title: Salvador (immigration ship)

paragraphs: The Salvador was a ship that sank in the Sea of Marmara on 12 December 1940. It was carrying Jewish emigrants from Bulgaria. The ship sank next to the beach of Silivri, Turkey. There were 238 Jews, 3 crew members, and 2 volunteers on board -204 passengers {including 66 children} were lost. Of 123 survivors-63 were sent back of Bulgaria; the rest resided in Instanbul and were on the immigrant ship Darien II which was intercepted by the british March 29, 1941; the emigrants were interred in Atlit for a year and half. In 1964, the 223 bodies were buried in the National Civil Cemetery of the State of Israel at Mount Herzl in Jerusalem. Twenty-one of the bodies were not identified. A memorial for all of the victims was built beside the graves.


title: Patria disaster

paragraphs: The SS "Patria" was an passenger ship that sank in the Mediterranean Sea on 25 November 1940. It was sailing from the port of Haifa. It was carrying about 1,800 Jewish refugees from Europe during World War II. The British government were deporting them from Palestine to Mauritius because they did not have visas. Zionist organisations opposed the deportation, and the paramilitary group Haganah planted a bomb in the ship to stop it from leaving Haifa. However, the Haganah miscalculated the size of the explosion: it killed 260 people and injured 172. The rest of the passengers were rescued by British and Arab boats that rushed to save them.

paragraphs: The British allowed the survivors to remain in Palestine on humanitarian grounds. 221 passengers were buried in the Carmel Beach cemetery in Haifa.


title: Richard More

paragraphs: Richard More (circa. 1614–1696) was a passenger on the "Mayflower" in 1620. He became a sailor and later a ship captain. He saved at least one colony from starvation and helped to keep the colonies prosperous by trading goods to and from England and the West Indies. He fought sea battles against the French in 1664.

paragraphs: Richard and his siblings were taken from their mother and given to the care of Mayflower passengers as indentured servants. Only Richard survived and lived a long and prosperous life. Richard has descendants that can be traced to present day.

paragraphs: The More children travelled as indentured servants to 3 of the "Mayflower" Pilgrims. Ellen, age 8, was assigned to Edward Winslow. She died soon after the ship landed. Jasper, age 7, was a servant of John Carver. Jasper died in December of 1620 while the "Mayflower" was in Harbor. He was buried ashore in what is now the Provincetown area. There is a memorial with his name and that of four others who also died at sea or while the ship was anchored at Cape Cod Harbor in November and December of 1620. Mary, age 4, died soon after the ship landed. Richard resided with the William Brewster family until about mid-1627. The 3 children died of something that was called the ‘common infection’ because so many people died of the same illness. Only Richard survived.

paragraphs: More and his sisters and brother left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" reached land at Cape Cod hook. They landed on 21 November. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was too damaged and they were forced to land at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor.

paragraphs: More was 6 when the "Mayflower" landed at Plymouth Colony. When he stepped on land, he worked with all of the others to help gather supplies for food and shelter and to bury the dead. In the spring of 1621, he attended the first Thanksgiving. Nothing is known of More during the years he lived with the Brewster family from 1620 to 1627, except that his name is on a document giving adults cattle and other livestock.

paragraphs: More was working for Isaac Allerton in 1628. Allerton traded goods and supplies over long distances He fished near Plymouth and Maine. Later he became captain on the ships that supplied the new American colonies.

paragraphs: By early 1642, More joined the Salem church. As a member of this Church he would be allowed to give his opinion and to vote on important matters in Salem.

paragraphs: By the age of twenty-four, More was a captain of his own small ship and traded with the colonies, the West Indies, and England. He moved to Salem Neck Massachusetts and set up his own fishing stand. Drinking water was scarce so More dug a well for himself but allowed all others to use it. He traded tobacco and other merchandise and supplies with Virginia and the West Indies, and made voyages to England.

paragraphs: More took part in sea battles against the French in 1664. They were trying to prevent the early colonist from fishing and trading goods and supplies that the colonists needed to live. This was in an area called the Hudson River region. In 1654 More also was in another Naval battle against the French at Port Royal, Virginia.

paragraphs: More rescued the colonists at the new colony at Cape Fear, North Carolina in 1665.. The people there were dying because they had no food and not enough clothes to keep them warm. The waters around Cape Fear were (and still are) very dangerous for ships yet More brought a shipment of food and supplies to aid them when other captains failed or refused to try.

paragraphs: Richard and his wife Christian Hunter More had 7 children: Samuel, Thomas, Caleb, Richard Jr., Joshua, Susanna, and Christian.

paragraphs: Christian More died March 18, 1676 in Salem.

paragraphs: More died in 1696. His gravestone gives his age as 84, but he did not know his exact birth date. More lived longer than any other male passenger of the "Mayflower". He is buried in the Charter Street Burial Ground in Salem, Massachusetts. He is the only Mayflower passenger to have his gravestone where it was originally placed sometime in the mid-1690s. Also buried nearby in the same cemetery were his two wives, Christian Hunter More and Jane More.

paragraphs: In recent years, More's metal spoon was found during the excavation of the original Plymouth Colony site. His initials were carved into it.


title: Hector International Airport

paragraphs: The Hector International Airport is an air service terminal serving Fargo, North Dakota and Moorhead, Minnesota. The airport was named for Martin Hector. It has no scheduled passenger airline service leaving the country, although it receives its international name for the customs services that is available for aircraft coming from Canada. The airport was an intended destination of Ritchie Valens, Buddy Holly and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson, although the airplane crashed almost immediately after takeoff; the accident took the lives of the three musical performers and the pilot in 1959.


title: Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport

paragraphs: The Minneapolis—Saint Paul International Airport represents a joint civil-military public use airport. It is located in Hennepin County, Minnesota within ten miles of both Minneapolis and Saint Paul and serves Iowa, Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Dakotas and Nebraska. The "International Airport" identity was given to the airport around 1944.


title: Grand Forks International Airport

paragraphs: The Grand Forks International Airport is an airport that performs service for the Upper Midwest and is based in Grand Forks, North Dakota. The GFK does not have scheduled passenger airline service for leaving the United States, though gets its international title because it carries customs services for general aviation aircraft arriving from Canada and from certain other countries.


title: Denver International Airport

paragraphs: The Denver International Airport (DIA) is an airport in Denver, Colorado. It is the largest airport in the United States by total area. It was 19th busiest airport in the world in 2015. It replaced the Stapleton Airport in February 1995.

paragraphs: These airline go to Denver International Airport:


title: PBR&B

paragraphs: PBR&B (also called R-neg-B Hipster R&B or Alternative R&B) is a musical genre which stylistic origins are derived from R&B, alternative hip hop, hip hop soul, rock and sometimes electronic dance music. It emerged in the late 2000s and did not have an official name to it, so people called it alternative R&B until 2011 when the term PBR&B (an abbreviation of Pabst Blue Ribbon) came on Twitter. Some notable artists include The Weeknd, Frank Ocean, Miguel and Drake


title: Sacrament of marriage

paragraphs: The sacrament of marriage in the Catholic Church is the marriage contract between two baptized persons of the opposite sex. Each person acquires the irrevocable and exclusive right over the body of the other for the purposes of procreation. Marriage ends with the death of either person. The sacrament of marriage is regulated by divine law, church law, and civil law. The Roman Catholic church does not perform or recognize same-sex marriages. Religions other than Roman Catholicism have different regulations and customs governing marriage.


title: Marriage

paragraphs: Marriage is a union between individual people. It is like a contract. Sometimes people also call this matrimony. The fact of being married is called wedlock. Very often, people celebrate that they are getting married. The ceremony is usually called a wedding.

paragraphs: In most of the world, this is a union between a man and a woman (who become husband and wife). However, such ceremonies can occur between same-sex couples. A civil marriage is secular and is performed by a government official. A religious marriage may be performed by clergy.

paragraphs: The most common form of marriage is a legally binding heterosexual union. Some societies recognize polygamy and polyandry. In polygamy, a man may be married to many women; in polyandry a woman may be married to many men. In Senegal, for example, nearly 47 percent of marriages are multiple. A temporary marriage is called a wedlease.

paragraphs: The most common age to get married is between 25 to 30 years old.

paragraphs: There are many reasons why people marry, but they usually include one or more of the following:

paragraphs: Marriage usually leads to rights and obligations to those married, these may include:

paragraphs: Marriage is also about sexual intercourse; being unable to have sex, being unwilling to have sex, or having sex outside the marriage may be a reason to undo the marriage.

paragraphs: Often there is also a spiritual part of marriage. In addition to the civil act (wanted by the state) there is sometimes a religious one. A Christian marriage ceremony usually happens in a church. There are certain restrictions on who can marry or be married; those closely related, like brothers and sisters usually cannot marry. This is usually to prevent genetic problems for the children. Those marrying also have to be of a certain age to be able to marry. If that age is not specified it is usually the age of consent. In Hinduism marriage is considered to be holy and is seen as a union of the goddess "Laxmi" and the god "Narayan".

paragraphs: Some countries and religious communities also permit the union of two partners of the same sex. This is generally known as same-sex marriage. In the Netherlands, the marriage law was changed to allow such unions, called "Marriage". Other countries that allow them sometimes have a different name for them.


title: Leila Ismailova

paragraphs: Leila Ryzvanauna Ismailova (, ; born 28 July 1991 in Minsk) is a Belarusian journalist, presenter and model.

paragraphs: Leila was born in the family of Rizvan Islam oglu Ismayilov, the native city of Agdam (Azerbaijan), and Halina Ivanauna Ruzhantsova, the native city of Minsk. One month after the birth of her daughter, the family moved to Baku.

paragraphs: When Leila was 3 years old, her father, who worked as director of a tank farm in Agdam, who was killed during the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict by gunfire from the Armenian side. A mother with three children returned to Minsk.

paragraphs: In 2006 Leila finished Lyceum of the Belarusian State University (history form), then she graduated from the Institute of Journalism of the Belarusian State University (audiovisual journalism, diploma with honour, the best alumna 2011).

