title: Michael J. Elliott

paragraphs: Michael J. Elliott, OBE (1951 – 14 July 2016) was a British journalist and executive. He was the president and chief executive officer of the anti-poverty advocacy organization ONE. He was awarded an OBE in 2003 for services to journalism.

paragraphs: Elliott previously held senior executive positions at "Time" magazine, "Newsweek", and "The Economist."

paragraphs: Elliott died on 14 July 2016 in Washington, D.C. from bladder cancer, aged 65.


title: Gary S. Paxton

paragraphs: Gary Sanford Paxton (Larry Wayne Stevens; May 18, 1939 – July 16, 2016) was an American record producer, recording artist, and Grammy and Dove Award winning songwriter.

paragraphs: Paxton was a member of the Skip & Flip and The Hollywood Argyles and was the producer of two number one Billboard Hot 100 singles: "Alley Oop for The Hollywood Argyles in 1960 and "Monster Mash" for Bobby "Boris" Pickett in 1962.

paragraphs: Paxton died on July 16, 2016 in Branson, Missouri from complications of hepatitis C, aged 77.


title: Abu Omar al-Shishani

paragraphs: Tarkhan Tayumurazovich Batirashvili (; 11 February 1986 – presumedly dead in July 2016), known by his nom de guerre Abu Omar al-Shishani (, "Abū ‘Umar ash-Shīshānī" , "Abu Omar the Chechen") or Omar al-Shishani, was a Georgian Kist jihadist. He served as a commander for the Islamic State in Syria, and previously as a sergeant in the Georgian Army. In 2013, Batirashvili joined the Islamic State and rapidly became a senior commander in the organization, directing a series of battles and ultimately earning a seat on ISIS's shura council.

paragraphs: U.S. officials reported that Batirashvili died from injuries several days after being the target of a 4 March 2016 U.S. airstrike, near the Al-Shaddadah district in Northern Syria, however, the Islamic State denied these claims and its Amaq News Agency confirmed that Shishani was killed in July 2016 during fighting in the Iraqi city of Shirqat, south of Mosul, Iraq.


title: Carolyn See

paragraphs: Carolyn See (born Caroline Laws; January 13, 1934 – July 13, 2016) was an American educator and critic. She was the professor emerita of English at the University of California, Los Angeles.

paragraphs: See was the author of ten books, including the memoir, "Dreaming: Hard Luck and Good Times in America", an advice book on writing, "Making a Literary Life", and the novels "There Will Never Be Another You, Golden Days," and "The Handyman." She was also a book critic for the Washington Post for 27 years.

paragraphs: See died on July 13, 2016 in Santa Monica, California from cancer, aged 82.


title: Hollis L. Harris

paragraphs: Hollis Loyd Harris (November 25, 1931 – July 14, 2016) was an American businessman. He served as President and COO of Delta Air Lines (1987-1990) and Chairman, President, and CEO of Continental Airlines (1990-1991), Air Canada (1992-1996), and World Airways (1999-2004).

paragraphs: In 1997, Harris and Steve Wolf signed a strategic agreement between Air Canada and United Airlines, producing what is now the Star Alliance, which grew to become the world's largest global airline alliance.

paragraphs: Harris died at the age of 84 on July 14, 2016 in Peachtree City, Georgia.


title: Héctor Babenco

paragraphs: Héctor Eduardo Babenco (February 7, 1946 – July 13, 2016) was an Argentine-born Brazilian movie director, screenwriter, producer and actor. He worked in several countries including Argentina, Brazil and the United States.

paragraphs: His best known movies are "Pixote" (1980), "Kiss of the Spider Woman" (1985), "Ironweed" (1987), "At Play in the Fields of the Lord" (1990) and "Carandiru" (2003).

paragraphs: Babenco died on July 13, 2016 from a heart attack in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 70.


title: Robert Ross (Royal Marines officer)

paragraphs: Major Robert Ross (c.17409 June 1794) was the officer in charge of the marines sent with the First Fleet to start a convict settlement in Australia. He later became the Lieutenant-Governor of Norfolk Island.

paragraphs: Ross was born in Scotland, and joined the marines in June 1756. He fought at the siege of Louisburg and the capture of Quebec during the Seven Years' War (1756–63). Promoted to captain, he saw action at Bunker Hill in June 1775 during the American War of Independence. He was on in August 1779 when it was captured and he was taken prisoner by the French.

paragraphs: In 1786 he joined the new New South Wales Marine Corps. He was made its commander with the brevet rank of major. He sailed to New South Wales on , but changed to "Scarborough" during the voyage. His eight-year-old son went with him to Australia.

paragraphs: Ross did not agree with the governor Arthur Phillip and other officers. David Collins had an “inexpressible hatred” for him. Ralph Clark said he was “without exception the most disagreeable commanding officer I ever knew”. He would not let the marines be used to guard or supervise the convicts. He would not let marine officers to sit as members of the criminal court. His own officers did not agree with his decisions. He believed the marines' task was to protect the settlement, and wanted Phillip to build defensive fortifications. He tried to embarrass and stop Phillip from carrying out his ideas to build a settlement. His actions made Phillip's task of starting a new colony more difficult.

paragraphs: Phillip sent Ross to Norfolk Island in March 1790, probably to get him away from Sydney. The ship taking him to Norfolk Island, the "Sirius", was wrecked, and its crew were stranded on the island, Ross proclaimed martial law for four months. He forced the convicts to work harder to clear more land so that they could grow most of their own food. They hated him because of the additional heavy work. He continued to argue with his officers, and Phillip was forced to remove him from the island. He came back to Sydney in December 1791.

paragraphs: Back in Sydney Ross argued and then fought a duel with an officer of the newly arrived New South Wales Corps. On 18 December he, and most of the marines, went back to England on "HMS Gorgon".

paragraphs: Ross did not like living in the colony and did not believe it would succeed. He said that “in the whole world there is not a worse country than what we have yet seen of this...it may with truth be said, here Nature is reversed." He said that “every person … who came out with a desire for remaining … are now most earnestly wishing to get away from it.”

paragraphs: Back in England, Ross was not able to keep his rank of major. He was made a captain-lieutenant and removed from active command. From 1792 to 1794 he served as Marines recruitment officer at St Albans. He died on 9 June 1794.

paragraphs: Historian Mollie Gillen said Ross could be admired as a man who always did what he believed was right, but was also “narrow minded, censorious, self-important and almost totally humourless”.

paragraphs: Ross is a character in the Timberlake Wertenbaker play, "Our Country's Good". He is the main villain, showing extremely cruel treatment of the convicts.

paragraphs: Ross is also a bad person in Jimmy McGovern's TV series "Banished", played by Joseph Millson.


title: Quota

paragraphs: A quota is a number that says how much or how many of something or someone is allowed or required. It comes from a Latin language word meaning "How many?" Examples include:


title: The Intern

paragraphs: The Intern is a 2015 American comedy movie co-produced, written, and directed by Nancy Meyers. The movie stars Robert De Niro, Anne Hathaway, Rene Russo, Anders Holm, Andrew Rannells, Adam DeVine, Christina Scherer, and Zack Pearlman. The movie was released on September 25, 2015 by Warner Bros.


title: Manuel G. Batshaw

paragraphs: Manuel Gilman Batshaw, (17 April 1915 – 18 July 2016) was a Canadian social worker. Batshaw was born in Montreal. He was best known for being the founder of Batshaw Youth and Family Centres. He spent more than 50 years in the field of social work in Quebec.

paragraphs: In the 1970s, he was active in helping Vietnamese boat people refugees. In 1975, he was in charge of an inquiry into abuses at institutions housing troubled young people, and the Batshaw Committee submitted a report. In 1993, five institutions were merged and were named the Batshaw Youth and Family Centres in his honour.

paragraphs: He received an honorary degree from McGill University in 1998 and the National Order of Quebec in 2003, as well as the Order of Canada.


title: XOXO

paragraphs: XOXO is the first studio album of the boy band Chinese-South Korean EXO, released on June 3, 2013 by the label S.M. Entertainment. The album is the follow-up to the EP debut of EXO, "MAMA" (2012). Like all the music from the group, the album was released in two versions - "Kiss" is the Korean edition and "Hug" is the Chinese edition.

paragraphs: Two main singles were released from "XOXO": "Wolf" and "Growl", with the latter being the first single from the album of the repackaged version released on August 5, 2013. Both singles went to the list in the top 10 of Gaon Singles Chart, and "Growl" was at number three in "Billboard" Korea K-Pop Hot 100. The album won "Álbum of the Year" in 2013 Mnet Asian Music Awards and sold about a million copies, becoming the best-selling album in Korea since 2001.

paragraphs: The single main album "The Wolf and the Beauty" known in English as simply "Wolf", was composed by Will Simms, Nermin Harambasic by Dsign Music and composer of S.M. Entertainment Kenzie. Kenzie has of the letter for the version Korean of the song while Zhou Weijie wrote the letter for the version in Chinese mandarin, "狼与美女". Yoo Young-jin provides the vocals. The song dance was choreographed by Tony Testa. In various programs such as "After School Club" of Arirang, members explain that the dance has 3 elements: trees and forests, caves and the Wolf itself. The member Kris revealed that it took about 3 to 4 months to learn the choreography, because of their level of difficulty. A demo version of the song was leaked in February 2013, in response to producer Ryan Jhun later gave a warning to those who download illegally on May 29, 2013: "I'm going to inform of this to the FBI and the Department of service for all those links."

paragraphs: Several tracks in "development" were produced and recorded in 2011 before the official debut of EXO in the entertainment industry, but he never did in his first EP "MAMA". Some of these tracks were included on album "XOXO", including "Black Pearl" and "My Lady". In July of 2013, a repackaged version of "XOXO", was renowned as a "으르렁" ("Growl") was developed with three tracks additional. Composed by Hyuk Shin (Joombas), DK, Jordan Kyle, John Major, and Jarah Gibson, "Growl" is dance-pop genre with R&B and funk. The single was leaked prematurely online July 27, when a video of the group practiced for the Korean version of the song was uploaded to several sites

paragraphs: On May 30, 2013, the Korean and Chinese versions of the music video of "Wolf" were released, EXO sings the song for the first time in "M! Countdown" of Mnet. Both versions of the song were released to their download on June 3, 2013 and on the same day, two physical formats of the album "XOXO" were also released in South Korea: "Kiss" Korean edition and "Hug" in Mandarin edition. After a performance in "Inkigayo" of SBS on June 3, 2013, EXO visited and thanked 2,000 fansho had been waiting in a nearby park to meet them. The premiere of the Mandarin version of the song was broadcast on a popular Chinese variety show "Happy Camp" in mid-June.

