of the Yamato state.

paragraphs: Annals of the Nara period regard Tane-no-kuni as the name for all the Ryukyu Islands, including Tanegashima and Yakushima.


title: Michelle Murdocca

paragraphs: Michelle Murdocca is an American actress, producer, voice artist, and comedienne. She is the voice of Maria in the "Open Season" series. She produced the 2012 movie series"Hotel Transylvania".


title: Combination lock

paragraphs: A combination lock is a lock that is opened with a set of secret numbers instead of a key. Mechanical combination locks usually have a dial that is rotated to three different numbers (four numbers on some safe locks) to open the lock. Electronic combination locks usually have a keypad where the combination can be entered like a telephone number.

paragraphs: The mechanical combination lock usually has three discs inside. The last disc is connected directly to the dial, and a notch on this disc rotates the second disc. A notch on the second disc in turn rotates the first disc. The lock is usually opened by rotating the dial clockwise to the first number, counterclockwise past the first number and to the second number, and clockwise to the third number (some locks use the reverse directions, and most safe locks require a return to 0 after entering the combination). This type of lock is popular on safes and padlocks. It is available for entry doors, but is not popular due to the amount of time required to enter the combination. The combination is usually set at the factory and can not be changed easily (if at all).

paragraphs: The electronic combination lock uses a keypad that looks similar to a telephone keypad. The combination is entered one number at a time, like a telephone number. When the number is entered, a motor opens the lock. This type of lock is popular on safes and doors, but is almost never seen on padlocks. These locks require batteries or another source of electricity. There is sometimes a key backup in case the batteries die or the electronics fail. Most safe locks do not have a key backup, as a key backup can be picked. Most electronic locks allow the user to set the combination.

paragraphs: Combination locks can not be picked (as long as there is no key backup), and the user does not have to carry a key. There is little chance of getting locked out as long as the user is good at remembering the combination.

paragraphs: Mechanical combination locks can be difficult to use for people who have never used one before. The most common mistakes are forgetting to pass the first number when dialing the second number, and rotating the dial backwards. In an electronic combination lock, the batteries can die, preventing the lock from opening until the batteries are replaced. With most combination locks, it is possible for a thief to obtain the combination by watching a legitimate user entering it. On an electronic combination lock, a thief can sometimes guess the combination based on the amount of wear on the buttons. An example of worn buttons can be seen in the photo on the right. More-modern keypad locks require the user to press one or two other buttons indicated by LEDs after the combination is entered. This causes the other buttons that are not part of the combination to wear down as well, preventing a thief from determining which numbers are part of the combination based on wear marks.


title: Jeff Cardoni

paragraphs: Jeffrey E. "Jeff" Cardoni (born January 1970) is an American composer. He can play many different instruments. He studied classical piano before playing drums and guitar in many bands. He was in the rock band Alien Crime Syndicate for a short time. After graduating James M. Coughlin High School, Cardoni studied engineering at Pennsylvania State University between 1988 and 1991.

paragraphs: He is best known for his work on television projects such as "", "The Defenders", "The League", and movie scores, such as "Just Friends", "Firehouse Dog", "Miss March", "Open Season 3" and "Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay". Cardoni performed the music for "Open Season 3".

paragraphs: He has won many awards from the American Society of Composers, Artists and Publishers (ASCAP) for his musical scores on television.


title: Diedrich Bader

paragraphs: Karl Diedrich Bader (born December 24, 1966), better known as Diedrich Bader, is an American actor and voice actor.

paragraphs: Many know him for his roles as the self-defense instructor Rex from "Napoleon Dynamite", Oswald Harvey from "The Drew Carey Show", Charlie Davies from "Outsourced " and his voice portrayal of Batman on "". Bader is also well remembered in his voice roles as the android Zeta in the "Batman Beyond" spinoff, "The Zeta Project", Warp Darkmatter in "Buzz Lightyear of Star Command", the Fiskerton Phantom in "The Secret Saturdays", and his recurring role as Hoss Delgado in "The Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy".