paragraphs: She is a Belarusian journalist leading music TV programs, model. In particular, was host the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in 2010, which was held in Minsk (together with Dzianis Kurian), Leila was the spokesman of the belarusian voting in the Eurovision Song Contest 2011, and has been leading the national selection in Belarus for Eurovision Song Contest 2012.

paragraphs: Leila founded charity organisation Pretty Powerful that works with orphan girls in Belarus and helps them to make first steps after leaving the orphanage. The organisation started its work in 2014 and has been actively working since then.

paragraphs: Ms. Ismailova is obtaining her Master's degree in Strategic Public Relation in University of Southern California.

paragraphs: Leila has been a host and a jury member of international award for journalists ADAMI Media Prize.


title: Tom Lehrer

paragraphs: Tom Lehrer (born 9 April 1928), also known as Thomas Andrew Lehrer, is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and mathematician. Lehrer is known for his comic songs which were written in the 1950s and 1960s. His career was short, as he retired in the 1970s, in order to focus on teaching mathematics at Harvard University. His most known songs are "Poisoning Pigeons in the Park", and The Elements, where Lehrer sung all the elements in the periodic table (at that time), to the tune of the Modern Major General, a song that was written by Gilbert and Sullivan for the stage show The Pirates of Penzance.

paragraphs: He released a few albums in his years of work, which were split from recordings from live concerts, to just studio versions, recorded without an audience. The first one of these albums was released in 1953, and the last was released in 1965, (minus a stereo rerecording of the first album, and the releasing of 'Songs and More Songs by Tom Lehrer' in 1996, which put two albums together, including a few more songs. These albums are as follows:

paragraphs: Lehrer earned his AB in Mathematics in 1946, and an MA degree the following year.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2010 was the eighth edition of Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Minsk, Belarus on 20 November 2010.

paragraphs: The contest was won by Vladimir Arzumanyan of Armenia with the song "Mama". This gave Armenia its first win at Junior Eurovision and its first win in any Eurovision contest, even though Sweden had been the betting favourite.

paragraphs: Each country gave votes. Half of the votes were cast by a jury, while the other half came from the public who voted via telephone and text messages. The voters decided their top ten songs using the points 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1.

paragraphs: Below is a summary of all 12 points received:


title: Juan António Prieto Cardenas

paragraphs: Juan Antonio Prieto Cardenas (born March 6, 1969 in Jaén) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He raced and finished in finished first in the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race and in the 100 meter T12 race. He finished second in the 200 meter T12 race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race.


title: Julio Requena Hernandez

paragraphs: Julio Requena Hernandez (born September 9, 1969 in Leon) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T11/B1 type athlete. He raced at the 1992 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 100 meter B1 race. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race, the 100 meter T11 race and the 200 meter T11 race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race and the 200 meter T11 race.


title: José Manuel Rodríguez Ibañez

paragraphs: Jose Manuel Rodriguez Ibañez (born May 20, 1966 in Madrid) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T11/F11/B1 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the triple jump and long jump. He finished second in the 100 meter race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the triple jump and he finished second in the long jump. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished 6 in the triple jump and 11 in the long jump.


title: Sergio Sanchez Hernandez

paragraphs: Sergio Sanchez Hernandez (born May 16, 1968 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race. He finished second in the 400 meter T12 race.


title: The Discoverie of Witchcraft

paragraphs: The Discoverie of Witchcraft (1584) is a book by Reginald Scot. It treats witchcraft with skepticism. Scot's purpose in writing the book was to prevent the persecution of the poor, the aged, and the simple for witchcraft. Scot blames the Roman Catholic church for keeping alive the belief in witches.

paragraphs: Shakespeare found a description of Puck in the book while he was writing "A Midsummer Night's Dream". The book created much controversy. King James I of England believed in witches. He ordered all copies of the book to be burnt.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2011 was the ninth edition of the contest, and took place in Yerevan, Armenia at the recently renovated Karen Demirchyan Sports and Concerts Complex. It was the first time in history of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest that the contest was held in last year's winning country.

paragraphs: Public Television of Armenia ARMTV was the main organizer of the show, being provided financial aid from the European Broadcasting Union made of entrance fees from the participating broadcasters, while Swedish company HD Resources assisted with the technical side of the production.

paragraphs: The winner was the group Candy from Georgia with the song "Candy Music". This is Georgia's second victory in the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.

paragraphs: Each country gave their votes through a 50% jury and 50% televoting system, which decided their top ten songs using the points 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1.

paragraphs: Even though rules of Junior Eurovision do not allow participation of returning artists - EBU issued special permission for Russian entry 2011 performed by participant of Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009 Ekaterina Ryabova, which is first similar case in history of the contest. According to Sietse Bakker, EBU coordinator - EBU may also drop this rule completely, starting from 2012. Notably, Ekaterina had also already applied to national preselection in 2010 as well, but was disqualified following the existing rule.


title: José Antonio Sanchez Medina

paragraphs: Jose Antonio Sanchez Medina (born August 2, 1970 in Madrid) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race, the 1,500 meter T12 race and the 800 meter T12 race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia.


title: Pyotr Todorovsky

paragraphs: Pyotr Yefimovich Todorovsky (26 August 1925 – 24 May 2013) was a Ukrainian-Russian movie director, screenwriter and cinematographer of Jewish origin. His son Valery Todorovsky is also a movie director.

paragraphs: Todorovsky was born on 26 August 1925 in Bobrynets, Ukraine. He was raised in Odessa, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. Todorovsky has one son, Valery Todorovsky. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film in 1983. Todorovsky died on 24 May 2013 from a heart attack in a hospital in Moscow, Russia, aged 87.


title: Enrique Sánchez-Guijo Acevedo

paragraphs: Enrique Sanchez-Guijo Acevedo (born March 28, 1974 in Salamanca) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T11/B1 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race and the 4 X 400 meter T11-T13 race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the 200 meter T11 race. He finished third in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race.


title: Purificación Santamarta Bravo

paragraphs: Purificación Santamarta Bravo (born May 25, 1962 in Burgos) is a track and field athlete from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind and a T11/B1 type athlete. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 400 meter T11 race, in the 200 meter T11 race and in the 100 meter T11 race. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 400 meter T11 race. She finished second in the 100 meter T11 race. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 200 meter T11 race.


title: José Benito Saura Mendez

paragraphs: Jose Benito Saura Mendez (born December 4, 1978 in Murcia) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/B2 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 800 meter T12 race.


title: José Luis Tovar Pavon

paragraphs: Jose Luis Tovar Pavon (born January 8, 1972 in Huelva) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T11/B1 type athlete. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the 400 meter T11 race. He raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics.


title: Frederick Ashton

paragraphs: Sir Frederick William Mallandaine Ashton (17 September 1904 – 18 August 1988) was a dancer and choreographer. He was the founder choreographer of The Royal Ballet.


title: Alejo José Velez Cucalon

paragraphs: Alejo Jose Velez Cucalon (born May 1, 1968 in Zaragoza) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the high jump.


title: James Sisnett

paragraphs: James Emmanuel "Doc" Sisnett (22 February 1900 – 23 May 2013) was a Barbadian farmer and supercentenarian. Sisnett was at the time of his death the oldest Barbadian person ever as well as the oldest male British subject ever at the time of his death, surpassing Englishman Henry Allingham by less than 7 weeks, and the third youngest of only 15 verified men aged 113 or older.

paragraphs: Sisnett was born on 22 February 1900 in Saint George parish, Barbados (at that time British West Indies). His siblings lived up to be 98, 99, and 100. In 1923, Sisnett married Anita Dowling, having 5 children until Anita's death in 1937. Sisnett later married Josephine Evelyn in 1942, with whom he had 6 children, and 9 of his 11 children were living at the time of his death. He worked as a farmer until age 100 in 2000 when he retired. Due to poor eyesight, in 2006 aged 106, Sisnett had an operation to remove his cataracts. Sisnett died at age 113 years, 90 days from natural causes in his home in Christ Church, Barbados on 23 May 2013 while sleeping. At the time of his death, Sisnett was the oldest living man in North America since Walter Breuning's death on 14 April 2011 and, since Japaneseman Tanekichi Onishi, who was just a week older, died on 11 September 2011, the world's second oldest living man behind Japaneseman Jiroemon Kimura, who was almost 3 years older and died only less than 3 weeks later. Sisnett and Kimura were the last living men born in the 19th century and, from 22 February 2012 until Sisnett's death, the only two living men who were at least 112 years old.


title: Juan Viedma Castillo

paragraphs: Juan Viedma Castillo (born February 6, 1970 in Barcelona) is a track and field athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and a T12/F12/B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1992 Summer Paralympics in the 100 meter B2 race. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the F12 triple jump. He finished third in the long jump. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the 4 X 100 meter T11-T13 race. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2012 was the tenth edition of the contest. It took place at the Heineken Music Hall in Amsterdam, Netherlands on 1 December 2012. Dutch broadcaster AVRO was the host broadcaster for the event. For the second time the Netherlands will host the contest, after hosting the contest in 2007 in Rotterdam. The motto for the contest was ""Break The Ice"".