paragraphs: The album reached more than 300,000 collective order and reached number one on the Billboard Albums Chart a week after the release. From December 2013, the Korean and Chinese versions of the album as well as their respective versions of repackaging, have collectively sold more than 1,070,000 copies, making it the best-selling album of the year in the industry of K-pop. With over 1 million copies sold, "XOXO " also the best selling album in twelve years Korea became.


title: Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet

paragraphs: Exology Chapter 1: The Lost Planet (stylized as EXOLOGY CHAPTER 1: THE LOST PLANET) is the first live album by South Korean boy band EXO. It was released on December 22, 2014 by S.M. Entertainment. It has 2 CDs and a total of 36 songs (1 CD and 18 songs), including individual tracks from each of the members and studio versions of some of his songs remixed (remix Korean and Mandarin/ Mandarin and Korean). The album was released in two versions: a normal version and a special version.


title: Ex'Act

paragraphs: Ex'Act (stylized as EX'ACT) is the third studio album of the Chinese-South Korean boy band EXO. The album was released in Korean and Chinese by S.M. Entertainment on June 9, 2016.

paragraphs: On May 31, 2016, EXO announces it will release their third studio album. On June 2, it was revealed that the album title would be "Ex'Act" and EXO would be promoting two singles, "Lucky One" and "Monster" with different visual concepts that correspond to the two versions of physical packaging for the album.

paragraphs: On June 7, 2016, it was revealed that producers of notable music including Kenzie, The Stereotypes and Dem Jointz participated in the production of the album, and the member of EXO, Chanyeol, co-wrote the letter song "Heaven". "Ex'Act" and two music videos of "Lucky One" and "Monster" was released on June 9.

paragraphs: A promotional showcase for "Ex'Act", was held at the Olympic Park in Seoul on June 8, 2016. EXO began performing the album's singles music programs in South Korea on June 9.

paragraphs: Before its release, "Ex'Act" received a record as the most pre-sold more than 660,000 physical copies album. Three days after its release, the album became the album fastest selling recorded by the sales list Hanteo more than 450,000 physical copies sold, breaking the record previously held by EXO himself as his fourth EP "Sing for You".

paragraphs: In YouTube, "Monster" became the second video of K-pop more seen for 24 hours, achieving 4.52 million views after "Gentleman" of PSY. He also became a music video of K-pop boyband most watched, beating "Loser" of Big Bang.


title: Thrombus

paragraphs: A thrombus, also called a blood clot, is the final product of the coagulation step in hemostasis. There are two parts to a thrombus: aggregated platelets and red blood cells that form a plug, and a mesh of cross-linked fibrin protein.

paragraphs: The substance making up a thrombus is sometimes called cruor.

paragraphs: A thrombus is a healthy response to injury to prevent bleeding, but can be harmful in thrombosis, when clots blocks blood flow through healthy blood vessels.


title: Mud March

paragraphs: The Mud March (January 20, 1863 – January 23, 1863) was an attempt by Union Army Major General Ambrose Burnside to attack Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. After the disastrous defeat of the Army of the Potomac at the Battle of Fredericksburg, Burnside was anxious to redeem himself. He planned for his Army to make a winter march across the Rappahannock River on December 30, 1862. But he had not informed President Abraham Lincoln of his plan. Lincoln called him back. Three weeks passed and this time, with Lincoln's implied approval, the army marched southward. However, winter rains made the roads nearly impassable. After four days the attempt ended in failure.

paragraphs: On December 15, 1862, Burnside's Union army withdrew from the Battle of Fredericksburg back to Falmouth, Virginia. It was a defeat for Burnside and a win for Lee. Lee suffered 5,300 casualties defending Fredericksburg. Union losses were more than twice as many. In total Burnside lost about 12,600 Union soldiers; killed, wounded, or missing. Morale in the Union army was very low that winter. There was political pressure from Washington to continue the “On to Richmond” offensive that had failed up that point in time. The Northern newspapers reported that 75,000 Confederate soldiers from Lee's army had been sent to reinforce the North Carolina coast. Burnside wanted to move against Lee while the Army of Northern Virginia was weakened. He personally scouted the area above Falmouth for the best place for his army to cross the Rappahannock. As late as January 15, he was still looking at places to cross. Confederate sharpshooters reported seeing Burnside near Banks ford and wondered what the General was up to. Finally, Burnside decided on Banks ford and U.S. ford. He sent troops to Muddy ford to draw attention away from his planned crossing points. On the morning of January 20 the army began to move.

paragraphs: Burnside gave the order which read in part: "the great and auspicious moment has arrived to strike a great and mortal blow to the rebellion, and to gain that decisive victory which is due to the country." At dawn on January 21, the plan called for five pontoon bridges to be assembled at the river's edge allowing two "grand divisions" (two corps each) to cross the river in four hours. The night before, it began raining. By the morning of the 21st, the roads were rapidly becoming too muddy to use. The five pontoons and 150 supporting pieces of artillery that were supposed to be in place had not arrived. The pontoons that did managed to arrive were not enough to make even one bridge. Double and triple teams of horses were hitched to each pontoon wagon. In some cases 150 soldiers would try to help the horses move one boat. They could only move a few feet before horses and men were exhausted.

paragraphs: The rain turned out to be a Nor'easter that caused very heavy rainfall for two days. Men and wagons were stuck in knee-deep mud. Burnside kept pushing his troops to move forward but even soldiers carrying only their haversack and rifle were soon exhausted. By this time Burnside had lost the advantage of surprise. This allowed Lee time to strengthen his lines. He also positioned sharpshooters to harass the Union soldiers that did manage to arrive across the river. In addition, Confederate soldiers jeered and made fun of Burnside's failure. The put up signs saying "This way to Richmond" and "Burnside's Army Stuck in the Mud"!

paragraphs: The road down to the river was in complete chaos. Wagons, artillery and men clogged the road being unable to move. Some mules and horses dropped dead in the road, completely exhausted after being driven to pull a load they could not move. After three days of this, Burnside decided to help raise morale by issuing whiskey to his troops. This turned out to be another bad idea. Soldiers got drunk and started fighting with each other. At times entire regiments were engaged in fistfighting. By the fourth day, January 23rd, Burnside realized he could not get cross the Rappahannock. He finally cancelled the order.

paragraphs: Just before moving his army south in January, Burnside had offered his resignation to Lincoln. President Lincoln declined, and Burnside, apparently satisfied he had Lincoln's approval, went back to his command. After the failure of the Mud March, there was good deal of criticism by some of Burnside's highest officers. Burnside then had Order Number 8 drawn up along with his resignation. He then went to Washington. In a meeting on January 24, Burnside told Lincoln he either had to approve the order or accept his resignation. The President did not accept the order and instead of having Burnside resign, he had him take a leave of absence.

paragraphs: Burnside's Order No. 8 directed the dismissal of Generals Joseph Hooker, John Newton, William T. H. Brooks and John Cochrane. It also relieved Generals William B. Franklin, William Farrar Smith, Samuel D. Sturgis and others, from their duties.

paragraphs: On January 25, 1863, President Lincoln issued General Order No. 20. It relieved General Burnside of command of the Army of the Potomac. It relieved General Edwin Vose Sumner of his command; at his own request. It next relieved General Franklin of his command. Lastly, it assigned General Joseph Hooker to command the Army of the Potomac. In a White House gathering that evening, a friend of Burnside's, Henry J. Raymond, a New York politician, got Lincoln's attention and told the President that Joseph Hooker was unfit to command the Army. He told Lincoln there were many things going on in the Army of the Potomac that the President was not aware of. He then talked about General Hooker's near-treasonable comments. Lincoln leaned over and placing his hand on Raymond's shoulder said quietly: “This is all true, Hooker does talk badly; but the trouble is stronger with the country to-day than any other man.” Raymond then asked what the country would think of this if they knew. Lincoln said “The country would not believe it; they would say it is all a lie.” The Army of the Potomac, now under Hooker, would meet the Army of Northern Virginia again in the spring at the Battle of Chancellorsville.


title: Political prisoner

paragraphs: A political prisoner is a person imprisoned for political activities, or because they oppose or criticize the government in their country.

paragraphs: In October 2012, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) passed a resolution to define "political prisoner". A person in prison is a "political prisoner:


title: Matlyuba Kamilova

paragraphs: Matlyuba Kamilova or Matluba Kamilova is an Uzbeck human rights activist and school principal. In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named her one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

paragraphs: Kamilova spoke out about police corruption. In September 2010, she was arrested and charged with possession of drugs. She is still in prison.

paragraphs: Kamillova is a lawyer. She was the director of a technical college in Angren, Tashkent province. Kamilova was born in 1960.

paragraphs: Kamilova worked against corruption and helped people work for their rights. Because of Kamilova, two corruption cases were started against local government officials.

paragraphs: On September 6, 2010, police stopped Kamilova in her car. Kamilova’s 21-year-old son, Shohruhon, was also in the car. The police told Shohruhon they found heroin in the car. The police beat Kamilova and her son, and took them to jail. In jail, they made Kavilova listen to the screams of prisoners being beaten, because they wanted her to confess. At the trial, the police did not agree about where they found the drugs. An activist at the trial said the police put drugs on Kamilova. Drug convictions and planting drugs on human rights activists are routine in Uzbekistan.

paragraphs: A court sentenced Kamilova to eleven years in prison. Because it is a drug charge, she cannot get an appeal. No one knows where she is.