title: Jennifer Saunders

paragraphs: Jennifer Jane Saunders (born 6 July 1958) is an English comedienne, actress and writer. She was born in Sleaford, Lincolnshire. She co-starred with Dawn French in comedy sketch show "French and Saunders". She stars in "Absolutely Fabulous" with Joanna Lumley, Julia Sawalha, Jane Horrocks and June Whitfield.

paragraphs: She has guest starred in the American sitcoms "Roseanne" and "Friends". She won the American People's Choice Award for voicing the wicked Fairy Godmother in DreamWorks' animated "Shrek 2".

paragraphs: Saunders married Adrian Edmondson on 11 May 1985 in Cheshire. They have three daughters: Eleanor "Ella" Rose (born 22 January 1986, Hammersmith, London), Beatrice "Beattie" Louise (born 19 June 1987, Kensington and Chelsea, London), and Freya Domenica (born 16 October 1990, Wandsworth, London).

paragraphs: Saunders currently owns a £1 million property with of land in Chagford, Devon and a home in London. Edmondson and Saunders were estimated to be worth £11 million in 2002.

paragraphs: In July 2010, she said that she had breast cancer. She knew about it since October 2009. She is in remission following a lumpectomy, chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

paragraphs: Along with Dawn French, Saunders declined an OBE in 2001. In 2003, she was listed in "The Observer" as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy. Saunders was 93rd out of E!'s 100 Sexiest British Stars. She also was 18th for "Best British Role Models for teenage girls in Britain" by "Good Housekeeping" magazine.


title: Iwaki Province (718)

paragraphs: Iwaki Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.


title: Iwaki Province (1868)

paragraphs: During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Date clan were daimyo in the area.


paragraphs: The United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal was a major political scandal in the United Kingdom. It was caused by leaked expense claims made by members of the United Kingdom Parliament over several years. "The Daily Telegraph" leaked the claims in 2009. The claims showed that MPs had misused the expenses system to gain money. This made the British public very angry. The scandal made lots of MPs leave or be sacked, and it made them apologise and pay money back. Some people were prosecuted and put in prison.


title: Jane Krakowski

paragraphs: Jane Krakowski (; born October 11, 1968) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her performance as Elaine Vassal on "Ally McBeal", for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, and for her role as "Jenna Maroney" on the NBC sitcom "30 Rock", for which she was been nominated for three Emmy Awards. She also regularly performs on the stage and won a Tony Award for her performance in the Broadway revival of "Nine" and an Olivier Award for "Guys and Dolls" in London's West End.

paragraphs: Krakowski was born Jane Krajkowski in Parsippany, New Jersey. Her mother, Barbara (née Benoit), is a college theater instructor and producing artistic director for the Women's Theater Company, and her father, Ed Krajkowski, is a chemical engineer. She has an older brother. Krakowski's father's family is entirely Polish and comes from Kraków, and although she only knows a few words in Polish, her father and grandparents are fluent. Krakowski was a childhood classmate of astronaut Garrett Reisman.

paragraphs: Krakowski grew up immersed in the local theater scene as a result of her parents' activities, saying in one interview, "Instead of hiring baby sitters, they brought me along with them." She took ballet lessons from age four, but later stopped because she was the wrong body shape, instead moving more towards Broadway dancing. She attended the Professional Children's School in New York City.

paragraphs: She dropped the "j" from the family last name when she began working as an actress.

paragraphs: In her first major television role, Krakowski joined the soap opera "Search for Tomorrow" in 1984, playing the role of Theresa Rebecca (T.R.) Kendall, a role she played until the show ended in 1986. She was nominated for two consecutive Daytime Emmy Awards for the role in 1986 and 1987.

paragraphs: In 1996, she made an appearance on the television series "Early Edition" as Dr. Handleman (season 1, episode 3 "Baby").

paragraphs: In 1997, she played office assistant Elaine Vassal on the television series "Ally McBeal" for five seasons until 2002; her role earned her a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress in 1999. In 2003, Krakowski guest-starred in the TV drama "Everwood" as psychologist Dr Gretchen Trott, a love interest for Treat Williams' Dr Andrew Brown. In 2003, she guest starred on "" as Emma Spevak, a serial killer of elderly women. In 2006, Krakowski was cast in the NBC sitcom "30 Rock", where she plays Jenna Maroney, a cast member of the fictional late night sketch show "TGS with Tracy Jordan". In 2009, 2010 and 2011, she received Emmy nominations for her role in "30 Rock".