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2009 was the seventh edition of Junior Eurovision Song Contest and took place in Kiev, Ukraine. It was scheduled for 21 November.

paragraphs: 13 countries were confirmed by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) to compete in the Contest.

paragraphs: The contest was won by Ralf Mackenbach for the Netherlands with the song "Click Clack". At the age of 14, he is the oldest person to win the Junior Eurovision Song Contest in its 7 year History. Luara Hayrapetyan achieved Armenia another second place. Ekaterina Ryabova also took second place for Russia.

paragraphs: Each country decided their votes through a 50% jury and 50% televoting system which decided their top ten songs using the points 12, 10, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, and 1.

paragraphs: Below is a summary of all 12 points received:


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2013 was the 11th annual Junior Eurovision Song Contest. It took place in Kiev, Ukraine on the 30 November 2013. The venue for the contest was announced on 10 April 2013, as the National Palace of Arts "Ukraina". Ukrainian broadcaster NTU was the host broadcaster for the event. This is the second time the contest as held in Kiev, the first being the 2009 Contest. It was also be the second time in the history of the Junior Eurovision Song Contest that the event was held in last year's winning country.


title: Third Fleet

paragraphs: The Third Fleet was a group of 11 ships that sailed to Australia in 1791. It was part of the British colonisation of Australia. The ships left Great Britain in February, March and April 1791, and sailed for the penal colony in Sydney. They carried more than 2,000 convicts aboard. The other passengers included soldiers, politicians and nobles sent to hold important positions in the colony.


title: Antonio Cid Cortés

paragraphs: Antonio Cid Cortes (born February 16, 1954 in Orense) is a boccia player from Spain. He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC1 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the BC1/BC2 team event. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the BC1 one person event and in the BC1/BC2 team event. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics.


title: Vör

paragraphs: In Norse mythology, Vör (meaning "the careful one" or "aware, careful") is a goddess of wisdom. She is described in the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.


title: Rán

paragraphs: Ran is the Norse goddess of the sea. She is responsible for storms waves and those who died at sea. She is called cruel and greedy. Ran had nine daughters called the Waves. She spent most of her life collecting lost valuables at the bottom of the ocean and then casting them into her giant net that she wears as a skirt.


title: Boccia

paragraphs: Boccia is a ball sport played by disabled people including people with cerebral palsy, muscular dystrophy or spinal cord injury. Players use leather or soft [plastic] covered balls. It was first played at the Paralympic Games in 1984. The sport is for both men and women, who play against each other in competition. It was originally developed to be a sport that could be played by wheelchair users with severe cerebral palsy, was then extended to include other players with severe impairment affecting their movement, and later to the wider community including people with learning disability, milder movement disabilities, or visual impairment.

paragraphs: In the Paralympics there are four categories of players based on their level of disability: BC1, BC2, BC3 and BC4. Players take part in competition one at a time, in twos or in teams of three.

paragraphs: The organisation which controls international boccia is called BISFed - the Boccia International Sports Federation. BISFed write the rules of the international game, control the selection of players for the Paralympic Games, and run competitions for boccia players. The biggest competition is the world championships. The world championships happen every 4 years, two years before and after the Paralympic Games.


title: 2013 in movies

paragraphs: The following tables list movies released in 2013. Two box-office hits ("Top Gun" and "Jurassic Park") were re-released in 3D and IMAX.

paragraphs: The top ten 2013 released films by worldwide gross are as follows:


title: Jesús Fraile Moreno

paragraphs: Jesus Fraile Moreno (born June 8, 1964 in Toledo) is a boccia player from Spain. He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the BC1/BC2 team event and he finished third in the BC2 one person event. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished third in the BC2 one person event. He finished second in the BC1/BC2 team event


title: Iron Man 3

paragraphs: Iron Man 3, (stylized as IRON MAN THREE on movie) is a 2013 American superhero movie featuring the Marvel Comics character Iron Man, directed by Shane Black, produced by Kevin Feige of Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures.

paragraphs: The movie is a sequel to "Iron Man 2" and the third movie of "Iron Man".

paragraphs: It was released on May 3, 2013. The movie received mixed reviews. The movie is the highest grossed movie of 2013.


title: Miguel Angel Gomez Garro

paragraphs: Miguel Angel Gomez Garro (born February 24, 1961 in Guipúzcoa) is a boccia player from Spain. He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC1 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the BC1/BC2 team event.


title: Yolanda Martin Franco

paragraphs: Yolanda Martin Franco (born may 12, 1975 in Guipúzcoa) is a boccia player from Spain. She has a physical disability: She has cerebral palsy and is a BC3 type athlete. She works as an administrator. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the BC1 one person event. She competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the two person BC3 event. She competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the two person BC3 event.


title: Penny Pritzker

paragraphs: Penny Sue Pritzker (born May 2, 1959) is an American business executive, entrepreneur, civic leader, and philanthropist. She was the United States Secretary of Commerce from June 2013 to January 2017.

paragraphs: She studied at Castilleja School, Harvard College, and Stanford University.

paragraphs: She is the founder, chairman and CEO of PSP Capital Partners and Pritzker Realty Group. She's also co-founder and chairman of Artemis Real Estate Partners. She is a member of the Pritzker family.

paragraphs: In 2012, Chicago magazine named her one of the 100 most powerful Chicagoans. In 2011 the Forbes 400 list of America's wealthiest showed her as the 263rd richest person in the U.S., estimated net worth of US $1.7 billion, and the world's 651st richest person.

paragraphs: In 2009 Forbes named Pritzker as one of the 100 most powerful women in the world.

paragraphs: Pritzker was nominated to be the next United States Secretary of Commerce by Barack Obama.


title: Santiago Pesquera Blanco

paragraphs: Santiago Pesquera Blanco (born April 21, 1973 in La Rioja) is a boccia player from Spain. He has a physical disability: He has cerebral palsy and is a BC3 type athlete. He had cerebral palsy when he was born. His job is working with computers. He started playing sport when he was 17 years old. He also plays wheelchair track and field.

paragraphs: He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in boccia. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the BC3 two person event event. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the BC3 two person event event. He finished second in the BC3 one person event. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the BC3 one person event.


title: María Hilda Rodríguez Rodríguez

paragraphs: Maria Hilda Rodriguez Rodriguez (born May 10, 1955 in Lugo) is a boccia player from Spain. She has a physical disability: She has cerebral palsy and is a BC2 type athlete. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the BC1/BC2 team event. She finished first in the BC2 one person event.


title: María del Carmen Chaves Calvo

paragraphs: Maria del Carmen Chaves Calvo (born January 13, 1967 in Hospitalet de Llobregat) is a cyclist from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the tandem road race.


Ran


title: Farnham, Essex

paragraphs: Farnham is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 392 people living in Farnham. Farnham covers about 8 square miles.


title: Alston

paragraphs: Alston is a town in Cumbria, England. People say that it is the highest market settlement in England.


title: The Agony and the Ecstasy

paragraphs: The Agony and the Ecstasy is a 1965 movie. It was directed by Carol Reed. It stars Charlton Heston as Michelangelo and Rex Harrison as Pope Julius II. The movie was partly based on Irving Stone's biographical novel of the same name. The movie is about the stormy relationship between Michelangelo and Pope Julius II during the painting of the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel. It was nominated for five Academy Awards.


title: Aythorpe Roding

paragraphs: Aythorpe Roding is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 201 people living in Aythorpe Roding. Aythorpe Roding is one of The Rodings. There is a postmill in Aythorpe Roding which is the largest in Essex.


title: Hadstock

paragraphs: Hadstock is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 320 people living in Hadstock.


title: Hempstead

paragraphs: Hempstead is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 422 people living in Hempstead. It is 7 miles east of Saffron Walden.


title: Manuel Diaz Montava

paragraphs: Manuel Diaz Montava (born May 14, 1957 in Alicante) is a cyclist from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the tandem road race.


title: Langley

paragraphs: Langley is a village and civil parish in Uttlesford, Essex, England. In 2001 there were 334 people living in Langley. The name Langley means 'a long clearing in woodland'.


title: Lassie Come Home (movie)

paragraphs: Lassie Come Home is a 1943 MGM movie directed by Fred Wilcox. It stars Roddy McDowall, Elizabeth Taylor, and dog actor Pal. It tells the story of a dog who travels hundreds of miles to be reunited with the boy she loves. It is based on the 1940 book "Lassie Come-Home" by Eric Knight.

paragraphs: The movie was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Color. The Lassie character became the main character in six other MGM "Lassie" movies. In 1993, "Lassie Come Home" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Raul Fernández Arrizabalaga

paragraphs: Raul Fernandez Arrizabalaga (born January 13, 1972 in Luarca) is a cyclist and judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and is a B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in cycling. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished third in the Up to 90 Kg Open group.


title: Abelardo Gandia Valdes

paragraphs: Abelardo Gandia Valdes (born September 5, 1977 in Requena) is a cyclist from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the Tandem Individual Pursuit track race.


title: Antonio García Martinez

paragraphs: Antonio Garcia Martinez (born December 24, 1956 in Sevilla) is a cyclist from Spain. He has a disability: He is LC3 type cyclist. He is a chemical engineer. People in his family are cyclists. This is why he started cycling. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. He finished first in the Combined Road (Pursuit / Time Trial) LC3 race. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.


title: Juan Carlos Molina Merlos

paragraphs: Juan Carlos Molina Merlos (born July 18, 1974 in Granada) is a cyclist and skier from Spain. He has a disability: He is blind and is a B3 type skier and cyclist.

paragraphs: He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in cycling in the Tandem one bicycle track Pursuit race.

paragraphs: He competed at the 1994 Winter Paralympics in alpine skiing. He finished first in the downhill race. He finished 8 in the Super Giant race. He competed at the 1998 Winter Paralympics. He finished first in the downhill race.


title: Elena María del Rocio Padrones Nieto

paragraphs: Elena Maria del Rocio Padrones Nieto (born May 2, 1973 in Valladolid) is a cyclist from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the tandem road race.


title: María Belén Perez Sanchez

paragraphs: Maria Belen Perez Sanchez (born January 5, 1973 in Granada) is a cyclist from Spain. She has a disability: She is blind. She competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished second in the Tandem Road Race. She finished third in the Tandem Individual Pursuit track race.


title: Gema Victoria Hassen-Bey González

paragraphs: Gema Victoria Hassen-Bey González (born May 5, 1967 in Madrid) is a wheelchair fencing athlete from Spain and journalist. She is a Category B fencer. She has a disability: she uses a wheelchair. She became a paraplegic when she and her family were in a car accident. She is a journalist.

paragraphs: She fenced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the women's sword. She fenced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in Sydney, Australia. She fenced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in Athens, Greece. She fenced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in Beijing, China.

paragraphs: She intends to become the first woman in a wheelchair to reach the top of Kilimanjaro, although before it ascended in 2017 to the top of Spain, the Teide on the island of Tenerife, of 3,718 meters. Gema Hassen-Bey became the first Paralympic athlete in the world in a wheelchair to reach 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. Initially, Gema wanted to reach the top of Teide, although, due to weather conditions, it could not meet this objective.