title: David Farragut

paragraphs: David Glasgow Farragut (July 5, 1801 in Knoxville, Tennessee - August 14, 1870 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire) was an American officer of the United States Navy during the American Civil War. He was the first rear admiral, vice admiral, and admiral in the United States Navy. He commanded the naval forces of the Union Navy in the Battle of Mobile Bay.

paragraphs: David Farragut was the son of George Farragut, a naval officer during the American Revolutionary War.


title: Graeae

paragraphs: The Graeae, sometimes called the Grey Sisters, are characters from Greek mythology. They are a trio of hags, called Deino, Enyo and Pemphredo. They are called the Grey Sisters because they were born with grey skin and hair. They also share one tooth and one eye. They take turns using the tooth and eye. The Graeae are affiliated with the gorgons. The hero Perseus made them say where Medusa was by taking their eye. Perseus said he would not give the eye back until the Grey Sisters told him where Medusa was.


title: Mymensingh Division

paragraphs: Mymensingh Division is an administrative division of Bangladesh. The division has an area of 10,485 km², and a population of 11,370,000.

paragraphs: The division of Mymensingh is next to the Indian state of Meghalaya to the north, Dhaka Division on the south, Sylhet Division to the east, Rangpur and Rajshahi Division to the west.


title: Demonstration (military)

paragraphs: In military terminology, a demonstration is an attack or show of force on a battlefield designed to trick or mislead an enemy. Unlike a feint, a demonstration does not make contact with the enemy. It is usually used as a supporting attack intended to deceive an enemy into thinking the demonstration is the main attack.

paragraphs: An example of a demonstration in the American Civil War was at the Battle of Gettysburg. On July 2, 1863, General Robert E. Lee ordered Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell to stage a demonstration against Culp's Hill on the Union right flank. This was in support of Lieutenant General James Longstreet's main attack against the Union left flank.

paragraphs: The advantages of a demonstration include:


title: Battle of Falling Waters

paragraphs: The Battle of Falling Waters (July 6, 1863 – July 16, 1863), also called the Battle of Williamsport and the Battle of Hagerstown, was fought as part of the Gettysburg Campaign during the American Civil War. It was an inconclusive battle in that it did not end in a clear victory for either side. Having been defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg, General Robert E. Lee's army retreated along the Fairfield Road toward Hagerstown and Williamsport, Maryland. Blocked from escaping into Virginia by the flooded Potomac River, Lee's forces created a defensive line with their backs to the river. The Union army was cautiously following Lee and arrived in the area beginning on July 12. There were a number of skirmishes and heavy fighting on July 13. That evening the river was low enough and Lee's army began crossing into Virginia. On July 14, Union cavalry attacked the Confederate rearguard taking about 700 prisoners.

paragraphs: By late 1862, Virginia was running out of food to feed its army. Lee's horses were dying of disease because they had little or no fodder. The cavalry and artillery units had to be widely scattered behind his lines in order to find food for the horses. In the winter of 1863, food trains from the south were becoming more and more scarce. His men were living on rations of one-quarter pound of salted meat per day. Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his Secretary of War James Seddon wanted to send detachments from Lee's army to other more successful war fronts. Lee was opposed to the idea. Because of increased activity by the Union Army of the Potomac recently, he could not afford to weaken his army any further.

paragraphs: In June 1863, Lee launched his most ambitious plan of the war. He and his Army of Northern Virginia invaded the North for a second time. His first invasion ended at the Battle of Antietam in September 1862. This time he wanted to take the war out of Virginia and bring it into the Northern states. Virginia had been ravaged by war and Lee's army could no longer find food and supplies. He also wanted to defeat the Army of the Potomac on its own soil. This would demoralize the North and possibly bring an end to the war. However, his defeat at the Battle of Gettysburg ended heavy losses. The south lost 22,198 soldiers (killed, wounded, captured or missing). Lee took what supplies his army had taken from the Pennsylvania countryside and turned south for the safety of Virginia.

paragraphs: On July 4, 1863, following three days of battle at Gettysburg, the two armies watched each other from opposing ridges. The Union commander, General George G. Meade, sent out skirmishers to probe the Confederate lines. But no order was given to attack. Meade knew the Confederates would be hard to dislodge from a defensive position. The Confederate army would probably have welcomed an attack so as to repay their terrible losses they suffered the day before. But Lee's main concern was getting his army and their captured supplies back to Virginia. Lee knew it was extremely dangerous to retreat in front of an enemy army. Lee gave detailed instructions on how the retreat would be accomplished. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was to hold its position on Seminary Ridge all day on July 4th. The more than 10,000 wounded men would be moved by wagon train to Williamsport and cross the Potomac to Virginia.

paragraphs: Confederate General John D. Imboden's cavalry brigade arrived at Gettysburg on July 3, too late to take part in the battle. Because his cavalry unit was fresh, Lee assigned Imboden the task of escorting and protecting the wagon train of wounded soldiers back to Virginia. Under cover of a heavy rainstorm, Imboden's 2,100 cavalrymen and 23 cannon left the battlefield the afternoon of July 4th. They escorted the long train of wagons and ambulances with the wounded and foodstores over the muddy roads to Williamsport. During the trip the wagon train was attacked by small units of Union cavalry several times. When he arrived at Williamsport on the afternoon of the 5th, he found the Potomac was flooded and could not be crossed. The rest of Lee's army followed on the night of July 4-5, screened by J.E.B. Stuart's Confederate cavalry. The next day, on discovering the Confederates had left the battlefield, the Union army cautiously followed.

paragraphs: Imboden, learning that a 3,000 strong Union cavalry was approaching, formed a semicircle to defend the town. He managed to fend them off until nightfall when a brigade of Confederate cavalry arrived to drive them off. By July 11, most of Lee's infantry had reached Williamsport. He strengthened the defenses and waited for the Potomac river to go down so they could cross. Meade’s army reached Williamsport on the 12th and began probing the Confederate defenses. The Potomac finally was low enough to cross on July 13. A pontoon bridge had been constructed by Confederate engineers about downstream at Falling Waters. At both locations the Confederate army began crossing the river that evening.

paragraphs: The last of Lee's forces to cross the Potomac was his rearguard. This was a force of about 3,000 men commanded by Major General Henry Heth. They took their positions on the ridge behind Falling Waters after marching all night. On the morning of July 14, Meade was surprised to learn Lee had withdrawn most of his army across the Potomac. He immediately ordered two companies of Michigan cavalry under the command of a newly promoted General George Armstrong Custer to attack. The cavalry charged up the ridge to attack Heth's Confederates but were cut to pieces. Custer dismounted his cavalry and proceeded to fight on foot. At first the Confederate casualties were light. But in heavy fighting Confederate General J. Johnston Pettigrew, who commanded a North Carolina brigade under Heth, was mortally wounded. Additional Union forces arrived and in over two hours of fighting, over 500 Confederates were captured. Heth's men, carrying the wounded Pettigrew, withdrew over the river ending the battle. The Battle of Falling Waters was the last battle in the Gettysburg Campaign.

paragraphs: Major General Hugh Judson Kilpatrick, Custer's commanding officer, sent only two companies of cavalry against the two brigades of Confederates at Falling Waters. It was a lost opportunity and he did not wait for more units to arrive. To cover up his mistake, he claimed that his division took more than 1,500 prisoners. In an unusual move, Lee refuted this claim in the Northern newspapers. A correspondent for the New York Times gave yet another account: "The charge made upon the earthworks was one of the most gallant on record -- a squadron of fifty-seven men charging upon three or four brigades behind earthworks, killing one Major-General, (Pettigrew,) capturing more than 1,000 prisoners, and strewing the field with the killed and wounded of the enemy."

paragraphs: The Civil War Trust (a division of the American Battlefield Trust) and its partners have acquired and preserved four acres of the Falling Waters Battlefield.


title: Rasha Sharbaji

paragraphs: Rasha Sharbaji, also Shurbaji or Chorbaji, (Arabic: رشا شربجي) (born 1982 in Darayya, Syria) is a Syrian mother. When Sharbaji went to get a passport, she was arrested with her children, to put pressure on her husband. Sharbaji's husband died in 2014.

paragraphs: In 2016, Samantha Power, the U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., named Sharbaji one of twenty women political prisoners in the Free the 20 campaign.

paragraphs: Sharbaji was born in 1982. She is from the town of Darayya, a suburb of Damascus in Rif Dimashq governorate.

paragraphs: On May 22, 2014, Sharbaji went to the immigration and passport center in Damascus to get a passport. When she tried to get a passport, she was arrested with her children. She was arrested because her husband was against the government during the revolution.

paragraphs: Sharbaji was pregnant with twins. They wanted to arrest her husband, Osama Abbar, so they put Sharbaji in prison. They took Sharbaji's children and put them in SOS Village, an orphanage in Qodsaya. They did not let the family see the children. The Syrian police took Sharbaji to the political security branch in Damascus. Then they took Sharbaji to the Air Force Intelligence prison at al-Mezze military airport in Damascus.

paragraphs: Sharbaji's husband Osama died in October 2014. He drowned in the Mediterranean Sea while trying to migrate to Europe.

paragraphs: The Human Rights and Democracy Office in the US State Department asked Noor al-Khatib, from the Syrian Network for Human Rights for important cases of detention. The Syrian Network for Human Rights nominated Sharbaji, and also the cases of Dr. Rania Abbasi and Dr Faten Rajab for the FreeThe20 campaign. The State Department chose Sharbaji.

paragraphs: Sharbaji was freed in February 8, 2017, in an exchange of prisoners. The exchange took place outside of Hama, Syria. Forty-five pro-government prisoners made up of women and children were exchanged for 55 women and children that oppose the government. The opposition kidnapped the women as a bargaining chip to bring back their own women.

paragraphs: According to a February 2017 interview with Sharbaji in Syria Direct, Shabaji's husband worked with the opposition as a weapons trader, smuggling weapons to rebel areas. He was a member of the Darayya-based rebel group Liwaa Shuhadaa al-Islam, and helped the rebels move the injured to Lebanon and deliver humanitarian relief supplies.