paragraphs: Krakowski made her movie debut in "National Lampoon's Vacation"; she has also appeared in "Fatal Attraction", "The Flintstones in Viva Rock Vegas" (where she played Betty Rubble), "Marci X", "Alfie", "Go", "", "Dance with Me", "Stepping Out", "Pretty Persuasion", "", and "Mom at Sixteen". Krakowski was originally cast in the horror movie "Sleepaway Camp", but dropped out just before filming began because she felt her character's death scene with a curling iron was so violent. She appeared in "When Zachary Beaver Came to Town" as a mother who wants to become a singer. In 2004, she starred in Alan Menken's TV movie version of "A Christmas Carol", featured as "The Ghost of Christmas Past".

paragraphs: A trained singer, Krakowski has made numerous appearances on stage. At age 18 she originated the role of Dinah the Dining Car in the 1987 Broadway production of "Starlight Express". She appeared in the 1989 Broadway musical "Grand Hotel" as the typist and would-be-movie-star Flaemmchen, for which she was nominated for a Tony Award. Her solo number "I Want to go to Hollywood" is included on the original cast recording. At the 2000 American Comedy Awards, Krakowski won rave reviews when she performed a sexually-charged musical tribute and love letter to Microsoft chairman, Bill Gates.

paragraphs: In 1995, she played the ditzy flight attendant April in The Roundabout Theatre Company's revival of "Company". In 1996, she starred alongside Sarah Jessica Parker in the Broadway revival of "Once Upon a Mattress".

paragraphs: In January 2002, Windham Hill Records released a Jim Brickman album titled "Love Songs & Lullabies" featuring Krakowski as a vocalist for the song "You", which became a hit on adult contemporary radio stations. Brickman and Krakowski also recorded an alternate Christmas version of the song. She also appeared on the album "Broadway Cares: Home For The Holidays", singing the song "Santa Baby".

paragraphs: In 2003, she starred in the Broadway revival of "Nine" playing Carla, for which she won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress. Krakowski is known for her famous anti-gravity stunt during the number "A Call From The Vatican". Krakowski and the director struggled finding a company that would let her do air stunts without a harness; Krakowski came up with the idea of using the method previously portrayed in "Broadway Bares". Krakowski recalled that the material took a long time to arrive, and the second time she ever did it was on the first performance.

paragraphs: In 2005, she starred as Miss Adelaide alongside Ewan McGregor in the new production of "Guys and Dolls" in London (Piccadilly Theatre) a role for which she won the 2006 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical.

paragraphs: In 2005, she performed a cabaret show called "Better When It's Banned", which featured various songs deemed racy from the 1920s and '30s.

paragraphs: Krakowski performed in a January 2007 workshop production and backers' audition for a Broadway musical adaption of the 1980 movie, "Xanadu", with music from the movie's soundtrack and a book by Douglas Carter Beane. "Xanadu" premiered on Broadway summer 2007, although Krakowski's role is played by Kerry Butler.

paragraphs: In 2008, Krakowski starred as Lola in New York City Center's production of "Damn Yankees" opposite Sean Hayes and Cheyenne Jackson.

paragraphs: On July 30 and 31 of 2009, Krakowski played the title character in a reading of "Mrs. Sharp", with music and lyrics by Ryan Scott Oliver and book by Kirsten A. Guenther, at Playwrights Horizons.

paragraphs: In 2007, it was reported that Krakowski was in a relationship with English documentarian Marc Singer, whom she met at a screening for "Children of Men" in 2006. Before that, she dated Julian Ovenden.

paragraphs: She married Robert Godley in 2010. On April 13, 2011, their son, Bennett Robert Godley, was born.

paragraphs: Krakowski released her debut solo album on July 15, 2010 an album of cover versions called "Laziest Gal in Town" on DRG Records.