title: María Cristina Perez Naranjo

paragraphs: Maria Cristina Perez Naranjo (born April 11, 1965 in Málaga) is a wheelchair fencing athlete from Spain. She has a disability: she uses a wheelchair and is a Category A type fencer. She fenced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in Atlanta, Georgia. She finished third in the sword.


title: Aitzol Arzallus Lizeaga

paragraphs: Aitzole Arzallus Lizeaga (born December 19, 1978 in San Sebastian) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and, won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Stefano Ranucci

paragraphs: Stefano Ranucci (born 1963 in Rome) is an Italian managing director and political. He is the general director of (since 2007) and Unicusano Fondi Calcio (since 2014).

paragraphs: Ranucci was the general director of the Iberia airlines (Italy and Malta) and Alpitour Spa (Italy).


title: Julian Galilea Martinez de Pinillos

paragraphs: Julian Galilea Martinez de Pinillos (born September 17, 1966 in La Rioja) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team, Spain, played the United States national 7-per-team football team and won 2-1. His team finished third.


title: José Ignacio Hurtado Echevarria

paragraphs: Jose Ignacio Hurtado Echevarria (born May 2, 1969 in La Rioja) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C8 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team, Spain, played the United States national 7-per-team football team and won 2-1. His team finished third. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Chinese Rail DF4C

paragraphs: The DF4C (4C) is a diesel locomotive used in China. It was built by Dalian Locomotive & Rolling Stock Works. It has been in production since 1985 and is still produced as of 1999.

paragraphs: The first DF4C was built in 1985 in Dalian. The first two DF4Cs followed the appearance of DF4B Locomotive. DF4C using the 16V240ZJC engine. It took fifteen years to build all 845 locomotives of this type.

paragraphs: In 1999, CSR Ziyang Locomotive Works developed into two DF4CKs which were based on the freight version. DF4CK use two A1A-A1A radial bogies. It spent its working life on the Guangzhou–Sanshui Railway and Maoming–Sanshui Railway.

paragraphs: It was built in 1998 in CSR Sifang Locomotive and Rolling Stock Co., Ltd. Its top speed is 160km/h. It is said it used two radial bogies.

paragraphs: The DF4C comes in a different color scheme than the previous DF4s, namely dark blue or later light blue and beige. Therefore, most of DF4Cs are called "Blue Cat" or "Ukraine" .

paragraphs: DF4Cs have been manufactured by several companies:


title: David Jimenez Alvarez

paragraphs: David Jimenez Alvarez (born July 14, 1975 in Málaga) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team, Spain, played the United States national 7-per-team football team and won 2-1. His team finished third. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Santiago Lopez Fabregat

paragraphs: Santiago Lopez Fabregat (born June 8, 1963 in Alicante) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team, Spain, played the United States national 7-per-team football team and won 2-1. His team finished third. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Borja Pardo Calero

paragraphs: Borja Pardo Calero (born January 30, 1979 in Madrid) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C6 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Jorge Peleteiro Rubio

paragraphs: Jorge Peleteiro Rubio (born July 7, 1979 in Alicante) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He is a plumber. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy because he did not get enough oxygen when he was being born, and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Milan Michálek

paragraphs: Milan Michálek (born 7 December 1984, in Jindřichův Hradec, Czechoslovakia) is a Czech professional ice hockey left winger. He currently plays for the Ottawa Senators of the National Hockey League (NHL). He has also played for the San Jose Sharks.

paragraphs: Before playing in the NHL, Michálek played 2 seasons with HC České Budějovice of the Czech Extraliga. He was drafted by the San Jose Sharks with the 6th overall pick in the 2003 NHL daft. He played 4 seasons with the Sharks and was then on September 12, 2009, he was traded to the Senators along with Jonathan Cheechoo and a second round pick for Dany Heatley and a fifth round draft pick in 2010.

paragraphs: His older brother Zbyněk plays in the NHL for the Arizona Coyotes.


title: Manuel Julian Rufo Gracia

paragraphs: Manuel Julian Rufo Gracia (born June 25, 1975 in Cáceres) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C8 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Juan Carlos Taibo Lopez

paragraphs: Juan Carlos Taibo Lopez (born January 8, 1978 in A Coruña) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C8 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1.


title: Ivan Vazquez Basurco

paragraphs: Ivan Vazquez Basurco (born February 11, 1975 in San Sebastian) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Jesús María Visitacion Villan

paragraphs: Jesus Maria Visitacion Villan (born May 17, 1966 in San Sebastian) is a 7-per-team football player from Spain. He has a disability: he has cerebral palsy and is a C7 type player. He played 7-per-team football at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. His team finished third after they played the United States and won 2-1. He played 7-per-team football at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. His team finished 6.


title: Viroflay

paragraphs: Viroflay is a French commune of Yvelines, in France.

paragraphs: It is near Versailles and Vélizy-Villacoublay.

paragraphs: The people who live there are called "Viroflaysiens".


title: Mika (singer)

paragraphs: Mika (born Michael Holbrook Penniman, Jr.; 18 August 1983) is a British-Lebanese singer.

paragraphs: Mika was born in Beirut, Lebanon to a Lebanese mother and an American father. When Mika was a year old, his family was forced to leave war-torn Lebanon and moved to Paris. He moved to London at age nine. He is openly gay and some of his songs have LGBT themes.


title: Stephen Hopkins (Mayflower passenger)

paragraphs: Stephen Hopkins (15811644) He was a passenger on the "Mayflower" in 1620, and signed the Mayflower Compact. He was also an assistant to the Governor of Plymouth Colony in 1636.

paragraphs: Hopkins was born in 1581 at Upper Clatford, Hampshire, England and was the son of John and Elizabeth Hopkins. He worked as a tanner and merchant.

paragraphs: There is little information about his early life. He married a woman named Mary and they had three children: Elizabeth, Constance, and Giles.

paragraphs: On June 2, 1609 Hopkins sailed over the Atlantic Ocean for Jamestown, Virginia on the "Sea Venture". This was the head ship of a group of ships lead by Sir George Somers. The "Sea Venture" was carrying the new Jamestown governor, Thomas Gates, and was also delivering supplies to Jamestown.

paragraphs: The ships were on the sea for nearly two months when a severe storm that lasted for five days caused the ships to become separated. The "Sea Venture" was badly damaged and about to sink. They saw land which was the island of Bermuda. They made it to land but were shipwrecked on the island. Fortunately there was much food and water.

paragraphs: In September 1, 1609, they built a long boat and sent 8 men out to try to reach Jamestown to get help but that boat never returned.

paragraphs: In late November 1609, they begin repairing smaller boats enough to take everyone off the island and continue to Jamestown. Hopkins and other people did not agree with Captain Gates and did not think he was a good leader. They had a dispute and Hopkins was charged with mutiny. He was sentenced to death but the people on the ship begged the Captain to take mercy and Hopkins was forgiven.

paragraphs: The settlers in Jamestown did not get along with the Native Americans and they also refused to farm and grow food. They sometimes cheated the Native Americans and they turned against the settlers with violence which lasted for years.

paragraphs: On May 10, 1610, Hopkins and others left the island of Bermuda and came to Jamestown eleven days later. The people in Jamestown were starving to death. They were afraid to go outside the fort and were tearing down their houses for firewood. They were not planting crops. They also refused to trade with the Native Americans or to fish. When he arrived from Bermuda, Governor Gates estimated there was only days worth of food left. He decided to sail to Newfoundland and then went to England. Just as they were preparing to depart, an English ship came into the harbor with supplies and new settlers along with a new governor, Lord de la Warr. The colonists were forced to return and reestablish their fort.

paragraphs: William Shakespeare wrote a play called "The Tempest" in November 1611. It is about a group of passengers being shipwrecked by a mighty storm. That play has a character that was supposed to be Stephen Hokpins.

paragraphs: Back in England, Hopkins' wife Mary unexpectedly died in May 1613, leaving her three young children all alone. Hopkins returned to England to care for his children. Some time later, he married his second wife Elizabeth Fisher.

paragraphs: When Hopkins learned of the planned ‘’Mayflower’’ voyage to Northern Virginia to establish a colony, he decided he would like to go.

paragraphs: The children of Stephen and Elizabeth Hopkins were Damaris, Oceanus, Caleb, Deborah, Damaris, Ruth and Elizabeth. Oceanus was born during the voyage.

paragraphs: Hopkins left Plymouth, England on 16 September 1620. There were 102 passengers and 30–40 crew. On 19 November 1620, the "Mayflower" spotted land. The "Mayflower" was supposed to land in Virginia Colony, but the ship was damaged and they were forced to land 21 November at Cape Cod now called Provincetown Harbor. They wrote the Mayflower Compact, which made rules on how they would live and treat each other. Hopkins signed the Mayflower Compact.

paragraphs: Hopkins and other men went to land to explore the area for a place where everyone could live. Hopkins was very valuable because he had experience from his time at Jamestown.

paragraphs: One of the earliest missions included William Bradford, John Carver, Myles Standish , Edward Winslow, John Howland, Richard Warren, Stephen Hopkins and Edwary Doty. Bradford wrote that they set off in freezing weather, "and when the set sail the salt spray froze on their coats, as if they had been glazed". Of this group Hopkins was the most experienced havings spent time at Jamestown. During their trip they observed Native Americans who appeared to be cutting up a large whale but when they saw the men approaching the natives fled.

paragraphs: Hopkins taught the pilgrims to hunt and to make friends with the Native Americans. The first meeting with the Native Americans Samoset and Massasoit was held at Hopkins’ house. Over the years Hopkins was a great help to colony leaders such as Myles Standish and Edward Winslow.

paragraphs: Stephen Hopkins died sometime between June 6, 1644 and July 17th of that year. He made his will on June 6, 1644 and requested that he be buried next to his deceased wife, Elizabeth. The inventory was taken on July 17, 1644 and besides his deceased wife, he mentions sons Giles and Caleb, daughter Constance, wife of Nicholas Snow, daughters Deborah, Damaris, Ruth and Elizabeth.

paragraphs: The burial place of Stephen Hopkins is unknown."