title: Elizabeth Morgan case

paragraphs: The Elizabeth Morgan case was a local and international child custody contest between Elizabeth Morgan and Eric Foretich over their daughter, Hilary Antonia Foretich. It lasted from 1983 to 1997 and took place in Washington D.C. and later in Christchurch, New Zealand. It cost the parties over $4 million in legal fees. The trials and hearings generated more than 4,000 pages of transcripts. In excess of 1,000 news, magazine and legal articles about the case were published.

paragraphs: Hilary Antonia Foretich (born 1982), later known as Ellen Morgan, was at the center of this well-publicized international custody case.

paragraphs: Elizabeth Morgan had alleged that Foretich had sexually abused their daughter, an accusation that he has denied and which has never been proven in court.

paragraphs: In 1987, Hilary's maternal grandparents took her to New Zealand, defying a court order that Hilary have unsupervised visitation with her father, Eric Foretich. Her mother, plastic surgeon Elizabeth Morgan, spent 25 months in detention from 1987 to 1989 for contempt of court in Washington, D.C., for refusing to reveal Hilary's whereabouts.

paragraphs: Morgan was Foretich's third wife. Foretich's second wife had also accused him of sexual abuse of their daughter, Heather (born 1980). Foretich denied those charges, and has repeatedly said the two women have acted in collusion.

paragraphs: Rep. Frank Wolf introduced the bill that became the "District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act" in 1989. Elizabeth Morgan was freed after 759 days by an Act of Congress, the District of Columbia Civil Contempt Imprisonment Limitation Act, in 1989 and joined her daughter and parents in New Zealand.

paragraphs: In 1992, the story of the case was made into a television film in 1992, and released as "A Mother's Right: The Elizabeth Morgan Story"; Foretich sued ABC, who paid Foretich a settlement related to how Foretich was portrayed in the film.

paragraphs: Foretich searched for and found "Ellen" in Christchurch, New Zealand. He traveled there and attempted to gain some custody of his daughter but the courts there maintained the status quo and Foretich claimed that he could financially no longer afford to pursue the matter.

paragraphs: In 1996, Congress passed the other act, the Elizabeth Morgan Act, which permitted Hilary, who by then called herself Ellen Morgan, to decide whether or not to see her father. Wolf again involved himself in the case when he supported the bill that became the bill that became the Elizabeth Morgan Act.

paragraphs: The 14-year-old "Ellen" returned with her mother to the United States, but declined to see her father. Foretich sued in 1997, and the law was overturned as a bill of attainder by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in 2003, but had no practical effect on Hilary, who was by then 21 and could choose for herself whether or not to see her father. Hilary Foretich, who had gone by the assumed name Ellen Morgan while in New Zealand, started calling herself Elena Mitrano.


title: Frankfurt Galaxy

paragraphs: The Frankfurt Galaxy were a professional American football team in the NFL Europa. They are based in Frankfurt, Germany. Frankfurt Universe is the successor of the Frankfurt Galaxy.


title: Colobinae

paragraphs: The Colobinae are a subfamily of Old World monkeys. The family includes 61 species in 11 genera, including the "Colobus" monkeys, the large-nosed proboscis monkey, and the grey langurs.

paragraphs: Some classifications split the colobine monkeys into two tribes, while others split them into three groups. Both classifications put the three African genera "Colobus", "Piliocolobus", and "Procolobus" in one group; these genera are distinct because they have stub thumbs (Greek κολοβός "kolobós" = "docked").

paragraphs: The various Asian genera are placed into one or two groups. Analysis of mtDNA shows the Asian species form two distinct groups, one of langurs and the other of the "odd-nosed" species. The grey langurs are not closely related to either.


title: Vervet monkey

paragraphs: The vervet monkey ("Chlorocebus pygerythrus"), or simply vervet, is an Old World monkey of the family Cercopithecidae. It is native to Africa. The term "vervet" is also used to refer to all the members of the genus "Chlorocebus". They are found mostly throughout Southern Africa, as well as some of the eastern countries.

paragraphs: Vervets were introduced to the Americas, where there were originally no Old World monkeys. They are now in Florida, Texas, Alabama, Louisiana, Arizona, California, Ascension Island, Cape Verde, Barbados, Saint Kitts, Bermuda, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, and Nevis.

paragraphs: Vervets are mostly herbivorous monkeys. They have black faces and grey body hair color, ranging in length from about for males to about for females.

paragraphs: Vervet monkeys serve as a primate model for understanding genetic and social behaviors of humans. They have some human-like characteristics, such as hypertension, anxiety, and social and dependent alcohol use. Vervets live in social groups ranging from 10 to 70 individuals. Males change groups when they become sexually mature. The most significant studies done on vervet monkeys are on their their communication and alarm calls. Communication helps kin and group recognition, and alerting to predators.


title: Wagon train

paragraphs: A wagon train is a convoy or group of wagons who travel together for safety. A baggage train is a military wagon train used to carry the equipment and supplies needed by an army. They needed to carry enough supplies, including feed for the draft animals, for the entire journey. Wagon trains are most closely associated with American pioneers traveling west. As the population of the Thirteen Colonies grew, people migrated westward looking for inexpensive lands and new opportunities. The wagon had to carry all the supplies for the trip and all a family's personal belongings. While military use of wagon trains is ancient, the Romans built a network of roads for their armies and baggage trains to move throughout the empire.


title: D minor

paragraphs: D minor is a musical minor scale starting on D. Its key signature has one flat.

paragraphs: Its relative major is F major and its parallel major is D major.


Stephen Manley


title: Ballotpedia

paragraphs: Ballotpedia is a non-partisan online political encyclopedia. Founded in 2007, it covers American federal, state, and local politics, elections, and public policy.

paragraphs: Ballotpedia is sponsored by the Lucy Burns Institute, a non-profit organization based in Middleton, Wisconsin. According to their website, the organization employed over 60 writers and researchers in 2016.


title: Anne Holton

paragraphs: Anne Bright Holton (born February 1, 1958) is an American politician and educator. She served as the Virginia Secretary of Education from 2014-2016. She is also the wife of United States Senator and former Governor Tim Kaine. She served as First Lady of Virginia from 2006 to 2010. Her father is former Virginia Governor Linwood Holton.


title: Karen Pence

paragraphs: Karen Sue Pence (née Batten, formerly Whitaker; November 18, 1958) is an American educator and painter. She is the 38th and current Second Lady of the United States since January 20, 2017. She was the First Lady of Indiana from 2013 to 2017.

paragraphs: She is married to Vice President of the United States and former Governor of Indiana Mike Pence.


title: Football at the 2016 Summer Olympics

paragraphs: The association football tournament at the 2016 Summer Olympics will be held from 3 to 20 August in Brazil.

paragraphs: The tournament will feature both the men's and women's teams. The men's teams can only have players who were born on or after 1 January 1993, and the women's teams have no age limit.

paragraphs: The tournament will be played in six cities: Rio de Janeiro, Belo Horizonte, Brasília, Salvador, São Paulo, and Manaus.

paragraphs: The top 4 teams in the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualify, the winner of the 2015 Pacific Games qualifies, the top 2 teams in the 2015 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualify, the top 3 teams from the 2015 Africa U-23 Cup of Nations qualify, the top 3 teams from the 2016 AFC U-23 Championship qualify and the winner of the 2016 CONCACAF–CONMEBOL play-off qualifies.

paragraphs: The best two European teams from the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualify, the winner of the 2014 Copa América Femenina qualifies (which was Brazil but they already qualified for being hosts, so the runners-up qualified instead), the top 2 teams from the 2015 CAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualify, the winner of the 2016 OFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualifies, the top 2 teams from the 2016 CONCACAF Women's Olympic Qualifying Championship qualify, the top 2 teams from the 2016 AFC Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualify and the winner of the 2016 UEFA Women's Olympic Qualifying Tournament qualifies.


title: Pointe-Noire

paragraphs: Pointe-Noire is the second largest town of the Republic of the Congo. It is in the south in Kouilou Department. As of 2007, 715,000 people lived there.

paragraphs: Pointe-Noire is a commune divided into six urban districts ("arrondissements"):


title: Bouenza Department

paragraphs: Boueza is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the southwest. Its capital is Madingou.

paragraphs: Bouenza is divided into two communes and ten districts:


title: Cuvette Department

paragraphs: Cuvette is a departement of Republic of the Congo, in the northeast. Its capital is Owando.

paragraphs: Cuvette is divided into one commune and ten districts:


title: Cuvette-Ouest Department

paragraphs: Cuvette-Ouest is a department of Republic of the Congo, in the northwest. Its capital is Ewo.

paragraphs: Cuvette-Ouest is divided into one commune and six districts:


title: Lékoumou Department

paragraphs: Lékoumou is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Sibiti.

paragraphs: Lékoumou is divided into four districts:


title: Likouala Department

paragraphs: Likouala is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the north. Its capital is Impfondo.


title: Niari Department

paragraphs: Niari is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the south. Its capital is Dolisie.


title: Plateaux Department (Republic of the Congo)

paragraphs: Plateaux is a departement of the Republic of the Congo, in the center. Its capital is Djambala.

paragraphs: Plateaux is divided into four districts:


title: Lego Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu

paragraphs: Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu is an American animated television series that focuses on the adventures of six ninja : Kai, Zane, Jay, Lloyd (as of season 2), Cole, & Nya (as of season 5). It is a spin-off based on the popular brick building toy, Lego.