title: Kevin Michael Richardson

paragraphs: Kevin Michael Richardson (born October 25, 1964) is an American actor, producer, writer, and voice artist.

paragraphs: Richardson married his wife Monica in May 2006. They have two children.


title: Gordon Tootoosis

paragraphs: Gordon Tootoosis (born October 25, 1941 – July 5, 2011) was a Canadian actor, voice artist, and comedian. He was of Cree and Stoney descent. Tootoosis was a descendant of Yellow Mud Blanket, brother of the famous Cree leader Pitikwahanapiwiyin. In "Open Season" (2006), he voiced Sheriff Gordy. He played the same role in "Boog and Elliot's Midnight Bun Run" (2006). In July 2011, he died in the hospital from pneumonia, aged 69.


title: Craig Owens

paragraphs: Craigery Michael "Craig" Owens (b. August 26, 1984) is an American musician from Davison, Michigan. He is best known as the former lead vocalist of Chiodos. He has had many side projects such as Cinematic Sunrise, and the supergroup Isles & Glaciers. He is currently lead vocalist for the supergroup Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows.

paragraphs: On July 20, 2008, Owens tried to kill himself by overdosing a drug called Xanax. Owens said he had been suffering from depression, bipolar disorder, and anxiety. Owens also said he did not suffer any permanent damage from the incident.

paragraphs: On December 15, 2008, a new side project was announced and was to be called Isles & Glaciers. It would include Owens, Jonny Craig (from Dance Gavin Dance and Emarosa), Vic Fuentes, Nick Martin, Matt Goddard (from Chiodos), Brian Southall, and Mike Fuentes. Owens is also often featured as a guest vocalist. Florida post-hardcore band, Broadway, had Craig Owens and Jonny Craig as guest vocalists on their debut album "Kingdoms", which was released July 7, 2009. Owens was also featured in the song "The Road to Hell Is Paved With Good Intentions" for the band In Fear and Faith.


title: Canada lynx

paragraphs: The Canada lynx is a species of lynx which lives on the taiga. It is about twice the size of a domestic cat, and eats mice, ground squirrels, and lemming. and young deer. The lynx's favorite food is the snowshoe hare, which makes up 60% to 97% of its diet. This wild animal is not endangered (except in the southern 48 states of the US). It is of "least concern" (IUCN). Humans hunt them for their beautiful, thick fur.

paragraphs: It has tufts on its ears whose function is probably social signalling.


title: Douglas J. Mink

paragraphs: Douglas J. Mink is an American software developer and a data archivist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He was part of the team that discovered the rings around the planet Uranus.

paragraphs: Mink was born in Elgin, Illinois in 1951. He graduated from Dundee Community High School in 1969. Mink earned an S.B. degree (1973) and an S.M. degree (1974) in Planetary Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Felicity Kendal

paragraphs: Felicity Ann Kendal CBE (born 25 September 1946) is a British actress. She was born in Olton, Warwickshire. She is best known for her role in sitcom "The Good Life". She was a contestant in the 2010 series of "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Determinism

paragraphs: In philosophy, determinism is the thesis that there are conditions that make future events happen the way they happen. Today, the term is mostly used in natural philosophy: there are natural laws and causality that govern certain aspects of nature. Some of those laws are not probabilistic, they apply all the time. The opposite position to this idea is called indeterminism. If there are really conditions that cause future events to be uniquely determined in advance, this will cause problems supporting the idea that there is free will. Other ideas that need the thesis of determinism are called fatalism and predestination.


title: U.S. National Geodetic Survey

paragraphs: National Geodetic Survey, formerly called the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (U.S.C.G.S.), is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system. It measures the land and then draws maps. It also measures magnetic fields and tides. Congress started it in 1807 to draw maps of the coasts. It helps transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and many science and engineering uses. Since 1970, it has been part of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), of the United States Department of Commerce.


title: Battle of Arras (1917)

paragraphs: The Battle of Arras was a battle of the First World War. The battle was a British attack on the German defences near the French city of Arras on the Western Front. The battle started on 9 April 1917. The British Empire troops went quite far forward but they did not achieve a breakthrough. For the amount of ground gained, the British also lost many soldiers. The battle ended on 16 May 1917 and there was a stalemate.