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2003 was the first Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged eight to fifteen. It was held on 15 November 2003, in Copenhagen, Denmark. The show was presented by Camilla Ottesen and Remee. The contest was won by the then eleven-year-old Dino Jelušić, who represented Croatia with his song "Ti Si Moja Prva Ljubav" (You Are My First Love). Second place went to Spain and third place went to the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another:


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 was the second Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15. It was held on 20 November 2004, in Håkons Hall, Lillehammer, Norway and lasted 2 hours and 15 minutes. The theme of the competition was "Bright Nordic Winter Nights". The show was presented by Stian Barsnes Simonsen and Nadia Hasnaoui. It was broadcast in 20 countries and viewed by 100 million people. Eighteen countries participated, including France and Switzerland who participated for the first time. Originally 20 countries had applied to take part in the competition, but Germany and Israel later withdrew. Spain, the United Kingdom and Croatia won the top three places, the same three countries as last year.


title: Pal

paragraphs: Pal (June 4, 1940 – 1958) was a rough collie dog actor in the 1940s and early 1950s. He was owned and trained by Rudd Weatherwax. He appeared in the 1943 MGM movie "Lassie Come Home" and six other MGM "Lassie" movies. After the MGM movies, he played Lassie in the two pilot episodes for the CBS television series "Lassie". He then retired. Pal died in 1958. He was buried on Weatherwax's ranch. His male descendants took over the Lassie role for the nearly 20-year run of the television series.


title: Rudd Weatherwax

paragraphs: Ruddell Bird "Rudd" Weatherwax (September 23, 1907 – February 25, 1985) was an animal trainer. He trained dogs for movies and television. He trained a collie named Pal for the 1943 MGM movie "Lassie Come Home". Pal appeared in six other MGM "Lassie" movies. He also trained Pal and his male descendants for the "Lassie" television series (1954-1974). He trained Spike for the 1957 Disney movie "Old Yeller". He also trained Homer, the unofficial New York Mets team mascot in the 1960s.


title: Governor of Hawaii

paragraphs: The Governor of the State of Hawaii is the head of the executive branch of Hawaii's government and commander-in-chief of the state's military. The governor has a duty to enforce state laws. He also has the power to either approve or veto bills passed by the Hawaii Legislature, and the power to grant pardons, except in cases of treason and impeachment.

paragraphs: There have been seven governors of the state. Two have been elected to three terms. Three have been elected to two terms. The only one-term governor was the first, William F. Quinn. He also served a term as territorial governor. No state governor has resigned or died in office. No territorial governor ever died in office. George Ariyoshi was the first Asian American to be governor of any U.S. state. The current governor is David Ige. He took office on December 1, 2014.

paragraphs: , five former governors were alive. The most recent death of a former governor was that of William F. Quinn (1957–1962), who died on August 28, 2006.


title: Commonwealth War Graves Commission

paragraphs: Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC) is a British international organisation taking care of cemeteries and memorials of the British Army across countries of the Commonwealth of Nations. The organisation was established in 1916, as an idea of the British Army to take care of and maintain the military cemeteries.


title: Jerusalem British War Cemetery

paragraphs: The Jerusalem British War Cemetery (or Jerusalem War Cemetery) is a British military cemetery in Mount Scopus in Jerusalem. It honours the British soldiers who fought for the Commonwealth in Palestine during World War I.


title: Vár

paragraphs: Vár is a goddess of promises and agreements in Norse mythology. She listens to people that make agreements with one another. She also punishes those that break their promises and contracts. Vár is described in the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda. The contracts that Vár makes are called "varar". Her name means 'pledge' or 'beloved'.


title: Sjöfn

paragraphs: Sjöfn was a goddess of love in Norse mythology. She is described in the Prose Edda, written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson.


title: Forseti

paragraphs: Forseti is a god of justice and reconciliation in Norse mythology. He oversaw courts and mediation. He is one of the Æsir gods. Forseti's name means "the presiding one" in Old Norse. He is often identified with Fosite, a god in the mythology of the Frisians. Forseti was the son of Nanna and Baldur.


title: Nerthus

paragraphs: Nerthus is a goddess of fertility in Germanic paganism. She was mentioned by the Roman historian Tacitus in his study of the Germans, called "Germania". Nerthus visited an island and was always met with celebration and hospitality. Nerthus was also mentioned as a goddess of peace, for when she visited this island, all weapons were locked up so as to not offend her.


title: Fulla

paragraphs: Fulla is a goddess in Germanic and Norse mythology. She is one of Frigg's three handmaidens. She was described wearing a golden snood. Fulla tended to the ashen box and Frigg's shoes. Fulla was also the one who Frigg told all of her secrets.


title: Sága (goddess)

paragraphs: Sága is a goddess from Norse mythology. She is always associated with the island sakkavbar ("the fallen bank"). On this island, she and Odin often drank and ate together. Scholars have theorised that Sága may just be another name for Frigg. She may also be the goddess of clairvoyance or clarity.


title: Snotra

paragraphs: Snotra is a goddess of wisdom and prudence in Norse mythology. The "Prose Edda" says that Snotra is "high and courteous". She is a goddess that, according to Snorri Sturluson, "should be worshiped as a high-ranking goddess". She also is one of the few goddesses that dies during Ragnarok.


title: Vili and Vé

paragraphs: In Norse mythology, Vili and Vé are the brothers of Odin. It is said that these three gods made the world. In Old Norse, "vili" means "will", and "vé" refers to a type of Germanic shrine

paragraphs: Vé is also known as the god of the seas. He once challenged Odin to a duel over the throne of Asgard. Odin won, and sent his brother to the underworld as punishment.

paragraphs: Vili, however, was loyal to Odin. Since Odin wore gold armour, his brothers Vili wore silver and Vé wore bronze. When Odin threw Vé into the underworld, Vé's armour was taken from him. Eventually, when Ragnarök began, Vé was given back his armour, sword, and powers to join Odin and Vili on a quest to kill the wolf Fenrir. When Fenrir swallowed Odin, his brother Vili thought the war was over and there were no hope so he sacrificed himself to Fenrir. Vé fled after Vili sacrificed himself, but Fenrir found him in the realm of the elves and ate him. However some people may say that Fenrir never ate Vé and that he was shot in the head with an arrow by an elf who had mistaken him for his nephew Loki. However Odin never knew Baldr was not his son but instead his nephew: Frigg's and Vé's son.


title: Borr

paragraphs: In Norse mythology, bottis the father of the creation gods Odin, Vili and Vé. His wife is Bestla. Borr was the son of Búri. He was one of the first three gods, and one of the creator's of humanity.


title: Ēostre

paragraphs: Ēostre is a goddess of Spring in Germanic paganism. The festival of Easter is named after her. Her colors are pink and green. Eostre is a symbol of rebirth and fertility. Her animal is the hare - which is the origin of the Easter Bunny.


title: Elli

paragraphs: In Norse mythology, Elli is the personification of old age. She represents eternity. In the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning", Elli defeats Thor in a wrestling match.


title: Tiki

paragraphs: A tiki is a carved wooden or stone object depicting a human-like figure. They are found in Polynesian cultures in the Pacific Islands. The carvings often serve to mark the boundaries of sacred sites. The term is also used in Māori mythology, where Tiki is the first man.


title: John "Mule" Miles

paragraphs: John "Mule" Miles (August 11, 1922 – May 24, 2013) was an American baseball player. He played with the Chicago American Giants of the Negro League from 1946-1949. Nicknamed the "Mule" by his manager Candy Jim Taylor after hitting two home runs in one ball game. Miles used to play with Jackie Robinson.

paragraphs: Miles was born on August 11, 1922 in San Antonio, Texas. He was an original Tuskegee Airman Member of the San Antonio Chapter at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas. Miles died on May 24, 2013 in his home in San Antonio, Texas from natural causes, aged 90.


title: Patch Adams

paragraphs: Hunter Doherty "Patch" Adams (born May 28, 1945) is an American physician, social activist, clown and author. He founded the Gesundheit! Institute in 1971. Each year he organizes a group of volunteers from around the world to travel to various countries where they dress as clowns in an effort to bring humor to orphans, patients, and other people.

paragraphs: Adams was born on May 28, 1945 in Washington, D.C.. He was raised in Arlington, Virginia. Adams studied at Wakefield High School, at the Virginia Commonwealth University and at George Washington University.

paragraphs: After being hospitalized three times in one year for wanting to end his life, he decided "you don't kill yourself, stupid; you make revolution." He was married to Linda Edquist from 1975 until they divorced in 1998. They had two sons, Atomic Zagnut "Zag" Adams and Lars Zig Edquist Adams. He now lives in Urbana, Illinois.

paragraphs: The 1998 movie "Patch Adams" is based on his life. He was played by Robin Williams.


title: Division of Fremantle

paragraphs: The Division of Fremantle is an Australian Electoral Division in Western Australia. It was one of the original 75 divisions for the first federal election in 1901. It is named for the city of Fremantle, which in turn is named for Captain Charles Fremantle. Fremantle was captain of HMS "Challenger", which brought the first settlers to Western Australia. The Division includes the southern suburbs of Perth, Cockburn, Coolbellup, Palmyra, Fremantle and Rottnest Island.

paragraphs: The division originally included Perth's southwestern suburbs. Boundary changes since 1949 have made it a very safe seat for the Australian Labor Party.

paragraphs: Many senior Labor members have held Fremantle. The most famous was John Curtin, Prime Minister of Australia from 1941 to 1945.Others were Kim Beazley (senior), a minister in the Whitlam Government; John Dawkins, a minister in the Hawke Government and Keating Governments; and Carmen Lawrence, the former Premier of Western Australia and a minister in the Keating Government. Melissa Parke is a former United Nations lawyer.


title: Ensete

paragraphs: Ensete is a genus of flowering plants native to tropical regions of Africa and Asia. It is one of the three genera in the banana family, Musaceae, and includes the false banana or enset ("E. ventricosum"), an economically important foodcrop in Ethiopia.

paragraphs: The genus "Ensete" was first described by Paul Fedorowitsch Horaninow (1796-1865) in his "Prodromus Monographiae Scitaminarum" of 1862 in which he created a single species, "Ensete edule". However, the genus did not receive general recognition until 1947 when it was revived by E. E. Cheesman in the first of a series of papers in the "Kew Bulletin" on the classification of the bananas, with a total of 25 species.