paragraphs: The setting of the series is in the land of Ninjago. Ninjago was created by The First Spinjitzu Master (Sensei Wu and Garmadon's father and ancestor Misako's father-in-law Lloyd Garmadon's grandfather and ancestor Firstbourne and Omega's son and descendant) using The Four Golden Weapons of Spinjitzu. When the First Spinjitzu Master died he gave the weapons to his son and descendant and Wu (because Garmadon was implanted with evil by the Great Devourer). Garmadon wanted to take the weapons for himself, but Wu gave it to four Ninja to protect the weapons, which are Kai the Red Ninja Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Fire Flame Heat and Warmth, Jay the Blue Ninja Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician and Master of Lightning Electric and Electricity, Zane the White Ninja Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician and Master of Ice Frost Technology and Snow and Cole the Black Ninja Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician and Master of Earth Rock Roll Nature and Magma. At the time Jay develops romantic feelings for Nya (Kai's sister and daughter of Ray and Maya)

paragraphs: -Note : Spinjitzu is a fighting technique and has the form of a spinning tornado

paragraphs: -Note : The Four Golden Weapons are The Dragon Sword of Fire, The Dragon Nunchunks of Lightning, the Dragon Shurikens of Ice & the Dragon Scythe of Quakes

paragraphs: Season 1 focuses on the Ninja (Kai, Jay, Cole and Zane) fighting to determine whose the green Ninja (a ninja who is destined to fight the evil Lord Garmadon). Sensei Wu is struggling to maintain and teach his Ninja students. On the other hand, Lloyd Montgomery Garmadon (the son of Lord Garmadon and Misako nephew of Master Wu descendant and grandson of the First Spinjitzu Master and descendant and great-grandson of Firstbourne and Omega) accidentally releases the serpentine army to attack the ninja. Pythor is the main villain of season 1 & his main goal is to get all the fangblades to free his master and mistress 'The Great Devourer', so he can get destroy Ninjago city. Pythor is consumed by the Devourer, and the Devourer is destroyed by evil Garmadon (who uses the golden weapons), & later on steals the Golden Weapons. Also it was revealed that Lloyd (whose life was saved by Kai, due to his true potential) is the green ninja. And everything goes out of hand when a son has to fight his father.

paragraphs: Season 2 focuses on the Ninja trying to train Lloyd for the ultimate battle. On the other hand, Lord Garmadon uses the Mega Weapon ( a combination of the four golden weapons) for evil purposes. The Ninja are turned into children but are turned back to normal at the price of Lloyd losing his youth and becomes older. Lord Garmadon releases the Stone Army, due to the command of the OverLord. The ultimate battle begins, but Lloyd loses. On the second round the OverLord possesses Garmadon, claiming that Ninjago was never Garmadon's but he's. Lloyd becomes the Ultimate Spinjitzu master and defeats the OverLord, restoring Ninjago back to its good, original form, and destroying all Garmadon's evil, : turning him back to normal.

paragraphs: Season 3 focuses on the Ninja leaving in "New Ninjago City" (an update of original Ninjago city, a metropolis with multiple skyscrapers and advanced technology) and striving for action. At the time the Ninja find out that the OverLord is alive, & rebuilt himself into the Digiverse. The Ninja are given the Technoblades by 'Borg' (the creator of Borg Industries and the designer for New Ninjago City) which is the weakness for the OverLord. The OverLord infects every Android machine and robot with evil, including his Nindroid army. On the other hand, Jay is angry and jealous when it is revealed that Cole is Nya's love match, & for the entire season Jay and Cole fight. On the other hand, Garmadon is training Lloyd, at the point where Pythor is back and captures Lloyd for the OverLord to suck all his golden power so he can become the physical. When Lloyd is free he only has 10% of his golden power, which is divided to give the Ninja their elemental powers. The OverLord with his helper Pythor and launch Codename: Arcturus (the plan for them to get the golden weapons from space to make the OverLord become the Golden Master). The Nindroids go to space to get the Golden Weapons, but are privately followed by the Ninja. When they land on the asteroid, the nindroids get the Golden Weapons and fly back to Earth leaving the Ninja with a destroyed rocket ship. The Ninja use their powers to rebuild the rocket and fly back to Earth. The OverLord becomes the Golden Master, but is finally destroyed by Zane (who risks his life). And they have a sad memorial of Zane's bravery

paragraphs: On season 4 the Ninja are split due to Zane's sacrifice, But are reunited by Lloyd. The ninja participate in "The Tournament of Elements" hosted by Master Chen when they get the news that Zane is alive. They participate in the tournament with 12 other masters Skylor Chen (the Orange Ninja Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Amber and Absorption), Griffin Turner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Speed), Paleman also known as Mr. Pale (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Light), Chamille (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Form), Ash (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Smoke), Bolobo (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Nature and Plants), Gravis (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Gravity), Neuro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Mind), Tox (Wizard Sorceress Mage Magician and Master/Mistress of Poison Toxic Acid and Venom), Shade also known as Shadow (Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Shadow), Karlof (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Metal) & Jacob Pevsner (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Sound and Music). In the Tournament Kai falls in love with Skylor Chen, & becomes Karlof's enemy (as they fight constantly in Episode 36 & 37). After many battles all the masters start to realize that when someone loses Chen uses his staff of elements to suck their powers for a transformation spell, which is performed by Clouse (Chen's number 2, Master of Dark Magic Dark Arts and a Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician). The spell makes everybody with the Andacondrai mark become Fake Andacondrai. The Andacondrai mark spot people include Chen himself, Clouse, Garmadon (who was revealed to be Chen's student), Skylor Chen (who was revealed to be Chen's daughter and spy), & every other Andacondrai wannabes. The transformation was not complete, and to complete it they'll need the saliva of a true Andacondrai (which was tiny Pythor in jail). When they took Pythor and complete the transformation, on the other hand, every elemental master has discovered all their elemental dragons. They fight all the Andacondrai wannabes. And the Andacondrai wannabes are sucked into the cursed realm, which leads to Garmadon sacrificing himself to be sucked into the cursed realm so he can unleash the Andacondrai spirits to curse Chen's army. At the end of season 4 Morro (Wizard Sorcerer Mage and Magician Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil) is accidentally freed from the Cursed Realm.

paragraphs: Season 5 focuses on the Ninja fighting the ghost Morro (the Wizard Sorcerer Mage Magician and Master of Wind and Air and Sensei Wu's First Student and Pupil), Morro possesses Lloyd for most of the season. When Morro possesses Lloyd, the ninja lose their powers (for more than 3.5 quarters of the season) and use Aeroblades for most of the season. Morro unleashes a variety of ghost warriors (ghosts) & his mission is to find the realm crystal (a realm that can let its user travel through the 16 realms), & free his mistress, " The Preeminent" (the physical body of the cursed realm) so she can curse all 16 realms exept Djinjago. On the other hand, Nya is revealed to be the Water Waves Ocean Tides Fluids Ninja, as she is being trained by Sensei Wu. The Ninja and Morro struggle as they go through journeys to master Airjitzu (a Spinjitzu that can fly) to get the Sword of Sanctuary (a sword that can show the user the opponent's next move), and find the Realm Crystal. At the end of Season 5, Lloyd is free and fights with Morro, at the end Nya unlocks her true potential and destroys the Preeminent, with the cost of Morro dying. (note: the weakness of a ghost is water or deep stone [the aeroblades] ).

paragraphs: Season 6 focuses on the Ninja being famous, but is disrupted when Clouse (as a ghost) frees Nadakhan the Djinn (a djinn that grants you three wishes but on the third one, he captures you in the Djinn Blade/Sword of Souls). The whole season focuses on the ninja (mainly Jay) fighting Nadakhan's Sky Pirates Crew. Nadakhan's mission is to be married to Nya (because Nya looks like Delara:Nadakhan's love) so he can get infinite wishes. All the Ninja are captured but except for Jay/Nya. Nadakhan gets Infinite wishes but is stopped when Jay wishes that "nobody ever found the teapot and that Nya took his hand". This destroys the timeline of Nadakhan being free & reunites Jay and Nya's relationship.

paragraphs: Season 7 focuses on The Ninja against The Time Twins. The Time Twins are the Elemental Wizards Sorcerers Mages Magicians and Masters of Time from long time ago, during the Anacondrai wars. Long time ago Wu and Garmadon fought with the Time Twins and banish them using the Time Blade. The Time Blade is the main weapon that the twins control (there are 2 Time Blades). The Time Twins than return to the present to get revenge. Acronix and Acrux (the Hands of Time/the Time Twins) than team up and create the Vermilion Army (snake-like living bodies who can regenerate). The Ninja have a tough time against the Vermilion Army. It is than revealed that Kai and Nya's parents (Ray and Maya) were traitors and worked for the Time Twins. One evidence is revealed later on that Ray and Maya are the ones who created The Time Blades and revealed to be their captivities.

paragraphs: Note : Season 7 of Ninjago (Hands of Time) has finished airing yet and has not premiered at America yet?

paragraphs: So the information of the season is not fully complete. Season 7 started at episode 65 and airing is currently at episode 74. Premiere at USA begins at May 15 , premiere at Africa began at April 8, and premiere at UK began at April 1st.

paragraphs: Note: There are 128 episodes in total. 115 have aired but 15 are unreleased.

paragraphs: Over a year after The Overlord was destroyed, new villans have come to conquer ninjago again, returning The Overlord back to life digitally. Focus Ninja: Zane

paragraphs: On July 13, 2017, Ninjago had a special called Wu's Teas with 20 shorts

paragraphs: Clouse somehow escaped the cursed realm.

paragraphs: On March 16, 2018, the series has been renewed to a 10th season which will contain 4 episodes. This is the last season with 22 minute episodes.

paragraphs: The series had a huge success and has the rating of 4.6 out of 5 and 92% out of 100%. The series plays in Cartoon Network. The series is watched by 4.7 million per day. The series is naturally named 'Lego Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu' but is called 'Ninjago' by fans or viewers. Ninjago:Masters of Spinjitzu is distributed by Lego and is produced by WiFilm.


title: The Fold

paragraphs: The Fold is a music rock band in Chicago, Illinois. It's genre is alternative rock. It is known for making "The Weekend Whip", which is the main theme song for . The band's vocal leader is Daniel Castady. It has 4 other members. They also released the album called 'Secrets Keep You Sick' in 2007 .


title: Gambler's fallacy

paragraphs: The term Gambler's fallacy refers to a misconception about statistics. It is also known Monte Carlo fallacy or fallacy of the maturity of chances. In statistics, a random event has a certain probability of occurring. The fallacy is that if the event has occurred more frequently in the past, it will occur less frequently in the future; or that if it has been less frequent in the past, it will be more frequent in the future.