title: Amish friendship bread

paragraphs: Amish friendship bread is a type of bread or cake made from a sourdough starter that is often shared in a manner similar to a chain letter. The starter is a replacement for baking yeast. It can be used to make many kinds of yeast-based breads, shared with friends, or frozen for future use. The sweet, cake-like Amish cinnamon bread is a common bread that is made from this starter. It is a simple, stirred quickbread. It includes a large amount of sugar and vegetable oil, with a mild cinnamon flavor. It has characteristics of both pound cake and coffee cake. The flavor of the finished product can be changed by not using cinnamon.

paragraphs: A common recipe using this starter uses one cup (240 ml) of it to make bread. A second cup is saved to start a new cycle. The remaining two cups are given to friends. The process of sharing the starter makes it somewhat like a chain letter. One cup of starter makes one standard loaf of bread.

paragraphs: It can also be called German friendship cake, or "Herman" the German friendship cake.

paragraphs: The starter mix can be made from a recipe of flour, water and yeast. One cup of the mixture is then passed to other people who get instructions on how to keep it alive, usually just saying to give it more ingredients as time passes.


title: Shimotsuke Province

paragraphs: The ancient capital city of the province was near Tochigi.

paragraphs: Tokugawa Ieyasu's tomb and shrine is at Nikkō, in Shimotsuke.

paragraphs: In the Nara period, Shimotsuke was part of Keno Province. This was changed in the reforms of the Taihō Code in 701.

paragraphs: Parts of Shimotsuke were held by a several daimyo during the Sengoku period.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Shimotsuke Province were reformed in the 1870s.

paragraphs: "Futarasan jinja" was the chief Shinto shrine ("ichinomiya") of Shimotsuke.


title: Keno Province

paragraphs: , also known as Kenu, was a very old province of Japan before the Nara period. Keno was in the area of Tochigi Prefecture and Gunma Prefecture.

paragraphs: Kōzuke Province and Shimotsuke Province were known as Keno before the reforms of the Taihō Code in the early 8th century.


title: Suwa Province

paragraphs: Suwa Province was created during the reign of Empress Genshō.

paragraphs: According to "Shoku Nihongi", Suwa only lasted for ten years after it was established in 721.


title: Ugo Province

paragraphs: During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Satake clan were daimyo in the area.

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Ugo Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Uzen Province

paragraphs: During the Edo period and early Meiji period, the Uesugi clan were daimyo in the area.

paragraphs: Copper coins were minted in the province in 1861-1863 ("Bunkyu 1-3").

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Unzen Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Rikuchū Province

paragraphs: In the Meiji period, the provinces of Japan were converted into prefectures. Maps of Japan and Rikuchū Province were reformed in the 1870s.


title: Sanriku

paragraphs: Sanriku has an irregular coastline with 36 small bays. Each bay focuses impact power of ocean waves. This was shown by the damage caused by the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

paragraphs: In 1869, the provinces of Mutsu and Dewa were divided.

paragraphs: Mutsu was split into new five provinces: Rikuōku, Rikuchū, Rikuzen, Iwashiro and Iwaki. The first three of these collectively known as the "Three Riku", or "Sanriku".

paragraphs: The new provinces were abolished in July 1871; however, the regional name is still in use as the Sanriku Coast from Aomori to the Oshika Peninsula in Miyagi.


title: Zork I

paragraphs: Zork: The Great Underground Empire - Part I, also known as Zork I, is an interactive fiction video game written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson and published by Infocom in 1980. It was the first game in the popular Zork trilogy and was released for a wide range of computer systems, followed by "Zork II" and "Zork III". It was Infocom's first game, and sold more than 400,000 copies.

paragraphs: The player steps into the role of an "adventurer". The game begins near a white house in a small, self-contained area. Although the player is not given any instructions, the house is point of interest.