paragraphs: Taxonomically, the genus "Ensete" has been reduced since Cheesman restore the taxon. Cheesman acknowledged that field study might reveal synonymy and the most recent review of the genus by Simmonds (1960) listed just six. The Plant List accepts eight species as valid.

paragraphs: The plants of "Ensete" are very large herbs without branches that die after producing seeds; They have only one stem that remains short until flowering.

paragraphs: They have very big leaves; the lower parts of the leaves form a false stem so they look as trees. Their fruits are leathery and dry berries with few big and hard seeds.

paragraphs: It is possible to separate "Ensete" into its African and Asian species.


title: Arius

paragraphs: Arius (born around 260, died 336 in Constantinople) was an early Christian thinker. He lived in Alexandria, but was probably born in Libya. He did not agree with his bishop Alexander who said that Jesus and God were the same. Arius said Jesus and God were not the same since there was a time when Jesus did not exist.

paragraphs: At the First Council of Nicea, most bishops did not vote with Arius; the official document says that God the Father and Jesus the Son were of the same essence, and therefore the same being. They voted that Jesus and God had existed together for all time.


title: Francisco Boedo Vazquez

paragraphs: Francisco Boedo Vazquez (born October 29, 1959 in A Coruña) is a judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished second in the 86 kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished 7 in the up to 81 kg Open group.


title: Ancient Libya

paragraphs: In antiquity, the geographical name Libya generally referred to the part of North Africa, west of the Nile.


title: Rafael Moreno López

paragraphs: Rafael Moreno Lopez (born August 25, 1966 in Málaga) is a judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished 6 in the + 95 Kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished second in the Open group. He competed at the 2004 Summer Paralympics in judo. He competed at the 2008 Summer Paralympics in judo.


title: Charles Fremantle

paragraphs: Admiral Sir Charles Howe Fremantle GCB RN (1 June 1800 – 25 May 1869) was a British Royal Navy officer. The city of Fremantle in Western Australia is named after him.

paragraphs: Fremantle was the son of Admiral Thomas Fremantle, a friend of Nelson. His mother was Elizabeth, the diarist. He was a nephew of William Henry Fremantle. His elder brother was Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe. His middle name, Howe, is because his birth date was the anniversary of Lord Howe's victory over the French on the Glorious First of June in 1794. He joined the Royal Navy in 1812.

paragraphs: Fremantle was charged with raping a 15-year-old girl in April 1826. To avoid a scandal, his family paid off witnesses and put pressure on the judge. In August 1826 he was promoted to captain. In 1828 he was given command of the 26-gun frigate HMS "Challenger", and sent to claim the west coast of Australia for the United Kingdom.

paragraphs: HMS "Challenger" left the Cape of Good Hope on 20 March 1829. It arrived in Cockburn Sound on 2 May, and Fremantle went ashore at Garden Island. One week later, Fremantle raised the British flag at the mouth of the Swan River and claimed Western Australia for King George IV.

paragraphs: The new lieutenant governor James Stirling arrived in Cockburn Sound on 2 June on the "Parmelia", bring 69 new settlers. They planned to start a colony at the Swan River in Western Australia. On 8 June they were joined by 56 officers and men from the HMS "Sulphur". On 17 June, Stirling read out loud a legal document which supported Fremantle's earlier proclamation. This was the beginning of the history of Western Australia as a British colony, and later as a state of federal Australia.

paragraphs: Fremantle left the Swan River Colony on 25 August 1829, for the British Army base of Trincomalee, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) where he was based the next couple of years.

paragraphs: While he was there he visited many places including Kowloon. He told the British government that this would be a good site for a British settlement. They agreed and Hong Kong was settled in 1841.

paragraphs: On his way back to England in September 1832, he made his second and final visit to the Swan River Colony.

paragraphs: In 1833 he stopped at Pitcairn Island, where he attempted to make peace in the leadership dispute between Joshua Hill and George Hunn Nobbs.

paragraphs: In 1843 he was given command of HMS "Inconstant" in the Mediterranean Fleet and in 1847 he took command of HMS "Albion". In 1853 he became Captain of HMS "Juno" on the Australia Station.

paragraphs: In 1855 he served as Rear-Admiral controlling the naval transport service for the Crimean War from Balaklava (a city in the Ukraine).

paragraphs: In July 1858 he was given command of the Channel Squadron and in 1863 he became Commander-in-Chief, Plymouth.

paragraphs: He married Isabella Wedderburn on 8 October 1836. They had three children:

paragraphs: He died in 1869 and is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London.


title: Eugenio Andres Santana Santana

paragraphs: Eugenio Andres Santana Santana (born December 2, 1959 in Las Palmas) is a judo athlete from Spain. He has a disability: he is blind and is a B2 type athlete. He competed at the 1996 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished third in the 78 Kg group. He competed at the 2000 Summer Paralympics in judo. He finished 5 in the up to Open group.


title: Carcharodontosauridae

paragraphs: The Carcharodontosauridae were a family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs. They are a clade in the Carnosauria. Carcharodontosaurids included some of the largest land predators ever known: "Giganotosaurus", "Mapusaurus", "Carcharodontosaurus", and "Tyrannotitan". All of these rivalled or exceeded "Tyrannosaurus" in size.

paragraphs: Together with the spinosaurids, carcharodontosaurids were the largest predators in the early and middle Cretaceous throughout Gondwana. They were also in North America ("Acrocanthosaurus"), and Asia ("Shaochilong").

paragraphs: Their ages range from 127 to 93 million years ago (mya). After that, they may have been replaced by the smaller abelisaurids in Gondwana and by tyrannosaurids in North America and Asia. If so, this faunal replacement occurred on a global scale.

paragraphs: However, some theropod teeth discovered in the late Cretaceous of Brazil, as well as a fragment of right maxilla appear to belong to carcharodontosaurids. This suggests the group survived until the latest Cretaceous.

paragraphs: In December 2011, Oliver Rauhut described a new genus and species of carcharodontosaurid from the Upper Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian to earliest Tithonian, about 154150 mya) of southeastern Tanzania. "Veterupristisaurus" is the oldest known carcharodontosaurid.


title: José Luis Arribas Granados

paragraphs: Jose Luis Arribas Granados (born January 14, 1975 in Madrid) is a swimmer from Spain. He had a disability: he is blind and is an B2/S12 type swimmer. He raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. He finished second in the breaststroke.


title: Awasa

paragraphs: Awasa (sometimes spelled or Awassa or Hawassa) is a city in Ethiopia. It is on the shores of Lake Awasa in the Great Rift Valley. The city is the capital of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region. It is on the Trans-African Highway 4 to Cairo-Cape Town. It has 165,275 people (2012).

paragraphs: The city was once the capital of the Sidamo Province from 1978 to 1995; when the 1995 Constitution was adopted and the province was abolished. The city also has Hawassa University, which was created in 1999. 194 members of the Sidama Liberation Movement were arrested and held in Awasa prison in September 1994. The chairman fled to the United Kingdom after someone tried to assassinate him.


title: Stenian

paragraphs: The Stenian is the last geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.2 billion years ago, and ended at 1 billion years ago. Before it was the Ectasian. It is followed by the Tonian.

paragraphs: The supercontinent Rodinia began forming in this period.

paragraphs: Fossils of the first known sexually-reproducing eukaryotes are found at the end of the previous period in the Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Nunavut, Canada.

paragraphs: This period includes the Keweenawan Age at about 1100 mya.


title: Ectasian

paragraphs: The Ectasian is the second geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.4 billion years ago and ended at 1.2 billion years ago. The Ectasian came after the Calymmian and before the Stenian.

paragraphs: This period shows for the first evidence of sexual reproduction. The 1.2 billion-year-old Hunting Formation on Somerset Island, Canada, is from the end of the Ectasian. It has the microfossils of the multicellular filaments of "Bangiomorpha pubescens" (a type of red algae). This was the first organism that had sexual reproduction.


title: Calymmian

paragraphs: The Calymmian is the first geological period in the Mesoproterozoic. It began 1.6 billion years ago and ended at 1.4 billion years ago.

paragraphs: In the period new land was formed. The supercontinent Columbia broke up during the Calymmian about 1.5 billion years ago.


title: Statherian

paragraphs: The Statherian is the last geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 1.8 billion years ago and ended at 1.6 billion years ago.

paragraphs: The period is marked by new land. The supercontinent Columbia formed at the beginning of this period.


title: Orosirian

paragraphs: The Orosirian is the third geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic. It began 2.05 billion years ago (bya) and ended at 1.8 bya.

paragraphs: The latter half of the period was a time of mountain-building on nearly all continents. It was the time when the supercontinent Columbia began to form.

paragraphs: Two of the largest known impact events on Earth happened during the Orosirian. At the beginning of the period, 2023 million years ago (mya), a large asteroid hit the earth and created the Vredefort impact structure. The event that created the Sudbury Basin structure happened near the end of the period about 1850 mya.


title: Rhyacian

paragraphs: The Rhyacian is the second geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.3 billion years ago, and ended at 2.05 billion years ago. Before it was the Siderian It is followed by the Orosirian.

paragraphs: The Huronian (Makganyene) global glaciation began at the start of the Rhyacian. It lasted until 2200 million years ago.

paragraphs: The first known eukaryotes began to evolve in the Rhyacian period. The multicellular Francevillian Group Fossils, at 2.1-Gyr-old are from the Rhyacian period.


title: Brandon Pirri

paragraphs: Brandon Pirri (born April 10, 1991, in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey centre. He currently plays the Vegas Golden Knights of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, Pirri played in the Ontario Junior Hockey League for the Streetsville Derbys and the Georgetown Raiders. He also played at the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in the ECAC Hockey conference. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 59th overall pick in the 2009 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs.

paragraphs: On March 2, 2014, the Blackhawks traded Pirri to the Florida Panthers for a 2014 3rd round pick and a 2016 5th round pick.