paragraphs: As early as 1796, the idea of the gambler's fallacy was used to "predict" the sex of children. In his work "A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities", published in 1796, Pierre-Simon Laplace wrote of the ways in which men calculated their probability of having sons:"I have seen men [who wanted to have] a son, who could learn only with anxiety of the births of boys in the month when they expected to become fathers. Imagining that the ratio of these births to those of girls ought to be the same at the end of each month, they judged that the boys already born would render more probable the births next of girls." In short, the expectant fathers feared that if more sons were born in the surrounding community, then they themselves would be more likely to have a daughter.

paragraphs: Some expectant parents believe that, after having multiple children of the same sex, they are "due" to have a child of the opposite sex. While the Trivers–Willard hypothesis predicts that birth sex is dependent on living conditions (i.e. more male children are born in "good" living conditions, while more female children are born in poorer living conditions), the probability of having a child of either sex is still generally regarded as near 50%.


title: Repentless

paragraphs: Repentless is the twelfth studio album by the American thrash metal band Slayer. It was released on September 11, 2015, and is the band's first album to be released on Nuclear Blast. It is also the first Slayer album to feature guitarist Gary Holt of Exodus and the first to feature drummer Paul Bostaph since 2001's "God Hates Us All".

paragraphs: The album made it to #4 on the Billboard 200, which was the highest charting album from the band in the United States. It also topped the chart in Germany and was featured in the top ten of almost twenty charts around the world. It got mixed to positive reviews from critics.

paragraphs: Slayer where asked in 2011 if they were going to make another album, which then-Slayer drummer Dave Lombardo replied that although nothing had been written yet, there were "definitely plans". In early 2011, guitarist Jeff Hanneman became ill with necrotizing fasciitis. Some said that he got the illness from a spider bite he claimed to have received while in a friend's hot tub. When asked about a new record, bassist Tom Araya stated that any work would have to wait until Hanneman had recovered.

paragraphs: On February 20, 2013, it was announced that Lombardo would not take part in Slayer's Australia tour because of contractual disputes, and he would be replaced by former drummer Jon Dette. Lombardo's permanent replacement was later announced to be Paul Bostaph, who was previously the band's drummer from 1992–2001, appearing on several albums.

paragraphs: On May 2, 2013, Jeff Hanneman died of liver failure in a Los Angeles hospital. A week later, it was announced that he died from an alcohol-related cirrhosis. Hanneman and his family had did not know how bad his condition was until shortly before his death. Kerry King later said that he wants the band to continue, but Araya was unsure. He said that, "After 30 years, it would literally be like starting over," and told about his doubts that Slayer's fanbase would approve of such a change. In March 2015, Araya revealed that the band had recorded one song before Hanneman died, and that the song will appear on the album.


title: Remi Sonaiya

paragraphs: Oluremi Comfort Sonaiya (born March 2, 1955), is a Nigerian politician, educationist and writer.

paragraphs: Sonaiya is notable for being Nigeria's first female presidential candidate. She contested the position in the 2015 general election under the platform of the KOWA Party.

paragraphs: Sonaiya was born in Ibadan, Oyo State, South-Western Nigeria where she had her early education. She is a graduate of French from Obafemi Awolowo University, Oyo State in 1977. She also holds a Master of Arts degree in French Literature and a Ph.D in Linguistics from Cornell University, U.S.A.

paragraphs: In 1982, she got employed as Assistant Lecturer in the Department of Foreign Languages, Obafemi Awolowo University before she rose to the position of Professor of French language and Applied Linguistics in 2004.

paragraphs: At the 2015 presidential election where she received 13,076 votes and


title: David Woodard

paragraphs: Woodard invented a fictional psychoactive machine called the Feraliminal Lycanthropizer. At the end of the 20th century he fabricated replicas of an actual psychoactive device called the Dreamachine.

paragraphs: Woodard is also known for his work with Nueva Germania, a settlement in Paraguay. His German book of correspondence "Five Years", coauthored by Swiss novelist Christian Kracht, describes some of the humanitarian work performed there.


paragraphs: Field artillery in the American Civil War were cannon that could be moved around the battlefield or could travel with an army unit. Field artillery could only fight unlimbered (disconnected from the cart and horses that pulled it). The limber (or caisson) along with the team of six horses would be moved to a safe area nearby. Gun crews were organized into an artillery battery, six guns (later in the war, four) were deployed along a line about wide with the guns spaced about apart.

paragraphs: At times the horses remained hitched to the limber or caisson so the battery could move quickly. An artillery crew was made up of eight highly trained men. An artillery battery had a total of between 70 and 100 soldiers. There were several types of field artillery used during the Civil War. These included the 6 pounder gun, 12 and the 24 pound Howitzer, the famous Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, the 3 inch Ordnance rifle and the 10 and 20 pound Parrott rifle.

paragraphs: Most cannons were muzzleloading weapons. Cannon barrels were of two types. One was the older smoothbore cannons as used during the Mexican–American War.

paragraphs: They usually had barrels made of bronze and fired round iron cannonballs. The newer type was the rifled cannon that were made of cast iron and wrought iron. They fired Bullet-shaped shells. Both guns and ammunition had a tendency to be unreliable and they were dangerous to shoot.

paragraphs: Before the outbreak of the American Civil War, the United States government did not encourage any new developments in ordnance. Most ordnance experts in the U.S. Ordnance Department were older military officers who believed what worked during the Mexican–American War would work now and did not need improving. Inventors had to go through years of field experiments and political red tape just to get their ideas introduced. Most used their own money and could lose all their money trying to introduce a new idea.

paragraphs: Early cannons were identified by the term "pounder" (abbreviated "pdr"). This referred to the weight of the cannonball the gun fired. For example, a 12 pounder fired a round solid piece of steel. In the 17th century, when howitzers were developed, the term pounder began to be used less and less although it was used through the Civil War. Smooth bores included both guns and howitzers. Both had shorter barrels and used a higher trajectory. Both were less accurate than rifled cannons.

paragraphs: The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its green barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. It was the most commonly used cannon. They were heavy at making them hard for the six-horse team to pull. The gun crew of the Napoleon was made up of six men. It could fire a ball, shell or canister shot out to a range of at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). It used a charge of of black powder. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Model 1857 was made to replace the Model 1841 6-pounder but both were used during the Civil War out of necessity.

paragraphs: For ranges of or less the most effective field piece was the Model 1842 12-pounder Howitzer. It weighed only and could easily be moved into position by hand. Its large shells gave it very good firepower but its short range (just over ) was less than that of the 6-pounder gun. They were easy targets for enemy artillery that usually had greater range. They were popular for close infantry support. At the Battle of Gettysburg, nine of these were supposed to accompany Pickett's Charge. Because of some confusion among the Confederate ranks regarding the orders and very accurate Union artillery fire, all nine were taken out of the battle before Pickett's men crossed the field. The smoothbore guns remained the most favored technology during the war.

paragraphs: While used mostly by the Union army, rifled guns were still a new idea and were not very popular among artillery officers or field commanders. Rifled guns were designated by the diameter of the bore of the barrel in inches. In 1860, the Ordnance Board recommended that half of the existing bronze smoothbore cannons be rifled. But this weakened the cannons to the point they could not stand the strain of firing. So the experiment quickly ended. Ordinarily the barrels of smoothbore cannons only lasted about 500 rounds before having to be replaced. Rifled barrels proved to last much longer in field use. The British-made Armstrong and Whitworth guns were good weapons but there were not enough of them to have any major effect on the war. A problem with the rifled guns was they fired too far for the gunners to accurately see to range their targets. When artillery observers and balloons were used for artillery spotting, this increased the accuracy of the rifled guns. Training artillery crews in the use of rifled guns took longer and was more difficult. General George McClellan was among the Union officers who felt that the American terrain was not well suited for the very long range of these weapons. Jefferson Davis, the Confederate President was of the same opinion. All these factors contributed to the slow acceptance of rifled cannon.

paragraphs: The cannon called the 3-inch Ordnance Rifle (also called the 3-inch Wrought Iron Rifle) was an early favorite of the Ordnance Board due to its accuracy. These and other rifled guns were distinguished by their black barrels. About 1,000 were bought during the war. They were made by the Phoenix Iron Works of Phoenixville, Pennsylvania. They were made of wrought iron strips bent on a mandrel then welded together. They were then machined into their final shape. The early prototypes were fired 500 times with no signs of wear. It was accurate and reliable in battle. The Confederacy also produced a 3-inch Ordnance Rifle. But the use of low-grade iron ore and poorer rifling machinery made these guns less reliable.

paragraphs: Another popular rifled type were the Parrott rifles. The original 10-pound model had a bore of . This was changed to to standardize the round. They had cast iron barrels with a wrought iron reinforcement strip welded around the breech (rear of the cannon).

paragraphs: There were basically four types of artillery rounds used in the Civil War:

paragraphs: For the average artillery piece it took eight highly trained artillerymen to form a gun crew. Each member of the crew was cross-trained to do all the jobs required to operate a gun. If a crew member was killed or wounded, another member of the crew could take his place. Gun crews were among the best trained soldiers in either the Confederate or Union armies. They were also vulnerable. They had to see their target to hit it. If they could see their target, the enemy soldiers they were targeting could see them.

paragraphs: For a gun crew to get off the maximum number of accurate rounds per minute, they used a system whereby each man had a number. His number indicated his main task:

paragraphs: Each gun or artillery piece had a sergeant who commanded the gun.


title: Rebévelier

paragraphs: Rebévelier is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Reconvilier

paragraphs: Reconvilier is a municipality of the administrative district Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Pome

paragraphs: A pome is a type of fruit produced in plants of subtribe Malinae (in the tribe Maleae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae) in the family Rosaceae. Examples include pears and apples. They consist of carpels surrounded by accessory tissue.


title: Nera (Italy)

paragraphs: The Nera () is a river in central Italy that starts in the Marche region but flows mainly through the Umbria region. It is the main tributary of the Tiber river.

paragraphs: The Nera river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: The Nera river starts in the "Monti Sibillini", within the Monti Sibillini National Park (), at an elevation of about ., in the "comune" of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Province of Macerata, Marche.