paragraphs: When the player enters the house through a window, it yields a number of interesting objects: an ancient brass lantern, an empty trophy case, an intricately engraved sword, etc. Beneath a rug a trap door leads down into a dark cellar. But what appears the cellar is actually one of several entrances to an underground area—the Great Underground Empire. The player soon encounters dangerous creatures, including deadly grues, an axe-wielding troll, a giant cyclops and a nimble-fingered thief.

paragraphs: The goal of "Zork I" is to collect the Twenty Treasures of Zork and place them in the trophy case. Finding the treasures requires solving a variety of puzzles such as the navigation of two difficult mazes and some precise controls at Flood Control Dam #3.

paragraphs: Placing all of the treasures into the trophy case scores the player 350 points and grants the rank of "Master Adventurer." An ancient map with further instructions then appears in the trophy case. These instructions provide access to a stone barrow. The entrance to the barrow is the end of "Zork I" and the beginning of "Zork II".

paragraphs: It is possible to score all 350 points in 223 moves (and win the game completely in 228 moves) by exploiting a bug.


title: Zork II

paragraphs: Zork II: The Wizard of Frobozz is an interactive fiction video game published by Infocom in 1981. It was written by Marc Blank, Dave Lebling, Bruce Daniels and Tim Anderson. It was the second game in the popular Zork trilogy. It begins where "Zork I" left off and leads into "Zork III". It is Infocom's second game.

paragraphs: The player starts in the Barrow from Zork I armed only with the brass lantern and the elvish sword. The purpose of the game is not initially clear.

paragraphs: The Wizard of Frobozz is soon introduced. The wizard was once a good sorceror, but when his powers began to go away he was exiled by Lord Dimwit Flathead. Now bordering on insanity, the wizard is a force to be reckoned with. Your goal, as you venture into the wizard's area, is to avoid his tricks and learn to control his magic.

paragraphs: Like its predecessor, "Zork II" is essentially a treasure hunt. Unlike the previous game, the ten treasures are tied together by a crude plot. Finding the treasures does not end the game, and finding all the treasures is not needed to finish the game. Instead, the adventurer must figure out a way to use the treasures in order to reach the game's finale.


title: Automatic rifle

paragraphs: Usually, an automatic rifle is a rifle that continuously fires bullet as long as the trigger is pressed. Cartridge shells are ejected and new cartridges are loaded into the chamber automatically. However, most automatic rifles are designed to give both semi- and fully automatic fire. This is called selective fire. They also rifle bullets from a magazine. These features makes them different from other automatic firearms like the machine gun and submachine gun.

paragraphs: Soldiers in the United States Army who carry the M249 SAW are called "automatic riflemen". The weapon is also called an "automatic rifle". However, it is a fully automatic firearm. These are normally called squad automatic weapons (SAW) or light machine guns.

paragraphs: An assault rifle is quite similar to an automatic rifle. However, it uses less powerful bullets than the machine gun or battle rifle. This allows the soldier using it to control the recoil of the weapon without using a bipod or something similar. Bullets like these are called "intermediate" bullets. For example, the AK-47 assault rifle often uses a 7.62x39mm bullet. The bullet is the same diameter. However, it is smaller and less powerful compared to the 7.62x54mmR. The 7.62x54mmR was what was being used with rifles when the AK-47 was brought in to service.

paragraphs: The very first automatic rifle was the Mexican Mondragón rifle. It was designed by General Manuel Mondragón. He began working on the weapon in 1882. He patented it in 1887. In the 20th century, automatic rifles go back to World War I. This is where the Browning Automatic Rifle (B.A.R.) and Huot were first used. They were supposed to be used like light machine guns to help soldiers attack. However, only the Mondragón rifle and the B.A.R. were used in World War I.


title: UTC+06:00

paragraphs: UTC+06:00 is the timezone in places below. The time is 6 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time.


title: UTC+11:30

paragraphs: UTC+11:30 is the timezone in places below. The time is 11.5 hours later than Greenwich Mean Time. This time zone was used in Norfolk Island until October 4, 2015.


title: Telephone numbers in Australia

paragraphs: The Australian telephone numbering plan is how phone numbers work in Australia. It has changed many times. The most recent major change was between 1994 and 1998.

paragraphs: Australia is divided geographically into four large area codes. The standard telephone number in Australia has ten digits. The first digit is '0'.

paragraphs: The first digits are for the type of service. The following list is a high level of numbering plan presented in domestic format. Geographical region boundaries do not exactly follow state borders.

paragraphs: 000 is the emergency telephone number in Australia.