title: Siderian

paragraphs: The Siderian is the first geological period in the Palaeoproterozoic that began 2.5 billion years ago, and ended at 2.3 billion years ago. Before it was the Neoarchaean It is followed by the Rhyacian.

paragraphs: Banded iron formations (BIFs) became very abundant early this period. BIFs were formed as anaerobic algae produced waste oxygen that combined with iron, forming magnetite (FeO, an iron oxide). This process cleared iron from the oceans, presumably turning greenish seas clear. Eventually, without an oxygen sink in the oceans, the process created the oxygen-rich atmosphere of today. This event is known as the oxygen catastrophe, which according to some geologists triggered the Huronian glaciation. The Huronian glaciation took place in the Siderian between 2400 Mya and 2300 Mya.


title: Shawn Lalonde

paragraphs: Shawn Lalonde (born March 14, 1990, in Orleans, Ontario) is a Canadian professional ice hockey defenceman. He currently plays for Eisbären Berlin of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga (DEL). He has also played for the Chicago Blackhawks of the National Hockey League (NHL).

paragraphs: Before he played in the NHL, Lalonde played 4 seasons in the Ontario Hockey League for the Belleville Bulls. He was drafted by the Blackhawks with the 68th overall pick in the 2008 NHL Entry Draft. He spends most of his time with the Blackhawks AHL farm team, the Rockford IceHogs. He played his first game in the NHL for the Blackhawks on April 14, 2011 in a game against the St. Louis Blues.

paragraphs: On July 24, 2013, Lalonde left the Blackhawks to join Eisbären Berlin of the DEL.


title: Sara Carracelas García

paragraphs: Sara Carracelas Garcia (born September 15, 1981 in Guipúzcoa) is a swimmer from Spain. She has a disability: she has cerebral palsy and is an S2 type swimmer. She works with computers. She started swimming when she was four years old. She raced at the 1996 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke and the 50 meter freestyle. She finished third in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2000 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke. She finished third in the 50 meter freestyle. She finished second in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2004 Summer Paralympics. She finished first in the 50 meter backstroke, the 50 meter freestyle and in the 100 meter freestyle. She raced at the 2008 Summer Paralympics. She finished third in the 50 meter backstroke. In 2010, she competed at the Tenerife International Open.


title: Chris Tarrant

paragraphs: Christopher John "Chris" Tarrant (born 10 October 1946) is a British radio and television personality. He is best known as the presenter of the British version of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?." He presented the show from 1998 to 2014. He was born on 10 October 1946 in Reading, Berkshire, England.

paragraphs: As presenter of "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", he was known for using catchphrases such as "But we don't want to give you that!" and "Is that your final answer?" during the show. "Is that your final answer?" was a catchphrase that became a part of the "Millionaire" franchise.


title: Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005

paragraphs: The Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2005 was the third Junior Eurovision Song Contest for young singers aged 8 to 15. On 26 November 2005, the contest was held at the Ethias Arena in Hasselt, Belgium. It was broadcast live in a joint effort by the national broadcasters Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT) and Radio télévision belge de la communauté française (RTBF), together with the European Broadcasting Union. Belgium won the right to hold the contest over five other countries including Croatian Radiotelevision (HRT) of Croatia and AVRO of the Netherlands. Marcel Vanthilt and Maureen Louys hosted the event.

paragraphs: The presenters started off by giving all contestants 12 points.

paragraphs: Below is a summary of all 12 points received:


title: Neoarchaean

paragraphs: The Neoarchaean (Neoarchean) is the last geological era in the Archaean eon. It began 2.8 billion years ago and ended at 2.5 billion years ago. Before it was the Mesoarchaean and before the Palaeoproterozoic.

paragraphs: Oxygenic photosynthesis first evolved in this era. This led to an oxygen catastrophe in the Palaeoproterozoic. It was caused by a poisonous buildup of oxygen in the atmosphere. This was created by oxygen-producing photoautotrophs that evolved in the Neoarchaean. The supercontinent Kenorland formed during this period, about 2.7 billion years ago.


title: Mesoarchaean

paragraphs: The Mesoarchaean (Mesoarchean) is the 3rd geological era in the Archaean that began 3.2 billion years ago, and ended at 2.8 billion years ago. Before it was the Palaeoarchaean It is followed by the Neoarchaean.

paragraphs: Fossils from Australia show that stromatolites have lived on Earth since the Mesoarchaean. The Pongola glaciation occurred at 2.9 billion years ago. The first supercontinent Vaalbara broke up during this time around 3.2 billion years ago. The second supercontinent Ur existed during this era at 3.1 billion years ago.


title: Palaeoarchaean

paragraphs: The Palaeoarchaean (Paleoarchean) is the second geological era in the Archaean. It began 3.6 billion years ago and ended at 3.2 billion years ago. Before it was the Eoarchaean and after it was the Mesoarchaean.

paragraphs: The name comes from the Greek word "palaios". "Palaios" means "ancient". The oldest fossil life forms are cyanobacteria found in strata 3.46 billion years old. These rocks are in Western Australia.

paragraphs: The first supercontinent, Vaalbara, formed during this period.


title: Bridal Chorus

paragraphs: The "Bridal Chorus" is a piece of music from Richard Wagner's opera "Lohengrin" (1850). Transcriptions of the piece for pipe organ or other instruments are sometimes used at western world weddings as the bride enters the wedding site. The piece is slow and solemn. It is sometimes called the Wedding March or the Bridal March.


title: Eoarchaean

paragraphs: The Eoarchaean (Eoarchean) is the 1st geological era in the Archaean that began 4 billion years ago, and ended at 3.6 billion years ago. Before it was the Hadean It is followed by the Palaeoarchaean.

paragraphs: The Eoarchaean is the earliest period of geology after the solidification of Earth's crust. The abiotic origins of life (abiogenesis) have been dated to a time window from 4 to 3.6 billion years ago when atmospheric pressure values ranged from 100 to 10 bar.

paragraphs: It was formerly officially unnamed and usually referred to as the first part of the "Early Archaean" (now an obsolete name) together with the later Palaeoarchaean Era. It is the first part of the Archaean Eon, preceded by the Hadean Eon.

paragraphs: The Eoarchaean was followed by the Palaeoarchaean Era.

paragraphs: The name comes from two Greek words: "eos" (dawn) and "archaios" (ancient). The 1st supercontinent Vaalbara appeared around the end of this period around 3.6 billion years ago.

paragraphs: A characteristic of the Eoarchean is that Earth possessed a firm crust for the first time. However, this crust may have been incomplete at many sites and areas of lava may have existed at the surface. The beginning of the Eoarchaean is characterized by heavy asteroid bombardment within the inner solar system: the Late Heavy Bombardment. The Eoarchaean is the first phase of our planet from which solid rock formations survived. The largest is the Isua greenstone belt at the southwest coast of Greenland. It appeared during the Eoarchaean around 3.8 billion years ago. The Acasta Gneiss within the Canadian Shield have been dated to be 4.03 Ga and are therefore the oldest preserved rock formations. In 2008 another rock formation was discovered in the Nuvvuagittuq greenstone belt in northern Québec in Canada which has been dated to be 4.28 Ga. These formations are presently under intense investigation.

paragraphs: Earth's oceans formed 3.8 billion years ago.


title: Tom Kennedy

paragraphs: James Edward Narz (February 26, 1927 – October 7, 2020), known professionally as Tom Kennedy, was an American television personality. He was best known for his work in game shows. He was the younger brother of game show host Jack Narz. He was born in Louisville, Kentucky.

paragraphs: Kennedy hosted many game shows over his lifetime. His most successful shows were "You Don't Say!" (aired on NBC from 1963-1969 and on ABC in 1975), "Split Second" (1972-1975), "Name That Tune" (1974-1981), and "Password Plus" (1980-1982; took over for original host Allen Ludden after Ludden's death). He also hosted other shows such as "Whew!" (1979-1980), "Body Language" (1984-1986), and a syndicated version of "The Price is Right" (1985-1986). He retired in 1989.

paragraphs: Kennedy died on October 7, 2020 in Oxnard, California at the age of 93.


title: White flight

paragraphs: The term white flight represents large-scale migrations of White people from large cities around Europe and the United States starting in the mid 20th century. Those large cities were primarily in Midwestern States and Northeastern States: Whites relocated out of those regions and into Southeastern and Southwestern States like Arizona and Texas. Midwestern cities like Chicago, Detroit or St. Louis, however, lost population of many Whites since the mid 20th century.


title: Climate of California

paragraphs: California's climate varies widely from desert to alpine depending on latitude, elevation and how close the area is to the coast. Most of the coastal and southern parts of the state have a Mediterranean climate with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers. The deserts in the south of the state have very hot summers and mild winters. Parts of the south have a semi-arid/steppe climate, for example San Diego.

paragraphs: According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) averages from 1981-2010,

paragraphs: California is the 13th warmest state in the United States with the average annual temperature of 58.4 °F (14.7 °C)

paragraphs: Northwest California has rainy cool winters and dry summers with temperatures in the summers in the upper 60s to the upper 70s. The Central Valley has a semi-arid climate with temperatures in the winter sometimes at nights fall below 30 °F (-1.1 °C) and at daytime rises above 80 °F (26.7 °C) with summers being from 80 to 100 degrees Fahrenheit at day. The desert areas in southern California has a hot and very dry climate with precipitation in some areas below 5 inches (127 mm) a year. Temperatures are mild in southern California's desert in the winter and temps can range from 60°F (15.5 °C) to 80°F (26.7 °C) at daytime with nights being chilly with temperatures ranging from 35°F (1.7 °C) to 50°F (10 °C). Temperatures are usually very hot during the day in desert places like Needles, San Bernardino and Palm Springs in the summer with daytime temperatures being from 105°F (40.5 °C) to 120°F (48°C) sometimes reaching above 120 °F (48 °C) and with nights being from 75°F (23.9 °C) to 90°F (32.2 °C). The hottest place in the world is in the desert of California, Death Valley. Death Valley once had a temperature of 134 °F (56.7 °C) on July 10, 1913 although some meteorologists dispute this temperature reading. The average annual temperature in Death Valley from 1981-2010 was 76.7 °F (24.8 °C) with an average July mean temperature of 101.8 °F (38.8 °C).