paragraphs: The river flows through the "comuni" of Castelsantangelo sul Nera, Viso and Ussita in the Marche and then, after about , it flows in the Umbria. After flowing through the province of Perugia, it gets in the province of Terni and keeps flowing to the east and flows through the city of Terni.

paragraphs: After flowing through the city of Narni, it gets into the Lazio region (Province of Viterbo) and soon finally flows in the Tiber river as a left tributary near the city of Orte.

paragraphs: Only the tributaries coming from the left of the Nera are of some importance; those coming from the right are small streams.


title: Jacqueline Fernandez

paragraphs: Jacqueline Fernandez is a Sri Lankan actress, former model, and the winner of the 2006 Miss Universe Sri Lanka pageant.


title: John Abraham

paragraphs: John Abraham (born 17 December 1972), is an Indian film actor, producer and a former model who appears in Hindi films.


title: Agadir

paragraphs: Agadir is a city in southwestern Morocco, located on the Atlantic coast in the region of Souss.


title: Cheap Thrills

paragraphs: "Cheap Thrills" is a song by Australian singer-songwriter Sia. It was recorded for her seventh studio album, "This Is Acting", after it was rejected by Barbadian recording artist Rihanna. On February 11, 2016, the song was released as a remix with Jamaican recording artist Sean Paul.

paragraphs: The remix of the song has been very successful, reaching the top ten in Sia's country of Australia, the top two in the UK, and number one in Canada, most of mainland Europe, and the United States. "Cheap Thrills" became Sia's first "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one hit and Sean Paul's fourth. Sean Paul's last number-one U.S. song was "Temperature" in 2006. She never shows her face or even is in her music videos because of privacy.

paragraphs: The song reached number 11 on the year-end "Billboard" Hot 100 of 2016. It was certified double-Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.

paragraphs: The remix was nominated for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance at the 2017 (59th) Grammy Awards.


title: Merced, California

paragraphs: Merced is a city in Merced County, California, United States. As of 2014, 81,743 people lived there. Merced is the county seat of Merced County in the San Joaquin Valley of California. Merced has the first research university built in the 21st century, University of California Merced. UC Merced is the newest school in the University of California system.

paragraphs: Merced runs off of the Council-Manager form of government. Merced's mayor is Stan Thurston. Merced is located in California's 12th State Senate district. Merced's state senator is Anthony Cannella. Merced is also located in the California's 21st State Assembly District. Merced's assemblyman is Adam Grey. Merced is represented in the United States House of Representatives by Jim Costa.

paragraphs: The unemployment rate in Merced as of June 2014 is 14.10%. The average per capita income in Merced is $17,331 while the median household income is $38,253. Sales tax in Merced is 8% while the income tax is 6%.


title: Slaughterhouse-Five

paragraphs: Slaughterhouse-Five is a science fiction book by American author Kurt Vonnegut. It has been popular all over the world since its was published in 1969. It is often picked as one of the best books of all time. Slaughterhouse 5 is about a time travelling American soldier during World War II who is in the German city of Dresden when it is bombed by the Allies. The author experienced this event in his real life and so the novel is semi autobiographical.

paragraphs: The novel follows the story of American soldier, Billy Pilgrim. Billy is what is known in literature as an "unreliable narrator" - his experiences are written in a way that might make the reader think they are not exactly true. To reflect this, the novel is structured in a non linear fashion. This means events are not always written in the order that they happened. Billy's stories from the war are interrupted when he is taken by aliens (called Tralfamadorians) to live in a zoo on their home planet. He also becomes "unstuck in time" and experiences his life in a random order of flashbacks.


title: Antofagasta Region

paragraphs: The II Antofagasta Region () is one of Chile's 15 first order administrative divisions. It is the second-largest region of Chile. To the east it borders Bolivia and Argentina.

paragraphs: The capital of the region is the port city of Antofagasta.

paragraphs: The area away from the coast was populated by the Atacama people around the great dry salt lake called Salar de Atacama, the river basin of the Loa and valleys and oasis across the altiplano, with the most important settlement being the town of San Pedro de Atacama.

paragraphs: The region used to be Bolivian until the War of the Pacific started in 1879.

paragraphs: The Antofagasta region borders the Tarapacá region to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the southeast, the Atacama region to the south and the Pacific Ocean to the west.

paragraphs: The Llullaillaco volcano is the region's highest elevation at ; it is on the border with Argentina.

paragraphs: The only river of the region is the Loa river, the longest river of Chile, with a length of .

paragraphs: The climate of the region is extremely arid (a desert climate) but somewhat milder near the coast and the highest mountains.

paragraphs: The three types of desert climate in the region are, (with the Köppen climate classification)

paragraphs: Nearly all of the region does not have any vegetation except close to the Loa river or at oases such as San Pedro de Atacama.

paragraphs: , there were (estimated) 622,640 persons living in the region, for a population density of inhabitants/km².

paragraphs: The largest cities (2002 census) of the region are the capitals of the three provincesː Antofagasta (285,255 inhabitants), Calama (126,135 inhabitants) and Tocopilla (23,352 inhabitants).

paragraphs: The Antofagasta region is divided in three provincesː


title: Levi's Stadium

paragraphs: Levi's Stadium is a stadium in Santa Clara, California. The San Francisco 49ers play there. A year after the stadium opened, Super Bowl 50 was held there. After the 2019 season, the stadium held its first playoff game on against the Minnesota Vikings, and the first NFC Championship game against the Green Bay Packers. The 49ers won both games.


title: Gunmetal

paragraphs: Gunmetal, or red brass in the United States, is a metal alloy. It is a type of bronze – an alloy of copper, tin and zinc.

paragraphs: Proportions of its metals vary. 88% copper, 8-10% tin and 2-4% zinc is usual.

paragraphs: Originally it was used for making cannons. Guns are now made of steel. Gunmetal is easy to cast and work on a lathe. It resists corrosion from steam and salt water. It is used to make steam and hydraulic castings, valves, gears, statues, and various small objects such as buttons.


title: FC Astana

paragraphs: Football Club Astana (Kazakh: «Астана» футбол клубы; usually just called FC Astana or simply Astana) is a professional association football club from Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan. They currently play in the Kazakhstan Premier League. They were founded as Lokomotiv Astana in 2009 from football clubs Almaty: Megasport and Alma-Ata, the club changed its name to Astana in 2011.

paragraphs: Their short history already included two league titles, two Kazakhstan Cups and two Kazakhstan Super Cups. In 2015, Astana qualified to the UEFA Champions League group stage, becoming the first Kazakh team to do so.


title: Ashdod

paragraphs: Ashdod (Hebrew: אַשְׁדּוֹד; Arabic: اشدود, إسدود) is the sixth-largest city in Israel. Ashdod is Israel's largest port, since about 60% of the country's imported goods come through the city.

paragraphs: Ashdod has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers, pleasant spring and fall, and cool, rainy winters. The humidity is usually high many times year round, and rain occurs mainly from November to March.

paragraphs: Ashdod had a population of about 220,000 in 2015, making it the sixth-largest city in Israel. The ratio of women to men is about 1.05 to 1.00. Also, 19.7% of the population was under the age of 10, 15.7% from age 10 to 19, 14.9% from 20 to 29, 19.1% from 30 to 44, 19.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.3% were 65 or older. The population of Ashdod is a lot younger than the Israeli average because there are a lot of young couples in the city.

paragraphs: Over 95% of Ashdod's population is Jewish, even though only about 30% follow their religion. The city is also home to the world's largest Karaite community, with about five thousand members.


title: The end justifies the means

paragraphs: The end justifies the means is a phrase of Sergey Nechayev, the 19th century Russian revolutionary. It means that if a goal is morally important enough, any method of getting it is acceptable.

paragraphs: The idea is ancient, but it was not meant to justify unnecessary cruelty. It was part of a political philosophy called consequentialism. The basic idea is that a policy can be judged by its outcome. All modern versions of consequentialism have to deal with the limitations necessary to prevent tyrants abusing this idea.


title: Political philosophy

paragraphs: Political philosophy is the study of politics, liberty, justice, property, and rights. Also the law, and its enforcement (a legal code) by authority. It concerns not the details, but the basic principles, reasons and arguments.

paragraphs: Topics studied include the purpose of government, what rights and freedoms it should protect, what form it should take, and what the law is. Also, what duties citizens owe to a legitimate government, and when it may be legitimately overthrown, if ever.

paragraphs: Political philosophy is a philosophical back-up to political science, which is the social science study of politics.


title: Courtelary (district)

paragraphs: The district of Courtelary in the Swiss canton of Bern has 18 municipalities in an area of 266 km²:


title: Reichenbach im Kandertal

paragraphs: Reichenbach im Kandertal is a village and municipality in the administrative district of Frutigen-Niedersimmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Reisiswil

paragraphs: Reisiswil is a municipality of the administrative district Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Renan, Switzerland

paragraphs: Renan is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


paragraphs: The Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun, officially called the “light 12-pounder gun” by the United States Army, was the most popular smoothbore cannon used during the American Civil War. The cannon was named after French president and emperor, Napoleon III, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte.

paragraphs: The French "Canon obusier de campagne de 12 cm, modèle 1853", also known as the "Canon de l’Empereur", was a type of canon-obusier (shell cannon) or gun-howitzer developed in 1853 by the French army. It could fire ball, shell, canister or grapeshot which allowed it to replace all the earlier French cannons. It was of a cast bronze smoothbore design and could double as a howitzer. It was light enough to be pulled by a team of horses. At the same time it had enough firepower to destroy fortifications at a distance of a half-mile (805 meters). When it entered the service of Emperor Napoléon III it was named after him.

paragraphs: In 1857 the design was adopted by the U.S. Army as the light 12-pounder M1857. The Union made 1,156 units while the Confederacy made 501. Because they did not have the manufacturing capacity of the North, Confederates attempted to capture as many Union-made Napoleon 12-pounders as they could. The Confederate army also developed their own version. In 1863, General Robert E. Lee was so impressed by the M1857 that he had all six-pounders in the Army of Northern Virginia gathered up and sent to Richmond to be melted down and re-cast into 12-pounders. The Confederates kept producing 12-pounder Napoleons until the Union army captured the Ducktown copper mines near Chattanooga, Tennessee. This reduced Confederates bronze production. After that Confederate 1857s were cast of iron.

paragraphs: When first model 1857s were cast in Northern foundries they had two handles or "dolphins". After 1861 the dolphins were eliminated, the barrel was shortened from the French version, and it was made lighter. Like most cannons in use at the time, they were muzzleloading weapons. The Model 1857 12-pounder Napoleon with its bronze barrel made up 40% of the cannons on both sides. The U.S. version of the Napoleon could hit a target up to away. However they were most accurate at closer ranges of about . It used a charge of of black powder. The M1857 Napoleon fired a cannonball or canister shot at a speed of 1,440 feet per second (or 439 meters per second). The barrel had a bore of in diameter and was long. The barrel alone weighed . With its gun carriage it weighed and was pulled by a team of six horses. The average gun crew was six men.


title: Reutigen

paragraphs: Reutigen is a municipality in the administrative district of Thun in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Riggisberg

paragraphs: Riggisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On January 1, 2009, the municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg became part of the municipality of Riggisberg.


title: Ringgenberg

paragraphs: Ringgenberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Interlaken-Oberhasli in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Roches, Switzerland

paragraphs: Roches is a municipality of the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rohrbach, Switzerland

paragraphs: Rohrbach is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the Swiss canton of Berne.


title: Rohrbachgraben

paragraphs: Rohrbachgraben is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Romont, Bern

paragraphs: Romont is a municipality in the administrative district of Jura bernois in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Loa River

paragraphs: The Loa is a U-shaped river in Chile's northern Antofagasta region. It is the longest river of the country and the main river in the Atacama Desert.

paragraphs: The Loa river has a length of , and a drainage basin with an area of approximately .

paragraphs: The Loa river starts on the Andean mountain slopes at the base of the Miño volcano near the Bolivian border, at an elevation of about , in the "comuna" of Ollagüe, Calama, Antofagasta.

paragraphs: The river flows south, for about , to the oasis of San Francisco de Chiu Chiu or simply "Chiu Chiu". Two left tributaries joints the Lao river in this part the riverː

paragraphs: From Chiu Chiu, the Loa flows to the west, running through the city of Calama. The San Salvador river joints the Loa in this part of course as its only important right tributary.

paragraphs: Then the Loa flows north for about to Quillagua, an oasis in the "comuna" of María Elena, Tocopilla province in the Antofagasta region of northern Chile. The Loa is crossed by the Pan-American Highway in this area.

paragraphs: From Quillagua, the river turns westward again and marks the border between the regions of Tarapacá and Antofagasta. Finally, the Loa flows in the Pacific Ocean.

paragraphs: Because the Loa river flows throug a very arid region, a desert, there are very few permanent tributaries; they areː


title: Rajesh Hamal

paragraphs: "Rajesh Hamal" (also Known as Mahanayak) is a Nepali actor. He is known for his Nepali films, such as Hami Teen Bhai, Basanti, Bagmati,etc.


title: Sarlahi

paragraphs: one of the seventy-five districts of Nepal.


title: Nepal Standard Time

paragraphs: Nepal Standard Time (NPT) is the time zone for Nepal. With a time offset from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) of , all over Nepal Standard Time is one of only three time zones with a 45-minute offset from

paragraphs: UTC. (The others are Chatham Island Standard Time, with an offset of , and the

paragraphs: unofficial Australian Central Western Time, with an offset of .) NPT is an approximation of Kathmandu mean time, which is 5:41:16 ahead of


title: Erlach (district)

paragraphs: The district of Erlach in the Swiss canton of Bern has 12 municipalities in an area of 84.7 km².


title: Fraubrunnen (district)

paragraphs: The district of Fraubrunnen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 27 municipalities in an area of 123.5 km².


title: Gamboma

paragraphs: Gamboma is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an military airport, a diocese and a stadium.

paragraphs: It is located 273 km from Brazzaville, the capital of the country and founded in 1909.


title: Frutigen (district)

paragraphs: The district of Frutigen in the Swiss canton of Bern has 7 municipalities in an area of 489 km².


title: Djambala

paragraphs: Djambala is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Plateaux departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.


title: Ewo

paragraphs: Ewo is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the west in the Cuvette-Ouest departement. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.


title: Impfondo

paragraphs: Impfondo is a town of the Republic of the Congo, located on the center in the Likouala Region. It has an national airport, a diocese and a stadium.


title: Jenny von Westphalen

paragraphs: Freiin Johanna Bertha Julie Jenny von Westphalen or better known as Jenny von Westphalen or also Jenny Marx (born 12 February 1814 in Salzwedel, now Germany, and died 2 December 1881 in London) was the wife of philosopher Karl Marx, and daughter of Baron Ludwig von Westphalen, a professor at Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität in Berlin.


title: Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee

paragraphs: Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee was a municipality in Wangen in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: On 1 January 2009 Wanzwil and Röthenbach bei Herzogenbuchsee became part of Heimenhausen.


title: Röthenbach im Emmental

paragraphs: Röthenbach im Emmental is a municipality in the administrative district Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rubigen

paragraphs: Rubigen is a municipality of the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rüderswil

paragraphs: Rüderswil is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh

paragraphs: Rüdtligen-Alchenflüh is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Smoothbore

paragraphs: A smoothbore weapon is one that has a barrel without rifling. Smoothbores range from handheld firearms to powerful tank guns and large artillery mortars. The majority of shotguns are smoothbores and the terms "shotgun" and "smoothbore" can be synonymous.

paragraphs: The earliest mention of a smoothbore weapon was about the year 1000 in Dunhuang. The weapon was called a fire lance. The basic parts that make up a gun are a barrel, a charge and a projectile. The gun must also have a way to ignite the black powder charge. The earliest guns were made of bamboo, later replaced with metal barrels. The first mass produced guns were the matchlocks.

paragraphs: The classic European matchlock gun was a smoothbore weapon that held a burning slow match in a clamp at the end of a small curved lever called a "serpentine". When the lever (or in later models a trigger) was pulled, it lowered the smoldering match into the flash pan. This ignited the priming powder. The flash from the primer travelled through the touch hole igniting the main charge of propellant in the gun barrel.

paragraphs: One problem with the matchlock was that the match had to be constantly lit. The match was soaked in potassium nitrate to keep the match lit for longer periods of time. If the match was not lit when the gun needed to be fired, the mechanism was useless. This was a real problem in wet weather. Another drawback was the burning match itself. At night, the match would glow in the darkness showing the matchlock holder's position. The smell of burning match-cord also gave away a musketeer's position. The main advantage of the matchlock was that it allowed the shooter to hold the weapon at eye level so as to better aim the weapon.

paragraphs: After about 200 years, the next major development was the flintlock. It used a flint striking mechanism. Another improvement replaced the flashpan with a smaller “priming pan” that held a smaller amount of black powder. It also contained an opening into the breach to ignite the main powder charge. A small piece of steel (called a “frizzen”) was mounted to the top of the priming pan. When the trigger was pulled the mechanism created a spark igniting the powder in barrel. When the powder and ball were loaded into the barrel, it was then tamped (pushed) down with the ramrod. The hammer was pulled back to the first click, called "half-cocked". To make the weapon ready to fire, the hammer was pulled back to the "full-cocked" position. When the trigger was pulled, a spring caused the hammer to fall igniting the charge. Flintlocks were the main firearm for the next 200 to 300 years before being replaced by percussion cap guns.

paragraphs: The percussion cap mechanism was the next great improvement in firearms. It was also called a caplock. The percussion cap was based on the discovery of fulminate of mercury in about 1800. When struck with a sharp blow, mercury fulminate detonates. In 1816, Joshua Shaw, an artist living in Philadelphia, painted fulminate of mercury on the inside of copper caps. He fitted it over a small nipple on the firing hole over the bore. When the hammer struck the percussion cap, the gun fired. By 1826 they were widely used and had replaced the flintlock.

paragraphs: The percussion cap eliminated the flash pan, flint and frizzen. It added the step of placing a cap on the nipple cone, but it was a real advantage to troops in battle. Percussion caps were quick to load and worked in nearly all weather conditions.

paragraphs: Crude cannons existed in China from about the 12th century, possibly earlier. One of the first weapons used in Europe was the bombard. They were built in different diameter barrels to fire anything from a small rock to a cast iron ball. By the 16th century cannons began to replace bombards. Casting had greatly improved in Europe after about 1570. In the early 1500s, French cannons were used to break up masses of men in their campaigns in Italy. The Germans had some of the best gunners in Europe and developed cannon that could hit targets at up to . Next, the Swedish under Gustavus Adolphus developed lightweight cannons that could easily move around the battlefield. He used a cast 4-pounder that weighed about and could be pulled by just two horses.

paragraphs: In 1742, Englishman Benjamin Robins wrote "New Principles of Gunnery" where he added science to the field of ballistics. He developed carronades which were short, lightweight smoothbore cannons that could be used on the decks of ships. During the American Revolutionary War, the British had a number of different cannons as well as mortars. Many of the American weapons were captured British cannon.

paragraphs: In 1853 France introduced the Canon-obusier de 12, a 12-pounder capable of firing both shot and shell. The U.S. Army adopted the Napoleon 12-pounder in 1857 as the Model 1857 12-Pounder Napoleon Field Gun. It became the most popular field gun on both sides during the American Civil War. They were ultimately replaced by rifled barrel cannons beginning after the Civil War.


title: Rüeggisberg

paragraphs: Rüeggisberg is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.

paragraphs: The municipality is on a plateau along the southern flank of the Längenberg.


title: Rüegsau

paragraphs: Rüegsau is a municipality in the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rumendingen

paragraphs: Rumendingen is a municipality of the administrative district of Emmental in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rumisberg

paragraphs: Rumisberg is a municipality in the administrative district of Oberaargau in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.


title: Rümligen

paragraphs: Rümligen is a municipality in the administrative district of Bern-Mittelland in the canton of Berne in Switzerland.