1910 in music


title: The Kingdom (Elgar)

paragraphs: The Kingdom, Op. 51, is an oratorio for soloists, chorus and orchestra composed by Edward Elgar.

paragraphs: It was first performed at the Birmingham Music Festival on 3 October 1906, with the orchestra conducted by the composer, and soloists Agnes Nicholls, Muriel Foster, John Coates and William Higley.

paragraphs: Elgar thought for a long time about the idea of writing an oratorio about the apostles. He decided in the end to write not just one, but three oratorios (a “trilogy”). The first one was to be about the apostles being called to follow Jesus. This one was called "The Apostles" and was composed and performed in 1903. The second one was to be about the apostles being persecuted. This one, first performed in 1906, was given the title The Kingdom. The third one was going to be about the Last Judgement. Elgar never got round to composing it, although he thought about it as late as the 1920s.

paragraphs: Elgar prepared the words of "The Kingdom" himself. He describes events from the Acts of the Apostles, and he also put in lines from the Gospels, the Old Testament and the Apocrypha.

paragraphs: A lot of the music is calm and thoughtful rather than dramatic. If Elgar had completed all three oratorios, "The Kingdom" would have been the middle one: quiet and relective between two more dramatic ones. As in "The Apostles" , Elgar used the idea of the Leitmotif. This is something that Richard Wagner had developed in his operas: the technique of having short tunes (motifs) which represent particular characters or events in the story.

paragraphs: The oratorio is divided into a prelude which is played by the orchestra, and five parts.

paragraphs: "The Kingdom" is written for a large orchestra. There is a double chorus (the choir split into 8 parts) with semichorus, and four soloists who represent The Blessed Virgin (soprano), Mary Magdalene (contralto), St John (tenor), and St Peter (bass).

paragraphs: In the orchestral prelude we first hear tunes (motives) which we heard in "The Apostles". There are motifs which represent Jesus’ sadness, and one for Peter, another one representing the new faith, Christ the Redeemer and the prelude ends by hearing these last two at the same time.

paragraphs: Part I is about the Apostles and Holy Women meeting after Christ’s Ascension. Matthew is chosen to take Judas’ place.

paragraphs: Part II is quite short. Mary (Christ’s mother) and Mary Magdalene are talking about a lame man and remembering how Jesus healed the blind and the lame.

paragraphs: Part III is about the Pentecost. This is when the Holy Spirit came down and gave the apostles the ability to speak all languages so that they could tell everybody in the world about Jesus. Peter tells everybody that they should be baptised in the Name of the Lord.

paragraphs: Part IV John sings a big duet with Peter. They preach to the crowd about Jesus’s resurrection, so they get arrested. After their arrest Mary prays for the two men (this is not in the Bible, it was Elgar’s idea).

paragraphs: Part V The opening chorus is heard in a different form. The Apostles and Holy Women take communion and sing the Lord's Prayer. Christ the Redeemer appears, and the work finishes with the theme of the new faith. The music does not end in a loud burst of glory, but quietly and peacefully.


title: Broadheath (Worcestershire)

paragraphs: Broadheath with Lower Broadheath is a civil parish officially known as "Lower Broadheath", in the Malvern Hills district of Worcestershire, England. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 1,713. The parish also includes Upper Broadheath, which is about 3 miles north-west of Worcester.

paragraphs: There are many housing estates in the village.

paragraphs: The village has a village hall, church, post office and shop, a village green with a football pitch, running track and many children's play areas. There is a large village common. There is also a primary school (Broadheath C.E. Primary School). The school has about 150 children, from the age of four up to eleven. There are also three pubs in the village.

paragraphs: Broadheath is the birthplace of the English composer Edward Elgar.