title: Jack Warden

paragraphs: Jack Warden (John Warden Lebzelter; September 18, 1920 – July 19, 2006) was an American actor. He won an Emmy Award in 1976 for his role in "Brian's Song". He also starred in the 1976 movie "All the President's Men".

paragraphs: Warden was born on September 18, 1920 in Newark, New Jersey. He is of Dutch-Irish ancestry. Warden was raised in Louisville, Kentucky. He was married to Vanda Dupre from 1958 until his death in 2006. They had one son, Christopher. Warden died on July 19, 2006 from renal failure in New York City, New York, aged 85.


title: Chinese Rail SS4

paragraphs: The SS4 () is a kind of AC-powered electric locomotive used in China. It was built by Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Works in 1985 and is still produced as of 2010. It also has an updated version: SS4G ().


title: Wally Cox

paragraphs: Wallace Maynard Cox (December 6, 1924 – February 15, 1973) was an American comedian and actor. He is known for being the voice of Underdog in the animated series "Underdog". He is also known for his role in "Mr. Peepers". He was close friends with actor Marlon Brando.

paragraphs: Cox was born on December 6, 1924 in Detroit, Michigan. He was raised in Chicago, Illinois. Cox studied at Denby High School, at the City College of New York, and at New York University.

paragraphs: He was married to Marilyn Gennaro from 1954 until they divorced. Then he was married to Milagros Tirado from 1963 until they divorced in 1963. Then he was married to Patricia Tiernan from 1969 until his death in 1973. He had two children with Tirado.

paragraphs: Cox died on February 15, 1973 in Hollywood, California after suffering a heart attack, aged 48. He was cremated and his ashes were scattered at Death Valley and in Tahiti.


title: Allen Swift

paragraphs: Ira Stadlen (January 16, 1924 – April 18, 2010) or Allen Swift, was an American actor and painter. He is known for playing Simon Bar Sinister and Riff-Raff on the "Underdog" cartoon show.

paragraphs: Swift was born on January 16, 1924 in New York City, New York. He was married to Lenore Loveman until his death in 2010. They had three children. Swift died on April 18, 2010 in New York City, New York from heart failure, aged 86.


title: Gene Deitch

paragraphs: Eugene Merril "Gene" Deitch (August 8, 1924 – April 16, 2020) was an American illustrator, animator and film director. His movie "Munro" won an Academy Award for Animated Short Film in 1961. It was the first short made outside of the United States to receive an Oscar.

paragraphs: Deitch was born in Chicago, Illinois. He has three sons: Kim, Simon, and Seth. They are artists and writers for comics. Deitch was married to Zdenka Deitch.

paragraphs: Deitch died in Prague on April 16, 2020 of bowel obstruction, at the age of 95.


title: Benjamin C. Bradlee

paragraphs: Benjamin Crowninshield "Ben" Bradlee (August 26, 1921 – October 21, 2014) was a vice president at-large of "The Washington Post". He was executive editor of the "Post" from 1968 to 1991. He became a national figure during the presidency of Richard Nixon, when he challenged the federal government over the right to publish the Pentagon Papers and oversaw the publication of Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein's stories documenting the Watergate scandal.

paragraphs: Bradlee was born on August 26, 1921 in Boston, Massachusetts. He is of English descent. He studied at the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism and at Harvard University. Bradlee was married three times; two of the marriages ended in divorce. His last wife, Sally Quinn worked for the "Washington Post". Bradlee had four children.

paragraphs: In late September 2014, Bradlee entered at hospice care in Washington, D.C. due to declining health as a result of Alzheimer's disease. He died on October 21, 2014, at the age of 93, at his home in Washington, D.C.. His funeral was held on October 29 at the Washington National Cathedral.


title: Harry M. Rosenfeld

paragraphs: Harry M. Rosenfeld (born August 12, 1929 in Berlin, Germany) is an American newspaper editor who was the editor in charge of local news at The Washington Post during the Watergate scandal. He oversaw the newspaper's coverage of Watergate and resisted efforts by the paper's national reporters to take over the story. Though Post editor-in-chief Benjamin C. Bradlee gets most of the credit, managing editor Howard Simons and Rosenfeld worked most closely with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein on developing the story.


title: Howard Simons

paragraphs: Howard Simons (June 3, 1929 – June 13, 1989) was the managing editor of the Washington Post at the time of the Watergate scandal, and later curator of the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard University.

paragraphs: Simons was born on June 3, 1929 in Albany, New York. He studied at Union College. Simons died on June 13, 1989 from pancreatic cancer in Washington, D.C., aged 60.


title: Ed Shaughnessy

paragraphs: Edwin Thomas "Ed" Shaughnessy (January 9, 1929 - May 24, 2013) was an American singer for swing music and bebop drummer who was associated with The Tonight Show Band that appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". He was born in Jersey City, New Jersey and grew up in New York City. Shaughnessy was married to Ilene Woods. He died on May 24, 2013, age eighty-four.


title: Mark Felt

paragraphs: William Mark Felt, Sr. (August 17, 1913 – December 18, 2008) or W. Mark Felt was an agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), who retired as the Bureau's Associate Director in 1973. After denying his involvement with reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein for 30 years, Felt revealed himself to be the Watergate scandal's whistleblower, "Deep Throat" on May 31, 2005.

paragraphs: Felt was born on August 17, 1913 in Twin Falls, Idaho. He studied at the University of Idaho. Felt was married to Audrey Robinson from 1938 until her death in 1984. They had two children. Felt died on December 18, 2008 in Santa Rosa, California from heart failure, aged 95.


title: Thomas Nast

paragraphs: Thomas Nast (September 27, 1840 – December 7, 1902) was a German-American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist who is considered to be the "Father of the American Cartoon". He helped create Uncle Sam and the elephant symbol for the Republican Party and the donkey symbol for the Democratic Party. Targets included Tammany Hall.

paragraphs: Nast was born on September 27, 1840 in Landau, Kingdom of Bavaria, German Confederation. He spent his adulthood in New York City, New York. Nast began working for Harper's Weekly in 1859. He was married to Sarah Edwards from 1861 until his death in 1902. They had five children. Nast died on December 7, 1902 in Guayaquil, Ecuador from complications of a yellow fever, aged 62.


title: Mo Farah

paragraphs: Sir Mohamed "Mo" Muktar Jama Farah, , (born 23 March 1983) is a British middle and long-distance runner who holds the European record in the 5,000 metres and 10,000 metres.

paragraphs: Farah was born in Mogadishu, Somalia. He spent his early childhood living in Somaliland and Djibouti. He moved to England when he was eight years old. He lives in both London and Portland, Oregon, United States.

paragraphs: In the 2012 Olympics he won gold in the 10,000 metres and the 5,000 metres. In the 2011 World Championships, he won gold in the 5,000 meters and silver in the 10,000 meters. He won the 5,000 m and 10,000 m again at the World Championship in Moscow.


title: Black gospel

paragraphs: Black gospel is a kind of Christian music that developed from Negro spirituals.


title: Australia's Next Top Model

paragraphs: Australia's Next Top Model (also known as AuNTM or AusNTM) is an Australian reality television show that is produced and broadcasted by Fox8. The series is a spin-off of the popular "America's Next Top Model". The show has currently 7 "cycles", but an eight is announced in July 9, 2013. The show is/was hosted by Sarah Murdoch, Jodhi Meares, Erika Heynatz and for the upcoming cycle the beauty queen, model and television personality Jennifer Hawkins.


title: Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 7

paragraphs: Australia's Next Top Model, Cycle 7 is the seventh season of "Australia's Next Top Model". It began airing on August 2011. This cycle includes 16 contestants. The winner was 17-year-old Montana Cox from Melbourne.


title: Vito Corleone

paragraphs: Vito Andolini Corleone (born Vito Andolini in Corleone, Province of Palermo, Sicily, Italy) is a fictional character in Mario Puzo's novel "The Godfather" and in Francis Ford Coppola's first two movies, where he was portrayed by Marlon Brando in "The Godfather" and, as a younger man, by Robert De Niro in "The Godfather Part II".


title: Morgan le Fay

paragraphs: Morgan le Fay, also called Morgaine, Morgan or Morgana, is a powerful sorceress in the Arthurian legend. She was King Arthur’s half-sister and enemy. In some legends she is said to have borne Arthur's child, Mordred. Morgan le Fay is said to have been quite powerful, she hated King Arthur even as he was her half-brother (She is also said to have wiped out most of the Templar Knights). She is as well one of the main antagonist's of the Grey Griffins book series.


title: Buddhist calendar

paragraphs: The Buddhist calendar is a set of calendars used in Southeast Asia. It is based on the Hindu calendar.


title: Harvey Lembeck

paragraphs: Harvey Lembeck (15 April 1923 – 5 January 1982) was an American stage, movie, and television actor. He is famous for playing Cpl. Rocco Barbella on "The Phil Silvers Show" (aka "Sgt. Bilko") in the late 1950s, and the clumsy biker gang leader in the American International Pictures (AIP) beach party movies of the 1960s starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon. He made other appearances on television including two on "The Donna Reed Show". On stage, he appeared in "Stalag 17" (472 performances), and as Sancho Panza on Broadway and in the first national company of "Man of La Mancha".


title: Beach movie

paragraphs: A beach movie or beach party movie is a movie genre. The genre was popular in the late 1950s. It flourished during the early 1960s. The genre was launched in 1959 with "Gidget" starring Sandra Dee, and came to an end in 1967 with "Catalina Caper" featuring Tommy Kirk and Little Richard. This movie is generally thought to be the "last gasp" of the genre, the final beach-themed movie.

paragraphs: Beach movies are about happy-go-lucky teenagers frolicking on the sun-drenched beaches of California and Hawaii. Genre elements include girlfriend/boyfriend relationships, motorcycles, cars, food, muscles, bikinis, rock and roll, surf music and surfing. Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon set the pace for the genre as teen sweethearts in a string of seven beach movies from AIP.


title: Miriam

paragraphs: According to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament, Miriam was the older sister of Moses. She was a prophet and first appears in the Book of Exodus.