title: Statute of Westminster 1931

paragraphs: The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It was passed on 11 December 1931. The Act gave equality to the self-governing dominions of the British Empire. It is still law in each of the Commonwealth realms.

paragraphs: The Statute is important because it gave legislative freedom to these countries. Its current relevance is that it sets the basis for the continuing relationship between the Commonwealth realms and the Crown.


paragraphs: The Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 is an Act of the Australian Parliament. They formally accepted the Statute of Westminster 1931. It happened on 9 October 1942.

paragraphs: The Act is more important for its symbolic value than for the legal effect of its provisions. Australia was becoming more independent from the United Kingdom. This Statute showed the independence to the world.


title: Australia Act 1986

paragraphs: The Australia Act 1986 is the name of a pair of separate but related pieces of legislation. One was an Act of the Commonwealth Parliament of Australia. The other was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. These nearly identical Acts were passed by the two parliaments because no one knew which one had the power to do so.

paragraphs: The "Australia Act" ended the possibility for the UK to make laws for Australia. Also the UK could not be involved in Australian government. And no one could appeal from any Australian court to a British court.


title: Botany Bay

paragraphs: Botany Bay is a bay in Sydney, New South Wales. It is a few kilometres south of the Sydney central business district. The Cooks River and the Georges River are the two major tributaries that flow into the bay. Two runways of Sydney Airport extend into the bay.

paragraphs: On 29 April 1770, Botany Bay was the site of James Cook's first landing of HMS "Endeavour" on the continent of Australia. Later the British planned Botany Bay as the site for a penal colony. Out of these plans came the first European to live in Australia at Sydney Cove.

paragraphs: Aboriginal lived in this area dating back 5,000 years. The Aboriginal people of Sydney were known as the Eora.

paragraphs: Even though it is a busy port, there are many types of marine life. The area around its entrance is some of the best scuba diving in the Sydney area. The world's largest population of weedy sea dragon found was on the southern side.


title: Corroboree

paragraphs: A corroboree is a ceremonial meeting of Aboriginal Australians. The word was made by the European settlers of Australia. It was an imitation of the Eora word "caribberie". At a corroboree, Aborigines interact with the Dreamtime through dance, music and costume. Many ceremonies act out events from the Dreamtime. Many of the ceremonies are sacred. People from outside a community cannot participate or watch.


title: Andrew Luck

paragraphs: Andrew Austen Luck (born September 12, 1989) is an American football quarterback for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Stanford University. He was also the first person taken in the 2012 NFL Draft by the Colts.


Blue Mountains


title: Robert Griffin III

paragraphs: Robert Lee Griffin III (born February 12, 1990), nicknamed RG3, is an American football quarterback for the Baltimore Ravens of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for Baylor University, and won the 2011 Heisman Trophy for being the best college player that year. He was the second person taken by the Washington Redskins with the second pick of the 2012 NFL Draft.Later in 2016 he was traded to the Cleveland Browns. He is now the secondary quarterback behind Lamar Jackson.


title: Blue Mountains (New South Wales)

paragraphs: The Blue Mountains is a region in New South Wales, Australia. The foothills start about west of the state capital, Sydney. The area begins on the west side of the Nepean River. It goes west as far as Coxs River. The Blue Mountains is an Australian natural wonder and World Heritage-listed area.

paragraphs: It is mainly a sandstone plateau. The highest point of the range is Mount Werong. It is above sea level. A large part of the Blue Mountains is in the Greater Blue Mountains Area World Heritage Site. The area has seven national park areas and a conservation reserve.

paragraphs: The Blue Mountains area includes the local government areas of the City of Blue Mountains, the City of Hawkesbury, the City of Lithgow and Oberon.

paragraphs: The Greater Blue Mountains Area has over 400 different forms of animals. Among them are rare mammal species like Spotted-tailed Quoll, the Koala, the yellow-bellied Glider, and Long-nosed Potoroo. There are also some rare reptiles, like the Blue Mountain Water Skink. There are also some dingos in the area. They are the top predators and hunt for grey kangaroos.


title: Watchdog

paragraphs: A watchog or watch dog can have several meanings: